cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who really wants health care justice

U.S. health care is at a crossroads. It faces many challenges--the most evident being unsustainable cost increases and diminishing access. For decades, attempts at reform have been unsuccessful. One reason our traditional approaches have not worked is that we who serve the ministry have not brought to those efforts sufficient reflection concerning the deeper, values-level attitudes concerning reform. Instead, the reform movement has concentrated on promoting particular policy solutions. Ultimately, of course, we must agree on a delivery and financing system if we are to redress the situation. But first we must recognize that U.S. health care's fundamental challenge is moral and social in nature. Stakeholders will not let go of the status quo until a critical mass of people becomes convinced that there is a serious moral and social imperative to do so. Social change of this magnitude is not simply a matter of comprehensive new policy. To be effective, it must be accompanied by sustained individual and public conscience work that grounds a significant social movement comprising a critical mass of each of those stakeholders. Several principles from the Catholic tradition--the common good, solidarity, and stewardship--are particularly relevant to the individual and public conscience work necessary in the health care reform movement. Health care professionals and organizations are simultaneously part of the solution and part of the problem. By keeping this interior dialogue alive, in ourselves and in our work communities, we are much more likely to get at the root causes of our unjust health system and to contribute to the larger social movement that brings about more health care justice. This article contains a "conscience work exercise" that will help individuals and organizations examine and identify the values, attitudes, and dispositions that contribute to health care justice and those that keep us mired in the status quo.
A potential unexpected consequence of drug shortages on long-term prescribing patterns.

The number of reported drug shortages in the United States nearly tripled between 2005 and 2010, and recent deficits total as many as 280 different medications, including ondansetron, morphine, and 0.9% sodium chloride injection.[1][1],[2][2] While most of the discussion on drug shortages has
The Pancreas: Physiology, Inflammations, and Neoplasms

The pancreas operates effectively and quietly when all its synthetic and conveyance systems are in order but is capable of rampant self-destruction and regional catastrophe whenever these normal mechanisms go awry. The damaged pancreas can be literally destroyed by its own synthetic products, digestive enzymes of great potency. This chapter reviews the synthetic capabilities of the pancreas, and highlights agents and mechanism that are believed to suborn them. It also reviews the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases and its treatment. Pancreatic inflammatory disease may be characterized by acute attacks alone, by chronic disease with acute relapses and gradual autodestruction of the gland, or by progressive chronic pancreatic destruction without any acute flares. The lesions of pancreatitis depend on destruction of acinar and ductular tissue by activated pancreatic enzymes, particularly phospholipase A, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, and elastase. Ultrasonography and computed tomography have provided clinicians with their first opportunity to outline the borders and evaluate the texture of the pancreas in unoperated patients. These techniques have revolutionized pancreatic diagnosis and, where available, have proved to be of incalculable benefit.
Download and Run: An Investigation of Consumer Empowerment Through the Effects of Digital Self-Tracking

Marketing scholars acknowledge the digital age’s unique capacity for empowering consumers (Day 2011; Labrecque et al. 2013; Ramani and Kumar 2008). Digital self-tracking (DST) opportunities such as mobile phone fitness apps are among these empowering technologies, enabling consumers to track and control everything from daily activity and health to productivity and financial records. Surprisingly, DST has not attracted much scholarly attention, despite its everyday significance. The present study provides an empirical examination of consumer empowerment in the context of running apps. Theoretically, this context contributes to the exploration of digital empowerment in relation to consumers’ self-tracking behaviors. Findings demonstrate that this form of consumer empowerment is associated with increased behavioral intentions toward engaging in running with cognitive evaluations mediating this relationship. Discussed are the theoretical consequences, practical implications, and the potential for future research.
A Perceptual Quality Metric for Videos Distorted by Spatially Correlated Noise

Assessing the perceptual quality of videos is critical for monitoring and optimizing video processing pipelines. In this paper, we focus on predicting the perceptual quality of videos distorted by noise. Existing video quality metrics are tuned for "white", i.e., spatially uncorrelated noise. However, white noise is very rare in real videos. Based on our analysis of the noise correlation patterns in a broad and comprehensive video set, we build a video database that simulates the commonly encountered noise characteristics. Using the database, we develop a perceptual quality assessment algorithm that explicitly incorporates the noise correlations. Experimental results show that, for videos with spatially correlated noises, the proposed algorithm presents high accuracy in predicting perceptual qualities.
Switzerland: Architect of change

Switzerland has appointed a new Secretary of State for Science and Research. Charles Kleiber, who will take up the post on 1 October, is expected to shift the emphasis of government funding from pure to applied research. He also wants Swiss companies to be able to commission the research they require from within the country.
Obstetrician-Gynecologist (to the 165th Anniversary of Shchasnyi-Selskyi’s Birth)

