cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific roles of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and Fos expression in rat brain.

Fever is a coordinated autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral response mediated by the brain in reaction to inflammatory stimuli. An essential step in transmitting the immune signal to the brain is the formation of prostaglandin E2. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the critical enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins and COX-2, the inducible form of the enzyme, is markedly induced in cells associated with the cerebral blood vessels and the leptomeninges by immune stimuli such as intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the specific roles of COX-1, the constitutive form of cyclooxygenase, and COX-2 in LPS-induced fever are not well understood. We injected LPS i.v. in combination with either a highly selective COX-1 (SC-560) or COX-2 (SC-236) inhibitor to determine the effects of each drug on the subsequent fever response and on the pattern of expression of Fos protein in the brain. The COX-2 inhibitor blocked LPS-induced fever and Fos expression in sites such as the ventromedial preoptic nucleus (VMPO) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), although Fos-immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and parabrachial nucleus (PB) remained. In contrast, the COX-1 inhibitor resulted in a profound hypothermic response to LPS and blocked LPS-induced Fos-immunoreactivity in the PVH, PB, NTS, and VLM, although it had no effect on the VMPO. Although COX-2 plays a dominant role in mediating fever responses to i.v. LPS, at least some components of the response, including avoiding hypothermia and the induction of Fos in the NTS, VLM, PB, and PVH, appear to depend on COX-1. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:3–12, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Albumin and transferrin synthesis are increased in H4 cells by serum from analbuminemic or nephrotic rats

Albumin and transferrin synthesis are increased in H4 cells by serum from analbuminemic or nephrotic rats. The hepatic synthesis of several proteins, including both albumin and transferrin is increased in the nephrotic syndrome. While active suppression of albumin synthesis by lymphokines has been described, it has been assumed that augmentation of albumin synthesis is governed by a physical factor, plasma oncotic pressure (π), and that this regulation is by a direct effect of π on hepatocytes. The mechanisms have not been defined. Furthermore, experiments relying on suppression of protein synthesis may only test non-specific inhibitory effects of the experimental intervention. We tested an alternative hypothesis that a serum factor(s) present in hypooncotic states stimulates albumin synthesis. We incubated an immortalized cell line derived from rat hepatocytes (H4 cells) with serum from Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR) and rats with passive Heymann nephritis (HN), a model of the nephrotic syndrome. Synthesis (incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine) into both albumin and transferrin was increased significantly. The stimulatory effect of these sera was not extinguished by addition of rat or human albumin to the medium prior to or during incubation, even when π in the incubation medium was increased to normal plasma levels by added albumin. Incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine into albumin was 7841 ± 394 cpm/mg cell protein using 10% NAR serum in the presence of human albumin (medium π 26.1 ± 0.17) versus 5149 ± 420 cpm incorporation (P
Isovaleric and α-Methylbutyric Acidemias Induced by Hypoglycin A: Mechanism of Jamaican Vomiting Sickness

Hypoglycin A, the causative agent of the Jamaican vomiting sickness, produced a marked increase in concentration of isovaleric acid in the plasma of rats, when administered in a single dose. α-Methylbutyric acid, a position isomer, also accumulated. The use of hypoglycin A reproduced some features of human isovaleric acidemia. Accumulation of these branched pentanoic acids may be another factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the Jamaican vomiting sickness.
A converging algorithm for a linear exchange model

Abstract An exchange model with linear utilities functions is considered. An elementary proof of the inequality of revealed preference is described. The model is equivalent to an infinite system of linear inequalities. This property is used in the constructed algorithm. The Arrow-Debreu model with linear utility functions satisfies the same property.
The use of plant tissue silica content for estimating transpiration

Abstract Dewatering of saturated soils, sediments, and similar substrates is an emerging issue that requires a low cost solution. Plants have the ability to remove water from the substrate in which they grow through transpiration and could be used to aid in moisture removal. However, the need exists for a rapid screening tool to identify plant species with high transpiration rates that can grow in high water content substrates. This study examines the relationship between plant silica content and plant transpiration rate. A variety of plant species and types were grown in two soils to understand the relationship between silica and transpiration. Using an Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA) to quantify transpiration rate and acid-insoluble ash to quantify silica, a statistically significant relationship ( p p
A randomized single-blind evaluation of a discharge teaching book for pediatric patients with burns

