cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic–inorganic sol-gel thick films for humidity barriers

Hybrid thick films were deposited on Surlyn, a copolymer of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) and a common adhesion film for metal surfaces. Hybrid organic–inorganic materials were prepared by a sol-gel process. Methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES) with TEOS, and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) were investigated. The inorganic component was selected to form the network for the film, while the organic component was selected to repel water and fill porosity. The films were deposited on Surlyn and on glass slides. The properties of the films were investigated using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Contact-angle measurements indicated that the contact angle increased from ∼76.5° for Surlyn alone to ∼89.6° for Surlyn coated with MTES.
The midline part: An important physical clue to the clinical diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia in women

The diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia in women, as opposed to in men with the same condition, is often fraught with great difficulty by even experienced dermatologists. Men have distinct patterns of loss not easily duplicated by other hair loss conditions, whereas women carry the potential risk of having several hair loss conditions that have certain features in common. Most often, the confusion arises in distinguishing androgenetic alopecia in women from telogen effluvium (particularly chronic telogen effluvium) and alopecia areata. However, in most cases these The midline part: An important physical clue to the clinical diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia in women
The Ku-band ubitron experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory

Abstract Operation of a ubitron/FEL amplifier with a helical wiggler/axial guide field configuration in the frequency band from approximately 13 to 18 GHz is reported. The experiment employs a 190–250 keV electron beam with currents up to 37 A, and has been operated using the fundamental wiggler harmonic interaction with the TE11 circular waveguide mode. The wiggler is a bifilar helix with a 2.54 cm period and a total length of 50 cm, and is capable of achieving an amplitude of 575 G or more in pulsed mode. The wiggler is flared both on entry and exit in order to obtain smooth transitions in the beam trajectory with 12 periods of uniform amplitude. Small signal gains as high as 17–19 dB have been observed, corresponding to a gain per free-space wavelength approaching 1.25 dB/λ. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with nonlinear simulation of the interaction in the Raman regime.
e+e- peaks at 1.8 MeV: Phenomenological constraints on nuclear transitions, axions, and the particle interpretation.

We investigate phenomenological constraints on a variety of possible explanations of the e/sup +/e/sup -/ peaks observed by the EPOS Collaboration at GSI. We first review problems with a variety of proposed nuclear-related production mechanisms. Next we investigate constraints on the axion interpretation of the observed events. New non-accelerator-related constraints come from considerations of shifts in the hyperfine splitting in positronium, and an analysis of the decays K..--> pi..e/sup +/e/sup -/ and ..pi -->..e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/..nu.., which are relevant for a proposed short-lived axion variant. We then demonstrate that present and past beam-dump experiments are, in a model-independent way, sensitive to a new 1.8-MeV particle coupling to electrons. Our estimates suggest that if the particle does not interact in the target one should see very high event rates for all allowed lifetimes from 10/sup -14/--10/sup -10/ sec at high-energy facilities and lifetimes greater than 10/sup -10/ sec at low-energy dumps.
Influence of wind and river discharge on the hypoxia in a shallow bay

Perdido Bay is a shallow bay with narrow inlets connecting with Gulf of Mexico. It is affected by severe hypoxia problem due to its narrow tidal range of around 0.4 m. An existing calibrated eutrophication model, as described in Xia et al. (J Coastal Res 719: 73–86, 2011a), was used to simulate the bottom hypoxia of Perdido Bay in response to the changing local wind and river discharge. In addition, the response of nutrient dynamics and algae distribution to these physical forces was also discussed, in order to understand the hypoxia dynamics. Compared to a no wind case, we found that southerly (onshore) and westerly favorable winds with speed of 3 m/s or less inhibited the nutrient and algae transport, while easterly favorable winds and northerly (offshore) winds favored nutrient and algae transport. Onshore and westerly winds were most effective at inducing significantly broader and thicker hypoxic/anoxic conditions. Increasing wind speed could limit the nutrient-rich freshwater to the upper bay. On the other hand, a 5-m/s southerly wind or above was sufficient to make vertical distribution of nutrients uniform, significantly reducing areal coverage of hypoxia/anoxia. We also discovered that increasing river discharge drove the nutrient-rich, high algae waters down to the bay mouth. Under a high-volume river discharge (100 m3/s, henceforth denoted as cms), the freshwater could reach the bottom in shallow areas (e.g., depth < 1 m), whereby the severity of anoxia and hypoxia was reduced, while increasing river discharge had little effect on the bottom hypoxia and nutrient variation in deepwater.
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Perturbation of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Jurkat-T Cells Induced by Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin remains an important part of chemotherapy regimens in the clinic and is considered an effective agent in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although the cellular respo...
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding between remote termini

