cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Automatic Potentiometric Titrator in Nonaqueous Titrations

A procedure is reported for the evaluation of the behavior of an automatic recording titrator in nonaqueous titrations and is applied to an instrument composed of commercially available units. First, the behavior of the purely instrumental features was determined and the experimental errors were compared with calculated maximum anticipated relative values. The instrument's function in this case was within expectation. Then, the response of the titrator was evaluated from titration curve properties of two compounds in acetic acid and two other compounds in iso-propanol. The following maximum relative errors, with instrumental errors discounted, were observed: range, 1.5 per cent; end point potential, 4.4 per cent; analytical results, 1.0 per cent; slope of the rapidly rising portion, 11.4 per cent. On the basis of satisfactory instrumental response and reasonable titration curve errors, the relatively inexpensive unit used here is found reliable for general laboratory use. The procedure described is recommended for use in evaluating any automatic potentiometric recorder.
Nanotechnology as general-purpose technology: empirical evidence and implications

Developments in nanotechnology are poised to have a pervasive effect on various industries for years to come and nanotechnology management research is beginning to appear in peer-reviewed management journals. Much of the research on this early, emergent technology is focused on issues of definition and identification of technology type. In this study, we searched the US Patents and Trademarks Office database and used an expert validation methodology to develop a sample of the first 25 years (1980–2004) of nanotechnology patenting activity. We analysed this data for early evidence that nanotechnology is a general-purpose technology (GPT) – a transformative technology characterised by its pervasiveness, improvement over time, and pattern of diffusion. Our findings indicate that nanotechnology patenting activity has been growing in intensity and relative to overall patenting activity, and that it is pervasive across industry and technology sectors. Implications of nanotechnology as a GPT are discussed.
Apoptosis Induction by Ultraviolet Light A and Photochemotherapy in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Relevance to Mechanism of Therapeutic Action

The anti-tumor action of many chemotherapeutic agents has recently been attributed to the induction of apoptosis in the malignant cell population. In this study, we investigated the ability of extracorporeal photopheresis (ExP) and in vitro PUVA (8-methoxy-psoralen + ultraviolet A) therapy to induce apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Sezary syndrome patients and normal controls. Flow cytometric analysis of ExP- or PUVA-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated two distinct cell populations within 24 h of treatment. One population was similar to untreated controls with the other exhibiting characteristics of apoptotic cell death, i.e., a loss of cell volume and an accompanying increase in cell density. This latter population was comprised of cells with DNA strand breaks as determined by the Tdt-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling assay. Apoptosis was also confirmed morphologically by fluorescent and electron microscopy as well as by demonstration of characteristic DNA strand breaks (laddering) using gel electrophoresis. Apoptosis was not observed with 8-methoxypsoralen ( or = 2 J per cm2 induced apoptosis in lymphocytes. Peripheral blood T-cell subpopulations of Sezary syndrome patients, including the malignant clone, were equally susceptible to apoptosis subsequent to either photopheresis or PUVA treatment. In contrast, monocytes (CD14+/CD45+) appear to be resistant to apoptosis induction by ExP or PUVA treatment. Moreover, ExP-treated and untreated monocytes phagocytized apoptotic, but not untreated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ExP and PUVA have been shown to be efficacious and well-tolerated therapies in the treatment of dermatologic diseases and transplant rejection. These data suggest that induction of apoptosis may be an important event for therapeutic efficacy.
Modeling and control of cnc machines using a PC-based open architecture controller

Abstract A PC-based open architecture computer numerical controller (CNC) is introduced to control milling machines. The controller is implemented on two systems: (1) a single-axis high speed milling machine using analog control signals where the PC-based controller assumes all CNC functions and (2) a three-axis milling machine controlled by digital signals where the existing CNC continues to monitor peripheral functions but the PC-based system generates the reference commands for the axes and spindle. System models are developed using sinusoidal inputs to build the frequency response functions of each axis drive. An experimental controller is implemented with the open architecture controller to maintain constant peak cutting force in the presence of uncertain machining conditions in end milling. An adaptive cross-coupling controller is also introduced to reduce tracking and contour error for a two-dimensional contour via the open architecture controller.
Problems in technique concerning the sedation threshold.

