cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 17 – Social Creatures in a Changing Sea: Concluding Remarks

Publisher Summary A recent long-term ecological “top–down” study of deep-water cetaceans indicates that species diversity tracks closely with surface temperature, and loss of diversity is predicted, especially for the tropics. Such studies may give a better insight on large-scale effects of climate change, including on dusky dolphins of Patagonia, but even if one has a better grasp of potential and realized effects, solving the global climate change conundrum will be a hard task indeed. Dusky dolphins are adaptable social predators that need to factor in their own vulnerabilities as potential prey to survive, unlike “top” predators such as lions, killer whales, and sperm whales. Dusky dolphins have a fission–fusion society whereby dolphins “easily” split (or fission) into (sub)groups of one dozen or fewer animals, as nursery groups, mating groups, mixed age and sex groups, and foraging groups. Being currently in the unhappy midst of a major and frighteningly rapid global climate change, with concomitant increase in water temperatures and acidity, and loss of biodiversity in many parts of the ocean, it is not enough to merely assume that marine inhabitants, including dolphins, can move to areas of better resources, as niches are not so easily exchanged, and potentially cultural habits of certain areas for feeding, hiding from predators, calving/nursing, etc., are not easily given up.
The Relationship of Hospital CEO Characteristics to Patient Experience Scores.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Efforts by hospitals to improve patient experience continue as changes in policy such as the Affordable Care Act of 2010 have made patient experience a cornerstone of promoting greater value in the United States. Hospital CEOs play an important role in promoting positive patient experiences as they set the organizational vision and strategic goals and can execute change to support positive experiences.This study assessed whether three CEO characteristics-education, tenure with the organization, and gender-were associated with patient experience scores of California hospitals in 2013 and 2014. Using a pooled, cross-sectional design with ordinary least squares regression to account for other hospital and market characteristics, the analysis indicated that hospitals with female CEOs and longer-tenured CEOs were associated with more positive patient experience scores. Higher levels of education were not significantly associated with patient experience scores. Overall, the model covariates accounted for approximately 14.0% of the variance in patient experience scores between hospitals, with CEO characteristics accounting for approximately 2.4% of this variation. Such findings highlight the important yet emerging role of CEO characteristics when accounting for patient experience.
Effect of pH on the Activity of Platinum Group Metal-Free Catalysts in Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The impact of the electrolyte’s pH on the catalytic activity of platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied. The results indicate that the ORR mechanism is determined by the affinity of protons and hydroxyls toward multiple functional groups present on the surface of the PGM-free catalyst. It was shown that the ORR is limited by the proton-coupled electron transfer at pH values below 10.5. At higher pH values (>10.5), the reaction occurs in the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), favoring hydrogen peroxide production. Using a novel approach, the changes in the surface chemistry of PGM-free catalyst in a full pH range were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The variations in the surface concentration of nitrogen and carbon species are correlated with the electron transfer process and overall kinetics. This study establishes the critical role of the multitude of surface functional groups, presented as moieties or defects in the carbonaceous ...
Enhancing interior noise of electric vehicles by design analyses and refinements of traction motors

Without thorough acoustic consideration, traction motorsâ–”the core of electric powertrainsâ–”may emit annoying whining noise during operation and deteriorate the interior noise of electric vehicles (EVs). To minimize such whining noise from traction motors, this article presents the interior noise developments of EVs which include the overview of acoustic sources, noise benchmark, noise paths investigation, multi-physics coupled analyses, design refinement and acoustic validation. Based on a developing EV, this study investigated on crucial mechatronic design of the traction motor in detail. By benchmarking, general interior noise levels of EVs were obtained and the target for acoustic refinement of the EV studied was defined. Noise and vibration measurements of the original EV and its associated traction motor identified the harmonics of electromagnetic forces from original traction motor were the root cause of whining noise concern. Noise paths assessment further identified the right mount of original traction motor being a critical structureborne path. Through refining the motor structure, simulated natural frequencies of the modified motor were 16â–“33% higher than those of original motor for the first four modes, and the vibration of modified motor was reduced accordingly. The mechatronic analysis further concluded the inappropriate pole and slot combination of original traction motor caused high electromagnetic forces. By optimizing mechatronic design for the modified traction motor, the interior noise level of modified EV was reduced dramatically with a maximum noise reduction of 16 dB. In addition, the modified EV achieved a 9.6 dB legislative pass-by noise reduction against that of original EV. By providing the comprehensive interior noise developments of EVs and illustrating the details of the acoustic design analyses and refinements of traction motors, this article can serve as a reference of acoustic design and development for other EVs and electric powertrains.
Fiction and Fact: An Introduction

