cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phloretinyl-3′-benzylazide: a high affinity probe for the sugar transporter in human erythrocytes: II. Irreversible transport inhibition is induced by photolysis

Abstract In the dark, phloretinyl-3′-benzylazide (PBAz), at a nominal concentration of 10 μM, will inhibit the transport of d -glucose in human erythrocytes by more than 90%. This inhibition can be completely reversed by percolating the cell suspension through a small column of Sephadex G-10; cells recovered after this treatment, and then loaded with 100 mM d -glucose, possess a transport capacity (glucose efflux) equal to untreated cells. The Sephadex matrix completely removes non-covalently bound inhibitor even though, under these conditions (subdued light, 0.2% hematocrit, 0°C, pH 6.2 or 7.8), from 70 to 80% of the PBAz added is bound to the cells (mostly non-specifically to hemoglobin). However, when erythrocytes exposed to 10 μM inhibitor are irradiated with long wavelength ultraviolet light, the glucose transporter is irreversibly inhibited; after 1 min irradiation, about 50% of transporter activity cannot be restored by Sephadex treatment. Under identical conditions, control cells (no PBAz,but irradiated and treated with Sephadex) retain over 90% of carrier activity. The photolytic conversion of the inhibition to an irreversible form is directly dependent on PBAz concentration. The results reaffirm our earlier conclusions that PBAz is a potentially useful photoaffinity labeling agent for the glucose transporter in erythrocyte membranes.
Effects of Varying Training Periods on the Development of Cardiovascular Efficiency of College Women

Abstract Eighteen female volunteers were randomly divided into three experimental groups which trained 10, 20, or 30 minutes a day at a heart rate of 144 beats per minute, three days per week for six weeks on a bicycle ergometer. Subjects were tested before and after the conditioning period to determine the effects of the conditioning programs on cardiovascular efficiency. The two tests administered during each testing period were the Astrand Test of Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake and a test of physical work capacity. The results indicated that all three groups significantly improved in cardiovascular efficiency between Test I and Test II. Predicted maximal oxygen uptake values increased five, five, and eight ml/kg per min. in the 10-, 20-, and 30-min. groups, respectively. Times in the physical work capacity test increased 24, 50, and 35 sec. in the three respective groups. The 30-min. group, however, showed a more consistent increase in cardiovascular efficiency than the other two.
Initial assessment of an EC heating scenario and system for a compact stellarator power plant

The ARIES Advanced System Group has initiated a three-year study of compact stellarators as fusion power plants. Initial assessment was carried out of an external electron cyclotron heating system used to bring the plasma to its nominal operating conditions. For an NCSX-based CS reactor, core accessibility and strong single-pass absorption are found for the O-mode at the fundamental resonance. Survey of the EC source and window technologies indicates that their present performances approach those required for a CS reactor. A preliminary study concludes that an EC system based on the ITER-FEAT design should fit into the complex modular coil geometry of the device.
Neuropathy Improvement Following Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation For POEMS Syndrome. (I6-2.002)

OBJECTIVE: To study the neuropathy outcome following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) in patients with POEMS syndrome. BACKGROUND: PBSCT is an effective treatment for POEMS but there are no large studies with long-term follow-up that assess the neurological improvement following PBSCT. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective chart review documenting the clinical, electrophysiological and laboratory characteristics of POEMS patients undergoing PBSCT at Mayo Clinic Rochester. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included. Median follow-up time was 61 months. All patients demonstrated neurological improvement following PBSCT apart from one patient who failed engraftment. Before PBSCT, 27 (45%) patients required a wheelchair and 17 (29%) required a walker or foot brace. At the end of the follow-up period, no patient was using a wheelchair. The median Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS) improved from 66 to 48 points at 12 months and to 30 points at last follow-up (p<0.0001). Duration of symptoms prior to PBSCT correlated with higher baseline NIS. Median Rankin score improved from 3 to 1.5 (p<0.0001). Median VEGF improved from 452 to 64 pg/mL (p<0.0001) and median ulnar CMAP amplitude improved from 4.4 to 7.6 mV (p<0.0001). Predicted forced vital capacity improved from 83 to 93.5% (p<0.0001). There was no correlation between NIS improvement and change in VEGF level. Fourteen patients required additional chemotherapy and radiation following PBSCT, but there was no deterioration in the neuropathy in any of these patients. Six patients died; 1 due to failed engraftment, 5 due to other malignancies (3 MDS, 1 lymphoma,1 metastatic lung cancer). Periengraftment syndrome occurred in 40% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: POEMS patients who underwent PBSCT have significant improvement of their neuropathy during both short and long-term follow-up which corresponds to reduction in morbidity and disability. There is no correlation between neuropathy improvement and VEGF levels. Periengraftment syndrome was commonly seen but fatal complications were uncommon. Disclosure: Dr. Karam has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for WriteClick Neurology. Dr. Dispenzieri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mandrekar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dyck has nothing to disclose. Dr. D9Souza has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mauermann has nothing to disclose.
The role of T cell leptin signaling in 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection mortality in obese mice (VIR2P.1013)

