cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Racial Bias Using Immersive Virtual Reality: Analysis of Head and Hand Motions During Shooting Decisions

Shooter bias is the tendency to more quickly shoot at unarmed Black suspects compared to unarmed White suspects. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the efficacy of shooter bias simulation studies in a more realistic immersive virtual scenario instead of the traditional methodologies using desktop computers. In this paper we present results from a user study (N=99) investigating shooter and racial bias in an immersive virtual environment. Our results highlight how racial bias was observed differently in an immersive virtual environment compared to previous desktop-based simulation studies. Latency to shoot, the standard shooter bias measure, was not found to be significantly different between race or socioeconomic status in our more realistic scenarios where participants chose to raise a weapon and pull a trigger. However, more nuanced head and hand motion analysis was able to predict participants' racial shooting accuracy and implicit racism scores. Discussion of how these nuanced measures can be used for detecting behavior changes for body-swap illusions, and implications of this work related to racial justice and police brutality are discussed.
EBV Predicts Post-Pediatric Heart Transplant Malignancy; Induction Therapy and Tacrolimus Don't.

ABSTRACT Background Patients after heart transplantation are at increased risk for malignancy secondary to immunosuppression and oncogenic viral infections. Most common amongst children is post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), occurring in 5-10% of patients. We utilized a national database to examine incidence and risk factors for post-transplant malignancy. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried for pediatric ( Results Of 8,581 pediatric heart transplant recipients, 8.1% developed malignancy over median follow-up time of 6.3 years, with PTLD compromising the majority (86.4%) of diagnosed cancers. The incidence of PTLD development was 1.3% and 4.5% at one and five years. Older age at the time of transplant was protective against the development of malignancy (HR 0.98 [0.96-0.99], p Conclusions PTLD occurred after 7% of pediatric heart transplants, with risk increased by younger age and EBV mismatch, highlighting the importance of PTLD monitoring in EBV seronegative recipients. Induction therapy, utilized in the majority of pediatric heart transplants, does not seem to increase post-transplant malignancy, nor does the most commonly used calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus.
Deep diffusion-based forecasting of COVID-19 by incorporating network-level mobility information.

Modeling the spatiotemporal nature of the spread of infectious diseases can provide useful intuition in understanding the time-varying aspect of the disease spread and the underlying complex spatial dependency observed in people's mobility patterns. Besides, the county level multiple related time series information can be leveraged to make a forecast on an individual time series. Adding to this challenge is the fact that real-time data often deviates from the unimodal Gaussian distribution assumption and may show some complex mixed patterns. Motivated by this, we develop a deep learning-based time-series model for probabilistic forecasting called Auto-regressive Mixed Density Dynamic Diffusion Network(ARM3Dnet), which considers both people's mobility and disease spread as a diffusion process on a dynamic directed graph. The Gaussian Mixture Model layer is implemented to consider the multimodal nature of the real-time data while learning from multiple related time series. We show that our model, when trained with the best combination of dynamic covariate features and mixture components, can outperform both traditional statistical and deep learning models in forecasting the number of Covid-19 deaths and cases at the county level in the United States.
SU-F-BRA-14: Optimization of Dosimetric Guidelines for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) Using the Strut-Adjusted Volume Implant (SAVI)

Purpose: Treatment planning guidelines for accelerated partial breast irradiation (ABPI) using the strut-adjusted volume implant (SAVI) are inconsistent between the manufacturer and NSABP B-39/RTOG 0413 protocol. Furthermore neither set of guidelines accounts for different applicator sizes. The purpose of this work is to establish guidelines specific to the SAVI that are based on clinically achievable dose distributions. Methods: Sixty-two consecutive patients were implanted with a SAVI and prescribed to receive 34 Gy in 10 fractions twice daily using high dose-rate (HDR) Ir-192 brachytherapy. The target (PTV_EVAL) was defined per NSABP. The treatments were planned and evaluated using a combination of dosimetric planning goals provided by the NSABP, the manufacturer, and our prior clinical experience. Parameters evaluated included maximum doses to skin and ribs, and volumes of PTV_EVAL receiving 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, and 200% of the prescription (V90, etc). All target parameters were evaluated for correlation with device size using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Revised dosimetric guidelines for target coverage and heterogeneity were determined from this population. Results: Revised guidelines for minimum target coverage (ideal in parentheses): V90≥95%(97%), V95≥90%(95%), V100≥88%(91%). The only dosimetric parameters that were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with device size were V150 and V200. Heterogeneity criteria were revised for the 6–1 Mini/6-1 applicators to V150≤30cc and V200≤15cc, and unchanged for the other sizes. Re-evaluation of patient plans showed 90% (56/62) met the revised minimum guidelines and 76% (47/62) met the ideal guidelines. All and 56/62 patients met our institutional guidelines for maximum skin and rib dose, respectively. Conclusions: We have optimized dosimetric guidelines for the SAVI applicators, and found that implementation of these revised guidelines for SAVI treatment planning yielded target coverage exceeding that required by existing guidelines while preserving heterogeneity constraints and minimizing dose to organs at risk.
Clay mineral formation and transformation in rocks and soils

