cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Archaeology and Pottery of Nazca, Peru. Alfred L. Kroeber's 1926 Expedition. Alfred L Kroeber and Donald Collier. edited by Patrick H. Carmichael, Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 1998

This volume is the much delayed publication of the results of the Second Marshall Field Archaeological Expedition to Peru in 1926, sponsored by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and con­ducted by Alfred Kroeber(1876-1960). It contains some useful short "history of the discipline" remarks both in the preface by Carmichael and in the draft introduction to the original manuscript by Kroeber and Collier. Donald Collier (1911-1995), was curator at the Field Museum from 1941 to 1976, and was working with Kroeber in the late 1950s to help bring the report out, but work stopped with Kroeber's death in 1960. Carmichael ran across the unfinished manuscript in the Field Museum in 1986 while do­ing research on the Nazca assemblages as a graduate student, and with Collier's permission and assis­tance, reassembled the component parts and edited the manuscript for publication.
Channel Equalization for STBC-Encoded Cooperative Transmissions with Asynchronous Transmitters

STBC-encoded cooperative transmissions can potentially enhance the efficiency of distributed wireless networks. In this paper, we study their performance when the cooperative transmitters are not synchronized so that flat-fading channels become dispersive. Two channel equalization methods are proposed: the complex but optimal Viterbi equalizer and a more efficient linear-prediction-based equalizer. The latter is a blind equalizer with much improved robustness thanks to a special property of the distributed channels. The performance of the two methods are analyzed and simulated, which shows the usefulness of STBC-encoded cooperative transmissions in asynchronous environment
Determination of secondary flow morphologies by wavelet analysis in a curved artery model with physiological inflow

Secondary flow vortical patterns in arterial curvatures have the potential to affect several cardiovascular phenomena, e.g., progression of atherosclerosis by altering wall shear stresses, carotid atheromatous disease, thoracic aortic aneurysms and Marfan’s syndrome. Temporal characteristics of secondary flow structures vis-a-vis physiological (pulsatile) inflow waveform were explored by continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis of phase-locked, two-component, two-dimensional particle image velocimeter data. Measurements were made in a 180° curved artery test section upstream of the curvature and at the 90° cross-sectional plane. Streamwise, upstream flow rate measurements were analyzed using a one-dimensional antisymmetric wavelet. Cross-stream measurements at the 90° location of the curved artery revealed interesting multi-scale, multi-strength coherent secondary flow structures. An automated process for coherent structure detection and vortical feature quantification was applied to large ensembles of PIV data. Metrics such as the number of secondary flow structures, their sizes and strengths were generated at every discrete time instance of the physiological inflow waveform. An autonomous data post-processing method incorporating two-dimensional CWT for coherent structure detection was implemented. Loss of coherence in secondary flow structures during the systolic deceleration phase is observed in accordance with previous research. The algorithmic approach presented herein further elucidated the sensitivity and dependence of morphological changes in secondary flow structures on quasiperiodicity and magnitude of temporal gradients in physiological inflow conditions.
Public Law 99-457 and the Clinical Pediatrician Part 1: A Description of the Federal Act and its Predecessor

Public Law 94-142 is a federal law, enacted in 1975, guaranteeing a free public education and related services for every handicapped child, from 5 to 21 years of age. In 1986, this act was amended by PL 99-457, where the age limit for mandated services was changed to include children 3-5 years of age. Moreover, in a section called Infants and Toddlers, states were given the option to extend these services, here called early intervention services, to children from birth to age 3. This latter section has profound ramifications for the practicing pediatric clinician when the law is implemented. These laws are reviewed with that focus in mind.This article is a two-part presentation of the requirements and implications for the pediatrician of federal act PL 99-457. This first part defines the details of the law. The second part, to be printed in Clinical Pediatrics next month, will explore the implications for the pediatrician.
World petroleum supplies

A number of conclusions by political conservatives about the fate of world petroleum supplies have been emerging lately. Among the most recent of them arose from discussions, held at the 1983 spring meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), which focused on the environment and resource study entitled “The Global 2000 Report” (New Scientist, June 9, 1983). Fred Singer, representing the Heritage Foundation of Washington, D.C., criticized the report, which predicted shortages in the near future, saying that the current world-wide oil glut will continue beyond the year 2000. Alternatives to the use of petroleum are a part of the cause. Singer argued that conservation, nuclear energy, and other petroleum substitutes will continue to suppress the demand for petroleum. In addition, according to other evaluations, exploration for petroleum and natural gas has not really begun.
Less is more: sampling the neighborhood graph makes SALSA better and faster

