cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOST SPECTRUM OF THE MYCOPARASITE DIMARGARIS VERTICILLATA

SUMMARY Thirty-five fungi classified in the Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes were used in this study as potential hosts for Dimargaris verticillata. Stimulation of growth of D. verticillata regularly occurred in the presence of each of the 23 Mucorales tested but not in the presence of fungi of other taxonomic groups. Parasitism by D. verticillata, based on normal sporophore formation, occurred on 18 fungi representing 13 genera of Mucorales. Six Mucorales and 11 fungi outside this order were not parasitized under the conditions used. Colony formation of D. verticillata on its hosts was generally limited to the area of parasite inoculation suggesting that the age of the host hyphae is a factor affecting parasitism. Spreading growth of the parasite did occur on three host fungi. No tropic response was observed between D. verticillata and its reference host, Cokeromyces recurvatus. Dimargaris verticillata Benjamin of the Dimargaritaceae is a haustorial biotrophic mycoparasite which was reported by Benjamin (1959) to parasitize Cokeromyces recurvatus Poitras. Benjamin reported that this fungus grew slowly in axenic culture but developed much more rapidly in the presence of a suitable host. Barnett (1970) reported fair growth of D. verticillata on an agar medium. The host ranges of several other haustorial mycoparasites closely related to D. verticillata have been investigated. Ayers (1935) found the host range of Dispira cornuta van Tieghem to be limited to the order Mucorales. Brunk and Barnett (1966) showed that Dispira parvispora Benjamin attacked mainly other Mucorales, but also parasitized the ascomycete, Monascus purpureus Went. These workers also found that Dispira simplex Benjamin did not parasitize any Mucorales investigated
Science bloopers II

In the 1980s ABC News - the news division of the American Broadcasting Company -unveiled a new logo consisting of a stylized image of the Earth, which was animatedwith the continents moving from east to west: from right to left on the TV screen. Soon after the logo's debut, someone pointed out the error. The network's producers made the correction ceremoniously on air during the late-night news programme Nightline. First the existing logo was shown with the globe revolving as usual east to west. Then the globe slowed and stopped, and then began to turn west to east, the direction in which it continued to revolve until the logo was retired some years ago.
Z-Selective Cross-Metathesis and Homodimerization of 3E-1,3-Dienes: Reaction Optimization, Computational Analysis, and Synthetic Applications

Olefin metathesis reactions with 3E-1,3-dienes using Z-selective cyclometalated ruthenium benzylidene catalysts are described. In particular, a procedure for employing 3E-1,3-dienes in Z-selective homodimerization and cross-metathesis with terminal alkenes is detailed. The reaction takes advantage of the pronounced chemoselectivity of a recently reported ruthenium-based catalyst containing a cyclometalated NHC ligand for terminal alkenes in the presence of internal E-alkenes. A wide array of commonly encountered functional groups can be tolerated, and only a small excess (1.5 equiv) of the diene coupling partner is required to achieve high yields of the desired internal E,Z-diene cross-metathesis product. Computational studies have been performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The computations are consistent with a diene-first pathway. The reaction can be used to quickly assemble structurally complex targets. The power of this cross-metathesis reaction is demonstrated by the concise syntheses of two...
HDPauthor: A New Hybrid Author-Topic Model using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes

We present a new approach towards capturing topic interests corresponding to all the observed latent topics generated by an author in documents to which he or she has contributed. Topic models based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) have been built for this purpose but are brittle as to the number of topics allowed for a collection and for each author of documents within the collection. Meanwhile, topic models based upon Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes (HDPs) allow an arbitrary number of topics to be discovered and generative distributions of interest inferred from text corpora, but this approach is not directly extensible to generative models of authors as contributors to documents with variable topical expertise. Our approach combines an existing HDP framework for learning topics from free text with latent authorship learning within a generative model using author list information. This model adds another layer into the current hierarchy of HDPs to represent topic groups shared by authors, and the document topic distribution is represented as a mixture of topic distribution of its authors. Our model automatically learns author contribution partitions for documents in addition to topics.
Seasonal physiological dynamics of maturing female southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)

