cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between brood size and parental provisioning performance in chinstrap penguins during the chick guard phase

Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) normally lay two eggs, but brood size is often reduced by mortality during incubation or after hatching. We hypothesized that this variation in brood size would affect the parents’ foraging behavior and their chick provisioning performance. We studied patterns of adult foraging trip duration and frequency, food load delivery, and chick growth rates in relation to brood size during the guard phase in four breeding seasons (1991–1994) on Seal Island, Antarctica. Within a given year, parents with two chicks made more frequent foraging trips to sea and may have transported larger food loads to the nest; however, the duration of foraging trips was unrelated to brood size. Overall, parents with two chicks spent ∼15% more time at sea than parents with only one chick. Both the frequency and duration of foraging trips varied between years. Foraging trip duration may partly reflect the birds’ foraging radius, which probably varies with time in response to shifts in krill distribution. Chick growth rate varied betwen years, but was related to brood size only in 1992, when chicks from two-chick broods grew significantly more slowly than chicks from one-chick broods. Food loads transported to chicks, as well as chick growth rates, were highest in 1994, when concurrent hydroacoustic studies indicated that regional krill biomass was severely depressed. This apparent anomaly suggests that the spatial scale of the krill survey may have been too coarse to detect some high-density krill aggregations within the penguins’ foraging range.
X-ray flux enhancement in thin-film waveguides using resonant beam couplers.

We present experimental evidence for achieving significant x-ray flux enhancement by coupling a highly collimated and monochromatic synchrotron x-ray beam into a Si/polyimide/SiO 2 thin-film waveguide. The observed 20-fold flux increase agrees with theoretical predictions and was limited only by absorption of the 1 A x rays in the waveguide structure
THICK DESCRIPTION, FAT SYNTAX, AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS

Many philosophers have claimed that intentional ascription is not possible if alien peoples are truly radically different from ourselves. At the same time, many anthropologists have claimed that the people they study think very differently from the way that we do. I claim that it is possible for both the anthropologists and the philosophers to be right. Giving intentional descriptions is problematic for people unlike ourselves, but anthropologists can, and do give good descriptions of alien mental states using descriptions not unlike those given in certain formulations of cognitive psychology.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thiolate-Thiol Complexes of Ruthenium Nitrosyl Porphyrins and Their Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Dithiolate-Bridged Bimetallic Derivatives.

Monometallic nitrosyl thiolate−thiol complexes of the form (por)Ru(NO)(S(CH2)nSH) (por = TPP, n = 2; TTP, n = 2−4) have been prepared in 49−61% isolated yields from the reaction of the (por)Ru(NO)(O-i-C5H11) alkoxide precursors with HS(CH2)nSH. The (OEP)Ru(NO)(SCH2CH2SH) complex was prepared in 71% isolated yield via addition of HSCH2CH2SNO to (OEP)Ru(CO). These (por)Ru(NO)(S(CH2)nSH) complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and by mass spectrometry. The molecular structure of (OEP)Ru(NO)(SCH2CH2SH) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The Ru−N−O moiety is linear with a bond angle of 170.9(9)°. The symmetrical bimetallic [(por)Ru(NO)]2(μ-S(CH2)nS-S,S‘) complexes (por1 = por2; i.e., TPP/TPP, TTP/TTP, OEP/OEP) have also been prepared by variations of the procedures used in the preparation of their monometallic derivatives, and they have been fully characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and by mass...
The effects of 4-nonylphenol and ethanol on acute toxicity, embryo development, and reproduction in Daphnia magna.

The mean 48-h EC(50) (n=3) of 4-nonylphenol (NP) using ethanol as the carrier solvent was 155 microg/L, compared to a mean 48-h EC(50) (n=3) of 281 microg/L without ethanol. The 96-h EC(50)'s for embryo lethality (arrested egg development) and deformities (curved or unextended shell spines and undeveloped second antennae) were 738 and 263 microg/L, respectively. Reproduction studies were conducted using conditions that stimulate male production (i.e., reduced photoperiod and food levels). An increase in neonate deformities was observed at 50 microg/L (without ethanol), but no changes were observed in fecundity or sex ratios. A decrease in sex ratios was observed at 25 and 50 microg/L (with ethanol) compared to the ethanol control. However, an increase in sex ratios was observed in the ethanol control compared to media controls. The use of ethanol as a solvent carrier confounds the effects of 4-NP on acute toxicity and male production in daphnids.
A threshold condition for soil‐water transport

