cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is curettage needed for uncomplicated incomplete spontaneous abortion

Spontaneous abortion occurs in 15% to 20% of all human pregnancies. Since the late 1800s, the management of incomplete spontaneous abortion has focused on using curettage to empty the uterus as quickly as possible. This practice began to reduce blood loss and infection and has been unquestioned for 4 decades. In today's medical climate, few spontaneous abortions are the resuslt of illegal manipulation, given the availability of legal pregnancy termination. Antibiotics and transfusions are available, should complications arise in conservatively managed cases. Two prospective randomized trials suggest that conservative management may be advantageous for women who have stable vital signs without evidence of infection. They will have fewer perforations and, possibly, fewer infections and uterine synechiae with expectant or medical management. Larger trials should be undertaken to critically assess surgical evacuation compared to medical management, factoring in the psychologic impact of treatment. We believe that medical management will prove to be the most appropriate treatment for uncomplicated spontaneous incomplete abortion in the 21st century.
Regioselectivity and Activity of Cytochrome P450 BM‐3 and Mutant F87A in Reactions Driven by Hydrogen Peroxide

Cytochrome P450 BM-3 (EC 1.14.14.1) is a monooxygenase that utilizes NADPH and dioxygen to hydroxylate fatty acids at subterminal positions. The enzyme is also capable of functioning as a peroxygenase in the same reaction, by utilizing hydrogen peroxide in place of the reductase do- main, cofactor and oxygen. As a starting point for developing a practically useful hydroxylation bio- catalyst, we compare the activity and regioselectivity of wild-type P450 BM-3 and its F87A mutant on various fatty acids. Neither enzyme catalyzes ter- minal hydroxylation under any of the conditions studied. While significantly enhancing peroxygenase activity, the F87A mutation also shifts hydroxylation further away from the terminal position. The H2O2- driven reactions with either the full-length BM-3 enzyme or the heme domain are slow, but yield product distributions very similar to those generated when using NADPH and O2.
Further investigation of viewing conditions on standard pseudoisochromatic tests

Two experiments are reported that examine the effects of variations in viewing duration, viewing distance, and illumination level on performance with three popular pseudoisochromatic tests of color blindness. Highly significant effects of these conditions are obtained with a sample of color-normal observers, but the three tests also differ markedly in their susceptibility to variations in these viewing conditions. Results are discussed both in terms of practical implications of test administration under nonstandardized conditions and in terms of other likely visual processes assessed by these tests.
Rhythms, Reproduction, and Photoreception

Annual rhythms, in Which sexual activity, birth, rearing of the young, or other events in the reproductive cycle occur in a more or less precise temporal relationship with season, are widespread among plants and animals. Seasonality also occurs in processes such as dormancy, diapause, hibernation, and migration which, while not directly involved in the reproductive cycle, have profound effects on it. The primary adaptive advantage to be gained from seasonal reproductive activity is, of course, the temporal coincidence of the arrival of offspring with the maximum availability of nutrients to carry them through the rapid growth of the early stages of their lives. To insure this coincidence, the timing of reproductive events must be controlled by factors in the environment which are temporally related to the availability of nutrients. Other things being equal, the most useful controlling factor will be the one with the least variance in its temporal relationship with the food supply. However, because considerable time usually elapses between the initiation of reproductive activity and the appearance of the young, an ideal controlling factor should initiate reproductive activity at an appropriate time in advance of the best time for rearing the young. Environmental factors which satisfy these criteria are not numerous. On a priori
The Birth of a Field and the Rebirth of the Laboratory School.

We describe the emergence of a new field, Mind Brain and Education, dedicated to the science of learning, as well as the roles researchers, policy makers, and educators need to play in developing this collaborative effort. The article highlights the challenges that MBE faces and the strategy researchers and educators in Texas are developing to meet these challenges. In particular, through the creation of a Research Schools Network, educators and researchers are creating an infrastructure to identify and test ideas critical to educators. This network builds on Dewey's laboratory school by creating new responsibilities and partnerships. To this end we identify four critical objectives: develop a clear vision; build trusting relationships; set a standard for rigorous research and scholarship; and, promote meaningful assessment tools.
Learning to Laugh at Ourselves: Humor, Self-Transcendence, and the Cultivation of Moral Virtues

The last chapter examines some important connections between humor, self-transcendence, and the development of moral virtues. I begin my analysis by examining the way in which the Superiority theory and other accounts of humor explain the phenomenon of laughing at others. In the next part of this chapter, I take a close look at the characteristics and benefits of the type of humor that we use when we makes fun of ourselves. I then turn my attention to exploring the relationship between laughing at ourselves, self-transcendence, and a number of moral virtues. In the final part of this chapter, I briefly examine what might happen to the quality of educational encounters when teachers become more comfortable with laughing at themselves. I argue that teachers’ sense of humor can not only help them cope with the multiple challenges they face but also mitigate the tendency of some educators to lose hope and become burnt-out.
Interactive distributed detection with conditionally independent observations

