cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essay: human rights, personal responsibility, and the teaching of medicine.

It is hard for most of us to believe that physicians have assisted in the torture of political prisoners, that others have falsified medical reports and autopsy findings to conceal the mistreatment of prisoners, and that still others have assisted repressive regimes in suppressing political dissidents by confining them on psychiatric wards with fabricated diagnoses. These acts so violate the most elementary principles of medical care and are so far from what we believe we ourselves might ever do that we stand aghast, as we should. However, condemning abuses of human rights when they occur in other countries and in such blatant form is not sufficient. The challenge is to identify the ways in which a doctor’s moral faculty can atrophy so gradually that personal responsibility is abdicated altogether; that is, the challenge is to scrutinize our own behavior in the every day world of medicine to ensure that we do not become complicit in the banal ways that lead step by step to worse violations. From the time we enter medical school, each of us must accept the responsibility, not only to avoid moral error in our own work, but also to confront unethical behavior among our colleagues and in the institutions in which we serve. Many who will agree in principle still hesitate to urge students to confront the missteps of their teachers or their school lest they jeopardize their careers. Academic experience over some 40 years has taught me that the student who suppresses his or her dismay at the mistreatment of a patient in a first year clinic will no longer perceive the same act as constituting mistreatment by the third year of medical school and will perpetuate it himself or herself when he or she becomes a house officer. The house officer who accommodates to unethical behavior [“because no one will listen to me now. I can have more influence when I am on the senior staff and I’ll never make it if I speak up”] becomes the practitioner or the tenured professor who is still waiting for the right moment to act when he or she becomes emeritus. The Hippocratic Oath enjoins the physician to:
Is the Climate Right for Pleistocene Rewilding? Using Species Distribution Models to Extrapolate Climatic Suitability for Mammals across Continents

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used for extrapolation, or predicting suitable regions for species under new geographic or temporal scenarios. However, SDM predictions may be prone to errors if species are not at equilibrium with climatic conditions in the current range and if training samples are not representative. Here the controversial “Pleistocene rewilding” proposal was used as a novel example to address some of the challenges of extrapolating modeled species-climate relationships outside of current ranges. Climatic suitability for three proposed proxy species (Asian elephant, African cheetah and African lion) was extrapolated to the American southwest and Great Plains using Maxent, a machine-learning species distribution model. Similar models were fit for Oryx gazella, a species native to Africa that has naturalized in North America, to test model predictions. To overcome biases introduced by contracted modern ranges and limited occurrence data, random pseudo-presence points generated from modern and historical ranges were used for model training. For all species except the oryx, models of climatic suitability fit to training data from historical ranges produced larger areas of predicted suitability in North America than models fit to training data from modern ranges. Four naturalized oryx populations in the American southwest were correctly predicted with a generous model threshold, but none of these locations were predicted with a more stringent threshold. In general, the northern Great Plains had low climatic suitability for all focal species and scenarios considered, while portions of the southern Great Plains and American southwest had low to intermediate suitability for some species in some scenarios. The results suggest that the use of historical, in addition to modern, range information and randomly sampled pseudo-presence points may improve model accuracy. This has implications for modeling range shifts of organisms in response to climate change.
Measuring q_0 from the Distortion of Voids in Redshift Space

Because the transformation from distance to redshift is nonlinear, maps in redshift space become increasingly distorted as the redshift z becomes greater. As noted by Alcock \& Paczy\'nski (1979), observed redshift distortions can be used to estimate the deceleration parameter $q_0$. If $q_0$ is greater than -1, voids in redshift space will be elongated along the line of sight. In addition, distant voids will have a greater volume in redshift space than nearby voids. Accurate measurement of the volume and the axis ratio of voids, as a function of their central redshift, will provide an estimate of $q_0$. To test this method of estimating $q_0$, I create a two-dimensional toy universe, free of peculiar velocities, in which the galaxies are located near the walls of Voronoi cells. The galaxies are then mapped into redshift space, adopting different values of $q_0$. In redshift space, I estimate the area and the axis ratio of the voids by fitting ellipses within the voids, using an algorithm which maximizes the area of the empty ellipses and ensures that ellipses do not overlap. The accuracy of the estimated values of $q_0$ is limited by the intrinsic scatter in the size and shape of the voids. In the toy universe, distinguishing between a $q_0 = -1$ universe and a $q_0 = 1/2$ universe requires a survey which goes to a depth z > 0.1 in redshift space. Peculiar velocities will create an additional source of uncertainty for the values of $q_0$ measured in N-body simulations and in the real universe.
Trying to thrive: making do without making waves

