cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caffeine ameliorates hyperoxia-induced lung injury by protecting GCH1 function in neonatal rat pups

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major morbidity in premature infants, and impaired angiogenesis is considered a major contributor to BPD. Early caffeine treatment decreases the incidence of BPD; the mechanism remains incompletely understood. Sprague-Dawley rat pups exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia since birth were treated daily with either 20 mg/kg caffeine or normal saline by an intraperitoneal injection from day 2 of life. The lungs were obtained for studies at days 10 and 21. Hyperoxia impaired somatic growth and lung growth in the rat pups. The impaired lung growth during hyperoxia was associated with decreased levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in the lungs. Early caffeine treatment increased cAMP levels in the lungs of hyperoxia-exposed pups. Caffeine also increased the levels of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at serine1177, total and serine51 phosphorylated GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1), and BH4 levels, with improved alveolar structure and angiogenesis in hyperoxia-exposed lungs. Reduced GCH1 levels in hyperoxia were due, in part, to increased degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Our data support the notion that early caffeine treatment can protect immature lungs from hyperoxia-induced damage by improving eNOS activity through increased BH4 bioavailability.
The Environmental Effects Associated with the Transportation of Radioactive Material

As a result of the wide geographical separation of nuclear fuel cycle facilities, transportation of nuclear materials is an essential link between each of the steps of the nuclear fuel cycle. Historically, the shipments of radioactive materials have moved with relative ease within the United States using shipping containers which are approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the Department of Transportation and are transported by common carrier or special transport vehicles.
Neutron Capture Cross Sections in the keV Region for 154Sm, 160 Gd, 164 Dy, and 165 Ho

Neutron capture cross sections for 154Sm, 160Gd, 164Dy, and 165Ho (ground state) have been investigated in the energy range from 5 to 160 keV. Capture cross section data in this energy region that ...
Enhanced fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process

Application of fuzzy-analytic hierarchical process (fuzzy-AHP) has been growing continuously to select the best alternative. In the fuzzy-AHP approach, first the complex problem is itemized into a hierarchical structure for pairwise comparisons. Once a comparison matrix is formed, a triangular fuzzy number concept is adopted to assign priority weights with a view to capture the inherent vagueness in linguistic terms of the decision-maker. In evaluation, if two triangular fuzzy numbers are not intersecting $$({ t}_{11}- { t}_{23}\ge ~0)$$ , then corresponding degree of possibility value is assumed to be zero (0). However, such situation simply represents the case of one criterion being immensely stronger than other and should not receive a zero value. In this regard, the article proposes an enhanced fuzzy-AHP approach where the triangles are extended about x-axis. This allows developing a mathematical formulation to estimate the true values of height of ordinate (degree of possibility). The empirical study of ranking the SECI modes in the order they influence the performance of the detailed design phase is considered to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the proposed framework. In order to measure the performance, five criteria are selected based on a rigorous literature review. After stringent experimentation, it is found that combination and externalization modes highly influence but other modes in order of internalization and socialization loosely have an effect on underlying phase.
Composing new understandings of sustainability in the Anthropocene

The relationship between sustainability and the Anthropocene takes on new meaning in a time of unprecedented human impact on Earth systems. This relationship is at times contested and not well researched but critical in considering how we will respond to environmental challenges of today and the future. Elaborating on the need for new perspectives and nuanced understandings of sustainability, the contributors to this volume draw on posthumanist and “new” feminist materialist methodologies and theoretical lenses to engage readers in ways, which often contrast with prevailing thinking and research. From the cosmopolitics of place in urban Berlin to the watery space of urban wetlands they share research and rich narratives, which illustrate how sustainability is theorized and enacted across a range of diverse educational contexts. Moving beyond the rhetoric of sustainability, the authors invite us to explore innovative ways to engage with new concepts and emerging tensions that are now influencing the fields of education and sustainability.
Introductory to Issue 41(1): Navigating Thorny Aspects of Dementia Care: Sex, Money, Cars and More.

Fellow clinical gerontologists, Providing care for adults with dementia that is compassionate, promotes autonomy, and provides protections when appropriate is critical as the number of adults with ...
Recent Advances in the Direct Methods of X-Ray Crystallography

The electron density function ρ(r) in a crystal determines its diffraction pattern, that is, both the magnitudes and phases of its X-ray diffraction maxima, and conversely. If, however, as is always the case, only magnitudes are available from the diffraction experiment, then the density function ρ(r) cannot be recovered. If one invokes prior structural knowledge, usually that the crystal is composed of discrete atoms of known atomic numbers, then the observed magnitudes are, in general, sufficient to determine the positions of the atoms, that is the crystal structure.
How Near Peer Mentoring Affects Middle School Mentees

