cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding How Computer Science Undergraduate Students are Developing their Professional Identities: (Abstract Only)

Understanding the development of professional identity in Computer Science (CS) undergraduate students can help better evaluate CS degree program's effectiveness in preparing students for their career goals. This poster presents findings from a study where we surveyed 105 CS undergraduate students about their self-perceptions of technical competencies in their chosen CS professions, the mechanisms to develop their competencies, as well as their motivations behind attaining these skill sets. Preliminary analysis of this data indicates that most CS students (93.3%), identified themselves into 7 different computing professions including Software Engineering (81.0%), Web Development (37.1%), User Experience (19.0%), and Computer Security (12.4%). They indicated using multiple mechanisms to develop their technical competencies including coursework, internship/professional experience, and research. Motivations behind their learning included self-interest as well as industry demands. We analyzed the relationships between students' skill proficiencies, motivations, and mechanisms for learning and found differences between novice, intermediate, and advanced learners. We found that students who self-assessed their proficiencies as novices in their chosen professional identity had a single mechanism for learning, most commonly coursework preparation. On the other hand, students who rated themselves as intermediate or advanced learners had multiple mechanisms and motivational factors behind attaining their skill set. These findings are important for better understanding students' learning needs and career aspirations. CS departments can use this information for better aligning their degree programs to student goals and creating pathways that ensure the development of CS students professional identity.
ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN ON SOLIDIFIED-GAS FILMS

Solidified-gas surfaces are produced In place by a technique similar in principle to that used to form evaporated metallic films. This paper reports a preliminary survey of the adsorptive properties for H2 near 11°K on solidified-gas surfaces of A, N2, O2, H2O, N2O, and CO2. The experimental data are obtained from hydrogen pumping-speed measurements in the 10-9 to 10-7 mm pressure range on solidified-gas substrates of approximately known geometrical surface area.
The impact of financial constraints on the local price of farm land

Most farm land acquisitions involve a significant commitment of money capital. The proportion of owned versus borrowed wealth used to meet the purchase commitment is reflected in the down-payment ratio. The larger the down-payment ratio, the greater the proportion of owned wealth employed in the acquisition of the land. The availability of wealth from either or both sources may impose a constraint on land acquisition and may influence the market price of land;A model of firm behavior under a money capital constraint has been developed in order to examine this influence. This model shows the firm's demand for fixed inputs (i.e. farm land) to be a function of the price of the firm's output, the prices of all inputs, and the availability of money capital constraint is binding, an easing of the constraint, ceteris paribus, can change the level of input use at which equality between marginal value product and marginal factor cost is achieved. Assuming the level of factor use to be fixed, this change may be translated into a change in factor price (i.e. land price);A single equation econometric model was specified in order to test three hypotheses derived from the theoretical model. First, given a fixed equity level, the required down-payment percentage, as a reflection of the constraint on money capital, should be negatively related to the price of farm land. Second, existing buyer wealth, also deemed a measure of money capital availability, should be positively related to land price. Third, an interaction between existing wealth and required down-payment percentage exists whereby land buyers with different levels of wealth react differently, in terms of the price they bid, to changes in the required down-payment percentage. The direction of this interaction, ambiguous in the sense that it depends on factors which might vary over a given sample of land buyers, was deemed to be negative in light of the characteristics of the present sample;The results of the estimation, using data on farm sales in Iowa over the years 1975 through 1979, failed to reject the first two hypotheses. The hypothesized interaction between wealth and down-payment percentage, although of the predicted sign, was acceptable only at lower levels of confidence.
Tutor versus Computer: A Prospective Comparison of Interactive Tutorial and Computer-Assisted Instruction in Radiology Education

Abstract Rationale and Objectives This study compared the educational effectiveness of an interactive tutorial with that of interactive computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and determined the effects of personal preference, learning style, and level of training. Materials and Methods Fifty-four medical students and four radiology residents were prospectively, randomly assigned to receive instruction from different sections of an interactive tutorial and an interactive CAI module. Participants took tests of factual knowledge at the beginning and end of the instruction and a test of visual diagnosis at the end. They completed questionnaires to evaluate their preferred learning styles objectively and to elicit their subjective attitudes toward the two formats. Mean test scores of the tutorial and CAI groups were compared by means of analysis of covariance and two-tailed repeated-measures F test. Results Both the tutorial and CAI groups demonstrated significant improvement in posttest scores ( P P P P = .845), objectively evaluated preferred learning style ( P = .312), subjectively elicited attitude toward learning with CAI ( P = .703), or visual diagnosis score (tutorial, 7.61; CD-ROM, 7.75; P = .79). Conclusion Interactive tutorial and optimal CAI are both effective instructional formats. The tutorial was marginally but significantly more effective at teaching factual knowledge, an effect unrelated to students' year of training, learning style, or stated enjoyment of CAI. The superiority of the tutorial is expected to increase when it is compared with commercially expedient CAI modules.
Flux-Based Site Assessment and Management

