cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Process Utility Theory: A Model of Decisions Under Risk and Over Time

The Discounted Expected Utility model has been a major workhorse for analyzing individual behavior for over half a century. However, it cannot account for evidence that risk interacts with time preference, that time interacts with risk preference, that many people are averse to timing risk and do not discount the future exponentially, that discounting depends on the magnitude of outcomes, that risk preferences are not time preferences, and that risk and time preferences are correlated with cognitive ability. Here we address these issues in a decision model based on the interaction of an affective and a reflective valuation process. The resulting Dual Process Utility theory provides a unified approach to modeling risk preference, time preference, and interactions between risk and time preferences. It also provides a unification of models based on a rational economic agent, models based on prospect theory or rankdependent utility, and dual system models of decision making.
Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals

The trade of live marine animals for home and public aquaria has grown into a major global industry. Millions of marine fishes and invertebrates are removed from coral reefs and associated habitats each year. The majority are imported into the United States, with the remainder sent to Europe, Japan, and a handful of other countries. Despite the recent growth and diversification of the aquarium trade, to date, data collection is not mandatory, and hence comprehensive information on species volume and diversity is lacking. This lack of information makes it impossible to study trade pathways. Without species-specific volume and diversity data, it is unclear how importing and exporting governments can oversee this industry effectively or how sustainability should be encouraged. To expand our knowledge and understanding of the trade, and to effectively communicate this new understanding, we introduce the publically-available Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow online database (https://www.aquariumtradedata.org/). This tool was created to communicate the volume and diversity of marine fishes and/or invertebrates imported into the US over three complete years (2008, 2009, and 2011) and three partial years (2000, 2004, 2005). To create this tool, invoices pertaining to shipments of live marine fishes and invertebrates were scanned and analyzed for species name, species quantities, country of origin, port of entry, and city of import destination. Here we focus on the analysis of the later three years of data and also produce an estimate for the entirety of 2000, 2004, and 2005. The three-year aggregate totals (2008, 2009, 2011) indicate that just under 2,300 fish and 725 invertebrate species were imported into the US cumulatively, although just under 1,800 fish and 550 invertebrate species were traded annually. Overall, the total number of live marine animals decreased between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, 2009, and 2011, the total number of individual fish (8.2, 7.3, and 6.9 million individuals) and invertebrates (4.2, 3.7, and 3.6 million individuals) assessed by analyzing the invoice data are roughly 60% of the total volumes recorded through the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) dataset. Using these complete years, we back-calculated the number of individuals of both fishes and invertebrates imported in 2000, 2004, and 2005. These estimates (9.3, 10.8, and 11.2 million individual fish per year) were consistent with the three years of complete data. We also use these data to understand the global trade in two species (Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni, and orange clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris / percula) recently considered for Endangered Species Act listing. Aquariumtradedata.org can help create more effective management plans for the traded species, and ideally could be implemented at key trade ports to better assess the global trade of aquatic wildlife.
John Locke oder die Verabschiedung der Religionen ins Private

John Lockes (1632–1704) politisches Denken und Handeln ist eng mit dem politischen Schicksal seines Freundes, des ersten Earls of Shaftesbury (1621–1683), und damit zugleich mit der politischen Agenda der Whigs verknupft. Er begegnet Shaftesbury 1667 zum ersten Mal und wirkt fortan an seiner Seite als dessen Arzt und Vertrauter, bis er ihm 1683 ins hollandische Exil folgt, wo Shaftesbury im selben Jahr verstirbt.
C(sp2)–F Oxidative Addition of Fluorinated Aryl Ketones by iPrPCPIr

The reaction of iPrPCPIrH4 (iPrPCP = κ3-2,6-C6H3(CH2P(iPr)2)2) with ≥2 equiv of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroacetophenone (AP-F5) in aromatic solvents at room temperature leads to the hydrogenation of AP-F5 and formation of the corresponding 5-coordinate alkoxy hydride species (I) within several minutes. Heating at ≥120 °C quickly provides the cyclometalated trans C-H product iPrPCPIr(κ-O,C-OC8H3F4)H (III), which slowly isomerizes to the cis C-H product iPrPCPIr(κ-C,O-OC8H3F4)H (V). The fate of the fluoride during formation of III and V is not entirely clear, though the production of HF is implicated by significant glass etching and several crystal structures. When iPrPCPIrH4 is allowed to react overnight with ≥2 equiv of AP-F5 at room temperature, formation of C–F oxidative addition product iPrPCPIr(κ-O,C-OC8H3F4)F (II) is observed by 31P and 19F NMR spectroscopy. When iPrPCPIrH4 activated with tert-butylethylene is employed, formation of II occurs within 10 min. Analogous reactivity is observed with several oth...
The Adventures of the Constituent Power: Beyond Revolutions?

