cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy estimation for supervised learning algorithms

This paper illustrates and discusses the relative merits of three methods--k-fold Cross Validation, Error Bounds, and Incremental Halting Test--to estimate the accuracy of a supervised learning algorithm. For each of the three methods we point out the problem they address, some of the important assumptions that they are based on, and illustrate them through an example. Finally, we discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of each method.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the asymmetric yield surface of plastically orthotropic materials: A phenomenological study

Abstract Hill's (1948) yield criterion for plastically orthotropic solids is extended to include materials whose tensile and compressive yield stresses, obtained from uniaxial loading tests, are different. First, we review and discuss the classic yield criteria in plasticity theory including plastically isotropic and anisotropic materials. Then, we present a yield criterion for plastic anisotropic solids whose initial yield surface may not be symmetric about the origin in stress space. The new criterion is based on the criterion given by Hill (Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1948, 193, 281) for anisotropic solids and the criterion proposed by Drucker and Prager (Q. Appl. Math., 1952, 10, 157) for soil whose whose tensile and compressive strengths are far apart. The coefficients that appear in the new criterion can be determined from uniaxial tension and compression, and simple shearing tests. The formulae for the determination of those coefficients are given. Specifically, the new criterion is applied to the yielding of thin sheets where a plane stress condition prevails. Finally, the prediction of the criterion is compared with the experimental data obtained by Lee and Backofen (Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 1966, 236, 1966) on titanium alloy sheets.
A small library of DNA-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery

We demonstrated a convenient, flexible and modular synthetic approach for preparation of a small library of DNA-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticlesSNPs⊃DNA and RGD-SNPs⊃DNA with different sizes and RGD target ligand coverage for targeted gene delivery.
Towards a personalized, scalable, and exploratory academic recommendation service

Literature search is an integral part of the academic research. Academic recommendation services have been developed to help researchers with their literature search, many of which only provide a text-based search functionality. Such services are suitable for a first-level bibliographic search; however, they lack the benefits of today's recommendation engines. In this paper, we identify three important properties that an academic recommendation service could provide for better literature search: personalization, scalability, and exploratory search. With these objectives in mind, we present a web service called theadvisor which helps the users build a strong bibliography by extending the document set obtained after a first-level search. Along with an efficient and personalized recommendation algorithm, the service also features result diversification, relevance feedback, visualization for exploratory search. We explain the design criteria and rationale we employed to make the theadvisor a useful and scalable web service with a thorough evaluation.
Generalization testing with atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs in rats trained to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg clozapine from vehicle in a two-choice drug discrimination task

Clozapine (CLZ) drug discrimination is used as a preclinical model to evaluate compounds for putative atypical antipsychotic properties. In rats, a 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose appears to have greater pharmacological specificity for atypical antipsychotic drugs than the traditional 5.0 mg/kg CLZ training dose; however, methodological differences among studies have precluded a direct comparison between these training doses. In the present study, rats were trained to discriminate a 5.0 mg/kg CLZ dose from vehicle in a two-choice drug discrimination task using methods similar to those in a previous study from our laboratory that used a 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose. Clozapine produced full substitution (≥80% CLZ-lever responding) for itself at the training dose (5.0 mg/kg). The atypical antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone also produced full substitution for 5.0 mg/kg CLZ, whereas the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and sertindole produced partial substitution (≥60% CLZ-lever responding). The typical antipsychotic, thioridazine, produced full substitution for the 5.0 mg/kg CLZ training dose, but the typical antipsychotics chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and haloperidol failed to substitute for clozapine. In a subgroup of 1.25 mg/kg CLZ-trained rats, ziprasidone produced strong partial substitution (73.0 % CLZ-lever responding) for the 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose. Based on these findings, some atypical antipsychotic drugs (i.e., quetiapine and ziprasidone) produce full substitution only for the 5.0 mg/kg CLZ training dose, whereas other atypical antipsychotic drugs (i.e., sertindole and risperidone) produce full substitution only for the 1.25 mg/kg CLZ training dose. Thus, both of these training doses are important for the screening of putative atypical antipsychotic drugs with the clozapine drug discrimination assay. Drug Dev. Res. 64:55–65, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of retinoic acid on positional memory in the dorsoventral axis of regenerating axolotl limbs.

