cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomoxetine for freezing of gait in Parkinson disease

Freezing of gait (FoG) is one of the most troublesome symptoms associated with Parkinson disease (PD). This symptom usually does not respond to dopaminergic therapy, possibly because it is mediated via noradrenergic, rather than dopaminergic, deficiency. As atomoxetine enhances noradrenergic transmission we postulated that it may be effective in the treatment of FoG and enrolled 5 PD patients who had this gait abnormality, both when "on" or "off" levodopa, into a double-blind, randomized trial. Although an improvement in total Gait and Balance Scale (GABS) score was noted in patients treated with atomoxetine as compared to placebo, this did not reach statistical significance, possibly because of a small sample size. Further studies in a larger population of patients with FoG are needed to determine whether atomoxetine is a useful drug in the treatment of this, often disabling, feature of PD.
Can diet be responsible for the initial lesion in diabetes

Abstract oral glucose-tolerance curve, and the concomitant changes in serum-insulin were significantly lower in 50 African cleaners than in 12 Europeans. 35 African students on a "Western" diet gave intermediate results. Low blood-glucose and insulin concentrations seem to be characteristic of populations with a low prevalence of diabetes.
Coarse-grained chondrule rims in type 3 chondrites

Coarse-grained rims composed of olivine, with or without low-Ca pyroxene, occur around all types of chondrules and compound chondrules in type 3 carbonaceous chondrites and around ordinary chondrites. The dark zoned chondrules and coarse grained rims were formed by the heating of clumps of opaque matrix material to subsolidus-subliquidus temperatures in the solar nebula. The most likely source of the heat that formed the coarse grained rims is the mechanism responsible for chondrule formation. CV chondrites may have formed in a region where the chondrule formation mechanism was less efficient, probably at greater solar distances than the ordinary chondrites. Alternatively, CV chondrules may have suffered fewer particle collisions prior to agglomeration.
Submillimeter polarization in the Orion Nebula

Linear polarization measurements, obtained at 270 microns with the 0.91-m telescope of the NASA Kuyper Airborne Observatory in September 1983 and January and November 1984, are reported for three regions in Ori. The large-scale magnetic field inferred from the measurements is shown to be uniform on the 0.4-pc scale of the beams.
Entity discovery and assignment for opinion mining applications

Opinion mining became an important topic of study in recent years due to its wide range of applications. There are also many companies offering opinion mining services. One problem that has not been studied so far is the assignment of entities that have been talked about in each sentence. Let us use forum discussions about products as an example to make the problem concrete. In a typical discussion post, the author may give opinions on multiple products and also compare them. The issue is how to detect what products have been talked about in each sentence. If the sentence contains the product names, they need to be identified. We call this problem entity discovery. If the product names are not explicitly mentioned in the sentence but are implied due to the use of pronouns and language conventions, we need to infer the products. We call this problem entity assignment. These problems are important because without knowing what products each sentence talks about the opinion mined from the sentence is of little use. In this paper, we study these problems and propose two effective methods to solve the problems. Entity discovery is based on pattern discovery and entity assignment is based on mining of comparative sentences. Experimental results using a large number of forum posts demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique. Our system has also been successfully tested in a commercial setting.
BEREAVEMENT BY TRAUMATIC MEANS: THE COMPLEX SYNERGY OF TRAUMA AND GRIEF

When people lose intimates unexpectedly, in particular from malicious acts of violence, they are at risk for chronic grief reactions. The phenomenology, clinical symptoms, clinical needs, and risk factors associated with loss by traumatic means and the combined influences of loss and trauma exposure are yet to be systematically studied. We review the complex interplay between trauma and loss by traumatic means. The distinctions between normal and traumatic loss, and complicated and traumatic grief, are contrasted with the traditional conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder. The role of various mediators such as concurrent or life-span trauma exposure and interpersonal factors, particularly the degree of attachment to the individual or group traumatically lost, is discussed. We offer a more integrated and focused view of traumatic grief, its predictors, and future directions for the integrative study of trauma and loss outcomes.
Origins of the 1988 north american drought.

The 1988 summer drought in the United States was the most extensive in many years. Because the drought developed in different places at different times, not all regional effects can be traced to the same cause. Along the West Coast and in the northwestern United States drought conditions developed during 1987 in association with the 1986 to 1987 El Nino in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Record low rainfalls from April to June 1988 led to rapid development of drought in the North Central United States. Strong anticyclonic conditions and a northward displaced jet stream in the upper atmosphere over North America throughout this period were only part of pronounced and distinctive wavetrain of anomalies in the atmospheric circulation that appeared to emanate from the tropical Pacific. Below average sea surface temperatures along the equator in the Pacific in the northern spring of 1988, combined with warmer than normal water from 10 degrees to 20 degrees N, led to a northward displaced but still active intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) southeast of Hawaii. Results from a steady-state planetarywave atmospheric model indicate that the atmospheric heating anomalies associated with the displaced ITCZ can force an anomalous wavetrain across North America similar to that observed. Land surface processes probably contributed to the severity and persistence of the drought; however, the large-scale atmospheric circulation perturbations associated with natural variations in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system in the tropical Pacific were most likely the primary cause.
Rotation and Lorentz transformations in 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 complex matrices and in polarized-light physics

