cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unidirectional independence and judgmental heuristics

Twenty-eight subjects, trained in basic probability, were asked to judge the likelihood of one trait (A) given another trait (B), as well as the likelihood of Trait B given Trait A. Judgments were made relative to the base rate of the trait whose conditional probability was to be judged. A substantial proportion of paired judgments (.21) were of the form p(A|B) = p(A) and p(B|A) ≠ p(B), a relationship that violates the product rule for independent events. We concluded that estimates were made on the basis of some judgmental heuristic that did not include application of probabilistic reasoning. Alternatives, such as Tversky’s (1977) model for similarity judgments, were considered.
Scalp-recorded short latency cortical and subcortical somatosensory evoked potentials to peroneal nerve stimulation

Abstract Short latency SEPs to peroneal nerve stimulation were recorded in 26 normal adults. These potentials consisted of 3 positive potentials (P 1 , P 2 , P 3 ) peaking at about 17, 21 and 27 msec, followed by a negative potential (N 1 ) peaking at about 34 msec. P 1 and P 2 were small and incosistently recorded. P 1 was widespread in its scalp distribution in noncephalic reference leads, and was poorly defined or absent in scalp bipolar and ear reference leads. P 2 was widespread in its scalp distribution in both non-cephalic and ear reference leads. It was poorly defined in scalp bipolar leads. P 3 and N 1 were consistently recorded from the scalp in both reference and bipolar leads. They were much greater in amplitude than the earlier potentials and had steep potential gradients. They were most prominent around the vertex. They showed significant differences in their peak latencies at different scalp recording locations. The short latency, positive polarity and widespread scalp distribution of P 1 and P 2 suggest they are far-field events arising in subcortical structures. The longer latency and steep potential gradient of P 3 and N 1 suggest that they are near-field events arising in cerebral cortical structures. Both P 3 and N 1 were stable potentials and, therefore, may prove to be clinically useful.
Cardiovascular risk factors and cerebral atrophy in a middle-aged cohort

Background: Because cardiovascular (CV) risk factors have been associated with declines in cognitive functions and late life dementia, CV risk factors should also be associated with brain atrophy. Objective: To study the association of CV risk factors with ventricular size (VS) and sulcal size (SS) in the middle-aged and young-elderly Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study cohort. Methods: Cerebral MRI was performed on 1,812 individuals (aged 50 to 73 [mean 62.3] years, 60% women, 50% African American) with no history of stroke or TIA from the ARIC cohort at study sites in Forsyth County, NC, and Jackson, MS. Neuroradiologists rated VS and SS using a semiquantitative, 10-point scale by visual comparison with a standardized reference atlas. CV risk factors were assessed approximately 6 years prior to the MR scan. The authors performed multivariate analyses to assess the independent relationship between CV risk factors and the two measures of brain atrophy. Results: Logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, race, and alcohol use found that the association between diabetes and VS is as follows: OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.24; p = 0.003. Increasing levels of fasting blood glucose also showed an association with greater VS (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.10; p = 0.001, for each 10 mg/dL of blood glucose). No other CV risk factors were associated with greater VS or SS. Conclusions: In this middle-aged and young-elderly cohort, diabetes mellitus was associated with greater ventricular size. Mechanisms for deterioration of brain structural integrity may include microvascular, amyloidogenic, or other not-yet-defined effects of diabetes mellitus.
Risk sharing and inventories

Abstract The paper shows how various features of market organization, such as existence of retail chains, the centralized warehousing of inventories by wholesalers, and the arrangements whereby suppliers partially reimburse sellers for unsold inventories can be explained in terms of optimal contracts for sharing the risks of excess inventories. When retailers face heterogeneous demands, the paper demonstrates the optimality of shared inventories and obtains optimal incentive properties for the risk sharing policy.
Imaging a two-dimensional electron system with a scanning charged probe

We introduce a new and conceptually simple scanning probe method to resolve potential fluctuations within a GaAs two-dimensional electron system (2DES). The method employs a charged metal tip to deplete locally the 2DES. The depletion is detected as a reduction in capacitance, measured using a cryogenic transistor attached directly to the tip. The resulting images exhibit contrast arising from variations in the disorder potential. We find the disorder forms random patterns dominated by length scales greater than 0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m. This surprising result is not consistent with present theories, which predict that no preferred wavelengths should be present on the micron scale.
Structure and magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite films deposited at low oxygen pressures

