cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adequate Management of type two diabetes creates minor complications in Cardio-Postural Profile in Latinx-Hispanic People

Diabetes is recognized to lead to a series of metabolic abnormalities in the body. These alterations will affect balance, body composition, and cardiovascular performance, heightening the risk of various medical complications. The problem is that the primary instruction for those with diabetes is to monitor glucose levels, paying very insufficient consideration to other fundamental factors and health profiles that could influence the quality of life in these individuals. Identify body composition, balance, and cardiovascular components in controlled type two diabetics compared to an age-matched control group. 15 participants with controlled type II diabetes without peripheral neuropathy (CT2DM) and 18 non-diabetic subjects control (CG) were recruited. Both groups had an age average of roughly 56 years old. The CT2DM subjects had an average A1c level of 6.7+/-0.5%. Body composition, cardiovascular, and balance data were collected, analyzed, and compared among groups. Minimal alterations in balance components, body composition and cardiovascular factors were identified in the CT2DM group aside from higher SBP values and decreased BBS scores contrasted to the CG group. We can attribute the analogous outcomes in both groups to CT2DM participants managing their diabetes effectively. Our examination has prompted us to establish that the cardiovascular and balance components in middle-aged Latinx-Hispanic participants with CT2DM are proportionate to CG subjects because of effectiveness in dealing with diabetes. Further, we encourage establishing more age appropriate and complex assessment tools to identify early adaptations caused by diabetes.
Firearms and Violence Under Jim Crow

We assess firearm access in the U.S. South by measuring the fraction of suicides committed with firearms. Black residents of the Jim Crow South were disarmed, before re-arming themselves during the Civil-Rights Era. We find that lynchings decrease with greater Black firearm access. During the Civil-Rights Movement, both the relative Black homicide and Black ``accidental death by firearm'' rates decrease with Black firearm access, indicating frequent misclassification of homicides as accidents. In the contemporary era, greater firearm access correlates with higher Black death rates. We find that firearms offered an effective means of Black self-defense in the Jim Crow South.
Autonomy, enactivism, and psychopathy

Most philosophical discussions of psychopathy have centered around its significance in relation to empathy, moral cognition, or moral responsibility. However, related questions about the extent to ...
Literacy in American Lives

This book traces the changing conditions of literacy learning over the past century as they were felt in the lives of Americans born between 1895 and 1985. The book demonstrates what sharply rising standards for literacy have meant to successive generations of Americans and how they have responded to rapid changes in the meaning and methods of literacy learning in their society. Drawing on more than 80 life histories of Americans from all walks of life, the book addresses critical questions facing public education at the twenty-first century: What role does economic change play in creating inequality in access and reward for literacy? What is the human impact of the economy's growing reliance on the literacy skills of workers? This book gets beyond the usual laments about the crisis in literacy to offer an often surprising look into the ways that literacy is lived in America.
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Cognitive behavioral theory has grown to be a major theoretical orientation within social work, encompassing our understanding of human behavior across the environment as well as having considerable applications to social work practice. This chapter provides an overview of the conceptual principles of learning theory and cognition that form the foundations of the cognitive behavioral approach, as well as a review of how these principle help social workers understand the etiology of psychosocial problems, and also develop empirically supported approaches to practice. A brief review of some common criticisms of cognitive behavioral theory is discussed. Keywords: cognitive theory; learning theory; mental science; meta-cognition; cognitive behavioral theory; CBT
Selenium metabolism: V. Studies on the distribution of selenium in rats given arsenic

Abstract Arsenic markedly increased the excretion of selenium into the gastrointestinal tract when both arsenite and selenite were injected at subacute dosages, and there were roughly corresponding decreases in the amounts of selenium retained in the liver. The ability of arsenic to promote the elimination of selenium into the gut was observed in many experiments in which such variables as dosage, the form of arsenic, and the time interval between the injections were investigated. Arsenic usually decreased the amount of selenium in the carcass, blood, and expired air, but under certain conditions appropriate forms of arsenic caused slight increases in the excretion of selenium in the urine or the expired air. Selenite stimulated the gastrointestinal excretion of arsenic in experiments similar to those in which arsenic stimulated the gastrointestinal excretion of selenium.
STEP regulation of seizure thresholds in the hippocampus

