cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges in the Analysis of Neuroscience Data

In the last two decades, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the functioning and disruption of the human brain has advanced considerably. The previous chapters of the book have provided a compelling argument for demonstrating the advantages of thoughtful, non-naive, statistical approaches for analyzing brain imaging data. Here, we provide a review of the main themes highlighted in those chapters, and we further discuss some of the challenges that statistical imaging is currently confronted with. In particular, we emphasize the importance of developing analytical frameworks that allow to characterize the heterogeneity typically observed in brain imaging both within- and between- subjects, by capturing the main sources of variability in the data. More specifically, we focus on clustering methods that identify groups of subjects characterized by similar patterns of brain responses to a task; on dynamic temporal models that characterize the heterogeneity in individual functional connectivity networks; and on multimodal imaging analysis and imaging genetics that combine information from multiple data sources in order to achieve a better understanding of brain processes.
Nipple changes in an 85-year-old man

An 85-year-old man presented to our outpatient breast surgery clinic with an enlarging nipple mass and spontaneous bloody discharge for 1.5 years. The patient’s history included coronary artery disease and bilateral carotid endarterectomies, for which he was taking acetylsalicylic acid and
Science Communication to the General Public: Why We Need to Teach Undergraduate and Graduate Students this Skill as Part of Their Formal Scientific Training.

Communication of science to the general public is increasingly recognized as a responsibility of scientists (Greenwood, 2001; Leshner, 2003), yet how do scientists learn these skills? While scientists are thoroughly trained in research methodologies, analytical skills, and the ability to communicate with other scientists, they usually receive no explicit training in communication of scientific concepts to a layperson audience. Though most will agree that it is important for scientists to be able to communicate to non-scientists, this is a difficult skill that many practicing scientists lack, likely due to the combination of increased specialization over time and the absence of formal training in science communication. In this opinion piece, we argue that incorporating formal communication training into undergraduate and graduate curricula for aspiring scientists will enhance the quality of discourse between scientists and the lay public. We will provide general recommendations for those interested in developing basic science courses with an emphasis on communication with a layperson audience, with specific examples derived from our own experience developing and implementing a neuroimmunology course designed to promote science communication skills in parallel with mastery of scientific content.
Allostatic adaptation and personalized physiological trade-offs in the circadian regulation of the HPA axis: A mathematical modeling approach

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the physiological response to unpredictable acute stressors. Moreover, the HPA axis exhibits prominent circadian activity and synchronizes peripheral circadian clocks to daily environmental cycles, thereby promoting homeostasis. Persistent disruption of homeostatic glucocorticoid circadian rhythmicity due to chronic stress exposure is correlated with the incidence of various pathological conditions including depression, diabetes and cancer. Allostatic habituation of the HPA axis, such that glucocorticoid levels retain homeostatic levels upon chronic exposure to stress, can therefore confer fitness advantages by preventing the sustained dysregulation of glucocorticoid-responsive signaling pathways. However, such allostatic adaptation results in a physiological cost (allostatic load) that might impair the homeostatic stress-responsive and synchronizing functions of the HPA axis. We use mathematical modeling to characterize specific chronic stress-induced allostatic adaptations in the HPA network. We predict the existence of multiple individualized regulatory strategies enabling the maintenance of homeostatic glucocorticoid rhythms, while allowing for flexible HPA response characteristics. We show that this regulatory variability produces a trade-off between the stress-responsive and time-keeping properties of the HPA axis. Finally, allostatic regulatory adaptations are predicted to cause a time-of-day dependent sensitization of the acute stress response and impair the entrainability of the HPA axis.
INDICATIONS THAT A COURSE IN SALES LEADERSHIP ENHANCES EARLY SALES CAREER SUCCESS

ABSTRACTProfessional sales as a subject in the university curriculum now faces rapid adoption. There appears to be a corresponding decline in teaching sales management or leadership. The Sales Lead...
Reply: Comparison of the Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi Flap with Immediate Fat Transfer versus Abdominally Based Free Tissue Transfer for Breast Reconstruction.

Background Abdominally based free tissue transfer (FTT) and latissimus dorsi and immediate fat transfer (LIFT) procedures are both fully autologous options for breast reconstruction. The former is specialized and requires comfort with microsurgical technique, whereas LIFT combines a common set of techniques familiar to all plastic surgeons. Comparing the two methods for clinical effectiveness and complications for equivalency in outcomes may help elucidate and enhance patient decision-making. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database between March of 2017 and July of 2018 was performed to compare the LIFTs and FTTs performed by the senior surgeon. Outcomes of interest included postoperative complications, flap success, and follow-up revision and fat-grafting procedures. Results Sixty-five breasts were reconstructed by FTT; and 31 breasts were reconstructed with LIFT. Demographics were similar (p > 0.05). LIFT had a shorter length of operation time (343 ± 128 minutes versus 49 ± 137 minutes) (p 0.05). The need for revisions (FTTs, 0.80 ± 0.71; LIFT, 0.87 ± 0.71) and fat grafting (FTTs, 41.54 percent; LIFT, 58.8 percent) was not statistically different (p > 0.05). Conclusions Both the LIFT and abdominally based FTT have similar outcomes and complication rates. However, LIFT may be preferred in patients who require shorter operation times. The LIFT may be the fully autologous breast reconstruction of choice for nonmicrosurgeons. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Corrosion-Induced Microstructural Variability Affects Transport-Kinetics Interaction in PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers

The ionomer, which is responsible for proton transport, oxygen accessibility to reaction sites, and binding the carbon support particles, plays a central role in dictating the catalyst layer performance. In this work, we study the effect of ionomer distribution owing to the corrosion induced degradation mode in the catalyst layer based on a combined mesoscale modeling and experimental image-based data. It is observed that the coverage of the ionomer over the platinum-carbon interface is heterogeneous at the pore-scale which in turn can critically affect the electrode-scale performance. Further, an investigation of the response of the pristine as well as degraded microstructures that have been exposed to carbon support corrosion has been demonstrated to highlight the kinetic-transport underpinnings on the catalyst layer performance decay.
Implicit Factors and Voting Behavior Inconsistency: From an Attitude to Behavior

Several recent elections and referendums were marked by a dramatic failure in pre-election prediction based on large-scale surveys among voters. The focus of the present study is poorly studied limitations on the accuracy of forecasts which are based on the explicit intentions of voters and do not take into consideration implicit (unconscious, latent) factors influencing voting behavior. To identify those factors the author introduces Graphic Association Test of Attitude (GATA) - a simple but powerful tool which enables measurement of implicit factors/intentions and helps to “enrich” traditional forecasting models dealing with explicit factors with a set of implicit effects. How these “upgraded” models work can be illustrated by the inconsistency phenomenon showcasing functionality of the general concept. The findings of the study proves an assumption stating that implicit factors affecting attitudes and intentions are real phenomena, and inconsistencies in explicit and implicit elements of the voter’s attitudes and intentions are typical of many voters. These issues were examined in detail in the previous article (Implicit Factors and Voting Behavior Inconsistency: from Theoretical Concept to Empirical Phenomenon// Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, 2020, No. 4). The present article argues that implicit factors, particularly due to the inconsistencies in the voting behavior components, can have a real impact on the voters’ behavior. Taking this fact into account can considerably and sustainably improve the forecast accuracy.
Using Airway Resistance Trends to Evaluate Bronchodilator Therapies for Pediatric Patients With Malacia

Background: Since malacia is primarily assessed through bronchoscopy it has previously been difficult to determine the best therapies for these patients. We have had to rely on clinical assessments such as work of breathing, ventilator waveforms, and vital signs. This has often been challenging since many patients with malacia also have comorbidities such as BPD, CLD, PHTN, asthma, or neuromuscular conditions that can also affect their clinical assessment. Since malacia affects the shape of the airways, it can cause an increase in airway resistance (Raw). Bronchodilators can be used to help control the effect of malacia on the shape of the airway. Methods: This quality improvement study examined tracheostomy and ventilator dependent pediatric patients with malacia who were treated with bronchodilators. Using an NM3 we recorded the patient’s Raw once per minute for the duration of the study. These Raw readings are plotted in relation to the times when bronchodilators are given (see attached graph). We are then able to evaluate the patient’s Raw pre and post treatment. Looking at the trend of Raw readings pre and post bronchodilator treatment we can see if their Raw increases or decreases. If Raw decreases, we know the therapy was effective. We can also look at the Raw trends from one treatment to the next. If the Raw is increasing before the next treatment is given, we can increase our treatment frequency to provide better control. Since there is limited data on pediatric Raw, we do not target specific Raw ranges. We instead look at the trends for each patient individually. Results: 9 patients were evaluated in the study. Patients required anywhere from 1 to 4 studies each to titrate optimal medications and medication frequencies. We were able to observe changes in Raw in relation to the treatment times. Conclusions: Using Raw trends we were able to establish that these patients benefited from more frequent treatments than the previous standard of BID Atrovent. All of the patients showed decreased Raw readings at Q8 or Q6 therapy. The use of Raw trends may be beneficial in titrating bronchodilator therapy for pediatric patients with malacia. (Fig 1: example of 1 patient) Disclosures: None of the authors have any industry or commercial relationships to disclose.
Intermittent Hypoxia Promotes Functional Neuroprotection from Retinal Ischemia in Untreated First-Generation Offspring

