cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
United we stand, or else?: Exploring organizational attempts to control emotional expression by employees on September 11, 2001

The purpose of this paper is to explore the control of emotions in organizations. An analysis of stories collected from members of different organizations who experienced the events of September 11, 2001 (when the USA was attacked by terrorists killing thousands of people) in their workplaces seems to validate previous findings that organizations respond to the expression of strong emotion with equally strong controls. However, organizations seem to differ by the types of emotional control they use and the reactions these controls elicit in their members. All four of Ashforth and Humphrey's organizational control behaviors were used. While buffering, prescribing and normalizing employee emotions seemed to have a somewhat positive effect on employee morale, the use of neutralizing controls seemed to be damaging to employee commitment. A contingency model of organizational control of emotional expression is developed.
¿Pueden los programas sociales disminuir la productividad y el crecimiento económico? Una hipótesis para México

Los programas sociales pueden disminuir la productividad y el crecimiento economico al generar inadvertidamente incentivos perversos para los trabajadores y las empresas. La hipotesis central es que estos programas segmentan el mercado de trabajo, gravan al empleo formal asalariado y no asalariado. El autoempleo y el empleo de empresas informales que son mayores del optimo disminuyen la productividad agregada del trabajo. A su vez, las diferencias en el costo del trabajo producen diferencias en los rendimientos del capital entre empresas: algunas de las empresas formales contratan legalmente trabajadores asalariados y algunas de las empresas informales contratan ilegalmente trabajadores asalariados. Dado el costo del credito, los mayores costos del trabajo para las empresas formales distorsionan la asignacion de la inversion en favor del sector informal; esta inversion se distribuye entre muchas empresas pequenas que podrian desaprovechar las ventajas del tamano como resultado de sus estrategias para evadir las contribuciones a la seguridad social. Esto disminuye la productividad media del capital, provocando perdidas de la productividad dinamica. El argumento analitico se vincula, por una parte, a los datos empiricos indicativos de que las diferencias de la productividad del trabajo y del capital, entre sectores y empresas, contribuyen a explicar las diferencias observadas entre los paises respecto al crecimiento de la productividad y por otra parte, a datos que sugieren una asociacion negativa entre la productividad y la informalidad. Una hipotesis subsidiaria es que los programas sociales se financian en parte por la disminucion de la inversion publica, en lugar de aumentar los impuestos, lo que limita la expansion de la infraestructura publica promotora del crecimiento economico. El ensayo sugiere que los programas sociales que disminuyen la productividad total de los factores, lo que se suma a los efectos de la menor inversion publica, explica en parte el crecimiento economico mediocre y el desempeno de la productividad en Mexico en el contexto de la intensificada competencia internacional y la erosion de las ventajas del Tratado de Libre Comercio de America del Norte.
Conceptual Pathways to Ethnic Transcendence in Diverse Churches: Theoretical Reflections on the Achievement of Successfully Integrated Congregations

The concept of ethnic transcendence—defined as the process of co-formulating a shared religious identity among diverse members that supersedes their racial and ethnic differences through congregational involvement—captures a critical aspect of successfully integrating different racial and ethnic groups into a single, commonly shared, multi-ethnic congregation. Drawing on classic theoretical resources from Max Weber and Emile Durkheim, this paper expands on previous scholarship by conceptually articulating two different paths for the achievement of ethnic transcendence in multiracial congregations. In the first path, ethnic transcendence supports and encourages congregational diversification by inspiring members and mobilizing them to contribute their efforts to accomplish a common religious mission. In the second path, the achievement of ethnic transcendence involves the sublimation of congregational members’ religious selves to an overarching moral collective. Both paths involve privileging religious identities in favor of a particularistic ethnic or racial identity. Moreover, through both paths, the development of congregationally specific religious identities results in joining with co-members of different ethno-racial ancestries as a type of spiritually-derived kinship. Due to the fact that ethnic transcendence is an interactive process, congregational diversity is a bi-directional phenomenon representing the extent to which members allow for the integration of separate ethnicities/races into a common congregation through idealized and richly-symbolic notions of connection and belonging to a congregation. Overall, this paper suggests a heuristic framework that productively expands the concept of ethnic transcendence, allows an approach for observing cross-ethnic/inter-racial organizational processes, and ultimately contributes toward understanding how congregations (whether church, temple, or mosque) pursue alternative identity reconstruction projects to sustain cohesive collective identities.
Improving Importance Sampling by Adaptive Split-Rejection Control in Bayesian Networks

Importance sampling-based algorithms are a popular alternative when Bayesian network models are too large or too complex for exact algorithms. However, importance sampling is sensitive to the quality of the importance function. A bad importance function often leads to much oscillation in the sample weights, and, hence, poor estimation of the posterior probability distribution. To address this problem, we propose the adaptive split-rejection controltechnique to adjust the samples with extremely large or extremely small weights, which contribute most to the variance of an importance sampling estimator. Our results show that when we adopt this technique in the EPIS-BN algorithm[14], adaptive split-rejection control helps to achieve significantly better results.
Cloud-point temperatures for lysozyme in electrolyte solutions: effect of salt type, salt concentration and pH.