Abstract 1. 1. Extrinsic and intrinsic indicators of the sedation threshold are described. 2. 2. The relationship between these indicators, and their value as objective indicators, is considered. 3. 3. The problem of duplicating research methodology is discussed, particularly in reference to communication of points of detail by the original research worker.
Transcobalamin II 775G>C polymorphism and indices of vitamin B12 status in healthy older adults

A common polymorphism (775G>C) in the vitamin B12 transport protein, transcobalamin II (TCII), has been identified in which proline replaces arginine at codon 259. We determined the influence of TCII genotype on indices of B12 status, including total serum B12, the amount of B12 bound to TCII (holoTCII), methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine, in 128 healthy older adults (ages 40-88 years). Mean total B12 and homocysteine concentrations were not significantly different among the 3 genotypes. Mean holoTCII concentration was significantly higher in those subjects homozygous for the proline form of TCII (PP) compared with those homozygous for the arginine form (RR) and heterozygotes (PR) ( P ≤ .006). In addition, mean methylmalonic acid concentrations were significantly lower in the PP and PR groups compared with the RR group ( P ≤ .02). The PP genotype may be more efficient in delivering B12 to tissues, resulting in enhanced B12 functional status. TCII genotype may thus influence susceptibility to B12 deficiency.
Dendritic cell populations with different concentrations of lipid regulate tolerance and immunity in mouse and human liver

Background & Aims Immune cells of the liver must be able to recognize and react to pathogens yet remain tolerant to food molecules and other nonpathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to contribute to hepatic tolerance. Lipids have been implicated in dysfunction of DCs in cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether high lipid content in liver DCs affects induction of tolerance. Methods Mouse and human hepatic nonparenchymal cells were isolated by mechanical and enzymatic digestion. DCs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or with immunomagnetic beads. DC lipid content was assessed by flow cytometry, immune fluorescence, and electron microscopy and by measuring intracellular component lipids. DC activation was determined from surface phenotype and cytokine profile. DC function was assessed in T-cell, natural killer (NK) cell, and NKT cell coculture assays as well as in vivo. Results We observed 2 distinct populations of hepatic DCs in mice and humans based on their lipid content and expression of markers associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. This lipid-based dichotomy in DCs was unique to the liver and specific to DCs compared with other hepatic immune cells. However, rather than mediate tolerance, the liver DC population with high concentrations of lipid was immunogenic in multiple models; they activated T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells. Conversely, liver DCs with low levels of lipid induced regulatory T cells, anergy to cancer, and oral tolerance. The immunogenicity of lipid-rich liver DCs required their secretion of tumor necrosis factor α and was directly related to their high lipid content; blocking DC synthesis of fatty acids or inhibiting adipogenesis (by reducing endoplasmic reticular stress) reduced DC immunogenicity. Conclusions Human and mouse hepatic DCs are composed of distinct populations that contain different concentrations of lipid, which regulates immunogenic versus tolerogenic responses in the liver.
Inhibition of mural thrombus formation by novel nipecotoylpiperazine antiplatelet agents

Abstract The effectiveness of two closely related nipecotoylpiperazine derivatives, BPAT-143 and BPAT-117, as antiplatelet agents was measured by their ability to inhibit the accumulation of human blood platelets on collagen-coated (type 1) glass in a parallel plate flow chamber. Whole human blood, with fluorescently labeled platelets, was perfused through the flow chamber, and epi-fluorescent video microscopy was used to visualize the dynamics of individual platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on the collagen-coated surface. Digital image processing was used to analyze the dynamics of thrombus growth on the surfaces. The collagen-coated surface serves as a model for the damaged blood vessel wall, as collagen is a primary component of the matrix beneath endothelial cells. At a concentration of 50 μM, BPAT-117 (the considerably more hydrophobic molecule) inhibited platelet accumulation by striking 90 ± 2% (± S.E.), while it took 2- to 4-fold higher concentrations of BPAT-143 to register meaningful to comparable effects (52 ± 6% and 80 ± 4%, respectively). This further corroborates the substantial impact of hydrophobic features within the matrix of appropriately structured molecules on their ability to alter platelet function.
Vibrato Rate Adjustment

Abstract Summary: The goal of the present study was to document the acoustic changes that occur as singers attempt to increase or decrease their vibrato rate to match target stimuli. Eight advanced singing students produced vowels with vibrato in three registers, both naturally and while attempting to match faster or slower rate stimuli. Slower rates were associated with lower intensity and less steady vibrato. Faster rates involved increased vibrato extent in the chest register and increased intensity in the head register. Singers whose spontaneous vibrato rates were naturally either slower or faster tended to also be relatively slower or faster when matching target rates. This ability to modify rate may have beneficial effects on the artistic quality of the voice for performance.
Do Channel Catfish Stockings Affect Growth and Size Structure of Bluegills in Small Impoundments

Abstract Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are commonly stocked into small impoundments and may become abundant in these waters. When channel catfish are abundant, they may compete with bluegills Lepomis macrochirus for macroinvertebrate prey, resulting in reduced growth and size structure of bluegills. I determined whether bluegill growth and size structure were related to the varying abundance of channel catfish by means of two experimental pond studies and small-lake survey data. In the first pond experiment, 16 ponds were stocked with bluegills at 39.5 kg/ha and with channel catfish at a rate of 10, 30, 50, or 100 kg/ha (4 ponds/treatment). In the second pond experiment, 12 ponds were stocked with one of four bluegill–channel catfish biomass combinations (3 ponds/treatment): 15 and 70 kg/ha, 15 and 130 kg/ha, 70 and 70 kg/ha, or 70 and 130 kg/ha. Bluegill growth increments (both length and mass) did not decrease with increases in channel catfish biomass in either experiment, but both fish species ex...
RESQ: rank-energy selective query forwarding for distributed search systems

