cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time Data Assimilation of satellite derived ice concentration into the Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System (ACNFS)

Over the last decade, ice conditions in the Arctic have changed dramatically resulting in the Arctic having a minimum in ice extent during the summers of 2007, 2008 and 2010. With this rapidly changing polar environment, the need for accurate ice forecasts is essential. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed the Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System (ACNFS), a two-way coupled ice/ocean system, to forecast ice conditions in the polar regions. This system applies the Los Alamos Community Ice CodE (CICE) coupled via the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) to the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), a 3-Dimensional VARiational analysis (3DVAR) scheme, is used to assimilate ice and ocean observations into the forecast system. Ice concentration data from two sources: the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observation System (AMSR-E) are used as observations for the ice analysis. Results from the coupled system using both concentration input datasets will be discussed.
Social Environment As A Determinant Of Coping Self-Efficacy In Men And Women Living With HIV Under The Auspice Of A Large Healthcare Provider In Kenya

Kenya faces a severe, generalized HIV epidemic that continues to have a devastating impact on men and women living with HIV and, generally, all sectors of the population. HIV-related stress based on living with HIV, fear of progression of HIV to AIDS or to death, stigma, and discrimination among others are constant stressors afflicting people living with HIV. There are two ways to help people face these stressors - changing the internal characteristics of a person or changing the social environment. A major healthcare provider engages a therapeutic coping model based on stress, appraisal, and coping theory that aims not only directly at changing internal dynamics of the person, but also changing these dynamics by altering the environment of men and women living with HIV. The interplay of a person’s effort with a socially supportive environment is believed to foster coping self-efficacy (CSE). However, the efficacy of this therapeutic model has not been assessed and documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the social environment in shaping CSE among men and women living with HIV enrolled in the treatment and care program under the auspices of a large healthcare provider in Kenya. Three types of social support are: 1) emotional, which reduces anxiety and promotes self-esteem; 2) informational, which provides needed knowledge and skills useful in solving problems; and 3) belonging, which helps to distract a distressed person from disturbing thoughts significantly predicted CSE. The results support interventions that strengthen a person’s character while encouraging family members, friends, and other social ties to act and react favorably, thereby creating a supportive environment. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Can a "Hidden Variable" Quantum Theory Evade the "No-Cloning" Theorem?

Kirk T. McDonaldJoseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544kirkmcd@princeton.edu(October 6, 2005)If YES, then we can look forward to physical realization of superluminal communication,as the original considerations of the “no-cloning” theorem [1, 2] were motivated in part asan explanation of why certain schemes for superluminal signaling cannot work.If NO, then it would seem that some aspects of the “hidden” variables must be “intrinsi-cally hidden”, i.e., “unknowable”, such that “hidden-variable” theories belong more to the“idealist” than to the “realist” school of thought.I pose this question without proposing a deﬁnite answer. I am unaware of any commen-tary on this topic during these 23 years since the formulation of the “no-cloning” theorem,but I would be pleased to be enlightened by more knowledgeable readers.
A blackboard-based learning intrusion detection system: a new approach

Intrusion Detection is one of the crucial real-time problems in the field of computer networking. With the changing technology and the exponential growth of Internet traffic, it is becoming difficult for any existing intrusion detection system to offer a reliable service. From earlier research, we have found that there exists a behavioral pattern in the attacks that can be learned. That is why an Artificial Neural Network is so successful in detecting network intrusions. Still, this approach is not effective in a dynamic environment where changes take place frequently. This paper proposes a blackboard-based Learning Intrusion Detection System, which is controlled by autonomous agents and has an online learning capability. This feature enables the system to adapt itself with the changing environment and to perform better than present systems.
Identification of the HrpS binding site in the hrpL promoter and effect of the RpoN binding site of HrpS on the regulation of the type III secretion system in Erwinia amylovora

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key pathogenicity factor in Erwinia amylovora. Previous studies have demonstrated that the T3SS in E. amylovora is transcriptionally regulated by an RpoN-HrpL sigma factor cascade, which is activated by the bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp. In this study, the binding site of HrpS, an enhancer binding protein, was identified for the first time in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Complementation of the hrpL mutant with promoter deletion constructs of the hrpL gene and promoter activity analyses using various lengths of the hrpL promoter fused to a promoter-less green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter gene delineated the upstream region for HrpS binding. Sequence analysis revealed a dyad symmetry sequence between -138 and -125 nucleotides (TGCAA-N4-TTGCA) as the potential HrpS binding site, which is conserved in the promoter of the hrpL gene among plant enterobacterial pathogens. Results of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and electrophoresis mobility shift assay coupled with site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) analysis showed that the intact dyad symmetry sequence was essential for HrpS binding, full activation of T3SS gene expression and virulence. In addition, the role of the GAYTGA motif (RpoN binding site) of HrpS in the regulation of T3SS gene expression in E. amylovora was characterized by complementation of the hrpS mutant using mutant variants generated by SDM. Results showed that a Y100F substitution of HrpS complemented the hrpS mutant, whereas Y100A and Y101A substitutions did not. These results suggest that tyrosine (Y) and phenylalanine (F) function interchangeably in the conserved GAYTGA motif of HrpS in E. amylovora.
Multimedia content analysis for e-learning application

