cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MRAS Speed Estimation and Full-Order Flux Observer for Dual Stator Winding Induction Motor Drives

A design methodology for the full-order flux observer and model reference adaptive mechanism (MRAS) to estimate flux linkages and rotor speed of the dual stator winding induction motor that ensures system stability under all operating conditions is set forth. The Butterworth polynomial and D- decomposition techniques are used to select observer and speed controller gains. Computer simulation results of the controlled sensor-less drive system confirm the adequacy of the proposed full-order flux observer and speed estimation scheme evidenced by the accurate rotor speed regulation.
Efficient DC fault simulation of nonlinear analog circuits: one-step relaxation and adaptive simulation continuation

Efficient dc fault simulation of nonlinear analog circuits is addressed in this paper. Two techniques, one-step relaxation and adaptive simulation continuation, are proposed. By one-step relaxation, only one Newton-Raphson iteration is performed for each faulty circuit with the dc solution of the good circuit as the initial point, and the approximate solution is used for detecting the fault. The paper shows experimentally and justifies theoretically that approximate dc fault simulation by one-step relaxation can accomplish almost the same fault coverage as exact dc fault simulation. Exact dc fault simulation by adaptive simulation continuation is first to order faulty circuits based on the results of one-step relaxation, and then to use the solution of the previous faulty circuit as the initial point for the Newton-Raphson iteration of the next faulty circuit. Experiments on a set of 29 MCNC Circuit Simulation and Modeling Workshop benchmark circuits show that exact dc fault simulation by adaptive simulation continuation can achieve an average speedup of 4.4 and as high as 15 over traditional stand-alone fault simulation
Comparing Treatment Groups on the Basis of Slopes, Areas-Under-the-Curve, and other Summary Measures

The uses of summary statistics are reviewed and demonstrated, with emphasis on helping the reader understand how to choose a reasonable summary statistic function and how to base a test statistic on it. Particular attention is paid to the issues of test size and power, and how they might be affected by missing data. Recent findings which show how stratifying the analysis according to missing data patterns can help minimize the problems caused by missing data are summarized. This stratified approach is demonstrated in detail on data from a two-group clinical trial with repeated measures.
Stopping guidelines vs stopping rules: a practitioner's point of view

Monitoring interim accumulating data in a clinical trial for evidence of therapeutic benefit or toxicity is a frequent policy, usually carried out by an independent scientific committee. While statistical methodology has been developed to assess the significance of these interim analyses, such methods should not be viewed as absolute rules but only serve as useful guides. The decision process to terminate a trial early is very complex and many factors must be taken into account. The complexity of this decision process is illustrated by reviewing the experience of several recent clinical trials.
Towards a unified framework for rapid 3D computed tomography on commodity GPUs

The task of reconstructing an object from its projections via tomographic methods is a time-consuming process due to the vast complexity of the data. For this reason, manufacturers of equipment for computed tomography (CT), both medical and industrial, rely mostly on special ASICs to obtain the fast reconstruction times required in clinical, industrial, and security settings. Although modern CPUs have gained enough power in recent years to be competitive for 2D reconstruction, this is not the case for 3D reconstructions, especially not when iterative algorithms must be applied. Incidentally, this has prevented some very effective algorithms to be used in clinical practice, and the need for proprietary reconstruction hardware has also hampered new equipment manufacturers in their effort on entering the market. However, the recent evolution of GPUs has changed the picture in a very dramatic way. We will show how floating point GPUs can be exploited to perform both analytical and iterative reconstruction from X-ray and functional imaging data at clinical rates and good quality. For this purpose, we derive a decomposition of three popular 3D reconstruction algorithms into a common set of base modules. All of these base modules can be executed on the GPU and their output linked internally. The data never leaves the GPU, which eliminates the previous GPU-CPU bottlenecks. Visualization of the reconstructed object is also easily done since the object already resides in the graphics hardware, and one can simply run a visualization module at any time to view the reconstruction results. Our implementation allows speedups at a factor of 20, compared to software implementations, at comparable image quality.
An option for improving access to outpatient general neurology

Creating a team of nurse practitioner/physician assistant providers with a supervising physician is one potential model to extend limited physician resources for those medical specialties such as neurology, whose outpatient access is suboptimal. We offered new patient appointments with the access team. Monthly lead time (time to third available appointment) revealed that overall new-patient access improved from an average time-to-appointment wait of 299 days down to 10 days. Patients completed an anonymous satisfaction survey about providers before and after the launch of the new access team; the results demonstrated preserved patient satisfaction with providers in this new team-based model.
Design of the RF Phase and Amplitude Control System for a Proton Linear Acceierator