Abstract [10]-Semirubin (1) and [20]-semirubin (2), with dipyrrinones covalently linked to C10 and C20 fatty acid chains, were synthesized following Friedel–Crafts acylation of the parent 9-H dipyrrinone, (4Z)-2,3,7,8-tetramethyl-(10H)-dipyrrin-1-one, with the diacid chlorides of decanedioic acid and eicosanedioic acid, respectively. Both of these bright yellow pigments are monomeric in CHCl3 solvent: MWobs=394±20 for 1 (formula weight 386), and 533±20 for 2 (formula weight 526) as determined by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) measurements. In contrast, their methyl esters are dimeric in CHCl3. 1H{1H}-Nuclear Overhauser effects are found between the lactam NH and carboxylic acid OH of 1 and 2, consistent with the type of intramolecular hydrogen bonding found in bilirubin (the yellow pigment of jaundice) and its analogs.
Peptide transport in plants

Recent completion of the Arabidopsis genome revealed that this organism has ten times more peptide transporters than any other sequenced organism (prokaryote or eukaryote). These transporters are found in three protein families: the ABC-type transporters; the di- and tripeptide transporters; and the newly described tetra- and pentapeptide oligopetide transporters. The abundance of these transporters suggests that they play diverse and important roles in plant growth and development. Possible substrates for these transporters include glutathione, gamma-glutamyl peptides, hormone-amino acid conjugates, phytosulfokine, peptide-like compounds and peptide phytotoxins. However, the exact role of peptide transport in plants is still undefined.
The Solubility of Amino Acids in Mixtures of Water and Aliphatic Alcohols

Crystallization is one of the most frequently utilized separation operations in the pharmaceutical industry as a purification step and for producing a solid product with a desired particle size distribution. This crystallization or precipitation is often effected by the addition of a miscible nonsolvent that drastically reduces the solubility of the solute in the mixture. In order to characterize the important phenomena in the crystallization of molecules that have biological significance, we have studied the fundamentals of the crystallization of biochemicals by nonsolvent addition using a model system: the crystallization of amino acids from mixtures of water and aliphatic alcohols.
An Introduction to Expressive and Creative Techniques for Counselors in Training

This column is designed to underscore relationally-based creative teaching practices used by counselor educators in the classroom. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways for counselor educators and students to deepen their learning while collaborating toward a spirit of connection and cooperation. If you have implemented a creative teaching method, or if you have adapted an existing method that you would like to share with readers, please follow submission guidelines in the author information packet available at http://www.creativecounselor.org/Journal.html Expressive techniques can be useful for helping clients communicate their inner thoughts and feelings. As a greater awareness and acceptance of expressive techniques occurs, counselor educators are faced with deciding if, when, and how to introduce these modalities in counselor preparation programs. This article describes how students were introduced to various expressive techniques as part of an Advanced Theory and Techniques c...
Forskolin-inducible cAMP Pathway Negatively Regulates T-cell Proliferation by Uncoupling the Interleukin-2 Receptor Complex

Cytokine-mediated regulation of T-cell activity involves a complex interplay between key signal transduction pathways. Determining how these signaling pathways cross-talk is essential to understanding T-cell function and dysfunction. In this work, we provide evidence that cross-talk exists between at least two signaling pathways: the Jak3/Stat5 and cAMP-mediated cascades. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (Fsk) significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels and reduced proliferation of the human T-cells via inhibition of cell cycle regulatory genes but did not induce apoptosis. To determine this inhibitory mechanism, effects of Fsk on IL-2 signaling was investigated. Fsk treatment of MT-2 and Kit 225 T-cells inhibited IL-2-induced Stat5a/b tyrosine and serine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding activity. Fsk treatment also uncoupled IL-2 induced association of the IL-2Rβ and γc chain, consequently blocking Jak3 activation. Interestingly, phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that Fsk-treated cells resulted in elevated serine phosphorylation of Jak3 but not Stat5, suggesting that Fsk can negatively regulate Jak3 activity possibly mediated through PKA. Indeed, in vitro kinase assays and small molecule inhibition studies indicated that PKA can directly serine phosphorylate and functionally inactivate Jak3. Taken together, these findings suggest that Fsk activation of adenylate cyclase and PKA can negatively regulate IL-2 signaling at multiple levels that include IL-2R complex formation and Jak3/Stat5 activation. Background: Within activated T-cells, the binding of IL-2 to its receptor initiates the Jak3/Stat5 cascade culminating in proliferation. Results: Elevated levels of cAMPi within activated T-cells suppresses proliferation by targeting multiple levels of the IL-2R cascade. Conclusion: Cross-talk occurs between cAMP/PKA and the IL-2R/Jak3/Stat5 cascade in human T-cells. Significance: Therapeutic potential exists in manipulating the described cross-talk for the treatment of various immune diseases.
Small LiF Prism Spectrometer for Space Applications.

