cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural /urban disparities in science achievement in post-socialist countries: The evolving influence of socioeconomic status

Disparities in educational outcomes exist between students in rural areas as compared to students in urban settings. While there is some evidence that these rural disparities are present in eastern Europe, little is known about young peoplesΓCO lives in the rural areas of this region. This paper presents an analysis of science achievement by location (rural v. urban) using all available waves of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). We examined the eighth grade data from five countries: Lithuania, Romania, the Russian Federation, Hungary, and Slovenia. Findings demonstrated that students attending rural schools had significantly lower science scores and that the rural disadvantage grew between 1995 and 2011 in some countries, but became non-significant in others. Overall, family socioeconomic status played an important role in determining the educational outcomes of rural students. The implications of these findings are explored in relation to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2015 Education for All goals.
Economics of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration versus a Suite of Alternative Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation in U.S., California and Illinois

An equilibrium economic model for policy evaluation related to electricity generation at national and individual state level in U.S has been developed. The model takes into account the non-renewable and renewable energy sources, demand and supply factors and environmental constraints (CO 2 emissions). Economic policy analysis experiments are carried out to determine the consequences of switching the sources of electricity generation under two scenarios: in first scenario, a switch from coal to renewable sources is made for 10% of electricity generation; in the second scenario, the switch is made for 10% of electricity generation from coal to coal with clean coal technology by employing CO 2 capture and sequestration (CCS). The cost of electricity generation from various non-renewable and renewable sources is different and is taken into account in the model. The consequences of this switch on supply and demand, employment, wages, and emissions are obtained from the economic model under three scenarios: (1) energy prices are fully regulated, (2) energy prices are fully adjusted with electricity supply fixed, and (3) energy prices and electricity supply both are fully adjusted. The model is applied to the states of California and Illinois, and at national level. Keywords : Carbon dioxide sequestration and mitigation; Electricity generation; Renewable energy; State-level analysis JEL Classifications: C54; C68; Q42; Q48
Do Glaciers Listen? Local Knowledge, Colonial Encounters, and Social Imagination

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Julie Cruikshank Year: 2005 Pages: 288 Publisher: University of Washington Press ISBN: $25.00 USD (hard cover). Prices: 0-7748-1186-2(hard cover).
Interpersonal communication: A conceptual framework

A conceptual framework based on the fundamental psychological needs of recognition and belonging, permits a classification of communication situations which puts into clearer perspective the relationship of these psychological needs to favorable and unfavorable attitudes in communication.
Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in the placental bed in preterm premature rupture of membranes

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries occurs in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Study Design: A cross-sectional study was designed to examine the histopathologic findings in the placental bed and placenta of patients with preterm PROM, preeclampsia, and normal women at term. Immunohistochemistry with cytokeratin 7 and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were used to detect trophoblast and fibrinoid and to diagnose failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries. Results: One hundred thirteen cases met the inclusion criteria, 59 from patients with normal pregnancies, 31 with preterm PROM, and 23 with preeclampsia. The mean number of the spiral arteries with failure of physiologic transformation of the myometrial segment was significantly higher in patients with preterm PROM and preeclampsia than in normal pregnant women at term ( P =.006 and P P >.05). Placentas from patients with preterm PROM had a higher frequency of vascular lesions than those from normal pregnant women ( P =.02). Conclusion: Defective placentation, defined as failure of physiologic transformation of the myometrial segment of the spiral artery, is frequently present in preterm PROM. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1137-42.)
Site-specific determination of kinetic coefficients for modeling algal growth

Abstract Mathematical models for phytoplankton growth require specification of a suite of kinetic coefficients. Values for these coefficients may be established through field and laboratory experimentation or through model calibration, guided by literature estimates. Uncertainty in coefficient selection influences model performance and reliability. Here, a site-specific approach to the determination of selected kinetic coefficients used in modelling phytoplankton growth is described. The technique involves laboratory incubation of natural phytoplankton assemblages under controlled conditions of light and temperature. Example applications are provided for two eutrophic systems: Onondaga Lake, New York and Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Kinetic coefficients derived according to the proposed technique are field verified through in situ incubations of natural phytoplankton assemblages. The value of the approach for reducing model uncertainty is explored using Monte-Carlo analysis.
Coefficients of Reflection in the Ultraviolet of Magnesium Carbonate and Oxide

The coefficients of reflection of magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide have been determined for eight mercury lines in the ultraviolet. A spectrometer made up of a Rowland grating furnished a spectrum of light reflected from a part-sphere of the material under test. A photo-multiplier tube received the spectrum. The materials are both good reflectors, the oxide being especially good since it is over 0.90 at all points tested.
The Diffusion of Electrons Against an Electric Field in the Non-Oscillatory Abnormal Low Voltage Arc

