cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of hydroacoustic measurements to characterize bottom sediments and guide sampling and remediation of organic contaminants in lake sediments.

Abstract Sampling of bed sediment for contamination characterization is often limited by the heterogeneity in sediment properties and distribution. In this study, we explored the use of hydroacoustic measurements to characterize sediment properties and guide sediment sampling in a small lake contaminated by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and PCBs. A dual frequency hydroacoustic survey was conducted to characterize sediment properties, distribution, and thickness in McGrath Lake, near Ventura, CA. Based upon these results, sediment core samples were collected from 15 sites on the lake, and sectioned into 20 cm intervals for sediment characterization and analysis of OCPs and PCBs. Very high concentrations of total DDT and total chlordane were found in the sediments, with mean values of 919 and 34.9 ng g − 1 , respectively. Concentrations of OCPs were highest at 60–80 cm depth near the inflow at the north end of the lake. Total PCB concentrations were much lower (mean concentration of 4.5 ng g − 1 ). Using the hydroacoustic and chemical data, it was estimated that nearly 30,000 m 3 of DDT- and chlordane-contaminated sediment (above effects range median values) was present in the uppermost 1.2 m of sediment in the lake. A hydroacoustic survey can be a valuable tool used to delineate sediment distribution in a lake, identify areas with deeper organic sediment where hydrophobic contaminants would likely be found, and guide sampling. Sampling and chemical analyses are nonetheless needed to quantify contaminant levels in bottom sediments. When combined with hydroacoustic measurements, this approach can reasonably estimate the distributions and volumes of contaminated sediment important in the development of remediation strategies.
Identification of a ∼170K subunit of the cardiac calcium channel using a monoclonal antibody to the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor

Our newly isolated monoclonal antibody (#78) specifically interacts with the 170Kd 1,4 dihydropyridine binding component of the skeletal muscle calcium channel. Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) from rabbit skeletal muscle and canine cardiac membranes were purified by monoclonal antibody #78 affinity chromatography. We show that DHPR from canine cardiac membranes like DHPR from rabbit skeletal membranes contain a approximately 170Kd polypeptide to which antibody #78 immunoblots under both reducing and non-reducing conditions.
Horizontal NEMA Frame Motors-Extending Their Mechanical Life and Reliability

Most electric motor failures in the petroleum and chemical industries are due to bearing problems. Considering the high cost of downtime in these continuous process plants, the need to increase motor reliability is pressing. The various factors affecting bearing life and the forces at work on them are discussed. Sample calculations to predict bearing life are given. Classes of bearings and factors affecting longer life are discussed as well as items of importance in maintenance.
Reading Multimodal Texts: Perceptual, Structural and Ideological Perspectives

This article presents a tripartite framework for analyzing multimodal texts. The three analytical perspectives presented include: (1) perceptual, (2) structural, and (3) ideological analytical processes. Using Anthony Browne’s picturebook Piggybook as an example, assertions are made regarding what each analytical perspective brings to the interpretation of multimodal texts and how these perspectives expand readers’ interpretive repertoires. Drawing on diverse fields of inquiry, including semiotics, art theory, visual grammar, communication studies, media literacy, visual literacy and literary theory, the article suggests an expansion of the strategies and analytical perspectives readers being to multimodal texts and visual images. Each perspective is presented as necessary but insufficient in and of itself to provide the necessary foundation for comprehending texts. It is through an expansion of the interpretive strategies and perspectives that readers bring to a multimodal text, focusing on visual, textual, and design elements that readers will become more proficient in their interpretive processes.
Dose dependent decrease in extractability of DNA from bacteria following irradiation with ultraviolet light or with visible light plus dye.

Abstract In 1928 Gates pointed out the probable relation between the bactericidal effectiveness of the various wave lengths of ultraviolet light (U.V.) and the absorption of U.V. by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In 1941, Hollaender et al. described changes in the macromolecular properties of DNA due to U.V. irradiation. Sinsheimer and Hastings (1949) reported that uracil and cytidylic acid can undergo reversible hydration in U.V. Setlow and Doyle (1954) and Baranowska and Shugar (1960) have reported the U.V. crosslinking of dry films of DNA. In 1960 Beukers and Berends reported that U.V. can cause the dimerization of thymine and Wacker et al. (1960) found this to occur in vivo (presumably intrachain). Marmur and Grossman (1961) have reported the interchain crosslinking of DNA by U.V. The present report deals with a new phenomenon: a dose dependent decrease in the extractability of DNA when bacteria are irradiated with U.V. This response is analytically many times more sensitive than in vivo thymine dimer formation ( Smith, 1962 ). This phenomenon also occurs when the bacteria are sensitized with acridine orange and exposed to visible light, but does not seem to be caused by x-irradiation.
Rule-Based For A String Code Pattern Recognition Processor

