cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructive Leader Behaviors, Likelihood of Derailment, and the Cuboid Personality Framework: A Replication and Extension of Gough (1990)

Gough (1990b) applied the California Psychological Inventory's (CPI) “cuboid” framework to various leadership contexts, noting the potential for continued, future application of this model within the leadership domain. However, subsequent to this initial investigation (and one similarly oriented but differently executed project), no cuboid follow-up has taken place. Applying the framework to a large sample of international managers, cuboid classifications were recorded across cultural regions, gender, race, age, organizational level, and industry. Associations with indices of leadership effectiveness and derailment were documented via averaged 360° ratings. Results generally support norm-favoring individuals as exhibiting leadership advantage, although this effect differed slightly across the leadership dimension being assessed (although remaining relatively stable across hierarchical leadership position). Potential future applications of the cuboid model to the management and leadership domains are suggested primarily in the topical areas of cross-cultural leadership (different occupancy rates were documented across regions of origin), leadership emergence (interpersonally oriented, norm-favoring individuals predominantly occupied leadership positions), and leader development (low “satisfaction” and rule-questioning leaders were generally rated as having lower effectiveness ratings and an increased likelihood of derailment).
Trends in unincorporated places, 1950–60

Examinanse en esie estudio las tendencies observadas durante el decenio de 1950 a 1960 en las localidades no incorporadas, de mas de 1,000 habitantes segun el censo.En el transcurso de esos anos, el numero de tales localidades bajo de 1472 a 1468 unicamente, pero se agregaron alrededor de 600 nuevas. Senalanse las razones de la desaparicion de tales localidades, asi como los cambios en su numero por region y localizacion metropolitana.
Management of diffuse pollution in groundwater under imprecise conditions using fuzzy models

This paper presents a framework for evaluation of nitrate control strategies that use spatially variable nitrogen input in the presence of imprecise information. The research stems from the fact that diffuse pollution has caused water consumers to be concerned with reducing the risk posed by contaminated water supplies. An important element in quantifying risk reduction is the use of simulation modeling to predict the transport and fate of contaminants under variable rate application as employed in a wellhead protection area strategy. Specifically, a groundwater model is linked with an unsaturated zone transport (and crop production) model which provides the nutrient and recharge loading rates to the saturated zone. To consider uncertainty stemming from the unsaturated zone model output, in addition to aquifer parameters, a new groundwater modeling technique is developed in which fuzzy set theory is combined with finite-difference modeling methods. The groundwater model incorporates imprecise parameters (i.e., transmissivity) into the modelling process through the use of fuzzy set theory. Imprecision has been encoded directly into the finite-difference equations using fuzzy numbers as input, and level-set operations combined with non-linear optimization are used to solve the system of equations. The resulting fuzzy output can be interpreted as the level of imprecision associated with the model. A case study is presented to illustrate the methodology.
Identification of murine uterine genes regulated in a ligand-dependent manner by the progesterone receptor.

Progesterone (P4) acting through its cognate receptor, the progesterone receptor (PR), plays an important role in uterine physiology. The PR knockout (PRKO) mouse has demonstrated the importance of the P4-PR axis in the regulation of uterine function. To define the molecular pathways regulated by P4-PR in the mouse uterus, Affymetrix MG U74Av2 oligonucleotide arrays were used to identify alterations in gene expression after acute and chronic P4 treatments. PRKO and wild-type mice were ovariectomized and then treated with vehicle or 1 mg P4 every 12 h. Mice were killed either 4 h after the first injection (acute P4 treatment) or after the fourth injection of P4 (chronic P4 treatment). At the genomic level, the major change in gene expression after acute P4 treatment was an increase in the expression of 55 genes. Conversely, the major change in gene expression after chronic P4 treatment was an overall reduction in the expression of 102 genes. In the analysis, retinoic acid metabolic genes, cytochrome P 450 ...
Sample Selection for Ceramic Use-alteration Analysis: the Effects of Abrasion on Soot

Abstract Ceramic use-alteration analysis is a useful approach to determine vessel function. However, some forms of post-use alteration hinder analysts from recognizing use alteration and/or selecting appropriate samples for analysis. This paper illustrates how, through replication and experimental work, researchers can determine which pieces are relatively unaffected by post-use processes and should have preserved use alteration. The case study here considers the effects of one post-use process (abrasion) on one kind of use alteration (sooting) on one type of material (low-fired, fibre-tempered ceramic vessels broken into sherds). Fragmentation and nonuse alteration of vessel and sherd surfaces are problems particularly for Late Archaic (5000–3000 bp ) fibre-tempered ceramic assemblages from the Southeast and Midwest United States. First, the identification of soot on fibre-tempered sherds from three Archaic sites in Georgia is described. Manufacturing method and firing temperatures for Archaic vessels were then determined, and this information was used to produce test tiles and vessels for use in abrasion experiments. Test tiles and sooted sherds were abraded with water and gravel for different periods of time to observe soot removal. Guidelines for sample selection of fibre-tempered sherds for use-alteration analysis are based on these experimental observations.
Amnestic effects of sodium oxybate are less than those of triazolam—reply to Drs. Zvosec and Smith

