cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signature analysis for channel and source authentication in optical networks

Network security has traditionally been limited to network access and network administration, whereas data security is left to end clients where text is encrypted and decrypted. In the last decade, there has been a rapid increase in bandwidth demand mainly due to the explosion of the Internet and mobile telephony. The explosive bandwidth has been comfortably met with optical networks having many optical channels multiplexed in the same fiber, known as wavelength division multiplexing,. Data rate exceeding 1 Tbps within a fiber implies that there are tributaries that carry sensitive and proprietary data. Although data are encrypted by the end client, there is no assurance that, if captured by an eavesdropper, they may not be decrypted. Therefore, three new requirements emerge; monitor the optical link integrity, detect if an optical channel is compromised by tapping the fiber, and adopt a countermeasure strategy. One way to accomplish this is to monitor the channel performance parameters for changes in real-time. In this paper, we analyze key performance parameters of the optical signal, we describe how these parameters impact the channel performance. In addition, we develop a method to estimate in real-time the bit error rate and signal to noise ratio, and how these can be used to detect fiber intrusion. Finally, we develop a countermeasure protocol that we believe outsmarts the eavesdropper.
Radiofrequency Ablation of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Intractable Cluster Headache.

UNLABELLED Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has been shown to be an effective modality of treatment for patients with intractable chronic cluster headaches (CHs). While the use of fluoroscopy for RFA of the SPG is common, to our knowledge there are no documented cases of procedures using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for image guidance. We present a case report of a patient suffering from chronic intractable CH with complete long-lasting relief after RFA of the SPG using CBCT. The case reaffirms the potential efficacy of RFA of the SPG in a case of chronic cluster headache as well as the use of CBCT as a superior alternative to bi-plane fluoroscopy for image guidance in the management of chronic CH. KEY WORDS Cone beam computed tomography, sphenopalatine ganglion block, cluster headache, interventional pain, autonomic cephalalgia, radiofrequency ablation.
Corneal haze phenotype in Aldh3a1-null mice: In vivo confocal microscopy and tissue imaging mass spectrometry.

ALDH3A1 is a corneal crystallin that protects ocular tissues from ultraviolet radiation through catalytic and non-catalytic functions. In addition, ALDH3A1 plays a functional role in corneal epithelial homeostasis by simultaneously modulating proliferation and differentiation. We have previously shown that Aldh3a1 knockout mice in a C57B6/129sV mixed genetic background develop lens cataracts. In the current study, we evaluated the corneal phenotype of Aldh3a1 knockout mice bred into a C57B/6J congenic background (KO). In vivo confocal microscopy examination of KO and wild-type (WT) corneas revealed KO mice to exhibit corneal haze, manifesting marked light scattering from corneal stroma. This corneal phenotype was further characterized by Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) with spatial resolution that revealed a trilayer structure based on differential lipid localization. In these preliminary studies, no differences were observed in lipid profiles from KO relative to WT mice; however, changes in protein profiles of acyl-CoA binding protein (m/z 9966) and histone H4.4 (m/z 11308) were found to be increased in the corneal epithelial layer of KO mice. This is the first study to use IMS to characterize endogenous proteins and lipids in corneal tissue and to molecularly explore the corneal haze phenotype. Taken together, the current study presents the first genetic animal model of cellular-induced corneal haze due to the loss of a corneal crystallin, and strongly supports the notion that ALDH3A1 is critical to cellular transparency. Finally, IMS represents a valuable new approach to reveal molecular changes underlying corneal disease.
Slide development dynamics in loessic rocks in central ASIA

The influence of water-bearing fractures on localization and types of slides is considered. Movement mechanism of slides and earthflows is treated. The characteristics of intensity and period of slide movement at Karankul are given. Relationship between slide displacement and groundwater level fluctuation is analysed. Results of artificial moistening of loessic rocks on a slope which was accomplished to prevent earthflows are presented.
Classification of Rock Masses for Engineering: The RMR System and Future Trends

Publisher Summary Rock mass classifications form the backbone of the empirical design approach which relates practical experience gained on previous projects to the conditions anticipated at a proposed site. They are widely employed in rock engineering. In fact, on many projects, the classification approach serves as the only systematic and practical basis for the design of complex excavations in rock. Most of the tunnels, mines, slopes and foundations constructed currently make use of a classification system. The best known classification system is the Terzaghi rock load classification, introduced over 45 years ago. Since then this classification has been modified [3] and new rock mass classification systems proposed. These systems took cognizance of the new advances in rock support technology, namely, rock bolts and shotcrete, as w.ell as addressing different engineering projects such as tunnels, chambers, mines, slopes, and foundations.
Tumorigenesis promotes Mdm4-S overexpression