Physiological information is rarely used in descriptions of maturity for managed, wild fish species; however, the use of physiological data holds great promise to provide important detail on the complexities of oocyte development and maturity. Investigating southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)-an overfished commercial and recreational fishery resource-we examined pre-spawn physiological changes in females to provide further detail of the maturation process. Given that adults of this species complete maturation and spawn in unknown offshore locations, information on pre-spawn physiological changes is particularly informative for both size- and age-based patterns of maturity. We evaluated seasonal and ontogenetic changes in hormone concentrations in blood plasma that are commonly associated with sexual maturation, in addition to quantifying and classifying lipid stored in liver tissue. We found a strong positive relationship between body weight and lipid content during all months, as well as evidence for mobilization of lipids among larger females in September and October, presumably for gonadal development. Throughout the sampling period, the lipid content of smaller individuals was dominated by structural lipids (as opposed to storage lipids). In contrast, larger individuals possessed greater amounts of storage lipids. This suggests that larger, putatively maturing individuals were accumulating storage lipids for later production of vitellogenin. Females sampled for blood sex steroids and ovarian histology showed different testosterone and estradiol concentrations between putatively maturing and immature fish, and temporal variation with peaks in October and November. Overall, emerging patterns of liver lipid content and composition and blood steroid concentrations describe a multi-month maturation process that is often managed one dimensionally over short time periods. Insights from this work will improve our understanding of the life history of southern flounder, with the potential for better understanding of the dynamics of offshore spawning migration and informing subsequent species management.
간호학의 미래 :국제적 조망

This paper aims to examine what nursing discipline has accomplishd to date and projects what could be its preferred future from global perspective. Major contextual factors that influence nursing are examined in light of their significance on the progress of nursing discipline. These include evoluti...
O doctor, where art thou? Why fewer students pursue internal medicine.

Identifies factors that contribute to the trend away from primary care practice among medical students and possible correctives to the trend. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Theorizing Diasporic Queer Digital Homes: Identity, Home and New Media

In this essay, I argue that, for the most part, hybridity is a state of confusion or complication rather than a state of empowerment. Because diasporic individuals experience a constant state of flux, the state of hybridity can be considered a fluid state of being that allows contestation, negotiation, and (re)creation of cultural identities. Consequently, diasporic individuals—particularly queer diasporic people—carve out physical, psychological, or cyber locations (homes) where they exist simultaneously within their host, diasporic, and queer cultures.
The relationship between stimulus intensity and the electrical responses of the cochlea and auditory nerve

The cochlear response (CR ) and the compound potential of the first-order neurons of the eighth cranial nerve (N1) were recorded from the round window membrane of each of four adult guinea pigs during auditory stimulation by an acoustic click delivered to the ear by the closed-tube method. The results indicated that proportional increments in the magnitude of the electrical response of the cochlea are accompanied by proportional increments in the magnitude of the nerve response.The latency of the N1 response was not influenced systematically by stimulus intensity. The relationship noted between these two responses is consistent with the electrical hypothesis of auditory nerve stimulation.
Crowdsourcing utility estimation for spina bifida in the general population.

INTRODUCTION Cost-utility analyses (CUA) are useful when the treatment conditions depend on patient preferences that are in turn dependent on health state utility value. Spina bifida (SB) is an example of such a preference-sensitive condition. Historically, the SB utility value for CUA has been gathered via a traditional face-to-face interview. However, due to funding and time constrains, utility estimation via online crowdsourcing has recently gained popularity. Our aim was to estimate the utility value for a generic SB health state using a validated online tool. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of American adults was conducted using the time-trade-off (TTO) method. Participants were recruited from an online crowdsourcing interface, Amazon's Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Demographic information and prior knowledge of SB were assessed. Respondents were provided a written passage and an online video explaining SB and its potential associated comorbidities. Participants were queried on hypothetical ascending time-trades from a child-parent dyad perspective to determine the utility of a SB health state in an affected 6-year-old child. Respondents were also asked to indicate the percentage of time traded from their life in relation to their child's. Utility estimates were then calculated and compared using bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS We obtained 503 responses (85% response rate). Mean respondent age was 34 (± 11); 247 (49%) were female; 386 (77%) were white; 189 (38%) were married, and 234 (46%) had children. Mean proportion of longevity traded by participants in the dyadic interaction was 66% (± 27) from the parent's life. Only 51 respondents (9%) reported having "ample" prior knowledge of SB; 8 respondents (0.02%) had SB themselves. Few others had previous experience with SB or myelomeningocele either in a child (4, 1%), or friend/relative (28, 5%). Compared with a perfect health state of 1.0, we found mean utilities of 0.85 (± 0.20) for SB. CONCLUSIONS Utility estimation for SB is feasible through crowdsourcing, and the resultant values are similar to previous estimates using traditional techniques. Subjects view the SB health state to be inferior to perfect health.
Silicon microdisk-based full adders for optical computing

Due to the projected saturation of Moore’s law, as well as the drastically increasing trend of bandwidth with lower power consumption, silicon photonics has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives that has attracted a lasting interest due to the accessibility and maturity of ultra-compact passive and active integrated photonic components. In this Letter, we demonstrate a ripple-carry electro-optic 2-bit full adder using microdisks, which replaces the core part of an electrical full adder by optical counterparts and uses light to carry signals from one bit to the next with high bandwidth and low power consumption per bit. All control signals of the operands are applied simultaneously within each clock cycle. Thus, the severe latency issue that accumulates as the size of the full adder increases can be circumvented, allowing for an improvement in computing speed and a reduction in power consumption. This approach paves the way for future high-speed optical computing systems in the post-Moore’s law era.
Neuroinvasiveness of West Nile Virus: A Case Report (P6.013)