In this paper, we attempt to improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of query-dependent link-based ranking algorithms such as HITS, MAX and SALSA. All these ranking algorithms view the results of a query as nodes in the web graph, expand the result set to include neighboring nodes, and compute scores on the induced neighborhood graph. In previous work it was shown that SALSA in particular is substantially more effective than query-independent link-based ranking algorithms such as PageRank. In this work, we show that whittling down the neighborhood graph through consistent sampling of nodes and edges makes SALSA and its cousins both faster (more efficient) and better (more effective). We offer a hypothesis as to why "less is more", i.e. why using a reduced graph improves performance.
The Influence of H+ on the Membrane Potential and Ion Fluxes of Nitella

The resting membrane potential of the Nitella cell is relatively insensitive to [K]o, but behaves like a hydrogen electrode. K+ and Cl- effluxes from the cell were measured continuously, while the membrane potential was changed either by means of a negative feedback circuit or by external pH changes. The experiments indicate that PK and PCl are independent of pH but are a function of membrane potential. Slope ion conductances, GK, GCl, and GNa were calculated from efflux measurements, and their sum was found to be negligible compared to membrane conductance. The possibility that a boundary potential change might be responsible for the membrane potential change was considered but was ruled out by the fact that the peak of the action potential remained at a constant level regardless of pH changes in the external solution. The conductance for H+ was estimated by measuring the membrane current change during an external pH change while the membrane potential was clamped at K+ equilibrium potential. In the range of external pH 5 to 6, H+ chord conductance was substantially equal to the membrane conductance. However, the [H]i measured by various methods was not such as would be predicted from the [H]o and the membrane potential using the Nernst equation. In artificial pond water containing DNP, the resting membrane potential decreased; this suggested that some energy-consuming mechanism maintains the membrane potential at the resting level. It is probable that there is a H+ extrusion mechanism in the Nitella cell, because the potential difference between the resting potential and the H+ equilibrium potential is always maintained notwithstanding a continuous H+ inward current which should result from the potential difference.
Energy Efficient Communication in Multi-Radio PANs

Dynamic switching between multiple radio interfaces has been shown to reduce power consumption and increase battery lifetime in mobile devices. In this paper, we first present empirical data measured on Sony UMPC and iPhone in a personal area network (PAN) environment to emphasize the need for dynamic multi-radio switching. We then present a collaborative power management architecture and design protocols that balance between performance and energy efficiency by exploiting energy characteristics of different radios. A prototype that implements the protocols is developed on a laptop and evaluated on a PAN testbed. Empirical results using typical MP3 workloads show a 32% reduction in the total platform energy consumption on the laptop and 72% reduction in energy consumed due to radio activity. Moreover, analysis shows that for UMPC and iPhone, potentially 2 to 4- fold reductions on platform energy consumed by radio activities could be achieved.
GroEL Structure at 6 Å Resolution Using Electron Cryomicroscopy and EMAN

We present a reconstruction of native apo-GroEL by electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) and single particle analysis at ~6 A resolution.This continues the long history of cryo-EM contributions to GroEL research, for example [1,2,3]. As this was largely a test of the reconstruction methodology, and we wished to avoid any possibility of biasing the results, absolutely no reference was made to the x-ray crystal structure [4] at any point during the actual reconstruction process. To perform this reconstruction, 39,085 particles were selected from 42 micrographs collected on a JEOL 2010F electron cryomicroscope. The resolution achieved in this reconstruction was largely due to new features added to the EMAN [5] software suite. While the overall reconstruction methodology remains unchanged, substantial improvements were made to several specific algorithms. Through improvements to the 2-D particle alignment routines, use of improved similarity criteria in particle classification, and reductions in iterative particle class-alignment, we were able to achieve the presented structure at ~6 A resolution as measured by Fourier Shell Correlation using the 0.5 criterion.
Arterial velocity planning based on traffic signal information under light traffic conditions

Vehicle fuel consumption and emissions are directly related to the acceleration/deceleration patterns and the idling period. In order to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy, sharp acceleration/deceleration and idling should be avoided as much as possible. Unlike on freeways, traffic on signalized corridors suffers from increased fuel consumption and emissions due to idling and acceleration/deceleration maneuvers at traffic signals. By taking advantage of the recent developments in communication technology between vehicles and roadside infrastructure, it is possible for vehicles to receive the signal phase and timing information well in advance of approaching a signalized intersection. Based on this traffic signal information, we have developed arterial velocity planning algorithms that give dynamic speed advice to the driver so that the probability of having a green light is maximized when approaching signalized intersections. The algorithms are aimed at minimizing the acceleration/deceleration rates while ensuring that the vehicle never exceeds the speed limit, and that it will pass through intersections without coming to a stop. Using a stochastic simulation technique, the algorithms are used to generate sample vehicle velocity profiles along a 10-intersection signalized corridor. The resulting vehicle fuel consumption and emissions from these velocity profiles are calculated using a modal emissions model, and then compared with those from a typical velocity profile of vehicles without velocity planning. The energy/emission savings for vehicles with velocity planning are found to be 12–14%.
Parametric study of warpage in printed wiring board assemblies

