cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sunbeam: A Ray of Hope for Trademark Licensees

In the 1985 decision Lubrizol Enterprises v. Richmond Metal Finishers, the Fourth Circuit established that a licensor’s rejection of an intellectual property license under § 365 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code terminates the licensee’s right to continue using the license. Concerned about the detrimental effects that Lubrizol would have on technological development in the United States, Congress responded swiftly by enacting the Intellectual Property Licenses in Bankruptcy Act (IPLBA), which exempted certain forms of intellectual property, such as copyrights, patents, and trade secrets, from rejection under § 365 of the Code. Trademarks, however, are notably absent from Congress’s definition of “intellectual property,” causing the trademark licensing community to question the reach of the IPLBA’s protections. Recently, the Seventh Circuit held that a trademark licensee may continue using a licensed trademark following rejection, despite Congress’s omission of trademarks from its listed definition of “intellectual property.” This Note examines the divide between the Fourth and Seventh Circuits, and it contends that careful consideration of existing executory contract doctrine and the IPLBA’s legislative history, as well as the balance of equities, suggests that trademark licensees should retain their rights to continue utilizing licensed trademarks following rejection.
Developing Preservice Teachers’ Knowledge of Science Teaching Through Video Clubs

Though an adequate understanding of content is a natural prerequisite of teaching (Carlsen in Journal of Research in Science Teaching 30:471–481, 1993), teachers also need to be able to interpret content in ways that facilitate student learning. How to best support novice teachers in developing and refining their content knowledge for teaching is a crucial and ongoing question for preservice teacher educators. Recently, video clubs are being explored as potential contexts for teacher learning (Barnhart & van Es in Teaching and Teacher Education 45:83–93, 2015; Sherin & Han in Teaching and Teacher Education 20:163–183, 2004). We hypothesized that pairing video clubs with student teaching experiences would provide a forum for preservice teachers to discuss issues relevant to their professional trajectory through exposure to models of peer teaching and opportunities to reflect on practice. In this study, we explored how secondary science preservice teachers used video club to restructure their overall science knowledge into science knowledge for teaching. Our findings suggest that video clubs allowed preservice teachers to access and leverage student thinking and instructional resources to deepen their understanding of science content and trajectories for science learning.
Scout robot motion model

The University of Minnesota's Scout robot is a small cylindrical robot capable of rolling and jumping. In this paper, models describing the robot's motion under its mode of actuation are developed. These models can be employed for Scout motion prediction and simulation. The models suggest that the determining factor of the Scout's behavior is the length of the winch cable. The validity of the models is verified with empirical data.
Mitochondrial dynamics in mammals.

This chapter discusses the role of mitochondria dynamics in mammalian mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial function, disease, embryogenesis, and apoptosis. It defines mitochondria as static, kidney bean-shaped organelles that have the mundane chore of providing energy for the cell. The mitochondrial population is, in fact, dynamic, and the hundreds of mitochondria in a cell can have a range of morphologies, including small spheres, long tubules, and interconnected tubules. This morphological plasticity is based on the ability of mitochondria to undergo both organellar fusion and fission. The chapter reviews the current molecular understanding of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Several observations indicate that mitochondrial dynamics plays a significant role in vertebrate cells. The time-lapse observations of mammalian cells reveal frequent and constant cycles of mitochondrial fusion and fission. The identification of molecules involved in the fusion and fission pathways has allowed an assessment of their relative roles in controlling mitochondrial morphology. The chapter also discusses the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in human physiology.
Enhanced terahertz radiation from an elliptical-beam-illuminated sawtooth photoconductive antenna: design and numerical analysis

Abstract: The enhanced terahertz radiation from a new pho-toconductive antenna (PCA) has been predicted by numericalsimulation. Di erent from the conventional PCA, the proposedPCA has electrodes with sawtooth structures on the edge, whichwill introduce stronger localized bias eld than common elec-trode (e.g. strip-line structure). In addition, the elliptical beamof the laser source is used to illuminate the sawtooth structure ofthe PCA, so that the e ective region of the terahertz excitationis enlarged and higher laser power can be applied before satura-tion e ect occurs. The design of the proposed PCA is presented,and its performance is predicated by numerical analysis basedon the full-wave nite-di erence-time-domain method. The sim-ulated result shows that, comparing with a conventional PCA,the proposed PCA achieves 1:4 times enhancement of the THzradiation eld(i.e. peak of the time-domain THz pulse) at thesame condition. Further enhancement as high as 2 times can beachieved when considering the upper limit of the power densityof the incoming laser beam.
THR0921, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis.

