cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processing Electronic Reserves in a Large Academic Library System

Abstract Implementation of electronic reserves in academic libraries represents one of the most important advances in libraries for patrons in many years. Some academic libraries offer faculty peace of mind by assuming responsibility for copyright clearance for electronic reserve services. Libraries have the specialized equipment to scan and edit files to make them readable and easily downloaded by students. Libraries also have sufficient electronic storage to hold scanned material for future semesters. This paper examines how electronic reserves are managed in a large academic library system. The short history behind electronic reserves at Pennsylvania State University Libraries and the procedures associated with creating and maintaining the reserve system, will be considered, as well as offering a statistical assessment of how electronic reserves have affected the other services of the University Libraries. Finally, issues surrounding electronic reserves, fair use, copyright and Pennsylvania State Unive...
SUPEROXIDE AND SINGLET OXYGEN IN MILK LIPID PEROXIDATION

Abstract The extent to which the excited state molecular oxygen species, singlet oxygen 1 O 2 , participates in milk lipid oxidation was considered. Light, copper, and enzyme catalyzed oxidative reactions were included in the study. The working hypothesis was that superoxide anion was produced in the copper and xanthine oxidase systems and that the anion once produced underwent chemical dismutation to singlet oxygen; light-catalyzed reactions produced singlet oxygen directly through mediation of a triplet sensitizer. In the presence of a singlet oxygen trapper (1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran) or a single oxygen quencher (1,4-diazaby-cyclo-[2-2-2] octane), lipid oxidation was inhibited. Too, superoxide dismutase acted as a protective agent against lipid oxidation by catalyzing superoxide dismutation to ground state oxygen, thus circumventing singlet-generating spontaneous dismutation. Singlet oxygen is the immediate source of the hydroperoxides that initiate lipid oxidation catalyzed by the three agents.
Serum complement levels in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia

Summary 1.Serum complement titers were determined for 46 children, aged 2 to 13, with acute lymphocytic leukemia and for 17 normal children within the same age range. 2.The mean C′H 50 of 44.6 units obtained for the leukemic group was significantly lower than the 54.0 units observed for the normal group. 3.The wide range of C′ titers among the leukemic children as compared to the range among normal children resulted predominantly from the lower levels observed in 24 or 52.1 per cent of the 46 patients. 4.Correlation of the C′ titers with the clinical data revealed that 20 or 64.5 per cent of the 31 patients in remission had significantly low C′ levels, whereas only 4 or 26.7 per cent of the 15 patients in relapse had similar titers. 5.Although the mean C′H 50 value of 51.1 units for the patients in relapse did not differ from that of the normal group, a significantly low mean C′H 50 of 41.5 units was obtained for leukemic children in remission.
ACTIVITIES OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN RENAL CELLULAR GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM AFTER UNINEPHRECTOMY IN THE RAT

Abstract The renal concentration of GSH increases after a significant reduction in renal mass and compensatory renal growth. To test the hypothesis that this increase is due to induction of GSH synthesis, the activities of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, other GSH-dependent enzymes, and selected enzymes involved in cellular energetics were measured in freshly isolated proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from male Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent uninephrectomy and compensatory renal growth or from sham-operated rats. Significant increases in cellular content of protein without increases in intracellular content of DNA, in both PT and DT cells, confirmed that cellular hypertrophy had occurred. γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase activity increased significantly in PT cells, but not in DT cells, as a result of compensatory cellular hypertrophy, indicating that the effects of cellular hypertrophy on GSH synthesis occurred exclusively in the proximal tubule. Hypertrophy in PT cells, but not in DT cells, was associated with significant increases in activities of glutathione disulfide reductase, both Mg2+-dependent and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATPases, succinate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Results from this study demonstrate that compensatory hypertrophy occurs in both PT and DT cells and that effects on GSH metabolism and cellular energetics associated with compensatory hypertrophy are more pronounced in PT cells than in DT cells. The findings also support our hypothesis that GSH synthesis is induced in the proximal tubule during compensatory hypertrophy. The increase in GSH synthesis may be an adaptive response to protect against oxidative stress caused by increases in mitochondrial metabolism.
Increased expression of Nox1 in neointimal smooth muscle cells promotes activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9.

