cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing Freedom: The Art of Contesting Incarceration

Human existence and interaction is essentially characterized by a contest between individuals who at times have diametrically opposed social, political, and economic ideals. Due to the forceful nature of our idiosyncrasies, we always perceive our ideals infallible and hence as fit of being enforced on others. This attempt makes human interaction teeter precariously on the axis of dominance and the desire to overwhelm on one hand, and resistance on the other. Moreover, resistance is not realized in similar degrees in all individuals; there are those who are easily intimidated, while others have amazing levels of resilience and they would go to any length to defend their convictions. This fact is also explained by the observation that in all of us there is a paradoxical collocation of two natural and almost instinctual desires; desire to dominate others, and the desire for self-defense and self-preservation against domination by others. This preservation goes beyond protection of the body to include even the preservation of self dignity and personality. However, in the context of overwhelming subjugation, denial, and dominance, the oppressed lack effective avenues through which a conventional defense for the self would be enacted. This scenario is particularly witnessed in the context of imprisonment. In prison, the passage of time exposes the prisoner to vulnerability and a possible loss of self identity, which is made extremely painful by the severance of all meaningful human interactions. Key words : freedom, incarceration, domination, writing
Perspectives on concordant and discordant relations between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and growth in fishes

Many physiological processes are modulated by the endocrine system, including growth. Insulin-like growth factor 1 is one of the primary hormones involved in growth regulation in vertebrates, including fishes. Current work on IGF1 in fishes is driven both by a desire to better understand mechanisms of growth as well as to develop a reliable index of growth rate. A review of studies relating IGF1 to growth broadly reveals positive and significant relations between IGF1 and growth; however, relations found in individual studies range from no correlation to highly significant correlations. Potential sources for this variation include both biological and methodological issues and range from differences in how growth is defined (changes in length or weight), the duration of growth assessed (weeks to months) and how growth is calculated (total change, rate, percent change); yet, these methodological concerns cannot account for all the variation found. A further review of the literature reveals a number of physiological conditions and environmental factors that might influence IGF1 level and the subsequent relation of that IGF1 level to growth rate. The term concordance is introduced to categorize factors that influence IGF1 and growth in a similar fashion, such that positive and significant relations between IGF1 and growth are maintained even though the factor stimulates changes in IGF1 level. Conversely, the term discordance is introduced to categorize factors that stimulate changes in the relations between IGF1 and growth, such that IGF1 is not an efficacious index of growth for both pre and post-stimulus fish combined. IGF1 and growth relations generally remain concordant after changes in nutrition (consumption rate or diet). Differences in IGF1 level of juvenile, maturing male and maturing female fish are common and IGF1–growth relations appear discordant between these groups. Acute changes in temperature and salinity induce discordant relations between IGF1 and growth but acclimation to persistent differences in environmental condition generally result in concordant relations. Overall, by discriminating between fish of differing physiological status and discerning and categorizing differences among environments one may effectively use IGF1 as a growth index for fishes.
Dispersal status influences hormones and behavior in the male spotted hyena

Male spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) reach puberty at 24 months of age and then invariably emigrate from their natal clans 1 to 38 months later. Thus there are two classes of reproductively mature males in every Crocuta clan: adult natal males born in the clan and adult immigrant males born elsewhere. In one free-living hyena population in Kenya, these two groups of males were compared with respect to measures of aggression, social dominance, sexual behavior, and circulating hormone levels. Adult natal males engaged in higher hourly rates of aggression than did immigrants, won all fights with immigrants, and were socially dominant to immigrants. In addition, adult natal males engaged in far lower hourly rates of sexual behavior with resident females than did immigrants, and natal males were never observed to copulate with natal females. Mean basal plasma cortisol values did not differ between the two groups of adult males, but cortisol concentrations in immigrants were positively correlated with tenure in the clan and with immigrant male social rank. Adult natal males had plasma testosterone levels significantly lower than those of immigrants. Social rank and plasma testosterone values were positively correlated among immigrant males. Thus two different relationships appear to exist between circulating testosterone and social rank in male Crocuta: one apparent in immigrants and the other in natal adult males. Our results suggest that dispersal might disinhibit testosterone secretion in postpubertal male hyenas.
Efficient static timing analysis using a unified framework for false paths and multi-cycle paths

We propose a framework to unify the process of false paths and multi-cycle paths in static timing analysis (STA). We use subgraphs attached with timing constraints to represent false paths and multi-cycle paths. The complexity of the subgraph representation is reduced to improve efficiency. Finally, we present theorems to show that the unified framework produces correct timings. The experimental results demonstrate that the minimization is effective for both artificial and industry test cases.
Electrophotographic process in a high speed printer

The IBM 3800 printing subsystem was developed for on-line computer system output printing in hard copy form at high speeds. The subsystem combines laser and electrophotographic technology with a multiformat paper handling system and on-line character set variability to provide increased data handling flexibility, throughput and print quality at reduced cost. This paper presents design considerations for the electrophotographic process. It provides an overview of the process and discusses methods and technical approaches used in the design of the printer.
Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis.

