cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reassessment of net radiation measurements in the atmosphere of Venus

An analysis was performed of the possible error mechanisms which degraded the IR net flux measurements made by the three small atmospheric probes dispatched from the Pioneer Venus spacecraft. The larger errors began below 30 km, and caused the data to be inconsistent with previous estimates of the atmospheric opacity. Evaluations were made of the possible radiation field perturbations behind each probe, cloud particle deposition on the sensor windows, and thermal disturbances within the sensors because of gas flow through the window retainers. The gas flow through the retainers was identified as the most likely error source, and was demonstrated in laboratory tests. A strong Reynolds number dependence was also found. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to account for the errors, using the constraints defined by the tests. Upper and lower bounds were calculated for the true net flux for both day and night conditions.
From Solution to Gas Phase: The Implications of Intramolecular Interactions on the Evaporative Dynamics of Substance P During Electrospray Ionization

Substance P (RPKPQQFFGLM-NH2) [M + 3H]3+ ions have been shown to occupy two distinct conformer states, a compact population of conformers that is formed by evaporation of hydrated ions, and an elongated population of conformers that is formed by collisional heating of the compact conformer. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and amino acid mutations revealed that the compact conformer is stabilized by intramolecular interactions between the localized charge-carrying sites, specifically the N-terminus, R1, and K3, with the side chains of glutamine and phenylalanine residues present in the peptide. Here, we employ amino acid mutations and cryogenic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (cryo-IM-MS) in an effort to understand how eliminating specific intramolecular interactions alters ion hydration, as well as the dehydration dynamics of substance P during the final stages of the electrospray process. The results clearly illustrate a direct link between the stabilizing effects of intramolecular self-solvation and ...
Is Evolution of Mating Preferences Inevitable? Random Mating in the Multisex System of Tetrahymena thermophila

Ciliate mating systems are highly diversified, providing unique opportunities to study sexual differentiation and its implications for mating dynamics. Many species of ciliates have multiple (>2) sexes. More sexes may mean more choice and an opportunity for evolution of preferential mating. We asked if the multiple sexes of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila mate preferentially among each other. We quantified pairing frequencies among four sexes of T. thermophila using experiments that allowed the sexes to compete as mating partners. We found that all sexes mated equally frequently among each other, that is, we found no evidence of preferential mating with respect to sex. This suggests that the “mate choice” in this ciliate is binary, between whether to form a pair or not and, in this regard, sex facilitates only self-/non-self-distinction. Thus, presence of multiple sexes does not necessarily result in the evolution of mating bias, which could decrease the maximum amount of mating that would otherwise be possible in a population. Our result of random mating verifies a key assumption in the theoretical model of sex ratio evolution in T. thermophila. Investigation into molecular differences between the sexes will be necessary to reveal the mechanistic basis of random mating among them.
Exocrine pancreatic secretion in the syrian golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus—I. Basic values

Abstract 1. 1. Pancreatic secretion was studied in starved and fed Syrian hamsters. 2. 2. pH did not change over the 20-hr collection period. 3. 3. Flow rate increased steadily through 10–12hr at which time it remained constant or decreased slowly. 4. 4. Protein concentration was higher in starved than in fed animals and decreased with time in both. 5. 5. Ionic concentrations were seen to vary with K + and Na + remaining constant, while Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ decreased with time. HCO − 3 and Cl − exhibited a complementary relationship and their combined total decreased with time as did SO 2− 4 and PO 2− 4 . 6. 6. DNA and protein synthesis were evaluated in pancreatic tissue.
PERSISTENT HYPERSYNCHRONIZATION OF NEOCORTICAL NEURONS IN THE MOCHA MUTANT OF MOUSE

A recessive mutation in the mouse at the mocha locus (mh, chromosome 10) modulates the synchronous synaptic activation of neocortical neurons, resulting in a constant 6-7 Hz (theta) wave pattern in the electrocorticogram. The gene-linked brain rhythm is unaffected by motor behavior and cannot be desynchronized by sensory stimuli. This exemplary neurological mutation affecting cortical excitability is the first to reveal clearly that the predominance of a specific pattern of spontaneous brain wave activity can be inherited as a recessive trait.
The Influences of Species Richness and Climate on the Phylogenetic Structure of African Haplorhine and Strepsirrhine Primate Communities

Many factors contribute to the structure of primate communities, including historical processes, interspecific competition, and climate. Here, we quantify the phylogenetic structure of individual primate communities to evaluate these factors relative to a null model. Then, we examine the effects of species richness and local climate on variation in community phylogenetic structure. We analyze 71 haplorhine and 29 strepsirrhine communities in Africa and quantify their net relatedness (NRI) and nearest taxon (NTI) indices. Significantly low, i.e., phylogenetically even, NRI and NTI values are indicative of interspecific competition in the past, resulting in closely related species not being found in the same community. In contrast, significantly high, i.e., phylogenetically clustered, NRI and NTI values suggest that closely related species have similar ecological requirements, resulting in closely related species occupying the same community. In a second set of analyses, we used simultaneous autoregressive models to examine if species richness, rainfall, and temperature predict variation in community phylogenetic structure. Most individual communities exhibited phyloge- netically random species assemblages. However, significantly structured haplorhine
Vertical migration of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) (Mollusca:Bivalvia): environmental correlates and ecological significance

