cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thin-film multilayer optical filters containing diffractive elements and waveguides

The principles and chief properties of optical reflection and transmission filters based on guided-mode resonance (GMR) effects in multilayer structures comprising gratings and homogeneous thin films are presented. Detailed fiber characteristics (center wavelength, lineshape, and linewidth) are calculated using rigorous coupled-wave analysis for TE and TM polarized incident waves. These filters exhibit desirable characteristics such as high resonance efficiency with narrow or wide linewidths. Near- zero reflectance sidebands over extended wavelength ranges are obtainable using multilayer waveguide-grating structures. To illustrate the potential of this technology, calculated GMR reflection and transmission example characteristics are presented for filters made with common thin-film materials operating in the visible spectral region. Excellent reflection-filter features are found when antireflection conditions prevail away from the resonance wavelength. The transmission filter is optimized when the structure is highly reflective off resonance. It is found that long-range, low sidebands are obtainable for a single- layer GMR filter with a TM-polarized plane wave incident at the Brewster angle. GMR filter fabrication tolerances are briefly discussed. A calculated example illustrates the sensitivity of the filter center wavelength to variations in layer thickness. The effects of absorptive loss are treated. It is shown that, in general, GMR filters suffer loss- dependent wavelength shifts such that the reflection peak occurs at a different wavelength than the corresponding transmission notch. However, under antireflection conditions, the resonance location becomes insensitive to loss. Finally, reflective GMR thin-film structures that support multiple waveguide modes are studied. These devices exhibit characteristic angular and spectral signatures with unique appearance.
OPTIMAL OPERATION OF THIN FILM GROWTH WITH MULTISCALE PROCESS OBJECTIVES

Abstract The issue of optimal time-varying operation for transport-reaction processes is considered, when the cost functional and/or equality constraints necessitate the consideration of phenomena that occur over disparate length scales. Multiscale process models are initially developed, linking continuum conservation laws with microscopic scale simulators. Subsequently, order reduction techniques for dissipative partial-differential equations are combined with adaptive tabulation methods for microscopic simulators to reduce the computational requirements of the optimization problem, which is then solved using standard search algorithms. The method is demonstrated on a thin film deposition process, where optimal surface temperature profiles and inlet switching times that simultaneously maximize thickness uniformity and minimize surface roughness across the film surface are computed.
Biosynthesis of aminoacyl derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol.

Abstract Recent studies ( Lennarz, et al. , 1966 ; Lennarz, 1966 ) have demonstrated that the enzymatic synthesis of lysyl phosphatidylglycerol (lysyl-PG) in Staphylococcus aureus involves the transfer of a lysyl moiety from lysyl-sRNA to phosphatidylglycerol(PG), as shown below. In view of reports on the occurrence of several different aminoacyl derivatives of PG in a variety of bacteria ( cf. Macfarlane, 1964 ; Lennarz, in press), we have undertaken a more extensive study of the possible participation of aminoacyl derivatives of sRNA in the formation of these compounds. The results of this study indicate that:(1) the enzymatic synthesis of lysyl-PG from lysyl-sRNA occurs in a variety of microorganisms; (2) certain organisms have the enzymatic capacity to synthesize at least two different aminoacyl derivatives of PG from the appropriate aminoacyl sRNA derivatives.
Impact of Aminoacylated Phospholipids on the Interactions of Antimicrobial Peptides with Phospholipid Vesicles

Aminoacylated phosphatidylglycerols (PG) are common lipids in the cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-positive bacteria. Their presence in staphylococcal membranes has been linked to increased resistance to a number of antibacterial agents, including antimicrobial peptides. Most commonly, the PG headgroup is esterified to lysine, which converts anionic PG into a cationic lipid with a considerably increased headgroup size. In the present work, we investigated the interactions of two well-studied antimicrobial peptides, cecropin A and mastoparan X, with lipid vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG), containing varying fractions of an aminoacylated phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a stable analog of the corresponding PG-derivative. To differentiate between the effects of headgroup charge and size on peptide-lipid interactions, we synthesized two different derivatives. In one, the headgroup was modified by the addition of lysine, and in the other, by glutamine. The modification by glutamine results in a phospholipid with a headgroup size comparable to that of lysylated version. However, whereas lysyl-PE is cationic, glutamyl-PE is zwitterionic. We found that as long as the concentration of aminoacylated PEs did not exceed ∼30 mol%, binding of either peptide was not significantly altered. These observations are understood through the interplay between lipid charge and headgroup size and their effect on membrane binding and peptide-induced release of content from lipid vesicles.
Lattice gas model for O on Ni(110)

Abstract We consider the unusual behavior of the chemisorption system O on Ni(110). At a coverage of about 1 3 , as the temperature is increased from room temperature to about 300°C, a wellordered (3 × 1) structure changes reversibly into a poorly organized (2 × 1) structure. This has been observed for a Ni crystal saturated with oxygen in the interior. We propose a two-dimensional lattice gas model with anisotropic and competing interactions between the adsorbed atoms to explain this behavior. Monte Carlo calculations on a 30 × 30 lattice show a transition of this type for coverages near 1 3 .
Stroke outcome in patients already taking aspirin.