*Correspondence to: Raymond Torres, Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. E-mail: torres@geol.sc.edu The unsaturated flow equation is a robust tool for predicting water movement through fully characterized soils with well-defined sets of initial and boundary conditions. On the other hand, Beven (1989) and Germann (1990) argued that the governing equation rarely applies to field conditions, primarily due to macropore flow (e.g. Mosley, 1979, 1982; Beven and Germann, 1982; Tsuboyama et al., 1994). Other preferential flow processes that violate bulkaveraged soil-water flow assumptions are finger flow (e.g. Hill and Parlange, 1972; Hendrickx et al., 1993; Glass and Nichol, 1996) and ‘mesopore’ flow (e.g. Wilson and Luxmoore, 1988; Hornberger et al., 1991; Jackson, 1992; Luxmoore and Ferrand, 1993; Taha et al., 1997). These preferential flow processes, and others, can give the appearance of a ‘rapid’ pressure head or water content response deep in an unsaturated soil profile. Field and laboratory data indicate that a ‘pressure perturbation’, ‘pressure wave’ or ‘water content wave’ may also give rise to a rapid unsaturated zone response, even when Darcy assumptions seem not to be violated (e.g. Zimmermann et al., 1966; Andersen and Sevel, 1974; Gilham, 1984; Kayane and Kaihotsu, 1988; Novakowski and Gilham, 1988; Marui et al., 1993; Jayatilaka and Gilham, 1998; Reid et al., 1998; Rasmussen et al., 2000). For example, Torres et al. (1998) conducted field irrigation experiments to characterize unsaturated zone influences on runoff generation and slope stability. They drove the soil profile to near-zero pressure head with corresponding soil-water contents at ∼0·30 (porosity ∼0·60). A natural storm augmented the applied rain with a ten fold spike increase in rain intensity. By comparing pressure wave velocity with approximate wetting front velocity (after Warrick et al. (1971)) they showed that the 1·75 h peak rainfall to peak discharge resulted from a rapid unsaturated zone response. Tracer data during a later irrigation experiment, one without a spike increase, showed that preferential flow did not occur (Anderson et al., 1997). Therefore, rapid pressurewave-like responses in the unsaturated zone may be related to spike increases in rainfall. Reid et al. (1998) conducted sprinkler irrigation experiments on a ‘soil’ prism and observed a pressure-wave-type response. Reid et al. (1998) applied water to an inclined soil prism at 100 mm h−1 for 50 min, stopped irrigating for 20 min, and then rained at 200 mm h−1 until the prism collapsed at 11 min. During the initial irrigation, the pressure heads increased to near-zero, and soil-water contents increased to ∼0·35 (porosity ∼0·50). These values changed
Finding approximate competitive equilibria: efficient and fair course allocation

In the course allocation problem, a university administrator seeks to efficiently and fairly allocate schedules of over-demanded courses to students with heterogeneous preferences. We investigate how to computationally implement a recently-proposed theoretical solution to this problem (Budish, 2009) which uses approximate competitive equilibria to balance notions of efficiency, fairness, and incentives. Despite the apparent similarity to the well-known combinatorial auction problem we show that no polynomial-size mixed-integer program (MIP) can solve our problem. Instead, we develop a two-level search process: at the master level, the center uses tabu search over the union of two distinct neighborhoods to suggest prices; at the agent level, we use MIPs to solve for student demands in parallel at the current prices. Our method scales near-optimally in the number of processors used and is able to solve realistic-size problems fast enough to be usable in practice.
Position summary: towards zero-code service composition

For many years, people have been trying to develop systems from modular, reusable components. The ideal is zero-code composition: building applications out of components without writing any new code. By investigating zero-code composition, our goal is to make composition easy enough to be of practical use to systems researchers and developers. We are focusing on identifying and removing systemic impediments to composition, and on exploiting composition to achieve systemwide properties, such as performance, scalability, and reliability.
Use of Public Rangelands in the American West

The Bureau of Land Management, the land agency that administers much of the federal rangeland in the American West, has frequently been characterized as excessively responsive to the desires of ranchers, with resulting land deterioration and loss of resource values. Both the generally poor condition of the public domain, and the Bureau's attempt to maintain stocking levels while improving the range, support this characterization.Several policies and programmes over the last decade, however, suggest that the Bureau today is less strongly tied to the livestock industry, and certainly its lands are being increasingly coveted by groups other than grazers. This recent trend towards a more ‘multiple use’ agency has been strengthened by Congressional passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act in 1976. Whether or not diversification of land policies will continue into the future is, however, at present unclear.
Salivary calculus in Stenson's duct; report of a case.