This paper deals with interactive distributed detection with conditionally independent observations where the fusion center may exchange information with a local sensor. Using a two sensor system, we demonstrate that this two-way interaction provides improvement in detection performance compared with the classical tandem detection system where only one-way communication is allowed. An important observation is that, contrary to that of the tandem network, the fusion rule is no longer a simple likelihood ratio test due to the correlation introduced in the initial feedback from the fusion center to the sensor.
Tobramycin Disposition in the Rat Lung Following Airway Administration

A realistic ex vivo model, the isolated perfused rat lung (IPRL), was used to investigate tobramycin's pulmonary disposition at typical therapeutic concentrations. Different nominal doses were administered in aqueous solution to the airways alongside nonbinding absorption markers, fluorescein and mannitol. The mean fraction of each administered dose reaching the perfusate (Fp) was determined as a function of time following administration. Dynamic dialysis was also used to quantify the kinetics of tobramycin binding and/or tissue retention in the IPRL immediately after drug administration. Whereas the absorption markers fluorescein and mannitol both showed monoexponential dose-independent increases in Fp with time, tobramycin's pulmonary absorption into the perfusate was biexponential and dose-dependent due to tissue binding or retention. Best estimates for the first-order rate constants of tobramycin absorption appeared dose-independent (0.065-0.070 min(-1)), with values close to the mean for fluorescein (0.076 min(-1)). The rate constant for dissociation from IPRL tissue was also relatively constant (0.018-0.022 min(-1)), whereas that for association decreased from 0.16 to 0.07 min(-1) with increasing airway dose from 0.002 to 2 mg. Dynamic dialysis data from sliced IPRL tissue following identical airway administration were consistent with those from the intact IPRL, confirming tobramycin's "slow on, slow off" binding and sequestration by the rat lung. Overall, tobramycin absorption was fast following airway administration. However, dose- and concentration-dependent slow-onset tissue binding extended the duration of tobramycin's presence in the rat lung. These findings may explain, in part, the apparent success of inhaled tobramycin therapy when treating pulmonary infections.
Re-Engineering a Reverse Engineering Portal to a Distributed SOA

REportal is an existing Web-based reverse engineering portal Web site that provides access to a suite of reverse engineering and program comprehension tools via a Web browser. This abstraction was intended to allow ease of system maintenance by adding and upgrading tools without involving the end user. However, the software tools and server technologies used became deprecated so quickly that it was not possible to take full advantage of the architectural vision. Using a service-oriented architecture, we abstract the process flow of the system from the underlying tools, enabling a wizard-style method of adding services to the system, and facilitating more "hands-off" maintenance. In this paper, we describe the challenges and benefits of this architectural migration.
Mesoscale Simulation of Rapid Soil Drying and Its Implications for Predicting Daytime Temperature

Abstract Rapid soil-surface drying, which is called “decoupling,” accompanied by an increase in near-surface air temperature and sensible heat flux, is typically confined to the top 1–2 cm of the soil, while the deeper layers remain relatively moist. Because decoupling depends also on a precise knowledge of fractional vegetation cover, soil properties, and soil water content, an accurate knowledge of these parameters is essential for making good predictions of temperature and humidity. Accordingly, some simulations centered on the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and Radiation Test Bed Southern Great Plains site in Kansas and Oklahoma using a high-resolution substrate layer (Simulator for Hydrology and Energy Exchange at the Land Surface), the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, and derived and default values for soil water content and fractional vegetation cover are presented. In so doing, the following points are made: 1...
Bicarbonate exacerbates oxidative injury induced by antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes

Doxorubicin, a broad-spectrum antitumor antibiotic, causes dose-dependent cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Although the exact molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity are not well established, oxidative mechanisms involving doxorubicin-induced superoxide anion production have been proposed. In this study, we show that bicarbonate, a physiologically relevant tissue component, greatly amplified doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Bicarbonate also enhanced inactivation of aconitase, a crucial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, in cardiomyocytes exposed to doxorubicin. The cell-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic, Mn(III)tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin, reversed doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Bicarbonate enhanced the inactivation of purified mitochondrial aconitase in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, generating superoxide. The results suggest that bicarbonate amplifies the prooxidant effect of superoxide. Bicarbonate also caused an increased loading of cardiomyocytes with doxorubicin. We conclude that the bicarbonate-mediated increase in doxorubicin toxicity is due to increased intracellular loading of doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes and subsequent exacerbation of superoxide-mediated cardiomyocyte injury.
ILLUSTRATION OF NUMERICAL ALGEBRAIC METHODS FOR WORKSPACE ESTIMATION OF COOPERATING ROBOTS AFTER JOINT FAILURE