Abstract Liquid–liquid phase-separation data were obtained for aqueous saline solutions of hen egg-white lysozyme at a fixed protein concentration (87 g/l). The cloud-point temperature (CPT) was measured as a function of salt type and salt concentration to 3 M, at pH 4.0 and 7.0. Salts used included those from mono and divalent cations and anions. For the monovalent cations studied, as salt concentration increases, the CPT increases. For divalent cations, as salt concentration rises, a maximum in the CPT is observed and attributed to ion binding to the protein surface and subsequent water structuring. Trends for sulfate salts were dramatically different from those for other salts because sulfate ion is strongly hydrated and excluded from the lysozyme surface. For anions at fixed salt concentration, the CPT decreases with rising anion kosmotropic character. Comparison of CPTs for pH 4.0 and 7.0 revealed two trends. At low ionic strength for a given salt, differences in CPT can be explained in terms of repulsive electrostatic interactions between protein molecules, while at higher ionic strength, differences can be attributed to hydration forces. A model is proposed for the correlation and prediction of the CPT as a function of salt type and salt concentration. NaCl was chosen as a reference salt, and CPT deviations from that of NaCl were attributed to hydration forces. The Random Phase Approximation, in conjunction with a square-well potential, was used to calculate the strength of protein–protein interactions as a function of solution conditions for all salts studied.
A Mechanistic Investigation of the Thiol−Disulfide Exchange Step in the Reductive Dehalogenation Catalyzed by Tetrachlorohydroquinone Dehalogenase†

Tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase catalyzes the reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloro- and trichlorohydroquinone to give 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone in the pathway for degradation of pentachlorophenol by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum. Previous work has suggested that this enzyme may have originated from a glutathione-dependent double bond isomerase such as maleylacetoacetate isomerase or maleylpyruvate isomerase. While some of the elementary steps in these two reactions may be similar, the final step in the dehalogenation reaction, a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction that removes glutathione covalently bound to Cys13, certainly has no counterpart in the isomerization reaction. The thiol-disulfide exchange reaction does not appear to have been evolutionarily optimized. There is little specificity for the thiol; many thiols react at high rates. TCHQ dehalogenase binds the glutathione involved in the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction very poorly and does not alter its pK(a) in order to improve its nucleophilicity. Remarkably, single-turnover kinetic studies show that the enzyme catalyzes this step by approximately 10000-fold. This high reactivity requires an as yet unidentified protonated group in the active site.
Accumulation of Ciprofloxacin and Minocycline by Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts

Through a mechanism that is unclear, systemic fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines can attain higher levels in gingival fluid than in blood. We hypothesized that gingival fibroblasts take up and accumulate these agents, thereby enhancing their redistribution to the gingiva. Using fluorescence to monitor transport activity, we characterized the accumulation of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in cultured human gingival fibroblast monolayers. Both were transported in a concentrative, temperature-dependent, and saturable manner. Fibroblasts transported ciprofloxacin and minocycline with Km values of 200 and 108 μg/mL, respectively, at maximum velocities of 4.62 and 14.2 ng/min/μg cell protein, respectively. For both agents, transport was most efficient at pH 7.2 and less efficient at pH 6.2 and 8.2. At steady state, the cellular/extracellular concentration ratio was > 8 for ciprofloxacin and > 60 for minocycline. Thus, gingival fibroblasts possess active transporters that could potentially contribute to the ...
Quantifying Radiative Heat Gain in Animals

This paper summarizes some general approaches to quantifying radiative environments and estimating radiative heat loads on animals. Because natural radiation environments can be very complex, practical limits to their evaluation are most likely to arise from difficulties in analyzing their patchy nature. Accurately estimating radiative heat loads accrued by animals is particularly likely to be limited under practical conditions by difficulties in determining effective animal surface area and quantifying effects of radiation penetrating into fur or feather coats.
Thermal magnetoresistance of potassium.

