cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovations in health psychology: The psychosocial care of adults with implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Professional psychologists often work collaboratively with physicians on the comanagement of psychological distress and cardiac disease. This article reviews the biopsychosocial assessment and treatment of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. The ICD automatically delivers lifesaving electrical shocks to prevent sudden cardiac death, the leading cause of death in the United States. Recent clinical trial data indicate increasing future use. The overall benefit of the ICD, however, may be diminished by the significant psychological distress of receiving a shock. Psychological theories such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive appraisal theories provide significant guidance to the prescribed psychological care of ICD patients. ICD-specific education, ICD-specific behavioral therapy, and traditional clinical strategies are recommended to deliver tailored care to ICD patients and their families.
Predictive Vs. Measured Energy Expenditure in Critically Ill, Obese Patients

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the accuracy of predictive formulae compared to indirect calorimetry for determining energy requirements in critically ill, obese patients. Energy requirements are difficult to predict in critically ill, obese patients due to an increased resting energy expenditure compared to lean counterparts also compounded by the stressors of illness. The accuracy of predictive formulae is crucial as determination of energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry is not always possible. A retrospective review of patients receiving parenteral or enteral nutrition during 1993–1995 identified 57 obese patients [25 ventilator dependent (V), 32 spontaneous breathing (S)] with body mass index 30-50kg/m2. To evaluate the accuracy of predictive formulae compared to measured resting energy expenditure (MREE) by Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor the limits of agreement analysis was used to determine the bias (the mean difference between measured and predicted values) and the precision (the standard deviation of the bias). Predictive accuracy of formulae within ±10% MREE were also determined . The predictive formulae examined were: the Harris-Benedict equations (HBE) using actual weight, without a stress factor and with a stress factor of 1.3; HBE using the average of actual and ideal weights, without a stress factor and with a stress factor of 1.3; the Ireton-Jones equations for obesity and hospitalized patients (S,V); and the ratio of 21kcal / kg. The adjusted average weight Harris-Benedict equations were optimal for predicting MREE for the combined S and V set (bias = 182±123; 67% ±10% MREE), as well as the S subset (bias = 159±112; 69% ±10% MREE). Accurate prediction of MREE required adjustment of the average weight HBE with a stress factor of 1.3. The mean MREE was 21kcal / kg. The absolute value is recommended for use in limits of agreement analysis. Predictive formulae were least accurate for the V subset, therefore indirect calorimetry measurement is recommended for obese, ventilator dependent patients.
Vectors, Matrices, Linear Transformations

Vectors in two dimensions have already been studied in Volume I, Chapter 4. Geometric concepts in higher dimensions make the use of vectors even more essential. Vectors serve to express many complicated equations concisely in a manner clearly exhibiting those features that do not depend on a particular choice of coordinate systems.
"Doctoral Research in Cambridge (1922- 1987)" , Archaeological Review from Cambridge, edited by Sarah Taylor, Occasional Paper I, Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Spring 1989

The Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University (England), has done a great service to scholars interested in the history of archaeology by issuing Occasional Paper 1 under its umbrella publication the Archaeological Review from Cambridge. This compact volume contains a number of short articles by some of the leading archaeological figures at Cambridge on doctoral work and the intellectual climates in which students did their from work from 1922-1984. Articles in the volume include the introduction to the volume by SJ. Taylor, "Early Days in the Development of Postgraduate Research in Prehistorical Archaeology at Cambridge:" and by J.G.D. Clark; "Postgraduate Research in Prehistorical Archaeology at Cambridge 1950- 1970," by C.F.W. Higham; "Advice and Consent: Archaeological Research at Cambridge in the 1970s and 1980s, " by Ian Hodder; "The Development of African Archaeology in Cambridge," by J. Alexander; and "Cambridge Archaeology Before the Tripos: The Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology" by D.W. Phillipson. In addition the volume contains a listing of the graduate students at the doctoral level and their dissertation titles from 1922-1987.
Functional evolution of the vertebrate Myb gene family: B-Myb, but neither A-Myb nor c-Myb, complements Drosophila Myb in hemocytes.

