cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolating Benzenium Ion Salts

When partnered with carborane anions, arenium ions are remarkably stable. Previously investigated only at subambient temperatures in highly superacidic media, protonated benzene is readily isolated as a crystalline salt, thermally stable to >150 degrees C. Salts of the type [H(arene)][carborane] have been prepared by protonating benzene, toluene, m-xylene, mesitylene, and hexamethylbenzene with the carborane superacid H(CB(11)HR(5)X(6)) (R = H, Me; X = Cl, Br). They have been characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography, NMR and IR methods. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectra are similar to those observed earlier in solution, indicating that lattice interactions are comparable to solution solvation effects. The acidic proton(s) of the arenium cations interact weakly with the halide substituents of the anion via ion pairing. This is reflected in the dependence of the C-H stretching frequency on the basicity of the carborane anion. Bond lengths in the arenium ions are consistent with predominant cyclohexadienyl cation character, but charge distribution within the cation is less well represented by this resonance form. Structural and vibrational comparison to theory is made for the benzenium ion (C(6)H(7)(+)) with density functional theory at B3LYP/6-31G and B3P86/6-311+G(d,p) levels. The stability of these salts elevates arenium ions from the status of transients (Wheland intermediates) to reagents. They have been used to bracket the solution-phase basicity of C(60) between that of mesitylene and xylene.
Passing the torch

I am most apprec iat ive 10 rhe members of the oc iery of lin ical Vas ular urgery for th e hon or of heing your pre. idem rhi s pasr year. I would like to share with you some per .onal th ought s on va rious aspec ts relating 10 surgica l training. Whar makes a good surgeon and what natural ab ilit ies separate a technicall y superio r surgeon from an adequare ope rator! How does th e human hrain ac ommoda tc technical operat ive skills! How sho uld we select surgical tra inees, and how can we assist them with knowledge acqu isit ion and th e adva nce me n t of their tech n ical skills! How should reaching ah iliry he jud ged ! Whar factors differentiate gnod from had surgical edu cators ! How do we improve reaching effec t ivene ss! Whal docs the future hold !
A proton pumping pyrophosphatase in the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane vesicles of Trypanosoma cruzi

The proton pumping pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase) is an enzyme that has been identified in membranes of plant vacuoles, in the Golgi complex of plants and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and more recently in acidocalcisomes of different trypanosomatids and apicomplexan parasites. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies using antibodies against the plant enzyme also suggested a plasma membrane localization in different stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. In this report we provide immunogold electron microscopy evidence of the presence of the H(+)-PPase in the Golgi complex and plasma membrane of epimastigotes of T. cruzi. Pyrophosphate promoted acidification of plasma membrane vesicles as determined using acridine orange. This activity was stimulated by K(+) ions, inhibited by the pyrophosphate analogs imidodiphosphate (IDP) and aminomethylenediphosphonate (AMDP) by KF, NaF and DCCD, and it had different responses to ions and inhibitors as compared with the activity present in acidocalcisomes. Surface localization of the H(+)-PPase was confirmed by experiments using biotinylation of cell surface proteins and immunoprecipitation with antibodies against H(+)-PPase. Taken together, these results are consistent with the presence of a functional H(+)-PPase in the plasma membrane of these parasites.
Company–Community Conflicts Over Diamond Resources in Kono District, Sierra Leone

Utilizing actor-oriented political ecology and social movements approaches, this article examines the dynamics surrounding company–community conflicts over diamonds in Sierra Leone, using Kono District as a case study. Surveys of 240 households in four diamondiferous chiefdoms, semiformal interviews, focus groups, and secondary data sources provided data for this article. Findings of this study show that post conflict mining reforms and actions of mining companies, the state and traditional leaders favor industrial mining expansion over artisanal mining. Such actions have reinforced unequal power relations over access to land and diamond mining rights to the disadvantage of mining communities and bred company–community conflicts in Kono District. The article argues that strategies that even out power differentials so that local communities benefit more from regulation relative to corporations and other powerful actors can improve the success of mining reforms and reduce the risk of community–company confl...
Prevalence, Correlates, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Syndromes and Alcohol and Specific Drug Use Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and comorbidity of antisocial syndromes across alcohol and 8 specific drug use disorders, including sedative, tranquilizer, opiate, stimulant, hallucinogen, cannabis, cocaine, and inhalant/solvent abuse and dependence. Method: This study is based on a nationally representative sample of adults. Lifetime prevalences of antisocial syndromes were estimated and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between antisocial syndromes and sociodemographic characteristics and substance use disorders. Diagnoses were made according to the criteria of the DSM-IV using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Results: The lifetime prevalences of antisocial personality disorder (APD). conduct disorder, and adult antisocial behavior were 3.6%, 1.1%, and 12.3%, respectively. Prevalences of alcohol use disorders and drug use disorders were 30.3% and 10.3%, respectively. In general, men and individuals who were younger, widowed/separated/divorced, of lower socioeconomic status, and living in urban areas or in the West were more likely to have antisocial syndromes. Native Americans were more likely and Asians and Hispanics were less likely to have APD and adult antisocial behavior. Virtually all of the associations between APD and adult antisocial behavior and specific substance use disorders were positive and statistically significant (p <.05). Significant associations between conduct disorder and substance use disorders were concentrated among women. Conclusion: Comorbidity of specific substance disorders with antisocial syndromes is very common in the U.S. population. Further work in many directions is indicated by the results of this study, including the factors that give rise to the associations and the treatment and prevention implications of these conditions when comorbid.
Neurotoxic activation of glutamate receptors induces an extended neuronal depolarization in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Abstract Intracellular recording revealed that cytotoxic activation of excitatory amino acid receptors by glutamate or N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) elicited an extended neuronal depolarization (END) of at least 5 h duration following washout of glutamate in hippocampal neurons in culture. During END, cell were still responsive to glutamate, and still able to fire sodium spikes. END induction could be blocked by concurrent application of d -2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) or MK-801, but not 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), during the glutamate exposure. The induction of END by excitotoxic glutamate receptor activation may play a role in the pathophysiology of glutamate toxicity.
Dominant Factor in the Collapse of WTC-1