Summary form only given. Web-based learning (a.k.a. on-line learning or e-learning) is rapidly emerging as an alternative to traditional classroom-based education. Many universities and industrial organizations have started offering remote education and training programs. As a result, the amount of instructional videos available on corporate intranets and the Internet is dramatically increasing. This, on one hand, opens up exciting possibilities for self-driven education with the flexibility to set one's own pace and focus; while on the other hand, it poses great challenges on the task of efficient content access, browse and retrieval. In this talk, I first give a general overview of e-learning application and briefly introduce related international standards, then present some of my recent work on automatically extracting semantics from e-learning content based on the analysis of multiple media information. These extracted metadata can then be used to construct video's table-of-content and facilitate nonlinear content access, browse and retrieval. To achieve this goal, an audio classification scheme is first constructed to partition a video into homogeneous audio segments using the support vector machine technique, then discussion scenes where students interact with the instructor by asking questions or making comments, are detected using statistical approaches. These discussion scenes are then further classified into either 2-speaker or multi-speaker discussions to help differentiate Q&A from classroom discussions. Meanwhile, the narration scenes where the instructor continuously lectures, are analyzed to identify scenes that contain different types of visual contents such as close-up views of the instructor, shots of presentation slides, Web-pages, or blackboard/whiteboard. Various audio and visual features are exploited to achieve above tasks.
Herpes Simplex Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the prototype of a family of large, enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses, the Herpesviridae, which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Productive replication of HSV in cells in culture results in definitive changes in cellular physiology and metabolism, ultimately leading to lysis. These definitive aspects of viral-host interactions enable diagnosis of HSV infections. In this unit, a series of methods are described for the propagation, quantification, and storage of HSV. Infectious center assays are used to measure the titers of HSV stocks. In addition, immunological methods are described for documenting the accumulation of viral polypeptides in infected whole cell extracts, as well as in situ using indirect immunofluorescence. These techniques should be beneficial to basic research virologists utilizing standard laboratory HSV strains, as well as clinical microbiologists interested in characterizing HSV isolated from patients.
ELECTRICAL RESPONSES FROM THE LATERAL-LINE NERVES OF FISHES : V. RESPONSES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Records of spontaneous discharge of nerve impulses, similar to that previously described in catfish and in trout, have been obtained from lateral-line nerves of goldfish and perch, by the use of concentric micro electrodes slipped under the nerve in situ. These impulses have been followed into the central nervous system. They enter the tuberculum acusticum and thence apparently spread diffusely through the cerebellum. Cutting the lateral-line nerve on one side silences the ipsilateral tuberculum acusticum, but only reduces the intensity of ipsilateral cerebellar activity. Cutting the remaining lateral-line nerve silences activity throughout the tuberculum acusticum and the cerebellum. The maintenance of tonic activity in the tuberculum acusticum by way of lateral-line discharge may account for the inhibitory effects of the lateral-line system on auditory responses.
Sequence for developing optimal combination chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer

Abstract A prospective clinical trial was carried out in order to develop an optimal sequential combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. (1) One hundred and ninety-three patients were treated with 2, 3 or 5 agents as primary chemotherapy. The 2 or 3 drug regimens, (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil±prednisone) were effective as the 5 drug therapy (cyclophosphamide, 5 -fluorouracil, methotrexate, vincristine, prednisone): 28 of 85 ( 33% ), 22 of 52 ( 42% ) and 23 of 56 ( 41% ) responded (P > 0.1). ( 2 ) One hundred and forty-two patients who failed or relapsed on 2 or 3 drugs received as secondary therapy either 5 drugs, or methotrexate, vincristine ±prednisone, demonstrating that the 5 drug regimen retains its effectiveness as secondary therapy ( 47% ) and cyclophosphamide and 5 -fluorouracil may act as potentiating agents in the secondary 5 drug combination. ( 3 ) Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide given as tertiary therapy in 12 patients secured more responses ( 42% ) The use of sequential chemotherapy of primary ( 2 or 3 drugs), followed by secondary ( 5 drugs) and adriamycin-cyclophosphamide as tertiary regimen provides further responses and prolongs survival.
Hybrid client-server architecture and control techniques for collaborative product development using haptic interfaces