SUMMARY Purpose: To investigate whether striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) influences ictogenesis. Methods: STEP knockout mice were compared to wildtype (WT) mice in pilocarpine-induced seizures. Hippocampal slices were also prepared from these two mouse populations, allowing the examination of ictal-like stimulation in these slices using calcium imaging and electrophysiologic recordings. Key Findings: To examine seizure thresholds, increasing doses of pilocarpine were administered to adult mice and seizures were scored behaviorally. Significantly fewer STEP knockout mice developed seizures that progressed to the stage of status epilepticus compared to WT mice. To examine potential differences in neural circuits that might account for this finding, seizure-like activity was induced in hippocampal slices. Electrical stimulation of the hippocampal‐entorhinal cortex pathway in STEP knockout mice resulted in less activation of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer (GCL), but greater activation of the hilus in STEP knockouts, compared with heterozygous slices. Significance: STEP deficiency is associated with higher seizure thresholds. The locus of these effects appears to include the dentate gyrus granule cell layer and hilus.
THE EFFECTS OF PROPAGATION ON VLBI OBSERVATIONS

The purpose of this chapter is to give the reader a basic understanding of how the media between the interferometer and the distant radio source influence the observations. The discussion is divided into two parts, one of which treats the effects of the homogeneous or quasi-static media, and the other the effects of the turbulent or variable component of the media. Among the homogeneous media, the primary concern is with the troposphere and ionosphere, and the fundamental issue discussed is how to model the excess propagation delay. For the turbulent media, the fundamental questions addressed are how tropospheric turbulence limits the coherent integration time and how the turbulence of the interstellar medium broadens the source image. More extensive discussion of most of these topics can be found in Thompson, Moran, and Swenson (1986; hereinafter, TMS).
Significance of Quantitative Salivary Cultures for Group A and Non-group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci in Patients with Pharyngitis and in Their Family Contacts

One hundred ninety-six individuals, 86 with clinically overt pharyngotonsillitis and 110 of their clinically negative contacts were studied to evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of quantitative saliva cultures for group A β-hemolytic streptococci. We also compared this technique with semiquantitative throat cultures as a means of isolating group A streptococci and of differentiating the streptococcal carrier state from patients with bona fide streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection as defmed by the presence of an antibody response. The data indicate that the throat culture is a more reliable means of identifying group A β-hemolytic streptococci in the upper respiratory tract than is the saliva culture. The converse is true for non-group A β-hemolytic streptococci; the saliva culture is a much better means for isolating these organisms. In individuals positive by both techniques we found good correlation between the degree of positivity of the saliva culture and the degree of positivity of the throat culture. Furthermore, while there was a definite trend for individuals with strongly positive cultures to demonstrate more often an antibody rise in either antistreptolysin O and/or antideoxynibonuclease B—indicating bona fide infection—this relationship was not sufficiently constant to provide a clear differentiation. This study also indicates that discordance (one positive, one negative) of simultaneous duplicate semiquantitative throat cultures is much more common among individuals who do not show an antibody response ("carriers") than among those with an antibody response (bona fide infection). This study confirms our previous observations suggesting that the presence of C-reactive protein in the serum of patients with a positive culture for group A streptococci and clinical signs and symptoms of pharyngitis is often an indication of true streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection, and that even with a positive saliva culture at the initial visit, a negative C-reactive protein is only infrequently (25%) associated with an antibody response.
Magnetic Fields and Star Formation

Theory pioneered by Mestel, and now quite well established by later theory and observation, has led to a picture of magnetically mediated star formation but left us with difficult problems: understanding the origin and maintenance of the turbulence that supports dense clouds, and understanding the topology of the magnetic fields in clouds. This paper deals with some recent approaches to these two problems.
Search for new high temperature thermoelectric materials

Although important efforts are actually devoted to improve Si-Ge materials, their thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency remains relatively low and the nondimensional ZT value does not exceed 1. Higher values can be obtained by investigating new materials. A search for new high temperature thermoelectric materials identified a certain number of compounds between transition metals and bismuth, antimony and germanium as potential candidates. Results of the preliminary synthesis of samples by a variety of techniques (Bridgman, mechanical alloying) are presented as well as some electrical measurements. Some compounds showed interesting properties and need to be investigated in more details.
Magnetism and superconductivity in the system Ce 1 − x La x Rh 3 B 2

The compound ${\mathrm{CeRh}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ is magnetically ordered with a low saturation moment of \ensuremath{\sim}0.4 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per formula unit and an unusually large Curie temperature of 115 K while isostructural ${\mathrm{LaRh}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ is superconducting with a transition temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}2.3 K. Magnetic and superconducting studies on the series of compounds ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{La}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Rh}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ reveal that the magnetic state persists for 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.8. The magnetic moment per Ce ion goes through a maximum and the Curie temperature decreases as La is substituted for Ce. On the La-rich side, superconductivity is destroyed even with 1% replacement of La by Ce, indicating a strong coupling of Ce 4f moments with conduction-electron spins. The temperature dependence of the upper critical field of ${\mathrm{LaRh}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ has been measured and is discussed in terms of Werthammer-Helfand-Hohenberg theory.
Hydrogen control in the handling, shipping, and storage of wet radioactive waste

