cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agonist-promoted kappa opioid receptor (KOR) phosphorylation has behavioral endpoint-dependent and sex-specific effects.

Abstract We reported previously that the selective agonist U50,488H promoted phosphorylation of the mouse kappa opioid receptor (mKOR) in vitro at four residues in the C-terminal domain. In this study, we generated a mutant mouse line in which all the four residues were mutated to Ala (K4A) to examine the in vivo functional significance of agonist-induced KOR phosphorylation. U50,488H promoted KOR phosphorylation in brains of the wildtype (WT), but not K4A, male and female mice. Autoradiography of [3H] 69,593 binding to KOR in brain sections showed that WT and K4A mice had similar KOR distribution and expression levels in brain regions without sex differences. In K4A mice, U50,488H inhibited compound 48/80-induced scratching and attenuated novelty-induced hyperlocomotion to similar extents as in WT mice without sex differences. Interestingly, repeated pretreatment with U50,488H (80 mg/kg, s.c.) resulted in profound tolerance to the anti-scratch effects of U50,488H (5 mg/kg, s.c.) in WT mice of both sexes and female K4A mice, while in male K4A mice tolerance was attenuated. Moreover, U50,488H (2 mg/kg) induced conditioned place aversion (CPA) in WT mice of both sexes and male K4A mice, but not in female K4A mice. In contrast, U50,488H (5 mg/kg) caused CPA in male, but not female, mice, regardless of genotype. Thus, agonist-promoted KOR phosphorylation plays important roles in U50,488H-induced tolerance and CPA in a sex-dependent manner, without affecting acute U50,488H-induced anti-pruritic and hypo-locomotor effects. These results are the first to demonstrate sex differences in the effects of GPCR phosphorylation on the GPCR-mediated behaviors.
Design and Evaluation of an FPGA Architecture for Software Protection

Research into defense mechanisms for digital information has intensified in recent years, as malicious attacks on software systems have become a rapidly growing burden. The growing area of software protection attempts to address the problems of code understanding and code tampering along with related problems such as authorization. Our work focuses on the design and evaluation of an architecture for software protection that utilizes FPGAs as a run-time integrity enforcement engine.
Modeling secondary organic aerosol in CMAQ using multigenerational oxidation of semi-volatile organic compounds

[1] Chemical transport models have had a historically low bias in simulated organic aerosol concentrations in summer as compared to observed levels, likely due to an underestimate in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). CMAQ with the AE4 SOA module, the fourth generation aerosol module, was extended using SOA formation produced by the multigenerational photochemical oxidation of semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors. The updated CMAQ was applied to both a summer and winter episode (2001 July and 2002 January) over the U.S. for evaluation and has been operational in the high resolution air quality forecasting (Hi-Res) system for the Southeast since May 2009. Overall, the updated SOA module significantly improved CMAQ performance on a daily basis, mainly due to the newly added aerosol that contributed more than half of the SOA formed (1.5 μg m−3 in summer on average). SOA contributed 46% (1.24 μg m−3 in the Pacific) to 79% (3.21 μg m−3 in the South) of the total organic aerosol in summer depending upon region. Adding aged aerosol also improved diurnal variation of simulated organic carbon in the Southeast, decreasing a mean fractional error from 74% to 49% and increasing the correlation coefficient from 0.52 to 0.59. Furthermore, the revised CMAQ was shown to improve PM2.5 simulations in the Hi-Res forecasting system that previously had typically underestimated PM2.5 levels during summer simulations. Impacts of using monoterpenes emissions estimated in BEIS version 3.12 on aerosol yields were tested as well.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) channel dispersion: classification and modeling

In this paper, UWB communication system dispersive phenomena has been investigated, which are divided into three types: frequency, resonant, and multipath dispersion. Existing wideband channel models are extended by incorporating dispersion mechanisms that have not been previously considered. This paper presents a novel dispersive channel model that incorporates the frequency-dependent scatterer response based upon the singularity expansion method (SEM) for scatter characterization. The scatterer response is determined using the least-square Prony's method. Initial experimental results are also presented for a simple two-path channel
A High Temperature Sol-Gel Process for Glass Formation: Aerosol Doping in Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition

The combustion of an aerosol of organo-metallic precursors has led to a new process for both amorphous and ceramic oxide synthesis. This is analogous to a high temperature sol-gel reaction, and low loss rare earth doped fibers have been made using this technique.
The role of thermal activation on dynamic stress-induced inelasticity and damage in Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract Planar impact experiments are performed on preheated Ti–6Al–4V specimens, at temperatures in the range 25–550 °C, to determine the role of thermal activation on dynamic stress-induced inelasticity and damage. Measurements in this high temperature and high strain rate regime are made possible by modification of the standard plate impact facility to include heating capabilities. This paper describes in detail needed hardware and experimental procedure. A symmetric planar impact configuration is employed to achieve high compressive and tensile stresses in the specimens. The targets are heated by a magnetic field generated by current flow on a coil surrounding the specimen. Interferometric techniques are employed to record the free surface velocity of the target plates. The experimental results show that thermal activation overcomes the role of rate dependence in the material constitutive behavior. The Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) and spall strength of Ti–6Al–4V significantly decrease with temperature despite the high strain rate, about 10 5 s −1 , used in the tests. The damage mechanism remains the same at high and room temperatures, i.e., microvoid nucleation, growth and coalescence. Microscopy studies, performed on recovered samples, show that temperature substantially reduces the strain inhomogeneity leading to microvoid formation and that a change in void nucleation site occurs. A completely reversible shock-induced phase transformation α→ω appears to be present in the tested Ti–6Al–4V. Evidence of this phase transformation is observed in the velocity histories upon unloading of the first compressive pulse. The phase transformation is controlled by a combination of thermal and stress driven mechanisms.
TWEAK and Fn14 in the Neurovascular Unit.

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a dynamic structure assembled by endothelial cells, a basement membrane, perivascular astrocytes, pericytes, and surrounding neurons. The NVU regulates the passage of substances and cellular elements from the intravascular space into the brain parenchyma. This function, also known as blood-brain barrier (BBB), is regulated by the integrity of tight junctions proteins between endothelial cells, and the interaction between perivascular astrocytes and the basal lamina. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) are abundantly expressed in the NVU. Here we will review data indicating that the interaction between TWEAK and Fn14 in the endothelial cell - basement membrane - astrocyte interface regulates the function of the BBB following an ischemic/hypoxic injury, and that pharmacological inhibition of TWEAK-Fn14 is a promising target for the treatment of patients with neurological diseases that have a direct impact on the structure and function of the NVU.
Exact Strong Laws for Multidimensionally Indexed Random Variables

Consider independent and identically distributed random variables {X, Xn, n?Zd+} with either EX=0 or E|X|=∞. We establish strong laws so that ?|n|?NanXn/bN?1 almost surely. Our procedure selects the constants {an, n?Zd+} and {bN, N?1} so that these strong laws obtain in almost any possible setting.
Reduced Thermal Conductivity in SiGe Alloy-Based Superlattices for Thermoelectric Applications

Silicon-germanium (SiGe) and Si/SiGe superlattices show promise for application as efficient thermoelectrics because of their low thermal conductivity, below that of bulk SiGe alloys. Addition of quantum dots at the interface between layers of the SL has also been shown to decrease thermal conductivity. Lattice thermal conductivity in superlattices is dominated by scattering from the rough interfaces between layers, even at room temperature. Therefore, interface properties, such as roughness, orientation, and composition, are expected to play a significant role in thermal trans port and they offer additional degrees of freedom to control the thermal conductivity in semiconductor nanostructures based on superlattices. In this paper, we demonstrate the sensitiv ity of the lattice thermal conductivity in SLs to the interface properties, based on solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation under the relaxation time approximation. Previous calculations relied on treating the interface scattering with an empirical specularity parameter, which is then adjusted to fit measured data. In this work, in order to accurately treat phonon scattering from a series of rough interfaces with a given rms roughness height, we employ a momentum-dependent specularity parameter. We demonstrate that our model agrees with a wide range of experimental data and that thermal conductivity of SiGe-based superlattices can be tuned by controlling layer thickness, composition, and interface properties.
Dysarthria predicts poorer performance on cognitive tasks requiring a speeded oral response in an MS population

Dysarthria is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). To examine its impact on tests requiring speeded oral responses, 97 MS patients and 27 controls were administered the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Visual Elevator (VE), and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Regression analyses revealed that dysarthria significantly predicted patient performance on the SDMT and VE. When dysarthria was controlled for, patient status no longer accounted for a significant amount of the variance in predicting VE performance; the contribution of patient status to SDMT variance was also reduced substantially, though still statistically significant. These results suggest that the poor performance of MS patients on some tasks that require oral responses is partially due to dysarthria.
A high accuracy algorithm for 3D periodic electromagnetic scattering

We develop a highly accurate numerical method for scattering of 3D electromagnetic waves by doubly periodic structures. We approximate scattered fields using the Muller boundary integral formulation of Maxwell's equations. The accuracy is achieved as singularities are isolated through the use of partitions of unity, leaving smooth, periodic integrands that can be evaluated with high accuracy using trapezoid sums. The removed singularities are resolved through a transformation to polar coordinates. The method relies on the ideas used in the free space scattering algorithm of Bruno and Kunyansky.
Irredundancy in multiple interval representations