Although characterizing dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones poses significant challenges, there have been several recent improvements in characterization methods and decision making. One important improvement has been the increased use of mass flux and mass discharge information. This information can be helpful for evaluating risks, assessing the benefits of partial source depletion efforts, estimating natural attenuation rates and refining conceptual site models. Mass flux data also can lead to more cost effective remediation by targeting the areas that provide the most loading to the contaminant plume. This chapter provides an overview of uses of mass flux and mass discharge estimates, and describes the measurement methods that are available. It also provides recommendations for use and discusses the level of resolution needed when measuring mass flux and mass discharge for differing objectives. Finally, the chapter includes case studies of the uses of mass flux and mass discharge information at specific DNAPL sites, highlighting the value of the data in making site management decisions.
Recognition systems and biological organization: The perception component of social recognition

Recognition of conspecifics is necessary for differential treatment of individuals in a variety of social contexts, such as territory establishment and defense, dominance hierarchies, reciprocal altruism, mate choice, parent-offspring interactions and nepotistic contexts, to name a few. Here I first review various categories of perceptual mechanisms of social discrimination, focusing largely on the extensive literature on the perception component of kin recognition, although the ideas presented here can and have been used for analyses of recognition at many levels of social organization. I then discuss a range of recognition mechanisms observed in a model species, Belding's ground squirrels, and how socio-ecological factors influence the development and expression of each mechanism. Finally, I address several theoretical and empirical controversies in the kin-recognition literature which pertain to the perceptual component of recognition, as well as areas in need of additional investigation.
A 67-Year-Old Woman With a “Shrunken” Left Lung and Recurrent Pneumonia

Case Presentation A 67-year-old woman was referred to our institution for nonresolving pneumonia and abnormal chest images. She was in her usual state of health until 1 month prior to referral when she started having fever, chills, dry cough, and chest pain. She presented initially to an urgent care facility that diagnosed her with bilateral pneumonia and left-sided volume loss on chest radiography. She was given azithromycin, but her fever did not resolve in the weeks following the antibiotic course. Previous to these symptoms she was able to play tennis and worked full time as the director of a charter school.
TCT-592 Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Does Not Protect Against Acute Kidney Injury

Remote Ischemic Conditioning (RIC) is a therapeutic strategy whereby episodes of ischemia and reperfusion applied to one vascular bed or tissue confer protection from ischemic injury to remote tissues and organs. Previous studies found that RIC could protect non-cardiac organs and tissues from acute
Four-part fx's in an active 65-year-old: Reverse is not the preferred treatment

Abstract Proximal humerus fracture treatment has evolved considerably in the recent years. Fewer hemiarthroplasties are being done than in the past. The goal of this chapter is to look for alternatives to reverse total shoulder replacement and to consider what is the best treatment for four-part proximal humerus fractures in active and healthy 65 year-old patients.
Mechanisms of Cell Death Induced by Optical Hyperthermia

Abstract Optical hyperthermia is based on inducing cell death after heating the tumor site by laser irradiation. Nanoparticles have been developed as photoabsorbing agents, which can be accumulated specifically in tumors avoiding damage to healthy tissues. Heat can lead to different types of cell death, depending on numerous factors, which can activate opposed responses. Some of them are desired, such as the induction of a specific immune response that can help with the elimination of the tumor, but others are better to avoid, such as the induction of cell growth and inflammation. Thus, knowing the mechanism of action triggered by photothermal therapy (PTT) is of the vital importance. In this chapter, we will give an overview of the different types of cell death, the techniques to analyze and distinguish them and we will review the current knowledge regarding mechanism of cell death induced by PTT.
Citation as a social practice in a TESOL graduate program: A language socialization approach

Abstract Using the theoretical framework of language socialization, this paper investigates the local contexts in which four international students were initiated into citation during their first semester in a Masters in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (MA-TESOL) program. Drawing from 38 hours of observation and audiotaping in two teaching methods courses, interviews with instructors and students, and students’ texts, it situates students’ citation practices within the discourses surrounding source use in the classroom and in the program. Instructors envisioned “doing citation” as embedded within larger processes of academic and professional enculturation through which students would dialogue with sources and develop professional voices as members of a TESOL/applied linguistics community who based teaching practice on theory and research rather than personal experience. However, socializing interactions around citation focused on its formal aspects and characterized it as a requirement for writing done in the program, but with little relevance otherwise. Analysis of students’ texts reveals that they were being socialized into citation as a school-based academic convention, but provides little evidence of dialogue with sources and suggests that students regarded the theoretical and the personal as two distinct and irreconcilable ways of knowing.
Looking into the clinical application of CD47-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy for human bladder cancer treatment

