cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Believing is seeing: lessons from emerging viruses in grapevine

Among the grapevine viruses recently identified, grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV), grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) and grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) have emerged in the last decade as new threats to the grape and wine industry. Initially reported in Italy (GPGV) and the USA (GVCV and GRBV), GPGV and GRBV have a wider distribution at present, likely as a result of an extensive exchange of infected, propagative material, while GVCV seems to remain restricted to the mid-western regions in the USA. Much progress has been made on the ecology of these three emerging viruses since the last reviews were published in 2017 (Cieniewicz et al. 2017a; Qiu and Schoelz 2017; Saldarelli et al. 2017). Here we compile and critically analyze the latest information on these three viruses with a special emphasis on the (i) association between the genetic make-up of GPGV isolates and chlorotic mottling and leaf deformation symptoms, (ii) epidemiological and ecological attributes of GVCV and GRBV, and (iii) impacts of GRBV, particularly on molecular underpinnings of fruit ripening physiological pathways. Common trends among these three emerging grapevine viruses but also some unique characteristics are highlighted. Finally, we conclude on how critical it is to embrace ‘believing is seeing’ in the case of emerging grapevine viruses to remain relevant and impactful in providing research-based management solutions, while leading a sustained dialogue with grape grower’s communities, extension educators, policy makers and regulatory authorities.
"Virtual Radiology Workstation": Improving Medical Students' Radiology Rotation.

Radiology education in clinical clerkship is increasingly important. There is an acute need for active engagement and self-directed learning by medical students rotating in radiology compared with mainly observational current learning practice involving shadowing in the reading room. “Virtual Radiology Workstations” supplemented by PowerPoint presentation of normal radiologic anatomy were introduced for fourth-year medical student radiology electives. All 18 students were satisfied with this new teaching model and agreed their understanding of imaging procedures, and recognition of basic anatomic structures improved. It also resulted in efficient utilization of both the teachers’ and the students’ time.
Methods for Cryosectioning and Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Whole-Body Zebrafish

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal model for whole animal studies of lipid metabolism and lipid-related disease. In this work, infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization...
TIMING OF CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST WITHOUT STEMI

The ideal management of patients presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) secondary to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) without evidence of STEMI on post return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) EKG remains elusive; specifically, an active area of research is
Maternal expressive suppression moderates the relations between maternal and child hair cortisol.

Self-reports and physiological indicators of stress such as cortisol levels are correlated in maternal and child samples. This relationship is likely to be influenced by maternal emotion regulation. Herein, we investigate the moderating role of maternal regulation strategies on the association between maternal and child hair cortisol levels. Mother-child dyads (N = 63, child mean age = 49.74 months) participated in the study. Hair samples were collected from mother and child, and cortisol was assayed. Mothers reported on their own emotion regulation strategies, namely expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. As expected, mother and child hair cortisol levels were significantly correlated. Interestingly, the relation between maternal and child hair cortisol was moderated by maternal suppression of emotion. Mother and child hair cortisol levels were related at low levels of maternal suppression, but not at higher levels of suppression. Maternal cognitive reappraisal of emotion was not associated with cortisol levels.
A Critical Policy Analysis of Medicare Parts B and D: a Focus on Latin/x and African American Older Adult Mental Health

Mental health is critical to age well. Mental health concerns (e.g., depression, anxiety) are pervasive in older adulthood, and older adults of minority status experience compounding consequences such as discrimination and stigma, which may place these populations at a greater risk for mental illness. Current legislation provides mental healthcare for older adults; however, the impact of this healthcare coverage on improving the mental health among minority older adults is less known. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explore the impact of Medicare Parts B and D with a focus on Latin/x and African American older adults in the USA. Guided by the Social Determinants of Mental Health and Segal’s (2018) critical analysis framework, this analysis framework expands specifically on five components of Segal’s critical framework to include (a) the social issue/social problem and affected populations; (b) the power imbalance or struggle driven by political, social, and economic factors; (c) actual policies, public laws, or administrative rules; (d) the implementation of social welfare programs; and (e) the actual impact. Results of this analysis indicate that minority status seniors may experience ongoing challenges with mental health due to long-standing barriers to unmet needs, treatment access, and restrictions and issues in shortages of mental health service providers, primarily licensed clinical social workers. The authors conclude with implications for policy modifications, such as universal healthcare. Finally, implications for social work practice are discussed, as part of the Grand Challenges for Social Work to close the health gap.
Polyoxometalate-based complexes as ligands for the study of actinide chemistry

The complexation of actinide cations by polyoxometalates (POMs) has been extensively studied over the past 50 years. In this perspective article, we present the rich structural diversity of actinide-POM complexes and their contribution to the extension of our knowledges of actinide chemistry, especially regarding aspect of their redox chemistry, as well as application for the capture and separation of these cations in the context of nuclear fuel remediation. These heterometallic assemblies have also proven highly valuable as model for heterogeneous systems based on actinides supported by metal oxide surfaces. In particular, activation of the An-O bond of actinyl fragments upon complexation with lacunary POMs has been reported, creating opportunities for future developments regarding the reactivity of these heterometallic assemblies.
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Philadelphia's Shelter-Bound, Homeless Population: Data from a Student-Run Hepatitis C Virus Screening Initiative.

