cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting denitrification in agricultural headwater streams in Northeast Ohio, USA

As a result of increased anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loading in surface waters of agricultural watersheds, there is enhanced interest to understand and quantify N removal mechanisms. Denitrification, an important N removal mechanism in aquatic systems, may contribute to reducing N pollution in agricultural headwater streams. However, the key factors controlling this process in lotic systems remain unclear. The objective of our study was to examine the factors regulating rates of denitrification in the sediments of agricultural headwater streams in the mid-western USA. Denitrification rates were variable among streams and treatments (<0.1–28.0 μg N g AFDM−1 h−1) and on average, were higher than those reported for similar headwater streams. Carbon quantity and quality, and pH had no effect on denitrification, while temperature and nitrate ( $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{{\text{3}}} $$ ) concentrations had a positive effect on rates of denitrification. Specifically, $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{{\text{3}}} $$ controlled denitrification following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We calculated a value of km (1.0 mg $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{{\text{3}}} $$ -N L-1) that was comparable to other studies in aquatic sediments but was well below the median in-stream $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{{\text{3}}} $$ concentrations (5.2–17.4 mg $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{{\text{3}}} $$ -N L−1) observed at the study sites. Despite high rates of denitrification, this removal mechanism is most likely $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{{\text{3}}} $$ saturated in the agricultural headwater streams we examined, suggesting that these systems are not effective at removing in-stream N.
Photonic implementation of phased array antennas (rf scanning)

Phase Array Antennas provided angular scanning (beam steering) from fixed antenna structures. Photonics can accomplish the beam steering with improvements in size and weight along with the remoting benefits utilizing fiber optics. Photonic advantages include True Time Delay beam steering eliminating the beam squint imposed by phase shifted signals produced in an electronic implementation. Another benefit of beam steering is the ability to position nulls in the spacial pattern to reduce the interference signals. Hybrid circuits utilizing both photonic and electronic components take advantages of the best aspects of each technology. Various types of photonic implementations are included.
Tn epitope (N-acetyl-d-galactosamineα -O -serine/threonine) density in primary breast carcinoma: A functional predictor of aggressiveness

Abstract This interpretive review attempts to dovetail advanced work by different groups of investigators on blood group and carcinoma (CA) glycoconjugates that have terminal, immunoreactive Tn epitopes (GalNAcα- O -Ser/Thr), and on the interaction of those structures with complementary antibodies and lectins. Fenlon et al . (1987) and Leathern and Brooks (1987) found a positive correlation between primary breast CA aggressiveness and its affinity for Helix pomatia (HPA) lectin. This phenomenon was used successfully to accurately predict, in studies on 305 breast CA patients, early or late CA recurrence and patient survival time. The innate specificity of the large HPA combining groove (aside from its avid reactivity with appropriately spaced GalNAcα- O -) remains obscure, despite careful investigation for more than a decade (Baker et al ., 1983). Leathern and Brooks presumed that HPA recognizes a hitherto “undefined biological marker” that indicates a breast CA's aggressiveness. Our own work has shown that the chemically fully defined Tn epitope, as measured with human polyclonal and murine monoclonal anti-Tn antibodies, occurs in immunoreactive form in approximately 90% of all breast and lung adenoCAs studied. Tn is occluded and non-reactive in healthy and non-CA-diseased tissues. We found that CA-associated Tn is an adhesion molecule in attachment to healthy cells; an increase in its density on breast CA cell membranes parallels greater aggressiveness of breast tumors in both humans and mice (the only species studied). Thus, Tn may be all or a major part of the postulated “as yet undefined biological marker” associated with high breast CA aggressiveness. Besides being helpful in the elucidation of some aspects of breast CA pathogenesis, these findings on primary breast CA have clinical implications in that they should facilitate stratification of breast CA patients for adjuvant treatment.
Risk preferences in multi-period consumption models, the equity premium puzzle, and habit formation utility

Abstract The relationship between the relative risk aversion measure for the utility function for consumption and that for the value function for wealth is a derived relationship whose properties depend on how consumption and wealth are defined and measured. This fact together with information concerning estimates for these two relative risk aversion measures is used to give another perspective on the equity premium puzzle, and to explain why it is that the habit formation utility function is effective in eliminating that puzzle. A time separable utility function that can serve as an alternative to the assumption of habit formation is also presented.
Anthropometer, a versatile design

A portable anthropometer made completely from wood has the advantage of being easily built, and the ability to readily disassemble and reassemble it makes it convenient for transporting. Through its use the linear measurement of body and limb dimensions can be made directly from scales incised into the components. It consists of a base, a vertical column, a vertically adjustable cross arm, a vertically adjustable seat, and various other adjustable arms and pointers. Wooden pegs and wedges hold the various components in position.
Inviscid Incompressible Flow

