cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axion Kinetic Misalignment Mechanism

In the conventional misalignment mechanism, the axion field has a constant initial field value in the early Universe and later begins to oscillate. We present an alternative scenario where the axion field has a nonzero initial velocity, allowing an axion decay constant much below the conventional prediction from axion dark matter. This axion velocity can be generated from explicit breaking of the axion shift symmetry in the early Universe, which may occur as this symmetry is approximate.
The Future of Work in the Age of AI: Displacement or Risk-Shifting?

This chapter examines the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on work and workers. As AI-driven technologies are increasingly integrated into workplaces and labor processes, many have expressed worry about the widespread displacement of human workers. The chapter presents a more nuanced view of the common rhetoric that robots will take over people’s jobs. We contend that economic forecasts of massive AI-induced job loss are of limited practical utility, as they tend to focus solely on technical aspects of task execution, while neglecting broader contextual inquiry about the social components of work, organi­zational structures, and cross-industry effects. The chapter then considers how AI might impact workers through modes other than displacement. We highlight four mechanisms through which firms are beginning to use AI-driven tools to reallocate risks from them­selves to workers: algorithmic scheduling, task redefinition, loss and fraud prediction, and incentivization of productivity. We then explore potential policy responses to both dis­placement and risk-shifting concerns.
Challenging Global Group Audits: The Perspective of U.S. Group Audit Leads

Regulators are concerned about the quality of group audits due to poor inspection results, recent enforcement actions against component auditors, and the significance of these audits to the global economy (IAASB 2015; PCAOB 2016a). Yet, research in this area is nascent. In response, we survey and interview U.S.-based global group audit leads to better understand the group audit process and their perceptions of challenges that arise on such engagements. Our findings indicate that group auditors organize their audits consistent with the client’s structure, which drives component auditor selection, scoping, and fees. Group auditors routinely find fault with component auditors, perceiving that work performed and/or documentation provided is not sufficient, not appropriate and/or not communicated timely, to comply with U.S. standards and reporting deadlines. In some cases, they perceive that the component auditor is unable and/or unwilling to comply; in others, that the component auditor misunderstands group instructions due to language proficiency or differing interpretation of the standards. Notably this perspective is ethnocentric, as group auditors almost exclusively attribute issues to component auditors. While ethnocentric tendencies appear myopic, they provide insight into unrecognized or overlooked aspects of the global firm model of cooperative arrangements. This study highlights the significance of the global firm's network structure to global group audits. Thus, we encourage intercommunity research, among (quantitative and qualitative) scholars and standard setters, to consider group audits in the broader context of firm networks.
The periventricular stratum of the hypothalamus.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the anatomical studies and neurophysiological studies of the periventricular stratum (PVS) of the hypothalamus. The periventricular stratum consists of small neuronal cell bodies in a matrix of fine axonal processes and the bulk of the experimental evidence indicates that the posterior division of the PVS is not associated with a readily definable function or functions. Stimulation of the PVS shows participation of the anterior division in several types of response, and the posterior division in some, but only for pupillary dilatation is there a continuous zone along the entire extent of the PVS, and virtually all the hypothalamus is involved. Correlation of the locations from which autonomic or somatic responses are evoked with hypothalamic structure offers insight to the functions of the PVS. The lesion studies, together with anatomical studies, strongly support the argument that the posterior PVS is afferent to the medial hypothalamus. The organization of the anterior PVS is less certain.
Chapter 2 Forecasting and Decision Theory

Abstract When forecasts of the future value of some variable, or the probability of some event, are used for purposes of ex ante planning or decision making, then the preferences, opportunities and constraints of the decision maker will all enter into the ex post evaluation of a forecast, and the ex post comparison of alternative forecasts. After a presenting a brief review of early work in the area of forecasting and decision theory, this chapter formally examines the manner in which the features of an agent's decision problem combine to generate an appropriate decision-based loss function for that agent's use in forecast evaluation. Decision-based loss functions are shown to exhibit certain necessary properties, and the relationship between the functional form of a decision-based loss function and the functional form of the agent's underlying utility function is characterized. In particular, the standard squared-error loss function is shown to imply highly restrictive and not particularly realistic properties on underlying preferences, which are not justified by the use of a standard local quadratic approximation. A class of more realistic loss functions (“location-dependent loss functions”) is proposed.
Five-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine operating as generator design, parameter determination by FEM and performance

The paper describes the design and parameter calculation of a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine intended for operation as generator connected to the load over a rectifier bridge. The main parameters and machine dimensions are determined using the finite element method in 2 dimensions. Calculated no-load induced voltage and inductances are compared with measured values obtained from a prototype machine. A circuit based mathematical model is also developed and simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the results are used to determine the machine performance as generator. The simulation results are checked versus measured values, and a good agreement between the simulation and measurements was observed. The implemented model gives results with sufficient accuracy, allowing to determine the machine behavior in early design stages. The method described here can be successfully applied for designing and performance calculation of high phase machine.
Culture and High Reliability Organizations: The Case of the Nuclear Submarine:

