cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entry and Egress of Varicella Virus Blocked by Same Anti-gH Monoclonal Antibody

Abstract Varicella virus is one of the most reclusive human herpesviruses. The virus is not released from infected cultured cells. Rather, infectivity is transferred by fusion of contiguous cells. To further investigate this process, infected cells were viewed by scanning electron microscopy. Thousands of viral particles were observed in elongated Clusters overlying the virus-induced syncytia. When virus-infected cells were covered postinfection with medium supplemented with a monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein gpIII (gH homolog), syncytial formation was completely blocked and no progeny viral particles were observed on the surface of the monolayer. Removal of the antibody was followed by rapid progression of cytopathic effect. Addition of antibody to other viral proteins did not alter the infection. Thus, a monoclonal antibody to a single viral determinant on glycoprotein gpIII (gH) can prevent syncytial formation postinfection and block progression of infectivity. Since the same monoclonal antibody can inhibit entry, this study greatly expands the role of antibody in the modulation of herpesvirus infection.
Tris(3-t-butyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)hydroborato derivatives of copper and thallium: The structural influence of a 5-methyl substituent

The molecular structures of the tris(3-t-butyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)hydroborato derivatives of copper and thallium {[TpBut,Me]Cu}2, [TpButMe]CuCl and Tl[TpBut,Me], have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Comparison of these structures with those of {[TpBut]Cu}2, [TpBut]CuCl and Tl[TpBut] demonstrates the structural role that alkyl substitution at the remote 5-position of the pyrazolyl group may play in modifying the coordination environment about a metal centre.
Factors Affecting Persistence and Transfer of Low-Income Students at Public Two-Year Institutions.

The study utilized the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) data set to examine persistence outcomes over a 3-year period across the national sample of students from low ...
Evaluating the efficacy of an empowerment-based self-management consultant intervention: results of a two-year randomized controlled trial

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine if an empowerment-based Diabetes Self-Management Consultant (DSMC) intervention was more effective than a group receiving Mailed metabolic Assessments Only (MAO) in improving diabetes-related quality of life and blood glucose control. Methods: A two-year clinical trial, in which 310 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to the DSMC intervention or the MAO group. The DSMC met with the patient to review the baseline assessments, then discussed this review with the patient and the patient's physician. Subsequently patients received monthly telephone calls from the DSMC who used the empowerment approach to help patients identify self-management problems, consider options, set goals and make adjustments to their diabetes self-management plans. Results: The Diabetes Self-Management Consultant (DSMC) intervention resulted in improvements in diabetes related quality of life (PAID) p = 0.008, the diabetes empowerment scale (DES-SF) p = 0.024, A1C p = 0.016, perceived understanding of diabetes p = 0.001 and satisfaction with diabetes care p = 0.019 as compared to the MAO group. Conclusion: The DSMC the intervention resulted in a broad array of modest diabetes related improvements. A promising area for future research would be to test the efficacy of combining an empowerment-based DSMC intervention with case management using algorithm-based medication adjustments for higher risk patients.
Cultural Genealogy: Method for a Historical Sociology of Culture or Cultural Sociology of History

This article looks at the value of genealogical analysis for doing historical research in cultural sociology, using Nietzsche’s definition of genealogy.The point is to resuscitate a method that has often been rejected by sociologists, and demonstrate its value for analyzing forms of culture that have become tacit or unarticulated over time. To make the case for the method, the article follows a historical example: the use of indigenous hydraulics with Roman provenance on the Canal du Midi in 17th-century France. Women labourers brought hydraulics techniques derived from Roman principles to the canal, but their work was not considered classical. Ironically, the Canal du Midi was promoted in propaganda campaigns, defining France as the New Rome, but the peasant women who actually carried Roman culture in their eyes and hands were not socially elevated enough to be New Romans, so they were written out of this story.
Submicron Aerosol Particle Losses in Metalized Bags

Abstract Two new types of conducting bags were tested for aerosol particle storage and sampling, a 3M Company Velostat bag and a bag constructed from 3M Type 2100 Static Shielding Film. The half-lives of unipolar, unit-charged 0.025 μm, 0.050 μm and 0.090 μm sized aerosol particles stored in the Velostat bag and the film bag were 130, 190 and 270 min and 40, 70 and 180 min, respectively. These results depend upon the history of bag filling. The values given here apply to bags which had not previously been filled on the day of experimentation. The lifetimes exhibited by the aerosol particles stored in the Velostat bag are the longest found to data.
Conformal Printing of Electrically Small Antennas on Three‐Dimensional Surfaces