Preface. Introduction. Vectors and Tensors. Kinematics of Fluid Motion. Laws of Fluid Dynamics. Dynamics of Discontinuity Surfaces. Velocity Representations and Associated Theorems. Vorticity Transport Theorems. Pressure Theorems. Two-Dimensional Potential Flows. Forces on Bodies in Two-Dimensional Flows. Two-Dimensional Flows with Vorticity. Three-Dimensional Potential Flows. Axisymmetric Vortex Flows. Vortex Tubes. Interfacial Wave Motion. Stability of Fluid Flows. Appendix A: Common Expressions in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Systems. Index.
Minimization of Fixed -Pattern Noise in an Intensified Reticon Detector System

An intensified reticon scanner has been developed at Kitt Peak National Observatory for medium resolution astronomical spectroscopy. In this system, a dual reticon (2 x 936 pixels) is used to measure the light emitted at the output phosphor of an image intensifier. While the gain of the image tube system was sufficient to render the random readout noise of the reticon detector insignificant, the overall sensitivity of the instrument was initially limited by variations in the fixed-pattern noise associated with the reticon readout. The elimination of these variations required modifications in the reticon clock drivers and in the data handling techniques used. The stabilization of the fixed-pattern noise was accomplished by thermally controlling the environment surrounding the FET switches used to produce the clock signals that read out the array, and by filtering the switched output signals. The clock voltages were adjusted not to minimize the amplitude of the fixed-pattern noise, but rather to minimize the variation in the fixed-pattern noise observed, as small variations in the clock voltages were introduced. The resulting large fixed noise pattern is removed from the data by the subtraction of a bias scan - a readout of the array taken with no input signal. The bias scans and all data scans are 1024 elements in length. Each portion of the dual reticon is clocked as though it were this long. The overscan pixels are then used to measure exactly any small variations in the fixed-pattern noise which can then be subtracted from the data.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electronic spectra of crystalline NaCl and KCl.

Reflectance spectra, dielectric response function and energy loss function of NaCl and KCl crystals, distinguishing between exciton and interband spectra
A Comparison of Children's Fruit Juice Intake at Ages 48 and 72 Months

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare fruit juice intakes of young children before and after media reports in 1997 that related "excessive" (≤ 12 oz/day) fruit juice intake to short stature and obesity. These reports were based on one research study that has been refuted by a subsequent 1999 study. As part of an on-going longitudinal study of 72 children, beverage intakes at age 48 months (1996, before) and 72 months (1998, after) were determined from 3-day food records/recalls at each age. Beverages, which excluded water, were categorized as juice (100% only), milk, soda pop, and other drinks, a category that included fruit drinks, ades, teas, and coffees. Consumption differences over time were tested with repeated measures analysis of variance followed by the CONTRAST procedure. Although children normally would be expected to increase juice consumption over time as they eat greater quantities of food, results indicate that children's mean juice intake decreased significantly (F=6.77, p=0.01) from a mean of 5.2±5.7 oz/day at 48 months to 3.6±4.2 oz/day at 72 months; this was a 31% decrease. Over this time, children's mean energy intake increased by 230 kcal/day (13%), and their mean body weight increased by 5kg (23%). Thus, the decrease in oz juice/kg weight was 47% (F= 15.75, p=0.0002). Milk and other drink consumption did not change significantly between 48 and 72 months of age. However, concurrent with the significant decrease in juice consumption, children's mean intake of soda pop increased from 2.8 oz/day to 3.8 oz/day (F=3.97, p=0.05). The data suggest that media attention to juice restriction may have had a negative influence on young children's diets (eg increased intake of soda pop and decreased intake of juice, the more nutritious beverage)
Expression of Antisense to Integrin Subunit β3Inhibits Microvascular Endothelial Cell Capillary Tube Formation in Fibrin

αvβ3antagonists are potent angiogenesis inhibitors, and several different classes of inhibitors have been developed, including monoclonal antibodies, synthetic peptides, and small organic molecules. However, each class of inhibitor works by the same principal, by blocking the binding of ligands to αvβ3. In an effort to develop an αvβ3 inhibitor that down-regulates the actual level of αvβ3, we developed an antisense strategy to inhibit αvβ3 expression in vitro. β3 antisense expressed in endothelial cells specifically down-regulated αvβ3 and inhibited capillary tube formation, with the extent of down-regulation correlating with the extent of tube formation inhibition. This inhibition was matrix-specific, since tube formation was not inhibited in Matrigel. These findings support the notion that αvβ3is required for an essential step of angiogenesis in fibrin, namely capillary tube formation. These results suggest that pseudogenetic inhibition of β3 integrins using antisense techniques may ultimately provide a therapeutic means to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo.
Citrate as an in vivo marker to discriminate prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostate peripheral zone: Detection via localized proton spectroscopy

