cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Peritonitis in Children on Peritoneal Dialysis

We reviewed methods of preventing peritonitis in children. A considerable body of evidence indicates that peritonitis rates are lowest with the use of a double-cuffed catheter, with a downward directed tunnel, placed by an experienced surgeon. Evidence in adults, but lacking in children, suggests that exit-site mupirocin will lower Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infections and thus peritonitis rates. The risk of peritonitis due to contamination can be diminished by the avoidance of spiking and by the provision of a long training period. Catheter removal and replacement for catheter-related peritonitis may be done simultaneously in certain circumstances and is useful in decreasing the risk of recurrent peritonitis. Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion, for contamination, during dialysate leaks, and for invasive procedures appears to be useful in diminishing peritonitis risk.
SOME UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN QUANTUM LOGICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some unsolved problems in the quantum logic approach to the foundations of quantum mechanics. To gain a deeper perspective, the chapter sometimes mentions techniques that are employed in other axiomatic approaches as well. It briefly reviews some of the notation, definitions, and basic results that are needed in the sequel and also defines and characterizes the conditional expectation of an observable on quantum logic. Other than that, it explains how one treats statistical inference in quantum logics and reviews whether joint distributions can be defined for noncompatible observables. In the chapter, the concept of transition probability on quantum logic is defined in a physically meaningful way. The chapter develops and analyzes a physically meaningful measurement theory for quantum logics. It highlights a special type of quantum logic that is called quantum probability space.
Experimental design of a new fast sensorless control of DFIG in complex domain

In this study, a new robust sensorless control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in the complex domain has been investigated. The proposed sensorless control is based on the extended complex Kalman filter (ECKF) and proportional–integral complex controller. The design of this sensorless control in the complex domain allowed a threefold objective: a decrease in the system's dimension by half, an optimisation in the implementation of the control strategy and a decrease of the CPU computational time. In fact, to obtain the latter, the dimension of the DFIG model involved in this control has been halved, which leads to a reduction in the control's schema. Moreover, all the matrices involved in the ECKF have smaller dimensions than those of the real extended Kalman filter and no matrix inversion is needed because the output of the system is a scalar variable. The proposed sensorless control has been tested experimentally for several operating points, namely: nominal operation, operation under asymmetrical voltage dip and parameter variations. Moreover, the observability of the complex state model has been analysed and the required conditions for the local weak observability have been defined. The experimental results confirm the theoretical study and show a good reliability and a high rotor speed estimation accuracy.
The future of Genesis science.

Solar abundances are important to planetary science since the prevalent model assumes that the composition of the solar photosphere is that of the solar nebula from which planetary materials formed. Thus, solar abundances are a baseline for planetary science. Previously, solar abundances have only been available through spectroscopy or by proxy (CI). The Genesis spacecraft collected and returned samples of the solar wind for laboratory analyses. Elemental and isotopic abundances in solar wind from Genesis samples have been successfully measured despite the crash of the re‐entry capsule. Here we present science rationales for a set of 12 important (and feasible postcrash) Science and Measurement Objectives as goals for the future (Table 1). We also review progress in Genesis sample analyses since the last major review (Burnett 2013). Considerable progress has been made toward understanding elemental fractionation during the extraction of the solar wind from the photosphere, a necessary step in determining true solar abundances from solar wind composition. The suitability of Genesis collectors for specific analyses is also assessed. Thus far, the prevalent model remains viable despite large isotopic variations in a number of volatile elements, but its validity and limitations can be further checked by several Objectives.
The Surgical Decision-Making Process: Different Ethical Approaches

The realities of surgical decision making entail some limits on unbridled autonomy, which can resemble paternalism. The received tradition in bioethics considers shared decision making the gold standard in determining what course of action a patient should take. This chapter examines the various forms of patient–surgeon relationships related to decision making, describes ideal forms of shared decision making, and discusses different approaches in emergent, urgent, and elective clinical situations. The use of decision aids, second opinions, and referrals, as well as fully engaged multidisciplinary discussions, can help the surgeon retain the moral agency that is a requisite component of excellence in surgical practice without devolving into paternalism. The goal is to perform the right operation on the right patient at the right time for the right reasons.
Everything but the Kitchen Sink: A Mixed Methods Approach to Health IT Usability Testing:

Usability testing has become a necessary step to successfully implement health information technology, but despite the expanded variety of usability methods, systems still are not guaranteed to mee...
Added fat fed with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles to pigs alters fatty acid composition in 4 fat depots but does not change carcass composition or quality.

