cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pricing of IPOs Post-Sarbanes-Oxley

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) imposes new requirements for firms going public. Many provisions of SOX should improve the transparency of U.S. firms going public and therefore reduce the uncertainty surrounding their valuation. We find that initial returns of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the United States have declined since SOX. Furthermore, the aftermarket performance of IPOs since SOX is significantly higher. While the expense of public reporting has increased in the United States because of SOX, the valuations of newly public firms at the time of the IPO are subject to less uncertainty and smaller aftermarket corrections.
A linear relationship between wave power and erosion determines salt-marsh resilience to violent storms and hurricanes

Salt marsh losses have been documented worldwide because of land use change, wave erosion, and sea-level rise. It is still unclear how resistant salt marshes are to extreme storms and whether they can survive multiple events without collapsing. Based on a large dataset of salt marsh lateral erosion rates collected around the world, here, we determine the general response of salt marsh boundaries to wave action under normal and extreme weather conditions. As wave energy increases, salt marsh response to wind waves remains linear, and there is not a critical threshold in wave energy above which salt marsh erosion drastically accelerates. We apply our general formulation for salt marsh erosion to historical wave climates at eight salt marsh locations affected by hurricanes in the United States. Based on the analysis of two decades of data, we find that violent storms and hurricanes contribute less than 1% to long-term salt marsh erosion rates. In contrast, moderate storms with a return period of 2.5 mo are those causing the most salt marsh deterioration. Therefore, salt marshes seem more susceptible to variations in mean wave energy rather than changes in the extremes. The intrinsic resistance of salt marshes to violent storms and their predictable erosion rates during moderate events should be taken into account by coastal managers in restoration projects and risk management plans.
The Emerging Field of Executive and Organizational Coaching: An Overview.

In recent years coaching has become an increasingly popular intervention used in both personal and professional development spheres. This chapter draws on industry research from scholars as well as professional organizations to map the history, definitions, and trends of executive and organizational coaching to provide clarity on a complex and still-emerging discipline.
Inspection Trips in Teacher Training

(1941). Inspection Trips in Teacher Training. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 34-61.
On-chip mode-division multiplexing switch

Leveraging the spatial modes of multimode waveguides using mode-division multiplexing on an integrated photonic chip allows unprecedented scaling of bandwidth density for on-chip communication. Switching channels between waveguides is critical for future scalable optical networks, but its implementation in multimode waveguides must address how to simultaneously control modes with vastly different optical properties. Here we present a platform for switching signals between multimode waveguides based on individually processing the spatial mode channels using single-mode elements. Using this wavelength-division multiplexing-compatible platform, we demonstrate a 1×2 multimode switch for a silicon chip that routes four data channels with low (<−16.8 dB) crosstalk. We show bit-error rates below 10−9 and power penalties below 1.4 dB on all channels while routing 10 Gb/s data when each channel is input and routed separately. The switch exhibits an additional power penalty of less than 2.4 dB when all four channels are simultaneously routed. These results enable individual processing of multimode signals and high-bandwidth, flexible optical networks.
The vascularity of the spleen as influenced by single nerves of the plexus lienalis

The blood supply of the spleen was determined by means of a stromuhr inserted into the splenic vein. The average for a dog of 18.0 kilos body weight, with a spleen weighing 100 grm., amounted to 0.97 c.c. per second, the velocity of the blood stream to 42.0 mm. per second, the venous pressure to 10.0 mm. Hg.
Effect of Testosterone Propionate on Permanent Canine Tooth Eruption in the Monkey (Macaca mulatta).

ConclusionsA study of Table I reveals that in no normal male were the 4 permanent canines recorded as having emerged more or less simultaneously. The average age of the injected animals at time of canine emergence is seen to be about a year earlier than that of the controls. In fact, the earliest permanent canines in the latter group did not appear as early as the latest ones in the experimental group. It is thus evident that when androgen is employed as a growth-stimulating agent, the development with emergence of the canine teeth is also accelerated.
The Mechanical Properties at High Temperatures of SiC Whisker-Reinforced Alumina

Creep tests were conducted at temperatures from 1673 to 1823 K on samples of Al2O3 containing 9.3, 18 and 30 vol % SiC whiskers. The results show that the strains to failure tend to decrease and the stress exponents for the steady-state creep rates tend to increase with increasing volume percentages of SiC whiskers.
The Effect of Nitrogen for Mechanical Alloyed Ti-base Intermetallic Compound

Mechanical alloying of Ti-base intermetallic compound (Ti -C- 20mass%Ni, Ti -30mass%Al, Ti -26mass%Si) was performed using a vibrational ball mill in Ar or N2 under diminished pressure. The effect of nitrogen on the mechanical alloyed Ti-base intermetallic compound was studied by X-ray diffraction, EPMA and DSC.Results from X-ray diffraction, EPMA and DSC suggested that the synthesis of TiN was carried out in N2 atomosphere under diminished pressure and tended to retard the MA reaction. And the heat treatment of powder, which was mechanical alloyed in Ar under diminished pressure, at 1173K for 1.8ksec in N2 flow made the needle-like shape of the crystals.
Age, petrochemistry, and origin of a REE-rich mineralization in the Longs Peak-St. Vrain batholith, near Jamestown, Colorado (U.S.A.)

