cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Epicenters” of resilience

The 25th anniversary of the magnitude ( M ) 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area on 17 October 1989 is a fitting time to examine what progress has been made in increasing community resilience to minimize seismic risk. The regions affected by the 2010 M 7.0 earthquake that struck Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and the M 8.8 event near Concepcion, Chile, a few weeks later illustrate the extremes in earthquake resilience. In the zone of most intense shaking, 1 of every 10 Haitians was killed, compared to 1 of every 2500 Chileans, reflecting huge differences in construction quality and community resilience. The Loma Prieta event left 63 people dead, largely the result of the collapse of a bridge, an overpass, and homes built on unconsolidated fill. But beyond the loss of life, the Bay Area was affected by more than $10 billion in disruption of economic activity and damaged infrastructure. One challenge in implementing community resilience is to use science and engineering to find solutions that not only save lives but also get communities back to business as quickly as possible after a seismic event.
Electrophysiological effects of high cocaine concentrations on intact canine heart. Evidence for modulation by both heart rate and autonomic nervous system.

BACKGROUNDPrevious clinical reports have suggested that cocaine intoxication may produce severe ventricular arrhythmias due to a direct effect on the heart. However, the effects of high plasma levels of cocaine on the electrophysiology of the heart have not been well characterized and remain poorly understood.METHODS AND RESULTSThe purpose of this study was to characterize the electrophysiological effects of high doses of cocaine on the in situ dog heart. In dogs anesthetized with morphine and alpha-chloralose, cocaine (2-11 micrograms/mL) increased both atrial and ventricular refractory periods and produced rate-dependent increases in atrial, atrioventricular, His-Purkinje, and ventricular conduction intervals. The time constant for the onset of cocaine's conduction slowing effect following a reduction in pacing cycle length from 400 to 260 msec was approximately two beats, and the time constant for diastolic recovery from conduction slowing was approximately 200 msec, which are similar to values reporte...
A Descriptive Study of Skin Temperature, Tissue Perfusion, and Tissue Oxygen in Patients With Chronic Venous Disease

Chronic inflammation and microcirculatory disturbances of the skin have been implicated as causative factors of complications associated with chronic venous disease (CVD). The purpose of this study is to describe the mean differences between and correlations among three measures of microcirculation: skin temperature (Tsk), tissue perfusion/blood flow (BF), and tissue oxygen (tcPO(2)) of CVD-inflamed skin compared to normal controls. In a convenience sample of 55 patients with CVD (n = 31) and without CVD (n = 24), Tsk was measured with an infrared thermometer, BF with a laser Doppler flowmeter, and tcPO( 2) with a transcutaneous oximeter across three measurements periods 1 week apart (Times 1, 2, and 3) at the medial aspect of both lower legs. Tsk was higher (1.2 degrees C) across all measurement periods (p .05). No consistently significant correlations were found between tcPO(2) and BF or tcPO(2) and Tsk (p > .05). Tsk and BF were higher in the skin of lower legs affected by CVD than in those not affected. Pathological processes in the skin produce heat detectable by an infrared thermometer. Measurement and monitoring of Tsk can augment clinical findings and guide treatment when localized inflammation is suspected. Future studies of Tsk should be directed toward the usefulness of infrared technology to develop a CVD leg ulcer prediction model.
Electrolyte properties for photoelectrochemical cells with emphasis on the molecular adaptation of metallocenes: A review

Abstract The intention of this review is to highlight the interplay of variables encountered in the selection and optimization of electrolytes for photoelectrochemical cells. Electrolyte properties have been exemplified for metallocene redox systems and, wherever possible, the flexibility and scope for further improvements in electrolyte design are indicated.
Protein-protein interactions among human 20S proteasome subunits and proteassemblin.

Abstract Immunoproteasomes and standard proteasomes assemble by alternative pathways that bias against the formation of certain “mixed” proteasomes. Differences between β subunit propeptides contribute to assembly specificity and an assembly chaperone, proteassemblin, may be involved via differential propeptide interactions. We investigated possible mechanisms of biased proteasome assembly and the role of proteassemblin by identifying protein–protein interactions among human 20S proteasome subunits and proteassemblin using a yeast two-hybrid interaction assay. Forty-one interactions were detected, including five involving proteassemblin and contiguous β subunits, which suggests that proteassemblin binds to preproteasomes via a β subunit surface. Interaction between proteassemblin and β5, but not β5i, suggests that proteassemblin may be involved in the propeptide-dependent differential incorporation of these subunits. Interactions between proteassemblin and β1, β1i, and β7 suggest that proteassemblin may regulate preproteasome dimerization via interactions with the C-termini of these subunits, which in the mature 20S structure extend to contact opposing β subunit rings.
Studies in Yama and Māra

Ehni points out that in the Vedas there is a word y´ma (accent on initial) meaning “tamer, guider (especially of the carriage horse)”, and another word yam´ (accent on final) meaning “twin”. This latter word is the name of the deity Yama. The Taittirīya Samhitā gives this explanation: “The gods and Yama were at strife over this world; Yama appropriated ( ayuvata ) the power and strength of the gods; therefore Yama has his name.” The Brhaddevatā has this: “He giving ( prayachan ) offspring here, and gathering (them) goes forth (to the other world): therefore the seer Yama calls him, the son of Vivasvat, Yama.” In the epic, “He is called Yama, it being he who keeps mankind in check.”
Layer-by-layer mechanism of smectite illitization and application to a new rate law.

