cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Processing and Impact of Dissolved Riverine Nitrogen in the Arctic Ocean

Although the Arctic Ocean is the most riverine- influenced of all of the world's oceans, the importance of terrigenous nutrients in this environment is poorly under- stood. This study couples estimates of circumpolar riverine nutrient fluxes from the PARTNERS (Pan-Arctic River Transport of Nutrients, Organic Matter, and Suspended Sediments) Project with a regionally configured version of the MIT general circulation model to develop estimates of the distribution and availability of dissolved riverine N in the Arctic Ocean, assess its importance for primary production, and compare these estimates to potential bacterial production fueled by riverine C. Because riverine dissolved organic nitrogen is remineralized slowly, riverine N is available for uptake well into the open ocean. Despite this, we estimate that even when recycling is considered, riverine N may support 0.5-1.5 Tmol C year −1 of primary production, a small proportion of total Arctic Ocean photosynthesis. Rapid uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen coupled with rela- tively high rates of dissolved organic nitrogen regeneration in N-limited nearshore regions, however, leads to potential localized rates of riverine-supported photosynthesis that represent a substantial proportion of nearshore production.
Panic disorder and agoraphobia: a sufferer's perspective.

Abstract This is a story by a woman about her life with panic, agoraphobia, and depression. She tells us about the clinical features, the heritable components, the environmental contributions, the developmental penalties, the social consequences, and the therapies for these conditions far more vividly than even the most dramatic of our systematic studies. But this is more than a clinical vignette. It is a human story of courage to proceed undaunted in the face of terror and despair to ultimately prevail over the most formidable internal obstacles. Nowadays I rarely see Mrs. Edwards. She is too busy living. I know she is productively and gratifyingly employed and engaged with her family. Usually I learn of her adventures here and abroad through letters written in the same captivating style as the autobiography below. I have witnessed Mrs. Edwards reading her story to others with similar problems, to medical students, and to psychiatric residents. The impact invariably was stunning. Making her acquaintance even in the dry print medium is an unforgettable learning experience. E.H. Uhlenhuth
The mechanics of gas fluidized beds with an interval of stable fluidization

When small, light solid particles are fluidized by gases it is well known that stable expansion occurs over a finite interval of gas flow beyond the point of minimum fluidization. The existence of such an interval can be predicted from linear stability theory provided the momentum equation for the particles contains a sufficiently large term representing an effective pressure that increases with the concentration of the particles. There is at present some controversy regarding the physical origin of such a term. Some workers attribute it to forces exerted between particles at points of solid–solid contact, while others invoke hydrodynamic mechanisms related to the interaction between the particles and the fluid. In this paper the processes of fluidization and defluidization for fine particles are followed very carefully round complete cycles, starting from zero gas flow and extending to a value at which bubbles appear, then back to zero. The depth of the bed and the pressure drop in the gas traversing it are recorded at each stage, and vertical profiles of the volume fraction of particulate material are determined with a high-resolution gamma-ray densitometer. Similar information is also obtained for sub-cycles extending over more restricted intervals of the gas flow rate. The particles studied are cracking catalyst, with mean diameter 75 μm, and Ottawa sand with mean diameter 154 μm. The results lead to the conclusion that the particle assemblies exhibit yield stresses throughout the range of stable behaviour, and thus are not truly fluidized beds, in the accepted sense. The phenomena observed are such that it is most unlikely that their origin is hydrodynamic. For the particular systems studied we therefore conclude that contact forces are responsible for stabilization.
Drugs and Bugs

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart disease and is one of the oldest medicines in the cardiologist’s arsenal. Derived from the foxglove plant, digoxin has been used since the 18th century for the treatment of “dropsy,” or systolic heart failure, as contemporary cardiologists
Major impacts on the primary metabolism of the plant pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica by the virulence-attenuating virus CHV1-EP713.

Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, can be infected by virulence-attenuating mycoviruses of the family Hypoviridae. Previous studies have led to the hypothesis that the hypovirus-infected phenotype is partly due to metabolic changes induced by the viral infection. To investigate this, we measured the metabolic rate and respiration of C. parasitica colonies grown on solid medium. These experiments supported historical observations of other fungal species done in liquid cultures that the metabolic rate steadily declines with age and differentiation of the mycelium. Hypovirus infection increased metabolic rate in the youngest mycelium, but a subsequent decline was also observed as the mycelium aged. By measuring both CO2 production and O2 consumption, we also observed that changes occur in carbohydrate metabolism as a result of ageing in both infected and uninfected mycelium. Mycelium on the periphery of the colony exploited fermentation pathways extensively, before transitioning to aerobic carbohydrate metabolism and finally lipid metabolism in the interior regions, despite abundant remaining glucose. However, the hypovirus affected the extent of these changes, with infected mycelium apparently unable to utilize lipid-related metabolic pathways, leading to an increased depletion of glucose. Finally, we used metabolic profiﬁling to determine the changes in accumulation of primary metabolites in wild-type and hypovirus-infected mycelium and found that approximately one-third of the 164 detected metabolites were affected. These results are consistent with those expected from the physiological measurements, with significant alterations noted for compounds related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, we observed an increase in the accumulation of the polyamine spermidine in the presence of hypovirus. Polyamines have been implicated in antiviral responses of mammalian systems; therefore this may suggest a novel antiviral response mechanism in fungi.
Telomerase and apoptosis in the placental trophoblasts of growth discordant twins.

