cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Group Administration Shell and the GASH Network Computing Environment

Managing large scale UNIX networks so that users can use resources on multiple systems is traditionally performed using NIS, NFS, and DNS. Proper use of these tools requires exacting maintenance of multiple databases under a single point of control. This is acceptable for a few dozen machines, but with hundreds of machines spread across several administrative groups, some mechanism is needed to share administrative control over the master administrative files. The Computer Science Division of the Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin (ARL:UT) has developed the Group Administration Shell (GASH) system, which gives different administrators permission to administer subsets of the laboratory NIS and DNS files. In addition to distributing administrative control in a secure fashion, GASH makes a large number of system administration tasks very simple, permitting technically untrained personnel to safely perform complex system administration tasks. The Network Computing Environment (NCE) built around GASH and standard UNIX tools such as NIS, DNS, and automounter provides a flexible and reliable way of completely abstracting the user's environment from the physical configuration of the network.
Siblings who are exposed to child maltreatment: Practices reported by county children’s services supervisors

ABSTRACTLittle is known about children’s exposure to their siblings’ abuse; yet, this group should draw attention from the child welfare system. This study highlighted how siblings were defined and...
Disaggregating solar generation behind individual meters in real time

Real-time photovoltaic (PV) generation information is crucial for distribution system operations such as switching, state-estimation, and voltage management. However, most behind-the-meter solar installations are not monitored. Typically, the only information available to the distribution system operator is the installed capacity of solar behind each meter; though in some cases even the presence of solar may be unknown. We present a method for disaggreagating behind-the-meter solar generation using only information that is already available in most distribution systems: advanced metering infrastructure, substation monitoring, and generation monitoring at a few PV systems nearby the circuit. The proposed method accurately predicts which homes have solar in over 90% of cases, and recovers the 15-min resolution PV generation signals with root mean square errors between 20% and 50% of average daily PV generation both historically and real-time. A sensitivity analysis shows the method to be robust to the number of buildings and time span of data used to fit. However including more than 3 solar proxies can cause false positive of PV systems behind meters. We find that the proposed method performs better at homes that export electricity to the grid more often.
An Intuitive Approach to Cosmic Horizons

How far, in space, can we see? And can we see an object whose Hubble recessional velocity exceeds the speed of light? Maybe you’ve thought about these questions before, or perhaps you’ve seen them discussed in the literature or mentioned in the media. With the recent popularity of inflation and Big Bang cosmology, they’re hard to avoid. The discussion that follows is an attempt to resolve some common misconceptions—often seen in the popular literature—concerning the above two questions, and to do so in a way that appeals to kinematical intuition. A simple thought experiment will be used to initiate the discussion and to answer the question, “Can we see objects with faster-than-light recessional velocity?” Hubble’s law, along with a simple assumption about the kinematics of light in expanding space, will be used to derive expressions, customarily derived in a general relativistic context, that allow cosmologists to determine our observational limits and define our cosmological horizons. Some of the results may surprise you. Before we delve into the topic fully, though, let’s first lay some theoretical groundwork.
How Codification of the Tax Statutes and the Emergence of the Staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation Helped Change the Nature of the Legislative Process

In 1926, Congress created the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) and its staff. This article explains how, partly by design but largely by happenstance, the JCT staff helped change the nature of the legislative process. By serving at or near the intersection of three great divides in government — those between the parties, the houses of Congress, and the legislative and executive branches — the staff demonstrated the value of unelected professionals assisting directly in the formation of legislation and led Congress to rely more on its own resources in the legislative process rather than those of the executive branch. This article describes the emergence of the JCT staff from a modest conception much different from its eventual role. The staff’s work on a lengthy and highly technical project — a dozen-year effort to codify the tax statutes — contributed to the growth of its influence and the changes that would take place in the legislative process.
THE THOMPSON–HIGMAN MONOIDS Mk,i: THE ${\mathcal J}$-ORDER, THE ${\mathcal D}$-RELATION, AND THEIR COMPLEXITY

The Thompson–Higman groups Gk,i have a natural generalization to monoids, called Mk,i, and inverse monoids, called Invk,i. We study some structural features of Mk,i and Invk,i and investigate the computational complexity of related decision problems. The main interest of these monoids is their close connection with circuits and circuit complexity. The maximal subgroups of Mk,1 and Invk,1 are isomorphic to the groups Gk,j (1 ≤ j ≤ k - 1); so we rediscover all the Thompson–Higman groups within Mk,1. Deciding the Green relations and of Mk,1, when the inputs are words over a finite generating set of Mk,1, is in P. When a circuit-like generating set is used for Mk,1 then deciding is coDP-complete (where DP is the complexity class consisting of differences of sets in NP). The multiplier search problem for is xNPsearch-complete, whereas the multiplier search problems of and are not in xNPsearch unless NP = coNP. The class of search problems xNPsearch is introduced as a slight generalization of NPsearch. Deciding for Mk,1 when the inputs are words over a circuit-like generating set, is ⊕k-1•NP-complete; for any h ≥ 2, ⊕h•NP is a modular counting complexity class, whose verification problems are in NP. Related problems for partial circuits are the image size problem (which is # • NP-complete), and the image size modulo h problem (which is ⊕h•NP-complete). For Invk,1 over a circuit-like generating set, deciding is ⊕k-1P-complete. It is interesting that the little known complexity classes coDP and ⊕k-1•NP play a central role in Mk,1.
Retrospective study of the success of dental implants placed in HIV-positive patients

