cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reoperations Following Combat-Related Upper-Extremity Amputations

Background: Amputation revision rates following major upper-extremity amputations have not been previously reported in a large cohort of patients. We hypothesized that the revision rates following major upper-extremity amputation were higher than the existing literature would suggest, and that surgical treatment of complications and persistent symptoms would lead to improved outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of ninety-six combat-wounded personnel who had sustained a total of 100 major upper-extremity amputations in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Prerevision and postrevision outcome measures, including prosthesis use and type, the presence of phantom and residual limb pain, pain medication use, and return to active military duty, were identified for all patients. Results: All amputations resulted from high-energy trauma, with 87% occurring secondary to a blast injury. Forty-two residual limbs (42%) underwent a total of 103 repeat surgical interventions. As compared with patients with all other levels of amputation, those with a transradial amputation were 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.75 to 12.46) times more likely to have phantom limb pain and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.04 to 7.39) times more likely to require neuropathic pain medications. In the group of patients who underwent revision surgery, regular prosthesis use increased from 19% before the revision to 87% after it (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In our cohort, revision amputation to address surgical complications and persistently symptomatic residual limbs improved the patient’s overall acceptance of the prosthesis and led to outcomes equivalent to those following amputations that did not require revision. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Assessing the reproductive performance of men co-infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C undergoing assisted reproduction

Objective: To assess the reproductive performance of men co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) undergoing assisted reproduction. Design: A retrospective analysis. Setting: University-based assisted reproductive technology (ART) center. Patients: We reviewed 217 consecutive ART cycles performed on 106 HIV-1 serodiscordant couples between August 1997 and March 2004, in which 28 men (26%) were seropositive for HCV and HIV-1 (group 1). Main outcome measures: Patient demographics and laboratory testing were compared to reproductive outcomes of men undergoing similar treatment but infected only with HIV-1 (group 2). Results: Co-infected men and their partners were of similar age as men infected only with HIV-1. Comparing group 1 to group 2, like values were noted for HIV-1 viral loads [1,993 ± 1,140 copies/ml (mean ± SE) vs. 1,659 ± 487 copies/ml]; CD4 counts (520 ± 98 vs. 604 ± 38 mm−3); and semen parameters. IVF performance and outcomes were similar, with fertilization rate (0.68 ± 0.03 vs. 0.71 ± 0.02); number of normally cleaving embryos (6.0 ± 0.5 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3); embryo implantation rate (0.27 ± 0.04 vs. 0.2 ± 0.02); and clinical pregnancy rate (40 vs. 29%). Although the male mortality rate was low in both groups, morbidity among co-infected men was significantly higher. Seven of 28 men (25%) had detectable HCV viral loads, and 14 (50%) had elevated liver function tests. Conclusion: Men co-infected with HCV and HIV-1 do reasonably well undergoing ART to prevent transmission of viruses to their partners and children.
The scientific work of the reverend John Michell

(1966). The scientific work of the reverend John Michell. Annals of Science: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 27-47.
Structural evolution of the charge-density-wave strength in PtI/chxn/I as a function of temperature and pressure

Abstract We report the X-ray crystal and molecular structure of the extremely weak CDW system [Pt(chxn)2I2][Pt(chxn)2]I4 at 298 K and 123 K. The temperature and pressure dependent resonance Raman are also presented. It is shown that increasing pressure and decreasing temperature drive the MX chain to a stronger CDW, in contrast to most MX systems. A structural explanation is given.
Episodic eolian deposition in the past ca. 50,000years in the Alto Ilo dune field, southern Peru

Abstract The Alto Ilo dune field in the coastal desert of southern Peru is located at the edge of the Atacama Desert and is one of the driest landscapes on Earth. A stratigraphic sequence of eolian sands, paleosols and debris flow deposits are identified in this dune field spanning the past 55 ka. We infer that eolian deposition is preceded by an increase in sediment supply from local alluvial fans that are upwind of the Alto Ilo dune field and thus, reflects periods of relative hydrologic excess. Eolian sediment supply may increase also with the concomitant fall in sea level providing an additional foreland source area for eolian particles. The presence of paleosols indicate millennial-scale periods of locally wetter conditions, possibly associated with spread of “lomas” vegetation fed from coastal fog sources. Debris flows reflect significant rainfall events possibly associated with ENSO variability. The chronology is provided by optically stimulated luminescence using multiple aliquot regeneration protocols, which reveal four major eolian depositional episodes at ca. 55 to 45 ka, 38 to 27 ka, 22 to 16 ka, and 12 ka. Eolian deposition in the late Pleistocene dominates the record and is generally coincident with metrics of hydrologic excess from the Peruvian Andes and the Altiplano, which appears to translate into enhanced sediment availability on the coast. A significant period of soil development between 18 and 13 ka is consistent with timing of Central Andean Pluvial Event and indicates widespread wet conditions. The Holocene record of eolian deposition is sparse reflecting limited alluvial fan sources and decreasing particle availability upwind with the rise in postglacial sea level.
Transient responses of hybridoma cells to lactate and ammonia pulse and step changes in continuous culture

