cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature Impacts on Eurytemora carolleeae Size and Vital Rates in the Upper Chesapeake Bay in Winter

The copepod Eurytemora carolleeae dominates vernal zooplankton biomass in the Chesapeake Bay estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) region, where it is an important prey item for larval anadromous fish. Although there have been several zooplankton studies in the Chesapeake Bay ETM focused on spring, the importance of winter zooplankton populations for establishing these vernal conditions has not been investigated. We examined the abundance, distribution, and individual sizes of E. carolleeae in winter of 2007 and 2008 and we investigated the potential impact of varying winter conditions and rising winter temperatures on Eurytemora female carbon content, egg production rate, and generation time. We found higher abundances and larger individuals in the colder 2007 than in 2008 under similar freshwater flow conditions. Empirical estimates showed that overall zooplankton productivity was higher in 2007 than in 2008. Published recruitment indices for anadromous fish including white perch and striped bass were higher in 2007 than in 2008 in the study region. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that colder conditions resulted in larger individuals and therefore increased prey biomass available to larval fish. We further hypothesize that rising winter water temperatures will negatively impact trophic transfer of primary production to copepods and ultimately to fish.
A FASN-TGF-β1-FASN regulatory loop contributes to high EMT/metastatic potential of cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer

// Li Yang 1 , Fuquan Zhang 1 , Xin Wang 1 , Ying Tsai 1 , Kuang-Hsiang Chuang 1 , Peter C. Keng 1 , Soo Ok Lee 1 , Yuhchyau Chen 1 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Correspondence to: Yuhchyau Chen, email: Yuhchyau_Chen@urmc.rochester.edu Soo Ok Lee, email: Soook_Lee@urmc.rochester.edu Keywords: non-small cell lung cancer, EMT, cisplatin-resistance, fatty acid synthase (FASN), TGF-β1 Received: May 04, 2016 Accepted: July 11, 2016 Published: July 25, 2016 ABSTRACT Cisplatin-resistant A549CisR and H157CisR cell lines were developed by treating parental A549 (A549P) and H157 (H157P) cells. These cisplatin-resistant cells showed slight growth retardation, but exhibited higher epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased metastatic potential compared to parental cells. We observed a highly up-regulated fatty acid synthase (FASN) level in A549CisR and H157CisR cells compared to parental cells and the up-regulation of FASN was also detected in A549P and H157P cells after short time treatment with cisplatin, suggesting that the high level of FASN in cisplatin-resistant cells may be from the accumulated cellular responses during cisplatin-resistance developmental process. We next investigated whether the inhibition of FASN by using a specific FASN inhibitor, cerulenin, can influence growth and EMT/metastatic potential of A549CisR and H157CisR cells. There was slight growth inhibition, but significantly reduced EMT/metastatic potential in cisplatin-resistant cells upon inhibitor treatment. The in vitro result was further investigated in orthotopic xenograft mouse models established with luciferase-tagged H157P and H157CisR cells. Mice were injected with cerulenin or vehicle after tumors were developed. No significant tumor regression was detected at the end of cerulenin treatment, but IHC staining showed higher expression of EMT/metastasis markers in H157CisR cell-derived tumors than H157P cell-derived tumors, and showed dramatic reduction of these markers in tumor tissues of cerulenin-treated mice, confirming the in vitro results. In mechanism dissection studies, we revealed the existence of the FASN-TGF-β1-FASN positive loop in A549CisR and H157CisR cells, but not in parental cells, which is believed to augment the FASN function in cisplatin-resistant cells.
Fallen Angels: On the Compromises of Scientists

This chapter covers some of the ways in which science has been historically understood by the communities in which it flourished. It also explains the special ethos of science that was idealized in its modern formation and the ways in which the scientific community tried to adhere to its principles. Along the way, scientists fell short of the expectations set for them, and in time became more embroiled in the demands of the scientific enterprise. These demands brought about unseemly compromises that undermined the ideals of science.
Introduction to Decentralized Infrastructure for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation

This chapter highlights the development of wastewater infrastructure in the United States and describes how and why decentralized infrastructure has evolved to become a critical component of a twenty-first century infrastructure. Decentralized infrastructure consists of approaches, technologies, and systems that can be used at buildings and developments with indoor water use and wastewater flows that span from 100 to 100,000 gal/day or more. Several examples are provided to illustrate the characteristics and applications of decentralized approaches, technologies and systems that can be used to achieve effective treatment and disposal of wastewaters, provide a source of reclaimed water, and/or to minimize resource consumption and enable resource recovery.
The Effects of Excitatory and Inhibitory Social Cues on Cocaine-Seeking Behavior

