cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Iodized Salt Monitoring in Sichuan Province in 2006

Objective To get to know and grasp the qualified and edible condition of iodized-sah production and process at household level,find out the problems and provide scientific foundation for the following preventa- tive and cure strategies.Methods According to《The National Supervision Scheme of IS》,nine producing and processing corporations were randomly sampled from any one of the branch corporations to examine the content of IS.In the counties of Ganzi,Aba and Liangshan,300 samples were sampled from the residents while in the rest cities,288 samples were sampled to examine the content of IS.Results The number of the counties that should complete the examination and actually reported the related data were both 182,and the number of the counties that fulfilled the examine task was 182.On the basis of the population of each county,the coverage rate of qualified IS was 93.5%,the coverage rate of IS was 98.8% and the qualified rate of IS was 94.5% .Conclusions At the provincial level,all of the 182 counties under the governance of Sichuan Province fulfill the examinations on the prescribed samples,realizing blind-free areas of IS examination and pushing our work to a new stage.The coverage rate of qualified IS,the coverage rate of IS and the qualified rate of IS are all a- bove 90%.Accordingly,it is reasonable to believe that the work for eliminating diseases due to lack of iodine is further solidified.
Widespread, prolonged late Middle to Late Ordovician upwelling in North America: A proxy record of glaciation?: Comment and Reply COMMENT

[Pope and Steffen (2003)][1] described an interesting new model suggesting relations between the Gondwana glaciation and late Middle (Chatfieldian) through Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) upwelling of cold water and chert formation. They used the distribution of Middle and Late Ordovician chert-
Exclusion from Entertainment and Leisure Venues: Can’t we Play, Too?

The purchasing power of historically invisible groups is growing and yet we continue to see instances of entertainment and leisure venues either outright denying access to them and/or at least degrading the service that they receive. We study this and other such discrimination and injustice against groups based on gender, religion, skin tone, body image, weight, sexual orientation, language, disability, and other demographic markers (Walsh 2009). We provide a historical perspective, discuss our qualitative methodology, present our findings, and conclude with some recommendations for marketers and researchers in supporting the transformation of the lives of consumers in oppressed groups and segments from positions of being discriminated against and experiencing marketplace injustice to a position of fair and equitable treatment in a marketplace reflecting social justice.
Knowledge-based natural scene description

The authors present a knowledge-based image description system that uses fractal features. A knowledge-based recognition process is incorporated in this natural scene description system to enhance the capability of natural scene understanding. The scene description system is based on a fractal model. The fractal model provides useful information. A set of fractal features was developed from the fractal model which can effectively be used in image segmentation. After an image is divided into many regions based on fractal features, the scene information is derived with a knowledge-based scene recognition process. The structure of this system and its interaction strategy for the extraction of scene description are presented. The experimental results are also discussed. >
Single Neurosurgeon Operative Experience at Craig Joint Theater Hospital During the Afghanistan Surge (November 2010 to April 2011), Part II: Humanitarian Cases.

The Afghanistan Surge saw NATO troops working with their Afghan partners to remove Taliban governance and replace it with a more democratic model. As part of this effort, medical support for both trauma and humanitarian cases was needed.Identify and discuss disease trends to better prepare for future combat medical care.Retrospective review of operative experience from a single neurosurgeon from November 2010 to April 2011.63 cases were performed in 20 NATO and 43 Afghan patients. Combat-related neurotrauma represented 73% (46/63) of cases, the majority of which were as a result of nonpenetrating injury (89%, 41/46). The most common area injured was the spine, accounting for 51% (21/41) of all nonpenetrating injuries. The majority of spine injuries occurred in NATO patients (61%, 13/21). The second most common area of nonpenetrating injury was the brain, occurring in 48% (20/41) of cases, primarily in Afghan troops (80%, 16/20). Overall, there were 2 deaths and 2 reoperations, for a complication rate of 8%.Future combat missions relying on mounted patrols may benefit from an emphasis on the use of vehicle safety equipment to decrease the incidence of brain injury, along with in theater neurosurgery care offering spine stabilization.
Optimizing Nutrition for the Patient after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Pancreatic Insufficiency

Pancreatic cancer can have a deleterious effect on a patient’s nutritional status. There is a high prevalence of cachexia as well as malnutrition in many patients with pancreatic cancer. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) can contribute to cachexia secondary to steatorrhea-related symptoms and malabsorption both lending to limitations in food intake, absorption, and subsequently weight loss. EPI is diagnosed in one out of two patients preoperatively though this markedly increases postoperatively. It is unfortunately not assessed routinely or even at the time of diagnosis, and when diagnosed and treated, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is too often suboptimal. As new oncologic protocols present for patients with pancreatic cancer, it is imperative that nutritional status is optimized enabling patients to endure surgery, new (neo)adjuvant therapies, and palliative options in an effort to improve outcomes and quality of life. Future studies are direly needed to better understand the course of pancreatic insufficiency over time and optimal treatment for EPI in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Role of early second-trimester uterine artery Doppler screening to predict small-for-gestational-age babies in nulliparous women