J. J. Adams ,[+] Prof. J. T. Bernhard Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA E-mail: jbernhar@illinois.edu Dr. E. B. Duoss ,[+,++] T. F. Malkowski ,[+] Dr. B. Y. Ahn , Prof. J. A. Lewis Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801 USA E-mail: jalewis@illinois.edu Dr. M. J. Motala , Prof. R. G. Nuzzo Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [+] These authors contributed equally to this work. [++] Presently at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Center for Microand NanoTechnology, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
Quantifying Environmental Losses from a Regional Water Development Program

One of the problems encountered in evaluating a proposed regional water development project is that many of its environmental impacts are not readily quantifiable and may be excluded from the evaluation. This presents a serious difficulty to the regional planner because environmental losses are frequently of great magnitude. A current case in point is a proposal by the US Army Corps of Engineers of the Savannah District to improve navigation on the Savannah River below Augusta, Georgia, by dredging and by the building of two dams. Two large reservoirs would also be created by this system, which would cause the inundation of approximately 50% of the Savannah River between Augusta and Savannah.
The Effect of Conductor Expressivity on Choral Ensemble Evaluation

Background While music is considered an aural phenomenon, the movement musicians incorporate into performances exerts an effect on observers (Juchniewicz, 2008; Vines et al., 2006). Conducting presents a unique opportunity to examine this phenomenon since it is a physical task with which sound is associated but not produced. Prior results indicated that among university music students instrumental performances led by conductors deemed to be expressive were evaluated more positively than those led by non-expressive conductors even when the performances were identical (Morrison et al., 2009; Price & Mann, 2011).
MMI-based 2×2 photonic switch

We propose a robust, multi-mode interferometer-based, 2x2 photonic switch, which demonstrates high tolerance to typical fabrication errors and material non-uniformity. This tolerance margin is dependent upon the properties inherent to the MMI design and benefits from the high symmetry of the switch. The key design parameter of the device is to form a pair of well defined self-images from the injected light in the exact center of the switch. In allowing the index modulated regions to precisely overlap these positions, and by creating identical contact features there, any refractive index change induced in the material due to electrical isolation will be duplicated in both self-images. Since the phase relation will remain unchanged between the images, the off-state output will be unaltered. Similarly, offset and dimension errors are reflected symmetrically onto both self-images and, as a result, do not seriously impact the imaging. We investigate the characteristics of the switch under different scenarios using the finite difference beam propagation method. Crosstalk levels better than -20 dB are achievable over a wavelength range of 100 nm when utilizing this configuration. Polarization independence is maintained during device operation.
Personality and other attributes, qualities, abilities and opinions of some ‘A’ level design students

Many claims have been made of a subjective nature that some students studying ‘A’ level Design develop certain personal qualities and attributes not found in some students who study other academic ‘A’ levels. The research describes attempts to quantify these claims and as a result provides a firmer basis for the understanding of the effects on students of studying design.
Aromatization of steroids by mitochondrial preparations from human term placenta.

Abstract Structural and functional aspects of the association of aromatizing activity with placental mitochondrial preparations were examined. Total mitochondrial preparations, previously characterized with respect to their capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and for progesterone synthesis, converted androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione to estrogens with specific activities averaging one-half those of corresponding microsomal fractions. Heavy mitochondria separated by differential centrifugation showed specific activities 16% of microsomal activities. Metabolically active mitochondria, selectively isolated by calcium phosphate loading combined with sucrose density gradient fractionation, also displayed significant aromatizing activity despite considerable inactivation by the experimental procedures. An exogenous NADPH-generating system supported maximum rates of mitochondrial aromatization. No stimulation of aromatization was induced when mitochondrial permeability barriers were disrupted by 11 mM CaCl 2 although cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity was doubled by this treatment. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase systems required exogenous NADP + for effective support of aromatization. Under these conditions, Ca 2+ stimulated aromatization when malate served as metabolic substrate but had no effect on the support of aromatization by citrate or isocitrate. Thus, aromatizing activity of placental mitochondria appears to be firmly associated with or localized in the external mitochondrial compartment and to be less directly integrated with internal metabolic processes for NADPH generation than is the mixed-function oxidase system for cholesterol side-chain cleavage.
Intra-organ flexibility in the eared grebePodiceps nigricollisstomach: a spandrel in the belly