To ensure that flammable gas mixtures will not exist in canisters planned for the transport of TMI-2 core debris, Rockwell Hanford Operations conducted a demonstration test program to determine which catalysts and bed configurations would be acceptable and near optimum under wet conditions. These studies demonstrated the simplicity and effectiveness of catalytic recombination of hydrogen and oxygen, even under very wet conditions. The stoichiometric reaction of these gases in the container atmosphere maintains the minimum constituent (either hydrogen or oxygen) below 1%, and ensures that flammable mixtures (>4.1% H/sub 2/ and 5.0% O/sub 2/) will not be attained. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Inspection and Enforcement (I and E) has established requirements for the shipment of waste materials subject to hydrogen gas generation. This I and E notice establishes a safe-shipping time period that is twice the expected shipping and handling period to ensure safety during shipment. Hydrogen and oxygen concentrations ''must be determined by tests and measurement or by analysis of a representative package.'' The concentration of hydrogen gas must be limited to 5% by volume or the concentration of oxygen gas must be limited to 5% by volume. This document is intended to convey the pertinentmore » information concerning the handling and shipping of wet radioactive wastes which resulted from the TMI-2 experience. It provides engineering tools, procedures, and precautions that are intended to ensure the safe handling, shipping and storage of wet radioactive wastes. A step-wise procedure is presented that permits the individual investigator to evaluate the potential for flammable gas generation, and to minimize potential hazards, with the intent of meeting the referenced NRC requirements. 21 refs., 10 figs., 6 tabs.« less
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Swimming Pool Bactericides

Abstract Techniques for culturing, harvesting, and testing bacteria to evaluate bactericidal chemicals for swimming pools are described. Concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg of the chlorine stabilizer cyanuric acid per liter increased the time required for a 99% kill of Streptococcus faecalis by 0.5 mg of chlorine per liter at pH 7.4 and 20 C from less than 0.25 min without cyanuric acid to 4, 6, and 12 min, respectively. The effect of concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the range found in swimming pools on the rate of kill of 0.5 mg of chlorine per liter and of chlorine plus cyanuric acid was tested. At concentrations of ammonia nitrogen greater than 0.05 mg per liter, faster rates of kill of S. faecalis were obtained with 100 mg of cyanuric acid per liter plus 0.5 mg of chlorine per liter than with 0.5 mg of chlorine per liter alone. When water samples from four swimming pools with low ammonia levels were used as test media, 0.5 mg of added chlorine per liter killed 99.9% of the added S. faecalis in less than 2 min, but water from a pool with a large number of children required 60 to 180 min of treatment.
Presidents and Space Policy

There are more factors, such as partisanship, changing ideology, and pork-barrel politics,84 which have played a role in the failure of Presidents to establish a long-term space exploration program and the corresponding space policy. These other factors are addressed elsewhere in this book primarily in the next chapter on Congress and Space Policy. The five factors discussed in this chapter-level of presidential interest, limits to presidential interest, lack of a coherent vision, shift from primary to ancillary policy, and the decline of the power Presidency-track the shift away from a conception of the Presidency as powerful and towards one as rhetorical or persuasive.
Excitation of normal modes by atmospheric turbulence: source of long-period seismic noise

Summary Turbulent atmosphere can exert force on the solid Earth by the Reynolds stress, which can in principle generate motions of the solid Earth. Using a stochastic formulation and the Kolmogorov picture of isotropic turbulence, an expression for normal-mode excitation by atmospheric turbulence is derived. The final analytical formula for average acceleration contains the average convective velocity of atmosphere as the only practical parameter in the theory. Comparison with IDA gravimeter data shows that long-period noise below 3 mHz, which is ubiquitous in all good signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) records, can be explained by an average atmospheric convective velocity of 6.5 m s− 1. While this is somewhat larger than the value expected for a simplified atmospheric model (4 m s− 1), its proximity in value as well as its frequency dependence strongly support the view that the cause of long-period noise is atmospheric turbulence.
Postoperative circadian rhythms and cortisol stress response to two types of cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND Although endocrine stress responses of coronary artery bypass patients have been reported, similar studies have not been conducted in patients undergoing implantation of an automatic cardioverter/defibrillator device. OBJECTIVES To compare patterns and magnitudes of intra- and postoperative cortisol stress responses in patients undergoing two types of surgery; rate at which postoperative cortisol levels return to presurgical levels; and whether stressors associated with these two procedures affect postoperative circadian rhythms of cortisol, heart rate, and body temperature. METHODS A time-series, small-group design was used to investigate 16 coronary artery bypass graft and 9 automatic cardioverter defibrillator patients. For the cortisol stress study, blood samples were obtained pre-, intra-, and postoperatively until day 6. For the circadian rhythm aspect, cortisol circadian rhythm aspect, cortisol levels, heart rate, and oral temperatures were measured every 2 hours for 24 hours beginning on postoperative day 1. RESULTS Plasma cortisol levels increased significantly toward the latter part of surgery. Generally, no significant group differences were found in cortisol magnitude during and after surgery. Postoperative cortisol levels were significantly elevated from preoperative levels for both groups; however, the automatic cardioverter defibrillator group's cortisol levels declined at a slower rate. The stressors associated with these surgeries were sufficient to disrupt or abolish circadian rhythms for the measured variables. CONCLUSIONS The elevated postoperative cortisol levels and altered circadian rhythms may contribute to increased vulnerability by dampening patients' anti-inflammatory and immunologic responses and adversely affecting their sense of well-being. The clinical significance of these findings is yet to be determined; more research is warranted.
The World of Japanese Ladies' Comics: From Romantic Fantasy to Lustful Perversion

