cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Acculturation in Suburban Schools Serving the New Latino Diaspora

Recent immigration patterns have led to widespread growth in school enrollments of Spanish-speakers in nontraditional immigrant destinations in many parts of the United States. This paper explores the ways in which suburban school districts respond to this demographic shift, with a focus on how schooling impacts the acculturation experiences of immigrants to this particular context. Drawing on a statewide survey of administrators and teachers in schools serving Wisconsin's New Latino Diaspora, results from suburban schools are analyzed in comparison to urban and rural contexts. In this paper, I explore the ways in which suburban schools in the study were more likely to structure integration than schools in rural or urban locales. At the same time, these contexts were less likely to provide asset-based supports for Spanish-speakers, particularly those no longer designated as “beginner” English learners. These findings suggest that the opportunity to foster additive acculturation was limited, as many school...
Symbiotic Associations of Bark Beetles

A vast community of organisms occurs on and within bark beetles and bark beetle-infested trees. The large diversity of symbiotic species covers a breadth of functional roles that are often redundant or substitutable. Symbiotic associations can be facultative or obligatory, and vary from antagonistic to mutualistic depending on the context at which the interactions occurs. Most symbiotic organisms are phoretic, and thus are transferred from tree to tree by bark beetles or other arthropods. Symbionts influence bark beetle communication, reproduction, nutrition and population dynamics, as well as tri-trophic interactions, competition among species, and host-tree utilization by bark beetles. Taxa considered symbiotic with bark beetles include fungi, bacteria, viruses, algae, mites, protozoa, and nematodes, among others. Interactions among symbionts are often mediated by host plant chemistry, abiotic factors such as temperature, or other phoretic organisms. Some of the symbionts, such as fungi, amplify our view of bark beetles as pests, as they may be tree pathogens or influence the coloration and texture of wood or plant products. However, some symbionts may also provide a solution to bark beetle population outbreaks and range expansion, as some symbiotic species are harmful to bark beetles and could be used as biological control agents.
Necessarily black: Cape Verdean youth, hip-hop culture, and a critique of identity

It is March 2016 and we are witnessing a racially charged US political environment wherein particular, centuries-long, racial tensions are being exacerbated and valorized in the light of capitalism...
Contact lens induced conjunctivitis : A model of human ocular inflammation

PURPOSE To demonstrate the usefulness of contact lens induced conjunctivitis as a model of human ocular inflammation and to evaluate the effect of antiallergic eyedrops on this model. METHODS We recruited 40 subjects with contact lens induced conjunctivitis. Half were treated with ketorolac tromethamine (KT), and half with iodoxamide tromethamine (LT). Signs, symptoms, contact lens wearing time, and wearing time until discomfort developed were evaluated at baseline, day 7, and day 14. RESULTS The group receiving LT showed improvement of symptoms 7 days after beginning the study (P = 0.016), and both the LT and KT groups showed improvement from baseline on day 14 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Signs improved for both the KT group (P = 0.011) and the LT group (P = 0.043) on day 7 and day 14 (P = 0.033 and P = 0.007, respectively). Mean contact lens wearing time improved on day 14 for the group treated with KT (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Contact lens induced conjunctivitis appears to be a useful model of human ocular inflammation. Both antiallergics KT and LT improve contact lens tolerance in subjects with contact lens induced conjunctivitis. Two weeks of treatment may be required to demonstrate therapeutic benefits of antiallergic drops.
The River, the Plain, and the State: An Environmental Drama in Northern Song China, 1048–1128

On July 19, 1048, the Yellow River breached its banks, drastically changing its course across the Hebei Plain and turning it into a delta where the river sought a path out to the ocean. This dramatic shift of forces in the natural world resulted from political deliberation and hydraulic engineering of the imperial state of the Northern Song Dynasty. It created eighty years of social suffering, economic downturn, political upheaval, and environmental changes, which reshaped the medieval North China Plain and challenged the state. Ling Zhang deftly applies textual analysis, theoretical provocation, and modern scientific data in her gripping analysis of how these momentous events altered China's physical and political landscapes and how its human communities adapted and survived. In so doing, she opens up an exciting new field of research by wedding environmental, political, economic, and social history in her examination of one of North China's most significant environmental changes.
Integrating computers and tutors into cost-effective physics and mathematics instruction

I must state at the very beginning that the subject of this paper does not compare in elegance or imagination with many of the other computer-based instructional methods described in this volume. Nevertheless, I hope the reader will find that what follows represents a relatively quick and cost-effective means for improving the quality of science and mathematics instruction in the interim period (of perhaps several years) before a higher level of computer-based instructional methodology becomes commonplace. In order to understand the rationale for adopting a computer-and tutor-based instructional program, the reader first must be acquainted with the context into which it was introduced and how the program helped solve two apparently unrelated problems.
Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Analysis of the Stanford Series Reveals Two Clinical Subsets of Patients.