Background Trophoblastic invasion of the uterine spiral arteries substantially increases compliance to accommodate increased blood flow to the placenta. Failure of this process impedes uterine artery blood flow, and this may be detected by uterine artery Doppler flow studies. However, the clinical utility of uterine artery Doppler flow studies in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a general population remains largely unknown. Objective We sought to determine the utility of early second-trimester uterine artery Doppler studies as a predictor of small-for-gestational-age neonates. Study Design Nulliparous women with a viable singleton pregnancy were recruited during their first trimester into an observational prospective cohort study at 8 institutions across the United States. Participants were seen at 3 study visits during pregnancy and again at delivery. Three indices of uterine artery Doppler flow (resistance index, pulsatility index, and diastolic notching) were measured in the right and left uterine arteries between 16 weeks 0 days' and 22 weeks 6 days' gestation. Test characteristics for varying thresholds in the prediction of small for gestational age (defined as birthweight Results Uterine artery Doppler indices, birthweight, and gestational age at birth were available for 8024 women. Birthweight P Conclusion In this large prospective cohort, early second-trimester uterine artery Doppler studies were not a clinically useful test for predicting small-for-gestational-age babies.
Trends and Patterns of Differences in Chronic Respiratory Disease Mortality Among US Counties, 1980-2014

Importance Chronic respiratory diseases are an important cause of death and disability in the United States. Objective To estimate age-standardized mortality rates by county from chronic respiratory diseases. Design, Setting, and Participants Validated small area estimation models were applied to deidentified death records from the National Center for Health Statistics and population counts from the US Census Bureau, National Center for Health Statistics, and Human Mortality Database to estimate county-level mortality rates from 1980 to 2014 for chronic respiratory diseases. Exposure County of residence. Main Outcomes and Measures Age-standardized mortality rates by county, year, sex, and cause. Results A total of 4 616 711 deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases were recorded in the United States from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2014. Nationally, the mortality rate from chronic respiratory diseases increased from 40.8 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 39.8-41.8) deaths per 100 000 population in 1980 to a peak of 55.4 (95% UI, 54.1-56.5) deaths per 100 000 population in 2002 and then declined to 52.9 (95% UI, 51.6-54.4) deaths per 100 000 population in 2014. This overall 29.7% (95% UI, 25.5%-33.8%) increase in chronic respiratory disease mortality from 1980 to 2014 reflected increases in the mortality rate from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (by 30.8% [95% UI, 25.2%-39.0%], from 34.5 [95% UI, 33.0-35.5] to 45.1 [95% UI, 43.7-46.9] deaths per 100 000 population), interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis (by 100.5% [95% UI, 5.8%-155.2%], from 2.7 [95% UI, 2.3-4.2] to 5.5 [95% UI, 3.5-6.1] deaths per 100 000 population), and all other chronic respiratory diseases (by 42.3% [95% UI, 32.4%-63.8%], from 0.51 [95% UI, 0.48-0.54] to 0.73 [95% UI, 0.69-0.78] deaths per 100 000 population). There were substantial differences in mortality rates and changes in mortality rates over time among counties, and geographic patterns differed by cause. Counties with the highest mortality rates were found primarily in central Appalachia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis; widely dispersed throughout the Southwest, northern Great Plains, New England, and South Atlantic for interstitial lung disease; along the southern half of the Mississippi River and in Georgia and South Carolina for asthma; and in southern states from Mississippi to South Carolina for other chronic respiratory diseases. Conclusions and Relevance Despite recent declines in mortality from chronic respiratory diseases, mortality rates in 2014 remained significantly higher than in 1980. Between 1980 and 2014, there were important differences in mortality rates and changes in mortality by county, sex, and particular chronic respiratory disease type. These estimates may be helpful for informing efforts to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Well differentiated grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors compared with related neoplasms: A morphologic study

BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with a Ki-67 labeling index greater than 20% were reclassified in 2017 by the World Health Organization into well differentiated (WD) and poorly differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). The authors describe the cytologic features of grade 3 WD pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms compared with grade 2 neoplasms and NEC. METHODS Fine-needle aspirates from 65 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms were reviewed, and their cytomorphologic features were compared across grade 2, WD grade 3, and PD small cell type (PD-S), large cell type (PD-L), and type not otherwise specified (PD-NOS) neoplasms. RESULTS The 65 aspirates consisted of 19 grade 2 neoplasms, 32 WD grade 3 neoplasms, and 14 NECs (6 PD-S, 5 PD-L, and 3 PD-NOS). The medians Ki-67 proliferation index was 11% (range, 3.2%-17%) in grade 2 neoplasms, 40% (range, 21%-89%) in WD grade 3 neoplasms, 80% (range, 63%-95%) in PD-S neoplasms, 39% (range, 25%-61%) in PD-L neoplasms, and 70% (range, 30%-80%) in PD-NOS neoplasms. Both grade 2 and WD grade 3 neoplasms were associated with plasmacytoid morphology and smooth nuclear contours, but WD grade 3 neoplasms had significant increases in abundant cytoplasm (72% vs 17%; P = .007), nuclear tangles (75% vs 42%; P = .006), and apoptosis (86% vs 58%; P = .005). Compared with NECs, WD grade 3 neoplasms had increased plasmacytoid morphology (75% vs 7%; P < .001), smooth nuclear contours (94% vs 64%; P = .02), round nuclei (59% vs 21%; P = .01), and less pleomorphism (13% vs 50%; P = .004), molding (9% vs 79%; P < .001), and necrosis (13% vs 43%; P = .003). WD grade 3 neoplasms had less pleomorphism (13% vs 50%; P = .04), less necrosis (13% vs 60%; P = .04), and more plasmacytoid morphology (75% vs 20%; P = .03) than PD-L. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of cytologic features differs in WD grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms compared with grade 2 neoplasms and NECs, and these differences assist in the recognition of this newly classified entity. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:326-35. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West. By Frank Van Nuys. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2015. Pp. xiv, 338. $29.95.)

The Euro‐American conquest of North America involved a radical remaking not only of the continent's human communities but of its animal populations as well. Prior to 1492, half a million wolves roa...
Geometric function theory

We will study Caratheodory convergence, which is the convergence theory for domains corresponding to uniform convergence on compact sets for analytic functions, and we will use this convergence to develop Loewner theory. This theory gives, for an injective analytic map f0 on D, a family ft, 0 ≤ t < ∞, of such maps, such that fs(D) ⊂ ft(D) for s ≤ t and ∪0≤t<∞ft(D) = C. We will see that ft can be described as the solution to a partial differential equation, the Loewner equation; this equation, first described in 1923, has played a crucial role in the development of geometric function theory since then.
Toward optimal outcome following pivotal response treatment: a case series.

There is a growing literature on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who respond favorably to behavioral treatment, which is often termed “optimal outcome.” Rates and definitions of optimal outcome vary widely. The current case series describes an empirically validated behavioral treatment approach called Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT). We present two preschool-aged children who received an intensive course of PRT and seem to be on a trajectory toward potential optimal outcome. Understanding response to treatment and predictors of response is crucial, not necessarily to predict who may succeed, but to individualize medicine and match children with customized treatment programs that will be best tailored to their unique and varied needs.
Mechanical Design in Sea Anemones

By applying principles of fluid and solid mechanics to biological structures, I have studied the morphological adaptations of two species of sea anemones to the mechanical activities they perform and the environmental forces they encounter. The two species of anemones I used represent different extremes in mechanical behavior: Metridium senile, a calm-water species noted for the great range of shapes and sizes it can assume (Batham and Pantin, 1950), and Anthopleura xanthogrammica, a species occurring in areas exposed to extreme wave action (Hand, 1956; Dayton, 1971). I chose anemones because they are simple in structure, thus differences in morphology and function between species are easier to recognize and characterize than they would be for more complex animals.
5-Fluoro-1-(3-metylbutano-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.

The 3-methyl­butanoyl group and the 5-fluoro­uracil unit of the title compound, C9H11FN2O3, are essentially coplanar, with the carbonyl group oriented towards the ring CH group and away from the nearer ring carbonyl group. The 3-methyl­butanoyl (C=)C—N—C=O torsion angle of 9.6 (2)° is comparable to that in structurally related compounds. In the solid state, two inversion-related mol­ecules form N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to generate an inter­molecular R22(8) ring. The crystal structure also diplays intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions.
SYNOPTIC ANALYSIS OF EEG SIGNALS

ABSTRACT This report describes the work accomplished to date in evaluating the effectiveness of various methods of signal decomposition and data reduction for abstracting useful information from EEG signals. The methods which have been examined are predicated on the reasonable assumption that information about the EEG process can be obtained by examining the long-term fluctuations in certain average properties of the signal. The properties examined in the signal analysis methods evaluated in this program relate to certain time domain averages and frequency domain averages, with correlation functions and period analysis falling into the time domain category and power spectral density and coherence function falling into the frequency domain category. Based on the experimental data evaluated to date it has been concluded that the synoptic presentation of certain statistical parameters provide an efficient and practical means of monitoring long data runs such as encountered in sleep studies and in drug effect studies investigated in this program. Methods have been developed for the derivation of certain synoptic parameters from approximate correlation function programs which compare very favorably in terms of accuracy with linear correlation function processing without making excessive demands on computer time for processing long runs of EEG data as is the case with linear correlation. The report reviews the mathematical procedures applied to this program and presents the results of the computer data processing applied to the experimental data collected in the program.
Conscious Leaders Practicing Conscious Capitalism: Developing Conscious Leadership in Business