The article is devoted to the life, professional, scientific, social and political activities of an obstetrician-gynecologist – Feliks Shchasnyi-Selskyi.
An empirical investigation into the cognitive and relational dynamics of mindfulness: Adult attachment security mediates the relationship between mindfulness and naïve dialecticalism

Abstract Both researchers on mindfulness, as well as proponents of therapy modalities that incorporate mindfulness-based skill building, typically conceptualize the stress reducing benefits of mindfulness primarily to its ability to modulate maladaptive cognitive or attentional patterns. Naive dialecticalism (i.e., a less synthesized and integrated tolerance of apparently contradictory or ambivalent beliefs) represents an approach to cognition that is associated with greater self-criticism and inconsistency within one's global self-concept and is thus theorized to be negatively related to mindfulness. The present study investigated whether the beneficial effects of mindfulness on cognition (i.e., lower levels of naive dialectical thinking) are in fact accounted for via the beneficial effects of mindfulness on one's relationships (i.e., enhanced perceptions of adult attachment security). Structural equation modeling demonstrated that adult attachment security in fact fully mediated the negative relationship between naive dialectical thinking and mindfulness. These results highlight an understanding of mindfulness meditation as a practice that cultivates not only harmonious affect and cognition, but also harmonious relationships with others.
The Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions - 30 items (MULTI-30).

Objective: To develop a brief version of the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI-60) in order to decrease completion time burden by approximately half, while maintaining conte...
Strengthening nanocomposite magnetism through microemulsion synthesis

The magnetic strength and versatility of heterostructures generated via a simple microemulsion cluster-formation technique is demonstrated. This approach allows optimization of individual component magnetic nanoparticles prior to heterostructuring, expediting the discovery and optimization of hybrid magnetic materials. The efficacy of this method is validated through a magnetic study of nanoparticle clusters combining antiferromagnetic CoO and superparamagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with tunable particle ratio and size. An enhancement of coercivity compared with pure CoFe2O4 nanoparticles indicates that close interparticle contacts are achieved. Upon annealing, an exchange bias field of 0.32 T was observed—over twice that achieved in any other colloidally-synthesized system. Additionally, the unique microstructure is defined during cluster formation and thus protects magnetic coercivity during the annealing process. Overall, this work demonstrates a general approach for quickly exploring magnetic parameter space, designing interparticle functionality, and working towards the construction of high-value bulk magnets with low materials and processing cost.
Potency Analysis of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Using a Combinatorial Assay Matrix Approach

Assays that can characterize MSC immune potency need to be identified for use in advanced clinical trials. MSCs possess a number of putative regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, and an assay matrix approach may best capture involved effector pathways. We have tested two assay systems to measure the potency of MSCs derived from human subjects: MSC secretome analysis and a quantitative RNA-based array for genes specific to immunomodulatory and homing properties of MSCs. Secretome analysis identified a unique cytokine signature that is upregulated by MSCs or downregulated in responder PBMCs and correlated with T cell suppression. Use of interferon-γ as a surrogate for the action of activated PBMCs on MSCs served as an alternative for the use of human PBMCs as responder cells in a potency assay. Our approach and results define and simplify the multifunctional or matrix responses of MSCs and may serve as a platform for robust potency analysis.
History of developments leading to the method of moments

The method of moments, originated by R.F. Harrington a half-century ago, remains one of the most common methods used today for solving electromagnetic boundary value problems. Here we summarize the history, principal methods, and insights that led to the recognition of its unifying principles and approach.
Action on climate change requires deliberative framing at local governance level

Despite successful examples of multilevel government leadership on climate change policy, many local officials still face a variety of barriers, including low public support, low resources, and political division. But perhaps most significant is lack of public discussion about climate change. We propose deliberative framing as a strategy to open the silence, bridge political division, identify common and divergent interests and values, and thereby devise collective responses to climate change.
ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN TERMS OF BINARY PARTICLE INTERACTIONS

Abstract This paper discusses the basic concepts involved in computing sedimentation velocities of spherical particles as functions of concentration when the volume fraction of particles is small. The analysis rests on a consideration of binary interactions between a test particle and each of its neighbors. The procedure described entirely avoids the divergent integrals usually associated with such calculations. Numerical results for one-component systems show that the relation between sedimentation velocity and particle concentration depends on an integral average of the long-range potential energy between two particles. Results for two-component hard spheres are also given.
Growth and Nitrogen Balance with Steers Fed Hi-N-Molasses