Obese humans are more susceptible to death from infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (pH1N1) compared with healthy weight individuals. To identify explanatory mechanisms, we utilized a mouse model of obesity and pH1N1 infection. Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J male mice and lean control mice were intranasally infected with influenza A/Cal/07/09 (pH1N1). Obese mice exhibited an 80% mortality rate, whereas no lean mice succumbed. During the infection, obese mice exhibited similar levels of lung viral titers but had elevated levels of lung inflammatory cytokines and greater lung airway damage. Further, obese mice had fewer activated lung CD4 + Foxp3 + CD103 + regulatory T cells. As a potential mechanism for the heightened inflammatory responses in the lungs of obese mice, we addressed the role of leptin, an immunomodulatory hormone chronically elevated in an obese state. Obese mice had more than twice as much leptin in serum and lung airways during the pH1N1 infection compared with lean mice. Given the regulatory role of leptin in T cell activity, we utilized mice lacking functional leptin receptor in T cells (LepR T-/- ). LepR T-/- and LepR Tfl/fl littermate controls were maintained on a high fat or low fat diet for 15 weeks. Preliminary studies indicate that disruption of leptin signaling in T cells limits pH1N1 mortality and infection severity in obese mice. Therefore, leptin signaling in T cells may be a critical mediator of pH1N1 severity in obese mice.
Progress in the treatment of polytrauma over the past twenty years.

Significant advances have been made over the past 20 years in the treatment of multiple trauma patients. An organized, preplanned, and intelligent network of people, transport, and facilities has been developed. Surgeons have come to appreciate the urgency of establishing the appropriate therapeutic priorities, both immediate and long term. The place of antibiotics in combatting sepsis in polytrauma has gradually been put into perspective. Technological developments and refinements in surgical skill as a result of experience and improved training are enabling more patients to survive post-trauma emergency surgery. In addition, the care given in surgical intensive care units has improved as physicians become trained to view the patient as a series of integrated organ systems, the function of which may be observed and tracked in physiological terms.
Part VI. Implications of spirituality with oncology patients

Q aving cancer is life changing. The individual with cancer will reexamine the dimensions of his or her life through a lens that is tinted by this disease. Within the model of holistic life are 4 dimensions or areas: physical, emotional, social, and spiritual. Health care providers typically have done well in dealing with the first 3 aspects of oncology care, but spirituality has usually been given less, if any, attention. Recently, however, addressing the spiritual issues of patients with cancer has come into its own light and is now seen frequently in the professional’-3 and the lay literature. Interest in religion and spirituality is growing. In any given week, cover articles of major news and business magazines deal with the public’s growing interest in spirituality. 4~5 The most significant study on the effects of prayer on the outcome of patients was recently published in the medical literature.6 With the significance and rise of the concept of holistic care, the Association of American Medical Colleges has joined with the National Institute for Healthcare Research, and together they are leading the effort for spirituality education for medical students.’ Approximately 65 medical colleges in the United States have integrated spirituality into their curriculum. The John Templeton Foundation, a large conglomerate corporation, is generous with financial support for spirituality research, spirituality forums, and educational development. Spirituality has come of age, and health care providers must be prepared to meet the spiritual needs of their patients and the families.* This article presents an overview of the recent history of spirituality and religion in society, definitions for some of the most common terms within the topic of spirituality, a conceptual model for spirituality, issues in spirituality research, examination of tools that can be used to assess spirituality, and an overview of 4 of the more common spiritual interventions.
Effects of high-isoflavone soy diet vs. casein protein diet and obesity on DMBA-induced mammary tumor development

Obesity and elevated serum insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level are major risk factors in the development of breast cancer. We investigated the long-term effects of high-isoflavone soy intake and obesity on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor development and on serum IGF-1 and binding protein (IGFBP-3) levels. Lean and obese female Zucker rats fed casein or high-isoflavone soy protein were orally gavaged at age 50 days with DMBA and sacrificed after 147 days. The majority of lean casein-fed rats (69%) developed mammary tumors compared to 50% in lean soy-fed rats (P=0.176). In the obese groups, 76% of soy-fed rats developed mammary tumors compared to 15% of obese casein-fed rats (P<0.001). At age 43 days, IGFBP-3 was increased in the lean soy-fed rats compared to the lean casein-fed rats (P<0.05). At age 99 days, soy- and obese casein-fed rats exhibited increased serum IGF-1 compared to the lean rats and this increase was maintained for the rest of the experiment (P<0.05). Obese rats fed casein exhibited increased IGFBP-3 levels (P<0.001). However, obese rats fed soy exhibited a significant decrease in IGFBP-3 levels compared to the lean soy-fed rats (P<0.001) and a significant decrease in IGFBP-3 levels compared to the obese casein-fed rats (P<0.001). At age 197 days, IGFBP-3 levels were increased in obese casein-and soy-fed rats (P<0.001). The results suggest that female Zucker rats fed casein diets are protected against DMBA-induced mammary tumors, which is not the case for those on high-isoflavone soy diet, and changes in the concentration of serum IGFBP-3 may contribute to the incidence of DMBA-induced mammary tumors.
On-demand cooperation with power control: Protocol and experimental results

