cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of pitching stability by an atmospheric wave

References G., "Execution Phase Project Plan for Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer (AMPTE)," NASA, Aug. 1980. Thompson, R., and Neal, G., "Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer (AMPTE) Engineering Data Simulator Description and User's Guide," Computer Sciences Corporation, CSC/TM81/6069, April 1981. Neal, G., and Thompson, R., "Inflight Estimation of Magnetometer Biases for the AMPTE Mission," Computer Sciences Corporation, CS/TM-81/6070, May 1981. Wertz, J.R. (ed.), Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1978, pp. 329-330. Werking, R.D., "A Generalized Technique for Using Cones and Dthedral Angles in Attitude Determination, NASA X-581-73-292, Sept. 1973. Shuster, M.D., "Efficient Algorithms for Spin-Axis Attitude Estimation," Flight Mechanics/Estimation Theory Symposium, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., Oct. 1981.
Construction of a Digital Video Library: A Socio-Technical Pilot Study on College Students' Attitudes.

This study investigates socio-technical aspects of digital video libraries based on college students' learning experiences and perspectives. Forty-one students in biology classes were studied through a survey and individual interviews. Findings are presented by the students' knowledge of computer technology, experiences with AV materials, and expectations of online AV materials.
Grades I-II intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely low birth weight infants: Effects on neurodevelopment

Objective To quantify the effect of grades I-II intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on the neurosensory and cognitive outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Study design Of 706 extremely low birth weight infants without major malformations admitted to our center from 1992 to 2000, 537 survived to 20 months' corrected age (CA) and had cranial ultrasound studies performed, of whom 490 (91%) had complete neurodevelopmental assessments. Infants with severe cranial ultrasound abnormalities or meningitis were excluded, leaving a population of 362 infants, 258 of whom had a normal cranial ultrasound and 104 had an isolated grade I-II IVH. The groups had similar birth weight (808 vs 801 grams) and gestational age (26.5 vs 26.3 weeks). Outcomes of infants with normal cranial ultrasound were compared with those with grades I-II IVH at 20 months' CA. Outcomes included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and major neurosensory abnormality. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of grades I-II IVH on outcomes while adjusting for other risk factors. Results Extremely low birth weight infants with grades I-II IVH had a significantly lower mean MDI score than infants with normal cranial ultrasound (74 ± 16 vs 79 ± 14, P = .006). They had higher rates of MDI P = .008), major neurologic abnormality (13% vs 5%; OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.06 to 6.36; P = .036), and neurodevelopmental impairment (47% vs 28%; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.03; P = .018) at 20 months' CA, even when adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions Extremely low birth weight infants with grades I-II IVH have poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes at 20 months' CA than infants with normal cranial ultrasound. Advanced radiologic imaging may indicate additional brain injury associated with grade I-II IVH, which could explain these outcomes.
Changes in risk characteristics of firms issuing hybrid securities: case of convertible bonds

The present paper examines changes in risk characteristics of a firm when it issues convertible bonds by studying the change in beta before and after the issuance of convertible bonds. Using a sample of 149 firms, strong evidence was found of change in beta, along with significant heterogeneity across firms. On average, the beta of a firm issuing convertible bonds declines, although 40 per cent of firms showed an increase in beta. A cross-sectional regression shows that after controlling for the reversion-to-mean phenomenon, the change in beta is significantly related to potential dilution of equity as well as to increase in debt, but is not significantly related to either the change in bond rating of a firm or to the stated use of funds from issuance.
Expanding Our Knowledge of Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen Shells

The purpose of this research is to increase the number of Galactic neutral hydrogen (HI) shells available for study. By identifying and studying more HI shells at various stages of their evolution, we can start to fill the gap in our understanding of the interactions of structures in the interstellar medium. This project consisted of visually identifying new HI Shells using 21-cm data downloaded from the GALFA-HI online database. This survey has higher angular resolution than the data used in previous searches, allowing us to discover smaller features. The results include a new list of previously undiscovered shell-like HI features along with measurements of their basic properties: location, mean angular diameter, shape, signs of expansion. Upon completing the search of 1/7 th of the data cubes containing complete GALFA data, 141 potential shells were discovered. Additionally, one pattern appeared several times while identifying potential shells. This pattern can be described as a “figure - eight” feature composed of two features that are likely related. The completion of this project has expanded the current database of potential HI Shells in our galaxy, which can be used to provide important data in regards to the study of shell evolution and the role of shells within the ISM.
NEEDLE CATHODES FOR HIGH-BRIGHTNESS BEAMS

At the tips of sharp needles, the surface electric field is enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This intensifies thermionic emission and photoemission of electrons through the Schottky effect, and reduces the effect of space charge. The increased current density improves the brightness of electron sources by orders of magnitude. In addition, at very high fields (>109V/m), field emission and photo-field emission produce very high current density. Arrays of needles can be used to achieve high total current.
The geometrical optics approach in liquid crystal cells with two- and three-dimensional director variations