Objective: To highlight the neurological manifestations of West Nile Virus Background: We present a case of serologically proved West Nile virus with involvement of cervical motor neuron cell, brainstem and cerebellum suggestive of neuro invasiveness of the virus. Design/Methods: Twenty-eight right-handed African-American female presented with fever and headache for 8 days. Patient reported she was apparently in perfect health about 8 days back when she had sudden onset bi-frontal headache which was not associated with nausea, vomiting and photophobia. Three days following the headache patient started complaining of high-grade fever with nausea and vomiting. After starting antibiotics next day patient’s aunt noticed that patient was not able to use her bilateral upper limbs to text from her cell phone. On initial evaluation patient had symmetric bilateral upper limb proximal weakness with absent reflexes in upper limb. Bilateral lower limb power was normal with normal reflexes. Patient also had right facial droop with absent right nasolabial fold. On eye examination patient had horizontal nystagmus which looked like ocular flutter. Results: CSF showed 1534 nucleated cells (90 % lymphocytes) with mildly elevated protein of 80 mg/dl with normal glucose and negative PCR encephalitis panel, HIV test, cryptococcal antigen, Anti-Nuclear Antigen antibodies with reflex and blood cultures. Patient’s MRI brain was suggestive of mild post contrast cerebellar meningeal enhancement. MRI cervical spine showed T2 hyperintensity in anterior horn of cervical cord. Patient had highly positive IgM and IgG titer of West Nile virus in CSF. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction study showed increased fibrillation with normal SNAPs and mild to moderate reduced recruitment suggestive of motor neuron cell involvement along with denervation. Conclusions: In this case patient had motor neuron cell involvement of cervical cord with symmetric proximal bilateral weakness of upper limb, brainstem involvement with right facial weakness and ocular flutter suggestive of involvement of Omnipause neurons. Disclosure: Dr. Jhunjhunwala has nothing to disclose. Dr. Venkatesh has nothing to disclose.
Just-in-time workforce? Temporary workers as a structural aspect of lean production in the US auto industry

Temporary employment is estimated to be around 20% of the US auto industry. Based on extensive fieldwork at the big three Japanese factories (Toyota, Honda and Nissan) and auto suppliers, this paper documents the impact of temporary workers on the shop floor and their role in the context of lean production. This article fills an important gap in the existing research as one of the few empirical studies that examine the effects of temp work in the auto industry. We conclude that the just-in-time workforce as a human buffer for sick or injured team members and an addition when production volume goes up is a core structural aspect of lean production. The lean, loyal and long-term principles of mature lean production to protect permanent workers are based on the disloyal and short-term use of temporary workers.
Quiet agent detection through simulation and classification

A central problem for organizations with a with a tactical surveillance mission is that of the “quiet agent.” The quiet agent problem concerns the real-time detection of a quiet entity moving in the midst of other entities, such as a silent person passing through an otherwise noisy crowd. The detection of the quiet agent is made possible by the effect it has on the surrounding agents and environment. In this paper we describe a proof-of-concept machine learning framework that is able to detect quiet agents in closed spaces where audio monitoring is available. Our approach begins by simulating an environment to produce relevant and usable data. The data is then converted into matrix form to be run through a neural network to detect the presence and movement of the quiet agent. The neural network was able to predict the location of the quiet agent with reasonable accuracy. Finally, the framework includes a step where data is normalized and heatmaps are generated, allowing the human eye to follow the quiet agent path.
Hepatocyte-Derived Lipocalin 2 Is a Potential Serum Biomarker Reflecting Tumor Burden in Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignant tumor. Previously, we reported co-activation of β-catenin and Yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1) in 80% of HB. Hepatic co-expression of active β-catenin and YAP1 via sleeping beauty transposon/transposase and hydrodynamic tail vein injection led to HB development in mice. Here, we identify lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) as a target of β-catenin and YAP1 in HB and show that serum Lcn2 values positively correlated with tumor burden. Lcn2 was strongly expressed in HB tumor cells in our mouse model. A tissue array of 62 HB cases showed highest LCN2 expression in embryonal and lowest in fetal, blastemal, and small cell undifferentiated forms of HB. Knockdown of LCN2 in HB cells had no effect on cell proliferation but reduced NF-κB reporter activity. Next, liver-specific Lcn2 knockout (KO) mice were generated. No difference in tumor burden was observed between Lcn2 KO mice and wild-type littermate controls after sleeping beauty transposon/transposase and hydrodynamic tail vein injection delivery of active YAP1 and β-catenin, although Lcn2 KO mice with HB lacked any serum Lcn2 elevation, demonstrating that transformed hepatocytes are the source of serum Lcn2. More blastemal areas and inflammation were observed within HB in Lcn2 KO compared with wild-type tumors. In conclusion, Lcn2 expressed in hepatocytes appears to be dispensable for the pathogenesis of HB. However, transformed hepatocytes secrete serum Lcn2, making Lcn2 a valuable biomarker for HB.
Switch Mechanisms Regulating Gene Expression

