cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CERMET THERMAL CONVERSION COATINGS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS

Cermet films of gold and aluminum oxide were sputter deposited onto silicon substrates. These films consisted of nanometer-sized gold grains embed- ded in a matrix of aluminum oxide, and were designed to maximally absorb visible radiation and minimally emit infrared radiation. Ex situ and in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry were used to characterize film optical constants from vacuum ul- traviolet to middle infrared. The optical constants, for cermet films with gold volume fractions ranging from 0 to 1, were used in predictive optical models. Thermal performance was optimized using a new algorithm based on energy bal- ances. This algorithm weights the parameter fit in predictive optical models to an ideal reflectance spectrum. This weighting factor emphasizes fitting in more significant spectral ranges and deemphasizes fitting in less significant wavelength ranges. Absorptivity, emissivity, and their ratio were calculated for optimized film structures.
Faster Concept Analysis

We introduce a simple but efficient, multistage algorithm for constructing concept lattices (MCA). A concept lattice can be obtained as the closure system generated from attribute concepts (dually, object concepts). There are two strategies to use this as the basis of an algorithm: (a) forming intersections by joining one attribute concept at a time, and (b) repeatedly forming pairwise intersections starting from the attribute concepts. A straightforward translation of (b) to an algorithm suggests that pairwise intersection be performed among all cumulated concepts. MCA is parsimonious in forming the pairwise intersections: it only performs such operations among the newly formed concepts from the previous stage, instead of cumulatively. We show that this parsimonious multistage strategy is complete: it generates all concepts. To make this strategy really work, one must overcome the need to eliminate duplicates (and potentially save time even further), since concepts generated at a later stage may have already appeared in one of the earlier stages. As considered in several other algorithms in the literature [5], we achieve this by an auxiliary search tree which keeps all existing concepts as paths from the root to a flagged node or a leaf. The depth of the search tree is bounded by the total number of attributes, and hence the time complexity for concept lookup is bounded by the logarithm of the total number of concepts. For constructing lattice diagrams, we adapt a sub-quadratic algorithm of Pritchard [9] for computing subset partial orders to constructing the Hasse diagrams. Instead of the standard expected quadratic complexity, the Pritchard approach achieves a worst-case time O(N2/ logN). Our experimental results showed significant improvements in speed for a variety of input profiles against three leading algorithms considered in the comprehensive comparative study [5]: Bordat, Chein, and Norris.
Emotional responses to social comparisons in reality television programming

Abstract. In recent years, the viewing of reality television has become increasingly prevalent among television audiences. However, little is known about the psychological processes at work when viewing these programs. This study examined how social comparisons to cast members influenced emotional responses to reality television programming. Participants (N = 231) were cued with a specific comparison target group and placed in a situation of self-image enhancement or threat. Afterwards, participants watched a clip from a reality television program and then reported their emotional reactions to it. The manipulations of comparison target group and self-image affected both the direction of social comparisons made and their associated emotional responses. Participant gender also influenced social comparisons to the cast members and resulting emotional responses to the content. Although we were unable to compare the social comparison-related emotional responses to reality programs with those of scripted progra...
GENESIS: generation of E-population based on statistical information

Simulating virtual environments populated with virtual but realistic crowds requires dozens of different face and body geometries. We present GENESIS (GENeration of E-population based on Statistical Information), an application that allows automatic generation of desired population models. The aim of this application is to generate any population group that is statistically calculated to satisfy given properties. We divide the population generation module into the face part and the body part. Each of them is based on a database, which is an organization of information collected and processed from the real population dataset. Upon the specification of the population parameters by the user, GENESIS transforms them onto a number Of queries to the underlying databases, and process the results from the database in a statistical manner, allowing dynamic generation of desired number of individuals while satisfying the given properties of on the overall population.
Investment-Borrowing Decisions in Natural Gas Transmission

The investment problem in natural gas transmission in a static sense as analyzed by Chenery [Chenery, H. B. 1949. Engineering production functions. Quart. J. Econ.63November 507--531.] and Lehn [Lehn, H. C. 1943. An analysis of gaspipeline economics. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. Trans. July 445--460.] is reconsidered as a discrete time control problem using a formulation developed by Thompson and George [Thompson, R. G., M. D. George. 1968. Optimal operations and investments of the firm. Management Sci.151, September 49--56.]. In the model, the objective is to maximize, subject to constraints, the terminal value of the investment in transmission pipe and pumping capacity plus the sum of the terminal value of the net savings and the capitalized value of the dividends paid over a decision-making period of fixed length. The state variables are: pumping capacity, indebtedness outstanding, depreciated value of the transmission pipe, depreciated value of the pumping capacity, and savings. The control parameters are: the inside diameter of the transmission pipe pipe size, the wall thickness of the pipe thickness, initial pumping capacity, initial borrowings, and initial savings. The control variables are: investments in pumping capacity and borrowings during the period.
Direct Gene Transfer by Liposomes

