cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading Order and Recall: A Developmental Look

The study investigated the effect of reading order and grade level on forward and backward measures of recall. 168 Ss from three grade levels learned an 8-pair paired-associate list of meaningful words. Word pairs were read either left-to-right or right-to-left. Appropriate practice trials and instructions were given prior to learning the list. Groups at each grade level received a cued recall test in both the A-B and B-A direction after learning the list. Controls also received a free recall test to assess treatment effects on availability of A and B terms. Fifth grade and ninth grade Ss differed significantly from college Ss in A and B term free recall but not A-B and B-A paced recall. Results were discussed in terms of differences in retrieval cues provided by the cued recall task. Associative asymmetry was found for all groups. There was no significant effect for reading order.
The Santa Barbara Study

Abstract This paper gives an outline of the unique problems associated with determining the effects of the oil spill in the Santa Barbara Channel and a general outline of biological studies associated with the spill
A method for the reconstruction of three-dimensional models from electron micrographs of serial sections

A method has been devised for the reconstruction of three-dimensional models from electron micrographs. Photographic enlargements of electron micrographs of consecutive serial sections are made on lantern slides. The density of each of the transparencies is carefully regulated so that the uppermost section of the series is the least dense and the lowermost section the most dense. The lantern slides are then stacked. Each member of the series is affixed to the one beneath it with rubber cement. The stack of lantern slides is placed on an illuminated stand for the preparation of two photographs, one in either direction from the horizontal. The prints then constitute a stereoscopic pair, which are then mounted for viewing with the stereoscope.
Runway Texture and Grid Pattern Effects on Rate-of-Descent Perception

To date, perceptual errors occur in determining descent rate from a computer-generated image in flight simulation. Pilots tend to touch down twice as hard in simulation than in flight, and more training time is needed in simulation before reaching steady-state performance. Barnes suggested that recognition of range may be the culprit, and he cited that problems such as collimated objects, binocular vision, and poor resolution lead to poor estimation of the velocity vector. Brown's study essentially ruled out that the lack of binocular vision is the problem. Dorfel added specificity to the problem by showing that pilots underestimated range in simulated scenes by 50% when 800 ft from the runway threshold. Palmer and Petitt showed that pilots are able to distinguish between a 1.7 ft/sec and 2.9 ft/sec sink rate when passively observing sink rates in a night scene. Platform motion also plays a role, as previous research has shown that the addition of substantial platform motion improves pilot estimates of vertical velocity and results in simulated touchdown rates more closely resembling flight. This experiment examined how some specific variations in the visual scene properties affect a pilot's perception of sink rate. It extended another experiment that focused on the visual and motion cues necessary for helicopter autorotations. In that experiment, pilots performed steep approaches to a runway. The visual content of the runway and its surroundings varied in two ways: texture and rectangular grid spacing. Four textures, included a no-texture case, were evaluated. Three grid spacings, including a no-grid case, were evaluated. The results showed that pilot better controlled their vertical descent rates when good texture cues were present. No significant differences were found for the grid manipulation. Using those visual scenes a simple psychophysics, experiment was performed. The purpose was to determine if the variations in the visual scenes allowed pilots to better perceive vertical velocity. To determine that answer, pilots passively viewed a particular visual scene in which the vehicle was descending at two different rates. Pilots had to select which of the two rates they thought was the fastest rate. The difference between the two rates changed using a staircase method, depending on whether or not the pilot was correct, until a minimum threshold between the two descent rates was reached. This process was repeated for all of the visual scenes to decide whether or not the visual scenes did allow pilots to perceive vertical velocity better among them. All of the data have yet to be analyzed; however, neither the effects of grid nor texture revealed any statistically significant trends. On further examination of the staircase method employed, a possibility exists that the lack of an evident trend may be due to the exit criterion used during the study. As such, the experiment will be repeated with an improved exit criterion in February. Results of this study will be presented in the submitted paper.
FROM MOLECULES TO THE CRYSTALLINE SOLID : SECONDARY HYDROGEN-BONDING INTERACTIONS OF SALT BRIDGES AND THEIR ROLE IN MAGNETIC EXCHANGE

Secondary hydrogen-bonding interactions have been exploited to construct layered magnetic solids based on amidinium–carboxylate salt bridges. The salt bridge is utilized as a supramolecular synthon to set the structural organization in a layered motif; it also serves as a spin communication element. The magnetic material shown in the accompanying figure is formed between 3-cyanobenzamidinium and 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpyrroline-N-oxyl-3-carboxylate.
Them That Believe: The Power and Meaning of the Christian Serpent-Handling Tradition, By Ralph W. Hood, Jr., and W. Paul Williamson