Out-of-plane displacement (warpage) causes mis-registration, delamination, possibly solder joint opening(s), and other printed wiring board assembly (PWBA) failures during surface-mount assembly processes and life-span operations. Many material, geometry, and process related parameters contribute to the warpage of a PWBA. The objective of this paper is to investigate these parametric effects on PWBA warpage. Based on the parametric study, the identified material, geometry, and process parameters can then be optimized to achieve the most reliable product. In this paper, a PWBA test vehicle consisting of a four-layer PWB and a surface-mount ball grid array package is studied. Its warpage during infrared reflow is measured by the shadow moire/spl acute/ method to validate finite-element results. The validated modeling results are used for parametric study. In the parametric study, Taguchi and full-factorial design of experiments (DOE) are adopted to systematically vary parameters that are of interest. After running experiments based on DOE, analysis of variance is employed to identify the influential parameters. Thereafter, the warpage data is regressed with respect to the identified influential parameters. According to the regression model, the influential parameters can be optimized within practical range to achieve the least warped design.
Open Questions in Reverse Mathematics

We present a list of open questions in reverse mathematics, including some relevant background information for each question. We also mention some of the areas of reverse mathematics that are starting to be developed and where interesting open question may be found.
Aleurodicus talamancensis , a new whitefly species damaging plantation bananas in Costa Rica, with discussion of a montane orchid-feeding population (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae)

A new species of Aleurodicus Douglas is described from Costa Rica. It is a serious pest of plantation bananas in low-altitude areas of Limon Province. A single population from an orchid plant in high altitude montane forest differs in several respects, but is thought to be conspecific and is discussed in detail. This new species is discussed in relation to two similar species which together form the distinctive A. niveus Martin species-group.
Physical and Chemical Interactions with Conspecifics Mediate Sex Change in a Protandrous Gastropod Crepidula fornicata

The protandrous marine snail Crepidula fornicata has been a theoretical and empirical model for studies of sex change for many decades. We investigated the social conditions under which sex change occurs in this species by manipulating physical and chemical contact with conspecifics. Male snails were either in physical and chemical contact with females or in chemical contact with, but physically isolated from, females. Males were tested both with living females and with empty, sterilized shells. Males that were physically touching a living female were less likely to change sex than the isolated controls, while males in chemical (but not physical) contact with females changed sex no slower than the isolated controls. These results provide experimental evidence that the factor controlling sex change in C. fornicata is due to a contact-borne inhibitor associated with female conspecifics. These findings serve as a basis for future studies of sex change in this model system.
The epidemiology of renal trauma.

Introduction: Nonoperative and minimally invasive management techniques for both blunt and penetrating renal trauma have become standard of care over the past decades. We sought to examine the modern epidemiology of renal trauma over the past decade. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed from the past decade was conducted to examine adult and pediatric renal trauma. A total of 605 articles were identified. Of these, 15 adult and 5 pediatric articles met our a priori search criteria. Results: There is a lack of uniform reporting of the renal trauma demographics precluding accurate assessment. Despite this, we were able to elucidate the following details. Renal trauma predominately affects young adult males, and the etiology is predominantly blunt. Among blunt injuries, motor vehicle crashes are most common among adult and pediatric patients. Nonoperative care was utilized in 94.8% of reviewed manuscripts with a 5.4% nephrectomy rate. Discussion: There do not appear to be any startling changes in the presentation of adult and pediatric renal trauma over the past decade. Nonoperative care continues to be utilized as primary therapy. Increased attention on the reporting of renal trauma demographics is necessary to improve detection of trends. Conclusions: Increased reporting of the presenting demographics of adult and pediatric renal trauma is encouraged to assist future assessment of epidemiology.
Epidemiological Surveillance of Seropositive Legionellosis Cases in Korea During 1999–2002

Community-acquired and hospital-acquired legionellosis have been occasionally reported in Korea since the recognition of an outbreak of Pontiac fever in 1984. However, there was a lack of epidemiological information on the diagnosed patients that could be used as serological evidence. Researchers analyzed the epidemiological and clinical data and antibiotic treatment records for the patients diagnosed serologically as having legionellosis in Korea during 1999 to 2002. The common clinical symptoms included fever, cough, sputum, and dyspnea. Twenty-eight patients (25.9%) showed reactivity for Legionella gormanii, and 14 patients (13.0%) were associated with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 according to serological tests. Most of the legionellosis cases diagnosed with serological methods in Korea show epidemiological aspects similar to those reported in other countries. In sero-diagnosis of this study, it is remarkable that L. gormanii was the most prevalent species in Korea. Therefore, L. gormanii infection as well as other Legionella species other than L. pneumophila should be taken into consideration when serological diagnosis is performed in Korea.
Shaping the Route to Attitude Change: Central versus Peripheral Processing through Comparative versus Noncomparative Advertising:

A two-group LISREL model was used to test the hypothesis that comparative ads tend to be processed centrally whereas noncomparative ads tend to be processed peripherally. Results show that AAd is a...
The effect of blood pressure cuff inflation on sleep. A polysomnographic examination.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitors are being used increasingly to define blood pressure in contexts other than the doctor's office. With increasing interest in both effects of treatment on quality of life and chronobiology of hemodynamic regulation, such monitors have also been used to define blood pressure during sleep. Unfortunately, few investigators have scrutinized the effect of such recordings on sleep, as defined precisely with polysomnography. We studied a diverse group of 12 unmedicated individuals, measuring BP by cuff inflation every 60 min. The polysomnogram was then analyzed for periods of wakefulness and arousals from sleep. Cuff inflation was associated with increased arousals (P < .0001) and wakefulness (P < .0001). In addition, subjects recalled 58% of the cuff inflations. Effects of cuff inflation on a second night of recording indicated some habituation. Nocturnal BPs measured by such techniques are still valuable, but one must have some reservations that these measures accurately reflect BP during sleep.
[Survival rate and risk factors of mortality among first-ever stroke patients].

Objective To describe the survival status and to analyze the factors associated with mortality on first-ever stroke patients.Methods The first-ever stroke patients registered in 2009 were collected from "Zhejiang provincial information system for NCDs' surveillance and management".Survival status and the cause of death through active and passive follow-up programs,were collected.Kaplan-Meier methods were used for survival description.Monovariant and multivariant Cox' s proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze risk factors on mortality.Results A total of 78 189 patients,who suffered from cerebral infarctions (ICD-10:I63),intracerebral haemorrhages (I61),subarachnoid haemorrhages (I60) and unspecified strokes (I64),accounted for 61.65％,30.42％,2.32％ and 5.62％,were recruited.33 265 cases died during the period of this study.27 147 cases were stroke related,accounted for 81.61％.6 122 cases died on the same day,with one-day case fatality as 7.83％ and the overall 28-day case fatality as 21.01％.The survival rates from one-year to four-year were 72.04％,68.92％,66.27％ and 64.29％,respectively.The four-year survival rates of I63,I61,I60 and I64 were 80.06％,50.15％,71.80％ and 21.41％,respectively.Effect of the model showed that the risk factors associated with mortality were age,gender,educational level,the diagnosis and quality of the hospitals on treatment,hypertension and the types of stroke incidences.Age had interacted with gender (P＜0.001).Results from the ‘single effect’ showed that males had higher risk than females in those younger than 75 years old,but vice versa in those older than 75 of age.Conclusion Patients appeared very high risk of death in both acute and sub-acute phases.Factors including age,gender,educational level,both quality on diagnosis and treatment of the hospitals,clinical types of hypertension and stroke etc.were at risk,associated with prognosis of the disease. Key words: Stroke; Survival analysis; Follow-up study; Prognosis
Postoperative Jaundice: Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment

A not infrequent occurrence, postoperative jaundice represents a complex diagnostic and therapeutic problem. The anatomic vulnerability of the extrahepatic biliary structures during upper abdominal surgery for suspected biliary tract or peptic ulcer disease contributes to the increased frequency of postoperative jaundice after these procedures.
How Can Studies of Overall Development Help Us

The milieu in which I see strabismus occurring is critical not only for the development of the visual system but also for the global development of the fetus and neonate as well. My goal in this chapter is to enlarge the circle of phenomenology we must carefully examine if we are to place strabismus in its true perspective. It is not a thing apart. It happens in time and to a developing human being. A before and an after and, if I am not mistaken, a “something else” accompany it. I come to this conclusion on at least two grounds. The first is a consideration of the central hypothesis, which postulates a specific time, site, and mechanism by which an insult is delivered to the developing visual system. Synaptogenesis in its decrescendo (dying back) phase is implicated. But synaptogenesis, as has been pointed out, is a systemwide process occurring in all cortical areas on almost the same schedule. Though not intuitively obvious, this simultaneity (of synaptogenesis) does make sense from the standpoint of having much of the central nervous system circuitry and all primary areas of sensory and motor processing ready as early as possible before, during, or slightly after birth. What this means is that we should then look at the other special senses, at the somasthetic and motor behavior and, yes, even early cognition and learning, for evidence of a unique clinical entity, “global synaptic plethora,” that might result in the production or survival of primitive motor and sensory behavior patterns long after they should normally disappear. Or, on the other hand, more advanced and integrated motor, sensory, or even cognitive behaviors might be delayed in appearance as a result of this dysmorphology of synapses.
Methodological Individualism, The We-mode, and Team Reasoning