This paper summarized the findings of a qualitative study that investigates the developmental journeys of conscious leaders practicing conscious capitalism. Emphasis was placed on outlining the dev...
Plasmacytomas and Hybridomas

Kohler and Milstein (1975) launched a new era in immunological research by showing that somatic cell hybridization could be used to generate a continuous “hybridoma” cell line producing a monoclonal antibody. The hybridoma technology has already fulfilled one of the major goals that immunologists have been trying to achieve for years: the routine production of large amounts of homogeneous antibody against a wide variety of antigens. Each of the subsequent chapters in this monograph will illustrate the usefulness of such reagents.
Marketing students at work: organisation citizenship behaviour training as a tool to minimise survey non-response

AbstractA continuing decline in an institution’s response rates for student evaluations of teaching (SET) raised faculty concerns about non-response bias in summary statistics. In response, this institution’s SET stakeholders partnered with a Marketing Methods class section to create strategies for increasing response rates. The project was also an exercise in organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) training because students in that class section received intensive training on how SET feedback is valued by instructors and its role in improving their academic organisation. Within the context of OCB theory, this article finds student exposure to OCB training increases SET response rates because knowing how SET benefits their organisation increases unit-level response propensity for member surveys intended to improve their institution. In the year of the OCB training, SET response rates increased by 26%, though the increases did not persist into later academic years. The response rate increases are realis...
Flatfeet: Biomechanical implications, assessment and management

Abstract Several complications due to flatfeet have been reported in previous literature such as poor postural stability, injuries, pathologies, and discomfort. Early detection and appropriate management are mandatory to minimize these effects. There are different feet assessments established in the field with distinct advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, selection of management methods from various options should be done vigilantly as the application differs according to the individual. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review previous literature on structural anatomy, pathomechanics, assessment, and proper management of flatfeet to provide a condensed summary for healthcare professionals, occupational therapists, kinesiologists, biomechanists, coaches, and ergonomists.
Economic Performance of Long-term Organic and Conventional Crop Rotations in the Mid-Atlantic

Increased demand for organic grain in the United States is resulting in increased production. However, no economic analysis in the United States accounts for post 2005 increases in commodity prices, fuel, and fertilizer costs. This analysis includes costs, yields, and net returns from the five cropping systems at the USDA-ARS Farming Systems Project in Beltsville, MD, between 2006 and 2014. Costs for organic corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (Org2) and corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Org3) rotations and a 3-yr conventional Chisel Till grain rotation were similar, but expenses in an organic 6-yr (Org6) corn–soybean–wheat–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotation were higher due to the cost of managing an alfalfa crop. The conventional no-till grain rotation production costs were lowest. Tillage was a major contributor to total cost in the four tilled systems. Mean returns from Org6 (US$858) were similar to those from No-till ($702) while returns for Org2 and Org3 ($585 and $589) were similar to those for Chisel Till ($502). Among organic systems economic risk was inversely proportional to crop rotation length. The shorter organic rotations were more sensitive to changes in organic price premiums relative to Org6. At Org2 and Org3 breakeven price premiums the Org6 mean return would only be reduced by 32 and 37%, respectively, remaining similar to Chisel Till. For Org6 risk was much lower than the other organic and the conventional systems, demonstrating that long, diverse rotations reduce overall risk, even in comparison to a conventional No-till system.
Origin of Spin-Orbit Misalignments: The Microblazar V4641 Sgr

Of the known microquasars, V4641 Sgr boasts the most severe lower limit (> 52°) on the misalignment angle between the relativistic jet axis and the binary orbital angular momentum. Assuming the jet and black hole spin axes coincide, we attempt to explain the origin of this extreme spin-orbit misalignment with a natal kick model, whereby an aligned binary system becomes misaligned by a supernova kick imparted to the newborn black hole. The model inputs are the kick velocity distribution, which we measure customized to V4641 Sgr, and the immediate pre/post-supernova binary system parameters. Using a grid of binary stellar evolution models, we determine post-supernova configurations that evolve to become consistent with V4641 Sgr today and obtain the corresponding pre-supernova configurations by using standard prescriptions for common envelope evolution. Using each of these potential progenitor system parameter sets as inputs, we find that a natal kick struggles to explain the origin of the V4641 Sgr spin-orbit misalignment. Consequently, we conclude that evolutionary pathways involving a standard common envelope phase followed by a supernova kick are highly unlikely for V4641 Sgr. An alternative interpretation is that the jet axis does not reliably trace the black hole spin axis. Our results raise concerns about compact object merger statistics gleaned from binary population synthesis models, which rely on unverified prescriptions for common envelope evolution and natal kicks. We also challenge the spin-orbit alignment assumption routinely invoked to measure black hole spin magnitudes.
Surveying fake news: Assessing university faculty’s fragmented definition of fake news and its impact on teaching critical thinking