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008. xvi + 301 pp. $60.00 hardcover, $24.95 paperback. As a subject of scholarly inquiry, Holiness snake handling has had a somewhat curious history. ...
Impact of Modeling Parameters on the Highway Capacity Manual-Based Procedure to Estimate Reliability of Freeway Corridors

The recently completed SHRP 2 L08 project developed methods, guidance, and associated computational engines for incorporating travel time reliability into the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) analyses. This paper presents an investigation of the use of these products to assess advanced traffic management strategies such as incident management and ramp metering. The paper examines the impacts of input parameters to the traffic flow model and of the scenario generation module incorporated as part of the computational engines of the HCM-based reliability estimation procedure of freeway facilities. The results from the calibration of the traffic flow model of the computational engine indicate that adjusting the capacity values to the measured values based on traffic detector data improves the system's ability to replicate real-world queues and travel times. The results show that the methods used to derive incident attributes in the computational engine affect reliability performance measures, particularly the 95...
Determination of the distribution and electric fields of monovalent and divalent ions about DNA

Progress toward the accurate calculation of the forces which the electrolyte environment exerts on nucleic acid constituents is described. The development of a three-dimensional representation of the structure of the counterion atmosphere as a function of electrolyte concentration and of nucleotide base sequence is presented. Application to a 30 base-pair segment of DNA in monovalent salt solution at concentrations from 10-5 to 0.3M and in divalent salt solution at 10-5M have led to conclusions regarding the association of counterions and have allowed the calculation of the electric field vector which is generated by the structured electrolyte charges at individual atomic centers of the DNA.
The ambiguous-cue problem: The effects of reduced similarity between trials and the schedule of reinforcement

Abstract In a series of seven experiments pigeons were trained on the two-choice ambiguous-cue problem that contains PA and NA trials. On PA trials choice of P (the positive stimulus) was reinforced and choice of A (the so-called ambiguous stimulus) was not reinforced; on NA trials choice of A was reinforced and choice of N (the negative stimulus) was not reinforced. When the two types of trials were distinguished by only the presence of P or N and each trial was terminated by one response, subjects quickly attained high levels of performance on NA trials but showed only chance levels of performance on PA trials. PA performance was markedly improved when a variety of additional stimuli distinguished the two types of trials and when a variety of schedules of intermittent reinforcement were employed; these manipulations had little effect on NA performance.
Critical thinking of beginning baccalaureate nursing students during the first clinical nursing course

The development of critical thinking is an essential component of baccalaureate nursing education and yet little is known about beginning nursing students' critical thinking abilities in making clinical decisions. The purpose of this study was to describe the critical thinking of seven beginning baccalaureate nursing students during their first clinical nursing course. Qualitative methodology using the case study approach was used to describe students' critical thinking from their perspectives. Sources of data for describing students' critical thinking included reflective journal writing, interviews, and the researcher's nonparticipatory lab observations. Paul's (1993) dimensions of reasoning were used as a framework to describe students' critical thinking. Four major themes revealed through the data analysis were: development of the professional self-perspective, development of a perfectionist perspective, development of a caring perspective, and development of a self-directed learning perspective. The descriptive nature of the study indicated that beginning students do indeed think critically. Opportunities for dialogue in a supportive environment are instrumental in facilitating students' critical thinking and growth as reflective practitioners.
"RED-LEG"-AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF FROGS.

The epidemics we have observed, were due to the presence and growth in the frogs of Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus. This was proved by recovering the bacillus in pure culture from the body fluids of frogs sick or dead of the disease, and the inoculation of healthy frogs with an emulsion of the pure culture, and by obtaining the same clinical picture and pathological findings as in the original diseased frogs; and, finally, by recovering the bacillus in pure culture from frogs inoculated and sick or dying as a result of the inoculation. The disease is widely distributed throughout North America and Europe, and in this country and Canada is known as "red-leg." It has been observed by us chiefly in the warm weather of September and October. The disease is characterized by congestion of the ventral surfaces of the body, with more or less ulceration in, and haemorrhage beneath, the skin, bloating due to serous exudation into the lymph sacs, gradual failure to respond to stimuli, which symptoms are followed by coma and death, the last being occasionally preceded by tetanic seizures. After death haemorrhages into the muscles and degenerative changes in the muscles, spleen, liver, and, to a slight degree, in the intestinal tract, are found. The blood shows an advanced degree of anaemia and leucocytosis. Predisposing causes of the disease are lesions of the skin, which seem to be the usual portal of entry of the infection, and lowered resistance from heat and from anaemia. By a series of controlled experiments with inoculated frogs we have shown that, while temperatures a little above freezing have no harmful effect upon the frogs, they completely control all manifestations of the disease in inoculated or diseased frogs, if the frogs are left in the cold for a period as long as seven days; and, further, that even short periods in the cold chamber will bring about a delay of the fatal results in diseased or inoculated frogs. The anaemia so often found in apparently healthy frogs seems in many cases to be due to the presence in the lungs of the frog of a parasite, the Distomum cylindraceum, which, occurring in sufficiently large numbers in an individual frog, is capable of materially diminishing the available supply of red corpuscles. Severe laking of the blood, the presence of numerous isolated red-cell nuclei, and great diminution in the number, or almost total absence of the red cells in the diseased frogs, are in proportion to the severity of the infection and due to bacterial action. The presence of the haematozoan parasite, the Drepanidium, does not play any part as a predisposing or exciting cause of the disease. The ascarid Rhabdomena nigrovenosum, although frequently present as a parasite in the lungs of the frogs, plays no part in causing or promoting the disease.
A linkage moment approach to modeling condensation polymerization with multiple monomers. II. Extension to nonlinear polymers