LiF prism spectrometer for space applications, discussing vacuum UV transmission and mechanical properties
Recurrent Peritonitis: Evidence for Possible Viral Etiology

A 45-year-old woman who was treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) developed recurrent peritonitis characterized by cloudy effluents, elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts (predominantly lymphocytes), and negative culture results. This case report suggests that she may have had viral peritonitis as indicated by a positive viral culture, the presence of viral antibodies in serum and peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE), hematological findings, and cell surface receptor studies. The possibility of a viral cause should be considered in patients with culture-negative peritonitis, especially if they do not respond to antibiotics.
Selective Toxicity of Pirimicarb, Carbaryl and Methamidophos to Green Peach Aphid, (Myzus persicae) (Sulzer), Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Timberlake) and Chrysopa oculata Say.

The selective toxic insecticidal properties of pirimicarb, carbaryl and methamidophos to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and its predators, Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Timberlake) and Chrysopa oculata (Say) were studied. Pirimicarb was less toxic than carbaryl and methamidophos to C. maculata and C. oculata and more toxic to aphids. The selectivity ratio for pirimicarb indicating selectivity favoring the predators was ca. 4000:1.
Electrochemical destruction of N -Nitrosodimethylamine in reverse osmosis concentrates using boron-doped diamond film electrodes

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrodes were used to electrochemically destroy N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in reverse osmosis (RO) concentrates. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and hardness on rates of NDMA destruction via both oxidation and reduction. Experimental results showed that NDMA oxidation rates were not affected by DOC, Cl−, or HCO3− at concentrations present in RO concentrates. However, hydroxyl radical scavenging at 100 mM concentrations of HCO3− and Cl− shifted the reaction mechanism of NDMA oxidation from hydroxyl radical mediated to direct electron transfer oxidation. In the 100 mM Cl− electrolyte experimental evidence suggests that the in situ production of ClO3• also contributes to NDMA oxidation. Density functional theory calculations support a reaction mechanism between ClO3• and NDMA, with an activation barrier of 7.2 kJ/mol. Flow-through experiments with RO concentrate yielded surf...
Regional codon randomization: defining a TATA-binding protein surface required for RNA polymerase III transcription

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is required for transcription by all three nuclear RNA polymerases. TBP was subjected to regional codon randomization, a codon-based mutagenesis method that generates complex yet compact protein libraries. Analysis of 186 temperature-sensitive TBP mutants yielded 65 specifically defective in transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). These mutants map to a limited TBP surface that may interact with Tds4, a component of the Pol III transcription factor TFIIIB. Strains that contain the Pol III-defective derivatives have increased amounts of messenger RNA, which suggests that competition among TBP-interacting factors for limiting quantities of TBP determines the ratio of Pol II and Pol III transcription in vivo.
Modeling longitudinal drinking data in clinical trials: An application to the COMBINE study

Abstract Background There is a lack of consensus in the literature as to how to define drinking outcomes in clinical trials. Typically, separate statistical models are fit to assess treatment effects on several summary drinking measures. These summary measures do not capture the complexity of drinking behavior. We used the COMBINE study to illustrate a statistical approach for examining treatment effects on high-resolution drinking data. Methods This is a secondary data analysis of COMBINE participants randomly assigned to naltrexone, acamprosate, with medical management and/or combined behavioral intervention (CBI). Using a Poisson hurdle model, abstinence and number of drinks were simultaneously modeled as a function of treatment and covariates. An emphasis was placed on the evaluation of “risky drinking” (3 drinks/day for women and 4 for men). Results During treatment, naltrexone increased the odds of abstinence vs placebo naltrexone (OR = 1.35 [1.06, 1.65]) but receiving CBI in addition to naltrexone (vs not) obscured this effect; thus, the naltrexone effect was largest in the group not receiving CBI (OR = 1.87 [1.29, 2.46]). Naltrexone vs placebo naltrexone also reduced the risk of drinking in those who resumed risky drinking (RR = 0.58 [0.24, 0.93]) and increased the odds of maintaining low risk drinking (OT = 1.99 [1.07, 2.90]). Both effects were strongest in the absence of CBI when only “medical management” was provided. Conclusions The hurdle model is an appropriate statistical tool for assessing the effect of treatment on the two part drinking process, abstinence and number of drinks. When applied to COMBINE, results bolster the use of naltrexone in promoting abstinence and reduction in risky drinking.
The effects of exposure route on DNA adduct formation and cellular proliferation by 1,2,3-trichloropropane