Pet-row defined as ‘high risk’ those organizations that combine complexity and tight coupling with the potential for catastrophic failure. He concluded that accidents are ‘normal’ for such organizations because their managers face irreconcilable structural paradoxes. Centralization, the method of dealing with the tight coupling, must be combined with delegation, the method of dealing with the complexity. Weick, researching the complex and tightly coupled systems found in air traffic control and carrier flight-deck operations, saw these problems differently. He argued that strong organizational cultures provide a centralized and focused cognitive system within which delegated and loosely coupled systems can function effectively. High risk organizations thereby become transformed into high reliability organizations (HROs).Drawing on their personal experiences, the paper's authors focus on one type of HRO, the nuclear submarine. We argue for a multi-level model in which culture interacts with and supports fo...
Super compact RBJ (rubber block joint) with high dielectric constant layer

Application of rubber block joint (RBJ or one piece joint) has been recently increasing for a 66 kV or more XLPE cable from the merit of easy construction. We have developed the more economical and super compact RBJ whose volume is reduced to about 1/3 of the conventional one, by employing the high dielectric constant (/spl epsiv/) thin layer between insulation and inner semi-conductive electrode layer in order to relieve electrical stress. The high /spl epsiv/ rubber containing much amount of high /spl epsiv/ filler is key material of this joint and the most important factor of high /spl epsiv/ rubber is to prevent the fall of mechanical and electrical properties such as electrical breakdown strength and dielectric loss. This report describes the characteristics of high /spl epsiv/ rubber and super compact RBJ applying this high /spl epsiv/ rubber.
Low Wage Workers and High Housing Costs

Housing policy becomes a labor issue when housing costs consume large portions of hard-won wage increases. The extent and the depth of today's housing crisis make this issue more pressing than at a...
Water Penetration into a Dry Amyloid Fibril

Amyloid formation is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid is composed of 39-42 residue proteins that have aggregated into fibrils. Experimental and theoretical studies of amyloid fibril structure have suggested a model in which two different parallel in-register beta sheets pack against each other with a dry interface. However, recent 2D-IR results have detected water molecules within a mature folded fibril. To explore this discrepancy, we created a molecular dynamics simulation of a dry amyloid fibril in water. We observed that water enters the space between beta sheets through hydrogen bonding interactions with the side chain or main chain of Asp23, and the main chain carbonyl group of Gly25. The involvement of main chain carbonyl groups in water transport down the interior of an amyloid fibril suggests that individual hydrogen bonds comprising the beta sheet may form and transiently unform, facilitating events like water transport while maintaining overall fibril structure.
One and Two Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy on Proteins in Glucose Solutions

Cryopreservation is a powerful technology with many applications in biomedical fields from organ preservation to cellular research. Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are among the most widely used cryopreserving agents, yet despite their widespread use, the mechanism through which sugars protect cells on the molecular level is poorly understood. The vitrification model posits that the role of sugars are merely to inhibit ice formation altogether. The water replacement model predicts sugars preferentially bind to the surfaces of protein forming a protective layer against the denaturing ice formation. Under this paradigm, one would expect the hydrodynamic radius of diffusing protein to increase with increasing sugar concentration. In order to test this hypothesis, we have developed both one-photon and two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to measure the hydrodynamic radius of fluorescent particles in glucose solutions. The two-photon technique was developed to investigate tryptophan-containing proteins. However, to date, we have only succeeded in measuring the diffusion of reasonably large, Avidin-coated polystyrene spheres that possess sufficient fluorescence to be reliably detected. Work is continuing on using this technique to study the diffusion of the protein hemocyanin. Given these difficulties with the limited brightness of tryptophan, the one-photon FCS setup is being used to investigate green fluorescent protein (GFP), a much smaller, but considerably brighter, fluorophore.This work was supported through funding from National Institutes of Health (grant #1R01EB009644-01).
EVOLUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE WOODY HAWAIIAN VIOLETS (VIOLA, VIOLACEAE): ARCTIC ORIGINS, HERBACEOUS ANCESTRY AND BIRD DISPERSAL