It has recently been shown that an inhomogeneous, anisotropic Hall coefficient, arising from a charge-density-wave domain structure, explains the nonsaturating electrical magnetoresistance of potassium. It is shown here that the same mechanism also explains the observed behavior of the thermal magnetoresistance. The transverse thermal magnetoresistance of a domain structure increases with increasing field, having both a linear and quadratic component. The longitudinal thermal magnetoresistance of a domain structure initially increases linearly with increasing field. Its behavior in higher fields, however, depends on whether or not the domain distribution is symmetric about the field direction. If the distribution is symmetric, saturation occurs; otherwise, a residual increase is possible.
Projectile Fire-Control Algorithm in a Spatially Varying Wind Field

The fire-control solution is an important element of any modern weapon system, providing precise aiming of the gun to enable highly accurate projectile impact. To be practical, the fire-control solution must be computed rapidly and reliably while simultaneously including all pertinent physical effects that can alter the trajectory and impact point. Current fire-control solutions account for the effect of atmospheric wind in a rudimentary manner, typically assuming a constant crosswind that is estimated in the field or measured at the firing site. With the advent of advanced wind-measurement systems (light detection and ranging, for example), it is now possible to accurately measure three-dimensional wind velocities at numerous points approximately along the path of a direct-fire projectile. This article first shows the importance of wind knowledge along the line of fire for accuracy, particularly for long-range direct-fire shots. Then, a method to compute the fire-control solution of a projectile is defin...
Another perspective on the role of an internal evaluator

Summary In describing the many roles of an evaluator, it is assumed that the project is committed to evaluation and the evaluator is involved in the project early . (It would be well if an evaluator could be enlisted to help draft the project proposal.) If so, the evaluator encourages the project director to “think evaluation” early, and to keep evaluation in mind as the project progresses. An evaluator not only provides encouragement to the project director, but also encourages the project staff to think (positively) about evaluation, and in that sense serves as a change agent. An evaluator can be particularly helpful by managing and coordinating activities, and serving as a resource person, during the planning, monitoring, and appraising phases of the evaluation. As an interpreter, the evaluator provides leadership in interpreting and translating the evaluation process and results to various audiences. In addition to the four major roles of change agent, manager, resource person, and interpreter, there is another role that some projects may want an evaluator to take on: “liaison” between the project and the funding agency. It is expected that an evaluator is quite familiar with the funding agency's views of evaluation, and, therefore, should be quite able to “speak their language,” at least in terms of evaluation.
Debugging lenses: a new class of transparent tools for user interface debugging

The visual and event driven nature of modem user interfaces, while a boon to users, can also make them more difficult to debug than conventional programs. This is because only the very surface representation of interactive objects their final visual appearance is visible to the programmer on the screen. The remaining “programming details” of the object remain hidden. If the appearance or behavior of an object is incorrect, often few clues are visible to indicate the cause. One must usually turn to text oriented debugging techniques (debuggers or simply print statements) which are separate from the interface, and often cumbersome to use with event-driven control flow. This paper describes a new class of techniques designed to aid in the debugging of user interfaces by making more of the invisible, visible. This class of techniques: debugging lenses, makes use of transparent lens interaction techniques to show debugging information. It is designed to work in situ in the context of a running interface, without stopping or interfering with that interface.This paper describes and motivates the class of techniques, gives a number of specific examples of debugging lenses, and ,describes their implementation in’ the subArctic user interface toolkit. ”
ISSLS prize winner: early predictors of chronic work disability: a prospective, population-based study of workers with back injuries.

Study design Prospective population-based cohort study. Objective To identify early predictors of chronic work disability after work-related back injury. Summary of background data Identification of early predictors of prolonged disability after back injury could increase understanding concerning the development of chronic, disabling pain, and aid in secondary prevention. Few studies have examined predictors across multiple domains in a large, population-based sample. Methods Workers (N = 1885) were interviewed 3 weeks (average) after submitting a lost work-time claim for a back injury. Sociodemographic, employment-related, pain and function, clinical, health care, administrative/legal, health behavior, and psychological domain variables were assessed via worker interviews, medical records, and administrative databases. Logistic regression analyses identified early predictors of work disability compensation 1 year after claim submission. Results Significant baseline predictors of 1-year work disability in the final multidomain model were injury severity (rated from medical records), specialty of the first health care provider seen for the injury (obtained from administrative data), and worker-reported physical disability (Roland-Morris disability questionnaire), number of pain sites, "very hectic" job, no offer of a job accommodation (e.g., light duty), and previous injury involving a month or more off work. The model showed excellent ability to discriminate between workers who were/were not disabled at 1 year (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.86-0.90). Conclusion Among workers with new lost work-time back injury claims, risk factors for chronic disability include radiculopathy, substantial functional disability, and to a lesser extent, more widespread pain and previous injury with extended time off work. The roles of employers and health care providers also seem important, supporting the need to incorporate factors external to the worker in models of the development of chronic disability and in disability prevention efforts.
An Additional "Desengaño" in "La esclava de su amante" by María de Zayas