The specifications on RF amplitude and phase in a proton linear accelerator are reviewed. The expected amplitude and phase disturbances during normal operation are discussed, showing the need for fast control of these parameters during the beam-on period. Analytical expressions are derived for the response of the RF amplitude and phase envelopes in an accelerator structure to amplitude or phase modulations in the drive. Experimental results verifying the theoretical expressions are presented.
The Church Family and Kin: An Older Rural Black Woman’s Support Network and Preferences for Care Providers

Although kin and church are considered premier support sources for rural elders, few scholars have undertaken descriptive studies to explore the nature of rural Black elders’ support networks and their preferences for in-home service providers. In the case study described in this article, methods of support network analysis and descriptive phenomenology were used to analyze data from five lengthy, open-ended interviews with a 94-year-old rural Black woman. The various groups and individuals of her network are labeled in her words, the network’s supportive functions are described, and preferences for providers are noted. In addition, the varying structures of her home care experience with the support network members are described. Her attempts to voice and exercise her preferences for in-home service providers are explained in terms of two contrasting processes: preference uptake and preference suppression. Based on these findings, implications for appraising the appropriateness of rural elders’ in-home se...
Environmental Management as Political Sustainability

Grounded in critical theory and the Gramscian concept of hegemony, this article argues that environmental management (EM) can be understood as an accommodation to growing public awareness of environmental problems that potentially threatens dominant hegemonic coalitions. On the material level, EM is a set of practices that ameliorates the more egregious environmental consequences of industrialproduction; on the ideological and symbolic level, EM constructs products and companies as "green " and legitimizes the primacy of corporate management's role in addressing environmental problemrs. EM is thus seen to be more about political than environmental sustainability.
Hyaluronan (HA) Interacting Proteins RHAMM and Hyaluronidase Impact Prostate Cancer Cell Behavior and Invadopodia Formation in 3D HA-Based Hydrogels

To study the individual functions of hyaluronan interacting proteins in prostate cancer (PCa) motility through connective tissues, we developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel assay that provides a flexible, quantifiable, and physiologically relevant alternative to current methods. Invasion in this system reflects the prevalence of HA in connective tissues and its role in the promotion of cancer cell motility and tissue invasion, making the system ideal to study invasion through bone marrow or other HA-rich connective tissues. The bio-compatible cross-linking process we used allows for direct encapsulation of cancer cells within the gel where they adopt a distinct, cluster-like morphology. Metastatic PCa cells in these hydrogels develop fingerlike structures, “invadopodia”, consistent with their invasive properties. The number of invadopodia, as well as cluster size, shape, and convergence, can provide a quantifiable measure of invasive potential. Among candidate hyaluronan interacting proteins that could be responsible for the behavior we observed, we found that culture in the HA hydrogel triggers invasive PCa cells to differentially express and localize receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (RHAMM)/CD168 which, in the absence of CD44, appears to contribute to PCa motility and invasion by interacting with the HA hydrogel components. PCa cell invasion through the HA hydrogel also was found to depend on the activity of hyaluronidases. Studies shown here reveal that while hyaluronidase activity is necessary for invadopodia and inter-connecting cluster formation, activity alone is not sufficient for acquisition of invasiveness to occur. We therefore suggest that development of invasive behavior in 3D HA-based systems requires development of additional cellular features, such as activation of motility associated pathways that regulate formation of invadopodia. Thus, we report development of a 3D system amenable to dissection of biological processes associated with cancer cell motility through HA-rich connective tissues.
Energy metabolism in uncoupling protein 3 gene knockout mice.

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a member of the mitochondrial anion carrier superfamily. Based upon its high homology with UCP1 and its restricted tissue distribution to skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue, UCP3 has been suggested to play important roles in regulating energy expenditure, body weight, and thermoregulation. Other postulated roles for UCP3 include regulation of fatty acid metabolism, adaptive responses to acute exercise and starvation, and prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. To address these questions, we have generated mice lacking UCP3 (UCP3 knockout (KO) mice). Here, we provide evidence that skeletal muscle mitochondria lacking UCP3 are more coupled (i.e. increased state 3/state 4 ratio), indicating that UCP3 has uncoupling activity. In addition, production of ROS is increased in mitochondria lacking UCP3. This study demonstrates that UCP3 has uncoupling activity and that its absence may lead to increased production of ROS. Despite these effects on mitochondrial function, UCP3 does not seem to be required for body weight regulation, exercise tolerance, fatty acid oxidation, or cold-induced thermogenesis. The absence of such phenotypes in UCP3 KO mice could not be attributed to up-regulation of other UCP mRNAs. However, alternative compensatory mechanisms cannot be excluded. The consequence of increased mitochondrial coupling in UCP3 KO mice on metabolism and the possible role of yet unidentified compensatory mechanisms, remains to be determined.
Gene‐environment interplay in common complex diseases: forging an integrative model—recommendations from an NIH workshop