Adjustments in body composition over the annual cycle have been documented in many organs and muscle groups. Here we consider the nature and significance of intra-organ variation in the eared grebe Podiceps nigricollis stomach, a large and variable organ that can weigh > 30 g when birds are staging, drop to 8–11 g before setting off, or to as little as 6.6 g after a several-day migration. Weight reduction in association with migration is conventionally regarded as an adaptation to reduce wing loading and flight costs. This interpretation applies to the premigratory reduction of the entire stomach. However, it does not fit the differential in-flight reduction of the proventriculus, because grebes require a large proventriculus to initiate digestion, and its smaller size when they need to rebuild the entire stomach and resume feeding quickly is opposite that expected in a functional context. We view the reduction of the proventriculus as a non-adaptive response, or spandrel, stemming from its intrinsically higher turnover rate. Starving birds, like migrants, also need to digest food quickly. In their case, the proventriculus is maintained as body weight declines and the gizzard is sacrificed. Mechanisms by which individual organisms achieve different responses to similar challenges, including starvation, merit further investigation.
Moxidectin evaluation against Solenoptes capillatus (Anoplura : linognathidae), Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga : trichodectidae), and Musca autumnalis (Diptera : muscidae) on cattle

Slow release formulations of 375, 750, and 1,125mg (AI) in 50-g boluses and a subcutaneous injectable formulation (0.2 mg AI/kg body wt) of moxidectin (CL301423) were tested for the control of the little blue cattle louse, Solenoptes capillatus (Enderlein), and the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (L). S. capillatus populations were reduced 4 wk after treatment and complete control was observed 6 wk after treatment in groups treated with boluses. B. bovis were first observed at 3 wk and continued to increase throughout the 14-wk test period. These were experimental boluses and future boluses may perform differently. Subcutaneous injections of moxidectin gave complete control of S. capillatus for a 27-d test period. Feces from animals treated with boluseswere tested with face fly larvae, Musca autumnalis De Geer, to demonstrate fecal activity of moxidectin. Larval mortality in these groups ranged from 90 to 30% from 2 d to 10 wk after treatment.
Default ARTMAP 2

Default ARTMAP combines winner-take-all category node activation during training, distributed activation during testing, and a set of default parameter values that define a ready-to-use, general-purpose neural network system for supervised learning and recognition. Winner-take-all ARTMAP learning is designed so that each input would make a correct prediction if re-presented immediately after its training presentation, passing the "next-input test." Distributed activation has been shown to improve test set prediction on many examples, but an input that made a correct winner-take-all prediction during training could make a different prediction with distributed activation. Default ARTMAP 2 introduces a distributed next-input test during training. On a number of benchmarks, this additional feature of the default system increases accuracy without significantly decreasing code compression. This paper includes a self-contained default ARTMAP 2 algorithm for implementation.
Second-side surgery in superior canal dehiscence syndrome.

Dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal is associated with a distinct set of vestibular and auditory phenomena, including sound- and pressure-evoked nystagmus, conductive hyperacusis, and autophony (1–6). Characteristic deficits observed on physiologic testing include an air-bone gap on pure-tone audiometry and heightened responses on vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing (2,7). Varying combinations of these symptoms and signs along with computed tomographic confirmation of superior canal (SC) dehiscence constitute SC dehiscence (SCD) syndrome. Dehiscence of the bone overlying the involved SC can be confirmed at the time of surgery, and repair of that dehiscence resolves the symptoms in most cases (8). Dehiscence of the SC is thought to cause the associated symptoms and signs by creating a “third mobile window,” allowing abnormal flow of endolymph in the canal after provocative stimuli (9–11). Temporal bone histopathologic studies as well as radiographic investigations demonstrate a 20% to 50% occurrence of bilateral dehiscences of the superior semi-circular canals, possibly owing to a congenital or developmental process (12, 13). We demonstrated in previous work that SC plugging surgery for SCD syndrome (SCDS) does not typically produce permanent global dysfunction of the operated labyrinth. Rather, it leads to an isolated deficit in the involved canal (14, 15). However, plugging both SCs would be expected to not only cause loss of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) for rapid downward head movements in the respective planes of the affected canals but throughout the entire range of approximately 90 degrees spanned by these canals. This would include higher frequency pitch downward head movements that occur during routine ambulation and running (16). Thus, bilateral SC plugging might be expected to cause vertical oscillopsia with associated visual impairment and gait instability and potentially more significant disability compared with the preoperative state (17). We report here a series of 5 patients with bilateral SCDS who elected to pursue sequential plugging of both SC dehiscences. We evaluated which symptoms prompted patients with bilateral SCDS to seek second-side surgery and the degree of disability associated with those symptoms. We also determined the frequency of disabling imbalance and oscillopsia after bilateral SC plugging in this small cohort.
Pathophysiological influences of the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora complex on seventh-instar larvae of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella: Changes in the hemolymph refractive index

Abstract Shortly after penetration into the hemocoel of seventh-instar larva of Galleria mellouella , Heterorhabditis bacteriophora begins feeding upon the fat body. Disruption of the organ is associated with an increase in turbidity and hemolymph refractive index. Intrahemocoelic injection of the associated bacterium alone results in a depression of the refractive index.
Changes in neural circuitry of language before and after treatment of major depression.