A NEW sugar-refining technique 4 utilizing the ion exchange principle has resulted in a more economical production of sugar and a by-product molasses with high nitrogen (hiN) content (1.7 to 2.2% N.). The nitrogen is present as ammonium salts of sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. If the new refining technique becomes widespread, a large amount of the hi-N-molasses will be available. The nutritive value of the molasses when fed to beef cattle has not been determined. The experiments reported here were conducted to gain information relative to the acceptability of the molasses and the availability of its nutrients to growing beef cattle.
Bidirectional Droop Control of AC/ DC Hybrid Microgrid Interlinking Converter

In AC/DC hybrid microgrid, interlinking converters is considerable in maintaining power system stability. A bidirectional droop control is designed for interlinking converters. The power of interlinking converters transmission power is decided by AC frequency and DC voltage respectively. The control structure includes two droop control modules, which are AC frequency-active power and DC voltage-active power. Reference value of power is achieved by two modules’ subtraction. To reduce the drop of frequency and voltage, which is produced by droop control, a recovery control is designed. The bidirectional control strategy can uniformly distribute the power transmission. Energy is used efficiently. A simulation system is built in DigSILENT, and the strategy is confirmed effective.
Students' Affective Responses to Mathematics: Secondary School Results from National Assessment.

Desired outcomes of instruction in school mathematics usually include some mention of achievement in mathematics and positive affective responses to the sub ject matter. Not only do we want our stu dents to develop some expertise in mathe matics, we are also interested in promoting their feelings of success and encouraging them to pursue their study of mathematics. As an example of this latter type of goal, one of the objectives of the first mathe matics assessment of the National Assess ment of Educational Progress (NAEP) was that students learn to "appreciate" mathe matics, where appreciation included both enjoyment of the subject and respect for its utility (NAEP 1970). Many teachers appear to be sensitive to their students' attitudes toward mathematics. To gain information about students' affective responses to mathematics, the second NAEP mathe matics assessment included a number of exercises designed to assess students' atti tudes toward the subject and their per ceptions of different aspects of mathematics learning. Other large-scale efforts to determine students' attitudes toward mathematics have been made; most notable among these are the attitude inventory included in the National Longitudinal Study of Mathemat ical Abilities (Romberg and Wilson 1969) and the attitude scales included in th? first international study of mathematics achievement, as described by Husen (1967). The attitude exercises included in the NAEP mathematics assessment repre sented a somewhat different approach from that of other large-scale investigations in that no effort was made to form item scales.
Venous thromboemboli associated with acute aerobic exercise: A review of case report commonalities.

Venous thromboembolic (VTE) events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) have been reported in otherwise low-risk healthy athletes following acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Purpose To review case reports and assess the commonalities of athletic individuals with VTE, as well as return-to-play (RTP) recommendations. Methods We reviewed 47 reports (20 DVTs, 15 PEs, and 12 DVTs/PEs, 19 women) of trained individuals who were diagnosed with DVT and/or PE following aerobic exercise. We assessed frequency of VTE risk factors, presenting symptoms, and RTP recommendations. Results The age of women (24.6 ± 7.0 years) was lower (P 1 hour), and another 12 cases were found to have an antithrombin disorder following testing after diagnosis. The most frequently reported symptoms were muscle pain in 26 of 32 (81.3%) DVT or DVT/PE cases, and dyspnea in 21 of 27 (77.8%) PE or DVT/PE cases. Despite these common symptoms, the estimated time from first report of symptoms to confirmed diagnosis was 56.3 ± 118.7 days and 25 cases (53.2%) were initially misdiagnosed. Twenty-three cases (48.9%) did not report RTP recommendations, and those which did varied widely. Conclusions Thirty-two cases (~70%) had at least one of three major risk factors, suggesting that many cases of VTE in athletes may be preventable with better education and awareness. The wide variety of RTP recommendations highlights the need for standardized guidelines in this population.
Dependency-based Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Embedding

In sentence modeling and classification, convolutional neural network approaches have recently achieved state-of-the-art results, but all such efforts process word vectors sequentially and neglect long-distance dependencies. To combine deep learning with linguistic structures, we propose a dependency-based convolution approach, making use of tree-based n-grams rather than surface ones, thus utlizing nonlocal interactions between words. Our model improves sequential baselines on all four sentiment and question classification tasks, and achieves the highest published accuracy on TREC.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 2020: The State of the Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, with a worldwide prevalence of 25%. In the United States, NAFLD and its subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, affect 30% and 5% of the population, respectively. Considering the ongoing obesity epidemic beginning in childhood, the rise in diabetes, and other factors, the prevalence of NAFLD along with the proportion of those with advanced liver disease is projected to continue to increase. This will have an important impact on public health reflected in health care costs, including impact on the need for liver transplantation, for which nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is already close to becoming the most common indication. NAFLD patients with evidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis are at markedly increased risk of adverse outcomes, including overall mortality, and liver-specific morbidity and mortality, respectively. Identification of this cohort of NAFLD patients is paramount, given the associated poorer outcomes, in order to target resources to those who need it most. Various noninvasive tools have been developed in this regard. This review provides an update on the epidemiology, clinical and prognostic features, and diagnostic approach to patients with NAFLD.
NDX: Neutron Dose Rate Meters with Extended Capabilities

