cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uranium vacancy mobility at the Σ5 symmetric tilt and Σ5 twist grain boundaries in UO2

Ionic transport at grain boundaries in oxides dictates a number of important phenomena, from ionic conductivity to sintering to creep. For nuclear fuels, it also influences fission gas bubble nucleation and growth. Here, using a combination of atomistic calculations and object kinetic Monte Carlo (okMC) simulations, we examine the kinetic pathways associated with uranium vacancies at two model grain boundaries in UO2. The barriers for vacancy motion were calculated using the nudged elastic band method at all uranium sites at each grain boundary and were used as the basis of the okMC simulations. For both boundaries considered – a simple tilt and a simple twist boundary – the mobility of uranium vacancies is significantly higher than in the bulk. For the tilt boundary, there is clearly preferred migration along the tilt axis as opposed to in the perpendicular direction while, for the twist boundary, migration is essentially isotropic within the boundary plane. These results show that cation defect mobility in fluorite-structured materials is enhanced at certain types of grain boundaries and is dependent on the boundary structure with the tilt boundary exhibiting higher rates of migration than the twist boundary.
The retinal fate of Xenopus cleavage stage progenitors is dependent upon blastomere position and competence: studies of normal and regulated clones

The clonal origin of the stage 43-44 Xenopus retina from cleavage stage precursors was quantitatively assessed with lineage tracing techniques. The retina descends from a specific subset of those blastomeres that form forebrain. The most animal dorsal midline cell (D1.1.1) produced about half of the retina, the three other dorsal ipsilateral blastomeres each produce about an eighth of the retina, and the four contralateral dorsal blastomeres and an ipsilateral ventral-animal cell together produce the remaining eighth of the retina. There was no significant spatial segregation of the clones derived from different progenitors in either the anterior-posterior or dorsal-ventral axes of the retina and no boundaries between clones were observed. Instead, the clones intermixed to form multiple radial subclones that were equivalent to those demonstrated by marking optic vesicle progenitor cells (Holt et al., 1988; Wetts and Fraser, 1988). This mosaic pattern was initiated by the beginning of gastrulation, advanced in the neural plate, and virtually complete in the optic vesicle. At optic vesicle stages cell movement within subclones was restricted, resulting in the formation of lineally related columns of cells in the mature retina. To determine if the blastomere progenitors are determined to produce these retinal lineage patterns, the major retinal progenitor (D1.1.1) was deleted bilaterally. About 60% of the tadpoles developed normal-appearing eyes; of these the retinas in two-thirds were normal in size and the rest were smaller. The blastomeres surrounding the deleted D1.1.1 progenitors changed their contributions to retina in different ways to effect a complete or partial restoration. Ventral blastomeres, which normally contribute mainly to the tail, produced substantial amounts of the retina while dorsal blastomeres, which normally contribute mainly to the head, decreased their contribution to the retina. To determine whether these changes in retinal lineage were due to changes in blastomere position after the surgery, various other blastomeres were deleted prior to lineage mapping. Dorsal-animal blastomeres took over the retinal fate of their dorsal-vegetal neighbors after those neighbors were deleted, but did not change fate after the deletion of their ventral-animal neighbors. This result suggests that dorsal-animal blastomeres change positional values in only one direction (dorsal to vegetal) after neighbor cell deletion, and that retinal fate is dictated by blastomere position. To test this hypothesis directly, different ventral and vegetal blastomeres, which normally do not produce retina, were transplanted to the position of D1.1.1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Vagal Regulation and Internalizing Psychopathology among Adolescents Exposed to Childhood Adversity

Childhood adversity (CA) is strongly associated with youth psychopathology. Identifying factors that reduce vulnerability following CA is critical for developing preventive interventions. Vagal tone and vagal reactivity following psychosocial stressors might influence psychopathology among youths exposed to CA. We acquired heart period and impedance cardiography data to calculate respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and preejection period (PEP) from 157 adolescents aged 13-17 years at rest and during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and multiple forms of CA were assessed. Resting RSA and RSA reactivity interacted with CA in predicting internalizing but not externalizing psychopathology; CA was unassociated with internalizing problems in adolescents with high resting RSA and RSA reactivity. No interactions were observed with PEP. High resting RSA predicted greater vagal rebound and accelerated heart rate recovery following the TSST, highlighting one potential mechanism underlying low internalizing symptoms following CA among youths with high vagal tone.
An Opportunities-Based Science Budget

Newt Gingrich introduces the concept of an "opportunities-based budget", as an approach to federal research and development funding. Policy-makers should not frame the debate on science funding in terms of percentage of increase. Rather, a systematic analysis of the promise of opportunities should be conducted and the funds allotted accordingly. This article is a call to rethink how lawmakers are funding the discoveries upon which future generations will rely.
Stevia rebaudiana: I. Use of p-bromophenacyl bromide to enhance ultraviolet detection of water-soluble organic acids (steviolbioside and rebaudioside B) in high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis

Summary A method is described for the analysis of stevioside and rebaudioside A from Stevia rebaudiana Bert. These compounds were hydrolyzed to steviolbioside and rebaudioside B, respectively, and reacted with p-bromophenacyl bromide and crown reagent to yield the corresponding chromophoric esters, which were separated and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. More generally, a method is described for maximizing ester yields from water-soluble organic acids by using methanol as the reaction solvent and adjusting reaction pH and time.
How Not to Bowdlerize

In his useful and entertaining book How Not to Write, William Safire tells us where the verb "to bowdlerize" comes from:Dr. Thomas Bowdler, eager to make Shakespeare "fit for the perusal of our virtuous females," cut out what he considered the naughty and profane words. In his sanitized version, Lady Macbeth's "Out, damn'd spot!" was changed to "Out, crimson spot!", which earned the censor a place in the dictionaries in the verb to bowdlerize.Safire is referring to The Family Shakspeare, a 10-volume collection of cleaned-up versions of Shakespeare's works brought out in London in 1818 by Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), whose work was an extension of the earlier efforts of his sister and fellow-expurgator Henrietta (1750-1830). But alas, Safire is not quoting from The Family Shakspeare, although apparently he thinks he is. Instead, in the course of describing how Bowdler doctored Shakespeare, Safire has doctored Bowdler. Bowdler's name and -ism have long been epithets to be wielded by the cosmopolitan and the libertarian against the puritan and the censor. The story of how Bowdler became a victim of bowdlerism - or perhaps more properly "anti-bowdlerism" - at the hands of Safire (and many other scholars and word experts) raises difficult questions about when even the most trusted authorities can be trusted to report facts rather than rumors and prejudices.
Bifunctional chiral synthons via biochemical methods. : VI. C5 isoprenoid units.

Abstract Two methods for the preparation of the isoprenoid chiron 4 have been developed using a microbial kinetic resolution of 5 and an enantiotopically selective hydrolysis of 7 catalyzed by PLE.
Walking gait optimization for accommodation of unknown terrain height variations

We investigate the design of periodic gaits that will also function well in the presence of modestly uneven terrain. We use parameter optimization and, inspired by recent work of Dai and Tedrake, augment a cost function with terms that account for perturbations arising from a finite set of terrain height changes. Trajectory and control deviations are related to a nominal periodic orbit via a mechanical phase variable, which is more natural than comparing solutions on the basis of time. The mechanical phase variable is also used to penalize more heavily deviations that persist “late” into the gait. The method is illustrated both in simulation and in experiments on a planar bipedal robot.
A study of reconnecting the partitioned wireless sensor networks

Most wireless sensor networks (WSN) researches assume that the network is connected and there is always a path connected by wireless links between a source and a destination. In this paper, we argue that network partitioning is not an uncommon phenomenon for practical WSN applications, especially when the sensor nodes are deployed in a hash working environment. We first present a simple distributed method to detect the occurrence of network partitions. Some critical survival nodes would be selected to re-connect to the sink after certain network disruption happens. Two reconnection approaches, Transmission Range Adjustment (TRA) and Message Ferry (MF), are then proposed. We study their performances in terms of power consumption by taking the specifications of the commercial sensor nodes into account. Simulation results show that TRA is more appropriate for the current implementation of WSN. However, MF has the potential to be more energy-efficient if there is a powerful wireless transmitter and a larger amount of buffers at each sensor node.
Far Ultraviolet Rapid HST Photometry of U Gem in Outburst and WZ Sge in Quiescence

Until the advent of HST, the detailed temporal behavior of dwarf novae in the UV spectral range was poorly understood. HST, with its combination of high time and spectral resolutions, has begun to open this field. AE Aqr was recently the subject of high time resolution UV spectroscopy with the Faint Object Spectrograph. The authors found AE Aqr’s coherent 33 second oscillation to have a very large amplitude in the UV (Eracleous et al. 1994). We have undertaken two similar time series studies of U Gem and WZ Sge’s UV photometric behaviors, searching for both coherent periodicities which may arise from the rotation of the accreting white dwarf, and quasi-periodic variations.
Response Bias (Response Style)

Response bias (also known as response style) refers to patterns of responding on questionnaires or inventories in a consistent manner independent of the content of the questions. Research across cultures can lead to differences in responses for three underlying reasons. Differences can reflect (a) true variability in the construct being measured, (b) error variability associated with different response styles associated with culture, or (c) error variability involving structural elements of the questionnaire or inventory associated with linguistic or semantic issues. The issue of response bias relates to the latter two conditions. Keywords: methodology; psychometric testing; research
Seeing is believing: A focus on the contribution of microscopic imaging to our understanding of immune system function

