cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
parallel_dp: the parallel dynamic programming design pattern as an Intel® threading building blocks algorithm template

Intel Threading Building Blocks (TBB) is an ideal environment for implementation of the parallel dynamic programming design pattern. The task-based parallelism of TBB readily lends itself to the realization of the participants and participant collaboration of this design pattern. We propose the parallel_dp algorithm template, an implementation of the parallel dynamic programming design pattern using TBB. We define the participants and the participant collaboration of this design pattern and describe how the design pattern is implemented by parallel_dp. We analyze the performance of our solution by applying parallel_dp to create four TBB programs that are parallel versions of the four types of dynamic programming algorithms. Our experimental results prove that parallel_dp provides speedup to all of our TBB programs and near linear speedup to one of our TBB programs. We conclude that parallel_dp will improve the performance of many TBB programs that include a dynamic programming algorithm.
Sport-specific performance factor profiling Fencing as a prototype

A musculoskeletal profiling study was done on 24 members of the U. S. Pan American and Olympic fencing squads. This was presented as a methodological prototype for future, more comprehensive sport profiling studies. It is proposed that sport-specific profiling data have practical application in the following areas: 1. The identification of physical deficiencies in an athlete, using his or her sport profile as a comparative standard. This would apply to general pre- and postseason screening as well as to medical complaint-related examinations. 2. Providing objective, sport-specific criteria for determining when an injured athlete has recovered to the extent that he or she is adequately prepared to return to play. Rehabilitation goals for full recovery can also be defined. 3. Increasing the efficacy and efficiency of training techniques. 4. The prospective identification of superior performance potential in athletes at early competitive levels. If sport profiles were developed for the major participant sports at several competitive levels, the profiling system as described here could have significant application to a large number of athletes in a variety of playing situations.
Isolation of specific neurons from C. elegans larvae for gene expression profiling.

Background The simple and well-described structure of the C. elegans nervous system offers an unprecedented opportunity to identify the genetic programs that define the connectivity and function of individual neurons and their circuits. A correspondingly precise gene expression map of C. elegans neurons would facilitate the application of genetic methods toward this goal. Here we describe a powerful new approach, SeqCeL (RNA-Seq of C. elegans cells) for producing gene expression profiles of specific larval C. elegans neurons.
Behavior of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Camembert Cheese Made From Ultrafiltered Milk

Skimmilk retentates from ultrafiltration (UF) were used in combination with concentrated cream (67% milk fat) to prepare a liquid precheese mixture that with the addition of rennet, lactic starter culture and a mold spore preparation of Penicillium candidum was transformed readily into Camembert cheese upon ripening. Yield increases from the retention of soluble milk protein, closer weight control tolerances for individual cheeses and reduction in rennet in comparison to the conventional Camembert process were observed. The behavior of enteropathogenic E. coli (ECC) serotypes was demonstrated in the Camembert cheese made from UF processes. Relationships were determined in UF Camembert as to microbial type and numbers used to inoculate the precheese, and as to site of survival and growth of different EEC serotypes. Differences which were observed in the physicochemical properties between conventional and UF cheesemilk mixtures predisposed the UF Camembert cheeses to greater E. coli survival and growth than in the Camembert cheeses made conventionally.
Stationary-phase Wave-equation Migration

Summary Efficient implementation of 3D wave-equation migration is of vital importance for practical applications of wave-equation migration to marine streamer data. We develop a new 3D wave-equation migration scheme that is significantly more efficient than the full survey-sinking migration based on the double-square-root (DSR) equation in the midpoint-offset domain while maintaining the accuracy of migration algorithms. The method is based on the stationary-phase approximation and downward continuation of prestack marine streamer data in the midpoint-offset domain. It uses a small number of the cross-line offsets during downward continuation and uses an interpolation algorithm to obtain the wavefield at the stationaryphase point along the cross-line-offset wavenumber coordinate at each depth level for forming migration images. Our impulse response studies demonstrate that the method can produce accurate and clear images using only a small number of cross-line offsets.
Properties of Ridge Wave Guide

Equations and curves giving cutoff frequency and impedance are presented for rectangular wave guide having a rectangular ridge projecting inward from one or both sides. It is shown that ridge wave guide has a lower cutoff frequency and impedance and greater higher-mode separation than a plain rectangular wave guide of the same width and height. The cutoff frequency equation is fairly accurate for any practical cross section. The impedance equation is strictly accurate only for an extremely thin cross section. Values found by the use of this equation have, however, been found to check experimental values very closely. A number of uses for this type of wave guide are suggested.
Investigation of the oxidation of polycrystalline lead by XPS and SIMS

