cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnic differences predicting ketonuria in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Ketonuria occurs more frequently than ketoacidosis does in patients with Type 2 diabetes and may portend serious future events. We studied the correlates of ketonuria among African American and Hispanic/Latino patients with Type 2 diabetes who did not have ketoacidosis. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients referred for diabetes education from the emergency department or the urgent care clinic of a large, public, urban hospital from 2001 until 2003. Eligible patients had newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes or diabetes diagnosed within 15 years but without treatment for the previous 2 months. Using logistic regression analysis, we analyzed the predictors of ketonuria and assessed whether they varied by ethnic group. Results Of 228 adult African American and Hispanic/Latino patients, 112 (49%) had ketonuria. Independent predictors of ketonuria were younger age (OR: 2.3), higher hemoglobin A 1c (OR: 3.0), and a history of substance abuse (OR: 1.9) (for all: P Conclusions Ketonuria is common among newly diagnosed or untreated patients with Type 2 diabetes in a public hospital serving a predominantly minority population. Some correlates of ketonuria differ among ethnic groups, suggesting potential ethnic differences in ketogenesis. Prospective identification and study of patients with ketonuria may have important implications for appropriate therapy, especially if it is shown that ketonuria is a predictor of symptomatic ketoacidosis.
Ozone-induced tissue injury and changes in antioxidant homeostasis in normal and ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs

It has been reported previously that ozone (O3) toxicity from acute (4 hr) exposure is enhanced by ascorbate (AH2) deficiency in guinea pigs. We hypothesized that lung injury from continuous 1-week O3 exposure would also be increased under conditions of AH2 deficiency because of (1) a diminished antioxidant pool to counteract the oxidant challenge, (2) impaired reparation of tissue injury, and/or (3) altered antioxidant redox homeostasis. Female Hartley guinea pigs (260–330 g) were made AH2 deficient by providing a diet similar to guinea pig chow, but having no AH2. The dietary regimen was started 1 week prior to exposure and was continued during exposure to O3 (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 ppm, 23 hr/day, 7 days) as well as 1 week post-exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and tissue AH2 were measured in subgroups at the beginning of exposure (1 week on the AH2-deflcient diet), at its termination and 1 week post-exposure. AH2 measured in ear tissue punches proved to be an easy and effective monitor for AH2 deficiency. One week on the AH2-deficient diet caused a 70–80% drop in ear, lung and liver AH2, while AH2 in BAL was decreased by 90%. Immediately after the exposure, total BAL protein and albumin (markers of lung permeability) were increased (~50%) at 0.8 ppm with no difference between the dietary groups. O3 caused an increase in total BAL cells and neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner with only a slight augmentation due to diet. Exposure to O3 caused an increase in lung and BAL AH2 in normal guinea pigs. Glutathione and uric acid were also increased in the lung and BAL after O3 exposure (40–570%) in both dietary groups, and the levels remained elevated during the recovery period. Lung α-tocopherol was not changed due to O3. A significant overall diet-related decrease was seen in AH2-deficient guinea pigs, immediately after the exposure and recovery. In summary, lung injury/inflammation following 1 week O3 exposure and recovery were minimally affected by AH2 deficiency. Antioxidants also appeared to increase in response to O3 exposure despite the deficiency in AH2.
An exploratory study of competitive temporal judgment.

In order to explore one class of social temporal judgments, subjects were engaged in a competitive waiting task with a group of nonpresent others. Each group member was told to wait as long as he wished, and to make a simple pushbutton response when he believed he would be exactly the Nth person in his group to do so. After each experimental trial, subjects were asked to estimate both the amount of time they had waited, as well as the longest and shortest times waited by members of their group. Five independent variables were manipulated: group size (five vs. nine), time in which a response was to be made (ten minutes vs. no limit), ordinal position to be occupied (second-fifth or second-ninth, depending on group size), response mode (actual waiting vs. estimated waiting), and scoring (one payoff vs. a distribution of payoffs). Subjects were found to wait longer when they were given no time limit, a higher ordinal position to occupy, and were required to simply estimate (rather than actually wait for) a period of time. In addition to these three main effects, a number of interactions emerged. Finally, many of the condition differences in the magnitude of temporal judgments were found to disappear when subjects' judgments were considered in relation to their temporal perspective.
Case study projects for college mathematics courses based on a particular function of two variables

Based on a sequence of number pairs, a recent paper (Mauch, E. and Shi, Y., 2005, Using a sequence of number pairs as an example in teaching mathematics, Mathematics and Computer Education, 39(3), 198–205) presented some interesting examples that can be used in teaching high school and college mathematics classes such as algebra, geometry, calculus, and linear algebra. In this paper, this study is generalized further to develop a few interesting case study proposals that can be used for student projects in college mathematics courses such as real functions, analytic geometry, and complex variables. In addition to using them in individual courses, these studies may also be combined to offer seminars or workshops to college mathematics students. Projects like these are likely to promote student interest and get students more involved in the learning process, and therefore make the learning process more effective.
Functional significance of tapasin membrane association and disulfide linkage to ERp57 in MHC class I presentation

