cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Jimmy Blew the Shofar: Midrash and Musical Invective in Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen

Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen (1954–74) captured the imagination of younger readers drawn to colourful images and preposterously inventive stories. As the 1960s progressed and the first of the baby boomers entered their teens, the formula became out of date. DC Comic's middle-aged writers struggled to keep pace with the emerging youth culture and usually wound up insulting their tastes and predilections. A prime example is “The Red-Headed Beatle of 1,000 B.C.!” (1964), which simultaneously taps into, and disparages Beatles fandom. However, beneath the insult is a midrashic-like telling of Samson's backstory and intriguing speculations about the uses of the shofar in the world of the Bible.
Ras signaling regulates osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and bone formation

During endochondral bone development, osteoblasts are continuously differentiated from locally residing progenitor cells. However, the regulation of such endogenous osteoprogenitor cells is still poorly understood mainly due to the difficulty in identifying such cells in vivo. In this paper, we genetically labeled different cell populations of the osteoblast linage using stage-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgenic mice to investigate their responses to a proliferative stimulus. We have found that overactivation of Kras signaling in type II collagen-positive, immature osteoprogenitor cells, but not in mature osteoblasts, substantially increases the number of their descendant stromal cells and mature osteoblasts, and subsequently increases bone mass. This effect was mediated by both, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), pathways. Thus we demonstrate that Ras signaling stimulates proliferation of immature osteoprogenitor cells to increase the number of their osteoblastic descendants in a cell-autonomous fashion.
Destruction of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in Microwave-cooked Soups

Single serving (i.e. 200 ml) portions of tomato soup, vegetable soup, and broth inoculated with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium at about 107 organisms/ml were exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. After various timed exposures the temperature of the top, middle, and bottom regions as indicated by changes in previously positioned assemblies of temperature sensitive paper strips were noted and aliquots were removed from the same regions for standard plate count determination of survivors. For any given exposure time, the temperature of the middle region was warmest; that of the bottom, intermediate; and the temperature of the top, coolest. Despite the relative temperatures of the regions, however, the consistent finding was that, for any exposure time, the closer the sampled organisms were to the top, the lower their level of survival. In terms of temperature, it was noted that organisms in the top had declined to a given level of survival at a temperature lower than the temperature corresponding to the...
Postischemic vasodilation in human forearm is dependent on endothelium-derived nitric oxide

Although endothelium-derived nitric oxide contributes to basal vascular tone, little is known about its role in regulating blood flow during changes in metabolic supply and demand. We examined the contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to reactive hyperemia in the forearm of 20 normal subjects (12 women, 8 men) aged 27 +/- 4 yr (means +/- SD), using the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Forearm ischemia was induced by suprasystolic blood pressure cuff inflation for 5 min, and the subsequent hyperemic flow was recorded for 5 min using venous occlusion strain-gauge plethysmography. The efficacy of nitric oxide blockade was tested by comparing the dose-response relationship to the endothelium-dependent agonist, acetylcholine (3, 10, and 30 mg/min), before and after intra-arterial infusion of up to 2,000 mg/min of L-NMMA. L-NMMA produced a significant downward and rightward shift in the dose-response relationship to acetylcholine and a 39% reduction in response to the maximum dose (P < 0.001). In the presence of L-NMMA, peak hyperemic flow was reduced 16% (26.5 +/- 2.1 to 22.3 +/- 1.5 ml.min-1.100 ml of forearm-1, P < 0.03), and the minimum forearm vascular resistance was increased 22.8% (3.5 +/- 0.3 to 4.3 +/- 0.4 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml, P < 0.02). Total hyperemia, calculated from the area under the flow vs. time curve, at 1 and 5 min after cuff release was 17 and 23% less, respectively (13.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 11.3 +/- 1.1 and 31.8 +/- 2.7 vs. 24.6 +/- 1.8 ml/100 ml, P < 0.002), following L-NMMA. These data suggest that endothelium-derived nitric oxide plays a role in both reactive hyperemia and in the maintenance of the hyperemic response following ischemia in the forearm.
Multi-physics simulation of metal printing at micro/nanoscale using meniscus-confined electrodeposition: Effect of nozzle speed and diameter