The duplication of genes and genomes is believed to be a major force in the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. However, different models have been presented about how duplicated genes are preserved from elimination by purifying selection. Preservation of one of the gene copies due to rare mutational events that result in a new gene function (neofunctionalization) necessitates that the other gene copy retain its ancestral function. Alternatively, preservation of both gene copies due to rapid divergence of coding and noncoding regions such that neither retains the complete function of the ancestral gene (subfunctionalization) may result in a requirement for both gene copies for organismal survival. The duplication and divergence of the tandemly arrayed homeotic clusters have been studied in considerable detail and have provided evidence in support of the subfunctionalization model. However, the vast majority of duplicated genes are not clustered tandemly, but instead are dispersed in syntenic regions on different chromosomes, most likely as a result of genome-wide duplications and rearrangements. The Myb oncogene family provides an interesting opportunity to study a dispersed multigene family because invertebrates possess a single Myb gene, whereas all vertebrate genomes examined thus far contain three different Myb genes (A-Myb, B-Myb, and c-Myb). A-Myb and c-Myb appear to have arisen by a second round of gene duplication, which was preceded by the acquisition of a transcriptional activation domain in the ancestral A-Myb/c-Myb gene generated from the initial duplication of an ancestral B-Myb-like gene. B-Myb appears to be essential in all dividing cells, whereas A-Myb and c-Myb display tissue-specific requirements during spermatogenesis and hematopoiesis, respectively. We now report that the absence of Drosophila Myb (Dm-Myb) causes a failure of larval hemocyte proliferation and lymph gland development, while Dm-Myb−/− hemocytes from mosaic larvae reveal a phagocytosis defect. In addition, we show that vertebrate B-Myb, but neither vertebrate A-Myb nor c-Myb, can complement these hemocyte proliferation defects in Drosophila. Indeed, vertebrate A-Myb and c-Myb cause lethality in the presence or absence of endogenous Dm-Myb. These results are consistent with a neomorphic origin of an ancestral A-Myb/c-Myb gene from a duplicated B-Myb-like gene. In addition, our results suggest that B-Myb and Dm-Myb share essential conserved functions that are required for cell proliferation. Finally, these experiments demonstrate the utility of genetic complementation in Drosophila to explore the functional evolution of duplicated genes in vertebrates.
Multiple scattering by large particles.

Multiple scattering by large particles - Neumann solution applied to scalar transfer equation in homogeneous layer of optical thickness
Eosinophil Survival and Apoptosis in Health and Disease

Eosinophilia is common feature of many disorders, including allergic diseases. There are many factors that influence the production, migration, survival and death of the eosinophil. Apoptosis is the most common form of physiological cell death and a necessary process to maintain but limit cell numbers in humans and other species. It has been directly demonstrated that eosinophil apoptosis is delayed in allergic inflammatory sites, and that this mechanism contributes to the expansion of eosinophil numbers within tissues. Among the proteins known to influence hematopoiesis and survival, expression of the cytokine interleukin-5 appears to be uniquely important and specific for eosinophils. In contrast, eosinophil death can result from withdrawal of survival factors, but also by activation of pro-apoptotic pathways via death factors. Recent observations suggest a role for cell surface death receptors and mitochondria in facilitating eosinophil apoptosis, although the mechanisms that trigger each of these death pathways remain incompletely delineated. Ultimately, the control of eosinophil apoptosis may someday become another therapeutic strategy for treating allergic diseases and other eosinophil-associated disorders.
Successful repair of myocardial free wall rupture after thrombolytic therapy for acute infarction

Abstract Background . Controversy exists regarding the timing of thrombolytic administration and rupture rate. Methods . Hospital records at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital of the 4 study patients were reviewed and compared with those of 41 patients from a group of 537 patients concurrently admitted with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Results . Four patients experienced ventricular free wall rupture after having a MI between November 17, 1993, and July 28, 1995. All received tissue plasminogen activator. In 1 patient, pericardial effusion associated with a pseudoaneurysm was discovered in the operating room. The 3 others developed clinical pericardial tamponade before surgery. All 4 patients survived and left the hospital on postoperative days 10, 11, 11, and 82, respectively. During this same time period, 537 patients were admitted with MI, 41 of whom died; the study's 4 patients were compared with these 41. Conclusions . These data demonstrate that rupture of the ventricular free wall can occur early after thrombolytic therapy and may have a subacute course. Prompt diagnosis and surgery offer excellent chances of surviving this fatal condition.
A Network Mechanism for the Determination of Shape-From-Texture

We propose a computational model for how the cortex discriminates shape and depth from texture. The model consists of four stages: (1) extraction of local spatial frequency, (2) frequency characterization, (3) detection of texture compression by normalization, and (4) integration of the normalized frequency over space. The model accounts for a number of psychophysical observations including experiments based on novel random textures. These textures are generated from white noise and manipulated in Fourier domain in order to produce specific frequency spectra. Simulations with a range of stimuli, including real images, show qualitative and quantitative agreement with human perception.
Effects of Data Rate on Real-Time UAV Coordinated Tracking Methods

Slow and variable data rates have a considerable efiect on the ability of UAVs to coordinate their motion. This report compares the efiect of data rate on two difierent methodologies for tracking a moving target with multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) where relative position coordination of UAVs is enforced. Simulation results are shown using hardware quality ∞ight simulators.
Sensitivity based structured singular value approach to stability robustness of power systems

