cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Studies of Cellular Iron–Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis, Trafficking, and Transport

Iron-sulfur clusters are metal cofactors that comprise the largest class of metalloproteins and are utilized for a wide variety of functions ranging from electron transport to DNA repair. These clusters and their respective cluster-binding proteins are highly conserved and are produced in the mitochondria via an evolutionarily conserved process for export to the cytosol and delivery to other organelles, including the nucleus. Disruption of the biosynthetic pathway results in a number of disease conditions that reflect the essential requirements of cluster function and trafficking within the cell. In vivo studies are limited in their ability to examine the detailed molecular mechanisms of protein-protein interactions, since they often focus on the downstream effects of protein depletion or mutation. As such, in vitro analyses are essential for defining the roles of specific Fe-S proteins in trafficking events and supporting in vivo analyses of disease conditions arising from aberrant Fe-S assembly and trafficking. In this chapter, we describe a variety of methods for the analysis of structure-function relationships in holo Fe-S cluster proteins, as well as monitoring the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of Fe-S cluster transfer.
Brain Imaging in Small Animals Using MicroPET

MicroPET is a prototype high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) scanner designed for imaging small laboratory animals. It is the first PET system to make use of the new scintillator lutetium oxyorthosilicate and also the first system to employ fiber-optic coupling as a means for reading out very small scintillator elements with minimal deadspace. MicroPET consists of a total of thirty, 8 × 8 element detectors in a ring of diameter 17.1 cm. The animal port is 16 cm in diameter, and the useful field of view measures 11 cm transaxially by 1.8 cm axially. There are no interplane septa and data are acquired exclusively in three-dimensional mode. The system also includes a computer-controlled animal bed with built-in wobble motion. MicroPET produces images with a spatial resolution of 2 mm in all three axes and has sufficient sensitivity to realize this resolution for many applications. For studying biological systems that are easy to saturate, improved sensitivity could be realized by the addition of a second or third detector ring, which would also serve to increase the axial coverage of the system. The use of microPET to image the brain of several species of animals is presented. Based on the success of this first prototype system, a second, higher resolution, higher sensitivity system is now being developed exclusively for use in mice and rats.
Diasporic Relationalities: Queer Affiliations in Shani Mootoo's “Out on Main Street”

This paper offers a critical reading of Shani Mootoo's “Out on Main Street” as an alternative to the neoliberal Indian state's mobilization of diaspora discourse. I suggest that the nationalist con...
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and the Pediatric Hospitalist: 5 Years Later

As the US opioid crisis grows, neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is increasingly common in inpatient settings, from community-hospital nurseries to inpatient units and NICUs at large children’s hospitals. NAS is stressing perinatal care systems because of lengthy and costly hospital stays and is garnering attention not only in health care but also in public policy circles and the media.1 Commensurate with the dramatic increase in NAS cases, in some settings, the management of NAS is shifting from neonatology to pediatric hospital medicine. This represents a unique opportunity. In this issue of Hospital Pediatrics , Milliren et al2 report significant variability in NAS care practices across US hospitals, including rates of pharmacotherapy use, choice of treatment medication, length of treatment, and length of stay. These inconsistencies exist despite the majority of US hospitals using some form of the Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System (FNASS) to assess infants with NAS. This is less surprising when one considers that neither the tool (which was created in 1975) nor the protocols developed for its clinical application have ever been rigorously validated.3 As Milliren et al2 find, treatment with pharmacologic agents is associated with higher costs and longer lengths of stay. Because rates of medication use for symptom management vary by hospital from 13% to …
Shade: A differentially-private wrapper for enterprise big data

Enterprises usually provide strong controls to prevent cyberattacks and inadvertent leakage of data to external entities. However, in the case where employees and data scientists have legitimate access to analyze and derive insights from the data, there are insufficient controls and employees are usually permitted access to all information about the customers of the enterprise including sensitive and private information. Though it is important to be able to identify useful patterns of one's customers for better customization and service, customers' privacy must not be sacrificed to do so. We propose an alternative — a framework that will allow privacy preserving data analytics over big data. In this paper, we present an efficient and scalable framework for Apache Spark, a cluster computing framework, that provides strong privacy guarantees for users even in the presence of an informed adversary, while still providing high utility for analysts. The framework, titled Shade, includes two mechanisms — SparkLAP, which provides Laplacian perturbation based on a user's query and SparkSAM, which uses the contents of the database itself in order to calculate the perturbation. We show that the performance of Shade is substantially better than earlier differential privacy systems without loss of accuracy, particularly when run on datasets small enough to fit in memory, and find that SparkSAM can even exceed performance of an identical nonprivate Spark query.
Reproductive Health, Harlem, and Research