Data related to HIV-positive patients with dental implants is short-termed and limited. Recent data showed that both HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) could lead to low bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to determine the success rate of dental implants in HIV-positive patients. Dental files of 67 HIV-positive patients were selected and reviewed retrospectively, and 18 subjects agreed to return for examination. All implants were evaluated using periapical radiographs that were calibrated to measure bone loss. Crestal bone loss, mobility, and lack of infection were the parameters used to determine implant success. All dental implants evaluated lacked mobility and infection. Bone loss averaged 0.5 mm in 3.6 years. Subjects were consistent with maintenance and oral hygiene. Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the placement of dental implants on HIV-positive patients is safe and effective.
Azi-medetomidine: Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel α2 Adrenergic Photoaffinity Ligand

Agonists at the α2 adrenergic receptor produce sedation, increase focus, provide analgesia, and induce centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia, yet neither their dynamic interactions with adrenergic receptors nor their modulation of neuronal circuit activity is completely understood. Photoaffinity ligands of α2 adrenergic agonists have the potential both to capture discrete moments of ligand-receptor interactions and to prolong naturalistic drug effects in discrete regions of tissue in vivo. We present here the synthesis and characterization of a novel α2 adrenergic agonist photolabel based on the imidazole medetomidine called azi-medetomidine. Azi-medetomidine shares protein association characteristics with its parent compound in experimental model systems and by molecular dynamics simulation of interactions with the α2A adrenergic receptor. Azi-medetomidine acts as an agonist at α2A adrenergic receptors, and produces hypnosis in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Azi-medetomidine competes with the α2 agonist clonidine at α2A adrenergic receptors, which is potentiated by photolabeling, and azi-medetomidine labels moieties on the α2A adrenergic receptor as determined by mass spectrometry in a manner consistent with a simulated model. This novel α2 adrenergic agonist photolabel can serve as a powerful tool for in vitro and in vivo investigations of adrenergic signaling.
Beyond Isolated Competencies: Computational Literacy in an Elementary Science Classroom

This work arises from the concern that investigations into children’s computing have largely focused on learning to code as an isolated competency. This approach frames technology as a means to an end and unnecessarily narrows conceptual activity in the classroom to the (re)production of computational abstractions. Our approach is to argue for considering computational modeling and programming as part of a larger ensemble of STEM work in the elementary classroom, broadening and deepening what it means to code to include multiple forms and genres of representations. The distinction between focusing on computing as an isolated competency and our approach can be understood in light of diSessa’s distinction between “material intelligence” and “literacies.” DiSessa (2001) argued that while material intelligence can be understood as meaningful use of a technology, literacies are a lens through which we create, understand, and communicate with the world. It is our view that in elementary classrooms, computational modeling and programming can cease to exist merely as material intelligence and become a core component of scientific practice, particularly when activity is structured in certain ways.
Epidemiology of Binge Eating

This chapter reviews information on the epidemiology of binge eating and disorders defined by the presence of recurrent binge-eating episodes, bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED). Prevalence estimates indicate that binge eating affects 4.9% of females and 4% of males over their lifetimes. BN occurs in about 1.9% of females and 0.6% of males over their lifetimes, and 1.5% of females and 0.1% of males currently have BN. BED is more common than BN: about 2.8% of females and 1% of males will be diagnosed with BED in their lifetimes, and 2.3% of females and 0.3% of males currently have BED. Both BN and BED are more common in women than men, and binge eating and BN are more common in young adulthood compared to middle and late adulthood. Mixed findings exist for gender differences in prevalence of any binge eating, and the prevalence of BED appears similar throughout young and middle adulthood. Prevalence estimates for binge eating are higher among racial/ethnic minorities and prevalence estimates for BN are higher among Latinos and African-Americans compared to non-Latino White Americans. In contrast, prevalence estimates for BED are largely similar among racial/ethnic minorities and non-Latino White Americans. Incidence rates for binge eating and BED have not been examined for changes over time. For BN, studies support a significant increase in incidence during the latter half of the twentieth century, with rates either remaining stable or decreasing during the transition to the twenty-first century. The chapter ends with a discussion of factors relevant to interpreting the epidemiological data.
Reported maternal childhood maltreatment experiences, amygdala activation and functional connectivity to infant cry.

