cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teachers' self‐assessment of the effects of formative and summative electronic portfolios on professional development

This study compared the effects of four electronic portfolio curricula on pre‐service and beginning teachers' self‐ratings of their professional development (n = 207), using a 34 item electronic Portfolio Assessment Scale (ePAS). Three formative portfolios, A, C and D, had teacher development as a primary objective and used participants' narrative reflections on students over a 2–3 month period. One summative portfolio, B, assessed teacher accountability through participants' analyses of professional teaching standards concerning students during 1–2 week teaching units. Factor analyses of the ePAS assessments for each portfolio and all four combined yielded the same five factors concerning professional outcomes: overall teacher development, including reflective skill (F1), an understanding of assessment roles (F2), an understanding of backwards planning (F3), the benefit of analyzing student work (F4) and the benefit of teacher peer collaboration (F5). For F1, F3 and F5 the means of the formative portfoli...
Pyro-paraelectricity: A new effect in hetergeneous material architectures

The electrical responses of materials and devices subjected to thermal inputs, such as the Seebeck effect and pyroelectricity, are of great interest in thermal-electric energy conversion applications. Of particular interest are phenomena which exploit heterogeneities in the mechanics of heterostructured materials for novel and unexplored mechanisms in thermal-electric conversion. Here we introduce a new and universal mechanism for converting thermal stimuli into electricity via structural heterogeneities, which we term “pyro-paraelectricity.” Specifically, when a paraelectric material is grown on a substrate with a different lattice constant, the paraelectric layer experiences an inhomogeneous strain due to the lattice mismatch, establishing a strain gradient along the axis of the layer thickness. This induced strain gradient can be multiple orders of magnitude higher than strain gradients in bulk materials imparted by mechanical bending (0.1 m -1 ). Consequently, charge separation is induced in the paraelectric layer via flexoelectricity, leading to a polarization in proportion to the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant, and thus the polarization, changes with temperature. Therefore, when a strained metal-insulator-metal (MIM) heterostructure is subjected to a thermal input, changes in the permittivity generate an electrical response. We demonstrate this mechanism by employing a MIM heterostructure with a high permittivity sputtered barium strontium titanate (BST) film as the insulating layer in a platinum sandwich. The resulting strain gradient of more than 10 4 m -1 , an enhancement of five orders of magnitude due to the structural heterogeneity, was verified by an X-ray diffraction scan. With an applied thermal input, the strained MIM heterostructure generated current which was highly correlated to the thermal input. A theoretical model was found to be consistent with the experimental data. These results demonstrate the existence of “pyro-paraelectricity,” a flexoelectricity-mediated mechanism for thermal-electrical conversion.
Regulation of DNA repair by S-nitrosylation.

Background Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is commonly induced in inflammation, an important risk factor of cancer. Nitric oxide (NO) and related reactive nitrogen species can directly cause DNA damage to increase DNA mutation. They can also indirectly affect DNA mutation by modulation of DNA repair proteins, in particular through protein S-nitrosylation, a key regulatory mechanism of NO.
Hemispherical Stokes polarimeter for early cancer diagnosis

Optimal treatment of skin cancer before it reaches metastasis depends critically on early diagnosis of the melanoma. Valuable information for this diagnosis can be obtained from the analysis of skin roughness. This information can aid in determining the necessity for skin removal. For this purpose, we developed a hemispherical imaging Stokes polarimeter designed to monitor skin cancer based on a roughness assessment of the epidermis. Our setup is composed of 16 out-of-plane polarized light illuminations tubes that contain a three color LED and a vertical polarizer, a Stokes polarimeter that contains 2 liquid crystal retarders, a reference vertical polarizer and a fast acquisition camera. The Stokes polarimeter was calibrated using a set of well-known input polarization states. Each illumination polarizer was positioned using a roughness gold standard and a facet model describing the principal angle of polarization of the analyzed light as a function of the angle of incidence. A set of phantoms mimicking the optical properties of skin at 633 nm as well as skin roughness was built using wax as the bulk material, titanium dioxide as the scatterer and a black dye as the absorber. Images of these phantoms are presented and they are analyzed using a facet model.
Correlation of Ethanol Concentration with Sensory Classification of Decomposition in Canned Salmon

Canned salmon samples of four species (sockeye, pink, coho, and chum) were analyzed for ethanol content. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.71, p < 0.001, Pearson;r = 0.80, p = 0.001, Spearman) was found between the ethanol content and the sensory classification of decomposition in canned salmon. This relationship has potential use as a means of objectively confirming the initial sensory classification of canned salmon.
Primary versus secondary rehearsal In an imagined voice: Differential effects on recognition memory and perceptual identification

