cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal Insufficiency in the Intensive Care Unit

Critical illness can be associated with low concentrations of thyroid hormones—referred to as the euthyroid sick syndrome. Depressed levels of gonadotrophins have also been noted in critically ill patients. Depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used, adrenal insufficiency may occur in a substantial number of seriously ill patients. In these patients, adrenal insufficiency may result from both decreased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as well as decreased responsiveness of the adrenal gland to ACTH.
Abstract A28: Targeting the epigenetic state regulating cancer cell vulnerability to proteasome inhibition

The proteasome is a central regulator of protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Targeted pharmaceutical inhibition of the proteasome complex has been implemented as a successful therapeutic strategy to treat several cancers including multiple myeloma. Unfortunately, many of the cancers show intrinsic resistance to proteasome inhibitors, and those that are initially responsive eventually develop resistance by a poorly understood mechanism. We have recently performed genome-wide screens for mutations that allowed cells to survive in the presence of two distinct proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and MG132). Counter to expectation, we have shown that reducing any one of the many of the subunits of the regulatory cap complex (19S) is sufficient to alter both the levels and ratio of the 26S/20S proteasome complex and induce increased resistance to proteasome inhibition. These findings motivated us to establish a cell-based screening strategy to identify molecules that specifically target the proteasome inhibitor (PI)-resistant state. We further exploited the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database to analyze the efficacy of PIs across 315 cancer cell lines for which we also had matched gene expression data. This analysis revealed that a significant decrease in the gene expression of one component of the 19S complex is both naturally occurring (in almost 6-8% of cells examined) and is sufficient to predict resistance to PIs. We termed these cells, proteasome HYDRA (Hypo expression Yielding Drug Resistance Ability) cancer cells. Further exploring the HYDRA cells utilizing the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) dataset revealed that the loss of expression of the proteasome subunit is not associated with a loss of gene copy number but rather is an epigenetic mechanism of reduced gene expression. We show here a novel cellular epigenetic switch utilized by many cancer cells that renders them resistant to proteotoxic stress. Our findings enable prediction of cancer cell vulnerability to proteasome function perturbation and also facilitate the specific targeting of this unique epigenetic state by selective drug treatment. Citation Format: Peter Tsvetkov, Ethan Sokol, Dexter Jin, Piyush Gupta, Sandro Santagata, Luke Whitesell, Susan Lindquist. Targeting the epigenetic state regulating cancer cell vulnerability to proteasome inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A28.
Distortions in theD6hcrystal class toa × a√3 × corthorhombic lattices

Abstract The Landau theory of symmetry and phase transitions is used to determine the orthorhombic space groups with a × a √3 × c superlattice that can result from hexagonal symmetries in the crystal class D 6 h via second-order symmetry-breaking transitions.
Adverse outcomes associated with postoperative atrial arrhythmias after lung transplantation: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature

Background Postoperative atrial arrhythmias (AAs) are common after lung transplantation but studies are mixed regarding their impact on outcomes. We therefore performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether AAs after lung transplantation impede postoperative recovery. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Register were searched to identify studies comparing outcomes in adult patients undergoing lung transplantation who experienced postoperative AAs in the immediate postoperative period versus those without postoperative AAs. Our primary outcome was perioperative mortality, and secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS), postoperative complications, and mid-term (1-6 year) mortality. Results Nine studies including 2653 patients were included in this analysis. Of this group, 791 (29.8%) had postoperative AAs. Patients with postoperative AAs had significantly higher perioperative (OR 2.70 [95% CI: 1.73 - 4.19], p<0.0001) mortality, longer hospital LOS (MD 8.29 [95% CI: 4.37 – 12.21] days, p<0.0001), more frequent requirement for tracheostomy (OR 4.67 [95% CI: 2.59 – 8.44], p<0.0001), and higher mid-term mortality (OR 1.71 [95% CI: 1.28 – 2.30], p=0.0003). Conclusions AAs after lung transplantation are frequent and associated with significantly higher mortality, longer hospital LOS, and requirement for tracheostomy. Given their impact on recovery, prophylactic strategies against atrial arrhythmias need to be developed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Involvement of Cerebellum in Leigh Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Background Leigh syndrome is an early-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder typically involving lesions of the bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, and brainstem. Isolated involvement of the cerebellum is uncommon. Patient Description We present a six-year-old boy with Leigh syndrome who presented with recurrent episodes of ataxia and dysarthria. He was diagnosed with Leigh syndrome at two years of age with bilateral basal ganglia lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Genetic testing confirmed a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome secondary to a homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutation (m.9176T>C). He experienced regressive episodes (ages five and six years). Each regressive episode had a similar presentation with worsening of baseline ataxia and dysarthria. The first episode mimicked infectious cerebellitis, with elevated cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) protein and white blood cell count. No organisms were isolated from the CSF/blood during any of the regressive episodes. Brain MRI consistently showed cerebellar lesions, however cerebellar spectroscopy during the second episode found an elevated lactate peak, a decrease of the N-acetylaspartate peak, and elevation of the choline peak; consistent with an acute exacerbation of Leigh syndrome. Conclusions Leigh syndrome can present primarily with involvement of the cerebellum, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for acute cerebellitis
Design Flow Management