In response to the national demand to increase participation in CS, we argue that youth's interest in computer science (CS) can be sparked by providing them with role models who are relatable and who resonate with their identities. To that end, we developed a mentoring model in which we train high schoolers to be near-peer mentors for middle schoolers learning to program in summer camps. In this paper, we present results from a mixed-methods study where we examined the relationship between mentor relatability and middle school campers' self-efficacy and interest in CS. Pre- and post-surveys were used to measure campers' affective outcomes around computing and mentor relatability. In addition, interviews and observations were used to illustrate the mechanisms that led to change in affect. Our findings suggest that mentor relatability is a significant predictor of campers' self-efficacy and interest in CS. Results from the qualitative data further exemplify how mentor relatability was perceived and manifested in the camps.
Predicting risk of trace element pollution from municipal roads using site-specific soil samples and remotely sensed data.

Abstract Studies of environmental processes exhibit spatial variation within data sets. The ability to derive predictions of risk from field data is a critical path forward in understanding the data and applying the information to land and resource management. Thanks to recent advances in predictive modeling, open source software, and computing, the power to do this is within grasp. This article provides an example of how we predicted relative trace element pollution risk from roads across a region by combining site specific trace element data in soils with regional land cover and planning information in a predictive model framework. In the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, we sampled 36 sites (191 soil samples) adjacent to roads for trace elements. We then combined this site specific data with freely-available land cover and urban planning data to derive a predictive model of landscape scale environmental risk. We used six different model algorithms to analyze the dataset, comparing these in terms of their predictive abilities and the variables identified as important. Based on comparable predictive abilities (mean R 2 from 30 to 35% and mean root mean square error from 65 to 68%), we averaged all six model outputs to predict relative levels of trace element deposition in soils—given the road surface, traffic volume, sample distance from the road, land cover category, and impervious surface percentage. Mapped predictions of environmental risk from toxic trace element pollution can show land managers and transportation planners where to prioritize road renewal or maintenance by each road segment's relative environmental and human health risk.
Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation With Decreased Hospitalizations and Mortality After Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.

Abstract Objectives This study characterized cardiac rehabilitation (CR) use in ventricular assist device (VAD) recipients in the United States and the association of CR with 1-year hospitalization and mortality by using the 2013 to 2015 Medicare files. Background Exercise-based CR is indicated in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, but no data exist regarding CR participation after VAD implantation. Methods The study included Medicare beneficiaries enrolled for disability or age >65 years. The investigators identified VAD recipients by diagnosis codes and cumulated CR sessions occurring within 1 year after VAD implantation. Multivariable-adjusted Andersen-Gill models were used to evaluate the association of CR with 1-year hospitalization risk, and Cox regression was used to evaluate the association of CR with 1-year mortality. Results There were 1,164 VADs implanted in Medicare beneficiaries in the United States in 2014. CR use was low, with 348 patients (30%) participating in CR programs. The Midwest had the highest proportion of VAD recipients who began CR (38%), whereas the Northeast had the lowest proportion of CR participants (25%). Each 5-year increase in age was associated with attending an additional 1.6 CR sessions (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7 to 2.5; p Conclusions Approximately one-third of VAD recipients attend CR. Although it is not possible to account fully for unmeasured confounding, VAD recipients who participate in CR appear to have lower risks for hospitalization and mortality.
Pilsen and The Resurrection Project: Community Organization in a Latino Community

Abstract This article describes a Latino community on the near southwest side of Chicago and the attempts of a community-based organization to respond to community issues and concerns. We first describe the history and characteristics of the community, highlight some of the challenges it currently faces and then discuss the development and activities of a unique church-based community organization. The organizing effort is assessed in light of the literature on community intervention as well as in relation to the community's cultural heritage and characteristics.
Chapter 4 Non-radiative Processes in Crystals and Nanocrystals

This paper discusses non-radiative processes relevant to the luminescence characteristics of optically active ions doped into insulators or large-gap semiconductors, with particular attention to how these processes are affected as the particle size is reduced from bulk single crystals to as small as a few nanometers. The non-radiative processes discussed in this article are thermal line broadening and thermal line shifting, relaxation via phonons between excited electronic states, and vibronic emission and absorption. One prominent effect of confinement in the systems of interest is a reduction in the phonon density of states. Thus, we focus on how these non-radiative processes are altered due to the change in the phonon density of states as particle size decreases.
Differential Effects of Heparin and Hyaluronic Acid on Neural Patterning of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

