cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coming Full Circle: A Reciprocal-Engagement Model of Genetic Counseling Practice

As genetic health care and genetic testing expand from primarily addressing conditions that are exclusively genetic in nature to common diseases with both genetic and environmental components, the scope of genetic counseling has grown. Identification and utilization of a normative model of practice defined by members of the profession is critical as genetic services become more commonplace in medical care. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a consensus conference convened to define a model of genetic counseling practice based on the guidance of educators and leaders in the profession. Twenty-three program directors or their representatives from 20 genetic counseling graduate programs in North America listened to presentations and participated in group discussions aimed at determining the elements of a model of practice, including tenets, goals, strategies, and behaviors for addressing patients' genetic concerns. Their discussion is summarized, training implications and research recommendations are presented, and a model of practice that extends their ideas is proposed.
Ghost in the machine

Killing the Spirit. Higher Education in America. By Page Smith. Viking: 1990. Pp. 315. $19.95.
Above-GaAs-band-gap reflection modulator

Multiple triple quantum wells (TQWs) are used in the active region of an AlGaAs p-i-n diode for a reflection modulator operating above the GaAs band gap. Photocurrent spectra of the TQW-based diode show sharp absorption features that retain their spectral character with reverse bias and show large Stark shifts--comparable to those obtained from alternative active-layer designs. Some performance characteristics of an 810-nm reflection modulator using the TQW active-layer design are presented. We also describe time-resolved pump/probe measurements made on a series of TQW-based p-i-n diodes with differing p-layer conductivity and contrast results with the predictions of a simplified model of the carrier dynamics.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The proposed DESDynI array-fed reflector feed

This paper describes the feed antenna for a proposed NASA Earth orbiting radar sensor currently in formulation at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The proposed array-fed reflector antenna architecture would enable large physical aperture imaging from space at relatively low cost and high technology readiness. Design, construction, and modeling of the feed antenna are described.
Large-scale dispersal patterns and habitat use of plains topminnow Fundulus sciadicus: implications for species conservation

Movement behaviors attributed to spawning, dispersal, or altered habitat availability are essential to the ecology of many lotic fishes and, although considerable research has described movements of sport fish, little is known about the movement patterns of nongame species. Streams and rivers, wherein plains topminnow Fundulus sciadicus are prevalent, occur in a nonequilibrium state in which habitat patches are sporadically created and lost due to hydrologic variability. This results in regular extirpation and need for recolonization of many plains fishes, including plains topminnow. Species persistence, therefore, is dependent on tolerances to fluctuating habitat conditions and life-history traits that allow dispersal over large areas. To better understand the regional distribution of plains topminnow, we monitored large-scale dispersal patterns and habitat use of two introduced populations in Nebraska. In 2011 and 2012, plains topminnow were marked using visible implanted elastomer (VIE) marks and relea...
BIOLOGICAL CLEAVAGE OF CARBON-HALOGEN BONDS. METABOLISM OF 3-BROMOPROPANOL BY PSEUDOMONAS SP.

Abstract A Pseudomonas sp. isolated from soil metabolizes 3-bromopropanol via the sequence: 3-bromopropanol to 3-bromopropionic acid to 3-hydroxypropionic acid to CO 2 . The relative speeds of each conversion are estimated from initial rates to be 1:11:1.2. The capacity of the organism to effect these transformations can be induced. The direct biological hydroxylation of 3-bromopropionic acid comprises the entire dehalogenation process and proceeds about 66 times more rapidly than normal solvolysis of the bromoacid.
Continuum Modeling of a Slewing ISAT (Innovative Space Antenna Technology)

A simple approach is presented herein for obtaining the equivalent continuum model of an ISAT (Innovative Space Antenna Technology) truss structure in order to find the free vibration solutions for different coordinates of vibration. Kinetic and potential energy expressions are written in terms of the strain components of the elements and the nodal velocities. The Lagrangian approach is employed to find the governing partial differential equations of the structure which for the bending degrees of freedom lead to an equivalent Timoshenko beam. Finally, the physical characteristics of the continuum model are written in terms of the material and geometrical properties of the truss, which provide a simple tool for comparing dynamic characteristics of lattices with different properties. The natural frequencies are found for each of the bending, longitudinal, and torsional coordinates of vibration and are compared to those of a FEM solution for the purpose of validation. The analytical model shows very high accuracy in prediction of the natural frequencies of the original truss.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Longitudinal Analysis of Regional Brain Volumes in Macaques Exposed to X-Irradiation in Early Gestation

