cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutral and Cationic Aluminum and Titanium Complexes Incorporating Sterically Demanding Organosilicon Ligands

New complexes of aluminum and titanium containing sterically demanding ligands and their reaction with B(C6F5)3 are reported. Treatment of [(Ph2MeSiCH2CH2)3Si]NCN[Si(CH2CH2SiMePh2)3] (1) or Si(CH2CH2SiMePh2)3OH (2) with 1 equiv of AlMe3 results in the formation of the neutral dimethylaluminum complexes {MeC[NSi(CH2CH2SiMePh2)3]2}AlMe2 (3) and [(Ph2MeSiCH2CH2)3SiOAlMe2]2 (4). Reaction of 3 with 1 equiv of B(C6F5)3 forms the neutral complex {MeC[NSi(CH2CH2SiMePh2)3]2}AlMe(C6F5) (5) and BMe(C6F5)2. In the case of 4, the analogous reaction produced the dimer [(Ph2MeSiCH2CH2)3SiOAl]2Me3(C6F5) (6). Treatment of 1 with Ti(C5Me5)Me3 fails to afford the corresponding amidinate complex. However, reaction of 2 with the same titanium half-sandwich complex cleanly gives Ti(C5Me5)[OSi(CH2CH2SiMePh2)3]Me2 (7). Reaction of 7 with 1 equiv of B(C6F5)3 leads to the formation of the ion pair {Ti(C5Me5)[OSi(CH2CH2SiMePh2)3]Me}[BMe(C6F5)3] (8), which is relatively stable at room temperature, slowly decomposing (t1/2 ≈ 48 h) to...
Supersingular Abelian Varieties over Finite Fields

Abstract Let A be a supersingular abelian variety defined over a finite field k . We give an approximate description of the structure of the group A ( k ) of k -rational points of A in terms of the characteristic polynomial f of the Frobenius endomorphism of A relative to k . Write f =∏ g e i i for distinct monic irreducible polynomials g i and positive integers e i . We show that there is a group homomorphism ϕ : A ( k )→∏ ( Z / g i (1) Z ) e i that is “almost” an isomorphism in the sense that the sizes of the kernel and the cokernel of ϕ are bounded by an explicit function of dim A .
Synchronous retinotopic frontal–temporal activity during long-term memory for spatial location

Early visual areas in occipital cortex are known to be retinotopic. Recently, retinotopic maps have been reported in frontal and parietal cortex during spatial attention and working memory. The present event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study determined whether spatial long-term memory was associated with retinotopic activity in frontal and parietal regions, and assessed whether retinotopic activity in these higher level control regions was synchronous with retinotopic activity in lower level visual sensory regions. During encoding, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation. During retrieval, old and new shapes were presented at fixation and participants classified each shape as old and previously on the "left", old and previously on the "right", or "new". Retinotopic effects were manifested by accurate memory for items previously presented on the left producing activity in the right hemisphere and accurate memory for items previously presented on the right producing activity in the left hemisphere. Retinotopic ERP activity was observed in frontal regions and visual sensory (occipital and temporal) regions. In frontal cortex, retinotopic fMRI activity was localized to the frontal eye fields. There were no significant ERP or fMRI retinotopic memory effects in parietal regions. The present long-term memory retinotopic effects complement previous spatial attention and working memory findings (and suggest retinotopic activity in parietal cortex may require an external peripheral stimulus). Furthermore, ERP cross-correlogram analysis revealed that retinotopic activations in frontal and temporal regions were synchronous, indicating that these regions interact during retrieval of spatial information.
THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE IN SUPPORTING DECENTRALISATION REFORM

SUMMARY A paradigm linking public sector decentralisation reforms to poverty reduction via improved local governance and development has provided the rationale for donor support of decentralisation and parallel efforts to build local government capacity. This article briefly considers the paradigm and reviews modalities of external aid to decentralisation, highlighting key limitations and contradictions. In spite of much rhetoric, decentralisation remains marginalised in a donor-government policy dialogue dominated by macro-economic and sectoral issues. Compartmentalisation within major aid organisations of the expertise and responsibilities to support administrative reforms, sectoral assistance programmes and community development projects, produces fragmented and competing interventions that do not address and even retard the systemic changes needed to advance decentralisation. New and more effective partnership arrangements between decentralising governments and their external partners are necessary to link ‘downstream’ assistance to local governments to ‘upstream’ development of the national decentralisation reform framework and to help manage a gradual and strategic approach to implementation of the reforms. Donor support to ‘decentralisation policy experiments’ may provide a new model for policy dialogue and the basis for building more effective partnerships. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of fourier amplitude ratio to quantitate valvular regurgitation