Men and women were gathered at the local public hall for a regular meeting sponsored by the community policing unit of the local police precinct. The group was diverse in age and occupation, but it was united in its concerns for the safety and well-being of the neighborhood. They engaged the police representatives in a forceful discussion of their needs and offered many suggestions for improving police procedures. There were two special guests that evening: ethnographers from the Harlem Birth Right Project. The ethnographers described the project and its significance, and lively debate ensued about the causes of infant mortality and the best focus for research. Some argued that research that was narrowly focused on women’s bad behaviors (substance abuse and smoking, for example) was not useful because it just reinforced the negative portrait of Harlem that residents had to confront all the time. Others acknowledged that the problem of infant mortality was a grave one (one woman said, “Every week in my shop someone buys a card for a baby’s funeral.”) but wondered why the project did not examine other pressing issues such as lack of employment.
Cross Cultural Communication: Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication, Interpretation and Translation

Effective cultural communication is a key to establishing trust, obtaining accurate health assessments, and implementing culturally congruent care with patients and their families. Cross-cultural communication includes verbal and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication involves preferred language and dialects, contextual use of the language, preferred greetings, voice volume and tone, health literacy, and the need for interpretation and translation. Nonverbal communication is just as important as verbal communication and encompasses temporality, acceptance of touch, degree of eye contact, facial expressions, and spatial distancing. Sign languages, of which there are numerous ones, are a combination of verbal and nonverbal communication. Recommendations for clinical practice, administration, education and training, and research are included.
Managed care, market power, and monopsony.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the theoretical possibility of monopsony behavior under managed care insurance. STUDY DESIGN: Use of microeconomic theory to examine how managed care plans with market power would be expected to behave, and effects of that behavior on consumer and supplier welfare. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The article shows that, under managed care monopsony, the welfare of consumers may be increased but overall economic welfare will necessarily be reduced. It offers a test for whether the lower prices paid by managed care buyers with larger market share represent welfare-reducing monopsony or a welfare-increasing movement away from provider monopoly. The test says that, if the quantity of inputs (supplied under conditions of increasing long-run marginal cost) declines, monopsony is present. The article also argues that the translation of lower provider prices into lower premiums is consistent with welfare-reducing monopsony by nonprofit health plans. In contrast, for-profit health plans that obtain monopsony may reduce the welfare of consumers as well as that of input suppliers. These theoretical conclusions are shown to be consistent with recent empirical research indicating a negative relationship between buyer market power and cost per enrollee. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional antitrust policy has not been able to deal well with monopsony. The article concludes that health plans that use their market power to reduce medical spending may harm the well-being both of specialized medical workers and of consumers of medical care. Antitrust policy may need to be modified to deal with this situation.
Health Planning and Program Evaluation

On the macro level, the capabilities of operations research to solve large scale health system problems will he the determinant of the ability of quantitative technique to be of practical use in the health care sector. A review, current to 1972, of the application of operations research to regional health planning is presented by SHUMAN ET AL. (1974). (See also footnote 2, page 3). In their review they take a wider view of health planning than is taken in this section, including, for example, facility location and planning which in this report are separatly discussed. In fact, almost all of the articles included in this review could be classified under the above heading. The particular focus in this section is on methodologies to model alternative health programs and to evaluate their effects. A subset of these articles, those pertaining to the evaluation of epidemic control programs, are contained in a separate section. Other references associated with health planning can be found in the section on forecasting, location of facilities, medical management, and miscellaneous topics.
Emission of Mössbauer γ-Rays From Crystals

Coherence effects are of central importance in the emission of Mossbauer γ-rays from crystalline sources. When the source is located within a crystal the emitted photon is coherently diffracted by the surrounding lattice, and the radiation pattern outside the crystal exhibits a set of light and dark Kossel cones, corresponding to the various internal Bragg reflections, whose positions and intensities are determined by the crystal structure. The theory of the Kossel effect for X-rays and its application to crystal structure determinations have been discussed extensively in the literature (1–4). As we shall see however there are important new features arising in the theory and application of the emission of Mossbauer γ-rays from crystals.
US Elastography: Applications in Tumors

Ultrasound elastography is a new technique that generates images based on the stiffness of tissue as opposed to anatomy. Many disease states have changes in stiffness that can be detected by elastography. There are two elastography techniques presently available, strain and shear wave imaging.
CHRIE's 50th Anniversary: a Legacy of Vision and Service

(1996). CHRIE's 50th Anniversary: A Legacy of Vision and Service. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 8, No. 2-3, pp. 21-23.
REGIONAL AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT

Abstract Regional deposition of aerosol in the human respiratory tract is estimated from experiments in which aerosol concentration and respiratory flow were measured continuously during individual breaths and from a theoretical analogy with a tubular continuous filter bed model of the respiratory tract. Since the volume of anatomic dead space is uncertain, regional distinction is made by selected boundary volumes which separate the upper tract of the selected volume from the more distal lower tract. The central feature of the estimation procedure is the determination of a combined upper tract penetration, for inspiration, pause, and expiration, derived from expired aerosol concentration corrected for aerosol mixing. The estimations indicate the particle size for maximum alveolar deposition is greater than 2 μ, equivalent diameter of a unit density sphere. This result is consistent with the calculations of Findeisen, Landahl, and Beeckmans and higher than the 1 μ value of Brown et al.
The challenges of forest modeling given climate change

Forest landscape modeling encompasses many core principles of landscape ecology: spatial resolution and extent, spatially explicit local and regional context, disturbance dynamics, integration of human activity, and explicit links to management and policy. Models of forest change inform land managers about strategies to adapt to the effects of an altered or changing environment across large, forested landscapes. Despite past successes, major challenges remain for landscape ecologists representing the dynamics of complex systems with a computer model, particularly given climate change. Here, I review major modeling challenges unique to climate change and suggest paths forward as climate change increasingly becomes a focus of landscape modeling efforts.
149) What Exercise Interventions Might Combat Pain and Flexibility after Sedentary Activity in College Students

Sedentary activity is a concern for students and can decrease lumbar range of motion (LROM) and increase lower back pain (LBP). Standard foam rolling is a popular intervention to increase ROM; however, vibrating foam rollers are relatively unexplored for their potential to combat pain and inflexibility after sedentary time. This study compares 3 interventions (self-paced walking [W], foam rolling [R], or vibrating foam rolling [VR]) on pain and flexibility in college students after sedentary activity. Healthy students (18-26 years) were recruited for 1 session. Participants sat x 50 minutes and completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ]) and homework. Post-Sedentary self-reported pain (Visual Analog Scale [VAS]), LROM for flexion (F) and extension (E) via Modified-Modified Schober Test (MMST), and hip ROM for extension (EXT), internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER) were measured. Participants were randomly assigned to a 15-minute intervention of either W, R, or VR with 1-on-1 instruction. Post-Intervention and final pain, LROM and hip ROM were measured. Changes in pain, LROM and hip ROM were compared via ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni (p
Synergies and differences in mathematical and computational thinking: implications for integrated instruction

A key debate in computer science education is whether and how computational thinking (CT) is used within disciplines other than computer science. Broad definitions provide many avenues for developi...
Treatment response and survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation.

e15715Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NeoChT) and chemoradiation (NeoCRT) have emerged as strategies...
Exploring the extracellular matrix in health and disease using proteomics

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex assembly of hundreds of proteins that constitutes the scaffold of multicellular organisms. In addition to providing architectural and mechanical support to the surrounding cells, it conveys biochemical signals that regulate cellular processes including proliferation and survival, fate determination, and cell migration. Defects in ECM protein assembly, decreased ECM protein production or, on the contrary, excessive ECM accumulation, have been linked to many pathologies including cardiovascular and skeletal diseases, cancers, and fibrosis. The ECM thus represents a potential reservoir of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, our understanding of the global protein composition of the ECM and how it changes during pathological processes has remained limited until recently.In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the latest methodological advances in sample preparation and mass spectrometry-based proteomics that have permitted the profiling of the ECM of now dozens of normal and diseased tissues, including tumors and fibrotic lesions.
Particle behavior in aesthetic field theory

We discuss the structure of a particle system obtained in “aesthetic” field theory and study the evolution of this system in time. We find the particle system to have more structure than particles found by other authors investigating particlelike behavior in nonlinear field theories. Our particle system has a maximum center in proximity to a minimum center. Thus, we can interpret our system as being constructed of two bodies. We find that the maximum center and the minimum center move in straight lines, to computer accuracy. Thus, we have not found any nontrivial force laws. This suggests that the situation with respect to basic principles be kept fluid. So far as we know, we are the first investigators to study the trajectories of a two-body system which arises as a consequence of nonlinear field equations.
East Asia’s retail revolution: Diffusion of organized retailing and varieties of market development in Korea and Taiwan:

Global diffusion of organized retailing over the last several decades brought extensive worldwide standardization of retail formats and technologies. Such development, however, has not led to the s...
Comparative environmental impact assessment of aquafeed production: Sustainability implications of forage fish meal and oil free diets