Abstract In a field study of marked individuals, the clam Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) migrated vertically in a rhythm that was synchronized with the local tidal cycle. Clams were shallowest (5 mm) at high tide and deepest (25 mm) at low tide. Clam depth was independent of clam size. M. mercenaria migrated vertically in sand, mud, and oyster rubble habitats but not in Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) grass beds. When relocated to a sand habitat, clams from S. alterniflora beds also migrated vertically in concert with tidal phase. Clams exhibited relatively little horizontal movement. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that an increase in pressure caused upward movement of M. mercenaria. Field experiments restricting vertical movements of M. mercenaria showed that clams buried 20 mm or deeper at low tide had reduced risk of gull predation. Predation by avian predators is suggested as a selective pressure in the evolution of the tidally based vertical migration of M. mercenaria.
Face processing without awareness in the right fusiform gyrus

We investigated brain activity evoked by faces which were not consciously perceived by subjects. Subdural electrophysiological recordings and functional neuroimaging studies have each demonstrated face-specific processing in the fusiform gyrus (FFG) of humans. Using pattern masks, a stimulus can be presented but not consciously perceived, and thus can be used to assay obligatory or automatic processes. Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern masking, we observed that masked faces but not masked objects activated the right FFG. Other regions activated by consciously perceived unmasked faces were not activated when faces were masked. These data provide strong evidence for an automatic face-processing region in the right FFG.
Computer science education and social relevance

The rise of computer science as a theoretical discipline should not be allowed to proceed without promoting the study of the social implications and applications of the field. This paper describes an undergraduate course whose primary goal is to foster an understanding of how computers can be used for socially relevant purposes. The students were required to propose and execute a project which could benefit people directly. The projects are described and suggestions for further work are given.The rapid rise of Computer Science as a major field of university study is unprecedented. In 25 years digital computers have risen from a laboratory experiment to a full-fledged academic discipline. Most major universities have created Departments of Computer Science and offer advanced degrees.
Coated microneedles for transdermal delivery

Coated microneedles have been shown to deliver proteins and DNA into the skin in a minimally invasive manner. However, detailed studies examining coating methods and their breadth of applicability are lacking. This study's goal was to develop a simple, versatile and controlled microneedle coating process to make uniform coatings on microneedles and establish the breadth of molecules and particles that can be coated onto microneedles. First, microneedles were fabricated from stainless steel sheets as single microneedles or arrays of microneedles. Next, a novel micron-scale dip-coating process and a GRAS coating formulation were designed to reliably produce uniform coatings on both individual and arrays of microneedles. This process was used to coat compounds including calcein, vitamin B, bovine serum albumin and plasmid DNA. Modified vaccinia virus and microparticles of 1 to 20 μm diameter were also coated. Coatings could be localized just to the needle shafts and formulated to dissolve within 20 s in porcine cadaver skin. Histological examination validated that microneedle coatings were delivered into the skin and did not wipe off during insertion. In conclusion, this study presents a simple, versatile, and controllable method to coat microneedles with proteins, DNA, viruses and microparticles for rapid delivery into the skin.
Detection of immune complexes in human dental periapical lesions by anticomplement immunofluorescence technique

Twenty-five human dental periapical lesions were obtained. The lesions were frozen, sectioned, and examined for the presence of immune complexes by employing an anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) technique. Twenty-three of the periapical specimens were positive for antigen-antibody complexes. No staining was noted in the two lesions that were histologically diagnosed as periapical scar tissue.
Complexity of algebraic specifications

In the field of algebraic specification, the semantics of an equationally specified datatype is given by the initial algebra of the specifications. We show in this paper that in general the theory of the initial algebra of a given set of equations is II 2 0 -complete. The impossibility of complete finite axiomatization of equations as well as inequations true in the initial algebra is therefore established. We, further, establish that the decision problem is, in general, II 1 0 -complete if the equational theory is decidable. We extend the investigation to a certain semantics of parameterized specifications (the so-called free extension functor semantics) that has been proposed in the literature. We present some results characterizing the recursion-theoretic properties of (a) the theory of the free extension algebras of parameter algebras relative to the the theory of the parameter algebras, and (b) the theory of the models of a parameterized specification relative to the theory axiomatized by the specification itself.
Vacancy ordering in Sc1−xS

