cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attack detection of nonlinear distributed control systems

This paper considers a class of nonlinear distributed control systems subject to false data injection attacks, Byzantine attacks and switching attacks. The problem of attack detection is formulated as the simultaneous recovery of system states, attack vectors and system mode of a switched nonlinear system. In the proposed attack detection algorithm, the inverse system of each mode aims to estimate system states and attack vectors when the corresponding mode is input-output decoupled. A set-valued mode index map gives all modes which generate a switch-singular pair. A machine learning example is used to validate the performance of the developed algorithm.
More than a Feeling: The Influence of Emotions in Learning and Implications for Church Ministry

Historically, educators have taken a reticent and measured approach in engaging the affective domain in learning, particularly as it relates to human emotions. By default, the cognitive and psycho-...
The Hip Arthroscopy Post-less Procedure Impingement (HAPPI) Technique: Achieving Distraction With Standard Hip Tables at Zero Additional Cost.

Hip arthroscopy is becoming a more common treatment for femoroacetabular impingement, labral tears, and a variety of other hip pathologies. Unlike arthroscopy of the shoulder and knee, hip arthroscopy requires a significant amount of traction to gain access into the joint. Historically, traction has been achieved with the use of a perineal post. The use of a perineal post in hip arthroscopy can cause several avoidable complications such as neuropraxias (i.e., the pudendal nerve), vaginal or scrotal injuries, and perineal skin injuries. Several articles have been proposed using post-less techniques to obtain hip traction, but many of these techniques are expensive and require the purchase of new equipment. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe a post-less technique for hip arthroscopy, the HAPPI technique (hip arthroscopy post-less procedure impingement), which is more affordable and does not require the addition of any special equipment. In addition, we will review some pearls and pitfalls, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the proposed technique.
Optimal and Approximate Policies for Inventory Systems With Order Crossover

A common assumption in inventory analysis is that replenishment orders arrive in the same sequence in which they were placed. In practice, however, a variety of factors may cause orders to arrive out of sequence, a phenomenon known as order crossover. This article analyzes a periodic-review inventory system for a single item with discrete variable demand and discrete variable and long lead-times (relative to the review period). Under such a scenario, multiple orders are simultaneously outstanding, and orders may arrive in a different sequence than placed. If such order crossover occurs, traditional inventory analysis overstates expected shortages and standard inventory control policies are no longer optimal. This article discusses why orders may cross over in practice and investigates the implications of order crossover to inventory management policies. We investigate the cost performance of optimal policies under order crossover and also suggest approximate policies which are easier to compute and implement. Both the optimal and approximate policies take advantage of detailed real-time information about the status of pending orders and goods in transit, and hence in a majority of cases perform better than commonly used policies which do not incorporate such information.
I know what you are thinking: How theory of mind is employed in product evaluations

Abstract The current research examines how the social processing capability of theory of mind (i.e., ToM; the ability to understand others’ intentions) is employed when evaluating potentially persuasive marketing communications. Specifically, Study 1 reveals that ToM negatively influences product evaluations, as mediated by advertising skepticism. Study 2 replicates these findings with a company’s customer database. Study 3 manipulates advertisement transparency, showing that highly transparent communications reduce skepticism and increase product evaluations. Lastly, Study 4 examines boundary conditions, revealing that ToM influences product evaluations more so in evaluation of marketing communications for publicly versus privately consumed products.
Investigating Clustering and Violence Interruption in Gang-Related Violent Crime Data Using Spatial–Temporal Point Processes With Covariates

Reported gang-related violent crimes in Los Angeles, California, from 1/1/14 to 12/31/17 are modeled using spatial–temporal marked Hawkes point processes with covariates. We propose an algorithm to...
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

A 32-year-old white male with cystic fibrosis ­underwent a double lung transplant three months ago. Prior ­genotyping of the patient’s cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene indicated that the patient is homozygous for the c.1521_1523delCTT [p.Phe508del] mutation. One brother died of cystic fibrosis at the age of two years. Since the time of transplantation, the patient has been on immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine and cyclosporine) to prevent graft rejection. Then the patient presented with a fever unresponsive to anti­biotics. Physical examination revealed abdominal lym­phadenopathy.
Machine Learning for Predicting Perovskite Solar Cell Opto-Electronic Properties

Photovoltaic technology has gain much attention in recent years for its potential to provide renewable energy in leu of traditional fossil fuels. Perovskite Solar cells have shown much promise in a relatively short time. Power conversion efficiencies have increased from 3.8% to 24.2 % in a span of ten years. Perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention in research because of the relatively low cost in manufacturing and production. Current silicon photovoltaic devices are more expensive than conventional fossil fuel. The use of Machine Learning (ML) to research and predict the opto-electronic properties of perovskite can greatly accelerate the development of this technology. ML techniques such as Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can greatly improve the chemical processing and manufacturing techniques. Such tools used to improve this technology have major impacts for the further proliferation of solar energy on a national scale. In this paper, we explore the current research of the development of perovskite solar cells using ML techniques. Furthermore, we cite the limitations and potential areas of further research.
A machine-learning approach for detection of local brain networks and marginally weak signals identifies novel AD/MCI differentiating connectomic neuroimaging biomarkers