Three mechanisms for clay mineral formation (inheritance, neoformation, and transformation) operating in three geological environments (weathering, sedimentary, and diagenetic-hydrothermal) yield nine possibilities for the origin of clay minerals in nature. Several of these possibilities are discussed in terms of the rock cycle. The mineralogy of clays neoformed in the weathering environment is a function of solution chemistry, with the most dilute solutions favouring formation of the least soluble clays. After erosion and transportation, these clays may be deposited on the ocean floor in a lateral sequence that depends on floccule size. Clays undergo little reaction in the ocean, except for ion exchange and the neoformation of smectite; therefore, most clays found on the ocean floor are inherited from adjacent continents. Upon burial and heating, however, dioctahedral smectite reacts in the diagenetic environment to yield mixed-layer illite-smectite, and finally illite. With uplift and weathering, the cycle begins again.
Exploring the perspectives and behaviors regarding help-seeking and knowledge about marriage and family therapy in 2nd and 3rd generation Mexican-American women

The importance of increasing cultural awareness and sensitivity when working with diverse clients has been expressed within the literature in the field of Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) and incorporated into many MFT training programs. Research specifically related to the Latino culture has identified that Mexican-Americans’ under use professional mental health services. Gender differences between help-seeking behaviors in Mexican-Americans have also been identified which indicate that women seek professional mental health services more frequently than men. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to provide an opportunity to hear the voices of 2 and 3 generation Mexican-American women regarding their help-seeking behaviors, and (2) to gain information regarding their knowledge of the field of MFT. An interpretive qualitative methodology was utilized which was informed by social constructivism and feminist worldviews. Interviews were conducted with seven 2 and 3 generation Mexican-American women. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcriptions were then coded into categories which were comprised of themes and sub-themes. Member checks were performed to ensure that the participants felt their voices had been accurately represented. The main themes which emerged included the importance of seeking family and friends for support for mental health or relationship issues, a hesitancy to seek professional mental health services due to stigma, and the expectation that one can handle problems on her own. The importance of feeling heard and valued by the therapist, and a sense of openness from the therapist were also identified as themes when professional mental health services was sought. Limited knowledge about the field of MFT was expressed by the participants although most did believe that a therapist with specialized knowledge about family or relationship issues
Practical aspects on robust control strategies of a single link flexible manipulator

An investigation is conducted of an adaptive approach to the control of a flexible robotic manipulator in the presence of changing payload. The approach is a combination of indirect adaptive control and gain scheduling. A lookup table of precalculated controller parameter vectors for a set of possible payloads is utilized. The payload in the lookup table closest to the actual payload provides the initial controller parameter vector that sets the starting adaptation point, and online recursive-least-squares identification of the plant parameters, together with online pole placement controller design, allows fast tuning of the adaptive controller. Simulation experiments, using realistic data obtained from the CSU experimental flexible manipulator testbed, show the feasibility of the approach. >
Dynamic Visualization and Steering Using PVM and MPI

This paper describes a middleware, called CUMULVS, that allows users to dynamically attach multiple visualization and steering programs to a running parallel simulation. It further develops possible strategies for enabling dynamic attachment to MPI-based simulations using hybrid (PVM and MPI) and MPI-only schemes. The hybrid schemes retain the full range of CUMULVS' dynamic capabilities while MPI-only schemes reduce these dynamics and eliminate any possibility of fault-tolerance. However, both solutions are important, especially on platforms where PVM and MPI cannot co-exist in the same application (on some monolithic MPPs, for example).
Planar ICP scaled up to 16

Summary form only given. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has been widely used in dry processing equipment for microelectronic integrated circuit fabrication. We have demonstrated successful operation of the planar ICP source up to 16" in diameter. Emphasis was on effective RF coupling and antenna design to achieve process uniformity. A prototype spiral design planar antenna to couple RF power into large dimension of plasma was achieved. It keeps small inductance of each segment for RF tuning, resulting in low Q values in circuitry for enhancement of inductive coupling. The flat antenna embedded into the RF coupling window made efficient power coupling for the large window size. A 16 inch diameter of planar oxygen plasma had been generated with the oxygen radical [O] flux of 2.5/spl times/10/sup 8/ atm/cm/sup 2/ at 10 Torr pressure and 150 W of RF power on the 16" device. It provides up to a few microns-per-minute ash rate for photoresist removal. The uniformity was managed by antenna structure and discharge gas pressure. Hydrogen plasma also generated in these devices with [H] flux of 1/spl times/10/sup 18/ atm/cm/sup 2/.
Improved Procedure for Transport of Dental Plaque Samples and Other Clinical Specimens Containing Anaerobic Bacteria

An improved transport system for samples containing anaerobic bacteria was developed. This system increased the recovery rate of anaerobic bacteria up to 28.8% as compared to a commonly used method.
Estimating L∞ Norms by L 2k Norms for Functions on Orbits

Abstract. Let G be a compact group acting in a real vector space V . We obtain a number of inequalities relating the L∞ norm of a matrix element of the representation of G with its L 2k norm for a positive integer k . As an application, we obtain approximation algorithms to find the maximum absolute value of a given multivariate polynomial over the unit sphere (in which case G is the orthogonal group) and for the assignment problem of degree d , a hard problem of combinatorial optimization generalizing the quadratic assignment problem (in which case G is the symmetric group).
Methylated nucleotide content of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA from hamster cells.

