cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the mechanism of ion exchange in crystalline zirconium phosphates — VIII: Na+/K+ exchange on α-zirconium phosphate

Abstract The isotherms for Na+/K+ exchange on crystalline α-zirconium phosphate have been determined at several pH values. When the pH is below significant and variable amounts of hydrogen ion are exchanged. At pH 11 little or no hydrogen ion is exchanged. When K+ replaces sodium ion, a solid solution of the two ions in the exchanger is obtained. However, when the solubility limit of K+ is exceeded, a new potassium rich phase forms along with the solid solution. Further potassium uptake then takes place at constant solution composition until only the new potassium rich phase is obtained. Then a single phase region is observed until at still higher K+ loading the solubility limit is exceeded and another two phase region is obtained. The second phase consists of a small amount of Na+ in solid solution in potassium zirconium phosphate. This solid solution then persists up to 100 per cent loading of potassium ion. In the reverse exchange reactions the same phases are observed but their composition limits are different. This produces a small hysterisis loop in the isotherm. The isotherm at pH 9 exhibits a more pronounced hysterisis and this is attributed to the uptake of some hydrogen ion by the exchanger.
Dynamic Regulation of Calcium Influx by G-Proteins, Action Potential Waveform, and Neuronal Firing Frequency

The time course of Ca2+ channel activation and the amplitude and rate of change of Ca2+ influx are primarily controlled by membrane voltage. G-protein-coupled signaling pathways, however, modulate the efficacy of membrane voltage on channel gating. To study the interactions of membrane potential and G-proteins on Ca2+ influx in a physiological context, we have measured N-type Ca2+ currents evoked by action potential waveforms in voltage-clamped chick dorsal root ganglion neurons. We have quantified the effect of varying action potential waveforms and frequency on the shape of Ca2+ current in the presence and absence of transmitters (GABA or norepinephrine) that inhibit N current. Our results demonstrate that both the profile of Ca2+ entry and the time course and magnitude of its transmitter-induced inhibition are sensitive functions of action potential waveform and frequency. Increases in action potential duration enhance total Ca2+ entry, but they also prolong and blunt Ca2+ signals by slowing influx rate and reducing peak amplitude. Transmitter-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ entry is most robust with short-duration action potentials and decreases exponentially with increasing duration. Increases in action potential frequency promote a voltage-dependent inactivation of Ca2+ influx. In channels exposed to GABA or norepinephrine, however, this inactivation is counteracted by a time- and frequency-dependent relief of modulation. Thus, multiple stimuli are integrated by Ca2+ channels, tuning the profile of influx in a changing physiological environment. Such variations are likely to be significant for the control of Ca2+-dependent cellular responses in all tissues.
Bias correction for the proportional odds logistic regression model with application to a study of surgical complications

The proportional odds logistic regression model is widely used for relating an ordinal outcome to a set of covariates. When the number of outcome categories is relatively large, the sample size is relatively small, and/or certain outcome categories are rare, maximum likelihood can yield biased estimates of the regression parameters. Firth (1993) and Kosmidis and Firth (2009) proposed a procedure to remove the leading term in the asymptotic bias of the maximum likelihood estimator. Their approach is most easily implemented for univariate outcomes. In this paper, we derive a bias correction that exploits the proportionality between Poisson and multinomial likelihoods for multinomial regression models. Specifically, we describe a bias correction for the proportional odds logistic regression model, based on the likelihood from a collection of independent Poisson random variables whose means are constrained to sum to 1, that is straightforward to implement. The proposed method is motivated by a study of predictors of post-operative complications in patients undergoing colon or rectal surgery (Gawande et al., 2007).
Traditional MSW students compared with extended MSW degree students: A multi-variate analysis

This manuscript compares traditional MSW students who took six instructional quarters to complete their degree versus extended MSW degree students who took eight instructional quarters, a combination part-time/full-time work-study arrangement. Descriptive variables on which the students differed are elaborated and comparisons are made on a variety of self-inventories, measuring attributes of personality, values and initial helping skills. The implications of the data are discussed in terms of the social work educational delivery system.
Selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. 3. Structure-activity relationship of tricyclics bearing imidazoline, oxadiazole, or tetrazole groups

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) is believed to cause antidepressant and possibly antianxiety effects. The previous paper had developed structure−activity relationships (SAR) for in vitro ...
The effect of aquatic exercise on aged person's bone density, body image, and morale

Bone densities, body image, and morale were compared for 73 independently-living seniors who exercised regularly in a pool, 73 seniors who attended community centers, and 12 seniors who did neither. It was hypothesized that swimmers would have superior bone mass densities, higher morale, and more adequate body images than the more sedentary center attendees, and that the longer elderly persons swam, the better their bones would be.
The Role of Perceived Need and Health Insurance in Substance Use Treatment: Implications for the Affordable Care Act☆