In cooperative communications, wireless devices pool their resources to increase overall reliability. However, devices that would normally be idle spend energy to help neighbors. This altruism is a source of much debate on the efficacy of cooperative communications. In this work, we present the Power-controlled Distributed On-demand Cooperation (PDOC) protocol, which employs cooperative relays in an energy efficient manner. PDOC provides significant reduction in energy usage at cooperative relays in two key regimes: when relays are close to destination nodes and when they are far away. In this work, we describe PDOC and evaluate the protocol with a real-time FPGA implementation and associated characterization.
Effector cell sensitivity to sugar moieties: inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by tunicamycin.

Abstract Previously, we proposed a model for natural killer (NK) cell activity involving the recognition of carbohydrate structures on target cells via receptors on the effector cell surface. In order to test whether carbohydrate structures on target cells are necessary for recognition, we have treated target cells with tunicamycin, an antibiotic that inhibits glycosylation of protein. Our data indicate that protein glycosylation is necessary for recognition of a tumor target cell line by NK effector cells.
Protein analysis by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and related methods

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) requires little to no sample preparation and has been successfully applied to the study of biologically significant macromolecules such as proteins. However, DESI-MS and other ambient methods that use spray desorption to process samples during ionization appear limited to smaller proteins with molecular masses of 25 kDa or less, and a decreasing instrumental response with increasing protein size has often been reported. It has been proposed that this limit results from the inability of some proteins to easily desorb from the surface during DESI sampling. The present study investigates the apparent mass dependence of the instrumental response observed during the DESI-MS analysis of proteins using spray desorption collection and reflective electrospray ionization. Proteins, as large as 66 kDa, are shown to be quantitatively removed from surfaces by using spray desorption collection. However, incomplete dissolution and the formation of protein–protein and protein–contaminant clusters appear to be responsible for the mass-dependent loss in sensitivity for protein analysis. Alternative ambient mass spectrometry approaches that address some of the problems encountered by spray desorption techniques for protein analysis are also discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-designing trial combined with classical group sequential monitoring.

ABSTRACT At the interim analyses of a clinical trial, it is appealing to modify the originally planned sample size in order to achieve an adequate power to detect a meaningful treatment effect. We propose a flexible sequential monitoring scheme through combining the self-designing and classical group sequential methods. The maximum sample size does not have to be specified in advance and one efficacy interim analysis is conducted for the purpose of possible early termination after the first block of data is observed. At the interim analysis for efficacy, the usual sufficient test statistic is used and the type I error rate is adjusted to maintain the overall nominal level. At the final analysis, the test is constructed from a weighted average of the blockwise test statistics based on the sequentially collected data. The weight function at each stage is determined by the observed data prior to that stage. The futility stopping rule allows the trial to be terminated when there is no beneficial treatment eff...
Alkali metal-templated assembly of the tetrahedral cyanometallate cages [M⊂Mo4(μ-CN)6(CO)12]5− (M = Li, Na)

Acetonitrile solutions of (mesitylene)Mo(CO)3, 1.5 equiv. Et4NCN, and 0.25 equiv M+ afford the inorganic tetrahedranes (Et4N)5[M⊂Mo4(μ-CN)6(CO )12] (M = Na, Li), the strained nature of which is indicated by their ready reaction with CsO3SCF3 to give trigonal prismatic (Et4N)8[Cs⊂Mo6(μ-CN)9(C O)18].
The Cytoplasmic Adaptor Protein Caskin Mediates Lar Signal Transduction during Drosophila Motor Axon Guidance

The multiprotein complexes that receive and transmit axon pathfinding cues during development are essential to circuit generation. Here, we identify and characterize the Drosophila sterile α-motif (SAM) domain-containing protein Caskin, which shares homology with vertebrate Caskin, a CASK [calcium/calmodulin-(CaM)-activated serine-threonine kinase]-interacting protein. Drosophila caskin (ckn) is necessary for embryonic motor axon pathfinding and interacts genetically and physically with the leukocyte common antigen-related (Lar) receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. In vivo and in vitro analyses of a panel of ckn loss-of-function alleles indicate that the N-terminal SAM domain of Ckn mediates its interaction with Lar. Like Caskin, Liprin-α is a neuronal adaptor protein that interacts with Lar via a SAM domain-mediated interaction. We present evidence that Lar does not bind Caskin and Liprin-α concurrently, suggesting they may assemble functionally distinct signaling complexes on Lar. Furthermore, a vertebrate Caskin homolog interacts with LAR family members, arguing that the role of ckn in Lar signal transduction is evolutionarily conserved. Last, we characterize several ckn mutants that retain Lar binding yet display guidance defects, implying the existence of additional Ckn binding partners. Indeed, we identify the SH2/SH3 adaptor protein Dock as a second Caskin-binding protein and find that Caskin binds Lar and Dock through distinct domains. Furthermore, whereas ckn has a nonredundant function in Lar-dependent signaling during motor axon targeting, ckn and dock have overlapping roles in axon outgrowth in the CNS. Together, these studies identify caskin as a neuronal adaptor protein required for axon growth and guidance.
Evolution of a computerized support system for health care capacity planning