Social partners influence the likelihood of using drugs, developing a substance use disorder, and relapse to drug use after a period of abstinence. Preclinical studies report that social cues influence the acquisition of cocaine use, the escalation of cocaine use over time, and the compulsive patterns of cocaine use that emerge during an extended binge. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of social cues on the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior after a period of abstinence. Male rats were obtained at weaning, assigned to triads (3 rats/cage), reared to adulthood, and implanted with intravenous catheters. Rats from each triad were then assigned to one of three conditions: (1) test rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and were tested for reinstatement, (2) cocaine partners were trained to self-administer cocaine and were predictive of response-contingent cocaine delivery, and (3) abstinent partners were not given access to cocaine and were predictive of extinction. Test rats alternated social partners every 5 days for 20 days such that responding was reinforced with cocaine in the presence of the cocaine partner (S+) for 10 days and not reinforced with cocaine in the presence of the abstinent partner (S-) for 10 days. Responding of the test rats was then extinguished over 7 days under isolated conditions. Tests of reinstatement were then conducted in the presence of the cocaine partner and abstinent partner under extinction conditions. Neither social partner reinstated responding relative to that observed on the final day of extinction; however, responding was greater in the presence of the cocaine partner (S+) than the abstinent partner (S-) during the reinstatement test. These data fail to demonstrate that a social partner reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior after a period of abstinence, but they do indicate that social partners can serve as either excitatory or inhibitory discriminative stimuli to influence drug-seeking responses.
Development of Non-Anticoagulant Derivatives of Biotechnology Derived Sulfaminoheparosan Derivatives to Investigate the Non-Anticoagulant Effects of these Agents.

It is now well known that heparin and related glycosaminoglycans produce some of their non-anticoagulant effects such as the anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and regulatory actions independent of endogenous serpine (AT and HC-II). Sulfaminoheparosans (SAH) represent a class of biotechnology derived bacterial capsular polysaccharide (K5) derivatives which are epimerized and sulfated to mimic heparin’s biologic effects and exhibit affinity to both AT and HC-II. These SAH can be produced to exhibit molecular profile mimicking the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs). The disaccharide unit structure of epimerized SAH is GlcA-GlcNSO 3 6SO 3 (3,6)H) in comparison to heparin which is IdoA2SO 3 -GlcNSO 3 6SO 3 . The anticoagulant and antiprotease profile of a 6 kDa SAH has been found to be similar to Tinzaparin (Maddineni et al. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 10(1):27–37,2004). As this agent also exhibits various other biologic effects such as the release of TFPI, modulation of adhesion molecules and antiproliferative effects, it was hypothesized that the non-anticoagulant forms of this agent may exhibit some of these effects. In order to produce the non-anticoagulant derivatives in 6 kDa SAH, desulfated derivatives were prepared by removing sulfate groups on the position 2 alone (2 desulfated) and positions 2 and 6 (2,6 desulfated derivatives). Additional modifications in the 2,6 desulfated derivatives included the presence of either free amino group or N-acetyl in position 2. These modifications did not result in the molecular weight profile of the desulfated derivatives. However, in comparison to the parent 6 kDa SAH both the 2-desulfated and 2,6 desulfated derivatives were weaker in the anticoagulant (PT, PTT, Heptest) and antiprotease (anti-Xa, anti-IIa) and protease generation assays. 2,6 desulfation produced a strong decrease in the anticoagulant effects. Furthermore, the desulfation was proportional to a decrease in the affinity to AT and HC-II. None of these agents produced any activation of ADP induced platelet aggregation, however in whole blood flowcytometric studies ADP induced aggregation was augmented by 6 kDa SAH whereas the mono and disulfated derivatives produced variable effects. Heparinase I and II did not produce any digestion of any of these derivatives. Incubation of the 6 kDa SAH and the 2 desulfated and 2,6 disulfated derivatives produced varying degrees of inhibition of the Lewis-lung carcinoma cell cultures which was not dependent on degree of sulfation. These studies suggest that the non-serpine mediated effect of these agents may be independent of the sulfation pattern and the relative anticoagulant effects of these sulfaminoheparosan.
Commentaries on the Grandmont Paper “Endogenous Competitive Business Cycles

Professor Grandmont studies business cycles by identifying them with periodic points of certain functions. As parameters of his model vary, cycles appear, disappear, and become stable or unstable. The mathematics which governs qualitative changes of this kind is called bifurcation theory.
An Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Accelerate Clearance of Salmonella Infections in Poultry through Modifications to the Gut Microbiome.