The behavior of the World Trade Center Tower 1 on September 11, 2001 is studied in light of experimental data on the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of structural steel. It is concluded that the damage inflicted by aircraft impact on the insulation of the core framing was the dominant factor in the collapse of the structure.
Measurements and modeling of the thermal properties of a calorimeter having a sapphire absorber

The response of a magnetic calorimeter with a sapphire crystal serving as an X-ray absorber has been studied as a function of temperature. Several different Au films were used to connect thermally the magnetic sensor to the absorber. The amplitude and time dependence of the signal resulting from the absorption of an X-ray were fit using an idealized model for the calorimeter. The values of the various parameters resulting from a fit of the data are internally consistent and provide a physical understanding of the processes determining the performance of the calorimeter. The fraction of the energy of the X-ray that is captured by the film without having first been down-converted to thermal phonons in the sapphire is found to depend on both the area and the thickness of the film. The rate at which the energy is transferred between thermal phonons in the sapphire and the electrons in the film is determined by the electron/phonon interaction in the gold. Also, an additional heat capacity was observed to be present in the sapphire, which, for want of a better means of characterization, is ascribed to the tunneling systems. The magnitude of this additional heat capacity and its thermal coupling to the lattice has been studied.
Review of Intermodal Train Loading Metrics for North American Railroads

Intermodal freight transportation is one of the highest sources of revenue for North American freight railroads. However, intermodal trains are the least energy efficient in comparison to other types of trains and typically operate at higher speeds, thus creating significant aerodynamic resistance. The high resistance associated with intermodal trains results in significant fuel expenditures, and opportunities exist to reduce the aerodynamic drag through improved loading practices. An important step in the improvement of loading practices is gaining a greater understanding of how railroads load their intermodal trains and what metrics are used to evaluate loading configurations. Current North American railroad loading metrics consider equipment utilization, number of units, and/or total train length. However, these loading metrics do not account for the size of the well or platform and the size of the load placed in it. One proposed metric, slot efficiency, compares the difference between the ideal container/trailer size for the slot and the actual length of the load that is placed into the slot. Adopting this metric would enable railroads to better understand how their intermodal loading practices affect train energy efficiency. This paper reviews loading metrics used by North American railroads, identifies their strengths and weaknesses, and compares them to the slot efficiency metric using the AAR Aerodynamic Subroutine. The paper will also investigate potential challenges to improving slot efficiency of intermodal trains.© 2011 ASME
The cancer patient with severe mucositis

Oropharyngeal mucositis is a painful, often dose-limiting side effect of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. To reduce the intensity of pain and prevent systemic infection via the compromised mucosa, agents such as antiseptic mouthwashes, anti-ulcer compounds, sodium bicarbonate, saline, and allopurinol have been traditionally used with limited success. The new agents that show promise are granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). However, best results, dosage, and means of administration still have to be determined. Other agents such as sucralfate, tretinoin, glutamine, and misoprostol are also being tested. The results reported from different testing centers are often contradictory and confusing. Basic requirements in prevention and control of mucositis are good oral hygiene, mechanical debridement of the oral tissues, and hydration.
Emotion Appraisal Tendencies and Carryover: How, Why, and … Therefore?

