cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary layer physics considerations for the TEXTOR dynamic ergodic divertor experiment

Abstract The proposed arrangement of the TEXTOR dynamic ergodic divertor coils is quite different from that of previous stochastic boundary layer experiments. These coils are located on the high field side and have continuous helical windings. The basic resonant magnetic field line structure is not substantially affected by the location of the perturbation coils but the non-resonant near field effects, such as those related to helical divertor effects and the interaction of the near field with the stochastic layer, are different. Differences with the TORE SUPRA ergodic divertor coils are discussed. Based on these differences we expect that the plasma positioning will play an important role in: (i) the onset of MARFE's; (ii) the impurity screening efficiency; (iii) the onset of disruptions; and (iii) the transport properties of the boundary layer plasma.
Using Sieving and Unknown Sand Samples for a Sedimentation-Stratigraphy Class Project with Linkage to Introductory Courses.

Using sieving and sample ‘‘unknowns’’ for instructional grain-size analysis and interpretation of sands in undergraduate sedimentology courses has advantages over other techniques. Students (1) learn to calculate and use statistics; (2) visually observe differences in the grain-size fractions, thereby developing a sense of specific size ranges, weight percentages being plotted, and how grain composition and properties are a function of size; (3) are enthusiastic and observant as they search for clues of the origin of their sample, but discover that determining depositional environments using grain-size analysis is not the hoped for ‘‘fingerprinting’’ technique; and (4) enjoy learning the geographic origin and depositional environment of their sample. Plus, sieving equipment generally is less costly to acquire and maintain than ‘‘black box’’ techniques, and sieving is a commonly used procedure in industry. Using unknown sand samples results in some students making ‘‘incorrect’’ interpretations, which allows for illustrating that a scientist may have an excellent data set and a valid interpretation based on that data but, although the data are sound, the interpretation may be erroneous. Moreover, using a suite of unknowns allows students in a class to collectively be exposed to sands from a range of environments and geographic locales without the need for local sediment-rich environments. Building a set of unknowns is aided by recruiting students in introductory geology courses to collect and document samples during their school-break travels for future ‘‘unknowns,’’ thereby linking courses and creating interest among nonmajors. When these students venture into the field to collect a sample and characterize the environment, they are enticed into thinking about sedimentary processes and possible anthropogenic effects, such as beach nourishment, while on break. 2012 National Association of Geoscience Teachers. [DOI: 10.5408/11-279.1]
Modulated fluorescence detection with microelectromagnetic traps

Microelectromagnetic traps (METs) were utilized to concentrate streptavidin modified magnetic particles from a microfluidic analyte stream. Particle capture was detected by bioconjugation either to biotinylated quantum dots or to DNA hybrids labeled with biotin and fluorescein. Subsequent modulation of the MET trapping field resulted in modulated fluorescence intensity at the MET. Detection of pM concentrations of streptavidin bound to magnetic particles and fM concentrations of DNA was possible through Fourier analysis of the modulated fluorescence response. This detection strategy represents a suitable approach to signal enhancement for magnetic pull-down assays and related technologies.
An enzymatic fluorometric method for ammonia determination

Abstract Ammonia and α-ketoglutaric acid react in the presence of glutamic dehydrogenase to form glutamic acid. A stoichiometric quantity of NADH is oxidized to NAD + in the process. The decrease in the native fluorescence of NADH at 460 mμ with activation at 360 mμ provides a quantitative measure of the ammonia consumed in the reaction. The ammonia in a 200-μl sample of plasma may be measured with a standard deviation of 4% in the usual clinical range.
A NOTE ON INFLATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND INCOME INEQUALITY

This paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model with capital and skill heterogeneity to analyze the relationship among inflation, growth, and income inequality. In the model inflation, growth, and inequality are jointly determined. We show that an increase in the long-run money growth rate raises inflation and reduces growth, but its effect on income inequality depends on the relative importance of the two types of heterogeneity. Inequality shrinks with the rise of inflation when capital heterogeneity dominates and enlarges when skill heterogeneity dominates. Therefore, our model supports a negative (positive) inflation–inequality relationship and a positive (negative) growth–inequality relationship when capital (skill) heterogeneity dominates. In any event, inflation and growth are negatively related.
An interative factorization techniques for polynomials

An iterative technique is displayed whereby factors of arbitrary degree can be found for polynomials in one variable. Convergence is shown to occur always if a certain Jacobian does not vanish and if the initial approximation to a factor is near enough to an actual factor. The process is simply programmed, and preliminary results indicate it to be well adapted to use with digital computers. For factors of degree two, the technique is similar to that of Bairstow, the present method being somewhat simpler.
Factors associated with smokeless tobacco use and dual use among blue collar workers.