Objective: Vascular injury causes neointimal hypertrophy, which is characterized by redox-mediated matrix degradation and smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation. We hy
Cyborg Memories: An Impure History of Jesus

What can happen when memory and intersectionality are brought together to bear on historical Jesus studies? Pondering this question in light of a recently launched multiyear project, Jesus in Cultural Complexity, I propose that the intersectional figure of the cyborg and haunting as a form of memory offer resources for practicing this conjunction. The cyborg as an intersectional figure productively expands our field of salient intersections beyond the usual anthropocentric range; haunting, when considered as a form of memory transmission that requires ethical response by the living but demands we grant agency to the non-living or non-human, helps to clarify how we might speak about temporal intersectionalities. The first section of the article sketches my understanding of the key insights of intersectionality, in light of examples of its current deployments in analysing the figure of Jesus and the enterprise of historical Jesus studies. The second section articulates what the cyborg as an intersectional figure can add to this work, drawing especially on the work of Donna Haraway. The last section of the paper argues that the figure of the cyborg is one well-suited to cultivating an approach to forms of memory we might describe as hauntings, drawing especially on the work of Avery Gordon and Jacques Derrida.
Temperature Dependence of Step Density on Vicinal Pb(111)

The temperature dependence of step density on the vicinal Pb(111) surface is investigated using reflection high-energy electron diffraction. When the temperature is increased from 323 to 590 K, the average terrace width and the average string length at the step edge decrease from $85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25$ to $37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16\AA{}$ and from $220\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}33$ to $25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8\AA{},$ respectively. Thermal step collapse on the Pb(111) surface near its bulk melting temperature is not observed. Above $530\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7\mathrm{K},$ the change in the string length at the step edge with temperature becomes small, and the intensity of the (00) beam is significantly decreased. We conclude that partial step melting at the step edge occurs at the surface above $530\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7\mathrm{K}.$
Color preferences change after experience with liked/disliked colored objects

How are color preferences formed, and can they be changed by affective experiences with correspondingly colored objects? We examined these questions by testing whether affectively polarized experiences with images of colored objects would cause changes in color preferences. Such changes are implied by the ecological valence theory (EVT), which posits that color preferences are determined by people’s average affective responses to correspondingly colored objects (Palmer & Schloss, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 8877–8882, 2010). Seeing images of strongly liked (and disliked) red and green objects, therefore, should lead to increased (and decreased) preferences for correspondingly colored red and green color patches. Experiment 1 showed that this crossover interaction did occur, but only if participants were required to evaluate their preferences for the colored objects when they saw them. Experiment 2 showed that these overall changes decreased substantially over a 24-h delay, but the degree to which the effect lasted for individuals covaried with the magnitude of the effects immediately after object exposure. Experiment 3 demonstrated a similar, but weaker, effect of affectively biased changes in color preferences when participants did not see, but only imagined, the colored objects. The overall pattern of results indicated that color preferences are not fixed, but rather are shaped by affective experiences with colored objects. Possible explanations for the observed changes in color preferences were considered in terms of associative learning through evaluative conditioning and/or priming of prior knowledge in memory.
Switching and Reswitching in a General Production Model

Introduction, 673. — I. Existence of feasible proportional programs which are competitive, 677. — II. A nonswitching theorem, 679. — III. Intensity orders and the nonexistent factor-price frontier, 684.
SU-8 2000 rendered cytocompatible for neuronal bioMEMS applications