Introduction: A computationally fast machine learning method is introduced for uncovering the whole-brain voxel-level connectomic spectra that differentiates different status of Alzheimer9s disease (AD). The method is applied to the Alzheimer9s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) imaging and clinical data and identified novel AD/MCI differentiating connectomic neuroimaging biomarkers. Methods: A divide-and-conquer algorithm is introduced for detect informative local brain networks at voxel level and whole-brain scale. The connection information within the local networks is integrated into the node voxels, which makes detection of the marginally weak signals possible. Prediction accuracy is significantly improved by incorporating the local brain networks and marginally weak signals. Results: Brain connectomic structures differentiating AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD and healthy, and MIC and healthy were discovered. We identified novel AD/MCI-associated neuroimaging biomarkers by integrating local brain networks and marginally weak signals. For example, network-based signals in paracentral lobule (p-value=6.1e-5), olfactory cortex (p-value=4.6e-5), caudate nucleus (1.8e-3) and precentral gyrus (1.8e-3) are informative in differentiating AD and MCI. Connections between calcarine sulcus and lingual gyrus (p-value=0.049), between parahippocampal gyrus and Amygdala (p-value=0.025), between rolandic opercula and insula lobes (p-values=0.0028 and 0.0026). An overall prediction accuracy of 95.3% was achieved by integrating the selected local brain networks and marginally weak signals, compared to 84.0% by not considering the inter-voxel connections and using marginally strong signals only. Conclusion: (i) The connectomic structures differentiating AD and MCI are significantly different to that differentiating MCI and healthy, which may indicate different neuronal etiology for AD and MCI. (ii) Many neuroimaging biomarkers exert their effects on the outcome diseases through their connections to other markers. Integrating such connections can help identify novel neuroimaging biomarkers and improve disease prediction accuracy.
Understanding the Role of the Otolaryngology Hospitalist: Tracheostomies and Tracheostomy Care.

Introduction The concept of a hospitalist has been well established. This model has been associated with reduced length of stay contributing to reduction in healthcare costs. Minimal literature is available assessing the effects of an otolaryngology (ENT) hospitalist at a tertiary medical center. The aim of this study is to assess the role of an ENT hospitalist on (1) performing tracheostomies and (2) providing care as part of the tracheostomy care team (TCT). Methods Retrospective chart review of all tracheostomies performed by the ENT service over 2 years (July 2015-June 2017), and prospective data collection of all tracheostomy care consults over 1 year (July 2016-June 2017). In year 1 (from July 2015 to June 2016), no ENT hospitalist was employed, and in year 2 (from July 2016 to June 2017), an ENT hospitalist was employed. Results Compared to other Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) surgeons, the ENT hospitalist performed tracheostomies with shorter patient wait times, and performed a greater proportion of percutaneous tracheostomies at the bedside versus open tracheostomies in the operating room. The tracheostomy care team (TCT) received 91 consults over the course of 1 year with an average of 1.1 billable procedures generated per consult. Conclusion In this study, an ENT hospitalist was decreased patient wait time to tracheostomy and increased bedside percutaneous tracheostomies, which has positive implications for resource utilization and healthcare cost. The average wait time to receive a tracheostomy was reduced when calculated across the entire department due to the availability of the ENT hospitalist to see and perform tracheostomies. The TCT generated many billable bedside procedures in addition to encouraged decannulation of patients. This study highlights the fact that the ENT hospitalist contributes to providing expedient tracheostomies and provides valuable consulting services as part of a TCT at a high-volume tertiary care facility.
Application of 3D NMR for Structure Determination of Peptide Natural Products

Despite the advances in NMR, structure determination is often slow and constitutes a bottleneck in natural products discovery. Removal of this bottleneck would greatly improve the throughput for antibiotic discovery as well as other therapeutic areas. Overall, faster structure methods for structure determination will serve the natural products community in a broad manner. This report describes the first application of 3D NMR for elucidation of two microbially produced peptide natural products with novel structures. The methods are cost-effective and greatly improve the confidence in a proposed structure.
The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Volume 7: Foodways

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2007 Pages: 336 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press ISBN: 978-0-8078-3146-5 (hard cover). Prices: $39.95 USD(hard cover).
Adaptive trimming test approach — The efficient way on trimming analog trimmed devices at wafer sort