Abstract We investigated the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on pattern regulation in the dorsoventral (DV) axis of regenerating axolotl limbs. Half and double half dorsal and ventral zeugopodia (lower arms or legs) were amputated through their distal ends, and 4 days later the animals were injected intraperitoneally with 50 (large animals) or 100 (small animals) μg RA/g body wt. Half and double half dorsal and ventral zeugopodia of uninjected axolotls, and sham-operated zeugopodia of untreated and RA-treated limbs served as controls. Skeletal patterns and the DV muscle patterns of control and experimental regenerates were then analyzed. Sham-operated zeugopodia of uninjected animals regenerated normally. Sham-operated, RA-treated zeugopodia regenerated normally with proximodistal duplications. Sixty percent of uninjected control dorsal half zeugopodia, 80% of control ventral half zeugopodia, and 100% of control double dorsal and double ventral zeugopodia regenerated distally, but the regenerates did not reconstitute the muscle pattern of the missing half. Thirty-eight percent of RA-treated ventral half zeugopodia and 78% of RA-treated double ventral zeugopodia failed to regenerate distally. Of those cases that did regenerate distally, none regenerated the muscle pattern of the missing half. By contrast, 100% of RA-treated dorsal half zeugopodia regenerated distally and all completed the normal DV muscle pattern. Forty-one percent of RA-treated double dorsal zeugopodia failed to regenerate, but of the remainder that did regenerate, 50% completed the normal DV muscle pattern. These represented eight cases, six of which regenerated single limbs, and two of which regenerated twin limbs, each with a normal DV muscle pattern. We interpret these data to mean that RA ventralizes the positional memory of blastema cells in the DV axis.
Potential of Mean Force Calculations of Ion Permeation in Gramicidin A Channel

The potential of mean force (PMF) for K+ ion permeation through the gramicidin A (gA) channel were calculated from the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with four different force fields (FF): CHARMM27, CHARMM27 with dihedral-based correction map (CHARMM27+CMAP), CHARMM27 with a improved FF parameters for tryptophan indole ring (CHARMM27+Trp), and CHARMM27 with the CMAP and the improved FF parameters for Trp (CHARMM27+CMAP+Trp). When comparing the PMFs obtained with these four different FF, we find that both CHARMM27 and CHARMM27+Trp predict free energy profiles that are in semi-quantitative agreement with measurements of the conductance and dissociation constant. The combination CHARMM27+Trp gives the best agreement. However, the CHARMM27+CMAP yields a larger barrier in the PMF and CHARMM27+CMAP+Trp generates a deeper binding potential well. These calculations illustrate the sensitivity of the PMF controlling ion permeation to subtle changes in the FF. We also compute a 2-ion PMF for a doubly occupied gA channel. The effect of the number of water molecules in the channel on the effective ion-ion interactions is also studied. Elucidating the properties of the doubly occupied channel is important because experiments are often carried out at fairly high concentration where double ion occupancy is predominant.
Scheduling of an unreliable manufacturing system with nonresumable setups

This paper considers the scheduling of a manufacturing system with nonresumable setup changes. The system considered involves an unreliable machine that can produce two part types. The switchover from one part type to the other incurs a given constant setup time. The setups are nonresumable, i.e. after a machine repair completion, a setup decision has to be made. The parts have specified constant processing time and constant demand rate. We give a continuous dynamic programming formulation of the problem, which is solved numerically. The optimal setup switching policies are shown to be hedging corridors. Two heuristics, for the determination of the hedging levels, are provided. We show, through simulation, that the two heuristics exhibit good performance.
Alternative coupler/splitter for single-fiber-optic chemical sensors

The development of fiber-optic chemical sensors (FOCS) has been actively pursued over the last decade, and an exhaustive summary of this work has recently appeared in a two-volume monograph by Wolfbeis. Many FOCSs have utilized fluorescence to sensitively detect analytes of interest. In some fluorescence sensor applications, chromochemical reactions yielding fluorescent products have been slaved to the sensor to circumvent the exclusion of analytes which do not fluoresce. However, there have also been several fiber-optic absorbance sensors reported. In one general type of sensor optical design, the absorbance or fluorescence measurement depends on the ability of a single multimode fiber optic to conduct light to, as well as to transport light from, the sensor tip. In this sensor configuration a coupler/ splitter is required for the separation of the entry and emergent sensor light. Hirschfeld and co-workers first described an effective geometric coupler/splitter to be used with single-fiber-optic sensors. Their coupler/splitter incorporated an angled plane mirror with a centrally bored hole for entry light passage. The Hirschfeld configuration, and variants of it, have subsequently been used extensively with laser sources which are easily coupled with the fiber optic of the sensor. However, when extended (incoherent) sources are used, it becomes difficult to efficiently couple to fiber-optic sensors with the use of the Hirschfeld configuration. In our experience, this difficulty is mainly due to the need to image an extended source near the surface of the small-diameter (typically 100-200 μm) sensor fiber optic with the use of a long-focal-length lens.
Structural Analysis Using Interferometric Data

A technique utilizing Fourier domain data for the determination of structure features of compounds has been examined. By categorizing a large data set, similarities in Fourier domain data have been related to structural features. Predictions of molecular structure for a compound can be made by determining which categories its data most closely resemble. Due to the speed and simplicity of this technique, it appears to be feasible to perform structure elucidation in real time for use as a prefilter before a library search, or as confirmation after a library search.
A molecular mechanics/grid method for evaluation of ligand–receptor interactions