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to determine whether citrate levels detected by localized 1 H spectroscopy could reliably discriminate regions of prostate adenocarcinoma from surrounding regions of normal peripheral zone and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods In 28 patients and 5 volunteers stimulated echo proton spectroscopy was used in conjunction with endorectal surface coils to obtain water-suppressed 1 H spectra from regions of normal prostate peripheral zone, BPH, and prostate cancer. 1 H spectra from prostate cancer patients were correlated with pathologic areas identified on T 2 -weighted endorectal coil magnetic resonance (MR) images and histologic study of the step-sectioned gland after surgery. Results The major finding of in vivo studies was consistently lower citrate levels in prostate cancer compared with BPH and normal prostate peripheral zone. This was reflected by significantly ( P Conclusions These studies further demonstrate the potential of citrate as an in vivo marker for discriminating prostate cancer from surrounding regions of normal peripheral zone and BPH.
Sperm abnormalities in the PL/J mouse strain: A description and proposed mechanism for malformation

A high frequency (42%) of sperm from the inbred homozygous mouse strain PL/J are abnormal. Head shape abnormalities occur in 15% of the total sperm; and 27% of the sperm are headless, with the mitochondria condensed into a mass at the caudal end of the midpiece region. The sperm without heads exhibit relatively normal motility. Electron microscopy of the testes indicates that some of the abnormal sperm in PL/J males result from a failure of the paired centrioles to attain a normal position on the nucleus opposite the acrosome prior to implantation, or to attach at all. The centrioles that are not attached to the nuclear envelope can differentiate to form the principal piece and midpiece region. The frequency of headless variants in heterozygous F1 indicates that the trait is mainly recessive. The offspring from the backcross of the F1 to homozygous PL/J parents did not give a clear-cut segregation pattern. The frequency of abnormal sperm in the F1 and the backcross is higher when the female parent is a PL/J.
FTIR characterization of PEO + LiN(CF3SO2)2 electrolytes

Abstract FTIR transmission spectra of thin films of polyethylene oxide (PEO) + lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiTFSI) mixtures have been obtained for ethylene oxide Li ratios from 64:1 to 2:1. The phase information from these spectra is compared with the reported phase diagrams based on thermal measurements. The infrared spectrum of LiTFSI is assigned by analogy with those of related compounds. Using the spectral subtraction technique, the effects of Li+ solvation on the PEO matrix and of ion pairing and aggregate formation on the TFSI anion are revealed. An explanation is offered for the variation in ionic conductivity for compositions within the “crystallinity gap”.
Characterization of back surface morphology for corrosion detection using patterned heat sources

Characterization of back surface roughness is investigated for specimens exhibiting corrosion and for prepared samples with milled channels of varying geometry. An area heating source is used initially to provide one-dimensional heating of the specimen which allows plate thinning, disbonding, or presence of corrosion to be rapidly detected. A focused heating source is then used to characterize the suspect regions through the interaction of lateral heat flow with back surface roughness.
Cloud-resolving modelling of aerosol indirect effects in idealised radiative-convective equilibrium with interactive and fixed sea surface temperature

Abstract. The study attempts to evaluate the aerosol indirect effects over tropical oceans in regions of deep convection applying a three-dimensional cloud-resolving model run over a doubly-periodic domain. The Tropics are modelled using a radiative-convective equilibrium idealisation when the radiation, turbulence, cloud microphysics and surface fluxes are explicitly represented while the effects of large-scale circulation are ignored. The aerosol effects are modelled by varying the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at 1% supersaturation, which serves as a proxy for the aerosol amount in the environment, over a wide range, from pristine maritime (50 cm−3) to polluted (1000 cm−3) conditions. No direct effects of aerosol on radiation are included. Two sets of simulations have been run: fixed (non-interactive) sea surface temperature (SST) and interactive SST as predicted by a simple slab-ocean model responding to the surface radiative fluxes and surface enthalpy flux. Both sets of experiments agree on the tendency of increased aerosol concentrations to make the shortwave cloud forcing more negative and reduce the longwave cloud forcing in response to increasing CCN concentration. These, in turn, tend to cool the SST in interactive-SST case. It is interesting that the absolute change of the SST and most other bulk quantities depends only on relative change of CCN concentration; that is, same SST change can be the result of doubling CCN concentration regardless of clean or polluted conditions. It is found that the 10-fold increase of CCN concentration can cool the SST by as much as 1.5 K. This is quite comparable to 2.1–2.3 K SST warming obtained in a simulation for clean maritime conditions, but doubled CO2 concentration. Assuming the aerosol concentration has increased from preindustrial time by 30%, the radiative forcing due to indirect aerosol effects is estimated to be −0.3 W m−2. It is found that the indirect aerosol effect is dominated by the first (Twomey) effect. Qualitative differences between the interactive and fixed SST cases have been found in sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to the increase in CCN concentration; namely, the precipitation rate shows some tendency to increase in fixed SST case, but robust tendency to decrease in interactive SST case.
Intracellular Uptake and Trafficking of Difluoroboron Dibenzoylmethane−Polylactide Nanoparticles in HeLa Cells

