cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A vascular transport operator

A pulse or a sharp front in concentration of a tracer or a substrate in the blood within a vessel becomes dispersed while being transported along a vessel. Cross-stream mixing and pulsations in flow with the heartbeat cause the dispersion to be less than would occur with a parabolic velocity profile (Newtonian flow). These characteristics allow intravascular mass transport to be described well by a simple two-parameter differential operator, which is a one-dimensional representation of the rather complex real situation. The operator consists of two components in series, a pure delay and a fourth-order linear differential operator. The latter is merely two underdamped second-order operators in series, with fixed relationships between the natural frequencies and damping coefficients. The operator is useful because it provides a transport function with skewness and kurtosis suitable to intravascular transport where the mean velocity profile is blunter than in Newtonian parabolic flow. The parameters of the operator are its mean transit time, t, and its relative dispersion, RD, which is the standard deviation of the response impulse divided by t. The operator transport function describes blood transport through the human leg arterial system, where the RD values are approximately 15-20%.
Discontinuous Galerkin spectral elemen/finite element time domain (DGSE/FETD) method for anisotropic medium

Time domain methods, such as spectral element time domain (SETD) and finite element time domain (FETD) methods have potentials in solving transient and nonlinear problems. SETD method is suitable for the space with only coarse structures. Because large elements in SETD will not bring large geometric error. However, the high-order hexahedrons in SETD method can achieve good accuracy with low spatial sampling density. While tetrahedrons in finite element time domain (FETD) method can seize the detailed geometry information of the fine structures in the computational region, but the low-order elements in FETD is not high efficient as SETD in DoFs. Thus a hybrid of them via discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method can inherit the advantages of both methods. Riemann Solver is used to deal with the energy communication between adjacent subdomains.
Scripted finite element tools for global electromagnetic induction studies

SUMMARY Numerical solution of global geomagnetic induction problems in two and three spatial dimensions can be conducted with commercially available, general-purpose, scripted, finite-element software. We show that FlexPDE is capable of solving a variety of global geomagnetic induction problems. The models treated can include arbitrary electrical conductivity of the core and mantle, arbitrary spatial structure and time behaviour of the primary magnetic field. A thin surface layer of laterally heterogeneous conductivity, representing the oceans and crust, may be represented by a boundary condition at the Earth–space interface. We describe a numerical test, or validation, of the program by comparing its output to analytic and semi-analytic solutions for several electromagnetic induction problems: (1) concentric spherical shells representing a layered Earth in a time-varying, uniform, external magnetic field, (2) eccentrically nested conductive spheres in the same field and (3) homogeneous spheres or cylinders, initially at rest, then rotating at a steady rate in a constant, uniform, external field. Calculations are performed in both the time and frequency domains, and in both 2-D and 3-D computational meshes, with adaptive mesh refinement. Root-mean-square accuracies of better than 1 per cent are achieved in all cases. A unique advantage of our technique is the ability to model Earth rotation in both the time and the frequency domain, which is especially useful for simulating satellite data.
Late-onset primary LVH HCM versus cardiac fabry variant.

In their article that appeared in the August 2001 issue of JACC , Maron et al. [(1)][1]suggest that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be a late manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to cardiac myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C) mutations. However, the echocardiographically
Development of a diagnostic system for bilirubin detection in cerebral spinal fluid

A weakened portion of an artery in the brain leads to a medical condition known as a cerebral aneurysm. A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs when an aneurysm ruptures. For those individuals suspected of having a SAH, a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the brain usually demonstrates evidence of the bleeding. However, in a considerable portion of people, the CT scan is unable to detect the blood that has escaped from the blood vessel. Recent studies have indicated nearly 30% of patients with a SAH are initially misdiagnosed. For circumstances when a SAH is suspected despite a normal CT scan, physicians make the diagnosis of SAH by performing a spinal tap. A spinal tap uses a needle to sample the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the patient’s lumbar spine. However, it is also possible for blood to be introduced into the CSF as a result of the spinal tap procedure. Therefore, an effective solution is required to help medical personnel differentiate between the blood that results from a tap and that from a ruptured aneurysm. In this paper, the development of a prototype is described which is sensitive and specific for measuring bilirubin in CSF, hemorrhagic-CSF and CSF-like solutions. To develop this instrument a combination of spectrophotometric analysis, custom data analysis software and other hardware interfaces are assembled that lay the foundation for the development of portable and user-friendly equipment suitable for assisting trained medical personnel with the diagnosis of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm.
Stationary charged C-metric

The physical properties of the stationary charged C‐metric are fully investigated. Tetrad components of curvature and Maxwell tensors are studied in a Bondi–Sachs coordinate system to show that this solution represents a uniformly accelerating and rotating charged particle with magnetic monopole and NUT parameter. The physical quantities—news function, mass loss, mass, charge, and multipole moments—are calculated. The different mass loss definitions are compared and it is shown that the definition given by Bondi is the more appropriate one. It is also shown that the magnetic monopole in the presence of rotation affects the electric charge.
The Use of the Laboratory Robot for Sample Preparation

