cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The subcellular localization and activity of Drosophila cubitus interruptus are regulated at multiple levels

Cubitus interruptus (Ci), a Drosophila transcription factor, mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during the patterning of embryonic epidermis and larval imaginal discs. In the absence of Hh signal, Ci is cleaved to generate a truncated nuclear form capable of transcriptional repression. Hh signaling stabilizes and activates the full-length Ci protein leading to strong activation of downstream target genes including patched and decapentaplegic. A number of molecules have been implicated in the regulation of Ci. Mutations in these molecules lead to changes in Ci protein level, the extent of Ci proteolysis and the expression of Ci target genes. This paper examines the regulation of Ci subcellular localization and activity. We first characterize a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) within Ci. We propose that the subcellular distribution of Ci is affected by two opposing forces, the action of the NLS and that of at least two regions targeting Ci to the cytoplasm. Further our data show that loss of PKA or Costal-2 activity does not fully mimic Hh signaling, demonstrating that Ci proteolysis and Ci activation are two distinct events which are regulated through different paths. Finally, we propose that there are three levels of apparent Ci activity, corresponding to three zones along the AP axis with different sets of gene expression and different levels of Hh signaling.
Images of Anti-Temporality: An Essay in the Anthropology of Experience*

Let me explain the jagged, cacophonous title of this talk, which must jar on ears expectant of a disquisition on immortality, the leitmotiv of the Ingersoll lecture series. By “anti-temporality” I denote that which is opposite in kind to being temporal, that is, pertaining to, concerned with, or limited by time. By “time” I provisionally accept the first definition offered by the Oxford English Dictionary: “A limited stretch or space of continued existence, as the interval between two successive events or acts or the period through which an action, condition or state continues: a finite portion of ‘time’.” Here, however, I would detect a certain ambiguity in the phrase, “interval between two successive events or acts,” for such intervals may, in many societies, be culturally detached from natural or logical sequentiality and formed into a domain governed by anti-temporality. Here the very definition of time implies its opposite.
Readability Levels of Traumatic Brain Injury Websites in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability. Occupational therapists provide services for this population that can include patient education materials. A large portion of the international population has low literacy skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the readability level of patient education materials from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States that relate to TBI.
The Smart Grid in Massachusetts: A Proposal for a Consumer Data Privacy Policy

The advent of the smart grid—a way of incorporating digital technology into the electrical grid to enable two-way communication between utilities and customers—raises a number of data privacy concerns. This new infrastructure will generate incredible amounts of information about customer electricity usage, even enabling those with access to it to see how power is being used within the home in real time. Customers must be assured that their usage data will be protected from breach or sale to unapproved third parties, while they still retain the ability to allow approved vendors to analyze it for the customer’s benefit. To protect this information, Massachusetts should adopt new regulations building off its existing data privacy law and considering other states’ attempts at smart grid privacy policies, as well as the federal government’s recommendations. This will ensure that the Bay State is prepared for widespread implementation of smart grid technology.
Amino Acid Fluxes in Marine Plankton Communities Contained in Cepex Bags

Our group is interested in the general problem of the tropho-dynamics of bacterioplankton in marine ecosystems. An important aspect of the activities of bacteria is their role as mediators of nutrient transformations (Figure 1). We have attempted to quantify their contribution to the nitrogen flux via animo degradation using the plankton communities in CEPEX CEEs 78–2 and 78–3 (Menzel & Case 1977) as experimental systems. The data and discussion which follow give the results of that effort.
Community Versus Market: A Comparative Investigation

Given the nature of developing societies, the study of developmental politics becomes, in important respects, the study of rural politics. Moral economists link agrarian institutions to rural values and thereby account for the revolutionary behavior of peasants. This article presents and critiques their arguments, showing where they are wrong—and where right. In so doing, the authors substantially modify earlier criticisms, including some by the authors themselves.
Delineation of p-n Junctions on Cross Sectional TEM Device Samples

The delineation of n-p junctions is one of the techniques routinely required in the analysis of electronic devices. The delineation of the junction profile is typically done either in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or by angle lapping / staining/ optical microscopy. Recently TEM foils have been selectively etched to simultaneously provide an interface demarcation and an image of processed induced dislocations. A case study is presented in this report on concentration dependent delineation techniques with emphasis on the special problems associated with cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) samples. The etchants used in delineating junctions for the SEM or with angle lapping / optical microscopy of transistors are too aggressive for the extremely thin TEM foils. This paper discusses etchants which deliver reproducible, high contrast delineations in XTEM samples with known concentration profiles.
Oil Source Analysis and Exploration Prospect of Lunnan Field in Tarim Basin

