cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence properties of Er3+-doped sol—gel glasses

Abstract Er3+-doped sol—gel silica was prepared and its fluorescence spectra measured. The samples were prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), water and ethanol, using Er(NO3)3·5H2O as the Er3+ precursor. Transparent gel-glasses were obtained from two synthesis schemes (molar ratios of TEOS/H2O/C2H5OH = 1/4/4 and 1/16/0) for Er2O3 concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 wt%. All samples exhibited visible (4S 3 2 →4I 15 2 and (4F 9 2 →4I 15 2 ) and infrared (4I 13 2 →4I 15 2 ) fluorescence at room temperature. The Er3+ fluorescence intensity was observed to increase with increasing heat treatment temperature of a sample. The presence of Al3+ led to a broadening and blue shift of the Er3+ 4I 13 2 →4I 15 2 fluorescence. These effects are consistent with a more random site distribution and a more ionic bonding environment for Er3+ in the glass.
Genetic Risk, Perceived Risk, and Cancer Worry in Daughters of Breast Cancer Patients

This study explored relationships between worry, perceived risk for breast cancer, consulting a genetic counselor, having genetic testing, and genetic risk for women whose mothers had breast cancer. Analyses involved data from a community-based phone survey of women whose mothers had breast cancer. Participants were categorized as having low, intermediate, or high genetic risk based on their reported family history, in accordance with an accepted classification scheme. The Lerman Breast Cancer Worry Scale measured worry, and participants reported their perceived lifetime likelihood of breast cancer, risk compared to others, and chance from 1 to 100. ANOVA, chi-square, and multiple regression analyses were conducted as appropriate. One hundred-fifty women participated. Mean age was 38 years, and 81% were Caucasian. Fifty-two women had low, 74 had intermediate, and 24 had high genetic risk for breast cancer. There were no significant differences in worry or perceived risk by hereditary risk category. Most high-risk women (91%) had not spoken with a genetic counselor, and no one had previous genetic testing. These findings suggest perceived risk, worry about breast cancer, and use of expert consultation do not match the genetic contribution to risk. There is a need for effectively stratifying and communicating risk in the community and providing tailored reassurance or referral for high-risk assessment.
Rotation effect on sorghum response to nitrogen fertilizer under different rainfall and temperature environments

Cropping sequence effects on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) response to nitrogen fertilizer under different rainfall and temperature regimes were evaluated in eastern Nebraska. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and temperature Z-scores were used to characterize the 18-yr cropping period into eight sets of contrasting cropping environments. Mean sorghum yields ranged from 4050 to 6260 kg/ha in continuous cropping, and from 5130 to 7120 kg/ha in rotation with soybean (Glycine max), a significant increase with crop rotation. Yields were lower in dry years with hot April temperatures than in dry years with cool April temperatures. Hot April temperatures improved yields in wet years. April temperature did not affect yield if a wet pre-season was followed by a dry cropping season. Sorghum responded more to fertilizer N in dry than in wet years, reflecting less available N from soybean and the soil nutrient complex in the previous year. Sorghum grown in rotation with soybean did not generally respond to fertilizer N, suggesting that high fertilizer N rates are unnecessary in rotation systems. Low September temperatures reduced final yields. Given the high probability of confronting adverse cropping conditions, it is strongly recommended that sorghum be considered as an important component of rainfed cropping systems in eastern Nebraska to ensure minimum crop loss to farmers. Greater economic gains can be achieved by using rotations with soybean because of higher sorghum yields and lower fertilizer costs, and these are most likely under the favorable rainfall and temperature regimes identified in this study. The results provide useful information for fine-tuning management options to maximize sorghum yields and reduce input costs in atypical years.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FAMILIARITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCE

42 subjects rated forest, large city, beach, desert, and small town. A 19-item semantic differential gave subscores of evaluation, spirituality, activity, and esthetic appeal. Ratings of environmen...
High resolution seismic profiles from Lake Malawi, Africa

Abstract Over 5000 km of high resolution seismic (HRS) profiles have been obtained from Lake Malawi. These can be classified as Type I, II or III, depending on whether the lake floor reflector is weak, intermediate or strong, respectively. Type I profiles typically have thick, acoustically transparent sediment and are most widespread in the offshore basins of southern and central Lake Malawi. Sediments recovered from regions of Type I profiles are diatom oozes and frequently laminated. Type II profiles usually show irregular lake floor morphology and non - parallel sub-bottom reflectors, also of intermediate strength. The sediments are diatomaceous silts and frequently are associated with debris flows or distal turbidites. Type III profiles show little sub-bottom stratigraphy because of the strength of the surface reflector. These are either sands and gravels associated with erosional surfaces in water depths less than about 100m, deltaic sands in shallow water or sandy turbidites in deep water. Type II and III profiles are most common in the northern half of the lake where rainfall is relatively high and where major border faults are located in close proximity to the lake.
CYTOCHROME P450 AND XENOBIOTIC RECEPTOR HUMANIZED MICE