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to determine the influence of added fat on carcass characteristics as well as muscle and fat quality of pigs fed diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or 30% high-protein dried distillers grains and 3% added fat in the form of choice white grease (CWG) or butter oil. Materials and Methods Forty individually reared barrows (100 ± 3 kg; PIC C23 × 337) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 diets. Dietary treatments included a positive control diet based on corn and soybean meal (PCON) formulated with 3% CWG; a diet based on corn and soybean meal containing 30% high-protein dried distillers grain (HPDDG) and 3% CWG; or diets based on corn and soybean meal formulated with 30% DDGS and containing either no added fat (30% DDGS), 3% CWG (DDGS + CWG), or 3% butter oil (DDGS + butter oil). Results and Discussion Postmortem carcass characteristics and quality attributes were not different among diets (P > 0.08) except the semimembranosus muscle from pigs fed HPDDG had a more basic ultimate pH (P = 0.01) compared with all other treatments. Diet changed (P Implications and Applications Regardless of additional fat inclusion, 30% DDGS in the diet decreased monounsaturated fatty acids and increased PUFA concentrations in backfat and belly and jowl fat. Although added fat in the diet altered fatty acid composition in multiple fat depots, adding additional saturated fat to the diet did not improve other measures of carcass quality.
Burden of Vaccine-Preventable Infections Among Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients

Background Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients are increased risk for vaccine-preventable infections (VPI). However, the true prevalence of VPI in children post-HCT is unknown. Methods We performed an epidemiological study using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database in children and young adults who underwent allogeneic (allo) and autologous (auto) HCT and had a first hospitalization with a VPI (as defined by ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes) within 5-yr post-HCT between Jan 1, 2010 and Dec 31, 2018 at the 45 participating US PHIS hospitals. Prevalence for overall VPI and by infection were calculated at the following timepoints: at initial HCT admission, HCT discharge to D100, D101-D180, 6-12 months, 1-2 yr, and 2-5 yr post-HCT. Results We identified 9,591 unique HCT recipients (alloHCT: 6,602, 69%; autoHCT: 2,989, 31%) with a median age of 6.7 years (range infant-18.9 yrs) during the 8-yr study period. Of these, 684 HCT recipients (510 alloHCT, 174 autoHCT) were hospitalized with VPI in the first 5 yrs after HCT, for an overall prevalence of 7.1%. VPI occurred more frequently among alloHCT (8%) than autoHCT recipients (6%) at all time-points (p=0.0008). VPI hospitalizations occurred a median of 221 days post-HCT [range 0-5 yrs] with the majority occurring in the first 6-12 mos post-HCT (Figure 1). Influenza was the most frequent VPI (4.05%) (Table I). Conclusion The overall prevalence of VPI hospitalizations after pediatric HCT was 7.1%, occurring most frequently in the first 6-12 months post HCT and among alloHCT recipients. Continued efforts to prevent VPI, including optimizing vaccination strategies in this population, are warranted.
Assessment of port efficiency using stepwise selection and window analysis in data envelopment analysis

Seaports play an important role in the national economy, with $900+ billion worth of goods moving in and out of the USA in containers. Growing shipping capacity and severe congestion in US ports raise concerns on their state of efficiency. Assessment of relative efficiency of container ports can provide insights into the productivity and performance of different ports. This study applies the appropriate data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to assess the changes in efficiency for 15 US container ports. The input and output variables in the DEA models are chosen using stepwise selection, a first-time application in the port industry. Their relationships are then examined using the available records since the year 2000. Comparisons among different ports over time are carried out using 4-year window analysis. The results are instrumental to decision-makers, providing a way to link performance measurements to operational planning activities and identifying investment areas within ports that can affect income and trade.
Indoctrination and Social Influence as a Defense to Crime: Are We Responsible for Who We Are?

A patriotic POW is brainwashed by his North Korean captors into refusing repatriation and undertaking treasonous anti-American propaganda for the communist regime. Despite the general abhorrence of treason in time of war, the American public opposes criminal liability for such indoctrinated soldiers, yet existing criminal law provides no defense or mitigation because, at the time of the offense, the indoctrinated offender suffers no cognitive or control dysfunction, no mental or emotional impairment, and no external or internal compulsion. Rather, he was acting purely in the exercise of free of will, albeit based upon beliefs and values that he had not previously held. Retributivists committed to blameworthiness proportionality might support the community’s view of reduced blameworthiness, perhaps on some version of the argument that the offense was not committed by the offender’s authentic self. And a crime-control utilitarian might support revision of the criminal law to recognize a defense because such a serious conflict between community views and criminal law reduces the law’s moral credibility with the community and thereby undermines its ability to gain deference, compliance, assistance, and the internalization of the criminal law’s norms. On the other hand, to recognize a defense or significant mitigation for indoctrination-induced offenses would produce a tectonic shift in criminal law foundations. The indoctrination dynamic at work in the brainwashed POW case is not limited to such unique circumstances but rather is a common occurrence in the modern world, where governments, religions, political groups, and a host of other organizations, and indeed individuals, consciously manipulate others toward criminal conduct through a variety of indoctrinating mechanisms. Are people no longer to be held responsible for who they are? Is the criminal law now to investigate how an offender came to have any beliefs and values that contributed to the offense conduct? We argue that a close analysis of why some indoctrination cases are seen as blameless while others not suggests an articulable analytic framework based upon five key questions. We use a wide variety of real-world indoctrination cases to illustrate the operation of this framework and propose a specific statutory defense formulation that embodies it.
Repeated morphine exposure activates synaptogenesis and other neuroplasticity-related gene networks in the prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