The expansions in insurance coverage under the Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA) that took full effect in 2014 have been projected to increase the number of users of behavioral health services. By analyzing data from the 2008-2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this paper examines whether health insurance expansion may result in an increase in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment utilization. The study sample includes 18,600 adults with SUD but no diagnosable mental health condition. The analysis finds that over 80% of that population receives no treatment and 97% do not perceive a need for treatment. When they do receive treatment, they are more likely to receive mental health treatment. Using multinomial logistic regression, the study finds that having Medicaid or private insurance is associated with higher likelihood of receiving SUD treatment, but only when individuals perceive a need for it, compared to being uninsured and not perceiving a need for treatment (the reference category). These results indicate that increased service utilization is associated with perceiving a need for substance abuse treatment, implying that outreach initiatives to raise awareness about SUD and the effective role of substance use treatment are needed to enhance the impact of the structural changes to the substance abuse treatment system resulting from the ACA.
Secretion of the human T cell leukemia virus type I transactivator protein tax.

Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The HTLV-I protein Tax is well known as a transcriptional transactivator and inducer of cellular transformation. However, it is also known that extracellular Tax induces the production and release of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, which have adverse effects on cells of the central nervous system. The cellular process by which Tax exits the cell into the extracellular environment is currently unknown. In most cell types, Tax has been shown to localize primarily to the nucleus. However, Tax has also been found to accumulate in the cytoplasm. The results contained herein begin to characterize the process of Tax secretion from the cell. Specifically, cytoplasmic Tax was demonstrated to localize to organelles associated with the cellular secretory process including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Additionally, it was demonstrated that full-length Tax was secreted from both baby hamster kidney cells and a human kidney tumor cell line, suggesting that Tax enters the secretory pathway in a leaderless manner. Tax secretion was partially inhibited by brefeldin A, suggesting that Tax migrated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. In addition, combined treatment of Tax-transfected BHK-21 cells with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin resulted in a small increase in the amount of Tax secreted, suggesting that a fraction of cytoplasmic Tax was present in the regulated secretory pathway. These studies begin to provide a link between Tax localization to the cytoplasm, the detection of Tax in the extracellular environment, its possible role as an extracellular effector molecule, and a potential role in neurodegenerative disease associated with HTLV-I infection.
Reliability of PWB microvias for high density package assembly

High density PWB (printed wiring board) with microvia technology is required for implementation of high density and high I/O area array packages (AAP). COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) AAP packaging technologies in high reliability versions with 1.27 mm pitch are now being considered for use in a number of NASA systems including Space Shuttle and Mars Rovers. NASA functional system designs are requiring more and more dense AAP packages and board space, which makes board microvia technology very attractive for effectively routing a large number of package inputs/outputs. However, the reliability of the fine feature microvias including via in pads is unknown for space applications. Understanding process and QA (quality assurance) indicators for reliability are important for low risk insertion of these newly available packages and PWBs. This paper presents literature search as well as test results for a high density board subjected to various thermal cycle and reflow profiles representative of tin-lead and lead-free solder reflow. Microvias sizes ranged from two to six mil with and without filling. Daisy chain microvias monitored during the test and PWBs were cross-sectioned to determine failure and locations. Optical and SEM photographs as well as resistance changes during cycling and Tg/Td (glass transition/decomposition temperature) characterisations are presented.
Challenging abdominal wall defects.

Abstract Background: We propose a simple algorithm for management of patients with challenging abdominal fascial defects. Methods: The medical records of 64 patients with complicated abdominal wall defects representing a consecutive series by a single surgeon over a 4-year period were reviewed. Group 1 patients presented with massive fascial defects and closed wounds. They were reconstructed with autogenous tissue using either the separation of parts (SOP) procedure or free tensor fascia lata (TFL) grafts. Group 2 patients had fascial defects with open wounds. Wound closure was first accomplished with either STSG or primary skin closure over viscera. These patients, now “converted” into patients with closed wounds, were reconstructed months later as in group 1. Results: Average defect size was 320 cm2. Wound closure was achieved in one procedure in all patients with open wounds. Time to discharge after this procedure averaged 9 days. The only morbidity of wound closure was skin graft donor site pain. Average time from temporary staged closure with skin grafts to definitive closure with autogenous tissue was 5 months. Repair of closed fascial defects with autogenous tissue was performed in 51 patients. Average time to discharge after autogenous tissue repair was 6.6 days. Recurrence of hernia was noted in 2 (3.9%) patients with an average follow-up of 24 months. Conclusions: Treatment of challenging abdominal wall defects can be accomplished simply and safely utilizing the above surgical algorithm. Open wounds are converted into closed wounds and fascial defects are repaired with autogenous tissue. This treatment plan has proved to be effective in a wide variety of situations.
Motivational enhancement therapy for nicotine dependence in methadone-maintained pregnant women