In this paper, we have performed an empirical evaluation of several analog trimming methodologies used for Semiconductor Manufacturing Wafer Sort testing. The study shows that a dynamic trimming approach is the best among those evaluated. The other methodologies evaluated in this paper suffer for several weaknesses such as: 1) unwanted yield loss when the actual least significant bit (LSB) equivalent value or weight drifts from the characterized value due to fab process variations, 2) higher test time leading to elevated cost of test and delivery cycle time degradation, and 3) continual need for Test Program modifications to account for fab process shifts. Finally, a review of basic trimming principles will be covered. We will discuss the need for parameter trimming in the semiconductor industry along with common analog trimming algorithms and review actual wafer test data at wafer probe.
Alternative Normensysteme zur staatlichen Rechtsordnung in Lateinamerika

Die staatliche Rechtsordnung in Lateinamerika weist, wie oft festgestellt worden ist, zahlreiche Schwachen auf. Diese Schwachen haben zwei Seiten, eine „innere“und eine „ausere“. Uber die immanenten Mangel des formellen Rechtssystems ist schon einiges geschrieben worden (zuletzt Ahrens/Nolte 1999). Sie betreffen unter anderem die Kompliziertheit und Unstimmigkeit der Gesetze, die Bestechlichkeit und Unberechenbarkeit der Justiz, deren schwere Zuganglichkeit, vor allem fur die unteren sozialen Schichten, und das Problem der fehlenden oder willkurlichen Durchsetzung der staatlichen Normen. Die „ausere“Seite der Schwache der formellen Rechtsordnung ist dagegen darin zu sehen, dass ihrer sozialen Akzeptanz und raumlichen Geltung Grenzen gesetzt sind. Dies liegt u.a. daran, dass sie mit alternativen Normensystemen kollidiert.2 Im folgenden wird es vor allem um diese letzteren und ihr Verhaltnis zum formellen Recht gehen. Wo und in welcher Form existieren alternative normative Codes, wann und wie sind sie entstanden, stutzen sie tendenziell die staatliche Rechtsordnung oder wird diese von ihnen eher unterhohlt?
Review of Eric D. Perl, Theophany: The Neoplatonic Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite

Theophany is an excellent introduction to Dionysius, and to the principles of Neoplatonic thought as developed by Plotinus and Proclus. Graduate students and even advanced undergraduates might profit from it, and those of us who have been working on Dionysius for years certainly will.
Polarization of myelinating Schwann cell surface membranes: role of microtubules and the trans-Golgi network

Schwann cells polarize their surface membranes into several biochemically and ultrastructurally discrete regions of the myelin internode. To form these membrane domains, Schwann cells must sort, transport, and target membrane proteins appropriately. In this study, microtubule disassembly, confocal microscopy, and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry were used to investigate mechanisms involved in targeting P0 protein (P0), the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and laminin to different plasma membrane domains in myelinating Schwann cells from 35-d-old rat sciatic nerve. After microtubule disassembly by colchicine, all three proteins accumulated in Schwann cell perinuclear cytoplasm, indicating that microtubules are necessary for their transport. The distributions of Golgi membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and intermediate filaments were also altered by colchicine treatment. Electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies indicated that P0 and MAG are sorted into separate carrier vesicles as they exit the trans- Golgi network. Following microtubule disassembly, P0-rich carrier vesicles fused and formed myelin-like membrane whorls, whereas MAG-rich carrier vesicles fused and formed mesaxon-like membrane whorls. Microtubule disassembly did not result in mistargeting of either P0 or MAG to surface membranes. These results indicate that following sorting in the trans-Golgi network, certain carrier vesicles are transported along the myelin internode on microtubules; however, microtubules do not appear to target these vesicles selectively to specific sites. The targeting of P0-, MAG-, and laminin-rich carrier vesicles to specific sites most likely occurs by ligand receptor binding mechanisms that permit fusion of carrier vesicles only with the appropriate target membrane.
Telomere dysfunction and the initiation of genome instability

Tumour growth is an evolutionary process that is characterized by the selection of clonal populations of cells that acquire distinct genetic changes. Many cancer therapies aim to exploit the specific changes that occur in cancer cells, but understanding the underlying mechanisms of genomic instability that cause these mutations could lead to more effective therapies. If common mechanisms exist for initiating genomic instability in tumours, selection could explain the differences in specific gene mutations that accumulate in different tumour types. The cause of genomic instability in human tumours is unclear, although there is evidence to indicate that telomere dysfunction could make an important contribution.
Iron Deficiency in Infants and Toddlers in the United States

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to be overwhelmingly the leading cause of anemia in early childhood and a global public health challenge. Although there has been a significant decrease in the frequency of IDA and iron deficiency (ID) in infants and toddlers in recent years in the United States, ID and IDA persist and the adverse effects of ID are long-lasting if not permanent. Moreover, ID can result in lead toxicity, and this toxic exposure, even with low levels, can impair neurocognitive function as well. This review describes the major steps that have taken place to decrease the frequency of ID and IDA.
The Design of Air-Cored Toroids or Linear Couplers