THR0921 is a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist with potent anti-diabetic properties. Because of the proposed role of PPARγ in inflammation, we investigated the potential of orally active THR0921 to inhibit the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA was induced in DBA/1J mice by the injection of bovine type II collagen in complete Freund's adjuvant on days 0 and 21. Mice were treated with THR0921 (50 mg/kg/day) starting on the day of the booster injection and throughout the remaining study period. Both clinical disease activity scores as well as histological scores of joint destruction were significantly reduced in mice treated with THR0921 compared to untreated mice. Proliferation of isolated spleen cells, as well as circulating levels of IgG antibody to type II collagen, was decreased by THR0921. Moreover, spleen cell production of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β in response to exposure to lipopolysaccharide or type II collagen was reduced by in vivo treatment with THR0921. Steady state mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in isolated joints were all decreased in mice treated with THR0921. Finally, THR0921 inhibited osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL. In conclusion, THR0921 attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in part by reducing the immune response. As such, PPARγ may be an important therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis.
Performance Analysis Integration in the Uintah Software Development Cycle

The increasing complexity of high-performance computing environments and programming methodologies presents challenges for empirical performance evaluation. Evolving parallel and distributed systems require performance technology that can be flexibly configured to observe different events and associated performance data of interest. It must also be possible to integrate performance evaluation techniques with the programming paradigms and software engineering methods. This is particularly important for tracking performance on parallel software projects involving many code teams over many stages of development. This paper describes the integration of the TAU and XPARE tools in the Uintah Computational Framework (UCF). Discussed is the use of performance mapping techniques to associate low-level performance data to higher levels of abstraction in UCF and the use of performance regression testing to provide a historical portfolio of the evolution of application performance. A scalability study shows the benefits of integrating performance technology in building large-scale parallel applications.
Extracutaneous melanomas: a primer for the radiologist

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the imaging features of extracutaneous melanomas. Extracutaneous melanomas are clinically and biologically distinct from their more common cutaneous counterpart with higher frequency of metastatic disease and poorer overall prognosis. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice whenever possible; systemic therapy in the form of conventional chemotherapeutic agents as well as novel targeted agents is used for advanced/ metastatic disease. Multiple imaging modalities including US, CT, MRI and FDG-PET/CT play important roles in the evaluation of the primary tumour, assessment of metastatic disease and monitoring response to treatment. Radiologists should be aware of the typical imaging manifestations of extracutaneous melanoma, the distinct patterns of metastatic involvement as well as treatment response and toxicities associated with newer molecular targeted and immunotherapies to optimally contribute to patient management. • Mucosal melanoma is clinically and biologically distinct from cutaneous melanoma. • Mucosal melanoma has a higher rate of metastatic disease than the cutaneous subtype. • Imaging is helpful in assessment of disease and response to treatment.
Postcolonial Theories and TESOL: Exploring Implications for Teaching in U.S. Contexts

One of my first experiences with teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) was during my years as an undergraduate, working with the Somali-Bantu Community Organization (SBCO) in Syracuse, NY. My fellow undergraduate tutors and I worked specifically with 4 th -6 th grade students, developing lesson plans and implementing project-based learning activities each semester. The program met weekly on Saturday mornings through collaboration with the Syracuse City School District and several student organizations and academic departments from Syracuse University. I continued my work with the tutoring program after graduation as a member of AmeriCorps, working as a liaison between the SBCO and the departments and programs at the university. In the five semesters I worked with this program, I planned monthly meetings with community leaders, assisted with lesson planning and activities, and organized tutors and transportation to the site. I sought advice across campus and in a variety of scholarly sources for our teaching and project-based activities, which included a holiday book, a poetry quilt, a CSI movie, decorated T-shirts, and an alphabet line. I progressively became aware of the politics of power related to my work. In my meetings with community leaders, I was aware that my identity as a White, middle-class, female student from a locally prestigious university afforded me a position of power and privilege: I collaborated with colleagues and advisors from the university to plan and implement the projects, not allowing much choice by our students or their families. While well received by other White, American-educated faculty and friends, our students’ parents did not always appreciate the projects with as much confidence. The youths’ self revelatory writings aired individual perspectives in ways with which parents were uncomfortable even as their children seemed engaged and motivated. Though the community leaders tried to protect us program cocoordinators from hearing what parents thought, the students were forthright about sharing their parents’ beliefs that the program was contributing to their assimilation to U.S. culture, questioning if it was at the expense of Somali-Bantu culture, language, and tradition. Awareness of my location within these situations of power and privilege caused me to take pause when considering a future degree and career in Teaching English as a Second or Other Language (TESOL). The little that I knew and understood about the spread of English, with its politically charged ties to colonialism, made me want to learn more about why and how
Some remarks on Hamiltonian systems and quantum mechanics

These notes contain some remarks on the general structure of a class of physical systems called Hamiltonian, and on quantum mechanical systems in particular. A complete treatment with emphasis on technical details is found in [6]; our goal here is to point out some unifying structures and special properties of physical systems that may be of interest to this conference. Thus many of our remarks are deliberately brief and sometimes vague. Most of the results are known in the literature (cf. [18, 23]) although perhaps from a different point of view.
Fulminant pneumonia caused by concomitant infection with influenza B virus and Staphylococcus aureus.