Meniscus-confined electrodeposition (MCED) is a solution-based, room temperature process for 3D printing of metals at micro/nanoscale. In this process, a meniscus (liquid bridge or capillary) between a nozzle and a substrate governs the localized electrodeposition process, which involves multiple physics of electrodeposition, fluid dynamics, mass, and heat transfer. We have developed a multiphysics finite element (FE) model to investigate the effects of nozzle speed ( v N ) and nozzle diameter (D0) in the MCED process. The simulation results are validated with experimental data. Based on theoretical approach and experimental observation, the diameter of the deposited wire is in the range of 0.5–0.9 times of the nozzle diameter. The applicable range for vN for various nozzle diameters is computed. The results showed that the contribution of migration flux to total flux remains nearly constant (∼50%) for all values of pipette diameter in the range examined (100 nm–5 μm), whereas the contribution of diffusio...
Biolytic Effect of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant and Dodecyl Sulfate Against Phagotrophic Alga Ochromonas danica

Surfactants can affect biological activities and pose serious threats to the aquatic ecosystem if discharged without proper treatment. Rhamnolipid is a biosurfactant with promising agricultural, industrial and biomedical applications. It is important to assess the risks posed by rhamnolipid before it is adopted for large scale use. In this study, toxicity of rhamnolipid was estimated with the effects of motility loss, membrane permeability, and cell lysis using a phagotrophic alga Ochromonas danica. O. danica is a sensitive algal species without a protective cell wall and it represents a group of phagotrophic flagellates ecologically important in the aquatic ecosystem. A common synthetic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was used for comparison. Results suggested that rhamnolipid is significantly less biolytic than SDS and the effects required longer exposure. Lysis of O. danica cells by rhamnolipid was serious only at concentrations over its critical micelle concentration. Motility loss was, however, significantly more sensitive; about 75% loss after 20 min exposure to 50 mg/L rhamnolipid.
Anti-Laws of Luxury Fashion Marketing

Luxury brands such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Prada, and HermA¨s embrace unique elements such as creative vision, symbolic power, heritage, rarity, and exclusivity on the basis of marketing strategies. While traditional marketing strategies may not be suited for luxury products, Kapferer and Bastien (2012) address 24 anti-laws the luxury sector maintains for its pricing power and profitability. These anti-laws reject conventional marketing practices such as target marketing, positioning, market research, celebrity endorsement, promotion, volume growth, and selling on the Internet. To help students attain a concrete understanding of the 24 anti-laws of luxury marketing and an ability to apply them to luxury fashion brands, a group project (a group of two) was developed in the upper-level luxury fashion brand management course in the Fashion Merchandising and Design program.
Staging in the era of international databases: documented improvements with remaining challenges

Between 1943 and 1952, Pierre Denoix, a surgeon at the Institute Gustave Roussy in Paris, developed, proposed and published a classification system for all solid tumors based on the size and extension of the primary tumor, its lymphatic involvement, and the presence/absence of metastases, and ever since, the resulting tumor-nodemetastasis (TNM) staging system has been the international standard used by both the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) (1).
Reliability Of A Market Basket Assessment Tool (MBAT) For Use In SNAP-Ed Healthy Retail Initiatives