Constitutions are made in almost all transformation of regimes. What are the dangers and the hopes associated with such a process? What can make constitution-making legitimate? The Adventures of the Constituent Power explores the democratic methods by which political communities make their basic law, arguing that the most advanced method developed from Spain and South Africa. The first part of this book focuses on history of the idea of constitution-making, before and during the democratic revolutions of the eighteenth century. The second part traces the notion of the constituent power in recent regime transitions that were consciously post-revolutionary, from Spain to South Africa. With the return of revolutions or revolutionary patterns of constitution-making, the book examines the use and potential failure of the new ideas available. The third part then proceeds to consider the type of constitution that is likely to emerge from the post-sovereign process.
Relationships between Falling Number, α-amylase activity, milling, cookie, and sponge cake quality of soft white wheat

Background and objectives: Falling Number (FN) in wheat is an important quality predictor and carries a significant economic impact. Lower FN is associated with higher a-amylase activity and poorer soft wheat end-use quality, especially sponge cake. The objective was to examine wheat samples with a range of FN between 70 > 300 s for a-amylase activity and sponge cake quality. Findings: Falling Number was moderately well correlated with a-amylase activity. Stirring Number, an alternative to FN, was poorly correlated with a-amylase activity. Milling reduced a-amylase activity in break and straight-grade flours compared to grain, but not substantially. Sugar-snap cookie diameter was unrelated to FN. Japanese sponge cake quality, however, was variably associated with FN and a-amylase activity. Conclusions: It seemed that likely the inherent genetic differences in cake quality of specific varieties out-weighed the effects of a-amylase (and relationships with FN). In conclusion, field samples of soft white wheat showed the general inverse relationship between FN and a-amylase activity. However, the relationship was not strong enough to consider FN a highly robust predictor of a-amylase activity or of sponge cake quality. Significance and novelty: The results of this study illustrate the complex relationship among FN, a-amylase, milling, and sponge cake quality.
Conclusion: Making It in Business from the Outside-In

This chapter argues that moving into the ranks of the petite bourgeoisie is much harder for people who must overcome more than racial and gender discrimination, undocumented immigration status, or poverty. We demonstrate that while these factors are important, people live in communities that are nested in space and time. That, as we show, space and time affect the very viability of the entrepreneurship strategy suggests they also affect social mobility. Yet, precisely because disadvantaged neighborhoods create a harsh social ecology, this book offers a story of grit and survival. Some intra-ethnic differences among the immigrants in our study improved the odds of a modicum of success under these neighborhood conditions, and some intra-ethnic variation illuminates how temporality operates on their life chances.
First Metacarpal Base Fracture

Eighty percent of thumb fractures involve the metacarpal base. There are two variants of intra-articular metacarpal base fractures, Bennett and Rolando, and extra-articular fractures can occur as well. These fractures usually occur as a result of axial force to the thumb. They are displaced due to deforming fractures of the muscular attachments and require surgical fixation for stability.
Sintering of ultrafine and nanosized ceramic and metallic particles

Abstract: The sintering of nanosized particles exhibits a number of distinctively unique phenomena compared to the sintering of coarse powders, e.g. low sintering temperatures and rapid grain growth. This chapter aims to bring into focus the understanding of the fundamental issues of nanosinteirng, including the thermodynamic driving force of nanosintering, non-linear diffusion and the kinetics of nanosintering, and the relationships between agglomeration, densification and grain growth. This chapter will also examine the effects of microstructure and processing variables.
Insulin-like growth factor axis in airway smooth muscle cells

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) mediate cell proliferation and differentiation and bind with high affinities and specificities to IGF receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). We examined the...
Crick, Francis Harry Compton

Francis Crick (1916–2004) was one of many physicists who, following service in applied physics during World War II, in peacetime moved to the biological sciences. As a biophysicist, he then played a central role in the development of what was to become known as molecular biology. A brilliant public speaker, theoretician, and critic, he rose to prominence following his discovery with James Watson of the structure of DNA and his subsequent work on the genetic code and protein synthesis. Leaving the United Kingdom permanently for America in 1977, he devoted most of his time to an exploration of the neurosciences and to campaigning for increasing research into the nature of consciousness.
Games with Perceptive Commanders but with Indoctrinated or Less Perceptive Subordinates

The perceptive work of Kissinger (1958), Wohlstetter (1975), Kahn (1960) and many others was devoted to helping to provide advice and guidance for operational problems set in the context of differing cultures, political systems and technological reality. In all instances the argument was strategic but heavily context constrained. In contrast much of the work in formal game theory has been more or less free from context. In between these two considerably different approaches there has been some work which has posed problems with the difficulties of theory without context and context without sufficient theory. In particular various paradoxes have been raised by Ellsberg (1961) concerning risk and uncertainty; Schelling (1960, 1978) on precommitment, threat communication and mass behavior; Shubik (1954, 1971) on “truels” or three way fights and escalation and Raiffa (1982) on bargaining.
Fibronectin and Other Adhesive Glycoproteins

