cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Provably unbreakable hyper-encryption using distributed systems

Encryption is a fundamental building block for computer and communications technologies. Existing encryption methods depend for their security on unproven assumptions. We propose a new model, the Limited Access model for enabling a simple and practical provably unbreakable encryption scheme. A voluntary distributed network of thousands of computers each maintain and update random pages, and act as Page Server Nodes. A Sender and Receiver share a random key K. They use K to randomly select the same PSNs and download the same random pages. These are employed in groups of say 30 pages to extract One Time Pads common to S and R. Under reasonable assumptions of an Adversary's inability to monitor all PSNs, and easy ways for S and R to evade monitoring while downloading pages, Hyper Encryption is clearly unbreakable. The system has been completely implemented.
Catheter-Based Renal Nerve Ablation as a Novel Hypertension Therapy: Lost, and Then Found, in Translation.

The hypothesis that renal nerves mediate, at least in part, the pathogenesis and maintenance of hypertension is based on decades of preclinical studies and, to a certain extent, recent clinical trials of catheter-based renal nerve ablation (CBRNA) in humans. The first 2 clinical trials for CBRNA, Symplicity HTN-1 and Symplicity HTN-2, reported sustained reductions in arterial pressure in patients with drug-resistant hypertension and set the stage for the first blinded US trial, Symplicity HTN-3. However, Symplicity HTN-3 failed to reach its 6-month efficacy end point, thus jeopardizing the clinical application of CBRNA in the United States. The goal of this article is to reexamine the feasibility of CBRNA to treat hypertension. Preclinical studies on the role of renal nerves in hypertension have been extensively reviewed,1,2 as have the Symplicity HTN-1, 2, and 3 trials.3–7 Therefore, we will review these topics only briefly to provide context for the primary purpose of this article which is to answer the following question: is the outcome of Symplicity HTN-3 because of the failure to translate preclinical knowledge to the clinic, or is our basic understanding of the mechanisms by which renal nerves contribute to hypertension flawed? The kidney is innervated by sympathetic efferent fibers that modulate 3 pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension: renin release, tubular sodium reabsorption, and renal vascular resistance.1,2 Although conventional pharmacological treatments of these targets lower arterial pressure, patients often present with negative side effects which may lead to drug incompliance. One rationale for CBRNA is that this treatment would suppress renin release, tubular sodium reabsorption, and renal vasoconstriction, while avoiding the side effects associated with more globally acting pharmacotherapies. The kidney is also innervated by renal afferent fibers that provide the central nervous system sensory information related to the …
The Growing Demand for Hospice and Palliative Medicine Physicians: Will the Supply Keep Up?

Abstract Context The need for hospice and palliative care is growing rapidly as the population increases and ages and as both hospice and palliative care become more accepted. Hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) is a relatively new physician specialty, currently training 325 new fellows annually. Given the time needed to increase the supply of specialty-trained physicians, it is important to assess future needs to guide planning for future training capacity. Objectives We modeled the need for and supply of specialist HPM physicians through the year 2040 to determine whether training capacity should continue growing. Methods To create a benchmark for need, we used a population-based approach to look at the current geographic distribution of the HPM physician supply. To model future supply, we calculated the annual change in current supply by adding newly trained physicians and subtracting physicians leaving the labor force. Results The current U.S. supply of HPM specialists is 13.35 per 100,000 adults 65 and older. This ratio varies greatly across the country. Using alternate assumptions for future supply and demand, we project that need in 2040 will range from 10,640 to almost 24,000 HPM specialist physicians. Supply will range from 8100 to 19,000. Conclusion Current training capacity is insufficient to keep up with population growth and demand for services. HPM fellowships would need to grow from the current 325 graduates annually to between 500 and 600 per year by 2030 to assure sufficient physician workforce for hospice and palliative care services given current service provision patterns.
A Puzzle in the Print History of Locke's Essay

In the Epistle to the Reader that prefaces Locke’s Essay he famously declares that he considers himself to be an underlaborer to the great scientific minds of his generation.
Clean low-biomass procedures and their application to ancient ice core microorganisms