Seaman, with trembling fingers, unlocked the little despatch box which stood by his side and took from it jealously a sheet of linen-backed parchment.
Competency Based Assessment Approach for Training and Job Performance

In recent years, there has been a clearly identifiable trend toward a greater importance being attached to academic credentials as a standard for continued employment in the helping professions. This trend has had special significance for chemical dependency personnel,1 especially in terms of job stability and career advancement and mobility. Many of the chemical dependency professionals are recovering alcoholics/addicts who have brought to the field a special expertise in the development of treatment and rehabilitation programs, while at the same time lacking the academic background and professional training necessary for effective career development (Mitchell, 1976). The chemical dependency treatment field is also witnessing a demand for and pressure toward standardized credentialing of personnel. Due to the present lack of uniform methods of treatment, uniform standards of job performance and uniform methods of evaluating job performance, it is likely that academic credentials will become a standard requirement for job entry as well as for career advancement in the chemical dependency field (Frankel and Pointer, 1975).
Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Metals

This chapter has two principal sections. The first addresses single-phase polycrystalline metals and alloys and the second addresses two-phase multilayered thin films comprised of alternating A-B layers. In the former, nanostructured material is created by shrinking grain size to the nm scale. In the latter, it is created by shrinking the thickness of individual A and B layers to the nm scale. In many cases, the layers are polycrystalline. Thus, we explore the mechanical properties of crystalline metals that are packed with high densities of grain boundaries (in the polycrystalline case) and also interfaces (in the multilayer case).
Thermal Conductivity of Gallium Arsenide at High Temperature

Experimental data on the thermal conductivity of gallium arsenide have been searched, compiled, and critically evaluated. The behavior at high temperature is examined for electronic and radiative contributions to the total thermal conductivity. The observations are discussed and a temperature dependence for the lattice conductivity is suggested. Remaining problems are identified.
Breaking Away from the ‘Lecture’ in Sexuality and Gender Classes

Activities for Teaching Gender and Sexuality in the University Classroom is an accurate title for this collection of interesting, innovative, classroom-based activities. According to the editors, Murphy and Ribarsky, the text aims to provide a myriad of examples of activities which could be utilized to teach a variety of topics related to sexuality and gender. As such, the text is a useful resource and teaching tool which can be utilized to integrate pedagogical diversity into the classroom. The following review focuses on U.S. society with any exceptions noted. Activities for Teaching Gender and Sexuality begins with a brief introduction providing context for the utility of the book as well as guidelines for how to use the book. As part of the preface, Murphy and Ribarsky caution potential text users about the pitfalls of utilizing participatory activities related to sexuality and gender particularly in regard to sensitive topics like sexual violence and sexual orientation. For example, as noted by the editors, many of the activities presented in the text require, or at least encourage, student participation which may (and often does) result in disclosure of personal information. The editors’ cautionary advice is well intentioned as educators should inform students of the potential for personal disclosure prior to engagement in activities so that students can address concerns ahead of time. As noted by Murphy and Ribarsky, it may also be important for users of this text to be aware of the potential for disclosure of personal information associated with the activities so that they may avoid outing someone in regard to a particular identity that the individual may not be comfortable being out about. Following the preface, Activities for Teaching Gender and Sexuality is organized into eight specific “parts,” each addressing an overarching topical area related to sexuality and/or gender. Within each part are descriptions of several different activities which address a more specific issue or topic under the umbrella of the overarching part. For example, Part III is titled: “Friendships and Romantic Relationships.” Included in this part are activities related to gendered relational choices, gendered language in conversation, and navigating sexual communication with potential partners. According to Murphy and Ribarsky, the activities get progressively more challenging throughout each part. From my read of the activities, the progression seems to manifest through the nature of the activities as well as the underlying message(s) the activities aim to communicate to students. Educators may be mindful of the degree to which they would like to challenge their students when selecting activities in addition to considering the topical area.
Flowline analysis of eténdue transfer of a wide-angle solar concentrator

We introduce flowlines as an analytical tool to optimize solar concentrator designing based on non-imaging optics. Comparisons were performed for multiple concentrator configurations from the same flowlines group to understand the final flux on low-cost heat pipes or minichannel absorbers for a small scale residential hybrid system. With the optical simulation results, we assemble and test a novel optical design for new low-cost, high-efficiency solar CHP collector to analyze both thermal and electric performances. By combining photovoltaic (PV) cells with heat pipes and mini channels, we further thermal energy capture while simultaneously enhance the solar cell performance.
Fibration symmetries uncover the building blocks of biological networks.