In an effort to investigate the molecular basis of growth discordance in embryos that experience the same uterine environment, we compared telomerase activity and apoptosis in placental trophoblasts obtained from growth discordant twins. Between January 2003 and February 2005, placental tissue from twenty pairs of twins was obtained within thirty minutes of delivery. Eleven cases were classified as growth discordant, with birth weight discordance greater than 20%. Nine cases comprised the control group, with less than 20% discordance. Telomerase and apoptotic activities in placental trophoblasts were analyzed by ELISA and immunoblot. Statistical significance was analyzed by a paired t-test, chisquared test, and ANOVA (SPSS ver 11.0). The average growth discordance was 26.8% in the growth discordant group and 14.4% in the control group. There were no significant differences in maternal age, week of gestation at delivery, parity, or chorionisity between the two groups. In the growth discordant group, the larger twin showed significantly higher telomerase activity (p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in the control group (p = 0.36). In addition, there was no definitive correlation between telomerase activity and the degree of growth discordance in the larger or smaller twins (R = -0.521 and -0.399, p = 0.15 and 0.25, respectively). The apoptosis proteins Bax and Bcl 2 were detected in both the larger and smaller twins in the growth discordant and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference in Bax expression between the larger and smaller twins (p = 0.25 and 0.92, respectively) for either the growth discordant or the control groups. Bcl 2 expression also showed no significant difference between groups. In conclusion, a tendency toward reduced telomerase activity and increased apoptosis was discovered in placental trophoblasts of the smaller growth-discordant twin, possibility resulting in delayed fetal growth.
Embracing Complexity: A Consideration of Hypertension in the Very Old

The consequences of hypertension and its treatment differ in very old men and women compared to younger populations. In populations aged 85 years and older, higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures are associated with increased survival, and this relationship is not eliminated by controlling for comorbidity, blood pressure treatment, and other relevant factors. In addition, in 3 of the 4 published randomized controlled trials of treatment of hypertension that included subjects aged 80 years or older, the investigators reported loss of efficacy of treatment in preventing the primary end points in subjects aged 80 and older. In a meta-analysis of those trials, total mortality was actually 14% higher ( p 5 .05) in the treatment group for subjects aged 80 years and older. These data suggest 2 conclusions. First, we should reexamine that dictum that nontreatment of hypertension in those aged 80 years and older is de facto evidence of ‘‘ageism.’’ Second, we are unlikely to come to any set of coherent ‘‘rules’’ regarding treatment of hypertension (and several other conditions) in the very old until we routinely stratify all older subjects enrolled in interventional or observational trials by indicators of physiologic vigor.
Cutting Edge: Th17 and Regulatory T Cell Dynamics and the Regulation by IL-2 in the Tumor Microenvironment

Th17 cells play an active role in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. However, the nature and regulation of Th17 in the context of tumor immunity remain unknown. In this study, we show that parallel to regulatory T (Treg) cells, IL-17(+) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are kinetically induced in multiple tumor microenvironments in mice and humans. Treg cells play a crucial role in tumor immune pathogenesis and temper immune therapeutic efficacy. IL-2 is crucial for the production and function of Treg cells. We now show that IL-2 reduces IL-17(+) T cell differentiation in the tumor microenvironment accompanied with an enhanced Treg cell compartment in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our work demonstrates a dynamic differentiation of IL-17(+) T cells in the tumor microenvironment, reveals a novel role for IL-2 in controlling the balance between IL-17(+) and Treg cells, and provides new insight of IL-17(+) T cells in tumor immune pathology and therapy.
Role of the cytoskeleton in muscle transcriptional responses to altered use

In this work, the interaction between the loss of a primary component of the skeletal muscle cytoskeleton, desmin, and two common physiological stressors, acute mechanical injury and aging, were in...
Physical layer impairments in DVB-S2 receivers

Digital video broadcasting via satellite is being widely deployed worldwide. The first generation European standard (DVB-S) is a QPSK based system that supports up to 40 Msymb/s transmission rates. The second generation DVB-S2 specification recently finalized incorporates higher order modulations from 8PSK to 32 APSK. Physical layer impairments on the transmit-receive link include those introduced by the channel, such as reflections and interference, as well as those induced by various components in the system, such as tuner I/Q imbalance or amplifier non-linearity. These impairments degrade the received SNR and may in some cases affect the convergence behavior of various loops in the receiver. The paper provides a qualitative and quantitative description of the system and channel impairments and their effects on the received cluster SNR.
Size matters: How age and reaching experiences shape infants’ preferences for different sized objects