AbstractCationic liposomes are widely used for the delivery of genes both in vivo and in clinical trials. DC-chol liposome formulation was developed by us for relatively high activity of transfection and low level of toxicity for most cell types. Different strategies are described for achieving regulated transgene expression as well as expression for a prolonged period of time using DC-chol liposomes.
Dependence of the surface backscattering coefficients on roughness, frequency and polarization states

This paper summarizes the properties of the surface backscattering coefficient as a function of roughness, incidence angle, frequency and polarization state. Results are presented in the form of like- and cross-polarized backscattering coefficient curves versus the incidence angle and the polarization state for different values of the surface roughness parameters and frequency. It is seen that there is a gradual transition from the standard small perturbation scattering model into the Kirchhoff scattering model as frequency increases. It is also shown that in the intermediate frequency region neither the small perturbation nor the Kirchhoff model is applicable. The maximum value of the polarized backscattering coefficient occurs at VV polarization and its two minimum values occur at zero ellipticity and orientation angles between 0 deg and 45 deg and between 135 deg and 180 deg. The cross-polarized scattering coefficient has two maximum values which occur in the same polarization state regions as the minima of the polarized coefficients.
A Description of COADS Surface Meteorological Fields and the Implied Sverdrup Transports for the Atlantic Ocean from 30°S to 60°N

Abstract Using COADS data spanning 1947–1988, we describe the regional nature of the Atlantic Ocean wind-driven circulation between 30°8 and 60°N and its annual and interannual variability. The Sverdrup streamfunction defines the circulation gyres. Our focus is on three central gyres: the Northern Hemisphere anticyclonic subtropical gyre, the cyclonic tropical gyre just north of the equator, and the clockwise equatorial gyre straddling the equator. This rendition of the Sverdrup streamfunction, computed with constant drag coefficient and air density, compares favorably with that from other climatologies. In the Straits of Florida, analyses suggest that differences between the annual cycle in Sverdrup transport and observations may be due to regional winds farther north. In the tropical gyre, the Sverdrup circulation argues against a continuous western boundary current transporting water from the equatorial region into the Caribbean in boreal winter, bringing to question the mechanisms for the known interh...
Visual Metaphor in Advertising: Is the Persuasive Effect Attributable to Visual Argumentation or Metaphorical Rhetoric?

The purpose of this study is to test the persuasive effects of visual metaphors in advertising. Advertisements containing visual metaphors deliver persuasive arguments in visual modality and metaphorical style of rhetoric, both of which may increase the persuasiveness of messages. The study has three message conditions that are advertisements containing (a) non‐metaphorical (literal) visual image with verbal argument; (b) metaphorical visual image with verbal argument; and (c) metaphorical image without accompanying verbal argument. Cognitive elaboration, source credibility, ad attitude, brand attitude, product belief, and purchase intention are considered as outcomes. The study results suggest that visual metaphors may be more persuasive due to both visual argumentation and metaphorical rhetoric. The theoretical explanations and managerial implications of the findings of this study are further discussed.
Assembly of a Chromosomal Replication Machine: Two DNA Polymerases, a Clamp Loader, and Sliding Clamps in One Holoenzyme Particle. V. FOUR DIFFERENT POLYMERASE-CLAMP COMPLEXES ON DNA

Several different subassemblies of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme can be purified from Escherichia coli. Toward the goal of understanding the functional significance of these subassemblies, we have used the γ complex clamp loader and the β ring to assemble each different polymerase onto DNA. Through use of radioactive labeled proteins, the subunit structure of each resulting processive polymerase has been determined. Use of DNA polymerase III core, the γ complex, and β results in a core-β complex on DNA; the γ complex is not incorporated into the structure. The addition of τ to the assembly reaction to form either core1-τ2 or core2-τ2 results in a more efficient polymerase and more stabile association of core-τβ on DNA, although the γ complex still does not remain on DNA. The γ complex clamp loader was retained on DNA with the other subunits only if it was first assembled into the polymerase (Pol) III∗ structure. The clamp loader within Pol III∗ appeared to be capable of loading two β clamps onto DNA for both core polymerases within Pol III∗, consistent with the hypothesis that one replicase can simultaneously replicate both strands of a duplex chromosome. These findings extend those of an earlier study showing that distinctive polymerases can be assembled depending on the presence or absence of τ (Maki, S., and Kornberg, A.(1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6561-6569). The significance of these distinct polymerases in separate paths of DNA metabolism is discussed.
Comparing Efficacy Between Regimens in the Initial Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis

Background: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic syndrome characterized by auto immunologic features generally including the presence of circulating auto antibodies and high serum globulin concentrations. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommends initial treatment or induction therapy for autoimmune hepatitis to involve a glucocorticoid alone or a combination of a glucocorticoid and an immunosuppressant. The objective of this study is to review and compare the efficacy of the treatment regimens described above among patients diagnosed with and treated for autoimmune hepatitis over the past 10 years in our center which is a major university based hospital. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients above the age of 18 years diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis in our center between February, 2003 and February, 2013 using the ICD-9 code 571.42. The primary outcome of our study was efficacy of the treatment regimen. We defined efficacy by considering 3 scenarios: Complete Resolution, Incomplete Resolution and Treatment Failure. Results: We found differences among 3 treatment groups: patients who received Prednisone and immunosuppressant from the beginning of their treatment course, patients who had an immunosuppressant introduced after about 4 weeks on Prednisone and patients who were placed on Prednisone alone. Conclusion: From our study, better efficacy was achieved in the induction phase using a combination of Prednisone and Azathioprine from the beginning of the treatment course. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jocmr1486w
Using Content Structure in Course Design

The purpose of this article is to suggest some strategies for analyzing and organizing concepts in a given content area, following the elaboration theory of instruction. Based on three main kinds of structure — taxonomies, procedures, and models — the following principles are presented: 1) teach content structure explicitly through diagram, figures, and text cues, 2) use content structure in the organization of lessons; that is, course structure should reflect content structure, and 3) sequence instruction in a general-to-detailed order, building upon central constructs in an elaborative cycle. Following these basic principles should enhance the meaningfulness of what is learned, resulting in improved quantity and quality of learning outcomes.
Epidermal growth factor receptor and hedgehog signaling pathways are active in esophageal cancer cells from rat reflux model.

Background Advancements in experimental therapeutics for esophageal cancers have been hampered by the lack of a reliable preclinical model that recapitulates the biology of human cancer, including in vivo growth in an animal model. Methods Bilious reflux was induced by esophago-jejunostomy in Sprague–Dawley rats. Nine of 12 (75%) Sprague–Dawley rats developed squamous or adenosquamous cancers, and three cell lines were created by in vitro propagation of freshly resected tumors, JA and JB lines from one cancer, and the AMY cell line from another. We subsequently tested the ability of these cell lines to propagate long-term in vitro and form xenografts in vivo, both hallmarks of transformed cells. In addition, we determined the effects of small molecule inhibitors of two important oncogenic pathways—the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways, in vitro, as a “proof of principle” of using these unique cell lines for developing targeted therapies for esophageal cancer. Mechanism-based growth inhibition was assessed by down-regulation of activated downstream targets of EGFR in the case of Iressa, and by Hh luciferase reporter activity with cyclopamine. Results JA, JB, and AMY cell lines were able to grow continuously in vitro and consistently form xenografts in vivo in athymic mice, both subcutaneously, as well as in the “orthotopic” location at the gastroesophageal serosal junction (n = 2 mice per line, six of six engrafted). By histology, the tumors grow in vivo as well-differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas. JB cells had the highest expression of EGFR protein and also the most profound response to Iressa (gefitinib), an EGFR inhibitor (IC50 m ). Growth inhibition by Iressa was mirrored functionally by down-regulation of activated targets of the EGFR pathway, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-MEK levels. AMY cells expressed ∼900-fold elevation of the Hh ligand, Indian Hh (Ihh), compared with normal esophageal epithelium, whereas expression of another Hh ligand, Sonic Hh (Shh), was not detected. On treatment with the specific Hh small molecule inhibitor cyclopamine, AMY cells demonstrated growth inhibition, which was accompanied by significant down-regulation of endogenous Hh luciferase reporter activity at 24 h and increased apoptosis in treated cells. Conclusions We have established a model of esophageal carcinogenesis, capable of long-term in vitro and in vivo passage, and demonstrated therapeutic potential of targeting the EGFR and Hh pathways in the cell lines created from the rodent cancers. These unique cell lines should provide a platform for rapid preclinical validation of novel therapeutics for esophageal cancers.
Parallelized Domain Decomposition Techniques for Multiphase Flow

Direct simulation of multiphase flows is a challenging task due to the moving interface and property variations between phases. In this study, a parallel domain decomposition method is implemented for such flows to lower the computing cost. Specifically, the approach consists of the additive Schwarz method for domain decomposition, the projection method for the Navier-Stokes equations, the immersed boundary method for treating the interfacial dynamics, and the multigrid method to expedite the solution of the pressure Poisson equation. The issues related to load balancing, communication and computation, scalability in regard to grid size and the number of processors, and interface shape deformation, are studied using both SGI Altix and Linux-based Beowulf systems. As the number of processors increases, as expected, the domain decomposition technique results in modest decrease in convergence rate, while the multigrid technique is effective in reducing the computational cost. The additional computational cost incurred by the immersed boundary method for tracking the interface is not significant.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Response to Gierut, Elbert, & Dinnsen (1987)