Specialists studying the genus Viola have consistently allied the Hawaiian violets comprising section Nosphinium--most of which are subshrubs or treelets--with putatively primitive subshrubs in certain South American violet groups. Hawaiian violets also possess inflorescences, a floral disposition otherwise found only in other genera of the Violaceae, thus strengthening the hypothesis of a very ancient origin for the Hawaiian species. A survey of phylogenetic relationships among infrageneric groups of Viola worldwide using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed a dramatically different biogeographic origin for the Hawaiian violets: A monophyletic Hawaiian clade was placed in a close sister relationship with the amphi-Beringian tundra violet, V. langsdorffii s. 1., in a highly derived position. This remarkable and unforeseen relationship received strong clade support values across analyses, and monophyly of the Hawaiian lineage was further indicated by a unique 26-base-pair deletion in section Nosphinium. The high polyploid base chromosome number (n approximately equal to 40) in the Hawaiian violets relates them to Alaskan and eastern Siberian populations in the polyploid V. langsdorffii complex. More than 50 species of the 260 allochthonous birds wintering in the Hawaiian Islands are found to breed in the Arctic, occupying habitats in which individual birds might have encountered ancestral V. langsdorffii populations and served as dispersers to the central Pacific region. Acquisition of derived morphological traits (e.g., arborescence and inflorescences), significance of a confirmed Arctic origin for a component of the Hawaiian flora, and the likelihood of other "cryptic" Arctic elements in the Hawaiian flora deserving independent molecular phylogenetic corroboration are discussed.
Children in the fast lane: Implications for early childhood policy and practice

The values and ambitions of many parents lead them to exert pressure on young children for high, early achievement and to constrain early childhood educators to accelerate formal academic instruction. The conflicts between this kind of parental pressure and the values and training of early childhood educators are discussed. Implications for policy and practice are drawn from an overview of the contemporary conditions of childhood, concerns of achievement-oriented parents, and the knowledge base of early childhood education.
Visual motion perception

The primate visual motion system performs numerous functions essential for survival in a dynamic visual world. Prominent among these functions is the ability to recover and represent the trajectories of objects in a form that facilitates behavioral responses to those movements. The first step toward this goal, which consists of detecting the displacement of retinal image features, has been studied for many years in both psychophysical and neurobiological experiments. Evidence indicates that achievement of this step is computationally straightforward and occurs at the earliest cortical stage. The second step involves the selective integration of retinal motion signals according to the object of origin. Realization of this step is computationally demanding, as the solution is formally underconstrained. It must rely--by definition--upon utilization of retinal cues that are indicative of the spatial relationships within and between objects in the visual scene. Psychophysical experiments have documented this dependence and suggested mechanisms by which it may be achieved. Neurophysiological experiments have provided evidence for a neural substrate that may underlie this selective motion signal integration. Together they paint a coherent portrait of the means by which retinal image motion gives rise to our perceptual experience of moving objects.
Mechanistic rationale and clinical evidence for the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors against indolent and mantle cell lymphomas.

Recent advances in understanding the complex biology of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have led to the identification of many potentially ‘drugable’ targets within this pathway. One such inhibitor, bortezomib (formerly known as PS341), has proven to be an effective reversible inhibitor of the chymotryptic protease in the 26S proteasome. Proteasome inhibitors represent a new approach for the treatment of many forms of cancer, especially select hematological malignancies. The proteasome plays an important role in regulating the availability of different intracellular proteins. While only some of the consequences of inhibiting this activity are understood, a growing amount of data suggests that inhibition of the proteasome is associated with a remarkable panoply of different biological effects that include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, changes in cell surface adhesion markers, and an increased sensitivity to standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Bortezomib was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. In addition, bortezomib has also shown encouraging results in the treatment of select types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Ongoing phase II clinical trials in pretreated patients are exploring bortezomib in different histologies of NHLs and in combination with conventional chemotherapy. Preliminary data have shown interesting activity, especially in patients with follicular, marginal zone, and mantle cell lymphoma; in these populations, durable complete and partial remissions have been reported. The toxicity profile of this drug, coupled with its unusual mechanism of action, make it a potentially important agent warranting further preclinical and clinical attention. However, many unanswered questions remain regarding how best to employ bortezomib in the conventional treatment of lymphoma. The apparent lack of activity in different subtypes of lymphoma, such as small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, as well as a lack of understanding about the best way to combine bortezomib with standard therapies for indolent NHLs, raises important questions regarding the mechanistic basis for its effects. We will undoubtedly need to understand these effects better in order to fully exploit the potential of this new class of drugs.
Homologous Series of Redox-Active, Dinuclear Cations [M2(O2CCH3)2(pynp)2]2+ (M = Mo, Ru, Rh) with the Bridging Ligand 2-(2-Pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine (pynp)