1. Aisner J, Schimpff SC, Wiernik PH: Treatment of invasive aspergillosis: Relation of early diagnosis and treatment to response. Ann Intern Med 86:539, 1977. 2. Pennington JE: Successful treatment of aspergillus pneumonia in hematologic neop[asia. N Engl J Med 295:426, 1976. 3. Gaines JD, Remington JS: Diagnosis of deep infections with Candida: A study of Candida precipitins. Arch Intern Med 132:699, 1973. 4. Edwards JE Jr: Update of fungal infections. Part 1. Hosp Phys 18:14, 1982. 5. Tilton RC: The laboratory approach to the detection of bacteremia. Ann Rev Microbiol 36:467, 1982. 6. Rose HD: Venous catheter-associated candidemia. Am J Med Sci 275:265, 1978. 7. Bodey GP, Luna M: Skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis. JAMA 229:1466, 1974. 8. Edwards JE .Ir, Foos RY, Montgomerie JZ, et al: Ocular manifestations of Candida septicemia: Review of seventy-six cases of hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Medicine 53:47, 1974. 9. Hughes WT: Systemic candidiasis: A study of 109 fatal cases. Pediatr Infect Dis 1:11, 1982. 10. Pizzo PA: Infectious complications in the child with cancer. II. Management of specific infectious organisms. J PEDIATR 98:513, 1981. I 1. Edwards JE Jr, Lehrer R1, Stiehm ER, et al: Severe candidal infections: Clinical perspectives, immune defense mechanisms and current concepts of therapy. Ann Intern Med 89:91, 1978.
An unusual condition of leucine transfer RNA appearing during leucine starvation of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Contrary to expectation, starvation of Escherichia coli for any one of several required amino acids does not lead to complete deacylation of the affined tRNA molecules. In particular, during leucine starvation, some of the leucine tRNA remains acylated with leucine. In leucine-starved RCstr † strains, furthermore, some of the leucine tRNA carries a protector against destruction by periodate oxidation. This protector is not removed by mild alkali treatment, but is removed by a partially purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme preparation in the absence of AMP and pyrophosphate. Hence the protector is neither leucine nor one of the standard amino acids. The leucine tRNA of leucine-starved RCrel strains does not carry this protector, nor is the protector present on the leucine tRNA of exponentially growing bacteria. Only one of the several species of leucine tRNA carries the protector, suggesting that this species may fulfill a regulatory function.
The BI-Based Organization

Business intelligence (BI) is an umbrella term that is commonly used to describe the technologies, applications, and processes for gathering, storing, accessing, and analyzing data to help users make better decisions. For BI-based firms, BI is a prerequisite for competing in the marketplace. Though there are several possible BI targets, it is important to understand how they differ in terms of strategic vision, level of sponsorship, required resources, impact on people and processes, and benefits. Some companies like Harrahâ€™s Entertainment, Continental Airlines, Norfolk Southern, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina are exemplars of BI best practices. Despite the progress made with BI, there are still many opportunities for academic research.
Estradiol pretreatment ameliorates impaired synaptic plasticity at synapses of insulted CA1 neurons after transient global ischemia.

Abstract Global ischemia in humans or induced experimentally in animals causes selective and delayed neuronal death in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1. The ovarian hormone estradiol administered before or immediately after insult affords histological protection in experimental models of focal and global ischemia and ameliorates the cognitive deficits associated with ischemic cell death. However, the impact of estradiol on the functional integrity of Schaffer collateral to CA1 (Sch-CA1) pyramidal cell synapses following global ischemia is not clear. Here we show that long term estradiol treatment initiated 14 days prior to global ischemia in ovariectomized female rats acts via the IGF-1 receptor to protect the functional integrity of CA1 neurons. Global ischemia impairs basal synaptic transmission, assessed by the input/output relation at Sch-CA1 synapses, and NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long term potentiation (LTP), assessed at 3 days after surgery. Presynaptic function, assessed by fiber volley and paired pulse facilitation, is unchanged. To our knowledge, our results are the first to demonstrate that estradiol at near physiological concentrations enhances basal excitatory synaptic transmission and ameliorates deficits in LTP at synapses onto CA1 neurons in a clinically-relevant model of global ischemia. Estradiol-induced rescue of LTP requires the IGF-1 receptor, but not the classical estrogen receptors (ER)-α or β. These findings support a model whereby estradiol acts via the IGF-1 receptor to maintain the functional integrity of hippocampal CA1 synapses in the face of global ischemia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
The return from investment in population control in less developed countries