Abstract A case of salivary calculus of the right Stenson's duct has been discussed. The calculus was removed surgically and was followed by a cessation of signs and symptoms of the disease.
Pediatric Exclusivity Evolving Legislation and Novel Complexities within Pediatric Therapeutic Development

Objective: To review the successes and omissions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pediatric exclusivity incentive. Data Sources: Pediatric drug development receives less attention and funding than drug development targeting adults resulting in fewer appropriately labeled pediatric drugs. Newly introduced legislation aims to correct this deficit using market exclusivity incentives. Under the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA, 1997), the FDA established the exclusivity principle. This legislation was renewed and amended in 2007 under Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (FDAAA) allowing drug companies to receive a 6-month patent extension for initiating clinical investigation in pediatric populations. Fostering improved knowledge in pediatric indications and dosing is the motivating force behind this program. Study Selection and Data Extraction: We examined drugs granted exclusivity through FDA published database as well as relevant drug labeling and postmarket safety stu...
Error reducing techniques for the scattering parameter characterization of differential networks using a two-port network analyzer

The s-parameter characterization of differential four-port networks using a two-port vector network analyzer (VNA) involves the application of an electrical stimulus to one of the four ports of the network and measuring the reflection of the signal at that port or the transmission through to any of the other three ports, under the condition that the two idle ports are terminated with a chosen load. The single-ended s-parameters obtained in this manner can be converted to the desired differential s-parameters using well established numerical combinations. However, a consequence of this technique of four-port network characterization is the return losses of each port (S11 , S22, S33 and S44) are measured thrice. Ideally, all three return loss measurements for each port must be identical. Non-ideally, however, the three return losses could be inconsistent. This work provides two methods to reduce these inconsistencies. The first involves the averaging of the return losses at each port, as well as further averaging depending on the symmetry of the device under test (DUT). The second method describes theoretically the removal of the reflections, due to the necessary loads used during the measurements, from the return loss parameters. The DUT used in this work is a pair of symmetrical coupled microstrip lines of characteristic impedance 55Omega each at 1 GHz
Preliminary noise reduction efforts in a medical intensive care unit

Noise is a significant contributor to sleep disruption in the intensive care unit (ICU) that may result in increased patient morbidity such as delirium and prolonged length of stay in ICU. We conducted a pre-post intervention study in a 24-bed tertiary care academic medical ICU to reduce the mean noise levels. Baseline dosimeter recordings of ICU noise levels demonstrated a mean noise level of 54.2 A-weighted decibels (dBA) and peak noise levels of 109.9 dBA, well above the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended levels. There were 1735 episodes of "defects" (maximum noise levels > 60 dBA). Following implementation of multipronged interventions, although the mean noise levels did not change significantly between pre- and post-intervention (54.2 vs 53.8 dBA; p = 0.96), there was a significant reduction in the number of "defects" post-intervention (1735 vs 1289, p ≤ 0.000), and the providers felt that the patients were sleeping longer in the ICU post-intervention.
Emission cores in H and K lines

Enhancement of the violet K2 emission peak results when the atmospheric layers at heights where K3 forms are moving downward with velocities of 10–20 km/sec or when the K2 layers and those immediately below are moving upward with velocities of 3–7 km/sec. Evidence favoring the former alternative is cited.
The importance of hearing conservation instruction.

According to Denehy (1999), “school nurses can play a powerful role in promoting health in their schools and community.” She encouraged school nurses to “Take and make opportunities to promote heal...
On the power of (even a little) centralization in distributed processing

We propose and analyze a multi-server model that captures a performance trade-off between centralized and distributed processing. In our model, a fraction p of an available resource is deployed in a centralized manner (e.g., to serve a most loaded station) while the remaining fraction 1-p is allocated to local servers that can only serve requests addressed specifically to their respective stations.Using a fluid model approach, we demonstrate a surprising phase transition in steady-state delay, as p changes: in the limit of a large number of stations, and when any amount of centralization is available (p>0), the average queue length in steady state scales as log 1/1-p 1/1-λ when the traffic intensity λ goes to 1. This is exponentially smaller than the usual M/M/1-queue delay scaling of 1/1-λ, obtained when all resources are fully allocated to local stations (p=0). This indicates a strong qualitative impact of even a small degree of centralization.We prove convergence to a fluid limit, and characterize both the transient and steady-state behavior of the finite system, in the limit as the number of stations N goes to infinity. We show that the queue-length process converges to a unique fluid trajectory (over any finite time interval, as N → ∞), and that this fluid trajectory converges to a unique invariant state vI, for which a simple closed-form expression is obtained. We also show that the steady-state distribution of the N-server system concentrates on vI as N goes to infinity.
Evidence for a major gene affecting postchallenge insulin levels in Mexican-Americans.