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to consider how a stationary materials budget might be rearranged to permit the purchase of new electronic resources.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the likely ways money can be saved or reallocated: canceling; negotiating better prices; substituting free resources; and finding money outside the annual institutional allotment.Findings – It was surprising not to find in the current literature a tool for comparing journal aggregates and library databases with open source options, since there seem to be plenty of comparisons between commercial and open source software programs.Originality/value – The paper offers suggestions as to how libraries can save or reallocate money.
Pluralistic Ignorance and the Spiral of Silence: A Formal Analysis

Do PEOPLE accurately perceive public opinion? The "spiral of silence" and "pluralistic ignorance" are theories that draw on psychological principles of perception, communication, and certainty to answer this question. The theory of the spiral of silence states that one's perception of the distribution of public opinion motivates one's willingness to express political opinions. The act of self-expression, however, changes the global environment of opinion, altering the perceptions of other persons and, ultimately, affecting their willingness to express their own opinions. Because individuals monitor their social environment as one cue to opinion and action, opinions with visible adherents appear to be more widely held than they are in fact. The appearance of strength becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy; those who think they are in the majority are more willing to speak out, those who think they are in the minority have an extra incentive to remain silent. The description of the plight of those who believe they are in the minority gives the name to this theory: the spiral of silence (Noelle-Neumann 1974; 1977; 1979). In recent writings on this theory, Noelle-Neumann emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon for
Comparison of isomers of ketamine on catalepsy in the rat and electrical activity of the brain and behavior in the cat

The present study compared the relative potency and efficacy of the two isomers of ketamine on the duration of catalepsy (loss of righting reflex) in female rats and on the behavior and electroencephalogram of cats. In the rat, at small doses, the S(+) isomer was more potent than the R(-) isomer or racemic ketamine, while at larger doses, the S(+) isomer and the racemate were equipotent and the R(-) isomer was significantly less potent. Tolerance developed rapidly to the effects of either isomer and both were equally cross-tolerant to racemic ketamine. Sub-effective doses of morphine significantly increased the potency of S(+), R(-) and racemic ketamine on the duration of catalepsy. Sub-effective doses of either isomer augmented the duration of catalepsy, induced by small doses of morphine, but reduced that of large doses. In cats, there was a parallel time course and progression of behavioral and electroencephalographic states in response to equal total doses of either racemic ketamine, an artificial 50:50 mixture of S(+) and R(-) isomers, or the S(+) isomer alone; approximately equivalent effects required twice the dose of the R(-) isomer. It is concluded that there is a common site of action for the two isomers, but there is also a stereospecific difference in potency, as regards the induction of catalepsy in the rat and behavioral and electroencephalographic effects in the cat. Stereospecificity was not apparent in the development of tolerance, cross-tolerance or the augmentation of the response to morphine.
Edrophonium-hyoscine butylbromide mixture for reversal of neuromuscular blockade: heart rate changes in infants and children.

Summary The effectiveness of hyoscine butylbromide in the prevention of edrophonium-induced bradycardia was assessed in 50 infants and children. A mixture of edrophonium (1.0 mg/kg) and either atropine (0.01 mg/kg) or hyoscine butylbromide (0.4 mg/kg) was administered to reverse the effects of tubocurarine. An initial bradycardia followed the injection of the edrophonium-atropine mixture. In contrast there was no initial decrease in heart rate after the administration of the edrophonium-hyoscine butylbromide mixture. Hyoscine butylbromide can be used with advantage as a substitute for atropine in edrophonium reversal in infants and children.
High Dietary Fat Exacerbates Weight Gain and Obesity in Female Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene-Ablated Mice

Since liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) facilitates uptake/oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in cultured transfected cells and primary hepatocytes, loss of L-FABP was expected to exacerbate weight gain and/or obesity in response to high dietary fat. Male and female wild-type (WT) and L-FABP gene-ablated mice, pair-fed a defined isocaloric control or high fat diet for 12 weeks, consumed equal amounts of food by weight and kcal. Male WT mice gained weight faster than their female WT counterparts regardless of diet. L-FABP gene ablation enhanced weight gain more in female than male mice—an effect exacerbated by high fat diet. Dual emission X-ray absorptiometry revealed high-fat fed male and female WT mice gained mostly fat tissue mass (FTM). L-FABP gene ablation increased FTM in female, but not male, mice—an effect also exacerbated by high fat diet. Concomitantly, L-FABP gene ablation decreased serum β-hydroxybutyrate in male and female mice fed the control diet and, even more so, on the high-fat diet. Thus, L-FABP gene ablation decreased fat oxidation and sensitized all mice to weight gain as whole body FTM and LTM—with the most gain observed in FTM of control vs high-fat fed female L-FABP null mice. Taken together, these results indicate loss of L-FABP exacerbates weight gain and/or obesity in response to high dietary fat.
Analysis of VCSEL degradation modes