Barium hexaferrite films were grown by pulsed laser ablation deposition onto c-plane sapphire at oxygen pressures from 1 to 200 mTorr to evaluate their structural and magnetic properties. Films deposited at pressures above 1 mTorr showed excellent c-axis orientation normal to the film plane, and good surface morphologies. The c-axis lattice constant of films deposited at and above 50 mTorr was reduced compared to bulk values. Film saturation magnetization values were slightly lower than bulk values, while anisotropy field values were comparable. Ferrimagnetic resonance measurements showed distinct absorption peaks, with the narrowest linewidth of 0.20 kOe being measured for a 10 mTorr film. The 1 mTorr film had a significantly different texture wherein the c-axis laid down into the film plane, and also showed in-plane six-fold magnetic anisotropy. These results may indicate that highly c-axis oriented barium hexaferrite films can be grown to greater thicknesses using reduced oxygen pressures.
Establishing reference intervals: Health as a relative concept

The use of reference values to diagnose or screen fordisease implies that health is a relative concept; clinical examination, evaluation of laboratory data, and diagnostic imaging findings all require comparison to a "normal" standard. "Normality" itself is also relative. Values obtained from exotic species in the wild may vary significantly from those obtained from captive animals of the same species; similarly, sex and age, to say nothing of season and reproductive and nutritional status, often impose significant variation in "normal" values. Because health and disease are defined against "normal" or reference standards, the importance of appropriate reference values cannot be overstated. Unfortunately, in avian and reptile medicine, generation of appropriate sex-, age-, and species-specific reference values is often challenging owing to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient sample number and volume. Consequently, many clinical or diagnostic laboratories do not have their own reference values for most species, and many of the diagnostic or clinical laboratories that provide reference values have obtained those values from the literature or from other diagnostic facilities. Finding reference values for some species is sufficient victory that we often forget to ascertain the appropriateness or even validity of those values. The aims of this report are to provoke the clinician to address the appropriateness of the reference values in use, to consider the source of the reference values in clinical decision making, and to provide recommended guidelines for generating population-based reference values.
Antenna for unidirectional propagation of fast Alfvén waves in a tokamak

A slow wave antenna has been designed to propagate Alfven waves unidirectionally in the Texas Tech Tokamak. The antenna receives 30‐kW rf pulses at 4–20 MHz, directly from a 50‐Ω transmission line, without matching circuitry. Unidirectional Alfven waves are successfully excited in the tokamak over a wide range of frequencies. Power coupling is approximately 36% with a little higher coupling during excitation of a pronounced toroidal eigenmode.
Cover Picture: CXCL12-induced partitioning of flotillin-1 with lipid rafts plays a role in CXCR4 function – Eur. J. Immunol. 8/2007

Giri et al. (pp. 2104–2116) determine that flotillin-1, but not flotillin-2, is specifically recruited to lipid rafts following CXCL12 stimulation of human T cells. The cover image taken from this article shows a Jurkat cell transfected with control siRNA and stimulated with CXCL12; the location of flotillin-1 (red), CXCR4 (green) and the nucleus (blue) are determined by immunofluorescence. A distinct “capped” phenotype is observed with significant recruitment and colocalization (yellow/orange) of flotillin-1 and CXCR4 in lipid rafts; such CXCR4 recruitment is decreased in flotillin-1 siRNA transfected cells. Together the data of Giri et al. indicate a role for flotillin-1 in chemokine receptor signalling.
Thermodynamics of formation of the silicates and germanates of some divalent transition metals and of magnesium

Abstract The enthalpies of formation of Mg 2 SiO 4 , Co 2 SiO 4 , Ni 2 SiO 4 , Zn 2 SiO 4 , Mg 2 GeO 4 , MgGeO 3 , Co 2 GeO 4 , CoGeO 3 , Ni 2 GeO 4 , and Zn 2 GeO 4 from the component oxides were measured by solution calorimetry in a molten oxide solvent at 692±2°C. Regularities in the thermodynamics of formation of the silicates and germanates of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are discussed, entropies of formation calculated when possible, and some thermodynamic manifestations of the possible polymorphism (olivine, spinel, phenasite) in these systems are noted.
Complications Associated with Therapeutic Soft Contact Lenses

The complications of therapeutic hydrophilic contact lens wear are systematically outlined. Hypoxia is the major cause of initial patient failure as well as the long-term problems of corneal edema, neovascularization, and susceptibility to infection. The common difficulties with lens breakage, lens deposits, poor lens retention, and other entities are discussed. Suggestions for avoiding and treating various complications are given, including updated indications and contraindications for fitting these lenses. Careful patient selection and meticulous follow-up are essential.
Formal model and code verification in Model-Based Design

The increasing complexity of embedded software makes its verification a key challenge in designing embedded systems. This paper gives an overview of Model-Based Design used for large and complex embedded systems, with emphasis on the early verification of the design. Two tools for verification through formal analysis are described: Simulink® Design Verifier™ to check the properties of a model, and PolySpace® to prove the absence of certain run-time errors in the embedded software.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLED POTENTIAL CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, II,