Abstract In a multiple interval intersection representation of a graph it is required that at least one interval from each of a pair of adjacent vertices intersect. It is permitted for there to be several such intersections, even though these additional intersections are ‘superflous’ or ‘redundant’. By disallowing such redundancies one arrives at the concept of an irredundant multiple interval representation. We show that these irredundant representations can be much more inefficient than representations which allow redundancies. Finally, we show that even when some redundancy is permitted, the inefficiency remains.
Organizational correlates of access to primary care and mental health services in drug abuse treatment units

Primary care and mental health services improve drug abuse treatment clients' health and treatment outcomes. To examine the association between clients' access to these services and the characteristics of drug treatment organizations, we analyze data from a national survey of the unit directors and clinical supervisors of 618 outpatient drug abuse treatment programs in 1995 (88% response rate). In multivariate models controlling for client characteristics and urban location, public units, units with more human resources, and methadone programs delivered more primary care services. Public units, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations-accredited units, nonmethadone units, and units with more staff psychiatrists or psychologists delivered more mental health services. We conclude that organizational factors may influence drug abuse treatment clients' access to primary care and mental health services. Changes in the treatment system that weaken or eliminate public programs, over-burden staff, de-emphasize quality standards or lessen methadone availability may erode recovering clients' tenuous access to these services.
Predictors of receiving therapy among very low birth weight 2-year olds eligible for Part C early intervention in Wisconsin

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Part C) authorizes states to establish systems to provide early intervention services (e.g., therapy) for children at risk, with the incentive of federal financial support. This study examines family and neighborhood characteristics associated with currently utilizing physical, occupational, or speech therapy among very low birthweight (VLBW) 2-year-old children who meet Wisconsin eligibility requirements for early intervention services (EI) due to developmental delay. This cross-sectional analysis used data from the Newborn Lung Project, a regional cohort study of VLBW infants hospitalized in Wisconsin’s newborn intensive care units during 2003–2004. We included the 176 children who were age two at follow-up, and met Wisconsin state eligibility requirements for EI based on developmental delay. Exact logistic regression was used to describe child and neighborhood socio-demographic correlates of parent-reported receipt of therapy. Among VLBW children with developmental delay, currently utilizing therapy was higher among children with Medicaid (aOR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 28.3) and concomitant developmental disability (aOR = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.1, 13.3) and lower for those living in a socially more disadvantaged neighborhood (aOR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.98, per tertile). Among a sample of VLBW 2-year olds with developmental delays who are EI-eligible in WI, 4 out of 5 were currently receiving therapy, per parent report. Participation in Medicaid positively influences therapy utilization. Children with developmental difficulties who live in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods are at highest risk for not receiving therapy.
Recovery from acute renal failure predisposes hypertension and secondary renal disease in response to elevated sodium

Recovery of renal function is a well-characterized feature of models of acute renal failure; however, more recent studies have reported a predisposition to chronic renal disease. This study sought to determine the susceptibility to sodium-dependent hypertension following recovery from ischemic acute renal failure. Following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, rats were allowed to recover for 35 days on a 0.4% salt diet, then were switched to 4.0% salt diet for an additional 28 days. Blood pressure was significantly increased in postischemic rats switched to high-sodium diet at day 35 (19 +/- 9 mmHg) compared with postischemic rats maintained on low-sodium diet. Plasma renin activity and creatinine clearance were not affected by I/R injury. The ischemic injury combined with transfer to 4.0% salt diet resulted in marked renal hypertrophy characterized by interstitial cellular deposition, tubular dilation, and enhanced rates of albumin excretion. Glomerular structure was altered in post-I/R rats switched to high-sodium diet but not in those maintained on low-sodium diets. When rats were acclimated to high-sodium diet before I/R injury, the early injury was similar to that observed in animals acclimated to low-sodium diet, and these animals progressed rapidly toward chronic kidney disease, as evidenced by advancement of albuminuria. These data suggest that the recovery from acute I/R injury is not complete, compromises Na homeostasis, and predisposes hypertension and secondary renal disease.
Sixty-Five Years of Extended Surface Technology (1922–1987)

The extended surface literature from 1922 to 1987 is reviewed. The review begins with the classic NACA report of Harper and Brown published in 1922 and concludes with the works of Marto, Wanniarachchi, Rose, Mitrou, and Razelos published in 1986. A section entitled “The Beginnings” traces the accomplishments of the pioneers and it covers the period from 1922 to 1945 which coincides with the publication of Gardner’s landmark paper. At this point, a chronological approach is abandoned in favor of a categorization into topical areas. These are the elimination of the Murray–Gardner assumptions, boiling and condensation, experimental endeavors, compact heat exchangers, internally finned configurations, numerical analyses, optimizations, analyses of finned arrays, and additional topics including the use of extended surface to augment heat transfer, heat transfer in electrical and electronic equipment, purely mathematical techniques, and heat and mass transfer.
Cyclical carotid artery flow reduction in conscious dogs: Effect of a new thromboxane receptor antagonist