Raimo Tuomela is one of the pioneers of social action theory and has done as much as anyone over the last 30 years to advance the study of social action and collective intentionality. Social Ontology: Collective Intentionality and Group Agents (2013) presents the latest version of his theory and applications to a range of important social phenomena. The book covers so much ground, and so many important topics in detailed discussions, that it would impossible in a short space to do it even partial justice. In this brief note, I will concentrate on a single, though important, theme in the book, namely, the claim that we must give up methodological individualism in the social sciences and embrace instead irreducibly group notions. I wish to defend methodological individualism as up to the theoretical tasks of the social sciences while acknowledging what is distinctive about the social world and collective intentional action.
Catalyst: Sustainable Catalysis

Jacob R. Ludwig received his BSc in chemistry in 2014 from Michigan State University, where he performed research in the laboratory of Jetze Tepe. After graduation, he joined the Schindler lab at the University of Michigan to pursue his PhD degree. Corinna S. Schindler received her diploma in chemistry from the Technical University of Munich. After a research stay with K.C. Nicolaou at the Scripps Research Institute, she joined the group of Erick Carreira at ETH Zurich for her graduate studies. She then returned to the US to conduct postdoctoral studies with Eric Jacobsen at Harvard before starting her independent career at the University of Michigan in 2013.
A reservation model for a single firm serving a market with strategic consumers

This paper considers a firm's reservation policy when it faces uncertain demand that depends on the strategic consumers. The modelling approach used in the present paper extends our understanding of reservations at a service firm (i.e., restaurants) when strategic consumers have outside options and different search costs. Consumers, in this study, are strategic due to different search costs, which include travelling, calling and inconvenience costs. The outside option represents the utility the consumer gets if he or she forgoes visiting the firm before knowing whether or not the product will be available. The model assumes exogenous price for the product in an equilibrium model and characterises the optimal reservation price, which is the price to hold a reservation, for the firm. The study evaluates the optimal reservation policy depending on the heterogeneity conditions of the strategic consumers and presents results based on the indifference values for search costs.
Zombie soldier beetles: epizootics in the goldenrod soldier beetle, Chauliognathus pensylvanicus (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) caused by Eryniopsis lampyridarum (Entomophthoromycotina: Entomophthoraceae).

Adult goldenrod soldier beetles, Chauliognathus pensylvanicus, were found infected by the fungus Eryniopsis lampyridarum (Entomophthoromycotina) in Arkansas during September - October (1996, 2001, 2015 and 2016). Living and dead infected beetles were found on flowering frost aster, Symphyotrichum pilosum, common boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum, and Canada goldenrod, Solidago canadensis. Live and dead beetles (n=446) were collected in 1996 from S. pilosum flowers and held individually in the laboratory for determination of fungal prevalence. Of the beetles collected, 281 (63%) were males and 165 (37%) were females. A total of 90 beetles were infected with E. lampyridarum, an overall prevalence of 20.2%. Prevalence in males was 19.6% (n=55 infected/281 males total) and prevalence in females was 21.2% (n=35 infected /165 females total). Conidia were produced from 57% of the infected beetles, 23% of the infected beetles produced resting spores, and 20% contained the hyphal body stage. Infected beetles produced either conidia or resting spores but never both in the same host. Post-mortem morphological changes in the hosts due to E. lampyridarum were observed periodically for 24h. Shortly before death, by unknown mechanisms, dying infected beetles tightly clamped their mandibles into flower heads and ca. 15-22h later (between 2400 and 0700h) the fungus caused dead beetles to raise their elytra and expand their metathoracic wings.
The Twentieth Century: “Formalization, Polarization, and Fictionalization”

“Formalization, Polarization, and Fictionalization,” opens with A.C. Swinburne’s interpretation of the playwrights serving as a bridge from late Victorian assessments to T.S. Eliot’s early- twentieth-century criticism. I next consider formalist readings of the two writers, particularly those of Caroline Spurgeon, before considering the more contextualized interpretations of Una Ellis-Fermor. Following a focus on mid-century critiques by critics such as Irving Ribner, who was heavily influenced by the polemics of the Cold War, the chapter concludes with an examination of fictional and cinematic representations of the connection toward the latter part of the twentieth century, including novels by Anthony Burgess, films such as Shakespeare in Love, and plays like Peter Whelan’s School of Night.
Acceptability of smartphone text- and voice-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods among low income housing residents in New York City

This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of smartphone-based text message- and voice-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods among a sample of low-income housing residents in New York City. Using data from the community-based NYC Low Income Housing, Neighborhoods and Health Study (n = 112), the acceptability of text message- and voice-based EMA methods were assessed via survey. Overall, 88.4% of participants reported that they would participate in a study that utilized text message-based EMA. These analyses showed no appreciable differences by sub-groups (p > .05). Overall, 80.2% of participants reported that they would participate in a study that used voice-based EMA. This voice-based method was least acceptable among participants younger than 25 years old compared to participants of all other ages, χ2(2) = 10.107, p = .006 (among the younger participants 60.7% reported “yes” regarding the anticipated acceptability of voice-based EMA and 39.3% reported “no”). Overall, this work suggests that text message- and voice-based EMA methods are acceptable for use among low-income housing residents. However, the association between age and the acceptability of voice-based EMA suggests that these methods may be less suited for younger populations.
Vascular Anomalies: From a Clinicohistologic to a Genetic Framework.