A geometrical optics approach (GOA) to the optics of the nematic liquid crystals whose optic axis (director) varies in two or three space dimensions is presented. Two examples of the GOA applications are considered: calculation of light transmittance (1) through a liquid crystal (LC) film with two-dimensional (2D) director which combines the concepts of in-plane switching and vertical alignment, and (2) through a three-dimensional (3D) LC cell associated with a homeotropic to multidomainlike transition (HMD cell). Important details of the GOA applications for both cases are described. The GOA results are compared with those obtained from the quasi-one-dimensional Jones calculus and the beam propagation method (BPM) where the latter is applicable. Comparison between the results of different methods of calculating the near zone electromagnetic field (the radiation at points just on the exit of the analyzer) as well as the far zone diffraction pattern is provided. It is found that the GOA is about as fast as the Jones method for calculating optical properties of LC films with any number of dimensions of director variations, yet the GOA has the advantage of being more accurate than the Jones calculus.
Adrenal modulation of the inhibitory effect of corticotropin releasing factor on feeding

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) reduces food intake in rats after central administration. In these studies we examined whether the adrenal gland and the vagus were involved in CRF suppression of intake. One hour intake was reduced by a 5 micrograms (ICV) injection of CRF in sham but not adrenalectomized rats maintained on 0.9% NaCl. In a separate experiment on rats maintained on tap water, the inhibitory effect of CRF (5 micrograms) lasted at least 4 hours in sham rats whereas adrenalectomized rats did not significantly differ from controls. These experiments suggest that the adrenal gland modulates the feeding response to CRF. As replacement with corticosterone (0.75 mg/kg) in total adrenalectomized rats did not restore responsiveness to 5 or 10 micrograms of CRF, we next studied whether the adrenal medulla was responsible for the decreased responsiveness to CRF. In rats lacking the adrenal medulla only, food intake was reduced by a 5 microgram injection of CRF; in sham rats, intake was significantly reduced by doses as low as 0.1 microgram of CRF. An additional experiment examined the effect of gastric vagotomy on the CRF feeding response. Vagotomized rats were as responsive to 5 and 10 microgram injections of CRF as sham rats, which suggests that the effect is not dependent on the vagus nerve. These findings indicate that the adrenal gland, primarily the medulla, plays an intermediate role in the reduction of food intake caused by central injections of CRF. This conclusion is consistent with the known effect of CRF on adrenomedullary discharge.
Organization theory and new ways of working in science

Dramatic changes in the practice of science over the past half a century, including trends towards working in teams and on large projects, and geographically distributed and interdisciplinary collaboration, have created opportunities and challenges for scientists. We argue that these changes in science represent new organizational forms and ways of working that also create opportunities and challenges for organization theory. We describe how applying organization theory to science can push our knowledge of research organizations further and also raise questions for a range of organization theories, including coordination, social identity, the knowledge-based view, social networks, organizational learning, and absorptive capacity. We suggest that organization theory is critical for better understanding the sources of technological innovation, making effective policy around R&D investment, and developing successful managers in 21st century research organizations.
Obesity, metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress in asthma.

Background Epidemiological data demonstrate an increased risk of developing incident asthma with increasing adiposity. While the vast majority of studies support the interaction between obesity and asthma, the causality is unclear.
Converged calculations of rotational energy transfer in HFHF collisions

We have performed large-scale close coupling calculations of rotational-to-rotational energy transfer in HFHF collisions for the realistic potential energy surface of Brobjer and Murrell. We employ up to 525 angular terms in the expansion of the potential and up to 440 coupled channels in the rotational-orbital basis set. The results for zero total angular momentum are well converged for relative translational energies up to over 0.6 eV, and they show extensive rotational excitation.
Reducing medication errors in critical care: a multimodal approach

The Institute of Medicine has reported that medication errors are the single most common type of error in health care, representing 19% of all adverse events, while accounting for over 7,000 deaths annually. The frequency of medication errors in adult intensive care units can be as high as 947 per 1,000 patient-days, with a median of 105.9 per 1,000 patient-days. The formulation of drugs is a potential contributor to medication errors. Challenges related to drug formulation are specific to the various routes of medication administration, though errors associated with medication appearance and labeling occur among all drug formulations and routes of administration. Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a multimodal approach. Changes in technology, training, systems, and safety culture are all strategies to potentially reduce medication errors related to drug formulation in the intensive care unit.
The photoreceptors of diurnal squirrels: outer segment structure, disc shedding, and protein renewal.