1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) induces high incidences of tumors at multiple sites in mice and rats when administered chronically by gavage. The animal tumor data are being used to predict human risk from potential exposure to TCP in drinking water. Risk assessment may be affected by differences in the route of exposure. Gavage administration, which results in high bolus concentrations compared to drinking water exposure, may quantitatively affect toxicokinetics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. We have examined the effects of TCP exposure by the two routes on the formation of DNA adducts and the induction of cellular proliferation. Male B6C3F1 mice were administered [14C]TCP for 1 week by gavage or in drinking water at the low dose (6 mg/kg) used in the NTP carcinogenesis bioassay. Two target organs (forestomach and liver) and two nontarget organs (glandular stomach and kidney) were examined for DNA adduct formation. Adducts were hydrolyzed from DNA, isolated by HPLC, and quantitated by measuring HPLC fractions for radioactivity. In the forestomach, liver, and kidney, gavage administration of TCP resulted in 1.4-to 2.4-fold greater yields of the major DNA adduct, previously identified as S-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione. Significant differences in cell proliferation, as determined by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA, were also observed for the two routes. Gavage administration of TCP for 2 weeks resulted in up to a threefold greater cell proliferation rate relative to administration in drinking water. Our findings of exposure-related differences in TCP-induced DNA adduct formation and cell proliferation suggest that a risk assessment based on the existing gavage study may overestimate human risk.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MICROWAVE HEATING BY THE METHOD OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Dimensional analysis was used to develop a predictive mathematical model for microwave heating of water. Water properties (density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and dielectric loss factor), power output and frequency of microwave, and geometric parameters were included in the dimensionless terms. Two household microwave cavities (donated by Tappan and Litton) were used. Time-temperature data were collected using a Luxtron fluoroptic temperature sensor (model 750) equipped with fiber optic probes. the predictive model, which was based on data taken in a Litton microwave cavity, was used to predict heating time of water in a Tappan microwave cavity. the results showed good agreement between the measured and the predicted time duration, with a high correlation coefficient (R2=. 99).
Solid-angle correction factors for coaxial Ge(Li) detectors

Abstract A method for computing the finite solid-angle correction factors for coaxial Ge(Li) detectors is presented. In particular, the correction factors Q k for odd k are discussed. The computer program employed for the calculation is presented, and the results of the calculation are compared with experimental values.
High-Resolution Lower Atmospheric Transmission Predictions Over Long Paths

For the development of long range infrared sensors, it is important to have an accurate assessment of the transmission of IR radiation in the atmosphere. Measured experimental data to date have been obtained over tens of kilometers. In this paper a theoretical analysis of factors affecting clear band atmospheric transmission over ranges exceeding 200 km is presented. The analysis considers altitudes below 10 km (important for detection of low altitude targets) in the IR and uses a Grumman line-by-line code, LINETRAN, which incorporates the AFGL Line Parameter Atlas. Multiple atmospheric layers in LINETRAN account for the effects of refraction and altitude-dependent absorbers. The absorption contribution from each layer is calculated and summed to give the total transmission between the source and the observer. LINETRAN molecular absorption (smoothed to 20 cm-1 resolution)is compared to the molecular absorption predicted by the band-model code LOWTRAN for several clear bands and several ranges. The relative effects of humidity and visibility on band integrated transmission are then shown. Molecular line absorption, molecular continuum absorption, and aerosol extinction are included for two clear bands. The need for measurement of atmospheric parameters such as humidity and visibility during long range transmission measurements is seen to be essential for further progress in long range atmospheric modeling.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-assembly of spherical colloidal silica along the [100] direction of the FCC lattice and geometric control of crystallite formation

Opalescent starburst patterns were formed on a convex surface by sedimenting colloidal silica spheres with a low silica volume fraction. The opalescent starburst patterns were also formed by the radial expansion of the meniscus when sedimented samples were slowly dried. The dependence of starburst formation on the rate of sedimentation and drying was experimentally investigated. Self-assembled opals fabricated from colloidal silica spheres grew vertically along the [100] direction of the face-centered cubic lattice. Elongated single-crystal crystallites nearly 1 cm wide and a few centimeters long formed in the curve at the bottom of an ordinary laboratory beaker from sedimenting 200- and 290-nm colloidal silica spheres. The elongated crystallites appear to be the result of an increased sedimentation rate, which creates favorable growth conditions. This is caused by the presence of the curve in the beaker and the spheres' inability to expand into the interior of the beaker before being sedimented. A narrowing of crystallites is shown to result from the competition between neighboring crystallites and large crystallites are shown to result from a lack of competition during their formation.
Dye-sensitized photooxidation of phenanthrene.

Abstract The dye-sensitized photooxidation of phenanthrene has been studied in a two-phase system employing n -hexane and water. Rose bengal was used as a sensitizer. A number of volatile oxidation products are observed and characterized by GC-MS-COM methods. The data suggest that one oxidation route involves the conversion of phenanthrene to 9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene which is related to the potentially carcinogenic arene oxides of more highly condensed polynuclear hydrocarbons. These results may have significance in connection with the enhancement of aberrant effects on biological systems produced by polynuclear hydrocarbons upon exposure to light.
Collaborative quickest detection in adhoc networks with delay constraint -part II:Multi-node network

In the first part of this two-part paper, we initiate the study of collaborative quickest detection in an adhoc setting for a simple two-node scenario. In this part, we extend our study to the general multi-node network, where we also explicitly address information exchange protocol and network topology control. We further consider block transmission mode and correlated observations. In each scenario, corresponding multi-thread cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithms and performance analysis are given. Numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis.
Cost Rates of Extending Unemployment Insurance to Agricultural Employment