Differences among generations on a wide variety of outcomes are of increasing interest to organizations, practitioners, and researchers alike. The goal of this study was to quantitatively assess the research on generational differences in work-related attitudes and to provide guidance for future research and practice. We conducted a meta-analysis of generational differences on three work-related criteria: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intent to turnover. Our review of published and unpublished research found 20 studies allowing for 18 generational pairwise comparisons across four generations (Traditionals, Baby Boomers, Generation Xers, and Millennials) on these outcomes using 19,961 total subjects. Corrected mean differences for job satisfaction ranged from .02 to .25, for organizational commitment they ranged from −.22 to .46, and for intent to turnover the range was −.62 to .05. The pattern of results indicates that the relationships between generational membership and work-related outcomes are moderate to small, essentially zero in many cases. The findings suggest that meaningful differences among generations probably do not exist on the work-related variables we examined and that the differences that appear to exist are likely attributable to factors other than generational membership. Given these results, targeted organizational interventions addressing generational differences may not be effective. This is the first known quantitative review of research on generational differences in the workplace.
Photodissociation of HNCO at 193 nm. NH(a1Δ) internal energy distribution and reaction rate with O2

Abstract An analysis of the primary photodissociation products resulting from the 193 nm photolysis of HNCO is reported. The major fragments are NH(a 1 Δ, υ′ = 0) and CO(X 1 Σ + ). Reaction of NH(a 1 Δ) with O 2 and with HNCO produces only non-emissive products, A rapid E-E, V energy transfer occurs for collisions with O 2 . The time-resolved fluorescence rise of NH(X 3 Σ − , υ′' = 0) resulting from NH(a 1 Δ) collisions with O 2 yields an energy transfer rate constant of 1.55 × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
Transscleral Ocular Siderosis

Intraocular migration of iron from iron foreign bodies in an extraocular or intrascleral location was studied in rabbits. Focal changes occurred in the choroid and retina beneath the foreign bodies. Significant amounts of iron diffused through the sclera into the globes. This iron was typically deposited in the epithelium of the ciliary processes and in the tissues at the choroid-scleral junction in the posterior pole.
Association of nitrate use with risk of new radiographic features of hip osteoarthritis in elderly white women: The study of osteoporotic fractures

Objective To examine the association between nitrate medication use and the development of new radiographic findings of hip osteoarthritis (OA) in elderly women. Methods Pelvic radiographs were obtained at baseline and a mean of 8.3 years later in 5,987 women, age ≥65 years at the baseline examination of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Atlas-standardized individual radiographic features (IRFs) of OA were assessed and minimal joint space was measured on paired films. New radiographic findings of hip OA were defined as the development in hips free of these findings at baseline: 1) joint space narrowing (JSN), which consisted of either a MJS ≤1.5 mm or an IRF score indicating lateral JSN ≥2 or medial JSN ≥3; 2) an IRF score for osteophytes of ≥2 in any location; or 3) a summary grade of 2 or more (at least 2 IRFs present). Nitrate use was recorded by interview at years 6 and 8. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association of nitrate use with new radiographic findings of hip OA, adjusting for age, weight, height, bone mineral density, and estrogen. Results Compared with no reported use of nitrates, we found significant associations between use of nitrates at 1 clinic visit and new JSN (odds ratio [OR] 1.94, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18–3.17, P = 0.009), new osteophyte formation (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.03–2.88, P = 0.04), and any new radiographic finding of hip OA or total hip arthroplasty for OA (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.16–2.52, P = 0.007). Any nitrate use was associated with an increased risk of developing summary grade 3 or greater hip OA (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.03–3.31, P = 0.041), but not with any other incident findings of OA. Conclusion Older women using nitrates may have an increased risk of developing new radiographic findings of hip OA.
Towards a Sustainable Services Ecosystem for Traffic Management

Traffic management has been a major concern for cities around the world. However, despite traffic problems having a widespread impact in any city, alleviating it has primarily remained the city administrations concern. We argue that sustainable traffic management requires the creation of a services-based ecosystem mediated by city administration but open to businesses and citizens to contribute and benefit from. We illustrate such an eco-system using the case-study of acquiring traffic data by mining mobile phone usage of citizens, and discuss the business and technical considerations to implement it based on our experience in a city of developing country that has heterogeneous vehicles following chaotic patterns.
Trends Shaping Public Sector Transformation: Knowledge Management, E-Government and Enterprise Architecture