The photoreceptor outer segments of five species of diurnal squirrels were studied by light and electron microscopy. In all species rod outer segments could be distinguished from cone outer segments by the extent of disc-membrane continuity and by their pattern of protein renewal as determined by autoradiography. Rods showed the characteristic band of radioactive protein within the outer segments, while the cones showed only a diffuse pattern of outer segment labeling. Rod as well as cone outer segments were found to shed packets of discs intermittently. The shedding process appeared to be qualitatively similar in rods and cones. Multiple invaginations of the outer membrane, probably signifying the assembly of new discs, were detected at the base of rod outer segments. Single partially formed invaginations, analogous to those found in rods, also were found at the base of cone outer segments. Thus, cone as well as rod outer segments may assemble and shed discs in the mature animal.
Computer graphic representation of mandibular movements in three dimensions: the method.

Summary A mathematical simulation of the Denar D4A articulator and a simulated complement of graphically represented teeth were programmed in a Prime 4000 minicomputer. The computer program could be manipulated to quantitatively evaluate the theoretical effects of changes in articulator and control factors on the anatomy of selected teeth or tooth groups. The effects of these changes could be assessed graphically and numerically and data could be manipulated statistically.
Modeling of frac flowback and produced water volume from Wattenberg oil and gas field

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop models that could be used to predict frac flowback and produced water volumes considering the unique decline rates that exist for different types of oil and gas wells. Specifically, water production data from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) and Noble Energy Inc. were used to develop models for water production for vertical and horizontal wells, a distinction made largely due to the different amounts of water used for each. If centralized water treatment and handling facilities are going to be designed and constructed, it is important to have a reliable estimate of the water that will be produced in the future as wells are completed and brought on line. An Excel-based tool was developed utilizing the horizontal and vertical well models for predicting total volume of water production by current and future wells in Wattenberg Field. Two case studies have been conducted including one with all of the Noble wells in Wattenberg Field and one with a subset assuming a regional treatment center might be established. Uncertainty of the predictions was determined using standard error calculations on the two modeling parameters for water flow decline rates. An interactive Excel-based spreadsheet has been developed to allow predictions of water production based on the number of horizontal and vertical wells drilled in the future.
Rapid Increases in Permeability and Porosity of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures Due to Alteration by Water Vapor

Packed columns of canister packing material containing 25% bentonite and 75% quartz or basalt sand, were exposed to water vapor at temperatures of up to 260°C. The permeabilities of the columns were subsequently measured after complete saturation with liquid water in a pressurized system. Exposure to water vapor caused irreversible increases in permeability by factors of up to 105. After saturation with liquid water, the permeability was nearly independent of temperature. The increases in permeability were due to a large decrease in the ability of the bentonite to swell in water. Calculations suggest that swelling of bentonite exposed to water vapor at 250°C was not sufficient to fill the pore spaces. If the pore spaces are filled, the mixture will form an effective barrier against flow, diffusion, and transport of colloids. The results suggest that if bentonite-based canister packing material is exposed even briefly to water vapor at high temperatures in a high-level nuclear waste repository, its performance will be seriously impaired. The problem will be less severe if the proportion of bentonite is high and the material is highly compacted. Previous results show significant degradation of bentonite by water vapor at temperatures as low as 150°C. This suggests that in some repositories, backfill in tunnels and drifts may also be affected.
Longitudinal comparison of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC).

Objective To compare the measurement properties of the generic Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the disease-specific Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Methods Physical function, pain, and radiographic progression were assessed in knee or hip osteoarthritis patients (n = 271) who had 2 radiographs that were at least 6 months apart from 6 ARAMIS (Arthritis, Rheumatism, and Aging Medical Information System) databanks. Data were compared at baseline and after a mean of 3.2 (SE 0.10) years. Correlation coefficients and standardized effect sizes (SES) were used to assess their relationship and responsiveness. Results The majority of items in the 2 function and pain scales overlapped and were highly and significantly correlated with each other at baseline and last assessments (function at baseline rs = 0.71 and function at last assessment rs = 0.79, P < 0.0001; pain at baseline rs = 0.70 and pain at last assessment rs = 0.76, P < 0.0001). The HAQ disability index and total knee score were more sensitive to detection of disease progression than the WOMAC (SES for HAQ = 0.27; SES for WOMAC = −0.05). Conclusion Both instruments showed favorable measurement properties, with the HAQ having the advantages of being more sensitive to change and adaptable to a wide variety of diseases and conditions, which contribute to the generalizability of findings.
New functions for an old structure: superior colliculus and head-only movements. Focus on "the role of primate superior colliculus in the control of head movements".

The superior colliculus (SC) is a multilayered structure in the mammalian midbrain. Even though the behavioral function of the SC has been studied for well over 30 yr, it continues to be a source of surprising new findings. Traditionally it has been assumed that the primate SC selects and generates
Neurotransmitter release: Variations on a theme

Similarities between the ways that synaptic vesicles and large dense-core vesicles release their contents have been emphasized, but recent studies have revealed important mechanistic differences between these two exocytotic processes.
Van Hove scenario for d-wave superconductivity in cuprates.