The novel design of the neutron moderator for the NDX dose rate meter implements a layer of a Beryllium-loaded medium Z material which allows the device to detect higher energy neutron flux and convert it to dose. Using Beryllium helps to fill the known dip in the response functions around 5-50 MeV. Optimized design parameter set, obtained using FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations, features the NDX moderator made of polyethylene embedding a layer of Be–Cu alloy inside, with the dose rate response constant within ±10% in the neutron energy range from about 100 keV to 500 MeV, and ±25% essentially in the full energy range above thermal. A new sensor technique implemented in the NDX is based on using the Ionization Chamber (IC) filled with 3He gas to capture the moderated neutron fluence, and includes a symmetric IC filled with regular 4He to evaluate the contributions due to the non-neutron ionizing radiation. Advantages of the method include large accessible dynamic range, relative insensitivity of the IC probes to photon radiation fields, and the ability to subtract their contribution. Two prototype NDX detectors were built, calibrated, and operated in various conditions at the CEBAF 12 GeV electron accelerator at JLab. The first results showed reliable neutron dose rate measurements in the presence of overwhelming photon radiation fields, and at practical high dose rate levels of up to approximately 10 Sv/h. Detector design, operation, first results, and further development plans are presented.
Predictors of rhinorrhea response after posterior nasal nerve cryoablation for chronic rhinitis.

Background Posterior nasal nerve (PNN) cryoablation has shown promise in improving rhinorrhea due to allergic and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). Early case series have shown meaningful clinical improvement in 75-80% of patients, but variables predicting PNN cryoablation success have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether disease features and ipratropium nasal spray response predicted rhinorrhea response after PNN cryoablation. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective case-control study of 55 patients who underwent PNN cryoablation for bilateral rhinorrhea due to allergic, nonallergic, or mixed rhinitis was conducted at 3 tertiary medical centers. Patients received a 1-month trial of ipratropium spray. Runny Nose Scores (RNSs) of 0-5 from the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test were collected prospectively, before and after PNN cryoablation. Results The mean age of subjects was 55.3 years and 54.6% were women. Mean follow-up was 170 days. NAR comprised 62% of patients. Of the 48 patients who trialed ipratropium spray, 33 (69%) had some response and 15 (31%) had no response. Mean overall preprocedural RNS was 4.2 ± 1.0. After PNN cryoablation, there was a ≥1-point decrease in RNS in 39 patients (71%). Only ipratropium spray (INS) response predicted cryoablation success. For ipratropium spray responders, 28 of 33 (85%) had improved RNS after cryoablation, whereas 5 of 15 (33%) nonresponders improved (p = 0.001). Conclusion In chronic rhinitis patients, rhinorrhea response to ipratropium was predictive of rhinorrhea improvement after PNN cryoablation. This study has important implications for preoperative counseling and guiding patient expectations when considering PNN cryoablation.
Nursing presence during death: An end-of-life simulation created by students and faculty

ABSTRACT Background Nursing curricula often lack end-of-life (EOL) care training, particularly regarding the nursing skill of “being present.” Collaboration between students and faculty in curriculum design is rare, but may effectively help fill the curriculum gaps in EOL care. Aim To describe the creation of a novel EOL care simulation by students and faculty, and its implementation into a pre-licensure Masters of Science in Nursing (MSN) curriculum. Methods With support from expert faculty, three students developed an EOL care simulation focused on nursing presence, comfort care, and compassionate communication. Pilot participants submitted pre- and post-test surveys regarding confidence in providing comfort measures for dying patients. The simulation was integrated into the MSN curriculum and simulation evaluations were collected. Findings Pilot data are limited. Once incorporated into the curriculum, 95% of respondents (N = 38; response rate 35%) reported feeling better prepared to respond to changes in patient condition, more confident in their ability to prioritise care and interventions, and better able to communicate with patients. One hundred percent of respondents recommended the simulation for future use. Discussion A curricular gap in EOL care provided a unique opportunity for nursing students and faculty to develop clinical EOL care training that focused on compassionate nursing presence. Conclusion This project demonstrated the potential for collaboration between nursing students and faculty to enhance nursing education in EOL care. Pre-licensure exposure to the general principles of EOL care and nursing presence may be beneficial for new nurses entering the workforce.
Arcuate sign—fibular head avulsion fracture and associated injuries in the pediatric and adolescent population

