cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midcourse Space Experiment Survey of the Galactic Plane

The Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) surveyed the entire Galactic plane within |b| ≤ 5° in four mid-infrared spectral bands between 6 and 25 μm at a spatial resolution of ~183. The survey was redundant within |b| ≤ 45 with four-fold coverage over two-thirds of the area. These survey data were combined to create 1680 15 × 15 images that cover the region with 6'' pixel spacing in each of the spectral bands. The images preserve the inherent resolution of the data but have up to twice the sensitivity of a single scan. The individual survey observations had to be extensively conditioned to achieve the co-add advantage. The noise equivalent radiance (NER) at 8.3 μm, the most sensitive MSX mid-infrared spectral band, varies from ~1.3 MJy sr-1 in the inner Galaxy to 3 times that at the latitude limits in the outer Galaxy; the sensitivities of the other MSX mid-infrared bands are 10–25 times less. Additionally, 36 lower resolution 10° × 10° images were generated in each band that span the full latitude and longitude range of the survey. These panoramic images have a resolution of ~12 with 36'' pixel spacing and a six-fold improvement in NER, making them an ideal product for comparison with radio surveys of the Galactic plane. An ancillary set of images has been created from other MSX astronomy experiments that lie within 10° of the Galactic plane. These images either extend the latitude coverage of the survey or provide deeper probes of Galactic structure either by themselves or when added to the survey images.
Solution structure of the catalytic domain of GCN5 histone acetyltransferase bound to coenzyme A

Gene transcription requires the release of inactive DNA from its packaging of histone proteins. Following the discovery of the first transcription-associated histone acetyltransferase, tetrahymena GCN5, it was shown that yeast GCN5 is recruited to the promoter and causes hyper-acetylation of histones and transcriptional activation of target genes, establishing a direct connection between histone acetylation and transcriptional activation. Many other important transcription regulators have been found to have histone acetyltransferase activity, including TAFII230/250, p300/CBP and its associated factor PCAF. Here we present the solution structure of the catalytic domain of tGCN5 (residues 47-210) in complex with coenzyme A. The structure contains two domains; the amino-terminal domain is similar to those of other GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases but the carboxy-terminal domain is not. Coenzyme A binds in a deep hydrophobic pocket between the two domains. Chemical shift changes upon titration with histone H3 peptides indicate a binding site at the domain boundary opposite to the coenzyme A site. The structural data indicate a single-step acetyl-transfer reaction mechanism catalysed by a hydrogen bond to the backbone amide group of leucine 126 and the side-chain carboxyl group of a conserved acidic residue.
Proton separation energies of 191Ir and 193Ir

Abstract Measurements of (t, α) spectra from targets of 191,193Ir suggest an inconsistency in the tabulated proton separation energies for these nuclei. We measure ΔSp = (661 ± 4) keV but obtain (64±8) keV from the tables [3] of Wapstra and Bos.
Assessment of Service Learning in Ecology Class Using the ORID Model

This study was aimed at assessing the students’ perception of their learning experiences as they were exposed to service- learning design in Ecology to conform with the transformative learning framework being employed by the institution. Ecology class is intended for BS Biology and Education students of De La Salle Lipa. It is designed to cover topics such as nature of Ecology; various abiotic and abiotic factors needed for survival; population, communities, ecosystem dynamics and different kinds of ecosystem. The course delivery was lecture blended with Service Learning. This teaching method falls under experiential education, a method in which students were made to learn and develop through active participation in thoughtfully organized service that is conducted in and meets the needs of a community. In this study, students were made to reflect on the concrete experiences they had as they participated in the various activities of the Project Carbon Neutral and the One million Trees and Beyond Project of the school. Using the ORID Method of Focused Conversation, their experiences were moved to analytical and subjective reasoning. Keywords - Service Learning, Ecology Class, ORID Model, Experiential education
Partial purification and characterization of a murine glioma-associated antigen defined by syngeneic rat monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract A glioma-associated antigen was previously identified on an avian sarcoma virus-induced F-344 rat astrocytoma cell line S69-c15 by four rat monoclonal antibodies (7G4, 9F1, 10E3 and 10E7) produced after syngeneic immunization. Earlier data suggested all four antibodies reacted with a polypeptide-associated epitope. We report here that the antigen activity was detected in the supernatant of tumor homogenates and could pass through a 1000 Da molecular weight cut-off dialysis membrane, as determined by antibody binding inhibition in a cell surface radioimmunoassay. When the dialysate was fractionated by Bio-Gel P-2 chromatography, antibody inhibiting activity eluted in the range of 300–600 Da. A highly purified material was further isolated by ion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography. Parallel purification product from an antigen-negative cell line failed to demonstrate antibody inhibiting activity. We conclude that greater than 400-fold purification enrichment of antigen can be achieved. We postulate that the partially purified antigenic determinant is a glioma-associated determinant of highly restricted expression and is presented in hapten-carrier form by the glioma cells.
The impact of Put Prevention into Practice on selected clinical preventive services in five Texas sites