Abstract Background Opioid abuse is a chronic disorder likely involving stable neuroplastic modifications. While a number of molecules contributing to these changes have been identified, the broader spectrum of genes and gene networks that are affected by repeated opioid administration remain understudied. Methods We employed Next-Generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate changes in gene expression in adult male and female rats’ prefrontal cortex (PFC) following daily injection of morphine (5.0 mg/kg) for 10 days. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze affected molecular pathways, gene networks, and associated regulatory factors. Results 90% of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in both males and females, with a 35% overlap between sexes. A substantial number of DEGs play roles in synaptic signaling and neuroplasticity. Although broadly similar, some differences were revealed in the gene ontology networks enriched in females and males (e.g., the endocannabinoid pathway in females and neuroinflammation in males). Conclusions Our results cohere with findings from previous studies based on a priori gene selection, while identifying broader gene networks activated by repeated opioid exposure. Our results also reveal novel genes and molecular pathways that are upregulated by repeated morphine exposure.
A Case of Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Associated with COVID-19 in South Dakota

Coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was deemed a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization in February 2020. The U.S. began seeing epidemic levels of cases in early March 2020. South Dakota case numbers dramatically increased in late March/early April, 2020 due to a large meat processing facility outbreak. Although COVID-19 infections in adults more severely involve the lungs and heart with multiple organ-system dysfunction, pediatric patients have largely been spared. In May 2020, a syndrome resembling severe Kawasaki disease with shock in children was reported from European groups. We report a case that presented to and was managed in our Sioux Falls pediatric intensive care unit in April 2020 that fits the description, course, and successful treatment described by our European colleagues. Our case fulfils the case definition of paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 described by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health on April 27, 2020. We will review and discuss the European and US case definitions of this syndrome and similarities, and differences with Kawasaki disease and treatment options.
Putting the ‘Public’ Back into Public Employment: A Roadmap for Challenging Prior Restraints That Prohibit Government Employees from Speaking to the News Media

“I’m not allowed to talk to the media” is one of the most frustrating responses a journalist can encounter in seeking information from a government agency. Scientists, police officers and schoolteachers have unique subject-matter expertise, and when they are restrained from sharing their knowledge, the public’s understanding of how government operates suffers. It is accepted as a self-evident article of faith that federal, state and local agencies can prohibit unapproved interactions between their employees and the news media. But that assumption rests on an aggressive interpretation of the scope of employer authority in the public sector, one that is irreconcilable with First Amendment doctrine, as well as with sound governance principles in a participatory democracy. This Article explains why, despite setbacks for employee free-speech rights in recent years, a blanket prohibition on discussing work-related matters remains unconstitutionally overbroad and unenforceable – even though such policies are ubiquitous at all levels of government. Although the Trump administration’s aggressive post-election silencing of federal scientists brought the issue into stark relief, government agencies have long enforced constitutionally untenable “prior restraints” on public employees. The Article documents dozens of instances in which police departments, state universities and other public employers have imposed wholesale prohibitions on unapproved comments to journalists, and explains why those prohibitions are unlawful, both because of their overbreadth and because they confer standardless discretion on supervisors to make viewpoint-based decisions on who may be heard. Drawing on analogous caselaw in the context of news organizations’ challenges to judicially imposed gag orders on trial participants, the Article draws a roadmap for aggrieved journalists to bring facial challenges to restraints that inhibit their sources from freely sharing information. Because employees are highly unlikely to sue in their own right – even though, when they do, their facial challenges invariably succeed – it is essential for courts to recognize standing for news organizations to step into the shoes of their silenced sources. Overturning these restrictive policies, the Article concludes, is a matter of great civic urgency, with fewer professional journalists covering government than at any time in modern history and more public-relations gatekeepers employed to “spin” the few who remain.
Hyper/J/sup TM/: multi-dimensional separation of concerns for Java/sup TM/

Hyper/J supports a new approach to constructing, integrating and evolving software, called multi-dimensional separation of concerns. Developers can decompose and organize code and other artifacts according to multiple arbitrary criteria (concerns) simultaneously - even after the software has been implemented - and synthesize or integrate the pieces into larger-scale components and systems. Hyper/J facilitates several common development and evolution activities non-invasively, including: adaptation and customization, mix-and-match of features, reconciliation and integration of multiple domain models, reuse, product line management, extraction or replacement of existing parts of software, and on-demand remodularization. Hyper/J works with standard Java software, not requiring special compilers or environments. This demonstration shows it in action in a number of software engineering scenarios at different stages of the software life-cycle.
Emotion Detection using Periocular Region: A Cross-Dataset Study