Tapasin is disulfide linked to ERp57 within the peptide loading complex. In cell-free assays, a soluble variant of the tapasin/ERp57 dimer recruits MHC class I molecules and promotes peptide binding to them, whereas soluble tapasin alone does not. Here we show that within cells, tapasin conjugation with ERp57 is as critical as its integration into the membrane for efficient MHC class I assembly, surface expression, and Ag presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Elimination of both of these properties severely compromises tapasin function, in keeping with predictions from in vitro studies.
Nutrient limitations to plant growth during primary succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

We determined the effects of nutrient amendments on plant growth in three tropical montane rainforest sites representing a sequence of soil ages (< 30, 200, and ≈ 2000 y). Factorial fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and all other essential nutrients (combined) was applied to the two younger sites; only nitrogen was applied to the oldest one. Nitrogen supply represented the most important limitation to plant growth in the two younger sites; additions of nitrogen caused significant increases in tree diameter increment, height growth, litterfall, and most other growth-related parameters. In contrast, nitrogen additions had no significant effect on plant growth in the oldest site. Phosphorus additions increased extractable soil phosphorus and plant tissue phosphorus, but did not increase plant growth at the young sites. The results are consistent with Walker & Syers' (1976) model for the control of nutrient limitation during soil development.
Nanomanufacturing using electrospinning

Electrospinning has become a popular technique for fabricating nanofibers from a variety of materials and has been tailored for a multitude of applications. These nanofibers may be used as devices (e.g., biosensors, field effect transistors (FETs), and resonators) or may be used to fabricate nanoscale features in other materials. Several methods for controlling the orientation of deposited fibers have been demonstrated, including linear and rotary mechanical motion, using prepatterned electrodes on a substrate to attract the fibers, and using electric fields to alter the path of the electrospinning jet in-flight. Electrospinning systems employing more complex tip geometries have been investigated. Several techniques have been developed to overcome the problem of low mass throughput, including using large arrays of electrospinning tips fed by the same solution and various tipless electrospinning techniques. The electrospinning tip has also been modified to produce either side-by-side or coaxial multicomponent fibers and tubes. The mechanism by which the fluid jet solidifies into fibers has also been varied, and though most electrospinning experiments still rely upon in-flight solvent evaporation for solidification, melt electrospinning and in-flight polymerization have also been investigated. This article will review recent developments in electrospinning techniques and applications.
Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum operative treatment with survival.

Abstract A recent review of the literature found 123 cases of pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum. This report adds three more cases. It is suggested that immediate diagnostic studies followed by surgery may improve the chances of survival in a condition which has had a mortality rate approaching 100 per cent. The patients reported here are now 2 years 4 months, 2 years 2 months, and 1 year 4 months of age and doing well.
Central Canadian palynology and its relevance to northwestern Europe in the late quaternary period

Abstract Analyses of fossil pollen grains and macroscopic plant remains have been made of peat from Keewatin and Manitoba in central Canada, at sites in the tundra and at the northern edge of the Boreal forest. Organic accumulation began immediately after very rapid deglaciation of the region between 8,000 and 6,500 years ago, when Picea forest swiftly colonised the bare ground. There is no evidence for establishment of tundra vegetation after the ice retreat. There is evidence from pollen analysis, plant macrofossils and fossil soils that the forest extended north of its present range by about 300 km from 6,000 to 3,500 years B.P. Movements of the forest limit have been interpreted as reflecting climatic change, and in particular the latitudinal movement of the Arctic airmass in summer (which is considered to determine the northern limit of tree growth in central Canada). Several radiocarbon determinations which have been made of the age of significant horizons in the pollen diagrams show that the inferred climatic changes were synchronous with those experienced by northwestern Europe during the last 6,000 years. The changes in this area also seem to have paralleled those of northern Europe, and this is explained by analogy with the modern pattern of Northern Hemispheric general circulation. Because of the global nature of circulation patterns it is to be expected that the timing of climatic changes should be the same throughout the world, but not that the change should be in the same direction in all regions. The synchroneity and parallelism mentioned above make it worthwhile to employ palynological evidence from central Canada (relatively undisturbed by human activity) to investigate climatic changes in northern Europe, where the fossil-pollen record for the past 5,000 years has been affected by anthropogenic factors.
Sodium detection during the water absorption response in Rana pipiens.