Abstract Looking and reaching preferences for different-sized objects were examined in 4–5- and 5–6-month-old infants. Infants were presented with pairs of different sized cylinders and preferences were analyzed by age and reaching status. Outcome variables included looking and touching time for each object, first look, and first touch. Significant three-way interactions with age and reaching status were found for both infants’ looking and touching duration. Four–5- and 5–6-month-olds with less reaching experience spent more time visually and manually exploring larger objects. In contrast, 5–6-month-olds with more reaching experience spent more time looking at and touching smaller objects, despite a first look and first touch preference for the largest object. Initially, looking and reaching preferences seem to be driven by mechanisms responding to general visual salience independent of an object's potential for manual action. Once reaching skills emerge, infants begin to use visual information to selectively choose smaller, more graspable objects as exploration targets.
Interrelationships of petiolar air canal architecture, water depth, and convective air flow in Nymphaea odorata (Nymphaeaceae)

 Premise of the study: Nymphaea odorata grows in water up to 2 m deep, producing fewer larger leaves in deeper water. This species has a convective fl ow system that moves gases from younger leaves through submerged parts to older leaves, aerating submerged parts. Petiolar air canals are the convective fl ow pathways. This study describes the structure of these canals, how this structure varies with water depth, and models how convective fl ow varies with depth.  Methods: Nymphaea odorata plants were grown at water depths from 30 to 90 cm. Lamina area, petiolar cross-sectional area, and number and area of air canals were measured. Field-collected leaves and leaves from juvenile plants were analyzed similarly. Using these data and data from the literature, we modeled how convective fl ow changes with water depth.  Key results: Petioles of N. odorata produce two central pairs of air canals; additional pairs are added peripherally, and succeeding pairs are smaller. The fi rst three pairs account for 96% of air canal area. Air canals form 24% of petiolar cross-sectional area. Petiolar and air canal cross-sectional areas increase with water depth. Petiolar area scales with lamina area, but the slope of this relationship is lower in 90 cm water than at shallower depths. In our model, the rate of convective fl ow varied with depth and with the balance of infl ux to effl ux leaves.  Conclusions: Air canals in N. odorata petioles increase in size and number in deeper water but at a decreasing amount in relation to lamina area. Convective fl ow also depends on the number of infl ux to effl ux laminae.
The immune system and neuropsychiatric diseases.

The immune system has a complex and dynamic relationship with the nervous system, both in health and disease. The immune system surveys the central and peripheral nervous systems, becoming activated in response to foreign substances, infectious particles or neoplasms. Conversely, the nervous system modulates immune system function both through the neuroendocrine axis and through vagus nerve efferents. In disease states, this dynamic relationship is perturbed, resulting in neuropsychiatric diseases. In this manuscript, we will summarize fundamental principles of the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system. We will describe the critical components of the adaptive and innate branches of the immune system and will describe important effectors and signalling pathways in each. By understanding the principles of the immune system and how these principles relate to nervous system function, the reader will be prepared to interpret subsequent manscripts in this issue.
Blood brain barrier permeability and acute inflammation in two models of traumatic brain injury in the immature rat: a preliminary report.

We sought to investigate the course and magnitude of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability following focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) in immature rats and examine the time course of markers of acute inflammation (neutrophil accumulation and E-selectin [E-sel] expression) following these two types of injury. We measured BBB permeability using IV injection Evans Blue (EB) and the extent of inflammation using immunohistochemical techniques identifiying neutrophils (monoclonal antibody RP-3) and the endothelial adhesion molecule, E- selectin. Male Sprague-Dawley immature (17 day-old) rats (30–45 g, n = 80) were subjected to a controlled cortical impact (CCI: 2mm, 4 m/s), a closed head diffuse injury (DI: 150g/2m) or a corresponding sham procedure (with or without craniotomy). EB was injected IV at 30 min before sacrifice, which occurred at 1h, 4h, or 24h after injury. BBB permeability was observed in both the CCI and DI rats at 1h after injury which largely resolved by 24h. In the CCI, EB extravasation was seen within and around the contusion. In DI. diffuse BBB permeability was seen. DI was not associated with acute inflammation since there was neither neutrophil accumulation nor E-selectin expression. The CCI rats though had 5.1 ± 2.2 neutrophils/hpf and 3.0 ± 0.4 endothelial cells/hpf expressing E- selectin (mean ± SEM) (both p < 0.05 vs sham and DI). These data suggest that BBB breakdown occurs in the immature rat after both focal and diffuse TBI. This early BBB permeability was not associated with acute inflammation in DI but was in CCI. These data also suggest that contusion is a key factor in the development of a tradtional acute inflammatory response after TBI in the immature rat.
World History and Its Politics