The geochemistry of Lunnan crude is comprehensively studied. This paper presents that Lunnan crude primarily originates from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, combined with the structural development history, the source rock evolution history and oil-gas distribution characteristics. So the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician strata should be taken as major source rocks for petroleum exploration in Tarim basin instead of pinning our hope on search for giant oilfield in Middle-Upper Ordovician strata as major source rocks in order to avoid the existed misdirection.
Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases-1 and -2A in Lens Development and Pathogenesis

The protein serine/threonine phosphatases are major cellular phosphatases, responsible for 98 % dephosphorylation of proteins in eukaryotes. In the ocular lens, they are highly expressed and play important roles in both development and pathogenesis. In the present review, we have summarized these two aspects, which provide a basis for further studies on these important signaling molecules in the eye.
Integrating open TCP/IP core and FPGA-based cryptosystem on chip

Ensuring network traffic privacy and improved performance is a key factor to provide trustworthy communication for data transmission. In this research work, we investigate a mechanism to integrate our previous works: open TCP/IP core and the cryptosystem on the same Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip. Challenges are addressed in this paper regarding the data format of the encrypted message and the method to handle this format by open TCP/IP core. In addition, both integrated systems (TCP/IP and cryptosystem) exhibit different throughput measurements. Thus, a buffer systems is proposed to mitigate the throughput variance. Analysis of total interfacing time delay is evaluated accordingly.
Preliminary Analysis of StrongArm® Ergoskeleton on Knee and Hip Kinematics and User Comfort:

This study was constructed to assess the influence of wearing semi-soft exoskeletons on hip and knee kinematics when engaging in a box lifting task. Six healthy college aged students (age: 21.7 ± 2...
The Affordability of Providing Sexually Transmitted Disease Services at a Safety-net Clinic.

Introduction Sexually transmitted diseases continue to increase in the U.S. There is a growing need for financially viable models to ensure the longevity of safety-net sexually transmitted disease clinics, which provide testing and treatment to high-risk populations. This micro-costing analysis estimated the number of visits required to balance cost and revenue of a sexually transmitted disease clinic in a Medicaid expansion state. Methods In 2017, actual and projected cost and revenues were estimated from the Rhode Island sexually transmitted disease clinic in 2015. Projected revenues for a hypothetical clinic offering a standard set of sexually transmitted disease services were based on Medicaid; private (“commercial”) insurance; and institutional (“list price”) reimbursement rates. The number of visits needed to cover clinic costs at each rate was assessed. Results Total operating cost for 2,153 clinic visits was estimated at $255,769, or $119 per visit. Laboratory testing and salaries each accounted for 44% of operating costs, medications for treatment 7%, supplies 5%, and 28% of visits used insurance. For a standard clinic offering a basic set of sexually transmitted disease services to break even, a projected 73% of visits need to be covered at the Medicaid rate, 38% at private rate, or 11% at institutional rate. Conclusions Sexually transmitted disease clinics may be financially viable when a majority of visits are billed at a Medicaid rate; however, mixed private/public models may be needed if not all visits are billed. In this manner, sexually transmitted disease clinics can be solvent even if not all visits are billed to insurance, thus ensuring access to uninsured or underinsured patients.
How do communication modes of d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing prereaders influence the amount of storybook text teachers report reading during read alouds?

ABSTRACTDeaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) literature, including the reading behaviour of Deaf adults, suggests that Teachers of the deaf (TODs) read different amounts of text during read alouds to DHH...
Interaction of PEGylated interferon-beta with antibodies to recombinant interferon-beta.

Abstract Because PEGylated molecules exhibit different physicochemical properties from those of the parent molecules, PEGylated interferonβ-1a (pegIFNβ-1a) may be able to be used with retained bioactivity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients who have previously developed neutralizing antibodies (NABs) to recombinant interferonβ (rIFNβ). Hence, the objective of the present study was to test whether pegIFNβ-1a is less antigenic for NABs in vitro than rIFNβ. Two in vitro assays were used to quantitate NABs in 115 sera obtained from MS patients included in the INSIGHT study: the cytopathic effect (CPE) assay, and the MxA protein induction assay. NABs cross-reactivity was assessed by comparing dilutions of serum with fixed doses of rIFNβ-1a Avonex® and pegIFNβ-1a Plegridy®. NABs were shown to cross-react in both assays. The y-intercept (c), the slope of the line of agreement (b), the Pearson coefficients as well as the Bland-Altman analysis, indicated that there is good level of agreement between NAB titers against the two IFNβ-1a formulations, with both the CPE (c = 0.1044 ± 0.1305; b = 0.8438 ± 0.06654; r2 = 0.587; bias index ± SD = −0.01702 ± 0.6334), and the MxA protein induction (c = 0.08246 ± 0.1229; b = 0.8878 ± 0.06613; r2 = 0.615; bias index ± SD = −0.09965 ± 0.6467) assays. Until further in vivo evidence is established, clinicians should consider the current in vitro data demonstrating NAB cross-reactivity between pegIFNβ-1a and rIFNβ when discussing new treatment options with MS patients.
Prohormone structure governs proteolytic processing and sorting in the Golgi complex.