Microorganisms in glacier ice provide tens to hundreds of thousands of years archive for a changing climate and microbial responses to it. Analyzing ancient ice is impeded by technical issues, including limited ice, low biomass, and contamination. While many approaches have been evaluated and advanced to remove contaminants on ice core surfaces, few studies leverage modern sequencing to establish in silico decontamination protocols for glacier ice. Here we sought to apply such "clean" sampling techniques with in silico decontamination approaches used elsewhere to investigate microorganisms archived in ice at ∼41 (D41, ∼20,000 years) and ∼49 m (D49, ∼30,000 years) depth in an ice core (GS3) from the summit of the Guliya ice cap in the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. Four "background" controls were established - a co-processed sterile water artificial ice core, two air samples collected from the ice processing laboratories, and a blank, sterile water sample - and used to assess contaminant microbial diversity and abundances. Amplicon sequencing revealed 29 microbial genera in these controls, but quantitative PCR showed that the controls contained about 50-100-times less 16S DNA than the glacial ice samples. As in prior work, we interpreted these low-abundance taxa in controls as "contaminants" and proportionally removed them in silico from the GS3 ice amplicon data. Because of the low biomass in the controls, we also compared prokaryotic 16S DNA amplicons from pre-amplified (by re-conditioning PCR) and standard amplicon sequencing, and found the resulting microbial profiles to be repeatable and nearly identical. Ecologically, the contaminant-controlled ice microbial profiles revealed significantly different microorganisms across the two depths in the GS3 ice core, which is consistent with changing climate, as reported for other glacier ice samples. Many GS3 ice core genera, including Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, Flavobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Polaromonas, and Rhodobacter, were also abundant in previously studied ice cores, which suggests wide distribution across glacier environments. Together these findings help further establish "clean" procedures for studying low-biomass ice microbial communities and contribute to a baseline understanding of microorganisms archived in glacier ice.
WORKSHOP ON ANIMAL MODELS USED IN FIBER RESEARCH

Participants in the animal model workshop discussed the advantages and disadvantages of existing models for studying the fate of dietary fiber. Knowledge of both the pros and cons will allow us to use animal models in a more effective way of learning the details of fiber’s effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The choice of an animal model depends entirely on the question being asked. Animal models can answer mechanistic questions and provide tight control of diet and other environmental conditions. Animal models have found widespread use in studies of nutrient absorption and utilization. Other aspects of normal physiology studied in animals and affected by dietary fiber are transit time and gastrointestinal mucosal cytokinetics, hyperlipidemias, and cancer.
Developmental Anatomy of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature

The vasculature of the retina and choroid provides oxygen and nutrients to the adult retina in the eyes of most mammalian species. The establishment of the blood supply to these tissue compartments is highly regulated during development and is critical for the physiological demands of both the developing and mature retina. During early development, the choroidal and hyaloid vasculatures provide all oxygenation and nutrients to the developing retina.
Signal processing techniques for rolling element bearing spall size estimation

Abstract This paper proposes signal processing techniques to extract entry and exit points from the bearing vibration signal for spall size estimation. The entry point is the start point of a low frequency response when a rolling element enters a localized defect on the raceway, which is contaminated with background noises and difficult to identify. An empirical model based signal processing method is proposed to effectively identify the entry point. The Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is applied to the bearing entry signal for more accurate estimation. Differentiation technique is used to identify the high frequency exit point with more reliable threshold values for automatic diagnostics. Then, based on defect size estimation models for both inner and outer race defects, the spall size can be estimated. The proposed methodology is validated on a machine tool spindle’s bearing system. Experimental results show that the proposed signal processing techniques provide less biased results with respect to spindle speed and more precise estimation.
Post-traumatic elbow stiffness: Pathogenesis and current treatments:

Post-traumatic elbow stiffness is a major cause of functional impairment after elbow trauma. A stiff elbow limits patients’ ability to position their hand in space for optimal use of their upper ex...
Testing the Interacting-Boson and Interacting Boson-Fermion Approximations by the Study of Radioactive Decay Schemes with the Unisor On-Line Isotope Separator

Detailed studies of low-spin states are considered from the viewpoint of radioactive decay scheme studies and the description of such states in terms of the interacting-boson approximation (IBA) and interacting boson-fermion approximation (IBFA). The essential points of the IBA and IBFA are outlined. A discussion of excited O+ states in even nuclei is given, with particular emphasis on those kinds of O+ states that lie outside of the IBA model space. The techniques and criteria currently employed in radioactive decay scheme studies, as for example done at UNISOR, are summarized. The structure of the O+ states in the neutron-deficient Pt and Hg isotopes is discussed. Evidence is presented which suggests that proton intruder orbitals, such as π h9/2, play a significant role in the structure of the O+ states in tnis region.
Bone Marrow Malignancies and Indications for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), also known as blood and marrow transplantation (BMT), is utilized as curative in malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The majority of the HCTs are utilized for hematologic diseases, including acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, myelodysplasia, as well as bone marrow failure disease such as aplastic anemia. There has been a dramatic increase in the use of autologous and allogeneic HCT since its inception over 50 years ago. Extending the donor pool to include mismatched related and unrelated donors as well as haploidentical related donors and umbilical cord blood allows nearly any patient to have a feasible donor. In addition, the use of reduced intensity regimens as well as improved supportive care offers successful HCT to a more infirm and older patient population. The following chapter will review the most common indications for the HCT in the adult population.
Two Approaches to Distance Learning at Mason