Abstract Although taste in vertebrates is typically associated with specialized receptors in the lingual epithelium, Hoff and Hillyard reported that the toad, Bufo punctatus , is able to “taste” sodium with the abdominal skin. This was reflected in a differential behavioral response to hypertonic NaCl. The present study tests for the presence of such abdominal chemoreceptors in the frog Rana pipiens. The experiment was a five-condition design in which frogs were placed on filter paper saturated with: deionized water, 250 mM NaCl, 350 mM NaCl, 12.9 μM amiloride, or 350 mM NaCl + 12.9 μM amiloride. The time that the frogs remained on the test substrate before moving to a surface of deionized water was recorded. It was necessary to dehydrate the frogs to 80% of their body weight to elicit a behavioral response to the NaCl whereas dehydration to 90% of their body weight has been reported effective in Bufo punctatus. The frogs displayed significantly shorter mean times to move on both concentrations of NaCl compared to deionized water, with the shortest times occurring when 350 mM NaCl was used. Amiloride alone did not have an effect upon times to move to deionized water, but did significantly reduce the response to 350 mM NaCl. Movement to amiloride + 350 mM NaCl did not differ significantly from that to deionized water. The results indicate that Rana pipiens , like Bufo punctatus , have epithelial chemoreceptors for the detection of NaCl on hydrated surfaces and that these receptors, like those of mammals, are amiloride sensitive.
On the oxidation of stainless steel alloy 304 in subcritical and supercritical water

Abstract The oxidized surface of stainless steel 304 was studied after being subjected to constant tensile load creep tests in water at temperatures of 200, 315 and 450 °C and for 24 h at a pressure of 27 MPa. Post-exposure morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy while surface chemistry was analyzed through Fourier transform-infrared, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. In subcritical water, the formation of hematite was observed; while magnetite was found to form at a higher rate on the surfaces of samples exposed to supercritical water.
Monitoring transient Ca2+ dynamics with large-conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels at active zones in frog saccular hair cells.

Abstract Neurotransmitter release from the basolateral surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells is mediated by Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. Co-localization of large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (BK) channels at the active zones of these cells affords them with an optimal location to act as reporters of the Ca 2+ concentration changes at active zones of transmitter release. In this report we use BK channels in frog ( Rana pipiens ) hair cells to monitor dynamic changes in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration during transient influxes of Ca 2+ , showing that BK current magnitude and delay to onset are correlated with the rate and duration of Ca 2+ entry through Ca 2+ channels. We also show that BK channels exhibit a much higher Ca 2+ binding affinity in the open state than in the closed state.
Ionic channel currents in cultured neurons from human cortex.

Ionic channels in human cortical neurons have not been studied extensively. HCN-1 and HCN-1A cells, which recently were established as continuous cultures from human cortical tissue, have been shown by histochemical and immunochemical methods to exhibit a neuronal phenotype, but expression of functional ionic channels was not demonstrated. For the present study, HCN-1 and HCN-1A cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 15% fetal calf serum, in some cases supplemented with 10 ng/ml nerve growth factor, 10 μM forskolin, and 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate to promote differentiation. Cells or membrane patches were voltage clamped using conventional patch clamp techniques. In HCN-1A cells, we identified a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ current, two types of Ca2+ channel current, including L-type current and a second type that in some respects resembled N-type current, and four types of K+ current, including a delayed outward rectifier that showed voltage-dependent inactivation, two types of noninactivating Ca2+-activated K+ channels with slope conductances of 146 and 23 pS (K+iK+o 145 mM/5 mM), and less frequently, a noninactivating, intermediate conductance channel that was not sensitive to internal Ca2+. When HCN-1A cells were examined after 3 days of exposure to differentiating agents, pronounced morphological changes were evident but no differences in ionic currents were apparent. HCN-1 cells also exhibited K+ and Ca2+ channel currents, but Na+ currents were not detected in these cells. Our data provide additional evidence indicating a functional neuronal phenotype for HCN-1A cells, and represent the most comprehensive survey to date of the variety of ionic channels expressed by human cortical neurons. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IgG2 deficiency in uremic children is not restricted to peritoneal dialysis treatment

To date there are no data concerning IgG subclasses in children with preterminal chronic renal failure (CRF), although a reduction of total serum IgG, including its major subclasses IgG1 and IgG2, has been demonstrated in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Therefore we studied total IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgG subclasses in preterminal CRF (n = 25), PD (n = 22) patients, and 13 age-matched healthy children and also compared results with age-related normal values previously established in 226 healthy children. While total IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgG 1 were comparable, there was a significant deficiency of IgG2 in children both with preterminal CRF and on PD compared with controls. Moreover, the prevalence of IgG2 deficiency compared with age-related normal values was significantly increased not only in PD but also in preterminal CRF patients. We conclude that there are alterations in serum IgG subclasses in children with CRF, with IgG2 deficiency not restricted to PD, but being present in the preterminal state as well.
Destroying Uniformity: Using Fungi to Add a Tactile and Visual Experience to Functional Wood