The effects and ideas described by Han, Lerner, and Keltner (2007) are fascinating and important. Rightly so, they are likely to capture researchers’ and practitioners’ attention for some time. This commentary offers several questions (and speculations as to possible answers) that hopefully will be the focus of some of that attention. One theoretical question concerns the mechanisms whereby emotional carryover effects occur and the purposes that such effects might serve. A practical one is about the prescriptive implications of carryover effects and appraisal tendency influences more generally, particularly in concrete, real-life decision situations.
Dynamic simulation of the motion of capsules in pipelines

In this paper we report results of two-dimensional simulations of the motion of elliptic capsules carried by a Poiseuille flow in a channel. The numerical method allows computation of the capsule motion and the fluid flow around the capsule, and accurate evaluation of the lift force and torque. Results show that the motion of a capsule which is heavier than the carrying fluid may be decomposed into three stages: initial lift-off, transient oscillations and steady flying. The behaviour of the capsule during initial lift-off and steady flying is analysed by studying the pressure and shear stress distributions on the capsule. The dominant mechanism for the lift force and torque is lubrication or inertia or a combination of the two under different conditions. The lift-off velocity for the ellipse in two dimensions is compared with experimental values for cylindrical capsules in pipes. Finally, the mechanisms of lift for capsules are applied to flying core flows, and it is argued that inertial forces are responsible for levitating heavy crude oil cores lubricated by water in a horizontal pipeline.
Horizontal motions due to post‐glacial rebound

North American horizontal post-glacial rebound velocities are computed for three five-layered, incompressible, spherical Maxwell earth models, using a simple glacial loading cycle centered on Hudson Bay. The reference earth model has a 120-km thick elastic lithosphere and upper- and lower-mantle viscosities of 1021 Pa·s and 2 × 1022 Pa·s, respectively. The second model has a lower viscosity upper-mantle (5 × 1020 Pa·s) and a higher viscosity lower-mantle (1023 Pa·s), and the third has a 250-km thick lithosphere. The reference model and the low-viscosity upper-mantle model calculations are in good agreement with uplift and gravity data, although they may somewhat overestimate the present-day central uplift rate. The thick lithosphere model fares less well because it fails to exhibit the well-pronounced peripheral bulge sinking that is required by eastern North America tide gauge data. The reference model generally has the largest horizontal rebound velocities, reaching a maximum of 4 mm/yr towards Hudson Bay at 2400 km from the load center. The effect of a thick lithosphere or of a low-viscosity upper-mantle is to reduce present-day horizontal velocities, especially in the formerly glaciated region. The sensitivity of horizontal motions to lithospheric thickness and upper-mantle viscosity may assist in discriminating between different models of the earth's rheology once sufficient high-quality geodetic data exist.
The borderline personality diagnosis in adolescents: gender differences and subtypes.

Background: This study aimed to identify personality features characterizing adolescent girls and boys with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to see whether meaningful patterns of heterogeneity exist among adolescents diagnosed with the disorder. Methods: Two hundred and ninety-four randomly selected doctoral-level clinicians described adolescent patients using Axis II rating scales and the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure-200 for Adolescents (SWAP-200-A). We used the SWAP-200-A to provide empirically derived descriptions of female and male adolescents meeting DSM-IV criteria for BPD (who differed substantially in their profiles), and used Q-factor analysis to identify naturally occurring groupings of female patients based on shared personality features. Results: The symptoms and phenomenology of adolescent girls with BPD are similar to those of adults. Adolescent boys meeting BPD criteria have a more aggressive, disruptive, antisocial presentation. Although Ns did not permit further analysis of the data on adolescent boys, Q-analysis isolated four clinically coherent subgroups of girls with BPD: high-functioning internalizing, histrionic, depressive internalizing, and angry externalizing. Conclusions: BPD in female adolescents resembles DSM-IV BPD as defined for adults. The operating characteristics of the DSM-IV criteria for adolescent boys require further investigation. Empirically derived subgroups are similar to those identified in recent research with adult females. Differences across subgroups on internalizing and externalizing Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scales provide preliminary data on the validity of subgroups and raise questions about the place of BPD among internalizing and externalizing spectrum disorders. Keywords: Adolescent psychopathology, personality disorder, gender, subtype, SWAP, Q-sort. Abbreviation: SWAP: Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure. Personality disorders (PDs) are enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, emotion, self-regulation, goal pursuit, behavior, and relatedness to others. In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association) created a multiaxial system of diagnosis distinguishing between clinical syndromes such as major depression and schizophrenia, diagnosed on Axis I, and enduring, trait-like personality phenomena (as well as mental retardation), diagnosed on Axis II. A similar set of disorders is coded in the Specific Personality Disorders sub-grouping of the ICD-10 category, ‘Disorders of Adult Personality and Behavior.’
Molecular pathology of chondroid neoplasms: part 2, malignant lesions

This is the second part of a two-part review presenting an overview of the molecular findings associated with both benign and malignant chondroid neoplasms. The first part presented a brief review of modern methods in molecular pathology, along with a review of the cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings in benign chondroid neoplasms. This second part reviews the cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings in malignant chondroid neoplasms. Clinical aspects of the various lesions are briefly discussed, and each tumor is illustrated with representative radiographic and pathologic images.
Fabricating multifunctional microbubbles and nanobubbles for concurrent ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging

Background: Clinical ultrasound (US) uses ultrasonic scattering contrast to characterize subcutaneous anatomic structures. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging detects the functional properties of thick biological tissue with high optical contrast. In the case of image-guided cancer ablation therapy, simultaneous US and PA imaging can be useful for intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries and ablation margins. In this regard, accurate co-registration between imaging modalities and high sensitivity to cancer cells are important. Methods: We synthesized poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microbubbles (MBs) and nanobubbles (NBs) encapsulating India ink or indocyanine green (ICG). Multiple tumor simulators were fabricated by entrapping ink MBs or NBs at various concentrations in gelatin phantoms for simultaneous US and PA imaging. MBs and NBs were also conjugated with CC49 antibody to target TAG-72, a human glycoprotein complex expressed in many epithelial-derived cancers. Results: Accurate co-registration and intensity correlation were observed in US and PA images of MB and NB tumor simulators. MBs and NBs conjugating with CC49 effectively bound with over-expressed TAG-72 in LS174T colon cancer cell cultures. ICG was also encapsulated in MBs and NBs for the potential to integrate US, PA, and fluorescence imaging. Conclusions: Multifunctional MBs and NBs can be potentially used as a general contrast agent for multimodal intraoperative imaging of tumor boundaries and therapeutic margins.
Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization and photoelectron studies in the new millennium: recent developments and applications

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy have played a central role in providing energetic and spectroscopic information for neutrals and cations. The most important data obtainable in a VUV photoionization and photoelectron experiment are ionization energies and 0 K ion dissociation thresholds or appearance energy (AE), from which 0 K bond dissociation energies for neutrals and cations can be deduced. The recent developments in VUV lasers and third-generation synchrotron sources, together with the introduction of the pulsed-field ionization (PFI), photoelectron (PFI-PE), and PFI-photoion (PFI-PI) methods, have revolutionized the field of photoelectron and ion spectroscopy by significantly improving the energy resolution to the range of 0.025–1.0 meV (full width at half maximum, FWHM). These resolutions, which make possible the measurement of photoelectron spectra for many simple molecules at the rotational-resolved level, are ≈100-fold better than those observed in traditional photoelectron studies, making the PFI-PE technique a true spectroscopic method. The recent introduction of the synchrotron-based PFI-PEPICO scheme has shown that AE values for a range of molecules can be determined with an unprecedented precision limited only by the PFI-PE measurement. The synchrotron-based PFI-PEPICO and PFI-PI schemes show great promises for future studies of state- or energy-selected ion-dissociation dynamics and energy-selected ion-molecule reaction dynamics. Further improvement in energy resolution for PFI-PE and PFI-PI measurements has been demonstrated using the two-color photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) spectroscopic scheme, which involves the photo-induced ionization of intermediate long-lived high- n ( n ≥100) Rydberg states. The incorporation of this method by VUV photoexcitation to prepare intermediate high- n ( n ≥100) Rydberg states is also expected to greatly increase the energy range of PFI studies. The availability of this array of laser- and synchrotron-based PFI methods, including PFI-PE, PFI-PEPICO, PFI-PI, PFI-ion-pair, and PIRI schemes, ensures an exciting and bright future for VUV photoionization and photoelectron studies in the new millennium.
Effects of Microcystis aeruginosa on interference competition between Daphnia pulex and Keratella cochlearis

Laboratory experiments tested the hypothesis that a toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa decreases the ability of Daphnia pulex to interfere with Keratella cochlearis. To test a variety of conditions, juvenile and adult Daphnia were exposed to the cyanobacterium for different time periods prior to, and during the experiments. Adult Daphnia not only suppressed rotifers over successive two-day intervals, but also had a significant impact within a 24-hour period. However, the presence of Microcystis (5 × 105 cells ml-1) decreased the Daphnia effect in both experiments. Although juvenile Daphnia also significantly suppressed Keratella population growth, the presence of Microcystis (105 and 5 × 105 cells ml-1) caused a significant reduction in daphniid body size and decreased the ability of both nonacclimated and acclimated daphniids to suppress rotifers. Keratella inhalation and mortality are positively correlated with filtering rates and body size of Daphnia. Therefore, the feeding rates and size structure of a Daphnia population will determine its potential to interfere with vulnerable rotifers. In all experiments the presence of Microcystis significantly decreased the ability of Daphnia to interfere with this rotifer despite the fact that Keratella was also inhibited. In the field this effect might be augmented if Microcystis colonies are more easily ingested by cladocerans than by the rotifers.
Covalent binding of an intermediate(s) in prostaglandin biosynthesis to guinea pig lung microsomal protein