Ammonia and lactate are the major byproducts from mammalian cells grown in medium containing glutamine and glucose. Both can be toxic to cells, and may limit the productivity of commercial bioreactors. The transient and steady-state responses of hybridoma growth and metabolism to lactate and ammonia pulse and step changes in continuous suspension culture have been examined. No inhibition was observed at 40 mM lactate. Cell growth was inhibited by 5 mM ammonia, but the cells were able to adapt to ammonia concentrations as high as 8.2 mM. Ammonia production decreased and alanine production increased in response to higher ammonia concentrations. Increased ammonia concentrations also inhibited glutamine and oxygen consumption. The specific oxygen consumption rate decreased by an order of magnitude after an ammonia pulse to 18 mM. Under these conditions, over 90% of the estimated ATP production was due to glycolysis and a large fraction of glutamine was converted to lactate.
Human factors research on performance-based navigation instrument procedures for NextGen

Area navigation (RNAV) and required navigation performance (RNP) are key components of performance-based navigation (PBN). Instrument procedures that use RNAV and RNP can have more flexible and precise paths than conventional routes that are defined using ground-based navigation aids. As a result, RNAV and RNP routes can enhance operational safety, efficiency, and access. At the United States Department of Transportation Volpe Center, we are identifying and documenting human factors issues associated with implementing PBN instrument procedures for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). This effort supports the FAA's transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) by providing recommendations to promote easier and more reliable use of PBN instrument procedures. In this paper, we explain why human factors research is needed and provide examples of research issues. For example, new procedures may result in increased visual complexity of charts, which in turn could increase pilot workload and the potential for error. We are also conducting analyses and experiments to understand and improve the usability of aeronautical charts for PBN instrument procedures. Our work in this area is summarized in this paper. More information can be found at www.volpe.dot.gov/coi/hfrsa/ahf/ip/library.html. The website has links to our latest research products. It also supports other human factors research teams by listing and summarizing publicly available reports on related topics.
Maternal Reaction to the Birth of a Second Child: Another Side of Sibling Rivalry

Mothers may react to the birth of a second child with feelings of sadness and guilt that seem to come from grieving over a decrease in the intensity of the relationship with their first child. Since these feelings can interfere with the way mothers deal with their first child's behavior, clinicians who see children with behavioral problems should be alert to this second child syndrome.
Optimizing Use of Current Anticoagulants

Although warfarin has been the mainstay of oral anticoagulation therapy for decades, evidence-based methods for improving the quality of warfarin therapy remain underused. The arrival of new anticoagulants that do not require routine laboratory monitoring and lack the significant dietary and drug interaction potential that are seen with warfarin is an important evolutionary step in the management of thromboembolic disease. However, it will be years before the efficacy and long-term safety of these new agents are defined. Newer oral anticoagulants will be more expensive than generic warfarin. This article examines various approaches to optimize the clinical use of warfarin. For patients able to achieve stable anticoagulation control, warfarin remains an important therapeutic option, delivering similar clinical outcomes at a fraction of the cost to the health care system.
Clowns and Jokers can heal us. Comedy and medicine

These books are about human play and playfulness and not only highlight the dynamic interconnection between play and humor but also stretch the concept and possibilities of humorous play as a thera...
Motion tracking in an acoustic point-measurement current meter

Measurements of velocity structure in the water column under Arctic ice from an Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) employed an acoustic point-measurement current meter, MAVS (Modular Acoustic Velocity Sensor) [1]. With the velocity sensor it becomes the Ice-Tethered Profiler with Velocity (ITPV). The profiler, containing a Seabird CTD, MAVS, batteries, an inductive modem, and a wire crawling engine, integrated by McLane Labs, was constrained to be deployed through a 24″ diameter hole drilled in the ice. The anchor to the ice via a buoy with a satellite transmitter fixed the top of the mooring to a drifting but GPS tracked location while the profiler descending to a depth of 800m measured velocity relative to the moving mooring and the climbing profiler. A large current-orienting alignment fin was not possible on the ITP due to the limit of the ice hole diameter yet it was known that vortex shedding by the profiler body in the current would cause the instrument to swing and the current sensor to measure horizontal velocities due to the rotation of the profiler around the center of gyration of the package. To remove this platform motion from the current measurement, an inertial sensor, Analog Devices ADIS 16355 [2], was added to the MAVS current meter and three axes of angular velocity and three axes of linear acceleration were added to each data record of time, velocity, temperature, three-axis magnetic vector components and two axes of tilt. From the rate gyro value of angular velocity around the vertical axis, the platform rotation is determined and using the distance that the velocity sensor is displaced from the axis of rotation the horizontal current sensor velocity can be subtracted from the horizontal velocity measured by the sensor. This ITP was deployed in October, 2009 and data from the first profile indicates expected and unexpected performance.
Suppression of laboratory populations of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by release of males with cytoplasmic incompatibility