This paper describes the evolution of a computerized support system for health care capacity planning within the Veterans Administration (VA) health care system. The VA's early attempts at computerization are described, along with the subsequent refinements made necessary by the deficiencies in those early attempts. The evolution of both the planning logic and the software configurations is set forth, along with some plans for future development.
Image compression using Boltzmann machines

In this paper, the idea of image compression using the Boltzmann machines will be developed. We will first introduces (theta) -transformation and show it is complete for a certain class of images. Then we will show that the Boltzmann machine can implement the first few terms in the (theta) -transformation; therefore, the Boltzmann machines can be used as image encoders. The compression ratio and distortion of this new image compression method are discussed.
Patterns of Atrioventricular Conduction in the Human Heart

Atrioventricular conduction in the human heart, analyzing electrocardiogram response patterns recorded by electrode catheter in unanesthetized man
A critical comparison of silicide film deposition techniques

Three different film deposition techniques are compared. WSi2 was chosen as a test sample. Fabrication of films with the desired composition and lowest electrical resistivities are emphasized. Rutherford backscattering analysis was found to be a very useful tool to perform rapid non-destructive examination of in-depth composition variation and determination of relative thickness. Co-evaporation of tungsten and silicon was found to provide films with the lowest resistivity but was the most difficult method of film deposition. Co-sputtering is slightly simpler than co-evaporation but it is preferable to sputter from a compound or composite target of high purity if available. Low pressure chemical vapor deposition is the simplest method for tungsten silicide film deposition with uniformity and high throughput. However, these films contain more impurities, and thus the resulting resistivities are higher than those of purer films deposited by other techniques.
The effect of bioturbation and adsorption gradients on solid and dissolved radium profiles in sediments from the eastern equatorial Pacific

Abstract Remobilization of Mn resulting from the diagenetic oxidation of organic carbon causes steep adsorption gradients within hemipelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Pacific. Transport of Ra along these gradients is capable of maintaining marked 226Ra-230Th disequilibrium in the surface sediments. Pore water and solid phase 226Ra profiles measured in cores from two sites in this area are modeled by adjusting the Ra adsorption coefficient as a function of the depth-varying Mn content. At MANOP site M, the high organic carbon accumulation rate causes a sharp redox gradient within the upper 10 cm of sediment. Biological mixing is constant and rapid (−500 cm2/kyr) in this upper layer, below which the Mn content, the Ra adsorption coefficient and the 226 Ra 230 Th ratio are all sharply reduced. At MANOP site H, the organic carbon accumulation rate is less and therefore the redox gradient is expanded over a greater depth scale. In the surface sediment, biological mixing is slower, decreases with depth and gradients in the adsorption coefficients and 226 Ra 230 Th ratio are less marked than at site M.
Interactions between polymer‐grafted particles and bare particles for biocompatibility applications

We use self-consistent field theory (SCFT) to study the interactions between a polymer-grafted spherical particle and a bare spherical particle and explore how these interaction energies depend on the radii of the two particles and the grafting density. We find that the magnitude of the interaction energies increases with the radii of both the grafted and bare particles and with increasing grafting density. We also find a universal scaling law for the interaction potential which exhibits a power-law dependence on both particle sizes, a linear dependence on grafting density, and a logarithmic dependence on interparticle distance with a range of interaction that scales with brush height. We compare our numerical results to those obtained using the Derjaguin approximation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2566–2577, 2009
Living will: Ruminations of an economist

Abstract The typical living will is an awfully imperfect instrument for doing what it is supposed to do. This paper is one economist's attempt to make sense of living will. The foray takes one deep into the domain of mainstream economics. The paper concludes that, despite its shortcomings, living will makes good economic sense and its future is bright.
The Effect of Context on the Silver Ceiling: A Role Congruity Perspective on Prejudiced Responses

Three studies examined role incongruity as a source of age bias in hiring decisions. Building on previous research demonstrating contextual variation in prejudice, the authors predicted that prejudiced responses emerge particularly in contexts where group stereotypes misalign with the requirements of social roles. Findings indicate that (a) older workers are particularly penalized in occupational contexts that are quickly changing, (b) older workers are perceived as less adaptable than younger workers, and (c) the tendency to prefer younger than older workers more for a dynamic than a stable company is mediated by perceptions of adaptability. Finally, adaptability perceptions better predicted hiring bias than did global evaluations of older people and levels of contact with older people. These experiments provide initial evidence that perceived fit to roles is a determinant of contextual variation in prejudiced responses.
Rapid Alterations in Dendrite Morphology during Sublethal Hypoxia or Glutamate Receptor Activation