Scaling high-quality, cost-efficient query evaluation is critical to search system performance. Although partial indexes reduce query processing times, result quality may be jeopardized due to exclusion of relevant non-local documents. Selectively forwarding queries between geographically distributed search sites may help. The basic idea of query forwarding is that after a local site receives a query, it determines non-local sites to forward the query to and returns an aggregation of the local and non-local results. Nevertheless, electricity costs remain substantial sources of operating expenses. We present a hybrid rank-energy query forwarding model termed "RESQ." The novel contribution is to simultaneously consider both ranking quality and spatially-temporally varying energy prices when making forwarding decisions. Experiments with a large-scale query log, publicly-available electricity price data, and real search site locations demonstrate that query forwarding under RESQ achieves the result scalability of partial indexes with the cost savings of energy-aware approaches (e.g., an 87% ranking guarantee with a 46% savings in energy costs).
A Fast and Scalable Recurrent Neural Network Based on Stochastic Meta Descent

This brief presents an efficient and scalable online learning algorithm for recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The approach is based on the real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) algorithm, whereby the sensitivity set of each neuron is reduced to weights associated with either its input or output links. This yields a reduced storage and computational complexity of O(N2). Stochastic meta descent (SMD), an adaptive step size scheme for stochastic gradient-descent problems, is employed as means of incorporating curvature information in order to substantially accelerate the learning process. We also introduce a clustered version of our algorithm to further improve its scalability attributes. Despite the dramatic reduction in resource requirements, it is shown through simulation results that the approach outperforms regular RTRL by almost an order of magnitude. Moreover, the scheme lends itself to parallel hardware realization by virtue of the localized property that is inherent to the learning framework.
Prophylactic closed suction drainage of femoral wounds in patients undergoing vascular reconstruction

Abstract Prophylactic closed suction drainage has been advocated in a variety of surgical wounds, but its use in wounds involving vascular anastomoses has not been studied. Fifty patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization that required bilateral groin incisions were randomly assigned to have either the right or left side of the groin drained with a closed suction catheter. The contralateral wound was closed without drainage. Statistically there was no difference between wounds closed with drains and undrained wounds in the occurrence of hematomas, seromas, lymphoceles, superficial infections, subcutaneous infections, or graft infections; although serious complications were more frequent in the drained wounds. Prophylactic closed suction drainage appears to offer no advantage over closure without drainage in wounds of the groin resulting from elective vascular operations. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:166–8.)
An explicit solution for optimal two-player decentralized control over TCP erasure channels with state feedback

We develop an optimal controller synthesis algorithm for decentralized control problems where control actions are transmitted through TCP-like erasure channels. We consider a simple two-player interconnected linear system and Bernoulli distributed erasure channels. We recast the problem to a centralized Partially Observed Markov Decision Process (POMDP) under the fictitious player framework, in which we construct an optimal controller using belief states and value function recursions. Finally, we provide explicit state space formulae for the optimal decentralized controller.
EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HYPERALGESIA FOLLOWING HEAT INJURY TO THE GLABROUS SKIN

Characteristics of primary (within the area of injury) and secondary (outside the area of injury) hyperalgesia were determined after a heat injury applied to the glabrous skin of the hand in 8 human volunteers. The heat injury consisted of two burns (53 degrees C, 30 s) applied over an area 7.5 mm in diameter separated (centre to centre) by a 2 cm interval. Following the injury, a zone of hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli measuring 20.1 +/- 3.6 cm2 (mean +/- SEM) developed in an area surrounding and including the burns. Within this zone, the pain threshold for mechanical stimuli decreased significantly by a similar amount for all areas tested (12.0 +/- 1.1 bars to 5.2 +/- 0.5 bars). Hyperalgesia to heat occurred only within the area of the burns. The heat pain threshold decreased and total ratings of heat pain increased significantly. In contrast, there was decreased pain to heat stimuli between the two burn sites, and no change in painfulness of the heat stimuli at other areas within the zone of hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli. Particularly notable was the coexistence of hypalgesia to heat stimuli and hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli in the uninjured region between the two burn sites. These results indicate that the characteristics of primary and secondary hyperalgesia differ and also suggest that the mechanism for hyperalgesia to mechanical and thermal stimuli differ.
A multicoset sampling approach to the missing cone problem in computer-aided tomography

