cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmonically Forced Wave Propagation in Elastic Cables With Small Curvature

This study presents an investigation of coupled longitudinal-transverse waves that propagate along an elastic cable. The coupling considered derives from the equilibrium curvature (sag) of the cable. A mathematical model is presented that describes the three-dimensional nonlinear response of an extended elastic cable. An asymptotic form of this model is derived for the linear response of cables having small equilibrium curvature. Linear, in-plane response is described by coupled longitudinal-transverse partial differential equations of motion, which are comprehensively evaluated herein. The spectral relation governing propagating waves is derived using transform methods. In the spectral relation, three qualitatively distinct regimes exist that are separated by two cut-off frequencies which are strongly influenced by cable curvature. This relation is employed in deriving a Green’s function which is then used to construct solutions for in-plane response under arbitrarily distributed harmonic excitation. Analysis of forced response reveals the existence of two types of periodic waves which propagate through the cable, one characterizing extension-compressive deformations (rod-type) and the other characterizing transverse deformations (string-type). These waves may propagate or attenuate depending on wave frequency. The propagation and attenuation of both wave types are highlighted through solutions for an infinite cable subjected to a concentrated harmonic excitation source.
Verification of absorbed dose determined with plane-parallel chambers in clinical electron beams following AAPM Task Group 39 protocol using ferrous sulphate dosimetry.

The absorbed dose values determined with the Exradin and PTW‐Markus plane‐parallel chambers were compared to the values obtained with the ferrous sulphate dosimetry for a number of the Philips SL25 and the Therac 20 electron beams. For the plane‐parallel chambers, the cavity‐gas calibration factor N gas pp , was derived by a direct comparison with a calibrated cylindrical chamber using the three different calibration methods as proposed by the newly published AAPM TG 39 protocol. For the ferrous sulphate dosimetry, an e m G value of 352×10−6m−2 kg−1 Gy−1 was adopted from ICRU Report No. 35. The average ratio of the dose values determined with the plane‐parallel chambers and the dose values determined with the Fricke dosimetry system was 1.001±1.4%. These measurements are consistent with the AAPM TG 39 protocol.
Gastrointestinal neuropeptide concentrations following guanethidine sympathectomy.

Abstract In an effort to investigate the interaction of the adrenergic and enteric components of the autonomic nervous system, gut neuropeptide concentrations were examined following chemical sympathectomy. Adult male rats were treated with guanethidine (40 mg/kg i.p., 5 days/week for 5 weeks), which selectively destroys peripheral sympathetic neurons. Controls received equal volumes of saline vehicle. Tissues from fundic and pyloric stomach, duodenum, jejunum, jejuno-ileum, ileum, caecum and colon were extracted and concentrations of selected neuropeptides determined by radioimmunoassay. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in peripheral nerve, measured as an index of degree of sympathectomy, was depleted 80–90%. One week after cessation of treatment, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was elevated in jejunum (52%), ileum (53%), caecum (41%) and colon (59%), as was neurotensin (NT) in caecum (117%) and colon (261%). Methionine-enkephalin (MET) was lowered in duodenum by 28%. With the exception of MET in duodenum and NT in caecum, these alterations normalized by 5 weeks post-treatment, although DBH remained depressed. Statistically non-significant increases in substance P content were observed in upper gut regions. An inhibitory sympathetic input to VIPergic and NTergic systems is postulated.
Backscattering cascade of beam modes off ambient density fluctuations

The effects of a given nonthermal low‐frequency density‐fluctuation spectrum on the amplification of Langmuir waves by a ‘‘bump‐on‐tail’’ beam of electrons are studied. The density‐fluctuation spectrum is assumed to contain a uniform distribution of wavelengths ranging from much shorter than the beam mode wavelength to of the same order. This permits multiple large‐angle (back) scattering to occur. One‐dimensional numerical solutions of the kinetic equations are found which yield criteria for linear saturation of the beam instability by a cascade of backscattering to high wavenumber. The relevant time scales and spectral shapes are also determined in both the stable and unstable regions. Linear damping and Cerenkov emission by a possible nonthermal tail of electrons is taken into account. An application is made to the beam modes observed simultaneously with density fluctuations off the Jovian bow shock. It is shown that the observed level of density fluctuations is sufficient to saturate the unstable Langmuir waves, although nonthermal Landau damping may prevent a cascade to very high wavenumbers.
Study of the 14C(τ, γ)17O radiative capture reaction from 3.2 to 7.5 MeV

Abstract The 14 C(τ, γ) 17 O radiative capture reaction has been studied for 3 He bombarding energies from 3.2 to 7.5 MeV, corresponding to excitation energies in the compound nucleus 17 O from 21.4 to 25.0 MeV. Absolute differential cross sections for the ground state and first excited state transitions have been measured. Both electric dipole (E1) and electric quadrupole (E2) radiations have been observed. Resonances in 17 O at excitation energies of 21.7±0.1, 22.1 ±0.1, 22.6±0.2, and 23.0±0.1 MeV have been found and assignments J π = 5 2 + , 7 2 − , 3 2 − , and 1 2 + ,respectively, have been determined. In addition, two more resonances at excitation energies of 23.5±0.1 and 24.4±0.1 MeV have been observed. These results are compared with other experiments.
Numerical study of pedestrian RCS at 76–77 GHz