We present a computational method for prediction of the conformation of a ligand when bound to a macromolecular receptor. The method is intended for use in systems in which the approximate location of the binding site is known and no large-scale rearrangements of the receptor are expected upon formation of the complex. The ligand is initially placed in the vicinity of the binding site and the atomic motions of the ligand and binding site are explicitly simulated, with solvent represented by an implicit solvation model and using a grid representation for the bulk of the receptor protein. These two approximations make the method computationally efficient and yet maintain accuracy close to that of an all-atom calculation. For the benzamidine/trypsin system, we ran 100 independent simulations, in many of which the ligand settled into the low-energy conformation observed in the crystal structure of the complex. The energy of these conformations was lower than and well-separated from that of others sampled. Extensions of this method are also discussed. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Critical temperature for skin necrosis in experimental cryosurgery.

Abstract To investigate the minimal lethal freezing temperature required to produce skin necrosis in dogs, multiple skin sites were frozen with cryosurgical equipment. Tissue temperatures were recorded from thermocouple sites placed at diverse distances, usually 5 mm from the edge of the freezing probe. In single freezing cycles of about 3 min duration, tissue temperatures in the range of 0 to −60 °C were produced. Punch biopsies of the skin at the thermocouple sites 3 days after freezing injury provided tissues for estimation of viability by histologic examination. The histologic findings permitted classification of the biopsy tissue into three groups, that is, viable, borderline, or necrotic. When classified as borderline, the division between the necrotic and viable tissue was evident on the histologic slide. The viable specimens were scattered through the 0 to −35 °C range. All specimens frozen to −10 °C or warmer were viable. In biopsies classified as borderline, the range of viability extended from −11 ° to −50 °C. The necrotic biopsies covered a range of −14 ° to −50 °C. Cell death was certain at temperatures colder than −50 °C. The data showed cryosurgical freezing conditions produced a range of temperatures in which viability or death of tissue may occur and that the ranges of viability and necrosis overlapped to a great extent. The wide range of temperatures at which cells were viable shows the need to achieve tissue temperatures in the range of −50 °C in the cryosurgical treatment of cancer.
Werner Forssmann and catheterization of the heart, 1929

Invasive study of cardiac anatomy and function traces its origin to the work of a 25-year-old surgical trainee in a provincial German town in the pre-Depression years of 1929 and 1930. Only 1 year out of medical school and undeterred by the medical profession's fear of tampering with the heart, Dr Werner Forssmann explored methods for a more direct access to the cardiac chambers, finding it necessary to make the observations on himself. Later he was able to show that the right-sided cardiac chambers could be visualized radiographically after injection of iodinated contrast materials through a catheter into the right atrium, and again he tried the method on himself.
Changes in maternal depressive symptoms across the postpartum year at well child care visits.

Objective To describe the incidence, continuation, and resolution of symptoms during the postpartum year in urban women experiencing high depressive symptom levels at one or more well child care visits. Methods As part of a prior study of postpartum depressive symptoms, demographic data and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were systematically collected from pediatric records of a clinic that routinely screens mothers with the EPDS at each first-year well child care visit. To explore the course of depressive symptoms throughout the postpartum year in this pilot study, we included only data from the records that had at least one EPDS ≥10 (N = 100), a score indicating a high likelihood for clinically significant depressive symptoms. Results Among 49 women who completed the EPDS at least once before 3 months and between 3 and 11 months postpartum, 33% had high symptom levels throughout the year, 41% improved after the first 3 months, and 26% developed high symptom levels after the first 3 months. Conclusions Postpartum depressive symptoms persist in many women throughout the postpartum year. Routine screening throughout the year might better identify both a subgroup of women who develop new symptoms during the year, as well as the women whose symptoms persist.
One-Step Florisil Clean-up and Electron-Capture Gas Chromatographic Procedure for Detection of Additional Insecticide Residues in Milk

Abstract A rapid clean-up procedure for analysis of selected chlorinated pesticide residues in dairy products was evaluated for analysis of additional chlorinated and organophosphate insecticide residues. Eleven additional pesticides were successfully detected, using the clean-up procedure in connection with electron-capture gas chromatography. In some cases the insecticide residues were eluted from the clean-up column but could not be quantitated using electron-capture gas chromatography, due to presence of numerous peaks on the chromatographs.
Facilitation of Group Communication A Critique of Prior Research and an Agenda for Future Research

This article reviews and critiques the research that has been conducted on the facilitative influence of communication on group decision-making and problem-solving performance. It identifies specif...
Aftershocks caused by pore fluid flow

Large shallow earthquakes can induce changes in the fluid pore pressure that are comparable to stress drops on faults. The subsequent redistribution of pore pressure as a result of fluid flow slowly decreases the strength of rock and may result in delayed fracture. The agreement between computed rates of decay and observed rates of aftershock activity suggests that this is an attractive mechanism for aftershockss.
Earthworms near leprosy patients' homes are negative for acid-fast bacilli by fite stain, providing no link between leprous armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) and human leprosy.