The Van Hove scenario has so far been primarily based on the assumption of s-wave pairing as regards the treatment of superconducting properties. We investigate the assumption that pairing is ${\mathit{d}}_{{\mathit{x}}^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathit{y}}^{2}}$ symmetry in an investigation of transition temperature, gap, and specific-heat jump at the BCS level of approximation. It is found that the effect of the Van Hove singularity on these properties is similar to, and at least as strong as, the effect in s wave. The d-wave version of the Van Hove scenario is found to be fully viable.
Interstellar SiC with Unusual Isotopic Compositions: Grains from a Supernova?

Results are presented from an ion microprobe mass spectrometric analyses of five SiC grains from the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite. Unlike most interstellar SiC grains from primitive meteorites, the five grains from the Murchison meteorite show large excesses of C-12 (up to 28 times solar) and N-15 (up to 22 times solar), depletion in Si-29 and Si-30 (up to 59 percent), Al-26/Al-27 ratios between 0.1 and 0.6, and Ti-49 excesses up to 95 percent; in addition, one grain has a large Ca-44 excess (300 percent). The Ca and Ti anomalies point toward explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovae and the in situ decay of the radioactive precursors Ti-44 and V-49 in SiC grains formed in supernova ejecta. However, there is no simple formation scenario that can give a consistent explanation for the isotopic compositions of these grains.
Aphemia-like syndrome from a right supplementary motor area lesion

Lesions in the left supplementary motor area (SMA) can result in a transcortical motor aphasia with nonfluent spontaneous verbal output and relatively preserved repetition. Reading and writing are proportionally affected. We report a patient with an ischemic lesion in the right SMA. He had impaired articulation and normal repetition plus preserved reading and writing, consistent with an aphemia. This patient supports the dissociation of articulatory fluency and linguistic fluency and suggests that both SMAs affect the initiating of articulatory movements required to produce words whereas the left SMA also affects linguistic aspects of speech.
Coarctation of the aorta in infants and children

Abstract Although coarctation of the aorta had been recognized for more than 200 yr, 1,2 it was considered of academic interest until Crafoord 3 and Gross 4 performed successful repairs. Since then surgical resection has become a routine procedure in children and adults. In the early 1950s, Calodney and Carson 5 and Kirklin et al. 6 focused attention on the high mortality following resection of coarctation of the aorta in infants under 1 yr of age. Since their reports, much interest has centered about the surgical and medical management of this age group.
Joint Hypermobility and Headache: The Glue That Binds the Two Together – Part 2

Background Past studies have reported that connective tissue disorders (CTDs) are more common in patients with specific types of headache disorders. Objectives The objectives of this study are (1) to review and critique the clinical studies reporting an association between joint hypermobility, CTDs and headache and (2) to postulate mechanisms though which CTDs might predispose to headache disorders. Methods PubMed was searched for relevant articles with search terms that included joint hypermobility, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and specific headache disorders. A narrative review was performed of these articles as well as those identified from the bibliography of these articles. Results Case reports and case control studies confirm an association between CTDs and migraine, coat-hanger headaches, carotid arterial dissections, intracranial hypotension, Arnold Chiari malformations-type 1, cervical spine disorders, and temporomandibular joint disorders. Conclusions Observational cross-sectional studies suggest that the prevalence of CTDs is increased in patients with specific types of headache disorders. It is unknown if the CTDs directly cause these headaches disorders or are associated with them through other mechanisms.
Ocean temperatures and large scale atmospheric variations

WE here analyse some observations of sea surface temperatures to investigate several aspects of large scale ocean-atmosphere interactions, in particular El Nino and the Southern Oscillation.
Recent Racial Incidents in Higher Education: A Preliminary Perspective.

The goal of this paper is to provide a contemporary perspective on the recent resurgence of racially motivated harassment and violence directed against minority students at predominantly white institutions of higher education. In achieving this goal, first an overview of minority student experiences on white campuses is given. Second, their experiences are linked to general perceptions of racism in contemporary society. Third, a delineation of the scope of racial-ethnic incidents on campuses of predominantly white institutions is made through a content analysis of a national and selected local and black-oriented newspapers. Finally, an assessment is made of the prospects for change. We argue that the recent upsurge in racism against minority students on white college and university campuses was implicitly encouraged by the previous national administration and by majority individuals in leadership roles. Finally, we argue that to combat these problems, university officials must begin to indicate in a direct way that racist actions will not be tolerated and that infractions will be dealt with severely.
Radiation and creep analysis of strains and stresses in annular fuel elements