The notion underlying Design Flow Management (DFM), or Design Methodology Management, is that chip design is a process, involving a sequence of operations, performed on design data. DFM software attempts to capture and automate that process.
Non-intrusive load monitoring system performance over a range of low frequency sampling rates

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) systems estimate the amount of energy each appliance consumes using as input the aggregate building energy consumption. Typically, NILM results are presented for a single sampling rate. To evaluate tradeoffs between end-uses and sensor costs, it is important to study the performance of NILM systems across sampling rates. In this work, we examine the performance of two NILM systems over a range of low frequency sampling rates on two datasets. Our results empirically demonstrate how NILM classification performance degrades nonlinearly as the sampling rate decreases and how varied this degradation is across appliance types. The results also suggest that reporting algorithm accuracy for a single sampling rate may not be sufficient for thorough algorithm performance evaluation. These findings can assist policy and decision makers in identifying the right smart meter hardware to meet appliance-level energy efficiency and building automation goals.
Unpacking accountability in business and human rights : The multinational enterprise, the State, and the international community

The emerging hard and soft law frameworks for regulating the human rights, labor and environmental responsibilities of economic enterprises (whether public or private) are operationalized, to some extent, through mechanisms of accountability. Accountability, then, occupies a central place within the complex of regulatory trends that are shaping the organization of economic (and to some extent social, political and cultural) life within a globalized order. The purpose of this essay is to unpack the concept of accountability as it is deployed in governance, and then to repack it in a way that makes the concept more useful. The thesis of the essay is this: accountability must be understood a shorthand for a set of multiple reciprocal relations, manifested in actions responding to expectations that are grounded in normative standards actualized in the context within which the actors are connected, and directed toward general (communal) and specific (individual) ends. A working system of accountability centered on corporate violations of human rights and sustainability, requires mutual and simultaneous accounting by all stakeholders to bring (1) each other to account, (2) oneself to account, and (3) to be brought to account. Part II examines the strands of premises that constitute the complex of concepts for which one uses the shorthand term “accountability.” It examines a core set of orienting principles central to the concept of accountability as a governance norm and as the instrument of that norm. The first touches on the behavior core of accountability as (a) the act of answering to, explaining of in relation to an expectation, (b) to a specific and functionally segmented objective, (c) manifested as conduct, norms, methods, consequences, (d) directed to oneself to others, and (e) to the specific ends of making right, disciplining behavior to ensuring order. These rational and functionally constrained actions then suggest the ways that rendering accounts can be manifested to the intended beneficiaries of the accounting. Part III of the essay, “Rendering Account,” then re-bundles accountability. Section A looks to its objectives (why account). Objectives include norm generation, good governance, institutional legitimacy, and remedial mechanisms. Section B considers the systemic elements of accountability systems. Its methods of accountability (institutional and formal or informal) and its governance sources (law or norms)—shape the expression of accountability and define its context. And Section C then considers the subjects of accountability systems (who accounts; who is accountable): states, enterprises, international organizations, and civil society/NGOs.
The Effects of Post-conflict Constitutional Designs: the “Ohrid Framework Agreement” and the Macedonian Constitution

In regions troubled by ethnic based conflict violence often erupts abruptly and severely. Peacemakers, then, follow unconditional paths to prevent conflict escalation. The article analyzes the ways in which post-conflict constitutional designs shape the state structure through constitutional amendments. Peace agreements as bases for constitutional reform, the article claims, have reformatory but also obstructive implications. Seeing the Ohrid Framework Agreement as a case study, the paper analyzes its implications on the development of the political system in Macedonia. On one side OFA serves as a criterion for the Macedonian Euro-Atlantic integration and a driving force for the creation of a functioning multicultural society. On the other side, the procedural and substantive flaws of the agreement undermine its absorbability in the society. In procedural sense, OFA hindered its own implementation through the used terminology and the drafting process. In substantial sense, agreement’s goals and provisions reached beyond the purpose of peace agreements and underestimated the complexity of the conflicting issues at stake.
NMR Measurement of Intracellular Free Magnesium Ions in Living Cells

