cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Labeling of Terrorist Violence as a Matter of Statecraft Propaganda: Or, Why the United States Does Not Feel the Need to Explain the Assassination of Osama Bin Laden

“Terrorism” is fundamentally the same, whether it is carried out by States or non-State actors. Difference arises as one identifies the processes wherein labels are applied which identify select acts of political violence as “terrorism,” while terming others “legitimate defense” within the national interest. The subjective labeling of “terrorism” which obscures the systemic violence of State terrorism has accelerated in the post-9/11 “Global War On Terror/Terrorism,” as wars advanced by the US and its allies have further expanded into the Middle East, Asia and Africa with numerous proxy wars. This construction of terrorism can be seen as a rhetorical tool utilized by the State, as well as non-State actors that challenge State authority. Throughout these arenas of violence, authoritative language is used by the State within a process of “othering,” and intentional language is adopted to demonize anti-State opponents and legitimize State-crafted actions. * Michael Loadenthal is a Washington, DC-based anarchist organizer and academic insurgent, authoring numerous works under a variety of pseudonyms. He completed a Master’s degree at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, and is currently a doctoral student at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution.
Hierarchical model validation of symbolic performance models of scientific kernels

Multi-resolution validation of hierarchical performance models of scientific applications is critical primarily for two reasons. First, the step-by-step validation determines the correctness of all essential components or phases in a science simulation. Second, a model that is validated at multiple resolution levels is the very first step to generate predictive performance models, for not only existing systems but also for emerging systems and future problem sizes. We present the design and validation of hierarchical performance models of two scientific benchmarks using a new technique called the modeling assertions (MA). Our MA prototype framework generates symbolic performance models that can be evaluated efficiently by generating the equivalent model representations in Octave and MATLAB. The multi-resolution modeling and validation is conducted on two contemporary, massively-parallel systems, XT3 and Blue Gene/L system. The workload distribution and the growth rates predictions generated by the MA models are confirmed by the experimental data collected on the MPP platforms. In addition, the physical memory requirements that are generated by the MA models are verified by the runtime values on the Blue Gene/L system, which has 512 MBytes and 256 MBytes physical memory capacity in its two unique execution modes.
Bis(p-toluidinium) tetrachlorozincate(II)

The title organic–inorganic hybrid salt, bis(p-toluidinium) tetra­chloro­zincate(II), (C7H7NH3)2[ZnCl4], crystallizes in a structure consisting of alternating ionic and organic layers. Weak C—H⋯π hydrogen-bonding interactions occur in the organic layer, and strong charge-assisted N—H⋯Cl inter­actions are present in the inorganic layer between ammonium groups and discrete [ZnCl4]2− tetrahedra.
Collagenous membrane from the surface of human visceral pleura.

A pleural surface membrane, which could be ablated from frozen human lungs with forceps, has been analyzed chemically. The surface membrane was found to consist primarily of collagen (Type I) and to contain only 2.3–8% elastin. The mechanical properties of this membrane should differ markedly from those of alveolar parenchyma, since the connective tissue of the parenchyma contains 32% elastin.
Origins of Spatial Working Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia: An Event-Related fMRI and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Abnormal prefrontal functioning plays a central role in the working memory (WM) deficits of schizophrenic patients, but the nature of the relationship between WM and prefrontal activation remains undetermined. Using two functional neuroimaging methods, we investigated the neural correlates of remembering and forgetting in schizophrenic and healthy participants. We focused on the brain activation during WM maintenance phase with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also examined oxygenated hemoglobin changes in relation to memory performance with the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using the same spatial WM task. Distinct types of correct and error trials were segregated for analysis. fMRI data indicated that prefrontal activation was increased during WM maintenance on correct trials in both schizophrenic and healthy subjects. However, a significant difference was observed in the functional asymmetry of frontal activation pattern. Healthy subjects showed increased activation in the right frontal, temporal and cingulate regions. Schizophrenic patients showed greater activation compared with control subjects in left frontal, temporal and parietal regions as well as in right frontal regions. We also observed increased ‘false memory’ errors in schizophrenic patients, associated with increased prefrontal activation and resembling the activation pattern observed on the correct trials. NIRS data replicated the fMRI results. Thus, increased frontal activity was correlated with the accuracy of WM in both healthy control and schizophrenic participants. The major difference between the two groups concerned functional asymmetry; healthy subjects recruited right frontal regions during spatial WM maintenance whereas schizophrenic subjects recruited a wider network in both hemispheres to achieve the same level of memory performance. Increased “false memory” errors and accompanying bilateral prefrontal activation in schizophrenia suggest that the etiology of memory errors must be considered when comparing group performances. Finally, the concordance of fMRI and NIRS data supports NIRS as an alternative functional neuroimaging method for psychiatric research.
Gender and ethnic differences in cancer patients' needs for help: an Internet survey.