Oscillatory abnormal low voltage arc in pure helium.---Experiments with a tube provided with an anode and a hot filament cathode, built and used with elaborate precautions for excluding mercury vapor, disproved the suggestion that traces of mercury vapor as an impurity play an essential role in permitting arcs in helium to operate at abnormally low voltages.Non-oscillatory low voltage arc.---It has been found that, under certain conditions, arcs may be maintained at abnormally low voltages (below the lowest critical potential) and without oscillations, in helium, mercury vapor and argon, this type of arc being particularly striking and easy to obtain in argon. An arc tube, provided with a movable exploring electrode which was used according to Langmuir's method, enabled measurements of potential, of ion concentration, and of average energy to be made in all parts of the arc. With arcs operating on about 6 volts, the cathode drop was invariably very near to 11.5 volts (the minimum radiating potential of argon), so that there was a reverse field of about 5 volts existing throughout the greater part of the arc. The fact that the arc current of almost an ampere flows against this field is due to the effect of diffusion arising from the large concentration gradient. The electron concentration varied from the order of ${10}^{12}$ per cc just outside the cathode to about ${10}^{10}$ near the anode. The reverse field is due to the difference between the mobilities of electrons and of positive ions and is therefore most pronounced in the case of argon, in which electron free paths are abnormally long. The most interesting single feature of this research is the proof of the importance of ion diffusion in low voltage arcs.
In vitro effects of penicillin and telithromycin on the expression of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule

The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin or clindamycin were evaluated in 20 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae that were fully susceptible to penicillin and in 20 isolates that were of intermediate resistance. All isolates were capsulate and susceptible to clindamycin. After incubation in one-half of the MIC of clindamycin, 17.5% of isolates retained a capsule, compared to 87.5% after incubation with one-half of the MIC of penicillin. Clindamycin appears to be superior to penicillin in reducing the expression of the capsule by S. pneumoniae.
The modelling of heat, mass and solute transport in solidification systems

The aim of this paper is to explore the range of possible one-phase models of binary alloy solidification. Starting from a general two-phase description, based on the two-fluid model, three limiting cases are identified which result in one-phase models of binary systems. Each of these models can be readily implemented in standard single phase flow numerical codes. Differences between predictions from these models are examined. In particular, the effects of the models on the predicted macro-segregation patterns are evaluated.
Ultrasonically guided percutaneous aspiration of lymphoceles following renal transplantation: A diagnostic and therapeutic method

Percutaneous aspirations of perirenal collections under ultrasonographic control is a safe and simple therapeutic and diagnostic procedure in patients who have developed lymphoceles after renal transplantation. The diagnostic and therapeutic yield is far superior to any other method, short of surgical exploration. We encountered no complications in our cases. The technique is described in detail.
The nature of the high spin-low spin crossover in tris(N-ethyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamato)iron(III)

The infrared spectrum in the metal-ligand region of the title complex has been studied as a function of pressure and compared with that of tris(1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioato-S,S')iron(III), tris(N,N-dicyclohexyldithiocarbamato)iron((III) and the chromium(III) analogues. Only the title complex lies at the high spin (/sup 6/A/sub 1/)-low spin (distortion split /sup 2/T/sub 2/) crossover, and it alone has two metal-sulfur bands. The intensity of the band assigned to the /sup 2/T/sub 2/ state increases relative to the /sup 6/A/sub 1/ band with increasing pressure. The results are interpreted in terms of an equilibrium between distinct high spin and low spin species instead of a single intermediate spin state which has also been suggested for this system by other workers.
α-Lipoic acid treatment prevents the diabetes-induced attenuation of the afferent limb of the baroreceptor reflex in rats

Abstract Autonomic neuropathies, common complications of prolonged diabetes, may result from diabetes-induced increased oxidative stress. Recently, we found that the afferent component of the baroreceptor reflex is attenuated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This study sought to determine the influence of the anti-oxidant, α-lipoic acid on the diabetes-induced deficits of the afferent limb of the baroreceptor reflex and on plasma malondialdehyde (a measure of lipid peroxidation). The number of c-Fos-ir neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius in response to phenylephrine-induced baroreceptor activation was used as an index of the integrity of the afferent limb of the baroreceptor reflex. Groups of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and non-diabetic control rats, maintained from 8 to 16 weeks, were treated with α-lipoic acid (100 mg kg−1 IP, 5×/week), or vehicle for the last 4 weeks prior to the experimental procedure. Vehicle-treated diabetic rats had elevated plasma malondialdehyde levels when compared to non-diabetic rats. α-Lipoic acid-treated diabetic rats had plasma malondialdehyde levels similar to those seen in non-diabetic rats and less than those of vehicle-treated diabetic rats at both the 8- and 16-week time points. α-Lipoic acid treatment did not affect the baseline (absence of baroreceptor activation) presence of c-Fos-ir in the nucleus tractus solitarius. In response to phenylephrine and regardless of treatment, the diabetic and control rats displayed increases in blood pressure and reflex bradycardia. As previously reported, phenylephrine-induced baroreceptor activation resulted in significantly fewer c-Fos-ir neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (commissural and caudal subpostremal regions) of diabetic rats when compared to non-diabetic rats at both 8- and 16-week time points. Four weeks of α-lipoic acid treatment reversed the diabetes-induced decrement in the numbers of c-Fos-ir neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius in response to baroreceptor activation. α-Lipoic acid-treated diabetic rats showed the same phenylephrine-induced c-Fos response in the nucleus tractus solitarius as those of α-lipoic-acid- and vehicle-treated control rats at both 8- and 16-week time points. These data suggest that diabetes-induced oxidative stress plays a role in diabetes-induced baroreceptor dysfunction and that the α-lipoic acid may have a beneficial effect in treatment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Hyperspectral Target Detection in Noisy Environment Using Wavelet filter and Correlation based detector