This paper examines three converging trends in the public sector in the early years of the 21st century: the loss of critical knowledge due to large numbers of retiring government workers, the increasing demand for information and communications technology needed to maintain growth in the scale and scope of e-government, and the requirement to parlay investments in enterprise architecture into effective knowledge management and service delivery efficiency. It includes brief historical reviews of each of these trends, their implementation, and how they are being integrated into initiatives for transforming governments from reactive, bureaucratic systems to visionary, proactive, market-oriented learning organisations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role played by changes in public sector organisational cultures in successfully addressing these three trends and achieving goals of transformation.
Assaying gene content in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis has been popular as a model plant system for decades. Completion of the Arabidopsis genome and the availability of large expressed sequence-tag collections from other dicot species provides an opportunity to assess gene content in Arabidopsis, specifically by identifying genes from dicot test species that are absent from Arabidopsis. I report here results from these sorts of comparisons, carried out in part to assess the extent to which Arabidopsis is representative of dicot genomes and also the degree to which gene loss and novel gene acquisition has accompanied angiosperm speciation. More than 10% of the contigs from each of three dicot test species have no detectable homologue in Arabidopsis. By means of cross comparison among the test species, 154 specific cases of gene loss in the lineage leading to Arabidopsis were identified, including several well characterized enzymes and a group of proteins with strong homologs in the photosynthetic bacterium Synechocystis. These results show that although Arabidopsis is broadly representative of the other dicot genomes, there seems to be substantial variation even among relatively closely related genera. Further, although we cannot yet draw a causative link, variation in actual gene content seems appears to be a feature of angiosperm speciation.
Extending Interactional Theory: The Labeling Dimension

Interactional theory argues that theoretical variables and delinquency have reciprocal causal relationships. While empirical support for the reciprocal relationships has been found, the impact of delinquency on later changes in the variables, including attenuated attachment to family, needs more elaboration. Labeling theory may offer a constructive extension to interactional theory, given their common emphases on theoretical integration, age-varying effects, and reciprocal relationships. The present study suggests an extended interactional model with the labeling dimension. Using structural equation modeling, both the original and extended models were tested with longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample. The present study tested statistical and substantive significance of the paths hypothesized by each model. Findings lend support for the extended interactional model; providing as much as a 48.2% increase in its explanatory power when compared to the original interactional model. The exte...
Persistent Overuse of Radical Nephrectomy in the Elderly

Objective To analyze the use of radical nephrectomy (RN) and partial nephrectomy during a 10-year period in patients aged ≥75 years compared with their younger counterparts. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, we identified 18 045 cases of localized renal cell carcinoma of ≤4 cm diagnosed from 1998 to 2007. The baseline differences in demographic and tumor characteristics were compared between the 2 age cohorts ( Results Overall, 2733 patients (15%) were aged ≥75 years. The use of radical nephrectomy for clinical Stage T1a renal cell carcinoma decreased during the study period for all patients (79% in 1998 to 49% in 2007). Overall, 66% of patients aged ≥75 years underwent RN for their disease compared with 59% of patients aged P Conclusion Elderly patients with clinically localized small renal masses are treated with RN more frequently than younger patients. Additional studies should address the medical implications of the increased use of radical surgery within the geriatric population.
Symmetric relations, intensional individuals, and variable binding

A symmetric relation such as "... are adjacent" or "... are related" is characterized by not distinguishing among two or more of its arguments. Such a relation may efficiently be represented as a relation that takes a set as its argument, or as one of its arguments. The semantics of such a representation is, in part, determined by the instantiation (matching or unification) rule used by the reasoning system operating on the representation. Two such rules are discussed. One interprets the relation to be reflexive, the other does not. Since many of these relations are not reflexive, we prefer the latter rule, which forbids two distinct variables from matching the same term. It is argued that this apparently strange restriction is actually reasonable if the rules of the system are interpreted as fully intensional. Under that interpretation, an even stronger version of the instantiation rule emerges, which we name the Unique Variable Binding Rule (UVBR). Considering the behavior of the UVBR when reasoning about reflexive relations and about nonreflexive relations used reflexively casts light on the implications of a fully intensional knowledge representation scheme. These ideas are illustrated by the output of an intensional, rule-based knowledge representation system that has been modified to allow the choice of using the UVBR instead of standard unification.
Comparison of Depressive Symptomatology Between Saudi and American Pysychiatric Outpatients in an Eastern Province Medical Center, Saudi Arabia