Although it is recognized that many common complex diseases are a result of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, studies of gene-environment interaction remain a challenge and have had limited success to date. Given the current state-of-the-science, NIH sought input on ways to accelerate investigations of gene-environment interplay in health and disease by inviting experts from a variety of disciplines to give advice about the future direction of gene-environment interaction studies. Participants of the NIH Gene-Environment Interplay Workshop agreed that there is a need for continued emphasis on studies of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in disease and that studies need to be designed around a multifaceted approach to reflect differences in diseases, exposure attributes, and pertinent stages of human development. The participants indicated that both targeted and agnostic approaches have strengths and weaknesses for evaluating main effects of genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. The unique perspectives represented at the workshop allowed the exploration of diverse study designs and analytical strategies, and conveyed the need for an interdisciplinary approach including data sharing, and data harmonization to fully explore gene-environment interactions. Further, participants also emphasized the continued need for high-quality measures of environmental exposures and new genomic technologies in ongoing and new studies.
A planar XY robotic fine positioning device

We describe in this paper a small, fast, precise positioner which can be attached to the terminal link of a general purpose robot for assembly and inspection tasks. The device is a very compact combination of two-dimensional linear motor, flexure springs, position sensor and digital controller. Peak velocities and accelerations of 24.8 cm/sec and 8.7 g are achieved. Positioning resolution is 0.5 μm using the built-in sensor, and compliance can be varied dynamically by the digital controller loop gain. Design considerations, discussion of the major elements of the device, and performance measurements are presented.
Regular Education Teacher Modifications for Mainstreamed Mildly Handicapped Students

An interview procedure was used to investigate 26 regular education teachers' (RET) perceptions of education program modifications made for mainstreamed mildly handicapped students (MMHS). Teacher statements were categorized and subsequently analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative procedures. The results indicated that RET made more typical modifications for MMHS than they made substantial modifications in the education program. A significant negative relationship emerged between RET age and years of teaching experience and, in some cases, class size and the number of modifications reported for MMHS. Conclusions were made regarding the appropriateness of the educational programs provided for MMHS. Implications of the findings were discussed in regard to teacher preparation and inservice training, least restrictive environment (LRE) policy, and LRE placement decisions.
An Exploration of Needs for Connotative Messages during Image Search Process

This study aims to provide an understanding of the information seeking process for image documents by focusing on needs for connotative messages. For this purpose, this study attempted to investigate and compare three stages of the image search process in terms of use of image attributes. The three stages of the image search process are identified as initiation, representation and selection, and image attribute levels are defined as color, denotative, and connotative attributes. Data was collected from a survey questionnaire composed of Likert scales, open questionnaires, and Semantic Differential scales. The study found that while color, denotative, and connotative attributes were all considered important by users, color itself did not have critical impact during the representing and selecting stages. Denotative and connotative attributes were important across the overall search process and users employed diverse denotative and connotative terms for finding a satisfactory image under a given task. This study also demonstrated that affective attributes of an image can be represented with reduced dimensions using Semantic Differential scales, and that reduced dimensions can be used to indicate more meaningful and relevant images.
Responses of Sheep and Dairy Cows to Propionic Acid Treatment of Alfalfa Haylage Fed with or without Corn Silage

Addition of 1% proprionate to alfalfa at ensiling reduced top spoilage, loss of dry matter, and soluble nitrogen. Most (97 to 98%) of the water soluble nitrogen after ensiling was nonprotein nitrogen regardless of treatment. Temperatures, digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen balances were not affected by propionate addition. More heating in tops of silos reduced nitrogen digestibility of this forage but did not affect digestibility of dry matter. Addition of propionate improved digestibility of haylage in the top portion of the silo. Lactating cows consumed more total dry matter in one trial but not in the other when they were fed propionate-treated haylage. There was no difference in production of milk, milk fat, or fat-corrected milk except in one trial where propionate treatment of haylage reduced fat production. Addition of corn silage to haylage rations did not improve milk yield or consumption of dry matter. When good quality haylage is available, no benefit is obtained from propionate treatment or addition of corn silage to rations.
FACTORS IMPACTING JUROR PERCEPTIONS OF BATTERED WOMEN WHO KILL THEIR ABUSERS: Delay and Sleeping Status