Many cells of the immune system do not occupy fixed tissue locations, but circulate in the blood, traffic through the lymph, and migrate within organized lymphoid organs and periphery tissues. Rare antigen-specific lymphocytes must find one another for productive adaptive immune responses and the different phases of cell-mediated and humoral immune response development take place in distinct sites. This historical feature examines how we have reached our current understanding of these aspects of immune system function. It emphasizes the critical role of ever-improving imaging techniques in determining where immune cells reside and interact and stresses the key past contribution of sequential static immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal reagents. In combination with genetic studies, these imaging experiments resulted in our current paradigm that views activation-dependent changes in chemokine sensitivity as central to effective cell co-operation. We also highlight the very recent application of two-photon imaging to the direct observation of immune cell dynamics in a natural tissue environment, noting how the application of this technology has reinforced some existing ideas and is changing other long-held views. We conclude with some speculations about the opportunities for further advances using ever more powerful imaging methods.
The effect of processing on the thermal diffusivity of MgO–Nd2Zr2O7 composites for inert matrix materials

Abstract Oxides possess many of the required properties suitable for an inert matrix fuel in light water reactors, however, their primary disadvantage is low thermal conductivity. Composites are being investigated to maximize the thermal conductivity of the inert matrix fuel by using thermally conductive MgO as the primary phase while improving its hot water corrosion resistance through the addition of a second phase acting as a hydration barrier. Inert matrix fuel candidate MgO–Nd2Zr2O7 composites were synthesized with multiple processing methods, the composite powders were characterized, the resulting microstructures quantitatively analyzed, and the thermal diffusivity of the composites was measured. Among the four processing methods investigated, ball milling and high-energy shaker blending produced the most homogeneous microstructures with a negligible amount of MgO and Nd2Zr2O7 heterogeneities. An effect of processing on the properties of the composites manifests as a larger variation in the thermal diffusivity in pellets processed by methods that produce a higher quantity and frequency of MgO and Nd2Zr2O7 heterogeneities than in methods that produce negligible amounts of heterogeneities.
Economic and environmental assessment of high-temperature water as a medium for terephthalic acid synthesis

Large-scale chemical processes to produce terephthalic acid typically use acetic acid as the reaction medium. Recent research has demonstrated the technical feasibility of synthesizing terephthalic acid in high-temperature water (HTW), a medium widely perceived as environmentally benign. We have developed an economic and environmental assessment of an HTW-based terephthalic acid synthesis process to determine whether such a process is economically competitive with and, in fact, more environmentally benign than the current process. We simulated four variations of an HTW-based process and calculated the energy requirements and the capital investment for each of these variations. A US Department of Energy report contained the corresponding energy consumption data for an acetic-acid-based process. The capital investment and energy requirement for an acetic-acid-based process were $250 × 106 and 19 MJ kg−1 terephthalic acid, respectively. The capital cost for an HTW-based process operating at 300 °C and 150 bar was $280 × 106; the energy intensity for this process was 17 MJ kg−1 terephthalic acid. Given the approximately 20% uncertainty typically associated with capital investment estimates, the capital costs of these two processes are approximately equal. Moreover, adoption of HTW would likely reduce methyl bromide emissions from terephthalic acid synthesis plants. With a capital investment equivalent to the current process and reduced energy and pollutant intensities, HTW shows economic and environmental promise as a replacement for acetic acid in terephthalic acid synthesis.
Stress in lambs (Ovis aries) during a routine management procedure: Evaluation of acute and chronic responses

Abstract These experiments were performed to evaluate the acute and chronic stress responses of lambs during a common, yet invasive management procedure, tail docking (tail amputation). Tail docking had no effect on the average daily weight gain of lambs. Tail docking had a significant acute endocrine effect; cortisol levels were consistently higher in the docked animals (17.1 ± 1.6 ng/ml) versus the control animals (7.4 ± 0.8 ng/ml). Chronically, cortisol levels were highest shortly after docking and returned to basal levels by 3 days after docking. These data indicate that tail docking elicits an immediate, but not sustained, stress response.
Promoting Scholarship During Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Residency

In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) drew attention to the critical national shortage of psychiatrist-researchers and the need for competency-based curricula to promote research training during psychiatry residency as one way to address this shortage at the institutional level. Here, the authors report on the adaptation, implementation, and results attained with a broadly applicable, developmental, competency-based framework for promoting scholarship during child and adolescent psychiatry residency. The authors instituted structural program changes, protecting time for all residents to engage in scholarly pursuits and a mentorship program to support residents in their scholarly interests. The authors assessed five graduating classes before and five classes after these changes were implemented, examining whether these changes sustained scholarship for residents with previous experience during general psychiatry residency and whether they promoted emergence of new scholarship among residents without such experience. The authors observed a tenfold increase in the number of residents engaged in rigorously-defined scholarly pursuits after the program changes, which helped sustain the scholarship of more residents with previous experience and promoted the emergence of more new scholarship among residents without previous experience. The authors conclude that it is possible to sustain and promote scholarship during child psychiatry residency despite the relatively short duration of the program and the many requirements for graduation and certification. The changes implemented were universal in scope and required no special funding mechanisms, making this approach potentially exportable to other training programs.
The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to endocrine tumors