This study uses the results of a regression equation for seventeen survey states to predict the cost rate of extending unemployment insurance (UI) to agricultural employment for each of the forty-eight contiguous states. The equation included work force and UI system variables as regressors. For the United States, the cost rate averaged 3.3% of taxable payroll and ranged from 0.8% to 8.5% among states. With hardly any exceptions, the extension of UI to agriculture will not threaten the solvency of states' UI trust funds.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen 44 Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Bis‐(ß‐chloräthyl)‐phosphinsäure‐Derivaten [1]

Reaction of ClCH2CH2PCl2 with ethylene oxide gives the phosphonous acid ester ClCH2CH2P (OCH2CH2Cl)2 which on heating to 120° rearranges to the phosphinic acid ester (ClCH2CH2)2P(O)OCH2CH2Cl (3). Chlorination of 3 with PCl5 in CCl4-solution yields the phosphinic chloride (ClCH2CH2)P(O)Cl (4), which on treatment with P2S5 at 170° produces the thioderivative, (ClCH2CH2)2P(S)Cl, (5). Treatment of 4 and 5 with alcohols, mercaptanes, or amines in the presence of an acid binding agent leads to the corresponding phosphinic and thiophosphinic acid derivatives, (ClCH2CH2) P (X)Y, (X = O, S; Y = OR, SR, NR2) (6). Reaction of 6 with excess base yields the corresponding divinylphosphinic and divinylthiophosphinic acid derivatives (CH2 = CH)2P (X) Y (X = O, S; Y = OR, SR, NR2) (7). Bis-(s-chloroethyl)-phosphinates, e. g. (ClCH2CH2)2P (O) OEt, undergo a Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction when heated with phosphites to 160–170° to give bis-(phosphonylethyl)-phosphinates, e.g. (EtO) (O)P[CH2CH2CH2P(O)(OEt)2]2 (8), which on hydrolysis with conc. HCl under reflux yield the corresponding acid HO2P(CH2CH2PO3H2)2.
Convergence of Gradient-Type Methods for Free Final Time Problems

Gradient-type methods which employ penalty functions typically have difficulties in solving optimal control problems with variable final time. Methods for improving the rate of convergence are presented. The first approach involves simply guaranteeing that the initial iterate final time is less than the optimal final time. Heuristic reasons for this approach are presented along with a simple example which illustrates why such an approach is effective. The second approach involves the use of a two-dimensional search routine, with a final time parameter and the control vector correction length as the parameters. The number of function evaluations is reasonable because of the availability of J(0,0), Ja(0,0), and JT(0,0), where J(a,T) is the two-parameter function to be minimized, and since a recursive quadratic surface fitting procedure is employed. The approach is illustrated on two aerospace trajectory optimization problems.
Advanced skeletal development in low-incomeNegro children

The age at radiographic appearance of postnatal ossification centers of 1,942 American Negro children proved to be advanced over the age at appearance in the same hand centers in 3,046 boys and girls of European ancestry, by approximately 0.5 standard deviations, even though the socioeconomic status of the Negro children was 0.6 income/needs units lower than that of the Caucasian sample.
Characterization of the inhibition of glutathione reductase and the recovery of enzyme activity in exponentially growing murine leukemia (L1210) cells treated with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.

Abstract The inactivation of the enzyme glutathione reductase by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) was studied in exponentially growing murine leukemia cells. A 1-hr incubation with 1.6 ± 0.2 μ M BCNU resulted in a 50% inhibition of glutathione reductase, while 10 μM BCNU caused total inhibition of the enzyme. The time required for 50% inhibition of glutathione reductase by 10 μM BCNU was 7 min. The recovery of glutathione reductase activity was studied by incubating cells with 10 μM BCNU for 30 min to inhibit all glutathione reductase activity, washing the cells free of drug, and continuing the incubation in fresh medium. Fifty percent of the activity returned within 12 hr. Glutathione reductase activity recovered normally when cell growth and DNA synthesis were inhibited in the cells, but it failed to recover when protein synthesis was inhibited. Therefore, the inactivation of glutathione reductase appears irreversible, and the recovery of enzymatic activity is dependent on the synthesis of new protein. Continuous incubation with 19.8 ± 0.4 μ M BCNU resulted in a 50% inhibition of cell growth. A 1-hr incubation with 7.3 ± 0.8 μ M BCNU resulted in a 50% loss of viability as measured by a soft agar clonogenic assay. These experiments quantify the inhibition of glutathione reductase by BCNU and the recovery of enzyme activity in the context of the toxic effects of the compound. A clinically useful inhibitor of glutathione reductase will require a wider difference between the concentrations required for enzyme inhibition and cytotoxicity than BCNU provides.
Space-based middleware for loosely-coupled distributed systems