Abstract Unidirectional cytoplasmically incompatible males of Ephestia cautella (Walker) were substituted for irradiation-sterilized males in a modification of the sterile-male release technique. Laboratory populations were greatly suppressed or eliminated by single releases of incompatible males at ratios of 14:1 or greater. Isolated populations in nature (i.e., within a closed warehouse) could probably be eliminated by using this technique, but release ratios as high as 100:1 might be necessary.
Agglomerate breakage in polymer-flocculated suspensions

Abstract Studies of floc breakage have been carried out on a system of kaolin particles flocculated with a nonionic polyacrylamide. Experimental measurements of floc size distributions in agitated suspensions have been obtained using a sedimentation method. A mass-size balance model, used extensively in the analysis of grinding processes, has been adapted to the evaluation of floc breakage. A back-calculation procedure has been used to estimate breakage rates and primary breakage distributions from the observed floc size distributions. It has been shown that specific rates of breakage can be expressed as simple power functions of floc size and that they decrease significantly with increased polymer dosage. Based on earlier theories, the effects of agitation are less than expected. Primary breakage distributions seem to be generally insensitive to flocculation conditions except at a very low polymer dosage where breakage appears to be more thorough, leading to broad fragment size distributions. No evidence was found for significant reagglomeration during the floc breakage process. For the system studied here, it appears that floc growth occurs only while fresh polymer is being added to the suspension.
Policy Reform, Economic Growth and the Digital Divide

Rapid growth of internet use in high-income economies has raised the spectre of a “digital divide” that will marginalize developing countries because they can neither afford internet access nor use it effectively when it is available. Using a new cross-country data set, this paper investigates two proximate determinants of the digital divide: internet intensity (internet subscriptions per telephone mainline); and access to telecom services. Surprisingly, no gap in internet intensity was found. When differences in urbanization and competition policy are controlled for, low-income countries have intensities as high as those of industrial countries. While income does not seem to matter in this context, competition policy matters a great deal. Low-income countries with high World Bank ratings for competition policy have significantly higher internet intensities. The paper's finding on internet intensity implies that the digital divide is not really new, but reflects a persistent gap in the availability of mai...
A 915 MHz SAW Sensor Correlator System

Previous work has been presented on passive wireless surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensors using the orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) technique (Malocha et ah, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (SPIE), Aug. 23-27,2004, vol. 2, pp. 1082-1085), Pavlina et al., Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. RFID, 2009, pp. 110-115). This paper will present a SAW sensor correlator system and its key operational parameters. Description of the radio frequency (RF) transceiver system and the OFC SAW temperature sensors is provided for parameter characterization. The system is based on a software radio approach and an analysis of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) parameters and receiver noise in temperature extraction is presented. Initial experimental results for a four-sensor system operating over a 280°C range are given.
Measurement-based characterization of global memory and network contention, operating system and parallelisation overheads: case study on a shared-memory multiprocessor

Presents a characterization of (1) the global memory and interconnection network contention overhead, (2) the operating system overheads, and (3) the runtime system parallelization overheads for the Cedar shared-memory multiprocessor. The measurements were obtained using five representative compute-intensive, scientific, loop parallel applications from the Perfect Benchmark Suite. The overheads were measured for a range of Cedar configurations from 1 processor to the full 4-cluster/32-processor configuration, thus characterizing the effect of this scaling on the overheads. For the full 4-cluster Cedar, the operating system overhead was found to constitute 5-21%: of the total completion time of an application. The parallelization overhead accounts for 10-25% of the application, completion time and the overhead due to global memory and network contention contributes 8-21% of the application completion time. >
The occurrence of Permian blocks near Calypsobyen, Spitsbergen and their significance

During the summer of 1978 the writers examined and mapped the upper Precambrian Kapp Lyell tillites near Calypsobyen south of Bellsund (Fig. 1) in the course of a study of the tectonic history of west Spitsbergen. The tillites are quite massive and have been deformed by several tectonic events (Kowallis 1979). During our work we found several large, flat-lying blocks of fossiliferous, silicified limestone near the present terminus of Scottbreen (Fig. 2), resting directly on outcrops of Precambriantillites. The largest of these blocks measured approximately 2m x Im x Im. The blocks contain abundant productid and spirified brachiopods, as well asbryozoans, cords, and bivalves. The fossils are similar to those described by Frebold(1937) and Gobbett (1964) from the Permian of Svalbard. The blocks appear to correlate with the Kapp Starostin Formation (upper Permian), as described by Cutbiu and Challinor (1965) and Flood et al. (1971).
1946 Hoover medal presentation: The hoover medalist