IN 2009, THE AMERICAN THYROID ASSOCIATION published revised management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Current recommendations suggest that ‘‘thyroid lobectomy alone may be sufficient for the treatment of small (<1 cm), low-risk, unifocal, intrathyroidal papillary carcinomas in the absence of prior head and neck irradiation or radiologically or clinically involved cervical nodal metastases.’’ In this issue of Surgery, Ogilvie et al evaluated the extent of surgery in patients with well-differentiated thyroid microcarcinomas at their institution; based on their findings, the authors conclude that total thyroidectomy should be strongly considered in patients with a preoperative suspicion or confirmed cytologic diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid cancer in tumors 6--10 mm in size. Typically defined as a focus of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) #1 cm, the clinical significance of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMC) is unclear, and optimal surgical management continues to be a source of debate in the endocrine oncology literature. Numerous studies have suggested that a minimalist approach to these tumors may be appropriate. Baudin et al found that of 281 patients with PTMC, only 11 recurrences (4%) were seen after a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. The 2 parameters that significantly influenced recurrence were the presence of multifocality (number of foci) and the extent of initial surgery; the authors recommend thyroid lobectomy for unifocal tumors and total thyroidectomy for patients with multifocal PTMC. Hay et al reviewed the Mayo clinic experience with 900 cases of PTMC in a 60-year period; 20and 40-year tumor recurrence rates were 6% and 8%, respectively. Higher recurrence rates were associated
Business Buyer Relationship Management Through Seamless Internet Integration

Abstract There is a growing need to look specifically at Internet integration into business relationship management tactics, beyond sustaining current customers. The Internet enables active implementation of a business buyer relationship management (BBRM) orientation through the facilitation of information sharing and buyer connectivity across various buying conditions. Using Internet tools, the goal of merely sustaining present buyers now appears insufficient. BBRM takes into account that these tools must be effectively utilized across a variety of buying situations including how sellers and buyers come together, stay together and inevitably remake their business relationships endure. BBRM makes effective use of Internet technologies despite various buying situations to enable seller-buyer relationship formation, maintenance and long-term continuation.
Radiosensitivity of Entamoeba histolytica cysts

A dose of approximately 8,400 RAD noticeably lowered the number of viable cysts of E. histolytica in a clear, saline suspension, as calculated by the Most Probable Number method. Doses of approximately 16,700 RAD and more destroyed more than 99% of viable cysts. The relation between increasing cyst mortality and increasing gamma-ray dosage is represented by a logarithmic straight line. A difference of 21 hours in age had no demonstrable effect on response of cysts to irradiation. Cysts of the NBS strain are roughly one-tenth as resistant t,o gamma rays as are trophozoites of the same strain. In a previous study (Schneider and Porter, 1960), the radiosensitivity of a non-encysting strain (UC) of Entamoeba histolytica was reported. Subcultures of irradiated trophozoites began t’o display a notable increase in lag phase following exposure t.o approximately 100,000 RAD (corresponding to 100 ergs per gram) of pure gamma rays. A dose of approximately 195,300 RAD or more resulted in failure of subcultures to grow. Unsuccessful attempts were made to promote encystation of the UC strain in order to study the radiosensitivity of cysts. Accordingly, a strain of E. histolytica (NRS)z was obtained which produces cysts in relative abundance in the course of routine culture. The NRS strain is one of Dobell’s “histolytica-like” species, originally obtained from a macaque (Dobell, 1931). It has been characterized by Chang (1946).
The Pull of the Ancestors: Slavery, Apartheid, and Memory in Zakes Mda's Ways of Dying and Cion

This essay reads Zakes Mda's novels—Ways of Dying (1995) and Cion (2007)— as densely equivocal meditations on the relation between history and memory, the past and the present, and modernity and tradition. In doing so, it explores debates over the role of art in postapartheid South Africa in conjunction with narrative impasses in the genre of the neo-slave narrative. Mda emphasizes the haunting presence of the violent past of apartheid and slavery, and suggests that in mourning the past, memory might lead in unexpected, uncomfortable directions, rather than restoring a whole iden- tity or healing the scars of the past. In stepping beyond redemptive forms of memory, Mda asks for new forms of politics that are equal to the task of imagining the possibilities of contemporary life. He thus offers a rich coun- terpoint to influential theorizations of memory, mourning, and temporality in discussions of contemporary fiction about slavery and apartheid.
THREE NEW GENERA OF FOSSIL NONCALCAREOUS ALGAE FROM VALMEYERAN (MISSISSIPPIAN) STRATA OF ILLINOIS

Three previously unknown algal forms are preserved as carbonaceous residue and impressions in basal St. Louis Formation (Valmeyeran Series) of Jersey County, Ill. On the basis of morphologic similarities the algae are considered to belong to Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta. The algae are associated with conularia. The algae and conularia probably lived in shallow marine water on the eastern flank of the Ozark Dome and southern margin of the Illinois Basin. This region would have been at approximately 20 south latitude during the Visean. DISCUSSION-Fry (1983) recently described a Late Ordovician algal flora from Manitoba, Canada, greatly increasing our knowledge of Paleozoic noncalcareous algae. Previous reports are rare but include descriptions of forms from the Silurian (e.g., Taggert and Parker, 1976) and Devonian (e.g., Fry and Banks, 1955).
KRAS mutant allele-specific imbalance is associated with worse prognosis in pancreatic cancer and progression to undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas.