Hyperinsulinemia, which is considered a hallmark of insulin resistance, precedes the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Results of family and twin studies have shown that heredity influences insulin resistance and insulin levels. In Caucasian families ascertained through two or more NIDDM siblings, it has been reported that single genes with large effects, i.e., major genes, influence both fasting and 1-h postchallenge insulin levels. To determine whether a major gene affects 2-h postchallenge insulin levels in Mexican-Americans, we conducted segregation analyses using data collected on 527 pedigreed individuals from 27 families in San Antonio, TX. Probands for the families were randomly ascertained and all first-, second-, and third-degree relatives aged 16 years and older were invited to participate. Subjects received a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, and diabetes was diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria. We found that an autosomal dominant major gene best described the inheritance of 2-h insulin levels (ln-transformed) in these 27 families. Of the individuals in the population, 17% were homozygous for the 2-h low-insulin allele (back-transformed mean = 125 pmol/l) and 83% were heterozygous or homozygous for the 2-h high-insulin allele (back-transformed mean = 406 pmol/l). This major gene accounted for 31% of the variance in ln(2-h insulin levels) in this population. Using quantitative trait linkage analyses, we excluded tight linkage between this gene affecting 2-h insulin levels and three candidate loci for insulin levels: the insulin receptor gene, the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene, and the glucokinase gene. In addition, it is likely that this major gene is not linked to the fatty acid-binding protein gene, a gene that has previously been associated with insulin resistance through sib-pair analysis.
Haemophilus parainfluenzae as a Rare Cause of Epidural Abscess: Case Report and Review

We report a case of epidural abscess due to Haemophilus parainfluenzae. This microorganism is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract that causes endocarditis and, rarely, other invasive infections. To the best of our knowledge, epidural abscess due to H. parainfluenzae has not been reported previously. A 74-year-old man presented with neck pain and subsequently developed incomplete quadriparesis. A cervical epidural abscess and vertebral osteomyelitis were detected by radiologic studies. Surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy resulted in resolution of the abscess and osteomyelitis, and the neurologic sequelae were minimal. Cultures of the purulent material from the abscess yielded H. parainfluenzae. Descriptions in the literature of infections caused by H. parainfluenzae and the antimicrobial agents used for treatment of these infections are reviewed.
The fiber of modern society.

A powerful perception that innovation has stagnated persists in the biomedical research community. In a series of Commentaries—three in this issue and more in future issues—diverse professionals engage in a critical dialogue on innovation that explores whether novel ideas continue to emerge and whether their implementation continues to create value. The authors also discuss ways to resuscitate innovation through new risk-benefit analyses, correction of funding follies, monitoring conflicts of interest, defining the roles of public and private institutions, and the teaching of innovation.
The dreaded shoeing prescription thumbtacked to the boarder barn bulletin board

Veterinarian/farrier/owner communication can be difficult in a given lameness case. A small group of veterinarians and farriers discussed the factors complicating this communication. Specific definition of roles; professional respect; differences in required education; distance and driving to horse, fees, and licensure requirements were cited as the primary complicating factors. In conclusion, the group suggested the ideal communication for a specific lameness case was for the veterinarian, farrier, and owner to be present when shoeing was being planned. A telephone call would be second in preference and a written case summary was the third choice. There are suggestions on how to formulate the written summary.
Reliable design of large crosspoint switching networks

A major source of transient errors and unreliable operation of large crosspoint switching networks is the simultaneous switching ( Delta I) noise that is caused by the switching of a large number of off-chip drivers in a chip. An architectural solution to this problem is presented for networks constructed from one-sided crosspoint switching chips. The method seeks to achieve a uniform distribution of active drivers among the chips by rearranging a subset of the existing connections when a new connection is made. The problem is studied in the context of a one-sided crosspoint network with N=rn ports constructed from individual switching chips of size n*m/2. The authors show that the lower bound of m/r active drivers per chip can always be maintained in practice when m/r is an even number. The maximum number of rearrangements needed is min(m/2-1, 2r-1). In addition, the rearrangements are confined to two chip columns of the matrix. >
Mechanism of von hippel-lindau protein-mediated suppression of nuclear factor kappa B activity

Biallelic inactivating mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) are a hallmark of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), the most common histologic subtype of RCC. Biallelic VHL loss results in accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIFalpha). Restoring expression of the wild-type protein encoded by VHL (pVHL) in tumors with biallelic VHL inactivation (VHL(-)(/)(-)) suppresses tumorigenesis, and pVHL-mediated degradation of HIFalpha is necessary and sufficient for VHL-mediated tumor suppression. The downstream targets of HIFalpha that promote renal carcinogenesis have not been completely elucidated. Recently, VHL loss was shown to activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), a family of transcription factors that promotes tumor growth. Here we show that VHL loss drives NF-kappaB activation by resulting in HIFalpha accumulation, which induces expression of transforming growth factor alpha, with consequent activation of an epidermal growth factor receptor/phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B (AKT)/IkappaB-kinase alpha/NF-kappaB signaling cascade. We also show that components of this signaling pathway promote the growth of VHL(-)(/)(-) tumor cells. Members of this pathway represent viable drug targets in VHL(-)(/)(-) tumors, such as those associated with CCRCC.
Melt Growth of Crystalline Silicon Tubes by a Capillary Action Shaping Technique