In this paper, a collaborative product development and prototyping framework is proposed by using distributed haptic interfaces along with deformable objects modeling. Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) is a promising technique for industrial product development and virtual prototyping. Network control problems such as network traffic and network delay in communication have greatly limited collaborative virtual environment applications. The problems become more difficult when high-update-rate haptic interfaces and computation intensive deformable objects modeling are integrated into CVEs for intuitive manipulation and enhanced realism. A hybrid network architecture is proposed to balance the computational burden of haptic rendering and deformable object simulation. Adaptive artificial time compensation is used to reduce the time discrepancy between the server and the client. Interpolation and extrapolation approaches are used to synchronize graphic and haptic data transmitted over the network. The proposed techniques can be used for collaborative product development, virtual assembly, remote product simulation and other collaborative virtual environments where both haptic interfaces and deformable object models are involved.
Comparison of multispectral video and SPOT-1 HRV observations for cotton affected by soil salinity

Abstract A 15-ha field of cotton (Gossypium hirsuiutn L,) with an erratic pattern of soil salinity was overflown twice during the 1989 growing season with each of two sensor systems, a multispectral videography system and the High Resolution Visible (HRV) scanner of the French polar-orbiting satellite SPOT. The objectives were to compare the responses of the two sensor systems and to relate vegetation indices calculated from them to plant cover and lint yield (kgha−1) observations for 36 sites located at the intersections of a square 60 m grid laid off in the field. The range in responses, expressed as digital counts, was much greater for the video than for the HRV. For paired dates of acquisitions, the agreement between near-infrared and red bands between systems was almost as good as within systems. Yield and plant cover could also be estimated about equally well from vegetation indices calculated from both systems. Consequently, it is concluded that the video observations provided essentially the same ...
Thermal force on vortices in superconducting lead films

Abstract The Nernst voltage in the intermediate state of superconducting lead films has been measured as a function of the film thickness. The film thickness ranged between 5 and 110 k A. Above about 10 k A, the Nernst voltage decreases with increasing film thickness. For a 14 k A film, the entropy per flux quantum associated with a vortex of unit length was determined and was found to be 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than the value calculated for a very large flux bundle, where the surface energy contribution is negligible.
Oxirane ring-opening reactions of 3-O-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-1,2:5,6-DI-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose

Abstract Reactions are reported of the oxirane ring of 3- O -(2,3-epoxypropyl)-1,2:5,6-di- O -isopropylidene-α- d -glucofuranose with water, primary and secondary alcohols, lithium aluminum hydride, ammonia, primary and secondary amines, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. In most reactions, the expected products were obtained in quantitative yields.
Effects of a potent dopamine receptor agonist, RDS-127, on penile reflexes and seminal emission in intact and spinally transected rats.

Administration of RDS-127 (3.0 mg/kg) induced seminal emission within three minutes of IP injection and suppressed the display of penile reflexes in intact and spinally transected rats. In Experiment 1, RDS-127 was administered to intact, sexually experienced rats in a protocol previously demonstrated to selectively lower the ejaculatory threshold of copulating animals. The incidence of seminal emission was significantly elevated by RDS-127 but penile reflexes were present in only 8% of the drug-treated rats, compared to 59% of controls. In Experiment 2, seminal emission was induced 2.3 +/- 0.4 (S.E.) minutes from injection of RDS-127. Animals which responded to RDS-127 with multiple emissions had significantly lower ejaculation latencies during copulatory tests conducted prior to drug treatment than animals which had no or only single seminal emissions following RDS-127 injection. Spontaneous seminal emission in the 3 day period initiated 2 hours after RDS-127 injection was unaffected by the drug. Spontaneously produced plugs were approximately twice the weight of those induced by RDS-127. In Experiment 3, seminal emission was induced in spinally transected rats 1.7 +/- 0.4 minutes following RDS-127 administration, whereas drug treatment attenuated the enhancement of penile reflexes observed following midthoracic spinal transection. These experiments suggest that a spinally-mediated dopaminergic mechanism is capable of stimulating seminal emission acutely in the rat and inhibiting the display of penile reflexes by the supine animal.
Evaluating the international standard procedure for testing solar cookers and reporting performance

Abstract The international standard procedure for testing solar cookers and reporting performance was proposed at the Third World Conference on Solar Cooking (Avinashilingam University, Coimbatore, India, 6–10 January, 1997) and revised by the committee over the following months. The standard sets limits for environmental conditions, specifies test procedures and calls for performance to be reported in terms of cooking power (W). While this value, like the fuel economy rating of an automobile, is not a guarantee of performance, it does provide a useful tool for comparison. The entire standard is presented in this paper. It was evaluated both by using it to analyze data previously collected and by using it to test one of the solar cookers in the historical data set. The test standard cooking power curve clearly distinguishes between solar cookers of differing design. Estimates of solar cooker performance for different locations and dates are fairly consistent when the test standard is employed. The criteria of being easy to use and presenting data predictive of thermal performance are also satisfied.
Three-dimensional buoyancy-induced flow and heat transfer around the wheel outboard of an aircraft