Linear couplers have been used for busbar protection, but, so far as the authors are aware, detailed consideration of their design and full potentialities has not yet been published. A method of design to secure optimum performance of voltage-summation circuits is considered in detail. Expressions are derived for the internal apparent power of a toroid of any given overall size, together with a rapid trial-and-error method of deducing the appropriate former or air-core size for maximum power output. It is shown that maximum apparent power output depends on former size and, to second order only, on winding space factor. It is determined also by the permeability of air and the conductivity of the winding which are, in general, fixed. Formulae are derived for output voltage per 1 kA in the primary circuit for any given conductor size. They are also obtained for the secondary impedance for specifying a matching relay-coil impedance, or vice versa for designing to a given relay impedance. Appendices give a sample design, test results on stability and operating current of a restricted earth-fault scheme, and a comparison of calculated and measured characteristics.
Farmers' Production Costs for Corn and Soybeans by Unit Size

One of the issues in projecting changes in the level of target prices and loan rates that are a part of the Agricultural and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 is the differential effect on producers with different sizes of enterprises. Agricultural economists generally accept the proposition that economies of size exist in agriculture. Budgeting studies and cross tabulations of total farm and enterprise costs by size of farm or enterprise have usually indicated lower costs and higher net returns to management and profits for larger farms and larger enterprises through the spreading of fixed costs of machinery and fuller employment of farm labor and management (Shaudys and Prigge, Van Arsdall and Elder, Wilken and Kesler). In a recent article, Krause and Kyle also hypothesized pecuniary gains in buying of inputs and marketing of products in addition to the cost savings resulting from size.
On the existence and stability conditions for mixed-hybrid finite element solutions based on Reissner’s variational principle

The extensions of Reissner's two-field (stress and displacement) principle to the cases wherein the displacement field is discontinuous and/or the stress field results in unreciprocated tractions, at a finite number of surfaces ('interelement boundaries') in a domain (as, for instance, when the domain is discretized into finite elements), is considered. The conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and stability of mixed-hybrid finite element solutions based on such discontinuous fields, are summarized. The reduction of these global conditions to local ('element') level, and the attendant conditions on the ranks of element matrices, are discussed. Two examples of stable, invariant, least-order elements - a four-node square planar element and an eight-node cubic element - are discussed in detail.
Individual differences in memory: Theory, data, and educational implications☆

Abstract This paper examines two theoretical perspectives from which the issue of individual differences in memory can be viewed and relates the perspectives to evidence available in the literature. The paper also reports the results of two studies which bear upon the issue of whether there are individual differences in the retention of learned material. The last section of the paper examines the educational implications of one of the theories presented in the paper.
Biological evaluation of polyester dendrimer: poly(ethylene oxide) "bow-tie" hybrids with tunable molecular weight and architecture.

High molecular weight (MW) polymers have shown promise in terms of improving the properties and the efficacy of low MW therapeutics. However, new systems that are highly biocompatible, are biodegra...
Copper binding by dissolved organic matter: I. Suwannee River fulvic acid equilibria

Abstract A cupric ion-selective electrode measured free Cu in solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid (FA) in a series of 30 titrations carried out both at variable and at constant (5.14, 7.00, 8.44) pH. Total Cu varied 0.1–100 μM, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 1–10 mg C/l, Ca and Mg 0–10 mM, and ionic strength 0.005–0.1. Copper complexation by FA is first order in DOC for 1–10 mg C/liter, and variable-order in pH. Increasing Ca++ or Mg++ from 0 to 10 mM slightly increases Cu++ activity, while increasing ionic strength from 0.005 to 0.1 significantly increases Cu++ activity. An empirical N- site model was calibrated using a pooled set of six titrations with varying pH and DOC. Five binding components of varying proton dependence predict Cu binding by FA over a range of pH, DOC and total Cu in two verification tests of the model parameters. Parameters in this and other models tested are only empirical constructs.
Detection of Pulmonary Embolism in the Postoperative Orthopedic Patient Using Spiral CT Scans

Orthopedic surgery is associated with a significant risk of postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This study was performed to compare the clinical presentations of a suspected versus a documented PE/DVT and to determine the actual incidence of PE/DVT in the post-operative orthopedic patient in whom CT was ordered. All 695 patients at our institution who had a postoperative spiral CT to rule out PE/DVT from March 2004 to February 2006 were evaluated and information regarding their surgical procedure, risk factors, presenting symptoms, location of PE/DVT, and anticoagulation were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent samples t test with a two-tailed p value to examine significant associations between the patient variables and CT scans positive for PE. Logistic regression models were used to determine which variables appeared to be significant predictors of a positive chest CT. Of 32,854 patients admitted for same day surgery across all services, 695 (2.1%) had a postoperative spiral CT based on specific clinical guidelines. The incidence of a positive scan was 27.8% (193/695). Of these, 155 (22.3%) scans were positive for PE only, 24 (3.5%) for PE and DVT, and 14 (2.0%) for DVT only. The most common presenting symptoms were tachycardia (56%, 393/695), low oxygen saturation (48%, 336/695), and shortness of breath (19.6%, 136/695). Symptoms significantly associated with DVT were syncope and chest pain. A past medical history of PE/DVT was the only significant predictor of a positive scan. Patients who have a history of thromboembolic disease should be carefully monitored in the postoperative setting.
From partial to full agonism: Identification of a novel 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole as a full agonist of the human GPR119 receptor