The presenters will discuss two distance learning courses at Mason. Different techniques and approaches to asynchronous learning will be discussed. MGMT 301 is a required course for all School of Management majors and typically enrolls over 500 students per semester. It has been taught in both fully asynchronous and hybrid approaches. IT 308 is a small upper-level elective for the IT major, which has been taught in a fully asynchronous mode since Spring 2008. The presentation will include discussion of course development and tools used, delivery, and approaches to assessment.
Brain circuitry, behavior, and cognition: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in fragile X syndrome:

Background:Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause for intellectual disability, is associated with alterations in cholinergic among other neurotransmitter systems. This study investigat...
Implementation of the WAVE 1609.2 Security Services Standard and Encountered Issues and Challenges

This work discusses our implementation of the WAVE 1609.2 Security Services Standard and presents the encountered issues and challenges. Our implementation provides support for message authentication, confidentiality, message encoding and decoding capabilities, test results and is an enhancement to the Vehicular Multi-Technology Communication Device (VMCD) that is being developed in support of the Smart Drive Initiative’s Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) testbed. Our implementation is in the form of a kernel module that is loaded into an embedded Linux operating system driving the VMCD. Challenges faced are discussed including those caused by the implementation environment. Contradictions in the protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) proforma are pointed out as they contribute to the complications of our implementation.
A Call for Diversity and Inclusivity in the HEC-C Program.

As clinical ethics continues to evolve as a part of the nation’s healthcare system, there remains a disconnect between its practice and application across various healthcare organizations. This dis...
Micromolded Carbon Paste Microelectrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescent Detection on Microfluidic Devices

Micromolded carbon paste electrodes are easily fabricated, disposable, and can be integrated into microfluidic devices to fabricate inexpensive sensors and biosensors. In this work, carbon paste microelectrodes were fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) using micromolding techniques and were coupled to a microfluidic channel to fabricate electrogenerated chemiluminescent (ECL) sensors. ECL was generated using both the tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-tripropylamine system and the hydrogen peroxide and luminol system. For each of these ECL systems, the sensor fabrication method was optimized, along with key experimental parameters (applied voltage, solution flow rate, buffer species and luminol concentration). The limit of detection (S/N = 3) for TPrA was ~2.4 μM with a linear range of 10-100μM. For hydrogen peroxide the LOD was ~11 μM and the electrodes gave a linear response between 30 μM and 200 μM hydrogen peroxide. Electrodes containing glucose oxidase were fabricated using this new method, demonstrating that glucose could be indirectly detected via generation of hydrogen peroxide by the enzymatic reaction at the micromolded biosensor.
Kentucky bluegrass invaded rangeland: Ecosystem implications and adaptive management approaches

Summary of multidisciplinary research on Kentucky bluegrass expansion throughout the Great Plains based on symposium held at 2019 SRM Annual Meeting.Fire, grazing, and their combination are promising tools for managing Kentucky bluegrass to maintain diverse and productive grasslands.Kentucky bluegrass growth and dominance results in accumulation of surface residues, which alter soil hydrology.Gradients of Kentucky bluegrass abundance in grasslands are associated with shifts in butterfly pollinator communities.Community organization, education, and establishment of burn associations support prescribed fire on the ground, but challenges in adopting fire as a management tool remain.
Physical fitness and activity changes after a 24-week soccer-based adaptation of the U.S diabetes prevention program intervention in Hispanic men

Abstract Purpose One third of the U.S. adult population is estimated to have prediabetes. Hispanics have a 50% higher type 2 diabetes (T2DM) death rate compared to non-Hispanic whites, yet low participation in lifestyle change programs, making this subgroup an important target for prevention efforts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an exercise intervention implementing the Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) plus recreational soccer (RS) in Hispanic men. Methods Overweight and obese Hispanic men, aged 30–57 years with prediabetes at screening were recruited from the community. Trained soccer coaches led 30-min facilitated discussion of the NDPP modules after each RS session, with two weekly sessions delivered over 12 wks, then once a wk until 24 wks. The 1-h RS sessions followed the Football Fitness curriculum structure. Standardized study assessments included objectively measured physical activity via fitness tracker, physical fitness via validated field tests, global positional system soccer specific metrics and behavior change questionnaires. Mixed models assessed the outcomes as a function of time and cohort and incorporated an unstructured covariance structure to examine the difference between baseline, 12 and 24 wks. All analyses were conducted as intent-to-treat and generated using SAS v 9.4. RESULTS: Hispanic males (n = 41; mean age 41.9 [6.2 SD] years) were obese at baseline (mean BMI 32.7, standard error [0.7]). After 24 wks of the NDPP+RS intervention, there were significant beneficial changes in vertical jump (2.8 [1.3] cm; p = 0.048), agility and lower extremity muscular power (figure 8-run) at 12 wks (−4.7% change; p = 0.001) and 24 wks (−7.2% change; p
Electric-double-layer p-i-n junctions in WSe 2