Pregnant women who are dependent on nicotine and illicit substances are at especially high risk for health complications and psychosocial problems. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) for reducing smoking during pregnancy was compared with standard-care practitioner advice in a 2-group randomized design. Participants were 63 pregnant opioid-dependent smokers seeking substance abuse treatment, methadone maintenance, and prenatal care. At a 10-week follow-up, self-report and biological measures (i.e., CO, cotinine) indicated no differences in smoking between the MET and standard-care groups. However, MET participants were more likely to have moved forward on the stage of change continuum than those in standard care. Intensive treatment for nicotine dependence, environmental interventions, and innovative harm reduction strategies are recommended to address the barriers to quitting observed in this population of pregnant women.
Long-term response of mature plum trees to salinity

Deciduous fruit trees are known to be salt sensitive but the degradation may be delayed for a number of years depending on salinity level and tree size. A field experiment was conducted in the San Joaquin Valley of California on mature plum trees. The objectives were to quantify salt tolerance with time and to document the development and impact of salt stress over a 6-year period. After three years, the salt tolerance threshold, measured as the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts, for fruit yield was 2.6 dS/m. At salinity levels in excess of the threshold, yield was reduced at the rate of 31% for each 1 dS/m increase in soil salinity. The continuation of this experiment for an additional three years did not alter the salt tolerance as measured by fruit yield. Attempts to revive trees that had been severely damaged by excess salinity were successful but recovery, depending on the severity of damage, requires several years.
Modeling a Set of Functional Test Sequences as a Single Sequence for Test Compaction

This paper describes a new model for a set of test sequences where a set $S$ is described by a single functional test sequence $T$ . Using this model, a procedure that compacts $T$ compacts all the sequences in $S$ simultaneously. This enhances the ability of the procedure to compact the set compared with procedures that consider the sequences in the set individually. It also allows the test sequences in $S$ to be redefined. If different sequences in $S$ have substantially different lengths, repartitioning $T$ allows new sequences with more uniform lengths to be obtained. After repartitioning, additional test compaction can be achieved. This paper describes a test compaction procedure that includes these operations based on the modeling of a set as a single sequence.
RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A CONSERVATIVE FINITE SLAB WITH AN INTERNAL SOURCE

Abstract The normal-mode expansion technique is used to obtain the radiation intensity in a conservative finite medium with an internal source and plane-parallel emitting boundaries. The elementary solutions of the one-dimensional equation of transfer and existing completeness and orthogonality theorems are used to effect the desired solution with a minimum of manipulation. The unknown expansion coefficients appearing in the solution are shown to satisfy simple integral equations to which highly accurate analytical approximations are obtained. Further, a high-order improved Gaussian quadrature integration procedure is used to construct numerically the required expansion coefficients, and thus the two universal functions Θ(τ) and Θ s ( τ ) are calculated to “bench mark” accuracy. Since the radiation intensity is determined explicitly, all other quantities of interest, such as the incident radiation, the heat flux and the temperature distribution, are immediately available.
C-Fos activation in the periaqueductal gray following acute morphine-3β-d-glucuronide or morphine administration

Abstract Morphine-3β- d -glucuronide (M3G), a primary morphine metabolite, evokes hyperalgesia in mice and rats and putatively mediates hyperalgesia associated with morphine (MOR) administration. However, M3G does not act via opioid receptors and its locus of activity in the CNS is unknown. Here we assessed the density of neurons immunoreactive for c-Fos, an immediate early gene regulated by neuronal activity, in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a midbrain region critical to pain modulation, in male CD-1 mice after MOR and M3G exposure. Mice were injected with acute doses of MOR or M3G following a pre-injection of saline (SAL) or the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX), perfused 3 h later, and labeled for c-Fos using immunohistochemistry. Labeled image stacks taken from the PAG were then analyzed on a confocal microscope for the number of neurons showing c-Fos expression. Relative to controls, significant but similar increases in the mean density of PAG c-Fos immunoreactive neurons were observed in mice pre-injected with SAL then M3G or morphine. However, NTX pre-injection blocked this increase in MOR but not M3G injected mice. The data demonstrate for the first time a CNS locus for M3G activity. Consistent with previous observations, this M3G activity is not mediated by opioid receptors.
Selection of DNA clones with enhancer sequences.

Abstract A method is described for selection of DNA clones that contain enhancer sequences that activate gene expression. An Escherichia coli-rodent cell shuttle vector, pPyE0, was used that contains polyoma viral DNA without the polyoma enhancer region. Replication of pPyE0 DNA in mouse cells is markedly reduced due to deletion of the polyoma enhancer region. Insertion of mouse genomic DNA fragments that contain putative enhancer sequences into pPyE0 adjacent to the polyoma origin of replication restored, to varying extents, the ability of the recombinant plasmid DNA to replicate in mouse cells. Recombinant plasmids that replicate well in mouse cells, therefore, are amplified selectively. Transfection of mouse neuroblastoma or fibroblast cells that constitutively synthesize polyoma large tumor antigen with a library of mouse genomic DNA fragments inserted in pPyE0 yielded many recombinant plasmids. DNA inserts from each of the 16 clones that were examined stimulated the expression of an enhancerless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. The DNA inserts from 4 clones that were studied resulted in 4- to 13-fold increases in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase mRNA in transfected mouse cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis led to the identification of 5 genomic DNA clones that were obtained by selection. All of the homologies found were to regions of DNA that are thought to be involved in the regulation of gene expression.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, not erythema multiforme (von Hebra)