Recent Western preference for functional wooden objects has promoted an ideal of clear, smooth, straight-grained lumber. However, wood does not need to be free of defects to be functional. This paper explores the relationship between decay and functionality in terms of parergonal aesthetics by presenting the use of fungi to alter surface texture and color on wooden bowls. In addition, the bowls' altered but functional state forces the viewer to reconsider modern views on the role of defect-free wood within a functional context.
Violence and Substance Use among an Injured Emergency Department Population

Objectives: This study evaluated a sample of emergency department (ED) patients for history of violence and substance abuse. Methods: Injured patients (n= 320) completed questionnaires (14% refusal rate) during a visit to a Level 1 urban ED after an acute injury. Specific questions were asked regarding whether the injury was related to acute violence (AV), whether there was past-year violence history (VH), including violence victimization and perpetration in both partner and nonpartner relationships, as well as any substance use in the past month and any substance-related consequences in the past year. Results: Fourteen percent of the participants presented with an AV-related injury, and 53% reported VH. Most AV patients (89%) reported VH. No significant differences were found between the participants with AV and VH in demographic, substance use, or substance-related consequences. The AV and VH groups were combined (V), with analyses comparing these participants with those without AV and VH. Men were significantly more likely than women to report V (odds ratio = 2.0). V was significantly related to substance use and substance-related consequences. For example, in comparison with the participants reporting no alcohol or drug use, those reporting illicit drug use were 6.2 times as likely to report V, and those drinking any alcohol only were 2.0 times as likely to report V. Conclusions: A large percentage of injured patients in this urban ED experienced violence in the past year. Alcohol and illicit drugs appear to be concomitant with violence.
Impact of Aqueous Electrolytes on Interfacial Energy

Abstract The effects of aqueous electrolytes on particle–particle interactions in aqueous media are not completely understood. Electrolytes are typically considered to impact only electrostatic energy. In this work, the impact of aqueous electrolytes on van der Waals and Lewis acid/base potential energies was quantified using both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. Increases in ionic strength beyond 0.001 M resulted in comparable increases in solid–water interfacial energy in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and organically coated sodium montmorillonite systems. The change in water/PTFE interfacial energy, as determined by contact angle measurements, was greater than that predicted by screening of the nondispersion component of the Hamaker constant using the Mahanty and Ninham model. Increases in interfacial energy, as a function of salt concentration, were greater with increasing substrate hydrophilicity. Although the systems studied in this work were disparate in nature, they all appeared to exhibit similar trends in interfacial surface energy as a function of ionic strength. Similarity in the results may suggest that aqueous electrolytes may modify the solvent structure within the interfacial region.
Why Consumers (Don't) Adopt Smart Wearable Electronics

This research examines various factors affecting consumer adoption of a smart wearable electronics product, specifically an iPod jacket. The results indicate that consumers find convenience and compatibility the most important adoption factors while observability and perceived social prestige are the least important.
A controlled rectifier regulator for aircraft D-C generators in 120 C applications

TO SELF-EXCITE and regulate a d-c generator, a device is needed which can vary the current supplied to the shunt field of the machine so that regulated voltage results over a wide range of speed and load. In addition, it must provide some means of load sharing when one generator and its regulator are paralleled with one or more identical systems. In 71 C (degrees centigrade) ambient this can be accomplished by a carbon-pile regulator or by a switching type of regulator using germanium transistors.1
Improved Mobilities and Resistivities in Modulation-Doped P-type AlGaN / GaN Superlattices

P-type AlGaN / GaN superlattice structures have demonstrated higher acceptor activation due to a modulated valence band resulting from the superlattice as well as spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization fields. The polarization effects are due to the wurtzite structure of AlGaN and the strain present in AlxGa1-xN / GaN heterostructures. Variable temperature Hall effect studies of Mg doped Al0.20Ga0.80N / GaN superlattices reveal an improvement in resistivity and mobility for modulation-doped structures versus uniformly doped structures. Very low resistivities less than 0.1 & cm and hole mobilities ~ 36 cm2/V s are demonstrated. This improvement is attributed to a reduction of neutral and ionized impurity scattering for the two-dimensional hole gas present in the GaN layers of the modulation-doped superlattice. The improvement is greatest at temperatures below ~ 150 K. The doped regions of the superlattices have Mg concentrations of ~1019 cm-3. Two modulation-doped samples were grown by MBE: a standard scheme with dopants only in the AlGaN barriers, and a shifted scheme with dopants concentrated near the AlGaN / GaN interfaces. The standard sample has mobilities of 8.9 and 36 cm2/V s at 300 and 90 K, respectively. Resistivities of the standard sample are 0.21 and 0.068 Ω cm at 300 and 90 K, respectively. Carrier concentrations for this sample are 3.4 and 2.5 x 1018 cm-3 at 300 and 90 K, respectively. Capacitance-voltage profiling on the samples shows a clear indication of a two-dimensional hole gas as well as the periodicity of the superlattice.
Newly Discovered Submicron-Scale Weathering in Quartz: Geographical Implications*