While p–n homojunctions in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide materials have been widely reported, few show an ideality factor that is constant over more than a decade in current. In this paper, electric double layer p–i–n junctions in WSe2 are shown with substantially constant ideality factors (2–3) over more than 3 orders of magnitude in current. These lateral junctions use the solid polymer, polyethylene oxide: cesium perchlorate (PEO:CsClO4), to induce degenerate electron and hole carrier densities at the device contacts to form the junction. These high carrier densities aid in reducing the contact resistance and enable the exponential current dependence on voltage to be measured at higher currents than prior reports. Transport measurements of these WSe2 p–i–n homojunctions in combination with COMSOL multiphysics simulations are used to quantify the ion distributions, the semiconductor charge distributions, and the simulated band diagram of these junctions, to allow applications to be more clearly considered.
Effects of Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Canines with Experimentally Induced Cardiorenal Syndrome.

Abstract Background Sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val), a combined angiotensin-II receptor blocker (Val) and neprilysin inhibitor (Sac) in a 1:1 molar ratio, was shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with HF and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. This study examined the effects of Sac/Val on LV structure, function, and bioenergetics, and on biomarkers of kidney injury and kidney function in dogs with experimental cardiorenal syndrome. Methods and Results Fourteen dogs with cardiorenal syndrome (coronary microembolization-induced HF and renal dysfunction) were randomized to 3 months Sac/Val therapy (100 mg once daily, n = 7) or no therapy (control, n = 7). LV ejection fraction and troponin-I, as well as biomarkers of kidney injury/function including serum creatinine and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 were measured before and at end of therapy and the change (treatment effect change) calculated. Mitochondrial function measures, including the maximum rate of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes at end of therapy. In Sac/Val dogs, the change in ejection fraction increased compared with controls, 6.9 ± 1.4 vs 0.7 ± 0.6%, P Conclusions In dogs with cardiorenal syndrome, Sac/Val improves LV systolic function, improves mitochondrial function and decreases biomarkers of heart and kidney injury. The results offer mechanistic insights into the benefits of Sac/Val in HF with compromised renal function.
Business purpose and the objective of the corporation

There is evidence that purpose-driven businesses outperform competitors. A traditional business planner’s question that arises in response to this evidence – namely, which enterprise form is best suited to a purpose-driven business? – contains deep conceptual insights. In this chapter, I explore the business planner’s question in order to draw a sharp conceptual distinction between “business purpose” and “the objective of the corporation.” “Business purpose” should be understood to be a property of business enterprises, however they are organized. “Corporate objective,” by contrast, is best understood as a characteristic of a particular enterprise form (the general corporation) and not as a description of what actual businesses do on a day to day basis. Confusing these two concepts under the heading “corporate purpose” limits our ability to understand what sort of organizational form is best suited to a particular enterprise, and leads to confusion in the management debates over how to build successful businesses and the political debates over the social role and obligations of large scale business enterprises.
An upper bound for reflection length in Coxeter groups

We find an upper bound on the reflection or absolute length of Coxeter group elements as a function of the number of generators and the standard length. For any universal Coxeter group, we show that there are elements which achieve the bound for any given standard length.
Cohort and nested case-control study of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients, by medication.

Background Knowledge is needed about the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) using contemporary immunosuppressive regimens. Objective Evaluate the risk of cSCC in relation to medications used by SOTRs. Methods The cohort and nest case-control study included 3308 SOTRs and 65,883 persons without transplantation during 2009-2019. Incident cSCC was identified from pathology data, and medications were identified from pharmacy data. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analysis, with voriconazole examined as a time-dependent variable. Results The annual incidence of cSCC was 1.69% in SOTRs and 0.30% in persons without transplantation. The adjusted hazard ratio of cSCC associated with lung transplant was 14.83 (95% CI, 9.85-22.33) for lung and 6.53-10.69 for other organs. Risk in Latinx persons was higher than in other non-White groups. Among lung recipients, the hazard ratio was 1.14 for each month of voriconazole use (95% CI, 1.04-1.26). Azathioprine use for ≥7 months, relating to mycophenolate mofetil intolerance, was associated with a 4.22-fold increased risk of cSCC (95% CI, 1.90-9.40). Belatacept and other immunsuppressive medications were not associated with risk. Limitation The number of events was somewhat small. Conclusions The knowledge of risks and benefits in diverse patients can translate to improvements in care.
Reliability Analysis of Slopes: Frequency-Domain Method