Disruption of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway is a primary cause of tumorigenesis. In addition to mutation of the p53 gene itself, overexpression of major negative regulators of p53, MDM2 and MDM4, also act as drivers for tumor development. Recent studies suggest that expression of splice variants of Mdm2 and Mdm4 may be similarly involved in tumor development. In particular, multiple studies show that expression of a splice variant of MDM4, MDM4-S correlates with tumor aggressiveness and can be used as a prognostic marker in different tumor types. However, in the absence of prospective studies, it is not clear whether expression of MDM4-S in itself is oncogenic or is simply an outcome of tumorigenesis. Here we have examined the role of Mdm4-S in tumor development in a transgenic mouse model. Our results suggest that splicing of Mdm4 does not promote tumor development and does not cooperate with other oncogenic insults to alter tumor latency or aggressiveness. We conclude that Mdm4-S overexpression is a consequence of splicing defects in tumor cells rather than a cause of tumor evolution.
A routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with load balancing

Directed diffusion is a well know routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that was designed in 2003. Directed diffusion saves energy by sending data packets hop by hop and by enforcing paths to avoid flooding. The main disadvantage of directed diffusion is that it is not aware of the network and nodes status and as a result cannot compare potential paths to find the best or healthier path. As an effort to try to overcome this disadvantage, we propose a network-aware protocol. The proposed protocol collects data about the available paths and uses these data to enforce healthier paths using machine learning. The data collection is done by adding a new stage called data collection stage. In this stage, the protocol designer can determine which parameters to collect then use these parameters in enforcing the best path according to certain criteria. In our implementation of this paradigm, we are collecting total energy on the path, lowest energy level on the path, and hop count. Again, the data collected is designer and application specific. The collected data will be used to compare available paths using non-incremental learning, and the outcome will be preferring paths that meet the designer criteria. In our case, healthier and shorter paths are preferred, which will result in a balanced power consumption and longer network lifetime since healthier and fewer nodes will be doing the work.
Food-animal production and the spread of antibiotic resistance: the role of ecology

Antibiotic-resistant pathogens increasingly threaten human health. Widespread application of antibiotics to animal populations raised for food, including chickens, cattle, and pigs, selects for resistance and contributes to the evolution of those pathogens. Despite a half century of research establishing the mechanisms and pathways by which antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread from food animals to people, scientists lack the appropriate data and models to estimate the public health burden of antibiotic-resistant human infections attributable to antibiotic use in food-animal production. Genomic technologies are enabling researchers to track the bidirectional transmissions of specific bacterial strains from livestock to people – and from people to livestock – that can amplify resistance traits. Concepts in ecology, which were developed to understand resource subsidies, metapopulations, and biological invasions, provide insight into the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance from genomic data. By applying ecological principles to highly resolved phylogenetic data, researchers can improve strategies for controlling antibiotic resistance.
Diffractive optics and computer-generated holograms for optical interconnects

We will identify the varieties of diffractive optics and computer generated holograms needed in single- and multi-stage optoelectronic interconnection networks, discuss their design issues and present fabricated examples.
Income Level and Income Inequality in the Euro‐Mediterranean Region, C. 14–700

Was the Euro-Mediterranean region at the time of the Roman Empire and its Western successor states more unequal than the European Union today? We use some scant evidence on personal income distribution within the Empire and differences in average regional incomes to conclude that the Empire was more homogeneous, in terms of regional incomes, than today's EU, and inter-personal inequality was low. Moreover, income inequality was likely less around year 700 than in Augustus's time. The latter finding contrasts with a view of rising inequality as the Western Roman Empire dissolved.
The absence of teaching how to teach during the business management PhD programme: A call to action

AbstractTeaching students how to teach during business management PhD programmes is often neglected by administrators and graduate professors. I believe that if a doctoral programme is to increase in strength, as well as properly prepare graduate students for academic positions, this type of neglect needs to be addressed. As such, I propose a call to action that will allow doctoral students to gain the necessary skills needed in order to more successfully learn to teach.
Empowerment in a Controlling Place: Youth Program Facilitators and Resistance to School Discipline:

Research has described a nearly monolithic culture of control that shapes the disciplinary practices and experiences of youth in urban schools. However, existing research does not adequately accoun...
Patient morbidity among residents extracting third molars: does experience matter?