A major ambition of systems science is to uncover the building blocks of any biological network to decipher how cellular function emerges from their interactions. Here, we introduce a graph representation of the information flow in these networks as a set of input trees, one for each node, which contains all pathways along which information can be transmitted in the network. In this representation, we find remarkable symmetries in the input trees that deconstruct the network into functional building blocks called fibers. Nodes in a fiber have isomorphic input trees and thus process equivalent dynamics and synchronize their activity. Each fiber can then be collapsed into a single representative base node through an information-preserving transformation called “symmetry fibration,” introduced by Grothendieck in the context of algebraic geometry. We exemplify the symmetry fibrations in gene regulatory networks and then show that they universally apply across species and domains from biology to social and infrastructure networks. The building blocks are classified into topological classes of input trees characterized by integer branching ratios and fractal golden ratios of Fibonacci sequences representing cycles of information. Thus, symmetry fibrations describe how complex networks are built from the bottom up to process information through the synchronization of their constitutive building blocks.
Immediate Posttreatment Period

The immediate-posttreatment period covers the time period from the completion of primary adjuvant treatment to the first year of recovery. This chapter will provide an overview of the incorporation of exercise into the care and management of cancer survivors during the immediate posttreatment period when it could lessen or ameliorate many of the side effects and symptoms that linger after treatment ends. To effectively and safely program exercise in the immediate posttreatment period, the fitness professional must know the treatment(s) he/she has received and what limitations this may present for their exercise program. Ideally an initial fitness evaluation would be performed to tailor an exercise program to the survivor’s initial exercise capacity. In general, a moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program, performed at least three times per week for at least 30 minutes per session, can improve many lingering symptoms, restore physical functioning, and return quality of life during the immediate posttreatment period.
It Is Time We Rethink Our Approach to Enhancing Access to Male Infertility Care

Approximately half a million men each year facing infertility in the USA are not properly evaluated by a dedicated male infertility specialist. Prior research has examined barriers to male infertility care from epidemiologic, geographic, financial, socioeconomic, and health policy perspectives. This article aims to describe barriers to male infertility care that have traditionally received less consideration and to suggest innovative solutions for enhancing access to care. We explore how the portrayal of male infertility in television shows, movies, and news media shapes the public perception of male infertility. We then define how social networking websites influence awareness and engagement with the concept of male infertility. In addition, potential avenues for collaboration with other medical providers to increase the frequency of male infertility workups are discussed. Finally, we touch on how funding for basic science and clinical research shapes the spectrum of available treatment options and briefly review state-of-the-art research in male infertility. Access to dedicated male infertility care represents an unmet public health need in the USA. Using an atypical lens, the authors’ goal is to provide a brief review of issues surrounding access to male infertility care and to highlight new avenues to enhance access.
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Rescues Cocaine-Induced Prefrontal Hypoactivity and Restores Flexible Behavior.

Abstract Background To obtain desirable goals, individuals must predict the outcome of specific choices, use that information to direct appropriate actions, and adjust behavior accordingly in changing environments (behavioral flexibility). Substance use disorders are marked by impairments in behavioral flexibility along with decreased prefrontal cortical function that limits the efficacy of treatment strategies. Restoring prefrontal hypoactivity, ideally in a noninvasive manner, is an intriguing target for improving flexible behavior and treatment outcomes. Methods A behavioral flexibility task was used in Long-Evans male rats (n = 97) in conjunction with electrophysiology, optogenetics, and a novel rat model of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to examine the prelimbic cortex (PrL) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) core circuit in behavioral flexibility and determine whether tACS can restore cocaine-induced neural and cognitive dysfunction. Results Optogenetic inactivation revealed that the PrL-NAc core circuit is necessary for the ability to learn strategies to flexibly shift behavior. Cocaine self-administration history caused aberrant PrL-NAc core neural encoding and deficits in flexibility. Optogenetics that selectively activated the PrL-NAc core pathway prior to learning rescued cocaine-induced cognitive flexibility deficits. Remarkably, tACS prior to learning the task reestablished adaptive signaling in the PrL-NAc circuit and restored flexible behavior in a relatively noninvasive and frequency-specific manner. Conclusions We establish a role of NAc core–projecting PrL neurons in behavioral flexibility and provide a novel noninvasive brain stimulation method in rats to rescue cocaine-induced frontal hypofunction and restore flexible behavior, supporting a role of tACS as a therapeutic to treat cognitive deficits in substance use disorders.
An overview of and a proposed reform for the organ procurement: System of the United States

Abstract. Over 107,000 Americans are currently awaiting a lifesaving organ transplant. The vast shortage of organs for transplant in the United States is commonly known, but few are aware that the capacity exists for an additional 28,000 organs to be procured each year. These viable organs are not procured because of the limitations of the market and governance structure of the organizations primarily responsible for organ procurement across the United States, Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs). In this paper, the author provides an overview of the current organ procurement system and its flaws, debates the newly revised organ procurement regulations to come into effect in 2022, and offers a sweeping, market-based reform proposal for the organ procurement system. Keywords. Organ procurement, Organ procurement organizations (OPOs). JEL. I10, I11, I18 .
Domain-specific Languages and Code Synthesis Using Haskell: Looking at embedded DSLs