Abstract The oxidation of clean polycrystalline lead surfaces has been investigated by the static mode of secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The XPS Pb(4f 7 2 ) and O(1s) peaks indicate the immediate formation of the rhombic (yellow) form of PbO upon oxygen exposure, with no evidnece for an intermediate adsorbed oxygen moiety. Positive and negative ion static SIMS spectra were recorded in conjunction with the photoemission experiments, and the quantitative coverage information of XPS is used as an aid in the interpretation of the SIMS data. The O+, O2+, Pb+, PbO+, O−, O2−, PbO−, and PbO2− secondary ions were observed during the course of the oxidation, although the positive ion yields were too low to offer detailed information. Recent theoretical predictions of the cluster formation mechanism require considerable local atomic order of the surface to be maintained in the cluster. We therefore explain the immediate appearance of O2− and PbO2− clusters by invoking a nucleation mechanism for growth of the oxide.
L-cysteine prodrug protects against cyclophosphamide urotoxicity without compromising therapeutic activity.

2(R,S)-d-ribo-(1′,2′,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxybutyl)-thiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid (RibCys) is a prodrug ofL-cysteine that releases the sulfhydryl amino acid after monenzymatic ring opening and hydrolysis. TheL-cysteine then elevates glutathione (GSH) levels by stimulating its biosynthesis. RibCys was investigated for its ability to protect CDF1 mice from the potent urotoxicity of cyclophosphamide (CTX) without compromising the therapeutic utility of the drug. RibCys induced a significant reduction in weight loss of the animals and in bladder inflammation at 48 h after CTX administration; however, bladder tissue remained inflamed as compared with that in controls. Bladder histology also showed some pathological changes in the presence of RibCys. In contrast, all parameters of toxicity (body weight loss, bladder inflammation, and pathological abnormalities) had been virtually reversed by day 21 after administration. In tests against 1210 leukemia, RibCys did not interfere with CTX anti-cancer activity. From these preliminary studies, RibCys appears to be a likely candidate for protecting against long-term CTX toxicity, perhaps reversing the original damage caused by a very high dose, without compromising the therapeutic utility of the alkylating agent.
Functional requirements for phenotypic correction of murine β-thalassemia: implications for human gene therapy

As initial human gene therapy trials for β-thalassemia are contemplated, 2 critical questions important to trial design and planning have emerged. First, what proportion of genetically corrected hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) will be needed to achieve a therapeutic benefit? Second, what level of expression of a transferred globin gene will be required to improve β-thalassemic erythropoiesis? These questions were directly addressed by means of a murine model of severe β-thalassemia. Generation of β-thalassemic mice chimeric for a minority proportion of genetically normal HSCs demonstrated that normal HSC chimerism levels as low as 10% to 20% resulted in significant increases in hemoglobin (Hb) level and diminished extramedullary erythropoiesis. A large majority of the peripheral red cells in these mice were derived from the small minority of normal HSCs. In a separate set of independent experiments, β-thalassemic mice were bred with transgenic mice that expressed different levels of human globins. Human γ-globin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression at 7% of the level of total endogenous α-globin mRNA in thalassemic erythroid cells resulted in improved red cell morphology, a greater than 2-g/dL increase in Hb, and diminished reticulocytosis and extramedullary erythropoiesis. Furthermore, γ-globin mRNA expression at 13% resulted in a 3-g/dL increase in Hb and nearly complete correction of red cell morphology and other indices of inefficient erythropoiesis. These data indicate that a significant therapeutic benefit could be achieved with expression of a transferred globin gene at about 15% of the level of total α-globin mRNA in patients with severe β-thalassemia in whom 20% of erythroid precursors express the vector genome.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN SYNAPTOSOMAL FRACTIONS : Ultrastructural Radioautographic Study

A quantitative ultrastructural radioautographic study of in vitro protein synthesis has been carried out in rat synaptosomal fractions incubated with tritiated leucine or a tritiated amino acid mixture. Analysis of grain density distribution demonstrated that presynaptic endings are labeled. 30–50% of the developed grains, representing tritiated amino acids incorporated into proteins, were related to presynaptic endings which accounted for 75–77% of the total processes. 34–45% of the grains were related to processes containing ribosomes which accounted for only 4–7% of the total processes. The relative specific activity of these ribosome-containing processes, some of which could be identified as postsynaptic elements, was up to ten times higher than that of the presynaptic ending. These findings indicate that protein synthesis takes place in vitro in presynaptic terminals although to a significantly lesser degree than that occurring in ribosome-containing processes, which, with other nonpresynaptic processes, are at the present time unavoidable contaminants of synaptosomal fractions. Presynaptic endings that in radioautographs contained no mitochondria were labeled. Also, presynaptic endings were labeled after incubation in the presence of chloramphenical which inhibited 20% of the protein synthesis of the synaptosomal fraction. It is concluded that besides mitochondrial protein synthesis, another protein synthesizing system operates in presynaptic endings in vitro.
Instability of isothermal stellar wind bowshocks