Abstract Hermitian 2 × 2 matrices exhibit basic 3D rotational and 4D Lorentz transformation properties. These matrices arise naturally in representations of the time-averaged pair products or intensities of any two-element wave, giving rise to the light Stokes-parameter transformation properties on the Poincare sphere. Equivalent transformations are obtained for 4 × 4 anticommuting Hermitian Dirac matrices with two types of unitary matrices, corresponding to rotation and Lorentz transformations. Using exponential matrix representations, the 4 × 4 form can be related to the 2 × 2 form. The 4 × 4 representation has physical significance for the subset of intensity-distinguishable two-element standing-wave modes of a cavity, e.g. light standing waves. There is a basic resemblance between (1) the temporal differential equation for two-element standing waves in time, three observable “Stokes” parameters, and frequency and (2) the Dirac equation for spin - 1 2 free-space particle states in time, three momenta, and particle rest mass. This resemblance is the basis for an optical analog with relativistic quantum mechanics which we describe.
Driving Themselves to Drink: Qualitative Perspectives From “Hardcore” DUI Repeat Offenders in Ohio

Despite the continuing problem of repeat drunk driving (DUI) offenders, little is known of the characteristics of this population. This article reports findings from qualitative interviews with 12 incarcerated men who had been convicted for 5 or more DUIs. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics, patterns of substance abuse, treatment history, attitudes toward positive behavioral change, and recommendations for improving treatment are described. Three groups were identified in regard to the degree of recognition of substance abuse and level of motivation to engage in treatment and post-release rehabilitation. Participants also offered suggestions to improve treatment strategies for repeat DUI offenders by tailoring diverse educational and counseling programs that target the differing types of DUI recidivists. The findings provide preliminary qualitative insight into a unique population that may be used to inform future studies.
ISMS, security standards and security regulations

This article briefly describes the introduction and evolution of Information Security Management Systems (ISMS), their application and the introduction of national and regulatory requirements to protect information and how these regulations may be mapped into an ISMS.
Numbering homoclinic points of diffeomorphisms in the plane

In this paper we introduce a numerical conjugacy invariant for planar maps with homoclinic points. This invariant can be estimated based on partial information about the location of compact pieces of the stable and unstable manifolds of the system. The invariant is also related to topological entropy, and we indicate a method by which good bounds on the entropy of a system can be obtained.
Ticarcillin for Treatment of Serious Infections with Gram-Negative Bacteria

Ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, was evaluated in the treatment of 75 serious gram-negative infections, 50 of which were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The overall rate of response was 81%. Septicemia and urinary tract infections responded more frequently (93%) than infections of the lower respiratory tract (71%). Response to therapy was comparable to results achieved previously with larger doses of carbenicillin. Response was not correlated with levels of drug in serum. Patients with nonfatal underlying disease were the most likely to respond to treatment. Ticarcillin-resistant organisms were isolated during therapy in 39% of the cases, and superinfection occurred in 12%. Colonization with resistant organisms did nto correlate with success or failure of therapy, severity of underlying disease, or levels of ticarcillin in serum. The clinical response and incidence of colonization were not altered by concurrent use of gentamicin, nor was the development of superinfection affected. Combination of ticarcillin and gentamicin in treatment of 19 patients did not produce toxicity. Eosinophilia, phlebitis, and hypokalemia occurred, as seen with carbenicillin, but major toxicity was not encountered.
The dynamics of the Π1 colour mechanism: further evidence for two sites of adaptation

1. The visual pathway that determines Stiles's Pi(1) colour mechanism was isolated by the auxiliary field technique and studied under dynamic conditions of light adaptation and recovery by threshold measurements.2. The time courses of adaptation to Pi(1)-equated short wave-length (mu /= 550 nm) fields are very distinct: a large and relatively long-enduring transient threshold elevation occurs at the onset of the long wave-length, but not of the short wave-length fields.3. Similarly, the time courses of recovery from Pi(1)-equated long and short wave-length fields are quite distinctive: a large and relatively long enduring transient (;transient tritanopia') occurs at the offset of the long wave-length, but not of the short wave-length fields.4. The wave-lengths of the fields which cause the adaptation transients coincide with those shown previously (Pugh, 1976) to combine non-additively with mu = 430 nm fields in effecting Pi(1) adaptation. The failure of the time course of Pi(1) adaptation to be spectrally ;univariant' combines with the failures of field-additivity to demonstrate that signals from the long and/or middle wave-length sensitive cones affect the adaptation state of the Pi(1) pathway.5. The adaptation transients are not observed in the pathways that determine Pi(4) and Pi(5). Thus, instantaneous signals from the middle and/or long wave-length sensitive cones are not the cause of the transients. Rather the cause must lie in the path by which those cones transmit their signals to the Pi(1) pathway or in the Pi(1) pathway itself.6. The off-transient can be diminished by adding an adequately intense short wave-length field to a long wave-length field that would normally cause it. The Pi(1) pathway must receive chromatically opponent signals.
Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle injury