Microfabrication advances have resulted in small, cheap, and precise devices for biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS). SU-8/SU-8 2000 is an attractive material for these applications because of its high-aspect ratio fabrication capability, dielectric properties, and thermochemical stability. Despite these advantages, the potential toxicity of SU-8 2000 may limit its use in cell-based applications. We show that <10% of primary neurons survived when cultured adjacent to or on top of untreated SU-8 2000. We evaluated the efficacy of various detoxification and surface treatments for SU-8 2000 in neuronal cultures after 7-21 days in vitro. Viability was improved to 45.8% +/- 4.5% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) following 3-day heat treatment (150 degrees C) under vacuum, while UV exposure and CO2 supercritical extraction did not improve survival. Furthermore, parylene coating (25 microm), in combination with heat and sonication (in isopropanol) treatments effectively masked the SU-8 2000 and led to 86.4% +/- 1.9% viability. Glow discharge (oxygen plasma) treatment rendered the SU-8 2000 surface more hydrophilic and improved neuronal viability, possibly through improved cell adhesion. No organic leachants were detected by mass spectrometry before or after heat treatment or after sonication. However, XPS analysis revealed the presence of potentially neurotoxic elements, fluorine and antimony. Strategies to improve the cytocompatibility of SU-8 2000 with primary neurons will allow longer culture times and have applications for cell-based microfabrication.
Structure and function of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Mammalian 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3 alpha-HSDs) inactivate circulating steroid hormones, and in target tissues regulate the occupancy of steroid hormone receptors. Molecular cloning indicates that 3 alpha-HSDs are members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily and display high sequence identity (> 60%). Of these, the most extensively characterized is rat liver 3 alpha-HSD. X-ray crystal structures of the apoenzyme and the E.NADP+ complex have been determined and serve as structural templates for other 3 alpha-HSDs. These structures reveal that rat liver 3 alpha-HSD adopts an (alpha/beta)8-barrel protein fold. NAD(P)(H) lies perpendicular to the barrel axis in an extended conformation, with the nicotinamide ring at the core of the barrel, and the adenine ring at the periphery of the structure. The nicotinamide ring is stabilized by interaction with Y216, S166, D167, and Q190, so that the A-face points into the vacant active site. The 4-pro-(R) hydrogen transferred in the oxidoreduction of steroids is in close proximity to a catalytic tetrad that consists of D50, Y55, K84, and H117. A water molecule is within hydrogen bond distance of H117 and Y55, and its position may mimic the position of the carbonyl of a 3-ketosteroid substrate. The catalytic tetrad is conserved in members of the AKR superfamily and resides at the base of an apolar cleft implicated in binding steroid hormone. The apolar cleft consists of a side of apolar residues (L54, W86, F128, and F129), and opposing this side is a flexible loop that contains W227. These constraints suggest that the alpha-face of the steroid would orient itself along that side of the cleft containing W86. Site-directed mutagenesis of the catalytic tetrad indicates that Y55 and K84 are essential for catalysis. Y55S and Y55F mutants are catalytically inactive, but still form binary (E.NADPH) and ternary (E.NADH.Testosterone) complexes; by contrast K84R and K84M mutants are catalytically inactive, but do not bind steroid hormone. The reliance on a Tyr/Lys pair is reminiscent of catalytic mechanisms proposed for other AKR members as well as for HSDs that belong to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, in which Tyr is the general acid, with its pKa being lowered by Lys. Superimposition of the nicotinamide rings in the structures of 3 alpha-HSD (an AKR) and 3 alpha, 20 beta-HSD (an SDR) show that the Tyr/Lys pairs are positionally conserved, suggesting convergent evolution across protein families to a common mechanism for HSD catalysis. W86Y and W227Y mutants bind testosterone to the E.NADH complex, with effective increases in Kd of 8- and 20-fold. These data provide the first evidence that the side of the apolar cleft containing W86 and the opposing flexible loop containing W227 are parts of the steroid-binding site. Detailed mutagenesis studies of the apolar cleft and elucidation of a ternary complex structure will ultimately provide details of the determinants that govern steroid hormone recognition. These determinants could provide a rational basis for structure-based inhibitor design.
Crack propagation toward a desired path by controlling the force direction

Controlling the crack propagation along a desired path has important applications in fabrication. We propose a method for extending a crack along a desired trajectory by controlling the direction of an applied external point force. Examples of crack propagation along arc and sinusoidal paths are illustrated, and verified through numerical simulations based on the extended finite element method (XFEM).
Spectroscopic characterization of the soluble guanylate cyclase-like heme domains from Vibrio cholerae and Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis.

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a nitric oxide- (NO-) sensing hemoprotein that has been found in eukaryotes from Drosophila to humans. Prokaryotic proteins with significant homology to the heme domain of sGC have recently been identified through genomic analysis. Characterization of two of these proteins is reported here. The first is a 181 amino acid protein cloned from Vibrio cholerae (VCA0720) that is encoded in a histidine kinase-containing operon. The ferrous unligated form of VCA0720 is 5-coordinate, high-spin. The CO complex is low-spin, 6-coordinate, and the NO complex is high-spin and 5-coordinate. These ligand-binding properties are very similar to those of sGC. The second protein is the N-terminal 188 amino acids of Tar4 (TtTar4H), a predicted methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) from the strict anaerobe Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. TtTar4H forms a low-spin, 6-coordinate ferrous−oxy complex, the first of this sGC-related family that binds O2. TtTar4H has ligand-binding properties s...
Physical layer design of distributed proportional fair scheduling in wireless body area networks

We study the physical layer design of a distributed time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol for wireless body area networks (WBAN). The distributed TDMA scheme is derived from a bio-inspired algorithm known as Pulse-Coupled Oscillator (PCO), in which each node in the network updates its state based on its knowledge of the neighborhood. ON-OFF ultra wide band (UWB) modulation is used by the sensors. We discuss the design of beacons to support the distributed TDMA scheme and derive non-coherent detection rules of the incoming data bits and the beacon signals. We further discuss practical implementation issues related to the lack of channel knowledge at the receiver.
Expression of the murine complement regulatory protein crry by glial cells and neurons.