In Chapter 1 we noted that differentiation-specific genes expressed during Drosophila development were controlled by many reversible and irreversible “switch” processes. Specific genes were sequentially activated as part of a program of differentiation. Some of these genes could be activated and silenced reversibly, depending on, for example, hormone availability, while others were activated irreversibly. Irreversible switches presumably represent decision making events or processes of determination, and they may serve as branch points or sites of regulation in the developmental program.
Bridging the Gap: Information Literacy and Learning in Online Undergraduate Courses.

This study explores how libraries can enhance information literacy in online undergraduate courses at Purdue University, a large Midwestern research university. The article investigates undergradua...
ALECT2 and NASH.

While originally described as renal amyloidosis manifest by nephrotic syndrome followed by azotaemia, increasing numbers of patients have been found to have hepatic ALECT2 with or without signs of ...
A Review of IS Strategy Literature: Current Trends and Future Opportunities

In this paper, we examine the IS strategy literature since 2008. Using Chen, Mocker, Preston, and Teubner’s (2010) review as a starting point, we identified 31 IS strategy studies published since 2...
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – the use of neoadjuvant imatinib for treatment of an uncommon breast malignancy: a case report

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare soft tissue malignancy that, if left untreated, can be locally destructive and life-threatening. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is uncommon in the breast, and the similarity of its morphologic features with other spindle cell malignancies can make correct identification difficult. Immunohistochemistry and molecular testing can aid in the correct diagnosis when there is diagnostic uncertainty. Imatinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been used for adjuvant treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans following surgical resection. When used as a neoadjuvant treatment, imatinib offers the opportunity to decrease tumor size prior to surgery to lessen the chance for disfigurement. We present the case of a Caucasian woman who was 46-year-old when she first noted a mass in her right breast in 2015; she was initially diagnosed as having metaplastic breast carcinoma. Mastectomy and systemic chemotherapy were planned; however, after review of pathology at a referral center, the diagnosis was changed to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. She was treated with 4 months of neoadjuvant imatinib with adequate tumor shrinkage to perform breast conservation. This patient’s case stresses the importance of correctly diagnosing this rare breast tumor through the histopathologic appearance of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, molecular pathogenesis, and immunohistochemistry. These techniques can help differentiate dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans from metaplastic breast carcinoma and other spindle cell lesions of the breast. This is critical, as the treatment options for metaplastic breast carcinoma significantly differ from treatment options for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. This case describes the use of imatinib as a neoadjuvant option to reduce preoperative tumor size and improve surgical outcomes.
Differential Mathematical Morphological-Based Online Diagnosis of Stator Interturn Failures in Direct Torque Control Drive Systems

This article presents an in-service noninvasive fault diagnosis (FD) routine to detect incipient stator's interturn failure (ITF) in the direct torque control (DTC) driven induction motors. The developed FD routine is based on the application of the mathematical morphological gradient (MMG) technique on the stator currents. Being a time-domain technique, it is less computational burdensome than the frequency-domain-based FD. To detect the faulty phase, we introduced and implemented the differential MMG (ΔMMG) algorithm concept. A comprehensive electromagnetic investigation of harmonics and interharmonics contents due to the ITF, the DTC controller's reaction, the inverter's switching activity is presented. A design guideline of selecting the structuring element length in the FD routine was introduced. A physics-based cosimulation platform was built to investigate the feasibility of the proposed FD algorithm. The simulation reinforced by the experimental results depicted the robustness of the FD method. The comparative analysis is presented between the developed ΔMMG and the conventional motor current signature analysis (MCSA). The experimental results proved that developed FD is faster and more robust than the MCSA in detecting the ITFs at their embryonic stages.
Pathways to controlled 3D deformation of graphene: Manipulating the motion of topological defects