A layer-by-layer mechanism explains important features of mixed-layer clay minerals formed during the illitization of smectite, including the occurrence of randomly interstratified illite/smectite, the transition to ordered interstratifications, and the development of long-range ordering. A variety of solid-state transformation mechanisms were tested with a stochastic model, which accounts for interactions among clay layers. The model produces most successful results when the reaction of smectite layers with one illite nearest neighbor is favored over smectites with no illite neighbors by a factor of about two, and over those with two illite neighbors by a factor of ten or more. Synthetic X-ray powder diffraction patterns calculated from model results compare well with those of illite/smectite minerals. These results suggest a new kinetic rate law. Solutions to this rate law for reaction within sediments undergoing burial give mineralogical profiles with depth similar to those observed in subsiding sedimentary basins.
Examining Students’ Perception of Classroom Openness as a Predictor of Civic Knowledge: A Cross-National Analysis of 38 Countries

Civic knowledge is critical to interpreting various policy and candidate issues that are necessary to participating in certain political activities, such as voting in elections or attending public demonstrations. Various studies have examined students’ perceptions of classroom openness, which reflects perceived levels of political discussion supported by peers in the classrooms, to understand how this measure relates to students’ civic behaviors. This study analyzes data from the 2009 International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, in which approximately 134,000 students were sampled from 38 countries across Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Results from three-level hierarchal linear modeling suggest that students’ perceptions of classroom openness are strongly related to their civic knowledge scores. Further analyses indicate that the relationship strength between these two measures do not vary across students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. These findings reaffirm the importance of curricular approaches that emphasize political discussions in classrooms to prepare students for active citizenship.
Temporal trends in accessing online medical information.

Online publication of medical research continues to grow at a rapid pace, with approximately 2,000 to 4,000 new citations indexed daily by the National Library of Medicine. Prior studies suggest use of web-based applications such as Google and electronic databases may improve accuracy and efficiency in clinical decision-making compared to accessing primary sources of medical information. To date, however, no analyses have examined longitudinal patterns of utilization associated with these online resources. Accordingly, we sought to describe temporal trends in the online use of select sources of primary medical literature and drug information compared to UpToDate (http://www.uptodate.com), a database of evidence-based clinical knowledge.
Vector channel capacity with quantized feedback

We explore the capacity of an isotropic fading vector channel with multiple transmit antennas at the base station and a single antenna at the mobile receiver. Perfect channel knowledge is assumed to he available at the receiver while the transmitter has only partial knowledge of the direction of the user's channel vector based on quantized feedback. We determine a necessary and sufficient condition for optimality of beamforming, which turns out to be a precise relationship between the optimality of beamforming and the symmetry of the quantizer. For the cases where beamforming is not optimal, we develop upper and lower bounds. Numerical results are provided to help estimate the capacity.
Pleural effusion as a manifestation of Dressler's syndrome in the distant post-infarction period

A 65-year-old woman developed a bloody pleural effusion 2-1/2 years after the onset of Dressler's syndrome. Since an extensive evaluation failed to reveal a specific etiology, the effusion was presumed to be a manifestation of Dressler's syndrome. Because of the therapeutic implications involved, we are reporting this case to emphasize that pleural effusions may occur as a manifestation of Dressler's Syndrome in the distant post-infarction period.
SEXUAL SELECTION AND TAIL-LENGTH DIMORPHISM IN SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHERS

Abstract Scissor-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus forficatus) exhibit elongated tails in both sexes, and sexual dimorphism in tail length. At Fort Sill, Oklahoma, during 1991 and 1992, Scissor-tailed Flycatchers exhibited sexual dimorphism (male–female) in tail length (1.48), with more moderate sexual dimorphism in wing length (1.09) and beak length (1.04). Based on an analysis of museum specimens, immature birds (<1 year of age) of both sexes in their first calendar year exhibited significantly shorter tails than adults (measured in the field). Furthermore, tail length was highly variable among both sexes relative to other morphological traits. Male tail length was correlated with early clutch initiation by the male's mate and, in 1991, with larger clutch size. Similarly, female tail length was correlated with early clutch initiation, and, in one year, larger clutches. Longer-tailed females also tended to arrive earlier on the breeding grounds in 1992, the only year for which such data were available. Assort...
Digital document metadata in organizations: roles, analytical approaches, and future research directions