A homologous series of dinuclear compounds with the bridging ligand 2-(2-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine (pynp) has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic methods. [Mo2(O2CCH3)2(pynp)2][BF4]2·3CH3CN (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 15.134(5) A, b = 14.301(6) A, c = 19.990(6) A, β = 108.06(2)°, V = 4113(3) A3, and Z = 4. [Ru2(O2CCH3)2(pynp)2][PF6]2·2CH3OH (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 14.2228(7) A, b = 20.3204(9) A, c = 14.1022(7) A, β = 95.144(1)°, V = 4059.3(3) A3, and Z = 4. [Rh2(O2CCH3)2(pynp)2][BF4]2·C7H8 (3) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 13.409(2) A, b = 21.670(3) A, c = 13.726(2) A, β = 94.865(2)°, V = 3973.9(8) A3, and Z = 4. A minor product, [Rh2(O2CCH3)2(pynp)2(CH3CN)2][BF4][PF6]·2CH3CN (4), was isolated from the mother liquor after crystals of 3 had been harvested; this compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group, P1 with a = 12.535(3) A, b = 13.116(3) A, c = 13.785(3) A...
An operandum-to-Osborne I interface

A circuit that interfaces an Osborne I microcomputer to a capacitance-operated subject touch panel is described
The Unstable F-box Protein p58-Ctf13 Forms the Structural Core of the CBF3 Kinetochore Complex

Kinetochores are smaller and more accessible experimentally in budding yeast than in any other eukaryote. Believing that simple and complex kinetochores have important structural and functional properties in common, we characterized the structure of CBF3, the essential centromere-binding complex that initiates kinetochore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that the four subunits of CBF3 are multimeric in solution: p23Skp1 and p58Ctf13 form a heterodimer, and p64Cep3 and p110Ndc10 form homodimers. Subcomplexes involving p58 and each of the other CBF3 subunits can assemble in the absence of centromeric DNA. In these subcomplexes, p58 appears to function as a structural core mediating stable interactions among other CBF3 proteins. p58 has a short half-life in yeast, being subject to ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, but we find that it is much more stable following association with p64. We propose that p23Skp1-p58-p64 complexes constitute the primary pool of active p58 in yeast cells. These complexes can either dissociate, reexposing p58 to the degradation pathway, or can bind to p110 and centromeric DNA, forming a functional CBF3 complex in which p58 is fully protected from degradation. This pathway may constitute an editing mechanism preventing the formation of ectopic kinetochores and ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
Synthetic and spectroscopic studies of vanadate glaserites I: Upconversion studies of doubly co-doped (Er, Tm, or Ho):Yb:K3Y(VO4)2

Abstract The synthesis and upconversion properties of trigonal glaserite-type K 3 Y(VO 4 ) 2 co-doped with Er 3+ /Yb 3+ , Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ , or Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ were studied. Powder samples were synthesized by solid state reactions at 1000 °C for 48 h, while well-formed hexagonal single crystals of the same were grown hydrothermally using 10 M K 2 CO 3 at 560–650 °C. Infrared-to-visible upconversion by Er 3+ /Yb 3+ , Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ , or Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ codoped-K 3 Y(VO 4 ) 2 glaserite powder and single crystals was observed, and the upconversion spectral properties were studied as a function of different Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , Ho 3+ , and Yb 3+ ion concentrations. The process is observed under 980 nm laser diode excitation and leads to strong green (552 nm) and red (659 nm) emission for Er 3+ /Yb 3+ , green (549 nm) and red (664 nm) emission for Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ , and blue (475 nm) and red (647 nm) emission for Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ . The main mechanism that allows for up-conversion is attributed the energy transfer among Yb 3+ and the various Er 3+ /Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ ions in excited states. These results illustrate the large potential of co-doped alkali double vanadates for photonic applications involving optoelectronics devices.
From superabilità to transabilità: towards an Italian disability studies

This article discusses recent academic and theoretical approaches to disability in Italy, situating them in relation to Anglo-American disability studies as well as within the Italian academic context, and sketches out the contours of an emergent Italian disability studies. The discussion centres on three terms that have emerged recently in Italy: superabilita (implying both ‘ability to overcome’ and ‘exceptional ability’); diversabilita (being ‘differently abled’); and transabilita (the desire for, or identification with, a disabled body by a non-disabled subject). The article considers the role of narrative in each of these categories, as well as the way that each deals with the question of limits. While discourses in each category construct or confirm a strong disabled identity, the article argues that transabilita might also be understood as the transcendence of identity on the basis of ability. This alternative understanding puts pressure on the question of identity itself and challenges the very nee...
P03.03. Body Schema and Feldenkrais®: Effects Upon Subjects With Low Back Pain