Cells adhere to the extracellular matrix through interaction with adhesive extracellular matrix glycoproteins, including fibronectin, laminins, vitronectin, thrombospondins, tenascins, entactins (or nidogens), nephronectin, fibrinogen, and others. Most adhesive glycoproteins bind cells through cell surface integrin receptors in conjunction with other cell surface receptors, such as dystroglycans and syndecans, and interact with other extracellular matrix proteins to form an intensive matrix network. Interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix may mediate many cellular responses, such as cell migration, growth, differentiation, and survival. Cells receive and respond to signals from surrounding extracellular matrix, and in turn, modulate surrounding extracellular matrix through control of matrix assembly. This chapter discusses the adhesive glycoproteins and focuses on the interaction between integrins and adhesive glycoproteins.
Glór Na hAoise: Songs of Solidarity in the Shell to Sea Campaign

The “Shell to Sea” campaign was launched in 2005 in protest of Shell Oil’s effort to build a natural gas pipeline on Rossport’s land, near the mouth of Broadhaven Bay. It continued as a protest of the ongoing construction of a refinery at Bellanaboy intended to refine the natural gas from the Corrib gas field. The community response incorporated historic forms of Irish resistance to British imperialism, and culminated in the most impressive musical expression of any Irish environmental protest, melding activism and art. A three-CD set, Glor Na hAoise: Songs of Solidarity and Resistance (2015), offered a wide-ranging and far-reaching critique of the various violations of human rights, exploitation of natural resources, as well as the environmental and health risks that the pipeline posed.
Single-fraction Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy versus Conventionally Fractionated Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to compare outcomes of patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) versus conventionally fractionated radiation therapy (CFRT). Methods and materials An institutional, retrospective review was conducted of patients with prostate cancer receiving radiation therapy to bone metastases. In-field failure (IFF) was the primary outcome of the study, and distant failure (DF) and biochemical failure (BF) were secondary outcomes. Results A total of 249 metastases (191 SBRT; 58 CFRT) in 201 patients with a median follow-up of 2.2 years were analyzed. The SBRT prescription dose was predominantly 18 Gy (45.5%) or 20 Gy (46.6%) in a single fraction. CFRT was given either as 8 Gy in 1 fraction (56.9%) or 20 Gy in 5 fractions (41.4%). Imaging follow up was performed most frequently with 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (79%) or bone scan (10%). The median time to IFF was 1.6 years for CFRT-treated lesions and not met (>4.4 years) for SBRT. The 1- and 3-year IFF estimates were 34.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.9-46.2) and 53.3% (95% CI, 34.3-66.8) for lesions treated with CFRT compared with 4.5% (95% CI, 1.4-7.5) and 12.9% (95% CI, 6.6-18-8) for those treated with SBRT (P Conclusions SBRT for the management of prostate cancer bone metastases significantly reduces radiographic IFF. However, the high rate of subsequent DF and BF highlights the challenges in selecting patients who may benefit from aggressive radiation therapy.
Pralatrexate in Combination with Oxaliplatin in Advanced Esophagogastric Cancer: A Phase II Trial with Predictive Molecular Correlates

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of pralatrexate plus oxaliplatin in advanced esophagogastric cancer (EGC), analyze the impact of polymorphisms in folate metabolism pathway genes on toxicity and efficacy of pralatrexate, and to evaluate microRNA profile of tumor epithelium as a predictive biomarker. This was a two-stage trial with a safety lead in cohort and a primary endpoint of overall response rate (ORR). Patients received biweekly intravenous oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2) and pralatrexate (Dose level 1 [D1], 120 mg/m2; dose level-1 [D-1] 100 mg/m2). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes encoding proteins involved in pralatrexate metabolism were evaluated in germline DNA. microRNA profiling of the tumor epithelium was performed. ORR was 26%. Dose-limiting toxicities were observed in 2 of 4 patients at D1 and none at D-1. The T>C polymorphism in DHFR rs11951910 was significantly associated with lower progression-free survival (PFS; P ≤ 0.01), whereas the presence of the SLC19A1 rs2838957 G>A polymorphism was associated with improved PFS (P = 0.02). Presence of the GGH rs3780130 A>T and SLC19A1 rs1051266 G>A polymorphisms were significantly associated with better overall survival (OS; P = 0.01), whereas GGH rs7010484 T>C polymorphism was associated significantly with reduced OS (P = 0.04). There was no correlation between epithelial microRNA expression profile with disease progression or response. We conclude that the combination of oxaliplatin and pralatrexate is safe, is well tolerated, and has modest efficacy in advanced EGC. Pharmacogenomic analysis may be relevant to the use of pralatrexate in combination with platinum agents.
¿Muy valiente, o loco?: How "Los Suns" Created a Political Controversy That Transcends Basketball