To further evaluate the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in diagnosing and managing muscle injuries, eight patients with muscle pain or palpable masses were imaged. MR findings were correlated with clinical follow-up data. Increased signal was noted on T2-weighted images in torn and overused muscles. One extensively scarred muscle required surgical biopsy to exclude a fibrous tumor. Three partial muscle tears were treated conservatively. One complete musculotendinous junction tear required tendon transfer. MR studies noninvasively identified and staged various muscle injuries, thereby influencing management.
Some Remarks on the Helical-Cartesian Coordinate System and Its Applications

On presente des equations d'ecoulement compressible visqueux incluant des expressions pour les composantes de contrainte visqueuse et la fonction de dissipation visqueuse dans un systeme de coordonnees curvilignes general helicoidal avec un pas arbitraire
Topical Sorting: A Technique for Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis

Maass, Arthur, and Raymond L. Anderson 1978 . . . And the Desert Shall Rejoice: Conflict, Growth, and Justice in Arid Environments. Cambridge: MIT Press. Mitchell, William P. 1976 Irrigation and Community in the Central Peruvian Highlands. American Anthropologist 78(1):25-44. Netting, Robert M. 1974 Agrarian Ecology. In Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 3. pp. 21-56. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews.
Unusual treatments for herpesvirus infections. II. Herpes zoster

As is the case with herpes simplex, the diverse array of remedies proposed for herpes zoster (HZ) raises doubts as to their overall efficacy. Three critical issues must be addressed in the therapy of patients with this disorder: (1) control of the pain of the acute eruption, (2) prevention of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), i.e., pain persisting 2 months or longer after the attack of HZ, and (3) alleviation of the discomfort of PHN, should it occur. Unfortunately, many studies fail to distinguish between the clinical symptoms of acute HZ and those of the postherpetic syndrome. The usefulness of agents purported to control the pain of acute HZ must be assessed keeping in mind the natural tendency of the eruption to heal spontaneously. The site of the vesicles, concomitant infection, and the patient's immune status may all affect the clinical course. In addition, pain is a highly subjective sensation; uncontrolled studies are often unreliable, and the placebo effect may be marked. For a given drug to be clinically useful, it must be shown to be at least as safe and effective in controlling pain as the many analgesic agents now available. The beneficial effects of antiviral chemotherapy, if any, would be expected to be apparent only if used during the early stages of the illness. Idoxuridine ointment provides little relief. JuelJensen et al 1 found that continuous topical application of 40% idoxuridine in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reduced the duration of pain from the acute eruption. Wildenhoff et al z demonstrated that the acute inflammatory reaction was greatly suppressed by such treatment, although they observed a less dramatic amelioration of pain. Unfortunately, 40% idoxuridine is exceedingly expensive, and the use of DMSO is restricted in many countries. (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) is a nucleoside analogue related to idoxuridine, and is highly active against the varicella zoster virus in vitro. 3 One practical advantage is that it can be taken by mouth. Treatment with orally administered BVDU caused prompt recovery of patients with severe HZ in a study reported by De Clercq et al. 4 Carefully controlled studies are needed to confirm the clinical value of BVDU as a systemic antiherpetic agent. Vidarabine, like idoxuridine, has been used to treat acute attacks of HZ. One studyp which appeared to demonstrate its efficacy in the therapy of t tZ in immunosuppressed patients, was not truly double blind and showed no significant effect on mortality or on the incidence of PHN. Other trials* have been more promising. An accurate assessment of the overall value of vidarabine in the treatment of HZ requires further investigation. Acyclovir is a nucleoside analogue which is unique in that it is preferentially absorbed and activated by infected cells. 6 This theoretically provides a much greater margin of safety over many older antiviral agents, like idoxuridine, which may have significant effects on cellular DNA synthesis. Selby et al 7 used parenteral acyclovir to treat
Postnatal ethanol exposure blunts upregulation of GABAA receptor currents in Purkinje neurons.