Enzootic leprosy has been recognized in armadillos in Louisiana since 1975. Contact with armadillos is being assessed as a risk factor for leprosy in three white women, lifelong residents of separate rural areas in northern Louisiana, which is a region without endemic leprosy. None has had any known exposure to human leprosy. Each was aware of armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) near or under her home for decades. In considering Possible environmental sources forMycobacterium leprae, we observed that all three had earthworm growth areas for fishing bait where soil was kept moist near their homes. The worms attracted armadillos. Since armadillos subsist on worms, grubs, and insects and because of the common feature of a “worm farm” near each home, we reasoned that earthworms might containM. leprae and be part of a cycle involving the armadillo and human beings. Worms from each home worm farm were studied. One site was sampled twice at patient 1's home, five sites were sampled once at patient 2's home, and three sites were sampled once at patient 3's home. A sample consisted of 3–4 worms, which were washed, purged, fixed live in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with the Fite stain. Each was sagittally sectioned and examined by three independent observers. No acid-fast bacilli or other acid-fast structures were identified. We conclude that it is unlikely that earthworms are an environmental source or reservoir ofM. leprae.
Turbulence and vortex stretching on a lattice

A lattice model of the inertial range in turbulence theory is presented; it has features in common both with the qualitative theory and with a vortex method solution of Euler's equations. It conserves volume, circulation, energy, connectivity, and a vorticity/energy relation, and proceeds through random vortex stretching and a sequence of scaling transformations. It yields a vorticity dimension, an inertial range exponent and inertial range statistics.
Effect of organic solvent on tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) chemiluminescent reactions in flowing streams

Abstract The effect of organic solvent on Ru(bpy)33+ chemiluminescent (CL) reactions is investigated in a flow injection system with oxalate and proline as model analytes. The organic solvents chosen for this study are acetonitrile, methanol, 2-propanol and acetone. It is found that all the four organic solvents tested can be used as organic modifiers in HPLC systems, which employ Ru(bpy)33+ chemiluminescence detection. Increasing the concentrations of acetonitrile, methanol and acetone in the phosphate carrier streams from 0 to 30% (v/v) results in increased CL intensities without significant increases in the background signals. In contrast, use of 2-propanol in the carrier streams from 0 to 30% (v/v) results in lower CL intensities, along with dramatic increase in the background signals. Stopped-flow experiments are performed to compare the quantum efficiency of Ru(bpy)33+ CL in 100% aqueous phosphate buffer and in 30% acetonitrile modified buffer. Increased quantum efficiency of Ru(bpy)33+ CL is observed in the acetonitrile modified buffer than that in the 100% aqueous phosphate buffer. Further studies by absorbance and fluorescence experiments reveal that the increased CL intensity in the acetonitrile modified buffer is attributed primarily to the increased excitation quantum efficiency of the Ru(bpy)33+ CL.
Metabolic and functional characteristics of erythrocytes from Glycera and Noetia

Abstract 1. 1. Annelid and molluscan red blood cells (RBC) may de differentiated metabolically from vertebrate RBC by their increased permeability to substrate, their magnitude of amino acid catabolism and their higher aerobic metabolism. 2. 2. At 22°C, Glycera and Noetia RBC oxidize glucose and glutamate to CO 2 without accumulation of either d - or l -lactate. By comparison, the oxidation of glutamate by rat and chicken RBC is negligible at this temperature despite its incorporation into the cells. 3. 3. At 37°C, chicken RBC oxidize glutamate at a rate 4 times greater than at 22°C, with oxygen uptake still lower than that in Noetia RBC at 32°C. At 37°C, rat RBC do not increase their oxidation of glutamate above that at 22°C, but oxygen uptake increases to slightly more than half that of chicken RBC. 4. 4. Our finclings indicate that RBC of these two invertebrate species have both a higher aerobic metabolism and lower anerobic capacity than vertebrate RBC. 5. 5. Moreover, the annelid and molluscan RBC have a relatively lower activity of the pentose phosphate (PPO 4 ) pathway than vertebrate RBC, as evidenced by their higher thermal sensitivity of oxygen uptake and their higher *C 1 O 2 /*C 6 O 2 isotope ratio.
Restricted literature base limits interpretation of meta-analysis of the effectiveness of communication-enhancing interventions in dementia

Vasse, E., Vernooij-Dassenm, M., Spijker, A., Rikkert, M., & Koopmans, R. (2010). A systematic review of communication strategies for people with dementia in residential and nursing homes. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 189–200. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and no conflicts of interest reported by the original authors of this research report.
The impact of the lung allocation score on short-term transplantation outcomes: a multicenter study.