This paper presents a framework for robust stability assessment in multimachine power systems using first and second order sensitivities of the elements of the system A-matrix with respect to variations of a specified uncertain parameter. Variations in the mechanical power of critical generators are modeled and then incorporated into a framework amenable for robust stability analysis. The proposed model is then incorporated into a previously developed structured singular value (SSV) based framework in order to determine the stability of power systems for given variations in the operating conditions caused by the parameter uncertainty. Simulation results on the IEEE 50 generator system have shown that the proposed method significantly reduces computational complexity and at the same time preserves the accuracy in predicting stability robustness.
Origin and orogenic role of the Chain Lakes massif, Maine and Quebec

The Chain Lakes massif has long been an enigmatic component of the Appalachian orogen, but new structural, microstructural, and geochronological information provides the basis for the following new interpretation of the massif and its history. In the early Paleozoic, sediments and volcanic rocks from Laurentia or a Laurentian-derived microcontinent were deposited in a fore-arc basin on the western margin of the Iapetus ocean. Following intrusion of arc-related magmas, the sedimentary-volcanic sequence was heated sufficiently to melt in place, resulting in stratigraphic disaggregation and diatexite formation. We dated monazite growth from this metamorphic event at 469 ± 4 Ma. Although some melt may have left the system, much remained, including water dissolved in the melt. Upon crystallization, this water drove thorough retrogression of the massif, causing pervasive pseudomorphism of porphyroblasts. With cooling and crystallization, the Chain Lakes massif became sufficiently rigid that it was not significantly deformed during the Middle Ordovician through Devonian stages of Appalachian orogenesis involving the arrival of several peri-Gondwanan microcontinents. Resume : Le massif de Chain Lakes a longtemps constitue un element enigmatique de l'orogenese des Appalaches. Or de recentes donnees structurales, microstructurales et geochronologiques permettent d'avancer une nouvelle interpretation du massif et de son histoire. Au debut de Paleozoique, des sediments et des roches volcaniques provenant du continent laurentien ou d'un microcontinent derive de Laurentia se sont deposes dans un bassin avant-arc sur la rive occidentale de l'ocean Iapetus. Par suite de l'intrusion de magmas relies aux arcs, la sequence volcano-sedimentaire fut chauffee au point de se fusionner sur place, ce qui entraina une desagregation stratigraphique et la formation de diatexite. On a attribue a la croissance de la monazite issue de cet evenement metamorphique un âge de 469 ± 4 Ma. Quoiqu'une portion de la matiere en fusion se soit echappee du systeme, la plus grande partie y est demeuree, a laquelle par ailleurs etait incorporee de l'eau. Au moment de la cristallisation, cette eau provoqua la retrogression complete du massif, suscitant ainsi une intense pseudomorphose des porphyroblastes. Le refroidissement et la cristallisation aidant, le massif de Chain Lakes devint suffisamment rigide pour ne pas subir de deformation significative au cours des phases orogeniques des Appalaches comprises entre le milieu de l'Ordovicien et le Devonien qui ont agglomere a plusieurs microcontinents du peri-Gondwana.
Parallel matrix factorization for recommender systems

Matrix factorization, when the matrix has missing values, has become one of the leading techniques for recommender systems. To handle web-scale datasets with millions of users and billions of ratings, scalability becomes an important issue. Alternating least squares (ALS) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) are two popular approaches to compute matrix factorization, and there has been a recent flurry of activity to parallelize these algorithms. However, due to the cubic time complexity in the target rank, ALS is not scalable to large-scale datasets. On the other hand, SGD conducts efficient updates but usually suffers from slow convergence that is sensitive to the parameters. Coordinate descent, a classical optimization approach, has been used for many other large-scale problems, but its application to matrix factorization for recommender systems has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we show that coordinate descent-based methods have a more efficient update rule compared to ALS and have faster and more stable convergence than SGD. We study different update sequences and propose the CCD++ algorithm, which updates rank-one factors one by one. In addition, CCD++ can be easily parallelized on both multi-core and distributed systems. We empirically show that CCD++ is much faster than ALS and SGD in both settings. As an example, with a synthetic dataset containing 14.6 billion ratings, on a distributed memory cluster with 64 processors, to deliver the desired test RMSE, CCD++ is 49 times faster than SGD and 20 times faster than ALS. When the number of processors is increased to 256, CCD++ takes only 16 s and is still 40 times faster than SGD and 20 times faster than ALS.
Multiple Oral Re-reading treatment for alexia: The parts may be greater than the whole