Most xenobiotics that enter the body are subjected to metabolism that functions primarily to facilitate their elimination. Metabolism of certain xenobiotics can also result in the production of electrophilic derivatives that can cause cell toxicity and transformation. Many xenobiotics can also activate receptors that in turn induce the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic transporters. However, there are marked species differences in the way mammals respond to xenobiotics, which are due in large part to molecular differences in receptors and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. This presents a problem in extrapolating data obtained with rodent model systems to humans. There are also polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that can impact drug therapy and cancer susceptibility. In an effort to generate more reliable in vivo systems to study and predict human response to xenobiotics, humanized mice are under development.
TH-D-BRD-03: Experience with Error Reporting and Tracking Database Tool for Process Improvement in Radiation Oncology

Purpose: To present long‐term results of systematic near‐miss and actual error reporting and analysis system based on a web‐based tool and effects of formal process improvement structure on error rates and safety culture in radiation therapy (RT). Materials and Methods: An internally developed web‐based system was used to report, track, and analyze errors and near‐misses in a large RT department for almost two years. The system was designed as an efficient and effective process for collecting, storing, and analyzing the failure rate data in individual RT facilities. The aim of the system was to support process improvement in patient care and safety. The reporting tool was designed so individual events could be reported in as little as two minutes. Events were categorized based on functional area, type, and severity of failure. The events were processed and analyzed by a formal process improvement group which used the data and statistics collected through the web‐based tool for guidance in reengineering clinical processes. The results for the first nineteen months of clinical use of the system are presented. Results: The collected data and the process improvement structure resulted in measureable safety and error rate improvements in several clinical areas. The collected data was also very effective in identifying ineffective measures and efforts which did not produce improvements in clinical processes. The overall process demonstrated that it was possible to establish and maintain a high functioning safety culture in radiation oncology. The error reporting compliance, though voluntary, was very high and consistent from the inception of the process through the date of this report. Conclusions: Near‐miss and actual error collection process in RT can result in quantifiable safety and error rate improvements and more importantly it can result in a sustainable safety culture.
Spiral inertial microfluidic devices for continuous blood cell separation

Enrichment and separation of cell components of blood is critical to clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. Here we report on spiral inertial microfluidic devices which achieve continuous size-based separation of cell mixtures with high throughput. These devices rely on hydrodynamic forces acting on cells within laminar flow, coupled with Dean instability-induced drag arising from the spiral microchannel geometry, to focus cells in streams near the inner channel wall. The spiral devices were optimized to achieve cell separation in less than 8 cm. These improved devices represent an important development because they are not only small in size (<1 in2), but exhibit high separation efficiency (~90%) and high throughput rates up to 1 million cells per minute. These device concepts offer a path towards possible development of a lab-on-chip for blood analysis and reagent free sample preparation, illustrated by the present results, which successfully demonstrate separation of erythrocytes from leukocytes with whole blood.
Rutgers and the Civil War

McCormick describes the conditions at Rutgers College during the Civil War from Rutgers president Theodore Frelinghuysen's patriotical call at the outset of the War to the undergraduates to drastically declining enrollments during the during the war.Â At the same time, college life continued and by the end of the war was setting forth upon a wholly new course of development.
Processing and grain boundary effects in Nd/sub 1-x/Ba/sub 2-x/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7+d/ superconductors

Nd/sub 1-x/Ba/sub 2-x/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7+d/ samples have been prepared with sharp superconducting transitions, with careful attention given to the details of sample preparation. Two causes for broad samples have been observed. The first is sample inhomogeneity, which is more difficult to eliminate than in the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ case, and the second appears to be associated with site disorder within a homogeneous sample. Very reasonable intragranular critical currents have been obtained in a sample with a small amount of Nd substituted on the Ba sites, but it is not clear if the Nd plays a direct role in flux pinning. Intergranular critical currents are still quite low due to the large grain size in the high-temperature-processed material and the Nd-deficient layer on the grain boundaries.
Channel Constituents in Beryl

The electronic absorption spectra of Fe^(2+) in non-chromium beryls are examined. Fe^(2+) in the Al-rich six-coordinate site produces absorption bands at about 820 nm and 970 nm polarized EIIc. Fe^(2+) in the channel produces bands at 820 nm (⊥c) and 2100 nm (IIc). Some blue beryls which are more intensely colored than most aquamarines, have an absorption band at ∼700 nm (‖c) which is suggested to arise from an Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) intervalence interaction. Fe^(2+) in both the six-coordinate site and the channel is identified in the Mossbauer spectra. The Mossbauer spectra of deep blue beryls are unusual and have not been satisfactorily explained. Color changes which accompany heating and irradiation are strongly influenced by the channel iron.
Program Management and Health Care Informatics: Defining Relationships