We propose an efficient noniterative sinogram reconstruction solution based on multicoset sampling theory for the missing-cone problem in CAT imaging. It is shown that such a scheme can provide image quality comparable to previous methods without restrictive assumptions on the image being acquired. Furthermore, it uses only part of the non-missing projections which can potentially further reduce X-ray exposure and results in faster operation.
Dynamic model of a compliant link with large deflection and shear deformation

The dynamic model for links in most mechanisms has often based on small deflection theory without considering shear deformation. For applications like light-weight links or high-precision elements, it is necessary to capture the deflection caused by shear forces. A complete dynamic model is presented here to characterize the motion of a compliant link capable of large deflection with shear deformation. We derive the governing equations from Hamilton's principle along with the essential geometric constraints that relate deformation and coordinate variables, and solve them using a semi-discrete method based on the Newmark scheme and shooting method that avoids the problem of shear locking that occurs when using finite element method. The dynamic model has been validated experimentally. We expect that the dynamic model can serve as a basis for analyzing a wide spectrum of compliant multi-link mechanisms
Magneto-optical Properties of Small Atomic Clusters of Ga and In with As, V and Mn

The Hartree-Fock (HF) method is used to synthesize virtually (i.e., fundamental theory-based, computationally) small stable atomic clusters of Ga and In with As and V, and an In-based cluster with As and Mn. The electronic energy level structures (ELSs), optical transition energies (OTEs), and charge/spin density distributions of these clusters have been analyzed. It has been shown that the spin of such clusters is collectivized, and that this collectivization is responsible for a dramatic drop in the clusters’ OTEs as compared to those of similar pyramidal clusters that do not contain “magnetic” atoms.
Controlling Materials Architecture on the Nanometer-Scale: PPV Nanocomposites Via Polymerizable Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

We have developed a general strategy for the construction of ordered nanocomposites with hexagonal symmetry, using polymerizable lyotropic (i.e., amphiphilic) liquid crystals. In this approach, self-organizing lyotropic liquid-crystalline monomers are used to form an ordered template matrix in the presence of a reactive hydrophilic solution. Subsequent photopolymerization to lock-in the matrix architecture, followed by initiation of chemistry within the ordered hydrophilic domains to afford solid-state fillers, yields the anisotropic nanocomposites. Composites have been synthesized that have a regular hexagonal arrangement of extended poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) domains, with a regular interchannel spacing of 4 nm. The photoluminescence of these materials is significantly altered from that of bulk PPV. The dimensions of these nanocomposites can be tuned by varying the size of the hydrophobic tails and/or the nature of the counterion associated with the hydrophilic headgroup of the monomer.
Making a Pronoun: Fake Indexicals as Windows into the Properties of Pronouns

This article argues that natural languages have two binding strategies that create two types of bound variable pronouns. Pronouns of the first type, which include local fake indexicals, reflexives, relative pronouns, and PRO, may be born with a "defective" feature set. They can acquire the features they are missing (if any) from verbal functional heads carrying standard λ-operators that bind them. Pronouns of the second type, which include long-distance fake indexicals, are born fully specified and receive their interpretations via context-shifting λ-operators (Cable 2005). Both binding strategies are freely available and not subject to syntactic constraints. Local anaphora emerges under the assumption that feature transmission and morphophonological spell-out are limited to small windows of operation, possibly the phases of Chomsky 2001. If pronouns can be born underspecified, we need an account of what the possible initial features of a pronoun can be and how it acquires the features it may be missing. The article develops such an account by deriving a space of possible paradigms for referential and bound variable pronouns from the semantics of pronominal features. The result is a theory of pronouns that predicts the typology and individual characteristics of both referential and bound variable pronouns.
Capacity building for evidence-based decision making in local health departments: scaling up an effective training approach

There are few studies describing how to scale up effective capacity-building approaches for public health practitioners. This study tested local-level evidence-based decision making (EBDM) capacity-building efforts in four U.S. states (Michigan, North Carolina, Ohio, and Washington) with a quasi-experimental design. Partners within the four states delivered a previously established Evidence-Based Public Health (EBPH) training curriculum to local health department (LHD) staff. They worked with the research team to modify the curriculum with local data and examples while remaining attentive to course fidelity. Pre- and post-assessments of course participants (n = 82) and an external control group (n = 214) measured importance, availability (i.e., how available a skill is when needed, either within the skillset of the respondent or among others in the agency), and gaps in ten EBDM competencies. Simple and multiple linear regression models assessed the differences between pre- and post-assessment scores. Course participants also assessed the impact of the course on their work. Course participants reported greater increases in the availability, and decreases in the gaps, in EBDM competencies at post-test, relative to the control group. In adjusted models, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in `action planning,’ `evaluation design,’ `communicating research to policymakers,’ `quantifying issues (using descriptive epidemiology),’ and `economic evaluation.’ Nearly 45% of participants indicated that EBDM increased within their agency since the training. Course benefits included becoming better leaders and making scientifically informed decisions. This study demonstrates the potential for improving EBDM capacity among LHD practitioners using a train-the-trainer approach involving diverse partners. This approach allowed for local tailoring of strategies and extended the reach of the EBPH course.
Decline of the Cheat Mountain Salamander over a 32-Year Period and the Potential Influence of Competition from a Sympatric Species