Background Early gestation represents a period of vulnerability to environmental insult that has been associated with adult psychiatric disease. However, little is known about how prenatal perturbation translates into adult brain dysfunction. Here, we use a longitudinal study design to examine the effects of disruption of early gestational neurogenesis on brain volume in the non-human primate. Methods and Principal Findings Five Rhesus macaques were exposed to x-irradiation in early gestation (E30–E41), and four control monkeys were sham-irradiated at comparable ages. Whole brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 6 months, 12 months, and 3 and 5 years of age. Volumes of whole cerebrum, cortical gray matter, caudate, putamen, and thalamus were estimated using semi-automated segmentation methods and high dimensional brain mapping. Volume reductions spanning all ages were observed in irradiated monkeys in the putamen (15–24%, p = 0.01) and in cortical gray matter (6–15%, p = 0.01). Upon covarying for whole cerebral volume, group differences were reduced to trend levels (putamen: p = 0.07; cortical gray matter: p = 0.08). No group-by-age effects were significant. Conclusions Due to the small number of observations, the conclusions drawn from this study must be viewed as tentative. Early gestational irradiation may result in non-uniform reduction of gray matter, mainly affecting the putamen and cerebral cortex. This may be relevant to understanding how early prenatal environmental insult could lead to brain morphological differences in neurodevelopmental diseases.
The MEC-4 DEG/ENaC channel of Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor neurons transduces mechanical signals.

Transformation of mechanical energy into ionic currents is essential for touch, hearing and nociception. Although DEG/ENaC proteins are believed to form sensory mechanotransduction channels, the evidence for this role remains indirect. By recording from C. elegans touch receptor neurons in vivo, we found that external force evokes rapidly activating mechanoreceptor currents (MRCs) carried mostly by Na+ and blocked by amiloride—characteristics consistent with direct mechanical gating of a DEG/ENaC channel. Like mammalian Pacinian corpuscles, these neurons depolarized with both positive and negative changes in external force but not with sustained force. Null mutations in the DEG/ENaC gene mec-4 and in the accessory ion channel subunit genes mec-2 and mec-6 eliminated MRCs. In contrast, the genetic elimination of touch neuron–specific microtubules reduced, but did not abolish, MRCs. Our findings link the application of external force to the activation of a molecularly defined metazoan sensory transduction channel.
Preface: Soil Biophysical Contributions to Hydrological Processes in the Vadose Zone

Although significant progress has been made in our ability to characterize and quantify the soil physical environment and processes, there remains a critical gap in our understanding of interactions between the soil physical and biological realms. This was the impetus for the special symposium entitled “Soil Biophysics: A Challenging Interface” we organized for the 2005 SSSA Annual Meeting to increase awareness for the need to improve understanding of interactions between the soil physical environment, soil microorganisms, and plant roots. The symposium included research on the fate and transport of microorganisms (microbes and viruses), control and optimization of bioremediation and phytoremediation, physical controls on microbial ecology, improved descriptions of water and nutrient uptake by roots, and rhizosphere processes. This special section includes five selected articles derived from presentations at the soil biophysics symposium.
Complex reflection coefficients of p- and s-polarized light at the pseudo-Brewster angle of a dielectric-conductor interface.

The complex Fresnel reflection coefficients rp and rs of p- and s-polarized light and their ratio ρ=rp/rs at the pseudo-Brewster angle (PBA) ϕpB of a dielectric–conductor interface are evaluated for all possible values of the complex relative dielectric function e=|e|exp(−jθ)=er−jei, ei>0 that share the same ϕpB. Complex-plane trajectories of rp, rs, and ρ at the PBA are presented at discrete values of ϕpB from 5° to 85° in equal steps of 5° as θ is increased from 0° to 180°. It is shown that for ϕpB>70° (high-reflectance metals in the IR) rp at the PBA is essentially pure negative imaginary and the reflection phase shift δp=arg(rp)≈−90°. In the domain of fractional optical constants (vacuum UV or light incidence from a high-refractive-index immersion medium) 0<ϕpB<45° and rp is pure real negative (δp=π) when θ=tan−1(cos(2ϕpB)), and the corresponding locus of e in the complex plane is obtained. In the limit of ei=0, er<0 (interface between a dielectric and plasmonic medium) the total reflection phase shifts δp, δs, Δ=δp−δs=arg(ρ) are also determined as functions of ϕpB.
Mapping Transporter Conformational Dynamics using Double Electron Electron Spectroscopy (DEER)

Active transporters couple the energetically uphill transport of substrate against their concentration gradients to direct use of ATP energy or the discharge of electrochemical ion gradients. Mapping the conformational motion that transduces the energy input into the work of substrate translocation is central to understanding transport mechanism. Spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy offers a unique window into membrane protein conformational dynamics in the native-like environment of a lipid bilayer. Specifically, Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy enables long range distance measurements between two spin labels yielding a distance distribution. The amplitude of movements can be determined from changes in the average distance while the width of the distance distribution can be interpreted in terms of underlying transporter conformational equilibria. We have applied spin labeling and DEER to define the proton-activated conformational switch of the multidrug antiporter LmrP, to uncover asymmetric conformations of the ABC heterodimer BrmCD, and to test models of the Na-symporter LeuT. These examples illustrate the importance of spectroscopic approaches for bridging structure and mechanism for membrane proteins.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Cyclic AMP accumulation in the beta adrenergic mechanism of eccrine sweat secretion.

