cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel methods for the analysis of toxicants in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) cases: Terpenes.

Rationale Over 2800 e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during August 2019 to February 2020. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from 51 EVALI and 99 non-EVALI cases were analyzed for toxicants including terpenes. We describe a novel method to measure selected terpenes in BAL fluid by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Methods α-Pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, 3-carene, and limonene were measured in BAL fluid specimens by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. We created and characterized BAL fluid pools from non-EVALI individuals to determine assay accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection, and analytical specificity. All measurements were conducted in accordance with the CDC's Division of Laboratory Sciences rigorous method validation procedures. Results Matrix validation experiments showed that calibration curves in BAL fluid and saline had similar slopes, with differences of less than 7%. The assay precision ranged from 2.52% to 5.30%. In addition, the limits of detection for the five analytes ranged from 1.80 to 16.8 ng/L, and the linearity was confirmed with R2 values >0.99. Conclusions We developed and validated a method to quantify selected terpenes in BAL fluid specimens using GC/MS/MS. The assay provided accurate and precise analyses of EVALI and non-EVALI BAL fluid specimens in support of CDC's EVALI response. This method is applicable to the determination of a broad range of terpenes in BAL fluid specimens.
Exposure to elevated embryonic kynurenine in rats: Sex-dependent learning and memory impairments in adult offspring.

Abstract Distinct abnormalities in kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism have been reported in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a neuroactive metabolite of the KP, is elevated in individuals diagnosed with SZ and has been linked to cognitive impairments seen in the disorder. To further understand the role of KYNA in SZ etiology, we developed a prenatal insult model where kynurenine (100 mg/day) is fed to pregnant Wistar rats from embryonic day (ED) 15 to ED 22. As sex differences in the prevalence and severity of SZ have been observed, we presently investigated the impact of prenatal kynurenine exposure on KP metabolism and spatial learning and memory in male and female offspring. Specifically, brain tissue and plasma from offspring (control: ECon; kynurenine-treated: EKyn) in prepuberty (postnatal day (PD) 21), adolescence (PD 32–35), and adulthood (PD 56–85) were collected. Separate cohorts of adult offspring were tested in the Barnes maze to assess hippocampus- and prefrontal cortex-mediated learning and memory. Plasma tryptophan, kynurenine, and KYNA were unchanged between ECon and EKyn offspring across all three ages. Hippocampal and frontal cortex KYNA were elevated in male EKyn offspring only in adulthood, compared to ECon, while brain KYNA levels were unchanged in adult females. Male EKyn offspring were significantly impaired during acquisition of the Barnes maze and during reversal learning in the task. In female EKyn offspring, learning and memory remained relatively intact. Taken together, our data demonstrate that exposure to elevated kynurenine during the last week of gestation results in intriguing sex differences and further support the EKyn model as an attractive tool to study the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Alternative signaling pathways from IGF1 or insulin to AKT activation and FOXO1 nuclear efflux in adult skeletal muscle fibers.

Muscle atrophy is regulated by the balance between protein degradation and synthesis. FOXO1, a transcription factor, helps to determine this balance by activating pro-atrophic gene transcription when present in muscle fiber nuclei. Foxo1 nuclear efflux is promoted by AKT-mediated Foxo1 phosphorylation, eliminating FOXO1's atrophy-promoting effect. AKT activation can be promoted by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) or insulin via a pathway including IGF1 or insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and AKT. We used confocal fluorescence time-lapse imaging of FOXO1–GFP in adult isolated living muscle fibers maintained in culture to explore the effects of IGF1 and insulin on FOXO1–GFP nuclear efflux with and without pharmacological inhibitors. We observed that although AKT inhibitor blocks the IGF1- or insulin-induced effect on FOXO1 nuclear efflux, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, which we show to be effective in these fibers, do not. We also found that inhibition of the protein kinase ACK1 or ATM contributes to the suppression of FOXO1 nuclear efflux after IGF1. These results indicate a novel pathway that has been unexplored in the IGF1- or insulin-induced regulation of FOXO1 and present information useful both for therapeutic interventions for muscle atrophy and for further investigative areas into insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes.
AMPHOTERIC COLLOIDS : IV. THE INFLUENCE OF THE VALENCY OF CATIONS UPON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GELATIN.