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the complication rates for third molar extractions, based on resident level within an oral and maxillofacial surgery program, and to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative complications following third molar extractions. Study Design Records of 1992 patients (5466 third molar extractions) over a 5-year period were reviewed. Data were collected by using appropriate Current Dental Terminology codes from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2016. The cases were analyzed by using demographic statistics, Pearson χ2 test, and regression analysis. Results Of the total number of patients, 1855 had sufficient data available for analysis and inclusion in the study. There were 146 adverse outcomes. The common complication was alveolar osteitis. Nerve injuries and retained root tips were encountered less frequently. There was a significant association between the depth of impaction and developing a postoperative complication. There was a direct correlation between the level of resident training and the likelihood of an adverse outcome. Conclusions The study indicates that there are identifiable risk factors associated with postoperative complications following third molar extraction in an oral and maxillofacial surgery residency program. These factors include location, depth of impaction, use of a surgical drill, and level of resident training, which are correlated directly with the development of negative outcomes following third molar extractions.
On Linear-Quadratic Gaussian Dynamic Games

Stochastic dynamic games with partial information are considered. Because the LQG hypothesis is common in control theory for its analytic convenience, we exclusively focus on linear-quadratic Gaussian dynamic games (LQGDGs) – we confine our attention to “zero-sum” LQGDGs where the players have partial information. However, LQGDGs with a nonclassical information pattern can be problematic, as Witsenhausen’s counterexample illustrates. The state of affairs concerning dynamic games and dynamic team problems with partial information is not satisfactory, and the solution of “zero-sum” LQGDGs where the players have partial information has been the Holy Grail/long-standing goal of the controls and games communities. Delayed commitment strategies as opposed to prior commitment strategies are required. The goal is to obtain a Nash equilibrium in delayed commitment strategies such that the optimal solution is time consistent/subgame perfect. In this article the current literature is discussed, and informational aspects are emphasized. Information patterns which render the game amenable to solution by the method of dynamic programming are of interest, so that the correct solution of LQGDGs with partial information can be obtained in closed-form.
Direct Kerr-frequency-comb atomic stabilization

We experimentally demonstrate direct Kerr-microresonator frequency-comb atomic spectroscopy, utilizing a cascaded two-photon 1529-nm transition in a rubidium micro-machined vapor cell. The demonstration is a path for compact atomic frequency references and multiphoton comb-atom interactions.
Detecting the contagion effect in mass killings; a constructive example of the statistical advantages of unbinned likelihood methods.

Background When attempting to statistically distinguish between a null and an alternative hypothesis, many researchers in the life and social sciences turn to binned statistical analysis methods, or methods that are simply based on the moments of a distribution (such as the mean, and variance). These methods have the advantage of simplicity of implementation, and simplicity of explanation. However, when null and alternative hypotheses manifest themselves in subtle differences in patterns in the data, binned analysis methods may be insensitive to these differences, and researchers may erroneously fail to reject the null hypothesis when in fact more sensitive statistical analysis methods might produce a different result when the null hypothesis is actually false. Here, with a focus on two recent conflicting studies of contagion in mass killings as instructive examples, we discuss how the use of unbinned likelihood methods makes optimal use of the information in the data; a fact that has been long known in statistical theory, but perhaps is not as widely appreciated amongst general researchers in the life and social sciences. Methods In 2015, Towers et al published a paper that quantified the long-suspected contagion effect in mass killings. However, in 2017, Lankford & Tomek subsequently published a paper, based upon the same data, that claimed to contradict the results of the earlier study. The former used unbinned likelihood methods, and the latter used binned methods, and comparison of distribution moments. Using these analyses, we also discuss how visualization of the data can aid in determination of the most appropriate statistical analysis methods to distinguish between a null and alternate hypothesis. We also discuss the importance of assessment of the robustness of analysis results to methodological assumptions made (for example, arbitrary choices of number of bins and bin widths when using binned methods); an issue that is widely overlooked in the literature, but is critical to analysis reproducibility and robustness. Conclusions When an analysis cannot distinguish between a null and alternate hypothesis, care must be taken to ensure that the analysis methodology itself maximizes the use of information in the data that can distinguish between the two hypotheses. The use of binned methods by Lankford & Tomek (2017), that examined how many mass killings fell within a 14 day window from a previous mass killing, substantially reduced the sensitivity of their analysis to contagion effects. The unbinned likelihood methods used by Towers et al (2015) did not suffer from this problem. While a binned analysis might be favorable for simplicity and clarity of presentation, unbinned likelihood methods are preferable when effects might be somewhat subtle.
Utilizing Music Education Methods and Concepts to Enhance Industrial Design Education

Many educators are continuously in search of more efficient and effective ways to train their students in a given subject. The training methods, concepts and exercises utilized by Music educators to teach classical and jazz music has been refined over time and has a proven track record of producing excellent musicians. This paper seeks to investigate how industrial design education can be enhanced by applying classical and jazz music training methods and concepts.
Prostaglandins in liver transplantation