VCSELs have recently made a great deal of progress both in improved performance with threshold currents now < 100 (mu) A, as well as in their commercialization. Parallel communication links based on VCSEL arrays are now commercially available. However, little information has been published to date on VCSEL reliability or on what causes VCSEL failures. In this presentation, we will describe the VCSEL degradation processes observed in the wide variety of structures we have tested. These include GaAs- and InGaAs-QW VCSELs; top- and bottom-emitting structures; and proton-implanted and etched-pillar VCSELs. We will discuss the novel observation that in most VCSELs we have examined, defects in the upper mirror (a p-type Distributed Bragg Reflector) can be associated with VCSEL degradation. Laser spectra show a luminescence peak from these mirrors, indicating the presence of minority carriers in the low-bandgap layers of the mirrors. These minority carriers are thought to be at the origin of the defect formation in the p-mirrors. We will discuss the possible sources of this minority carrier injection, and present spectra which shed light on the cause of this phenomenon. We will also discuss how fabrication and packaging stresses for some structures significantly accelerate the degradation process. The failure modes observed for various designs will be shown, and possible design improvements suggested.
Analysis of Multiple Data Sets in Outdoor Recreation Research

The modern era of outdoor recreation research can be traced to the studies supporting the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission in the early 1960s. Since that time, outdoor recreation rese...
Increased nitration and carbonylation of proteins in MRL +/+ mice exposed to trichloroethene: Potential role of protein oxidation in autoimmunity

Abstract Even though reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are implicated as mediators of autoimmune diseases (ADs), little is known about contribution of protein oxidation (carbonylation and nitration) in the pathogenesis of such diseases. The focus of this study was, therefore, to establish a link between protein oxidation and induction and/or exacerbation of autoimmunity. To achieve this, female MRL +/+ mice were treated with trichloroethene (TCE), an environmental contaminant known to induce autoimmune response, for 6 or 12 weeks (10 mmol/kg, i.p., every 4th day). TCE treatment resulted in significantly increased formation of nitrotyrosine (NT) and induction of iNOS in the serum at both 6 and 12 weeks of treatment, but the response was greater at 12 weeks. Likewise, TCE treatment led to greater NT formation, and iNOS protein and mRNA expression in the livers and kidneys. Moreover, TCE treatment also caused significant increases (∼3 fold) in serum protein carbonyls (a marker of protein oxidation) at both 6 and 12 weeks. Significantly increased protein carbonyls were also observed in the livers and kidneys (2.1 and 1.3 fold, respectively) at 6 weeks, and to a greater extent at 12 weeks (3.5 and 2.1 fold, respectively) following TCE treatment. The increases in TCE-induced protein oxidation (carbonylation and nitration) were associated with significant increases in Th1 specific cytokine (IL-2, IFN-γ) release into splenocyte cultures. These results suggest an association between protein oxidation and induction/exacerbation of autoimmune response. The results present a potential mechanism by which oxidatively modified proteins could contribute to TCE-induced autoimmune response and necessitates further investigations for clearly establishing the role of protein oxidation in the pathogenesis of ADs.
Distress among inflammatory bowel disease patients at high risk for colorectal cancer: a preliminary investigation of the effects of family history of cancer, disease duration, and perceived social support

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are one of only three groups at high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Yet, no research has examined psychological effects of their high-risk status. The present study offered an initial investigation of three potential predictors of patient distress: disease duration, family history of cancer, and perceived social support. Longer disease duration and stronger family history of cancer are associated with elevated CRC risk in this already high-risk population. Perceived support was conceptualized as a resource that could decrease vulnerability to distress or buffer adverse psychological effects of disease duration and family history. Men and women (n = 223) with IBD participating in a colon disease family registry completed measures for this cross-sectional study. Family history of CRC and non-colorectal cancers among first-degree relatives (FDRs) and more distant relatives (DRs) was examined separately. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that having greater perceived support predicted lower generalized distress (p<0.001). Having an FDR history of CRC predicted higher CRC-specific distress (p = 0.02). Having a DR history of CRC also predicted higher CRC-specific distress, but only among patients diagnosed more recently (p = 0.03). Clinical implications of these findings are discussed along with future research directions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy

The thermal fragmentation of organic compounds in a hydrogen/air flame is studied via Fourier transform flame infrared emission (FT-FIRE) spectroscopy. In this preliminary survey of more than 75 organic compounds, it is shown that compound and element-specific infrared emission bands are produced when organic compounds containing C, H, C1, F, S, and Si are combusted in the flame. Correlations of these infrared emission bands with possible combustion products are presented.
Molecular cloning of growth hormone-releasing hormone/pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide in the frog Xenopus laevis: brain distribution and regulation after castration.

