cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits of wide-area thin-client computing

While many application service providers have proposed using thin-client computing to deliver computational services over the Internet, little work has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of thin-client computing in a wide-area network. To assess the potential of thin-client computing in the context of future commodity high-bandwidth Internet access, we have used a novel, non-invasive slow-motion benchmarking technique to evaluate the performance of several popular thin-client computing platforms in delivering computational services cross-country over Internet2. Our results show that using thin-client computing in a wide-area network environment can deliver acceptable performance over Internet2, even when client and server are located thousands of miles apart on opposite ends of the country. However, performance varies widely among thin-client platforms and not all platforms are suitable for this environment. While many thin-client systems are touted as being bandwidth efficient, we show that network latency is often the key factor in limiting wide-area thin-client performance. Furthermore, we show that the same techniques used to improve bandwidth efficiency often result in worse overall performance in wide-area networks. We characterize and analyze the different design choices in the various thin-client platforms and explain which of these choices should be selected for supporting wide-area computing services.
Synthesis of highly luminescent, undoped, Mg-doped and Si-doped GaN powders

Abstract High-quality doped and undoped GaN crystallites have been grown by reacting high-purity Ga–NH 3 solutions and Ga alloys (Ga–Mg and Ga–Si) with ultra-high-purity ammonia in a horizontal quartz tube reactor at temperatures between 1000 and 1200 °C. An initial low-temperature treatment to dissolve ammonia into the Ga melt produces GaN powders with 100% reaction efficiency. The optoelectronic properties of these materials are comparable or superior to the best thin epitaxial films. Doping was achieved by dissolving doping impurities, such as silicon and magnesium, into the liquid metal. The powders synthesized by this method consist mostly of two differently shaped crystallites: large columns with lengths of around 20 μm and small platelets with diameter between 1 and 3 μm. All these crystallites have the hexagonal wurtzite structure and all exhibit strong room-temperature luminescence with the characteristic GaN-band-edge as well as silicon- and magnesium-related emissions. These characteristics make these materials strong candidates for optoelectronic applications.
Media Effect on CdTe Nanowire Growth: Mechanism of Self-Assembly, Ostwald Ripening, and Control of NW Geometry

The spontaneous self-assembly of II−IV stabilizer depleted nanoparticles (NPs) into nanowires (NWs) is a complex process that is only partially understood. This paper examines the mechanism governing changes in the growth pattern of CdTe NWs that are induced by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the NW growth solution. We propose that, after the initial step of formation of NP pearl necklace assemblies, the assemblies recrystallize and subsequently grow into long NWs by Ostwald ripening. The addition of DMSO allows for improved control over the NW length and diameter. As the DMSO concentration in the NW growth solution is increased, the resulting NW length and diameter increase. When DMSO concentrations are raised above 70%, there is no NW formation, which is attributed to inhibition of the formation of pearl necklace assemblies. DMSO influence on NW morphology is attributed to its effect on the electrostatic interactions between the nanoparticles and mass exchange between the growing nuclei.
Environmental effects on initiation and propagation of surface defects on silicate glasses: scratch and fracture toughness study

The glass composition and surrounding environment can play an important role in the initiation and propagation of surface defects, which affect the practical strength of glass. We have studied how the environment and glass composition affect the tribological and indentation properties of multicomponent silicate glasses. Soda lime silica and aluminosilicate glasses were studied to compare the effects of the alkali ion and glass network type on surface defect formation. Although both glasses contained leachable sodium ions, the surface wear of soda lime glass decreased with increasing humidity while sodium aluminosilicate glass had an observable increase in surface wear. This indicated that sodium ion and water activity on/in glass surfaces vary depending on the glass network structure. The exchange of Na+ with K+ in aluminosilicate glass increased the elastic modulus, hardness, and resistance to fracture substantially; however, it did not improve the surface scratch resistance in humid environments. This suggested that the improved fracture toughness for the K-exchanged aluminosilicate glass is mainly due to the improved bulk properties; surface wear can readily take place regardless of Na/K-exchange.
Calcium and magnesium binding to thin and thick filaments in skinned muscle fibres: electron probe analysis.