Objectives To examine demographic and substance use factors associated with exclusive smokeless tobacco use (SLT) and dual use of both cigarettes and SLT among blue-collar workers. Design and Sample This cross-sectional study used data from the United States 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The sample (n = 5,392) was restricted to respondents who were classified as blue collar workers by self-report primary job title. Measures Various demographic variables, tobacco use and other substance use variables were examined. Results Respondents in this blue collar sample were 87% male and 64% Non-Hispanic White. An estimated 9.5% (SE = 0.6) of respondents were current SLT users; 5.3% (SE = 0.4) were current exclusive SLT users, and 4.2% (SE = 0.4) were current dual users of both SLT and cigarettes. Factors related to exclusive SLT use were gender, marital status, age, race/ethnicity, type of blue-collar occupation, current binge drinking, and current marijuana use. Significant factors related to dual use were gender, marital status, age, race/ethnicity, type of blue-collar occupation, current cigar smoking, current binge drinking, and current illicit drug use. Conclusions Rates of SLT use and dual use are high among U.S. blue-collar workers, indicating a need for targeted, workplace cessation interventions. These interventions may also serve as a gateway for addressing other substance use behaviors in this population.
The Managed Hand The Commercialization of Bodies and Emotions in Korean Immigrant–Owned Nail Salons

This ethnographic study of service interactions in Korean immigrant women–owned nailsalons in New York City introduces the concept “body labor” to designate a type of gendered work that involves the management of emotions in body-related service provision. The author explores variation in the performance of body labor caused by the intersection of the gendered processes of beauty service work with the racialized and class-specific service expectations of diverse customers. The study examines three distinct patterns of service provision that are shaped by racial and class inequalities between women: (1) high-service body labor, (2) expressive body labor, and (3) routinized body labor. These patterns demonstrate that a caring, attentive style of emotional display is dominant in workplaces governed by white, middle-class “feeling rules” but that different racial and class locations call forth other forms of gendered emotionalmanagement that focus on displaying respect, reciprocity, fairness, competence, and ...
1. Globalization and Violence: The Challenge to Ethics

Despite its many benefits, globalization has proven to harbor a good deal of violence. This is not only a matter of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction inaugurated by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, but includes many forms of indirect or “structural violence” resulting from the routine of economic and political institutions on the global scale. In this essay, the multifaceted phenomena of violence are approached from the standpoint of ethics. The prevailing political thinking associated with “realism” fails to address the problems of militarism and of hegemonic unilateralism. In contrast, many philosophers are critically rethinking the problem of global violence from different ethical perspectives. Despite sharing similar concerns, philosophers nevertheless differ over the role of philosophical reflection and the potentials of reason. These differences appear in two contrasting approaches associated with postmodern philosophy and discourse ethics. In the analysis of discourse ethics, attention is paid to Karl-Otto Apel's attempt of philosophically grounding a macroethics of planetary co-responsibility. At the heart of the essay is the analysis of the problem of violence, including terrorism, by Jurgen Habermas, who explains the phenomenon of violence in terms of the theory of communicative action as the breakdown of communication. Jacques Derrida's deconstruction of the notion of “terrorism” also is analyzed. According to the principle of discourse ethics, all conflicts between human beings ought to be settled in a way free of violence, through discourses and negotiations. These philosophers conclude that the reliance on force does not solve social and global problems, including those that are the source of violence. The only viable alternative is the “dialogical” multilateral relations of peaceful coexistence and cooperation among the nations for solving social and global problems. They emphasize the necessity of strengthening the international rule of law and institutions, such as a reformed United Nations.
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Relationship Between State Affect, Discrete Emotions, and Job Performance

The relationship between affect and job performance has been the topic of previous meta-analytic investigations. However, these studies have been limited by their focus on only one form of affect, trait dimensional affect, or failure to differentiate between various forms of affect, such as state affect and emotions. The present study extends past research by meta-analytically examining the association between state dimensional affect and discrete emotions and three dimensions of job performance, task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive work behavior. In addition, we examined subgroup differences according to the temporal consistency of performance and affect measurement, and we reviewed studies that assessed the affect–performance link using within-person analyses in the context of experience sampling designs.
Sublattice-symmetric spin-wave theory for the Heisenberg antiferromagnet

We apply the sublattice-symmetric spin-wave theory (SSSW) for Heisenberg antiferromagnets to obtain excited states at zero temperature. We identify a set of spin-wave states that have the correct total spin and correspond to the states with lowest energy in a given sector where ${S}_{z}$, the z component of the total spin, is fixed. This approximation gives results in good agreement with the results of exact diagonalization. We also discuss results of SSSW for finite-temperature and dynamical correlations. We recover the same equations as those obtained in the mean-field Schwinger boson theory of Arovas and Auerbach, except for a factor of 3/2. From comparison with exact results obtained by exact diagonalization, we assess the accuracy of the theory when the temperature is finite.
Abstraction Techniques in Modern Programming Languages