The objective was to assess risk factors for HCV specific to the shelter-bound homeless population of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This is a retrospective analysis of data obtained from 306 patients...
539. Prevalence of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Pregnant Women and Their Infants in an Urban Hospital

Background: COVID-19 is an emerging pathogen that has caused a global pandemic, with New York City as one of its epicenters Data are still forthcoming if pregnant women are more vulnerable to COVID-19, as they are with influenza Additionally, it is not known if infants born to COVID-19 positive women are at risk of being infected at birth Methods: In March 2020, our hospital instituted a policy of testing all pregnant women presenting for active labor and scheduled C-section or induction of labor, with a nasopharyngeal swab that was sent for RT-PCR qualitative SARSCoV- 2 assay (Roche Cobas® 6800) Upon birth, infants were also tested, unless the parent did not give consent We retrospectively reviewed the COVID-19 test results of all pregnant women and their infants, from March 23 through May 31, 2020 using our infection control surveillance system (VigiLanz®) We also reviewed the electronic medical record (EPIC®) for documentation of any symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection either prior to hospitalization or during the hospital stay Results: A total of 415 women and 72 infants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 Of the 415 women tested, 41 (9 9%) were positive Of the 72 infants tested, 2 (2 8%) were positive and concordant with their birth parent Only 1 (2 4%) of the women who tested positive was symptomatic The remaining 40 (97 6%) women did not report any symptoms of COVID-19 during labor Neither of the two positive infants displayed any signs or symptoms of COVID-19 Of the 41 women who were positive, 5 did not consent to have their infant tested The one symptomatic woman who tested positive for COVID-19 had an infant who tested negative by PCR Conclusion: During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found 9 9% (41/415) of pregnant women presenting for labor tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 Among the 41 women who tested positive, only 1 (2 4%) had symptoms on presentation and only 2 newborn infants tested positive Our data suggests that pregnant women may not be at increased risk for complications from COVID-19 disease and are not likely to transmit the disease to their infants during labor
Palm and Gibbs Kernels, Local Approximation

Palm kernel, supporting measure, invariant Palm disintegration, uniqueness and inversion, time–cycle duality, local approximation, Palm averages, mixed Poisson and binomial processes, Poisson criterion, conditioning and iteration, Palm–density duality, reduced Palm measures, compound Cambell measure, Gibbs and Papangelou kernels, invariance and Cox property, Palm–Gibbs duality, inner and outer conditioning.
Postoperative Surveillance in Older Adults With T1N0M0 Low-risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

Abstract Background The frequency and cost of postoperative surveillance for older adults (>65 y) with T1N0M0 low-risk papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have not been well studied. Methods Using the SEER-Medicare (2006-2013) database, frequency and cost of surveillance concordant with American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines (defined as an office visit, ≥1 thyroglobulin measurement, and ultrasound 6- to 24-month postoperatively) were analyzed for the overall cohort of single-surgery T1N0M0 low-risk PTC, stratified by lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy. Results Majority of 2097 patients in the study were white (86.7%) and female (77.5%). Median age and tumor size were 72 y (interquartile range 68-76) and 0.6 cm (interquartile range 0.3-1.1 cm), respectively; 72.9% of patients underwent total thyroidectomy. Approximately 77.5% of patients had a postoperative surveillance visit; however, only 15.9% of patients received ATA-concordant surveillance. Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy as compared with lobectomy were more likely to undergo surveillance testing, thyroglobulin (61.7% versus 24.8%) and ultrasound (37.5% versus 29.2%) (all P Conclusions Majority of older adults with T1N0M0 low-risk PTC do not receive ATA-concordant surveillance; discordant care was costly. Total thyroidectomy was the strongest predictor of receiving ATA-concordant care.
Simple confidence interval and region formulas for comparing diagnostic likelihood ratios under a paired design.