World history as we have it now is the pertinent form of knowledge for our times, taking its place besides other dubious labels such as multiculturalism, globalisation, multilateralism, and the new world order. This paper points out that it is in various ways one of the 21st century's pre-eminent forms of colonising knowledge - and all the more insidious in that it appears to be as benign and ecumenical an enterprise as one can imagine. An integrated history of one world sounds appealing, but we need to have a conception of many worlds, not just one world from the viewpoint of western exceptionalism.
High air flow, low pressure drop, bio-aerosol collector using a multi-slit virtual impactor

Abstract A bio-aerosol collector was developed comprising a low pressure drop, multi-slit virtual impactor, a wetted wall cyclone collector from Research International (RI), and associated plumbing and blowers. The collector is portable, samples air at 1220 L/min, provides 3–8 mL liquid sample, and has 70 W power consumption. The RI collector was selected for this unit following an evaluation of leading commercial aerosol collectors. The compact, multi-slit virtual impactor has an area of 334 cm 2 and a pressure drop of 0.2 kPa at an inlet flow of 1220 L/min. The virtual impactor reported here concentrates the aerosols by a factor of four when the major to minor flow is adjusted to 4:1 ratio, but it has been field operated at a ratio of 8:1 when sampling at 2300 L/min. A preliminary evaluation of the RI-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory collector was conducted to verify the unit has low pressure drop and can collect aerosols greater than 2 μ m . A more detailed evaluation is needed to fully characterize the collector. This bio-aerosol collector has been incorporated in autonomous pathogen detection systems.
Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect

In all 50 states, physicians and dentists are required to report suspected cases of abuse and neglect to social service or law enforcement agencies. The purpose of this report is to review the oral and dental aspects of physical and sexual abuse and dental neglect and the role of physicians and dentists in evaluating such conditions. This report addresses the evaluation of bite marks as well as perioral and intraoral injuries, infections, and diseases that may cause suspicion for child abuse or neglect. Physicians receive minimal training in oral health and dental injury and disease and, thus, may not detect dental aspects of abuse or neglect as readily as they do child abuse and neglect involving other areas of the body. Therefore, physicians and dentists are encouraged to collaborate to increase the prevention, detection, and treatment of these conditions.
ER: efficient retransmission scheme for wireless LANs

Wireless LANs (WLANs) have been deployed at a remarkable rate at university campuses, office buildings, airports, hotels, and malls. Providing efficient and reliable wireless communications is challenging due to inherent lossy wireless medium and imperfect packet scheduling that results in packet collisions. In this paper, we develop an efficient retransmission scheme (ER) for wirless LANs. Instead of retransmitting the lost packets in their original forms, ER codes packets lost at different destinations and uses a single retransmission to potentially recover multiple packet losses. We develop a simple and practical protocol to realize the idea and implement it in both simulation and testbed, and our results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
The frequent expression of cancer/testis antigens provides opportunities for immunotherapeutic targeting of sarcoma

Sarcomas are rare but aggressive malignant tumors associated with high mortality, for which the efficacy of standard therapies remains limited. In order to develop immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of sarcoma, we studied the relevance of cancer/testis antigens (CTAs), a group of antigens whose expression is developmentally regulated and that is specifically found in some tumor types, as sarcoma vaccine targets. CTA expression was assessed by PCR and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) in sarcoma tumor samples that included different histological subtypes and sarcoma cell lines. Expression of HLA class I was assessed by IHC in tumor samples and by FACS analysis in cell lines. More than 70% of the tumor samples expressed at least one CTA. The majority of tumors and cell lines expressed normal levels of HLA class I. HLA class I expression in cell lines was enhanced upon treatment with IFN-gamma. CTA expression was enhanced or induced by treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, resulting in recognition by specific CTLs. Interestingly, a spontaneous humoral and CD8+ T cellular response to the CTA NY-ESO-1 was detected in a synovial sarcoma patient. Together, these findings strongly support the implementation of CTA-based immunotherapy of sarcoma as a means to improve the efficacy of the standard therapy.
Staining of Mucus with Buffered Solutions of Toluidine Blue O, Thionin and New Methylene Blue N

The addition of buffer mixtures to toluidine blue O, thionin and new methylene blue N improves their use in the staining of mucus after formaldehyde fixation. Overstaining is minimi The buffer mixtures used consisted of variable proportions of M/10 citric acid and M/5 anhydrous Na2HPO4 in 25% methanol. Connective tissue mucus stained satisfactorily with these dyes at a buffer pH range of 3.4 and 3.95 and epithelial mucus at a range of 2.2 to 3.95. The corresponding ratios of M/10 citric acid: M/5 Na2HPO4 are 16:4 to 14:6 and 20 A to 14:6 respectively.
Fundamental thoughts on four basic economic goals

(1997). Fundamental thoughts on four basic economic goals. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
Polarization-dependent loss in long-period fiber gratings: modal birefringence