Environmental stimuli can promote short- or long-lasting changes in phenotype through epigenetics. Under certain circumstances, induced phenotypes can be passed through the germline to subsequent generations, providing a novel mechanistic basis for disease heritability. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that repetitively exposing parents to a nonharmful epigenetic stimulus can promote disease resilience in offspring. Male and female mice were mated following brief exposures to mild systemic hypoxia every other day for 16 weeks. Electroretinographic determinations of postischemic function in response to transient unilateral retinal ischemia in their 5-month-old F1 progeny revealed significant resilience to injury relative to animals derived from normoxic control parents. Mass spectrometry identified hundreds of differentially expressed proteins between protected and injured retinae; bioinformatic analyses of the pathways and networks these proteins comprise provided specific mechanistic insights into the molecular manifestation of this injury-resilient phenotype. Thus, epigenetics can modify heritability to promote disease resilience.
Becoming a consummate clinician : what every student, house officer, and hospital practitioner needs to know

Preface ix Acknowledgments xi INTRODUCTION: SURVIVING AND THRIVING IN WARD WORLD 1 PART 1 MEDICAL MUSTS AND MUST-NOTS: SIX ESSENTIALS OF WARD WORLD 1 HOW (NOT) TO PRESENT A PATIENT HISTORY 13 2 REEXAMINING THE PHYSICAL EXAM 37 3 HOW (NOT) TO ORDER AND PRESENT LAB TESTS 67 4 SEEING IS (ALMOST) BELIEVING: THE IMPORTANCE OF REVIEWING DATA 81 5 "WORSTS FIRST": HOW TO FRAME A DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 93 6 CLINICAL QUERIES: ASKING THE 31/2 KEY QUESTIONS 103 PART 2 MEDICAL MASTERIES 7 E = MC3: ERROR REDUCTION EQUALS MOTIVATION TIMES COMMUNICATION TO THE POWER OF 3 115 8 EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE: WHAT AND WHERE IS THE EVIDENCE? 131 9 CAUTION! DANGEROUS BIOMEDICAL SEMANTICS AT WORK 145 10 SOME SECOND OPINIONS: OUTLIERS, HOOFBEATS, AND SUTTON S (FLAWED) LAW 165 11 A SIXFOLD PATH: FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTANDING 173 12 WHAT IS DISEASE? WHAT IS HEALTH? 181 Bibliography and Notes 195 Index 203
Contextualist Theories of the Indicative Conditional and Stalnaker's Thesis

Lewis (1976) argued that ‘there is no way to interpret a conditional connective so that, with sufficient generality, the probabilities of conditionals will equal the appropriate conditional probabilities’. However, as Lewis and others have subsequently recognized, Lewis' triviality results go through only on the assumption that ‘if’ is not context-sensitive. This leaves a question that has not been adequately addressed: what are the prospects of a context-sensitive theory of ‘if’ that complies with Stalnaker's thesis? I offer one interesting constraint on any such theory. I argue that no context-sensitive theory satisfies Stalnaker's thesis if it satisfies three plausible assumptions: first, that the truth of an indicative is determined by the world of evaluation and by the set of worlds in the relevant epistemic context in which the antecedent is true; second, that one can learn an indicative conditional without learning that the antecedent and consequent are both true; third, that belief revision is conservative in the sense that it does not reduce the probabilities to zero unnecessarily. The result gives us a clearer picture of the real costs of a truth-conditional context-sensitive Stalnaker's thesis-compliant semantics.
An experimental investigation of the auto-ignition properties of two C5 esters: Methyl butanoate and butyl methanoate

Ignition studies of two small esters were performed using a rapid compression facility (RCF). The esters (methyl butanoate and butyl methanoate) were chosen to have matching molecular weights, and C:H:O ratios, while varying the lengths of the constituent alkyl chains. The effect of functional group size on ignition delay time was investigated using pressure time-histories and high speed digital imaging. The mixtures studied covered a range of conditions relevant to oxygenated fuels and fuel additives, including bio-derived fuels. Low temperature and moderate pressure conditions were selected for study due to their relevance to advanced low temperature combustion strategies, and internal combustion engine conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the reaction pathways affecting the ignition properties.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Getting Formal Verification into Design Flow

The ultimate goal of formal methods is to provide assurances about the quality, performance, security, etc. of systems. While formal tools have advanced greatly over the past two decades, widespread proliferation has not yet occurred, and the full impact of formal methods is still to be realized. This paper presents some ideas on how to catalyze the growth of formal techniques in day-to-day engineering practice. We draw on our experience as hardware engineers that want to use, and have tried to use, formal methods in our own designs. The points we make have probably been made before. However we illustrate each one with concrete designs. Our examples support three major themes: (1) correctness depends highly on the application and even a collection of formal methods cannot handle the whole problem; (2) high-level design languages can facilitate the interaction between design and formal methods; and (3) formal method tools should be presented as integrated debugging aids as opposed to one requiring mastering a foreign language or esoteric concepts.
Magicians, Reputation Trolls, Tsunamis and Floods: Has Patent Protection for Financial Innovation Encouraged Financial Institution Creativity?