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for detecting man made targets in hyperspectral imagery using correlation based detection after wavelet domain filtering. In the proposed method, each spectral pixel in noisy hyperspectral data cube is filtered by wavelet domain filtering. Wavelet domain filtering looks at every spectral pixel as noisy signal and filter out noise through wavelet shrinkage based method. Then correlation between the provided target spectral signature and spectral signal from data cube is calculated. The algorithm scans each pixel in data cube then calculates correlation with target signature. The process yields correlation image. Applying threshold operation for correlation image provides detection image. The detection performance of the algorithm is tested with several hyperspectral datasets. Using ROC analysis and comparing with ground truth image, it is observed that wavelet based filtering provides better detection performance for noisy data. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm efficiently detects object of interest in all datasets.
The effect of consumer risk perceptions on the propensity to purchase genetically modified foods in Romania

This study evaluates consumer purchase propensity for genetically modified (GM) food products in Romania, shedding light on consumer preferences in developing Eastern European nations. Results based on a bivariate probit model of purchase propensity for GM sunflower oil and table potatoes show that consumers in Romania are generally opposed to GM food consumption, similar to consumers in Western Europe, but contrary to consumers in many developing nations. Purchase probabilities carry across GM foods, indicating homogeneity in consumer risk perceptions. Additionally, income levels and risk perceptions are the primary drivers of purchase decisions, whereas positive or beneficiary product attributes (e.g., health, environmental, economic) are currently not considered by consumers. Negative consumer risk perceptions of GM goods in Romania will likely make the implementation of these crops for economic development purposes difficult. [EconLit Citations: Q18, D12, O12] © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 263–278, 2007.
Construction of sparse representations of perfect polyphase sequences in Zak space with applications to radar and communications

Sparse representations of sequences facilitate signal processing tasks in many radar, sonar, communications, and information hiding applications. Previously, conditions for the construction of a compactly supported finite Zak transform of the linear FM chirp were investigated. It was shown that the discrete Fourier transform of a chirp is, essentially, a chirp, with support similar to the support of the time-domain signal. In contrast, the Zak space analysis produces a highly compactified chirp, with support restricted to an algebraic line. Further investigation leads to relaxation of the original restriction to chirps, permitting construction of a wide range of polyphase sequence families with ideal correlation properties. This paper contains an elementary introduction to the Zak transform methods, a survey of recent results in Zak space sequence design and analysis, and a discussion of the main open problems in this area.
Sexual Offenders' Modus Operandi A Comparison of Structured Interview and Questionnaire Approaches

Clinical practice has long supported the use of structured interviews with both perpetrators and victims of sexual offenses. However, empirical studies have not examined the differential utility of structured interviews and self-report questionnaires for obtaining information about sex offenders' modus operandi. This investigation compared the ability of these two assessment approaches to provide details regarding sexual offenders' modus operandi from the perspective of victims, incarcerated offenders, and offenders in outpatient treatment. Study findings indicated that structured interviews and questionnaires yielded consistent information for most items across participant groups. For modus operandi items that were not consistently reported, more information was obtained via the questionnaire format. However, in one instance, the interview format obtained significantly more information about incarcerated offenders' use of threats and coercion to gain victim co operation in sexual activity. Implications f...
The cell envelope glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) remains the second most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent. The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease in humans, is a source of unique glycoconjugates and the most distinctive feature of the biology of this organism. It is the basis of much of Mtb pathogenesis and one of the major causes of its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time, the unique structures of Mtb cell envelope glycoconjugates, their antigenicity and essentiality for mycobacterial growth provide opportunities for drug, vaccine, diagnostic and biomarker development, as clearly illustrated by recent advances in all of these translational aspects. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure and biogenesis of Mtb glycoconjugates with particular emphasis on one of the most intriguing and least understood aspect of the physiology of mycobacteria: the translocation of these complex macromolecules across the...
EFFECTS OF CAPILLARY AND GRAVITATIONAL FORCES ON PERFORMANCE OF AN OSCILLATING HEAT PIPE