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of the Market Basket Assessment Tool (MBAT) for assessing the availability of fruits and vegetables, low-fat or nonfat dairy and eggs, lean meats, whole-grain products, and seeds, beans, and nuts in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–authorized retail environments. Methods: Different trained raters used the MBAT simultaneously at 14 retail environments to measure interrater reliability. Raters returned to 12 retail environments (85.7%) 1 week later to measure test-retest reliability. Data were analyzed using paired-sample t tests and correlations. Results: No significant differences were found for interrater reliability or test-retest reliability for individual categories (mean differences, 0.0 to 0.3 ± 0.2 points) or total score (mean difference, 0.5 ± 0.4 points and (mean differences, 0.0 to 0.3 ± 0.3 points) or total score (mean difference, 0.8 ± 0.4 points), respectively. Conclusions and Implications: Future steps include validation of the MBAT. A low-burden tool can facilitate evaluation of efforts to promote healthful foods in retail environments.
Rapid adaptation to foreign-accented speech and its transfer to an unfamiliar talker

How fast can listeners adapt to unfamiliar foreign accents? Clarke and Garrett [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 3647–3658 (2004)] (CG04) reported that native-English listeners adapted to foreign-accented English within a minute, demonstrating improved processing of spoken words. In two web-based experiments that closely follow the design of CG04, the effects of rapid accent adaptation are examined and its generalization is explored across talkers. Experiment 1 replicated the core finding of CG04 that initial perceptual difficulty with foreign-accented speech can be attenuated rapidly by a brief period of exposure to an accented talker. Importantly, listeners showed both faster (replicating CG04) and more accurate (extending CG04) comprehension of this talker. Experiment 2 revealed evidence that such adaptation transferred to a different talker of a same accent. These results highlight the rapidity of short-term accent adaptation and raise new questions about the underlying mechanism. It is suggested that the web...
Mixed-Valence Minerals of Iron and Titanium: Correlations of Structural, Mössbauer and Electronic Spectral Data

A large cariety of mixed-valence silicate and oxide minerals occur in rocks from the Earth, Moon and Meteorites, They frequently contain Fe2+ -Fe3+, Ti3+ -Ti4+ and Fe2+ -Ti4+ assemblages and often display anomalous color or opacity, high thermal and electrical conductives, and unusual spectral variations with temperature or pressure. Such properties are not attributable to transitions in single cations and indicate the presence of intervalence transitions. The intervalence transitions are observed either as charge transfer (CT) bands in the visible-near infrared region and frequently cause blue colors in FeFe2+ -Fe3+ and Fe2+ -Ti4+ bearing minerals (e.g. viviante, sapphire, dordierite, kyanite, bearing minerals (e.g. vivianite, sapphire, cordierite, kyanite glaucophane, aquamarine), or as electron decolalozation (ED) often causing opacity and semiconductor behavior (e.g. magnetite, ilvaite, deerite, riebeckite). Many of the physical and spectral properties of mixed-valence silicate and oxide minerals may be correlated with crystal structure features and site Occupancies of the metals. Structural variables which affect properties of mixed-valence oxide and silicate minerals or distorted octahedra, tetrahedra, dodecahedra), type of polyhedral linkage (e.g. face-shared, edge-shared, corner-shared) metal-oxygen (M-O) distances, metal-metal (M-M) distances, and M-O-M bond angles; and orientation and extend of linked polyhedra (e.g. isolated pairs, chains, bands, sheets; blocking by Mg2+ and AI3+ in solid solution series). These features may be used to interpret the temperature and pressure dependencies of CT bands in minerals with isolated Fe2+-Fe3+ and Fe2+-Ti4+ clustes (e.g. vivianite, sapphire, glaucophane, kyanite, cordierite, omphacite, pyroxenes, etc.), and the occurance of Fe in intermediate electronic environments in minerals with infinite chains of edge-shared Fe2+-Fe3+ polyhedra (e.g. magnetite, ilvaite, deerite, schorlomite garnets, riebeckite, and potentially aenigmatite, howieite, babingtonite).
The Williams syndrome: spectrum and significance of ocular features