Maternal childhood maltreatment experiences (CMEs) may influence responses to infants and affect child outcomes. We examined associations between CME and mothers' neural responses and functional connectivity to infant distress. We hypothesized that mothers with greater CME would exhibit higher amygdala reactivity and amygdala-supplementary motor area (SMA) functional connectivity to own infant's cries. Postpartum mothers (N = 57) assessed for CME completed an functional magnetic resonance imaging task with cry and white-noise stimuli. Amygdala region-of-interest and psychophysiological interaction analyses were performed. Our models tested associations of CME with activation and connectivity during task conditions (own/other and cry/noise). Exploratory analyses with parenting behaviors were performed. Mothers with higher CME exhibited higher amygdala activation to own baby's cries vs other stimuli (F1,392 = 6.9, P < 0.01, N = 57) and higher differential connectivity to cry vs noise between amygdala and SMA (F1,165 = 22.3, P < 0.001). Exploratory analyses revealed positive associations between both amygdala activation and connectivity and maternal non-intrusiveness (Ps < 0.05). Increased amygdala activation to own infant's cry and higher amygdala-SMA functional connectivity suggest motor responses to baby's distress. These findings were associated with less intrusive maternal behaviors. Follow-up studies might replicate these findings, add more granular parenting assessments and explore how cue processing leads to a motivated maternal approach in clinical populations.
Disparities in outcomes among patients diagnosed with cancer associated with emergency department visits

ImportanceDiagnosis of cancer in the emergency department (ED) may be associated with poor outcomes, related to socioeconomic (SES) disparities, however data are limited. ObjectiveTo examine the morality and associated disparities for cancer diagnoses made less than six months after an ED visit. DesignThis study is case-control analysis of the Indiana State Department of Health Cancer Registry, and the Indiana Network for Patient Care. First time diagnoses of ICD-"cancer" appearing in the registry between January 2013 and December 2017 were included. Cases were patients who had an ED visit in the 6 months before their cancer diagnosis; controls had no recent ED visits. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Primary outcome was mortality, comparing ED-associated mortality to non-ED-associated. Secondary outcomes include SES and demographic disparities. Results134,761 first-time cancer patients were identified, including 15,432 (11.5%) cases. In cases and controls, the mean age was same at 65 and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was the same at 2.0 in both groups. More of the ED cohort were Black than the non-ED cohort (12.4% vs 7.4%, P<.0001, Chi Square) and more were low income (36.4%. vs 29.3%). The top 3 ED-associated cancer diagnoses were lung (18.4%), breast (8.9%), and colorectal cancer (8.9%), vs. the non-ED cohort were breast (17%), lung (14.9%), and prostate cancer (10.1%). Regardless of type, all ED-associated cancers had an over three-fold higher mortality, with cumulative death rate of 32.9% for cases vs 9.0% for controls (P<.0001) over the entire study period. Regression analysis predicting mortality, clustering by city, controlling for age, gender, race, SES, drug/alcohol/tobacco use, and CCI score, produced an odds ratio of 4.12 (95% CI 3.72-4.56 for ED associated cancers). Conclusion and RelevanceThis study found that an ED visit within 6 months prior to the first time of ICD-coded cancer is associated with Black race, low income and an overall three-fold increased risk of death. The mortality rates for ED-associated cancers are uniformly worse for all cancer types. These data suggest that additional work is needed in order to reduce disparities among ED-associated cancer diagnoses, including increased surveillance and improved transitions of care. Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDo patients diagnosed with cancer, shortly after an emergency department (ED) visit have worsened outcomes than patients with diagnoses not associated with an ED visit. FindingsIn this retrospective, epidemiological assessment, 134,761 patients were diagnosed with cancer, 11.5% (15,432) were seen in the ED within 6 months prior to their diagnosis. They had increased mortality, associated with racial and socioeconomic disparities. MeaningThese findings imply an urgent need for improved transitions of care for minority and low-income patients with suspected cancer in the ED.
Longitudinal Risk Adjustment for Maternal End-Organ Injury and Death.

To determine whether adjusting for healthcare utilization and comorbidity diagnosed in the year before delivery improves the prediction of adverse maternal outcomes.The Truven Health MarketScan dat...
Daily, but not lifetime discrimination is associated with greater pain interference in those with chronic pain