An advanced mathematical model of flow and heat transfer in an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) is proposed. The capillary and gravitational forces are included in the momentum equation of the liquid slug. Detailed numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the surface tension and gravity effects on the oscillatory flow and heat transfer in an OHP with different inner diameters and orientations. The results show that gravity effect hinders the performance of top heat mode OHP while aids the operation of bottom heat mode OHP. Comparisons between the cases with surface tension and without surface tension indicate that the effects of surface tension on the performance of OHP are negligible even for small inner diameter. The effect of inclination angle on the performance of OHP is investigated.
Automated Design of Steel Frames Using Advanced Analysis and Object-Oriented Evolutionary Computation

An automated design algorithm for partially restrained and fully restrained steel frames is presented. Advanced analysis based design is utilized and inelastic modeling of member behavior is based upon the distributed plasticity (plastic zone) model. Nonlinear connection behavior is simulated with trilinear moment-rotation curves. The automated design process is implemented using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). Object-oriented (OO) data structures are used to represent building frame components and implement the reproductive operations in the evolutionary algorithm. An optimized design problem is developed using an objective function which includes frame member weight and connection cost/complexity. Constraints related to both service and strength load levels are included. Two frame designs with varying topology are presented and discussions of the OO-EA performance are provided. It is shown that the OO-EA is a robust procedure for the automated design of steel frames using advanced analysis, which suggest that the EA can be a useful methodology upon which to pursue the development of automated performance-based design algorithms.
Logistics in acute stroke management.

Results from the two National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) studies indicate that administration of alteplase (recombinant tissuetype plasminogen activator; rt-PA) within 3 hours of symptom onset to appropriately selected patients with acute ischaemic stroke improves patient outcome.
Thermodynamic analysis of the interaction between YY1 and the AAV P5 promoter initiator element

Abstract Background: We previously determined the co-crystal structure of the zinc finger region of transcription factor YY1 (YY1Δ) bound to the initiator element (Inr) of the adenoassociated virus (AAV) P5 gene promoter [Houbaviy, H.B. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13577–13582]. Our structure explained both binding specificity and the ability of YY1 to support specific, unidirectional transcription initiation. Results: To further understand Inr recognition by YY1, we analyzed the YY1Δ–Inr interaction by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and used limited proteolysis, DNase I footprinting and missing nucleoside experiments to show that YY1Δ and full-length YY1 (YY1WT) have indistinguishable DNA binding properties. Conclusions: YY1 binding occurs at an equilibrium dissociation constant ( K d ) of about 1 μM, and exhibits a large negative heat capacity change (Δ C p ). We analyzed the thermodynamic behavior of YY1Δ in terms of buried solvent-accessible surface area resulting from interaction of two rigid bodies, which could not explain our measured value of Δ C p . We must, therefore, postulate conformational changes in YY1 and/or the Inr or question the validity of current Δ C p analysis methods for protein–DNA interactions.
Phytotoxicity and accumulation of mercury in tobacco subjected to different exposure routes

Experiments were conducted to study the absorption, phytotoxicity, and internal distribution of mercury (Hg) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana miersii) exposed to elemental mercury vapor (Hg[sup 0]) through the shoot or to ionic mercury (Hg[sup 2+]) through the root. Tobacco plants grown hydroponically were exposed to varying Hg[sup 0] treatment concentrations in a specially designed chamber system, examined for visible symptoms of toxicity, and analyzed for Hg content by cold vapor atomic absorption, 1 and 10 d following treatment. In a separate experiment, the roots of hydroponic tobacco plants were exposed to Hg[sup 2+] in the form of a mercury chloride solution and analyzed for growth changes and Hg content. Accumulation, toxicity response, and Hg distribution differed between the two exposure routes, even when internal Hg concentrations in the treated plants were similar. Plants exposed to Hg[sup 0] accumulated Hg in the shoots with no movement to roots. Visible signs of Hg[sup 0] stress were apparent at 1.0 mg/m[sup 3] exposure levels and greater. Root-exposed plants showed accumulation of Hg in the roots with movement to the shoots by day 10. Inhibition of root and shoot growth occurred at treatment levels of 1.0 [mu]g/ml and greater with very limited tissue damagemore » at higher treatment levels.« less
Association of actin with chromaffin granule membranes and the effect of cytochalasin B on the polarity of actin filament elongation