Abstract We present hydrodynamical simulations illustrating the instability of stellar wind bowshocks in the limit of an isothermal equation of state. In this limit, the bowshock is characterized by a thin dense shell bounded on both sides by shocks. In a time-averaged sense the shape of this bowshock shell roughly matches the steady state solution of Wilkin (1996)[ApJ, 459, L31], although the apex of the bowshock can deviate in or out by a factor of two or more. The shape of the bowshock is distorted by large amplitude kinks with a characteristic wavelength of order the standoff distance from the star. The instability is driven by a strong shear flow within the shock-bounded shell, suggesting an origin related to the nonlinear thin-shell instability. This instability occurs when both the forward bowshock and the reverse wind shock are effectively isothermal and the star is moving through the interstellar medium with a Mach number greater than a few. This work therefore suggests that ragged, clumpy bowshocks should be expected to surround stars with a slow, dense wind (which leads to rapid cooling behind the reverse wind shock), whose velocity with respect to the surrounding interstellar medium is of order 60 km s −1 (leading both to rapid cooling behind the forward bowshock and sufficiently high Mach numbers to drive the instability).
Computable symbolic dynamics

We investigate computable subshifts and the connection with effective symbolic dynamics. It is shown that a decidable Π01 class P is a subshift if and only if there exists a computable function F mapping 2ℕ to 2ℕ such that P is the set of itineraries of elements of 2ℕ. Π01 subshifts are constructed in 2ℕ and in 2ℤ which have no computable elements. We also consider the symbolic dynamics of maps on the unit interval. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct growth of shape-controlled nanocrystals on nanotubes via biological recognition.

The new biological approach was examined to fabricate shape-controlled Ag nanocrystals grown directly on surfaces, inspired by nature that various shapes of nanocrystals are produced accurately and reproducibly in biological systems. Here we demonstrate the direct growth of hexagon-shaped Ag nanocrystals on sequenced peptide-coated nanotubes via biological recognition. When the peptide, Asn-Pro-Ser-Ser-Leu-Phe-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp, recognizing and effecting the Ag nanocrystal growth on the (111) face, was sequenced and incorporated onto template nanotube surfaces, the biomineralization of Ag ions on the nanotubes led the isotropic hexagon-shaped Ag nanocrystal coating under pH control of the growth solution. Multiple Ag nanocrystal shapes were observed when the peptide mineralized Ag ions without the template nanotubes, and therefore the template nanotube has a significant influence on regulating the majority of Ag nanocrystals into the hexagonal shape. This biological approach, using specific peptide ...
Impact of Conventional Versus Biventricular Pacing on Hemodynamics and Tissue Doppler Imaging Indexes of Resynchronization Postoperatively in Children With Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives We sought to evaluate the effects of biventricular (BDOO) pacing compared with conventional (CDOO) atrioventricular (AV) sequential and atrial (AOO) pacing in children and infants in the early postoperative period after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD). Background Biventricular pacing using right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) leads can improve hemodynamics in patients with CHD, but it is unclear whether this occurs in early postoperative children with CHD. Methods Nineteen children (age, 5 days to 5.4 years; median, 5.5 months) with a definitive biventricular repair for CHD underwent AOO, CDOO, and BDOO pacing with temporary epicardial leads for 10 min each. The AV delay was 80% of the PR interval for the CDOO and BDOO modes. Lead placement was two right atrial, two RV, and one LV. Blood samples for cardiac index (arterial and venous) and tissue Doppler (TDI) traces were obtained in each pacing mode with a Vivid 7 BT04 digital ultrasound system (GE/VingMed, Horten, Norway) from an apical four-chamber view and analyzed with EchoPac software. Results The QRS duration was significantly shorter for BDOO compared with CDOO, and the cardiac index was higher with BDOO compared with CDOO. Systemic blood pressure was not different between the three modes of pacing (AOO, CDOO, BDOO). The TDI-derived strain rate showed minimal dyssynchrony in AOO as seen by isovolumic tensing (IVT) and peak systolic contraction (PSC) timing differences between RV and LV. The CDOO worsened dyssynchrony with prolonged ΔIVT and PSC. The BDOO showed improved synchrony as seen by ΔIVT and PSC. Conclusions The TDI-derived strain rate showed worsened ventricular dyssynchrony with CDOO and improvement with BDOO. Cardiac index and QRS duration were improved by BDOO compared with CDOO. This suggests that short-term pacing with BDOO may benefit children with CHD needing pacing in the postoperative period.
Coulomb-induced anomalies in highly disordered superconductors: Application to tunneling.