Abstract Under sterile conditions, dogs were instrumented for continuous measurement of hemodynamics, and an Ameroid constrictor was positioned around the left carotid artery to produce slowly progressive narrowing of the vessel. In the awake, unsedated state, carotid cyclical blood flow reduction abruptly appeared on day 5.1 ± 0.6 (mean ± S.E.M.) at a frequency of 6.7 ± 0.6 cycles per 30 minutes and usually remained present for only 1 day. The vessel was totally occluded on day 7.9 ± 0.8. No focal neurologic deficit was observed. Following administration of the new thromboxane receptor antagonist, BM 13.505 (4-[2-(4-chlorobenzene-sulfonamide)-ethy]-benzene acetic acid), 50 and 100 μg/kg intravenously, the cyclical reduction in carotid blood flow was abolished for 30 ± 5 and 45 ± 15 minutes, respectively. No changes in systemic hemodynamics were observed over the course of the experiment. It is concluded that slowly progressive constriction of the carotid artery may provide an in vivo model for the study of perfusion deficits present in transient ischemic attacks. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that platelet aggregation plays a major role in cyclical carotid flow reduction, and the phenomenon can be eliminated by treatment with a new thromboxane receptor antagonist, BM 13.505.
Integrating Learning Communities into Study Abroad.

Integrating Learning Communities into Study Abroad, piloted in Russia, was a joint effort including students, faculty, and community leaders. Participants researched business practices and studied the humanities of Russia in different cities. Future learning communities will focus on business and humanities in Italy, Hungary, and Greece.
Factor Structure of Measures of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in African American Youth

Previous research has suggested that the factor structure of anxiety measures is different in African American samples compared to majority population samples. However, these findings may be due to misuse of analytic methods rather than meaningful differences in the underlying presentation of anxiety. To address this, we examined the factor structure of two measures of child anxiety: the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children in a sample of 229 African American youth. Contrary to previous research, confirmatory factor analyses yielded good fit for the original factor structures of both measures. These results suggest that the underlying factor structure of these measures may not be significantly different for African American and majority population youth as previously thought. The effect of data analytic procedures on subsequent conclusions and theory is discussed and recommendations are made.
Wnt expression in the adult rat subventricular zone after stroke.

Neurogenesis occurs in adult brain neural progenitor cells (NPCs) located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgrandular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. After ischemic stroke, NPCs in the SVZ proliferate and migrate towards the ischemic boundary region to replenish damaged neurons. During development, the Wnt pathways contribute to stem cell maintenance and promote neurogenesis. We hypothesized that stroke up regulates Wnt family genes in SVZ cells. Non-ischemic and ischemic cultured SVZ cells and a single population of non-ischemic and ischemic SVZ cells isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) were analyzed for Wnt pathway expression using real-time RT-PCR and immunostaining. The number of neurospheres increased significantly (p < 0.05) in SVZ cells derived from ischemic (32 ± 4.7/rat) compared with the number in non-ischemic SVZ cells (18 ± 3/rat). Wnt family gene mRNA levels were detected in SVZ cells isolated from both cultured and LCM SVZ cells, however there was no up regulation between non-ischemic and ischemic SVZ cells. Immunostaining on brain sections also demonstrated no up regulation of Wnt pathway protein between ischemic and non-ischemic SVZ cells. Expression of the Wnt family genes in SVZ cells support the hypothesis that the Wnt pathway may be involved in neurogenesis in the adult brain. However, ischemia does not up regulate Wnt family gene expression.
The graphics advisor: a prototypical advisory expert system

Abstract The Graphics Advisor is an expert system that helps users of the Los Alamos Integrated Computing Network select the graphics library that is best suited to the characteristics of a specific graphics application. The implementation of the system, using a commercial expert system development tool, is described. Delivery options are discussed. Although the domain knowledge of the Graphics Advisor is oriented toward libraries that are supported by the Computing and Communications Division at Los Alamos, it exemplifies a class of knowledge-based systems that are potentially useful in a variety of advisory situations.
Hydrogen Effects on Fracture in α2 Titanium Aluminides

The effects of hydrogen on titanium aluminide alloys based on Ti 3 Al or α 2 are now beginning to be understood. It has been established that large amounts of hydrogen are readily absorbed into these alloys, and on cooling to room temperature, virtually all this hydrogen is precipitated as a hydride phase or phases. These hydrides in turn affect mechanical properties much as in other hydride-forming materials. Extensive data now exist on these effects in the alloys based on α 2 . Fracture in particular is now being studied in detail, including work on micromechanisms of hydrogen fracture, which can be quantitatively compared to experiment. Needs for additional work are identified.
Impacts of trade, environmental and agricultural policies in the North American hog/pork industry on water quality