Tissue cyclic 3′5′-AMP (cAMP) concentrations were measured after stimulation of isolated monkey palm eccrine sweat glands with various stimulants of sweat secretion. The cellular cAMP levels increased curvilinearly with time of incubation to reach a steady state after 5 min of incubation with isoproterenol. Theophylline more than doubled the isoproterenol-induced cAMP accumulation, whereas theophylline alone increased the basal cAMP level to a minor extent. Phenylephrine failed to stimulate cAMP accumulation. There was no increase in the cAMP level after stimulation with methacholine. A calcium ionophore, A23187, also failed to stimulate cAMP accumulation. Since isoproterenol, theophylline (or isobutylmethylxanthine), and dibutyryl cAMP all induced eccrine sweat secretion in isolated, cannulated sweat glands to varying degrees in vitro, cAMP is probably involved in the beta adrenergic mechanism of sweat induction. The isoproterenol-induced cAMP accumulation was not inhibited by removal of Ca2+ from the incubation medium for as long as 30 min. The striking similarity between the eccrine sweat gland and the salivary glands in the roles that Ca2+ and cAMP play in stimulus secretion coupling indicates that the eccrine sweat gland will serve as another useful model system for the study of the mechanisms of exocrine secretion.
A Model for Censored Survival Data When There is an Intervening Event

A model is discussed for incorporating information from a time-dependent covariable (an intervening event) and covariables independent of time into the analysis of survival data. In the model, it is assumed that individuals are potentially subject to two paths to failure, one including the intervening event and the other not. Additional assumptions are that failure times associated with the two paths are independent and that the time to failure subsequent to the intervening event is dependent on the intervening event time. Allowing the underlying hazard rates for the model to follow a WEIBULL form, use of the model and methods for fitting and hypothesis testing are illustrated by application to a follow-up study involving industrial workers where disability retirement was the intervening event. Extensions of the model to accommodate grouped survival data are presented.
Verb use by language-impaired and normally developing children

This study examined verb use in a group of preschool-age children with language impairments and two control groups of normally developing children. The specific questions of the study involved the diversity of the language-impaired children's verb lexicons relative to their age- and language-matched counterparts, and the presence of similar frequently used, multipurpose verb forms in both samples. Analysis of transcript data revealed that while language-impaired youngsters relied on a less diverse main verb lexicon than both their age- and language-matched peers, they used a similar set of high frequency verbs.
Cyproheptadine treatment of Nelson's syndrome: restoration of plasma ACTH circadian periodicity and reversal of response to TRF.

Administration of cyproheptadine for four months to a patient with Nelson′s Syndrome was associated with evidence of skin lightening, decreased plasma ACTH concentrations, return of a normal circadian periodicity of plasma ACTH concentrations, and lack of responsiveness of plasma ACTH concentrations to TRF administration, in contrast to the response seen in the untreated state.
Classifying subgroups of patients with symptoms of acute coronary syndromes: A cluster analysis

The purpose of the study was to identify subgroups of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes based on symptom clusters. Two hundred fifty-six patients completed a symptom assessment in their hospital rooms. Latent class cluster analysis and analysis of variance were used to classify subgroups of patients according to selected clinical characteristics. Four subgroups were identified and labeled as Heavy Symptom Burden, Chest Pain Only, Sweating and Weak, and Short of Breath and Weak (model fit χ2 [130,891, n = 256] = 867.5, p = 1.00). The largest group of patients experienced classic symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath but not sweating. Younger patients were more likely to cluster in the Heavy Symptom Burden group (F = 5.08, p = .002). Interpretation of the clinical significance of these groupings requires further study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:386–397, 2010
A manipulative rich approach to first year electrical engineering education

Instruction of innovative engineering design skills has been identified as an important goal for engineering educators. Some universities choose to delay the design content of their curriculum until the senior year, when the designers can utilize the engineering concepts learned in lectures. This delay is unnecessary as the skills needed for innovative designs can be learned independently from the engineering theories being implemented. The first year curriculum at OSU introduces three design courses, each with a manipulative rich laboratory provided by the TekBots program and staffed by freshman mentors. The three initial TekBots courses explore core topics to our incoming students, which include computer architecture, analog circuits, and digital circuits. Further enhancements to the first year electrical engineering course include curriculum development, increased collaboration with other departments, and development of a high school outreach program.
Calcium-channel blockers for combined angina pectoris and systemic hypertension