Objective The lung allocation score restructured the distribution of scarce donor lungs for transplantation. The algorithm ranks waiting list patients according to medical urgency and expected benefit after transplantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the lung allocation score on short-term outcomes after lung transplantation. Methods A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed with data from 5 academic medical centers. Results of patients undergoing transplantation on the basis of the lung allocation score (May 4, 2005 to May 3, 2006) were compared with those of patients receiving transplants the preceding year before the lung allocation score was implemented (May 4, 2004, to May 3, 2005). Results The study reports on 341 patients (170 before the lung allocation score and 171 after). Waiting time decreased from 680.9 ± 528.3 days to 445.6 ± 516.9 days ( P P = .002). Postoperatively, primary graft dysfunction increased from 14.1% (24/170) to 22.9% (39/171) ( P = .04) and intensive care unit length of stay increased from 5.7 ± 6.7 days to 7.8 ± 9.6 days ( P = .04). Hospital mortality and 1-year survival were the same between groups (5.3% vs 5.3% and 90% vs 89%, respectively; P > .6) Conclusions This multicenter retrospective review of short-term outcomes supports the fact that the lung allocation score is achieving its objectives. The lung allocation score reduced waiting time and altered the distribution of lung diseases for which transplantation was done on the basis of medical necessity. After transplantation, recipients have significantly higher rates of primary graft dysfunction and intensive care unit lengths of stay. However, hospital mortality and 1-year survival have not been adversely affected.
Ion movements and thiamine in nervous tissue—I Intact nerve preparations☆

Abstract Large bullfrogs and rats were injected with 35 S-thiamine and spinal cords and sciatic nerves were subsequently removed and perfused. The perfusate was monitored for the efflux of labeled thiamine using a flow cell mounted in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. With this technique it was shown that neuroactive drugs added to the perfusion fluid promoted the release of labeled vitamin. Thus, acetylcholine (10 −6 M), tetrodotoxin (3 × 10 −8 M), ouabain (10 −6 M) and lysergic acid diethylamide (1·5 × 10 −7 M) all released thiamine whereas agents such as choline (10 −4 M) and sodium chloride (5 × 10 −2 M) had no effect. This relationship between thiamine and drugs that affect ion movements had a further dimension in that whereas in the nerve preparations the bulk of the vitamin was in the form of the di- or triphosphate, the released material consisted of free thiamine and thiamine monophosphate.
BECs trapped in standing light waves

A repulsive Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a standing light wave is stable; provided the ratio of the height of the variations of the condensate to its DC offset is sufficiently small.
CARD-8 Protein, a New CARD Family Member That Regulates Caspase-1 Activation and Apoptosis

Caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARD) are protein-protein interaction modules found extensively in proteins that play important roles in apoptosis, NFκB activation, and cytokine regulation. In this study we identified a novel human protein, CARD-8, which contains a C-terminal CARD domain with high similarity to the CARD domain of caspase-1/ICE. We demonstrate that CARD-8 interacts physically with caspase-1 and negatively regulates caspase-1-dependent IL-1β generation in the THP-1 monocytic cell line. CARD-8 binds also to ICEBERG and pseudo-ICE, two other recently identified proteins, which bind to the CARD domain of caspase-1 and negatively regulate its activity. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that CARD-8 is expressed mainly in monocytes, placenta, lymph nodes, and spleen. This pattern of expression is consistent with caspase-1 expression in the same cells and tissues. CARD-8 was also found to negatively regulate NF-κB activation by TNF-α stimulation and by ectopically expressed RICK, suggesting that this protein may control cell survival. Consistent with these results, stable expression of CARD-8 in U937 or THP-1 cells sensitizes the cells to differentiation-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of CARD-8 can also induce apoptosis in transfected cells. The results suggest that CARD-8 represents a new signaling molecule involved in the regulation of caspase-1 and NF-κB activation.
Theory of Electron Backscattering

An exact integral equation is derived for the backscattering coefficient as a function of energy and angle. The equation has an approximate symmetry which allows one to determine the conditions under which backscattering will be independent of the energy of the incident electrons. The validity of some approximations is discussed, and a possible method for obtaining numerical solutions is proposed. It is found that small and large-angle individual scatterings are of about equal importance. For those electrons that have lost very little energy, the equation can be solved exactly, and some interesting results are obtained.
Manufacture of Large Glass Honeycomb Mirrors