Further analysis of the data presented by Gierut et al. showed that some similar patterns of change for untreated sounds were characteristic of subjects in both groups. These similarities make the ...
Determination of carbendazim in water by high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array or mass spectrometric detection

Abstract An automated method for the determination of carbendazim in water that combines high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography (HPIAC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the reversed-phase mode, and detection by either UV-Vis diode array detector (DAD0 spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS) is presented here. This method allows for the on-line extraction, preconcentration, and positive confirmation of carbendazim with a throughput of one sample analyzed every 10 min. The method requires minimal manual sample pretreatment, yet it is free from coextracted interferences that often occur in solid-phase extractions based on nonspecific sorbents. The linear range of the calibration curve for 200-μ1 injections of carbendazin is 0.025 to 100 μ/1 for HPIAC-HPLC-MS and 0.075 to 100 μg/1 for HPIAC-HPLC-DAD. Because the calibration curve is mass-dependent, lower detection limits could be achieved by applying larger sample volumes to the HPIAC column. The within-day precision is ±4.5% for HPIAC-HPLC-MS and ±16% for HPIAC-HPLC-DAD for samples containing 0.1 μg/l carbendazim. The results from this method correlate well with results from an ELISA.
The effect of rate of change, variability, and extreme events on the pace of adaptation to a changing climate

When is it time to adopt different technologies, management strategies, and resource use practices as underlying climate change occurs? We apply risk and decision analysis to test hypotheses about the timing and pace of adaption in response to different profiles of climate change and extremes expressed as yield and income variation for a simulated dryland wheat farm in the United States Great Plains. Climate scenarios include gradual change with typical or increased noise (standard deviation), rapid and large change, and gradual change with extreme events stepped through the simulation. We test decision strategies that might logically be utilized by farmers facing a climate trend that worsens crop enterprise outcomes. Adaptation quickens with the rate of change, especially for decision strategies based on performance thresholds, but is delayed by larger climate variability, especially for decision strategies based on recognizing growing differential between adaptive and non-adaptive performance. Extreme events evoke adaptation sooner than gradual change alone, and in some scenarios extremes evoke premature, inefficient, adaptation.
Substance use, related problem behaviors and adult attachment in a sample of high risk older adolescent women

We tested a hypothesis about the usefulness of attachment theory in aiding our understanding of substance use and related problem behaviors among a high-risk group of women. The data were from an ongoing longitudinal study of pregnant and parenting adolescents, and were collected via interview at 5.5 and 6 years postpartum (n = 232). At enrollment, the respondents were an average age of 16. Using regressing analysis (OLS and logistic), differences in attachment security were found to be related to substance use and related problem behaviors and attachment differences in behavior were found to be partially mediated by psychological distress.
Experimental and probabilistic analysis of distal femoral periprosthetic fracture: a comparison of locking plate and intramedullary nail fixation. Part B: probabilistic investigation

The following is Part B of a two-part study. Part A evaluated, biomechanically, intramedullary (IM) nails versus locking plates for fixation of an extra-articular, metaphyseal wedge fracture in synthetic osteoporotic bone. Part B of this study introduces deterministic finite element (FE) models of each construct type in synthetic osteoporotic bone and investigates the probability of periprosthetic fracture of the locking plate compared with the retrograde IM nail using Monte Carlo simulation. Deterministic FE models of the fractured femur implanted with IM nail and locking plate, respectively, were developed and validated using experimental data presented in Part A of this study. The models were validated by comparing the load–displacement curve of the experimental data with the load–displacement curve of the FE simulation with a root-mean square error of less than 3 mm. The validated FE models were then modified by defining the cortical and cancellous bone modulus of elasticity as uncertain variables tha...
Automatic Visual Inspection Of Printed Circuit Boards

A description of research work on the automatic visual inspection of printed circuit boards is presented as an example of a practical industrial automation problem. The major goal of this research is to develop a programmable visual inspection system applicable to printed circuit boards and other electronic assemblies. Described methods are the dimensional verification technique and the pattern matching technique. In dimensional verification, the inspection is accomplished by verifying the dimensional accuracy of certain features of the board. In pattern matching, standard features of the board are extracted interactively. The inspection is accomplished by matching these standard features with patterns of the unit under test.
Generalization of the concepts of focal length and f-number to space and time