Abstract Recently, we found that early postnatal ethanol exposure inhibits the maturation of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in developing medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DB) neurons, suggesting that these receptors may represent a target for ethanol related to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). To determine whether GABAARs on other neurons are also sensitive to a postnatal ethanol insult, postnatal day (PD) 4–9, rat pups were artificially reared and exposed to ethanol (4.5 g kg−1 day−1, 10.2% v/v). The pharmacological profile of acutely dissociated cerebellar Purkinje cell GABAARs from untreated, artificially reared controls and ethanol-treated animals was examined with conventional whole-cell patch clamp recordings during PD 12–16 (juveniles) and PD 25–35 (young adults). For untreated animals, GABA (0.3–100 μM) consistently induced inward Cl− currents in a concentration-dependent manner showing an age-related increase in maximum response without change in EC50 or slope value. Acute ethanol (100 mM) consistently inhibited 3 μM GABA currents (10–20%); positive modulators, pentobarbital (10 μM), midazolam (1 μM) and loreclezole (10 μM), consistently potentiated; the negative modulator, Zn2+ (30 μM), inhibited GABA currents across both juvenile and young adult groups. Loreclezole potentiation increased while Zn2+ inhibition decreased with age in untreated Purkinje neurons. Postnatal ethanol exposure (PD 4–9) decreased GABAAR maximum current density in young adult Purkinje cells but not in juvenile neurons. However, sensitivity to allosteric modulators did not change after ethanol. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that postnatal ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt can disturb GABAAR development across the brain, although the mechanism(s) underlying this action remains to be determined.
Reverse osmosis: increased productivity by reduction of concentration polarization in laminar flow reverse osmosis using intermediate non-rejecting membrane sections

Abstract The utility of drawing off the concentrated boundary layer near the membrane in reverse osmosis systems (for example, by using a non-rejecting membrane section) to reduce concentration polarization and thereby decrease product salinity and increase system productivity is demonstrated quantitatively. Concentration polarization and product salinity are reduced most significantly when B 2 the ratio of the osmotic pressure of the feed solution to the pressure drop across the membrane, approaches its lower limit of zero. System productivity is increased most profoundly as B 2 , approaches its upper limit of unity. The technique becomes increasingly effective as the fraction of the feed to be removed in a single pass is increased.
Suspended sediment load estimation and the problem of inadequate data sampling: a fractal view

Suspended sediment load estimation at high resolutions is an extremely difficult task, because: (1) it depends on the availability of high-resolution water discharge and suspended sediment concentration measurements, which are often not available; (2) any errors in the measurements of these two components could significantly influence the accuracy of suspended sediment load estimation; and (3) direct measurements are very expensive. The purpose of this study is to approach this sampling problem from a new perspective of fractals (or scaling), which could provide important information on the transformation of suspended sediment load data from one scale to another. This is done by investigating the possible presence of fractal behaviour in the daily suspended sediment load data for the Mississippi River basin (at St. Louis, Missouri). The presence of fractal behaviour is investigated using five different methods, ranging from general to specific and from mono-fractal to multi-fractal: (1) autocorrelation function; (2) power spectrum; (3) probability distribution function; (4) box dimension; and (5) statistical moment scaling function. The results indicate the presence of multi-fractal behaviour in the suspended sediment load data, suggesting the possibility of transformation of data from one scale to another using a multi-dimensional model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A palliative care career.

AFTER TURNING AWAY from a long-imagined career as an English teacher, I entered the family business (medicine). Medical school and residency were both engaging and plagued with considerable uncertainty about where I was heading and how I fit in with the profession. It was also punctuated by a year as a hippie. I was attracted to international health and social medicine, but particularly enjoyed settings such as ambulatory care and psychiatry, where a personal understanding of patients’ lives was valued. Finishing my internal medicine training in 1975, which included a part-time fellowship in psychosomatic medicine, I took a position at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). My new job allowed me to continue my interest in the doctor–patient relationship, working with an outstanding role model, John Stoeckle. In addition, I was able to practice primary care medicine in one of the hospital’s neighborhood health clinics in a poor underserved community. Almost by chance, on my first day at this first job, I took over responsibility for two homebound patients, and did my first house calls. I was fascinated by the devotion of the family members: one was a frail, elderly woman who was caring for her demented and sometime violent husband; the other a middle-age bachelor son who had many siblings but was alone caring for his demented mother. I was able to help these caregivers continue their labor, mostly through my simple presence (plus a few technical skills). I also was amazed at how my appreciation of their work and my reassurance that they were doing the right thing for their loved ones helped them better endure and carry on in a very difficult and stressful situation. Another physician–mentor, Roger Sweet, piqued my interest in the skill set required to manage a death at home, and thus launched my career in hospice and palliative care. A small but steadily growing cohort of patients who died at home fostered my clinical expertise in end-of-life care, provided an intellectual challenge and also opportunity for me to become an institutional leader
Taiwanese Mothers' Attitude Change Toward Individuals With Disabilities