Modern Programming languages depend on abstraction: they manage complexity by emphazing what is significant to the user and suppressing what is not.
Oligonucleotide therapeutics for hematologic disorders

During the last decade, the catalogue of known genes responsible for cell growth, development, and neoplastic transformation has expanded dramatically. Attempts to translate this information into new therapeutic strategies for both hematologic and non-hematologic diseases have accelerated at a rapid pace as well. Inserting genes into cells which either replace, or counter the effects of disease causing genes has been one of the primary ways in which scientists have tried to exploit this new knowledge. Strategies to directly downregulate gene expression have developed in parallel with this approach. The latter include triple helix forming oligonucleotides (ODN) and 'antisense' ODN. The latter have already entered clinical trials for a variety of disorders. In this monograph, we review the use of these materials in the treatment of hematologic diseases, particularly myelogenous leukemias. Problems and possible solutions associated with the use of ODN will be discussed as well.
Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery in the Beginning of the 21st Century

Abstract This article is a summary of the bioinformatics issues and challenges of data-intensive science as discussed in the NSF-funded Data-Intensive Science (DIS) workshop in Seattle, September 19–20, 2010.
Misspecification bias in models of the effect of inflation uncertainty

Abstract In this paper we show that the appropriate measure of inflation uncertainty is relative measure. Specifically, is the standard deviation of inflation relative to the gross expected rate of inflation. Empirical studies of the effects of inflation uncertainty have misspecified their models by not using the relative measure. The bias introduced is equivalent to omitting a relevant variable. We derive the asymptotic bias introduced by this error, and estimate its magnitude for the United States and eight high-inflation countries. Estimates of the effect of inflation uncertainty from high-inflation countries, and cross country studies that include them are likely to suffer from a considerable negative bias. We conclude that future studies should employ this relative measure.
Successful Use of Cidofovir and Leflunomide in Lung Transplant Recipient with BK Polyomavirus Encephalitis

s S31 agent has a potential benefit over standard calcineurin (CNI) based immunosuppression in that it avoids CNI nephrotoxicity. To our knowledge, available literature regarding the use of belatacept in lung transplantation is currently limited to one case study. Case Report: We report on a 64 year old female who underwent bilateral lung transplantation 2 years prior secondary to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Current immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, sirolimus and prednisone. The patient presented to the acute care setting with decreased appetite, tiredness, shortness of breath and minimal epistaxis. Empiric antibiotics were initiated and a bronchoscopy showed alveolar hemorrhage. Of note, the patient also presented with acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, and confusion/lethargy. A peripheral smear showed the presence of schiztocytes, and a diagnosis of Thrombocytopenic Thrombotic Purpura / Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (TTP/HUS) was made. She received 5 sessions of therapeutic plasma exchange. At that time, her TTP/HUS was thought to be secondary to tacrolimus which was discontinued. Sirolimus was also stopped due to the uncertain nature of her alveolar hemorrhage. After extensive deliberation, this patient was started on belatacept every 2 weeks and ciprofloxacin for meningococcal prophylaxis. She could not be placed on cell cycle inhibitors due to leucopenia and existing bone marrow suppression. The patient’s platelet count, mental status and renal function eventually improved with plasma exchange, and she was discharged to a rehabilitation facility. A surveillance bronchoscopy performed 4 weeks after initiating belatacept was negative for acute rejection. Furthermore, donor specific antibodies remained negative at this time. Summary: In summary, we present the case of a lung transplant patient unable to tolerate CNI or mTOR based immunosuppression who is successfully maintained on the costimulatory antagonist belatacept at present. Belatacept may be considered in lung transplant recipients as an immunosuppressive agent of last resort for those unable to tolerate more conventional therapies, and further studies are needed to fully elucidate its utility in this population.
Phase separation and crystallization in amorphous Pd-Si-Sb

Abstract It is found that replacing some of the Si in a Pd-Si-Sb glass with Sb can make it more resistant to crystallization than the pure binary material. This is shown by the calorimetric results, in which the crystallization temperature increases and the glass temperature decreases with increasing Sb substitution, and also by the finding that certain alloys, such as Pd80.5 Si16.5Sb3 may be quenched into amorphous rods (by the gradient-quench method) up to 0.5 mm thick. Calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering data show that certain alloys in this system phase separate in the amorphous state. The two phases thus produced independently crystallize. Isothermal measurements indicate that the rate of crystallization of one of the phases is interface-limited, with most nuclei initially present. The other crystallization process does not fit an Avrami law, possibly due to a transformation of the crystalline phase. A method called “gradient-quenching” (GQ) was used to prepare samples from the melt in such a way that the quench-rate was non-uniform, so all stages of crystallization in slowly-quenched alloys are displayed. Nucleation was frequently found to take place on voids and inclusions. The use of the calorimetric and GQ methods in conjunction to gather information about crystallization processes in metallic glasses is discussed.
The reactivity of Samarium(II) in a Bis(indenyl) coordination environment