The effects of diffusion-enhanced Coulomb interactions in highly disordered superconductors are studied by use of coupled Eliashberg-type equations in the exact eigenstate representation. Solution of these equations shows how Coulomb induced inelastic scattering leads to gaplessness and other low-frequency structure in the superconducting state which can be qualitatively correlated with that in the normal density of states. Recent superconducting tunneling experiments compare favorably with this theory.
Electronic conductivity in ionic liquids

Abstract The mobility of electrons in the salt-rich regions of Na-NaCl and K-KCl melts has been semi-empirically calculated in terms of electron hopping coupled with a tunneling mechanism. The magnitude, as also the temperature and concentration dependence of the calculated mobility, are consistent with existing literature data.
Spectroscopic Approach to Estimation of Microequilibrium Constants of Prototropic Reactions of Aminobenzoic Acids

The microequilibrium constants of protolytic dissociation of diprotic acids, dihydric bases, or ampholytes such as the aminobenzoic acids, with dissimilar ionizing groups, can be estimated by spectrophotometric titration and measurement of the molar absorptivity at the long wavelength absorption maximum of simple alkylated derivatives. The method is applicable when the long wavelength absorption spectral bands of the tautomeric species are well resolved. Compared to the traditional method of estimating microequilibrium constants using the dissociation constants of alkylated derivatives, the proposed method is simpler, faster, and more accurate.
Prospective study of the G20210A polymorphism in the prothrombin gene, plasma prothrombin concentration, and incidence of venous thromboembolism.

Case–control studies have indicated increased risk of venous thrombosis associated with the prothrombin gene G20210A polymorphism and with elevated plasma prothrombin levels. We sought to confirm these results in a prospective population-based study of 21,690 persons. We measured G20210A and prothrombin antigen on pre-event blood samples of 302 participants who developed venous thromboembolism (VTE) and 626 participants who remained free of VTE. Approximately 4.0% of cases and 2.4% of controls carried the G20210A polymorphism, but only one of 137 African Americans did. The odds ratio in whites was 1.87 (95% CI = 0.85, 4.11)—higher for those who reported a prior history of VTE (OR = 5.44) than those reporting no VTE history (OR = 1.41) and in those with idiopathic VTE (OR = 2.51) than those with secondary VTE (OR = 1.38). There was no association between venous thromboembolism and plasma prothrombin antigen level. We estimated that the G20210A polymorphism may account for approximately 2.5% of venous thromboembolism events in United States whites. Am. J. Hematol. 71:285–290, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adjoint sensitivity analysis for numerical weather prediction: applications to power grid optimization

We present an approach to estimate adjoint sensitivities of economic metrics of relevance in the power grid with respect to physical weather variables using numerical weather prediction models. We demonstrate that this capability can significantly enhance planning and operations. We illustrate the method using a large-scale computational study where we compute sensitivities of the regional generation cost in the state of Illinois with respect to wind speed and temperature fields inside and outside the state.
LIN-23-Mediated Degradation of β-Catenin Regulates the Abundance of GLR-1 Glutamate Receptors in the Ventral Nerve Cord of C. elegans

Summary Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation has been proposed to play an important role in regulating synaptic transmission. Here we show that LIN-23, the substrate binding subunit of a Skp1/Cullin/F Box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase, regulates the abundance of the glutamate receptor GLR-1 in the ventral nerve cord of C. elegans . Mutants lacking lin-23 had an increased abundance of GLR-1 in the ventral cord. The increase of GLR-1 was not caused by changes in the ubiquitination of GLR-1. Instead, SCF LIN-23 regulates GLR-1 through the β-catenin homolog BAR-1 and the TCF/Lef transcription factor homolog POP-1. We hypothesize that LIN-23-mediated degradation of BAR-1 β-catenin regulates the transcription of Wnt target genes, which in turn alter postsynaptic properties.
Nafenopin-induced peroxisome proliferation in vitamin A deficient rats.

Abstract Induction of peroxisome proliferator responsive genes is thought to be mediated through binding of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) to specific peroxisome proliferator response elements in the upstream region of these genes. Binding of PPAR to the acyl-CoA oxidase promoter requires heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and subsequent transactivation is strongest when ligands for both PPAR and RXR are present. Therefore, we hypothesized that depletion of ligand for the retinoid receptor would limit the induction of peroxisome proliferation in rats. Hepatic retinol content was reduced by more than 90% by feeding weanling rats a vitamin A deficient (VAD) diet for approximately 3 months. Nafenopin treatment for 7 days induced peroxisomal β-oxidation 18-fold in VAD rats compared with 16-fold in rats fed a vitamin A sufficient (VAS) diet. Nafenopin induced microsomal laurate hydroxylase and mitochondrial β-oxidation to comparable rates of specific activity in both VAD and VAS rats. However, the activities in VAD controls were significantly lower than in VAS controls, so the magnitude of the nafenopin-induced increases was greater in the VAD rats. Relative liver weights were increased nearly 2-fold in both VAS and VAD rats treated with nafenopin. Ultrastructural examination of the livers demonstrated that nafenopin increased the number and size of peroxisomes in both VAD and VAS rats. These data demonstrate that rats with severely depleted vitamin A stores remained responsive to the peroxisome proliferator nafenopin. Whether critical retinoid pools that supply RXR ligand (9- cis -retinoic acid) are spared in the vitamin A deficient rats remains to be determined.
Growth variability of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in coastal maine