Before the watershed 1998 State Street decision in the United States, financial innovations were thought to be largely unpatentable. However that decision signalled a new financial patent flood (600+ per year since 2000) resulting from an application torrent (8,000+ patent applications per year since 1999) and followed by a patent litigation tsunami (3000+ actions in 2005 alone.) The article examines whether this new patent "protection" is likely to encourage financial innovation among globally competing financial institutions. Our tentative "no" answer follows evidence presented here and follows from conclusions reached in earlier work. Earlier we found that innovation has an important positive effect on financial institution common stock returns. When we rank firms by propensity to innovate, propensity to innovate is positively related to long run stock market returns. But to return a-greater-than-normal profit, financial innovation must be kept secret. In light of this, our question can be rephrased thus: Have the visible patent seekers been high-return innovators or low-return imitators? While these are still early days in the history of intellectual property protection in finance, the initial evidence supports our theory of secrecy and suggests the answer is that imitators have obtained more patents than innovators. However patent applicants can choose to hide their patent appeal from public view until the patent itself is issued. The vast majority of financial patent applications have been thus secreted. This is also consistent with the proposition that profitable financial innovations require secrecy We conclude with a summary of the negative implications of these developments for patents' effect on the propensity to innovate.
Mechanisms for activation of multiple effectors by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors.

Publisher Summary Studies of functional activity of α 1 -adrenergic receptors ( α 1 ARs) in vivo are complicated by indirect actions, such as alterations in blood flow, and compensatory changes. Here the Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line as a model to explore signaling mechanisms and regulation of α 1 ARs is used. MDCK cells are chosen because it is found that they co-express both α 1 ARs and β 2 ARs. As there is considerable heterogeneity among MDCK cells, for study clonal lines of parental cells are isolated and subsequent studies on a particular line, MDCK-D1, which expresses a readily detectable number of adrenergic receptors, are focused. Other studies have shown that activation of α ARs hyperpolarizes MDCK cells by activation of potassium channels. In initial studies it has been found that MDCK cells possess α 1 ARs, these receptors are downregulated by exposure of the cells to agonists, and agonists differentially regulate α 1 - and α 2 ARs. It is concluded from such studies that α 1 ARs in MDCK cells link to a G-protein distinct from known pertussis toxinsensitive G-proteins. This conclusion is supported by preliminary studies in which cDNA anti-sense to G q/11 is used to show that inhibiting expression of these G proteins decreased the ability of α 1 ARs to activate arachidonic acid (AA) release but do not alter response to calcium ionophore, a phorbol ester, or to certain other classes of receptor agonists. A major thrust of the studies described in the chapter has been devoted to defining the mechanisms by which α 1 -agonists promote phospholipid hydrolysis in MDCK-D1 cells. Initial studies indicated that α 1 ARs in MDCK cells, as in many other cells, promote phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis (by one or more types of phospholipase C [PLC]), and in MDCK cells, the agonists promote a prominent release of AA and AA metabolites, in particular, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ).
The Americas: Recent Scholarship and Trends

This article surveys recent research and writings about the long eighteenth century on genres that include poetry, drama, fiction, autobiography, slave narrative, travel narrative and the novel on both traditional topics, such as religion and history, and on emerging fields of research, such as literature and medicine, and an interest in expanding boundaries to include Transatlantic, Caribbean and West Indies studies. Throughout, a combination of active curiosity, intense archival research and an interdisciplinary approach has given rise to exciting scholarship and engaging scholarly interaction.
The diuretic effects of alcohol and caffeine and total water intake misclassification

Data from the 1994 USDA nationwide survey (CSFII) on 190 non-smoking males (aged 20-29) were used to propose a method for adjusting total water intake for the diuretic effects of caffeine and alcohol, and evaluate the potential for related misclassification bias. The data were processed on a per meal basis. Under the assumption that subjects were in water balance at the start of the survey day, water losses due to caffeine (1.17 ml/mg caffeine) and alcohol (10 ml/g alcohol) were subtracted from crude intake estimates. If water intake for one meal was inadequate for excretion of the associated osmotic load at 750 mosmol/l, water losses for the subsequent meal were reduced by 32%. Unadjusted and adjusted mean total water intakes differed by 321.5 g. Misclassification appeared worst at higher water intakes. Linear regression models, each with a water intake variable as an independent variable and body mass index as the outcome, were fit to evaluate the potential for alcohol- and caffeine-related misclassification bias. Misclassification resulted in large changes (all >10%) in linear regression estimates of effect. Future studies of water-disease relationships, especially those intending to compare extremes of total water intake, should consider caffeine- and alcohol-related misclassification bias.
Thermodynamics of Fluid-Fluid Interfaces