Electron probe analysis of ultrathin cryosections with high spatial resolution was used to determinein situ the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ bound in the absence of ATP to myofilaments in the I and A-bands of skinned frog skeletal muscle. At 2.2×10−11m Ca2+ and 2.7×10−9m Mg2+, the inexchangeably bound Mg2+ in the I-band was equivalent to the amount of divalent cations known to be inexchangeably bound to F-actin, while the Ca2+ bound to the I-band was not significantly above zero. The bound Mg2+ in the I-band was not exchangeable with Ca2+ even when the skinned fibres were exposed to 10mm Ca2+ solution. These results clearly indicate that Mg2+, rather than Ca2+, is the divalent cation bound to F-actin in the thin filamentsin situ. In the presence of 1mm Mg2+, the exchangeable Ca2+ bound to the I-band was increased as a function of the free Ca2+, while that in the A-band was not significantly changed with [Ca2+] up to 2 × 10−5m, and increased to approximately 0.8 mol Ca2+ per mol myosin at 10−4m Ca2+. At a saturating free Ca2+ in Tris-Cl solution, the bound Ca2+ content (2–3 mol Ca2+ per mol troponin) of the nonoverlapping I-band was unexpectedly low; the replacement of Tris with Na+ enhanced Ca2+ binding to the level equivalent to 3–4 mol Ca2+ per mol troponin. The depressant effect of Tris on Ca2+ binding was greater in the absence of Mg2+. High concentrations of Tris also reduced the maximum tension induced by 10−4m Ca2+ buffered with 10mm EGTA. At 1.3×10−7m Ca2+, thought to be close to the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ in resting muscle, the I-band bound a significant amount of Ca2+: equivalent to about 1 mol Ca2+ per mol troponin. In rabbit myofibrils there was a significant amount (approximately 1.5 mol/mol myosin) of Ca2+ bound by the A-band at a free Ca2+ of 10−4m.
Fragrance material review on isononyl alcohol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isononyl alcohol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. Isononyl alcohol is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C(4)-C(12) carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.
Angular Distributions and Correlations for Alpha-Particle Scattering by C 12 , Mg 24 , and Ca 40

Angular distributions of alpha particles scattered from ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$ are reported and effective interaction radii are obtained, based on the Born approximation for elastic scattering and direct-interaction theory for inelastic scattering. For ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$, levels at 0, 1.37, 4.2, and 6.3 Mev yield interaction radii of 6.4, 6.55, 6.5, and 6.5, respectively (units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm). Evidence is presented in support of the assignment of the 6.3-Mev level to ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ rather than to ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$ or ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$, with spin and parity 1 -. For ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$, levels at 0 and 4.48 Mev yield interaction radii of 6.65 and 7.3, respectively. Alpha-gamma angular correlations, which correspond closely to those predicted on the basis of direct-interaction theory, were obtained for ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ (4.43-Mev level) and for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ (1.37-Mev level). For ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$ (4.48-Mev level) the correlation corresponds qualitatively to that predicted for a 1 - level with cascade decay through an intermediate state to ground level. Further evidence is presented which supports this interpretation. A higher level in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$ is observed at 8.4 Mev. All alpha bombardments were made at 43 Mev incident energy.
A snapshot of current languages used in industry

We provide results from a nationwide survey of advertisements for jobs in the technology sector. This snapshot of 521 job postings provides an interesting glimpse into the state of the computing industry in the U.S., quantifying the programming languages most frequently requested by employers today. This study reveals industry preference for Java and C++ skills. C++ is requested most frequently in the South Atlantic Region and was also favored on the west coast. Additionally, SQL skills were more requested for positions related to testing, JSP skills were more requested in architect positions, and both C and C++ were more requested in analyst positions. While academic practices should not be based solely on industry practice, industry demand for languages serves as one useful data point when institutions make pedagogical choices.
A search for nickel isotopic anomalies in iron meteorites and chondrites

We report Ni isotopic data, for ^(58,60–62)Ni, on (1) FeNi metal and sulfides in different groups of iron meteorites, (2) sulfides and a whole rock sample of the St. Severin chondrite, and (3) chondrules from the Chainpur chondrite. We have developed improved, Multiple-Collector, Positive ion Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric (MC-PTIMS) techniques, with Ni+ ionization efficiency at 1‰, and chemical separation techniques for Ni which reduce mass interferences to the 1 ppm level, so that no mass interference corrections need be applied, except for ^(64)Ni (from ^(64)Zn, at the 0.1‰ level), for which we do not report results. We normalize the data to ^(62)Ni/^(58)Ni to correct for mass dependent isotope fractionation. No evidence was found for resolved radiogenic or general Ni isotope anomalies at the resolution levels of 0.2 and 0.5 eu (eu = 0.01%) for ^(60)Ni/^(58)Ni and ^(61)Ni/^(58)Ni, respectively. From the ^(56)Fe/^(58)Ni ratios and e(^(60)Ni/^(58)Ni) values, we calculate upper limits for the initial value of (^(60)Fe/^(56)Fe)0 of (a) <2.7 × 10^−7 for Chainpur chondrules, (b) <10^−8 for the St. Severin sulfide, and (c) <4 × 10^−9 for sulfides from iron meteorites. We measured some of the same meteorites measured by other workers, who reported isotopic anomalies in Ni, using Multiple-Collector, Inductively-Coupled Mass Spectrometry. Our results do not support the previous reports of Ni isotopic anomalies in sulfide samples from Mundrabilla by Cook et al. [Cook D. L., Clayton R. N., Wadhwa M., Janney P. E., and Davis A. M. (2008). Nickel isotopic anomalies in troilite from iron meteorites. Geophy. Res. Lett. 35, L01203] and in sulfides from Toluca and Odessa by Quitte et al. [Quitte G., Meier M., Latkoczy C., Halliday A. N., and Gunther D., (2006). Nickel isotopes in iron meteorites-nucleosynthetic anomalies in sulfides with no effects in metals and no trace of ^(60)Fe. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 242, 16–25]. Hence, we find no need for specialized physical–chemical planetary processes for the preservation of different Ni isotope compositions, between FeNi metal and sulfides in the same iron meteorites, as proposed by the above reports nor for complex astrophysical scenarios to provide the very peculiar Ni isotope anomalies reported by these workers for sulfides.
Different forms of Ly-5 within the T-cell lineage.