A review of the English-language medical literature revealed at least 70 cases of well-documented Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections associated with the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. There were no cases associated with erythema multiforme (von Hebra). Most of the patients were children and young adults, and male patients were more commonly affected. Most patients had prodromal symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection before the onset of the eruption and an underlying pneumonia. Although the clinical course may be severe and prolonged, the prognosis is uniformly good with complete recovery in nearly all patients. Treatment is largely supportive and the use of antibiotics or steroids (or both) appears to have little effect on the course of the illness. We conclude that M. pneumoniae is the most common infectious agent associated with the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. It is not associated with erythema multiforme of von Hebra.
Spatial prediction of wind farm outputs using the Augmented Kriging-based Model

Wind generating resources have been increasing more rapidly than any other renewable generating resources. Wind farm output prediction is an important issue for deploying higher wind power penetrations on power grids. The existing work on wind farm output prediction has focused on the temporal issues. As wind farm outputs depend on natural wind resources that vary over space and time, spatial analysis and modeling is also needed. Predictions about suitability for locating new wind generating resources can be performed by optimal spatial modeling. In this paper, a new approach to spatial prediction of wind farm outputs is proposed using the Augmented Kriging-based Model (AKM).
Improved negative staining of microfilament arrangements in detergent-extracted Physarum amoeboflagellates

Abstract A motile, lamellipodium-like structure, the ridge, forms as amoeboflagellate cells of Physarum polycephalum release from a substratum and begin swimming in fluid. Actin microfilaments form a distinct laminar core within the ridge; they are seen as a sparse, disordered meshwork in cytoskeletons prepared by conventional methods using uranyl acetate negative staining [10]. Preservation and visualization of these filaments and their arrangements improved considerably when cytoskeletons were imaged with phosphotungstic acid buffered with ammonium hydroxide (PTA(NH 4 )). Microfilaments within ridge cytoskeletons were found to form loose bundles and criss-crossing, ‘meshwork’ arrays several layers deep. Differences could be detected in morphology and detailed arrangement of microfilaments within cytoskeletons prepared in the presence of phalloidin. PTA(NH 4 ) may be useful for studies of cytoskeletal elements and their rearrangements in dynamic, motile regions of cells.
Carrier transport in the drift region of read-type diodes

The transport properties of the drift region significantly impact the conversion efficiency of Read-type IMPATT diodes. A detailed numerical study has been undertaken to gain insight into the carrier transport under large-signal conditions and the roles of depletion-width modulation and the carrier-induced electric field. A phase delay in the peak of the avalanche current results from assuming a sinusoidal voltage rather than a sinusoidal field and is incorporated in the model. induced current waveforms, transport factors, diode admittances, and conversion efficieneies are presented as functions of RF level, bias current density, and the small-signal transit angle. A region of partial collection of the drifting carriers exists between regular IMPATT operation and the onset of the premature collection mode, which provides a smooth transition between these two modes. The effects of premature collection are most pronounced at long transit angles where the corresponding large increase in the transport factor at a high RF level will give high-efficiency operation, but also a large hysteresis in the tuning characteristic. The displacement current has an appreciable effect on the induced external current under these conditions. The presented results aid the understanding of tuning behavior and tradeoffs in design for Read diodes.
Creative destruction? After the crisis: Neo-liberal ‘remodeling’ in east Asia

ABSTRACT Why in the wake of the Asian financial crisis have certain emerging market states (EMs) proved more proficient in the implementation of advanced economic reforms than others, despite similar crisis experiences, similar stages of economic development, similar pressure from external actors (both political and market-based), and – most significantly – similar interests in preventing recurrence? The article seeks to account for this paradoxical divergence in state responses to financial crisis conditions and in so doing help compensate for the paucity of crisis response studies in the literature; it seeks to explain why states with numerous similarities are nonetheless responding differently. The evidence appears to confirm that EMs are more likely to implement a significant range of reforms where the ‘antecedents of good governance’ are positive (see below); conversely, where the antecedents of EM governance are negative, attempts to implement the requisite regulatory changes have foundered. In eith...
The Product Life Cycle and the Export Position of the United States

The present study analyzed trade in 4-digit level manufacturing categories over time for 4 nations, including the United States, to ascertain the relevance of the product life cycle theory of such trade. The level of technological input was controlled for. The result indicate that the theory has at least some explanatory relevance for 3 of the 4 countries, including the United States.
Vitamin E increases interleukin-2 dependent cellular growth and glycoprotein glycosylation in murine cytotoxic T-cell line.