ABSTRACT A 3 -D distortion- invariant multi -class object identification problem is addressed. Our new,fast and robust string -code generation technique (using optical and digital methods) makes therule -based system quite practical and attractive. Emphasis is given to our rule -based systemand to initial data results. Excellent multi -class recognition and reasonable object distortionscan be accommodated in this system. We achieved 80 -90% correct recognition (PC) for 10object classes and +30 ° 3 -D distortions and full 360 ° in -plane distortions. 1. INTRODUCTION The problem we consider is the recognition and identification of multiple classes of objectsin the presence of 3 -D object distortions. The database we use involves 10 aircraft (Figure 1) with 128X 128 pixel binary resolution. Each aircraft name is noted in Figure 1. We denote object distortions by rotation angles in yaw (Ox), pitch (9X) and roll (Oy). Our feature space description is a string code [1] of the boundary of the object (Figure 2a) as a list of 20 -30
The Triumph of Autonomy in Bioethics and Commercialism in American Healthcare

Justifying his proposal for “health savings accounts,” which would allow individuals to set aside tax-free dollars against future healthcare needs, President Bush has said that “Health savings accounts all aim at empowering people to make decisions for themselves.” Who could disagree with such a sentiment? Although bioethicists may be among those who express skepticism that personal health savings accounts will be part of the needed “fix” of our healthcare financing system, self determination has long been part of their mantra. Indeed, the field of bioethics played an important role in advancing this idea in the medical world when physician paternalism was regnant. Has its popularity caused it to become so vapid as to be ripe for misuse?
On gas-phase ignition of diffusion flame in the stagnation-point boundary layer

Abstract An analytical expression for gas-phase ignition is developed for a diffusion flame in the two-dimensional or axisymmetric stagnation-point boundary-layer flow of a hot oxidizing gas about a vaporizing condensed fuel surface. The analysis is based on the limit of large activation energy for a one-step, irreversible reaction describing the overall combustion process in the gas phase. The approach in this work, following that of our recent analysis on extinction for the same geometry, is to seek an exact correspondence of the parameters of the present problem with those of counterflow diffusion-flame problem of Linan. Such a correspondence has been found in the frozen-flow regime and as a consequence, the asymptotic structure of the flame in the nearly frozen ignition regime is identical in both the problems. A particular result of this observation is the availability of an analytical criterion for ignition in the present problem. The analysis reveals that contrary to the case of extinction, fluid dynamic details do not have significant effect on the ignition criterion and that Linan's results may be applied with good accuracy to the condensed fuel problem.
Daphnia HR96 is a promiscuous xenobiotic and endobiotic nuclear receptor

Daphnia pulex is the first crustacean to have its genome sequenced. The genome project provides new insight and data into how an aquatic crustacean may respond to environmental stressors, including toxicants. We cloned Daphnia pulex HR96 (DappuHR96), a nuclear receptor orthologous to the CAR/PXR/VDR group of nuclear receptors. In Drosophila melanogaster, (hormone receptor 96) HR96 responds to phenobarbital exposure and has been hypothesized as a toxicant receptor. Therefore, we set up a transactivation assay to test whether DappuHR96 is a promiscuous receptor activated by xenobiotics and endobiotics similar to the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X-receptor (PXR). Transactivation assays performed with a GAL4-HR96 chimera demonstrate that HR96 is a promiscuous toxicant receptor activated by a diverse set of chemicals such as pesticides, hormones, and fatty acids. Several environmental toxicants activate HR96 including estradiol, pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos, atrazine, and methane arsonate. We also observed repression of HR96 activity by chemicals such as triclosan, androstanol, and fluoxetine. Nearly 50% of the chemicals tested activated or inhibited HR96. Interestingly, unsaturated fatty acids were common activators or inhibitors of HR96 activity, indicating a link between diet and toxicant response. The omega-6 and omega-9 unsaturated fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid activated HR96, but the omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid inhibited HR96, suggesting that these two distinct sets of lipids perform opposing roles in Daphnia physiology. This also provides a putative mechanism by which the ratio of dietary unsaturated fats may affect the ability of an organism to respond to a toxic insult. In summary, HR96 is a promiscuous nuclear receptor activated by numerous endo- and xenobiotics.
Scale of dispersal in varying environments and its implications for life histories of marine invertebrates.