Metadata characterize documents for discovery and use. In digital environments, conventional metadata are less likely to exist and, if they do, are unlikely to have been created by a trained cataloger. Within organizations, document metadata play roles beyond that of document discovery, e.g. organizational memory, visibility and network management. The Dublin Core, an author-created metadata structure, maps incompletely to identified organizational metadata needs, particularly that of "publisher". Analytical approaches to metadata identify factors such as terseness vs. richness, and logical and physical separability vs. integration from the object described. In organizations, document discovery is often the start of a process of the use and re-use of both formal and informal document types. Additional research is needed to establish elements that would be important in organizations, the context and roles of metadata, and to explore approaches to metadata creation and use.
Independent utility scaling and the nash bargaining model

A newly developed method for independent utility scaling was used to replicate Nydegger and Owen's earlier work that experimentally evaluated the Nash axioms for two-person bargaining. This was done in an attempt to devise better correspondence between abstract models and experimental applications in game theory. The results were: (1) The independently developed utility scales did apparently minimize the problem of interpersonal comparisons of utility. (2) When irrelevant alternatives are introduced into the bargaining, the Smorodinsky-Kalai monotonicity axiom is as descriptive of subject behavior as the Nash model. (3) When comparison processes are controlled, the Nash axiom on invariance under linear transformations of utility does seem to hold. This lends credence to Nydegger and Owen's contention that the failure of this axiom to hold up in early experimental studies was due primarily to players' attempts to effect interpersonal comparisons of utility. In summary, understanding of the complexity of the interpersonal bargaining setting seems to depend in part on developing more appropriate methods of making cross-systems comparisons, that is, in relating the bargaining unit as a whole to the player subsystems.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Induces Expression of the Anti-Apoptosis Gene IEX-1L in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

By means of differential display reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, increased expression of the mRNA encoding the anti-apoptosis gene IEX-1L was found in respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). IEX-1L mRNA expression increased 5‐7-fold in RSV-infected cells at 72 h after infection but remained unchanged in cells exposed to irradiated, replication-incompetent RSV. Because IEX-1L is reported to protect cells from apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐a, the effect of TNF-a on epithelial cell apoptosis in the context of RSV infection was determined. Epithelial cells were exposed to vehicle, RSV, or irradiated RSV for 72 h, and then TNF-a was added to appropriate cultures. Cytochemical staining of cellular DNA with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole demonstrated TNF-a‐induced apoptosis in 23.4% of control cells but only 5% of RSV-infected cells. These data show that RSV infection protects epithelial cells from TNF-a‐induced apoptosis and that this effect is temporally associated with IEX-1L gene expression. Although the cellular immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been studied extensively, the interactions between RSV and its primary target, the respiratory epithelial cell, are just beginning to be understood. Further characterization of the interactions between RSV and respiratory epithelial cells is necessary to advance our understanding of the host mucosal immune response to this infection. To identify and characterize genes that undergo alteration in expression in response to RSV infection, we embarked on a systematic comparison of the mRNA species expressed by infected and uninfected respiratory epithelial cells by means of the semiquantitative technique based on reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and known as differential display [1, 2]. Using this approach, we investigated the effect of RSV-infected epithelial cells on expression of the mRNA encoding the anti-apoptosis gene IEX-1L and the association
Implications of Infant Cognition for Executive Functions at Age 11

Recent work suggests that executive functions, the cornerstone of higher-level cognitive operations, are driven by basic information processing abilities. Using structural equation modeling, with latent variables, the present study provides the first evidence that this driving force begins in infancy, such that abilities in infancy predict executive functions at age 11. Information processing abilities in three domains (attention, processing speed, and memory) were assessed when participants were infants (7 and 12 months) and toddlers (24 and 36 months) and were used to predict three executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and shifting) when participants were 11 years old. A model relating infant abilities to age-11 executive functions fit well, and accounted for 9% to 19% of the variance in the executive functions. Paths from both Speed and Memory in infancy to age-11 Working Memory were significant, as was the path from Speed in infancy to age-11 Shifting. A model using abilities in toddlerhood...
When Anaphor Resolution Fails

Abstract Implicit in the study of anaphors has been the assumption that anaphoric inferences must be resolved for a text to be coherent. In six experiments we examined this assumption. Using recognition and reading time measures, we found that antecedents (e.g., “tart”) were not accessed when an anaphor (e.g., “dessert”) was read if the antecedent was well backgrounded and if a highly salient same-category distractor (e.g., “cake”) intervened between the anaphor and its antecedent. We conclude that when an antecedent is difficult to retrieve, and when the failure to connect an anaphor to its antecedent does not create a coherence break, readers may simply read on rather than devoting additional time and attention to identifying the antecedent.
Variation in below-ground carbon fluxes along a Populus hybridization gradient.

