cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol measures to identify and treat individuals at risk for coronary heart disease.

Abstract Background Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–based guidelines are currently used to initiate and monitor cholesterol-lowering therapy. Methods Using stratified analyses, data from the Framingham Heart Study and the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial were evaluated to determine whether (1) cholesterol levels (total cholesterol [TC] or LDL [low-density lipoprotein]) better discriminated risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) than cholesterol ratios (LDL/HDL [high-density lipoprotein] or TC/HDL); and (2) whether changes in ratios better predicted risk reduction than changes in levels. Results Individuals with similar LDL/HDL ratios had similar risks for CHD regardless of whether they had high LDL levels or low LDL levels (23% vs 23% for the CPPT, 13.8% vs 14% for FHS men, and 8.6% vs 10.9% for FHS women). Among men with similar initial LDL/HDL ratios and similar changes in LDL/HDL ratios, risks for CHD did not differ (20.3% compared with 21.0%; p =0.96) between those with the largest and smallest reductions in LDL levels (21.3% compared with 6.5%). Among men with similar initial LDL levels and similar LDL reductions, a 20% reduction in risk for CHD was seen (19.5% compared with 24.5%; p =0.005) between those with the largest and smallest reductions in LDL/HDL ratios (23% compared with 4.6%). TC/HDL had predictive ability similar to LDL/HDL. Conclusions Cholesterol levels do not provide incremental predictive value over cholesterol ratios in identifying people at risk for CHD. Changes in ratios are better predictors of successful CHD risk reduction than changes in levels. Future guidelines should consider incorporating ratios in initiating and monitoring successful lipid-lowering therapy.
Research evaluation in the U.S. Forest Service: Opinions of research managers

Abstract One of the major challenges in forestry research evaluation is to insure that the evaluation methods developed meet the needs of forestry research managers. As a first step in indentifying these needs, we surveyed research managers in the USDA Forest Service. The amount of time spent on administrative activities affects the research evaluation needs of individuals. We found that Forest Service research managers spend the greatest amount of time managing and supervising personnel (32 percent of their administrative time) and planning research projects and programs (27 percent). Evaluation methods developed to date concentrate on the needs of high-level decision-makers and policymakers. Our survey respondents indicated that the interests of researchers are very important in determining the direction or content of Forest Service research programs. Thus, evaluation needs of researchers must receive more attention. Although the respondents did not strongly agree on the need for improved evaluation methods, more than one-third felt there is a critical need for more and better techniques to evaluate and disseminate research results.
Hypnotizability and weight loss in obese subjects

This study tested the effects of hypnosis for weight control. Hypnotizability was assessed by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS:C). Forty-five subjects completed the study with examiners who were blind with respect to hypnotizability scores. Subjects exposed to a simple self-management technique and to the Spiegel and Spiegel (1978) hypnosis intervention, modified to include specific food aversion, lost significantly more weight at a 3-month follow-up than subjects exposed only to the self-management treatment. The specificity of hypnosis in the program was supported by a significant correlation between weight loss and SHSS:C scores for the same group. Subject attrition was about equal across all treatment groups, suggesting all treatments were perceived as active.
Combined Molecular Dynamics and Φ-Value Analysis of Structure−Reactivity Relationships in the Transition State and Unfolding Pathway of Barnase: Structural Basis of Hammond and Anti-Hammond Effects

The folding/unfolding pathway of barnase has been analyzed using a method similar to the classical Bronsted-β approach: Φ-value analysis. Kinetic and equilibrium measurements on the folding/unfolding of over 100 designed mutants have led to a residue-by-residue description of the transition state. The transition state responds to mutation and changes in solvent in a manner analogous to both classical Hammond and anti-Hammond behavior as the energy landscape is perturbed. Here, we compare the Φ-value analysis with an explicit structural analysis of the transition state by molecular dynamics simulations of thermal denaturation of wild-type and two mutant forms of barnase. We look for similarities in the results of experiment and simulation to provide a detailed and reliable description of the folding reaction and for differences that could point to deficiencies in the methods. In general, there is excellent agreement between simulation and experiment, with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 between observed...
Synthesis of RNA in non-nucleate fragments of sea urchin eggs

Abstract Non-nucleate fragments of eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were made by buoyant density centrifugation in sucrose—sea water gradients. After the fragments were artificially activated by butyric acid they were found to incorporate [5-3H]uridine into RNA. The labeled RNA was extracted with phenol and examined by dimethyl sulfoxide density gradient centrifugation. The principal component of the labeled RNA sedimented with an average molecular weight of 5 to 6 × 105. The elution profile of the labeled RNA from benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose was consistent with that for messenger RNA rather than that for ribosomal RNA (Sedat, Lyon & Sinsheimer, 1969). Under non-saturating conditions, as much as 32% of the radioactivity in the RNA preparation hybridized to mitochondrial DNA, while virtually none hybridized to DNA extracted from spermatozoa.
The prosecuting attorney in Ohio ‐an obsolete officer