This review summarizes experimental studies and clinical experiences with prostaglandins in liver transplantation emphasizing two randomized, double blinded placebo controlled clinical trials of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) involving nearly 300 liver transplant recipients. Resource utilization and pharmacoeconomic aspects are also discussed. In the randomized trials, PGE1 did not affect patient and graft survival. Acute cellular rejection and primary allograft non-function were not reduced by PGE1. Postoperative renal failure was significantly less frequent among PGE1 patients in both trials and in one study perioperative blood product utilization was significantly lower. PGE1 treated patients had reduced intensive care unit length of stay, shorter hospitalization, and significantly lower total health care charges. Despite its failure to show improvements in patient and graft survival, rejection, or primary non-function, PGE1 use in hepatic allograft recipients reduces morbidity and results in notable reduction in the cost of liver transplantation.
Solitons in One-Dimensional Systems

Although a soliton related phenomenon has been discovered by Scott-Russel [1] in 1834, it took a long time for solitons to acquire their present popularity. The object of the present chapter is two-fold: First we would like to familiarize the readers with the notion of solitons. This will be done through a brief historical introduction and with the help of some examples. Then some salient features of the sine-Gordon soliton are summarized in Section 2. Second we shall describe applications of the soliton notion to real systems. Section 3 is devoted to the magnetic systems, while Sections 4, 5 and 6 are devoted to the conducting systems. The general background for the present review may be found in [2–7]. In the following we shall sketch how the notion of soliton is developed and finds application in many branches of physics.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated With Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia with usually less than <5% ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats) activity level. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) comprises 10% of newly diagnosed lymphoma cases. Case Report A 45 year old healthy African American male presented with diffuse abdominal pain with associated nausea and constipation. Labs showed decreased hemoglobin, platelets, and haptoglobin with elevated bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine. ADAMTS13 level was <1%. Peripheral smear revealed schistocytes. CT imaging demonstrated multiple lesions of liver, pleura, and bone, as well as diffuse adenopathy, all later confirmed to be hypermetabolic by PET scan. Pleura biopsy suggested HL. TTP was diagnosed, prompting start of high dose prednisone and plasma exchange (PE). Labs normalized after 5 exchanges, allowing for outpatient steroid and PE tapers. A pleura biopsy was suspicious but not definitive for HL. Three weeks later, he was admitted for opioid-induced constipation. He was still on PE. Despite labs without evidence of TTP, his ADAMTS13 persisted at <1%. A definitive excisional cervical lymph node biopsy yielded classical nodular sclerosing HL. Patient started systemic chemotherapy with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD). PE was discontinued 7 days later. At follow-up 3 weeks from cycle #1, ADAMTS13 was 55% without evidence of TTP. Conclusion A 2012 review notes 4 cases of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with HL, proposing an underlying immune component to this uncommon entity. Though rare, management of TTP associated HL can be challenging due to underlying cytopenias delaying systemic chemotherapy and yet refractoriness of ADAMTS13 to correct, portending a high risk of TTP relapse, without chemotherapy. Supportive measures to stabilize TTP and prompt initiation of chemotherapy can be an effective approach. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a heritable disorder characterised by an extremely low body weight and food restriction that frequently onsets during adolescence. However, AN is observed across the lifespan. A majority of twin studies reveal that genetic factors, on average, account for between 40% and 60% of the liability to AN. Candidate gene studies exploring the molecular genetic basis of AN have primarily focussed on genes in the serotoninergic and dopaminergic pathways. Although no pathway or gene has been unequivocally demonstrated to play a causal role in AN, 5-HTTLPR, 5HT2A, DRD2 and DRD4 are noteworthy candidates from the serotonin and dopamine systems. Genome-wide association studies have not yet revealed any genes meeting genome-wide significance for AN. However, sample sizes have been small and underpowered, underscoring the need for much larger samples. Key Concepts: Anorexia nervosa is, on average, estimated to be 40–60% heritable. Chromosome 1 has received some support for harbouring a region of interest for AN. Candidate gene studies of AN have provided inconclusive results. Genes in the serotonin, dopamine and opioid systems have shown some positive associations with AN. Genome-wide association studies have not revealed significant findings for AN, although they have been underpowered. The genetic architecture of AN is likely complex, representing a synergistic interaction between many genetic and environmental factors. Keywords: anorexia nervosa; genetics; twin study; heritability; genes
Nanothin film conductivity measurements reveal interfacial influence on ion transport in polymer electrolytes