In a previous article, a general model for the condensation copolymerization of mono and bifunctional monomers was developed in which the sequence length distribution was calculated statistically from the concentrations of linkages (e.g., CONH) labeled by the identities of the participating monomer units. A set of balance equations for the effect of each major reaction upon these concentrations, those of the end groups, and the moments of the chain-length distribution completed the general model framework for linear polymers. In this article, this technique is extended to the case of nonlinear polymerizations with multifunctional monomers capable of branch or gel formation. This modification is required because in nonlinear polymerization, the moments of the chain-length distribution diverge at the gel point, and the traditional description of the sequence length distribution is only well defined for macromolecules consisting of a single backbone chain. Although the balance equations for the end group and linkage concentrations presented in the previous article are completely transferable, the statistical techniques must be modified to accommodate branch and network chain architectures. By coupling the general kinetic model with the recursive approach of Macosko and Miller for the calculation of sol/gel properties, one can describe the microstructures of a wide variety of systems such as those in which the copolymer has a blocky microstructure caused by interchange reactions between multiple components. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 266–274, 2001
Distinguishing between sketched scribble look alikes

In hand-sketched drawings, nearly identical strokes may have different meanings to a user. For instance, a scribble could signify either that a shape should be filled in or that it should be deleted. This work describes a method for determining user intention in drawing scribbles in the context of a pen-based computer sketch. Our study shows that given two strokes, a circle and a scribble, two features (bounding ratio and density) can quickly and effectively determine a user's intention.
The toxicity and physiological effects of copper on the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis

article i nfo Several recent studies have demonstrated that the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis is extremely sensitive to metals (Co, Ni, Pb) in chronic exposures. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the acute and chronic sensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu and investigate the underlying mechanism(s) of toxic action. A 96-h LC50 of 31 μ gL −1 Cu was estimated indicating L. stagnalis was moderately acutely sensitive to Cu relative to other aquatic organisms. However, in a 30-day chronic exposure using juvenile snails an EC20 of 1.8 μ gL −1 Cu was estimated for snail growth making L. stagnalis the most sensitive organism tested to date for Cu. Hardness-based and BLM-based water quality criteria for Cu at the water quality conditions used in this study were 7.8 and 1.5 μ gL −1 , respectively, indicating L. stagnalis is significantly under-protected by hardness-based WQC. Investigations into the mechanism(s) of toxic action for Cu were conducted on young adult snails necessitating higher Cu exposures. Exposure to Cu at 12 μ gL −1 resulted in no detectable effects on
Self-assembled anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays: electrolyte properties and their effect on resulting morphologies

Self-assembled TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated by electrochemical anodization of titanium are of great interest having been successfully used in many applications including gas sensing, water photoelectrolysis, drug delivery and photovoltaics. Nanotube array synthesis techniques have been studied and developed through several electrolyte systems, however, the key parameters controlling self-organization of the nanotubes have remained unclear. Herein we examine nanotube array morphological growth parameters as dependent upon electrolyte conductivity and titanium concentration. Electrolyte properties establish a regime wherein the TiO2 nanotube arrays self-assemble. Nanotube morphological parameters, including pore diameter, wall thickness and tube-to-tube spacing, are all found to increase with electrolyte conductivity. Using diethylene glycol (DEG) based electrolytes as a model, we detail how manipulation of electrolyte conductivity enables control of nanotube array morphological features.
Triple product L-functions and quantum chaos on SL(2, ℂ)

Let Y be an arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifold. We establish a link between quantum unique ergodicity for sections of automorphic vector bundles on Y and subconvexity for the triple product L-function, which extends a result of Watson in the case of hyperbolic 2-manifolds. The proof combines the representation theoretic microlocal lift for bundles developed by Bunke and Olbrich with the triple product formula of Ichino. A key step is determining the asymptotic behaviour of the local integrals at complex places that appear in Ichino’s formula.
Distributed Reinforcement Learning based MAC protocols for autonomous cognitive secondary users