Abstract While Maria de Zayas's ‘La esclava de su amante’ from her novella collection, Desenganos amorosos, appears to be a simple story about the evils of men, told in the company of friends, a story that by all appearances could be termed Baroque ‘chick-lit’, a closer examination of the structure of the story reveals that Zayas has crafted a complex Baroque intellectual exercise. The central deceit in ‘La esclava de su amante’ is not the work of Don Manuel but rather of the narrator and protagonist, Dona Isabel. She deceives her fictional audience through narrative ambushes, but a careful reader cognisant of the Baroque obsession with deceit and disillusion can elude Isabel's traps. The current critical consensus avers that Zayas’ stories serve primarily to warn women of the deceitful and often violent nature of all men, however this essay argues that Zayas also warns women to beware of the deceptions of other women, and more generally, to be suspicious of self-justifying narratives, whether they are to...
A concurrent test of accuracy-of-classification for the Strong Vocational Interest and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey

Abstract Owing to the uncertainty concerning the concurrent validity of the SVIB and the KOIS, a test of accuracy of classification of men in the occupations common to both inventories was undertaken. A sample of 290 men, distributed among the 34 occupations named on both inventories, reporting job satisfaction and tenure of an average of 14 years was obtained. Accuracy of classification was assessed two ways: whether the S would receive a counseling interpretation which affirmed his occupation, and the rank of each S's occupation among his own highest scores on the occupational scales common to both. The percentage of affirmations for each inventory did not differ significantly. The distribution of Ss' own occupational score rank favored the KOIS. The results are interpreted as suggesting the KOIS is superior in avoiding gross misclassifications, and that neither show any less validity than has been shown in separate studies previously. It is concluded that counselors continue to exercise caution in how they interpret the results of these instruments.
Apidaecin-type peptide antibiotics function through a non-poreforming mechanism involving stereospecificity

Insect resistance to bacterial infections is dependent on the production of specialized defense peptides. We report here that lethal activities of apidaecin, a small peptide from honeybees, cannot possibly be the result of a conventional 'lytic' mechanism. Evidence includes the complete lack of membrane permeabilization, at concentrations that exceed lethal doses by four orders of magnitude, and undiminished sensitivity of apidaecin-resistant mutants to 'poreforming' peptides. In addition, the D-enantiomer of apidaecin is completely devoid of antibacterial activities. We propose therefore, that the antagonistic effects of apidaecin involve stereoselective recognition of a chiral cellular target, establishing this peptide as functionally unique among insect antibacterials. Identification of the apidaecin target may provide the scientific basis for rational drug design.
Clinical heterogeneity in 80 home-reared childrenwith cri du chat syndrome

A population of 80 home-reared children with cri du chat syndrome was investigated to document the clinical heterogeneity of the syndrome and to analyze the factors influencing the severity of the phenotypic characteristics. When individuals with isolated deletions were compared with those possessing unbalanced translocations involving other chromosomes in addition to number 5, the latter group had a greater incidence of physical anomalies, more frequent hospitalizations, and a higher mortality. Chronic complaints in both groups included upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and a previously unrecognized association with gastrointestinal tract anomalies. In children with terminal deletions, there was a significant negative correlation between the size of the deletion and the individual's intelligence quotient. In addition, patients with larger deletions had more severe growth retardation, particularly with respect to the degree of microcephaly. The gradual progression with age of the characteristic facial features remained consistent regardless of differing racial backgrounds and the size of the deletion. Our findings delineate the variation in the clinical and karyotypic features of this syndrome.
Formation of reconnection layer at the dayside magnetopause

A two-dimensional (2-D) hybrid simulation is carried out to study the formation and structure of the reconnection layer at the dayside magnetopause. The result is shown for a case with a zero guide field (By = 0) in the magnetosheath and magnetosphere. A quasi-steady reconnection layer develops behind a leading transient bulge in the outflow region of the reconnection, in which an intermediate shock is present on the magnetosheath side. The structure of the intermediate shock varies with the distance from the X line along the magnetopause. An accelerated plasma flow is present in the boundary layer on the magnetospheric side of the intermediate shock. The ion transport across the magnetopause boundary layer during the formation of the reconnect ion layer is also investigated.
The Collagen Fiber Kinematics in the Anteroinferior Glenohumeral Capsule Are Not Affine-Predicted

Glenohumeral dislocation is a significant clinical problem and often results in injury to the anteroinferior (anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (AB-IGHL) and axillary pouch) glenohumeral capsule. [1] However, clinical exams to diagnose capsular injuries are not reliable [2] and poor patient outcome still exists following repair procedures. [3] Validated finite element models of the glenohumeral capsule may be able to improve diagnostic and repair techniques; however, improving the accuracy of these models requires adequate constitutive models to describe capsule behavior. The collagen fibers in the anteroinferior capsule are randomly oriented [4], thus the material behavior of the glenohumeral capsule has been described using isotropic models. [5,6] A structural model consisting of an isotropic matrix embedded with randomly aligned collagen fibers proved to better predict the complex capsule behavior than an isotropic phenomenological model [7] indicating that structural models may improve the accuracy of finite element models of the glenohumeral joint. Many structural models make the affine assumption (local fiber kinematics follow global tissue deformation) however an approach to account for non-affine fiber kinematics in structural models has been recently developed [8]. Evaluating the affine assumption for the capsule would aid in developing an adequate constitutive model. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the affine assumption of fiber kinematics in the anteroinferior glenohumeral capsule by comparing experimentally measured preferred fiber directions to the affine-predicted fiber directions.© 2011 ASME
Comparative study of temporal characteristics of picture-elicited and topic-elicited speech.