This study compares the responses to a self-report depression inventory administered to a sample of 243 Saudi and American expatriate psychiatric outpatients of a large Eastern Province medical centre in Saudi Arabia. The inventory was developed by Beck et al. (1961), and the Arabic language form was validated by West and Al-Kaisi (1982). A Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis revealed that American male patients tended to be more depressed than American female patients, Saudi female patients reported "depression scores" higher than those of Saudi male patients, and Saudi patients overall reported higher "depression scores" than American patients participating in the same study. The highest and lowest significant response frequencies for Saudis were: Pessimism (H = 74.26) and Hypochondria (H = 17.13); for Americans: Indecisiveness (H = 25.57) and Self-Image (H = 7.85). (Statistical significance when H = 7.82, p less than .05; H = 16.27, p less than .001; df = 3). Although explanations are offered, the appearance of psychopathology as designated by this cross-cultural scale requires further cultural examination.
A method for constructing algebraic Petri nets

Algebraic Petri nets are a powerful formal method for specifying concurrent and distributed systems. We present a new method of constructing algebraic Petri net specifications by establishing a relationship between algebraic Petri nets with structured analysis methods. Algebraic Petri net specifications are systematically derived from data flow diagrams, a data dictionary, and decision table process specifications. Our results facilitate the application of algebraic Petri nets and also provide a potential analysis technique for informal specifications written in structured analysis methods.
Politics and action research: An examination of one school’s mandated action research program

Action research has been shown to empower educators, create lasting changes in schools, and have an impact on student learning outcomes. Given these positive results, many school leaders are beginning to mandate the use of action research within their schools. While some in the field have warned against mandating action research, there is little research examining the effects of doing so. This study examines the mandated school-wide action research program at Fieldstone Elementary. While some results align with the action research literature (importance of collaboration, necessity of time to conduct action research, etc.), this article also examines the political tensions surrounding these ideas. Implications for those interested in mandating action research programs are provided.
The nonlinear characteristics of soft gels and hydrated connective tissues in ultrafiltration

A one-dimensional ultrafiltration problem of fluid flow through a soft permeable tissue or gel under high pressure and compressive strain is solved. A finite deformation biphasic theory is used to model the behavior of the soft porous permeable solid matrix. This theory includes a Helmholtz free energy function which depends on the three principal invariants (I, II, III) of the right Cauchy-Green tensor and which satisfies the Baker-Ericksen inequalities on the principal stresses and strains. The dependence of the porosity phi f and the solidity phi s on deformation is deduced and a generalization of the exponential strain-dependent functional form for the permeability, k = k0 exp (M epsilon), of Lai and Mow (Biorheology 103, 111-123, 1980) is proposed. In this one-dimensional problem, we show that the dependence of the permeability on phi f, phi s, and III is equivalent to its dependence on hydration as proposed by Fatt and Goldstick (J. Colloid Sci. 20, 962-988, 1965). The exact solution of the ultrafiltration problem is derived and asymptotic and numerical methods are used to evaluate it. For high pressures and finite strains, the solution provides some surprising effects. The theory predicts that a material starting with a homogeneous porosity will have a strongly non-homogeneous porosity throughout the column during ultrafiltration. The resulting change in pore size through the filtration column may be very important in understanding its filtration characteristics. It is also found that there is a long delay time, up to 10 to 15 min, before the filtration velocity reaches an equilibrium. In filtration experiments where the rate of mass transport across the tissue or column of gel is important, sufficient time must be allowed for the steady state to be reached.
Multiple amino acid substitutions allow DNA polymerases to synthesize RNA.

DNA and RNA polymerase exhibit similarities in structures and catalytic mechanisms, suggesting that both classes of enzymes are evolutionarily related. To probe the biochemical and structure-function relationship between the two classes of polymerases, a large library (200,000 members) of mutant Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase I (Taq pol I) was created containing random substitutions within a portion of the dNTP binding site (motif A; amino acids 605–617), and a fraction of all selected active Taq pol I (291 of 8000) was tested for the ability to incorporate successive ribonucleotides; 23 unique mutants that added rNTPs into a growing polynucleotide chain were identified and sequenced. These mutants, each containing one to four substitutions, incorporate ribonucleotides at a efficiency approaching 103-fold greater than that of wild type Taq pol I. Several mutants added successive ribonucleotides and thus can catalyze the synthesis of RNA. Sequence analysis of these mutants demonstrates that at least two amino acid residues are involved in excluding ribonucleotides from the active site. Interestingly, wild type DNA polymerases from several distinct families selectively discriminate against rUTP. This study suggests that current DNA and RNA polymerases could have evolved by divergent evolution from an ancestor that shared a common mechanism for polynucleotide synthesis.
Graduate Curriculums in Sport Management: The Need for a Business Orientation

The graduate level sport management cumculum must go beyond the level of providing technical competencies—it must also orient graduates to using competencies in the fulfillment of management tasks. The sport management curriculum should also emphasize the unusual and sometimes unique aspects of managing a sport organization. Sport should be studied in relation to other industries. An ideal curriculum revolves around four components of knowledge: core knowledge, functional applications across segments, supplemental electives, and segment specializations, including internships. Graduate level sport management curricula should produce managers, not entry-level technicians.
Comparison of Snellen acuity and objective assessment using the spatial frequency sweep PVER.