Publisher Summary Prohormone structure governs proteolytic processing and sorting in the Golgi complex. In the trans-Golgi network (TGN), neuropeptides are segregated from other secretory proteins and are packaged into dense-core vesicles (DCVs). These vesicles are then transported to the nerve terminal and their contents are released by exocytosis when the appropriate signal is received by the neuron. Processing begins with the removal of the signal sequence as the nascent peptide enters the endoplasmic reticulum . Hence, elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing these processing events is the key to fully understanding the regulation of neuropeptide biosynthesis. This chapter discusses (1) the structural features of the prohormone important for processing, (2) the processing enzymes, and (3) how the processing sequence of the egg-laying hormone (ELH) prohormone influences the sorting of peptides derived from this molecule. Using the ELH prohormone to study the relationship between processing and sorting has opened up new avenues of thought. In the past, it was learned that cellular mechanisms can control the relative levels and spatial localization of different neuropeptides derived from a common precursor. However, recent results indicate that perturbation of a processing site can cause processing in a different locale in the cell and result in altered pathways of sorting. Defining the hierarchy of processing enzymes and their localization will be crucial to future work in this area and to understand how the design of prohormones complements the repertoire of processing enzymes.
Advances in understanding the molecular structure of soil organic matter: implications for interactions in the environment.

Abstract We take a historic approach to explore how concepts of the chemical and physical nature of soil organic matter have evolved over time. We emphasize conceptual and analytical achievements in organic matter research over the last two decades and demonstrate how these developments have led to increased skepticism toward the humification concept and question the usefulness of operationally defined and artificially prepared “humic substances” as models of fractions of soil organic matter in real soils. We identify some of the still open questions about organic matter, and point out future research directions that are likely to refine those concepts of the physicochemical nature of soil organic matter which we put before the reader today.
The Surge: Turning Away from Affect

This essay offers a critique of the philosophical ‘turn to affect’, a formation represented here by the work of Brian Massumi and Mark Hansen. In such discourses, affect is celebrated as an entity ...
Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions

Lignocellulosic biomass requires either pretreatment and/or fractionation to recover its individual components for further use as intermediate building blocks for producing fuels, chemicals, and products. Numerous ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for biomass pretreatment or fractionation due to their ability to activate lignocellulosic biomass, thereby reducing biomass recalcitrance with minimal impact on its structural components. In this work, we studied and compared 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium formate ([AMIM][HCOO]) to the commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][CH3COO]) for its potential to activate hybrid poplar biomass and enable high cellulose and hemicellulose enzymatic conversion. Although [EMIM][CH3COO] has been widely used for activation, [AMIM][HCOO] was recently identified to achieve higher biomass solubility, with an increase of 40% over [EMIM][CH3COO]. Since IL activation is essentially an early stage of IL dissolution, we assessed the recalcitrance of [EMIM][CH3COO] and [AMIM][HCOO]-activated biomass through a suite of analytical tools. More specifically, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that activation using [AMIM][HCOO] does not deacetylate hybrid poplar as readily as [EMIM][CH3COO] and preserves the crystallinity of the cellulose fraction, respectively. This was supported by scanning electron microscopy and enzymatic saccharification experiments in which [EMIM][CH3COO]-activated biomass yielded almost twice the cellulose and hemicellulose conversion as compared to [AMIM][HCOO]-activated biomass. We conclude that the IL [AMIM][HCOO] is better suited for biomass dissolution and direct product formation, whereas [EMIM][CH3COO] remains the better IL for biomass activation and fractionation.
Country-level analysis of household fuel transitions

Abstract Solid fuel combustion remains a dominant energy source for household heating and cooking in less developed countries. As a result, almost three billion people are exposed to household air pollution, causing four million premature deaths annually, primarily among poor women and children. We analyze data from Demographic and Health Surveys in 69 countries to identify determinants of transition from solid to cleaner fuel. Estimates from a population-averaged linear model show that population density and size, rural population share, income inequality, and charcoal production are positively associated with countries’ solid fuel use, while GDP per capita, electricity and natural gas production have the opposite effect. Economic development, measured as GDP per capita, has the strongest link to solid fuel use: a standard deviation increase in per capita GDP above its mean reduces solid fuel use from 70% to 57% of households. Electricity production is another strong predictor: solid fuel use drops by 11% when electricity production increases by one standard deviation above the mean. In addition, in a fixed-effects linear model, population size has a positive association with solid fuel use, while increases in GDP per capita and the number of governments’ renewable energy incentives are associated with lower dependence on solid fuels.
Dynamic secretome of bone marrow-derived stromal cells reveals a cardioprotective biochemical cocktail