Presentation of the Hoover Medal for 1946 to Doctor Vannevar Bush, (F '24) president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, was made January 30, at a general session of the AIEE winter meeting. Established in 1930 through a trust fund created by the gift of Conrad N. Lauer, the Hoover Medal is awarded periodically by a board of award composed of representatives of the national societies of civil, electrical, mechanical, and mining engineers “to a fellow engineer for distinguished public service.” The first award was made in 1930 to former President Herbert Hoover.
Analytical clarifications and an easy excel-based implementation of a basic location model in Operations Management

This paper clarifies some important issues related to a basic location model that is covered is most Operations Management courses. We show that the Euclidean mini-sum single facility location problem is structurally similar in terms of its convexity properties to its squared Euclidean counterpart and although a closed-form solution may not be readily available for the former it may be easily solved using standard spreadsheet-based software. We provide alternate representations of the solution methodology, including graphical aids which make it easy to contrast the similarities and differences in the solutions to the Euclidean model vs. it's squared Euclidean counterpart. We also make available an interactive demonstration that can be readily used in the classroom to highlight the similarities and differences between the Euclidean and squared Euclidean solutions.
Assessing the need for sequence-based normalization in tiling microarray experiments

Motivation: Increases in microarray feature density allow the construction of so-called tiling microarrays. These arrays, or sets of arrays, contain probes targeting regions of sequenced genomes at regular genomic intervals. The unbiased nature of this approach allows for the identification of novel transcribed sequences, the localization of transcription factor binding sites (ChIP-chip), and high resolution comparative genomic hybridization, among other uses. These applications are quickly growing in popularity as tiling microarrays become more affordable. To reach maximum utility, the tiling microarray platform needs be developed to the point that 1 nt resolutions are achieved and that we have confidence in individual measurements taken at this fine of resolution. Any biases in tiling array signals must be systematically removed to achieve this goal. Results: Towards this end, we investigated the importance of probe sequence composition on the efficacy of tiling microarrays for identifying novel transcription and transcription factor binding sites. We found that intensities are highly sequence dependent and can greatly influence results. We developed three metrics for assessing this sequence dependence and use them in evaluating existing sequence-based normalizations from the tiling microarray literature. In addition, we applied three new techniques for addressing this problem; one method, adapted from similar work on GeneChip brand microarrays, is based on modeling array signal as a linear function of probe sequence, the second method extends this approach by iterative weighting and re-fitting of the model, and the third technique extrapolates the popular quantile normalization algorithm for between-array normalization to probe sequence space. These three methods perform favorably to existing strategies, based on the metrics defined here. Availability: http://tiling.gersteinlab.org/sequence_effects/ Contact: mark.gerstein@yale.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ellipsis and discourse-linking

Abstract This paper provides an account of the distribution of the forms of ellipsis called Sluicing, NP-ellipsis and VP-ellipsis. It argues that 1. (i) ellipsis is a pro-form, 2. (ii) the pro-form is within an H max , H a functional head, by LF, 3. (iii) this functional head has the property of being Discourse-Linking, which licenses the empty category in the syntax. Most of the data base is taken from English, but the analyses include VP-ellipsis phenomena in Italian and NP-ellipsis in Spanish which have not been discussed within the generative tradition until now.
SiGe power heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) fabricated by fully self-aligned double mesa technology

Multi-finger SiGe HBT's have been fabricated using a novel fully self-aligned double-mesa technology. With the advanced process technology, a maximum oscillating frequency (f/sub max/) of 78 GHz and a cut-off frequency (f/sub T/) of 37 GHz were demonstrated for a common-emitter device with emitter area of 2/spl times/2/spl times/30 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. For class-A operations, 10-finger devices (A/sub E/=2/spl times/2/spl times/30 /spl mu/m/sup 2/) exhibit an output power of 24.13 dBm with a maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 26.9% at 8.5 GHz.
"First come, first served" can be unstable!

Considers flexible manufacturing systems using the "first come, first served" (FCFS or FIFO) scheduling policy at each machine. The authors describe and discuss in some detail simple deterministic examples which have adequate capacity but which, under FCFS, can exhibit instability; unboundedly growing WIP taking the form of a repeated pattern of behavior with the repetitions on an increasing scale. >
From Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice: Why the Gap?