Community members (N 187) rendered judgments about a case of a battered woman who killed her abuser allegedly in self-defense. The experiment was designed to isolate the effects of time delay before killing and the victim’s sleeping status, as prior research has confounded these two variables. Results showed that delay affected conviction rates only for women; men convicted at high rates regardless of delay, whereas women convicted at higher rates when the killing occurred following a long delay versus a short delay. Regardless of participant gender, sleeping status significantly predicted verdicts: conviction rates were higher when the victim was asleep than when he was awake. Implications for the use of the self-defense plea and potential policy changes related to domestic violence are discussed.
Electrical image of passive mantle upwelling beneath the northern East Pacific Rise

Sea-floor magnetotelluric soundings along a portion of the East Pacific Rise reveal a symmetric, high-conductivity triangular region at depths of 20–90 kilometres that is consistent with partial melting of passively upwelling mantle. The East Pacific Rise is a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge where sea-floor volcanoes and hydrothermal vents result from a robust mantle melt supply. To explore how this magma is supplied to the surface, Kerry Key and colleagues use sea-floor magnetotelluric soundings to image mantle electrical structure to a depth of about 160 km along the northern East Pacific Rise. The images reveal a symmetrical high-conductivity anomaly beneath the ridge, consistent with partial melting of passively upwelling mantle. They explain a deeper conductor observed east of the ridge by asymmetric upwelling due to viscous coupling across two nearby transform faults. These findings suggest that plate-driven passive upwelling dominates this ridge segment while dynamic forces are negligible. Melt generated by mantle upwelling is fundamental to the production of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, yet the forces controlling this process are debated1,2. Passive-flow models predict symmetric upwelling due to viscous drag from the diverging tectonic plates, but have been challenged by geophysical observations of asymmetric upwelling3,4,5 that suggest anomalous mantle pressure and temperature gradients2,6,7, and by observations of concentrated upwelling centres8 consistent with active models where buoyancy forces give rise to focused convective flow2. Here we use sea-floor magnetotelluric soundings at the fast-spreading northern East Pacific Rise to image mantle electrical structure to a depth of about 160 kilometres. Our data reveal a symmetric, high-conductivity region at depths of 20–90 kilometres that is consistent with partial melting of passively upwelling mantle9,10,11. The triangular region of conductive partial melt matches passive-flow predictions, suggesting that melt focusing to the ridge occurs in the porous melting region rather than along the shallower base of the thermal lithosphere. A deeper conductor observed east of the ridge at a depth of more than 100 kilometres is explained by asymmetric upwelling due to viscous coupling across two nearby transform faults. Significant electrical anisotropy occurs only in the shallowest mantle east of the ridge axis, where high vertical conductivity at depths of 10–20 kilometres indicates localized porous conduits. This suggests that a coincident seismic-velocity anomaly12 is evidence of shallow magma transport channels13,14 rather than deeper off-axis upwelling. We interpret the mantle electrical structure as evidence that plate-driven passive upwelling dominates this ridge segment, with dynamic forces being negligible.
How accurate are probability-based estimates of wetland extent? Results of a California validation study

Estimates of wetland and stream extent and distribution form the basis for state and federal monitoring and management programs and guide policy development decisions. The current default approach, comprehensive mapping, provides the most complete information on extent and distribution but is prohibitively expensive across large geographic areas. In contrast, probabilistic mapping produces statistical estimates of extent and distribution at a fraction of the cost of comprehensive mapping. This study provides a direct comparison to address how well probability-based estimates of wetland extent approximate results from comprehensive mapping, and the degree to which inter-mapper variability contributes to overall error in probability-based estimates. Two regions of California were selected based on existence of recent, comprehensive wetland and stream maps. Probabilistic sample plot locations were selected by generalized random tessellation stratified sampling and sample plot maps were produced from the same source imagery as the comprehensive maps. Sample maps were compared for inter-mapper variability, plot-by-plot differences between sample and comprehensive maps, and differences between sample estimates and comprehensive totals. On a plot-by-plot basis differences in mapped wetland area between comprehensive maps and probabilistic sample maps approached 50 % in either the positive or negative direction, leading to uncertainty in directly comparing maps derived from these two approaches. With application of standardized protocols and rigorous quality control measures, we were able to achieve a 97 % overall accuracy rate between independent mapping teams applying the probabilistic mapping approach. Our results suggest caution when comparing comprehensive and sample based wetland extent estimates and highlight the importance of mapper intercalibration.
Teaching Advanced Laparoscopic Skills in Colorectal Surgery

Laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery is now well established as a safe and effective technique for treating many conditions. The development of a standard platform and tools for training laparoscopic skills is crucial, since a specific set of skills is necessary to perform laparoscopic surgery. Time, cost and medico-legal constraints have led to a fall-back of laboratory-based skill acquisition, which provides for a structured and systematic educational opportunity, in addition to stress modulation. However, multiple inanimate models and virtual reality simulators indicate that there is no single best method, which has high fidelity for transfer of skills from bench to operating room. The most important type of training is acquired from high volume structured experience in formal laparoscopic colorectal surgery training programs.
Rule based control of an uncertain system using segmentation by simulated annealing and pattern recognition techniques

As the uncertainty in the parameter values in a linear system becomes large, the design of a single robust controller to achieve the desired dynamic response becomes more and more difficult. In the present work, the concept of segmentation of the parameter variation region is implemented using an optimization technique based on a simulated annealing algorithm. A rule-based system that consists of an online system identifier and a rule-based switching scheme is utilized to control the system. The results of a simulation study are presented. It is noted that this segmentation technique is particularly import ant in performance-related controller designs. The advantage in terms of a reduction in the number of segments and subsequent complexity of the rule-based controller can be seen from the example presented. >
Catastrophic volcanism and its implication for agriculture in the Maya Lowlands

Abstract Powder X-ray diffraction, high-magnification microscopy, and whole rock X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses of sediment samples collected from an ancient Maya reservoir at Tikal, Guatemala in 2009 demonstrated conclusively that volcanic ash was repeatedly deposited on the site. To test the hypothesis that volcanic ash was a major contributor of new parent material to soils in the southern Yucatan Peninsula we used these same techniques to analyze samples taken from several natural depressions (bajos) in the region. Our findings clearly indicate that volcanic ash is a major constituent of regional soils. Hence, explosive volcanism was a critical factor in the development and maintenance of ancient Maya urban centers by renewing agricultural soils. These centers were typically low-density “garden cities” largely dependent on their immediate environs for agricultural production. For these cities to flourish in a difficult environment a flux of volcanic material occurring within an optimal window was critical. Regional wind patterns and rainfall are seasonal, linked to the annual shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). During the wet season, the ITCZ sits over the Yucatan Peninsula with Trade Winds and Easterly Waves predominating and blocking ash fall from reaching the Maya Lowlands from the volcanic arc to the south. During the dry season, the southward shift of the ITCZ allows westerly and southerly winds to bring erupted ash over the region. However, ash fall occurring during the dry season also posed a risk for ancient Maya, who were dependent on capturing and storing rainwater to meet their water needs because of the problem of reservoir fouling. Intermittent periods of increased aridity amplified drought frequency and severity, which likely contributed to periods of disruption in the course of Maya prehistory.
The utility of behavioral economics in expanding the free-feed model of obesity

Animal models of obesity are numerous and diverse in terms of identifying specific neural and peripheral mechanisms related to obesity; however, they are limited when it comes to behavior. The standard behavioral measure of food intake in most animal models occurs in a free-feeding environment. While easy and cost-effective for the researcher, the free-feeding environment omits some of the most important features of obesity-related food consumption-namely, properties of food availability, such as effort and delay to obtaining food. Behavior economics expands behavioral measures of obesity animal models by identifying such behavioral mechanisms. First, economic demand analysis allows researchers to understand the role of effort in food procurement, and how physiological and neural mechanisms are related. Second, studies on delay discounting contribute to a growing literature that shows that sensitivity to delayed food- and food-related outcomes is likely a fundamental process of obesity. Together, these data expand the animal model in a manner that better characterizes how environmental factors influence food consumption.
Plink: an intelligent natural language parser

A major problem in Natural Language Processing is how to transform the words and punctuation of a sentence into a complete representation of the sentence. This problem is due to the ambiguity, both local and global, of natural language. While it has been difficult for software to generate a complete sentential representation, humans seem to process sentences with little difficulty, and they can generate an interpretation in real time. This dissertation presents a system, PLINK, which attempts to resolve the problem of generating complete sentential representations. It does this by using syntax and semantics to guide the generation process. The information that PLINK uses is intended to mimic the information that humans use while interpreting sentences. PLINK receives words one at a time, going left to right, and immediately integrates each word into the representation of the sentence. It uses a stack of active sentential components and a rule based mechanism to select the correct grammar rule to be applied. The selection mechanism uses both syntax and semantics, and it is driven by the particular words that are being parsed yielding a data driven approach. PLINK was tested on sentences from several domains and it generated the correct representation for the majority of sentences in linear time. Performing in linear time means that the system is feasible for natural language processing in the 'real' world, and since people seem to process language in linear time PLINK meets many of the constraints that humans must meet. PLINK has also been tested on garden path sentences and mimics human performance on these sentences. PLINK's knowledge base can also be easily transferred from one domain to another, so PLINK can quickly perform well in the new domain.
Relationship between Surface Properties and Water Repellency of Fluorochemical Finishes