31P NMR permits a noninvasive measurement of the extent of Mg 2+-complexation of ATP and the concentration of free magnesium from an accurate measurement of the Mg2+-dependent chemical shift difference between the αP and βP resonances of intracellular ATP. The technique has been used to monitor intra-erythrocyte free Mg2+ during blood storage at 4°C in standard citrate preservation media. The data indicated a marked decrease in the extent of Mg2+-complexation of ATP, and in the level of intracellular free Mg2+, during the shelf-life of blood stored in citrate media. Mg2+-saturated and Mg2+-depleted human erythrocytes exhibited the intra-erythrocyte ATP resonances at relative chemical shifts that were indistinguishable from those observed in noncellular MgATP and ATP controls, respectively. In another study, changes in intracellular free Mg 2+ were observed in erythrocytes of patients with essential hypertension. Untreated hypertensive individuals consistently demonstrated lower levels of intra-erythrocyte free Mg2+ (192±8 uM) than either normotensive (261±10 uM) or hypertensive subjects whose blood pressure had been normalized on therapy (237±8 uM). For all subjects, significant relationship existed between intra-erythrocyte free Mg2+ and diastolic as well as systolic blood pressure. It was concluded that significant depletion of intra-erythrocyte free Mg2+ is apparent in erythrocytes of subjects with essential hypertension. The observed linear relationship of free Mg2+ with the height of the blood pressure suggested that abnormalities of intracellular Mg2+ metabolism may contribute to the pathophysiology of human essential hypertension.
Meiotic pairing sites and genes involved in segregation of the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

A poorly understood aspect of chromosome structure and function is the role of specific chromosomal sites in meiotic pairing and segregation. Homologous chromosomes begin aligning early in meiotic prophase and by mid-prophase are fully synapsed, a state in which a ladder-like nucleoprotein structure known as synaptonemal complex connects the aligned chromosomal axes [1]. Alignment is necessary both for recombination and for accurate segregation at anaphase. However, it is not clear whether homology recognition and pairing takes place generally or at specific sites. In a variety of organisms, homologous chromosomes align early in meiotic prophase, prior to synapsis, sometimes making multiple string-like associations (reviewed in [2]). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies have shown that the earliest associations between homologous chromosomes of yeast also occur at multiple sites [3]. However, it has not been possible to determine in any organism whether the initial sites of association are specific or randomly chosen.
Yrast decays in 43K.

High-spin states in {sup 43}K were studied using the {sup 9}Be({sup 36}S,{ital pn}{gamma}){sup 43}K reaction. Threefold ({ital p}{gamma}{sub 1}{gamma}{sub 2}) coincidence data and {gamma}-ray intensity ratios were used to establish a decay scheme and identify negative- and positive-parity yrast decay chains. The 15/2{sup {minus}} yrast state is relatively poorly aligned prior to decay. Energies of positive-parity levels predicted by Johnstone are in good agreement with experiment.
Light-Activated Dynamic Clamp Using iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Abstract iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) are a potentially advantageous platform for drug screening because they provide a renewable source of human cardiomyocytes. One obstacle to their implementation is their immature electrophysiology, which reduces relevance to adult arrhythmogenesis. To address this, dynamic clamp is used to inject current representing the insufficient potassium current, IK1, thereby producing more adult-like electrophysiology. However, dynamic clamp requires patch clamp and is therefore low throughput and ill-suited for large-scale drug screening. Here, we use optogenetics to generate such a dynamic-clamp current. The optical dynamic clamp (ODC) uses outward-current-generating opsin, ArchT, to mimic IK1, resulting in more adult-like action potential morphology, similar to IK1 injection via classic dynamic clamp. Furthermore, in the presence of an IKr blocker, ODC revealed expected action potential prolongation and reduced spontaneous excitation. The ODC presented here still requires an electrode to measure Vm but provides a first step toward contactless dynamic clamp, which will not only enable high-throughput screening but may also allow control within multicellular iPSC-CM formats to better recapitulate adult in vivo physiology.
Examining experiential avoidance as a mediator of the relation between anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms.

Initial evidence suggests that experiential avoidance (EA) mediates the relation between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and depression. We examined the AS-EA-depression pathway, examining both concurrent, and prospective (cross-lag), mediation models. Utilizing data from a study that examined the effects of exercise on AS (N = 60), we modeled depressive symptoms, EA, and AS over four time points. Time-varying predictors were disaggregated into between-subjects (each person's mean level of the predictor) and within-subjects change (each person's deviations, at each time point, from their mean level on the predictor) components. Tests of the concurrent relations were partially consistent with predictions, with mean EA levels, but not within-subjects changes in EA, partially mediating the relation between AS and depression symptom severity. However, the prospective, cross-lag mediation model, in which AS predicted future EA controlling for previous EA, and EA predicted future depression, controlling for previous depression, yielded no significant effects. These results suggest that observed between-subjects mediation findings, found here and in previous studies, may not replicate using more stringent, quasi-causal, cross-lag mediation analyses. These results highlight the importance of estimating causal pathways in mediation analyses. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Public reason, non-public reasons, and the accessibility requirement