A lack of well-established animal models that can efficiently represent human brain pathology has led to the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived brain tissues. Brain organoids have enhanced our ability to understand the developing human brain and brain disorders (e.g., Schizophrenia, microcephaly), but the organoids still do not accurately recapitulate the anatomical organization of the human brain. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and optimize induction and signaling factors in order to engineer the next generation of brain organoids. In this study, the impact of hyaluronic acid (HA), a major brain extracellular matrix (ECM) component that interacts with cells through ligand-binding receptors, on the patterning of brain organoids from hiPSCs was evaluated. To mediate HA- binding capacity of signaling molecules, heparin was added in addition to HA or conjugated to HA to form hydrogels (with two different moduli). The neural cortical spheroids derived from hiPSCs were treated with either HA or heparin plus HA (Hep- HA) and were analyzed for ECM impacts on neural patterning. The results indicate that Hep-HA has a caudalizing effect on hiPSC-derived neural spheroids, in particular for stiff Hep-HA hydrogels. Wnt and Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling was modulated (using Wnt inhibitor IWP4 or actin disruption agent Cytochalasin D respectively) to understand the underlying mechanism. IWP4 and cytochalasin D promote forebrain identity. The results from this study should enhance the understanding of influence of biomimetic ECM factors for brain organoid generation.
Herpes simplex virus 2: a rare cause of ascending encephalomyelitis (P2.311)

Objective: To discuss a case of ascending HSV 2 encephalomyelitis and present a review of the literature of HSV type 1 and 2 infections resulting in myelitis and encephalomyelitis. Background: Ascending encephalomyelitis is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus (HSV2) infection that often presents with lower extremity weakness and quickly progresses, and in many cases develops into a necrotizing myelitis. If not discovered and treated in a timely manner, most patients may be left with a poor prognosis. Design/Methods: A 79 year old immunocompetent male who presented from an outside hospital with suspected AIDP with one week of bilateral leg weakness, numbness, and an inability to walk, urinary retention, absent reflexes, diminished rectal tone, and a sensory level at T4. CT of the spine revealed no abnormalities, MRI could not be obtained due to a non-compatible cardiac pace maker. CSF revealed a xnathochromic sample with RBC of 5/uL, WBC 504/uL (96% lymphocytes), protein of 280 mg/dL, glucose 41 mg/dL, and a PCR revealed HSV 2 infection. He quickly developed hypophonia, and later hypotension and respiratory distress. Treatment with acyclovir was started, but was without clinical benefit. Results: We discuss a case of ascending HSV2 encephalomyelitis, and present a review of published literature of HSV 1 and 2 associated encephalomyelitis and ascending myelitis. Conclusions: HSV 2 infection is a rare cause of ascending encephalomyelitis often associated with a poor outcome. A high clinical suspicion for HSV infection in a patient presenting with myelopathic signs and symptoms along with early detection and treatment should always be considered. Disclosure: Dr. Kesayan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hurst has nothing to disclose.
A Coronary Conundrum: Papillary Muscle Rupture and Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Secondary to Coronary Thromboembolism in Antiphospholipid Syndrome:

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder that has a strong propensity for a hypercoagulable state and is known to be associated with venous and arterial thromboembolism. We describe an uncommon case of APS in the setting of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with thromboembolism, and a rare complication after an uncommon etiology of myocardial infarction. This case highlights the importance of early and appropriate type of anticoagulation to reduce the morbidity and mortality in patients with APS.
The Impact of Governmental Pressure on Corporate Corruption Spending: Evidence from China

ABSTRACTCorruption creates both social and economic problems, and perhaps as much as any other country, China has faced corruption concerns for decades. Beginning in November 2012, Chinese leader X...
A Qualitative Analysis of School Psychology Trainers' Perspectives on Evidence-Based Practices.

This study examined school psychology faculty beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions regarding the status of graduate training in evidence-based assessment and intervention. The perspectives of a nati...
Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained.

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volu...
In vivo characterization of spontaneous microhemorrhage formation in mice with cerebral amyloid angiopathy

The pathophysiology of microhemorrhages in the context of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) remains poorly understood. Here we used in vivo two-photon microscopy in aged APP/PS1 mice with mild-to-m...
Mind the Gaps: How Organization Design Shapes the Sourcing of Inventions

An important problem for many firms is sustaining their rate of innovation by launching new products on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, firms need to replenish their innovation pipelines with new in...
From Individuality to Universality: The Role of Aesthetic Education in Kant

In this paper I make a reconstruction of Kant?s idea of aesthetic education and show the peculiarity of this idea in comparison with more familiar projects of Schiller and the German Romantics. In the first section I briefly outline those features of Kant?s ethics which are relevant for this problem, namely its universalistic character. In the second section I show how aesthetic experience, according to Kant, could help to make an individual less sensitive to the demands of particular interests and motives. In particular, I discuss the roles of the beautiful and of the sublime. In the conclusion I briefly compare Kant?s idea of aesthetic education with Schiller?s idea of the same.
Effect of Soil Air and Water on Greenhouse Gases Emissions in a Corn-Soybean Rotation