Brook charr inhabit a wide variety of habitats and exhibit considerable growth variation within and among populations. We used biannual mark-recapture electrofishing surveys and PIT tags at two streams in coastal Maine to examine spatial and temporal variability in brook charr growth. We documented considerable stream-to- stream and year-to-year variation in the growth of coastal brook charr. Based on 2892 recaptures between 2006 and 2010, we developed a suite of linear mixed models to examine variation in individual growth rates at Stanley Brook as a function of environmental variables. We distilled physical habitat data from surveys in 2010 into principle components for entry into the growth model. Growth was related primarily to an interaction between season and body length, mean water temperature, and instream location. Growth rates were highest in the summer, and smaller individuals grew more rapidly than larger conspecifics in the same stream. Individuals using habitats closer to the head of tide grew faster than those in upstream locations. Physical habitat variation was not an important control of individual growth variation within Stanley Brook. We suggest local variability in growth rates should be considered when developing management strategies for coastal populations.
Acidity measurements based on a hetero-core structured fiber optic sensor

Abstract A noble sensing technique using a hetero-core structured fiber optic sensor is described based on evanescent wave interaction for the purpose of acidity measurements. The hetero-core sensing element reported in this work have been fabricated only by cleaving and fusion splicing. Since the sensor has no need to eliminate the cladding of the fiber to expose the core, this technique offers the advantages in terms of the fabrication complexity which the conventional fiber optic sensors have been confronted with. Acidity measurements have been demonstrated through the experiments using Chromoxane Cyanine R (CCR) indicator solved in solutions. Two acid solutions of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 are examined for the acidities ranged between 0.066–0.66 and 0.0895–0.716 M, respectively. The sensor response exhibited remarkable increases of absorption with increasing acidity at the wavelength of around 520 nm. The sensitivities of 11.5 and 14.2 dB/M have been obtained for HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 solutions, respectively.
Compression for Data Archiving and Backup Revisited

Data deduplication is a simple, dictionary based compression method that became very popular in storage archiving and backup. It has the advantage of direct, random access to any piece ("chunk") of a file in one table lookup; that's not the case with differential file compression, the other common storage archival method. The compression efficiency (chunk matching) of deduplication improves for smaller chunk sizes, however the sequence of hashes replacing the deduplicated object (file) increases significantly. Within the sequence of chunks that an object is decomposed, sub-sequences of adjacent chunks tend to repeat. We exploit this insight first in an online scheme used to reduce the amount of hash metadata generated. With each newly created entry in the chunk repository we add a "chronological" pointer linking this entry with the next new entry, in time order. When the hashes produced by the chunker follow the chronological pointers we encode them as a "sequence of hashes" by specifying the first hash in the sequence and the length of the sequence. The shrinkage is orders of magnitude smaller than what a customary compression algorithm (gzip) achieves and has a significant impact on the overall deduplication efficiency when relatively small chunks are used. A second scheme is also introduced that optimizes the chunk sizes by joining repeated sub-sequences of small chunks into new "super chunks" with the constraint to achieve practically the same matching performance. We employ suffix arrays to find these repeating subsequences and to determine a new encoding that covers the original sequence. As a result, fewer chunks are used to represent a file, reducing fragmentation i.e. the number of disk accesses needed to reconstruct the file, and requiring fewer entries in the chunk dictionary and fewer hashes to encode a file. As the experimental results show, this method provides over 10 time reduction in fragmentation and over 5 times reduction in the number of entries in repository while achieving similar or slightly better overall deduplication ratios.
Challenges in the Discovery and Development of New Agents for the Treatment of Obesity

New pharmacologic agents are being sought to help manage the epidemic of obesity and its consequences. Understanding the challenges of the history of obesity drugs is wise before investing in new obesity agents. Expectations of patients, physicians, and drug company executives are not consistent with characteristics of current agents or most potential new ones. Owing to the complex biology underlying body weight regulation, combinations of agents may be necessary to improve weight loss efficacy.
Turkey breast meat functionality differences among turkeys selected for body weight and/or breast yield

Functional meat characteristics were studied in three turkey lines, (1) RBC2: representing 1960s commercial turkeys, (2) F-line: a line selected for body weight (BW) and (3) C-line: a fast growing commercial line with enhanced breast muscle yield. The RBC2s Warner-Bratzler shear force values for the Pectoralis major (PM) were lower than the F- and C-lines' values (P < 0.05). The WHC of the breast muscle from the C-line was lower compared with the RBC2 line (P < 0.05), with the F-line being intermediate between, though not different from either the RBC2 or C-lines. A trend was observed, as the thermally induced meat gels from the RBC2 line PM had the highest storage modulus (G'), the F-line was intermediate and the C-line had the lowest storage modulus (P = 0.09). These results suggest that selection for increased growth and breast muscle yield may be associated with decreased meat functionality in modern commercial turkeys.
Performance Priming in Music