Salmonella is estimated to cause one million food-borne illnesses in the United States every year. Salmonella -contaminated poultry products are one of the major sources of Salmonellosis. Given the critical role of the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission, manipulation of the chicken intestinal microenvironment could prevent animal colonization by the pathogen. In Salmonella , the global regulator gene fnr (Fumarate Nitrate Reduction) regulates anaerobic metabolism, and is essential for adapting to the gut environment. This study tested the hypothesis that an attenuated Fnr-mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium (attST), or the prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could improve resistance to wild-type Salmonella via modifications to the structure of the chicken gut microbiome. Intestinal samples from a total of 273 animals were collected weekly for 9 weeks to evaluate the impact of attST or prebiotic supplementation on microbial species of cecum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We next analyzed changes to the gut microbiome induced by challenging the animals with a wild-type Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:r:- (Nal R ) and determined clearance rate of the virulent strain in the treated and control groups. Both GOS and the attenuated Salmonella strain modified the gut microbiome but elicited alterations of different taxonomic groups. The attST produced significant increases of Alistipes and undefined Lactobacillus, while GOS increased Christensenellaceae and L. reuteri . The microbiome structural changes induced by both treatments resulted in a faster clearance after Salmonella challenge. Importance With an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 individuals, Salmonellosis has been deemed a nationally notifiable condition in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Earlier studies demonstrated that Salmonella is transmitted by a subset of animals (super-shedders). The super shedder phenotype can be induced by antibiotics, ascertaining an essential role for the gut microbiota in Salmonella transmission. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota and modification of the intestinal microenvironment could assist in preventing animal colonization by the pathogen. Our study demonstrated that manipulation of the chicken gut microbiota by administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain or the prebiotic GOS can promote resistance to Salmonella colonization via increases of beneficial microorganisms that translate into a less hospitable gut microenvironment.
Nudge Units to Improve the Delivery of Health Care

Nudge Units to Improve the Delivery of Health Care Key information and important choices are constantly being presented in health care. Yet often the frames or default options used are selected wit...
VALIDATION GUIDELINES FOR IS POSITIVIST RESEARCH

The issue of whether IS positivist researchers were validating their instruments sufficiently was initially raised fifteen years ago. Rigor in IS research is still one of the critical scientific issues facing the field. Without solid validation of the instruments that are used to gather data on which findings and interpretations are based, the very scientific basis of the profession is threatened. This study builds on four prior retrospectives of IS research that conclude that IS positivist researchers continue to face major barriers in instrument, statistical, and other forms of validation. It goes beyond these studies by offering analyses of the state-of-the-art of research validities and deriving specific heuristics for research practice in the validities. Some of these heuristics will, no doubt, be controversial. But we believe that it is time for the IS academic profession to bring such issues into the open for community debate. This article is a first step in that direction. Based on our interpretation of the importance of a long list of validities, this paper suggests heuristics for reinvigorating the quest for validation in IS research via content/construct validity, reliability, manipulation validity, and statistical conclusion validity. New guidelines for validation and new research directions are offered.
Intrasource Scattering and Absorption Effects on γ-γ Angular Correlation Measurements

Perturbed angular correlation (PAC) is a useful technique for the study of hyperfine interactions. However, its application to solids requires that effects associated with the use of dense sources be taken into consideration. In particular, time — integral PAC measurements, in which the magnitude of the anisotropy is often a measured quantity of interest, must be free of or corrected for directional effects from intrasource interactions of the cascade λ — rays after their emission. These effects are usually negligible in the aqueous solutions commonly used as sources in nuclearspectroscopic applications, but they may become appreciable in extended solid samples of higher density and atomic number. In this paper we describe numerical calculations of the effects of λ — ray scattering and absorption on measured angular correlations. The results of this procedure may be used to choose favourable source configurations in order to minimize these distortions, as well as to correct the data for remaining attenuations.
Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Angioplasty and Stenting

A paper in 1964 by Dotter and Judkins1 marks the beginning of the history of percutaneous revascularization procedures. Their technique involved sequential dilatation of lower-extremity atherosclerotic lesions using dilators or bougies of increasing diameter passed across stenotic lesions, with favorable outcomes. A decade later the Gruntzig balloon catheter moved the field of balloon angioplasty (PTA) for iliac-femoral disease forward.2’3 In 1980 Mullan et al.4 used a Gruntzig balloon catheter to perform one of the first successful carotid angioplasties on a 35-year-female with fibromuscular dysplasia.5 In the same year, Kerber et al.6 described a successful intraoperative common carotid angioplasty performed 3 years previously. The internal carotid artery was clamped for protection of the brain during the procedure and the potential debris was flushed into the external carotid artery, making this also the first report of carotid PTA with distal protection. In 1980 again Sundt et al. reported the first successful transluminal angioplasties of basilar artery stenoses through intraoperative exposures.7
T-CELL ROSETTES IN HUMAN CANCER