Abstract Membranes of chromaffin granules isolated from bovine adrenal medulla are shown to bind dihydrocytochalasin B with high affinity. These membranes also bound [3H]actin in a time- and Mg2+-dependent manner and electron microscopy showed the presence of membrane-attached actin filaments following addition of exogenous actin. Binding of [3H]actin was partially inhibited by cytochalasin B. Electron microscopic analysis of heavy meromyosin-decorated, membrane-attached filaments showed terminally (end-on) attached filaments with both possible polarities (i.e., filaments with arrowheads pointing both towards and away from the membranes). Treatment of samples with cytochalasin B preferentially inhibited growth of filaments with their ‘barbed’ ends pointing away from membranes. These results are discussed with respect to the role of actin in secretory granule function and the mechanism of cytochalasin action.
Safety of growth hormone treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: the US experience

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is approved in the United States for treatment of idiopathic short stature (ISS). The occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and the long-term safety of rhGH treatment in this patient population are reviewed. Data were analyzed from postmarketing surveillance studies that included ISS patients, prospective ISS treatment trials and studies of specific AEs in smaller groups of rhGH-treated children. Frequency rates of targeted AEs (i.e., scoliosis, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, intracranial hypertension, pancreatitis) in patients with ISS are similar to or lower than the rates observed in other rhGH-treated conditions. At dosages of 0.24-0.37 mg/kg/week, rhGH treatment in children with ISS does not adversely affect blood glucose levels. At dosages ≥ 0.3 mg/kg/week, a dose-dependent increase in mean fasting and stimulated insulin levels is observed. Current evidence derived from 'on-treatment' surveillance studies suggests that rhGH does not increase the risk for new malignancies in children with ISS.The safety profile of rhGH at doses ≤ 0.37 mg/kg/week for the treatment of children with ISS is similar to or better than the profile seen in other rhGH-treated conditions and is not associated with any predictable AEs. Due to a continuing trend toward dose escalation to achieve greater height-promoting effects and the possibility of delayed post-treatment effects of hyperinsulinemia and/or heightened GH and insulin-like growth factor I exposure on cancer risk, caution and ongoing scrutiny of risks versus benefits are warranted.
CONCERNING THE RELATIVE RESPONSE TO BLOOD GAINS AND BLOOD LOSSES; AND HABITUATION TO AN EXCESS OF BLOOD PIGMENT

The effects of very gradually increasing or diminishing the amount of circulating hemoglobin have been studied in rabbits. Contrary to expectation it was found that when the pigment was increased by the injection of a small quantity of compatible blood every day during some weeks the erythropoietic tissue did not lessen its activities. The hemoglobin percentage mounted gradually yet considerably when even as little as 1/100 of the amount of blood initially possessed by the animal was injected each day; and the figure it finally attained must in some instances at least have been expressive of a superabundance. To this superabundance the animal itself evidently contributed through its persisting erythropoietic activity. The results were very different when rabbits were bled daily to the same small amount that was injected into their fellows. The marrow became abnormally active, and this activity continued undiminished throughout the long period of the bleedings. The organism is evidently far more susceptible to blood losses than to blood gains, a fact which is scarcely surprising when one considers that throughout its differentiation as a going concern it has had to cope with exigencies of the first sort only. Rabbits in which the hemoglobin is very gradually increased by the injection of strange blood become so accustomed to the abundance of pigment that even a slight falling off causes the erythropoietic tissue to become abnormally active to maintain the new status quo. Good reasons exist for referring the habituation thus manifested to readjustments in the functioning of the physiological mechanisms which mediate between oxygen demand and erythropoietic response. Too little recognition has been given to the role of these mechanisms in such relation. No evidence was obtained of any effective readjustment to protect the erythropoietic tissue from the stimulus of daily small blood losses.
Comparison of single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201 and technetium-99m sestamibi in dogs.

Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to compare single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) myocardial images of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi and thallium-201 (Tl-201) isotopes in the same dog undergoing partial coronary occlusion during pharmacologic vasodilation. Background. To date, no controlled study has been reported comparing SPECT Tc-99m sestamibi with SPECT T1-201 imaging during stress with anatomic and physiologic standards. Methods. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized with chloralose and instrumented to record left anterior descending coronary blood flow and aortic pressure. Partial coronary occlusion with a hydraulic cuff reduced coronary vascular conductance, which is equal to the coronary blood flow normalized to aortic pressure during peak vasodilation with intravenous adenosine. Each dog received 5 mCi of T1-201, then 30 mCi of Tc-99m sestamibi during partial coronary occlusion at peak vasodilation. Tomographic myocardial imaging was performed in a 180 ° anterior arc scan for 33.5 min, first with T1-201, and later, without moving the dog, for 33.5 min with Tc-99m sestamibi. Postmortem staining defined the region underperfused because of its dependence on the artery that was partially occluded. Results. In seven dogs with moderate reduction in coronary blood flow, coronary vascular conductance decreased with partial coronary occlusion (47 ± 12%) during Tl-201 imaging and (47 ± 8%, p = NS) during Tc-99m sestamibi imaging. The underperfused region was 23.9 ± 6.4% of total left ventricular mass. Counts in the defects were 39% higher (0.86 ± 0.08 of normal counts) for Tc-99m sestamibi than for Tl-201 (0.64 ± 0.09 of normal counts, p < 0.001), and the defect on SPECT Tc-99m sestamlbi images occupied only a fraction (0.37 ± 0.30) of the area of the defect on the Tl-201 images of the same dog. Bull's-eye displays constructed from the pathologic slices showed that the Tl-201 defect size was closer to the underperfused region of the left ventricular mass determined pathologically than was the Tc-99m sestamibi defect size. In four additional dogs a severe, near total coronary occlusion was created during Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi administration. In these dogs, similar defect contrast (0.55 ± 0.12 vs. 0.62 ± 0.09, p = NS) and areas (0.18 ± 0.07 vs. 0.18 ± 0.11, p = NS) were observed with Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi, respectively. Conclusions. Tomographic myocardial imaging with Tc-99m sestamibi during moderately severe partial coronary occlusion underestimated the area of the defect relative to Tl-201 or to the pathologic reference standard in dogs. Defect contrast was sharper with tomographic myocardial Tl-201 than with tomographic myocardial Tc-99m sestamibi during moderately severe partial coronary occlusion.
Ultraviolet variability and mass expulsion from R Aquarii

Ultraviolet spectra in the 1200-3200 A range indicate that the extended nebular features which resemble a jet in the peculiar variable R Aquarii (M7e + pec) increased in excitation in 1985. The emission properties of the compact H II region that surrounds the unresolved binary, and those of the extended nebular jet, have been analyzed from low-resolution IUE spectra of these regions. In particular, the UV line intensities observed in the jet appear variable on a time scale of about 1.5 yr. A new accretion disk model is proposed that explains the kinematic and ionization properties of discrete components which comprise the jet emission nebulosity, the appearance of the jet in the 1980s, and morphology that uniquely characterizes the R Aquarii system at radio, optical, UV, and X-ray wavelengths.
Microwave Absorptive MEMS Switches

This paper describes the design and performance of a 30 GHz CPW SPST absorptive MEMS switch based on silicon surface micromachining technology. The MEMS switch is implemented using capacitive shunt bridges with fixed-fixed beams. A return loss of better than 15 dB and an insertion loss of 0.8-1.0 dB is achieved in the up-state position. The return loss is better than 20 dB and the isolation is 25-30 dB at 30 GHz in the down-state position. Potential application areas include switch matrix communication systems.
Use and Its Place in Meaning

The notion of meaning is stubborn. It does not submit readily to satisfactory scientific formulation, and yet it is deeply rooted in everyday discourse and not easily dispensed with. Semantics, moreover, or the theory of meaning, is a vitally important subject, despite the disreputable character of its ostensible subject matter.
STM of Gold on Graphite

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy was used to examine the surface structure of gold films and supported gold particles. It was found that freshly evaporated gold films have a relatively smooth surface morphology. However, after 1 hr of annealing, a series of dendrites were clearly visible on the surface of the films. With additional annealing, the dendrites got larger, until the film broke into particles. STM images of annealed gold particles showed that annealed gold particles larger than 150 A have a polyhederal shape and a smooth surface morphology. However, the surfaces of the particles smaller than 60 A remained highly corrugated even after a long anneal. We believe that the difference in morphology of large and small particles may have some profound implications in supported metal catalysis.
Cultural biases and scientific squabbles: the challenges to acceptance of testosterone therapy as a mainstream medical treatment.

Perhaps the most challenging aspect of working with testosterone deficiency and its treatment is the resistance among the medical and non-medical community in accepting the field as legitimate and ...
Effectiveness of collateral vein embolization for salvage of immature native arteriovenous fistulas.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the value of collateral vein embolization (CVE) as a salvage treatment for nonmaturing native arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) in patients requiring hemodialysis. Materials and Methods A total of 49 patients undergoing CVE (N = 65) for immature native AVFs at a single institution were reviewed. The study included 42 patients treated by 56 embolizations. Average fistula age at time of intervention was 18.2 weeks. Each patient underwent angiographic evaluation for fistula immaturity, with clinical success defined by initiation of single-session hemodialysis through the native fistula. Results Fistula maturity was achieved in 32 of 42 patients (76.2%). No major complications occurred. Average time from CVE to fistula maturity was 38.4 days. Angioplasty done with CVE was found in a statistically higher percentage of patients with fistula success versus failure (31.3% vs 8.3%; P = .039). Radiocephalic fistulae were seen in a higher percentage of fistula failures compared with successes, but the results were not statistically significant (83.3% vs 59.4%; P = .054). Thirty-four patients underwent CVE without angioplasty, which resulted in successful fistula maturation in 22 cases (64.7%). Radiocephalic fistulae were again seen in a higher percentage of fistula failures compared with successes, but the findings did not meet statistical significance (81.8% vs 54.5%; P = .052). Conclusions Coil embolization of competing collateral vessels as a salvage treatment for nonfunctioning autologous AVFs is a viable treatment option in the majority of patients. Patients with radiocephalic fistulae may be at higher risk for primary fistula failure, but the present data are inconclusive.
Phillipsite alteration in hydrothermal brines