One can exploit the duality between the parabolic equations of diffraction and dispersion to create the time-domain equivalent of a spatial imaging system. A key element in this temporal imaging system is the time lens (quadratic phase modulator) with attributes analogous to the focal length and the f-number of conventional space lenses. These temporal analogs are analyzed and compared with their spatial counterparts in a generalized framework, from which we conclude that chirp rate and fractional bandwidth are the defining quantities in both systems.
Progress in Workforce Development Since 2000: Advanced Training Opportunities in Public and Community Psychiatry

A crisis in the behavioral health care workforce has drawn considerable attention from consumers, families, advocates, clinical professionals, and system administrators at local, state, and federal levels in the past decade. Its effects have been felt in the recruitment, retention, and performance of psychiatrists in the public sector, where a focus on biological aspects of illness and efforts to cut costs have made it difficult for public psychiatrists to engage meaningfully in leadership, consultation, prevention, and psychosocial interventions. An array of training opportunities has recently been created to meet the needs of community psychiatrists at various stages of their careers, from psychiatrists just beginning their careers to those who have been working as medical directors for several years. This article describes the development of these initiatives and their impact on public psychiatry in four key areas—training of experienced psychiatrists, ensuring retention of psychiatrists in community p...
Protein synthesis directed by encephalomyocarditis virus RNA II. The in vitro synthesis of high molecular weight proteins and elements of the viral capsid

Abstract RNA from the encephalomyocarditis virus directs the cell-free synthesis of several discrete, high molecular weight proteins. The largest of these have molecular weights of approximately 110,000, 82,000, 73,000, 61,000 and 44,000 Daltons. In addition, tryptic digestion of the in vitro products gives rise to a number of peptides corresponding to those derived from the viral capsid. The data suggest that approximately one-third of the information encoded by the EMC genome is translated in vitro as a single polypeptide chain, that this translation proceeds in an appropriate phase, and that portions of the genome corresponding to structural proteins of the virus are translated.
Evidence that parathyroid hormone is not required for phosphate homeostasis in renal failure

Varying degrees of renal failure were produced by surgical reduction of renal mass in normal dogs and in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs (TPTX) in whom serum calcium levels were maintained in the normal range by the administration of vitamin D. Both groups of dogs maintained normal serum phosphate levels in spite of progressive decreases in glomerular filtration rates (GFR). Furthermore, both groups of dogs were able to increase the fractional excretion of phosphate as GFR decreased. Thus the same renal response to loss of GFR was maintained in the complete absence of parathyroid tissue. Finally, stable serum phosphate levels and increased fractional excretion of phosphate in response to a decrease in GFR were also demonstrated in acutely TPTX dogs who were not receiving vitamin D. These results indicate that phosphate homeostasis can be maintained in renal failure in the total absence of parathyroid hormone secretion.
Masculine sexual behavior and morphology: Paradoxical effects of perinatal androgen treatment in male and female rats

Perinatal and adult androgen treatment of female rats resulted in somatic virilization and typically masculine temporal patterning of copulatory attempts. Males administered an identical hormone regimen displayed somatic virilization intermediate between control males and virilized females. As intact adults, none of these perinatally androgenized males copulated. Even after castration and androgen replacement their copulatory performance declined below that of similarly treated control males and masculinized females. Apparently perinatal androgen treatment masculinizes females and demasculinizes males, indicating an unexpected interaction between genetic sex and hormone treatment.
A statistical evaluation of aggregate monthly industrial demand for natural gas in the U.S.A.

Abstract We examine the temporal pattern and effect of heating degree days, price of natural gas, price of residual fuel oil, and industrial activity on industrial demand for natural gas between January 1980 and March 1984. Time plots are used to display these patterns. Regression analysis is used to estimate these effects. The results of the regression analysis are then evaluated, including an examination of the effect of measurement error on estimated coefficients. The evaluation indicates that the estimated coefficients are reliable.
Caries management by risk assessment.

Caries disease is multifactorial. Whether caries disease will be expressed and damage dental hard tissue is dependent on the patient's own unique make-up of pathogenic risk factors and protective factors. Objectives This manuscript will review the science of managing caries disease based on assessing caries risk. Methods The caries balance/imbalance model and a practical caries risk assessment procedure for patients aged 6 years through adult will illustrate how treatment options can be based on caries risk. Results Neither the forms nor the clinical protocols are meant to imply there is currently only one correct way this can be achieved, rather are used in this manuscript as examples only. Conclusions It is important to have the forms and protocols simple and easy to understand when implementing caries management by risk assessment into clinical practice. The science of CAMBRA based on the caries balance/imbalance model was reviewed and an example protocol was presented.
The value of good medical student teaching: increasing the number of radiology residency applicants

