cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence supporting cholinergic transmission at the lateral geniculate body of the cat

Abstract The neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body in encephale isole preparations of cats have been activated by orthodromic stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve and by antidromic stimulation of the optic radiation. The evoked geniculate response was recorded by extracellular microelectrodes. Afferent volleys limited to the large fibres the optic tract evoked a diphasic positive-negative presynaptic wave followed after a brief delay of 0·3 msec by a negative postsynaptic wave. Repetitive firing, consisting of several negative waves of small amplitude following the postsynaptic component, was frequently observed in the control preparation. The effects of drugs administered by intracarotid injection were evaluated by noting the amplitude, latency, duration, and refractory period of the geniculate response. Post-tetanic potentiation was studied in control and drug-treated preparations. The postsynaptic component was readily depressed by DHE, depressed to a lesser extent by atropine, and unaffected by d -tubocurarine; it was enhanced by low concentrations of acetylcholine and by physostigmine. Higher concentrations of acetylcholine had a depressant effect. Tetanic stimulation of the optic nerve relieved the depression imposed by DHE and by atropine. It depressed the postsynaptic wave after the wave had been enhanced by low doses of acetylcholine. The presynaptic spike, the antidromic response, and the refractory period remained unaltered after drug administration. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produced a depression of the postsynaptic component which was not relieved by tetanic stimulation. The data evidenced a close resemblance between the pharmacological responses of Renshaw cells and of geniculate neurons and indicate that at least one of the mechanisms subserving transmission in the lateral geniculate nucleus is cholinergic in nature.
Tolerance of the lumbar spine to shear: a review and recommended exposure limits.

article i nfo Article history: Background: The lumbar spine may experience significant shear forces during occupational tasks due to the force of gravity acting on the upper body when bending the trunk forward, or when performing tasks involv- ing pushing or pulling. Shear force limits of 1000 N and 500 N have been recommended by previous authors for maximum permissible limit and action limit, respectively. Methods: The present paper reviews literature in terms of shear tolerance (ultimate shear stress and fatigue life in shear stress) of the lumbar spine and develops recommended limits based on results of studies exam- ining shear loading of human motion segments. Weibull analysis was used to assess fatigue failure data to estimate distributions of failure at different percentages of ultimate shear stress. Findings: Based on Weibull analysis of fatigue failure data from the best available data, a 1000 N shear limit would appear acceptable for occasional exposure to shear loading (≤100 loadings/day); however, a 700 N limit would appear appropriate for repetitive shear loading (100-1000 loadings/day) for most workers. Interpretation: Results of the current analysis support the 1000 N limit for shear stress, but for a rather limited number of cycles (b100 per day). Due to the logarithmic nature of the fatigue failure curve, a 700 N shear limit would appear to be acceptable for frequent shear loadings (100-1000 per day). This value is slightly higher than the action limit of 500 N previously recommended.
Ozone Treatment of Coal- and Coffee Grounds-Based Active Carbons: Water Vapor Adsorption and Surface Fractal Micropores.

Characteristics of the adsorption isotherms of water vapor on active carbons from coal and coffee grounds and those ozonized ones from the surface fractal dimension analysis are discussed. The upswing of the adsorption isotherms in the low relative pressure of coffee grounds-based active carbon, of which isotherms were not scarcely affected on ozonization, was attributed to the adsorption of water molecules on the metallic oxides playing the role of oxygen–surface complexes, which formed the corrugated surfaces on the basal planes of micropore walls with the surface fractal dimensionDs> 2. On the other hand, coal-based active carbon withDs< 2, which indicated the flat surfaces of micropore walls, showed little effect on the upswing even on ozonization, even though the adsorption amounts of water vapor were increased in the low relative pressure.
Mixed Transient Stability Analysis Using AC and DC Models

This paper presents a modified method for power system transient stability analysis, allowing the reduction of the computational requirements while retaining important system dynamics. The approach formulates the power balance equations depending on the area of interest. The detailed ac model, including full real and reactive power equations, is used for the area in which high accuracy is required, while the simpler dc model, including linear real power equation, is used for more remote areas where real power dynamics dominate. A high level of accuracy can be achieved using the ac model in the area of interest, and computational complexity can be reduced with the less detailed dc model in the remainder of the system. In order to prevent the loss of simulation accuracy, this paper proposes a way to compensate line losses neglected using the dc model. Case studies with the IEEE 118-bus system are provided to validate the performance of the proposed method.
Analysis of 13C-H satellite spectra of symmetricalpara-dihalobenzenes. 13C isotope effects

The 13 C-H satellite spectra of three symmetrical π-dihalobenzeties (Cl, Br, and 1) have been analyzed. Values have been obtained for all the H-H couplings, 13 C-H couplings, and differences in the long-range 13 C to H couplings. The detailed features of the spectra require the assumption of small but apparently real long-range 13 C isotope effects on the chemical shifts.
Inference of a gene and its paths of descent: The Newfoundland example.