Abstract Background Although a number of studies have reported different domains of cancer patients' needs for help, very little is known about gender and ethnic differences in those needs. Gender differences have been implicitly assumed in most studies, and specific ethnic groups have been focused on rather than comparing several ethnic groups. Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to explore cancer patients' needs for help among four major ethnic groups in the US, to determine gender and ethnic differences in needs, and to provide direction for future studies. Design This was a descriptive and comparative pilot study using a feminist perspective. Settings and participants A total of 110 self-identified cancer patients were recruited through both Internet and community settings using a convenience sampling method. Methods The instruments included sociodemographic questions, the Cancer Needs Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Supportive Care Needs Survey. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including the Mann–Whitney U tests and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results The findings indicated that there was no significant gender difference in all domains of needs for help. There were significant ethnic differences in all domains of needs except communication and sexual needs. Asians reported the lowest scores in most domains of needs for help while Hispanics reported the highest scores in most domains of needs for help. Conclusions The findings indicated certain ethnic differences in cancer patients' needs for help and suggest further in-depth qualitative investigations on cultural beliefs and attitudes that may influence needs, with a careful examination of gender sensitivity and cultural competence of the instruments measuring cancer patients' needs for help.
Clinical characteristics of psychogenic nonepileptic seizure status in the long-term monitoring unit

Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) mimicking status epilepticus (PNES-status) are at risk of iatrogenic complications. Our aim was to assess whether the population of patients with PNES who develop PNES-status are distinguishable. Retrospectively, we identified patients with PNES-status and compared them with patients with PNES without status and with patients with electroclinical status epilepticus (SE). Of 49 patients with PNES, 9 had PNES-status (18.2%) and 40 had PNES only. Compared with patients with PNES, subjects with PNES-status had taken fewer than three antiepileptic medications (P=0.016), had more than one event per week (P=0.026), were more likely to be admitted emergently to the monitoring unit (P=0.007), had shorter long-term monitoring (LTM) stays (P=0.003), and tended to be diagnosed sooner after initial presentation (P=0.058). Use of fewer than three antiepileptic drugs and emergent admission were independent predictors of PNES-status classification on logistic regression. Of 154 patients with epilepsy, 8 had SE during LTM (5.2%), significantly fewer than the proportion with PNES-status relative to PNES (P=0.008); the only clinical variable distinguishing these two groups was a baseline lower seizure frequency among the patients with epileptic seizures (P=0.045). Our results suggest that patients with PNES-status have features that differentiate them from patients with PNES without status and, to a lesser extent, from patients with epileptic seizures.
Airborne eddy correlation gas flux measurements: design criteria for optical techniques

Although several methods exist for the determination of the flux of an atmospheric species, the airborne eddy correlation method has the advantage of providing direct flux measurements that are representative of regional spatial domains. The design criteria pertinent to the construction of chemical instrumentation suitable for use in airborne eddy correlation flux measurements are discussed. A brief overview of the advantages and limitations of the current instrumentation used to obtain flux measurements for CO, CH4, O3, CO2, and water vapor are given. The intended height of the measurement within the convective boundary layer is also shown to be an important design criteria. The sensitivity, or resolution, which is required in the measurement of a scalar species to obtain an adequate species flux measurement is discussed. The relationship between the species flux resolution and the more commonly stated instrumental resolution is developed and it is shown that the standard error of the flux estimate is a complicated function of the atmospheric variability and the averaging time that is used. The use of the recently proposed intermittent sampling method to determine the species flux is examined. The application of this technique may provide an opportunity to expand the suite of trace gases for which direct flux measurements are possible.
A View of the E2-CD81 Interface at the Binding Site of a Neutralizing Antibody against Hepatitis C Virus

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) glycoprotein E2 is considered a major target for generating neutralizing antibodies against HCV, primarily due to its role of engaging host entry factors, such as CD81, a key cell surface protein associated with HCV entry. Based on a series of biochemical analyses in combination with molecular docking, we present a description of a potential binding interface formed between the E2 protein and CD81. The virus side of this interface includes a hydrophobic helix motif comprised of residues W 437 LAGLF 442 , which encompasses the binding site of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, mAb41. The helical conformation of this motif provides a structural framework for the positioning of residues F442 and Y443, serving as contact points for the interaction with CD81. The cell side of this interface likewise involves a surface-exposed hydrophobic helix, namely, the D-helix of CD81, which coincides with the binding site of 1D6, a monoclonal anti-CD81 antibody known to block HCV entry. Our illustration of this virus-host interface suggests an important role played by the W 437 LAGLF 442 helix of the E2 protein in the hydrophobic interaction with the D-helix of CD81, thereby facilitating our understanding of the mechanism for antibody-mediated neutralization of HCV. IMPORTANCE Characterization of the interface established between a virus and host cells can provide important information that may be used for the control of virus infections. The interface that enables hepatitis C virus (HCV) to infect human liver cells has not been well understood because of the number of cell surface proteins, factors, and conditions found to be associated with the infection process. Based on a series of biochemical analyses in combination with molecular docking, we present such an interface, consisting of two hydrophobic helical structures, from the HCV E2 surface glycoprotein and the CD81 protein, a major host cell receptor recognized by all HCV strains. Our study reveals the critical role played by hydrophobic interactions in the formation of this virus-host interface, thereby contributing to our understanding of the mechanism for antibody-mediated neutralization of HCV.
Pre-College Engineering Studies: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Pre-college Engineering Studies and Student Achievement in Science and Mathematics