In previous works, slope reliability against three-dimensional failures has been approached by space-domain methods. System reliability becomes tractable if second-moment uncertainty on shear resistance is characterized and analysed in the frequency domain (i.e., in terms of the spectral density function and not of the covariance function). The main features of the frequency method proposed here are: (1) Modes of failure are unrestricted within the class of plastic shear mechanisms; (2) a shear resistance is treated as a random field in three dimensions; the field must be homogeneous in the longitudinal direction (along the slope) but may be nonhomogeneous in transversal sections; (3) the probability distribution of modal resistance can be either normal or lognormal. Application to cylindrical failures in vertical cuts confirms that reliability is sensitive to uncertainty on the mean of the shear resistance field as well as to the scale parameters of the shear resistance correlation function. High sensitivity is found also with respect to the distribution, normal or lognormal, of modal resistance. Cut length is another important parameter. /Authors/
Integration into the Market among Indigenous Peoples

The integration of indigenous peoples into the market economy has received attention in the literature because of its implications for both human well‐being and ecological viability. Previous studies that have examined the impacts of market participation on variables such as forest clearance, health, and ecological knowledge vary greatly in their measures of market involvement and often use only one or a few measures. Examination of data from five indigenous populations in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon shows little correlation between various measures of integration into the market and points to the importance of using a diversity of measures of both household production and consumption.
Administration and Justice

Although the existence of plea negotiation as an operative mode of disposition in most criminal court systems has been firmly established, its role in the administration of justice remains a topic of considerable debate. It has been claimed that plea negotiation subverts ideal principles of justice while attending to administrative needs for speedy case settlement. More recent research indicates that disposition by guilty plea is a complex process that incorporates system needs as well as principles of justice. Findings from an exploratory study of the felony disposition guilty plea is a complex process that incorporates system needs as well as principles of justice. Findings from an exploratory study of the felony disposition process in the Multnomah County court system in Portland, Oregon suggest that, under certain conditions, plea negotiation can effect a balance between competing but interdependent domains of action in the criminal disposition process.
Some circulatory effects of morphine-barbiturate anesthesia, artificial respiration, and abdominal compression based on ballistocardiographic observation on dogs, with a review of pertinent literature.

Abstract 1. 1. Studies were carried out on dogs under morphine-barbiturate anesthesia to determine the nature and variability of the dog ballistocardiogram and to relate these records temporally to various cardiovascular events. The ballistocardiograms were of the acceleration type obtained with an ultra-low frequency suspension designed for dogs. 2. 2. The wave form of ballistocardiograms from anesthetized dogs was found to be highly variable. Among the variables tested were type of respiration (normal and artificial), position of dog on bed, tightness of coupling between dog and bed, and duration of the experiment. In most cases, ballistocardiograms were either “abnormal” at the outset of an experiment, or became so later; the degree of abnormality seemed related to the duration of the experiment. Positive pressure artificial respiration hastened the onset and increased the degree of abnormality. 3. 3. The use of abdominal compression (binder with or without an inflatable cuff) almost invariably prevented the usual deterioration of the ballistocardiogram, or if already abnormal, reverted it to normal. Similar results were observed during both normal breathing and artificial respiration. 4. 4. Pressures (air and venous) were recorded in a few instances from the abdomen and thorax. Abdominal compression increased pressures in both areas, but the rise in abdominal pressure was somewhat greater, resulting in an increase in the pressure gradient between abdomen and thorax. 5. 5. The circulatory effects of morphine-barbiturate anesthesia, artificial respiration, and abdominal compression are reviewed. 6. 6. It is suggested that the progressive deterioration of the ballistocardiogram of the anesthetized dog is a reflection of anesthesia-induced circulatory depression resulting in pooling of blood in extrathoracic areas, and reduction in venous return, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. The improvement of the ballistocardiogram from dogs under anesthesia when abdominal compression is applied suggests that this procedure improves circulatory function by diverting blood pooled in the splanchnic bed into the general circulation, thereby enhancing venous return and cardiac output.
The Pyloric Pattern of the Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Stomatogastric Ganglion Comprises Two Phase-Maintaining Subsets