Abstract We have examined the state of methylation of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA from cultured hamster (BHK-21) cells. Ethidium-sensitive, and hence mitochondrion-specific, methylation levels were determined using multiple isotope techniques and improved purification procedures. The larger mitochondrial rRNA species, 17 S RNA, was found to contain 0.13 methyl group per 100 nucleotides and the smaller, 13 S RNA, 0.37. Methylated nucleotide and base analysis indicated that 17 S RNA contained one ribose-methylated residue (UmUp) per molecule and one unidentified residue; and 13 S RNA contained one methylated cytosine residue, one N 6 -dimethyladenine residue and one thymine residue per molecule. Possible evolutionary implications of these findings have been discussed.
Effect of Alkyl Substitution at the Amide Nitrogen on Amide Bond Cleavage: Electrospray Ionization/Surface‐induced Dissociation Fragmentation of SubstanceP and Two Alkylated Analogs

Doubly protonated substance P and two analogs alkylated at the ninth position was studied to determine the effect of N-alkylation of the amide nitrogen on the electrospray ionization/surface-induced dissociation (ESI/SID) fragmentation pattern. Thermal decomposition experiments and ab initio calculations were also used in conjunction with the ESI/SID experiments. The increase in relative abundances of the product ions resulting from the cleavage of the amide bond at the alkylation site (relative to the corresponding cleavage for substance P) can be explained by the increased basicity of the amide nitrogen in the context of the 'mobile proton' model. The relative abundances of singly charged b ions suggest a rearrangement of the amide hydrogen located N-terminal to the bond cleaved.
Geometric effects of global lateral heterogeneity on long‐period surface wave propagation

Long-period Rayleigh waves from Iranian earthquakes have large amplitude asymmetries between minor arc and major arc arrivals (e.g., R_2 and R_3) at digital stations in the azimuth range N20°W to N60°E. These asymmetries are as large as a factor of 2 at a period of 256 s and persist to periods greater than 300 s. In some cases the entire Rayleigh wave group arrival spanning periods from 100 to 300 s is either uniformly enhanced in amplitude or diminished to such a degree that the group arrival appears to be missing. The amplitude anomalies are generally not accompanied by significant phase anomalies. The irregular azimuthal distribution of the amplitude asymmetries and their occurrence for events with different focal mechanisms and epicentral separations of several hundred kilometers preclude an explanation of these observations by source complexity. Events in the Mediterranean and Nepal do not produce similar amplitude asymmetries at the same stations. The anomalies are thus most likely due to focusing and defocusing propagation effects. As a preliminary investigation of the effects of lateral heterogeneity of upper mantle velocity structure on long-period surface wave amplitudes, surface wave ray-tracing calculations are performed using recently proposed global phase velocity distributions. Dramatic deviations from great circle paths are predicted for long propagation paths (e.g., R_3). The particular spatial distribution of lateral velocity gradients around a given source location determines whether substantial amplitude asymmetries will be observed between minor arc and major arc arrivals and whether these will persist for sequential great circle orbits. The 200-s period amplitude asymmetry observed at KIP for the Iranian source region (R_(2,4) ≪ R_3) is well predicted by the ray-tracing results. The absence of this anomaly for the other source regions is also predicted. Other observed anomalies are not all well predicted, but it is clear that geometric effects can contribute significantly to the observed variations of Rayleigh and Love wave amplitudes. This is the probable explanation for the instability of Q estimates made from surface waves. Other source regions producing large surface wave amplitude anomalies include Japan and southeastern Alaska.
Genetic Diversity in Swallenia alexandrae (Poaceae, Chloridoideae), a Narrow Endemic From the Eureka Dunes (Inyo County, California)

Swallenia alexandrae, Eureka Valley dune grass (Poaceae, Chloridoideae), is a narrow endemic known only from three localities in the Eureka Valley and adjoining Saline Range in the northern portion of Death Valley National Park (Inyo County, California). This monotypic genus is listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and as rare by the California Department of Fish and Game. Genetic diversity within and among populations of S. alexandrae was studied with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. A single polymorphic band was detected in approximately one quarter of all individuals sampled. This result indicates very low genetic diversity in S. alexandrae. There is no evidence of private alleles and very little partitioning of genetic diversity between populations. These results are discussed in relation to conservation concerns for S. alexandrae.
An algorithm for obtaining bang-bang control laws