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) appears to regulate several neuroendocrine functions in the frog, but its messenger RNA (mRNA) structure and brain distribution are unknown. To understand the potential role of PACAP in the male frog hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, we cloned the frog Xenopus laevis PACAP mRNA and determined its distribution in the brain. We then analyzed the castration-induced alterations of mRNA expression for PACAP and its selective type I receptor (PAC1) in the hypothalamic anterior preoptic area, a region known to regulate reproductive function. The PACAP mRNA encodes a peptide precursor predicted to give rise to both GH-releasing hormone and PACAP. The deduced peptide sequence of PACAP-38 was nearly identical to that of human PACAP with one amino acid substitution. Abundant PACAP mRNA was detected in the brain, but not several other tissues, including the testis. In situ hybridization revealed strong expression of the PACAP gene in the dorsal pallium, ventral...
Methods for rapidly altering the permeability of mammalian cells.

Various agents alter mammalian cells so that they rapidly become nonspecifically permeable to substances that ordinarily do not penetrate intact cells. Thus, toluene renders liver cells permeable to nucleotides and macromolecules. Tween 80 and Tween 60 act in similar fashion, and the effect is reversible. Dextran sulfate reversibly alters the permeability of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, which offers a tool for studying the control of macromolecular syntheses and other processes. Brief exposure to external ATP alters the permeability of certain transformed mouse cells but not of untransformed cells. The effect of ATP is rapidly reversible.
Experimental study on using advance demand information to mitigate the bullwhip effect via decentralised negotiations

This paper analyses experiment results to show that advance demand information (ADI) strategies have the potential to counteract the bullwhip effect and reduce supply chain costs in practice. The experiments are conducted with a new web-based interactive computer simulation game, where human players assuming the roles of suppliers not only make replenishment order decisions but also negotiate for agreements on ADI provision, consumption, and compensation. The game is designed with enhanced information provision and communication channels through which negotiations are conducted strictly between neighbouring suppliers. As such, the supply chain is kept decentralised (i.e. no information is shared across supply chain stages). The effectiveness of ADI strategies is tested in a variety of settings; e.g. when supply chain parameters are heterogeneous, when suppliers have (or do not have) partial knowledge on the customer demand, and when suppliers are inexperienced with the ADI strategy. It is observed repeate...
A series inversion for the x-ray transform in n dimensions

An inversion for the x-ray transform in Rn is given for square integrable functions supported in the unit ball E. An orthonormal basis for L2(E) is described in terms of spherical harmonics and Jacobi polynomials and the inversion is done in terms of the generalised Fourier series expansion with respect to that basis. The result is derived by using the projection slice theorem to show that the X-ray transform is block diagonal with respect to the above basis for L2(E) and the transform of that basis along a fixed direction omega 0.
U.S. East Coast Trough Indices at 500 hPa and New England Winter Climate Variability

Abstract Using monthly gridded 500-hPa data, two synoptic indices are defined to better understand the principle mechanisms controlling intraseasonal to multiannual winter climate variability in New England (NE). The “trough axis index” (TAI) is created to quantify the mean longitudinal position of the common East Coast pressure trough, and the “trough intensity index” (TII) is calculated to estimate the relative amplitude of this trough at 42.5°N. The TAI and TII are then compared with records for NE regional winter precipitation, temperature, and snowfall with the goal of understanding physical mechanisms linking NE winter climate with regional sea surface temperatures (SST), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. The TAI correlates most significantly with winter precipitation at inland sites, such that a western (eastern) trough axis position is associated with greater (lower) average monthly precipitation. Also, significant correlations betwe...
Study on System Design and Control Methods of Polishing Robot System

A design method is presented for a polishing robot in unstructured working environment. Setting up a structure model of the polishing system, and the operation principle and control method are described. The human-simulated intelligent control method is applied to the control of contact force in unstructured environment, because of the uncertainty, variability and unstructured of the environment. The basic idea of the intelligent control method is based on the size of error and change direction of control variables. The conditions of the control rules and control decision are inferred by forward reasoning. The HSIC controlling function is achieved, which can strengthen people energy to revise and control the interaction force and position of the end-effector.
Degradation and Fate of Mustard in Soil As Determined by 13C MAS NMR

The environmental fate of chemical warfare agents is a current concern, and the notorious persistency of mustard in soil is well-known. The current study utilizes 13C MAS NMR as an in situ method to study the behavior of mustard, and the common simulants 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide (CEMS) and 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), in a sandy loam soil. Spreading of these water-insoluble liquids and surface sorption on the dry soil particles is observable, as is the recoalescence of liquid droplets and/or hydrolysis in the presence of added water. The relative hydrolysis rates are in agreement with those observed in solution. CEMS, possessing the shortest aqueous half-life, hydrolyzes without droplet reformation. But mustard and CEPS, possessing much longer aqueous half-lives, do not substantially hydrolyze prior to droplet reformation. For mustard, this behavior is crucial to its longevity in soil. Hydrolysis of CEMS and CEPS in the sandy loam soil yields predominately their corresponding alcohols, with so...
Enzymes and related proteins as cancer biomarkers: a proteomic approach.