The program management (PM) structure is a relatively well-known organizational model for hospitals. A variation of the matrix structure, it allows for an interdisciplinary team of health care providers to facilitate patient care delivery. However, providing such focused care results in a complex, highly information-dependent operational environment. To meet the information needs of such an environment, careful planning in selecting and implementing technology is required. Along with supporting patient care, the technology will also help in managing costs, human resources, quality and utilization, as well as in monitoring performance and outcomes measurement. Focusing specifically on the information technology environment, this article addresses health care informatics (the diverse categories of information and systems) needed to support clinical program managers, executives and others in a PM organization. Examples from both a university-affiliated and a community-based program managed hospital illustrate their approach to PM and information technology.
Perturbation and bifurcation in a free boundary problem

Abstract We study the equation with a discontinuous nonlinearity: − Δu = λH ( u − 1) ( H is Heaviside's unit function) in a square subject to various boundary conditions. We expect to find a curve dividing the harmonic ( Δu = 0) region from the superharmonic ( Δu = − λ ) region, defined by the equation u ( x , y ) = 1. This curve is called the free boundary since its location is determined by the solution to the problem. We use the implicit function theorem to study the effect of perturbation of the boundary conditions on known families of solutions. This justifies rigorously a formal scheme derived previously by Fleishman and Mahar. Our method also discovers bifurcations from previously known solution families.
Molecular studies on a new genetic locus linked to the common nodulation genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum

ORFA, an actively transcribed genetic locus linked to the common nodulation genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110, was sequenced and analysed. The expression of ORFA is neither dependent on the regulatory proteins NifA, NtrC, NtrB and NodD1 nor on either copy of sigma 54, RpoN1 and RpoN2. The transcriptional start site of ORFA was determined and found to overlap the oppositely transcribed nodZ gene by 224 nucleotides. An appropriately located −10 sequence identical to the consensus proposed for rhizobia and a homologous −35 region were identified upstream of the transcriptional start site. ORFA showed no significant homologies to known sequences in gene databases, and its mutational inactivation had no effect on the nodulation of five legume species. Nevertheless, ORFA seems to be conserved among bradyrhizobia, since an ORFA probe hybridised to total DNA extracted from other Bradyrhizobium strains.
Refereed paper: Trusted system concepts

This is the first of three related papers exploring how contemporary computer architecture affects security. Key issues in this changing environment, such as distributed systems and the need to support multiple access control policies, necessitate a generalization of the Trusted Computing Base paradigm. This paper develops a conceptual framework with which to address the implications of the growing reliance on Policy-Enforcing Applications in distributed environments.
Thermolithographic Patterning of Sol−Gel Metal Oxides on Micro Hot Plate Sensing Arrays Using Organosilanes

Sol-gel-derived SnO2 and Fe2O3 were selectively deposited on elements of micro hot plate (microHP) arrays. The silicon micromachined microHP arrays contain heating elements (100 microm x 100 microm) that are electronically addressable and thermally isolated from each other. Thin films of (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)trichlorosilane (TFS) or hexyltrichlorosilane (HFS) assembled on surfaces of the arrays served as thermally sensitive resists whereby heating of specific microHPs resulted in removal of organosilane films only in heated areas. TFS-masked surfaces were characterized with condensation figures and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging. TFS was removed from regions heated above 400 degrees C to expose hydrophilic surfaces, while TFS films in unheated areas were unaffected and remained hydrophobic. Sol-gel tin oxide spin-coated on the thermally patterned arrays adhered only to the hydrophilic regions and was repelled from the hydrophobic areas masked by the TFS films. By using HFS films, it was possible to selectively deposit two sol-gel materials, SnO2 and Fe2O3, on different microHPs in the same array as confirmed by SIMS imaging. Both materials showed varying degrees of electrical response to hydrogen and methanol in gas-sensing measurements.
Polycystic Kidney Disease as a Result of Loss of the Tuberous Sclerosis 2 Tumor Suppressor Gene During Development

Somatic loss of function of the tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) tumor suppressor gene leads to the development of benign and malignant lesions of the kidney, brain, uterus, spleen, and liver and germline loss of function of this tumor suppressor gene is embryonic lethal. In addition, the gene product of TSC2, tuberin, is necessary for normal function of the polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene product, polycystin-1, which is required for normal cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. We report here the development of severe polycystic kidney disease in three cases of young Eker rats carrying a germline inactivation of one allele of the Tsc2 gene. Extrarenal tumors were also noted in the spleen and uterus of these animals, which was remarkable given their young age and in the case of the spleen, diffuse involvement of the affected organ. A cell line (EKT2) was established from an affected kidney of one of these animals and used in conjunction with tissues from affected animals to elucidate the defect responsible for the development of these lesions. Affected cells were determined to have lost the wild-type Tsc2 allele while retaining two copies of chromosome 10 containing the mutant Tsc2 allele along with two normal copies of the Pkd1 gene. The genetic data, bilateral nature of the observed kidney disease, and extent of involvement of the spleen and kidney indicate that, in affected animals, loss of the wild-type Tsc2 allele occurred during embryogenesis, probably as a result of chromosome nondisjunction, with affected animals being mosaics for loss of Tsc2 gene function.
The CD8 antiviral factor (CAF) can suppress HIV-1 transcription from the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter in the absence of elements upstream of the CATATAA box.