A new computational method for solving control problems, when it is desired that the control action be bang-bang is presented. A gradient-based algorithm is developed where the switching times are updated to minimize the final state missed distance. The algorithm explains how a change in a switching time propagates through the other switching times and affects the final state. The algorithm is applicable to linear and nonlinear problems, including multiinput systems.
Structure of the autoinducer required for expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes

Abstract In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the LasR protein is required for activation of lasB and several other virulence genes. A diffusible signal molecule, the P. aeruginosa autoinducer (PAI), produced by the bacterial cell and released into the growth medium, is required for activity of LasR. By cloning a lasB::lacZ fusion and a lasR gene under control of the lac promoter in Escherichia coli, we have developed a quantitative bioassay for PAI. We have used this assay to follow the purification of PAI from cell-free culture supernatant fluids in which P. aeruginosa or E. coli containing the P. aeruginosa gene required for autoinducer synthesis, lasI, had been grown. Chemical analyses indicated the purified material was 3-oxo-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furanyl)dodecanamide. To confirm this assignment, the compound was synthesized and the synthetic compound was shown to have chemical and biological properties identical to those of PAI purified from culture supernatant fluids. The elucidation of the PAI structure suggests therapeutic approaches toward control of P. aeruginosa infections.
ASYMPTOTIC FORM OF THE ELECTRON PROPAGATOR AND THE SELF-MASS OF THE ELECTRON.

The electron self-mass problem is discussed in the context of ordinary renormalized quantum electro-dynamics. All perturbation contributions to the renormalized self-energy part $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(p)$, which diverge logarithmically or remain constant in the limit when $p\ensuremath{\gg}m$, are summed. The resulting $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(p)$ vanishes in the limit $\frac{{p}^{2}}{{m}^{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ and yields a value for $\ensuremath{\delta}m$ which is finite and equal to $m$. To obtain this result it is only assumed that the exact photon Green's function at small distances behaves like the bare propagator, which is the case if the eigenvalue equation for the bare coupling constant has a finite root. It is shown that in spite of the fact that the resulting mechanical mass ${m}_{0}$ vanishes identically, no conservation equation is obtained for any axial-vector current. Hence no Goldstone bosons appear in ordinary quantum electrodynamics when it is summed to all orders.
Needs for super-smooth surfaces (Invited Paper)

Understanding the needs for super smooth optics give insights for optical fabricators tasked to produce them. These needs include substrates for metrology and a host of X-ray applications. In addition to some grazing angle of incidence optics, normal incidence optics with multilayer stacks have been recently produced. These optics have very demanding finish requirements. Lacquer and flow polishing have produced some interesting surfaces.
Psychological Injuries and Legal Decision Making in Civil Cases: What We Know and What We Do not Know

Civil plaintiffs frequently seek monetary compen- sation for their psychological injuries. Despite the increased study of psychological injury within the legal system, there has been little empirical examination of how psychological injury evidence impacts legal decisions. To illuminate what is known (and not known) on this topic, this paper reviews legal and empirical research regarding how legal decision makers (judges and jurors) perceive and use psychological injury evidence to render civil judgments. A few themes emerged from this review: (1) Courts generally devalue psychological injury, often making it difficult for plaintiffs to pursue and succeed on these claims; (2) these difficulties are a likely byproduct of legal decision-makers' mispercep- tions of mental illness; and (3) despite a recent surge in empirical research on how jurors perceive and use psycho- logical injury evidence to render civil decisions, many un- explored areas remain. Specific recommendations for legal policy and suggestions for future research are highlighted throughout this review.
Essay. The death and revival of Jewish philosophy

This essay reflects critically on the past 25 years of work in constructive Jewish philosophy in order to propose an agenda for future constructive Jewish philosophy in the next 25 years. The critical part of the essay focuses on the reasons why Jewish philosophers can no longer function as public intellectuals and why the field of philosophy itself can no longer serve as a focus for Jewish philosophy. The proposed agenda suggests that the primary topics for Jewish philosophy should be drawn instead from the field of religion and science, with an emphasis on the issues that physics raises for ontology, the issues that life sciences raise for psychology, and that both kinds of studies entail for constructive religious ethics.
Substrate-directed Function of Calmodulin in Autophosphorylation of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II

Autophosphorylation of Thr286 in Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II occurs within each holoenzyme by an intersubunit reaction and is essential for kinase function in vivo. In addition to a kinase-directed function of calmodulin to activate the kinase, a second calmodulin is required for the autophosphorylation of each Thr286 (Hanson, P. I., Meyer, T., Stryer, L., and Schulman, H. (1994) Neuron 12, 943-956). We have engineered heteromeric holoenzymes comprising distinct "kinase" and "substrate" subunits to test for kinase- and substrate-directed functions of calmodulin. The obligate kinase subunits have aspartate residues substituted for threonine at positions 286, 305, and 306 (the autophosphorylation and calmodulin-binding sites), making it constitutively active but unable to bind calmodulin. Obligate substrate subunits are catalytically inactive (K42M mutation) but are able to bind calmodulin. Phosphorylation of substrate subunits occurs specifically at Thr286 and is completely dependent upon the presence of calmodulin. Blocking the ability of the substrate subunit to bind calmodulin, either with inhibitor KN-93 or by mutagenesis of the calmodulin-binding domain of the substrate subunit, prevents its phosphorylation, consistent with a substrate-directed function of calmodulin that requires its direct binding to the subunit being phosphorylated.
Efficient technique for generating minimum test sets for general tree logic circuits