Background The discovery of cancer biomarkers has become a major focus of cancer research, which holds promising future for early detection, diagnosis, monitoring disease recurrence and therapeutic treatment efficacy to improve long-term survival of cancer patients. Most of the functional information of the cancer-associated genes resides in the proteome. Since cancer is a complex disease, it might require a panel of multiple biomarkers in order to achieve sufficient clinical efficacy.
The Modern Mystique: Institutional Mediation of Hegemonic Motherhood

This study examines the means by which privileged mothers comply to the dominant expectations of intensive mothering. As women struggle with the complicated, and often contradictory, experience of meeting the demands of the dominant ideology, we examine the mediating role of an institution, in this case the most popular maternal support organization in the United States—Mothers of Preschoolers (MOPS). Organizations such as MOPS create an ideal cultural site for reinforcing ideologies that promulgate unattainable standards of perfection. Data were collected from observations of two MOPS groups, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic content analysis of organizational materials. This dominant organization supports mothers by discouraging them from questioning the expectations of intensive mothering or considering alternative methods of parenting, which reinforces intensive mothering as the gold standard of parenting.
Generating squeezed vacuum field with nonzero orbital angular momentum with atomic ensembles

We demonstrated that by using a pump field with nonzero orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the polarization self-rotation squeezing process it is possible to generate a squeezed vacuum optical field with the matching OAM. We found a similar level of maximum quantum noise reduction for a first-order Laguerre–Gaussian pump beam and a regular Gaussian pump beam, even though the optimal operational conditions differed in these two cases. Also, we investigated the effect of self-defocusing on the level of the vacuum squeezing by simultaneously monitoring the minimum quantum noise level and the output beam transverse profile at various pump laser powers and atomic densities and found no direct correlations between the increased beam size and the degree of measured squeezing.
Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis phage types 4, 8 and 23 in specific pathogen free chicks

The pathogenicity of two isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) phage type (PT) 4, three of PT8 and one of PT23 was investigated in groups of 1-day-old specific pathogen free White Leghorn chicks. Two groups were crop gavaged with each culture but at two different doses. Two additional groups were given Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (SP) at similar doses and one further group served as uninoculated controls. Body weights were recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days postinoculation (d.p.i), and mortality was monitored throughout. In most treatment groups, the average body weights were significantly lower than the controls. Birds inoculated with SP had the highest mortality followed by those given SE PT4 of human or chicken origin. At 14 and 21 d.p.i., four chicks from each group were killed and examined for gross lesions. Selected tissues were collected for histopathology and cultured for bacteria. Dead birds had fibrinous exudate in the pericardium and also, in a few, on the liver capsule. They had enlarged livers, sometimes with congestion and white foci. At 7 d.p.i., several birds, especially those inoculated with SE PT4, had retained yolk sacs containing coagulated material. Microscopic lesions of pericarditis, myocarditis, hepatitis, splenitis, peritonitis and enteritis were present at 7 d.p.i. in most birds inoculated with SE, but was greatly variable at 14 d.p.i.. This study shows that 1-day-old SPF chicks are susceptible to various phage types of SE, with yolk-sac infection as the most prominent feature.
Effects of bisphenol A in the ring-legged earwig, Euborellia annulipes

Bisphenol A is a known endocrine disruptor in vertebrates that mimics the action of estrogens by interacting with hormone receptors. It also affects reproduction and development in many invertebrate animals, though mechanisms of action are unclear. Terrestrial insects, despite their abundance and profound ecological significance, have been largely overlooked as a group that might be affected by vertebrate endocrine disrupting chemicals. We evaluated potential effects of bisphenol A on the ring-legged earwig, Euborellia annulipes, as a model for terrestrial arthropods. Dosages of 0, 0.12, 1.2 and 12 μg bisphenol A were injected over a 6 day period into newly eclosed males and newly mated (7-day) females. The lowest dosage (0.12 μg) was most effective in eliciting significant effects including reducing weight gain while increasing testis size and seminal vesicle size; higher dosages were less effective or ineffective. In females, treatment with 0.12 μg bisphenol A enhanced clutch size but higher dosages were required to affect the duration of embryogenesis in offspring of treated mothers. Hatching success and the onset of the second reproductive cycle were not affected by treatments. No gross abnormalities were observed as a result of treatment in the reproductive structures of either males or females. Similarly, injection of varying concentrations of estradiol into males enhanced testis length, though it had no effect on seminal vesicle size. Lastly, we administered bisphenol A in drinking water for up to 2 weeks. Surprisingly, as little as 1 μg/L inhibited testis growth; 100 μg/L inhibited ovarian growth.
Tracing surface intersections