The Ly-5 system, defined both by alloantibodies (Komuro et al. 1975) and by xenoantibodies (Omary et al. 1980, Siadak and Nowinski 1980), is noted for molecular differences that distinguish various hematopoietic cell lineages (Michaelson et al. 1979). A 200K (Mr 200000) is expressed by T cells, a 205K form occurs on macrophages, and a 220K form [which can be separately identified by xenoantibody (Coffman and Weissman 1981, Dalchau and Fabre 1981, Kincade et al. 1981) and may therefore identify an epitope lacking in the smaller forms] is characteristic of B cells. This relation of molecular form to cell lineage has been confirmed by ascertaining the Ly-5 molecular phenotypes of cloned cell lines representing T, B, and macrophage lineages (Tung et al. 1981). Extending our survey to a further range of cloned T-cell lines, we now find that the T lineage itself is diverse in expression of distinguishable Ly-5 molecular forms. Each of the 10 cell lines, shown in Table 1, seven of which have the phenotype Ly-23 and three the phenotype Ly-1, was examined in the usual way by cell surface radioiodination, immunoprecipitation (with monoclonal Ly-5.1 alloantibody; Shen 1981), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE). Figure 1 shows that all three Ly-1 lines express the familiar 200K form previously found to typify T cells, whereas all seven Ly-23 lines expressed two forms, 210K and 215K, neither of which has previously been seen in any lineage. These two newly identified forms bring the number of distinguishable Ly-5 forms to five, and they are shown in Figure 2 to be separable from the three other previously known forms. All five forms were recognizable in combined lysates of spleen cells and CTLL-R8 Ly-23 cells (Fig. 2). The reason why the 210K and 215K forms were not observed before is probably that Ly-23 is a small cell set that requires cloning or other enrichment to provide enough material.
Circularly polarized luminescence studies of the adducts formed with mix-ligand Eu(III) β-diketone complexes and dimethyl sulfoxide or N,N-dimethyl formamide

Abstract The adducts formed by Eu(DK) 2 (CDK) and Eu(DK)(CDK) 2 [DK = achiral β-diketone ligand, and CDK = chiral β-diketone ligand] with either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) have been studied by means of circularly polarized luminescence spectroscopy. While extremely strong stereoselective effects had been observed in earlier studies involving Eu(CDK) 3 adducts, analogous phenomena were found to be much smaller in the mixed-ligand compounds. These observations imply that steric interactions involving bulky camphorato ligands are significantly greater than those involving the achiral (and planar) β-diketone ligands.
Effect of liver disease on the kinetics of lactate removal after heavy exercise.

Recovery from heavy exercise requires clearance of lactic acid from the blood and body tissues. Although it has long been felt that the liver plays the major role in lactate removal, it has more recently been asserted that skeletal muscle plays the dominant role. We felt it relevant to this controversy to determine whether patients with liver dysfunction have slowed lactate removal following heavy exercise. Eight patients with alcoholic liver disease and 5 normal subjects were studied. Liver function was measured by the14C-aminopyrine breath test; the results were expressed as the rate of appearance of14CO2 in the breath two hours after ingestion, as a fraction of the ingested14C dose (%·h−1). Each participant exercised on a cycle ergometer for 7 min at a work rate which was moderately heavy for that subject (mean peak lactate=5.3 mmol·L−1). During, and for 45 minutes after exercise, blood was drawn from a hand vein catheter. The time required for blood lactate to decrease halfway toward resting levels (t1/2LA) was determined. Compared to the normal subjects and historical controls, seven of the patients had distinctly slowed lactate removal. The t1/2LA was as long as 46 min (as compared to approximately 15 min seen normally). Further, among the patients the 2 h breath excretion of14C was well correlated with the rate constant of lactate removal (r=0.82,P<0.01). Four of the patients with severe liver dysfunction performed a second exercise test in which, instead of resting after heavy exercise, low level exercise was continued. The t1/2LA of the averaged responses decreased by 29%. We conclude that liver disease slows lactate removal at rest. Lactate removal during continued exercise is less severely impaired.
Inability of patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia to generate lymphoblastoid B cells following booster immunization