Abstract Primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (PCALCL) represents the malignant end of the spectrum of CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. The management of PCALCL is markedly different than that of its primary nodal counterpart. The basis of this difference is due to the less aggressive nature of PCALCL. There is no evidence that chemotherapy is necessary or superior to the excellent results of local therapies such as radiation and/or excision for unilesional or local disease. Even patients with generalized disease have done well in some series. Here we review the characteristics and management of 40 cases of this rare cutaneous lymphoma. We have excluded Lymphomatoid Papulosis (LyP), the benign counterpart of PCALCL. In our series PCALCL was defined as CD30+ ALCL with disease limited to the skin as defined by a negative CT scan. Bone marrow biopsy was not necessary although it was always negative when done. Unilesional, local and extensive regional patients were generally treated with radiotherapy and/or excision, while chemotherapy and biologics were reserved for extensive regional and multifocal patients. The study included 30 men and 10 women with a mean age of 57.5 years (range 24–86). The estimated Kaplan-Meier disease specific survival (DSS) at 4 years for the entire group is 75.6%, with a median follow-up of 27.5 months (1–213). Twenty-six patients presented with unilesional or local disease, while there were 8 multifocal and 6 extensive regional patients (defined as 2 or more lesions beyond a 15 cm2 area apart but limited to 1 or 2 contiguous body regions). The unilesional/local patients had an estimated 4 year DSS of 93%. All but 2 of these patients are alive. The estimated Kaplan-Meier 4 year DSS of patients with either multifocal or extensive regional disease is 30%. Estimated 4 year Kaplan-Meir survival of PCALCL by extent of skin involvement unilesional/local 93% multifocal/extensive regional 30% P-value Seven deaths occurred in this series of which 6 were either directly or indirectly attributable to PCALCL. Of the deaths 3 were among the 6 patients with extensive regional disease and 2 were among the 8 patients with multifocal disease. Furthermore, 4 multifocal and 2 extensive regional patients have active disease at the time of last follow-up. Further followup will determine their eventual outcome. The 2 patients with unilesional disease who died, both developed rapid progression to extensive regional disease. Although most patients with PCALCL present with local disease and do quite well with local therapy, it appears that some PCALCL patients with multifocal disease, extensive regional disease, and rapidly progressive unilesional disease behave as high grade lymphomas refractory to standard chemotherapy.
Patterns of Clinical Presenations of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Plasma Exchange Era

Abstract Abstract 4642 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but serious disease in which early diagnosis and management has a major impact on outcome. TTP has been historically linked to a pentad of clinical features (mental status changes, fever, acute renal failure, anemia and thrombocytopenia). The frequency of the classical pentand in the pre plasma exchange era has been reported to be as high as 40 percent. With the introduction of plasma exchange and increased awareness of this disease a different pattern of clinical presentation of TTP might be forming based on early diagnosis. We reviewed the clinical presentation of 91 patients with a diagnosis of TTP in terms of pattern and duration of symptoms. Only 9% of patients (n=8) presented with the pentad. Duration of symptoms in all patients ranged between 1 and 60 days, with a mean of 9.3 days. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis and the presence of the pentand (mean of symptom duration in the pentad and non-pentad groups were 9.4 and 9.3 days with range of (3–30) and (1–60), respectively). The most common patterns of clinical presentation were in the form of constitutional symptoms (fatigue, malaise and generalized weakness), which were seen in 67% of patients (n=60), followed by neurological symptoms (mainly headache and confusion) in 51% of pateints (n=46). Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain) were seen in 47% of patients (n=42). The most common triad of symptoms was neurological (headache and confusion), constitutional (fatigue, weakness and anorexia) and GI(nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain), which was present in 14% of patients (n=13). In terms of clinical outcome, there was also no correlation between the duration of symptoms and the clinical outcome (mean of symptom duration in the alive and dead groups were 9.2 and 10 days, with range of 1–60 and 1–21 days, respectively). There was no association between the presence or absence of the pentad and mortality, (25% (n=2/8) as compared to 11% (n=9/83), P-value of 0.248). On the other hand patients with poor outcome (defined as death) were less likely to present with constitutional and nonspecfic symptoms (27.3% (n=3/11) as compared to 72.5% (n=58/80), P-value of 0.005), As a conclusion, the pentad is a very rare presentation in TTP and the duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis does not predict its presence. While nonspecific and/or constitutional symptoms are the most common presentation, patients who do not present with such symptoms tend to do worse. Our study highlights the importance of defining the clinical presentation of this disease in a new and pertinent form that could help clinicians in the diagnosis and timely management. It also raises the question of prognsotic value of the clinical presentation in this potentially lethal disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.