It has previously been shown that patients with valvular regurgitation can be identified by the ratio of left and right ventricular amplitude values obtained from first harmonic Fourier analysis of the gated blood pool scan. The present study was designed to validate the accuracy of this technique for quantifying the amount of valvular regurgitation. In a blinded analysis of 19 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization, there was a close correlation between the radionuclide and hemodynamic determination of the amount of regurgitation (r=0.84). The interobserver agreement for calculating the radionuclide data was also high (r=0.88). These results suggest that the Fourier ventricular amplitude ratio is an accurate and reproducible technique for quantifying valvular regurgitation by gated blood pool scanning.
Assessment of oral bioavailability and preclinical pharmacokinetics of DRF-6196, a novel oxazolidinone analogue, in comparison to linezolid®

The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of a novel oxazolidinone, DRF-6196, in mice and rats followingintravenous (i.v) and oral dosing and to compare the pharmacokinetics with those obtained following linezolid dosing. Blood samples were drawn at predetermined intervals up to 24 h post-dose after either DRF-6196 or linezolid administration. The concentrations of DRF-6196 and linezolid in various plasma samples were determined by a HPLC method. Following oral administration maximum concentrations of DRF-6196 were achieved within 0.5 h irrespective of the species. While the doses increased in the ratio of 1∶ 3 ∶10, mean Cmax and AUC(0−∞) values in mice for DRF-6196 increased in the ratio of 1∶ 3.87∶8.53 and 1 ∶ 2.51 ∶ 9.24, respectively. Both the Cmax and AUC0−∞ values increased almost proportional to the dose administered in mice. Following i.v administration, the concentration of DRF-6196 declined in a bi-exponential fashion with terminal elimination half-life of 1.5 h irrespective of the species. The systemic clearance and volume of distribution of DRF-6196 in mice were 1.14 L/h/kg and 0.66 L/kg, respectively afteri.v} administration, while the respective values in rats were 0.61 L/h/kg and 0.41L/kg, respectively. Elimination half-life ranged between 0.8–1.5 h. Absolute oral bioavailability of DRF-6196 was found to be 80–96% across the test dose range. Although plasma levels of DRF-6196 were lesser compared to linezolid in the initial hours, it may not have any consequences on the clinical effectiveness of the molecule.
Buckle propagation in pipe-in-pipe systems.: Part I. Experiments

Abstract Pipe-in-pipe systems are extensively used in offshore pipeline applications in which thermal insulation of the pipeline is necessary. Typically, the space between the two pipes is either empty or contains insulation material which provide minimal mechanical support to the system. In deepwater applications, the carrier pipe must be designed to resist collapse due to the ambient external pressure while the design of the inner pipe is usually governed by the pressure of the hydrocarbons it carries. The integrity of the two-pipe system in the event of accidental collapse of the carrier pipe is an issue of concern. In Part I of this two-part report, the results of an extensive experimental study of the problem are presented. The experiments were carried out on two-inch diameter carrier tubes with D/t values of 24.1, 21.1 and 16.7 and inner tubes of several diameters and wall thicknesses. In most cases local collapse of the outer tube led to simultaneous collapse of the inner one. Subsequently, the collapse propagated simultaneously collapsing both pipes. The propagation pressure of the two-pipe system (PP2) has been quantified parametrically. An interesting second mode of collapse propagation was also discovered in which the carrier pipe collapses leaving the inner one intact. Propagation of collapse affecting both pipes is still possible but usually at a higher pressure level. The pressure at which this switch takes place has been found to closely correspond to the propagation pressure of a carrier pipe with a solid rod insert (PPS) of the same diameter as the inner pipe. The parametric dependence of PPS has also been established experimentally. Part I finishes with a discussion of how these new critical pressures of pipe-in-pipe systems should influence the design of such pipelines.
Dissemination and presentation of high resolution air pollution data from mobile sensor nodes

This paper presents the framework of a mobile air quality monitoring network, with an in-depth discussion of several new innovative techniques for web-based visualization. These techniques allow typical web users to access high-resolution pollution data gathered from a large number of vehicle-mounted mobile sensing devices coupled with highly-accurate static sensor data in an easy-to-use, intuitive interface. Additionally, this interface offers users a set of novel applications to promote health and pollution awareness, including a green trip planner, whereby users can plot routes between two locations based on a path of least exposure to specified pollutants, and an exposure estimator, which allows users to calculate previous levels of exposure to harmful pollutants based only on a single timed GPS track.
BMI1 Polycomb Group Protein Acts as a Master Switch for Growth and Death of Tumor Cells: Regulates TCF4-Transcriptional Factor-Induced BCL2 Signaling