The CD8 Antiviral Factor (CAF) suppresses viral transcription from the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter in a non-cytolytic manner. However, the region on the LTR upon which CAF acts is unknown. Our objective was to determine the region on the LTR upon which CAF acts to suppress HIV-1 transcription. Serial deletions of the LTR from the 5’ end and inactivating point mutations were made. Serial deletions of the LTR from the 5’ end indicated the importance of a short ~120 bp segment, containing the 3 SpI sites, CATA box (used by HIV-1 instead of the TATA box) and TAR region, in the suppressive process. Introduction of deletions or inactivating point mutations in the SpI sites or deletion of the TAR region did not abolish CAF-mediated transcriptional suppression. Yet, CAF-mediated transcriptional suppression was still retained in the HIV-1 CATA-TAR segment. CAF is able to suppress transcription from the LTR lacking all the elements upstream of the CATA box. Our results suggest that the HIV-1 CATA box may be responsible for CAF-mediated suppression of transcription from the HIV-1 LTR.
Homotaurine: A failed drug for Alzheimer’s disease and now a nutraceutical for memory protection

Only 20% of the drugs that begin Phase I clinical trials ever get to market.[1][1] The other 80%, despite the millions of dollars spent in research and development, are part of the cost of doing business for the pharmaceutical industry. One Canadian- based company is now taking the extraordinary
Late Pleistocene gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) offshore Georgia, U.S.A., and the antiquity of gray whale migration in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Living gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) are key consumers in benthic communities of the North Pacific Ocean. Gray whales, however, also inhabited the North Atlantic Ocean until recent historical times (~ 1600 AD), leaving open questions about their historical ecology in nearshore communities of this basin. Here we report the discovery of fossil remains from two individual gray whales recovered from underwater excavations at separate localities of JY Reef, an offshore reef situated approximately 32 kilometers (km) offshore of St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Both mandibles are diagnostic to the living E. robustus. Radiometric dating of shells from JY Reef suggests an approximate age range of these two specimens between 42 and 30 thousand years before present (ka). Morphological measurements of the preserved elements indicate that both of the mandibles likely belonged to immature and possibly yearling individuals. Collectively, these findings are among the oldest occurrences of gray whales in the North Atlantic basin, and their presence at temperate latitudes provides limited support for the hypothesis that Atlantic gray whales used a southerly breeding area at the end of a migratory pathway, by analog with lagoonal breeding environments of Baja California, Mexico, for the extant California gray whales, and the breeding areas for the extant North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) off the Georgia coast today. Stronger support for this latter contention may stem from future fossil discoveries in the region, as well as ancillary lines of evidence, such as the remains of species-specific ectoparasites and/or ancient DNA (aDNA).
The Role of Employment in Preventing Continued Drug Use Among Welfare Recipients

ABSTRACT This article utilized a panel design to analyze the relationship between employment and drug use among low-income women over a 2-year period. Five hundred and thirty four (N = 534) female welfare recipients were recruited as part of a 5-year study designed to examine the effects of chronic drug use on the transition from welfare to work. The prototypical study participant was female, single, African American, had less than a 12th grade education, and was about 30 years of age. At intake, less than 10% of the sample was employed. By the end of year 1, more than 40% of sample participants had attained employment. By the end of year 2, nearly 50% were employed. Results indicate that a welfare recipient working more hours during year 1 was a significant predictor of decreased drug use during year 2. Results are discussed in the context of using employment as a central element in tertiary prevention methods geared toward unemployed, chronic drug-using female Temporary Assistance to Needy Family (TANF)...
Work in progress: effects of multiple words on ambiguity in information retrieval

In this paper, an analysis of word ambiguity is conducted on an Excite Search Engine query log consisting of 52,167 queries. Each query is analyzed for each term and if any interaction of terms with queries reduces ambiguity. The data supports the conjecture that merely adding additional terms to a short (five or fewer terms) query statement is insignificant in reducing the ambiguity of the terms being searched for. Specifically, it is shown that regardless of the number of terms, typically one to five words in a query, the search remains ambiguous. The average query length is 2.21 words, and two search words will be shown to provide the least ambiguous results. In addition, it will be shown that a search with at least one unambiguous word tends to produce unambiguous search results, while the opposite tends not to be true, that adding terms does not help reduce ambiguity.
The distribution of p-aminohippuric acid in rat kidney slices. I. Tubular localization.