Abstract We consider the problem of tracing the intersection of surfaces given either implicitly or parametrically. We give a numerical tracing procedure in which a third-order Taylor approximant is constructed for taking steps of variable length, and the points so found are improved by Newton iteration. We show how this construction relates to local parametrizations of the curve at singularities, and discuss our experience with the method. For plane curves, given implicitly, we show how desingularization techniques can be incorporated to trace correctly through all types of singularities. An implementation of this method is also discussed.
Narrow-field radiometry in a quasi-isotropic atmosphere

If a radiometer having a narrow field of view is used to measure the radiance of a source such as a quasi-isotropic atmosphere, a knowledge of the out-of-field responsivity is critical. For example, if a radiometer with a field of view of 5 deg (full-angle) has a relative responsivity of 0.0001 for the out-of-field radiation, the contribution of the out-of-field radiation (assuming an isotropic source subtending 2 steradians) is 10.5% of the total signal. Either the stray light suppression of the radiometer must be extremely high or methods of determining the out-of-field response must be developed. A description of one method of determining the effect of out-of-field response and its application to a planetary atmospheric radiometer is presented.
Charmonium states at the Fermilab antiproton accumulator. New results from E835

Abstract Experiment E835 has collected a large sample of charmonium states using a hydrogen jet and the virtually monoenergetic stochastically cooled antiproton beam. We present an improved measurement of the ξ c 0 mass and width, preliminary results of analysis of the ξ c 0 decay to μ 0 μ 0 and γγ and the final value of our measurements of the η c parameters.
Mannerisms of the Elderly and Approaches to Rapport

Creating stereotypes in any behavioral discipline is a risky venture. There will inevitably be overlaps between stereotypes, evolution from mannerism to mannerism, as well as behavior which doesn't...
Regulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in starved-refed synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis HSM.

Abstract Tetrahymena pyriformis HSM was starved for 24 h and then, upon refeeding, cellular events were monitored. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea demonstrated that about 25 % of the refed cells divide without synthesizing DNA after refeeding, i.e., they were stalled in G2, while the rest (75%) were stalled in G1. Inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D showed that all cells must synthesize RNA up to the beginning of cytokinesis in order to divide. It was also shown that the synthesis of a portion of this RNA begins at about 140 min after refeeding and is a prerequisite for DNA replication which occurs at 180 min. Transcription of this RNA seems to be initiated at various times after 140 min in different cells. DNA polymerase activity begins to increase just before DNA synthesis occurs. Furthermore, the increase in enzyme activity is prevented by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis introduced at 120 min after refeeding, suggesting that: (1) the increase in DNA polymerase activity is necessary for subsequent DNA replication; (2) the RNA synthesis initiated at 140 min after refeeding and required for subsequent DNA synthesis probably includes a messenger RNA coding for DNA polymerase.
Sources of geochemical standards—II

Abstract A revised and enlarged list of rock, mineral, ore, industrial product, counting, and isotopic standards of interest to those in geochemistry and geology is presented. Samples in process are also included. Sources from which the samples may be obtained are listed.
Analysis of full-scale wind and pressure measurements on a low-rise building

Abstract Significance of full-scale experiments, analyzing wind and pressure fields in the proximity or on low-rise buildings, is evident from the attention that has been dedicated by researchers to these programs in the recent past. In the south and southeastern regions of US this problem is of particular relevance due to the presence of hurricanes and high-speed winds. This paper presents some recent results derived from a three-year monitoring of a structure located near the coast of North Carolina. In the first part of this study, attention is devoted to the characterization of the wind field around an instrumented house; a comprehensive investigation on wind velocity and turbulence characteristics during the passage of three tropical storms and other significant events is summarized. In the second part, results associated with the meteorological studies are used to assist the interpretation of pressure time histories related to such extreme events. Analyses associated with the derivation of normalized pressure coefficients were concentrated on the identification of direction-dependent pressure characteristics, correlation among consecutive taps and potential effects of the wind unsteadiness on the maximum and minimum values. Building geometry and local topography effects had an important and direct influence on these analyses.
Leveraging depth cameras and wearable pressure sensors for full-body kinematics and dynamics capture

We present a new method for full-body motion capture that uses input data captured by three depth cameras and a pair of pressure-sensing shoes. Our system is appealing because it is low-cost, non-intrusive and fully automatic, and can accurately reconstruct both full-body kinematics and dynamics data. We first introduce a novel tracking process that automatically reconstructs 3D skeletal poses using input data captured by three Kinect cameras and wearable pressure sensors. We formulate the problem in an optimization framework and incrementally update 3D skeletal poses with observed depth data and pressure data via iterative linear solvers. The system is highly accurate because we integrate depth data from multiple depth cameras, foot pressure data, detailed full-body geometry, and environmental contact constraints into a unified framework. In addition, we develop an efficient physics-based motion reconstruction algorithm for solving internal joint torques and contact forces in the quadratic programming framework. During reconstruction, we leverage Newtonian physics, friction cone constraints, contact pressure information, and 3D kinematic poses obtained from the kinematic tracking process to reconstruct full-body dynamics data. We demonstrate the power of our approach by capturing a wide range of human movements and achieve state-of-the-art accuracy in our comparison against alternative systems.
Loss of BDNF signaling in D1R-expressing NAc neurons enhances morphine reward by reducing GABA inhibition.