Focus Areas: Integrative Approaches to Care, Alleviating Pain Background and Purpose: Back problems continue to be the number one symptom disorder for consulting complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners. Neuroscience continues to indicate that the human brain undergoes a process of somato-topic cortical reorganization in association with sustained states of chronic pain. Feldenkrais® practitioners aim to create individualized multimodal learning experiences that are believed to clarify an improved neuroplasticity-based change in the cognitive construct of one's own body schema. A specific protocol is applied to observe some responses in subjects with mechanical, non-specific low back pain (LBP) in a clinical practice setting. Methods: Forty subjects (30 female, 10 male) diagnosed with persistent LBP attended a Feldenkrais®-based physical therapy intervention series of sessions while assessing usual baseline measures—including Pain Intensity on VAS and observations of Gait Quality. Using anatomical skeleton models and proprioceptive touch, 3 inquiries for primary learning conditions were made for clarifying anatomical imagery including (1) The Hip Socket axis of rotation, (2) Inner ilia pelvis as an inner bridge of leg support, and (3) correlating the vestibular apparatus in combination with global Feldenkrais® movements. No attention was given to treating isolated lumbar segments directly. Results: All conditions were novel interpretations of body awareness for subject's previous notions of body schema. Pain on VAS reduced from 6/10 average to 2/10. All subjects had a more balanced gait. Conclusions: Body schema–based somatic education interventions, like the Feldekrais® method, deserve further investigation and do not appear to rely on treating the anatomical regions of perceived involvement directly.
Importance of Dispersion and Electron Correlation in ab Initio Protein Folding

Dispersion is well-known to be important in biological systems, but the effect of electron correlation in such systems remains unclear. In order to assess the relationship between the structure of a protein and its electron correlation energy, we employed both full system Hartree-Fock (HF) and second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) calculations in conjunction with the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) on the native structures of two proteins and their corresponding computer-generated decoy sets. Because of the expense of the MP2 calculation, we have utilized the fragment molecular orbital method (FMO) in this study. We show that the sum of the Hartree-Fock (HF) energy and force field (LJ6)-derived dispersion energy (HF + LJ6) is well correlated with the energies obtained using second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) theory. In one of the two examples studied, the correlation energy as well as the empirical dispersive energy term was able to discriminate between native and decoy structures. On the other hand, for the second protein we studied, neither the correlation energy nor dispersion energy showed discrimination capabilities; however, the ab initio MP2 energy and the HF+LJ6 both ranked the native structure correctly. Furthermore, when we randomly scrambled the Lennard-Jones parameters, the correlation between the MP2 energy and the sum of the HF energy and dispersive energy (HF+LJ6) significantly drops, which indicates that the choice of Lennard-Jones parameters is important.
Nanostructured polymers: a molecular interpretation of nanoscale reinforcement in polyurethane/polyimide blends

Abstract A series of segmented poly(ether-urethane-urea)/polyimide blends were characterized using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The SAXS revealed a dependence of the domain size, interdomain distance, and degree of phase mixing on polyimide concentration. The reduction in domain size was accompanied by an increase in interdomain distance and phase mixing. The FTIR studies showed that PI chains dispersed in the PU were stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonding. In addition, free urea carbonyl absorption bands appeared as a function of PI concentration implying an interference with the formation of hard domains in the PU. The PU/PI blends showed large improvements in tensile properties at low concentrations (1–5 wt. % PI). The enhancement in mechanical properties is attributed to synergism between the molecularly dispersed nanosize rigid segments and the formation of hydrogen bonding.
Electron microscope study of mitosis in Physarum polycephalum.

Mitosis in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum occurs within the nuclear membrane. The nucleolus breaks down into fragments which, until late in anaphase, remain identifiable by groups of electron dense granules. The mitotic spindle is formed within the nuclear membrane, and it first appears as a small plaque of fibrous material at a short distance from the surface of the disintegrating nucleolus. No centriole was found. When the daughter plates move toward the poles at anaphase, fragments of spindle fibers and clumps of amorphous material of unknown (nucleolar ?) origin are left in the middle of the interzone. The parts of the nuclear membrane around the interzone between the daughter plates and toward the poles disappear at late anaphase, and the remainder is probably reutilized in the formation of a new nuclear envelope. The nucleolus is formed by coalescence of material which first appears dispersed among the telophase chromosomes.
Critical currents of composite superconductors: Model calculations.

We calculate the I-V characteristics of composite superconductors modeled as random three-dimensional arrays of resistively shunted Josephson junctions at zero temperature, in zero and finite applied magnetic fields. Two types of disorder are considered: site dilution of a simple cubic lattice to a concentration p and a random displacement of grains in an ordered lattice. In the site-diluted lattice, we find that there exists a critical current density ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$(p), below which the voltage becomes very small, and which varies as a power law in (p-${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$), ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$(p)\ensuremath{\propto}(p-${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$${)}^{\mathit{v}}$ with v\ensuremath{\approxeq}1.7, in agreement with previous static estimates and in qualitative agreement with experimental studies on Ag/${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ composites. Near the percolation threshold ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$, we find a scaling relation between the current density J and the electric field E, analogous to that proposed by Fisher et al. near the vortex-glass transition in superconductors with microscopic disorder. In the presence of an applied magnetic field, we find numerically that the critical current initially decreases with field, then reaches a plateau. We present qualitative arguments to estimate both the crossover field ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{X}}$ at which the plateau is approached, and the value of the critical current density on the plateau. Possible connections between these results and the large plateau fields and critical currents observed by Sato et al. [IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-27, 1231 (1991)] are discussed.
Toward a model of governance and legality in transforming economies: Empirical evidence from China