Abstract A theoretical analysis for the determination of strains and stresses produced in long, annular reactor fuel elements is presented. In the analysis, primary effects of thermal-cycling growth, irradiation growth, swelling, creep and neutron flux levels developed in the fuel material are taken into account. An exact solution based on a product of the modified Bessel functions and the Fourier cosine function, and a simplified, approximate solution of the parabolic function for thermal neutron flux distribution are obtained from the simple diffusion equations. After the rate of volumetric heat generation has been determined, the radial temperature distribution in the fuel is found by using Poisson's equation of heat conduction. From some basic assumptions the fundamental equations of displacement-strain relations, compatibility, incompressibility, equilibrium, and yield criterion are established. The strain and stress equations for the fuel elements are derived. From the calculated results of an illustrative example, the neutron flux levels, degree of thermal and radiation dilatation, thickness and properties of the cladding material are found to have important effects on the strain and stress distributions produced in the fuel elements.
A new dependence ordering with applications

In this paper, we introduce a new copula-based dependence order to compare the relative degree of dependence between two pairs of random variables. Relationship of the new order to the existing dependence orders is investigated. In particular, the new ordering is stronger than the partial ordering, more monotone regression dependence as developed by Averous et al. [J. Averous, C. Genest, S.C. Kochar, On dependence structure of order statistics, Journal of Multivariate Analysis 94 (2005) 159-171]. Applications of this partial order to order statistics, k-record values and frailty models are given.
Chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events in the elderly: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study.

In the Cardiovascular Health Study, the authors sought to evaluate the impact of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) on cardiovascular risk status and outcomes in a representative sample of community-dwelling elderly adults. Defined as a serum creatinine level > or =1.3 mg/dL in women and > or =1.5 mg/dL in men, CRI was present in 647 (11%) of 5808 participants. At baseline, the prevalence of clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease was 64% in participants with CRI and 43% in those without CRI (odds ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.96-2.80). The incidence of cardiovascular disease events during follow-up was 3% per year in participants with creatinine levels or =1.70 mg/dL. Among the possible mediators for the association between CRI and cardiovascular morbidity are inflammatory (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and interleukin-6) and hemostatic (factor VII, factor VIII, plasmin-antiplasmin product, and D-dimer) biomarkers, all of which were significantly elevated in Cardiovascular Health Study participants with CRI. Future studies should evaluate the contribution of novel and traditional cardiovascular risk factors to the cardiovascular risk of elderly persons with CRI. The identification of CRI in the elderly and the use of cardiovascular prevention therapies represent a major opportunity to reduce their burden of cardiovascular morbidity.
Dietary changes associated with electroconvulsive shock

Twenty-five female Holtzman rats were allowed to select from an array of purified foodstuffs. The dietary essentials included sucrose, casein, and oil, which provided carbohydrate, protein, and fat, respectively. Twenty rats, which successfully adjusted to the dietary self-selection schedule, were each given one electroconvulsive shock. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes were differentially affected by the electroconvulsive shock. Protein intake was chronically depressed. Following electroconvulsive shock, most rats lost weight and two animals died because of an inability to select and maintain an adequate diet.
Unpacking the Race Talk

Race is one of the most contested topics. With the political victory of Barack Obama as the first African American president, discussions about racial issues in the United States have surfaced to t...
Evaluating whole-page relevance

Whole page relevance defines how well the surface-level repre-sentation of all elements on a search result page and the corre-sponding holistic attributes of the presentation respond to users' information needs. We introduce a method for evaluating the whole-page relevance of Web search engine results pages. Our key contribution is that the method allows us to investigate aspects of component relevance that are difficult or impossible to judge in isolation. Such aspects include component-level information redundancy and cross-component coherence. The method we describe complements traditional document relevance measurement, affords comparative relevance assessment across multiple search engines, and facilitates the study of important factors such as brand presentation effects and component-level quality.
Laser Doppler Spectroscopy in an Oscillating Electric Field

We investigate the photocurrent power spectrum induced by laser light scattered to a detector from a suspension of homogeneous charged particles in the presence of a square-wave electric field. Constraints associated with optimal heat dissipation require that a time-dependent field be used in order to obtain good resolution in measurements of electrophoretic mobilities. A calculation of the power spectrum yields an expression that depends on both the diffusion constant and electrophoretic mobility of the particle. This expression is used to analyze experimental data in order to obtain values for those parameters.
The organization of extracted features for pattern recognition

Abstract This report describes a two layered pattern recognition program. The first layer scans an input for features and produces a coded representation. The second layer looks for combinations of code which signify relations between features in the input. It is argued that the nature of the representation produced by the first layer determines the amount and quality of subsequent processing. Both layers create and modify their operators. Good results are obtained using the Highleyman hand printed data. The program is discussed as a model of an aspect of human perception.
Photosynthetic Antenna Systems: The Place Where Light Interfaces with Biology

