cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eyeblink cross-habituation between tactile and acoustic systems in humans

To study cross-habituation of the eyeblink reflex in humans, subjects were repetitively exposed to a blink-eliciting stimulus in one modality and then shifted to a second stimulus in a different modality. One group of subjects began with a tactile stimulus and switched after 40 trials to an acoustic stimulus. The other began with the acoustic and switched to the tactile. No evidence of cross-habituation was found in the shift from tactile to acoustic, suggesting that habituation takes place in the sensory limb of the reflex. Cross-habituation was found, however, in the shift from acoustic to tactile stimuli. This result was expected because the act of blinking to the acoustic stimulus activates trigeminal afferents from the eyelid; as a result, the tactile stimulation from the blink to the acoustic stimuli had already begun habituation in the tactile pathway before the first external tactile stimulus was received.
Socio-spatial patterning of off-sale and on-sale alcohol outlets in a Texas city

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: To examine the socio-spatial patterning of off-sale and on-sale alcohol outlets following a policy change that ended prohibition of off-sale outlets in Lubbock, Texas. DESIGN AND METHODS: The spatial patterning of alcohol outlets by licensing type was examined using the k-function difference (D statistic) to compare the relative degree of spatial aggregation of the two types of alcohol outlets and by the spatial scan statistic to identify statistically significant geographic clusters of outlets. The sociodemographic characteristics of the areas containing clusters of outlets were compared with the rest of the city. In addition, the socioeconomic characteristics of census block groups with and without existing on-sale outlets were compared, as were the socioeconomic characteristics of census block groups with and without the newly issued off-sale licenses. RESULTS: The existing on-sale premises in Lubbock and the newly established off-sale premises introduced as a result of the 2009 policy change displayed different spatial patterns, with the latter being more spatially dispersed. A large cluster of on-sale outlets identified in the north-east of the city was located in a socially and economically disadvantaged area of the city. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings support the view that it is important to understand the local context of deprivation within a city when examining the location of alcohol outlets and add to the existing research by drawing attention to the importance of geographic scale in assessing such relationships. Language: en
A Pixellated Window on Chemistry in Solids

Reaction dynamics in solid samples can be studied with a laser beam that has traveled through specially cut windows. Events happening at different times are probed in a single shot.
Towards Mitigating Human Errors in IT Change Management Process

IT service delivery is heavily dependent on skilled labor. This opens the scope for errors due to human mistakes. We propose a framework for minimizing errors due to human mistakes in Change Management process, focusing on change preparation and change execution. We developed a tool that brings better structure to the change plan, as well as, helps the change plan creator in developing a plan faster through use of knowledge-base and automatic guidance. At the change execution phase, we designed and implemented an architecture that intercepts and validates operator actions, thereby significantly reducing operator mistakes. The system can be tuned to vary the involvement of the operator. We have tested the system in a large IT delivery environment and report potential benefits.
A Psychometric Evaluation Of The Assessment Of Spirituality And Religious Sentiments (Aspires) Scale: Short Form

This chapter presents a study report that provides support for the psychometric and interpretive utility of the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) short forms (SF), both the self-report and observer-rater versions. Samples of college undergraduates and community-based adults were included in the study. Results show that the short forms were reliable, structurally valid, and possessed significant overlap with their long form parents. Creating a short form brings with it the advantage of time saving in both completing and scoring the reduced instrument. Short forms are well suited for situations where time is limited or an individual has reduced capacities for sustained testing. Users can be confident that the short form versions validly represent the spiritual and religious constructs present in their parent versions.Keywords:Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments; psychometric utility; religious constructs; short forms (SF); spiritual constructs
Garbage In, Gospel Out Ignoring Goals of Care When Assessing Heart Failure Quality Metrics

former 2 groups were based on timing of DNR orders with the designation either at admission or transitioned from full resuscitative care to DNR status, respectively. Outcomes were stratified based on CMS-endorsed risk adjustment models primarily including 30-day mortality, hospital readmissions, and death within 30 days of discharge. Finally, hospitals were separated into quintiles based on achievement of heart failure performance measures and results were then pared to include/exclude DNR orders. Roughly one quarter of patients had DNR orders at some point during the index hospitalization (15% on admission and 11% switched from full code at a later time). The 30-day mortality was 27%, 35%, and 3% for those with admission DNR, later DNR, and full code designations, respectively. Moreover, compared with patients with full resuscitative wishes, patients with the DNR orders tend to have a higher rate of death during index
A 21st century shift in the relationship between ENSO SST and warm water volume anomalies