To evaluate the influence of a modular, multidisciplinary, pediatric burn discharge book on burn-care-related knowledge and satisfaction of caregivers, we studied children less than 17 years of age admitted with an acute thermal injury to the pediatric burn unit of a large, tertiary care hospital in Winnipeg, Canada over a 32 month period. Demographic characteristics of the population are similar to published profiles of other pediatric burn units with the exception that North American Indian (NAI) families were disproportionately admitted, with 59 out of the 123 (48%) admissions from a geographic area that has less than 15% NAIs. We randomly assigned the families to receive discharge instructions with the book (intervention group) or routine discharge teaching without the book (comparison group). Knowledge levels of burn care and satisfaction with discharge teaching of caregivers were evaluated with a questionnaire administered in single-blind fashion at the first outpatient follow-up visit. Sixty-two families received the book and 61 families received standard discharge teaching. Bivariate analysis showed greater knowledge in the intervention group, with an average score (range, 0.0 to 1.0) of 0.79 +/- 0.15 versus 0.73 +/- 0.15 in the comparison group (p < 0.05). We did not observe this positive effect of the book when we analyzed NAI families separately: 28 families instructed with the book scored 0.68 +/- 0.14 versus 0.63 +/- 0.13 in 31 families provided with routine teaching (p = 0.18). Stepwise multiple-regression analysis found that the influence of the book was limited to families with children who sustained scald burns (p < 0.05). Factors negatively related to the knowledge levels of caregivers (p < 0.05) were being of NAI origin and being NAI with no safety devices in the home. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) was found with having English as the first language, having a child with more extensive burns, having a younger age of the child with burns, and having fewer children in the home. In conclusion, we found that the discharge book improved the burn-care-related knowledge of caregivers. However, other factors, particularly ethnic and language background, were of greater influence.
Flash competition in male Photinus macdermotti fireflies

The courtship of Photinus macdermotti fireflies involves a flash code in which the male emits a pair of flashes about two seconds apart and the female responds with a flash about 1.2 s after the second flash of the male pair. The male repeats his pair of courting flashes at varying intervals of four seconds or more. Lloyd (1979, 1981 a, b) observed that rival males in Florida sometimes interject flashes between the courtship flashes of the courting male. We have found that the competitive behavior of males of the same species on Long Island, New York, was somewhat different. Rival males timed their competing flashes from either the first or second of the original males's courting flashes. When a competing flash from the rival male was timed from the first courting flash it was synchronized with the original male's second courting flash. When a competing flash was timed from the second courting flash, a delayed flash resulted which appeared after the female's response. In either case the male's display period was preserved, insuring that the female would continue to respond. Either of these rival male flashes could sometimes induce the female to respond in his direction.
Extreme cranial ontogeny in the upper cretaceous dinosaur pachycephalosaurus.

Background Extended neoteny and late stage allometric growth increase morphological disparity between growth stages in at least some dinosaurs. Coupled with relatively low dinosaur density in the Upper Cretaceous of North America, ontogenetic transformational representatives are often difficult to distinguish. For example, many hadrosaurids previously reported to represent relatively small lambeosaurine species were demonstrated to be juveniles of the larger taxa. Marginocephalians (pachycephalosaurids + ceratopsids) undergo comparable and extreme cranial morphological change during ontogeny. Methodology/Principal Findings Cranial histology, morphology and computer tomography reveal patterns of internal skull development that show the purported diagnostic characters for the pachycephalosaurids Dracorex hogwartsia and Stygimoloch spinifer are ontogenetically derived features. Coronal histological sections of the frontoparietal dome of an adult Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis reveal a dense structure composed of metaplastic bone with a variety of extremely fibrous and acellular tissue. Coronal histological sections and computer tomography of a skull and frontoparietal dome of Stygimoloch spinifer reveal an open intrafrontal suture indicative of a subadult stage of development. These dinosaurs employed metaplasia to rapidly grow and change the size and shape of their horns, cranial ornaments and frontoparietal domes, resulting in extreme cranial alterations during late stages of growth. We propose that Dracorex hogwartsia, Stygimoloch spinifer and Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis are the same taxon and represent an ontogenetic series united by shared morphology and increasing skull length. Conclusions/Significance Dracorex hogwartsia (juvenile) and Stygimoloch spinifer (subadult) are reinterpreted as younger growth stages of Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis (adult). This synonymy reduces the number of pachycephalosaurid taxa from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and demonstrates the importance of cranial ontogeny in evaluating dinosaur diversity and taxonomy. These growth stages reflect a continuum rather than specific developmental steps defined by “known” terminal morphologies.
Denigration of a victim in group psychotherapy by violent vs seductive sex offenders.

Two psychotherapy groups were set up in a prison treatment program, one for violent sex offenders, the other for sex offenders who were less violent and primarily used seduction to obtain sex. Most of the patients were child molesters. Observations showed that over the course of 10 group psychotherapy sessions, 8 out of 10 violent offenders said denigrating things about their victims vs 2 out of 10 seductive offenders. The significant comparison if supported by cross-validation suggests the value of the distinction of violence vs seduction for sex offenders. Language: en
Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health