Ohio conditions surrounding the county prosecutor's office are similar to those in most states. They are no credit to the political genius of Americans.
Li and Harmer Respond

We appreciate Rabinowitz's comments on our work1 and the important issue he raises related to understanding individual physical, psychological, and social needs underlying tai chi participation. Growing research-based evidence has made it clear that tai chi provides a wide array of health benefits,2,3 from the physical (e.g., improved postural stability, functional balance, lower-extremity strength), to the physiological (e.g., improved sleep quality, reduced blood pressure), to the psychological (e.g., reduced fear of falling or stress, improved overall sense of well-being). The alternating weight-bearing, rhythm-controlled, and meditative nature of tai chi movements has made it a unique, low-impact exercise well suited for all age groups, particularly older adults. Additional practical and programmatic advantages of tai chi, including low cost and easy implementation, have elevated its profile as a health promotion initiative. It was interesting to note that all of the preceding features were important motivators in Rabinowitz's survey. With the impending unprecedented impact of the retiring Baby Boomer generation4 on health care spending,5 maintaining or improving function and well-being in the general population has become a major public health promotion mission.6 Thus, how to attract and retain those who would benefit from tai chi, but who for a variety of reasons are either not aware of or not motivated to join classes, is emerging as a very salient issue. Therefore, understanding what motivates people to do tai chi (as Rabinowitz has attempted to do) and what discourages them from doing so is the first step toward increasing participation. The fact that less than 20% of those polled by Rabinowitz were participating in tai chi classes at the suggestion of their physician or in support of a friend or relative indicates the need to improve outreach in primary care settings and promotion through social networking. However, this effort must be in concert with more randomized controlled trials being fully translated into community practice protocols. In 2005, a group of researchers, health professionals, and tai chi practitioners and teachers created a national consensus report7 that addresses numerous issues related to tai chi program implementation, including program and course content, teacher training (including lay leaders), instruction for individuals with special needs, and overcoming barriers to program dissemination. With a better understanding of the barriers to participation in tai chi—both real and perceived—the implementation of programs such as the one we developed and the recommendations of the consensus report can result in substantial numbers of at-risk individuals delaying functional declines.
Pit-1 and GATA-2 Interact and Functionally Cooperate to Activate the Thyrotropin β-Subunit Promoter

The molecular determinants governing cell-specific expression of the thyrotropin (TSH) β-subunit gene in pituitary thyrotropes are not well understood. The P1 region of the mouse TSHβ promoter (−133 to −88) region interacts with Pit-1 and an additional 50-kDa factor at an adjacent site that resembles a consensus GATA binding site. Northern and Western blot assays demonstrated the presence of GATA-2 transcripts and protein in TtT-97 thyrotropic tumors. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, a comigrating complex was observed with both TtT-97 nuclear extracts and GATA-2 expressed in COS cells. The complex demonstrated binding specificity to the P1 region DNA probe and could be disrupted by a GATA-2 antibody. When both Pit-1 and GATA-2 were combined, a slower migrating complex, indicative of a ternary protein-DNA interaction was observed. Cotransfection of both Pit-1 and GATA-2 into CV-1 cells synergistically stimulated mouse TSHβ promoter activity 8.5-fold, while each factor alone had a minimal effect. Mutations that abrogated this functional stimulatory effect mapped to the P1 region. Finally, we show that GATA-2 directly interacts with Pit-1 in solution. In summary, these data demonstrate functional synergy and physical interaction between homeobox and zinc finger factors and provide insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of thyrotrope-specific gene expression.
Extrathoracic location and "borderline" histology are associated with recurrence of solitary fibrous tumors after surgical resection.

Background Most solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are cured by complete resection, but many recurrent and metastatic SFTs do not respond to treatment and are fatal. Malignant histology, defined by England’s pathologic criteria, is strongly associated with recurrence, but some benign SFTs still behave aggressively. Several studies have suggested that extrathoracic SFTs have a worse prognosis. We reviewed thoracic and extrathoracic SFTs from our institution to determine if extrathoracic location is associated with recurrence, independent of malignant histology.
Deformation alloying and transformation reactions

During intense deformation of multilayer samples, atomic mixing reactions can yield alloy synthesis and amorphization reactions and can control amorphous phase stability against nanocrystallization. A precondition for deformation-induced alloying is a mixing reaction at interphase boundaries. In multilayer samples the intermixing occurs on a nanostructured size scale. As a result of localized mixing reactions at the interfaces, very steep concentration gradients develop that act to suppress crystal nucleation and allow for the development of metastable states such as supersaturated solutions or amorphous layers. In systematic studies of the alloying reaction during intense deformation of elemental multilayers in isomorphous and glass forming systems, atomic level mixing is observed to proceed in stages. The initial reaction is characterized by a significant layer refinement to nanoscale levels and an asymmetric exchange across layer interfaces. With continued deformation, the length scales of the layer thickness and the deformation-induced mixing zone can approach each other to yield a bulk nanostructured alloy or a fully amorphous phase. In contrast, intense deformation of amorphous Al base alloys can catalyze crystallization behavior. The characteristic behavior during deformation driven alloying and transformation reactions reveal opportunities for new kinetic pathways and novel microstructures that are not accessible by thermally activated processes.
The organization and control of metabolism in the crustacean gill