Calcium-channel blockers have been successfully used in the treatment of angina of effort and systemic hypertension. Many patients present with concomitant angina pectoris and hypertension. Controlled clinical trials demonstrate that the calcium-channel blockers are safe and effective as monotherapy in the treatment of these patients, and that their use compares favorably with that of propranolol. The effectiveness of these agents in hypertension appears to be primarily due to their ability to induce systemic vasodilation. Calcium-channel blockers have several therapeutic effects in angina pectoris. Beneficial actions on the major determinants of oxygen consumption, i.e. heart rate, blood pressure and contractility, are generally seen. The potent coronary vasodilating actions of these agents allow for increased coronary blood flow. Improvements in ventricular compliance, regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardioprotection appear to be additional effects of the calcium-channel blockers; their contribution to the drugs' overall therapeutic efficacy is presently being evaluated. Calcium-channel blockers are a welcome addition to drug regimens available for the management of patients with coexisting angina pectoris and hypertension.
THE STRUCTURE, ORIGIN, ISOLATION, AND COMPOSITION OF THE TUBULAR MASTIGONEMES OF THE OCHROMONAS FLAGELLUM

The structure, assembly, and composition of the extracellular hairs (mastigonemes) of Ochromonas are detailed in this report. These mastigonemes form two lateral unbalanced rows, each row on opposite sides of the long anterior flagellum. Each mastigoneme consists of lateral filaments of two distinct sizes attached to a tubular shaft. The shaft is further differentiated into a basal region at one end and a group of from one to three terminal filaments at the free end. Mastigoneme ontogeny as revealed especially in deflagellated and regenerating cells appears to begin by assembly of the basal region and shaft within the perinuclear continuum. However, addition of lateral filaments to the shaft and extrusion of the mastigonemes to the cell surface is mediated by the Golgi complex. The ultimate distribution of mastigonemes on the flagellar surface seems to be the result of extrusion of mastigonemes near the base of the flagellum, and it is suggested that mastigonemes are then pulled up the flagellum as the axoneme elongates. Efforts to characterize mastigonemes biochemically after isolation and purification on cesium chloride (CsCl) followed by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels have demonstrated what appear to be a single major polypeptide and several differentially migrating carbohydrates. The polypeptide is not homologous with microtuble protein. The functionally anomalous role of mastigonemes in reversing flagellar thrust is discussed in relation to their distribution relative to flagellar anatomy and to the plane of flagellar undulations.
Low-Income Mothers' Patterns of Partnership Instability and Adolescents' Socioemotional Well-Being

The present study investigated the association of family structure and maternal partnership instability patterns with adolescents' behavioral and emotional well-being among urban low-income families. Analyses employed data from the Three-City Study to track maternal partnerships over the youth's life span, linking longitudinal family structure and transition patterns to adolescent well-being (N = 2305). Families were classified into nine mutually exclusive longitudinal partnership groups based on current status at wave 3 (single, married, or cohabiting) and the longevity of that status: always (since adolescent's birth with no transitions), stable (lasting two years or more, preceded by transitions), or new (transpiring in the past 2 years). Adolescents in the always married group displayed less delinquency and externalizing problems, according to both youth and mother reports, than peers in always single-parent or newly married households. In contrast, youth in always cohabiting households had higher maternal ratings of internalizing problems and youth with newly cohabiting mothers reported higher psychological distress than peers in similar stability groups with single or married mothers. Overall, several potential explanatory processes for the family structure and stability patterns surfaced: married parent families reported less economic hardship, more family routines and father involvement, and less maternal psychological distress and parenting stress than their single and cohabiting counterparts. Policy implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Two-color multiphoton ionization of xenon

Two independently tunable, linearly polarized dye lasers have been used to study multiphoton ionization of gaseous xenon. One laser is tuned near three-photon resonance with the allowed 6s[3/2]J=1° resonance, which is not observed with one laser at these pressures because of the destructive interference between the three-photon-excitation and third-harmonic-excitation pathways to the 6s[3/2]J=1° state. The second laser is tuned to resonance with higher allowed np and np′ states of xenon. The missing ionization signal is seen to be dramatically restored by the addition of the second laser beam; however, the signal again disappears as the pressure is increased. These results are discussed in relation to recent experimental and theoretical studies of cancellation effects between three-photon excitation and third-harmonic generation. Spectroscopic information obtained from tuning each dye laser, together with data on the angular distributions resulting from rotating the plane of polarization of one laser relative to that of the second laser, clearly shows that two different ionization mechanisms are operative. In addition, these experiments unambiguously illustrate the importance of dissociative ionization of quasi-dimers of xenon over a rather broad frequency range.
RcsB Contributes to the Distinct Stress Fitness among Escherichia coli O157:H7 Curli Variants of the 1993 Hamburger-Associated Outbreak Strains