We previously proposed that socioeconomic status (SES) is a fundamental cause of health inequalities and, as such, that SES inequalities in health persist over time despite radical changes in the diseases, risks, and interventions that happen to produce them at any given time. Like SES, race in the United States has an enduring connection to health and mortality. Our goals here are to evaluate whether this connection endures because systemic racism is a fundamental cause of health inequalities and, in doing so, to review a wide range of empirical data regarding racial differences in health outcomes, health risks, and health-enhancing resources such as money, knowledge, power, prestige, freedom, and beneficial social connections. We conclude that racial inequalities in health endure primarily because racism is a fundamental cause of racial differences in SES and because SES is a fundamental cause of health inequalities. In addition to these powerful connections, however, there is evidence that racism, larg...
A Molecular Imaging Primer: Modalities, Imaging Agents, and Applications

Molecular imaging is revolutionizing the way we study the inner workings of the human body, diagnose diseases, approach drug design, and assess therapies. The field as a whole is making possible the visualization of complex biochemical processes involved in normal physiology and disease states, in real time, in living cells, tissues, and intact subjects. In this review, we focus specifically on molecular imaging of intact living subjects. We provide a basic primer for those who are new to molecular imaging, and a resource for those involved in the field. We begin by describing classical molecular imaging techniques together with their key strengths and limitations, after which we introduce some of the latest emerging imaging modalities. We provide an overview of the main classes of molecular imaging agents (i.e., small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles) and cite examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics (therapy combined with diagnostics). A step-by-step guide to answering biological and/or clinical questions using the tools of molecular imaging is also provided. We conclude by discussing the grand challenges of the field, its future directions, and enormous potential for further impacting how we approach research and medicine.
QM/MM Models of the O2-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II.

This paper introduces structural models of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (PSII) in the dark-stable S1 state, as well as in the reduced S0 and oxidized S2 states, with complete ligation of the metal−oxo cluster by amino acid residues, water, hydroxide, and chloride. The models are developed according to state-of-the-art quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods, applied in conjunction with the X-ray crystal structure of PSII from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus, recently reported at 3.5 A resolution. Manganese and calcium ions are ligated consistently with standard coordination chemistry assumptions, supported by biochemical and spectroscopic data. Furthermore, the calcium-bound chloride ligand is found to be bound in a position consistent with pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance data obtained from acetate-substituted PSII. The ligation of protein ligands includes monodentate coordination of D1-D342, CP43-E354, and D1-D170 to Mn(1), Mn(3), and Mn(4), r...
Transglutaminase 2 limits murine peritoneal acute gout-like inflammation by regulating macrophage clearance of apoptotic neutrophils.

Objective Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals have remarkable inflammatory potential. However, gouty inflammation is spontaneously self-limited, an occurrence recognized since antiquity. Gouty synovitis is driven and sustained by neutrophil influx. Importantly, macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic (but not necrotic) neutrophils is antiinflammatory. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that efficient clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages is one of the factors that restrains the progression of gouty inflammation. Macrophage expression of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a multifunctional protein with reciprocally regulated transamidation and purine nucleotide–binding activities, promotes apoptotic leukocyte uptake. In this study, we tested the specific role of macrophage TG2 expression in MSU crystal–induced inflammation. Methods We studied MSU crystal–induced peritonitis in TG2−/− and congenic TG2+/+ mice. We also studied the effects of TG2 on apoptotic cell uptake by cultured macrophages. Results TG2−/− mice demonstrated more progressive neutrophilic accumulation than did TG2+/+ mice, which was associated with delayed clearance of apoptotic neutrophils during MSU crystal–induced peritonitis. We observed defective phagocytosis of apoptotic leukocytes by TG2−/− peritoneal macrophages, which was corrected by soluble extracellular TG2. Transamidation catalytic activity of TG2 was not required to mediate macrophage uptake of apoptotic leukocytes. In contrast, the TG2 nucleotide binding site residue K173 was critical for this TG2 function. TG2 bound to GDP, ADP, or ATP (but not to GTP) rescued defective apoptotic leukocyte uptake by TG2−/− macrophages. Conclusion Enhancement of apoptotic neutrophil uptake by macrophage-derived TG2 restrains gout-like neutrophilic peritoneal inflammation. Differential binding of TG2 by purine nucleotides may contribute to clinical variability in the extent and duration of gouty inflammation.
An accurate system architecture refinement methodology with mixed abstraction-level virtual platform

The increasing complexity of today's system-on-a-chip (SoC) design is challenging the design engineers to evaluate the system performance and explore the design space. Electronic system-level (ESL) design methodology is of great help for attacking the challenges in recent years. In this paper, we present a system-level architecture refinement flow and implement a dual DSP cores virtual system based-on the highly accurate mixed abstraction-level modeling methodology. The constructed virtual platform can run various multimedia applications and achieve high accuracy. Compared with the traditional RTL simulation, the error rate is less than 5% and the simulation speed is around 100 times faster. Using the architecture refinement flow, the system performance profiling and architecture exploration is also realized for the software and hardware engineers to scrutinize the complicated system.
Effects of Sectioning Cranial Nerves IX and X on Cardiovascular and Ventilatory Reflex Responses to Hypoxia and Nacn in Channel Catfish

