cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of sarcoma patients

Purpose The combined administration of 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG in a single PET/CT scan has the potential to improve patient convenience and cancer detection. Here we report the use of this approach for patients with sarcomas. Patients and Methods This is a retrospective review of 21 patients (12 men, 9 women; age, 19–66 years) with biopsy-proven sarcomas who had separate 18F-NaF PET/CT, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and combined 18F-NaF/18F-FDG PET/CT scans for evaluation of malignancy. Two board-certified nuclear medicine physicians and 1 board-certified musculoskeletal radiologist were randomly assigned to review the scans. Results were analyzed for sensitivity and specificity, using linear regression and receiver operating characteristics. Results A total of 13 patients had metastatic disease on 18F-NaF PET/CT, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and combined 18F-NaF/18F-FDG PET/CT. Skeletal disease was more extensive on the 18F-NaF PET/CT scan than on the 18F-FDG PET/CT in 3 patients, whereas in 1 patient, 18F-FDG PET/CT showed skeletal disease and the 18F-NaF PET/CT was negative. Extraskeletal lesions were detected on both 18F-FDG and combined 18F-NaF/18F-FDG PET/CT in 20 patients, with 1 discordant finding in the lung. Conclusions The combined 18F-NaF/18F-FDG PET/CT scan allows for accurate evaluation of sarcoma patients. Further evaluation of this proposed imaging modality is warranted to identify the most suitable clinical scenarios, including initial treatment strategy and evaluation of response to therapy.
ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE AND OTHER AIR-BORNE MICROORGANISMS IN TURKEY PROCESSING PLANTS

The air in seven Minnesota turkey processing plants was analyzed microbiologically for total numbers of bacteria per cubic foot, number of coliform organisms per cubic foot, and the presence of salmonellae. Plant environmental samples, that is walls, floors, and equipment adjacent to air sampling areas, also were tested for the presence of salmonellae. Areas sampled included: live bird area (hanging, stunning, killing), scald and picking areas, evisceration line, packaging line, and further Processing. Total numbers of bacteria in the air of one plant (T-5) ranged from more than 200,000/ft3 in the live bird area to 1/ft3 near the. evisceration line. Coliform numbers in the air of .a second plant (T-l) ranged from 400/ft3 in the live bird area to none in 100 ft3 in the other areas of the plant. Similar results were obtained in the other plants. Salmonellae were found in the air of the live bird area in 6 of the 7 plants and in the picking room of the other one. In each of the 7 plants salmonellae were not ...
Abnormalities in Muscle in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

DR. ENGEL: I think it is fair to say that the proper study of muscle should be muscle itself let us focus on the muscle biopsy findings in Duchenne dystrophy.
Resection of the superior hypogastric plexus; modification of the technique to prevent regeneration.

Abstract A modification of the usual technique of resection of the superior hypogastric plexus is presented. Its purpose is to prevent regeneration of the plexus between the cut ends. Details of the entire technique which have aided the author in obtaining complete ablation of the plexus are described.
On system identification with nuisance parameters

Constructing proper confidence intervals is an important part of an estimation process. Sensitivity analysis, as in Friedlander (1990), provides a measure in mean-square-error as to how the maximum likelihood estimates of parameters of interest would change with changes in parameters not being estimated (i.e. nuisance parameters). This type of sensitivity analysis alone does not provide confidence intervals that include the uncertainty in nuisance parameters whereas nuisance parameter analysis presented in Spall (1989) and Spall and Garner (1990) does provide such confidence intervals. This note discusses the connection between these these two analyses.
Photographic Techniques for the Determination of the Moon's Constants of Rotation

To date all primary selenodetic results rest upon heliometer measures. The heliometer can be replaced by the long focus photographic refractor, provided that the problems of scale and orientation can be surmounted. The paper outlines the use of ordinary and sinusoidal star trails for the solution of these problems. The analysis of the measures can follow that of classical selenodesy, involving the lunar limb, but the lunar photograph permits a better approach. In this no reference is made to the limb and the weakness of the classical method, that is, the vagueness of the center of figure, is avoided. Instead the selenodetic coordinates are referred to a visible point on the lunar surface as origin.
Retention of Hindlimb Stepping Ability in Adult Spinal Cats After the Cessation of Step Training

de Leon, R. D., J. A. Hodgson, R. R. Roy, and V. R. Edgerton. Retention of hindlimb stepping ability in adult spinal cats after the cessation of step training. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 85–94, 1999. Adu...
The use of gaussian basis functions in fredholm calculations of electron-atom and electron-molecule collisions

Abstract A simple modification of the usual Fredholm procedure for the calculation of electron scattering cross sections is described which makes use of the properties of gaussian type orbitals. The difficulties associated with the evaluation of bound-free and free-free integrals of the hamiltonian are eliminated. The technique may be extended to the electron-molecule scattering problem quite easily and makes the calculation of electron-molecule scattering cross sections a practical procedure.
A closer look at the postmenopausal bleeding uterus