In the overall context of economic development the investment problem is to use scarce resources where they will yield the greatest return per capita. Capital investment has already received much attention in the economics literature. This paper focuses on demographic investment (quantitative population control). Using real per capita product as the point of departure, an analytical model is developed which provides the following measures for assessing demographic investment: the return per year, the rate of return on the initial investment, the total lifetime return from the investment, the return in one year from preventing one birth, and the total return over all years from preventing one birth. The model developed is relatively simple and it uses a minimum number of variables for which data are usually available even in the less developed countries. Thus the model is designed to be readily applied. The results of a small simulation study are presented, using the analytical framework along with data for Chile. A hypothetical population control program was imposed on the actual population and production experience of the country in the period 1960–64. The calculations showed that the assumed modest program of demographic investment in Chile for the period 1960–64would have yielded extremely high rates of return. It is hoped that the paper makes progress toward providing a framework which would aid in the formulation of optimal investment pol-icies in less developed countries. Such policies would probably have both capital and demographic aspects as countries seek to raise their levels of per capita product.
Piracy, computer crime, and IS misuse at the university

Who commits software misuse? Knowing the answer to this question will help organizations protect their information systems.
Maternal Work and Child Overweight and Obesity: The Importance of Timing

Previous studies have found that increased work by mothers results in an increased likelihood that children are obese. Building upon this work, this study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement to investigate whether the timing of maternal work matters to this relationship. Fixed effects models found that maternal work at ages 9–11 and 12–14 was related to an increased rate of overweight during the same periods, while work at ages 6–8 resulted in a decreased rate of obesity in the same period and later at ages 9–11, a novel finding. Subgroup analyses found that effects were confined to families who were relatively low income and to children who grew up with single mothers.
Trivalent ligands with rigid DNA spacers reveal structural requirements for IgE receptor signaling in RBL mast cells.

Antigen-mediated cross-linking of IgE bound to its receptor, FcϵRI, stimulates degranulation, phospholipid metabolism, and cytokine production in mast cells and basophils to initiate inflammatory and allergic responses. Previous studies suggested that spatial organization of the clustered receptors affects the assembly of the transmembrane signaling complexes. To investigate systematically the structural constraints in signal initiation, we utilized rigid double-stranded DNA scaffolds to synthesize ligands with tunable lengths. We characterized a series of symmetric trivalent DNA ligands with rigid spacing between 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) haptenic groups in the range of 5–15 nm. These ligands all bind to anti-DNP IgE on RBL mast cells with similar avidity, and they all cross-link IgE–FcϵRI complexes effectively. We observe length-dependent stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of FcϵRI β and γ subunits and the adaptor protein LAT: the shortest ligand is ∼5–10-fold more potent than the longest. Stimulated...
Random Walks for Text Semantic Similarity

Many tasks in NLP stand to benefit from robust measures of semantic similarity for units above the level of individual words. Rich semantic resources such as WordNet provide local semantic information at the lexical level. However, effectively combining this information to compute scores for phrases or sentences is an open problem. Our algorithm aggregates local relatedness information via a random walk over a graph constructed from an underlying lexical resource. The stationary distribution of the graph walk forms a "semantic signature" that can be compared to another such distribution to get a relat-edness score for texts. On a paraphrase recognition task, the algorithm achieves an 18.5% relative reduction in error rate over a vector-space baseline. We also show that the graph walk similarity between texts has complementary value as a feature for recognizing textual entailment, improving on a competitive baseline system.
FMRP regulates neurogenesis in vivo in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the leading known monogenic form of autism and the most common form of inherited intellectual disability. FXS results from silencing the FMR1 gene during embryonic development, leading to loss of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA transport, stability, and translation. FXS is commonly thought of as a disease of synaptic dysfunction; however, FMRP expression is lost early in embryonic development, well before most synaptogenesis occurs. Recent studies suggest that loss of FMRP results in aberrant neurogenesis, but neurogenic defects have been variable. We investigated whether FMRP affects neurogenesis in Xenopus laevis tadpoles that express a homolog of FMR1. We used in vivo time-lapse imaging of neural progenitor cells and their neuronal progeny to evaluate the effect of acute loss or overexpression of FMRP on neurogenesis in the developing optic tectum. We complimented the time-lapse studies with SYTOX labeling to quantify apoptosis and CldU labeling to measure cell proliferation. Animals with increased or decreased levels of FMRP have significantly decreased neuronal proliferation and survival. They also have increased neuronal differentiation, but deficient dendritic arbor elaboration. The presence and severity of these defects was highly sensitive to FMRP levels. These data demonstrate that FMRP plays an important role in neurogenesis and suggest that endogenous FMRP levels are carefully regulated. These studies show promise in using Xenopus as an experimental system to study fundamental deficits in brain development with loss of FMRP and give new insight into the pathophysiology of FXS.
The Price of Change: The Role of CEO Compensation in Strategic Variation and Deviation From Industry Strategy Norms