Abstract The effect of vitamin E on the modulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent cellular growth, glycosylation, and expression of certain glycoproteins (GP) was examined in a murine cytotoxic T-cell line (CTLL). CTLL cultures in log phase and growing in 10% IL-2 medium in the presence of 1-16 μg vitamin E/ml showed a dose-dependent 2- to 15-fold stimulation of growth (assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation) relative to controls. Vitamin E-treated cultures were observed to grow more efficiently at lower levels of IL-2 compared to controls. Glycoconjugate biosynthesis (assessed by 3H-galactose incorporation) was stimulated 5- to 15-fold by the addition of vitamin E to the culture medium. GP glycosylation as determined by wheat germ agglutinin binding GP (50-64 Kd) and concanavalin A binding GP (38-200 Kd) increased significantly in the presence of vitamin E. These results demonstrate that vitamin E stimulates IL-2 dependent cellular growth, glycosylation, and expression of certain GP in CTLL.
The influence of personal history of abuse and gender on clinicians' judgments of child abuse

Two extra-legal factors were examined for their influence on professionals' decisions to report child abuse: having been abused as a child oneself, and the gender of the child, the parent, and the professional. One hundred and one men and women who worked regularly with children in mental health settings rated a series of scenarios presented as cases from a protective service agency. Participants made several judgments regarding the case including the severity of the parent's behavior, the likely effect on the child, whether the situation was abusive, and whether the case should be reported to a social service agency. Despite some interpretive limitations, the results generally support the hypothesis that extra-legal factors influence the perceptions of professionals who are mandated to report a suspected incident of abuse.
The solid dihydrate of N,N-dimethyl-n-tetradecylamine oxide.

Crystalline N,N-dimethyl-n-tetradecylamine oxide has been prepared by reaction of liquid N,N-dimethyl-n-tetradecylamine with 70% H 2 O 2 in the presence of CO 2 as catalyst. The resulting soft low-melting solid was crystallized as the dihydrate, viz. C 16 H 35 NO.2H 2 O. The extended hydrocarbon chains pack in a parallel fashion, with the N-oxide ends of the molecules forming hydrogen bonds with the water molecules in hydrophilic layers. The N-O distance is 1.411 (3) A.
The type III 5-deiodinase in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles is encoded by a thyroid hormone-responsive gene

We have recently reported that the Xenopus laevis complementary DNA (cDNA), XL-15, encodes a selenoprotein that is a 5-deiodinase (5D). XL-15 represents a gene that is up-regulated by thyroid hormone in this species. We now report the isolation from a Rana catesbeiana (RC) cDNA library of a cDNA for the RC 5D (RC5D). RC5D a 1534-base pair cDNA that exhibits 78% identity to XL-15 in the coding region, including the TGA codon, which in XL-15 encodes selenocysteine, and a putative selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) located in the 3'-untranslated region. Transcripts of RC5D, synthesized in vitro, induce 5D activity after their injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes. RC5D hybridizes to a 2.2-kilobase messenger RNA (mRNA) species in RC tissues. The expression of RC5D was studied in 10 tissues from untreated and T3-treated premetamorphic tadpoles. RC5D mRNA transcripts and 5D activity were detected in most tissues examined, and the levels of both were greatly increased in T3-stimulated tadpoles. Furthermor...
Avoiding dermal filler complications

Abstract Age-related volume loss; increased skin laxity, fat loss, and redistribution; and diminished support from underlying muscle and bone result in the observable and sometimes profound changes seen in the aging face. Aging also is associated with functional changes in the skin, such as dermal atrophy with diminished fibroblastic activity, decreased collagen production, and altered clastin. Dermal fillers, such as bovine, human, and purified porcine collagen; hyaluronic acids; calcium hydroxylapatite; and injectable medical devices (eg, poly-L-lactic acid), are used commonly for facial rejuvenation. Soft-tissue augmentation with fermal fillers and injectable medical devices has gained widespread acceptance as an alternative to more aggressive, invasive treatment of the aging face. Technique, knowledge, expertise with fillers, proper patient assessment, a well-formulated treatment plan with access to agents for superficial, moderate, and deep rhytides, and volume restoration provide the necessary ingredients for optimal soft-tissue augmentation while minimizing complications.
A rat model for neural circuitry abnormalities in schizophrenia