Experiences of being discriminated against based on some aspect of one's identity are associated with enhanced pain – both clinically and in the laboratory. However, much of the extant research has assessed the impact of racial discrimination, and has focused on pain severity or the development of chronic pain. Discrimination based on other aspects of identity and its association with pain interference has received less attention, and no direct relationship between the two has been found. Using data from the Midlife in the United States (N=1252, 57.8% female) national survey, we assessed whether both daily and/or lifetime experiences with discrimination based on any aspect of one's identity – including race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, physical appearance, and sexual orientation – could predict pain interference among participants with a range of chronic pain conditions. Results indicated that daily (βdaily=.076, p=.006) but not lifetime (βlifetime=.024, p=.39) experiences with discrimination positively predicted pain interference, controlling for self-rated physical and mental health, number of other chronic conditions, BMI, depression, anxiety, and demographics. This association was driven by a stronger relationship among women (βdaily=.097, p=.008; βlifetime=.044, p=.21) than men (βdaily=.062, p=.15; βlifetime=-.01, p=.76). These findings are the first to describe a direct association between daily discrimination based on any aspect of one's identity and pain interference, particularly among women. Results also indicate that daily experiences of discrimination based on any aspect of one's identity – and perhaps especially those that are more likely to affect or have a greater impact on women – compound pain's interference on daily life.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Left Upper Extremity Mimicking a Sarcoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can arise in both lymph nodes and extranodal sites. DLBCLs rarely present in the soft tissue of the upper extremity. We report a case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with a large left upper arm mass and underwent surgical resection under the presumptive diagnosis of sarcoma but the final pathology showed DLBCL. Sarcomas are common malignant tumors of the soft tissue of the extremities, but lymphomas also occasionally present as a soft tissue mass. It is important to keep lymphomas in mind in order to avoid unnecessary surgical excisions.
Peritoneal Effluent Cell-Free DNA Sequencing in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients With and Without Peritonitis

ABSTRACT Rationale & Objective Conventional culture can be insensitive for the detection of rare infections and for the detection of common infections in the setting of recent antibiotic usage. Patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) with suspected peritonitis have a significant proportion of negative conventional cultures. This study examines the utility of metagenomic sequencing of peritoneal effluent cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for evaluating peritoneal effluent in PD patients with and without peritonitis. Study Design Prospective cohort study Setting & Participants We prospectively characterized cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in 68 peritoneal effluent samples obtained from 33 patients receiving peritoneal dialysis at a single center study from September 2016 to July 2018. Outcomes Peritoneal effluent cfDNA characteristics, microbial and human cfDNA characteristics in culture-confirmed peritonitis and culture-negative peritonitis. Analytical Approach Descriptive statistics, detection of microbial cfDNA in culture-confirmed peritonitis and culture-negative peritonitis. Results Metagenomic sequencing of cfDNA was able to detect and identify bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic pathogens in the peritoneal effluent from PD patients with culture-confirmed peritonitis as well as patients with recent antibiotic usage and in cases of culture-negative peritonitis. Limitations Parallel cultures not obtained in all peritoneal effluent specimens. Conclusions Metagenomic cfDNA sequencing of peritoneal effluent can identify pathogens in PD patients with peritonitis, including culture-negative peritonitis.
A Unified Analysis of Executive Pay: The Case of the Banking Industry

This study examines executive compensation determinants in the U.S. banking industry. Multiple theories of executive pay are discussed and tested using a relatively homogenous sample. We perform an in-depth look at the corporate governance and ownership structure of the companies selected. We explore the simultaneous relationship between compensation, firm performance, and board strength, exploiting variables unique to the banking industry. Our primary finding is that after controlling for both regulatory oversight and external market discipline, a strong board is associated with higher firm performance and lower levels of executive pay, consistent with such a board of directors providing a strong monitoring function.
Ultrastructural pharmacopathology: I. Comparative morphology of the livers of the normal street dog and purebred beagle. A base-line study

Abstract The normal ultrastructure of dog liver was studied to provide base-line information necessary for adequate evaluation of chronic toxicity experiments. Thirty-two clinically normal beagle-type street dogs were compared to 14 clinically normal registered beagles. The dogs, in turn, were compared to the classic picture of liver ultrastructure as established for the laboratory rat. The registered beagle liver ultrastructure was similar to that of the laboratory rat, while 23 of the street dogs had abnormalities in ultrastructural lesions in the liver. Street dog liver was not uniform or “normal” when studied by electron microscopy. This would eliminate this source of dogs as an adequate animal for ultrastructural chronic toxicity work.
Focus on the Liver: Alcohol Use, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Disease in HIV-Infected Patients

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the 1990 s, liver disease is emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. This is attributed to a variety of factors, including HAART hepatotoxicity, coinfection with hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively), and alcohol abuse. Several studies have examined the effects of HAART and HCV/HBV coinfection on liver toxicity. However, the impact of alcohol consumption as a cofactor for hepatotoxicity in HIV patients is only beginning to be understood. Similar to the general population, alcohol use is common in the HIV population but is often overlooked by health care providers. Approximately 25 percent of recently diagnosed HIV patients are alcohol dependent; moreover, alcohol dependence has been associated with HIV treatment failure. Alcohol/HAART interactions appear crucial for the development of liver disease in HIV patients. Recent research has shown that alcohol abuse is associated with severe hepatotoxicity in patients on HAART. Importantly, alcoholic- and HAART-induced liver disease share many potential mechanisms of injury, including altered metabolism of certain signaling molecules (i.e., cytokines) and dysfunction of some cell components (i.e., proteasomes and mitochondria).
Protein‐Lipid Interactions during Virus Entry by Membrane Fusion