Summary • Here, soil CO 2 efflux, minirhizotron fine root production (FRP), and estimated total below-ground carbon allocation (TBCA) were examined along an elevation and hybridization gradient between two cottonwood species. • FRP was 72% greater under high-elevation Populus angustifolia , but soil CO 2 efflux and TBCA were 62% and 94% greater, respectively, under low-elevation stands dominated by Populus fremontii , with a hybrid stand showing intermediate values. • Differences between the responses of FRP, soil CO 2 efflux and TBCA may potentially be explained in terms of genetic controls; while plant species and hybridization explained variance in carbon flux, we found only weak correlations of FRP and TBCA with soil moisture, and no correlations with soil temperature or nitrogen
Use of retrospective optimization for placement of oil wells under uncertainty

Determining well locations in oil reservoirs under geological uncertainty remains a challenging problem in field development. Well placement problems are integer optimization problems because a reservoir is discretized into grid blocks and the well locations are defined by block indices (i, j, k) in the discrete model. Reservoir simulators are used to evaluate reservoir production given a well placement. In the presence of reservoir uncertainty, we simulate multiple model realizations to estimate the expected field performance for a certain well placement. Most existing methods for well placement optimization problems are random-search based algorithms. We present a retrospective optimization (RO) algorithm that uses Hooke-Jeeves search for well location optimization under uncertainty. The RO framework generates a sequence of sample-path problems with increasing sample sizes. Embedded in RO, the Hooke-Jeeves search solves each sample-path problem for a local optimizer given a discrete neighborhood definition. The numerical results show that the RO algorithm efficiently finds a solution yielding a 70% increase (compared to a solution suggested from heuristics) in the expected net present value (NPV) over 30 years of reservoir production for the problem considered.
Contributors of water intake in US children and adolescents: associations with dietary and meal characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006

Background: Little is known about the association of contributors of total water intake with dietary characteristics in US children. Objective: We examined intakes of total water and its contributors and their associations with diet and meal reporting in children and adolescents. Design: Dietary data for children 2–19 y of age (n = 3978) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 were used to compute usual intake of total water. The association of total water and its contributors with sociodemographic characteristics and dietary and meal attributes was examined by using multiple regression analysis. Results: The adjusted mean intakes of total water in Americans aged 2–5, 6–11, and 12–19 y were 1.4, 1.6, and 2.4 L, respectively. The mean usual intake of total water was generally less than the Adequate Intake; overall, more boys reported intakes of at least the Adequate Intake. The percentage of total water intake from plain water increased with age. Plain water intake was inversely associated with the intake of beverage moisture and the energy density of foods; conversely, beverage moisture was positively associated with dietary energy, fat, and the energy density of foods. Associations of water contributors with meal patterns (number of eating occasions, reporting of breakfast or snack) were inconsistent across age groups. Nearly 80% of food moisture, .66% of beverage moisture, and ’30% of plain water were reported with main meals. Conclusions: Intake of total water over 24 h from different contributors varied by age. Qualitative differences in dietary intake in association with the amount of plain water and beverage moisture in the recalls were observed. American children and adolescents consumed more than two-thirds of their daily beverages with main meals. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:887–96.
Bridging Domains in Efforts to Reduce Disparities in Health and Health Care

The concept of health disparities is a familiar one, but we must continually challenge our thinking on how disparities issues are framed. The 1985 Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health established a disease-oriented focus on "excess deaths" as the primary targets of disparities initiatives. However, progress in reducing disparities has been limited. The disease focus, which emphasizes the individual-level and health care services, may be too narrow. A "population health" perspective can foster a more comprehensive and integrated approach. Both disease-oriented and population health perspectives have advantages and disadvantages, for both policy and practical purposes. The challenge is to effectively leverage both approaches to improve the health of ethnic minority and other disadvantaged populations. We need bridge builders who can articulate and hear diverse perspectives, work with systems, and maintain a long-term vision for affecting the social dynamics of society.
Developmental Exposure to Manganese Increases Adult Susceptibility to Inflammatory Activation of Glia and Neuronal Protein Nitration