Silicon tubes 6 mm in diameter and over 1 m long were grown by a capillary action shaping technique using a 7 mm diameter graphite capillary die with a 1.3 mm thick wall. Diameter and wall thickness could be varied from 6.6 to 5.7 mm and 1.2 to 0.4 mm respectively by relative system temperature changes of up to 6.7 °C or growth rate variations in the range 11 to 21 mm/min. The tubes were doped with boron to a 2 Ωcm resistivity. Planar defects and some large angle grain boundaries were present, with the largest grains extending over one quarter of the tube circumference. Siliziumrohre mit 6 mm Durchmesser und mit einer Lange von mehr als 1 m wurden mit einer Kristallziehtechnik gezogen, die auf der Kapillarwirkung von Graphitkapillaren mit 7 mm Durchmesser und 1,3 mm Wanddicke beruht. Durch relative Temperaturanderung des Systems bis zu 6,7 °C und durch Variation der Wachstumsrate im Bereich von 11 bis 21 mm/min konnten der Durchmesser der Si-Rohre von 6,6 bis 5,7 mm und die Wanddicke von 1,2 bis 0,4 mm variiert werden. Die Rohre wurden mit Bor dotiert bis zu einem Widerstand von 2 Ωcm. Sie enthalten ebene Gitterdefekte und Groswinkelkorngrenzen, wobei sich die grosten Korner uber ein Viertel des Rohrumfanges erstrecken.
Short Scar Abdominoplasty Update

Techniques for abdominal contouring have proliferated and evolved over the past 2 decades. Now more than ever, aesthetic operations are tailored to fit the anatomic features and aesthetic goals of each individual patient, stressing the absolute importance of patient selection. This short scar procedure relies on a combination of liposuction and modified skin resection and muscle tightening in the lower abdomen. It has been the author's experience that this results in a more rapid recovery in most patients. It is almost always performed in conjunction with liposuction of the posterior trunk to achieve a harmonious recontouring of the aesthetic unit of the trunk. The techniques employed are familiar to all plastic surgeons performing body contouring procedures. Patient selection is the absolute key to achieving successful outcomes. Short scar abdominoplasty results in significant contour improvement in the properly selected patient. The procedure relies on a combination of liposuction and modified excisional surgery to produce the desired outcome.
The Greening of Architecture: A Critical History and Survey of Contemporary Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design

Phillip James Tabb and A. Senem Deviren Ashgate, 2014216 pages, 215 black-and-white illustrations$54.95 (softcover)The Greening of Architecture: A Critical History and Survey of Contemporary Sustai...
Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Antithrombotic Prophylaxis in Emergency Department Patients

Background and Purpose— The emergency department (ED), as the point of first medical contact for many complaints referable to atrial fibrillation (AF) and a common source of primary care, occupies a unique position to identify AF patients at risk of stroke. This study evaluates that potential by determining the prevalence of AF in an ED population and assessing antithrombotic use in those patients with recurrent AF. Methods— This was a multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study of consecutive records of ED patients with AF identified by ECG between January and June 1998. American Heart Association and modified Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation criteria established high-risk patients and contraindications to anticoagulation, respectively. Results— We identified 866 records with ECG-proven AF in 78 787 patient visits for an estimated prevalence of 1.10% (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.17). We found that 556 records had a prior history of AF; of these, 221 (40%) used warfarin alone, 155 (28%) had antiplatelet therapy alone, 28 (5%) used both, and 152 (27%) had no antithrombotic therapy identified. Sixty-eight patients (12%; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.15) were warfarin eligible and without antithrombotic therapy. An additional 64 (12%; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.14) had antiplatelet therapy alone. In warfarin-eligible patients, no differences were identified between the anticoagulated and nonanticoagulated groups on the basis of age, sex, or race. Of patients on warfarin with a measured international normalized ratio, 61% (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.67) were outside the AHA-recommended range of 2.0 to 3.0. Conclusions— AF is a common finding in an ED population. Many are warfarin eligible and untreated or undertreated. Methods to increase anticoagulant use in this at-risk population warrant further investigation.
Site-specific responses of native and exotic species to disturbances in a mesic grassland community