On each of a series of trials, subjects listened to four words presented by a female speaker and then imagined her rehearsing those words aloud for either 5 or 15 sec. Rehearsal was either primary (imagining the speaker repeat the words) or secondary (imagining the speaker associate the words). On a later test of auditory recognition memory, secondary-rehearsal items were recognized better than were primary-rehearsal items, and performance improved with rehearsal duration for both primary- and secondary-rehearsal items. By contrast, the positive effects of prior study for a later test of auditory perceptual identification did not depend on type or duration of rehearsal. These results are inconsistent with current two-process theories of recognition memory, but seem consistent with the distinction between data-driven and conceptually driven memory tests.
Self-consistent equilibrium ocean tides

Summary. We compute the static response of the world ocean to an external zonal gravitational potential. The computation includes the effects of the self-attraction of the ocean, and the yielding of the Earth caused both by the external potential and the change in ocean load. We compare the computed tide with measurements of the fortnightly and monthly ocean tides. The short-wavelength departures from equilibrium found by Wunsch are still present. An average of observations at Pacific islands shows that the fortnightly tide departs significantly from equilibrium but the monthly may not. We have also calculated the effects of our computed tide on measurements of tidal gravity and tidal fluctuations in the length of day. Existing tidal gravity data are too imprecise to enable us to determine whether or not the spatial average of the ocean tides departs from equilibrium. The length of day data suggest that the monthly tide is farther from equilibrium than the fortnightly. We have not been able to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the length of day and ocean tide data.
Effect of Electron Radiation on Silicon Nitride Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistors

Experiments indicate that silicon nitride passivation layers on top of thermally grown oxide in conjunction with heat treatment can improve the radiation stability of MISFET devices. In addition, MOSFET devices that have glass passivation layers and other special treatment can also show improved radiation stability.
Developmental biology: twisting the body into shape.

Molecular signals are not the only forces that pattern and shape the developing embryo. Mechanical stresses sensed by cells also seem to be involved in creating the body plan.
ELAN: An Elementary Language that promotes godd programming

The purpose of this paper is twofold: To consider the characteristics that a programming language for beginners ought to have, and to offer a new language from Germany that shows great promise for providing beginners with many of these characteristics. This language is called ELAN (Elementary LANguage) and was designed in 1974 by C. H. A. Koster and his associates at the Technical University of Berlin. An ELAN compiler was developed soon thereafter from two theses written by J. Liedtke and U. Bartling at the University of Bielefeld. It is hoped that this paper will bring to ELAN some of the recognition that it deserves but has not yet received in this country.
Pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurobehavioral disorder defined by its motor features. Its treatment is frequently complicated by the presence of psychotic symptoms, most prominently hallucinations and delusions. These cause major distress and are the primary cause for nursing home placement. Current treatment requires either a reduction in medications for mobility or the addition of atypical antipsychotics, none of which are approved in the United States, and which are associated with major potential drawbacks. Areas covered: Information from extensive personal experience, a Pubmed literature search plus a direct request to Acadia Pharmaceuticals was used for this review. A brief review of the clinical problem and its current state of treatment will be followed by a discussion of pimavanserin and its potential role in treating PD psychosis (PDP). Several observations have implicated serotonin in the physiology of psychotic symptoms. Lysergic acid diethylamide, phencyclidine, and similar drug...
l-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) uptake by human red blood cells

The uptake of L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) was studied in normal human red blood cells in vitro using L-[3-14C]DOPA. Uptake was slow, tending towards a distribution ratio close to unity with a half-time to equilibrium of one hour. Uptake was not Na+-dependent. Concentration dependence studies showed both saturable and non-saturable components of uptake, and inhibition studies using L-leucine and L-tryptophan suggest that the L and T systems of red cell amino acid uptake are involved. A powerful inhibitor of both systems, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylpropriophenone (U-0521), is described. It is concluded that uptake is by carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via the L and T systems for which L-DOPA has low affinity.
The Distribution of Pre- and Postsynaptic Inhibition at Crustacean Neuromuscular Junctions

The relative contribution of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms to peripheral inhibition has been analyzed in the abdominal slow flexor muscles of crayfish and lobsters. The conductance of the muscle fiber membrane may be increased to five or more times its resting value by repetitive stimulation of the peripheral inhibitory axon, and this effect accounts for all of the attenuation exerted by the inhibitor against excitatory junctional potentials. No "critical interval" has been found at which an inhibitory nerve impulse produces anomalously large reduction of a following depolarizing junctional potential; electrotonic depolarizations and junctional potentials are identically affected under all phase conditions. The presynaptic inhibitory mechanism is, therefore, absent in this system. In the dactyl opener muscle, on the contrary, most of the attenuation of excitatory junctional potentials is achieved presynaptically, though equally large postjunctional conductance changes are also seen (Dudel and Kuffler, 1961). The difference is correlated with a difference in the reflex operation of the two muscles. Reflex inhibition in the abdominal slow flexors is primarily central, whereas in the dactyl opener, inhibition is brought about by an increase in inhibitory nerve discharge frequency without central suppression of the single excitatory axon. The function of peripheral inhibition in the abdominal flexors is presumably to terminate residual depolarization by reducing the long time-constant of the muscle fibers.
Factor Analysis of the Just World Scale