Many computer vision methods have been proposed for the affective assessment using facial expressions from full-face images. In many use cases, however, only the ocular region may be available due to the application of masks, clothing items, or privacy issues. In this paper, we show the utility of a robust and yet light deep learning model for ocular affect assessment using cross-dataset evaluation, where we train the model on one dataset and perform testing on another dataset with different demographics. We compare a MobileNet-V2 deep learning model, using transfer learning, with a more traditional method using histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) features with support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Experiments were conducted on the FACES dataset for training with six facial expressions and tested on the more diverse Chicago faces dataset(CFD) to show how evaluated models generalize not only in cross-dataset evaluation but also in the presence of new ethnicities not present during training. The experimental results show that the deep learning model can provide an average accuracy of 76.77% overall facial expressions when compared to HOG and SVM’s 62.47% for this challenging cross-dataset emotion assessment using only eye regions.
Stormy Seas: The South China Sea in US-China Relations

How do the United States and China perceive each other’s role in the South China Sea disputes? In this paper, we trace how interactions between the US and China in the South China Sea have hardened perceptions of each other’s broader strategic intentions. Based on our examination of US and Chinese views, we argue that the South China Sea disputes have evolved from a contest over sovereign rights among the claimants into a contest between the US and China over the regional order, including the balance of power and international norms and rules. On the one hand, China views US involvement in the South China Sea disputes as a threat not just to its sovereignty claims but to its rise more generally. On the other hand, the United States views China’s efforts to strengthen its claims and influence in the South China Sea as a threat to the regional order and US leadership in the region. Our findings have two important implications. First, as the US and China use interactions in the South China Sea as an indicator of the other’s broader strategic intentions, hardened perceptions of each other in the South China Sea are likely to fuel adversarial perceptions in other issues. Second, unresolved territorial and sovereignty disputes may heighten the peril associated with power transitions, increasing the risk that the US and China will become entangled in an escalatory spiral.
Observational "go-alongs" of follow-up HIV care visits of two virally suppressed Black sexual minority men.

PURPOSE This study explored potentially underreported healthcare contexts, clinical experiences, and motivations for adherence in care among virally suppressed Black sexual minority men (BSMM) living with HIV (LWHIV) in Baltimore, MD. METHODS Go-alongs with two virally suppressed BSMM LWHIV supplemented 27 in-depth interviews of a larger qualitative study guided by Positive Deviance and Life Course Theory. The go-alongs involved accompanying participants' follow-up HIV care visit to obtain a better account of contextual healthcare factors. Observations focused on (1) clinic location and resources, (2) sources of HIV and sexuality stigma or support in the clinic, and (3) patient-provider interactions. RESULTS We found that facilitators and barriers to viral suppression for BSMM LWHIV included structural factors (i.e., healthcare setting, facility, and services), quality of patient-provider interactions, and personal motivations to achieve viral suppression. CONCLUSION Clinic accessibility, co-located clinical services, and rapport with clinicians and healthcare staff could be key contextual conditions that facilitate retention in care among BSMM LWHIV.
Crystal Growth of Semiconductor CuAl0.4Ti0.6Se2 and studding the Structural Properties of its Alloy and Thin Film

Tetragonal compound CuAl0.4Ti0.6Se2 semiconductor has been prepared bymelting the elementary elements of high purity in evacuated quartz tube under lowpressure 10-2 mbar and temperature 1100 oC about 24 hr. Single crystal has beengrowth from this compound using slowly cooled average between (1-2) C/hr , alsothin films have been prepared using thermal evaporation technique and vacuum 10-6mbar at room temperature .The structural properties have been studied for the powderof compound of CuAl0.4Ti0.6Se2u using X-ray diffraction (XRD) . The structure of thecompound showed chalcopyrite structure with unite cell of right tetragonal anddimensions of a=11.1776 Ao ,c=5.5888 Ao .The structure of thin films showedamorphous structure and the films have crystallized under annealing treatment in therange of temperature (150-300) oC.
WAMHÃ KÃTÔ KRI ISANÃMZE WAKÕMẼKWA WAMHÃ : ENSAIOS DE UMA PRÁTICA INTERCULTURAL E PÓS-COLONIAL NO ENSINO DAS ARTES