The distribution of p-aminohippuric acid in rat kidney slices. I. Tubular localization. Tubular localization of tritiated p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was determined by section freeze-dry autoradiography in rat renal cortical slices in vitro . Autoradiographs were also prepared from tissue after incubation in tritiated alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), tritiated methoxy-inulin and 14 C-sucrose. PAH and AIB were concentrated in the cells of proximal tubules. Inulin and sucrose were confined to the extracellular spaces. Neither AIB, inulin nor sucrose could be detected within the lumina of proximal tubules. Of the compounds studied, only PAH appeared in significant concentrations in the lumina of proximal tubules. PAH appeared to be secreted by uphill transport at both the antiluminal and luminal surfaces of proximal tubule cells. AIB appeared to be accumulated in proximal tubule cells by transport across the antiluminal membrane. Distribution de l'acide para amino hippurique dans les tranches de rein de rat. I. Localisation tubulaire. La localisation tubulaire du PAH tritie a ete determinee dans des tranches de cortex renal de rat, in vitro , par autoradiographie de coupes apres congelation. Des autoradiographies ont aussi ete preparees a partir de tissu incube dans Tacide alpha amino isobutyrique tritie (AIB), dans la methpxy inuline tritie et dans le 14 C-sucrose. Le PAH et l'AIB etaient concentres dans les cellules du tube proximal. L'inuline et le sucrose restaient confines aux espaces extracellulaires. Ni l'AIB ni l'inuline ni le sucrose n'ont pu etre detectes dans la lumiere du tube proximal. Parmi les composes etudies seul le PAH apparait a des concentrations significatives dans la lumiere du tube proximal. Le PAH parait etre secrete par transport actif aux poles antiluminal et luminal de la cellule tubulaire. L'AIB parait etre accumule dans la cellule proximale par transport a travers la membrane antiluminale.
Pure-phase two-dimensional niobium-93 nutation spectroscopic study of lead metaniobate and the piezoelectric lead magnesium niobate.

Abstract An NMR technique to measure pure-phase two-dimensional nutation NMR spectra, that yields higher resolution than traditional nutation experiments is reported. Using this technique 93 Nb nutation NMR spectra of PbNb 2 O 6 and the technologically important Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN) have been measured and the quadrupolar coupling constant of the niobium site in PbNb 2 O 6 ( C Q =19±2 MHz) determined. Estimates of the quadrupolar coupling constants for three different resonances associated with different niobium(V) sites in PMN ( C Q 62 MHz) are also reported.
RF and microwave design courses at Georgia Tech

A four-course upper-level undergraduate sequence in RF (radio frequency) and microwave design offered by the School of Electrical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology is described. The goal of these courses is to provide students with a good background in basic and advanced principles and design techniques applicable to RF and microwave engineering problems. The course objectives and structure and a topical outline are given for each of the courses. >
Rapid [SR]+ exchange between metal-thiolate and metal-organic disulphide complexes

Abstract Exchange of the uncoordinated thiolate group, [SMe] + , in [CpFe(CO) 2 (MeSSMe)] + with CpFe(CO) 2 SMe is rapid on the NMR timescale, leading to average cyclopentadienyl and methyl proton environments even at −78°C. Similar behavior is observed with fast [Sme] + exchange between metal centres in other complexes (CpFe(CO) 2 SPh; CpFe(CO)(L)SMe, L = PPh 3 , P(OPh) 3 ; CPW(CO) 3 SMe) and for the [SPh] + exchange between CpFe(CO) 2 SPh centres. Experiments involving exchange between dissimilar metal groups indicate site preferences for the [SR] + group which parallel the anticipated basicity of the thiolate group.
Mechanical properties of 3C silicon carbide

The residual stress and Young's modulus of 3C silicon carbide (SiC) epitaxial films deposited on silicon substrates were measured by load-deflection measurements using suspended SiC diaphragms fabricated with silicon micromachining techniques. The film's residual stress was tensile and averaged 274 MPa while the in-plane Young's modulus averaged 394 GPa. In addition, the bending moment due to the residual stress variation through the thickness of the film was determined by measuring the deflection of free-standing 3C-SiC cantilever beams. The bending moment was in the range of 2.6 x 10 exp -8 -4.2 x 10 exp-8 N m.
Aerodynamics of Inverted Leading-Edge Flaps on Delta Wings

Subsonic wind-tunnel tests were conducted to determine the aerodynamic effects of leading-edge flaps deflected upward from 60- and 75-deg sweep delta wings. Leading-edge flaps of various sizes and shapes were tested at a range of flap deflection angles. It was found that inverted flaps cause a strong vortex lift at low-tomoderate angles of attack and give large increases in CL at those angles. Examination of pitching moment data reveals that the lift increases due to inverted flap use are not necessarily accompanied by the large changes in pitching moment which are associated with trailing-edge flap deployment. With a properly shaped leading-edge flap, a negative flap deflection can give substantial increases in CL with no change in longitudinal stability.
The atmospheric windows at 6.3μ and 16 to 24 μ