1. A method is given by which the amount of equivalents of metal in combination with 1 gm. of a 1 per cent gelatin solution previously treated with an alkali can be ascertained when the excess of alkali is washed away and the pH is determined. The curves of metal equivalent in combination with 1 gm. of gelatin previously treated with different concentrations of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, NH4OH, Ca(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2 were ascertained and plotted as ordinates, with the pH of the solution as abscissae, and were found to be identical. This proves that twice as many univalent as bivalent cations combine with the same mass of gelatin, as was to be expected. 2. The osmotic pressure of 1 per cent solutions of metal gelatinates with univalent and bivalent cation was measured. The curves for the osmotic pressure of 1 per cent solution of gelatin salts of Li, Na, K, and NH4 were found to be identical when plotted for pH as abscissae, tending towards the same maximum of a pressure of about 325 mm. of the gelatin solution (for pH about 7.9). The corresponding curves for Ca and Ba gelatinate were also found to be identical but different from the preceding ones, tending towards a maximum pressure of about 125 mm. for pH about 7.0 or above. The ratio of maxi mal osmotic pressure for the two groups of gelatin salts is therefore about as 1:3 after the necessary corrections have been made. 3. When the conductivities of these solutions are plotted as ordinates against the pH as abscissae, the curves for the conductivities of Li, Na, Ca, and Ba gelatinate are almost identical (for the same pH), while the curves for the conductivities of K and NH4 gelatinate are only little higher. 4. The curves for the viscosity and swelling of Ba (or Ca) and Na gelatinate are approximately parallel to those for osmotic pressure. 5. The practical identity or close proximity of the conductivities of metal gelatinates with univalent and bivalent metal excludes the possibility that the differences observed in the osmotic pressure, viscosity, and swelling between metal gelatinates with univalent and bivalent metal are determined by differences in the degree of ionization (and a possible hydratation of the protein ions). 6. Another, as yet tentative, explanation is suggested.
Wearable Antennas for On-Body Motion Detection

Applications in the field of wearable electronics have seen significant growth in recent years. The wearable electronics industry itself is expected to grow up to $54 billion by 2023 [1]. Smart watches capable of various IoT and health data acquisition applications account for a significant portion of the wearable market. These devices are capable of extracting health data such as heart and respiratory rate, step count and even EKG snapshots. However, multiple devices are needed for accurate data which directly impacts everyday practicality as at any given moment a finite number of devices can be worn by an individual. With increasing demand for advanced features such as gesture control and high speed (5G) wireless IoT device interface, multiple wearable sensors/devices are needed. This has prompted development of unified wearable electronics where the devices are either part of or made of everyday clothing materials. In this article a novel antenna topology on fabric substrates for on-body motion detection for health monitoring applications is presented. The design process for the antenna fabrication via screen printing on fabric substrates is outlined along with antenna response on human skin.
Socially Engaged Islam: Applying Social Psychological Principles to Social Justice, Faith-Based Activism and Altruism in Muslim Communities

The present chapter explores the social psychological concepts of prosocial behavior through the lens of Islamic tradition, focusing on how Islam promotes altruism, social justice, and social activism. Islam is a religion that encourages communal engagement as another form of worship, situating it within the contemporary dynamics of socially engaged spirituality. The chapter introduces readers to the various ways in which contemporary Muslims are tying their religious identity to social justice activism through religiously motivated social actions. Examples of religiously motivated altruism are described and discussed within the context of socially engaged Islam. Collectively, the chapter demonstrates the role of socially engaged spirituality among Muslims in promoting in-group cohesiveness and positive intergroup relationships that benefits large and small social change initiatives.
Beyond pre-Columbian burning: the impact of firewood collection on forest fuel loads

Government agencies in the United States adopted a prescribed burning policy based in part on paleo-environmental evidence of pre-Columbian Native American burning regimes. However, biomass collect...
Detection of bovine T lymphocyte subsets specific for bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 following vaccination and experimental exposure

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) cause economically important diseases in cattle that are not completely controlled by current vaccines. The T lymphocytes are known to serve an important role in immunity to these diseases. Cattle have CD4'* , CDS" , and yS subsets of T lymphocytes that have both complementary and redundant roles in disease resistance. Determining the relatively unknown contribution of different T lymphocyte subsets in the immune response to BVDV and BHV-1 may significantly advance vaccine development and further describe the bovine immime system. Expression of the interleukin-2 receptor a chain (CD25) was used to detect T lymphocytes reactive to BVDV and BHV-1 in animals vaccinated or experimentally challenged with these viruses. Animals vaccinated with a modified live vaccine (MLV) containing BVDV genotype 1 (BVDV 1), BVDV genotype 2 (BVDV 2), and BHV-1 developed CD4"*', CDS" , and yS T lymphocytes reactive to both genotypes of BVDV and BHV-1 in vitro. Animals vaccinated with a MLV containing BVDV 1 and BHV-1 developed CD4' , CDS'*", and y5 T lymphocytes reactive to BVDV 1 and BHV-1 and also developed CDS" and y5 T lymphocytes reactive to BVDV 2. The vaccinated animals were also protected from challenge with virulent BHV-1 at 110 days after vaccination. Young calves with high titers of maternally derived antibody to BVDV did not develop a humoral immime response to challenge with virulent BVDV 2. Compared to nonexposed calves, the calves exposed to BVDV 2 after ingestion of high titer colostrum demonstrated greater activation of CD4' , CDS"* , and y5 T lymphocytes by in vitro BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, and were protected from virulent BVDV 2 challenge after maternal antibody had waned. These
Wpływ parametrów konstrukcyjnych piasty na charakterystyki dynamiczne łopaty wirnika nośnego śmigłowca

A numerical analysis is presented permitting us to determine the of constructional parameters of the main rotor hub on the dynamic characteristics of the helicopter rotor blade. Making use of the dynamic model of a blade, presented in Ref [6], and toking into account different boundary conditions, and the displacement method of finite elements, the algorithm and the program were elaborated for a numerical analysis of the dynamic properties of the rotor hub and blade. By the analysis of the results of the calculations the influence has been determined of the respective constructional parameters of the rotor hub on the dynamic characteristics of the helicopter rotor blade.
Application of ribonuclease T1 to the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides of defined base sequence.