Abstract 1. 1. In the gill of the king crab, Paralithodes camtchatica , the activity of the pentose shunt is high relative to glycolysis, C-6/C-1 ratios (in CO 2 ) are about 1/100 and drop to nearly 1/1000 on addition of NADP. 2. 2. The shunt is inhibited by Na + , inorganic phosphate, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , citrate and high concentrations of ATP; it is activated by low concentrations of ATP and NADP. 3. 3. Glycolysis is only slightly affected by iodoacetate because phosphofructokinase acts as a bottleneck earlier in the pathway, keeping glycolytic rates low. 4. 4. The Krebs cycle, which accounts for about 90 per cent of total respiration, is activated by ADP, inorganic phosphate and Na + ; it is inhibited by high concentrations of K + , citrate and ATP.
Long-Term Medical Care of Testicular Cancer Survivors

Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men 20 to 35 years of age. Because of highly effective treatments that may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, most patients become long-term survivors. Health-related issues that confront testicular cancer survivors include the late medical effects of chemotherapy, the late relapse of disease, the development of second cancers, the effect of the disease and treatment on fertility, and the psychosocial consequences. This case-based discussion focuses on the primary care physician's evaluation and management of a long-term survivor of testicular cancer who was previously treated with surgery and chemotherapy.
Motion-Based Compression of Underwater Video Imagery for the Operations of Unmanned Submersible Vehicles

Unmanned vehicles are employed more and more frequently for a range of scientific and commercial undersea applications. However, the critical dependency on a tether link, mainly for the transmission of live images to the surface for command and control, is a significant technological obstacle limiting vehicle maneuverability. The elimination of the tether requires the capability to compress a massive amount of live video data to meet the bandwidth limitations of acoustic telemetry. This paper addresses motion-compensated compression of underwater video imagery and the extraction of the sought-after transformations by the application of the brightness constancy assumption and a generalized dynamic image model for the analysis of time-varying imagery. Two approaches, suitable for automatic vision-based navigation or operator-assisted missions of unmanned submersible vehicles, are considered. In the former case, the 3D motion and position information extracted from the raw data by the vision-based navigation system is used directly to perform the compression. In the latter case, the compression is achieved using the motion and radiometric information extracted from the live and reconstructed images at the surface station. To evaluate the performance of proposed methods, results from experiments with synthetic and real data are presented and compared to compression methods that are based on the brightness constancy model.
Amphetamine Treatment Increases Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus

Psychostimulant use increases anxious behavior, likely through interactions between central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and serotonergic systems. The current study examined whether chronic amphetamine treatment (2.5mg/kg, 14 days) or withdrawal altered CRF receptor densities in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (dRN). Amphetamine treatment increased CRF(2) receptor densities in most subregions of the dRN, and CRF(2) receptors were still elevated following 6 weeks of withdrawal. No changes in CRF(1) receptor densities were observed following amphetamine treatment or during withdrawal. Selective increases in dRN CRF(2) receptors may be related to increased anxiety-like behaviors following psychostimulant use.
Respiratory Function of Blood of Prairie Dogs.

SummaryThe respiratory function of the blood of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord)) has been studied. The position of the oxygen dissociation curve is to the left of other rodents closely related to this species and of similar size. The prairie dog blood resembles in some respects small mammals found at high altitudes and in other respects animals living near sea level. This is considered an adaptation to the habits and habitat of the species.Appreciation is expressed to Mr. Ronald Barbee for technical assistance.
Knockdown of sodium channel NaV1.6 blocks mechanical pain and abnormal bursting activity of afferent neurons in inflamed sensory ganglia

Inflammatory processes in the sensory ganglia contribute to many forms of chronic pain. We previously showed that local inflammation of the lumbar sensory ganglia rapidly leads to prolonged mechanical pain behaviors and high levels of spontaneous bursting activity in myelinated cells. Abnormal spontaneous activity of sensory neurons occurs early in many preclinical pain models and initiates many other pathological changes, but its molecular basis is not well understood. The sodium channel isoform NaV1.6 can underlie repetitive firing and excitatory persistent and resurgent currents. We used in vivo knockdown of this channel via local injection of siRNA to examine its role in chronic pain after local inflammation of the rat lumbar sensory ganglia. In normal dorsal root ganglion (DRG), quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that cells capable of firing repetitively had significantly higher relative expression of NaV1.6. In inflamed DRG, spontaneously active bursting cells expressed high levels of NaV1.6 immunoreactivity. In vivo knockdown of NaV1.6 locally in the lumbar DRG at the time of DRG inflammation completely blocked development of pain behaviors and abnormal spontaneous activity, while having only minor effects on unmyelinated C cells. Current research on isoform-specific sodium channel blockers for chronic pain is largely focused on NaV1.8 because it is present primarily in unmyelinated C fiber nociceptors, or on NaV1.7 because lack of this channel causes congenital indifference to pain. However, the results suggest that NaV1.6 may be a useful therapeutic target for chronic pain and that some pain conditions may be mediated primarily by myelinated A fiber sensory neurons.
Place versus Response Habits in the Presence of a Flashing Light