Modal birefringence significantly influences the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). A new method has been developed for measuring PDL in LPFGs based on resonant wavelength separation. Measurement results for two different types of LPFGs, ultraviolet-induced and carbon dioxide-laser-induced, are given.
Death, Where Is Thy Sting? The Senate as a Ponce (de Leon) Scheme

M altzman, Sigelman and Binder (1996), in what we regard as monumental work, have reinvigorated the study of death in office. But their data analysis is incomplete. First, they fail to project realistically the trends in actual and expected congressional deaths illustrated in Figure 1 of their paper. Second, like many congressional scholars, they do not pay sufficient attention to the Senate. We provide new evidence that the U.S. Senate may offer the solution to mankind's oldest quest, the fountain of youth (Gilgamesh n.d.; de Leon 1460-1521).2 Table 1 presents data on the proportion of U.S. Senators who died in office, by decade, from 1910 to 1990 (CQ 1995). We plotted the senatorial mortality rate data reported in Table 1 versus year (for data grouped by decade) as shown in Figure 1. The r2 for the regression of mortality rates on time is an astonishingly large .87.3 Rarely have we seen such a clear time trend. Senators are
Linear Classifiers for Nonseparable Classes

In this chapter we describe several training procedures based on the gradient and stochastic approximation techniques of the preceding chapter. Although our discussion in this chapter is restricted to two-class cases, the techniques may be extended to multiple-class cases by using the concepts of Section 2.6. The training procedures of this chapter apply to pairs of classes that are linearly nonseparable, i.e., that are not linearly separable, as well as those that are linearly separable. Linearly nonseparable classes include pairs of classes that are separable but not by a hyperplane, as well as pairs of classes that overlap.
Assessing the Validity of the Law of Crime Concentration Across Different Temporal Scales

The present study examined if Weisburd’s (Criminology 53(2):133–157, 2015) law of crime concentration held across different theoretically relevant temporal scales. The cumulative percentages of Philadelphia, PA USA street blocks and intersections experiencing 25 and 50 % of street robberies by hour of the day, days of the week, and seasons of the year were compared to the bandwidth percentages established by Weisburd (2015). Different analyses were used to determine the stability of the micro-places’ street robbery levels within the three temporal scales. We found that the cumulative percentages of street blocks and intersections experiencing 25 and 50 % of street robberies at each of the three temporal scales closely matched the bandwidth percentages expected from Weisburd (2015) and some micro-places experienced street robberies across all temporal periods while others had more isolated temporal concentrations. Weisburd’s (2015) law of crime concentration holds across different theoretically relevant temporal scales, and future criminology of place studies should not ignore temporal crime patterns. Further, it may be possible to refine hot spots policing approaches by incorporating spatial–temporal crime concentrations.
Data augmentation in CNN-based periocular authentication

In this research, we apply a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to periocular authentication on two datasets. To increase accuracy, we try a variety of data augmentation techniques and compare their relative benefits. We find that, with augmentation appropriate to the dataset, CNN accuracy may be comparable to or significantly higher than traditional methods like Local Binary Pattern Histograms (LBPH) and Eigenface.
Effectiveness of Analogs of the GS-Nitroxide, JP4-039, as Total Body Irradiation Mitigators

Background/aim Mitochondrial-targeted gramicidin S (GS)-nitroxide, JP4-039, has been demonstrated to be a potent radiation mitigator, and safe over a wide dose range. In addition, JP4-039 has organ-specific effectiveness when locally applied. Materials and methods We tested the effect of another GS-nitroxide, XJB-5-131, which has more effective mitochondrial localization, and compared these results to those for radiation mitigation against the hematopoietic syndrome, and two analogs of JP4-039, which have the same mitochondrial localization signal, but different chemical payloads: JRS527.084 contains a second nitroxide per molecule, and TK649.030 contains an ester group attached to the nitroxide. Results The results demonstrate the superiority of JP4-039 as a systemic radiation mitigator. Conclusion Structure-activity relationships and bioassays demonstrate that JP4-039 is an optimized small-molecule radiation mitigator.
Application and Evaluation of 3D Printed Materials with PALS

In this study, the use of a 3D printer for sample holder fabrication and polymer sample preparation for positron analysis was explored. Custom printed 3D holders may be rapidly made and modified for a variety of thin-film, crystalline, or other diversely-shaped samples. For positron studies a 3D printer allows for the preparation of standard and unique polymer samples. In an initial study, a mesoporous-patterned ABS sample was attempted, without success. Various polymers (ABS, PLA, and PETG) and the same polymers with varied additives (carbon fiber or carbon nanotubes) were studied before and after printing. The different polymers and those with additives are distinguishable via PALS. Samples show a consistently lower I3 value after printing, suggesting a decrease in defect quantity for the printed polymer versus the as-received polymer filament.
Ocean and Geothermal Energy Systems