This is a study of scandium vacancy ordering in slowly cooled Sc1−xS using high-resolution electron microscopy. Previous X-ray analysis had shown vacancy segregation into alternate (111) planes of the rocksalt substructure. The present study reveals a further incommensurate ordering of the vacancies within the (111)c planes in approximately every third (110)rhombohedral plane. The incommensurate order was easily destroyed by the irradiation and heating of the electron beam. These observations are discussed in terms of the termination of the wave vector within the Brillouin zone and described in terms of a possible continuous transition to an incommensurate Sc atom population wave.
Role of Molecular Level Interfacial Forces in Hard Biomaterial Mechanics: A Review

Biological materials have evolved over millions of years and are often found as complex composites with superior properties compared to their relatively weak original constituents. Hard biomaterials such as nacre, bone, and dentin have intrigue researchers for decades for their high stiffness and toughness, multifunctionality, and self-healing capabilities. Challenges lie in identifying nature's mechanisms behind imparting such properties and her pathways in fabricating these composites. The route frequently acquired by nature is embedding submicron- or nano-sized mineral particles in protein matrix in a well-organized hierarchical arrangement. The key here is the formation of large amount of precisely and carefully designed organic-inorganic interfaces and synergy of mechanisms acting over multiple scales to distribute loads and damage, dissipate energy, and resist change in properties owing to events such as cracking. An important aspect to focus on is the chemo-mechanics of the organic-inorganic interfaces and its correlation with overall mechanical behavior of materials. This review focuses on presenting an overview of the past work and currently ongoing work done on this aspect. Analyses focuses on understanding role played by the interfacial mechanics on overall mechanical strength of hard biomaterials. Specific attention is given to synergy between experiments and modeling at the nanoscale to understand the hard biomaterial biomechanics.
Asia's Stock Markets: Are There Crouching Tigers and Hidden Dragons?

Stock markets play a key role in corporate financing in Asia. However, despite their increasing importance in terms of size and cross-border investment activity, the region’s markets are reputed to be more “idiosyncratic” and less reliant on economic and corporate fundamentals in their pricing. Using a model that draws on international asset pricing and economic theory, as well as accounting literature, we find evidence of greater idiosyncratic influences in the pricing of Asia’s stock markets, compared to their G-7 counterparts, beyond the identified systematic factors and local fundamentals. We also show proof of a significant relationship between the strength of implementation of securities regulations and the “noise” in stock pricing, which suggests that improvements in the regulation of securities markets in Asia could enhance the role of stock markets as stable and reliable sources of financing into the future.
Cloning and characterization of pig muscle cDNAs by an expressed sequence tag approach

Abstract To provide additional unique marker sequences for genome mapping, we have cloned and partially sequenced 14 pig skeletal muscle cDNAS, representing 11 independent genes. Random selection from an adult skeletal muscle cDNA library, coupled with dot blot hybridization of the cDNA clones with complex probes representing muscle and non‐muscle gene expression, was used to identify putative muscle‐specific cDNAs. These cDNAs were then partially sequenced and the resulting primary structural information was used to screen the Genbank/European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and Protein Information Resource (PIR) databases. Pig cDNAs with significant similarity to α‐actin, α7‐integrin, α‐actinin2, myosin binding protein H, and myosin light chain kinase were identified. Northern analysis of α‐actinin2 showed the expression pattern of this pig gene closely matched that reported for human α‐actinin2. Six cDNAs had no significant database match indicating that these genes have not been sequenced in other...
Prolactin synthesis in primary cultures of pituitary cells: Regulation by estradiol

Pituitary cells cultured with estradiol respond by a specific increase in prolactin synthesis. Extensive inhibition of DNA synthesis (61-78%) with hydroxyurea or cytosine arabinoside resulted in only 28-33% decrease in estrogen-induced prolactin synthesis. To assess the role of prolactin cell proliferation in the estrogen-induced response, mammotrophs were identified by immunocytochemistry. Cultures treated with estradiol for 1, 2 or 5 days contained 101 +/- 1, 113 +/- 2 and 132 +/- 1% of the number of mammotrophs in controls. Estradiol treatment for corresponding periods resulted in prolactin synthesis representing 94 +/- 5, 144 +/- 11 and 270 +/- 22% of controls and prolactin mRNA levels representing 115 +/- 7, 160 +/- 7 and 322 +/- 22% of controls. Thus estrogen caused a considerable increase in prolactin synthesis which paralleled the increase in prolactin mRNA levels and a much smaller relative increase in the number of mammotrophs. We conclude that regulation of prolactin synthesis by estrogen is mediated predominantly but not exclusively through stimulation of gene expression in existing pituitary cells.
Brand Choice Behavior as a Function of Information Load

A currently popular position among consumer advocates and many public policy makers is that more product information is better. A 3 (number of brands) × 3 (number of items of information per brand)...
Heat shock protein-peptide complexes in cancer immunotherapy