Este estudo discute a concepcao dos professores indigenas sobre o sentido do ensino das artes na escola Wakomēkwa, a partir da perspectiva da interculturalidade. O estudo realizado se constituiu em uma pesquisa social desenvolvida na perspectiva da etnografia multissituada, amparada na abordagem qualitativa. A base teorica de metodologica que sustenta as reflexoes incluem os estudos de Bourdieu (1989), Santos (2010a, 2010b), Libâneo (1994, 2011), Durkheim (1965,1999), Walsh (2009), Fleuri (2013) dentre outros, apoiados pelos documentos oficiais da educacao que normatizam a educacao escolar indigena no Brasil. Os resultados do trabalho apresentam que as acoes pedagogicas interculturais nao estao em conformidade com a realidade local pesquisada. Compreendemos que a efetivacao de uma educacao indigena intercultural critica e pos-colonial ainda e um desafio para os que estao envolvidos nessa modalidade educacional, em especial, os educadores indigenas.
Antibiotic standards stored as a mixture in water: methanol are unstable at various temperatures irrespective of pH and glass container silanization.

It is well-established that antibiotics stored individually at their optimal pH and in appropriate solvents are stable over time. However, limited information exists on the stability of antibiotics from multiple classes when prepared and stored as a mixture prior to multiresidue analysis by mass spectrometry. This study tested the stability of antibiotic standard mixtures from eight classes [amphenicols, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, lincosamides and miscellaneous (i.e., trimethoprim)] in relation to the water:methanol ratio, presence of sodium hydroxide base (to solubilise quinolones), storage temperature, and container type including plain and silanized glass vials. Antibiotics were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Several antibiotics, mainly quinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides, were unstable when stored as mixtures for one week regardless of the water:methanol ratio, storage temperature (4, -20 or -80 °C) and presence/absence of sodium hydroxide. Silanization of glassware improved the storage stability of quinolones and macrolides but reduced the stability of tetracyclines and other antibiotics including florfenicol amine, penicillin G, erythromycin and sulfadiazine. Our results show that several antibiotics in water:methanol are unstable when stored as a mixture and suggest a limited advantage of using base or silanized glass vials for the preparation and storage of antibiotic standards mixed together. Freshly prepared antibiotic standard mixtures are recommended for multi-residue quantitation of antibiotics.Abbreviations AMOX: amoxicillin; AMP: ampicillin; AZ: azithromycin; CAP: chloramphenicol; CE: collision energy; CTC: chlortetracycline; CIP: ciprofloxacin; DOX: doxycycline; ENO: enoxacin; ENRO: enrofloxacin; ERYTH: erythromycin; FF: florfenicol; FFA: florfenicol amine; FLU: flumequine; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LIN: lincomycin; MRM: multiple reaction monitoring; NOR: norfloxacin; OFL-D3: ofloxacin-D3; OXO: oxolinic acid; OTC: oxytetracycline; PEN-G: penicillin G; PEN-V: penicillin V; ROX: roxithromycin; SDM: sulfadimethoxine; SDZ: sulfadiazine; SMX: sulfamethoxazole; SMZ-D4: sulfamethazine-D4; SSZ: sulfasalazine; TC: tetracycline; TAP: thiamphenicol; TILM: tilmicosin; TRIM: trimethoprim; TL: tolerance limit; VIRG: virginiamycin; UPLC-MS/MS: ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Batted ball spray charts: a system to determine infield shifting

To gain a competitive advantage, the Tampa Bay Rays Baseball Club uses data to inform a range of decisions. This project focuses on forecasting batted ball trajectories across the infield using historical data, by outputting a likelihood probability for nine different infield zones. The paper details the development of a model that can predict where a baseball is likely to land based on a number of variables, most importantly the particular batter and pitcher. Using historical batted ball data, the back-end algorithm was developed using mixed effect models. Due to the proprietary nature of the algorithms, most of the paper will focus on the front-end design and human factors testing of the system. The fully functional user interface provides batted ball spray charts of the infield for batter pitcher combinations. Rays personnel will quickly be able to view the predicted probability for each section of the infield. Based on a set of requirements developed by interviewing Rays personnel, the system was tested with multiple groups of users to determine information extraction rates and ease of use. The test results for different versions of the decision tool helped drive the final application. The Rays intend to use this system for the 2015 MLB regular season to effectively position their infielders to convert more batted balls into outs and ultimately, win more baseball games.
Azathioprine Induction of Lymphomas and Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Rats

The carcinogenicity of azathioprine was evaluated in weaning female noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding it in the diet. Due to toxicity, the dose had to be changed during the course of the experiments and ranged from 0.015 to 0.04% of the diet by weight. In the first experiment, the estimated maximal cumulative consumption of azathioprine was 1.5 g/rat. Of the 14 rats evaluated, six developed thymic lymphomas, and four developed squamous cell carcinomas of the ear duct. When the experiment was repeated with a slightly lower daily consumption but with a cumulative total dose of 2.2 g/rat, there were seven of 19 rats with thymic lymphoma and two rats with ear duct carcinoma. These data support the hypothesis that azathioprine is a carcinogen.
Effects of Multimedia, Computer-Based Instruction on Grocery Shopping Fluency:

This study examined the effectiveness of a multimedia program (i.e., interactive computer program, video captions, and still photographs) to increase the fluency of three students with intellectual...
Multicultural Sensitivity and Competence in the Clinical Supervision of School Counselors and School Psychologists: A Context for Providing Competent Services in a Multicultural Society

Abstract Multicultural sensitivity and competency represent critical components to contemporary practice in school counseling and school psychology. Drawing on the theoretical and empirical literature encompassing multicultural competence, this article examines those attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills necessary to provide competent counseling services in a multicultural society. Clearly, cultural sensitivity and respect for students' individual needs, life experiences, and worldviews is vital in the schools. This article examines these issues within the context of a supervisory relationship and reviews culturally sensitive counseling techniques and interventions that clinical supervisors can discuss with supervisees. The article is written under the supposition that supervision is a viable and valuable vehicle from which to examine the importance of a multicultural framework.
A cup of cool water.

For a brief moment, I was at a complete loss. Nothing I learned in pharmacy school, during my residency, or from my certification as a pharmacotherapy specialist had prepared me for this unimaginable moment. The emergency department (ED) physician had left the waiting room, but the patient’s
Effect of Interface Mobility on Heat Transfer from Solid 4 He to 3 He Quasiparticles in 3 He- 4 He Mixtures

We propose a novel mechanism for Kapitza conductance between phonons in solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ quasiparticles in dilute $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ liquid mixtures. This conductance is large only when the interface between the liquid and solid is rough. We have measured this conductance using a dynamical method, and have obtained results in agreement with the theory.
SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY: THEMES, APPLICATIONS, AND PROSPECTS

Synoptic climatology is defined as the study of climates from the viewpoint of their atmospheric circulation components and emphasizes the connection between circulation, weather phenomena, and climatic differentiation. The field is seen as having developed rapidly, starting in the 1950s, in both meteorology and geography. Some important historical developments are summarized and we conclude with an assessment of future prospects. [Key words: synoptic climatology, atmospheric circulation, climates.]
Structures in the Moist, Cold-Climate Sand Dunes of Southwestern Wyoming

Abstract Observations on and in the moist, cold-climate sand dunes of southwestern Wyoming reveal information which may be useful in interpreting ancient dune structures and paleoclimates. Snow is buried by blowing sand and incorporated into the dunes. Subsequent melting and slumping of some of this snow causes collapse and deformation of the dune stratification. In some cases the snow is preserved throughout the year. Truncated ripples are formed when the crests of moist ripples are dried and blown away. Recognition of such ripples in the rock record should therefore indicate subaerial exposure. Major dune stratification dips downwind at 14° to 18°, much less than the angle-of-repose for dry sand. Apparently this is related to the high moisture content of the dune which prevents the formation of avalanche faces. In any case, it should not be expected that all eolian cross-stratification have angle-of-repose dips.
Family boundary structures and child adjustment: The indirect role of emotional reactivity.

Structural and system theories propose that disruptions in family subsystem functioning increase risk for youth maladjustment. While there is growing evidence to support this proposition, studies that specifically focus on the larger family system remain relatively rare. Furthermore, the pathways that connect problems in family subsystem alliances to externalizing or internalizing problems in youth are as yet largely unexplored. This study examined youth emotional reactivity (anger and sadness) to family conflict as an indirect pathway of the association between family boundary disturbances and youth adjustment in a sample of two-parent families (N = 270). Observational coding was used to group families into Balanced, Dyadic, or Disengaged family alliance structures and to assess youth emotional reactivity, and parent-report was used to assess youth psychopathology. Structural equation modeling indicated both anger and sadness served as indirect pathways through which family boundary disturbances are linked with youth adjustment. In addition, gender was tested as a moderator and important gender differences were found. Specifically, boys were directly impacted by dyadic disturbances while girls were directly impacted by family disengagement. The findings help target goals for intervention and indicate that worthwhile objectives may include realigning family subsystem boundaries, changing family communication patterns, and improving affective coping skills for youth.
An ionization-chamber type of focal-plane detector for heavy ions☆

Abstract A focal-plane detector for heavy ions is described in which energy loss and total energy are measured with a gridded ionization chamber, and position along the focal plane and angle of incidence are measured with two resistive-wire proportional counters. The clean geometry of the detector makes it especially attractive for use with heavy ions of high specific ionization. Typical position resolutions of 1.0–1.5 mm (fwhm) were observed over a 50 cm length of the detector in the focal plane of a split-pole magnetic spectrograph. Special tests were made which suggest that the limiting position resolution is 0.76 mm or better. The resolution of the energy-loss signal was typically 4.5% (fwhm). The resolution of the total energy signal was 1.0–1.5% (fwhm) for small entrance apertures of the spectrograph, although 0.7% resolution was observed under special circumstances. The angle of incidence was measured with an uncertainty of about 1.2° (fwhm). The availability of the many parameters needed for particle identification makes this detector especially useful for the study of weak reaction channels in heavy-ion-induced reactions.
Probing slow time scale dynamics at methyl-containing side chains in proteins by relaxation dispersion NMR measurements: application to methionine residues in a cavity mutant of T4 lysozyme.