(1990). Factor Analysis of the Just World Scale. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 130, No. 3, pp. 413-415.
Producer cooperative resettlement projects in Zimbabwe: Lessons from a failed agricultural development strategy

Abstract Zimbabwe epitomizes the contradictions driving the failure of state-directed agricultural development policies. In its second decade of independence, the government takes the credit for the country's agricultural and rural development success. Zimbabwe's “Green Revolution” record in Africa is enviable. Yet, this peasantry-led success story is problematic. It hides serious policy flaws in development strategy, namely, lack of performance and waste characterizing the Model B producer cooperative resettlement projects. Individually and collectively, the cooperatives, the government's preferred mode of production, are a complete failure. Lessons for development programs elsewhere, and in emergent South Africa, in particular are clear. The political economy of government assistance is not sufficient to produce agricultural surpluses and sustainable development. The social economy of cooperation in production organization by Africa's traditional farmers also does not, necessarily, translate into modern cooperatives, as Zimbabwe's policy makers assumed. Producer cooperatives are unproductive because of the prevailing organizational culture which enables leading members to seek individual self-interest and private gain, making it hard for the rank and file to cooperate and work for the common good.
Location and the multinational enterprise

In the early development of the international business field, the focus of attention moved from the country level to the firm level, and interest in location issues declined. More recently, firm-based research has itself become increasingly concerned with the study of firm–location interactions. When examining two-way knowledge flows or spillovers between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and other actors in specific locations, the diversity or heterogeneity of firms matters, as does the diversity of locational environments. The localization of knowledge sources depends on MNE group-level strategies for growth and organizational decentralization, on subsidiary-level evolution towards local competence-creating efforts, and on the development of suitable business networks within locations. MNEs now have a greater potential to benefit from a synergistic locational portfolio of complementary sources of knowledge. The locational composition of the international network for knowledge sourcing of a given MNE depends upon the extent of institutional compatibility between the locations in which the MNE is active. This compatibility between locations in turn affects the capacity of the MNE to become an insider in local business systems, and to influence the local institutional environment.
Self-assembling nanosphere lithography process for gated carbon nanotube field emission arrays

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many unique properties ideal for field emission such as narrow diameters, high aspect ratios, high temperature stability, good conductivity, and structural strength. A gated array is preferable to a diode type array due to the lower extraction voltages and reduced screening effects. An inexpensive fabrication process has been developed using self-assembling nanosphere lithography for sub-micron gate dimensions of a CNT field emission array. The array fabrication process consists of a silicon wafer with a 20 nm titanium diffusion barrier followed by 10 nm nickel catalyst layer covered with 1-2 μm of silicon dioxide. Self-assembling polystyrene spheres are deposited in a monolayer across the substrate to create the gate mask. The diameter of the spheres is reduced to the desired gate dimensions using an oxygen plasma ash. The gate metal is then deposited via evaporation. The gate openings are created through lift-off facilitated by dissolving the polystyrene spheres in an ultrasonic acetone bath. Reactive ion etching is used to remove the silicon dioxide and expose the nickel catalyst layer for CNT synthesis within the gate openings. The process is demonstrated for both 1 μm and 500 nm diameter polystyrene spheres for gate dimensions and gate pitch of 500 nm and 250 nm respectively. The resulting array is analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Further development of the polystyrene monolayer deposition method is necessary to decrease defects in the monolayer structure. Future work will investigate the reduction of gate dimensions to 20 - 50 nm to facilitate a single CNT per gate array.
Microfibrous nickel substrates and electrodes for battery system applications

