cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doping – Dependent irreversible magnetic properties of Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2 single crystals

Abstract We discuss the irreversible magnetic properties of self-flux grown Ba(Fe 1− x Co x ) 2 As 2 single crystals for a wide range of concentrations covering the whole phase diagram from the underdoped to the overdoped regime, x = 0.038, 0.047, 0.058, 0.071, 0.074, 0.10, 0.106 and 0.118. Samples were characterized by a magneto-optical method and show excellent spatial uniformity of the superconducting state down to at least the micrometer scale. The in-plane properties are isotropic, as expected for the tetragonal symmetry, and the overall behavior closely follows classical Bean model of the critical state. The field-dependent magnetization exhibits second peak at a temperature and doping – dependent magnetic field, H p ( T , x ). The evolution of this fishtail feature with doping is discussed. In particular we find that H p , measured at the same reduced temperature for different x , is a unique monotonic function of the superconducting transition temperature, T c ( x ), across all dopings. Magnetic relaxation is time-logarithmic and unusually fast. Similar to cuprates, there is an apparent crossover from collective elastic to plastic flux creep above H p . At high fields, the field dependence of the relaxation rate becomes doping independent. We discuss our results in the framework of the weak collective pinning and show that vortex physics in iron-based pnictide crystals is much closer to high- T c cuprates than to conventional s-wave (including MgB 2 ) superconductors.
Comparison of Solution Chemistries of Orthophthalaldehyde and 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde

Polarography was used to obtain the concentrations of the dialdehydic (10%), monohydrated acyclic (5%), and cyclic hemiacetal form (85%) of orthophthalaldehyde (OPA). For 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA) these values were estimated to be 15, 7, and 78%. Addition of water in unbuffered solutions followed first-order kinetics with rate constants 0.0018 s-1 for OPA and 0.0012 s-1 for NDA. Dehydration to form both the dialdehyde and the monohydrate is both acid- and base-catalyzed. Both dialdehydes yield on reaction with OH- ions geminal diol anion, which is electro-oxidized to a carboxylic acid. In the most frequently used pH range for the determination of amino acids, NDA can undergo reaction with OH- ions, but OPA does not. In aqueous solutions, NDA is less strongly hydrated than OPA.
A model of acute regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the rat

Studies were conducted in 76 rats to describe and validate a new closed-chest in vivo model for acute ischemia and reperfusion of the left coronary artery. Radiolabeled microsphere distribution in six rat hearts confirmed a significant reduction in arteriolar flow at the center of the ischemic zone (93% reduction of total myocardial counts compared to nonischemic region, P less than 0.01) after 7 min of occlusion. Arteriolar flow returned to control values upon reperfusion. While hemodynamic parameters in 10 rats during 7 min of occlusion and 7 min of reperfusion were monitored, end diastolic pressures increased significantly (P less than 0.01) during occlusion. Finally, the utility of this rat model was demonstrated in a study of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (N = 4). Normal myocardium could not be differentiated from acutely ischemic myocardium on noncontrast-enhanced MR images. After 5 min of myocardial ischemia and following contrast administration (albumin-Gd-DTPA), the ischemic zone appeared less enhanced than normal myocardium. Upon release of the occluder the left ventricular free wall once again yielded a homogeneous signal similar to that of the normal myocardium.
Abstract 1334: Benzo(a)pyrene concentration-dependent biotransformation and cytotoxicity in HT-29 colon cells

The majority of sporadic cancer deaths are attributed to environmental factors of which exposure to environmental toxicants is one. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a member of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) family of compounds is one such ubiquitous environmental toxicant; found in charcoal broiled/smoked meats, cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and industrial emissions. High levels of BaP have been detected in fat-rich foods such as dairy products, barbecued pork sausage, and beef meat. Since diet makes up a substantial amount of BaP intake (∼ 3 – 17 mg/person/day); ingested BaP contributing to gastrointestinal (GI) carcinogenesis deserves attention. Studies conducted using a mouse model in our laboratory has already shown that BaP contributes to colon cancer development. Through metabolic activation, BaP is biotransformed into an array of metabolites. Biotransformation of BaP proceeds through specific biochemical pathways (epoxide and quinone) each one producing specific reactive metabolites that bind with DNA, cause DNA damage and associated changes in cell cycle. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of BaP that are most toxic to HT-29 human colon cells and examine if any relationship exist between cellular toxicity and BaP biotransformation. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco9s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics (penicillin/streptomycin). After revival of cells and growing them to confluence, cells were synchronized overnight by serum starvation method. The HT-29 cells were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100μM BaP over the course of 10 days and then counted using a Coulter Counter. Based on a concentration – response study 5, 10, and 25 μM BaP in DMSO (vehicle for BaP; 0.01%) were selected as optimal concentrations to analyze the effect of BaP on cell growth, viability, biochemical, and molecular endpoints 4 days after BaP exposure. The expression of both Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes were analyzed by western blot and RT-PCR. Analysis of cell cycle via FACS showed inhibition of the S and G2-phase in cells treated with increasing concentrations of BaP. An increase in CYP 1A1 and 1B1 expression also occurred in a BaP concentration-dependent manner. However, not much difference was seen in Phase II metabolizing enzyme expression levels regardless of the BaP concentrations tested. Our results suggest that BaP cytotoxicity is mediated by metabolic activation (funded by the NIH grants 5T32HL007735-12, 1RO1CA142845-01A1, 1S11ES014156-01A1 and Southern Regional Education Board). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1334. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1334
Calcium deficiency and gibberellic acid enhance susceptibility of pumpkin and sunflower seedlings to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection

Abstract Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings were grown in culture deficient in calcium and inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Three days after inoculation the seedlings showed a susceptibility to the pathogen that was inversely proportional to the calcium content of the nutrient solution. Plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) became more susceptible to infection by S. sclerotiorum. Increased addition of GA3 resulted in increases in infection both in rate and severity. Sunflower was more susceptible to the pathogen than was pumpkin. GA3 treatment consistently decreased the calcium content in both species. The effect of calcium deficiency on infection by S. sclerotiorum was greatly amplified by GA3 addition.
Fluid flow induces COX-2 expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts via a PKA signaling pathway.

Abstract Mechanical loading of bone generates fluid flow within the mineralized matrix which can exert fluid shear stress (FSS) at cell membranes. FSS induces new transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, with peak effects at 4–5 h. Using MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with the COX-2 promoter fused to a luciferase reporter, we examined involvement of the protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways in the peak COX-2 mRNA and luciferase responses to FSS (10 dyn/cm2). Neither inhibition nor down-regulation of the PKC pathway affected the FSS stimulation of COX-2 mRNA or luciferase activity. In contrast, inhibitors of the PKA pathway, used at doses which inhibited forskolin-stimulated luciferase activity by 70–80%, reduced FSS-stimulated COX-2 mRNA expression and luciferase activity by 50–80%. Hence, peak FSS induction of COX-2 expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells is largely dependent on the PKA signaling pathway.
The bioluminescence system of microscolex phosphoreus and its similarities to those of other bioluminescent earthworms (oligochaeta)

Abstract 1. 1. Microscolex phosphoreus (Acanthrodrilidae: Oligochaeta) is a small bioluminescent earthworm with a broad distribution throughout the world. 2. 2. In response to adverse stimuli it exudes a luminescent fluid from the mouth and along the body wall which originates in the coelome and contains large (27.1 ± 4.2 μm) granule filled cells. 3. 3. Similarly to the other species examined so far, the luminescence system is found associated with the isolated granule filled cells; it is stimulated to emit by hydrogen peroxide, Diplocardia longa luciferin and D. longa luciferase; and exhibits a broad, unimodal bioluminescence spectrum (λmax = 538 nm). 4. 4. The spectrum of the bioluminescence is matched by fluorescence which is associated with these same cells. 5. 5. The spectrum of the soluble extract has a considerably altered spectrum with some indications of a similar, but more complex, alteration in the spectroscopy of the fluorescent component. 6. 6. These results are discussed in comparison with other investigations of M. phosphoreus bioluminescence and the general common features of earthworm bioluminescence.
Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Is Expressed in Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinomas but Not in Other Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a nuclear homeodomain transcription factor that is expressed in the developing thyroid, respiratory epithelium, and diencephalon. TTF-1 is thought to be expressed specifically in pulmonary or thyroid neoplasms, and it is expressed in a significant subset of pulmonary non-small cell carcinomas, small cell carcinomas, and carcinoids but not in nonpulmonary, non-small cell carcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors from sites other than the lung have not been evaluated for TFF-1 expression. We examined TFF-1 expression using immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 49 gastrointestinal carcinoids; 15 pancreatic islet cell tumors; 21 paragangliomas; 8 medullary thyroid carcinomas; 7 small cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix; 4 prostate, 4 bladder, and 6 Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas; and 1 renal carcinoma No gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, pancreatic islet cell tumor, paraganglioma, or Merkel cell carcinoma expressed TFF-1. All of the medullary thyroid carcinomas strongly expressed TTF-1. However, 44% of nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas were also TTF-1 positive, including four of four prostate, two of four bladder, and one of seven cervical small cell carcinomas. We conclude that TTF-1 expression is not specific for small cell carcinomas of pulmonary origin and should not be used to distinguish primary from metastatic small cell carcinomas in extrapulmonary sites. However, TTF-1 expression may be useful in distinguishing Merkel cell carcinomas and cutaneous metastasis of small cell carcinomas. Among well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, TTF-1 expression seems to be present only in carcinoid tumors of the lung and medullary carcinomas of the thyroid and may be of differential diagnostic value when dealing with a metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor.
The startled seahorse: is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning?