We consider the estimation of the post-failure workspace of two two-link serial robots where the free-swinging failure of one robot’s last joint is handled by having the functional robot grasp the final link of the broken robot. We present an algorithm for finding the optimal placement of such synergistic robot arms and the optimal grasp point on the final link of the broken robot. To determine whether a point in the pre-failure workspace of the broken robot remains in the post-failure workspace, we solve an inverse kinematics problem in the form of a polynomial system. Homotopy continuation provides an efficient means for solving such polynomial systems, so we use the software package Bertini. Finally, Monte-Carlo methods are used to estimate the post-failure workspace.
The Mitochondrial Genome of Grateloupia taiwanensis (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) and Comparative Mitochondrial Genomics of Red Algae

Although red algae are economically highly valuable for their gelatinous cell wall compounds as well as being integral parts of marine benthic habitats, very little genome data are currently available. We present mitochondrial genome sequence data from the red alga Grateloupia taiwanensis S.-M. Lin & H.-Y. Liang. Comprising 28,906 nucleotide positions, the mitochondrial genome contig contains 25 protein-coding genes and 24 transfer RNA genes. It is highly similar to other red algal genomes in gene content as well as overall structure. An intron in the cox1 gene was found to be shared by G. taiwanensis and Grateloupia angusta (Okamura) S. Kawaguchi & H. W. Wang. We also used whole-genome alignments to compare G. taiwanensis to different groups of red algae, and these results are consistent with the currently accepted phylogeny of Rhodophyta.
CSF bacterial antigen detection testing in the diagnosis of meningitis.

Bacterial meningitis carries a high mortality and morbidity if untreated or treated late. The success of parenteral antibiotic therapy depends on early diagnosis. Although cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) studies allow early presumptive diagnosis prior to initiation of treatment, broad spectrum parenteral antibiotics are currently administered, regardless of initial CSF results , if a bacterial cause is suspected, with the inherent risk of drug side effects and induction of bacterial resistance. CSF culture allows bacteriological diagnosis, but results are not immediate. Rapid identification of the offending organism by Gram's stain characteristics or bacterial antigen detection testing (BADT) allows chemoprophylaxis of contacts whenever indicated. The value of these two tests in CSF analysis has been contradictory in the literature, especially in patients with meningitis who received antibiotic therapy before the lumbar puncture was carried out. 1-10 The clinical usefulness of these tests should, therefore, be reassessed in light of the local epidemiology, immunization programs (Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib] and Neisseria meningitidis) and the cost containment imperatives that all health care systems are currently encountering. We undertook to assess the clinical usefulness of CSF BADT and Gram's stain studies in children diagnosed as having meningitis in our institution, focusing on the bacterial cases and on all those who had been treated with antibiotics prior to lumbar puncture.
A preoperative personalized risk assessment calculator for elderly ovarian cancer patients undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery.

Abstract Objective Cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer has higher rates of postoperative complication than neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. If patients at high risk of postoperative complication were identified preoperatively, primary therapy could be tailored. Our objective was to develop a predictive model to estimate the risk of major postoperative complication after primary cytoreductive surgery among elderly ovarian cancer patients. Methods Patients who underwent primary surgery for ovarian cancer between 2005 and 2013 were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project. Patients were selected using primary procedure CPT codes. Major complications were defined as grade 3 or higher complications on the validated Claviden–Dindo scale. Using logistic regression, we identified demographic and clinical characteristics predictive of postoperative complication. Results We identified 2101 ovarian cancer patients of whom 35.9% were older than 65. Among women older than 65, the rate of major postoperative complication was 16.4%. Complications were directly associated with preoperative laboratory values (serum creatinine, platelets, white blood cell count, hematocrit), ascites, white race, and smoking status, and indirectly associated with albumin. Our predictive model had an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.725. In order to not deny patients necessary surgery, we chose a 50% population rate of postoperative complication which produced model sensitivity of 9.8% and specificity of 98%. Discussion Our predictive model uses easily and routinely obtained objective preoperative factors to estimate the risk of postoperative complication among elderly ovarian cancer patients. This information can be used to assess risk, manage postoperative expectations, and make decisions regarding initial treatment.
The Whistle of the Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)—Ontogeny

Data gathered on whistles of 126 Atlantic bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of assorted sizes and both sexes indicate that the whistle varies with age in several parameters. Most, but not all, of the changes occur within the first two years of life.
Similitude in the cardiovascular system of mammals.