Based on an analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, the prevalence of hypertension in the United States increased from 25.0% in 1988 to 1991 to 28.7% in 1999 to 2000.1 Despite compelling evidence for the cardiovascular and renal benefits of hypertension control, during that same decade, hypertension control rates increased from 24.6% to only 31.0%. At a time when he was director of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Claude Lenfant expressed the concern that the potential benefits of clinical research are lost in the translation into clinical practice.2 Others have also pointed out the slow pace of diffusion of new scientific knowledge into health care and have recommended strategies for decreasing the gap between knowledge and clinical practice.3 In this issue of Hypertension , Stafford et al4 describe prescription patterns for antihypertensive agents and suggest that prescriptions for specific classes of agents do not reflect incorporation of lessons learned from clinical trial outcomes. Based on data extracted from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index, which is a continuing survey of a national sample of US office-based physicians, between 1990 and 2004, overall, the most frequently prescribed agents were angiotensin-converting enzyme …
Mitochondria in human oogenesis and preimplantation embryogenesis: engines of metabolism, ionic regulation and developmental competence

Abstract Mitochondria are the most abundant organelles in the mammalian oocyte and early embryo. While their role in ATP production has long been known, only recently has their contribution to oocyte and embryo competence been investigated in the human. This review considers whether such factors as mitochondrial complement size, mitochondrial DNA copy numbers and defects, levels of respiration, and stage-specific spatial distribution, influence the developmental normality and viability of human oocytes and preimplantation-stage embryos. The finding that mitochondrial polarity can differ within and between oocytes and embryos and that these organelles may participate in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+)homeostasis are discussed in the context of how focal domains of differential respiration and intracellular-free Ca(2+)regulation may arise in early development and what functional implications this may have for preimplantation embryogenesis and developmental competence after implantation.
Characterization, Localization, and Regulation of Receptors for Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in the Baboon Uterus during the Cycle and Pregnancy

The objective of this study was to determine the presence, regulation, and localization of specific receptors for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in primate reproductive tissues. Uteri were obtained from baboons either during the menstrual cycle, after ovariectomy with or without steroid treatments, or during early pregnancy (Days 18-60 postovulation [PO]). Placental and decidual tissues were collected from baboons during late pregnancy (Days 130-160). Localization of type I IGF receptor was determined by indirect immunocytochemistry (alpha IR3 antibody), and levels of type I IGF receptors were determined by affinity cross-linking and binding assays. Specific staining for type I IGF receptors was present in the membranes of glandular epithelial cells throughout the cycle and early pregnancy; however, there was a decrease in staining intensity by the late luteal phase and also throughout early pregnancy compared to the late follicular phase. Specific receptor staining was absent in stromal cells throughout the cycle. By Day 19 PO, stromal cells directly under the trophoblast were positive for type I IGF receptor, and an increase in stromal staining at the implantation site was observed as pregnancy proceeded. Stromal staining was apparent in non-implantation site tissue by Day 32 PO. Some placental villi showed positive receptor staining as early as on Day 18 PO, and an increase in the number of positive villi was apparent as pregnancy progressed. An 125I-IGF-I-protein complex of approximately 140,000 daltons, corresponding to the alpha subunit of the type I IGF receptor, was detected in endometrial, placental, and decidual membranes. The intensity of this signal was high in endometrium from the follicular phase, whereas low levels were detected in endometrium from the luteal phase. Throughout early pregnancy, alpha receptor subunit was present in placental and decidual membranes; alpha receptor subunit increased in placenta as pregnancy proceeded. An additional 125I-IGF-I-protein complex of 43,000 daltons, corresponding to IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), was present in decidual membranes and appeared to increase as pregnancy proceeded. Specific binding of 125I-IGF-I to placental membranes was displaced by unlabeled IGF-I and alpha IR3 antibody, whereas both unlabeled IGF-I and IGF-II competed equally for binding to decidual membranes. Scatchard analysis of 125I-IGF-I binding to placental membranes revealed a single class of high-affinity receptors (KD = 2.35 +/- 0.8 nM; mean +/- SEM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Economic Rights of the Institutionalized Mentally Disabled

The “explosion”’ of litigation and legislation in all aspects of mental disability law over the past 15 years has been well documented in the caselaw,* in state and federal statutes,-’ and in the law review literature.4 At least nine separate reasons -some of which appear internally paradoxical seem to have made some significant contribution to this explosion: 1. The activist posture of the Warren Court in the 1960’s, leading a wide array of minority groups to come to the federal courts in an attempt to seek vindication of their civil rights. 2. The expansion of this “civil rights revolution” to include mentally disabled persons at a time when revelations of substandard and often-dangerous living conditions in state hospitals and state schools for the mentally retarded first truly sensitized the public to the plight of the institutionalized mentally handicapped. 3. The Supreme Court’s continuing fascination with all aspects of the law affecting the mentally disabled.
Development of early English language and literacy skills among Spanish-speaking children: does preschool make a difference?