This paper presents techno–economic summaries of ocean wave, tidal and current, ocean thermal, and geothermal energy, including grid interface characteristics. These forms of energy represent a significant opportunity to complement diversified energy conversion portfolios. Ocean wave energy conversion relies on the capture of kinetic and potential energy in moving and elevated water in an ocean wave. Tidal and current technology converts the kinetic energy in moving water, much like a wind turbine. Ocean thermal converts the energy available in the temperature gradient of warm surface water and cold deep water. Last, geothermal conversion utilizes the hot rock and water deep within the Earth. The total global average wave resource is estimated at approximately 2000 GW, with approximately 300 GW in the United States. The total global tidal resource is estimated at approximately 1000 GW, with 50 GW in the United States. The marine current resource estimate for the Florida Current in the southeast United States is estimated at 5 GW. Ocean thermal has a global capacity estimate of 5000 GW. Last, the global conventional hydrothermal geothermal capacity estimate is approximately 200 GW, but with much more possible through enhanced geothermal systems. For cost, it was found that the long-term projected wave energy conversion cost is $0.10–0.15/kWh. The long-term projected tidal cost is found to be $0.025–0.25/kWh. Ocean thermal long-term cost is projected at $0.10–0.18/kWh. And last, geothermal, being more closely aligned with traditional thermal generation, is estimated at $0.03/kWh to $0.15/kWh.
End-to-end molecular communication channels in cell metabolism: an information theoretic study

The opportunity to control and fine-tune the behavior of biological cells is a fascinating possibility for many diverse disciplines, ranging from medicine and ecology, to chemical industry and space exploration. While synthetic biology is providing novel tools to reprogram cell behavior from their genetic code, many challenges need to be solved before it can become a true engineering discipline, such as reliability, safety assurance, reproducibility and stability. This paper aims to understand the limits in the controllability of the behavior of a natural (non-engineered) biological cell. In particular, the focus is on cell metabolism, and its natural regulation mechanisms, and their ability to react and change according to the chemical characteristics of the external environment. To understand the aforementioned limits of this ability, molecular communication is used to abstract biological cells into a series of channels that propagate information on the chemical composition of the extracellular environment to the cell's behavior in terms of uptake and consumption of chemical compounds, and growth rate. This provides an information-theoretic framework to analyze the upper bound limit to the capacity of these channels to propagate information, which is based on a well-known and computationally efficient metabolic simulation technique. A numerical study is performed on two human gut microbes, where the upper bound is estimated for different environmental compounds, showing there is a potential for future practical applications.
Finding a new purpose for old drugs.

The history of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapeutics might be said to typify much of the history of clinical medicine in general. On page 891 of this issue, Mittal et al. ( 1 ), true to that tradition, provide an intriguing, unexpected, and potentially highly impactful observation that will likely form the basis of clinical practice in PD patients long before we have a true grasp on the mechanism of action (MOA).
A preclinical study of cellular immunotherapy redirected by bispecific antibodies in uterine cell lines and primary cancer cells

15044 Background: Cytokine induced killer cells (CIKs) are ex-vivo activated and expanded CD8+ natural killer T cells that have been shown to have cytotoxic activity against cancers in randomized c...
A High-Voltage Molecular-Engineered Organic Sensitizer-Iron Redox Shuttle Pair: 1.4 V DSSC and 3.3 V SSM-DSSC Devices.

The development of high voltage solar cells is an attractive way to use sunlight for solar-to-fuel devices, multijunction solar-to-electric systems, and to power limited-area consumer electronics. By designing a low-oxidation-potential organic dye (RR9)/redox shuttle (Fe(bpy)33+/2+ ) pair for dye-sensitized solar-cell (DSSC) devices, the highest single device photovoltage (1.42 V) has been realized for a DSSC not relying on doped TiO2 . Additionally, Fe(bpy)33+/2+ offers a robust, readily tunable ligand platform for redox potential tuning. RR9 can be regenerated with a low driving force (190 mV), and by utilizing the RR9/Fe(bpy)33+/2+ redox shuttle pair in a subcell for a sequential series multijunction (SSM)-DSSC system, one of the highest known three subcell photovoltage was attained for any solar-cell technology (3.34 V, >1.0 V per subcell).
Health Disparities Facing Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth Are Not Inevitable

* Abbreviation: TGNC — : transgender and gender nonconforming Although reports of health disparities are sobering, poor physical and mental health is not inevitable for transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth. It is true that data from a retrospective cohort study quantify disparities in mental health outcomes, revealing a two- to threefold increase in the risk of negative mental health outcomes in transgender youth, including depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt.1 It is also true that the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, which is administered to adults, revealed the disheartening statistic that 41% of TGNC respondents had attempted suicide in their lifetimes in contrast with ∼1.6% of the general population who have done so.2 However, research that is focused on well-supported TGNC youth helps dispel the idea that simply being transgender is the cause of poor health outcomes. For example, long-term outcome data from the Netherlands demonstrate that children with gender dysphoria who were treated in a comprehensive gender center with gender-affirming treatment during … Address correspondence to Daniel Shumer, MD, MPH, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, SPC 5718 D1205 MPB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5718. E-mail: dshumer{at}med.umich.edu
High Q Integrated Photonic Microresonators on 3C SiC-on-Insulator Platform