Scaling laws governing the cardiovascular system of mammals are discussed in the present review in a manner emphasizing their experimental basis. Specific attention is given to the well-known experimental laws requiring the rate of oxygen consumption and the heart rate of mammals to vary with body mass raised to the powers 3/4 and −1/4, respectively. This review involves reconsideration and further discussion of the previous work of the writer in which these and other scaling relationships were developed from fundamental considerations. The predicted scaling laws remain unchanged from the earlier work, but alternative assumptions leading to the laws are used so as to provide additional insight. The scaling laws are shown to have their origin in the basic design of the cardiovascular system and in the basic processes involved in its working. Modification of the design assumptions of the system to account for known differences in the relative heart masses of mammals and birds is shown to lead to the scaling laws for rate of oxygen consumption and heart rate of birds.
Artificial pollen dispensing flowers and feeders for bee behaviour experiments

The study of foraging behaviour in plant-pollinator mutualisms has benefitted from the use of artificial flowers to manipulate floral display traits and the delivery of floral rewards. The two most common floral rewards are pollen and nectar; some pollinators, such as bees, are obliged to collect both for survival and reproduction. While flexible designs for artificial flowers providing nectar rewards abound, useful designs for artificial flowers that dispense pollen are few. This disparity mirrors a heavy emphasis on nectar collection in the study of pollinator foraging behaviour. In this study we describe a novel, easily constructed and modifiable artificial flower that dispenses flexible amounts of pollen via an ‘anther’ composed of a chenille stem. Using controlled lab assays, we show that more pulverized honeybee pollen is collected by bumblebee ( Bombus impatiens ) workers at chenille stem feeders than at dish-type feeders. We suggest that the paucity of studies examining pollinator cognition in the context of pollen rewards might be partly remedied if researchers had access to inexpensive and easily adjustable pollen-offering surrogate flowers. NOTE: Supporting information to this article may be found in the left menu.
The Effect of Beam Species and Anneal History on Silicon Surface Damage Induced by Ion Beam Etching

Ion beam etching and reactive ion etching have been shown to significantly damage silicon surfaces. In this investigation, ion beam damage is examined as a function of ion beam type (1 keV Ne+, Ar+, and Kr+) and anneal history (temperatures of 500°, 800°, and 1000°C in ambient gases Ar, N2, and Ar + H2). Damage at 1 keV, as characterized by current-voltage and ESR measurements, appears to be roughly proportional to the inverse of ion size. Relatively long anneals at high temperatures (1 hr. at 800°–1000°C depending upon ambient) are found to be necessary to restore original surface characteristics.
Perished or Published: The Fate of Presentations from the Ninth ACRL Conference

The scientific merit of the Ninth ACRL Conference is assessed by tracking the subsequent publication of its presentations. The results indicate that presentations in all formats—papers, panels, posters, and roundtables—achieved publication in refereed journals. Papers and panels were more likely to be published (18%) than posters and roundtables (8%). Overall, 13 percent of all presentations became refereed articles. In addition, eight percent of the presentations were based on prior publications. The rate of subsequent publication identified here is similar to that of a previous study of a library conference. However, it is much lower than rates reported for medical and scientific conferences. This may suggest that the ACRL conference resembles a technical, not a scientific, meeting with an emphasis on presenting best practices rather than disseminating research. This study should be replicated to determine if the publication of presentations is higher at other and future library conferences.
Functional verification of the IBM POWER7 microprocessor and POWER7 multiprocessor systems

This paper describes the methods and techniques used to verify the POWER7® microprocessor and systems. A simple linear extension of the methodology used for POWER4®, POWER5®, and POWER6® was not possible given the aggressive design point and schedule of the POWER7 project. In addition to the sheer complexity of verifying an eight-core processor chip with scalability to 32 sockets, central challenges came from the four-way simultaneous multithreading processor core, a modular implementation structure with heavy use of asynchronous interfaces, aggressive memory subsystem design with numerous new reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) advances, and new power management and RAS mechanisms across the chip and the system. Key aspects of the successful verification project include a systematic application of IBM's random-constrained unit verification, unprecedented use of formal verification, thread-scaling support in core verification, and a consistent use of functional coverage across all verification disciplines. Functional coverage instrumentation, which is combined with the use of the newest IBM hardware simulation accelerator platform, enabled coverage-driven development of postsilicon exercisers in preparation of bring-up, a foundation for the desired systematic linkage of presilicon and postsilicon verification. RAS and power management verification also required new approaches, extending these disciplines to span all the way from the unit level to the end-to-end scenarios using the hardware accelerators.
IR Laser-Induced Deposition of Silicon Thin Films

The deposition of a-Si:H by means of CO2 laser-induced pyrolysis of silane gas is described. Deposition rates were found to increase with increasing silane flow rate, reactor pressure, laser power and substrate temperature. Spin density decreased and both optical gap, and hydrogen content increased with decreasing substrate temperature. Electrical conductivities are reported.
Structural and functional analysis for leader transcription regulating sequence and its flanking sequences in 5′ untranslated region of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