Abstract Twelve patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia were compared with normals for the ability of their lymphocytes to produce IgG and IgM antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro following in vivo booster immunization with soluble tetanus toxoid. Five days after booster immunization, 0.4 × 10 5 non-E-rosette-forming lymphocytes from normal individuals produced an average of 202 ng of IgG antitetanus toxoid antibody during in vitro culture in the absence of T cells or mitogen stimulation. This spontaneous antibody-producing B-cell population (lymphoblastoid B cells) was not concurrently detected in the circulation of any of the patients following booster immunization. Additionally, cultures of patients' lymphocytes initiated either before or after the peak normal lymphoblastoid cell response also failed to produce antibody. Neither the patients nor normals had circulating lymphoblastoid cells capable of spontaneously synthesizing IgM antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro . In the presence of pokeweed mitogen and irradiated T cells, the non-E-rosetting cells from recently booster-immunized normal individuals synthesized an average of 115 ng IgM antitetanus toxoid antibody during an 8-day in vitro culture. Three of the twelve immune-deficient individuals produced normal or near normal levels of IgM antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro in the presence of irradiated T cells. Two of these individuals produced significant levels of total IgM in culture whereas in one individual, the in vitro production of IgM could be totally accounted for by the synthesis of IgM antitetanus toxoid antibody. All patients also showed highly depressed in vitro pokeweed mitogen-stimulated synthesis of total IgG as well as IgG antitetanus toxoid antibody.
Trimmed-surface algorithms for the evaluation and interrogation of solid boundary representations

Although trimmed surfaces play a fundamental role in the derivation and processing of solid boundary representations, they have received little attention to date. We propose a trimmed-surface formulation appropriate to the Boolean combination of primitives bounded by a family of elementary surface patches (e.g., planes, quadrics, ruled surfaces, surfaces of revolution) with dual parametric rational polynomial and implicit algebraic equations. Partial intersections between pairs of primitive surface patches are formulated precisely as algebraic curves in the parameter space of each patch. These curves are dissected into monotonic branches by the identification of a characteristic point set. The consolidation of all partial intersections yields a system of piecewise-algebraic loops which define a trimming boundary enclosing a parametric domain for the trimmed patch. With few exceptions, the trimmed-surface formulation is based on precisely defined mathematical procedures, in order to achieve maximum robustness. Some basic interrogation algorithms for solids bounded by trimmed-surface elements are also presented, including procedures for ray-tracing, point/solid classification, sectioning, and computation of surface area, volume, center of gravity, moments of inertia, and other mass properties.
Meteorological factors affecting SO2 pollution levels in venice

Abstract Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the historical center of Venice and its surroundings are related to meteorological parameters using mean hourly SO2 measurements. These were recorded over a two year period at ten automatic stations belonging to the air quality monitoring network installed by the Governmental Health Department. Meteorological data, including mean hourly values of wind direction and speed, temperature, cloudiness, pressure, humidity, rainfall and visibility were provided by a meteorological station in the network. Effects of various meteorological parameters on measured SO2 concentrations were examined individually and in combination. Analysis showed that the relationship between SO2 concentration and a particular meteorological parameter can often be explained by the relationship between wind direction and that parameter. Additional results regarding the seasonal and diurnal cycles of pollution levels are also presented. Finally, a detailed study was carried out of the causes of high concentration pollution episodes in the historical center of Venice, whose artistic patrimony, unique in the world, is being seriously damaged by air pollution. Analysis showed that a limited number of such episodes occur only in winter and mainly in conjunction with very light westerly winds.
Serum enzyme activities following administration of purified basic proteins from rattlesnake venoms

Abstract The effects of two small-molecular-weight basic protein toxins (SBPT) isolated from C. adamanteus (Eastern diamondback rattler) and C. h. atricaudatus (Canebrake rattler) on serum enzyme levels in mice were studied. For comparative purposes, a third, larger protein, the anticoagulation fraction from C. h. atricaudatus venom (fraction CMC-I), was also tested. Single, sublethal injections of both SBPT elicited dose-dependent rises in glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (α-HBD) and aldolase (ALD). No changes in the level of alkaline phosphatase (AP), packed red cell volume (HTC, hematocrit) or total serum protein (TP) were, however, observed. The onset and duration of the elevated serum enzyme levels induced by the two toxins was consistent with changes seen following administration of the β-adrenergic stimulating agent, isoproterenol, to rats. The results support the hypothesis that the isolated SBPT from rattlesnake venoms exert their lethal action by producing minimal to massive myocardial infarction in animals depending on the dose employed.
Earthquake Prediction Techniques: Their Application in Japan

Japan is serious about solving the earthquake prediction problem. A well-organized and well-funded program of research has been under way for almost 20 years in pursuit of the national goal of protecting the dense population of this earthquake-prone country through reliable predictions. This rather amazing book, edited by Toshi Asada, retired director of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Tokyo, has been written by 10 scientists, each of whom has made important contributions to earthquake science, but who have not been known in the past as principal spokesmen for the Japanese earthquake prediction program. The result is a combination of a very readable tutorial presentation of basic earthquake science that will make the book understandable to the nonspecialist, a good summary of Japanese data and research conclusions, and a bare-knuckles appraisal of current philosophy and strategy for prediction in Japan.
Rebuilding housing in New Orleans: the Road Home Program after the Hurricane Katrina disaster