This paper discusses about the findings of a radar cross section (RCS) study of human at 76-77 GHz based on full-wave numerical model simulations. The trade-off between simulation accuracy and computation efficiency is discussed. In general, simulating full-body scattering at 76-77 GHz requires a fairly large computation resource (memory and CPU time) due to the large size of average human in terms of wavelength as well as many different geometries of different body parts. Measurement RCS pattern is included to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. This study may provide clues to develop unique radar signatures of pedestrian at 76-77 GHz.
Higher education expansion, tracking, and student effort

This paper studies the effects of tracking on student effort and academic achievement during secondary school. Students under the comprehensive school system make effort to increase their academic achievement that determines the probability of gaining admissions to college. As college admissions become less competitive or it becomes easier to gain admissions, it increases the benefits of effort, encouraging more effort. Those students streamed into academic tracks at early ages under tracking are most likely to be admitted to college, and the competitiveness of college admissions does not affect their effort. As a result, tracking tends to perform worse in terms of average secondary-school academic achievement, as higher education expands and college admissions become less competitive.
Quisqualate receptor-mediated depression of calcium currents in hippocampal neurons

Abstract The modulation of Ca 2+ currents by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and its analogs was investigated in hippocampal neurons in culture. In the presence of glutamate receptor-gated ion channel antagonists, all of the analogs tested caused either a small reversible depression or had no effect on the Ca 2+ current. However, in neurons dialyzed with GTPyS, quisqualate and glutamate but not NMDA, kainate, AMPA, or l-APB caused marked and irreversible depressions of the Ca 2+ current. This inhibition was only observed if Ca 2+ was present in either the internal or external medium. Intracellular H-7, staurosporine, IP 3 , cAMP, cGMP, or calmodulin inhibitors failed to prevent the quisqualate-induced Ca 2+ current inhibition. These observations are consistent with an interaction between a G protein-coupled glutamate receptor and Ca 2+ channels.
An IR perspective on collective bargaining

Abstract In examining collective bargaining, industrial relations (IR) emphasizes a number of things of interest to HR scholars. First, IR adopts a different level of analysis from HR — that of the economy and the broader society — in contrast to HR's primary focus on the employing organization. Second, IR has an understanding of workplace conflict that emphasizes its collective and inherent nature, complementing HR's focus on managing individual conflict for the good of the organization. Finally, IR addresses the value of collective bargaining in promoting democracy and correcting “labor problems” arising from competitive markets, even in situations in which there is excellent personnel management.
Genetic variation within and among populations of the Marshallia graminifolia complex (Asteraceae)

Abstract The Marshallia graminifolia complex has been variously treated as two distinct species ( M. graminifolia and M. tenuifolia ), and as two subspecies under M. graminifolia . both are diploid and occupy the same bog-like habitats along the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains of the southeastern United States. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to test various hypotheses of speciational modes and mechanisms in the Graminifolia Complex, including a progenitor-derivative relationship and gradual geographic isolation. Nine enzymes encoded by 16 loci were resolved 13 of which were fixed for the same allele in all population examined. Levels of heterozygosity were low. The mean genetic identity between the two taxa was high ( l = 0.99). There was no evidence for a progenitor-derivative relationship, and no pattern of geographic partitioning of genetic variation among populations. Morphological variation between the two taxa probably results from either simple polymorphism, phenotypic plasticity, and/or clinal variation. Because other congeners of Marshallia share similarly low levels of genetic variation, we believe that its species may have arisen from genetically depauperate ancestors.
Spontaneous and Stress-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Aged Atherosclerotic Dogs

Male, mongrel dogs, six to eight years of age, were placed on an atherogenic regimen which included I131 administration and/or thiouracil with cholesterol feeding and, in some cases, the addition of 10 per cent lard to the diet. As is usually observed in such experiments, the degree of hypercholesterolemia and atheromatosis varied greatly. However, in nine out of ten dogs with blood cholesterol levels of 1,800 mg. per cent or above for over 16 weeks, myocardial infarction appeared (a) spontaneously, (b) after pitressin administration, and (c) after exposure to a stresser. Myocardial infarction has been noticed only rarely previously. Reasons are given for the belief that the advanced age of the animals which were used here played a role in the genesis of infarction.
Eight crime foraging contingencies – Comment on Johnson's review

Purpose To understand several contingencies that affect how offenders forage for crime targets. Methods Reviewing and summing up ideas already in the literature. Results Eight foraging contingencies are gathered. These include (1) offenders who do not forage at all, (2) those who do not forage from a single central place, (3) offenders who shift foraging patterns from weekday to weekend, or even in the course of a single day, (4) rapid pharmacological shifts that change individual foraging behaviour, (5) co-offender influence on foraging patterns, (6) the impact of the journey after crime on foraging, (7) whether the offender is locally recognized, and (8) mode of transport used to carry out the crime. Conclusions Johnson's excellent review of past research opens up new avenues for future inquiry.
Hydrodynamic suppression of soot formation in laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames

Effects of flow (hydrodynamic) properties on limiting conditions for soot-free laminar non-premixed hydrocarbon/air flames (called laminar soot-point conditions) were studied, emphasizing non-buoyant laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames. Effects of air/fuel-stream velocity ratios were of particular interest; therefore, the experiments were carried out at reduced pressures to minimize effects of flow acceleration due to the intrusion of buoyancy. Test conditions included reactant temperatures of 300 K; ambient pressures of 3.7-49 8 kPa; methane-, acetylene-, ethylene-, propane-, and methane-fueled flames burning in coflowing air with fuel-port diameters of 1.7, 3.2, and 6.4 mm, fuel jet Reynolds numbers of 18-121; air coflow velocities of 0-6 m/s; and air/fuel-stream velocity ratios of 0.003-70. Measurements included laminar soot-point flame lengths, laminar soot-point fuel flow rates, and laminar liftoff conditions. The measurements show that laminar soot-point flame lengths and fuel flow rates can be increased, broadening the range of fuel flow rates where the flames remain soot free, by increasing air/fuel-stream velocity ratios. The mechanism of this effect involves the magnitude and direction of flow velocities relative to the flame sheet where increased air/fuel-stream velocity ratios cause progressive reduction of flame residence times in the fuel-rich soot-formation region. The range of soot-free conditions is limited by both liftoff, particularly at low pressures, and the intrusion of effects of buoyancy on effective air/fuel-stream velocity ratios, particularly at high pressures. Effective correlations of laminar soot- and smoke-point flame lengths were also found in terms of a corrected fuel flow rate parameter, based on simplified analysis of laminar jet diffusion flame structure. The results show that laminar smoke-point flame lengths in coflowing air environments are roughly twice as long as soot-free (blue) flames under comparable conditions due to the presence of luminous soot particles under fuel-lean conditions when smoke-point conditions are approached. This is very similar to earlier findings concerning differences between laminar smoke- and sootpoint flame lengths in still environments.
Reversal of perfluorooctanesulfonate-induced immunotoxicity by a glucan-resveratrol-vitamin C combination

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) perfluoroctanic acid (PFOA) and perfluooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) are environmentally widespread bioaccumulative chemicals known to induce profound effects on the immune system. In this study, two types of PFC, i.e., PFOS and PFOA, were administered orally (daily) a dose of 20 mg/kg/d. After exposure, all mice exhibited significant immunosuppressive effects upon both cellular (phagocytosis and NK cell activity) and humoral (antibody response) branches of their immune responses. The mice were then fed with a 4 mg/kg/d dose of a combination of resveratrol-glucan-vitamin C (RVB 300). The results showed that treatment with PFCs and RVB 300 resulted in significantly lower level of immunotoxic effects from PFCs. These outcomes suggest to us that RVB 300 can potentially be successfully used as a natural remedy against immunotoxicities induced by low-level exposure(s) to perfluorinated compounds.
Long-term prognostic significance of ST segment depression during acute myocardial infraction☆

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of ST segment depression on the electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Background. The prognostic importance of ST depression on the ECG has been studied in small groups of patients with infarction, but larger numbers are needed. Methods. Coronary care unit ECGs of 1,234 patients who survived the coronary care unit with acute Q wave (n = 896) or non-Q wave (n = 338) myocardial infarction were analyzed for the presence of ST segment depression. Patients were followed up for up to 4 years. Results. ST segment depression was present in 607 patients. Those with ST segment depression had a 1-year mortality rate of 10.3% compared with a rate of 5.6% for those without ST segment depression (p = 0.002). This effect was seen in both the Q wave and non-Q wave subgroups, of the 437 patients with anterior ST segment elevation, those with ST segment depression in other regions had a 13,6% 1-year mortality rate compared with a rate of 6.9% for those with no ST segment depression (p = 0.0005). Of the 514 patients with inferior ST segment elevation, those with ST segment depression in other leads had an 11.0% 1-year mortality rate compared with a 1.8% rate for those with no ST segment depression (p = 0.0001). The Cox proportional hazards model showed that ST segment depression was an independent predictor of mortality over the follow-up period. Conclusions. ST segment depression on the admitting ECG in patients with acute myocardial infarction is a predictor of increased mortality in the year after infarction.
Reactivity patterns and catalytic chemistry of iridium polyhydride complexes