A recent study by Aderman (1 ) investigated the relative strength of place and response habits in a simple T maze situation in which rats were exposed to what Aderman called an "outstanding" visual cue. The cue was a lighted disk situated behind the positive end of the maze. The intensity of the illumination on the disk was constant. Following the training of the Ss, the disk was moved to the opposite arm, and critical test trials were conducted. Ss tended to ignore the light and go to the previously rewarded arm. Aderman therefore concluded that ". . . response learning is predominant over place learning. . . ." Because of the subjective observation that flashing lights draw more attention than unchanging lights, and because of Berlyne's (2 ) demonstration that changing cues tend to initiate responses, the authors hypothesized that place learning would have predominated in Aderman's study if a flashing light had been employed. The present authors based their investigation of this hypothesis upon Aderman's procedure, and used equipment which was comparable to his. The major difference between the two studies was that the present authors used as a visual cue a 60-w light which flashed on and off 40 times per min., with each flash lasting approximately one-half sec. The light was focused down the arm leading to the goal box. Also, Aderman's Ss received different degrees of training, but the 26 Ss in the present study were all trained to the same criterion of 3 successive errorless trials. On the test run, 21 Ss displayed a response habit by going to the previously rewarded end of the maze, and only 5 Ss displayed a place habit by going to the flashing light. A Chi-square of 10.85 was obtained. This value is significant beyond the 1% level of confidence. The authors therefore concluded that their initial hypothesis was incorrect, and that, at least in rats, response learning predominates over learning based upon a visual cue even when the visual cue is a flashing light.
Fisher’s Conditionality Principle in Statistical Pattern Recognition

We present a simple, illustrative example of Fisher’s Conditionality Principle in statistical pattern recognition. We observe training data {(Xi, Yi, Zi)}i=1n with which to learn the discriminant boundary. At classification time, we observe the to-be-classified feature vector X with true-but-unobserved class label Y. We do not observe the Z associated with X, and the collection {Zi} is ancillary for the discriminant boundary. Nonetheless, {Zi} is essential for optimal classification.
Fundamentally Different Logic of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

The regulatory logic and underlying mechanisms of eukaryotic gene regulation are ideally suited for achieving extremely complex patterns of gene expression. Aside from the inherently combinatorial nature of gene activation, eukaryotic activators and repressors can function indirectly by recruiting chromatin modifying activities and hence creating domains of altered chromatin that vary in extent from individual nucleosomes to large genomic regions. Consequently, a eukaryotic promoter can exist in a variety of stable and intermediate states that are transcriptionally inactive (Figure 2Figure 2); these states correspond to the chromatin modifying activities recruited by particular activators or repressors and hence can be regulated by cell cycle and developmental signals. The initiation, propagation, maintenance, and dissolution of such intermediate states can account for many important phenomena at the level of individual genes: transient initiating events playing a determining role in transcription at later stages of development; epigenetic memory through cell division cycles for maintenance of differentiated states; sequential opening of chromatin structure in complex genetic loci; generation of large-scale heterochromatic regions. It is hard to imagine such phenomena occurring in prokaryotes given that activators and repressors function rather directly on RNA polymerase in the context of a transcriptionally nonrestrictive ground state. Lastly, activator- and repressor-dependent recruitment of chromatin-modifying complexes may explain why regulation of other eukaryotic processes, such as DNA replication and site-specific recombination, is associated with transcriptional regulatory proteins, but not transcription per se.
Understanding hypertension through genetic manipulation in mice.

Understanding hypertension through genetic manipulation in mice. With the advances in mouse molecular genetics and physiology during the last decade, the mouse has become the animal model of choice for studying the genetic basis of many diseases. Terms such as “transgenic” and “knockout” have become part of a colloquial language used in most research laboratories that are investigating human diseases. These terms refer to the two most commonly used methods for analyzing the function of a gene in vivo: overexpression (transgenic mouse) and deletion (knockout mouse). Both methods have proved to be extremely useful in establishing the importance of specific genes in genetic disorders, such as hypertension. The choice of genes being investigated in relationship to hypertension was governed by the knowledge of systems regulating vascular and renal physiology. Thus, it is not surprising that most of the focus was given to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Apart from the RAS, other systems known to regulate vascular tone and/or electrolyte and fluid homeostasis have also been analyzed using transgenic and knockout approaches. This review briefly summarizes some of the mouse models relevant to renal mechanisms of hypertension and then discusses the future of genetic manipulation in mice for studying the genetics of hypertension.
A Prospective Analysis of Sexual Assault Perpetration: Risk Factors Related to Perpetrator Characteristics