Abstract Three-dimensional buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer in an annular cavity with an end open to the ambient surroundings were numerically simulated. This geometry finds direct application in the wheel outboard portion of an aircraft brake housing and plays an important role in the thermal performance of the brake housing assembly. The virtually unknown boundary conditions at the open end were implemented by making use of an extended computational domain at the open end. The numerical scheme used in the present study is based on the Galerkin method of finite element formulation. A number of interesting features of the flow and heat transfer fields resulting from the sudden heating of the inner cylinder were studied in detail. Results including the local and average Nusselt numbers were obtained for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers, and it was found that the physics of the flow changes considerably at high Rayleigh numbers. The effect of the length of the inner cylinder on the flow field and the heat transfer coefficients were studied thoroughly. The validity of the numerical code used is ascertained by comparing results for some pertinent annular geometries with previously published results.
Evidence for quasi-steady near-earth magnetotail reconnection during magnetic storms using global MHD simulation results and magnetotail magnetic field observations

Abstract Global MHD models have become more sophisticated, and computing power has increased, so that it is now possible to model actual events using solar wind data as a boundary condition. Simulations during very strong driving, such as during a magnetic storm, suggest that quasi-steady reconnection regions form relatively close to the Earth, at about 30 Earth radii, and remain there during the period of strong driving. Such a reconnection region would be consistent with quasi-steady convection during a period of sustained, steady southward solar wind magnetic field. Using the simulation as a guide, we have investigated magnetotail magnetic field data during the main phase of magnetic storms. We find that the observations are consistent with our interpretation based on the simulation that during periods of strong, steady driving from the solar wind, a reconnection region forms in the magnetotail at about 30 Earth radii, and that it sits there, reconnecting newly merged flux that is convected into the tail from the dayside.
Schnitzler's syndrome: A broader clinical spectrum

Abstract Schnitzler's syndrome is characterized by chronic urticaria, recurrent fever, bone pain, and lymphadenopathy in conjunction with a serum IgM M component in a concentration that is usually
“My co-wife can borrow my mobile phone!” Gendered Geographies of Cell Phone Usage and Significance for Rural Kenyans

A unique census of cell phones in a Western Kenyan village reveals gendered dimensions of access, intensity and breadth of cell phone usage related to contemporary long-distance households and livelihoods. Women bound to marital homesteads far from their birthplace praise the freedom to communicate with family across the country; a housewife uses scarce resources to send ‘greetings’ and ensure peace of mind. Women link with community groups and distant menfolk, spanning rural/urban spaces to manage their increasingly busy and insecure lives. Older women blend these new technologies into traditional agrarian livelihoods and community activities; younger women are eager to navigate into the twenty-first century and away from farms. For cash-strapped rural housewives, their frugal, ingenious, yet constrained uses of “mobile” (stationary) cell phones help them achieve many freedoms. Findings from this village census of cell phones add to a growing body of nuanced research on the social shaping of cell phones ...
Differences between exogenous and endogenous hemopoietic spleen colonies

Histologic examination of the spleens in RFM/Un mice killed 6 to 9 days after 350 to 800 R whole-body x-irradiation revealed hemopoietic colonies, the numbers of which decreased exponentially with increasing radiation dose. In such animals, myelocytic colonies were the predominant type on the sixth to the eighth day. However, they decreased in number with time, being fewer than erythropoietic colonies by the ninth day after irradiation. In C57BL mice, erythropoietic colonies were relatively more numerous, markedly predominating on both the eighth and the thirteenth days. RFM/Un mice injected with nonirradiated syngeneic bone marrow cells within 24 hours after 750 R developed colonies, predominantly of erythropoietic and undifferentiated types, the numbers of which were proportional to the numbers of marrow cells injected. The number of colonies formed from exogenous marrow cells increased slightly between the sixth and ninth days after inoculation, possibly because of a greater likelihood of counting them due to an increase in their size.
Cryopreservation of isolated rat hepatocytes.

Isolated parenchymal hepatocytes from adult rats were frozen in media containing 10% glycerol, 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or 20% DMSO. Three microsome-associated functions were compared in nonfrozen cells and cells frozen in each of the above cryoprotectant solutions. Freezing in DMSO maintains cytochromes P-450 and b5 and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase at levels nearer to control values than does freezing in glycerol. Cells frozen and subsequently thawed and cultured for 24 h lose a greater amount of cytochrome P-450 than do nonfrozen cultured cells. The levels of cytochrome b5 and reductase in frozen-thawed cells remain close to control values. Cell viability (trypan blue dye exclusion and percentage of attached cells) after freezing is maintained better using DMSO as a cryoprotectant. Dimethylsulfoxide protects the hepatocytes from freeze-induced damage to the extent that many viable cells attach to collagen-coated petri dishes, survive for at least 24 h, and still maintain significant levels of enzymes of importance to drug and carcinogen metabolism.
The Effects of Diesel Injector Needle Motion on Spray Structure