There are many ways to give instructions to a computer: an electrical engineer might write a MATLAB program; a database administrator might write an SQL script; a hardware engineer might write in Verilog; and an accountant might write a spreadsheet with embedded formulas. Aside from the difference in language used in each of these examples, there is an important difference in form and idiom. Each uses a language customized to the job at hand, and each builds computational requests in a form both familiar and productive for programmers (although accountants may not think of themselves as programmers). In short, each of these examples uses a DSL (domain-specific language).
Bacteriological examination of commercial precooked Eastern-type turkey rolls.

Abstract Studies were conducted to ascertain the bacteriological condition of commercially cooked Eastern-type (foil-wrapped-oven roasted) turkey rolls during processing and storage. After 2 weeks at 5 C, numbers of aerobes on the surface of rolls, in slices, and in whole rolls reached levels of from 1 to 10 million per cm2 or per g. In stored whole rolls, coliform and enterococcus counts ranged, respectively, from about 10,000 to more than 1 million per g and from < 100 to more than 1 million per g. Postcooking processing operations in two plants did not significantly affect the total count of turkey rolls. Eight of 28 rolls obtained after handling and packaging contained coagulase-positive staphylococci.
"How I do it"--plastic surgery: practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery. Surgical excision and primary reconstruction of a moderate size tumor involving the nasal tip and dorsum.

A moderate size tumor of the nasal tip and dorsum is excised and the large defect is primarily reconstructed with local flaps without obliteration of natural convexities and concavities. This is achieved by judicious utilization of numerous techniques. The techniques utilized are a V to Y advancement that produce a partial mobilization of the nasal dorsal skin, a full reduction rhinoplasty that dropped the nasal bony roof allowing for further mobilization of the nasal dorsal skin and allowed for tip elevation. A third technique that was utilized was a Z plasty as applied to correction of raised webs. The excess dorsal skin was converted into the needed length to close the tip defect. The patient tolerated this procedure well. His postoperative course was without complications. Postoperative results were good, but there was some persistent tip elevation that perhaps gave him a too youthful appearance for his age (Fig. 2). A novel use of V to Y advancement, Z plasty, and reduction rhinoplasty is described when used concurrently to primarily close a defect of the nasal tip and dorsum.
Screening and early detection efforts in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Since publication of results from the National Lung Screening Trial, several professional organizations, including the US Preventive Services Task Force, have published guidelines recommending low-dose computed tomography for screening in asymptomatic, high-risk individuals. The benefits of screening include detection of cancer at an early stage when a definitive cure is possible, but the risks include overdiagnosis, false-positive results, psychological distress, and radiation exposure. The current review covers the scope of low-dose computed tomography screening, potential risks, costs, and future directions in the efforts for early detection of lung cancer.
The re-invention of residential treatment: an agenda for research and practice1

I am not particularly optimistic about achieving even a few of these mod-est changes absent a more focused and thoughtful discussion on substitute care asa whole. My strong sense is that we must bring the worlds of policy, research, and practice in residential and foster care into much closer proximity so that we can assess what the challenges and strengths are in each domain and chart a course of action for renewal. To do this, we need fresh conceptual thinking on milieu treatment and empirical research. International perspectives on the issue of the proper place of residential care and treatment in an overall service continuum would be helpful in broadening and stimulating limited and typically parochial discussions in the United States. It is hoped that this article and the considerable clinical, administrative, and research expertise reflected by the other contributors in this issue will serve as a catalyst for addressing some of the issues concerning residential treatment. It is an exercise long overdue.
THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-PHASE (Bi,Pb2)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy SUPERCONDUCTORS

Experimental results of shielding current and Meissner effects, magnetic flux-trapping and hysteresis loops of single-phase Bi2−xPbxSr2Ca2Ca3Oy (x = 0.2 and 0.4) superconductors are presented. At 5 K, the (Bi, Pb)–Sr–Ca–Cu–oxides display a highly irreversible behavior but at 30 and 77 K, the magnetization becomes more reversible in the high fields and the hysteresis is smaller in comparison with YBCO. For x = 0.4, the values of critical current density Jc(H = 1500 Oe) at 5 and 30 K are estimated by the critical model to be 8000 and 2300 A/cm2, respectively. The value of Jc(H = 250 Oe) at 77 K is 400 A/cm2. The low Jc values indicates the weaker flux-pinning force in (Bi,Pb)–Sr–Ca–Cu–oxides than in YBCO. The value of the lower critical field Hc1(0) obtained from M(H) curves is 410 Oe for single-phase x = 0.2 material.
Environmental Effects on Chemical Changes in Foods