Water repellency of perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate (FA)/n-alkyl acrylate (AA) copolymers was dependent on the side chain length of the AAs. The surface properties were studied by dynamic contact angle, static contact angle and freeze-dried XPS, and the bulk ones by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and DSC. Water repellency was discussed from a standpoint of the molecular mobility of perfluoroalkyl (Rf) groups on the surface. The advancing contact angles for water were 120° and independent of the side chain length of AAs. The phenomenon was attributed to the orientation of Rf groups in air regardless of side chain length of AAs. On the contrary, the receding contact angles showed small values of about 45° for the carbon number of alkyls of AAs (n) below 8 and increased suddenly with increasing n above 12. From these results, the mechanism of water repellency was explained as follows. Low water repellency at n below 8 results from the regression of Rf groups from the water-solid interface to minimize the interface free energy. High water repellency at n above 12 shows that the motion of Rf groups was restricted due to crystallization of side chains. This mechanism was supported by other measurements.
Charge Trapping by Deep Donors in Si-Doped AlxGa1−xAs

The kinetics of charge capture by deep donors in Al x Ga 1-x As have been measured. The time dependence indicates that a single energy cannot be used to describe the trap. A model assuming thermally activated capture into a resonance in the conduction band with a range of energies gives excellent fits to the data and provides a measure of the energy range for the trap. This model is consistent with the large lattice relaxation model for DX centers. The increase of the activation energy for capture as the Al mole fraction is decreased contradicts the model which attributes the decay of the persistent photoconductivity to tunneling through the heterojunction barrier in modulationdoped structures.
Photolithography: a New Tool for Ceramic Science

A recently developed technique combining photolithography, ion beam milling, and hot pressing allows the production of submicron-scale controlled-geometry, controlled-crystallography pore structures in controlled misorientation bicrystals, single crystal-polycrystal ensembles, and polycrystal-polycrystal ensembles. Such microdesigned interfacial structures provide a new tool for studying fundamental aspects of microstructural evolution. Current applications of the technique, opportunities for future research, and future extensions and refinements of the technique are described.
GLUTARIC ACIDURIA ‘TYPE II’

A new fetal metabolic disorder is described, mainly characterised by severe acidosis and hypoglycaemia, a' sweaty-feet' like odour, and massive glutaric aciduria and acidaemia. In addition, urinary excretion of isobutyric and isovaleric acid was increased, as well as that of some dicarboxylic acids. Serum levels of various long-chain and short-chain fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids and plasma levels of valine and lysine were markedly elevated. The degradation of 14C-labelled glutaric acid, the branched-chain amino acids, and two corresponding alphaketoacids in fibroblasts was decreased, while that of pyruvic acid was normal. It is speculated that this metabolic pattern is due to a complex disturbance of different acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, with subsequent inhibition of long-chain fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis.
Electron Beam Commissioning for Monte Carlo Dose Calculation

The pencil beam algorithm has been used in most of the current commericial treatment planning systems for electron beam dose calculations [1]. However, due to the inappropriate treatment of electron transport in inhomogeneous phantoms, large discrepancies (10% or more) have been observed between the pencil beam algorithm and the measurements in air cavities and bone [2, 3]. Recently, due to the development of computer technology and the variance reduction techniques, the Monte Carlo method has gained popularity as the most accurate approach for electron as well as photon dose calculations [4, 5, 6, 7]. In particular, the Monte Carlo method can handle electron multiple scattering in the presence of inhomogeneities much more accurately than any existing analytical dose models.
Learning About Relationships

This chapter explores lessons that researchers have learned about how to support children in developing the skills and understandings that will enable them to engage in positive relationships during their childhood and as they become adults. It begins by synthesizing existing research on the stage-salient developmental relationship tasks of early and middle childhood, focusing on the context of school and on the relationships amongst children, parents and teachers. Next, it highlights dimensions of relationships that have near universal positive effects for children, dependent upon context and developmental stage. Summarizing some common ways that children learn to engage in healthy relationships during early and middle childhood, it provides examples of three specific programmes that attempt to improve the quality of children’s relationships. Finally, it suggests the need for a shift in how we consider supporting the development of healthy relationships in children.
Application of Physical Chemistry of Fluids in Rock Salt at Elevated Temperature and Presssure to Repositories for Radioactive Waste