Quartz is regarded as one of the minerals most resistant to chemical weathering. Nevertheless, quartz does weather under certain conditions. Several geographic phenomena, including downstream sorting of fluvial sediments, the distribution of loess, and the absence of silica in tropical soils, may be directly or indirectly related to quartz weathering. Weathering may impact the use of quartz in geographic applications of geochronology and paleoenvironmental analysis. This paper defines the molecular-scale mechanisms of chemical weathering in quartz, and presents the first examination of quartz weathering in the terrestrial environment using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). HRTEM images illustrate crystalline disintegration, or amorphization, of exterior surfaces and internal fractures of quartz sand grains collected from tills of the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Of several alternative mechanisms, in situ hydration of the crystalline matrix is the most plausible for quartz amo...
Equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever): a review.

In the late 1970s, a new infectious disease in horses, involving acute enteritis, was recognised in the Potomac River area of Maryland, U.S.A. The causative agent was identified subsequently as a new species of rickettsial organism, later named Ehrlichia risticii. Since then, the disease has been reported in many other states, and in enzootic areas vaccination is common. Signs associated with the clinical disease included depression, fever, anorexia, decreased or absent intestinal sounds, profuse watery diarrhoea and laminitis. However, considerable variation in clinical manifestations has been reported in both the natural and experimental disease. Accurate diagnosis depends on serological testing; currently, the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) is used widely, although an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed recently. Mortality in untreated cases is 15 to 35 per cent. Antibiotics of the tetracycline series have shown activity against the organism in vitro, in an in vivo murine model and appear to be useful in clinical cases.
Polaron in a Magnetic Field

A study is made of the energy spectrum of a polaron in the presence of a magnetic field for the cases of weak and intermediate couplings, using Onsager's theory. This theory makes use of the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule, which has been derived with the WKB approximation and is therefore valid for large quantum numbers. Following an approach first formulated by Argyres, we prove that the energy spectrum of a polaron in a magnetic field obtained by using Onsager's theory is correct even for small quantum numbers like $n=0, 1, 2$, etc.
Female voles discriminate males' over-marks and prefer top-scent males ☆

Scent over-marking is a common form of competitive advertisement among many species of mammals. Recent observations in golden hamsters,Mesocricetus auratushave suggested that individuals have specialized mechanisms for interpretation of and response to such over-marks. In this study, we examined whether meadow voles,Microtus pennsylvanicushave similar abilities. Female voles were first exposed to anogenital scent marks of two males and were then tested in a Y-maze for their preferences for whole-body odours of these two males. Experiments were run using a variety of configurations of scent marks during the exposure phase, but all experiments yielded consistent results. If the scent marks of the two males overlapped, females later preferred the whole-body odours of the male whose scent was on top; if the two scent marks did not overlap, females showed no preference. Females also preferred odours of familiar males over novel males, and preferred both top-scent and bottom-scent males over novel males. The results suggest that female voles can tell which individual's scent is on top in an over-mark and that they prefer this top-scent male, even though they know that both males’ scents were present during the exposure phase. We suggest that these odour preferences reflect mate preferences and discuss possible reasons why females might prefer top-scent males.
Life-cycle maintenance of deteriorating structures by multi-objective optimization involving reliability, risk, availability, hazard and cost

Abstract In recent years, several probabilistic methods for assessing the performance of structural systems have been proposed. These methods take into account uncertainties associated with material properties, structural deterioration, and increasing loads over time, among others. When aging phenomena have significant effects on the life-cycle performance of the structure, it becomes essential to perform actions to maintain or improve structural safety, in agreement with the system requirements and available funds. Various optimization methods and performance indicators have been proposed for the determination of optimal maintenance plans for simple and complex systems. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to assess and compare advantages and drawbacks of four different performance indicators related to multi-objective optimization of maintenance schedules of deteriorating structures, and (b) to assess the cost-efficiency of the associated optimal solutions. Two annual performance indicators, annual reliability index and annual risk, and two lifetime performance indicators (i.e., availability and hazard functions) are used in conjunction with total maintenance cost for evaluating Pareto fronts associated with optimal maintenance schedules of deteriorating structures. Essential maintenance actions are considered and optimization is performed by using genetic algorithms. The approach is illustrated on an existing deteriorating bridge superstructure.
Simple regression models as a threshold for selecting AFLP loci with reduced error rates.