We describe two distinct distributed systems, MeasureMe and GeoPresence. As with all distributed software systems, these require support for communication, coordination, task distribution and persistent shared data. In this paper, we show how the tuple spaces paradigm provides the required communication and coordination, and how its use facilitates our achieving scalability, extensibility, data persistency and ease of software component upgrades.
Multifocal recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach in a pediatric patient associated with ovarian fibroma: Case report and literature review

Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare in children. Clinical symptoms include hematemesis, anemia and fatigue. They have malignant potential with unpredictable behavior. They are associated with high risk of local recurrence. Gastric location of GISTs is most commonly associated with other neoplasms. We report a rare case of recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach associated with benign ovarian fibroma. This casual relationship of this association is unknown and remains to be investigated. Increased awareness of such association is important for early diagnosis and treatment.
A new model predicting locomotor cost from limb length via force production

Notably absent from the existing literature is an explicit biomechanical model linking limb design to the energy cost of locomotion, COL. Here, I present a simple model that predicts the rate of force production necessary to support the body and swing the limb during walking and running as a function of speed, limb length, limb proportion, excursion angle and stride frequency. The estimated rate of force production is then used to predict COL via this model following previous studies that have linked COL to force production. To test this model, oxygen consumption and kinematics were measured in nine human subjects while walking and running on a treadmill at range of speeds. Following the model, limb length, speed, excursion angle and stride frequency were used to predict the rate of force production both to support the body's center of mass and to swing the limb. Model-predicted COL was significantly correlated with observed COL, performing as well or better than contact time and Froude number as a predictor of COL for running and walking, respectively. Furthermore, the model presented here predicts relationships between COL, kinematic variables and body size that are supported by published reduced-gravity experiments and scaling studies. Results suggest the model is useful for predicting COL from anatomical and kinematic variables, and may be useful in intra- and inter-specific studies of locomotor anatomy and performance.
Use of lithium in children and adolescents.

Abstract The evidence for lithium's efficacy in psychiatric disorders of children and adolescents is surveyed, with discussion of the results of short- and long-term maintenance treatment and side effects. Because most reports are not well-documented and/or have methodologic flaws, at present, clear recommendations for use of lithium in this population cannot be given. However, there is some suggestion that behavioral symptoms, particularly aggressiveness, if accompanied by a strong affective-explosive component, decrease with lithium administration.
Thermodynamics of Quarks

Abstract The thermodynamical behaviour of quarks near the deconfinement phase transition is investigated. Based on what one knows in general about first-order phase transitions we argue that the dynamical breakdown of the centre symmetry which drives the deconfinement phase transition is accompanied by a domain formation which sets in slightly below te critical temperature of the phase transition. The inclusion of the domain dynamics in the calculation of the quark distribution function implies that the quark temperature is effectively divided by the number of colours; i.e., the quarks appear effectively cooler. Since the energy density of the quarks then has a lower temperature we expect that this effect should be reflected in the lepton pair production.
Infanticide and parental behavior in wild female house mice: Effects of ovariectomy, adrenalectomy and administration of oxytocin and prostaglandin F2α

We have previously observed that about 60% of virgin, wild female house mice (Mus musculus), that were the offspring of wild mice trapped in Missouri, exhibited infanticide when a single 2-day-old pup was placed into each female's home cage. But, by the end of pregnancy, there was a significant increase (to 90%) in the proportion of wild female mice that exhibited infanticide. At parturition, infanticide was inhibited and parental behavior was induced in all females. In the present study we examined the influence of ovarian and adrenal hormones, as well as two hormones associated with pregnancy and parturition: oxytocin and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF), in regulating infanticide and parental behavior in wild female house mice. The presence or absence of gonadal and adrenal hormones did not influence the frequency of infanticidal behavior in adult female mice. Subcutaneous injections of either oxytocin or PGF inhibited infanticide in previously infanticidal pregnant females 1 hr after injection, but only oxytocin served to also facilitate parental behavior (most PGF-treated females left the pup untouched). Oxytocin, but not PGF, was effective in inhibiting infanticide in previously infanticidal virgin females. These findings suggest that, by themselves, ovarian and adrenal hormones do not mediate the exhibition of infanticide by wild female mice, but the lack of response to PGF in virgin females suggests that endocrine changes during pregnancy (possibly changes in steroids) may modulate the inhibitory effects of PGF on infanticide.
Introital stenosis requiring pelvic resection and soft tissue reconstruction.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Introital stenosis from both bony and soft tissue contracture is an unusual clinical problem not well addressed in the literature. CASE: A woman with a history of pelvic irradiation at age 1 for malignancy presented with severe introital stenosis unresponsive to conservative topical and dilatational therapy. She ultimately required staged bony resection of her infantile pelvis and soft tissue reconstruction to reestablish her introital aperature to an adequate and functional size. CONCLUSION: Introital stenosis from childhood requires a different treatment because development of the pelvis may not have been normal, and bony narrowing may exist in conjunction with soft tissue contracture. A staged multispecialty approach is recommended to treat this interesting variant of introital stenosis.
Carbon Dioxide Dynamics During a Growing Season in Midwestern Cropping Systems