Originally published in: Protein-Lipid Interactions. Edited by Lukas K. Tamm. Copyright © 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-31151-4 The sections in this article are Introduction Fusion of Pure Lipid Bilayers Viral Protein Sequences that Mediate Lipid Bilayer Fusion Fusion Peptides Transmembrane Domains Other Regions of the Fusion Protein Interactions of Fusion Peptides with Lipid Bilayers HIV Fusion Peptide-Bilayer Interactions Influenza Fusion Peptide Structure Influenza Fusion Peptide Mutants Binding of Fusion Peptides to Lipid Bilayers Sendai, Measles and Ebola Fusion Peptide–Bilayer Interactions Perturbation of Bilayer Structure by Fusion Peptides Interactions of Transmembrane Domains with Lipid Bilayers Structure–Function (Fusion) Relationships of Membrane-interactive Viral Fusion Protein Domains Fusion Peptide Mutants Transmembrane Domain Mutants Possible Mechanisms for Initiating the Formation of Viral Fusion Pores Acknowledgments Keywords: interplay of proteins and lipids in virus entry by membrane fusion; fusion of pure lipid bilayers; viral protein sequences that mediate lipid bilayer fusion; interactions of fusion peptides with lipid bilayers; interactions of transmembrane domains with lipid bilayers
Reason, Resources, and Wrongful Life: Using Social Psychological Models of Health and Evolutionary Theory to Assess Behavioral Claims in Wrongful Life Litigation

The central behavioral claim in Wrongful Life actions is that a mother would have chosen to have a therapeutic abortion rather than given birth to a severely impaired child. Wrongful Life actions are brought by or on behalf of infant-plaintiffs who are suing the physicians who allegedly negligently allowed them to be born by failing to provide the mother with sufficient information about the health of her fetus while she was still legally able to terminate the pregnancy. Social psychological models of health behavior and evolutionary theory, including inclusive fitness, parental investment, the theory of reasoned action, and the theory of planned behavior, are addressed to assess the claim that a child, due to its severe defects, could be better off dead and that the mother would have willingly terminated the pregnancy if full information was disclosed. These theories ultimately support the behavioral claims made in Wrongful Life actions.
A DRIE CMOS-MEMS gyroscope

The gyroscope reported in this paper is a lateral-axis angular rate sensor with in-plane vibration and out-of-plane Coriolis acceleration sensing. The sensor plus on-chip CMOS circuitry is about 1 mm by 1 mm in size and is fabricated by a post-CMOS micromachining process that uses interconnect metal layers as etching mask(s) and a single-crystal silicon layer as the structural material. The resultant device incorporates both 1.8 /spl mu/m-thick thin-film structures and 60 /spl mu/m-thick bulk Si structures to simultaneously achieve spring beams with either in-plane or out-of-plane compliance. The microstructure is flat and avoids the curling problem existing in thin-film CMOS gyroscopes. A unique silicon electrical isolation technique is used to obtain individually controllable comb fingers. The noise floor of the gyroscope is 0.02/spl deg//s/Hz/sup 1/2/ at 5 Hz.
Neonatal respiratory distress and sepsis in the premature foal: Challenges with diagnosis and management

Summary The presentation of a premature, neonatal foal affected with respiratory distress and seizures represents a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge often best addressed by the provision of appropriate emergency care followed by prompt referral to a well-equipped critical care facility. Veterinary management of the premature foal described in the accompanying report was complicated by the development of sepsis and pulmonary failure. The development of pulmonary emphysematous bullae was identified during the course of the foal's treatment and probably contributed to its clinical deterioration. Diagnostic imaging modalities that may be used for the diagnosis of respiratory distress in neonatal foals include thoracic radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Both CT and MRI require general anaesthesia. The likelihood of a successful outcome for the foal in this report might have been improved by the provision of urgent veterinary care and referral to the critical care facility earlier in the course of its management. Important early indicators of the need for urgent veterinary care in this case included the foal's prematurity, inability to stand, and the need to provide manual support to facilitate nursing from the mare's udder. Foals affected in this manner should warrant treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobials, circulating volume maintenance, immunoglobulin support, and the use of a nasogastric tube to facilitate nutritional support.
Cretaceous magnetizations in northwestern Nevada and tectonic implications