Exercise can improve quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors. In contrast to many group or home-based exercise programs, little is known about the effectiveness of goal-oriented recreational activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a clinically overseen team triathlon training program on improving physiological and psychosocial health-related measures in female breast cancer survivors. Twenty-three participants (age = 48 (8), BMI = 25 (1), mean (SE)) were recruited from a 14-week sprint triathlon (800-m swim, 20-km bike, 5-km run) team training program for women breast cancer survivors (4 (3) years post-surgery, chemo-, or radiation-therapy). Training included two supervised group and three home-based individual sessions per week. Pre- and post-training outcomes included isokinetic knee extensor strength (60, 180, and 300° s−1), 6-min walk test (6MWT), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy -Breast (FACT-B)), and barriers to exercise. Outcomes were also obtained 6 months post except for VO2 max. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Data are mean (SD) from 21 complete data sets. Knee extensor peak torque significantly improved only at 300° s−1 (pre 40.3(8.5) ftlb; post 45.2(8.4); p = 0.001). 6MWT significantly improved (pre 632.8(62.1) m; post 657.4(53.2); p = 0.014) as did VO2 max (pre 31.3(5.8) ml kg−1 min−1; post 35.9(5.8); p < 0.001). FACT-B also improved (pre 114(12); post 122(13); p = 0.004), including the FACT-G total score, social well-being, and breast cancer subscales while barriers to exercise decreased (pre 54(12); post 36(9); p < 0.001). Strength, 6MWT, and barriers to exercise remained improved after 6 months. Team triathlon training in breast cancer survivors can increase aerobic capacity and improve QOL which may contribute to healthier lifestyles in breast cancer survivors.
Low-dose total body irradiation: an overlooked cancer immunotherapy technique

Low-dose total body irradiation (LD-TBI) has been shown to be an effective therapy for patients with hematologic malignancies. The application of this method has fallen out of favor as newer systemic therapies have been developed. Nevertheless, for management of many of these hematologic malignancies, no prospective randomized trial has shown that any other treatment is unequivocally superior to LD-TBI. The precise mechanism of action is uncertain but it is believed by some to be at least partly immunologically mediated. In this review, we shall discuss the clinical data on this method along with some new potential applications. We also discuss some of the potential immunological mechanisms behind LD-TBI and consider future possibilities.
CHILL: a system for fine-grained mapping of chained high impact long-latency load phases on tightly coupled heterogeneous multi-cores

With increasing power and application demands, heterogeneous multi-core processors are becoming more prevalent. However, the key to proper utilisation of heterogeneous multi-cores is assigning, or mapping, the right application to the right core type. Recent work has shown that fine-grained mapping takes advantage of short program phases with highly variant performance requirements, and can elicit greater benefits from tightly coupled heterogeneous multi-cores. In this paper, we show that bottlenecks in performance can occur in fine-grained program phases during chains of high impact long-latency loads. We design a system that detects these bottleneck phases, and propose accelerating these phases on the out-of-order core for better performance and energy efficiency. Our system operates within 10% of performance, and 2.6% of energy to an oracle resource mapper. This translates to a 44.4% performance gain, and 9.2% energy savings over existing fine-grained mapping techniques.
Identifying Wildlife Species Believed to be Deserving of Protection From Hunting by U.S. Residents

ABSTRACTThis article examines the perceptions of individuals toward protecting animals from hunting. Researchers surveyed 825 U.S. residents in an online survey about their views of whether 17 species of mammals should be protected from hunting. Over 85% of respondents believed elephant, white rhino, black rhino, hippo, leopard, lion, and polar bear species should be protected from hunting. Conversely, only 55% of respondents believed mountain lion and coyote should be protected. Cross tabulations and logit analysis were employed to explore relationships between believing an animal species should be protected from hunting and demographics. Older and female respondents more often agreed that species should be protected from hunting. Those who hunted or knew a hunter less frequently agreed that the species surveyed should be protected from hunting. Demographics and previous exposure to hunting appear to influence beliefs about what species should be protected from hunting.
Gasdermins: Effectors of Pyroptosis

Pyroptosis is a form of lytic programmed cell death initiated by inflammasomes, which detect cytosolic contamination or perturbation. This drives activation of caspase-1 or caspase-11/4/5, which cleave gasdermin D, separating its N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD) from the C-terminal repressor domain (RD). The PFD oligomerizes to form large pores in the membrane that drive swelling and membrane rupture. Gasdermin D is one of six (in humans) gasdermin family members; several other gasdermins have also been shown to form pores that cause pyroptosis after cleavage to activate their PFDs. One of these, gasdermin E, is activated by caspase-3 cleavage. We review our current understanding of pyroptosis as well as current knowledge of the gasdermin family.
Multireference Electronic Structures of Fe–Pyridine(diimine) Complexes over Multiple Oxidation States