An unusual rare earth element (REE) mineralization occurs at a locality known as the “Rusty Gold” within the anorogenic 1.4 Ga Longs Peak-St. Vrain monzo- to syenogranite Silver Plume-type intrusion near Jamestown, Colorado (U.S.A.). Irregular-shaped centimeter- to decimeter-sized mineralized pods and veins consist of zoned mineral assemblages dominated by fluorbritholite-(Ce) in a gray-colored core up to 10 cm thick, with monazite-(Ce), fluorite, and minor quartz, uraninite, and sulfides. The core zone is surrounded by a black, typically millimeter-thick allanite-(Ce) rim, with minor monazite-(Ce) in the inner part of that rim. Bastnasite-(Ce), tornebohmite-(Ce), and cerite-(Ce) appear in a thin intermediate zone between core and rim, often just a few hundreds of micrometers wide. Electron microprobe analyses show that the overall REE content increases from rim to core with a disproportionate increase of heavy REE (∑ HREE increases 10-fold from 0.2 to 2.1%) compared to light REE (∑ LREE increases twofold from 21.3 to 44.3%). The fluorbritholite-(Ce) contains minor U, Th, Fe, Mn, and Sr (total 0.10 apfu), with Al, Mg, Na, K, Ti, Pb, S, and Cl below instrument detection limits. Cerite-(Ce) is a minor constituent of the thin zone between the inner rim and the core. The cerite-(Ce) is Fe-rich with low Ca, and minor Al, Mg, and Mn, whereas tornebohmite-(Ce) is Al-rich and Ca-poor. Monazite-(Ce) and uraninite U-Th-Pb microprobe ages yield 1.420(25) and 1.442(8) Ga, respectively, confirming a co-genetic relationship with the host ca. 1.42(3) Ga Longs Peak-St. Vrain granite. We suggest the origin of the REE mineralization is a F-rich and lanthanide-rich, either late-magmatic hydrothermal fluid or residual melt, derived from the granite. This late-stage liquid, when becoming progressively enriched in REE as it crystallized, could explain the observed concentric mineralogical and geochemical zoning.
Blood and Bone.

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation has come a long way in 60 years, but substantive clinical challenges remain. Hoxb5, a marker for long-term HSCs, has been used to better understand their niche.
Aclidinium for Stable COPD.

Aclidinium did not decrease all-cause mortality or exacerbations requiring oral steroids, antibiotics, or both. However, aclidinium decreased the number of patients with exacerbations requiring hospitalization and improved quality of life in those with stable COPD.
FATE SELECTION AND VIABILITY OF MESENCHYMAL AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL POPULATIONS, DISRUPTED BY OBESITY, AGING AND DISUSE, ARE RESCUED BY LOW INTENSITY MECHANICAL SIGNALS

Exercise deters systemic diseases such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, diabetes and obesity. Brief daily periods of low intensity vibration (LIV; Low magnitude mechanical signals also suppress adipogenesis in the mouse, with reductions in subcutaneous and visceral fat. The starkly distinct response of these tissues (augment bone & muscle; suppress fat) suggests that LIV influences the differentiation pathway of MSCs. Extending this diet induced obesity model to 7 months increased total adiposity, accelerated age-related loss of trabecular bone and severely reduced B & T-cell number in the marrow and blood, shifting hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) towards the myeloid lineage. LIV introduced at 4 months rescued bone and B-cells to those levels measured in regular diet controls. These data emphasise why inactivity can promote osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity, and why a sedentary individual is predisposed to disease sequelae. Protection of MSC and HSC populations by mechanical signals may represent a unique strategy by which adiposity can be suppressed, the immune system protected, and a musculoskeletal system enhanced.
Ethics, Medicine, and Information Technology: Intelligent Machines and the Transformation of Health Care

Information technology is transforming the practices of medicine, nursing, and biomedical research. Computers can now render diagnoses and prognoses more accurately than humans. The concepts of privacy and confidentiality are evolving as data moves from paper to silicon to clouds. Big data promises financial wealth, as well as riches of information and benefits to science and public health. Online access and mobile apps provide patients with an unprecedented connection to their health and health records. This transformation is as unsettling as it is exhilarating. This unique new book is essential for anyone who uses computers in health care, biomedical research or public health, and cares about the ethical issues that arise in their work. With chapters spanning issues from professionalism and quality to mobile health and bioinformatics, it establishes what will become the 'core curriculum' in ethics and health informatics, a growing field which encourages truly inter- and multidisciplinary inquiry.
Influence of beef tallow and muscle on the antilisterial activity of pediocin AcH and liposome-encapsulated pediocin AcH