We consider a decentralized cognitive radio network in which autonomous secondary users seek spectrum opportunities in licensed spectrum bands. We assume that the primary users' channel occupancy follows a Markovian evolution, and formulate the spectrum sensing problem as a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (DEC-POMDP). We develop a distributed Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm that allows each autonomous cognitive radio to distributively learn its own spectrum sensing policy. The resulting decentralized sensing policy enables secondary users to non-cooperatively reach an equilibrium that leads to high utilization of idle channels while minimizing the collisions among secondary cognitive radios. Moreover, we propose a decentralized channel access policy that permits controlling, with high accuracy, the collision probability with primary users. Our numerical results validate the robustness of this collision probability control as the sensing noise changes. They also show the efficiency of the proposed learning algorithm in improving the spectrum utilization.
Effects of CW interference on phase-locked loop performance

This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of phase-locked loops in the presence of continuous wave (CW) interference such that the operating vulnerability to CW jamming and interference can be accessed. The loop phase error is characterized, and the conditions under which the loop remains locked in frequency to the desired carrier are presented. Analysis is conducted for arbitrary offsets of carrier and interferer signal frequencies relative to the quiescent voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) frequency. The results show that loop performance depends not only on the frequency difference between the desired signal and interferer, but also on the frequency offset between the quiescent VCO oscillation and desired carrier. The vulnerability of the loop to the presence of interference increases if interferer and desired signal spectral locations are in opposite sides of quiescent VCO frequency.
Attacking the Washington, D.C. Internet Voting System

In 2010, Washington, D.C. developed an Internet voting pilot project that was intended to allow overseas absentee voters to cast their ballots using a website. Prior to deploying the system in the general election, the District held a unique public trial: a mock election during which anyone was invited to test the system or attempt to compromise its security. This paper describes our experience participating in this trial. Within 48 hours of the system going live, we had gained near- complete control of the election server. We successfully changed every vote and revealed almost every secret ballot. Election ocials did not detect our intrusion for nearly two business days—and might have remained unaware for far longer had we not deliberately left a prominent clue. This case study—the first (to our knowledge) to analyze the security of a government Internet voting system from the perspective of an attacker in a realistic pre-election deployment—attempts to illuminate the practical challenges of securing online voting as practiced today by a growing number of jurisdictions.
Doxazosin Inhibits Retinoblastoma Protein Phosphorylation and G1→S Transition in Human Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract —Previous studies have demonstrated that the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist doxazosin (Dox) inhibits multiple mitogenic signaling pathways in human vascular smooth muscle cells. This broad antiproliferative activity of Dox occurs through a novel mechanism unrelated to its blocking the α1-adrenergic receptor. Flow cytometry demonstrated that Dox prevents mitogen-induced G1→S progression of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal reduction of S-phase transition by 88±10.5% in 20 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor and 1 μmol/L insulin (P+I)–stimulated cells ( P <0.01 for 10 μmol/L Dox versus P+I alone) and 52±18.7% for 10% FBS-induced mitogenesis ( P <0.05 for 10 μmol/L Dox versus 10% FBS alone). Inhibition of G1 exit by Dox was accompanied by a significant blockade of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation. Hypophosphorylated Rb sequesters the E2F transcription factor, leading to G1 arrest. Adenoviral overexpression of E2F-1 stimulated quiescent CASMCs to progress through G1 and enter the S phase. E2F-mediated G1 exit was not affected by Dox, suggesting that it targets events upstream from Rb hyperphosphorylation. Downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein p27 is important for maximal activation of G1 cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase holoenzymes to overcome the cell cycle inhibitory activity of Rb. In Western blot analysis, p27 levels decreased after mitogenic stimulation (after P+I, 43±1.8% of quiescent cells [ P <0.01 versus quiescent cells]; after 10% FBS, 55±7.7% of quiescent cells [ P <0.05 versus quiescent cells]), whereas the addition of Dox (10 μmol/L) markedly attenuated its downregulation (after P+I, 90±8.3% of quiescent cells [ P <0.05 versus P+I alone]; after 10% FBS, 78±8.3% of quiescent cells [ P <0.05 versus 10% FBS alone]). Furthermore, Dox inhibited cyclin A expression, an E2F regulated gene that is essential for cell cycle progression into the S phase. The present study demonstrates that Dox inhibits CASMC proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression from the G/G1 phase to the S phase. This G1→S blockade likely results from an inhibition of mitogen-induced Rb hyperphosphorylation through prevention of p27 downregulation.
P Pilus Assembly Motif Necessary for Activation of the CpxRA Pathway by PapE in Escherichia coli