This study examined the early English language and literacy skill development of 179 children from 11 Head Start classrooms who participated in an added focus on language and literacy skill-building supported by Early Reading First programme. Of this sample, 118 children were Spanish-speaking English Language Learners (ELL). All children were assessed with a battery of assessments to measure their language and early literacy skills twice each year. Linear growth model analyses show that Spanish-speaking ELLs made significant gains from pre- to post-test after receiving a double dose of an intervention (Head Start and Early Reading First), and there was a significant effect for years enrolled in the programme on Spanish-speaking ELLs.
Lithographically directed materials assembly

We have developed a processing method that significantly reduces the number of steps necessary to yield a surface that directs block copolymer assembly. This methodology employs a single resistless lithography step that directly changes the surface energy without requiring subsequent material deposition or plasma etching steps. The lithographically defined difference in surface energies acts as a template to direct diblock polymer self-assembly into low-defect periodic structures. Our newly developed lithographically directed self-assembly technique can produce sub-45 nm half pitch lines employing poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and interference lithography. Once assembled into periodic lines of alternating materials, the PMMA block can be removed and the resulting polystyrene features can be used as an etch mask to transfer periodic lines-and-spaces into a silicon substrate.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in paediatric patients.

The past decade has witnessed the introduction of several significant innovations to combat POV, particularly the introduction of serotonin antagonists and the use of combinations of drugs for analgesia and control of POV. Based on current knowledge, the anaesthetic plan for a patient with a previous history of severe PONV and undergoing a procedure known to be associated with a high incidence of this problem should include premedication with a benzodiazepine and/or clonidine and the preferential use of regional anaesthetic techniques. If general anaesthesia is essential, anaesthetists should consider the use of propofol for both induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, together with avoidance of nitrous oxide, opioids and neuromuscular antagonists. Pain control is extremely important, and a peripheral regional block should be used if possible. A combination of prophylactic antiemetics such as dexamethasone, a 5-HT3 antagonist and an antiemetic of a different class (e.g. perphenazine or dimenhydrinate) should be administered. Non-pharmacological measures such as acupressure and suggestion should also be considered, together with nursing measures to avoid sudden movement from one position to another during the postoperative period. A quiet environment, adequate i.v. fluids and not forcing the patient to drink before discharge all contribute to decreased emesis. It is possible that the advent of a new class of antiemetic agents, the NKI antagonists, may have major effects on the incidence of this complication. Drugs in this group differ from other currently available drugs in having the ability to effectively block the emetic response to many stimuli in experimental animals. Postoperative vomiting remains a significant problem, resulting in patient suffering and prolonged recovery from anaesthesia. Our aim should be to eliminate this complication in all children who require surgery. It should not be considered merely as the 'big, little problem'.
An algorithm for geometric load balancing with two constraints

Summary form only given. We describe an algorithm for partitioning 2-weighted geometric graphs, so that each of the two weights is evenly distributed among all partitions and cutsize is minimal. This algorithm is applicable to load balancing problems in parallel computing, including scientific computation or circuit optimization, in which computational load depends on multiple factors, and geometric proximity needs to be preserved. We first show that for two continuous weight distributions, there always exists an L-shape separator that divides the two weights exactly. Based on this fact, we then give a practical and efficient heuristic for 2/sup p/-way partitioning. Our heuristic relies on recursive bipartitioning and runs in O(nlgn+m2/sup p/) time, where n is the number of vertices and m is the number of rows in the graph. In experiments with geometric graphs obtained from placed benchmark VLSI circuits, our heuristic generates balanced partitions with imbalance no greater than 2%, very short runtimes, and good cutsizes. For example, given a geometric graph with n>100,000, our heuristic computes a 32-way partitioning with 0.46% maximum imbalance within 0.5 second.
Decision-making models, rigor and new puzzles

Comparative tests of predictive accuracy across models are exceptionally rare in political science. The collection of articles in this issue provides a rigorous, systematic evaluation of alternativ...
On the Rate Loss of Multiterminal Source Codes

In this paper, we study the rate loss and achievable region of the multiterminal source code (MTSC), which is the code designed for a system comprising two independent encoders and a joint decoder. Encoders 1 and 2 describe sources X and Y using rates R1 and R2, respectively, and the joint decoder reconstructs X with distortion D1 and reconstructs Y with distortion D2. The rate loss of an MTSC is defined as L1 = R1 ? RX|Y (D1), L2 = R2 ? RY|X (D2), and L0 = R1 + R2 ? RXY (D1, D2), where RXY(D1, D2) is the joint rate-distortion function of (X, Y), and RX|Y (D1) and RY|X (D2) are two conditional rate-distortion functions. We first show that for general real-valued memoryless sources and mean squared error distortion measure, the rate loss has an intrinsic connection with K1 = RXY (D1, D2)-RY (D2)-RX|Y (D1) and K2 = RXY (D1, D2)-RX(D1)-RY|X(D2). We then study two common types of sources, jointly Gaussian sources and remote sources, in more details and bound K1 and K2 from above by small universal constants, which leads to small universal upper bounds on the rate loss and therefore good approximations of the achievable region.
Heat transfer measurements in metal foam subjected to constant heat flux