The expression of the murine complement regulatory protein, Crry, in the CNS remains largely unexplored. In this study, we examined murine astrocytes and microglia purified from neonatal brain and sections of adult murine brain for the expression of Crry. Using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that astrocytes and microglia express Crry protein and RNA. Crry expression is greater on microglia than astrocytes and, as determined by Western blot analysis, each cell type expresses a Crry protein of different molecular weight. Interestingly, neuronal expression of Crry was seen only at the RNA level. These data demonstrate Crry expression by astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in the murine CNS and suggest that Crry may play an important role in protecting the CNS against complement-mediated damage.
Who Teaches Information Literacy Competencies? Report of a Study of Faculty

Information literacy is recognized as an essential competency for educational success. It relates to all disciplines but is not a separate discipline, so it is not clear who takes responsibility for teaching this competency to undergraduates. This is a report of a survey conducted to better understand the extent to which teaching information literacy concepts by faculty occurred in a research university. The results indicated that faculty in the disciplines generally teach information literacy competencies to undergraduate students without collaborating with others on their campus. Many faculty also had the expectation that students know how to avoid plagiarism, find articles and books, and define topics for their projects before students take their courses. There were disciplinary differences in providing instruction in critical evaluation and avoiding plagiarism. Tenured faculty tended to provide instruction in defining a topic; finding articles and books; and synthesizing information. Non-tenured facul...
Estimation of Variance Components Using Residuals

Abstract We consider the estimation of variance components in a general analysis of variance model by use of residuals. Unbiased estimation by linear functions of squares and cross-products of residuals is shown to be equivalent to estimation by quadratic forms with an invariance property. This approach leads to alternative derivations of C.R. Rao's MIVQUE and MINQUE by using well-known results in linear model theory. Further, the method extends easily to utilize a priori knowledge of the parameter space, which ensures, for example, nonnegative estimates of variance components; when estimates are constrained to a strictly positive region, an iterative feedback procedure is made feasible.
Twenty-first century brain banking. Processing brains for research: the Columbia University methods

Carefully categorized postmortem human brains are crucial for research. The lack of generally accepted methods for processing human postmortem brains for research persists. Thus, brain banking is essential; however, it cannot be achieved at the cost of the teaching mission of the academic institution by routing brains away from residency programs, particularly when the autopsy rate is steadily decreasing. A consensus must be reached whereby a brain can be utilizable for diagnosis, research, and teaching. The best diagnostic categorization possible must be secured and the yield of samples for basic investigation maximized. This report focuses on integrated, novel methods currently applied at the New York Brain Bank, Columbia University, New York, which are designed to reach accurate neuropathological diagnosis, optimize the yield of samples, and process fresh-frozen samples suitable for a wide range of modern investigations. The brains donated for research are processed as soon as possible after death. The prosector must have a good command of the neuroanatomy, neuropathology, and the protocol. One half of each brain is immersed in formalin for performing the thorough neuropathologic evaluation, which is combined with the teaching task. The contralateral half is extensively dissected at the fresh state. The anatomical origin of each sample is recorded using the map of Brodmann for the cortical samples. The samples are frozen at −160°C, barcode labeled, and ready for immediate disbursement once categorized diagnostically. A rigorous organization of freezer space, coupled to an electronic tracking system with its attached software, fosters efficient access for retrieval within minutes of any specific frozen samples in storage. This report describes how this achievement is feasible with emphasis on the actual processing of brains donated for research.
Annual reproductive cycle in the male red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: Field and laboratory studies

The reproductive cycle of male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) was studied in a laboratory-maintained population and in nature. Both populations exhibited a dissociated reproductive pattern in which spermatogenesis was initiated after the breeding season and sperm were stored in the vas deferens over winter. Although animals in both the laboratory and the field exhibited a dissociated reproductive pattern, temporal differences were evident in the two populations. Animals maintained in the laboratory initiated and completed spermiation much sooner than animals collected in the field. In the captive population, the renal sexual segment (RSS) could be identified but did not exhibit a seasonal fluctuation, indicating perhaps that androgen production was continuous, but at a reduced level. In nature, the RSS was hypertrophied at emergence, regressed following the breeding season, and again hypertrophied as circulating androgens increased in the fall, prior to hibernation. In both laboratory-maintained and field animals the circulating concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone at emergence were initially similar to the levels observed prior to hibernation but by 2 weeks postemergence had decreased to a relatively low level. Both the high androgen levels prior to hibernation and the rapid decrease during the spring courtship season may result from temperature influences on clearance rates. Plasma levels of corticosterone varied during the spring, first increasing upon emergence and then declining approximately 2 weeks following emergence.
Surgeon-performed fluoroscopy conducted simultaneously during all laparoscopic adjustable gastric band adjustments results in significant alterations in clinical decisions.

Background Little data exists regarding filling regimens for laparoscopic adjustable gastric bands (LAGB). In addition to patient symptoms and weight changes, we have instituted surgeon-performed, real-time fluoroscopic evaluation in our clinical decision making during all band adjustments.
Media Coverage of Presidential Primaries: The Economics of Being Early

Based on Gurian and Wolfe's model, and a content analysis of the 1984, 1988, and 1992 nomination contests, this study explores the relationship between the sequence of Democratic presidential primary dates and media campaign coverage of particular state and regional economic issues. The findings of the regression analysis suggest that by conducting contests early in the campaign and in isolation, populous states with one central economic issue may attract more media campaign coverage to the issue. By joining a regional primary that is early in the calendar, states may boost national media campaign coverage of economic issues important to their region. In short, this analysis enhances our understanding of how and why the presidential selection system bestows state influence unequally.
Sensory profiling of electron-beam irradiated ready-to-eat poultry frankfurters.