Background Amplified fragment length polymorphism is a popular DNA marker technique that has applications in multiple fields of study. Technological improvements and decreasing costs have dramatically increased the number of markers that can be generated in an amplified fragment length polymorphism experiment. As datasets increase in size, the number of genotyping errors also increases. Error within a DNA marker dataset can result in reduced statistical power, incorrect conclusions, and decreased reproducibility. It is essential that error within a dataset be recognized and reduced where possible, while still balancing the need for genomic diversity.
Parallel Explicit and Implicit Control of Reaching

Background Human movement can be guided automatically (implicit control) or attentively (explicit control). Explicit control may be engaged when learning a new movement, while implicit control enables simultaneous execution of multiple actions. Explicit and implicit control can often be assigned arbitrarily: we can simultaneously drive a car and tune the radio, seamlessly allocating implicit or explicit control to either action. This flexibility suggests that sensorimotor signals, including those that encode spatially overlapping perception and behavior, can be accurately segregated to explicit and implicit control processes. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested human subjects' ability to segregate sensorimotor signals to parallel control processes by requiring dual (explicit and implicit) control of the same reaching movement and testing for interference between these processes. Healthy control subjects were able to engage dual explicit and implicit motor control without degradation of performance compared to explicit or implicit control alone. We then asked whether segregation of explicit and implicit motor control can be selectively disrupted by studying dual-control performance in subjects with no clinically manifest neurologic deficits in the presymptomatic stage of Huntington's disease (HD). These subjects performed successfully under either explicit or implicit control alone, but were impaired in the dual-control condition. Conclusion/Significance The human nervous system can exert dual control on a single action, and is therefore able to accurately segregate sensorimotor signals to explicit and implicit control. The impairment observed in the presymptomatic stage of HD points to a possible crucial contribution of the striatum to the segregation of sensorimotor signals to multiple control processes.
Modified rhytidectomy incision for parotidectomy

Objective To determine if a limited pre- and postauricular incision would suffice for exposure during parotidectomy and assess the patients’ satisfaction with the limited incision. Design A total of 10 patients undergoing parotidectomy. The patients’ satisfaction with the cosmetic result was then assessed 3 months after the surgery. Setting The patients were in the first author’s private practice and were all operated upon at New York Hospital Queens. Patients Each of the parotid tumors was less than 4.5 cm in maximum diameter. Intervention The incision for the parotidectomy was limited to only a preauricular and postauricular incision. Main outcome measure The feasibility of the procedure and the patients’ satisfaction 3 months following the procedure were assessed. Results The parotidectomy was easily accomplished through the exposure afforded by the limited incision. All patients were pleased with the cosmetic results. Conclusion This new, limited approach can be performed safely with favorable acceptance by the patient.
Function of the ETS transcription factor Yan in border cell migration

Invasive cell migration in both normal development and metastatic cancer is regulated by various signaling pathways, transcription factors and cell-adhesion molecules. The coordination between these activities in the context of cell migration is poorly understood. During Drosophila oogenesis, a small group of cells called border cells exit the follicular epithelium to perform a stereotypic, invasive migration. We find that the ETS transcription factor Yan is required for border cell migration and that Yan expression is spatiotemporally regulated as border cells migrate from the anterior pole of the egg chamber towards the nurse cell-oocyte boundary. Yan expression is dependent on inputs from the JAK/STAT, Notch and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase pathways in border cells. Mechanistically, Yan functions to modulate the turnover of DE-Cadherin-dependent adhesive complexes to facilitate border cell migration. Our results suggest that Yan acts as a pivotal link between signal transduction, cell adhesion and invasive cell migration in Drosophila border cells.
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace, 1941-1960

From Pearl Harbor to the election of John F. Kennedy, the forties and the fifties reveal the heart of America. Diggins provides a history of the two decades that remade America and its place in the world. Photos and maps.
Calculations of the electrostatic free energy contributions to the binding free energy of sulfonamides to carbonic anhydrase

The interactions between biologically important enzymes and drugs are of great interest. In order to address some aspects of these interactions we have initiated a program to investigate enzymedrug interactions. Specifically, the interactions between one of the isozymes of carbonic anhydrase and a family of drugs known as sulfonamides have been studied using computational methods. In particular the electrostatic free energy of binding of carbonic anhydrase II with acetazolamide, methazolamide,p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide,p-aminobenzenesulfonamide and three new compounds (MK1, MK2, and MK3) has been computed using finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann (FDPB) [1] method and the semimacroscopic version [2, 3] of the protein dipole Langevin dipole (PDLD) method [4]. Both methods, FDPB and PDLD, give similar results for the electrostatic free energy of binding even though different charges and different treatments were used for the protein. The calculated electrostatic binding free energies are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The potential and the limitation of electrostatic models for studies of binding energies are discussed.
Multiview Shape and Reflectance from Natural Illumination