Abstract Selective degeneration of postsynaptic neuronal dendrites is a pathological hallmark of brain injury in stroke and other neurological disorders. We examined dendritic injury in primary cultures dissociated from mouse neocortex. Neuronal morphology was visualized using the fluorescent membrane tracer, DiI, or immunofluorescence with antibodies to the dendrite-specific microtubule-associated protein, MAP2. Deprivation of oxygen and glucose for 30–60 min resulted in segmental dendritic beading, or varicosities, and loss of dendritic spines. This pattern of dendritic injury was blocked by addition of selective NMDA antagonists, and was reproduced within 5 min of exposure to 10–100 μ M NMDA. Widespread dendritic varicosity formation occurred even with exposures to oxygen–glucose deprivation or NMDA which resulted in little neuronal death by the following day. Despite marked structural changes affecting virtually all neurons, dendrite shape returned to normal within 2 h of terminating sublethal oxygen–glucose deprivation or NMDA application. Rapid, reversible changes in dendritic structure may contribute to alterations in neuronal function following glutamate receptor stimulation under physiological or pathological conditions.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES IN YUGOSLAVIA

Regional distribution of government expenditures is examined first in relation to other indicators of economic and social development. This shows both the magnitude of regional disparities and the degree of redistribution in the field of government expenditures brought about by the federal subsidy. The static aspect of regional disparities is analysed by decomposing per capita income into demographic, employment and productivity components. The time-dimension of disparities is analysed by introducing the concept of time-distance, which is a dynamic measure of disparity that is complementary rather than competitive with existing static measures. Institutional aspects are explored next, along with some implications of the present system of federal subsidy as an instrument towards regional equalization of the budgetary resources available to lower levels of government. A few alternative technical solutions to improve the present system are discussed and a set of macro-variables is suggested as a framework within which the degree of equalization, which is basically a political decision, could be discussed in an explicit and systematic way. While the question of the appropriate degree of equalization remains a problem with many facets, it can be shown that government expenditures have been distributed much more equally than the corresponding levels of regional economic activity.
Posterior chamber intraocular lenses in a series of 75 autopsy eyes Part II: Postimplantation loop configuration

Abstract We illustrate, from the pathologist's viewpoint, the configuration of posterior chamber lens loops within the eye. The final configuration of these loops is often a “C” shape, particularly following capsular fixation. When one or both loops are placed in the ciliary sulcus, where tissue resistance to loop compressive forces is less than in the capsular sac, an invagination or erosion of the loop into the ciliary body stroma or ciliary muscle frequently occurs. Although a surgeon should first and foremost choose a lens design with which he or she is comfortable in terms of ease of implantation and good clinical results, our pathological observations indicate that a subtle compromise in loop configuration might provide a more physiologically correct configuration in the eye, particularly for those who prefer in-the-bag implantation. Most surgeons prefer a lens design that will provide adequate fixation in the ciliary sulcus if an attempted capsular sac implantation is not successful.
Splash of a Waterdrop at Terminal Velocity

High-speed movies of splash formation caused by waterdrop impact at terminal velocity in thin water layers show that splash size increases with drop size. For increasing water depth, splash size increases to a maximum at a depth of one-third drop diameter; splash size then decreases to a constant size for depths greater than three drop diameters.
Differential receiver operating characteristic (DROC) method

The objective of this research was to develop a method for measuring small differences in diagnostic task performance between two imaging modalities. In the proposed Differential Receiver Operating Characteristic (DROC) method, the observer is shown a pair of images of the same patients, one from each modality A and B. The patient can be normal or abnormal but this information is not known to the observer. The observer selects the image that is preferred for the specified diagnostic task and assigns a rating. Analysis of this experiment yields the area under the DROC curve (Ad). If Ad is greater than 0.5, then modality B is superior to modality A and conversely, if it is less than 0.5, then A is superior to B. With a plausible assumption it can be shown that the result of the paired image presentation DROC experiment will track the difference in Az's obtained from two single image presentation ROC experiments. A proof-of-concept experiment was conducted to test this idea. Both DROC and ROC studies were conducted using 6 readers. The DROC method was found to track the conventional ROC method and to yield far greater sensitivity, on the average about a factor of 3.46 greater. This work suggests a new paradigm for differential observer performance experiments. The DROC method has the potential for detecting extremely suitable differences in image quality, much smaller than is detectable by the present ROC method. This should allow rapid optimization of imaging systems, without the need for expensive and often inconclusive ROC studies.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mitochondrial defects in neurodegenerative disease.