La bande dessinee pour femmes - Rediisu Komikku (ou Redi Komi) - fut etablie en tant que genre des manga japonais pour les femmes adultes a partir des annees 1980. L'A. a examine cent quatre-vingt-quatre Redi Komi publies en une douzaine de volumes en 2000. A partir d'une analyse de contenu, il tente de mettre a jour ce que ces histoires communiquent au lecteur. Les themes des Redi Komi incluent l'amour, le choix du conjoint, le mariage, la famille et la vie quotidienne de la femme, qu'elle soit celibataire, femme de carriere ou femme au foyer. Du point de vue de la nudite, violence et sexualite, les Redi Komi peuvent etre classes en fonction des differents indicateurs existants. Comme les bandes dessinees pour hommes, les Redi Komi peuvent etre classes dans les categories suivantes : 1. recits dramatiques ; 2. romance/fantaisie ; 3. pornographie, ou recits sexuellement explicites pour adultes. Selon l'A., l'âge principal de lecture de ces bandes dessinees - entre quinze et quarante-cinq ans - correspond a la periode de procreation de la femme et au cycle sociologique de decroissance de la satisfaction maritale. Par ailleurs, en raison de l'aspect pratique de certains Redi Komi, ceux-ci contribuent a la socialisation des jeunes femmes.
Interferometric reconstruction of phase objects using diffuse ‘coding’ and two holograms

Abstract In contrast with previously described multiply-exposed single holograms, used for interferometry according to a principle first described by Gabor, Stroke, Restrick, Funkhouser and Brumm, interferometric image ‘coding’ and ‘decoding’ may be accomplished in diffuse light with two separately recorded holograms.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Its Association With Indwelling Balloon-Tipped Pulmonary Artery Catheters

• The placement of flow-directed pulmonary artery catheters has become a routine procedure in hospitals throughout the country. There have been scattered reports of complications associated with their placement, but in general, if it is done under proper conditions, it is associated with low morbidity and mortality. Recently, there have been questions raised regarding the thrombogenicity of these catheters. We report three cases of superior vena cava syndrome associated with the use of indwelling pulmonary artery catheters that we have encountered and a review of experience of others. ( Arch Intern Med 1984;144:506-508)
Retailers' major ethical decision making constructs

Abstract The major constructs of the Ferrell and Gresham [Ferrell OC, Gresham L. A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision-Making in Marketing. J Mark 1985; (Summer): 87–96.], Hunt and Vitell [Hunt SD, Vitell S. A General Theory of Marketing Ethics. J Macromark 1986; 6 (Spring): 5–16.], and Ferrell et al. [Ferrell OC, Gresham L, Fraedrich JP. A Synthesis of Ethical Decision Models for Marketing. J Macromark 1989; 9(2) (Fall): 55–64.] models were tested using LISREL. Our findings suggest that Friends, Superiors, Business Associates, and Formalization of the Organization are more significant than Moral Philosophy. A new construct Ethicalness, comprised of individual, organizational, and societal value structures yielded a tight multi-dimensional fit that supports Kerlinger's domain theory and is dissimilar to Reidenbach and Robin's (1991) multi-dimensional scale. This research is one of the first to test as many ethical decision making constructs while explaining the multi-dimensional conundrum of ethical/unethical and legal/illegal practices within retailing.
A versatile surface Raman spectroelectrochemical flow cell: applications to chemisorbate kinetics

Abstract A versatile spectroelectrochemical flow cell is described, with the objective of probing adsorption–desorption and other adsorbate rate processes triggered by alterations in the solute composition, as monitored by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The device offers flexibility in electrode replacement and pretreatment, and provides rapid (ca 1 s) changes in the solution composition in contact with the surface, enabling adsorbate rate processes down to this timescale to be accessed by means of temporal SERS sequences. Some illustrative applications are briefly outlined, exploiting the now-established broad-based applicability of SERS to transition-metal films as well as coinage-metal surfaces. These include non-reactive adsorbate substitution processes, and the use of isotopic substitution to explore dissociative adsorption triggered by reactive versus non-reactive desorption, specifically regarding the catalytic role of chemisorbed CO in formic acid electrooxidation on rhodium.
Effect of chitosan-based edible coating on antioxidants, antioxidant enzyme system, and postharvest fruit quality of strawberries (Fragaria x aranassa Duch.)