[IrH5P2] (1, P  PPri3) reacts autocatalytically with CF3COOR (R  CH2CF3) in cyclo-C6D12 at 60°C according to: 1 + CF3COOR → [IrH2P2(OR)] (2) + ROH (4) (eq. 1). The rate-law, −d[1]dt = k[1]12[CF3COOR][2]12[4]−12 (k = 1.25 × 10−4M−12 sec−1), is consistent with the mechanism, 1 + 2 ⇌ 2 [IrH3P2] (5) + 4 (rapid equilibrium); 5 + CF3COOR → [IrH2P2{OCH(OR)CF3}] (6) (rate determining); 6 → 2 + CF3CHO; 5 + CF3CHO → 2. 2 reacts rapidly with H2 (25° C, 1 atm) according to: 2 + 2 H2 → 1 + 4 (eq. 2). Although the combination of reactions 1 and 2 constitute a catalytic cycle for the hydrogenation of CF3COOR (CF3COOR + 2 H2 → 2 (4), catalyzed by 1), such catalytic hydrogenation does not occur, presumably because H2 suppresses reaction by rapidly converting the catalytic intermediates, 2 and 5, to 1. However, 1 was found to be effective as a catalyst or catalyst precursor for transfer hydrogenation, e.g. CH2CHC(CH3)3 + (CH3)2CHOH → CH3CH2C(CH3)3 + (CH3)2CO. While not directly detected, IrH3P2 could be trapped at low temperatures by N2 to yield the complexes [IrH3P2(N2)] and [(IrH3P2)2N2] which are related through the labile equilibrium, [(IrH3P2)2N2] + N2 ⇌ 2 [IrH3P2(N2)] (Keq ∼ 1.5 at 35° C).
Characterization of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC)-induced protein phosphorylation in rabbit platelets: Inhibitory effects of AGEPC analogs

Abstract 1- O -Alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC) induced phosphorylation of two proteins having molecular masses of approximately 20- and 40-kDa in washed rabbit platelets in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Sequential stimulation with AGEPC did not induce additional protein phosphorylation, supporting the concept of desensitization of the AGEPC receptors responsible for biological activity. AGEPC analogs 1- O -octadecyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoric acid-6′-trimethylammonium hexyl ester and 1- O -octadecyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoric acid-10′-trimethylammonium decyl ester (U66985 and U66982), containing polar head groups with methylene chain lengths of C6 and C10, did not cause protein phosphorylation, but they did inhibit the AGEPC-induced events. Thus protein phosphorylation is closely associated with the receptor-mediated stimulation of platelets and is a useful indicator of the signaling process initiated through the receptors. Other synthetic analogs of AGEPC such as rac -3-( N-n -octadecylcarbamoyloxy)-2-methoxypropyl 2-thiazolioethyl phosphate and 1-( N-n -pentadecylcarbamoyloxy)-2-methoxy- rac -glycero-3-phosphocholine (CV3988 and U68043) were also shown to be inhibitors of the AGEPC-induced protein phosphorylation. Inhibition by these analogs was specific for AGEPC since there was no observed effect of thrombin, ADP, 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid-induced changes. The extent of inhibition was dependent on the concentration of AGEPC and its analogs and did not change with time after the addition of AGEPC. In platelets incubated with AGEPC analogs before and simultaneously with the addition of AGEPC, protein phosphorylation was prevented; however, addition of AGEPC to platelets shortly before the addition of these analogs showed a high response. In experiments where platelets were previously incubated with AGEPC analogs and washed with buffer containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin, AGEPC-induced protein phosphorylation was recovered to a level of 80%. These observations support the conclusion that AGEPC stimulates platelets through its specific receptor, and that the AGEPC analogs bind to the AGEPC receptor and block that pathway sensitive to AGEPC stimulation but not because of the desensitization of its receptor. On the other hand, in platelets where phosphorylation of the 40-kDa protein was induced by a 2-min preincubation with 3 × 10 −10 M TPA, 5 × 10 −10 M AGEPC-induced serotonin release decreased by 51% compared to a control value. But the IC 50 value for U66985 (2 × 10 −8 M) with 5 × 10 −10 M AGEPC then was not affected by the pretreatment with TPA prior to the addition of U66985. These observations showed that the activation of protein kinase C pathway suppressed the AGEPC-induced secretion reaction but did not affect the mode of inhibitory action by the antagonists.
Interleukin-6: an autocrine regulator of mesangial cell growth.

The spectrum of tissue distribution and function of immuno-regulatory glycoproteins has been dramatically increased in the past ten years. Interleukin-1 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, which were originally described as products of classic immune cells acting on restricted subsets of target cells, are now recognized as products of a variety of transformed and nontransformed cell types with pleiotropic effects on several circulating and tissue cells. The expanded paradigm of cytokine production and function has occurred as a consequence of a methodical and occasionally fortuitous experimental approach using cell culture models in vitro to provide a basis for in vivo studies. Observations in transgenic mouse models have also provided insights for in vitro and in vivo studies. The first published clue that interleukin-6 (IL-6) might have proliferative effects on glomerular cells was observed in transgenic mice carrying the IL-6 gene fused to a human immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer [1]. The transgenic mice developed high circulating levels of IL-6, polyclonal IgG 1 plasmacytosis, and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis [1].
Wideband, multi-frequency ferrite-loaded CBS antennas with non-uniform bias

Simulations and measurements of the input impedances and radiation patterns clearly demonstrate that approximating a severely non-uniform internal magnetic field with the uniform distribution is unacceptable and it leads to very inaccurate predictions. On the other hand, the Non-uniform approach, which does not perform such averaging, yields very accurate predictions, especially when compared with measurements. In addition, it is shown that if some of the significant components of the internal magnetic field are omitted, the predictions become very inaccurate and do not compare well with measurements.
Unusual behavior of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate of a new poroshell stationary phase at high temperatures.