Paleozoic and Mesozoic arc-related rocks of the Black Rock Desert region of northwestern Nevada have acquired a very stable postfolding secondary magnetization, probably in Late Cretaceous time. The remagnetization, which appears to be of regional extent, probably accompanied emplacement of granitic plutons in a northeast-trending belt across northwestern Nevada near the end of Mesozoic time. The region has experienced no appreciable tectonic rotation since that time.
Cardiovascular and disease‐related predictors of depression in systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE Depression and cardiovascular disease are common and debilitating comorbidities associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, history of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and SLE disease related factors were evaluated as longitudinal predictors of depression in a large cohort of patients with SLE.
Socioeconomic development, infant mortality and fertility: A cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis of 63 selected countries

Data from 63 selected countries of the world at two different points in time, 1958 and 1968, are used to test a path model in which infant mortality acts as an intermediate variable between two composite indicators of economic and social development and the fertility rate. The model is tested with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal data. In order to ascertain the appropriate time dimension in which the independent variables influence the trends of fertility, the results from an instantaneous model are compared with those from a lagged effect model.
The Displacement of Black Educators Post-Brown: An Overview and Analysis

In 1951 three brief commentaries in the Journal of Negro Education drew public attention to the potentially tenuous job security of African-American educators in the South, Black professionals whose employment status was being called into question as southern educational institutions faced the prospect of desegregation. The specific incident which occasioned these commentaries was a December 1950 vote by the Board of Trustees of the University of Louisville to close the segregated, all-Black Louisville Municipal College, which it had administered since that college was founded in 1931, and to integrate the two institutions' student bodies. Fourteen African-American faculty and staff at Louisville Municipal College were informed that, despite tenure or contract status, they would be given two months' severance pay and summarily dismissed. With United States Supreme Court legal precedents from the 1938 Gaines case through the 1950 Sweatt and McLauren decisions already dramatically affecting the policy context of southern higher education, and with what would become known as the “Brown Decision” looming on the horizon, what might be the consequences for all Black educators throughout the South—if the high court overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision as National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) lawyers urged?
Using frequency-domain manipulation of stretched femtosecond laser pulses to create fast rise and fall times on picosecond pulses

We show how femtosecond laser pulses that are stretched to many picoseconds duration can be manipulated to create useful picosecond pulses. The picosecond pulse shape is manipulated by masking in the frequency domain. Rise and fall times of 1.5 ps are possible using direct masking. Sub-picosecond fall times are theoretically possible if the phase is also controlled. It is shown how these novel picosecond pulse shapes are used to control the spatial alignment of gas-phase molecules.
Organization of neurons in the visual cortex, area 17, of the monkey (Macaca mulatta).

A study of neuron morphology in Golgi Rapid and Kopsch preparations of area 17 of the monkey has shown three basic cell groups— pyramidal neurons, stellate neurons with spinous dendrites and stellate neurons with spine-free or sparsely spined dendrites. These three neuron groups show different distributions in depth from pia to white matter and differ in their relationship to zones of concentrated termination of geniculo-cortical axons. The neuron type most closely related to the laminae receiving a heavy geniculo-cortical projection is the spinous stellate cell. This cell type is restricted to lamina IV. Included in this zone is the broadest band of geniculo-cortical axon projection (lamina IVC), the horizontal fiber band (lamina IVB) comprising the major portion of the stria of Gennari (receiving little or no thalamic projection) and the narrow band of thalamo-cortical fiber termination which occurs superficial to the stria of Gennari (lamina IVA). Pyramidal neuron cell bodies are almost totally excluded from lamina IVC and the apical dendrites of lower pyramidal neurons bear many fewer spines in lamina IVC than in laminae V and VI. The basal dendrites of upper pyramidal cells spread superficial and deep to lamina IVA rather than within it. Spine-free stellate neurons occur at all cortical levels and sparselyspined varieties have not been impregnated in lamina IV, but occur in the other laminae. Three groups of presumed thalamo-cortical axons have been identified, two of which resemble each other in morphology (having long collaterals which appear to terminate by means of spine-like projections of the axonal surface) but not in distribution. One group of these axons bearing spine-like projections distributes in laminae IVC (principally in the deeper half, IVCβ) and IVA; the other is restricted in distribution to the upper half of lamina IVC (IVCα). The third group of thalamo-cortical axons distributes to lamina I and appears to lack the spine-like projections shown by the other two axon groups.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis by ouabain and concanavalin a in cultures of embryonic neural retina cells

Ouabain and concanavalin A, agents which bind to specific sites in the cell membrane, stimulate DNA synthesis and cell replication in monolayer cultures of neural retina cells from late chick embryos. The results suggest a relationship between control of retina cell replication and properties of the cell membrane. The experiments involved measurements of 3H-thymidine incorporation in primary monolayer cultures (24-48h) of retina cells from embryos of different ages. Stimulation by ouabain was greatest in cells from 14-day embryos, and its magnitude was similar to that elicited in these cell cultures by concanavalin A. Simultaneous treatment of 14-day retina cells with both agents resulted in a greater than additive stimulation of DNA synthesis. Our results demonstrated that, although during normal embryogenesis cell replication in the neural retina has virtually ceased by day 14 of development, some cells retained a capacity for mitogenesis when exposed to conditions such as provided in these experiments. By autoradiography the responding cells were identified as large epithelioid retina cells (LER cells). Under optimal conditions of simultaneous treatment with ouabain and Con A about 20% of the LER cells showed stimulation of DNA synthesis. The nature of LER cells and other aspects of our findings are discussed.
A comparative study of melilite and fassaite in Types B1 and B2 refractory inclusions