The postmenopausal woman with abnormal uterine bleeding is considered at risk of developing endometrial neoplasia or one of its precursors. She requires prompt evaluation of the endometrium, usually endometrial biopsies performed with a suction-aspiration device. New methods are now available to improve accuracy of the examination, such as sonography and direct visual evaluation by hysteroscopy. Since its modern introduction, hysteroscopy has been a useful adjunct in the examination of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding to rule out causative organic anatomic lesions and sometimes for direct treatment. It has proved excellent for assessing uterine structural abnormalities such as leiomyomas, polyps, and grossly abnormal endometrium with extensive proliferation. In general, however, intrauterine visualization, together with topographic evaluation of the endometrium, can only be predictive of pathology; it is not diagnostic, it is particularly useful in assessing normal cyclic changes of the endometrium. These hysteroscopic observations were initially noted in evaluating premenopausal and postmenopausal patients complaining of abnormal uterine bleeding, attempting to predict normal and abnormal endometrium by visualization alone and confirm the tentative hysteroscopic diagnosis with histology. 1 It was obvious to clinicians that hysteroscopic accuracy was high when evaluating proliferative, secretory, or atrophic endometrium. However, when abnormal endometrium was present, particularly if the abnormality was focal, predictive accuracy of hysteroscopy alone was not uniform or satisfactory due to limitations of examining topographic endometrium. With hysteroscopic magnification, accuracy in evaluating normal endometrium across its various cyclic changes was increased by adding examination of superficial vascularization to the topographic appraisal? However, even this new method proved not to be as accurate for premalignant and malignant endometrium, particularly in borderline areas. Magnification improved accuracy in assessing abnormal endometrium, but was difficult to perform and not practical for most practitioners. Only dedicated, experienced hysteroscopists attempting diagnosis by visualization alone detected abnormal changes, particularly if changes were focal. Therefore, endometrium that is suspicious or abnormal at hysteroscopy requires appropriate selective biopsies to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. The gold standard for evaluating postmenopausal uterine bleeding is suction aspiration with Vabra-type devices, which provide 95% to 99% adequacy of
Federated Access to Cyber Observables for Detection of Targeted Attacks

Current DoD enterprise networks routinely face tar-geted cyber attacks, and even though attack-related information is recorded in various places, this information is often left unex-amined until after attacker objectives have been achieved. This is especially true for large networks consisting of continuously changing networked devices, including laptops, servers, printers, IP phones, and more. This paper describes the design of Gestalt, a next-generation cyber information management platform that simplifies access to cyber event data stored in the nooks and crannies of a distributed enterprise. The ready and secure access to cyber information provided by Gestalt is a key enabler for a new set of techniques that can detect and mitigate targeted cyber attacks within hours instead of months. Current state-of-the-art approaches to automated and operator assisted cyber defense are ill-suited to counter targeted cyber attacks because these technol-ogies (1) focus only on aggregated one-dimensional features across multiple devices, (2) do not provide the required coverage over all networked devices and observables accessible on those devices, and (3) lack the expressiveness and deeper semantic backing required to detect targeted attacks across a sea of low-level observables. Gestalt provides innovations in (1) automati-cally discovering devices and useful data sources in the enterprise (beyond simple IP connectivity), (2) maintaining a metadata in-dex of devices and observable information (even of devices with-out schemas and connectors), and (3) transparently decomposing and federating semantic graph queries to devices (rather than extracting and aggregating information in a central store), and integrating the results back into a well-defined ontology.
Role of Charge and Solvation in the Structure and Dynamics of Alanine-Rich Peptide AKA2 in AOT Reverse Micelles.

The propensity of peptides to form α-helices has been intensely studied using theory, computation, and experiment. Important model peptides for the study of the coil-to-helix transition have been alanine–lysine (AKA) peptides in which the lysine residues are placed on opposite sides of the helix avoiding charge repulsion while enhancing solubility. In this study, the effects of capped versus zwitterionic peptide termini on the secondary structure of alanine-rich peptides in reverse micelles are explored. The reverse micelles are found to undergo substantial shape fluctuations, a property observed in previous studies of AOT reverse micelles in the absence of solvated peptide. The peptides are observed to interact with water, as well as the AOT surfactant, including interactions between the nonpolar residues and the aliphatic surfactant tails. Computation of IR spectra for the amide I band of the peptide allows for direct comparison with experimental spectra. The results demonstrate that capped AKA2 peptide...
What impact will nanotechnology have on neurology

Nanotechnology is often hailed as a revolutionary technology. In this Viewpoint article, Gabriel Silva presents emerging nanotechnology applications directed towards neurological disorders and assesses their potential to provide patients with novel and advanced therapeutic choices.
Mueller Matrix Measurements Of Ocean Water