The use of open-cell metal foam in numerous technologies is increasing rapidly. Heat transfer measurements inside rectangular blocks of commercially available aluminum foam subjected to constant heat flux at one side are presented. Cases for different pore velocities, porosities and pore densities of the foam are given. Each foam block is cooled by a confined stream of ambient air. The temperature profile decays in an exponential fashion as the distance from the heat base increases. A two-dimensional, simplified analytical model for the heat transfer in the foam is summarized and adapted from the literature. The model neglects conduction in the fluid and invokes the local thermal equilibrium assumption for the solid and fluid phases in the foam. The model underestimated the temperature close to the foam’s entrance, and predicted the temperatures inside the foam within the experimental uncertainty for most of the data points.
Aerobic alcohol oxidation catalyzed by a new, oxygen-bridged heterometallic compound [PPh4][Ru(N)Me2(μ2-O)2Pd((−)-sparteine)]

Abstract The reaction between the new hydroxy compound [PPh 4 ][Ru(N)(OH) 2 Me 2 ] and Pd(OSiMe 3 ) 2 ((−)-sparteine) produces (Me 3 Si) 2 O, H 2 O and a new heterobimetallic compound [PPh 4 ][Ru(N)Me 2 (μ 2 -O) 2 Pd((−)-sparteine)] in good yield. The Ru/Pd bimetallic compound catalyzes the oxidation of aryl and allyl alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compound in air and the rearrangement of allylic alcohols unsaturated aldehydes. It also oxidizes PPh 3 to O–PPh 3 under O 2 .
Poverty In The United States: A Continuing And Growing Problem

In recent years, the ability to deal with the problem of poverty in the US, in light of the new “Federalism,” is an area of interest to scholars. The poverty rate over the past 50 years has fluctuated from a high of 22.4% in 1959 to a low of 11.1% in 1973. Under George Bush’s presidency, we again see an increase in the poverty rate to 12.7% in 2004. This paper provides an overview of poverty data for the 21 st century, by region, race and age. A discussion and comparison of median household income follows. Facts and figures are then provided/compared, tying in health care issues to income levels and citizenship/ethnicity. A brief introduction of the various attempts over the past years by the federal government to reduce the proportion of the American population that falls below the poverty line follows. This section merely provides a listing of programs designed to satisfy social and equity considerations. This paper does not provide the reader with the impact of these programs on the economy; a brief mention is provided to generate further thought and discussion. The paper concludes with a summary of key elements of the above issues. The sole purpose is to provide an overview of historical data as concerns poverty, median household income and health insurance coverage. The ability to deal with the problem of poverty in the U S, is left for another paper.
Mathematical modelling of the cornea and an experimental application.

Adequate oxygen pressure is important for proper respiration of the cornea. Should the anterior surface oxygen pressure environment decrease below about 20 torr for as little as a few hours, the cornea becomes edematous and vision is impaired. A common cause for concern on this subject is in the use of contact lenses, both hard methylmethacrylate and soft hydrophilic lenses.
Performance evaluation of a new coding scheme for the peak detecting magnetic recording channel

A code designed for the magnetic recording channel with peak detection is compared with the industry standard
Adenoviral gene therapy with catalase suppresses experimental optic neuritis.

Objective To determine if adenoviral-mediated transfer of the gene for catalase ( CAT ), the reactive oxygen species scavenger, suppresses experimental optic neuritis. Clinical Relevance Gene therapy with CAT delivered by an adeno-associated viral vector was previously shown to suppress experimental optic neuritis. Because the transduction of protein expression with recombinant adeno-associated viral vector is relatively slow, taking weeks to reach full levels, we studied the effects of replication-deficient adenovirus containing CAT in suppressing experimental optic neuritis. Transduction with adenovirus occurs within days of inoculation; thus, it may be more applicable for the treatment of patients with acute optic neuritis. Materials and Methods Replication-deficient adenovirus containing CAT was injected above the right optic nerve heads of SJL/J mice that were simultaneously sensitized for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. For controls, the left eyes were injected with the replication-deficient adenovirus without CAT or no virus. The histological effects of CAT on the lesions of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis were measured by computerized analysis of the myelin sheath area (for demyelination), optic disc area (for optic nerve head swelling), the extent of the cellular infiltrate, extravasated serum albumin labeled with immunogold (for disruption of the blood-brain barrier), and the in vivo hydrogen peroxide reaction product. Results After 1 month, cell-specific catalase activity, evaluated by the quantitation of catalase immunogold, was increased about 2-fold each in endothelia, oligodendroglia, astrocytes, and axons of the CAT -inoculated right optic nerves compared with the control left optic nerves. The increased cellular levels of catalase reduced demyelination by 30%, optic nerve head swelling by 25%, cellular infiltration by 26%, disruption of the blood-brain barrier by 61%, and in vivo levels of hydrogen peroxide by 81%. Conclusions Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer increased catalase levels in all optic nerve cell types, and it persisted for 1 month after inoculation. The increased cellular levels of catalase suppressed demyelination and blood-brain barrier disruption at the foci in the optic nerve where prior magnetic resonance imaging and histopathologic studies have demonstrated the demyelinating inflammation of experimental and human optic neuritis. Together, they suggest that gene therapy with CAT may be helpful in the treatment of patients with optic neuritis.
A new species of leuconid (Crustacea, Cumacea), Leucon (Crymoleucon) noerrevangi, from the Faroe Islands