• Background: We compared the vision objectively assessed by spatial frequency sweep pattern-reversal visual-evoked response (SPVER) with the Snellen acuity in patients. • Methods: SPVER acuity and Snellen acuity were measured in 100 patients with various ocular pathologies, including macular diseases, diffuse retinal degeneration, optic nerve diseases, glaucoma, and high myopia. For SPVER, 10 sinusoidally modulated vertical gratings were presented as stimuli. The responses were averaged and displayed through the discrete Fourier transform on the monitor display. The PVER acuity was determined by extrapolating the SPVER amplitude-spatial frequency function to baseline. • Results: Vision ranged from 20/15 to 20/400 with Snellen acuity, and from 20/25 to 20/190 with SPVER. The overall correlation between the two acuities wasr=0.666. The correlation varied fromr=0.895 in eyes with glaucoma tor=0.436 in eyes with optic nerve disease. Seventy-seven eyes (77%) had a visual acuity agreement of within 1.0 octave between the two measurements. • Conclusion: The SPVER acuity and the Snellen acuity correlated to a certain degree. Discrepancies were found in certain diseases, with the highest disparity in patients with optic nerve disease. We conclude that the SPVER is effective in estimating vision objectively, particularly in patients in whom the standard Snellen test is impossible to perform or yields unreliable results.
Test Disclosure and Retest Performance on the SAT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of disclosing a Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) form on the retest performance of examinees who initially took the disclosed form and subsequently took a different form. Retest performance was compared for three ran dom samples of examinees who took the SAT as high school juniors in the May 1981 administration in New York and then retook it in the October 1981 adminis tration : two experimental groups that were sent the standard set of disclosed material for the May SAT, along with either a noncommittal or an encouraging letter intended to vary their motivation to use the ma terial, and a control group that was not sent anything. The three groups were generally similar in the level and retest reliability of their October scores, indicating that access to the disclosed material had no apprecia ble effects on retest performance.
New drug development in the United States, 1963 through 1984

This study is the fifth in a series that documents changes in the status of drug development in the United States based on a survey of the pharmaceutical industry. For example, the study shows that, although there has been a recent increase in the number of new chemical entities being tested by US firms, an increasing proportion are acquired from outside the firm. Moreover, a growing number of acquired new chemical entities are coming from sources outside the United States, particularly Japan. These and other trends suggest an overall decline in research activity in the United States. At the same time, foreign firms are becoming more active, foretelling greater competition in the United States for both market share and research resources. The analyses also show a continued increase in synthesis-to-approval time, surpassing 13 years in the early 1980s, and rising success rates, reaching about 12% by the late 1970s.
Reform Transplanted: Parsi Agents of Change amongst Zoroastrians in Nineteenth-Century Iran

In the mid-nineteenth century, Parsis reestablished ties with Zoroastrians in Iran that had languished due to decades-long internal unrest in Iran. In 1854 reformists in India established the Society for the Amelioration of Conditions in Iran and sent a representative to Iran—Maneckji Hataria. Hataria was charged with eliminating the onerous non-Muslim tax owed by the Zoroastrians (the jaziyeh). Hataria also organized the Iranian Zoroastrian community, and funded a variety of community projects. He also brought Parsi reformist ideas to Iran, and attempted to reshape Iranian religious practice and belief along Parsi lines. This article explores the effects of Parsi reformist ideas on Iran, and Hataria's own writings concerning Zoroastrianism and its relationship to Iranian national identity.
Dropping Out of School: A Review of Intervention Programs.

Abstract This article reviews the literature on dropout prevention for school-aged children. A review of dropout prevention programs identified in the literature highlights methodological concerns, with a discussion of design, sampling, statistical analysis, and implementation issues. The interventions employed with greatest frequency in the studies reviewed emphasized academic enhancement, psychosocial skill development, mentoring, and parent/teacher behavior management training. Programs that were academically oriented or those that were multi-component programs emerged with the most promising empirical base. However, at the present time, there is a lack of consistent and persuasive outcome evidence that meet Kratochwill and Stoiber's [Sch. Psychol. Q. 15 (2001) 233] criteria for empirically supported interventions. This deficiency leads to the conclusion that there is no one particular best practice or beneficial treatment currently available to address the problem of school dropout even though a number of intervention programs appear to hold promise. Implications for school psychologists include both practice and research applications.
Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism in humans by measuring cholesterol, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and plasma MDA levels were decreased by administration of PGE for 8 weeks (6 g per day), however, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased. Those results suggest that hypolipidemic effect of PGE is associated with a decrease in TC, TG, LDL, MDA levels and an increase in HDL. These findings support scientific claims that ginseng has the hypolipidemic potential. Administration of PGE increased SOD and CAT activities while decreased MDA level indicating that antioxidant potential of PGE might induce hypolipidemic effect as one of action mechanism.
Global attractors for a discrete selection model with periodic immigration