A population-based paired design is often used for comparing the diagnostic likelihood ratios of two binary diagnostic tests. However, a case-control paired design, which involves the application of both diagnostic tests to two independent samples, is a good alternative study design especially when the disease is rare. Existing methods for comparing two diagnostic likelihood ratios have been mainly focused on the population-based paired design with little attention paid to the case-control paired design. In this paper, we derive a confidence interval formula for the relative diagnostic likelihood ratio (the ratio of two diagnostic likelihood ratios), which can be used for the comparison of two positive or negative diagnostic likelihood ratios separately. We also derive a confidence region formula for the two relative positive and negative diagnostic likelihood ratios, which allows simultaneous comparison of two positive and negative diagnostic likelihood ratios. The proposed confidence interval and region formulas are simple to compute and can be used for both population-based paired design and case-control paired designs. Simulation studies are used to assess the finite sample performance of the confidence interval and region formulas. The proposed methods are applied to a real data set on coronary artery disease and two diagnostic tests.
A Moveable Brownbag

This short essay reflects on the creation and development of the Ipse Dixit podcast on legal scholarship. Among other things, it offers some suggestions about how law professors can use episodes of the podcast as teaching tools.
Diagnosis of cobblestone lissencephaly and associated Chiari malformation using fetal MRI

Walker-Warburg Syndrome (WWS) is a rare and severe form of autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy affecting the brain, eyes, and muscles. We report a case of an infant diagnosed with cobblestone lissencephaly as well as a Chiari malformation, consistent with likely WWS based on fetal anomalies noted on prenatal ultrasound and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 35 week. Although multiple posterior fossa abnormalities have been reported in the setting of WWS, to our knowledge, the co-existence of a Chiari malformation has never before been reported. We describe the fetal MRI and pathological findings of WWS and discuss the role of MRI as an antenatal imaging tool.
Orbital simulations on the deflection of Near Earth Objects by directed energy

Laser ablation of a Near Earth Object (NEO) on a collision course with Earth produces a cloud of ejecta which exerts a thrust on the asteroid, deflecting it from its original trajectory. The DE-STAR system provides such a thrust by illuminating an Earth-targeting asteroid or comet from afar with a stand-off system consisting of a large phased-array laser in Earth orbit. A much smaller version of the same system called DE-STARLITE travels alongside the target, operating in a stand-on mode, slowly deflecting it over a long period. Such a stand-on system would also permit directing the thrust in any desired direction through careful positioning of the laser relative to the asteroid. We present orbital simulations comparing the effectiveness of both systems across a range of laser and asteroid parameters. Simulated parameters include magnitude, duration and, for the stand-on system, direction of the thrust, as well as the size and orbital characteristics of the target asteroid. These simulations indicate that deflection distance is, in general, proportional to the magnitude of thrust, proportional to the square of the laser on time, and inversely proportional to the mass. Furthermore, deflection distance shows strong dependence on thrust direction with optimal direction varying with the asteroid's orbital eccentricity. As one example, we consider a 325 m asteroid in an orbit of eccentricity e=0.2; given 15 years of warning, a force of just 2 N from a stand-on DE-STARLITE system is sufficient to deflect the asteroid by 2 Earth radii. We discuss numerous scenarios and discuss a practical implementation of such a system consistent with current launch vehicle capabilities.
Design and Construction of a "Space Emulator"

A "Space Emulator" by which the motions of a manipulator carried by a small spacecraft can be emulated in lab environment is described. It consists of two Stewart platforms whose velocity and acceleration are controlled by Admittance Controller that acquires the interaction forces between the manipulators's base and the space vehicle and between the manipulator and the task from two six degree-of-freedom force/torque sensors, mounted on the platforms. In return, the controller determines the required velocity for each platform so that a free-float motion is emulated. The required platform velocity is fed to platform controller which resolves it to link velocities, using the inverse kinematic solution of the platform, and feed the results to to control modules which regulte the velocity of each link in a closed-loop fasion. The descriptions of the mechanical structure, the force/torque sensors, the controller and the control/interface software are presented.
A compact Mach-Zehnder two-mode fiber-optic interferometer for high temperature sensing

A compact high-temperature fiber-optic sensor is demonstrated by fusion splicing a 3.25mm-long two-mode fiber (TMF) between two single mode fibers (SMFs) to form an all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Under optimized splicing conditions, a strong interference is achieved with high extinction ratio (~10dB). Two methods are applied to detect temperature changes from temperature induced wavelength shift and intensity change of a probing light source. Experimental results show the device is capable of monitoring temperature change from 25degC to 425degC with temperature sensitivity of 58pm/degC and 0.45muW/degC with 360muW of input power, respectively, and a theoretical temperature range from 25degC up to 1000degC
Roshan: Light at the end of the tunnel in Afghanistan