In Liberalism without Perfection, Jonathan Quong develops what is perhaps the most comprehensive defense of the consensus model of public reason – a model which incorporates both a public-reasons-o...
Non-orthogonal tight-binding models: Problems and possible remedies for realistic nano-scale devices

Due to recent improvements in computing power, non-orthogonal tight-binding models have moved beyond their traditional applications in molecular electronics to nanoelectronics. These models are appealing due to their physical chemistry content and the availability of tabulated material parameterizations. There are, however, problems with them, related to their non-orthogonality, which are more serious in nanoelectronic vs molecular applications. First, the non-orthogonal basis leads to an inherent ambiguity in the charge density. More importantly, there are problems with the position matrix in a non-orthogonal basis. The position matrix must be compatible with the underlying translationally symmetric system, which is not guaranteed if it is calculated with explicit wavefunctions. In an orthogonal basis, the only way to guarantee compatibility and gauge invariance is to use diagonal position matrices, but transforming them to a non-orthogonal basis requires major computational effort in a device consisting of 103–105 atoms. We study the charge density, position matrix, and optical absorption using a non-orthogonal two-band one-dimensional model, comparing correct and approximate calculations. We find that a typical naive calculation produces highly inaccurate results, while in contrast a first-order orthogonalized basis can represent a reasonable accuracy-efficiency trade-off.
Abstract 811: Multi-targeted inhibitors of mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and cytosolicde novopurine synthesis enzymes as anti-tumor agents

Targeting cellular one-carbon (1C) metabolism in cancer cells with pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogs provides in vivo antitumor efficacy. We discovered a first-in-class series of 5-substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogs (AGF291, AGF320, AGF347) with inhibition of serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), a key enzyme in mitochondrial 1C metabolism and a reported oncodriver. In addition, AGF291, AGF320 and AGF347 inhibited de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis at glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase), and serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1). In vivo studies demonstrated excellent antitumor efficacy for AGF347 against MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts in SCID mice with a median tumor growth delay (T-C) of >38 days for 4 mice, and 1 of 5 mice tumor-free 122 days post-treatment. AGF359, a new analog in this series, was a potent inhibitor of KB human tumor cell proliferation in vitro. AGF359 inhibition of KB human tumor cells was reversed with glycine and adenosine, establishing mitochondrial 1C metabolism and de novo purine biosynthesis as the targeted pathways; AICA plus glycine was incompletely protective, implicating AICARFTase as a direct cellular target. AGF359, like AGF291, AGF320, and AGF347, inhibited purified human SHMT2 (Ki = 0.399 ± 0.174 µM), SHMT1 (Ki = 0.70 ± 0.088 µM) and AICARFTase (Ki = 8.86 ± 2.83 µM). There was no inhibition of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2). Further structural modifications of these multi-targeted agents afforded pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogs AGF307 and AGF312. Cell-based glycine/nucleotide rescue experiments in KB tumor cells established that, as with AGF359, AGF307 and AGF312 were dual inhibitors of the mitochondrial 1C metabolism (AGF307) and de novo purine biosynthesis (AGF307, AGF312). These compounds are currently in further preclinical evaluation as a prelude to possible clinical development as antitumor agents. Citation Format: Md Junayed Nayeen, Khushbu Shah, Aamod Dekhne, Changwon Ning, Carrie O9Connor, Jade M. Katinas, Jennifer Wong, Zhanjun Hou, Charles E. Dann III, Larry H. Matherly, Aleem Gangjee. Multi-targeted inhibitors of mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and cytosolic de novo purine synthesis enzymes as anti-tumor agents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 811.
‘I Too Am a Human’: The Political Psychology of Pakistan’s Former President General Pervez Musharraf:

This study explores the political psychology of General Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan’s most recent military dictator. It categorises his ‘operational code’—a collection of general political beliefs a...
Integration of Multi-omics Data for Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) Analysis and eQTL Epistasis

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping studies identify genetic loci that regulate gene expression. eQTL mapping studies can capture gene regulatory interactions and provide insight into the genetic mechanism of biological systems. Recently, the integration of multi-omics data, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy number variations (CNVs), DNA methylation, and gene expression, plays an important role in elucidating complex biological systems, since biological systems involve a sequence of complex interactions between various biological processes. This chapter introduces multi-omics data that have been used in many eQTL studies and integrative methodologies that incorporate multi-omics data for eQTL studies. Furthermore, we describe a statistical approach that can detect nonlinear causal relationships between eQTLs, called eQTL epistasis, and its importance.
Twenty-Three-Year Experience With the Arterial Switch Operation: Expectations and Long-Term Outcomes.