We would like to thank Drs. Zvosec and Smith for their compliments regarding our recent study of the effects of sodium oxybate and triazolam on different types of memory processes. We agree that these topics are important, in need of rigorous study, and have practical clinical implications. We also agree with Drs. Zvosec and Smith that there are potential differences between the number of forensic cases in which a drug can be detected and in which a drug was actually ingested. The difference between these two numbers is likely to be dependent on several factors, such as the dose of drug administered, the rate of drug metabolism, the storage of drug in body tissues, the ease of drug detection, and the availability of specific and sensitive forensic tests for the drug. For these reasons, the difference between the number of cases in which a drug is detected and the number of cases in which a drug is administered is likely to be larger for GHB compared to other drugs. However, even supposing that the detection of GHB is somewhat underestimated, the number of cases in which GHB is detected represents a small fraction of the number of cases in which ethanol is detected; a drug that is also metabolized relatively quickly (ElSohly and Salamone 1999; Slaughter 2000).
Characterization and Regulations of the Receptor for Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the FRTL-5 Rat Thyroid Follicular Cell Line*

In previous studies we have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has a mitogenic effect in a line of rat thyroid follicular cells, the FRTL-5. In view of this effect, we undertook studies to identify and characterize some physicochemical and binding properties of the receptor for IGF-I in these cells and to determine what role it plays in the mitogenic activity of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in the FRTL-5 cell. Binding of 125I-labeled IGF-I (biosynthetic Thr59-IGF-I) to FRTL-5 was a function of time, temperature, and pH and was completely inhibited by high concentrations of unlabeled IGF-I. Scatchard plots of four saturation studies revealed a single apparent binding site with an average Ka of 4.2 +/- 0.6 X 10(9) M-1 (mean +/- SD) and an average maximum binding capacity of 20 +/- 2 pm/100 micrograms cellular protein. Rat IGF-II (rIGF-II) and insulin were far less potent that IGF-I in inhibiting the binding of [125I] IGF-I, and bovine TSH was without effect. 125I-Labeled IGF-II also bound to FRTL-5 cells. Binding was completely inhibited by unlabeled rIGF-II and, with lesser potency, by IGF-I. Even at high concentrations, insulin failed to inhibit the binding of [125I]IGF-II. Disuccinimidyl suberate cross-linked [125I]IGF-I to a moiety in FRTL-5 that had an apparent mol wt of approximately 135,000, as judged from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Cross-linking of [125I]IGF-I was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by unlabeled IGF-I and, with far lower potency, by rIGF-II and insulin. All three peptides stimulated the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA of FRTL-5 cells, IGF-I being the most potent, followed in decreasing order of potency of rIGF-II and insulin. The mitogenic activities of these polypeptides correlated well with their abilities to inhibit the binding of [125I]IGF-I. These data indicate that the FRTL-5 cell possesses a receptor for IGF-I that resembles in its binding and physicochemical properties the receptor for IGF-I in other tissues (type I IGF receptor) and that mediates the mitogenic response to IGF-I and insulin in these cells. FRTL-5 cells also contain a receptor for IGF-II (type II IGF receptor), but its role vis-a-vis that of the type I IGF receptor in relation to the mitogenic effect of IGF-II in these cells is uncertain.
Epigenetic mechanisms expressed in basal ganglia GABAergic neurons differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder

In the cerebral prefrontal cortex (PFC), DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), the enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of cytosine at carbon atoms in position 5 in CpG dinucleotides, is expressed selectively in GABAergic neurons and is upregulated in layers I and II of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder patients with psychosis (BDP). To replicate these earlier findings and to verify whether overexpression of DNMT1 and the consequent epigenetic decrease of reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67 mRNA expression also occur in GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus (CN) and putamen (PT) of SZ and BDP, we studied the entire McLean 66 Cohort (Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA) including SZ and BDP, which were matched with nonpsychiatric subjects. The data demonstrate that in GABAergic medium spiny neurons of CN and PT, unlike in GABAergic neurons of layer I and II PFC, the increased expression of DNMT1 and the decrease of reelin and GAD67 occur in SZ but not in BDP. This suggests that different epigenetic mechanisms must exist in the pathogenesis underlying SZ and BDP and implies that these disorders might involve two separate entities that are characterized by a well-defined neuropathology.
Conformationally defined retinoic acid analogues. 4. Potential new agents for acute promyelocytic and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias

We recently synthesized several conformationally constrained retinoic acid (RA) analogues [8-(2‘-cyclohexen-1‘-ylidene)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienoic acids with different alkyl substituents at 2‘ (R1) and 3‘ (R2) positions on the cyclohexene ring] (Muccio et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3625) as cancer chemopreventive agents. UAB8 (R1 = Et; R2 = iPr), which contains sufficient steric bulk at the terminal end of the polyene chain to mimic the trimethylcyclohexenyl ring of RA, displayed biological properties similar to those of RA. To explore the efficacy of this retinoid in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), we evaluated UAB8 isomers in in vitro assays which measure the capacity of retinoids to inhibit aberrant myeloid colony growth from blood or bone marrow cells obtained from human JMML patients and in assays measuring the potential of retinoids to differentiate NB4 cells (an APL cell line). Both (all-E)- and (13Z)-UAB8 were 2-fold more active than RA in the ...
Revisiting Competitive Categories: A Reply to Royce

In this article, I respond to the criticisms that Richard Royce has made of my theory of competition in Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. While I find some of his attacks misplaced, a number of his criticisms address key difficulties to which I offer clarification and defense.
Temporal Dynamics of Magnetic Parametric Resonance at Optical Frequencies

Bound electron dynamics are investigated experimentally to show that intense optical magnetism arises through an ultrafast parametric process on sub-picosecond timescales in several transparent, non-magnetic insulators, in agreement with numerical simulations.
Reduced acute bowel toxicity in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for rectal cancer.

Purpose We have previously shown that intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) can reduce dose to small bowel, bladder, and bone marrow compared with three-field conventional radiotherapy (CRT) technique in the treatment of rectal cancer. The purpose of this study was to review our experience using IMRT to treat rectal cancer and report patient clinical outcomes. Methods and Materials A retrospective review was conducted of patients with rectal cancer who were treated at Mayo Clinic Arizona with pelvic radiotherapy (RT). Data regarding patient and tumor characteristics, treatment, acute toxicity according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 3.0, tumor response, and perioperative morbidity were collected. Results From 2004 to August 2009, 92 consecutive patients were treated. Sixty-one (66%) patients were treated with CRT, and 31 (34%) patients were treated with IMRT. All but 2 patients received concurrent chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in median dose (50.4 Gy, CRT; 50 Gy, IMRT), preoperative vs. postoperative treatment, type of concurrent chemotherapy, or history of previous pelvic RT between the CRT and IMRT patient groups. Patients who received IMRT had significantly less gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Sixty-two percent of patients undergoing CRT experienced ≥Grade 2 acute GI side effects, compared with 32% among IMRT patients ( p = 0.006). The reduction in overall GI toxicity was attributable to fewer symptoms from the lower GI tract. Among CRT patients, ≥Grade 2 diarrhea and enteritis was experienced among 48% and 30% of patients, respectively, compared with 23% ( p = 0.02) and 10% ( p = 0.015) among IMRT patients. There was no significant difference in hematologic or genitourinary acute toxicity between groups. In addition, pathologic complete response rates and postoperative morbidity between treatment groups did not differ significantly. Conclusions In the management of rectal cancer, IMRT is associated with a clinically significant reduction in lower GI toxicity compared with CRT. Further study is needed to evaluate differences in late toxicity and long-term efficacy.
Effects of epididymal occlusion on sperm maturation in the hamster.

The effects of occlusion of the hamster epididymis by clips on the maturation of epididymal spermatozoa were studied. Normal mature spermatozoa from the caudal region had a fertilization rate of 77% and showed a 50-80% incidence of acrosome reactions after 6 hours in medium. Conversely immature spermatozoa from the caput and corpus regions were infertile showed poor motility and did not exhibit an acrosome reaction. Isolation of these spermatozoa for 1 or 2 days improved motility and produced a distal migration of the cytoplasmic droplet similar to that observed in normal maturation. However these sperm remained infertile and failed to show an acrosome reaction in vitro. The results suggest that the ability of hamster epididymal spermatozoa to fertilize is related to the ability to exhibit an acrosome reaction in vitro and that the completion of sperm maturation appears to require the environment of the cauda epididymis.
Driving with a visual impairment

Driving is a highly prized activity for individuals of all ages. The decision to continue driving after a decrease in central acuity or visual field can be a source of anxiety for the individual and his or her family, as well as the ophthalmic practitioner. Although a great deal of research has been done concerning vision and driving, much controversy still surrounds this subject. This article reviews the literature concerning visual impairment and driving and makes suggestions for what should be considered when determining who should and should not continue to drive.
Microwave assisted combustion synthesis of chromium nitride in a fluidized bed

Combustion synthesis experiments have been conducted in a fluidied bed, using nitrogen asthe fluidizing gas, for the formation of transition-metal nitrides. These nitrides can be potential replacements for traditional hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodesulfurization catalysts that are currently used in hydrocarbon fuel processing. To augment the production of the catalysts, microwave-assisted ignition and propagation of reaction in the fluidized bed has been investigated for its potential to produce nanolayers of the nitride on chromium particle substrates. Nanolayers have been shown in other investigations to enhance catalytic activity. The results indicate that microwave assistance results in controlled formation of nanometer chromium nitride overlayers. The composition of the overlayers have been inferentially confirmed by using a variety of characterization techniques: x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
East Mariana Basin tholeiites: Cretaceous intraplate basalts or rift basalts related to the Ontong Java plume?