Abstract We evaluated trends in occupancy of the Cheat Mountain Salamander (Plethodon nettingi) over a 32-yr period and examined the potential influence of competition by sympatric salamander species on these changes. We conducted surveys at 36 locations along four transects on an elevational gradient in the Appalachian Mountains geographic province of West Virginia, USA. We used occupancy modeling to examine patterns in species distributions for three focal species: P. nettingi, a federally threatened species, the Eastern Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), and the Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus). The probability of occupancy for P. nettingi was considerably lower in 2011 compared to 1978–79 at medium and high elevations (1,169–1,378 m). Additionally, occupancy of P. nettingi was associated negatively with P. cinereus at the highest elevations. These data suggest that these P. nettingi populations have declined and P. cinereus have possibly expanded their vertical d...
Eicosanoid production and levels of newly characterized eicosanoid‐forming enzymes in glomeruli and tubules of rat kidneys

Summary: We examined the production of prostaglandin (P0) E2, 6-keto PGF1α and thromboxane (Tx) B2, the mass of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes and the activities of phospholipases A2 and C in glomeruli, cortical tubules and medullary tubules of rat kidneys. Medullary tubules produced significantly greater amounts of PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α. and TxB2 than glomeruli or cortical tubules. the most abundant eicosanoid in medullary tubules was 6-keto PGF1α. By contrast, glomeruli and cortical tubules predominantly produced POE2 (glomeruli > cortical tubules). Levels of COX 1 were markedly greater in medullary tubules than in glomeruli or cortical tubules. Glomeruli had significantly greater amounts of COX 1 than cortical tubules. Detectable amounts of COX 2 were not present in the three preparations. the activity of phospholipase (PL) A2 against phosphatidyicholine (PC) was significantly greater in tubules (medullary tubules > cortical tubules) than in glomeruli. By contrast, there was a significant increase in the activity of PLA2 against phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in glomeruli as compared to tubules (medullary tubules > cortical tubules). the activity of PLC was the Weatest in medullary tubules. Glomeruli had significantly greater activity of PLC than cortical tubules. the order of magnitude for the total activity of the three phospholipases in membranes was medullary tubules> glomeruli> cortical tubules. the total production rate of POE2, 6-keto PGF1α and TxB2 was in parallel with the amount of COX 1 and the total activity of membranous phospholipases A2 and C in the three preparations. In conclusion, there are differences in the production of PGE2, 6.-keto PGF1α and TxB2, the ainount of COX 1 and the activities of phospholipases A2 andC among glomeruli, cortical tubules and medullary tubules of rat kidneys; and the different aspects of COX 1 and phospholipases A2 and C have a key role in the control of eicosanoid production in the three preparations.
Enhancement of dynamic range in 1.55-μm VCSELs using injection locking

Injection locking is demonstrated to improve the analog performance of long wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The third-harmonic dynamic range was improved by /spl sim/20 dB/spl middot/Hz/sup 2/3/ to be /spl sim/94 dB/spl middot/Hz/sup 2/3/, and the modulation bandwidth was increased two fold. The locking conditions are studied and show that the improvement is present over a wide range of injection power and wavelength detuning.
SGD: Saccharomyces Genome Database

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) provides Internet access to the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic sequence, its genes and their products, the phenotypes of its mutants, and the literature supporting these data. The amount of information and the number of features provided by SGD have increased greatly following the release of the S.cerevisiae genomic sequence, which is currently the only complete sequence of a eukaryotic genome. SGD aids researchers by providing not only basic information, but also tools such as sequence similarity searching that lead to detailed information about features of the genome and relationships between genes. SGD presents information using a variety of user-friendly, dynamically created graphical displays illustrating physical, genetic and sequence feature maps. SGD can be accessed via the World Wide Web at http://genome-www.stanford.edu/Saccharomyces/
The flow of energy through the earth's climate system