KRAS codon 12 mutations are present in about 90% of ductal adenocarcinomas and in undifferentiated carcinomas of the pancreas. The role of KRAS copy number changes and resulting KRAS mutant allele-specific imbalance (MASI) in ductal adenocarcinoma (n=94), and its progression into undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas (n=25) was studied by direct sequencing and KRAS fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Semi-quantitative evaluation of sequencing electropherograms showed KRAS MASI (ie, mutant allele peak higher than or equal to the wild-type allele peak) in 22 (18.4%) cases. KRAS FISH (performed on 45 cases) revealed a trend for more frequent KRAS amplification among cases with KRAS MASI (7/20, 35% vs 3/25, 12%, P=0.08). KRAS amplification by FISH was seen only in undifferentiated carcinomas (10/24, 42% vs 0/21 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 0%, P=0.0007). In 6 of 11 cases with both undifferentiated and well-differentiated components, transition to undifferentiated carcinoma was associated with an increase in KRAS copy number, due to amplification and/or chromosome 12 hyperploidy. Pancreatic carcinomas with KRAS MASI (compared to those without MASI) were predominantly undifferentiated (16/22, 73% vs 9/97, 9%, P<0.001), more likely to present at clinical stage IV (5/22, 23% vs 7/97, 7%, P=0.009), and were associated with shorter overall survival (9 months, 95% confidence interval, 5–13, vs 22 months, 95% confidence interval, 17–27; P=0.015) and shorter disease-free survival (5 months, 95% confidence interval, 2–8 vs 13 months, 95% confidence interval, 10–16; P=0.02). Our findings suggest that in a subset of ductal adenocarcinomas, KRAS MASI correlates with the progression to undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas.
Unveiling the structure of supply networks: case studies in Honda, Acura, and DaimlerChrysler

Abstract Three complete supply networks have been mapped in this study. These supply networks pertain to the center console assembly and come from three different product lines—Honda Accord, Acura CL/TL, and DaimlerChrysler (DCX) Grand Cherokee. Based on these three cases of supply networks, propositions are built concerning how the structure of supply networks operates. Based on the extant literature, we frame structure in three dimensions—formalization, centralization, and complexity. As an underlying methodology, we first conduct the within-case analysis and then expand the analysis to cross-case context. The three structural dimensions affect one another progressively, and the cost consideration appears to be the overarching force that shapes the supply-network structure.
Investigation of side-chain sar, formulation and injection site toleration of pyrazolo[3,4-f]quinoline derivatives: a potent series of in vivo active immunostimulants

Abstract Pyrazolo[3,4-f]quinoline derivatives represent a novel class of immunostimulant with potent in vivo effects in amurine infection model. Side-chain SAR, formulation issues and injection site toleration studies have been addressed and compounds suitable for extensive in vivo evaluation have been identified. The results of these investigations are presented in this report.
Correspondence analysis used in the evaluation of lakewater chemistry in the Adirondacks

SUMMARY Correspondence analysis (CA) was applied to lakewater data in order to study the effects of acidic deposition on the geochemical composition of lakes in the Adirondacks. The lake chemistry data analyzed were taken from the Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CA was used to identify ‘outlying’ lake samples as well as ‘superfluous’ and ‘unresolved’ analytes. Correlational relationship among analytes were also examined.
Late-onset Tay–Sachs disease: Adverse effects of medications and implications for treatment

The authors conducted a retrospective and brief prospective study of adverse effects of approximately 350 medications in 44 adults with late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (LOTS). Some medications were relatively safe, whereas others, particularly haloperidol, risperidone, and chlorpromazine, were associated with neurologic worsening.
The potential for serious consequences from misinterpreting normal responses to the rapid adrenocorticotropin test.