Abstract We have investigated the possible covalent binding of intermediates in prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis to tissue macromolecules. Following incubation of arachidonic acid -1-[14]C (AA) with guinea pig lung microsomes, radioactivity was associated with the microsomal protein which was not dissociated from the protein by exhaustive solvent extraction. Furthermore, filtration of the protein complex through a Sephadex G-25 column failed to dissociate the radioactivity from the protein. This probably indicates covalent binding of AA metabolite(s) to protein. [3]H-PGE2, [3]H-PGF2α, and [3]H-thromboxane B2 (TXB2) did not show this high affinity binding to microsomal protein. The covalent binding of AA metabolites was greatly reduced in denatured microsomes and was inhibited by the addition of glutathione (GSH) or indomethacin to the incubation mixtures. Chromatographic analysis of the water layers obtained from microsomal incubations with either [3]H-AA or [3]H-GSH suggested the presence of one or more glutathione conjugates derived from AA. These studies indicate that most likely an intermediate formed during PG synthesis from AA covalently binds to tissue macromolecules. This covalent binding may be of physiological and pathological significance.
Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) Using A 100X100 Imaging Array

Digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) is a variation of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). Both methods use the same basic techniques for nondestructive testing, but DSPI processes speckle pattern data digitally in a computer instead of using analog electronics to enhance fringe contrast. Both testing methods are an outgrowth of holography and speckle interferometry. The system described here uses a Reticon 100x100 diode array camera with an integration time of 5 ms, instead of a television camera, coupled to an HP-9836C computer. The use of digital methods provides flexibility in measurement and processing. Results of measuring both static and dynamic object movement show high-contrast fringes with electronic noise at 1/500 of the dynamic range. A new technique for testing vibrating objects has been developed that significantly in-creases fringe visibility. It involves subtracting a reference frame containing only self-interference terms and no cross-interference term from a time-averaged data frame of the object vibration. This reference frame is created by vibrating a reference mirror at a high amplitude while the object is at rest. Using software written in assembly language, the maximum frame rate is 3 processed frames/sec. Trade-offs of using TV systems with analog processing vs diode arrays with digital processing are discussed.
The urinary excretion of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and malondialdehyde by normal adult males after consuming a diet containing salmon

In this study we investigated the output of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-MDA adduct, in the urine from subjects eating a diet in which the only source of n−3 long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids was fresh salmon. Nine healthy men, ages 30–65, were confined in the United States Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, San Francisco, CA, for 100 d; food intake and exercise levels were controlled. All subjects were placed on a stabilization diet (StD) for 20 d, then six were fed the salmon diet for 40 d. The others remained on the StD. The groups switched diets for the last 40 d. Both diets were isocaloric (16% protein, 54% CHO and 30% fat by energy %). The salmon diet contained 7.5% of calories from n−6 fatty acids (FAs) and 2% from n−3 FAs, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in a 50∶60 ratio, while the StD contained 7.5% from n−6 FAs and <0.3% n−3 FAs (with presumably no significant amounts of C20 or C22 n−3 FAs). Twenty-four hour urinary output was collected, and 2% 3−d pool samples prepared for analysis of urinary TBARS and the TBA-MDA adduct. The total urinary output of each individual varied considerably, and on a daily basis the concentration of autoxidation products in an individual's urine varied also. However, the mean daily output (in μmoles TBA-MDA equivalents/day) at the end of the salmon diet feeding period was significantly greater (7.05±1.33 TBARS,P<0.05; and 7.07±1.73 TBA-MDA adduct,P<0.01) compared to when the subjects were eating the StD (5.65±1.09 TBARS and 4.65±0.76 TBA-MDA adduct). When the TBARS and TBA-MDA adduct values were normalized relative to creatinine output (in nmoles TBA-MDA equivalents/μmole creatinine), the data achieved even greater statistical significance. The mean output of the group eating the salmon diet was 0.478±0.076 for TBARS (P<0.01) and 0.476±0.082 for the TBA-MDA adduct (P<0.001)vs. 0.345±0.059 for TBARS and 0.283±0.041 for the TBA-MDA adduct when the subjects were consuming the StD. Thus, the consumption of cooked fish may increase one's exposure to MDA and other autoxidation products, compounds that may be carcinogenic or mutagenic.
Re-examination of the magnetic lineations of the Gascoyne and Cuvier Abyssal Plains, off NW Australia