All photosynthetic organisms contain a light-gathering antenna system, which functions to collect light and transfer energy to the reaction center complex where electron transfer reactions take place. Our work centers on the antenna complexes found in green photosynthetic bacteria, which include chlorosomes, the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) antenna protein and integral-membrane antenna and reaction center complexes. All of these complexes are involved in the light-energy collection process in these organisms, which are adapted for life in very low light intensities. Chlorosomes are ellipsoidal structures attached to the cytoplasmic side of the inner cell membrane. These antenna complexes provide a very large absorption cross section for light capture. Evidence is overwhelming that the chlorosome represents a very different type of antenna from that found in any other photosynthetic system yet studied. Chlorosomes do not contain traditional pigment-proteins, in which the pigments bind to specific sites on proteins. These systems are of interest from both a basic science perspective of what is the structure of this unique class of photosynthetic antennas and how they work so efficiently, as well as more applied aspects in which the principles of self organization and extraordinary pigment properties that characterize these systems are used in a bio-mimetic approach to devise artificial light-energy capture systems. Recent work involves studies on the structure of the FMO antenna complex and the architecture of the membrane that includes the chlorosome, FMO protein and reaction center. Additional work involves using chlorosomes as part of bio-hybrid systems in which the biological complex feeds energy to an inorganic semiconductor substrate such as titanium dioxide.
A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux: 4. Fickian diffusion at low transport rates

[1] High-speed imaging of coarse sand particles transported as bed load reveals how particle motions possess intrinsic periodicities associated with their start-and-stop behavior. The dominant harmonics in these motions have a primary influence on the rate at which the mean squared particle displacementR(τ) — a measure conventionally used to assess the possibility of anomalous diffusion — increases with the time interval τ. Over a timescale corresponding to the typical travel time of particles, calculations of R(τ) may ostensibly indicate non-Fickian behavior while actually reflecting the effects of periodicities in particle motions, not anomalous diffusion. We provide the theoretical basis for this observed behavior, and we illustrate how the effective (Fickian) particle diffusivity obtains from G. I. Taylor's classic definition involving the particle velocity autocovariance, including its relation to the ensemble-averaged particle velocity as articulated by O. M. Phillips. Cross-stream diffusivities are an order of magnitude smaller than streamwise diffusivities.
Structure−Reactivity Relationships for Associative Displacement Reactions of Penta- and Hexacoordinate Cyclic Oxyphosphoranes with Catechols1,2

The reactivity of a series of cyclic pentaoxyphosphoranes containing a sulfonyl group was carried out, O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OCH2CF3)3 (1), O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OPh)3 (2), O2S[(t-Bu)2C6H2O]2P(OCH2CF3)3 (4), and O2S[(t-Bu)2C6H2O]2P(OPh)3 (5). Also included were derivatives containing sulfur, S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OPh)3 (6) and S[(t-Bu)2C6H2O]2P(OPh)3 (8), and the methylene group, CH2[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OPh)3 (7), in place of the sulfonyl group in the ring-containing component. 31P NMR monitoring of the reactions of the oxyphosphoranes with catechol and 4-nitrocatechol shows the following order of reactivity: 7 > 8 > 6 > 2 > 5 ≫ 1. It is established that the reactions are associative. An analysis of the products formed is given relative to this mechanistic process. Both 1 and 4 are found to be inert toward nucleophilic displacement by the catechols employed. It is suggested that the looseness of P−O bonds (implied by their increased length) that reside in either octahedral formulations or in axial positions of a ...
BEHAVIOR OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI IN OXYGEN GRADIENTS

Rhizobium meliloti cells responded to an abrupt change in oxygen concentration by changing the cell speed (chemokinesis), but they did not alter the frequency at which swimming cells stopped briefly (aerotaxis). Changes in cell speed upon stimulation with oxygen coincided with changes in membrane potential. The cells did not form an aerotactic band in a spatial gradient of oxygen as do the cells of other bacterial species. The fixL and fixJ genes which encode a heme-containing protein kinase that senses oxygen and a response regulator, respectively, were not involved in the behavior of R. meliloti in oxygen gradients.
Hepatorenal factors in circulatory homeostasis. IV. Tissue origins of the vasotropic principles, VEM and VDM, which appear during evolution of hemorrhagi and tourniquet shock.