Abstract This paper reviews the basics of laboratory robotics for sample preparation by describing its status, implementation, applications and benefits, the integration of sample preparation with on-line chromatograph analysis for total automation is illustrated with a tablet assay application.
Chemical content of the dorsal mesosomal gland of two Xylocopa species (hymenoptera: anthophoridae) from Costa Rica

Abstract 1. 1. The chemical contents of the recently discovered dorsal mesosomal glands of males of Xylocopa fimbriata and Xylocopa gualanensis, two Central American anthophorid species were shown by GC-MS analysis to consist mainly of volatile mono, sesqui, and diterpenes. 2. 2. Over 95% of the volatiles for X. gualanensis consisted of two isomers of farnesal plus geranyl geraniol while farnesyl acetate, farnesol and 2-heptadecanone made up over 90% of the volatiles in the gland of X. fimbriata.
Tyrosinase degradation via two pathways during reverse translocation to the cytosol.

Previous studies established that after inhibition of proteasome activity, tyrosinase could be detected in the cytosol after initial translation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with a molecular weight consistent with that of a full-length, deglycosylated polypeptide. Here we show that most of these molecules are glycosylated, but have been proteolyzed at the carboxyl terminus by a protease that is insensitive to proteasome inhibitors. We also demonstrate the inhibitor-dependent accumulation of a membrane species that appears structurally homologous to the glycosylated and partially proteolyzed cytosolic form. Under some circumstances, cytosolic tyrosinase that had been deglycosylated and not proteolyzed prior to proteasomal degradation could also be detected. The presence of cytosolic tyrosinase was dependent upon glycosylation of the molecule during synthesis in the ER. These results suggest the existence of at least two alternative pathways for degradation of tyrosinase in the cytosol.
Jet vectoring using synthetic jets

The interaction between a conventional rectangular (primary) air jet and a co-flowing synthetic jet is investigated experimentally. The nozzles of both jets have the same long dimension but the aspect ratio of the synthetic jet orifice is 25 times larger. Detailed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow in the midspan plane show that primary jet fluid is directed into the synthetic jet orifice and the interaction between the jets leads to the formation of a closed recirculating flow domain. The concomitant formation of a low-pressure region between the jets results in deflection of the primary jet toward the actuator jet despite the absence of an extended control surface (e.g. a diffuser or collar) and is balanced by a force on the primary jet conduit. For a given synthetic jet strength and primary jet speed, the vectoring force depends mainly on the volume flow rate of primary jet fluid that is diverted into the synthetic jet actuator. This flow rate is regulated by restricting the flow of entrained ambient fluid using a small streamwise extension of the synthetic jet orifice that scales with the orifice width. The response of the primary jet to the imposed vectoring is investigated using stepped modulation of the driving signal. The characteristic vectoring time and vectoring angle decrease monotonically with primary jet speed.
The one best test for evaluating the effects of bronchodilator therapy.

It has been stated that body plethysmography is the most sensitive test for evaluating bronchodilators, and that from spirometry, the FEF25–75% is the most sensitive of the indices. To test these statements, the FEV 1 , FCV, FEV 1 /FVC%, FEF25–75%, Gaw/V L and Raw were evaluated for their ability to separate different drug regimens. Twenty patients with reversible airway disease were randomly given fenoterol 400, 200, or 100 µ g; isoproterenol 150 µ g; and placebo in a double blind crossover study. Pulmonary function tests were obtained serially at predetermined time intervals. When the time-weighted mean percentage improvements were compared, it was found that the Gaw/V L improved the most, followed by the FEF25–75%, FEV 1, Raw and FVC. However, with analysis of variance, the following F values for the differences between drugs were found: FEV 1 , 10.14; Raw, 8.56; FVC, 7.82; Gaw/V L , 6.09; FEF25–75%, 5.17 suggesting that the FEV 1 was the best test Moreover, when comparisons between drugs were made, the FEV 1 yielded more statistically significant differences (seven) than did the Gaw/V L (five), FEF25–75% (five), and Raw (six). In no drug comparison did plethysmography or the FEF25–75% allow more or different conclusions than did the FEV 1 . Analysis of variance separately at each time yielded similar results. It is concluded that the FEV 1 is the best test for evaluating the response to bronchodilators in patients and that use of body plethysmography and the FEF25–75% do not allow any more conclusions than can be made with the FEV 1 and FVC alone.
Experimental determination of the free energy of formation of freibergite fahlore