[1] This paper documents changes in the relationship between warm water volume (WWV), which is an index for upper ocean heat content, and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST anomalies during the period 1980–2010. Upper ocean heat content represents a major source of predictability for ENSO, with WWV integrated along the equator leading ENSO SST anomalies by 2–3 seasons during the 1980s and 1990s. For the first decade of the 21st century however, WWV variations decreased and lead time was reduced to only one season, mainly due to the diminished persistence of WWV anomalies early in the calendar year. These changes are linked to a shift towards more central Pacific (CP) versus eastern Pacific (EP) El Ninos in the past decade. The results are consistent with a reduced impact of thermocline feedbacks on ENSO SST development and potentially imply reduced seasonal time scale predictability during periods dominated by CP El Ninos.
Bone Marrow SSEA1+ Cells Support the Myocardium in Cardiac Pressure Overload

Rationale Stage specific embryonic antigen 1+ (SSEA1+) cells have been described as the most primitive mesenchymal progenitor cell in the bone marrow. Cardiac injury mobilizes SSEA1+ cells into the peripheral blood but their in vivo function has not been characterized.
Pigments of Eidamella deflexa: characterization by chromatography and spectrophotometry.

Eidamella deflexa produces a yellow pigment, frequently followed by a red pigment. Paper chromatography of culture media in which different strains of this organism had been grown showed that they produced many colored substances and others which are visible under UV light. Three substances which were formed early by cultures were designated Y (bright yellow in visible light, brownish-yellow in ultraviolet), R (red in visible light, fluorescing orange in ultraviolet), and M)orange in visible light, fluorescing mauve in ultraviolet). They were formed in greatest abundance. These three pigments develop in sequence, first yellow, then red and later mauve. The suggestion has been made previously that the yellow pigment is a metabolic precursor of the red pigment, and evidence for this relationship is discussed.Ultraviolet absorption spectra of all three pigments were determined. The spectrum of the yellow pigment contained an absorption maximum at 278 mµ, that of the red pigment two maxima at 278 mµ, and 525 ...
Use of personal-indoor-outdoor sulfur concentrations to estimate the infiltration factor and outdoor exposure factor for individual homes and persons.

A study of personal, indoor, and outdoor exposure to PM2.5 and associated elements has been carried out for 37 residents of the Research Triangle Park area in North Carolina. Participants were selected from persons expected to be at elevated risk from exposure to particles, and included 29 persons with hypertension and 8 cardiac patients with implanted defibrillators. Participants were monitored for 7 consecutive days in each of four seasons. One goal of the study was to estimate the contribution of outdoor PM2.5 to indoor concentrations. This depends on the infiltration factor Finf, the fraction of outdoor PM2.5 remaining airborne after penetrating indoors. After confirming with our measurements the findings of previous studies that sulfur has few indoor sources, we estimated an average Finf for each house based on indoor/outdoor sulfur ratios. These estimates ranged from 0.26 to 0.87, with a median value of 0.55. Since these estimates apply only to particles of size similar to that of sulfur particles (...
Ginseng modifies the diabetic phenotype and genes associated with diabetes in the male ZDF rat

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and its close relative North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are perennial aromatic herbs that are widely used in Oriental medicine and have been acclaimed to have various health benefits including diabetes treatment. In this study, we compared the effects of a diet containing rosiglitazone to a diet containing ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Animals were assigned to one of three diets: control, rosiglitazone (0.1 g/1 kg diet), or ginseng (10 g/1 kg diet). During the 11-week study, body weight, food intake, organ weight, blood glucose, plasma cholesterol, and plasma triglyceride levels were evaluated. Animals treated with rosiglitazone or ginseng exhibited increased body weight (p<0.05) and decreased kidney weight (p<0.05) compared to control animals. The rosiglitazone group demonstrated decreased food intake and plasma triglyceride levels versus the other groups (p<0.05). The ginseng group revealed decreased cholesterol levels relative to the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, ginseng and rosiglitazone had marked effects on the expression of genes involved in PPAR actions and triglyceride metabolism compared to controls. In conclusion, ginseng modified the diabetic phenotype and genes associated with diabetes in the male ZDF rat. These data are encouraging, and warrant further research to determine the therapeutic value of this medicinal herb in treating human diabetes.
Titration curves of colloidal surfaces. III. Wool

Abstract By studying colloidal charge density at various pH levels, titration curves of wool surfaces were determined. Samples were studied at water content of 50–55%. At or below this level, potentials were independent of electric resistance and of water content, and also of the weight of sample. Normal Donnan potentials were measured and Donnan ratios estimated. Colloidal charge densities were calculated from Donnan ratios. Dilution potentials were calculated from the Donnan ratios and standard values of ion conductances. The calculated values agreed with measurements of the dilution potential. From the dilution potentials at various pH levels, colloidal charge densities were estimated. A low concentration of picric acid was found to displace the titration curve as determined in solutions containing chloride as the only other anion. The displacement was toward higher pH; the magnitude was from 1 to 2 units. Similar effects have been found in connective tissues. The titration curves were compared with those determined for whole fibers measured independently.
Ultraviolet inactivation and miscoding of irradiated R17-RNA invitro