The severity of decay in strawberries stored at either 5 °C or 10 °C was significantly reduced and the shelf-life was extended by immersing fruits in chitosan solutions of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/100 mL for 5 min at 20 °C as compared to the control. Strawberries treated with chitosan also maintained better fruit quality with higher levels of phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids (ellagic acid, ellagic acid glucoside, p-coumaroyl glucose, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucuronide, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside-succinate, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside-succinate), antioxidant enzyme activity [catalase (CAT), glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-POD), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR)], and oxygen radical absorbance capacity for peroxyl radicals (ROO), hydroxyl radical radicals (OH; HOSC) and 2,2-Di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) than the untreated fruits. Chitosan treatments retarded the decrease of ascorbic acid (ASA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and β-1,3-glucanase activities compared to control. The high contents of antioxidants, antioxidant activity, ASA and GSH and high activity of β-1,3-glucanase in the treated strawberries reinforced the microbial defense mechanism of the fruit and accentuated the resistance against fungal invasion. Therefore, the application of chitosan coating could be favorable in extending shelf-life, maintaining quality and controlling decay of strawberries.
Modeling of cutting forces in near dry machining under tool wear effect

Abstract A predictive model for the cutting forces in near dry machining, in which only a small amount of cutting fluid is used, is developed based on considerations of both the lubricating effect and the cooling effect. For the lubricating effect, with the material properties, lubricating parameters, and cutting conditions, the friction coefficient in near dry machining is calculated based on the boundary lubrication model for use in a modified Oxley's approach to determine the cutting forces. For the cooling effect in near dry machining, a moving heat source method is pursued to quantify the primary-zone shear deformation heating, the secondary-zone friction heating, and flank face air–oil mixture cooling. These two effects are considered collectively to estimate cutting forces under the condition of sharp tools. The predicted variables of flow stress, contact length, and shear angle obtained from the model are used to predict the cutting forces due to the tool flank wear effect based on Waldorf's model. Comparisons are made between predicted and experimental cutting forces for sharp tools and worn tools in the cutting of AISI 1045 with uncoated carbide tools. The results show that the proposed model provides average prediction errors of 14% in the tangential cutting force direction, 21% in the axial directions, and 30% in the radial directions within the experimental test condition range (cutting speeds of 45.75–137.25 m/min, feeds 0.0508–0.1016 mm/rev, and depth of cuts 0.508–1.016 mm). It is also found that the cutting forces in near dry machining are generally lower than those under dry machining condition. Under cutting speeds of 91.5 and 137.25 m/min, the deviations of the predicted forces between near dry machining and dry machining range from 5% to 39% for axial cutting forces, 3% to 36% for radial cutting forces, and 1% to 32% for tangential cutting forces. It suggests that the lubricating mechanism has a stronger effect on cutting forces than the cooling mechanism when cutting AISI 1045 with uncoated carbide tools.
Mechanisms of disease: the role of heat-shock protein 90 in genitourinary malignancy.

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays a major role in many cancers, including tumors of the prostate and kidney. Its function in cell regulation makes it a potential target for treatments against cancer. This Review provides insights into the role of HSP90 in urologic cancers and discusses the data from clinical trials examining the use of HSP90 inhibitors in the treatment of patients with urologic cancers. Insight into the molecular biology of cancer has allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target specific oncogenic pathways. Molecular therapeutic strategies are now part of the armamentarium available against urologic malignancy. Among the many targets of interest in urologic cancer, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) shows great promise. This molecule has a major role in prostate as well as in renal malignancy. In contrast to other targets, where cancer might escape inhibition via alternative pathways, HSP90 operates at multiple checkpoints in a cancer cell. Its inhibition could, therefore, prove more difficult for neoplastic cells to overcome. Inhibitors of HSP90, such as geldanamycin and its derivatives (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, known as 17AAG and 17DMAG, respectively) are available and have shown activity both in vivo and in vitro. 17AAG is currently being tested for efficacy in humans after having completed phase I trials, while 17DMAG is still in phase I evaluation. Phase II trials of HSP90 inhibitors in urologic malignancy are being conducted in kidney and advanced prostate cancer. Beyond monotherapy, HSP90 inhibitors might also prove to be beneficial in combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents in advanced disease. Studies being conducted in prostate cancer will hopefully help to define this potential application better.
Synthesis of an affinity chromatography column designed for recovery of labile proteins.