Background:Vascular anomalies currently are classified according to their clinical and histological characteristics. Recent advances in molecular genetics have enabled the identification of somatic mutations in most types of vascular anomalies. The purpose of this study was to collate information re
Perspectives on Moral Failure in the Analects

This chapter considers the Analects’ resources for explaining and addressing moral failure. While the Analects awards the lion’s share of its attention to affirmative recommendations for moral development, multiple perspectives on moral failure are available in the text. This chapter focuses jointly on Confucius’ remarks about the xiaoren 小人, or “petty person,” and on the narrative presentation of Ranyou, one of Confucius’ students who rather dramatically morally fails. While Confucius’ use of the xiaoren appears to function as a hortatory strategy aimed at inculcating aversion to moral wrongdoing, the story of Ranyou illuminates some of the deeper structures of temptation and moral confusion.
Associations of maternal exposure to triclosan, parabens, and other phenols with prenatal maternal and neonatal thyroid hormone levels.

Abstract Environmental phenols and parabens are commonly used in personal care products and other consumer products and human exposure to these chemicals is widespread. Although human and animal studies suggest an association between exposure to phenols and parabens and thyroid hormone levels, few studies have investigated the association of in utero exposure to these chemicals and thyroid hormones in pregnant women and their neonates. We measured four environmental phenols (triclosan, benzophenone-3, and 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol), and three parabens (methyl-, propyl-, and butyl paraben) in urine collected from mothers at two time points during pregnancy as part of the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study. We measured free thyroxine (T4), total T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum of the pregnant women (N = 454) and TSH in their neonates (N = 365). We examined potential confounding by a large number of additional chemical exposures and used Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to select the most influential chemicals to include in regression models. We observed negative associations of prenatal urinary concentrations of propyl paraben and maternal TSH (β for two-fold increase = −3.26%, 95% CI: −5.55, −0.90) and negative associations of 2,4-dichlorophenol and maternal free T4 (β for two-fold increase = −0.05, 95% CI: −0.08, −0.02), after controlling for other chemical exposures. We observed negative associations of triclosan with maternal total T4 after controlling for demographic variables, but this association became non-significant after controlling for other chemicals (β for two-fold increase = −0.05, 95% CI: −0.11, 0.00). We found evidence that environmental phenols and parabens are associated with lower TSH and free T4 in pregnant women after controlling for related chemical exposures.
A Multi-Ring Framework for Survivable Group Communications

Abstract : Virtual ring is a preferable design for reliable and survivable group communication. Different implementations of virtual ring have different advantages and constraints. After studying two specific implementations of virtual ring, Virtual Ring on Embedded Tree and Virtual Ring of Traveling Salesman Tour, we propose a novel ring-based survivable architecture for group communication, called the Multi-Ring Virtual Ring (MVR). MVR is capable of tolerating one link or one node failure and is easy to implement and maintain. Performance is analyzed with respect to end-to-end hop-count delays and extra bandwidth that is needed for backup. Results show that the MVR design is a desirable candidate to provide reliability and survivability for a group communication system.
Energy Methods in Beams, Columns and Plates

The use of energy principles provides an alternative to using the equilibrium equations, stress-strain relations and the strain-displacement equations for formulating the governing differential equations for elastic bodies such as beams, rods, columns, plates, and shells. However, the use of energy principles also provides the natural boundary conditions for the body — something not obtained from the previous approach. This advantage can be quite useful.
Learning Based Segmentation of Skin Lesion from Dermoscopic Images

Segmentation is the pre-requisite process in most of the computer aided diagnosis systems for medical imaging. Presence of different artifacts makes segmentation of skin lesion very difficult. Abnormal growth of artifacts can appear as false positives and can degrade the performance of the diagnosis systems. It can be avoided only when false structures are removed while extracting the lesion. To address this issue, this paper proposes deep leaning for skin lesion segmentation. Within this framework, automated skin lesion segmentation is proposed which achieves high accuracy segmentation of skin lesion. Our proposed architecture is 31 layers deep with same filter size. The validity of the proposed techniques is tested on two publically available databases of PH2 and ISIC 2017. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed approaches. The proposed method gives Dice Coefficient of 92.3% for PH2 Dataset while Dice Coefficient of 85.5% for ISIC 2017 Dataset.
Abstract 449: Dimerization of Sortilin Regulates its Trafficking to Extracellular Vesicles and Leads to Secretion of Soluble Sortilin Homodimers, a Potential Novel Biomarker

Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in intercellular communication by transferring microRNAs, lipids and proteins to neighboring cells. Sortilin, a sorting receptor that di...
Understanding Sulfur Content in Alkylate from Sulfuric Acid-Catalyzed C3/C4 Alkylations

Alkylation of short-chain olefins with isobutane catalyzed by sulfuric acid is a common process for reformulated fuel. Here, pilot-plant and commercial C3 and C4 alkylates were examined for sulfur content, acid content, and emulsion formation. Even though the thermodynamic solubility of sulfuric acid in alkylate is negligible at process conditions, the C4 alkylate samples contained ∼20 ppm sulfur mostly from very dilute emulsions with ∼3 μm droplets of sulfuric acid and alkyl sulfates that were stable even after 6 months. The sulfur content and droplet size increased for propylene alkylation. However, no detectable emulsion or sulfur content could be generated synthetically by intense mixing with either 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (a model alkylate) or a treated pilot-plant alkylate with concentrated or spent sulfuric acid over the course of several hours. Thus, the alkylate sulfur content is most likely created during the acid-catalyzed chemical reaction steps and not from high-shear mixing.
Adolescents’ Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Advertisements in Magazines: The Role of Wishful Identification, Realism, and Beliefs about Women’s Enjoyment of Sexualization

In the United States, approximately one in five sexually active teens report alcohol or drug use before their last sexual encounter. The co-occurrence of alcohol with sex increases risky behaviors,...
Evaluation of fertilization, usable blastocyst development and sustained implantation rates according to intracytoplasmic sperm injection operator experience

Abstract Research question Is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) operator experience associated with fertilization, usable blastocyst development and sustained implantation rates (SIR) when at least two embryologists carry out ICSI for a single cohort of oocytes? Design A retrospective cohort study of all IVF/ICSI cycles at a single large infertility centre between 2008 and 2018. Cycles were included if a cohort of oocytes was split between two embryologists for ICSI. The embryologist’s experience of ICSI was used to evaluate laboratory and clinical outcomes overall and by pairs of inseminating embryologists. Logistic regression, analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis testing were used where appropriate. Results Analysis of 14,362 ICSI procedures showed an association between least ICSI experience and lower mean fertilization rates (P Conclusions Increased ICSI operator experience is associated with higher fertilization rates, SIR and a lower likelihood of failed fertilization and usable blastocyst development. Splitting a single oocyte cohort between more than one embryologist for ICSI is a quality-control measure that can be implemented.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY OF MEMORY

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the molecular neurobiology of memory. The idea of a molecular code of memory has often been regarded as premature and incompatible with generally accepted notions. Each neuron transmits either a distinct quality, a circumscribed localization, or both, as in the retina and the skin. The perceived pattern results from the integration of information transmitted by a set of neurons. This suggests that information is recorded primarily in a code built into the genetically determined structure of the brain. The most important feature of the structural code is plasticity, which is the ability to reprogram itself continuously with each new information received. Plasticity can also be defined as the ability to form new synaptic connections not predicted by the genetic code. The hypothesis linking the molecular code of memory to brain circuits features the following four steps: (1) activation of the pathways involved in learning, leading to increased synthesis of their genetic labels; (2) simultaneous firing of the pathways, causing transsynaptic transfer of the labels a and b into specialized interneurons; (3) combination of a and b into a new peptide ab; and (4) incorporation of the newly formed peptide into the activated synaptic membranes, resulting in the creation of a metacircuit. The hypothesis of the molecular coding of neural information completes the picture of the nervous system as a chemical computer.
16 – Dendritic Growth

This chapter reviews the history, applications, and scientific state of knowledge concerning dendrites—a crystalline form of considerable scientific and technological importance. Dendrites appear as snowflakes, minerals, chemicals, and superalloys, all broadly the result of diffusion-limited crystal growth leading to complex, often beautiful tree-like forms. Theoretical descriptions of dendritic growth combine transport theory (i.e., heat conduction, melt convection, and species diffusion) with microscopic interfacial processes, including capillarity, molecular interface attachment, and viscosity-limited melt mobility. Specific industrial successes, including directional freezing of alloys, single crystal castings, and large-scale crystallization of commodity chemicals show that limitations in scientific understanding of growth kinetics and pattern formation have neither stifled technological progress, nor limited innovation in materials processing involving dendritic growth. Future progress in dendritic growth is assured, especially with improvements and maturation of simulation techniques, which include phase field and other continuum models, quantum-level molecular dynamics, and statistical methods realized through large-scale kinetic Monte Carlo calculations.
MAGIC: Mosaic Analysis by gRNA-Induced Crossing-over