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are associated with a broad spectrum of peptides derived from the cells from which they are isolated. Vaccination with such HSP-peptide complexes elicits protective immunity against tumors or other cells used as the source of HSPs. These observations suggest that HSP-peptide complexes are suitable as vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases.
Heart rate variability during sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Background Noradrenergic function has been linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and might have a role in mediating sleep disturbances of the disorder. Our objective was to relate a peripheral manifestation of noradrenergic function, sympathetic nervous system activity as indexed by heart rate variability during sleep, to the development of PTSD in subjects with recent traumatic injuries. Methods Subjects who had recall of life-threatening experiences were recruited from one of two regional trauma centers. Select subjects received a polysomnographic recording within 1 month of the trauma. Digitized electrocardiogram recordings were extracted from early and late rapid-eye-movement (REM) and preceding non-REM sleep periods. Autoregression was applied to R-R interval time series to calculate the ratios of low-frequency to high-frequency spectral densities (LF/HF ratios), which index sympathetic activation. Posttraumatic stress disorder status was determined at 2 months. Results There was a significant state × group interaction: LF/HF ratios were higher during the REM sleep of the nine subjects who were positive for PTSD symptoms, compared with the 10 subjects who were PTSD negative. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the possibility that increased noradrenergic activity during REM sleep contributes to the development of PTSD.
Phenotypic changes in NG2+ cells after spinal cord injury.

Following contusive spinal cord injury (SCI), 50% of oligodendrocytes in the residual white matter are lost within 24 h. NG2-expressing cell proliferation is maximal 3 days after SCI, and may be the source of mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes that chronically replace those that were lost. We studied NG2+ cells dissociated from the 3-day injured spinal cord for comparison with those from uninjured adult and early postnatal cords. After 24 h in serum-containing medium, we performed patch clamp analysis and immunocytochemistry for NG2 in combination with nestin (progenitors), and A2B5, O4, and O1 (oligodendrocyte lineage markers). We observed an NG2+/A2B5–/O4–/O1– population in both adult preparations. More than double the normal number of NG2+ cells was isolated from the injured cord, but OX42+ microglia/macrophages were the predominant cell type after injury. Most cells isolated at P7 were NG2–/A2B5+, whereas those from the normal adult were NG2+/A2B5–. NG2+ cells after SCI displayed altered voltage-g...
Collective inference for network data with copula latent markov networks

The popularity of online social networks and social media has increased the amount of linked data available in Web domains. Relational and Gaussian Markov networks have both been applied successfully for classification in these relational settings. However, since Gaussian Markov networks model joint distributions over continuous label space, it is difficult to use them to reason about uncertainty in discrete labels. On the other hand, relational Markov networks model probability distributions over discrete label space, but since they condition on the graph structure, the marginal probability for an instance will vary based on the structure of the subnetwork observed around the instance. This implies that the marginals will not be identical across instances and can sometimes result in poor prediction performance. In this work, we propose a novel latent relational model based on copulas which allows use to make predictions in a discrete label space while ensuring identical marginals and at the same time incorporating some desirable properties of modeling relational dependencies in a continuous space. While copulas have recently been used for descriptive modeling, they have not been used for collective classification in large scale network data and the associated conditional inference problem has not been considered before. We develop an approximate inference algorithm, and demonstrate empirically that our proposed Copula Latent Markov Network models based on approximate inference outperform a number of competing relational classification models over a range of real-world relational classification tasks.
INFLUENCE OF P-FLUOROPHENYLALANINE ON POLIOVIRUS PARTICLES.

Abstract In the presence of appropriate amounts of the amino acid analog p -fluorophenylalanine (FPA), susceptible tissue culture cells infected with poliovirus produce infectious virus RNA and specific antigens to levels nearly comparable to those obtained from control cultures but little or no infectious virus. It was found that particles are formed under these conditions but that they are structurally altered. The gross morphology, such as diameter and shape resembled that of mature virus. However, the capsid of FPA virus was permeable to phosphotungstate and RNase. Investigation of the fine structure showed loss of symmetrical arrangement of capsomeres leaving the particles labile.
Evidence for a viscerotopic sensory representation in the cortex and thalamus in the rat