Chronic exposure to manganese (Mn) produces a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the basal ganglia characterized by reactive gliosis and expression of neuroinflammatory genes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). Induction of NOS2 in glial cells causes overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and injury to neurons that is associated with parkinsonian-like motor deficits. Inflammatory activation of glia is believed to be an early event in Mn neurotoxicity, but specific responses of microglia and astrocytes to Mn during development remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of juvenile exposure to Mn on the activation of glia and production of NO in C57Bl/6J mice, postulating that developmental Mn exposure would lead to heightened sensitivity to gliosis and increased expression of NOS2 in adult mice exposed again later in life. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that Mn exposure caused increased activation of both microglia and astrocytes in the striatum (St), globus pallidus (Gp), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) of treated mice compared with controls. More robust activation of microglia was observed in juveniles, whereas astrogliosis was more prominent in adult mice preexposed during development. Co-immunofluorescence studies demonstrated increased expression of NOS2 in glia located in the Gp and SNpr. Additionally, greater increases in the level of 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts were detected in dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32-positive neurons of the St of Mn-treated adult mice preexposed as juveniles. These data indicate that subchronic exposure to Mn during development leads to temporally distinct patterns of glial activation that result in elevated nitrosative stress in distinct populations of basal ganglia neurons.
A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

. The Philanthinae, as treated here, contains the eight valid genera Aphilanthops Patton, Cerceris Latreille, Clypeadon Patton, Eucerceris Cresson, Philanthinus Beaumont, Philanthus Fabricius, Pseudoscolia Radoszkowski and Trachypus Klug. Listropygia Bohart is synonymized with Clypeadon, syn.n. The genera Eremiasphecium Kohl and Odontosphex Arnold are removed from the Philanthinae and regarded as genera incertae sedis within Sphecidae. Analysis of the genera of this redefined subfamily Philanthinae finds two major clades whose monophyly is strongly supported: (Philanthinus+ (Philanthus+Trachypus)) [= Tribe Philanthini] and (Pseudoscolia+ (Cerceris+Eucerceris)) [= Tribe Cercerini]. There is some evidence for the monophyly of Clypeadon+Aphilanthops [= Tribe Aphilanthopini]. Cerceris and Philanthus are inferred to be paraphyletic with respect to Eucerceris and Trachypus, respectively. Philanthinus is removed from the tribe Aphilanthopini and placed in the tribe Philanthini, and the monotypic tribe Pseudoscoliini is synonymized with Cercerini.
EFFECTS OF TWO SPECIES OF V A MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF WINTER WHEAT

Summary Roots and soils from western Nebraska fields of native and planted grasslands, and winter wheat of varied fallow-wheat cultivation duration, were evaluated for vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal root infection and spore numbers and types. Increased cultivation decreased percentage mycorrhizal infection in wheat and reduced spore numbers of Glomus fasciculatus, the dominant VA mycorrhizal fungus in these soils. Spore numbers of other VA mycorrhizal fungi did not change significantly with cultivation although mean numbers of G. mosseae increased with continued wheat production. Water relations and growth were determined for greenhouse-grown non-raycorrhizal, G. fasciculatus-infected, and G. mosseae-infected wheat in wet and dry soils. Stomatal conductances were higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants in both wet and dry treatments. Stomatal closure in-mycorrhizal plants occurred at lower leaf water potentials (Ψ1) and after greater desiccation than in non-mycorrhizal plants, but some leaves of G. mosseae-infected plants showed no stomatal response to drought and continued to transpire at Ψ as low as -4.1 MPa. Leaf osmotic adjustment was greatest for G. fasciculatus-infected plants. Non-mycorrhizal and G. fasciculatus-infected plants had equal dry wts in both wet and dry conditions. Infection by G. fasciculatus appeared to increase wheat drought tolerance while infection by G. mosseae did not.
The calculation of estuarine turnover times using freshwater fraction and tidal prism models: A critical evaluation

Freshwater fraction and tidal prism models are simple methods for estimating the turnover time of estuarine water. The freshwater fraction method prominently features flushing by freshwater inflow and has sometimes been criticized because it appears not to include flushing by seawater, but this is accounted for implicitly because the average estuary salinity used in the calculation reflects all the processes that bring seawater into the estuary, including gravitational circulation and tidal processes. The model relies on measurable salinity differences among water masses and so must be used for estuaries with substantial freshwater inflow. Tidal prism models are based on flushing by flood tide inflow and ignore seawater inflow due to gravitational circulation. These models should only be applied to estuaries with weak or nonexistent gravitational circulation, which are generally those with little freshwater inflow. Using a framework that is less ambioguous and more directly applicable to the estimation of turnover times than those used previously, this paper critically examines the application of tidal prism models in well-mixed estuaries with complete tidal exchange, partial ebb return, or incomplete flood mixing and in partially mixed estuaries. Problems with self-consistency in earlier versions of these models also apply to the budgeting procedure used by the LOICZ (Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone) program. Although freshwater fraction and tidal prism models are different approaches to estimating turnover times in systems with very different characteristics, consistent derivation shows that these models have much in common with each other and that they yield equivalent values that can be used to make comparisons across systems.
Different Strains of Toxoplasma gondii Induce Different Cytokine Responses in CBA/Ca Mice