The primary driver of the climate system is the uneven distribution of incoming and outgoing radiation on earth. The incoming radiant energy is transformed into various forms (internal heat, potential energy, latent energy, and kinetic energy), moved around in various ways primarily by the atmosphere and oceans, stored and sequestered in the ocean, land, and ice components of the climate system, and ultimately radiated back to space as infrared radiation. The requirement for an equilibrium climate mandates a balance between the incoming and outgoing radiation, and further mandates that the flows of energy are systematic. These drive the weather systems in the atmosphere, currents in the ocean, and fundamentally determine the climate. Values are provided for the seasonal uptake and release of heat by the oceans that substantially moderate the climate in maritime regions. In the atmosphere, the poleward transports are brought about mainly by large-scale overturning, including the Hadley circulation in low latitudes, and baroclinic storms in the extratropics, but the seamless nature of the transports on about monthly time-scales indicates a fundamental link between the two rather different mechanisms. The flows of energy can be perturbed, causing climate change. This article provides an overview of the flows of energy, its transformations, transports, uptake, storage and release, and the processes involved. The focus is on the region 60°N to 60°S, and results are presented for the solstitial seasons and their differences to highlight the annual cycle. Challenges in better determining the surface heat balance and its changes with time are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
BEN BERNANKE AND THE ZERO BOUND: BEN BERNANKE AND THE ZERO BOUND

From 2000 to 2003, when Ben Bernanke was a professor and then a Fed Governor, he wrote extensively about monetary policy at the zero bound on interest rates. He advocated aggressive stimulus policies, such as a money-financed tax cut and an inflation target of 3-4%. Yet, since U.S. interest rates hit zero in 2008, the Fed under Chairman Bernanke has taken more cautious actions. This paper asks when and why Bernanke changed his mind about zero-bound policy. The answer, at one level, is that he was influenced by analysis from the Fed staff that was presented at the FOMC meeting of June 2003. This answer raises another question: why did the staff's views influence Bernanke so strongly? I seek answers to this question in the social psychology literature on group decision-making.
Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on the Ovary

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found abundantly in the environment, resulting in daily human exposure. This is of concern because many EDCs are known to target the female reproductive system and, more specifically, the ovary. In the female, the ovary is the key organ responsible for reproductive and endocrine functions. Exposure to EDCs is known to cause many reproductive health problems such as infertility, premature ovarian failure, and abnormal sex steroid hormone levels. Some EDCs and their effects on adult ovarian function have been studied extensively over the years, whereas the effects of others remain unclear. This review covers what is currently known about the effects of selected EDCs (bisphenol A, methoxychlor, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, phthalates, and genistein) on the adult ovary and the mechanisms by which they act upon the ovary, focusing primarily on their effects on folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Furthermore, this review discusses future directions needed to better understand the effects of EDCs, including the need to examine the effects of multiple and more consistent doses and to study different mechanisms of action.
Angiotensin-(1–7)/mas inhibits apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells through upregulation of MAP kinase phosphatase-2

Earlier work from this laboratory showed that autocrine generation of angiotensin II and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation (p-JNK) are both required events in alveolar epithelial cell (AEC)...
Jefferson and Executive Power: Revisionism and the “Revolution of 1800”

Thomas Jefferson's varied and divergent statements concerning the nature and extent of execulivepower seem to defy interpretation. Evidence can be gathered to support the proposition that Jefferson was a determined foe of Hamilton's conception of the chief executive or that he was an active partisan of that view. The argument of this article is that as opportunities arose, Jefferson set out to revise the public understanding of the formal powers of the president and, in so doing, moved away from his earlier position on the extent of those powers. Jefferson's purpose was to check what he perceived to be the dangerous "monarchic" designs of the Federalists and, in turn, reinvigorate the republican spirit of the regime. At the same time, Jefferson did not discard his appreciation for the necessity of resorting at times to an enlarged executive authority. How Jefferson set about to balance these elements in his revised conception of the presidency raises in a direct fashion key questions about the role of executive power in a popular government dedicated to the rule of law.
Transient Tri-axial Induction Measurements: Apparent Dip and Apparent Anisotropy

Summary The transient tri-axial induction log can read formation resistivity deep with a short transmitterreceiver offset. Interpretation of the transient data is straightforward and the formation can be imaged using the time-sequential voltage responses at a receiver or the time-dependent apparent conductivity and/or apparent dip. The dip and anisotropy of an anisotropic formation are algebraically derived from the transient tri-axial induction data in a homogeneous anisotropic formation. The time-dependent apparent dip and apparent anisotropy are algebraically defined from the transient tri-axial induction measurements in layered formations. The apparent dip yields the true dip in an anisotropic formation as well as in layered formations, though it yields the zero dip in an isotropic formation. The apparent anisotropy yields the true anisotropy of the layer around the induction tool at early time and the macroscopic anisotropy within a larger volume of investigation at later time. The distance to the layer interface is identified by the transition time where the apparent dip and the apparent anisotropy change the values.
Placing a Value on Human-Resources: A Markov Approach

Abstract A method of placing a monetary value on the human resources of an organization is explained. The purpose is to improve the quality of managerial decisions that concern people. Markov approaches, both stationary and time-varying, are used in combination with life analysis, a technique useful in industrial property valuation. This application illustrates a use of the modern theory of Markov chains utilizing stopping times.
Molecular Dynamics of Drug Crystal Dissolution: Simulation of Acetaminophen Form I in Water