We report for the first time the fabrication of high-Q SiC resonators on a 3C SiC-on-insulator platform (with no undercutting) formed using direct wafer bonding. We demonstrate Q of 42, 000 for a 20 μm radius microdonut resonator with a great potential for higher Qs by chemical-mechanical polishing.
Nutrient Chemistry in the Tropical North Pacific DOMES Sites A, B, and C

The distributions of nutrient chemistry in the DOMES area are controlled by a balance between advective and diffusive mixing and biological reactions. The intensity of mixing changes with depth, defining 6 unique layers in terms of a T-S diagram, These include: the mixed layer, thermocline, oxygen minimum layer (OML), upper deep water (UDW), North Pacific deep water (NPDW), and Pacific bottom water (PBW).
Mixed H^2/H^∞ Estimation: Preliminary Analytic Characterization And A Numerical Solution

We introduce and motivate the problem of mixed H^2/H∞ estimation by studying the stochastic and deterministic approaches of H^2 and H^∞ estimation. Mixed H^2/H^∞ estimators have the property that they have the best average performance over all estimators that achieve a certain worst-case performance bound. They thus allow a tradeoff between average and worst-case performances. In the finite horizon case, we obtain a numerical solution (based on convex optimization methods) for the optimal mixed H^2/H^∞ estimator. We also give some analytic characterizations, both on this optimal solution, and on the set of all estimators achieving a guaranteed worst-case bound. A numerical example is also provided.
Conclusion: May 2, 1997 and Beyond

In the conclusion, Pennino argues how, in the aftermath of Tony Blair’s election in May 1997, the oppositional history play lost much of its urgency. Although Blair increased funding for the arts, the new Prime Minister’s look to the future rather than the past necessitated a new kind of oppositional theatrical experience, especially after the invasion of Iraq. Pennino further argues that the oppositional history play gained a substantial foothold in the American theatre, particularly as means of interrogating the past of slavery and Jim Crow. The oppositional history play seems to be gaining traction again on both sides of the Atlantic following the Brexit vote and the election of Donald Trump as President of the USA.
Comparative and Historical Perspectives

A society is analogous in a variety of aspects to an individual. At a particular stage in time, a society contains all the creations it has made since inception with general or specific potentials and potentiality for the future. Around any point over space, a society holds the essential imagery of its existing wholeness with explicit or implicit consequences and consequentiality to the surroundings. In other words, the society encompasses collective differences and similarities in a comparative perspective while from a historical point of view it exhibits human encounters and experiences from commonsense to religion to science to a combination of all. This chapter follows human living comparatively from society to society and historically from stage to stage. With respect to “integration,” it maintains that integration is not only about incorporation, systemization, or universalization, but also about diversification, localization, or particularization. On the one hand, linking then, now, and the later represents integration in historical perspectives. People struggling over one modality can gain insights and assistances naturally from other moments of life. On the other hand, joining here, there, and the larger reflects integration through comparative dimensions. People striving in one style may seek inspirations and supports automatically from other realms of existence.
Working with Sir Derek H. R. Barton. “Chemistry, through Chemistry and For Chemistry”

Abstract The author reports on his experience as editor of Derek H. R. Barton's autobiography, Some Recollections of Gap Jumping, and video documentary of Barton produced less than a year before Barton's death on March 16, 1998.
The Digital Expansion of the Mind: Implications of Internet Usage for Memory and Cognition

The internet is rapidly changing what information is available as well as how we find it and share it with others. Here we examine how this “digital expansion of the mind” changes cognition. We begin by identifying ten properties of the internet that likely affect cognition, roughly organized around internet content (e.g., the sheer amount of information available), internet usage (e.g., the requirement to search for information), and the people and communities who create and propagate content (e.g., people are connected in an unprecedented fashion). We use these properties to explain (or ask questions about) internet-related phenomena, such as habitual reliance on the internet, the propagation of misinformation, and consequences for autobiographical memory, among others. Our goal is to consider the impact of internet usage on many aspects of cognition, as people increasingly rely on the internet to seek, post, and share information.
Microbiota Injury in Auto-HCT Is Frequent, Occurs across Geography, and Is Comparable to That Observed in Allo-HCT