In this study, nanoparticles based on difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane-poly(lactic acid) (BF2dbmPLA) are prepared. Polylactic acid or polylactide is a commonly used degradable polymer, while the boron dye possesses a large extinction coefficient, high emission quantum yield, 2-photon absorption, and sensitivity to the surrounding environment. BF2dbmPLA exhibits molecular weight-dependent emission properties, and can be formulated as stable nanoparticles, suggesting that its unique optical properties may be useful in multiple contexts for probing intracellular environments. Here we show that BF2dbmPLA nanoparticles are internalized into cultured HeLa cells by endocytosis, and that within the cellular milieu they retain their fluorescence properties. BF2dbmPLA nanoparticles are photostable, resisting laser-induced photobleaching under conditions that destroy the fluorescence of a common photostable probe, LysoTracker™ blue. Their endocytosis is also lipid raft-dependent, as evidenced by their significant co-localization with cholera toxin B subunit in membrane compartments after uptake, and their sensitivity of uptake to methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Additionally, BF2dbmPLA nanoparticle endocytosis utilizes microtubules and actin filaments. Internalized BF2dbmPLA nanoparticles do not accumulate in acidic late endosomes and lysosomes, but within a perinuclear non-lysosomal compartment. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using novel BF2dbmPLA nanoparticles exhibiting diverse emission properties for in situ, live cell imaging, and suggest that their endogenous uptake occurs through a lipid-raft dependent endocytosis mechanism.
Vector algorithms for H-equations arising in radiative transfer through inhomogeneous media.

Abstract The exit distribution problem for one speed isotropic radiative transfer in an inhomogeneous slab can be solved in terms of an analog of the Chandrasekhar H-Function. This function is the solution to a nonlinear integral equation in two variables for one group problems and in more variables for multi-group problems. In this paper we give algorithms for vector computers, in particular the CDC Cyber 205, that make it practical to solve such equations.
Dissolved iodine across the Gulf Stream Front and in the South Atlantic Bight

The distributions of iodide, iodate and total iodine were determined along a transect from the Sargasso Sea and across the Gulf Stream to the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight during November 1990. The western boundary of the Gulf Stream at the outer shelf-upper slope was characterized by steeply sloping isotherms and isopleths of iodide and iodate, resulting from a dome of cold water that was rich in iodate and nearly devoid of iodide at the slope. Both the mid and the inner shelf were relatively well mixed vertically. The concentration of iodate in the surface waters decreased shoreward from >0.3 μM in the Sargasso Sea/Gulf Stream/outer shelf, to 0.29 μM in the midshelf, 0.19 μM in the outer-inner shelf and 0.11 /IM in the inner-inner shelf. Concomitantly, the concentration of iodide increased from <161 nM to 175 nM, 257 nM and 300 nM. The concentration changes were more abrupt in the inner-inner shelf within about 30 km from the shore. There was no evidence of significant concentrations of organic iodine. These distributions of iodide and iodate suggest that the South Atlantic Bight may act as a geochemical processor of dissolved iodine. Iodate is added to the shelf during topographically induced upwelling and frontal exchange with the Gulf Stream. In the shelf waters, iodate is reduced to iodide in situ. Iodide is exported from the shelf to the Gulf Stream which may eventually further transport it to the ocean interior. A ☐ model calculation suggests that 28% and 43% of the iodate added to the Bight and the inner shelf, respectively, are converted to another form in these waters, almost all of which is iodide. About a third of the reduction of iodate to iodide in the Bight occurs in the inner shelf. Thus, the inner shelf may be the most geochemically active zone within the Bight. The residence times of iodide relative to its production and that of iodate relative to its removal are 3.1 and 3.6 months in the Bight and 0.9 and 1.8 months in the inner shelf.
Effects of Exposure to Community Violence and Family Violence on School Functioning Problems among Urban Youth: The Potential Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Adolescents who are exposed to violence during childhood are at an increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. The literature suggests that violence exposure might also have negative effects on school functioning, and that PTS might serve as a potential mediator in this association. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend prior research by examining PTS symptoms as a mediator of the relationship between two types of violence exposure and school functioning problems among adolescent youth from an urban setting. Participants included a sample of 121 junior high and high school students (M= 15 years; range= 13-16 years; 60 males, 61 females) within high-crime neighborhoods. Consistent with our hypotheses, community violence and family violence were associated with PTS symptoms and school functioning problems. Our data suggest that community and family violence were indirectly related to school functioning problems through PTS symptoms. Findings from this study demonstrate that PTS symptoms potentially mediate the relationship between violence exposure and school functioning problems across two settings (community and home). Future research should further examine protective factors that can prevent youth violence exposure as well as negative outcomes related to violence.
What Happened to the “Long Civic Generation”? Explaining Cohort Differences in Volunteerism