are not known, although it is assumedthat configural strategies normally supersede elemental strategies.The lion’s share of work implicat-ing the hippocampus in contextualconditioning has been derived fromstudies of fear conditioning in rats. Infear conditioning tasks, discrete and/orcontextual CSs that are paired withfootshock come to evoke conditionalfear responses (CRs) such as defecation,potentiated acoustic startle, elevatedblood pressure and freezing. In manylaboratories, contextual fear is assessedby returning the rats to the condition-ing chamber and measuring freezing.That the hippocampus plays an impor-tant role in contextual fear condition-ing is indicated by studies demonstrat-ing that dorsal hippocampal lesionsattenuate freezing to contextual CSs,but do not alter freezing behavior todiscrete CSs (Refs 2,3). Hippocampal le-sions also impair contextual fear condi-tioning following unsignaled train-ing
A semiempirical molecular orbital calculation of borazine and some B-trifluoroborazines

A charge self-consistent semiempirical calculation has been performed on borazine and four fluoroborazines in which all the valence electrons of the molecules studied have been included. The results of the Mulliken population analyses are discussed in terms of the effect of fluorine bonded to boron and/or nitrogen. The correspondence between experiment and calculation for the orbital energies is also discussed.
Infective Endocarditis: 35 Years of Experience at a Children's Hospital

We review the predisposing conditions, the presenting signs and symptoms, as well as the risk factors and bacterial etiologies in children with infective endocarditis, focusing on hospital course and outcome. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 76 cases of endocarditis in 73 patients occurring at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from January 1958 through December 1992. The median age of the patients was 9 years (range, 1 month to 18 years). Predisposing conditions included congenital heart disease (62 patients) and rheumatic heart disease (four patients). Seventy-seven percent of the children with congenital heart disease had undergone cardiac surgery. After therapy with appropriate antibiotics was started, blood cultures for 67 patients (70 episodes of infective endocarditis) remained positive for a mean (+/-SD) of 0.7 +/- 1.41 days, and all patients who presented with fever (75 episodes in 72 patients) remained febrile for a mean (+/-SD) of 4.28 +/- 6.21 days. Secondary fever occurred in 39% of the children. Thirty (41%) of the 73 patients survived without any complications and 13 (18%) died. Fifteen children with complications required surgery. Children with endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus were more likely than those with infection caused by viridans streptococci to have prolonged fever, secondary fever, and/or complications as well to require surgery.
Lower body parkinsonism: Evidence for vascular etiology

We studied 10 patients with marked gait difficulty and no or only minimal upper limb involvement, defined here as lower body parkinsonism (LBP). They were compared to a control group of 100 patients with otherwise typical Parkinson's disease (PD). Both groups were of comparable age, but the mean duration of symptoms was significantly shorter in the LBP group (2.6 +/- 1.5 years versus 7.5 +/- 4.9 years). Gait disturbance was the initial symptom in 90% of LBP patients, as opposed to 7% of controls. Hypertension was present in 70% of LBP patients, and only 22% responded to levodopa. In contrast, only 21% of controls had a history of hypertension, and 96% improved with levodopa. We conclude that these 10 LBP patients constitute a homogenous group, distinct from typical PD. Besides their disproportionate gait disturbance, they are distinguished from PD patients by more rapid progression, higher incidence of hypertension, and a poor response to levodopa. Ischemic etiology for LBP is supported by abnormal neuroimaging studies.
In vitro analysis of the effects of cholecystokinin on rat brain stem motoneurons

Using whole cell patch clamp in thin brain stem slices, we tested the effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) on identified gastric-projecting neurons of the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). P...
Advantages and limitations of iron amino acid chelates as iron fortificants.

This review provides information concerning the value of iron amino acid chelates as iron fortificants. Approximately three years ago, the International Life Sciences Institute held a technical consultation on iron amino acid chelates. At that time the available research data was inadequate to form a conclusion concerning the bioavailability of iron from iron amino acid chelates; since then, however, several well designed experiments have investigated the value of these compounds for the fortification of foods. These are described in the present review.
The universality of ℓ1 as a dual space

Let X be a Banach space with a separable dual. We prove that X embeds isomorphically into a $${{\mathcal L}_\infty}$$ space Z whose dual is isomorphic to l 1. If, moreover, U is a space with separable dual, so that U and X are totally incomparable, then we construct such a Z, so that Z and U are totally incomparable. If X is separable and reflexive, we show that Z can be made to be somewhat reflexive.
Reconnecting Management Theory and Social Welfare: A Humanistic Perspective

Utilitarianism arguably provides the philosophical justification for suboptimal management theory. We provide a historical perspective on the development of management theory from its utilitarian b...
Phase Equilibria at Liquidus Temperatures in the System Iron Oxide–Al2O3–SiO3 in Air Atmosphere