We present several models concerning the short term consequences of spreading offspring in varying environments. Our goal is to determine what patterns of spatial and temporal variation yield an advantage to increasing scale of dispersal. Of necessity, the models are somewhat artificial but we feel they are a reasonable approximation of and hence generalizable to natural systems. With these models we examine consequences of dispersal arising from environmental variation: increased environmental variance, different degrees of spatial and temporal correlation, some arbitrary spatial patterns of favorability and finally some patterns derived from long-term, large-scale weather data collected along a contiguous stretch of coastline from southern Oregon to northern Washington (USA). We examine the costs and benefits of increasing sclae of dispersal in both density dependent and density independent models.
R&D Expenditures and Implied Equity Risk Premium

This study investigates the relationship between research and development (R&D) expenditures and risk premiums implied in costs of equity capital. We posit a positive association between R&D expenditures and implied equity risk premiums because R&D expenditures represent information risk by creating both information asymmetry between investors and managers and low-quality reporting for R&D. Consistent with our hypothesis, we report a significantly positive relationship between R&D expenditures and risk premiums implied in costs of equity capital. Sensitivity tests continue to support our hypothesis. Our results add to risk explanation for the association between firms’ R&D capitals and subsequent stock returns by showing a direct relationship between R&D expenditures and risk premiums implied in costs of equity capital. Our study also extends prior literature on information risk by presenting R&D expenditures as sources of information asymmetry and low-quality reporting to explain risk premiums. From this research along with prior studies, investors can have better knowledge about the risky nature of R&D expenditures that drive up implied risk premiums and at the same time provide opportunity to earn excess returns in short to long horizon. Accounting standard setters can benefit from this study along with relevant research that R&D expenditures represent an off-balance-sheet risk factor and thus warrant reconsidering SFAS No. 2 for potential capitalization of R&D expenditures to some degree. This study is subject to the limitations in calculating risk premiums implied in costs of equity capital.
Analysis of dynamic autoregulation assessed by the cuff deflation method.

Dynamic testing of cerebral pressure autoregulation is more practical than static testing for critically ill patients. The process of cuff deflation is innocuous in the normal subject, but the systemic and cerebral effects of cuff deflation in severely head-injured patients have not been studied: The purposes of this study were to examine the physiological effects of cuff deflation and to study their impact on the calculation of autoregulatory index (ARI). In 24 severely head-injured patients, 388 thigh cuff deflations were analyzed. The physiological parameters were recorded before, during, and after a transient decrease in blood pressure. Autoregulation was graded by generating an ARI value from 0 to 9. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) dropped rapidly during the first 2–3 seconds, but the nadir MAP was not reached until 8±7 seconds after the cuff deflation. MAP decreased by an average value of 19±5 mm Hg. Initially the tracings for MAP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were nearly identical, but after 30 seconds, variable increases in intracranial pressure caused some differences between the MAP and CPP curves. The difference between the ARI values calculated twice using MAP as well as CPP was zero for 70% of left-sided studies and 73% for right-sided studies and less than or equal to 1 for 93% of left- and 95% of right-sided cuff deflations. Transient and relatively minor perturbations were detected in systemic physiology induced by dynamic testing of cerebral pressure autoregulation. Furthermore, this study confirms that the early changes in MAP and CPP after cuff deflation are nearly identical. MAP can substitute for CPP in the calculation of ARI even in the severely brain-injured patient.
Proton-coupled organic cation transport in renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

We had previously proposed that organic cations are transported across the brush-border membrane in the canine kidney by a H+ exchange (or antiport) system (Holohan, P.D. and Ross, C.R. (1981) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 216, 294–298). In the present report, we demonstrate that in brush-border membrane vesicles the transport of organic cations is chemically coupled to the countertransport of protons, by showing that the uphill or concentrative transport of a prototypic organic cation, N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), is chemically coupled to the flow of protons down their chemical gradient. In a reciprocal manner, the concentrative transport of protons is coupled to the counterflow of organic cations down their concentration gradient. The transport of organic cations is monitored by measuring [3H]NMN while the transport of protons is monitored by measuring changes in acridine orange absorbance. The functional significance of the coupling is that a proton gradient lowers the Km and increases the Vmax for NMN transport.
Effects of a hindered amine light stabilizer and a UV light absorber used in maxillofacial elastomers on human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts.

Statement of problem Ultraviolet light absorber (UVA) and hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) retard sun-induced pigment degradation in silicone elastomeric maxillofacial prostheses. HALS inhibits polymer degradation and UVA dissipates UV radiation. Their effects on oral cells are unknown. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of UVA and HALS on membrane integrity, viability, and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Material and methods Tinuvin 123 (HALS) and Tinuvin 213 (UVA) were assessed for cytotoxicity, individually and in a 1:1 ratio (used in elastomers; HALS/UVA). The cells were exposed to HALS, UVA, or HALS/UVA (or control media containing only the diluent), and colorimetric assays measured membrane damage, viability, and proliferation. The data (% cytotoxicity or % control) were analyzed using 3-way cross-classified fixed effects ANOVA (α=.05). Results HALS did not negatively affect either cell type. UVA or HALS/UVA (≥∼0.004%) decreased viability by ≥90% in both cell lines; lower concentrations decreased activity in epithelial cells while increasing it in fibroblasts. UVA or HALS/UVA damaged membranes of both cell lines, but epithelial cells were more resistant. UVA or HALS/UVA inhibited proliferation of both cell types similarly. There was a slight synergistic effect of HALS and UVA on membrane damage in both cell lines, but generally not on other parameters. Conclusions Although it is unknown if HALS or UVA leaches from silicone elastomers in vivo, these data suggest that relative resistance of epithelial cells to UVA-induced membrane damage, and UVA's stimulation of fibroblast viability at some concentrations, might provide some protective effect. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:220-231)
A detailed analysis of glucose and saccharin drinking in the rat.