Abstract Ready-to-eat poultry frankfurters were irradiated by electron-beam at medium doses of 0, 1, 2 and 3 kGy and evaluated for sensory characteristics over a 32 day refrigerated storage period. A descriptive panel identified and rated 31 attributes describing the effects of irradiation dose on the appearance, aroma, flavor and texture of the frankfurters throughout the shelf-life. It was found that storage time had a more significant effect on frankfurters than irradiation dose. Irradiation affected the aroma attributes of chicken, cured meat, spice blend, and wet dog; the flavor attributes of meaty, chickeny, and off-flavor; and the taste attributes of sour and sweet. The texture of the poultry frankfurters was not significantly affected by irradiation.
The Hawk?Dove game revisited: Effects of continuous variation in resource-holding potential on the frequency of escalation

The classic Hawk—Dove game is extended to deal with continuous variation in resource-holding potential or RHP, when RHP is observable (via any sensory modality) but RHP difference is less than perfectly reliable as a predictor of the outcome of an escalated contest. The relationship between sensory and physical magnitudes of RHP is assumed to be governed by Fechner's psychophysical law, whose effect is that contestants interact as if they had perfect information about their relative RHP (as opposed to RHP difference). Thus, an animal is aggressive if its RHP exceeds a certain fraction, called its threshold, of its opponent's RHP and otherwise is non-aggressive; and the classic Hawk and Dove strategies correspond to zero and infinite thresholds, respectively. For RHPs drawn at random from an arbitrary Gamma distribution there is a unique evolutionarily stable strategy or ESS, which depends on a parameter α measuring the reliability of RHP as a predictor of the outcome of a fight, on the ratio of the valueV of winning to the costC of losing (both measured in units of reproductive fitness) and on the mean µ and variance σ2 of the RHP distribution. In a population at this ESS, ifV/C ζ; ζ is an increasing function of α, but a decreasing function of σ2. That a lower variance of RHP can imply a lower escalation frequencyp is a novel insight of the analysis. The prediction is at first counterintuitive, because if the aggression threshold were fixed then larger variance would imply lowerp (dispersion effect of variance). When natural selection acts on the threshold, however, increasing the variance not only reduces the probability that an animal with larger RHP will be attacked by an animal with lower RHP at the existing threshold, but also reduces the expected costs of adopting that particular threshold, so that a mutant with a somewhat lower threshold can invade the population (selection effect of variance). Forp, the selection effect dominates toward the upper end of the interval 1 ≤V/C ≤ ζ.
Substitution of hydrazones for the 4' carbonyl on abscisic acid rendered it ineffective in a rapid stomatal-opening-inhibition bioassay

A rapid stomatal bioassay to test abscisic acid (ABA)–like inhibition of stomatal opening was elaborated. The assay was sensitive to low concentrations of ABA (>50% inhibition of opening at 0.02 μM (+)-S-ABA) and was insensitive to 20 μM (+)-S-ABA-1 -(methyl ester), which is consistent with previous work, With the original intent of developing anti-idiotypic antibodies, we made conjugates of ABA at the 4′carbonyl because of its accessibility and known requirements for other positions of the ABA molecule in siomatal signal transduction. We found that these conjugates lacked ABA-like activity and did not interfere with (+)-S-ABA in the stomatal bioassay, implying the importance of the 4′carbonyl. These observations cast doubt on the feasibility of using anti-idiolypic antibodies produced through the use of 4′-substituted ABA for the isolation of a guard-cell ABA receptor.
Physics and chemistry of spin labels.

Biological systems provide the physical chemist with an abundance of interesting, challenging and significant problems. One example is the problem of the molecular basis of co-operative or allosteric interactions between distant ligand or substrate binding sites in hemoglobin and in enzymes. This problem has been discussed recently in This Journal by Eigen (1968) and by Wyman (1968). Another particularly challenging problem is the molecular organization of biological membranes. Such problems tend to be particularly resistant to solution by the straight-forward application of most spectroscopic techniques, in large part because of the enormous chemical and spectroscopic complexity of biological macromolecules. This spectroscopic complexity has stimulated the use of various ‘probes’ that can be introduced into selected sites in complex systems to provide spectroscopic signals that are comparatively free from interference. The use of heavy metal atoms (‘isomorphous replacement’) in X-ray studies of protein crystals (Green, Ingram & Perutz, 1954), and fluorescent dyes in the study of proteins in solutions (Weber, 1953; Steiner & Edelhoch, 1962) are early examples. Spin labels represent a new member of the family of spectroscopic structural probes. A spin label is a synthetic paramagnetic organic free radical, usually having a molecular structure and/or chemical reactivity that results in its attachment or incorporation at some particular target site in a biological macromolecule, or assemblage of macromolecules (Ohnishi & McConnell, 1965; Stone et al. 1965). This type of probe is being used in our laboratory to study allosteric interactions in proteins, and molecular dynamics and organization in membranes.
Density-matrix equations and photon recoil for multistate atoms