To describe the first “arcuate sign” case series in the pediatric population, radiologic features of the associated injuries, management, and how they compare with the adult population. Retrospective study included patients under 18 years of age with a classic “arcuate sign” on radiographs. Data collected included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, and management. Radiographs and advanced imaging (MRI, CT) were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists in a blinded fashion and findings recorded. Seven patients (4 males, 3 females) with mean age 15 years (range 14–17 years) were included in the study. All 7 injuries were related to sports, 5/7 (71%) being non-contact injuries. Five patients had MRI done-1 LCL injury, MPFL sprain, and MCL sprain were reported; 3 popliteofibular ligament and popliteus sprains were seen; and 3 bone contusions were present on imaging. None of the patients had meniscus or cruciate ligament tears. One patient had an additional fracture of the lateral tibial plateau at the ilio-tibial band attachment and an associated peroneal nerve injury. Five out of seven (71.4%) were treated non-operatively and were able to return back to activity at a mean of 7.2 weeks from injury. Two out of seven (28.6%) needed operative intervention for the fracture but not arthroscopic repair. Pediatric patients with a radiographic arcuate sign tend not to have ACL, PCL, or meniscal injuries, and treatment is predominantly non-operative in contrast to literature reported in adults.
Homeotic change in segment identity derives the human vertebral formula from a chimpanzee-like one

OBJECTIVES One of the most contentious issues in paleoanthropology is the nature of the last common ancestor of humans and our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos (panins). The numerical composition of the vertebral column has featured prominently, with multiple models predicting distinct patterns of evolution and contexts from which bipedalism evolved. Here, we study total numbers of vertebrae from a large sample of hominoids to quantify variation in and patterns of regional and total numbers of vertebrae in hominoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compile and study a large sample (N = 893) of hominoid vertebral formulae (numbers of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal segments in each specimen) and analyze full vertebral formulae, total numbers of vertebrae, and super-regional numbers of vertebrae: presacral (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) vertebrae and sacrococcygeal vertebrae. We quantify within- and between-taxon variation using heterogeneity and similarity measures derived from population genetics. RESULTS We find that humans are most similar to African apes in total and super-regional numbers of vertebrae. Additionally, our analyses demonstrate that selection for bipedalism reduced variation in numbers of vertebrae relative to other hominoids. DISCUSSION The only proposed ancestral vertebral configuration for the last common ancestor of hominins and panins that is consistent with our results is the modal formula demonstrated by chimpanzees and bonobos (7 cervical-13 thoracic-4 lumbar-6 sacral-3 coccygeal). Hox gene expression boundaries suggest that a rostral shift in Hox10/Hox11-mediated complexes could produce the human modal formula from the proposal ancestral and panin modal formula.
Social Cohesion: Mitigating Societal Risk in Case Studies of Digital Media in Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria.

Natural disasters affect thousands of communities every year, leaving behind human losses, billions of dollars in rebuilding efforts, and psychological affectation in survivors. How fast a community recovers from a disaster or even how well a community can mitigate risk from disasters depends on how resilient that community is. One main factor that influences communities' resilience is how a community comes together in times of need. Social cohesion is considered to be"the glue that holds society together, which can be better examined in a critical situation. There is no consensus on measuring social cohesion, but recent literature indicates that social media communications and communities play an essential role in today's disaster mitigation strategies.This research explores how to quantify social cohesion through social media outlets during disasters. The approach involves combining and implementing text processing techniques and graph network analysis to understand the relationships between nine different types of participants during hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Visualizations are employed to illustrate these connections, their evolution before, during, and after disasters, and the degree of social cohesion throughout their timeline. The proposed measurement of social cohesion through social media networks presented in this work can provide future risk management and disaster mitigation policies. This social cohesion measure identifies the types of actors in a social network and how this network varies daily. Therefore, decisionmakers could use this measure to release strategic communication before, during, and after a disaster strikes, thus providing relevant information to people in need.
Class I and II MHC expression and its implications for regeneration in the nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews neural major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression under a variety of developmental, pathological, and experimental conditions. Ways in which the predominant patterns of neural MHC expression are most likely to influence neural regeneration are discussed. Neural tissue displays a consistent pattern of MHC expression under a variety of conditions. MHC + cells, including endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes, microglia and ependymal cells, can be in direct contact with neural cells. Neural cells themselves including neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, do not show detectable MHC expression. While alternative techniques may yet reveal neural MHC expression or function, the predominant pattern itself offers multiple opportunities for MHC-mediated effects. Evidence for a nonimmunologic role for MHC proteins in neural tissues was sought, but not found. This implies that modulating MHC expression need not itself interfere with neural regeneration. A more subtle question concerns the effects of modulating cytokine secretion. Neural cells and leukocytes may be affected by the same cytokines, and individual cytokines may enhance rather than inhibit regeneration.
Chapter 21 Baculoviridae