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has a central role in the mechanism of action of drugs of abuse. The major neuronal type within the NAc is the GABAergic medium spiny neuron (MSN), with two major subpopulations defined—termed D1-type and D2-type MSNs—based on the predominant dopamine receptor expressed. However, very little is known about the contribution of altered GABAergic function in NAc MSNs to the neural and behavioral plasticity that contributes to the lasting actions of drugs of abuse. In the present study, we show that GABAergic activity is selectively modulated in D1-type MSNs of the NAc by signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and that such adaptations control rewarding responses to morphine. Optical activation of D1-type MSNs, or the knockout of TrkB from D1-type MSNs (D1-TrkB KO), enhances morphine reward, effects not seen for D2-type MSNs. In addition, D1-TrkB KO mice, but not D2-TrkB KO mice, display decreased GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunit expression and reduced spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in D1-type, but not D2-type, MSNs in the NAc. Furthermore, we found that GABAAR antagonism in the NAc enhances morphine reward and that morphine exposure decreases TrkB expression as well as GABAergic activity in D1-type MSNs. Together, these data provide evidence for the enhancement of morphine reward through reduction of inhibitory GABAAR responses, an adaptation mediated by morphine-induced reduction of BDNF-TrkB signaling in D1-type MSNs.
A Psychological Perspective on Service Segmentation Models: The Significance of Accounting for Consumers' Perceptions of Waiting and Service

We examine how service should be divided and scheduled when it can be provided in multiple separate segments. We analyze variants of this problem using a model with a conventional function describing the waiting cost, that is modified to account for some aspects of the psychological cost of waiting in line. We show that consideration of the psychological cost can result in prescriptions that are inconsistent with the common wisdom of queuing theorists derived according to the conventional approach e.g., equal load assignments. More generally, our intention in this paper is to illustrate that aspects of the psychological cost of waiting can be accounted for in the analysis of queuing systems, and that this may have significant implications for the service schemes that are derived.
The role of rhinovirus in asthma exacerbations

Rhinoviruses are a major cause of asthma exacerbations in children and adults. With the use of sensitive RT-PCR methods, respiratory viruses are found in approximately 80% of wheezing episodes in children and in approximately one half of such episodes in adults. Rhinovirus is a member of the family Picornaviridae, and acute rhinovirus infections occur predominantly in the upper airway. This virus has also been identified in the lower airway, and it might cause acute wheezing through the production of proinflammatory mediators with a resulting neutrophilic inflammatory response. Precisely how this process leads to increases in airway hyperresponsiveness and airway obstruction is not fully established. However, risk factors for wheezing with colds include asthma and atopy, extremes in age, and perhaps having a deficient TH1 response to rhinovirus. With the use of in vitro models and experimental inoculation studies, significant advances have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which rhinovirus infections cause asthma exacerbations. Advances in our understanding of this interaction might provide knowledge that could ultimately lead to specific treatment modalities to prevent and/or treat this significant burden of asthma exacerbations.
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY RECREATION ACTIVITIES FOR OLDER ADULTS RESIDING IN NURSING HOMES: CONSIDERATIONS FOR GERONTOLOGISTS

This article is intended to facilitate gerontologists’ efforts to promote a better understanding among nursing home professionals and the public of the importance of providing nursing home residents with quality recreation and activity programs. Research literature is first reviewed that documents the positive impact of participation in recreational activities on nursing home residents’ functional abilities and quality of life. An intervention project is then described that provided activity staff with program design information specific to the psychosocial well‐being of residents and their levels of mental and physical functioning.
Microstructure characterization in cryomilled Al 5083

Abstract Nanocrystalline metals and alloys processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) generally have improved mechanical strength compared with conventionally processed materials. In this work, we survey the microstructure of an Al 5083 alloy prepared by ball-milling powders at cryogenic temperatures (cryomilling) then consolidated by hot-isostatic pressing (HIPing) and extrusion into cylindrical billets. After milling, the particles are comprised of nanocrystalline grains, which are maintained following extrusion. We identify MgO, Al6(FeMnCr), Al(MnFe)Si, AlCrMg, Mg2Si, and SiO2 phases as precipitates or dispersoids in the microstructure. This synthesis method results in a yield strength that is approximately twice that of typical wrought Al 5083 alloys. We find that the microhardness is essentially unchanged after annealing at temperatures up to ∼0.8Tm. The influence of the components of the microstructure on the measured mechanical properties is discussed.
The Determination of Salicylates in Gaultheria procumbens for Use as a Natural Aspirin Alternative