Intestinal microbiota injuries in allo-HCT patients are characterized by loss of a-diversity and domination of microbial communities by single organisms. These injury patterns are associated with poor survival after allo-HCT and are likely attributable to antibiotic exposure, nutritional alterations, and regimen-related mucosal injury. As recipients of auto-HCT patients have similar exposures, we hypothesized that similar patterns of dysbiosis occur in auto-HCT patients. We present the first analysis of intestinal microbiota composition in auto-HCT patients at two independent institutions. From a prospectively collected cohort, we retrospectively identified 365 patients (median age 60) who received auto-HCT (May 2009 to Feb. 2018) at two transplant centers (MSK n = 316; Duke n = 49) with heterogeneous conditioning regimens, pre-HCT remission status, and diagnoses: 179 (49%) myeloma, 153 (42%) lymphoma, and 33 (9%) other diseases. 857 samples collected approximately weekly peri-transplant were 16S sequenced (V4-V5 region, Illumina platform) at a central laboratory. Stool samples from 17 volunteers at MSK and a publicly available dataset of 313 subjects from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) served as healthy-control cohorts. The median pre-auto-HCT a-diversity during day -10 to 0 (as measured by Simpson reciprocal index, S) at both centers was significantly lower than healthy controls (Fig A) (HMP vs MSK auto-HCT, S=12.05 vs. 9.19, p 30% of bacterial abundance. The cumulative incidence of intestinal domination by any organism was >50% by day 0 and was >75% by day +14. Microbial diversity is reduced prior to transplant in both auto-HCT and allo-HCT patients compared with healthy volunteers. Loss of diversity after auto-HCT occurs across transplant centers and the degree of injury is comparable to the dysbiosis observed in allo-HCT patients. We previously reported that intestinal monodomination increases the risk of bacteremia with corresponding organisms in allo-HCT patients. We now report these events are a common occurrence after auto-HCT, which suggests prevention or repair of microbiota injury as a strategy to reduce the toxicity of auto-HCT.
Age and growth of recently settled splitnose and redbanded rockfishes in the northern California Current

Abstract Growth is key to the survival of fishes during their early life and ultimately affects annual recruitment to adult populations. To evaluate early life history traits of two commercially harvested fishes, splitnose (Sebastes diploproa) and redbanded (S. babcocki) rockfishes, we examined the otolith microstructure of juveniles of both species that settled simultaneously in an unusually large settlement pulse. Although overall growth during the dispersal phase was similar for both species, splitnose rockfish were ~2 wks younger and smaller in length at time of sampling, encompassed a narrower age range, and had higher prevalence and earlier occurrence of accessory primordia in their otoliths. Despite almost identical morphological traits of juveniles, our results suggest different pelagic strategies. The otoliths of splitnose rockfish grew faster during a 30-d period, reflecting either faster somatic growth during this period or a different rate of otolith deposition.
Repensar o ordenamento constitucional na era do pluralismo jurídico e do pluralismo ideológico

We live in an increasingly pluralistic legal and ideological universe. Nation-state legal regimes are currently supplemented by numerous transnational and global orders that defy any workable hierarchy or cogent unity. As a consequence, the various applicable legal regimes are often inconsistent with one another and even, at times, mutually contradictory. This problem is compounded by the proliferation of competing ideologies and by the increasing rifts among them. This makes it seemingly impossible to reconcile all the legal norms to which one is subject or to harmonize the prevailing plurality of legal regimes within the confines of a commonly shared ideology. Based on an analysis of contemporary legal and philosophical pluralism and of the convergences among the two, the article argues that it is possible to reconcile legal and ideological pluralism by abandoning hierarchy and countenancing inconsistencies falling short of incompatibilities in a highly layered and segmented legal universe.
Selection of abstracts from the scientific sessions of The Society Of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging annual meeting Anaheim CA

This mini-review highlights cardiovascular studies that were presented during the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) 2019 annual meeting in Anaheim, California. The aim is to provide the readers insight to noteworthy studies related to the fields of nuclear cardiology presented during the conference. Although cardiovascular applications of positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are not the primary focus of the SNMMI, several scientific teams working in this field presented their latest findings in Anaheim. While this review is directed to the benefit of those who were not able to attend the annual meeting, we believe that a general overview may also be useful for those who did attend as it is often difficult to get exposure to all the high-quality abstracts presented at this large conference.
Glasses for multiband IR and GRIN optics (Conference Presentation)

New, moldable IR glasses from NRL and Graded index (GRIN) optics enable simultaneous imaging across multiple wavebands including SWIR/MWIR/LWIR and offer potential for both weight savings and increased performance. Optical properties databases compatible with Zemax and CodeV will be presented and made available for users. Lens designs show the potential for significant SWaP reduction benefits and improved performance using NRL materials and IR-GRIN lens elements in multiband sensors. The SWaP and performance advantages of these materials will be presented.
German Radio Before Broadcasting: Scientists, War, and Imperialism

This chapter takes a step back from the 1920s, to the invention of radio as a communications technology. It pays particular attention to the First World War and its contribution to making the explosion of radio in the 1920s possible. It argues that the War not only spread technical knowledge, but also set parameters for subsequent implementation of radio as a cultural medium, leaving a long and broad legacy for the beginnings of the radio hobby. This was true everywhere, but in Germany, with the trauma of losing the War, its legacy took a very particular form.