P pilus biogenesis occurs via the highly conserved chaperone-usher pathway, and assembly is monitored by the CpxRA two-component signal transduction pathway. Structural pilus subunits consist of an N-terminal extension followed by an incomplete immunoglobulin-like fold that is missing a C-terminal seventh beta strand. In the pilus fiber, the immunoglobulin-like fold of each pilin is completed by the N-terminal extension of its neighbor. Subunits that do not get incorporated into the pilus fiber are driven “OFF-pathway.” In this study, we found that PapE was the only OFF-pathway nonadhesin P pilus subunit capable of activating Cpx. Manipulation of the PapE structure by removing, relocating within the protein, or swapping its N-terminal extension with that of other subunits altered the protein's self-associative and Cpx-activating properties. The self-association properties of the new subunits were dictated by the specific N-terminal extension provided and were consistent with the order of the subunits in the pilus fiber. However, these aggregation properties did not directly correlate with Cpx induction. Cpx activation instead correlated with the presence or absence of an N-terminal extension in the PapE pilin structure. Removal of the N-terminal extension of PapE was sufficient to abolish Cpx activation. Replacement of an N-terminal extension at either the amino or carboxyl terminus restored Cpx induction. Thus, the data presented in this study argue that PapE has features inherent in its structure or during its folding that act as specific inducers of Cpx signal transduction.
Predominance of a novel splenic B cell population in mice expressing a transgene that encodes multireactive antibodies: support for additional heterogeneity of the B cell compartment

We generated IgHµδ transgenic mice using a VH gene that in A/J mice encodes multireactive BCR in the preimmune B cell compartment and is predominantly expressed by a memory B cell subpopulation. Most primary splenic B cells in these mice have a size, cell-surface phenotype and in vitro response profile distinct from mature follicular (B2), marginal zone (MZ) or B1 B cells, but are long-lived and appear to be slowly cycling. They reside in conventional B cell areas of the spleen and mount robust foreign antigen-driven germinal center responses, but do not efficiently differentiate to secretory phenotype. We propose that these qualities result from ongoing, lowavidity BCR‐self-ligand interactions and promote entry into the memory pathway. Given these data, and the enormous diversity and characteristic multireactivity of the preimmune antibody repertoire, we also suggest that it may be more appropriate to view the primary B cell compartment as a continuum of functional and phenotypic ‘layers’, rather than as a group of discrete B1, B2 and MZ subsets.
Multirate state-space digital controller for sector servo systems

The author describes the design, performance analysis, and test results of a type of a multirate digital controller for actuator and voice coil motor (VCM) control in disk drives using sector servo systems. The state estimator runs at an integer multiple of the sector servo sample rate, so that the state feedback control of the VCM current can be computed and updated more frequently. Analysis indicates that a better closed-loop control performance can be obtained, and test results confirm the theoretical prediction. A method is also discussed which modifies the controller implementation and reduces the real-time computational burden for the control processor. >
Surgical Pearl: The cotton-tipped applicator as a suture scissors stabilizer in cutting suture

cotton-tipped applicator as described above. This minimizes potential iatrogenic trauma to the wound edges from improper handling and excessive pressure applied with forceps. (2) Hemostatic control is quickly achieved. As the cotton-tipped applicator is introduced into the defect, hemostasis is achieved both through direct pressure applied to the base and sidewalls of the defect as well as through absorption of blood into the cotton tip. 3 Tamponade of the defect using the applicator for hemostasis has recently been reported; however, the above technique further expands upon the concept. (3) Safety and efficiency are maintained. The cotton-tipped applicator replaces the tissue forceps thus no additional steps are required. Hemostasis is maintained while everting tissue edges, eliminating the need to periodically blot the defect with gauze to obtain a clear visual field. This reduces the potential for needle stick complications. If the cotton tip contacts the skin surface outside of the prepared field, a new applicator should be used to avoid wound contamination from the skin flora.
Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus from Commercial Poultry in the United States and Latin America

SUMMARY. From June 1999 to September 2001, 216 bursal samples from broiler farms in the United States and from countries of Latin America were submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center at the University of Georgia for the purpose of genotyping field infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs). The reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify a 248-bp product, encompassing the hypervariable region of VP2 gene. The genotyping was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with six restriction endonucleases, DraI, SacI, TaqI, Sty, BstNI, and SspI. For the 150 samples received from the United States, 125 samples (83.3%) were RT-PCR positive for the presence of IBDV. One hundred positive samples (80%) had RFLP identical to the variant Delaware E strain, whereas 10 samples (8.0%) exhibited a RFLP pattern similar to this antigenic variant. Other IBDV strains such as Grayson Laboratory strain (GLS), Lukert, PBG-98, Delaware A, and the vaccine ...
Salivary Gland and Other Head and Neck Structures