In order to gain molecular level understanding of drug dissolution into aqueous media, we report the first molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a drug crystal dissolving. The simulation was performed for acetaminophen crystal Form I dissolving in 0.15 M aqueous NaCl solution at 37 °C. The 10 ns simulation revealed interesting details of the dissolution process. Dissolution of the molecules from the crystal surface is far from a random process. On the contrary, the order in which molecules enter the solution depends on their initial positions in or on the crystal. Molecules located on the corners and edges dissolved first followed by those located on {100}, {010}, and {001) surfaces with slight variation. This corner and edge effect that has been observed in our real dissolution experiment conducted under polarized light microscope was successfully predicted at molecular scale by the MD simulation. Further analyses identified the underlying mechanism: the differences in the molecular interaction energetics between the drug and water molecules. The molecules located on corners and edges of the parallelepiped crystal are not as tightly bound to their surrounding neighbors as those located in other positions, but they are more strongly interacting with the surrounding water molecules. The extent of molecular release is strongly correlated with the interplay between interaction forces with solvent molecules and with other drug molecules in the crystal lattice. These findings, especially the significant "corner and edge effect", will help us gain additional fundamental understanding in the relationship between dissolution rate and particle size and morphology and, thus, are very relevant in the context of particle size reduction in delivering poorly water-soluble compounds. This study has also demonstrated that MD simulation is a powerful tool in studying dissolution phenomena.
Fracture abundance and strain in folded Cardium Formation, Red Deer River anticline, Alberta Foothills, Canada

Abstract The folded and thrusted Mesozoic clastic sequence of the Canadian Rocky Mountain foothills forms important hydrocarbon reservoirs; however, the generation of fractures and their timing relative to folding and thrusting have remained unclear. Understanding the distribution and evolution of natural fractures, especially their timing of formation relative to the evolution of the fold-and-thrust system, could potentially improve exploration and development outcomes in these otherwise tight, low-permeability reservoirs. We investigated the relation between folding and fracture formation in the Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation by combining field structural observations and kinematic modeling of the fold-and-thrust belt evolution. We evaluated the effects of structural position and strain on the formation of predominantly opening-mode fractures by analyzing fracture intensity and aperture in the backlimb, the shallow forelimb close to the crest, and the steep forelimb, away from the crest of a reservoir-scale anticline, the Red Deer River anticline. Fracture strain determined from both outcrop and microscanlines varies little across the three structural domains of the fold, although somewhat lower fracture strain was measured in the forelimb close to the crest. These fracture strain measurements are qualitatively consistent with calculated horizontal strain in the tectonic-transport direction obtained from kinematic numerical models that simulate fold development associated with slip along the underlying Burnt Timber thrust. The kinematic models predict similar magnitudes of horizontal extension in both the back and forelimbs, and somewhat lower extension in the upper forelimb during early development of the Red Deer River anticline. Predicted early fracture formation during fold development is consistent with field structural observations of shear reactivation during later stages of folding. This combined kinematic modeling and field structural study demonstrates that deforming fold-and-thrust belts can undergo a complex evolution of bed-parallel extension in both space and time, resulting in spatially variable fracture formation in structurally complex subsurface reservoirs.
Effect of freezing on the relative escape force of sperm as measured by a laser optical trap

Objective To determine the possible effect of freezing on sperm escape force as measured by laser trap. Design Controlled clinical study. Setting Normal volunteers, academic setting. Patients Normal, healthy volunteers. Intervention Sperm selection, freezing and thawing. Measurement of relative (sperm) escape force before and after freezing. Main Outcome Measure Comparison of escape force as a measurement of freezing effects. Results Wide individual variations noted, with some individuals showing significant increases or decreases. The relative escape force in fresh (76.1 ± 31.1 mW) and in frozen-thawed samples (75.6 ± 40.0 mW) were similar. Conclusion Freezing does not affect the relative escape force of normal sperm. Any possible detrimental effect of freezing on sperm may be related to other sperm functions.
The fabrication of carbon nanotube electronic circuits with dielectrophoresis

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are used widely in fabricating nanoelectronic devices because of their unique electrical properties. In this paper, we report the fabrication of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs)-based inverter and ring oscillator electronic circuits using the dielectrophoresis (DEP) method. The electrical property of fabricated CNTFET-based devices was measured. The CNTFET-based inverter shown electrical transfer characteristics, while the CNTFET-based ring oscillator demonstrated oscillation characteristics, denoting that the CNTFET-based circuits can function well for the application of electronic circuits. The DEP-based fabrication method is scalable, and could be used for the wafer-scale fabrication of carbon nanotube electronic circuits. Display Omitted Single-walled carbon nanotube mesh networks can be aligned and deposited with dielectrophoresis.Electronic circuits can be fabricated using the p-type carbon nanotube field-effect transistors.The dielectrophoresis method could be used for the wafer-scale fabrication of carbon nanotube-based nanoelectronics.
The clinical relevance of sex selection techniques.