Abstract : Several practical, inexpensive, operational amplifier (OA) circuits are described which are particularly useful in single sweep and cyclic voltammetry at stationary electrodes. Specific adaptations of OA's to electroanalytical instrumentation were made some time ago by Booman and coworkers and DeFord among others. Highly finished polarographic instruments have been designed by Kelly and coworkers. The instruments described herein are functional, devoid of multi-purpose appendages, and specifically oriented towards solid electrode applications. Their reliability has been proven by continuous operation for several years in a variety of modern electroanalytical operations. The units function satisfactorily with aqueous or non-aqueous electrochemical systems. The instruments consist of the basic OA potentiostat coupled with a cyclic voltage scanning input. Two forms of cyclic scanner are described, a mechanical or motor driven unit, and an OA integrator network which is more versatile. Cyclic voltammetry appears to have great utility, and, since any cyclic unit can be used for single sweep operation, no purpose is seen for building single sweep polarographs as such.
Maternal characteristics and hypospadias: A case‐control study

Various characteristics were compared among mothers of 99 singleton male live births (in Upstate New York, 1970-1974) with hypospadias and mothers of 99 singleton male live births, matched for maternal age, race, and residence. Maternal (and paternal) education, maternal height and weight, and the frequency of maternal diseases did not differ between cases and controls. Mean age at menarche was significantly later, but delayed menarche (16 years) was not more frequent, in case vs. control mothers. In the latest year during which the mother was neither pregnant nor taking oral contraceptives, menstrual cycles were significantly more often asymptomatic in case vs. control mothers, implying a higher frequency of anovulatory cycles in case mothers. This suggests the need for further studies on menstrual symptoms. Among case-control pairs with a previous pregnancy, the first pregnancy was less likely to have resulted in a male fetus in case vs. control mothers. Maternal use of exogenous sex hormones (oral contraceptives, hormone therapy, and hormone pregnancy tests) during the index pregnancy did not differ significantly between cases and controls, but the relative risk of 3.50 for hormone pregnancy tests (seven cases vs. two controls) was noteworthy in view of the results of previous studies.
Review of research on victims' experiences in restorative justice: Implications for youth justice

article i nfo Article history: Despite claims that restorative justice is "victim centered," and deliberately focused on healing harms to vic- tims, some studies report that particular applications of restorative justice may not be fully consistent with its fundamental principles and values. Under such circumstances these programs may focus on outcomes (e.g., rehabilitation of youthful offenders) rather than process, and in doing so, may fail to identify and respond ef- fectively to victims' needs. To take a closer look at this phenomenon, this article examines a sample of pub- lished restorative justice studies that highlight 'negative' experiences of victims. Given a number of studies that indicate victims typically have satisfying experiences in restorative justice practices such reports of neg- ative experiences and practices should be viewed as 'outliers.' However, such outliers may provide substan- tively meaningful insights that inform best practice standard for restorative justice. Implications are drawn for the use of restorative justice practices for youth justice.
More on myelinated nerve model analysis.

An error in a previous analysis of a simple model for myelinated nerve propagation is pointed out and rectified. The model previously chosen does not lend itself to analysis because it has a region ofinfinite negative conductivity which leads to an instability in steady propagation. A model which assumes afinite negative conductivity is examined in detail and a more general results is derived.
Room Temperature Tunneling Characteristics of Ultra-Small Normal Junctions

Tunneling studies between a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)-controlled fine NbN tip and a NbN thin film show single electron tunneling characteristics at room temperature. The I-V curves display the Coulomb blockade and the Coulomb staircase caused by single electron charging of a series combination of two tunnel junctions. These room temperature observations indicate that it may be possible to operate single-electron-based devices in non-cryogenic regimes.
Proficiency testing experience for viable CD34+ stem cell analysis

BACKGROUND: Successful hematopoietic engraftment depends on the number of viable CD34+ stem cells. Therefore, accurate quantification of viable CD34+ stem cells is required. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To evaluate clinical laboratory performance, the New York State Department of Health initiated proficiency testing (PT) for viable CD34+ stem cells. Preserved adult peripheral blood was spiked with preserved cord blood CD34+ stem cells and was shipped to the participating laboratories. Three educational and two graded PTs were performed by participating laboratories, and their results were analyzed for consistency. Comparative analysis of viability with 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) and ToPro-3 dyes also was performed. RESULTS: Laboratories had to adapt their standard operating procedures to include a viability dye to quantify the number of viable CD34+ stem cells. The majority of laboratories chose 7-AAD as their preferred viability dye, but propidium iodide (PI) and ToPro-3 were used by two laboratories. Once all laboratories started to simultaneously analyze viability and staining for CD34, graded PTs started. Lower numbers of viable CD34+ stem cells were obtained for ToPro-3 when the dye was compared with 7-AAD. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that ToPro-3 stains more cells than 7-AAD and likely includes compromised cells. The use of new vital dyes, like ToPro-3, that may stain preapoptotic cells could represent an important advance to improve the quantification of viable CD34+ stem cells, for engraftment purposes. Further studies are needed to document the benefits of switching to a method that excludes not only dead cells, but apoptotic cells as well.
A hardware digital fuzzy inference engine using standard integrated circuits