Rationale and Objectives. The authors attempted to define the value of good medical student teaching to the profession of radiology by examining the effect of radiology course improvements on the number of 4th-year students applying to radiology residencies. Materials and Methods. Course evaluation and residency application data were obtained from six consecutive classes of 4th-year medical students at the study institution, and these data were compared with national data. Results. Between 1995 and 2000, the number of 4th-year U.S. medical students applying to radiology increased 1.6 times. At the study institution, that number increased 4.5 times, a statistically significant difference ( P = .020, x 2 test). Student survey data indicate that this increase reflects a general increase in the quality of radiology teaching in the study institution and specific changes in a required 2nd-year medical school course. Conclusion. These results strongly suggest that good medical student teaching pays important dividends, not only to the departments that provide it but also to the profession of radiology as a whole. Exposing students to good radiology teaching early in their medical school careers is especially important. Radiology departments that provide outstanding medical student education should be studied to help develop a model of educational best practices.
Social Capital and Educational Organizing in Low Income, Minority, and New Immigrant Communities Can the University Strengthen Community Organizations?

A college-based program that combines training, direct support, and technical assistance was found to produce significant gains in bonding and bridging social capital and key political attributes among low-income, minority, and immigrant groups organizing to enhance their power to influence public school politics and policies in New York City.
China Changes Face: The Road from Revolution, 1949-1989

After the revolution - the two roads search for socialism - from liberation to Utopia leadership from above - Maoism, centralism and intrigue the rebel alternative - from 1919 to the Red Guards second cultural revolution - the abortive great debate economics in command - the modernization of China peasant China transformed - the rise of rural enterprise the growth of dissent - poets and democracy the party under pressure - reform and reaction the scholars speak out - humanism or bourgeois liberalism? the door opens wide - China and the world economy China's new face - the end of ideology epilogue - the Beijing massacre.
NIST Radiance Temperature and Infrared Spectral Radiance Scales at Near-Ambient Temperatures

The realization and the dissemination of spectral radiance and radiance temperature scales in the temperature range of −50 to 250°C and spectral range of 3–13 μm at the National Institute of Standards and Technology are described. The scale is source-based and is established using a suite of blackbody radiation sources, the emissivity and temperature of which have been thoroughly investigated. The blackbody emissivity was measured using the complementary approaches of modeling, reflectometry, and the intercomparison of the spectral radiance of sources with different cavity geometries and coatings. Temperature measurements are based on platinum resistance thermometers and on the direct use of the phase transitions of pure metals. Secondary sources are calibrated using reference blackbody sources, a spectral comparator, a controlled-background plate, and a motion control system. Included experimental data on the performance of transfer standard blackbodies indicate the need for development of a recommended practice for their specification and evaluation. Introduced services help to establish a nationwide uniformity in metrology of near-ambient thermal emission sources, providing traceability in spatially and spectrally resolved radiance temperature, spectral radiance, and background-corrected effective emissivity.
Single event burnout in power diodes: Mechanisms and models

Power electronic devices are susceptible to catastrophic failures when they are exposed to energetic particles; the most serious failure mechanism is single event burnout (SEB). SEB is a widely recognized problem for space applications, but it also may affect devices in terrestrial applications. This phenomenon has been studied in detail for power MOSFETs, but much less is known about the mechanisms responsible for SEB in power diodes. This paper reviews the current state-of-knowledge of power-diode vulnerability to SEB, based on both experimental and simulation results. It is shown that present models are limited by the lack of detailed descriptions of thermal processes that lead to physical failure.
Neorealism in Search of New Territory

Neorealism, States, and the Modern Mass Army. By Joao Resende-Santos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 321 pp., $29.99 paper (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-68965-6). Many students of international relations have found themselves attracted to the parsimony and elegance of neorealist theory. Yet, as Waltz (1986:329) has himself observed, neorealist structuralism only explains “a small number of big and important things.” Subsequent scholars have therefore attempted to expand the theoretical and empirical boundaries of neorealism. Resende-Santos is no different in this regard as he attempts to claim new territory theoretically through his “theory of neorealist emulation” and empirically through the study of Latin America. Orthodox neorealists are unlikely to be persuaded by the theoretical claims, but neoclassical realists would find much to appreciate in this book. The discussion of emulation situates this work nicely in general International Relations (IR) theory as well as in security studies more specifically. Latin Americanists interested in the effects of interstate competition in the region should also find plenty of material to digest and debate. Finally, this work offers some of the building blocks needed to connect general IR theory with the literature on state building. Military emulation is defined as “the deliberate imitation by one state of any aspect of another state's military system that bears upon its own military system” (p. 9). The basic thesis of the book is that states will emulate the military organization of the great power with the most recent proven effectiveness in war when faced with a threatening security environment. In particular, Resende-Santos wants to explain why states emulate, why they choose specific military systems, when they emulate, and the variation in the pace and scale of emulation. Resende-Santos develops a neorealist theory of emulation that is then illustrated with reference to the historical record in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile between 1870 and …
Rate constants and activation parameters for organo-cobalt porphyrin bond homolysis from NMR relaxation times