Measurements of the complete polarized light scattering properties of ocean water have been made for scattering angles from 100 to 1600. The observed normalized Mueller matrices had six non-zero elements whose angular dependences were reminiscent of Rayleigh scat-terers. The remaining 10 elements were zero at all scattering angles. The normalized measurements showed little variability with the location or depth of the sample even though total cross-sections varied by more than an order of magnitude. An average Mueller matrix is presented which represents ocean water scattering effects with a standard deviation of typically less than 10% over the various ocean locations and depths that we observed.
LORAN-C Positioning Errors Caused by Scattering from Wires Above the Earth

In this paper, the scattering of a LORAN-C navigation signal by a powerline is calculated. The results of the derivation can be used to predict positioning errors for land-based applications of LORAN-C, such as vehicle-location schemes. The only assumptions are that the line spacing is small compared to its height and that the LORAN-C signal is narrow band, and not incident at a grazing angle. From this general result, a very simple theory for predicting positioning errors is derived which is valid for most parameters of interest. It is found that, when a LORAN-C receiver is located near a powerline, position errors of 1 km are possible. This value is in accord with published experimental results. Further, it is shown that position errors are significantly greater when the LORAN-C signal approaches the transmission line at a small angle.
RETARDATION OF OXIDATIVE COLOR CHANGES IN RAW GROUND BEEF

SUMMARY— Ascorbic acid plus either BHA or PG effectively retarded both lipid and pigment oxidation in raw ground beef for up to 8 days of refrigerator storage in oxygen-permeable film. Both trained and consumer-type panels judged the additive-treated meat to be significantly better than controls. Percent metmyoglobin was found to be a useful objective measurement of color in raw beef, but total pigment concentration did not provide an adequate evaluation of color. Treatment with these additives did not appear to mask bacterial spoilage.
Temperature dependent electrical conductivity of CNT–PEEK composites

Abstract The effect of temperature on electrical conductivity of nanocomposites consisting of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)-grown multi-walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) and Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) is presented in this paper. Different weight percentages of carbon nanotubes (CNT) were dispersed in PEEK through shear mixing by calendaring technique in Brabender. Percolation limit of the system was measured and discussed. The resulting nanocomposites were molded into round shaped pieces of 25.4 mm diameter and 1.4 mm thickness. The samples were then heated from room temperature to 140 °C while electrical conductivity is measured. It is found that electrical conductivity increases significantly with the increase in temperature and the rate of increase in conductivity with temperature depends on the content of CNT. The change in electrical conductivity does not follow the same route for heating and cooling cycle, thus resulting in electrical hysteresis.
Pathophysiologic findings in nonretarded autism and receptive developmental language disorder.

In nonretarded autistic, receptive developmental language disordered, and normal subject groups, we recorded in auditory and visual target detection tasks two neurophysiological components of the event-related brain potential, Nc and P3b. Existent research shows that, in normals, Nc and P3b appear early in development, are associated with attention and memory processes, and are endogenous which means that they are triggered by internal, consciously initiated attentional and cognitive mechanisms and that they can be triggered even by theomission of sensory stimulation so long as it has meaning or importance for the subject. In this report, Nc and P3b were recorded in response to auditory and visual stimulation and to the omission of auditory and visual stimulation. Consistent with the hypothesis that nonretarded autism involves abnormal attentional and cognitive responses to important information, P3b was found to be smaller than normal and Nc was small and often absent in the nonretarded autistic group even under the condition when no auditory language or sensory processing was required. Receptive developmental language disorder has been linked with difficulties in processing sequences of auditory stimuli, and in this study P3b was found to be somewhat enlarged in this group even under the conditions when P3b was elicited by stimuli separated by 1 sec and also when P3b was elicited by the omission of stimulation.
Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Small Vanadium Clusters from Molecular to Bulklike.

The evolution of the electronic structure of ${V}_{n}$ clusters is probed by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) at 3.49, 4.66, and 6.42 eV photon energies. Three regions of spectral evolution are distinctly observed as a function of cluster size: molecularlike behavior for $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3--12$; transition from molecular to bulklike for $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}13--17$; gradual convergence to bulk for $ng17$, for which a surfacelike feature is observed to slowly merge into the bulk feature near $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}60$. The PES spectra provide an atom-by-atom view of the evolution of the electronic structure of the ${\mathrm{V}}_{n}$ clusters from molecular to bulklike.
Integrated mobile microwave communications system

A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM has been designed to meet the special requirements of modern toll road operations simply, and within reasonable costs. It was installed for the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority and provides communications between turnpike buildings and vehicles operating anywhere along the toll road right-of-way. By using microwave to link each of the seven vhf base stations with maintenance centers, police barracks and administration headquarters, the desired flexibility has been achieved. Fig. 1 is a map of the toll road showing the location of microwave stations and their interconnections.
Biochemical, structural, and functional abnormalities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the neonate.