Abstract The atmospheric micro-window at 6.3 μ has been examined with grating resolution. The narrow region of transmission is characterized by ten absorption lines. The net emission of the earth's surface (thermocouple receiver) through the atmospheric window from 16 to 24 μ has been observationally compared with the net radiation loss through the principal window between 8 and 14 /gm. At Flagstaff, Arizona, the energy loss in the region 14 μ-24 μ may reach values in excess of 30 per cent of the energy loss in the region 5 μ-14 μ.
Constraints on Levallois Core Technology: A Mathematical Model

Recent volumetric definitions of Levallois core technology are amenable to mathematical modelling. We present a simple geometric model that permits controlled manipulation of a few of the key parameters defining Levallois core morphology. The models indicate that Levallois cores are relatively efficient at minimizing raw material waste while at the same time maximizing productivity in terms of total number of tool blanks and amount of cutting edge produced. Deviations from an ideal Levallois geometry produce significant declines in both efficiency and productivity. These results implicate mechanical and economic constraints as factors underlying the broad geographic distribution and temporal persistence of Levallois core technologies during the Middle and Late Pleistocene.
The use of Sabal uresana (Arecaceae) and other palms in Sonora, Mexico.

Sabal uresana was the palm most often discussed in published historic accounts from Sonora, Mexico, and the only palm mentioned from the earliest written documents to the present. An inventory of topographic maps identified 337 palm place names, thus reinforcing the cultural significance of palms in this region. Participant observation and formal interviews were used to learn how wild-harvested palms are utilized in present-day Sonora.Sabal uresana is the most economically important palm. Its leaves are employed for weaving, the major use of palms in this region, and for thatching and broom-making. Palm logs are used for construction and the fruits are eaten in certain parts of the state. The use of palms in Sonora is changing. Weaving and thatching could probably be maintained as viable crafts and sources of income with appropriate resource management and marketing.
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Univentricular Physiology and Cavopulmonary Shunts

The term univentricular heart (UH) defines complex congenital heart disease that lacks a pulmonic ventricular chamber either in the original anatomy or the final palliation. The prevalence of patients with this type of physiology continues to increase due to improved surgical palliative procedures. This review will outline the physiology, complications, and echocardiographic approach to image patients with palliated UH.
Surface study of electrodes after long-term cycling in Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2–graphite lithium-ion cells

Abstract Lithium- and manganese-rich layered-oxides (LMR-NMC) have potential application for electric vehicles due to the high energy density. Electrochemical measurements and ex-situ surface analysis of cells containing Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2-based positive electrodes and graphite-based negative electrodes has been conducted. Electrochemical cycling reveals significant capacity fade and voltage decrease after 1500 cycles. Ex-situ surface analysis including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted for cells with long term cycling at 30 °C. The surface analysis supports the formation of surface film on both cathodes and anodes after formation cycling. Upon long term cycling, both the cathode and anode surface films become thicker although more significant changes appear to be occurring to the anode. Fresh LMR-NMC powder has been stored in the presence of electrolyte, 1.2 M LiPF6 in EC/EMC 3:7, at 85 °C for 7 days. The surface film on the LMR-NMC powder after storage is similar to the surface film after cycling. The presence of the LMR-NMC powder inhibits the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte.
Concentration of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and 13, 14-dihydro-15 keto PGF2α (PGFM) in blood and seminal plasma of stallions treated with PBZ

Abstract Three stallions, 3 to 5 yr old and approximately 550 kg bodyweight, were used in a switchback experimental design to study the effect of daily, oral administration of 3g PBZ on the concentrations of PBZ and PGFM in blood (plasma) and seminal plasma (SP). Control and treatment periods were each 24 days' duration. Blood and semen samples were simultaneously collected every three days during these periods. Each stallion served consecutively as a control, treated, control, and treated subject for 24 days in each of the four periods. Concentrations of PBZ were obtained using HPLC and PGFM by specific RIA. Concentrations (mean ± SE) of PBZ averaged 9.2 ± 0.12 ug/ml in plasma but were undetectable in SP following the treatments. There was no significant difference in the plasma levels of PGFM between pre- and post- treatment values. However, there was a significant difference (P
Secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE), a key Cis-acting element required for target gene activation by secondary wall NAC master switches

