cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Curriculum to Support Literacy Growth in Young Children.

Abstract This study of growth in literacy was conducted over a 5-month period in a preschool classroom in which half of the enrollees were Head Start children and the other half were tuition students. The literacy events of six children from this classroom were videotaped daily. Videotape data were supplemented by other data sources, including weekly collaborative meetings between the teacher and the researcher. Children were administered three literacy tasks at the beginning and end of the study to supplement observational data. Analysis of the data indicated that all six grew in their interest in and knowledge of written language. Implications for curriculum materials and experiences to support literacy growth were generated.
Oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of enriched mantle beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge☆

Geochemical variations in mid-ocean ridge basalts have been attributed to differing proportions of compositionally distinct mantle components in their sources, some of which may be recycled crust. Oxygen isotopes are strongly fractionated by near-surface interactions of rocks with the hydrosphere, and thus provide a tracer of near-surface materials that have been recycled into the mantle. We present here oxygen isotope analyses of basaltic glasses from the mid-Atlantic ridge south of and across the Azores platform. Variations in δ^(18)O in these samples are subtle (range of 0.47‰) and may partly reflect shallow fractional crystallization; we present a method to correct for these effects. Relatively high fractionation-corrected δ^(18)O in these samples is associated with geochemical indices of enrichment, including high La/Sm, Ce/Pb, and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr and low ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd. Our results suggest two first-order conclusions about these enriched materials: (1) they are derived (directly or indirectly) from recycled upper oceanic crustal rocks and/or sediments; and (2) these materials are present in the north Atlantic MORB sources in abundances of less than 10% (average 2–5%). Modeling of variations of δ^(18)O with other geochemical variables further indicates that the enriched component is not derived from incorporation of sediment or bulk altered oceanic crust, from metasomatism of the mantle by hydrous or carbonate-rich fluids, or from partial melting of subducted sediment. Instead, the data appear to require a model in which the enriched component is depleted mantle that has been metasomatized by small-degree partial melts of subducted, dehydrated, altered oceanic crust. The age of this partial melting is broadly constrained to ∼250 Ma. Reconstructed plate motions suggest that the enriched component in the north Atlantic mantle may have originated by subduction along the western margin of Pangea.
Treatment of spinal epidural neuroblastoma xenografts in rats using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody 3F8.

Epidural neuroblastoma xenografts in nude rats causing paraparesis were treated with intravenous injection of an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody 3F8. Metastatic or primary epidural tumors in humans cause rapid neurologic compromise. Treatment is often unsatisfactory. An animal model was established to study antibody targeted therapy of epidural tumor. Human neuroblastoma was xenotransplanted into the thoracic epidural space of nude rats. When paraparesis developed, animals were treated intravenously with an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, 3F8, either alone or radiolabeled with131Iodine. Improvement in neurologic function occurred in 2 of 20 (10%) animals receiving no treatment or control antibody, 14 of 17 (82%) animals receiving 3F8 alone and all 9 animals receiving131I-3F8 (p<0.0001 for 3F8 or131I-3F8 vs. control). Six animals treated with 3F8 alone recovered normal neurologic function and remained well until sacrifice 10 days later. Four animals treated with 3F8 alone had no tumor evident on pathologic examination. The percent injected dose of131I-3F8/g tumor in 5 samples ranged from 0.73% to 3.8%. These observations demonstrate that neoplastic epidural compression of the spinal cord in the rat can be treated successfully with intravenous unmodified monoclonal antibody and that signs of neurologic dysfunction can be reversed. The potential of this approach in treating patients with epidural tumors and other neoplasms, especially those that are not sensitive to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, deserves to be explored.
Radiative decay of mesons and anomaly in 2+1 dimensions

In 2+1 space-time, we study the radiative decay of mesons with Yukawa couplings to two and four component fermions. In a four component theory, the electromagnetic current is free of parity odd radiative corrections; however an axialU(1) current is shown to develop a finite vacuum expectation value. Unlike even dimensions this anomaly is temperature dependent and does not play any role in the radiative decay. We calculate the effective action for the mesons and show that a finite kinetic term for these fields is induced at the one-loop level and vanishes as the temperature goes to infinity.
Recent Floods in Bangladesh: Possible Causes and Solutions

In recent years the frequency of abnormal floods in Bangladesh has increased substantially, causing serious damage to lives and property. The most crucial questions that need to be addressed are: what really causes the havoc-creating floods and is there any solution to the problem?
Automatic Extraction of Comprehensive Cardiac CT Angiography Parameters: A Novel Program with High Accuracy and Efficiency

We tested the accuracy and efficiency of a novel automated program capable of extracting 15 cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) parameters from clinical CTA reports. Five hundred cardiac CTA reports were retrospectively collected and processed. All reports were pre-populated with a structured template per guideline. The program extracted 15 parameters with high accuracy (97.3 %) and efficiency (84 s). This program may be used at other institutions with similar accuracy if its report format follows the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) guideline recommendation.
Comment on "Why is the DNA denaturation transition first order?".