Knowledge of the impact of soil and crop management practices on soil processes is important in the study of greenhouse gases emissions from agricultural fields. We assessed the effect of soil air (pore space indices) and water (content, θ; and potential, Ψ) on greenhouse gases emissions in corn/soybean field. The study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 on a silt loam soil at Freeman farm of Lincoln University. Soil samples were collected at four depths: 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm and they were oven dried at 105oC for 72 h for the calculation of air filled porosity (AFP), total pore space (TPS) and other soil physical properties. Pore space indices were computed using diffusivity models based on AFP and TPS. Soil samples were later saturated then brought into a pressure plate for measurements of moisture content (θ) at five different water potentials (Ψ). Soil air samples for the measurements of greenhouse gases emissions were collected using static and vented chambers of 30 cm height and 20 cm diameter. The concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O in soil air samples were determined using a Gas Chromatograph GC-14. Results showed that pore space indices significantly correlated with greenhouse gases fluxes (p<0.05) with correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.27 to 0.53. More correlations were found in 2012 than 2011. Similarly, significant correlations were found between greenhouse gases and θ at Ψ = 0 and Ψ = -0.05. Moisture content (θ) held at Ψ = 0 positively correlated with CO2 (r = 0.49), N2O (r = 0.64) and negatively correlated with CH4 (r = - 0.43) at p<0.05. Soil pore space indices and soil water (content and potential) seem to control greenhouse gases emissions in this soil. Inclusion of these controlling factors in models will certainly improve our understanding of the dynamics of greenhouse gases fluxes from soil.
Synthesis and crystal structures of the layered uranyl tellurites A2[(UO2)3(TeO3)2O2] (A=K, Rb, Cs)

The reactions of UO{sub 3} and TeO{sub 3} with KCl, RbCl, or CsCl at 800{sup o}C for 5d yield single crystals of A{sub 2}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 3}(TeO{sub 3}){sub 2}O{sub 2}] (A=K (1), Rb (2), and Cs (3)). These compounds are isostructural with one another, and their structures consist of two-dimensional {sub {infinity}}{sup 2}[(UO2)3(TeO3)2O2]2- sheets arranged in a stair-like topology separated by alkali metal cations. These sheets are comprised of zigzagging uranium(VI) oxide chains bridged by corner-sharing trigonal pyramidal TeO{sub 3}{sup 2-} anions. The chains are composed of dimeric, edge-sharing, pentagonal bipyramidal UO{sub 7} moieties joined by edge-sharing tetragonal bipyramidal UO{sub 6} units. The lone-pair of electrons from the TeO{sub 3} groups are oriented in opposite directions with respect to one another on each side of the sheets rendering each individual sheet non-polar. The alkali metal cations form contacts with nearby tellurite oxygen atoms as well as with oxygen atoms from the uranyl moieties. Crystallographic data (193K, MoK{alpha}, {lambda}=0.7107A): 1, triclinic, space group P1-bar , a=6.7985(5)A, b=7.0123(5)A, c=7.8965(6)A, {alpha}=101.852(1){sup o}, {beta}=102.974(1){sup o}, {gamma}=100.081(1){sup o}, V=349.25(4)A3, Z=2, R(F)=2.70% for 98 parameters and 1697 reflections with I>2{sigma}(I); 2, triclinic, space group P1-bar , a=7.0101(6)A, b=7.0742(6)A, c=8.0848(7)A, {alpha}=105.590(2){sup o}, {beta}=101.760(2){sup o}, {gamma}=99.456(2){sup o}, V=367.91(5)A3, Z=2,more » R(F)=2.36% for 98 parameters and 1817 reflections with I>2{sigma}(I); 3, triclinic, space group P1-bar , a=7.0007(5)A, b=7.5195(6)A, c=8.4327(6)A, {alpha}=109.301(1){sup o}, {beta}=100.573(1){sup o}, {gamma}=99.504(1){sup o}, V=399.49(5)A3, Z=2, R(F)=2.61% for 98 parameters and 1965 reflections with I>2{sigma}(I)« less
Multiple Forms of Cathepsin D from Bovine Uterus