This paper reports on the results of a survey of faculty members at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) in Los Angeles, California regarding their understanding of and familiarity with the concept of fake news. With very few studies published on the attitudes of teaching faculty at universities, this study is a unique approach to the issues facing educators, knowledge creators, and information specialists. The paper examines the origins of the term “fake news”, the factors contributing to its current prevalence, and proposes a new definition. It also reports upon the attitudes that teaching faculty hold, and how they define fake news within their specific disciplines. Though nearly all surveyed faculty felt fake news was an important topic that impacted them professionally, the researchers also find that faculty across all disciplines and ranks, ages, and gender, hold widely differing conceptions of fake news. This lack of consensus may have future implications for students in particular and higher education in general and are worth exploring further.
Little to Give, Much to Gain—What Can You Do With a Dried Blood Spot?

Technological advances have allowed dried blood spots (DBS) to be utilized for various measurements, helpful in population-based studies. The following is a review of the literature highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of DBS and describing their use in multiple areas of research. DBS can track pollutant exposure to understand their impact on health. DBS can also be used for (epi-)genetic studies, to measure clinical biomarkers, and to monitor drug adherence. Advantages of DBS include being minimally invasive, requiring low blood volume, and being cost-effective to collect, transport, and store. Disadvantages of DBS include the hematocrit effect, which is related to the viscosity of the blood affecting its spread on to the filter paper, causing a major source of error when assessing concentrations, and the possibility of low DNA volume. Numerous uses for DBS make them an important source of biomaterial but they require additional validation for accuracy and reproducibility.
Evaluation of Time to Benefit of Statins for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Adults Aged 50 to 75 Years: A Meta-analysis

Importance Guidelines recommend targeting preventive interventions toward older adults whose life expectancy is greater than the intervention’s time to benefit (TTB). The TTB for statin therapy is unknown. Objective To conduct a survival meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of statins to determine the TTB for prevention of a first major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in adults aged 50 to 75 years. Data Sources Studies were identified from previously published systematic reviews (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and US Preventive Services Task Force) and a search of MEDLINE and Google Scholar for subsequently published studies until February 1, 2020. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials of statins for primary prevention focusing on older adults (mean age >55 years). Data Extraction and Synthesis Two authors independently abstracted survival data for the control and intervention groups. Weibull survival curves were fit, and a random-effects model was used to estimate pooled absolute risk reductions (ARRs) between control and intervention groups each year. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods were applied to determine time to ARR thresholds. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was time to ARR thresholds (0.002, 0.005, and 0.010) for a first MACE, as defined by each trial. There were broad similarities in the definition of MACE across trials, with all trials including myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Results Eight trials randomizing 65 383 adults (66.3% men) were identified. The mean age ranged from 55 to 69 years old and the mean length of follow-up ranged from 2 to 6 years. Only 1 of 8 studies showed that statins decreased all-cause mortality. The meta-analysis results suggested that 2.5 (95% CI, 1.7-3.4) years were needed to avoid 1 MACE for 100 patients treated with a statin. To prevent 1 MACE for 200 patients treated (ARR = 0.005), the TTB was 1.3 (95% CI, 1.0-1.7) years, whereas the TTB to avoid 1 MACE for 500 patients treated (ARR = 0.002) was 0.8 (95% CI, 0.5-1.0) years. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that treating 100 adults (aged 50-75 years) without known cardiovascular disease with a statin for 2.5 years prevented 1 MACE in 1 adult. Statins may help to prevent a first MACE in adults aged 50 to 75 years old if they have a life expectancy of at least 2.5 years. There is no evidence of a mortality benefit.
Super-resolution vibrational microscopy by stimulated Raman excited fluorescence