This paper presents various aspects of Pedigree Analysis through a review of a study of a Newfoundland genetic isolate. This study has evolved over a number of years and involved many researchers. The population came to attention due to a greatly enhanced incidence of a variety of lymphoreticular malignancies. Genetic analysis shows clearly that there are (at least) two groups of traits. Whereas the distribution of the leukaemia and lymphosarcoma cases show no clear genealogical pattern, the existence of a single recessive allele causing susceptibility to Hodgkin's disease and immunodeficiency in an isolated New-foundland population can be inferred. There appears to be no heterozygote penetrance, but in the period up to 1974 homozygote penetrance was high and perhaps complete. More important, the ancestral paths of the allele can be inferred. Many ancestral individuals are obligatory carriers, and most others have either probability >95% or <5% of having carried the allele. More recently, methods were developed and applied in order to investigate linkage of this locus to conventional blood group and serum protein marker loci. Although no linkages were found, some observed associations were clarified, and some definite non-linkages established.
A DFT study of the effect of copper promotion upon iron oxide surface species

Abstract Cluster models for sites on the {1 1 1} surface of Fe3O4 were used to study the strength of bonding of water-gas shift intermediates using density functional theory. Three site models were used, representing an unpromoted catalyst, a catalyst where copper cations substitute for iron cations below the surface and a catalyst where copper cations substitute in the surface. The strengths of bonding of oxygen, carbon dioxide, dissociated water and dissociated formic acid were all observed to decrease by less than 20 kJ mol−1 when copper substituted below the surface, but they decreased by 60–80 kJ mol−1 when copper substituted in the surface of the catalyst. A minimum energy structure for molecularly adsorbed water was not identified because all attempts to do so resulted in dissociation.
Variations in therapist effectiveness in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: an empirical review

Despite the widespread use of psychotherapy for patients with substance use disorders, the effectiveness of psychotherapists conducting such treatment has received little research attention. In this paper, empirical studies of therapists' differences in patient outcome and dropout rates are comprehensively reviewed. The main conclusions are that therapists show diverse rates of effectiveness, and that such differences appear independent of both therapists' professional background and of patient factors at the start of therapy. The primary therapist characteristic thus far associated with higher effectiveness is the possession of strong interpersonal skills. Guidelines for research on therapist effectiveness are presented.
Molecular dynamics simulation of displacement cascades in UO2

The primary damage induced within a uranium dioxide matrix subjected to a flux of energetic ions was investigated by classical molecular dynamics. UO2 was modeled using the set of empirical potentials based on a rigid ion model. Displacement cascades were initiated by accelerating a uranium primary knock-on atom to a kinetic energy up to 100 keV. It was first shown that the estimated RID a-thermal coefficient is well below those which are deemed relevant for spent nuclear fuels. Cascades were then purposely overlapped within the same simulation box so as to study the response of the material to increasing damage levels. During cascade overlap sequences, the growth of nanometric voids was observed. Obtained results evidenced a radiation damage controlled heterogeneous mechanism for insoluble fission product segregation in UO2 .
Formal Polity and Power Distribution in American Protestant Denominations

The purpose of this paper was to determine whether differences in religious denominations' formal polity structures (i.e., congregational, presbyterian, and episcopal patterns) contribute to vertical power differentials among their structural levels. Formal polity structure was measured as authority of local churches to hire and fire their ministers. Data from 26 Protestant denominations suggest a relationship between formal polity and the power distribution which was operationalized as the location of the pastoral placement bureau. This relationship was obtained independent of such important variables as size, administrative specialization, and bureaucratic formalization. The findings suggest that when studying power distributions, especially in purposive organizations, constitutionally defined and normatively shaped aspects of organizational polity (i.e., formal polity structures) should be taken into account.
Sender Ethnicity Differences in Lie Detection Accuracy and Confidence

We examined sender ethnicity difference in lie detection accuracy by using stimuli obtained in a 2 (Senders’ Ethnicity: Asian vs. European-American) x 2 (Veracity Condition: Lie vs. Truth) x 3 (Interview Type) factorial experiment involving a mock crime. European American receivers judged whether the sender was telling the truth or lying and rated their confidence in each video. Only one significant difference was found: Asian senders were judged more accurately than European American senders. Also, the European American receivers were more confident when judging European American senders, but confidence was not related to deception detection. We concluded that an ingroup-outgroup effect did not exist on deception detection but did exist for confidence ratings.
Measurement of preferred orientation of phyllosilicates in schists