Abstract The use of microfibrous nickel substrates is advantageous for increasing the surface area available for the deposition of active material and reducing the substrate weight and consequently, yields a higher specific capacity for nickel hydroxide electrodes. Porous, microfiber-based nickel substrates were produced by sintering a composite preform. The preforms, consisting of nickel fibers with diameters as small as 2 μm and cellulose fibers, were formed using a papermaking process. The fabricated nickel electrodes that included a supporting nickel mesh in the substrate tested in a 26% KOH half-cell delivered a specific capacity of more than 250 mAh/g of the electrode weight (i.e. fibrous substrate, nickel mesh, and active material) at a 1.0 C discharge rate. An Auburn electrode without a nickel mesh tested in the same half-cell attained a higher specific capacity of 268 mAh/g at a 1.37 C discharge rate. The substrates used in these electrodes had porosities of 95–97%, and greatly improved the specific capacity of the nickel electrode. With the use of the microfibrous electrode, improved specific energies of nickel-based cell and battery designs are possible. When assembled in a nickel–hydrogen (Ni–H 2 ) boilerplate cell, the specific capacity of nearly 230 mAh/g was observed for the nickel electrode at a 0.5 C rate during the 127th cycle test. The results of high specific capacity and quick rise in utilization of microfibrous nickel hydroxide electrodes make these electrodes good candidates for significantly improving the energy density and performance of nickel–hydrogen cells.
Density Gradient Separation of Marrow Cells Restricted for Antibody Class

Primitive cells of (C3H x C57BL/10)F1 mouse bone marrow, participating with thymocytes in immune responses to sheep erythrocytes, are already committed to the immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody class. By equilibrium centrifugation in discontinuous gradients of bovine serum albumin, cells responsible for production of IgM immunocytes migrate to the denser regions, whereas those responsible for IgG immunocytes remain in the lower density regions.
Amount of material effective in pernicious anemia present in dog liver.

Conclusions1. Extracts made from normal dog livers produce on intramuscular injection typical remissions in patients with Addisonian pernicious anemia. 2. The content of potent material in canine liver appears to be only about one-fifth that of hog liver. 3. This fact may possibly be correlated with the contradictory findings concerning the amount of the specific intrinsic factor in canine gastric juice.
A phosphorimetric investigation of the external heavy-atom effect in aqueous solution and its correlation with phosphorescence intensity and quantum yield.

Abstract Excitation and emission phosphorescence spectra, lifetimes, and relative quantum yields of benzene and ten monosubstituted benzenes were determined at 77 K in methanol/water 10/90 v/v and in sodium iodide/methanol/water solutions. Substituents CHO, COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , OH, OCH 3 , H 3 , C 2 H 5 , CH 2 OH and N(CH 3 ) 2 were investigated. Aqueous sodium iodide solutions were found to be a suitable heavy-atom solvent for phosophorimetry. Heavy-atom enhancement factors ranged from 1·2 to 8·3 according to the molecular structure and a marked decrease of the lifetime was observed for nine compounds in aqueous sodium iodide solution. A linear log—log correlation was obtained between the relative corrected phosphorescence signal and the heavy-atom enhancement factor of the monosubstituted benzenes. A similar correlation was found between the quantum yields and the heavy-atom enhancement factors. The analytical usefulness of these correlations is evident for the prediction of the magnitude of the heavy-atom effect.
Significance of private water supply wells in a rural Nevada area as a route of exposure to aqueous arsenic

In many rural areas domestic drinking water needs are met by a mixture of public water supplies and private water supplies. Private supplies are not subject to the regulations and management requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Amendments to the SDWA recently lowered the standard for arsenic from 50 to 10ppb in public water supplies (effective in 2006). Churchill County, Nevada, has approximately 25,000 residents. Slightly more than half (13,500) rely on private domestic wells for water supply. Ample data and media publicity about high arsenic concentrations in water supplies and a federally led investigation of a leukaemia cluster suggested that residents of the county would be aware that arsenic concentrations in private wells were highly likely to exceed the 10ppb standard. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that a majority of respondents (72%) consumed water from private wells and among them a minority (38%) applied treatment. Maximum, median and minimum concentrations of arsenic from all samples (n ¼ 351) were 2,100, 26 and ,3ppb, respectively. Seventy-four per cent of all samples exceeded 10ppb. A majority (87%) of those who applied treatment consumed tap water. The relatively low rate of application of treatment suggested that these rural residents did not recognize that consumption could have associated health risks. However, those who applied treatment were ,0.3 times as likely to be consuming water with . 10ppb arsenic than those who consumed water that was not treated. In areas where concentrations of arsenic have been demonstrated to be high, it may be important to conduct a focused educational effort for private well owners to ensure that they take the steps needed to assess and reduce risks associated with contaminants found in tap water, including arsenic. An educational effort could include promoting sampling efforts to determine the magnitude of arsenic concentrations, explaining the risk associated with arsenic consumption and providing information about choices for home treatment systems that are likely to be effective in removing arsenic. This may be especially important in rural areas where
Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization assay detects transitional cell carcinoma in the majority of patients with bladder cancer and atypical or negative urine cytology.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe set UroVysion (Vysis, Downers Grove, Illinois), containing probes to chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, and to the 9p21 band, has been recently shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for detecting transitional cell carcinoma. In this study we retrospectively tested 120 urine samples from patients with atypical, suspicious and negative cytology for whom concurrent and followup bladder biopsy data were available. We evaluated the ability of FISH to identify malignant cells in cytologically equivocal or negative cases.Materials and Methods: Archived slides from 120 voided (47) or instrumented (73) urine cytology specimens from patients with concurrent bladder biopsy and a minimum of 12 months of biopsy followup were subjected to hybridization with UroVysion. The cohort included patients with biopsy proven transitional cell carcinoma, which was grades 1 to 3 in 23, 35 and 24, respectively, and stages pTis in 3, pTa in 64, pT1 in 6,...
The grass leaf developmental gradient as a platform for a systems understanding of the anatomical specialization of C4 leaves