To investigate the role that cytokines may have in the development of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), the levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-12 (IL-12 ]p40[), IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2 in serum were examined in CBA/Ca mice infected with a type II strain (ME49 or FORT) of Toxoplasma gondii. These strains caused severe (ME49) or mild (FORT) TE in CBA/Ca mice. From weeks 1 to 8 of infection, the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in serum were significantly higher in the ME49-infected mice than in the FORT-infected mice, suggesting a role for these cytokines in the severity of TE in CBA/Ca mice. Since the ME49 and FORT strains are of the same type, our results suggest a role for the parasite in the development of severe TE through the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and indicate that not all type II strains cause TE.
Choosing Residents; Choosing You

To maximize your chances of matching to the residency, you must understand what residencies are looking for and package yourself accordingly. No, this is not to suggest that you should be someone you are not. Fibbing by either party will result in disappointment on both sides. It is about packaging, advertising, and marketing your strengths. It is about finding a match between you and the residency. To do this requires some sense of what they are seeking and how they go about the process. This glimpse can help crystallize an image of what you should be seeking from them as well.
Eight Ways to Promote Generative Learning

Generative learning involves actively making sense of to-be-learned information by mentally reorganizing and integrating it with one’s prior knowledge, thereby enabling learners to apply what they have learned to new situations. In this article, we present eight learning strategies intended to promote generative learning: summarizing, mapping, drawing, imagining, self-testing, self-explaining, teaching, and enacting. First, we provide an overview of generative learning theory, grounded in Wittrock’s (1974) generative model of comprehension and reflected in more recent frameworks of active learning, such as Mayer’s (2014) select-organize-integrate (SOI) framework. Next, for each of the eight generative learning strategies, we provide a description, review exemplary research studies, discuss potential boundary conditions, and provide practical recommendations for implementation. Finally, we discuss the implications of generative learning for the science of learning, and we suggest directions for further research.
The Xiongnu and the Comparative Study of Empire

This paper discusses state formation among the Xiongnu from a comparative perspective, arguing that it is legitimate to refer to their polity as an ‘empire.’ It also explores the applicability of a new theory that seeks to explain large-scale imperiogenesis with reference to structural tensions between steppe nomads and agriculturalists.
On the Stability of Online Language Features: How Much Text do you Need to know a Person?

In recent years, numerous studies have inferred personality and other traits from people's online writing. While these studies are encouraging, more information is needed in order to use these techniques with confidence. How do linguistic features vary across different online media, and how much text is required to have a representative sample for a person? In this paper, we examine several large sets of online, user-generated text, drawn from Twitter, email, blogs, and online discussion forums. We examine and compare population-wide results for the linguistic measure LIWC, and the inferred traits of Big5 Personality and Basic Human Values. We also empirically measure the stability of these traits across different sized samples for each individual. Our results highlight the importance of tuning models to each online medium, and include guidelines for the minimum amount of text required for a representative result.
Constitutional Limitations on Prosecutorial Discovery

The purpose of this Article is to explore the constitutional implications of prosecutorial discovery and to define the limits that the Constitution imposes upon it. Following an examination of the impact of prosecutorial discovery on the accusatorial system of justice, this Article identifies and describes four constitutionally grounded principles which call into question whether prosecutorial discovery may permissibly be expanded beyond the scope of the rule upheld by the Supreme Court in Williams v. Florida. First, the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination, as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Williams, limits prosecutorial discovery to evidence that the defendant presently intends to use at trial, not evidence he potentially may introduce. Second, the defendant cannot be compelled before trial to disclose evidence which could support the government's case-in-chief, since otherwise she is unconstitutionally forced to choose between her sixth amendment right to present evidence and her fourteenth amendment right to defend by lack of government proof. Third, enforcement of prosecutorial discovery rules by the exclusion of undisclosed evidence may destroy the accuracy and fairness of the trial and abridge the defendant's sixth amendment right to present a defense. Finally, to the extent that the work product doctrine is incorporated in the constitutional right-to-counsel, compelled disclosure of witnesses' statements to defense counsel violates the defendant's sixth amendment rights.
The Normative Element of Legitimacy

The most successful and influential research on attitudes toward courts has equated legitimacy with institutional loyalty. While agreeing that this move has facilitated considerable progress in empirical research, I argue that it misses a crucial element of legitimacy and advocate renewed attention to that element -- the sense that legitimacy entails obligations on the part of people toward governing institutions that they recognize as legitimate.
On the Glass Formation in Systems Forming Icosahedral Quasicrystals