For advanced prostate cancer (CaP), the progression of tumors to the state of chemoresistance and paucity of knowledge about the mechanism of chemoresistance are major stumbling blocks in the management of this disease. Here, we provide compelling evidence that BMI1 polycomb group protein and a stem cell factor plays a crucial role in determining the fate of tumors vis-a-vis chemotherapy. We show that progressive increase in the levels of BMI1 occurs during the progression of CaP disease in humans. We show that BMI1-rich tumor cells are non-responsive to chemotherapy whereas BMI1-silenced tumor cells are responsive to therapy. By employing microarray, ChIP, immunoblot and Luciferase reporter assays, we identified a unique mechanism through which BMI1 rescues tumor cells from chemotherapy. We found that BMI1 regulates (i) activity of TCF4 transcriptional factor and (ii) binding of TCF4 to the promoter region of anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene. Notably, an increased TCF4 occupancy on BCL2 gene was observed in prostatic tissues exhibiting high BMI1 levels. Using tumor cells other than CaP, we also showed that regulation of TCF4-mediated BCL2 by BMI1 is universal. It is noteworthy that forced expression of BMI1 was observed to drive normal cells to hyperproliferative mode. We show that targeting BMI1 improves the outcome of docetaxel therapy in animal models bearing chemoresistant prostatic tumors. We suggest that BMI1 could be exploited as a potential molecular target for therapeutics to treat chemoresistant tumors.
Real time thermal imaging for analysis and control of crystal growth by the Czochralski technique

A real time thermal imaging system with temperature resolution better than +/- 0.5 C and spatial resolution of better than 0.5 mm has been developed. It has been applied to the analysis of melt surface thermal field distributions in both Czochralski and liquid encapsulated Czochralski growth configurations. The sensor can provide single/multiple point thermal information; a multi-pixel averaging algorithm has been developed which permits localized, low noise sensing and display of optical intensity variations at any location in the hot zone as a function of time. Temperature distributions are measured by extraction of data along a user selectable linear pixel array and are simultaneously displayed, as a graphic overlay, on the thermal image.
EFFECTS OF COOKING METHODS ON SENSORY QUALITIES AND CAROTENOID RETENTION IN SELECTED VEGETABLES

The effects of induction boiling, conventional boiling and microwave steaming on the sensory qualities and carotenoid retention of broccoli, carrots, green beans and sweet potatoes were investigated. Significantly higher cooking yields were obtained for vegetables that were induction and conventionally boiled. No differences in the retentions of alpha-carotene (a-carotene), beta-carotene (β-carotene) and lutein/zeaxanthin were observed for vegetables by the cooking method, with the exception of β-carotene retention in broccoli and sweet potatoes where retentions were higher for those that were induction boiled (90.3 and 86.1%, respectively) than those that were microwave steamed (62.2 and 66.4%, respectively). A trained panel judged the color scores of three vegetables by the cooking method as similar. The mean flavor scores (1 = extremely bland; 9 = extremely intense) for three vegetables that were conventional (4.7-5.4) and induction (5.3-5.5) boiled were lower than those that were microwave steamed (5.9-7.0). The mean texture scores (1 = extremely mushy/tender; 9 = extremely firm/tough) for all induction-boiled (5.0-6.0) vegetables were higher than those that were conventionally boiled (3.4-5.2) and lower than those that were microwave steamed (5.1-6.6).
Evaluation of bias-extension and picture-frame test methods for the measurement of intraply shear properties of PP/glass commingled fabrics

Abstract Efforts are currently devoted to the development of numerical tools for predicting the forming process of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. To ensure good predictions, reliable experimental measurements of the laminate properties must be performed at the processing temperature. This paper presents experimental results of the intraply shear properties measured on a polypropylene/glass fabric using two different methods known as the bias-extension and the picture-frame testing methods. Based on kinematic equations, both methods of measurement are discussed in regards to their respective weaknesses, mainly related to the difficulty to measure precise shear angles in the bias-extension method and the undesired fiber tension invalidating the load–displacement curve in the picture-frame test. To remove these difficulties, a modified version of the picture-frame test is proposed. This new method avoids fiber tensioning during testing and is considered more appropriate to capture the influence of the fabric architecture on the measured properties. Good correlations between the load–displacement curves and viscosities measured with the modified picture-frame and bias-extension methods were obtained compared to the standard picture-frame method.
A new nonparametric method for variance estimation and confidence interval construction for Spearman's rank correlation