Abstract The environmental sustainability of aquaculture food production systems is of critical concern due to its rapid expansion as the fastest growing major food production sector in the world. Among the parameters that contribute to the overall environmental impacts of aquaculture marine-based protein production, aquafeed is identified as an impact hotspot. There is consequently a need to seek more environmentally sustainable aquafeeds to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts associated with aquaculture food production. The environmental and economic sustainability of aquafeeds can be improved using two main approaches: (a) optimizing finite resources use (e.g. fish meal and fish oil), and (b) mitigating waste generation and emissions. A variety of ingredients have been previously proposed, investigated, and utilized to accomplish these strategies, while maintaining acceptable food production efficiencies. However, comprehensive evaluation of the environmental sustainability of aquafeeds with respect to variable ingredients, both in terms of resource use and waste emission has not been conducted. In this work, a holistic life cycle impact assessment of twelve practically formulated and utilized aquafeeds has been performed to provide a comparative evaluation of different aquafeed's environmental impacts, considering resource use (biotic resource use, water intake, and fossil fuel depletion) and emission-based impact categories (ozone depletion, global warming, photochemical smog, acidification, eutrophication, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, and ecotoxicity). Results indicate that the investigated fish meal free diets do not, on the whole, result in a significant decrease in environmental impacts with respect to the use of biotic resources. However, if the substituted ingredients would not propose elevated impacts (e.g. blood meal), these diets can potentially lower the overall environmental impacts of aquafeed production mainly with respect to relevant emission-based indicators (e.g. global warming, eutrophication, ecotoxicity). Findings demonstrate that the investigated fish oil free diets can potentially lower the use of biotic resources. However, to prevent burden shifting, strategies to provide nutrient-rich oils with minimal energy requirement need to be undertaken.
A 50-Gb/s Optical Transmitter Based on Co-design of a 45-nm CMOS SOI Distributed Driver and 90-nm Silicon Photonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator

This paper presents an integrated optical driver and Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) that operates to 50 Gb/ $s$ . The MZM consists of 4 traveling wave segments along a 3.2 mm length in a 90-nm Silicon Photonic (SiP) technology. The broadband distributed amplifier is a pseudo-differential design with 3-stack driver stages to deliver sufficient voltage swing in a 45nm CMOS SOI technology. The optical eye is open to 50 Gb/ $s$ and indicates error-free operation to 30 Gb/ $s$ . The total circuit consumes 480 mW.
Redescription of the Type Species of Cardicola Short, 1953 (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) and Description of a New Congener Infecting Yellowedge Grouper, Hyporthodus flavolimbatus (Perciformes: Serranidae), from the Gulf of Mexico.

Cardicola Short, 1953 is the most speciose aporocotylid genus (35 species) and includes marine and estuarine species of fish blood flukes that infect "higher ray-finned fishes" (Euteleostei). Several clades within Cardicola are recovered in phylogenetic analyses of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S), but morphological synapomorphies for those nucleotide-based clades remain elusive. The type species, Cardicola cardiocola (Manter, 1947) Short, 1953, has not been recollected in 73 yr and the original description was incomplete; making a genus revision challenging because of the ambiguous systematic position of its type species. Herein, we redescribe C. cardiocola by using the holotype (USNM 1337732) and new specimens collected from the type host, jolthead porgy, Calamus bajonado (Sparidae), from nearby the type locality. It differs from its congeners by the combination of having a body that is 5 times longer than wide, an anterior sucker with concentric rows of spines, 2-6 tegumental body spines per row, an esophageal gland that is 22-43% of the esophageal length, a testis that is 3-5 times longer than wide and that fills the intercecal space, a vitelline duct connecting to the anterior aspect of the ootype, an ascending uterus that lacks any coil, a descending uterus yielding a single coil, an obvious cirrus sac separated by constriction from the seminal vesicle, a tegumental protrusion surrounding the terminal end of cirrus sac, and a male genital pore that is posterior to the remainder of the genitalia. We also describe a new congener infecting the heart of yellowedge grouper, Hyporthodus flavolimbatus (Serranidae), from the Gulf of Mexico. It differs from its congeners by the combination of having an anterior sucker that does not extend beyond the anterior body margin, 2-5 tegumental body spines per row, posterior ceca that are 9 times length of the anterior ceca and that lack any coil, a testis that is 3 times longer than wide and that does not fill the intercecal space, an ovary that is >60% of the body width, a vitelline duct that connects to the anterior aspect of the ootype, a uterus that is >10% of the body width and that extends posterior to all genitalia, and a rounded posterior body margin. It is the first species of Cardicola to be described from a grouper (Serranidae). The 28S and internal transcribed spacer 2 phylogenetic analyses recovered the new species as a distinct lineage within the clade of Cardicola spp.
Development of a bench scale method for constant output of mineral dust

To realize the environmental impacts of mineral dust from different sources, it is necessary to develop aerosol generation systems that can mimic the processes of aerosolization of sediments into d...
Quick Fix: The Artistic Office Hour Promotes Personal Student-Faculty Interactions