It is known that the 5′ untranslated region(5′UTR) plays a crucial role in the life cycle of positive-strand RNA viruses.In this paper,based on the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) full-length infectious cDNA clone pAPRRS,a series of mutants which could modify a conserved hairpin structure were obtained through PCR-based mutagenesis,in order to analyse the secondary structure and functions of an independent functional entity in the PRRSV 5′UTR.Then we transcribed the mutants DNA into BHK-21 cells and investigated the subgenomic transcription and protein translation in the rescued viruses by the indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA) and RT-PCR.On the other hand,we also detected the growth feature by plaque morphology and growth curve to compare the rescued viruses with the parental virus.The results showed that the secondary structure of the conserved hairpin structure in PRRSV 5′UTR was essential for virus replication,and that the loop of the structure could only tolerate two nucleotides(nt) mutation.Meanwhile,it is found that the conserved stem of the hairpin structure was not necessary for virus rescue.All results demonstrated that an independent functional entity was found in PRRSV 5′UTR.
Le T.V.T vu d'une autre rive

Le T.V.T. continue d'etre presente comme une intervention «minimally invasive». Ce n'est pas le cas dans toutes les mains a en juger par les series rapportees au recent congres de l'EAU a Bruxelles. De plus, les indications en sont encore mal cernees et les effets a long terme d'une bandelette synthetique, compressive, sous-urethrale, restent incertains.
Leukocyte Activity in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Anakinra

Anakinra, the recombinant form of the human interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, blunts the acute systemic inflammatory response in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), by determining a fall in peripheral blood leukocyte and plasma C-reactive protein levels. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of anakinra on the activity of leukocytes measured ex vivo. Blood was collected 72 h after admission in 17 patients enrolled in the Virginia Commonwealth University — Anakirna Remodeling Trial (2) (VCU-ART2) and randomly treated with anakinra (N = 7) or placebo (N = 10). Whole blood was cultured at 37°C for 24 h to measure spontaneous production of IL-6 or stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 or heat-killed Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) for TLR-2 activation. The cultures of anakinra-treated patients produced significantly less IL-6 spontaneously (71 pg/mL (27–114)) compared with placebo-treated patients (290 pg/mL (211–617), p = 0.005). LPS- or SE-induced IL-6 production, on the other hand, was not statistically different between anakinra- versus placebo-treated patients (344 pg/mL (94–560) versus 370 pg/mL (306–991), p = 0.32 for LPS, and 484 pg/mL (77–612) versus 615 pg/mL (413–871), p = 0.31 for SE, respectively). IL-1 blockade with anakinra in STEMI patients results in reduced spontaneous leukocyte activity ex vivo without impairing the responsiveness to bacterial stimuli.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 by Group 6 M(CO)6 Species without "Non-Innocent" Ligands.

To understand the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction of metal carbonyl complexes without “non-innocent” ligands, the electrochemical responses of group 6 M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, or W) and group 7 M2(CO)10 (M = Mn or Re) complexes were examined under Ar and CO2 at a glassy carbon electrode. All of the complexes showed changes in their cyclic voltammograms under CO2. The group 6 hexacarbonyl species show a significant increase in current under CO2 during metal-based reduction, corresponding to catalytic reduction of CO2. Bulk electrolysis experiments with Mo(CO)6 showed that CO was the primary product. The group 7 dimers showed very little change during metal-based reduction, but return oxidation responses disappeared, indicative of a chemical reaction after exposure to CO2 without catalysis. Addition of H2O, a proton source, to the solutions under CO2 decreased the catalytic current of the group 6 carbonyls and had no effect on the responses of the group 7 carbonyls. The group 6 M(CO)6 species are notable in that ...
Effects of neighborhood types & socio-demographics on activity space

This paper examines the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics, travel time, the built environment and resulting average activity spaces for all activities and non-work activities separately using data from the 2012 Northeast Ohio Regional Travel Survey. Multiple regression models are developed to analyze these relationships at individual level. First K-means cluster analysis is conducted to create seven neighborhood types based on five built environment variables. These new neighborhood types are used as discrete explanatory variables to explain average activity spaces, while controlling for travel time, individual and household features, access to transit facilities and the job-population balance. The modeling results indicate that residential location characteristics have significant influences on activity spaces. People living in places away from suburban and rural areas and with a high mix of population and employment tend to have smaller activity spaces. Moreover, this study finds out that while the effects of some explanatory variables (such as age and gender) vary for all activities and non-work activities, socially disadvantaged people (such as the elderly and low income households) generally experience smaller activity spaces. Language: en
“Left ventricular” av nodal reentrant tachycardia: Case report and review of the literature

Author(s): Green, John; Aziz, Zaid; Nayak, Hemal M; Upadhyay, Gaurav A; Moss, Joshua D; Tung, Roderick
The Importance of Shallow‐Low Velocity Habitats to Juvenile Fish in the Middle Mississippi River