The biosynthesis of secondary walls in vascular plants requires the coordinated regulation of a suite of biosynthetic genes, and this coordination has recently been shown to be executed by the secondary wall NAC (SWN)-mediated transcriptional network. In Arabidopsis, five SWNs, including SND1, NST1/2 and VND6/7, function as master transcriptional switches to activate their common targets and consequently the secondary wall biosynthetic program. A recent report by Zhong et al.1 revealed that SWNs bind to a common cis-acting element, namely secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE), which is composed of an imperfect palindromic 19-bp consensus sequence, (T/A)NN(C/T)(T/C/G)TNNNNNNNA(A/C)GN(A/C/T) (A/T). Genome-wide analysis of direct targets of SWNs showed that SWNs directly activate the expression of not only many transcription factors but also a battery of genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis, cell wall modification and programmed cell death, the promoters of which all contain multiple SNBE sites. The functional significance of the SNBE sites is further substantiated by our current in planta expression study demonstrating that representative SNBE sequences from several SWN direct target promoters are sufficient to drive the expression of the GUS reporter gene in secondary wall-forming cells. The identification of the SWN DNA binding element (SNBE) and the SWN direct targets marks an important step forward toward the dissection of the transcriptional network regulating the biosynthesis of secondary walls, the most abundant biomass produced by land plants.
Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factors for High Brachial Pulse Pressure in Blacks versus Whites (Charleston Heart Study, Evans County Study, NHANES I and II Studies)

We examined whether the risk factors for increased brachial pulse pressure (PP) are similar for blacks and whites. Many studies have reported the strong association of increased brachial PP and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Participants were from 4 major epidemiologic studies in the United States (26,083 subjects): Charleston Heart Study, Evans County Heart Study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I study, and the NHANES II study. At baseline, there was no history or clinical evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). The CHD mortality as a function of brachial PP and the association of traditional risk factors for CHD with PP were analyzed for each of the 4 studies and for the 4 studies combined. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most significant predictors of high brachial PP are body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 (regression coefficient 3.79, p 2 , diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and age) are significantly associated with high brachial PP for blacks and whites. These risk factors were stronger in whites compared with blacks. However, female gender and age variables were even more associated with brachial PP in blacks. Smoking was significant but not reflected in peripheral brachial PP as it is in aortic PP.
Cytochrome P450 1 Genes in Early Deuterostomes (Tunicates and Sea Urchins) and Vertebrates (Chicken and Frog): Origin and Diversification of the CYP1 Gene Family

Cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) proteins are important in a large number of toxicological processes. CYP1A and CYP1B genes are well known in mammals, but the evolutionary history of the CYP1 family as a whole is obscure; that history may provide insight into endogenous functions of CYP1 enzymes. Here, we identify CYP1-like genes in early deuterostomes (tunicates and echinoderms), and several new CYP1 genes in vertebrates (chicken, Gallus gallus and frog, Xenopus tropicalis). Profile hidden Markov models (HMMs) generated from vertebrate CYP1A and CYP1B protein sequences were used to identify 5 potential CYP1 homologs in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis genome. The C. intestinalis genes were cloned and sequenced, confirming the predicted sequences. Orthologs of 4 of these genes were found in the Ciona savignyi genome. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses group the tunicate genes in the CYP1 family, provisionally in 2 new subfamilies, CYP1E and CYP1F, which fall in the CYP1A and CYP1B/1C clades. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses predict functional divergence between the tunicate and vertebrate CYP1s, and regions within CYP substrate recognition sites were found to differ significantly in position-specific substitution rates between tunicates and vertebrates. Subsequently, 10 CYP1-like genes were found in the echinoderm Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin) genome. Several of the tunicate and echinoderm CYP1-like genes are expressed during development. Canonical xenobiotic response elements are present in the upstream genomic sequences of most tunicate and sea urchin CYP1s, and both groups are predicted to possess an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), suggesting possible regulatory linkage of AHR and these CYPs. The CYP1 family has undergone multiple rounds of gene duplication followed by functional divergence, with at least one gene lost in mammals. This study provides new insight into the origin and evolution of CYP1 genes.
The microbiome of the chicken gastrointestinal tract

The modern molecular biology movement was developed in the 1960s with the conglomeration of biology, chemistry, and physics. Today, molecular biology is an integral part of studies aimed at understanding the evolution and ecology of gastrointestinal microbial communities. Molecular techniques have led to significant gains in our understanding of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. New advances, primarily in DNA sequencing technologies, have equipped researchers with the ability to explore these communities at an unprecedented level. A reinvigorated movement in systems biology offers a renewed promise in obtaining a more complete understanding of chicken gastrointestinal microbiome dynamics and their contributions to increasing productivity, food value, security, and safety as well as reducing the public health impact of raising production animals. Here, we contextualize the contributions molecular biology has already made to our understanding of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiome and propose targeted research directions that could further exploit molecular technologies to improve the economy of the poultry industry.
Protoflight Spacecraft Cryocooler Performance Results