Abstract Spearman's rank correlation, ρs, has become one of the most widely used nonparametric statistical techniques. However, explicit formulas for the finite sample variance of its point estimate, ρ s , are generally not available, except under special conditions, and the estimation of this variance from observed data remains a challenging statistical problem. In this paper, we show that ρ s can be calculated from a two-way contingency table with categories defined by the bivariate ranks. We note that this table has the “empirical bivariate quantile-partitioned” (EBQP) distribution ( Borkowf et al., 1997 ), and hence ρ s belongs to the class of statistics with distributions derived from the EBQP distribution. The study of ρ s provides an opportunity to extend large sample EBQP methods to handle the special challenges posed by statistics calculated from EBQP tables defined by bivariate ranks. We present extensive simulations to study the estimation of the sample variance of ρ s and the coverage of confidence intervals for this measure. We compare these results for the EBQP method with those for the bootstrap and jackknife algorithms. We illustrate the use of these nonparametric methods on two data sets, Spearman's original data set and an example from nutritional epidemiology. These results demonstrate that standard EBQP methods can be successfully adapted for the estimation of the sample variance of ρ s . They also suggest that EBQP methods should be used to estimate the sample variances of other nonparametric statistics calculated from bivariate ranks, such as Kendall's tau.
Particulate organic matter transport in the lower Colorado River, South-Western USA

The lower Colorado River from Laughlin, Nevada, to the border with Mexico is one of the most regulated rivers in North America. An analysis of particulate organic matter (POM) transport through the system was made to determine POM concentrations, composition and point of origin, as well as to determine the effect dams had on this transport. Particulate organic matter concentrations generally increased from upstream to downstream, and were dominated by very fine organic detritus (< 25μm size fraction). Reservoirs released more POM than they received during spring and summer, but less during autumn and winter. Reservoirs recycled POM, taking in organic detritus and discharging small limnoplankton. Backwater complexes functioned as filters during storm events, trapping coarse material and releasing fine material. Agricultural drains made only minor contributions of POM, but provided important nutrients for in-channel production of POM. Water diversions forced POM off-channel, whereas sluicing operations reduced inorganic loads in the canals. Despite the presence of six mainstem dams, the lower reaches support a diverse assemblage of detritivorous fishes, similar to that found in the lowermost reaches of natural, unregulated rivers. The food base for this fishery stems from autochthonous production of POM.
Systemic vascular resistance in cirrhosis: a predictor of severity?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether systemic vascular resistance (SVR) correlates with validated prospective scoring systems such as Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and its modifications. METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis, who were admitted to hospital with decompensation (as defined by development of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and variceal bleeding) and underwent echocardiography were included in this study. Laboratory data required for computing MELD score, serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, international normalized ratio, and serum sodium were collected for every patient. We tabulated hemodynamic and echocardiography parameters that enabled calculation of SVR. We analyzed the correlation between SVR and each of the individual prognostic scores. RESULTS: A total of 771 patients with a diagnosis of decompensated cirrhosis were included in the study. Two hundred and sixty-two patients were found to have a low sodium level ( 135 mEq/L). In the patients with hyponatremia, we found statistically significant inverse correlations between SVR and validated liver severity models. However, these correlations were not seen in patients with normonatremia. CONCLUSION: We observed a statistically significant inverse correlation between SVR and all the validated liver disease severity models used in this study among patients with hyponatremia but not in those with normonatremia.
The hemodynamics of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Investigations with Doppler sonography and development of an in vitro model

Rationale and Objectives. We evaluated Doppler sonography—based measurements of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) function and developed an in vitro model of normal TIPS hemodynamics. Methods. We reviewed retrospectively the results of all trans-TIPS manometries (N = 116) performed during a 24-month period. Portosystemic pressure gradient was compared with peak stent velocity as measured by angle-corrected Doppler sonography. A flow phantom simulating TIPS was created using 8-, 10-, and 12-mm—diameter wire-mesh stents placed in cylindrical channels with lengths ranging from 3.4 to 6.0 cm. Results. Among 50 trans-TIPS manometries with corresponding Doppler sonography performed on well-functioning shunts, measured portosystemic pressure gradient and peak velocity were not correlated (R2 = .014). On the basis of a regression of measurements in the flow phantom, pressure loss in a stented cylindrical channel was estimated as follows: Δp = ρ · (0.145 − 0.001 · Rey + 0.816 · L/D) · (Vmean2/2), where ρ is the fluid density, Rey is the Reynolds number, L is the channel length, D is the stent diameter, and Vmean is the time-averaged velocity within the stent. Predicted and measured pressure gradients were correlated (R2 = .91). Conclusion. Peak velocity in patients with a normally functioning TIPS does not predict the magnitude of the portosystemic pressure gradient.
Cardiomyopathy Characterized by Normal Interventricular Septal Thickness in Amyloidosis: Description of a New Entity