The internal structure of diesel fuel injectors is known to have a significant impact on the steady-state fuel distribution within the spray. However, little experimental or computational work has been performed on the dynamics of fuel injectors. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to measure the three-dimensional geometry of the injector nozzle, and to track changes in that geometry as the needle opens and closes in real time. This has enabled the dynamics of the injector to be compared with the dynamics of the spray, and allows computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to use realistic time-dependent flow passage geometries. In this study, X-ray phase-enhanced imaging has been used to perform time-resolved imaging of the needle seat area in several common-rail diesel injection nozzles. The fuel distributions of the sprays emitted by these injectors were also studied with fast X-ray radiography. Correlations between eccentric motions of the injector needle valve and oscillations in the fuel density as it emerges from the nozzle are examined. CFD modeling is used to interpret the effect of needle motion on fuel flow.
The acetylation of apiitol in the determination of apiose

The complete acetylation of apiitol required 9 h when acetic anhydride at 120 degrees was used and sodium acetate was the catalyst. Both apiitol pentaacetate and apiitol tetraacetate were detected before acetylation was complete. When the reaction was done in dimethyl sulfoxide, with 1-methylimidazole as the catalyst, a third compound was observed, and identified as 1,2,4-tri-O-acetyl-3-C-(acetoxymethyl)-3-O-(methylthiomethyl)-D-glycero- tetrito l [3-O-(methylthiomethyl)apiitol tetraacetate] by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In N,N-dimethylformamide, with 1-methylimidazole as catalyst, the acetylation of apiitol was essentially complete in 4 h at 85 degrees, and the formation of methylthiomethyl ether was avoided. A method for preparing alditol acetates using 1-methylimidazole as the catalyst, and suitable for samples containing apiose as well as ordinary sugars, is described. The separation of apiitol pentaacetate from xylitol pentaacetate by gas-liquid chromatography proved difficult. However, a virtually complete separation of the peracetates of apiitol and xylitol as well as complete separation of those of rhamnitol, fucitol, arabinitol, mannitol, galactitol, glucitol, and myo-inositol, plus apiitol tetraacetate and 3-O-(methylthiomethyl)apiitol tetraacetate, was accomplished with a 30 m x 0.53 mm (i.d.) SP-2380 column in 49 min, and on a 30 m x 0.75 mm (i.d.) SP-2330 column in 82 min. A complete separation of apiitol and xylitol pentaacetates as well as four other alditol peracetates was obtained with a 60 m DB-1 column in 15.2 min, however this column did not resolve the acetates of fucitol and arabinitol. A variety of other columns and column conditions were ineffective.
Stability of Frictional Sliding With the Coefficient of Friction Depended on the Temperature

Friction-induced instabilities can be caused by different separate mechanisms such as elastodynamic or thermoelastic. This paper suggests another type of instability due to the temperature dependency of the coefficient of friction. The perturbations imposed on the surface temperature field during the frictional sliding can grow or decay. A stability criterion is formulated and a case study of a brake disk is performed with a simple model without including effects of transforming layer and chemical/physical properties change with temperature. The disk is rigid and the coefficient of friction depends on temperature. We show that the mechanism of instability can contribute to poor reproducibility of aircraft disk brake tests reported in the literature. We propose a method to increase the reproducibility by dividing the disk into several sectors with decreased thermal conductivity between the sectors. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006577]
Status of citrus harvesting in Florida

Abstract Florida citrus production peaked at 11·2 Mt prior to several damaging freezes of the early 1980s. Currently, production is seven Mt, slowly increasing, and approximately 83% is utilized for processing purposes. The picking of citrus is still a manual task and currently requires 20 000 labourers. The labour supply appears adequate with a reasonably good profit margin above harvesting costs. Although 30 years of research and development have not yielded a feasible alternative to manual picking, considerable technology has been developed to evaluate the merits of various approaches. Picking aids have increased picker productivity, but their economic justification under Florida labour conditions continues to be questionable. Mass removal mechanical systems could only compete on a small scale to traditional citrus harvesting methods. The freezes of the early 1980s eliminated many of the old, larger producing trees in the north central area of the state. New plantings are being spaced closer together to achieve high yields in hedgerows at an early age. Hand harvesters generally dislike hedgerows because across-row movement with ladders and containers is more difficult. Also, mechanical placement and retrieval of fruit containers in the rows are difficult. The application of robotic principles favours hedgerows because positioning of a robotic arm would be much simpler than with individual trees. A robotic arm under development in Florida has demonstrated a picking rate of one fruit every five seconds from the outer canopy. Research is underway to develop smaller and more productive hedgerow trees which would be easier to harvest by hand or machine.
In situ measurements constraining the role of sulphate aerosols in mid-latitude ozone depletion