ABSTRACT. The human neonate is uniquely susceptible to serious and overwhelming bacterial and fungal infections. While deficiencies of antibody, complement, and T lymphocytes certainly contribute to this susceptibility, abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocyte function appears to be a major host defense abnormality in the neonate. Functional defects in neonatal polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence, aggregation, movement, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing have been described in the term or preterm infant. Only recently, however, have the techniques become available to examine the biochemical and structural mechanisms underlying abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in the neonate. It now appears that there may be developmental defects in signal transduction, cell surface receptor upregulation and mobility, cytoskeletal rigidity, microfilament contraction, oxygen metabolism, and intracellular antioxidant mechanisms. Defining the biochemical and physiologic abnormalities in these cells may lead to therapeutic regimens for pharmacologically correcting these developmental defects in cell function.
High-Throughput and Multiplexed LC/MS/MRM Method for Targeted Metabolomics

Target-based metabolomics, focused on a subset of metabolites representative of key pathways, is a valuable tool for assessing metabolic changes resulting from genetic mutation, altered gene expression, and protein dysfunction in a given disease state or as a consequence of an environmental perturbation, such as a pharmaceutical. However, simultaneously analyzing hundreds of endogenous metabolites presents a challenge because of their diverse chemical structures and properties. In this study, we report a high-throughput, sensitive, and reproducible method for target-based metabolomics studies. It combines different separation conditions, optimal ionization polarities, and the most sensitive triple-quadrupole MS-based data acquisition mode (MRM). In 10 min, 205 endogenous metabolites, divided into three subgroups (amino acids, sugar and nucleic acids, and organic acids), are sequentially analyzed on a LC/MS/MRM system. Low picogram sensitivity is achieved for more than half of the metabolites. A 3−4 order ...
Round-off error for retarded ordinary differential equations: A priori bounds and estimates

Consider the numerical solution of a retarded ordinary differential equation (RODE) by some standard algorithms. For a linear RODE, we estimate the accumulated round-off error as a linear combination of the preceding local round-off errors, and we bound the accumulated round-off error. For a non-linear RODE, we obtain by linearization similar estimates and bounds for the dominant part of the accumulated round-off error.
Literature Conceptualizing Women in Community Colleges: 1997–2007

Women are playing a major role in community colleges as students, staff, faculty, administrators, and presidents. Yet despite increasing representation, disparities exist between women and men in various roles within these institutions. This study reviewed literature published between 1997 and 2007 to examine the conceptualization of roles of women faculty members or senior-level leaders within the context of the community college. The emergent themes focused on faculty topics, leadership representation, and implications for institutional practices.
A New Monthly Index of Industrial Production, 1884-1940

The paper derives a new monthly index of industrial production for the United States for 1884-1940. This index improves upon existing measures of industrial production by excluding indirect proxies of industrial activity, by only using component series that are consistent over time, and by not making ad hoc adjustments to the data. Analysis of the new index shows that it has more within-year volatility than conventional indexes, has relatively unimportant seasonal fluctuations, and has cyclical turning points that are grossly similar to but subtly different from existing series.
A rho-independent termination caused by the cloned inverted nut L site of phage lambda.

For studying the termination activity of inverted nutL site of bacteriophage lambda, we have constructed a plasmid carrying the nutL fragment oriented reversely with respect to cloned lambda promoter p′R-directed transcription. The results of in vitro transcription on this plasmid template and S1 mapping assay reveal that the termination of p′R-promoted transcription at inverted nutL site is a rho-independent event. This nutL terminator shares several features with the other known sites of transcription termination, including (i) a uridine-rich 3′ terminal RNA sequences, — UUAAUUUUU-OH, (ii) a GC-rich region in the DNA immediately preceding the site of termination, (iii) a region of dyad symmetry in the DNA which, in transcript, is capable of forming a stable hairpin containing four GC base pairs and one AU base pair in its stem.
Nanostructural effects on the cycle life and Li+ diffusion coefficient of nickel oxide anodes

Abstract The nanostructure of nickel oxide was controlled using two different synthesis methods and its influence on cyclability, charge/discharge capacity and mass transport of Li+ ions at the Li-ion battery anode was examined. Effective diffusion coefficients were calculated using the current pulse relaxation technique and a new model was derived and applied to deconvolute the mass transport of Li+ through the NiO and Li2O + Ni phases. The NiO phase diffusion coefficients were found to be independent of the material geometry; however, the diffusion coefficient of Li+ in the Li2O + Ni phase was strongly dependent on the electrode geometry. Results suggest that controlled nanosized crystallites of NiO are preferred as they result in smaller average grain boundary sizes for the Li2O + Ni phase formed during cell charging. This has several benefits including better accessibility of the Li2O + Ni phase during discharge, yielding improved cycle life, a decreased Li+ path length leading to lower tortuosity and a larger grain boundary area allowing more in-plane Li+ transport.
On the structure of the North Atlantic Deep Water