Summary The afferent pathways mediating cardiovascular and ventilatory hypoxic reflexes were identified in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing (ASB) channel catfish, Ictalurus pimctatus (Rafinesque), by bilateral section of cranial nerve IX and branchial branches of cranial nerve X to the four gill arches (Xbi-Xb4). Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to hypoxia and NaCN were attenuated by partial denervation of the gills. There were no significant cardiovascular or ventilatory reflex responses to either hypoxia or NaCN after total branchial denervation. This suggests that hypoxic reflexes in channel catfish are mediated by O2-sensitive chemoreceptors located peripherally in the gills and innervated by cranial nerves IX and X.
Field and laboratory studies on the Coconino sandstone (permian) vertebrate footprints and their paleoecological implications

Brand, L., 1979. Field and laboratory studies on the Coconino Sandstone (Permian) vertebrate footprints and their paleoecological implications. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 28: 25-38. The fossil footprints in the Coconino Sandstone have long been considered to be evidence for eolian deposition. I conducted field study of the fossil footprints in Hermit Basin, the Grand Canyon, and laboratory studies of modern amphibian and reptile foot­ prints on dry sand, damp sand, wet sand, and underwater sand. Five species of salamanders all spent the majority of their locomotion time walking on the bottom, under water, rather than swimming. The experimental animals produced footprints under all test conditions, both up and down the 25° slopes of the laboratory "dunes". Toe marks and other details were present in over 80% of the fossil tracks, underwater tracks, and wet sand tracks, but less than 12% of the dry sand and damp sand tracks had any toe marks. Dry sand uphill tracks were usually just depressions, with no details. Wet sand tracks were quite different from the fossil tracks in certain features. The fossil tracks were most similar to the underwater tracks. These data suggest that the Coconino Sandstone fossil tracks should not be used as evidence for eolian deposition of dry sand.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH ON PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS: SOME ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

It has been often observed that to know a person or even an organization you must have the opportunity to live with him and observe his actions closely over time. My introduction to the Society for Life History Research in Psychopathology occurred when I joined. The procedural activities involved in this serious life event were to put my mailing address on the bottom of a sheet of paper and send it off to Minnesota. The Society had an unadorned quality not unlike Robert Hall. It was devoid of officers, committees, dues, tax exemption, and even a constitution. On November 1, 1973, in deference to the complexity of our times, a committee was formed to consider the future directions — if any — of the organization. The urgency of the questions posed to the committee led to a luncheon meeting on May 22, 1975. These events might cause the casual observer to conclude that the Society is extraordinarily liberal and manifests a passionate aversion to structure. Certainly, its interest in the longitudinal study of psycho-pathology suggests if not a preference at least sympathy for subjective impressions.
Automated interpretation of subcellular location patterns

Fluorescence microscopy is widely used to analyze the distribution of proteins within cells. As currently practiced, the assignment of a protein to a particular organelle is done by visual inspection of images or comparison between the distribution of the unknown protein and markers with known location patterns. In order to use fluorescence microscopy for large scale or proteome-wide analysis of protein location, improved approaches that are more automated, objective, and sensitive are needed. Our group has therefore developed automated systems that can recognize the major subcellular location patterns in images of single cultured cells, and has shown that these systems are more sensitive than visual inspection. The foundations of these systems are sets of numerical features that describe the essential characteristics of a subcellular pattern without being overly sensitive to the size, shape and orientation of that cell within the field of view. These features can be used to measure the similarity between protein patterns and therefore for the first time to group proteins in an objective manner based on their high-resolution patterns.
Low-Energy D(d,p)T Spectroscopy for Studying Dynamic Deuteron Implant Effects

Hydrogen isotope buildup and migration during implantation are difficult to study in many materials because of its high mobility. In addition, under high fluence conditions much of the damage produced by the ion beam is annealed during the implant and is thus unobservable by post-mortem analysis. A system is-described for implanting deuterium at 40 keV and simultaneously evaluating the deuterium retention and release under various target conditions. Semi-quantitative deuterium profiling by D(d,p)T spectroscopy is shown useful at 40 keV, where the approach to a dynamic equilibrium is rapid. Experimental data on ScD2 and Cu-Be are presented which illustrate the utility of the technique for investigating bombardment effects on the deuterium binding, surface retention barriers, damage-enhanced mobility, and impurity-produced depletion.
Crossing the color line with a different perspective on whiteness and (anti)racism: a response to Mary McDonald.