The flooding in New Orleans that followed Hurricanes Katrina and Rita damaged hundreds of thousands of homes. In response, the State of Louisiana created the Road Home Program using billions of Federal and State dollars. The program provided homeowners with money and the choice to rebuild their home or to sell it. Although it has helped thousands to recover, the program has been criticized for paltry payments, unfair procedures, and program delays. Through analysis of individual applications provided by the Louisiana Recovery Authority, we identify spatial patterns in program implementation and rebuilding option. We then combine those data with others from the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Census Bureau. With the resulting data set – including information on damage levels, insurance payouts, award sizes, income, race, and location – we estimate a model of the effect of damage and socioeconomic factors on rebuilding choices. Finally, we examine the differential impacts of the method of calculating ...
Silicon-Validated Power Delivery Modeling and Analysis on a 32-nm DDR I/O Interface

Power integrity has become increasingly important for the designs in 32 nm or below. This paper discusses a silicon-validated methodology for power delivery (PD) modeling and simulation. Many prior works have focused on PD analysis and optimization. However, none of them provided a comprehensive modeling methodology with postsilicon data to validate the use of the models. In this paper, we present PD system models that are able to achieve less than 10% deviation from the supply noise measurements on a 32-nm industrial double date-rate I/O design. Our models are able to capture the unique impacts of on-die inductance, state-dependent coupling capacitance, and die-package interaction. Those impacts are prominent for the designs in 32 nm or below but were considered negligible or even not noted in earlier technology nodes. Comparisons were made to quantify the impacts of different modeling strategies on supply noise prediction accuracy. This specifically provides designers insights in selecting appropriate models for PD analysis.
Quantitative microbiological determination of penicillin.

The production of acid as a metabolic product of microorganisms is commonly used as a measure of growth in microbiological procedures. A method for the quantitative determination of penicillin was therefore developed, in which growth inhibition, as measured by decreased acid production, was found to be a linear function of penicillin concentration. Nonpathogenic microorganisms were used in the tests, and the new method was found to compare favorably with standard, currently used procedures for the quantitative determination of penicillin.
Baroclinic instability in two layer systems

The stability properties of the two layer baroclinic model with arbitrary horizontal shear are discussed. Necessary conditions for instability are derived and show that the potential vorticity gradient must be both positive and negative. Bounds are placed on the propagation speed and growth rate of unstable waves by showing that the complex phase speed must lie in a certain semi-circle in the complex velocity plane. Sufficient conditions for instability are also discussed for a certain class of flows. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01359.x
Realtime photoacoustic microscopy in vivo with a 30-MHz ultrasound array transducer.

We present a novel high-frequency photoacoustic microscopy system capable of imaging the microvasculature of living subjects in realtime to depths of a few mm. The system consists of a high-repetition-rate Q-switched pump laser, a tunable dye laser, a 30-MHz linear ultrasound array transducer, a multichannel high-frequency data acquisition system, and a shared-RAM multi-core-processor computer. Data acquisition, beamforming, scan conversion, and display are implemented in realtime at 50 frames per second. Clearly resolvable images of 6-µm-diameter carbon fibers are experimentally demonstrated at 80 µm separation distances. Realtime imaging performance is demonstrated on phantoms and in vivo with absorbing structures identified to depths of 2.5–3 mm. This work represents the first high-frequency realtime photoacoustic imaging system to our knowledge.
Simultaneous Transitions: Democratization, Neoliberalization, and Possibilities for Class Compromise in South Korea

The purpose of this paper is to bring class compromise back into the study of South Korean political economy and present it as a possible alternative to the overwhelmingly one-sided neoliberal trajectory in South Korea. The process and conditions under which positive class compromise is acquired are identified in terms of the Polanyi-Gramsci nexus. This perspective suggests that the restoration of state-led developmentalism would be unfeasible under a democratic regime, while the implementation of a purely neoliberal blueprint may lead to unproductive class conflict. Employing this theoretical framework, I examine possibilities for positive class compromise in the context of the simultaneous transitions—democratization and neoliberalization—in South Korea.JEL classification: B5, H7, O53, P5
P-45CASE REPORT OF SEVERE, DELAYED GAMMA HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID INDUCED PSYCHOSIS AND AMNESIA IN AN OTHERWISE HEALTHY MALE