Abstract Detailed hydrographic profiles in the Brazil Basin of the western equatorial Atlantic show very clearly the three Deep Water cores of >u (1936). The usefulness of φ-O2 and φ-Si diagrams in tracing the distribution of the cores is investigated.
Methodology For Evaluating Computer Enhancement Techniques For Processing Digital Images

An experimental design has been devised and tested for evaluating computerized contrast enhancement techniques designed for the task of improving lung nodule detection accuracy in digital chest radiographs. Under this design, a global contrast enhancement technique has been tested which provided images resulting in improved detection of simulated chest nodules. The work was conducted using images from a Toshiba Computed Radiography System (TCR-201). The images used were made using a 3M chest phantom with simulated nodules of four diameters and two thicknesses. Each image that contained a nodule only had one, and it was in one of only four possible locations. A phantom with location and background information provided to the observer was used to eliminate confounding factors affecting the evaluation of detectability. A relatively simple histogram modification algorithm processed the data, and the resulting images were written to film by the TCR system. A psychophysical study was conducted to compare detection ability with the enhanced images versus standard TCR processed images. In a film-to-film comparison of 48 cases (32 with nodules), when viewing the enhanced images, two out of three observers achieved a distinct improvement in true/positive responses over the ordinary TCR images with no increase in false/positive responses.
Diffusivity of asphaltene molecules by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) we measure the translational diffusion coefficient of asphaltene molecules in toluene at extremely low concentrations (0.03−3.0 mg/L): where aggregation does not occur. We find that the translational diffusion coefficient of asphaltene molecules in toluene is about 0.35 × 10-5 cm2/s at room temperature. This diffusion coefficient corresponds to a hydrodynamic radius of approximately 1 nm. These data confirm previously estimated size from rotational diffusion studied using fluorescence depolarization. The implication of this concurrence is that asphaltene molecular structures are monomeric, not polymeric.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor system genes in liver and brain tissue during embryonic and post-hatch development of the turkey

A molecular cloning strategy employing primer-directed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was devised to sequence 1300 bp of a turkey liver-derived cDNA corresponding to the complete coding region and the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II mRNA transcript (GenBank accession no. ). The turkey IGF-II gene codes for a 187 amino acid precursor protein that includes a signal peptide, the mature IGF-II hormone, and a C-terminal extension peptide comprised of 24, 67 and 96 amino acids, respectively. Turkey IGF-II showed greater than 95% sequence identity at both the nucleotide and amino acid level with chicken IGF-II. Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF type-I receptor (IGF-IR), and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and -5 genes was quantified relative to an internal 18S rRNA standard by RT-PCR in liver and whole brain tissue on days 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 of embryonic development, as well as at hatch (H, day 28) and at 3 weeks post-hatching (PH). Expression of liver IGF-I was low throughout embryonic development, but increased more than 8-fold by 3 weeks PH. In contrast, IGF-I was expressed in brain tissue at much higher levels than liver throughout development and this level of expression in brain increased gradually, reaching its highest point at 3 weeks PH. IGF-II was expressed at comparable levels in brain and liver tissue during embryonic development, except for transient increases in liver just prior to hatching (days 24 and 26) and at 3 weeks PH. Expression of IGF-IR declined in brain throughout development reaching its lowest level at 3 weeks PH. In liver, IGF-IR expression was lower than that of brain throughout development. An inverse relationship was observed for the expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR genes in brain, but not in liver, through 3 weeks PH. Expression of the IGFBP-2 gene increased in liver around the time of hatch (days 26-28) and declined by 3 weeks PH, whereas the level of expression of IGFBP-5, which was higher than IGFBP-2, remained fairly constant in both brain and liver throughout the developmental period studied. Our data indicates differential expression of selected genes that comprise the IGF system in the turkey during embryonic and PH growth and development.
Trigeminal Pathways Deliver a Low Molecular Weight Drug from the Nose to the Brain and Orofacial Structures

Intranasal delivery has been shown to non-invasively deliver drugs from the nose to the brain in minutes along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. However, no one has investigated whether nasally applied drugs target orofacial structures, despite high concentrations observed in the trigeminal nerve innervating these tissues. Following intranasal administration of lidocaine to rats, trigeminally-innervated structures (teeth, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and masseter muscle) were found to have up to 20-fold higher tissue concentrations of lidocaine than the brain and blood as measured by ELISA. This concentration difference could allow intranasally administered therapeutics to treat disorders of orofacial structures (i.e. teeth, TMJ, and masseter muscle) without causing unwanted side effects in the brain and the rest of the body. In this study, an intranasally administered infrared dye reached the brain within 10 minutes. Distribution of dye is consistent with dye entering the trigeminal nerve after intranasal administration through three regions with high drug concentrations in the nasal cavity: the middle concha, the maxillary sinus, and the choana. In humans the trigeminal nerve passes through the maxillary sinus to innervate the maxillary teeth. Delivering lidocaine intranasally may provide an effective anesthetic technique for a non-invasive maxillary nerve block. Intranasal delivery could be used to target vaccinations and treat disorders with fewer side effects such as tooth pain, TMJ disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, headache, and brain diseases.
Energy Efficiency, Fuel Economy, and Policy Implications