We aimed to describe the short- and long-term outcomes of patients after an arterial switch operation (ASO) at a single institution during a 23-year period. A retrospective chart review of all patients
Multiobjective fault detection and isolation for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle

An application of the multiobjective fault detection and isolation (FDI) approach to an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (HSV) longitudinal dynamics subject to disturbances is presented. Maintaining sustainable and safe flight of HSV is a challenging task due to its strong coupling effects, variable operating condi- tions and possible failures of system components. A common type of system faults for aircraft including HSV is the loss of effective- ness of its actuators and sensors. To detect and isolate multiple actuator/sensor failures, a faulty linear parameter-varying (LPV) model of HSV is derived by converting actuator/system compo- nent faults into equivalent sensor faults. Then a bank of LPV FDI observers is designed to track individual fault with minimum error and suppress the effects of disturbances and other fault signals. The simulation results based on the nonlinear flexible HSV model and a nominal LPV controller demonstrate the effectiveness of the fault estimation technique for HSV.
Calorimetry of GRB 030329

We perform calorimetry on the bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) 030329 by fitting simultaneously the broadband radio afterglow and the observed afterglow image size to a semi-analytic hydrodynamics and afterglow emission model. Our semi-analytic method is valid in both the relativistic and non-relativistic regimes, and incorporates a model of the interstellar scintillation that substantially effects the broadband afterglow below 10 GHz. The model is fitted to archival measurements of the afterglow flux from 1 day to 8.3 years after the burst. Values for the initial burst parameters are determined and the nature of the circumburst medium is explored. Additionally, direct measurements of the lateral expansion rate of the radio afterglow image size allow us to estimate the initial Lorentz factor of the jet.
Intensification and Individualization of Self-Regulation Components within Self-Regulated Strategy Development.

Self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) is an effective instructional approach used to teach academic strategies for skills such as writing and reading comprehension. Included in SRSD are direct...
The highly crystalline PET found in plastic water bottles does not support the growth of the PETase‐producing bacterium Ideonella sakaiensis

Ideonella sakaiensis produces an enzyme, PETase, that is capable of hydrolyzing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. We demonstrate that although I. sakaiensis can grow on amorphous plastic, it does not grow on highly crystalline plastic under otherwise identical conditions. Both amorphous film and amorphous plastic obtained from commercial food containers support the growth of the bacteria, whereas highly crystalline film and the highly crystalline body of a plastic water bottle do not support growth. Highly crystalline PET can be melted and rapidly cooled to make amorphous plastic which then supports bacterial growth, whereas the same plastic can be melted and slowly cooled to make crystalline plastic which does not support growth. We further subject a plastic water bottle to a top-to-bottom analysis, finding that only amorphous sections are degraded, namely the finish (threading), the topmost portion of the shoulder which connects to the finish, and the area immediately surrounding the centre of the base. Finally, we use these results to estimate that the percentage of non-degradable plastic in plastic water bottles ranges from 52% to 82% (depending on size), demonstrating that most of the plastic found in PET water bottles will not be degraded by I. sakaiensis.
Research on the Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Based on an Online Study

This document describes the use of eyewitness testimony in court and factors that make it both reliable and unreliable. One case study is presented. Five subjects were tested over a period of three weeks after being shown a timed presentation of a series of events that they were to be witnesses to. Seven questions were asked each week in the same order and of the same content. The findings of the experiment showed that as time progressed, the subjects became less descriptive and more inaccurate in their responses to the questions. Over the entirety of the study, the eyewitness testimony became more unreliable as the online interviews were conducted and therefore reflect unreliability overall. This leads to the belief that in real-life situations, eyewitness testimony can become inaccurate in the case of court proceedings not occurring soon after the original crime.
Variations in the association of grade with survival across the head and neck cancer landscape.

BACKGROUND Although pathologic tumor grade is a well-established prognostic risk factor that impacts staging and treatment decisions across multiple cancer types, its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is less certain. METHODS HNSCC patients diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 and undergoing primary surgery in the National Cancer Data Base were identified. Propensity score matching and multivariable Cox regression were performed. RESULTS Among 27 041 HNSCC patients, 13 941 had oral cavity cancers (OCC). Intermediate-grade (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16, 95% CI 1.07-1.26, P < .001) and high-grade (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.26-1.52, P < .001) tumors had worse survival than low-grade tumors. This magnitude was comparable to other well-established prognostic factors, including margin positivity, extranodal extension, and lymphovascular invasion. By contrast, there was no association between grade and survival in larynx/hypopharynx or HPV(-) oropharynx cancer. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic impact of pathologic grade is highly variable across head and neck subsites and is the strongest among OCC patients.
When Companies Don't Make the Ad: A Multi-­Method Inquiry into the Differential Effectiveness of Consumer-Generated Advertising