Grassland communities are increasingly recognized as disturbance-dependent ecosystems, yet there are few repli- cated, multi-site studies documenting vegetation responses to varying frequencies and types of grassland disturbance. Even so, land managers frequently manipulate disturbance regimes in an attempt to favour native grassland plants over exotic species. We conducted a factorial experiment testing three frequencies of clipping combined with litter accumulation, litter removal, and soil disturbance within the highly threat- ened California coastal prairie plant community. We moni- tored the response of native/exotic, grass/forb plant guilds once a year for four years. More frequent clipping reduced cover of exotic grasses and favoured exotic forbs, whereas native species were largely unaffected by clipping frequency. Litter accumulation, litter removal, and soil disturbance did not affect vegetation composition. Effects of litter accumula- tion may take longer than our experiment allowed, and soil disturbance due to our treatments was not sufficiently strong to show consistent effects relative to mammalian soil distur- bance. Treatment response of some plant guilds differed among sites, highlighting the importance of replicating experiments at several sites before recommending conservation manage- ment practices.
Whiteness as Property in Israel: Revival, Rehabilitation, and Removal

This essay seeks to read Whiteness as Property onto contemporary Israel by demonstrating that the value ascribed to Jewish nationality is not simply a matter of Jew versus non-Jew. Instead, Whiteness reflects a European order that reproduces and embodies the exclusionary and orientalist tropes that produced anti-Semitism in Europe. The State continues to apply those tropes to Mizrahim, Jews of Middle Eastern origin. Mizrahim are the objects of Zionism’s modernization project, which necessitates a violent bifurcation of their Arab and Jewish identity on the one hand, and the imposition of a singular European history that effectively marginalizes them on the other. Once consolidated within an ethno-nationality mythology of a European Jewish national, the project of nation building completely excludes the Palestinian who, like the Eastern Jew, is uncivilized, but unlike her, is ineligible for rehabilitation. Instead, the Palestinian must be removed, diminished, and contained geographically, politically, and socially. Law facilitates this process as it dispossess and displaces the Palestinian and simultaneously imbues Jewish nationality with a coveted value, one that mirrors European Enlightenment ideals of civilization and the superiority of Whiteness. Settler-decolonization is necessary for Palestinian self-determination and has the potential to achieve Jewish emancipation beyond the state.
Diabetes Insipidus: An Unusual Presentation of Adenocarcinoma of the Lung in a Patient with no Identifiable Lung Mass.

Context: Lung cancers are known to metastasize to unusual sites. Despite this knowledge often times the diagnosis of a primary lung cancer gets delayed especially when the patient presents without respiratory symptoms. Case Report: The patient discussed in our review is a 47-year-old female, smoker who had presented to several hospitals with months of headache, nausea and intermittent episodes of vomiting. She was noted to have hypernatremia due to diabetes insipidus and a pituitary lesion on her magnetic resonance images. The pituitary mass on biopsy was found to represent a metastatic focus from a primary lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of malignancies that are well known to metastasize to the posterior pituitary. Conversely, since not every patient presents with symptoms of metastasis, there is a need to recognize the clinical syndromes (e. g., diabetes insipidus-like symptoms or more subtle symptoms like cranial nerve palsies) associated with potential metastasis to the pituitary.
Constitutive Modeling of the Stress-Stretch Behavior of Membranes Possessing a Triangulated Network Microstructure

The mechanical behavior of the membrane of the red blood cell is governed by two primary microstructural features: the lipid bilayer and the underlying spectrin network. The lipid bilayer is analogous to a 2D fluid in that it resists changes to its planar area, yet poses little resistance to planar shear. A skeletal network of spectrin molecules is crosslinked to the lipid bilayer and provides the shear stiffness of the membrane. Here, a continuum level constitutive model of the large stretch behavior of the red blood cell membrane that directly incorporates the microstructure of the spectrin network is developed. The resemblance of the spectrin network to a triangulated network is used to identify a representative volume element (RVE) for the model. A strain energy density function in terms of an arbitrary planar deformation field is proposed using the RVE. Differentiation of the strain energy density function provides expressions for the general multiaxial stress-stretch behavior of the material. The stress-strain behavior of the membrane when subjected to uniaxial loading conditions in different directions is given, showing the capabilities of the proposed microstructurally-detailed constitutive modeling approach in capturing the evolving anisotropic nature of the mechanical behavior.
U.S. Health Care Reform as a Means to Realize the International Human Right to Health

By reengaging longstanding debates on the “moral commitment” of government to secure the health of every American, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) draws on an internationally recognized conception of a positive human right to health, which asserts a government obligation to realize the “highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” through policies that ensure the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of health care. Such a legal obligation, however, stands in stark contrast to the American tradition of negative rights, a tradition of restraining government infringements on individual liberties without fulfilling positive entitlements. This chapter discusses arguments for and against viewing health care as a human right, assessing the development of a right to health under international law and the implementation of these rights-based norms through U.S. health care policy. As the ACA is challenged and revised in the years to come, opposing views on the international human right to health will play a seminal role in defining the scope and content of government obligations for realizing the highest attainable standard of health for all.
Trimethylgallium Decomposition on a Heated Si(100) Substrate