The functional organization of the insular cortex was studied by recording neuronal responses to visceral sensory stimuli. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was then iontophoresed at the recording sites to identify afferents from the ventrobasal thalamus to specific visceroceptive sites in the insular cortex. The relationship of the ventrobasal thalamus to the insular cortex and to brainstem relay nuclei for the ascending visceral projections was then examined by using the axonal transport of HRP, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA-HRP), and fluorescent dyes. Of a total of 55 neurons that were tested for responses to visceral sensory stimuli, 33 units responded to at least one visceral sensory modality: 6 received gastric mechanoreceptor input, 8 responded to taste inputs, 13 were activated by arterial chemoreceptors and/or showed respiratory related activity, and 6 responded to cardiovascular baroreceptor stimulation. On the basis of its cytoarchitecture and connections with the thalamus, the insular cortex was divided into a dorsal granular area, an intermediate dysgranular region, and a ventral agranular strip. Taste-responsive neurons were located anteriorly, primarily in the dysgranular region, whereas unit responses to general visceral modalities were distributed dorsally and posteriorly in the granular insular cortex. Gastric mechanoreceptor-responsive units were situated more dorsally and anteriorly in the granular insular cortex, while cardiopulmonary inputs were located more ventrally and posteriorly. Injections of HRP into the gustatory insular cortex resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in the parvicellular part of the ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus (VPMpc). Injections into the general visceral insular cortex retrogradely labeled neurons lateral to VPMpc in the ventroposterior lateral parvicellular thalamic nucleus (VPLpc). Injections of HRP, WGA-HRP, and fluorescent dyes into VPMpc and VPLpc verified that their projection to the insular cortex is topographically organized. In the same experiments, retrogradely labeled neurons in the parabrachial nucleus identified the likely subnuclei within this nucleus for relay of visceral sensory information to the thalamus. Injections of WGA-HRP into the parabrachial nucleus demonstrated that its projection to the ventrobasal thalamus is also topographically organized. These results demonstrate the relationship of general visceral and special visceral (taste) representations in the insular cortex. The ascending pathway for visceral sensory information appears to be viscerotopically organized at all levels of the neuraxis, including the insular cortex.
Survival after lower-extremity amputation

Abstract Background Lower extremity amputation has long been considered an end-of-life event and it is unclear if survival after amputation has improved over time. Study design A retrospective cohort comprised from a statewide, hospital discharge database was used to determine if survival after amputation improved with time. The cohort included all patients (older than 18 years) with nontraumatic, lower extremity amputations (1987 to 2000). Survival analysis was used to determine the adjusted hazard ratio of survival as it related to the era of amputation. Results A total of 13,807 patients (mean age ± SD, 67 ± 15, 58.5% men) underwent amputation. The gender and age standardized frequency of amputation remained essentially stable, with a 0.01% increase per year (95% CI, 0.006–0.01%). During followup, 49.2% (6,795/13,807) of patients died, with significantly (p Conclusions Although 30-day survival associated with amputation has remained stable in the state of Washington over the past 14 years, longterm survival after amputation has improved considerably with time. The reasons underlying this improvement should be explored so that further gains may be achieved.
XXVII.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—CLXXXI

(1941). XXVII.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—CLXXXI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 8, No. 46, pp. 302-306.
The volatility of asset prices in a stochastic production economy

Abstract Without appealing to non-market fundamentals (bubbles or irrational noise traders), this paper explains excess volatility by incorporating the fact that expectations of future technology shocks affect current production and asset prices respond to such expectations.
On prime representing polynomials

A heuristic method is presented to determine the number of primesp ≤x, represented by an irreducible polynomialf(n), without non-trivial fixed factor (f(y)<∈Z[y]; n∈Z. The method is applied to two specific polynomials and the results are compared with those of the heuristic approach of Hardy and Littlewood.
Effects of Spectral Irradiance on the Early Development of Chinook Salmon

Abstract Freshly fertilized eggs, alevins, and fry of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to artificial light sources of different spectral distributions and irradiances. Survival, eyeing, hatching, and length and weight data suggest that (1) all light is not harmful to chinook salmon eggs, alevins, and fry; (2) ultraviolet light (wavelength, 285–390 nm) of spectral Irradiance above 10–3 W/m2 (8 h/d) is harmful to chinook salmon eggs, alevins, and fry; (3) visible light (391–800 nm) of spectral Irradiance above 10–2 W/m2 (8 h/d) is harmful to chinook salmon eggs; (4) chinook salmon eggs are more vulnerable to both ultraviolet light and visible light than are alevins and fry; and (5) semidarkness or the Irradiance of pink fluorescent lamps may benefit chinook salmon fry in terms of weight gain. Results indicate that chinook salmon eggs may be exposed to 50–100 kJ/m2 of artificial light daily from incandescent bulbs, filtered pink fluorescent lamps, or conventional fluorescent room lighti...
High-performance hydrophobic-interaction chromatography of steroid hormone receptors.