This study examines the reasons for the success of Multiple Oral Re-reading (MOR; Moyer, 1979), a non-invasive, easily administered alexia treatment that has been reported in the literature and is currently in clinical use. The treatment consists of reading text passages aloud multiple times a day. Findings that MOR improves reading speed on practised as well as novel text have been inconsistent, making MOR's role in the rehabilitation of alexia unclear. We hypothesised that MOR's treatment mechanism works through repetition of high frequency words (i.e., bottom-up processing). We designed and controlled our text passages to test the hypothesis that participants would not improve on all novel text but would improve on text that includes a critical mass of the words contained in the passages they were re-reading. We further hypothesised that the improvement would be at the level of their specific alexic deficit. We tested four participants with phonological alexia and two with pure alexia during 8 weeks of MOR treatment. Contrary to the conclusions of previous studies, our results indicate that improvements in top-down processing cannot explain generalisation in MOR and that much of the improvement in reading is through repetition of the practised words. However, most patients also showed improvement when specific phrases were re-used in novel passages, indicating that practice of difficult words in context may be crucial to reading improvement.
3D MORPHOMETRIC CHANGES 1 YEAR AFTER JAW SURGERY

This paper presents image processing methods for the computation of morphometric changes associated with jaw surgery, precisely locating jaw displacements and quantitatively describing the vectors of displacement. The proposed methods rely on a rigid, normalized mutual-information approach to register one image to another on anatomic structures unaltered by surgery in order to evaluate within-subject changes. After registration, the location and magnitude of changes over time are assessed via graphical overlays and calculation of the Euclidean distances between the surfaces. The resulting 3D graphical display of the magnitude of displacements between two segmentations is color-coded. The direction of displacement is shown by the mean vectors of displacement, within lines that graph connecting points of equal values. (NIDCR DE017727-02 and DE005215-26).
Generalized phase stability in multipacting

Analysis of known experimental data for the boundaries of the multipactor discharge in a flat gap shows that these data cannot be explained in the frames of a simple two-point theory. More complicated theories include repeating impacts of the electrons on the same surface before they hit the opposite one. Here an approach is proposed that can illustrate many of these theories: a phase map connecting the start and arrival phases of the electrons coming to the same or opposite plate. This illustrative technique leads to a concept of a generalized phase stability. Introduction of the generalized condition of stability helps to understand the expanding of multipacting zones beyond the limits predicted by the simple stability condition. The phase diagrams illustrate the phase motion when the simple condition of stability is applicable or not applicable.
Renal Diseases Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Clinical Course, and Management

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and other glomerular lesions (e.g., immunoglobulin A nephropathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis) are frequent complications of HIV infection. These renal diseases usually present as a nephrotic syndrome with progressive loss of renal function and an increased risk of mortality. The prevalence and epidemiology of these renal lesions remain largely undefined; however, most studies agree that black race is a major risk factor for HIVAN. Observational studies have suggested that antiretroviral medications and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have beneficial effects on slowing the progression of renal disease among patients with HIVAN; however, little is known about the effect of these therapies on other renal lesions. Future research should focus on gaining a better understanding of the distribution and determinants of renal disease among HIV-infected patients as well as on performing controlled studies to test treatment strategies.
Current- and voltage-clamped studies on Myxicola giant axons. Effect of tetrodotoxin.

A new dissection procedure for preparing Myxicola giant axons for observation under voltage clamp is described. Preparation time is generally 40–45 min. 65–70% of the preparations attempted may be brought through the entire procedure, including insertion of the long internal electrode, and support an initial action potential amplitude of 100 mv or greater. Mean values for axon diameter, resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, maximum peak inward transient current, and resting membrane resistance are 560 µ, —66.5 mv, 112 mv, 0.87 ma/cm2 and 1.22 KΩ cm 2 respectively. Cut branches do not seem to be a problem in this preparation. Behavior under voltage clamp is reasonably stable over several hours. Reductions in maximum inward transient current of 10% and in steady-state current of 5–10% are expected in the absence of any particular treatment. Tetrodotoxin blocks the action potential and both the inward and outward transient current, but has no effect on either the resting membrane potential or the steady-state current. This selective action of tetrodotoxin on the transient current is taken as an indication that this current component is probably carried by Na.
Continuously tunable, single-longitudinal-mode, pulsed mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate

We present theoretical predictions and experimental results of a mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on periodically poled lithium niobate. An air-space intracavity etalon causes our OPO to oscillate on a single longitudinal mode. Continuous frequency tuning of this mode is achieved by simultaneous adjustment of the etalon mirror spacing and the OPO resonator length with piezoelectric translators. We achieved 10 cm-1 of continuous frequency tuning and more than 10 cm-1 of mode-hop tuning. The OPO is pumped with 200 µJ/pulse by a seeded, 1-kHz, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and provides as much as 10 µJ of energy in both the idler near the 3-µm wavelength and in the signal near the 1.6-µm wavelength. We obtained a resolution of 0.01 cm-1 with the idler when measuring the spectrum of the Q branch of the methane C–H stretch under Doppler-limited conditions.
Meta-analysis and the Culture-free Hypothesis