During the fall 2020 semester, classes at my institution were taught almost entirely online in response to the COVID19 pandemic. In order to promote student engagement in the online environment, I developed the Artistic Office Hour to promote casual social interactions outside of synchronous class-time. During the Artistic Office Hour, students and I met weekly using videoconferencing software to color illustrations from discipline-specific coloring books or work on personal art projects, relax, and chat. The Artistic Office Hour was enthusiastically received by students and promoted personal interactions among participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of College Teaching is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
SU-E-J-123: Assessing Segmentation Accuracy of Internal Volumes and Sub-Volumes in 4D PET/CT of Lung Tumors Using a Novel 3D Printed Phantom

Purpose: To assess the accuracy of internal target volume (ITV) segmentation of lung tumors for treatment planning of simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) radiotherapy as seen in 4D PET/CT images, using a novel 3D-printed phantom. Methods: The insert mimics high PET tracer uptake in the core and 50% uptake in the periphery, by using a porous design at the periphery. A lung phantom with the insert was placed on a programmable moving platform. Seven breathing waveforms of ideal and patient-specific respiratory motion patterns were fed to the platform, and 4D PET/CT scans were acquired of each of them. CT images were binned into 10 phases, and PET images were binned into 5 phases following the clinical protocol. Two scenarios were investigated for segmentation: a gate 30–70 window, and no gating. The radiation oncologist contoured the outer ITV of the porous insert with on CT images, while the internal void volume with 100% uptake was contoured on PET images for being indistinguishable from the outer volume in CT images. Segmented ITVs were compared to the expected volumes based on known target size and motion. Results: 3 ideal breathing patterns, 2 regular-breathing patient waveforms, and 2 irregular-breathing patient waveforms were used for thismore » study. 18F-FDG was used as the PET tracer. The segmented ITVs from CT closely matched the expected motion for both no gating and gate 30–70 window, with disagreement of contoured ITV with respect to the expected volume not exceeding 13%. PET contours were seen to overestimate volumes in all the cases, up to more than 40%. Conclusion: 4DPET images of a novel 3D printed phantom designed to mimic different uptake values were obtained. 4DPET contours overestimated ITV volumes in all cases, while 4DCT contours matched expected ITV volume values. Investigation of the cause and effects of the discrepancies is undergoing.« less
Generic Shape Learning and Recognition

We address the problem of generic shape recognition, in which exact models are not available. We propose an original approach, in which learning and recognition are intimately linked, as recognition is based on previous observation.
Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without History

On 1 June of 1848 the Neue Rheinische Zeitung appeared in Cologne, Germany for the first time with Karl Marx as the editor-in-chief, assisted by an editorial staff of six; Heinrich Bergers, Ernst Dronke, Friedrich Engels, George Weerth, Ferdinand Wolff and Wilhelm Wolf.1 This paper appeared regularly save for a short period during September and early October of 1848 when due to a military siege of Cologne, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, along with other newspapers in Cologne, was suspended by the temporary military government.2 After the lifting of the siege, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung began publication again on 12 October, 1848 with the same editorial staff to which Ferdinand Freiligrath, a celebrated German poet, was added and it appeared without interruption until its final suppression on 19 May, 1849.3
Telecommunication Network Optimization with Genetic Algorithms: A Decade of Practice

This paper describes five applications of genetic algorithm technology to problems in telecommunication network design, configuration, and message routing. The applications were carried out over the past ten years. (It seems quite appropriate somehow that the date of the conference that this volume chronicles is almost exactly ten years after the date on which I began work on my first telecommunication network problem.)
Dense phase (plug) conveying — observations and projections

Dense phase (plug) flow has been reviewed beginning with the past work of researchers and an analysis of their findings. An analysis of what is known and what is not understood has been attempted. With this in mind some initial work into looking at the basics of a plug from a fundamental set of experiments has been carried out. This information provides with some basic understanding often pointing at complexities and the need to delve more into the topic. The basic physical properties of the plugs have been measured in an effort to begin to provide a predictive mechanism for the designer. Predicting the behavior of dense phase (plug) conveying operations is a goal. It is known that the material and piping properties and geometries are crucial factors in this endeavor. Ideally it would be desirable to have a series of simple tests for the material itself that would provide us with a framework for projecting the design of the dense phase system. These material properties could unify all the data we have on dense phase (plug) conveying. In addition one may conjecture that the determination of the system parameters assessing such topics as the ratio of vertical to horizontal transfer lengths and the numbers of bends seems prudent for analysis.
Electrophysiological Analysis of Synaptic Transmission in Central Neurons of Drosophila Larvae

We report functional neuronal and synaptic transmission properties in DrosophilaCNS neurons. Whole cell current- and voltage-clamp recordings were made from dorsally positioned neurons in the larva...
A nonlinear theory of premodulated electron beam propagating through a helix-loaded waveguide