In Bowling Alone Robert Putnam argues that the passing of the "long civic generation," whose values were molded by the Depression and the Second World War, has resulted in a decline in civic engagement. In this analysis we test the generation hypothesis by comparing the volunteer behavior of two successive generations of women at the same age. No supportfor Putnam's thesis is found. Once appropriate controls for sociodemographic trends are imposed, generation differences disappear. However, there are cohort differences in the type of volunteer work performed. Each year, volunteer workers contribute billions of dollars in value to the U.S. economy (Boris 1999). Even so, there are rarely enough volunteers to meet the demand, as a glance at any local newspaper will reveal. In light of this shortage of volunteers, any social change that discourages volunteering is worrisome. Two recent changes suggest that balancing supply and demand in the market
Inpatient Hypoglycemia: A Challenge That Must Be Addressed

Hypoglycemia in the inpatient setting is a common occurrence with potentially harmful outcomes. Large trials in both the inpatient and outpatient settings have found a correlation between hypoglycemia and morbidity and mortality. The incidence of hypoglycemia is difficult to assess, due to a lack of standardized definitions and different methods of data collection between hospital systems. Risk factors that predispose to hypoglycemia involve the changing clinical statuses of patients, nutrition issues, and hospital processes. Mechanisms contributing to morbidity due to hypoglycemia may include an increase in sympathoadrenal responses, as well as indirect changes affecting cytokine production, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and endothelial function. Prevention of hypoglycemia requires implementation of several strategies that include patient safety, quality control, multidisciplinary communication, and transitions of care. In this article, we discuss all of these issues and provide suggestions to help predict and prevent hypoglycemic episodes during an inpatient stay. We address the issues that occur upon admission, during the hospital stay, and around the time of discharge. We believe that decreasing the incidence of inpatient hypoglycemia will both decrease costs and improve patient outcomes.
Subgraph density and epidemics over networks

We model a SIS (susceptible-infected-susceptible) epidemics over as tatic, fi nite-sized network as ac ontinuous-time Markov process using the scaled SIS epidemics model. In our previous work, we derived the closed form description of the equilibrium distribution that explicitly accounts for the network topology and showe dt hat themost probable equilibrium statedemonstrates threshol db ehavior. In this paper, we will show how subgraph structures in the network topology impact the most probable state of the long run behavior of aS IS epidemics (i.e., stochastic diffusion process) over any static, finite-sized, network.
Solar constant secular changes

A recent model for solar constant secular changes is used to calculate a 'proxy' solar constant for: (1) the past four centuries, based upon the sunspot record, (2) the past nine centuries, based upon C-14 observations and their relation to solar activity, and (3) the next decade, based upon a dynamo theory model for the solar cycle. The proxy solar constant data is tabulated as it may be useful for climate modelers studying global climate changes.
Recognition of mandelate stereoisomers by chiral porphyrin hosts: prediction of stereopreference in guest binding a priori using a simple binding model?

Abstract Rigid porphyrin hosts that mimic the spatial arrangement of mandelate recognition motifs lead to stereoselective receptors and illustrate how subtle structural differences in host design have significant impact on guest recognition. The porphyrin hosts are obtained with minimal synthetic effort from readily available chiral amine precursors and are modular in design. The chiral recognition properties of the porphyrin-based hosts with chiral carboxylate-containing guests and chiral amines are described. UV/vis and 1 H NMR spectroscopic results indicate some of these porphyrin hosts undergo an induced fit conformational change upon guest binding.
Oxygen Diffusivity in Asphalts and Mastics

Determination of oxygen diffusivity in binders was made by comparing the oxidation rates at the surface and at a solid–binder interface of an asphalt film of known reaction kinetics. For neat asphalts, oxygen diffusivities (D O 2 ) ranged from 10−10 to 10−11 m2/s, with log(D O 2 /T) varying linearly with log(η o *) for both base asphalts and polymer-modified binders (PMBs). For asphalt mastics, oxygen diffusivity was observed to decrease as the filler volume fraction increased. Quantitatively, this effect follows a theoretical estimate of the effect of a dilute suspension of spherical inclusions on diffusivity.
ALPS: A Language for Process Specification

Abstract This paper describes research identifying information models to facilitate process specification and to transfer this information to process control. A conceptual schema is introduced as a means to bridge the gap between process planning requirements and production control requirements. The result is a process specification language based on directed graph notation which allows full specification of parallel activities, event synchronization, alternative processes, resource management, and task decomposition.
Intraindividual Variability May Not Always Indicate Vulnerability in Elders’ Cognitive Performance