Abstract 1H NMR line broadening is found to be an effective complimentary method to chemical trapping for determining the rates and activation parameters for organo-metal bond homolysis events that produce freely diffusing radicals. Application of this method is illustrated by measurement of bond homolysis activation parameters for a series of organo-cobalt porphyrin complexes ((TPP)Co-C(CH3)2CN (ΔH≠ = 19.5±0.9 kcal mol−1, ΔS≠ = 12±3 cal°K−1 mol−1), (TMP)Co-C(CH3)2CN (ΔH≠ = 20±1 kcal mol−1,ΔS≠ = 13±2 cal°K−1 mol−1), (TAP)Co-C(CH3)2CO2CH3 (ΔH≠ = 18.2±0.5 kcal mol−1, ΔS≠ = 12±2 cal °K−1 mol−1), (TAP)Co-CH(CH3)C6H5 (ΔH≠ = 22.5±0.5, ΔS≠ = 17±2 cal °K−1 mol−1)). The line broadening method is particularly useful in determining activation parameters for dissociation of weakly bonded organometallics where the rate of homolysis can exceed the range measurable by conventional chemical trapping methods.
Perspectives on over-marking: is it good to be on top?

What we refer to as over-marking occurs when one individual places its scent mark on top of, touching, or adjacent to the scent mark of another individual, usually a conspecific. Over-marking frequently occurs among mammals that share common paths, trails, and runways. Despite its ubiquity among terrestrial mammals, we know little about how individuals respond to over-marks and the function(s) of over-marking. Studies on voles and golden hamsters indicate that after exploring an over-mark, individuals respond selectively to the mark of the top-scent donor relative to that of the bottom-scent donor. Thus, individuals may be able to focus their attention on a particular scent mark relevant at a particular time and in a particular context, neglecting other scent marks that are present. The function(s) of over-marking are examined within the framework of ten hypotheses. Several hypotheses are plausible. However, the bulk of the literature is consistent with hypotheses stating that over-marking serving a role in olfactory communication between opposite and same-sex conspecifics. Lastly, we postulate the costs and benefits that may be garnered by the top-scent donor of an over-mark.
Billow: networked hospital playspace for children

Through exploring play as a therapeutic process, we have developed a system called "Billow" which allows children in hospitals, who are quarantined or otherwise isolated, to play in a virtual audio-visual cloudscape using a malleable, egg-shaped input/output device. This prototype was designed in collaboration with child psychologists and art therapists who are advocates for these children in the hospital setting. It is intended to address the children's need for increased human interaction and social development, mastery and control, and comfort and security. Billow addresses these needs by enabling isolated children to play together and communicate in a locally networked, audio-visual play environment.
Physical significance of local-density-functional-theory eigenvalues

It is shown that Slater's transition-state technique often used with X\ensuremath{\alpha} calculations generalizes trivially to any local density functional. This technique is shown to yield excellent electron-removal energies for several popular local density functionals. More importantly we interpret density-functional-theory eigenvalues as orbital electronegativities, demonstrating that they quantitatively agree with Mulliken's definition of electronegativity to better than 1% on average for atoms.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method as a Contraceptive Strategy in Niger

If used properly, the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) can be a valuable family planning tool, particularly in low-income countries; however, the degree to which LAM is used correctly and characteristics associated with its use have not been well documented. We therefore sought to use nationally representative data from Niger, where fertility rates are high and women may have limited access to alternative contraceptive methods, to describe the proportion of women who use LAM correctly and the characteristics associated with LAM use. We utilized cross-sectional data from the 2006 Niger Demographic Health Survey. Our sample included all sexually active, non-pregnant, breastfeeding women using some form of contraception (N = 673, unweighted). We used weighted frequencies to describe the correct use of LAM and logistic regression models to describe women who chose LAM for contraception. Among our sample, 52 % reported LAM as their primary method of contraception, but only 21 % of the women who reported using LAM used it correctly. Women who reported using LAM were more likely to live in certain regions of the country, to have no formal education, and to have delivered their most recent baby at home. They were also less likely to have discussed family planning at a health facility or with their husband/partner in the past year. Results indicated that few women in Niger who reported using LAM used it correctly. Our findings reinforce the need to address this knowledge gap, especially given Niger’s high fertility rate, and may inform efforts to improve family planning in Niger and in other low-income countries.
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen in an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a relatively new, benign neoplasm arising within the red pulp of the spleen. The lesion is often identified incidentally on imaging, and the diagnosis is confirmed on pathologic assessment of the resected spleen. Although there have been several reports of SANT in the adult population, data on this lesion in the pediatric population are exceedingly rare. We present a case of SANT in an adolescent male with chronic abdominal pain and discuss the management issues that arise in treating this condition in the pediatric population.
Five secrets of successful publication