A one-island selection-migration model is used to study the periodic immigration of a population of fixed allele frequency into a natural population. Density-dependent selection and immigration are the primary factors affecting the demographic and genetic change in the island population. With the assumptions of complete dominance (CD) or no dominance (ND) and homozygote superiority in fitness, the existence and location of global attractors are established. Analysis of this model provides rudimentary information about the migration of transgenes into a natural population.
Problems for Explanationism on Both Sides

This paper continues a recent exchange in this journal concerning explanationist accounts of epistemic justification. In the first paper in this exchange, Byerly (2013a, b) argues that explanationist views judge that certain beliefs about the future are unjustified when in fact they are justified. In the second paper, McCain (2014b) defends a version of explanationism which he argues escapes Byerly’s criticism. Here we contribute to this exchange in two ways. In the first section, we argue that McCain’s defense of explanationism against Byerly’s objection is unsuccessful. Then, in the second section, we develop an independent objection to explanationism from a different direction. If our arguments in each section are sound, then not only do explanationist accounts of epistemic justification judge beliefs that are justified to be unjustified, but they judge beliefs that are unjustified to be justified. Explanationism faces problems on both sides.
Distribution of limonoids in citrus seeds

Abstract Absolute concentrations of the major limonoids in the seeds of 18 cultivars representing eight species in the subgenus Citrus have been determined.
A KINETIC MODEL OF SOLAR WIND GENERATION BY OBLIQUE ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES

The fast solar wind is generated by extended perpendicular ion heating in coronal holes, but the kinetic mechanism responsible for this heating has not been determined. One long-standing possibility is the resonant-cyclotron dissipation of ion-cyclotron waves, replenished from a turbulent cascade of interacting counter-propagating Alfven waves. We present results of a kinetic model for proton heating by the quasilinear resonant-cyclotron wave-particle interaction in a coronal hole. The resonant wave spectrum is taken as a power law in wavenumber, uniformly distributed in propagation direction between 0° and 60° with respect to the large-scale radial magnetic field. We obtain the steady-state solution of the kinetic guiding-center equation for the proton distribution in an expanding coronal hole, including the effects of large-scale forces of gravity, charge-separation electric field, Alfven wave ponderomotive force, and mirror force, along with the small-scale scattering from the wave dissipation. We find that plausible wave intensities can yield reasonable flow speeds and temperatures in the heliocentric radial range between 2 and 6 solar radii. We address the claim in earlier work that dissipation of parallel-propagating ion-cyclotron waves cannot provide enough acceleration and show that claim to be incorrect. We find that the combined action of the large-scale forces and the resonant-cyclotron scattering produces proton distribution functions with a characteristic structure: compressed in the sunward half of velocity space with a high-density shell separate from the origin, and relatively expanded in the anti-sunward half of velocity space. We suggest that qualitatively similar proton distributions would result from the kinetic evolution of any sufficiently effective perpendicular heating mechanism operating in an expanding coronal hole.
In vitro effects of melanocytolytic agents and other compounds upon dominant human melanoma tyrosinase activity.

The activity of dominant human melanoma tyrosinase isozyme was greatly decreased by certain reducing agents. The number and geometry of phenolic groups as well as free-SH group appear important for enzymic inhibition.
Comparison of one- and two-photon fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy

The physics and chemistry of fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been well studied theoretically and experimentally for many years, but only with recent technical advances has it become feasible to apply FRET in biomedical research. FRET microscopy is a better method for studying the structure and localization of proteins under physiological conditions than are X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, or electron microscopy. In this study, we used four different light microscopy techniques to visualize the interactions of the transcription factor CAATT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP(alpha) ) in living pituitary cells. In wide-field, confocal, and two-photon microscopy the FRET image provides 2-D spatial distribution of steady-state protein-protein interactions. The two-photon imaging technique provides a better FRET signal (less bleed through and photo bleaching) compared to the other two techniques. This information, although valuable, falls short of revealing transient interactions of proteins in real time. We will discuss the advantage of fluorescence lifetime methods to measure FRET signals at the moment of the protein-protein interactions at a resolution on the order of subnanoseconds, providing high temporal, as well as spatial resolution.
In Vivo Imaging of the Adult Drosophila melanogaster Heart With Real-Time Optical Coherence Tomography