Abstract The ability of ribonuclease T1 to catalyze transesterification of guanosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate groups to the free 5'-hydroxyl groups of nucleosides or (oligo)nucleotides has been exploited for the synthesis of short oligonucleotides of previously determined sequence. This reaction, the reverse of the first step in RNase T1-catalyzed hydrolysis of RNA, has an equilibrium constant of 2.2 m-1 (pH 7.0, 0°). In the presence of high concentrations (0.3 to 1.0 m) of the 5'-hydroxyl-bearing component, transesterification (synthesis) proceeds more rapidly than hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphate. Thirty-two different oligonucleotides of chain length 2 to 8 have been prepared in yields which compare very favorably with other methods of synthesis. Oligonucleotides terminating in guanosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate residues were produced by reaction of 2'(3')-phosphates with ethyl chloroformate. Dithioerythritol in aqueous ammonia was used to inactivate RNase T1 when synthetic reactions were complete. RNase A has been shown to be intrinsically less satisfactory as a catalyst for oligonucleotide synthesis than RNase T1, as a result of its more rapid hydrolysis of cyclic substrates.
Mechanism of Transcription Termination by RNA Polymerase III Utilizes a Non-template Strand Sequence-Specific Signal Element

Understanding the mechanism of transcription termination by a eukaryotic RNA polymerase (RNAP) has been limited by lack of a characterizable intermediate that reflects transition from an elongation complex to a true termination event. While other multisubunit RNAPs require multipartite cis-signals and/or ancillary factors to mediate pausing and release of the nascent transcript from the clutches of these enzymes, RNAP III does so with precision and efficiency on a simple oligo(dT) tract, independent of other cis-elements or trans-factors. We report an RNAP III pre-termination complex that reveals termination mechanisms controlled by sequence-specific elements in the non-template strand. Furthermore, the TFIIF-like RNAP III subunit C37 is required for this function of the non-template strand signal. The results reveal the RNAP III terminator as an information-rich control element. While the template strand promotes destabilization via a weak oligo(rU:dA) hybrid, the non-template strand provides distinct sequence-specific destabilizing information through interactions with the C37 subunit.
Evaluation of a module-integrated distributed battery energy storage system

This paper presents an evaluation of a module-integrated distributed battery energy storage system (BESS). Compared with the conventional centralized BESS, this paper provides a detailed evaluation of the module-integrated system merits and evaluates the charging, discharging and module balancing performance. A case study of a three-module system is used to demonstrate the functional performance of the module-integrated distributed BESS. It is verified through experiments that the module-integrated distributed BESS provides satisfied functional performance with additional advantages such as no extra equalizers or additional power converters, reduced power and voltage stresses of power electronic components, etc.
On uniformization of affine dependence algorithms

The authors consider the problem of transforming irregular data dependence structures of algorithms with nested loops into more regular ones. Algorithms under consideration are n-dimensional algorithms (algorithms with n nested loops) with affine dependences where dependences are linear functions of index variables of the loop. Methods are proposed to transform these algorithms into uniform dependence algorithms where dependences are independent of the index variables (constant). Some parallelism might be lost due to making them uniform. The parallelism preserved by the uniformity is measured by (1) the total execution time by the optimal linear schedule which assigns each computation in the algorithm an execution time according to a linear function of the index of the computation and (2) the size of the cone spanned by the dependence vectors after achieving uniformity. The objective of making the dependence uniform is to maximize parallelism preserved by the uniformity or to minimize the number of dependences after uniformity. >
Optimized profiles for neutron and photocurrent hardened power transistors

This paper discusses two problems: the partitioning of bipolar transistor breakdown voltage between the collector and the base in the context of neutron tolerance, and the dependence of collector photocurrent on substrate doping. It is suggested that enhanced neutron tolerance for a given breakdown voltage may sometimes be achieved by increasing the basewidth so that a portion of the breakdown voltage is supported by the base. Peak current gains of ten were achieved with a four micron basewidth after exposure to 3 t 1014 neutrons (1 MeV eq.) cm−2. Substrate photocurrents were found to be very dependent on substrate doping; by using a substrate doping of 1020 cm−3, substrate photo-currents were suppressed to an equivalent silicon photocurrent collection length of three microns.
The Management of Instability and Incompleteness: Clinical Ethics and Abstract Expressionism

Central concepts and consensus views in clinical ethics are marked by instability. The papers in this number of the Journal take up two such central concepts, quality of life and moral status, and two such consensus views, that germ-line gene transfer should not be undertaken for the purposes of enhancement of human traits and that the ethical obligation of physicians to treat HIV-infected patients rests on consent of the physician. One outcome of these philosophical investigations is that these two concepts and consensus views are less stable than one might have thought. I explore the possibility of generalizing this outcome in a reflection on clinical ethics as the management of instability and incompleteness, including the instability and incompleteness of clinical ethics itself. In the course of this reflection I liken clinical ethics to abstract expressionism in mid-twentieth century Western art.
The Correlation between Side Scattering and Internal Structures of Mammalian Cells with and without Acetic Acid Exposure

The contribution of different cell constituents to side scatter is determined for mammalian cells with and without 0.6% acetic acid. Contributions depend on the polarization of the incident light and on exposure to acetic acid.
Likelihood Methods for Testing Group Problem Solving Models with Censored Data.