This research tests the proposition that changes in CEO pay will be reflected in strategic change—viewed as variation in firm strategy and deviation from industry strategic norms. Changes in total CEO pay, long-term pay, and long-term pay structure were found to affect strategic change in a sample of large U.S. firms. However, the effects of pay on change were positive when firm performance was low; the relationships were negative among the highest performing firms.
Structural relations in aldolases purified from rat liver and muscle and novikoff hepatoma

Abstract Fructose diphosphate aldolases have been isolated as crystalline proteins from rat liver, muscle and the Novikoff hepatoma. All three enzymes exhibit identical properties in sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, corresponding to a molecular weight of 158,000. Dissociation in guanidinium chloride yields subunits of molecular weight approximately 40,000 in each case. Tumor and muscle aldolases exhibit identical electrophoretic properties on cellulose acetate or disc gel which are markedly different from those of liver aldolase. The tumor and muscle enzymes are 50 times more active with fructose-1,6-P2 than with fructose-1-P and treatment of these enzymes with carboxypeptidase A to remove the COOH-terminal tyrosine residues decreases the rate of cleavage of fructose-1,6-p2 so that it becomes equal to the rate of cleavage of fructose-1-P. Native rat liver aldolase, on the other hand, cleaves both substrates at equal rates and digestion with carboxypeptidase, while also liberating tyrosine from the COOH-terminus, does not affect the substrate specificity. The amino acid compositions of muscle and heppatoma aldolases were found to be identical and to differ significantly from that of the rat liver aldolase. Tryptic fingerprints of muscle and tumor aldolases are identical and differ significantly from that of liver aldolase. However, a number of peptides, including the active site peptide, are similar or identical in all three aldolases. The results provide support for the conclusion that the liver aldolase is replaced by muscle aldolase during the development of the Novikoff hepatoma.
Relevance of MTF and NPS in quantitative CT: towards developing a predictable model of quantitative performance

The quantification of lung nodule volume based on CT images provides valuable information for disease diagnosis and staging. However, the precision of the quantification is protocol, system, and technique dependent and needs to be evaluated for each specific case. To efficiently investigate the quantitative precision and find an optimal operating point, it is important to develop a predictive model based on basic system parameters. In this study, a Fourier-based metric, the estimability index (e') was proposed as such a predictor, and validated across a variety of imaging conditions. To first obtain the ground truth of quantitative precision, an anthropomorphic chest phantom with synthetic spherical nodules were imaged on a 64 slice CT scanner across a range of protocols (five exposure levels and two reconstruction algorithms). The volumes of nodules were quantified from the images using clinical software, with the precision of the quantification calculated for each protocol. To predict the precision, e' was calculated for each protocol based on several Fourier-based figures of merit, which modeled the characteristic of the quantitation task and the imaging condition (resolution, noise, etc.) of a particular protocol. Results showed a strong correlation (R 2 =0.92) between the measured and predicted precision across all protocols, indicating e' as an effective predictor of the quantitative precision. This study provides a useful framework for quantification-oriented optimization of CT protocols.
Roles played by acidic lipids in HIV-1 Gag membrane binding

The MA domain mediates plasma membrane (PM) targeting of HIV-1 Gag, leading to particle assembly at the PM. The interaction between MA and acidic phospholipids, in addition to N-terminal myristoyl moiety, promotes Gag binding to lipid membranes. Among acidic phospholipids, PI(4,5)P2, a PM-specific phosphoinositide, is essential for proper HIV-1 Gag localization to the PM and efficient virus particle production. Recent studies further revealed that MA-bound RNA negatively regulates HIV-1 Gag membrane binding and that PI(4,5)P2 is necessary to overcome this RNA-imposed block. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of Gag-membrane interactions and discuss potential roles played by acidic phospholipids.
A causal correlational test of the need hierarchy concept

Abstract Longitudinal data were collected from 187 managers in two organizations in order to test the validity of the need hierarchy concept. All subjects completed the Porter (1961) questionnaire which is designed to measure need satisfaction and need importance. One group of subjects completed the questionnaire at the beginning of the study and six months later, the other group completed it at the beginning of the study and 12 months later. Because longitudinal data were collected it was possible to compute static correlations as well as dynamic correlations and to do a cross-lagged correlational analysis. The data from these analyses offered little support for the view set forth by Maslow and others that human needs are arranged in a multilevel hierarchy. The implications of this for future research are consisdered and it is suggested that needs may be arranged in a two-level hierarchy with the basic biological needs on the bottom level and all other needs on the top level.
The mechanics of a collapsing tube heart pump