Abstract To analyze the impacts of trade and environmental policies on water quality, this research links an economic model of the North American hog sector to an environmental model, the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator. When nutrient management plans are implemented, surface water quality improves by roughly 80% in Raleigh, NC and by 6–39% in Quebec, compared with the baseline. Groundwater quality in Quebec improves by 79–88%. Under the trade liberalization scenario (elimination of countervailing duties, stabilization payments and ban on US hog exports to Canada), hog production would decrease by 3% in Quebec and by 0.02% in North Carolina leading to a decrease of nitrate leaching. In either case, surface and groundwater quality would increase.
Discovery, design and synthesis of a selective S1P3 receptor allosteric agonist

Potent and selective S1P3 receptor (S1P3-R) agonists may represent important proof-of-principle tools used to clarify the receptor biological function and assess the therapeutic potential of the S1P3-R in cardiovascular, inflammatory and pulmonary diseases. N,N-Dicyclohexyl-5-propylisoxazole-3-carboxamide was identified by a high-throughput screening of MLSMR library as a promising S1P3-R agonist. Rational chemical modifications of the hit allowed the identification of N,N-dicyclohexyl-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carboxamide, a S1P3-R agonist endowed with submicromolar activity and exquisite selectivity over the remaining S1P1,2,4,5-R family members. A combination of ligand competition, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling studies showed that the N,N-dicyclohexyl-5-cyclopropylisoxazole-3-carboxamide is an allosteric agonist and binds to the S1P3-R in a manner that does not disrupt the S1P3-R–S1P binding. The lead molecule herein disclosed constitutes a valuable pharmacological tool to explore the molecular basis of the receptor function, and provides the bases for further rational design of more potent and drug-like S1P3-R allosteric agonists.
nomadism as a political adaptation: the case of the Yomut Turkmen

An examination of the economy and political system of the Yomut Turkmen indicates that for this group nomadism was not an adaptation to economic conditions, but rather was a means of increasing military effectiveness. A broader implication discussed briefly is that among the Yomut the pressure of endemic warfare led to a harsh form of natural selection favoring all patterns of behavior which increased military prowess.
An analysis of employer evaluations of workers with mental retardation

A critical component of supported competitive employment is the provision of long-term consumer assessment and systematic follow-along services. To date, there is a paucity of information that describes or validates the process of ongoing consumer assessment. In this article, written employer evaluations of workers with mental retardation were analyzed regarding their relationship to employment retention. Three factors were identified which related to employment retention: (a) workers' attendance, (b) punctuality patterns, and (c) consistency in task performance. These findings are discussed in light of their implications for curriculum design and habilitation efforts for persons with mental retardation.
Augmentation of mortality risk discriminating power of left ventricular ejection fraction by measures of nonuniformity in systolic emptying on radionuclide ventriculography

Employing equilibrium-gated radionuclide ventriculography in the left anterior oblique view, six geometric models and five mathematic coefficients of nonuniformity in regional left ventricular emptying were tested for their relative mortality risk-stratifying power and capacity to augment the risk-discriminating potency of the continuous and dichotomized global ejection fraction. Radionuclide ventriculography was performed an average of 7.6 days after acute myocardial infarction. All geometric models significantly separated 20 normal subjects from 137 patients with recent infarction (p < 0.001). Cumulative mortality data demonstrated that significant independent univariate dichotomizing potency and augmentation of the mortality risk-discriminating power of the global ejection fraction were provided by models of regional emptying that 1) conformed to coronary artery perfusion areas, 2) encompassed total ventricular counts, 3) expressed variability in regional relative to global ejection fraction, and 4) simulated a pattern of emptying directed toward the center of geometry of the left ventricle. The combination of a four quadrant geometric model with axes drawn 45° above the horizontal and a coefficient of variation calculated as √σ(GEF − REF)2/4 × 100/ GEF (where GEF = global ejection fraction and REF = regional ejection fraction) proved to be optimal. This coefficient averaged 12.2% in normal subjects and 322% in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction (p < 0.001). It dichotomized the initial patient cohort into those with a synergic left ventricle (n = 64) with a 4 year cumulative survival rate of 9.1% and those with an asynergic left ventricle(n = 73) with a cumulative survival rate of 29.3% (p ≤ 0.005). The coefficient augmented the risk-discriminating power of the continuous global ejection fraction (p = 0.020) and the ejection fraction dichotomized at 0.40 (p = 0.009). These data demonstrate that measures of nonuniformity in ventricular emptying add significantly to the mortality risk discrimination provided by the global ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction.
Do Telephone Call Interruptions Have an Impact on Radiology Resident Diagnostic Accuracy