In this comment we argue that while the conclusions in the original paper (Y. Kafri, D. Mukamel and L. Peliti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4988 (2000)) are correct for asymptotically long DNA chains, they do not apply to the chains used in typical experiments. In the added last paragraph, we point out that for real DNA the average distance between denatured loops is not of the order of the persistence length of a single-stranded chain but much larger. This corroborates our reasoning that the double helix between loops is quite rigid, and thereby our conclusion.
Buffalo Gourd Root Starch. Part I. Properties and Structure

The structural and physico-chemical properties of starch isolated from three genetically different populations of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) were explored. The proximate composition of this starch was found to be similar to that of other starches. Granules were depicted to vary in shape (round, oval, truncated) and to resemble maize starch in size. A change in X-ray diffraction behavior from a B- to a C-type pattern was observed upon autoclaving raw gourd starch. Average physico-chemical values were reported as follows: amylose content, 23.1%; water binding capacity, 112; and gelatinization temperature range, 61–69°C. Variation in alkali numbers among samples of this starch was extensive. A highly ordered internal structure of the granule was suggested by low values of swelling power and solubility and high initial pasting temperatures. Pasting curves of buffalo gourd starches were developed which revealed stable gel viscosities throughout the temperature cycle. Amylose fractions were found to be resistant to β-amylase attack and exhibited an average DPη of 1915. Amylopectins were shown to have an average DPη of 2000, and an OCL to ICL of 1.3 to 1. Buffelkurbis-Wurzelstarke. Teil 1. Eigenschaften und Struktur. Die strukturellen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften aus 3 genetisch unterschiedlichen Buffelkurbis- (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) Populationen isolierten Starken wurden untersucht. Die ungefahre Zusammensetzung dieser Starke entspricht der Zusammensetzung anderer Starken. Die Korner variieren in der Form (rund, oval, verstummelt) und ahneln Maisstarke in der Grose. Beim Autoklavieren von roher Kurbisstarke konnte eine Anderung im Rontgenbeugungsverhalten von der B-Form zur C-Form beobachtet werden. Die physikalisch-chemischen Durchschnittswerte wurden wie folgt ermittelt: Amylosegehalt 23%, Wasserbindungsvermogen 112, Verkleisterungstemperatur 61–69°C. Hinsichtlich der Alkalizahl der verschiedenen Starkeproben ergaben sich grose Unterschiede. Niedrige Quellkraft- und Loslichkeitswerte und hohe Anfangs-Verkleisterungstemperaturen lassen auf eine hochgeordnete innere Struktur des Korns schliesen. Die Verkleisterungskurven der Buffelkurbisstarke zeigten uber den ganzen Temperaturzyklus stabile Gelviskositaten. Es wurde ermittelt, das die Amylosefraktionen gegen β-Amylaseangriff widerstandsfahig sind und ein Durchschnitts-DPη von 1915 aufweisen. Die Amylopektine hatten ein Durchschnitts-DPη von 2000 und eine OCL bis ICL von 1,3 bis 1.
In vitro lessons for wound healing

Abstract To understand a process as complex as wound healing, it is helpful to compartmentalize it. This is necessary if one is to study specific aspects individually. For the present purpose, wound healing can be subdivided into four phases: wounding, inflammation, cellular proliferation, and remodeling or maturation. Wound healing may also be considered under the temporally overlapping requirements for cellular migration, division, and differentiation or production of specialized products. Each of these discrete phenomena is potentially amenable to in vitro investigation. Recent advances in tissue culture techniques have greatly expanded the opportunity for clinically relevant, scientifically rigorous studies of wound healing. The following discussion focuses on selected applications of current methodology to this complex biologic process. It is intended to be illustrative of questions that can be addressed in vitro , not as a comprehensive review of the area.
Hybrid density functional theory, Gaussian, and complete basis set ab initio studies of the stability of aluminium monocarbonyl and aluminium isocarbonyl

Abstract Hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational studies of the complexation between aluminium and carbon monoxide was performed in order to determine its stability for experimental detection and accuracy of DFT computed values with some highly reliable ab initio methods. Four highly accurate an initio correlation calculations (G1, G2, G2(MP2), and CBS-Q) agree that AlCO is more stable than its isomer AlCO, with an AlCO bond dissociation energy of about 10.0 kcal/mol. Its energy is also 22.6 kcal/mol lower than the energy of AlCO. The hybrid DFT methods (B3LYP, B3P86, and B3PW91) agree quite well with the CBS-Q ab initio calculations for AlCO, but they ure unable to find a minimum for the AlOC complex on the potential energy curve for the AlOC dissociation. This failure is attributed to the known problem of DFT methods to compute reaction barriers for reactions with low reaction barriers, which is the case for tha AlOC bond dissociation. The CBS-Q estimated the barrier to be 6.2 kcal/mol. There is also a substantial problem inherent in the G1, G2, G2(MP2), and CBS-Q ab initio correlational approaches to study complexes for which HF calculations cannot find a minimum such as for AlCO. It is also interesting to point out that MP2 is incapable of bringing Al and CO together into a complex with ≈2.1 A AlCO bond distance since they are separated by 3.6 A. Nevertheless, both an initio and DFT results agree that AlCO should be experimentally observable.
COUGAR: the network is the database