In the past 20 years, the acceleration performance of light-duty vehicles in the United States has improved substantially while vehicles have gotten larger and heavier. Over the same period, fuel economy, measured as miles per gallon, has not improved. These data suggest that technological innovation in vehicles is not lagging but is not being used to improve vehicle fuel economy. This paper quantifies vehicle efficiency improvements in U.S. light-duty vehicles since 1975 as they relate to fuel consumption. Energy efficiency improvements have been strongly positive and relatively constant since 1975. The rapid rise in fuel economy in the late 1970s was due to a mix of efficiency improvements and downgrading of utility in the form of reduced size, power, and elimination of accessories and amenities (such as air conditioning). In contrast, since the mid-1980s, fuel economy has remained constant while the benefits of technological innovation were used to satisfy private desires (more power, size, and amenities), instead of the public interest (reduced greenhouse gas emissions and oil imports). An important policy question is how and to what extent future efficiency innovations might be directed to the public interest.
The strategic design of technology funds for climate cooperation: generating joint gains☆

Abstract Clean technology is central to climate cooperation. How can countries promote the development and adoption of new clean technologies? In this article, I examine the strategic benefits of establishing an international technology fund. A game-theoretic analysis shows that a technology fund with a dual mandate of rewarding technology development and subsidizing subsequent adoption can contribute to climate cooperation. Interestingly, a technology fund can also reduce North-South distributional conflict. My institutional analysis reveals two particularly important issues in the design of a technology fund: credible commitment to funding rules and the use of a balanced burden sharing rule. Based on these observations, I propose that a technology fund could be established within the institutional framework of the World Bank.
Induction of cytochrome P-450-dependentmonooxygenase systems in embryos and eleutheroembryos of the killfish Fundulus Heteroclitus

Summary Microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was highly inducible by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Fundulus embryos, and stages prior to the appearance of the liver rudiment were competent to respond to these inducers. Consistent with previous observations [3], basal AHH activity in whole eleutheroembryo microsomes was shown to increase about 9-fold within 24 h of hatching. Aminopyrine N-demethylase (APD) activity also increased with time after hatching. However, the increase in APD activity was much less than that of AHH activity, suggesting a posthatching change in basal cytochrome P-450 isozyme composition. Also associated with hatching was an increase in the sensitivity to PCBs as inducers of AHH activity. The ED50 for induction of AHH activity in eleutheroembryos was estimated to be only one-third to one-fourth that in embryos. This developmental increase in the sensitivity to PCBs was not due to a redistribution of PCBs between the yolk and tissues with yolk absorption, and was not simply age-dependent, but appeared to require hatching. An additional change in the monooxygenase system associated with hatching was that microsomal NADPH-cytochrome n reductase activity was not inducible by PCBs prior to hatching, but was modestly inducible after hatching. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of benzo[a]-pyrene (BP) metabolites formed by microsomes from control and PCB-treated eleutheroembryos demonstrated production of dihydrodiols in the 7,8- and 9,10-positions of the benzo-ring. The formation of these metabolites was completely inhibited by the epoxide hydrolase (EH) inhibitor, trichloropropene oxide, indicating the presence of EH in Fundulus eleuthero-embryos. Furthermore, these results indicate the Fundulus eleutheroembryos probably can activate BP to its ultimate carcinogenic form, the 7,8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide, and induction of AHH activity by PCBs is likely to increase the rate of formation of activated metabolites from BP and related compounds. However, during the most active period of organogenesis, prior to hatching, basal AHH activity was low, and prehatching stages were relatively insensitive to cytochrome P-450 inducers. The combination of these effects may help to protect these stages from damage from activated metabolites. The terminology of fish development described by Balon [1] is used here. The embryonic period is considered to extend from fertilization until the developing fish is no longer dependent on the yolk for nutrition. The term ‘embryo’ is used to specifically refer to prehatching stages. The term ‘eleutheroembryo’ refers to posthatching embryonic stages, which some other workers call ‘sac fry’ or ‘yolksac larvae.’ A portion of this work has been described in an abstract [2].
A Creep Rupture Time Model for Anisotropic Creep-Damage of Transversely-Isotropic Materials

Anisotropic creep-damage modeling has become an increasingly important prediction technique in both the aerospace and industrial gas turbine industries. The introduction of tensorial damage mechanics formulations in modeling tertiary creep behavior has lead to improved predictions of the creep strain that develops due to anisotropic grain structures and the induced anisotropy that occurs with intergranular damage. A number of isotropic creep-damage rupture time prediction models have been developed in literature; however, few rupture time prediction models for tensorial anisotropic creep-damage are available. In this paper, a rupture time model for anisotropic creep-damage of transversely isotropic materials is derived. Comparison with the Larson-Miller parameter, Monkman-Grant relation, and Kachanov-Rabotnov continuum damage mechanics (CDM) approach shows improved creep rupture time predictions for multiaxial conditions and material rotations. A parametric study of the rupture time predicted under various states of equivalent stress and material orientations is performed to demonstrate the robustness of the new formulation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A sensitive micro assay for inorganic pyrophosphatase.