Summary Ultraviolet irradiation of the single-stranded Coliphage R17 leads to inactivation of the in vitro messenger activity of its RNA. Uridine-photohydration is the major reaction occurring in the RNA under these conditions. At a residual activity of the synthetase gene of 37 per cent, there are 11.2 uridine-photohydrates present in the total R17 genome, while only 5.3 photohydrates are necessary to decrease the translation of the coat gene to the same value. De novo incorporation of histidine into the coat protein is observed with R17-RNA from ultraviolet-irradiated phage, indicating that uridine-photohydrates can miscode as cytidine in an in vitro translation system.
Ownerbuilt Housing and Resources: Implications for Self-Help Policies

This note looks at the resources used by 101 non-rural people who built their own homes, saving an estimated 34 per cent of the home's market value.
S-IRAS: An Interactive Semantic Image Retrieval and Annotation System

Relevance feedback and semantic retrieval have received extensive attention recently in the computer vision community. In this article, we present a semantic image query system with integrated feedback mechanism. Our system has two major components: the low-level feature space and the semantic space. In the low-level feature space, images are described by multidimensional vectors and are clustered based on the similarity of their contents. In the semantic space, the relationship among keywords is captured by a semantic hierarchy built by the aid of WordNet. Based on our system architecture, we propose a novel feedback solution for semantic retrieval called semantic feedback, which allows our system to interact with users directly at the semantic level. The short-term and long-term learning process of the semantic feedback substantially improves the image retrieval and annotation performance of our system. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with experiments using 5,000 images from Corel database. The significant contribution of this article is in the scenario of having a relatively small training data set compared to the testing data set. Some of the previous work in the same direction has chosen a very large training set and a very small testing set. Clearly, the problem that we try to solve is more realistic and challenging.
Integrating ideology and archetype in rhetorical criticism, part II: A case study of Jaws

This essay offers a case study follow‐up to an article previously published in this journal. The present installment applies the critical approach developed in the initial work, which integrates ideology and archetypal concerns, to examine the film Jaws. The critique is situated as a counterpoint to prior analysis by Marxist critic Fredric Jameson and archetypal critic Jane Caputi. Set within the American culture myth of the frontier hunter, Jaws scapegoats the feminine principle for sociopolitical maladies, and reveals how the social hierarchy fractures and devitalizes both masculine and feminine identities.
Privacy in context

Context-aware computing offers the promise of significant user gains--the ability for systems to adapt more readily to user needs, models, and goals. Dey, Abowd, and Salber (2001 [this special issue]) present a masterful step toward understanding context-aware applications. We examine Dey et al. in the light of privacy issues--that is, individuals' control over their personal data--to highlight some of the thorny issues in context-aware computing that will be upon us soon. We argue that privacy in context-aware computing, especially those with perceptually aware environments, will be quite complex. Indeed, privacy forms a co-design space between the social, the technical, and the regulatory. We recognize that Dey et al. is a necessary first step in examining important software engineering concerns, but future research will need to consider how regulatory and technical solutions might be co-designed to form a public good.
Idiosyncratic Alterations of TCR Size Distributions Affecting Both CD4 and CD8 T Cell Subsets in Aging Mice

Abstract We have used a spectratyping method, which displays the size distribution for the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) for T cells utilizing a specific TCR-Vβ gene, to examine the effects of aging on the TCR repertoire of (BALB/c × C57BL/6)F1 hybrid mice. Although the size distributions from T cells of 8-month-old mice were typically symmetrically shaped around one or two bands of intermediate size, spectratypes from mice 16 or 24 months of age were frequently distorted, with specific size classes either over- or underrepresented compared to normal young controls. Each of 12 mice tested at 16 or 24 months of age had a skewed spectratype for at least one of the 24 Vβ families examined, and some mice had more than 50% of their spectratypes skewed significantly, as judged by a χ 2 test. Comparable age-associated skewing of the T cell repertoire occurred in the CD4 and CD8 subsets, and every mouse over 16 months of age exhibited at least one skewed Vβ family in both the CD4 and CD8 populations. Although the mice were genetically identical and raised in common facilities, their spectratype patterns were nonetheless idiosyncratic: i.e., the specific set of abnormalities was distinct for each individual old mouse. Whether these distortions of the TCR repertoire in middle-aged and older mice lead to alterations in immune function remains to be determined.
The role of bigram frequency in the perception of words and nonwords.