A new species of leuconid (Crustacea, Cumacea), Leucon (Crymoleucon) noerrevangi, is described from the BIOFAR sampling program of the Faroe Islands. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of characters: carapace dorsal crest anterior 2/3 serrate and 1 tooth posteriorly; frontal lobe with lateral group of spines; pseudorostral lobe with group of spines; uropod rami subequal and distally quadrate.
Are PEGJs a Risk Factor for the Buried Bumper Syndrome

Abstract Aim Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGs) with or without a jejunal extension (PEGJs) are a well-accepted method of enteral feeding. They are associated with a number of complications, including the buried bumper syndrome (BBS). We aimed to identify risk factors for BBS, our current management strategies, and optimal timing for surgical treatment. Methods Hospital coding and a database compiled by our specialist nutrition nurse were used to identify all cases of buried bumpers from January 2012 to December 2014 as well as all PEG/PEGJ devices inserted during this time. A retrospective case note review was performed for each patient with BBS to identify risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes. Results Two hundred twelve PEGs and 22 PEGJs were inserted. Nine patients were identified with BBS. Patients with PEGJ tubes were significantly more likely to develop BBS (7/22, 32%) than those with PEG tubes (2/212, 0.9%) P Conclusions Buried bumper syndrome is a serious condition which warrants urgent intervention. We have demonstrated a higher than expected rate of BBS associated with PEGJ tubes. We hypothesize that this may be related to the jejunal extensions leading to difficulty in the usual maintenance regimen that all carers are taught after PEG/PEGJ insertion.
Linsanity and Centering Sport in Asian American Studies and Pacific Islander Studies

During my childhood, Sunday family dinners usually involved basketball. On our driveway in suburban Palo Alto, we played hotly contested shooting games of “Around the World” until we could barely see the rim, the basketball, or each other. So when the Taiwanese American Jeremy Lin from Palo Alto exploded on the National Basketball Association's stage in February 2012, my family and I were riveted.
Planning for Planet or City

If we now live with a planetary urban process (Brenner & Schmid, 2015a), the very idea of “future cities” must be brought into question. Indeed, we might ask whether urban planning has morphed into planetary planning, with its primary charge being the construction of vast networks of urban systems coordinating a global capitalist process. This commentary cautions against such over-extended theories of urbanization and related planning practices. Although global capitalism has engendered profound spatial changes, the concept of the city remains a crucial social and political idea. By outlining the continued centrality of the city to social and political life, the commentary argues for a democratic evaluation of the urban form in order to plan for, and realize, more just cities.
Design of elliptically-vibrating ultrasonic actuator for nanocoining

Abstract Nanocoining is a method of rapidly creating a cylindrical mold surface covered with features smaller than the wavelength of light. This mold can then be used in a roll-to-roll process to make surfaces whose functionality depends on the wavelength of the illumination. The die replaces the typical diamond tool used to produce overlapping grooves for applications such as reflective signs. The die has a face area approximately 20 μm2 that has been patterned in an FIB. It is mounted on a 2D ultrasonic actuator and follows an elliptical path that matches the surface speed of the moving workpiece during the short contact time and creates approximately 6000 features per impact. The spacing of die indents is controlled by the speed of the diamond turning machine axes such that a small overlap exists from previous indents as the die spirals around and along the mold surface. Because the die is small, the indentations must occur rapidly to make nanocoining a feasible process. This work focuses on the design and control of a nominally 40 kHz, 2D resonant actuator that is suitable for this process. A controller to automatically track resonance is described to maintain the elliptical motion during indentation. Methods of tuning the behavior of the actuator and maintaining a constant indent depth are proposed. Finally, 500 nm pitch feature indents were created on a brass workpiece at 40 kHz and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the features are provided.