The widespread distribution and availability of small-scale sensors, actuators, and embedded processors is transforming the physical world into a computing platform. One such example is a sensor network consisting of a large number of sensor nodes that combine physical sensing capabilities such as temperature, light, or seismic sensors with networking and computation capabilities [1]. Applications range from environmental control, warehouse inventory, health care to military environments. Existing sensor networks assume that the sensors are preprogrammed and send data to a central frontend where the data is aggregated and stored for offfsline querying and analysis. This approach has two major draw-backs. First, the user cannot change the behavior of the system on the fly. Second, communication in today's networks is orders of magnitude more expensive than local computation, thus in-network processing can vastly reduce resource usage and thus extend the lifetime of a sensor network.This demo demonstrates a database approach to unite the seemingly conflicting requirements of scalability and flexibility in monitoring the physical world. We demonstrate the COUGAR System, a new distributed data management infrastructure that scales with the growth of sensor interconnectivity and computational power on the sensors over the next decades. Our system resides directly on the sensor nodes and creates the abstraction of a single processing node without centralizing data or computation.
Current Status of Rotational Atherectomy

Rotational atherectomy facilitates percutaneous coronary intervention for complex de novo lesions with severe calcification. A strategy of routine rotational atherectomy has not, however, conferred reduction in restenosis or major adverse cardiac events. As it is technically demanding, rotational atherectomy is also uncommon. At this 25-year anniversary since the introduction of rotational atherectomy, we sought to review the current state-of-the-art in rotational atherectomy technique, safety, and efficacy data in the modern era of drug-eluting stents, strategies to prevent and manage complications, including slow-flow/no-reflow and burr entrapment, and appropriate use in the context of the broader evolution in the management of stable ischemic heart disease. Fundamental elements of optimal technique include use of a single burr with burr-to-artery ratio of 0.5 to 0.6-rotational speed of 140,000 to 150,000 rpm, gradual burr advancement using a pecking motion, short ablation runs of 15 to 20 s, and avoidance of decelerations >5,000 rpm. Combined with meticulous technique, optimal antiplatelet therapy, vasodilators, flush solution, and provisional use of atropine, temporary pacing, vasopressors, and mechanical support may prevent slow-flow/no-reflow, which in contemporary series is reported in 0.0% to 2.6% of cases. On the basis of the results of recent large clinical trials, a subset of patients with complex coronary artery disease previously assigned to rotational atherectomy may be directed instead to medical therapy alone or bypass surgery. For patients with de novo severely calcified lesions for which rotational atherectomy remains appropriate, referral centers of excellence are required.
Periodic, Chaotic, and Doubled Earthquake Recurrence Intervals on the Deep San Andreas Fault

Earthquake recurrence histories may provide clues to the timing of future events, but long intervals between large events obscure full recurrence variability. In contrast, small earthquakes occur frequently, and recurrence intervals are quantifiable on a much shorter time scale. In this work, I examine an 8.5-year sequence of more than 900 recurring low-frequency earthquake bursts composing tremor beneath the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. These events exhibit tightly clustered recurrence intervals that, at times, oscillate between ~3 and ~6 days, but the patterns sometimes change abruptly. Although the environments of large and low-frequency earthquakes are different, these observations suggest that similar complexity might underlie sequences of large earthquakes.
Photoresponses of larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe) in offshore and estuarine waters : implications for transport

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe) larvae have separate behaviors in offshore and estuarine waters that are evoked by chemical cues in these waters. Atlantic menhaden spawn offshore, and larvae are transported shoreward where they metamorphose after entering estuaries. Field studies suggest that during the day larvae are at moderate depths offshore and less abundant in the water column than at night in estuaries. Since photoresponse may contribute to these depth distributions, they were tested in the laboratory in a light field that mimicked the underwater angular light distribution. Responses were quantified as the proportion of larvae swimming in the upper portion of a water column containing either offshore or estuarine water at the same salinity and temperature. Swimming varied significantly with water type. Young larvae (
A 5.58nW 32.768kHz DLL-assisted XO for real-time clocks in wireless sensing applications

There is a growing interest in ultra-low-power wireless microsystems [1]. Synchronization between different nodes in a wireless sensor network plays an important role in the overall node energy budget due to the high power demand of wireless communication. One synchronization approach is to employ a realtime clock (RTC) on each node, with nodes awakening periodically to communicate and re-synchronize. With recent work on ultra-low-power microsystems demonstrating average power consumption of several nW [2], there is a need for ultra-low-power timers that can synchronize communication events and serve as frequency references for radios.
Observation of incoherently coupled photorefractive spatial soliton pairs