The reactivity of the organosamarium(II) indenyl complex (C 9 H 7 ) 2 Sm(THF) x , 1, has been compared with that of (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Sm(THF) 2 , 2, and (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Sm, 3, by examination of characteristic organosamarium(II) reactions which form trivalent oxide, iodide, cyclooctatetraenyl and azobenzene complexes. Complex 1 reacts with excess N 2 O to form [(C 9 H 7 ) 2 Sm(THF)] 2 (μ-O), 4, and (C 9 H 7 ) 3 Sm(THF), 5, as the major products. Two equivalents of 1 react with one equivalent of 1,2-diiodoethane in THF to give (C 9 H 7 )SmI 2 (THF) 2 , 6, as well as 5. Complex 1 reacts with 1,3,5,7-cyclo-octatetraene in a 2 :1 ratio in THF to form 5 and (C 9 H 7 )Sm(C 8 H 8 )(THF) x , 7, which has been fully characterized as the 2,2'-bipyridine adduct (C 9 H 7 )Sm(C 8 H 8 )(C 10 H 8 N 2 ), 7a. The reaction of 1 with azobenzene in a 2 :1 ratio forms [(C 9 H 7 )Sm(N 2 Ph 2 )(THF)] x , 8, and 5. Complexes 4-6 and 7a have been definitively identified by X-ray crystallography. Complex 4 crystallizes from THF in space group P1 [C i 1 ; No. 2] with unit cell parameters at 163 K of a = 8.072(2) A, b = 9.502(2) A, c = 12.250(3) A, α=101.42(2)°, β=90.71(2)°, γ=102.50(2)°, V= 897.7(4) A 3 and Z = 1 for D calcd = 1.704 Mg m -3 . Least-squares refinement of the model based on 3924 reflections (|F 0 | >3.0 σ (|F 0 |)) converged to a final R F = 2.4%. The geometry around each Sm atom is a distorted tetrahedron and the Sm-O-Sm angle is 180°. Complex 5 crystallizes from THF/hexanes at -35 °C in space group P6 3 [C 6 6 ; No. 173] with unit cell parameters at 163 K of a=11.7370(14) A, c= 10.1994(12) A, V=1216.8(3) A 3 and Z=2 for D calcd = 1.550 Mg m -3 . Least-squares refinement of the model based on 976 reflections (|F 0 | > 3.0σ (|F 0 |) converged to a final R F =2.3%. The three ring centroids and the THF oxygen atom define a distorted tetrahedron around samarium with a (ring centroid)-Sm-(ring centroid) angle of 116.0°. Complex 6 crystallizes from THF/hexanes as the trisolvate (C 9 H 7 )SmI 2 (THF) 3 , 6a, in space group P2 1 /n [C 5 2h ; No. 14] with unit cell parameters at 163K of a = 8.3969(12) A. b = 17.165(5) A, c= 33.592(7) A, β=96.468(15)°, V=4811(2) A 3 and Z=8 for D calcd =2.031 Mg m -3 . Least-squares refinement of the model based on 5664 reflections (|F 0 | > 2.0 σ (|F 0 |)) converged to a final R F = 3.3%. The six ligands around Sm in 6a describe a distorted octahedron. The iodide ligands are trans to each other with a 153.8(1)° I-Sm-I angle. Adduct 7a crystallizes from hot THF/toluene in space group P1 [C i 1 ; No. 2] with a unit cell parameters at 163 K of a = 7.886(7) A, b = 16.72(2) A, c = 17.48(2) A, α = 62.96(7)°, β=85.17(7)°, γ= 85.23(9)°, V=2042(3)A 3 and Z=4. The cyclooctatetraenyl and indenyl ligands generate a bent metallocene structure for 7a which contains a chelating bipyridyl group in the plane bisecting the two rings
Targeted agents for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is currently one of the most treatment-resistant malignancies. However, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC development has led to the identification of promising targets for novel therapeutic agents. The involvement of the Von Hippel-Lindau protein pathway in clear cell RCC suggests that downstream targets of this pathway, namely, signaling through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endothelial cells, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in endothelial cells and pericytes, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway in tumor cells are all reasonable and rational therapeutic targets. A number of agents are in development that target VEGF (bevacizumab, a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody) or its receptor, VEGFR (PTK787, SU011248, and BAY 43-9006, all of which are small molecule inhibitors). Agents targeting EGFR also are being investigated clinically (gefitinib, cetuximab, erlotinib, and ABX-EGF). The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is an important downstream convergence point for signaling through VEGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and EGFR (all have receptor tyrosine kinase activity) and also has important antiapoptotic effects, thereby providing an attractive target for intervention. In addition to inhibiting VEGFR and PDGFR-mediated angiogenic pathways, BAY 43-9006 has been shown to inhibit the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway at the level of Raf kinase. MEK-directed therapeutic approaches are also in development. Given that multiple molecular pathways are implicated in tumor cell growth, antitumor activity may be increased by using individual agents that target multiple pathways, or by combining different agents to allow vertical or horizontal inhibition of relevant pathways.
Regional probability perturbations for history matching