The activity of free and liposome-encapsulated pediocin AcH was monitored in slurries (25% in dH2O) of beef tallow and beef muscle. Significant loss of pediocin AcH activity was observed within 1.5 min [24-60% recovery of original arbitrary units (AU)] following the addition of 30,000 AU of pediocin per ml slurry. Pediocin activity continued to decrease up to 35 min (14-40% recovery of original AU), but thereafter, pediocin activity did not decrease appreciably. More activity was recovered from tallow-than muscle-based slurries and from heated (100°C, 3 min) slurries compared to unheated slurries. Also, the addition of pediocin AcH to slurries (10,000 AU increments) identified saturation levels of ca. 80,000-90,000 AU for tallow compared to ca. 100,000 AU for muscle. Lastly, the encapsulation of pediocin AcH within phosphatidylcholine liposomes resulted in a 27.5% (heated muscle) and 28.9% (heated tallow) increase in the recovery of pediocin activity compared to otherwise similar slurries containing free pediocin.
A general model for passive balancing of supercritical shafts with experimental validation of friction and collision effects

Abstract Passive balancing devices for rotary systems consist of masses that are free to move in concentric guides about a shaft axis. At supercritical speeds, the balancing masses automatically assume positions that counter any imbalance due to uneven mass distribution in the system. A comprehensive physics-based non-linear model of a rotary system with passive balancing was formulated including balancing mass collision and friction. An experiment was conducted to quantify the performance and dynamic behavior of a single-plane passive balancing device and to compare experimental results to model predictions. A parametric study validated the proposed modeling of the balancing mass interaction with other balancing masses and with the balancer track. In this research, the passive balancing device on average reduced shaft transverse vibrations experimentally by 62 percent at steady state. Models available in the literature predicted vibration amplitudes to within 68 percent of the experimental values. The presented model, accounting for balancer track friction and balancing mass collision, improved the accuracy of predicting shaft vibration amplitudes by a factor of 3.9 when compared to published models (18 percent vs. 68 percent).
NMR Tube Degradation Method for Sugar Analysis of Glycosides

The sugar subunits of natural glycosides can be conveniently determined by acid hydrolysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy without isolation or derivatization. The chemical shifts, coupling constants, and integral ratios of the anomeric signals allow each monosaccharide to be identified and its molar ratio to other monosaccharides to be quantified. The NMR data for the anomeric signals of 28 monosaccharides and three disaccharides are reported. Application of the method is demonstrated with the flavonoid glycoside naringin (1), the aminoglycoside antibiotics kanamycin (2) and tobramycin (3), and the saponin digitonin (4).
Understanding Online Purchase Intentions of Licensed Sports Merchandise through Integration of Technology Acceptance Model and Trust

This study proposed and examined a research model to explain sport consumers’ intentions to purchase licensed sport merchandise online. The model extends the TAM by adding the construct of trust in order to propose an adaptive model for the online sport context. The respondents were students (N = 266) attending a large university in the Midwestern United States. The proposed model included measures of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, trust, attitude, and online purchase intentions of licensed sport merchandise. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model and the relationships among constructs that were indicated by multiple measures. The results indicated that the proposed model (x2/df = 2.48, NFI = .90, TLI = .92, CFI = .94, RMSEA = .075) fit the data with a degree of reasonable fit. The findings indicate a positive influence of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness, perceived usefulness on attitude, and trust on attitude. 1 Yoo and Ross: Online Purchase Intentions Published by Digital Commons @ Kent State University Libraries, 2014
Explantation Rates and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Spinal Cord Stimulation.

Objectives Certain patients ultimately undergo explantation of their spinal cord stimulation (SCS) devices. Understanding the predictors and rates of SCS explantation has important implications for healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and pain management. The present study identifies explant predictors and discerns differences in HCRU for at-risk populations. Methods We designed a large, retrospective analysis using the Truven MarketScan Database. We included all adult patients who underwent a SCS trial from 2007 to 2012. Patients were grouped into cohorts that remained explant-free or underwent explantation over a three-year period, and multivariate models evaluated differences in healthcare resource utilization. Results A total of 8727 unique instances of trial implants between 2007 and 2012 were identified. Overall, 805 (9.2%) patients underwent device explantation. One year prior to SCS implantation, the explant cohort had significantly higher median baseline costs ($42,140.3 explant vs. $27,821.7 in non-explant groups; p < 0.0001), total number of pain encounters (180 vs. 103 p < 0.0001), and associated costs ($15,446.9 vs. $9,227.9; p < 0.0001). The explant cohort demonstrated increased use of procedures (19.0 vs. 9.0; p < 0.0001) compared to non-explanted patients. For each month after initial SCS implantation, explanted patients had a slower decrease in total costs (4% vs. 6% in non-explant; p < 0.01). At the month of explant, explant patients were expected to have incurred 2.65 times the total cost compared to the non-explant cohort (CR 2.65, 95% CI [1.83, 3.84]; p < 0.001). Medium volume providers had lower rates of explantation at one-year and three-years compared to low volume providers (p = 0.042). Increased age and Charlson index were independent predictors of explantation during the same periods. Conclusions In this nationwide analysis, we identified that SCS device explantation is correlated with patients who have higher baseline costs, higher total cost post-SCS implantation, and increased use of procedures to control pain. The higher rates of explantation at three-years postimplant among low volume providers suggest that variations in provider experience and approach also contributes to differences in explantation rates.
Identification of a fragmented small GTPase capable of conditional effector binding