Animal models for complex brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, are essential for the interpretation of postmortem findings. These models allow empirical testing of hypotheses regarding the role of genetic and environmental factors, the pathophysiological mechanisms and brain circuits that are responsible for specific neural abnormalities and their associated behavioral impairment, and the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments relative to these diseases. Recently, we developed a rodent model for neural circuitry abnormalities in discrete corticolimbic subregions of subjects with major psychoses. According to our protocol, the GABA-A receptor antagonist picrotoxin is stereotaxically infused in the basolateral amygdala to mimic a GABA defect in this region that is postulated to occur in these disorders. This protocol has been tested with a number of acute and chronic time schedules. Following picrotoxin administration in the basolateral amygdala, changes in GABAergic neurons and/or terminals in hippocampal regions CA2/3 are observed, similar to those seen in major psychoses, as well as a marked reduction in GABA-receptor-mediated currents in pyramidal neurons of this region. This has established the construct and predictive validity of this model for studying limbic-lobe circuitry abnormalities. We propose that this modeling strategy may provide a valid alternative to isomorphic models of these diseases.
Dispersal Patterns and Mark-and-Recapture Estimates of Two Pine Root Weevil Species, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Christmas Tree Plantations

The pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst), and the pitch-eating weevil, Pachylobius picivorus (Germar), are pests of plantation pines in the eastern United States. Dispersal patterns of these species were studied in the summer of 1989 using pitfall traps baited with ethanol and turpentine, and mark-and-recapture techniques. Approximately 17% of H. pales and 34% of P. picivorus were recaptured. Most pales weevils were recaptured in the immediate vicinity of the release point, whereas pitch-eating weevils appeared to disperse farther before responding to the baits. Marked weevils were recaptured up to 8 wk following the release. No gender differences were found in recapture rates. Pronounced temporal differences in recapture rates were observed, with more weevils attracted to baits in spring than in summer. A separate baited trap was developed to monitor weevil flight. Total weevil numbers, and female H. pales considered singly, were more commonly caught at 81 cm than 160 cm. The role of dispersal and migration in pine root weevil ecology is discussed with respect to the ability of these species to colonize new habitats.
Activation of Hydrogen on Iridium(I) Centers in Water: Solvent Effects, pH Effects, and Iridium−Hydride Exchange with D2O

The water-soluble iridium complexes trans-Ir(CO)L2X (X = Cl, OH; L = PPh2(m-C6H4SO3K) (TPPMS), P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3 (TPPTS)) have been used to extend the range of solvent effect for H2 activation at an iridium(I) center and to examine the effect of pH changes on the rate of H2 addition to an organometallic center. Hydrogen adds to the square-planar iridium(I) complexes in H2O and DMSO to give products analogous to those for trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)2 in organic solvents. The kinetic deuterium isotope effect, kH/kD = 1.1 (L = TPPMS) and 1.2 (L = TPPTS), for addition of H2 to trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)L2 in water is the same as that observed for trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)2 in toluene and indicates a common mechanism. More polar solvents accelerate the rate of H2 addition to trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)L2, indicating polarity in the transition state. Increasing the pH causes a decrease in the rate of H2 addition for trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)(TPPMS)2 and trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)(TPPTS)2 in water. This pH effect, coupled with a shift of νCO to higher frequency...
Domestic politics and climate change: international public goods in two-level games

We use the theory of two-level games to explore how domestic constraints affect the outcome of bargaining games over national contributions to an international public good such as global climate ch ...
Multiple-Spark Photography with Image Separation by Color Coding

The application of color-coded image separation to multiple-spark photography provides a simple method for recording shadow or schlieren photographs with arbitrary magnification, extremely high frame rate, short exposure time per frame, and no parallax. A color separation, multiple-spark camera is described which produces a sequence of three frames at 5 x magnification with a maximum frame rate of 10(6)/sec and an exposure time per frame of about 0.3 microsec. Standard 10.16-cm x 12.7-cm (4-in. x 5-in.) color film is used. This camera has been useful for observing liquid atomization processes and spray motion, since it enables direct measurement droplet size, location, velocity, and deceleration.
The effect of superior colliculus lesions upon the visual fields of cats with cortical ablations

The visual fields of 18 cats were measured before and after various lesions. Preoperatively, all cats had identical fields. With both eyes open, they saw from 90 degrees left to 90 degrees right; with one eye, from 90 degrees ipsilateral to 45 degrees contralateral. Thus the field for nasal retina extends from 90 degrees ipsilateral through to the midline; for temporal retina, from the midline through to 45 degrees contralateral. In summary, postoperative testing led to two major conclusions. (1) Large occipito-temporal cortical lesions produce a stable field blindness, but the blindness is alleviated by a transection of the commissure of the superior colliculus (or a unilateral collicular ablation). This transection yields the same result whether it occurs in an operation before, during, or after the cortical lesion. These data confirm and extend the Sprague effect. (2) Cats made dependent upon retinotectal pathways due to cortical ablations responded much better to stimulation of nasal retina than to stimulation of temporal retina. This presumably is related to the preponderance of nasal retina as a source of the retinotectal pathway. Since even smaller cortical lesions limited to areas 17, 18, and 19 produce this nasal/temporal retinal difference, it is concluded that integrity of the geniculocortical pathways is necessary for good temporal retinal vision as determined by these methods.
Achieving Precision and Reproducibility for Writing Patterns of n‐alkanethiol Self‐assembled Monolayers with Automated Nanografting