Abstract The transmission X-ray technique of measuring preferred orientation of phyllosilicates is applied to coarser-grained rocks than have heretofore been studied by the X-ray method. To do this, the X-ray pole-figure goniometer has been modified by adding an integrating device which moves the specimen back and forth across the X-ray path, causing the beam to scan a larger sample area. The new apparatus has been used to study mica orientations in two specimens of Moine schist that had previously been studied optically. Optical data contoured by the conventional Schmidt method indicate the existence of preferred-orientation submaxima in these specimens. However, neither the optical data contoured by the Kamb method nor the X-ray diagrams show these submaxima, which suggests that such submaxima in diagrams contoured by the Schmidt method do not have statistical significance. Principal preferred-orientation population densities and hypothetical “strains” calculated by the March method are similar for the Kamb-contoured optical data and the X-ray data. This indicates that the gap between optical and X-ray techniques of measuring preferred orientations of platy minerals has been closed.
New Numerical Solution of the Laplace Equation for Tissue Thickness Measurement in Three-Dimensional MRI

Previous work has shown the importance of thickness measurement in vivo using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI). Thickness is defined as the length of trajectories, also called streamlines, which follow the gradient of the solution of the Laplace equation solved between the inner and the outer surfaces of the tissue using Dirichlet conditions.
The influence of axial diffusion on convective heat and mass transfer in a horizontal CVD reactor

Abstract A recently developed steamline-upwind finite-element technique is applied to convective heat and mass transfer in a horizontal CVD reactor with an inclined susceptor. The results of sample calculations are presented to show that natural convection is suppressed at high velocities, at low pressures, and in microgravity. The uniformity of deposition away from the leading edge is improved by increasing the angle of inclination of the susceptor to the direction of flow; however, the deposition rate is highest at the leading edge. An optimal flowrate for a given angle of inclination is predicted by the calculations that is in agreement with experimental observation. The results show that axial diffusion plays a role under typical operating conditions for chemical vapor deposition and influences the reaction distribution.
Dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles as aqueous, room-temperature catalysts for the Stille reaction.

We report that dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles having a diameter of ∼1.7 nm are effective and general catalysts for coupling aryl halides to organostannanes (the Stille reaction) under mild conditions. The significant results of this study are that the Stille reaction is catalyzed by dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles in very good yield, in aqueous solution at 23 °C, and using only 0.100 atom % of Pd as catalyst.
The Role of Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis

Factors implicated in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) are an abnormal immune response, defect in intestinal epithelial barrier function, and gut microbiota. Currently, it is unclear whether specific bacterial strains are responsible for the induction of intestinal inflammation, but increased bacterial tissue invasion has been described in affected UC patients. Further, a quantitative and qualitative microbial imbalance in UC, defined as dysbiosis, has been characterized by an increase in Rhodococcus spp., Shigella spp., and Escherichia spp., but a decrease in certain Bacteroides spp.. More specifically, Campylobacter spp., Enterobacteriae, and enterohepatic Helicobacter were more prevalent in tissue sample from UC patients subjected to molecular detection methods, but not controls. In addition, serologic testing identified Fusobacterim varium as a potential contributor to the intestinal inflammation in UC. Interestingly, in-situ hybridization studies have shown anti-inflammatory Lactobacillus spp. and Pediococcus spp. were absent in samples from subjects affected by UC. Therefore, dysbiosis is a factor in the pathogenesis of UC.
Empirical Determination Of Processing Parameters For A Real Time Two-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (2D-DCT) Video Bandwidth Compression System

An interactive process is described for fine tuning a specific algorithm for use in a real time video bandwidth compression system. Parameters for the algorithm are initially optimized using computer simulation, then implemented in hardware to observe performance. The next step is the modification of the parameters to improve the real time performance of the system. This paper describes some of the algorithm parameter choices that were made in the implementation of a two-dimensional discrete cosine transform processor for the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory. Examples are shown of alternate choices for DCT scaling strategies, filter functions, and bit assignment procedures. The impact of these parameter selections on the resulting imagery is included using both simulation and hardware outputs.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heparin — Controversies and Misconceptions:

Abstract The previous dogmas regarding heparin therapy are currently being challenged. It is apparent that the experimental work on which guidelines for heparin therapy are based do not necessarily have any relevance clinically. Once clotting has been initiated, there are multiple factors that result in a relative refractory response to heparin anticoagulation. In addition, it is now apparent that heparin's effect cannot be accurately monitored with current tests of anticoagulation. Most importantly, the risk of bleeding does not correlate with heparin levels but with clinical risk factors and to the presence or absence of functioning platelets. For this reason, sufficient heparin should be given initially to ensure that clotting is under control. If this is not done, all of the risk of heparin anticoagulation is assumed with none of the benefit. Life-threatening clotting conditions require high doses of heparin, equivalent to those required for cardiopulmonary bypass. Even though there is no good laboratory test available to ascertain the adequacy of anticoagulation, assessment of the clinical response is sufficient. When heparin levels are adequate, clinical improvement is evident as manifest by decreased pain and improvement in well-being, cardiac function, and/or collateral flow. Copyright © 1996 The International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.
Knowledge and awareness of peripheral vascular disease are poor among women at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Objective Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. PVD research has traditionally focused on male patients; thus, there is a lack of current studies focusing specifically on women. In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of PVD and associated atherosclerotic risk factors in ambulatory women veterans as well as knowledge and awareness of PVD and its consequences. Materials and methods We screened 162 ambulatory women veterans aged 40 to 85 who were enrolled for outpatient care at an urban, tertiary care, teaching hospital. Of 207 women who responded to advertisements or mailings about the study, 78.3% met eligibility criteria and gave informed consent to participate. The participants (N = 162, mean age 54.8 ± 9.3 years) were evaluated via chart review and noninvasive screening procedures (ankle-brachial index [ABI]; carotid artery intimal-medial thickness [IMT]). PVD was defined by having an ABI ≤0.9, carotid IMT >1.0 mm, documented PVD, or previous leg revascularization. CV risk levels were determined using a modification of the Framingham risk level score: low risk, +0–1 risk factor; moderate risk, +2 risk factors; and high risk, ≥2 risk factors. Women’s knowledge and awareness were assessed with a psychometrically sound survey (average subscale reliability: 0.942) about risk factors, symptoms, and health consequences associated with PVD. Results Of 162 patients, 66.2% were white and 84.2% had at least some college education. An ABI ≤0.9 was detected in 3.7% of patients and a carotid IMT >1.0 mm was detected in 21.1%, while 1.2% had a prior diagnosis of PVD and 1.9% had previous leg revascularization. Risk factor stratification was as follows: low risk in 32.1%, moderate risk in 20.4%, and high risk in 47.5% of patients. Knowledge and awareness scores (% correct) for PVD were low regardless of CV risk factor group: low-risk average score was 45.7%; moderate risk, 42.1%; and high risk, 46.9% (F = 0.431, P = 0.650). Likewise, low scores for knowledge of CV risk factors and consequences were found in all CV risk factor groups: low-risk average score was 53.6%; moderate risk, 53.8%; and high risk, 54.4% (F = .013, P = 0.987). More than 68% of the women reported they had never discussed PVD or risk reduction with their physician, yet more than 44% believed they were at an increased risk for PVD. Conclusions Despite the presence of multiple PVD risk factors, women in this study had low levels of knowledge and awareness about vascular diseases. Future work is needed to develop and disseminate information about PVD in women and its role in women’s CV health. Improving education about the significance of PVD will allow women and their physicians to assess risk factors and implement preventive measures.
Viscoelastic adhesive mechanics of aldehyde-mediated soft tissue sealants

Soft tissue sealants generally sacrifice adhesive strength for biocompatibility, motivating the development of materials which interact with tissue to a predictable and controllable extent. Crosslinked hydrogels comprising aminated star polyethylene glycol and high molecular weight dextran aldehyde polymers (PEG:dextran) display aldehyde-mediated adhesion and readily tunable reactivity with soft tissue ex-vivo. Evaluation of PEG:dextran compositional variants revealed that the burst pressure of repaired intestinal wounds and the extent of material-induced tissue deformation both increase nonlinearly with formulation aldehyde content and are consistently within the desired range established by traditional sealants. Adhesive test elements featuring PEG:dextran and intestinal tissue exhibited considerable viscoelasticity, prompting use of a standard linear solid (SLS) model to describe adhesive mechanics. Model elements were accurately represented as continuous functions of PEG:dextran chemistry, facilitating prediction of adhesive mechanics across the examined range of compositional formulations. SLS models of traditional sealants were also constructed to allow general correlative analyses between viscoelastic adhesive mechanics and metrics of sealant performance. Linear correlation of equilibrium SLS stiffness to sealant-induced tissue deformation indicates that dense adhesive crosslinking restricts tissue expansion, while correlation of instantaneous SLS stiffness to burst pressure suggests that the adhesive stress relaxation capacity of PEG:dextran enhances their overall performance relative to traditional sealants.
A genetic based fault location algorithm for transmission lines