Background: Increased interventricular septal (IVS) thickness by echocardiography with low-voltage on electrocardiogram (ECG) is commonly used as an indicator of amyloid heart disease. We have observed a subset of patients with amyloid who have heart failure and normal IVS thickness. Methods: All patients with amyloidosis and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) # 40% between 1983 and 2010 were analyzed to identify those with normal BMI-weighted IVS thickness. Patients with a history of coronary artery disease were excluded. Results: There were 255 patients identified of which 19 patients (M5 15, F5 4) had normal IVS thickness. The mean age of this group was 64.7 6 10.3 years. Eighteen had primary systemic amyloidosis and one had hereditary amyloidosis. All 19 patients had amyloidosis proven by biopsy. Edema, dyspnea, and weight loss were the most common presenting symptoms with mean duration from onset to presentation being 5.2 6 3.1, 6.5 6 5.5, and 7.9 6 7.3 months respectively. Common ECG findings despite normal IVS thickness included low-voltage (26%) and a pseudoinfarct pattern (37%). Mean IVS thickness was 11.1 mm 6 1.6, LV end diastolic volume 50.7 mm 6 7.1, and LV mass index was 114g 6 23.8 amongst this cohort. Grade 3 or 4 diastolic dysfunction was observed in 5 of 19 patients. Nine patients had a thickened mitral valve and of these 2 had a thickened tricuspid valve. Median survival from initial tissue diagnosis amongst the normal IVS thickness cohort (group 1) was 4.5 months as compared to 3.5 months in age and gender matched controls with increased IVS thickness and LVEF # 40% (group 2, n557). Mortality in both groups is high with 81% of patients in group 1 and 79% of patients in group 2 dying within one year of onset of symptoms. Conclusion: A subset of patients with amyloidosis and cardiomyopathy present with normal IVS wall thickness. This group accounts for 7 % of patients with amyloidosis and LVEF#40%. Albeit an unusual presentation, amyloidosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with cardiomyopathy with reduced EF and normal IVS thickness. The prognosis of these patients is as poor as those with increased IVS thickness.
Ka-band tiny transmitter for the New Millenium Program

The size, mass and cost of telecommunications systems on deep space missions have increased at almost an exponential rate over the last thirty years. Great cost and size reduction of these systems can be achieved by reducing the cost and size of the transponder component of the radio subsystem. An advanced technology X- and Ka-band (8 and 32 GHz) tiny transmitter is being developed at JPL for the New Millennium program and is described in this paper. The tiny transmitter is the first phase of development of the tiny transponder which will incorporate recent advancements in miniaturization and flexibility of radio systems by utilizing digital radio techniques. These techniques incorporate digital technology and algorithms to perform many functions which have traditionally been performed by analog circuits and allow the complexity of the rf portion of the radio to be minimized. The tiny transponder will be able to meet the needs of almost all deep space missions presently being planned for launch after the year 2000.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of 13-cis-Retinoic Acid on the Hamster Flank Organ

Administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid subcutaneously to mature male hamsters produced a marked decrease in the size of the sebaceous glands of the flank organ, without diminution of other hormonally dependent structures of the flank organs. Subcutaneous administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid to female hamsters treated simultaneously with injections of testosterone enanthate prevented the androgen-induced growth of the flank organ sebaceous glands but did not prevent the growth of other hormonally dependent structures such as the dermal pigment cells and large pigmented hair follicles. The sebaceous gland progressively decreased during 3 weeks of treatment and the effect persisted at least 3 weeks after cessation of treatment but was completely reversed by 6 mos after treatment. In vitro studies of testosterone metabolism by hamster flank organ indicated the lack of inhibition of 5 alpha-reduction by 13-cis-retinoic acid. It seems likely that systemically administered 13-cis-retinoic acid, unlike antiandrogens, exerts a specific extrahormonal effect on the sebaceous glands of the hamster flank organ without affecting other androgen dependent cells.
Effect of cultivar, incubation temperature, and stage of microspore development on anther culture in wheat and triticale

Effects of incubation temperature and developmental stage of microspores on polyhaploid production in three wheat cultivars‘Pavon 76′, ‘Kitt’, and ‘Chris’ and one triticale cultivar, ‘T81′, were studied using a one-step medium. Calli failing to differentiate on the one-step medium were placed on a medium containing 1 mg/l indole-3-acctic acid (IAA) and 2 mg/1 6-furfurylaminopunne (KIN). Anthers containing either early- or late-uninucleate microspores were incubated in dark at 26, 28 or 32°C lor 3 days prior to transfer to 26°C. Averaged over temperatures and microspore stages, frequency of calli and green plantlets were 8.9 % and 3.4 %, respectively, for wheat cultivar‘Pavon 76′, 8.4 % and 1.6 % for cultivar ‘Kitt’, 4.5 % and 0.25 % for cultivar ‘Chris’, and 2.9 % and 0.12 % for the triticale cultivar‘T81′. However, cultivar-by-developmental-stage interaction was significant for frequency of callus induction. Temperature had no significant effects on callus induction and plantlet regeneration. Anthers containing early-unmucleate microspores produced no polyhaploids.
A new pulse height compensator for time to amplitude converters