PERFORMANCE CUES IN MUSIC can be related to the structure of a production, but can also exist separately from the structural features. Which cues are retained from perception to performance? Pianists listened to melodies containing intensity and articulation cues and performed similar metrically ambiguous target melodies. Pianists' performances persisted in the metrically unrelated articulation cues. Pianists did not perform metrically strong beats with more intensity as in the primes, but they lengthened expected strong beats relative to weak beats. This recoding of meter using articulation cues instead of intensity cues suggests an abstract mental representation of meter.
Shrinkage-induced fluid flow and domain change in two-dimensional alloy solidification

Abstract The fluid flow and domain change caused by shrinkage are analyzed for the solidification of alloys in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity with riser. The system of governing equations based on the modified continuum model is solved by the SIMPLEC algorithm, and the change of domain is handled by the front tracking method. The differences between the traditional study, i.e. without considering shrinkage effect, and the present study are presented. It is found that the shrinkage-induced fluid flow and domain change enhance convective heat transfer, and the global solidification time is smaller than that predicted without the shrinkage effect.
The dangers of unlimited access: Fiction, the Internet and the social construction of childhood

Abstract At the beginning of the twentieth century, librarians, teachers, and parents wrote about the dangers to children of unlimited access to what was termed “sensational literature.” At the beginning of the next century, they struggled to deal with the dangers to children of unlimited access to the Internet. Although separated by a hundred years, they appear to be making much the same argument about the much the same issue, that of the public library providing unlimited access to minors to what some view as inappropriate or dangerous materials. However, a closer analysis of the discourse in the professional media regarding these two controversies, one that investigates the mechanisms underlying the changes in attitudes and practice, reveals that any similarities are primarily cosmetic. Such an analysis reveals that different issues were addressed and debated utilizing different social constructions of childhood and different social constructions of the public library and public librarians held by society as a whole and by librarians at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in rat adrenal gland zones.

Abstract The distribution of cyclic 3′, 5′ -nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in the rat adrenal gland has been studied. Phosphodiesterase activity was 10-fold higher in the zona glomerulosa than in the zona fasciculata-reticularis. Kinetic studies carried out at low substrate concentrations suggest the possible presence of multiple forms of phosphodiesterase activity in both zones of the adrenal; however, these forms appear to have similar apparent Km's for cAMP. Thus, the well known differences in the steroidogenic response of the two zones to ACTH stimulation may be partially explained by large differences in total activities of the various forms of phosphodiesterase.
Characterization and Alleviation of Stress Associated with Hauling Largemouth Bass

Abstract Stress and mortality associated with truck transport of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were characterized during and after simulated hauling periods of up to 30 hours at a density of 180 g fish/liter of water. Generally, “transported” fish had significantly elevated concentrations of plasma glucose and corticosteroids and decreased plasma chloride concentrations and osmolality. Significant mortality was associated with hauls of 24 and 30 hours (38% and 83–92%, respectively). Plasma characteristics returned to near-normal values 3–28 days after being hauled; recovery time generally was related to length of haul and associated mortality. Stress was reduced significantly and mortality was eliminated when fish were treated for diseases, held 72 hours without food before they were loaded, anesthetized before they were loaded, hauled at a cool temperature in physiological concentrations of salts with an antibiotic and a mild anesthetic, and allowed to recover in the same medium less the anesthet...
Development of a Rain Down Technique to Artificially Infest Hemlocks with the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae

The hemlock woolly adelgid Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is a non-native invasive pest that has caused widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (Pinales: Pinaceae)) and Carolina hemlock (T. caroliniana Engelm.) in the eastern United States. Our preliminary experiments evaluated the utility of a rain-down technique to induce artificial infestations of A. tsugae on hemlock seedlings en masse. Experiments were conducted in PVC (1 m3) cages topped with poultry wire for placement of A. tsugae-infested branches, and with 1 m2 gridded glue sheets and/or hemlock seedlings placed below to capture adelgid abundance, distribution, and infestation rate data. In the March 2011 experiment, the density of progrediens crawlers (adelgid nymphs, first instars) that rained down inside the PVC cages was significantly higher in the high ovisac treatment compared to the low ovisac treatment, with an estimated 513,000 and 289,000 crawlers per m2 falling beneath each treatment, respectively. Resulting A. tsugae infestation rates on Carolina hemlock seedlings placed inside the cages did not differ between the treatments but were at or above established damage threshold densities for the adelgid. Infestation rates on eastern hemlock seedlings that were placed in cages nine days after the experiment started were below damage threshold levels and did not differ between the treatments. In the May 2011 experiment, the density of sistens crawlers raining down was substantially lower, with 17,000 and 33,000 falling per m2 in the low and high ovisac treatments, respectively. Resulting infestation rates on Carolina hemlock seedlings were extremely low and well below damage threshold levels. Although A. tsugae crawlers were well distributed across the 1 m2 gridded glue sheets placed at the bottom of each cage, hot spots of unusually high crawler density did occur in both experiments. This rain-down technique shows potential for use in an operational tree-breeding program where screening large numbers of hemlock seedlings for resistance to A. tsugae is required.
Effects of subpixel image restoration on digital correlation error estimates