The Protoflight Spacecraft Cryocooler (PSC) is a flight-qualified Stirling cryocooler that delivers 1.2 W refrigeration at 35 K and 3 W refrigeration at 60 K. This Oxford-class unit employs three finger tangential flexures in the compressor module. These flexures have been shown to provide smoother, lower vibration piston motion than previously obtained with conventional three finger spiral flexures. Acceptance Tests validated the required performance capabilities and Qualification Tests validated the cooler for flight. Acceptance Tests included performance mapping at rejection temperatures from 275 K to 325 K, residual vibration measurements for each module, temperature stability under various conditions, cold tip motion, cold tip side load capacity. Qualification Tests included three-axis random vibration, thermal cycling, hermeticity and EMI/EMC tests. The 12.5 kg cooler was delivered with a brassboard command and control module that provides simultaneous temperature and Adaptive Feed-Forward vibration control. The PSC with brassboard electronics have been delivered to the Air Force Research Lab in Albuquerque, where additional testing has validated the results obtained at Raytheon.
Using Engagement-Based Strategies to Alter Perceptions of the Walking Environment:

Finding settings that are supportive of outdoor physical activity can be a challenge. Efforts to address this problem have primarily focused on altering the physical environment. Although this may be necessary, relying entirely on design-based solutions is problematic. One alternative involves manipulating how one interacts with the walking environment. To investigate this approach, 117 adults were randomly assigned to one of two treatments, namely, Standard Care (schedule setting) or Engagement (awareness plans) and asked to take at least three, 30-min outdoor walks each week for 2 weeks. Participants in both conditions reported significant increases in total time walking. However, only those in the Engagement condition became more satisfied with the walking setting. This effect was particularly strong for individuals who used awareness plans while walking with a partner. These findings suggest that encouraging more active engagement with the environment may make existing settings more acceptable for outdoor activity.
The United States' Response to Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945

In April 1941, Ante Pavelic, the fascist leader of the Independent State of Croatia, and his paramilitary force, the Ustase (“rebels”), began a genocide that killed at least 330,000 Serbs and essentially eliminated Jews and Roma from Croatia. The American response to genocide in Croatia provides a fuller context for examining Washington's reaction to the Nazi genocide. By the summer of 1941, the US government had reliable information that genocide was taking place in Croatia. Washington expressed little interest in this slaughter, except insofar it affected Croatian–American and Serbian–American relations; made no direct public statement condemning the Ustase's actions; and offered no protest to the Vatican. Croatian events, however, propelled the FBI and the Office of War Information to suppress pro-Ustase supporters in the United States.
Active incipient fault detection with more than two simultaneous faults

The problem of detecting small parameter variations in linear uncertain systems due to incipient faults, with the possibility of injecting an input signal to enhance detection, is considered. Most studies assume that there is only one fault developing. Recently an active approach for two simultaneous faults has been introduced. In this paper we extend this approach to allow for more than two simultaneous faults. Having more than two simultaneous incipient faults is sometimes a natural assumption. A computational method for the construction of an input signal for achieving guaranteed detection with specified precision is presented for discrete time systems. The method is an extension of a multi-model approach used for the construction of auxiliary signals for failure detection, however, new technical issues must be addressed. A case study is examined.
Identifying ligand binding sites and poses using GPU-accelerated Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics

We present a method to identify small molecule ligand binding sites and poses within a given protein crystal structure using GPU-accelerated Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. The Hamiltonians used vary from the physical end state of protein interacting with the ligand to an unphysical end state where the ligand does not interact with the protein. As replicas explore the space of Hamiltonians interpolating between these states, the ligand can rapidly escape local minima and explore potential binding sites. Geometric restraints keep the ligands from leaving the vicinity of the protein and an alchemical pathway designed to increase phase space overlap between intermediates ensures good mixing. Because of the rigorous statistical mechanical nature of the Hamiltonian exchange framework, we can also extract binding free energy estimates for all putative binding sites. We present results of this methodology applied to the T4 lysozyme L99A model system for three known ligands and one non-binder as a control, using an implicit solvent. We find that our methodology identifies known crystallographic binding sites consistently and accurately for the small number of ligands considered here and gives free energies consistent with experiment. We are also able to analyze the contribution of individual binding sites to the overall binding affinity. Our methodology points to near term potential applications in early-stage structure-guided drug discovery.
The Hibernation Continuum: Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Metabolic Plasticity in Mammals

Mammals are often considered to be masters of homeostasis, with the ability to maintain a constant internal milieu, despite marked changes in the environment; however, many species exhibit striking physiological and biochemical plasticity in the face of environmental fluctuations. Here, we review metabolic depression and body temperature fluctuation in mammals, with a focus on the extreme example of hibernation in small-bodied eutherian species. Careful exploitation of the phenotypic plasticity of mammals with metabolic flexibility may provide the key to unlocking the molecular secrets of orchestrating and surviving reversible metabolic depression in less plastic species, including humans.