Surfaces or interfaces of discontinuity where phases meet are modeled by a Gibbs dividing surface of zero thickness. The differences between extensive variables of an actual system and one in which phases are uniform up to the dividing surface are defined to be surface excess quantities that depend on location of the dividing surface. The excess Kramers potential divided by surface area is independent of location and called the surface free energy or surface tension. The Gibbs adsorption equation governs segregation of surface components. The Cahn layer model is used to represent physically meaningful surface excess quantities by determinants. Curved interfaces can exert forces that cause pressure jumps between adjacent phases. We derive conditions for equilibrium at contact lines where three interfaces meet. Shapes of liquid surfaces under forces due to gravity and surface tension, including sessile drops and bubbles, are computed by solving differential equations.
Language Promotes False-Belief Understanding: Evidence From Learners of a New Sign Language

Developmental studies have identified a strong correlation in the timing of language development and false-belief understanding. However, the nature of this relationship remains unresolved. Does language promote false-belief understanding, or does it merely facilitate development that could occur independently, albeit on a delayed timescale? We examined language development and false-belief understanding in deaf learners of an emerging sign language in Nicaragua. The use of mental-state vocabulary and performance on a low-verbal false-belief task were assessed, over 2 years, in adult and adolescent users of Nicaraguan Sign Language. Results show that those adults who acquired a nascent form of the language during childhood produce few mental-state signs and fail to exhibit false-belief understanding. Furthermore, those whose language developed over the period of the study correspondingly developed in false-belief understanding. Thus, language learning, over and above social experience, drives the development of a mature theory of mind.
Coming Out Growth: Conceptualizing and Measuring Stress-Related Growth Associated with Coming Out to Others as a Sexual Minority

Coming out has long been depicted as a process that is conducive to personal growth. However, LGBTQ psychology has yet to conduct systematic, theoretically informed research to study how individuals experience coming out growth (COG) and the impact of such experiences on the lives of sexual minorities. The present investigation seeks to address these gaps in the literature through an examination of stress-related growth within the context of coming out as a sexual minority. Findings from a preliminary investigation of COG in a sample of 418 gay and lesbian adults are presented, including the development and initial validation of the coming out growth scale (COGS), and data addressing the relationship between COG and relevant constructs found in the literature on identity development and stress-related growth.
Evidence for biotic controls on topography and soil production

article soils hillslopes biology trees radar The complex interplay of biological, physical, and chemical processes in pedogenesis and hillslope evolution limits our ability to predict and interpret landscape dynamics. Here, we synthesize a suite of observations from the steep, forested Oregon Coast Range to analyze the role of trees in topographic modification and bedrock-to-soil conversion. Using topographic data derived from airborne lidar, we demonstrate that the topographic signature of forest-driven soil and bedrock disturbance is pervasive. For length scales greater than 7.5 m, the land surface is defined by ridge-valley landforms, whereas smaller scales are dominated by pit-mound features generated by the turnover of large coniferous trees. From field surveys, the volume of bedrock incorporated in overturned rootwads increases rapidly with diameter for large conifers, reflecting the highly nonlinear increase in root biomass with tree diameter. Because trees younger than 60 years detach negligible bedrock, short timber harvest intervals may limit the extent to which root systems penetrate bedrock and facilitate bedrock fracturing and biogeochemical weathering. Using ground- penetrating radar, we show that the rootwads of large trees root achieve substantial penetration (1- 3m ) into shallow bedrock. The radar transects also reveal that variations in soil thickness have characteristic length scales of 1 to 5 m, consistent with the scale of large rootwads, indicating that both the landscape surface and soil-bedrock interface exhibit a biogenic imprint. In our study area, the residence time of bedrock within dense rooting zones directly below large trees is similar to the time required for trees to occupy the entire forest floor through multiple cycles of forest succession, suggesting that biological modification of shallow bedrock is ubiquitous. Given increases in erosion rate, the ability of roots to initiate soil production may decline as bedrock exhumation through the biotic zone is rapid relative to the time required for successive forests and their associated root systems to fracture bedrock. As a result, in rapidly eroding terrain the coupling between biotic and abiotic weathering processes (such as exfoliation fracturing) may dictate the maximum rate of bedrock-to-soil conversion.
Continuous determination of dimethylsulfide at part-per-trillion concentrations in air by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry☆

Abstract Highly sensitive and specific continuous measurement of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in air has been demonstrated using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Detection limits of 2 parts per trillion and 4 parts per trillion by volume in air are achieved for DMS using positive ion detection with benzene charge exchange and hot wire excitation, respectively. Either of these ionization modes provides sensitivity sufficient for continuous direct monitoring of dimethylsulfide in the atmosphere, with time response of approximately 1 s. This capability may be applicable to study the effect of oceanic DMS emissions on global climate. Detection limits in continuous monitoring were also determined for hydrogen sulfide (1 ppbv) and for methyl mercaptan, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide (≈ 10 ppbv).
Clinical Treatment of Substance Abusers: Past, Present and Future

With an estimated 9 % of the population in the United States having a substance use disorder, it is a rare social worker that has not encountered a substance abuser or a family member of one in his or her clinical practice. This article provides a brief history of social workers’ role in the treatment of substance abusing clients, an overview of the current, evidence-based treatment approaches and some of the issues that will be impacting this field in the future. A case study is used to illustrate some of the dynamics of substance abusing individuals, the impact on the family and effective treatment approaches.
Visual and haptic dimensional preference for planometric stimuli.