The interfacial region where ion-transporting polymer chains are anchored to a hard, insulating phase is a major factor dictating the limits of ion-conduction in nanostructure-forming electrolytes. In this work, we investigate the effect of an end-grafted poly(ethylene oxide) (20 kg mol−1) surface on the ionic conductivity σ of PEO and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt mixtures. Specifically, we characterize nanothin films in the range of ca. 10 to 250 nm, which amplify the contributions from the polymer/substrate interface that dictate any deviations from expected bulk conductivity σbulk values. Conductivity measurements reveal a monotonic decrease in σ upon decreasing film thickness at all values of r (r = molar ratio of Li+ to EO units). The reduction from bulk-like σ occurs for film thicknesses approximately 100 nm and below for all values of r. This trend in conductivity arises from the presence of the underlying grafted-PEO layer. Through a thickness dependence normalized conductivity study, we observe nanoscale constraints leading to deviation from intrinsic conductivity of bulk PEO–LiTFSI electrolytes. These nanoscale constraints correspond to an immobile interfacial zone whose thickness hint ranges from 9.5 ± 1.4 nm at r = 0.01 to 2.9 ± 1.5 nm at r = 0.15 in our nanothin films that impedes ion transport. Overall, we have presented a robust platform that facilitates probing the role of polymer-grafted surfaces on the σ of polymer electrolytes.
Optimizing Portrait Lighting at Capture-Time Using a 360 Camera as a Light Probe

We present a capture-time tool designed to help casual photographers orient their subject to achieve a user-specified target facial appearance. The inputs to our tool are an HDR environment map of the scene captured using a 360 camera, and a target facial appearance, selected from a gallery of common studio lighting styles. Our tool computes the optimal orientation for the subject to achieve the target lighting using a computationally efficient precomputed radiance transfer-based approach. It then tells the photographer how far to rotate about the subject. Optionally, our tool can suggest how to orient a secondary external light source (e.g. a phone screen) about the subject's face to further improve the match to the target lighting. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in a variety of indoor and outdoor scenes using many different subjects to achieve a variety of looks. A user evaluation suggests that our tool reduces the mental effort required by photographers to produce well-lit portraits.
Psychosocial Differences by CTE Discipline and Personality Type in Student Teachers.

The cooperating teacher is important in the student teaching process. Literature in education (Lemma, 1993;Posner, 2000;Roe & Ross, 1994;Schwebel, Schwebel, Schwebel, & Schwebel, 1996;Weamser & Woods, 2003), Agricultural Education (Deeds, Flowers, & Arrington, 1991;Edwards & Briers, 2001;Garton & Cano, 1996;Harlin, Edwards, & Briers, 2002;Norris, Larke, & Briers, 1990;Peiter, Terry, & Cartmell, 2005;Schumacher & Johnson, 1990) and Family and Consumer Sciences (Montgomery, 2000) corroborate this statement. There are studies focusing on the student teacher-cooperating teacher relationship aspect of the overall student teaching experience (Kitchel & Torres, in press;Kitchel & Torres, 2005;Montgomery, 2000). From an efficacy standpoint,Knobloch and Whittington (2002)recommend that student and novice teachers need to feel like they are "part of a team of teachers who are supportive to each other in helping students learn" (p. 337). Given the role of the cooperating teacher in student teaching, that relationship becomes paramount to the development and efficacy of the student teacher as they transition to being an in-service teacher.
Luminescence Properties of GaN/InxGa1−xN/InyGa1−yN Double Graded Structures (Zigzag Quantum Wells)

We have designed graded InGaN quantum well (QW) structures with the In composition increasing then decreasing in a zigzag pattern. Through polarization doping, this naturally creates a p–n junction. Separate structures are designed by varying the maximum In composition but maintaining a constant QW thickness. This is both in order to test the limits of the molecular beam epitaxy growth control in terms of the deposition source ramping rates and to determine the limits of the maximum In composition within a narrow QW. The composition, x, of InxGa1−xN is varied for all structures starting from a minimum of xmin = ∼ 3%, and increasing to different maximum compositions, xmax, then finally decreasing back to ∼ 3%. The samples are characterized for their structural and luminescent properties. The results of the photoluminescence studies on samples with xmax ranging up to 35% demonstrate broadband emission covering wavelengths between 380 nm and 700 nm. Additionally, although the general emission of structures with increasing xmax shifts to lower energy, the observed luminescence is comprised of several individual peaks which are currently being investigated as to their particular origin.
Radiomic features of primary tumor by lung cancer stage: analysis in BRAF mutated non-small cell lung cancer