Clinical and laboratory attempts to alter the sex ratio require more complete and thorough study. Improved identification of Y-bearing sperm through chromosome evaluation rather than by F-body identification is critical to provide a more precise definition. The tentative conclusions stated below are based on an assessment of literature from which it is generally difficult to draw conclusions: 1. The timing of intercourse in relation to ovulation and subsequent fertilization appears to influence the sex ratio. More females are conceived when coitus occurs relatively close to ovulation, and more males are conceived when the sperm or egg is in the reproductive tract for a relatively longer time before conception. The influence of coital timing on the sex ratio is overall quite subtle and is not a practical method to alter the sex ratio for individual couples. 2. The use of ovulation-inducing medications slightly favors female offspring. A decrease in sex ratio of 5% to 10% has been shown in multiple studies. 3. Artificial insemination with fresh donor or homologous spermatozoa results in more male births with a reported 7% to 10% increase in the sex ratio. It appears that ovulation induction combined with artificial insemination cancels the respective influences of each on the sex ratio. 4. Sperm separation techniques using albumin (for selection of Y-bearing sperm) or Sephadex column filtration (for selection of X-bearing sperm) are the only techniques that have been reported to alter the sex ratio to a degree that is clinically relevant. Although clinical birth data are just beginning to accumulate, these methods appear to have a 70% to 80% success for selection of assumed Y-bearing sperm and a 75% to 80% success for selection of assumed X-bearing sperm. The validity of these results will remain questionable until fully detailed accounts are published and successfully repeated. Free-flow electrophoresis appears to achieve significant separation; however, the depressed postprocedure spermatozoa motility presently limits the usefulness of this procedure. 5. There is a potential to combine clinical and laboratory methods to maximize the efficiency of sex selection for interested couples. Modern methods to identify ovulation (e.g., urinary LH kits, ultrasonography) may help the timing of coitus for sex selection. Clomiphene citrate may enhance female sex preselection when Sephadex column filtration is also employed. 6. The priority of sex preselection in terms of medical, social, and demographic consideration remains to be determined. The avoidance of sex-linked genetic disorders is a reasonable and desirable goal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Disability and the meaning of reproductive liberty

ABSTRACTThis article brings together three literatures: political theories of liberty, feminist theories on reproductive rights, and the disability studies literature on ableism. I engage with these debates to consider the meaning of a core political concept – liberty – by examining women with disabilities’ reproductive experiences and interests. In light of the dynamics of gender inequality and ableism, I seek to problematize the notion that reproductive freedom is synonymous with the negative right to privacy. Although governmental noninterference has allowed many women to gain control of their bodies and reproductive fates, the narrow focus on privacy – and the attendant issues of contraception and abortion – overlooks important dimensions of reproduction that are more likely to affect women with disabilities, including the structural factors that discourage disabled women from having children at all. The article concludes that feminist theorists should embrace a conception of positive liberty committe...
A Meta-analytic Comparison of Face-to-Face and Online Delivery in Ethics Instruction: The Case for a Hybrid Approach

Despite the growing body of literature on training in the responsible conduct of research, few studies have examined the effectiveness of delivery formats used in ethics courses (i.e., face-to-face, online, hybrid). The present effort sought to address this gap in the literature through a meta-analytic review of 66 empirical studies, representing 106 ethics courses and 10,069 participants. The frequency and effectiveness of 67 instructional and process-based content areas were also assessed for each delivery format. Process-based contents were best delivered face-to-face, whereas contents delivered online were most effective when restricted to compliance-based instructional contents. Overall, hybrid courses were found to be most effective, suggesting that ethics courses are best delivered using a blend of formats and content areas. Implications and recommendations for future development of ethics education courses in the sciences are discussed.
Dealing with Urbanization in South Asia: Learning from Urban Spatial Configurations within Small TWCs

There is a considered view that dealing with urbanization and its adverse impacts in South Asia has been ineffectual due to too great a reliance upon exogenous theory developed for different socio-economic circumstances. This paper expands on one of the theories that underpins the desired new theoretical base relating to some phenomena in their observable presence in many Third World Countries (TWCs). The spatial distortion that this phenomena represents in the city systems of these countries, particularly 'urban primacy', is directly attributable to the prolonged imposition of colonial economies on these countries. The obvious question that arises concerns the relevance of these deformed city systems to the post-colonial economies and social objectives pursued in these countries, especially if they are differently oriented from those of the colonial era. The study is based upon urban statistics gathered from eight TWCs selected from three continents.