Publisher Summary Baculoviruses are complex viruses that cause diseases in invertebrates, notably insects. The virus particles are enveloped rod-shaped entities. The envelope surrounds a nucleocapsid containing a deoxyribonucleoprotein complex. In the case of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) or granulosis virus (GV) the virus, particles may be “occluded” within a large proteinaceous crystal. The packaging of virus particles within this crystal is characteristic for the subgroups. NPVs typically contain many virus particles within a crystal, whereas GVs contain one virus particle, rarely more, per crystal. Non-occluded baculoviruses (NOBVs) characteristically are never packaged in such crystals. Baculoviruses replicate in the cell nucleus, undergoing a morphologically complicated cycle resulting in two forms of virus particles, one acquiring an envelope “de novo” within the nucleus and the other acquiring an envelope at the plasma membrane. The two forms of the virus are quite different biochemically and serologically and reflect their different functions in the pathogenesis of baculovirus disease. The occluded form of the virus, the form packaged into crystals in the nucleus, is destined to infect another animal, whereas plasma membrane released virus infects additional cells within that organism.
Time Space Diagrams For Thirteen Shock Waves

This paper presents microscopic time-space diagrams for several shock waves over 100-200m distances. The primary focus of the paper is on presenting the data rather than analysis. The diagrams should be of general interest to researchers studying traffic congestion.
Video-Based Deception Detection

This chapter outlines an approach for automatically extracting behavioral indicators from video and explores the possibility of using those indicators to predict human-interpretable judgments of involvement, dominance, tenseness, and arousal. The team utilized two-dimensional spatial inputs extracted from video to construct a set of discrete and inter-relational features. Then three predictive models were created using the extracted features as predictors and human-coded perceptions of involvement, tenseness, and arousal as the criterion. Through this research, the team explores the feasibility and validity of the approach and identifies how such an approach could contribute to the broader community.
On the Possible Automorphism Groups of a Steiner Quintuple System of Order 21

A Steiner system is called a Steiner quintuple systems of order v. The smallest order for which the existence, or otherwise, of a Steiner quintuple system is unknown is 21. In this article, we prove that, if an S(4, 5, 21) exists, the order of its full automorphism group is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10.
Calcium and calmodulin activation of muscle phosphorylase kinase: effect of tryptic proteolysis.

Phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38) occupies a central position in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in various tissues [ 1,2]. The muscle enzyme was shown to be composed of three different subunit types, A, B, and C, arranged in a probable stoichiometry of (ABC)4 [3,4]; recent studies [5] have also demonstrated the presence of a fourth component, mol. wt 17 000, that appears to be identical to the Ca2+dependent regulator protein or calmodulin. Calmodulin is thought to be present at a stoichiometry of close to 1: 1 with respect to the other subunit types [6]. Phosphorylase kinase as purified is relatively inactive at pH 6.8 compared with pH 8.2 [3,4]. A well-known means of activating the enzyme, which is most evident at pH 6.8, involves the proteolytic degradation of the A and B subunits such as by limited trypsin action [3,4,7,8];during proteolytic activation, the proportions of the C subunit and calmodulin remain essentially unchanged [3,4,8]. Another important property of phosphorylase kinase is its reversible activation by Ca” [3,4]. The additional presence of calmodulin leads to a further activation of the kinase. Here we present evidence that this latter activation correlates with the ability of the enzyme to bind added calmodulin, and that this process is distinguishable from the activation occurring in the presence of Ca2’ alone.
A New, Vapour-phase Mechanism for Stomatal Responses to Humidity and Temperature

A new mechanism for stomatal responses to humidity and temperature is proposed. Unlike previously-proposed mechanisms, which rely on liquid water transport to create water potential gradients within the leaf, the new mechanism assumes that water transport to the guard cells is primarily through the vapour phase. Under steady-state conditions, guard cells are assumed to be in near-equilibrium with the water vapour in the air near the bottom of the stomatal pore. As the water potential of this air varies with changing air humidity and leaf temperature, the resultant changes in guard cell water potential produce stomatal movements. A simple, closed-form, mathematical model based on this idea is derived. The new model is parameterized for a previously published set of data and is shown to fit the data as well as or better than existing models. The model contains mathematical elements that are consistent with previously-proposed mechanistic models based on liquid flow as well as empirical models based on relative humidity. As such, it provides a mechanistic explanation for the realm of validity for each of these approaches.
An Assessment of Education and Training Needs for Bibliographic Instruction Librarians