Purpose – To reflect on experience of research and journal publication with the aim of sharing key lessons in preparing and submitting articles for publication.Design/methodology/approach – The viewpoint draws on the author's own career‐long experience as a teacher, researcher and writer.Findings – Draws together a series of lessons to provide guidelines for new researchers on how to write for publication.Originality/value – Few senior academics have captured their own learning and insight on the process of initiating and sustaining a publications profile. Typically new researchers learn by trial and error and the aim here is to share key lessons that might assist them.
Formulation and Characterization of a Multiple Emulsion for Use as a Red Blood Cell Substitute

A new approach to the development of an oxygen-carrying blood substitute is presented. The development of a viable blood substitute in the form of a multiple emulsion encapsulating hemoglobin solution was explored. Results indicated that the formulation ingredients and procedure affect the properties of the multiple emulsion. In order to evaluate the different formulations a quantitative method of assessing the encapsulation efficiency (yield) of the multiple emulsions was developed. The yield test measures the amount of hemoglobin released into the external phase. A model mutiple emulsion was formulated and characterized by yield, drop size distribution, oxygen-carrying capacity, oxyhemoglobin dissociation, short-term storage stability, and viscosity. The yield obtained for the model formulation was excellent (greater than 90%) giving high oxygen-carrying capacity. The high yield was maintained over a four day storage period at 4dC.
Ovariectomy Decreases the Bone Area Fraction of the Rat Mandible

Although osteoporosis is a major public health concern, the effect of this condition on oral bone has not been determined. Using the ovariectomized rat, we tried to determine if estrogen depletion and aging affect the mandible of the rat. Sixty-one ovariectomized (ovx) and sham-operated (sham) 6-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into six groups. The baseline, adult, and old rats were euthanized 14, 114, 200 days post-ovx, respectively. The bone mineral density of the mandible was measured using high resolution dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The failure load and stiffness of the mandible were measured in three-point bending. The bone area fraction and area moment of inertia of digitized images of mandible sections were measured using image analyzing software. In adult rats, ovx led to a 15% and 28% increase in failure load and stiffness, respectively, but no change in bone area fraction or bone mineral density. In the old rats, ovx led to an 8% decrease in bone area fraction, but no change in failure load, stiffness, or bone mineral density of the mandible. In the ovx rats, aging led to a 20% and 7% decrease in stiffness and bone area fraction of the mandibles in the old rats compared with that in the adult rats. In the adult ovx rats, the increase in structural properties of the mandible may be a consequence of an increase in masticatory function as it has been reported that ovx rats eat approximately 10% more than sham controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kinematic analysis of three-link spatial mechanisms containing sphere-plane and sphere-groove pairs

Abstract Kinematic pairs in a spatial mechanism are viewed either as allowing relative screw motion between links or as constraining the motion of the two chains of the mechanism connected to the two elements of the pair. Using pair geometry constraints of the sphere-plane and sphere-groove kinematic pairs, the displacement, velocity and accelerations equations are derived for, R-Sp-R, ¶ R-Sp-P, P-Sp-P, P-Sp-R and R-Sg-C three-link mechanisms. For known values of the input variable, other variables are computed in closed form. The analysis procedures are illustrated using numerical examples.
Optimal approximations of the frequency moments of data streams

We give a 1-pass O(m1-2⁄k)-space algorithm for computing the k-th frequency moment of a data stream for any real k > 2. Together with the lower bounds of [1, 2, 4], this resolves the main problem left open by Alon et al in 1996 [1]. Our algorithm also works for streams with deletions and thus gives an O(m1-2⁄p) space algorithm for the Lp difference problem for any p > 2. This essentially matches the known Ω(m1-2⁄p-o(1)) lower bound of [12, 2]. Finally the update time of our algorithms is O(1).
Corneal exposures from 1540-nm laser pulses

Dutch Belted rabbit corneas and corneal equivalent (CE) tissue were exposed to 0.8 millisecond pulses of 1540 nm laser light. We report the single pulse ED50 for Dutch belted rabbits and for in-vitro corneal equivalent tissues. A histological comparison between the two tissues is presented. Remarkable similarities between the two models in both location and extent of damage are noted. We postulate which cellular energy absorption mechanisms are significant at 1540 nm and how this relates to the histopathology presented.