The problem of making very large glass mirrors for astronomical telescopes is examined, and the advantages of honeycomb mirrors made of borosilicate glass are discussed. Thermal gradients in the glass that degrade the figure of thick borosilicate mirrors during use can be largely eliminated in a honeycomb structure by internal ventilation (in air) or careful control of the radiation environment (in space). It is expected that ground-based telescopes with honeycomb mirrors will give better images than those with solid mirrors. Materials, techniques, and the experience that has been gained making trial mirrors and test castings as part of a program to develop 8-10-m-diameter lightweight mirrors are discussed.
Reduction of the nitrogen-retaining effect of growth hormone in normal and adrenalectomized pantothenic acid-deficient rats.

introduction CONSIDERABLE data are available indicating that rats subjected to certain nutritional deficiencies are unresponsive to the growth-promoting properties of injected growth hormone. For example, rats given growth hormone while on a vitamin A-deficient diet fail to increase in body weight, have an accelerated onset of deficiency symptoms, and show decreased survival (Margitay-Becht and Wallner, 1937; Ershoff and Deuel, 1945). More recently it has been observed that exogenous growth hormone aggravates the acrodynia of pyridoxine deficiency and fails to produce nitrogen retention in pyridoxine-deficient rats (Beare, Beaton, Smith and McHenry, 1953). Rats deficient in choline (Hall and Bieri, 1953), or in the unsaturated fatty acids (Deuel, Greenberg, Calbert, Savage and Fukui, 1950) failed to increase in body weight when given growth hormone. Gordan, Bennett, Li and Evans (1947) demonstrated that injection of growth hormone in rats maintained on a low protein diet (6% casein) resulted neither in pr...
High-resolution methane ν 3 -band spectra using a stabilized tunable difference-frequency laser system*

Techniques are described for drift compensation and scan calibration of a visible-to-infrared difference-frequency converter enabling high-resolution molecular spectra to be recorded with a precision and reproducibility of 5 × 10−4 cm−1. The capabilities of the spectrometer are illustrated by scans of the tetrahedral fine structure in the ν3 band of methane under low pressure, Doppler-limited and atmospheric pressure, collision-broadened conditions.
Tuning of laser pulse shapes in grating-based compressors for optimal electron acceleration in plasmas

The temporal shape (rise time, fall time, skewness) of 50 - 200-fs Ti:sapphire laser pulses has been controlled by appropriate adjustment of a grating-pair compressor. It was found that the skewness of the laser pulse envelope is particularly sensitive to the third-order component of the spectral phase. Introducing such a third-order phase offset by detuning the grating pair relative to the optimum pulse compression settings allowed the generation of skewed pulses. As an example of an application, these skewed pulses were used to optimize a laser-plasma electron accelerator.
A Study of Two Chemical Reaction Models in Turbulent Coal Combustion

Abstract Research efforts with comprehensive computer models that have tried to predict the performance of coal combustors have either neglected the effect of the turbulence on the mean chemical properties or have used one of two approximate methods. This paper focuses on the impact of the turbulence on the chemical reactions of the volatile products of coal combusion processes. It is shown that by ignoring the effect of the turbulence on mean combustion properties significant differences occur as compared to experimental data and as predicted hy both of the more rigorous models. The first method (Lockwood, Salooja and Syed, 1980), the volatile reacted ness model, is an extension of an approach for premixed gaseous combustion presented by Magnussen and Hjertager (1976). The second method (Smoot, Hedman and Smith, 1984), the statistical. coal-gas mixture-fraction model, is an extension of gaseous diffusion flame approaches. These two methods are examined.analyzed and evaluated by comparing predictions from...
A microprobe study of metalliferous sediment components

Abstract Smectite aggregates, Fe-Mn micronodules, and fish debris from the coarse fraction of a metalliferous sediment sample from the Bauer Basin have been analyzed by microprobe. Both X-ray diffraction and bulk chemical analyses reveal that the smectite, an iron-rich and aluminum-poor nontronite, is the dominant phase. A linear programming solution to a series of mass balance equations indicates that the bulk sample is 70% smectite, 4% todorokite, 13% microlaminated material, and 1% fish debris. Two episodes of micronodule development are indicated by the presence of overgrowths of microlaminated iron-rich material over a homogeneous dense todorokite core. The two micronodule compositions can be explained by reaction of hydrothermally produced amorphous Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides with biogenous opal to form the calculated phase composition. The rare earth elements in the bulk sample can be explained by a similar diagenetic process which distributes rare earth elements of a seawater origin between cerium-enriched micronodules and cerium-depleted fish debris.
A systems approach to the transfer of mutually dependent technologies