Mosaic animals have provided the platform for many fundamental discoveries in developmental biology, cell biology, and other fields. Techniques to produce mosaic animals by mitotic recombination have been extensively developed in Drosophila melanogaster but are less common for other laboratory organisms. Here, we report mosaic analysis by gRNA-induced crossing-over (MAGIC), a new technique for generating mosaic animals based on DNA double-strand breaks produced by CRISPR/Cas9. MAGIC efficiently produces mosaic clones in both somatic tissues and the germline of Drosophila. Further, by developing a MAGIC toolkit for one chromosome arm, we demonstrate the method9s application in characterizing gene function in neural development and in generating fluorescently marked clones in wild-derived Drosophila strains. Eliminating the need to introduce recombinase-recognition sites in the genome, this simple and versatile system simplifies mosaic analysis in Drosophila and can be applied in any organism that is compatible with CRISPR/Cas9.
Using AI Simulations to Dynamically Model Multi-agent Multi-team Energy Systems

The complexity of energy systems is well known as they are complex and intricate systems. As a result, many extant studies have used many simplifications or generalizations that do not accurately reflect the nature of this complex system. In particular, most HVAC systems are modeled as a single unit, or several large units, rather than as a hierarchical composite (e.g., as a floor rather than as a collection of disparate rooms). The net result of this is that the simulations are too generic to perform meaningful analysis, machine learning, or integrated simulation. We propose using a multi-agent multi-team strategic simulations framework called SiMAMT to better define, model, simulate, and learn the HVAC environment. SiMAMT allows us to create distinct models for each type of room, hierarchically aggregate them into units (like floors, or sections), and then into larger sets (like buildings or a campus), and then perform a simulation that interacts with each sub-element individually, the teams of sub-elements collectively, and the entire set in aggregation. Further, and most importantly, we additionally model another ‘team’ within the simulation framework - the users of the systems. Again, each individual is modeled distinctly, aggregated into sub-sets, then collected into large sets. Each user, or agent, is performing on their own but with respect to the larger team goals. This provides a simulation that has a much higher model fidelity and more applicable results that match the real-world.
The effect of pressure on the ionization of water at various temperatures from molal-volume data1

The apparent molal volumes of dilute (0.002 to 1.0m) aqueous HCl and NaOH solutions have been determined at 0, 25, and 50°C and NaCl solutions at 50°C. The partial molal volumes ( $$\bar V$$ ) of HCl, NaOH, and NaCl solutions have been determined from these apparent molal volumes and other reliable data from the literature. The partial-molal-volume changes ( $$\Delta \bar V_1 $$ ) for the ionization of water, H2O→H++OH−, have been determined from 0 to 50°C and 0 to 1m ionic strength from the partial molal volumes of HCl, NaOH, NaCl, and H2O. The partial molal compressibilities ( $$\bar K$$ for HCl, NaOH, NaCl, and H2O have been estimated from data in the literature and used to determine the partial molal compressibility changes ( $$\Delta \bar K_1 $$ ) for the ionization of water from 0 to 50°C and 0 to 1m ionic strength. The effect of pressure on the ionization constant of water has been estimated from partial-molal-volume and compressibility changes using the relation $$RTln(K^P /K) = - \Delta \bar V(P - 1) + \tfrac{1}{2}\Delta \bar K(P - 1)^2 $$ from 0 to 50°C and 0 to 2000 bars. The results agree very well with the directly measured values.
The Discovery of the Omega Minus Hyperon

In the discovery of the omega minus hyperon, this chapter, the role of theory was rather different because it drove and justified the experimental effort to verify the existence of the predicted omega minus particle. The Eightfold Way, proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne’eman, organized elementary particles on the basis of highly abstract considerations into certain group structures. There was, however, the opportunity, as recognized by Gell-Mann and Ne’eman, for a stunning, because not otherwise expected, predictive success in the form of the omega minus particle. Once was enough for the experimental discovery to establish the existence of the particle to the degree that further experimental and theoretical development was clearly justified, which ultimately led to the quark model of elementary particles.
Meta-modeling strategy for data-driven forecasting

Accurately forecasting the weather is a key requirement for climate change mitigation. Data-driven methods offer the ability to make more accurate forecasts, but lack interpretability and can be expensive to train and deploy if models are not carefully developed. Here, we make use of two historical climate data sets and tools from machine learning, to accurately predict temperature fields. Furthermore, we are able to use low fidelity models that are cheap to train and evaluate, to selectively avoid expensive high fidelity function evaluations, as well as uncover seasonal variations in predictive power. This allows for an adaptive training strategy for computationally efficient geophysical emulation.