A fragmented small GTPase capable of conditional effector binding is described. The effector binding function of this split-GTPase can be modulated using a small molecule input, thus allowing for the potential design of cellular signaling pathways.
Clinical Practice Guidelines in Heart Failure: State of the Art in the United States

As we examine the speed with which treatment advances are unfurled within the medical literature, we are often lulled into directly equating a p-value below 0.05 to an improvement in the health of our patient population. In fact, no life has ever been saved or improved in quality by any p-value, however small. A significant p-value, derived from a well-designed randomized clinical trial, is merely an initial step along a lengthy road toward improved clinical outcomes. The steps along this road and the tools that permit or facilitate taking each step are listed in Table 1.
The "Memel Problem:" German Memelland in the History World War II with an Aim to its Proper Placement

An integral part of the eastern German and Prussian social and economic landscape for 700 years, the region known as Memel was stripped from direct German rule according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I. The Memel territory, alternatively known as 'Memelland'83 to the Germans and the "Klaipeda Region" to the Lithuanians, included the city of Memel and a swath of surrounding former Prussian territory north of the Niemen River.84 The fate of the territory and its 141,000 people was initially left to a relatively disorganized and poorly-established council meant to maintain it similar to a Danzig-style League of Nations mandate "free city," with the objective of providing port access to the port-less and newly-created state of Lithuania.85 This move, as well as other decisions made by the authors of the Paris Peace agreements, ignited political wrangling and inflamed tensions throughout Europe as a whole in the 1920s and 1930s.
Gender Differences in the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cancer.

Abstract Objectives Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to a variety of diseases in adulthood, including cancer. However, current research has yet to determine if all abuse types are associated with cancer and if women are more adversely impacted by ACEs than men. Methods Data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a national survey of American adults 18 and older (N = 111,964) were analyzed. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate odds of ever being diagnosed with cancer after experiencing one or more of eight different ACEs, while adjusting for potential confounders. These analyses were then stratified by gender. Results Among women, childhood experiences of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, living with someone who was mentally ill, living with a problem drinker, living with a drug user, and living in a household where adults treated each other violently were associated with higher odds of cancer. Among men, only emotional abuse was associated with higher odds of cancer. Conclusions Results suggest that ACEs increase risk of cancer later in life. However, this impact occurs mostly among women. This finding may be because women experience many ACEs at higher rates than men and because women, via sexual abuse, can be exposed to cancer-causing viruses.
Review of the NRL Liner Implosion Program

For the past several years, the Naval Research Laboratory has been investigating the use of imploding liner magnetic flux compression techniques to achieve high energy densities. Of particular interest has been the possibility of utilizing liner implosions to compress plasma adiabatically to thermonuclear fusion temperatures. Initial concepts followed the work at IAE Kurchatov and involved the electromagnetic implosion of copper and aluminum cylinders in the manner of a theta pinch. Experiments at NRL achieved radial compressions of 28:1 and fields of 1.4 MG using 30 cm initial-diam aluminum liners driven by an inductively-powered, single-turn solenoid. To avoid irreversible solid-mechanical behavior (buckling, shrapnel, etc.) experiments were later performed with rotationally stabilized, liquid sodium-potassium liners, again imploded electromagnetically. To stabilize the liquid liner motion completely, a new implosion technique, utilizing free pistons driven by high pressure gas, has been developed. Radial compressions of 30:1 and repetitive implosion-reexpansion cycles have been obtained with this technique. Stabilized-liner implosion systems have been constructed at NRL which allow a matrix of hydrodynamic and high magnetic field phenomena to be investigated. Smaller devices (“water models”) are used to study basic dynamical behavior of incompressible fluid liners. Two other devices, LINUS-O and HELIUS, with initial bores of 30 cm and 15 cm, respectively, can be used to study compressible liner dynamics and magnetic diffusion.
Varieties of Educative Experiences in Classical Greece

Despite the timelessness of his educational ideas, Plato’s concerns, like any philosopher’s, emerged in a particular historical context. Though he was a philosopher who was interested in the eternal and the immutable, most of his dialogues are rooted in a distinct time and place; they are set in fifth century B.C.E. Greece and the dialogues’ characters include members of his family, his teacher Socrates, and prominent Greek intellectuals and citizens. This chapter provides an overview of the historical context of education in Plato’s Greece.
Medical Student Leadership Disposition in the First Year of Medical School