Building robots is a tough job because the designer has to predict the interactions between the robot and the environment as well as to deal with them. One solution to such diAculties in designing robots is to adopt learning methods. The evolution-based approach is a special method of machine learning and it has been advocated to automate the design of robots. Yet, the tasks achieved so far are fairly simple. In this work, we first analyze the diAculties of applying evolutionary approaches to synthesize robot controllers for complicated tasks, and then suggest an approach to resolve them. Instead of directly evolving a monolithic control system, we propose to decompose the overall task to fit in the behavior-based control architecture, and then to evolve the separate behavior modules and arbitrators using an evolutionary approach. Consequently, the job of defining fitness functions becomes more straightforward and the tasks easier to achieve. To assess the performance of the developed approach, we evolve a control system to achieve an application task of box-pushing as an example. Experimental results show the promise and eAciency of the presented approach. ” 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Transpersonal Efficacy: How Efficacy Perceptions of Single Others Influence Task Performance

In addition to self-efficacy, efficacy perceptions of others within a task environment influence task performance. I define such efficacy perceptions of single others as transpersonal efficacy and investigate it in two studies. The first shows transpersonal efficacy can drive performance. The second then builds upon the first by investigating how self- and transpersonal efficacy jointly influence task performance. Further, the role of the focal other within the task environment, as an outcome interdependent or noninterdependent partner, or as an opponent, is shown to moderate these relationships. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of investigating transpersonal efficacy due to the increasingly complex problems facing modern organizations necessitating task environments involving multiple individuals.
An Isotropic Electric-Field Probe with Tapered Resistive Dipoles for Broad-Band Use, 100 kHz to 18 GHz

A new broad-band electric-field probe, capable of accurately characterizing and quantifying electromagnetic (EM) fields, has been developed at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The probe's 8-mm resistively tapered dipole elements allow measurement of eleetric fields between 1 and 1600 V/m from 1 MHz to 15 GHz, with a flatness of +-2 dB. A mutually orthogonal dipole configuration provides an overall standard deviation in isotropic response, with respect to angle, that is within +-0.3 dB. Both the theoretical and developmental aspects of this prototype electric-field probe are discussed in this paper.
Strategic arguments for semiconductor trade policy

If foreign firms supplying inputs to domestic user industries enjoy significant monopoly power, domestic subsidies intended to reduce monopoly rent extraction may be desirable. This argument is evaluated in the case of U.S. production of 1-megabit DRAM chips. I develop a two-stage model of a high-technology industry in which both learning and scale economies, and capacity constraints are important. My simulations display more realistic outcomes than earlier attempts to model semiconductor production. Precise specification of learning economies is crucial; consumer welfare losses due to successful cartelization are potentially large, greatly exceeding the monopoly rents created.
Female odors and aggression among male Microtus.

The effect of various female odors on agonistic interaction among grouped male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) was investigated. An increased number of investigative behavioral interactions among the males followed the introduction of female odors. The intensity of behavioral response depended on the source of the odor, the sexual experience of the males, and the ongoing behavior of the group. The greatest number of agonistic and attempted sexual interactions occurred among experienced males following introduction of urine from estrous females. The presentation of female odors, even to males already engaged in fighting, did not decrease aggressive interactions as is reported for Mus musculus. The changes elicited in male behavior by female odors are viewed not as a response to any presumed releaser pheromone but rather as the result of confusion in communication between males, since previous experience with those odors introduced involved sexual interaction with females.
Shear enhancement of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP composite laminates

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on shear strength enhancement of reinforced concrete beams externally reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. A total of nine full-scale beam specimens of three different classes, as-built (unstrengthened), repaired and retrofitted were tested in the experimental evaluation program. Three composite systems namely carbon/epoxy wet layup, E-glass/epoxy wet layup and carbon/epoxy precured strips were used for retrofit and repair evaluation. Experimental results indicated that the composite systems provided substantial increase in ultimate strength of repaired and strengthened beams as compared to the pre-cracked and as-built beam specimens. A comparative study of the experimental results with published analytical models, including the ACI 440 model, was also conducted in order to evaluate the different analytical models and identify the influencing factors on the shear behavior of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Comparison indicated that the shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) is an important factor that actively controls the shear failure mode of beam and consequently influences on the shear strength enhancement.
The effect of labor on surfactant secretion in newborn rabbit lung slices