Noninnocent (redox-active) ligands are increasingly exploited in the design of coordination compounds of earth-abundant transition metals having interesting reactive and catalytic activities. Particular examples of such ligands include those in the pyridine(diimine) (also referred to as bis(imino)pyridine) family. The electronic structures of these compounds are characterized by significant complexity, such that routine single-reference methodologies, for example, Kohn–Sham density functional theory, may be challenged to describe them physically, that is, with quantitatively accurate descriptions of geometries, charge distributions, and spin-state energy separations. We report here RASSCF/RASPT2 calculations on iron pyridine(diimine) complexes over three formal oxidation states that illustrate the highly multiconfigurational characters of these compounds in general and that also offer insights into their electronic ground states and charge distributions.
Is There a Modern Legal Culture

Abstract. This essay argues that there are certain traits which, taken together, characterize modern legal systems, and are reflexes of modern legal culture. Modern law is rapidly changing; it is dense and ubiquitous; the basis of its legitimacy is instrumental; it stresses fundamental human rights and is strongly individualistic; lastly, the globalization of law leads to a process of convergence among legal systems. These traits also produce structural changes in legal systems, for example, an increase in the power and activism of courts.
SIK3-HDAC4 signaling regulates Drosophila circadian male sex drive rhythm via modulating the DN1 clock neurons.

The physiology and behavior of many organisms are subject to daily cycles. In Drosophila melanogaster the daily locomotion patterns of single flies are characterized by bursts of activity at dawn and dusk. Two distinct clusters of clock neurons—morning oscillators (M cells) and evening oscillators (E cells)—are largely responsible for these activity bursts. In contrast, male–female pairs of flies follow a distinct pattern, most notably characterized by an activity trough at dusk followed by a high level of male courtship during the night. This male sex drive rhythm (MSDR) is mediated by the M cells along with DN1 neurons, a cluster of clock neurons located in the dorsal posterior region of the brain. Here we report that males lacking Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) expression in M cells exhibit a short period of MSDR but a long period of single-fly locomotor rhythm (SLR). Moreover, lack of Sik3 in M cells decreases the amplitude of PERIOD (PER) cycling in DN1 neurons, suggesting that SIK3 non–cell-autonomously regulates DN1 neurons’ molecular clock. We also show that Sik3 reduction interferes with circadian nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a SIK3 phosphorylation target, in clock neurons and that constitutive HDAC4 localization in the nucleus shortens the period of MSDR. Taking these findings together, we conclude that SIK3–HDAC4 signaling in M cells regulates MSDR by regulating the molecular oscillation in DN1 neurons.
Microfluidic Droplet-Based Tool To Determine Phase Behavior of a Fluid System with High Composition Resolution

The goal of this work is to develop a simple microfluidic approach to characterizing liquid–liquid phase behavior in complex aqueous mixtures of organics and salts. We take advantage of the permeability of inexpensive microfluidic devices to concentrate aqueous solutions on chip. We demonstrate a technique that allows phase boundaries to be identified with high compositional resolution and small sample volumes. Droplets of single phase samples are produced on-chip and concentrated in the device beyond the phase boundary line to map system phase behavior. Results are demonstrated on ammonium sulfate and organic (poly(ethylene oxide)) aqueous solutions and compared with macroscopic and literature results.
Social Media Use Relates to Perceiving the United States as More Politically Polarized

Much research has examined the role news media and social media play in political polarization. There has been less focus on whether and how social media influences people’s perception of political polarization in society. In one study (N = 328), we examined whether increased social media use relates to perceiving the United States political climate as more or less polarized. Time spent on social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) related to perceiving politics as more polarized. This relationship remained when controlling for other variables such as age and political orientation. Of participants who reported using social media, whether they used it for socializing or information gathering did not relate to their level of perceived political polarization. We conclude that spending time on social media, regardless of its purpose, relates to perceiving the United States as more politically polarized. Possible mechanisms and implications of this relationship are discussed.
A scalable non-myopic dynamic dial-a-ride and pricing problem for competitive on-demand mobility systems

Abstract We propose a competitive on-demand mobility model using a multi-server queue system under infinite-horizon look-ahead. The proposed approach includes a novel dynamic optimization algorithm which employs a Markov decision process (MDP) and provides opportunities to revolutionize conventional transit services that are plagued by high cost, low ridership, and general inefficiency, particularly in disadvantaged communities and low-income areas. We use this model to study the implications it has for such services and investigate whether it has a distinct cost advantage and operational improvement. We develop a dynamic pricing scheme that utilizes a balking rule that incorporates socially efficient level and the revenue-maximizing price, and an equilibrium-joining threshold obtained by imposing a toll on the customers who join the system. Results of numerical simulations based on actual New York City taxicab data indicate that a competitive on-demand mobility system supported by the proposed model increases the social welfare by up to 37% on average compared to the single-server queuing system. The study offers a novel design scheme and supporting tools for more effective budget/resource allocation, planning, and operation management of flexible transit systems.
Acute Effects of Dried Apple Consumption on Metabolic and Cognitive Responses in Healthy Individuals