The pyloric pattern approximately maintains phase over a three- tofivefold frequency range when the pattern is defined by the pacemakerburst beginning. However, in this reference frame certain patternelements maintain phase better than others, which suggestsphase-maintaining subgroups might exist. Reanalysis of these data inreference frames defined by each element shows the pattern containstwo groups of pattern elements within which phase is well maintainedbut between which maintenance is relatively poor. A third elementshows intermediate maintenance with each group. If ventriculardilator neuron burst beginning (VDB) is chosen as pattern beginning,all members of one group occur early in the pattern, all members ofthe other occur late in the pattern, and the intermediate elementoccurs between the groups. Thus, at least for phase maintenance, VDBis a “natural” pyloric pattern beginning. These results suggestfull description of complex patterns is best achieved by analysis inmany reference frames.
Generalized Method and Monitoring Technique for Shear-Strain-Based Bridge Weigh-in-Motion

AbstractDevelopment and testing of a new type of bridge weigh-in-motion system (BWIM) based on the measurement of shear forces near the supports of the bridges is described. The proposed system is applicable to both determinate as well as indeterminate bridges. Fiber-optic Bragg grating rosette sensors were used in this approach. Formulations are based on the establishment of shear influence lines in terms of axle weights and spacings. The system further involves calibration for the estimation of a bridge parameter α, which is a function of the cross-sectional and material properties of the bridge. Three different bridges, one box-girder prestressed concrete bridge and two concrete-slab-on-steel-girder bridges with different span lengths, were instrumented for the evaluation of the proposed BWIM system. Field implementation involved a series of truck runs for calibration and evaluation of the BWIM system. Measured and actual truck-axle weights, spacings, and axle speeds as well as the gross vehicle weight...
Cytochrome b5 from a Normal Human Liver ISOLATION AND THE PARTIAL AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

Abstract A cytochrome b5 was isolated from an individual human liver and found to have some 50 additional terminal residues more than previously reported in this protein from human sources. The tryptic digest of this preparation was characterized, and a chromatography system was devised to resolve all of the tryptic peptides by a single colume procedure. The sequence previously established for the human protein is identical with the segment comprised of residues 5 to 92 of the larger cytochrome. The largest cytochrome b5 whose primary structure is known is that of the rabbit. Comparison between this and the human protein shows the human cytochrome to be 4 residues longer at the NH2 terminus and to extend some 37 residues at the COOH terminus. The methods of investigation developed in this study will be helpful in determining how variant cytochrome b5 is in man.
Die elektronische Struktur von Atomen

Der Atombegriff hat einen zentralen Stellenwert in der Chemie. Seit der Entwicklung der modernen Atomtheorie durch John Dalton in der Zeit von 1803–1807 beschaftigte sich die Chemie mit der Natur des Atoms und der Weise, in der sich Atome zu Molekulen verbinden. Es war deshalb ganz naturlich, die von der Quantenmechanik entwickelten neuen Vorstellungen auf die Atomstruktur zu beziehen, um moglichst ein befriedigendes Modell fur die experimentell ermittelten Eigenschaften des Atoms zu erhalten.
Litigation and Social Capital: Divorces and Traffic Accidents in Japan

Using regression and factor analysis with prefecture-level data, I ask whether Japanese in communities with high levels of “social capital” more readily settle their disputes out of court. Although studies of litigation rates often measure suits per capita, the more appropriate measure may involve suits per “dispute.” We lack information about the number of disputes in many fields, but we do have it for Japanese divorces and traffic accidents—and I focus on those two sets of disputes. Disputes over divorce and traffic accidents differ fundamentally, and social capital does not lower litigation rates among either. I find that: (1) couples in communities with low social capital are more apt to divorce; (2) couples in low-social-capital communities are not more likely to litigate their disputes; (3) couples in communities with more lawyers are not more likely to litigate their divorces; and (4) parties in communities with low social capital are not more likely to litigate their disputes over traffic accidents; but (5) parties in communities with more lawyers are indeed more likely to litigate their disputes over those accidents.
Treatment models for clients with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders

Recent epidemiologic studies conducted by the National Comorbidity Survey have indicated that up to 51% of individuals with a serious mental illness are also dependent on or addicted to illicit drugs. However, only 50% of these clients with cooccurring addictive and mental disorders receive treatment that addresses both issues. The author provides a historical overview of treatment philosophies and approaches, describes current treatment models, and reports on outcome data that describe the efficacy of current treatment. Recommendations are made for nurses to incorporate effective treatment models into nursing practice.
Effect of Surface Oxygen and Temperature on External and Micropore Adsorption of Water in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Gravimetric and Spectroscopic Experiments