This study prospectively evaluated perpetrator risk factors for sexual assault perpetration, including peer influences, beliefs and attitudes about sexuality, alcohol use, and token resistance. Perpetration of sexual assault was evaluated at three time periods: pretest, 3-month follow-up, and 7-month follow-up. Retrospective and prospective analyses yielded differential predictors of sexually aggressive behavior. However, perpetration of sexual assault at any particular assessment period was a predictor of perpetration during the subsequent follow-up period. Furthermore, several variables that have previously been demonstrated in the literature to be related to the perpetration of sexual assault were not significant in regression analyses, indicating that these variables may be rendered insignificant when accounting for past perpetration in prospective analyses. These findings may have significant potential impact on development of sexual assault prevention programming with men.
Neurotherapeutics: Concept, Translation, Transition

The mission of ASENT is to facilitate the clinical translation of basic neuroscience discoveries to improve the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. When established 15 years ago, ASENT decided, after several years, to develop a sponsored journal that would focus on translational neuroscience. In 2004, NeuroRx was initiated as a self-published, quarterly journal; it included critical reviews that were thematically organized. To address the need for higher visibility, the journal name was changed to Neurotherapeutics and we established publishing relationships—first with Elsevier and, more recently, with Springer. Both publishers were highly supportive of the journal’s mission, with Springer now forming a close and mutually beneficial relationship with the society. Neurotherapeutics began to accept original research articles in 2011. Our goal was to become a preferential site for papers in translational neuroscience. Research papers are only accepted if they pass stringent peer review following initial critical review by the editors, and must be explicitly rated by reviewers among the top 10–15 % of papers in that specific area. Our overall acceptance rate is now about 10 %, consistent with accepting only the best papers that are deemed to be of broad interest. The journal’s impact factor has been consistently high, averaging 6.0 during the last 3 years. This places Neurotherapeutics in the top 10–15 % of journals in both the clinical and basic neuroscience areas. In a recent analysis of data from Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge, Neurotherapeutics was identified as a “Rising Star” in the field of neuroscience and behavior. This status is conferred based on increased citations; the increase for Neurotherapeutics surpassed that of any other journal in its field. Now at the end of my term as Editor-in-Chief, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to our outstanding Associate Editors, Rohit Bakshi and David Fink, for their strong support and dedicated service to the journal. Dr. Bakshi has served as an editor since the journal’s inception and has also served as guest editor for several well-reviewed thematic issues. Linda Powell has provided exceptional editorial support since the journal began, and will continue in this role. With Dr. M Maral Mouradian as the new Editor-in-Chief, and Drs. Rajiv Ratan and Gregory Bergey serving as Associate Editors, the stewardship of the journal is clearly in excellent hands. Dr. Mouradian brings experience, vision, and energy to this role, and I wish her and the new Associate Editors every success as they assume leadership of the journal and continue its role as a leading publication in the field.
The effect of administered adrenal cortical hormones on the liver glycogen of normal and scorbutic guinea pigs.

Considerable interest has developed concerning the role of cholesterol and ascorbic acid in the in vivo production of adrenal cortical hormones. This subject has been reviewed recently by Long (1947). Sayers, Sayers, Liang and Long (1946) have shown a rapid drop of the adrenal cholesterol and adrenal ascorbic acid in the rat and guinea pig with a simultaneous production of extra quantities of liver glycogen, when adrenocorticotropic hormone is administered. These decreases of cholesterol and ascorbic acid appear to take place only in the adrenal glands. These and other workers, including Levin (1945), have shown adrenal cholesterol changes in various states of stress. The indication, but not conclusive proof, is that cholesterol and ascorbic acid of the adrenal gland are utilized, either directly or indirectly, in the production of cortical hormones. Vogt (1948) in her studies of adrenal secretions in dogs and cats could show no correlation between the contents of ascorbic acid and of cortical hormone in ...
Reactivity of RuCl(2)(CO)(P(t)()Bu(2)Me)(2) toward H(2) and Brønsted Acids: Aggregation Triggered by Protonation and Phosphine Loss.

Reaction of H(2) with RuCl(2)(CO)L(2) (L = P(t)()Bu(2)Me) in benzene forms RuHCl(CO)L(2) and HCl. The latter reacts with RuCl(2)(CO)L(2) to give [LH][Ru(2)Cl(5)(CO)(2)L(2)] and [LH]Cl. The Ru(2)Cl(5)(CO)(2)L(2)(-) ion is detected (NMR) as several isomers, and is shown by X-ray diffraction to have a face-shared bioctahedral structure: LCl(OC)Ru(m-Cl)(3)Ru(CO)ClL(-). The loss of phosphine from Ru(II) is triggered by electrophilic attack, but not directly on P or on the Ru-P bond. It is shown (low-temperature NMR studies) that HCl reacts with RuHCl(CO)L(2) to give initially RuCl(2)(H(2))(CO)L(2), in which H(2) is trans to Cl. From this study, and also direct observation of the reaction of HCl with RuCl(2)(CO)L(2) to produce Ru(2)Cl(5)(CO)(2)L(2)(-), the Bronsted basicity of chloride in RuCl(2)(CO)L(2) is established. This accounts for its reaction with PhC(2)H and NEt(3) to give Ru(C(2)Ph)Cl(CO)L(2). Crystallographic data (-173 degrees C) for [P(t)()Bu(2)MeH][Ru(2)Cl(5)(CO)(2)(P(t)()Bu(2)Me)(2)]: a = 16.418(2)A, b = 12.578(2)A, c = 20.044(3)A, beta = 103.38(1) degrees with Z = 4 in space group P2(1)/a.
Viscosity effects on EMG activity in normal swallow