This paper employs meta-analysis to evaluate the relationships between size and three dimensions of organizational structure. The purpose was to synthesize and integrate existing knowledge pertaining to the 'culture-free' hypothesis by analyzing the results of 27 previously published studies, which provided a total sample of 1066 organizations from 11 different countries. The results show that size is significantly related to both specialization and formalization, but that the relationship between size and centraliza tion is not significantly different from zero. The effects of type of organization and type of country upon these relationships were inconsequential. The findings imply that the development of a general theory of organizational structure need not be hampered by current preoccupations with minor differences across studies.
Mandatory Disclosure of the Engagement Partner's Identity: Potential Benefits and Unintended Consequences

SYNOPSIS: This paper contributes to the deliberations on the potential consequences of requiring disclosure of the engagement partner's identity in the audit report. The PCAOB has recently suggested that this requirement will lead to enhanced audit quality due to increased engagement partner accountability and improved transparency of the audit process. The goal of our commentary is to examine this issue by considering factors that potentially affect audit quality in appearance and audit quality in fact, and applying insights from three distinct academic frameworks: source credibility, accountability, and the theory of affordances. While prior evidence from source credibility research implies that a mandatory signature will likely increase audit quality in appearance, its impact on audit quality in fact remains unclear. Academic literature suggests that increased accountability will increase audit effort but is silent on the associated increase in audit effectiveness. As a result, mandatory disclosure is...
Abstract 10844: Pitavastatin Reduces Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaques in Hyperlipidemic Mice with Chronic Renal Disease

Background: Chronic renal disease (CRD) accelerates atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification. Statins lower LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with CRD, however, the benefits of statins on cardiovascular disease in CRD remain unclear. We therefore investigated the effects of pitavastatin treatment on arterial inflammation and calcification in atherogenic mice with CRD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. Methods: High-cholesterol-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice at 21 weeks of age were randomized to control mice (n=10) and CRD mice treated or untreated with pitavastatin (n=20 each). Pitavastatin (0.01% wt/wt) was administered as a food admixture for 10 weeks after surgery. Development of luminal stenosis in innominate artery was monitored by ultrasonography before nephrectomy and at the end of the study. Tissue harvesting for ex vivo near infrared (NIR) molecular imaging and histological analyses was performed at 32 weeks. Results: CRD mice had significantly higher levels of plasma phosphate (P Conclusions: This study provides in vivo evidence that pitavastatin reduces stenosis and inflammation within atherosclerotic lesions in CRD through the mechanisms independent of its lipid lowering effects.
U.S. and International Activities for Near-Zero Emissions during Electricity Generation

Clean coal technologies (CCTs) have become increasingly more important to many countries of the world because of concerns regarding future energy supplies, energy price volatility, and environmental effects. Many countries are working toward a long-term effort to achieve energy security/stability. To do this, a balanced and diversified portfolio of energy resources is required, which includes fossil, nuclear, and renewable energy sources. Clean coal is recognized as a crucial element in an overall energy policy for many countries. Coal is a popular fuel choice because worldwide reserves to last two to three centuries are available, it is widely dispersed throughout the world, and it is among the most economical of energy resources. However, coal is among the most environmentally problematic of all energy resources, and much effort has gone into addressing this. Over the last more than three decades, the US Department of Energy (DOE) has spearheaded the development of CCTs, with many countries working on it as well. This chapter discusses United States and international programs that address technologies for reducing emissions to near-zero levels when utilizing coal in electricity generation plants.
Structure-Property Relations in Amorphous and Crystallizable ABA Triblock Copolymers

Abstract The properties of the thermoplastic elastomers derived from ABA triblock copolymers depend largely on the nature of the A blocks, which form rigid, thermoplastic domains holding the elastic network together. These domains may be either amorphous or crystalline in nature, the former resulting from an inherent incompatibility between the A and B blocks, while the latter form by normal crystallization processes. It can be demonstrated convincingly that the formation of the amorphous (glassy) domains is enhanced by a higher degree of incompatibility between the A and B blocks and that the strength of the material depends on the degree of phase separation and on the integrity of the amorphous domains. However, the viscosity increases with increasing incompatibility between the two phases, presumably because the two-phase morphology persists even in the melt. On the other hand, the presence of crystallizable A blocks, which do not phase separate in the melt, leads to good flow properties. However, the ...
Best Practices for Launching a Flipped Classroom