The purpose of this study is to examine and describe the perceptions of Taiwanese mothers who have children with mild to moderate mental retardation as their children enter their teenage years (13–15 years of age). The focus is on whether these mothers' attitudes toward their children and other individuals with disabilities changed after they had experience in raising their own children with disabilities. The results of this qualitative study indicated that having experience in raising children with disabilities led participants to have a more positive outlook toward their children and others with disabilities. In addition, the results of this study demonstrated that the majority of interviewees believed that karma was a factor in their young teenagers being born with disabilities.
Observation of a Possible Alternate Mode of Feeding in a Porcellanid Crab (Petrolisthes Cabrilloi Glassell, 1945) (Decapoda, Anomura)

Petrolisthes cabrilloi Glassell, 1945, is one of several species of porcelain crabs found along the coast of California. All species of Petrolisthes, like other members of the Porcellanidae, are filter-feeders, using the long hairs which fringe the third maxillipeds to capture food particles suspended in the water (Nicol, 1932). The species range of P. cabrilloi overlaps those of at least two other Petrolisthes species, P. gracilis Stimpson, 1859, to the south, P. eriomerus Stimpson, 1871, to the north. Other species of porcelain crabs, such as Pachycheles rudis Stimpson, 1859, are also found within the normal home range of Petrolisthes cabrilloi (cf. Haig, I960). It is not uncommon to find representatives of more than one species of Petrolisthes, as well as other porcellanid species of similar size, under the same rock. Under these conditions, it seems legitimate to ask whether these crabs are employing any type of behavioral resource partitioning in those areas where two or more species occur together. Though these crabs are common, behavioral observations in the field are sparse; understandably, as the crabs not only spend most of their time under rocks or under water, but also are nocturnally active. Molenock (unpublished) has made the only long-term attempt to observe behavior in P. cabrilloi, though observations of feeding behavior were limited to the laboratory. Only the usual filter-feeding behavior was noted in that study. In late March of 1975, I kept ten specimens of P. cabrilloi, together with two specimens of P. gracilis and four of Pachycheles rudis in a small indoor aquarium in La Jolla, California. The aquarium was furnished with fine beach sand and several small (4-6 cm in diameter) rounded rocks, collected from the same beach as the P. cabrilloi specimens. The individuals of all three species clustered beneath the rocks during most of the daylight hours, becoming slightly more active at twilight. High levels of activity did not occur until the lights were turned out at 10:00 PM. Regardless of the time of day, however, individual crabs would emerge onto the open spaces of sand and engage in filter-feeding (see Nicol, 1932, for description) whenever commercial fish-food in flake form was dropped into the water. At other times, a single crab would occasionally be found sitting quietly on the sand or filter feeding in a lackadaisical manner. Though similar in form, most species of Petrolisthes are readily distinguishable.
Association of DF Bearing Measurements with Radar Tracks

The problem of associating direction finding (DF) bearingmeasurements with radar tracks is formulated as a multiplehypothesis testing problem. A simple decision rule for associating aset of DF bearing measurements with no radar track or one of mpossible radar tracks was developed using a combination of Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson approaches. The decision algorithmwas checked using both computer simulations and experimentaldata. Finally, a multiplatform algorithm was formulated and tested,using a combination of real and synthetic data.
Statin use in heart failure: a cause for concern?

Background Statins are effective in the prevention of coronary events and the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. However, their efficacy and safety in patients with heart failure (HF) are unknown. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy in patients with HF. Methods We reviewed all original English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles published from 1985 to 2005 obtained from a search of the MEDLINE database. We focused on evidence for the efficacy and safety of statins based on data from patients with HF enrolled in major statin trials, analysis of the impact of statin use in patients with HF, and randomized clinical trials examining the effects of statins on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HF. Results The major primary and secondary prevention statin trials largely excluded patients with HF. Statin use was also limited in randomized HF trials. Subgroup and retrospective analyses, and evidence from prospective cohort studies of statin use in patients with HF suggest statins improve cardiovascular prognosis in HF. The limited small randomized clinical trials also suggest statins improve symptoms, ejection fraction, and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with HF. Conclusions A growing weight of evidence suggests that statins have beneficial effects in HF. At this time, there is little evidence to support withdrawing or withholding statins from patients with HF. Ongoing randomized controlled trials that examine the efficacy of statin therapy in patients with HF should clarify the role of these agents in the context of HF.
Significance of the social relationships of Efe Pygmy men in the Ituri forest, Zaire