A novel GPR119 agonist based on the 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole scaffold was designed through lead optimization starting from pyrazole-based GPR119 agonist 1. The design is centered on the conformational restriction of the core scaffold, while minimizing the change in spatial relationships of two key pharmacophoric elements (piperidine-carbamate and aryl sulfone).
Correction for EPI distortions using multi‐echo gradient‐echo imaging

A novel and effective technique is described for distortion correction in echo planar imaging (EPI) utilizing the field maps derived from multi-echo gradient-echo images. The distortions from different off-resonance related factors such as field inhomogeneity, eddy current effect, radiofrequency pulse frequency offset, and chemical shift effect can be simultaneously reduced to a great extent. With the proposed post-processing algorithm of multi-channel modulation, distortions may be corrected without unwrapping the phase discontinuities in the derived field map, a process that usually restricts the application of other field map-based correction methods. Results from phantom and animal experiments at 4.7 T demonstrate the efficiency of the method in reducing the geometrical distortions in gradient-echo EPI.
Identification of a Discrete Alcohol-Sensing Site in the BK (SLO1) Channel

In both mammals and non-mammalian models, exposure of BK (slo1) channels to ethanol concentrations reached in circulation during alcohol intoxication (10-100 mM) leads to changes in channel steady-state activity (NPo) and thus, perturbation of physiology and behavior (reviewed in: Brodie et al., 2007; Treistman & Martin, 2009; Dopico et al., 2012). Site(s) and mechanism(s) participating in ethanol-slo1 channel interactions are unknown. Using patch-clamp recording, point mutagenesis and computational modeling based on crystallographic data, we unveil that ethanol docks onto a water-accessible site that is strategically positioned between the slo1 calcium-sensors and gate. Ethanol only accesses this site in the presence of calcium, the slo1 channel's primary physiological agonist. Within the site, ethanol hydrogen-bonds with Lys361. Moreover, substitutions that frustrate this bonding (K361N) or prevent ethanol molecules from accessing Lys361 (S357Y) abolish alcohol action on slo1 NPo without altering basal channel function. After creating n-alkanol conformational libraries and using a docking routine to find representative poses for the n-alkanol molecules, we estimate that site dimensions are: 7.5x7.5x10A, this site accommodating effective (ethanol-heptanol) but not ineffective (octanol, nonanol) slo1 channel activators. This study presents: i) the first identification and characterization of an n-alkanol recognition site in a member of the voltage-gated TM6 channel superfamily; ii) structural insights on ethanol allosteric interactions with ion-gated ion channels, and iii) a first step for designing agents that antagonize BK channel-mediated alcohol actions without perturbing basal channel function. Support: R37AA11560 (AMD).
Abstract 2847: Molecular determinants of sensitivity and resistance to tumor-directed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Monoclonal antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) through immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells. Although clinical evidence suggests a role for ADCC in effective antibody therapy of cancer, molecular determinants of ADCC responsiveness—in oncogenic signaling networks, for example—have not been well characterized. Using an in vitro model system including an NK-like cell line (NK92-CD16V), cetuximab, and A431 cells, we screened 60 genes from an EGFR gene network by RNAi to assess for synthetic enhancement of ADCC. Primary and validation screens, and correlative characterization studies, identified four genes whose knockdown enhanced ADCC: GRB7, PRKCE, RET, and ABL1. Inhibition of Abl kinase activity enhanced ADCC, phenocopying the effects of ABL1 knockdown and providing pre-clinical evidence for combining Abl inhibitors and cetuximab. Next, we derived an ADCC-resistant cell population (A431/ADCC-R) by treating parental A431 cells with over 30 successive ADCC treatments. We describe the development, screening, and characterization of A431/ADCC-R. Our screening strategy has revealed molecular determinants of both tumor cell sensitivity and resistance to ADCC in vitro that may translate into increased monoclonal antibody efficacy in the clinic. Citation Format: Joseph C. Murray, Rochelle E. Nasto, Sandra A. Jablonski, Yong Tang, Louis M. Weiner. Molecular determinants of sensitivity and resistance to tumor-directed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2847. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2847
Polarized light perception and orientation in larval bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana

Abstract Bullfrog tadpoles, housed indoors in tanks with polarized light projected onto the shoreline, orientated predictably when tested indoors in a circular arena illuminated by polarized light. Tadpoles trained to move toward a compass direction outdoors orientated predictably at sunrise and sunset under clear sky with the sun out of view, but did not orientate under overcast sky. The involvement of polarized light in this response was suggested by experiments in which tadpoles trained outdoors and tested indoors under polarized light exhibited a tendency to orientate predictably on the basis of the pattern of polarization outdoors at the time of the test.
Sildenafil citrate attenuates a complex maze impairment induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of the NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester

Abstract In a previous study, our laboratory reported that sildenafil citrate, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, reversed a learning impairment in rats induced by systemic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (60 mg/kg, i.p., Nω-nitro- L -arginine methyl ester; L -NAME). To limit the peripheral effects of L -NAME and further localize the site of action of sildenafil, L -NAME (48 μg, i.c.v.) was infused bilaterally into the lateral cerebral ventricles 30 min prior to maze training. Saline or sildenafil citrate (1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered systemically 15 min before training. Drug injections occurred 24 h after pretraining rats to avoid foot shock on a one-way active avoidance straight runway. Following drug treatment, the rats received 15 training trials on a 14-unit T-maze task that requires learning a complex sequence of turns to avoid mild foot shock. This complex maze paradigm is sensitive to aging and blockade of cholinergic, N-methyl- D -aspartate and nitric oxide signaling systems. Behavioral measures of performance included deviations from the correct pathway (errors), runtime from start to goal (latency), shock frequency and shock duration. Statistical analysis revealed that central infusion of L -NAME impaired maze performance and that sildenafil (3.0 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the impairment. These results suggest that sildenafil citrate may serve as a cognitive enhancer by modulating central nitric oxide/cGMP signal transduction following N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor activation. This pathway has been implicated in age-related cognitive decline and may be a useful target for pharmacological intervention of neurodegenerative disease.
The effects of temperature change and transient hypoxia on auditory nerve fiber response in the goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Temperature change and hypoxia produce consistent, reversible effects on the response of single auditory nerve fibers in the goldfish. Cooling and hypoxia produce reductions of a cell's spontaneous activity, sensitivity, most excitatory or best frequency (BF) at a given signal level, and overall responsiveness to acoustic stimulation. Warming above ambient temperatures increases a cell's spontaneous activity, sensitivity, BF, and responsiveness. Adaptation, or the tendency for responsiveness to decline with time during a stimulus, increases during hypoxia and cooling, and decreases during warming. The effects of temperature change and hypoxia on a fiber's BF are similar to the effects of overall sound level. Since BF normally increases with sound level, the BF-shift with temperature change and hypoxia can be understood as a change in sensitivity or the overall effectiveness of a stimulus at a given sound level. The effects on neural response of temperature change and hypoxia are probably due in part to changes in the release and replenishment of neurotransmitter at the synapses between hair cells and auditory nerve fibers.
Platelet Glycoprotein Ib-IX as a Regulator of Systemic Inflammation

Objective— The platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX (GP Ib-IX) receptor is a well-characterized adhesion receptor supporting hemostasis and thrombosis via interactions with von Willebrand factor. We examine the GP Ib-IX/von Willebrand factor axis in murine polymicrobial sepsis, as modeled by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Approach and Results— Genetic absence of the GP Ib-IX ligand, von Willebrand factor, prolongs survival after CLP, but absence of the receptor, GP Ib-IX, does not. Because absence of either von Willebrand factor or GP Ib-IX significantly impairs hemostasis and thrombosis, we sought to define additional GP Ib-IX–dependent pathways impacting survival in the CLP model. We document that the absence of GP Ib-IX leads to reduced platelet–neutrophil and platelet–monocyte interactions. Twenty-four hours after CLP, absence of GP Ib-IX coincides with an alteration in cytokine levels, such as tumor necrosis factor-α secreted by monocytes, and increased macrophage-1 antigen expression by neutrophils. Conclusions— In contrast to the well-characterized proinflammatory properties of platelets, we describe in the CLP model an anti-inflammatory property associated with platelet GP Ib-IX. Thus, a single platelet receptor displays a dual modulatory role in both the thrombotic and inflammatory pathways associated with polymicrobial sepsis. In sharing leucine-rich motifs with toll-like receptors, platelet GP Ib-IX can be considered a multifunctional participant in hemostasis, thrombosis, and the inflammatory cascade. The results highlight a dynamic role for platelets in systemic inflammation and add to the complex pathophysiologic events that occur during the dysregulated coagulation and inflammation associated with sepsis.
Phase behavior of binary mixtures of water, carbon dioxide and decane predicted with a lattice-gas model