Abstract A thin-layer chromatographic method is presented for the detection of minute amounts (0.06 mμmole) of 32 P-labeled phosphate. The method is useful as an assay for pyrophosphatase activity, particularly in the presence of a large excess of the unlabeled product phosphate, e.g., in phosphate buffers.
Effect of dissolved hydrogen on the electrical and magnetic behavior of PrCo2 and NdCo2

Abstract When retained hydrogen is removed from PrCo 2 and NdCo 2 these compounds remain paramagnetic to temperatures well below their normal Curie temperatures. Abstraction of the hydrogen seems to weaken exchange, depressing T c by about 40° for PrCo 2 and 110° for NdCo 2 .
The B-cell receptor orchestrates environment-mediated lymphoma survival and drug resistance in B-cell malignancies

Specific niches within the lymphoma tumor microenvironment (TME) provide sanctuary for subpopulations of tumor cells through stromal cell–tumor cell interactions. These interactions notably dictate growth, response to therapy and resistance of residual malignant B cells to therapeutic agents. This minimal residual disease (MRD) remains a major challenge in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and contributes to subsequent disease relapse. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling has emerged as essential mediator of B-cell homing, survival and environment-mediated drug resistance (EMDR). Central to EMDR are chemokine- and integrin-mediated interactions between lymphoma and the TME. Further, stromal cell–B cell adhesion confers a sustained BCR signaling leading to chemokine and integrin activation. Recently, the inhibitors of BCR signaling have garnered a substantial clinical interest because of their effectiveness in B-cell disorders. The efficacy of these agents is, at least in part, attributed to attenuation of BCR-dependent lymphoma–TME interactions. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of BCR signaling in the integration of intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of TME-mediated lymphoma survival and drug resistance.
New uses of intravenous immune globulin in newborn infants

Preterm infants are hypogammaglobulinemic at birth, a condition that worsens during the first several weeks of life. It has been postulated that periodic infusions of intravenous immune globulin in preterm infants might prevent systemic infections after age 7 days, but clinical trials have been inconclusive. To test this hypothesis in neonates weighing 500 to 1750 g at birth, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was initiated. Either intravenous immune globulin (500 mg/kg) (284 infants) or placebo (5% albumin-normal saline, 10 ml/kg) (293 infants) was infused periodically for 8 weeks. Infusions were well tolerated. Mortality (4%) was similar in both groups. However, the incidence of systemic infection was significantly reduced in the treatment group, but only in those weighing less than 1500 g. More than 80% of infections were bacterial; half were caused by staphylococci. Standard use of intravenous immune globulin in preterm infants looks promising but must await full analysis of data from this and another ongoing multicenter trial.
Entrepreneurs in America: Are They Really a Different Breed?

The literature on entrepreneurship in the USA suffers from the fact that it has not been comparative. Researchers have generally identified characteristics of entrepreneurs and assumed that these characteristics distinguish them from individuals who are employed by others. In this study the backgrounds and personality traits of entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs are compared. It is concluded that the reported differences between entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs are overblown—actual differences are minimal.
Carrier Localization and Cooling in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide

The transient photoconductivity of dye-sensitized titanium dioxide has been measured using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, a noncontact electrical probe with sub-picosecond temporal resolution. The photoconductivity deviates strongly from Drude behavior and is explained by disorder-induced carrier localization and/or backscattering of the photogenerated carriers. In addition, the carriers are found to thermally equilibrate with the lattice in roughly 300 fs. Ramifications for understanding the function of DSSCs and electrical transport in disordered media are discussed.
An Analysis of the AVE–SESAME I Period Using Statistical Structure and Correlation Functions

Structure and correlation functions are used to describe atmospheric variability during the 10-11 April day of AVE-SESAME 1979 that coincided with the Red River Valley tornado outbreak. The special mesoscale rawinsonde data are employed in calculations involving temperature, geopotential height, horizontal wind speed and mixing ratio. Functional analyses are performed in both the lower and upper troposphere for the composite 24 h experiment period and at individual 3 h observation times. Results show that mesoscale features are prominent during the composite period. Fields of mixing ratio and horizontal wind speed exhibit the greatest amounts of small-scale variance, whereas temperature and geopotential height contain the least. Results for the nine individual times show that small-scale variance is greatest during the convective outbreak. The functions also are used to estimate random errors in the rawinsonde data. Finally, sensitivity analyses are presented to quantify confidence limits of the structure functions.
Performance characterization and transient investigation of multipropellant resistojets