This paper reports baseline data measures on predictor traits of leadership emergence and effectiveness gathered from medical students at a Midwestern medical school. First year medical students completed surveys assessing transformational leadership, leader humility, motivational sources, and the big five personality traits. Results from these baseline measures are presented and implications for medical student leadership education are discussed.
Non-Markov character of sound propagation over relatively short ranges in the turbulent atmosphere

The Markov approximation is widely used in wave propagation in random media, including sound propagation in the turbulent atmosphere. This approximation, which significantly simplifies formulations for the statistical moments of the propagating field, is valid if the propagation range is greater than the outer length scale of random inhomogeneities. For sound propagation in the turbulent atmosphere, this length scale can be as large as 400–500 m (23% of the height of the atmospheric boundary layer), indicating that the Markov approximation might not be applicable for relatively short ranges. In this paper, the statistical characteristics of a sound field propagating in the turbulent atmosphere, such as the correlation functions of the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations, the mean sound field, and the mutual coherence function are calculated, without using the Markov approximation. The new results are then compared with those obtained in the Markov approximation. The difference between the two formulation...
Gravitational Three-Body Problem

After solving the one- and two-body problems, generalizing to the three-body problem should be easy, right? No! In fact, it was the gravitational three-body problem that led Henri Poincare to discover dynamical “chaos.” Some systems are so sensitive to initial conditions that a tiny shift today can dramatically change the long-term behavior. The Solar System is actually an example: despite being well-approximated by the two-body problem, planetary motion is formally chaotic because of gravitational interactions among planets. We cannot solve the three-body problem in general, but we can gain valuable insights from two cases that are simplified but still relevant for systems ranging from satellites near Earth to planets around distant stars.
Free Will, the Creativity of God, and Order

The nature of the finite person and his relation to Reality remains, as it has been for ages in both Eastern and Western thought, a problem for empirical and speculative thought. Nobody, in the East or in the West, denies that the human person stands in an enigmatic relation to the rest of being, for there are dimensions to his nature that seem to link him with the rest of being. A microcosm somehow related to a macrocosm that includes many dimensions of non-personal being, the personal self has tended to be considered some sort of example of some other dimension of being, sub-human or superhuman; man is a created, imperfect image of God, or a focus of God, or a higher animal, or a complicated matrix of electrical energy, or ... The tendency has been to study him as a good sample of something else to which he clearly seems related.
Integrin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in corneal fibroblasts.

Purpose. A major pathway for intracellular signaling from cell surface receptors, such as integrins, involves intracellular phosphorylation. In corneal fibroblasts, the authors have investigated the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in integrin-dependent cell adhesion to extracellular matrix. Methods. Antibodies were used to detect phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, including focal adhesion kinase in lysates and immunoprecipitates of corneal fibroblasts. The authors used anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to localize phosphotyrosines in fixed cultured corneal fibroblasts. Similarly, immunocytochemical detection of vinculin was used to identify focal adhesions, the subcellular structures in which integrins organize attachment to matrix extracellularly and to cytoskeletal components intracellularly. Results. Suspension of corneal fibroblasts produced a dramatic decrease in detectable phosphotyrosines. During integrin-dependent fibroblast attachment to exogenously supplied fibronectin, the cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), pp125FAK became tyrosine phosphorylated. However, FAK was not phosphorylated during fibroblast attachment to vitronectin or polylysine or when cells were kept in suspension. In addition, the treatment of suspended cells with antibody to the extracellular domain of fibronectin receptor caused FAK phosphorylation. Phosphotyrosine was colocalized with vinculin in newly formed focal adhesions. Focal adhesion formation was prevented by herbimycin A, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. Conclusions. In corneal fibroblasts, fibronectin receptor-specific signal transduction from extracellular matrix during the formation of focal adhesions requires tyrosine kinase activation, including phosphorylation of FAK. This underscores a role for the fibronectin receptor in signaling from the extracellular matrix in corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1837-1846.
Die Erforschung der historischen Evolution

Die biologische Forschung kann in zwei methodische Ansatze unterteilt werden. Die «funktionelle Biologie» fragt, wie ein Organismus arbeitet — wie entwickelt er sich und wie erhalt er sich? Der andere, der historische Ansatz fragt, «warum ist das Leben so, wie es ist?» Die Phanomene, die wir in der Biologie untersuchen, sind Produkte einer historischen Entwicklung: Vergangene Ereignisse konnen den gegenwartigen Zustand von Lebewesen bestimmt haben. Ebenso wie ein Politologe die gegenwartigen nationalen Grenzen oder die Spannungen zwischen Volkern nicht ohne Bezug auf beispielsweise die Geschichte des Kolonialismus erklaren kann, braucht ein Biologe Kenntnis von der Vergangenheit, um zu verstehen, warum die Nieren von marinen Fischen offensichtlich zum Leben im Sus- und nicht im Salzwasser entworfen sind oder warum der Tapir die tropischen Walder Asiens und Amerikas, nicht aber Afrikas bewohnt.
Foundations of c