Problem solving models relating individual and group solution times under time limit censoring are presented. Maximum likelihood estimates of parameters of the resulting censored distributions are derived and goodness of fit tests for the individual-group models are constructed. The methods are illustrated on data previously analyzed by Restle and Davis.
Gender role attitudes of American mothers and daughters over time

Abstract Symbolic interaction theorists believe that parents are primary socializing agents for their children. J. Rollins and R. N. White (1982) found that mothers and early adolescent daughters in traditional, dual-work, and dual-career family environments held similar attitudes about marriage, children, and careers. In a follow-up study, 40 mother–daughter dyads of the original 75 were surveyed. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the attitudes of these 40 mothers and 40 daughters regarding the 3 variables. However, both the mothers' and daughters' attitudes differed from Time 1 to Time 2. The findings lend further support for the concept of mothers as primary socializing agents for daughters and for the self-in-relation model regarding mothers and daughters.
Effects of allopurinol on uric acid concentrations, xanthine oxidoreductase activity and oxidative stress in broiler chickens

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of allopurinol (AL) on xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity and uric acid (UA) levels in chickens. Thirty 5-week-old broilers were divided into three groups and fed 0 (control), 25 (AL25) or 50 (AL50) mg AL per kg of body mass for 5 weeks. Chicks were weighed twice weekly and leukocyte oxidative activity (LOA) and plasma purine levels were determined weekly in five birds per group. Chicks were sacrificed after 2 or 5 weeks, and samples from tissues were taken for analysis of XOR activity. Plasma UA concentrations were lower (P 0.05) in XOR activity in the pancreas and intestine. These results suggest that AL effect on XOR activity is tissue dependent.
Influence of family structure and school variables on behavior disorders of children

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family structure and school variables on behavior disorders of children. The sample consisted of 1,162 white elementary school children. General information was obtained from school records, and ratings on behavior disorders were obtained from teachers. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses of variance. Results indicated that grade in school, sex, social class, ordinal position in the family, and teacher were important variables in the determination of behavior disorders. Whether or not the children were living with both of their natural parents, number of children in the family, if the children were in special education classes, and whether the children were older than usual for their grade in school were less important or were unimportant. The results, especially those that were not expected, were discussed.
Hypothalamic nuclear progestin receptors and the duration of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hysterectomized rats.

Abstract In order to determine if the enhancement of sexual behavior in hysterectomized rats is associated with an increased level of hypothalamic nuclear progestin receptors, ovariectomized (OVX) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OVHX) rats were injected with 2 μg estradiol benzoate. Twenty-four hr later, animals were injected with 0.5 mg progesterone and were tested for sexual receptivity every 4 hr. Hysterectomy had an overall facilitatory effect on lordosis and increased the duration of the period of sexual receptivity by about 4 hr. In a second experiment, similarly-treated animals were killed 4, 8, or 12 hr after progesterone injection, and hypothalamic nuclear progestin receptor levels were measured. In contrast to what has been reported for guinea pigs, nuclear progestin receptor levels decreased to baseline 8–12 hr before the termination of sexual receptivity. Nuclear progestin receptor concentrations were higher in OVHX rats than in OVX rats at 4 hr after progesterone injection, and there was a trend toward higher receptor concentrations in OVHX rats at 8 hr. These results demonstrate that hysterectomy-induced facilitation of sexual receptivity is associated with an increased level of hypothalamic nuclear progestin receptors. Furthermore, they suggest a fundamental difference in the regulation of nuclear progestin receptor retention between rats and guinea pigs.
Physical and chemical properties of soil influence the sorption of the diketonitrile metabolite of RPA 201772

Abstract RPA 201772 is a preemergence herbicide that undergoes rapid conversion to a diketonitrile metabolite (DKN) in soil. The half-life of RPA 201772 is very short, but the half-life of DKN is much longer; hence, DKN remains for an extended time in soil. Sorption studies were conducted with five soils varying in physical and chemical properties using the batch equilibration technique. Analysis of 14C-ring–labeled DKN was performed using liquid scintillation counting, and sorption data were fitted to the Freundlich model. Isotherms of DKN were nonlinear in all the soils as depicted by the Freundlich exponent (n Amherst, MA...
Reversible measure-preserving integrators for non-Hamiltonian systems.