Abstract Investigations into the fluid mechanical properties of flow out of a collapsing tube ventricular heart pump and into a constant pressure reservoir were carried out as part of a program to develop an integrated heart-lung machine. The static collapse pressure for a number of silicone rubber tubes was found to be a cubic function of the ratio of wall thickness to mean diameter. This behavior is predicted by theoretical considerations based on ideal material behavior. The peak amplitude of the pressure transferred across the tube walls was found to be dependent on the pneumatic pulse rise time, with faster times producing higher peak pressures as well as faster rates of increase of pressure. The time needed to collapse a tube was found to be an increasing function of applied pressure and tube stiffness. If large overpressures are applied around a tube, the tube exit pinches shut, effectively preventing collapse and blocking outflow. Tube recovery times were found to be more dependent on the absolute tube diameter rather than on the wall to diameter ratio, with larger diameter tubing taking longer to recover. The effects of varying the viscosity of the liquid in the tube on the pumping process were found to be negligible. It was also found that varying the tube length caused changes in collapse time only in proportion to the change in tube volume. Recovery times, however, were found to decrease faster than in direct proportion to decreasing tube volume. The above data permit the judicious choice of tube sizes and applied pressure pulses so as to obtain desired flow characteristics from a collapsing tube ventricle heart pump.
“Spreading the Wealth”: Justice Tom C. Clark's Wide-ranging Efforts to Open the Doors of the Law Clerk Ranks

Introduction Associate Justice Tom C. Clark retired from the Supreme Court at the conclusion of its 1966 term to avoid even the appearance of impropriety when his son, Ramsey, became the U.S. Attorney General. “I believe it would be best for me to retire,” Clark wrote one well-wisher, “Litigants have enough problems without having a father-son psychology to face. And while there is no actual conflict the potential is there and the appearance of justice is as important and effective as the real thing.”1 Clark had served on the Court eighteen years, and he began his retirement with a three-month, state-sponsored goodwill trip around the world, which was cut short when he contracted hepatitis in Thailand.
Metabolic reprogramming during purine stress in the protozoan pathogen Leishmania donovani.

The ability of Leishmania to survive in their insect or mammalian host is dependent upon an ability to sense and adapt to changes in the microenvironment. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the parasite response to environmental changes, such as nutrient availability. To elucidate nutrient stress response pathways in Leishmania donovani, we have used purine starvation as the paradigm. The salvage of purines from the host milieu is obligatory for parasite replication; nevertheless, purine-starved parasites can persist in culture without supplementary purine for over three months, indicating that the response to purine starvation is robust and engenders parasite survival under conditions of extreme scarcity. To understand metabolic reprogramming during purine starvation we have employed global approaches. Whole proteome comparisons between purine-starved and purine-replete parasites over a 6–48 h span have revealed a temporal and coordinated response to purine starvation. Purine transporters and enzymes involved in acquisition at the cell surface are upregulated within a few hours of purine removal from the media, while other key purine salvage components are upregulated later in the time-course and more modestly. After 48 h, the proteome of purine-starved parasites is extensively remodeled and adaptations to purine stress appear tailored to deal with both purine deprivation and general stress. To probe the molecular mechanisms affecting proteome remodeling in response to purine starvation, comparative RNA-seq analyses, qRT-PCR, and luciferase reporter assays were performed on purine-starved versus purine-replete parasites. While the regulation of a minority of proteins tracked with changes at the mRNA level, for many regulated proteins it appears that proteome remodeling during purine stress occurs primarily via translational and/or post-translational mechanisms.
Williams instructional technology: summer students working on faculty projects

Williams Instructional Technology (WIT) is a summer technology intern program hosted by the Office for Information Technology at Williams College. The WIT program started in 1997 as part of an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation grant. The goals of the program are to develop high quality web, video, multimedia, and other curriculum-related projects proposed by faculty to use in teaching; to provide an opportunity for faculty/student collaboration; and to provide technical and project development training for students. The faculty-proposed projects range from video/audio creation, 3D modeling, Geographic Information Systems, web design, animation, to data visualization. Project types undertaken and program management styles have changed over the ten years the program has been offered. This paper will present an overview of the WIT and examine the program's outcomes.
The adsorption of pyrazine, hydrogen sulfide and thiophene on copper: A quantum-chemical study

Abstract The bonding of pyrazine (C 4 H 4 N 2 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and thiophene (C 4 H 4 S) to copper surfaces has been examined employing semi-empirical MO-SCF calculations (INDO/S) and metal clusters of limited size (Cu n n = 14, 16, 17 and 18). The C 4 H 4 N 2 Cu, H 2 SCu and C 4 H 4 SCu adsorption bonds are mainly a product of the interaction of the 4s and 4p orbitals of the substrate with the LUMO and the sulfur or nitrogen lone pairs of the adsorbate. Based on these INDO/S results, the UPS spectra of pyrazine, H 2 S and thiophene on copper surfaces are discussed and compared with experimental results. For each adsorbed molecule, charge transfers important to the change in work function are presented. The effects of chemisorption upon the CN, CC and CH bonds of pyrazine, the CS, CC and CH bonds of thiophene, and the SH bonds of H 2 S are examined. The large reactivity of H 2 S on copper surfaces is explained in terms of a thermochemical analysis.
Accurate density functional for the energy: Real-space cutoff of the gradient expansion for the exchange hole.