Efe Pygmies in northeast Zaire exhibit features of social organization (small group size, flexible but predominantly patrilocal residence, close relations with kin, and pair bonds) that are common to many hunting and gathering societies. This study uses methods commonly employed in studies of nonhuman primates to investigate the associations of Efe men with other individuals as a function of their age, sex, and kinship, and it tests the hypothesis that Efe are patrilocal because hunting efficiency is improved by hunting with male relatives. The analyses of 376 hours of focal behavior observations on 16 Efe men and observations of 71 cooperative group hunts show that the majority of associations between Efe men were with other adult men. Men associated preferentially with kin over nonkin, and they associated with close kin more than with distant kin. Men's close relationships (what we call “Companionships” sensu Smuts' “Friendships” in baboons) were predominantly with other adult men, but each man who cohabited with a woman had his strongest Companionship by far with that woman. Neither the efficiency of hunts nor the hunting success of individual men were found to be related to the degree of relatedness of hunters nor the proportion of relatives on the hunt. Alternative hypotheses concerning the functional significance of patrilocality and male kin groups are considered. We conclude that strong affiliative bonds between male kin and between males and females may arise as much from the need for strong allies in the face of competitive social situations as from economic or ecological necessity.
Late Quaternary sedimentation in the Lesser Antilles island arc

Investigation of patterns and processes of late Quaternary sedimentation in the Lesser Antilles island arc indicates that the major components of deep-water sediment are volcaniclastic silt and clay, redeposited shallow-water carbonate (mainly aragonite and high-Mg calcite), pelagic carbonate (mainly low-Mg calcite), and windblown dust from Africa. Although sediment derived from the adjacent South American continent is included in accreted trench deposits, marine deposition of this sediment within the arc is insignificant, except at the south end of the forearc. Distribution of sedimentary components within the Lesser Antilles arc is controlled primarily by arc volcanism. A Miocene shift in the locus of volcanism, which caused the arc to bifurcate, created two sedimentologic regimes. In the southern part of the arc, which is characterized by volcanically active islands with high relief, deep-water sediment is dominantly volcaniclastic. In contrast, in the northern part of the arc, where a broad arc platform separates high-relief, active volcanoes from low-relief, extinct volcanoes surrounded by wide carbonate shelves, deep-water sediment is composed mainly of redeposited shallow-water carbonate, pelagic carbonate, and eolian-transported Saharan dust. Superposed on the facies patterns determined by arc volcanism is a subtle, but distinct record of Quaternary climate change. Glacial-interglacial periods are recorded in deep-water sediment by variations in sedimentation rate, composition, and texture. Volcaniclastic sedimentation responded to lowstands of sea level by increased sedimentation rates and thicker and/or more frequent turbidites, reflecting intensified currents in interisland passages and increased erosion of exposed insular shelves. Deep-water carbonate sedimentation records decreased carbonate productivity on exposed shelves and in the open ocean during glacial lowstands, as well as variations in carbonate preservation associated with changes in ocean circulation. Deposition of Saharan dust increased during glacial periods because of intensified wind strengths.
Is 2-cyclopropylpropene really gauche?

Abstract Infrared spectra of gaseous and solid 2-cyclopropylpropene (2-CPP, c -C 3 H 5 C(CH 3 ) CH 2 ) have been recorded from 3500 to 40 cm −1 , and Raman spectra (3200–150 cm −1 ) of the liquid as well as mid-infrared spectra of 2-CPP in liquid krypton solution (from −105 to −150 °C) were also obtained. Ab initio calculations, with basis sets up to 6-311 + G(2df, 2pd), were carried out for this molecule, using the restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) approach, with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order (MP2(full)) and density functional theory (DFT) by the B3LYP method. The combination of the experimental and computational results (particularly with the higher basis sets) unequivocally identifies the more stable conformer of 2-CPP as the trans form, with the gauche rotamer higher in energy, but also stable. The cis structure of this compound is not observed experimentally, and is predicted by the computational approaches to be a transition state. By studying the temperature variation of two well-resolved sets of conformational doublets of 2-CPP dissolved in liquid krypton, an average enthalpy difference between conformers of 182 ± 18 cm −1 (2.18 ± 0.22 kJ mol −1 ) has been determined, with the trans conformation lower in energy in the fluid states, and the sole conformer present in the polycrystalline solid phase. This enthalpy difference corresponds to an ambient temperature conformational equilibrium in the fluid phases of 2-cyclopropylpropene containing approximately 55 ± 2% of the more stable trans rotameric form. A complete vibrational assignment for the trans conformer of 2-CPP is given, and many of the bands of the gauche rotamer have also been assigned. Structural parameters, dipole moments, and rotational constants for this molecule have been calculated at the MP2(full)/6-311 + G(d,p) level, and these results—as well as the results from the experimental studies—are compared to similar quantities in related compounds.
Biomineralization of calcium disilicide in porous polycaprolactone scaffolds.