Background Although aspirin (ASA) has been shown to be effective for secondary (but not primary) stroke prevention and to have some beneficial influence on outcome when taken early after stroke onset, studies regarding the impact of prior use of ASA on stroke severity are conflicting. Objectives : To determine whether ASA therapy begun before stroke onset lessens the severity of stroke. Methods : Prospective clinical information was collected for all patients admitted with their first acute ischemic stroke between July 1996 and July 1998. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were noted on admission and at discharge. Barthel Index (BI), Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were also noted at discharge. Stroke severity was classified as severe if the NIHSS score was 9 or greater, BI score was 55 or less, the MRS score was 4 or greater, or the GOS score was 3 or greater. Group comparisons were performed by using the X 2 tests. Results : 178 patients were evaluated. Forty-two were taking ASA and 136 were not taking ASA or any other anti-thrombotic drug. There were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, gender, baseline hematocrit or blood glucose, history of hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, smoking, or stroke subtype. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups on any of the scales, either on admission or at discharge. Conclusion : Our data do not suggest that ASA use before stroke onset lessens the severity of first stroke. Until this question is definitively settled, however, it would be prudent to ensure balanced distribution of recent ASA use in acute stroke treatment trials.
Relaxation of internally excited high-mass ions simulated under typical quadrupole ion trap storage conditions

Collisional relaxation of internally excited high-mass (>1 kDa) ions has been simulated under typical quadrupole ion trap storage conditions. Two models have been employed that are expected to bracket the range of cooling rates that prevail for such ions present in ∼1 mTorr of room temperature helium. A diffuse scattering model that assumes that the helium target atom thermally equilibrates with the high-mass ion upon collision is expected to yield a maximum cooling rate. A random walk algorithm using the exponential model for inefficient colliders and a relatively small average energy down-step size provides an estimate for the lowest cooling rates that might be expected. The two models give cooling rates that differ by about a factor of three and fall within the range of 200–2000 s−1 for the ions and energies considered in the simulations. Unimolecular dissociation rates have also been determined for the same model ions. Random walk simulations employing collisional cooling and dissociation clearly show how a rapid input of internal energy, as with the absorption of an ultraviolet photon, can either result in dissociation of a large fraction of the ions or can lead to an insignificant degree of dissociation, depending largely on the unimolecular dissociation rate of the ion.
Services Offshoring: An Overview

This article provides an overview of the “offshoring” of service work from developed to developing nations. The focus is primarily on services offshoring from the United States. The discussion includes consideration of the meaning of the term “offshoring,” how many jobs are currently involved, what kinds of jobs they are, and where they are going. The article also discusses the reasons for the offshoring trend, projections about its future, and a brief summary of the possible consequences of its growth.
Flow Curvature Effects on Darrieus Turbine Blade Aerodynamics

The effects of curvilinear flow on Darrieus turbine blade aerodynamics are described. Analysis shows that these effects can have a sizeable impact on performance for blades of large chord. Experimental data are presented which verify this forecast. Unusually large boundary-layer radial pressure gradients and virtually altered camber and incidence are identified as causal phenomena. Conformaf mapping techniques are used to transform geometric airfoils in curved flow to their virtual equivalents in rectilinear flow. It is argued that flow curvature is an important determinant of Darrieus turbine blade aerodynamic efficiency and that its proper consideration will yield performance improvements, even for blades of small chord. uncovered blade aerodynamic complexities which were beyond initial expectations. Most noteworthy are the peculiar aerodynamic phenomena associated with the orbital motion of the blades. In essence, these blades are subjected to a curvilinear flow and behave very differently than if they were immersed in a rectilinear flow. Furthermore, centrifugal forces alter the boundary layer of the airfoils rotating in this fashion. This situation presents problems in the design and analysis of all cross-flow wind turbines, because virtually all published airfoil data are derived from tests in rectilinear flow. Recent studiesl show that modest improvements in Cp yield desirable reductions in the cost of energy. Since these Cp improvements can be achieved by increasing blade aerodynamic efficiency, there exists ample incentive for considering the aerodynamic idiosyncrasies of rotating blades. In the material which follows, boundary-layer centrifugal effects will be discussed first. Treatment of this subject is brief; its significance has only recently been appreciated and extensive studies of the phenomenon have not been con- ducted. Flow curvature effects are treated next. A simple kinematic analysis demonstrates that the turbine blade relative inflow velocity and angle of attack are unique everywhere on the chord. It is then shown how conformal mapping techniques, which transform airfoils in the curved flow field to their virtual equivalents in rectilinear flow, may be used in the aerodynamic analysis of the turbine blades. The method indicates that flow curvature effects are strongly dependent upon the blade chord to turbine radius C/R. Experimental data are introduced for two sets of blades, both of NACA 0015 airfoil section. The first set of blades had C/R = 0.114 and the second set had C/R = 0.260.
Context of maternal lineages in the greater Southwest