Abstract Studies of seafloor magnetic anomaly patterns suggest the presence of Jurassic oceanic crust in a large area in the western Pacific that includes the East Mariana, Nauru and Pigafetta Basins. Sampling of the igneous crust in this area by the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) allows direct evaluation of the age and petrogenesis of this crust. ODP Leg 129 drilled a 51 m sequence of basalt pillows and massive flows in the central East Mariana Basin. 40 Ar 39 Ar ages determined in this study for two Leg 129 basalts average 114.6 ± 3.2 Ma. This age is in agreement with the Albian-late Aptian paleontologic age of the overlying sediments, but is distinctively younger than the Jurassic age predicted by magnetic anomaly patterns in the basin. Compositionally, the East Mariana Basin basalts are uniformly low-K tholeiites that are depleted in highly incompatible elements compared to moderately incompatible ones, which is typical of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) erupted near hotspots. The Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of the tholeiites ( 87 Sr 86 Sr init = 0.70360–0.70374 ; 143 Nd 144 Nd init = 0.512769–0.512790 ; 206 Pb 204 Pb meas = 18.355–18.386 ) also overlap with some Indian Ocean Ridge MORB, although they are distinct from the isotopic compositions of Jurassic basalts drilled in the Pigafetta Basin, the oldest Pacific MORB. The isotopic compositions of the East Mariana Basin tholeiites are also similar to those of intraplate basalts, and in particular, to the isotopic signature of basalts from the nearby Ontong Java and Manihiki Plateaus. The East Mariana Basin tholeiites also share many petrologic and isotopic characteristics with the oceanic basement drilled in the Nauru Basin at DSDP Site 462. In addition, the new 110.8 ± 1.0 Ma 40 Ar 39 Ar age for two flows from the bottom of Site 462 in the Nauru Basin is indistinguishable from the age of the East Mariana Basin flows. Thus, while magnetic anomaly patterns predict that the igneous basement in the Nauru and East Mariana Basins is Jurassic in age, the geochemical and chronological results discussed here suggest that the basement formed during a Cretaceous rifting event within the Jurassic crust. This magmatic and tectonic event was created by the widespread volcanism responsible for the genesis of the large oceanic plateaus of the western Pacific.
Evaluation of invasion-conferring genotypes and antibiotic-induced hyperinvasive phenotypes in multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104.

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a problem in both industrialized and developing countries. This is especially evident in Salmonella typhimurium, a foodborne pathogen that causes gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world. S. typhimurium DT104 further poses a major health concern due to its apparent enhanced ability to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance genes and its putative hypervirulent phenotype. Recently, we demonstrated that multiresistant S. typhimurium do not appear to be more invasive than non-resistant cohorts. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) flanking and internal sequences in over 400 isolates of multiresistant S. typhimurium. With these same isolates, we also used a tissue culture invasion assay to evaluate a potential relationship between antibiotic exposure and a hyperinvasive phenotype. Our studies revealed that SPI1 flanking sequences are similar in multiresistant and non-resistant S. typhimurium. Furthermore, we failed to identify any isolates that were hyperinvasive in the presence of any of the 14 antibiotics evaluated. These results further indicate that the putative hypervirulence of multiresistant S. typhimurium is not likely to occur at the level of invasion.
Hacking on the Looping Effects of Psychiatric Classifications: What Is an Interactive and Indifferent Kind?

This paper examines Ian Hacking’s analysis of the looping effects of psychiatric classifications, focusing on his recent account of interactive and indifferent kinds. After explicating Hacking’s distinction between ‘interactive kinds’ (human kinds) and ‘indifferent kinds’ (natural kinds), I argue that Hacking cannot claim that there are ‘interactive and indifferent kinds,’ given the way that he introduces the interactive‐indifferent distinction. Hacking is also ambiguous on whether his notion of interactive and indifferent kinds is supposed to offer an account of classifications or objects of classification. I argue that these conceptual difficulties show that Hacking’s account of interactive and indifferent kinds cannot be based on—and should be clearly separated from—his distinction between interactive kinds and indifferent kinds. In clarifying Hacking’s account, I argue that interactive and indifferent kinds should be regarded as objects of classification (i.e., kinds of people) that can be identified ...
Therapist self-disclosure in cognitive-behavior therapy.