Abstract This paper presents a systems approach to the transfer of appropriate technology to less developed countries (LDCs). Technology transfer is essential for the economic and social development of these countries. However, due in part to a lack of systemic thinking, many LDCs have been unable to achieve successful transfers. In considering technologies as mutually dependent, we develop a framework that views technology transfer in a holistic perspective in order to model the allocation of LDCs' limited resources to their industrial sectors. The selection of appropriate partners for technology transfer is also discussed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This framework, we feel, can help decision makers in LDCs incorporate technology transfers into their national planning efforts.
Modeling of In-stream Tidal Energy Development and its Potential Effects in Tacoma Narrows, Washington, USA

Abstract Understanding and providing proactive information on the potential for tidal energy projects to cause changes to the physical system and to key water quality constituents in tidal waters is a necessary and cost-effective means to avoid costly regulatory involvement and late stage surprises in the permitting process. This paper presents a modeling study for evaluating the tidal energy extraction and its potential impacts on the marine environment in a real world site – Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. An unstructured-grid coastal ocean model, fitted with a module that simulates tidal energy devices, was applied to simulate the tidal energy extracted by different turbine array configurations and the potential effects of the extraction at local and system-wide scales in Tacoma Narrows and South Puget Sound. Model results demonstrated the advantage of an unstructured-grid model for simulating the far-field effects of tidal energy extraction in a large model domain, as well as assessing the near-field effect using a fine grid resolution near the tidal turbines. The outcome shows that a realistic near-term deployment scenario extracts a very small fraction of the total tidal energy in the system and that system wide environmental effects are not likely; however, there are near-field effects on the flow field and bed shear stress in the area of tidal turbine farm. Model results also indicate that from a practical standpoint, hydrodynamic or water quality effects are not likely to be the limiting factor for development of large commercial-scale tidal farms. Results indicate that very high numbers of turbines are required to significantly alter the tidal system; limitations on marine space or other environmental concerns are likely to be reached before reaching these deployment levels. These findings show that important information obtained from numerical modeling can be used to inform regulatory and policy processes for tidal energy development.
Most Assur'd of what he is most ignorant

Rejetant la conception standard de l'erreur, l'A. developpe une theorie de l'argument-type concernant l'argumentum ad ignorantiam. Analysant le rasoir d'Ockham, l'invalidite des arguments deductifs et la presomption d'innocence dans le droit, l'A. repond aux objections opposees a sa theorie positive, qui aboutit a des resultats heterodoxes, voire paradoxaux
Age and arousal in the rat

The influence of illumination level on locomotor activity and reaction times of three age groups (25, 90, and 180 days old) of rats was studied. Age-related differences were obtained, and consistent effects on the two behavioral measures were obtained for the individual animals.
Estimating demand for spatially differentiated firms with unobserved quantities and limited price data

Extending the circular-city model, I derive a pricing equation that identifies key structural parameters from one firm’s data. Simulations indicate demand shifters and rotators can be distinguished, cost parameters are imprecise, and the likeliest specification error biases estimates toward zero.
THE ROLE OF THE OPTIC TECTUM IN VARIOUS VISUALLY MEDIATED BEHAVIORS OF GOLDFISH

Five visually mediated behaviors were assessed following ablation of one or both lobes of the optic tectum in goldfish. Three of the behaviors disappeared following tectal ablations: optomotor response (swimming with the stripes in a rotating striped drum), food pellet localization and shadow-induced deceleration of respiration. Two of the behaviors persisted following tectal ablation: optokinetic nystagmus (movement of the eyes with the stripes in a rotating striped drum) and dorsal light reflex (tilting of the vertical axis toward the brighter of two laterally placed lights). The unexpected result that lesioned fish tracked the stripes with their eyes, but did not swim after them as normal fish did, suggests that the tectum serves a pre-motor function in addition to its sensory role. In addition, the results demonstrate that selected behaviors can be used to establish whether functional tectal or non-tectal connections are made by regenerating goldfish optic nerves.
The Robustness of Efficiency of Adjusted Trimmed Estimators in Linear Regression

Simple estimators of the parameters σ, β and σ of the simple linear regression model, based upon trimmed samples, and called adjusted Trimmed Estimators (ATE) are introduced. They are very easy to compute, and their coefficients may be chosen so that their efficiency relative to the (O-BLUE) from complete samples is equal to one. The coefficients are given for five symmetric distributions, namely, the normal distribution, the scale contaminated normal distributions with a scale factor of σ = 3.0 and contamination proportions ∊ = 0.01, .05 and .1O and the double exponential distribution, for values of 5 ≤ n ≤ 20 and different amounts of trimming (g). The estimators are shown to be biased, but the exact amounts of bias are given. Adjusted Efficiency Robust Estimators (AERE) are also introduced. They are shown to maintain high efficiency relative to the (O-BLUE) under changes in the distribution of the errors.
Water content of mantle garnets