Background The clinical features and traditional semantic imaging characteristics of BRAF-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been previously reported. The radiomic features of BRAF-mutated NSCLC and their role in predicting cancer stage, however, have yet to be investigated. This study's goal is to assess the differences in CT radiomic features of primary NSCLC driven by BRAF mutation and stratified by tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. Methods Our IRB approved study included 62 patients with BRAF mutations (V600 in 27 and non-V600 in 35 patients), who underwent contrast-enhanced chest CT. Tumor stage was determined based on the 8th edition of TNM staging. Two thoracic radiologists assessed the primary tumor imaging features such, including tumor size (maximum and minimum dimensions) and density (Hounsfield units, HU). De-identified transverse CT images (DICOM) were processed with 3D slicer (Version 4.7) for manual lesion segmentation and estimation of radiomic features. Descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were performed. Results There were significant differences in the radiomic features based on cancer stages I-IV with the most significant differences between stage IV and stage I lesions [AUC 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86-0.99), P<0.04]. There were also significant differences in radiomic features between stage IV and combined stages I-III [40/113 radiomic features; AUC 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59-0.85); P<0.04-0.0001]. None of the clinical (0/6) or imaging (0/3) features were significantly different between stage IV and combined stages I-III. Conclusions The radiomic features of primary tumor in BRAF driven NSCLC significantly vary with cancer stage, independent of standard imaging and clinical features.
Best practices for digitizing a wood slide collection: The Bailey-Wetmore Wood Collection of the Harvard University Herbaria

Abstract As herbaria move to digitize their collections, the question remains of how to efficiently digitize collections other than standard herbarium sheets, such as wood slide collections. Beginning in September 2018, the Harvard University Herbaria began a project to image and digitize the wood slides contained in the Bailey-Wetmore Wood Collection. The primary goal of this project was to produce images of the wood tissue that could be used for specimen-level research and to make them available on the internet for remote scholarship. A secondary goal was to establish best practices for digitizing and imaging a microscope slide collection of tissue sections. Due to the size of the wood slide collection (approximately 30,000 slides), a medical histology scanner and virtual microscopy software were used to image these slides. This article outlines the workflow used to create these images and compares the results with digital resources currently available for wood anatomy research. Prior to this project, the very little of the Bailey-Wetmore Wood Collection was cataloged digitally and none of it was imaged, which made access to this unique collection difficult. By imaging and digitizing 6,605 slides in the collection, this project has demonstrated how other institutions can make similar slide collections available to the broader scientific community.
How to Prevent High School Hazing: A Legal, Social, and Ethical Primer

This article presents a broad-based plan to prevent high school hazing. Part I of this article details the problem of high school hazing. Part II explains how American law, both civil and criminal, addresses hazing. Part III discusses the shortcomings in moral reasoning that underlie American anti-hazing law. Part IV explores four legal alternatives to better address high school hazing. Part V suggests that the best way to prevent hazing is by both implementing broad-based federal anti-hazing law and instituting various state and local reforms.
Machine learning-enabled non-destructive paper chromogenic array detection of multiplexed viable pathogens on food

Fast and simultaneous identification of multiple viable pathogens on food is critical to public health. Here we report a pathogen identification system using a paper chromogenic array (PCA) enabled by machine learning. The PCA consists of a paper substrate impregnated with 23 chromogenic dyes and dye combinations, which undergo colour changes on exposure to volatile organic compounds emitted by pathogens of interest. These colour changes are digitized and used to train a multi-layer neural network (NN), endowing it with high-accuracy (91–95%) strain-specific pathogen identification and quantification capabilities. The trained PCA–NN system can distinguish between viable Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7 and other viable pathogens, and can simultaneously identify both E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut romaine lettuce, which represents a realistic and complex environment. This approach has the potential to advance non-destructive pathogen detection and identification on food, without enrichment, culturing, incubation or other sample preparation steps. Fast and simultaneous identification of multiple viable pathogens on food is critical to public health. By integrating paper chromogenic arrays (PCAs) and machine learning, a system was developed to automatically recognize PCA patterns on multiplexed viable pathogens with strain-level specificity.
Relationship between Apgar scores and long-term cognitive outcomes in individuals with Down syndrome

This study examined the contribution of the Apgar score at 1 and 5 min after birth to later cognitive functioning in 168 individuals with Down syndrome who were between 6 and 25 years of age at time of cognitive testing. Our results showed that a lower Apgar score at 1 min was related to a worse performance in later cognitive measures of receptive vocabulary, verbal comprehension and production, visual memory and working memory. Results also showed that a lower Apgar score at 5 min was only related to worse later outcomes of verbal comprehension and production and auditory working memory. Our findings suggest a need for future studies investigating how specific perinatal events reflected in the Apgar score are linked to later cognitive functioning in individuals with Down syndrome.
X-linked and mitochondrial disorders