Abstract The Kleintjens—Koningsveld lattice-gas model is used to predict the phase behavior of pure CO 2 , water and decane, and of binary mixtures of CO 2 with water and decane. The model, with parameters fitted to experimental data, predicts very accurate vapor pressures and liquid—vapor coexistence densities for the pure fluids. For the binary mixtures, the model correctly predicts the qualitative patterns of phase behavior using two temperature-dependent mixture parameters fitted to simple polynomials over a small range of temperature. For quantitative predictions over wide temperature ranges, however, the temperature dependence of the mixture parameters must be fitted carefully over the same ranges of temperatures. The performance of the Kleintjens—Koningsveld model is compared to that of the Peng—Robinson model.
Experimental models investigating the inflammatory basis of atherosclerosis

Inflammation is considered an important aspect in the development of atherosclerosis. Genetic manipulations of animal models susceptible to atherosclerosis have unraveled the contribution of various inflammatory pathways implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. These inflammatory pathways not only lead to the recruitment and entry of inflammatory cells into the arterial wall, they also modify the morphology and composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Certain inflammatory pathways, such as P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, appear to play an important role in lesion initiation, whereas others, such as interleukin-10 and CD40/CD40 ligand, seem to contribute to lesion progression and morphologic changes. An understanding of these pathways will allow the development of new strategies in the management of atherosclerosis. This review provides a roadmap for better utilization of these models in atherosclerosis research.
All in a Sniff: Olfaction as a Model for Active Sensing

Sensation is an active process involving the sampling and central processing of external stimuli selectively in space and time. Olfaction in particular depends strongly on active sensing due to the fact that — at least in mammals — inhalation of air into the nasal cavity is required for odor detection. This seemingly simple first step in odor sensation profoundly shapes nearly all aspects of olfactory system function, from the distribution of odorant receptors to the functional organization of central processing to the perception of odors. The dependence of olfaction on inhalation also allows for profound modulation of olfactory processing by changes in odor sampling strategies in coordination with attentional state and sensory demands. This review discusses the role of active sensing in shaping olfactory system function at multiple levels and draws parallels with other sensory modalities to highlight the importance of an active sensing perspective in understanding how sensory systems work in the behaving animal.
Growth and prediction of the skeletal and soft-tissue profiles.

Abstract A study was undertaken to measure the effect of aging on the skeletal profile, the soft-tissue profile, and their relationship (soft-tissue thickness), also measuring the effect of facial type, mandibular growth, and increase in fat on the dependent variable. Fifty-one longitudinal series were used for this purpose, and the data were treated statistically as well as graphically. Aging had an effect on all measurements except soft-tissue profile; there was also a sex effect shown by the straighter profile in females. Facial type, direction of mandibular growth, and increase in fat were unsuccessfully manipulated. An attempt to measure the predictability of the changes occurring in the skeletal or soft-tissue profile was also made. The two profiles appeared to be equally predictable on a long age span. This study supplements Subtelny's findings with a different treatment of the data, an estimation of variability, and a measurement of the effect of different variates.
Neurobiology of Stress-Induced Reproductive Dysfunction in Female Macaques

It is now well accepted that stress can precipitate mental and physical illness. However, it is becoming clear that given the same stress, some individuals are very vulnerable and will succumb to illness while others are more resilient and cope effectively, rather than becoming ill. This difference between individuals is called stress sensitivity. Stress sensitivity of an individual appears to be influenced by genetically inherited factors, early life (even prenatal) stress, and by the presence or absence of factors that provide protection from stress. In comparison to other stress-related diseases, the concept of sensitivity versus resilience to stress-induced reproductive dysfunction has received relatively little attention. The studies presented herein were undertaken to begin to identify stable characteristics and the neural underpinnings of individuals with sensitivity to stress-induced reproductive dysfunction. Female cynomolgus macaques with normal menstrual cycles either stop ovulating (stress sensitive) or to continue to ovulate (stress resilient) upon exposure to a combined metabolic and psychosocial stress. However, even in the absence of stress, the stress-sensitive animals have lower secretion of the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone, have higher heart rates, have lower serotonin function, have fewer serotonin neurons and lower expression of pivotal serotonin-related genes, have lower expression of 5HT2A and 2C genes in the hypothalamus, have higher gene expression of GAD67 and CRH in the hypothalamus, and have reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone transport to the anterior pituitary. Altogether, the results suggest that the neurobiology of reproductive circuits in stress-sensitive individuals is compromised. We speculate that with the application of stress, the dysfunction of these neural systems becomes exacerbated and reproductive function ceases.
Ultrafast Polyene Dynamics in Solution: The Conformational Relaxation and Thermalization of Highly Excited cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene as a Function of Initial Conformation and Solvent