Introduction. An otherwise healthy 40 year old male was admitted to an inpatient drug rehabilitation unit for addiction to Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB). He denied using GHB in the last 3 days prior to admission. Approximately 12 hours after admission to the unit the patient became acutely agitated and was screaming incoherently, biting staff, and thrashing violently. He required a total of 12 mg of haloperidol, 6 mg of lorazepam and 4-point physical restraints. A Complete blood count, complete metabolic profile, head computed tomography scan, and urinalysis were all reported as normal. A toxicology test was negative. The patient was transferred to the ICU for potential GHB-withdrawal syndrome, but did not require any additional medications. 8 hours after the episode he was noted to have a normal mental status and was completely amnestic to the event. He was transferred back to the rehabilitation unit and completed an unremarkable 28-day program. While he did not dispute that the event had happened, he remained adamant that he had no recollection of the event. Conclusion. Recent GHB use can possibly induce a delayed, severe psychosis and subsequent amnesia.
Downregulation of ClpR2 Leads to Reduced Accumulation of the ClpPRS Protease Complex and Defects in Chloroplast Biogenesis in Arabidopsis

Plastids contain tetradecameric Clp protease core complexes, with five ClpP Ser-type proteases, four nonproteolytic ClpR, and two associated ClpS proteins. Accumulation of total ClpPRS complex decreased twofold to threefold in an Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant in CLPR2 designated clpr2-1. Differential stable isotope labeling of the ClpPRS complex with iTRAQ revealed a fivefold reduction in assembled ClpR2 accumulation and twofold to fivefold reductions in the other subunits. A ClpR2:(his)6 fusion protein that incorporated into the chloroplast ClpPRS complex fully complemented clpr2-1. The reduced accumulation of the ClpPRS protease complex led to a pale-green phenotype with delayed shoot development, smaller chloroplasts, decreased thylakoid accumulation, and increased plastoglobule accumulation. Stromal ClpC1 and 2 were both recruited to the thylakoid surface in clpr2-1. The thylakoid membrane of clpr2-1 showed increased carotenoid content, partial inactivation of photosystem II, and upregulated thylakoid proteases and stromal chaperones, suggesting an imbalance in chloroplast protein homeostasis and a well-coordinated network of proteolysis and chaperone activities. Interestingly, a subpopulation of PsaF and several light-harvesting complex II proteins accumulated in the thylakoid with unprocessed chloroplast transit peptides. We conclude that ClpR2 cannot be functionally replaced by other ClpP/R homologues and that the ClpPRS complex is central to chloroplast biogenesis, thylakoid protein homeostasis, and plant development.
Mycorrhizal status influences the rate but not the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration

Mycorrhizal fungi, which can produce a large portion of total soil respiration, respond strongly to global changes such as elevated CO2, N-deposition, and land-use change. Predictions of future ecosystem C sequestration hinge on respiration budgets, but the mycorrhizal influence on total soil respiration remains unknown. In this study, sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were subjected to various mycorrhizal treatments, and their root and soil systems were enclosed in chambers that continuously monitored belowground (root + mycorrhizal + heterotrophic) CO2 production during plant growth, death, and decomposition. Rhizocosms with high mycorrhizal colonization exhibited higher soil respiration rates as plants matured, an increase that was in proportion to the mycorrhizal stimulation of plant growth. Living mycorrhizal plants behaved like nonmycorrhizal ones in that total rhizocosm respiration had the same relationship to plant mass and the same temperature sensitivity as nonmycorrhizal plants. Upon removal of the shoots though, mycorrhizal plants exhibited the largest relative reduction in respiration resulting in a unique relationship of soil respiration with plant mass. The mycorrhizal influence on heterotrophic respiration merits as much attention from experimenters and modelers as the mycorrhizal contribution to autotrophic respiration.
Impact and Damage Prediction of Sandwich Beams with Flexible Core Considering Arbitrary Boundary Effects

In this study, a higher-order impact sandwich beam model is presented to simulate the response of a soft-core sandwich beam subjected to a foreign object impact. The effects of asymmetric lay-up of the sandwich and arbitrary boundary conditions are accounted for in the analysis, and the solution is obtained by employing a finite difference method (FDM). A static and free vibration problem of sandwich beams is first solved, and the results are validated by comparing with the numerical finite element predictions of ABAQUS. The validity of the impact response is then examined using the LS-DYNA model. The contact force and deflection history as well as the propagation of axial, shear, and transverse normal stresses in the sandwich beams during the impact are analyzed. The local effect at the boundary and the loading location is captured by the present model, and the influences of boundary conditions (i.e., the top face sheet free and the bottom pin—pin supported versus both the top and bottom face sheets clam...
Fringe Visibility Enhanced Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometer Using a Graded Index Fiber Collimator

We report a fringe visibility-enhanced extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) by fusion splicing a quarter-pitch length of a graded-index fiber (GIF) to the lead-in single mode fiber (SMF). The performance of the GIF collimator is theoretically analyzed using a ray matrix model and experimentally verified through beam divergence angle measurements. The fringe visibility of the GIF-collimated EFPI is measured as a function of the cavity length and compared with that of a regular SMF-EFPI. At the cavity length of 500 m, the fringe visibility of the GIF-EFPI is 0.8, while that of the SMF-EFPI is only 0.2. The visibility-enhanced GIF-EFPI may provide a better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for applications where a large dynamic range is desired.
The role of root development of Avena fatua in conferring soil strength.