Abstract The use of high-performance hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (HPHIC) on SynChropak 500 propyl columns has been evaluated for the first time in the analysis of estrogen receptors labeled with [ 1 2 5 I]iodoestradiol-17β. These receptors were extracted from reproductive tissues with 500 m M phosphate buffer and applied to the stationary phase. Utilizing an inverse phosphate gradient (500 to 10 m M , elution resulted in rapidly excluded components in the void volume followed by a second radioactive peak at 400 m M phosphate. Both peaks appeared to contain specific estrogen-binding components in that steroid association was inhibited by diethylstilbestrol and free ligand was eluted with a different retention time. A great deal of [ 1 2 5 I]iodoestradiol- 17β was retained by the column. Inclusion of acetonitrile (20%) in the mobile phase resulted in the elution of[ 1 2 5 I]iodoestradiol-receptor complexes at a different position from free ligand. Distribution of specific estrogen-binding components appeared to be tumor-dependent. These preliminary results indicate that HPHIC may be useful for isolating various isoforms of steroid hormone receptors so that detailed information regarding their intrinsic properties may be ascertained.
AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISCOUS FLOWS

A solution procedure is described for the numerical solution of steady and unsteady compressible v iscous flow past wing-a1 one, and rotor configurations. T his procedure solves the three-dimensiona l unsteady Navier-Stokes equations in a body-fitted coordinate system. A finite difference procedure of second order spatial accuracy and first order temporal accuracy is used to discretize the governing e quations, and a hybrid time marching scheme is used to advance the solution from one time level to the next. This orocedure lends itself to efficient solution on In this work, a hybrid time-marching tech- nique for the numerical solution of the three- dimensional unsteady Navi er-Stokes e quations is proposed, as an a1 ternative to existing explicit (MacCormack or Runge-Kutta) and implicit (ADI, LU) time marching techniques. This technique has in the past been applied to the numerical solution of the unsteady ree-dimensional Euler equations with success. 3y Although in this work it has been used with standard spatial d iscretization techniques, it may be used with improved spatial discretization schemes such as high order upwind schemes. the c urrent generation vector machines. In un- steady applications involving oscillating wing In the n ext several sections the solution surfaces or rotating rotor blades, the surface algorithm is described in detail. The algorithm is motion is treated exactly, by allowing the body- then tested f or solution accuracy and stability by fitted grid to rotate or deform. Sample steady and considering a number of cases, such as flow over a helicopter rotor blade in hover, and transonic unsteady calculations are presented for fixed and transport wing appl cati ens. Detailed CPU time rotary wing configurations. Detailed surface pressure and integrated load comparisons with estimates and memory requirements are given to experiments are given. illustrate the suitability of these t echniques for engineering use.
Using Rasch measurement theory to assess three depression scales among adults with epilepsy

People with chronic conditions, such as epilepsy, are at a high risk for depression; however depression is often under-recognized and undertreated. Depression scales, including one specific to people with epilepsy, have been used for screening in this population, although none have been assessed with Rasch measurement theory. This study used Rasch analyses in order to evaluate and compare the psychometric properties of the modified Beck Depression Inventory, the Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy in a sample of people with epilepsy and depression who participated in an intervention designed to reduce depressive symptoms. A secondary purpose was to assess item functioning across time. The sample includes 44 participants in the Project UPLIFT program who completed the assessments before and after taking part in the intervention. Results of the Rasch analysis indicate that the three depression scales functioned as intended. There was good overall targeting between the items and the sample, acceptable model-data fit, and good reliability of separation for persons, items, and time. The participants experienced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms from pretest to posttest. This study illustrates the value of using model-based measurement with the Rasch model to combine items across the three depression scales. It also demonstrates an approach for analyzing and evaluating the results of small scale intervention programs, such as the UPLIFT program.
History repeated: recent and historical mitochondrial introgression between the current darter Etheostoma uniporum and rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum (Teleostei: Percidae)

Incongruence between recognized taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships between two species from a diverse clade (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) of stream fishes was found in a mitochondrial (mt) DNA gene tree. Two darters in subgenus Oligocephalus, Etheostoma uniporum current darter and Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter were sampled throughout their sympatric distribution in the Ozark Highlands of the central United States. Sequences from cytochrome (cyt) b and the first intron of the nuclear marker S7 were analysed separately using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. Cyt b recovered both species as polyphyletic; E. uniporum haplotypes were interspersed within E. caeruleum. However, both species were monophyletic and non-sister taxa based on S7. The cyt b gene tree pattern is caused by introgressive hybridization resulting in the mtDNA replacement of E. uniporum haplotypes by those of E. caeruleum. Some E. uniporum haplotypes are shared with geographically proximate E. caeruleum, and this is consistent with recent hybridization, while other E. uniporum haplotypes indicate historical sorting of introgressed lineages. The mechanism of introgression is likely asymmetric sneaking behaviour by male E. uniporum, a mating tactic observed in related species. MtDNA replacement may have occurred in E. uniporum due to drift fixation in a historically small female effective population. Additional evidence for darter hybridization will likely be discovered in future molecular genetic surveys of the nearly 200 species in eastern North America.
The performance of infants born preterm and full-term in the mobile paradigm: Learning and memory