Liquidus temperatures, obtained by the quenching technique, are presented for mixtures in the system iron oxide–Al2O3–SiO2 in air atmosphere. Approximate compositions of crystalline phases in equilibrium with liquids have been determined, and paths of equilibrium crystallization are discussed briefly. Application of the phase diagram to refractories problems is indicated.
IROS: an intelligent rehabilitative orthotic system for cerebrovascular accident

An intelligent externally powered orthotic system (exoskeleton) for the treatment of motor dysfunctions of the upper extremities of stroke patients is described. IROS is an interactive and cooperative human-machine system, with both controlling the human arm. Initially, the machine is the main controller of the arm. As the patient improves, the human control of the arm increases, and the machine control of the arm decreases. The system combines the skills of professional therapists with a sensor-integrated orthosis and a real-time graphics system to ensure proper interaction and cooperation with the patient in order to achieve the goals of therapy. It uses the expertise of the therapists, which is incorporated into its knowledge system, while monitoring the sensory information from the patient, including the force, motion, and electromyogram (EMG) signals. The treatment-related tasks are displayed on the real-time graphic system to increase the interest and enhance the motivation of the patient. Such a system can be used to improve the rehabilitation process for stroke patients. >
Commentary: Access to care affects the rate of spinal deformity surgery

COMMENTARY ON Nuno M, Drazin DG, Acosta FL. Differences in treatments and outcomes for idiopathic scoliosis patients treated in the United States from 1998 to 2007: impact of socioeconomic variables and ethnicity. Spine J 2013;13:116–23 ( in this issue ).
Technical Assessment Of Fisheries Hydroacoustics

This paper discusses the present techniques used in fisheries hydroacoustics with an emphasis on some newer developments in fish stock assessment. The basic technique of echo integration is briefly described. Methods now in use and coming into use as tools in fisheries hydroacoustics are discussed in a functional and technical context.
Increased Prothrombin Conversion: A New Activity of Lysed Fibrinogen*

Summary. Derivatives of lysed fibrinogen added to mixtures of ‘prothrombin complex’, brain phospholipids and calcium chloride increased significantly the amount of thrombin which was generated. This augmentation was not destroyed by heating at 60°C for 15 min and was shared by all the chromatographic fractions of lysed fibrinogen (A, D and E) which were tested, even by derivatives prepared from haemophilia A plasma. Contamination with factor VIII cannot therefore be responsible. Addition of fibrinogen derivatives to normal blood or haemophilic plasma at low concentrations increased the prothrombin consumption, although the partial thromboplastin times of normal and haemophilic plasma were not shortened.
Organisms and Organization

Organisms are organized both internally and externally. The centrality of the organism in examination of the hierarchy of biological organization and the kinds of “emergent properties” that develop from study of organization at one level relative to other levels are my themes. That centrality has not often been implicit in discussion of unifying concepts, even evolution. Few general or unifying principles integrate information derived from various levels of biological organization. However, as the genetic toolbox and other new techniques are now facilitating broader views of organisms and their internal and external interactions, and their evolution, some fundamental perspectives are emerging for many kinds of studies of biology. In particular, more hierarchical approaches are gaining favor in several areas of biology. Such approaches virtually demand the integration of data and theory from different levels of study. They require explicit delineations of methodology and clear definition of terms so that communication per se among scientists can become more integrative. In so doing, a hierarchy of theory will develop that demands ever further integration, potentially leading to unifying concepts and a general theory for biology.
Robust Quantization of &#949;-Contaminated Data

The problem of robust quantization of data with uncertain statistical properties is considered. Uncertainty in the statistics of the data is modeled by assuming that the data have a probability density function of the e-contaminated form, and a minimax approach to robust design is adopted. An approximation is developed for the asymptotic worst-case distortion (over the e-contaminated class) produced by an arbitrary companded quantizer, and the quantizer design which minimizes this worst-case distortion is derived. The robustness of the resulting design is verified numerically for the particular problem of quantizing e-contaminated Gaussian data.
Rightful Resistance in Rural China

Rightful Resistance in Rural China. By Kevin J. O'Brien and Lianjiang Li. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 200 pages. 24.99 paper.Studies of contemporary China move between two poles of presentation—richly detailed analyses of phenomena that seem specific to China and more sweeping panaromas that leap to broad generalities without always marking their steps forward clearly. Kevin J. O'Brien and Lianjiang Li offer an insightful study of collective action in contemporary China that successfully steers a course between the typical extremes. Their work is solidly anchored in years of research in the Chinese countryside, where they have conducted interviews and administered surveys, and about which they have read government documents and the press. This work also takes into account the growing amount of scholarship being produced by the Chinese themselves. And most helpful to their efforts of explaining Chinese cases to a broader audience, their analysis consistently engages the literature on collective action conceptualized principally out of studies of advanced industrial societies and the histories of those societies.
Time Dependent Diffusion of P-Type Dopants in Gallium Arsenide