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of distractions, in the form of telephone call interruptions, on radiology resident diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods Radiology resident discrepancy reports and reading room telephone logs at an academic tertiary care pediatric hospital were collected over a 13-month period. Phone call times and durations were recorded. Major discrepancy shifts (defined as a call shift where at least one major discrepancy was discovered the following morning by the attending radiologist between the resident preliminary and attending final reports), and dictation time stamps for each discrepant preliminary dictation were also recorded. Telephone call volume and preliminary report time stamps were compared between “discrepancy shifts” and “no discrepancy shifts.” Results Each call shift spanned 14 hours, during which one radiology resident was responsible for the generation of preliminary interpretations. Review of the discrepancy log data revealed 51 major discrepancies in 41 shifts, of which 39 discrepancies had documented error details and resident preliminary report time stamps. The average number of telephone calls for the “discrepancy shifts” was slightly greater than the “no discrepancy shifts” (48.59 vs. 44.02) but was not statistically significant (P = .0575). However, there was a statistically significant increase in the average number of phone calls in the 1 hour preceding the generation of a discrepant preliminary report versus the “no discrepancy shifts” (4.23 vs. 3.24 calls, P = .027). One additional phone call during the hour preceding the generation of a discrepant preliminary report resulted in a 12% increased likelihood of a resident error (P = .017). Conclusions Distractions in the form of telephone call interruptions may negatively impact on-call radiology resident diagnostic accuracy. Efforts should be made to limit distractions in the reading room.
Observations of supersonic flat plate wake transition

We discuss the results of a primarily flow visualization investigation of the development of instabilities in the near-field region of a Mach 3 flat plate wake
Effect of internal emitters on liver tumours induced by dimethylaminoazobenzene.

TUMOURS may be induced in rodents by radiation or by chemical treatment. Few examinations have sought to investigate possible interrelationships between radiation and chemical carcinogenesis. In the few investigations reported, external radiations have been used. Shubik et al.1 found that croton oil induced tumours in mouse skin that had been irradiated with 204T1, although neither treatment alone resulted in tumour formation. Methyl-cholanthrene and β-irradiation were reported as approximately additive in their carcinogenic action on mouse skin2. Shay et al.3 reported that X-irradiation promoted the effectiveness of methylcholanthrene as a mammary carcinogen. In contrast, Yokoi4 found X- and β-irradiation caused degeneration of benzpyrene-induced tumours in mice.
Two-component diffusion tensor MRI of isolated perfused hearts

Nonmonoexponential MR diffusion decay behavior has been observed at high diffusion-weighting strengths for cell aggregates and tissues, including the myocardium; however, implications for myocardial MR diffusion tenser imaging are largely unknown. In this study, a slow-exchange-limit, two- component diffusion tenser model was fitted to diffusion- weighted images obtained in isolated, perfused rat hearts. Results indicate that there are at least two distinct components of anisotropic diffusion, characterized by a "fast" component whose principal diffusivity is comparable to that of the perfusate, and a highly anisotropic "slow" component. It is speculated that the two components correspond to tissue compartments and have a general agreement with the orientations of anisotropy, or fiber orientations, in the myocardium. Moreover, consideration of previous studies of myocardial diffusion suggests that the presently observed fast component may likely be dominated by diffusion in the vascular space, whereas the slow component may include the intracellular and interstitial compartments. The implications of the results for myocardial fiber orientation mapping and limitations of the current two-component model used are also discussed. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Problem solving in community: a necessary shift in cs pedagogy

Supporting a workforce that can create, not simply consume, computing technology requires a shift in pedagogy toward problem solving in a gender neutral, culturally and ethnically diverse community. It requires an authentic learning environment in which students solve real problems as a collaborative community with their peers from other disciplines. We report on three pedagogical approaches, namely student selected projects in a CS course, a multidisciplinary project-based course, and courses that partner across disciplines that provide on-demand content.
Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus

Cells that send ascending projections to the inferior colliculus were identified following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus. Labelled cells were found in all subcollicular auditory nuclei. Virtually all cells of the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and medial superior olive appear to project to the colliculus. Very few cells in these nuclei were labelled on the contralateral side. Heavy labelling on the contralateral side was found in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and cochlear nucleus, with less labelling being found ipsilaterally in these nuclei. The lateral superior olive was approximately evenly labelled on the two sides, with about half the cells from each side projecting to each colliculus. Cells in all periolivary cell groups were labelled, with most being found adjacent to the medial superior olive. An effort was made to identify individual cell types that were labelled and some 24 cell types were identified. In the cochlear nucleus there were marked differences between cell types in the extent of their labelling. Topographic projections matched previously described tonotopic organization of the colliculus and all major subcollicular nuclei except the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. A description of the cells in the nucleus is provided.
Marshall-positive SU (N ) quantum spin systems and classical loop models: A practical strategy to design sign-problem-free spin Hamiltonians

We consider bipartite $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ spin Hamiltonians with a fundamental representation on one sublattice and a conjugate to fundamental on the other sublattice. By mapping these antiferromagnets to certain classical loop models in one higher dimension, we provide a practical strategy to write down a large family of $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ symmetric spin Hamiltonians that satisfy Marshall's sign condition. This family includes all previously known sign-free $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ spin models in this representation and in addition provides a large set of new models that are Marshall positive and can hence be studied efficiently with quantum Monte Carlo methods. As an application of our idea to the square lattice, we show that in addition to Sandvik's $Q$ term, there is an independent nontrivial four-spin $R$ term that is sign free. Using numerical simulations, we show how the $R$ term provides a new route to the study of quantum criticality of N\'eel order.
The value of sedentary alternatives influences child physical activity choice.