Background The U.S. has experienced a shift from a manufacturing-based economy to one that overwhelmingly provides services and information. This shift demands that technological skills be more fully integrated with one's academic knowledge of science and mathematics so that the next generation of engineers can reason adaptively, think critically, and be prepared to learn how to learn. Purpose (Hypothesis) Project Lead the Way (PLTW) provides a pre-college curriculum that focuses on the integration of engineering with science and mathematics. We documented the impact that enrollment in PLTW had on student science and math achievement. We consider the enriched integration hypothesis, which states that students taking PLTW courses will show achievement benefits, after controlling for prior achievement and other student and teacher characteristics. We contrast this with alternative hypotheses that propose little or no impact of the engineering coursework on students' math and science achievement (the insufficient integration hypothesis), or that PLTW enrollment might be negatively associated with student achievement (the adverse integration hypothesis). Design/Method Using multilevel statistical modeling with students (N = 140) nested within teachers, we report findings from a quantitative analysis of the relationship between PLTW enrollment and student achievement on state standardized tests of math and science. Results While students gained in math and science achievement overall from eighth to tenth grade, students enrolled in PLTW foundation courses showed significantly smaller math assessment gains than those in a matched group that did not enroll, and no measurable advantages on science assessments, when controlling for prior achievement and teacher experience. The findings do not support the enriched integration hypothesis. Conclusions Engineering education programs like PLTW face both challenges and opportunities to effectively integrate academic content as they strive to prepare students for college engineering programs and careers.
An Opposite Pattern of Selection of a Single T Cell Antigen Receptor in the Thymus and among Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

The differentiation of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) remains controversial, which may be due in part to the phenotypic complexity of these T cells. We have investigated here the development of IEL in mice on the recombination activating gene (RAG)-2−/− background which express a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) transgene specific for an H-Y peptide presented by Db (H-Y/Db × RAG-2− mice). In contrast to the thymus, the small intestine in female H-Y/Db × RAG-2− mice is severely deficient in the number of IEL; TCR transgene+ CD8αα and CD8αβ are virtually absent. This is similar to the number and phenotype of IEL in transgenic mice that do not express the Db class I molecule, and which therefore fail positive selection. Paradoxically, in male mice, the small intestine contains large numbers of TCR+ IEL that express high levels of CD8αα homodimers. The IEL isolated from male mice are functional, as they respond upon TCR cross-linking, although they are not autoreactive to stimulator cells from male mice. We hypothesize that the H-Y/Db TCR fails to undergo selection in IEL of female mice due to the reduced avidity of the TCR for major histocompatibility complex peptide in conjunction with the CD8αα homodimers expressed by many cells in this lineage. By contrast, this reduced TCR/CD8αα avidity may permit positive rather than negative selection of this TCR in male mice. Therefore, the data presented provide conclusive evidence that a TCR which is positively selected in the thymus will not necessarily be selected in IEL, and furthermore, that the expression of a distinct CD8 isoform by IEL may be a critical determinant of the differential pattern of selection of these T cells.
Prior experience and current goals affect muscle-spindle and tactile integration

We previously have shown that reports of illusory elbow extension from biceps vibration can be attenuated by touching a stationary cue-surface with the index fingertip of a vibrated arm. However, this was not the case if the subject had previously felt genuine motion of the cue-surface without biceps vibration. Two potential explanations for this are that the sense of elbow orientation results from tactile and muscle stretch cues that are integrated based on (1) an awareness of the tactile cue’s mobility or (2) specific patterns of tactile and muscle spindle activity resembling the elbow motion during previous interactions with the tactile cue. We tested these hypotheses by comparing how touching the cue-surface attenuated the reports of arm movement during biceps vibration after a demonstration of the cue- surface mobility without involving any elbow motion versus simultaneously touching the cue-surface as it moved and extending the elbow to correspond exactly to the elbow extension illusion during vibration. Touching the cue-surface stopped attenuating the reports of elbow extension during biceps vibration only after experiencing actual cue-surface motion while moving the elbow . This supports the second hypothesis that tactile and muscle stretch feedback that are integrated based on specific patterns of tactile and muscle spindle activity recalled from previous interactions with the tactile cue. We also tested the influence of motor set on the sense of elbow position in this paradigm. We found that even after touching the stationary cue-surface had ceased to attenuate illusory elbow motion during biceps vibration, illusory elbow motion during vibration still could be attenuated. This was possible if the subjects intended to actively use their wrists rather than the elbow to maintain fingertip contact. We conclude that muscle stretch and tactile cues are integrated to locate the arm within a highly specific context associated with tactile and proprioceptive feedback from prior experience and current movement goals.
M ETIN H EPER , Ismet Inönü: The Making of a Turkish Statesman , Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998). Pp. 280.