Abstract The pulse height dependence of the time measurement performed by a time to amplitude converter is canceled by using correcting signals from a second converter to which slow pulses from the detectors are fed. A maximum displacement of the prompt curve of 3 × 10 −11 sec is obtained over a pulse height range of ratio 1 to 5.5 for both detectors.
INTERNAL FRICTION STUDIES ON HYDROGEN IN SOLID SOLUTION IN V-Nb ALLOYS

The effects of the V to Nb ratio on the hydrogen internal friction peak have been studied at about 1 Hz. Its height increases with H concentration and shifts to higher temperatures with increasing frequency. The results indicate that the activation energy of the peak depends on the V to Nb ratio in a fashion similar to that found for the activation energy for diffusion.
MULTIPLE SCATTERING OF WAVES. II. THE EFFECTIVE FIELD IN DENSE SYSTEMS

The multiple scattering of waves interacting with a system of particles is treated by a self-consistent approach. Scattering processes are described by operators that permit anisotropy, absorption, and creation. The scattering system may be randomly, partially, or completely ordered.The propagation constant ${k}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ of the coherent wave in the scatterer medium differs from the vacuum constant $k$ by ${({k}^{\ensuremath{'}})}^{2}={k}^{2}+4\ensuremath{\pi}ncf({\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}},{\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, where $n$ is the scatterer density and $f$ is an operator whose matrix elements $f(\mathbf{b},\mathbf{a})$ represent the scattering amplitude in direction b for a wave incident in direction a on a single scatterer bound by the forces of its neighbors. The parameter $c$, defined by $cf({\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}},{\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}})=\ensuremath{\int}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}i{\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{r})f\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{e}(\mathbf{r})d\mathbf{r}$, is a measure of the ratio of the effective field ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{e}(\mathbf{r})$ to the average field.An integral equation is found for ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{e}(\mathbf{r})$ with the help of a "quasi-crystalline" approximation. A variational expression is then found for $c$ that becomes exact for point scatterers.A comparison is made of finite and infinite scattering systems. The extinction theorem is proven. The macroscopic viewpoint is found to be applicable to small systems whose size is large compared to the scatterer potential range, and the range of scatterer position correlations.
Structure activity relationship among 6-substituted-2-naphthylacetic acids. A new series of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

Chemical modification of 2-naphthylacetic acid has led to (+)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid, naproxen. Maximal biological activity in the naph-thylpropionic acid series is associated with the S absoiuti configuration. In experimental animals naproxen shows anti-inflammatory, analgetic and antipyretic activity o: llxphenylbutazone, and 7 and 22xacetylsalicylic acid re spectively. It is noteworthy that highly active compound! were obtained without resorting to nitrogenous substitu cnts.
A Consistent DIN/PACS Workstation Interface Based On The MUVIP Virtual Image Processing Architecture

Future radiology departments with DIN/PACS will likely contain many different workstations developed by independent image processing vendors. However, radiologists and other users of the workstations should not be forced to learn more than one interface to DIN/PACS: the same image processing, data base management and networking commands should be usable from any workstation or network node on the system. In addition, programmers of this consistent user interface should not have to concern themselves with the intricacies of each workstation on the system. Rather, they should be able to select functions from a workstation library which manipulates the image display in (as much as possible) a device-independent manner. Previously we have introducted a Multi-process Virtual Image Processor (MUVIP) software architecture for maximizing image processing applications code portability [I]. Applications programs generate device-independent image processing commands, or "metacode," which is passed to a separate process called an Autonomous Virtual Image Processor (AVIP). Thus, in order to transport an applications program to a new image processor, it is necessary only to create a new AVIP corresponding to that processor. In this sense each applications program is "totally portable," since transferring it to a new device does not require either recompilation or relinking of the applications program itself. In this paper, we consider implementations of the MUVIP architecture on two hosts, and its application to three image processors. A test function set was created, and a consistent user interface for those functions was developed for each combination of host and image processor. The image processor used by each program was selectable at run time, and in the case of one program, two image processors could be used together in a cooperative mode, providing more capability than either could achieve alone. The raw interprocess communication overhead of MUVIP was measured, and its impact on the test functions' performance was examined and found to be negligible. Thus, it was demonstrated that the MUVIP architecture is a viable alternative for enhancing the portability of image processing applications programs.
Probing the brain in autism using FMRI and diffusion tensor imaging.