Despite unequivocal published evidence that patients with subnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function may respond normally to ACTH, such normal results are still considered reliable indications of unimpaired HPA function. This view was tested in four patients with clinical features suggesting corticotropin deficiency, in whom cosyntropin (0.25 mg, i.v.) raised serum cortisol above 560 nmol/L (20 micrograms/dL) at 1 h. All four patients had subnormal responses to metyrapone and excellent persistent improvement during subsequent glucocorticoid therapy. Serum cortisol concentrations 1 h after cosyntropin treatment in these patients closely resembled cortisol concentrations 1 h after uncomplicated cholecystectomy in six other patients. However, the rapid ACTH test in the patients with hypopituitarism failed to indicate whether more prolonged stimulation by ACTH or their endogenous stress would stimulate the normal continuing rise in serum cortisol, which reached 1358 +/- 170 nmol/L (+/- SE) 5 h af...
Embryotoxicity of Phenytoin in Adrenalectomized CD-1 Mice

It has been proposed that the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (PHT) and glucocorticoids induce orofacial clefting by the same mechanism. Previous work had demonstrated that PHT treatment significantly increased endogenous maternal corticosterone concentrations for approximately 48 hr after dosing in A/J mice. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether PHT is embryotoxic in the absence of endogenous maternal glucocorticoids. Maternal adrenal glands were removed on Day 7 of gestation, and the incidence of clefting after PHT treatment was determined. There was a high level of maternal toxicity following adrenalectomy (ADX) and PHT treatment at either 60 or 75 mg/kg. This increased toxicity did not appear to be due to altered maternal drug levels in ADX mice. There was a significant increase in the clefting incidence among offspring of ADX dams treated with PHT at 60 mg/kg. This dose of PHT did not elevate maternal corticosterone levels in ADX dams. These data suggest that PHT is capable of producing clefts in the absence of endogenous maternal corticosterone.
Lectin purification using formalinised erythrocytes as a general affinity adsorbant.

MANY carbohydrate-binding proteins, called lectins, purified from plant extracts1, are proving useful for the study of protein-carbohydrate interactions, cell-surface-initiated differentiation of cells and the topography of cell surface constituents1,2. A general method for purification of lectins would markedly augment this work. Affinity chromatography has been successful for purification of some lectins2 although others require conventional chemical fractionation. Purification may be simplified by the availability of commercial carbohydrate polymer adsorbants: for example Sephadex G-503 for concanavalin A and Sepharose 4B for the carbohydrate-binding protein from Dictyostelium discoideum4.
Metatheory as Cognitive Style

The current debates on metatheory in sociology do not account for the fact that metatheorizing, as a distinct intellectual activity, is unequally distributed throughout the sciences. As a reflexive and critical subspecialty, metatheory and metasociology are more likely to routinely accompany work in loosely coupled and highly controversial disciplines. The theory of scientific organizations explains the propensity for metatheorizing as the outcome of weak and conversational fields that rely mostly on texts to support their discourse.
Repeated Measurements Analysis of Variance When the Correlations Have a Certain Pattern.

Consider a repeated measurements study in which a single observation is taken at each oft(t > 2) equally spaced time points for each ofn subjects. This paper uses a result of Box to find the appropriate multiplicative correction term for the degrees of freedom in the analysis of variance table for the case when there is equal variability per time point, and when the correlation between observationsu time units apart is equal to ρ u . For large values oft, the multiplicative correction has a lower bound approximately equal to 2.5/(t − 1).
The effect of cristallographic orientation on damage in MgO due to spherical particle impact

A single stage gas gun has been used to fire spherical chrome steel and WC particles at variously oriented and prepared MgO single crystals at velocities of up to 350 m sec−1. The resultant damage has been studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, dislocation etching and surface profilometry, and mass losses have been determined gravimetrically. The measured crater dimensions and the mass loss data have been compared with the predictions of a simple analytical model of the impact event.
Magnetic susceptibility of YBa2Cu3O6+x: Effects of spin frustration and correlation.

YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 6+//sub x/ is known to undergo a transition from a magnetic semiconductor to a metallic high-temperature superconductor as the oxygen content is increased from the range 0.0less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.5 to 0.5less than or equal toxless than or equal to1.0. We report here detailed temperature-dependent magnetic-susceptibility studies for x in the composition range 0.0less than or equal toxless than or equal to1.0. For 0.05less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.5, the effective moment ..mu../sub e//sub f//sub f/ decreases with decreasing temperature from 300--160 K, as expected for an antiferromagnet whose Neel temperature is above room temperature. Below 160 K, ..mu../sub e//sub f//sub f/ increases, reaching a maximum at /similar to/40 K then decreases again. The magnitude of this low-temperature peak in ..mu../sub e//sub f//sub f/ increases with x, reaches a maximum at x = 0.35, then decreases toward zero. A Monte Carlo simulation method has been used to model the three-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering of this system as a function of oxygen composition. The calculation reveals the presence of spin frustration as x increases from 0 to 0.3 in accord with the increasing number of effective moments at low temperatures. Abovemore » x = 0.3 a new long-range order (corresponding to a doubling of the magnetic unit cell perpendicular to the planes) is predicted to occur in agreement with the observed magnetic susceptibility and recent neutron-diffraction experiments of Kadowaki et al. and Lynn et al.« less
Path dependent nature of fatigue crack growth