This study examined consistency of performance, or intraindividual variability, in older adults' performance on 3 measures of cognitive functioning: inductive reasoning, memory, and perceptual speed. Theoretical speculation has suggested that such intraindividual variability may signal underlying vulnerability or neurologic compromise. Thirty-six participants aged 60 and older completed self-administered cognitive assessments twice a day for 60 consecutive days. Intraindividual variability was not strongly correlated among the 3 cognitive measures, but, over the course of the study, intraindividual variability was strongly intercorrelated within a task. Higher average performance on a measure was associated with greater performance variability, and follow-up analyses revealed that a higher level of intraindividual variability is positively associated with the magnitude of a person's practice-related gain on a particular measure. The authors argue that both adaptive (practice-related) and maladaptive (inconsistency-related) intraindividual variability may exist within the same individuals over time.
Architecture and overview of MMST machine control [semiconductor manufacturing facilities]

This article describes the configurable MMST (Microelectronics Manufacturing Science and Technology) machine control architecture. The architecture has been developed to allow for quick insertion into current fabrication facilities while also allowing for a complete bottoms-up implementation of the machine control software. The MMST machine control is specifically designed to work with the next generation of vacuum-processing cluster tools currently under development by semiconductor equipment vendors and provides a windows based, graphical control panel for the equipment user. >
FDTD investigation of photonic crystal fiber in fiber specklegram sensing

Hetero-core fiber structure consists of a sandwiched structure of fibers with different core diameters. Hetero-core fiber structure has found its application in both intensity based and phase change based sensors. In this paper, an analysis of hetero-core fiber structure in photonic crystal fibers (PCF) and waveguides is presented. With the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the performance of such a structure in a fiber specklegram sensor and the refractive index modulation on PCF section are investigated. It is found that the unique photonic nanostructures can substantially enhance the sensitivity of the specklegram sensor with added dynamic range tunability, which can lead to many practical applications in optical sensors.
Collectionwise Hausdorff versus collectionwise normal with respect to compact sets

Abstract Collectionwise normal (CWN) and collectionwise Hausdorff (CWH) spaces have played an increasingly important role in topology since the introduction of these concepts by R.H. Bing in 1951 [3]. It has remained an open and frequently raised question as to whether CWH T 3 -spaces are CWN with respect to compact sets. Recently, a counterexample requiring the existence of measurable cardinals and having little additional topological structure was constructed by W.G. Fleissner and the author. In this paper, the author gives a simple example in ZFC of a CWH, first countable, perfect T 3 -space that is not CWN with respect to compact, metrizable sets, and, under Martin's Axiom, such an example that is also a Moore space. In addition, the author considers the analogous question for strongly collectionwise Hausdorff (SCWH) T 3 -spaces and characterizes the existence of SCWH T 3 -spaces that are not CWN with respect to compact sets in set-theoretic and box product formulations. The constructions utilized throughout the paper are of a general nature and several apparently new set-theoretic techniques for interchanging ‘points’ and ‘sets’ are introduced.
Growth of hydroxyapatite coatings on biodegradable polymer microspheres.

Mineral-coated microspheres were prepared via a bioinspired, heterogeneous nucleation process at physiological temperature. Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres were fabricated via a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion method and were mineral-coated via incubation in a modified simulated body fluid (mSBF). X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with associated energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of a continuous mineral coating on the microspheres. The mineral grown on the PLG microsphere surface has characteristics analogous to those of bone mineral (termed “bonelike” mineral), with a carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite phase and a porous structure of platelike crystals at the nanometer scale. The assembly of mineral-coated microspheres into aggregates was observed when microsphere concentrations above 0.50 mg/mL were incubated in mSBF for 7 days, and the size of the aggregates was dependent on the microsphere concentrat...
A coupled physical-biological model of the Bering-Chukchi seas

Abstract A time-dependent, three-dimensional model stimulates some of the important biological and physical processes of the northern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea ecosystem during summer. The spatial distribution of chlorophyll and primary productivity in the model is determined primarily by the strength of advection and secondarily by the east-west gradient of nutrient and chlorophyll at the southern boundaries of the domain in the Bering Sea. Ammonium concentrations, however, are spatially determined by both benthic regeneration and by the advective field. Over time, approximately 60% of the nitrate entering the model remains unutilized, to be exported at the model's downstream boundary in the Chukchi Sea. This unutilized nitrate presumably is available to enrich East Siberian Sea waters at least as far west as Wrangel Island. Declining light availability from mid-summer on, manifested in shorter daylengths and lower sun angles, leads to lower primary production in spite of ample nutrients. Zooplankton are an unimportant influence on chlorophyll, productivity and nutrient distributions, consuming only ∼1% of the daily productivity. In contrast, benthic respiration of carbon, and concomitant regeneration of nitrogen, constitute important sources of dissolved carbon and nitrogen to the model domain, without which, productivity is significantly curtailed. Approximately 3.6 g C m−2 year−1 (calculated over 150 days), is buried in the Bering-Chukchi Sea sediments, or ∼1% of the simulated annual primary production.
Transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect. Palliation by atrial septostomy and pulmonary artery banding.