Inspired by the revolutionary impact of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, super-resolution Raman imaging has been long pursued because of its much higher chemical specificity than the fluorescence counterpart. However, vibrational contrasts are intrinsically less sensitive compared with fluorescence, resulting in only mild resolution enhancement beyond the diffraction limit even with strong laser excitation power. As such, it is still a great challenge to achieve biocompatible super-resolution vibrational imaging in the optical far-field. In 2019 Stimulated Raman Excited Fluorescence (SREF) was discovered as an ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy that combines the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering and the superb sensitivity of fluorescence detection. Herein we developed a novel super-resolution vibrational imaging method by harnessing SREF as the contrast mechanism. We first identified the undesired role of anti-Stokes fluorescence background in preventing direct adoption of super-resolution fluorescence technique. We then devised a frequency-modulation (FM) strategy to remove the broadband backgrounds and achieved high-contrast SREF imaging. Assisted by newly synthesized SREF dyes, we realized multicolor FM-SREF imaging with nanometer spectral resolution. Finally, by integrating stimulated emission depletion (STED) with background-free FM-SREF, we accomplished high-contrast super-resolution vibrational imaging with STED-FM-SREF whose spatial resolution is only determined by the signal-to-noise ratio. In our proof-of-principle demonstration, more than two times of resolution improvement is achieved in biological systems with moderate laser excitation power, which shall be further refined with optimized instrumentation and imaging probes. With its super resolution, high sensitivity, vibrational contrast, and mild laser excitation power, STED-FM-SREF microscopy is envisioned to aid a wide variety of applications.
805-P: Risk of Severe Complications of Urinary Tract Infection in Real-World Use of Dapagliflozin

A noninterventional postauthorization safety study in patients with type 2 diabetes compared the sex-specific incidence of severe complications of urinary tract infections (sUTI) (pyelonephritis or urosepsis) in new users of dapagliflozin and new users of other comparator glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs), matched by index year, age, and region. Comparators included GLDs other than SGLT2 inhibitors, or monotherapy of insulin, metformin, or sulfonylureas. Data from US Medicare (2014-2017), US HealthCore Integrated Research Database (HIRD) (2014-2019), and UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) (2012-2018) were analyzed. Incidence rates of sUTI were compared by exposure group with adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) with covariate adjustment by propensity score trimming and stratification. Pooled aIRRs were estimated by the Mantel-Haenszel method. The total number of person-years of dapagliflozin and comparator exposure, respectively, was 17,265 and 161,176 for females and 22,594 and 194,388 for males. Mean age (years) in CPRD, HIRD, and Medicare was 58, 52, and 72 in females and 59, 52, and 71 in males, respectively. All aIRR estimates were below the null but imprecise (figure). The pooled aIRR was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.60-0.96) in females and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.56-1.00) in males. This real-world study did not find an increased risk of sUTI in females or males with dapagliflozin compared with other GLDs. Disclosure C. Johannes: Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. H. Chen: None. A. Gilsenan: Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. J. Layton: Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. D. C. Beachler: Employee; Self; Anthem Inc. (HealthCore). R. M. Ziemiecki: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pfizer Inc. L. Li: Other Relationship; Self; Pfizer Inc. H. E. Danysh: Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. J. Dinh: None. P. R. Hunt: Employee; Self; AstraZeneca, Stock/Shareholder; Self; AstraZeneca. C. Karlsson: Employee; Self; AstraZeneca, Stock/Shareholder; Self; AstraZeneca.
Garbage, Glitter, or Gold: Assigning Multi-dimensional Quality Scores to Social Media Seeds for Web Archive Collections

From popular uprisings to pandemics, the Web is an essential source consulted by scientists and historians for reconstructing and studying past events. Unfortunately, the Web is plagued by reference rot which causes important Web resources to disappear. Web archive collections help reduce the costly effects of reference rot by saving Web resources that chronicle important stories/events before they disappear. These collections often begin with URLs called seeds, hand-selected by experts or scraped from social media. The quality of social media content varies widely, therefore, we propose a framework for assigning multi-dimensional quality scores to social media seeds for Web archive collections about stories and events. We leveraged contributions from social media research for attributing quality to social media content and users based on credibility, reputation, and influence. We combined these with additional contributions from the Web archive research that emphasizes the importance of considering geographical and temporal constraints when selecting seeds. Next, we developed the Quality Proxies (QP) framework which assigns seeds extracted from social media a quality score across 10 major dimensions: popularity, geographical, temporal, subject expert, retrievability, relevance, reputation, and scarcity. We instantiated the framework and showed that seeds can be scored across multiple QP classes that map to different policies for ranking seeds such as prioritizing seeds from local news, reputable and/or popular sources, etc. The QP framework is extensible and robust. Our results showed that Quality Proxies resulted in the selection of quality seeds with increased precision (by ~0.13) when novelty is and is not prioritized. These contributions provide an explainable score applicable to rank and select quality seeds for Web archive collections and other domains.
The Cambridge Introduction to Victorian Poetry

Preface Acknowledgments Introducing Victorian poetry Part I. The Forms of Victorian Poetry: 1. Victorian experimentalism 2. Victorian dialogues with tradition 3. The impress of print Part II. The Rhetoric of Victorian Poetry: 4. Poetry, technology, science 5. Poetry and religion 6. Poetry and the heart's affections 7. Poetry and empire 8. Poetic liberties 9. Art for art's sake Coda: close readings: Aurora Leigh, 'Vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam' and 'Friends Beyond' Glossary Guide to further reading Index.
Obtaining Fuel-Optimal Controls for Linear Time-Varying Plants by Newton’s Method