Trimethylgallium (TMGa) is an important source gas for metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE). In the last three years, workers in three different laboratories have examined the pyrolysis of trimethylgallium (TMGa) on heated substrates. However, the mechanism of the decomposition process is still not understood. In this paper we consider the mechanism of the TMGa decomposition on a hot Si(100) substrate in a molecular beam system. It is found that at TMGa doses of 1×1015 molecules/cm2 or less, the decomposition process in the beam system is the same as that reported by Lee et al., Surface Sci. 216, 173 (1989) in studies where TMGa was dosed at low temperature and then the substrate was heated. However, at higher TMGa doses, the mechanism in the molecular beam system is different than the ones reported previously. It is possible to transiently populate a weakly bound state which we assign to TMGa adsorption in the second monolayer. If me sample is below 400 K, the TMGa in the second monolayer desorbs. However, at higher temperatures, the TMGa in the second monolayer can react to form a CHx group (x=3 or 4) and dimethylgallium. The dimethylgallium desorbs. However, some of the CHx groups remain bound to the substrate leading to extra carbon incorporation. There also is evidence for formation of traces of monomethylgallium above 500 K and an indication of methyl radical desorption above 650 K. Thus it seems that at high doses, the decomposition of TMGa on a hot substrate is somewhat different than the decomposition of a monolayer of TMGa which has been adsorbed at low temperatures and then heated. These results explain some of the apparent discrepancies in the literature.
The Readers of Novyi Mir: Coming to Terms with the Stalinist Past. By Denis Kozlov. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. Pp. 442. $55.00.)

During the early years of what became known as the post‐Stalin Thaw, the poet A. A. Akhmatova grimly observed: “Now that the [political] prisoners are returning, the two Russias will look each othe...
On the Data-driven Learning of German Vocabulary from the Perspective of Sociocultural Theory

Sociocultural theory(SCT)emphasizes the important role of language in the development of human cognition and mental function and it believes that the mental function of people develops from a lower level to a higher level,namely,regulation develops from object-regulation to other-regulation and then gradually to self-regulation.With the development of the Internet and information technology,corpus has been gradually applied to second language acquisition.The effect of DDL(data-driven learning) on German vocabulary acquisition from SCT perspective was explored and the results indicated that that as learning time increases,learners' ability to acquire vocabulary is improving.Different regulations may exert different effects.The beginners are mainly affected by object-regulation and the intermediate learners have begun to fulfil their learning tasks by otherregulation.Yet,the advanced learners are mainly influenced by self-regulation.
In the Shadow of the Shtetl: Small-Town Jewish Life in Soviet Ukraine

The shtetls (small towns) of Eastern Europe – that mythologized ur-homeland from which the Jewish people emerged – were, in the 1940s, “lost,” “vanished,” “erased.” This narrative of the shtetls, d...
Virtual Instrument of Shape and Position Error Measurement Based on EST

Based on the LabWindows/CVI software and EST(error separation technology), this paper introduces the general structure and measure principle and discusses detailedly the realizing method of system software module and hardware module. It can acquire and treat data, save data and dynamically show the result of measurement and software calculation.
Electroplaning of non-inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevi (LVEN).

BACKGROUND The non-inflammatory linear verrucous subtype of epidermal nevi (LVEN) although generally benign, can be aesthetically displeasing and functionally disfiguring to patients. OBJECTIVE To provide a permanent improvement in the clinical appearance of LVEN with minimal scarring. METHOD Electroplaning with Surgitron® FFPF EMC was the chosen method of treatment. RESULTS Electroplaning is a simple, safe, and effective method for improving the appearance of non-inflammatory linear epidermal nevi.
A Structured Light System for Relative Navigation Applications

Technical details associated with a relative navigation system that uses the images formed by structured light beacons placed at known locations on the target vehicle platform are presented. Automated means of generating illumination signatures for the beacons are discussed along with the digital logic associated with camera synchronization and beacon identification processes. Relative pose estimation formulations are presented and it is shown that, by using the image formation model, the translation vector can be expressed in terms of the elements of the orientation matrix relating the frames affixed to the target and the camera. By utilizing the Cayley transform, the relative pose estimation problem is shown to reduce to a set of quadratic equations that are amenable to efficient numerical solution and reasonable uncertainty quantification. An engineering breadboard prototype sensor is developed to demonstrate the workings of the structured light sensor. The performance of the sensor and the relative pose estimation algorithm implementation is benchmarked by comparing the experimental results against standard methods that use well-calibrated targets for pose estimation.
Fit-for-Purpose Validation

This chapter serves as an introduction to the terms and definitions of biomarkers as well as the validation assay process which includes: a standard curve, validation samples, accuracy and precision (reproducibility), limits of quantification, parallelism, dilution linearity, specificity and interference, stability, and normal range. Different biomarkers exist for the various stages of the drug discovery and development process. The main objective of this chapter is to introduce concepts that will facilitate the successful use of biomarkers in drug development—from selection, to validation, and then implementation.
Thermal analysis of superconducting undulator cryomodules