Foods are susceptible to quality losses due to chemical reactions, many of which are described in this volume. The rates of these reactions depend both on compositional and environmental factors. Control of undesirable changes during processing requires a quantitative analysis based on knowledge of kinetics of food deterioration.
Plume spreading in groundwater by stretching and folding

[1] This paper proposes a new approach to the hydraulics of in situ groundwater remediation. In situ remediation promotes reactions between an injected treatment solution and the contaminated groundwater, but without a hydraulic mechanism to promote spreading, the laminar flows characteristic of porous media will keep the two fluids in approximately the same relative configuration as they travel through the aquifer, limiting the opportunity for reactions to occur. To address this fundamental limitation, this paper borrows a key result from the fluid mechanics literature: Spreading in laminar flows is optimized by chaotic advection. Previous studies have applied this result to groundwater remediation using the pulsed dipole model, but that model depends on reinjection of fluid, which presents a number of theoretical and practical limitations. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new conceptual model for plume spreading by chaotic advection, using an engineered sequence of extractions and injections of clean water at an array of wells, which generates plume spreading by stretching and folding the fluid interface between the injected treatment solution and the contaminated groundwater but does not require reinjection. The paper includes an overview of the analytical techniques—Poincare sections, periodic points, stable and unstable manifolds, heteroclinic points, and Lyapunov exponents—used to demonstrate chaotic advection in the limiting case in which diffusion is negligible. Numerical simulations show that spreading by stretching and folding is complimentary to spreading resulting from aquifer heterogeneity.
Comments on ''approximate solution of second- order boundary-layer equations.''

(l/X presson the Reynolds number, U L/v normalized external velocity, C/e/C/oo velocity in the inviscid f reestream characteristic velocity coefficient in approximate expression gion of adverse pressure gradient dynamic viscosity of the fluid kinematic viscosity of the fluid, n/p density of the fluid shear s tress, fj,(bu/dy) wall shear stress, ft(du/dy) \ y=o dimensionless shear stress variable from Ref. 1 approximate expression for inverse of <£ with N unknown coefficients
Accessibility of plasma membrane antigens

Serological techniques applied to intact cells register only those antigens of the plasma membrane that are exposed at the cell surface and are therefore accessible to antibody. Solubilization of the plasma membrane by detergent, used in the conventional surface-iodination immunoprecipitation technique, renders other plasma membrane antigens accessible. We have shown this by using a modified version of the technique in which lysis with detergent is postponed until after the cells have been reacted with antibody. Comparison of the conventional and modified methods confirms that the plasma membrane glycoprotein gp70 has antigen that is not exposed on the intact cells as well as accessible antigen, for example, GIX. The modified surface-iodination immunoprecipitation method is useful for distinguishing cell-surface antigens from plasma membrane antigens that normally are not accessible. This is exemplified by the fact that standard anti-TL and anti-X.1 sera identify gp70 antigen in the plasma membrane that is registered by the conventional, but not by the modified method.
Active control for gas turbine combustors

Closed-loop feedback control is implemented in two model combustors as a demonstration of the application of feedback control to gas turbine combustion. The first combustor is an axi-symmetric, swirl-stabilized, spray-fired combustor, while the second combustor incorporates discrete wall injection of primary and dilution air, representative of an actual gas turbine combustor. In both combustors, the emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, the radiative heat flux to the liner associated with soot and combustor stability are monitored in real time and controlled as a function of combustor load. The control input to the system is the nozzle atomizing air flow rate. The emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, the radiative flux to the liner, and the combustor stability are obtained through non-intrusive radiometric sensors mounted near the combustor exit plane. This information is conveyed to a control computer which invokes an optimization algorithm to minimize the CO and soot radiative flux, while maximizing the CO2 radiative flux. The index of combustion instability (onset of elevated acoustic emission) is, in the present case, a characteristic frequency in the power spectral density of the CO signal. The identical control methodology is applied to the two combustors with satisfactory and promising results that demonstrate the potential of active control to practical systems. © 1991 Combustion Institute.
Phonological disorders and stuttering in children: what is the frequency of co-occurrence?