Reservoir simulation is ubiquitous in the petroleum industry, and conditioning models to production data (history matching) has become an essential job of reservoir engineers. Traditional history-matching methods directly perturb reservoir properties without regard to the existing geological continuity. When the geological heterogeneity is destroyed, the result is often a history-matched model with little prediction power. This paper presents a method for matching historical production data and, at the same time, honoring large-scale geologic information that is obtained from stratigraphic and sedimentological interpretations. Geostatistical simulation methods are used to inject the interpreted geological heterogeneity into a reservoir model. In order to maintain geological continuity in the history match models, we propose a method that perturbs the probability models used to simulate the geological model. Regional perturbations are incorporated to make the method practical for field cases that have numerous wells and local geologic differences. We demonstrate that the proposed approach does not create geological artifacts at the region borders. Additionally, a new simple yet efficient optimization method that can jointly optimize the magnitude of the perturbations for a large number of regions is proposed. A number of realistic synthetic examples demonstrate the method under various geological scenarios and several production data matching criteria. A realistic 3D synthetic simulation model based on a North Sea fluvial channel-type reservoir demonstrates how the method would work in practice. The current work provides reservoir engineers with an additional tool to use in the history-matching process.
Pediatric cardiac PET imaging

Abstract One of the most exciting techniques introduced in the last decade is Positron Emission Tomography (PET). PET provides quantitative, three-dimensional images for the study of specific biochemical and physiological processes in the human body. This method is analogous to quantitative in vivo autoradiography but has the added advantage of permitting non-invasive in vivo study. PET scanning requires a small cyclotron to produce short-lived positron emitting isotopes such as 15 O, 11 C, 13 N and 18 F. Proper radiochemical facilities and advanced computer equipment are also needed. A multidisciplinary scientific team consisting of physicists, radiochemists, mathematicians, biochemists, and physicians are needed. The PET technique combines early biochemical assessment of pathology achieved by nuclear medicine with the precise localization by computerized image reconstruction. By using radioactive isotopes with desired biological activity, we may identify normal and abnormal biochemical activity directly and early in the affected organism and organ. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the pediatric cardiologist with the principles and applications of PET as an adjunct in the diagnosis of congenital and acquired cardiac abnormalities.
Site of formation of Cx-reactive protein.

Synthese und Stoffwechselfahigkeit von Cx-reaktiven Proteinen in hepatektomierten Kaninchen wurden untersucht. Diese Kaninchen konnten das Protein nicht bilden, sie behielten jedoch die Fahigkeit, es aus ihrem Blutkreislauf auszuscheiden.
Throughput performance evaluation of two-tier TDMA for sensor networks

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is suitable for the energy efficiency requirement of wireless sensor networks (WSN) since it avoids idle listening and collisions. We introduce a two-tier-TDMA structure to describe and analyze a TDMA-based convergecast WSN. In our model, each cluster head is responsible for forwarding data from ordinary nodes of its cluster to a super cluster head. This paper presents derivations and simulations of the two-tier TDMA performance in terms of throughput. We consider scenarios with different cluster sizes, signal fading and inter-cluster interference.
The Role of Small Islands in Marine Subsistence Strategies: Case Studies from the Caribbean

Caribbean archaeologists have tended to focus exclusively on the prehistory of the largest islands, perhaps because large islands are believed to provide the landmass necessary to support long-term population growth and cultural development. Yet, as research here and elsewhere, e.g., the Pacific, is showing, small islands provided access to resources and landscapes that were not always readily available on the larger islands. Small islands often have superior terrestrial and, especially, marine resources; isolated ritual spaces; and more easily defended locations; although they are susceptible to more rapid overexploitation. This paper examines in detail human needs with regard to island size, demonstrating that small islands were crucial in the development of pre-Columbian Caribbean societies. Four case studies are presented to illustrate that small islands often were preferred over large islands throughout the Caribbean archipelagoes. Finally, these studies show that the prehistoric exploitation and overexploitation of small islands can provide significant insights for establishing baselines that can be used for modern management and conservation efforts.
Characterising conditions that favour potentiation of noise induced hearing loss by chemical asphyxiants.