This thesis addresses causes of two forms of secondary Hawaiian volcanism: rejuvenated onshore eruptions and offshore Hawaiian Arch flows. It is proposed that secondary volcanism is generated as a direct consequence of lithospheric flexural uplift that surrounds new volcanic shields as they grow. This uplift causes decompression of the underlying asthenosphere, which is assumed to be chemically and isotopically heterogeneous, near its solidus, and derived from the Hawaiian mantle plume. Uplift is modeled as the axisymmetric response of an elastic plate to a (volcanic) point load that grows linearly in time. To model flow in the asthenosphere, the rate of flexure of the lithosphere is taken as the upper boundary condition on an isoviscous, incompressible, fluid half-space. The first feature of secondary volcanism this model explains is the observed spatial gap between secondary volcanism and active shields. Best agreement is found with the majority of the observed spatial gaps with a lithosphere of effective elastic thickness Te=25-35 km. Secondly, this work demonstrates that the flexural model can produce observed crustal production if some magma focusing toward individual eruption sites occurs from the mantle over an area two to ten times the eruption area. The third feature this model addresses is that secondary lavas are isotopically distinct from shield lavas. In this model, melting the same two-component mantle forms the secondary and shield lavas, but the components are sampled by melting at rates that differ between the locations as predictable functions of depth. Flexural decompression produces melts that preferentially sample the mantle component that begins melting shallowest and which is associated with Sr and Nd isotope ratios most like those of secondary lavas. Melting in the center of a mantle plume is assumed to generate shield volcanism and is predicted to preferentially sample the component that begins melting deepest which is associated with Sr and Nd isotope ratios more similar to shield lavas. Models therefore successfully predict the observed mean difference in 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd compositions between the secondary and shield lavas. The fourth feature addressed is that secondary lavas are alkalic and shield lavas are dominantly tholeiitic. To explain this difference, the mean extent of partial melting is computed, and it is found that a model plume composed mostly of depleted peridotite (90%) and some pyroxenite (10%) will yield a lower extent of melting for secondary lavas than shield lavas. This particular model assumes lithospheric thicknesses (90-100 km) and plume potential temperatures (mean of 1550 °C) that are consistent with independent studies of the Hawaiian hotspot. Thus, asthenospheric melting by flexural decompression is a viable mechanism of intraplate volcanism, which can explain many general characteristics of secondary Hawaiian volcanism.
Understanding performance stairs: elucidating heuristics

How do experts navigate the huge space of implementations for a given specification to find an efficient choice with minimal searching? Answer: They use "heuristics" -- rules of thumb that are more street wisdom than scientific fact. We provide a scientific justification for Dense Linear Algebra (DLA) heuristics by showing that only a few decisions (out of many possible) are critical to performance; once these decisions are made, the die is cast and only relatively minor performance improvements are possible. The (implementation x performance) space of DLA is stair-stepped. Each stair is a set of implementations with very similar performance and (surprisingly) share key design decision(s). High-performance stairs align with heuristics that prescribe certain decisions in a particular context. Stairs also tell us how to tailor the search engine of a DLA code generator to reduce the time it needs to find implementations that are as good or better than those crafted by experts.
Localization of muscle gene products in nuclear domains

The localization of gene products is central to the development of cell polarity1,2 and pattern specification during embryogenesis3–5. To monitor the distribution of gene products encoded by different nuclei in the same cell in tissue culture, we fused cells of different species to form multinucleated non-dividing heterokaryons6,7. In previous fusion studies, cell-surface antigens and organelles contributed by disparate cell types intermixed within minutes8–11. Using heterokaryons produced with differentiated muscle cells, we demonstrate here that a muscle membrane component, the Golgi apparatus mediating its transport, and a sarcomeric myosin heavy chain are localized in the vicinity of the nuclei responsible for their synthesis. These results provide direct evidence that products (organelle, membrane and structural proteins) derived from individual nuclei can remain localized in myotubes, a finding with implications both for neuromuscular synapse formation and for the carrier state of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Gradient Copolymers and Block Copolymers: Comparison of Breadths in Relaxation Time for Systems with Increasing Interphase

Two series of styrene/n-butyl acrylate (S/nBA) gradient copolymers and block copolymers are prepared with a range of molecular weights to investigate the effect of increasing interphase on relaxation time distributions and to relate these to measurements of glass transition breadth using differential scanning calorimetry and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). This is the first time DRS has been used in the study of gradient copolymers. The segmental relaxation associated with the dielectrically active component of the block copolymers (nBA) resembles that of poly(n-butyl acrylate) in behavior but becomes broader as the system shifts from highly segregating to moderately segregating. In contrast, the gradient copolymer segmental relaxation largely resembles that of a random copolymer with similar composition but with broader relaxation time distributions. The one exception is the most phase-segregated of the gradient copolymers, for which the relaxation response appears as two overlapping contributi...
Genetic Susceptibility to Periapical Disease: Conditional Contribution of MMP2 and MMP3 Genes to the Development of Periapical Lesions and Healing Response