Une etude a ete faite en 1986 pour determiner l'environnement educatif et les caracteristiques de la formation bibliographique des bibliothecaires du Wisconsin. Les resultats de cette etude montrent que la formation dans ce domaine n'est pas suffisante et qu'un besoin reel de formation complementaire dans ce domaine existe. Les methodes preferees de remise a niveau sont apparues etre le travail individuel et les seminaires. Un programme a ete elabore en vue d'un rapprochement permettant de resoudre ce dilemme: offrir une serie de cours, sous forme de seminaire de 1 a 3 jours dans le cadre du certificat du programme de developpement professionnel de l'Universite du Wisconsin
Neighbour interactions strengthen with increased soil resources in a northern hardwood forest

Summary 1. The relationship between soil resource availability and competitive interactions remains unclear in forest ecosystems. If competition shifts from below-ground to above-ground across soil resource gradients, then competitive interactions should constrain growth across soil fertility levels. Alternatively, competition may be less important under stressful conditions associated with low soil resources. 2. We developed individual-based growth models as functions of local tree neighbourhood and measurements of soil resources for 10 common tree species from sites established across a soil resource gradient in north-west Lower Michigan, USA. We hypothesized that tree growth should increase with soil resource availability (rarely measured at local scales), but decrease with the density, size and proximity of neighbouring trees. 3. Correlations of growth to neighbourhood effects were strongest for species occupying primarily high-resource sites. Correlations of growth to soil resources were positive for species associated with high and intermediate fertility. In contrast, correlations of growth to soil water were negative for species associated with low fertility, suggesting that competitiveness of these species decreased with higher soil resources and concomitant decreases in irradiance. 4. Relationships between mean site-level tree growth and soil resources were much stronger than individual growth–local resource relationships. Weaker species-specific, individual-level trends likely arose from limited species distributions across each soil resource domain. 5. Synthesis. Neighbourhood interactions were more prevalent in species associated with high soil fertility sites, where canopy transmission of irradiance was low. For species dominant at low fertility, where canopy transmission of irradiance was relatively high, neighbourhood interactions were absent or negligible. The growth of intermediate-fertility species was negatively correlated with soil water, but decreasing site-level canopy openness with soil water suggests that these species were out-competed for irradiance as soil resources increased. Thus, irradiance likely mediated the stronger competitive interactions at higher-fertility sites.
Threatening and Otherwise Inappropriate Letters to Hollywood Celebrities

In this paper, the authors examine the characteristics of threatening and otherwise inappropriate letters sent to Hollywood celebrities. Such communications, known colloquially as “nut mail,” “hate mail,” obscene letters, and threat letters, are received by the famous in enormous volume. We studied approximately 1800 such letters to entertainment celebrities from 214 subjects, who averaged 8 letters apiece. We quote excerpts from these letters, describe objects enclosed with them, and provide quantitative data on such variables as the form, appearance, volume, and duration of such letters; the subject's perceived relationship to the celebrity; the thematic content of the letters; and the messages and threats they communicate. Comparisons between 107 subjects who pursued encounters with the celebrities and 107 who did not revealed 15 factors associated with such pursuit. Contrary to expectation, the presence or absence of threats was not associated with pursuit behavior.
Nucleic Acids: Chemical Damage

Nucleic acids are highly reactive macromolecules that can undergo a variety of chemical changes that may be deleterious to their function. In particular, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) undergoes multiple spontaneous chemical changes and is reactive with reactive oxygen species generated during oxidative metabolism and with naturally occurring chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, and a myriad of environmental chemicals. This review highlights many of these chemical changes.
Prevention of Interval Colorectal Cancers: What Every Clinician Needs to Know