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the implementation of the Put Prevention Into Practice (PPIP) office-based system would increase the delivery rates of specific clinical preventive services among demonstration clinics. Methods: Chart review was conducted before ( n =372) and 33 to 39 months after ( n =376) the implementation of the PPIP office-based system in two community health centers and three family practice residency programs in Texas. The population included all adult patients aged ≥19 years who had presented to the clinic during the study periods. Results: Documentation of timely cholesterol screening increased from 70% to 84%; smoking assessment, from 56% to 80%; for women, up-to-date Papanicolaou smear, from 70% to 81%; annual mammograms (women aged ≥51), from 30% to 48%; and up-to-date tetanus–diphtheria immunizations, from 19% to 59%. For adults aged ≥66 years, documentation of pneumococcal immunization increased from 22% to 48%, while influenza immunizations improved, although not significantly (45% to 49%). Blood pressure screening was almost universal (99%) at baseline and at 33- to 39-month follow-up. Conclusion: PPIP system changes were associated with an observed increase in delivery of selected clinical preventive services.
P.11.10 Height predictions using ulna length are inaccurate in glucocorticoid-treated boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

Height can be difficult to measure accurately in DMD. Height is essential to assess growth, body mass index, nutritional status, body surface area, pulmonary function and bone health, which are fundamental issues in DMD care. Ulna measurement predicts height in healthy children, and has been proposed as a good predictor of height in DMD. Prediction equations have not been validated in DMD boys on glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. To determine if ulna length accurately predicts standing height in GC-treated DMD boys. We hypothesized that ulna-derived height prediction (U-Ht) is valid in DMD. Cross-sectional study of pre-pubertal, ambulatory, GC-treated DMD boys. Standing heights were compared to U-Ht (all measures performed in triplicate and averaged) using the published equation: height (cm) = 4.605U + 1.308A + 28.003 (U = ulna length, cm; A = age, yrs). Equations were also computed using bone ages (BA) interpreted by a single observer. 43 boys, aged 8.7 ± 1.6 yrs (BA 6.9 ± 1.4 yrs), had received GC for 3.0 ± 1.4 yrs. U-Ht was greater than actual height by 3.4 ± 2.9 cm (p
Short- and long-term tillage effects on Heterodera glycines reproduction in soybean monoculture in west Tennessee ☆

Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines has been documented as the pathogen most consistently causing yield loss in US soybean production fields almost since its discovery in the US. No-tillage has been adopted in much of the soybean production areas to preserve soil and nutrients. The impact of this production practice change on soybean cyst nematode has been evaluated since the introduction of the practice over thirty years ago and mixed results on the impact have been recorded. This study was initiated to determine if tillage practices and timing of changes impacted soybean cyst nematode reproduction. The study was imposed on a long-term tillage study and treatments were changed to measure short-term as well as long-term effects of tillage on soybean cyst nematode. Significant differences in soybean cyst nematode population density were found between treatments. However, significant differences found could be attributed to short-term changes in tilled and no-tilled treatments. Soybean cyst nematode reproduction was almost twice as high in treatments which changed from no-tillage to disc than tilled treatments changed to no-tillage. No significant differences were found in yield among the treatments. Grain yield was reflective of cultivar grown and environmental conditions.
The sampling of interferograms for Fourier transform spectra

Abstract The sampling theorem is usually given by a statement to the effect that the sampling frequency must be equal to or greater than twice the highest frequency present in the signal, but great errors may arise if the sampling frequency is indeed precisely twice the highest frequency of interest. Criteria are considered to determine how much greater than twice the highest frequency the sampling rate must be in order to yield reliable results.
Sequence and linkage of the goat εI and εII β-globin genes*