In situ measurements of stratospheric sulphate aerosol, reactive nitrogen and chlorine concentrations at middle latitudes confirm the importance of aerosol surface reactions that convert active nitrogen to a less active, reservoir form. This makes mid-latitude stratospheric ozone less vulnerable to active nitrogen and more vulnerable to chlorine species. The effect of aerosol reactions on active nitrogen depends on gas phase reaction rates, so that increases in aerosol concentration following volcanic eruptions will have only a limited effect on ozone depletion at these latitudes.
Genetic mechanisms of surfactant deficiency

The production of pulmonary surfactant is necessary to maintain alveolar stability and normal lung function. Mutations in three different genes important for surfactant production and function have now been recognized to result in surfactant deficiency and acute and/or chronic lung disease. The clinical and laboratory features associated with these genetic disorders, along with their implications for the understanding of normal surfactant metabolism, are reviewed.
Transient Linkage Disequilibrium in Drosophila

THE results of some applications of biochemical techniques to population genetics apparently contradict certain basic tenets of evolutionary theory. Thus by the use of gel electrophoresis for soluble proteins, to estimate genetic variation within natural populations, levels of variability much greater than those predicted by the genetic load theory have been found1–3. Second, the rate of allele substitution calculated from data on amino-acid substitutions in the primary structures of certain homotogous proteins4 turns out to be two or three orders of magnitude greater than the productions of the genetic load theory for species of the appropriate evolutionary separation. Among the explanations so far proposed for these discrepancies are the selective neutrality per se of numerous isoallelles4,7–9, frequency dependent selection10,11 and selectively maintained linkage disequilibria12–14. Although there have been many theoretical discussions of linkage disequilibria12–14, experimental evidence of their frequency and importance in natural populations has been sparse15,16. We now describe a transient linkage disequilibrium between two allozyme loci in a laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene Seasonal Temperatures Reconstructed from Fossil Beetle Assemblages in the Rocky Mountains

Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) analysis was applied to 20 fossil beetle assemblages from 11 sites dating from 14,500 to 400 yr B.P. The fossil sites represent a transect of the Rocky Mountain region from northern Montana to central Colorado. The analyses yielded estimates of mean July and mean January temperatures. The oldest assemblage (14,500 yr B.P.) yielded mean July values of 10–11°C colder than present and mean January values 26–30°C colder than present. Postglacial summer warming was rapid, as indicated by an assemblage dating 13,200 yr B.P., with mean July values only 3–4°C cooler than modern. By 10,000 yr B.P., several assemblages indicate warmer-than-modern mean summer and winter values. By 9000 yr B.P., MCR reconstructions indicate that both summer and winter temperatures were already declining from an early Holocene peak. Mean July values remained above modern levels and mean January values remained below modern levels until 3000 yr B.P. A series of small-scale oscillations followed.
Habitat‐Specific Growth in Juvenile Pinfish

Abstract Understanding how certain fish species utilize estuarine habitats is critical for future conservation and management efforts. Habitats with various types of structure, including seagrass, marsh, oyster reef, and nonvegetated bottom, provide transient juvenile fishes with food and refuge from predation. Relative growth rates and survival of species like the pinfish Lagodon rhomboides should depend on the distribution and relative abundance of such habitats within and among bay systems. In many bays, marsh makes up a larger proportion of habitat area than the more often-studied seagrass, but habitat-specific comparisons of fish growth have rarely included marsh. Using field enclosures, we compared relative growth of juvenile pinfish in marsh, oyster, and nonvegetated bottom habitats in Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Mississippi. Mean growth rates of pinfish juveniles in two summer experiments were 0.39, 0.20, and 0.04 mm/d in marsh, oyster, and nonvegetated bottom habitats, respecti...
Effect of glucagon on automaticity, threshold for stimulation, and atrioventricular conduction in patients with impaired impulse formation or conduction.

Abstract Glucagon (5 mg.) was injected intravenously into patients with stable disorders of impulse formation or conduction during electrocardiographic monitoring. The ventricular rate did not change significantly in any of the four patients with atrial fibrillation, nor did glucagon alter A-V conduction in any of the three patients with second-degree heart block. In two patients with first-degree heart block the P-R interval shortened briefly by a maximum of 15 msec., the shortening due entirely to a decrease in the P-His bundle interval with no change in the H-Q interval. In two additional patients with first-degree block the P-R interval remained essentially unchanged. In seven patients with complete heart block, four with QRS complexes of normal duration, glucagon did not affect the rate of the spontaneous pacemaker. Similarly in two patients with nodal pacemakers and normal A-V conduction, glucagon was without significant effect. In only one of nine patients with a functioning temporary transvenous pacemaker was a significant change in the threshold for stimulation observed. These results indicate that glucagon is unlikely to produce electrophysiologic effects of clinical importance in patients with impaired impulse formation or conduction.
Thomas Goode Jones and African American Civil Rights in the New South