C++ is a large and complicated language. People get lost in details. However, to write good C++ you only need to understand a few fundamental techniques --- the rest is indeed details. This paper presents fundamental examples and explains the principles behind them. Among the issues touched upon are type safety, resource management, compile-time computation, error-handling, concurrency, performance, object-oriented programming, and generic programming. The presentation relies on and introduces a few features from the recent ISO C++ standard, C++11, that simplify the discussion of C++ fundamentals and modern style.
Usability of performance dashboards, usefulness of operational and tactical support, and quality of strategic support: a research framework

Performance dashboards are used as a strategic decision support tool in organizations. In this research, we examine the relationships between the usability of performance dashboards, the usefulness of operational and tactical support, and the quality of strategic support that they provide. We hypothesize that usability of performance dashboards will influence user perceptions of the usefulness of the operational and tactical support provided by the dashboards, which in turn influence the perceived quality of strategic support provided.
Non-ischemic infarct extension: A new type of infarct enlargement and a potential therapeutic target*☆

In this issue of the Journal , Jackson et al. [(1)][1] describe infarct extension after anteroapical myocardial infarction (MI) in sheep that surprisingly occurs in the face of normal border zone (BZ) blood flow. Briefly, sheep were instrumented with an array of sonomicrometry crystals on a long-
Elementary School Student Development of STEM Attitudes and Perceived Learning in a STEM Integrated Robotics Curriculum

Robotics has been advocated as an emerging approach to engaging K-12 students in learning science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This study examined the impacts of a project-based STEM integrated robotics curriculum on elementary school students’ attitudes toward STEM and perceived learning in an afterschool setting. Three elementary school teachers and 18 fourth to sixth graders participated in an eight-week-long program. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed, and showed students’ attitudes toward math improved significantly at the end of the robotics curriculum. Three specific areas of perceived learning were identified, including STEM content learning and connection, engagement and perseverance, and development and challenge in teamwork. The findings also identified the opportunities and challenges in designing a STEM integrated robotics afterschool curriculum for upper elementary school students. Implications for future research studies and curriculum design are discussed.
Ethanol and Its Relation to Amino Acid Metabolism in Brain

Because of the critical need for such data in the development of mathematical models, it is appropriate to begin this discussion by emphasizing the importance of working with specifically labeled precursors when attempting to chemically dissect the metabolic heterogeneity of brain tissue, especially for the operation of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle. Most of the early work on brain metabolism—as well as on other organs—was done using uniformly labeled glucose. This is the most readily available precursor and it can be obtained at much higher specific activities than specifically labeled glucose, thus allowing maximum incorporation into the molecules of interest to the investigator. Geiger’s laboratory did some of the earliest studies of this type in brain (Barkulis et al., 1960; Allwis and Magnes, 1958). These investigators seemed to have been surprised at the slowness with which [14 C] -CO2 was produced and at the extent of labeling of those amino acids that are related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, viz. glutamate and aspartate. After Schonheimer (1942) had established the dynamic state of body constituents, primarily using stable isotopes, this observation should not have been surprising. However, even today there seem to be investigators who are surprised by such results.
Comparison of Long-Term Survival Following Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Men Versus Women.

Sudden cardiac death (SCA) is a major cause of mortality with estimates of 450,000 deaths annually in the United States. The incidence of SCA differs between the sexes. Data regarding survival of women compared with men after SCA are, however, conflicting. We, therefore, examined the long-term survival of women versus men after SCA. A total of 1,433 (41% women; 44% out-of-hospital) survivors of SCA at our institution between 2002 and 2012 were followed to the primary end point of death through February 20, 2017. Women in our cohort were older (p = 0.02), were less likely to be white (p = 0.01), or to have suffered an acute myocardial infarction at the time of SCA (p
Study finds medication errors common after Intensive Care Unit transfer.

Commentary on : Tully AP, Hammond DA, Li C, et al . Evaluation of medication errors at the transition of care from an ICU to non-ICU location. Crit Care Med 2019;47:543–9. Doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003633 Medication errors at time of hospital discharge to outpatient settings have been thoroughly studied, showing 60% or greater of patients discharged experience medication errors.2–5 Though information …
Gestational Age at Birth and Risk of Developmental Delay: The Upstate KIDS Study

Objective The aim of this study is to model the association between gestational age at birth and early child development through 3 years of age. Study Design Development of 5,868 children in Upstate KIDS (New York State; 2008–2014) was assessed at 7 time points using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). The ASQ was implemented using gestational age corrected dates of birth at 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. Whether children were eligible for developmental services from the Early Intervention Program was determined through linkage. Gestational age was based on vital records. Statistical models adjusted for covariates including sociodemographic factors, maternal smoking, and plurality. Results Compared with gestational age of 39 weeks, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals of failing the ASQ for children delivered at Conclusion Gestational age was inversely associated with developmental delays for all gestational ages. Evidence from our study is potentially informative for low-risk deliveries at 39 weeks, but it is notable that deliveries at 40 weeks exhibited further lower risk.
Detecting and Classifying Self-injurious Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Machine Learning Techniques