Abstract Values of Δ r G ° = +21.356 ± 0.267 kJ · mol −1 at 573 K, and Δ r G ° = +24.112 ± 0.380 kJ · mol −1 at 673 K, describe the molar free energy of formation of the hypothetical Cu-free endmember Ag10Zn2Sb4S13 from simple sulfides by the reaction 5Ag2S + 2Sb2S3 + 2ZnS = Ag10Zn2Sb4S13. (1) At each temperature, virtually identical Ag (Ag + Cu) ratios in the coexisting solid solutions (Cu, Ag)10Zn2Sb4S13 (fahlore), (Ag, Cu)3SbS3 (pyrargyrite), and (Ag, Cu)SbS2 (miargyrite), with excess ZnS (sphalerite), were obtained by solid state reaction, in evacuated silica tubes, of several bulk compositions composed of a variety of combinations of sulfides and sulfosalts, from 874 to 4503 hours. Results were confirmed by similar reactions at 473 K and by synthesis reactions of finely ground mixtures of Ag2S + Cu2S + Sb2S3 + ZnS, at 673 K for up to 9400 hours. The resulting silver-copper exchange data are used to derive values for the free energies of formation, from the simple sulfides, of the four (Cu, Ag)10(Zn, Fe)2Sb4S13 endmembers, using established thermochemical data and the fahlore thermochemical model of S ack ( 1992). Cell dimensions for high-Ag fahlores are presented, and the stability limits of As-free tetrahedrite-freibergite fahlores across the Fe-Zn join are predicted and compared with experimental data.
CpG island methylator phenotype-low (CIMP-low) colorectal cancer shows not only few methylated CIMP-high-specific CpG islands, but also low-level methylation at individual loci

The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP or CIMP-high) with widespread promoter methylation is a distinct phenotype in colorectal cancer. However, the concept of CIMP-low with less extensive CpG island methylation is still evolving. Our aim is to examine whether density of methylation in individual CpG islands was different between CIMP-low and CIMP-high tumors. Utilizing MethyLight technology and 889 population-based colorectal cancers, we quantified DNA methylation (methylation index, percentage of methylated reference) at 14 CpG islands, including 8 CIMP-high-specific loci (CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1). Methylation positivity in each locus was defined as methylation index>4. Low-level methylation (methylation index>0, or =6/8 methylation-positive loci) and 416 CIMP-0 tumors (0/8 methylation-positive loci) (P< or =0.002). In the other six loci (CHFR, HIC1, IGFBP3, MGMT, MINT31 and WRN), which were not highly specific for CIMP-high, low-level methylation, was not persistently more prevalent in CIMP-low tumors. In conclusion, compared to CIMP-high and CIMP-0 tumors, CIMP-low colorectal cancers show not only few methylated CIMP-high-specific CpG islands, but also more frequent low-level methylation at individual loci. Our data may provide supporting evidence for a difference in pathogenesis of DNA methylation between CIMP-low and CIMP-high tumors.
Theoretical search for the nested quantum Hall effect of composite fermions

Almost all quantum Hall effect to date can be understood as integral quantum Hall effect of appropriate particles, namely, electrons or composite fermions. This paper investigates theoretically the feasibility of nested states of composite fermions which would lead to a quantum Hall effect that cannot be understood as integral quantum Hall effect of composite fermions. The weak residual interaction between composite fermions will play a crucial role in the establishment of such quantum Hall states by opening a gap in a partially filled composite-fermion level. To treat the problem of interacting composite fermions, we develop a powerful method that allows us to obtain the low-energy spectra at composite-fermion fillings of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}=n+\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ without making any assumption regarding the structure of composite fermions in the topmost partially filled level. The method is exact aside from neglecting the composite-fermion Landau level mixing, and enables us to study rather large systems, for example, 24 particles at a total flux of $62hc/e,$ for which the dimension of the lowest Landau level Hilbert space is $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{17}.$ We have investigated, for fully spin-polarized composite fermions, several filling factors between 1/3 and 2/5 using this approach. The results indicate that any possible incompressibility at these fractions is likely to have a fundamentally different origin than that considered earlier.
Establishing conditions for the economic viability of fuel cell-based, combined heat and power distributed generation systems

Abstract Combined heat and power (CHP), distributed generation (DG) technologies have the potential to provide economic savings to commercial building owners in certain markets, if the system is appropriately configured, sized, and operated. Numerous optimization models exist for determining the design and dispatch of a DG system, and some require a great deal of time and computing power to determine building-market scenarios for which the optimal solution includes the acquisition of CHP technologies. Thus, it is beneficial to identify which scenarios are likely to be economically viable prior to solving an optimization model that determines the lowest-cost system design and dispatch. Accordingly, we derive conditions for the economic viability of a CHP DG technology by comparing the total operational savings afforded by the technology to its total installed cost. We demonstrate these conditions numerically in eight distinct scenarios that include the installation of a fuel cell-based CHP system for various building types and energy markets. Using these scenarios, we examine the energy, emissions, operations and maintenance, and peak demand savings provided by the DG system, and determine which scenarios are likely to result in total savings that exceed the total installed cost. Results indicate that the combination of building type, energy market, and system design and dispatch in a given scenario have a significant impact on the economic viability of the CHP system.
Serologic evidence for Rickettsia typhi and an ehrlichial agent in Norway rats from Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