Although cognitive-behavior therapy emphasizes between-session change, therapist self-disclosure within the session can be an effective tool for strengthening the therapeutic bond and facilitating client change. After noting the use of self-disclosure in other theoretical orientations, we place self-disclosure in the context of cognitive-behavioral theories of reinforcement and modeling. Clinical vignettes illustrate the use of therapist self-disclosure to provide feedback on the interpersonal impact made by the client, enhance positive expectations and motivation, strengthen the therapeutic bond, normalize the client's reaction, reduce the client's fears, and model an effective way of functioning. Therapists need to observe appropriate boundaries when self-disclosing, and in particular, should consider their own motivations for self-disclosing. Although more research is needed on the effects of self-disclosure, cognitive-behavior therapists have found that self-disclosure can be a powerful intervention.
Diffusion adaptation over networks of particles subject to Brownian fluctuations

This work investigates the influence of diffusion adaptation on the behavior of networks of micro-organisms that are subject to Brownian fluctuations in the motion of their constituent agents. The organisms are assumed to share information, usually through chemical signaling. The information may signal the direction of a target (such as a foreign body) towards which the cells need to migrate. The sharing of information enables the nodes to bias the probabilities of their random walks in favor of the desired direction of motion. It is verified that the adaptive diffusion of direction information enhances the foraging and tracking ability of the cells.
Mineralogy and Physical Nature of Clay Gouge

Fault gouges have been observed in the surface outcrops, in shallow excavations, and in deep (300 meters below the surface) tunnels and mines in fault zones. The 2-microns fractions in these fault gouges may compose a few percent to more than fifty percent of the total mass in the outcrops, and the mineralogy of the 2-microns fractions consists of a variety of clays (the common ones are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite and mixed-layer clays) and some quartz, feldspars, etc.
Influence of strain rate and fuel dilution on laminar nonpremixed hydrogen-air flame structure : An experimental investigation

Temperature and major species concentration profiles are obtained in H{sub 2}/N{sub 2} versus air-opposed flow diffusion flames of various fuel jet dilutions and strain rates. Three fuel jet compositions are examined: mole fractions of 21% H{sub 2} and 79% N{sub 2}, an equimolar mixture of H{sub 2} and N{sub 2}, and undiluted H{sub 2}. A Raman imaging system, capable of providing time-averaged linewise measurements of high precision (2%) and high spatial resolution (160 {micro}m), is used to obtain the scalar measurements. Laser Doppler velocimetry is used to measure the oxidizer-side axial velocity gradient, K, ranging up to 2,800 s{sup {minus}1}. Mixture fraction and scalar dissipation rate profiles are derived from the major species concentration and temperature profiles and clearly show effects of differential diffusion, with deviations among the three elemental species mixture fraction profiles for all three fuel jet conditions examined. Flame thickness is experimentally shown to vary linearly with K{sup {minus}1/2}. Differences in boundary conditions allow only a qualitative comparison between measured peak temperatures and others` numerical results. However, the comparison generally provides good agreement, especially for the highly diluted fuel jet case ({+-}40 K), though for undiluted fuel jet flames at low values of K the experimental datamore » are consistently higher (90 to 280 K) than numerical predictions. Also, for the low K undiluted fuel jet flames, the scalar dissipation rate versus mixture fraction profiles are nonmonotonic near the stoichiometric mixture fraction and have values there that are over an order of magnitude less than their more diluted counterparts, due to the influence of fuel jet dilution upon the relative positions of the stoichiometric location and the stagnation plane.« less
Growth, hematology, and histopathology of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fed toxins from Fusarium moniliforme

Abstract Year-1 (average initial weight 1.2 g) and year-2 channel catfish (average initial weight 31 g) were fed diets containing various amounts of Fusarium moniliforme corn culture to provide 0.3 (control), 20, 80, 320, or 720 mg of fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 )/kg of diet for 10 and 14 weeks, respectively. Year-1 fish fed 20 mg or more of FB 1 /kg of diet gained significantly less weight than the control and those fed 80 mg or more of FB 1 /kg of diet had significantly lower hematocrits and red and white blood cell counts than those fed lower doses. Mortality among year-1 fish fed 80 mg or less of FB 1 /kg of diet was not significantly different from controls but over 70% of fish fed 320 or 720 mg of FB 1 /kg of diet died during the experiment compared to 0% in controls. Year-2 fish fed 80 mg or more of FB 1 / kg of diet gained significantly less weight than fish fed lower amounts of fumonisin. Dietary concentrations of 320 mg of FB 1 /kg caused significantly lower hematocrit and red cell counts, and higher white cell counts. There were no significant differences in mortalities among year-2 fish fed 80 mg or less of FB 1 /kg of diet, but over 50% of the fish fed 320 mg or more of FB 1 /kg diet died from Cytophaga columnaris infection. Fish fed the two highest doses of FB 1 reduced their food consumption after 1 week and lost weight during the feeding trial. Small (2- to 4-mm diameter) white foci of subcapsular adipocyte hyperplasia were observed in the livers of year-1 and year-2 channel catfish fed 20 mg or more of FB 1 /kg of diet. Livers of year-1 and year-2 channel catfish fed 20 mg or more of FB 1 /kg of diet had swollen hepatocytes with lipid-containing vacuoles, lymphocyte infiltration, and scattered necrotic hepatocytes. These results indicate that diets containing Fusarium moniliforme culture material with FB 1 concentrations of 20 mg/kg or above are toxic to year-1 and year-2 channel catfish.
The General-Motors University-of-Wisconsin Extended Range Grasshopper Beam Line

Abstract We report a description of the soft X-ray beam line of the University of Wisconsin-General Motor Participating Research Team at Aladdin. Some first results are also discussed.
Cytoarchitecture of the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat.