The world is full of objects with complex reflectances, situated in complex illumination environments. Past work on full 3D geometry recovery, however, has tried to handle this complexity by framing it into simplistic models of reflectance (Lambetian, mirrored, or diffuse plus specular) or illumination (one or more point light sources). Though there has been some recent progress in directly utilizing such complexities for recovering a single view geometry, it is not clear how such single-view methods can be extended to reconstruct the full geometry. To this end, we derive a probabilistic geometry estimation method that fully exploits the rich signal embedded in complex appearance. Though each observation provides partial and unreliable information, we show how to estimate the reflectance responsible for the diverse appearance, and unite the orientation cues embedded in each observation to reconstruct the underlying geometry. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on synthetic and real-world objects. The results show that our method performs accurately across a wide range of real-world environments and reflectances that lies between the extremes that have been the focus of past work.
Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism--I. Procedure for separation and quantitation of the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates by anion exchange chromatography.

Abstract 1. A method for fractionation of the phosphorylated metabolic intermediates in extracts of chicken red blood cells by anion exchange chromatography using a linear ammonium formate gradient, pH 3·45, is described. 2. The method will resolve myoinositol pentaphosphate (IPP) and/or 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) as well as the other major phosphorylated intermediates of red cells. 3. The amounts of AMP, Pi, ADP, ATP, and IPP in terms of μmoles of Pi per cm 3 of red blood cells (RBC) of the adult chicken were found to be 0·3, 1·2, 1·0, 3·1, and 17·3, respectively.
Are persons with diabetes practicing healthier behaviors in the year 2001? Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Background. To examine changes in modifiable health-risk behaviors of diabetic persons in the United States. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older, in states that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1995 and 2001. Changes in self-reported health-risk behaviors among persons with diabetes are examined for those years (5,218 in 1995 and 13,733 in 2001 for the core instrument; 3,227 in 1995 and 9,304 in 2001 for the diabetes module). Results. From 1995 to 2001, the percentage of persons with diabetes who were obese, had ever been told their blood pressure or blood cholesterol was high, or had their blood cholesterol checked in the past year increased significantly. Significant increases were also reported among diabetic persons who were former smokers, received an annual influenza vaccination, ever received a pneumococcal vaccination, performed daily self-monitoring of blood glucose, received annual foot examination, and received annual dilated eye exam. Conclusions. Continued emphasis needs to be placed on a multirisk factor approach to prevent, delay, and reduce the complications of diabetes.
Tandem bypass: occipital artery to posterior inferior cerebellar artery side-to-side anastomosis and occipital artery to anterior inferior cerebellar artery end-to-side anastomosis--a case report.

Un exemple unique de revascularisation de la fosse posterieure est presente. Une derivation en tandem a ete realisee en anastomosant l'artere occipitale moyenne a l'artere cerebelleuse postero-inferieure de maniere termino-terminale puis la partie distale de l'artere occipitale a l'artere cerebelleuse antero-inferieure d'une maniere termino-laterale. L'operation a ete concue pour revasculariser les deux territoires separes qui etaient isoles chez un malade presume presenter une atteinte extreme de la circulation posterieure. Le malade est asymptomatique 3 ans apres l'operation
Characteristics of female managers in the US labour market

We use 1% Public Use Micro Data Samples 1990 and 1% Public Use Micro Data Samples 2000 data to investigate characteristics of female managers in the US labour market. The results of this study indicate that the presence of husbands affected the probability of female presence in management-type occupations negatively during the 1980s. However, during the 1990s, the results show a reversed pattern. Also, having higher education positively affected this probability both during the 1980s as well as the 1990s. However, the premium for a higher education was not as high during the 1990s as it was during the 1980s. ‘… highly qualified women have an importance beyond their numbers. This is partly due to the fact that women in senior positions are better placed to look after the work interests of other women in their organization.’ Dolton et al. (1996, p. 551).
Genetic analysis of anti-amoebae and anti-bacterial activities of the type VI secretion system in Vibrio cholerae.