This article presents a brief overview of the instances in which American professional sports teams have worn Spanish-language jerseys. It examines in detail the one case in which the Spanish-language jerseys became a point of controversy—when the Phoenix Suns wore a “Los Suns” jersey in the 2010 playoffs. The article discusses what the use of these jerseys says about relations between recent Latino immigrants, the established Latino population, and the Anglo-American population in the United States, and it provides insights into why this practice might be a smart move by professional sports leagues and teams.
The novel thrombopoietic agent AMG 531 is effective in pre-clinical models of chemo/radiotherapy induced thrombocytopenia

1233 AMG 531 is a novel thrombopoietic agent that engages c-mpl and has been demonstrated to elevate platelet counts in normal individuals and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)1. Consistent with this clinical data, AMG 531 increases platelet counts in mice in a dose-related fashion. We sought to determine whether AMG 531 would be an effective agent in models of chemo/radiotherapy induced thrombocytopenia. We therefore employed a model combining chemotherapy with radiation (CRT) that results in severe thrombocytopenia2. The effects of a single injection of AMG 531 were examined in this mouse model.Mice were treated with the combination of carboplatin (62.5 mg/kg) and 4 hours later sub-lethal irradiation (5 Gy total body irradiation). Two hours post-irradiation, groups were treated with either placebo (n=20) or AMG531 (n=20). Platelet counts in mice treated with placebo fell to 10% of the initial platelet count by day 10 after CRT and returned to normal by day 21. Animals that received only placebo showed nadir platelet counts of 700X106/mL and the nadir was brought forward to between days 5 and 6. At the dose studied this was then followed by a substantial overshoot in platelets though dose reduction was not investigated. Platelet counts were significantly improved (AMG 531 vs. placebo) between days 7 and 19 (p= 0.001 on day 7) when platelets recovered in the unsupported group to pre-treatment values. We conclude that AMG531 reduces the severity and duration of the thrombocytopenia resulting from CRT when compared to placebo-treated mice. The beneficial effect was similar to that seen historically for mice treated with CRT and that received other mpl ligands. Further work is required to establish the optimal dose and schedule for administration of AMG531 in chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia. 1 Bussel, et al An Open-Label, Dose-Finding Study Evaluating the Safety and Platelet Response of a Novel Thrombopoietic Protein (AMG 531) in Thrombocytopenic Adult Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). Blood. 102(11): 86a 2003, November 16 2 Hokom, et al Pegylated Megakaryocyte Growth and Development Factor Abrogates the Lethal Thrombocytopenia Associated With Carboplatin and Irradiation in Mice. Blood. 86(12): 4486-92, 1995 Dec 15
The Type and Timing of Child Maltreatment as Predictors of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking Trajectories

Background: There is limited research examining the association between child maltreatment and cigarette smoking as a specific type of adolescent substance use, and research examining high-risk samples and variations based on maltreatment type and timing remain sparse. Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to examine the relationship between child maltreatment and cigarette smoking trajectories. Methods: Latent class growth analysis and multinomial logistic regression were performed on 903 youth drawn from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Results: Three distinct classes of cigarette smoking trajectories were identified: (1) Stable no/low cigarette use (61%); (2) Gradually increasing cigarette use (30%); and (3) Sharply increasing cigarette use (9%). Physical abuse during early childhood and adolescence predicted membership in the sharply increasing cigarette use class. Neglect during early childhood predicted membership in the gradually increasing cigarette use class. Conclusions: Findings suggest that interventions for adolescent cigarette smoking should integrate trauma-informed approaches. Further, the results highlight early childhood and adolescence as particularly vulnerable periods with respect to the influence of physical abuse and neglect on cigarette smoking, pointing to the need for additional maltreatment prevention efforts during these developmental stages.
Vascular Surgeons Carry an Increasing Responsibility in the Management of Lower Extremity Vascular Trauma.

Background There is preliminary evidence that vascular surgeons are increasingly relied on nationally to assist with the management of lower extremity vascular trauma. Current trauma center verification, however, does not require any level of vascular surgery coverage. We sought to assess practice patterns regarding vascular surgery consultation and temporal trends in the surgical management of these patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who underwent surgical repair for vascular trauma of the lower extremity at a single, academic, public hospital from 2011 to 2018. Demographic data and procedural data were collected. Patients were assigned to a vascular surgery (VS) or nonvascular surgery (NV) group. The primary outcome measure was the rate of VS consultation. Secondary outcome measures included 30-day mortality, length-of-stay, and limb salvage. Results One hundred eighty patients were identified (77 VS group, 103 NV group). There was an increase in the proportion of repairs done by VS from 2011 to 2018 (P Conclusions Lower extremity vascular trauma is increasingly managed by vascular surgeons. Furthermore, vascular surgeons are more selective in the use of potentially unnecessary adjunctive maneuvers. Current accreditation guidelines should be revisited to mandate vascular surgery coverage in trauma centers that frequently treat this patient population.
Frequency Stabilization in an Encapsulated High-Q Micromechanical Resonator via Internal Resonance