ABSTRACT Human lymphocytes that bind to normal sheep red blood cells, in vitro, in a rosette formation are T-cells. This is based on findings in human fetuses, in immunodeficient patients and on the absence of B-cell markers on these rosette-forming cells. We have described the active T-rosette test detecting a subpopulation of T-lymphocytes and the total T-rosette test detecting all of them. Cancer patients, depending on the sheep used, will have decreased blood active T-lymphocytes whereas the total T-lymphocytes are in the normal range. Since these active T-rosette-forming cells correlate with the immune status in immunodeficient patients and also increase after the induction of immune functions in various diseases, we propose that the subpopulation of blood active T-rosette-forming cells, present in cancer patients, is an index of their cellular immunocompetence and a reflection of their system of immunosurveillance.
Nitric oxide in shock: sepsis and hemorrhage

The past decade of nitric oxide (NO) research was highlighted by the awarding of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine to Drs. Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for their discoveries that endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide (NO), and that endothelial derived NO regulates vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Although NO is one of the smallest synthetic products of mammalian cells, its contributions are large. Continued research in the field of NO has not only emphasized the important physiologic functions of NO, but has revealed its paradoxical role in pathophysiologic states as well.
Parallel Streams in the Corticogeniculate Pathway: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Projections of Neurons in Layer VI of Striate Cortex

Publisher Summary One of the major advances in the understanding of functional organization of the visual system has been the identification of parallel geniculocortical pathways that link different populations of retinal ganglion cells with different layers of the striate cortex. Despite variation across species in the features that distinguish these pathways, two general classes can be identified in all: those that terminate in the granular layer of striate cortex, layer IV; and those that terminate in the supragranular layers, layers I-III. It has also been found that the projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the striate cortex, like all thalamocortical pathways, are reciprocated by a dense feedback projection that originates from neurons in cortical layer VI. This chapter also discusses experiments to understand how this descending pathway is organized in relation to the parallel granular and supragranular ascending systems. The results suggest that neurons in layer VI of striate cortex are in a position to selectively influence the transmission of activity in these two pathways by virtue of their descending projections to the LGN as well as their local axonal projections to the granular and supragranular layers of the striate cortex. To examine the organization of the corticogeniculate pathway, small extracellular injections of biocytin are made into layer VI of tree shrew striate cortex and then the pattern of labeled axons in the LGN are examined.
Making Serverless Computing More Serverless

In serverless computing, developers define a function to handle an event, and the serverless framework horizontally scales the application as needed. The downside of this function-based abstraction is it limits the type of application supported and places a bound on the function to be within the physical resource limitations of the server the function executes on. In this paper we propose a new abstraction for serverless computing: a developer supplies a process and the serverless framework seamlessly scales out the process's resource usage across the datacenter. This abstraction enables processing to not only be more general purpose, but also allows a process to break out of the limitations of a single server – making serverless computing more serverless. To realize this abstraction, we propose ServerlessOS, comprised of three key components: (i) a new disaggregation model, which leverages disaggregation for abstraction, but enables resources to move fluidly between servers for performance; (ii) a cloud orchestration layer which manages fine-grained resource allocation and placement throughout the application's lifetime via local and global decision making; and (iii) an isolation capability that enforces data and resource isolation across disaggregation, effectively extending Linux cgroup functionality to span servers.
Substitutent effects in monosubstituted benzenes: Semi‐empirical SCF studies of the Hammett constants

Semi-empirical SCF calculations using the AM1 Hamiltonian were shown to account for the Hammett σ constants and other properties of a representative series of 22 monosubstituted benzenes in terms of the atomic charges at the ipso, ortho, meta and para positions. The trends of the correlations with experimental σ constants were found to follow the normal expectations of physical organic chemistry. Additional support for the AM1 charge distributions was obtained in correlations with the 13C chemical shifts of 12 of the test molecules. On the other hand, no correlations were found between σ constants and computed force constants for bending peripheral H atoms out of the plane of the aromatic ring, supporting the view that Hammett σ constants reffect charge distributions and not secondary effects expressed in the stiffness of bonds.
Cellulose Transparent and Flexible Films Prepared from DMAc/LiCl Solutions

Cellulose transparent and flexible film was prepared by dissolving micro-crystalline cellulose powder in Dimethylacetamide/Lithium Chloride (DMAc/LiCl) followed by regeneration in acetone and subsequent washing with water. The solution was cast on a glass plate. The interactions of water molecules and the swollen cellulose in the gel were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, DSC. An increased melting point of water in the gel indicated the presence of stronger bonding between water and cellulose than in the non-modified cellulose. The prepared dried films had 63 g/m2 weight and 0.06 mm thickness with 1.14 g/cm3 density.The prepared dry film exhibited high transparency, around 95% with visible light. The transparency and mechanical properties of the films were stable at high temperature (120°C) and exposure to UV irradiation. Thermal analysis of the prepared sample indicated film stability up to 275 °C. The tensile strength of the cellulose film was around 120 MPa with about 10% strain to break. The mechanical properties of the films were stable in alkali and acidic solutions.
A Systematic Review of Treatments for Problematic Khat Use

Khat, a psychostimulant cultivated and commonly used in Eastern Africa and the Arabian penin-sula, has a longstanding history of use embedded within the cultures of these regions. Due to changing p...
Characterizing Relative and Disease-Specific Survival in Early-Stage Cancers.