This paper is a response to the keynote address by Mary McDonald delivered at the 2008 NRPA Butler Lecture. Her paper on “Dialogues on Whiteness, Leisure, and (Anti)Racism” was subsequently published in the Journal of Leisure Research in the first quarter of 2009. While there are several areas of congruence and historical accuracy regarding McDonald’s work, this present article includes a distinctive line of reasoning for how whiteness influences the leisure experiences of ethnic minorities. A different perspective on understanding racism in relation to recreation and use of parks as lei sure spaces is offered and some competing viewpoints provided. This response paper provides a contribution towards the discussion of power, privilege and the continued existence of oppression and discrimination in this field. It suggests we continue to explore critical race theory in recreation and leisure studies yet this must begin with perceptions of “justice,” coupled with a fundamental belief in the mere existence of injustice, if change is truly to occur. The intention of this paper is to support key components of McDonald’s premise while also challenging conventional thinking. Addi tionally, assorted questions are asked to counteract some of those noted by McDonald, relationships between social and environmental justice and leisure are explored from a different lens, and suggestions for research directions are offered.
The Assimilation Model, Family Life, and Race and Ethnicity in the United States The Case of Minority Welfare Mothers

In this article we assert that it is necessary to better understand the assimilation model of racial and ethnic relations in order to comprehend more fully the contemporary debate over minority welfare mothers. We analyze the origins of the assimilation model in the debate over Indian policy in the 19th-century United States and its role in 20th-century social thought and policy toward other racial and ethnic minorities. We then examine three critical weaknesses of the model as they appear in assimilation programs based on the model. Finally, we return to the debate over assisting minority single mothers and show how the assimilation model has shaped that debate from the turn of the century to the present day.
Sensor-Based Low Power Management for Mobile Platforms

As mobile devices become increasingly more advanced and essential for everyday life, minimizing power consumption of these devices has also become one of the critical design concerns, especially for those mobile devices that support "always-on" applications, such as a driving mode detection application. In this paper, we present a design, implementation, and deployment of an energy efficient mobile platform for end consumers. Taking the driving mode detection application as an example, we give the platform design and technical implementation details. Our solution not only offers a clean and portable design for all sensor-related applications, it is also proven that it can significantly reduce power consumption. In fact, based on live measurements, for driving detection applications, the designed platform provides up to 73.11% energy consumption reduction, and up to 18.43 minutes of prolonged battery life. To the best of our knowledge, the platform is the first solution to provide a clean, portable, and fundamentally energy efficient architecture for Andriod sensor related applications. It has been deployed in Motorola commercial devices.
Principles Governing DNA Methylation during Neuronal Lineage and Subtype Specification.

Although comprehensively described during early neuronal development, the role of DNA methylation/demethylation in neuronal lineage and subtype specification is not well understood. By studying two distinct neuronal progenitors as they differentiate to principal neurons in mouse hippocampus and striatum, we uncovered several principles governing neuronal DNA methylation during brain development. (1) The program consists of three stages: an initial genome-wide methylation during progenitor proliferation is followed by loss of methylation during the transition of regional progenitors to “young” hippocampal/striatal neurons, which is then reversed by gain in methylation during maturation to subtype-specific neurons. (2) At the first two stages, gain and loss of methylation are limited to CpGs, whereas during the third maturation stage, methylation also occurs at non-CpG sites in both lineages. (3) Methylation/demethylation, similar to transcription, are initially highly similar in the two lineages, whereas diversification in methylation and transcription during maturation creates subtype-specific methylation differences. (4) Initially, methylation targets all genomic locations, whereas later, during early and late differentiation, the preferred targets are intronic/intergenic sequences with enhancer-like activity. (5) Differentially methylated genes are enriched in sequential neurodevelopmental functions (such as progenitor proliferation, migration, neuritogenesis, and synaptic transmission); upregulated genes represent current and consecutive stage-specific functions, and downregulated genes represent preceding functions that are no longer required. The main conclusion of our work is that the neuronal methylation/demethylation program is predominantly developmental with minimal lineage specificity, except in the final stage of development when neuron subtype-specific differences also emerge. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work is the first to describe a set of relatively simple rules that govern DNA methylation and demethylation in neuronal development in vivo . By dividing neurodevelopment to three major stages and applying rules to each of them, we created a matrix that comprehensively describes DNA methylation/demethylation events in two neuronal lineages, with a total of 10 cell types spanning the entire neurodevelopment. Beyond increasing our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of normal development, our work will be useful in deciphering how environmental perturbations, such as gestational toxins, drugs, stress, infection, and offspring neglect/maltreatment, interfere with the developmental methylation program.
Buprenorphine/naloxone for the treatment of prescription opioid abuse and chronic pain