The frequency stability is a key parameter to determine the performance of a micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) resonator. In this study, we utilized the mechanism of 1:2 internal resonance (IR) in a hermetically encapsulated beam resonator with a high Q-factor (>4000) to improve the frequency stability. When a MEM resonator is driven by a single-frequency actuation and conditions for IR are satisfied, two engaged modes are simultaneously resonated with their phases locked together through a strong and effective intermodal energy transfer. The increased inertia of these two active resonant modes leads to the frequency stabilization in both frequency outputs. In an open-loop experimental setting, we demonstrated that the IR achieved a six-fold improvement in the frequency stability. This paper reports the first implementation of IR in an encapsulated high-Q beam resonator.
The investigation of infectious diseases reporting knowledge awareness rate in medical personnel in Dongcheng District, Beingjing

Objective To investigate the general situation of the infectious disease reporting methods training status and awareness rate among the medical staff.Methods Data had been collected mainly through a questionnaire survey among medical staff.Epidata 3.0 and SPSS 12.0 were used for data analysis to know the influential factors of disease reporting awareness rate.Results The influencing factors including the unit level,professional title,educational background and training times.A total of 1403 medical staff participated in the survey,61.8％ of them were qualified.Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the pass rate of the medical personnel of three grade hospital (OR =1.94,95％ CI:1.539 ~ 2.445,P ＜0.05),college degree or above (OR =1.691,95％ CI:1.112 ～ 2.572,P ＜ 0.05),public health professionals (OR =3.293,95％ CI:1.708 ～ 6.347,P ＜ 0.05),received trainings ≥2times (P ＜ 0.05) were higher than the others.Conclusions The knowledge of infectious disease reporting of medical staff need to be strengthened.It is important to adjust the reporting methods in order to raise efficiency.CDC should strengthen the supervision and inspection of infectious disease reporting methods training. Key words: Medical staff; Infectious disease reporting; Awareness rate; Questionnaire survey; Influential factor
What Factors Influence Perceptions About Animal-Assisted Therapy?

Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has gained popularity within K-12 schools for the emotional-social support, academic support, and sense of belongingness animals provide, however, concerns still arise...
Robotic Hepatic Segmentectomies and Wedge Resections

Hepatic segmentectomies are more frequently performed than formal anatomical hepatectomies due to the increasing demand of excision of primary and secondary liver lesions. Segmentectomies and wedge resections follow the same general principles of robotic liver surgery previously described. However, specific considerations according to the segment involved should be made.
TMS’s Appeal Has Moved with Openness to Non-foundationalism: 35 Critics, 1765 to 1949

The appeal of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) has moved with openness to non-foundationalism. This paper is devoted to providing evidence of that bivariate relationship. The paper stems from a 2018 article, “Dissing The Theory of Moral Sentiments.” I have pared down the quotations and added nine dissers. This paper evidences more pointedly that the appeal of TMS has moved with openness to non-foundationalism—though I do not mean to suggest that openness to non-foundationalism is the sole factor affecting TMS’s appeal.
Shape-morphing materials and structures for energy-efficient building envelopes

Abstract Buildings account for 30% of global energy consumption. Improving the energy efficiency of buildings becomes essential to reducing energy consumption for alleviating their deteriorating impacts on the environment. As one of the key elements, the building envelope is essential to reducing the building energy consumption. Recent researches have demonstrated the promise of environmentally adaptive shape-morphing building envelopes in enhancing energy efficiency over the conventional stationary ones. In this review, we briefly discuss the recent advances in energy-efficient shape-morphing building envelopes from both structural designs and engineering materials viewpoints for energy saving and energy harvesting. For structural designs, we discuss the designs and performances of four representative categories of shape-morphing building envelopes, including conventional dynamic facades with simple rigid motions, biomimic adaptive structures, reconfigurable kirigami/origami-based structures, and morphable wrinkling surface–based smart windows. For materials design, we discuss the typical materials and design strategies used for actuating the shape-morphing building envelopes and smart windows. We expect that this brief review will be insightful for developing future shape-morphing building envelopes to make buildings more energetically efficient, comfortable, and environmentally friendly.
Large‐Cell “Mixed‐Phenotype” Lymphoma in AIDS

We have characterized cells from an AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We found a malignant CD5+ B cell (approximately three-fourths of cells), with the balance of cells comprised of T cells having an activated phenotype. The lymphoma was unusual, in that all cells bear "T-lineage" markers, CD3 and CD5, and "B-lineage" markers, CD19 and CD20. Thus, conventional immunohistologic techniques were insufficient to type this mixture of cells; single-cell analysis was required. These "mixed-phenotype" lymphomas may occur frequently in AIDS-associated NHL. Our results show striking similarity to those obtained in the analysis of certain murine CD5+ B-cell lymphomas, suggesting that the study of lymphomagenesis in the mouse may aid in the understanding of AIDS-associated NHL.
Observations and Modeling for Source Characterization