Rapidly solidified micron and submicron size droplets of Al-14 a/o Mn have been used to study the possibility of glass formation and nucleation behavior of icosahedral phase. Homogeneous nucleation of icosahedral phase is assumed, based on the high grain density (>1015 mm−3). Extremely low nucleation resistance of icosahedral phase can be understood when possible topological similarities between liquid and icosahedral quasicrystal structures are considered. Configurationally frozen liquid in Al-Mn and similar alloy systems is questionable, implying that Al-Mn “glass” probably has a microquasicrystalline structure.
A Transfer Function Based Frequency Model for Propagation of a Chaos Wave through Modified von Karman Turbulence under Various Chaos and Turbulence Conditions

Complex phasor fields for electromagnetic wave propagation through von Karman turbulence and acousto-optic RF chaos are derived en route to the effective transfer function between chaos and narrow turbulence. Results are tested for several turbulence and chaos conditions.
Endoport-Assisted Microsurgical Treatment of a Ruptured Periventricular Aneurysm

Background and Importance. Ruptured periventricular aneurysms in patients with moyamoya disease represent challenging pathologies. The most common methods of treatment include endovascular embolization and microsurgical clipping. However, rare cases arise in which the location and anatomy of the aneurysm make these treatment modalities particularly challenging. Clinical Presentation. We report a case of a 34-year-old female with moyamoya disease who presented with intraventricular hemorrhage. CT angiography and digital subtraction angiography revealed an aneurysm located in the wall of the atrium of the right lateral ventricle. Distal endovascular access was not possible, and embolization risked the sacrifice of arteries supplying critical brain parenchyma. Using the BrainPath endoport system, the aneurysm was able to be accessed. Since the fusiform architecture of the aneurysm prevented clip placement, the aneurysm was ligated with electrocautery. Conclusion. We demonstrate the feasibility of endoport-assisted approach for minimally invasive access and treatment of uncommon, distally located aneurysms.
Kinetics of polyamine synthesis and turnover in mouse fibroblasts

Kinetics of polyamine synthesis and degradation were studied in mouse fibroblasts growing in suspension culture. The approach was to prelabel cells with radioactive polyamines and to observe the rate of loss of radioactivity and the rate of decrease in specific activity of these compounds in cells. Radioactive putrescine declined with a half-life of 1.5–2h, whether derived directly from exogenous putrescine or indirectly from ornithine. Much of this turnover was due to excretion, the kinetics of which suggested that a steady-state was being established between putrescine inside and outside the cells. Within 5h of medium change, cells growing at a density of 5×105cells/ml had supplied putrescine to the medium to a concentration of about 1μm. When cells were prelabelled with either putrescine or spermidine, radioactivity in cell spermidine declined with a half-life of 60h. This rate of turnover is sufficient to provide all the spermine required by the cell. Spermine synthesis was the only observed reaction of spermidine, although some excretion into the growth medium was detected. Spermine was not degraded at a detectable rate as long as cells were growing exponentially; in stationary phase, degradation to spermidine, which was excreted, became significant. The half-lives of the specific activities of spermine, spermidine and putrescine were 24, 15 and 1.5h respectively. From these values, the rate of synthesis of each was calculated. Spermidine was synthesized at 6.8 times the rate of spermine, and putrescine was synthesized at 0.46nmol/106cells per h, twice the rate of spermidine. The significance of these kinetic parameters is discussed.
Correlation analysis of distribution of Ketamine and its metabolites in tissues and the CT manifestations of abdominal organ damages caused by these detrimental factors

Objective:To investigate the CT manifestations of the organ damages in urinary and hepatobiliary systems caused by the abuse of ketamine and its metabolites and their correlations with the distribution of these detrimental factors in the tissues in order to improve the diagnostic level.Methods:The imaging findings of bladder,renal pelvis,ureter,kidney and bile duct on enhanced CT were analzed in 11 cases proven by clinical history of taking ketamine.Results: In this work,7 cases presented with the contracture of bladder,volume reduction to different degrees,and corset-like thickening of the bladder wall.3 patients appeared the bilateral hydronephrosis and dilatation of the ureters.There were 2 cases of ischemic renal injury,1 case of unilateral renal papillary necrosis,and 6 cases were showed the expansion of common bile duct in which 2 cases also had the expansion of intrahepatic bile duct.Conclusion:The CT futures of abdominal organ damages caused by Ketamine and its metabolites have certain characteristics,which correlate their distributions in the tissues.The combination of CT futures with clinical data and history is helpful for the proper diagnosis,thereby offering guidance for the treatment and efficient evaluation for this disorder.
Study of Dynamic Scheduling for Grid Workflow

As an NP problem, grid service workflow(GSF) scheduling is difficult to be solved by means of classic algorithms. Featured in searching concurrently and globally, genetic algorithm can be a better option for solving GSF scheduling problem, so it is widely adopted by present papers. But most of them can not deal with the dynamic scheduling of grid service. Pointing to the problem, this paper proposes the concept of Center of service information and the architecture of service-oriented grid workflow. This paper also supplements the fitness calculation for different workflow model. In the end, the algorithm is proved to have better convergence by the analysis of instances.
A Survey on Knowledge and Attitudes Towards AIDS by Proprietors in Service Industries in the City Proper of Suichang,Zhejiang Province