Abstract The reduced HETPs of naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with six condensed phenyl rings) was measured on three different RP-C18columns packed with 5 and 3 μ m totally porous silica-B particles, and with 2.7 μ m Halo shell particles. The measurements were made at temperatures between ambient and 323 K, the retention factor being kept constant by modifying the eluent composition (water/acetonitrile mixtures). This compound was chosen because (1) it is strongly retained on RP-C18 stationary phases and is eluted only by acetonitrile-rich mobile phases, which have a low viscosity ( ≃ 0.35 cP). As a result, the C-term of the HETP plots was measured very precisely; (2) this compound does not interact strongly with the bare silica surface. Its adsorption isotherm remains linear up to high concentrations, its UV-absorbance (at λ = 294 nm) is high, and its HETP can be measured accurately and precisely (relative error of 2%). The experimental data were fitted to a general HETP model derived recently. The B term was measured independently, using the parking method to validate the fit in the low velocity range. The kinetics parameters derived from this model allow a qualitative comparison of the performances of the three columns. The column packed with the C18-Halo particles exhibit an unusual rate of HETP increase at high linear velocities, particularly at elevated temperatures (310 and 323 K). A comparison of the HETP data measured for naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene and for bovine serum albumin (BSA), a large protein that is excluded from the mesopore network of all three columns, demonstrates that this behavior is related not to the mass transfer kinetics in the stationary phase but to some unexpected variation of the eddy dispersion with the linear velocity at high temperatures. The coupling theory of eddy dispersion proposed by Giddings fails to describe the data obtained for the Halo column while they predict well those measured on the totally porous materials. The explanation does not reside in the width of the particle size distribution (5% for Halo and ≃ 15 % for the silica-B particles) but more likely in the roughness of the external surface of the Halo particles.
Actions of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on electron transport and fluorescence of isolated chloroplasts

Abstract The actions of carbonylcyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on photosynthetic electron transport and fluorescence have been studied using isolated pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana ) chloroplasts which often had been uncoupled by EDTA washing or by addition of methylamine. The presence of CCCP markedly enhanced the photoreduction of oxygen by System 1 with or without added electron donors. It is concluded that the decreased steady state level of chloroplast fluorescence after an addition of CCCP was largely due to an increased rate of electron flow through System 1 to oxygen, rather than to an inhibition of System 2. The inhibition of oxygen evolution by moderate amounts of CCCP was only slight initially, but became more severe during illumination. CCCP appeared to divert oxidizing equivalents from System 2 into destructive side reactions. CCCP strongly inhibited the reoxidation of the reduced primary acceptor Q in 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-poisoned chloroplasts. A comparative study of similar actions by various electron donors to System 2, and by inhibitors of phosphorylation, failed to reveal a simple mechanism. One has to take into account not only a direct reduction of the oxidized reaction partner of Q − by the added agent, but also its effect on the membrane integrity, and on the interactions between the electron carriers in System 2.
Isolation and recombination of bovine rod outer segment cGMP phosphodiesterase and its regulators.

Abstract cGMP phosphodiesterase extracted from rod outer segments can be activated by GTP in the presence of phospholipid vesicles containing bleached rhodopsin. I have separated the phosphodiesterase from a phosphodiesterase inhibitory protein and a GTPase also present in the crude extracts from rods. The GTPase can be activated by bleached rhodopsin. However, in the absence of the GTPase and inhibitor, the phosphodiesterase was not activated by GTP in the presence of bleached rhodopsin. Recombination with these proteins partially restored the activation by GTP and bleached rhodopsin.
On preferred disorder and the shock history of chemical group IVA meteorites

Preferred disorder and shock histories of chemical group 4A meteorites from metallographic and X ray diffraction, discussing preterrestrial shock loading
Algorithms to reveal properties of floating-point arithmetic

Two algorithms are presented in the form of Fortran subroutines. Each subroutine computes the radix and number of digits of the floating-point numbers and whether rounding or chopping is done by the machine on which it is run. The methods are shown to work on any “reasonable” floating-point computer.
Longevity: potential life span and health span enhancement through practice of the basic yoga meditation regimen