Abstract X-linked disorders have been historically recognized for their characteristic inheritance pattern observed in families with multiple affected males born to unaffected mothers. This type of transmission pattern and pedigree structure led to the identification of Fragile X syndrome as one of the major causes of intellectual disability in males. Mitochondrial disorders, on the other hand, have long been studied as some of the major metabolic disorders in infants due to defects in the energy-producing organelles of the cell. In this chapter, the genomic techniques that have impacted our understanding of X-linked and mitochondrial disease traits are reviewed. The challenges to consider when investigating these disorders, including incomplete X-chromosome inactivation and skewing, heteroplasmy in mitochondrial disorders, and nuclear-mitochondrial intergenomic communication are also discussed. The importance of understanding the biological pathways in which disease-associated genes are involved and regulate, and the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology cannot be understated, as these are indispensable for molecular diagnostics and the design of targeted therapeutics for these disorders.
Early Tonsillectomy for Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Too Early to Draw Conclusions.

* Abbreviations: BIA — : Brief Intellectual Ability OSDB — : obstructive sleep-disordered breathing POSTA — : Preschool Obstructive Sleep Apnea Tonsillectomy Adenoidectomy Approximately 500 000 US children undergo tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy, every year.1–2 Most adenotonsillectomies are performed for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB), which encompasses a broad range of conditions from primary snoring to obstructive sleep apnea.3,4 OSDB is prevalent in children and more common in children who are overweight, Black, Hispanic, or economically disadvantaged.5–8 Children with OSDB experience neurobehavioral issues, including problems with attention, hyperactivity, and learning. These sequelae may be explained by disruptions in sleep and intermittent hypoxia. However, social and environmental factors also play a role as root causes of both OSDB and neurobehavioral concerns.9–11 Because of the high prevalence of OSDB in children, especially in vulnerable populations, and its impact on behavior and learning issues, for which vulnerable children are more at risk, optimizing appropriate, timely treatment of OSDB is a public health priority. In this issue of Pediatrics , Waters et al12 report on the cognitive, behavioral, and sleep effects of adenotonsillectomy in preschool-aged children … Address correspondence to Jennifer N. Cooper, PhD, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Dr, FB Suite 3A.3, Columbus OH 43205. E-mail: jennifer.cooper{at}nationwidechildrens.org
Leading Topics in Twitter Discourse on JUUL and Puff Bar Products: Content Analysis.

Background: In response to the recent government restrictions, flavored JUUL products, which are rechargeable closed-system electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), are no longer available for sale. However, disposable closed-system products such as the flavored Puff Bar e-cigarette continues to be available. If e-cigarette consumers simply switch between products during the current government restrictions limited to 1 type of product over another, then such restrictions would be less effective. A step forward in this line of research is to understand how the public discusses these products by examining discourse referencing both Puff Bar and JUUL in the same conversation. Twitter data provide ample opportunity to capture such early trends that could be used to help public health researchers stay abreast of the rapidly changing e-cigarette marketplace. Objective: The goal of this study was to examine public discourse referencing both Puff Bar and JUUL products in the same conversation on Twitter. Methods: We collected data from Twitter’s streaming application programming interface between July 16, 2019, and August 29, 2020, which included both “Puff Bar” and “JUUL” (n=2632). We then used an inductive approach to become familiar with the data and generate a codebook to identify common themes. Saturation was determined to be reached with 10 themes. Results: Posts often mentioned flavors, dual use, design features, youth use, health risks, switching 1 product for the other, price, confusion over the differences between products, longevity of the products, and nicotine concentration. Conclusions: On examining the public’s conversations about Puff Bar and JUUL products on Twitter, having described themes in posts, this study aimed to help the tobacco control community stay informed about 2 popular e-cigarette products with different device features, which can be potentially substituted for one another. Future health communication campaigns may consider targeting the health consequences of using multiple e-cigarette products or dual use to reduce exposure to high levels of nicotine among younger populations.
How Do News Media Affect the Divestiture of Acquired Overseas Subunits

The media research in strategic management has uniformly presumed how the news media portrayed firm actions and environments affect constituents’ perceptions of firms, given constituents’ sense-mak...
The General Line of the General Intellect