This study investigated the effects of six consistencies on measures of swallow duration, muscle activity, and sound. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the submental and infrahyoid muscle complexes, and audio recordings of neck sounds were made while 5 normal subjects swallowed two foods in each of three consistency categories: liquid, thin paste, and thick paste. Total swallow duration, measured from EMG, increased significantly across consistency categories from liquids to thin pastes to thick pastes. Liquids and thin pastes were significantly different from thick pastes on all but one EMG measure. However, liquids and thin pastes failed to reach significance on any of the EMG measures. EMG activity in the submental muscles most often initiated the swallow whereas the infrahyoid muscle activity most frequently terminated the swallow. A sound spike occurred at relatively the same time in each swallow. Results are discussed in terms of systematic modulations of muscle activity during swallow.
Experimental determination of cadmium uptake in shells of the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa and Globigerina bulloides: Implications for surface water paleoreconstructions

Abstract Laboratory culturing is a direct means of determining Cd uptake in shells of planktonic foraminifera. We employed a new stable isotope technique using both 110Cd and 111Cd to assess uptake in the symbiont bearing species, Orbulina universa, and the nonsymbiont bearing species, Globigerina bulloides. In certain experiments with G. bulloides the three endmember isotope dilution method was combined with a recently described 48Ca labeling technique. Shells of Orbulina universa cultured under a 12 h high light:12 h dark cycle are found to incorporate very little Cd. Foraminifera can be induced to take up slightly more Cd by growth under 24 h darkness or under a 12 h high light:12 h dark cycle with exposure to the photosynthesis inhibitor, DCMU. These results demonstrate that O. universa under-represents the Cd concentration of seawater in which the shell is precipitated. Additionally, the results suggest a previously unknown influence of symbiotic dinoflagellates on foraminiferal shell chemistry. There are two different mechanisms by which symbionts might play a role in influencing Cd uptake in O. universa: (1) algal sequestration and removal of Cd from the foraminiferal calcification microenvironment or (2) photosynthetic enhancement of calcification rate, leading to Cd exclusion. If these results apply generally to bioactive trace metal uptake by dinoflagellate-bearing planktonic foraminifera, they suggest that shells of species such as O. universa only record qualitative changes in surface water metal concentrations. The response for Cd uptake in nonsymbiont bearing G. bulloides (cultured under a 12 h high light: 12 h dark cycle) appears linear within and slightly above the range of Cd concentrations found in the modern ocean, with an effective partition coefficient equal to 1.9 ± 0.2 (95% C.I.). The Cd partition coefficient determined for G. bulloides falls within the range of DCd previously found for fossil benthic foraminifera but is twenty times higher than that for O. universa (Dcd = 0.095 ± 0.021 (95% C.I.)) grown under identical culture conditions. Because G. bulloides appears to reliably record seawater Cd concentrations, it should be suitable for accurate paleoreconstructions of surface water Cd and PO43− concentrations.
Enemy deterrence in the recruitment strategy of a termite: Soldier-organized foraging in Nasutitermes costalis

The nasute soldiers of the neotropical termite Nasutitermes costalis function as scouts by exploring new terrain for food in advance of the worker caste and regulate foraging activity by laying trails composed of sternal gland pheromone. Additional soldiers are at first recruited in large numbers, and subsequently workers appear as the pheromone concentration increases. The role of the nasutes in the organization of foraging is extremely unusual for the soldier caste in social insects and appears to be a component of a foraging/defense system that controls the recruitment of foragers and effectively deters attacks by ants, the most fierce and important predators of termites.
An applied genre analysis of office hours consultations

This paper describes an examination of academic consultation discourse using an applied genre analytic approach (Bhatia 2002a) to inform English for academic purposes curriculum design and to contribute to interactional pragmatics and politeness research. The project employed a series of complementary genre and corpus-informed analyses, namely contextual (Tribble 2002), phase (Agar 1985), and interactional moves analysis (Swales 1990) focused on the use of framing (e.g. Goffman 1974), in conjunction with contrastive corpus analysis (Granger 1998). Data for the analyses originated in the office hours sub-corpus of MICASE (Simpson et al. 2002), and a spoken learner corpus of international teaching assistants in training (Reinhardt 2010). Results are interpreted using a model of directive language use in academic consultation discourse that considers appeals to choice and involvement as complementary rather than conflated. The genre of office hours emerges from the negotiated textualization of directive moves, framed around directive constructions using interactional politeness appeals.
Preventing the “Bottoming Out” and “Star-gazing” Phenomena in Inferior Pedicle Breast Reduction with an Acellular Dermal Matrix Internal Brassiere