Adult subjects decided whether strings of four, five, or six letters formed words or nonwords. Words and nonwords were equally probable stimuli, and there were equal numbers of stimuli of high and low mean bigram frequency. Half the words were common and half occurred rarely i[~ printed English. Mean bigram frequency had no effect on subjects’ response times for common words and for nonwords, but the reaction times for rare words were significantly longer for words of high mean bigram frequency than for words of low mean bigram frequency. This result may be accounted for by a modification of Rumelhart and Siple’s (1974) model of word perception to include the mapping of simple features to units which correspond to common spelling patterns.
Surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis: Nissen versus Thal procedure

The Nissen fundoplication has been the most commonly used procedure in the surgical management of reflux esophagitis. Due to unsatisfactory results and the many complications of the Nissen procedure, in 1989 we began using the Thal partial wrap. In a retrospective study, the results from both procedures are compared. Between August 1982 and May 1991, antireflux operations (27 Nissen; 23 Thal) were performed in 44 children. Fifty-eight percent had associated conditions, neurological impairment (12) and esophageal atresia being the most frequent. An uneventfull postoperative course was seen in 29.6% after the Nissen fundoplication and 87% in the Thal group (P <0.5). Recurrence or persistence of gastroesophageal reflux was observed in 37% and 4% of the Nissen and Thal groups, respectively. The symptom-free interval following the antireflux procedure averaged 11 months in the Nissen group and 2.8 months in the Thal group. Three out of 4 neurologically impaired children with a Nissen fundoplication had postoperative complications compared to 2 out of 8 with a Thal partial wrap. Eight children, all with a Nissen fundoplication, had to be reoperated for either acute obstruction or a redo procedure. The mean hospitalization times for the Nissen and Thal procedures were 16 and 7.6 days, respectively (P <0.1). From our experience, the Thal partial fundoplication appears to be an effective antireflux procedure with fewer perioperative complications than the Nissen operation. In the neurologically impaired child with feeding problems and reflux, a Thal fundoplication in combination with a gastrostomy is our therapy of choice.
Founding crytpography on oblivious transfer

Suppose your netmail is being erratically censored by Captain Yossarian. Whenever you send a message, he censors each bit of the message with probability 1/2, replacing each censored bit by some reserved character. Well versed in such concepts as redundancy, this is no real problem to you. The question is, can it actually be turned around and used to your advantage? We answer this question strongly in the affirmative. We show that this protocol, more commonly known as oblivious transfer, can be used to simulate a more sophisticated protocol, known as oblivious circuit evaluation([Y]). We also show that with such a communication channel, one can have completely noninteractive zero-knowledge proofs of statements in NP. These results do not use any complexity-theoretic assumptions. We can show that they have applications to a variety of models in which oblivious transfer can be done.
The antigenic structure of lambda bacteriophage

Abstract Multiple antigenic components on the surface of lambda bacteriophage have been demonstrated by means of rabbit antiserum prepared against pyrophosphate ruptured lambda c. Three antigens can be detected by their C′ fixing activity (main and secondary components), and another, distinct from the main component, by its ability to react with neutralizing antibody. Antibodies to lambda DNA could not be demonstrated. Among temperate, clear, and virulent lambda, no significant differences were noted in the main C′-fixing antigen and the neutralization antigen.
SHORT INVERTED-REPEAT TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN TELEOST FISH AND IMPLICATIONS FOR A MECHANISM OF THEIR AMPLIFICATION

Angel is the first miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) isolated from fish. Angel elements are imperfect palindromes with the potential to form stem-loop structures in vitro. Despite sequence divergence of elements of up to 55% within and between species, their inverted repeat structures have been maintained, implying functional importance. We estimate that there are about 10(3)-10(4) Angels scattered throughout the zebrafish genome, evidence that this family of transposable elements has been significantly amplified over the course of evolution. Angel elements and Xenopus MITEs carry common sequence motifs at their termini, indicating common origin and/or related mechanisms of transposition. We present a model in which MITEs take advantage of the basic cellular mechanism of DNA replication for their amplification, which is dependent on the characteristic inverted repeat structures of these elements. We propose that MITEs are genomic parasites that transpose via a DNA intermediate, which forms by a folding-back of a single strand of DNA, that borrow all of the necessary factors for their amplification from products encoded in the genomes in which they reside. DNA polymorphisms in different lines of zebrafish were detected by PCR using Angel-specific primers, indicating that such elements, combined with other transposons in vertebrate genomes, will be useful molecular tools for genome mapping and genetic analyses of mutations.
A comparison of psychosocial disability in males undergoing maintenance hemodialysis or following cadaver transplantation

Abstract Sixteen males undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were evaluated for social disability through the use of the Ruesch Social Disability Rating Scale and were compared with a group of 16 cadaver renal transplant recipients, matched for age and marital status. All 16 had excellent functioning of their transplanted kidney. In both groups most patients experienced a major degree of social disability, indicating significant interference with life-style. Patients who were married had lower social disability scores (DS) than those who were divorced or single ( P
Is the Internet a Reliable Source of Information for Patients Seeking Total Ankle Replacement