Since recent studies indicate that distinct neuropeptides and projections are associated with discrete portions of the central amygdaloid nucleus (CN), a detailed investigation of the cytoarchitecture of CN should contribute to an understanding of its organization. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the rat CN using Nissl, Kluver-Barrera, and Golgi techniques suggests that it consists of four subdivisions. The medial subdivision (CM), which is closely associated with the stria terminalis, is narrow caudally but enlarges near the rostral pole of CN. Most neurons in CM have long dendrites that branch sparingly and have a moderate number of dendritic spines. A smaller number of CM neurons have thick dendrites with virtually no spines. Lateral to CM is the lateral subdivision (CL) which appears round in coronal sections. Neurons of CL have a very dense covering of dendritic spines and resemble medium-size spiny neurons of the striatum. Area X of Hall contains spiny neurons similar to those of CL and spine-sparse neurons that resemble medium-size spine-sparse cells of the striatum. Since area X encapsulates the lateral aspect of CL, it is termed the lateral capsular subdivision (CLC) of CN. The lateral capsular subdivision enlarges rostrally and is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by a laminar extension of the putamen. Near the rostral pole of CN a small region of tightly packed, intensely stained neurons is interposed between CL and CM. Golgi preparations reveal that this intermediate subdivision (CI) of CN contains neurons similar to those of CM. The lateral subdivision, CLC, and CM correspond, in part, to subdivisions recognized in previous Nissl studies. The intermediate subdivision has not been recognized as a distinct subdivision in previous investigations. This is the first Golgi study to recognize differences in neuronal morphology in particular subdivisions of the rat CN. The correlation of Nissl and Golgi preparations has permitted a more accurate determination of the boundaries and total extent of each subdivision than the use of Nissl techniques alone.
Parallel Iterative Finite Element Solution Methods for Three-Dimensional Acoustic Scattering

Efficient and scalable parallel solution methods are presented for three-dimensional acoustic scattering problems on unbounded domains. A separable boundary is applied at an arbitrary distance from the scatterer, to define a finite computational domain, and thus enable application of the Finite Element Method (FEM). A modified non-reflecting Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) boundary condition is applied along the truncation boundary, in the form of local second-order differential operators, and a harmonic series. For elongated scatterers (e.g. a submarine or ship), suitable finite element formulations are derived and implemented on spheroidal coordinates, reducing the size of computational domain without affecting the accuracy of the numerical solution. The outer-product structure of the DtN boundary operator is exploited to efficiently handle non-locality in an iterative process. Computational performance of the DtN condition is analyzed and shown to be significantly more cost-effective when compared with local boundary conditions producing similar accuracy. The effective use of non-local DtN conditions in a 32-processor parallel distributed memory environment is demonstrated for a three-dimensional submarine scatterer. By exploiting the outer-product structure, it is shown that communication costs due to non-locality depend only on a small number of harmonics in the DtN operator, and thus have little impact on the scalability of the solution on multiple processors.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Radiation damage in annealed type 304 stainless steel

Abstract The defect structures in irradiated type 304 stainless steel were characterized by transmission electron microscopy for irradiation temperatures between 370 and 840°C and for fluences ranging from 1018 to 1023 neutrons/cm2 (> 0.1 MeV). Below about 550°C the interstitial atoms produced by the irradiation precipitate as Frank sessile loops, which decrease in concentration and increase in size with increasing irradiation temperature. About 550°C the loops unfault and evidently glide and interact to form a loosely organized dislocation network, which becomes coarser with increasing irradiation temperature. The vacancies precipitate as voids, which also decrease in concentration and increase in size with increasing temperature. The damage appears to be first visible at a threshold fluence that increases with increasing irradiation temperature. At high fluences, void concentrations approach a saturation concentration that decreases with increasing irradiation temperature. Voids are often not homogeneou...
A Recoverable, Metal-Free Catalyst for the Green Polymerization of -Caprolactone

n-Propylsulfonic acid-functionalized porous and nonporous silica materials are evaluated in the ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone. All catalysts allow for the controlled polymerization of the monomer, producing polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. Polymerization rates are low, with site-time yields generally 1−3 orders of magnitude lower than metal-based systems. The catalysts are easily recovered from the polymerization solution after use and are shown to contain significant residual adsorbed polymer. Solvent extraction techniques are useful for removing most of the polymer, although the extracted solids are not effective catalysts in recycle experiments under the conditions used here. These new materials represent a green alternative to traditional metal-based catalysts, as they are recoverable and leave no metal residues in the polymer.
Experimental Test of a Thermodynamic Paradox