Abstract The incorporation of CaSi 2 grains within a polycaprolactone (PCL) framework results in bioactive and biodegradable scaffolds which may be used in bone tissue regeneration. Porous PCL scaffolds were prepared via a combination of salt-leaching and microemulsion methods. To provide markedly different structural environments for the inorganic phase, calcium disilicide powder was either added to a mixed-composition porogen during a given scaffold preparation, or alternatively added to pre-formed scaffolds. Selective fluorescent labeling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were employed to assess scaffold calcification in vitro. The process of CaSi 2 /PCL scaffold calcification under zero bias, during which calcium phosphate growth is significantly dependent on the structural degradation of CaSi 2 grains, has a similar mechanism as the calcium phosphate growth on bioactive glasses/ceramics. The biomineralization of these scaffolds is initiated solely by the silicide phase and can be accelerated by the degradation of the polymer matrix.
Movement and postinfection emergence of entomopathogenic nematodes from sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.) (Coleoptera: Apionidae)

Abstract Emergence and movement of five entomopathogenic nematode species [ Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain; S. feltiae (Filipjev) (= S. bibionis ) N-27 strain; S. glaseni (Steiner); Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar HP88 strain; Heterorhabditis sp. FL2122 strain (an undescribed nematode isolated in Florida)] from Sweetpotato weevil cadavers, Cylas formicarius (F.), within sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., storage roots, was measured using a Galleria mellonella (L.) baiting technique. Weevil-infested storage roots were exposed to the nematodes and then buried in sand or soil in the laboratory and in the field. In both sand and soil environments (laboratory and field), all nematode species tested were recovered, with the heterorhabditid species causing more mortality of the bait insect than the steinernematid species. All nematode species were capable of moving horizontally at least 15 cm from the weevil cadavers within the swollen root in a soil environment in the laboratory. The heterorhabditid nematodes and to a lesser extent, S. feltiae and S. glaseri , were capable of locating and infecting weevils within swollen roots placed 15 cm away from the swollen root from which they exited. Steinernema carpocapsae was not capable of infecting weevils within these roots. All nematode species mentioned above and S. carpocapsae Mexican strain were applied to the field as a point-source inoculation and were recovered 60 cm horizontally from the point of application with the heterorhabditid nematodes and S. glaseri causing the most mortality of the bait insect.
Lack of influence of heterotaxy on arrhythmia prevalence after intracardiac versus extracardiac fontan operations

References 1. Balaji S, Daga A, Bradley DJ, Etheridge SP, Law IH, Batra AS, et al. An international multicenter study comparing arrhythmia prevalence between the intracardiac lateral tunnel and the extracardiac conduit type of Fontan operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:576-81. 2. Bartz PJ, Driscoll DJ, Dearani JA, Puga FJ, Danielson GK, O’Leary PW, et al. Early and late results of the modified Fontan operation for heterotaxy syndrome 30 years of experience in 142 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2301-5. 3. Dilawar M, Bradley SM, Saul JP, Stroud MR, Balaji S. Sinus node dysfunction after intraatrial lateral tunnel and extracardiac conduit Fontan procedures. Pediatr Cardiol. 2003;24:284-8. 4. Kumar SP, Rubinstein CS, Simsic JM, Taylor AB, Saul JP, Bradley SM. Lateral tunnel versus extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure: a concurrent comparison. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1389-96; discussion 1396-7.
Nuclear-pumped lasing of /He-3/-Xe and /He-3/-Kr

The letter reports direct nuclear pumping of (He-3)-Xe and (He-3)-Kr using the volumetric He-3(n,p)H-3 nuclear reaction. Lasing in (He-3)-Xe was achieved at the 2.027-micron transition of Xe I; lasing in (He-3)-Kr is assumed to have occurred at the 2.52-micron transition of Kr I. Experimental results show that laser output in (He-3)-Xe increases and tends to saturate with increasing pressure, the lasing neutron-flux threshold decreases with decreasing neutron pulse, and maximum output occurs between 0.1% and 0.5% Xe with the total pressure held constant at 400 torr and with an average neutron flux of 6 by 10 to the 15th power per sq cm/sec. It is noted that the (He-3)-Xe laser has the lowest lasing-threshold neutron flux of any He-3 nuclear-pumped laser to date, but the (He-3)-Kr laser has a very high threshold flux. The primary lasing mechanism is believed to be Penning ionization of Xe and Kr followed by collisional radiative recombination and cascading into the upper laser level.
Dynamic model of oscillatory zoning of trace elements in calcite: Double layer, inhibition, and self-organization

Abstract Calcite growing from an aqueous solution containing growth-inhibiting cations such as Mn2+ can acquire oscillatory zoning of trace elements by this feedback: The growth-induced H+ buildup at the growth surface makes the surface more positive, thus preventing inhibiting cations from attaching to the growth sites and accelerating the growth rate. The increase in growth rate in turn further accelerates H+ accumulation. This feedback is quantitatively modeled by a system of nonlinear differential equations that takes account of calcite growth, inhibition, diffusion, and mass continuity. For parameter values consistent with actual aqueous-ion diffusivities and concentrations in diagenetic waters, numerical solutions of the system of equations yield both oscillatory calcite growth and oscillatory concentration profiles of trace elements taken up by the calcite. The plausibility of the feedback makes it unnecessary to interpret oscillatory zoning of trace elements in calcite by calling on ad-hoc, large-scale, periodic changes in bulk water chemistry.
Euler's Elastica and Curvature-Based Inpainting