This four-part multi-method investigation into the under-researched yet increasingly prevalent phenomenon of consumer-generated advertising (CGA) confirms a performance advantage over traditional advertising and suggests a rationale for this differential. CGAs benefit from heightened consumer engagement and increased trustworthiness. CGAs also garner perceived quality advantages that are linked to consumers lowering their expectations and using different evaluation criteria to judge the ad. The ad creator - a personalized, identifiable and relatable entity in the case of CGAs - plays a central role in anchoring and shaping ad reactions. The “consumer-made” characteristic - the fact that CGAs are not made by companies but by independent people - is powerful and stands strong in the face of commercial motives, and presents paradigmatic implications for advertising practice and research.
Comparison of Cost and Resource Utilization between Firearm Injuries and Motor Vehicle Collisions at Pediatric Hospitals

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Firearm injuries are converging with motor vehicle collisions (MVC) as the number one cause of death for children in the United States. Thus we examine differences in hospital cost and hospital resource utilization between motor vehicle and firearm injury. METHODS This retrospective, cross-sectional study compares hospital costs and resource utilization of motor vehicle and firearm-injured children aged 0 to 19 years of age over a 5-year time frame (January 1, 2013-December 31, 2017) in 35 freestanding children's hospitals that submitted data to the Pediatric Health Information System. The primary outcome was hospital-adjusted comparative cost per patient presentation. Generalized linear mixed models were used to quantify the relationship between the type of injury and each outcome, adjusting for patient characteristics and hospital. RESULTS There were 89,133 emergency department (ED) visits attributed to MVCs and 3,235 for firearm injury. Of the youths who presented for firearm injury, 49% were hospitalized versus 14% of youths presenting with MVC (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 6.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.1 to 7.2). Youths with firearm injury were more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit (aOR = 6.7, 95% CI = 5.9 to 7.7) and had longer lengths of stays (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.9 to 2.6) compared to their MVC counterparts. Children admitted for firearm injury had more imaging and ED return visits, along with subsequent inpatient admission within 3 days (aOR = 3.4, 95% CI = 2.1 to 5.5) and 1 year (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 2.1 to 2.9). The mean relative per-patient costs were nearly fivefold higher for the firearm-injured group. CONCLUSIONS Hospital costs and markers of resource utilization were higher for youths with firearm injury compared to MVC. High medical resource utilization is one of several important reasons to advocate for a comparable national focus and funding on firearm-related injury prevention.
The Trust Alternative

We propose an alternative market design to the current credit ratings industrial organization. An issuer delegates a pass-through non-monitoring trust to acquire ratings from credit ratings agencies (CRAs). The trust pays outcome contingent fees, which ensure that truth-telling is incentive compatible for CRAs, thus eliminating ratings ination. Because it is appointed and funded by the issuers before ratings are published, the trust also removes the ability of issuers to shop for better ratings. The existence of the trust, therefore, leads to more accurate ratings, which in turn attract more investors to the market. The surplus created by increased participation is used to ensures voluntary participation of both issuers and CRAs, thus making the trust a Pareto-improving choice for all the players involved. Finally, the trust mechanism leads to an equilibrium where competition among CRAs create welfare enhancement, as opposed to destroy it. Through a system of outcome contingent payments, the trust can in fact induce CRAs to exert eort and compete with each other for the production of the most accurate rating.
Singular-Perturbation Problems in Ship Hydrodynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the study of thin-ship prospered and the theory provided some guidance in the reduction of wave resistance, even if it did not give accurate quantitative predictions. The early and continuing success of thin-ship theory is because of two factors: an explicit solution can be found for the case of a ship in steady, straight-ahead motion and the first approximation is essentially a uniform approximation. In all such problems, the ship is replaced by a centerplane distribution of sources, steady or pulsating, as appropriate. The body boundary condition is transferred to the centerplane, thus providing an expression for the normal velocity component on each side of the centerplane from which an explicit expression for source density can be obtained. The chapter highlights that the thin-ship model provides the best strictly analytical information available about the wave resistance of a ship, largely because an explicit solution is obtainable. Corresponding results for ship-motion problems have not been so useful, at least partly because a better mathematical model has evolved. The thin-ship solution is the first term in a perturbation expansion of the corresponding exact problem. The small parameter may be considered as the ratio beam/length.
A text-to-picture synthesis system for augmenting communication

We present a novel Text-to-Picture system that synthesizes a picture from general, unrestricted natural language text. The process is analogous to Text-to-Speech synthesis, but with pictorial output that conveys the gist of the text. Our system integrates multiple AI components, including natural language processing, computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning. We present an integration framework that combines these components by first identifying infonnative and 'picturable' text units, then searching for the most likely image parts conditioned on the text, and finally optimizing the picture layout conditioned on both the text and image parts. The effectiveness of our system is assessed in two user studies using children's books and news articles. Experiments show that the synthesized pictures convey as much infonnation about children's stories as the original artists' illustrations, and much more information about news articles than their original photos alone. These results suggest that Text-to-Picture synthesis has great potential in augmenting human-computer and human-human communication modalities, with applications in education and health care, among others.
Infectious Agents and Cancer