Abstract Introduction It has been proposed that individual genetic predisposition may contribute to a persistent apical periodontitis condition. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with levels of inflammation and are involved in caries, pulpal, and periapical tissue destruction. MMPs also play a major role in bone resorption. In this study, we hypothesized that polymorphisms in MMP genes and their regulators may contribute to an individual’s increased susceptibility to apical tissue destruction in response to deep carious lesions. Methods Sixteen hundred radiographic records obtained through the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine Dental Registry and DNA Repository were screened for subjects with deep carious lesions in dentin with or without periapical lesions (≥3 mm). DNA samples of 268 patients were sorted into 2 groups: 158 cases with deep carious lesions but no periapical lesions (controls) and 110 cases with periapical lesions and deep carious lesions (cases). Sixteen SNP markers in MMP2 , MMP3 , MMP9 , MMP13 , MMP14 , and TIMP2 , were selected for genotyping. Genotypes were generated by endpoint analysis in a real-time polymerase chain reaction instrument. Analyses were performed comparing cases and controls. Allele and genotypic frequencies and haplotype analysis were calculated using the PLINK program. Results An association was found for MMP3 rs639752 ( P = .03) and rs679620 ( P = .004) genotypes in individuals with periapical lesions. We also observed altered transmission of MMP2 marker haplotypes ( P = .000004) in these individuals. Conclusions Variations in MMP2 and MMP3 are associated with periapical lesion formation in individuals with untreated deep carious lesions. Future studies could help predict host susceptibility to developing periapical lesions.
Practical, Evidence-Based Clinical Decision Making: Introduction to the Special Series

Abstract Evidence-based assessment (EBA) is an essential component of evidence-based practice. Information obtained from EBA can be used to make decisions about what to target in treatment, to generate a case conceptualization, and to objectively monitor treatment progress. Numerous studies indicate that incorporating EBA into treatment can improve client outcomes. Unfortunately, relative to the amount of information available to clinicians about evidence-based treatments, little information exists to guide clinicians who are interested in incorporating EBA into their treatment practices. This special section seeks to address that gap by providing practical clinical guides and case examples for a variety of EBA strategies across a variety of settings.
Implementation of ASME Code, Section XI, Code Case N-770, on Alternative Examination Requirements for Class 1 Butt Welds Fabricated with Alloy 82/182

In May 2010, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued a proposed notice of rulemaking (75 FR 24324) [1] that includes a new section to its rules to require licensees to implement ASME Code Case N–770, “Alternative Examination Requirements and Acceptance Standards for Class 1 PWR Piping and Vessel Nozzle Butt Welds Fabricated with UNS N06082 or UNS W86182 Weld Filler Material With or Without the Application of Listed Mitigation Activities, Section XI, Division 1,” [2] with 15 conditions. Code Case N-770 contains baseline and inservice inspection (ISI) requirements for unmitigated Alloy 82/182 butt welds and preservice and ISI requirements for mitigated Alloy 82/182 butt welds. The NRC stated that application of ASME Code Case N-770 is necessary because the inspections currently required by the ASME Code, Section XI, were not written to address stress corrosion cracking of Alloy 82/182 butt welds, and the safety consequences of inadequate inspections can be significant. The NRC expects to issue the final rule incorporating this Code Case into its regulations toward the middle of 2011. This paper discusses the new examination requirements, the conditions that NRC proposed to impose, and potential areas of concern with implementation of the new Code Case.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Variation of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Yukon River Chum Salmon: Population Structure and Application to Mixed-Stock Analysis

Abstract The population structure of fall-run Yukon River chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta has been studied previously using allozyme, microsatellite, and mitochondrial markers. However, genetically similar populations from tributaries near the U.S.-Canadian border render mixed-stock analyses (MSAs) difficult in the fisheries from lower portions of the Yukon River; MSA simulation apportionment estimates are less than 90% accurate for the border region divided by country of origin. To increase the accuracy and precision of contribution estimates to harvests in the Yukon River and to improve our understanding of the population structure of fall-run chum salmon, we investigated the variation of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Our results show that Yukon River chum salmon populations are structured by both seasonal race and geographic region. As expected, the MSA is most successful when mixtures are allocated to geographic regions. Both AFLP and microsatellites have better than 80% apportionment...
The worship of all believers

In the light of changing worship patterns in which preacher no longer leads the whole service, this paper reflects on the underlying theology of priesthood and worship, and the involvement of each and all in both the gathered and the dispersed life of the church.
Role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in human metabolic disease

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a highly conserved Δ-9 desaturase that converts saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids. Mice lacking the Scd1 gene are characterized by decreased adiposity and increased lipid oxidation and insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscle. Two isoforms of SCD have also been identified in humans, and there appears to be an association between SCD expression and adiposity. This review will provide a brief update of recent progress in understanding the role of SCD in mediating the progression of disease in human populations, with a special emphasis on metabolic disease.
Heterothallism in Ustilago cynodontis (Pass.) Henn.