Transplanted stromal cells have demonstrated considerable promise as therapeutic agents in diverse disease settings. Paracrine signaling can be an important mediator of these therapeutic effects at the sites of acute or persistent injury and inflammation. As many stromal cell types, including bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), display tissue-specific responses, there is a need to explore their secretory dynamics in the context of tissue and injury type. Paracrine signals are not static, and could encode contextual dynamics in the kinetic changes of the concentrations of the secreted ligands. However, precise measurement of dynamic and context-specific cellular secretory signatures, particularly in adherent cells, remains challenging. Here, by creating an experimental and computational analysis platform, we reconstructed dynamic secretory signatures of cells based on a very limited number of time points. By using this approach, we demonstrate that the secretory signatures of CD133-positive BMSCs are uniquely defined by distinct biological contexts, including signals from injured cardiac cells undergoing oxidative stress, characteristic of cardiac infarction. Furthermore, we show that the mixture of recombinant factors reproducing the dynamics of BMSC-generated secretion can mediate a highly effective rescue of cells injured by oxidative stress and an improved cardiac output. These results support the importance of the dynamic multifactorial paracrine signals in mediating remedial effects of stromal stem cells, and pave the way for stem cell-inspired cell-free treatments of cardiac and other injuries.
Students' Understanding of the History of Enslavement in America: Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender.

AbstractStudents in the United States learn about the history of enslavement throughout their educational experiences. Yet our understanding of what students from different racial, ethnic, and gend...
HIV-1 Infection, Injecting Drug Use, and Neuroendocrine Response to Psychological Stress.

Background Previous studies have suggested that HIV-1 infection is associated with neuroendocrine abnormalities including alterations in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. The norepinephrine (NE) response to cold pressor stress, an α-adrenergic challenge, is blunted in HIV-1 infection. Given the relation of ANS activity to the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in cognitive functioning, changes in response to stress may be a factor in HIV-related cognitive dysfunction. Objective In this study, we evaluated the NE and cortisol response of persons in three groups. Design/participants We studied stress response in three groups: (1) those with HIV-1 infection and a history of injecting drug use (IDU), those with HIV-1 infection but no IDU, and a control group of uninfected individuals without a history of IDU. Stress was induced by administering a neuropsychological test known to induce an immediate increase in NE, the Stroop Color-Word Test. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after participants completed the Stroop and then at two intervals over the next 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects repeated measures models. Main measures Serum norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol. Results Analyses showed that those with both HIV-1 infection and history of IDU had a significantly greater NE response to stress that did not return to baseline over 20 minutes compared to those without infection or IDU history. Epinephrine and cortisol responses followed similar patterns, but between-group differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions The combination of history of IDU and HIV infection may produce an exaggerated neuroendocrine response that does not quickly return to baseline levels. Given the potential impact of these on cognitive and physical function in affected these individuals, implementing stress management techniques with them may be important.
Older Adults Empowerment Through Training and Support and Its Implication on Proactive Self-Monitoring, Patient Engagement, and Connected Health

In the organizational setting, training and support is provided when new information systems (IS) is introduced. Consumers, in contrast, are less likely to receive training when considering to use a new IS for personal use and are motivated by a balance of utilitarian and hedonic factors. Computer anxiety hinders older people finding enjoyment in IS, even though they find the IS useful. This intervention study concerns the effect of training and support on older IS users’ perceptions of patient portal ease of use (PEU) for reviewing and managing their digitized health records. The treatment group received comprehensive training based on Bandura’s self-efficacy model. The study found that those who received the training and were provided with on-demand support had increased computer confidence and self-efficacy, reduced computer anxiety, and increased PEU of the patient portal. The findings contribute to the technology acceptance literature and the motivation of elderly to use an IS. Furthermore, those who received the training and technical support were found to be more motivated to self-monitor their health and capture the data they generate. This is an important precursor for patient engagement and connected health.
An Examination of Instructional Approaches in Online Technical Education in Community Colleges.

Technical education programs in community colleges prepare students for many science and engineering-based jobs in the United States. An increasing number of technical education programs in community colleges are using online learning tools to teach courses. However, little is currently known about the ways these programs are integrating online learning in their coursework. This study examined fifteen National Science Foundation funded technical education programs that use online learning to partially or entirely deliver their courses. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key personnel from each project. Through analysis of this data, we found that technical education programs used a variety of instructional delivery approaches that can be categorized as follows: (a) a hybrid or blended course with asynchronous online lectures; (b) a hybrid or blended course with synchronous lectures; (c) a hybrid or blended course with a combination of asynchronous and synchronous lectures and discussions; or (d) a course that is fully online. We also found that online or hybrid technical education programs used a variety of different methods to give students experience in their field of study that can be categorized as follows: (a) pre-recorded video; (b) live video; (c) simulations; (d) equipment at home; (e) equipment in lab; and (f) professional site experience. We recommend that future research examine how well these approaches are working, incorporate student perceptions, and incorporate the views of employers of these programs’ graduates.
Smart Data Management of Urban Infrastructure Using Geographic Information Systems

AbstractCities all over the world are converting maps of their infrastructure systems from legacy formats [such as paper maps and computer-aided design (CAD) drawings] to geographic information sys...
Association between the brief inventory of neurocognitive impairment (BINI) and objective cognitive testing among persons with opioid use disorders in drug treatment.