Over the past 12 years, a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases has been linked to mutations in mitochondrial genes located in either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). These disorders encompass an array of unorthodox inheritance patterns and a plethora of symptoms ranging from lethal neonatal multi-symptom disorders to later onset myopathies, cardiomyopathies, movement disorders, and dementias. The bases for the genetic and phenotypic variability of mitochondrial diseases lie in the multiplicity of the mitochondria genes dispersed across the human genome and the variety of cellular pathways and functions in which the mitochondria play a central role.
Gender, culture, and the sea: Contemporary theoretical approaches

Abstract Social science studies of fishing communities have tended to be highly focused on male activities and to regard women's work as domestic or as merely supplemental to that of men. This revi...
TASTE ACCEPTANCE IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS)

Six squirrel monkeys were presented with solutions representing the four primary tastes. The solutions included various concentrations of glucose or sodium saccharine (sweet), sodium chloride (salty), citric acid (sour), and quinine sulfate or sucrose octaacetate (bitter). A 24 hr two-bottle choice technique was employed. Amount of food, water, and solution consumed every 24 hr was recorded. The results showed that the maximum intake for glucose solution was with the 5.0% concentration, although maximum caloric intake was with the 1.25% concentration where there was a potentiation of food intake. Water was preferred over sodium saccharine at three of the four concentrations which were tested, and water was preferred over or equally to the concentrations of sodium chloride and citric acid that were used. However, quinine sulfate and sucrose octaacetate were preferred over or equally to water at most of the concentrations which were tested.
Bistable polarization switching in a continuous wave ruby laser

Bistability in the output power, polarization state, and mode volume of an argon-ion laser pumped single mode ruby laser at 6943 A has been observed. The laser operates in a radially confined mode which exhibits hysteresis and bistability only when the pump polarization is parallel to the c-axis.
Influence of the stacking fault energy surface on partial dislocations in fcc metals with a three-dimensional phase field dislocations dynamics model

We present simulations of the dissociation of perfect dislocations into extended partial dislocations in aluminum, palladium, and nickel using a phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) theory that incorporates the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ surface. As expected from dislocation theory, the simulations show that increasing the intrinsic stacking fault energy, normalized by the product of the shear modulus and Burgers vector, decreases the equilibrium stacking fault width. Significantly, it is also found that increasing the unstable stacking fault energy has the same effect when the intrinsic stacking fault energy is held constant. Furthermore, our results show that the equilibrium configurations cannot be described only by the ratio between the intrinsic and unstable stacking fault energies as previously suggested but rather by their product.
Radical prostatectomy in the treatment of prostatic cancer

The legitimate role of radical prostatectomy remains controversial. A prospective study was started at the Mayo Clinic in 1950 to evaluate therapeutic usefulness of the operation. Rigid criteria were established for selection of surgical candidates. From 1950 through 1972, 264 patients had radical prostatectomy for cancer at this clinic. Of 115 patients treated by radical perineal prostatectomy at least 10 years ago, 72% have lived from 10–21 years with 57% showing no clinical evidence of the disease. Of 74 patients operated on 15 or more years ago, 54% have survived for 15–21 years and 48% of these survivors appear to be cancer-free. Size and grade of the adenocarcinoma influenced survival. Endocrine therapy, which was deferred until development of recurrence or metastasis, may have increased longevity in some instances. Radical prostatectomy for cancer has both curative and palliative potentialities in properly selected cases. It should be utilized more frequently, rationally, and effectively.
Oxidative-addition reactions of M(CO)4(NN) (M = Mo or W) using iodobenzene dichloride. Isolation of seven-coordinate cations of molybdenum(II) and tungsten(II) containing alkyl isocyanide and bidentate N-heterocycle ligands

A series of seven-coordinate tungsten(II) salts [W(CNR)5(NN)](PF6)2 (R = CHMe2, CMe3, C6H11, or CH2Ph; NN = bipy, Me2bipy, or phen) have been prepared in high yield (75%). The synthetic procedure involves the oxidation of the metal carbonyl derivative W(CO)4(NN) with iodobenzene dichloride, followed by displacement of carbon monoxide and chloride ligands from the intermediate W(CO)3(NN)Cl2 by alkyl isocyanide. These reactions work equally well for the conversion of Mo(CO)4(NN) to [Mo(CNR)5(NN)](PF6)2. The dealkylation of [W(CNCMe3)5(NN)](PF6)2 to give [{W(CNCMe3)4(NN)}2(μ-CN)](PF6)3 occurs in refluxing ethanol. The direct reaction of [W(CNCMe3)7](PF6)2 with NN in refluxing 1-propanol leads to the dealkylation product [W(CNCMe3)6(CN)]PF6, but there is no evidence for the substitution of the Me3CNC ligands by NN via such a route.
Fusing waveform lidar and hyperspectral data for species-level structural assessment in savanna ecosystems