The temporal characteristics of picture-elicited and topic-elicited speech were compared in 25 adult Ss. No significant differences were noted in temporal measures between these two types of speeches. The speech-eliciting technique cannot be validly used to explain differences in prior research on speaking rate.
Web-Application Security: From Reactive to Proactive

Here's a sobering thought for all managers responsible for Web applications: Without proactive consideration for an application's security, attackers can bypass nearly all lower-layer security controls simply by using the application in a way its developers didn't envision. Learn how to address vulnerabilities proactively and early on to avoid the devastating consequences of a successful attack.
Charge transfer in the Hubbard model and Cu-O superconductivity

Abstract Charge transfer between cations and anions is discussed in terms of an extended Hubbard model which is appropriate for the Cu-O planes of the high-Tc oxide superconductors. The limitations of the simple Hubbard model for the case that the on-site repulsion is greater than the charge transfer excitation energy is addressed. The role of charge transfer excitation in optical spectra is described with reference to recent experimental results on insulating and metallic samples. Superconductivity and charge-transfer-mediated pairing in the extended Hubbard model is discussed in light of recent numerical and analytical calculations.
Quantification of CH···π interactions: implications on how substituent effects influence aromatic interactions.

Attractive interactions between a substituted benzene ring and an a-sub- stituted acetate group were determined experimentally by using the triptycene model system. The attractive interaction correlates well with the Hammett con- stants sm (R 2 = 0.90), but correlates much better with the acidity of the a-protons (R 2 = 0.98).
Field-angle-resolved anisotropy in superconducting CeCoIn 5 using realistic Fermi surfaces

We compute the field-angle-resolved specific heat and thermal conductivity using realistic model band structures for the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn${}_{5}$ to identify the gap structure and location of nodes. We use a two-band tight-binding parametrization of the band dispersion as input for the self-consistent calculations in the quasiclassical formulation of the superconductivity. Systematic analysis shows that modest in-plane anisotropy in the density of states and Fermi velocity in tetragonal crystals significantly affects the fourfold oscillations in thermal quantities, when the magnetic field is rotated in the basal plane. The Fermi-surface anisotropy substantially shifts the location of the lines in the $H$-$T$ plane, where the oscillations change sign compared to quasicylindrical model calculations. In particular, at high fields, the anisotropy and sign reversal are found even for isotropic gaps. Our findings imply that a simultaneous analysis of the specific heat and thermal conductivity, with an emphasis on the low-energy sector, is needed to restrict potential pairing scenarios in multiband superconductors. We discuss the impact of our results on recent measurements of the Ce-115 family, namely, Ce$T$In${}_{5}$ with $T=$ Co, Rh, Ir.
A compressed sensing method with analytical results for lidar feature classification

We present an innovative way to autonomously classify LiDAR points into bare earth, building, vegetation, and other categories. One desirable product of LiDAR data is the automatic classification of the points in the scene. Our algorithm automatically classifies scene points using Compressed Sensing Methods via Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithms utilizing a generalized K-Means clustering algorithm to extract buildings and foliage from a Digital Surface Models (DSM). This technology reduces manual editing while being cost effective for large scale automated global scene modeling. Quantitative analyses are provided using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves to show Probability of Detection and False Alarm of buildings vs. vegetation classification. Histograms are shown with sample size metrics. Our inpainting algorithms then fill the voids where buildings and vegetation were removed, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques and Partial Differential Equations (PDE) to create an accurate Digital Terrain Model (DTM) [6]. Inpainting preserves building height contour consistency and edge sharpness of identified inpainted regions. Qualitative results illustrate other benefits such as Terrain Inpainting's unique ability to minimize or eliminate undesirable terrain data artifacts.
Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels in rat tibial nerve during Wallerian degeneration.

Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels in rat tibial nerve during Wallerian degeneration was examined, using the formaldehyde-induced histo-fluorescence method. The left sciatic nerve was transected at the level of the sciatic notch, whereas the right sciatic nerve was left intact and used as control. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 42, 56 or 84 days after transection, the tibial nerves of the transected and contralateral sides were exposed. Pieces of each nerve were used for light microscopy or for examination of adrenergic innervation with the fluorescence microscope. One day after transection, no adrenergic nerve fiber was observed in the endoneurium of the transected nerve. After 3 days, adrenergic innervation of small-and medium-sized arterioles in the epi-perineurium was absent, and after 7 days no fibers were visible around large arterioles. Fluorescent fibers were not detected even at 84 days post-surgery. It is concluded that adrenergic innervation of blood vessels in the rat tibial nerve is irreversibly lost after permanent axotomy, and that adrenergic regulation of nerve blood flow may also be lost.
FEEDBACK INHIBITION OF SPECIFICALLY SENSITIZED LYMPHOCYTES

An explanation was sought for the fact that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) does not normally occur in response to T-cell-dependent antigens unless an adjuvant is used. But when sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were administered intravenously DTH did appear, provided that the dose of antigen was less than that required to give a maximum antibody response. Animals in which T-cell activity had been blocked by a large dose of antigen could not be sensitized adoptively, and their spleen cells failed to transfer DTH to normal recipients. The serum of blocked animals partially inhibited the induction of DTH, and after absorption with SRBC its blocking activity increased substantially. Moreover, absorbed serum inhibited DTH in previously sensitized animals, but it did not inhibit the proliferative response to SRBC in peripheral lymph nodes or reduce the number of plaque-forming cells produced therein. On the contrary, the hemagglutinating titer was actually increased by blocking serum even though DTH was totally suppressed. It is concluded that a product of the interaction between antigens and antibody blocks the activated T cells which mediate DTH without interfering with helper cells.
Perspectives on the in vitro culture of filariae.

A primary constraint in the culture of human filariae is in obtaining starting material—either microfilariae (mfs), which infect invertebrates, or third stage larvae (L3s), which are infective to humans. Cryopreservation methods which partially overcome this difficulty have been developed for both mfs and L3s. Complete development of mfs to L3s outside an intact host was obtained recently when mosquito thoraces infected byBrugia malayi (24 h after the bloodmeal) were maintained in vitro. In another recent study in which no host tissues were present, a semidefined culture medium was used to investigate the properties of reduced glutathione (GSH) that stimulate early development ofOnchocerca lienalis mfs. An extended cysteinyl backbone and a free sulfhydryl were identified as the key structural elements provided by GSH. Stimulation also required the presence of low and high molecular weight components of serum as well as oxygen. Molting ofOnchocerca spp. L3s to the fourth stage at the rate of 50 to 70% has been reported by several researchers. Key factors identified in those successes have been temperature and serum lot. Improved long-term viability occurred with cellular co-culture. Beneficial effects of co-culture were shown to be due both to cellular conditioning of the medium as well as to lowered dissolved oxygen levels as a result of cellular metabolism. With the use of cell-conditioned medium and decreased incubator oxygen levels, long-term viability ofOnchocerca larvae in culture exceeded that previously reported. Recently,Brugia malayi adults of both sexes were cultured from L3s using a semidefined medium supplemented with human serum. Many of these sexually matured adults mated and produced viable microfilariae.
Demonstration of fiber optical parametric amplifier with widely tunable narrow gain spectra

By tuning the pump wavelength of a pulsed fiber OPA around 1540 nm we have observed a family of narrow gain spectra, some with bandwidth < 1 nm, tunable from 1325 nm to 1800 nm.
Polyuria and polydipsia in a young child: diagnostic considerations and identification of novel mutation causing familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus

A 3-year 5-month-old boy was seen for second opinion regarding polydipsia and polyuria. Previously, a diagnosis of primary polydipsia was made after normal urine concentration after overnight water deprivation testing. The boy’s father, paternal grandfather, and paternal aunt had diabetes insipidus treated with desmopressin acetate. Based on this young boy’s symptoms, ability to concentrate urine after informal overnight water deprivation, and family history of diabetes insipidus, we performed AVP gene mutation testing. Analysis of the AVP gene revealed a novel mutation G54E that changes a normal glycine to glutamic acid, caused by a guanine to adenine change at nucleotide g.1537 (exon 2) of the AVP gene. Commonly, patients with familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNHDI) present within the first 6 years of life with progressively worsening polyuria and compensatory polydipsia. Since these patients have progressive loss of arginine vasopressin (AVP), they may initially respond normally to water deprivation testing and have normal pituitary findings on brain MRI. Genetic testing may be helpful in these patients, as well as preemptively diagnosing those with a mutation, thereby avoiding unnecessary surveillance of those unaffected.
Role of docility in avoidance: Gerbils and kangaroo rats in a shuttlebox