This cohort study examines the relative and disease-specific survival rates for patients with 10 early-stage cancers.
Intervention for Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis and May-Thurner Syndrome

May-Thurner syndrome, also known as iliac vein compression syndrome, may cause symptoms of venous hypertension and is a predisposing factor for the development of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Iliofemoral DVT is associated with high rates of development of postthrombotic syndrome, a potentially debilitating condition associated with development of symptoms related to venous outflow obstruction and resulting in reduced quality of life. In this Clinics article, we review procedural intervention with catheter-directed thrombolysis and stenting for iliofemoral DVT and iliac vein compression.
Infrared laser-induced fast thermal gradient affects the excitability of primary hippocampal neurons

Infrared laser (IRL) exposure can induce a rapid temperature change (fast thermal gradient or FTG) that is able to stimulate or inhibit neurons and, thereby, modify neurological functions. Despite extensive research into this effect, the fundamental mechanism(s) underlying how FTG causes neurological stimulation or inhibition remains unclear. While it is hypothesized that IRL-induced FTG acts directly on the neuronal plasma membrane (PM), it is uncertain if the neurological effects observed in previous studies are mostly derived from presynaptic effects (i.e., modifications in action potential (AP) firing) or also from postsynaptic effects (i.e., alteration of the synaptic responses of the excitatory and inhibitory neuronal receptors). In the present study, we present an analysis of FTG-mediated changes in neuronal PM, AP firing rate, and miniature postsynaptic excitatory and inhibitory currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs). Our results suggest FTG induces changes in both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurophysiological mechanisms. Specifically, we found that, after IRL pulse (IRLP)-induced FTG exposure, the amplitudes of APs are reduced, but the rate of APs are increased. In contrast, the quantities of both mEPSCs and mIPSCs are reduced, but the peak-to-peak frequency and peak amplitudes are increased. The results outlined in this study demonstrate the impact of FTG on neurons and neuronal network. This information is critical for understanding the complexity of the effects of FTG on neurological functions and for demonstrating how post-synaptic mechanisms might play a crucial role in neurological excitation or inhibition seen following IRL pulse exposure.
CHAPTER 6 – Strategic Planning

Publisher Summary Strategic, adaptive planning is a process of learning and growth. It is an ongoing event kept in the foreground to be seen, studied, used as a guide, and revised as change is noted in the environment. Strategic planning is the process of projecting the likely or logical future—the composite scenario—and of idealizing desired futures. It is the process of knowing how to attain these futures, using this knowledge to steer the logical future toward a more desired one, and then repeating the operation. The backward process of idealization inspires creative thinking. It affords people an opportunity to expand their awareness of what states of the system they would like to see take place and with what priorities. Using the backward process, planners identify both opportunities and obstacles and eventually select effective policies to facilitate reaching the desired future. This chapter demonstrates the way in which the systems approach of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be used to plan for likely and desired futures.
The structure of generalized BI-algebras and weakening relation algebras

Generalized bunched implication algebras (GBI-algebras) are defined as residuated lattices with a Heyting implication, and are positioned between Boolean algebras with operators and lattices with operators. We characterize congruences on GBI-algebras by filters that are closed under Gumm–Ursini terms, and for involutive GBI-algebras these terms simplify to a dual version of the congruence term for relation algebras together with two more terms. We prove that representable weakening relation algebras form a variety of cyclic involutive GBI-algebras, denoted by RWkRA, containing the variety of representable relation algebras. We describe a double-division conucleus construction on residuated lattices and on (cyclic involutive) GBI-algebras and show that it generalizes Comer’s double coset construction for relation algebras. Also, we explore how the double-division conucleus construction interacts with other class operators and in particular with variety generation. We focus on the fact that it preserves a special discriminator term, thus yielding interesting discriminator varieties of GBI-algebras, including RWkRA. To illustrate the generality of the variety of weakening relation algebras, we prove that all distributive lattice-ordered pregroups and hence all lattice-ordered groups embed, as residuated lattices, into representable weakening relation algebras on chains. Moreover, every representable weakening relation algebra is embedded in the algebra of all residuated maps on a doubly-algebraic distributive lattice. We give a number of other instructive examples that show how the double-division conucleus illuminates the structure of distributive involutive residuated lattices and GBI-algebras.
Changes in Foods Served and Meal Costs in Boston Family Child Care Homes after One Year of Implementing the New Child and Adult Care Food Program Nutrition Standards.