A fixed-time, fixed-end-point fuel-optimal problem with bounded controls results in a two point boundary value problem for differential equations with discontinuous right hand sides. Newton’s method is adapted to handle these discontinuities. The computer algorithm proposed involves a small amount of computation per iteration step.
Neuropsychological Assessment in Clinical Child Psychology

Neuropsychological assessment with children is increasingly becoming a desired, if not expected, service to be performed by clinical child psychologists. Unlike traditional psychological assessment with children, neuropsychological assessment encompasses many different techniques and serves a different purpose (Gaddes, 1980; Hynd & Obrzut, 1981; Knights & Stoddart, 1984). Generally, the purpose of neuropsychological assessment with pediatric patients is to differentiate children whose disorders are either functional or organic, to document the extent of neuropsychological involvement, and, in organic conditions, to chart the temporal interactions between ongoing development and recovery or deterioration of function. In response to this increased need for neuropsychological assessment with children, several standardized batteries are available, complemented by a host of ancillary techniques and procedures.
Automatic 3D Registration of Lung Surfaces in Computed Tomography Scans

We developed an automated system that registers chest CT images temporally. Our registration method matches corresponding anatomical landmarks to obtain initial registration parameters. The initial point-to-point registration is then generalized to an iterative surface-to-surface registration method. Our "goodness-of-fit" measure is evaluated at each step in the iterative scheme until the registration performance is sufficient. We applied our method to register the 3D lung surfaces of 10 pairs of chest CT scans and report a promising registration performance.
Specifying Instruction-Set Architectures in HOL: A Primer

This paper presents techniques for specifying microprocessor instruction set syntax and semantics in the HOL theorem proving system. The paper describes the use of abstract representations for operators and data, gives techniques for specifying instruction set syntax, outlines the use of records in specifying semantic domains, presents the creation of parameterized semantic frameworks, and shows how all of these can be used to create a semantics for a microprocessor instruction set. The verified microprocessor Uinta provides examples for each of these.
Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Bilateral Renal Metastases Discovered Incidentally During Work-Up of Primary Endometrial Cancer: A Rare Occurrence

Background Follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer (FV-PTC) is the second most common subtype of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) after classic PTC. FV-PTC is characterized by nuclear features consistent with classic PTC but has a follicular architecture that lacks classic papillary morphology. Thyroid cancer rarely metastasizes to the kidney. Only 6 cases of FV-PTC metastasizing to the kidney have been reported in the English literature. We are reporting a case of FV-PTC with bilateral renal metastases discovered incidentally during work-up of primary endometrial cancer. Case report A 70-year-old woman presented with post-menopausal bleeding secondary to endometrial cancer. Staging work-up showed multiple bilateral lung nodules, bilateral soft tissue kidney masses, and multinodular goiter. The pathological and immnohistochemical profile of the lung biopsy was consistent with primary well-differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. Follow-up computerized tomography scan showed stable lung nodules and enlarging renal masses, which was suggestive of bilateral renal cancer. While the histologic features of the renal biopsy were not typical, the immunohistochemical staining of renal biopsy was positive for Paired box 8, thyroid transcription factor-1, thyroglobulin, and cytokeratin 7, suggesting the thyroid as the primary cancer site. The final histopathology on surgical specimen of total thyroidectomy revealed follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer. Conclusions The presence of pulmonary nodules and kidney masses does not always suggest the lung or the kidney as primary tumor sites. The clinician should be aware of the possibility of metastasis and look for the primary source, which in the present case was FV-PTC. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in determining the primary site of origin. In case of multiple-organ metastases, each metastatic lesion should be biopsied as soon as possible for definitive diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt: The Food Chain

The cultivation and movement of food – grown in earth irrigated through the social, ecological, and infrastructural mechanisms discussed in the previous chapter – was central to the Ottoman administration of Egypt in the long eighteenth century. Egypt was the breadbasket of the Ottoman Empire, producing more foodstuffs than any other single province in the Empire. The fertile soils of rural Egypt renewed every year by the sediment-rich waters of the Nile flood provided a steady supply of nutrients for the cultivation of all sorts of grains and vegetables in the Egyptian countryside. Rains in the Ethiopian highlands collected nutrients from the volcanic rock of the mountains on which they fell and from the Sudd swamps in the Sudan through which the floodwaters eventually traveled every year to Egypt. Once those waters covered the soil in Egypt, seemingly endless supplies of sunshine for photosynthesis produced vast quantities of chemical energy stored in the calories of food grown throughout southern Egypt and the Delta. As I discuss in detail in Chapter 4, a large peasant and animal population throughout the province provided the labor needed to harvest, pack, and move this food, which would eventually make its way to other parts of Egypt, to Istanbul, to the cities of Mecca and Medina, and to many other areas of the Empire. Egypt's surplus energy thus provided the caloric power necessary to maintain the political power of the Ottoman Empire.
Inhibition of histone H3K79 methylation selectively inhibits proliferation, self-renewal and metastatic potential of breast cancer