Habitat management is a crucial aspect of fisheries management. Without knowledge of habitat associations, fisheries scientists are unable to effectively make habitat conservation or restoration recommendations. This becomes especially prominent when trying to manage commercially harvested populations and protect threatened or endangered species. To determine juvenile fishes habitat associations in the Middle Mississippi River, we analysed mini-trawl catch data of six common juvenile fish species: blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), channel shiner (Notropis wickliffi), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). Overall, we conducted 2251 mini-trawl sampling efforts between 2002 and 2013, resulting in the capture of 23,742 target specimens. Catch per unit effort was evaluated by structural habitat (i.e. velocity, depth, and substrate). Overall, these data suggest that juvenile fish species are more prevalent in shallow water and slower velocities. Ultimately the information garnered during this evaluation should be incorporated when considering habitat modifications, especially those modifications that impact the availability of shallow-low velocity habitats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joseph Gantner, Romanische Plastik, Inhalt und Form in der Kunst des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts

(1949). Joseph Gantner, Romanische Plastik, Inhalt und Form in der Kunst des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 327-329.
Introduction of a new electronic medical record system has mixed effects on first surgical case efficiency metrics

To evaluate the effect of deploying a new electronic medical record (EMR) system on first case starts in the operating room. Data on first case start times were collected after implementation of a new EMR (Epic) from June 2015 to May 2016, which replaced a legacy system of both paper and electronic records. These were compared to data from the same months in the three proceeding years. First patient in room (FPIR) on time was true if the patient was in operating room before 7:35 AM (or 9:35 AM on Wednesdays) and first case on time start (FCOTS) was true if completion of anesthetic induction was less than 20 min after the patient entered the operating room (or 35 min for cardiac and neurosurgery). Times beyond these cutoffs were quantified as FPIR and FCOTS delays in minutes. Average delays were compared by month with two-sample t tests and 95 % confidence intervals. There was a significant increase in FPIR delays in the first month (11.07 vs. 3.47 min, p < 0.0001), which abated by the fifth month. Post-implementation FCOTS delays improved by the third month (4.53 vs. 7.10 min, p < 0.0001). Both results persisted throughout the study. First month FPIR delays were not limited to any one specialty. EMRs have the potential to improve hospital workflows, but are not without learning curves. FPIR and FCOTS delays return to baseline after a few months, and in the case of FCOTS, can improve beyond baseline.
Seasonal snow cover regime and historical change in Central Asia from 1986 to 2008

Abstract A series of statistics describing seasonal Snow Cover Extent and timing in Central Asia (CA) have been derived from AVHRR satellite images for the time period from 1986 to 2008. Analysis of long term mean snow cover statistics shows that the area weighted mean of long term Snow Covering Days (SCD) for the whole CA is 95.2 ± 65.7 days. High elevation mountainous areas above 3000 m in Altai, Tien Shan and Pamir, which account for about 2.8% of total area in CA, have SCD > 240 days. Deserts (Karakorum Desert, Taklamakan Desert, Kumtag Desert) and rain shadow areas of major mountains, accounting for 27.0% of total area in CA, have SCD in the range of 0–30 days. Factors affecting snow cover distribution have been analyzed using simple linear regression and segmented regression. For plain regions and windward regions, the SCD rate is + 5.9 days/100 m, while for leeward regions, the rate jumps from + 0.7 days/100 m to + 10.0 days/100 m at about 2335 m. Latitude affects the SCD, especially in plain regions with insignificant change of elevation, with rates of 9–10 days/degree from south to north. The Mann-Kendal test and the Theil-Sen regression methods have been applied to analyze the spatial heterogeneous trends of change of SCD, Snow Cover Onset Date (SCOD), and Snow Cover Melt Date (SCMD). Area weighed mean SCD in the whole CA does not exhibit significant trend of change from 1986 to 2008. Increase of SCD was observed in the northeastern Kazakh Steppe. Low elevation areas below 2000 m in Central Tien Shan and Eastern Tien Shan, as well as mid-elevation areas from 1000 m to 3000 m in Western Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alai and Western Pamir, also experienced increase of SCD, associated with both earlier SCOD and later SCMD. Decrease of SCD was observed in mountainous areas of Altai, Tien Shan and Pamir, and vast areas in plains surrounding the Aral Sea.
Aggressive behaviours track transitions in seasonal phenotypes of female Siberian hamsters