Abstract The modern patient population relies on the Internet to provide knowledge about medical procedures. However, a gap between established medical guidelines and the information provided on the Internet exists. Because of the general poor quality of the medical information available on the Internet and the increasing popularity of total ankle replacement (TAR) with its known potential serious complications, we undertook the present study to evaluate the information on TAR available to the general public through the Internet and to determine the quality of information according to authorship type and site certification status. Three common search engines were used to identify a total of 105 websites. The TAR information quality was rated as "excellent," "high," "moderate," "low," or "unacceptable." The sites were evaluated for authorship or sponsorship, content, and other criteria. The data were analyzed as a complete set, as a comparison among authorship types (academic, private, industry, or other), and by certification status. Websites with scores of excellent or high were 35% of the sites reviewed, and 48% were ranked as poor or unacceptable. Of the authorship types, the highest quality authorship was for the industry and other sites, which rated high or excellent 46% of the time. Eight percent of the sites evaluated were certified; however, certification status was not associated with improved information quality. Our study has demonstrated a low quality of TAR information available across all website types, regardless of authorship type. We suggest a partnership between professional organizations and physicians to ensure that provider websites reflect the current indications and contraindications of TAR to enhance patient education.
Cautionary comments regarding the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; K. C. Briggs & I. B. Myers, 1998) is a popular measure of normal personality that its promoters claim has many applications. M. H. McCaulley (2000) offered an optimistic and enthusiastic account of how counselors can use this instrument in corporate settings. The present article evaluates several of the psychometric limitations and criticisms of the MBTI that warrant considerable caution when making inferences from its 4-letter type formula. The author concludes that the MBTI, while offering much intuitive appeal, may not yet be able to support the claims its promoters make.
Behavior of [C(NH2)3]V(SO4)2 ⊙6H2O in applied magnetic fields below 1 K

Abstract Measurements of C p and magnetocaloric effect down to ≈0.08K on the singlet ground state system [C(NH 2 ) 3 ]V(SO 4 ) 2 ⊙6H 2 O with H ‖ C 3 axis suggest an approach to long-range magnetic order for 40 ⪅ H ‖ ⪅ 42 kOe near T ≈0.08K due to interactions too small to produce order in zero-field.
Cumulative Parenting Stress Across the Preschool Period: Relations to Maternal Parenting and Child Behaviour at Age 5.

Despite increasing interest in the effects of parenting stress on children and families, many questions remain regarding the nature of parenting stress and the mechanism through which stress exerts its influence across time. In this study, cumulative parenting stress was assessed across the preschool period in a sample of 125 typically developing children and their mothers. Indices of parenting stress included both major life events stress-assessed annually from age 3 to 5, and parenting daily hassles assessed every 6 months across the same period. Naturalistic home observations were conducted when children were age 5, during which measures of parent and child interactive behaviour as well as dyadic pleasure and dyadic conflict were obtained. Mothers also completed the CBCL to assess children's behaviour problems. Results indicated that parenting daily hassles and major life stress are relatively stable across the preschool period. Both cumulative stress indices also proved to be important predictors of parent and child behaviour and dyadic interaction, although the predictions were somewhat differential. Despite meaningful relations between the stress factors and child well being, no evidence was found to support the premise that parent behaviour mediates the association between parenting stress and child outcomes. Results are discussed within a developmental framework to understand the stability and complexity of cumulative stress associations to early parent–child relationships. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on the Metabolism of Epididymal Adipose Tissue

Glycine carbon incorporation into protein and CO2 and glucose carbon incorporation into fatty acid and CO2 by isolated rat epididymal adipose tissue was measured. Hypophysectomy of the donor animal, under certain circumstances, appeared to diminish the ability of subsequently isolated adipose tissue to incorporate glycine carbon into protein. Administration of 1 mg of bovine growth hormone once a day for 3 days to the hypophysectomized animals resulted in significantly increased glycine incorporation into protein and an apparent diminution of glucose metabolism to fatty acids and CO2. (Endocrinology 75: 222, 1964)
Insights and models from medical anthropology for understanding the healing activity of the historical Jesus

This essay sketches a basic introdution to medical anthropology as a key to understanding and interpreting the healing activity of the historical Jesus described in the gospels. It presents select literature, leading experts, fundamental concepts, and insights and models of special value to biblical specialists. Only a cross-cultural discipline like medical anthropology allows the investigator to interpret texts and events from other cultures with respect for their distinctive cultural contexts in order to draw more appropriate conclusions and applications in other cultures. Applications to biblical texts are not included in this essay but may be found in other articles published by the author and listed in the bibliography.
Vegetarianism and Supplement Usage among College Students