Curli are adhesive fimbriae of Enterobactericaeae and are involved in surface attachment, cell aggregation, and biofilm formation. We reported previously that curli-producing (C(+)) variants of E. coli O157:H7 (EcO157) were much more acid sensitive than their corresponding curli-deficient (C(-)) variants; however, this difference was not linked to the curli fimbriae per se. Here, we investigated the underlying molecular basis of this phenotypic divergence. We identified large deletions in the rcsB gene of C(+) variants isolated from the 1993 U.S. hamburger-associated outbreak strains. rcsB encodes the response regulator of the RcsCDB two-component signal transduction system, which regulates curli biogenesis negatively but acid resistance positively. Further comparison of stress fitness revealed that C(+) variants were also significantly more sensitive to heat shock but were resistant to osmotic stress and oxidative damage, similar to C(-) variants. Transcriptomics analysis uncovered a large number of differentially expressed genes between the curli variants, characterized by enhanced expression in C(+) variants of genes related to biofilm formation, virulence, catabolic activity, and nutrient uptake but marked decreases in transcription of genes related to various types of stress resistance. Supplying C(+) variants with a functional rcsB restored resistance to heat shock and acid challenge in cells but blocked curli production, confirming that inactivation of RcsB in C(+) variants was the basis of fitness segregation within the EcO157 population. This study provides an example of how genome instability of EcO157 promotes intrapopulation diversification, generating subpopulations carrying an array of distinct phenotypes that may confer the pathogen with survival advantages in diverse environments.
Metal optics, optical antennas, and spontaneous hyper-emission

For almost 50 years, stimulated emission has been stronger and far more important than spontaneous emission. Indeed spontaneous emission has been looked down upon, as a weak effect. Now a new science of enhanced spontaneous emission is emerging, that will make spontaneous emission faster than any possible stimulated emission. This new science depends upon the use of nanoscale metallic optical elements, as antennas for spontaneous emission.
Wave propagation and site response in the Santa Clara Valley

Forty-two portable digital instruments were deployed across the Santa Clara Valley from June until early November 1998; this array recorded 14 small and moderate local events and 7 large teleseismic events. We analyze the ground motion from these events to determine station delays and relative site amplification within the Valley. P waves from an event at the southern edge of the valley are early (Δ t > -0.35 sec) at stations over an axial ridge in the basement interface in the middle of the valley, but late (Δ t < 0.20 sec) for stations over the Cupertino and Evergreen basins to either side. The S -wave delays are approximately twice as large. Teleseismic P -waves from an M = 7.0 event beneath the Bonin Islands show a similar pattern in travel-time delays. The P waves are amplified by factors of 1.5-3 for frequencies below 2 Hz at stations within either basin, compared with stations on the axial ridge. The P -wave coda appear enhanced at 2-3 sec, but coda Q estimates at frequencies from 0.2 to 1.1 Hz are not markedly different at stations over the basin compared with stations on the ridge with the possible exceptions of consistently high values over the northern end of the Evergreen Basin. We invert the S -wave spectra for site-specific attenuation and amplification from the 14 local events by assuming a common source spectra for each event, 1/ r geometrical spreading, and constraining the inversion using the 30-m velocity profile at four stations in the array. The largest amplifications occurred in the 1- to 6-Hz band at stations near the northwest edge of the Evergreen basin. While the highest amplifications occur at stations with the lowest S -wave velocities, the scatter obscures the correlation between velocity and amplification. The stations in the basins are characterized by higher attenuation than the stations on the basement ridge. Manuscript received 2 July 2001.
Gallium–boron donor–acceptor bonds

Examples of compounds with gallium–boron donor–acceptor bonds, HC[MeC(2,6-Pri2C6H3)N]2Ga→B(C6F5)33 and (η5-C5Me5)Ga→B(C6F5)34 have been prepared by treatment of the free gallanediyls with B(C6F5)3; the structures of both compounds were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Time course of left atrial mechanical recovery after linear lesions: normal sinus rhythm versus a chronic atrial fibrillation dog model.

LA Mechanical Function After Linear Lesions. Introduction: The extent of left atrial (LA) mechanical function recovery after creation of linear lesions using the loop catheter has not been determined. Methods and Results: LA mechanical function was assessed before and after linear lesions using transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in two groups: (I) normal, which consisted of eight healthy dogs in normal sinus rhythm (NSR); and (2) atrial fibrillation (AF), which consisted of nine dogs in spontaneous AF for 6 months following rapid pacing-induced AF. NSR was restored with linear lesions in all AF dogs. All animals were in NSR 5 months after linear lesions. In the normal dogs, the maximal velocity of the transmitral flow “A” wave was reduced by 42% during the first week postablation and by 24% at 5 months versus preablation. At 5 months, no differences in LA function were noted between the normal and the AF group for all measured Doppler parameters. At 5 months, the LA systolic area in AF dogs was reduced by 40% (preablation 12.9 ± 2.9 cm2, postablation 7.6 ± 1.2 cm2; P < 0.01) and in the normal dogs by 21% (preablation 10.0 ± 0.9 cm2, postablation 7.8 ± 1.2 cm2; P < 0.02), being the same in both groups within 3 months of recovery. Conclusion: The creation of linear lesions with the loop catheter does not result in LA expansion. In normal dogs, LA mechanical activity is reduced for 3 weeks postablation. The time course of LA mechanical function recovery is the same for the AF and the NSR dogs, and it is complete at 3 months postablation. At 5 months, LA systolic function parameters in both groups are reduced by 24% versus the preablation values of the normal dogs. Linear lesions result in a significant reduction in LA size.
Logic circuit testing for transient faults