Abstract The drinking patterns of six adult male rats were monitored in an attempt to identify those parameters that change when rats are shifted from drinking water in a two bottle preference test, to a water vs glucose and saccharin solution preference test. Access to the palatable G and S solution not only increased total daily fluid intake relative to water, but disrupted the pattern established during water vs water baseline conditions by increasing the frequency and duration of drinking. Fluid intake per lick, and local licking rate were unaffected by the shift to the solution. A return to water vs water conditions demonstrated that all of these parameters were recoverable.
Some studies of the infectious process with MS2 bacteriophage

Abstract Certain aspects of the infection of Escherichia coli K12 Hfr AB261 with bacteriophage MS2 were studied. Following adsorption, which could be reversed by dilution, was an eclipse period of 15–17 min duration, after which mature phage made their intracellular appearance. The first bursts occurred 38 min after adsorption at which time approx. 1000 p.f.u. (plaque-forming units) per cell were present intracellularly. The bursts were asynchronous and distributed over a 25-min rise period. A final yield of 2000 p.f.u. per cell was observed. About one-half of the infected cells did not lyse and retained its colony-forming ability. Radiological studies revealed no marked differences between the sensitivity of the virus in vitro to ultraviolet light and the capacity of the irradiated bacteria to synthesize MS2. The behavior of the infectious centers in the Luria-Latarjet experiments was independent of the multiplicity of infection. Immediately after infection, the sensitivity of the infectious centers to ultraviolet light was greater than that of the free virus. Although resistance gradually increased during the latent period, no high multiplicity was detected. Complete radioresistance failed to occur even prior to lysis.
Electronically focused acoustic imaging device

A new type of acoustic imaging device, which scans a large array of piezoelectric detectors is described. Scanning is carried out by a signal traveling along an acoustic surface wave delay line. The device can be electronically focused, and has given images of objects 20 cm from the detector array, illuminated with a 5‐MHz acoustic wave, with a definition of 1 mm.
Nursing care of patients with laryngeal carcinoma

The patient with cancer of the larynx can provide a challenge to the nursing staff. All aspects of nursing management are encompassed in providing care to this unique group of patients. Prevention and early detection are mandatory in the treatment of the patient with cancer of the larynx. Acute care/intensive care nursing, teaching, general medical surgical nursing, rehabilitative nursing, and psychological counseling are all required for any patient undergoing treatment for a cancer of the larynx. The nurse is in a key position to coordinate the care received by these patients and their family members in order for the patient to resume a reasonable quality of life.
Mixed-Methods Study of Online and Written Organic Chemistry Homework

Connect for organic chemistry is an online learning tool that gives students the opportunity to learn about all aspects of organic chemistry through the ease of the digital world. This research project consisted of two fundamental questions. The first was to discover whether there was a difference in undergraduate organic chemistry content knowledge between students at a public institution who complete homework assignments online and those who complete homework assignments on paper. The second was to determine what kind of effect online homework had on student learning. Courses were designated at random to perform either online homework or traditional homework. At the end of the semester, students were asked to fill out a survey regarding their thoughts on the homework method used for their course. Students’ exam grades were then analyzed. Students who utilized the Connect homework program did significantly better than those who completed traditional homework (p < 0.006, n = 112). The ACS average exam per...
Hits and Runs: Determinants of the Cross-Country Variation in the Severity of Impact from the 2008-9 Financial Crisis

Recent empirical work on the 2008-09 financial crisis has found mixed results on the usefulness of indicators to explain the cross-country variation in the incidence of the crisis in non-originating countries. While some authors have found success with various indicators, Rose and Spiegel (2009a,b) find that almost no indicators are robust. We employ Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to verify Rose-Spiegel’s conclusions under model uncertainty, confirming their findings. We then employ latent class models (LCM) to check the data for parameter heterogeneity. We find that there is substantial evidence of heterogeneity in the relationship between various indicators and crisis impact, both across individual indicators as well as across financial crisis episodes. In particular, a similar model fits the 1997 Asian financial crisis, although the coefficients change qualitatively in some cases. These results highlight the difficulty in employing simple linear models for early warning purposes, but demonstrate that there are robust indicators of cross-country variation in crisis impact across episodes, such as the pre-crisis growth in banking credit. A 2-class model explains the variation in crisis impact, where pre-crisis level of per-capita income assists in the prediction of membership in a particular class.
The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt

This article uses an examination of the 1791 plague in Egypt to explore the relationships among disease, famine, flood, drought, and death in late eighteenth-century Egypt. It analyzes how plague functioned as part of a regular biophysical pathology of the environment in which the disease came and went as one iteration in a cycle that included famine, wind, flood, drought, price inflation, and revolt. Using the works of Egyptian chroniclers, archival materials, secondary studies, and traveler accounts, this article integrates plague into the study of the Egyptian environment by showing how it was a regular and expected part of life in Egypt.
The integrated optical spectrum of the Crab nebula and evidence for its fading synchrotron continuum

A flux-calibrated optical spectrum integrated over the entire Crab nebula was obtained by making drift scans with a long-slit spectrograph. Compared to observations obtained over the past 40 years, these new data confirm an earlier controversial result that the [O III] λλ4959, 5007 equivalent width is increasing with time, although the rate of ∼0.9 per cent yr - 1 is somewhat slower than that measured previously. Additionally, the Hβ equivalent width is increasing at a comparable rate, but the measured fluxes of both Hβ and [O III] have changed less than their respective equivalent widths. The different rates of change in the measured fluxes and equivalent widths of these lines suggest that the optical synchrotron continuum from the Crab nebula is indeed fading rapidly. The apparent decline is consistent with a rate around -0.5 (′0.2) per cent yr - 1 at wavelengths near 5000 A inferred independently from measurements of the optical continuum flux during the same time period.
An Intelligent Control Approach for Oil Drilling Processes

Abstract The paper presents an intelligent control and optimization framework for managed pressure drilling systems. The nonlinear drilling process model was configured in a closed-loop feedback control framework to optimize the oil drilling process performance. Two main process components, namely, the mud pump flow rate and the differential flow rate of the backpressure pump and the choke, are assumed to be the control inputs while the process down hole pressure rate is treated as the process output. The control, optimization and automation of the drilling process are investigated by designing an intelligent fuzzy logic controller in a tracking problem for real-time implementation, by utilizing the closed loop system tracking error and the error rate as the controller inputs and by generating incremental changes for the two process inputs. Although the proposed control system framework is inherently nonlinear due to the nonlinear process model and the nonlinear intelligent control, the process control input and output parameters have been successfully achieved. The proposed control framework simulation results clearly illustrate that the managed pressure drilling process can be optimized as a closed loop control tracking problem, effectively removing the need for complex controller design and allowing real-time implementation in manufacturing operations in operator support systems.
Evolution of a new semiconductor product: mercury cadmium telluride focal plane arrays

This paper discusses the evolution of military requirements, from a relatively simple scanned linear array of detectors, to a scanned two-dimensional array of detectors with time delay and integration, to two-dimensional staring arrays. We review the process that led to the concentration on one detector material, namely, mercury cadmium telluride, to satisfy most military requirements. The various material growth methods are described. These growth techniques are closely coupled to material characterization techniques, both as an analytical tool and for in-process control. Finally, we review focal plane array fabrication technology and the relationship between detector and on-focal-plane processing parameters.
Imaging polarimetry capabilities and measurement uncertainties in remote sensing applications

The Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University (SDL/USU) has built and flown an airborne hyperspectral imaging polarimeter (HIP)1,2 as a proof-of-principle sensor for a satellite-based polarimeter. This paper discusses measurement limitations and uncertainties associated with imaging polarimetric measurements in remote sensing applications, using experience and lessons learned from the HIP program and the design study for the proposed satellite demonstration sensor.
Dynamic and Steady State Analysis of Boost Rectifier Supplying Voltage Sensitive Loads

The modeling of boost rectifiers supplying linear and constant voltage loads has been given adequate attention up till now. However, the modeling of this type of rectifiers supplying voltage sensitive loads has not been properly addressed. This paper therefore focuses on the dynamic and steady state analysis of this type of rectifier system. The model equations for this type of rectifier system both in natural (a, b, c) state and in direct and quadrature axes (q, d) reference frame are derived. These equations are used to obtain the system variables plots at steady state. These include the plots of voltage and current at unity power factor operation. The results obtained show that the constant impedance components of the nonlinear loads has the most significant impacts on the performance of the rectifier.
Cumulation, Evaluation and the Research Process: Investigating the Diffusion of Conflict

Broad analytic assessments of research areas can be invaluable for scholars because they can inform the ongoing feedback process between theory and research that is at the heart of scientific inquiry. Unfortunately, Simowitz's (1998) evaluation of diffusion analyses of conflict has several problematic characteristics that make it less useful to the research community than might otherwise be the case. The major difficulties we see in her article are: (1) the forced, idiosyncratic synthesis of the standard of scientific progress and its consequent application; (2) the excessively unilinear conception of scientific process (and progress); (3) the inaccurate understanding of some of the research on war diffusion; (4) the failure to include in the evaluation several studies and results that might have led to different conclusions; and (5) the absence of any constructive suggestion of where research on the topic of war and conflict diffusion might profitably be directed.
Activity‐related features of synapse morphology: A study of endbulbs of Held