Research groups at Rochester Institute of Technology and Carnegie Institution for Science are studying savanna ecosystems and are using data from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO), which integrates advanced imaging spectroscopy and waveform light detection and ranging (wLIDAR) data. This component of the larger ecosystem project has as a goal the fusion of imaging spectroscopy and wLIDAR data in order to improve per-species structural parameter estimation. Waveform LIDAR has proven useful for extracting high vertical resolution structural parameters, while imaging spectroscopy is a well-established tool for species classification. We evaluated data fusion at the feature level, using a stepwise discrimination analysis (SDA) approach with feature metrics from both hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and wLIDAR data. It was found that fusing data with the SDA improved classification, although not significantly. The principal component analysis (PCA) provided many useful bands for the SDA selection, both from HSI and wLIDAR. The overall classification accuracy was 68% for wLIDAR, 59% for HSI, and 72% for the fused data set. The kappa accuracy achieved with wLIDAR was 0.49, 0.36 for HSI, and 0.56 for both modalities.
The axial contact of finite elastic cylinders with application to thermal contact resistance

Abstract Predictions of the macroscopic thermal contact resistance have been severely restricted because the macroscopic contact area between finite members could not be determined. A new method of solution to this contact problem in elasticity is developed which is applicable to a wide variety of geometries and boundary conditions. A physical lumped-parameter model is employed from which the finite difference equations in terms of displacement are derived. Calculations using this method indicate that large errors in the prediction of the thermal contact resistance can result if solutions for bodies of infinite extent are employed for finite regions of interest. Especially large errors may occur if the members are thin. The calculations indicate that the maximum deviation from flatness is insufficient for an accurate prediction of the macroscopic contact resistance. The form of the large scale surface geometry must also be considered.
Changes to the shock response of fused quartz due to glass modification

Abstract Silica based glasses are commonly used as window material in applications which are subject to high velocity impacts. Thorough understanding of the response to shock loading in these materials is crucial to the development of new designs. Despite the lack of long range order in amorphous glasses, the structure can be described statistically by the random network model. Changes to the network structure alter the response to shock loading. Results indicate that in fused silica, substitution of boron as a network former does not have a large effect on the shock loading properties while modifying the network with sodium and calcium changes the dynamic response. These initial results suggest the potential of a predictive capability to determine the effects of other network substitutions.
Reviews and notes

A response to block and Hirschhorn ∗ The Capitalist State: Its ‘Relative Autonomy’ Reexamined ∗ Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America by Bertram Gross, New York: M. Evans and Co., Inc., 1980, $15.95. ISBN 0–87131–317–0. Wealth and Power in America by Gabriel Kolko, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1962, 178 pp.; American Class Society in Numbers edited by Bob Howard and John Logue, Kent, OH: Kent Popular Press, 1978, 98 pp.; Class in the United States: Workers Against Capitalists by Charles Loren, Davis, CA: Cardinal Publishers, 296 pp., 1977. Feminism and Materialism. Women and Modes of Production, edited by Annette Kohn and AnnMarie Wolpe (London, Boston and Henley: Rout‐ledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), viii, 328 pp., paperback $9.00. An Interview with Jacques Attali ∗
Tests for an anti-insulin factor in the plasma of insulin-tolerant mice.

Die Serum-Eigenschaften eines gegen hohe Insulindosen resistenten Mausestammes KL werden mit einem Stamm BUB verglichen, bei welchem bereits eine zehnfach kleinere Insulindosis Konvulsionen verursacht. Es handelt sich nicht um einen Serumfaktor des Stammes KL, der die Insulinresistenz bewirkt oder der den Stamm BUB schutzt. Da keine Antikorper gefunden wurden, bleibt die Ursache der Resistenz unaufgeklart.
Electron diffusion through the baffle aperture of a hollow cathode thruster

The use of a hollow cathode in place of an oxide cathode to increase thruster operating lifetimes requires, among other things, the addition of a baffle to restrict the flow of electrons from the hollow cathode. A theoretical model is developed which relates the baffle aperture area of a hollow-cathode thruster to the magnetic flux density and plasma properties in the aperture region, with the result that this model could be used as an aid in thruster design. Extensive Langmuir probing is undertaken to verify the validity of the model and demonstrate its capability. It is shown that the model can be used to calculate the aperture area required to effect discharge operation at a specified discharge voltage and arc current.
Human neurons that constitutively secrete Aβ do not induce Alzheimer's disease pathology following transplantation and long-term survival in the rodent brain

Abstract Since cultured neurons secrete β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, and Aβ forms amyloid deposits in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, transplanted neurons may induce the deposition of Aβ in the host brain. To assess this possibility, we studied grafted human neurons (NT2N cells) and their progenitors (NT2 cells) in the rodent brain. Although NT2N cells secrete more Aβ than the NT2 cells in vitro, no Aβ deposits or other AD lesions were induced in the rodent brain by grafts that survived days (NT2 and NT2N cells) to 46 weeks (NT2N cells). Thus, neither the deposition of Aβ nor the induction of other AD lesions are obligatory consequences of the transplantation and long-term survival of human neurons or their progenitors in the rodent brain.
The Berlin School of Logical Empiricism and its Legacy