We screened serum from 90 Norway rats trapped in East Baltimore, Maryland, USA, from April to November 2005 for antibodies against Rickettsia typhi and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Six rats had positive titers of ≥1:64 against R. typhi and did not react with R. akari. In addition, four rats had cross-reactive antibodies with titers of ≥1:64 against Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Sera from these rats also cross-reacted with Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Ehrlichia muris. Our data indicate that the agent of murine typhus and ehrlichial agents are circulating in the Norway rat population in Baltimore.
Biomechanics and foraging profitability: an approach to assessing trophic needs and impacts of diving ducks

A biomechanical model of underwater locomotion is described, and data required by the model presented for 3 species of diving duck (Aythya spp.). Based on field observations of behavior and foods consumed, the model is used to estimate energy costs of foraging and minimum food intake rates of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) in two habitats in North Carolina. Increased water depth from 0.5 m in Lake Mattamuskeet to 1.5 m in Pamlico Sound increased the net cost of time spent foraging at the bottom by 43%. Biomechanical calculations are combined with data on intake rates at different food densities (Takekawa, 1987) to determine minimum food densities for profitable foraging in Lake Mattamuskeet. Field observations of behavior are used to adjust minimum intake per dive for unsuccessful dives spent locating food patches. Density and dispersion of plant tuber foods in Lake Mattamuskeet, before and after the fall staging period, suggest that the fraction of habitat with tuber densities above a profitability threshold is more critical to canvasbacks than average tuber density. Such factors are important in relating bird energy requirements and benthic sampling data to carrying capacity and total area of usable habitat. The proportion of foods that can be fed upon profitably also determines the fraction of food organisms subject to depletion as components of trophic pathways.
What are the primary clinical symptoms of rhinitis and what causes them

The nose has a limited repertoire of responses regardless of the triggers. These responses primarily serve as a protective mechanism for the lower respiratory tract. Although the nasal reactions to pollens, particles, and pollution may have a beneficial effect for the lower airway, they create symptoms in some individuals that lead to significant morbidity. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis extend far beyond the nose, and the morbidity associated with rhinitis is significant. The nasal symptoms of rhinitis and their causes are the focus of this review.
Noncategorical perception of a voiced stop: A replication

Several studies have purported to show that perception to stop consonants is categorical, i.e., the stimuli are discriminated only slightly better than they are identified. However, all of these studies have employed successive rather than simultaneous discrimination tasks, confounding the effects of memory with those of immediate perception. The present experiment minimized the role of memory by requiring Ss to identify the same set of synthetic voiced stops twice, first using three response categories (b, d, g) and then using two (b, g). Results indicated that six out of seven Ss who appeared to be categorical perceivers on the basis of preliminary traditional measures later demonstrated noncategorical perception of /d/. A view of speech processing was suggested whereby consonants are perceived continuously but remembered categorically in terms of an articulatory code.
Use of treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results

The present study used a treatment analysis following ambiguous functional analysis results to evaluate potential treatments to reduce the SIB of a 32-year-old male with profound mental retardation. In addition, effective treatments were determined for increasing compliance with increasingly more complex self-care tasks. The results indicated that a positive reinforcement procedure with extinction was useful toward reducing SIB and increasing compliance during three increasingly more complex tasks. The usefulness of treatment analysis procedures following ambiguous functional analysis results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mimicry in plant-parasitic fungi.

Mimicry is the close resemblance of one living organism (the mimic) to another (the model), leading to misidentification by a third organism (the operator). Similar to other organism groups, certain species of plant-parasitic fungi are known to engage in mimetic relationships, thereby increasing their fitness. In some cases, fungal infection can lead to the formation of flower mimics (pseudoflowers) that attract insect pollinators via visual and/or olfactory cues; these insects then either transmit fungal gametes to accomplish outcrossing (e.g. in some heterothallic rust fungi belonging to the genera Puccinia and Uromyces) or vector infectious spores to healthy plants, thereby spreading disease (e.g. in the anther smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum and the mummy berry pathogen Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi). In what is termed aggressive mimicry, some specialized plant-parasitic fungi are able to mimic host structures or host molecules to gain access to resources. An example is M. vaccinii-corymbosi, whose conidia and germ tubes, respectively, mimic host pollen grains and pollen tubes anatomically and physiologically, allowing the pathogen to gain entry into the host's ovary via stigma and style. We review these and other examples of mimicry by plant-parasitic fungi and some of the mechanisms, signals, and evolutionary implications.
How to measure preferences for photographs of natural landscapes

Abstract Shafer Jr, E.L. and Brush, R.O., 1977. How to measure preferences for photographs of natural landscapes. Landscape Plann., 4: 237–256. A regression model is described that predicts preference scores for black and white photographs of natural landscapes. Examples are presented on how the model can be applied to individual and groups of landscape photographs; and theory development suggested by the model's terms are discussed. Decision makers can use the model: to help plan and manage natural landscapes for an optimum range of scenic preferences; to prepare environmental impact statements related to the aesthetic quality of the landscape; and to monitor trends in environmental quality.
A theory for the chemical mediation of the excitability of the brain, with special reference to natural and drug-induced sleep.