Popularity is growing for flipped classroom instruction, which replaces lectures with out-of-class delivery of streaming video, reading materials, online chats, and other modalities. Face-to-face class time is spent on instructor-student and student-student interaction, including small group problem solving and discussion. Classroom flipping has its advocates and critics. Because of the theoretical and applied aspects of business and professional communication instruction, courses in the discipline seem ideally suited to flipped instruction. This research reports on perceptions from instructors who have employed the instructional model, summarizes the insights gained, identifies best practices, and makes recommendations for future research and application.
Blankophor BBH as an Enhancer of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Arborist Treatments Against the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Doses of a commercial candidate formulation of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) were applied with and without several concentrations of an enhancing adjuvant, Blankophor BBH., to individual trees against natural gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations. Amounts of Blankophor BBH adhering to foliage after application were measured at 1,322, 227, and 37 µg/g dry weight of leaf for the 0.5, 0.1, and 0.02% treatments, respectively. The highest dose of the candidate formulation used without the adjuvant failed to increase significantly 1st-generation after-treatment LdMNPV mortality (direct infection caused by feeding on applied virus) above background levels, to reduce late season (instars 5 and 6) larval populations in treated trees or to provide significant foliage protection. However, Blankophor BBH added to the tank mix at concentrations of 0.5 or 0.1% (wt: vol) resulted in significantly increased levels of 1st-generation after-treatment LdMNPV, significantly reduced late-season larval populations, and significant levels of foliage protection, compared with untreated control trees. The resulting recommended tank mix (0.1% Blankophor BBH and 2X 1010 PIBs per 75 liters final spray solution per tree) should give excellent foliage protection against gypsy moth at a cost of about $3 per tree.
Development of a Spacesuit Helmet Mounted Display Testbed System

The next generation spacesuit, currently under development by NASA, is anticipated to incorporate Helmet or Head Mounted Display (HMD) technologies in order to make the crew more autonomous through a robust informatics system. In anticipation of this, NASA and Honeywell produced an HMD testbed system that provides the capability to explore display designs and operational concepts in analogous field environments. The system was designed as an extension of an established spacesuit informatics system that included a variety of data including procedures, photo, video, and navigational parameters. Using a Near To Eye (NTE) optical solution, the device was housed in a military style dust goggle. The system also implemented a spacesuit glove compatible user interface device and intuitive user interface on a fanless, small form factor, low power PC. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the various parts of this system, describe the software architecture, and describe its initial testing that was conducted prior to delivery. Challenges for integrating this technology in a spacesuit platform are also discussed.
PET Measurement of Renal Glomerular Filtration Rate: Is There a Role in Nuclear Medicine?

1495 Objectives The site of metastasis, which occurs through compatibilities between cancer cell and distant organ, is highly relevant to the clinical course and outcome of patients. Identification of primary tumor-specific features that affect metastatic pattern may improve our understanding of the mechanisms for cancer dissemination. We thus investigated how primary breast cancer FDG avidity and hormone receptor status influence the site of metastasis. Methods Subjects were 264 patients with advanced breast cancer who underwent FDG PET/CT at diagnosis and had metastatic disease at presentation (n = 193) or had metastatic relapse during follow-up after curative resection (n = 71). Distant metastatic sites included lung, liver, brain, bone, lymph node (L/N) and pleura or peritoneum. Primary tumors were categorized as FDG avid if SUVmax exceeded 10.0. Tumors with estrogen and progesterone receptor expression were categorized as hormone positive. Results In patients with metastasis at presentation, the bone was the most common site of first metastasis (63.7%) followed by lung (30.1%) and liver (25.4%). In this group, patients with FDG-avid primary tumor had significantly greater frequency of lung metastasis (37.8% vs. 22.1%; P = 0.018), while those with hormone positive primary tumor had significantly greater frequency of metastasis to the bone (68.7% vs. 53.9%; P = 0.036) and less to LNs (13.0% vs. 26.9%; P = 0.015). In patients with metastatic relapse, the bone, lung, and LN were the site of first metastasis in similar frequencies (35 to 38%). In this group, patients with FDG-avid primary tumor had significantly greater frequency of metastasis to the lung (48.4% vs. 25.0%; P = 0.041) and liver (29.0% vs. 5.0%; P = 0.008), while those with hormone positive primary tumor had significantly greater frequency of bone metastasis (55.6% vs.27.3%; P = 0.017). Furthermore, in patients with metastasis at presentation, lung metastasis was substantially increased when primary tumors were FDG avid and hormone receptor-negative (57.9%) compared to the remaining subjects (26.9%). Conclusions Primary tumor FDG avidity, as well as hormone status, significantly influences the site of breast cancer metastasis. This may represent greater aggressiveness of breast cancer cells with heightened glycolytic activity that are more apt for survival in more harsh conditions such as the lung and liver, compared to the bone.
Medical therapy of steroid-resistant Crohn's disease.