We report what is to our knowledge the first observation of incoherently coupled photorefractive spatial soliton pairs.
Brain tumors in the very young child: Postoperative chemotherapy in combined‐modality treatment

Twelve consecutively diagnosed children with brain tumors, ages 7 to 27 months, were treated by a combined-modality approach featuring aggressive surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and delayed irradiation. Patients received multiple clinical neurologic examinations and psychological evaluations, as well as diagnostic imaging studies, to monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy and toxic effects of therapy. Six of the eight children with residual tumor evident postoperatively on computed tomography scans had objective responses to chemotherapy. The efficacy of chemotherapy was further demonstrated by the lack of disease progression for 7 months or longer in eight children, seven of whom remain free of tumor 19 to 57 months (median, 28 months) from the date of diagnosis. The neurologic status of ten patients improved during treatment. Developmental progress was normal in two, low average in three, and frankly deficient in four of ten children formally evaluated. These results indicate that postoperative chemotherapy, added to a regimen of surgical resection and delayed irradiation, prolong survival with only minimal short term neurotoxicity in the majority of very young children with malignant brain tumors.
Wicked Problems and Worthy Pursuits Resolving to Meet American Heart Association 2020 Impact Goals

About 83 million American adults (≈one third of the adult population) have 1 or more types of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD is the underlying cause for ≈33% of American deaths (2008 data).1 Put in stark terms, CVD claims 1 American life every 39 seconds and is responsible for more deaths annually than cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, and accidents combined.2 In 2004, the American Heart Association (AHA), the leading health organization devoted to CVDs and stroke, set an ambitious goal to reduce the mortality rates of coronary heart disease and stroke risk by 25% by the year 2010, using 1999 rates as the baseline. This goal stimulated the AHA to boldly pursue prevention, treatment, and acute-care goals through implementation of policy initiatives, scientific discovery and communication, and other strategic resources. The impact of AHA's 2010 mortality goals was dramatic: during the first decade of this century, death rates resulting from coronary heart disease and stroke fell by ≈30%.3 An optimistic reading of these data on the whole points to an obvious conclusion: although much work remains to be done, the assiduous efforts of public health advocates, researchers, and clinicians can dramatically reduce Americans' cardiovascular mortality. Article see p 2595 The significant declines in CVD and stroke mortality rates have no doubt been attributable to a complex mix of factors, not all quantifiable, and perhaps some unknowable. However, campaigns of primordial, primary, and secondary prevention have concentrated on known cardiovascular risk factors and have likely had considerable influence on mortality rates. Some of these efforts have targeted modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and smoking behaviors—and with some success. Although the trends toward increasing physical activity were modest, smoking prevalence has decreased from baseline levels by 16%.3 Medical therapies have dramatically impacted risk factors …
An overview of the Advanced CompuTational Software (ACTS) collection

The ACTS Collection brings together a number of general-purpose computational tools that were developed by independent research projects mostly funded and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. These tools tackle a number of common computational issues found in many applications, mainly implementation of numerical algorithms, and support for code development, execution, and optimization. In this article, we introduce the numerical tools in the collection and their functionalities, present a model for developing more complex computational applications on top of ACTS tools, and summarize applications that use these tools. Last, we present a vision of the ACTS project for deployment of the ACTS Collection by the computational sciences community.
Extraterrestrial solar spectrum 360–1050 nm from Rotating Shadowband Spectroradiometer measurements at the Southern Great Plains (ARM) site

[1] Two years of Langley extrapolations made from the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program using two very different RSS instruments and a NIST-derived irradiance scale show larger extraterrestrial solar irradiances in the 400 to 600 nm domain by as much as 4.5% compared to the Neckel and Labs [1984] data. Our results are more congruent with that of Thuillier et al. [1998a, 1998b] in this domain but do not show larger irradiances than the Neckel and Labs data at wavelengths less than 400 nm. In addition to the question of the true extraterrestrial solar spectrum, the data we present here are directly useful for the interpretation of spectral measurements calibrated with current National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) irradiance standards, for which we believe this represents the most extensive determination of the solar irradiance.
A Guide to Safe Corporotomy Incisions in the Presence of Underlying Inflatable Penile Cylinders: Results of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