Roshan is a highly successful telecommunications company founded by the Aga Khan fund for Economic Development in Afghanistan during an ongoing civil conflict. Company leaders must now decide financial and market strategy for the next phase of development of the company. Should they sell the company - and reinvest the proceeds in another socially-oriented venture? Continue to operate and expand the company? Expand to other neighboring countries?Learning Objective:To illustrate the challenges of developing strategy and operating in the midst of an ongoing conflict in an emerging market setting, with an emphasis on corporate social responsibility.
Validity and Reliability

The reliability and validity of the measurements that we use in marketing research are crucial if we are to have meaningful results. Reliability is whether the individual measure taken is close to the true actual measure (precise) or if there is so much noise, variance, or deviation from the true measure that the measure that we take has no precision. Alternative ways to assess reliability are test–retest reliability where we correlate a second measure (retest) with an original measure. Split half reliability splits the sample into two subsamples and compares the correlation. Validity is concerned with whether the measure one takes really is measuring what one wants it to measure. There are alternative types of validity – face validity, construct validity, and criterion validity. Assessment of validity is a bit of an art, but researchers need to make a good effort to insure that their results have meaning. The absence of either reliability or validity makes marketing research either meaningless (in the case of validity problems) or not very precise and therefore unable to show differences the research might be trying to detect. Keywords: validity; reliability; scales; measurement; constructs
Dynamics and Modeling of Turbulent Mixing in Oceanic Flows

Abstract : The long-term goal of this research is to refine and extend simple (existing) model parameterizations for turbulent diapycnal mixing for use in large scale numerical ocean models where such processes occur at the subgrid-scale. From a scientific view point, the goal is to obtain new insights into the dynamics of stratified turbulence that will translate into simple effective parameterizations for use in ocean models. The primary objective of this project is to bridge the gap between parameterizations and models for small-scale turbulent mixing developed from fundamental direct numerical simulations (DNS) and grid turbulence experiments (Venayagamoorthy and Stretch 2006, 2010, Stretch and Venayagamoorthy 2010) to geophysical (mesoscale and larger) scale models with an emphasis on making progress towards improved turbulent parameterizations in the ocean. The strategy is to use model-data comparisons in conjunction with theoretical modeling efforts to investigate and improve the efficacy of existing parameterizations for turbulent mixing.
Acute renal failure after acetaminophen overdose: Report of two cases

Two cases of acute tubular necrosis without hepatic failure following acetaminophen overdose are reported. A 19-year-old Caucasian woman ingested 100 500-mg capsules of acetaminophen. She was admitted to a hospital 68 hours after ingestion, and serum acetaminophen concentration 70 hours after ingestion was 3 microgram/ml. Liver-function test results were markedly elevated, and urinalysis was abnormal on admission. Liver function improved over the next five days, but the patient's renal function deteriorated. Her condition initially was diagnosed as prerenal azotemia, but was later consistent with acute tubular necrosis. Hemodialysis was begun on the fifth day of hospitalization. On the eleventh hospital day, the patient's renal function began to improve, and she was subsequently discharged. In the second case, a 19-year-old Spanish-American woman ingested 30 500-mg capsules of acetaminophen. She was seen in an emergency room 16 hours after the ingestion; her serum acetaminophen concentration was 32 microgram/ml 19 hours after ingestion. Oral acetylcysteine therapy was begun, and liver-function test results were elevated and peaked on the third hospital day. Renal function began to decline on the fifth hospital day; her condition was consistent with acute tubular necrosis. She was hemodialyzed once, and her renal function improved on the tenth hospital day. She was subsequently discharged. It is concluded that acute renal failure without prior hepatic failure may occur after acetaminophen overdose.
An Efficient Method to Identify Conditionally Activated Transcription Factors and their Corresponding Signal Transduction Pathway Segments.

A signal transduction pathway (STP) is a cascade composed of a series of signal transferring steps, which often activate one or more transcription factors (TFs) to control the transcription of target genes. Understanding signaling pathways is important to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease. Many condition-annotated pathways have been deposited in public databases. However, condition-annotated pathways are far from complete, considering the large number of possible conditions. Computational methods to assist in the identification of conditionally activated pathways are greatly needed. In this paper, we propose an efficient method to identify conditionally activated pathway segments starting from the identification of conditionally activated TFs, by incorporating protein-DNA binding data, gene expression data and protein interaction data. Applying our methods on several microarray datasets, we have discovered many significantly activated TFs and their corresponding pathway segments, which are supported by evidence in the literature.
Conversion of Griseophenone A to (±)-Dehydrogriseofulvin in the Presence of Horseradish Peroxidase and Hydrogen peroxide