Abstract : We propose to continue our work coupling Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) and other coastal observations with a 3D hydrodynamic model (DELFT-3D FLOW) to investigate circulation and transport of coastal source material. While coastal areas near riverine discharge have traditionally been difficult to sample, UUVs with advanced sensor technology afford the opportunity to systematically study the dynamic components of these systems. Highly resolved measurements of circulation patterns, in water components, bottom topography and characterization will be coupled with the modeling effort. This combination will allow UUV guidance and improve model performance. It is hoped that the integration of mobile systems for localized modeling will be a "system" that is portable to other systems to help advance our understanding of circulation patterns and mechanisms for change in bottom topography and morphology.
Temporal and spatial expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases following myocardial infarction

SUMMARY Following a myocardial infarction (MI), the homeostatic balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is disrupted as part of the left ventricle (LV) response to injury. The full complement of responses to MI has been termed LV remodeling and includes changes in LV size, shape and function. The following events encompass the LV response to MI: (1) inflammation and LV wall thinning and dilation, (2) infarct expansion and necrotic myocyte resorption, (3) accumulation of fibroblasts and scar formation, and (4) endothelial cell activation and neovascularization. In this review, we will summarize MMP and TIMP roles during these events, focusing on the spatiotemporal localization and MMP and TIMP effects on cellular and tissue-level responses. We will review MMP and TIMP structure and function, and discuss specific MMP roles during both the acute and chronic phases post-MI, which may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets to limit adverse remodeling in the MI setting.
Modeling and Health Monitoring of DC Side of Photovoltaic Array

In this paper, a health monitoring method for photovoltaic (PV) systems based on probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed that detects and classifies short- and open-circuit faults in real time. To implement and validate the proposed method in computer programs, a new approach for modeling PV systems is proposed that only requires information from manufacturers datasheet reported under normal-operating cell temperature (NOCT) conditions and standard-operating test conditions (STCs). The proposed model precisely represents characteristics of PV systems at different temperatures, as the temperature dependency of parameters such as ideality factor, series resistance, and thermal voltage is considered in the proposed model. Although this model can be applied to a variety of applications, it is specifically used to test and validate the performance of the proposed fault detection and classification method.
Mobile Source Emissions Testing

This Chapter provides broad review on emission testing of new and in-use vehicles, particularly in the United States. Under a mandate from the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA or EPA) sets emissions standards for vehicles. All of EPA's emission regulations specify test procedures to measure engine or vehicle emission levels. EPA uses the test results to determine compliance with the applicable emission standards and also develop emission models such as the MOBILE model and its successor MOVES model. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires every engine and motor vehicle within the chain of commerce in the United States to meet a set of emission standards and conformity requirements. Various testing for regulatory compliance have been summarized, for example, federal test procedure, testing for inspection and maintenance, emission testing with onboard portable emissions monitoring systems and, testing for special purpose emissions study. Keywords: dynamometer; global positioning system; onboard diagnostics; portable emission measurement systems; remote sensing devices
The effect of processing and compositional changes on the tribology of PM212 in air

The effects of processing and compositional variations on the tribological performance of PM212 were studied. PM212 is a self lubricating powder metallurgy composite, comprised of a wear resistant metal bonded chromium carbide matrix, containing the solid lubricants barium fluoride/calcium fluoride eutectic and silver. Several composites were formulated which had lubricant, matrix, and processing variations. Processing variations included sintering and hot isostatic pressing. Pins fabricated from the composites were slid against superalloys disks in a pin-on-disk tribometer to study the tribological properties. Several composites exhibited low friction and wear in sliding against a nickel based superalloy. The tribological performance by several different composites showed that the composition of PM212 can be altered without dramatically affecting performance.
Legal protection for caves in the United States

This study reviews significant state and federal laws that can be used to protect karst, caves, and associated unique minerals and biota. The first state cave protection act was passed in Colorado in 1883; unfortunately it was repealed in 1971. From that modest beginning there are now a total of 22 states, Puerto Rico, and the Cherokee Nation that have specific cave protection acts. Most of these have been legislated during the last 20 years. There are a number of laws on the federal level that can be used for cave protection. The most important of these is the Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988, which mandates cave conservation for many federal land management agencies. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the Federal Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1976 can also be of significant use in the conservation of caves on federal land. The effects of these acts are variable. One factor is how important agency officials and law enforcement officers regard caves. It has not been unusual that little was done in the way of protection or prosecution even when the perpetrators have been apprehended. This attitude is changing rapidly primarily because those involved in enforcing the laws have been educated to the uniqueness and values of caves and their contents.
Parametric studies with PARMELA to improve SLC performance

The PARMELA particle dynamics code has been used at SLAC to simulate the SLC injector from the electron gun through the first accelerator section. The strength of injector components was set and tuned based on the simulation results. Parametric studies with PARMELA were conducted in which injector components were varied in an incremental fashion to study their effects on beam parameters such as current transmission, capture of the charge in 20/spl deg/ of the S-Band, required for a satisfactory spectrum, and the emittance. We discuss the results of our simulation and its application to optimizing the performance of the injector. >
Late dislocation after total hip arthroplasty.