Hydrothermal alteration of phillipsite in 3N chloride brines of Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Al2+, Fe3+, La3+, and Nd3+ was investigated at 300° C under a confining pressure of 30 MPa. Phillipsite altered to α spodumene in LiCl, to analcime and albite in NaCl, to orthoclase and leucite in KCl, NH4+-phillipsite in NH4Cl, to RbAlSi2O6 in CsCl, to wairakite in CaCl2, to Ba2+-phillipsite in BaCl2 and Sr-zeolite in SrCl2 under the slightly acidic to neutral conditions (pH 5–7) resulting at 300° C from these brines. Cation exchange appears to be the initial step in all the above transformations. Phillipsite altered to smectite under moderately acidic conditions (∼ pH 4.0) resulting at 300° C from MgCl2, LaCl3, and NdCl3 brines. Phillipsite alteration to smectite proceeds with the initial hydrolysis of Mg2+, La3+, and Nd3+ cations leading to acidic conditions followed by phillipsite dissolution and recrystallization to smectite. Under the extreme acidic conditions (pH 0.3–0.4) developed by the hydrolysis of Fe3+ and Al3+ cations, phillipsite altered to pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite plus kaolinite respectively by dissolution of phillipsite and recrystallization.
Fitting circles to data with correlated noise

We study the problem of fitting circles to scattered data. Unlike many other studies, we assume that the noise is (strongly) correlated; we adopt a particular model where correlations decay exponentially with the distance between data points. Our main results are formulas for the maximum likelihood estimates and their covariance matrix. Our study is motivated by (and applied to) arcs collected during archeological field work.
Analysis of the composite structures in diamond thin films by Raman spectroscopy.

Diamond and diamondlike thin films produced by various chemical-vapor-deposition processes have been examined using Raman spectroscopy. These films exhibit features in the Raman spectra, suggesting that they are composites of crystalline and amorphous diamond and graphitic structures. The components of this composite structure that contribute to the Raman scattering are discussed in terms of ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$- and ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$-bonded structures. The use of Raman spectroscopy as a technique for estimating the ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$-to-${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$ bonding ratio is considered. Powder composites of BN-diamond and graphite-diamond have been studied as a means of modeling the films, and a simple theoretical model of the Raman scattering from these samples is proposed. From these results it is shown that it is necessary to make assumptions about the domain size of the graphitic ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ regions. It is found that the Raman scattering associated with ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonding in the films is much stronger than that from single-crystalline or microcrystalline graphite structures. Shifts of the vibrational modes are also observed. The optical and vibrational properties of the ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ component in the films implies a different atomic microstructure. A model of the ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$-bonding configurations in the films is proposed which may account for the observed features in the Raman spectra.
Adhesion Molecules as Susceptibility Factors in Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the NOD-H2h4 Mouse

Abstract Mononuclear cell infiltration of the thyroid is a prominent feature of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Adhesion molecules play a major role in determining the localization of inflammatory mononuclear cells in the thyroid. Previous reports from animal models and human studies have described the thyroidal expression of adhesion molecules only late in clinical disease. In this study, we examined the distribution and kinetics of expression of E-selectin, VCAM-1, LFA-1, and ICAM-1 in the NOD-H2h4 mouse, a model of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis accelerated by dietary iodine. Mice were fed 0.015% NaI in their drinking water for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16 weeks, and thyroids were removed, serially sectioned, and stained in an avidin–biotin–peroxidase assay. We found a dramatic increase in E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression on intrathyroidal endothelial cells after 16 weeks of iodine treatment. In addition, we describe for the first time that thyrocytes from the NOD-H2h4 mouse, and the parental NOD, constitutively express ICAM-1 independent of iodine treatment and prior to mononuclear cell infiltration of the thyroid gland. ICAM-1 was not detected on the thyrocytes of other untreated strains of mice, implicating expression of this adhesion molecule as a critical event in the recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells to the thyroid.
Coulomb (d, p) stripping to states in 117,123,125Sn