C4 photosynthesis relies on spatial and quantitative specializations of common features of leaf anatomy, including venation pattern, bundle sheath cell and chloroplast differentiation, plasmodesmatal abundance, and secondary cell wall enhancement. It has thus far been challenging to dissect the molecular basis for these C4-specific alterations in spatial and quantitative patterns of regulation. The target downstream networks of genes and protein interactions that produce these fundamental anatomical features in both C4 and C3 species are poorly understood. The developing leaves of monocot grasses provide a base-to-tip gradient of developmental stages that can provide the platform for comprehensive molecular and anatomical data that can yield a better understanding both of the regulators and the targets that produce C4 patterns, through a variety of gene discovery and systems analysis strategies.
Children's Use of Context in Interpreting “Big” and “Little”

In order to use the words "big" and little" appropriately, adults use 3 kinds of contexts: normative (the size of the object is compared to a stored mental representation), perceptual (the object is compared to another physically present object of the same kind), and functional (the object is judged with regard to its intended use). In 3 experiments, we examined how flexibly children switch from one context to another. 2-4-year-olds judged a series of everyday objects as "big" or "little". To answer correctly, children had to judge each object twice, once in a normative context and once in a perceptual or functional context. Results showed that switching from one context to another was not inherently difficult, even for 2-year-olds. However, the direction of switch was important: children throughout the age range tested switched easily from a normative context but made errors when asked to switch to a normative context. We suggest that the normative context differs from the perceptual and functional contexts in that it is unmarked, and that unmarked contexts are accessible only when no other context has been recently experienced. When context is marked more explicitly, children shift flexibly among different meanings. Language: en
`An experiment is when you try it and see if it works': a study of grade 7 students' understanding of the construction of scientific knowledge

The research reported here focuses on grade 7 (12‐year‐old) students’ epistomological views prior to and after exposure to a teaching unit especially developed to introduce the constructivist view of science. A clinical interview was used to assess students’ understanding about the nature of scientific knowledge and inquiry. Students’ initial epistemological stance is that scientific knowledge is a passively acquired, faithful copy of the world, and that scientific inquiry is limited solely to observing rather than constructing explanations about nature. We found that it is possible to move students beyond this initial view.
High-dose proton beam radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial.

This phase II trial was undertaken to determine the efficacy and toxicity of proton beam radiotherapy for patients with locally unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cirrhotic patients were eligible if they had a Child-Pugh score of 10 or less. Eligible patients included those with T 1 –T 3 hepatocellular carcinoma; selected T 4 patients also were eligible. Patients with lymph node or distant metastases were ineligible. Daily proton beam radiotherapy was directed to the liver tumor with an additional 1–2 cm margin. The total dose was 63 cobalt Gray equivalents, administered in 15 divided fractions over 3 weeks. Thirty-four patients have completed treatment and have been followed up for a minimum of 6 months, with a median follow-up period of 20 months. The mean age was 65 years, and average tumor size was 5.7 cm. Posttreatment toxicity included a small but significant decline in albumin levels and increased total bilirubin; 3 experienced duodenal or colonic bleeding when bowel was immediately adjacent to the treated tumor. Two-year actuarial data showed a 75% local tumor control rate and an overall survival rate of 55%. Of patients with an elevated pretreatment α-fetoprotein, 85% were found to have declining α-fetoprotein levels from a pretreatment mean of 1405 to 35 at 6 months after treatment. Six patients underwent liver transplantation between 6 and 16 months after completion of radiotherapy with 2 showing no evidence of residual carcinoma within the explanted liver. Overall the majority of patients responded to treatment, and the therapy was well tolerated.
Blue-Noise Sigma-Delta Modulator: Improving Substrate Noise and Nonlinear Amplifier Gain Effects