INFLORESCENCE smut, Ustilago cynodontis (Pass.) Henn., is a common parasite of perennial Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. The disease is manifested by the production of black, sooty, smut sori in the spikes of the host inflorescence (Fig. 1). One of the most interesting aspects of the life history of this smut, and one that has received no attention from biologists in the past, is that of heterothallism and sex. Mehta1 demonstrated seedling infection of Bermuda grass originating from seedborne teliospores of U. cynodontis and reported that the smut perennates in the host from year to year. However, he did not report any observations pertaining to sexuality in the fungus. A comprehensive survey of heterothallism in the Ustilaginales by Whitehouse2 likewise made no mention of U. cynodontis, although more than 30 heterothallic smut species were discussed.
Cells Expressing the C/EBPbeta Isoform, LIP, Engulf Their Neighbors

Descriptions of various processes that lead to cell-in-cell structures have been reported for decades. The exact molecular mechanism(s) of their formation and the physiological significance of cell-in-cell structures remain poorly understood. We had previously shown that an isoform of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) transcription factor, liver-enriched inhibitory protein (LIP), induces cell death in human breast cancer cells and stimulates autophagy. Here we describe a non-apoptotic cell death process where LIP mediates the engulfment of neighboring cells. We provide evidence of LIP-mediated engulfment via DNA profiling, fluorescent imaging and cell sorting studies, as well as ultrastructure analysis of LIP-expressing MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Our work illustrates that expression of a specific transcription factor, LIP, can mediate cell engulfment.
WHITE RELIGIOUS EDUCATORS AND UNLEARING RACISM: CAN WE FIND A WAY?

Emerging work in the fields of critical cultural theory and feminist epis‐temology suggests ways in which contemporary versions of foundational knowledges have shaped and sustained cultural constructions of “whiteness” that promote the intemalization of dominance among white people in the U.S. Religious educators who seek to nurture transformative educational experiences for white people must work on “unlearning” the racism such constructions support. As a doctoral student in religious education, I propose to begin “at home” to determine how graduate programs in religious education may be contributing to such constructions, and what we can do about it.
Estrogen and CD4+ T cells

Purpose of reviewMany autoimmune rheumatic autoimmune disorders predominantly affect women. Sex hormones, in particular estrogen, can influence CD4+ T-helper development and function. We highlight recent studies that begin to provide insights into the mechanisms by which estrogen modulates CD4+ T-ce
A note on volume-averaging

Abstract In conceptualizing and quantifying the physical world of the porous medium, we are led to the consideration of properties averaged over finite subdomains. These averages are evaluated through some meaningful procedure of integration and normalization. In order that the physical significance of the averaging is assured, the procedure of integration must be consistent with the axiomatic foundations of integration and its relation to the nature of physical quantities. This paper points out the difference between extensive quantities (measures) and intensive quantities (potentials) and shows how the latter are to be first converted to the former before physically meaningful integration can be performed. It then proceeds to show how the averaging procedure can be simplified in special circumstances. It concludes with a consideration of how the volume-average of the conceptual-computational world can meaningfully simulate the physical world perceived through measurements.
A 37-year-old Woman with Altered Mental Status and Urinary Frequency

We present a case report of a patient who initially presented with altered mental status and significant urinary frequency. Over the course of her emergency department stay, she then developed tachycardia out of proportion to a new fever along with a respiratory alkalosis. Although each objective finding has a broad differential diagnosis, thyroid storm was the only unifying diagnosis when all findings were present.
A conical panoramic stereo imaging system for 3-D scene reconstruction

The concept of a "conical panorama" was introduced in an earlier paper, involving the view of an oblique down-look camera rotating about an axis, either directly through or at some distance from the center of projection. This provides the framework 1) to analyze multi-camera realizations developed for various underwater visual tasks, and 2) to develop methods for the computation of visual motion that are more robust relative to processing of images covering a finite field of view. This paper presented a stereo conical imaging system, comprising 12 cameras with relatively large overlap between pairs of neighboring cameras. This panoramic stereovision system is targeted for 3-D visualization and improved scene reconstruction by utilizing correspondences in more than 2 views of the scene at modest distances. The calibration of the system is addressed, and experimental results demonstrate the potential in the use of this system for 3-D mapping.
Landscape ecology, urban morphology, and CBDs: An analysis of the Columbus, Ohio Metropolitan Area

Abstract Landscape structure variables, derived from landscape ecology theory, are widely used in ecological studies. Fifteen landscape indices, organized into four groups – size, complexity, diversity, neighborhood - are computed for each of the 1,763 Traffic Analysis Zones in the seven-county Columbus, Ohio Metropolitan Area (CMA), using Fragstats and GIS. Urban morphology study is first presented, and regression models are estimated for each landscape index as a function of distances to the major metropolitan area central business districts (CBDs). Multiple functional forms have been tested for the models. Overall, the results provide evidence of the importance of role of CBDs on the landscape structure. CBDs significantly impact landscape indices in most cases.