This chapter is designed as an easy reference for the practicing pathologist aiming to solve diagnostic problems in head and neck pathology by immunohistochemistry (IHC). It is a collection of 38 practical tables including tables for commonly used antibodies, IHC reactions in normal salivary gland, IHC reactions in common salivary gland and head and neck tumors, and IHC reactions to resolve differential diagnostic challenges. Also included are practical footnotes and photographic illustrations.
Enhancing ASP systems for planning with temporal constraints

The paper introduces a collection of knowledge representation languages, V(C), parametrised over a class C of constraints. V(C) is an extension of both CR-Prolog and CASP allowing the separation of a program into two parts: a regular program of CR-Prolog and a collection of denials whose bodies contain constraints from C with variables ranging over large domains. We study an instance V0 from this family where C is a collection of constraints of the form X -Y >K. We give some implementation details of an algorithm computing the answer sets of programs of V0 which does not ground constraint variables and tightly couples the "classical" ASP algorithm with an algorithm checking consistency of difference constraints. This makes it possible to solve problems which could not be solved by pure ASP or constraint solvers.
Aqueous corrosion of olivine in the Mars meteorite Miller Range (MIL) 03346 during Antarctic weathering: Implications for water on Mars

Abstract Several nakhlites (clinopyroxenite meteorites from Mars) contain olivine phenocrysts with corrosion features identical in size, shape and distribution to the smaller etch-pits of well-characterized weathered terrestrial olivine. Miller Range (MIL) 03346 is an Antarctic nakhlite find, recovered after long exposure to Antarctic conditions. The distribution of discrete olivine etch-pits almost exclusively within a few hundred microns of allocation MIL 03346,171’s documentably exposed surface suggests that they formed by terrestrial weathering in Antarctica. The small size of olivine etch-pits in MIL 03346,171 relative to commonly much larger etch-pits in even incipiently weathered terrestrial examples suggests that the duration of its exposure to weathering conditions was short, or the weathering conditions to which it was exposed did not favor olivine corrosion (in the form of etch-pit formation), or both. Time-scales for the formation of etch-pits, estimated from experimentally determined dissolution rates of olivine over a range of pHs, are comparable to the measured terrestrial age of the meteorite and short relative to the time available for possible similar corrosion on Mars. Etch-pits of the observed size on MIL 03346 olivine phenocrysts would be relatively easy to form supraglacially under brief episodic acidic Antarctic conditions, but the terrestrial age of MIL 03346 is long enough that its olivine might have been weathered to the observed state by englacial films of alkaline Antarctic water. The paucity of similar etch-pits in olivine from the interior of MIL 03346 suggests that olivine in this Mars meteorite was exposed to even less aqueous alteration after iddingsitization during its 1.3 billion years on Mars than its exterior was subjected to during its Pleistocene–Holocene exposure to Antarctic weathering conditions.
Modeling and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Power-Split Device for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Conventional vehicles are creating pollution problems, global warming and the extinction of high density fuels. To address these problems, automotive companies and universities are researching on hybrid electric vehicles where two different power devices are used to propel a vehicle. This research studies the development and testing of a dynamic model for Prius 2010 Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), a power-split device. The device was modeled and integrated with a hybrid vehicle model. To add an electric only mode for vehicle propulsion, the hybrid synergy drive was modified by adding a clutch to carrier 1. The performance of the integrated vehicle model was tested with UDDS drive cycle using rule-based control strategy. The dSPACE Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulator was used for HIL simulation test. The HIL simulation result shows that the integration of developed HSD dynamic model with a hybrid vehicle model was successful.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Fe−3Si steel etching technique for local strain measurement

The Fe−3Si steel etching technique for measuring localized plastic deformation is described. The technique is well suited for revealing plastic strain in the vicinity of notches, cracks and other stress concentrations, both on the micro- and macroscale. The method is capable of yielding quantitative information about the strain distribution on the surface and in the interior of test specimens whose plastic-flow properties model the behavior of engineering alloys, in general, and low- and medium-strength steels, in particular. Methods of melting and fabricating the steel for this purpose, specimen preparation, and metallographic procedures are explained. Mechanical properties of the steel and its special etching response are described. In addition, results of some plastic-zone determinations are presented to illustrate the technique's capabilities, and other applications are mentioned.
Western Businessmen in Russia: Practices and Problems*

As a challenge for further research and analysis, Professor Kirchner suggests some of the cultural differences encountered by Western businessmen in Russia which significantly shaped their conduct of trade.
War, Accommodation, and Violence in the United States, 1890–1970