Studies were carried out in dogs and rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic and tourniquet shock to determine the tissue origins of two newly described vasotropic principles, VEM and VDM. The vasoexcitor principle, VEM, predominates in the blood during the initial compensatory stage and was traced to the kidney. The vasodepressor principle, VDM, prevails during the decompensatory phase and was found to originate in the liver, skeletal muscle and spleen. During the decompensatory phase, there was a progressive deterioration of the hepatic mechanisms for inactivating VDM. Sequential tissue hypoxia during shock is probably responsible for the formation of these vasotropic principles and for the deterioration of the hepatic VDM inactivation system. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of local concentrations of VDM within the liver and on the resultant diversion of blood from the general circulation into the splanchnic viscera.
The ARF tumor suppressor regulates bone remodeling and osteosarcoma development in mice

The ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53 as well as basic developmental processes independent of p53, including osteoclast activation, by controlling ribosomal biogenesis. Here we provide evidence that ARF is a master regulator of bone remodeling and osteosarcoma (OS) development in mice. Arf(-/-) mice displayed increased osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC) activity with a significant net increase in trabecular bone volume. The long bones of Arf(-/-) mice had increased expression of OB genes while Arf(-/-) OB showed enhanced differentiation in vitro. Mice transgenic for the Tax oncogene develop lymphocytic tumors with associated osteolytic lesions, while Tax+Arf(-/-) mice uniformly developed spontaneous OS by 7 months of age. Tax+Arf(-/-) tumors were well differentiated OS characterized by an abundance of new bone with OC recruitment, expressed OB markers and displayed intact levels of p53 mRNA and reduced Rb transcript levels. Cell lines established from OS recapitulated characteristics of the primary tumor, including the expression of mature OB markers and ability to form mineralized tumors when transplanted. Loss of heterozygosity in OS tumors arising in Tax+Arf(+/-) mice emphasized the necessity of ARF-loss in OS development. Hypothesizing that inhibition of ARF-regulated bone remodeling would repress development of OS, we demonstrated that treatment of Tax+Arf(-/-) mice with zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate inhibitor of OC activity and repressor of bone turnover, prevented or delayed the onset of OS. These data describe a novel role for ARF as a regulator of bone remodeling through effects on both OB and OC. Finally, these data underscore the potential of targeting bone remodeling as adjuvant therapy or in patients with genetic predispositions to prevent the development of OS.
Thromboresistant polymers by emulsion polymerization with anionic surfactants. I

An elastomeric terpolymer of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and methacrylamide was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using an anionic sufactant. The latex terpolymer particles where shown to have a negative charge and the solid terpolymer was negatively charged with respect to Ringer's solution. Caval rings prepared from the latex and properly post treated and cured remained patent after implantation in the inferior vena cava of dogs through a 2 week period, thus demonstrating significant thromboresistance.
Relative size of the host and the guest determine the reaction product selectivity: norrish type II reaction of alkanones within zeolites

Results of the photolyses of alkanones in faujasites and pentasils point out the importance of the relative size of the reaction cavity to that of the reactant guest in controlling the chemical behavior of host-guest systems.
Association between fecal hydrogen sulfide production and pouchitis

The beneficial effect of antibiotics in pouchitis suggests that an unidentified fecal bacterial product causes this condition. A candidate compound is hydrogen sulfide, a highly toxic gas produced by certain fecal bacteria, which causes tissue injury in experimental models. We investigated hydrogen sulfide release and sulfate-reducing bac-terial counts in pouch contents to determine whether hy-drogen sulfide production correlates with pouchitis. During incubation at 37°C, the production of hydrogen sulfide, methylmercaptan, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen were studied using fresh fecal specimens obtained from 50 patients with ileoanal pouches constructed after total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (n = 45) or for familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 5). Patients with ulcerative colitis were divided into five groups: a) no history of pouchitis (pouch for at least 2 years; n = 8); b) past episode(s) of pouchitis but no active disease for the previous year (n = 9); c) pouchitis in the past year but presently inactive (n = 9); d) ongoing antibiotic treatment (metronidazole or ciprofloxacin) for pouchitis (n = 11); e) currently suffering from pouchitis (n = 8). Release of hydrogen sulfide when pouchitis was active (6.06 ± 1.03 μmol g−1 4 h−1) or had occurred in the past year (4.71 ± 0.41 μmol g−1 4 h−1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than when pouchitis had never occurred (1.71 ± 0.43 μmol g−1 4 h−1) or had been inactive in the past year (2.62 ± 0.49 μmol g−1 4 h−1). Antibiotic therapy was associated with very low hydrogen sulfide release (0.68 ± 0.29 μmol g−1 4 h−1). Pouch contents from familial adenomatous polyposis patients produced significantly less hydrogen sulfide (0.75 ± 0.09 μmol g−1 4 h−1) than did any group of nonantibiotic-treated ulcerative colitis patients. Sulfate-reducing bacterial counts in active pouchitis (9.5 ± 0.5 log10/g) were significantly higher than in those who never experienced pouchitis (7.38 ± 0.32 log10/g), and these counts fell dramatically with antibiotic treatment. No statistically significant differences in carbon dioxide and hydrogen were observed among the groups not receiving antibiotics. Pouch contents of patients with ongoing pouchitis or an episode within the previous year released significantly more hydrogen sulfide than did the contents of patients who never had an attack of pouchitis and those with longstanding inactive disease. The response to therapy with metronidazole or ciprofloxacin was associated with marked reductions in hydrogen sulfide release and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These results provide a rationale for additional studies to determine whether the high sulfide production is a cause or effect of pouchitis. The lower hydrogen sulfide production by pouch contents of familial adenomatous polyposis vs. patients with ulcerative colitis suggests a fundamental difference in gut sulfide metabolism that could have implications for the etiology of ulcerative colitis as well as the pouchitis of patients with ulcerative colitis.
Magnetic nanoparticle ink for RF integrated inductor applications