Abstract Functional properties of 2D materials like graphene can be tailored by designing their 3D structure at the Angstrom to nanometer scale. While there are routes to tailoring 3D structure at larger scales, achieving controllable sub-micron 3D deformations has remained an elusive goal since the original discovery of graphene. In this contribution, we summarize the state-of-the-art in controllable 3D structures, and present our perspective on pathways to realizing atomic-scale control. We propose an approach based on strategic application of mechanical load to precisely relocate and position topological defects that give rise to curvature and corrugation to achieve a desired 3D structure. Realizing this approach requires establishing the detailed nature of defect migration and pathways in response to applied load. From a computational perspective, the key needed advances lie in the identification of defect migration mechanisms. These needed advances define new forward and inverse problems: when a fixed stress or strain field is applied, along which pathways will defects migrate?, and vice versa. We provide a formal statement of these forward and inverse problems, and review recent methods that may enable solving them. The forward problem is addressed by determining the potential energy surface of allowable topological configurations through Monte Carlo and Gaussian process models to determine defect migration paths through dynamic programming algorithms or Monte Carlo tree search. Two inverse models are suggested, one based on genetic algorithms and another on convolutional neural networks, to predict the applied loads that induce migration and position defects to achieve desired curvature and corrugation. The realization of controllable 3D structures enables a vast design space at multiple scales to enable new functionality in flexible electronics, soft robotics, biomimetics, optics, and other application areas.
Care of the Female Veteran

Female veterans are a unique patient population with specific needs and risk factors. It is important for providers to consider a patient’s military history in order to assess potential influences on health. Key components of a military-focused history include assessment for specific medical conditions, mental health disorders, and social concerns for which veterans are at higher risk, in addition to screening for traumatic or environmental exposures. Women veterans are at risk for military sexual trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, depression, and suicidality. Medical conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders, traumatic brain injury, chronic pain syndromes, and functional gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders are also prevalent among women veterans. Lastly, many female veterans face challenges of unstable housing and unemployment and are at increased risk for homelessness. Screening for these mental health disorders, medical conditions, and psychosocial factors can lead to earlier intervention and avoid delays in management and treatment. There are extensive resources available to treat and support women veterans.
Regulatory T Cells Developing Peri-Weaning Are Continually Required to Restrain Th2 Systemic Responses Later in Life

Atopic disorders including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, and dermatitis, are increasingly prevalent in Western societies. These disorders are largely characterized by T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses to environmental triggers, particularly inhaled and dietary allergens. Exposure to such stimuli during early childhood reduces the frequency of allergies in at-risk children. These allergic responses can be restrained by regulatory T cells (Tregs), particularly Tregs arising in the gut. The unique attributes of how early life exposure to diet and microbes shape the intestinal Treg population is a topic of significant interest. While imprinting during early life promotes the development of a balanced immune system and protects against immunopathology, it remains unclear if Tregs that develop in early life continue to restrain systemic inflammatory responses throughout adulthood. Here, an inducible deletion strategy was used to label Tregs at specified time points with a targeted mechanism to be deleted later. Deletion of the Tregs labeled peri-weaning at day of life 24, but not before weaning at day of life 14, resulted in increased circulating IgE and IL-13, and abrogated induction of tolerance towards new antigens. Thus, Tregs developing peri-weaning, but not before day of life 14 are continually required to restrain allergic responses into adulthood.
Phyllosphere-inhabiting endophytic bacteria feature a stationary phase-like lifestyle

Plants are in constant association with a variety of microbes, and although much is known about how symbiotic and pathogenic microbes interact with plants, less is known about the population dynamics, adaptive traits, and transcriptional features of endophytic commensal microbes that live inside leaves. In this study, we evaluated the long-term population and transcriptional dynamics of two bacterial microbiota endophytes and compared them to those of a commensal-simulating non-pathogenic mutant of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. We found that population densities of all three endophytic phyllosphere bacteria remained static over a long period of time, which was caused by a continual equilibrium between bacterial multiplication and death, as evidenced by treatment of plants with antibiotics that only targeted dividing bacteria or by in planta visualization of bacteria carrying a fluorescent division reporter. Population stasis could not be explained by a lack of resources, as Arabidopsis leaves could support population densities up to 100 times higher than the normal microbiota populations, nor was population stasis reversed by significantly quenching PAMP-triggered immunity. Long-term temporal in planta transcriptomic analysis of these three bacterial endophytes revealed up-regulation of protein translation, the generation of energy, and the response to stress, and interestingly, for the microbiota strains, the longer the bacteria remained inside plants, the greater the up-regulation of some of these processes. Further transcriptomic analysis of in planta populations of commensal-simulating Pseudomonas syringae revealed a remarkable resemblance to those of in vitro bacteria in stationary phase, a metabolically active physiological state in which the production of secondary metabolites and stress responses are induced. This study provides novel insight into how endophytic bacteria survive and thrive inside plant leaves, and reshapes our current understanding of what it means to be part of the endophytic microbiota in the phyllosphere.
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 genomes circulated at low levels over the first year of the pandemic