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the practices of vegetarianism and supplement usage among college students. Using questionnaires, 1,211 female and 655 male college students were surveyed concerning their diet practices. The participants were random with regard to major, age, sex and race. The choices for diet groups in the survey were: Vegetarian, Red-Meat Abstainer, and Nonvegetarian. The survey showed that there were more vegetarians and red-meat abstainers among female students; 2%, 19% and 79% for vegetarian, red-meat abstainer and nonvegetarian among females and 1%, 6% and 93%, respectively, among males. As for the reasons for the choice of diet, 36% of the vegetarians said Nutrition, Health Awareness was the reason and 14% for Taste Preference. Clearly, Nutrition and Health Awareness (60%) was the reason of choice among red-meat abstainers, as well as Taste Preference (31%). However, Taste Preference was the reason for the majority of Nonvegetarians (83%). Usage of Multiple Vitamin and Mineral (MVM) supplement was more prevalent among vegetarians; the percentage was 47, 29 and 22 among vegetarians, red-meat abstainers and nonvegetarians, respectively. Regardless of the diet choice, 6% males and 14% females reported to take MVM supplement daily, and an additional 9% males and 20% females as occasional MVM takers. As for the single nutrient or non-nutrient supplement, Vitamin C was used most frequently in all three diet groups, followed by iron and calcium. Even though it was a small percentage, students reported to take Vitamins A,D,E,B-complex, beta carotene, folic acid, magnesium, zinc, selenium, potassium, biotin, chromium, branched chain amino acid, lycine, arginine, boron, vanadium, lecithin, steroids, fish oil, herb pills, bioflavonoids, cod liver oil, herbal diuretics, acidophillus, garlic, bee pollen and ginseng. Large number of college students practice vegetarianism, red-meat abstention, or supplement usage. It is important that students get nutrition information from reliable sources and receive proper nutrition education.
Changes in electronic structure through a disorder transition in gadolinium adlayers on W(112)

The temperature induced changes in electronic structure, for submonolayer Gd structures on W(1 1 2), are evident in angle-resolved photoemission through an order/disorder phase transition. This structural order/disorder transition resembles a two-dimensional melting transition and is reversible. The indirect interaction through substrate is discussed as possible interaction mechanism stabilizing the ordered phase(s) of the adsorbed gadolinium layers.
Construction and performance of the Brice photoelectric differential refractometer.

Abstract The design modification and performance of a photoelectric differential refractometer originally designed by the late Dr. B. A. Brice of the U. S. Department of Agriculture is described. The instrument consists of a mercury lamp light source, monochromatic filters, variable slit, beam splitter, light path consisting of a blackened tube, divided cell containing sample and solvent, lens, surface mirror reflecting the light back through the blackened tube to the beam splitter, and a matched pair of photocells mounted on a movable flat carriage. The slit image is detected by manipulating the carriage until the slit image is exactly between the two photocells. A nullmeter is used to determine this point. The main advantages of the photoelectric differential refractometer over previous designs is freedom from eyestrain, ease of operation, and linearity of operation.
High Species Diversity in Fleshy-Fruited Tropical Understory Plants

Key innovations may increase the number of taxa in a clade that possesses the proposed innovation in comparison to its sister group that lacks the trait through either increased speciation or reduced extinction rates. Comparing sister clades across several independent lineages provides statistical support that the trait has increased species diversity. Previous studies have indicated that there may not be a relationship between biotic dispersal and higher species diversity, but only a few of these studies specified habit, habitat, or type of disperser. No previous study has specified all of the above parameters and used a phylogenetic approach. This article examines species diversity in numerous lineages of tropical understory plants with small, fleshy, bird-dispersed fruits for which a reliable estimate of phylogenetic relationships is available. Clades with fleshy fruits are significantly more diverse than sister clades with dry fruits.
Ulcer formation with low-dose enteric-coated aspirin and the effect of COX-2 selective inhibition: A double-blind trial ☆

Abstract Background & Aims: We assessed the risk of ulcers with low-dose aspirin and the interaction of low-dose aspirin with a COX-2 selective inhibitor in a double-blind trial that compared placebo, low-dose aspirin, rofecoxib + low-dose aspirin, and ibuprofen. Methods: Osteoarthritis patients ≥50 years of age without ulcers or erosive esophagitis at baseline endoscopy were assigned randomly to placebo, enteric-coated aspirin 81 mg/day, rofecoxib 25 mg combined with aspirin 81 mg/day, or ibuprofen 800 mg 3 times a day. Repeat endoscopies were performed at 6 and 12 weeks. Results: The 12-week cumulative incidence of ulcers was placebo (N = 381) 5.8%, aspirin (N = 387) 7.3%, rofecoxib combined with aspirin (N = 377) 16.1%, and ibuprofen (N = 374) 17.1% ( P P = 0.002 vs. placebo), rofecoxib combined with aspirin 1.67, and ibuprofen 1.91 (both P
Assessing the issue of instability due to Michael adduct formation in novel chemical entities possessing a carbon-carbon double bond during early drug development--applicability of common laboratory analytical protocols.