Ismet Inonu had one of the longest public careers of any statesman of the 20th century, serving as soldier, diplomat, revolutionary, prime minister, president, and party leader in a career that spanned eight decades, from the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 to his retirement from politics, at age 88, a year before his death in 1973. Moreover, for most of his career, Inonu was at the very center of the events and decisions that shaped the Turkish Republic and its involvement in regional and global affairs. But as Metin Heper points out in his eloquent study of Inonu's career, this is a “neglected statesman.” One of the major lacunae of Western studies of modern Turkish history has been an English-language biography of I smet Inonu. Heper's study is not a biography as such, but it has three main goals: to cover Inonu's entire career; to explore how his self-education and personality shaped his views on the state and democracy, and thus his policies; and to present a picture of Inonu free of the deification or vilification that marks much of the existing scholarship (p. ix).
Improving Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing by Balancing Attribute Coverage: The Modified Maximum Global Discrimination Index Method

This article proposes a new item selection method, namely, the modified maximum global discrimination index (MMGDI) method, for cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing (CD-CAT). The new method captures two aspects of the appeal of an item: (a) the amount of contribution it can make toward adequate coverage of every attribute and (b) the amount of contribution it can make toward recovering the latent cognitive profile. A simulation study shows that the new method ensures adequate coverage of every attribute, which improves the validity of the test scores, and defensibility of the proposed uses of the test. Furthermore, compared with the original global discrimination index method, the MMGDI method improves the recovery rate of each attribute and of the entire cognitive profile, especially the latter. Therefore, the new method improves both the validity and reliability of the test scores from a CD-CAT program.
Suicide assessment: clinical interview vs. self-report

This study examined whether patients disclosed the same information about suicidal behaviors on a self-report instrument that they conveyed to a clinician in a face-to-face interview. The results indicated a generally high level of agreement between these two forms of suicide assessment. The one exception was the question that concerns recent suicidal ideation, where patients tended to disclose more on the self-report form.
The novel hydrogen-rich binuclear cobalt complex anion, [(CoH3)2H3]5−

Hydrogen reacts with a mixture of cobalt bromide and phenylmagnesium bromide to yield a novel cobalt hydride species. EXAFS analysis reveals a binuclear cobalt hydride complex comprising three absorbers, principally a Co–Co centre, and also two types of supporting hydride ligands. Further, DFT, XANES, 1H NMR spectra and elemental analyses also support the title formulation.
Origins of the descending spinal projections in petromyzontid and myxinoid agnathans

The origins of the descending spinal pathways in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), silver lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis), and Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) were identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) placed in the rostral spinal cord. In lampreys, the majority of HRP-labeled cells were located along the length of the brainstem reticular formation in the inferior, middle, and superior reticular nuclei of the medulla, mesencephalic tegmentum, and nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Labeled reticular cells included the Mauthner and Muller cells. Horseradish-peroxidase-filled cells were also present in the descending trigeminal tract, intermediate and posterior octavomotor nuclei, and a diencephalic cell group, the nucleus of the posterior tubercle. As in lampreys, the reticular formation of the Pacific hagfish was the largest source of descending afferents to the spinal cord. Labeled cells were found in the dorsolateral and ventromedial reticular nuclei, the dorsal tegmentum at the juncture of the medulla and midbrain, and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Additional medullary cells projecting to the cord were located in the perivagal nucleus, the central gray, and the anterior and posterior magnocellular octavolateralis nuclei. The existence of reticulospinal and possible vestibulo-, trigemino-, and solitary spinal projections in lampreys and hagfishes and the wide distribution of these pathways in jawed vertebrates suggest that they evolved in the common ancestor of gnathostomes and both groups of jawless fishes. However, descending spinal pathways from the cerebellum, red nucleus, and telencephalon appear to be gnathostome characters.
Flavor violations in no-scale flipped SU(5)×U(1)

Abstract We study lepton-number violations in the flipped SU(5) × U(1) model in the context of no-scale supergravity. We find that the experimental limits on μ → e γ, μ → ee e , and μ conversion in nuclei generally imply an upper bound on the top quark mass and a lower bound on the gaugino mass. We conclude that the seed of supersymmetry breaking in no-scale models (gaugino masses) radically changes some results obtained in “minimal” N = 1 supergravity in the leptonic sector, while results in the hadronic sector (e.g. K− K , B− B mixings, and b→s γ ) remain essentially unchanged.
Nitrate effects on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of actinorhizal Casuarina studied in split-root systems