This paper presents a new method for on-line computation of fault location in transmission lines. The proposed method uses a digital set of short circuit current measurements for estimating fault location. These digital current samples are used to construct a set of over-determine system of equations. The estimation problem is then solved using genetic algorithms (GAs) optimization technique to find the fault distance. GAs are powerful optimization techniques based on natural selection and natural population genetics. The effects of GA parameters and operators, such as population size, crossover, mutation probabilities and fitness functions as well as the effects of sampling rate and sampling window size are studied. A practical case study is presented in this work to evaluate the proposed method. Results are reported and conclusions are drown.
1407 CANDIDA COLONIZATION AND INFECTION IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) IN THE INTENSIVE CARE NURSERY (ICN)

Systemic candidiasis is a serious problem in the VLBW(≤1500g) infant. We carried out a prospective study(l.84-10.84) of Candida colonization(col.) of 251 infants admitted to ICN. All had serial cultures obtained from the mouth, groin, umbilicus and perirectal area on Days 1, 3, 7, and weekly until discharge and other cultures as clinically indicated. Forty-nine(19%) of these infants had positive cultures for Candida: C. albincans 28(58%), C. parapsilosis 18(38%), and C. glabrata 2(4%). However, in VLBW infants, col. with C. parapsilosis was as common as with C. albicans. Col. rates were higher in VLBW infants (47% v 14% p<.05) and gestational age was lower in the col. v noncol. VLBW infants (28.7 v 31.5 wks p<.02). Initial site of col. was the perirectal and/or groin area in 16 of 18 (89%) of the VLBW group. Three of the 10(30%) colonized babies <100g birthweight developed candidemia:2-C.albicans, 1-C.parapsilosis. There was no CNS involvement. The use of surveillance cultures for Candida of the perirectal and groin areas may enable more rapid identification of VLBW infants at greatest risk for systemic candidiasis and result in more rapid diagnosis of systemic infection in these infants.
Ethical Discourse about the Modification of Food for Therapeutic Purposes: How Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases View the Good, the Bad, and the Healthy

Background: Researchers have the potential to utilize genetic modification (GM) technologies to create a hybrid of “food” and “medicine” that may challenge traditional understandings of what is “natural.” Moral and ethical concerns are likely to arise in any discussion of these therapeutic foods and will affect the integration of products into clinical care and daily life. This study examined how patients with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases view probiotics as future bioengineered therapeutic foods. Methods: A multisite qualitative study consisting of focus groups with chronic GI diseases was conducted at Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, and Johns Hopkins University. Results: We conducted 22 focus groups with 136 patients with major GI diseases between March and August 2009. GI patients associated the term “natural” with concepts of diminished risk and morally “good”; conversely, patients associated the term “unnatural” with things that are “risky,” “foreign,” and morally “bad.” Readily available unm...
Frequency and burst duration in oscillating neurons and two-cell networks

We study the relationship of injected current to oscillator period in single neurons and two-cell model networks formed by reciprocal inhibitory synapses. Using a Morris-Lecar-like model, we identify two qualitative types of oscillatory behavior for single model neurons. The "classical" oscillator behavior is defined as type A. Here the burst duration is relatively constant and the frequency increases with depolarization. For oscillator type B, the frequency first increases and then decreases when depolarized, due to the variable burst duration. Our simulations show that relatively modest changes in the maximal inward and outward conductances can move the oscillator from one type to another. Cultured stomatogastric ganglion neurons exhibit both A and B type behaviors and can switch between the two types with pharmacological manipulation. Our simulations indicate that the stability of a two-cell network with injected current can be extended with inhibitory coupling. In addition, two-cell networks formed from type A or type B oscillators behave differently from each other at lower synaptic strengths.
Field trials of a new procedure for toilet training.

Abstract A new procedure for toilet training, utilizing the discrimination and reinforcement opportunities of a rapid, forward-moving series of training events, successfully trained nine profoundly retarded children. Each training sequence was initiated by an auditory signal which was activated by the flow of urine. The new behavior was successfully maintained in other environments when access to a toilet facility was continued.
Acute intervention during myocardial infarction in patients with prior coronary bypass surgery.