We present a systematic method for deriving reversible measure-preserving integrators for non-Hamiltonian systems such as the Nose-Hoover thermostat and generalized Gaussian moment thermostat (GGMT). Our approach exploits the (non-Poisson) bracket structure underlying the thermostat equations of motion. Numerical implementation for the GGMT system shows that our algorithm accurately conserves the thermostat energy function. We also study position and momentum distribution functions obtained using our integrator.
Juvenile hormone modulates 20-hydroxyecdysone-inducible ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle gene expression in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Insect molting and metamorphosis are orchestrated by ecdysteroids with juvenile hormone (JH) preventing the actions of ecdysteroids necessary for metamorphosis. During the molt and metamorphosis of the dorsal abdominal epidermis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the isoforms involved in the ecdysone receptor (EcR)/Ultraspiracle (USP) complex change with the most dramatic switch being the loss of USP-1 and the appearance of USP-2 during the larval and pupal molts. We show here that this switch in USP isoforms is mediated by high 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and that the presence of JH is necessary for the down-regulation of USP-1 mRNA. The decrease of USP-1 mRNA in day 2 fourth instar larval epidermis in vitro required exposure to a high concentration (10–5 M) of 20E equivalent to the peak ecdysteroid concentration in vivo, whereas the increase of USP-2 mRNA occurred at lower concentrations (effective concentrations, EC50=6.3×10–7 M). During the pupal molt of allatectomized larvae which lack JH, USP-2 mRNA increased normally with the increasing ecdysteroid titer, whereas USP-1 mRNA remained high until pupation. When day 2 fifth instar larval epidermis was exposed to 500 ng/ml 20E in the absence of JH to cause pupal commitment of the cells by 24 h, USP-1 RNA remained at its high preculture level for 12 h, then increased two- to threefold by 24 h. The increase was prevented by the presence of 1 µg/ml JH I which also prevents the pupal commitment of the cells. By contrast, USP-2 mRNA increased steadily with the same EC50 as in fourth stage epidermis, irrespective of the presence or absence of JH. Under the same conditions, mRNAs for both EcR-B1 and EcR-A isoforms were up-regulated by 20E, each in its own time-dependent manner, similar to that seen in vivo. These initial mRNA increases were unaffected by the presence of JH I, but those seen after 12 h exposure to 20E were prevented by JH, indicating a difference in response between larvally and pupally committed cells. The presence of JH which maintained larval commitment of the cells also prolonged the half-life of the EcR proteins in these cells. These results indicate that both EcR and USP RNAs are regulated by 20E and can be modulated by JH in a complex manner with only that of USP-2 apparently unaffected.
The implementation of directional boundary conditions for finite element computations with iterative solvers

A projection technique for imposing directional boundary conditions in the solution of finite element models with iterative solvers is presented. The proposed method is general, easy to implement, and does not require a transformation of the discrete equations at the boundary or the choice of a penalty parameter.
Do Religious and Control Cognitions Predict Risky Behavior? II. Development and Validation of the Sexual Risk Behavior-related God Locus of Control Scale for Adolescents (SexGLOC-A)

Research has identified numerous correlates of sexual risk behaviors among adolescents. However, two potentially important cognitive constructs, perceived control and religious beliefs, have received considerably less attention. Research demonstrates that the most informative examination of the relationship of perceived control beliefs to sexual risk requires instruments that directly assess control beliefs specific to sexual risk behaviors. Further, beliefs about God as a source of control (e.g., the perception that God is [or is not] actively helping one to delay sexual contact, refuse engagement in high risk sexual behaviors, or limit the number of sexual partners) may influence adolescents’ decisions, yet there are no instruments available to examine such beliefs. This study describes the development of a measure of God control beliefs over sexual risk behavior and provides initial reliability and validity data. Results suggest that the Sexual Risk Behavior-related God Locus of Control measure for Adolescents (SexGLOC-A) is a reliable and valid measure having demonstrated high internal consistency and both convergent and discriminant validity.
Water isotopes during the Last Glacial Maximum: New general circulation model calculations

[1] The application of water isotopes to estimate the glacial-interglacial cycle of temperature (T) assumes the validity of the present-day spatial relationship between Ta and δ18O in precipitation (δ18Op) to estimate temporal changes of the temperature at a fixed location. We explored how and why the spatial relationship between annual mean Ta − δ18Op is different from the temporal relationship at one location. Our general circulation-isotope model exhibits a spatial slope of 1.22‰/°C between annual mean temperature at the top of the inversion layer (Ti) and δ18Op over Antarctica, comparable to the observed value of 1.25‰/°C from Dahe et al. (1999) and using the Phillpot and Zillman (1970) relationship between surface temperature and the temperature of the inversion layer. Over the Southern Ocean (45°–60°S), local evaporation accounts for 50% of precipitation, and this evaporative flux (mean δ18Oe of ∼−1‰) increases the δ18O of vapor (mean δ18Ov of ∼−16‰). During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21,000 years ago), the isotopic composition of the vapor near the ice edge (∼60°S) is calculated to be similar to the present values because evaporative recharge also accounts for ∼50% of the precipitation over the Southern Ocean. As a result, the isotopic composition of vapor during the LGM is close to the present values at the ice edge. The apparent temporal slope over eastern Antarctica is half of the observed spatial slope. Our LGM experiment estimates an Antarctic mean annual temperature decrease of 13°C at Vostok, much larger than previous estimates. Our experiments with two specifications of LGM sea surface temperatures suggest that the value of the temporal slope is related to the temperature decrease over the Southern Ocean.
Increased susceptibility to lead toxicity in rats fed semipurified diets