The results of initial studies to determine the key parameters influencing the performance of a computer-based measurement system are presented. The system components were modeled, and a representative intensity pattern was chosen and deformed by known amounts. The effect of varying different model parameters in the model was analyzed numerically. The most significant parameters were found to be: (1) the number of quantization levels in the digitization process, (2) the ratio of the frequency of the signal to the frequency of the sampling, and (3) the form of the intensity interpolation function.
Asymptotic behavior for a cellular replication and maturation model

Abstract We consider a nonlocal first order partial differential equation with time delay that models simultaneous cell replication and maturation processes. We establish a comparison principle and construct monotone sequences to show the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the equation. We then analyze the asymptotic behavior of the solution via upper–lower solution technique.
Announcing a New Series Entitled: New Approaches to the Treatment of Hepatic Malignancies

Involvement of the liver is the primary determinant of survival in patients with cancer. Over the past two decades, progress has been made in the treatment of hepatic malignancies. The number of patients that are cured of their disease continues to improve yet only the minority will achieve this end point. Active research continues with the goal of improving the outcome of patients with hepatic malignancies. This issue marks the beginning of a series of articles devoted to the new and emerging approaches to the treatment of hepatic malignancies. One topic will be reviewed in each of the next seven issues of the Annals of Surgical Oncology. In this issue, Dr. Curley 1 reviews the role of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatic malignancies. Patient selection, treatment approach, and the outcomes are described and critically assessed. Dr. Izzo will describe alternative thermal ablation techniques. The principles, clinical indications, and results of microwave and interstitial laser ablation will be critically reviewed. Drs. Mullen and Tanabe will review the cytotoxic mechanisms of oncolytic viruses and focus special attention on the development and use in the treatment of malignant liver tumors. Dr. Stoeltzing et al. will review the role of angiogenesis in colon cancer progression and metastatic spread. Clinical trials using new approaches that inhibit the angiogenic process will be discussed. Dr. Cusack will discuss the molecular mechanisms that influence cancer cell death in response to treatment. This article will explore the strategies to overcome this resistance and enhance chemotherapy sensitivity. Dr. Jaeck will review the impact of portal nodal metastases upon hepatic resection. He will present evidence to support performing hepatic resection in the presence of nodal metastases. Dr. Roh will review the changes occurring in the approach to the treatment of patients with hepatic malignancies. Classic contraindications to numerous therapies are being challenged and are leading to improved strategies to treat patients.
Know Your Subject: A Gendered Perspective on Investor Information Search

What causes men and women to behave differently in financial matters? Gender differences in financial decisions and behaviors have been well-documented in popular media and the managerial press. The academic literature supports the notion of gender differences in investing, pointing out that male investors tend to make the high-consequence financial decisions in households and are the more risk tolerant and self-confident investors. Yet few studies have empirically connected these conditions to differences in the information acquisition behavior of male and female investors. This paper examines whether differences exist in the information sources and the frequency of their use among male and female investors and identifies demographic and attitudinal characteristics that could cause differences in information search strategies.
Traumatic brain injury: a primer for primary care physicians.

s p s t p a t i A ccidents are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children greater than 1 year of age and a major public health issue confronting ealth care providers. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is he number one cause of death due to trauma in ediatric patients, and each year in the United States pproximately 400,000 children suffer significant head njury. Of those, 30,000 require hospital admission, nd more than 3000 children succumb to their injuries. o put these numbers into perspective, TBI will take he lives of 6 times the number of US children who ill die from HIV/AIDS and 20 times the number of hose who will suffer a fatal asthma attack. In ddition, TBI accounts for approximately 10 billion ollars per year in US health care spending. Unfortuately, there appears to be a noticeable disparity in are and outcome between children with health insurnce and those without. Tilford and colleagues, in a tudy on hospitalization rates and outcomes for chilren with TBI, found that being uninsured conferred n increased mortality risk of 20%. The reasons cited nclude delay in seeking treatment, decreased access to rehospital treatment, and less aggressive in-hospital reatment (as measured by utilization of invasive ntracranial pressure monitoring). Although the causes of head trauma vary by age Table 1), in all age groups males are nearly twice as ikely to experience head trauma as females. Curently, the three leading causes of serious head injury n children aged 0 to 14 years are falls, motor vehicle ccidents, and intentional injury or assault. In children ess than 1 year old, inflicted head injury continues to e a leading cause of death due to trauma and a
Proton-Dependent Conformational Dynamics in KcsA