Background and Purpose. By 3 to 4 months of age, infants born full-term and without known disease display associative learning and memory abilities in the mobile paradigm, where an infant's leg is tethered to a mobile such that leg kicks result in proportional mobile movement. The first purpose of this study was to examine the learning and memory abilities of a group of infants born full-term compared with those of a comparison group. Little is known about the learning and memory abilities in infants born preterm, a group at known risk for future impairments in learning and movement. The second purpose of this study was to determine if and when an age-adjusted group of infants born prematurely display associative learning and memory abilities over a 6-week period. Subjects. Ten infants born full-term (38–42 weeks gestational age [GA]) and 10 infants born preterm (<33 weeks GA and <2,500 g) who were tethered and had control over the mobile movement were independently compared with a comparison group of 10 infants born full-term who were tethered and viewed a moving mobile but did not have control over the mobile movement. Infants in all 3 groups were seen at 3 to 4 months of age and were excluded from participation for any known visual or orthopedic diagnoses. Methods. Infants were tested using the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm, where one leg is tethered to an overhead mobile such that kicking with that leg results in proportional mobile movement. The kicking rates of the full-term group and the preterm group were compared with their own initial (baseline) kicking rates and with those of the comparison group. Results. After exposure to the conjugate relationship between kicking and mobile movement, the full-term group kicked more frequently compared with their own baseline levels and compared with the comparison group, fulfilling both criteria for learning and memory. In contrast, the preterm group did not increase their kicking rate according to both criteria. Discussion and Conclusion. These results suggest that infants born prematurely differ in their performance in the mobile paradigm as compared with age-matched infants born full-term. The mobile paradigm may provide clinicians with an important early assessment of infants' associative learning and memory abilities. Follow-up studies are needed, however, to further validate this paradigm as a clinical assessment tool.
c-Ha-rasEJ transfection of rat aortic smooth muscle cells induces epidermal growth factor responsiveness and characteristics of a malignant phenotype.

Although the role of several protooncogenes, including sis, myc, and myb in the regulation of growth and differentiation of vascular cells has been examined in some detail, limited information is available on the contribution of ras genes to these processes. In the present studies the influence of oncogenic ras transfection on the phenotypic expression of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was examined. Cultured rat aortic SMCs during early passage (P4) were transfected by lipofection with c-Ha-rasEJ in a pSV2 neo vector or with pSV2 neo vector alone. Stable transfectants were selected in G418 over a 6-week period. Oncogene-transfected cells (ras-LF-1) exhibited differences in morphology and growth pattern relative to vector controls (neo-LF-1), or naive SMCs, including the development of prominent processes and the appearance of focal cellular arrangements giving rise to latticelike structures. Southern analysis revealed multiple integration of oncogenic ras in ras LF-1 cells. Transfection of c-Ha-rasEJ was associated with a twofold increase in p21 levels relative to pSV2 vector controls demonstrating that exogenous ras was expressed in these cells. Overexpression of ras p21 afforded SMCs a lower serum requirement for growth compared to vector controls, anchor-age independent growth on soft agar, and acquisition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) responsiveness. Stimulation of serum-deprived SMCs with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased steady-state levels of c-Ha-ras mRNA in both ras-LF-1 and neo-LF-1 but ras induction was more pronounced in ras-transfected cells. α-smooth muscle (SM) actin gene expression was markedly reduced in ras-transfected cells relative to vector controls. These results show that transfection of c-Ha-rasEJ into aortic SMCs induces an altered phenotypic state characterized by alterations in growth factor-related signal transduction and tumorigenic potential. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RANTES-mediated chemokine transcription in astrocytes involves activation and translocation of p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (RSK)

RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) (≥10 ng/ml) stimulates the induction of KC and other chemokines in astrocytes. Elements of the signal transduction pathway controlling this response were identified. RANTES induced phosphorylation of MEK, ERK1/2, p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in astrocytes. U0126, a pharmacological inhibitor of MEK, blocked the phosphorylation of the downstream elements ERK, RSK, and CREB, inhibited chemokine synthesis, and reduced transcription from a KC promoter construct. Dominant negative mutants of RSK or CREB blocked the transcription driven by the KC promoter. Finally, RANTES treatment induces nuclear translocation of phosphorylated RSK in astrocytes. This novel role for RSK in signaling chemokine responses and synthesis in astrocytes may contribute to the amplification mechanisms responsible for prolonging inflammatory responses in the central nervous system.
On the radiation damping of finite-amplitude progressive edge waves