Background: Some patients have a dislocation for the first time many years after a total hip arthroplasty, but little is known about the risk factors and outcomes associated with late dislocation. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of late dislocation after total hip arthroplasty, (2) to characterize demographic and other factors associated with such late dislocations, and (3) to report the outcomes of such late dislocations. Methods: Between 1969 and 1995, 19,680 primary total hip arthroplasties were performed in 15,964 patients at our institution. According to a prospective surveillance protocol, the patients were followed routinely at regular intervals and were specifically queried at each time-point about whether (and, if so, when) the hip had dislocated. First dislocations that occurred five years or more after the operation were defined as late dislocations. Results: Five hundred and thirteen (2.6%) of the 19,680 hips dislocated. Of the 513 hips, 165 (0.8% of the entire cohort; 32% of the dislocated hips) first dislocated five or more years after the primary arthroplasty. The median time until the occurrence of these late dislocations was 11.3 years (range, five to 24.9 years) after the operation. Late dislocation was more frequent than early dislocation in women (p = 0.03), and late dislocation was associated with a younger age at the time of the primary total hip arthroplasty (median, sixty-three years) than was early dislocation (median, sixty-seven years) (p = 0.02). Clinical factors associated with late dislocation included previous subluxations without dislocation in twenty patients, a substantial episode of trauma in eleven patients, and onset of marked cognitive or motor neurologic impairment in eleven patients. Radiographically, the late dislocation occurred in association with polyethylene wear of >2 mm in eighteen hips, with implant loosening with migration or a change in position in eight, and with initial malposition of the acetabular implant (anteversion of 30d or abduction of >55d) in thirty. Late dislocation recurred in ninety (55%) of the 165 hips and was treated with a reoperation in fifty-five hips (33% of the hips with late dislocation; 61% of the hips with recurrent dislocation). Conclusions: Late dislocation is more common than was previously thought. Several separate processes, some distinct from those associated with early dislocation, can lead to late dislocation. Late dislocation can occur in association with a long-standing problem with the prosthesis that manifests late (such as malposition of the implant or recurrent subluxation), it can occur in association with a new problem (such as neurologic decline, an episode of trauma, or polyethylene wear), or it can occur in association with any combination of these factors. The likelihood of the first late dislocation recurring is high.
Utilization of travel reimbursement in the Veterans Health Administration.

Purpose To improve access to care, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) increased its patient travel reimbursement rate from 11 to 28.5 cents per mile on February 1, 2008, and again to 41.5 cents per mile on November 17, 2008. We identified characteristics of veterans more likely to receive travel reimbursements and evaluated the impact of these increases on utilization of the benefit. Methods We examined the likelihood of receiving any reimbursement, number of reimbursements, and dollar amount of reimbursements for VHA patients before and after both reimbursement rate increases. Because of our data's longitudinal nature, we used multivariable generalized estimating equation models for analysis. Rurality and categorical distance from the nearest VHA facility were examined in separate regressions. Findings Our cohort contained 214,376 veterans. During the study period, the average number of reimbursements per veteran was higher for rural patients compared to urban patients, and for those living 50-75 miles from the nearest VHA facility compared to those living closer. Higher reimbursement rates led to more veterans obtaining reimbursement regardless of urban-rural residence or distance traveled to the nearest VHA facility. However, after the rate increases, urban veterans and veterans living <50 miles from the nearest VHA facility increased their travel reimbursement utilization slightly more than other patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between veterans’ utilization of the VHA travel reimbursement benefit and travel distance. Both urban and rural veterans responded in roughly equal manner to changes to this benefit.
INHERITANCE OF A GIBBERELLIN-RESPONSIVE DWARF MUTANT IN RED CLOVER

Smooth-leaved, regular-flowering dwarf mutants were observed among the progeny of a cross between two normal red clover clones. This dwarf characteristic was controlled by one gene and is recessive to normal growth. The symbol dw1 is proposed for this character. Dwarf plants responded to foliar application of gibberellic acid.
The downward bias of asymptotic standard errors of maximum likelihood estimates of non-linear systems

Abstract A simulation study indicates that the asymptotic standard errors understate the actual inaccuracy of ML system estimates even when the number of coefficients estimated is small. The understatement increases in size when the system is larger.
The Chaperone BAG6 Captures Dislocated Glycoproteins in the Cytosol