Infection is second only to smoking as a cause of human cancer. Microbial agents implicated in carcinogenesis run the gamut from simple viruses to complex parasites. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis imputed to these agents are as diverse as the agents themselves. These mechanisms provide important insights into cancer more generally, including the role of proto-oncogenes in tumour development and the effects of inflammation on host cells. Because infections can often be prevented through vaccines or public health measures, or can be treated with anti-microbial agents, they provide a promising arena for cancer control. Keywords: infectious causes of cancer; oncogenic viruses; Helicobacter pylori; herpesviruses; schistosomes; liver flukes; papillomavirus
Spatial scan statistics for graph clustering

In this paper, we present a measure associated with detection and inference of statistically anomalous clusters of a graph based on the likelihood test of observed and expected edges in a subgraph. This measure is adapted from spatial scan statistics for point sets and provides quantitative assessment for clusters. We discuss some important properties of this statistic and its relation to modularity and Bregman divergences. We apply a simple clustering algorithm to find clusters with large values of this measure in a variety of real-world data sets, and we illustrate its ability to identify statistically significant clusters of selected granularity.
Politics and the Limits of Law: A Musing for Dean Sullivan

It is a tale of triumph, brilliantly told. I am a sucker for these stories, to be honest. I love hearing about Ruth Bader Ginsburg and her colleagues and how they devised the strategy that brought equal rights under law to women. Like Thurgood Marshall and Gideon's Trumpet,' these are the modem legends of the law that still lure high-minded idealists and innocent reformers to this profession of ours. Were there other approaches Justice Ginsburg and her colleagues might have taken? Theoretically, yes, as Dean Sullivan dazzlingly demonstrates. But the soul of this story is how much these women managed to accomplish with virtually nothing at all to begin with; how womanly they were; the triumph of making do. Phyllis Schlafly was right, ironically enough. We didn't need an Equal Rights Amendment. We got one, virtually identical to the one we proposed, through the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court. We took the last minute addition of the word sex and turned it into federal law against both traditional and new forms of sex discrimination, including sexual harassment. We established a woman's right to choose, without which equality is unattainable. If more young women today don't call themselves feminists, it is at least in part a measure of how far we have come. But we still have so far to go. Many of my students graduate every year believing that they are free and equal. They come back to see me five years later, or ten or fifteen, feeling constrained and discriminated against. At the beginning, it is hard to see. Then you get to the middle, where motherhood is still destiny, where you're supposed to make partner during the same years you're supposed to have a family. If you try to do both at once, you're vulnerable to feeling like a failure at both, since neither the world of work nor the world of home has much accommodated to the fam-
What We Know and Need to Know about Alternate Assessment

This article reviews promises, practices, and provisos of alternate assessment as a basis for illustrating what we know and what we need to know about measuring progress of students with disabilities in statewide assessment programs. In 19 data-based studies, professionals have begun to document the impact that alternate assessment is having on school reform and policy in general and to expectations, access to the general curriculum, and instruction for students with disabilities, especially those with significant cognitive impairments. At this juncture, there are insufficient data to report with confidence that alternate assessment will live up to its promises. Based on the data at hand, we offer recommendations for future research and a clearer focus on what we need to know to improve the outcomes of alternate assessments.
Scanning Electron Microscopy for Studying Root Morphology and Anatomy in Alfalfa Autotoxicity

The aquous extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) shoots inhibits root elongation, shoot elongation, and/or germination of alfalfa itself―a phenomenon termed autotoxicity. The study of the mode of action of allelopathic and/or autotoxic compounds at the plant organ and cellular levels is limited by the depth of field, resolution, and magnification of a light microscope compared to a scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to study the morphology and anatomy of the roots inhibited by the shoot-aqueous-extract-inhibited, 5-d old WL-316' alfalfa roots revealed a 46% reduction in density and 54% reduction in length of root hairs compared to the control (...)
Surface instability, ripple formation, and spontaneous transition to chains of dots by competing kinetics

This paper presents a three-dimensional model to capture the evolution of a surface under concurrent kinetics of sputtering, re-deposition and mass transport. The simulations reveal the dynamic surface instability process from a flat surface to the formation of a chain of dots. In particular, we discovered a spontaneous intermediate transition from ripples to dots during surface evolution, which plays a crucial role for the ordering of dots and their self-alignment behavior.
Cross sections for energy transfer in collisions between two excited sodium atoms