The myelinated fibers of the auditory nerve can be divided into two separate populations on the basis of sensitivity to sound, average levels of spike activity, and central branching patterns. The synaptic endings of these populations were investigated for the presence of structural specializations that might correlate with levels of neural activity. We applied intracellular recording and staining methods in cats to analyze directly the relationship between spike activity and the structure of synapses using endbulbs of Held, the large synaptic endings in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Endbulbs from fibers having low or high levels of activity were examined and compared using light and electron microscopic methods. All endbulbs exhibited relatively large but incomplete coverage by one-to-several lamellae of glial processes. Endbulbs of high activity fibers were large and contained larger mitochondria than endbulbs of low activity fibers. Furthermore, the synapses of high activity endbulbs were on average smaller but more numerous, possessed greater numbers of associated synaptic vesicles, and exhibited greater curvature of their postsynaptic densities. These structural features are hypothesized to reflect specializations that optimize synaptic transmission.
Power saving control strategies and their implementation in DC/DC converter for data and telecommunication power supply

The paper focuses on promising topologies and control strategies to meet strict power saving and efficiency requirements over wide output power range demanded by new regulations and trends in data and telecommunication industry. The optimal control algorithm for phase shifted ZVS DC/DC converter is described implemented in new IC controller. Some practical design recommendations are provided allowing zero voltage switching at all operating conditions. The advantages of suggested control strategy are verified by test results based on 95.3% efficient, 12-V, 660-W output DC/DC converter for server power supply.
Times of turmoil: emerging visions from three years of global dialogue

This paper reflects on the resurgence of social movements in recent years in the Arab world, Europe and the United States, through the lens of a number of articles published in Global Dialogue, the magazine of the International Sociological Association (ISA), which existence coincides with such movements. These, although having national and regional specificities, share connections and mutual inspiration. Featured articles represent a sociology in times of turmoil that becomes a sociology of turmoil, which examines the social movements from the standpoint of both their commonalities and their divergences as seen through a global lens. Finally, the essay addresses the question of a sociology for these times of turmoil that links the movements to the world-wide ascendancy of marketization. Keywords: Social movements. Arab uprisings. Occupy movement. Indignados . Third-wave marketization.
Induction of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase–Targeting Adaptor 14-3-3γ Is Mediated by NF-κB–Dependent Recruitment of CFP1 to the 5′-CpG-3′–Rich 14-3-3γ Promoter and Is Sustained by E2A

Class switch DNA recombination (CSR) crucially diversifies Ab biologic effector functions. 14-3-3γ specifically binds to the 5′-AGCT-3′ repeats in the IgH locus switch (S) regions. By interacting directly with the C-terminal region of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), 14-3-3γ targets this enzyme to S regions to mediate CSR. In this study, we showed that 14-3-3γ was expressed in germinal center B cells in vivo and induced in B cells by T-dependent and T-independent primary CSR-inducing stimuli in vitro in humans and mice. Induction of 14-3-3γ was rapid, peaking within 3 h of stimulation by LPSs, and sustained over the course of AID and CSR induction. It was dependent on recruitment of NF-κB to the 14-3-3γ gene promoter. The NF-κB recruitment enhanced the occupancy of the CpG island within the 14-3-3γ promoter by CFP1, a component of the COMPASS histone methyltransferase complex, and promoter-specific enrichment of histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), which is indicative of open chromatin state and marks transcription-competent promoters. NF-κB also potentiated the binding of B cell lineage-specific factor E2A to an E-box motif located immediately downstream of the two closely-spaced transcription start sites for sustained 14-3-3γ expression and CSR induction. Thus, 14-3-3γ induction in CSR is enabled by the CFP1-mediated H3K4me3 enrichment in the promoter, dependent on NF-κB and sustained by E2A.
Connected Electrodes by the Growth of Germanium Dioxide Nanowires

Germanium dioxide nanowires have gained significant interest lately due to the the bandgap of 2.44 eV, and high index of refraction, n=1.63. In this paper we aim at investigating the lateral growth of high density metal-catalyzed germanium dioxide nanowires between electrodes. The gaps between two electrodes varied. The catalyst metal was placed on the electrodes, followed by a thermal annealing process, resulting in lateral growth of germanium dioxide whiskers with several microns length and eventually the formation of bridge-like nanostructures. These whiskers have certain unique properties, such as a high surface-to-volume ratio and the capability of connecting two electrodes. Because of these properties, the growth of whiskers from the electrodes has the potential to be developed as electronic devices such as nanosensors. These products are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as X-Ray diffraction (XRD).
Advanced Current Sensing Techniques for Power Electronic Converters