Summary form only given, as follows. One of the most important issues in the charged particle beam physics is evolution of prebunched beam during propagation. The prebunched charged particle beams have various applications, including accelerator physics, relativistic klystron amplifiers, and high-power traveling wave tubes. Particularly, the prebunched beam train may provide a compact devices for these applications. It is therefore important to investigate evolution of beam profile during propagation in downstream. In this presentation, we develop a self-consistent nonlinear theory of prebunched electron beam propagating through a helix-loaded waveguide. The prebunched beam particles move downstream with traveling waves of electric potential caused by non-uniform charge distribution along the propagation direction. A closed integrodifferential equation for the beam current is obtained in terms of time and propagation distance. The equation consists of the space-charge force caused by the self-electric field and of the helix effects. Properties of the current and energy modulations are investigated from this equation for a broad range of system parameters. Linearization of the integrodifferential equation leads to the mode evolution of individual mode during propagation. It is observed from the linear theory that the mode grows exponentially when the helix effects dominate. On the other hand, for an intense beam, the space charge oscillation occurs at the beginning of the propagation. However, all the modes grow exponentially in a long range propagation regardless of the beam intensity.
Development of BION/spl trade/ technology for functional electrical stimulation: bidirectional telemetry

BIONs/spl trade/ are individually addressable, single channel electrical interfaces that can be injected into one or more muscles through a 12-gauge hypodermic needle. They receive power and command signals from an externally worn RF transmission coil and generate stimulation pulses to activate motor units. In order to reanimate useful function in a paralyzed limb, it is necessary to incorporate sensors and back telemetry to provide voluntary control and sensory feedback signals. We describe and compare several sensing modalities and bi-directional telemetry schemes that have been developed and are being evaluated to support these requirements.
Forward genetics defines Xylt1 as a key, conserved regulator of early chondrocyte maturation and skeletal length

The long bones of the vertebrate body are built by the initial formation of a cartilage template that is later replaced by mineralized bone. The proliferation and maturation of the skeletal precursor cells (chondrocytes) within the cartilage template and their replacement by bone is a highly coordinated process which, if misregulated, can lead to a number of defects including dwarfism and other skeletal deformities. This is exemplified by the fact that abnormal bone development is one of the most common types of human birth defects. Yet, many of the factors that initiate and regulate chondrocyte maturation are not known. We identified a recessive dwarf mouse mutant (pug) from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen. pug mutant skeletal elements are patterned normally during development, but display a ~20% length reduction compared to wild-type embryos. We show that the pug mutation does not lead to changes in chondrocyte proliferation but instead promotes premature maturation and early ossification, which ultimately leads to disproportionate dwarfism. Using sequence capture and high-throughput sequencing, we identified a missense mutation in the Xylosyltransferase 1 (Xylt1) gene in pug mutants. Xylosyltransferases catalyze the initial step in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain addition to proteoglycan core proteins, and these modifications are essential for normal proteoglycan function. We show that the pug mutation disrupts Xylt1 activity and subcellular localization, leading to a reduction in GAG chains in pug mutants. The pug mutant serves as a novel model for mammalian dwarfism and identifies a key role for proteoglycan modification in the initiation of chondrocyte maturation.
Wnt Pathway-Related Gene Expression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of Wnt pathway-related genes in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). RNA from colonoscopic biopsies from noninflammatory bowel disease (non-IBD) subjects and UC patients were obtained and examined with a Wnt-specific microarray for the expression of Wnt pathway-related genes. Paired samples from uninflamed and inflamed areas of the colon were obtained for the UC patients. WNT2B, WNT3A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT9A, and WNT11 exhibited significantly increased expression in UC compared to non-IBD patients. Frizzled 3 (FZD3) and FZD4 exhibited significantly increased expression, and FZD1 and FZD5 exhibited significantly decreased expression in UC patients. Genes with increased expression in inflamed mucosa included DKK4, DVL2, SOX17, and COL1A1. There was no difference in the expression of a panel of Wnt target genes. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) was variably influenced by inflammation. Significant differences in extracellular and cell-surface components of the Wnt pathway exist in the colonic mucosa of patients with UC compared with non-IBD patients, which may influence the strength or specificity of Wnt signaling. In inflammation, inhibitory components of the Wnt pathway exhibit increased expression, but no changes in Wnt pathway target gene expression are seen. The role and complex regulation of Sox17 and iNOS in IBD warrant further investigation.
Characterization of mismatched DNA hybridization via a redox-active diviologen bound in the PNA-DNA minor groove.