The diffusion of implanted p-type dopants in GaAs often exhibits transient effects during annealing. This diffusion can greatly affect device performance and must be understood in order to create accurate, physically based process modeling simulation tools for compound semiconductors. The transient diffusion is believed to be related to defects created during implantation, but a direct correlation between implant damage and dopant redistribution has been difficult to establish. Results are presented in this paper of experiments designed to gain insights into the fundamental mechanisms underlying the relationship between defects and diffusion. Many anomalies in previous data are the result of implanting dopants under poorly controlled conditions, particularly implant dose rate and temperature. Special care was taken in this work to ensure that the implants were performed under well controlled conditions. Al was co-implanted with Mg and Be to study the effect of implant damage without affecting the position of the Fermi level. A correlation was found between the initial transient diffusion observed in low dose Be implants and the presence of dislocation loops. This may present a viable method for suppressing diffusion of implanted Be. SIMS profiles of Mg and Al co-implants were anomalous and difficult to interpret. Cap failure, dopant segregation to the surface and/or defects may be responsible for the discrepancies in the data. P-type doping appears to stabilize dislocation loops, probably by increasing the concentration of positively charged Ga interstitials. RBS measurements of implanted Mg indicates a link between damage production, implant dose rate, and diffusion. This result agrees with previous work on damage production in Si implanted GaAs.
The Prevalence of Hypercholesterolaemia and its Relationship With Albuminuria in Insulin-dependent Diabetic Patients: An Epidemiological Study

To assess the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and its relationship with metabolic control and urinary albumin excretion in Type 1 diabetic patients, all 1577 insulin-dependent patients attending the outpatient clinic at the Steno Memorial Hospital were studied. None had previously received lipid-lowering drugs. Hypercholesterolaemia, defined as plasma concentration of cholesterol above 6.4 mmol l-1 was found in 156 patients (10%) (95%) confidence intervals (CI) 8.4-11.5%) compared with 11% in the Danish background population. Compared with the normolipidaemic diabetic patients, the hyperlipidaemic patients were older (42 vs 37 years: p less than 0.001, 95% CI for difference in means 3-7 years), they had a higher glycosylated HbA1C (9.2 vs 8.6%, p less than 0.001, 95% CI for difference in means 0.4-1.3%) and their urinary albumin excretion was 32 vs 12 mg 24 h-1, p less than 0.001. Of the 1577 diabetic patients, 1084 patients (73%) had normal urinary albumin excretion (UAE less than 30 mg 24 h-1), 255 (17%) had microalbuminuria (UAE 30-300 mg 24 h-1) and 136 (9%) had overt clinical nephropathy (UAE greater than 300 mg 24 h-1). The plasma concentration of cholesterol rose significantly with increasing urinary albumin excretion; normoalbuminuric 4.78 mmol l-1 +/- 1.06 (mean +/- SD); microalbuminuric: 5.12 mmol l-1 +/- 1.23 and macroalbuminuric: 4.89 mmol l-1 +/- 1.38 (p less than 0.001). The influence of metabolic control on the plasma level of cholesterol was of only minor clinical importance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Medical Massage, Volume I, ed 2

Turchaninov R. Phoenix, AZ 85028, Aesculapius Books, 2006, paperback, 560 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-9675868-0-1, $50. The second edition of Medical Massage presents the Western view of medical massage and its place in modern medicine. As the author states in the introduction, the purpose of this text is to introduce to the “American medical and massage communities the discipline of scientifically-based, result-producing therapies whose proven medical benefits are not fully appreciated.” The intended audience includes physicians, physical therapists, and massage practitioners; however, other practitioners, such as nurse practitioners, holistic health practitioners, and occupational therapists, would most likely appreciate this book. The format is easy to follow. Underlying principles of massage techniques, diagnostic evaluations and …
Homosexual and Heterosexual Child Molestation: Case Characteristics and Sentencing Differentials

This article compares case characteristics and sentencing differentials of homosexual and heterosexual child molesters. It is asserted that sex offenders are the most despised of all criminals and that among sex offenders none are more despised than homosexual child molesters. The current AIDS scare is viewed as an additional factor exacerbating the general opprobrium attached to homosexual child molesting. Using logit regression, it was found that homosexual molesters were 6.79 times more likely to be imprisoned than were heterosexual molesters qfter adjusting for the combined effects of crime seriousness, prior record, and acceptance/denial of full responsibility for their actions. The latter variable was the only other nonlegal variable to significantly impact sentencing.
Software Development Tools: A Profile

Conclusions reached at the IEEE Testing and Documentation Workshop indicated a need for a public information exchange on software development tools. Two reasons were cited: the first is a general lack of information about the tools available, their capabilities, and where they can be obtained; the second is a lack of awareness of current tool development, which leads to duplication of effort. At the workshop, the US National Bureau of Standards' Institute for Computer Science and Technology, or NBS/ICST, agreed to initiate the collection of information about software tools in the hope of alleviating some of these problems. This article reports the results of this collection effort by analyzing the information obtained. Various categorizations of the tools are presented, with classes listed by their characteristics. The lists incorporate percentage summaries based on the total number of tools for which information is available.
Refugees and asylum seekers: implications for ED care in Auckland, New Zealand.