Infants with transposed great arteries need atrioseptostomy for adequate intracardiac mixing of the systemic and pulmonic circulations. Those with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary artery hypertension, with or without other associated lesions, usually require further surgical palliation. Postseptostomy measurements of pulmonary artery pressures at systemic levels were obtained in ten infants with transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defects. Three had, in addition, patent ductus arteriosus, and two of these had aortic coarctation (one preductal with hypoplasia of the aortic arch). One had transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and tricuspid atresia. Four of the patients had surgical septectomy; the remaining seven had balloon atrioseptostomy. All had pulmonary artery banding; the three ductus arteriosus lesions were ligated; and both coarctations were repaired (one with reconstruction of the aortic arch). The only operative death was in one of the patients with transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect only. When the interatrial communication is adequate in patients with transposition, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary artery hypertension, pulmonary vascular obstructive changes may be prevented by pulmonary artery banding and surgical correction of the associated lesions.
Slow Stress Propagation in Adherent Cells

Mechanical cues influence a wide range of cellular behaviors including motility, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Although previous studies elucidated the role of specific players such as ion channels and focal adhesions as local mechanosensors, the investigation of how mechanical perturbations propagate across the cell is necessary to understand the spatial coordination of cellular processes. Here we quantify the magnitude and timing of intracellular stress propagation, using atomic force microscopy and particle tracking by defocused fluorescence microscopy. The apical cell surface is locally perturbed by atomic force microscopy cantilever indentation, and distal displacements are measured in three dimensions by tracking integrin-bound fluorescent particles. We observe an immediate response and slower equilibration, occurring over times that increase with distance from perturbation. This distance-dependent equilibration occurs over several seconds and can be eliminated by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Our experimental results are not explained by traditional viscoelastic models of cell mechanics, but they are consistent with predictions from poroelastic models that include both cytoskeletal deformation and flow of the cytoplasm. Our combined atomic force microscopy-particle tracking measurements provide direct evidence of slow, distance-dependent dissipative stress propagation in response to external mechanical cues and offer new insights into mechanical models and physiological behaviors of adherent cells.
Contribution of J ≤ 3 2 Resonances to the u -Channel Exchange Potential in π N Scattering

We calculate the contribution of recently found, highly inelastic $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ resonances in the ${S}_{31}$, ${S}_{11}$, ${P}_{11}$, and ${D}_{13}$ partial waves to the exchange $u$-channel generalized potential for $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering. We use the results of the complex phase-shift analyses for incident pion energies \ensuremath{\le}1 BeV joined to smooth asymptotic functions to obtain the absorptive parts of the amplitudes. Dispersion integrals are performed over these amplitudes in the physical $u$ region and then related to the direct $s$ channel by crossing. Finally, partial-wave projections in the direct $s$ channel give the partial-wave generalized-exchange $u$-channel potential input to the $\frac{N}{D}$ equations, which are solved for the phase shifts in the direct channel. The results are as follows: (i) Compared to the exchange of the nucleon and the ${{N}^{*}}_{33}$ (1238 MeV), the ${S}_{11}$, ${S}_{31}$, and ${P}_{11}$ $u$-channel continua have relatively small contributions to the $s$-channel unphysical cut. (ii) As for the ${P}_{33}$ partial wave, the ${D}_{13}$ contribution to the $u$-channel exchange potential is divergent at large $s$. Thus a cutoff is needed to solve the $\frac{N}{D}$ equations. The effect of including ${D}_{13}$ exchange is to make it harder to obtain agreement with experiment. (iii) The detailed shape of the ${P}_{33}$ resonance reduces its contribution to the exchange potential by a factor of 0.75 as compared with the narrow-width approximation.
Flow cytometry: Its use in pediatric renal transplantation utilizing polyclonal induction

Induction protocols for pediatric renal transplant recipients commonly utilize polyclonal or monoclonal agents in sequence with additional immunosuppression. Polyclonal agents Minnesota antilymphoblast globulin (MALG), anti-thymocyte globulin (ATGAM) effect both T and B cells while monoclonal agents (OKT3) are T-cell specific. Flow cytometric analysis of T-cell subsets has become the marker of adequacy of immunosuppression during OKT3 therapy, yet to date no marker exists to measure the adequacy of immunosuppression with polyclonal agents. At the University of Michigan, flow cytometric analysis in pediatric renal transplant recipients undergoing polyclonal induction reveals that CD3, CD4, and CD8 suppression initially occurs. As opposed to OKT3, a rebound of CD3 cells occurs despite daily use of a polyclonal agent in sequence with additional immunosuppressives. During these analyses, a single kidney was lost which flow cytometry failed to predict. No significant difference in flow cytometric patterns occurred when comparing ATGAM to MALG induction. Flow cytometry utilized during polyclonal induction in pediatric renal transplant recipients revealed a variety of T-cell suppression patterns but failed to demonstrate persistence of suppression. Despite this lack of suppression as indicated by flow cytometry, a 97% 1 year allograft survival rate exists in the pediatric transplant program at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Therefore, the role of flow cytometry during polyclonal induction has yet to be well defined.
Mom, you're only remembering the bad behavior! the utility of distributed lag models in single-subject research