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the potential of dried apple to regulate acute blood glucose, insulin, satiety, and total plasma antioxidant levels, and to explore the effect of dried apple on cognitive responses. Twenty-one healthy, normal-weight subjects completed the study which used a randomized crossover design with repeated measures. After a fast of 10 h, a standardized serving size of either dried apple or muffins was consumed. Blood glucose, insulin, and antioxidant concentrations were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandial, and satiety was assessed every 15 min for 2 h. Cognitive tests were administered before and 2 h after consumption of the test food. The dried apple had significantly higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities than the muffin (P ≤ .05). Consumption of the dried apples produced significantly lower glucose concentrations at 30- (P ≤ .01; 95% CI [2.93–16.64]), 45- (P ≤ .02; 95% CI [2.41–17.88]), 60- (P ≤ .02; 95% CI [2.10–14.56]), an...
An End-to-End Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks

Bandwidth-guaranteed QoS service in ad hoc networks is a challenging task due to several factors such as the absence of the central control, the dynamic network topology, the hidden terminal problem and the multihop routing property. An end-to-end bandwidth allocation algorithm was proposed in [Lin and Liu, 15] to support the QoS service in ad hoc networks. However, without exploring the global resource information along the route, the performance of that algorithm is quite limited. In addition, it also incurs significant control overhead. We develop a new algorithm for end-to-end bandwidth calculation and assignment in ad hoc networks which utilizes the global resource information along the route to determine the available end-to-end bandwidth. Our method also employs the topology-transparent scheduling technology to reduce the control overhead. The proposed algorithm can be efficiently utilized in a distributed manner. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our end-to-end bandwidth allocation scheme can significantly improve the network capacity compared with the existing method.
Thomas, John Jacob (ca. 1840–1889)

John Jacob Thomas authored The theory and practice of Creole grammar , a description of Trinidad's French Creole, in 1869, becoming the first linguist of African descent to produce a grammar of a Creole language. Although he was not a native speaker of the language, Thomas demonstrated a profound knowledge of it in his work, which was the authoritative study of Trinidadian French Creole until well into the 20th century. An outstanding linguist and Creolist, Thomas also famously defended his fellow West Indian Blacks against charges of racial and cultural inferiority.
A Digital Forensic Investigation and Verification Model for Industrial Espionage

This paper describes a digital forensic investigation and verification model for industrial espionage (DEIV-IE) focusing on insider data thefts at the company level. This model aims to advance the state-of practice in forensic investigation and to verify evidence sufficiency of industrial espionage cases by incorporating the crime specific features and analysis techniques of digital evidence. The model is structured with six phases: file reduction, file classification, crime feature identification, evidence mapping, evidence sufficiency verification, and documentations. In particular, we focus on characterizing crime features that have multiple aspects of commonalities in crime patterns in industrial espionage; and the evidence sufficiency verification that is a verification procedure for digital evidence sufficiency for court decision using these crime features. This model has been developed based on analysis of five industrial espionage cases and the literature review, being validated with three additional cases in terms of the effectiveness of the model.
Two cases of multidrug-resistant genitourinary Mycoplasma genitalium infection successfully eradicated with minocycline

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infection is a sexually transmitted infection that causes up to 25% of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). MG strains carrying genetic markers of antimicrobial resistance that may affect treatment outcomes are increasingly recognized as a public health concern. We present two cases of persistent MG NGU with strains carrying both macrolide and quinolone resistance-associated mutations that were eradicated successfully by an extended course of minocycline.
Copine A Interacts with Actin Filaments and Plays a Role in Chemotaxis and Adhesion

Copines make up a family of calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding proteins found in numerous eukaryotic organisms. Copine proteins consist of two C2 domains at the N-terminus followed by an A domain similar to the von Willebrand A domain found in integrins. We are studying copine protein function in the model organism, Dictyostelium discoideum, which has six copine genes, cpnA-cpnF. Previous research showed that cells lacking the cpnA gene exhibited a cytokinesis defect, a contractile vacuole defect, and developmental defects. To provide insight into the role of CpnA in these cellular processes, we used column chromatography and immunoprecipitation to isolate proteins that bind to CpnA. These proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. One of the proteins identified was actin. Purified CpnA was shown to bind to actin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. cpnA− cells exhibited defects in three actin-based processes: chemotaxis, cell polarity, and adhesion. These results suggest that CpnA plays a role in chemotaxis and adhesion and may do so by interacting with actin filaments.
Understanding the Weber Location Paradigm