Summary An affinity chromatography column has been synthesized in which llα-hydroxyprogesterone hemisuccinate is covalently bound to the stationary matrix through a disulfide linkage. This column was designed to explore the feasibility of recovering proteins which are not stable under conventional recovery conditions and which are stabilized by β-mercaptoethanol. 20β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.53) was adsorbed on a column of llα-hydroxyprogesterone ll-hemisuccinyl-bis-β-aminoethyl disulfideagarose in the presence of NAD+. After washing the column free of non-specific protein, the enzyme was recovered simply by inclusion of β-mercaptoethanol in the buffer.
A theoretical and experimental study of microshield circuits

The novel type of monolithic planar transmission line presently studied theoretically and experimentally operates without via-holes or ground-equalizing air bridges; it also radiates less than conventional coplanar waveguides and furnishes a wide range of impedances in virtue of its many design parameters. The space-domain integral equation method is used to analyze several discontinuities of the proposed line. It is shown that the proposed line discontinuities radiate less than the corresponding coplanar waveguide cases.
The probabilistic import of illatives

It is not only overtly probabilistic illatives like ‘makes it certain that’ but also apparently non-probabilistic ones like ‘therefore’ that have probabilistic import. Illatives like ‘therefore’ convey the meaning that the premise confers on the conclusion a probability not only greater than 0 but also greater than 1/2. But because they do not say whether that probability is equal to or less than 1, these illatives are appropriately called ‘neutral’.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of cytochrome c2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Abstract Cytochrome c 2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides , which serves as the secondary donor in bacterial photosynthesis, has been crystallized from ammonium sulfate solutions at pH 7.0 by vapor diffusion. The crystals are well formed with clearly discernable facets. Their space group is P 6 5 22 (or its enantiomorph P 6 1 22) with unit cell dimensions a = b = 64.5 A and c = 163.0 A , and two proteins per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to at least 2.7 A and are stable during X-ray exposure for several days.
Mapping the distribution of outer hair cell voltage-dependent conductances by electrical amputation

The mammalian outer hair cell (OHC) functions not only as sensory receptor, but also as mechanical effector; this unique union is believed to enhance our ability to discriminate among acoustic frequencies, especially in the kilohertz range. An electrical technique designed to isolate restricted portions of the plasma membrane was used to map the distribution of voltage-dependent conductances along the cylindrical extent of the cell. We show that three voltage-dependent currents, outward K, I(K,n), and I(Ca) are localized to the basal, synaptic pole of the OHC. Previously we showed that the lateral membrane of the OHC harbors a dense population of voltage sensor-motor elements responsible for OHC motility. This segregation of membrane molecules may have important implications for auditory function. The distribution of OHC conductances will influence the cable properties of the cell, thereby potentially controlling the voltage magnitudes experienced by the motility voltage sensors in the lateral membrane, and thus the output of the "cochlear amplifier."
Anesthesia for Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology

This review outlines the roles of anesthesiologists in the management of patients undergoing invasive endovascular procedures to treat vascular diseases, primarily of the central nervous system. This practice usually is termed interventional neuroradiology or endovascular neurosurgery. The discussion emphasizes perioperative and anesthetic management strategies to prevent complications and minimize their effects if they occur. Planning anesthetic and perioperative management is predicated on understanding the goals of the therapeutic intervention and anticipating potential problems.
Impact of proline and aspartic acid residues on the dissociation of intermolecularly crosslinked peptides.

The dissociation of intermolecularly crosslinked peptides was evaluated for a series of peptides with proline or aspartic acid residues positioned adjacent to the crosslinking sites (lysine residues). The peptides were crosslinked with either disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) or disuccinimidyl L-tartrate (DST), and the influence of proline and aspartic acid residues on the fragmentation patterns were investigated for precursor ions with and without a mobile proton. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) spectra of aspartic acid-containing crosslinked peptide ions, doubly-charged with both protons sequestered, were dominated by cleavage C-terminal to the Asp residue, similar to that of unmodified peptides. The proline-containing crosslinked peptides exhibited a high degree of internal ion formation, with the resulting product ions having an N-terminal proline residue. Upon dissociation of the doubly-charged crosslinked peptides, twenty to fifty percent of the fragment ion abundance was accounted for by multiple cleavage products. Crosslinked peptides possessing a mobile proton yielded almost a full series of b- and y-type fragment ions, with only proline-directed fragments still observed at high abundances. Interestingly, the crosslinked peptides exhibited a tendency to dissociate at the amide bond C-terminal to the crosslinked lysine residue, relative to the N-terminal side. One could envision updating computer algorithms to include these crosslinker specific product ions—particularly for precursor ions with localized protons—that provide complementary and confirmatory information, to offer more confident identification of both the crosslinked peptides and the location of the crosslink, as well as affording predictive guidelines for interpretation of the product-ion spectra of crosslinked peptides.
The Pitfalls of Realist Analysis of Global Capitalism: A Critique of Ellen Meiksins Wood's Empire of Capital