A recently published paper by a Stanford research team led by Dr. Joseph C. Liao in Clinical Cancer Research (1) reported on their well-designed study demonstrating the potential application of CD47-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) for human bladder cancer (BC) ( Figure 1 ).
Can the Red Reflex Test Detect Unequal Refractive Error

Objective To determine the accuracy of the red reflex test in the detection of anisometropia. Study design This prospective, single-masked study enrolled new patients younger than the age of 18 years who had not undergone pharmacologic pupillary dilation. A fellow who was masked to all clinical information illuminated both eyes with a direct ophthalmoscope in a darkened room from a distance of 1 m, assessing whether the red reflex between the 2 eyes was symmetric or asymmetric. The patient was then dilated, and cylcoplegic refraction was performed by an attending pediatric ophthalmologist. Exclusion criteria included the presence of strabismus, anisocoria, previous intraocular surgery, media opacity, leukocoria, or nystagmus. Sensitivity was compared with a null hypothesized value of 50% using a 1-sided binomial test. Results Ninety-two patients with a mean age of 7.3 years (range 3 months to 16 years) were enrolled. With spherical anisometropia greater than or equal to 0.125 diopters, the sensitivity of the red reflex test was 90.6% and the specificity was 58.3%. With cylindrical anisometropia greater than or equal to 0.25 diopters, the sensitivity of the red reflex test was 81.3% and the specificity was 70%. Anisometropia greater than 1.5 diopters in spherical equivalent (4 patients, range −10.625 to −2.625) or cylinder (3 patients, range 1.75-2.25) was accurately detected by red reflex testing in each case. Conclusions The red reflex test can be an accurate screening tool to detect anisometropia when performed by an ophthalmologist.
TimeMatrix: Visual Representation for Temporal Pattern Detection in Dynamic Networks, VAST 2018 Mini-Challenge 3

This work proposes a visual analytic technique for visualizing temporal pattern detection in networks. The force-directed layout is a popular way to highlight structures of a network however it does not allow to present the dynamic features (how communities change over time). We target this problem by forcing nodes to display vertically and using the horizontal space for representing the timeline of entities. To show the connection between nodes, the edges are drawn vertically to avoid edge-crossings. This work also presents the result of applying the solution to the VAST 2018 - Mini Challenge 3 dataset, which led to the Honorable Mention: Representation of Small-Scale Temporal Patterns for the challenge.
Text recycling: Views of North American journal editors from an interview‐based study

Over the past decade, text recycling (TR; AKA ‘self‐plagiarism’) has become a visible and somewhat contentious practice, particularly in the realm of journal articles. While growing numbers of publishers are writing editorials and formulating guidelines on TR, little is known about how editors view the practice or how they respond to it. We present results from an interview‐based study of 21 North American journal editors from a broad range of academic disciplines. Our findings show that editors' beliefs and practices are quite individualized rather than being tied to disciplinary or other structural parameters. While none of our participants supported the use of large amounts of recycled material from one journal article to another, some editors were staunchly against any use of recycled material, while others were accepting of the practice in certain circumstances. Issues of originality, the challenges of rewriting text, the varied circulation of texts, and abiding by copyright law were prominent themes as editors discussed their approaches to TR. Overall, the interviews showed that many editors have not thought systematically about the practice of TR, and they sometimes have trouble aligning their beliefs and practices.
Mica-Based Multilayer Nanocoating as a Highly Effective Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant.

Highly flammable polyurethane foam (PUF) remains a key risk factor associated with bedding and upholstered furniture, contributing to the yearly destruction of property and loss of lives. In an att...
A comparison between Machine learning algorithms for the application of micro-grids Energy management

Advanced micro-grids are envisioned to be a critical part of future smart grids due to their local intelligence and capability on hosting distributed energy resources. To control a community of micro-grids so that the energy is distributed in a proper manner and reliability in supplying critical loads is increased, a smart decision making should be applied to the system. By using machine learning algorithms, the system can make intelligent, precise, and fast decisions leading to achieving the above mentioned goals. In this paper, five machine learning algorithms are applied to a set of data related to a community of three micro-grids. The data set including test data and training data is obtained based on grid voltage, weather, state of charge (SOC) of the storage system in both micro-grid and it's neighboring unit, and time of the day. The modes of operation are achieved from rational decisions that brings about a wide range of energy distribution from available sources into the most preferable loads. Random Forests, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, SVM, and Gradient Boosting are the five various algorithms used to manage the distribution of energy and will be compared.
Embracing the Power of Show-Me ECHO Learning Communities to Transform Clinical Practice in Missouri