Location Science as a field started with the developments of von Thunen (1826), Launhardt (1872), Weber (1909), Christaller (1933), Hotelling (1990), Hoover (1937), and Losch (1940). It further expanded with the developments of Isard (1949), Koopmans (1951a, b), Koopmans and Beckmann (1957), Moses (1958), Cooper (1963), Hakimi (1964, 1965), Balinski (1965), and Beckmann (1968). The problem of writing about Weber is that almost everyone in Location Science knows something about his “model.” What could possibly be new that has not been included in previous assessments, especially given that his book has been in print for over 100 years? That being said, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate from the perspective of the field of location science that Weber has been pigeonholed, misunderstood, and under-appreciated.
Precise Reentry Maneuver Estimation Using Radar Trilateration

An iterated recursive filter is formulated for radar trilateration of reentry maneuvers. Using range and range rate measurements from three radars in a regional network, trilateration provides very...
(Re)new(ed) territories of liminality: An invitation to disrupt prescription and repetition across/within the academy

Noun (plural invitation)the act of invitingthe written or spoken form with which a person is invitedattraction or incentive; allurementa provocationDiscovering (re)new(ed) approaches to social stud...
The logic of universalization guides moral judgment

To explain why an action is wrong, we sometimes say, "What if everybody did that?" In other words, even if a single person's behavior is harmless, that behavior may be wrong if it would be harmful once universalized. We formalize the process of universalization in a computational model, test its quantitative predictions in studies of human moral judgment, and distinguish it from alternative models. We show that adults spontaneously make moral judgments consistent with the logic of universalization, and report comparable patterns of judgment in children. We conclude that, alongside other well-characterized mechanisms of moral judgment, such as outcome-based and rule-based thinking, the logic of universalizing holds an important place in our moral minds.
Effective Regularization Through Loss-Function Metalearning

Loss-function metalearning can be used to discover novel, customized loss functions for deep neural networks, resulting in improved performance, faster training, and improved data utilization. A likely explanation is that such functions discourage overfitting, leading to effective regularization. This paper theoretically demonstrates that this is indeed the case: decomposition of learning rules makes it possible to characterize the training dynamics and show that loss functions evolved through TaylorGLO regularize both in the beginning and end of learning, and maintain an invariant in between. The invariant can be utilized to make the metalearning process more efficient in practice, and the regularization can train networks that are robust against adversarial attacks. Loss-function optimization can thus be seen as a well-founded new aspect of metalearning in neural networks.
Nonlinear and active metamaterials

The extraordinary properties of nonlinear optical propagation processes in double-domain positive/negative index metamaterials are reviewed. These processes include second harmonic generation, three- and four-wave frequency mixing, and optical parametric amplification. Striking contrasts with the properties of the counterparts in ordinary materials are shown. We also discuss the possibilities for compensating strong losses inherent to plasmonic metamaterials, which present a major obstacle in numerous exciting applications, and the possibilities for creation of unique ultracompact photonic devices such as data processing chips and nonlinear-optical sensors. Finally, we propose similar extraordinary three-wave mixing processes in crystals based on optical phonons with negative dispersion.
The value added of attachment theory, research, and intervention for US child care and early childhood education: Reflecting and carrying forward the legacy of Edward Zigler

Edward Zigler pioneered and insisted upon the integration of science, practice, and policy development to support vulnerable children and families, reduce poverty, and improve US wellbeing, writ large. His far-reaching scholarship in turn critically shaped developmental science and US policy in multiple areas. This review reflects upon Zigler's influence on US child care, Head Start, Early Head Start, and prekindergarten programs. It describes the integration of one major area of developmental science, the field of attachment theory, research, and intervention, with US child care and early childhood education programs and policy. The integration of attachment into these systems not only epitomizes Zigler's overarching canon but also has improved services and advanced attachment theory and research. Throughout the review, I suggest next steps for leveraging attachment theory, research, and intervention to improve US child care and early childhood education systems in ways that both reflect and carry forward the legacy of Edward Zigler.
Trends in Positive, Negative, and Neutral Themes of Popular Music From 1998 to 2018: Observational Study