The current study examined the association between subjective cognitive dysfunction and objective test performance in persons enrolled in drug treatment and stabilized on methadone maintenance ther...
Framed National Images Influence Policy Attitudes Among Targeted Foreign Citizens

Many countries increasingly try to manipulate their national image abroad. Yet, we know relatively little about their ability to shape foreign public opinion and attract support for desired policy outcomes through those images. Using a survey experiment about a Russian donation to the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic, we cast light on an under-investigated, theoretically important aspect of transnational opinion formation---the media's capacity, via framing, to facilitate or impede a country's efforts to change their image. We find that successful transnational image management depends on whether the media present a foreign country's actions as sincerely or insincerely motivated. However, the image changes induced by media frames do not translate to attitudinal changes across all policy issues related to that country. Research on foreign public opinion should not assume that diplomatic maneuvers go unfiltered, nor that they can shift opinions on multiple policy domains.
Locally Enhanced Self-Attention: Combining Self-Attention and Convolution as Local and Context Terms.

Self-Attention has become prevalent in computer vision models. Inspired by fully connected Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), we decompose self-attention into local and context terms. They correspond to the unary and binary terms in CRF and are implemented by attention mechanisms with projection matrices. We observe that the unary terms only make small contributions to the outputs, and meanwhile standard CNNs that rely solely on the unary terms achieve great performances on a variety of tasks. Therefore, we propose Locally Enhanced Self-Attention (LESA), which enhances the unary term by incorporating it with convolutions, and utilizes a fusion module to dynamically couple the unary and binary operations. In our experiments, we replace the self-attention modules with LESA. The results on ImageNet and COCO show the superiority of LESA over convolution and self-attention baselines for the tasks of image recognition, object detection, and instance segmentation. The code is made publicly available.
Drei Jahre Wild Dueck

Ungefahr am ersten Marz 2000 war mein erstes Buch fertig. Punkt. Literaturverzeichnis fertig. Ich hatte richtig Lust gehabt, mich zuruck zu lehnen.
Effect of Acetaminophen on CGM Glucose in an Outpatient Setting

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) interferes with continuous glucose monitor (CGM) sensing, resulting in falsely elevated CGM glucose values in both sensors currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In amperometric glucose biosensors, particularly those measuring hydrogen peroxide, acetaminophen’s phenolic moiety is oxidized at the sensing electrode, producing an electrochemical signal not related to glucose (1). Limited published data exist documenting the magnitude of the effect of acetaminophen on CGM glucose (2), especially in the outpatient setting with contemporary sensor technology. Currently, the FDA recommends that insulin dosing decisions are based on blood glucose (BG) meter values, not CGM glucose values. Given the common use of acetaminophen, its interference with CGM sensing has significant clinical implications for patients who use CGM. To better understand this effect, we performed an acetaminophen challenge as part of an outpatient study designed to investigate the potential challenges to closed-loop systems, which use CGM sensor …
PARN deadenylase is involved in miRNA-dependent degradation of TP53 mRNA in mammalian cells

mRNA deadenylation is under the control of cis-acting regulatory elements, which include AU-rich elements (AREs) and microRNA (miRNA) targeting sites, within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTRs) of eukaryotic mRNAs. Deadenylases promote miRNA-induced mRNA decay through their interaction with miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). However, the role of poly(A) specific ribonuclease (PARN) deadenylase in miRNA-dependent mRNA degradation has not been elucidated. Here, we present evidence that not only ARE- but also miRNA-mediated pathways are involved in PARN-mediated regulation of the steady state levels of TP53 mRNA, which encodes the tumor suppressor p53. Supporting this, Argonaute-2 (Ago-2), the core component of miRISC, can coexist in complexes with PARN resulting in the activation of its deadenylase activity. PARN regulates TP53 mRNA stability through not only an ARE but also an adjacent miR-504/miR-125b-targeting site in the 3' UTR. More importantly, we found that miR-125b-loaded miRISC contributes to the specific recruitment of PARN to TP53 mRNA, and that can be reverted by the ARE-binding protein HuR. Together, our studies provide new insights into the role of PARN in miRNA-dependent control of mRNA decay and into the mechanisms behind the regulation of p53 expression.
Improving Learning in the Law School Classroom by Encouraging Students to Form Communities of Practice