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology. A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.
Sensitization of nanoporous TiO2 electrodes using the naturally occurring chromophores: stentorin and hypericin

Abstract This paper compares hypericin and stentorin as possible photosensitizers for transparent, nanoporous, TiO 2 -based photovoltaic cells. The absolute photon conversion efficiency (APCE) of stentorin-sensitized nanoporous TiO 2 electrodes was 2%, 20 times greater than that of electrodes sensitized by the structural analog, hypericin (0.1%). We attribute the greater efficiency of the stentorin electrode to the decreased tendency of stentorin to aggregate on the electrode surface. These results suggest that controlling aggregation by making a slight structural modification to the chromophore could be a viable and generalizable method for improving the performance of dye-sensitized electrodes.
Lithography-induced limits to scaling of design quality

Quality and value of an IC product are functions of power, performance, area, cost and reliability. The forthcoming 2013 ITRS roadmap observes that while manufacturers continue to enable potential Moore’s Law scaling of layout densities, the “realizable” scaling in competitive products has for some years been significantly less. In this paper, we consider aspects of the question, “To what extent should this scaling gap be blamed on lithography?” Non-ideal scaling of layout densities has been attributed to (i) layout restrictions associated with multi-patterning technologies (SADP, LELE, LELELE), as well as (ii) various ground rule and layout style choices that stem from misalignment, reliability, variability, device architecture, and electrical performance vs. power constraints. Certain impacts seem obvious, e.g., loss of 2D flexibility and new line-end placement constraints with SADP, or algorithmically intractable layout stitching and mask coloring formulations with LELELE. However, these impacts may well be outweighed by weaknesses in design methodology and tooling. Arguably, the industry has entered a new era in which many new factors – (i) standard-cell library architecture, and layout guardbanding for automated place-and-route: (ii) performance model guardbanding and signoff analyses: (iii) physical design and manufacturing handoff algorithms spanning detailed placement and routing, stitching and RET; and (iv) reliability guardbanding – all contribute, hand in hand with lithography, to a newly-identified “design capability gap”. How specific aspects of process and design enablements limit the scaling of design quality is a fundamental question whose answer must guide future RandD investment at the design-manufacturing interface. terface.
Variations in cross‐cultural methodology

Lonner, Walter J. and John W. Berry, eds. Field Methods in Cross‐Cultural Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986, 368 pp. including chapter references and index. No Price available, “Soft Cloth.” Whitehead, Tony Larry and Mary Ellen Conaway, eds. Self, Sex and Gender in Cross‐Cultural Fieldwork. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1986. xv + 312 pp. including chapter references and index. $39.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.
Mechanisms of phototoxicity catalyzed by two porphycenes

The porphycenes represent a new class of photosensitizing agent with enhanced absorbance in the red. We examined the photodynamic effects of two porphycenes, a monomer and a pyrazine-linked dimer, using the P388 murine leukemia and P388/ADR, a subline that expresses the multidrug-resistance phenotype. The monomer localized at mitochondrial loci while the dimer photosensitized lysosomes and the cell membrane. the dimer was more phototoxic in terms of cells killed and photons absorbed, perhaps because of the difference in localization sites. Phototoxic effects of both porphycenes could be abolished by the addition of the oxygen scavenger trolox (a vitamin E analog) during irradiation. Both porphycenes were recognized by the multidrug transporter, an outward transport process associated with multidrug resistance. Photodynamic actio of the porphycenes in cell culture was associated with apoptosis, resulting in DNA fragmentation. Inhibition of phospholipase C activity prevented initiation of apoptosis after irradiation without protecting cells from photodamage at sites of sensitizer localization. At high concentrations, the porphycenes exhibit a 'dark toxicity' that also was associated with apoptosis, but subsequent irradiation abolished apoptosis, perhaps via destruction of endonucleases, and only necrotic cell death was observed.
Usability and Utility of a Computerized Cognitive-Behavioral Self-Help Program for Public Speaking Anxiety

Abstract This study describes the use of a cognitive-behavioral computer-administered self-help program with minimal therapist contact for public speaking anxiety. Participants ( N = 10) with social phobia, as measured by a structured clinical interview, completed the self-help program in an open clinical trial. The program was delivered via a CD-ROM during individual sessions at an outpatient clinic, including 4 sessions of psychoeducation/cognitive therapy and 4 sessions of exposure therapy using a virtual audience presented on a computer screen. A therapist was available in another room to answer questions and to debrief for up to 10 minutes after each session. Participants completed standardized self-report questionnaires assessing social anxiety at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Participants also completed measures of computer usability. Results showed decreases on all self-report measures of social anxiety from pre- to posttreatment, which were maintained at follow-up ( n = 8). Participants also reported that they were satisfied with treatment, that they felt improved after treatment, and that the computer program was user-friendly. This study provides preliminary evidence that a computer-administered cognitive-behavioral-based program that includes minimal therapist contact may reduce public speaking anxiety and suggests that further research with a controlled design is needed.
Current clinical evidence on pioglitazone pharmacogenomics.