Over the past century, research involving the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has consistently yielded fundamental insights into the nature of complex organisms. The cardiovascular sciences have benefited from these discoveries. Examples include the discovery of the human ether-a-go-go inward rectifying potassium channel, a fly homologue of HERG that is implicated in inherited long-QT syndrome, and the tinman protein, a fly homologue of NKX2.5 that is responsible for certain congential atrial septal defects and conduction abnormalities. More recent results, such as those involving the insulin regulation of heart function in aging fruit flies, suggest that D melanogaster is an emerging model organism in cardiac disease. To date, functional studies of the adult D melanogaster heart have been difficult, and …
‘Pearl’ Southern Highbush Blueberry

‘Pearl’ is a new southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium spp. hybrid) developed and released by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. The new cultivar has several advantages for growers in the Southeastern U.S. over rabbiteye blueberry cultivars, the most widely grown type of blueberry in the region. Among these are an earlier ripening period, high yield potential, and fruit quality. These attributes enable producers to participate in the lucrative early U.S. fresh market where opportunities for marketing rabbiteye blueberries have diminished due to expanding acreage in the region and other states.
A reexamination of the role of the cytosolic alanine aminotransferase in hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Abstract The relative importance of the mitochondrial and cytosolic alanine aminotransferase isozymes for providing pyruvate from alanine for further metabolism in the mitochondrial compartment was examined in the isolated perfused rat liver. The experimental rationale employed depends upon the supposition that gluconeogenesis from alanine and the decarboxylation of infused [1-14C]alanine should be diminished by pyruvate transport inhibitors (e.g., α-cyanocinnamate) in proportion to the contribution of the cytosolic alanine aminotransferase for generating pyruvate. α-Cyanocinnamate inhibited the endogenous rate of glucose production in perfused livers derived from 24-h-fasted rats. The rate of [1-14C]alanine decarboxylation at low (1 m m ) and high (10 m m ) perfusate alanine concentrations was inhibited by 9.5 and 42%, respectively, in the presence of α-cyanocinnamate. In livers from fasted animals perfused with either 1 or 10 m m alanine, α-cyanocinnamate caused a substantial increase in the rates of both lactate and pyruvate production. Elevating the hepatic ketogenic rate during infusion of acetate in livers, perfused with alanine, stimulated both the rates of alanine decarboxylation and glucose production; the extent of stimulation of these two metabolic parameters was determined to be a function of the alanine concentration in the perfusate. The stimulation of the rate of alanine decarboxylation during acetate-induced ketogenesis was reversed by coinfusion of α-cyanocinnamate with simultaneous increases in the rates of lactate and pyruvate production. The results indicate that during rapid ketogenesis, cytosolic transamination of alanine contributes at least 19% (at 1 m m alanine) and 55% (at 10 m m alanine) of the pyruvate for gluconeogenesis.
Variational theory of bubbly media with a distribution of bubble sizes—II. Porous solids

Abstract A variational theory for a bubbly liquid is extended to obtain a theory for a porous solid medium saturated by a bubbly liquid with a continuous distribution of bubble sizes. The theory is linearized and used to determine the phase velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves.
BOARD STRUCTURE AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL RISK

Applying the agency theory perspective, we examined the relationship between board structure and the average political risk of firms' international manufacturing operations in a sample of 95 manufacturing firms from the Fortune 500. Our results indicate an association between board composition, CEO duality, and the level of international political risk present in a corporation's portfolio of foreign direct investment.
SU-GG-T-371: Measurement of Dose to Pacemakers and Other Implantable Medical Devices

Purpose:Radiotherapy can adversely impair the function of implantable devices such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators. Tolerable dose limits are manufacturer dependent, complicating protocol standardization for radiotherapy clinics. This study evaluates the feasibility of using a simple patient dosimeter to estimate the dose received by subcutaneous implanted devices that fall inside of or adjacent to radiation therapy fields. Method and Materials: The OneDose™ is a pre‐calibrated in‐vivodosimeter typically used use directly in radiation therapy fields. For this study, dosimeters were irradiated on the surface of a Virtual Water™ phantom using 6MV 10 × 10 fields at positions on the central axis to 15 cm off‐axis. Half of the dosimeters were covered with bolus as recommended by the manufacturer. Dosimeter responses were compared to a pinpoint chamber directly underneath at d max depth. Results:Dosimeters gave good precision in all situations. Dosimeters in the treatment field and under bolus reported dose in good agreement to the ion chamber, while those adjacent to the field slightly under‐reported dose. Further studies were performed using the ion chamber placed on the phantom surface under sections of Virtual Water machined to mimic the bolus shape. These studies confirmed that less dose is deposited at this position than at 1.5 cm depth below. Without bolus, in‐field dosimeters reported low as expected, due to lack of buildup. Those adjacent to the field read high by ∼2cGy, likely due to electron contamination reaching the sensor. More work is planned to better understand this result. Conclusion: OneDose can estimate dose to shallow depths lateral of photon beam fields with a small correction factor. Dosimeters should be covered with bolus to provide buildup for any direct radiation they may encounter. Conflict of Interest: One author is employed by Sicel Technologies.
Genetic mutations and aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity in neonates.