OBJECTIVES To find out how much the proprietors in service industries know about the prevention and cure of AIDS,as well as their attitudes towards it,so as to provide factual data for government to work out policy on the prevention and control of AIDS,and for related employers to determine proper AIDS intervening pattern.METHODS By administering an independently designed questionnaire to anonymous proprietors in entertaining service industries in the city proper like hotels and restraints,beauty saloons,singing and dancing clubs,public sauna and bathrooms,and body and foot massage centers,this studies carried out a survey on the subjects' mastery of the basic knowledge of the transmission,prevention and cure of AIDS,and their attitudes towards it as well.RESULTS The average mastery of the basic knowledge about AIDS was 71.43%,that of transmission channels was 80.66%,and that of prevention measures was 60.79%.The proportion of subjects who demonstrated to hold supporting attitude towards or take supportive measures for the prevention and control of AIDS was relatively low.CONCLUSIONS The current proprietors in service industries have insufficient knowledge about AIDS,and their attitudes and actions are to be improved,therefore,further measures have to be taken on the proprietors in service industries,in order to enhance the general prevention and control of AIDS.
Studies on triiodothyronine-induced synthesis of liver mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the thyroidectomized rat.

Administration of a single small dose of triiodothymonine (T3) greatly increased liver mitochondrial L-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity of thyroidectomized rats. The induction of liver mitochondrial L-α-glycerophoshate dehydrogenase by T3 could be blocked by simultaneous administration of puromycin; in addition, time incorporation of L-leucine-14C into total liver proteins and into proteins of all subcellular fractions was greatly inhibited. Furthermore, puromycin blocked further induction when it was administered after the administration of T3. L-Ethionine prevented the induction of enzyme formation, and the inhibition could be partially reversed by L-methionine. "Pulse labeling" was used to study the incorporation of L-leucine-14C into liver proteins, and the data indicate that an increased rate of protein synthesis precedes the maximal increase in liver mitochondrial L-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase produced by T3-administration. These observations suggest that T3-induction of L-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the thyroidectomized rat results from acceleration of enzyme synthesis. Similar observations were reported earlier with the euthyroid rat. Administration of actinomycin D along with the T3 abolished the increase of L-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in liver mitochondria. The induction was also partially inhibited by 5-fluorouracil. These results indicate that the induction process depends on the formation of an adequate amount of renewable messenger-RNA molecules.
An experimental study comparing the acute occlusion of the anterior descending and the left circumflex coronary arteries.

Summary Acute ligation of the anterior descending artery resulted in death of 2 of 15 animals (13 per cent) within 24 hours. Acute ligation of the left circumflex artery resulted in the death of 15 of 20 animals (75 per cent). Sixteen animals (46 per cent) developed ventricular fibrillation. Defibrillation was successful in all and 7 (43 per cent) were chronic survivors. Injection studies with Schlesinger mass revealed the presence of collateral anastomoses in all the chronic survivors. Therefore, acute coronary occlusion is an effective stimulus to the development of collateral anastomoses. It is suggested that ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery is not a reliable method to test myocardial revascularization procedures or methods of treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Ligation of the left circumflex artery is a more reliable method.
The Institutional Context of the European Union’s Council System and the Intentional Design of Discretion for Preparatory Agents

The focus of this chapter is a puzzle: why does the EU Council system produce such a high incidence of consensus-based outcomes (nearly 85 percent of all legislative acts) and what makes consensus seeking so durably institutionalized? Following a growing interest in international relations (IR) theory on understanding why international organizations behave the way they do, a key initial step is to treat the institutional context as ‘a distinctive social form of authority with its own internal logic and behavioral proclivities’ (Barnett and Finnemore, 2004, 3). However, there is still a general tendency to treat such international institutional settings as fixed and given, with no independent causal effects on the actors who regularly participate in them. This is true, for example, of the two-level-game literature which circumscribes the autonomous role for international bargaining contexts themselves (see Putnam, 1988, 439), with the ironic result that the promise of a ‘double-edged’ approach loses a good deal of its interactive quality between the domestic and international chess boards.
Segregation of Mexican Children in a Southern California City: The Legacy of Expansionism and the American Southwest

the segregation of Mexican children in Santa Ana, California, schools covering the years 1913-1948.1 Its intent is to focus on the social and political relations between the Mexican community and the representatives of the Anglo community as revealed in the activities of the Board of Education. Through such a study the image of the political nature of segregation can be more effectively depicted. The author has demonstrated in earlier studies that the education of