The density-gradient expansion of the fermion exchange hole is analyzed in real space. Unlike the local-density approximation, the second-order gradient-expansion approximation is found to violate two important properties of the exact hole: The exact hole is negative everywhere, and represents a deficit of one electron. Imposition of these exact constraints leads to an accurate new density functional for the exchange energy. Residual errors in the exchange energy for atoms are about 1% of this quantity. The new functional approximation may be generalized to include correlation.
Ferro-mitogens: iron-containing compounds with lymphocyte-stimulatory properties.

Abstract Ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) is nonmitogenic for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) but has a potent mitogenic activity in the presence of IL-2. FAC in the presence of IL-2 increases the number of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) expressing receptors for IL-2 and transferrin. FAC also markedly stimulates human PBM treated with supraoptimal, nonmitogenic concentrations of Con A. FAC, in the presence of IL-2, is a T-cell mitogen with a stringent requirement for macrophages. FAC stimulates the production of TNF-α and IFN-γ in human PBM, and this effect is potentiated by IL-2. Thiourea and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole selectively inhibit mitogenesis induced by FAC, indicating that oxygen radicals or peroxidase may mediate the triggering signal induced by this mitogen. In addition to hemin, as we have previously reported, and FAC, a variety of iron-containing proteins have lymphocyte stimulatory properties in combination with IL-2. They include horseradish peroxidase, cytochrome c , myoglobin, and transferrin. We have given the name ferro-mitogens to this group of compounds.
Are Medical Students Assigning Proper Global Assessment of Functioning Scores

Objective This article seeks to determine whether medical students can estimate the appropriate score for the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) compared with psychiatry residents and staff psychiatrists. The authors hypothesized that medical students’ estimations of GAF scores for patients in clinical vignettes would differ from those assessed by the psychiatry residents and staff psychiatrists.
First-principles study of the optical absorption spectra of electrically gated bilayer graphene

The electronic structure and optical response of electrically gated bilayer graphene are studied by first-principles approaches. We have obtained the induced band gap that is in good agreement with experiment when the applied electric field is less than 1.5 V/nm. The infrared optical absorbance is calculated within the single-particle excitation picture and its fine structures are presented. In addition, the calculated infrared optical absorbance is found to be strongly depending on stacking styles of bilayer graphene and the polarization direction of the incident light, which provides efficient ways to identify the electric-field intensity and stacking styles in experiment. Finally, many-electron effects are discussed.
Influence of a channel-forming peptide on energy barriers to ion permeation, viewed from a continuum dielectric perspective

The continuum three-dielectric model for an aqueous ion channel pore-forming peptide-membrane system is extended to account for the finite length of the channel. We focus on the electrostatic influence that a channel-forming peptide may exert on energy barriers to ion permeation. The nonlinear dielectric behavior of channel water caused by dielectric saturation in the presence of an ion is explicitly modeled by assigning channel water a mean dielectric constant much less than that of bulk water. An exact solution of the continuum problem is formulated by approximating the dielectric behavior of bulk water, assigning it a dielectric constant of infinity. The validity of this approximation is verified by comparison with a Poisson-Boltzmann description of the electrolyte. The formal equivalence of high ionic strength and high electrolyte dielectric constant is demonstrated. We estimate limits on the reduction of the electrostatic free energy caused by ionic interaction with the channel-forming peptide. We find that even assigning this region an epsilon of 100, its influence is insufficient to lower permeation free energy barriers to values consistent with observed channel conductances. We provide estimates of the effective dielectric constant of this highly polarizable region, by comparing energy barriers computed using the continuum approach with those found from a semi-microscopic analysis of a simplified model of a gramicidin-like charge distribution. Possible ways of improving both models are discussed.
Vertebrate Nonmuscle Myosin II Isoforms Rescue Small Interfering RNA-induced Defects in COS-7 Cell Cytokinesis