We derive a Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) for the center-of-mass Wigner function of an atom with an arbitrary level structure, moving in a given three-dimensional light field. This FPE is obtained by eliminating adiabatically the internal degrees of freedom from the expansion of the equation of motion of the atomic density operator into a power series of photon momentum. The force and the diffusion tensor in the FPE may be computed by solving a set of differential equations closely related to the time-evolution equations of the density matrix for the internal state of the atom, as encountered in the conventional recoilless spectroscopy. By studying spontaneous, induced, and free-evolution terms in the equations of motion of the density operator for various level configurations, we devise algorithms that enable a computer to build all the required equations automatically for an arbitrary atomic level scheme.
Cervical Aortic Arch with Retroesophageal Aortic Obstruction: Report of a Case with Successful Surgical Intervention

The clinical, roentgenographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic features of a patient with a right cervical aortic arch and retroesophageal aortic obstruction associated with a ventricular septal defect are presented. Surgical relief of the aortic obstruction was successfully achieved by placement of a bypass graft between the left common carotid artery and the descending thoracic aorta.
The Internet as a medium for software engineering experiments

Empirical software engineering often faces the challenge of large variability of results among individual subjects. Variability can be reduced by using a larger group of subjects, but such group quickly becomes too expensive. Another challenge is finding a group of subjects that is representative of some relevant population of software engineers. This paper explores the potential of using the Internet as the medium for software engineering experiments to address the problems of sample size and representativeness.
Liver damage following paraquat in selenium-deficient and diethyl maleate-pretreated mice.

Abstract Human paraquat poisoning often includes a transient impairment of liver function before death due to pulmonary edema and fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of paraquat on liver function in mice fed normal lab chow, in mice fed a selenium (Se)-deficient diet for 5 weeks, and in diethyl maleate-pretreated mice (1.2 ml/kg). Liver function was determined by evaluating plasma activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), hexobarbital sleeping time, and plasma disappearance of indocyanine green (ICG). Paraquat, in doses as high as the LD50 (30 mg/kg, ip) did not alter hexobarbital sleeping time or SGPT activity in lab chow-fed mice. Selenium-deficient, paraquat-treated mice, however, had significantly elevated SGPT activity (31 units in control mice, > 1000 units in treated group), had longer hexobarbital sleeping times (from 30 min to > 180 min), and retained ICG in plasma (15-min plasma ICG concentrations of 8.4 mg/100 ml in Se-deficient paraquat-treated group vs 1.3 mg/100 ml in controls). Liver damage in Se-deficient treated mice was also observed histologically. In mice treated with paraquat, diethyl maleate pretreatment produced similar, but not as marked, effects as Se deficiency. The results suggest that paraquat alone is not hepatotoxic in mice; however, Se deficiency or diethyl maleate pretreatment may shift the organ specific toxicity of paraquat toward the liver.
Hydrazine stress in the diabetic: ornithine decarboxylase activity.

Abstract Streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 7 weeks duration increased male Sprague-Dawley rat kidney ornithine decarboxylase activity by 4.8-fold but did not affect the liver enzyme. Hydrazine treatment of 4 hr duration stimulated equally kidney ornithine decarboxylase activities of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Hydrozine treatment increased liver ornithine decarboxylase activity in the nondiabetic rat but did not increase it in the diabetic rat. Since hydrazine stimulates ornithine decarboxylase activity prior to polyamine and protein syntheses, we speculate that the lack of hydrazine stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase in the diabetic liver may be related in part to the unrestrained gluconeogenesis and depressed Kreb's cycle activity: the latter being required for protein synthesis.
Moving beyond collusion: clinical faculty and university/public school partnership

Abstract Drawing on interviews with clinical and university-based teacher educators and administrators, the authors explore the challenges of building and sustaining collaborative university/school partnerships. Using the concept of “communities of practice” (Communities of practice: learning, meaning, and identity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998), the authors describe how clinical and university-based teacher educators share a set of assumptions about their respective roles—described as a form of “collusion”—that confirms status differences as well as the value of transmissive models of teaching. These assumptions undermine the goal of collaboration. The authors argue that the process involved in forming university/school partnerships needs to be understood less as an administrative and motivational problem than a question of identity formation and of relationship building.
ANNIVERSARY ARTICLE: CLASSROOM SLA RESEARCH AND SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING

In Lightbown (1985a), I summarized SLA research by stating ten generalizations which were consistent with the research to that date. I concluded that SLA research could not serve as the basis for telling teachers what to teach or how. One of the reasons for that was the limited scope of SLA research at that time. Another reason was that most of the research had not been designed to answer pedagogical questions. However, I suggested that SLA research was one important source of information which would help teachers set appropriate expectations for themselves and their students. In this paper, following a review of language teaching practices of the past fifty years, I reassess the ten generalizations in light of the considerable amount of classroom-based SLA research which has been carried out since 1985, especially that which has addressed pedagogical concerns in primary and secondary school foreign and second language classes. For the most part, this research tends to add further support to the generalizations, and this gives them greater pedagogical relevance. Nevertheless, I argue that teachers need to continue to draw on many other kinds of knowledge and experience in determining the teaching practices which are appropriate for their classrooms.
Standardized Patient Handoff Improves Resident Confidence and Patient Safety (P4.279)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects on neurology resident physician confidence, comfort levels and patient safety concerns before and after implementation of a standardized patient handoff method. BACKGROUND: In the era of increasing duty hour regulations, inpatient care is necessarily more fragmented among practitioners. Accordingly, patient handoffs are more frequent between providers. Despite their importance in daily hospital care, the technique of patient care handoffs is little studied, especially in regards to patient safety. DESIGN/METHODS: Using a five-point Likert scale, neurology residents were anonymously surveyed regarding the quality of patient handoffs, as well as the frequency of handoff-related patient safety concerns. Then, we developed our own standardized EMR tool for patient handoffs, whose use was required for residents. Additionally, time and location were standardized for resident handoffs to ensure consistency. After six months of using this new system, a second anonymous survey was performed. Student t-test was used to compare mean responses between surveys. RESULTS: Twelve residents responded to each survey. Overall, there was a positive trend in the perceived quality of patient handoffs following our intervention. The frequency of face-to-face handoffs (p=0.0073) occurring in a quiet location (p= 0.0059) significantly increased. Residents significantly expressed more confidence in their own handoff techniques (p=0.03423), and reported more consistency between handoffs (p=0.0118). Additionally, residents perceived improved patient safety after a handoff (p=0.0074), with decreased reports of handoff-associated patient safety events (p=0.0269). CONCLUSIONS: In this small pilot study, requiring neurology residents to use a standardized patient care handoff tool and technique improved confidence in their own handoffs, as well as perceived patient safety. Further evaluation of standardized handoff methods is warranted. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Jordan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vernino has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for JAMA Neurology.
An experimental study of compressible turbulent mixing enhancement in swirling jets

Compressible jets with various amounts of swirl and compressibility are investigated experimentally. The mixing-layer growth rate is obtained from time-averaged images of the mixing layer using the planar laser scattering (PLS) technique, and the swirl is quantified with laser Doppler velocimetry and intrusive probes. The results conclusively demonstrate that the addition of swirl to the jet increases entrainment by up to 60% compared to a corresponding non-swirling case. Instantaneous PLS images reveal modified turbulent structure in the mixing layer of the swirling-jet cases. In particular, analysis of these images indicates that both the spatial extent and amplitude of the largest turbulent fluctuations are increased when swirl is added. Based upon these results, a parameter β that correlates the observed growth-rate enhancement is proposed. This parameter is derived assuming that the streamwise vorticity, generated in the mixing layer by the addition of small amounts of swirl, causes additional turbulent mixing that increases the growth rate. When the available growth-rate data for swirling jets are plotted against this parameter, they collapse to a single curve with increased enhancement for higher values of β. This result implies that the degree of enhancement actually increases with compressibility, although the dimensional growth rates for the present compressible swirling-jet cases are still less than those of their incompressible counterparts.
Advances in the production of cool season food legumes

Disease resistance, increased crop residues and altered plant and canopy design are the primary strategies being used to solve the major problems of cool season food legumes that are an integral component of cropping systems in the rainfed areas of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Dry pea, seed pea and lentil predominate among these legumes, but there is increasing interest in chickpea. Several diseases are major hazards to production, including root rots, wilts, powdery mildew, Ascochyta blight, and viruses. Pea and lentil cultivan resistant to root rots, wilts, and powdery mildew are being developed and released. Progress is being made on resistance to v iruses transmitted by aphids, including pea enation mosaic and bean leaf roll. Development of res istant cultivars has been the principal control strategy for several diseases: Ascochyta blight of chickpea and lentil; root rots and wilts of pea, lentil, and chickpea; powdery mildew of pea; and viruses of pea and lentil. Chickpea cultivars resistant to Ascochyta blight were recently made avallable to producers. Another problem is that crop residues are insufficient to control erosion. Research is underway on genetically increasing biomass and residue production in lentil and dry pea and on producing more lignified stems and other plant parts that are more resistant to breakdown during harvesting and subsequent tillage. Increased biomass also might increase grain yields and red uce harvesting losses. The semi-leafless and woody stem traits in pea, the bushy plant types of lentil and chickpea, and diverse pod traits in all the legumes have shown promise for increased yield potential, ease of harvest, and reduced shattering losses.
Characterization of RAD51-independent break-induced replication that acts preferentially with short homologous sequences