This paper constructs, in a simple manner, a minimum test set for general tree logic circuits from the test sets of its nodes. A general combinational circuit can in most cases be decomposed to modules such that these modules constitute the basic logic elements of a tree circuit. Basically, our technique relies on the characteristics of tree circuits in which no backtracking is necessary after assigning one or zero to any signal line in them. The number of tests in the generated test set has an upper bound of 2m, with n being the number of the primary inputs of the given circuit.
Gene amplification and drug resistance in cultured animal cells

Gene amplification-multiplication is an often observed phenomenon in biological systems. In 1925 Sturtevant first reported a ‘quantitative’ genetic change at the ‘bobbed’ locus in Drosophila melanogaster: a change in ribosomal gene copy number (45). Gene duplications are common in bacterial systems (3). Developmental regulation of gene amplification was first shown for ribosomal genes in Xenopus laevis ooctyes (12), and more recently with chorion genes in the ovary during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (44). During the past six years the study of gene amplification has received new impetus with the findings that a number of specific genes can undergo selective amplification when somatic mammalian cells are placed under selective conditions (41). The frequencies with which such cells can undergo gene amplification is greater than standard mutation rates, suggesting that when ceils are placed in selective conditions where survival is based on overproduction of a protein, gene amplification is a likely mechanism for survival and growth of such cells. This paper reviews the current status of gene amplifications, in particular in cultured somatic cells of mammalian origin.
Reorganization of cortical microtubules and cellulose deposition during leaf formation in Graptopetalum paraguayense

In the “regeneration” of a shoot from a leaf of the succulent, Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther the first new organs are leaf primordia. The original arrangement of cellulose microfibrils and of microtubules (MTs) in the epidermis of the leaf-forming site is one of parallel, straight lines. In the new primordium both structures still have a congruent arrangement but it is roughly in the form of concentric circles that surround the new cylindrical organ. The regions which undergo the greatest shift in orientation (90°) were studied in detail. Departures from the original cellulose alignment are detected in changes in the polarized-light image. Departures from the original cortical MT arrangement are detected using electron microscopy. The over-all reorganization of the MT pattern is followed by the tally of MT profiles, the various regions being studied in two perpendicular planes of section. This corrects for the difference in efficiency in counting transverse versus longitudinal profiles of MTs. Reorientation takes place sporadically, cell by cell, for both the cellulose microfibrils and the MTs, indicating a coordinated reorientation of the two structures. That MTs and cellulose microfibrils reorient jointly in individual cells was shown by reconstruction of the arrays of cortical MTs in paradermal sections of individual cells whose recent change in the orientation of cellulose deposition had been detected with polarized light. Closeness of the two alignments was also indicated by images where the MT and microfibril alignments co-varied within a single cell. The change-over in alignment of the MTs appears to involve stages where arrays of contrasting orientation co-exist to give a criss-cross image. During this critical reorganization, the frequency of the MTs is high. It falls during subsequent enlargement of the organ. It was found that the rearrangement of the cortical MTs to approximate a series of concentric circles on the residual meristem occurred before the emergence of leaf primordia. Through their apparent influence on microfibril alignments, the changes in MT disposition, described here, have the potential to generate major biophysical changes that accompany organogenesis.
Contagion Effects from the 1994 Mexican Peso Crisis: Evidence from Chilean Stocks

The contagion, or informational spillover, effects of the 1994 peso crisis from the Mexican market to the Chilean market, and to the Chilean American Depository Receipts (ADRs) trading in the U.S., are examined. Significant excess returns are observed for Chilean stocks for the event dates of the Mexican Peso crisis, providing evidence of contagion effects. Significant excess returns on these Chilean ADRs are also observed for each of the five event dates associated with the Peso crisis, suggesting that the contagion effects spilled over to the ADRs. A multiple regression model shows that the spillover contagion effects were very efficiently transmitted from the Mexican market to the Chilean market to the Chilean ADRs. Multifactor
Simple Assay for Clindamycin in the Presence of Aminoglycosides

The presence of aminoglycoside antibiotics interferes with the determination of clindamycin levels by standard microbiological assay. A new bioassay method of quantitation of clindamycin in the presence of aminoglycosides is presented. This technique is based on the fact that incorporation of calcium chloride into assay agar blocks the antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides against Sarcina lutea but allows the assay of as little as 0.31 mug of clindamycin per ml. The error of the system is less than 10%. This method is simple and adaptable to existing assay systems for clindamycin.
CLADISTICS AND THE LAND PLANTS: A RESPONSE TO ROBINSON

The reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships should be based not on belief but on an explicit and logical analysis of all available characters. Hennigian phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) provides a framework for evaluating putative homologies characterizing particular hierarchical levels, determining relationships of taxa sharing congruent patterns of homologies, and constructing a classification based on this information. Fossils can and should be included in the analysis if enough of the relevant characters are preserved; this is not currently possible for early land plants because of the fragmentary fossil record. To avoid circularity, adaptive and functional considerations should be addressed only after a phylogenetic hypothesis based on patterns on patterns of shared homologies is available.
Baryon magnetic moments in the background field method

Abstract We present a calculation of the magnetic moments for the baryon octet and decuplet using the background-field method and standard Wilson gauge and fermion actions in the quenched approximation of lattice QCD. Progressively smaller static magnetic fields are introduced on a 244 lattice at beta = 6.0 and the pion mass is probed down to about 500 MeV. Magnetic moments are extracted from the linear response of the masses to the background field.
FilGAP and its close relatives: a mediator of Rho-Rac antagonism that regulates cell morphology and migration.

Cell migration, phagocytosis and cytokinesis are mechanically intensive cellular processes that are mediated by the dynamic assembly and contractility of the actin cytoskeleton. GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins) control activities of the Rho family proteins including Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA, which are prominent upstream regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. The present review concerns a class of Rho GAPs, FilGAP ( ARHGAP24 gene product) and its close relatives ( ARHGAP22 and AHRGAP25 gene products). FilGAP is a GAP for Rac1 and a binding partner of FLNa (filamin A), a widely expressed F-actin (filamentous actin)-cross-linking protein that binds many different proteins that are important in cell regulation. Phosphorylation of FilGAP serine/threonine residues and binding to FLNa modulate FilGAP9s GAP activity and, as a result, its ability to regulate cell protrusion and spreading. FLNa binds to FilGAP at F-actin-enriched sites, such as at the leading edge of the cell where Rac1 activity is controlled to inhibit actin assembly. FilGAP then dissociates from FLNa in actin networks by myosin-dependent mechanical deformation of FLNa9s FilGAP-binding site to relocate at the plasma membrane by binding to polyphosphoinositides. Since actomyosin contraction is activated downstream of RhoA–ROCK (Rho-kinase), RhoA activity regulates Rac1 through FilGAP by signalling to the force-generating system. FilGAP and the ARHGAP22 gene product also act as mediators between RhoA and Rac1 pathways, which lead to amoeboid and mesenchymal modes of cell movements respectively. Therefore FilGAP and its close relatives are key regulators that promote the reciprocal inhibitory relationship between RhoA and Rac1 in cell shape changes and the mesenchymal–amoeboid transition in tumour cells.
VISUAL IMAGES OF AMERICAN SOCIETY: Gender and Race in Introductory Sociology Textbooks

By examining the 5,413 illustrations provided in 33 introductory sociology textbooks published between 1982 and 1988, we explored the way textbook publishers in sociology pictorially construct images of gender and race. Individuals in a picture are coded for race and gender identity; each picture is coded for location in or outside the United States and for placement in 1 of 26 substantive topics. Although people of color were shown in numerically “fair” proportions, including Blacks seemed to be a way of “staging” equality in the United States, while including other minorities appeared to offer “cross-cultural” comparisons to American society. Women accounted for only 36 percent of the individuals portrayed in these books, regardless of racial and ethnic category. Race and gender seemed to be conceptualized as nonoverlapping categories; White women “have” gender, while women of color apparently “have” only race. White men and boys occupied the center stage in these images of society; not only were more W...
Skin Painting Studies in Mice with 14 Fd&c and D&c Colors: Fd&c Blue no. 1, Red No. 3, and Yellow No. 5, D&C Red No. 7, Red No. 9, Red No. 10, Red No. 19, Red No. 21, Red No. 27, Red No. 31, Red No. 36, Orange No. 5, Orange No. 10, and Orange No. 17

AbstractA series of 14 cosmetic colors were submitted to dermal toxicity testing in accordance with a protocol designed by the Food and Drug Administration and agreed upon with the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (formerly the Toilet Goods Association). Dosage levels were based on lipstick use determinations made in a group of human female volunteers. The groups of lipstick colors were divided into three treatment series and painted on twice weekly to an area approximately 6 cm2. A total of 1400 mice were used comprising groups of 100 mice (50 per sex) plus additional positive control group of the same size and a vehicle control group of 300 mice (150 per sex). All colors were prepared at 1.0% suspensions in water. The positive control received 3.4–benzpyrene dissolved in acetone. Survival was approximately equivalent in all experimental groups except the positive controls who died earlier consistent with survival recorded by others for 3.4–benzpyrene treated mice. Extramedullary hematopoesis...
Macroeconomic Uncertainty, Precautionary Savings and the Current Account