(1997). Thomas Goode Jones and African American Civil Rights in the New South. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 257-272.
Surface albedo observations at Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars

[1] During the Mars Exploration Rover mission, the Pancam instrument has periodically acquired large-scale panoramic images with its broadband (739 ± 338 nm) filter in order to estimate the Lambert bolometric albedo of the surface along each rover's traverse. In this work we present the full suite of such estimated albedo values measured to date by the Spirit and Opportunity rovers along their traverses in Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum, respectively. We include estimated bolometric albedo values of individual surface features (e.g., outcrops, dusty plains, aeolian bed forms, wheel tracks, light-toned soils, and crater walls) as well as overall surface averages of the 43 total panoramic albedo data sets acquired to date. We also present comparisons to estimated Lambert albedo values taken from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) along the rovers' traverses, and to the large-scale bolometric albedos of the sites from the Viking Orbiter Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) and Mars Global Surveyor/Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES). The ranges of Pancam-derived albedos at Gusev Crater (0.14 to 0.25) and in Meridiani Planum (0.10 to 0.18) are in good agreement with IRTM, TES, and MOC orbital measurements. These data sets will be a useful tool and benchmark for future investigations of albedo variations with time, including measurements from orbital instruments like the Context Camera and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Long-term, accurate albedo measurements could also be important for future efforts in climate modeling as well as for studies of active surface processes.
Smoking: A Panel Study of Beliefs and Behavior following the PHS Report

Following the PHS Report on smoking and health, a panel study of 128 college students was conducted, with questionnaires administered 2, 4, and 12 wk. after the Report appeared. Data were obtained on smoking behavior, recall and evaluation of the contents of the Report, perceptions of the personal relevance of health threats from smoking, satisfactions derived from smoking and expected benefits from quitting. Restrictions in the data obtained prevented a test of the prediction that a specified combination of beliefs would lead to a given behavioral change. The data partially confirmed predicted belief differences between those who continued to smoke, those who resumed smoking, and non-smokers. Neither the level of, nor changes in, reported satisfactions from smoking and benefits expected from quitting seemed to be used as means for dissonance reduction. However, smokers, as compared with non-smokers, became less accurate in recalling the content of the Report, and evaluated the Report less favorably. Smok...
From the Church of the Nativity to the Churches of the World: Palestinian Christians and Their “Cry of Hope”

Palestinian Christians came together in 2009 to write a common statement exposing their theological perspective and formulating their hope for the future. The result of their work was published as ...
A cultural analysis is necessary in understanding intersubjectivity

In this commentary we argue that in order to understand how joint understanding arises out of activity, a cultural examination of communication and interaction must be included in the analysis. In their article “The tension between dialogicality and interobjectivity in cooperative activities,” Talamo and Pozzi (2011) argue that intersubjectivity should be thought of as a process that occurs in group interaction and collaboration. We agree with the authors that intersubjectivity is not something that is located inside people’s heads and that intersubjectivity is not “mind reading.” However, we argue that their plan of analysis lacks an examination of the cultural milieu in which both the personal and the social happen. By not bringing a cultural lens to bear in their analysis they have privileged verbal interactions and painted an incomplete picture of the phenomenon. We provide evidence from cultural comparative work on the different ways that joint understanding and joint activity can be viewed culturall...
A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux: 3. The particle velocity distribution and the diffusive flux

[1] Particles transported as bed load within a specified streambed area possess at any instant a distribution of velocities. This distribution figures prominently in describing the rates of transport and dispersal of particles. High-speed imaging of sand particles transported as bed load over a planar bed reveals that the probability density functions of the streamwise and cross-stream particle velocities are exponential-like. For quasi-steady conditions the exponential-like density of streamwise velocities reflects a balance among three fluxes in momentum space: (1) an advection of streamwise momentum whose magnitude and sign vary with the momentum state; (2) a diffusion of momentum from higher to lower values of momentum density; and (3) a drift of momentum from regions in momentum space having high average rates of generation of kinetic energy toward regions having low rates of generation of kinetic energy. The probability density of cross-stream velocities similarly reflects a balance of fluxes of cross-stream momentum. Whereas the average net force acting on particles is zero under steady conditions, the mean, variance and asymmetry of the distribution of forces acting on particles vary with the momentum state of the particles. Numerical simulations of particle motions that are faithful to these statistical properties reproduce key empirical results, namely, the exponential-like velocity distribution and the nonlinear relation between hop distances and travel times. The simulations also illustrate how steady gradients in particle activity, the solid volume of particles in motion per unit streambed area, induce a diffusive flux as described in companion papers.
Density-gradient theory analysis of electron distributions in heterostructures