For the first time, a magnetic ink containing permalloy nanoparticles coated with a polyelectrolyte shell is presented for miniaturization of radio frequency (RF) integrated inductors. Coating permalloy particles with an electrolyte polymer provides particle separation which minimizes eddy current losses. Coated particles are incorporated into a viscous ink to enable precise deposition. This magnetic ink is integrated with a single-turn planar inductor. Measurements show a 40% inductance enhancement at GHz frequencies, a peak quality factor of 7.1, and a self-resonant frequency of 4.84 GHz. When compared with recent literature, this method shows promise for reducing the size of RF passives.
The pressure events of the cardiac cycle in the dog: aortic valve lesions.

Abstract 1. 1. The technique of simultaneous equisensitive pulse pressure recording was applied to a group of 29 dogs in which aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency, and aortic coarctation were acutely created. In addition, the transformation of the central into the peripheral pulse in these lesions was studied. 2. 2. The effect of superimposing stenosis on normal and insufficient aortic pulses was to narrow the pulse pressure, delay the systolic peak, and produce a prominent anacrotic notch in a lowered position on the ascending limb. The contour characteristics of aortic insufficiency were dominated and masked by the superimposed stenosis, although the maintenance of a low diastolic pressure indicated that insufficiency was present. 3. 3. As the normal central pulse was transformed into the peripheral, the anacrotic shoulder rose to become a primary peak. In aortic stenosis, however, the anacrotic notch retained its low position on the ascending limb, although its features became less clear as the central pulse moved peripherally. 4. 4. The anacrotic notch or pause was a synchronous and superimposable event on the aortic and ventricular pulses in the normal, in aortic insufficiency, and in aortic coarctation. When aortic stenosis was produced alone or in combination with aortic insufficiency, the anacrotic notch on the aortic curve was separated from a synchronous vibration on the ventricular curve by a pressure gradient.
An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection.

Abstract ▪Objective:To evaluate a nosocomial outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant bacilli among patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection. ▪Design:A case-control study. ▪Pa...
New Console Design: An Example

Traditional telescope control uses rows of switches with individual wires carrying 110 VAC to relays and contactors that operate the various telescope functions. The operation of the control panels is seldom straight-forward and the design is customized for the application. Computer control is often added as an after thought with access provided by means of intimidating and cryptic commands from a typewriter keyboard. This paper reports on Kitt Peak National Observatory's experience with new console technology: using the computer to operate the telescope more reliably and efficiently and to keep track of telescope status for the observer, using solid state and serial techniques to minimize operator hazard and cabling expense while maximizing reliability, replacing the keyboard and customized control panel with interactive CRT video computer terminals to minimize capital expense and maintenance while making the human interface simpler and less error-prone.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perceptions of Low and High Risk Students and Students with Learning Disabilities About High School Foreign Language Courses

ABSTRACT This study compared the perceptions of low (LR) and high risk (HR) students and students with learning disabilities (LD) enrolled in first year high school foreign language courses on a questionnaire-the Foreign Language Attitude and Perceptions Survey (FLAPS)-designed to elicit responses to questions relating to their foreign language academic history, learning attitudes, and academic skills. LR and HR students were identified by an author-designed screening instrument, foreign language grade, and teacher recommendation. Students with LD were enrolled in special, self-contained sections of a foreign language course. Using a MANOVA procedure, results showed overall significant differences among the three groups on the FLAPS. Individual ANOVA results showed that LR students reported significantly higher estimated grades in the foreign language courses and expressed more positive attitudes about their academic skills than HR andLD students. HR and LD students perceived themselves as lacking the academic skills to master a foreign language, and their attitudes about foreign language learning were generally less positive than the LR group. Differences between HR and LD students were found on only two questions, relating to perceived levels of distractibility and spelling. All three groups expressed positive attitudes about wanting to learn a foreign language. Findings are interpreted in light of the Linguistic Coding Deficit Hypothesis (Sparks, Ganschow, and Pohlman, 48), which speculates that students with foreign language learning problems have underlying but subtle native language learning difficulties, and that affective differences are, most likely, consequences of these native language differences.