In the profession of speech-language pathology, there is a strong belief that phonological disorders frequently occur in children who stutter. The purpose of this article is to examine recently pub...
Self-adjoint algebras of unbounded operators

Unbounded *-representations of *-algebras are studied. Representations called self-adjoint representations are defined in analogy to the definition of a self-adjoint operator. It is shown that for self-adjoint representations certain pathologies associated with commutant and reducing subspaces are avoided. A class of well behaved self-adjoint representations, called standard representations, are defined for commutative *-algebras. It is shown that a strongly cyclic self-adjoint representation of a commutative *-algebra is standard if and only if the representation is strongly positive, i.e., the representations preserves a certain order relation. Similar results are obtained for *-representations of the canonical commutation relations for a finite number of degrees of freedom.
Childhood ADHD Diagnosis, Behaviors, and Motor Overflow Correlate with Slower Inter-Hemispheric Inhibitory Signaling as Measured with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (P07.142)

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) -evoked Ipsilateral Silent Period (ISP) latency, which reflects trans-callosal, inter-hemispheric inhibition, correlates with presence and severity of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in childhood as well with commonly observed delays in motor control. Background Children with ADHD often fail to meet age-norms in development of motor control, particularly timed repetitive and sequential movements, motor overflow, and balance. The neural substrate of this motor delay and particularly motor overflow may include impaired or delayed mechanisms of inter-hemispheric, inhibitory signaling which contribute to both motor and behavioral symptoms. Design/Methods: Case-Control Study. Behavioral ratings, motor skills, and motor cortex physiology were evaluated in 50 ADHD (mean age 10.9 years, 29 male) and 64 typically developing (TD) (mean age 11.1 years, 33 male) children, all right-handed, ages 8-12 years. Motor skills were evaluated with the Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Signs (PANESS). ISP and other physiological measures were obtained using TMS in left motor cortex. Results: ISP was successfully elicited in 54 (47%) children (23 ADHD, 31 TD, p = NS). Children in whom ISP was unobtainable were younger (p=.03) and had higher resting and active motor depolarization thresholds, but did not differ in other clinical, intellectual, or motor symptoms. In ADHD children, mean ISP latency was increased by 5 msec (12%) (p=.007). Longer ISP latencies (slower trans-hemispheric signaling) correlated with more severe ADHD symptom scores (r=.36, p = .009), particularly hyperactivity (r = .37, p = .007) as well as with worse motor overflow ratings on the PANESS (r = .27, p = .05) and diminished intra-hemispheric, TMS-evoked Short Interval Cortical Inhibition (SICI) (r = .34, p = .02). Conclusions: Slower trans-hemispheric inhibitory signaling reflects both behavioral and motor control problems in children with ADHD. Supported by: R01 MH078160. Disclosure: Dr. Gilbert has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Pediatrics Review and Education Program R11. Dr. Gilbert has received research support from Psyadon Pharmaceuticals and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Wu has received research support from Psyadon Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceutical and Genzyme Corporation. Dr. Shahana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Huddleston has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shiels has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mostofsky has nothing to disclose.
MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER THAT STAINS NEGATIVE FOR CA 19-9 HAS DECREASED METASTATIC POTENTIAL.

ABSTRACT Objective: Presently, no clinical tools are available to diagnose the metastatic potential of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) at disease presentation. Surveillance with calcitonin (Ct) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is currently recommended for the observation and diagnosis of metastatic disease after initial treatment of MTC. Recently, carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 staining has been associated with aggressive forms of MTC and metastatic spread. This pilot study explored whether positive CA19-9 staining of MTC tissue is associated with its metastatic potential. Methods: Sixteen cases of MTC were identified, and tissue specimens were immunostained for CA 19-9 and other MTC tumor markers. Clinical information about patients' MTC was collected through a retrospective chart review. Results: Overall, 63% of the specimens stained positive for CA19-9. The median size of positively staining specimens was 2.6 cm (interquartile range [IQR] 1.2–3.2) compared to 0.7 cm (0.5–1.2) in negatively staining MTC...
Zero and nonzero mean random vibration analysis of a new general hysteresis model