Overlapping clones containing β-globin genes have been isolated from a goat genomic library which establish the linkage arrangement 5′-e I -e II -ψβ X -β C -3′. The complete nucleotide sequence of the e I and e II genes was determined. The sequences of these two genes, along with those previously reported for ψβ X and β C , complete the sequence of the genes of this linkage set. The first gene in the quadruplet, e I , shows unexpectedly high homology with the human e globin gene both in coding and non-coding regions, and encodes a globin protein that is 90% homologous to human e. The only major difference between the goat e I gene and the human e gene is the presence of an insertion element in the second intron of e I . This element is repetitive in nature and is similar to those found in the second intron of the γ, β C and β A globin genes of the goat. e II also shows high nucleotide homology to the human e globin gene in coding regions and encodes a protein 79% homologous to human e. Notably, however, e II has equivalent nucleotide homology in coding regions to the γ and e genes of the human locus. The insertion element present in e I is not present in e II . A comparison of the goat β globin set described here, based on linkage arrangement, nucleotide homology and divergence analysis indicates that this subset of goat β globin genes is analogous to the entire β globin loci of other mammalian species. These analyses further indicate that the embryonic genes in these clusters are evolving more slowly than the adult β globin genes. Comparison of the 5′ flanking sequences of e I and e II with those of the β-embryonic globin genes of other mammals reveals a conserved sequence, C-A-C-C-C-C-T-G, located 28 to 29 bases upstream from the C-C-A-A-T consensus sequence, which appears at this position in the embryonic genes, but in none of the non-embryonic genes. Significantly, this sequence is selectively conserved in the human α embryonic globin gene, ζ, which diverged from the β embryonic genes 500 million years ago, and it may therefore represent an embryonic recognition or signal sequence.
Differential uptake of liposomes varying in size and lipid composition by parenchymal and kupffer cells of mouse liver

Abstract Using liposomes differing in size and lipid composition, we have studied the uptake characteristics of the liver parenchymal and Kupffer cells. Desferal labeled with iron-59 was chosen as a radiomarker for the liposomal content, because Desferal in its free form does not cross cellular membranes. At various time intervals after an intravenous injection of liposomes into mice, the liver was perfused with collagenase, and the cells were separated in a Percoll gradient. It was found that large multilamellar liposomes (diameter of about 0.5 μm) were mainly taken up by the Kupffer cells. For these large liposomes, the rate of uptake by Kupffer cells was rapid, with maximum uptake at around 2 hours after liposome injection. Unexpectedly, small unilamellar liposomes (diameter of about 0.08 μm) were less effectively taken up by Kupffer cells, and the rate of uptake was slow, with a maximum uptake at about 10 hours after liposome injection. In contrast, parenchymal cells were more effective in taking up small liposomes and the uptake of large liposomes was negligible. In addition, liposomes made with a galactolipid as part of the lipid constituents appeared to have higher affinity to parenchymal cells than liposomes made without the galactolipid. These findings should be of importance in designing suitable liposomes for drug targeting.
Delayed repair and preoperative ECMO does not improve survival in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

It has been suggested that delayed repair with preoperative stabilization might improve survival in high-risk (symptomatic within 6 hours of birth) congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study compares the results of immediate operation versus delayed repair using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) when necessary. Since we first used ECMO in 1984, 101 high-risk CDH infants have been treated. Prior to 1987, we used immediate repair and postoperative ECMO if necessary. Between 1987 and 1990 we combined delayed operation (24 to 36 hours) with preoperative ECMO as necessary. No infant in this series was excluded from ECMO therapy unless absolute contraindications existed (prematurity, intracranial hemorrhage, or other major anomalies). Fifty-five patients received immediate operation and 46 had delayed repair. The two groups were comparable populations based on gestational age, birth weight, age at onset of symptoms, Apgar scores, best postductal PO2 (BPDPO2), and frequency of antenatal diagnosis. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between the two groups. Differences in survival among subpopulations (BPDPO2 greater than 100 or less than 100, antenatal diagnosis, inborn v outborn) also are not significant. The requirement for ECMO was similar in both groups. Survivors in the delayed repair group were ventilated longer and on ECMO longer, but had fewer late deaths (greater than 21 days) and fewer pulmonary sequelae (O2 dependency at discharge) than infants in the immediate repair group (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemical shifts of the methyl derivatives of the representative elements

Abstract The trends of the proton chemical shifts exhibited by the simple methyl compounds of the elements in the zinc, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine groups are summarized and discussed in terms of the polarities of the carbon-metal bonds and other factors. The chemical shifts of the methyl derivatives of zinc, cadmium and mercury are consistent with the relative electronegativities increasing monotonically with period number and having the values 1·65, 1·69 and 2·00, respectively, for these elements in divalent states.
Hormonal and behavioural responses to simulated territorial intrusion in the cooperatively breeding white-browed sparrow weaver, Plocepasser mahali