Abstract We review evidence which suggests to us that uracil, or a molecule structurally resembling uracil, is likely to be involved in the mediation of level of arousal. In addition we attempt to show that at least one theory, based on this idea, provides a molecular mechanism for certain features of natural sleep, and for the effect on arousal of several classes of drugs and of certain gene mutations. This theory, and related ones, can feasibly be tested further with existing methods.
Localization of neurons afferent to the telencephalon in a primitive bony fish, Polypterus palmas

Abstract Telencephalic horseradish peroxidase injections in bichirs reveal projections from the dorsal thalamus, posterior tuberculum, nucleus of the torus lateralis, superior raphe and locus coeruleus. Comparison of these data with those from tetrapods reveals a number of diencephalic homologies.
Improved tests for the equality of normal coefficients of variation

The problem of testing the equality of coefficients of variation of independent normal populations is considered. For comparing two coefficients, we consider the signed-likelihood ratio test (SLRT) and propose a modified version of the SLRT, and a generalized test. Monte Carlo studies on the type I error rates of the tests indicate that the modified SLRT and the generalized test work satisfactorily even for very small samples, and they are comparable in terms of power. Generalized confidence intervals for the ratio of (or difference between) two coefficients of variation are also developed. A modified LRT for testing the equality of several coefficients of variation is also proposed and compared with an asymptotic test and a simulation-based small sample test. The proposed modified LRTs seem to be very satisfactory even for samples of size three. The methods are illustrated using two examples.
Synaptojanin 1 is required for endolysosomal trafficking of synaptic proteins in cone photoreceptor inner segments.

Highly polarized cells such as photoreceptors require precise and efficient strategies for establishing and maintaining the proper subcellular distribution of proteins. The signals and molecular machinery that regulate trafficking and sorting of synaptic proteins within cone inner segments is mostly unknown. In this study, we show that the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase Synaptojanin 1 (SynJ1) is critical for this process. We used transgenic markers for trafficking pathways, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry to characterize trafficking defects in cones of the zebrafish mutant, nrca14, which is deficient in phosphoinositide phosphatase, SynJ1. The outer segments and connecting cilia of nrca14 cone photoreceptors are normal, but RibeyeB and VAMP2/synaptobrevin, which normally localize to the synapse, accumulate in the nrca14 inner segment. The structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in nrca14 mutant cones is normal. Golgi develop normally, but later become disordered. Large vesicular structures accumulate within nrca14 cone photoreceptor inner segments, particularly after prolonged incubation in darkness. Cone inner segments of nrc a14 mutants also have enlarged acidic vesicles, abnormal late endosomes, and a disruption in autophagy. This last pathway also appears exacerbated by darkness. Taken altogether, these findings show that SynJ1 is required in cones for normal endolysosomal trafficking of synaptic proteins.
A Global Perspective on Globalization

Globalization: People, Perspectives, and Progress. By William H. Mott IV. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2004. 416 pp., $59.95 (ISBN: 0-275-97917-2). The US Library of Congress presently (January 2005) holds 609 books that begin with the word “globalization.” More than 5,000 books are listed that mention globalization as a keyword. From this perspective, too many books may have been written about globalization. But, so it goes with interesting topics that incite new thinking. Among this multitude of books, however, are a certain number that contain genuinely influential or inspiring ideas and perspectives. Globalization: People, Perspectives, and Progress by William Mott clearly is among this elite group. Mott's work presents a broad perspective on globalization and its many dimensions. It tries to make sense of the move toward today's global world by offering a balanced and insightful look at the often contentious debates about the problems and opportunities created by globalization. Mott's approach can be described as scholarship with a philosophical goal that ought to appeal to globalists and anti-globalists alike, even as it contributes to the debate between them. Mott links globalization intrinsically to the ideas of “knowledge,”“progress,”“civilization,” and “technology.” Rather than merely expressing a socio-geographical notion, he sees globalization as a process and condition related to the human condition itself. Driven by the human capacity to create knowledge, globalization refers to the human ability to step beyond one's immediate perspective and historical location. Moreover, despite the chaos and …
SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SARRACENIACEAE INFERRED FROM NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCES

ABSTRACT The Sarraceniaceae are a small family of insectivorous herbs native to North and South America. The family is composed of three geographically separated genera, Heliamphora, Darlingtonia and Sarracenia. Recent molecular evidence suggests that Darlingtonia is sister to a Heliamphora-Sarracenia clade. The systematic relationships among the taxa within the genus Sarracenia are uncertain. Within the S. rubra and S. purpurea complexes, five and four infraspecific taxa have been named respectively. In this study, combined Internally Transcribed Spacer 2 and 26S large ribosomal subunit rRNA gene DNA sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among the genera within Sarraceniaceae and the specific and subspecific taxa within Sarracenia. Results from this study support the sister relationship between Darlingtonia and a Sarracenia-Heliamphora clade. Within the genus Sarracenia, S. purpurea is sister to all remaining species. Additionally, the four named infraspecific taxa of S. purpurea are re...
On-line supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of organotins with packed microbore columns and formic acid modified carbon dioxide*

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using formic acid modified carbon dioxide and polymer encapsulated silica based stationary phases is suitable for the analysis with flame ionization detection of organotin compounds of general structure RnSnX4−n where n=4, 3 or 2. For ionic organotin compounds the retention time is independent of the identity of the anion, probably due to the formation of formate salts at the time of injection. A solventless injector is shown to be useful for injecting solvent volumes in the range of 0.5–50 μl, with solvent elimination prior to transferring the sample in the mobile phase to the column and as a simple in-line collection interface for SFC with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Various organotin compounds in a marine paint and spiked into a potato or almond matrix were determined on line, by SFE/SFC with flame ionization detection, with a limit of determination of about 1 ppm. The detection limit for typical organotin compounds using the flame ionization detector is about 0.5 ng in the chromatographic system described. SFC using formic acid modified carbon dioxide and flame ionization detection represents a considerable advance in the chromatographic analysis of ionic organotin compounds which are often time consuming and problematic to analyze by other methods.
LIPID CLASS, CAROTENOID, AND TOXIN DYNAMICS OF KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE) DURING DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION(1).

The internal lipid, carotenoid, and toxin concentrations of Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) Gert Hansen and Moestrup are influenced by its ability to use ambient light and nutrients for growth and reproduction. This study investigated changes in K. brevis toxicity, lipid class, and carotenoid concentrations in low-light, nitrate-replete (250 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , 80 μM NO3 ); high-light, nitrate-replete (960 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , 80 μM NO3 ); and high-light, nitrate-reduced (960 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , <5 μM NO3 ) mesocosms. Reverse-phase HPLC quantified the epoxidation state (EPS) of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin, and a Chromarod Iatroscan thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detection (TLC/FID) system quantified changes in lipid class concentrations. EPS did not exceed 0.20 in the low-light mesocosm, but increased to 0.65 in the high-light mesocosms. Triacylglycerol and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) were the largest lipid classes consisting of 9.3% to 48.7% and 37.3% to 69.7% of total lipid, respectively. Both lipid classes also experienced the greatest concentration changes in high-light experiments. K. brevis increased EPS and toxin concentrations while decreasing its lipid concentrations under high light. K. brevis may mobilize its toxins into the surrounding environment by reducing lipid concentrations, such as sterols, limiting competition, or toxins are released because lipids are decreased in high light, reducing any protective mechanism against their own toxins.
Probing the Active Conformers of Paraoxon Through Theoretical Conformational Studies

Theoretical conformational studies have been carried out at the density functional (DFT) level of theory on paraoxon ( O , O -diethyl- O - p -nitrophenylphosphonate) to correlate its conformational and enzyme inhibition properties. The aqueous solvation of the various conformers has been studied at the DFT level using polarized continuum model with conductor-like solvation approach. The results show that paraoxon has high conformational flexibility in aqueous medium, although in gas phase the molecule is less flexible. The barriers to transition to different low-energy conformers in aqueous medium are thermally accessible. The molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of the various low-energy conformers of this molecule have been compared with the related enzyme-bound organophosphorus structures to investigate the role of the calculated conformers on the biological activity of this molecule.
Sister-chromatid exchange induction in Chinese hamster ovary cells by 8-methoxypsoralen and brief pulses of laser light assessment of the relative importance of 8-methoxypsoralen—DNA monoadducts and crosslinks

Abstract Brief (⩽20 nsec) 5–15 mJ pulses of near-ultraviolet laser light were employed to promote, in a controlled manner, the reaction between 8-methoxypsoralen and the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. According to Johnston et al. [21], a single brief laser pulse should induce only monoadducts between 8-methoxypsoralen and DNA, while multiple laser pulses are needed to induce 8-methoxypsoralen—DNA crosslinks. In the present study, a single laser pulse was found sufficient to cause a significant elevation in the sisterchromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in CHO cells exposed to 0.75–1.2× 10 −5 m 8-methoxypsoralen. Additional laser pulses caused less than proportional further increments in SCEs, although the total yield of 8-methoxy-psoralen adducts in similarly exposed solutions of isolated DNA increased linearly. Higher numbers of laser pulses induced detectable amounts of 8-methoxypsoralen-DNA crosslinks and distorted the DNA flow histogram of CHO cells in a manner consistent with retarded cell cycle traverse. It is concluded that 8-methoxypsoralen—DNA monoadducts are sufficient to induce SCEs in CHO cells, while 8-methoxypsoralen—DNA crosslinks might have relatively little overall effect on SCE frequencies. These results, together with previous data correlating SCE induction and mutagenesis [10] are discussed in the context of strategies for evaluating psoralen derivatives for their suitability in the phototherapy of skin disorders.
Characterization of ribosomes and RNAs from Mycoplasma hominis