This paper presents a method to reduce the effects of substrate noise and nonlinear amplifier gain on sigma-delta (SigmaDelta) modulators through the use of blue-noise modulation. In addition to reducing the effects of substrate noise and nonlinear amplifier gain, the proposed architecture also suppresses the effects of integrator opamp non-idealities, such as 1/f noise and DC offset, and DAC DC offset and even-order nonlinearities. The architecture proposed herein is referred to as the blue-noise SigmaDelta modulator. An example utilizing a third-order blue-noise SigmaDelta modulator with a 1-bit quantizer is presented. Additionally, a method to generate the required blue-noise modulation sequence is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that this architecture achieves an 8.8dB improvement in SNDR over the traditional third-order SigmaDelta modulator.
EEG beta 1 oscillation and sucrose sensitization in fibromyalgia with chemical intolerance

Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) have diffuse musculoskeletal pain; half report concomitant intolerance for low levels of environmental chemicals (CI). Previous investigators have hypothesized that the chronic pain and chemical intolerance reflect sensitization of different central nervous system limbic and/or mesolimbic reward pathways. We evaluated electroencephalographic (EEG) beta activity and blood glucose responses of FM patients with and without CI and normals during three repeated sucrose ingestion sessions and during a final, water-only session (testing for conditioning). The FM with CI exhibited oscillation (reversal in direction of change from session to session) at rest and then sensitization (progressive amplification) of EEG beta 1 over time across the 3 sucrose sessions versus controls. FM with CI showed sensitization of blood glucose over the 3 sucrose sessions, which, like the EEG findings, reverted toward baseline in the final water-only session. The data suggest that the subset of FM patients with CI have increased susceptibility to oscillation and physiological sensitization without conditioning, perhaps contributing to fluctuations in their chronic course.
10G LAN PHY over G.709 OTN: A Service Provider Prospective

This paper provides a current assessment of transporting 10 G LAN PHY over G.709 OTN payload in a multi-vendor environment. It highlights current available mapping schemes, a carrier view of OAM and automatic protection switching requirements.
Cost Effective Automated Street Lighting Control

Roads and their lighting systems are important facilities of local municipals. Most conventional street lighting systems are switched on/off at regular intervals of time. The consequence is that a large portion of electrical energy consumed by the street lighting is wasted meaninglessly if the road traffic is low. With the increasing interest in the global energy consumption and green environment requirement, automated street lighting system raises much interest around the world. In this paper, a cost effective and energy efficient automated street light control based on microcontroller and ZigBee wireless network is proposed. The street lamps are automatically controlled with the ambient light conditions, the road pedestrian and vehicle traffic conditions, and the neighbor traffic conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i5.6446
MSP Dynamics Drives Nematode Sperm Locomotion

Most eukaryotic cells can crawl over surfaces. In general, this motility requires three sequential actions: polymerization at the leading edge, adhesion to the substrate, and retraction at the rear. Recent in vitro experiments with extracts from spermatozoa from the nematode Ascaris suum suggest that retraction forces are generated by depolymerization of the major sperm protein cytoskeleton. Combining polymer entropy with a simple kinetic model for disassembly we propose a model for disassembly-induced retraction that fits the in vitro experimental data. This model explains the mechanism by which disassembly of the cytoskeleton generates the force necessary to pull the cell body forward and suggests further experiments that can test the validity of the models.
Communicating brand personality: Are the websites doing the talking for the top South African Business Schools?

This study extends the conceptualisation and measurement of brand personality to the online environment. We contend that websites are an important element of corporate identity management in today's competitive environment. We investigated the websites of South African Business Schools in order to find out what brand personality each school features. Our multistage methodology revealed a measure of business school brand personality that to some extent portrays the dimensions Aaker postulated. This study illustrates a powerful, but simple and relatively inexpensive way business school managers can study communicated brand personality. The results also offer new ways for business schools (and other organisations) to strengthen their brand and market position in a competitive environment. It also is a relatively simple way to differentiate their school in the crowded MBA education marketplace.
Kallikrein gene delivery attenuates cardiac remodeling and promotes neovascularization in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Hypertension that results in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and/or fibrosis can lead to cardiac dysfunction. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) develop high blood pressure and LV hypertrophy ...
Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione-4-14C metabolism by the homogenates of the chicken uropygial gland I. Antibiotic concentrations necessary for inhibition of bacterial growth

Supernatant fluid obtained from homogenates of chicken uropygial gland was incubated with androst-4-ene-3,17-dione-4-14C in the presence of penicillin and streptomycin. Two metabolic products were isolated and identified by using preliminary thin-layer chromatography followed by gas chromatography of the free metabolites, trimethylsilyl ethers, o-methyloxime derivatives, and double derivatives on 1 percent SE-30 and 1 percent neopentyl glycol succinate (NGS) columns. Crystallization to constant specific activity was also used for the identification of the metabolites. The metabolites identified were 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstane-17-one and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol. The isolated organisms from the supernatant fluid were highly susceptible to the activity of the antibiotics added to the incubation mixture for metabolic activity. The minimal concentrations of the antibiotics required to inhibit bacterial growth under the experimental conditions of this investigation were determined.
Performance on Middle School Geometry Problems With Geometry Clues Matched to Three Different Cognitive Styles