The relationship between current account developments and changes in the macroeconomic environment remains a key issue in open economy macroeconomics. This paper extends the standard intertemporal optimizing model of the current account to incorporate the effects of macroeconomic uncertainty on private savings behavior. It is shown that the greater the uncertainty in national cash flow, defined as output less investment less government expenditure, the greater is the precautionary demand for savings and, other things equal, the larger is the current account surplus. Empirical support for the model is found using quarterly data from four large industrial countries.
Tracking organization–public relationships over time: A framework for longitudinal research

Abstract Acknowledging the unique and potentially powerful positions held by activist publics, the author argues that the state of organization-activist relationships can be tracked over time through the public statements they make about their shared issues of concern, as reported by the news media. The findings of three case studies of Australia's major banks and their activist publics over 21 years are reported.
Major and Minor Metabolites of Cocaine in Human Plasma following Controlled Subcutaneous Cocaine Administration

Cocaine is rapidly metabolized to major metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), and minor metabolites, norcocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE), and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine. This IRB-approved study examined cocaine and metabolite plasma concentrations in 18 healthy humans who provided written informed consent to receive low (75 mg/70 kg) and high (150 mg/70 kg) subcutaneous cocaine hydrochloride doses. Plasma specimens, collected prior to and up to 48 h after dosing, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2.5 ng/mL limits of quantification). Cocaine was detected within 5 min, with mean+/-SE peak concentrations of 300.4+/-24.6 ng/mL (low) and 639.1+/-56.8 ng/mL (high) 30-40 min after dosing. BE and EME generally were first detected in plasma 5-15 min post-dose; 2-4 h after dosing, BE and EME reached mean maximum concentrations of 321.3+/-18.4 (low) and 614.7+/-46.0 ng/mL (high) and 47.4+/-3.0 (low) and 124.4+/-18.2 ng/mL (high), respectively. Times of last detection were BE>EME>cocaine. Minor metabolites were detected much less frequently for up to 32 h, with peak concentrations<or=18 ng/mL for all analytes except pOHBE (up to 57.7 ng/mL). These data improve our knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of cocaine and its major and minor metabolites in plasma following controlled subcutaneous cocaine administration.
On positive solutions of perturbed nonlinear differential equations

Abstract Some results are given concerning positive solutions of equations of the form x ( n ) + P ( t ) G ( x ) = Q ( t , x ). Let class I (II) consist of all n -times differentiable functions x ( t ), such that x ( t )>0 and x ( n − 1) ( t ) ⩾ 0 ( x ( n − 1) ( t ) ⩽ 0) for all large t . Two theorems are given guaranteeing the nonexistence of solutions in class I and II, respectively, and three theorems ensure the convergence to zero of positive solutions. A recent result of Hammett concerning the second-order case is extended to the general case.
In memoriam: Walter Kauzmann (1916–2009)

Walter Kauzmann came to Princeton in 1946 to replace his former mentor, Henry Eyring, who went back to Salt Lake City and his Mormon roots. He has written about his reminiscences in physical chemistry, proteins, and related topics in Protein Science,1 and a special issue of Biophysical Chemistry has been published containing tributes of his many students and admirers.2 These sources, together with his published work and our own personal experiences, have provided the material for this tribute and review. In his early days, WK was at once shy and modest and a wondrous communicator. The simplicity of his laboratory–office, where this communication took place, has already been described.3 His reputation for “knowing everything” was quickly perceived by students, faculty members, and visitors. There were no limits on subject matter. Sometimes discussions involved a blistering array of quantum mechanical or statistical mechanical formulas; at other times quite basic ideas for beginning students, for example, partition coefficients or elementary discussions of the entropy. The range of topics was very large and went from mathematical science, to history, geology, paleontology, and many others. A major part of learning in these early days came from observing how a real scientist worked and thought. In the first 5 years (1946–1951), there were at least 10 students and two postdocs associated with the laboratory. Clearly, they did not fit in his small space and most spent much of their time either in the library, their rooms, or at instruments outside the laboratory, for example, the polarimeter. He was not especially solicitous with his students. You had to have something to say to get his attention. (There is a small percentage of disgruntled students.) A disagreement or a misconception on our part was especially effective as a conversation starter. His trips to the Carlsberg laboratory in Copenhagen, where science and fun were mixed in a very natural way, made a lasting impression on him.1 After returning from his first trip, he spent less time in his office, adopted an interest in tennis, not discussed, but obvious to his laboratory mates, and signs appeared of a lady in his life, Elizabeth Flagler, who was to become his wife in 1951. His life was a very busy one outside of his research. One of his constant lines of interest was the structure and thermodynamics of water. Also, he published a book with David Eisenberg on water and extensive papers with Kuntz and Henn (see section on Water). He was avidly interested in his courses including those for undergraduates. A result of this interest was the publication of two excellent books4,5 at the undergraduate or beginning graduate level and one at the graduate level on quantum mechanics.6
Retinol (vitamin A) inhibits sister chromatid exchanges and cell cycle delay induced by cyclophosphamide and aflatoxin B1 in Chinese hamster V79 cells