We present mitochondrial haplogroup characterizations of the prehistoric Anasazi of the United States (US) Southwest. These data are part of a long-term project to characterize ancient Great Basin and US Southwest samples for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity. Three restriction site polymorphisms (RSPs) and one length polymorphism identify four common Native American matrilines (A, B, C, and D). The Anasazi (n = 27) are shown to have a moderate frequency of haplogroup A (22%), a high frequency of haplogroup B (56%), and a low frequency of C (15%). Haplogroup D has not yet been detected among the Anasazi. In comparison to modern Native American groups from the US Southwest, the Anasazi are shown to have a distribution of haplogroups similar to the frequency pattern exhibited by modern Pueblo groups. A principal component analysis also clusters the Anasazi with some modern (Pueblo) Southwestern populations, and away from other modern (Athapaskan speaking) Southwestern populations. The Anasazi are also shown to have a significantly different distribution of the four haplogroups as compared to the eastern Great Basin Great Salt Lake Fremont (n = 32), although both groups cluster together in a principal component analysis. The context of our data suggests substantial stability within the US Southwest, even in the face of the serious cultural and biological disruption caused by colonization of the region by European settlers. We conclude that although sample numbers are fairly low, ancient DNA (aDNA) data are useful for assessing long-term populational affinities and for discerning regional population structure.
The Derivation of a Terrain-Following Coordinate System for Use in a Hydrostatic Model

Abstract This article uses tensor transformation procedures in order to derive a terrain-following coordinate system that is frequently used in a number of regional and mesoscale hydrostatic models. Tensor transformation procedures are used so as to ensure physical invariance of the primitive equations between the Cartesian and terrain-following systems. Among the major conclusions are as follows: Applying the chain rule to the hydrostatic equation, before transforming from a Cartesian to a terrain-following coordinate system, yields a different set of equations than if the hydrostatic assumption is applied after the tensor transformation is made. The hydrostatic equations in the two terrain-following representations are the same only when the slope of the terrain in the model is much less than 45°. Variations of the metric tensor across a grid volume appear in the set of conservation equations as a result of averaging the equations over a grid volume. Such deviations have always been ignored in existing ...
The generalized principle of equivalence

By incorporating the notion of non-simultaneity into the mathematics of our fourdimensional universe, thus by eliminating all infinities, a more realistic approach permits us to define an unrestricted or generalized principle of equivalence operating in a non-inertial frame of reference. The Riemannian geometry Einstein used did not consider non-simultaneous aspects resulting in the theoretical limitation of the equivalence principle. The approach presented here must be considered as a first step to eliminate all infinities from the theory of relativity.
Fragrance material review on farnesol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of farnesol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Delta opioid binding selectivity of 3-ether analogs of naltrindole.

Masking of the 3-phenol of naltrindole as a range of ethers caused a decrease in binding affinity at all three opiate receptors (μ, κ, δ), however for the methyl ether, the reduction in affinity at both μ and κ was greater than at δ, thereby increasing δ binding selectivity.
Blue electroluminescent copolymers by parylene-based chemical vapor deposition

Copolymerization of chemically vapor deposited poly(p-phenylenevinylene) and parylene-N is explored as a method for color-tuning the polymer photoluminescence. A significant blue shift in peak photoluminescence from that of pristine poly(p-phenylenevinylene) is observed in the vapor-deposited copolymer, the magnitude of which is controlled by the delivery rates of each of the monomers, with peak photoluminescence wavelengths ranging from 525 nm for low parylene-N incorporation to 470 nm for high parylene-N incorporation. These copolymers are successfully integrated into single-layered light-emitting diodes exhibiting blue light output, which is the first demonstration of color-tuning poly(p-phenylenevinylene) prepared by parylene-based chemical vapor deposition.
Voltage Mapping for Slow-Pathway Visualization and Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients

Voltage guidance for the ablation of the slow pathway in atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a dramatic shift from the traditional anatomy-guided approach within the triangle of Koch. The use of voltage gradient mapping has been evaluated in adults as an aid to identification of the slow pathway guiding placement of ablation applications. This study aimed to evaluate this technique of voltage-guided ablation of AVNRT in pediatric and young adult patients, who have a smaller, more compact triangle of Koch. A retrospective cohort study evaluated patients 20 years of age or younger with AVNRT who underwent voltage mapping. Using NavX, three-dimensional voltage maps of the right atrium were created during sinus rhythm, focusing primarily on the triangle of Koch. The voltage map gradients were adjusted to uncover a “voltage bridge” of lower voltage signals. This bridge was used as a surrogate of the slow pathway to guide cryoablation at this site. Of the 31 patients who underwent voltage mapping, three were excluded from the study due to inadequate mapping. All the patients experienced procedural success. In 86 % of the patients, there was an adequate voltage bridge to allow guided ablation. The successful ablation site was within the first three lesions for 60 % of the patients. Two patients experienced recurrence during a median follow-up period of 14 months. It appears that voltage-guided ablation of a voltage bridge in AVNRT can be used effectively and safely in the pediatric population.
Formation of AOT/brine multilamellar vesicles

A rheo-optic study of the formation kinetics of the multilamellar vesicle (MLV) structure in the AOT/brine system is reported. Controlled shear rate rheology and flow dichroism are used to identify a critical shear stress below which MLVs are formed and above which a transition to a biphasic state occurs. Controlled stress rheology with in situ flow small-angle light scattering shows that MLV formation occurs at a critical strain that is signaled by shear-thickening behavior and small-angle scattering typical of spherulites. Further, the applied shear stress controls both the MLV formation rate and the final MLV size. At high stresses shear-induced ordering of the MLVs is observed, similar to that seen in colloidal suspensions, as well as a transition to a biphasic state. The results are used to reinterpret previously published “nonequilibrium phase diagrams” and to test scaling models for the MLV size in the pure MLV phase.
Study on low voltage ride through test methods for PV inverter

Photovoltaic (PV) inverter is the basic unit for low voltage ride through (LVRT) technology in photovoltaic power plant. Generally,there are two LVRT test methods for PV inverter, one is using reactors to simulate grid short-circuit fault, the other is power electronics simulating of power grid. Base on the study of test methods' principle and modelling simulation by PSCAD/EMTDC, it was analyzed and proved that feasibility and effectiveness of LVRT test methods which provided theoretical support for PV inverter LVRT test platform in this thesis.
DIRECT INTEGRATION OF THIN FILM PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS WITH STRUCTURAL MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

ABSTRACT Structural health monitoring is a means for drastically decreasing the maintenance and logistical cost associated with vehicular platforms especially aircraft. A system of small piezoelectric sensors distributed throughout the vehicle will be capable of acting passively or actively to monitor the changes within a structure that presage a component failure, and they will be able to detect and localize all impacts on the structure and evaluate any damage. Piezoelectric thin films were directly integrated with structural titanium utilizing a metal-organic chemical solution approach. The optimum integration strategy yielded a process easily performed without a cleanroom and semiconductor fabrication tools.
Selective temporal and regional alterations of Nogo-A and small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) but not Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) occur following traumatic brain injury in the rat

Axons show a poor regenerative capacity following traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury, partly due to the expression of inhibitors of axonal outgrowth, of which Nogo-A is considered the most important. We evaluated the acute expression of Nogo-A, the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) and the novel small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A, previously undetected in brain), following experimental lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury in rats. Immunofluorescence with antibodies against Nogo-A, NgR and SPRR1A was combined with antibodies against the neuronal markers NeuN and microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2 and the oligodendrocyte marker RIP, while Western blot analysis was performed for Nogo-A and NgR. Brain injury produced a significant increase in Nogo-A expression in injured cortex, ipsilateral external capsule and reticular thalamus from days 1-7 post-injury (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Increased expression of Nogo-A was observed in both RIP- and NeuN positive (+) cells in the ipsilateral cortex, in NeuN (+) cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and reticular thalamus and in RIP (+) cells in white matter tracts. Alterations in NgR expression were not observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain injury increased the extent of SPRR1A expression in the ipsilateral cortex and the CA3 at all post-injury time-points in NeuN (+) cells. The marked increases in Nogo-A and SPRR1A in several important brain regions suggest that although inhibitors of axonal growth may be upregulated, the injured brain is also capable of expressing proteins promoting axonal outgrowth following TBI.
Rotational Analysis of the Perturbed (13,15) 2 Σ- 2 Σ N 2 + Band

A rotational analysis of the 13,15 $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{-}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ ${{N}_{2}}^{+}$ band has been made. This analysis is of interest as a perturbation is found to occur in the upper state. The rotational analysis gives the following constants: ${{B}_{13}}^{\ensuremath{'}}={1.54}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${{D}_{13}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${{B}_{15}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=1.62$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${{D}_{15}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The origin of the band is at 21044.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Uptake of organic compounds from aqueous solutions by soils—A comparison of two laplace transform inversion techniques