Abstract 1. The RNAs and ribosomes of Mycoplasma hominis have been characterized as part of a study to determine whether the protein synthesizing apparatus of an organism with a limited genome is significantly less complex than that of more extensively studied prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli . 2. Ribosomes from M. hominis sediment at 71 S and are composed of 61 % RNA and 39 % protein. These ribosomes dissociate into subunits with sedimentation constants of 33 S and 53 S in buffers containing 0.5–1.0 mM Mg 2+ . 3. The two species of high molecular weight RNA isolated from mycoplasma have sedimentation coefficients of 22 S and 16 S; the larger component sedimenting slightly slower than the 23-S rRNA of E. coli . 4. A species of RNA equal in size to E. coli 5-S RNA has been isolated from M. hominis by gel filtration. It differed from E. coli 5-S RNA in base composition and chromatographic behavior on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns. The molar ratio of this RNA to high molecular weight rRNA was approximately 0.9 : 1. 5. Transfer RNA from mycoplasma has sedimentation and gel filtration properties identical to E. coli tRNA and can be charged with amino acids by the aminoacyl-tRNA ligases of E. coli . Analysis of the minor base composition indicates that M. hominis tRNA contains about half the amount of pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, and 4-thiouridine and less than 1 % of the ribothymidine found in E. coli tRNA.
Evidence-Based Practice in Mental Health Care to Ethnic Minority Communities: Has Its Practice Fallen Short of Its Evidence?

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has contributed substantially to the advancement of knowledge in the treatment and prevention of adult mental health disorders. A fundamental assumption, based on documented evidence of effectiveness with certain populations, is that EBP is equally effective and applicable to all populations. However, small sample sizes of ethnic minority populations in randomized clinical trials prevent strong and clear conclusions about the effectiveness and generalizability of EBP with regard to people of color. In addition, the appropriateness of EBPs to ethnic minority communities has rarely been investigated. This article critically examines the applicability and dissemination of adult mental health EBP to diverse ethnic minority populations. It highlights limitations of EBP rooted in its epistemological narrowness, exclusion of communities of color, and lack of cultural competence and examines whether the practice of EBP has overstepped its evidence. This article presents a framework characterized by pathways of epistemological partnership and substantive inclusion of racial and ethnic minority groups to facilitate the promotion of culturally responsive EBPs and to inform mental health practice and policy implementation.
On the determination of an upper limit of atmospheric predictability

An upper limit of the predictability of atmospheric motions can be determined from observations of the dispersion of tracers in the atmosphere. The range of time P within which the prediction of any numerical model must be erroneous in the grid scale of that model is estimated from the lifetime of fluid particles in the atmosphere which have the size of a mesh cube of the model. A further technique is proposed which allows for an assessment of P from curves of relative particle separation in the atmosphere. The further growth of the prediction error after t = P can be derived from these curves as well. These ideas are tested in a barotropic model atmosphere and, finally, applied to the atmosphere using data of large scale dispersion experiments with constant volume balloons. The obtained upper limit of predictability as a function of scale is felt to be too optimistic for it does not properly take into account the influence of the vertical motions in the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00628.x
Inactivation of klotho function induces hyperphosphatemia even in presence of high serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in a genetically engineered hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse model

Hyp mice possess a mutation that inactivates the phosphate-regulating gene, which is homologous to the endopeptidases of the X-chromosome (PHEX). The mutation is associated with severe hypophosphatemia due to excessive urinary phosphate wasting. Such urinary phosphate wasting in Hyp mice is associated with an increased serum accumulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23. We wanted to determine the biological significance of increased serum FGF23 levels and concomitant hypophosphatemia in Hyp mice and to evaluate whether FGF23 activity could be modified by manipulating klotho (a cofactor of FGF23 signaling). We generated Hyp and klotho double-mutant mice (Hyp/klotho−/−). Severe hypophosphatemia of Hyp mice was reversed to hyperphosphatemia in Hyp/klotho−/− double mutants, despite the fact that the double mutants showed significantly increased serum levels of FGF23. Hyperphosphatemia in Hyp/klotho−/− mice was associated with increased renal expression of sodium/phosphate cotransporter 2a (NaPi2a) protei...
Identification of Structural Elements Important for Matrix Metalloproteinase Type V Collagenolytic Activity as Revealed by Chimeric Enzymes ROLE OF FIBRONECTIN-LIKE DOMAIN AND ACTIVE SITE OF GELATINASE B