Colonoscopic screening and surveillance have been very effective tools in the fight against colorectal cancer (CRC). Colonoscopy is more than a cancer screening test; it also can prevent CRC by detecting and removing precancerous lesions. Despite this potential, there has been increasing concern about CRCs that occur after a previous colonoscopy and before the next screening/surveillance examination (interval CRCs). The etiology of interval CRC is thought to be caused mostly by missed or incompletely resected lesions on index colonoscopy with some contribution of rapidly progressive new lesions. If this is true, many interval cancers should be preventable by improving colonoscopy technique. There are a variety of strategies to decrease interval CRC rates including use of a split-dosed bowel preparation, optimizing withdrawal technique, ensuring complete polypectomy, and careful pathologic examination of the tissue removed. Furthermore, there should be an increased emphasis on how endoscopists are trained to cultivate high-quality technique throughout their careers. It is important to inform patients that even high-quality colonoscopy is not perfectly sensitive for the detection of advanced neoplasia. Improving colonoscopy quality can decrease interval CRC rates and further decrease CRC incidence and mortality.
Abstract 529: WISP-1/CCN4 is responsible for mediating the inhibitory effect of Notch-engineered stromal fibroblasts on melanoma growth

Purpose. The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in influencing melanoma progression. Fibroblasts are major components of tumor stroma and are critically involved in promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis through secretion of soluble factors, synthesis of extracellular matrix, and direct cell-cell interaction. We aimed to alter the biological activity of stromal fibroblasts by modulating a specific signaling pathway to convert them from promoters to inhibitors of melanoma progression. Methods. Enforced activation of the Notch pathway was achieved by transducing human dermal fibroblasts with lentiviral vector encoding activated Notch1 (NIC). The effect of NIC-engineered stromal fibroblasts on melanoma growth was tested by the in vivo tumor-fibroblast co-xenografting approach. The soluble factor produced by NIC-engineered fibroblasts was identified by RT2-PCRArray and validated by Western blot analysis. The biological effect of WISP-1 on melanoma cell growth was tested in vitro by MTT. The function of WISP-1/CCN4 in mediating the inhibitory effect of NIC-engineered stromal fibroblasts on melanoma growth was examined through an siRNA-mediated blockade approach and tested by in vitro cell co-culture and animal models of tumor-fibroblast co-xenografting. Results. NIC-engineered fibroblasts significantly inhibited melanoma growth in vivo by suppressing melanoma cell proliferation and inducing melanoma cell apoptosis. Constitutive activation of Notch1 in fibroblasts up-regulated WISP-1 production. The inhibitory effect of NIC-engineered fibroblasts on melanoma growth was mediated, at least in part, by up-regulating WISP-1 expression, since recombinant WISP-1 was able to inhibit melanoma cell growth in vitro while blockade of WISP-1 production by NIC-engineered fibroblasts liberated their inhibitory effect on melanoma growth in vivo. Conclusions. Activation of Notch pathway in stromal fibroblasts can suppress melanoma growth, partially through WISP-1. Our study provides a novel approach to target the tumor microenvironment through modulating stromal fibroblasts by manipulating Notch signaling, and highlights WISP-1 as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 529. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-529
Chronic recording from the His bundle of the awake dog

The conventional catheter method for measuring specialized A-V nodal and His-ventricular conduction times in the intact dog heart precludes an unanesthetized control. This control is necessary for meaningful studies of the effect of drugs or drug-drug interactions on A-V conduction times. At right thoracotomy (halothane anesthesia), mongrel dogs had bipolar electrodes sutured to the epicardial surface of both atrial appendages, junctions of the sulcus terminalis with both vena cavae, and right ventricle. A unipolar needle electrode, referenced to a unipolar electrode on the ascending aorta, was inserted into the interatrial septum from the aortic root for recording the His bundle electrogram. After one to three weeks for stabilization, weekly measurements were made of A-V nodal conduction time (AVN) and His-ventricular conduction time (H-V) for up to 52 weeks (4 to 52 weeks). Mean values (13 dogs) for spontaneous cycle length, AVN and H-V conduction times were 477 +/- 25, 82 +/- 3, and 30 +/- 1 msec, respectively. Simultaneous recordings from catheter and implanted His bundle electrodes were made during changes in atrial paced rate (five dogs, pentobarbital anesthesia). Values for AVN and H-V conduction times from catheter or implanted electrodes were the same. AVN conduction time increased, H-V conduction time remained constant during increases in atrial rate. Atropine shortened and propranolol prolonged AVN conduction time in six unanesthetized, unsedated dogs; neither affected H-V conduction time. Histologic examination of electrode sites in two dogs at 43 and 52 weeks showed no evidence of damage to underlying myocardial recording sites. This preparation provides reproducible awake values for AVN and H-V conduction times, and hence a more meaningful control for pharmacologic investigations.
A Review of Three Radical and Working Class Collective Biographies

The Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicals, the Dictionary of Labour Biography, and the Dictionnaire Biographique du Mouvetnent Ouvrier Francais are three ongoing collective biographies of working class and radical politicians, philosophers, and activists. They are all scholarly works, well‐edited, informative and interesting to read. The entries in all three dictionaries are composed by experts in their fields and have excellent bibliographies.