Proton-dependent gating has been studied extensively in KcsA but the precise molecular mechanism of channel opening in response to proton binding remains elusive. Structural and electrophysiological data show that the pH sensor in KcsA consists of a strong sensor, H25, in addition to one weak sensor, E118. Protonation of these residues drives opening of the channel by shifting the equilibrium from the closed state to the open state, which can be described using the MWC model. We used NMR to directly monitor proton binding at the pH sensor as well as pH-dependent conformational changes in KcsA by following chemical shift changes in specific residues, including H25 and E118. These NMR experiments were performed in lipid bicelles, which more closely recapitulate the native environment of KcsA. We obtained state-dependent pKa values from the pH-dependent titration curve of H25 and show that this residue also reports the protonation of the nearby glutamate residues E118 and E120. In addition, we assessed the titration curves of mutants previously characterized by electrophysiology studies that display shifts in the closed-open equilibrium. Further exploration of these mutants as well as other key residues at the pH sensor and gating region will be key to understanding how proton binding is coupled to conformational changes in the channel.
Unfriending on Facebook: Context Collapse and Unfriending Behaviors

Social network sites (SNS) like Facebook allow users to add friends from a variety of contexts to a single general-purpose social network. The variety of friend types that gather on the site can lead to context collapse where connections from a variety of context are grouped in a single collection. This research examines the friend types who are commonly unfriended and examines two particular friend types in detail to determine differences between these types of friends and the general population. The most common type of friend who is unfriended is the high school friend (18.6%), followed by other (uncategorized), friend of a friend, and work friend. These four friend types account for the majority (53.7%) of unfriending decisions. High school friends are unfriended for making online posts that are polarizing and for posting too frequently about unimportant topics. Work-related friends are commonly unfriended for engaging in disliked offline behavior and are not typically unfriended for their posting behavior.
Effects of Fluency on Psychological Distance and Mental Construal (or Why New York Is a Large City, but New York Is a Civilized Jungle)

People construe the world along a continuum from concretely (focusing on specific, local details) to abstractly (focusing on global essences). We show that people are more likely to interpret the world abstractly when they experience cognitive disfluency, or difficulty processing stimuli in the environment, than when they experience cognitive fluency. We observed this effect using three instantiations of fluency: visual perceptual fluency (Study 1b), conceptual priming fluency (Study 2b), and linguistic fluency (Study 3). Adopting the framework of construal theory, we suggest that one mechanism for this effect is perceivers' tendency to interpret disfluently processed stimuli as farther from their current position than fluently processed stimuli (Studies 1a and 2a).
Role of P-450 Arachidonic Acid Epoxygenase in the Response of Cerebral Blood Flow to Glutamate in Rats

Background and Purpose Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, has been implicated in the hyperemic response to increases in the activity of neurons, but the mechanism of glutamate-induced dilation of cerebral blood vessels is unknown. Glutamate has been shown to enhance the release of arachidonic acid (AA) in brain tissue and cultured astrocytes. We have previously shown that astrocytes metabolize AA to vasodilator products, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and express a P-450 AA epoxygenase, P-450 2C11. We tested the hypothesis that glutamate-induced dilation of cerebral arterioles is mediated in part by changes in the formation and release of EETs by perivascular astrocytes. Methods Primary astrocyte cultures were prepared from 3-day-old rat pups. The cells were labeled with [14C]AA, and the effect of glutamate on the formation of EETs from [14C]AA by cultured astrocytes was studied. The expression of P-450 2C11 protein in the microsomal fractions of cultured astrocytes was assessed by Western blot. In vivo cerebral blood flow measurements were made in adult rats by laser-Doppler flowmetry after administration of glutamate into the subdural space of the rat before and after treatment with miconazole. Results Glutamate treatment (100 μmol/L for 30 minutes) induced a threefold increase in the formation of EETs from [14C]AA by cultured astrocytes, and the increase was inhibited by miconazole (20 μmol/L), an inhibitor of P-450 AA epoxygenase. Treatment with glutamate (100 μmol/L) for 12 hours increased the expression of P-450 2C11 protein in the microsomal fraction of cultured astrocytes. The response of laser-Doppler cerebral blood flow to administration of glutamate (500 μmol/L) into the subdural space of the rat was significantly attenuated after treatment with miconazole (20 μmol/L for 30 minutes). Conclusions These findings suggest a role for a P-450 AA epoxygenase in astrocytes in the coupling between the metabolic activity of neurons and regional blood flow in the brain.