Current sensing is widely used in power electronic applications including dc-dc power conversion and adjustable speed motor drives, which are the basic subsystems of hybrid vehicles. Dynamic performance and control of the system depend on the accuracy and efficiency of its sensors. Several current sensing methods are reviewed and examined in this paper. Conventional methods including current sensing resistor technique as well as advanced self-tuning and self-calibrating approaches are described. Various methods are analyzed and compared based on their losslessness, simplicity, and ease of implementation. High-power applications are also considered.
Analysis for coupling between parallel photonic crystal waveguides

Parallel photonic crystal waveguides (P-PCWs) is studied, using the FDTD and PWE method. Analysis of P-PCWs is presented and transmission properties of P-PCWs are investigated. It is also suggesting that parallel PCW can realize a very efficient add/drop filter which can be used in WDM.
Su1493 Comparison Between Video and Mosaic Viewing Mode of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (pCLE) in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus

Comparison Between Video and Mosaic Viewing Mode of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (pCLE) in Patients With Barrett’s Esophagus Emanuele Dabizzi, Muhammad W. Shahid, Bashar Qumseya, Mohamed O. Othman, Michael B. Wallace Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville, FL Background: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) allows in vivo histologic assessment of the mucosal layer during endoscopy. Currently, there are two available viewing modes of pCLE. The most widely used mode is the Video mode which has significant limitations, including a small field of view as well as movement artifacts. Mosaic mode is analgorythm-based software, creating , static images, from video captures, and also automatically eliminated noninformative images. Currently active attempts are underway to improve the accuracy of pCLE system, including availability of mosaic-view mode. However, the improvement of the accuracy level of mosaic-view mode is yet to be determined. Aim: We conducted the study to assess the diagnostic yield of mosaics mode in comparison with the traditional video viewing mode, in detection of esophageal mucosal dysplasia, evaluating the accuracy, the time to achieve the diagnosis and the agreement between the two modalities. Methods: A total of 29 patients (19 males, mean age 59 yo), with Barrett’s esophagus, were randomly selected from our previously described database. For each patient, a video clip and a series of mosaics were created off-line. The video-clip series and mosaics series were decoded and reviewed separately and independently by an expert endoscopist, blinded to the other image pair and the histological diagnosis, assumed as gold standard. The endoscopist rated the mucosa as benign or dysplastic, according to Miami Classification criteria. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of video mode in achieving the correct diagnosis was 71% and 68%, respectively, compared to 57% and 68% of the mosaics mode. The accuracy of video mode was 69%, compared to 66% in the mosaics mode. The McNemar’s Test between the accuracy of the two modalities has a non-significant p value (p 1.0). The average time needed to achieve the diagnosis was significantly longer in the video mode (mean: 48.03 35.38 sec) vs 17.06 7.11 sec for mosaics, with a p 0.0001. The observed Kappa for the agreement in the diagnosis of dysplasia between the two modalities was moderat (0.50; 95% CI 0.17-0.82). Conclusions: Mosaic-view mode seems to have the same accuracy of the video-mode, with a significantly less viewing time, in order to achieve the diagnosis.
LAND USE, LOCAL CONTROL, AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: The Child Care Example

: This paper argues that local land use planning needs to take its share of responsibility for social change in the community. Implicit in granting zoning powers to municipalities by the individual states is a mandate to use those powers in a socially responsible way. In those situations in which communities do not do so, many states are stepping in and responding to the needs of a growing constituency of people who feel that local land use planning is violating, not protecting, their rights to live in the community. Using child care as an example, this paper explores the growing use of state preemption of local control to achieve a socioland use purpose.
Using Spatial Statistics to Examine the Pattern of Urban Land Development in Halifax–Dartmouth

This article examines the locational patterns of population and employment and the resultant changes in urban form in the Halifax–Dartmouth region between 1970 and 1996. The article employs the univariate and bivariate K function to measure spatial dependence or clustering within and between the classes of residential and commercial land parcels. The results of the K function estimates suggest that residential land parcels cluster together, commercial land parcels cluster together, and residential and commercial land parcels have become more clustered over time. Evidence of clustering provides insight into the changing urban form of the region and possible multinucleation.
Technical Note-A Note on the Symmetric Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem with Fixed Charges

We transform a multiple traveling salesman problem with fixed charges for the assignment of salesmen and with a symmetric cost matrix to a standard symmetric traveling salesman problem.
Depth-integrated estimates of ecosystem metabolism in a high-elevation lake (Emerald Lake, Sierra Nevada, California)