Abstract Preparations of cathepsin D from the bovine uterus contain at least 12 distinct forms of enzyme which digest hemoglobin at pH 3.2. Ten of these forms (2 through 11) have been purified by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and disc electrophoresis. Six major forms (4, 5, 6, 7,8, and 12) account for 94% of the total cathepsin D activity of the uterus. These six forms have been unequivocally identified as cathepsin D on the basis of their specificity in cleaving the B chain of insulin. Forms 2 and 3 show pH optima at pH 3.2 and are 50% inhibited by 0.001 m dithiothreitol in agreement with the properties of cathepsin D. Forms 1, 9, 10, and 11 are present only in trace amounts; they have approximately the same molecular weight as cathepsin D and digest hemoglobin at acid pH. Forms 2 through 8 have also been resolved by isoelectric focusing; their isoelectric points range from 5.8 to 7.2. Disc electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol gave a single band of molecular weight 40,000 to 42,000 for Forms 2, 3, and 4; Forms 5 through 9 gave two distinct bands corresponding to weights of 13,000 to 14,000 and 25,000 to 28,000. Equilibrium ultracentrifugation gave a weight average molecular weight of 40,000 for Form 4 and slightly lower weights for Forms 5 and 6. Form 4 was more stable in acid and urea than Form 5. Forms 4 through 7 all had the same Vmax and Km when hemoglobin was used as substrate. This evidence suggests that Form 4 is the primary form of cathepsin D, that it consists of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 40,000, and that this chain is cleaved in vivo without loss of activity into fragments of ⅓ and ⅔ length to produce higher numbered forms.
Modeling and Forecasting by Manifold Learning

Forecasting can benefit from recently emerged manifold learning algorithms. We describe the connection between manifold learning and forecasting. Moreover, we study the properties of different manifold learning methods and their reconstruction. These will be the technical core of the forecasting. Because manifold-based forecasting is model-free and totally nonlinear, it is promising in dealing with complex data. Keywords: manifold; statistical learning; nonparametric methods; dimension reduction; forecasting
Overview of the preliminary design of the Optical Communication Demonstration and High-Rate Link Facility

Tlis paper presents an overview of the preliminary design of both the flight and ground systems of the Optical Communication Demonstration and High-Rate Link Facility which will demonstrate optical communication from the International Space Station to ground after its deployment in October 2002. The overview of the preliminary design of the Flight System proceeds by contrasting it with the design of the laboratory-model unit, emphasizing key changes and the rationale behind the design choices. After presenting the preliminary design of the Ground System, the timetable for the construction and deployment of the flight and ground systems is outlined.
High Performance Fibers

The preparation, processing, and properties of high performance fibers are critically reviewed. The principal classes of high performance fibers discussed are those derived from rigid-rod polymers, gel spun fibers, modified carbon fibers, synthetic vitreous fibers, and poly(phenylene sulfide) fibers. Rigid-rod polymers are derived from lyotropic crystalline polymers, such as the aramids Nomex and Kevlar or thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers, such as Vectran. These fibers are generally characterized by remarkable unit tensile strength and resistance to heat, flame, and chemical agents that normally degrade conventional fibers. Applications for these fibers are classified by structural aspects of the fiber, yarn, and fabric levels. Diversities in applications include uses in the aerospace, biomedical, civil engineering, construction, protective apparel, geotextile, and electronic areas. Keywords: Rigid rod polymers; High performance fibers; Aramid fibers; Heterocyclics; Liquid crystalline polymers; Gel spun fibers; Elongated carbonaceous fiber; Vitreous fiber; Sulfur fibers; Structure/property classification; Types by application; Transportation; Agriculture; Forestry; Clothing; Civil engineering; Sports; Marine; Defense; Health care; Energy use
Power loading for OFDM in tactical packet radio systems

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, transmitting with different power levels on each subcarrier, known as power loading, can improve performance. Power loading algorithms process channel state information to determine the power distribution that optimizes or improves the performance. Most previous investigations of power loading are for OFDM systems that do not use error-control coding. However, their objective of minimizing the bit error probability at the demodulator output does not minimize the packet error probability when error-control codes are used. Because modern OFDM systems use error-control coding, the utility of those previous results is questionable. Furthermore, the power loading algorithms that minimize the bit error probability use approximations for the error probability that are not accurate for the signal-to-noise ratios of interest in these systems. We consider half-duplex tactical packet communications with OFDM modulation, error-control coding, and iterative decoding. We also investigate the adaptation of the code rate and subcarrier modulation without power loading, as an alternative to power loading. Adaptive coding and modulation is shown to provide higher throughput and more robust performance than power loading. Using a combination of analysis and simulation, we determine the effect of power loading on the binary symbol error probability at the demodulator output, the packet error probability at the decoder output, and the throughput of the packet radio system.
Versions and standards of HTML

In the brief history of the World Wide Web (WWW), much has changed. Millions of web pages have been published in a relatively short time. Next to the Web content, the one of the most dynamic aspects of the WWW is the development of HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This paper explores the various versions of HTML and gives a status report on HTML standards development. A discussion of possible future trends is also included.
Staff Development Policy

It is argued here that staff development in the public elementary and secondary schools of the United States is misguided in both policy and practice. In its current form it represents an imperfect consumer market in which "proof of purchase" substitutes for investment in either school improvement or individual development. A policy model based on investment in school improvement is shown, in which different assumptions about how to improve schools are linked to different alternatives for the design and implementation of staff development. These are argued to be based on an investment rather than consumption model.
The angular magnetothermoelectric power of a charge density wave system.