Abstract Rats fed stock diets, like Purina Chow, are known to be relatively insensitive to the toxic effects of lead. The addition of lead acetate (1000 ppm of Pb) to the drinking water of 5-week-old rats for 35 days produced toxicity (decreased growth rate and lead-induced anemia) in rats fed semipurified diet, but not in rats fed Purina Rat Chow (Chow). Blood and tissue lead levels also were higher in rats fed semipurified diet than in rats fed Chow. In order to determine whether rats fed semipurified diet could be used as animal models in the determination of permissible levels of lead in the environment, the susceptibility to lead toxicity of these rats to lead-based paints was tested. The addition of 1% paint chips containing 10% lead octoate to the diets resulted in lead toxicity (reduction in growth rates and hematocrit values) only in rats fed the semipurified diet. Rats fed a semipurified diet that permits normal growth are more susceptible to the toxic effects of lead and can be used more effectively in lead toxicity studies than rats fed Chow.
Failure to Thrive in the Perinatal Period

. Identification of newborn nutritional inadequacy is one of the major areas in perinatal medicine where intervention can influence outcome. An infant's failure to thrive may be the result of prenatal and/or post-natal causes. Management of failure to thrive in the newborn infant must include identification of the problem, establishment of an efficient therapeutic regimen and means of evaluating the morbidity which may occur.
Measurement of fecal carbohydrate in human metabolic balance studies: Calculated versus determined

Fecal carbohydrate in human metabolic balance studies is normally determined using a calculation method where fecal energy (kcal) from protein and fat is subtracted from total fecal energy, and divided by 4.1 kcal/g, the heat of combustion of carbohydrate. This method, however, has not been validated. In this study fecal carbohydrate in 17 preschool children, consuming diets containing cassava, amaranth, maize, or a casein control diet, was determined analytically as fiber and starch. A correlation coefficient of r=0.856 (P<0.001) was found when comparing the two methods, thus, supporting the use of the calculation method. Mean calculated fecal carbohydrate slightly underestimated actual values in the cassava group (17.6 vs. 20.3 g/day) and slightly overestimated values in the amaranth group (12.3 vs. 8.3 g/day), though this was not considered a significant problem.
Dysmorphogenesis of joints, brain, and palate: a new dominantly inherited syndrome.

Recently, it has been suggested by Vitale, Opitz, and Shabidi (Soc. Pediat. Res., Abst., p. 130, 1968) that the basic genetic defect in children with the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome lies in the regulation of transport of iron. They reported heavy deposits of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and bone marrow of their patient. Increased amounts of hemosiderin were not found in the bone marrow or liver of our patient. However, a second patient with the characteristic facies, hypotonia, calcification of the patellae, and glaucoma is being followed who has jaundice, hemolysis, and more than 200 /~g per cent of iron in the serum. No hemosiderin has been found in a smear of the bone marrow. We are grateful to the following physicians who participated in the care of this patient: Drs. Perry Grossman, Stanley M. Moyer, Anthony J. Pelleggi, Lester Weiss, and James B. Arey. Dr. Arey reviewed the autopsy material at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children.
Correlation between tumor growth delay and expression of cancer and host VEGF, VEGFR2, and osteopontin in response to radiotherapy.

Purpose To determine the late effects of radiotherapy (RT) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), and osteopontin (OPN) expression in cancer and stromal cells. Methods and Materials LS174T xenografted athymic mice were used as a tumor model. Radiation was delivered in two equivalent fractionation schemes: 5 × 7 Gy and 1 × 20 Gy, the latter at two dose rates. Results Tumor growth arrest was similar in all treatment groups, with the exception of a better response of small-size tumors in the 5 × 7-Gy group. The host VEGF and OPN levels were directly proportional to the tumor doubling time and were independent of the fractionation scheme. The host and cancer cell VEGFR2 levels in tumor were also directly related to the tumor response to RT. Conclusion Upregulated VEGFR2 in cancer cells suggest paracrine signaling in the VEGFR2 pathway of cancer cells as the factor contributing to RT failure. The transient activation of the host VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway in tumor supports the model of angiogenic regeneration and suggests that radiation-induced upregulation of VEGF, VEGFR2, and downstream proteins might contribute to RT failure by escalating the rate of vascular repair. Coexpression of host OPN and VEGF, two factors closely associated with angiogenesis, indicate that OPN can serve as a surrogate marker of tumor recovery after RT. Taken together, these results strongly support the notion that to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes, the scheduling of RT and antiangiogenic therapies will require patient-specific post-treatment monitoring of the VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway and that tumor-associated OPN can serve as an indicator of tumor regrowth.
A Histopathologic Study of 716 Unselected Eyes in Patients with Cancer at the Time of Death