Aims: The incidence of prescription opioid abuse among pain patients is substantial, and the ability of sublingual buprenorphine simultaneously to alleviate pain and reduce opioid abuse has not been investigated adequately. This study examined the utility of buprenorphine/naloxone (bup/nx; Suboxone) for treating patients diagnosed with concurrent chronic pain and opioid abuse. Methods: Participants with chronic, non-malignant pain meeting DSM-IV criteria for opioid abuse enrolled in a 7-week inpatient phase examining the effects of bup/nx on the reinforcing effects of prescription opioids. Those who completed this phase were subsequently enrolled in a 12-week outpatient trial designed to examine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of bup/nx in relieving clinical pain. Participants attended twice-weekly visits, completed pain ratings, and met with the study physician. The bup/nx dose was titrated to optimal clinical benefit. Primary outcomes were retention in treatment, pain reduction from pre-study baseline, and percentage of opioid-negative urine samples. Results: The majority of patients (31/43; 72.1%) inducted onto bup/nx completed the inpatient phase and were enrolled in the present trial. Further, the majority (18/31; 58.1%) of patients who began the 12-week outpatient phase were retained at study completion. Mean ratings of average pain on the Pain Assessment and Documentation Tool (PADT) decreased significantly from 6.2/11 (±1.2) at prestudy baseline to 3.6 (±2.5; t(17) =4.17, p= .001) at Week12. Themeandaily dose of bup/nx atWk1was 15.8mg (±2.3, range 4–20) and atWk 12was 21.3mg (±7.8, range 4-32). The percentage of urine toxicologies negative for illicit opioids increased from 6.4% at baseline to 88.5% at Wk 1, 90% at Wk 4, and 93.4% at Wk 12. Conclusions: Bup/nx was well tolerated and effective in preventing relapse to prescription opioid abuse while providing adequate analgesic relief. Sublingual bup/nx has potential as an analgesic and may be well suited to treating patients with chronic pain who abuse opioids. Financial support: NIDA RO1 DA20448.
From a Culture of Bullying to a Climate of Support: The Evolution of Bullying Prevention and Research

Decades of research in school psychology has brought attention to the culture of peer bullying and harassment that was a largely neglected problem in most schools. At the same time, research on the...
Metabolomics and Cardiovascular Medicine

Abstract Metabolomics is a comprehensive study of small molecule end-products of metabolism (metabolites) in biological systems. Its rapid growth in diagnostics and therapeutics has led to its increased utilization in cardiovascular epidemiology. Technologically complex and demanding techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are required to characterize metabolites. Both untargeted and targeted approaches have been used in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the last decade, this has led to the discovery of new biomarkers and has helped in identifying functional significance of many single nucleotide polymorphisms using combination of genome-wide association studies and metabolomics. Such studies have helped in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, and obesity. This chapter focuses mainly on the data generated from human studies.
Performance of Agriculture

In the treatments of the World Bank and the IMF of agriculture in Sierra Leone one finds a tendency to treat price policy as a hammer and every problem a nail. This obsession with relative prices as not only the necessary but also the sufficient condition for improvement in agricultural performance brings to mind the observation of Oscar Wilde that madness lies in carrying an argument to its logical conclusion. From reading the reports of the multilaterals, not only for Sierra Leone but also for countries throughout the Third World, one would assume that a consensus existed among experts on the great potency of the price instrument to promote agricultural development. Even a casual review of the literature showed this not to be the case. For example, Pinstrup-Andersen argued, With respect to the agricultural sector … the importance of price policy has been grossly exaggerated as a tool to achieve rapid increases in total agricultural output and food security in many developing countries. Poor rural infrastructure, lack of appropriate production technology and modern inputs, seasonal labour bottlenecks, and land and marketing constraints result in low supply response in total output. (Pinstrup-Andersen, 1988, p. 101)
Identification of the reacting form of pyruvate carboxylase.

Abstract A modification of the reacting enzyme sedimentation technique of Cohen et al. ((1967) Biopolymers 5, 203) has been used to investigate the sedimentation coefficients and probable quaternary structures of the reacting form of pyruvate carboxylase from several different sources. In this technique, the sedimentation of a lamellar layer of enzyme through a reaction mixture is measured by changes in absorption that are due to the appearance of a product or the disappearance of a substrate. In the present studies the method of Cohen et al. has been modified by the addition of malate dehydrogenase as a coupling enzyme, by the inclusion of 50% D2O in the reaction mixture to stabilize the sedimenting band of enzyme, and by the use of the photoelectric scanner accessory to measure the optical changes. The s20,w values for the reacting forms of pyruvate carboxylase from Pseudomonas citronellolis, yeast, and chicken liver have been determined by this procedure to be 12.9 S, 16.3 S, and 15.9 S, respectively. The validity of these results obtained with the coupled enzyme assay were confirmed by experiments in which the direct formation of oxalacetate was observed. The s020,w values which were obtained by sedimentation velocity studies of the protein of the same three varieties of the enzyme were 12.3 S, 16.2 S, and 16.4 S, respectively, and thus are in good agreement with the results of the reacting form studies. Molecular weight determinations of the bacterial enzyme by the principle of Archibald gave values of about 260,000 or approximately one-half of those of the enzymes from yeast and liver. Also, the biotin content of the bacterial enzyme is approximately 2 moles per mole of enzyme compared with 4 moles per mole for the enzyme from yeast or liver. Thus, the cumulative evidence strongly suggests that the predominant reacting form of the bacterial enzyme is a dimer, whereas those of the enzymes from yeast and liver are tetramers.
Creation of the first Hartford Consensus compliant elementary school in the USA.