Abstract Abstract. Behavioural investigations of stable groups of white-browed sparrow weavers indicate that they not only bred cooperatively, but also defended territories from other groups. Territory defence involved regular patrolling of boundaries plus a characteristic chorus vocalization that was given by all group members in concert. Song was performed exclusively by the breeding male and only during the breeding season. Territorial choruses were given by all members of the group at all seasons and could also be initiated by all members, although the breeding male and female initiated more choruses than helpers. Simulated territorial intrusions (achieved by placing a caged group within a territory and playing back tape-recorded choruses through a speaker placed alongside) resulted in dramatic increases in territorial aggression by all group members. Plasma levels of testosterone were not affected by the intrusions in breeding birds or helpers. However, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone were significantly elevated in the breeding females after challenge. These data are consistent with other observations in this species that territorial aggression is independent of circulating testosterone, but is correlated with luteinizing hormone. Corticosterone levels were higher in controls than in birds exposed to simulated territorial intrusions with the exception of breeding females. Although the significance of this latter result is unclear, it does seem likely that 'psychological castration' of non-breeders is not mediated through elevated circulating levels of glucocorticosteroids.
Social influences on adaptive criterion learning

People adaptively shift decision criteria when given biased feedback encouraging specific types of errors. Given that work on this topic has been conducted in nonsocial contexts, we extended the literature by examining adaptive criterion learning in both social and nonsocial contexts. Specifically, we compared potential differences in criterion shifting given performance feedback from social sources varying in reliability and from a nonsocial source. Participants became lax when given false positive feedback for false alarms, and became conservative when given false positive feedback for misses, replicating prior work. In terms of a social influence on adaptive criterion learning, people became more lax in response style over time if feedback was provided by a nonsocial source or by a social source meant to be perceived as unreliable and low-achieving. In contrast, people adopted a more conservative response style over time if performance feedback came from a high-achieving and reliable source. Awareness that a reliable and high-achieving person had not provided their feedback reduced the tendency to become more conservative, relative to those unaware of the source manipulation. Because teaching and learning often occur in a social context, these findings may have important implications for many scenarios in which people fine-tune their behaviors, given cues from others.
High-performance readout and recording by a combination aperture

A solid immersion lens combined with a conical dielectric tip exhibits good resolution and efficiency in reading and recording data marks on optical storage media. We demonstrate a combination aperture that produces ∼200‐nm full-width 1/e2 spot size and achieves 50% optical efficiency in an edge-scan experiment. A comparison of recording with the combination aperture, with an unmodified solid immersion lens, and with a far-field system is made.
A compressed-domain processor for seizure detection to simultaneously reduce computation and communication energy

In low-power sensing systems, communication constraints play a critical role; e.g., biomedical devices often acquire physiological signals from distributed sources and/or wireless implants. Compressive sensing enables sub-Nyquist sampling for low-energy data reduction on such nodes. The reconstruction cost, however, is severe, typically pushing signal analysis to a base station. We present a seizure-detection processor that directly analyzes compressively-sensed electroencephalograms (EEGs) on the sensor node. In addition to alleviating communication costs while also circumventing reconstruction costs, it leads to computational energy savings, due to the reduced number of input samples. This provides an effective knob for system power management and enables scaling of energy and application-level performance. For compression factors of 2–24x, the energy to extract signal features (over 18 channels) is 7.13–0.11/iJ, and the detector's performance for sensitivity, latency, and specificity is 96–80%, 4.7–17.8 sec, and 0.15–0.79 false-alarms/hr., respectively (compared to baseline performance of 96%, 4.6 sec, and 0.15 false-alarms/hr.).
Patient Perspectives on the Experience of Being Newly Diagnosed with HIV in the Emergency Department/Urgent Care Clinic of a Public Hospital

We sought to understand patient perceptions of the emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) HIV diagnosis experience as well as factors that may promote or discourage linkage to HIV care. We conducted in-depth interviews with patients (n=24) whose HIV infection was diagnosed in the ED/UC of a public hospital in San Francisco at least six months prior and who linked to HIV care at the hospital HIV clinic. Key diagnosis experience themes included physical discomfort and limited functionality, presence of comorbid diagnoses, a wide spectrum of HIV risk perception, and feelings of isolation and anxiety. Patients diagnosed with HIV in the ED/UC may not have their desired emotional supports with them, either because they are alone or they are with family members or friends to whom they do not want to immediately disclose. Other patients may have no one they can rely on for immediate support. Nearly all participants described compassionate disclosure of test results by ED/UC providers, although several noted logistical issues that complicated the disclosure experience. Key linkage to care themes included the importance of continuity between the testing site and HIV care, hospital admission as an opportunity for support and HIV education, and thoughtful matching by linkage staff to a primary care provider. ED/UC clinicians and testing programs should be sensitive to the unique roles of sickness, risk perception, and isolation in the ED/UC diagnosis experience, as these things may delay acceptance of HIV diagnosis. The disclosure and linkage to care experience is crucial in forming patient attitudes towards HIV and HIV care, thus staff involved in disclosure and linkage activities should be trained to deliver compassionate, informed, and thoughtful care that bridges HIV testing and treatment sites.
Rotational Structure in the Chemiluminescence Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen in Aqueous Systems