Gravimetric water adsorption experiments (T = 5, 20, and 35 °C and 0 < P/P o < 0.95) were performed on several chemically and structurally distinct samples of single-walled carbon nanotubes including two activated carbon samples. The isotherms followed the type V curve and were fitted to a semiempirical model which allowed the adsorptive contributions of primary sites and micropores (referred to here as pseudoexperimental isotherms) to be distinguished with statistical confidence. The isosteric heats of water adsorption calculated from experimental isotherms ranged between 46 and 58 kJ/mol. The same calculations were performed on the separated adsorptive components (functional groups and micropore isotherms) and were found to be 0.5-16 kJ/mol and 1-8.6 kJ/mol, respectively. These values are similar to those available in the current literature reportedly estimated by calorimetric and molecular simulation techniques. From semiempirical modeling, we were also able to qualitatively estimate temperature sensitive water specific sample properties such as the concentration of primary sites (found directly related to % O) and the size of water clusters aggregating on primary sites (found inversely related to % O) and those filling micropores (found directly related to the dominant pore size) and adsorption equilibrium constants. We believe that our approach is useful in interpreting experimental water adsorption thus aiding purely simulation based methods of studying the behavior of water in nanocarbons.
Theory and god in gotham

"Theory" is all the rage among religious studies scholars generally. But with the tiniest number of exceptions, this is not true in American religious history. American history in general has not proven receptive to theoretically oriented scholarship, and American religious history may epitomize this aversion; most histories of religion in America follow the classic forms of narrative history. Yet the study of religion in modern urban America illustrates the desirability and perhaps even the inevitability of rethinking both religion and modernity. Without rethinking modernity, especially the assumption of its secularity, our histories cannot explain or even adequately describe the remarkable resilience of religion in so seemingly secular a place as Manhattan. And without rethinking religion we may not be able to comprehend its ability to thrive and to embrace uncertainty and spiritual pluralism alike.
Statistics Teaching in Colleges and Universities: Courses, Instructors, and Degrees in Fall 1995

Abstract The Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS) is made up of 14 professional organizations in the mathematical sciences. The American Statistical Association is one of these organizations. Every five years since 1965 CBMS has conducted an extensive survey of undergraduate programs in the mathematical sciences in the United States. These studies give a detailed picture of enrollment, faculty, and instructional methods in two-year colleges, four-year colleges, and universities. This article presents selected results from the fall 1995 CBMS survey (Loftsgaarden, Rung, and Watkins 1997) about statistics courses, faculty, and degrees in departments of statistics, departments of mathematics or mathematical sciences, and in mathematics programs at two-year colleges.
BEHAVIOR OF DILATIVE SAND INTERFACES IN A GEOTRIBOLOGY FRAMEWORK

Frictional resistance along the exterior of an embedded structure or structural element develops through relative displacement at the interface. An understanding of how surface topography influences interface strength and deformation behavior is required to develop comprehensive interface models for soil-structure analyses, to develop interface design methods and for producing enhanced construction materials. This paper presents the results of an investigation to quantify the influence of surface topography on shear stress and volume change behavior of dilative granular material interface systems. The root spacing, asperity spacing, asperity height, and asperity angle of machined, idealized surfaces are systematically varied. Direct interface shear test results using Ottawa 20/30 sand and glass microbeads show that maximum interface efficiency for these materials is achieved for a asperity spacing to median grain diameter ratio between 1.0 and 3.0, and an asperity height to median grain diameter ratio greater than 0.9. An asperity angle of 50 degrees or greater yields maximum efficiency for any given asperity spacing or height. The results suggest that interface behavior is governed by predictable geometric and mechanical relationships that are applicable to more complex manufactured surfaces.
Women's posttraumatic stress symptoms and autism spectrum disorder in their children

Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring through multiple pathways: maternal stress may affect the fetus; ASD in children may increase risk of PTSD in mothers; and the two disorders may share genetic risk. Understanding whether maternal PTSD is associated with child's ASD is important for clinicians treating children with ASD, as PTSD in parents is associated with poorer family functioning. We examined the association of maternal PTSD with offspring ASD in a large US cohort (N ASD cases = 413, N controls = 42,868). Mother's PTSD symptoms were strongly associated with child's ASD (RR 4-5 PTSD symptoms=1.98, 95% CI=1.39, 2.81; RR 6-7 symptoms=2.89, 95% CI=2.00, 4.18). Clinicians treating persons with ASD should be aware of elevated risk of PTSD in the mother. Genetic studies should investigate PTSD risk alleles in relation to ASD.
Effects of practice on tip-of-the-tongue states.