Abstract A general expression for the uptake of organic solutes from aqueous solutions by soil and sediment pellets in the Laplace domain is presented. This expression, together with the appropriate macroscopic conservation equation and initial and boundary conditions, provides a complete description of the movement and distribution of organic solutes through soil and subsurface systems. To obtain the numerical results for a specific system, the inversion from the Laplace domain into the time domain is required. In the present work, the use of two techniques, the fast Fourier transforms (FFT) and the Fourier series approximation (FSA), for inverting the Laplace transforms in connection with several problems concerning organic solute uptake by soils was explored. The FSA technique was found successful in all cases while the results by the FFT technique were strongly influenced by the selection of the algorithm parameters. In comparison with several numerical techniques for the direct solution of intraparticle diffusion equations, the FSA technique was found to have advantages in both accuracy and computational efficiency.
Genetic characterization of swine influenza viruses (H3N2) isolated from Minnesota in 2006–2007

Triple-reassortant (TR) H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIV) are a major cause of respiratory disease in swine worldwide, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Continuous surveillance of circulating SIV strains is imperative for effective control and prediction of new emerging strains with interspecies transmission potential. The current study characterized SIV isolates from commercial swine population in USA (2006–2007). Nine isolates were completely sequenced, and the molecular evolution of all gene segments was analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the nine H3N2 viruses indicated that these strains belonged to cluster-IV of the human/swine/avian TR genotype, grouping with H3N2 viruses of turkey origin, while forming a separate sub-lineage from those of human and avian origin strains. Ten amino acid changes were observed at the major antigenic sites of HA1 region compared to the cluster-III reference strain, with differences in glycosylation sites. All the nine strains were antigenically related to the cluster-IV turkey strain than the cluster-III reference strain. The results of this study suggest that contemporary TR H3N2 strains circulating in North America share the same genetic constellation, thus maintaining the gene pool without any further event of genetic reassortment unlike swine-origin pandemic strain A/California/04/2009/H1N1. These findings strongly support the need for continuous surveillance and monitoring of genetic changes in SIV, to identify evolving strains that might pose a threat to human or animal health.
Probabilistic evaluations: A universal representation for preferences over countable sets

Abstract We assign a probabilistic evaluation to a firm as a measure, in the form of a probability distribution over [ 0 , 1 ] , of the quality of the firm’s products. When two firms compete to develop a new product, a prospective investor can use the two evaluations to determine which firm is likely to produce a better product. Probabilistic evaluations are shown to generate all binary relations on countable sets.
Insight into Elastic Properties of Binary Alkali Silicate Glasses; Prediction and Interpretation through Atomistic Simulation Techniques

Molecular dynamics simulations and energy-minimization techniques have been applied for the first time to determine the whole set of elastic properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio) of alkali silicate glasses with different ion modifiers (Li, Na, and K) in the range 0−30 mol % alkaline oxide. Excellent agreement has been found between the simulation results and the experimental data. The peculiar behavior of the Li-containing glasses with respect to the Na and K ones is extensively discussed in terms of the glass structural features. It is found that the elastic property variation as a function of alkali addition can be explained by three concurrent factors: (1) depolymerization of the silica network; (2) increasing the cohesion of the glass by the establishment of alkali−NBO bonds; and (3) decreasing the free volume with consequent increasing of the glass packing density.
Synthesis of bicyclic vinylcyclobutanes via copper(I)-catalyzed intramolecular 2π + 2π photocycloadditions of conjugated dienes to alkenes

Le trifluoromethanesulfonate de Cu(I) catalyse la photobicyclisation du myrcene conduisant au dimethyl-6,6 methylene-2bicyclo [3.2.0] heptane, montrant ainsi que la catalyse est susceptible de promouvoir une nouvelle photochimie
Patient compliance with a health care provider referral for an occupational therapy lymphedema consult.

Purpose Limited information exists on breast cancer patients’ compliance to attend outpatient appointments with an occupational therapy (OT) lymphedema specialist. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine patient compliance with a health care provider referral for an OT lymphedema consult and (2) to identify potential barriers to compliance.
Infrared-to-visible Eu3+ energy upconversion due to cooperative energy transfer from an Yb3+ ion pair in a sol–gel processed multi-component silica glass