A relaxation dispersion-based NMR experiment is presented for the measurement and quantitation of μs−ms dynamic processes at methyl side-chain positions in proteins. The experiment measures the exchange contribution to the 13C line widths of methyl groups using a constant-time CPMG scheme. The effects of cross-correlated spin relaxation between dipole−dipole and dipole−CSA interactions as well as the effects of scalar coupling responsible for mixing of magnetization modes during the course of the experiment have been investigated in detail both theoretically and through simulations. It is shown that the complex relaxation properties of the methyl spin system do not complicate extraction of accurate exchange parameters as long as care is taken to ensure that appropriate magnetization modes are interchanged in the middle of the constant-time CPMG period. An application involving the measurement of relaxation dispersion profiles of methionine residues in a Leu99Ala substitution of T4 lysozyme is presented. A...
Discrete-Fourier-transform approach to inhomogeneous layer synthesis.

A new approach to inhomogeneous layer synthesis is proposed that differs from the classical Fourier transform methods. This approach, based on the wave-number discretization of the continuous Q function, is described together with the relationship between the smoothness of the inhomogeneous layer’s refractive-index profile, the complexity of the target reflectance specification, and the total optical thickness of the layer. An iterative procedure is introduced to overcome the inaccuracy connected with the approximate Q-function representation. Some control features of the Q-function phase are studied, and numerical examples are given.
THE MULTIPLE CORE STRUCTURE OF AIR SHOWERS

The lateral density distribution of electrons in air showers has been observed at 3260 m altitude with an assembly of ionization chambers. The resolution was about 20 cm for 1/r peaks within the main array of 18 chambers. The absolute intensity of showers of size 105<N<106 agrees with previous observations. Multiple peaks were observed and their spatial distribution indicates a mean separation of about 50 cm. The problem of a model for the production of the multiple-cored showers that is consistent with the observations is described.
NITROGEN DYNAMICS IN AN ANNUAL GRASSLAND: OAK CANOPY, CLIMATE, AND MICROBIAL POPULATION EFFECTS

Hardwood rangelands in California, which are commonly used for cattle production, are characterized by an oak overstory and annual grass understory. Our goal was to evaluate how canopies influence nitrogen-cycling processes and how tree removal affected these processes. We measured standing ammonium and nitrate pools, gross production and consumption of NH4 and NO3, nitrification potentials, and NOx and N2O emissions in soils under oak canopies and in open grassy areas over a two-year period in areas within the same watershed that were grazed by cattle or fenced to exclude cattle. We also performed a subset of these measurements in open areas and in plots near stumps of oaks in areas that had been clear-cut seven and nine years earlier. Nitrogen turnover was generally higher in canopy area soils than in open area soils, and higher in the grazed area than in the fenced area. Ammonium production was slow following first autumn wet-up, but achieved higher rates during the growing season. By contrast, NO3 pro...
Survey of nursing personnel attitudes toward infections and their control in the elderly.

Abstract To better understand nursing practice in geriatric care settings as it relates to infections, a survey of nursing attitudes about a variety of infection control issues was undertaken. Nurses were recruited from four settings: a university-affiliated, private nursing home ( N = 46), a hospital-based nursing home ( N = 33), a private nursing home ( N = 20), and a home care agency ( N = 26). The nurses appropriately recognized the importance of pneumonia and influenza as major threats to health in these settings and also reported some indifference regarding the notification of physicians about fevers under 38.9° C (102.0° F). Among the groups, similar attitudes about infection control principles were recorded, except that the ratings by the home care agency nurses were different from those of the institution-based nurses in the following areas: isolation as a means to prevent infection spread, proper waste disposal methods, and frequency of catherer change. Assessment of personnel attitudes and practices are important in detecting problems, guiding in-service programing, and revising care practices.
An improved description of hadronization in the QCD cluster model for e+e− annihilation

A simple cluster model for limited-pt jets is developed. The formalism combines a string model description of color screening in non-perturbative QCD and an accurate parameterization of hadron production from low-mass clusters. The non-perturbative description of soft color evolution is found to provide a substantial improvement on present, purely perturbative QCD-cluster models. An extended model including hard perturbative QCD radiation is also presented. Results of this composite model are found to be in good agreement with experimental results for e+e− annihilation over the entire energy range 3 GeV ⩽ ECM ⩽ 35 GeV. Shortcomings in the present formalism are examined and specific suggestions for further improvements are made.
Globalization, inequality, and the legal services industry