Language tasks requiring semantic analysis of word meaning activate distinct brain areas including the anterior cingulate gyrus at about 200 msec after the stimulus onset, the left lateral prefrontal cortex at about 250 msec, and the left temporo-parietal (Wernicke's) area at 500–600 msec. Reading the same words activate the insula around 800 msec and left occipital cortex around 200 msec stronger than the semantic analysis in normal subjects. Many of these brain areas also show abnormal activity in resting state in patients with major unipolar depression. We measured 128-channel event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and statistical probability mapping in the use generation task carried out with single visual nouns to explore the topography and time course of these cortical activations related to semantic processing in 11 patients with major unipolar depression before and 8 weeks after treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram. Before treatment in depressed state, the time course for the left prefrontal cortex activation did not show slowing, but was accompanied by the right prefrontal activation with a similar time course. The left posterior temporo-parietal activation appeared later than in normals. Treatment was accompanied by the complete elimination of the right prefrontal activation in the same use generation task. Time course of the posterior left temporo-parietal area showed a trend toward normalization. Insula-related activation in reading task was not seen in depressed state, but was evident in the same patient group after the depression has lifted, presumably as a result of treatment with citalopram. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:156–167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The marriage plot and the plot against the Union: Irish Home Rule and endangered alliances in Henry James's “The Modern Warning”

By the period of the Irish Home Rule crisis – in which Catholics and liberal Anglicans lobbied for limited self-government while northern Presbyterians campaigned to keep Ulster wholly within the Union between Ireland and Great Britain of 1800 – certain of those of pre-Famine northern Irish Protestant origins (the “Scots-” or “Scotch-Irish”) identified with the position of their Presbyterian brethren in Ulster. This identifiably Ulster Protestant engagement with the Home Rule debate is detectable (and generally overlooked) in the Scots-Irish Henry James story “The Modern Warning”. Moreover, equally discounted is the fact that James's story deploys the Irish literary convention of the marriage plot as metaphor for political union in order to grapple with a moment in which that alliance is – in the unionists' view – in danger. This article concludes that the political-union-as-marriage trope still sporadically returns at moments of political crisis in the British Isles, as occurred during the 2014 Scottish ...
Inference from the Exponentiated Weibull Model with Applications to Real Data

In this paper, a novel Bayesian framework is used to derive the posterior density function, predictive density for a single future response, a bivariate future response, and several future responses from the exponentiated Weibull model (EWM). We study three related types of models, the exponentiated exponential, exponentiated Weibull, and beta generalized exponential, which are all utilized to determine the goodness of fit of two real data sets. The statistical analysis indicates that the EWM best fits both data sets. We determine the predictive means, standard deviations, highest predictive density intervals, and the shape characteristics for a single future response. We also consider a new parameterization method to determine the posterior kernel densities for the parameters. The summary results of the parameters are calculated by using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method.
Predicting profitability using advice branch bank networks

Abstract The literature on social networks and their analysis has undergone explosive growth in the past decade. Network models have been used to study structures as diverse as the interaction of monks in a monastery, the links across the World Wide Web, and the structure of organizations. In much of this literature the network itself is viewed as the object of interest, and models are used to elucidate its structure. In this paper, we adopt a different perspective and we explore the role of network structure of organizations for prediction purposes. In particular, we work with data gathered on the advice-seeking habits of employees in 52 branches of a major North American bank corporation. We then use the network structure within each branch discovered via various exploratory analyses to predict the profitability of the individual branches.
A queueing approach to optimal resource replication in wireless sensor networks

We develop a queueing model for analyzing resource replication strategies in wireless sensor networks. The model can be used to minimize either the total transmission rate of the network (an energy-centric approach) or to ensure the proportion of query failures does not exceed a predetermined threshold (a failure-centric approach). The model explicitly considers the limited availability of network resources, as well as the frequency of resource requests and query deadlines, to determine the optimal replication strategy for a network resource. While insufficient resource replication increases query failures and transmission rates, replication levels beyond the optimum result in only marginal decreases in the proportion of query failures at a cost of higher total energy expenditure and network traffic.
Public Policy, the Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Exports: Discussion

During the past twelve years, the volatile behavior of exchange rates has occupied the attention of economic policy makers because exchange rates directly influence such important economic phenomena as inflation, interest rates, and international competitiveness. In today's highly integrated world economic system, exchange rates are particularly important to export-oriented sectors like U.S. agriculture. In spite of the potential significance of exchange rate changes to U.S. agricultural trade, the agricultural economics profession has begun rather slowly to investigate and empirically test some basic hypotheses relating to flexible exchange rates and agricultural trade. The three papers presented in this session discuss several aspects of the exchange rateagricultural trade relationship. The Batten and Belongia paper is an empirical study of the role real exchange rates play in affecting agricultural exports and of the factors that explain real exchange rates. Their empirical analysis consists of an estimated U.S. agricultural export equation where foreign real income, U.S. real agricultural prices, and the real trade-weighted exchange rate are the explanatory variables. Next, the authors present an equation that utilizes the real interest rate differential and the cumulative current account balance as the basic determinants of the real exchange rate of the dollar.
Precision Stark spectroscopy of sodium: Improved values for the ionization limit and bound states.