Traditional self-injurious behavior (SIB) management can place compliance demands on the caregiver and have low ecological validity and accuracy. To support an SIB monitoring system for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we evaluated machine learning methods for detecting and distinguishing diverse SIB types. SIB episodes were captured with body-worn accelerometers from children with ASD and SIB. The highest detection accuracy was found with k-nearest neighbors and support vector machines (up to 99.1% for individuals and 94.6% for grouped participants), and classification efficiency was quite high (offline processing at ~ 0.1 ms/observation). Our results provide an initial step toward creating a continuous and objective smart SIB monitoring system, which could in turn facilitate the future care of a pervasive concern in ASD.
Chirality-pure carbon nanotubes show distinct complexation with recognition DNA sequences

Abstract Pure-chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that are non-covalently complexed with recognition DNA sequences exhibit unique interaction behavior and hybrid stability in aqueous environments. The complexation of DNA-wrapped SWCNTs was found to be a strong function of both the DNA sequence and SWCNT chiral structure, highlighted by the distinct coating displacement of the same recognition DNA sequence from a pair of (6,5) enantiomers by a strong surfactant. A broad range of changes were observed for different DNA/SWCNT recognition pairs with surfactant exchange including the increase in nanotube photoluminescence intensity in the near-infrared (NIR) from 1.3 to 14.7-fold and time constants deduced from DNA displacement kinetics ranging from 9 s to 230 s. A large time constant of 230 s and a relatively small 4.4-fold increase in NIR emission intensity were obtained for the CTC3TC-(7,6) hybrid highlighting the vast potential of short DNA sequences for improved nanotube sorting and hybrid stability in aqueous environments. Additionally, CTC3TC-(7,6) was identified as the only hybrid to exhibit an increase in NIR fluorescence intensity in serum-containing cell culture media among all samples tested. Our results demonstrated unique optical properties and hybrid stability of DNA/SWCNT recognition pairs, providing a foundation for developing applications of chirality-pure SWCNTs.
Warm Ischemia Time

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors differ from donation after brain death (DBD) donors in that they experience a period of obligatory donor warm ischemia time (DWIT) prior to initiation of cold perfusion of organs. While most authors agree that prolonged DWIT results in hepatic ischemic injury, debate exists on the length of DWIT or hemodynamic parameters following withdrawal of life support that determine whether a liver graft can be used with reasonable safety. As such, the concept of a functional warm ischemia time (f-DWIT) arose from the notion that individual events during DCD procurement, such as variations in hemodynamics, mandatory wait period, and time from incision to cannulation of the aorta and cross clamp, all of which are included in total DWIT, may have different impact on the outcome of the liver graft. The present chapter reviews the various definitions relevant to warm ischemia time in liver transplantation using DCD donors in an attempt to clarify the existing ambiguity. The chapter also provides a comprehensive view of the literature by describing studies that have investigated various parameters of warm ischemia time and their associations with outcomes following liver transplant using DCD donors, such as graft failure and ischemic cholangiopathy (IC). Finally the chapter reviews potential reasons for the variability in previous studies as well as discusses the limitations associated with using various hemodynamic parameters to evaluate hepatic ischemic injury.
Postdiagnostic Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Breast Cancer Survival: Prospective Analyses in the Nurses' Health Studies.

Fruits and vegetables contain many bioactive components that may contribute to improved survival after diagnosis of breast cancer, however, evidence to date is insufficient. We prospectively assessed the associations of postdiagnostic fruit and vegetable consumption with breast cancer–specific and all-cause mortality among 8,927 women with stage I–III breast cancer identified during follow-up of the Nurses9 Health Study (NHS; 1980–2010) and NHSII (1991–2011), using a validated food frequency questionnaire completed every 4 years after diagnosis. We prospectively documented 2,521 deaths, including 1,070 from breast cancer through follow-up until 2014 in the NHS and 2015 in the NHSII. Total fruit and vegetable and total vegetable consumption was related to lower all-cause [HRQ5vsQ1, 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71–0.94; Ptrend = 0.004, and HRQ5vsQ1, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72–0.97; Ptrend = 0.001, respectively], but not breast cancer–specific mortality. Total fruit consumption was not related to breast cancer–specific or all-cause mortality. Greater intake of green leafy and cruciferous vegetables was associated with lower all-cause mortality. Each 2 servings/week of blueberries was associated with a 25% (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60–0.94) lower breast cancer–specific and a 17% (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72–0.96) lower all-cause mortality. In contrast, higher fruit juice consumption was associated with higher breast cancer–specific (HRQ5vsQ1, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09–1.63; Ptrend = 0.002) and all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04–1.36; Ptrend = 0.003). Apple juice largely accounted for these higher risks and orange juice was not associated with risk. Higher postdiagnostic fruit and vegetable consumption among breast cancer survivors was not associated with breast cancer–specific mortality. However, our findings suggest that higher vegetable consumption, particularly green leafy and cruciferous vegetables, was associated with better overall survival among patients with breast cancer. Higher fruit juice consumption, but not orange juice, was associated with poorer breast cancer–specific and all-cause survival. Significance: A large-scale study shows that high fruit and vegetable consumption may be associated with better overall survival among breast cancer patients, while high fruit juice consumption may be associated with poorer porgnosis.
Chiafalo v. Washington on Faithless Electors