The horseradish peroxidase catalyzed conversion of griseophenone A (I) to (±)-dehydrogriseofulvin (V) has been demonstrated. The results support a one-electron oxidative coupling mechanism previously proposed.
Son targeting fertility behavior: Some consequences and determinants

This article draws out some implications of son targeting fertility behavior and studies its determinants. We demonstrate that such behavior has two notable implications at the aggregate level: (a) girls have a larger number of siblings (sibling effect), and (b) girls are born at relatively earlier parities within families (birth-order effect). Empirically testing for these effects, we find that both are present in many countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and North Africa but are absent in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Using maximum likelihood estimation, we study the effect of covariates on son targeting fertility behavior in India, a country that displays significant sibling and birth-order effects. We find that income and geographic location of families significantly affect son targeting behavior.
Rigid Wage, Factor Immobility and Immiserizing Growth*

In the theory of trade and growth, Bhagwati made an interesting contribution by demonstrating the proposition that growth can be welfare reducing even at constant terms of trade, whenever distortions obtain in an economic system. Batra-Scully strengthened the Bhagwati thesis and derived the conditions for growth to be immiserizing at improved terms of trade in the presence of a wage differential. In the present analysis, we show that economic expansion in a country which is characterized by factor immobility and/or factor price rigidity may not reduce the country's real income at constant or improved terms of trade. Specifically, the Bhagwati theorem, and its stronger version proposed by Batra-Scully, hold for an economy with a rigidity in factor price whether or not accompanied by factor immobility. However, growth will not lower welfare at constant or improved terms of trade if factor immobility is the only imperfection existing in the factor market.
Effects of Selection Logging on Birds in Northern Belize1

We compared bird diversity and frequency in selection logged and unlogged forest to determine the effects of recent selection logging on avian biodiversity in a subtropical, moist evergreen forest. We used a combination of mist netting and fixed-radius point counts to assess bird communities in February and March 1993 in northwestern Belize. Vegetation structure and composition was similar in logged and unlogged forest. The 66 most common species occurred with statistically similar frequency in logged and unlogged forest although 13 species were two times more frequent in intact forest. Numbers of total bird species were similar between logging gaps and the logged forest matrix, and between the logged forest matrix and unlogged forests. A comparison of numbers of species in 26 guilds based on migration strategy, diet, foraging substrate, and height strata also showed them to be similar regardless of logging history. Our results differed from previous studies that reported lower bird species richness and abundance of individual species in logged tropical forests than in unlogged forest. The differences might be explained by the lower logging intensity and/or greater levels of natural disturbance in our study area compared to previous studies.
Thermal stability of two-dimensional gold nanocrystal superlattices

The thermal stability of highly ordered two-dimensional superlattices consisting of dodecanethiol-ligated Au nanoparticles has been investigated using in situ grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering in air and in vacuum. In the lower temperature region ( 100 °C), ligand desorption causes nanocrystals to sinter locally, destroying quasi-long-range order. The sintering process is significantly enhanced in vacuum compared to the case in air due to the increased desorption rate of thiol ligands under low pressure.
WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT AND HYPERTENSION INCIDENCE. THE NHANES I EPIDEMIOLOGIC FOLLOW-UP STUDY

To test the hypothesis that elevated white blood cell count (WBC) is associated with increased incidence of essential hypertension, data from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS) were analyzed. Incidence of hypertension was determined in a cohort of 5782 white and 674 black persons with complete data who were normotensive at baseline. There was a statistically significant increase of about 50% in risk of hypertension over approximately 10 years' follow-up in white men aged 25-74 years with WBC > 8600 compared to men with WBC < 6200 cells/mm3. The association was independent of other risk variables. In white women, an association of high WBC with increased age-adjusted risk of hypertension was seen only at ages 45-64 and 65-74 years. The association was diminished and no longer significant after controlling for multiple risk variables. Data for black women suggested an increased risk among women with higher WBC compared to those with lower WBC at ages 65-74 after controlling other risk variables (p = 0.0001). No positive association was seen in black men. Thus, data from NHEFS confirm the previously reported association of higher WBC with increased incidence of hypertension in white men, and possibly older white and black women. Given the lack of a compelling biological explanation, further studies of this association are needed, especially in women and blacks.
Comparison of the mechanical performance of trochanteric fixation devices