Rotational Structure in the Chemiluminescence Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen in Aqueous Systems
Special Educators' Perceptions of Their Roles as Consultants

Special educators serving as resource room teachers were queried as to their perceptions of their abilities to work as consultants to regular classroom teachers. In five of the seven areas examined...
Enhanced Expression of Oncogene-Encoded mRNA in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer

ABSTRACT We have studied the expression of oncogene-encoded mRNAs in a rat model of colon cancer. In this model, rats are intrarectally administered several low doses of the direct-acting carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Tumors, predominantly adenomas, develop 5–7 months following administration of the carcinogen, and many of these progress to carcinomas. Upon assaying the steady-state levels of oncogene-encoded transcripts in normal rat colon, we found that fos and N-myc are highly expressed; H-ras, K-ras, myc, myb, and neu messages are present at lower levels; and N-ras, abl, and raf mRNAs are absent. When we compared transcript levels in rat tumors to those in normal colons from the same animal, we observed a 2–4 fold increase in both myc- and H-ras-encoded mRNAs and a 2–7 fold increase in myb message, but no change in expression of any of the 7 other genes. To test whether this increased expression is related to tumor production or is simply a result of the more rapid cellular turnover observed in tumor tissue, the level of oncogene-encoded transcripts was assayed in colonic mucosae of rats given two treatments known to enhance cell turnover and DNA synthesis in the colon. Neither acute application of MNU nor a diet containing 1% cholic acid caused any change in the level of oncogene-encoded mRNAs in rat colons, thus suggesting that the increased abundance of myc, myb, and H-ras messages in tumors is associated with tumor formation. The enhancement of expression of these genes in adenomas, as well as in carcinomas, further suggests that these alterations occur relatively early during the tumorigenic process.
On the role of the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the regulation of TSH secretion in the rat.

Systemic administration of drugs affecting central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems was used to evaluate their role in the regulation of TSH secretion in the rat. Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (∞-MT) caused a depletion of brain norepinephrine and dopamine and a gradual decrease of serum TSH levels. Specific inhibitors of dopamine-/3-hydroxylase, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and FLA 63, depleted central norepinephrine only and led to a simultaneous striking decrease of serum TSH. Blockade of alpha adrenergic receptors with phenoxybenzamine, but not with phentolamine, also depressed serum TSH. Blockade of beta receptors with propranolol had no effect. In contrast, the centrally and peripherally acting alpha receptor agonist, clonidine, increased serum TSH, whereas the peripherally acting methoxamine caused a decrease, probably due to nonspecific stress effect. A dose-related rapid inhibition of TSH secretion was observed following stimulation of dopamine receptors with apo-morphine. Injection of L-Dopa had ...
Voices of women: Perspectives on decision-making and the management of partner violence

Abstract The voices of women who may or may not choose to engage helping systems, such as hotline and shelter services, child welfare and other civil and criminal justice remedies, are conspicuously absent from the research literature on domestic violence. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to address the need for studies that examine the effectiveness of domestic violence policy and practice interventions from the perspective of women utilizing these services. Multiple, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten women recruited from a non-residential, community-based domestic violence program in New York City. All participants were at various stages within an abusive relationship, with differences in the duration and severity of the abuse, and who have had a variety of experiences of the domestic violence system. Participants expressed their overall frustration and dissatisfaction with the domestic violence system's apparent inability to hold their partners accountable; for the burden that the system places on the victim to secure her own safety and to manage the safety of the children; and the expectation that she should give up everything and leave her community to secure her safety.
The Effect of Low Force Chiropractic Adjustments for 4 Weeks on Body Surface Electromagnetic Field

Objective To study the effects of 4 weeks of low-force chiropractic adjustments on body surface electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Method Thirty-five chiropractic students randomly assigned into control (17 subjects) and experimental groups (28 subjects). A triaxial fluxgate magnetometer was used for EMF detection. The subjects' body surface EMF was determined in the prone position before and after the chiropractic adjustment. A Toftness low-force chiropractic adjustment was applied to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral areas as determined by the practitioner. Heart rate variability analysis was recorded once a week to determine autonomic nervous system activity in both the control and experimental groups. Results The EMF on the subjects' body surface decreased after chiropractic adjustment at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions in all 6 visits during the 4-week treatment period. The EMF showed a downtrend over the 4-week period after the low-force adjustment. The same changes were not observed in the control group. The chiropractic adjustment group had a slight decrease in heart rate over the 4-week treatment period, and no significant change was observed in the control group. Heart rate variability analysis did not show consistent changes before and after the low-force adjustments during the treatment period. Conclusion Low-force chiropractic adjustment in the cervical and thoracic areas resulted in a consistent reduction of the body surface EMF after 4 weeks of active treatment. No statistically significant differences were found in the heart rate and heart rate variability in the 4-week study.
Mechanisms governing the fate of mercury in coal-fired power systems