This chapter briefly reviews recent psychological, physiological, molecular biological, and anthropological research which has important implications, both direct and indirect, for the recognition and understanding of the potential life span and health span enhancing effects of the basic yoga meditational regimen. This regimen consists of meditation, yogic breath control practices, physical exercises (of both a postural- and movement-based, including aerobic nature), and dietary practices. While each of these component categories exhibit variations in different schools, lineages, traditions, and cultures, the focus of this chapter is primarily on basic forms of relaxation meditation and breath control, as well as postural and aerobic physical exercises (e.g., yogic prostration regimens, see below), and a standard form of yogic or ascetic diet, all of which constitute a basic form of regimen found in many if not most cultures, though with variations.
A Stable Scheme for the Numerical Computation of Long Wave Propagation in Temporal Laminates

A temporal laminate is a material whose parameters are homogeneous in space but vary periodically and discontinuously in time. In this article, we consider wave propagation through a temporal laminate where the period of the disturbance moving through the media is large relative to ? the period of the lamination. It is worth noting that the constituent materials and the mixing coefficient can be chosen so that the effective speed in a temporal laminate is greater than the individual phase speeds. We show that the analytic problem admits stable long wave modes, but shorter wave modes grow as they pass through the laminate layers. Computing wave motion through this composite medium using the standard upwind, finite-difference method under the CFL condition for numerical wave propagation in the individual media will produce growing short wave modes. Numerical results are degraded since accuracy is quickly lost due to the growth of short waves which enter into the computation through truncation and round-off error. A new CFL constraint is derived for a finite-difference numerical scheme which will allow us to compute the stable long wave motion. Numerical results are given for the direct numerical simulation of the homogenization problem (??0).
Nucleation Processes in Large Scale Vapor Explosions

A spontaneous nucleation model is proposed for the mechanisms which lead to explosive boiling in the free contacting mode. The model considers that spontaneous nucleation cannot occur until the thermal boundary layer is sufficiently thick to support a critical size vapor cavity, and that significant bubble growth requires an established pressure gradient in the cold liquid. This results in a prediction that, for an interface temperature above the spontaneous nucleation limit, large cold liquid droplets will remain in film boiling due to coalescence of vapor nuclei, whereas smaller droplets will be captured by the hot liquid surface and rapidly vaporize, which agrees with the experimental observations. The model also predicts that explosions are eliminated by an elevated system pressure or a supercritical contact interface temperature, and this is also in agreement with experimental data.
Promoting parental attunement to children's mathematical reasoning through parent education

A total of 35 parents participated in a five month long study of parent involvement in reform mathematics. All parents received newsletters describing typical development of children's mathematical reasoning and accompanying homework that utilized common family activities. Half of the parents also participated in 4 conversations about their child's individual mathematical development with a researcher who observed children at school and studied children's homework returned to school. A detailed analysis of parental assistance to children solving challenging homework problems was conducted both before and after the program. Initially, parents were highly directive and controlling of the children's solutions. All parents decreased in directive control (conversely increasing in collaborative guidance) between the pre and post homework sessions, but parents in the conversation-added group decreased to a greater extent than parents who learned solely through text. Parents in the conversation component also displayed more knowledge about their children's mathematical reasoning on observations they recorded and returned on homework towards the end of the program compared to parents who learned through text. In addition, parents indicated that they applied the information by asking their children to do more reasoning in the context of daily family activities than they had done prior to participating.
Photodissociation of benzyl chloride molecular cation studied by pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract Photodissociation of m/z 126 (C 7 H 7 Cl + ) ions arising from electron impact ionization of benzyl chloride neutral species was studied over the wavelength range 617–644 nm. The photodissociation cross-section was determined to be 3 ± 1 × 10 −18 cm 2 at 617.5 nm. The dependence of the apparent photodissociation cross-section on laser intensity and ion residence time was also studied. In contrast to an earlier study, no evidence was found for more than one molecular structure in the m/z 126 ion population from benzyl chloride. This issue cannot be resolved using the available data.
Extracellular development of Plasmodium knowlesi erythrocytic stages in an artificial intracellular medium.

Abstract The development of erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi separated from their host cells has been determined in terms of the capacity of the isolated organisms to carry out the synthesis and secretion of proteins. P. knowlesi trophozoites and schizonts were released from host cells by nitrogen decompression and cultivated in a medium consisting of 20 mM Na+; 120 mM K+; 1 mM Mg2+; no Ca2+; 100 mM Cl−; 20 mM HCO3−; 5 mM Hepes [pH 6.73], glucose, vitamins, amino acids and 10% fetal calf serum. The yield was about 97% intact parasites, judging by their ability to maintain a membrane potential, and these parasites had more than 80% the capacity of infected cells for nuclear replication and macromolecule biosynthesis. Pulse and pulse-chase labeling studies with [35S]methionine show that parasite-synthesized proteins with Mr 160 000, 140 000, 100 000 and 58 000 are exported from the parasite in soluble form. Proteins with Mr 140 000, 100 000, 58 000–60 000, 40 000 were recovered in a particulate fraction isolated from the parasite culture fluid. An Mr 62 000 protein synthesized in large amounts by isolated parasites during the last 2h of the developmental cycle, could not be detected in infected erythrocytes, and a minor early Mr 74 000 protein becomes prominent in free parasites but not infected cells toward the end of the developmental cycle. Parasite-synthesized proteins with Mr 230 000, 160 000, 140 000, 62 000, 58 000 and 45 000 were labeled by incubation with radioactive N-acetylglucosamine during short term incubation in vitro. About 80% of label incorporation occurred via N-glycosylation supported by dolichol derived from the blood, and about 20% via glycolytic intermediates.
The Development of Subjectivity in Young Children: Theoretical and Pedagogical Considerations