RNA interference (RNAi) treatment of monkey COS-7 cells, a cell line that lacks nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-A (NMHC II-A) but contains NMHC II-B and II-C, was used to investigate the participation of NMHC isoforms in cytokinesis. We specifically suppressed the expression of NMHC II-B or II-C using 21 nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes. Down-regulation of NMHC II-B protein expression to 10.2 ± 0.7% inhibited COS-7 cell proliferation by 50% in the RNAi-treated cells compared with control cells. Moreover, whereas 8.7 ± 1.0% of control cells were multinucleated, 62.4 ± 8.8% of the NMHC II-B RNAi-treated cells were multinucleated 72 h after transfection. The RNAi-treated cells had increased surface areas and, unlike control cells, lacked actin stress fibers. Treatment of the COS-7 cells with NMHC II-C siRNA decreased NMHC II-C expression to 5.2 ± 0.1% compared with the endogenous content of II-C; however, down-regulation of NMHC II-C did not cause increased multinucleation. Immunoblot analysis using a pan-myosin antibody showed that the content of NMHC II-C was less than one-twentieth the amount of NMHC II-B, thereby explaining the lack of response to II-C siRNA. Introducing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged NMHC II isoforms into II-B siRNA-treated cells resulted in reduction of multinucleation from 62.4 ± 8.8% to 17.8 ± 2.2% using GFP-NMHC II-B, to 29.8 ± 7.4% using GFP-NMHC II-A, and to 34.1 ± 8.6% using NMHC II-C-GFP. These studies have shown that expression of endogenous NMHC II-C in COS-7 cells is insufficient for normal cytokinesis and that exogenous NMHC II-A and NMHC II-C can, at least partially, rescue the defect in cytokinesis due to the loss of NMHC II-B.
Loads due to First Year Ice Ridges on a Vertical Cylinder

This paper presents some predictions of ice ridge loads on a vertical cylinder, based on model experiments, analytical methods, and numerical simulations. The experiment program involved the interaction of a vertical cylinder with two unconsolidated ice ridges. Each ridge was nominally 1.9 m wide with a keel 0.5 m deep. The nominal scale used for the experiment was 1:30. The analytical methods included Dolgopolov, Mellor, Croasdale & Cammaert, and ISO19906. The numerical simulations were carried out using a discrete element computer code, named DECICE. The paper compared the results of model experiments, analytical methods and numerical simulations.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Improving systems documentation using an online copy editor

For the last three years I have been using Writers Workbench, a UNIX text-editing tool, to edit computer documentation. In this article I outline my experiences using the system, noting both the advantages to explore and pitfalls to avoid in using this tool. Writers Workbench is especially useful for improving a writer's basic skills—punctuation, spelling, and grammar. When used effectively, Writers Workbench can cut down on wordiness and improve the consistency of a manual. It can help in the creation of a table of contents, index, glossary, and bibliography and in checking readability. Furthermore, by creating user-defined dictionaries, authors or editors can customize the tool to fit their purposes and styles. However, Writers Workbench is not good at catching problems relating to organization, focus, and clarity.
Images of similarity: a visual exploration of optimal similarity metrics and scaling properties of TREC topic-document sets

Multiple similarity measures for five TREC topic-document sets from the LDC TREC Collection Disk 1 are derived from the full text of documents. Each measure on each set is scaled using SAS MDS under ordinal, interval, and MLE assumptions. The resulting 75 permutations are ploted. It is suggested that cosine-vector and overlap measures for similarity appear to recover optimal data relationships among the documents of the five sets. MLE assumptions appear to be required to model the data adequately.
Integration of spectral and temporal cues separated in time and frequency.

Subjects discriminated a ‘‘standard’’ pair of tone bursts (T1, T2) from a ‘‘comparison’’ pair (T1+Δt, T2+Δf), containing increments in the duration Δt of the first burst and/or the frequency Δf of the second burst. The threshold (d′=2.0) for Δt was measured as a function of Δf, and the threshold for Δf as a function of Δt. The integration of increments in duration and frequency was studied as a function of the spectral and temporal separation between T1 and T2. A trade‐off between the values of Δt and Δf required for d′=2.0 performance was observed. This integration takes place when Δt, Δf occur simultaneously in the same spectral region, and when they occur separated by up to 120 ms, or by up to a full octave. The efficiency of integration was similar for all conditions of temporal and spectral separation studied, because the discriminability of Δt and of Δf is also nearly uniform across experimental conditions. The results from all experimental conditions are adequately described by a vector summation m...
AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF STUDENT-LED DISCUSSIONS

The discussion portion of the introductory psychology course at Western Michigan University was designed to develop creative, critical analysis of articles in terms of the attitudes of science. This program utilized discussion guidelines which became less and less structured and articles with violations of the attitudes of science which became more and more subtle. Different classroom procedures were utilized in an empirical analysis of the discussion methodology. Final examination scores did not reflect advantages of the discussion procedures, which were then eliminated from the course. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the text indicated that the same level of mastery could be achieved in 1 wk. as in the 7 wk. normally spent on this material. The study greatly reduced the number of student and staff man-hours and the over-all cost of the course.