Nanografting is a high-precision approach for scanning probe lithography, which provides unique advantages and capabilities for rapidly writing arrays of nanopatterns of thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Nanografting is accomplished by force- induced displacement of molecules of a matrix SAM, followed immediately by the self-assembly of n-alkanethiol ink molecules from solution. The feedback loop used to control the atomic force microscope tip position and displacement enables exquisite control of forces applied to the surface, ranging from pico to nanonewtons. To achieve high-resolution writing at the nanoscale, the writing speed, direction, and applied force need to be optimized. There are strategies for programing the tip translation, which will improve the uniformity, alignment, and geometries of nanopatterns written using open-loop feedback control. This article addresses the mechanics of automated nanografting and demonstrates results for various writing strategies when nanografting patterns of n-alkanethiol SAMs.
Upper limits for isospin-forbidden γ-decays of T = 2 states in 20Ne

Abstract The γ-decays of the two lowest T = 2 levels in 20 Ne have been studied by measuring resonant γ-ray yields with the 19 F(p,γ) 20 Ne reaction. Upper limits of (5–10) × 10 −5 W.u. have been obtained for four isospin-forbidden ( ΔT = 2) E1 transitions from 20 Ne(2 + , T = 2). Limits have also been obtained for M1 and E2 transitions from 20 Ne(2 + , T = 2), and for E1 and E2 transitions from 20 Ne(0 + , T = 2). No evidence is found for an isotensor transition amplitude.
When Interests Collide

In China and India, support for nonproliferation efforts ultimately hinges on national interests.
Kondo lattice behavior and magnetic field effects in Al20V2Eu

Abstract Al20V2Eu has a framework identical to the Al10V intermetallic, but with the large structural void filled by Eu. Magnetization results indicate a nearly 2 + Eu valence state, and a magnetic transition near 4 K. Specific heat results exhibit a gradual enhancement of the electronic term γ , to 340 mJ/mol K at 8 T. In addition, the high-field 27Al NMR T 1 exhibits a crossover from local-moment behavior to Korringa-like behavior near 50 K. These results indicate that the low-temperature magnetic state is built from moments affected by Kondo screening, which is enhanced by application of a magnetic field.
Mechanical vs manual manipulation for low back pain: an observational cohort study.

Abstract Objective This is an observational prospective cohort study to explore the treatment effect of mechanical vs manual manipulation for acute low back pain. Methods Ninety-two patients with a history of acute low back pain were recruited from 3 private chiropractic offices, 2 of which used manual lumbar manipulation and 1 used mechanical instrument manipulation (Activator) as their primary modes of treatment. The chiropractors used their "treatment-as-usual" protocols for a maximum of 8 visits or 4 weeks, whichever occurred first. Primary outcome measures were changes in Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores from baseline to 4 weeks. The linear regression models were adjusted for baseline NPRS and ODI scores, age, and treatment expectancy. Results Comparison of baseline characteristics did not show any significant differences between the groups except for age (38.4 vs 49.7 years, P P = .003). Linear regression revealed significantly lower NPRS scores in the manual manipulation group at 4 weeks ( β = −1.2; 95% confidence interval, −2.1 to −.28) but no significant difference in ODI scores between the 2 groups at 4 weeks ( β = 1.5; 95% confidence interval, −8.3 to 2.4). Treatment expectancy, but not age, was found to have a significant main effect on both NPRS and ODI scores at 4 weeks. Exploratory analysis of the clinical patterns of care between the clinicians revealed significant differences in treatment frequency, duration, modality, and radiograph use between the 2 cohorts. Conclusions This study highlights the challenges inherent with conducting research that allows for "treatment as usual." The data and experience derived from this investigational study will be used to design a future randomized clinical trial in which tighter controls will be imposed on the treatment protocol.
Simvastatin Modulates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Proliferation and Gene Expression

Statins are widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs that block the mevalonate pathway, responsible for the biosysnthesis of cholesterol. However, statins also have pleiotropic effects that interfere with several signaling pathways. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a heterogeneous mixture of cells that can be isolated from a variety of tissues and are identified by the expression of a panel of surface markers and by their ability to differentiate in vitro into osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes. MSC were isolated from amniotic membranes and bone marrows and characterized based on ISCT (International Society for Cell Therapy) minimal criteria. Simvastatin-treated cells and controls were directly assayed by CFSE (Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) staining to assess their cell proliferation and their RNA was used for microarray analyses and quantitative PCR (qPCR). These MSC were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) proliferation. We show here that simvastatin negatively modulates MSC proliferation in a dose-dependent way and regulates the expression of proliferation-related genes. Importantly, we observed that simvastatin increased the percentage of a subset of smaller MSC, which also were actively proliferating. The association of MSC decreased size with increased pluripotency and the accumulating evidence that statins may prevent cellular senescence led us to hypothesize that simvastatin induces a smaller subpopulation that may have increased ability to maintain the entire pool of MSC and also to protect them from cellular senescence induced by long-term cultures/passages in vitro. These results may be important to better understand the pleiotropic effects of statins and its effects on the biology of cells with regenerative potential.
Restriction site polymorphism in the phosphoglycerate kinase gene on the X chromosome