Reactivity to shock and avoidance responding in a two-way shuttlebox were compared in three species of rodents: M. unquiculates (gerbils), D. ordi (kangaroo rats), and M. musculus (laboratory mice). The more reactive mice avoided more than either desert species. Although the gerbils and kangaroo rats were similar in their nonreactivity to the grid shock, the gerbils avoided at a markedly higher level than the kangaroo rats. The kangaroo rat, possibly a truer desert animal than the gerbil, may have found the shuttle response incompatible with its naturally passive response to stress.
Ultrastructure of esophageal glands and their secretory granules in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita

The dorsal and subventral esophageal glands and their secretory granules in the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita changed during parasitism of plants. The subventral esophageal glands shrank and the dorsal gland enlarged with the onset of parasitism. While secretory granules formed by both types of glands were spherical, membrane-bound, and Golgi derived, the granules differed in morphology and size between the two types of glands. Subventral gland extensions in preparasitic second-stage juveniles were packed with secretory granules which varied in diameter from 700–1,100 nm and had a finely granular matrix. Within the matrix of each subventral gland granule was an electron-transparent core that contained minute spherical vesicles. The size and position of the core varied within different granules. Few granules were present in the dorsal gland extension in preparasitic juveniles. The matrix of dorsal gland secretory granules formed during parasitism was homogeneous and more electron-dense than the matrix of subventral gland granules. Subventral gland secretory granules of parasitic juveniles and adult females appeared degenerate.
Computer-aided interpretation of electron micrographs

Abstract Some of the current uses of computers in aiding the interpretation of electron micrographs, mainly of biological materials, are reviewed. Most of the literature covered relates to procedures designed to improve the extraction of useful information from micrographs. These range from simple digital filtration techniques for removing noise, through averaging techniques to three-dimensional reconstructions. Emphasis is placed on descriptions of applications rather than discussions of theoretical aspects. An alternative approach to interpretation is also discussed, namely that of computer generation of models of biological structures. Previous publications are reviewed, but there is also a more extended description of a system for generating models of helical particles and of two dimensional periodic structures which has been developed in the author's laboratory.
Alterations in behavioral responses to stressors following excitotoxin lesions of dorsomedial hypothalamic regions

The dorsomedial hypothalamus is important for regulation of cardiovascular responses associated with emotional arousal. This region has also been identified as a component of neural circuitry involved in fear/anxiety, yet clear evidence as to the effects of lesioning on stress-related behaviors is missing. In this study, we lesioned the dorsomedial hypothalamic region with the neurotoxin, ibotenic acid (IBO; 2.0 micrograms in 0.2 microliter), and studied the impact on spontaneous and unlearned behavioral responses to stressors. In the open field test, we observed non-generalized increases in motility parameters in the IBO rats with the differences occurring in the latter two-thirds of the test. In the elevated plus-maze, the IBO rats displayed a classic anxiolytic response with a greater proportion of entries into (and greater time spent in) the open arms of the maze. In the environment-specific social interaction (SI) test, the IBO rats showed a normal familiar/unfamiliar environment discrimination with respect to Total SI; however, the composition of the behaviors ('curiosity' vs. physical contact) by the IBO rats was markedly altered, with there being a 2-fold increase in non-violent physical interactions. Additionally, the differences in these traditional indices of anxiety were associated with lesioned animals exhibiting greater acoustic startle responsiveness than controls as a function of prepulse intensity. Overall, the results following IBO lesions indicate an altered responsiveness to sudden stressors, particularly as relates to novelty or exploration-oriented behaviors. The hypothalamic lesion may, therefore, have resulted in a disinhibition of normally suppressed responding to innate fear or challenging stimuli. This study contributes to those that have begun to define neural interactions that are essential for integrated stress responses.
Role of hypothalamic serotonergic receptors in the control of lordosis behavior in the female rat

Abstract The role of serotonin in mediating hypothalamic control of sexual behavior in estrone-primed ovariectomized (OVX) rats was studied by comparing the lordotic patterns following medial preoptic (MPOA) and arcuate-ventromedial (ARC-VM) infusions of serotonin (5-HT), methysergide (MS), and vehicle. In the initial experiments, low receptivity (preinfusion receptivity: mean lordosis/mount ratio = 0.164) was maintained by priming each animal with a low dose of estrone 48 hr prior to mating. The infusion of MS in either the MPOA or ARC-VM area resulted in a significant enhancement of lordotic behavior from initial low receptivity, 5-HT infusions were found to have no statistically significant effect upon lordotic behavior. In order to corroborate the findings observed in the low preinfusion receptivity protocol, OVX rats were primed with higher doses of estrone to maintain a high level of receptivity (preinfusion receptivity: mean lordosis/mount ratio = 0.787). Using this protocol, significant depressions in lordotic behavior were observed following MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of 5-HT, It was thus proposed that serotonergic receptors within the MPOA or ARC-VM areas have inhibitory effects upon lordotic behavior. In addition to the effects of 5-HT upon estrogen-induced sexual receptivity, serotonergic influences upon luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH)-facilitated mating behavior were also evaluated. Comparisons were made between the lordotic responses following MPOA or ARC-VM infusions of vehicle, LRH, or LRH with 5-HT in OVX rats primed with low doses of estrone. The infusion of LRH into the MPOA or ARC-VM significantly enhanced lordotic behavior above vehicle levels. However, the addition of 5-HT to the LRH infusate abolished this behavioral enhancement. These findings indicated that LRH and 5-HT have opposing effects within forebrain areas known to be important for the control of lordotic behavior.
The global distribution of f/H and the barotropic response of the ocean