Background: Across the United States, the incidence of adolescent depression and suicide cases has risen in the past 10 years. Despite the risk factors and causes being multifactorial, the influence of popular culture on society and adolescents in this media-driven generation cannot be mitigated. Although the impact of social media and its effect on shaping self-identity in adolescents have been observed, the impact of music and its potential for subliminal negative messages to adolescents remains unclear. Objective: This study analyzes the lyrics and music videos of the most popular music of multiple genres to quantify the frequencies of varying music theme trends. Methods: The frequencies of themes of 1052 total American and Latin songs were collected from the Nielsen Music and Billboard’s top 100 chart performance from 1998 to 2018 for hip hop/rhythm and blues (R&B), pop, Latin, country, and rock/metal genres. Themes from songs were identified, quantified, and categorized with a rubric into negative, neutral, and positive themes by 3 different reviewers. Analysis was performed using 2-tailed t tests and a generalized linear model. Results: Popular songs were reviewed for positive, negative, and neutral themes in the following 3-year intervals for ease of analysis purposes: 1998 to 2000 (n=148), 2001 to 2003 (n=150), 2004 to 2006 (n=148), 2007 to 2009 (n=156), 2010 to 2012 (n= 150), 2013 to 2015 (n=150), and 2016 to 2018 (n=150). There was a significant 180% increase in the percentage of songs with negative themes between all the interval years and across all genres (P<.001), while there was no significant difference in the frequency of songs with positive (P=.54) or neutral (P=.26) themes by year. There were significant differences in the number of negative themes found across genres (P<.001), with hip hop/R&B having the highest frequency of 130 out of 208 (62.5%) of the negative themes when compared to each of the individual genres (P<.001). Conclusions: This study shows there is an increase in the frequency of negative themes over the span of 20 years across all genres, with hip hop/R&B having the highest frequency among the genres. These findings point to the potential impact that music may have in popular culture and on society. Furthermore, these results can help shape discussions between caregivers and their adolescent dependents and between primary care providers and their adolescent patients.
Learning-based Image Registration with Meta-Regularization

We introduce a meta-regularization framework for learning-based image registration. Current learning-based image registration methods use high-resolution architectures such as U-Nets to produce spatial transformations, and impose simple and explicit regularization on the output of the network to ensure that the estimated displacements are smooth. While this approach works well on small deformations, it has been known to struggle when the deformations are large. Our method uses a more advanced form of meta-regularization to increase the generalization ability of learned registration models. We motivate our approach based on Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) theory, and approximate that framework via a meta-regularization convolutional layer with radially symmetric, positive semidefinite filters that inherent its regularization properties. We then provide a method to learn such regularization filters while also learning to register. Our experiments on synthetic and real datasets as well as ablation analysis show that our method can improve anatomical correspondence compared to competing methods, and reduce the percentage of folding and tear in the large deformation setting, reflecting better regularization and model generalization.
Correlation between social media utilization by academic neurosurgery departments and higher online patient ratings.

OBJECTIVE Patients increasingly utilize online physician review websites (PRWs) and social media to inform healthcare-related decisions. This provides neurosurgeons with opportunities for increased patient engagement. And despite the growing use of social media among neurosurgeons, the relationship between social media utilization and online reviews remains unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between social media utilization and PRW ratings across academic neurosurgery departments. METHODS Social media accounts (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram) of academic neurosurgery departments were identified. Online reviews for individual faculty were obtained from Healthgrades, Vitals, WebMD, and Google. Reviews were aggregated to identify the total number of reviews per department, to generate a composite departmental rating, and to calculate a summed departmental score. US News & World Report (USNWR) and Doximity rankings were recorded for each department. Social media utilization by individual neurosurgeons and associated ratings were investigated within the departments with the highest social media utilization. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent of academic neurosurgery departments utilized social media. The most prevalent platform was YouTube (49.1%), followed by Twitter (46.5%), Facebook (38.6%), and Instagram (16.7%). Higher patient ratings on PRWs were associated with the utilization of YouTube (p = 0.048) or Twitter (p = 0.02). The number of social media platforms utilized demonstrated a significant, positive correlation with patient ratings (p = 0.006) and summed patient ratings (p = 0.048). Although USNWR (p = 0.02) and Doximity (p = 0.0008) rankings correlated with patient ratings, only the number of social media platforms utilized remained a significant predictor of patient ratings on multivariate analysis (p = 0.0001). Thirty-one percent of academic neurosurgeons from departments with high social media utilization were active on social media. The most prevalent social media platform among individual neurosurgeons was Twitter (27.4%), followed by Instagram (8.4%), Facebook (4.9%), and YouTube (2.2%). Higher summed patient scores were associated with individual neurosurgeon utilization of YouTube (p = 0.04), Facebook (p < 0.0001), and Instagram (p = 0.01). Increased social media utilization among neurosurgeons was correlated with a greater number of patient reviews (p = 0.006) and higher summed patient scores (p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, only Facebook use remained a significant predictor of the number of patient reviews received (p = 0.002) and summed patient satisfaction scores (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS An increased social media presence is associated with higher ratings on PRWs. As neurosurgeons continue to expand their online presence, they should be aware of the possible impact of social media on online patient reviews.
Socioeconomic Challenges of California Strawberry Production and Disease Resistant Cultivars