Borrowing from sociology, this paper uses a ‘commodity analysis approach’ to discuss key developments in the legal services industry. The paper argues that globalization may lead to considerable restructuring in the legal business. These changes seem to indicate the likelihood of continued concentration of economic power, a trend that seems to mirror changes in the broader economy.
Effectiveness of Human Patient Simulator as A Classroom Teaching Strategy

Abstract Background The majority of simulation studies have small groups using a human patient simulator in lieu of or as practice before attending clinical experiences with actual patients. In order to increase the use of and exposure to the simulator, the human patient simulator was used in the classroom with 45 associate degree nursing students as a teaching strategy. Methods A pre–post test design was used to see if there was significant learning that occurred after the classroom simulation. A questionnaire was given to determine if the students were satisfied with this teaching strategy. Results The results showed that significant learning occurred and that the students positively rated the classroom simulation. Conclusions Simulation activities may be able to be used in larger groups such as in a theory classroom as an interactive, engaged teaching strategy.
Oxygen partitioning analysis during Czochralski silicon crystal growth via a dopant marker and a simple transfer function modeling technique II. Growth velocity and applied magnetic field transients

Intermediate transient oxygen redistribution during commercial size scale Czochralski silicon crystal growth caused by a step change in crystal growth velocity and applied magnetic field has been examined using the dopant marker/transfer function modeling technique. A single oxygen species in the melt is unable to fit the experimental data. However, a model based upon two oxygen species, SiO4 tetrahedra and O monomer, with kO0 > 1 and kSiO40 « 1 plus a melt reaction, SiO4 ↔ Si + 4O, is able to provide good fit to the data. Such a two oxygen species model yields an effective partition coefficient for oxygen greater than or less than unity depending upon the particular set of melt and crystal growth conditions.
The relationship of serum lipoproteins to atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed alloxanized rabbit.

The alloxanized rabbit fed cholesterol develops extreme hyperlipemia and hypercholesteremia and yet develops a lesser degree of atherosclerosis than does the normal animal fed cholesterol. The concentrations of the Sf 12-30 and Sf 20-30 classes of lipoproteins correlate well with atherosclerosis as finally observed in the alloxanized rabbit, whereas both free and total serum cholesterol correlate negatively with atherosclerosis. In the alloxan-diabetic rabbit, the serum cholesterol is principally carried in the Sf 80-100 and greater classes of lipoproteins, and a metabolic block in the conversion of these lipoproteins to those of Sf 40 and less can be demonstrated.
Telecommunications systems maintenance

Abstract This paper focuses on telecommunications systems maintenance with a view to investigating new work load assignment techniques that potentially integrate related maintenance operations. The integration of maintenance tasks with differing complexities is achieved using the concept of a “Universal Technician”. The telecommunication maintenance system is essentially modeled as an acyclic network of G ¦ G ¦ M — FCFS queues with Markov routing and non-stationary arrivals. Since such a network is typically intractable even under renewal approximations, a discrete event simulation model is employed. The alternatives, namely, the current operations and the proposed integrated operations, are compared in terms of manpower requirements and service levels. The economic analysis of the alternatives reveals a significant long term savings in integrating the maintenance operations.
Sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma: report of a case arising in the head and neck of an adult and review of the literature.

Sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma is a unique rhabdomyosarcoma variant, characterized by a prominent hyalinizing matrix. A notable pitfall is the potential for the unusual matrix and often pseudovascular growth pattern of this lesion to lead to confusion with other sarcoma types, including osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and angiosarcoma. Here we report a case of sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma arising in a 40-year old male. The tumor was centered in the pterygomaxillary fossa with extensive infiltration into adjacent structures. Fine needle aspiration yielded a preliminary diagnosis of high-grade pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma, for which he received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection. Microscopic examination showed a malignant spindled to round cell neoplasm with prominent osteoid-like, hyaline stroma. Focal rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and diffuse immunoreactivity for desmin and myogenin aided in diagnosis. Nineteen months status post primary resection, the patient expired with multiple lung and bony metastases. Among 39 cases reported thus far (including the present case), there is a broad age range (0.3–79 years), with an average age at presentation of 27 years. The most commonly involved sites are the extremities (n = 19) and head and neck (n = 15). Most cases have been treated by resection, often combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Out of 31 cases with follow-up information provided, 6 patients developed local recurrence, 7 patients developed regional or distant metastasis, and 5 patients died of disease. Herein we discuss the ongoing controversy regarding how sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma might best fit into existing rhabdomyosarcoma classification schemes, based upon current clinicopathologic and molecular genetic evidence.