War, postwar demobilization, and economic depression are national crises that ultimately test the state's capacity to respond simultaneously to internal and external challenges. This analysis probes the nexus between crises and domestic violence, investigating how this relationship is mediated by the influence of two variables: the severity of crisis and the presence or absence of government accommodation. Box-Tiao impact assessment models are used to estimate the separate and combined effects of American involvements in wars (the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, and the Korean and Vietnam Wars), their postwar periods, and the 1930s depression on economic, social, and political forms of American violence from 1890 to 1970. After establishing historical evidence for the role of national accommodation, I demonstrate that strong, positive associations between severe crises and domestic violence are to be found during the tenure of nonaccommodating administrations. Accommodating governments are associated with either negative or historically weak linkages between severe crises and domestic violence. Overall, the evidence underscores the benefit of using broad theoretical perspectives for understanding the linkages between international and domestic conflict.
P3-S4.04 Topical 80% Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) shows efficacy in the treatment of internal High-Grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (HGAIN)

Background HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are at 60–70 times increased risk of developing anal squamous cell carcinoma than the general population. HGAIN, the putative precursor to cancer, may be ablated by various methods in order to prevent neoplastic progression. While TCA has previously been used clinically to treat keratinised external anal warts, it may also be used to ablate internal HGAIN. Here we report on treatment efficacy and clinical predictors of success. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients seen at the Anal Dysplasia Clinic at the Pittsburgh AIDS Center for Treatment was performed between 1 January 2008 and 30 June 2010. 41 HIV positive MSM had biopsy proven HGAIN (AIN1/2, AIN2, AIN 2/3, and AIN3) at high-resolution anoscopy. Treatment involved applying three sequential cotton swabs soaked in 80% TCA to the lesion. Patients were seen at an average of 6 months following treatment for follow-up. Clearance was defined as the absence of HGAIN epithelial markers at HRA (punctuation/mosaicism) or AIN 1/normal epithelium on biopsy. The impact of the following variables on lesion clearance were assessed using univariate logistic regression analysis: age, CD4 count, initial grade of dysplasia on biopsy, concomitant therapy with imiquimod, previous history of HGAIN treatment. Results The mean age of the study population was 52 years and the mean CD4 count was 565 cells/ml. Of the 43 HGAIN lesions treated in 41 patients, 22 (51%) demonstrated clearance of HGAIN epithelial markers. Repeat biopsy was performed on eight lesions and 4 (9%) lesions were AIN1, 3 (7%) lesions were AIN2, and one lesion was ungradable. By univariate logistic regression analysis, patients with a diagnosis of AIN1/2 (compared with those who had AIN2 or greater) demonstrated a non significant trend towards clearance of abnormal visual markers (OR 3.8 p=0.112). All other predictive variables did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions On a per lesion basis, the success of a single visit triple topical application of TCA was 58% that is comparable with previously published treatment studies using techniques such as infrared coagulation. While larger prospective studies are called for, following exclusion of cancer by biopsy, HRA combined with TCA treatment may represent a low-cost, minimally invasive management strategy for this population with a high-incidence of HGAIN.
Operating Costs Optimization Algorithm Study of Water Flooding System Based Constrained Variable Metric

Oilfield water flooding system plays the roles of flooding water's pumped,transported,added pressure,throttled and injected.It needs a large number of energy during running.With the oilfield coming into high containing water time,the water flooding quantity,power consumption and operating costs significantly increased.It is important to improve management level and control energy consumption to reduce operating costs.This text analyses the flooding system,makes the simulating model and uses the improved constrained variable metric method to optimize pump's open or close to meet system's water requirements.Through the implementation of the program,the system efficiency is improved by 1.8%,operating expense is decreased by approximately ten thousand Yuan per day.Run costs have been saved significantly.Through its application in oilfield can be found using the improved constrained variable metric method can reduce the oilfield water injection system operating cost.
Perioperative Management of Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries Treated by Double Switch Operation in Children

Objective To summarize the experience of perioperative management of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries(ccTGA)treated by double switch(DS)operation in children.Methods Twenty-six children with ccTGA underwent DS operation at Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital from Jan.2004 to Dec.2009 were retrospectively studied.The mean age was 3.0 years old(ranged from 0.5 to 10.0 years old)and mean weight was 13.0 kg(ranged from 5.0 to 24.5 kg).Children were divided into 2 groups by the method of operation.The characteristics of perioperative management were compared.Sixteen cases had undergone DS operation which combined arterial switch and Senning operation(groupⅠ,single-stage operation)and 10 cases received left ventricle training,pulmonary banding,before DS operation(groupⅡ,staged operation).Results The cardopulmonary bypass(CPB)time was(343.3±51.5)min and the aortic cross-clamping(AO)time was(232.3±56.6)min in groupⅠ,while in groupⅡ CPB and AO time were(321.5±88.8)min and(192.1±11.7)min,respectively.There were no deaths in group Ⅰ,but right heart failure(4 cases,25%)and arrhythmia(12 cases,75%)occurred more frequently.In one child,the extracorporeal circulation membrane oxygenation(ECMO)support was successfully used for severe right heart dysfunction for a period of 7 days.In group Ⅱ,4 cases died(40%)because left ventricular failure.Three of these cases received ECMO for left ventricular function support and 1 child failed the trial off.Conclusions Single-stage DS for children with ccTGA may be accompanied by right heart dysfunction more commonly.It is important to prevent and treat pulmonary hypertension to reduce the afterload of right heart.In DS following staged surgical treatment of ccTGA by functional retraining of the left ventricle,the treatment should focus on reducing left ventricular afterload and avoiding a sudden increase in left ventricular work.The ECMO circulatory support can promote recovery of cardiac function.
The Influence of Teaching Methodology on Student Social Interaction