To determine the frequency of ocular metastases in the general population, we conducted a prospective histopathologic study of 716 eyes obtained from patients who had malignant neoplasms at the time of death. Fifty-two patients had ocular metastases; all of these individuals had widespread metastases that contributed to their deaths. The overall incidence of ocular metastases among all fatal cases of cancer was 9.3%. Thirty-three of the 117 patients with various types of leukemia and four of the 60 patients dying with lymphoma had ocular involvement. The total incidence of ocular metastases in patients dying of all types of carcinoma was 4.0%. In the nine patients dying of sarcoma, no ocular metastases were detected. We estimate that about 22,000 patients who will die of cancer in the United States during 1983 will have ocular metastases.
Persistence of embryonic RNA synthesis during facultative delayed implantation in the mouse.

Abstract The status of embryonic RNA synthesis during facultative delayed implantation in the mouse has been examined by radiolabeling in vitro and in utero , and by assay for endogenous RNA polymerase activity. Under conditions that do not activate delayed blastocysts in utero , embryos were shown to be able to transport and incorporate [ 3 H]uridine into RNA as early as 5 min after intralumenal instillation of label on Day 5 of delay. Assay for endogenous RNA polymerase demonstrated functioning enzyme(s) in blastocysts on Day 5 of delayed implantation. Rates of incorporation of label in vitro under nonactivating conditions indicated a reduction, from normal Day 5 blastocyst levels, of 52% on Day 2 and 36% on Day 5 of delay. Relative rates of uptake of [ 3 H]uridine by blastocysts on Day 5 of delay were reduced by approximately 60% from rates observed in predelay embryos on Day 5 of pregnancy. Estrogen-induced activation of embryos in utero was not associated with an increased relative rate of 3 H]uridine uptake or incorporation during the first 24 hr following activation on Day 5 of delay. The findings demonstrate that RNA synthesis persists in the mouse blastocyst during delayed implantation, although at a somewhat reduced level. Implications of these results relevant to the maternal regulation of embryonic growth and implantation are discussed.
Multiple attack and polarity of action of porcine pancreatic α-amylase

Abstract The action pattern of porcine pancreatic α-amylase on maltooctaose (G8) has been examined at pH 6.9 (optimum) and pH 10.5 (unfavorable). At pH 6.9, 27% of the G8 molecules react by multiple attack, while at pH 10.5 multiple attack is negligible. By using G8 labeled with 14C in the reducing or nonreducing end, and comparing the radioactive product distributions at pH 6.9 and pH 10.5, it was established that the direction of multiple attack is toward the nonreducing end of the substrate. The results indicate that, after initial enzymic attack, the right-hand fragment of the substrate dissociates from the enzyme surface. However, the left-hand fragment remains at the enzyme active site long enough to permit it to become repositioned and undergo further attack.
Encainide for resistant supraventricular tachycardia in children: Follow-up report

Forty-one children (26 weeks gestational age to 20 years) with drug-resistant supraventricular tachycardia were treated with oral encainide, and 29 were followed for 3 to 34 months (mean 15). Diagnoses obtained by electrocardiographic criteria (23 patients) or electrophysiologic testing (18 patients) included permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in 15 children, paroxysmal atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardias (AVRT) in 13, atrial ectopic tachycardia in 4, atrial flutter in 1, chaotic atrial tachycardia in 5 and junctional ectopic tachycardia in 3. Encainide was completely effective in 54% (22 of 41 study patients) and partially effective in an additional 24% (10 of 41 patients), when combined with propranolol or verapamil. Within 1 month, 13 (32%) discontinued encainide for inefficacy or intolerance. Encainide was most effective in the treatment of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (60% effective) and AVRT (69% effective). It controlled only 40% of primary atrial tachycardias. Encainide was well tolerated on a long-term basis in patients not experiencing symptoms during initiation. In study infants younger than age 6 months, encainide was associated with excessive QRS aberrancy during initiation in 4 of 13 (31%), compared with 3 of 28 (11%) in older children. Ventricular proarrhythmia occurred in 2 children and 1 died suddenly. Mean effective encainide dose was 3.5 mg/kg/day or 86 mg/m2/day. In 4 children who had nonextensive metabolism of encainide, the drug was ineffective. Encainide is effective in the treatment of some resistant forms of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia and AVRT in otherwise healthy children. Children younger than age 6 months and those with either previous proarrhythmic events or severe cardiac dysfunction appear to have a high incidence of adverse effects.
Dual‐Confined Flexible Sulfur Cathodes Encapsulated in Nitrogen‐Doped Double‐Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres and Wrapped with Graphene for Li–S Batteries