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Roots play an important role in strengthening and stabilizing soils. Existing models predict that tensile strength and root abundance are primary factors that strengthen soil. This study quantified how both factors are affected by root developmental stage.• METHODS Focusing on early development of Avena fatua, a common grassland species with a fibrous root system, we chose three developmental stages associated with major changes in the root system. Seeds were planted in rhizotrons for easy viewing and pots to allow root growth surrounded by soil. Tensile strength was determined by subjecting root segments to a progressively larger pulling force until breaking occurred. Root abundance at two depths was characterized by the cross-sectional area of the roots divided by the area of the soil core (i.e., root area ratio). Shear strength of 50 mm saturated soil columns was determined with a modified interface direct shear device.• KEY RESULTS Tensile strength increased by a factor of ≥15× with distance from the root tip. Thus, soil-strengthening properties increased with root cell development. Plants grown under dry soil conditions produced roots with higher maximal tensile strength (41.9 MPa vs. approximately 17 MPa), largely explained by 33% thinner diameters. Over 7 weeks of root growth, root abundance increased by a factor of 4.8× while saturated soil shear strength increased by 24% in the upper soil layer.• CONCLUSIONS Root development should be incorporated into models of soil stability to improve understanding of this important environmental property.
Modularity and Technological Change : A Primer and Synthesis

Summary Two of the major issues in social sciences, as well as in engineering studies, are the design and coordination of a number of functions and activities in complex systems, such as industries, organizations, products, and processes. In his early essay, “Architecture of Complexity,” Simon (1962) argues that hierarchy is the organizing principle for complex systems which are composed of interrelated subsystems that also have their own subsystems, and so on. Recently, the concepts of system architecture and modularity have caught the attention of innovation theorists and led them to study and develop Simon's early ideas. This overview explores modularity in the context of technological change and provides answers to the following questions: What is modularity?; What are the benefits and costs of modularity?; How is the system architecture related with technological change?; What are the means to understand the interplay between technology, knowledge, and organizations?; What can we improve in modeling ...
“Future perspectives of advancing multimodal POLSAR technology, its rapid worldwide expansion, and its plethora of diversified applications”

With the un-abating global population increase our natural resources are stressed as never before, and the global day/night monitoring of the terrestrial covers from the mesosphere to the litho-sphere becomes all the more urgent. Microwave radar sensors are ideally suited for space imaging because those are almost weather independent, and microwaves propagate through the atmosphere with little deteriorating effects due to clouds, storms, rain, fog aerosol and haze. Globally humidity, haze and aerosols next to cloudiness are increasing at a rather rapid pace, whereas only 20 years ago all of those covered only 48% of the globe, today those have increased to about 62% and within another 20 years may exceed 80% for irreversible reasons. Thus, optical remote sensing from space especially in the tropical and sub-tropical vegetated belts is already and will become ever more ineffective, and microwave remote sensing technology must now be advanced strongly and most rapidly hand in hand with digital communications technology because operationally it is more rapidly available especially for disaster mitigation assistance.
Evidence of a Passive Layer Formation from a Conductive Polymer Coating on Aluminum Alloys

Evidence for the formation of a passive layer between a conductive polymer coating and aluminum alloy surfaces is reported Experimental results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on aluminum alloys coated with a novel double strand conductive polymer coating based on polyaniline reveal the evidence for the formation of passive layer. The key results are: (1) Modeling of EIS data is best fit with a three RC circuit, indicating a third interface between the polymer coating and the alloys's surface; (2) EIS testing in acidic salt solutions shows the conductive polymer coating performs differently and better than a typical anodized or chromate conversion coating indicating a possibly different interface layer than a typical aluminum oxide and (3) SEM studies of the aluminum surface, after the polymer film is removed, indicates that this interfacial layer has a dense and smooth s'oxide types' surface morphology. The experimental results are consistent with a mechanism in which the conducting polymer serves as a surface conversion agent that oxidizes the aluminum metal surface to form a passive layer.
NMR Solution Structure of a Peptide from the mdm-2 Binding Domain of the p53 Protein that Is Selectively Cytotoxic to Cancer Cells†,‡

We have recently found that a peptide from the mdm-2 binding domain of the p53 protein induced rapid membranolytic necrosis of a variety of different human cancer cell lines. To determine the role of solution structure in this peptide's selective and rapid tumor membrane disruptive behavior, we have performed two-dimensional NMR on a 32-residue sequence called PNC-27, in both an aqueous cytosolic-like and a mixed organic membrane-mimetic solution environment. In an aqueous milieu, PNC-27 contains three alpha-helical domains connected by loop structures, forming an S shape, and another similar structure with less helical structure. In a solution environment simulating a membrane, the helical domains found in water increase in length, forming three classes of structures, all of which form a U-shaped helix-coil-helix ensemble. In both solvent systems, this peptide forms amphipathic structures such that its hydrophobic residues coalesce on one face while the polar residues aggregate on the opposite face. The ability to form these unique structures in these two solution environments may allow the PNC-27 peptide to selectively and rapidly disrupt cancer cell membranes.
Generation of software tools from processor descriptions for hardware/software codesign