This study aimed to determine the impact of 2017 revisions to the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) nutrition standards on foods and beverages served and meal costs in family child care homes (FCCHs). Our pre–post study utilized four weeks of menus and food receipts from 13 FCCH providers in Boston, MA prior to CACFP nutrition standards changes in 2017 and again one year later, resulting in n = 476 menu observation days. We compared daily servings of food and beverage items to the updated standards. Generalized estimating equation models tested for changes in adherence to the standards and meal costs. FCCHs offered more whole grains and less juice and refined grains from baseline to follow-up. FCCHs were more likely to meet the revised whole grain standard at follow-up (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4, 5.2, p = 0.002), but rarely met all selected standards together. Inflation-adjusted meal costs increased for lunch (+$0.27, p = 0.001) and afternoon snack (+$0.25, p = 0.048). FCCH providers may need assistance with meeting CACFP standards while ensuring that meal costs do not exceed reimbursement rates.
A Challenging Reality: Transitioning from the classroom to e-learning among English language learners

In the wake of COVID-19, both K-12 and post-secondary institutions have had to transition from traditional learning in the classroom to teaching and learning through various online and or e-learning platforms. With such an abrupt transition, it's important for educators to explore the effectiveness of e-learning among their student populations. Moreover, this narrative discussion is facilitated by a program director who oversees an adult education English as a second language program located in Atlanta, Georgia. The director maintains the opinion that various modes of online learning are not the best learning method for all student populations and specifically adult English language learners. In addition, the discussion gives a brief overview of English language learners and their challenges with e-learning instructional methods in this school's adult education ESL program.
Urodynamic parameters and anesthetic depth vary depending on anesthetic agent (alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, propofol) at doses necessary to facilitate preclinical testing

Objectives: To compare the effects of select agents (dexmedetomidine, alfaxalone, propofol, isoflurane, and α-chloralose) on anesthetic and urodynamic parameters in felines. Materials and Methods: Adult male cats (n=5) were sedated at least three times per agent with dexmedetomidine (reversed with atipamezole), alfaxalone, and propofol on separate days, and anesthetized one time with isoflurane, then transitioned to α-chloralose during a terminal procedure. At least two cystometrograms (CMGs) were conducted in each sedated session. Urodynamic parameters (Δpressure, bladder capacity, bladder compliance, non-voiding contractions, bladder pressure slopes) and anesthetic parameters (change in heart rate [ΔHR], average heart rate [HR], reflexes, induction/recovery times) were evaluated. Results: Δpressure was greatest with propofol (117 ± 10 cm H20), bladder capacity was highest with α-chloralose (60 ± 9 ml), non-voiding contractions (NVCs) were greatest with α-chloralose (0.03 ± 0.01 NVCs/s). Propofol and dexmedetomidine had the highest bladder pressure slopes during the initial and final portions of the CMGs respectively. Cats progressed to a deeper plane of anesthesia (lower HR, smaller ΔHR, decreased reflexes) under dexmedetomidine (HR 117 ± 6; ΔHR 19 ± 21 bpm), compared to propofol (HR 174 ± 6 bpm; ΔHR 85 ± 22 bpm) and alfaxalone (HR 211 ± 6 bpm; ΔHR 77 ± 21 bpm). Time to induction was shortest with propofol, and time to recovery was shortest with dexmedetomidine. Conclusion: These agent-specific differences in urodynamic and anesthetic parameters in cats will facilitate appropriate study-specific anesthetic choice.
The RNA Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 3'-Untranslated Region.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. The 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of this β-CoV contains essential cis-acting RNA elements for the viral genome transcription and replication. These elements include an equilibrium between an extended bulged stem-loop (BSL) and a pseudoknot. The existence of such an equilibrium is supported by reverse genetic studies and phylogenetic covariation analysis and is further proposed as a molecular switch essential for the control of the viral RNA polymerase binding. Here, we report the SARS-CoV-2 3′ UTR structures in cells that transcribe the viral UTRs harbored in a minigene plasmid and isolated infectious virions using a chemical probing technique, namely dimethyl sulfate (DMS)-mutational profiling with sequencing (MaPseq). Interestingly, the putative pseudoknotted conformation was not observed, indicating that its abundance in our systems is low in the absence of the viral nonstructural proteins (nsps). Similarly, our results also suggest that another functional cis-acting element, the three-helix junction, cannot stably form. The overall architectures of the viral 3′ UTRs in the infectious virions and the minigene-transfected cells are almost identical.
The Formation of Belief: An Examination of Factors That Influence Climate Change Belief Among Hurricane Katrina Survivors