AbstractPurpose: Because iatrogenic injury to an underlying inflatable implant may be induced by electrocautery incision of the tunica during tunical release or cylinder reexploration, safe electrocautery guidelines are needed.Materials and Methods: For the in vitro model silicone and polyurethane elastomer lined inflatable penile prosthetic cylinders were used, and cutting and coagulation electrocautery was applied directly on the device, on a tissue-implant interface, and at minimal, partial or full inflation with saline. For the in vivo study 10 patients with underlying inflatable prosthetic cylinders underwent tunical releases for treatment of secondary penile curvature (7) and reexploration for a malpositioned device (3) with a minimum 1 year of followup.Results: In the in vitro study electrocautery injuries either did not occur when applied directly to silicone and polyurethane elastomer lined devices, occurred in both devices in the presence of a tissue-implant interface, occurred in polyurethane e...
Influence of sample size on precision of heritability and expected selection response in red clover

Limited attention has been given to the effect of sample size on the precision of heritability estimates and expected selection responses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of sample size on the point estimate, its sampling error and interval width. Monte Carlo simulation and non-parametric bootstrap were used to estimate parameters in a red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) data set. We conducted separate analyses for two and four replications, and for combinations of six, 12, 24, 42 and 66 families, each having three, six, nine, 12 and 18 plants. Results showed that the effect of increasing number of families and replications on reduction of sampling error and interval width was greater than that of increasing plants per family. The sampling error and interval width of parameters decreased at a decreasing rate as sample size increased. To reduce the chances of having negative estimates of family variance components and to achieve a narrow confidence interval, an experiment of 42 families, each having six seedlings in four replications would be required.
Perceived Risk and Self-Efficacy as Motivators: Understanding Individuals' Long-Term Use of Health Information.

Using Witte's (1992) extended parallel process model, this study identifies 4 groups of individuals according to their perceived risk and self-efficacy: responsive (high perceived risk, high efficacy), proactive (low perceived risk, high efficacy), avoidance (high perceived risk, low efficacy), and indifference (low perceived risk, low efficacy). Membership in these groups is hypothesized to influence motivation to think about cardiovascular diseases (CVD), use of CVD-related information, and knowledge acquisition. In the cross-sectional data waves, there was a significant interaction between risk perception and self-efficacy on individuals' (a) motivation to think about CVD issues, (b) use of health information, and (c) knowledge acquisition. This study also found similar results longitudinally over a 2-year and a 6-year period.
Investigation of the Mechanical Performance of Compliant Thermal Barriers

Compliant thermal barriers play a pivotal role in the thermal protection systems of advanced aerospace vehicles. Both the thermal properties and mechanical performance of these barriers are critical in determining their successful implementation. Due to the custom nature of many thermal barriers, designers of advanced spacecraft have little guidance as to the design, selection, and implementation of these elements. As part of an effort to develop a more fundamental understanding of the interrelationship between thermal barrier design and performance, mechanical testing of thermal barriers was conducted. Two different types of thermal barriers with several core insulation density levels ranging from 62 to 141 kg/cu m were investigated. Room-temperature compression tests were conducted on samples to determine load performance and assess thermal barrier resiliency. Results showed that the loading behavior of these thermal barriers was similar to other porous, low-density, compliant materials, such as elastomeric foams. Additionally, the insulation density level had a significant non-linear impact on the stiffness and peak loads of the thermal barriers. In contrast, neither the thermal barrier type nor the level of insulation density significantly influenced the room-temperature resiliency of the samples.
A simple technique to remove migrated esophageal stents

A 51-yr-old man with a tracheoesophageal fistula from an esophageal carcinoma had two expandable covered stents placed, which migrated distally. After several unsuccessful attempts to remove the stents, we fashioned a homemade snare to entrap and remove the stents under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance.
Management of Verticillium Wilt of Potato with Disease-Suppressive Green Manures and as Affected by Previous Cropping History

The ability of disease-suppressive rotation crops to reduce potato disease problems and increase crop productivity in a field with prior severe Verticillium wilt, as well as the potential influence of previous cropping history on disease suppression, was evaluated over three field seasons in Maine. Disease-suppressive rotations consisted of: (i) a high-glucosinolate mustard blend ('Caliente 119') as a mixture of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea) with known biofumigation potential and (ii) a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Each were grown as single-season green manures followed by a subsequent potato crop. These rotations were compared with a standard barley rotation and a barley rotation followed by chemical fumigation with metam sodium as controls. Both green manure rotations significantly reduced (average reductions of 25 and 18%, respectively) Verticillium wilt in the subsequent potato crop compared with the standard barley control but were not as effective as chemical fumigation (35% reduction). The mustard blend also reduced other soilborne diseases (black scurf and common scab) better than all other rotations. Mustard blend and chemical fumigation treatments increased tuber yield relative to the barley control by 12 and 18%, respectively. However, by the second rotation cycle, disease levels were high in all rotations, and only chemical fumigation resulted in substantial disease reduction (35%). Rotations also had significant effects on soil microbiology, including soil bacterial and fungal populations and microbial community characteristics based on fatty acid profiles. However, only chemical fumigation significantly reduced soil populations of Verticillium spp. and increased general soil microbial activity. Previous cropping history did not significantly affect disease reduction, tuber yield, or soil microbial communities. This research indicates the potential for using disease-suppressive rotations for managing Verticillium wilt and other soilborne diseases but also indicates that multiple years of disease-suppressive crops may be needed to substantially reduce disease in heavily infested fields.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR THE NEAR WAKE OF A BODY WITH PROPELLER

A numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations applied to the tail and near wake region of a slender, axisymmetric body with a stern-mounted propeller is presented. The propeller is modeled as an actuator zone which may be arbitarily arranged in space with an arbitrary radial distribution of thrust. The turbulence exchange processes are described by an integrated, turbulent-kinetic-energy equation. The unsteady equations are cast in terms of the vorticity and a stream function. The vorticity equation is solved by an ADI method, and the stream function equation is solved by direct matrix reduction.
Biochemical analysis of murine Wnt proteins reveals both shared and distinct properties

The murine Wnt family of proteins consists of at least 12 members that possess significant amino acid homology. Current evidence suggests that these proteins are secreted cell-signaling molecules which are likely to have multiple roles during both embryonic development and oncogenesis. Although the biochemical properties of Wnt-1 have been thoroughly examined, less is known about the characteristics of other Wnt family members. We have compared the properties of six murine Wnt proteins (Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, Wnt-5a, Wnt-5b, Wnt-6, and Wnt-7b) transiently expressed in COS cells. All members enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are glycosylated. However, all six Wnt proteins are primarily retained in the ER in association with BiP, a resident ER protein that binds to improperly folded proteins and prevents their secretion and/or promotes proper folding. Although all Wnt family members examined are similarly processed, one notable difference was identified. Whereas addition of suramin to COS cell cultures significantly increases the levels of all six Wnts in the medium, the addition of heparin only influences the levels of Wnt-1, Wnt-6, and Wnt-7b.
Two-dimensional gel analysis of haemolymph proteins from Plasmodium-melanizing and -non-melanizing strains of Anopheles gambiae

Haemolymph polypeptides from Plasmodium-refractory and -susceptible mosquitoes were compared by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The refractory strain of Anopheles gambiae kills malaria parasites by a humoral melanization mechanism whereas the parasites develop normally in susceptible mosquitoes. The two strains respond in a similar manner to carboxy-methyl-Sephadex beads that have been injected into the thoracic haemocoel, i.e. beads are strongly melanized in refractory but not susceptible mosquitoes. Protein profiles were compared between strains following cold shock (naive control), saline injection and Sephadex bead injection. Using the susceptible naive control as the standard, eight constitutively expressed polypeptides were specific to naive susceptible mosquitoes while twelve other spots were reduced, enhanced or specific to refractory mosquitoes. Several of the strain-specific spots probably comprise related pairs (one in each strain) which vary only in isoelectric focusing point. Nine spots were induced by sham injection or by an injection of beads or saline, but none was reproducibly different between the strains. Amino acid sequence analysis of one of the refractory strain-specific spots identified it as AgSp14D1, an A. gambiae infection-responsive serine protease that is most similar to the Drosophila gene easter and Manduca prophenoloxidase activating enzyme. This gene maps to polytene chromosome division 14, which has been implicated in the melanization phenotype by quantitative trait loci mapping.
Photon counting spectral breast CT: effect of adaptive filtration on CT numbers, noise, and contrast to noise ratio.

Purpose: Photon counting spectral (PCS) computed tomography (CT) shows promise for breast imaging. An issue with current photon-counting detectors is low count rate capabilities, artifacts resulting from nonuniform count rate across the field of view, and suboptimal spectral information. These issues are addressed in part by using tissue-equivalent adaptive filtration of the x-ray beam. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of adaptive filtration on different aspects of PCS breast CT. Methods: The theoretical formulation for the filter shape was derived for different filter materials and evaluated by simulation and an experimental prototype of the filter was fabricated from a tissue-like material (acrylic). The PCS CT images of a glandular breast phantom with adipose and iodine contrast elements were simulated at 40, 60, 90, and 120 kVp tube voltages, with and without adaptive filter. The CT numbers, CT noise, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were compared for spectral CT images acquired with and without adaptive filters. Similar comparison was made for material-decomposed PCS CT images. Results: The adaptive filter improved the uniformity of CT numbers, CT noise, and CNR in both ordinary and material decomposed PCS CT images. At the same tube output the average CT noise with adaptive filter, although uniform, was higher than the average noise without adaptive filter due to x-ray absorption by the filter. Increasing tube output, so that average skin exposure with the adaptive filter was same as without filter, made the noise with adaptive filter comparable to or lower than that without adaptive filter. Similar effects were observed when energy weighting was applied, and when material decompositions were performed using energy selective CT data. Conclusions: An adaptive filter decreases count rate requirements to the photon counting detectors which enables PCS breast CT based on commercially available detector technologies. Adaptive filter also improves image quality in PCS breast CT by decreasing beam hardening artifacts and by eliminating spatial nonuniformities of CT numbers, noise, and CNR.
Implementation of strip-area system model for fan-beam collimator SPECT reconstruction