Abstract We have studied the rate of surfactant secretion in a newborn rabbit lung slice model. Newborn rabbits were injected with [ Me - 3 H]choline and killed 4 h later. Secretion of phosphatidyl[ Me - 3 H]choline was measured in washed slices from blood-free lungs. There was a developmental increase in the rate of secretion during the period 29 to 31 (full-term) days gestation. This was further increased by labor. Labor had no effect on the rate of incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine. Thus, the effect of labor was primarily on secretion rather than synthesis. The effect of labor on surfactant secretion could be mimicked by terbutaline and, as shown previously, by prostaglandin E 2 . It was abolished by indomethacin and β-blocking agents. These data show that labor stimulates secretion of surfactant and suggest that this effect is, at least in part, mediated by prostaglandins and β-adrenergic agents, both of which are known to increase physiologically during labor and birth.
Comparative Study of Laser Versus Electrocautery Prostatic Resection: 18-Month Followup With Complex Urodynamic Assessment

ABSTRACTA total of 25 patients with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia was entered into a prospective, randomized trial comparing prostatectomy done with the Urolase* *C. R. Bard, Inc., Covington, Georgia. right angle firing neodymium:YAG laser fiber and standard transurethral electroresection of the prostate. Efficacy of treatment, as assessed by standardized American Urological Association symptom scores, patient assessment of symptom improvement, peak urinary flow rates, post-void residual urine volumes and complex urodynamic evaluation, including assessment of opening pressure and maximum detrusor voiding pressure, was equivalent for the 2 treatment groups through 1 year. Ultrasonic assessment of prostatic volumes at 1 year showed a mean decrease in total volume of 59% for standard electrocautery resection compared to 28% for laser prostatectomy. Symptom scores and peak urinary flow rates remained equivalent for both groups through 18 months.
Protease activity and cell death during metamorphosis in the salivary gland of Chironomus tentans

Abstract Proteolytic activity in glands of last instar larvae has a pH optimum of 5·5. The activity is not affected by EDTA, but is inhibited by substances which react with serine residues and with sulphydryl groups. The protease is apparently released from the glands as part of the secretion. Intracellularly, the enzyme is partly free in the cytoplasm and partly associated with particles, possibly corresponding to secretory granules as seen in the electronmicroscope. Protease activity at the time of cell death has a pH optimum of 3·5. This protease resembles in many of its characteristics cathepsin D.: it lacks sensitivity to inhibitors of serine and thiol proteases and to chelating agents, it is inactivated at temperatures above 40°C, and it is located strictly intracellularly. The enzyme appears to be synthesized in the form of an inactive precursor which can be activated in vitro by treatment with trypsin. The zymogen as well as the active enzyme is associated with lysosome-like structures. Zymogen activation during the late pharate pupal stage continues unchanged in the absence of protein synthesis. At the time of cell breakdown the active enzyme is released from the lysosomes. Agents blocking this release also prevent cell degeneration. It is suggested that cell degeneration may be controlled in a multi-step fashion: at the level of zymogen synthesis, zymogen sequestration in lysosomes, zymogen activation, and finally release of the sequestered enzyme to its cellular substrate.
The barium distribution in sea water

Abstract More than 250 determinations of barium concentration in sea water have been made using a neutron activation technique. In addition to observations on all the oceans, intensive studies in the Long Island Sound and east Pacific sector of the Antarctic Ocean were made. The results indicate that there is no universal correlation between the distribution of barium in oceanic profile and the concentration in deep-sea sediments. Correlation of barium with radium distribution in ocean water appears to exist in the Caribbean but is doubtful in the east Pacific. The data are not sufficient to establish unequivocally the relationship of radium to barium. The major feature of the oceanic barium distribution is its narrow dispersion of concentrations. Barium is not removed in any significant manner in near-shore areas. The main deposits are in the deep-sea sediments, probably as barite, although all the various sources and paths of barium in the oceans are not yet clearly defined.
Streamlined computation for data envelopment analysis

Abstract This paper discusses issues related to an efficient computational methodology for performing data envelopment analysis focussing on three data envelopment analysis models: CCR, BCC, and ADDITIVE. It introduces constructs that facilitate efficiency of computation in solving a sequence of as many linear programs as there are decision making units. Computational testing with real-world data sets with up to 533 decision making units indicates that employing these constructs reduces computation time significantly.
Heteropoda toxin 2 is a gating modifier toxin specific for voltage-gated K+ channels of the Kv4 family.