Legal educators have avoided legal education reform to the core curriculum despite continual calls for change. Current market conditions, which have resulted in a severe decline in law school enrollment, make this position untenable for most law schools. This paper argues that legal educators should look to learning theory when making reform decisions. Researchers who have studied how learning occurs in traditional apprenticeships recognize that informal learning occurs in industrialized society through groups called “communities of practice.” This paper argues that law professors can stimulate student learning through a form of apprenticeship by implementing communities of practice in their classrooms. This paper initially discusses the learning theory that supports and defines this pedagogical tool. It also explains how using communities of practice in the law school classroom is consistent with the recent calls for legal education reform from the Clinical Legal Education Association and the Carnegie Foundation. This paper borrows ideas from the successful implementation of communities of practice in corporate businesses and makes suggestions for implementing communities of practice in different types of law school classes. It explains how communities of practice can be used as a vehicle to increase learning and teach skills needed for the practice of law. This small scale reform can inform, and be part of, the larger law school reform that is necessary and seemingly inevitable.
Growth regulation of the interstitial cell population in hydra. IV. Control of nerve cell and nematocyte differentiation by amplification of non-stem interstitial cells.

Abstract The precursors for several differentiated cell types in hydra, such as nerve cells and nematocytes, arise from the interstitial cell population. Previously, it has been suggested that the interstitial cells represent a homogeneous stem cell population, and that both the rate of growth and the amount of differentiation are regulated strictly at the level of stem cell self-renewal and commitment. However, recent evidence does not support this viewpoint. In this paper we have proposed that the interstitial cell population is complex, containing both clonable stem cells and other cells which have a reduced division capacity. In response to hydroxyurea treatment, there is an amplification in the number of divisions that the non-stem interstitial cells undergo before differentiating. This amplification model is consistent with the correlations found in the preceding report (S. Heimfeld and H. R. Bode, 1986, Dev. Biol. 115, 51–58) and fits well with previously published data. An additional experiment which tests two specific predictions of this new model is presented.
Rat Liver Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, an Iron Enzyme

Abstract Phenylalanine hydroxylase that is essentially pure contains 1 to 2 moles of iron per mole of enzyme (assuming a molecular weight of 100,000). Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies have shown that the iron is present in the high spin ferric form. The addition of substrates (i.e. phenylalanine and dimethyltetrahydropterin) causes the signal for this form to disappear. The iron, 50 to 80%, can be removed by treatment of sucrose gradient purified enzyme with o-phenanthroline and cysteine; the loss of iron leads to the loss of enzymatic activity. The enzyme activity is restored by FeCl2 with half-maximum restoration achieved at 5 x 10-5 m FeCl2. Mercurous, nickelous, cobalt, manganese, cupric, chromium, cadmium, and zinc ions are ineffective in restoring activity to the apoenzyme (o-phenanthroline-treated enzyme). As judged by gel electrophoresis, the apoenzyme has the same charge and molecular weight as the holoenzyme. The apoenzyme, however, is much less stabile at 25° than the holoenzyme; FeCl2 restored the original stability to the apoenzyme. Furthermore, the apoenzyme has only three free cysteines per 50,000 molecular weight subunit, whereas the holoenzyme has five cysteines per subunit. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was also determined.
BIOFIDELITY OF ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES FOR REAR IMPACT

This study examines the biofidelity, repeatability, and reproducibility of various anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in rear impacts. The Hybrid III, the Hybrid III with the Rear Impact Dummy (RID) neck, and the 50th% Thoracic Assessment Device (TAD-50) were tested in a rigid bench condition in rear impacts with velocity changes (delta Vs) of 16 and 24 kph. The results of the tests were then compared to J. Mertz and L.M. Patrick's data. The Hybrid III and the Hybrid III with the RID neck were also tested on standard production seats in rear impacts for a delta V of 8 kph. Comparison testing of the Hybrid III and TNO Rear Impact Dummy (TRID) necks were conducted on production seats with different Neck Injury Factor (NIF) scores at delta Vs of 8 and 16 kph. The Hybrid III and the Hybrid III with the pedestrian pelvis were also tested with standard production seats to determine if hip joint stiffness affected the kinematics of the ATD in rear impacts. The standard Hybrid III is a molded pelvis while the pedestrian pelvis is a cut pelvis. It can be concluded that the standard Hybrid III dummy is suitable for rear impact testing. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201172.
The “Feeling of Knowing,” the Psychedelic Sensorium, and Contemporary Neuroscience

ABSTRACTNoetic insight involves direct access to knowledge beyond that which is available through the five senses or through reason. It typically has to do with sensing the interconnectedness of all things, and is informed by a feeling that one knows but without knowing how. Psychedelic substances constitute one vehicle for the production of noetic experiences. Using a biopsychosocial approach, this article explores the shifting contexts for the enjoyment and analysis of noetic experience in twentieth-century American popular and scientific culture, beginning with the psychedelic revolution and culminating in the “quantum computer” turn of brain (and mind). It emerges that the ‘feeling of knowing’ may be a sensory ability after all, and a key to understanding many other forms of anomalous cognition.
The Development of Literacy in Preschool and Primary Grades: Work by the Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement.