This article develops and empirically examines a model of governance and legality of organizations in countries under significant system transformation. While previous research has focused on issues of governance structures, this study suggests that organizational legality is equally important. An analysis of survey data from 127 Chinese managers demonstrates that governance and legality are distinct dimensions. We suggest that an application of this empirically corroborated model to other transformational economies may reveal different configurations of the organizational field, mirror contrasting reform strategies, and indicate the possibility for alternative routes of organizational transformation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influences on the Career Accomplishments of Ph.D.'s.

Six samples of Ph.D. recipients 3, 5, and 13 years after receiving the doctorate are examined for academic and personal characteristics associated with the career accomplishments of professional productivity and income. Both academic and nonacademic careers are included; the samples are professionals in chemistry, history, psychology, and the physical, biological, and social sciences. In general, the results suggest that academic ability and quality of the Ph.D. program influence job settings and responsibilities, which in turn directly influence both productivity and income. Number of years since the degree also is consistently related to both outcome measures.
Kinetics of the Hopcalite‐catalyzed oxidation of carbon monoxide

The oxidation of carbon monoxide with Hopcalite catalyst was studied in an isothermal recycling reactor with special attention paid to the changes of gas phase compositions with time. Conversion-time data exhibit significant departures from first-order behavior often ascribed to this reaction. In early stages the reaction rate declines more rapidly than would a first-order reaction; later the reverse is true. A mechanism, based on careful analyses of the literature and of our observations, is proposed. A kinetic model based on this mechanism is shown to reproduce the data of any run satisfactorily, but there is a considerable variation in values of the constants from run to run.
In vivo human laminar cribrosa microstructural and vasculature evaluation using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography

In this paper, we demonstrated that the detailed microstructure and microcirculation information of human laminar cribrosa can be in vivo visualized using an ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography system, which is operating at 800 nm region and 500 kHz A-line capturing rate. The captured micro structure and vasculature images were first qualitatively evaluated through the maximum projection map and extracted enface images of different depth locations. Then, the pore area and elongation were statistically calculated to provide the quantitative information.
Operational Issues for Hospital-Based Home Infusion Pharmacies:

This article focuses on a nonprofit, hospital-based comprehensive home infusion service in which all intravenous (IV) drugs or nutritional admixtures, professional services, supplies, and reimbursement services are performed solely by inpatient pharmacists, IV therapy nurses, and pharmacy assistants. By modifying an inpatient work load measurement system, additional staff are justified by total time for home infusion service work units. Twenty-four-hour back-up by cross-trained inpatient pharmacists and IV therapy nurses has contributed to the number of patients served by the home infusion service, which has grown steadily. A permanent and complete outpatient medical record is maintained for each patient (separate from inpatient records) in the infusion service and is available for 24-hour easy access for after-hour calls. All multidisciplinary team members participate in formal, weekly patient-care case conferences to review and update all patient therapies. Services covered, billing procedures, procedur...
Efficiency in spatial negotiations

Abstract We examine two-party spatial negotiations with single-peaked preferences and two-sided uncertainty about those preferences. A classical ex post efficient dominant strategy incentive-compatible individually-rational mechanism exists if and only if there is either complete information or one-sided incomplete information about the gains from agreement. If there is two-sided uncertainty about gains from agreement, a classical ex post efficient Bayesian incentive-compatible individually-rational mechanism does not exist.
Why animals have no right to life: A response to Regan

(1988). Why animals have no right to life: A response to Regan. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 498-511.
Volume and Nature of Telephone Calls in a Specialty Headache Practice