In 2000, a simple, foundational thermodynamic paradox was proposed: a sealed blackbody cavity contains a diatomic gas and a radiometer whose apposing vane surfaces dissociate and recombine the gas to different degrees (A $$_{2} \rightleftharpoons $$ 2A). As a result of differing desorption rates for A and A $$_{2}$$ , there arise between the vane faces permanent pressure and temperature differences, either of which can be harnessed to perform work, in apparent conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. Here we report on the first experimental realization of this paradox, involving the dissociation of low-pressure hydrogen gas on high-temperature refractory metals (tungsten and rhenium) under blackbody cavity conditions. The results, corroborated by other laboratory studies and supported by theory, confirm the paradoxical temperature difference and point to physics beyond the traditional understanding of the second law.
EXTREMAL HOLOMORPHIC CURVES FOR DEFECT RELATIONS

Drasin’s theorem describing meromorphic functions of finite order with maximal sum of deficiencies is extended to holomorphic curves in projective space. A conjecture about holomorphic curves extremal for Cartan’s defect relation is discussed.
Electrooxidation of H2, CO, and H2/CO Mixtures on a Well-Characterized Pt70Mo30 Bulk Alloy Electrode

The electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and their mixtures (500 ppm−2%) on a well-characterized Pt70Mo30 bulk alloy was examined using the rotating disk electrode technique in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 333 K. The electrodes were transferred to and from a UHV chamber, where surface analyses were conducted using a combination of low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface composition of this alloy after sputter-etching and annealing in UHV was slightly enriched in Pt to a composition of Pt77Mo23. The kinetics of H2 oxidation are not measurably affected by the presence of the Mo in the surface. The shapes of the polarization curves for the oxidation of the H2/CO mixtures are qualitatively similar to those for the Pt50Ru50 alloy examined previously: a high current−potential slope (ca. 0.5 V/dec) at low overpotential followed by a transition to a highly active state where the current approaches the diffusion-li...
Magnitude estimation of apparent sums and differences

Os first scaled two continua by magnitude estimation: apparent area of circles and loudness of 1,000-Hz tones. They then gave magnitude estimations of apparent sums and apparent differences for IS pairs of stimuli on each of the two continua. The scales for sums and differences were in some cases nearly linearly related to the power function obtained when the same as scaled the underlying continuum. However, systematic departure from linearity was the usual result. The power law exponents obtained were generally smaller than those usually reported for the two sensory continua.
SU-E-I-47: A Classification of Validation Tasks for Monte Carlo Simulations of CT Scanners: From Simple to Complex Source Models and Geometries

Purpose: To develop a classification system of validation tasks for Monte Carlo simulations of CT scanners that reflects the level of complexities of source and object models used in Monte Carlo simulation methods within the medical physics community and specifically within X‐ray CT dosimetry simulations. Methods: In order to quantify the relative strength of CT Monte Carlo models developed for CT dosimetry with respect to imaging parameters such as source motion, tube current modulation, phantom type and location of measurement, we have devised a classification system consisting of six levels, each with a number of sublevels that encompass an extensive number of validation scenarios. The complexity of the levels/sublevels ranges from very simple source and object models, such as simulating and validating a CTDI in air measurement at isocenter with a single axial source rotation and fixed tube current, to complex source and patient models, such as simulating and validating surface and depth dose integrated readings from TLDs for a patient model with helical source movement and tube current modulation. 15 unique CT Monte Carlo models found in the literature with some validation of Monte Carlo simulations were examined within the scope of the classification system. Results: All 15 models had a primary validation measurement that fell under the first two levels of the classification system, CTDI measurements. Only 5 models demonstrated validation of the model beyond CTDI measurements. Only 2 of these models demonstrated helical scan validation. No models demonstrated tube current modulation validation. Conclusion: This investigation has revealed that a vast majority of advanced CT dosimetry Monte Carlo simulations lack validation beyond CTDI measurements. This classification system has the potential to be used as a justification metric as to the appropriateness of a particular CT Monte Carlo model for use in a specific CT dosimetry simulation. (a) Dr. McNitt‐Gray: Institutional research agreement, Siemens AG; Recipient research support Siemens AG; Consultant, Flaherty Sensabaugh Bonasso PLLC; Consultant, Fulbright and Jaworski, LLC; (b) K McMillan: Research partially supported by a grant from Siemens AG; Research partially supported by a grant from AACR; Research partially supported by a grant from TRDRP; (c) M Khatonabadi: Research partially supported by a grant from Siemens AG
Barriers to effective skin cancer detection.