An experimental set of tools that generate instruction set simulators,assemblers, and disassemblers from a single description wasdeveloped to test if retargetable development tools would work forcommercial DSP processors and microprocessors. The processorinstruction set was described using a language called nML. TheTMS320C50 DSP processor and the ARM7 microprocessor weremodeled in nML. The resulting instruction set models executeabout 25,000 instructions per second, and compiled instruction setsimulation models execute about 150,000 instructions per second.The viability of this approach and the deficiencies of nML are discussed.
Proximate, caloric, nitrogen and mineral composition of bodies of some tropical bats

Proximate (live mass, water, lipid, ash, non-fat organic), caloric, nitrogen, and mineral (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron) concentrations and total body content of individuals of 24 species of Neotropical and Paleotropical bats were determined. Mass-related, concentration patterns were found for all measured variables, except iron. Concentrations increase with size for nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium but are concave, opening upward, for sodium and potassium. These last two elements reach minimal concentrations in bats weighing about 22 and 28 g dry mass, respectively. Total body content of nitrogen and minerals was compared with amounts in similar-sized birds and tetrapodal mammals.
Technical language: learning from the Columbia and Challenger reports

We can learn from the Columbia shuttle tragedy the potential consequences of taking technical language as more definite, unequivocal, agreed upon than it really is. Sadly, language misunderstandings in Columbia (2003) parallel similar problems in Challenger (1986). Fortunately, though, technical investigators are learning the vagaries of language use and organizational culture in shaping technical discourse.
Thresholds for microbubble and microplasma generation in liquid

Thresholds for low density regions (microbubbles) and microplasma light emissions generation in liquid are studied. With nanosecond microdischarges at different applied peak voltages with the different sizes of microelectrode tip, the low density regions (microbubbles) are captured by a high speed ICCD camera and the microplasmas light emissions are detected by both the ICCD camera and a Photomultiplier Tube (PMT). Deionized water with NaCl was employed as the experimental liquid. Different concentrations of NaCl present different conductivities. With the high conductivity (17600µS/cm), the mciroplasmas light emissions are always accompanied with microbubbles generation at various applied peak voltages (−3kV to −12kV). For a low conductivity (1990µS/cm), there were thresholds of applied peak voltage for different phenomenon of the microplasmas and the microbubbles. With the applied peak voltage in the range of 0kV to −4kV, neither the microbubble formation nor the detectable microplasma slight emission was observed by ICCD and PMT. With the applied peak voltage in the range of −4kV to −6kV, the visible microbubbles was able to be observed, but no microplasma light emission could be detected by both ICCD and PMT. With the applied voltage larger than −6kV in magnitude, both of the visible microbubbles and microplasma light emission can be observed. The thresholds of applied peak voltages are determined from observations. With different applied voltage and same conductivity, the energy inputs are proportional to the applied voltages. Experimental results presented by ICCD and PMT suggest that there exist a correlation of the generation of microplasmas and microbubbles to the applied peak voltages and energy inputs. Different scenarios for the appearances of both of microbubbles and microplasmas, only microbubbles without microplasmas or neither of microbubbles and microplasmas assist our investigation of the mechanism of microplasmas in liquid.
Teacher Salaries and Teacher Aptitude: An Analysis Using Quantile Regressions.

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between salaries and scholastic aptitude for full-time public high school humanities and mathematics/sciences teachers. For identification, we rely on variation in salaries between adjacent school districts within the same state. The results indicate that teacher aptitude is positively correlated with teacher salaries with an elasticity point estimate of 0.132. However, using quantile regressions, we find the elasticity estimates form an inverted U-shape across the scholastic aptitude distribution, and that higher aptitude teachers are more profoundly affected by the percentage of students eligible for free lunch and local street crime, while lower aptitude teachers are more profoundly affected by local education support. Furthermore, studying mathematics/sciences teachers, we find that while the elasticity estimates maintain an inverted U-shape, scholastic aptitude is not correlated with changes in salaries for the lower 40 percentiles of the aptitude distribution.
High Resolution Micro-Optical Wall Shear Stress Sensor

We report an optical wall shear stress sensor based on the whispering gallery modes (WGM) of a dielectric sphere. Radial deformations of such spheres, for example caused by shear stress, results in a shift in the WGMs, thereby allowing one to monitor the effect (shear stress) causing such shifts. The sensor is composed of a sensing element, which is a movable plate flush to the wall. The sensing element is attached to a lever on one end, and the other end is in contact with the sphere. Thus, the shear force felt by the sensing element is transmitted to the sphere mechanically through the rotation of the lever. Previous experimental results with these spheres showed force resolutions as good as ~10 -10 N, which for a sensing element of ~650 m