T hrombolytic intervention with or without coronary angioplasty is becoming widely accepted as standard therapy for patients who present early with acute myocardial infarction, Thrombolytic therapy has been shown to improve left ventricular function* and reduce mortality.2 Nearly all clinical trials of myocardial reperfusion have excluded patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting. Furthermore, the only available data for the use of thrombolytic agents in this patient group consist of case reports of intracoronary thrombolytic agents3 and a small series of intravenous thrombolytic agents4 There are no published data for the use of angioplasty or combined thrombolysis and angioplasty in patients with acute infarction after bypass surgery. Considering the increasing number of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and their propensity for future cardiac events,5 important questions regarding the optimal treatment strategy for prior coronary artery bypass patients come to bear. Accordingly, we reviewed our experience in the treatment of patients after coronary artery bypass surgery in the setting of evolving myocardial infarction. Records from the University of Michigan Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory were reviewedfrom January I, 1984, to December 30, 1987, and a database of patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting and acute myocardial infarction was tabulated. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed when an episode of characteristic chest pain lasting 130 minutes was associated with a transient, temporally appropriate increase of the total serum creatine phosphokinase above the upper limit of normal with myocardial isoenzyme fraction greater than twice normal. Data were compiled regarding the presence and type of standard electrocardiogram tracings at the time of infarction. Details of acute interventions, when performed, were accumulated, including those concerning the infarct-related vessel and whether or not the patient was treated with thrombolytic agents, direct angioplasty or a combination of the 2. Status of the infarct-related vessel after intervention was also noted. Follow-up data regarding hospital discharge, repeat catheterization, exercise stress testing and the needforfurther intervention, including repeat bypass surgery, were also obtained. Data are expressed as mean f 1 standard deviation. A comparison of the efficacy of acute intervention as defined by infarct-related vessel patency after intervention was estimated by examining a cohort of patients who presented with acute myocardial infarction and had
Cholinergic denervation of rat neocortex results in sympathetic innervation.

To test the hypothesis that sympathetic noradrenergic neurons will innervate a brain region denervated of its cholinergic input, unilateral electrolytic lesions or kainic acid injections were placed within the region of the globus pallidus in the rat. Four weeks later, sympathetic fibers were present within layers IV and V of the neocortex ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggest that sympathetic noradrenergic substitution of central cholinergic neurons may be a fundamental response to injury of the nervous system.
Semi-supervised Hierarchical Clustering

Semi-supervised clustering (i.e., clustering with knowledge-based constraints) has emerged as an important variant of the traditional clustering paradigms. However, most existing semi-supervised clustering algorithms are designed for partitional clustering methods and few research efforts have been reported on semi-supervised hierarchical clustering methods. In addition, current semi-supervised clustering methods have been focused on the use of background information in the form of instance level must-link and cannot-link constraints, which are not suitable for hierarchical clustering where data objects are linked over different hierarchy levels. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised hierarchical clustering framework based on ultra-metric dendrogram distance. The proposed framework is able to incorporate triple-wise relative constraints. We establish the connection between hierarchical clustering and ultra-metric transformation of dissimilarity matrix and propose two techniques (the constrained optimization technique and the transitive dissimilarity based technique) for semi-supervised hierarchical clustering. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of our proposed methods.
Embolization of epistaxis and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas

This article reviews arterial embolization of epistaxis and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. A protocol for the complete and rapid exploration of epistaxis is suggested that is based upon which arteries providing blood to the nasal fossa may be responsible for the bleeding and the most optimal way for their demonstration and evaluation. The relevant anatomy of the major arteries, their branches, and important anastomoses are described. The goals of embolization are to control severe or recurrent epistaxis, prevent recurrence if possible, and avoid occlusion of any vessels not responsible for the hemorrhage. The most appropriate embolic material is chosen, realizing that recurrence can be caused by the use of resorbable embolic material or by a very proximal or too complete embolization. Embolization may be used for specific causes of epistaxis including idiopathic, hereditary hemorraghic telangiectasia, hemorrhagic tumors, vascular malformations, trauma, disorders of hemostasis, and postsurgical problems. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas are discussed with respect to their clinical presentation, classification, computed tomographic, MR imaging, and angiographic evaluation, treatment, future trends in treatment, and precautions and complications.
Early Childhood Education, Children's Peer Cultures, and the Future of Childhood.

SUMMARY This paper presents my theoretical perspective of interpretive reproduction which focuses on the importance of children's production of and participation in their own peer cultures for their evolving membership in society. I describe the main themes of communal sharing and control in children's peer culture and present examples of peer routines and activities which demonstrate these themes. I discuss the importance of children's peer culture for early childhood education policy, programs, and curricula. Finally, I discuss the importance of social and economic investments in young children and families in modern societies, most especially in child care and early education. Here I stress how changing demographic patterns in modern societies (most especially the increase of the proportion of elderly as compared to the very young) have crucial implications for the future of children and childhood.
Impedance measurements on button electrodes

In the Advanced Light Source, there are about 400 capacitive button electrodes in the beam position monitor (BPM) system; hence the contribution of each button to the machine beam impedance must be very small. The impedance of a single button as sensed by a coax directly connected to the button surface was measured. This method is very sensitive and does not require a model of the total beam chamber as would the usual wire method. The measurements covered the range 0.1 to 20 GHz. The proportionality factor between the button impedance and the beam impedance depends upon geometry and frequency and was obtained from the measured sensitivity of a developmental BPM at low frequency. Discontinuities in the connection of the coax to the face of the button introduce parasitic effects that must be accounted for in interpreting the data. Below 5 GHz, the results compare very well with responses computed from mechanical dimensions of the electrode. >
Importance of Antibody Concentration in the Assessment of Cellular Hypoxia by Flow Cytometry : EF51 and Pimonidazole