Transient faults are becoming an increasingly serious concern for logic circuits. They can be caused by thermal neutrons, present at all altitudes, and by other types of ionizing radiation, especially in aerospace applications and nuclear engineering. In this paper we examine issues related to detection of transient errors. The difficulty in testing for transient errors is that they are not always present. Test vectors need to be repeated a number of times in order to detect a fault. We show how to compute a measure for the detectability of transient faults with respect to specific test vectors. This is done using a matrix-based gate-fault model known as the probabilistic transfer matrix model. Using this detectability measure we derive methods to generate multisets of tests to verify probability distributions of faults and detect abnormalities in circuit behavior. Applications of this method include detection of increased atmospheric radiation in terms of its impact on circuits, and testing for process variation that increases the susceptibility of a circuit to transient errors.
A markup over average cost pricing rule for meat and poultry in the United States

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that meat and poultry wholesalers choose their inventory levels together with wholesale price so as to maximize profit made over the sales time of their stock. The behavioral assumption predicts that markup over average cost will match the inverse of the price elasticity of the sales time of inventory. Price elasticity of inventory sales time is estimated for beef, pork and poultry accounting for the simultaneity between these pricing decisions by adopting a systems approach. The estimated range for the inverse of these elasticities includes all the markups applied over the sample range of the time series.
Taxonomy of mayapple rust: the genus Allodus resurrected.

Mayapple rust is a common, disfiguring disease that is widespread in temperate eastern North America wherever the host, Podophyllum peltatum, occurs. Puccinia podophylli, the etiological agent of this rust, has been shown to be distantly related to both Puccinia and Uromyces as exemplified by their types. A systematic study was made to determine the generic classification of P. podophylli. Phylogenetic analyses of two rDNA loci from multiple specimens support the recognition of this taxon as a separate genus of Pucciniaceae. Based on historical literature and type material, P. podophylli was found to represent the type of the forgotten genus Allodus and it is correctly named Allodus podophylli. A neotype is designated for Puccinia podophylli Schwein. (; Allodus podophylli) and a lectotype is designated for Aecidium podophylli.
Measurement of the complex refractive index of isotropic materials with Mueller matrix polarimetry

The complex refractive index of materials at infrared wavelengths is often determined when absorption measurements are made at selected wavelengths, and then the Kramers–Kronig relationship is used to calculate the real part of the index. Because many organic materials are highly absorbing in the infrared, absorption measurements require a short path length. We report on the use of an attenuated total internal reflection (TIR) method in combination with an infrared Mueller matrix spectropolarimeter to measure the Mueller matrix spectrum of samples from 3 to 14 µm. From the elements of the Mueller matrix the complex refractive index is determined for materials whose TIR interfaces are eigenstates of s and p polarization. The calculated index for water compares well with data found in the literature.
Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.

This study was undertaken to determine whether grape seed extracts (GSE) that contain powerful vasodilator phenolic compounds lower blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. The subjects were randomized into 3 groups—(a) placebo, (b) 150 mg GSE per day, and (c) 300 mg GSE per day—and treated for 4 weeks. Serum lipids and blood glucose were measured at the beginning of the study and at the end. Blood pressure was recorded using an ambulatory monitoring device at the start of the treatment period and at the end. Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowered after treatment with GSE as compared with placebo. There were no significant changes in serum lipids or blood glucose values. These findings suggest that GSE could be used as a nutraceutical in a lifestyle modification program for patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Easy does it: The role of fluency in cue weighting

We propose that people weight fluent, or easy to process, information more heavily than disfluent information when making judgments. Cue fluency was manipulated independent of objective cue validity in three studies, the findings from which support our hypothesis. In Experiment 1, participants weighted a consumer review more heavily when it was written in a clear font than in a less clear font. In Experiment 2, participants placed more weight on information when it was in focus than when it was blurry. In Experiment 3, participants placed more weight on financial information from brokerage firms with easy to pronounce names than those with hard to pronounce names. These studies demonstrate that fluency affects cue weighting independent of objective cue validity.
Update in Lung Cancer and Oncological Disorders 2010