Energy upconversion of Eu3+ is demonstrated in a sol–gel processed silica glass co-doped with Yb3+ ions. Yellow–orange emission is observed originating from the Eu3+ ions due to nonresonant cooperative energy transfer from pairs of excited Yb3+ ions when a diode laser emitting at a wavelength of 973 nm is used as an excitation source. The Yb3+–Eu3+ energy transfer rate is estimated as ∼280 s−1 based on an analysis of the Yb3+ infrared luminescence decay time.
Navigating the “liberation procedure”: a qualitative study of motivating and hesitating factors among people with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND The debate within the multiple sclerosis (MS) community initiated by the chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) hypothesis and the subsequent liberation procedure placed some people with MS at odds with health care professionals and researchers. OBJECTIVE This study explored decision making regarding the controversial liberation procedure among people with MS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifteen people with MS (procedure, n=7; no procedure, n=8) participated in audiotaped semistructured interviews exploring their thoughts and experiences related to the liberation procedure. Data were transcribed and analyzed using an iterative, consensus-based, thematic content-analysis approach. RESULTS Participants described an imbalance of motivating factors affirming the procedure compared to hesitating factors that provoked the participant to pause or reconsider when deciding to undergo the procedure. Collegial conversational relationships with trusted sources (eg, MS nurse, neurologist) and ability to critically analyze the CCSVI hypothesis were key hesitating factors. Fundraising, family enthusiasm, and the ease of navigation provided by medical tourism companies helped eliminate barriers to the procedure. CONCLUSION Knowledge of factors that helped to popularize the liberation procedure in Canada may inform shared decision making concerning this and future controversies in MS.
Equilibria of uranium carbides in the molten fluoride solutions of UF3 and UF4 contained in graphite at 850°K

Abstract The equilibration of dilute molten fluoride solutions of UF4 with UC, U2C3 and UC2 at 850°K has been investigated to establish that a UC2 phase, possibly oxygen stabilized, is the stable carbide phase in contact with dilute UF3-UF4 solutions contained in graphite. The carbides were identified by X-ray powder patterns. Lattice parameters for these carbides are included. UF3 and UF4 concentrations in solution were measured by near i.r.-visible adsorption spectrophotometry. Equilibrium quotients, Q = (UF3)4/(UF4)3 were calculated for each of the carbides in contact with the molten fluoride solution based on the reaction: 4 UF 3 +x C ⇄ 3 UF 4 + UC ϰ
Protein Kinase C-Zeta (PKC-ζ) Regulates Kupffer Cell Apoptosis During Experimental Sepsis

Kupffer cells play an important role in sepsis-mediated liver injury. We tested the hypothesis that PKC-ζ plays a critical role in Kupffer cell apoptosis during sepsis. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); 12 h later, livers were assayed for PKC-ζ, IKKα, IKKβ, IKKγ, NF-κB, Fas/FasL, Caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation. Kupffer cells from control rats were infected with AdPKC-ζ DN to inhibit PKC-ζ, or transfected with pCMVPKC-ζ to overexpress PKC-ζ, and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cellular extracts were assayed for PKC-ζ, IKKα, IKKβ, IKKγ, NF-κB, Fas/FasL, Caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation. During sepsis, PKC-ζ localized in cells positive for the macrophage marker (F4/80). CLP upregulated PKC-ζ protein and activity, IKKβ, IKKγ, NF-κB, Fas/FasL, Caspase-3, and increased DNA fragmentation in rat livers (all p < 0.001). AdPKC-ζ DN attenuated the LPS-induced upregulation of PKC-ζ activity, IKKβ, IKKγ, NF-κB, Fas/FasL, Caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation in Kupffer cells (all p < 0.001), whereas overexpression of PKC-ζ augmented LPS-induced upregulation of IKKβ, IKKγ, NF-κB, Caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation (p < 0.001). PKC-ζ plays an important role in sepsis-induced apoptosis of Kupffer cells via activation of NF-κB and Fas/FasL. Manipulating the response of Kupffer cells to cellular stress may have important therapeutic implications.
Research on modeling shear transfer in reinforced concrete nuclear structures

Abstract This paper provides an overview of research in modeling the mechanisms of shear transfer in reinforced concrete nuclear structures. Bases for the development of analytical models are discussed. Preliminary analysis results are presented for the wall specimens to study the behavior of a containment wall portion under biaxial tension and tangential shear loading. Further research needs and interests are suggested for improved analysis capabilities and design.
Effects of sulphuric acid aerosols on respiratory tract airways.

Abstract Inhalation exposure studies in humans and donkeys in this laboratory have indicated that the physiological effects produced by 0.5 μm H 2 SO 4 droplets at concentrations well below current TLVs may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis. This paper demonstrates that the effects of inhaled submicrometer H 2 SO 4 on the mucociliary bronchial clearance of γ-tagged Fe 2 O 3 particles are essentially the same as those produced by whole fresh cigarette smoke in terms of: (i) transient accelerations of clearance in low dose exposures (100 μg m -3 H 2 SO 4 for 1 h and 2-7 cigarettes); (ii) transient slowing of clearance following high dose exposures (1 mg m -3 H 2 SO 4 for 1 h and ≥ 15 cigarettes); and (iii) alterations in clearance rates persisting for several months following multiple exposures (>6 1-h exposures at 200-1000 μg m -3 H 2 SO 4 , 6 months of daily exposure to 100 μg m -3 H 2 SO 4 for 1 h/day, and 4–8 months of 30 cigarettes, 3 times/week). These similarities, together with the well established role of cigarette smoking in the causation of chronic bronchitis in humans, establishes a need for further close examination of the role of H 2 SO 4 inhalations in the etiology of chronic bronchitis.
Boundary conditions and cluster property in two-dimensional Ising ferromagnets