Viral recombination can generate novel genotypes with unique phenotypic characteristics, including transmissibility and virulence. Although the capacity for recombination among betacoronaviruses is well documented, recombination between strains of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has not been characterized in detail. Here, we present a lightweight approach for detecting genomes that are potentially recombinant. This approach relies on identifying the mutations that primarily determine SARSCoV-2 clade structure and then screening genomes for ones that contain multiple mutational markers from distinct clades. Among the over 537,000 genomes queried that were deposited on GISAID.org prior to 16 February 2021, we detected 1,175 potential recombinant sequences. Using a highly conservative criteria to exclude sequences that may have originated through de novo mutation, we find that at least 30 per cent (n = 358) are likely of recombinant origin. An analysis of deep-sequencing data for these putative recombinants, where available, indicated that the majority are high quality. Additional phylogenetic analysis and the observed co-circulation of predicted parent clades in the geographic regions of exposure further support the feasibility of recombination in this subset of potential recombinants. An analysis of these genomes did not reveal evidence for recombination hotspots in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. While most of the putative recombinant sequences we detected were genetic singletons, a small number of genetically identical or highly similar recombinant sequences were identified in the same geographic region, indicative of locally circulating lineages. Recombinant genomes were also found to have originated from parental lineages with substitutions of concern, including D614G, N501Y, E484K, and L452R. Adjusting for an unequal probability of detecting recombinants derived from different parent clades and for geographic variation in clade abundance, we estimate that at most 0.2–2.5 per cent of circulating viruses in the USA and UK are recombinant. Our identification of a small number of putative recombinants within the first year of SARS-CoV-2 circulation underscores the need to sustain efforts to monitor the emergence of new genotypes generated through recombination.
Are in-person lectures beneficial for all students? A Study of a Large Statistics Class

Over 1000 students over four semesters were given the option of taking an introductory statistics class either by in-person attendance in lectures, augmented by online recorded lectures, or by taking the same class without the in-person lectures. The all-online students did slightly better on computer-graded exams. The causal effect of choosing only online lectures was estimated by adjusting for potential confounders using four methods. The four nearly identical point estimates remained positive but were small and not statistically significant. No statistically significant differences were found in preliminary comparisons of effects on females/males, U.S./non-U.S. citizens, freshmen/non-freshman, and lower-scoring/higher-scoring math ACT groups.
Numerical Simulation of the Water Vapor Separation of a Moisture-Selective Hollow-Fiber Membrane for the Application in Wood Drying Processes.

In this study, a simplified two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed, using COMSOL Multiphysics® software, to simulate the water vapor separation in a moisture-selective hollow-fiber membrane for the application of air dehumidification in wood drying processes. The membrane material was dense polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A single hollow fiber membrane was modelled. The mass and momentum transfer equations were simultaneously solved to compute the water vapor concentration profile in the single hollow fiber membrane. A water vapor removal experiment was conducted by using a lab-scale PDMS hollow fiber membrane module operated at constant temperature of 35 °C. Three operation parameters of air flow rate, vacuum pressure, and initial relative humidity (RH) were set at different levels. The final RH of dehydrated air was collected and converted to water vapor concentration to validate simulated results. The simulated results were fairly consistent with the experimental data. Both experimental and simulated results revealed that the water vapor removal efficiency of the membrane system was affected by air velocity and vacuum pressure. A high water vapor removal performance was achieved at a slow air velocity and high vacuum pressure. Subsequently, the correlation of Sherwood (Sh)–Reynolds (Re)–Schmidt (Sc) numbers of the PDMS membrane was established using the validated model, which is applicable at a constant temperature of 35 °C and vacuum pressure of 77.9 kPa. This study delivers an insight into the mass transport in the moisture-selective dense PDMS hollow fiber membrane-based air dehumidification process, with the aims of providing a useful reference to the scale-up design, process optimization and module development using hollow fiber membrane materials.
Pulmonary histopathology of interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase antibodies

Abstract Background We aimed to determine if antibody type is an indicator of pulmonary histopathology, using antisynthetase antibody positive interstitial lung disease (ILD) cases with lung biopsy or autopsy findings. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of the English language literature in PubMed to identify ILD histopathology results for cases with antibodies against anti-aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (anti-ARS antibodies), including Jo1, PL-12, PL-7, KS, ES, and OJ. We additionally identified patients who had ILD, anti-ARS antibodies, and a lung biopsy between 2015 and 2020 at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. For each case, we documented the specific anti-ARS antibody and major histopathologic patterns identified on biopsy or autopsy, including usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), organizing pneumonia (OP), and acute lung injury (ALI). To determine if histopathology varied by antibody type, we compared the proportion of each of four major patterns by antibody type using the Fisher's Exact test. Results We identified 310 cases with pathology findings and anti-ARS antibody positivity, including 12 cases from our institution. The proportion of NSIP differed significantly across antibody type, found in 31% of Jo1 (p Conclusion The frequency of histopathologic findings in ILD with anti-ARS positivity varies significantly by antibody type, and NSIP occurs in less than half of all cases.
Apropiación del espacio americano en "Epitalamio del Prieto Trinidad"