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world, with 157,000 deaths expected in the United States in 2010 (1). Despite the large death toll, there are reasons to be cautiously optimistic for a future with fewer lung cancer deaths. First, incidence and death rates are declining in U.S. men and are plateauing in women, following trends of declining smoking prevalence rates over the past 30 years (2). Second, recent studies of lung cancer screening, staging, drug development, and molecular diagnostics have demonstrated important advances that promise to decrease death rates over time (3). Third, epidemiological and bench science research have provided important insights into lung cancer susceptibility and pathogenesis. Recent advances in clinical and bench science directed toward diagnostics and therapy have had significant and often dramatic impacts on patient outcomes. These developments suggest that smoking prevention, chest computed tomography (CT) screening, and personalized approaches to treating lung cancer will significantly reduce lung cancer mortality. In this update, we present recent research findings and highlight future directions for lung cancer research and therapy.
The influence of transistor nonlinearities on noise properties

A nonlinear field-effect transistor equivalent-circuit model is examined to identify the fundamental mechanisms that up-convert baseband 1/f noise to near-carrier sideband noise when the device is operated in the large-signal regime. This model captures all physical noise sources and nonlinearities in the transistor, and thereby allows a general cause-and-effect treatment. The noise sources in the equivalent-circuit model are determined using low-frequency spectrum analyzer and microwave noise-figure meter data. Using the example of an AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistor, the developed model correctly describes both the measured near-carrier sideband amplitude and phase noise simultaneously.
Outsourcing Manufacturing: Secure Price-Masking Mechanisms for Purchasing Component Parts

This paper develops and tests a privacy-preserving business process that supports the selection of a contract manufacturer by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), and the determination of whether the OEM or the chosen contract manufacturer will procure each of the components to be used in the manufacture of the OEM’s branded product. Our ‘‘secure price-masking (SPM)’’ technology contributes to procurement theory and practice in four significant ways: First, it preserves the privacy of every party’s individual component prices. Second, SPM assures that the contract manufacturers will bid their own private purchase cost (i.e., not add a margin to their cost). Third, SPM is not invertible; i.e., none of the participants can ‘‘solve’’ for the private inputs of any other participant based on its own inputs and the outputs provided to it by SPM. Fourth, the posterior distribution of any other participant’s private inputs is practically indistinguishable from its prior distribution. We also describe the results of a proof-of-concept implementation.
Would a Stricter Fed Policy and Financial Regulation Have Averted the Financial Crisis

Many commentators have argued that if the Federal Reserve had followed a stricter monetary policy earlier this decade when the housing bubble was forming, and if Congress had not deregulated banking but had imposed tighter financial standards, the housing boom and bust - and the subsequent financial crisis and recession - would have been averted. In this paper, we investigate those claims and dispute them. We are skeptical that economists can detect bubbles in real time through technical means with any degree of unanimity. Even if they could, we doubt the Fed would have altered its policy in the early 21st century, and we suspect that political leaders would have exerted considerable pressure to maintain that policy. Concerning regulation, we find that the banking reform of the late 1990s had little effect on the housing boom and bust, and that the many reform ideas currently proposed would have done little or nothing to avert the crisis.Commentators have also argued that the popularization of financial products such as teaser-rate hybrid loans for subprime homebuyers and credit default swaps for investors is to blame for the financial crisis. We find little evidence for this. Housing data indicate that the majority of subprime hybrid loans that have entered default had not undergone interest rate resets, and the default rate for subprime hybrid loans is not much higher than for subprime fixed rate loans. Concerning swaps, although their introduction may increase financial inflows into risky sectors, their execution through a clearing-house or regulation via other means would not necessarily have avoided the mispricing of risks in underlying contracts. Capital requirements for the credit default swaps that were used to insure mortgage-backed securities would have been low because housing investments were not considered risky.
Architectural optimization for performance- and energy-constrained sensor processors

Sensor processors and their applications are a growing area of focus in computer system research and design. Inherent to this design space is a reduced processing performance requirement. In addition, extremely high energy constraints are necessary such that sensor processors must execute low-performance tasks for long durations on small energy supplies. In this study, we demonstrate that subthreshold-voltage circuit design (400mV and below) lends itself well to the performance and energy demands of sensor processors. Moreover, we show that the landscape for microarchitectural energy optimization dramatically changes in the subthreshold domain. The dominance of leakage power in the subthreshold regime demands architectures that (i) reduce overall area and (ii) increase the utility of transistors while (iii) maintaining acceptable CPI efficiency. Moreover, we learn that memory comprises the single largest contributor to leakage energy, which makes high code density an essential requirement for sensor processor architectures. We confirm these observations by performing SPICE-level analysis of several sensor processor architectures. We further substantiate our concepts regarding subthreshold-voltage design by the fabrication and testing of a prototype chip. Based on the lessons learned form design space exploration, we propose an extremely energy-efficient sensor processor architecture by focusing on ISA, memory system design, and microarchitectural optimizations that reduce overall design size and improve energy-per-instruction. This design employs an ultra-compact 12-bit wide RISC instruction set architecture, which enables high code density via micro-operations and flexible operand modes. The design also features a unique memory architecture with a prefetch buffer and pre-decoded address bits, which permit both faster access to the memory and smaller instructions due to fewer address bits. It is capable of running at 142 kHz while consuming only 6000fJ/instruction, allowing the design to run continuously for 41 years on the energy stored in a 1g lithium-ion battery. Furthermore, in order to more accurately evaluate sensor processors, we introduce real-time, stream-oriented benchmark applications based on the common activities of sensor processors. Finally, we propose the use of three new evaluation metrics which capture the significant characteristics of a sensor processor: EPB (Energy Per Bundle), xRT (times Real-Time), and CFP (Composition Footprint).
Common mechanisms for the adaptive responses to exercise and heat stress.