We report results of a combined theoretical and experimental investigation that uses Stark spectroscopy of high-lying Rydberg states to measure accurately zero-field atomic parameters. Improved values for the binding energies of the 11 $^{2}$S, 12 $^{2}$S, and ${10}^{2}$D states of sodium are presented. These results are combined with previous data in a global least-squares fit to obtain improved quantum-defect parameters for the sodium $^{2}$S and $^{2}$D manifolds. Using previous precision optical data, the present results, and the quantum-defect expansion, we obtain an improved value for the ionization limit of neutral sodium: ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{ion}}$=41 449.451(2) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The consequences of the improved ionization energy on the quantum-defect expansion parameters of the $^{2}$P states are also discussed and values are obtained from fits to the available data.
Decision support for the management of aging nuclear critical infrastructures : vulnerability assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis

Because many nuclear facilities are nearing the end of their design life, it is important to assess the vulnerability of these aging critical infrastructure systems. The risks associated with nuclear energy are often complex and uncertain, including the release of radioactive fission and environmental issues related to the longevity and toxicity of waste products. In the event of a nuclear accident, the environmental degradation, social dislocation and economic losses could be enormous. It follows that a comprehensive multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is valuable to assess system vulnerabilities and to integrate social and economic variables. Decision support systems (DSS) for MCDA can help improve the management of aging critical infrastructure systems, thereby promoting a more secure and efficient nuclear energy lifecycle.
A Mathematical Model of a Zinc/Bromine Flow Cell

A mathematical model is presented for a zinc/bromine flow cell. The model includes a thin porous layer on the bromine electrode and a porous separator. The independent parameters of the porous layer are defined, and their effect on cell performance during charge and discharge is investigated. The dependence of the round trip energy efficiency on the thickness of the porous layer and mode of discharge is presented. The predictions of the model show that a maximum round trip energy efficiency of 70% should be possible under the design conditions considered.
A sedimentary facies model for perennial and meromictic saline lakes: Holocene Medicine Lake Basin, South Dakota, USA

Medicine lake is a small (about 1 km2), shallow (up to 10 m deep), saline (50–170 g l−1) and meromictic lake formed after the retreat of the Wisconsin ice in the north American Great Plains. Based on a detailed sedimentological analysis of cores, we describe and interpret 13 sedimentary subfacies grouped in 9 associations which characterize the following lacustrine subenvironments: clastic littoral (freshwater and saline), springs, microbial mats, bench slope, and pelagial (oxic, alternating oxic-anoxic, anoxic and hypersaline, and organic-dominated). Lateral distribution and vertical evolution of subfacies in our model are controlled by climate fluctuations, climate-related limnological parameters (lake level, TDS and brine composition, and redox conditions), and autocyclic processes (progressive infilling of the basin and higher sedimentation rate in the pclagial realm). Microbial and chemical processes govern deposition in this system, and meromixis plays a decisive role in lake dynamics. Phototropic bacterial plate communites at the chemocline dominated as pelagial organic producers during stable meromictic periods, whereas benthic microbial communities developed during mixed water periods. Water stratification during the Holocene was mainly controlled by three parameters: 1) basin morphometry, 2) lake level, and 3) differences in TDS values between mixolimnion and monimolimnion waters. Sedimentary facies analyses is a powerful descriptive and interpretative tool that greatly contributes to deciphering the high resolution paleoenvironmental information archived in lake sequences. Depositional and paleoenvironmental models provide a dynamic framework for integrating paleolimnological data and other proxy paleorecords. Medicine lake serves as a facies model for shallow, perennial hypersaline, meromictic lakes in modern and ancient lacustrine basins. The sediment sequence from Medicine lake cores is consistent with the general paleoclimatic evolution of the northern Great Plains since the retreat of ice sheets. Our study reveals a plethora of rapid fluctuations in the water cycle both during the middle and the late Holocene. These augment prior paleoclimate reconstructions based on diatom studies of the lower Holocene freshwater to saline transition and on pollen profiles which show little variability during the subsequent long prairie grass episode.
Ultrasonic attenuation from phonon-paramagnon interactions