The choice to be physically active or sedentary depends in part on the value of the alternatives that are available. The shift from sedentary to active alternatives may be a function of the value of the sedentary alternatives. To evaluate the influence of the value of the sedentary alternatives on the choice to be physically active or sedentary, 30 nonobese 8–12-year-old youth were randomized in groups that provided a choice between 4 active alternatives or 4 sedentary alternatives (Group 1), their least valued sedentary activity (Group 2), or their most valued sedentary activity (Group 3), on computerized and questionnaire versions of a behavioral choice task. The computer task required participants to work for access to the alternatives. The work required to obtain access to the active alternatives remained constant for all choices, while the work required to gain access to the sedentary alternatives progressively increased. Compared to Groups 1 and 3, participants in Group 2 chose to be sedentary less often as they had to make a choice between being physically active or sedentary on the computerized (p <.005) and the questionnaire version (p <.05) of the behavioral choice task, which correlated r = .54, p < .01. These results suggest interventions designed to increase physical activity by reducing access to sedentary behaviors may need to consider the value of the targeted sedentary behavior and the extent to which the sedentary behaviors compete with physical activity.
Water wave interaction with an array of bottom-mounted surface-piercing porous cylinders

The interaction of water waves with arrays of bottom-mounted, surface-piercing circular cylinders is investigated theoretically. The sidewall of each cylinder is porous and thin. Under the assumptions of potential flow and linear wave theory, a semi-analytical solution is obtained by an eigenfunction expansion approach first proposed for impermeable cylinders by Spring and Monkmeyer (1974), and later simplified by Linton and Evans (1990). Analytical expressions are developed for the wave motion in the exterior and all interior fluid regions. Numerical results are presented which illustrate the effects of various wave and structural parameters on the hydrodynamic loads and the diffracted wave field. It is found that the porosity of the structures may result in a significant reduction in both the hydrodynamic loads experienced by the cylinders and the associated wave runup.
Effect of the tin- versus air-side plate-glass orientation on the impact response and penetration resistance of a laminated transparent armour structure

Our recently developed continuum-level, physically based, high strain-rate, large-strain, high-pressure mechanical material model for soda-lime glass has been enhanced to include differences in the...
Effect of catheter positioning on the variability of measured gradient in aortic stenosis

The purpose of this study was to quantify the variation in measured aortic valve gradient and calculated aortic valve area when different techniques of cardiac catheterization were utilized. Hemodynamic assessment of aortic stenosis severity requires an accurately determined pressure gradient. In aortic stenosis, the presence of intraventricular pressure gradients and downstream pressure recovery within the aorta means that a range of aortic valve gradients could be measured in a given patient depending upon catheter position and measurement technique. To quantify the degree of variation in measured gradient and calculated aortic valve area, we generated transvalvular gradients by nine different techniques in 15 patients (11 men, 4 women; 29-86 years old). Patients were divided into those with severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area ≤ 0.6 cm2, n = 6) and those with moderately severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area 0.61-0.90 cm2, n = 9). Considerable variation in measured gradient and calculated aortic valve area was observed. The maximum variation in gradient was similar in severe and moderately severe aortic stenosis groups (33 mm Hg. vs. 32 mm Hg., p = NS). However, the variation in gradient as a percent of maximum gradient was greater (P < 0.05) in the moderately severe aortic stenosis group. The maximum variation in calculated aortic valve area was 0.1 cm2 in the severe group and 0.3 cm2 in the moderately severe group (P < 0.01). An intraventricular gradient, present in 13 of 15 (87%) patients, was partially responsible for the variation in pressure gradient measurement and calculated aortic valve area. We conclude that in patients with valvular aortic stenosis, catheterization technique has an important impact on the hemodynamic assessment of aortic stenosis severity. This is particularly true in patients with moderately severe aortic stenosis where any variation tends to represent a larger percentage of the total gradient. © 1993 Wlley-Liss, Inc
Mail Boxes Etc. or The UPS Store? A Decision From a Franchisee's Perspective

In 2001, the United Parcel Service (UPS) purchased the entire Mail Boxes Etc. (MBE) franchise system. After test marketing several new concepts in 2003, the corporation strongly encouraged franchis...
Triacylglycerol phase and 'intermediate' seed storage physiology: a study of Cuphea carthagenensis