Abstract Nodulation and nitrogenase activity of inoculated Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. were evaluated after exposing parts of root systems of intact plants to varied concentrations of potassium nitrate using split-root, solution culture systems. In a first experiment, plants were supplied with either: low concentrations of nitrate (0.05 m m ) on both sides of the root system (L: L), high concentrations of nitrate (3.00 m m ) on both sides of the root system (H:H), or low concentrations of nitrate on one side and high concentrations on the other side of the root system (L:H). In a second experiment, L:L and H:H treatments were retested using an apparatus which continuously supplied nutrient solutions to each side of the split-root system. In this experiment, the L:H treatment was substituted by a L:VH (6.00m m ) treatment to evaluate the effects of very high nitrate concentrations. In both experiments, all plants were exposed to nitrate treatments 2 weeks prior to inoculation with Frankia strain CcI3 (HFP 020203). In the first experiment, root hair development was suppressed and no nodules formed on root systems directly exposed to 3.00 m m nitrate, but root hairs and nodules were observed on all root systems exposed to 0.05 m m nitrate. The number of nodules and nodule biomass on the low side of L:H plants were not significantly different from those observed on either side of L:L plants. In the second experiment, root hair development was not suppressed by any of the nitrate treatments (6.00, 3.00 and 0.05 m m ), however, the number of nodules formed per side and their biomass were generally inversely related to the nitrate concentration on that side. Specific nitrogenase activities measured on the low side of L:VH plants were significantly lower than those measured on either side of L:L plants. The results of both experiments showed that: (1) nitrate inhibited nodule initiation strictly locally, (2) nodule development appeared to be inhibited locally, and (3) specific nitrogenase activity was inhibited systemically.
Probing electrocrystallization of charge transfer salts with the quartz crystal microbalance

Abstract Investigation of the electrocrystallization of low-dimensional charge-transfer salts with a piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is described. Crystal growth of non-conducting [Fe(C6Me6)22+] [TCNQF4−]2 at gold electrodes of the QCM resulted in the expected frequency decrease during crystallization. The crystallization rate was dependent upon the applied potential, and faradaic efficiencies, determined from comparison of charge and frequency changes, increased with increasing Fe(C6Me6)22+ concentration. For electrocrystallization of a low-dimensional conductor, TTFBr0.7 (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene), the QCM response and current transients suggest 1-D growth at early times; however at long times dendritic or higher dimensionality growth occurs at a significant distance away from the surface of the QCM electrode. Repetitive stepping between potentials at which TTFBr0.7 is alternately crystallized and reduced (with dissolution) resulted in frequency changes that were consistent with deposition of new material onto persistent TTFBr0.7 crystal growth centers that were not removed during the reduction step. Mathematical modelling of this behavior suggests that the crystallization rate of TTFBr0.7 is faster than its subsequent reduction and dissolution, and that growth and dissolution occurs on both the 1-D and long faces of rod-like TTFBr0.7 deposits.
Bounded sample path control of discrete time jump linear systems

A bounded sample path control strategy, based on the idea of minimizing an upper bound of the possible costs to go, is formulated. The finite and infinite versions of the JLQBSP (jump linear quadratic bounded sample path) problem are solved. A set of sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of steady-state solutions that stabilize the controlled system with certainty (i.e. on any sample path) is also presented. The resulting costs are finite. The sufficient conditions are based on concepts of absolute controllability and observability of the jump linear system. This JLQBSP controller requires less precise information about form transition probabilities (only the directed interaction matrix is needed) and provides reliable control in all circumstances. Consequently, sometimes it is more appropriate for potential applications than JLQ control algorithms that are optimal in only an average sense. >
A study of the flow field of a confined and submerged impinging jet

Abstract The flow field of an axisymmetric, confined and submerged turbulent jet impinging normally on a flat plate was studied experimentally using laser-Doppler velocimetry. Single jets of a perfluorinated dielectric liquid (FC-77) issuing from square-edged, geometrically similar nozzles were used in the experiments with the radial outflow confined between parallel plates. The nozzle (length to diameter) aspect ratio was unity, giving rise to a still-developing velocity profile at the nozzle exit. Experiments were conducted with nozzle diameters of 3.18 and 6.35 mm, nozzle-to-target plate spacings of up to four jet diameters, and Reynolds numbers in the range of 8500–23,000. The toroidal recirculation pattern in the outflow region characteristic of confined jets is mapped. Velocities and turbulence levels are presented over a fine measurement grid in the pre-impingement and wall-jet regions.
Titrations of weak acids in 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine

Abstract The use of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguamdine (TMG) as a medium for the titrations of weak acids has been investigated. The hydrogen electrode behaves reversibly in this solvent and can serve as an indicator electrode in titration reactions. The titrant was a o.1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in a 90-10% mixture of TMG and methanol. A hydrogen electrode dipping into a TMG solution saturated with benzoic acid served as reference electrode. Potentiometric titrations of a number of weak acids gave results accurate to at least ±0.5%. It was found that in most cases curcumin could be used as an end-point indicator with an accuracy comparable to that of the potentiometric titration.
Blast furnace slag-modified grouts for in situ stabilization of chromium-contaminated soil

Abstract Blast furnace slag-modified grouts were used to stabilize soils contaminated with trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Slag content, grout/soil ratio and water/cementitious material ratio were varied to determine the effects on leachability of chromium, permeability and compressive strength. Slag-modified grouts successfully stabilized Cr(VI)-contaminated soil to give low leachability, thereby allowing omission of the pretreatment stage to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) necessary with lime and ordinary Portland cement stabilization procedures. Leachability of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) decreased with increasing slag content. The permanence of leach resistance is enhanced by higher slag levels in grout. Compressive strength of grout-treated soil ranges from 6 to 36 MPa and permeability is of the order of 10−11 to 10−7 cm/s, depending on mix proportions. Slag-modified grouts have potential for in situ stabilization of Cr(III)- or Cr(VI)-contaminated landfills.
SU‐GG‐T‐166: Patient Characteristics That Predict the Need for Breast IMRT

Purpose: Dose inhomogeneities in RT of the breast have been associated with increased acute and late toxicity. IMRT can reduce dose inhomogeneities, but is associated with increased costs, requires additional department resources and not all patients require IMRT. This work seeks patient variables that predict the need for IMRT to achieve dose homogeneity. Method and Materials: 100 patients were planned with an algorithmic forward planning technique. Subfields were added to initial open fields to reduce dose inhomogeneity. Characteristics, including separation, size, breast volume and maximum open field dose and number of subfields, were recorded. Receiver operator characteristic analysis evaluated the ability of binary classifiers of patient characteristics to predict the number of subfields. Results: Variable values were (median [min‐max]) will be presented. One third of patients required seven or more subfields to achieve the planning method's dose homogeneity goal. No single variable predicted the number of subfields with a zero rate of false positives or false negatives. A composite index, created from separation, size and volume, selected roughly 2/3 of these patients but with only a 5% false positive rate. Conclusion: The majority of tangent breast cases did not require IMRT to attain the desired dosimetric outcome. Neither geometric measures nor composite measures could select all patients requiring a large number of fields without including a greater number of patients that require fewer fields. Dosimetric evaluation of the patient at the time of simulation offers the highest specificity with a sensitivity of 1 for a large number of fields. Dose cutoff of 120% predicts necessity for 8 or more subfields with high specificity and selectivity. Including relatively simple dosimetric calculations in the simulation process may be in the effort to optimize use of department resources.
On the influence of gradients in the angular velocity on the solar meridional motions

If fluctuations in the density are neglected, the large-scale, axisymmetric azimuthal momentum equation for the solar convection zone (SCZ) contains only the velocity correlations \(\left\langle {\rho u_r u_o } \right\rangle \) and \(\left\langle {\rho u_\theta u_o } \right\rangle \) where u are the turbulent convective velocities and the brackets denote a large-scale average. The angular velocity, Ω, and meridional motions are expanded in Legendre polynomials and in these expansions only the two leading terms are retained (for example, \(\Omega = \Omega _0 \tfrac{1}{2}\omega _0 (r) \bot \omega _2 (r)P_2 (\cos \theta )\) where θ is the polar angle). Per hemisphere, the meridional circulation is, in consequence, the superposition of two flows, characterized by one, and two cells in latitude respectively. Two equations can be derived from the azimuthal momentum equation. The first one expresses the conservation of angular momentum and essentially determines the stream function of the one-cell flow in terms of \(\int_0^\pi {\langle \rho u_r u_ \odot \rangle {\text{ sin}}^{\text{2}} \theta {\text{d}}} \): the convective motions feed angular momentum to the inner regions of the SCZ and in the steady state a meridional flow must be present to remove this angular momentum. The second equation contains also the integral \(\int_0^\pi {\langle \rho u_r u_ \odot \rangle {\text{ cot}}^{\text{2}} \theta {\text{d}}} \) indicative of a transport of angular momentum towards the equator.
Effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on leucine incorporation in L5178Y cells II. Effect of actinomycin and heat shock