Abstract We calculate α for exchange enhanced metals and itinerant ferromagnets above T c . In the former case no observable effect is predicted; in the latter, α ∝ ω 2 ( T − T c ) −2 γ for longitudinal phonons.
A learning system for discriminating variants of malicious network traffic

Modern computer network defense systems rely primarily on signature-based intrusion detection tools, which generate alerts when patterns that are pre-determined to be malicious are encountered in network data streams. Signatures are created reactively, and only after in-depth manual analysis of a network intrusion. There is little ability for signature-based detectors to identify intrusions that are new or even variants of an existing attack, and little ability to adapt the detectors to the patterns unique to a network environment. Due to these limitations, the need exists for network intrusion detection techniques that can more comprehensively address both known and unknown network-based attacks and can be optimized for the target environment. This work describes a system that leverages machine learning to provide a network intrusion detection capability that analyzes behaviors in channels of communication between individual computers. Using examples of malicious and non-malicious traffic in the target environment, the system can be trained to discriminate between traffic types. The machine learning provides insight that would be difficult for a human to explicitly code as a signature because it evaluates many interdependent metrics simultaneously. With this approach, zero day detection is possible by focusing on similarity to known traffic types rather than mining for specific bit patterns or conditions. This also reduces the burden on organizations to account for all possible attack variant combinations through signatures. The approach is presented along with results from a third-party evaluation of its performance.
Mechanisms of hypercapneic pulmonary hypertension

The mechanisms and potential mediator of hypercapneic pulmonary hypertension are incompletely understood. We studied 18 dogs, anaesthetised and spontaneously breathing both room air and after the inhalation of a gas mixture containing 10% CO2, 20.9% O2, and 69.1% N2, to determine the role of histamine, serotonin, and acidaemia in pulmonary hypertension produced by hypercapnia. Hypercapnia increased the mean pulmonary artery pressure by 0.33 kPa (2.5 mmHg) while wedge pressure and pulmonary arteriolar resistance did not change. Cardiac output significantly increased, indicating that the pulmonary hypertensive effect of hypercapnia is mainly flow related. Neither chlorpheniramine nor methysergide had significant effects on hypercapneic pulmonary hypertension. The infusion of sodium bicarbonate corrected the pH; pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output increased while pulmonary arteriolar resistance dropped, suggesting that the increased cardiac output masked the effect of pH on pulmonary arteriolar resistance. The lack of effect of chlorpheniramine or methysergide on pulmonary resistances indicates that the vasoconstrictive effect of increased hydrogen ion concentration which accompanies hypercapnia is attributable neither to histamine nor to serotonin release.
Simulation methods for micro-electro-mechanical structures (MEMS) with application to a microtweezer

Abstract In this paper, we consider the simulation of microelectromechanical structures (MEMS). The objective of this work is to develop reliable numerical procedures that will help improve our understanding of MEMS behaviors, and enable optimal design of MEMS. A hybrid FEM-BEM method is developed to solve the coupled electrostatics and mechanics equations. Sensitivity analysis is carried out using the direct differentiation approach (DDA) to compute the design sensitivity coefficients (DSCs). The DSCs can then be used to drive optimization procedures. The numerical approaches are validated on a simple MEMS device—the tungsten microtweezer. The nonlinearity of the electrostatic force is found to dominate the behavior of this device. Sensitivity analysis and optimization procedures are used to compute critical parameters related to the nonlinear behaviors, as well as to solve inverse problems. The nonlinear behaviors of the tweezer are explained using a simple physical analog which is found to exhibit many of the same behaviors. Quantitative comparisons of the simulated results with experiments are also presented.
All Trussed Up and No Place to Go

This Forum article is a continuation of a regular series of columns on engineering ethics. The column has been generated, in part, by an interactive discussion on the Internet. The focus of the Ethics Case program is to present real situations taken from professional practice in order to stimulate greater attention to ethical issues, and to allow Internet Web site visitors the opportunity to avoid similar pitfalls in their own careers. In addition to providing an opportunity for individuals to read and respond to the case histories, it may also provide a convenient focus for informal brown bag discussions in firms and agencies. Those interested in this program are encouraged to visit t h e W e b s i t e a t t h e f o l l o w i n g I n t e r n e t a d d r e s s : http://www.engr.washington.edu/epp/Pepl/Ethics (Use of the capitalized letters as shown is important.) Results and discussion will also appear in the Forum section of the Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. A more detailed description of this program appeared in the January 1998 issue of this journal.
Growth of germanium nanowires from bis(acetylacetonato) dichloro germanium