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy has been used to investigate the ground and excited-state dynamics of cis-1,3,5-hexatriene (Z-HT) and 1,3-cyclohexadiene following excitation to the strongly allowed 11B state in cyclohexane and n-hexadecane solvents. The internal conversion from the excited state manifold to produce vibrationally excited ground electronic state Z-HT occurs with rates of ca. 2−4 ps-1. The relaxation of highly excited Z-HT is used to probe the solvent−solute interaction and the influence of solvent on the competition between thermalization and single-bond isomerization dynamics. The data are also used to compare and contrast the hexatriene relaxation as a function of solute initial conditions (cZc-HT vs tZt-HT). A formalism for transforming the observed spectral data into time-dependent photoproduct yields is developed. These data are then compared with time-dependent quantum yields obtained from a transition state, rate equation approach to modeling the anticipated population ...
Callosal microstructural abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease and alcoholism: same phenotype, different mechanisms

Magnetic resonance (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired in 13 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, 15 elderly alcoholics, and 32 elderly controls. Midsagittal area, length, dorsoventral height, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) of the total corpus callosum and volume of the lateral ventricles were measured; area, FA, and MD were also determined for the callosal genu, body, and splenium. On DTI, both patient groups had lower FA and higher MD than controls in all callosal regions. On MRI, both patient groups had smaller genu than controls; additional size deficits were present in the alcoholism group's callosal body and the AD group's splenium. The callosal arch was higher in the AD but not the alcoholic group compared with controls. The two patient groups had larger ventricles than controls, and the AD group had larger ventricles than the alcoholic group. Callosal area correlated with its height, and callosal FA and MD correlated with ventricular volume in AD, whereas callosal area correlated only with FA in alcoholics. In AD, the disruption of the callosal integrity, which was associated with distorted callosal shape, was related to ventricular dilation, which has been shown in twin studies to be under a multitude of genetic, polygenetic, and environmental influences. Conversely, in alcoholism, disruption of callosal microstructural integrity was related to shrinkage of the corpus callosum itself.
Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted

The proportion of microbial biomass-C released into the soil environment following rapid water potential increase was quantified in two soils using a modified chloroform-fumigation biomass assay. Dry samples were isopiestically equilibrated to −2.8 and − 6.9 M Pa and then wetted to field capacity with either H2O or KCl solutions. The KC1 solutions wetted the soils without altering total soil water potential. The biomass-C released by water potential increase ranged from 17 to 70% of total, depending on the soil, the magnitude of the increase, and the method of calculation. In both soils, a greater proportion of biomass-C was released following a 6.9 MPa than a 2.8 M Pa increase. Biomass-C release was also demonstrated by an increase in soluble organic C in leachates of soils subjected to rapid wetting. Respiration of biomass-C mobilized by water potential increase exceeded respiration of biomass-C made available by preceding desiccation, thereby comprising a significant component of the pulse of respiration observed following wetting of dry soil. Water potential increases associated with the wetting of dry soil may be a major catalyst for soil C turnover.
Modest scepticism about rule-following

(1993). Modest scepticism about rule-following. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 486-500.
Phase I dose escalation clinical trial of phenylbutyrate sodium administered twice daily to patients with advanced solid tumors.

Background: Phenylbutyrate (PBA), and its metabolite phenylacetate (PAA), induce growth inhibition and cellular differentiation in multiple tumor models. However, despite their potential anti-cancer properties, several pharmacodynamic aspects remain unknown. Methods: We conducted a dose escalating trial to evaluate twice-daily intravenous PBA infusions for two consecutive weeks (Monday through Friday) every month at five dose levels (60–360 mg/kg/day). Twenty-one patients with the following malignancies were treated: colon carcinoma 4, non-small cell lung carcinoma 4; anaplastic astrocytoma 3, glioblastoma multiforme 3, bladder carcinoma 2, sarcoma 2, and ovarian carcinoma, rectal hemangiopericytoma, and pancreatic carcinoma 1 each. Results: Conversion of PBA to PAA and phenylacetylglutamine (PAG) was documented without catabolic saturation. Plasma content of PBA ≥1 mM was documented for only 3 h following each dose at the top two dosages. The therapy was well tolerated overall. Common adverse effects included grade 1 nausea/vomiting, fatigue, and lightheadedness. Dose limiting toxicities were short-term memory loss, sedation, confusion, nausea, and vomiting. Two patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and a patient with glioblastoma remained stable without tumor progression for 5, 7, and 4 months respectively. Conclusions: Administration of PBA in a twice-daily infusion schedule is safe. The maximum tolerated dose is 300 mg/kg/day. Study designs with more convenient treatment schedules and specific molecular correlates may help to further delineate the mechanism of action of this compound. Future studies evaluating PBA's ability to induce histone acetylation and cell differentiation alone or in combination with other anti-neoplastics are recommended.
Perceptions of Hazardous Waste Policy Issues Among Public and Private Sector Administrators

1. Clear and consistent policy objectives. 2. A sound theory incorporated within the legislation which identifies the principal factors affecting both policy objectives and the type of behavior expected of target group members. 3. Coherent structuring of the implementation process by the enabling legislation. 4. Commitment and skill of implementing officials. 5. Support from organized constituency groups and key sovereigns. 6. Changing socioeconomic conditions and political support for the initiative over time.