Digestion of type V collagen by the gelatinases is an important step in tumor cell metastasis because this collagen maintains the integrity of the extracellular matrix that must be breached during this pathological process. However, the structural elements that provide the gelatinases with this unique proteolytic activity among matrix metalloproteinases had not been thoroughly defined. To identify these elements, we examined the substrate specificity of chimeric enzymes containing domains of gelatinase B and fibroblast collagenase. We have found that the addition of the fibronectin-like domain of gelatinase B to fibroblast collagenase is sufficient to endow the enzyme with the ability to cleave type V collagen. In addition, the substitution of the catalytic zinc-binding active site region of fibroblast collagenase with that of gelatinase B increased the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme 3- to 4-fold. This observation led to the identification of amino acid residues, Leu397, Ala406, Asp410, and Pro415, in this region of gelatinase B that are important for its efficient catalysis as determined by substituting these amino acids with the corresponding residues from fibroblast collagenase. Leu397 and Ala406 are important for the general proteolytic activity of the enzyme, whereas Asp410 and Pro415 specifically enhance its ability to cleave type V collagen and gelatin, respectively. These data provide fundamental information about the structural elements that distinguish the gelatinases from other matrix metalloproteinases in terms of substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency.
Beyond polymer polarity: how the cytoskeleton builds a polarized cell

Cell polarity relies on the asymmetric organization of cellular components and structures. Actin and microtubules are well suited to provide the structural basis for cell polarization because of their inherent structural polarity along the polymer lattices and intrinsic dynamics that allow them to respond rapidly to polarity cues. In general, the actin cytoskeleton drives the symmetry-breaking process that enables the establishment of a polarized distribution of regulatory molecules, whereas microtubules build on this asymmetry and maintain the stability of the polarized organization. Crosstalk coordinates the functions of the two cytoskeletal systems.
Lifelong Learning: Becoming Computer Savvy at a Later Age.

Senior citizens represent the fastest growing demographic worldwide. As indicated in the Year 2000 U.S. Census, there are 35 million people 65 or older in the United States (U.S.). By 2030, it is estimated that there will be about 70 million older adults in the U.S. alone (Chadwick-Dias, McNulty, & Tullis, 2003). With the older population growing rapidly and being increasingly exposed to computer technology, it is important that they become informed of what computers can do for them, (e.g., e-mail, document creation, games, and access to information via the Internet) (Shapira, Barak, & Gal, 2007; White, McConnell, Clipp, Branch, Sloane et al., 2002). The longitudinal study presented employs a mixed method data collection and analysis approach that includes the use of standardized surveys, measures of physical fitness and physiology, observations in the retirement community, and structured interviews. Drawing upon Auburn University faculty in the College of Engineering, senior citizens participated in work...
⁎3491 Preliminary experiences of three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography in the united states.

INTRODUCTION: The advent of low cost computer power has greatly impacted body imaging resulting in a proliferation of technologies incorporating 3-D reconstruction. AIM: To image a variety of UGI lesions with a prototype 3-D EUS catheter probe to determine its potential clinical applications. METHOD: The 3D-EUS imaging system (Olympus Optical, Tokyo) consists of a 12 and 20 MHz ultrasonic probe (UM-3D2R, UM-3D3R), a motor unit, an ultrasound processor (EU-M30), and a computer for image processing (EU-IP2). Scanning and storing time is 4 to 13 sec. The ultrasound probe is housed in a clear sheath filled with water. The motor moves the probe radially (360°) and linearly (4cm). Images are stored and processed later. In all cases, the radial and linear images were reviewed and judgment was rendered as to whether combined imaging provided clinical benefit. Esophageal cases were performed using a condom placed over the end of a two channel endoscope. RESULT: Between 5/99 and 11/99, 13 3-D EUS cases were performed (2 esophageal cancer, 3 Barrett's esophagus, 4 esophageal SMT, 1 gastric SMT, 1 mucinous ductal ectasia, 1 common bile duct stricture). The simultaneous display of linear and radial images made imaging and interpretation of images of SMT easier but did not provide unique and significant advantages. Imaging and evaluation of Barrett's esophagus and biliary strictures was significantly better with the 3-D system because of the volume of area that can be scannedfrom a single position. CONCLUSION:We suggest that the simultaneous linear and radial images produced by this instrument may improve diagnosis in some circumstances. Prospective trials based on this data are ongoing. Volume rendering will be possible in the near future which may further expand the application of 3-D EUS.
Effect of nitrogen source on pyrimidine catabolism by Pseudomonas fluorescens

Abstract A reductive pathway of pyrimidine catabolism was shown to be functioning in Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype A 126. The three enzyme activities associated with reductive pyrimidine catabolism were detectable in this pseudomonad. The initial reductive pathway enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase utilized NADPH or NADH as its nicotinamide cofactor although higher activity was witnessed using NADPH as the cofactor. Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activity was likely responsible for the dehydrogenase being able to use both nicotinamide cofactors. The highest reductive pathway enzyme activities were observed after P. fluorescens growth on uracil, thymine or dihydrothymine instead of ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source.