Batteries with high energy and power densities along with long cycle life and acceptable safety at an affordable cost are critical for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles and smart grids, but is challenging. Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attractive in this regard due to their high energy density and the abundance of sulfur, but several hurdles such as poor cycle life and inferior sulfur utilization need to be overcome for them to be commercially viable. Li–S cells with high capacity and long cycle life with a dual-confined flexible cathode configuration by encapsulating sulfur in nitrogen-doped double-shelled hollow carbon spheres followed by graphene wrapping are presented here. Sulfur/polysulfides are effectively immobilized in the cathode through physical confinement by the hollow spheres with porous shells and graphene wrapping as well as chemical binding between heteronitrogen atoms and polysulfides. This rationally designed free-standing nanostructured sulfur cathode provides a well-built 3D carbon conductive network without requiring binders, enabling a high initial discharge capacity of 1360 mA h g−1 at a current rate of C/5, excellent rate capability of 600 mA h g−1 at 2 C rate, and sustainable cycling stability for 200 cycles with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency, suggesting its great promise for advanced Li–S batteries.
Mechanism of internalization of an ICAM-1-derived peptide by human leukemic cell line HL-60: influence of physicochemical properties on targeted drug delivery.

Peptide-mediated targeted delivery offers an attractive strategy for selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells. In this work, we have investigated the mechanism of internalization of cIBR peptide [cyclo(1,12)PenPRGGSVLVTGC] that is conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and doxorubicin (DOX) to give FITC–cIBR and DOX–cIBR conjugates, respectively. Internalization mechanisms of FITC–cIBR and DOX–cIBR were studied in LFA-1-expressing cells (HL-60) and LFA-1-deficient cells (HUVEC) under the following conditions: (a) at two different temperatures (4 and 37 °C), (b) in the presence of ATP-depleting agents (sodium azide and 2-deoxy-d-glucose), and (c) in the presence of a microtubule-disrupting agent (nocodazole). At 37 °C, FITC–cIBR was internalized by HL-60 cells and located in the endosomes; however, it was not internalized by LFA-1-deficient HUVEC. Incubation of FITC–cIBR at 4 °C or in the presence of nocodazole inhibited its endocytosis in HL-60 cells. The ATP inhibitors inhibited t...
Artifact sulfate formation from SO2 on nylon filters

Abstract Artifact formation of SO 2− 4 from SO 2 on nylon filters has been demonstrated. The conversion efficiency is dependent on the relative humidity; it ranges from less than 1% at r.h. 55%, and it shows no strong dependence on SO 2 concentrations between 40 and 200 μm −3 .
Characterization of a HTLV-I-infected cell line derived from a patient with adult T-cell leukemia with stable co-expression of CD4 and CD8.

Abstract A long-term T-cell line, termed SP + , was developed from a human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected patient with adult T-cell leukemia that is dependent on exogenous IL-2 for growth. The SP + expresses a full complimentation of HTLV-I-specifrc viral proteins, and contains replication competent viral particles. Restriction enzyme digestion followed by Southern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a single integrated proviral copy and limiting dilution analysis confirmed the clonality of the cell line. Interestingly, phenotypically, the SP + cell line is CD2 + , CD3 + and coexpresses CD4 and CD8, yet lacks TCRαβ and TCRτδ expression. Further ontogenetic characterization of the SP + cell line demonstrated the lack of thymic T-cell precursor markers, including absence of cell surface expression of CD1, intracellular thymic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzyme, as well as message expression for V(D)J recombinase activating gene-1 (RAG-1). Furthermore, the SP + cell did express the message for the CD3δ chain. Taken together, these data suggest that the SP + cell line resulted from HTLV-I infection of a mature CD4 + /CDB + lymphocyte. This cell line can be potentially useful as a model, both for regulation of cellular functions by HTLV-I and for immunologic functions of mature dual CD4/CD8 positive T-cells.
Dental practice satisfaction with preferred provider organizations.

Background Despite their increasing share of the dental insurance market, little is known about dental practices' satisfaction with preferred provider organizations (PPOs). This analysis examined practice satisfaction with dental PPOs and the extent to which satisfaction was a function of communications from the plan, claims handling and compensation.
Dynamic mode decomposition of Fontan hemodynamics in an idealized total cavopulmonary connection

Univentricular heart disease is the leading cause of death from any birth defect in the first year of life. Typically, patients have to undergo three open heart surgical procedures within the first few years of their lives to eventually directly connect the superior and inferior vena cavae to the left and right pulmonary arteries forming the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). The end result is a weak circulation where the single working ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and de-oxygenated blood flows passively through the TCPC into the lungs. The fluid dynamics of the TCPC junction involve confined impinging jets resulting in a highly unstable flow, significant mechanical energy dissipation and undesirable pressure loss. Understanding and predicting such flows is important for improving the surgical procedure and for the design of mechanical cavopulmonary assist devices. In this study, dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is used to analyze previously obtained stereoscopic particle imaging velocimetry (SPIV) data and large eddy simulation (LES) results for an idealized TCPC. Analysis of the DMD modes from the SPIV and LES serves to both highlight the unsteady vortical dynamics and the qualitative agreement between measurements and simulations.
These Colored United States: African American Essays from the 1920s

This text provides an overview of social and cultural life during the race relations decade of the 1920s - from an African American perspective. The essays represent a diverse group of African American writers from 30 different states, with the focus on lived experience.