Seasonally breeding animals exhibit profound physiological and behavioural responses to changes in ambient day length (photoperiod), including changes in reproductive function and territorial aggression.Species where aggression persists when gonads are regressed and circulating levels of gonadal hormones are low, such as Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), challenge the well-established framework that gonadal hormones are important mediators of aggression.A solution to this apparent paradox is that a season-specific increase in sensitivity to hormones in brain areas associated with aggression offsets low levels of gonadal hormones during periods of reproductive quiescence.To test this hypothesis, we manipulated photoperiod to induce natural fluctuations in seasonal phenotype across multiple stages of the annual reproductive cycle in female Siberian hamsters that display increased aggression during short-day reproductive quiescence, suggesting that behaviour persists independent of gonadal steroids.Females were housed in long "summer" days or short "winter" days for 10, 24 or 30 weeks to capture gonadal regression, transition back to a reproductively functional state and full gonadal recrudescence, respectively.Long-day animals maintained reproductive functionality and displayed low aggression across all time points. By week 10, short-day reproductively responsive females underwent gonadal regression and displayed increased aggression; non-responsive animals showed no such changes. At week 24, animals were in a transitional period and displayed an intermediate phenotype with respect to reproduction and aggression. By week 30, short-day females were fully recrudesced and returned to long-day-like levels of aggression.Consistent with our hypothesis, gonadally regressed females displayed decreases in 17β-oestradiol (oestradiol) levels, but site-specific increases in the abundance of brain oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) in regions associated with aggression, but not reproduction. Increased site-specific ERα may function as a compensatory mechanism to allow increased responsiveness to oestradiol in regulating aggression in lieu of high circulating concentrations of hormones.Collectively, these results broaden our understanding of how breeding phenology maps onto social behaviour and the mechanisms that have evolved to coordinate behaviours that occur in non-breeding contexts.
Configuring the User: "Robots have Needs Too"

Users have played a prominent role as "objects of study" in HCI, CSCW, and HRI (Human-Robot Interaction). Researchers have begun to problematize the asymmetric relationship between technical experts and users. In this paper, we focus on how roboticists-borrowing a term from Steve Woolgar-"configure" their robot users. Instead of focusing on what roboticists think of their robots or what users think of robots, we ask, "What do roboticists think of users'" Utilizing two exercises we call futuristic stories and value index cards, we conducted semi-structured interviews with roboticists to examine their discourse on robotics, robots, and users. We found that roboticists framed users as inevitably transforming from a naive user to a sensible user equipped to handle their ideal, utilitarian robot. Our findings illustrate that roboticists and designers need to make transparent what forms of future users they desire and expect in their design processes.
Gefahr der Anastomoseninsuffizienz nach laparoskopischer und offener kolorektaler Resektion

Tritt nach kolorektalen Operationen eine Anastomoseninsuffizienz auf, so geht diese mit einer erheblichen Morbiditat und Mortalitat einher. Mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz laparoskopischer Verfahren liegen jetzt Daten erster klinischer Studien vor, in denen die Wirksamkeit der laparoskopischen und offenen Operationstechnik vergleichend untersucht wurden. Allerdings ist eine Generalisierung dieser Daten nicht uneingeschrankt moglich. Wir untersuchten das Risiko einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz nach laparoskopischer und offener kolorektaler Resektion unter Verwendung von Daten einer nationalen Datenbank in den USA, die standardisierte Definitionen verwendete. In der NSQIP-Datenbank der ACS erfolgte eine Suche nach allen zwischen 2012 und 2013 erfassten elektiven kolorektalen Resektionen. Die Charakteristika der Patienten, die sich einer laparoskopischen Operation unterzogen, wurden mit denen von Patienten mit offener Operation verglichen. Der Einfluss des laparoskopischen Vorgehens auf die Entwicklung einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz wurde mithilfe univariabler und multivariabler Analysen und einer anschliesenden Propensity-Score-Matching-Analyse beurteilt. Von den insgesamt 23.568 Patienten entwickelten 3,4 % eine Anastomoseninsuffizienz. Die Anastomoseninsuffizienzrate betrug bei laparoskopischer Operationstechnik 2,8 % (n = 425) und beim offenen Vorgehen 4,5 % (n = 378; p < 0,0001). Patienten, die eine Leckage entwickelten, hatten ein hoheres Risiko, innerhalb von 30 Tagen nach dem Eingriff zu versterben (5,7 vs. 0,6 %; p < 0,0001). Patienten, die laparoskopisch operiert wurden, waren im Vergleich zu Patienten mit offener Operation junger und hatten weniger Komorbiditaten (61 vs. 63 Jahre; p = 0; p = 0,045). In der univariablen Analyse ging das laparoskopische Verfahren mit einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entwicklung einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz einher (OR 0,60; p < 0,0001). Diese Assoziation bleibt auch nach Adjustierung fur alle relevanten praoperativen und krankheitsbezogenen Storgrosen erhalten (OR 0,69; 95 % CI 0,58–0,82). Eine Propensity-Score-Matching-Analyse bestatigt den Vorteil der laparoskopischen gegenuber der offenen Operation hinsichtlich des Auftretens einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz. Die laparoskopische kolorektale Resektion ist ein sicheres Verfahren und geht auch nach Ausgleich von patienten-, krankheits- und verfahrensbezogenen Faktoren mit einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entwicklung einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz einher.
Hybrid Modeling and Verification of Embedded Control Systems

Abstract Contemporary process control includes continuous time PID controllers for actuation, and at a higher level, supervisory control mechanisms to select appropriate control algorithms for the different modes of system operation in an attempt to achieve optimal or near-optimal control. To model and analyze such control phenomena that include discrete and continuous components requires the use of hybrid modeling techniques. This paper presents a hybrid modeling paradigm that identifies and captures the phenomena specific to hybrid system models, and specifies its execution semantics based on the principles of invariance of state and temporal evolution of state . The modeling methodology is applied to analysis of control behavior in dynamic physical systems, and model verification based on divergence of time demonstrates possible applications in design tasks.
Ingenuity in Isolation: Poland in the International History of the Internet