Abstract A new mathematical model to describe general degradation behaviour of hysteretic elements is presented. This nonlinear differential equation model is developed based on the constructive technique proposed earlier by Baber and Noori. The proposed model consists of a smooth hysteresis element, in series with a hardening spring element. Zero mean response statistics for a single degree of freedom system whose nonlinear restoring force component is described by this model, are computed by equivalent linearization and by the Monte Carlo simulation. The computed statistics are seen to be well estimated by equivalent linearization. Response analysis of the model under nonzero mean input excitation is studied. Approximate solutions in this case are obtained by subtracting mean responses from the governing stochastic differential equations and then applying equivalent linearization. Response predictions compare well with simulated response statistics. The agreement is better than the results obtained by other general hysteretic models proposed earlier.
Cladribine in the treatment of advanced relapsed or refractory low and intermediate grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) is a purine nucleoside analog with cytotoxic activity against both resting and proliferating cells. Clinical studies with cladribine have reported antitumor activity against various hematologic malignancies. METHODS The authors studied responses to cladribine among patients with low and intermediate grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that had been refractory to or relapsed after prior chemotherapy. Cladribine was given intravenously over 2 hours at a dose of 0.14 mg/kg daily for 5 consecutive days, repeated every 4 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (16 males, 12 females) with a median age of 58 years (range, 41-75 years) were accrued. Twenty-three patients had low grade and 5 had intermediate grade lymphoma. Stage IV disease was present in 22 (79%), and 17 (61%) had systemic B-symptoms. The majority (57%) had received 2 or more prior chemotherapy regimens (median, 2; range, 1-5); 6 had had prior fludarabine therapy. Major responses were documented in 32% (9 of 28 patients), with 4 complete remissions (CR) and 5 partial remissions (PR) after a median of 4 cycles (range, 1-9). One CR occurred in one patient with intermediate grade diffuse large cell lymphoma, and three of six patients who had had prior fludarabine therapy experienced CR or PR with cladribine. Severe hematologic toxicities included reversible neutropenia, protracted thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia. Other reported adverse effects included mild-to-moderate fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Cladribine is an active single agent in the treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed advanced stage indolent lymphoma, with major responses in one third of patients. Cancer 1998;83:2370-2376. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. II. Lepidodinium chlorophorum, Karenia brevis, and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, three dinoflagellates with aberrant plastids

The intact molecular forms of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), two important chloroplast membrane lipids, were determined via positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry and positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry for Lepidodinium chlorophorum, Karenia brevis and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, three dinoflagellates with non-canonical plastids lacking the typical dinoflagellate carotenoid pigment peridinin, along with Tetraselmis sp., Emiliania huxleyi and Navicula perminuta, three algae with shared common ancestors, respectively, to these aberrant, tertiary plastids. Lepidodinium chlorophorum and K. brevis were found to possess 18:5/18:5 MGDG (sn-1/sn-2 regiochemistry), a form observed in several peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, along with forms of MGDG and DGDG not found in peridinin-containing taxa. Lepidodinium chlorophorum was found to possess 18:5/16:4 MGDG and 20:5/16:4 DGDG, and K. brevis was found to possess 18:5/14:0...
Magnitude and direction of pulsatile displacement forces acting on thoracic aortic endografts.

Purpose: To assess 3-dimensional (3D) pulsatile displacement forces (DF) acting on thoracic endografts using 3D computational techniques. Methods: A novel computational method to quantitate the pulsatile 3D flow and pressure fields and aortic wall dynamics in patient-specific anatomical models based on cardiac-gated computed tomography (CT) scans was used to construct simulations of the proximal and mid-descending thoracic aorta. Endografts of varying lengths and diameters were implanted in these patient-specific models. The magnitude and direction of the DF vector were calculated and expressed in Newtons (N). This DF included the effects of both the pressure and shearing stresses of blood. Results: The magnitude of DF increased with endografts of increasing diameter and length. A 36-mm endograft in the mid-descending aorta had a mean DF of 21.7 N with a peak systolic DF of 27.8 N and an end-diastolic DF of 16.7 N. Conversely, a 30-mm endograft in the proximal descending aorta had a mean DF of 14.9 N, with peak systolic and end-diastolic DFs of 18.9 and 11.5, respectively. The orientation of the DF acting on the endograft varied depending on aortic angulation and tortuosity; in general, the vector was perpendicular to the greater curvature of the endograft rather than along the downstream longitudinal centerline axis of the aorta as is commonly believed. The DF vector pointed primarily in the cranial direction for the proximal descending endograft and in the sideways direction for the mid-descending endograft simulation. Furthermore, it was shown that elevated pressure plays an important role in the magnitude and direction of DF; an increase in mean blood pressure resulted in an approximately linearly proportional increase in DF. Conclusion: The orientation of the DF varies depending on curvature and location of the endograft, but in all instances, it is in the cranial rather than caudal direction on axial imaging. This is counter to the intuitive notion that displacement forces act in the downward direction of blood flow. Therefore, we postulate that migration of thoracic endografts may be different from abdominal endografts since it may involve upward rather than downward movement of the graft. Computational methods can enhance the understanding of the magnitude and orientation of the loads experienced in vivo by thoracic aortic endografts and therefore improve their design and performance.
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis.