Background.—No information exists regarding the contribution of patient-related telephone calls to the burden of headache practice. Objective.—To identify the nature and volume of patient-related telephone calls to a specialty headache practice over a 1-month period. Design and Methods.—The characteristics of all patient-related calls to a single headache practitioner occurring during July 2001 were documented. Information was obtained on the caller, reason for call, length of call, timing and day of call, stated importance of call, patient's principal headache diagnosis, and principal comorbid psychiatric disorder, if any. Results.—One hundred sixty-five outpatient headache-related calls were received in July 2001, 3.17 for every hour of headache clinic scheduled. A total of 65% of all calls was generated by just 36% of callers. Of the 32 patients who placed more than one call during the study period, 50% had chronic daily headache, 53% had a personality disorder, and 38% had both. Twenty-seven percent of all calls were placed by someone other than the patient, 58% involved requests for medication refills, and 17% reported a new symptom or medication side effect. Over half of all calls were placed on Mondays and Tuesdays. Relatively few occurred outside work hours; 18% of calls characterized as “emergency” and 36% of calls characterized as urgent involved requests for controlled substances. Most of these calls were placed by patients with personality disorders. None of the 11 calls characterized as emergency calls was judged so by the physician; only 19% of the urgent calls were judged so by the physician. Conclusions.—Telephone calls contribute substantially to the burden of caring for patients in a specialty headache practice. Patients with chronic daily headache and personality disorders contribute disproportionately to this telephone burden. Efforts to identify such patients at presentation and educate them regarding appropriate telephone use seem to be warranted.
Cloning and sequencing the HinfI restriction and modification genes

The HinfI restriction and modification genes were cloned on a 3.9-kb PstI fragment inserted into the PstI site of plasmid pBR322. Both genes are confined to an internal 2.3-kb BclI-AvaI subfragment. This subfragment was sequenced. Two large open reading frames (ORF's) are present. ORF1 codes for the methylase [predicted 359 amino acids (aa)] and ORF2 codes for the endonuclease (predicted 262 or 272 aa).
268 LACTATE UPTAKE BY THE FETAL AND NEONATAL SHEEP LIVER

In the fetal sheep, lactate is an important metabolic substrate and previous studies have shown placental lactate production and lactate uptake by the fetal liver. In the neonatal sheep, there is no placental lactate source and blood lactate concentrations are lower than in the fetus. To compare the importance of lactate as a substrate for fetal and neonatal liver metabolism, we measured lactate flux across the liver in 16 fetal sheep (mean gestational age 129 days) which had catheters chronically placed in the right or left hepatic vein, portal vein, descending aorta and umbilical vein and in 5 neonatal sheep (mean age 9 days) with similar catheters except for the umbilical vein. In addition, we measured umbilical lactate uptake in the fetal sheep. In the fetus, net hepatic lactate uptake was 5.0 mg/min/100 g. There was a linear correlation between hepatic and umbilical lactate uptake (r = 0.74, p < .005); hepatic uptake could account for nearly 90% of umbilical uptake, but hepatic lactate extraction was only 7.7% of hepatic lactate delivery (94.2 mg/min/100 g). In the neonate, net hepatic lactate uptake was more than twice the fetal rate (11.0 mg/min/100 g) and hepatic lactate extraction was 32.9% of hepatic lactate delivery (31.0 mg/min/100 g). Lactate is therefore an important substrate for both fetal and neonatal liver metabolism. Although lactate delivery to the neonatal liver decreases, increased hepatic extraction compensates so that hepatic lactate uptake actually increases. (Supported by HL24056.)
Gauging Openness to Written Communication Change The Predictive Power of Metaphor

This study gauges workers’ degree of openness to significant changes in the organization, style, and design of a written report by analyzing metaphors that emerge from their talk about their report...
The Hypothesis of Incommensurability and Multicultural Education

This article describes the logical and rhetorical grounds for a multicultural pedagogy that teaches students the knowledge and skills needed to interact creatively in the public realm betwixt and between cultures. I begin by discussing the notion of incommensurability. I contend that this hypothesis was intended to perform a particular rhetorical task and that the assumption that it is descriptive of a condition to which intercultural interactions are necessarily subjected is an unwarranted extension of the hypothesis as originally conceived. After discussing the hypothetical nature of the notion of incommensurability and its critical role within the discourse of the human sciences, the article examines the usefulness of utopian narratives as examples of incommensurable systems that can be put to pedagogical work. I argue that the comparative study of utopian narratives can provide insight into possible means of creating passageways that lead not from one bounded system to another, but rather to mutually generated and generative pluralistic public cultures in which new norms can be articulated, shared and potentially legitimised. What is crucial to the point I am trying to make is that ‘incommensurability’ was initially posed as a hypothesis that, while impossible to prove, still served a critical discursive or rhetorical function. This function is one that it can still serve and in an important educational manner, outside the discourse of the human sciences, within a larger, increasingly multicultural and global society.
From certainty factors to belief networks

The certainty-factor (CF) model is a commonly used method for managing uncertainty in rule-based systems. We review the history and mechanics of the CF model, and delineate precisely its theoretical and practical limitations. In addition, we examine the belief network, a representation that is similar to the CF model but that is grounded firmly in probability theory. We show that the belief-network representation overcomes many of the limitations of the CF model, and provides a promising approach to the practical construction of expert systems.
Combining local estimates in nonlinear systems