Background The Hartford Consensus established a framework for minimizing deaths due to mass shootings, specifically eliminating preventable deaths due to limb exsanguination. Two major principles defined within this framework are (1) redefining the first responder role and (2) the ubiquitous availability of proper training in application of hemorrhage control techniques, including tourniquets. We hypothesized that this hemorrhage control posture could be fully translated into an elementary school. Methods Following institutional review board approval, all teachers at a prekindergarten through 8th grade elementary school underwent short, intensive instruction on their role as a first responder, as well as indications and proper technique for hemorrhage control and tourniquet application for limb exsanguination. All teachers self-reported their confidence in their role as a first responder as well as tourniquet application indications and technique before and after instruction. Following instruction, teachers were evaluated on proper tourniquet application technique on a simulated limb to assess competence. Results 26 elementary school teachers and 2 administrative staff underwent training. All reported low confidence in their role as a first responder and in tourniquet application indication and technique before training. Following training, all teachers reported high confidence. Testing demonstrated all teachers were competent in the tourniquet application technique. Following training, each classroom was equipped with a purpose-made commercial tourniquet, and a dedicated hemorrhage control bag was placed in the school9s central administrative office. Conclusions All teachers were successfully trained to act as first responders and in correct hemorrhage control techniques, which was verified by testing. This is the first elementary school to universally adopt a hemorrhage control posture to eliminate preventable deaths from limb exsanguination advocated by the Hartford Consensus.
Integration of space and terrestrial PCS in the information infrastructure

The emergence of national and global information infrastructures (NII/GII) has been receiving considerable attention and emphasis across many domains, including both technical and political communities. The paper examines considerations for efficient integration of satellite and terrestrial PCS into the fabric of the NII and GII, with emphasis on interoperability among wireless systems themselves as well as with the other elements of the infrastructure. The objective architecture should constitute a seamless hybrid network. >
Thymic Dendritc Cells Generated Ex Vivo Induce Donor Regulatory T Cell Differentiation and Hasten Immune Reconstitution After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract Abstract 1905 Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first committed cells to engraft in the thymus after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The critical role of thymic DCs in ensuring efficient tolerance and selection has been well demonstrated, however its role in facilitating donor engraftment has not been reported. Here we show DCs accelerates thymic reconstitution by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiation and enhancing T cell recovery after HSCT. Lethally irradiated CD45.2 C57BL/6 control group received 103 CD45.1 lin−sca-1+c-kit+ (LSK) hematopoietic stem cell progenitors while the DCs group received 103 CD45.1 LSK cells along with 103 CD45.2 GFP+ DCs. DCs were generated ex vivo using bone marrow from CD45.2 GFP+ CD57BL/6 mice and cultured for 7 days with GMCSF. At 4 and 7 days after HSCT, the thymus of DC group contained 1.8 and 4.2- fold higher number of thymocytes (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Abstract P087: PDI via Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway Regulates Renal AT1 Receptors and Blood Pressure in Aging Rats

Renal angiotensin AT1 receptor (AT1R) plays pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP). We recently reported that age-associated oxidative stress causes hyper-activation of AT1R and hypertension in the aging Fischer Brown Norway (FBN) rats. Our objective was to understand the mechanism of higher oxidative stress contributing to the impaired AT1R function in the aged FBNs. Nrf2 transcription factor protects kidney from oxidative stress by activating the transcription of diverse antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) inhibit Nrf2 activity by sequestering Nrf2 in cytosol. We hypothesize that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an enzyme involved in isomerization reaction, regulates keap1 and Nrf2. Nrf2, keap1 and PDI were determined by Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry in the kidney of FBNs and human kidney 2 (HK2) cells. We found that the aging kidney had low levels of PDI (adult vs old: 5.38±2.60 vs 3.59±1.76, 33.3% decrease), which was associated with low nuclear levels of Nrf2 (adult vs old: 1.86±0.69 vs 0.87±0.18, 53.2% decrease) and high cytosolic levels of keap1 (adult vs old: 1.80±0.46 vs 2.40±0.49, 33.3% increase) in the aging FBNs. Moreover, PDI inhibition by bacitracin in HK2 cells significantly reduced Nrf2 accumulation (control vs treated: 1.25±0.26 vs 0.50±0.14, 60% decrease) in the nuclei. PDI siRNA treatment in HK2 cells decreased the level of PDI (scrambled vs PDI siRNA: 0.64±0.07 vs 0.52±0.08) while increased the level of AT1R (scramble vs PDI siRNA: 0.11 vs 0.20). These data suggest that PDI by regulating keap1/Nrf2 redox-pathway regulates AT1R, and may be involved in BP regulation in the aging FBNs.
Sufficient Conditions for the Solution of the Semiglobal Output Tracking Problem Using Practical Internal Models 2