What has become generally known as the Berlin School of Logical Empiricism constitutes a philosophical movement that was erected on foundations laid by Albert Einstein. His revolutionary work in physics had a profound impact on philosophers interested in scientific issues, prominent among them Paul Oppenheim and Hans Reichenbach, the founding fathers of the school, who joined in viewing him as their hero among philosopher–scientists. Overall the membership of this school falls into three groups. The founding generation was linked by the circumstance that both Grelling and Reichenbach were collaborators of Oppenheim; the middle generation by the fact that both Hempel and Helmer were students of Reichenbach’s in Berlin; and the younger generation by the fact that all of its members were students and (at least in their early years) disciples either of Reichenbach’s or of Hempel’s in the USA. Three stages are at issue: an initial phase in Berlin, a transatlantic migration, and a continuation in the U.S.A.—principally in Pittsburgh.
Multidisciplinary perspectives on mechanisms of activity of popular immune-enhancing herbal supplements used by athletes

This paper examines cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underpin the purported effects of five herbal supplements in the context of athlete immune function. Ginseng and echinacea are used frequently by athletes, whereas astragalus and elderberry are used infrequently and pequi is just emerging as a possible supplement. In vivo studies of these products on athlete immune function have yielded heterogeneous results, likely due to experimental design differences. Ginseng, echinacea, elderberry, and pequi are considered asterids sensu lato. Ginseng appears to exert strongest effects on components of adaptive immunity, in particular maintaining Th1/Th2 balance of CD4+T cells and their downstream effects, via its ginsenosides, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. Echinacea alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysacchardies may target both innate and adaptive immunity, though perhaps the former more consistently. Elderberry harbors anthocyanins and lectins which may modulate innate immunity. Data on pequi is limited but suggests that carotenoids, phenols, and fatty acids may alter circulating leukocyte populations. More phylogenetically distant, astragalus is a rosid sensu lato and may influence the innate immune system through flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins. Supplements generally demonstrate no effects on physiologic parameters such as lactate, oxygen dynamics, or athletic performance. Bioavailability studies indicate that purported bioactive molecules of these supplements may reach circulation in low but therapeutically-relevant quantities. Difficulties in crosscomparisons due to study design differences, coupled with an overall dearth of research on the topic, currently hamper any formal conclusions regarding the efficacy of these supplements as immunoregulators for athletes.
Diver-Operable Multiwavelength Radiometer

Existing commercially available components have been utilized to construct a rapid-scanning spectroradiometer designed primarily for the measurement of underwater spectral irradiance. Irradiance levels are measured at eleven selected wavelengths and the data recorded on a printing electronic calculator. Electronic circuit operation and a method of integrating an inexpensive continuous memory programmable printing calculator as the data acquisition and reduction system will be outlined. The instrument is completely self-contained and may be operated by a diver or triggered by an internal timer. The instrument has been extensively used in marine environments, ranging from a tropical Caribbean coral reef to the Antarctic Ocean, and has proven to be a stable and reliable field instrument. The major advantage of this instrument lies in its small size and rapid easy operation which allow spectral irradiance measurements not feasible before due to the size and complexity of pre-existing spectroradiometers.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A review and synthesis of the HIV/AIDS epidemic as a multi-stage process

As our understanding of the dynamics of the transmission of the HIV virus toward diagnosis of AIDS increases, numerous models are being developed to help explain the underlying mechanism. We show that many of the models established so far in the literature are examples of a general class of multi-stage epidemic models that are themselves right-shift processes as developed in 1969 by Severo. We focus attention on those models that can be described as three-stage, four-stage, five-stage, etc. models.
pH-dependent protein profiles of Helicobacter pylori analyzed by two-dimensional gels.

Background.Helicobacter pylori survives transient exposure to extreme acid prior to adherence and growth on the gastric epithelium at neutral pH. Materials and Methods. The effect of pH stress on protein profiles of H. pylori was observed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D gels). H. pylori 26695 was grown microaerobically in tryptone-yeast extract broth, 3% fetal bovine serum. Growth in acid alkalinized the medium, whereas growth in base caused acidification. For 2-D gel analysis of protein profiles, cultures were grown in media buffered at pH 5.7 and at pH 7.5. Results. Under all pH conditions, the most abundant proteins observed were the urease structural subunit UreB and the chaperonin GroEL. Growth in acid significantly increased the abundance of UreB. Thus, urease expression is not completely constitutive, as reported previously, but shows regulation by pH. Another protein observed only at low pH was identified as mammalian apolipoprotein A-I, possibly taken up by H. pylori from bovine serum in the growth medium. This finding, if confirmed, suggests that uptake of high-density lipoprotein from the human host may facilitate acquisition of cholesterol, required for formation of the unique cholesteryl glucosides in the membrane of H. pylori. In growth above pH 7, three stress proteins were induced: GroES (HspA), GroEL (HspB), and the antioxidant AhpC homolog TsaA. In addition, N-terminal sequence analysis identified five additional proteins that had not previously been reported on 2-D gels of H. pylori (FMN, SodB, TrxB, TsaA, and Tsr). Conclusions. In summary, our 2-D gel study reveals expression of several proteins dependent on growth pH.