A 20-year-old Asian woman with a well-established history of systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (WHO stage IVB) presented to the emergency department with generalized arthralgia and headaches. Her current medications included cellcept 1000mg daily and prednisone 30mg daily. The patient had had low normal blood pressure in the past, and experienced episodes of hypotension with lisinopril. Initial laboratory workup revealed serum creatinine of 4.5mg/dl (baseline 0.5mg/dl), C3 57 g/l, C4 200 IU/ml, CRP 356mg/dl, ESR 122mm/h and a spot urine protein to creatinine ratio of 3309mg/g. Urine microscopy showed persistent nephritic sediments. Physical examination was significant for a malar rash. Initial blood pressure (BP) was 96/66mmHg. The patient was diagnosed with lupus flair-up and received methylprednisone 125mg IV, in the emergency room. Within the next hour, her BP increased to 140/110mmHg. After admission, the patient was continued on IV hydrocortisone, 100mg every 6 h. Renal function improved and returned to baseline over the next 3 days. Simultaneously, the patient gained 10 lbs weight and developed significant dependent oedema. Her BP progressively increased, despite multiple antihypertensive medications. On day 3, the cellcept was discontinued due to gram negative bacteremia, and IV antibiotics were started. On day 4, BP rose to 190/110mmHg. The patient experienced a transient seizure and cortical blindness. She was transferred to ICU, and started on aggressive BP management with IV antihypertensives. MRI of the brain Fig. 1. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI image of the patient on 5 October 2004, showing no abnormality.
A Time-Series Analysis of Urban Renewal Allocations The Application of a Method

Time-series analysis provides a useful tool in the evaluation of public policy outputs. It is shown that the general Box and Jenkins method, when extended to allow for multiple interrupts, enables researchers simultaneously to examine changes in drift and level of a series, and to select the best fit model for the series. As applied to urban renewal allocations, results show significant changes in the level of the series, corresponding to changes in party control of the executive. No support is given to the "incrementalism" hypotheses, as no significant changes in drift are found.
Beyond traditional gender roles and identity: does reconceptualisation better predict condom-related outcomes for African-American women?

African-American women continue to be at high risk for HIV and better prevention efforts are needed. The current paper sought to investigate the relationship between gender roles and condom-related outcomes among African American women. The sample consisted of 398 African-American women, who were administered a survey that contained measures of condom-related outcomes and gender role beliefs. We factor analysed their responses and three domains emerged: caretaking/mindful, interpersonal sensitivity and persistent/active coping. Results indicated that the interpersonal sensitivity domain was a significant predictor of condom use and intention with higher interpersonal sensitivity scores associated with less condom use and intentions. The persistent/active coping domain was a significant predictor of condom negotiation efficacy and condom use with higher scores in this domain associated with more condom negotiation efficacy and use. Results suggest that re-conceptualisations offer a better understanding of ...
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF ANTHOCYANINS

1. An explanation has been given for the effect of subdued light on the development of anthocyanins. This effect was observed by von Sachs and by Sorby seventy years ago. Nobody has made an exhaustive study of the subject, although Askenasy, Hugo Fischer and others have done work along these lines. 2. When a flavone is reduced to an anthocyanin, as with the Japanese quince, cutting off ultra-violet light prevents the formation of the anthocyanin. 3. When the anthocyanin is formed by the hydrolysis of a leuco-anthocyanin, cutting off of ultraviolet light will not necessarily prevent the formation of the anthocyanin. This occurs with the geranium. 4. We do not know at all approximately how many or which flowers belong to what I call the flavone type and how many or which to the leuco-anthocyanin type. 5. After the biochemistry of the anthocyanins shall have been worked out the botanists and chemists should concentrate on the biochemistry of the carotenes, the lycopenes and chlorophyll.
The microbiologic and immunologic basis for recurrent otitis media in children.

Otitis media is very common in children. A subpopulation of children, representing 5–10% of the general population, are otitis prone and they experience 4 or more episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) in the first year of life. Nasopharyngeal colonization with the three major middle ear pathogens, S. pneumoniae, nontypeable H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis is frequent in otitis prone children and is directly related to the frequency of AOM. Colonization stimulates the production of mucosal as well as serum antibodies to the pathogens. Specific IgA mucosal antibody limits the duration and frequency of colonization. Serum IgG antibody protects children against the development of otitis media but does not affect colonization. Antibody detected in the middle ear often reflects passive transfer from serum rather than local production. Antibody responses to the three pathogens following AOM are generally reduced in the first 2 years of life and rise rapidly thereafter. There are many different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Among the different strains, there are heterologous surface antigens and some conserved antigens. Conserved antigens induce broadly protective antibodies while strain specific antigens induce limited protection. Although otitis prone children may display strain specific immunity, they often fail to develop a broadly protective antibody response. This subtle immunologic defect makes them susceptible to recurrent and persistent otitis media. Conclusions Otitis media is common. Otitis prone children appear to display a subtle immunologic abnormality that predisposes them to recurrent infections. Recent advances in vaccine development may reduce the frequency of otitis media in the general population but the impact on otitis prone children remains unknown.