In this Highlighted Topic we present five reviews that explore the molecular mechanisms mediating adaptive and maladaptive responses to exercise and environmental heat stress. Energetic stress, including changes in metabolic status, production of reactive oxygen species and increased temperature can all present significant challenges to cellular homeostasis that evoke cytoprotective mechanisms. Transcriptional changes form the basis of many adaptations with recent evidence suggesting epigenetics improves tolerance to a multitude of dissimilar stressors.
Single-Crystal Tungsten Oxide Nanosheets: Photochemical Water Oxidation in the Quantum Confinement Regime

Here we investigate the structure, photophysics, and photocatalytic water splitting properties of single-crystalline WO3 nanosheets (0.75 nm × 90 ± 38 nm), obtained by exfoliation from Bi2W2O9. Upon delamination, the nanosheets undergo a structural change from tetragonal symmetry in the parent material to monoclinic, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Diffuse reflectance optical spectra show band gap energies consistent with quantum confinement in nano-WO3 (EG = 2.88 eV) and Bi2W2O9(EG = 2.81 eV), relative to bulk WO3 (EG = 2.68 eV). Surface photovoltage measurements on nano-WO3 films on a F:SnO2 substrate demonstrate photochemical carrier formation under band gap excitation and irreversible trapping of holes. Photochemical oxygen formation is observed with 50 mg of the material in aqueous AgNO3 and (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 solutions under full spectrum (>250 nm) or visible only (>400 nm) irradiation. The highest initial O2 evolution rates (69.7 μmol h–1 for bulk and 35.5 μmol h–1 for...
A Survery:Research on the Antioxidative Factors and Natural Antioxidants

In the last few decades,antioxidation has been given more and more attentions for its important roles in medical treatment,health care and the storage method of food.In this review,mechanisms,biologic significance of antioxidation,category of antioxidants,and the resources as well as application of natural antioxidants are reviewed brifly.Some development foreground are also previewed in this paper.
Cardiac Involvement in Secondary Amyloidosis

Cardiac symptoms are reported to occur rarely in patients with secondary (AA) amyloidosis (1), and while autopsy data have indicated that cardiac amyloid deposits occur in up to 25% of patients, the cause of death is not usually felt to be related to cardiac disease (2). Although a number of reports have documented the diagnostic utility of echocardiography in primary amyloidosis, there is little information regarding the echocardiographic and clinical cardiac features of patients with secondary amyloidosis. We sought to better characterize the clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic features of secondary amyloidosis in a retrospective review of consecutive patients evaluated at the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory of Boston City Hospital.
Skeletal Tissue Engineering

Abstract Skeletal defects impose a significant burden on the US healthcare system. Current approaches to reconstructing osseous defects include the use of autogenous, allogeneic, or synthetic grafts, each with its inherent inadequacies. Skeletal tissue engineering offers a promising alternative for addressing bony defects. This chapter will begin with a discussion on distraction osteogenesis, an endogenous form of skeletal tissue engineering, and the molecular lessons gleaned from it. We will then focus attention on osteogenic cytokines available for enhancement of skeletal tissue regeneration, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), TGF-β1, fibroblast growth factors (FGF), IGF, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This chapter will also discuss therapeutic cell types and strategies for application including bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Finally, we will review scaffold advancements for cellular delivery, including the incorporation of cytokines within matrices and the influence of nanotechnology.
CHAPTER 9 – Conclusion

This book has presented the tenets and assumptions of a psychology and psychiatry of the future—theories and approaches which differ in many respects from the European world view-based personality psychology and psychiatry of the past. Whereas the European world view is a product of a modernistic ideology of the industrial era, the mestizo/Americas world view is more reflective of the balance between traditionalism and modernism which we are achieving in the postindustrial age. Whereas the old psychology and psychiatry are divisive, separating mind from body and natural science from phenomenological approaches, the new Americas psychology and psychiatry are synergistic. Whereas the European world view-based psychology and psychiatry are assimilationistic, the mestizo world view-based theories and approaches celebrate diversity and emphasize multicultural orientations to life.