Show-Me ECHO, a state-funded project, provides access to education within a community of learners in order to optimize healthcare for the citizens of Missouri. Through videoconferencing and case-based review, ECHO shifts professional development from learning about medical problems in isolation to experiential learning as part of a multidisciplinary team. The establishment of a statewide COVID-19 ECHO is allowing a rapid response to this novel, unprecedented, and unanticipated health care crisis. There are many ongoing opportunities for clinicians from across the state to join a Show-Me ECHO learning community as a means to elevate their practice and improve ability to respond amidst a constantly evolving health care environment.
Understanding African women’s access to landed property in nineteenth-century Benguela

This study examines the mechanisms that African women employed to accumulate wealth and property during the nineteenth century. After the ban on slave exports in 1836, West Central Africans looked ...
Curious Case of Unexplained Dyspnea With Malignancy

Case Presentation A 48-year-old female never smoker with hypothyroidism and no significant prior respiratory complaints presented with 1 month of gradually worsening dyspnea on exertion. She denied any associated fevers, chills, weight loss, chest pain, productive cough, hemoptysis, or sick contacts. She was recently diagnosed with stage IV triple negative adenocarcinoma of the breast and was yet to receive chemotherapy.
COVID-19 and Inequality in Asia: Breaking the Vicious Cycle

The COVID-19 pandemic risks exacerbating inequality in Asia. High frequency labor surveys show that the pandemic is having particularly adverse effects on younger workers, women and people that are more vulnerable. Pandemics have been shown to increase inequalities. As a result, income inequality, which was already high and rising in Asia before the pandemic, is likely to rise further over the medium term, unless policies succeed in breaking this historical pattern. Many Asian governments have implemented significant fiscal policy measures to mitigate the pandemic's effect on the most vulnerable, with the impact depending on the initial coverage of safety nets, fiscal space, and degree of informality and digitalization. The paper includes model-based analysis which shows that policies targeted to where needs are greatest are effective in mitigating adverse distributional consequences and underpinning overall economic activity and virus containment.
SINGLE- AND TWO-COMPONENT GAMMA-RAY BURST SPECTRA IN THE FERMI GBM-LAT ENERGY RANGE

Most Fermi gamma-ray burst spectra appear as either a broken power law extending to GeV energies or as a broken power with a separate GeV power-law component. Here we show that such spectra can be understood in terms of magnetically dominated relativistic jets where a dissipative photosphere produces the prompt MeV emission, which is extended into the GeV range by inverse Compton scattering in the external shock, with possible contributions from a reverse shock as well. The bulk Lorentz factors required in these models are in the range of 300-600, and the MeV-GeV time delays arise naturally. In some cases an optical flash and a sub-dominant thermal component are also present.
Clinical Factors Associated With Accurate Presumptive Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women.

BACKGROUND Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) infections have increased among men who have sex with men and are high among transgender women. Presumptive treatment guidelines may lead to inaccurate treatments and possible antibiotic resistance. Using patient data from AIDS Healthcare Foundation sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing clinics in California and Florida, we identified clinical factors associated with accurate presumptive N. gonorrhoeae treatment. METHODS Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted using patient visit data from 2013 to 2017. A sample of 42 050 patient encounters were analyzed. The primary outcome variable included accurate versus inaccurate presumptive treatment. Risk ratios were generated for particular symptoms, high-risk sexual behavior, and history of N. gonorrhoeae. RESULTS Twelve percent (5051/42 050) of patients received presumptive N. gonorrhoeae treatment, and 46% (2329/5051) of presumptively treated patients tested positive for N. gonorrhoeae infection. Patients presenting with discharge or patients presenting with dysuria were more likely to receive accurate presumptive treatment. CONCLUSIONS Providers should continue to follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines and consider presumptive N. gonorrhoeae treatment based on specific symptoms. As the STI epidemic continues to rise in the United States, along with increased antibiotic resistance, it is imperative to accurately test, diagnose, and treat populations at risk for N. gonorrhoeae and other STIs.
State-Level Patterns and Trends in Cigarette Smoking Across Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2011–2018