Abstract Most of the petrologic data available for Type B inclusions comes from Type B1s. Relatively little comes from the B2s, and there has not been a systematic comparison of the properties of their two most abundant minerals. In this work, we document the compositions and zoning patterns of melilite and fassaite in Type B2 inclusions, and compare and contrast them with the features of their counterparts in Type B1 inclusions. We find that melilite compositions in Type B2 inclusions are similar to those of Type B1s, with maximum Ak contents of ∼75 mol % and a positive correlation between Ak and Na 2 O contents. Asymmetrically zoned melilite is common in Type B2s as are melilite grains with reversely zoned regions, and the reversely zoned portions of crystals are thicker than in B1s. In B2s, like B1s, fassaite is zoned with decreasing Ti, Sc, and V oxide contents from cores to rims of grains. Approximately half of the Ti is trivalent, but unlike that in B1s, within fassaite grains in B2s the Ti 3+ /(Ti 3+ + Ti 4+ ) ratio does not decrease from core to rim, and sharp enrichments (“spikes”) in Ti 3+ and V are not observed. Sector-zoned fassaite is much more common in B2s than in B1s. The differences we observed can be accounted for by the differences in bulk compositions between B1s and B2s. Type B2 inclusions tend to have higher SiO 2 contents, hence higher An/Ge component ratios, than Type B1s. Phase equilibria show that, compared to B1s, in B2s less melilite should crystallize prior to the appearance of fassaite, so that in B2s a higher proportion of melilite cocrystallizes with fassaite, causing more of the crystals to be reversely zoned; more melilite crystallizes while adjacent to other crystals, leading to asymmetrical zoning; and with more liquid available, transport of components to growing fassaite occurs more readily than in B1s, facilitating crystal growth and giving rise to sector zoning. The lack of zoning with respect to Ti 3+ /Ti tot and the absence of Ti 3+ -, V-rich spikes suggest that Type B2 melts maintained equilibrium with the nebular gas throughout crystallization, while the interiors of B1s were probably isolated from the gas, perhaps by their melilite mantles. This makes the similarity of Na-Ak relationships in B1 and B2 melilite difficult to understand, but apparently enclosure by melilite mantles was not necessary for the retention of Na 2 O during crystallization of Type B refractory inclusions.
Multistage and Mixture Parallel Gatekeeping Procedures in Clinical Trials

Gatekeeping procedures have been developed to solve multiplicity problems arising in clinical trials with hierarchical objectives where the null hypotheses that address these objectives are grouped into ordered families. A general method for constructing multistage parallel gatekeeping procedures was proposed by Dmitrienko et al. (2008). The objective of this paper is to study two related classes of parallel gatekeeping procedures. Restricting to two-family hypothesis testing problems, we first use the mixture method developed in Dmitrienko and Tamhane (2011) to define a class of parallel gatekeeping procedures derived using the closure principle that can be more powerful than multistage gatekeeping procedures. Second, we show that power of multistage gatekeeping procedures can also be improved by using α-exhaustive tests for the component procedures. Extensions of these results for multiple families are stated. Illustrative examples from clinical trials are given.
Photoisomerization of polybutadiene

Polybutadiene, in the solid state, and in the absence of added sensitizer, undergoes photochemical cis-trans isomerization and loss of unsaturation when irradiated in vacua with krypton 1236 A. or mercury 2537 A. radiation. The estimated quantum yields for these two reactions are 0.25 and 1.53, respectively, for the krypton irradiations, and 0.09 and 0.07 for the mercury irradiations. The G-values (or 100-e.v. yields) for the vacuum photochemical isomerization and consumption of double bonds indicated by the krypton data (2.5 and 15.3) are comparable to the G-values obtained previously for the corresponding radiation-induced reactions in polybutadiene (7.2 and 13.6–7.9, respectively). This suggests that the mechanisms in these two systems are similar, involving both ionized and excited species; the high yield for loss of double bonds with krypton is attributed to a chain cyclization analogous to that postulated in the radiation chemistry of diene polymers. The photoisomerization with mercury is assumed to be sensitized by adventitious impurities present in the polymer which absorb in the ordinary ultraviolet (where the polymer is transparent) and which transfer energy to the double bonds, causing their excitation and eventual isomerization.
Host Specificity of Coniatus tamarisci (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from France: Potential Biological Control Agent of Tamarix spp. in the United States