Garnet megacrysts from Colorado Plateau diatremes (Green Knobs, Garnet Ridge) and the Wesselton kimberlite, South Africa, commonly contain a structural hydrous component. The Colorado Plateau samples range from 0.0 to 0.26 wt% H_(2)O, and the Wesselton samples contain from 0.01 to 0.07%. Concentrations were measured using P_(2)O_5 cell coulometry, H_2 gas manometry, and thermogravimetry. These were used to calibrate infrared integrated absorbance in the 3-µm region, which is a more sensitive measure of total O-H content than the other analytical methods. Infrared absorbance patterns were also used to differentiate structural hydrous component from water contained in alteration and included phases. The structure of the hydrous component in these garnets appears to be the classic H_(4)O_(4)^(4−) = SiO_(4)^(4−). Profiles at 100-µm intervals across these samples show flat concentration profiles or slightly increasing concentration toward the center. A large range of water content among samples appears to represent real differences in water fugacity at the point where the garnets equilibrated. Garnets in eclogite nodules from South Africa and the Solomon Islands were also studied but were either anhydrous or too badly altered to determine the content of structurally bound water. The high concentration of hydrous component in the Colorado Plateau samples is consistent with other indicators of high volatile content in that region of the mantle. The water content of mantle garnets may prove to be an accurate indicator of mantle-water fugacities.
Embedding multiple watermarks in the DFT domain using low- and high-frequency bands

Although semi-blind and blind watermarking schemes based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are robust to a number of attacks, they fail in the presence of geometric attacks such as rotation, scaling, and translation. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a real image is conjugate symmetric, resulting in a symmetric DFT spectrum. Because of this property, the popularity of DFT-based watermarking has increased in the last few years. In a recent paper, we generalized a circular watermarking idea to embed multiple watermarks in lower and higher frequencies. Nevertheless, a circular watermark is visible in the DFT domain, providing a potential hacker with valuable information about the location of the watermark. In this paper, our focus is on embedding multiple watermarks that are not visible in the DFT domain. Using several frequency bands increases the overall robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme. Specifically, our experiments show that the watermark embedded in lower frequencies is robust to one set of attacks, and the watermark embedded in higher frequencies is robust to a different set of attacks.
Vanishing properties of cuspidal local systems.

Abstract Prehomogeneous vector spaces arising from semisimple groups are considered, and it is shown that certain local systems on the open orbit have the property that their middle extension is zero on the complement of the open orbit.
Visualizing time-varying volume data

This article reviews strategies developed so far for enabling interactive visualization of volume data from time-varying simulations with a focus on encoding, feature extraction, and rendering issues. The author also discusses emerging trends in time-varying data visualization research and their potential impact on the scientific research community.
Dermal-resident CD14+ cells differentiate into Langerhans cells.

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) show extraordinary immunostimulatory capacity and play a key role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Studies of LC biology are currently the focus of efforts to engineer immune responses and to better understand the immunopathology of cutaneous diseases. Here we identified and characterized a population of LC precursors that were resident in human skin. These immediate precursors expressed CD14, langerin and functional CCR6. When cultured with transforming growth factor-β1 alone, they had the potential to differentiate into epidermal LCs; when cultured in the presence of granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 they differentiated into functionally mature dendritic cells. Identification and characterization of these LC precursors provided insight into LC biology and the mechanism(s) through which LCs repopulate the epidermis.
Surveillance and investigation of foodborne diseases; roles for public health in meeting objectives for food safety

Abstract Each year, an estimated 76,000,000 persons experience a foodborne infection in the United States. Preventing foodborne infections requires sustained efforts along the entire chain of production. Public health surveillance drives a number of disease prevention programs, including tuberculosis control, polio eradication, and foodborne disease prevention. CDC has launched several new approaches to foodborne disease surveillance, including FoodNet, PulseNet, and the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS). The capacity of public health surveillance in the United States to detect and investigate dispersed foodborne disease outbreaks has been improving dramatically in recent years. Investigation of such outbreaks can yield important insights in how to improve prevention strategies. Many foodborne diseases are preventable, though prevention will require a number of control efforts along the chain from production to consumption. Although progress has been made to date as a result of recent improvements in food safety, further prevention efforts are required in the United States if we are to reach the public health objectives set for 2010.
What is shared? A framework for understanding shared innovation within communities

The twenty-first century economy often requires the innovative production of conceptual and physical artifacts. These innovations frequently are developed collaboratively within communities of workers. Previous theories about the nature of work and learning within communities have emphasized shared meaning or shared practice, but now shared innovation is required. In this paper, I describe the development of a model for conceptualizing and studying shared innovation within communities. This model was created from merging elements of social learning and creativity/innovation theories. I explain that at an intersection of these two domains is a unique kind of social structure, called a Community of Innovation, or COI. I conclude by describing the characteristics of a COI and its implications for design and research.