The author presents the outlines of a theory of subjectivity that is anchored in processes of identification. Subject formation is a continual process of becoming that is constituted by three interrelated processes: (1) intrapsychic factors within each child; (2) effects of participation in groups on the kinds of identifications and disidentifications a child adopts; and (3) effects of the discursive practices of society on the kinds of subjectivity a particular child performs. The author begins by outlining Melanie Klein's theory of the development of individual subjectivity through early object relations. Then, using neo-Kleinian writings, the effect of group membership on the child's evolving sense of subjectivity is explored. Ways in which specific discursive environments at home, at school, in popular culture and media etc. can either open up possibilities for expanded subject identification for children or limit those possibilities are then explored. Finally, the author explores the pedagogical implications of this way of thinking, focusing on the ethical responsibilities of teachers to understand the workings of otherness in subject formation so that they might create classroom communities that foster empathy and positive identity formation and diminish the capacity of children to hate and exclude others. Subjectivity describes our sense of being in the world. Notions such as individual identity and autonomous self are problematic because they postulate static and essential notions of selfhood, and because they are premised on the assumption that we can separate ourselves from the world and define ourselves independently of it. Nothing could be further from the truth. Children are born into families and communities that embody specific languages and discursive practices. The challenge of developing our subjectivity, as Judith Butler (1997) noted, is in enabling ourselves to become
Synthesis of ammonium bisphosphonate monomers and polymers

Abstract Ammonium bisdiethylphosphonate acrylate and methacrylate monomers were synthesized by an aza-Michael addition of 3-aminopropanol across the double bond of bisdiethylphosphonate, followed by acylation with (meth)acryloyl chloride. Free radical copolymerizations of the monomers with an acrylate-functional poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomer produced graft copolymers. Quantitative deprotection of the alkylphosphonate groups, then adjustment of the pH to 7.74 ± 0.03, yielded graft copolymers with zwitterionic ammonium bisphosphonate backbones and PEO grafts. Copolymerization kinetic studies showed that the ammonium bisdiethylphosphonate methacrylate incorporated into the copolymers with PEO-acrylate well, but that the corresponding acrylate monomer reacted too slowly. The zwitterionic copolymers spontaneously assembled into aggregates in aqueous media.
Air absorption calculations for outdoor plant design

Abstract Calculations have been made which show that humidity can be a major factor in determining allowable sound power levels for outdoor process plant equipment. Curves are given for estimating atmospheric attenuation as a function of temperature and humidity for six representative noise spectra in dB(A).
The human foetal yolk sac

Specimens of human foetal yolk sac from conceptuses of 8 and 10 weeks menstrual age were studied with the electron microscope. At 8 weeks columns of endodermal cells projected into the underlying mesenchyme. Several types of endodermal cell were identified; some contained much granular endoplasmic reticulum and abundant glycogen; others resembled the haemocytoblasts present in the mesenchyme and yet others contained membrane-bounded channels similar to those seen in megakaryocytes. It was suggested that the endoderm is the site of origin of the blood cells but that, while the platelets may be formed within the endoderm, the normal development of the red cells is conditional upon their early release into the mesenchyme and possibly the attainment of an intravascular position. Intravascular macrophages were identified and their role in determining the nature of the blood picture during the period of functional acitvity of the sac discussed. The morphology of the epithelium on the external surface of the sac was discussed in relation to the possibility of its playing a part in the exchange of materials between the yolk sac and the chorionic cavity.
Infrared catastrophe and tunneling into strongly correlated electron systems: Perturbative x-ray edge limit

The tunneling density of states exhibits anomalies (cusps, algebraic suppressions, and pseudogaps) at the Fermi energy in a wide variety of low-dimensional and strongly correlated electron systems. We argue that in many cases these spectral anomalies are caused by an infrared catastrophe in the screening response to the sudden introduction of a new electron into the system during a tunneling event. A nonperturbative functional integral method is introduced to account for this effect, making use of methods developed for the x-ray edge singularity problem. The formalism is applicable to lattice or continuum models of any dimensionality, with or without translational invariance. An approximate version of the technique is applied to the 1D electron gas and the 2D Hall fluid, yielding qualitatively correct results.
Activation entropy and electronic properties of metal catalysts