The dynamics of the emerging transnational stage in world capitalism cannot be understood through the blinkers of nation-state-centric thinking. In her study Empire of Capital, Ellen Meiksins Wood exhibits the reification and outdated nation-state-centric thinking that plagues much recent work on world capitalism and US intervention, expressed in the confusing notion of a 'new imperialism'. The overarching problems in Wood's study – and, by extension, in much of the 'new-imperialism' literature – is a reified notion of imperialism, a refusal to draw out the analytical, theoretical, methodological, and epistemological implications of capitalist globalisation, and an incessant reification of the state. Instead of a 'new US empire', the current epoch is best understood as a new transnational phase in the ongoing evolution of world capitalism, characterised in particular by the rise of truly transnational capital, globalised circuits of accumulation, and transnational state apparatuses. 'US imperialism' refers to the use by tansnational elites of the US state apparatus to continue to attempt to expand, defend and stabilise the global capitalist system. US militarisation and intervention are best understood as a response to the intractable contradictions of global capitalism.
The Role of Consequences in validity Theory

How do individuals make sense of and use the products and practices of testing in their everyday lives? What is the responsibility of the educational measurement community to take these issues into consideration in assessing what it is that we do?
Psychiatric diagnostic predispositions to alcoholism

Abstract Various authors have described pre-alcoholic psychopathology in female problem drinkers; 1 however, actual studies of rigorously defined antecedent and concurrent psychiatric disorders have been few. More recently, several authors have reported that both affective disorder and antisocial personality are quite prevalent as primary diagnoses in hospitalized alcoholic women, 2,3,4 but the risk of subsequent alcoholism in women with these and other psychiatric syndromes needs to be clarified. In this study we investigate the prevalence of alcoholism in three populations of women with serious psychopathology. The first is a sample of psychiatrically hospitalized women with a history of depression at some time in their lives (hospitalized sample); second is a felon sample of women on probation and parole (felon sample); and third is a sample of female narcotics addicts admitted to the United States Public Health Service facility at Lexington, Kentucky for detoxification and treatment (Lexington sample). Our data set is unique in that despite being collected at different times and at different locations, uniform diagnostic criteria and uniform interview schedules were employed. 5,6
Monte Carlo modeling of transport in PbSe nanocrystal films

A Monte Carlo hopping model was developed to simulate electron and hole transport in nanocrystalline PbSe films. Transport is carried out as a series of thermally activated hopping events between neighboring sites on a cubic lattice. Each site, representing an individual nanocrystal, is assigned a size-dependent electronic structure, and the effects of particle size, charging, interparticle coupling, and energetic disorder on electron and hole mobilities were investigated. Results of simulated field-effect measurements confirm that electron mobilities and conductivities at constant carrier densities increase with particle diameter by an order of magnitude up to 5 nm and begin to decrease above 6 nm. We find that as particle size increases, fewer hops are required to traverse the same distance and that site energy disorder significantly inhibits transport in films composed of smaller nanoparticles. The dip in mobilities and conductivities at larger particle sizes can be explained by a decrease in tunneling amplitudes and by charging penalties that are incurred more frequently when carriers are confined to fewer, larger nanoparticles. Using a nearly identical set of parameter values as the electron simulations, hole mobility simulations confirm measurements that increase monotonically with particle size over two orders of magnitude.
CodeOn: Cooperative Popular Content Distribution for Vehicular Networks using Symbol Level Network Coding

Driven by both safety concerns and commercial interests, one of the key services offered by vehicular networks is popular content distribution (PCD). The fundamental challenges to achieve high speed content downloading come from the highly dynamic topology of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and the lossy nature of the vehicular wireless communications. In this paper, we introduce CodeOn, a novel push-based PCD scheme where contents are actively broadcasted to vehicles from road side access points and further distributed among vehicles using a cooperative VANET. In CodeOn, we employ a recent technique, symbol level network coding (SLNC) to combat the lossy wireless transmissions. Through exploiting symbol level diversity, SLNC is robust to transmission errors and encourages more aggressive concurrent transmissions. In order to fully enjoy the benefits of SLNC, we propose a suite of techniques to maximize the downloading rate, including a prioritized and localized relay selection mechanism where the selection criteria is based on the usefulness of vehicles' possessed contents, and a lightweight medium access protocol that naturally exploits the abundant concurrent transmission opportunities. We also propose additional mechanisms to reduce the protocol overhead without sacrificing the performance. Extensive simulation results show that, under a wide range of scenarios, CodeOn significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art PCD scheme based on network coding.
Controlled contusion injury alters molecular systems associated with cognitive performance.