The multipropellant resistojet thruster design initially was characterized for performance in a vacuum tank using argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen, with gas inlet pressures ranging from 13.7 to 310 kPa (2 to 45 psia) over a heat exchanger temperature range of ambient to 1200 C (2200 F). Specific impulse, the measure of performance, had values ranging from 120 to 600 seconds for argon and hydrogen respectively, with a constant heat exchanger temperature of 1200 C (2200 F). When operated under ambient conditions typical specific impulse values obtained for argon and hydrogen ranged from 55 to 290 seconds, respectively. Performance measured with several mixtures of argon and nitrogen showed no significant deviation from predictions obtained by directly weighting the argon and nitrogen individual performance results. Another aspect of the program investigating transient behavior, showed responses depended heavily on the start-up scenario used. Steady state heater temperatures were achieved in 20 to 75 minutes for argon, and in 10 to 90 minutes for hydrogen. Steady state specific impulses were achieved in 25 to 60, and 20 to 60 minutes respectively.
Thermal Expansion of the Workpiece in Turning

Thermal expansion of the part can be a significant source of dimensional and form errors in precision machining operations. This paper describes a method for calculating the thermal expansion of an axisymmetric workpiece. The analysis is based on a commercially available boundary element code modified to properly represent concentrated moving heat sources such as those produced in machining. The inputs required are the amount of heat entering the part from the cutting zone and the thermal properties of the workpiece material. Calculations are compared with direct measurements of expansion from tests on large diameter 2024 aluminum sleeves. The agreement between calculated and measured values is generally reasonable, although calculated expansions are consistently smaller than measured expansions. This error is probably due to errors in estimating the heat input to the part, and particularly the neglect of flank friction in heat input calculations. Sample calculations for hard turning of a wheel spindle show that expansions can approach tolerances on critical surfaces. Based on sample calculations, thermal expansion is likely to be significant when hard turning parts with tolerances on the order of 0.01 mm. For these applications, critical surfaces should be machined first, before cuts on other sections heat the part, and gaging should be carried out only after the part has cooled.
Managers' Perceptions of NAFTA

Canadian and United states managers identified NAFTA‐related benefits and threats. These factors were related to the managers' overall perceptions of the effect of NAFTA on firm performance. Results indicated that NAFTA's perceived benefits include increased access to the Mexican market and to other Latin American markets, improved customs procedures, and increased effectiveness and efficiency in logistics. However, managers were concerned about inefficiencies in logistics and customs procedures, currency fluctuations, and differences in culture and business practices. Managers with little experience in Mexico had lower estimates of NAFTA's potential benefits, the barriers to trade in Mexico, and NAFTA's potential positive impact on their firm's performance. They also believed that NAFTA's primary influence on firm performance arises from the increased access to Latin American markets, while barriers in Mexico were discounted. The view of experienced managers was balanced: NAFTA's benefits were weighed against Mexico's drawbacks. Access to the Mexican market was important, but not as important as logistics‐related benefits.
An approach to sustainable water management in Southern Africa using natural resource accounts: the experience in Namibia

Abstract Namibia is highly dependent on its natural resource base—mining, agriculture, fishing, and wildlife-based tourism. Natural resource accounts (NRA) have been constructed to improve resource management. As the driest sub-Saharan African country, subject to frequent droughts and with no perennial rivers within its borders, Namibia's rapidly increasing demand for water is being met in some instances by mining fossil groundwater and appropriation of surface water that may pose a threat to fragile ecosystems. This paper uses the NRA to examine water policy as an example of the kind of analytical perspective that NRA can provide to policy makers. It describes the use of water in the Namibian economy and compares user fees, costs of delivery, and the economic contribution of water in different sectors of the economy as a first step towards estimating the opportunity cost of water. An analysis of two of the largest and most heavily subsidized users of water—commercial crop irrigation and rural subsistence production—has important implications for agricultural policy and rural development strategy in Namibia. Sound water management requires better understanding of the opportunity cost of water and greater coordination of sectoral strategies, especially agriculture, energy, mining and trade. There is also a need for similar coordinated work to be carried out in other countries in Southern Africa, since water is a shared resource which transcends national boundaries in this region.
Mid-infrared Beam Propagation and Modulation in Extraordinary Transmission Gratings

We have characterized laser beam propagation, with up to 10W power, through an extraordinary transmission grating fabricated on GaAs. The grating was designed to have a 10 µm fundamental resonance at the metal/dielectric interface.
The probability distribution of distinct hits on closely packed targets

A formula is derived for the probability of hitting exactlyk new targets withs shots, where it is supposed thatm out ofN targets have already been hit and that each shot results in a hit.