Retinol (vitamin A alcohol) at the doses tested neither induced an increase of frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) nor cell cycle delay in Chinese hamster V79 cells with or without the metabolic activation of S-9 mix. However, it inhibited SCE frequencies and cell cycle delay in V79 cells induced by the indirect mutagen cyclophosphamide or aflatoxin B1. The inhibition was found to be dose and time dependent. These results suggest that retinol itself may have no direct effect on the genetic materials but rather exert its effects possibly by inhibiting the metabolic activation of an indirect mutagen or carcinogen. Thus, the antitumor activities of retinoids may not be limited to the widely accepted role of preventing the promotion step but also the initiation step of carcinogenesis.
Isospin mass splittings of hadrons with heavy quarks

Following the previous proposal that isospin mass splittings of hadrons can be extracted in a model-independent way by the quark-mass interpolation scheme, we derived a compact expression for the mass splittings of baryons and mesons. We have shown that the mass splitting approaches the asymptotic limit within 0.3 MeV for a quark mass greater than 5 GeV. Therefore we can predict the isospin mass splittings of hadrons containing any unknown heavy quarks. In particular M/sup asterisk+/(ut-bar )-M/sup asterisk0/(dt-bar ) roughly-equalM/sup +/(ut-bar ) = -3.7 MeV.
The thermal response of rock to friction in the drag cutting process

Abstract Significant friction between the cutter and the rock occurs during the drag cutting process. This friction is responsible for elevating the temperature of the drag cutter and, under certain conditions, reducing cutter life. Because of this effect, friction often plays a major role in determining the economics of drilling with drill bits employing polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters. Analytical models have been developed in previous studies for predicting PDC cutter temperatures and their effects on bit wear and performance. The current paper investigates the effects of drag cutter friction on the rock mass and on rock chips generated during cutting. The thermal and mechanical loading imposed during the cutting process is described, and the thermal response of the rock to frictional heating at the cutter-rock interface is investigated. The results indicate that significant localized rock temperatures can develop as a result of frictional heating caused by drag cutters sliding on the rock surface. Although conduction of heat is severely limited during the short chip formation process, it is possible to attain elevated temperatures throughout a rock chip because of the possibility of internal frictional heating caused by shear deformation. It is concluded that temperatures and pressure during drag cutting are sufficient to cause ‘metamorphic’ changes in some rock constituents.
Relationship between urine dichlorophenol levels and asthma morbidity.

Abstract Background Chlorinated phenols are associated with atopic conditions, but it is not known whether they are associated with wheeze or asthma and whether atopy is involved in these associations. Objectives To test the association between urine levels of 2 dichlorophenols (2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenols) and asthma morbidity in atopic and nonatopic wheezers and between total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Methods Data from a sample of 2,125 participants at least 6 years old from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2006 were analyzed. Asthma morbidity data were available for those participants who reported wheezing in the past year ("wheezers"; n = 250). This subsample was categorized as atopic or nonatopic. Results Atopic wheezers with higher 2,5-dichlorophenol levels were more frequently diagnosed with asthma by a physician (odds ratio [OR] 4.7 for highest vs lowest tertile, P P = .046), and reported more exercise-induced wheezing (OR 5.8, P = .045) than atopic wheezers with low dichlorophenol levels. Atopic wheezers with higher 2,5- or 2,4-dichloropheonol levels also were more likely to miss work or school because of wheezing (OR 10.0, P P Conclusion These findings indicate that in patients with atopy and a history of wheezing, asthma morbidity is associated with high urinary dichlorophenol levels. Increased urine dichlorophenol levels are associated with higher total serum IgE.
Papain fragmentation of the gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase.

Abstract Membrane-bound (H + + K + )-ATPase purified from hog gastric mucosa was exposed to limited papain digestion. Such treatment resulted in a rapid inhibition of the K + -stimulated adenosine triphosphatase and p -nitrophenyl phosphatase activities, with about 90% of these activities lost after 3 min incubation at 37°C with 0.1 units of papain per mg of enzyme protein. Parallel to the inhibition of the enzyme activities, there was a production of a 77 kDa membrane-bound fragment containing the aspartyl phosphate residue of the phospho-intermediate. This fragment accounted for about 45% of the total enzyme protein after the 3 min papain treatment. The digestion barely affected the steady-state level of phosphorylation, allowed the aspartyl phosphate of the 77 kDa fragment to undergo the transition to the E 2 P form, and did not significantly alter the fraction of ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme. The presence of KCl, however, depressed the steady-state level of phosphoenzyme formed from [γ- 32 P]ATP considerably less than that of the control enzyme. With further exposure to papain the 77 kDa peptide became fragmented into a 28 kDa soluble peptide that retained the phosphorylating site. Binding of fluorescein 5′-isothiocyanate (FITC) to the native enzyme did not affect the sites of papain hydrolysis because the same peptide fragments were obtained. The FITC reaction site was also in the 28 kDa soluble peptide fragment.