Abstract To reach the national goal that all children in the United States will read at an appropriate level by the end of third grade, the Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement (CIERA) has studied the reading growth of children in preschool and primary classes, both in and out of school. Our framework suggests that children need to develop their knowledge of language and the ability to recognize words fluently so that they can understand the books they read. CIERA’s work has attempted to explicate how this development occurs and how supportive learning environments can foster it, especially for high‐poverty and linguistically diverse children. This article reviews our work in early language development and literacy assessment and the development of word‐recognition abilities, in the environments of preschools, primary‐grade classes, and home‐school connections, with the intention of understanding how these environments can more effectively provide the support needed for all children to ...
Profitability of mechanical fruit thinning of 'Sumner' and 'Cape Fear' pecan.

The effects of mechanical fruit thinning on pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] yield, nut quality, and profitability were assessed using ‘Sumner’ and ‘Cape Fear’ pecan trees cultivated in a commercial orchard. The moderate to light production year (OFF year) return crop and return crop value of ‘Cape Fear’ and ‘Sumner’ was increased by mechanical thinning in the year of high production (ON year). This enhanced the 2-year total value and 2-year average value of both cultivars. Increased profitability of these cultivars with mechanical fruit thinning results primarily from higher yields and prices in the OFF year of production, which offset any loss in yield and/or crop value generated by fruit thinning in the ON year. Premature germination of ‘Cape Fear’ pecans was reduced from 34% to 4% with mechanical fruit thinning. Mechanical fruit thinning appears to be a highly valuable practice, leading to increased profit potential for ‘Cape Fear’ and ‘Sumner’ pecan.
Crystal-Field Effects on Ti3+ Viability as a Laser Material

Optical spectroscopy and single pass gain and loss measurements in yttrium aluminate (YAlO3), yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), gadolinium scandium aluminum garnet (GSAG), and sapphire (A12O3) indicate that usefulness of Ti3+ as a lasing ion may be limited to a narrow range of crystal field strengths. Experimental results indicate that low crystal field materials such as GSAG and YAG exhibit high nonradiative relaxation rates which could make lasing very inefficient. High crystal field materials such as YAl03 appear to be wrought with several loss mechanisms such as excited state absorption (ESA) and color center effects. Unless improved growth techniques can remove the losses observed in YAlO3, the overall prospect for developing Ti3+ lasers from this material remain dim.
Temperament in rhesus, long-tailed, and pigtailed macaques varies by species and sex.

Temperament differs among individuals both within and between species. Evidence suggests that differences in temperament of group members may parallel differences in social behavior among groups or between species. Here, we compared temperament between three closely related species of monkey—rhesus (Macaca mulatta), long-tailed (M. fascicularis), and pigtailed (M. nemestrina) macaques—using cage-front behavioral observations of individually housed monkeys at a National Primate Research Center. Frequencies of 12 behaviors in 899 subjects were analyzed using a principal components analysis to identify temperament components. The analysis identified four components, which we interpreted as Sociability toward humans, Cautiousness, Aggressiveness, and Fearfulness. Species and sexes differed in their average scores on these components, even after controlling for differences in age and early-life experiences. Our results suggest that rhesus macaques are especially aggressive and unsociable toward humans, long-tailed macaques are more cautious and fearful, and pigtailed macaques are more sociable toward humans and less aggressive than the other species. Pigtailed males were notably more sociable than any other group. The differences observed are consistent with reported variation in these species’ social behaviors, as rhesus macaques generally engage in more social aggression and pigtailed macaques engage in more male–male affiliative behaviors. Differences in predation risks are among the socioecological factors that might make these species-typical behaviors adaptive. Our results suggest that adaptive species-level social differences may be encoded in individual-level temperaments, which are manifested even outside of a social context. Am. J. Primatol. 75:303-313, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American Criminal Record Exceptionalism