We have measured cross sections, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{nL}}$, for the excitation transfer process $\mathrm{Na}(3P)+\mathrm{Na}(3P)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Na}(3S)+\mathrm{Na}(\mathrm{nL})$, where $\mathrm{nL}$ is the $4D$ or $5S$ level. Our results are ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{4D}=23 {\AA{}}^{2}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35%$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{5S}=16 {\AA{}}^{2}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35%$ at $T\ensuremath{\sim}600$ K. To obtain these cross sections we have used pulsed excitation and measured the intensities of $4D$, $5S$, and $3P$ fluorescence emissions, and the spatial distribution of excited atoms resulting from radiation diffusion, as well as the excited atom density as a function of time. Additionally, we have accounted for (time-dependent) radiation trapping of $3P$ and $\mathrm{nL}$ level radiation and for the resulting anisotropies of these fluorescence emissions. Comparisons of our results with theory have been made, and their relevance to other experiments is discussed.
Wetting, Swelling and Redispersion Characteristics of Green Sheets on Various Solvents

Wetting, swelling and redispersion characteristics of green sheets on water and four organic solvents were investigated. Those solvents are different in solubility parameters, index numbers of solvent evaporation rate, viscosities and interfacial tensions. Contact angle correlation with interfacial tension of solvents corresponded with wetting theory in the case of polymer film. In contrast, in the case of green sheet, contact angle and distance travelled by solvent front were not only related with interfacial tension. As the difference of the value of solubility parameter of solvent and that of polymer decreases, an expanse of a solvent to the green sheet surface decreases and a swelling characteristics of green sheet in the solvent increases except experiments with dioctyl phthalate and water. These results are discussed on the base of solvent characteristics and green sheets characteristics.
Optimizing the photon flux of double optical gated high-order harmonic spectra

The combination of polarization gating and two-color gating is a promising approach to generate single isolated attosecond pulses with multicycle pump lasers. We searched the phase-matching conditions for highorder harmonic generation with such a double optical gating using 0.85 mJ, 8 fs laser pulses centered at 790 nm. At the optimized gas target location and pressure, the single extreme ultraviolet pulse energy is 6.5 nJ for argon and 170 pJ for neon, which are much higher then those generated with conventional polarization gating. In addition, the carrier-envelope phase effects with a 2 periodicity were attained when the highest extreme ultraviolet photon flux was produced, indicating the robustness of the double optical gating.
Absenteeism in Health Care: Using Interlocking Behavioral Contingency Feedback to Increase Attendance With Certified Nursing Assistants

This research used an ABA multiple baseline design across hospitals to evaluate a behavioral intervention designed to reduce absenteeism among 64 certified nursing assistants (CNA) in a rural health care organization. Pre-baseline assessments suggested that when CNAs were absent from work, other employees had to work unscheduled shifts. Because of this metacontingency, employees reported that they skipped work themselves to make up for the extra shifts they had to cover. This cycle created more unscheduled shifts and potentially caused the high absenteeism prevalent at the organization. An intervention with normative and metacontingency feedback significantly decreased the total number of days CNAs were absent per week across the three hospitals from a baseline mean of 0.24 (SD = 0.19) days per week (7.74% of their scheduled hours) to a mean of 0.13 (SD = 0.17) days per week (3.81% of their scheduled hours) during the intervention. In a return to baseline the total number of days CNAs were absent per week...
Sumatriptan/naproxen sodium combination for the treatment of migraine.

Sumatriptan 85 mg with naproxen sodium 500 mg, a combination tablet for the acute treatment of migraine, is approved in the USA. It is likely that triptan/NSAID combination benefits are a class effect, although the majority of data are on sumatriptan and naproxen sodium. The combination tablet demonstrated superior effectiveness over its individual components or placebo in two Phase III regulatory trials on six coprimary end points. The pharmacokinetic shifts in the combination tablet result in an earlier Tmax for sumatriptan, a later Tmax for naproxen sodium and a reduction of the Cmax by 36% for naproxen sodium compared with the components alone. In addition, the 85 mg dose of sumatriptan in the combination tablet has an area under the curve similar to 100 mg of sumatriptan alone. The clinical advantage of the sumatriptan and naproxen sodium combination is likely to be prolonged benefit per attack, that is, a sustained pain-free response.
Childhood Graves Disease Masquerading as Myasthenia Gravis

We report a child presenting with intermittent ophthalmoplegia and fluctuating ptosis and facial weakness whose evaluation revealed no evidence of myasthenia gravis but did reveal hyperthyroidism secondary to Graves disease. Successful treatment of the child's endocrinopathy resulted in complete resolution of his presenting symptoms. Children presenting with ophthalmoplegia and ptosis without proptosis should be evaluated for hyperthyroidism if no evidence of a myopathy or disorder of neuromuscular junction transmission is found.