The transtrochanteric surgical approach to the hip is commonly used, especially for revision hip surgery. Failure of the trochanter to heal can lead to hardware failure, persistent pain, and limp. Rigid internal fixation is needed in this approach to achieve an adequate rate of healing. Newer cable and cable grip systems have been designed to improve trochanteric fixation, but have not been compared to the older Charnley wire fixation techniques. In this study, an in vitro mechanical method previously used to test wire fixation methods was used to compare wire, cable, and cable grip fixation methods. A quasistatic mechanical distraction device was used to compare structural stiffness, load to clinical failure, energy to clinical failure, and maximum load resisted by the fixation devices. The cable grip system was found to be stiffer, to resist a larger load to mechanical failure at 1-cm displacement, and to absorb a greater amount of energy to clinical failure when compared with the other systems. These data suggest that use of the cable grip fixation method should result in improved clinical success compared with the Charnley wire technique.
Handling the stigma of handling the dead: Morticians and funeral directors

This paper analyzes the ways in which morticians and funeral directors—people who make their living by handling the dead—attempt to overcome the stigma associated with their work. It reflects over 2 years of field work involving extensive ethnographic interviews with 19 morticians and funeral directors in four different states. The qualitative analysis reveals that morticians and funeral directors are acutely aware of the stigma associated with their work, most of which comes from handling the dead and being viewed as profiting from death and grief. Within the general theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism, the author identifies and examines the symbolic and dramaturgical techniques employed by morticians and funeral directors to neutralize and diminish the stigma associated with their work. Among these are symbolically redefining their work, practicing role distance, emphasizing professionalism, cloaking themselves in the “shroud of service,” and enjoying socioeconomic status over occupational ...
Turkey Leucocytozoon Infection: 3. Ultrastructure of Leucocytozoon Smithi Gametocytes

Abstract The fine structure of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes from the peripheral blood of young turkey poults was studied via electron microscopy and compared with that of L. simondi, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and other related sporozoa. All gametocytes examined were intracellular in lymphocytes and were of the elongated type only. Both micro- and macrogametocytes were surrounded by a triple-layered pellicle, contained large nuclei, ribosomes, food vacuoles, round osmiophilic bodies, and mitochondria with microtubular cristae. Macroga-metocytes were easily distinguished from the microgametocytes by a darker staining appearance and more numerous cellular organelles as well as a complex network of membrane limited cisternae, Golgi apparatus, and a prominent nucleolus. Microgametocytes exhibited early maturing characteristics such as axoneme assembly and nuclear membrane degeneration but failed to undergo further maturation and exflagellation even after prolonged exposure to the atmosphere at room temperature.
Generating displaced and squeezed number states by a general driven time-dependent oscillator.

In this paper we examine the possibility of generating displaced and squeezed number states out of number states by the general driven time-dependent oscillator. Using the evolution-operator method developed by Cheng and Fung [J. Phys. A 21, 4115 (1988)], we investigate the evolution of a number state of a general driven time-dependent oscillator as well as its squeezing property. Our analyses indicate that the wave function of the time-dependent oscillator starts as a number state at t=0 and evolves as a displaced and squeezed number state at a later time.
Rotation and scale invariant pattern recognition using a multistaged neural network

This paper presents a pattern recognition system that self-organizes to recognize objects by shape. The images are processed using a log-polar transformation that maps rotations and magnifications into representative translations. The systems then uses a multistaged hierarchical neural network that exhibits insensitivity to translations in representation space, which corresponds to rotations and scalings in the image space. The network's three layers perform the functionally disjoint tasks of preprocessing (dynamic thresholding), invariance (position normalization), and recognition (identification of the shape). The Preprocessing stage uses a single layer of elements to dynamically threshold the grey level input image into a binary image. The Invariance stage is a multilayered neural network implementation of a modified Walsh-Hadamard transform that generates a representation of the object that is invariant with respect to the object's position, which maps back to an invariance to rotational orientation and/or size. The Recognition stage is a modified version of Fukushima's Neocognitron that identifies the normalized representation by shape. The resulting network can successfully recognize objects that have been rotated, scaled, or a combination of both. The network uses a small number of fairly simple elements, a subset of which self-organize to produce the recognition performance.
Tactile sensing of density uniformity in powder beds after die filling

The use of tactile sensors has been explored as a novel means of assessing density uniformity of powders in molding dies prior to compaction. Nonuniform mass distribution after the die filling process was detected as gradients in the transmitted pressure by a tactile sensor located at the bottom of the die. The effect of process variables on fill uniformity was determined by comparing the coefficients of variation of transmitted pressure distributions. Direct measurements of the density uniformity after compaction were consistent with the trends in pressure distribution measured by the tactile sensor. Thus, this work demonstrates the feasibility of using tactile sensors as a quality assessment, process development, or training tool in dry pressing operations.
Re-examination of interestingness measures in pattern mining: a unified framework