The phenomena of “bottoming out” (pseudoptosis) and “star-gazing” (the upward rotation of the nipple-areola complex) is a common postoperative problem when using the inferior pedicle breast reduction technique. Multiple techniques have been described to help prevent this problem, including internal suspension techniques and the use of mesh to support the pedicle. We describe our technique and present a case series in which acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm®) is used as an internal brassiere or sling to support the inferior pedicle and prevent postoperative “bottoming out” and “star-gazing.” Twenty-seven patients underwent inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty through a Wise pattern performed by a single surgeon. In each case, acellular dermal matrix (0.79-2.03 mm thick) was sutured to the chest wall as a sling or internal brassiere to support the inferior pedicle. The pedicle was also plicated in a horizontal fashion to increase the projection of the breast and to improve the position of the nipple-areola complex. The mean weight of reduction per breast was 850 g. The mean distance from the nipple to the inframammary fold was 16.4 cm. The mean distance from the sternal notch to the nipple was 32.2 cm. Only one patient developed cellulitis and one patient had partial skin flap necrosis. There was no nipple loss. At routine follow-up it was found that the aesthetic breast shape has been retained and pseudoptosis or “bottoming out” was not significant in any patient. The longest follow-up is 29 months. The use of an acellular dermal matrix internal brassiere is a safe and effective technique for preventing the “bottoming out” and “star-gazing” phenomena that occurs after inferior pedicle breast reduction. Longer-term follow-up will be required to assess the longevity of these results.
Laminar mixed convection over horizontal flat plates with power-law variation in surface temperature

Abstract An analysis is performed to study the heat transfer characteristics of laminar mixed convective boundary-layer flow over a semi-infinite horizontal flat plate with non-uniform surface temperatures. The surface temperature is assumed to vary as a power of the axial coordinate measured from the leading edge of the plate. A nonsimilar mixed convection parameter χ and a pseudo-similarity variable η are introduced to cast the governing boundary layer equations and their boundary conditions into a system of dimensionless equations which are solved numerically by a weighted finite-difference method. The mixed convection parameter χ is chosen so that χ = 0 corresponds to pure free convection and χ = 1 corresponds to pure forced convection. Numerical results are presented for Prandtl numbers of 0.1, 0.7, 7 and 100 and representative values of the exponent n for the power-law variation in wall temperature. The heat transfer results are compared with existing correlations for the uniform wall temperature case and new correlations are derived for the general case of power-law wall temperature variations. It is found that an increase in the Prandtl number and exponent value n increases the local heat transfer rate.
Lactation After Augmentation Mammoplasty

Objective To compare the lactation outcomes of breastaugmented women and nonaugmented women. Methods This study used a retrospective, comparative design. Demographic and descriptive data were obtained from client records maintained by a lactation support program at a large children's hospital in the southwest United States. The association between breast augmentation and lactation outcome in the two groups was investigated by obtaining data from these existing records. Results A significantly greater incidence of lactation insufficiency was found in augmented women compared with nonaugmented women ( P P Conclusion A significantly greater incidence of insufficient lactation was found among augmented women compared with nonaugmented women. The periareolar approach was most significantly associated with lactation insufficiency.
Dual-purpose laser irradiation and perfusion testing system for in-vitro experiments using cultured trabecular meshwork endothelial cells

The means by which Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) is a matter of debate. Mechanical and biological laser-tissue interaction theories have been proposed. To investigate the effect laser irradiation has upon the aqueous outflow facility of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, a suitable in-vitro model is required. Therefore the purpose of this study was to design, construct, and validate a laser irradiation and perfusion testing apparatus. The system was designed to utilize cultured TM cells seeded onto filter supports. Outflow facility will be quantified by calculating the hydraulic conductivity of the monolayer. An appropriate filter support was located, and its perfusion characteristics determined using water. Afterwards, the steady state perfusion flow rate of the filter was ascertained to be 0.096 plus or minus 0.008 ml/min when culture medium is used. Following these tests a single, baseline perfusion experiment was conducted using a TM cell monolayer. Analysis of the data produced a baseline hydraulic conductivity of 0.673 plus or minus 0.076 (mu) l/min/mm Hg/cm 2 , well within the range found in previous reports. A dual purpose, in vitro-cellular perfusion and laser irradiation testing apparatus has been developed, tested and validates using known baseline cellular perfusion and laser irradiation testing apparatus has been developed, tested, and validated using known baseline cellular perfusion values. Future experiments will be conducted to verify these initial findings, and further experiments will be conducted using Argon laser irradiation. The response of the TM cell monolayer will then be compared to the baseline figures.
Agentic and Communal Personality Traits: Relations to Attitudes Toward Sex and Sexual Experiences