Glucocorticosteroids are commonly used in the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn’s disease and are effective for the short term amelioration of symptoms. However, not all patients respond to corticosteroid therapy. Approximately 20% of patients fail to respond to initial treatment with steroids, while 36% of patients may be considered steroid dependent. Sharp distinctions between steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant populations are difficult to draw because steroid responsiveness is often dose dependent. Clearer distinctions may be drawn between those who fail to respond to initial treatment with corticosteroids and those who have secondary failure later in the course of their disease on repeated treatment. Effective therapies for steroid-resistant Crohn’s disease include azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cyclosporine and infliximab. Limited data are available on the use of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and thalidomide. Steroid-resistant Crohn’s disease, while involving a small minority of patients, continues to present a difficult therapeutic challenge.
Histopathologic Diagnosis of Atypical Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphoma following Enucleation.

Introduction: Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare but potentially fatal malignancy. The diagnosis of PVRL remains challenging. Here, we present a case of PVRL with a diagnostic enucleation required to establish the diagnosis. Methods/Case Description: A 58-year-old otherwise healthy woman was referred for evaluation of panuveitis with persistent blurred vision in the left eye. Extensive laboratory work-up was negative. On initial evaluation, the patient had visual acuity of no light perception in the left eye. Examination of the left eye revealed diffuse neovascularization of the iris, moderate vitreous debris and no view of the posterior pole. A B-scan ultrasound showed a retinal detachment and extensive subretinal fluid. Enucleation was performed. Results: On gross examination, a white mass was noted under the RPE. Histologic examination showed a mass of large CD20+ lymphocytes under the RPE. Discussion: The histopathologic findings confirmed a diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma (PVRL). Conclusion: PVRL may masquerade as uveitis, thus leading to a delay in diagnosis and management. A diagnostic enucleation may be useful in blind painful eyes of unknown etiology.
Capital, Technology and the United States in an ‘Open Market’ Regime

United States domestic reforms have had anticipated and unanticipated implications for the international political economy. For example, the AT&T settlement was largely driven by the desire to create a more competitive US telecommunications market that, in turn, theoretically would reduce equipment and services costs for domestic (primarily business) customers. With the formation of the RBOCs and the ongoing liberalization of the American equipment market, the standardisation of hardware and software that had been imposed by AT&T’s market dominance was replaced by a state of technological fragmentation. This, and the relative low cost and high quality of equipment produced overseas, generated a sharp rise in foreign imports. Moreover, the opening up of this market compelled the increased involvement of government agencies into communication policy, including more participation by officials from the Department of Justice, federal courts and by state government regulators.
Why Has Iran Been Revolutionary? II: Multi-Urbanism in Iran’s Revolts and Rebellions

Among the several factors that account for the frequency of revolt and revolution in modern Iran as compared with most other countries, an important one that has not been discussed is the involvement of several cities in every major revolt during the period of Western impact. Beginning with the Babi risings of 1848 Iran saw several national risings of different dimensions, all of which lasted for months or years largely because they were not limited to a single city and hence could not be easily suppressed. Two such risings, the so-called constitutional revolution of 1905–11 and the “Islamic revolution” of 1978–79 were major popular movements that changed the form of government and lasted over a year. Two other movements, the Tobacco Protest movement of 1891–92 and the oil nationalization movement of 1951–53, similarly involved large masses of people in several cities and resulted in at least temporary victories — in both cases chiefly against British companies but having wider implications.
Algorithm for Imaging the Hip in Adolescents and Young Adults

The imager's role in diagnosing prearthritic hip syndromes has increased significantly in the past 10 years. As surgical and nonsurgical treatment algorithms for mechanical syndromes including femoroacetabular impingement and acetabular dysplasia have evolved, clinicians have grown increasingly dependent on radiography, MR imaging, MR arthrography, and even computed tomography to confirm diagnoses and support the need for potential intervention. Musculoskeletal radiologists should help referrers navigate available imaging options and protocols, while using both clinical information and imaging findings to arrive at a diagnosis that adds value to the treatment plan.
Relationship of body size and mortality among US Asians and Pacific Islanders on dialysis.