We have implemented a more accurate physical system representation, a strip-area system model (SASM), for improved fan-beam collimator (FBC) SPECT reconstruction. This approach required implementation of modified ray tracing and attenuation compensation in comparison to a line-length system model (LLSM). We have compared performance of SASM with LLSM using Monte Carlo and analytical simulations of FBC SPECT from a thorax phantom. OSEM reconstruction was performed with OS=3 in a 64×64 matrix with attenuation compensation (assuming uniform attenuation of 0.13 cm-1). Scatter correction and smoothing were not applied. We observe overall improvement in SPECT image bias, visual image quality and an improved hot myocardium contrast for SASM vs. LLSM. In contrast to LLSM, the sensitivity pattern artifacts are not present in the SASM reconstruction. In both reconstruction methods, cross-talk image artifacts (e.g. inverse images of the lungs) can be observed, due to the uniform attenuation map used. SASM applied to fan-beam collimator SPECT results in better image quality and improved hot target contrast, as compared to LLSM, but at the expense of 1.5-fold increase in reconstruction time.
Ameloblastic carcinosarcoma of the mandible arising in ameloblastic fibroma: a case report and review of the literature

ated tooth impaction. We report an ameloblastic carcinosarcoma in a 19-yearold woman that arose from an ameloblastic fibroma. The tumor destroyed the cortical bone of the left mandible. The mandibulectomy specimen showed a 6.0 cm tan fleshy mass that microscopically had a biphasic appearance with malignant features in both the ameloblastic epithelial and the fibroblastic components. The patient was free of disease after 2 years of follow-up. This case is the fourth case in the literature of this rare tumor. Ameloblastic carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare mixed malignant odontogenic neoplasm with only a handful of reported cases. Its rarity is emphasized by the fact that its inclusion in the WHO classification of odontogenic neoplasms did not appear until 1992. It is a true mixed tumor, in which both the epithelial and the mesenchymal components are cytologically malignant. It is related to the ameloblastic fibroma, a benign mixed neoplasm, and the ameloblastic fibrosarcoma, in which only the mesenchymal component is malignant. Owing to the scarcity of reported cases, its clinical significance is unclear; however, some of the reported cases have shown aggressive clinical behavior. The case of an ameloblastic carcinosarcoma arising from an ameloblastic fibroma in the mandible of a 19-year-old hispanic female is described.
Differences Among Appraisers in the New York Type Appraisal Program

Abstract The purpose of the New York type appraisal program is to attempt to rate type traits objectively. Approximately 34 traits are included, of which 25 are rated by the appraiser and 9 by the herd manager. This paper reports differences among 18 appraisers, including S professional judges, 7 New York Artificial Breeders' Cooperative fieldmen, and 3 other sire selection personnel all of whom rated 38 cows in a single herd. There were statistically significant differences (P≤.05) among appraisers for all traits. Average scores of the professionals were different from those of the fieldmen for all except six traits. Differences among the professionals were also large, as were the differences among the fieldmen. The results suggest that the fieldmen as a group appraised with as much consistency as the group of professional judges.
The role of multiple oncogenes in hematopoietic neoplasia.

Implication de plusieurs oncogenes dans les neoplasies hematopoietiques: le lymphome de Burkitt, le plasmacytome de souris, la leucemie myloide et dans le cas de 3 virus de leucemie aviaire
Isolation and characterization of three recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor His-->Gln isoforms produced in Escherichia coli.

This report demonstrates that three variant isoforms of recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulating factor are present in small quantities in the crude preparation solubilized from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. These isoforms were separated from the main form of the factor during purification and further isolated by a series of cationic exchange chromatographic separations. They exhibit full in vitro biological activity and have slightly lower pI′s. Structural characterization of the intact proteins and their isolated peptides by sequence determination and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that they are methionyl granulocyte colony stimulating factors having a His → Gln replacement at sequence position 53, 157, or 171, respectively. The specific His → Gln change suggests the occurrence of mistranslation during protein synthesis. These variant forms are chromatographically separable during purification and are not detectable in the final purified form of the factor.
Spectrins in developing rat hippocampal cells.