Abstract Germanium nanowires were grown by chemical vapor deposition from a bis(acetylacetonato) dichloro germanium precursor. The advantages of this precursor are that it is a solid and sublimes at a relatively low temperature to produce pure germanium nanowires. The nanowires were grown on different substrates such as silicon and quartz and their diameters vary from 20 to 200 nm. X-ray diffraction, Raman and transmission electron microscopy analyses show that the nanowires are crystalline and exhibit germanium crystal structure.
Disequilibrium and Resolution: The Nonlinear Effects of Diversity Courses on Well-Being and Orientations toward Diversity

Recent literature suggests that participating in college diversity courses contributes to numerous positive outcomes. However, dealing with diversity issues is a difficult and novel experience for many students; therefore, some of the benefits of diversity coursework may accrue only after taking multiple courses. In a large multi-institutional sample, students who take one diversity course generally do not show greater gains in well-being and orientations toward diversity than those who take no courses. However, students who take two or more courses experience substantial benefits. Moreover, these effects vary somewhat by race, family income, and gender. Implications for practice are discussed.
Spallation of the Galileo probe heat shield

The Galileo probe heat shield will encounter severe radiative and convective heating during entry into Jupiter's atmosphere. The shield is made of two different carbon phenolic composites; one is chopped-molded, and the other is tape-wrapped, both of which tend to spall under intense heating conditions. To characterize this phenomenon, an experimental program, using a gasdynamic laser, was initiated. Tests were performed at a variety of radiation intensities, and both the total and spallation mass-loss rates were measured and correlated with intensity. These correlations were then applied to calculated flight heating conditions for two model atmospheres. Entry of a 310-kg probe into the nominal atmosphere would result in a spallation mass loss of 6.3 kg, or 7.4% of the expected thermochemical mass loss. Similarly, entry of that probe into the cool-dense atmosphere would result in 11.9 kg of spallation, or about 10% of the expected thermochemical mass loss.
Kenya and the International Criminal Court (ICC): politics, the election and the law

Kenya's 2013 election was supremely important, but for a reason not normally highlighted or discussed. Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto's run for president and deputy president as International Criminal Court (ICC) indictees was a key strategy to deflect the court and to insulate themselves from its power once they won the election. The paper maintains that the strategy entailed a set of delaying tactics and other pressures to ensure that the trials would not take place until after the election when their political power could be used to maximum effect to halt or delay them. However, unlike in 2007–08, the 2013 election did not result in mass violence. The Kenyatta–Ruto alliance united former ethnic antagonists in a defensive reaction to the ICC. The analysis has implications for theories seeking to explain why countries ratify and comply with treaties. It develops an alternative political economy argument to account for outliers like Kenya and has implications for international criminal justice and democr...
Native mode functional self-test generation for Systems-on-Chip

With the rapid increase in the functionality of a single chip, the generation of high quality manufacturing tests which can be applied at-speed has become a serious issue. The problem is further compounded with an increasing level of integration in the case of Systems-On-Chip (SOCs), for which existing test generation tools are inadequate. Many of the peripherals in a SOC design may not include testability features, which renders conventional design for testability (DFT) approaches ineffective. Functional tests applied at-speed in the native mode of a microprocessor have been shown to be effective in detecting realistic defects. A novel approach to adopt this strategy to generate test patterns for SOCs is presented in this paper. This approach utilizes the core processor's instruction set to test its own functionality and that of the peripheral components. A SOC based on a model of the Intel 8085 processor is used to show the effectiveness of this approach.
P-productivity and polynomial time approximations

P-productivity and p-creativity are useful concepts for studying polynomial-time approximations to sets not in P. It is shown that every deterministic O(T(n)) time computable p-productive set for P contains infinite subsets in P and moreover does not contain a largest P subset, where T is any time constructible function which dominates all polynomials. It is then shown that the complement of any honest K-creative set in NP contains infinite subsets in P and no largest one. This settles an open problem of S. Homer (1986). >
Soft tissue coverage of bone —a historical perspective and review

Coverage of bony nonunions and osteomyelitis with either cross-leg flaps or muscle flaps dates back to before the turn of the century. Although today many surgeons prefer muscle flaps there are reports of successful treatment with cutaneous cross-leg flaps. Because of its rich blood supply muscle may have a greater ability to tolerate infection and promote revascularization of bone. A history of these techniques and reports of clinical results are presented.
Fire mediated patterns of population densities in mountain big sagebrush bird communities

We employed a chronosequence approach to evaluate patterns of bird abundance in relation to post-fire vegetation recovery in mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata vaseyana). We estimated population density for 12 species of birds within the perimeters of 4 fires that had undergone 8–20 years of vegetation recovery and on adjacent unburned areas in the northwestern Great Basin, USA. Six species showed negative responses to fire persisting up to 20 years. Two species showed positive responses with effects persisting for <20 years. Understory vegetation was similar between burned and unburned areas irrespective of recovery time, and shrub canopy cover was similar between burned and unburned sites after 20 years of recovery. Persistent reductions in bird densities lead us to conclude that shrub canopy cover alone is not a sufficient metric for predicting recovery of songbird abundances following disturbance in mountain big sagebrush. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of trait anger and anger expression style on competitive attack responses in a wartime prisoner’s dilemma game