The popular understanding of the invention of the Internet is that it was the work of researchers in the United States working in relative isolation. However, the Internet is about connection, and so its success required the independently developed networks of the international community. By analyzing early network development in politically isolated Poland toward the end of the Cold War, one sees development concurrent to the development of the Internet but separated technologically through CoCom trade embargoes. By analyzing information technology periodicals, FidoNet newsletters, and other sources, a number of projects have been identified: data distribution over radio and the use of computer networks to protest communist propaganda. In addition to these amateur efforts, we learned about commercial products and academic research. While these efforts were not successful in a conventional sense, they do demonstrate how the computer industry and network research in Poland played an important role despite the political restrictions.
Survival of dental implants at sites after implant failure: A systematic review

Abstract Statement of problem Despite an overall high survival rate for dental implants, the effectiveness of implant retreatment remains unclear. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the survival rate of implants placed at sites which had an implant failure and to investigate factors that might affect outcomes after retreatment. Material and methods A search of electronic databases limited to English language articles was conducted using the following MeSH terms: “dental implants,” “dental implantation,” or “dental restoration failure,” combined with “retreatment,” “replacement,” or “reoperation.” A hand search of selected journals was also performed. Of the retrieved 668 publications, 8 retrospective clinical studies met the inclusion criteria, providing the survival outcome for 673 implants in 557 patients after retreatment. Implant- and patient-related characteristics related to implant failures were assessed. Results The weighted mean survival rate for implants after retreatment was 86.3%, with follow-up ranging from less than 1 year to over 5 years. The survival rates of smooth-surfaced and rough-surfaced implants were compared in 217 retreated implants, revealing a significantly higher survival rate for rough-surfaced implants than for smooth-surfaced implants (90% versus 68.7%). Insufficient data were available to evaluate the effect of patient- or treatment-related characteristics on the survival of implants after retreatment. Conclusions The survival rate of retreated implants is lower than that generally reported after initial implant placement. Higher survival rates were reported with rough-surfaced implants than with smooth-surfaced implants in retreatment. An overall implant survival rate of 86.3% after retreatment suggests that most initial implant failures are likely attributable to modifiable risk factors, such as implant architecture, anatomic site, infection, and occlusal overload.
Initial evaluation of hypertension.

The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recently released its seventh report (JNC 7). This guideline takes a largely evidence-based approach to the development of recommendations. Key changes from the previous guideline (JNC VI, 1997) include the addition of a “prehypertension” category, revised recommendations for patients with important comorbidities, and the recognition that most patients need at least two drugs to control their hypertension.
Images of Learning

Images can be powerful devices for communicating and for organizing activities. In this chapter, I examine the status of images of good learning practice, formulate some ways to judge them, and advocate images associated with our Boxer Project’s goals. Along the way, I propose some first steps toward understanding the structure of activities and present a brief case study of a remarkable classroom activity in which a group of sixth grade children essentially invented graphing as a way of representing motion.
The molecular basis of dopamine and glutamate interactions in the striatum.

Publisher Summary Striatal neurons display a high degree of adaptability to changes in dopamine-receptor activation. Drug dependence and withdrawal symptoms after cessation of chronic drug abuse are signs of adaptation to hyperstimulation of dopamine receptors. This chapter summarizes rseveral researches to investigate the cellular components linking dopamine-receptor stimulation with the expression of a particular target gene, c-fos . C-fos is an immediate early gene that is a perfect candidate for studies of neuroplasticity. Psychostimulants, like the indirect dopamine-receptor agonists, cocaine or amphetamine, stimulate c-fos synthesis. In primary striatal cultures, direct activation of D1 receptors with dopamine or D1 agonists also lead to an increase of c-fos levels. D1 dopamine receptor stimulation leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, phosphorylation of 133 Ser cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), and induction of c-fos gene expression. Glutamate-receptor stimulation leads to phosphorylation of 133 Ser cAMP-CERB and induces c-fos gene expression without increasing cAMP levels. The NMDA antagonist MK 801 prevents dopamine-mediated 133 Ser CREB phosphorylation and c-fos gene expression but does not inhibit cAMP induction. Dopamine-receptor-mediated c-fos expression is dependent on functional NMDA receptors and Ca 2+ influx. The route of Ca 2+ influx into the neuron may be crucial for gene expression, because neither L-type Ca 2+ channel blockers nor KCl can reproduce the effects of NMDA antagonists or agonists. The inhibition of dopamine-mediated c-fos gene expression by MK 801 and the activation by glutamate reflect intrastriatal and intraneuronal rather than interneuronal events.