Differences in population-level climate change beliefs have been identified, which are often attributable to coastline proximity, urban-rural classifications, race, ethnicity, political affiliation, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and age. This study assessed the impact of spatial, experiential, and demographic-related characteristics on climate change beliefs among a population of Hurricane Katrina survivors. Participants from the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study who answered climate change belief questions were included in this analysis. Race was found to be the most critical contributor to climate change belief, where the adjusted odds of white individuals believing in climate change were 0.2 times the odds of Black individuals believing in climate change (confidence interval: 0.1-0.4). Other sociodemographic factors, such as age, gender, income, and education, were not found to be significant. Several theoretical perspectives were considered to explain the variation in climate change beliefs, including social vulnerability, environmental deprivation, and political ideology. Future research as to why these racial differences exist should be conducted. By doing so, climate change communication, education, and mitigation and adaptation strategies may be improved.
A Novel State of Charge Dependent Equivalent Circuit Model Parameter Offline Estimation for Lithium-ion Batteries in Grid Energy Storage Applications

This paper develops a novel methodology to estimate the parameters of the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) for Lithium-ion battery cells focusing on their use in grid applications. The methodology considers both static and dynamic test profiles based on grid energy storage applications for identifying the battery model parameters. Parameters dependency on SOC and temperature is also included in the proposed methodology. The correlation between the parameters and the SOC is obtained through polynomial regression, in which the quality of the fitness indicates the appropriateness of the resulting trend curve. The proposed methodology is compared with two conventional methods, to validate its effectiveness and accuracy on battery parameter estimation. The proposed SOC-dependent model has shown to reduce the root-mean-square error of the estimated terminal voltage by approximately 50% when compared to that of the SOC-independent model, making it a more suitable solution for SOC and SOH estimations for grid applications.
The intersection of social networks and individual identity in adolescent problem behavior: Pathways and ethnic differences

We provide a conceptual framework for considering how an individual’s identity is influenced by social groups and an empirical exploration of how identity is related to cigarette smoking and e-ciga...
Electrothermal Management Using In-situ Junction Temperature Monitoring for Enhanced Reliability of SiC-Based Power Electronics

Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices promise the revolution of the next-generation power electronics converters, including its application in the electric Ship Power Systems (SPS). Device junction temperature varies as a function of converter operating conditions (e.g. load current, bus voltage) and operational parameters (e.g. switching frequency, modulation scheme), which adversely affect the device lifetime, especially for the emerging SiC devices. It is observed the device power loss is sensitive to gate drive output voltage, which can be utilized as an effective means to actively regulate the device junction temperature, and then improve the device lifetime and converter reliability. Moreover, for precise device thermal management, accurate junction temperature monitoring is essential. Therefore, this paper proposes a gate voltage-based electrothermal management using in-situ junction temperature monitoring for SiC-based converter. A Matlab/Simulink model considering an actual CREE SiC MOSFET validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Implementation of a Water Flow Control System Into the ISS's Planned Fluids & Combustion Facility

The Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) will become an ISS facility capable of performing basic combustion and fluids research. The facility consists of two independent payload racks specifically configured to support multiple experiments over the life of the ISS. Both racks will depend upon the ISS's Moderate Temperature Loop (MTL) for removing waste heat generated by the avionics and experiments operating within the racks. By using the MTL, constraints are imposed by the ISS vehicle on how the coolant resource is used. On the other hand, the FCF depends upon effective thermal control for maximizing life of the hardware and for supplying proper boundary conditions for the experiments. In the implementation of a design solution, significant factors in the selection of the hardware included ability to measure and control relatively low flow rates, ability to throttle flow within the time constraints of the ISS MTL, conserve energy usage, observe low mass and small volume requirements. An additional factor in the final design solution selection was considering how the system would respond to a loss of power event. This paper describes the method selected to satisfy the FCF design requirements while maintaining the constraints applied by the ISS vehicle.
On Modeling the Effect of Water Activity on Microbial Growth and Mortality Kinetics