Strawberries are the 4th highest grossing crop in California and supply 90% of US strawberries. But the industry’s long reliance on the use of chemical fumigants to control soil disease, nematodes and weeds is being threatened by increased regulation of these fumigants, leading to urgent efforts to develop and test non-chemical alternatives to fumigation, such as disease resistant cultivars. Many of these technologies are promising ecologically, but making them economically viable for growers is more challenging, especially in light of the socioeconomic context of strawberry production in California that has created a state of lock-in for a sustainability transition. This paper discusses how the challenges of land prices, labor shortages, marketing standards, and low prices bear on cultivar selection. Based on qualitative interviews, we corroborate that strawberry growers operate under significant socioeconomic constraints in California, many of which are beyond their control. In addition, we find that most growers see high-yielding varieties as crucial to their economic viability with regard to land, labor, and marketing intermediaries and yet recognize that the focus on individual farm productivity works at cross purposes to the problem of poor prices. Disease resistant varieties do not at face value address the concerns voiced by most growers. Our findings suggest, however, that if some of the other pressures were exogenously mitigated, growers might be more inclined to experiment with and adopt disease resistant varieties, in combination with other approaches. The most promising policy avenues seem to therefore lie with support of grower revenues.
Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle

The vertical organization of the cortex was first described by several neuroanatomists who used the principle in order to parcellate the brain into different regions. Mountcastle validated the concept of the minicolumn as a functional unit of information processing. His discovery, set against strong opposition from the neuroscience community, became a paradigm shift to future studies on sensory function of the cerebral cortex, which have all been based on his columnar model. In effect, over the years, the concept of the minicolumn has become a way of integrating disparate elements of neuroanatomy and physiology into an element of computation that permeates all of the neocortex. More recently the study of the minicolumn in both health and disease has promoted new concepts in regards to cognition and the neuropathology of psychiatric conditions.
A Tale of Two Anti-realisms

In this paper I outline two styles of semantic anti-realism: the well-known epistemologically based one, and a less familiar conceptually based one. After a review of some of the standard epistemological conceptions of the manifestation constraint, I argue for a conceptual version of manifestation, and a corresponding manifestation constraint on meaning. Then I argue that since on the latter version of anti-realism truth is not conceptually distinguishable from proof, the only coherent basis for criticism of classical logic is some variety of proof-theoretic semantics.
Maternal transport and the perinatal denominator.

Abstract In conjunction with an active outreach program, a rural perinatal region of 18,000 deliveries was analyzed. All pregnancies which resulted in the delivery of live-born infants weighing 1,000 to 1,500 gm were reviewed for maternal/fetal risk and eventual neonatal outcome. Analysis included all mothers and infants cared for at regional hospitals as well as those transferred to any teriary care center in the state system. Thus, an entire "perinatal denominator" for this group of patients at very high risk was identified. Maternal/fetal risk scoring was highest for the group of mothers transferred to the tertiary center prior to delivery. In spite of this increased risk, infant mortality was significantly decreased by delivery at the tertiary care center. It is recommended that other groups of high-risk conditions be evaluated in regional systems only after the entire perinatal denominator has been identified.
Generating p-extremal graphs

Define f(n,p) to be the maximum number of edges in a graph on n vertices with p perfect matchings. Dudek and Schmitt proved there exist constants n_p and c_p so that for even n >= n_p, f(n,p) = (n^2)/4+c_p. A graph is p-extremal if it has p perfect matchings and (n^2)/4+c_p edges. Based on Lovasz's Two Ear Theorem and structural results of Hartke, Stolee, West, and Yancey, we develop a computational method for determining c_p and generating the finite set of graphs which describe the infinite family of p-extremal graphs. This method extends the knowledge of the size and structure of p-extremal graphs from p <= 10 to p <= 27. These values provide further evidence towards a conjectured upper bound and prove the sequence c_p is not monotonic.
The Functions of Saliva

Nature's demands on salivary glands are extensive and diverse and range from the reptilian need for a venomous drop to incapacitate its prey to the 100 quarts that ruminants require to digest a day's grazing. Other species depend on saliva not for survival, but for improving the quality of life, using the fluid for functions varying from grooming and cleansing to nest-building. Humans can manage without saliva; its loss is not life-threatening in any immediate sense, but it results in a variety of difficulties and miseries. Oral digestion per se is only of marginal importance in humans, but saliva is important in preparing food for mastication, for swallowing, and far normal taste perception. Without saliva, mealtimes are difficult, uncomfortable, and embarrassing. The complex mix of salivary constituents provides an effective set of systems for lubricating and protecting the soft and hard tissues. Protection of soft tissues is afforded against desiccation, penetration, ulceration, and potential carcinoge...