consagrado por el publico, reconocido por la critica especializada y distinguido oficialmente con el Premio Nacional de Literatiira de su pais? Estas son algunas de las interrogantes iniciales que nos permitcn reflexionar sobre la situacion particular de Ramon Jose Sender, creador prolifico y uno de los escritores mas representatives del llamado "Exilio Republicano"1. La critica especializada ha demostrado que el escritor exiliado no solo pierde el contacto directo con su patria, sino que sufre, ademas, la exclusion violenta del medio natural que sustenta su ficcion. Por ello, se nos aparece como un ser en doble desamparo, asediado por la paradojal exigencia de integrarse a un mundo nuevo, pero resguardando la identidad que lo define y que, al mismo tiempo, lo denuncia como ajeno. Las marcas de esta tragediase inscriben en el texto senderiano. En el podemos leer la carencia de la, hasta entonces, habitual referencia hispana. Enfrentado al distanciamiento y a la ruptura obligada con su destinatario natural, la escritura adquiere una nueva modulation y busca abrirse a la posibilidad de dialogar con otro lector, esta vez, americano. Ingresamos, entonces, a la etapa del rcinicio escritural del autor, especialmente, a sus primeras publicaciones en America. De este corpus quiero rescatar la novela Ejnlalaviio delPrieto Trinidad1, que perfila con absoluta nitidez la experiencia sintetizadora de Sender al integrar las tematicas recurrentes de su discurso hispano, con las nuevas posibilidades de textualizacion que le ofrecia el mundo americano.
Contribution of feedforward, lateral and feedback connections to the classical receptive field center and extra-classical receptive field surround of primate V1 neurons

A central question in visual neuroscience is what circuits generate the responses of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1). V1 neurons respond best to oriented stimuli of optimal size within their receptive field (RF) center. This size tuning is contrast dependent, i.e. a neuron's optimal stimulus size measured at high contrast (the high-contrast summation RF, or hsRF) is smaller than when measured using low-contrast stimuli (the low-contrast summation RF, or lsRF). Responses to stimuli in the RF center are usually suppressed by iso-oriented stimuli in the extra-classical RF surround. Iso-orientation surround suppression is fast and long range, extending well beyond the size of V1 cells' lsRF. Geniculocortical feedforward (FF), V1 lateral and extrastriate feedback (FB) connections to V1 could all contribute to generating the RF center and surround of V1 neurons. Studies on the spatio-temporal properties and functional organization of these connections can help disclose their specific contributions to the responses of V1 cells. These studies, reviewed in this chapter, have shown that FF afferents to V1 integrate signals within the hsRF of V1 cells; V1 lateral connections are commensurate with the size of the lsRF and may, thus, underlie contrast-dependent changes in spatial summation, and modulatory effects arising from the surround region closer to the RF center (the "near" surround). The spatial and temporal properties of lateral connections cannot account for the dimensions and onset latency of modulation arising from more distant regions of the surround (the "far" surround). Inter-areal FB connections to V1, instead, are commensurate with the full spatial range of center and surround responses, and show fast conduction velocity consistent with the short onset latency of modulation arising from the "far" surround. We review data showing that a subset of FB connections terminate in a patchy fashion in V1, and show modular and orientation specificity, consistent with their proposed role in orientation-specific center-surround interactions. We propose specific mechanisms by which each connection type contributes to the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and implement these hypotheses into a recurrent network model. We show physiological data in support of the model's predictions, revealing that modulation from the "far" surround is not always suppressive, but can be facilitatory under specific stimulus conditions.
Bioterrorism Preparation and Response Legislation — The Struggle to Protect States' Sovereignty While Preserving National Security

Professor Sutton analyzes the constitutional issues that are likely to arise during the government’s proactive preparation for a bioterrorism attack. Sutton urges Congress to address these constitutional concerns as quickly as possible so the government can fully develop a national security defense plan against any future bioterrorism attacks. She points out that bioterrorism issues cause constitutional conflict since Federalism gives the federal government plenary power in national security issues, while the Tenth Amendment provides the states with police powers related to the public’s health and safety. The issue created is due in large part because preparation for bioterrorism is a national security issues that involves the health and safety of the public. Professor Sutton adds depth to this analysis through a discussion of the Federalist Papers, the Constitution, and several Supreme Court decisions.
Plasma focussing of the Final Focus Test Beam

The focusing of the Final Focus Test Beam by means of a plasma is studied by means of models, based on theory and simulation. A set of parameters for a test of various aspects of plasma focusing is presented with attention to the limitations of diagnostic schemes available presently at the FFTB. >
Mass Spectrometry, High Speed DNA Fragment Sizing