ABSTRACT— This study investigated the relationship between 3 ability-based cognitive styles (verbal deductive, spatial imagery, and object imagery) and performance on geometry problems that provided different types of clues. The purpose was to determine whether students with a specific cognitive style outperformed other students, when the geometry problems provided clues compatible with their cognitive style. Students were identified as having a particular cognitive style when they scored equal to or above the median on the measure assessing this ability. A geometry test was developed in which each problem could be solved on the basis of verbal reasoning clues (matching verbal deductive cognitive style), mental rotation clues (matching spatial imagery cognitive style), or shape memory clues (matching object imagery cognitive style). Straightforward cognitive style–clue-compatibility relationships were not supported. Instead, for the geometry problems with either mental rotation or shape memory clues, students with a combination of both verbal and spatial cognitive styles tended to do the best. For the problems with verbal reasoning clues, students with either a verbal or a spatial cognitive style did well, with each cognitive style contributing separately to success. Thus, both spatial imagery and verbal deductive cognitive styles were important for solving geometry problems, whereas object imagery was not. For girls, a spatial imagery cognitive style was advantageous for geometry problem solving, regardless of type of clues provided.
Asymptotic error probability expressions for multihypothesis testing using multisensor data

Existing upper bounds to the error probability in testing between m>2 hypotheses, and H. Chernoff's (1952) asymptotically correct error probability expression for m=2 hypotheses, as the number of observations n to infinity , are discussed. The multidimensional version of Chernoff's bound and its relationship to large deviation theory is presented. Large deviation theory is used to develop new bounds. The new bounds are asymptotically exact, in the sense that as n to infinity , they converge to the correct asymptotic rate, which is guaranteed to be the optimum one by the large deviation theorem. Necessary and sufficient conditions are determined so that asymptotic convergence of the error rates to zero is sustained in the presence of mismatch, which occurs when inaccurate versions of the true probability density functions are utilized in the maximum-likelihood decision rule. The conditions are expressed in terms of informational divergence distances, for Markov chain data and Gaussian multivariate stationary random processes. The results for multisensor data are generalized. >
Optimizing INTBIS on the CRAY Y-MP

INTBIS is a well-tested software package which uses an interval Newton/generalized bisection method to find all numerical solutions to nonlinear systems of equations. Since INTBIS uses interval computations, its results are guaranteed to contain all solutions. To efficiently solve very large nonlinear systems on a parallel vector computer, it is necessary to effectively utilize the architectural features of the machine In this paper, we report our implementations of INTBIS for large nonlinear systems on the Cray Y-MP supercomputer. We first present the direct implementation of INTBIS on a Cray. Then, we report our work on optimizing INTBIS on the Cray Y-MP
Design of nonlinear output-feedback finite-time regulators

A family of nonlinear control laws is developed to bring a nonlinear dynamic system from an arbitrary initial state to the zero state in finite time when only limited output measurements are available. Design parameters are found for an observer-controller which can be used to shape both the controller system's state trajectory and the dynamic observer's error trajectory.
Similarity of Temporal Query Logs Based on ARIMA Model

A challenging issue faced by modern information retrieval is that of determining and satisfying users? requirements relying only on very short text queries. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to find out related queries based on Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model. First, we select and estimate ARIMA model of the temporal query logs. And then each query is denoted by a sequence of coefficients. We use the correlation of ARIMA coefficients as the similarity measurement. We call it as the ARIMA Temporal Similarity (ARIMA TS). This similarity describes how strongly two time series are linearly related. On the other hand, the ARIMA model could also be treated as a dimensionality reduction procedure. It can save storage space for a large database of the query logs. In addition, ARIMA model could be used as a tool to predict the trend of a query. The experimental results on two query logs of MSN search engine 1 demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve better similarity measurement efficiently.
Energy deprivation and a deficiency in downstream metabolic target genes during the onset of embryonic heart failure in RXRalpha−/− embryos