Abstract Koch, C. J. Importance of Antibody Concentration in the Assessment of Cellular Hypoxia by Flow Cytometry: EF5 and Pimonidazole. Radiat. Res. 169, 677–688 (2008). The binding kinetics of the hypoxia marker EF5 can be quantified by uptake of 14C-labeled drug or calibrated flow cytometry using antibodies specific for drug adducts. Maximum EF5 binding is cell-line dependent and varies directly with drug exposure (area under the curve; concentration integrated over time) but inversely with pO2 from 0 to >100 mmHg. For pimonidazole, binding is reported to be independent of the cell line and drug AUC, being zero above 10 mmHg, with an easily discriminated increase at lower pO2. The basis for these kinetic differences is unknown, but the main experimental variable distinguishing the two marker techniques is antibody concentration ([Ab] – pimonidazole ≪ EF5). In this study, EF5 and pimonidazole binding kinetics were compared as a function of pO2 and antibody concentration in cells of two rat (9L and R3230...
Photoperiodic responsiveness in house mice.

Abstract House mice ( Mus musculus ) and laboratory strains of rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) have been traditionally considered nonphotoperiodic because their reproductive systems are unaffected by day length (photoperiod). In rats, however, at least three experimental manipulations, perinatal testosterone injection, chronic peripubertal testosterone exposure, or peripubertal olfactory bulbectomy, have revealed latent reproductive photoperiodism. The effectiveness of these experimental treatments may be unique to albino rats. Alternatively, these experimental manipulations may unmask the ability to discriminate short from long days in several “nonphotoperiodic” species and, thus, reveal clues to common physiological mechanisms underlying reproductive responsiveness to photoperiod. In the present study, male house mice were 1) subjected to olfactory bulbectomy or a sham operation at 23 days of age, 2) injected with testosterone or the oil vehicle at 3 days of age, or 3) implanted subcutaneously with an empty Silastic capsule or one filled with testosterone at 22 days of age. All mice were subsequently housed either in LD 16:8 or LD 4:20 photoperiods. The physiological mechanisms necessary to discriminate long from short day lengths are extant in house mice. Testicular mass was significantly reduced in short-day bulbectomized males when assessed 6 weeks postoperatively, but not when measured 10 weeks after surgery. Similarly, mice injected with testosterone when 3 days old and reared in short days had smaller testes as compared to testosterone-treated males housed in long days. Mice implanted with testosterone capsules regressed their reproductive systems regardless of photoperiod. Other reproductive organ weights followed the same general pattern of results as for testicular mass. Body mass was not affected by day length. Taken together, these results indicate that mice process photoperiodic information, but that it is normally uncoupled from reproduction. These data also suggest that it may be more appropriate to categorize traits, not individuals or species, as responsive to photoperiod.
Training tomorrow's teachers today: a national medical student teaching and leadership retreat

Introduction: Challenges to American academic medical centers have diverted attention and resources away from the core missions of teacher and leader development. To train the next generation of medical education leaders, substantial and institutionalized new programs are necessary.Methods: The American Medical Student Association, with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, designed the Training Tomorrow's Teachers Today national medical student retreat. The week-long course endeavors to enhance participants’ clinical teaching and academic leadership skills. The program also trains students to execute a required medical education project. At the end of the course, attendees evaluated their baseline and post-course teaching and leadership effectiveness. Long-term follow-up was also completed.Results: Attendees (n = 23) self-reported statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvement in teaching and leadership. The greatest improvements in teaching scores were in the area of communicating goals. The largest lea...
Black politics in conservative America

I. STUDYING RACE AND POLITICS IN AMERICA. 1. Introduction. 2. Theoretical Context. II. BLACKS AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ECONOMY. 3. Blacks In American Society. 4. The Class Structure. 5. Functions of a Welfare State. III. BLACKS IN AMERICAN POLITICS. 6. The Judicial Arena. 7. The Electoral Arena. 8. The Legislative Arena. 9. The Information Arena. IV. CONCLUSIONS. 10. Shaping the Future.
The ratio of progesterone receptor isoforms changes in the monkey corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