Refugees and asylum seekers are a significant proportion of attendees in Auckland emergency departments. While culture and ethnicity are factors in addressing the healthcare needs of refugee families, other factors such as the physical and psychological sequelae of the refugee experience, health care prior to arrival in New Zealand, poverty, language, and the trauma of resettlement also have a major impact. This article discusses some of the special health needs of refugee populations and the contribution emergency nurses can make to improving health outcomes for these people.
A convergence proof for an iterative method for ATM networks

A flow model for evaluating the performance of a network of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switches is presented. The performance measures used include the link (nodal) and end-to-end cell loss probabilities as well as the link (nodal) and end-to-end cell delays. In the model, the routing assignments are assumed to be given. The assumed form of routing assignments may be used to represent either virtual circuit or datagram service. Due to the nonlinear relationship between cell losses and offered flows, the flow model is a system of nonlinear equations. The authors develop a sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution to the nonlinear system of equations. They present an iterative model and prove that it converges to a unique fixed point provided the sufficient condition is satisfied. The unique fixed point corresponds to the unique solution to the flow model. >
Systematic Review of Core Muscle Electromyographic Activity During Physical Fitness Exercises

ABSTRACT Activating the core muscles through exercise training programs is believed to be important for athletic performance. Considerable attention has been credited to the lumbar multifidus, transverse abdominis, and quadratus lumborum in designing exercise training programs. Numerous core exercise claims and recommendations abound in the fitness and physical therapy communities touting a superior core challenge for these muscles. The plethora of core activation literature with conflicting outcomes has convoluted the process of choosing exercises for an optimal core training approach. Although an abundance of research studies have quantified the muscle activity, collectively, a consensus on the type of exercise that elicits the largest muscle activity does not exist. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to critically examine the literature and synthesize the muscle activity produced across various physical fitness exercises to determine which type of exercise elicits the largest amplitude for the core muscles in healthy individuals. PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTdiscus, CINAHL, (CCRT) and Web of Science databases were searched revealing 27 studies meeting the inclusion criteria measuring EMG activity during 202 exercises. In absence of research for the quadratus lumborum, no conclusions could be made and bring about concern for current recommendations. Furthermore, the methodological diversity significantly limited the quality of studies meriting standardization for future EMG research. Nonetheless, the current evidence suggests free weight exercises and non-core exercises using external
Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: Rationale for NMDA Receptors as Targets and Nitrous Oxide as Therapy

Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a huge personal and societal encumbrance. Particularly burdensome is a virulent subtype of MDD, treatment resistant major depression (TMRD), which afflicts 15-30% of MDD patients. There has been recent interest in N-methyl-D-aspartate (receptors (NMDARs) as targets for treatment of MDD and perhaps TMRD. To date, most pre-clinical and clinical studies have focused on ketamine, although psychotomimetic and other side effects may limit ketamine’s utility. These considerations prompted a recent promising pilot clinical trial of nitrous oxide, an NMDAR antagonist that acts through a mechanism distinct from that of ketamine, in patients with severe TRMD. In this paper, we review the clinical picture of TRMD as a subtype of MDD, the evolution of ketamine as a fast-acting antidepressant, and clinical and basic science studies supporting the possible use of nitrous oxide as a rapid antidepressant.
Take-away Thoughts: Reflecting on Four Case Studies

This commentary on four case studies of transnational public history projects or experiences teases out the pedagogical implications. Financial and logistical aspects present challenges to designing collaborative initiatives that reach across national boundaries, and must be addressed. However, in order to tap the full educational value, transnational public history endeavors should also contribute to the intellectual core of public history curricula.
The effect of elbow position on the radial pulse measured by Doppler ultrasonography after surgical treatment of supracondylar elbow fractures in children

We performed a prospective study of 20 patients with displaced extension supracondylar humerus fractures and evaluated the effect of elbow flexion, forearm supination, and forearm pronation on blood flow to the injured arm after closed reduction and Kirschner wire fixation. Ten patients had a Gartland type II fracture and 10 patients had a Gartland type III fracture. After closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, the radial pulse was examined with Doppler ultrasonography starting with the elbow in extension. The elbow was slowly flexed, and the angle of elbow flexion at which the radial pulse disappeared was determined. This angle of elbow flexion was measured with the forearm in both supination and pronation. Gartland type III fractures demonstrated less elbow flexion prior to radial pulse ablation compared to Gartland type II fractures when the forearm was placed in supination (p = 0.001) and in pronation (p = 0.005). Supination allowed > or = 5 degrees of elbow flexion prior to radial pulse ablation in six Gartland type II and four Gartland type III fractures. We concluded that after closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation of displaced extension supracondylar fractures, vascular safety is enhanced by extending the elbow and supinating the forearm. The ideal position of elbow immobilization depends on the amount of swelling and the presence of a radial pulse.
Elastic Scattering of Plane P-Waves at Irregular Boundaries in the Lower Crust