A series of vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) collected periodically over two consecutive ice-free seasons in an oligotrophic high-elevation lake (Emerald Lake, California) were used to investigate volumetric and areal rates of gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and net ecosystem production (NEP). Diel patterns in DO did not weaken with depth in this lake, where the entire 10-m water column was within the euphotic zone and where a deep chlorophyll a (Chl a) maximum was common during periods of thermal stratification. During stratification, both GPP and CR increased with depth, and heterotrophy (NEP < 0) tended to occur below the thermocline in association with higher Chl a and particulate matter concentrations. With the onset of autumn mixing each year, vertical gradients in metabolism weakened or disappeared and the entire water column was autotrophic. Net autotrophy over the growing season was confirmed using three methods of estimating whole-lake metabolism. During periods of stratification, flux across the thermocline, where eddy diffusivities were near molecular, was small (4% of total epilimnetic fluxes), while within the hypolimnion, where stratification was weaker and eddy diffusivities larger, fluxes between strata were more substantial (12% of total fluxes). For this lake and other small lakes with low wind speeds and Lake numbers near 10, mixing due to turbulence should be included in computations of metabolism within the hypolimnion. However, single-station measurements from within the epilimnion provide a reasonable estimate of seasonal metabolism, especially in the autumn when the lake is mixing on a diel basis.
Atomic structures of human dihydrofolate reductase complexed with NADPH and two lipophilic antifolates at 1.09 Å and 1.05 Å resolution

The crystal structures of two human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) ternary complexes, each with bound NADPH cofactor and a lipophilic antifolate inhibitor, have been determined at atomic resolution. The potent inhibitors 6-([5-quinolylamino]methyl)-2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (SRI-9439) and (Z)-6-(2-[2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethen-1-yl)-2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (SRI-9662) were developed at Southern Research Institute against Toxoplasma gondii DHFR-thymidylate synthase. The 5-deazapteridine ring of each inhibitor adopts an unusual puckered conformation that enables the formation of identical contacts in the active site. Conversely, the quinoline and dimethoxybenzene moieties exhibit distinct binding characteristics that account for the differences in inhibitory activity. In both structures, a salt-bridge is formed between Arg70 in the active site and Glu44 from a symmetry-related molecule in the crystal lattice that mimics the binding of methotrexate to DHFR.
Development of high-power electrodes for a liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell

Abstract Based upon Nafion 112 membrane, membrane-electrode assemblies for a liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) were fabricated by using a novel method of modified Nafion solution and tape-casting, with unsupported Pt-Ru as an anode catalyst and carbon supported 40 wt.% Pt as a cathode catalyst. The amounts of catalyst loading were controlled to be 4 mg/cm2 in the anode and 1.3 mg/cm2 in the cathode. Morphological characteristics of anode and cathode were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A time-delayed activation effect was found in single cell tests and attributed to time-dependent wetting behavior of Nafion polymers within both catalyst layers. A high compression of the single cell leads to a remarkable decrease in diffusion-limiting current density, caused by hydrophilic broken fibers and cleavage-like defects generated during excessive compression of the cell. A maximum power density of 0.21 W/cm2 is achieved in 2 M CH3OH solution at 90 °C under the operating condition of non-pressurized anode side and non-humidified air pressurized to 15 psi.
Remediation of NAPL Source Zones: Lessons Learned from Field Studies at Hill and Dover AFB

Innovative remediation studies were conducted between 1994 and 2004 at sites contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) at Hill and Dover AFB, and included technologies that mobilize, solubilize, and volatilize NAPL: air sparging (AS), surfactant flushing, cosolvent flooding, and flushing with a complexing-sugar solution. The experiments proved that aggressive remedial efforts tailored to the contaminant can remove more than 90% of the NAPL-phase contaminant mass. Site-characterization methods were tested as part of these field efforts, including partitioning tracer tests, biotracer tests, and mass-flux measurements. A significant reduction in the groundwater contaminant mass flux was achieved despite incomplete removal of the source. The effectiveness of soil, groundwater, and tracer based characterization methods may be site and technology specific. Employing multiple methods can improve characterization. The studies elucidated the importance of small-scale heterogeneities on remediation effectiveness, and fomented research on enhanced-delivery methods. Most contaminant removal occurs in hydraulically accessible zones, and complete removal is limited by contaminant mass stored in inaccessible zones. These studies illustrated the importance of understanding the fluid dynamics and interfacial behavior of injected fluids on remediation design and implementation. The importance of understanding the dynamics of NAPL-mixture dissolution and removal was highlighted. The results from these studies helped researchers better understand what processes and scales are most important to include in mathematical models used for design and data analysis. Finally, the work at these sites emphasized the importance and feasibility of recycling and reusing chemical agents, and enabled the implementation and success of follow-on full-scale efforts.
Molecular Rendering with Medieval and Renaissance Color Theory

This paper describes the application of Medieval and Renaissance color theory to the computer graphic rendering of molecular models. In particular, Alberti’s and Cennini’s color theories were employed to render shaded geometric primitives such as cylinders and spheres that are the components of traditional ball-and-stick and space filling molecular models. These results were compared with standard rendering based on the OpenGL API or through ray tracing. It is found that by implementing Alberti’s and Cennini’s color theories as color maps within a simple chemical illustration program it is possible to create molecular imagery comparable to contemporary computer graphics schemes.