Summary.-108 children, 36 from each of the grade levels preschool, kindergarten, and first grade, were given tests of dimensional preference in both the visual and haptic modalities. Visual dimensions were form and color; haptic dimensions were form and texture. Previous research done with stereometric stimuli (three-dimensional objects) had indicated that the shift to form-dominance occurred at about the same time (5% yr.) in both modalities. Stimuli in the present study were planometric (two-dimensional) rather than stereometric. In line with the predictions, visual form-dominance appeared earlier (4% yr.) and the shift to haptic form-dominance occurred later (6% yr.). Dimensional dominance or preference is typically inferred when S consistently responds (without external reinforcement) on the basis of one stimulus dimension when others are also present. Much of the developmental research in dimensional dominance has been done in the visual modality, using a variety of paradigms (Brian & Goodenough, 1929; Corah, 1964; Mitler & Harris, 1969; Siegel & Vance, 1970; Suchman & Trabasso, 1966). These studies indicated a shift from color- to form-dominance (i.e., a shift from matching primarily on the basis of color to matching primarily on the basis of form) sometime before 5% yr. of age, with some variation as to the specific transition point depending on the kinds of stimuli and method of dominance determination used. Haptic dimensional dominance also shows developmental changes, but the age of transition to form-dominance seems to be more a function of whether the stimuli are planometric (two-dimensional cards or plaques) or stereometric (three-dimensional solid objects). Abravanel ( 1970) tested preschoolers (age range 4-0 to 5-4) and kindergarteners (5-6 to 6-5) in a haptic recognition task with stereometric stimuli varying in form (cylinders and polygons) and texture (wax paper and felt). Whereas preschoolers showed no significant preference for form over texture (63% of their matches were made on the basis of form), the kindergarteners showed marked form-dominance (79% of their matches were made on the basis of form). Using planometric stimuli, Gliner, Pick, Pick, and Hales ( 1969) found that both kindergarteners and third-graders 'This research is derived from a project of the Learning and Research Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, supported in part as a Research and Development Center by funds from the U. S. Office of Education, Deuartment of Health, Education, and Welfare. The opinions expressed in this publicadoh ddnot necessarily reflect the po$tion or policy of the Office of Education, and no official endorsement by the Office of Education should be inferred. The authors wish to thank the principals and teachers at Shady Lane Preschool and Churchill Elementary School for their helpful cooperation in this study.
Can Explanatory Style be Scored from TAT Protocols

Explanatory style is a cognitive personality variable reflecting how people habitually explain the causes of bad events that involve themselves. Usually measured with a questionnaire, it can also be scored from verbal material such as interviews and essays. Unexplored to date is whether explanatory style can be assessed from stories written in response to pictures. College students (N = 108) completed the Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDJ) and responded to four Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures chosen to elicit negative themes. Causal explanations were identified in the TAT protocols and reliably rated along the attributional dimensions of stability and globality. These ratings were consistent within subjects, and they correlated with the BDI. They correlated with globality as measured by the EASQ but not with stability.
Numerical simulation of dry particle coating processes by the discrete element method

In dry particle coating, tiny sub-micron guest particles are coated onto larger micron-sized host particles by using mechanical forces. In this paper several dry particle coating systems, i.e. the Mechanofusion system, the Hybridizer system and the magnetically assisted impaction coating system, have been modeled and studied using the discrete element method (DEM). The results include an analysis of kinematic variables such as translational, rotational kinetic energies, as well as the computation of collision strength and frequency for the different dry particle coating systems. The operation of these systems under different operating parameters have also been studied and these results illustrate the importance of DEM in terms of understanding the dynamics of dry particle coating systems. Areas that require further research are also discussed.
Determination of methyl chrysenes in a coal liquefaction product

Abstract Analysis of carcinogenic methyl chrysenes in a complex sample matrix requires a combination of liquid-liquid partition and column chromatography to obtain a chrysene subfraction. Analytically interfering alkyl benzanthracenes are removed by a combination of a selective Diels-Alder reaction and column chromatography. Application to a coal-liquefaction product revealed 98 ppm of chrysene and 106 ppm of 3-methyl, 102 ppm of the 2-methyl, 64 ppm of the 6-methyl, and possibly 19 ppm of the 4- plus 5-methyl chrysenes.
Gastronomic Nostalgia: Salvadoran Immigrants' Cravings for Their Ideal Meal