Numerous interestingness measures have been proposed in statistics and data mining to assess object relationships. This is especially important in recent studies of association or correlation pattern mining. However, it is still not clear whether there is any intrinsic relationship among many proposed measures, and which one is truly effective at gauging object relationships in large data sets. Recent studies have identified a critical property, null-(transaction) invariance, for measuring associations among events in large data sets, but many measures do not have this property. In this study, we re-examine a set of null-invariant interestingness measures and find that they can be expressed as the generalized mathematical mean, leading to a total ordering of them. Such a unified framework provides insights into the underlying philosophy of the measures and helps us understand and select the proper measure for different applications. Moreover, we propose a new measure called Imbalance Ratio to gauge the degree of skewness of a data set. We also discuss the efficient computation of interesting patterns of different null-invariant interestingness measures by proposing an algorithm, GAMiner, which complements previous studies. Experimental evaluation verifies the effectiveness of the unified framework and shows that GAMiner speeds up the state-of-the-art algorithm by an order of magnitude.
Knowing your local community: The role of socio‐economic profiles for learning about the changing west

Abstract Rural community economies of the western United States are undergoing a shift from historic dependence on extractive industries to one increasingly diverse. Presented is a methodology of building socio‐economic profiles using public information as one phase of a comprehensive community planning and self‐education process. The profile is intended to help community members and researchers understand the shifts, and thereby ask informed questions about the relative importance of environmental quality as a source of community change. Understanding community change can identify future directions for community development, natural resource dependence, population demands for natural resources, and recreational needs. The methodology described is derived from a workbook aimed at a broad range of users interested in community change. The case setting for the discussion of the efficacy of the methodology is a research project conducted in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
The Policy Relevance of Models in World Politics

Abstract : This paper evaluates the policy relevance of models according to two criteria: (1) the degree to which policy makers may perceive they have control over predictors in the model; and (2) the degree of confidence policy makers may have in the model's implications. An evaluation is made of various models applicable in world politics from the perspective of their policy relevance. These include: game theory models and experimental games, man-machine simulation models, aggregate data models, and computer simulation models and information systems.
Derivation and Implementation of the Three-Region Problem in the SOURCES Code System

The SOURCES code system was designed to calculate neutron production rates and spectra in materials due to the decay of radionuclides [specifically from (α,n) reactions, spontaneous fission, and delayed neutron emission]. The current version (SOURCES-3 A) is capable of calculating (α,n) source rates and spectra for three types of problems: homogeneous materials, interface problems, and beam problems. Recent interest in (α,n) sources has prompted the development of a fourth scenario: the three-region problem. To allow SOURCES to confront this problem, the relevant equations defining the α-particle source rates and spectra at each interface and the neutron source rates and spectra per unit area of interface were derived. These equations (in discretized form) were added as a new subroutine to the SOURCES code system (dubbed SOURCES-4A). The new code system was tested by analyzing the results for a simple three-region problem in two limits: with an optically thin ‘intermediate region’ and with an optically th...
Increase in toxicity of an invasive weed after reassociation with its coevolved herbivore

The ability of weeds to proliferate into nonindigenous habitats has been attributed to escape from their native natural enemies, allowing reallocation of resources from chemical defense into growth and reproduction. Many invasive weeds, however, eventually encounter their native, coevolved enemies in areas of introduction. Examination of herbarium specimens of an invasive phototoxic European weed, Pastinaca sativa, through 152 years reveals phytochemical shifts coincident in time with the accidental introduction of a major herbivore, the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella. Plants collected before the introduction of webworms in North America and during the earliest stages of establishment (1850-1889) are lower in toxic furanocoumarins than all plants subsequently collected in North America and lower than European plant samples collected before 1889. Thus, introduction of a major specialist herbivore can increase noxiousness of a species in its area of introduction, illuminating a potential consequence of classical biocontrol programs involving insect herbivores and poisonous weeds.
Microbial biomass and community structure of a stromatolite from an acid mine drainage system as determined by lipid analysis

Abstract Lipids were extracted to determine the microbial biomass and community structure of a Fe-rich stromatolite from acid mine drainage (AMD) at the Green Valley coal mine site (GVS) in western Indiana. The distribution of biomarkers correlated well with layers in the laminated stromatolite. Our results show that the biomass of the top layer of the stromatolite was dominated by phototrophic organisms which constituted 83% of the total biomass. Biomass of the lower layers was dominated by prokaryotic microorganisms. The presence of terminal methyl-branched fatty acids and mid methyl-branched fatty acids suggests the presence of Gram-positive and sulfate-reducing bacteria, respectively. Fungi appear to also be an important part of the AMD microbial communities as suggested by sterol profiles and the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Hydroxy fatty acids and C 19 cyclopropane fatty acids were also detected and likely originated from acid-producing, acidophilic bacteria. The presence of Archaea is indicated by abundant phospholipid ether-linked isoprenoid hydrocarbons (phytane and phytadienes). The AMD Fe-rich stromatolites at GVS thus appear to be formed by interactions of microbial communities composed of all three domains of life; Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The identification of microeukaryote-dominated stromatolites implicates the prominent role of these organisms in the formation and preservation of these structures. In addition, the production of oxygen through photosynthesis by these organisms in AMD systems may be important for retrodicting the interaction of microbial communities in Precambrian environments in the production of microbially-mediated sedimentary structures and oxygenation of Earth's early atmosphere.
Development of an incarceration-specific overdose prevention video: Staying Alive on the Outside