Using small-amplitude expansions, it is demonstrated that weakly nonlinear periodic edge waves, travelling along the shoreline of a beach, can be attenuated owing to radiation of oblique waves out to sea. A few beach profiles, for which edge-wave dispersion relations are known in closed form, are discussed, and necessary conditions are determined for such radiation to occur due to nonlinear self-interactions. In particular, it is shown that quadratic nonlinear interactions cause the second edge-wave mode on a uniformly sloping beach of slope $\alpha $ to radiate when $\frac{1}{18}\pi $ < $\alpha $ < $\frac{1}{6}\pi $; a detailed derivation to find the amplitude of the radiated wave and the attendant decay rate of the edge wave is presented, using the full water-wave theory. Also, it is pointed out that a concomitant nonlinear mechanism can transfer energy from incoming oblique waves to subharmonic edge waves-a plausible mechanism for the generation of travelling edge waves in coastal waters-and the details of this process are discussed within the framework of a shallow-water model.
Acute Atrazine Exposure has Lasting Effects on Chemosensory Responses to Food Odors in Crayfish ( Orconectes virilis )

The herbicide atrazine is known to impact negatively olfactory-mediated behaviors in aquatic animals. We have shown that atrazine exposure has deleterious effects on olfactory-mediated behavioral responses to food odors in crayfish; however, recovery of chemosensory abilities post-atrazine exposure has not been investigated. We examined whether crayfish (Orconectes virilis) recovered chemosensory abilities after a 96-h exposure to sublethal, environmentally relevant concentrations of 80 ppb (µg/L) atrazine. Following treatment, we analyzed the ability of the crayfish to locate a food source using a Y-maze with one arm containing fish-flavored gelatin and the other containing unflavored gelatin. We compared the time spent in the food arm of the Y-maze, near the food source, as well as moving and walking speed of control and atrazine-treated crayfish. We also compared the number of crayfish that handled the food source and the amount of food consumed. Following 24-, 48-, and 72-h recovery periods in fresh water, behavioral trials were repeated to determine if there was any observable recovery of chemosensory-mediated behaviors. Atrazine-treated crayfish spent less time in the food arm, at the odor source, and were less successful at finding the food odor source than control crayfish for all times tested. Additionally, atrazine-treated crayfish consumed less fish-flavored than control crayfish; however, treatment did not affect locomotion. Overall, we found that crayfish are not able to recover chemosensory abilities 72 h post-atrazine exposure. Because crayfish rely heavily on their chemosensory abilities to acquire food, the negative impacts of atrazine exposure could affect population size in areas where atrazine is heavily applied.
Retrospective Analysis of the Serologic Response to the Treatment of Syphilis During Pregnancy

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of several maternal variables on the serologic response following the treatment of syphilis in pregnancy.
Steady-state four-wave mixing in photorefractive quantum wells with femtosecond pulses

Photorefractive AlGaAs–GaAs multiple-quantum-well structures perform as ultrafast field autocorrelators during steady-state four-wave mixing by use of femtosecond pulses. The photorefractive thin films operate in the Raman–Nath diffraction regime with thin transmission gratings. The thin gratings permit degenerate and nondegenerate four-wave mixing without the need to satisfy phase-matching conditions. Nondegenerate mixing has several advantages over degenerate four-wave mixing. The autocorrelation is broadband and is viable for photon energies larger than the band gap of the photorefractive sample, and the diffraction efficiency is unaffected by the bandwidth of the femtosecond pulses. In addition, the readout laser can be a low-power low-cost cw diode laser.
Hybrid fiber laser – Arc welding of thick section high strength low alloy steel

Abstract Hybrid laser – metal active gas (MAG) arc welding is an emerging joining technology that is very promising for shipbuilding applications. This technique combines the synergistic qualities of the laser and MAG arc welding techniques, which permits a high energy density process with fit-up gap tolerance. As the heat input of hybrid laser – arc welding (HLAW) is greater than in laser welding, but much smaller than in MAG arc welding, a relatively narrow weld and restricted heat affected zone (HAZ) is obtained, which can minimize the residual stress and distortion. Furthermore, adding MAG arc can increase the penetration depth for a given laser power, which can translate to faster welding speeds or fewer number of passes necessary for one-sided welding of thick plates. In this work, a new hybrid fiber laser – arc welding system was successfully applied to fully penetrate 9.3 mm thick butt joints using a single-pass process through optimization of the groove shape, size and processing parameters.
Effects of Age and Congestion Information Accuracy of Advanced Traveler Information Systems on User Trust and Compliance

Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) are computer-based in-vehicle systems that provide travel-related information to automobile drivers. It is important for user acceptance to occur quickly because ATIS performance is optimized when many automobiles are equipped with the systems. One important factor in user acceptance is how much users trust the technology. Previous studies on this topic revealed that inaccurate congestion information reduced the users' trust in ATIS and limited compliance with ATIS advice. The previous research is extended by the evaluation of both trust in ATIS and compliance with ATIS advice in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Participants drove through a simulation with the goal of avoiding congestion. A simulated ATIS recommended which way to go to avoid congestion. Participants drove through four trials of ten intersections each. In one trial, ATIS provided accurate information at 100 percent of the intersections. In the other three, the information was 80, 60, or 40 per...