Abstract The catalytic properties of metals and alloys are explored on the basis of electron promotion to a localized band as a factor in heterogeneous catalysis. The availability of electronic energy levels in the solid is related to the activation entropy associated with the surface reaction. The analysis, in conjunction with existing molecular orbital calculations, suggests that filling of d -band holes distributed between the e g and t 2 g orbitals of transition metals is reflected in measurements of the catalytic properties of some Group VIII-IB alloys.
Disparities in the treatment of patients with IL-2 for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives The incidence of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) is rising. To date, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is the only treatment offering a complete response rate for mRCC. We wish to test the hypothesis that the combination of restricted availability and expense associated with IL-2 administration results in differential access to the medication based on race and sex, despite similar clinical indications for its use. Methods We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS) to clinically characterize subjects with mRCC diagnosed from 1992 through 2002. We linked these subjects to claims identified in the CMS databases. We then assigned subjects to cohorts receiving radical nephrectomy, IL-2, both, or neither. A logistic model was created to identify factors that had significant independent effects on the receipt of IL-2. Results Three thousand seven hundred thirty individuals were identified with mRCC. After controlling for other variables, female subjects were less likely to receive IL-2 (O.R. 0.80). African American subjects were also less likely to receive IL-2 (O.R 0.55). Married individuals were much more likely to receive IL-2 (O.R 1.9). Conclusions African Americans and women were much less likely to be treated with IL-2 after controlling for relevant clinical variables. These data document that the only therapy offering a complete response to patients with mRCC is less frequently given to those who are African American or female. It is possible that the racial and gender-based disparities in treatment with IL-2 will be replicated with newer, expensive treatment options for mRCC. Further prospective investigation into mitigating barriers to receipt of effective care for mRCC is urgently needed.
Incubation Time of Eggs of Xyletinus peltatus (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) under Constant Temperatures and Humidities

A previous study (Moore 1968) on the effects of temperature and humidity on the biology of the powder-post beetle, Xyletinus peltatus (Harris), showed that the time of egg hatching could not be determined by their exterior physical appearance. The chorions are an opaque, chalky white and the larvae, upon hatching, bore directly through the egg shells into the wood on which the eggs are attached. This combination of circumstances made it impossible to include egg incubation time in the data presented in the study referred to.
Social Network Effects on the Transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

BackgroundOnly a limited number of studies have examined the effects of social networks on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), although the findings of such studies would be helpful in designing more effective prevention strategies.GoalThis study attempts (1) to determine whether there are any soc
Lethal pulmonary infection with Francisella novicida causes depletion of αβ T cells from lungs.

Abstract Respiratory Francisella infections induce a delayed innate immune response followed by a severe sepsis like condition. In this study, mice infected intranasally with Francisella novicida showed a depletion of αβ T cells in lungs while exhibiting large accumulations of other leukocytes correlating with disease severity. The depleted T cells were predominantly CD4+. The αβ T cells in infected mice showed significantly higher levels of Annexin V binding than those in mock control mice suggesting increased apoptosis of T cells. These results suggest that lack of transition from an innate to adaptive host response is associated with lethality of respiratory tularemia.
Flower-like self-assembly of gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of chromium(VI).

Abstract We report here the fabrication of a flower-like self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a highly sensitive platform for ultratrace Cr(VI) detection. Two AuNP layers are used in the current approach, in which the first is electroplated on the GCE surface as anchors for binding to an overcoated thiol sol–gel film derived from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS). The second AuNP layer is then self-assembled on the surface of the sol–gel film, forming flower-like gold nanoelectrodes enlarging the electrode surface. When functionalized by a thiol pyridinium, the fabricated electrode displays a well-defined peak for selective Cr(VI) reduction with an unusually large, linear concentration range of 10–1200 ng L−1 and a low detection limit of 2.9 ng L−1. In comparison to previous approaches using MPTS and AuNPs on Au electrodes, the current work expands the use of AuNPs to the GCE. Subsequent functionalization of the secondary AuNPs by a thiol pyridinium and adsorption/preconcentration of Cr(VI) lead to the unusually large detection range and high sensitivity. The stepwise preparation of the electrode has been characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and IR. The newly designed electrode exhibits good stability, and has been successfully employed to measure chromium in a pre-treated blood sample. The method demonstrates acceptable fabrication reproducibility and accuracy.
Male size and reproductive success in the communal courtship system of the fiddler crab Uca rapax

Abstract Reproductive success of male fiddler crabs Uca rapax depends on the numbers of females a male can attract, and the fecundity of these females. The latter correlates directly with fenale size. The size of a female in a mated pair is directly correlated with the size of the male. Therefore, older larger males experience greater reproductive success than smaller younger males. Females appear to be highly selective in mating, while males are not. The question of why females should select a male whose size is correlated with hers cannot be answered from the present study.
Mathematical modeling of diffusion during multiphase layer growth

Finite difference techniques have been applied to the modeling of multiphase layer growth for the reaction between Ni wires embedded in an Al matrix. The mathematical model considered the formation of Ni2Al3 and NiAl3 phase layers and the sequence of growth and dissolution processes involved in the attainment of an equilibrium state of NiAl3 rods in a Ni-saturated Al matrix. A means for establishing effective diffusion coefficients and solubility limits for intermetallic phases where this information is missing or incomplete has been developed. The approach is predicated upon employing readily obtained phase-layer growth data in lieu of the unknown information.