In recent decades, criminal records have proliferated and come to be more consequential than ever. James B. Jacobs’s new book, THE ETERNAL CRIMINAL RECORD (2015), documents their broad scope, wide availability, and the long, devastating shadow that criminal records cast. In this Review, I organize the material in this challenging book into three different claims about American criminal record policy: that in the United States, criminal records are exceptionally public, exceptionally punitive, and exceptionally permanent. I explain how this results in an inexpensive means of sorting and inflicting punishment by devolving a great portion of the work to private actors and the general public. It also presents a public policy conundrum for American criminal justice: the more information we collect and share about suspected criminals and actual offenders, the easier it is to identify and discriminate against those marked individuals. This, it turns out, increases recidivism, therefore undermining the public safety goal at the heart of comprehensive, accessible criminal records. To counter this perverse outcome, I marshal evidence and optimism for reforms that Jacobs considers either unattainable or unwarranted, including the possibility of juvenile justice policy serving as a blueprint for a more redemptive criminal record policy for all.
English Is Not All That Matters in the Education of Secondary Multilingual Learners and Their Teachers

Utilizing the critical race theory (CRT) construct of majoritarian stories and the already identified story of English-is-all-that-matters in the education of multilingual learners and their teachers, this study illustrates the influence of this powerful narrative in classroom practice. By promoting English-only instruction, maintaining a limited perspective of what it means to know English, and treating multilingual learners as if they were monolingual, this study demonstrates that multilingual learners' educational opportunities are being limited through a persistent and unhelpful overemphasis on English.
Antitumor Activity of a Novel Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 2 Antagonist, AB1, in Neuroblastoma.

The bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1P1–5) play critical roles in many pathologic processes, including cancer. The S1P axis has become a bona fide therapeutic target in cancer. JTE-013 [N-​(2,​6-​dichloro-​4-​pyridinyl)-​2-​[1,​3-​dimethyl-​4-​(1-​methylethyl)-​1H-​pyrazolo[3,​4-​b]pyridin-​6-​yl]-​hydrazinecarboxamide], a known S1P2 antagonist, suffers from instability in vivo. Structurally modified, more potent, and stable S1P2 inhibitors would be desirable pharmacological tools. One of the JTE-013 derivatives, AB1 [N-(1H-4-isopropyl-1-allyl-3-methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6-yl)-amino-N′-(2,6-dichloropyridine-4-yl) urea], exhibited improved S1P2 antagonism compared with JTE-013. Intravenous pharmacokinetics indicated enhanced stability or slower clearance of AB1 in vivo. Migration assays in glioblastoma showed that AB1 was slightly more effective than JTE-013 in blocking S1P2-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Functional studies in the neuroblastoma (NB) cell line SK-N-AS showed that AB1 displayed potency at least equivalent to JTE-013 in affecting signaling molecules downstream of S1P2. Similarly, AB1 inhibition of the growth of SK-N-AS tumor xenografts was improved compared with JTE-013. Cell viability assays excluded that this enhanced AB1 effect is caused by inhibition of cancer cell survival. Both JTE-013 and AB1 trended to inhibit (C-C motif) ligand 2 expression and were able to significantly inhibit subsequent tumor-associated macrophage infiltration in NB xenografts. Interestingly, AB1 was more effective than JTE-013 in inhibiting the expression of the profibrotic mediator connective tissue growth factor. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated digoxigenin-deoxyuridine nick-end labeling assay and cleaved caspase-3 detection further demonstrated that apoptosis was increased in AB1-treated NB xenografts compared with JTE-013. Overall, the modification of JTE-013 to produce the AB1 compound improved potency, intravenous pharmacokinetics, cellular activity, and antitumor activity in NB and may have enhanced clinical and experimental applicability.
Studies of the reproductive physiology of Cimicidae (Hemiptera)—III. The seminal stimulus

Abstract The presence of spermatozoa in the tissue of the upper reproductive tract of the female results in the release from the corpus allatum of the hormone controlling egg maturation. A ligature applied behind the head 2 hr after mating prevents egg maturation. Surgical removal of the conceptacula seminis of mated females usually results in inactivation of the corpus allatum. Females mated after removal of the conceptaculum can produce eggs. Injection of blood or the conceptacula of mated females into virgins does not result in the activation of the corpus allatum. Severance of the ventral nerve cord within 3 hr after mating prevents activation of the corpus allatum. Evidence that activation can be blocked by cutting the abdominal nerves is inconclusive.
Summation of undetected excitation following extinction of the CER

The effects of compounding two conditioned stimuli (CSs), each of which had been extinguished to varying degrees in different groups of rats given identical acquisition training, was examined within the conditioned emotional response paradigm. Greater suppression to the compound than to the individual CSs was observed following 6, 12, 48, 72, and 96 stimulus extinction trials, although after only 12 extinction trials suppression to the individual stimuli was no longer observed. The amount of compound suppression decreased progressively as the number of extinction trials increased until, after 120 extinction trials on each stimulus, the compound no longer elicited observable suppression. Control group data indicated that the observed summation effect could not be attributed to disinhibition. The possible role of the summation of undetected excitation in studies examining configurai conditioning, avoidance conditioning and reinstatement is discussed briefly.