Abstract In recent work we have developed a generalized version of the standard diffusion-drift description of semiconductor transport which includes lowest order quantum effects. This new description, which we refer to as density-gradient theory, is examined in this paper in some detail for the static case. We exhibit a new variational principle and derive a first (energy) integral of the static equations in one-dimension. We then apply these results to the analysis of various equilibrium problems in heterostructures. Detailed comparisons between predictions of density-gradient theory and one-electron quantum mechanics are made and, on this basis, we assess the conditions under which density-gradient theory constitutes a useful tool for device analysis in quantum regimes. In particular, we show it to be of value when effects of quantum confinement/exclusion and tunneling are significant but, as might be expected, less useful (if at all) when interference phenomena are important.
"How Much Economic Value Does My Credential Have?": Reformulating Tinto's Model to Study Students' Persistence in Community Colleges

Community colleges play a key role in educating the large number of non-traditional, low-income, and under-prepared students who have entered higher education in the past several decades. Despite i...
FOURIER DECOMPOSITION OF THE LIGHT CURVES OF THREE DWARF CEPHEIDS: CY AQUARII, XX CYGNI, AND V798 CYGNI

The three dwarf Cepheid variable stars CY Aquarii, XX Cygni, and V798 Cygni were examined with CCD time series ensemble photometry. The Fourier decomposition of the light curves showed no evidence that any of the three stars was a double-mode variable. CY Aqr was fit with a nine term harmonic series with a residual error of 10 mmag. XX Cyg was fit with a ten term harmonic series with a residual error of 10 mmag. V798 Cyg was fit with a four term harmonic series with a residual error of 7 mmag. In addition, we examined a set of double-mode dwarf Cepheids with the same Fourier decomposition techniques. We present evidence that these double-mode dwarf Cepheids fill the gap in the amplitude ratio distribution reported by Antonello et al.(1986) and Poretti et al.(1990.
Genomic analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 isolated from dairy calves during the United States national dairy heifer evaluation project (1991–1992)

Abstract The genomic fingerprints of 26 Escherichia coli 0157:H7 isolates from calves on 20 farms in 16 states were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Digestion of genomic DNAs with the restriction enzymes Sfi I and Xba I yielded 14 and 18 restriction endonuclease digestion profiles (REDP), respectively. Seventeen farms (85%) had E. coli 0157:H7 with a unique REDP, and when more than one calf tested positive on a farm, the isolates displayed identical REDP. Isolates from different farms within the same state displayed distinct REDP, as did most isolates from farms in different states. The exceptions were three farms in New York, Ohio, and Washington that had calves harboring E. coli 0157:H7 with the same REDP. In addition to REDP, the toxin profiles of all 26 isolates were determined using oligonucleotide probes to Shiga-like toxins (SLT) I and II. Nineteen (73%) of the E. coli 0157:H7 isolates harbored the genes for both SLT I and II, while the remaining seven isolates (27%) had the gene for SLT II only. Also, isolates with the same REDP had the same toxin profile. The genomic relatedness among the E. coli 0157:H7 isolates was also determined by principal component analysis of Dice similarity indices of REDP. Three clusters were identified, but none of these were associated with a geographic region or toxin profile.
Viewing the liquid-gas phase transition by measuring proton correlations.

A formalism is developed for predicting two-particle correlations in terms of the final single-particle phase-space distributions which can be calculated from theoretical models. The ability to determine the phase-space distributions from experiment is discussed. It is shown that evaporation which characterizes the liquid phase and expansion which characterizes the gaseous phase have clear experimental signatures. An abrupt change in the behavior of the experimentally inferred lifetime is predicted near the threshold for the liquid-gas phase transition.
Comparative studies on lipid peroxidation and DNA-single strand breaks induced by lindane, DDT, chlordane and endrin in rats

Abstract 1. A variety of structurally dissimilar polyhalogenated cyclic hydrocarbons produce similar toxic effects. The molecular mechanisms involved in the production of these toxic manifestations is not known. 2. We have proposed that reactive oxygen species may be involved, and have therefore examined the time-dependent effects of lindane (30 mg kg ), DDT (40 mg kg ), chlordane (l 20 mg kg ), and endrin (4.5 mg kg ) on the production of hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation and DNA single strand breaks, two indices of oxidative stress. 3. All four xenobiotics resulted in significant increases in hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Earliest (6 hr) increases in both lipid peroxidation and DNA damage were observed following lindane adminstration. Time-dependent increases in both parameters were observed following endrin administration. 4. Maximum increases in DNA single strand breaks of 2.8- and 2.5-fold were observed 12 hr after DDT and chlordane administration, respectively, while a 4.4-fold increase was observed 24 hr after endrin adminstration. 5. The results demonstrate that the four structurally dissimilar polyhalogenated hydrocarbons produce oxidative tissue damage which may contribute to the toxic manifestations of these xenobiotics, and exhibit different toxicokinetic properties.