RXRalpha null mutant mice display ocular and cardiac malformations, liver developmental delay, and die from cardiac failure around embryonic day (E) 14.5 pc. To dissect the molecular basis of the RXRalpha-associated cardiomyopathy, we performed subtractive hybridization and systematically characterized putative downstream target genes that were selectively lacking in the mutant embryos, both at early (E10.5) and late (E13.5) stages of mouse embryonic development. Approximately 50% of the subtracted clones (61/115) encoded proteins involved in intermediary metabolism and electron transport, suggesting an energy deficiency in the RXRalpha-/- embryos. In particular, clone G1, which encodes subunit 14.5b of the NADH-ubiquinone dehydrogenase complex, displayed a dose-dependent expression in the wild-type, heterozygous and RXRalpha mutant mice. This gene was also downregulated in a retinoid-deficient rat embryo model. ATP content and medium Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase mRNA were lower in RXRalpha mutant hearts compared to wild-type mice. Ultrastructural studies showed that the density of mitochondria per myocyte was higher in the RXRalpha mutant compared to wild-type littermates. We propose a model whereby defects in intermediary metabolism may be a causative factor of the RXRalpha-/- phenotype and resembles an embryonic form of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Morphological effects of wortmannin on the endosomal system and GLUT4-containing compartments in rat adipose cells

Studies using functional and pharmacological approaches have implicated PI 3-kinase as a key intermediate in the glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation responses to insulin. Confocal microscopy was used to investigate the effects of the PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin in isolated rat adipose cells. Independent of insulin, wortmannin induces the appearance of phase-lucent vacuoles containing the endosomal markers TfR, Rab4, M6PR, and cellubrevin. When added before or with insulin, wortmannin blocks insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, but does not influence the basal VAMP2-containing GLUT4 compartment. These results substantiate the concept of a specialized basal GLUT4 compartment mostly distinct from that of the recycling receptors. However, when added after insulin, wortmannin induces a rapid redistribution of GLUT4 from the cell surface into those endosomal-derived vacuoles where the GLUT4 co-localize with TfR, Rab4, cellubrevin, and VAMP2, but not with clathrin, M6PR, Golgi complex markers TGN38-mannosidase II and gamma-adaptin, and lysosomal marker lgp-120. Therefore, wortmannin also disrupts insulin-stimulated GLUT4 traffic in the recycling endosomal pathway, at a step distal to the sorting of recycling proteins from late endosomal and TGN markers; wortmannin does not appear to affect internalization from the plasma membrane, and delivery from early to late endosomes or from late endosomes to the TGN. In combination with previous kinetic biochemical studies, these results suggest that: (i) insulin stimulates the exocytosis of GLUT4 through a direct pathway from a specialized basal compartment to the plasma membrane, (ii) during endocytosis in the presence of insulin, GLUT4 is sorted out of the TfR compartment into a separate recycling pathway back to the plasma membrane, and (iii) both of these pathways involve wortmannin sensitive enzymes.
Theory and Reality in Statutory Interpretation

This article considers how power should be divided between Congress and the Supreme Court, at least to the extent that an answer to this question finds expression in the attitude (and thus in the methodology) which the Court brings to its interpretation of statutes. More specifically, the article criticizes the textualist approach espoused by Justice Antonin Scalia; it concludes that there is little future for his brand of textualism. To make this point, I examine two cases in detail: the famous decision in Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States (1892), and Smith v. United States (1993), the first case in a series pondering what Congress meant in its statute enhancing the sentence of anyone who uses or carries a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence or drug-trafficking crime. I conclude that given the attitude that I think ought to exist between Congress and the Court, both Holy Trinity and Smith were rightly decided, even though Justice Scalia would have reached the opposite result in each. Textualism has an obvious appeal to those who hunger for certainty in the law and who take a very strict view of the separation of powers. I believe with almost everyone that the starting point of the interpretational process should always be the language of a statute, but I also believe that textualism can all too easily make a mockery out of justice. It does not - really cannot - reflect the intensity of the desire of most judges, American judges in particular, to reach decisions which they believe are fair and just. The latter concern, in the nature of human affairs, is more important than the former. Textualism alone is eminently capable of producing results that run counter to the obvious wishes of Congress, and I hardly see virtue in that. In short, I do not believe that it is possible to mechanize the interpretational process at the expense of judicial conceptions of fairness and justice (admittedly themselves terms of less-than-pellucid meaning). That, I believe, is the reality which textualism would ignore and why it cannot, should not, and ultimately will not be accepted as dogma in our legal system.
Total Neutron Yields from Light Elements under Proton and Alpha Bombardment

Total neutron production cross sections have been measured for targets of D, T, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ under proton bombardment and of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$, and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ under alpha-particle bombardment. Energy ranges covered differ, but were contained between threshold and 5 Mev for protons and between threshold and 9 Mev for alphas. In several cases cross sections for the inverse reactions, ($n, p$) and ($n, \ensuremath{\alpha}$), have been computed and compared, where available, with direct measurements.