INTRODUCTION Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in smoking is a priority for state tobacco control programs. We investigated disparities in cigarette use by race/ethnicity, as well as trends in cigarette use across racial/ethnic groups from 2011 to 2018 in 50 US states and the District of Columbia. METHODS We used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. In each state, smoking prevalence and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated for each racial/ethnic group in 2011, 2014, and 2018. We used logistic regression models to examine state-specific linear and quadratic time trends in smoking prevalence from 2011 to 2018. RESULTS Racial/ethnic disparities in smoking prevalence varied across states. From 2011 to 2018, compared with White adults, the odds of smoking were lower among Black adults in 14 states (odds ratio [OR] range, 0.58-0.91) and were higher in 9 states (OR range, 1.10-1.98); no differences were found in the odds of smoking in 13 states. Compared with White adults, the odds of smoking were lower among Hispanic adults in most states (OR range, 0.33-0.84) and were typically higher among Other adults (OR range, 1.19-2.44). Significant interactions between year and race/ethnicity were found in 4 states, indicating that time trends varied across racial/ethnic groups. In states with differential time trends, the decline in the odds of smoking was typically greater among Black, Hispanic, and Other adults compared with White adults. CONCLUSION Some progress in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in smoking has been made, but additional efforts are needed to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in smoking.
Classroom Conversations About Gun Violence

This chapter examines gun violence in America and the ways in which it manifests in public schools. It considers gun violence in urban areas, death by suicide, and school shootings and other instances of mass gun violence. Finally, this chapter discusses what it means to teach in a society that has rampant gun ownership, loose firearm regulation, and a fetish with gun ownership. Suggestions for education are offered throughout based on the author’s experiences, qualitative research, and extended conversations with student teachers and children about guns.
Experimental and Modeling Comparisons of Ash-Treated Pine Biochar and Activated Carbon for the Adsorption of Dissolved Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants

AbstractA novel powdered ash-treated pine biochar (PATB) was compared to powdered activated carbon (PAC) for the removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic micropollutants (OMPs) from de...
Spray Volume and Frequency Impacts on Insecticide Efficacy Against the Citrus Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Coleus under Greenhouse Conditions

The citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a major insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The citrus mealybug causes direct damage by feeding on plant leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, which can lead to substantial economic losses. Consequently, insecticides are used to suppress citrus mealybug populations in greenhouse production systems. However, application factors may influence the efficacy of insecticides in suppressing citrus mealybug populations. Therefore, experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effect of spray volume and application frequency on insecticide efficacy against the citrus mealybug feeding on coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd, plants. Four spray volumes (15, 25, 50, and 75 mL), 2 application frequencies (1 or 2 applications), and 3 insecticides (acetamiprid [TriStar®], flonicamid [Aria®], and cyfluthrin [Decathlon®]), each with a different mode of action, were tested. Based on mean percent citrus mealybug mortality, acetamiprid was more effective against citrus mealybugs than flonicamid or cyfluthrin. In the spray volume experiments, acetamiprid applied at 75 mL to each plant resulted in a mean percent citrus mealybug mortality of over 70%. In contrast, flonicamid and cyfluthrin resulted in less than 50% mean citrus mealybug mortality across all experiments. In the application frequency experiments, two spray applications did not result in a significantly higher mean citrus mealybug mortality than one spray application. Our study emphasizes the importance of spray volume and application frequency when using insecticides to suppress citrus mealybug populations.
Chronic Sensing of Subthalamic Local Field Potentials: Comparison of First and Second Generation Implantable Bidirectional Systems Within a Single Subject.

Background Many adaptative deep brain stimulation (DBS) paradigms rely upon the ability to sense neural signatures of specific clinical signs or symptoms in order to modulate therapeutic stimulation. In first-generation bidirectional neurostimulators, the ability to sense neural signals during active stimulation was often limited by artifact. Newer devices, with improved design specifications for sensing, have recently been developed and are now clinically available. Objective To compare the sensing capabilities of the first-generation Medtronic PC + S and second-generation Percept PC neurostimulators within a single patient. Methods A 42-year-old man with Parkinson's disease was initially implanted with left STN DBS leads connected to a PC + S implantable pulse generator. Four years later, the PC + S was replaced with the Percept PC. Local field potential (LFP) signals were recorded, both with stimulation OFF and ON, at multiple timepoints with each device and compared. Offline processing of time series data included artifact removal using digital filtering and template subtraction, before subsequent spectral analysis. With Percept PC, embedded processing of spectral power within a narrow frequency band was also utilized. Results In the absence of stimulation, both devices demonstrated a peak in the beta range (approximately 20 Hz), which was stable throughout the 4-year period. Similar to previous reports, recordings with the PC + S during active stimulation demonstrated significant stimulation artifact, limiting the ability to recover meaningful LFP signal. In contrast, the Percept PC, using the same electrodes and stimulation settings, produced time series data during stimulation with spectral analysis revealing a peak in the beta-band. Online analysis by the Percept demonstrated a reduction in beta-band activity with increasing stimulation amplitude. Conclusion This report highlights recent advances in implantable neurostimulator technology for DBS, demonstrating improvements in sensing capabilities during active stimulation between first- and second-generation devices. The ability to reliably sense during stimulation is an important step toward both the clinical implementation of adaptive algorithms and the further investigation into the neurophysiology underlying movement disorders.
Investigations of radiation damaged arranged scintillating particle composites