This paper summarizes the results of a significant research and development investment to understand the fundamental mechanisms governing the speciation of mercury in coal-fired power systems. An extensive experimental search was conducted through all the parameter variations characterizing the majority of full-scale U.S. coal-fired power plants, in an effort to quantify the impact each parameter variation had on mercury oxidation and removal from the gas phase. As a result of this extensive investigation, the mechanisms responsible for mercury speciation differences observed for different coal types, power plants, and pollution control devices were elucidated. Specifically, unburned carbon was found to catalytically enhance mercury oxidation, while the actual differences in chlorine concentration from plant to plant were found to be of secondary importance to carbon. In addition, synergistic enhancement of mercury capture by carbon and calcium in flyash was quantitatively described for various coal-fired configurations, such as coal blending and sorbent injection, including development of contour plots of mercury removal at an ESP inlet and exit as a function of carbon and calcium concentration at the ESP inlet.
Reliability and Validity Appraisal Through Structural Equation Models

From an historical overview of reliability and validity appraisal It is concluded that too narrow a view of validity has been taken by researchers working In the tradition of structural eauation modelling, especially as applied to the classical factor model and its multi-trait multi-method extension. Tne partitioning of error variance in the approach between substantive effects, and method effects and its relation to unreliability and invalidity is explained: the alternative simplex Interpretation of the relations among a set of indicators is then presented. An empirical example is used to demonstrate the dependence of reliability and validity estimâtes on tlie theoretical context in which they are made. It Is concluded that, following Cronbach. the meaning of the term validity should be restored to encompass all the evidence that the theoretical properties assigned to a measurement are achieved and that the specific biases brought about by method effects and other confounding variables should be referred to In terms of measurement accuracy. Reliability. Validity. Structural Equation Models. Measurement.
Estimating Partition Coefficients for Fuel−Water Systems: Developing Linear Solvation Energy Relationships Using Linear Solvent Strength Theory To Handle Mixtures

In many environmental transport problems, organic solutes partition between immiscible phases that consist of liquid mixtures. To estimate the corresponding partition coefficients, we evaluated the efficacy of combining linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) developed for pure 1:1 systems via application of linear solvent strength theory. In this way, existing LSERs could be extended to treat solute partitioning from gasoline, diesel fuel, and similar mixtures into contacting aqueous mixtures. Unlike other approaches, this method allowed prediction of liquid-liquid partition coefficients in a variety of fuel-water systems for a broad range of dilute solutes. When applied to 37 polar and nonpolar solutes partitioning between an aqueous mixture and 12 different fuel-like mixtures (many including oxygenates), the root-mean-squared error was a factor of approximately 2.5 in the partition coefficient. This was considerably more accurate than application of Raoult's law for the same set of systems. Regulators and scientists could use this method to estimate fuel-water partition coefficients of novel additives in future fuel formulations and thereby provide key inputs for environmental transport assessments of these compounds.
Utilization Patterns and Perceptions of Playground Users in New York City

Playgrounds are assumed to be an important resource for physical activity. This study investigates seasonal utilization, user preferences, and perceptions of safety and upkeep of public playgrounds in New York City. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May 2010 to January 2011 across 10 playgrounds in low/middle income neighborhoods in each of the five boroughs in New York City. A total of 1,396 adults accompanying children were surveyed. Outcomes included playground as main place of outdoor play, and perceptions of playground upkeep and safety. Covariates included socio-demographics and other characteristics of playground users. Multivariable logistic regression with playground/season fixed effects were used. Utilization varied substantially across the four seasons. Blacks had higher odds of reporting the playground as the main place of outdoor play (AOR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.13-2.80, p < .05). High income users had lower odds of reporting the playground as the main place of outdoor play ($60-$80,000: AOR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.29-0.76, p < .01, $80,000+: AOR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.28-0.79, p < .01). Racial differences in perceived upkeep and safety were not significant once playground/season fixed effects were included, highlighting the importance of neighborhood conditions. Women were more likely to report feeling unsafe within playgrounds (AOR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.12-2.02, p < .01). While some playground utilization is driven by individual characteristics, perceptions of public resources influences utilization and cannot be separated from neighborhood conditions. Increasing access to opportunities for physical activity for children requires new strategies beyond playground improvements.
Locally convex infinitesimal calculus. 2. Computations on Mackey (l