Objectives:The first 2 weeks following release from prison are associated with extraordinary risk of fatal drug overdose. However, bystanders can reverse opioid overdoses using rescue breathing and naloxone, an overdose antidote. We reviewed overdose prevention and naloxone administration training videos for incarceration-specific and behaviour change theory–specific content and then developed a video that addressed these gaps.Design:Systematic review of educational videos and community-based participatory video development process.Setting:Community-based organisations, correctional health programmes.Method:Video development proceeded as a community-informed, iterative process of creating and testing the acceptability of a new DVD among end-user populations, community and correctional staff. Data collection and video development advisory process included three focus groups with opioid users and formerly incarcerated individuals, two consultations with national expert groups and overdose prevention program...
Transcendence and history in Krzysztof Kieslowski's Blind Chance

The article examines Krzysztof Kieslowski's Blind Chance (Przypadek, 1981) as a film with a distinct philosophical significance. According to the interpretation proposed, in Blind Chance Kieslowski...
Integral boundary-layer models for turbulent separated flows

Two-dimensional, integral boundary-layer methods of the entrainment and dissipation type, with closure relationships which account for turbulent separated flows through the velocity and turbulence models, are developed. Kinematic shape factor relations used in the two methods are evaluated by comparison with recently obtained experimental data for separated flows. Prescribed-displacement-thickness computations are made with both methods and compared to experiment for a series of separated flows, including low speed and transonic shock-induced separation. Effects of upstream history on the turbulent shear stress development are shown to be important for the accurate prediction of the separated flows considered and the experimental trends are reasonably modeled by a rate equation derived from the turbulent kinetic energy equation.
An Alternative Approach to Reciprocity1

Reciprocity is defined as a subset of exchange characterized by inseparability of the objects exchanged from the partners in interaction. Sahlins' model of reciprocity, which equates kinship proximity, solidarity, and generosity, is brought into question. A solution to problems inherent in this model is sought in an elaboration of sociability into intimacy and courtesy conveying different social values, and in taking into consideration both the positive and negative manifestations of sociability. The exchange aspect of reciprocity is characterized by two strains—one toward symmetry, and one toward asymmetry—operating simultaneously, alternately, in different cycles, or at different levels of communication. Asymmetric strain is accounted for by the convertibility of exchange objects and complementarity between partners. The dyadic reciprocity is extended to a triad which either reinforces or suppresses reciprocal expectations. Seven types of triadization are recognized: circular transference, lineal transference, unstructured transference, triadic sanction, brokerage, competition, and transitivity.
Effect of tamsulosin on iris vasculature and morphology

Purpose To determine whether preoperative iris vasculature and morphology are altered in patients who have taken tamsulosin (Flomax). Setting Academic multispecialty practice. Design Case series. Methods Patients with current or past tamsulosin use and age- and sex-matched control patients were included. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and iris fluorescein angiography were performed to measure iris vasculature and thickness before cataract surgery. Data collected at surgery included pupil diameter, clinical signs of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome, and surgical complications. Results Tamsulosin was currently used by 16 patients and in the past by 4 patients; the control group comprised 10 patients. Pharmacologically dilated pupil diameter was statistically significantly smaller preoperatively and immediately postoperatively in the tamsulosin group than in the control group (P=.009 and P=.003, respectively). There was a statistically significant decrease in pupil size intraoperatively in the tamsulosin group (P=.05) but not in the control group (P=.3). Iris-vasculature parameters, specifically time to first vessel fill and percentage of vessel fill on iris fluorescein angiography, were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The AS-OCT measurements of iris morphology were not statistically significantly different between the groups. No surgical complications occurred. No fluorescein dye leakage, staining, or other vascular anomalies were observed. Conclusions Although there were differences in pupil measurements and intraoperative iris behavior between patients who had been on tamsulosin and control patients, there were no significant differences in iris vasculature on iris fluorescein angiography or in iris morphology on AS-OCT. Financial Disclosure(s) No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.