An understanding of the nature of chemical and physical interactions between host rock salt, canister, wastes, and any fluid present must be obtained to design for maximum waste containment within a mined repository in salt. These data are needed both for the initial conditions of waste emplacement in the repository and for the higher temperatures and pressures to be experienced after the repository has been loaded and sealed. A thermal pulse peaking many tens of years after waste emplacement and lasting hundreds of years (1, 2) is currently being anticipated in the design of repositories. The maximum temperature to be attained over tens of meters of salt host will probably be kept below 100°C by the choice of canister spacing or their thermal output. However, surface temperatures of the canisters may be as high as 200°C. Brines in the rock salt tend to be mobilized by thermal energy, either by fracture-decrepitation mechanisms, the migration of fluid inclusions, or by dehydration of hydrous minerals. The presence of brines can be expected to increase the possibility of corrosion of canisters and leaching of waste, to weaken the rock strength, and to decrease sorptive properties of the host rock. One or more of these factors could affect the retrievability of wastes, and at the worst might threaten the integrity of waste containment.
Combinatorial Dialogue Authoring

We present an annotation scheme and combinatorial authoring procedure by which a small base of annotated human-authored dialogue exchanges can be exploited to automatically generate many new exchanges. The combinatorial procedure builds recombinant exchanges by reasoning about individual lines of dialogue in terms of their mark-up, which is attributed during annotation and captures what a line expresses about the story world and what it specifies about lines that may precede or succeed it in new contexts. From a human evaluation task, we find that while our computer-authored recombinant dialogue exchanges are not rated as highly as human-authored ones, they still rate quite well and show more than double the strength of the latter in expressing game state. We envision immediate practical use of our method in a collaborative authoring scheme in which, given a small database of annotated dialogue, the computer instantly generates many full exchanges that the human author then polishes, if necessary. We believe that combinatorial dialogue authoring represents an immediate and huge reduction in authorial burden relative to current authoring practice.
Mogeste: mobile tool for in-situ motion gesture design

We present Mogeste, a smartphone-based tool, to enable rapid, iterative, in-situ motion gesture design by interaction designers. It supports development of in-air gestural interaction with existing inertial sensors on commodity wearable and mobile devices. Mogeste facilitates creation of prototypical gesture recognizers by designers through an programming by demonstration approach. Furthermore, it makes testing and updating these preliminary designs easy. By eliminating the need for coding and pattern recognition expertise, Mogeste frees the designer to explore several gesture designs in a matter of minutes. Finally, our mobile solution builds upon previous work in desktop-based authoring tools for sensor-based interactions and, in doing so, enables creative exploration by designers in naturalistic settings.
MAP-EM And WLS-MAP-CG Reconstruction Methods For Transmission Imaging In Cardiac SPECT

We compare two methods for reconstructing transmission data to be used for nonuniform attenuation compensation in cardiac SPECT. The first method uses the maximum a posteriori, expectation-maximization one-step-late (MAP-EM OSL) algorithm to reconstruct and smooth the data; the second uses a weighted-least-squares MAP conjugate gradient (WLSMAP-CG) algorithm. The MAP-EM OSL algorithm assumes that the observed data exhibits Poisson statistics, but this assumption is not correct when the logarithmic transformation is applied. The WLS-MAP-CG algorithm permits the statistical variance of the logarithmic-transformed data to be modeled more accurately. We use simulations and patient transmission data, acquired using a SPECT system equipped with a sheet source, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the two algorithms. We find that the WLS-MAP-CG algorithm requires one-third of the processing time of MAP-EM. Both approaches produce smooth attenuation maps with good quantitative accuracy in high-attenuation regions (i.e., muscle). The critical difference is in regions with low or zero attenuation coefficient values (i.e., lungs and outside the body) where WLS-MAP-CG exhibits greater variance and some negative pixel values due to its lack of a positivity constraint. We conclude that both reconstruction methods provide attenuation maps with less noise than either filtered backprojection or maximum likelihood EM, and that WLSMAP-CG requires significantly less processing time, but exhibits increased noise in low attenuation regions as compared to MAP-EM.
The Political Profiles of Latinos in America