The discovery of small-molecule novel chemical entities (NCEs) is often a complex play between appropriate structural requirements and optimization of the desired efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic properties. One of the typical structural variants such as having an active carbon–carbon double bond (α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group) in xenobiotics may lead to stability issues. Such functionalities are extremely reactive, paving way to nucleophilic attack by endogenously occurring and ubiquitous nucleophiles like thiols. While it is easy to make a unilateral decision to not pursue the development of xenobiotics with such functionalities, we question the wisdom of such a decision. In this report, we present in vitro methodologies with appropriate examples to illustrate the ease of assessing the reactivity of the xenobiotics containing double bonds with a known nucleophile. The protocols involve simple reaction procedures followed by measurements using standard laboratory equipments (UV spectrophotometer, HPLC and LC-MS). Our data suggests that not all xenobiotics with carbon–carbon double bonds readily form a Michael's adduct product with glutathione. Hence, the criterion for dropping discovery compounds because of α,β-unsaturated double bonds needs to be reconsidered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic Scattering of Pseudoscalar Mesons and S U n Symmetry

We derive the crossing matrix for scattering ${X}_{n}+{X}_{n}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{n}+{X}_{n}$ of a multiplet of scalar mesons ${X}_{n}$ which transform according to the regular representation of $S{U}_{n}$, for all $n$. For $n=3$, or octet symmetry, in the limit of neglecting inelastic coupled channels we find that, if the ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}{8}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ channel resonates, so also should the other two ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ channels 10 and $\overline{1}\overline{0}$. These decuplets resonate at essentially the same mass as the 8\ensuremath{'}, barring what are probably small corrections from crossed ${0}^{+}$ channels 8 and 27. Similarly, for general $n$, all ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ channels should resonate together. Application of the Gell-Mann and Okubo mass-splitting formula to the degenerate 8\ensuremath{'}, 10, and $\overline{1}\overline{0}$ leaves the 10 and $\overline{1}\overline{0}$ in energy regions which have been explored in experiments, at least if one assumes the 725-MeV ($K\ensuremath{\pi}$) resonance is a member of the decuplet. However, effects from coupled inelastic channels such as ${X}_{n}+{V}_{n}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{n}+{V}_{n}$ (${V}_{n}$ is ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ multiplet) may remove the mass degeneracy in the limit before symmetry-breaking effects are introduced. The crossing relations for $n=3$ and ${V}_{3}={8}^{\ensuremath{'}}, 10, \overline{1}\overline{0}$ are examined and shown to be consistent with this explanation. For $n=3$, the ${X}_{3}+{X}_{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{3}+{X}_{3}$ crossing relations favor a pseudoscalar, rather than a scalar octet ${X}_{3}$.
Selective tau tyrosine nitration in non-AD tauopathies

Previously, we reported the characterization of two novel antibodies that react with tau nitrated at tyrosine 197 (Tau-nY197) and tyrosine 394 (Tau-nY394) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this report, we examined whether tau nitration at these sites also occurs in corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Pick’s disease (PiD), three neurodegenerative tauopathies that contain abundant tau deposits within glial and neuronal cell types but lack amyloid deposition. The reactivity of these antibodies was also compared to two previously characterized antibodies Tau-nY18 and Tau-nY29, specific for tau nitrated at tyrosine 18 and tyrosine 29, respectively. In the present experiments, Tau-nY18 did not label the classical pathological lesions of CBD or PSP but did label the neuronal lesions associated with PiD to a limited extent. In contrast, Tau-nY29 revealed some, but not all classes of tau inclusions associated with both CBD and PSP but did label numerous Pick body inclusions in PiD. Tau-nY197 was restricted to the neuropil threads in both CBD and PSP; however, similar to Tau-nY29, extensive Pick body pathology was clearly labeled. Tau-nY394 did not detect any of the lesions associated with these disorders. In contrast, extensive neuronal and glial tau pathology within these diseases was labeled by Tau-Y197, a monoclonal antibody that reacts within the Y-197-containing proline-rich region of the molecule. Based on our Western and IHC experiments, it appears that nitration of tau at tyrosine 29 is a pathological modification that might be associated with neurodegeneration. Collectively, our data suggest that site-specific tau tyrosine nitration events occur in a disease and lesion-specific manner, indicating that nitration appears to be a highly controlled modification in AD and non-AD tauopathies.
Bayesian Latent Factor Regression for Functional and Longitudinal Data

In studies involving functional data, it is commonly of interest to model the impact of predictors on the distribution of the curves, allowing flexible effects on not only the mean curve but also the distribution about the mean. Characterizing the curve for each subject as a linear combination of a high-dimensional set of potential basis functions, we place a sparse latent factor regression model on the basis coefficients. We induce basis selection by choosing a shrinkage prior that allows many of the loadings to be close to zero. The number of latent factors is treated as unknown through a highly-efficient, adaptive-blocked Gibbs sampler. Predictors are included on the latent variables level, while allowing different predictors to impact different latent factors. This model induces a framework for functional response regression in which the distribution of the curves is allowed to change flexibly with predictors. The performance is assessed through simulation studies and the methods are applied to data on blood pressure trajectories during pregnancy.
Lipid, monosaccharide and chitin content of cell walls of Sepedonium.