Immigrants typically express cravings for the food of their homeland, but for undocumented and temporarily documented Salvadoran immigrants living in the United States, the hunger for their traditional cuisine is particularly poignant. To cope with a history of food scarcity in El Salvador and their documentation liminality in the United States, Salvadoran immigrants in this study crave symbolically rich foods. Salvadoran women provide these foods by recreating for their families an ideal Salvadoran meal into which they "groom" meanings of an imagined past and a hoped for present and future. Salvadoran immigrants' cravings, more cultural than physiological, are not readily satisfied, thus contributing to the overconsumption of food and the high rate of overweight among first-generation Salvadoran-American children.
Magnesium in the murine artery: Probing the products of corrosion

Many publications are available on the physiological and pseudophysiological corrosion of magnesium and its alloys for bioabsorbable implant application, yet few focus on the characterization of explanted materials. In this work, commercially pure magnesium wires were corroded in the arteries of rats for up to 1 month, removed, and both bulk and surface products characterized. Surface characterization using infrared spectroscopy revealed a duplex structure comprising heavily magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite that later transformed into an A-type (carbonate-substituted) hydroxyapatite. To explain this transformation, an ion-exchange mechanism is suggested. Elemental mapping of the bulk products of biocorrosion revealed the elemental distribution of Ca, P, Mg and O in the outer and Mg, O and P in the inner layers. Carbon was not observed in any significant quantity from the inner corrosion layer, suggesting that carbonates are not a prevalent product of corrosion. Backscatter electron imaging of cross-sections showed that thinning or absence of the hydroxyapatite in the later stages of degradation is related to local thickening of the inner corrosion layer. Based on these experimental observations, mechanisms describing corrosion in the quasi-steady state and during terminal breakdown of the magnesium specimens are proposed.
Primary prevention of child abuse and neglect: Identification of high-risk adolescents

Abstract Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions are made: 1. 1. The parenting inventory developed has adequate levels of content validity, construct validity, internal reliability, and stability over time. 2. 2. Approximately 13% (150) of the adolescents responding to the inventory had factor scores -1 or more standard deviations below the group mean. It is concluded that the further the score deviates below the mean, the greater the risk the adolescent becomes for practicing abusive parenting behaviors. 3. 3. Abused adolescents have significantly lower mean scores than non-identified abused adolescents, suggesting that abused adolescents espress attitudes towards parenting and child-rearing which are similar to the parenting and child-rearing practices of abusive parents. 4. 4. Female adolescents, whether members of the abused or non-identified abused group, have higher mean scores than abused or non-identified abused male adolescents. The results suggest that male adolescents of both groups express more abusive parenting attitudes than females of both groups. 5. 5. Each of the four group parenting constructs can effectively be used to discriminate between abused and non-identified abused adolescents. Construct B: Inability of the parent to be empathically aware of child's needs , however, had the greatest discriminatory capability. The results of the study have indicated the utility of the inventory in assessing the parenting attitudes of adolescents and in discriminating between adolescents identified as abused and those non-identified as abused. In its present stage of development, the inventory may only be validly used to identify adolescents' attitudes towards child-rearing and parenting. Before the inventory is employed to identify potential child abusers for treatment purposes, it is recommended that longitudinal research be concluded. Such research should be designed to provide data relative to the predictive validity of the inventory.
High quantum efficiency, back-illuminated, crystallographically etched, silicon-on-sapphire avalanche photodiode with very wide dynamic range, for manufacturable high resolution imaging arrays

There is a growing need in industrial and scientific research applications for very wide dynamic range, high sensitivity imaging methods. To fill this need, an advanced back-illuminated avalanche photodiode (APD) design is presented based on crystallographically etched (100) epitaxial silicon on R-plane sapphire (SOS), enabling large single photon sensitive, solid-state focal plane arrays with very wide dynamic range. The design will enable reliable and low cost fabrication. When (100) silicon is properly etched with KOH:IPA:H2O solution through a thermally grown oxide mask, square based pyramidal frustum or mesa arrays result with the four mesa sidewalls of the APD formed by (111) silicon planes that intersect the (100) planes at a crystallographic angle of 54.7 degrees. The APD is fabricated in the silicon mesa. Very wide dynamic range operation at high quantum efficiencies exceeding 50% for 250 nm<lambda<400 nm and exceeding 80% for 400 nm<lambda<700 nm, is enabled by a carefully optimized p-type boron spatial impurity profile, fabricated by high temperature diffusion. Monte Carlo modeling confirms the majority of electron-hole pairs are photogenerated outside of the narrow device multiplication region, resulting in a very low APD excess noise factor.
Modulated pulse laser with pseudorandom coding capabilities for underwater ranging, detection, and imaging

Optical detection, ranging, and imaging of targets in turbid water is complicated by absorption and scattering. It has been shown that using a pulsed laser source with a range-gated receiver or an intensity modulated source with a coherent RF receiver can improve target contrast in turbid water. A blended approach using a modulated-pulse waveform has been previously suggested as a way to further improve target contrast. However only recently has a rugged and reliable laser source been developed that is capable of synthesizing such a waveform so that the effect of the underwater environment on the propagation of a modulated pulse can be studied. In this paper, we outline the motivation for the modulated-pulse (MP) concept, and experimentally evaluate different MP waveforms: single-tone MP and pseudorandom coded MP sequences.
Effectiveness of educational tools for hurricane resilience in homes