3H-leucine incorporation was assayed in L5178Y cells as a measure for protein synthesis. Protein synthesis was inhibited by short duration heat shock, actinomycin, cordycepin or a combination of these agents. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP had little or no effect upon protein synthesis in control cells. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, however, stimulated protein synthesis in cells previously heat shocked and/or inhibited by actinomycin or cordycepin. The results have been interpreted to indicate that the cyclic nucleotide stimulated protein synthesis by influencing the metabolism of some species of RNA which may regulate translation.
Abstract 4794: NANOG represses mitochondrial energy production and promotes fatty acid synthesis to promote self-renewal in tumor-initiating cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Stem cell markers such as Nanog have been implicated in various cancer, but whether they are functionally contributing to cancer pathogenesis has remained unclear. We previously reported that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling regulated NANOG expression in liver cancers (Chen et al., J. Clin. Inv., 2013). Here, we determined novel targets of NANOG in CD133+CD49f+ tumor-initiating cells (TICs) from patient and mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using genome-wide NANOG-binding site analysis (ChIP-seq). Silencing NANOG inhibits tumor development in HCC mouse models and genesis of TICs as alcohol/obesity-associated increase of serum bacterial products activates TLR4 signaling. To determine novel targets of NANOG in TICs isolated from several HCC models, ChIP-seq in TICs was performed. NANOG binds genes of oxidative phosphorylation and β-oxidation in mitochondria. Silencing NANOG promotes oxidative phosphorylation and β-oxidation, indicating that NANOG is a suppressor of mitochondria-mediated energy production. We identified the TLR4-NANOG oncogenic pathway in the genesis of TICs and liver tumor in HCC mouse models, including alcohol/high-fat-diet-fed hepatitis C virus (HCV) transgenic mice, DEN/phenobarbtal-treated and Spnb2+/- mice. We identified the stimulation of TLR4 transactivates Nanog through E2F1 phosphorylation at serine residues 332/336 and generates TICs, leading to development of liver tumors. Metabolomic analysis demonstrates metabolic reprogramming in TICs through NANOG. Reduction of NANOG expression resulted in an improved cellular energy balance, including reduction of the glycolysis pathway, increased fatty acid consumption and greater uptake of amino acids. The improved energy status is linked to a shift away from glycolysis and a greater reliance on fatty acid β-oxidation and amino acid anaplerosis. Taken together, these results suggest that NANOG-mediated metabolic reprogramming through suppression of mitochondria function in both experimental and clinical HCC downstream of TLR4/NANOG generates TICs and drives liver tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Chia-Lin Chen, Vasu Punj, Linda Sher, Lydia Petrovic, Keigo Machida. NANOG represses mitochondrial energy production and promotes fatty acid synthesis to promote self-renewal in tumor-initiating cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4794. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4794
Relation of Cardiac Troponin I Levels With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Ischemic Stroke, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Troponin I levels were drawn within 24 hours of stroke in 161 of 175 patients (92%) with ischemic stroke, 94 of 107 patients (88%) with intracerebral hemorrhage, and 96 of 96 patients (100%) with subarachnoid hemorrhage. A troponin level >0.4 ng/ml was considered increased. In patients with ischemic stroke, in-hospital mortality occurred in 15 of 23 patients (65%) with increased troponin I compared with 6 of 138 patients (4%) with normal troponin I (p <0.001). In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, in-hospital mortality occurred in 9 of 14 patients (64%) with increased troponin I compared with 22 of 80 patients (28%) with normal troponin I (p <0.005). In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, in-hospital mortality occurred in 8 of 20 patients (40%) with increased troponin I compared with 8 of 76 patients (11%) with normal troponin I (p <0.005). In conclusion, patients with ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage with elevated troponin I levels have increased in-hospital mortality.
Circle formation control for multi-agent systems with a leader

In this paper, we focus on circle formation control of multi-agent systems (MAS) with a leader. The circle formation is achieved based on the lead-following and the artificial potential field method. A distributed control law is given to make a group of agents form a circle and consequently achieve an expected angle. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed circle formation strategies are effective.
Factors affecting potato petiole sap nitrate tests

Abstract Many factors can affect the nitrate‐nitrogen concentration of potato petioles. They include but are not limited to the following: N‐fertilizer applications, mineralizable soil N, time of sampling, position of the petiole on the plant, age of the plant, potato cultivar, time of the day when plants are sampled, and the environmental conditions prior to sampling. A better understanding of these factors should lead to an improved sap test. Five irrigated potato studies were conducted between 1991 and 1993 to evaluate this variability. Sap nitrate‐N concentration was found to be closely associated with N‐fertilizer rates and soil mineralizable N. Sap nitrate levels were usually highest early in the season and declined with the age of the plant. The decline with time can be interrupted or delayed by in‐season N applications. Although the sap nitrate level among six different cultivars and diurnal sampling periods was found to be statistically significant, the differences were relatively small. By caref...
Solids Mobilization and Suspension by Dual Opposed Mixing Pumps