Composites consisting of periodically arranged scintillating particles within an acrylic (poly methyl methacrylate) matrix are excellent templates for the gamma-insensitive detection of fast neutrons. In order to study the impact of radiation damage on acrylic-based scintillating particle composites, we exposed acrylic samples to different doses of fast neutrons up to 119.7 kGy and investigated the change in optical characteristics using optical absorption spectroscopy in the 200–800 nm wavelength range. The experimental results are compared to coupled MCNP6 and optical ray-tracing (FRED) simulations, and qualitative agreement is found. Neutron-induced radiation damage in the acrylic matrix manifests as a red-shift in the ultra-violet absorption edge of the acrylic and a corresponding decrease in the light propagation efficiency, which leads to detector performance degradation. We show for the first time that the effects of radiation damage can be mitigated by the use of wavelength-shifting coatings. We predict that composites with wavelength-shifting coatings can enable neutron detectors with high tolerance against neutron-induced radiation damage, a property that is particularly desired for neutron detection in high radiation environments.
Exploring hypertext programming : writing knowledge representation and problem-solving programs

In this book, the two types of hypertext are demonstrated--information retrieval and problem solving. These applications are complete, working models written in Turbo Prolog that will serve as useful programming models. Illustrated.
Clay modified electrodes: Part 9. Electrochemical studies of the electroactive fraction of adsorbed species in reduced-charge and preadsorbed clay films

Abstract Clay modified electrodes (CME) were prepared with natural (untreated) and reduced-charge (prepared by treatment with Li+) montmorillonite. Both the values of ct, the total concentration, and c*, the electroactive concentration of adsorbed M(bpy)32+ (M = Ru, Os, or Fe), were found to be a factor of 10 smaller in the reduced-charge clay, yielding very similar c*/ct, ratios, even though the cations were restricted to the external surfaces in the reduced-charge clay. The electrochemical inactivity of the intercalated cations by itself can therefore not account for the low values of the c*/ct, ratio found in CME. The number of defects in the films appears to be more important than the specific adsorption sites in determining what proportion of the adsorbates will be electroactive. No evidence of mediated electron transport by adsorbed species was seen in films prepared with MV2+ pre-exchanged clay. However, at low scan rates, electron transfer from lattice Fe(II) resulted in initial ipa/ipc -values larger than unity for adsorbed Fe(bpy)32+. This effect was also observed for adsorbed Ru(bpy)32+ , but not for Os(bpy)32+, in both the natural and reduced-charge montmorillonite films.
Low temperature coefficient of resistance, GaPt/PtAs/sub 2/ integrated circuit resistor

A gallium platinum/platinum arsenide (GaPt/PtAs/sub 2/) resistor structure is described that is well suited to gallium arsenide (GaAs) monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). Its advantages are: a near-zero temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), ease of manufacture, and mechanical and electrical stability during later high-temperature integrated circuit processing steps and during lifetests. This resistor process consistently achieves 0.015%/ degrees C TCR (2.1% total change for -55 to +85 degrees C). This is 20 times smaller than the TCR from a typical metal film or active GaAs resistor. This resistor is fabricated by alloying an evaporated Pt film of critical thickness. The TCR is in fact adjustable from -0.12%/ degrees C to +0.18%/ degrees C by adjusting the initial Pt film thickness. A reliable, low resistance contact is achieved by depositing a contact metallurgy before alloying to avoid having to make electrical contact through the insulating GaO layer that forms during the alloying process. The resistor is stable to high process temperatures and has long-term reliability because of the high alloying temperature of 525 degrees C. >
Coronaviruses: Propagation, Quantification, Storage, and Construction of Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Virus

The focus of this protocol is mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), with occasional references to other coronaviruses. Many of these protocols can be easily adapted to other coronaviruses. Protocols for propagating MHV in DBT and 17CL-1 cells; the storage and titration of viral stocks; purification of MHV on sucrose gradients; and the generation of recombinant viruses by a cDNA assembly method and by targeted recombination will be presented. Protocols are also included for the propagation of DBT, 17CL-1, and L2 cells used for growing and titrating MHV, and for the growth of BHK-R cells and FCWF cells. The latter two cell lines are used for regenerating infectious MHV by an in vitro cDNA assembly protocol and by a targeted recombination protocol, respectively, allowing reverse genetic manipulation of these viruses. An additional protocol for the maintenance of the large plasmids used for generating recombinant MHVs will also be presented.
TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS WITH THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER OF SOME XANTHOMONAS AND PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES

Colwell, R. R. (University of Washington, Seattle) and J. Liston. Taxonomic analysis with the electronic computer of some Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas species. J. Bacteriol. 82:913-919. 1961.-Forty organisms, including 16 Xanthomonas spp., 5 strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum, 4 strains of P. aeruginosa, 6 strains of P. fluorescens, 5 freshly isolated strains of pseudomonads, as well as the American Type Culture Collection strains of Flavobacterium aquatile, Vibrio cuneatus, Vibrio metschnikovii, and Aeromonas formicans, were extensively tested morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. The Adansonian principle of classification was employed in an analysis, made with an electronic computer, of the characteristics of these cultures. The results showed that Xanthomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., and P. solanacearum were clearly distinct at the genus level. Xanthomonas could be divided into two subgroups; within the subgroups, a number of species appeared to be virtually synonymous, indicating overspeciation. The fluorescent pseudomonads fell into three overlapping groups, mesophilic P. aeruginosa, psychrophilic P. aeruginosa-like organisms, and P. fluorescens. A simplified table of physiological reactions is presented for the differentiation of the groups obtained.
Goal Selection for Embedded Systems with Oversubscribed Resources

We describe an efficient, online goal selection algorithm and its use for selecting goals at runtime. Our focus is on the re-planning that must be performed in a timely manner on the embedded system where computational resources are limited. In particular, our algorithm generates near optimal solutions to problems with fully specified goal requests that oversubscribe available resources but have no temporal flexibility. By using a fast, incremental algorithm, goal selection can be postponed in a "just-in-time" fashion allowing requests to be changed or added at the last minute. This enables shorter response cycles and greater autonomy for the system under control.
Apoptotic signaling in dopamine-induced cell death: the role of oxidative stress, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cytochrome c and caspases

Oxidative stress generated by dopamine (DA) oxidation could be one of the factors underlying the selective vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's diseases. Here we show that DA induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells demonstrated by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as well as nuclear condensation. We also show that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated within 10 min of DA treatment, which precedes the onset of apoptosis because the potent p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 protects against DA-induced cell death as well as against caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. In addition, the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) effectively blocks DA-induced p38 kinase activation, caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage and subsequent apoptosis, indicating that DA triggers apoptosis via a signaling pathway that is initiated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dopamine exerts its toxicity principally intracellularly as the DA uptake inhibitor, nomifensine significantly reduces DA-induced cell death as well as activation of p38 kinase and caspase-3. Furthermore, DA induces mitochondrial cytochrome c release, which is dependent on p38 kinase activation and precedes the cleavage of caspases. These observations indicate that DA induces apoptosis primarily by generating ROS, p38 kinase activation, cytochrome c release followed by caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation.
PHAGOCYTIZED PLASMA CELLS IN MOUSE SPLEEN OBSERVED BY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

A correlative light and electron microscopic study is reported of pyknotic, phagocytized plasma cells in the mouse spleen following a single intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes or rat bone marrow. Phagocytized plasma cells were observed in both red and white pulp between 3 and 7 days after antigen injection. A few mature plasma cells and plasma cells with Russel bodies were found 10 days after stimulation with no evidence of recognizable phagocytized plasma cells. Phagocytosis clearly plays some role in the removal of plasma cells from the spleen under the conditions employed in this study, although the possibility that significant numbers of plasmacytes migrate out of the spleen is considered. A correlation of phagocytized plasma cells with the log phase of antibody appearance in the circulation is indicated.
Explaining the de-prioritization of primary prevention: physicians' perceptions of their role in the delivery of primary care

While physicians are key to primary preventive care, their delivery rate is sub-optimal. Assessment of physician beliefs is integral to understanding current behavior and the conceptualization of strategies to increase delivery. A focus group with regional primary care physician (PCP) Opinion Leaders was conducted as a formative step towards regional assessment of attitudes and barriers regarding preventive care delivery in primary care. Following the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the focus group aim was to identify conceptual themes that characterize PCP beliefs and practices regarding preventive care. Seven male and five female PCPs (family medicine, internal medicine) participated in the audiotaped discussion of their perceptions and behaviors in delivery of primary preventive care. The transcribed audiotape was qualitatively analyzed using grounded theory methodology. The PCPs' own perceived role in daily practice was a significant barrier to primary preventive care. The prevailing PCP model was the "one-stop-shop" physician who could provide anything from primary to tertiary care, but whose provision was dominated by the delivery of immediate diagnoses and treatments, namely secondary care. The secondary-tertiary prevention PCP model sustained the expectation of immediacy of corrective action, cure, and satisfaction sought by patients and physicians alike, and, thereby, de-prioritized primary prevention in practice. Multiple barriers beyond the immediate control of PCP must be surmounted for the full integration of primary prevention in primary care practice. However, independent of other barriers, physician cognitive value of primary prevention in practice, a base mediator of physician behavior, will need to be increased to frame the likelihood of such integration.
Spin liquid phase of the S = 1 2 J 1 − J 2 Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice

We study the $S=1/2$ Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions ${J}_{1}$ and ${J}_{2}$ with the density matrix renormalization group, on long open cylinders with widths up to nine lattice spacings. In an intermediate ${J}_{2}$ region $0.06\ensuremath{\lesssim}{J}_{2}/{J}_{1}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.17$, we find evidence for a spin liquid (SL) state with short range spin-spin, bond-bond, and chiral correlation lengths, bordered by a classical ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ N\'eel ordered state at small ${J}_{2}$ and by a two sublattice collinear magnetically ordered state at larger ${J}_{2}$. Focusing on ${J}_{2}/{J}_{1}=0.1$, we find a number of signatures of a gapped SL phase.
THE ROLE OF THE PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL IN INJURY CONTROL

The role of the children's hospital as a community center is widely recognized, yet its potential as a base of operations for injury control is seldom utilized. While hospital beds continue to be filled with many children having burns, poisonings, broken bones, and other residuals of injury, an active preventive program to counteract this toll is rarely demonstrated. Miss Hoekstra has emphasized the important trilogy of training, research, and service in childhood injury which should be carried on in pediatric centers. Recent studies have clearly indicated that even in the hospital children are in danger from falls, mismatched medications and other traumatic experience. It seems evident that children's medical institutions must assume a more significant leadership role with injury control. Language: en
14 Metabolic Pathways Relevant to Predation, Signaling, and Development

The first portion of this chapter, entitled “Catabolic Pathways,” deals with the catabolism of amino acids and lipids, as they are the principal carbon and energy sources derived from prey bacteria. The second portion of the chapter, entitled “Anabolic Pathways,” highlights the synthesis of lipids because of their unusual chemical structures in myxobacteria, and also the spore-specific components trehalose and ether lipids. Most myxobacteria, including Myxococcus xanthus, can catabolize prey microorganisms. M. xanthus utilizes amino acids and lipids as carbon and energy sources, incorporates purines and pyrimidines via salvage pathways, and fails to utilize sugars. In most cases there is excellent agreement between the presence of a particular amino acid catabolic pathway and the ability of that amino acid to stimulate growth in defined and minimal media. Lipid oxidation has been demonstrated by 14C-labeling experiments in Myxococcus virescens and methyloleate feeding in M. xanthus. Fatty acids are usually degraded by β oxidation, where two carbon acetate units are sequentially removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid, also known as the Δ terminus, as opposed to the methyl end or ω terminus. Monosaccharides are used for exopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. In Escherichia coli, trehalose is degraded to glucose by a periplasmic trehalase; no homolog exists in M. xanthus.
Gel Electrophoresis of Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma Viral RNA in Formamide: Comparison with Other Viral and Cellular RNA Species

Class a and class b 30 to 40S RNA subunits obtained by heat dissociation from the 60 to 70S RNA complex of avian tumor viruses were compared with several RNA standards by electrophoresis in formamide-polyacrylamide gels. Class a RNA was found to have a lower electrophoretic mobility and hence probably a higher molecular weight than class b RNA. The absolute molecular weight of class a and b RNA could not be determined with accuracy, because the relationship between logarithm of molecular weight and mobility of the RNA standards was not linear. The size of class a RNA fell into the range of 2.4 × 106 to 3.4 × 106 daltons and that of class b into the range of 2.2 × 106 to 2.9 × 106 daltons, depending on the standards used. The possible biological significance of this difference is discussed.
Linking changes in whole family functioning and children's externalizing behavior across the elementary school years.

This study used observational assessments of 57 2-parent families working and playing together when their eldest child was in kindergarten and again in Grade 4 to identify distinct patterns of family functioning derived from structural family systems theory for (a) cohesive, (b) separate, and (c) triangulated families. Little consistency in family type from early to middle childhood was indicated. No significant mean differences were found in teacher reports of children's externalizing behavior in their Grade 1 classrooms for children in cohesive or triangulated families. Fourth graders in triangulated families were seen as more aggressive at school than were their peers in cohesive or separate families. Changes in observed family functioning across a 4-year period (kindergarten to Grade 4) were also systematically linked to changes in teachers' ratings of children's externalizing behavior from Grades 1 to 4.
Successful intubation with the Combitube® in acute asthmatic respiratory distress by a parkmedic

Abstract The Combitube ® is a relatively new device used for blind insertion emergency intubation. We report a case of successful Combitube ® treatment of an acute respiratory arrest secondary to an acute asthma exacerbation. An advanced EMT-II (National Park Service Parkmedic) utilized this device. Our review of the literature revealed no reported cases of an advanced EMT-II, nor any other cases, using the Combitube ® in asthma-related respiratory failure.