Purpose – In the disaster mitigation community, one of the most important tasks is that of information transfer prior to, and following natural disasters. The purpose of this research project was to increase the understanding of key aspects (such as attractiveness and educational value) that influence the utility and effectiveness of educational media tools for home resilience during hurricanes.Design/methodology/approach – A total of three types of educational media were developed – pulp board coasters, tri‐fold pamphlets, and a web hosted video. The contents of these media were developed based on data from federal agencies, as well as scholarly articles and technical reports to form an inclusive body of information. Several focus groups of homeowners and potential homeowners were held to evaluate participant's preference of these three media tools with regards to their usefulness for making homes safer during natural disasters, specifically during wind and wind‐driven rain events (e.g. hurricanes).Findi...
In Vitro Evaluation of a New Oral Cephalosporin, Cefatrizine (BL-S640)

The activity of cefatrizine (BL-S640), a semisynthetic orally absorbed cephalosporin, was studied and found to have in vitro activity at least comparable to that previously reported for cephalexin.
Using Empirical Learning Curve Analysis to Inform Design in an Educational Game

Having insights into players' learning has important implications for design in an educational game. Empirical learning curve analysis is an approach from intelligent tutoring systems literature for measuring student learning within a system in terms of the skills involved. The approach can be used to evaluate how well different hypothesized models of required skills fit to actual student performance data from the game. This information can be used to highlight whether players need more practice with specific concepts, how the game's progression might be altered, and whether the game is succeeding at its educational objectives. In this paper we apply empirical learning curve analysis to Beanstalk, an educational game designed to teach young children the concept of balance. We show that the process is able to give insight into the detailed skills and concepts (or knowledge components) that players are learning, and give implications for level (re)design by highlighting a previously unforeseen shortcut strategy.
Trace Lead Analysis Employing a Dual-Channel Single-Crystal X-Ray Spectrometer

A single-channel x-ray spectrometer has been converted to a two-channel instrument. Two separate planes in a single lithium fluoride crystal are employed to reflect, simultaneously, two portions of the x-ray spectrum. The instrument has been used to measure trace quantities of lead in the form of particulate matter as an air pollutant. One crystal plane was used to reflect the lead Lα emission line while the second plane reflected background radiation near that line.
A prospective study of different test targets for the near point of convergence

Purpose: To determine whether different test targets including an accommodative target (AT), a transilluminator (TR), and a transilluminator with a red lens (RL), affect the near point of convergence (NPC) value; and to determine which test target is most sensitive to identify convergence insufficiency (CI) in young adults. Methods: Subjects were 36 optometry students from the Illinois College of Optometry, including 18 subjects with normal binocular vision (control group) and 18 subjects with CI. None of the subjects had accommodative insufficiency. The NPC break and recovery were measured by three methods: AT, TR, and RL. Each test method was administered by a different examiner and the test sequence was randomized. Results: The mean NPC break values for AT, TR, and RL in the control group were 4.31, 3.76, and 4.08 cm respectively, compared to 10.05, 11.37 and 13.04 cm in the CI group. The mean recovery values were 6.23, 5.56, and 5.95 cm for AT, TR, and RL respectively in the control group, vs 12.21, 14.37, 16.40 cm in the CI group. Significant differences in NPC break and recovery values were detected in the CI group between RL and AT, but not between AT and TR, or TR and RL. There was no significant difference in NPC values using the three targets in the control group. For an NPC cut point of 6 cm (break) and 9 cm (recovery), RL had higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (88.9%) as well as lower false positive (10%) and false negative (0%) values compared to AT. Conclusion: NPC with RL is a more sensitive method to identify abnormal findings and assist in diagnosing CI compared to using AT or TR. We recommend that NPC with RL be routinely used to evaluate patients suspected of having CI.
Cryogenic Two-Phase Flow During Chilldown

This work describes an experimental investigation of the transient two-phase flow behavior of liquid nitrogen flowing through a pipeline during the chilldown process. The evaporation process and flow regime transitions were observed during chilldown. Initially pure vapor is observed in the visual test section. Then a moving film boiling front is observed to move through the test section. The length of the film boiling front appears to be very small compared with the length of the facility pipeline. After the film boiling front passes through the test section, a very high velocity stratified two-phase flow appears with a small liquid film thickness. As the pipeline is chilled, the film thickness grows. It appears that the high velocity two-phase flow suppresses nucleate boiling, and the dominant heat transfer mechanism is two-phase bulk turbulent convection. Evaporation occurs at the liquid/vapor interface. A high-speed video camera is used to observe the flow regime transitions during the transient chilldown process. Flow regime comparisons have been made with the Steiner [1], Kattan-Thome-Favrat [2], and Baker [3] flow regime maps.© 2004 ASME