Hearing loss is the most common occupational disease in the United States with noise serving as the presumed causative agent in most instances; noise is identified as a prominent factor in approximately 10 million individuals in the United States with hearing impairments. Despite the characterization of noise exposures that yield temporary and permanent threshold shifts and partial elucidation of mechanisms that are responsible for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), there remain significant knowledge gaps concerning factors causing NIHL. One such knowledge gap concerns potentiation of NIHL by simultaneous exposure to chemical agents. We have pursued investigation of the exposure conditions that facilitate the potentiation of NIHL by carbon monoxide. The selection of these specific agents is predicated upon the ubiquitous nature of exposure to chemical asphyxiants and a preliminary understanding of the mechanisms by which chemical asphyxiants disrupt hearing. Our data indicate that the potentiation of NIHL by carbon monoxide increases as a function of carbon monoxide concentration at levels of 500 ppm and above, but that the extent of potentiation shows a non­linear relationship to total noise energy with the greatest potentiation shown at moderate noise exposures that produce limited permanent threshold shifts. Further, the potentiation of NIHL by carbon monoxide appears to saturate as noise severity is increased such that at the most severe conditions used, the effects of carbon monoxide on NIHL are obscured totally by the noise effect. Finally, the data presented demonstrate that carbon monoxide is able to impair the recovery of NIHL that normally occurs when periods of silence are interspersed within noise exposure.
Acetylcysteine to prevent angiography-related renal tissue injury (the APART trial).

NAC reduces the risk of postcardiac catheterization nephropathy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and decreased ejection fraction. Thus, it should be considered as routine prophylaxis in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Root morphology and development

Abstract Roots have been intensively studied for over one hundred years, and yet little is really known of their morphology and development in vivo. Increasing evidence suggests that there are five or more types of roots, each with distinct genetic, developmental, and physiological characteristics. The presence of these different types and the demonstration that several of the more thoroughly studied types are functionally different suggests that much of the past research on root physiology needs to be re‐examined. The evidence suggests that the roots routinely studied in laboratory experiments are normally either non‐functional in the field, or have different functional characteristics than the majority of the active roots on field grown plants.
(5S,6R)-3,4,5,6-Tetra­hydro-5-methyl-6-phenyl-4-propyl-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one

The title compound, C13H18O2N2, was isolated during the preparation of new chiral auxiliaries. Notably, this compound is unlike previously reported structures in that it does not contain an imide moiety. The crystal structure indicates the presence of intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Eye Tracking Analysis of the Effects of Experience and Training on Pilots' Ability to Identify Adverse Weather Conditions

Adverse weather remains one of the leading causes of fatal accidents in general aviation. A large portion of fatal weather accidents involve visual flight rules (VFR) pilots' continued flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). This study aims to analyze the way experience and training affect pilots weather identification accuracy, response bias, and visual scanpaths. The study involved 60 participants divided into three experience groups: non-pilots, low-time pilots, and high-time pilots. Participants viewed a series of weather scenes and were asked to determine if the conditions allowed for VFR flight. Participants then completed WeatherWise, a cue-based training program, before viewing another group of weather images. While training failed to improve decision accuracy for any group, all groups showed a significant shift in bias towards not continuing flight after training. The eye tracking data showed many differences in visual scan behavior between experience groups and training conditions. Language: en
Performance of Nonconcentrating Solar Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactors: Part II—Shallow Pond Configuration

A solar photocatalytic oxidation facility has been fabricated in which the destruction of 4-chlorophenol (4CP) is tested in three adjacent shallow pond reactors. Each of the reactors has depths of 5.1, 10.2, and 15.3 cm (2, 4, and 6 in.), respectively. It is found that 4CP is successfully oxidized with the photocatalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO[sub 2]), suspended in a slurry or adhered to a fiberglass mesh. The pond reactors, however, perform better with the slurry. It has also been found that the first-order rate constant for oxidation of 4CP increases with decreasing initial concentration. For the same incident ultraviolet (UV) intensity, catalyst loading, and initial solute concentration, the oxidation rate of 4CP is invariant provided the aperture to volume ratio is fixed. It has been determined that the 4CP solution contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to support the photocatalytic oxidation process. Direct evidence is provided to demonstrate that the utilization of photons in the photocatalytic process becomes less efficient as the number of incident photons on the catalyst increases.
Technical Note: Localization Index Obtained from Electrochemical Noise Analysis

The localization index (LI), which is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation and the root square mean (rms) of current fluctuation determined in electrochemical noise measurements, can have values between 0 and 1. It has been proposed in the literature that the LI can be used to determine the nature of the prevailing corrosion mechanism with values of 1 being characteristic of localized corrosion. Experimental data for mild steel in sodium chloride (NaCl) have produced LI values close to 0, while the LI for a Ti alloy in Ringer's solution was found to be close to 1. It was concluded that the LI should be considered as a measure of the deviation from the assumed identical behavior of the two test electrodes and not as an indicator of corrosion mechanisms.
The Effect of Strychnine Sulphate on Learning as a Function of Time of Administration