Daily and seasonal CO2-exchange dynamics between the boundary layer and biosphere is important to understanding Net Ecosystem Exchange of terrestrial ecosystems. Spatial and temporal variations of CO2 fluxes across midwestern cropping systems have not been well documented. This study was designed to monitor and evaluate spatial and temporal dynamics of CO2 exchange across a watershed region for typical production fields of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the Midwest by quantifying the above-canopy, within-canopy, and soil components of C balance for this cropping system. An energy-balance approach using eddy covariance was utilized across different fields making year-around measurements in both corn and soybean fields to quantify the exchange of CO2 and H2O between the crop canopy and the atmospheric boundary layer. Within-canopy concentrations of CO2 and H2O vapor were measured with an eight-port CO2/H2O infrared analyzer. Soil respiration was quantified using soil chambers at various landscape positions throughout the growing season. Fluxes of CO2 and H2O vapor throughout the day were dependent on net radiation and the stage of canopy development. Diurnal variations in CO2 and H2O vapor fluxes revealed that the magnitude of the fluxes is large and the variation of the fluxes among fields was consistent throughout the season. Integration of the daily fluxes into seasonal totals showed large differences among crops and fields. Flux differences were the result of the effect of varying soil types on water-holding capacity. Seasonal integrated values were lower than estimates derived from biomass samples collected within the fields and the measurement of the C content of the biomass. Within-canopy recycling of soil CO2 may provide insight to this discrepancy. The techniques are available to quantify the CO2 and H2O vapor fluxes across different management systems and landscapes to help refine our understanding of the magnitude of the CO2 and H2O dynamics in cropping systems.
Predictors of lime needs for pH and aluminum management of New York agricultural soils.

Periodic lime addition is recommended for naturally acidic agricultural soils, as soil pH affects nutrient availability and the toxicity of elements such as Al. Currently, lime requirements (LRs) for New York soils are derived from the actual and target pH, and exchange acidity (EA) determined by BaCl 2 -triethanolamine (TEA) titration, a time-consuming and toxic-waste-generating procedure. Our objectives were to: (i) calibrate and evaluate four buffer pH methods and EA as predictors of LRs; and (ii) determine the impact of CaCO 3 addition on Morgan-extractable Al (MEA). Forty-three soils, ranging in EA from 4.1 to 18.6 cmol c kg -1 , were collected from New York agricultural areas. Eighteen soils were incubated at 21°C for 12 wk with CaCO3 added at six rates. The EA-based method was highly correlated with incubation LR (r 2 > 0.96, RMSE < 0.62) across the 18 soils. A comparison of LRs derived by EA and buffer pH applied to all 43 soils showed the highest correlation and lowest RMSE for the modified Mehlich (MM) and Mehlich buffers (r 2 = 0.91, RMSE = 0.88-0.89). The MM buffer has the advantage of not generating toxic waste. These buffers were followed by the Shoemaker-McLean-Pratt (r 2 = 0.90, RMSE = 0.96) and Sikora (r 2 = 0.87, RMSE = 1.09) buffers. Final MEA levels could be accurately predicted when initial MEA, CaCO3 application rate, and soil organic matter (OM) content were known. The MM buffer is an acceptable replacement of the EA-based method for predicting LRs, and initial MEA and OM level are necessary to determine the amount of CaCO 3 needed for a specific target MEA.
A current view of tamoxifen for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer

Tamoxifen has been found to be a safe and effective treatment for all stages of breast cancer. Long term tamoxifen therapy is associated with some rare, but potentially serious, side effects so patients should be carefully monitored. However, long term tamoxifen therapy is also associated with a number of physiological benefits over and above its tumouristatic action. These benefits include a decrease in the development of contralateral breast cancer, the maintenance of bone density in postmenopausal women and a decrease in cardiovascular disease. The successful application of tamoxifen to treat breast cancer has increased enthusiasm to test its worth to prevent breast cancer. Although there are individual requests by patients for tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer, individual treatment is inappropriate. Tamoxifen can only be adequately evaluated as a preventive in randomized, double-blind clinical trials. These trials are in place and physicians should encourage women to participate and establish a new therapeutic option as rapidly as possible.
Computational modeling for reasoning about the social behavior of humans

The number of computationally-based models of human social behavior is growing rapidly. In fact, the current ease of programming is resulting in a plethora of tools with impressive interfaces but little theoretical power under the hood. Further, the overabundance of new toolkits for building models is facilitating the excessively rapid growth of simple proof-of-concept, or intellective, models. The current state of models range from the simplistic to the elaborate, from the conceptual to the empirical, and from the purely notional to the validatable. This review briefly describes the state of human social behavioral modeling. Key issues surrounding analysis and validation are discussed.
THz Characterization of DNA Four-Way Junction and Its Components