There is an apparent inconsistency or paradox is this book, which advances stupidity as a form of resistance to the knowledge economy through the creation of knowledge as expressed in written—and therefore articulated, communicable, exchangeable, and commodifiable form. Yet this is not quite an absolute contradiction as it is a realistic paradox I can’t avoid. The paradox, however, is better framed as a tension that one must realistically grapple with. There is no surefire tactic of resistance. As such, stupidity remains an unproductive pedagogical process that sits alongside learning in a dialectical fashion. To grapple with this, return to Marx’s own pedagogy, which I extract from the difference between inquiry and presentation. I read the Grundrisse as an example of constellating pedagogies of articulation and stupor, of actualization and potentiality. This is a general line in which both are heterogeneously blocked together so that stupor infects the writing and blocks the grasping drive.
Scaled Back End of Line Interconnects at Cryogenic Temperatures

At scaled nodes, Back End of Line (BEOL) interconnect resistance increases super-linearly and creates performance and energy bottlenecks. While it is known that metal resistance deceases with temperature, understanding and quantifying the behavior of interconnects from a foundry process design kit (PDK) at low temperature is critical for designing circuits and systems operating at cryogenic temperatures including Quantum and Superconducting Computers and other High-Performance Systems. In this letter we use parametric path based ring oscillators along with reference ring oscillators and Metal-on-Metal Capacitors for 22nm Fully Depleted Silicon on Insulator to measure RC delays of BEOL elements from room temperature to 4.2K. The extracted resistance of the elements show reduction of up to 30% for M1/M2, 33% for M3-M6 and 19% for Via1. With simple assumptions for interconnect structure, we perform least-squares fit of Fuchs-Sondheimer-Mayadas-Shatzkes (FS-MS) models with line-Edge roughness incorporated in the model using the Namba Model. The empirically fitted parameters track well with literature. The fitted model is within 3.7% error of all experimental results.
Prison-Based Gerrymandering and the Systematic Dilution of Minority Political Voice

The first section of this study explains the function of the decennial census in the redistricting process. The second section discusses ways in which this function has been rendered inaccurate due to the demographic changes caused by mass incarceration. Building on the work of previous scholars who have asserted that prison-based gerrymandering undermines the constitutional principle of “one person, one vote,” the third section focuses on the ways in which prison-based gerrymandering violates constitutionally-mandated principles of equal representation. The fourth section examines the way in which minority groups are most affected by the loss in political voice associated with prison-based gerrymandering, and the fifth section discusses the policy consequences of this acute racial inequity. Finally, the concluding section examines alternative methods that the US Census Bureau could pursue to remedy the democratic distortions wrought by prison-based gerrymandering and proposes a way forward to prevent future malapportionment. Ultimately, in order to foster a more equitable diffusion of political voice, reforms must be instituted to prevent the US Census Bureau from counting incarcerated individuals in the predominantly white, rural areas in which they are imprisoned.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors: A Brief Digestion

Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) play essential roles in tissue development and homeostasis. Through unique receptor–ligand interaction, TNFRSF members become activated and recruit intracellular adaptor proteins to initiate diverse signaling pathways mediating cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Deregulation of TNFR pathways is associated with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as cancer. Therapeutic strategies of targeting TNFRSF members and their ligands have been developed.
Hydrodynamic delivery of mitochondrial genes in vivo protects against moderate ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney (690.17)

Ischemic preconditioning is well known to afford protection against subsequent episodes of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in multiple organs, including the kidney, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We proposed that ischemic preconditioning results in an altered mitochondrial proteome that confers resistance to subsequent I/R injury. We subjected rats to moderate ischemic injury and used liquid chromatography – mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) to analyze the proteome of kidney cortical mitochondria isolated following 14 days of recovery from I/R. The expression of several proteins was elevated following preconditioning, and two were selected for further analysis: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) and a member of the sulfotransferase family (SULT1A1). The effect of increased expression of these proteins was evaluated by using hydrodynamic gene delivery of plasmid vectors to overexpress each protein. Strikingly, hydrodynamic delivery of IDH2 and SULT1A1 genes attenuated the peak in serum creatinine ...
Generalized Semiparametric Binary Prediction

This paper proposes a semiparametric approach to the estimation of i®generalizedi¯ binary choice models. A i®generalizedi¯ binary choice model is one with separate indices for each conditioning variable which constitutes a generalization of the standard single-index approach typically employed in applied work. The choice probability distribution is therefore a joint distribution across these indices as opposed to the typical univariate distribution on a scalar index commonly found in applied work. Interest lies in estimating choice probabilities and the gradient of choice probabilities with respect to the conditioning information, and these are estimated nonparametrically using the method of kernels. A data-driven cross-validatory method for bandwidth selection and index-parameter estimation is proposed for maximization of the nonparametric likelihood function. The functional form of the indices enters this nonparametric likelihood function thereby permitting data-driven determination of the index functions in addition to the shape of the joint cumulative distribution function itself. Applications are considered.