Seeds with 'intermediate' storage physiology store poorly under cold and dry conditions. We tested whether the poor shelf life can be attributed to triacylglycerol phase changes using Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) seeds. Viability remained high when seeds were stored at 25 degrees C, but was lost quickly when seeds were stored at 5 degrees C. Deterioration was fastest in seeds with high (>or=0.10 g g(-1)) and low (0.01 g g(-1)) water contents (g H(2)O g dry mass(-1)), and slowest in seeds containing 0.04 g g(-1). A 45 degrees C treatment before imbibition restored germination of dry seeds by melting crystallized triacylglycerols. Here, we show that the rate of deterioration in C. carthagenensis seeds stored at 5 degrees C correlated with the rate that triacylglycerols crystallized within the seeds. Lipid crystallization, measured using differential scanning calorimetry, occurred at 6 degrees C for this species and was fastest for seeds stored at 5 degrees C that had high and very low water contents, and slowest for seeds containing 0.04 g g(-1). Germination decreased to 50% (P50) when between 16 and 38% of the triacylglycerols crystallized; complete crystallization took from 10 to over 200 days depending on water content. Our results demonstrate interactions between water and triacylglycerols in seeds: (1) water content affects the propensity of triacylglycerols to crystallize and (2) hydration of seed containing crystallized triacylglycerols is lethal. We suggest that these interactions form the basis of the syndrome of damage experienced when seeds with intermediate storage physiologies are placed in long-term storage.
Synthetic Approaches to Cyclodisilazanes and Branched Silazanes

The syntheses of cyclosilazanes and branched silazanes from silylamines are described. The silylamines are deprotonated with 2 equiv of n-BuLi and then undergo a rearrangement to give 1,3-dilithium silylamides. After reaction with 1 equiv of a chlorosilane, the monolithiated compound can either react with another equivalent of chlorosilane to give a branched silazane or undergo an intramolecular cyclization to give a cyclodisilazane. The cyclization reaction is quite general and can be used to synthesize a number of new silyl-substituted cyclodisilazanes in good to excellent yields.
Effects of Temporal Discretization on Turbulence Statistics and Spectra in Numerically Simulated Convective Boundary Layers

Six state-of-the-art large-eddy simulation codes were compared in Fedorovich et al. (Preprints, 16th American Meteorological Society Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, 2004b) for three airflow configurations in order to better understand the effect of wind shear on entrainment dynamics in the convective boundary layer CBL). One such code was the University of Oklahoma large-eddy simulation (LES) code, which at the time employed a second-order leapfrog time-advancement scheme with the Asselin filter. In subsequent years, the code has been updated to use a third-order Runge–Kutta (RK3) time-advancement scheme. This study investigates what effect the upgrade from the leapfrog scheme to RK3 scheme has on turbulence statistics in the CBL differently affected by mean wind shear, also in relation to predictions by other LES codes that participated in the considered comparison exercise. In addition, the effect of changing the Courant number within the RK3 scheme is investigated by invoking the turbulence spectral analysis. Results indicate that low-order flow statistics obtained with the RK3 scheme generally match their counterparts from simulations with the leapfrog scheme rather closely. CBL growth rates due to entrainment in the shear-free case were also similar using both timestepping schemes. It was found, however, that care should be given to the choice of the Courant number value when running LES with the RK3 scheme in the sheared CBL setting. The advantages of the largest possible (based on the stability criterion) Courant number were negated by degrading the energy distribution across the turbulence spectrum. While mean profiles and low-order turbulence statistics were largely unaffected, the entrainment rate was over-predicted compared to that reported in the original code-comparison study.
Histoplasma capsulatum secreted γ-glutamyltransferase reduces iron by generating an efficient ferric reductant

Summary The intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) resides in mammalian macrophages and causes respiratory and systemic disease. Iron limitation is an important host antimicrobial defence, and iron acquisition is critical for microbial pathogenesis. Hc displays several iron acquisition mechanisms, including secreted glutathione-dependent ferric reductase activity (GSH-FeR). We purified this enzyme from culture supernatant and identified a novel extracellular iron reduction strategy involving γ-glutamyltransferase (Ggt1) activity. The 320 kDa complex was composed of glycosylated protein subunits of about 50 and 37 kDa. The purified enzyme exhibited γ-glutamyl transfer activity as well as iron reduction activity in the presence of glutathione. We cloned and manipulated expression of the encoding gene. Overexpression or RNAi silencing affected both GGT and GSH-FeR activities concurrently. Enzyme inhibition experiments showed that the activity is complex and involves two reactions. First, Ggt1 initiates enzymatic breakdown of GSH by cleavage of the γ-glutamyl bond and release of cysteinylglycine. Second, the thiol group of the released dipeptide reduces ferric to ferrous iron. A combination of kinetic properties of both reactions resulted in efficient iron reduction over a broad pH range. Our findings provide novel insight into Hc iron acquisition strategies and reveal a unique aspect of Ggt1 function in this dimorphic mycopathogen.