The angular dependence of the magnetothermopower of a charge transfer organic salt α-(ET)2KHg(SCN)4 below (4 K) and above (9 K) the phase transition temperature, Tp = 8 K, and under fields of 15 T and 25 T, below and above the ‘kinkfield’, has been studied. We find that for a longitudinal thermoelectric measurement both an interlayer thermopower (the Seebeck effect), Szz, and a transverse thermopower (the Nernst effect), Syz, exist in all three different B–T phases (the CDW 0, CDW x and metallic states) with large amplitude. Both thermoelectric effects display a resonant-like behavior without a sign reversal at the angles corresponding to angular magnetoresistance oscillation minima and maxima in this compound. The resonant behavior is most evident in the CDW0 state, indicating a mechanism involving the Fermi surface nesting. Angular dependences reveal different behaviors of the thermopower and Nernst effect in the high magnetic field (CDWx) state.
Comparison and uncertainties of standards for critical dimension atomic force microscope tip width calibration

Since the advent of critical-dimension atomic force microscopes (CD-AFMs) in the 90s, these tools have enjoyed growing acceptance in semiconductor manufacturing both for process development and to support in-line critical dimension (CD) metrology. The most common application of CD-AFMs has been to support critical-dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) and scatterometer metrology as a reference for tool matching or as a nondestructive alternative to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) cross sections. For many years, CD-AFM users typically developed in-house reference standards for tip width calibration - often based on SEM or TEM cross sections. But the uncertainty of such standards was often large or unknown. Tip characterizer samples - which used a sharp ridge to calibrate the tip width - are commercially available. However, scanning such samples can result in tip damage, and the uncertainty of tip calibrations based on this method is at least 5 nm. In 2004, NIST, SEMATECH, and VLSI Standards collaborated on the development and release of single crystal critical dimension reference materials (SCCDRMs) to SEMATECH member companies. These specimens, which are fabricated using a lattice-plane-selective etch on (110) silicon, exhibit near vertical sidewalls and high uniformity and can be used to calibrate CD-AFM tip width to approximately 1 nm standard uncertainty ( k = 1). Also in 2004, commercial critical dimension standards (CCDS) were introduced. Using CD-AFM instruments at both NIST and SEMATECH, we have performed a comparison of nominal 45 nm and 70 nm CCDS specimens with the SCCDRM calibration. Our observations show that these two independently performed calibrations are in agreement.
Intractable Seizures of Frontal Lobe Origin: Clinical Characteristics, Localizing Signs, and Results of Surgery

Summary: Purpose: We analyzed the clinical characteristics of seizures of frontal lobe (FL) origin with particular emphasis on establishing different categories and determining if these categories had any localizing or lateralizing value. In addition, results of surgery are reported. Methods: Seizure characteristics were established by historical review and electroencephalographic/videotape analysis of 449 seizures in 26 adult patients with refractory seizures of FL origin. Results: No outstanding risk factor was identified for seizures of FL origin. Seizures were frequent (7.1 per week), brief (mean duration, 48.3 seconds), and had a nocturnal preponderance in 58% of the patients. Status epilepticus was reported in 54%, and generalized convulsions as a prominent seizure type were reported in 26% of patients. The most common reported aura was a nonspecific sensation, often localized to the head (35%). Early forced head and eye deviation was not a consistent lateralizing sign, whereas late head and eye deviation always occurred contralateral to the site of seizure origin. Early asymmetric tonic posturing occurred consistently contralateral to the side of seizure origin. Clinical seizure patterns did not consistently localize to specific regions of the frontal lobe, although there were some noticeable trends: focal clonic seizures were associated with seizure origin in the frontal convexity; tonic seizures were most often associated with origin in the supplementary motor area but also occurred with origin in other parts of the frontal lobe; seizures resembling typical temporal lobe seizures with oroalimentary automatisms were observed with seizure origin in the orbitofrontal region; and seizures with hyperactive, frenetic automatisms were not associated with any specific region within the frontal lobes. Eighty percent of patients had favorable seizure outcome after surgery (class I/II). Conclusion: Although certain clinical features are characteristic for seizures of frontal lobe origin and some have lateralizing value, they do not localize to specific areas within the FL. After careful presurgical evaluation, both lesional and non-lesional patients benefit from epilepsy surgery.
Alcohol consumption and markers of inflammation in women with preclinical rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To examine the association between alcohol consumption and markers of inflammation in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We studied 174 incident RA cases with stored blood collected 1–16 years prior to RA symptoms (preclinical RA), from the Nurses' Health Study. Alcohol intake was measured using a detailed food frequency questionnaire administered every 4 years, prior to blood collection. Plasma was tested for biomarkers of inflammation, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNFRII). Generalized additive models were used to identify structure in the relationship between each biomarker and cumulative average alcohol intake. Then general linear models were used for multivariable adjusted analyses with appropriate polynomial terms of alcohol consumption. Results After controlling for age at blood collection, smoking, parity and duration of breastfeeding, menopausal status, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, and the time between blood collection and RA onset, we found that the daily alcohol consumption showed a U-shaped association with IL-6 levels in RA patients, prior to symptoms. We also found an inverse relationship between alcohol intake and sTNFRII levels, but no associations with hsCRP or anti-CCP levels. Conclusion These results demonstrate an association between alcohol consumption and markers of inflammation, including IL-6 and sTNFRII, in RA patients, prior to the occurrence of symptoms.
A note on an equivalence between chi"square and generalized skew"normal distributions