Abstract In a recent work we have introduced the notion of a practical internal model , i.e., a compensator yielding suitable observability properties in a nonlinear system, and we have shown that its existence implies the existence of an output feedback controller achieving arbitrarily small asymptotic tracking error. In this paper we show that a sufficient condition for a practical internal model to exist is that the plant is differentially flat with respect to the measurable output. We apply this technique to the output regulation problem and we provide sufficient conditions for its semiglobal solution when no disturbances act on the plant.
Spatial Patterns of Summer Speedup on South Central Alaska Glaciers

Seasonal changes in glacier basal motion are attributable to variations in subglacial hydrology, and cause variations in both ice discharge and glacier erosion. We develop a novel workflow based upon Landsat 8 feature tracking, to document differences between spatial patterns of summer and winter glacier surface speed, which reflect changes in the distribution of basal motion. We identify and characterize summer speedups on 13 of 19 land-terminating glaciers in Alaska's Wrangell-St Elias Ranges. The speedups are relatively uniform over much of the ablation zones, and the speedup magnitudes vary by only a factor of ~2 between glaciers whose velocities span an order of magnitude. Summer speedups extend up to ~30 km up-glacier from termini, and often end at the bases of icefalls. These data provide systematic observation of the spatial pattern of enhanced summer glacier basal motion and suggest the possibility of its parameterization in glacier models.
Evaluation of auditory perception development in neonates by quantitative electroencephalography and auditory event-related potentials.

OBJECTIVE The present study was performed to investigate neonatal auditory perception function by quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and auditory event-related potentials (aERPs) and identify the characteristics of auditory perception development in newborns. METHODS Fifty-three normal full-term neonates were divided into three groups according their age in days. An auditory oddball paradigm was used. QEEG (resting state and task state) and aERPs were performed. EEG δ power in the resting and task states and at different ages was respectively analyzed. The N2 area and latency of aERPs at different ages were also compared. RESULTS The four main findings of this study are as follows. First, the increase in the EEG δ power was significantly greater in the task than resting state in Group 3 at the Fz lead (t = -3.371, P = 0.004) and in Groups 2 and 3 at the Cz lead (Group 2: t = -3.149, P = 0.005; Group 3: t = -3.609, P = 0.002). Second, the δ power gradually increased from 1 to 10 days of age (Group 1), peaked at 11 to 20 days (Group 2), and gradually decreased from 21 to 28 days (Group 3). The data in the Fz lead during the task state and in the Cz lead during the resting and task states were statistically significant (F = 5.875, P = 0.005; F = 5.523, P = 0.007; and F = 5.402, P = 0.008, respectively). Third, the N2 area significantly increased with age by presentation of target stimuli (F = 5.26, P = 0.01). The N2 area increased most significantly from 21 to 28 days (Group 3). Finally, the N2 latency significantly decreased with age (Fz lead: F = 4.66, P = 0.023; Cz lead: F = 7.18, P = 0.005). The N2 latency decreased most significantly from 11 to 20 days of age (Group 2). CONCLUSION Rapid cognitive development occurs during the neonatal period. In the first several days after birth, the EEG δ power and N2 area manifested the characteristic performance of identifying task information. QEEG and aERP measurement can be used as objective indices with which to evaluate auditory perception development in neonates.
Quantitative Stereology for Microstructural Analysis

Quantitative stereology, or metallography, is concerned with the quantitative characterization of microstructures in terms of their point, lineal, areal, and volume elements. By means of suitable two-dimensional measurements on the plane(s) of polish, statistically exact information can be obtained about the micro-structural features in the three-dimensional space occupied by the alloy. These geometrical relationships have great generality and apply equally well to minerals, ceramics, plants, and metals.
Thermodynamics Analysis on Process of Pelletizing Chlorination of Fly Ash

Fly ash, generated during the combustion of coal for energy production, is an industrial by-product which is recognized as an environmental pollutant. In this paper, thermodynamic calculations and experiments in a tubular furnace reactor were conducted to investigate the process of pelletizing chlorination of fly ash. The thermodynamic calculations indicated that with the increase of the chlorination temperature, the Gibbs free energy of the chlorination reaction is negative, and this demonstrates the thermodynamics feasibility of pelletizing chlorination process. Experiments results show that the alumina chlorination efficiency was up to 70% when the pellet diameter was 8 mm and the C/Al was 3:1 at 1050 °C for 30 min. The effect of alumina chlorination efficiency in pelletizing chlorination process mainly depended on the temperature, chlorination time and pellet diameter. These findings provide useful information for understanding the pelletizing chlorination process, facilitating the development of pelletizing chlorination metallurgy in efficient clean utilization of fly ash.