Abstract The application of a general locally convex differentiation theory (Stroyan, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 240 (1978), 363–383) to the interesting special case of l∞ in its Mackey topology is shown. Calculus on non-Banach spaces is sometimes awkward because the spaces of multilinear maps over a non-Banach space cannot inherit suitable topologies. Despite the nontopological nature of this theory it is shown how simple finite-dimensional coordinate calculations tend to derivatives on l∞ exactly when the functions do not “depend on the infinite coordinates too much.” These calculations would be intractable with classical estimates.
Abstract 208: The MAGE family of cancer-testis antigens are potent oncogenes

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), including the MAGE protein family, are genes whose expression is typically restricted to the germline, but are aberrantly expressed and presented as antigens in human tumors. Therefore, CTAs constitute excellent targets for cancer immunotherapy. Surprising recent evidence suggests that the aberrant expression of MAGE CTAs in tumors is not simply an inert consequence of widespread genomic deregulation, but rather an important functional event promoting tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the expression of MAGE CTAs correlates with poor prognosis in a variety of cancer types. However, the role of MAGE CTAs as oncogenes driving tumorigenesis has been unexplored and their biochemical activity of MAGEs has been enigmatic. Aims and Methods: In this study, we investigated the function of the large MAGE protein family. First we determined the oncogenic potential of more than 20 MAGE CTAs in 3T3 transformation assays, soft agar anchorage-independent growth assays, and matrigel transwell invasion assays. We then selected several of these oncogenic MAGE CTAs for further in-depth study to identify their biochemical and cellular functions. Using a variety of in vitro and cellular assays, we identified common binding partners of more than ten MAGE proteins, solved the crystal structure of one MAGE protein, and investigated the biochemical activity of several MAGE CTAs. Results and Conclusions: We found that the majority of MAGE CTAs (more than 15) have oncogenic activity in cell transformation, anchorage-independent growth, and/or invasion. Additionally, we showed that a common feature of MAGE proteins is their ability to bind to and enhance the activity of E3 RING ubiquitin ligases, such TRIM28/KAP1, through a conserved tandem winged-helix domain. Importantly, we discovered that several MAGE-TRIM28 ubiquitin ligase complexes directly ubiquitylate and degrade the critical p53 tumor suppressor in vitro and in cancer cells. Thus, our findings clearly establish that MAGE CTAs function as oncogenes through their ability to regulate the activity of E3 RING ubiquitin ligases, resulting in the deregulation of vulnerable signaling pathways (such as the p53 tumor suppressor). These results underscore the importance of MAGE proteins as therapeutic targets for cancer and highlight a novel germline signaling program co-opted by cancer cells to facilitate tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 208. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-208
Determination of an angle of attack sensor correction for a general aviation airplane at large angles of attack as determined from wind tunnel and flight tests

A comprehensive investigation into the flow correction for an angle of attack sensor mounted ahead of the wing tip of a general aviation research airplane has been conducted at the Langley Research Center. This correction has been determined in wind tunnels using a full-scale model up to angles of attack of 45 deg and a 1/5-scale model up to 80 deg angle of attack. The flow correction has also been obtained in flight by using a standard technique at low angles of attack and in spinning flight at larger angles of attack, by using both a simple approximate technique and a parameter estimation technique. The results show the correction is significant, reaching 10 deg at a measured angle of attack of about 90 deg. The flow correction was sensitive to the angle of sideslip at measured angles of attack greater than 60 deg and was not influenced by wing leading-edge modifications or aileron deflections.
Fission gas release during grain growth in a microstructure with a distribution of grain sizes

Abstract Fission gas diffusion from a microstructure with a distribution of grain sizes undergoing grain growth is analyzed. Hillert's theory is used to describe the evolution in grain morphology, during which some grains enlarge while others shrink and may even disappear. Limiting cases of Booth release (when only diffusion occurs) and Malen release (when grain-boundary sweeping is dominant) are derived for a body with a distribution of grain sizes. The moving boundary diffusion equation that couples the diffusion and sweeping mechanisms is derived. The grain-size distribution is divided into 25 groups for which the diffusion equations are solved numerically for the average intragranular gas concentration. The results are compared to existing single-grain-size models which, in all cases, overpredict the fractional release. Depletion of intragranular fission gas provides a source for migration via grain boundaries to the free surface.
Asymmetric Cell Divisions Promote Notch-Dependent Epidermal Differentiation