Objectives The influence of body size on dialysis-related mortality among Asians and Pacific Islanders--heterogeneous ethnic groups with dissimilar body compositions--is poorly understood. Our study objective was to compare the relations of body size and mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease of different ethnicities. Design, setting, and participants We examined data from a cohort of 21,492 adult Asians, Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Whites who initiated dialysis during 1995-2003 within California, Hawaii and the US Pacific Islands. Main outcome measure Time to death through September 22, 2008. Results Among both men and women, Pacific Islanders were the heaviest and Whites the tallest of the ethnic groups examined. Annual mortality rates were highest among Whites (29.6%), intermediate among Pacific Islanders (18.8%) and lowest among Asians (17.3%). Larger body size was associated with lower mortality among Pacific Islanders, Whites and most Asians on dialysis after adjustment for patient-level sociodemographic and clinical factors, area-based socioeconomic status and geographic clustering. Filipinos were the exception to this rule and showed a trend towards higher mortality with increasing body size. These findings were consistent irrespective of how body size was measured. Conclusions Larger body size is associated with lower mortality among Pacific Islanders, Whites and most Asians on dialysis. Use of disaggregated ethnicity data may enhance our understanding of how ethnicity- or community-specific factors influence body size, body composition and dialysis-related outcomes in these diverse populations.
Education and disability trends of older Americans, 2000–2014

Background Trends in disability among older Americans has declined since the 1980s. The study examines whether the trend continues to decline and whether educational disparities exist in the prevalence of functional limitations. Methods I used the 2000-2014 National Health Interview Survey and included adults aged ≥65 years. Functional limitations was measured by three outcomes: the need for help with activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and physical function limitations. I used a set of logistic models to estimate the average annual change rate of functional limitations. I examined whether the annual rate of change differed by education, age group and sex. Results During 2000-2014, the annual increase rate of ADL limitations was 1.7% (P < 0.001) and was 2.0% (P < 0.001) for physical function limitations; IADL limitation did not change significantly. All subgroups experienced an increase in ADL and physical function limitations except for adults with a more than high school education. The lower-educated group had a higher proportion and a higher annual rate of increase in all outcomes. Increasing trends in chronic conditions may contribute to the increasing trend in functional limitations. Conclusions The study highlighted a large educational disparity in late-life disability among older Americans.
Mathematical model of shaping of a ultrathin SiO/sub 2/ layer at a high-temperature oxidation of silicon

On the grounds of beliefs about polymeric structure of a ultrathin silicon dioxide layer obtained by a rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) in a temperature range 950-115/spl deg/C, the model of structure of a boundary layer in a system Si/SiO/sub 2/ is offered. The semiquantitative analysis of a spatial distribution of polymetric compounds of different length in a boundary layer is carried out. The outcomes of model operation indirectly prove to be true by known experimental datas.
NADPH oxidase-2 mediates zinc deficiency-induced oxidative stress and kidney damage

Zn2+ deficiency (ZnD) is comorbid with chronic kidney disease and worsens kidney complications. Oxidative stress is implicated in the detrimental effects of ZnD. However, the sources of oxidative s...
The U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Trade Agreement in the Globalization of Imperfect and Dynamic Competition

This chapter analyzes the intense national rivalry between the United States and Japan in the semiconductor industry. It views this national rivalry -- which has existed despite the industry’s globalization and the increasing importance of U.S.Japan interfirm strategic alliances -- in the context of imperfect and dynamic competition among private firms that either seek government intervention to their advantage or confront such intervention to their disadvantage. It focuses on the recent acrimonious controversy surrounding the dumping of Japanese memory chips in the United States and the restricted access of U.S. chip firms to the Japanese market.
Nutraceuticals in American Horseracing: Removing the Substantive Blinkers from National Racing Legislation

American horseracing is governed by thirty-eight independent state racing jurisdictions. The lack of one coordinated rulebook has been especially problematic with respect to controlled substances. Industry leaders and legal scholars ubiquitously decry American racing’s “drug addiction.” The Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act and Thoroughbred Horseracing Integrity Act of 2015 respond to this charge by purporting to regulate drugs and medication under federal auspices. This Note contends, however, that the bills’ blinkered focus on drugs problematically ignores nutraceuticals: a class of pharmaceutical-food supplements that poses a greater existential threat to horseracing. In a 1996 Federal Register notice, the FDA announced that the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which created the first regulatory guidelines for human supplements, did not apply to animals. Although supplements that are incorporated into animal feeds must be “generally recognized as safe,” there is presently no regulatory oversight of the synthesized herbs, powders, and tablets that comprise the market for animal nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals are pervasive in horseracing. While some are beneficial, more often, nutraceuticals jeopardize equine safety and the sport’s integrity by producing physiological effects similar to drugs. Nutraceuticals also threaten to displace medications, like furosemide, an anti-bleeding agent, that are FDA approved. This Note proposes that national racing legislation be amended to regulate nutraceuticals according to the same testing and efficacy requirements as drugs. Doing so will mark the first attempt to regulate nutraceuticals for any animal and cast the ‘Sport of Kings’ in a rarified light: as an exemplar for animal welfare.