Background. In response to the dramatic rise in melanoma incidence, numerous health care specialists have encouraged primary care providers to increase skin cancer detection efforts. Although primary care providers currently find more melanomas than do dermatologists, many detection opportunities are missed. In addition, primary care providers occasionally incorrectly reassure patients about specific lesions. Nevertheless, there is little evidence that efforts to detect skin cancer are growing. This paper discusses barriers to skin cancer detection and potential ways to increase screening. Methods. Methods involve the review of the medical literature and the author's synthesis of this information. Results. The principle barriers to skin cancer detection are that it is a low priority in primary care, that the majority of exams do not result in significant findings, and that many providers lack expertise to adequately identify high risk lesions. Lack of reimbursement for preventive care, inadequate time for complete skin exams, and distraction by other health problems also play a role in limiting skin cancer detection efforts. Conclusions. Relying on primary care-based skin cancer detection as the only means to increase skin cancer identification is an unwise policy. Approaches that may be able to increase skin cancer prevention and detection include increased (1) collaboration between skin cancer specialists and experts in primary care, (2) focus on providers of pediatric care, (3) advocacy for reimbursement of preventive health care, (4) educational efforts for the public to request skin exams, and (5) education directed to providers in high risk areas
Potato Insect Expert System: Computerized Approach to Insecticide Management for Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The potato insect expert system (PIES) is a knowledge-based system for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), management in commercial potato fields on the eastern shore of Virginia. PIES was written using VP-Expert, a rule-based expert system shell. The system uses insect life stage, potato growth stage, percentage of defoliation, and other factors to determine if an insecticide application is necessary to prevent tuber yield loss from Colorado potato beetle feeding. We compared recommendations from PIES with conventional spray thresholds based on the number of Colorado potato beetles per stem. Tuber yields were not significantly different between the 2 methods, although on average, PIES recommended 2.3 fewer insecticide applications than the conventional method. In addition, visual defoliation ratings for PIES required less time than conventional sampling for Colorado potato beetle on potato stems.
Lateral thigh flap reconstruction in the head and neck

The lateral thigh free flap is a fasciocutaneous flap based on the cutaneous perforators of the deep femoral vessels. Although originally described in 1983, it has had very few reports in the literature. This article describes the flap and reports our findings and outcomes in nine cadavers (18 thighs) and 33 clinical cases. The position of the vascular pedicle may vary in each case but has always been found to be present. Successful transfer occurred in 30 of 33 cases. Flap loss was attributable to infection, fistula, and hematoma in three of four cases. The flap was especially useful in large defects, most commonly total and base-of-tongue defects. We have found this flap to be reliable and to result in minimal morbidity.
Reactivity to different saccharin concentrations as a function of testing procedure and alterations in body weight of intact and oophorectomized female rats.

Abstract Two studies compared saccharin preference in oophorectomized and intact rats. Using a one bottle test, reliable preference difference between surgical groups were found at 0.1%, 0.4% and 0.75% saccharin concentrations. Using a two bottle test, reliable preference differences were found at the 0.4% and 0.75% concentrations. Although several differences were weight related, neither Marks' nor Zucker's hypotheses were supported.
Effect of Carbon and Oxygen on the Densification and Microstructure of Hot Pressed Zirconium Diboride

The role of carbon additions and oxygen content on the densification of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) was studied. ZrB2 with up to 1 wt% added carbon was hot pressed at temperatures of 2000°C and 2100°C. Nominally pure ZrB2 hot pressed at 2100°C achieved relative densities >95.5%. Carbon and oxygen analysis indicate that oxygen removal was facilitated by the reduction of oxides with carbon or the removal of boria (B2O3) as a vapor. Therefore, by removing oxides from the particle surfaces, carbon additions of ≥0.5 wt% enabled densification to proceed to >96.5% of theoretical at 2000°C. Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation of boron carbide (B4.3C) in specimens with carbon additions of ≥0.75 wt%. The formation of B4.3C was eliminated via a 1 wt% addition of zirconium hydride (ZrH2), as a source of zirconium, resulting in the formation of carbon as the only residual second phase. Grain sizes were in the range of 7–10 μm (2000°C) and 12–16 μm (2100°C) and only appeared to be controlled by temperature, as no trends due to the evaluated carbon or oxygen contents were observed.
The violent patient: Rapid assessment and management

Abstract Management of the violent patient begins with rapid, systematic global assessment of the behavior followed by attention to its most likely cause. The evaluation should focus on the issue of provocation in the pre-assault phase; the goal-directedness of the assaultive behavior in the assault phase; and the response of the patient after the attack. Organic and psychodynam ic causes as well as drug-related violence are discussed. The author gives recommendations for assessment and management of assault on the general hospital ward and in the emergency room, and discusses violence directed toward physicians.