In this note, we establish an equivalence between chi-square and generalized skew-normal distributions. This result is based on a distributional invariance property of even functions in generalized skew-normal random vectors. It extends the chi-square properties related to univariate and multivariate skew-normal distributions.
230Th-U dating of surficial deposits using the ion microprobe (SHRIMP-RG): A microstratigraphic perspective

Abstract We used the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe reverse-geometry (SHRIMP-RG) to date pedogenic opal using the 230 Th–U system. Due to the high-spatial resolution of an ion microprobe (typically 30 μm), regions of pure opal within a sample can be targeted and detrital material can be avoided. In addition, because the technique is non-destructive, the sample can be preserved for other types of analyses including electron microprobe or other stable isotope or trace element ion microprobe measurements. The technique is limited to material with U concentrations greater than ∼50 ppm. However, the high spatial resolution, small sample requirements, and the ability to avoid detrital material make this technique a suitable technique for dating many Pleistocene deposits formed in semi-arid environments. To determine the versatility of the method, samples from several different deposits were analyzed, including silica-rich pebble coatings from pedogenic carbonate horizons, a siliceous sinter deposit, and opaline silica deposited as a spring mound. U concentrations for 30-μm-diameter spots ranged from 50 to 1000 ppm in these types of materials. The 230 Th/ 232 Th activity ratios also ranged from ∼100 to 10 6 , eliminating the need for detrital Th corrections that reduce the precision of traditional U-Th ages for many milligram- and larger-sized samples. In pedogenic material, layers of high-U opal (ca. 500 ppm) are commonly juxtaposed next to layers of calcite with much lower U concentrations (1–2 ppm). If these types of samples are not analyzed using a technique with the appropriate spatial resolution, the ages may be strongly biased towards the age of the opal. Comparison with standard TIMS (Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry) measurements from separate microdrilled samples suggests that although the analytical precision of the ion microprobe (SHRIMP-RG) measurements is less than TIMS, the high spatial resolution results in better accuracy in the age determination for finely layered or complex deposits. The ion microprobe approach also may be useful for pre-screening samples to determine the age and degree of post-depositional alteration, analyzing finely layered samples or samples with complex growth histories, and obtaining simultaneous measurements of trace elements.
Channel Sequences and Braided-Stream Development in South Canadian River, Hutchinson, Roberts, and Hemphill Counties, Texas: ABSTRACT

End_Page 1785------------------------------The South Canadian River in the eastern Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma has produced a complex anastomosing channel system. At least 8 aggradational channel sequences (including the present channel system) are present in this part of the Canadian River valley, and are distinguished on aerial photographs and in the field by vegetational changes and overlapping stratigraphic relations. Earlier channel sequences are represented by remnants of earlier active braided-channel systems. Analysis of daily discharge data from 1938 to 1966 reveals, that though average flow in the Canadian River is quite low, a few large floods with a flow in excess of 20,000 cu ft/second have altered severely floodplain and channel morphology. These flash events eradicate parts of earlier channel sequences and set the stage for channel braiding under lower discharge rates. Longitudinal and transverse bars are observed in the active and younger inactive channel sequences of the river. Average orientation of these bars is nearly parallel with the orientation of the active channel in a given reach. Despite the similar average direction, there is wide variation of bar orientation in all reaches studied. Unvegetated areas of the Canadian River floodplain show widespread eolian-dune alteration. These dunes parallel the orientation of the river valley. Channel-wall instability and variable discharge rate are the principal factors causing braiding in the Canadian River. Serious doubts are raised about the importance of stream gradient as cause of braiding in the Canadian River system. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1786------------
Hydroxyl radical formation by O-O bond homolysis in peroxynitrous acid.