A type VI secretion system (T6SS) was recently shown to be required for full virulence of Vibrio cholerae O37 serogroup strain V52. In this study, we systematically mutagenized each individual gene in T6SS locus and characterized their functions based on expression and secretion of the hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp), virulence towards amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum and killing of Escherichia coli bacterial cells. We group the 17 proteins characterized in the T6SS locus into four categories: twelve (VipA, VipB, VCA0109–VCA0115, ClpV, VCA0119, and VasK) are essential for Hcp secretion and bacterial virulence, and thus likely function as structural components of the apparatus; two (VasH and VCA0122) are regulators that are required for T6SS gene expression and virulence; another two, VCA0121 and valine-glycine repeat protein G 3 (VgrG-3), are not essential for Hcp expression, secretion or bacterial virulence, and their functions are unknown; the last group is represented by VCA0118, which is not required for Hcp expression or secretion but still plays a role in both amoebae and bacterial killing and may therefore be an effector protein. We also showed that the clpV gene product is required for Dictyostelium virulence but is less important for killing E. coli. In addition, one vgrG gene (vgrG-2) outside of the T6SS gene cluster was required for bacterial killing but another (vgrG-1) was not. However, a bacterial killing defect was observed when vgrG-1 and vgrG-3 were both deleted. Several genes encoded in the same putative operon as vgrG-1 and vgrG-2 also contribute to virulence toward Dictyostelium but have a smaller effect on bacterial killing. Our results provide new insights into the functional requirements of V. cholerae's T6SS in the context of secretion as well as killing of bacterial and eukaryotic phagocytic cells.
Hyperglycemia in extremely low birth weight infants in a predominantly Hispanic population and related morbidities

This study describes the incidence, correlates and subsequent morbidities of hyperglycemia, a highly prevalent condition in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. A retrospective chart review of 169 infants with birth weight (BW)<1000?g was conducted. Hyperglycemia was defined as plasma glucose level ⩾150?mg/dl during the first 2 weeks of life. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, multivariate analysis and Fisher exact test. Overall, 88% of the study sample developed hyperglycemia in the first 2 weeks of life. Both gestational age (GA) (odds ratio (OR) 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.01–0.89) and chorioamnionitis (OR 0.10, 95% CI=0.01–0.64) were inversely associated with hyperglycemia, whereas BW, sepsis and postnatal steroid exposure were not. After adjusting for GA, BW and postnatal steroids, hyperglycemia was associated with a statistically significant increase in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.12–18.9). No association was found with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, death or prolonged hospital stay. Lower GA was identified as the main factor associated with hyperglycemia in ELBW infants during the first 2 weeks of life. Hyperglycemia was associated with an increased incidence of ROP; further studies need to determine if this association is causal.
Diurnal cycle of rainfall and surface salinity in the Western Pacific Warm Pool

The diurnal cycles of rainfall and surface salinity in the western equatorial Pacific were computed for the period August 1991–December 1994 using hourly data from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) mooring array enhanced for the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). The analysis shows preferential rainfall during predawn hours. Nighttime mixing typically caused the predawn rainfall to mix downward into higher salinity subsurface waters. In contrast, afternoon rainfall, although weaker, generally produced a stable shallow layer of very low salinity. Consequently, sea surface salinity (SSS) exhibited a weak diurnal cycle, with anomalously low salinity in the late afternoon and anomalously high salinity at night. At 1 m depth, the SSS diurnal cycle anomalies were ∼0.005 psu. Although nearly two orders of magnitude less than the SSS standard deviation for this region, the anomalies were significant at the 95% confidence level.
New Species of Mystacocarida From Africa

[Un nouvel examen des Mystacocarides de Luanda (Angola) et de Swakopmund (Sud-Ouest africain) montre que ces regions ne sont pas peuplees par Derocheilocaris remanei, comme on l'avait precedemment affirme, mais par deux especes distinctes, D. angolensis n. sp. de Luanda et D. delamarei n. sp. de Swakopmund. D'apres la distribution biogeographique, il semble qu'une espece peut predominer sur de longues etendues en suivant la ligne de cote, mais que, d'un isolement local, peut resulter l'evolution d'une espece separee., Un nouvel examen des Mystacocarides de Luanda (Angola) et de Swakopmund (Sud-Ouest africain) montre que ces regions ne sont pas peuplees par Derocheilocaris remanei, comme on l'avait precedemment affirme, mais par deux especes distinctes, D. angolensis n. sp. de Luanda et D. delamarei n. sp. de Swakopmund. D'apres la distribution biogeographique, il semble qu'une espece peut predominer sur de longues etendues en suivant la ligne de cote, mais que, d'un isolement local, peut resulter l'evolution d'une espece separee.]
Maya Maritime Trade and Sources of Obsidian at San Juan, Ambergris Cay, Belize

Abstract San Juan is a small Late and Terminal Classic transshipment point on the north end of Ambergris Cay, Belize. It was well situated to have participated in the Maya maritime trade network that served large population centers on Corozal and Chetumal bays and those communities linked to these bays by the New River and Rio Hondo. A sample of Terminal Classic obsidian was sourced using visual, x-ray fluorescence, and neutron activation techniques. Although the bulk of the obsidian derives from El Chayal in Guatemala, as is common during the Terminal Classic in northern Belize, an unusually large proportion comes from Mexican sources. Because of its strategic location, San Juan functioned as a funnel through which goods from the north passed before being dispersed into northern Belize.