The effect of moisture on the growth of different kinds of bacteria, yeasts, and molds in or on foods has traditionally been depicted in the form of a rate vs. water activity (aw) plot. The rate curve of each organism type begins (or ends) at a point along the aw-axis. At lower aw levels, presumably, the particular type of organism does not grow, i.e., its growth rate is zero. While such plots can and have been successfully used to identify safe water activities for food storage, for example, they do not always tell the whole story. One reason is that the borderline between growth and no growth is rarely sharp. Another reason is that a plot of this kind does not fully reveal what happens above the marked water activity threshold. Moreover, in many foods, water activity control is accompanied by a drying process, in which case the temperature history may affect the type or number of organisms remaining in the food, and/or the introduction of a complementary agent such as salt or chemical preservative. To deal with these aspects of microbial growth inhibition, it is necessary to develop a kinetic model of growth whose parameters account for the role of all pertinent factors that affect a food’s biological stability and that of their interactions. The same can be said about chemical and physical changes that inevitably occur during food preservation, especially when heat is involved. Such changes are of two kinds: degradation, notably the loss of freshness and nutrients, or synthesis, notably the accumulation of Maillard reaction products, but also other compounds that impart off flavor. Water activity, and factors such as pH and salt concentration, affect the heat resistance not only of microorganisms, including bacterial spores, but also of enzymes. The subject has been amply studied and there is a large body of literature covering its various aspects.
Constitutional Concepts for the Rule of Law: A Vision for the Post-Monarchy Judiciary in Nepal

A new government has taken power in Nepal. Intent on replacing the monarchical Hindu state with a secular democracy, it has promised a new constitution. Although the Nepali government is currently operating under an Interim Constitution, it remains to be seen what the post-monarchy judiciary will look like. Those involved in the drafting should pay careful attention to how specific provisions for court governance will impact both institutional and decisional judicial independence. The Interim Constitution calls for a judicial council but not a sufficiently independent one. The Interim Constitution also allows broad exercise of emergency powers, depriving the courts of jurisdiction over the legality or constitutionality of such exercises—a particularly disturbing flaw given the history of abuse of emergency powers in Nepal. These, along with an array of other concerns that otherwise threaten to undermine the independence and effectiveness of the third branch of government in Nepal, can and should be corrected in the new constitution. This Article sets forth those concerns and suggests solutions for each. Nepal‟s prospects for the rule of law may depend on how well the new constitution‟s drafters follow this punch-list of issues and principles as they establish the constitutional framework for the new Nepali judiciary.  Assistant Professor, Florida Coastal School of Law; B.A., Brigham Young University; M.A., University of California, Berkeley; J.D., Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley. This paper began as a series of presentations given by Judge Evelyn Lance, Roger Furman, and the author at a conference sponsored by the Nepal Constitution Consortium entitled, ―Issues and Challenges for the Judiciary in the New Nepali Constitution,‖ which took place in Kathmandu in February 2009. Many of the original ideas came from brainstorming sessions with Judge Lance and Mr. Furman, and more ideas came out of discussions among the conferees in Kathmandu. Thanks to Prof. Cole Durham for the initial invitation to address these issues, and to the International Center for Law and Religion Studies for travel funding. Special thanks to Ram Krishna Timalsena, the Clerk of the Nepali Supreme Court, who also presented at the conference, and to all the conferees. Additional thanks to Prof. Ken Gallant for background and context. For research assistance, I want to thank Jason Antley, Matthew Dale, Antony Constantini, and Caitlin Whalen. 284 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW [VOL. 9:283
The Angles of a Star.

any students harbor the limiting belief that matheangle of ADEF, and so mZEFC = mZ matics problems have only one right solution. A The sum of the measures of the interio good problem can debunk this myth by provoking a ABCF is, therefore, 180 degrees more variety of solutions. The angles-of-a-star problem, of the measures of the five angles of th illustrated in figure 1, has produced much interthe sum of the measures of the interio esting thought and many elegant solutions from quadrilateral is 360 degrees, mZA + m students and teachers alike. It is wonderfully easy + mZD + mLE =180 degrees. to state: "Find the sum of the measures of the
Chapter 9 Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in young pigs

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the developmental aspects of lipid oxidation in young pig. The chapter reviews the key regulatory enzymes previously elucidated in rodents, with inclusion of the limited knowledge available in pigs. A metabolic component of the multifactorial etiology is discussed, and the biochemical competency of piglets to oxidize fatty acids during early postnatal life is examined. The ontogeny and regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation is highlighted owing to the low level of ketogenesis expressed in neonatal pigs compared to other species. Impaired growth and high mortality of neonatal pigs pose significant challenges to the swine industry. A primary limitation to efficient pork production is morbidity and mortality during the perinatal period. Because pigs are born with low energy reserves, their survival hinges on timely consumption of milk. Ketone bodies play a pivotal role in the transition from carbohydrate-based metabolism to fat-based metabolism, providing an important alternative fuel for glucose dependent tissues. Impaired adaptation limits the piglets' ability to oxidize fat, which likely contributes to the etiology of mortality. Further research will assist in development of strategies to enhance development of fatty acid oxidation and ultimately improve piglet survival and growth.
The reaction at the breakup threshold

Abstract Gamma-ray yields with 2 H(p , γ) 3 He reaction have been measured in the region of the deuteron breakup threshold. The excitation function does not display any cross section anomaly of significance at the breakup threshold.