We investigated whether a learning impairment after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury was associated with alterations in molecules involved in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Adult male rats with moderate CCI to the left parietal cortex, tested in a Morris water maze (MWM) beginning at postinjury day 10, showed impaired cognitive performance compared with sham-treated rats. Tissue was extracted for mRNA analysis on postinjury day 21. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synapsin I, cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB), and calcium-calmodulin–dependent protein kinase II (α-CAMKII) were all significantly decreased compared with sham injury levels within the ipsilateral hippocampus after CCI. No significant molecular level changes were found in the contralateral hippocampus. Decreased expression of BDNF and synapsin I was also found within the ipsilateral parietal cortex of CCI-injured rats compared with shams. However, BDNF and synapsin I expressions were significantly increased in the contralateral parietal cortex of the CCI rats. CREB expression was significantly decreased within the contralateral cortex of the CCI group. These findings show enduring reductions in the expression of BDNF, synapsin I, CREB, and α-CAMKII ipsilateral to a CCI injury, which seem associated with the spatial learning deficits observed in this injury model. In addition, the delayed increase in the expression of BDNF and synapsin I within the cortex contralateral to CCI may reflect restorative processes in areas homotypical to the injury.
Selection Indices for Milk and Fat Yield of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle

Summary Estimates of heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations for milk and fat yield and fat per cent were obtained from the single lactation records of 20,024 daughterdam pairs of the Holstein-Friesian breed. The estimates of these parameters were used to construct selection indices for milk and fat yield. The results indicated that a selection index for milk yield alone would be expected to be the most effective in improving milk and fat yield of dairy cattle.
A renormalization-group study of an Ising spin-glass with annealed vacancies

Abstract Systems driven and characterized by fluctuations in density and magnetization can be realistically modeled using the Blume–Emery–Griffiths model; a spin-1 Ising model with bilinear, biquadratic, and crystal-field interactions. In this study, renormalization-group techniques are used on an exactly solvable system in which frustration is present due to competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions. Thus, this calculation models a spin-glass system with annealed vacancies. To determine the effects of these competing bilinear interactions, an exactly solvable frustrated hierarchical model has been constructed, similar to those introduced to study spin glasses [S.R. McKay, A.N. Berker, S. Kirkpatrick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982) 767]. Phase diagrams have been calculated for a series of planes of constant biquadratic coupling while varying the temperature and concentration of annealed vacancies in the system. In addition, a phase diagram was produced for constant concentration of annealed vacancies as the biquadratic coupling (i.e. clustering bias) was varied. Each phase diagram reveals three qualitatively unique basins of attraction, each corresponding to a phase distinguished by a unique renormalization-group trajectory. The sink of each trajectory is interpreted to determine the nature of each phase: dense paramagnetic, dilute paramagnetic and spin-glass.
Polyimides : Versatile specialty polymers.

Polyimide specialty polymers are finding growing usage in applications such as high temperature, thermally stable insulators and dielectrics, coatings, adhesives, and high performance composites. To add to this already rich field of polyimide functions, we wish to review recent research from our laboratory which features the photoconductive and electrochemical behavior of polyimides, areas which have not as yet been widely explored. The first area of research, which illustrates polyimides as electrochemically active materials, is the recent work of S. Mazur and S. Reich. It deals with the specially controlled deposition of very thin silver layers, or certain other metal layers, into a polyimide film prepared from 4,4′-oxydianiline and pyromellitic dianhydride. This is achieved by coating the polyimide film, ~10μm thick, onto a cathode. The cathode is placed in an electrolyte solution containing silver ion. A potential is applied between the solution and the cathode, resulting in the diffusion of silver ions towards the cathode. At steady state, when the flux of electrons (moving away from the cathode) equals that of the silver ions, a well defined, particulate, dense silver layer, ~0.1μm thick, is deposited within the polyimide film. It is shown that the position and thickness of the metal layer as well as its geometrical shape can be controlled very precisely. The second area of research, photoconductivity in polyimides, is the work of S. C. Freilich. It is found that addition of electron donors, such as dimethylaniline, to Kapton® polyimide film results in an enhancement of the photocurrent generated by as much as five orders of magnitude when compared to the undoped polymer. The mechanism of the enhancement is shown to be the result of radiation absorption by a charge transfer complex formed between the added electron donor and the imide portion of the polymer backbone. Excitation is followed by rapid and complete electron transfer from the donor to pyromellitimide to yield the radical anion of the polymer and the radical cation of the donor. These ion pairs are demonstrated to be the carriers of the photocurrent. They also undergo rapid back electron transfer, and the geminate recombination process is consistent with an Onsager model analysis.