Recent evidence suggests that progesterone is required for ovulation, luteinization, and the maintenance of luteal structure and function in primates. Progesterone action is mediated by intracellular progesterone receptors (PRs), and PRs are detectable by immunocytochemistry in the monkey corpus luteum. However, changes in total luteal PR and PR isoform expression have not been quantitated in the corpus luteum during its life span in the menstrual cycle. This study was initiated to identify and quantify PR isoforms in the macaque corpus luteum throughout the luteal phase of the natural cycle by means of Western blotting. Several antibodies generated against the human PR recognized two bands of consistent molecular weights in monkey tissues, and these bands comigrated with PR-A and PR-B from human T47D cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the two proteins identified were macaque PR-A and PR-B. The estimated molecular weights of monkey PR-A and PR-B were approximately 90 000 and 120 000, respectively. PRs were detected in a variety of macaque tissues, including the endometrium, whole ovary, and decidua, but not in spleen, which is PR-negative by other techniques. Whereas PR-A was the predominant isoform observed in endometrium and decidua, PR-B predominated in the ovary without a dominant follicle or corpus luteum as well as in the corpus luteum. In luteal tissue, PR-A levels decreased (p < 0.05) over the course of the luteal phase, while PR-B levels were unchanged. Hence the ratio of PR-B to PR-A (PR-B:PR-A) increased (p < 0.05) from early to very late luteal phase. Since PR-B:PR-A can alter gene expression in response to progestins and antiprogestins in vitro, the temporal changes in PR-B:PR-A in the monkey corpus luteum may contribute to functional differences in luteal responses to progesterone and other steroids in vivo.
Accurate positioning for intervention on the beating heart using a crawling robot

Heart failure resulting from myocardial infarct, oxygen-deprived tissue death, is a serious disease that affects over 20 million patients in the world. The precise injection of tissue-engineered materials into the infarct site is emerging as a treatment strategy to improve cardiac function for patients with heart failure. We have developed a novel miniature robotic device (HeartLander) that can act as a manipulator for precise and stable interaction with the epicardial surface of the beating heart by mounting directly to the organ. The robot can be delivered to and operate within the intrapericardial space with the chest closed, through a single small incision below the sternum. The tethered crawling device uses vacuum pressure to maintain prehension of the epicardium, and a drive wire transmission motors for actuation. An onboard electromagnetic tracking sensor enables the display of the robot location on the heart surface to the surgeon, and closed-loop control of the robot positioning to targets. In a closed-chest animal study with the pericardium intact, HeartLander demonstrated the ability to acquire a pattern of targets located on the posterior surface of the beating heart within an average of 1.7 plusmn 1.0 mm. Dye injections were performed following the target acquisitions to simulate injection therapy for heart failure. HeartLander may prove useful in the delivery of intrapericardial treatments, like myocardial injection therapy, in a precise and stable manner, which could be performed on an outpatient basis.
Air quality impacts of the october 2003 Southern California wildfires

[1] In Southern California, dry summers followed by hot and dry westerly wind conditions contribute to the region’s autumn fire season. In late October 2003, 13 large Southern California wildfires burned more than 750,000 acres of land, destroyed over 3500 structures, and displaced approximately 100,000 people. The fire episode was declared the deadliest and most devastating in more than a decade, and local media advised individuals to stay indoors to avoid exposure to excessive levels of PM, CO, VOCs, and ozone caused by the wildfires. This study examines the actual impact of these wildfires on air quality in urban Los Angeles (LA) using ‘‘opportunistic’’ data from other air pollution studies being conducted at the time of the fires. Measurements of pollutant gases (CO, NOx, and ozone), particulate matter (PM), particle number (PN) concentrations, and particle size distributions at several sampling locations in the LA basin before, during, and after the fire episode are presented. In general, the wildfires caused the greatest increases in PM10 levels (a factor of 3–4) and lesser increases in CO, NO, and PN (a factor of up to 2). NO2 levels remained essentially unchanged, and ozone concentrations dropped during the fire episode. Particle size distributions of air sampled downwind of the fires showed number modes at diameters between 100 and 200 nm, significantly larger than that of typical urban air. The particles in this size range were shown to effectively penetrate indoors, raising questions about the effectiveness of staying indoors to avoid exposure to wildfire emissions.
Browsing intricately interconnected paths

Graph-centric and node-centric browsing are the two commonly identified hypertext-browsing paradigms. We believe that path-centric browsing, the browsing behavior exhibited by path interfaces, is an independent browsing paradigm that combines useful aspects of the two commonly supported cases. Paths have long been recognized as an effective medium for aggregating and communicating information and have been included in various hypermedia systems as alternate metaphors or supporting tools. The Walden's Paths project promotes path-centric traversal as the primary browsing mechanism over Web-based materials. This paper expands the notion of our paths to include more generalized structures and interconnections across paths. We present an architecture for describing complex networks of such paths. Finally, we discuss the design and present a prototype implementation of the Path Engine, a tool that provides a linear interface for browsing intricately interconnected paths.