Stem and progenitor cells use asymmetric cell divisions to balance proliferation and differentiation. Evidence from invertebrates shows that this process is regulated by proteins asymmetrically distributed at the cell cortex during mitosis: Par3-Par6-aPKC, which confer polarity, and Gα(i)-LGN/AGS3-NuMA-dynein/dynactin, which govern spindle positioning. Here we focus on developing mouse skin, where progenitor cells execute a switch from symmetric to predominantly asymmetric divisions concomitant with stratification. Using in vivo skin-specific lentiviral RNA interference, we investigate spindle orientation regulation and provide direct evidence that LGN (also called Gpsm2), NuMA and dynactin (Dctn1) are involved. In compromising asymmetric cell divisions, we uncover profound defects in stratification, differentiation and barrier formation, and implicate Notch signalling as an important effector. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of applying RNA interference in vivo to mammalian systems, and the ease of uncovering complex genetic interactions, here to gain insights into how changes in spindle orientation are coupled to establishing proper tissue architecture during skin development.
High-Current Lanthanum Hexaboride Hollow Cathode for 10-to-50-kW Hall Thrusters

Space missions continue to demand higher power Hall thrusters that provide high thrust and long life. For in-space propulsion applications such as high-power orbit raising and cargo missions, Hall thrusters capable of operating in the range of 10-50 kW are in development. The hollow cathodes for these thrusters will be required to produce discharge currents of 20-100 A with lifetimes well in excess of 10 kh. A lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) hollow cathode with these capabilities has been developed that features graphite tubes or sleeves to provide a diffusion boundary that protects the LaB6 electron emitter from chemical reactions with the refractory metal support structure and includes a long-life heater capable of igniting the high-temperature electron emitter. Cathode operation has been fully characterized at currents of 20-100 A including probe measurements of the plasma parameters inside the LaB6 insert and energetic ion measurements in the cathode plume. The cathode was also tested at up to 200 A of discharge current to explore the cathode failure mechanisms. While the LaB6 cathode operates at higher temperatures than conventional barium oxide-impregnated dispenser cathode, LaB6 provides very high discharge currents, long life, and significantly less sensitivity to propellant impurities and air exposure than conventional dispenser cathodes.
Reactivity of Epitaxial Vanadia on TiO2 : Are Support Interactions Required for Reactivity?

The reactivities of vanadium oxide epitaxial thin films were studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The vanadia films were grown on rutile TiO2(110) using oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and were shown to exhibit the (1 × 1) rutile structure using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy. Meanwhile X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy showed that monolayer films contained V5+, while V4+ predominated in the bulk of multilayer films. Two reaction channels, at 400 K and above 500 K, were detected for submonolayer vanadia coverages for 1-propanol oxidation to propionaldehyde. The reaction channel at 400 K persisted through multilayer films and thus was attributed to the dehydrogenation of intermediates attached to V surface cations; meanwhile, the sensitivity of 500 K reaction channel to vanadium oxidation states as well as a comparison of the branching ratio between these two reaction channels sug...
Neutron activation cross sections at 14.4 MeV for Si and Zn isotopes

Abstract Quinol-clathrates of Kr and Xe were used as solid target powders for neutron activation and cross sections for 16 (n, 2n), 7 (n, p), and one (n, α) reactions at 14.4±0.3 MeV have been measured; of these, 23 cross sections are reported for the first time.
Nonfission Inelastic Events in Uranium and Thorium Induced by High-Energy Protons

Activation cross sections for about thirty products of high-energy proton-induced disintegration of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ and ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$ have been measured by the radiochemical method. These products range from polonium ($Z=84$) to neptunium ($Z=93$). The energy dependence of some of these cross sections has been determined for formation from ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$. Because of fission competition, the spallation cross section of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ is considerably less than that of ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$. The data suggest that light isotopes of uranium are primarily responsible for the fission generally associated with high-energy particle bombardment of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$.
Proto-oncogene expression during retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells

Proto-oncogene expression is altered in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. A transient three- to four-fold increase in erbB proto-oncogene expression and a similar although smaller increase in src expression was observed during the period of time when events committing the cells to differentiate were occurring, but prior to the expression of the differentiated phenotype. During the differentiation phase, the only change was a decrease in myc proto-oncogene expression. These changes were not observed in untreated controls, cell treated with retinoic acid while growing as monolayer cultures or with mutants of P19 which did not undergo neuronal differentiation in response to retinoic acid treatment, suggesting some degree of specificity for neuronal differentiation.
Why do we have a stroke belt in the southeastern United States? A review of unlikely and uninvestigated potential causes.

Abstract Although there is widespread recognition of a region with high stroke mortality in the southeastern United States that has persisted over the past 50 years (ie, the “stroke belt”), there is little agreement as to its underlying cause(s). Herein, we review data supporting 10 potential causes for the stroke belt, and assess: (1) the likelihood that each is the contributing factor to the excess mortality, and (2) areas of investigation where data are lacking and that require additional research efforts.