The feeding behavior and host specificity of Coniatus tamarisci F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Hyperini) were studied in southern France. The results of the experiments and observations supported the potential of this species and its safe use as a biological control agent for saltcedar, Tamarix ramosissima Ledebourg, in North America. Adults and larvae fed on saltcedar buds, leaves, and stems during the entire vegetative phase of the host plant, limiting its growth. Under no-choice, starvation conditions on caged plants, adult feeding and oviposition were restricted to species in the genus Tamarix and to the closely related Myricaria germanica (L.) Desvaux, also belonging to the family Tamaricaceae. The heaviest damage and oviposition were on saltcedar, and feeding was light on T. aphylla (L.) Karsten. Among the species tested, the weevil completed its development only on saltcedar and M. germanica and not on T. aphylla or T. parviflora DC.
Adsorption and Dissociation of Trimethylindium on an Indium Nitride Substrate. A Computational Study

A computational study of the adsorption and dissociation of trimethylindium (TMI) on an indium nitride (InN) substrate was performed, as an essential component of InN epitaxy in high-pressure chemical vapor deposition. Gibbs free energies of reaction and reaction rate constants were calculated for the adsorption/ desorption of TMI and its derivatives onto four model substrates of InN, for temperatures between 300 and 1400 K, and pressures between 1 and 100 atm. Similar properties were calculated for the methyl dissociation of the adsorbed species. The four model substrates were designed to represent the nitrogen surface of InN with various degrees of coverage. The model-substrates were constructed as four-shell clusters, which were structurally optimized by energy minimization. The electronic energies for the gaseous species were estimated using density functional theory, whereas, for the adsorbate-cluster adducts, the hybrid approach ONIOM was used, based on semiempirical molecular-orbital calculations and density functional theory. Thermodynamic properties and reaction rate constants were estimated using Debye's approximation for solids, vibrational frequencies obtained from normal vibrational analyses, statistical thermodynamics, and transition-state theory. Validation of the clusters was based on the indium-nitrogen distances and on heat capacity. Systems of coupled differential equations were solved to compute the time progression of the species concentrations at various temperatures (from 500 to 1300 K) and pressures (from 1 to 25 atm).
The treatment of small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type

Small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an exceedingly rare and poorly characterized tumor with an unknown cell of origin. SCCOHT typically occurs in adolescents and young women with a peak incidence in the third decade of life. The initial description of SCCOHT noted a dismal outcome among patients, particularly those with advanced disease. However, recently published studies indicate that SCCOHT is often amenable to therapy and even in advanced stages potentially curable. Surgery paired with multiagent chemotherapy including platinum-based agents and etoposide are often cited in patients who achieve a complete remission. While reports of successfully treated patients have emerged, the scarcity of prospective clinical trials has slowed the validation of effective treatment regimens. The value of extensive surgery, radiation therapy, and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue remain uncertain. Insight into the biology underlying SCCOHT is desperately needed to guide the implementation of novel therapeutics in SCCOHT.
Acute Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in the Critically Ill

Acute abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a clinical entity that develops from a progressive, acute increase in pressure within the confined space of the abdominal cavity from a multitude of etiologies. This increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) impacts multiple organ systems in a graded fashion due to differential susceptibilities. While the classic renal, pulmonary, and cardiovascular signs are seen with marked elevations in IAP, we now know that the gut is most sensitive to increases in IAP and develops evidence of end-organ damage earlier in the development of ACS. Furthermore, intracranial derangements with ACS are now well described. Treatment involves expedient decompression of the abdomen, without which the syndrome of end-organ damage and reduced oxygen delivery may lead to the development of multiple organ failure and ultimately death. The scenarios of multiple trauma, hemorrhage with massive volume resuscitation, and/or protracted operation are where ACS is most frequently encountered. However, knowledge of ACS is also essential for the management of critically ill pediatric patients and intensive care patients with acute medical illnesses. The role of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in the etiology of necrotizing enterocolitis, central obesity comorbidities, and preeclampsia/eclampsia remains to be fully elucidated. This article reviews the experimental background, organ system pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ACS with emphasis on the latest concepts in the literature as they apply to critically ill patients.
Authoritarianism, Environmentalism, and Cynicism of College Students and Their Parents

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the degree of ideological consistency across two successive generations. We collected survey data assessing authoritarianism, environmentalism, and cynicism from 507 undergraduates and their respective parents. ANOVA showed that fathers were significantly more authoritarian and less environmentally concerned than mothers and students. Students were significantly less authoritarian and more cynical than their parents. However, we found significant correlations on authoritarianism for students and parents which indicated strong parental influence on this construct. Environmentalism and cynicism were found to correlate significantly only for students with their fathers. Thus, we observed an overall generational effect, but also noted significant ideological consistency within families.