Experiments were performed to support understanding mixing of radioactive waste stored in Tank 241-SY-101 at the Hanford Site in Washington State. These experiments were conducted at 1/12 scale and modeled the tank and proposed mixing pump. The tests investigated solids mobilization and suspension for jets rotated in fixed increments about the tank centerline. Flow visualization tests showed that the supernatant layer was generally too cloudy for effective visualization. Observations of the settled solids interface during a start-up transient showed that the mixing action was always confined within the slurry layer. A 4.57-m/s (15-ft/s) jet velocity was not capable of clearing settled sludge off the tank floor all the way to the tank wall and produced a stratified flow field at steady state; 7.62-m/s (25-ft/s) and higher jet velocities always circulated solids to the tank surface. During the operating parameter tests with jets rotated at fixed increments, the slurry interface rose more slowly than for the fixed location jets. Solids suspension was more effective for the rotated jets than for the fixed location jets. Percent solids suspended with a 7.62-m/s (25-ft/s) jet was 66 to 72% in the high viscosity simulant and 59 to 67% in the low viscosity simulant. Percentmore » solids suspended with a 15.2 m/s (50-ft/s) jet was 74 to 81% in the low viscosity simulant. A 7.62 m/s (25-ft/s) jet velocity was adequate to clear settled solids from the tank floor to the tank wall for both the low and high viscosity simulant.« less
Microwave Spectra ofgaucheCH2DCH2OH Including Excited States of the –OH Torsion

Previous studies of the microwave rotational spectra ofgaucheCH2DCH2OH have been extended for the torsional ground state and new studies are reported for the first excited states of the –OH torsion. The extended studies for the ground state hydroxylgauche,methyl symmetric conformation made it possible to determine the product of inertia coefficientsDandEas well as the rigid rotorA,B, andCand the centrifugal distortion coefficients ΔJand ΔJK. Likewise for the hydroxylgauche,methyl asymmetric conformations I and II in the ground state rotational coefficients and selected centrifugal distortion coefficients have been determined. Rotational coefficientsBandCand centrifugal distortion coefficients ΔJand ΔJKhave been determined for all of the excited states. A significant result of the spectroscopic search was thatc-dipole transitions were not observed within the range of our spectrometer for either the methyl symmetric or methyl asymmetric conformations in the excited states. For the methyl asymmetric conformation, this means that the tunnelling energy for the excited state has overcome the torsional potential energy term that suppressed the pure hydroxyl tunnelling, that localizes the molecule into conformations I and II for the ground state. The very small tunnelling energy within conformations I and II has been predicted. The role of internal rotation–overall rotation Coriolis coupling including denominator corrections from the rotational energy for hydroxylgauche,methyl symmetric CH2DCH2OH is shown in the Appendix to contribute to the effective rotational coefficients.
Henry "Jullundur" Smith's "Extraction of cataract in the capsule": a landmark article.

A century ago, the ARCHIVES published an important paper by Henry Jullundur Smith, MD (1859-1948), Extraction of cataract in the capsule. 1 At that time, most cataract surgeons incised the anterior lens capsule and removed the nucleus, leaving the posterior capsule behind. Many complications were known to be less severe when the posterior capsule remained intact. Unfortunately, however, the capsule became opaque postoperatively in nearly every case of an immature cataract because there was no good method of removing cortical material from the posterior capsule.
Work organization and work-related musculoskeletal disorders for sewing machine operators in garment industry

Purpose Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) have been reported to occur at high rates in sewing machine operators employed in the garment industry. Here we are examining the association between work organization and the risk of WRMDs for sewing machine operators. Methods We recruited 314 Hispanic and Chinese sewing machine operators from 12 garment shops in Los Angeles, California from 2003 to 2004. Data were collected through physical exams and standardized interviews. Cases are defined as workers reporting pain at least one day per week with a pain score higher than 2 out of 5 during a 1-month period. Symptoms were assessed by anatomical regions and are summarized here as pain in neck/shoulder, back/hips, upper or lower extremity. Results We found that pain symptoms were reported more often by workers who were paid via a piece rate adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity (In neck/shoulders adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–4.8; in back/hips aOR = 2.54; 95%CI: 1.3–5.2; in upper extremity aOR = 2.94; 95%CI: 1.1–8.0; in lower extremity aOR = 2.69; 95%CI: 1.0–7.4), and who work on monotonous and repetitive work such as single machine users especially for pain in back/hips (aOR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.1–4.7). Low decision authority was associated with an increased risk of reporting pain in upper extremity (aOR = 2.87; 95%CI: 1.1–7.6) and back/hips (aOR = 2.31; 95%CI: 1.0–5.2). High psychological job demand was associated with an increased risk of reporting pain in upper extremity (aOR = 2.07; 95%CI: 1.0–4.1). An exposure-response trend was observed for physical exertion and pain in four body sections, and physical isometric loads above the mean increased neck/shoulders and lower extremity pain. Conclusion Our results suggest that work organizational factors are associated with an increased risk of reporting WRMDs in sewing machine operators.