Histone lysine methylation regulates gene expression and cancer initiation. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that DOT1L, a histone H3-lysine79 (H3K79) methyltransferase, plays a potentially important role in breast cancer. DOT1L inhibition selectively inhibited proliferation, self-renewal, metastatic potential of breast cancer cells and induced cell differentiation. In addition, inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), such as neplanocin and 3-deazaneplanocin, also inhibited both H3K79 methylation and proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The activity of SAHH inhibitors was previously attributed to inhibition of H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. However, inhibition of EZH2 by a specific inhibitor did not contribute to cell death. SAHH inhibitors had only weak activity against H3K27 methylation and their activity is therefore mainly due to DOT1L/H3K79 methylation inhibition. Overall, we showed that DOT1L is a potential drug target for breast cancer.
Dietary intake of choline and neural tube defects in Mexican Americans

Background Low maternal intake of dietary choline and betaine (a choline derivative) has recently been investigated as a possible risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs) Methods This case-control study examined the NTD risk associated with choline and betaine in 409 Mexican-American women who gave birth during 1995 to 2000 in the 14-county border region of Texas Results Using data from the food frequency questionnaire and the lowest quartiles of intake as the reference categories, a protective association was suggested between higher intakes of choline and betaine and NTD risk although the 95% confidence intervals for all risk estimates included 1.0. For choline intake in the second, third, and fourth quartiles, adjusted odds ratios were 1.2, 0.80, and 0.89, respectively. Betaine appeared more protective with odds ratios of 0.62, 0.73, and 0.61, respectively, for the second, third, and fourth quartiles of intake Conclusion Study findings suggest that dietary betaine may help to prevent NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:463–471, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescence Imaging of Cellular Metabolites with RNA

Genetically encoded sensors are powerful tools for imaging intracellular metabolites and signaling molecules. However, developing sensors is challenging because they require proteins that undergo conformational changes upon binding the desired target molecule. We describe an approach for generating fluorescent sensors based on Spinach, an RNA sequence that binds and activates the fluorescence of a small-molecule fluorophore. We show that these sensors can detect a variety of different small molecules in vitro and in living cells. These RNAs constitute a versatile approach for fluorescence imaging of small molecules and have the potential to detect essentially any cellular biomolecule.
A qualitative examination of the work–family interface: Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Within the work–family literature little is known about the work–family challenges and opportunities faced by families that have one or more children with autism spectrum disorder. However, it has been consistently demonstrated that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder are at a higher risk of experiencing a host of negative outcomes. Using a qualitative design, within grounded theory, the present study sheds light on the needs, experiences, and challenges that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder face and also offers insight into ways to expand the scope of work–family research in this area. The present research provides evidence of how the family domain can greatly impact experiences and decisions made in the work domain for families with special needs. The present research adds to the small but growing literature examining the interplay between home and work life for families with special needs and demonstrates that this is an important research domain in need of additional conceptual and empirical consideration.
Contact inhibition and the regulation of endocytosis in the corneal endothelium: correlation with a restricted surface receptor lateral mobility and the appearance of a fibronectin meshwork.

Abstract The correlation between adsorptive endocytosis, surface receptor lateral mobility, and the production of fibronectin was analyzed using corneal endothelial cells maintained in tissue culture as a model. These properties were studied as a function of the cell density and organization using sparse, subconfluent, and confluent cultures. Sparse, actively growing cultures bind, internalize, and degrade low density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas confluent endothelial cell cultures, although still capable of binding LDL, no longer internalize it and hence show no degradation of the lipoprotein. Disruption of the cell monolayer by means of wounding was associated with a gain of LDL uptake activity only in cells located at the edges of the wound or migrating into the wound. Cap formation induced by Concanavalin A was observed in sparse, but not in confluent cultures, indicating a lower degree of receptor lateral mobility concomitant with the formation of a confluent cell monolayer. Lactoper-oxidase catalyzed iodination of sparse and confluent cultures revealed an accumulation of fibronectin primarily in the pericellular matrix produced by confluent cultures. In contrast, no extracellular matrix and almost no fibronectin associated with the cell surface were detected in actively growing cells which were not yet in contact. The formation of a confluent cell monolayer is therefore associated with the inhibition of LDL uptake, possibly via membrane changes that lead to a restriction of surface receptor lateral mobility. This might be brought about by a direct or indirect interaction of the extracellular meshwork of fibronectin with various surface components and subjacent cytoskeletal elements. It is suggested that the organization of cells located as a single layer at the interface between fluid and tissue can dictate, both in vitro and in vivo, metabolic functions such as adsorptive endocytosis and thus be a prominent factor in determining their physiological role as a barrier.