Abstract Kv4 voltage-gated K + channels are responsible for transient K + currents in the central nervous system and in the heart. HpTx2 is a peptide toxin that selectively inhibits these currents; making it a useful probe for understanding Kv4 channel structure and drug binding. Therefore, we developed a method to produce large amounts of recombinant HpTx2. Recombinant toxin inhibits all three Kv4 isoforms to the same degree; however, the voltage-dependence of inhibition is less apparent for Kv4.1 than for Kv4.3. Similarly, recombinant HpTx2 GS effects gating characteristics of both channels, but Kv4.1 to a much lesser degree. The toxin lacks affinity for Kv1.4, Kv2.1, and Kv3.4. To locate the binding site, the amino acids linking the third and forth membrane spanning segments of Kv4.3 were replaced with analogous amino acids of Kv1.4. The chimeric K + channel was completely insensitive to block by rHpTx2, suggesting that its binding site is near the channel's voltage sensor. These data show that rHpTx2 GS is a gating modifier toxin that binds to a site remote from the pore.
Selective Abortion and Gene Therapy: Reflections on Human Limits

The potential impact of the Human Genome Project on selective abortion is considered here, as is human gene therapy. Themes of emphasis are broadly humanistic: human suffering, contingency, and perfection. The chief concerns of the article lie with selective abortion for less than serious reasons, and with the importance of avoiding efforts to "enhance" human beings by gene transfer methods. The style is widely interdisciplinary.
Pain Sensitivity Risk Factors for Chronic TMD: Descriptive Data and Empirically Identified Domains from the OPPERA Case Control Study

Abstract Many studies report that people with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are more sensitive to experimental pain stimuli than TMD-free controls. Such differences in sensitivity are observed in remote body sites as well as in the orofacial region, suggesting a generalized upregulation of nociceptive processing in TMD cases. This large case-control study of 185 adults with TMD and 1,633 TMD-free controls measured sensitivity to painful pressure, mechanical cutaneous, and heat stimuli, using multiple testing protocols. Based on an unprecedented 36 experimental pain measures, 28 showed statistically significantly greater pain sensitivity in TMD cases than controls. The largest effects were seen for pressure pain thresholds at multiple body sites and cutaneous mechanical pain threshold. The other mechanical cutaneous pain measures and many of the heat pain measures showed significant differences, but with lesser effect sizes. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the pain measures derived from 1,633 controls identified 5 components labeled: 1) heat pain ratings; 2) heat pain aftersensations and tolerance; 3) mechanical cutaneous pain sensitivity; 4) pressure pain thresholds; and 5) heat pain temporal summation. These results demonstrate that compared to TMD-free controls, chronic TMD cases are more sensitive to many experimental noxious stimuli at extracranial body sites, and provide for the first time the ability to directly compare the case-control effect sizes of a wide range of pain sensitivity measures. Perspective This article describes experimental pain sensitivity differences between a large sample of people with chronic TMD and non-TMD controls, using multiple stimulus modalities and measures. Variability in the magnitude and consistency of case-control differences highlight the need to consider multiple testing measures to adequately assess pain processing alterations in chronic pain conditions.
Subcellular localization of prostaglandin forming enzymes using conventional and monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract An electron microscopic immunocytochemical approach was used to determine the subcellular location of the cyclooxygenase. Cultured mouse 3T3 cells were fixed and then stained for cyclooxygenase antigenicity using rabbit anti-cyclooxygenase IgG in the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) procedure. Electron dense peroxidase reaction product was seen throughout the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and on the nuclear membrane (NM) in 87% of 464 cells examined. No staining was present on the plasma or mitochondrial membranes. Only 11% of the cells treated with control sera showed any indication of positive staining. Microsomes prepared from sheep vesicular glands and human platelets were used to determine whether the cyclooxygenase antigen is positioned on the cytoplasmic or luminal side of the ER. The cyclooxygenase activity in both intact and solubilized microsomes from both platelets and vesicular gland could be precipitated using immune but not preimmune rabbit anti-cyclooxygenase serum; in addition, the enzyme in intact microsomes could be precipitated using two mouse monoclonal antibodies which interact with different antigenic sites on the cyclooxygenase. The TxA 2 synthetase activity has been reported by others to be associated with the dense tubular fraction of human platelets. We find that the TxA 2 synthetase of intact platelet microsomes is inactivated by treatment with proteinase K. Our results indicate that the cyclooxygenase and probably the TxA 2 synthetase are located on the cytoplasmic surface of the ER of cells in which these enzymes are present.
Residues of p,p′-DDE in lake trout in Little Moose Lake in New York State

Abstract Residues of p,p′-DDE were found in lake trout sampled in 1993 from Little Moose Lake located remotely in the Adirondack region of New York State. Length accounted for 81% of the variation in p,p′-DDE concentration when the data was fit to an exponential model. The presence of p,p′-DDE in the fish was believed due to its long persistence in the aquatic environment following applications of DDT in the 1950s for control of black flies and mosquitoes.
New insights into canalicular organic anion secretion.