Abstract We studied the spectrins in developing hippocampal tissue in vivo and in vitro to learn how they contribute to the organization of synaptic and extrasynaptic regions of the neuronal plasma membrane. β-Spectrin, but not β-fodrin or α-fodrin, increased substantially during postnatal development in the hippocampus, where it was localized in neurons but not in astrocytes. Immunoprecipitations from neonatal and adult hippocampal extracts suggest that while both β-spectrin and β-fodrin form heteromers with α-fodrin, oligomers containing all three subunits are also present. At the subcellular level, β-fodrin and α-fodrin were present in the cell bodies, dendrites, and axons of pyramidal-like neurons in culture, as well as in astrocytes. β-Spectrin, by contrast, was absent from axons but present in cell bodies and dendrites, where it was organized in a loose, membrane-associated meshwork that lacked α-fodrin. A similar meshwork was also apparent in pyramidal neurons in vivo. At some dendritic spines, α-fodrin was present in the necks but not in the heads, whereas β-spectrin was present at significant levels in the spine heads. The presence of significant amounts of β-spectrin without an accompanying α-fodrin subunit was confirmed by immunoprecipitations from extracts of adult hippocampus. Our results suggest that the spectrins in hippocampal neurons can assemble to form different membrane-associated structures in distinct membrane domains, including those at synapses.
Endoscopic repair of large skull base defects after powered sinus surgery.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the management of patients with large skull base defects (> 2 cm) and intracranial injury caused by powered endoscopic sinus surgery. Study design and setting All patients treated for postendoscopic sinus surgery skull base injury over a 4-year period were reviewed. Results Three patients with skull base defects greater than 2 cm in size and associated intracranial injury from powered ESS were identified. All patients presented with active cerebrospinal fluid leaks. CT scans showed intracranial injury and pathology reports revealed brain tissue removal. Using image-guided endoscopic techniques, all defects were addressed with multilayer repair. Closure was achieved in all patients on the first attempt, with an average follow-up of 27 months. Conclusions The use of powered instrumentation along the skull base can be dangerous and can result in extensive skull base defects with associated loss of dura and gray matter. Large ethmoid roof defects and significant intracranial injury, however, are not absolute contraindications to endoscopic repair.
Nuclear models, threshold states and rearrangement energy

Abstract When a parameter such as the nuclear radius is varied to raise the energy of a nuclear state towards the top of a potential barrier, the rate of rise is decelerated by the penetration of the barrier and the consequent spreading out of the wave function. This enhances the probability that states will be found in the energy intervals where this penetration becomes large. Empirically there seems to be a small enhancement of about the estimated magnitude, although there are too few cases to be sure. The separation energy of a nucleon leaving a nucleus is determined not only by the breaking-off of its interactions with the other nucleons but also by the rearrangement energy Δ. The outer “tail” of the wave function of a bound nucleon is limited by a potential barrier determined only by the breaking of the interactions, without benefit of rearrangement. The shell-model potential which confines wave functions thus has a barrier height B+Δ, higher by the rearrangement energy Δ than the separation energy barrier B. The usual harmonic oscillator wave functions are a better approximation to wave functions thus confined than would be expected without recognition of this role of rearrangement energy. In cases in which the last nucleon is very slightly bound so that its amplitude inside the nucleus may be small (as in Be9) and particularly when the residual nucleus consists of closed shells relatively little influenced by the last nucleon (as for the proton in F17) the rearrangement energy is expected to be exceptionally small. That these wave functions are not narrowly confined is thus consistent with the confining role of Δ in normally bound states. The rearrangement barrier seems to have been observed in a high-energy (p, 2p) reaction. The plausible assumption that the rearrangement energy Δ is roughly proportional to the probability of the bound nucleon being inside the nuclear potential well influences in a peculiar way the likelihood of finding a state near threshold. There is a sort of regenerative effect. As the level is raised towards or slightly beyond threshold, the increased penetration of the rearrangement barrier B+Δ decreases the amplitude of the internal part of the wave function. This in turn decreases Δ and lowers the barrier B+Δ, thus further increasing the penetration. If the intrinsic rearrangement energy is rather small, the result is to increase the already somewhat enhanced likelihood of finding a state near threshold.
DELAYED PATTERNED HAIR DEPIGMENTATION IN CBA MICE FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF LAUNDRY INK

A single application of a black laundry ink regularly induced hair depigmentation in a linear hand pattern in CBA/J mice. The depigmentation did not appear immediately or during the first post treatment hair cycle, but only subsequently. Although delayed in on-set, the loss of hair color was permanent, and was observed in all future hair growth, whether spontaneous or induced by epilation. Significantly, the white hairs did not arise over the entire area to which the ink was applied, but rather in a linear band within the treated site. The mechanism is obscure, although coat color variegation of a reversible nature has been described following topical 8 hydroxyquinolines. The ink employed by us, however, consisted of nigrosine, phenol, cresol and shellac in acifidied alcohol.
Adaptational changes in the cone system of the isolated frog retina.

Abstract An intermittent light presented to a dark adapted frog eye produces a small “flicker ERG” (response to the individual light pulses). After light adaptation the flicker ERG increases drastically in amplitude. This study showed that a qualitatively similar increase is seen in an isolated retina in which the rods were inactivated by bleaching 80 per cent of their pigment, rhodopsin. This bleach does not permanently affect the cones since, unlike the rods, their pigment regenerates in the isolated retina. Consequently, in the isolated retina the increase involves a change within the cone system, not an inhibition from the rods. The next paper shows an additional mechanism is involved in the intact retina.