Les auteurs ont compare l'effet sur l'apprentissage du rat dans un labyrinthe du type Lashley III du dosage 1 mg/kg du sulphate de strychnine si injecte immediatement apres l'experience, ou 48 heures avant de soumettre l'animal a l'experience dulabyrinthe. La vitesse d'apprentissage des animaux traites immediatement a ete superieure a celle des animaux traites ou 48 heures avant l'experience, ou 48 heures avant de ne soumettre l'animal a cette meme experience une semaine plus tard, bien que des differences notables aient ete constatees selon le sexe.
Gasification induced densification of form coke

Abstract Shrinkage of form coke during its gasification in CO 2 in the kinetically limited regime (zone 1) is found. This shrinkage is attributed to preferential gasification of crosslinks between small, poorly aligned carbon crystallites, thereby allowing their improved alignment to proceed during gasification.
SPARTAN: A software tool for Parallelization Bottleneck Analysis

The multicore era has brought to an end the trend of doubling single-thread performance with each generation of microprocessors. To continue scaling programmers must parallelize existing single-threaded applications. A lack of tools makes identifying program features and data-dependence relationships that bottleneck parallel performance a cumbersome ad-hoc task. This paper presents SPARTAN, a tool that analyzes single-threaded applications, and points out the data-dependences that are likely to pose bottlenecks to parallel performance. In addition SPARTAN ranks the bottlenecks by giving an estimate of their impact on performance, so that these can be fixed in an appropriate order. We validate SPARTAN by showing improved parallel speedup on a benchmark application when the identified bottlenecks are removed.
FIRST-PERSONAL ASPECTS OF AGENCY

: On standard accounts, actions are caused by reasons (Davidson), and reasons are taken to be neural phenomena. Since neural phenomena are wholly understandable from a third-person perspective, standard views have no room for any ineliminable first-personal elements in an account of the causation of action. This article aims to show that first-person perspectives play essential roles in both human and nonhuman agency. Nonhuman agents have rudimentary first-person perspectives, whereas human agents—at least rational agents and moral agents—have robust first-person perspectives. The author concludes with a view of intentional causation, according to which reasons are constituted by (but not identical to) neural phenomena. The idea of constitution without identity allows for a causal account of action that automatically includes first-personal aspects of agency.
Many of the IgA producing plasma cells in murine gut are derived from self-replenishing precursors in the peritoneal cavity

Long term B lineage chimeras are used here to study the origin of plasma cells in the mouse. Chimeric mice are constructed by reconstituting lethally irradiated mice with peritoneal cells (PerC) and bone marrow cells from congenic pairs of mice differing in Igh-C allotype. All conventional B cells in these mice express the allotype of the bone marrow donor and nearly all Ly-1 B lineage cells express the allotype of the PerC donor. FACS analysis and immunohistology of these mice shows that virtually all (sig+) B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs are derived from the bone marrow donor. However, despite this overwhelming number of bone marrow-derived B cells in these animals, immunohistological staining of lymphoid organs and gut shows that nearly half of the IgM, IgG, and IgA plasma cells derive from the PerC donor. These data demonstrate that the peritoneal cavity contains a major reservoir of self-replenishing cells that play a significant role in the mucosal immune response. The possibility that these are B cells that belong to the Ly-1 B lineage is discussed.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY OF LAKE BONNEY, ANTARCTICA

Lake Bonney is a permanently ice-covered lake of 3.2 km2 in upper Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. The mean depth, without ice cover, is 18.7 m. The lake probably occupies a glacially overdeepened valley. The lake is meromictic. The maximal temperature of 7C coincides with the chemocline at about 15 m; the temperature decreases to a range of +2 to ‒4C in the bottom waters and to less than 1C beneath the ice. Calculations of superficial water inflow and of water loss by sublimation of ice indicate that the lake is slowly shrinking. Old shorelines above the present lake level attest to shrinkage. Part of the difference between water gain and water loss is made up by inflow of warm-spring water at depth. Such springs are probably the major source of heat for the lake. Total solids in the monimolimnion range up to 407.3 g/liter. Sodium and magnesium chloride account for 96% of the dissolved salts. An analysis of ionic ratios suggests that the lake waters may consist of trapped seawater highly modified by subsequent concentration by evaporative processes, by addition of ions from surrounding soils, and by addition of warm-spring water. The ionic concentrations are altered in part by the precipitation of CaSO4, CaCO3, and Na2SO4.
An integration based method for the solution of continuous time Markov chains

A new method for the solution of continuous time Markov chains is proposed. The method is based on the numerical integration of the underlying differential equation. The stepsize of the integration is chosen to minimize the error of the steady state solution. Results show that for a given number of floating point operations; the integration method converges faster than the Gauss-Seidel or successive over-relaxation method when sparse and stiff transition rate matrices are considered. >
Exploring the Structure and Function of the Mycobacterial KatG Protein Using trans-Dominant Mutants