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation is an inherently nonlinear phenomena governed by the material response to the load history. The accurate prediction of fatigue crack growth necessitates the modelling of the irreversible material damage in the neighborhood of the crack tip region. In this investigation, a two-dimensional center-cracked panel undergoing cyclic applied loading is analyzed to address the load history or path-dependency of fatigue crack growth. The crack growth process is simulated by predicting a series of crack growth steps which are assumed to occur when the material elements ahead of the crack tip accumulate a critical amount of stored strain energy density, (dW/dV)c. It is shown that the fatigue process is very sensitive to the choice of growth step size made in the analysis. The existing crack propagation prediction schemes based on linear elasticity are applied to the results and their inadequacies discussed. Crack growth predictions based on the nonlinear stress analysis and the Strain Energy Density Failure Criterion produce physically realistic results and also provide a method for determining the range of applicability of the linear growth laws (which are more practical for design usage). Final failure of the specimen is predicted when the strain energy density factor, S, reaches a critical value, Sc (dW/dV)c and Sc are material constants, independent of the loading and geometry. Thus, the fatigue process is characterized by these two material parameters. The crack tip yield zones (or plastic enclaves) are also shown to demonstrate the extent and influence of plasticity.
Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates liver injury secondary to severe acute pancreatitis.

Background Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is capable of significantly decreasing serum alanine aminotransferase and reducing hepatic necrosis in a murine model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP); however, the working mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of EP solution ameliorating SAP-induced liver injury and provide a new therapeutic agent to treat liver injury. Materials and methods Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in C57Bl/6 male mice by feeding the animals a choline-deficient diet supplemented with 0.5% ethionine for 24 h; then the animals were challenged with 7 hourly 50 μg/kg cerulein i.p. injections and a single i.p. injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (4 mg/kg). Two hours after the injection of lipopolysaccharide, 40 mg/kg EP, the same volume of Ringers lactate solution (RLS), or saline solution were i.p. injected to animals of EP, RLS, and control groups every 6 h for a total 48-h period. Results When mice were treated with EP, hepatic mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly lower than that in pancreatitis mice treated with RLS. Compared to RLS treatment, treatment with EP significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cell infiltration and markedly inhibited hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B DNA binding; EP therapy dramatically inhibited high motility group B1 release from inflamed hepatic tissue and significantly decreased the concentration of hepatic tissue malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress parameter. EP treatment also significantly improved body circulating blood volume. Conclusion EP is a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent to ameliorate hepatic local inflammatory response and resultantly decreases liver injury secondary to SAP.
An Architecture for a Comprehensive Radiological Image Processing and Communication Facility

Diagnostic radiology is adopting more and more digital technology. We have conceived a plan for structured growth in the use of this technology in our department, and outline in this paper the large scale architecture of a seed digital image processing facility, and its anticipated evolution over the next few years. In addition, we outline the requirements and discuss our problems, solutions, and future directions.
Chemistry of fluids from ascension #1, a deep geothermal well on ascension island, South Atlantic Ocean

The volcanic Ascension Island is located about 100 km west of the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A 3126 m-deep well was drilled on the island to investigate the geothermal system associated with the recent volcanism. Two types of fluid were encountered in the well, both derived from seawater. The first fluid, found at 2500 m depth, was a recent mixture of a gaseous phase rich in volcanic CO2 and a geothermal fluid. Flow from this entry was so rich in gas that a CO2H2O froth was formed in the wellbore. The second fluid was water produced by a gas lift from near the bottom of the well at 2957 m. The water appeared to have normal gas concentrations. The geothermometer temperatures of water from the shallow and deep fluid entries were 200 and 245°C, respectively. The geothermometer and the measured temperatures were in close agreement, suggesting low permeability in the geothermal system.
Recurrent Issues in Gerontological Education for Service.

The shortage of trained personnel for teaching, research, and service in aging and calls for higher education to respond by expanding the role of gerontology have been constant themes in discussions of gerontological education for several decades. Although rapid expansion has occurred during the past 20 years, little systematic information concerning the extent or characteristics of gerontology in higher education is available. The inadequacies of data relating to employment in aging make it impossible to determine the degree to which the need for trained personnel is being met, and, despite undeniable progress, none of the issues surrounding gerontological education have been finally resolved. Among those issues are: the shortage of qualified faculty members, particularly in professional schools; the role and organization of programs leading to gerontology degrees and other types of certification; the relationship of undergraduate and graduate programs; methods of integrating aging content into professio...
Exact bayesian inference for normal hierarchical models

This paper provides an algorithm for generating independent draws from the exact joint posterior distribution of the parameters of a univariate Normal hierarchical model. Suppose one observes data on J groups: . At level-1 of the model where are known constants (e.g.,group sample sizes),and . At level-2 , where: are known q×1 covariate vectors. The unknown varameters are the J group means , the q × 1 level-2 regression coefficient γ and the level-1 and level-2 variance components, σ2 and A Given the two variance components, the conditional posterior distributions of the and of γ are closed-form Normals, assuming a q-dimensional Normal or Uniform prior on γ The algorithm of this paper yields independent samples from , having specified vague prior distributions for A, and σ2This enables exact Bayesian inference for all model parameters. The algorithm is implemented as an SPlus program,TLNise, available from www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/peversol/tlnise.htm.
Minority Representation in Special Education: 5-Year Trends