We consider the problem of combining conditional statistics that have been generated by local processors which observe the state of a nonlinear system and process their observations based on different nonlinear local models. It will be shown that in order to obtain the conditional statistics of the state of the system, some algebraic constraints must be placed on the choice of the local models. These constraints reduce to those found by Willsky et al [3] in the linear case.
Outcome-based doctor-patient interaction analysis: I. Comparison of techniques

Interactional analysis (IA) systems have been devised and applied to doctor-patient dialogues to describe encounters and to relate process to outcomes. Prior work in this area has been typified by the use of a single taxonomy for classifying verbal behaviors and limited outcomes (compliance and/or satisfaction). We applied three different IA systems (Bales, Roter's modified Bales with affective ratings, and Stiles' "Verbal Response Modes") to 101 new-patient visits to a general medical clinic for which multiple outcomes had been determined: several measures of patient knowledge of problems at conclusion of visit; patient compliance with drugs (over the ensuing three months); and patient satisfaction with the visit (perceived technical, interpersonal and communication quality). Within IA systems, cross tabulations and multiple regressions were performed to relate encounter events to outcomes. Across IA systems, multiple regression R2 and R2 adjusted (R2a) for the number of independent variables entering were used to characterize strength of relationships. Roter's IA system showed stronger relationships to outcomes of knowledge (41% R2, 27% R2a) and compliance (44% R2, 28% R2a) than did Bales' or Stiles' systems. R2 for patient satisfaction was identical for Bales and Roter (35%), and greater than R2 for Stiles (14%). We conclude that choice of IA system for research or teaching purposes should be based on behaviors and outcomes of particular interest and importance to the user. Based on audioreview of tapes, Roter's approach is less time-consuming and may perform as well as more complex systems requiring transcript analysis.
Airway resistance in the newborn infant. Preliminary communication.

Summary 1. Measurements of airway resistance at different lung volumes in newborn babies have been shown to be in general agreement with the extrapolated findings of Briscoe and DuBois in older subjects. The difference, if any, between the airway resistance during nose and during mouth breathing should be investigated in infants. 2. The derived values for conductance frequently lay above the extrapolated portion of the regression line representing the upper limit of the normal range of Briscoe and DuBois. This may be related to a larger ratio of airway cross-section area to lung volume in the newborn. 3. The hypothesis is advanced that in those newborn infants who have higher airway conductance for a given lung volume than do the majority of infants the corresponding intrathoracic pressure may have been more negative.
Determination of modal coupling in vibrating rectangular plates

Abstract In square isotropic plates, some of the degenerate mode pairs are split in frequency due to coupling between longitudinal and transverse strain (which might be called Poisson coupling), and the same splitting of degenerate modes can occur in rectangular orthotropic plates having a certain length/width ratio. We have studied this coupling in free plates of aluminum and spruce (quarter cut and skew cut) and determined Poisson's ratios from the frequency ratios of the ( 2,0±0,2 ) modes (called the x and ring modes by luthiers). The critical length/width ratio was found to be considerably greater (3·17) in the skew-cut spruce than in quarter-cut spruce (2·08), due to a smaller cross-grain elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio.
Effect of small measured doses of radiation on lymphocyte morphology in man.

SummaryIn the study reported here a significant increase in incidence of binucleated lymphocytes is demonstrated in persons exposed to ionizing radiation at levels of the order of 200 mr per week.
Transient determination of thermal properties

Abstract A powerful statistical procedure called nonlinear estimation can be used to simultaneously determine several properties appearing in certain partial differential equations if appropriate measurements are made. These properties might include a number of those of particular interest in nuclear engineering. The method is illustrated, however, for the determination of thermal conductivity and specific heat given transient temperature measurements. The properties are found by making the calculated temperatures match the measured temperatures in a least-squares sense. The method utilizes finite-differences for the solution of the heat-conduction equation and for minimizing a sum of squares function: the method is well-adapted for use with a digital computer. Certain experiments are discussed for which the thermal properties can be accurately determined. The use of the method to calculate thermal properties from exact and experimental data is described.
Doing Good and Feeling Well: Exploring the Relationship Between Charitable Activity and Perceived Personal Wellness

In this exploratory study into the relationship between participation in charitable activity and self-reported measures of personal wellness, social exchange theory was used to model factors that operationalize socioeconomic variables as costs, religious orientation and charitable orientation as rewards, and wellness as profit. Structural equation modeling was applied to data from the 2004 General Social Survey, including the Module on Altruism, to measure the effects, both direct and indirect, and infer knowledge from the results. Results suggest the indication of a relationship between charitable behavior and personal wellness is valid. Specifically, those who are more charitable and those with an enhanced religious orientation exhibit greater wellness. Results also indicate that charitable orientation acts as a mediating variable between income, education, religiosity, and wellness.