Using the Sherman theorem on paths, the cluster property, and the second GKS inequality, we obtain some results in favor of the nonexistence of non-translation-invariant equilibrium states for twodimensional Ising models with ferromagnetic short-range interactions in the low-temperature region. With a constraint on the interaction strength at the boundary, we prove that for the two-dimensional Ising model, all boundary conditions yield the unique translation-invariant correlation functions 〈σX〉ℤ2,+, for |X| even.
Parasitologic and Serologic Observations of Infection with Pneumocystis in Humans

More than 500 specimens of lung tissue were examined for Pneumocystis. Of the 38 infections detected, most were in immunodeficient patients. Samples of serum from approximately 600 healthy normal subjects and 117 children with acute lymphatic leukemia were examined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The age-related data from the normal children suggested that nearly 100% of children are infected with Pneumocystis during the first two years of life. Groups of patients with leukemia who had symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia had significantly higher titers of IgG antibody than groups of patients with leukemia who did not have clinical symptoms and normal subjects. Nevertheless, the diagnostic value of the indirect fluorescent antibody test is limited, but serologic follow-up study can be useful. Groups of children with leukemia had lower mean titers of IgM antibody regardless of their clinical condition.
“A leap not supported by history”: The continuing story of cameras in the federal courts

Abstract Cameras are now permitted in the courts of 47 of the 50 states, but the Federal court system remains resolutely shuttered against them. After years of opposition, the retirement of Chief Justice Warren Burger opened the door to the first tentative efforts of the electronic news media to storm the Federal courts. But despite a successful three-year experiment that allowed electronic coverage of civil proceedings in selected Federal district and appellate courts, the Judicial Conference of the United States voted to terminate the experiment in September 1994. As the conference prepares to consider whether to reinstate access, high-profile trial coverage in the states continues to enliven the ongoing debate about whether the presence of cameras adversely affects the administration of justice.
Is the band count useful in the diagnosis of infection? An accuracy study in critically ill patients.

Background: The presence of immature neutrophils (bands) in the circulating blood is often used as a clinical indicator of sepsis. Indeed, a band count greater than 10% is one of the American Colle...
Computations of Boiling

A numerical method for boiling flows, based on a finite volume/front tracking approach, is described. The method is used to examine film boiling and results from two simulations are discussed briefly. In one case the system is assumed to be two-dimensional and the breakup of many bubbles from the film is followed for a sufficiently long time so that it is possible to compute the average heat transfer rate. The other simulation is a fully three-dimensional system, but only one mode is followed for a relatively short time. In both cases the heat transfer rate is in reasonably good agreement with experimental correlations.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Exploratory Analysis of the Homeless Shelter System in Columbus, Ohio

: A geographic information system (GIS)-based framework is structured to analyse the spatial characteristics and patterns associated with a system of homeless shelters and services. Given the lack of detailed spatial information available to decision-makers and shelter operators, the siting of new shelters and services is often carried out with little supporting information. The shelter system in Columbus, Ohio is investigated. Personal interviews with shelter providers and local decision-makers offers a look at their collective understanding of the services needed by Columbus' homeless population and the spatial patterns and socio-economic characteristics that define the neighbourhoods in which shelters are located. The use of GIS facilitates an exploratory data analysis that allows these understandings to be examined, affording planners and decision-makers the opportunity to move beyond perceptions of the system. Findings indicate that while many perceptions are supported empirically, there are perceptions that are not substantiated. This research provides a basis for the evaluation of important social services in an urban area where perception influences planning and decision-making.
Discovering Hidden Transformations: Making Science and Other Courses More Learnable.

Problem-solving research has consistently found that students have great difficulty when asked to apply concepts and principles discussed in texts and lectures. It is often unnoticed knowledge extensions or transformations that allow faculty experts to solve such problems. Because faculty members normally use these extensions automatically, they do not emphasize them in their teaching. Therefore, knowledge transformations often remain completely hidden to students. This paper presents a first attempt at a field guide to help faculty members identify and teach about hidden knowledge transformations. Examples from introductory psychology and physics teaching are included, along with some pedagogical techniques that have been found to be helpful in dealing with these in both disciplines.
Detection of formaldehyde using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy with an interband cascade laser

A continuous-wave, mid-infrared, distributed feedback, interband cascade laser was used to detect and quantify formaldehyde (H2CO) using off axis, integrated cavity output spectroscopy in gas mixtures ranging from 1-25 ppmV in H2CO.
Photo-Decomposition of Molecules having Diffuse Band Spectra