We assessed the role of trait anger and anger expression style on competitive/aggressive decision making and responding. In a 100-trial iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD), with instructions to simulate wartime interactions, competition/aggression was defined as “attacking the opponent,” and “waiting for troop reinforcements” was the noncompetitive alternative response. Prior to play, 92 university student players completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. They were then paired to play the IPD against partners of similar or dissimilar trait anger levels. At postplay, the State Anger scale was readministered. Results showed significant preplay to postplay increases in state anger, with greater increases shown by high trait anger players. Thus, high trait anger players were especially subject to arousal. Players in the high trait anger group made more competitive/attack responses, and they were more likely to do so when paired with a high trait anger partner. As a result of the high level of competitive/aggressive play, both groups ended with a negative troop count. Trait anger as a general personality temperament was predictive of state anger, competitive/attack responses, and the number of trials before a retaliation was made. The expressive style of anger-control was also related to manner of play. Trait anger had strong direct and indirect effects through anger control on the number of competitive attack responses. It was concluded that trait anger, especially trait anger/temperament, and anger control difficulties may be toxic personality factors in decision making and competitive behavior. Aggr. Behav. 28:117–125, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recurrent Sinus Pauses: An Atypical Presentation of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Autonomic dysfunction related to seizures may give rise to a broad spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities. Among these, ictal bradycardia and conduction delays may be encountered. Failure to recognize these abnormalities may contribute to sudden, unexplained death in epilepsy patients. We report a case of a Haitian female with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with recurrent sinus pauses.
From the Lichtleiter to Capsule Cystoscopy

The quest to examine concealed areas of the body is almost as old as the practice of medicine. Abulkasim, an Arabian physician who lived from AD 936– 1013, is credited with being the first practitioner to use reflected light to examine an internal organ, in this case, the cervix [1]. Serious advances in the field that would later become known as endoscopy did not begin until 1805, when Bozzini reported his successful attempt to visualize the human urethra [2]. His Lichtleiter (or light conductor) was a cumbersome tube that used a candle as a light source. At the time, what might be considered a major advancement was not well accepted by the medical community. Bozzini was reprimanded for his innovation, and the Lichtleiter, the earliest version of the modern endoscope, was discounted as nothing more than a toy. Sixty years later, a dentist reported visualizing structures within the mouth using a primitive light source that consisted of an electrified platinum wire that glowed [3]. In 1877, Nitze, considered in urology as the father of the modern cystoscope, took this concept further by combining the glowing wire with lenses to magnify the view. Working with Joseph Leiter, a practical endoscope was produced using a metal catheter with lighting provided by a platinum wire loop sheathed in a goose quill and cooled by the flow of water [3]. Visual inspection of the bladder preceded other forms of endoscopy for a very practical reason: the cooling effect of water and urine on the very hot distal light source [1]. Edison’s incandescent bulb, introduced in 1880, allowed the development of the next generation of
An iterative quadratic technique for designing minimum phase filters

An adaptive convex filter (ACF) consists of a parallel bank of three fixed second-order filters. The output of each fixed filter is multiplied by a constrained weight. The fixed filters are chosen such that the ACF will always be minimum phase. Higher order filters are implemented by cascading ACF stages but this cascaded system does not have a quadratic error surface when updated using traditional algorithms. We present an algorithm that has a quadratic error surface for the ACF and converges to the global minimum. >
Wisdom in Pastoral Care and Counseling: What Does it Entail?

The purpose of this article is to suggest richer potential meanings of spiritual wisdom and theological reflection in response to a critical reading of Pamela Cooper-White's book, Shared wisdom: Use of the self in pastoral care and counseling.
Quarter century of hydrogen movement 1974–2000

A quarter of a century has passed since the beginning of the Hydrogen Energy Movement. Over the past 25 years, there have been accomplishments on every front - from the acceptance of the concept as an answer to energy and environment related global problems - to research, development and commercialization. The Hydrogen Energy System has now taken firm roots. Activities towards the implementation are accelerating.
Use of Vegetation Indexes with ASTER VNIR data for burnt areas detection in Western Peloponnese, Greece

In this paper, we present the use of Vegetation Indexes with ASTER VNIR data for the detection of burnt areas in Western Peloponnese, Greece. Four different indexes have been used with very good results. The use of ASTER VNIR data for vegetation monitoring and burnt areas detection is proposed.