Cell walls and cell sap of 2 strains of Sepedonium were lipid-extracted and the readily-extracted lipids examined. The lipid-extracted cell walls were treated with ethylenediamine, and unfractionated, as well as fractionated, cell walls were analyzed for their sugar and chitin content. The lipids of all preparations consisted of phospholipids, triglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, sterol esters and free fatty acids. Linoleic acid was, with 1 exception, the major fatty acid in all extracts; palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were also present. Mannose and glucose were the only sugars found in the cell walls; much of the glucose was resistant to mild acid hydrolysis. These sugars together accounted for approximately 20% of the unfractionated cell walls of both strains. Glucose and acetylglucosamine were released from the cell walls of both strains by a crude chitinase preparation, and the acetylglucosamine represented 19% and 28% of the cell walls of the 2 strains.
Gas flow rates through transtracheal ventilation catheters

Abstract The purpose of the study was to measure gas flow rates using different methods of transtracheal ventilation. Wall oxygen flow (WOF) at 10 and 15L/min, and a self-inflating ventilation bag (SIVB) were used to deliver gas flow through three transtracheal catheters: 13, 14, and 16 gauge (5 trials each). WOF mean gas flow rates (L/min) through the 16G, 14G, 13G catheters, respectively were: 15.7, 15.7, 16.8 at 15L/min, 10.5, 10.5, 10.3 at 10 L/min, and 5.7, 7.5, 7.7 via SIVB. SIVB gas flow was not continuous since it required the bag to reinflate, which reduces its calculated flow rate. A 500 cc tidal volume can be delivered within 3 seconds (WOF) and 5 seconds (SIVB). Catheter size did not substantially affect gas flow rates (Poiseuille’s law not applicable). Transtracheal ventilation is best done by using WOF, but if a device to perform this is not available, then an SIVB may still be sufficient.
Quantum corrections to the dynamics of interacting bosons: beyond the truncated Wigner approximation

We develop a consistent perturbation theory in quantum fluctuations around the classical evolution of a system of interacting bosons. The zero-order approximation gives the classical Gross-Pitaevskii equations. In the next order we recover the truncated Wigner approximation, where the evolution is still classical but the initial conditions are distributed according to the Wigner transform of the initial density matrix. Further corrections can be characterized as quantum scattering events, which appear in the form of a nonlinear response of the observable to an infinitesimal displacement of the field along its classical evolution. At the end of the paper we give a few numerical examples to test the formalism.
Green's function solution to radiative heat transfer between longitudinal gray fins

A demonstration is presented of the applicability and versatility of a pure integral formulation for radiative-conductive heat-transfer problems. Preliminary results have been obtained which indicate that this formulation allows an accurate, fast, and stable computation procedure to be implemented. Attention is given to the accessory problem defining Green's function.
Spacer Length Effect on the Photoinduced Electron Transfer Fluorescent Probe for Alkali Metal Ions

Abstract— We have synthesized four derivatives of aikyi pyrene covalently bonded to aza-lS-crown-6 at the nitrogen position, Py(CH2)n, (n = 1–4), to study the effect of spacer length on the emission properties of pyrene fluorophore upon complication of alkali metal ions by the crown moiety. In the absence of alkali metal ions, the parent molecule is weakly fluorescent because its emission is partially quenched by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from nitrogen lone pairs to the excited singlet state of pyrene. Complication of alkali metal ions (e.g. K+) by the crown moiety prevents the nitrogen lone pair from participating in PET and results in an enhancement in the observed emission from pyrene (fluorescent turn on). Because the PET effect could be exerted through bonds as well as space, its magnitude may show a dependence on chain length. We have examined the fluorescence behavior of these pyrene aza-crown ether derivatives in the presence of alkali metal ions to determine the magnitude of such an effect and its impact on the sensitivity of the fluorescent probe for detection purposes. Our results indicate that maximum efficiency for PET between the pyrene moiety and aza-crown ether is achieved when n ≤ 3.
MedIndEx system: medical indexing expert system

Abstract This report describes the MedIndEx System, a prototype for interactive knowledge-based indexing of the medical literature, being developed in an ongoing research project at the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine. We first review current indexing practice, which, although performed interactively, relies heavily on published tools. We then discuss knowledge-based systems using frames. The prototype, which uses knowledge-base (KB) frames to guide indexers in completing indexing frames, defined as KB frames linked to specific documents, is described subsequently. It produces as output not only a set of indexing frames for each document, but also conventional MeSH index terms, some of which are generated by inferencing rules encoded in the KB frames. Next, the various types of assistance provided by the system are presented and explained with examples. The report concludes by summarizing the research activities and accomplishments to date and plans for continued development of the system.
Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants from Western Samoa.

A total of 110 plant parts from 34 different species of medicinal and toxic plants was collected for pharmacological testing in or near the Lefaga District on the island of Upolu in Western Samoa. Voucher specimens of all species were also made. From the 110 plant parts, 211 different extracts were prepared and evaluated for antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-Ehrlich ascites tumor properties and for effects on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and gastric motility. Twelve extracts were effective in vitro as antibacterial agents and six inhibited Ehrlich ascites tumor growth in mice. Ninety-one extracts showed hypotensive properties, 31 for more than 30 min.