THE products of photo-decomposition of molecules showing diffuse discontinuous band absorption spectra (predissociation spectra) where, according to Bon-hoeffer and Farkas (Z. physilc. Chem., 134, 337; 1928), the light produces dissociation by internal energy exchange, without collision, can be studied readily in the case of ammonia.
Thermodynamic characterization of the oriented state of bisphenol a polycarbonate as it pertains to enhanced physical aging

It has recently been demonstrated that hot-drawn samples of bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) have a 50% higher volume relaxation rate than their isotropic counterpart even though the oriented samples have a lower initial free volume (i.e., higher density). 1 In an attempt to better understand this paradox, samples of unaged, hot-drawn PC were characterized thermodynamically and kinetically as a function of orientation. Heat capacity, hole energy, and T g data indicate that the chain mobility is actually decreasing slightly with orientation, possibly due to the hindered motion brought about by tighter packing, stronger intermolecular bonding, and reduced free volume. Nonetheless, this decrease in localized mobility is in contradiction to the enhanced volume relaxation rates observed for the oriented samples. In contrast, dynamic mechanical data indicate an increase in the relaxation strength of the β-transition (-100°C at 1 Hz) upon stretching for both the stretch and transverse directions. This implies that more segments are actively participating in the relaxation process for the oriented samples even though their individual localized mobility might be slightly lower. The net result is an increase in effective mobility for the oriented samples. It is conjectured that the enhanced relaxation strength of the oriented samples is a result of the stretching process somehow activating more of the chains into a higher energy state, and may be related to the physical aging concept of stress-induced rejuvenation/ acceleration.
The concept of derivatives using abstract algebra (abstract only)

The purpose of this poster is to present the concept and proof of several rules of derivative using terminology and tools in abstract algebra. Four main tasks are fulfilled: prove that the differential operator D is a linear transformation, the product rule, and the degree of the derivative is one less than the degree of the original polynomial, and some corollaries and propositions. Some of the problems can be solved by using the limit definition introduced in calculus courses. The motivation for proof is presented in a format of showing the facts about polynomials and their derivatives using nothing but algebraic concepts and proof technique.
Decolonizing the Past and Present of the Western Hemisphere (The Americas)

Until very recently, archaeologists argued that the first people to enter the Western Hemisphere walked across the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia after 13,200 calBP, bringing with them fluted Clovis tools. However, there are many problematic areas of this archaeological story: one being that fluted Clovis tools have never been found outside of the Western Hemisphere, another being that in North and South America there are published reports of hundreds of pre-13,200 calBP sites which meet or exceed archaeological standards for dating, stratigraphy, and cultural artifacts. The field of Pleistocene archaeological studies in the Americas has historically been described as a battleground littered with academic causalities. Archaeologists have only recently conceded that Indigenous people were present in the Western Hemisphere a few 1000 years prior to Clovis. This is, however, the same scenario as the Clovis First hypothesis regarding diminishing the time frames of initial migrations; it is just a few 1000 years earlier than Clovis. This scenario reproduces and maintains archaeological power and control over the Indigenous past. Contrary to the traditional discussions of First People in the Western Hemisphere, my research questions are not about where the first people came from and when. I argue that the first people and their descendants are indigenous to the continents of the Western Hemisphere and have been so for thousands of years, this is where they are from. I argue that there is a vast body of evidence for much earlier migrations which is ignored a priori mainly due to embedded “nonfactual” colonially constructed histories which erased an ancient Indigenous presence. I further argue that archaeological discussions which diminish an ancient Indigenous presence in the Western Hemisphere rupture contemporary people’s connections to their ancestral past. I discuss the history of American Anthropology to support my argument that this academic battle is not just about archaeological sites or material remains. The argument reflects an ongoing colonial practice of erasure and denies Indigenous people of the Western Hemisphere a place in ancient world history.
Separation of t-RNAs by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A pH 5.8 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis buffer is described. Electrophoresis in this MES-citrate system at pH 5.8 separates E. coli transfer RNAs into 15 bands using 15% acrylamide gels. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a second dimension at pH 8.3 further resolves E. coli t-RNAs into 20 spots.
Phase II Trial of Weekly Paclitaxel in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Cancer

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of weekly paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with urothelial cancer who had received one prior systemic chemotherapy regimen for advanced disease and had evidence of disease progression were eligible for enrollment. Patients received paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 by 1-hour intravenous infusion weekly. A cycle of therapy consisted of four weekly treatments. RESULTS: The study enrolled 31 patients. Mean age was 66 years, and 45% of patients had three or more involved metastatic sites. Only 26% of patients had responded to prior chemotherapy. The median number of cycles delivered was three (range, one to eight) at a mean weekly paclitaxel dose of 79 mg/m2. Three patients achieved a partial response (10%; 95% confidence interval, 0% to 20%). Median time to progression was 2.2 months, and median overall survival time was 7.2 months. Therapy was well tolerated with minimal hematologic toxicity. Grade 3 n...