The effect of partial and complete dissipation of the membrane potential and partial depletion of cellular ATP content on the efflux of dinitrophenyl-glutathione and oxidized glutathione was examined in hepatocytes isolated from normal and mutant (TR−) rats exhibiting defective organic anion transport. Whereas alterations in the membrane potential difference had no effect on the initial efflux rate of dinitrophenyl-glutathione and oxidized glutathione, depletion of cellular ATP inhibited dinitrophenyl-glutathione and oxidized glutathione efflux and a linear relationship between the cellular ATP content and the initial efflux rate of dinitrophenyl-glutathione was observed in normal isolated rat hepatocytes. In contrast, depletion of cellular ATP content had no significant effect on the slower rate of dinitrophenyl-glutathione efflux from TR− rat hepatocytes. These findings implicate an ATP-dependent hepatic transport system for oxidized glutathione and glutathione conjugates that is absent in TR− mutants. Fluorescence image analysis reveals normal secretion of a fluorescent bile acid fluorescein isothiocyanate glycocholate into the canalicular lumen of isolated normal and TR− mutant rat hepatocyte couplets, but negligible canalicular accumulation of a non-bileacid organic anion (carboxydichlorofluorescein diacetate) in TR− hepatocyte couplets. Canalicular membrane vesicles derived from normal rats exhibited saturable temperature- and ATP-dependent transport of sulfobromophthalein and sulfobromophthalein-glutathione that was absent in canalicular membrane vesicles from TR− rats. However, ATP-dependent daunomycin transport, reflecting transport mediated by the multidrug resistance gene product, p-glycoprotein, was present in canalicular membrane vesicles from both normal and TR− rats. Canalicular membrane vesicles from normal and TR− rats contained equal amounts of p-glycoprotein on immunoblots. These studies demonstrate that the conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in TR− mutant rats is the result of a functional absence of an ATP-dependent organic anion transport system on the canalicular membrane.
Temperature effects on bioconcentration of DDE by Daphnia

1. Lake temperatures vary with season, latitude, elevation and as a result of thermal pollution. In addition, lake temperatures may increase with global warming. Radiotracer experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature on the bioaccumulation of lipophilic organic contaminants by zooplankton. Daphnia pulex were exposed to 14C-labelled DDE, a stable metabolite of the organochlorine pesticide DDT, in particle-free water for 24 h. An increase in temperature from 5 to 25 °C resulted in a 314% increase in bioconcentration factor (the ratio of contaminant concentration in the organism to contaminant concentration in the water). 2. To mimic the fluctuating temperatures experienced by zooplankton during diel vertical migration, we conducted experiments in which animals were exposed to 25 °C for 12 h in the light, then 15 °C for 12 h in the dark. Exposure to this fluctuating temperature regime for 48 h resulted in a 27–33% increase in bioconcentration factor relative to a constant 20 °C control. 3. Live animals accumulated more than twice the amount of DDE than freshly killed animals, indicating that the activity of the organism is important in bioconcentration. This finding sheds light on the possible mechanisms for the increase in bioconcentration at higher constant temperatures. Daphnia pump more water through their branchial chambers at higher temperatures. Thus, if the thoracic limbs are an important site of contaminant uptake, then animals are exposed to more contaminant molecules at higher temperatures. Other possible mechanisms include changes in the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer and changes in cell membrane permeability.
Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alcoholism: A study of male and female twins.

• Genetic influence on risk for alcoholism was examined in a US treatment sample of 50 monozygotic (MZ) and 64 dizygotic (DZ) male and 31 MZ and 24 DZ female same-sex twin pairs. For theDSM-IIIcomposite diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse and/or Dependence, statistically significant MZ/DZ differences in concordance were found with male, but not female, twins. For specific diagnoses, MZ/DZ differences were found in male subjects for both Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence, while MZ/DZ differences in female subjects were found only for Alcohol Dependence. The male MZ/DZ concordance difference for composite diagnosis but not for Alcohol Dependence could be accounted for statistically by differences in age of onset between MZ and DZ probands. As with alcohol, differences in MZ/DZ concordance were found forDSM-IIIcomposite diagnoses of Other Substance Abuse and/or Dependence with male, but not female, twins. Using Epidemiological Catchment Area data to estimate the population base rates of both alcohol and other substance use disorders allowed for heritability analyses that showed genetic factors to have only a modest influence on overall risk in both sexes (heritability estimates of approximately 0.35 for male subjects and O.24 for female subjects). However, evidence for heterogeneity in the pattern of inheritance was also found, suggesting forms of alcoholism that may be moderately to highly heritable.
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcomas: Molecular Pathogenesis and Implications for Novel Targeted Therapies

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a very rare soft tissue sarcoma which arises primarily in children and young adults. Despite its unique histology and well-characterized genetic translocation, many questions remain regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of this tumor type. Though collective clinical experience with this tumor type spans more than 60 years, there has been little progress made in treating this uncommon but frequently fatal disease. This paper focuses on the available data regarding its molecular pathogenesis and insights into targeted therapeutics as well as the results of clinical trials performed to date to hopefully improve the outcome of patients with this rare malignancy.
Enuresis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults

Adult enuresis is an unusual symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although it is described as a classic symptom of childhood OSA, enuresis is encountered infrequently in adult sleep medicine. Five adults with enuresis associated with sleep apnea presented to our Sleep Disorders Center. In all five cases, the onset of enuresis was associated with the progression of sleep apnea symptoms. In each case, the enuresis resolved with treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Current medical literature on the postulated mechanisms of nocturia and enuresis in sleep apnea is reviewed. Based on the experience of the authors and review of the medical literature, one may conclude that severe OSA may lead to new-onset enuresis in adults and that effective treatment of OSA is associated with resolution of enuresis.
Handgrip strength predicts sexual behavior, body morphology, and aggression in male college students

Handgrip strength (HGS) is a noninvasive measure of physical health that is negatively correlated with disability, morbidity, and mortality rates in adults. Highly heritable, HGS is indicative of blood testosterone levels and levels of fat-free body mass. In this study, we investigated whether HGS was related to measures of body morphology [shoulder-to-hip ratio (SHR), waist-to-hip ratio, and second-digit-to-fourth-digit ratio (2D:4D)], aggressive behavior, and sexual history in 82 male and 61 female college students. Results showed that HGS was correlated with SHRs, aggressive behavior, age at first sexual intercourse, and promiscuity in males but not in females. HGS appears to be an honest signal for genetic quality in males.
Analogical transfer: The roles of schema abstraction and awareness

This study investigated two aspects of analogical transfer: first, whether transfer to a target domain can be facilitated by particular kinds of encoding of the base domain, and second, whether conscious reminding of the base domain is necessary for transfer to occur. Two experiments showed that transfer can be facilitated when only a single exemplar from the base domain is used if the exemplar is encoded in such a way that the underlying schema is represented. It was also shown that conscious reminding of the base domain is not a necessary condition for transfer, but when subjects are aware of the underlying schema while solving the target problem, transfer always occurs. crete exemplars was optimal for transfer since it high­ lighted structural correspondences and deleted irrelevant surface differences between the base and target domains. If this assumption is correct, then one should expect trans­ fer to be improved even from a single exemplar of the base domain, as long as an abstract schema of the domain has been encoded as well . The present experiments ex­ plored this hypothesis. They also explored how abstract such a schema needs to be. It is possible that emphasiz­ ing those surface features of the base domain that high­ light the shared structural similarities is sufficient to medi­ ate transfer, without couching that information in a highly abstract form. Although not explicitly discussed in the literature, it ap­ pears that the process of •• noticing" the base domain has been assumed to be a conscious process. It is for this rea­ son, presumably, that Gick and Holyoak called the req­ uisite schema "explicit." Surprisingly, this assumption appears not to have been experimentally tested . There­ fore, the current experiments also asked whether or not conscious reminding of the base domain is a necessary condition for transfer to take place. EXPERIMENT 1 Method Eighty-nine undergraduate subjects were randomly assigned to one of three encoding conditions in which they were asked to describe a base story at a particular level of abstraction. The materials were the same for all conditions, with the exception of the instructions for de­ scribing the base story. The base story was the General story used by Gick and Holyoak (1983). After encoding the base story, the subjects were given three distractor reasoning problems. Then they were given Duncker's (1945) radiation problem as the target problem. This prob­ lem and the General story are drawn from different domains, but they share the same abstract "convergence" schema. Finally, the subjects were asked whether they had used any of the previous problems while solving the radiation problem. The Detail condition was designed to provide a concrete encoding of the General story. Subjects in this condition were instructed to give a detailed summary of the story, including specific characters, places, and actions. For example, "The evil dictator lived in the middle of the
Energetic neutral atom image of a storm-time ring current

Energetic neutral atom (ENA) images of a storm-time ring current produced from direct measurements and model simulations are presented and analyzed. An ENA image of the storm-time ring current was obtained with the Medium Energy Particles Instrument (MEPI) mounted on ISEE 1 on September 29, 1978, and a zero-order model of the ring current ion was employed to simulate the ENA image. The simulated instrument response is compared with actual ENA measurements. It is observed that the spatial distribution of singly charged ions detected from the ENA images displays equatorial midnight/noon asymmetry in differential ion intensity with a midnight/noon ratio of greater than or equal to 20:1; peak ion fluxs, H(+) and O(+), in the midnight sector are greater than 10 to the 6th/(sq cm s sr keV); and ENA fluxes from the brighter areas of the image exceed greater than 1000/(sq cm s sr keV). It is noted that the ENA image from MEPI data correlates with the morphology of the simulated response of MEPI calculated from the model.
Reduction of the ductile brittle transition temperature of ferritic-martensitic alloy HT-9

Abstract The effects of austenitization and tempering treatments on the impact properties of a 12 Cr-1 Mo-V-W steel are reported. Austenitizing temperatures covering the range 1000 to 1200°C and tempering treatments of 650 to 850°C were used. The greatest decrease in the ductile brittle transition temperature was found with a combination of “high-low” austenitization-tempering treatments.