Abstract Angular distributions were measured for the reactions 116 Sn(d, p) 117 Sn(d, p) 123 Sn and 124 Sn(d, p) 125 Sn at several incident deuteron energies between 4.55 and 5.55 MeV. Below 5.2 MeV excitation energy, 52 levels are observed in 117 Sn, 49 in 123 Sn, and 49 in 125 Sn. Many of the upper levels in all three nuclei are previously unreported, as is the 0.859 MeV level in 125 Sn. Spectroscopic factors and reduced widths for many states of interest were extracted using the DWBA theory. Comparison with Spectroscopic factors from other experiments and with results from pairing theory calculations reveals general agreement, although not within the accuracy expected for the present results.
Effectiveness of Postoperative Irradiation in Stage IIIA Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer According to Regression Tree Analyses of Recurrence Risks☆

Background In the setting of grossly resected stage IIIA (N2 involvement) non-small cell lung carcinoma, the role of adjuvant postoperative thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) remains controversial. This study was initiated to subcategorize these patients into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk groups with respect to local recurrence and survival rates, and to determine whether there were certain subgroups of patients who were particularly likely or unlikely to benefit from postoperative TRT. Methods Two hundred twenty-four patients were studied. A regression tree analysis was used to separate patients who had undergone operation alone into groups that had a high, intermediate, or low risk of local recurrence and death. The effect of adjuvant postoperative TRT then was examined in each of these groups. Results The use of adjuvant postoperative TRT (compared with operation alone) was associated with an improvement in freedom from local recurrence and survival for patients who had an intermediate or high risk of local recurrence and death. However, the greatest level of improvement in freedom from local recurrence ( p p =0.0002) associated with the use of adjuvant postoperative TRT was in the high-risk group. Similarly, but of lesser magnitude, the intermediate-risk group had improved freedom from local recurrence and survival rates with the use of adjuvant postoperative TRT ( p =0.002 and p =0.01, respectively). For the low-risk group, the freedom from local recurrence and survival rates were not statistically different between the patients who received adjuvant postoperative TRT and those who underwent observation. Conclusions Patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma involving ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes (stage IIIA) who undergo gross resection and who are at either high or intermediate risk for local recurrence and death are likely to benefit from adjuvant postoperative irradiation. The role of radiation therapy in low-risk patients is unclear. Prospective confirmation of these observations is warranted.
Does the PKU diet contribute to impaired renal function

The recent report by Hennermann et al provides novel evi-dence of impaired renal function, proteinuria and arterialhypertension in adolescent and adult PKU patients (medianage 24 years) treated lifelong with the low-phe, amino acid(AA)-based diet (Hennermann et al 2012). I wish to callattention to our recent research publications (not cited by theauthors) that support their findings and highlight the need foradditional research to elucidate the contribution of the PKUdiet to impaired renal function.Briefly, impaired renal function was observed in 19 % ofsubjects (11 out of 59) based on a glomerular filtration rate(GFR, measured by
Surviving chapter 11: Why small firms prefer supplier financing

This research examines the value of trade credit relationships for small firms. We initially document the benefits of trade credit relationships and_explain why small firms in financial distress tend to prefer trade credit from suppliers over bank financing. Banks do not agree to debt reduction, additional financing, or deviate from absolute priority. Implicitly, banks’ interests are best served by forcing liquidation through Chapter 7. Secured suppliers with pre-petition debt tend to provide debtor-in-possession financing, while unsecured suppliers are more likely to agree to deviations from absolute priority. Hence, suppliers’ interests are best served by facilitating reorganization through Chapter 11.
Why the Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization Act Matters to Librarians : Two Cheers for the TEACH Act

Abstract Librarians with an interest in electronic reserves were, for the most part, disappointed by The Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization Act (TEACH Act). The Act provided classroom instructors with relatively clear guidelines as how they could use copyrighted materials online classes without violating the law. Mention of libraries, however, was conspicuously absent and the Act offered no direct guidance for what sort of library materials could be placed on the Internet. The guidance it offers though is more indirect. It gives some sense of how the legislative branch views the rights and responsibilities of educators in the use of online materials. It will offer guidance to the judiciary when, inevitably, a copyright dispute involving electronic reserves ever goes to court. It is important that librarians understand the TEACH Act and what it meansto education.
Bone mineral content and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in breast-fed infants with and without supplemental vitamin D

Eighteen term, healthy, appropriate for gestational age, breast-fed infants were studied in a double-blind prospective study to determine whether or not supplemental vitamin D affected bone mineralization. All patients were from a single, private pediatric practice. Nine infants were randomly assigned to a vitamin D supplement of 400 IU/day and nine infants to a placebo. By 12 weeks of age, infants receiving placebo had a significant decrease in bone mineralization and in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations compared to the vitamin D-supplemented group. It is not known whether or not the increased BMC at 12 weeks of age in vitamin D-supplemented breast-fed infants is of ultimate value. Supplemental vitamin D may be necessary for optimal bone mineralization in term breast-fed infants. A longer follow-up study and additional analyses are required to make conclusive statements.