In this paper, we explore the effects of various teaching methodologies on the social interactions reported by university students in the School of Public Affairs at the University of Colorado Denver. Specifically, we will answer the question: How do different teaching methodologies affect the formation of network ties among students in a university classroom? We implement a novel research design, in which we operationalize the impact of alternative teaching methodologies on social interactions, specifically the number and quality of dyadic relationships between students in university classrooms. We find that online classes tend to have fewer, but more frequent interactions among students, more diversity among interactions, and greater likelihood that students perceive other students as influential to their learning. In primarily lecture classes, students reported fewer connections, but similar to online students’ interactions, the interactions were frequent and influential. We conclude that teaching in a...
Reduction Clitoroplasty Via Ventral Approach

AbstractWe describe an operative technique to reduce the enlarged clitoris that minimizes any potential damage to the dorsal neurovascular bundle of the clitoris.
Smoking-induced immune deviation contributes to progression of bladder and other cancers

We propose here that cigarette smoke (CS), in addition to its established genotoxic effects, elicits chronic albeit sub-clinical immune suppression, which is a major contributor to cancer progression. This hypothesis, presented here primarily in the context of bladder cancers (BCs), is applicable to other cancers, including those without a confirmed link to smoking.
Reaching the Texas dental goals of healthy people 2010.

BACKGROUND The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has promoted Healthy People 2010, which is a set of national health objectives for the nation to achieve over the first decade of the new century (1). Texas has not yet met its target of 50 percent of 8-year-old children with dental sealants having been placed on their 6-year molars, which is one of the Healthy People 2010 goals. An assessment of the dental needs of children in Tarrant County, Texas, was initiated by the JPS Health Network (named after John Peter Smith). The JPS Health Network established the Healthy Smiles program to address the dental needs of the students in this county because a school based dental sealant program would be effective in reducing dental decay. METHODS Approved Title One elementary schools in Tarrant County were scheduled for dental screenings, education, and fluoride and dental sealant applications. Students were given visual dental screenings and classified as to future dental needs. First grade students received fluoride varnish and second and third grade students received fluoride and dental sealants. RESULTS For the 2010-2011 school year: A total of 28,322 students were seen by dental professionals from the JPS Health Network; 8,348 dental sealants were placed; and 11,825 fluoride applications were given by dental staff. CONCLUSIONS The JPS Health Network Healthy Smiles Program proved to be an effective way to deliver oral preventive care and dental education to a large number of low-income students. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Dental caries prevention programs such as Healthy Smiles could help Texas reach its goals for improved oral health for the children of Texas.
Efficient implementation of constant pH molecular dynamics on modern graphics processors

The treatment of pH sensitive ionization states for titratable residues in proteins is often omitted from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. While static charge models can answer many questions regarding protein conformational equilibrium and protein-ligand interactions, pH-sensitive phenomena such as acid-activated chaperones and amyloidogenic protein aggregation are inaccessible to such models. Constant pH molecular dynamics (CPHMD) coupled with the Generalized Born with a Simple sWitching function (GBSW) implicit solvent model provide an accurate framework for simulating pH sensitive processes in biological systems. Although this combination has demonstrated success in predicting pKa values of protein structures, and in exploring dynamics of ionizable side-chains, its speed has been an impediment to routine application. The recent availability of low-cost graphics processing unit (GPU) chipsets with thousands of processing cores, together with the implementation of the accurate GBSW implicit solvent model on those chipsets (Arthur and Brooks, J. Comput. Chem. 2016, 37, 927), provide an opportunity to improve the speed of CPHMD and ionization modeling greatly. Here, we present a first implementation of GPU-enabled CPHMD within the CHARMM-OpenMM simulation package interface. Depending on the system size and nonbonded force cutoff parameters, we find speed increases of between one and three orders of magnitude. Additionally, the algorithm scales better with system size than the CPU-based algorithm, thus allowing for larger systems to be modeled in a cost effective manner. We anticipate that the improved performance of this methodology will open the door for broad-spread application of CPHMD in its modeling pH-mediated biological processes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.