This study was designed to examine relations among agentic and communal personality traits, attitudes toward sex, and sexual experiences in a sample of 202 undergraduates. As predicted, acceptance of interpersonal violence, with particular reference to intimate and sexual relationships, was positively associated with unmitigated agency. Among male participants, willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations was positively associated with unmitigated agency and negatively associated with communion and unmitigated communion. Among female participants, agency was positively related to satisfaction with current sexual and romantic relationships. These results partially support Helgeson’s (1994) theoretical model that links unmitigated agency to relational conflict and instability and links communion to emotional bonding and commitment.
Psychological and cognitive function: predictors of adherence with cholesterol lowering treatment.

Background: Failure to adhere to medication regimes is a significant problem in clinical and research settings yet reliable, consistent identification of key psychosocial predictors remains elusive. Studies of mood and personality related to adherence show mixed results—compliance and objectively measured cognitive function are intuitively related but empirical support is lacking.Purpose: This study is a secondary analysis to examine the relations between adherence with a medication regime for lowering serum cholesterol and several domains of psychological and cognitive functioning.Methods: Participants in the initial study completed a measure of personality and a battery of neuropsychological measures at baseline; anxiety and depression were measured at baseline and at 4-week intervals. Medication adherence was tracked with electronic cap monitors for 24 weeks.Results: Only 23% of the sample was fully adherent to medication regimes at least 80% of the time over the 6-month study period. Conscientiousness, according to the Five Factor Theory of Personality, and estimated IQ remained robust predictors of adherence in hierarchical regression analyses. Depression and anxiety, mental flexibility, and visuospatial-constructional ability were less robust but statistically significant (p < .05) correlates of adherence.Conclusions: Although results of this analysis explain only a portion of the variance in adherence, they demonstrate the importance of trait psychological and cognitive factors in adherence research.
Impact of Added Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide Deactivator on the Kinetics of Growth and Reinitiation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Brushes Made by Surface-Initiated Photoiniferter-Mediated Photopolymerization

Without intervention, it has been found that surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated photopolymerization (SI-PMP) of methyl methacrylate suffers from irreversible termination, which leads to cessation of polymerization. These irreversible termination reactions were successfully reduced by preaddition of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TED). The poly(methyl methacrylate) layers were also reinitiated using styrene as a monomer to investigate the effect of TED concentration on the extent of irreversible termination. The reinitiation efficiency increased as [TED] was increased, indicating that extent of irreversible termination reactions can be reduced by increasing [TED]. It was also observed that dithiocarbamyl radicals generated from TED can initiate polymerization in solution, resulting in significant monomer consumption.
The Starry Sky Within: Astronomy and the Reach of Mind in Victorian Literature

In “When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer,” Walt Whitman famously contrasts the arid representations of astronomy—its “charts and diagrams,” “proofs,” and “figures”—with the speaker's solitary night ...
Differential hormonal modulation of brain antigens recognized by the AB-2 monoclonal antibody.

Abstract The expression of monoclonal antibody AB-2 immunoreactivity is age- and sex-dependent in radial glia of developing rat hypothalamus and is regulated by prenatal exposure to gonadal steroids. In the present study, several proteins were recognized by AB-2 and were distributed selectively in subcellular fractions from neonatal hypothalamus (HYP), remaining forebrain (FB), and brainstem regions. Immunoblots revealed polypeptide bands in 3 major molecular weight classes: one at approximately 195 kDa in the cytosolic compartment; and two doublets at 220 kDa and 340 kDa in both microsomal and crude mitochondrial membrane fractions. The 220 kDa and 340 kDa doublets were also Triton -insoluble, suggesting a cytoskeletal association. The 195 kDa-AB-2-immunoreactive band was present in both Triton-soluble and insoluble fractions. AB-2 also recognized several acidic glycolipids extracted from postnatal rat brain regions on immunoblots following high performance thin layer chromatography. One of the bands from postnatal rat brain extracts migrated similarly to purified bovine brain sulfatide, which was also immunoreactive with AB-2. AB-2 immunoreactivity with proteins, polar lipids, and sulfatide suggests that the epitope is a carbohydrate present in multiple cellular compartments. AB-2 recognized the same molecular bands in males and females. Testosterone treatment selectively decreased the detectable level of the 195 kDa AB-2-immunoreactive polypeptide. The 195 kDa AB-2-immunoreactive polypeptide possibly acts in radial glia in the determination of sexually dimorphic neurons in the preoptic area/hypothalamus.
The CMS muon detector

The muon detection system of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment is described. It consists of three different detector technologies: drift tubes in the barrel region, cathode strip chambers in the endcap region and resistive plate chambers in both barrel and endcap regions. The CMS muon detection system ensures excellent muon detection and efficient triggering in the pseudorapidity range 0<η<2.4. The most recent developments and some results from the R&D program will also be discussed.