The present study examined if prior events/behaviors accounted for variance in parental perceptions of child behavior beyond that accounted for by those events/behaviors occurring simultaneously with the assessment of the parental perception. By utilizing a time-series analysis, this study investigated the relative effects of positive and negative child behaviors, interparental behavior, and intrapersonal behavior/events occurring simultaneously or at an earlier point in time on a mother's daily satisfaction with her clinic-referred child. Using a single-subject methodology with replication, nine mothers served as subjects. Data were collected across 30 days for participants, and subsequently, each mother's data were analyzed by multiple regression techniques. The results indicate the usefulness of distributed lag models for single-case designs in the absence of autocorrelation. Analyses indicate that for some mothers what happens on prior days with her child is as important or more important in determining her satisfaction with the child than what happens on the current day. In particular, mothers tend to carry over previous days' negative child behaviors into the present day's satisfaction rating. Previous days' positive and negative spouse behaviors and daily activities did not consistently contribute to regression equations predicting mothers' daily satisfaction ratings with their children.
Treatment of venous pulsatile tinnitus in younger women.

Background We present 7 cases of pulsatile tinnitus (PT) of venous origin in younger women seen over a period of 24 years and treated by Internal Jugular Bulb ligation. Methods All patients had a pulsatile bruit in one side of the neck that disappeared when gentle pressure over the internal jugular vein (IJV) caused it to collapse as seen in a duplex scan. Their computed tomography showed a dominant venous system with a high jugular bulb on the side of the bruit. Results The IJV was ligated under local anesthesia. Five patients in whom the ligation was done above the facial vein were cured. Two patients in whom the ligation was done below the facial vein experienced a decrease but not disappearance of the PT. Conclusions Once other possible causes for PT have been discarded, ligation of the IJV above the facial vein cures this condition.
Spinal electrogram of the cat. I. Study of origin by degeneration and ischemia.

Abstract The spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord was studied in anesthetic-free decerebrate and spinal cats by deafferentation and ischemia. Three components of the spinal electrogram were identified: (1) background activity (BA); (2) negative sharp waves (NSW) and (3) positive waves. The BA component consists of waves of relatively small amplitude ( μ V), more or less symmetrically diphasic, and is tonically maintained by afferent input from the periphery. NSWs are of larger amplitude (50–200 μV) and are autochthonous to the spinal cord. Compared to evoked potentials and BA, the NSWs are most vulnerable to ischemia. Spinal cords in which the NSWs were eliminated by ischemia remained behaviorally functional. Strychnine suppresses NSWs and promotes the appearance of positive waves. The positive waves reach amplitudes greater than 200 μV and, at large amplitudes, appear concurrently with ventral root discharge. Our results interpreted in terms of current views of spinal organization suggest that motoneuronal dendrites or a distinct related interneuronal pool give rise to the NSWs.
Insulin like growth factor-1 activates nuclear factor-κB and increases transcription of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene in endothelial cells

A critical early event in the pathogenesis of occlusive vascular disease is the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. The authors have previously reported that insulin-like growth factor-1 increases monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and increases the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. In this study, it is hypothesized that the upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression after treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 is caused by an increase in the transcription of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells, and that this transcription is regulated, at least in part, by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. Adherence cell assays were performed using insulin-like growth factor-1 treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human monocytes. To determine the role of nuclear factor-kappaB, Western blotting using the anti-p65 (activated portion of nuclear factor-kappaB) was performed on cell lysate of human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with insulin-like growth factor-1. RT-PCR was performed on RNA extracted from insulin-like growth factor-1-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody attenuated the increase in monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion of endothelial cells exposed to insulin-like growth factor-1. We observed an increase in expression of the activated nuclear factor-kappaB p65 protein in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment. Peak increase occurred at 30 min. This effect was sensitive to pretreatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor antibody. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with insulin-like growth factor-1 for 2 and 4 h revealed a significant increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA as compared with untreated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced a larger increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances intercellular adhesion molecule-1 transcription and activates nuclear factor-kappaB in endothelial cells. The intracellular pathways that increase cell adhesion molecule expression may provide a common link to understanding the monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion that occurs in the early stages of atherosclerosis and restenosis.