Repair of double-strand breaks by gene conversions between homologous sequences located on different Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes or plasmids requires RAD51. When repair occurs between inverted repeats of the same plasmid, both RAD51-dependent and RAD51-independent repairs are found. Completion of RAD51-independent plasmid repair events requires RAD52, RAD50, RAD59, TID1 (RDH54), and SRS2 and appears to involve break-induced replication coupled to single-strand annealing. Surprisingly, RAD51-independent recombination requires much less homology (30 bp) for strand invasion than does RAD51-dependent repair (approximately 100 bp); in fact, the presence of Rad51p impairs recombination with short homology. The differences between the RAD51- and RAD50/RAD59-dependent pathways account for the distinct ways that two different recombination processes maintain yeast telomeres in the absence of telomerase.
Ethnographic Feminisms: Essays in Anthropology

Ethnographic Feminisms: Essays in Anthropology. SALLY COLE and LYNNE PHILLIPS. eds. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1995. 300 pp., contributors, bibliography, notes, photographs.
Rural, Urban Influenced, and Urban Differences Among Domestic Violence Arrestees

The purpose of this article was to examine a statewide random sample of rural, urban influenced, and urban males arrested for perpetrating domestic violence against an intimate partner on demographic, criminal justice history, substance use, relationship characteristics, child abuse, and treatment exposure factors. The study used a 9% random sample of 1,112 pretrial interview records on males arrested for domestic violence in 1997 in Kentucky. The study examined perpetrators in three geographical areas to examine regional differences. Results indicated that community context is critical in understanding domestic violence. In general, rural males appear to present more significant problems given their lower employment rates, lower educational attainments, greater use of psychoactive medications, and higher arrest rates. Alcohol use was significantly prevalent across all three groups, but combined alcohol and nerve pill drug use was more prevalent among rural domestic violence arrestees. Implications are di...
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Statistical Power

Statistical power refers to a statistical test’s ability to correctly identify differences or ‘‘the probability that a test will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis’’ (Portney & Watkins, 2008, p. 422). Four factors interact to affect statistical power: sample size, variability, effect size, and significance level. In previous columns, we have investigated individual factors including effect size (ES) and statistical significance. The purpose of this column is to take a closer look at how all of these parameters work together to affect power.
Optimizing HPC Fault-Tolerant Environment: An Analytical Approach

The increasingly large ensemble size of modern High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems has drastically increased the possibility of failures. Performance under failures and its optimization become timely important issues facing the HPC community. In this study, we propose an analytical model to predict the application performance. The model characterizes the impact of coordinated checkpointing and system failures on application performance, considering all the factors including workload, the number of nodes, failure arrival rate, recovery cost, and checkpointing interval and overhead. Based on the model, we gauge three parameters, the number of compute nodes, checkpointing interval, and the number of spare nodes to conduct a comprehensive study of performance optimization under failures. Performance scalability under failures is also studied to explore the performance improvement space for different parameters. Experimental results from both synthetic and actual system failure logs confirm that the proposed model and optimization methodologies are effective and feasible.
Large‐Scale Mechanized Soybean Farmers in Amazônia: New Ways of Experiencing Land

The arrival of mechanized agriculture in the Amazon heralds a new landscape and a novel set of experiences related to the landscape. The social implications of this change are profound. The colonist and Caboclo small-scale farmers who are being replaced by the expansion of mechanized agriculture had a particular set of relationships with the land, relationships that differ from those found on large-scale mechanized farms. For mechanized large-scale farmers, the creation of an idealized agricultural landscape and the way that land use is planned result in a bifurcated experience of place that reinforces the separation of large-scale farmers from feedbacks related to the local agricultural and environmental conditions.
EFFECTS OF URINARY HEBIN UPON IMMATURE MALE RATS

Since the completion of this work a paper by Engle (1) has appeared in which results were obtained that are in practical agreement with our findings. The question of the effect of gonad-stimulating hormones upon spermatogenesis is a fundamental one, since, if it can be demonstrated with certainty that sexual maturity in the male is not hastened as a result of its introduction doubt must exist as to the production of true sexual maturity in the female. Our studies have been made on a larger number of animals and cover a wider interval of time than those of Engle. In view of these facts we believe publication of our results will not be considered superfluous. The literature on this subject has been fully reviewed by Engle (2) and need not be discussed here.