Using a human phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) cDNA probe, we have identified a common Pst I restriction site polymorphism on the human X chromosome in all ethnic groups studied. The polymorphic Pst I site was absent in 40.4% of 94 X chromosomes of unrelated subjects. Heterozygous females can only be detected by the combined use of a Pst I digest and a Xba I + Pst I digest due to the presence of autosomal and X-linked bands of the same size in simple Pst I digests. Since 48% of females are heterozygotes for the Pst I polymorphism, this site can serve as a useful genetic marker on the long arm of X chromosome in man.
Network News and Racial Beliefs: Exploring the Connection Between National Television News Exposure and Stereotypical Perceptions of African Americans

A random survey of nonstudent adult residents was undertaken to determine whether exposure to network news has a demonstrable effect on racial attitudes and perceptions of African Americans. After controlling for a number of factors, results revealed that exposure to network news depressed estimates of African American income. In addition, network news exposure increased the endorsement of African American stereotypes, particularly the view that African Americans were poor and intimidating, and was positively associated with higher racism scores. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The estimation of the stabilities of bivalent transition metal complexes and deviations from the Irving-Williams order

Abstract The free energies of formation of a range of ligands with Mn II Fe II , Co II and Zn II have been related to ligand field stabilisations, and it has been found possible to predict on theoretical grounds deviations from the Irving-Williams order.
Virologic studies of exanthems

From May to December, 1963, 76 patients with exanthematous disease were studiedand 24 virus strains were isolated from 16 patients. In addition, 30 patients, many from whom viruses were isolated, had serologic evidence of virus infection, and 32 patients had either virus isolation or serologic evidence of infection. There were 8 different virus types recovered, and significant antibody titer rises noted to 13 virus types. Several clinical exanthematous syndromes are presented and their relations to viral infections are discussed.
PREM-1, a putative maize retroelement has LTR (long terminal repeat) sequences that are preferentially transcribed in pollen

A family of highly dispersed repetitive elements, designated PREM-1, which are transcribed primarily during pollen development, has been identified in maize. Sequence data from six PREM-1-containing genomic clones suggest that the PREM-1 sequences are the LTRs of a family of putative retroelements. PREM-1 LTRs are estimated to be present in about 10 000 to 40 000 copies in the maize genome. Although related sequences have been detected in sorghum and crab grass, highly homologous sequences appear to be specific to the genus Zea (maize and teosinte). A diverse group of RNAs that contain portions of the PREM-1 sequence at their 3′ ends are transcribed in pollen; highest levels appear in early uninucleate microspores. The PREM-1-containing cDNAs do not appear to code for protein products since stop codons are present in all three reading frames. The possible significance of expression of retroelements in the male gametophyte, in terms of transposition of DNA, is discussed.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spin label studies of neurophysin: Evidence for secondary peptide-binding sites

Abstract The longitudinal relaxation time, T 1 , of the ortho ring protons of Tyr-49 of bovine neurophysin-I was investigated in the absence and presence of two spinlabeled peptides which are known to bind to the principal hormone-binding site. Displacement of the spin labels from the principal hormone-binding site by diamagnetic peptide led to anomalous changes in T 1 . The results suggest the presence of a second binding site for peptides, of low thermodynamic affinity, but immediately adjacent to Tyr-49.
Microwave spectrum and rotational isomerism of n-propyl isocyanide

Abstract The microwave spectrum of n -propyl isocyanide has revealed the existence of two rotational isomers, trans (methyl trans to the isocyanide substituent), and gauche . Plausible structures have been fitted to the data, giving the gauche dihedral angle as 119° ± 2° from the trans position. Stark effect measurements have yielded dipole moments for the two rotamers: μ trans = 4.16 ± 0.02 D and μ gauche = 4.10 ± 0.09 D. The rotational constants of the trans form are A = 23 700 ± 100, B = 2407.632 ± 0.020, and C = 2278.853 ± 0.030 MHz, and those of the gauche form are A = 10 208.983 ± 0.030, B = 3479.219 ± 0.015, and C = 2859.981 ± 0.015 MHz. It has been found from relative intensity measurements that the gauche ground state is slightly more stable than the trans ground state, with an energy difference of 99 ± 45 cm −1 . Several vibrationally excited states have been assigned to the torsional motion around the central carbon-carbon bond, the CNC bending motion, and the methyl internal rotation. The torsional vibration frequency is 114 ± 20 cm −1 in the trans form and 123 ± 20 cm −1 in the gauche form. A four-term potential function for internal rotation about the central CC bond has been determined.