The barotropic response of the ocean over smoothly varying topography is directly related to the potential vorticity gradient (PVG). A global estimate of f/H and PVG has been constructed from a high-resolution digital topographic data base. Four different regimes of the barotropic response of the ocean are suggested by these maps. (1) In the tropical latitudes from 20 deg S to 20 deg N, the response will be similar to a flat-bottom Sverdrup regime. (2) In midlatitudes, north of 30 deg S, the response will be quasi-stationary, weak, and dominated by nonlocal forcing. (3) In a number of small regions throughout the midlatitudes in both hemispheres, the local response should be amplified; and wavelike motions may occur over a broader bandwidth of frequencies. (4) South of 30 deg S, the midocean ridge system becomes zonal and isolates several large regions within closed lines of f/H. In these regions, principally the abyssal plains of the southern ocean, the low-frequency barotropic response of the ocean may be wavelike in character and much stronger than the Sverdrup response. Consequently, this analysis suggessts that the southern ocean may have a stronger barotropic response to wind forcing than the other five major ocean basins.
The temporal dimension in farming systems research: the importance of maintaining flexibility under conditions of uncertainty

Abstract This paper addresses the importance of temporal processes as they affect the focus of Farming Systems Research (FSR), the small farm. Those involved in FSR need to develop approaches which recognize that the state of the production system they are concerned with in any particular annual cycle is in flux. It has emerged as a response to past sets of choices and will be influenced by future ones. FSR is concerned with improving future conditions, but in seeking to alter relationships between elements in the system it often fails to understand the process by which existing relationships evolved. There is a danger that if long-term interactions are ignored researchers will be unable to determine the most viable choice sets from the perspective of the farmer. It will be argued that FSR, as it is currently described, tends to over-simplify the systems it examines because it fails to adopt an approach which examines production in a multi-period rather than a single period context. Emphasis upon a longer time frame implies a different understanding of the system in which farmers may be seen as trading off immediate return for security and/or the opportunity to maximize profitability over the long term. Farmers have developed systems which allow them to maintain production within an environment in which physical conditions (rainfall), economic circumstances (crop prices) etc., may vary from year to year. The relative capacity of the system to respond or conform to changing or new situations may be defined as its flexibility. Three categories of flexibility can be defined. The first, incremental learning, represents changes in the ability of the farmer to evaluate future alternative action choices. The second, range of options, refers to the size of the choice set which is available in future periods. Finally the third category, resiliency, is a measure of the ability of the system to survive intact from period to period. As such it is an extreme example of the range of options flexibility mentioned above. Overall then the concept of flexibility tries to capture in a dynamic fashion the effect that a current decision has on the future opportunity set. A conceptual model is presented which emphasizes the importance of the three forms of adjustment flexibility in FSR. This model is then applied to a case study of the Mandara Mountains of Cameroon. The paper concludes that the current emphasis of FSR upon the relatively short-run workings of the system entails the risk of failing to understand the full complexity of the nature of decision-making and of the technical environment of production. Incorporation of a longer time frame into FSR may make it more complex but in its absence innovations may have unintended detrimental outcomes. Flexibility is an issue which should be considered in all phases of an approach to rural development as comprehensive as FSR.
Interface stability in a slowly rotating low-gravity tank

The equilibrium configuration of a bubble in a rotating liquid confined by flat axial boundaries (baffles) is found. The maximum baffle spacing assuring bubble confinement is bounded from above by the natural length of a bubble in an infinite medium under the same conditions. Effects of nonzero contact angle are minimal. The problem of dynamic stability is posed. It can be solved in the limit of rapid rotation, for which the bubble is a long cylinder. Instability is to axisymmetric perturbations; nonaxisymmetric perturbations are stable. The stability criterion agrees with earlier results. (Extension to the general case is beyond the scope of this work.)
Moral Management Methodology/Mythology: Erroneous Ethical Equations

Understanding the falsity of certain common beliefs helps students move toward better business ethics and a higher degree of moral management. This article explains one method for teaching moral management, by using ethical equation inequalities, and offers 10 implications and suggestions to managers.