This chapter presents a statistical portrait of Latino politics. By describing Latino heterogeneity and average political attitudes, this chapter shows that traditional theories of partisanship do not hold for Latinos. Of central concern to this chapter is the reliance of most theories of partisanship on pre-adult socialization. Because immigrants and the children of immigrants are unlikely to have their parents socialize them into political parties, socialgroup embeddedness is expected to play a role in linking Latinos to parties. This chapter proposes two possible group-centered mechanisms through which Latinos come to identify with parties. The first argues that Latinos might behave as a single-issue public driven by immigration concerns. The second proposes that a Latino panethnic identity is the driving force behind partisanship.
Urban After-School Partnership Teaches Cooking and My Plate Nutrition

Seventeen percent of children in the U.S. are clinically obese and many more are overweight and at risk for obesity. The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity warrant greater efforts in early prevention. A key factor associated with energy intake and weight gain is consumption of foods away from home. Programs to promote eating more home-prepared foods present an encouraging area of intervention for improving children’s diet quality and diminishing childhood obesity. This study reports on an urban after-school cooking program implemented through a partnership between Rutgers Cooperative Extension and the Boys and Girls Club. Post-test measures and qualitative observations found that the program increased cooking skills and enjoyment, interest in healthy eating and exposure to healthy foods, and provided knowledge and tools to help modify students’ eating habits away from school. Partnerships between after-school providers and Cooperative Extension can provide effective programming in areas with widespread poverty and limited resources.
Negotiating technology implementation: An empirical investigation of a website introduction

Negotiated implementation is suggested as a cogent approach to meeting user and implementer needs, and thus, to increasing technology implementation. Negotiated implementation is expected to have its effect through three well‐known dimensions: ease of use, usefulness, and commitment. The efficacy of negotiated implementation is tested in the context of a university‐based field study of World Wide Web site use. Empirical support is found for the negotiated implementation approach. Implications and future research related to both theory and application are provided.
Defining the Mechanism of Transcription Factor-Induced Epigenetic Reprogramming.

Abstract SCI-41 The great excitement surrounding induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is tempered by the fact that little is known about how they are generated and why this process is so inefficient. We have set out to ask how the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, cMyc and Klf4 can induce pluripotency. By analyzing the role of the reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc during the initial step of reprogramming and comparing their binding and global expression in fully and partially reprogrammed cells, we previously uncovered that cMyc has a central role in the repression of the somatic cell expression program. With respect to the upregulation of the embryonic cell transcription, the four factors cooperate to activate the metabolic program, followed by binding of Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2 to genes encoding pluripotency regulators leading to the self-sustained, pluripotent state. Thus, we suggested that the factors have separable and temporal contributions to the reprogramming process. We are particularly interested in further deciphering the mechanism of reprogramming, understanding barriers of the reprogramming process, and comparing the embryonic stem cell state with the iPS cell state. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Feature-Based locomotion with inverse branch kinematics

We propose a novel Inverse Kinematics based deformation method that introduces flexibility and parameterization to motion graphs without degrading the quality of the synthesized motions. Our method deforms the transitions of a motion graph-like structure by first assigning to each transition a continuous rotational range that guarantees not to exceed the predefined global transition cost threshold. The deformation procedure improves the reachability of motion graphs to precise locations and consequently reduces the time spent during search. Furthermore, our method includes a new motion graph construction method based on geometrical segmentation features, and employs a fast triangulation based search pruning technique that confines the search to a free channel and avoids expensive collision checking. The results obtained by the proposed methods were evaluated and quantified, and they demonstrate significant improvements in comparison with traditional motion graph approaches.
Adiposity post prophylactic oophorectomy in young women at high risk for breast and ovarian cancer.

1572 Background: Bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy (BPSO) is the current standard of care for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer. We have ...
A Coeducational Pathway to Political & Economic Citizenship: Women’s Student Government and a Philosophy and Practice of Women’s U.S. Higher Coeducation Between 1890 and 1945

This chapter considers how deans of women developed student government as a feminist practice in order to teach coeducational college women political and economic citizenship. Supervising women students at the turn of the twentieth century, deans of women crafted a feminist coeducational philosophy that prepared college women for economic security and political participation – particularly suffrage. Borrowing from women’s colleges, deans established student government in women’s residences in order to acculturate women to campus norms and to foster their leadership skills. Deans of women advised female student government leaders on their campuses and created a little-known national organization for women’s student governance. The Intercollegiate Association of Women Students (IAWS) originated in 1913, and eventually encompassed 300 campuses and involved 200,000 female student members by the mid twentieth century. Deans closely advised IAWS, and its campus chapters, outpacing the creation and implementation of student government with men in coeducational institutions.