Numerical solutions to the elastic wave equations for plane monochromatic P-waves scattered in models with irregular boundaries can explain the magnitude of the variations in the amplitude and arrival time of short-period teleseismic recordings observed at receivers located within a few wavelengths of each other. Solutions are obtained using finite difference techniques on a perturbation about a plane wave solution of the elastic wave equations for isotropic 2-dimensionally inhomogeneous media. Three models of structure along a discontinuity are considered: A horst-like 5 kilometer upwelling of the lower medium into the upper over 10 kilometers along the discontinuity; a graben-like depression into the lower medium of the same size; and, a faultlike offset step in the discontinuity of 5 kilometers over 5 kilometers. For each model solutions are calculated for normal and 10° off normal incidence. Impedance contrasts applicable to the lower crust are used.
Starvation of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. 1. Changes in Hemolymph Characteristics of 5th-Stage Larvae

Effects of total starvation on hemolymph characteristics of newly molted 5th-stage larvae of Manduca sexta (L.) reared at 25° and 30°C were studied. Only small changes from initial values of total hemolymph solids (g/100 g), specific gravity total protein (g/100 ml), and total hemocyte count/mm3 (THC) occurred as a result of total starvation for 72 h. Glucose levels (µM/ ml) were reduced to very low levels within 6 h following food deprivation, and trehalose levels (µM/ml) also decreased rapidly. Relatively large increases occurred in the first 3 of the foregoing parameters in larvae which were fed. However, THC showed little change, and glucose and trehalose levels actually decreased but at a significantly lower rate than those of the starved larvae. Effects of temperature on starved larvae were usually minimal. However, values from the same time in fed larvae reared at the 2 temperatures were often significantly different. Growth rates were somewhat faster at 30°C, but final weights were not different from those of larvae reared at 25°C.
MMP-9 signaling in the left ventricle following myocardial infarction

Following myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series of cardiac wound healing responses that involve both the stimulation of robust inflammation to clear necrotic myocytes and tissue debris and the induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis to generate an infarct scar. The collective changes in myocardial structure and function are termed LV remodeling, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key instigator of post-MI LV remodeling. Through direct molecular effects on ECM and inflammatory protein turnover as well as indirect effects on major cell types that coordinate cardiac wound healing, namely the infiltrating leukocytes and the cardiac fibroblasts, MMP-9 coordinates multiple aspects of LV remodeling. In this review, we will discuss recent research that has expanded our understanding of post-MI LV remodeling, including recent proteomic advances focused on the ECM compartment to provide novel functional and translational insights. This overview will summarize how our understanding of MMP-9 has evolved over the last decade and will provide insight into future directions that will drive our understanding of MMP-9-directed cardiac ECM turnover in the post-MI LV.
From Local to Global: Leveraging Policy Frameworks to Promote Resilient Development

Policy in local, national, and international contexts is an important driver of sustainable development and transformative adaptive management. Emerging processes at the global level triggered by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) provide important entry points and opportunities to align and amplify the impact of policies at all levels.
Abstract 785: The prepubertal mammary gland transcriptome suggests a role for the immune system in hormone-independent breast cancer

Identifying signaling pathways involved in mammary gland development has contributed to our understanding of breast cancer. While growth of the gland is isometric between birth and puberty, ductal expansion is significant and morphological changes such as terminal end bud formation occur during this developmental window. While estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression are evident during this time, pre-pubertal levels of free estradiol are low and growth is independent of ovarian hormones. Basal-like breast cancers represent a subset of breast cancers (10-15% of all women with breast cancer) that often lack ERa, PR and HER2 (i.e. triple negative), are ovarian hormone independent, and have a worse prognosis than other tumor subtypes. Animal models for basal-like breast cancer are limited. Therefore identifying gene changes during prepubertal mammary gland development may give insight into the mechanisms that drive these breast cancers. Offspring from individual Sprague Dawley dams were sacrificed on postnatal days (PND) 2, 10 and 20 (n = 5 to 6 for each PND) and the fourth inguinal glands were removed. RNA was isolated and sequenced by RNASeq using 25 million paired end reads. Bioinformatics analysis utilizing TopHat, Bowtie2, and CummeRbund revealed >7000 genes that changed during this time (alpha = 0.05). Analysis by DAVID/KEGG and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis demonstrated differences in immune pathways over time whereby immune genes increased from PND 2 to 10 to 20. Specifically, T Cell Receptor Signaling and B Cell Development were two of the most affected pathways. These results are interesting as recent studies have indicated that the immune system may influence basal-like breast cancers. Molecular signatures defining subtypes of basal-like breast cancer have been described and include basal-like immunosuppressed (BLIS) and basal-like immune activated (BLIA). A better understanding of the role of the immune system in prepubertal mammary gland development may help guide treatment strategies for hormone independent breast cancers. Citation Format: Hillary Stires, Catina Crismale-Gann, William J. Belden, Wendie S. Cohick. The prepubertal mammary gland transcriptome suggests a role for the immune system in hormone-independent breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 785.
From boom to bubble: how finance built the new Chicago