In order to probe the structure and function of the mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme (KatG), we employed a genetic approach using dominant-negative analysis of katG merodiploids. Transformation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with various katG point mutants (expressed from low-copy-number plasmids) resulted in reductions in peroxidase and catalase activities as measured in cell extracts. These reductions in enzymatic activity usually correlated with increased resistance to the antituberculosis drug isoniazid (INH). However, for the N138S trans-dominant mutant, the catalase-peroxidase activity was significantly decreased while the sensitivity to INH was retained. trans-dominance required katG expression from multicopy plasmids and could not be demonstrated with katG mutants integrated elsewhere on the wild-type M. bovis BCG chromosome. Reversal of the mutant phenotype through plasmid exchange suggested the catalase-peroxidase deficiency occurred at the protein level and that INH resistance was not due to a second site mutation(s). Electrophoretic analysis of KatG proteins from the trans-dominant mutants showed a reduction in KatG dimers compared to WT and formation of heterodimers with reduced activity. The mutants responsible for these defects cluster around proposed active site residues: N138S, T275P, S315T, and D381G. In an attempt to identify mutants that might delimit the region(s) of KatG involved in subunit interactions, C-terminal truncations were constructed (with and without the D381G dominant-negative mutation). None of the C-terminal deletions were able to complement a ΔkatG strain, nor could they cause a dominant-negative effect on the WT. Taken together, these results suggest an intricate association between the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of KatG and may be consistent with a domain-swapping mechanism for KatG dimer formation.
Reliability of flat XOR-based erasure codes on heterogeneous devices

XOR-based erasure codes are a computationally-efficient means of generating redundancy in storage systems. Some such erasure codes provide irregular fault tolerance: some subsets of failed storage devices of a given size lead to data loss, whereas other subsets of failed storage devices of the same size are tolerated. Many storage systems are composed of heterogeneous devices that exhibit different failure and recovery rates, in which different placements- mappings of erasure-coded symbols to storage devices-of a flat XOR-based erasure code lead to different reliabilities. We have developed redundancy placement algorithms that utilize the structure of flat XOR-based erasure codes and a simple analytic model to determine placements that maximize reliability. Simulation studies validate the utility of the simple analytic reliability model and the efficacy of the redundancy placement algorithms.
Generic free resolutions and a family of generically perfect ideals

Beginning with Hilbert’s construction of what is now called the Koszul complex [18], the study of finite free resolutions of modules over commutative rings has always proceeded by a study of certain particular generic resolutions. This has led to information about the structure of all finite free resolutions, as in [5] and [II], and to theorems on the structure and deformation of certain classes of “generically perfect” ideals and other ideals whose resolutions are of a known type [5, 6,9, 15, 22, 24, 261. In this paper we will describe some new classes of finite free resolutions and generically perfect ideals. Under “generic” circumstances we will construct the minimal free resolution of the cokernel of a map of the form Ak C# or Sk+, where 4: F --t G is a map between free modules F and G over a noetherian commutative ring, with rank F >, rank G, and where A” and Sk denote the kth exterior and symmetric powers, respectively. We will also describe a family of finite complexes associated with the (n - 1)st order minors of an n x n matrix (a minor is the determinant of a submatrix). Finally, we will consider a class of ideals that is related to inclusions of one ideal generated by an R-sequence in another. This class includes, for example, the ideal defining the singular locus of a projective algebraic variety that is a complete intersection in P. Our main innovation is the construction and use of a (doubly indexed) family of “multilinear” functors LpQ defined on finitely generated free modules, which includes both the symmetric and exterior powers. For q > 1, L,‘J g Aq, while for p > 0, LP1 s S, . These arise naturally in the resolutions of cokernels of the maps A”$ and S,$; and it turns out more generally that the free modules occuring in the generic minimal free resolutions of the cokernel of a map of the form L,‘+ can all be expressed in terms of tensor products of the form L,qF @I (LrSG)*.
A moderate role for cognitive models in agent-based modeling of cultural change

Agent-based models are typically “simple-agent” models, in which agents behave according to simple rules, or “complex-agent” models which incorporate complex models of cognitive processes. I argue that there is also an important role for agent-based computer models in which agents incorporate cognitive models of moderate complexity. In particular, I argue that such models have the potential to bring insights from the humanistic study of culture into population-level modeling of cultural change. I motivate my proposal in part by describing an agent-based modeling framework, POPCO, in which agents’ communication of their simulated beliefs depends on a model of analogy processing implemented by artificial neural networks within each agent. I use POPCO to model a hypothesis about causal relations between cultural patterns proposed by Peggy Sanday. In model 1, empirical patterns like those reported by Sanday emerge from the influence of analogies on agents’ communication with each other. Model 2 extends model 1 by allowing the components of a new analogy to diffuse through the population for reasons unrelated to later effects of the analogy. This illustrates a process by which novel cultural features might arise. The inclusion of relatively simple cognitive models in agents allows modeling population-level effects of inferential and cultural coherence relations, including symbolic cultural relationships. I argue that such models of moderate complexity can illuminate various causal relationships involving cultural patterns and cognitive processes.