Abstract Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states were examined in relation to acquisition manipulations, using named imaginary animals (TOTimals) as targets. High levels of TOT states were found in three experiments. In the first experiment an increase in the duration of initial exposure to target material improved recall and recognition, and reduced the number of unrecalled items not in TOT states (NTOTs), but did not affect TOT levels. In Experiment 2 practice at writing target names, as compared with only reading them, improved recall performance and decreased TOT levels, but did not reduce NTOTs. Experiment 3 replicated the finding that writing during practice reduced TOT states, but did not reduce NTOTs, and also found that more frequent practice trials increased recall without affecting TOT levels. The results suggest that practice writing target names prevents TOT states by strengthening otherwise deficient phonological connections in memory, a deficiency that can cause TOT states when visual-to-lexical con...
Generalized linear model for interval mapping of quantitative trait loci

We developed a generalized linear model of QTL mapping for discrete traits in line crossing experiments. Parameter estimation was achieved using two different algorithms, a mixture model-based EM (expectation–maximization) algorithm and a GEE (generalized estimating equation) algorithm under a heterogeneous residual variance model. The methods were developed using ordinal data, binary data, binomial data and Poisson data as examples. Applications of the methods to simulated as well as real data are presented. The two different algorithms were compared in the data analyses. In most situations, the two algorithms were indistinguishable, but when large QTL are located in large marker intervals, the mixture model-based EM algorithm can fail to converge to the correct solutions. Both algorithms were coded in C++ and interfaced with SAS as a user-defined SAS procedure called PROC QTL.
Adipose and liver tissue enzyme profiles in obese hyperglycemic mice.

SummaryIn order to determine metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity in the obese hyperglycemic mouse, enzyme levels in adipose and liver tissue were measured in three groups of mice. One lean group and one obese group were fed ad libitum. The third group consisted of obese mice subjected to weight gain control by dietary restriction and exercise. Levels of adipose tissue enzymes associated with lipogenesis were higher in obese mice than the lean mice. The data also indicated that obob mouse adipose tissue enzymes were not appreciably affected by diet restriction and exercise. However, liver tissue enzymes associated with lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, which are normally elevated in obese mice, were restored to normal levels when the obese mice were on a weight gain control schedule. These data indicate that some differences in enzyme profiles observed in a genetically obese mouse are secondary adaptations caused by changes in either dietary intake or spontaneous activity.
Optical limiting by chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin films

The optical limiting properties of a thin film (~150 μm) of chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin under cw laser illumination is investigated. The effective nonlinearity n2 of the film is measured with the z-scan method. Anomalous absorption at different wavelengths as a function of illumination intensity is observed.
Effects of a Conversation Intervention on the Expressive Vocabulary Development of Prekindergarten Children

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a conversation intervention including 500 min of linguistically and cognitively complex talk on the expressive vocabulary gro...
College Students' Perceptions of Calling in Work and Life: A Qualitative Analysis.

Abstract This study examined open-ended responses from 295 college students to questions regarding how they define the construct of calling, how having a calling influences their career development, and the extent to which the term “calling” may apply to areas of life other than work. Results indicated that students perceived a calling as originating from guiding forces, co-occurring with unique fit and well-being, having altruistic features, and extending to multiple life roles. These results largely support recent conceptualizations of calling in the career development literature, and suggest themes to explore in counseling with clients who desire to approach work as a calling.
Modern screen-use behaviors: the effects of single- and multi-screen use on energy intake.

Abstract Purpose The effects of using multiple screens at once on energy intake (EI) are unknown. This study compared EI of participants with access to multiple screens (television + iPad + smartphone) versus a single screen (television). Methods A laboratory-based, randomized, two-arm parallel (multi-screen vs. single-screen) trial was conducted in 78 adolescents (ages, 13–18 years). Food and drink were available during a 1-hour exposure period. Total EI was the primary outcome. Linear regression analyses were conducted to test the treatment difference, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and appetite at baseline. Results Total EI did not differ significantly between the two groups (multi-screen, 758 kcal [standard error = 75] vs. single-screen, 681 kcal [standard error = 75]; difference, +77 kcal; 95% confidence interval, −166 to +320). Conclusions EI did not differ between adolescents with access to multiple screens and those with access to a single screen; however, limitations in the study design may have decreased the power of the study.
The ultrastructure and physiology of the abdominal air-guide retractor muscles in the giant water bug, Lethocerus

Abstract The movable air-guide of the giant water bug Lethocerus can be withdrawn into the abdomen by a pair of retractor muscles which are composed of 200 to 400 structurally similar fibres with diameters of 5 to 30 μm. The fibres are striated but with sarcomeres of unequal lengths and a loose association of A- and I-band filaments. The sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum does not subdivide the fibres into fibrils. Junctional potentials within the fibres are small, 5 to 15 mV, show little facilitation or summation, and each give rise to a single twitch contraction. The retractor muscles withdraw the air-guide over its entire range of movement and fire tonically to maintain it in the withdrawn position. Extrusion of the air-guide results from contraction of the abdominal compressor muscles. Movements of the air-guide can be evoked reflexly or occur rhythmically during respiratory ventilation. The position of the air-guide is maintained by a balance of activity between the retractor and abdominal compressor muscles.