Recently, high-speed DNA fragment sizing has been in critical need due to its important application on genomic function, DNA sequencing, disease diagnosis, DNA typing for forensic use, and microbial analysis for bioagent identification. Mass spectrometry has played a key role in rapid DNA sizing. This article discusses the fundamental principles of mass spectrometry for DNA analysis and the advantages and disadvantages of mass spectrometry compared to other approaches. It also gives a brief historical review of the development of mass spectrometry for DNA analysis. Applications in DNA sequencing, genetic disease diagnosis, and DNA finger printing are also presented. Keywords: Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization (MALDI); Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF); Gel Electrophoresis; DNA Hybridization; DNA Sequencing
Recent advances in the treatment of leprosy

Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, was identified by G. H. A. Hansen in 1873. The different clinical presentations of the disease are determined by the quality of the host immune response. The bacteria have affinity for the peripheral nerves and are likely the cause of neuropathy, a cardinal manifestation of the disease. WHO recommends a protocol of multidrug therapy (MDT), which effectively controls the disease, hence contributing to the global elimination program. Early detection of leprosy and treatment by MDT are the most important steps in preventing deformity and disability.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

This paper applies the Generalized Divisia Index to decompose the CO2 emissions into eight components and uses the Factor Analysis to determine their clusters - the combinations of related components that play the leading role. Economic analysis of these clusters allows for the determination of the main drivers of the CO2 emissions. As a case study, we used the data of the United States from 1950 through 2040 separated into three periods: 1950 - 1980; 1981 - 2012, and 2013 - 2040, each characterized by a specific type of socioeconomic development: industrial, post-industrial, and information, respectively. Data for the last period are projections. As a result, we got an insight into the typology of the CO2 emissions and obtained recommendations on environmental policy aimed at their mitigation.
Teaching Engineering Ethics: A Phenomenological Approach

Two concerns dominate engineering ethics pedagogy. The first is that 21st century technologies present daunting ethical questions that require strong engagement with engineering ethics. The second is that engineering students don?t emotionally engage with the study of ethics ? in short, they don?t care much about it. Instead, today?s engineering students are confident that technology itself will operate to resolve most ethical questions.
Commercial tokamak reactors with resistive toroidal field magnets

Scaling relations and design concepts are developed for commercial tokamak reactors that use watercooled copper toroidal field (TF) magnets. Illustrative parameters are developed for reactors that are scaled up in size from LITE test reactor designs, which use quasi-continuous copper plate magnets. Acceptably low magnet power requirements may be attainable in a moderate beta (..beta.. = 0.065) commercial reactor with a major radius of 6.2 m. The shielding thickness and magnet size are substantially reduced relative to values in commercial reactors with superconducting magnets. Operation at high beta (..beta.. = 0.14) leads to a reduction in reactor size, magnet-stored energy, and recirculating power. Reactors using resistive TF magnets could provide advantages of physically smaller devices, improved maintenance features, and increased ruggedness and reliability.
Modeling Structural Flexibility of Proteins with Go-Models.

Structure-based models are an efficient tool for folding studies of proteins since by construction their energy landscape is only minimally frustrated. However, their intrinsic drawback is a lack of structural flexibility as usually only one target structure is employed to construct the potentials. Hence, a Go-model may not capture differences in mutation-induced protein dynamics, if—as in the case of the disease-related A629P mutant of the Menkes protein ATP7A—the structural differences between mutant and wild type are small. In this work, we introduced three implementations of Go-models that take into account the flexibility of proteins in the NMR ensemble. Comparing the wild type and the mutant A629P of the 75-residue large sixth domain Menkes protein, we find that these new Go-potentials lead to broader distributions than Go-models relying on a single member of the NMR ensemble. This allows us to detect the transient unfolding of a loosely formed β1β4 sheet in the mutant protein. Our results are consi...
Synthetic spider dragline silk proteins and their production in Escherichia coli.

Synthetic genes were designed to encode analogs of the two proteins of Nephila clavipes dragline silk, spidroins 1 and 2. The genes were constructed of tandem repeats of relatively long (more than 300 bp) DNA sequences assembled from synthetic oligonucleotides, and encoded proteins of high molecular mass (65–163 kDa). Both analogs were produced efficiently in Escherichia coli. The yield and homogeneity of the products of longer genes were limited by premature termination of synthesis, probably as a result of processivity errors in protein synthesis. Average termination rates were determined to be 1 in 1100 codons to 1 in 300 codons, depending on the length and synonymous codon choices of the gene. Both analog proteins could be induced to form stable aqueous solutions without denaturants. Circular dichroism spectra of the purified proteins in dilute solution resembled spectra of redissolved natural dragline silk in reflecting a largely disordered structure in water and more ordered structures in mixed solvents with methanol and trifluoroethanol.