If members of the Electoral College do not follow the popular vote of their state—acting as “faithless electors”—can this be outlawed by states or does the Constitution mandate that electors can vote their conscience? In the 2016 contest, several states had faithless electors (as part of the Hamilton Electors movement, named after Hamilton’s Federalist 68) and both Washington and Colorado punished those citizens with a fine or removal. These cases decide whether states may bind electors, consistent with the US Constitution, just in time for the 2020 election.
Analysis of Online Patient Education Materials on Rhinoplasty

Objective: Are education materials available online appropriate for patients seeking information before rhinoplasty? Study Design: Google.com and YouTube.com were searched for patient education inf...
Measurements of effective actinides neutron capture cross sections in a cadmium-filtered epithermal neutron spectrum

Abstract I (G.J.Y.) was a graduate student the first time I met Dr. Salvatores in February 1994 in Cadarache, France. He was teaching a class (in French) on fast reactor physics. Among us was a bright Chinese student who had come to learn reactor physics the French way. The student’s French was a little less than perfect, so I was surprised when, at the end of the class, he raised his hand and asked Dr. Salvatores, “Are you really French?” Dr. Salvatores looked at him and replied with a smile, “Eh, non, je ne suis qu’un pauvre paysan italien!” (No, I’m only a poor Italian peasant!) The class had a good laugh. It did not take long for me to realize Dr. Salvatores was more than just a “pauvre paysan italien”. Massimo would later become my Ph.D. director, and we had many occasions to meet and share laughs around the world over the next 25 years. He was an outstanding scientist, mentor, and bon vivant. He was a model and an inspiration for several generations of French nuclear reactor physicists involved in the development of fast reactors and advanced fuel cycles. Dr. Salvatores initiated the integral experiment that is the subject of this article.
BLE Can See: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for RF-based Indoor Occupancy Detection

The emergence of radio frequency (RF) dependent device-free indoor occupancy detection has seen slow acceptance due to its high fragility. Experimentation shows that an RF-dependent occupancy detector initially performs well in the room to be sensed. However, once the physical arrangement of objects changes in the room, the performance of the classifier degrades significantly. To address this issue, we propose BLECS, a Bluetooth-dependent indoor occupancy detection system which can adapt itself in the dynamic environment. BLECS uses a reinforcement learning approach to predict the occupancy of an indoor environment and updates its decision policy by interacting with existing IoT devices and sensors in the room. We tested this system in five different rooms for 520 hours in total, involving four occupants. Results show that, BLECS achieves 21.4% performance improvement in a dynamic environment compared to the state-of-the-art supervised learning algorithm with an average F1 score of 86.52%. This system can also predict occupancy with a maximum 89.23% F1 score in a completely unknown environment with no initial trained model.
Racial Disparities and Sex Differences in Early- and Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer Incidence, 2001-2018.

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates have increased in younger individuals worldwide. We examined the most recent early- and late-onset CRC rates for the US. Methods Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR, per 100,000) of CRC were calculated using the US Cancer Statistics Database's high-quality population-based cancer registry data from the entire US population. Results were cross-classified by age (20-49 [early-onset] and 50-74 years [late-onset]), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian/Pacific Islander), sex, anatomic location (proximal, distal, rectal), and histology (adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine). Results During 2001 through 2018, early-onset CRC rates significantly increased among American Indians/Alaskan Natives, Hispanics, and Whites. Compared to Whites, early-onset CRC rates are now 21% higher in American Indians/Alaskan Natives and 6% higher in Blacks. Rates of early-onset colorectal neuroendocrine tumors have increased in Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics; early-onset colorectal neuroendocrine tumor rates are 2-times higher in Blacks compared to Whites. Late-onset colorectal adenocarcinoma rates are decreasing, while late-onset colorectal neuroendocrine tumor rates are increasing, in all racial/ethnic groups. Late-onset CRC rates remain 29% higher in Blacks and 15% higher in American Indians/Alaskan Natives compared to Whites. Overall, CRC incidence was higher in men than women, but incidence of early-onset distal colon cancer was higher in women. Conclusions The early-onset CRC disparity between Blacks and Whites has decreased, due to increasing rates in Whites-rates in Blacks have remained stable. However, rates of colorectal neuroendocrine tumors are increasing in Blacks. Blacks and American Indians/Alaskan Natives have the highest rates of both early- and late-onset CRC. Impact Ongoing prevention efforts must ensure access to and uptake of CRC screening for Blacks and American Indians/Alaskan Natives.