Peroxynitrite decay in weakly alkaline media occurs by two concurrent sets of pathways which are distinguished by their reaction products. One set leads to net isomerization to NO(3)(-) and the other set to net decomposition to O(2) plus NO(2)(-). At sufficiently high peroxynitrite concentrations, the decay half-time becomes concentration-independent and approaches a limiting value predicted by a mechanism in which reaction is initiated by unimolecular homolysis of the peroxo O-O bond, i.e., the following reaction: ONOOH --> (*)OH + (*)NO(2). This dynamical behavior excludes alternative postulated mechanisms that ascribe decomposition to bond rearrangement within bimolecular adducts. Nitrate and nitrite product distributions measured at very low peroxynitrite concentrations also correspond to predictions of the homolysis model, contrary to a recent report from another laboratory. Additionally, (1) the rate constant for the reaction ONOO(-) --> (*)NO + (*)O(2)(-), which is critical to the kinetic model, has been confirmed, (2) the apparent volume of activation for ONOOH decay (DeltaV() = 9.7 +/- 1.4 cm(3)/mol) has been shown to be independent of the concentration of added nitrite and identical to most other reported values, and (3) complex patterns of inhibition of O(2) formation by radical scavengers, which are impossible to rationalize by alternative proposed reaction schemes, are shown to be quantitatively in accord with the homolysis model. These observations resolve major disputes over experimental data existing in the literature; despite extensive investigation of these reactions, no verifiable experimental evidence has been advanced that contradicts the homolysis model.
Technology wars or horses for courses

Mobile television is handicapped by a divergence of standards. Amidst the runners and riders, odds for DMB/DAB-IP and DVB-H has been shortening, as mobile operators place their bets. The comparison of DMB/DAB-IP and DVB-H is discussed in terms of spectrum availability and network cost.
Magnetic Confinement and Control of Trajectories of Discharge Species in Atmospheric-Pressure Analytical Spark Discharges

A series of experiments, designed to help characterize the behavior of an analytical spark discharge in an external pulsed magnetic field, is described. Results include controlled formation and deformation of a spark's post-discharge torus utilizing different magnetic field configurations. One manifestation of this research was discovery of a new filamentary structure which extends from the spark conducting channel to the magnet pole face(s). These features were investigated via their refracted light (Schlieren) and spectroscopic (time/space/wavelength-resolved) properties. Practical ramifications of this control are discussed.
Crossing the threshold: A positive analysis of IBRD graduation policy

According to World Bank policy, countries remain eligible to borrow from the IBRD until they are able to sustain long-term development without further recourse to Bank financing. Graduation from IBRD is not an automatic consequence of reaching a particular income level, but rather is supposed to be based on a determination of whether the country has reached a level of institutional development and capital-market access that enables it to sustain its own development process without recourse to Bank funding. This paper takes a positive approach to IBRD graduation policy, investigating what income and non-income factors appear to have influenced graduation status in recent decades, based on panel data for 1982 through 2009. Explanatory variables include the per-capita income of the country, as well as measures of institutional development and market access that are cited as criteria by the graduation policy, and other plausible explanatory variables that capture the levels of economic development and vulnerability of the country. We find that the observed correlates of Bank graduation status are generally consistent with the stated policy. Countries that are wealthier, more creditworthy, more institutionally developed, and are less vulnerable to trade, financial, and other shocks are more likely to be graduates. Predicted probabilities generated by the model conform closely to the actual graduation and de-graduation experiences of Trinidad and Tobago and Korea, among other countries, and suggest that Hungary and Latvia may have graduated prematurely—a prediction subsequently borne out by the large loans that they later received from the IBRD in the wake of the global financial crisis.
Distributed MIMO-OFDM in imperfectly synchronized cooperative network

Coded space-time cooperation is an efficient approach in delivering information over a relay network. Multiple cooperative terminals (nodes) form a distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, thus providing high data rates and high diversity gains. However, unlike conventional co-located MIMO systems, it is impractical for distributed MIMO networks to maintain perfect timing synchronization between different transmit terminals. In particular, the presence of a fractional-symbol delay difference between the signals transmitted from different terminals can cause erroneous sampling positions and yield highly dispersive channels even at a memoryless channel environment. Existing methods solve such problem based on time-domain approaches where adaptive equalization is required at the receivers for combining the information transmitted from distributed sources. In this paper, we propose the use of OFDM-based approaches using distributed space-frequency codes. The proposed schemes are insensitive to fractional-symbol delays and lead to higher data rate transmission and simplified implementation. In addition, the proposed schemes permit the use of relatively simple amplify-and-forward algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks without delay accumulations. The time delay in each relaying hop by reconstructing the cyclic prefix and, as such, improve the spectral efficiency, while keeping a simple relaying structure.