From Boom to Bubble is a careful, convincing, and very readable account of how the real estate bubble that fuelled the Great Recession happened, and Weber indicates, could well happen again. Weber ...
Cold-Start Emission Reduction Potential and Limitations of Commercial Passive Hydrocarbon Adsorbers

Effective control of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions during cold start is critical to meeting more stringent future emission standards, and the passive HC adsorber is one possible technology to improve cold-start HC emission control. HC adsorbers for gasoline applications typically contain zeolite materials for HC storage and a noble metal-based three-way catalyst (TWC) for oxidation of stored HCs, both of which are susceptible to hydrothermal aging. In the present study, state-of-the-art HC adsorbers from two catalyst suppliers were evaluated for their cold-start HC emission reduction potential. After aging at 800 °C, the HC adsorbers tested provided reasonably high conversion efficiencies for aromatics and a moderate level of conversion for olefins but were not able to control paraffins to a significant degree. This resulted in a total HC conversion efficiency of 40–50% over the best HC adsorber for the simulated feed stream used in this study. The overall adsorber performance can be improved somewhat by increasing the noble metal loading or the O2 concentration in the feed stream and was found to be sensitive to adsorber volume (space velocity). After aging at 900 °C, however, none of the HC adsorbers tested was able to convert more than 10% of the HC in the feed.
Unflattening by Nick Sousanis

With their striking images, rich colour, epic themes and infinite sense of possibility afforded by a form that has few formal restrictions, comic books speak to many students. Post-doctoral fellow ...
Educational Recommendation with Multiple Stakeholders

Recommender systems help users to find interesting items when there are many possibilities. They have been used in many domains such as movies, music, news articles, books etc. Recently there has been an increasing interest in using recommender systems in educational systems where the goal of the recommender system is to help users to find the most relevant and interesting learning resources based on their educational needs and goals. In this paper, we describe the challenge of having multiple utilities in educational recommender systems and investigate this challenge within the Chicago City of Learning project which is an educational system providing variety of educational resources to students.
Re-evaluating the Incidence of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in an Era of Increasing Obesity.

Purpose To re-evaluate the population-based incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and to determine if it mirrors the rise in obesity. Design Retrospective, population-based cohort. Participants All residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, diagnosed with IIH between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2014. Methods All cases of IIH were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, which is a record-linkage system of medical records for all patient–physician encounters among Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents. All medical records were reviewed to confirm a diagnosis of IIH. The incidence rates of IIH were compared against the incidence of obesity in Minnesota over the same period. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of IIH, lumbar puncture opening pressures, and body mass index. Results There were 63 new cases of IIH, yielding an overall age- and gender-adjusted annual incidence of 1.8 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval, 1.3–2.2) between 1990 and 2014. It increased from 1.0 per 100 000 (1990–2001) to 2.4 per 100 000 (2002–2014; P = 0.007). The incidence of IIH was 3.3 per 100 000 in women and 0.3 per 100 000 in men ( P ≤ 0.001). In obese women 15 to 44 years of age, the incidence was 22.0 per 100 000 compared with 6.8 per 100 000 among all women in the same age group. A strong correlation was observed between IIH incidence rates and obesity rates in Minnesota ( R 2 = 0.70, P = 0.008). Conclusions The incidence of IIH has increased since 1990, which is highly correlated with the rise in obesity during the same period.
Gambling with life: masculinity, risk, and danger in the lives of unauthorized migrant roofers

BACKGROUND: This paper examines the occupational experiences of unauthorized immigrants employed in one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States: roofing. METHODS: We draw on 40 in-depth interviews with return migrants in Guanajuato, Mexico, to examine how the adoption of masculinity, dangerous working conditions, the labor market structure, and absence of legal status exacerbates injuries for unauthorized roofers. FINDINGS: Undocumented men return to Mexico injured with chronic pain, health complications, and trauma. We find that men "do gender" that is adopt masculine beliefs, when they skirt safety practices, police each other's behaviors, withhold their emotions, experience heightened stress, and engage in poor health behaviors. It is a combination of dangerous working conditions, economic insecurity, and men seeking to fulfill their masculine roles that all combine to create unsafe working conditions and lead to injuries.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en