A sensitive stable isotope dilution-based method was developed to analyze salicylates in plants. Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) was found to contain 10 mg/g FW of total salicylate-the highest levels observed in plants. Levels of free salicylate and methyl salicylate were significantly less in the intact leaves of wintergreen. High levels of total salicylate were also observed in flowers, stems and berries of wintergreen. The salicylate was present predominantly as a derivatized form of methyl salicylate called gaultherin, which may exhibit aspirin-like therapeutic effects without the negative side effects of aspirin. Thus, gaultherin, which is more derivatized than aspirin, may be a safer natural alternative to aspirin.
Surface-micromachined optical polarizers for magneto-optical data storage

Polarizers and polarization beam splitters are the most important devices in magneto-optical readout system. With a commercially available foundry polysilicon surface micromachining process (Multi-User Means ProcesS, or MUMPS) offered by MCNC (Mems Center at North Carolina), we have realized, on a single Si chip, an integrated polarization beam splitting system with a binary phase Fresnel lens for collimation. Polarization extinction ratios of 10 dB for the transmitted light and over 20 dB for the reflected light have been achieved. The whole system is prealigned using Computer-Aided Design on a Si substrate and is then lifted up perpendicular to the substrate after structure release.
Abstract 3283: Conditional Low-molecular-weight (LMW) cyclin E-induced mammary tumorigenesis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cyclin E overexpression and generation of hyperactive LMW cyclin E is oncogenic and has been implicated in a variety of human cancers. We have developed a doxycycline-inducible LMW cyclin E transgenic mouse model to determine the dependence of established mammary adenocarcinomas on continued expression of LMW cyclin E. Mice harboring this TetO-LMW-E transgene, referred to as TLMW, were mated to MMTV-rtTA transgenic mice (MTB) to yield bitransgenic MTB/TLMW mice. Morphological examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections showed that the mammary glands of induced MTB/TLMW mice following four days of doxycycline induction were hyperplastic compared with uninduced MTB/ TLMW animals. Consistent with this, immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for BrdU revealed a 2-fold increase in BrdU incorporation in the mammary epithelium of induced bitransgenic females compared with uninduced mice (17.1+/−5.3% versus 30.9+/−4.9%, P=0.03). This data indicate that LMW cyclin E overexpression in the mammary epithelium increased proliferation. To determine whether sustained induction of transgene expression would result in mammary tumorigenesis in MTB/TLMW mice, a cohort of 27 bitransgenic females was treated with doxycycline beginning at 6 weeks of age. 41% of these mice developed tumors within 2 years of starting doxycycline with kinetics (T1/2= 20 months) resembling that described for MMTV-LMW cyclin E mice. Similarly, the predominant type of tumor observed for the inducible LMW forms was glandular adenocarcinomas with adenosquamous differentiation. Lung metastases are known to arise in a fraction of MMTV-LMW cyclin E transgenic mice harboring primary mammary tumors. Accordingly, we sacrificed a subset of mammary tumor bearing MTB/TLMW mice and examined organs at necropsy for evidence of metastatic spread. 4 of 7 mice examined had lung metastasizes (57%). Control mice without dox never developed mammary tumors. To shed further light on the molecular mechanisms of mammary tumorigenesis caused by LMW-E expression, we conducted DNA microarray analyses. Using the R package limma, 641 probes out of 30,854 probes were identified as differentially regulated by at least 2-fold by LMW-E in the tumors when compared to the contralateral mammary glands. Gene Ontology analysis identified genes on this list that were involved in a variety of processes, including cell cycle control of chromosome replication, and DNA methylation and transcriptional repression signaling. Based on histology and gene expression profile of the resultant mammary tumors, we propose that the MTB/TLMW is a murine model of breast cancer resembling the human invasive basal/triple negative breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3283. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3283
Crack stability and strength variability in alumina ceramics with rising toughness-curve behavior

Aluminas with four distinct microstructures have been fabricated to investigate the influence of grain size and grain morphology on strength variability. The four microstructures comprise two grain size scales and are characterized as either equiaxed with a narrow size distribution or elongate with a higher aspect ratio and a broader size distribution. Indentation-strength tests indicate that only the coarse-grain, elongate microstructure exhibits a strong rising toughness-curve (T-curve or R-curve). Furthermore, in situ measurements demonstrate that the coarse-grain, elongate microstructure is the only one that displays significant stable crack extension from annealed indentation flaws free of contact-induced residual stress. Strength tests on polished specimens indicate that the highest mean strength is achieved in the fine-grain, equiaxed material with little or no T-curve. The lowest strength variability, however, is exhibited by the coarse-grain, elongate alumina and is rationalized in terms of the strong rising T-curve and its associated influence on crack stability. The study suggests that maximum reliability is achieved when the T-curve is sufficiently strong to stabilize the propagation of natural flaws en route to failure.