Pioglitazone is the most widely used thiazolidinedione and acts as an insulin-sensitizer through activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ). Pioglitazone is approved for use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its use in other therapeutic areas is increasing due to pleiotropic effects. In this hypothesis article, the current clinical evidence on pioglitazone pharmacogenomics is summarized and related to variability in pioglitazone response. How genetic variation in the human genome affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pioglitazone was examined. For pharmacodynamic effects, hypoglycemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects, risks of fracture or edema, and the increase in body mass index in response to pioglitazone based on genotype were examined. The genes CYP2C8 and PPARG are the most extensively studied to date and selected polymorphisms contribute to respective variability in pioglitazone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We hypothesized that genetic variation in pioglitazone pathway genes contributes meaningfully to the clinically observed variability in drug response. To test the hypothesis that genetic variation in PPARG associates with variability in pioglitazone response, we conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the currently available data on the PPARG p.Pro12Ala polymorphism. The results showed that PPARG 12Ala carriers had a more favorable change in fasting blood glucose from baseline as compared to patients with the wild-type Pro12Pro genotype (p=0.018). Unfortunately, findings for many other genes lack replication in independent cohorts to confirm association; further studies are needed. Also, the biological functionality of these polymorphisms is unknown. Based on current evidence, we propose that pharmacogenomics may provide an important tool to individualize pioglitazone therapy and better optimize therapy in patients with T2DM or other conditions for which pioglitazone is being used.
Bethanechol-induced responses in mudpuppy parasympathetic neurons.

Abstract The effect of bethanechol on membrane potential and excitability was determined in mudpuppy parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Bethanechol induced a large amplitude hyperpolarization, which was followed by a smaller amplitude depolarization, in 115 out of 135 cells tested. In approximately 20% of these cells, a brief depolarization preceded the hyperpolarization. During the bethanechol-induced hyperpolarization, the membrane input resistance decreased markedly, whereas the input resistance was increased during the subsequent depolarization. The hyperpolarization and depolarization were blocked by atropine and were unaffected by d -tubocurarine, thus, both appeared to be mediated by muscarinic receptors. The bethanechol-induced hyperpolarization was inhibited by the M 2 muscarinic receptor antagonist AF-DX 116, whereas the bethanechol-induced depolarization was unaffected. Both a nonselective increase in membrane conductance and a decrease in membrane potassium conductance appeared to be involved in the generation of the bethanechol-induced depolarization. Evidence for the first mechanism was obtained in barium-treated cells in which bethanechol initiated a rapid onset depolarization, which was reversed at membrane potentials near 0 mV. Evidence for the second mechanism was obtained when the hyperpolarization was inhibited by AF-DX 116. In AF-DX 116-treated cells, the membrane input resistance was increased during most of the bethanechol-induced depolarization. Mudpuppy neurons initiate repetitive action potential activity in response to long depolarizing current pulses. Following application of bethanechol, with the hyperpolarization negated electrotonically, the number of action potentials produced by a depolarizing current pulse was greater than that produced prior to application of bethanechol. It is suggested that activation of muscarinic receptors on mudpuppy cardiac neurons influences multiple conductance systems and determines the excitability of these neurons.
Über die Auswirkung von Seigerungen auf das Korrosionsverhalten austenitischer Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐Stähle

Die Untersuchung von austenitischen Cr-Ni-Mo-Stahlen mittels Huey-Test ergab, das bei Vorhandensein von Seigerungen bereits durch kurzzeitige Gluhungen bei 800°C die Korrosionsbestandigkeit in einem fur die Anwendung dieser Stahle nicht mehr zulassigen Ausmas beeintrachtigt werden kann. Die Ursache fur diese Korrosionsanfalligkeit liegt offenbar in der Entstehung von intermetallischen Phasen aus dem in Seigerungsbereichen in kleinen Mengen auftretenden Ferrit. Eine Verminderung der Seigerungskorrosion ist durch geringfugige Veranderung der Durchschnittszusammensetzung in Richtung hoherer Austenitstabilitat sowie durch Anwendung von Umschmelzverfahren zur Erniedrigung des Seigerungsausmases moglich. Contribution to the Effect of Segregation on the Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo-Steels Investigations of segregated austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo-steels by means of the Huey-test showed that even a short annealing at 800°C can reduce the corrosion resistance. Especially for steels having a pronounced segregation this reduction of corrosion resistance can be such that it hinders the practical application of the material. This sensitivity to corrosion can be explained by the formation of intermetallic phases from ferrite which appears in small quantities within the segregated areas. It can be reduced by slightly altering the chemical composition towards a better austenite-stability and by remelting the steels to lower their segregated.