The four-way DNA junction that is a structural building block for DNA self-assemblies has been widely studied by diffraction methods and other physical techniques. However, terahertz (THz) spectroscopic characterization, which can reveal specific absorption fingerprints from different DNA structures and sequences, has not been reported yet. In this study, we present the spectral features of the four-way nucleic acid junction, its single- and double-stranded components, and their stoichiometric mixtures in the 10-25 cm-1 frequency range. We demonstrated that sub-THz vibrational spectroscopy can be used for sensing and characterizing the nanosize biomolecular architectures with well-defined composition and sequence. The results show that we can distinguish between the spectral features for all materials examined. Samples with amounts of material as low as 400 ng can be characterized. Thus, the resolved vibrational spectroscopy in the low-THz range can be used as a powerful tool to characterize the DNA junction structures and its components, as well as to monitor the J1 junction formation process.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of the low dielectric constant of fluorinated silica

Fluorinated silica has a dielectric constant E in the range of 3—3.5, lower than that of F-free SiO2 (ω=4). The reasons behind this reduction are controversial. It is not known whether the electronic or ionic contributions to the overall screening are being diminished upon F doping. To shed more light on this phenomenon we have studied F-doped SiO2 with ab-initio modeling and various characterization techniques. FTIR transmission and spectroscopic ellipsometry give us information about the ionic and electronic contributions to ω Nuclear reaction analysis and Auger spectrometry measure F composition. XPS and FTIR provide information on the atomic structure and stability of the film. We use a large cell of cristobalite to model fluorinated silica theoretically. The ground state geometry is obtained via energy minimization. We calculate the vibrational density of states and find a localized mode (Si-F stretch), in good agreement with FTIR transmission. We analyze the effects of F incorporation on the dielectric properties.
Phosphorylation-dependent conformational switch in spin-labeled phospholamban bound to SERCA.

We have used chemical synthesis, functional reconstitution, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to probe the functional dynamics of phospholamban (PLB), which regulates the Ca-ATPase (SERCA) in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. The transmembrane domain of PLB inhibits SERCA at low [Ca 2+ ], but the cytoplasmic domain relieves this inhibition upon Ser16 phosphorylation. Monomeric PLB was synthesized with Ala11 replaced by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid (TOAC) spin label, which reports peptide backbone dynamics directly. PLB was reconstituted into membranes in the presence or absence of SERCA. TOAC–PLB showed normal inhibitory function, which was reversed by phosphorylation at Ser16 or by micromolar [Ca 2+ ]. EPR showed that the PLB cytoplasmic domain exhibits two resolved conformations, a tense T state that is ordered and a relaxed R state that is dynamically disordered and extended. PLB phosphorylation shifts this equilibrium toward the R state and makes it more dynamic (hyperextended). Phosphorylation strongly perturbs the dynamics of SERCA-bound PLB without dissociating the complex, while micromolar [Ca 2+ ] has no effect on PLB dynamics. A lipid anchor synthetically attached to the N terminus of PLB permits Ca-dependent SERCA inhibition but prevents the phosphorylation-induced disordering and reversal of inhibition. We conclude that the relief of SERCA inhibition by PLB phosphorylation is due to an order-to-disorder transition in the cytoplasmic domain of PLB, which allows this domain to extend above the membrane surface and induce a structural change in the cytoplasmic domain of SERCA. This mechanism is distinct from the one that relieves PLB-dependent SERCA inhibition upon the addition of micromolar [Ca 2+ ].
Characterization of a Novel Microcin That Kills Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O26

A novel phenotype was recently identified in which specific strains of Escherichia coli inhibit competing E. coli strains via a mechanism that was designated "proximity-dependent inhibition" (PDI). PDI-expressing (PDI(+)) E. coli is known to inhibit susceptible (PDI(-)) E. coli strains, including several enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) E. coli strains. In this study, every strain from a genetically diverse panel of E. coli O157:H7 (n = 25) and additional strains of E. coli serovar O26 were susceptible to the PDI phenotype. LIVE/DEAD staining was consistent with inhibition by killing of susceptible cells. Comparative genome analysis identified the genetic component of PDI, which is composed of a plasmid-borne (Incl1) operon encoding a putative microcin and associated genes for transport, immunity, and microcin activation. Transfer of the plasmid to a PDI(-) strain resulted in transfer of the phenotype, and deletion of the genes within the operon resulted in loss of the inhibition phenotype. Deletion of chromosomally encoded tolC also resulted in loss of the inhibitory phenotype, and this confirmed that the putative microcin is most likely secreted via a type I secretion pathway. Deletion of an unrelated plasmid gene did not affect the PDI phenotype. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR demonstrated that microcin expression is correlated with logarithmic-phase growth. The ability to inhibit a diversity of E. coli strains indicates that this microcin may influence gut community composition and could be useful for control of important enteric pathogens.