Diviologen molecules of the general formula CH3(CH2)11V2+(CH2)6V2+(CH2)11CH3 (C12VC6VC12, V2+ = 4,4′-bipyridinium or viologen) were employed to electrochemically assay DNA hybridization to PNA probes immobilized at Au electrodes. Immobilized 15-mer PNA probes were exposed to 25-mer DNA oligonucleotides containing either complementary or single base mismatched sequences. In the presence of complementary PNA−DNA hybrids, the V2+/+ redox couple of C12VC6VC12 exhibited a unique double-wave cyclic voltammogram, with a formal potential shifted −100 mV from the Ef in the presence of single base mismatched DNA hybrids or PNA probes alone. Integration of the CVs demonstrated that C12VC6VC12 exhibited binding cooperativity to the complementary PNA−DNA hybrids and saturated at a ratio of 2:1 (C12VC6VC12:hybrid). Reduced C12VC6VC12 (V+) absorption spectra showed a significant λmax blue shift (22 nm) in the presence of complementary hybrids compared to the λmax in the presence of PNA or mismatched DNA hybrids. Chronoc...
Multiple forms of rat liver L-asparagine synthetase

Abstract Extraction of rat liver asparagine synthetase from rats maintained on normal protein containing diets yields activity in a region corresponding to a molecular weight of 57,000. Decreasing the amount of protein in the diets caused the asparagine synthetase activity to appear in two forms, one being in the 57,000 region and the other in the 113,000 region. If rat were fed a high protein diet, liver asparagine synthetase activity appeared only in the lower molecular weight area. Experiments with synthetic amino acid diets demonstrated that a dietary deficiency in asparagine would cause the appearance of high molecular weight (113,000) hepatic asparagine synthetase.
Attenuation by electroshock treatment of the haloperidol-induced rise in the binding of 3H-imipramine to rat brain membranes.

Studies were conducted in rats to investigate whether chronic haloperidol treatment, electroshock treatment (EST), or a combination of both affects the high-affinity binding of 3H-imipramine to cerebral membranes. Chronic haloperidol (2 mg/kg SC daily for 28 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the density of binding sites in animals killed 1 h after the last treatment, but binding was markedly enhanced after a “washout” period of 5 days. In animals subjected to EST (20–30 mA, 1.5 s, 60 Hz; three times a week for 4 weeks) and killed 1 h after the last treatment, there were no apparent changes, but when animals were allowed a recovery period of 5 days there appeared to be a slight increase in binding. The marked increase in binding seen after haloperidol withdrawal was no longer apparent in animals treated with both haloperidol and EST, indicating that EST acts to attenuate the increase in binding seen after withdrawal of chronic haloperidol. It is suggested that chronic haloperidol may influence presynaptic recognition sites that regulate serotonin uptake and that EST may interact with haloperidol to “stabilize” these presynaptic sites.
Threshold of detection for various materials at 10.6 μm

The thresholds for detection of CO/sub 2/ laser radiation were determined for various photographic films and liquid crystals. (AIP)
TESTICULAR CANCER: ADOLESCENT ATTITUDES AND KNOWLEDGE

While there are many advocates of testicular cancer (TC) education, little is known about the adolescent male's attitude towards TC, knowledge of TC, or whether he is receiving this education in the physician's office. As a first phase in a three year project on TC education in the public school system, 1200 grade 10 males, mean age 16.7, 63% white 34% black, were given an 85 item validated pretest questionnaire. While 22% had heard of TC, none knew how to correctly perform Testicular Self-Examination (TSE). Analysis of the attitude questions measured on a 7 point scale (7=strongly agree) showed that adolescents are afraid of getting TC (X=5.62), are unsure about whether it could happen to them (X=3.81) or whether it could be self-diagnosed (X=3.39), but did feel that recovery is more likely with early diagnosis (X=5.38). Black adolescents were less knowledgable about and more afraid of getting TC (p<.01), than white adolescents. Although 58% reported having a complete physical examination by an MD within the previous year, <2% reported being taught TSE. There were no race differences in physician utilization. Having seen an M.D. within the past year made no difference in knowledge or attitudes toward TC. This data shows that the adolescent male has little knowledge and some anxiety about TC, does not know how to perform TSE, and is receiving little education during the routine physical exam.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus presenting as an unusual bullous eruption

We describe a patient with a widespread annular bullous eruption on the trunk and extremities and involvement of the conjunctivae, oral mucous membranes, and esophagus. Findings of a biopsy specimen of an intraabdominal mass revealed nodular and diffuse well-differentiated lymphoma. Histologic examination of a skin lesion showed acantholysis with bulla formation and keratinocyte necrosis. Direct immunofluorescence testing of a skin lesion showed intercellular deposition of IgG. The patient's serum contained autoantibodies with broad specificity for skin and other epithelia and identified the characteristic bands of paraneoplastic pemphigus at 250, 230, 210, and 190 kd on immunoprecipitation. The patient died despite therapy.
Regulation of glucose production in newborn infants of diabetic mothers.