A cryocooler-cooled superconducting undulator (SCU0) has been operating in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring since January of 2013. Based on lessons learned from the construction and operation of SCU0, a second superconducting undulator (SCU1) has been built and cold tested stand-alone. An excess cooling capacity measurement and static heat load analysis show a large improvement of cryogenic performance of SCU1 compared with SCU0. ANSYS-based thermal analysis of these cryomodules incorporating all the cooling circuits was completed. Comparisons between measured and calculated temperatures at the three operating conditions of the cryomodule (static, beam heat only, beam heat and magnet current) will be presented.
The Evolution of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (NSM)

The evolution of the management of all aspects of breast cancer is breathtaking. We have evolved from more radical treatments to less extensive and personalized treatments with vastly improved outcomes.
Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes.

Background/Objective The heating of the fluids used in electronic cigarettes (“e-cigarettes”) used to create “vaping” aerosols is capable of causing a wide range of degradation reaction products. We investigated formation of benzene (an important human carcinogen) from e-cigarette fluids containing propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (GL), benzoic acid, the flavor chemical benzaldehyde, and nicotine. Methods/Main results Three e-cigarette devices were used: the JUULTM “pod” system (provides no user accessible settings other than flavor cartridge choice), and two refill tank systems that allowed a range of user accessible power settings. Benzene in the e-cigarette aerosols was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Benzene formation was ND (not detected) in the JUUL system. In the two tank systems benzene was found to form from propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL), and from the additives benzoic acid and benzaldehyde, especially at high power settings. With 50:50 PG+GL, for tank device 1 at 6W and 13W, the formed benzene concentrations were 1.9 and 750 μg/m3. For tank device 2, at 6W and 25W, the formed concentrations were ND and 1.8 μg/m3. With benzoic acid and benzaldehyde at ~10 mg/mL, for tank device 1, values at 13W were as high as 5000 μg/m3. For tank device 2 at 25W, all values were ≤~100 μg/m3. These values may be compared with what can be expected in a conventional (tobacco) cigarette, namely 200,000 μg/m3. Thus, the risks from benzene will be lower from e-cigarettes than from conventional cigarettes. However, ambient benzene air concentrations in the U.S. have typically been 1 μg/m3, so that benzene has been named the largest single known cancer-risk air toxic in the U.S. For non-smokers, chronically repeated exposure to benzene from e-cigarettes at levels such as 100 or higher μg/m3 will not be of negligible risk.
LEFT ATRIAL STIFFNESS: A NEW NONINVASIVE INDEX THAT MAY SERVE AS A SURROGATE MARKER OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN CHILDREN

Background: Guidelines for evaluating left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in adults, often do not apply in children. We hypothesize left atrial (LA) stiffness may serve as a noninvasive surrogate of LV diastolic dysfunction in children with cardiomyopathy (CMP). Methods: We studied 41 CMP
Racial Disparities in Elderly Patients Receiving Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Surgery.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:To evaluate for racial disparities in elderly patients having undergone lumbar spinal stenosis surgery.Methods:The US Medicare Provider Analysis an...
Phosphorus in the Modern Food Supply: Underestimation of Exposure

Modern food processing techniques, while improving many desirable aspects of processed foods, have introduced unforeseen risk factors linked to renal, bone, and cardiovascular disease in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This chapter examines in depth one of these widely used processing tools, the addition of phosphate additives during processing to provide a number of different needed functions that improve processed foods in a variety of ways. We contend that the popularity, convenience, and continued demand for processed foods containing one or more phosphate additive is increasing their presence in the market place. This change in the modern food supply limits food choices and provides no means of identifying foods with added phosphates. Consequently, this adversely impacts the 20 million Americans with CKD who need to limit their phosphorus intake in order to avoid the hormonal repercussions of a disordered mineral balance. Phosphate additive use also contributes to the phosphorus intake of the general healthy population, which currently exceeds nutrient needs for the majority of adults and disrupts the delicate balance between calcium and phosphorus intake. In this chapter, we offer compelling evidence of the need for mandatory labeling of total phosphorus content on the Nutrition Facts Panel of processed foods, which would capture both naturally present and added phosphorus content. Such mandatory labeling would enable CKD patients and regulatory scientists to accurately measure phosphorus exposure and determine true potential individual and population health risks.
Descriptive Model of Phosphine Concentrations and Emission Rates During Controlled Aeration of Fumigated Tobacco Warehouses

A model was developed to describe the emission of phosphine gas from the interior of a tobacco warehouse to the outside during controlled aeration after fumigation of the warehouse. We used a fan/s...