The disproportionate representation of minority students in special education has been a concern for decades. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act mandates states to have policies and procedures in place to prevent inappropriate over identification or disproportionate representation by race and ethnicity of students with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of minority representation in special education given the mandate and related efforts to reduce overrepresentation and to identify trends for the 5-year period from 2004 to 2008. Growth models were used to analyze trends in national data collected from the 50 states and the District of Columbia for these 5 years. Findings indicate some improvements from 10 years ago, especially noteworthy are a significant decrease in the number of African American students and a moderate decrease in the number of Hispanic students categorized as having intellectual disabilities. However, during the same period, the number of Hispanic students in learning disabilities increased. Otherwise, the trend of racial/ethnic representation in special education remains the same as it was a decade ago.
Nonclassical crossovers in binary reactions in one-dimensional systems

We examinethe crossover behavior for the A + A — 0 and A + B —* 0 reactions,which are highly nonclassicalfor a random initial distribution of reactants. We find that both reactions quickly depart from the classical behavior to a "depletion zone regime",eventuallyreachingthe segregatedasymptotic behavior.We givethe correspondingscaling lawsfor the crossovertimeand density.Finite siLe effects are also discussed.Computersimulations verifythe scalinglaws and provide the scalingcoefficients. Chemical reactions in low dimensions that are circumstances the rate laws are PA — Pa = diffusion controlled do not behave classically but kPAPB. If PA(t — 0) = PB(t = 0) p(t = 0), then exhibit "anomalous" rate laws for the densities p(t) the densities of the two species are equal, so of the reacting species (1 8). Thus, for the model ~ = — kp2. But, again it is well known that the reaction A + A —~ 0 while the normal rate law actual rate law in dimensions d < 4 is instead is ~ = — kp2, for dimensions d < 2 it is ~ —
Kinetic studies on mitochondrial F1-ATPase from crayfish (Orconectes virilis) gills

The substrate kinetics and the role of free Mg(2+) and free ATP were studied in membrane-bound F(1)-ATPase from crayfish (Orconectes virilis) gills. It was shown that the MgATP complex was the true substrate for the ATPase activity with a K(m) value of 0.327 mM. In the absence of bicarbonate, the maximum azide-sensitive activities in the presence and absence (<18 microM) of free ATP were 0.878 and 0.520 micromol P(i)/mg protein/min, respectively, while the maximum bicarbonate-stimulated activity in absence of free ATP was 1.486 micromol P(i)/mg protein/min. Free ATP was a competitive inhibitor (K(i)=0.77 mM) and free Mg(2+) was a mixed inhibitor (K(i)=0.81 mM, K(i)'=5.89 mM). However, free ATP also acted as an activator. Lineweaver-Burk plots for MgATP hydrolysis at high free Mg(2+) concentrations exhibited an apparent negative cooperativity, which was not the case for high free ATP levels. These results suggest that, although free ATP inhibited the enzyme by binding to catalytic sites, it stimulated ATPase activity by binding to non-catalytic sites and promoted the dissociation of inhibitory MgADP from the catalytic site.
Kaon condensation in nuclear matter

Using the leading operators in the chiral lagrangian for meson-baryon interactions (at low momentum) and treating the meson fields classically, Kaplan and Nelson have observed, using numerical methods, that a charged kaon condensate forms at several times nuclear density. We derive an analytical expression for the critical density. The effects of virtual mesons and higher dimension operators are discussed. The possibility of a neutral kaon condensate is also considered.
Metformin inhibits ovarian cancer growth and increases sensitivity to paclitaxel in mouse models

netic mouse model of ovarian cancer was used. Mice were treated with placebo, paclitaxel (3 mg/kg/wk intraperitoneally for 7 weeks), metformin (100 mg/kg/d in water for 7 weeks), or paclitaxel plus metformin, and tumor volume was compared among treatment groups. RESULTS:Invitro,metformindecreasedproliferationofovariancancer cell lines and induced cell cycle arrest, but not apoptosis. Further analysis showed that metformin altered several aspects of metabolism including adenosine monophosphateeactivated protein kinase activity, glycolysis, and lipid synthesis. In the prevention mouse model, mice that were pretreated with metformin had 60% fewer tumor implantscomparedwithcontrols(P<.005).Inthetreatmentstudy,mice that were treated with paclitaxel plus metformin had a 60% reduction in tumor weight compared with controls (P ¼ .02), which is a level of tumor reduction greater than that resulting from either paclitaxel or metformin alone. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we conclude that metformin alters metabolism in ovarian cancer cells, prevents tumor growth, and increases sensitivity to chemotherapy in vitro and in mouse models. These preclinical findings suggest that metformin warrants further investigation for use as an ovarian cancer therapeutic.