Secretory and membrane (glyco)proteins are subject to quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to ensure that only functional proteins reach their destination. Proteins deemed terminally misfolded and hence functionally defective may be dislocated to the cytosol, where the proteasome degrades them. What we know about this process stems mostly from overexpression of tagged misfolded proteins, or from situations where viruses have hijacked the quality control machinery to their advantage. We know of only very few endogenous substrates of ER quality control, most of which are degraded as part of a signaling pathway, such as Insig-1, but such examples do not necessarily represent terminally misfolded proteins. Here we show that endogenous dislocation clients are captured specifically in association with the cytosolic chaperone BAG6, or retrieved en masse via their glycan handle.
Cancellous Bone Young’s Modulus Variation Within the Vertebral Body of a Ligamentous Lumbar Spine—Application of Bone Adaptive Remodeling Concepts

Bone remodeling theory based on strain energy density (SED) as the feedback control variable was used in conjunction with the finite element method to analyze the shape of the vertebral bodies within the ligamentous motion segment. The remodeling theory was once again applied to the altered two motion segments model to predict the Young's modulus distribution of the cancellous bone within the vertebral bodies. A three-dimensional finite element model of the two motion segments ligamentous lumbar spine (L3-5) was developed. Bone remodeling response (external as well as internal) of the motion segments to a uniaxial compressive load of 424.7 N was studied. The external shape of the converged model matched the normal shape of a vertebral body. The internal remodeling resulted in regional cancellous bone Young's moduli (or bone density) distributions similar to those reported in the literature; posterocentral regions of the vertebrae were predicted to have greater values of the elastic modulus than that of the outer regions. The results of the present study suggest that vertebral body assumes an adequate/optimum structure in terms of both its shape and its elastic moduli distribution within the cancellous region in response to the applied load. Extensions of the present model and its clinically relevant applications are discussed.
A role of climbing fibers in regulation of flocculonodular lobe protein kinase C expression during vestibular compensation

The behavioral recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) in rats is accompanied by asymmetric expression of Protein kinase C (PKC) in parasagittal regions of the flocculonodular lobe within 6 h after UL, which resolves to the control, symmetric pattern within 24 h. These changes consist of a regionally selective increase in the number of PKC-immunopositive Purkinje cells contralateral to the lesion. This study tested the hypotheses (1) that climbing fiber innervation inhibits PKC expression and (2) that climbing fibers are essential for the observed changes in PKC expression within 6 h after UL. The patterns of flocculonodular lobe Purkinje cell PKCdelta expression were analyzed 6 h post-operatively in both UL and sham-operated that had been treated previously with 3-acetylpyridine to destroy the inferior olive. These data were compared with previous results from rats with an intact olive. The results suggest that at least two signals regulate the zonal distribution of Purkinje cell PKCdelta expression in the flocculonodular lobe during the early period of compensation from UL. Climbing fiber activation appears to reduce PKC expression, while extraolivary mechanisms appear to up-regulate PKC expression. It is suggested that the climbing fiber signals may act as a molecular 'filter' or 'automatic gain control' which adjusts the contributions of these kinases to synaptic plasticity within the context of the background activity of climbing fibers.
MAOI efficacy and safety in advanced stage treatment-resistant depression- : a retrospective study

Abstract Objective Evidence-based data suggest that MAOI therapy may be effective in up to 50% of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We hypothesized that MAOI therapy is similarly effective in patients with advanced stage TRD who are unresponsive to ≥ 4 prior antidepressant drug (AD) trials compared to patients with early stage TRD who are unresponsive to ≤ 3 prior AD trials. Methods To test this hypothesis, data were harvested from 400 patient charts. Of these, 59 patients received a total of 75 MAOI treatment trials. 50 patients had 1 MAOI trial and 9 patients had 2 or more MAOI trials. Response was assessed using the Clinical Global Impressions Change (CGI/C) scale. Results 56% of MAOI trials resulted in a CGI/C score of 1 (“very much better”) or 2 (“much better”). Only 25% resulted in a CGI/C score of 4 or more (“no change” or “worse”). 32.5% of MAOI trials resulted in a CGI/C score of 1 in patients with early stage TRD, while only 12.1% of MAOI trials resulted in a CGI/C score of 1 in patients with advanced stage TRD (p = 0.04). There was a significant negative correlation between the number of prior, failed AD trials and the final CGI/C score (p = 0.03). The odds associated with attaining a CGI/C score of 1 diminished by a factor of 30% with each prior failed AD trial. We observed only 1 case of acute hypertension which responded to sublingual nifedipine therapy. Limitations The sample size was limited, and MAOI outcome was not compared with other AD therapy. The adequacy of prior AD trials could not always be verified. Conclusion These data suggest that MAOI therapy may be beneficial in patients with early stage TRD who are unresponsive to ≤ 3 prior treatments. However, the relative efficacy of MAOI therapy in advanced stage TRD remains uncertain.