Abstract Objective Mutations in the 12S rRNA gene have been associated with aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Our objective was to study the relationship of these mutations in neonates, duration of aminoglycoside exposure, and other known risk factors to the presence of hearing loss. Study Design Prospective case-cohort study. Setting Three neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Cincinnati, OH. Subjects and Methods We studied a population of premature, low-birth-weight ( 12S rRNA mutations was calculated. Results Of the 436 patients enrolled in the study, 378 were exposed to gentamicin during their ICU stay. Mutations in the 12S rRNA gene were identified in four patients (0.9%), all of whom received gentamicin. Of the cohort, 256 patients (60%) received a complete audiometric assessment; 39 failed their initial hearing assessment. Only one of these patients had a 12S rRNA mutation. Of these 39 patients, the mean birth weight (1645 g vs 1306 g) was significantly less than the birth weight of those infants who passed their initial hearing screening. Definitive hearing assessment for those who failed showed no significant differences, however. Conclusion The prevalence of 12S rRNA mutations related to aminoglycoside ototoxicity in our study population was approximately one percent. Most patients with this mutation and aminoglycoside exposure showed no evidence of hearing loss. Low birth weight was one risk factor related to the presence of failing a hearing assessment.
Sensitivity of CAM5-Simulated Arctic Clouds and Radiation to Ice Nucleation Parameterization

AbstractSensitivity of Arctic clouds and radiation in the Community Atmospheric Model, version 5, to the ice nucleation process is examined by testing a new physically based ice nucleation scheme that links the variation of ice nuclei (IN) number concentration to aerosol properties. The default scheme parameterizes the IN concentration simply as a function of ice supersaturation. The new scheme leads to a significant reduction in simulated IN concentration at all latitudes while changes in cloud amounts and properties are mainly seen at high- and midlatitude storm tracks. In the Arctic, there is a considerable increase in midlevel clouds and a decrease in low-level clouds, which result from the complex interaction among the cloud macrophysics, microphysics, and large-scale environment. The smaller IN concentrations result in an increase in liquid water path and a decrease in ice water path caused by the slowdown of the Bergeron–Findeisen process in mixed-phase clouds. Overall, there is an increase in the ...
Apollo 15 and 16 Ground-Commanded Television Assembly

During the Apollo 15 and 16 missions, a special camera provided the scientific community and the home viewer with real-time coverage of the lunar exploration. The lunar blast-off of the Apollo 16 ascent module was tracked by the mission controller at NASA's Manned Space Center and watched 250,000 miles away on earth. The operation of this television camera and the remote control unit are described and block diagrams given. Ground-command capability from the Mission Control Center permitted versatility and optimization of the TV coverage, without diverting the astronauts from their primary role of lunar exploration.
Epigenetic regulation of immune escape genes in cancer.

According to the concept of immune surveillance, the appearance of a tumor indicates that it has earlier evaded host defenses and subsequently must have escaped immunity to evolve into a full-blown cancer. Tumor escape mechanisms have focused mainly on mutations of immune and apoptotic pathway genes. However, data obtained over the past few years suggest that epigenetic silencing in cancer may be as frequent a cause of gene inactivation as are mutations. Here, we discuss the evidence that tumor immune evasion is mediated by non-mutational epigenetic events involving chromatin and that epigenetics collaborates with mutations in determining tumor progression. Since epigenetic changes are potentially reversible, the relative contribution of mutations and epigenetics, to the gene defects in any given tumor, may be a factor in determining the efficacy of treatments. We review new developments in basic chromatin mechanisms and in this context describe the rationale for the current use of epigenetic agents in cancer therapy and for a novel epigenetically generated tumor vaccine model. We emphasize that epigenetic cancer treatments are currently a ‘blunt-sword’ and suggest future directions for designing chromatin-based programs of potential value in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Biology-induced effects on investor psychology and behavior

Abstract This research utilizes the most recent research in psychology to analyze the innate causes of financial cycles within the context of applied financial theory. Such cycles are shown to be consistent with both human biology and efficient markets, but the brain states induced by biological chemicals produced internally are also explained to potentially contribute to mispricing in inefficient markets.