Image inpainting is a special image restoration problem for which image prior models play a crucial role. Euler's elastica was first introduced to computer vision by Mumford [Algebraic Geometry and its Applications, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994, pp. 491--506] as a curve prior model. By functionalizing the elastica energy, Masnou and Morel [Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference Image Processing, 3 (1998), pp. 259--263] proposed an elastica-based variational inpainting model. The current paper is intended to contribute to the development of its mathematical foundation and the study of its properties and connections to the earlier works of Bertalmio, Sapiro, Caselles, and Ballester [SIGGRAPH 2000, ACM Press, New York, 2000] and Chan and Shen [J. Visual Comm. Image Rep., 12 (2001), pp. 436--449]. A computational scheme based on numerical PDEs is presented, which allows the automatic handling of topologically complex inpainting domains.
Constant-dispersion grism spectrometer for channeled spectra

A new spectrometer design is presented in which the angular dispersion with respect to wave number is nearly constant. The spectrometer is a type of grism, a series combination of grating and prism, in which the constant parts of the dispersion terms add to one another but the slopes of the dispersions tend to cancel one another. A systematic method is presented for optimizing the grating and prism parameters. A cross-dispersion technique is presented, eliminating overlapping grating orders. A design example is given for the visible region from 0.45 to 0.80 micron with essentially constant wave-number dispersion and a peak transmission of approximately 95 percent. This grism is well suited for measuring channeled spectra as generated by an optical stellar interferometer.
A comparison of fixed-site and non-fixed-site approaches for species protection

The efficacy of simultaneously advancing two distinct conceptual designs (referred to here as fixed-site and non-fixed-site) for species conservation and protection is addressed. In the literature, numerous models can be found that typically stem from a particular design, but rarely are comparisons made between approaches. This paper presents a more integrated optimization framework that models landowner behavior and species viabilities at a landscape scale. Regional demand for resource extraction is used as the economic driver, a variant of simulated annealing is used to solve the model under different species protection approaches, and a detailed species population simulator is utilized to measure biological responses. When directly comparing the outcomes of different species protection strategies from a case study in Oregon (USA), it was found that neither approach was universally superior in terms of financial value or degree of protection for two late seral forest dependent species.
The Ethics of Humor: Can Your Sense of Humor be Wrong?

I distill three somewhat interrelated approaches to the ethical criticism of humor: (1) attitude-based theories, (2) merited-response theories, and (3) emotional responsibility theories. I direct the brunt of my effort at showing the limitations of the attitudinal endorsement theory by presenting new criticisms of Ronald de Sousa’s position. Then, I turn to assess the strengths of the other two approaches, showing that that their major formulations implicitly require the problematic attitudinal endorsement theory. I argue for an effects-mediated responsibility theory, holding that the strongest ethical criticism that can be made of our sense of humor is that it might indicate some omission on our part. This omission could only be culpable in so far as a particular joke could do harm to oneself or others. In response to Ted Cohen’s doubts that such a mechanism of harm is forthcoming, I argue that the primary vehicle of the harmful effects of humor is laughter.
Isolation of human platelet glycoproteins.

Abstract Human platelet glycoproteins were isolated from whole platelets by two methods. The first method, that of affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin, is based on the known affinity of lectins for cell surface glycoproteins. When solubilized whole platelets are used as starting material for this procedure, elution with N -acetylglucosamine yields primarily a glycoprotein of M r ≈ 150 000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The second method is based on the ability of the chaotropic salt lithium diiodosalicylate to extract glycoprotein from particulate cell fractions in water-soluble form. This method yields three major glycopeptides with apparent molecular weights after sulfhydryl reduction of 145 000, 125 000, and 95 000 as estimated on 5.6% sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. Carboxymethylation of these preparations in the presence of sulfhydryl-reducing agent further resolves a glycoprotein of M r ≈ 165 000. Treatment of whole platelets by periodate oxidation and sodium[ 3 H]borohydride reduction labels the three major glycoproteins extracted by lithium diiodosalicylate and the glycoprotein of M r ≈ 150 000 isolated on wheat germ agglutinin confirming their surface orientation. However, glycoprotein with M r ≈ 165 000 resolved by carboxymethylation of the lithium diiodosalicylate extracted glycoprotein mixture was not labelled by this method, suggesting that it represents the granule protein with similar electrophoretic characteristics described by others. Phosphorylation of intact platelets with 32 P i also results in labelling of glycoproteins isolated by both methods, suggesting that these molecules traverse the