Summary: The glucose homeostasis in the infants of normal and diabetic mothers was evaluate by examining the effects of exogenous glucose infusion at 4 mg/kg μmin and quantifying the rates of glucose production and utilization. Five infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers (IDM), one infant of a gestationally diabetic mother and five infants of normal mothers were studied between 2–4 h of age. The rates of glucose production and utilization before and during glucose infusion were quantified by tracer dilution technique using [6,62H2] glucose tracer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fractional glucose uptake (Kt) was measured at the end of infusion by administering 0.5 g/kg glucose pulse. All diabetic women were under rigid metabolic control during pregnancy. Although basal plasma glucose levels at age 2–4 h were lower in the IDMs as compared with normal newborns (43.4 ± 3.7 and 65.2 ± 3.6 mg/dl, mean ± S.E., respectively), the glucose production and utilization rates were not significantly different (3.35 ± 0.26 and 3.39 ± 0.08 mg/kg μmin); therefore, the metabolic clearance rates were higher in the IDMs (7.69 ± 0.41 ml/kg μmin) as compared with the normal newborn infant (5.20 ± 0.20 ml/kg ± min). Glucose infusion resulted in a greater suppression of endogenous glucose production rate in the normal newborn infants than in the IDMs. Glucose infusion resulted in an acceleration of Kt in the normals (2.38 ± 0.25 %/min). We conclude that rigid regulation of maternal diabetes normalizes glucose production rate in IDM; however, intermittent maternal hyperglycemia may result in altered regulation of hepatic glucose production. Speculation: Decreased suppression of systemic glucose production in response to glucose infusion observed in the infant of a diabetic mother by isotopic tracer methods may be the result of exchange of the tracer with the augmented intrahepatic substrate pools.
Varenicline: An α4β2 Nicotinic Receptor Partial Agonist for Smoking Cessation

Herein we describe a novel series of compounds from which varenicline (1, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2,3-h][3]benzazepine) has been identified for smoking cessation. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate the dependence-producing effects of nicotine. We have pursued α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonists to inhibit dopaminergic activation produced by smoking while simultaneously providing relief from the craving and withdrawal syndrome that accompanies cessation attempts. Varenicline displays high α4β2 nAChR affinity and the desired in vivo dopaminergic profile.
On the Cox-Merz rule for magnetic dispersions

The Cox-Merz rule can be a useful, empirical tool for relating steady and oscillatory shear flow property measurements. Here we test its applicability for magnetic dispersions. Neither the rule nor a previously published modification of it applies for the dispersions, but we demonstrate that the steady shear viscosity and the magnitude of the complex viscosity are nonetheless related.
Molecular characterization of a structural epitope that is largely conserved among severe isolates of a plant virus.

Abstract Direct molecular evidence was obtained for the critical role of a single amino acid residue in a structural epitope distinguished by the monoclonal antibody MCA-13, which reacts selectively with severe isolates of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Different CTV isolates cause a wide range of symptoms in the diverse citrus species they affect. Severe symptoms include decline, stem pitting, and seedling yellows. Plants infected by mild isolates are essentially symptomless. The monoclonal antibody MCA-13, which discriminates severe isolates from mild isolates of the virus, was used to map its epitope on the coat protein of CTV. A diverse group of coat protein genes of geographically and biologically distinct CTV isolates which are either MCA-13-reactive or MCA-13-nonreactive was cloned and sequenced. A series of mutant coat protein genes was constructed through oligonucleotide-directed, site-specific mutagenesis. The reactivity of the wild-type and mutant coat proteins expressed in Escherichia coli was evaluated by Western blotting using MCA-13 and polyclonal antibody prepared to CTV-coat protein. A single nucleotide alteration resulting in a Phe-->Tyr mutation at position 124 of the coat protein abolished the MCA-13 reactivity of a severe isolate, whereas a Tyr-->Phe mutation at the same site conferred MCA-13 reactivity on the coat protein of a previously nonreactive mild isolate of CTV.
Effect of cerclage wires on periosteal bone in growing dogs.

Three diameters of wire were placed circumferentialiy around the femora of six 22 week old puppies. The wires were placed over the periosteum on one limb and under the periosteum on the other limb. The effect of the wires on actively growing bone was evaluated 3 and 8 weeks after placement. Diffuse growth of periosteal new bone occurred in immature dog femora in which cerclage were placed under the periosteum. This reaction corresponded with dramatically increased medullary and periosteal microvas-cularity coupled with histologic active trabecular bone formation. In femora in which wires were placed over the periosteum, even though the placement of the wires should supposedly have been the most detrimental, there were active vessels within the cortex directly under all wires. In both preparations, cerclage wires were becoming encased in the growing cortical bone 8 weeks after placement. Cerclage wires did not devitalize immature bone nor did it restrict adjacent appositional bone growth.