Forty-two subjects with classic features of Williams syndrome were evaluated to ascertain the prevalence and severity of the ophthalmologic features associated with the disorder. Twenty-six (62%) had a stellate pattern of the anterior iris stroma which was observed only in individuals with blue or hazel iris color. Twelve (29%) had strabismus, most commonly esotropia. Hypermetropic discs were noted in 18 of 33 patients (55%), a simplex vertical branching of the central retinal vessels at the disc in 23 (70%), and situs inversus vasorum in 5 (15%). No subject had accentuated vascular tortuosity, which has been reported previously as a hallmark of this syndrome. No ocular manifestation of infantile hypercalcemia was noted in any subject.
Biological Implications of the Niemann-Pick C Mutation

The unique and varied membranes of a cell permit the compartmentalization of cellular functions. The synthesis of these distinct membrane domains is largely achieved through the protein and lipid sorting machinery of a cell. While an extensive experimental technology has evolved to study intracellular protein sorting (Rothman, 1994), cellular lipid topology has remained more a phenomenological science, with less progress made in elucidating specific molecular mechanisms. The relative paucity of experimental techniques available to study intracellular lipid trafficking has made the delineation of inherited metabolic defects particularly critical for delineating metabolic pathways of transport.
Outpatient iohexol lumbar, cervical and total column myelography in 883 patients

Water-soluble non-ionic contrast media have radically changed the practice of myelography. Several reports about outpatient lumbar myelography have already been published. We report our results in 800 lumbar, 66 cervical and 17 complete myelograms performed with iohexol on an outpatient basis. Introduction was by lumbar puncture using a 20- or 22-gauge needle. CT scans were obtained in 2–3 h and the patients were discharged in 5–6 h. Each patient was contacted after 24 h. Reactions lasting 24 h or less were considered mild and were not recorded. Reactions lasting 1–3 days were considered moderate, while reactions lasting more than 3 days or requiring hospitalization were considered severe. In the lumbar group, 52 patients had a total of 91 moderate or severe side effects. In the cervical and complete group, 10 patients suffered a total of 18 reactions. Seven patients had to be hospitalized. Our results compare favorably with those published and demonstrate the safety and utility of this approach provided a well-organized and controlled program is instituted. Tremendous reduction in the cost of work-up of patients can thus be achieved.
Dose frequency of prostaglandin F2α administration to dairy cows exposed to presynchronization and either 5- or 7-day Ovsynch program durations: Ovulatory and luteolytic risks.

We hypothesized (1) that neither duration of the Ovsynch program nor dose frequency of PGF2α would change the proportion of cows with complete luteolysis (progesterone 60%), Double Ovsynch cows tended to have greater ovulatory responses than PG-3-G after GnRH-2 (95.3 vs. 90.6%). The 2 × 25-mg doses of PGF2α and the 1 × 50-mg dose induced luteolysis in both Ovsynch treatment durations, but the 1 × 50-mg dose was less effective in the 5-d program. More pregnancy per AI (P/AI; 49.2%) tended to occur in the PG-3-G cows in the 7-d program compared with the other treatment combinations (range: 32.4-37.4%; Ovsynch × presynch interaction). In addition, an Ovsynch × PGF2α dose frequency interaction resulted in cows receiving the 1 × 50-mg dose in the 7-d program having the greatest P/AI (46.1%) and cows receiving the 1 × 50-mg dose in the 5-d program having the least P/AI (30.6%). We conclude that complete luteolysis was less effective in the 5-d program when the 1 × 50-mg dose was applied, but both PGF2α dose frequencies (1 × 50 mg and 2 × 25 mg 24 h apart) effectively induced complete luteolysis in the 7-d program. Treatments producing complete luteolysis tended to be related to subsequent pregnancy outcomes.
A Simple Method for Detecting Phosphorylation of Proteins by Using Zn 2+ -Phos-Tag SDS-PAGE at Neutral pH

Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE at neutral pH is a novel and simple method for analysis and separation of phosphorylated forms of proteins from their nonphosphorylated forms. This technique exploits the use of a dinuclear metal complex of 1,3-bis[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]propan-2-olate which acts as a phosphate-binding tag, having the capacity to incorporate two zinc metal ions which could then bind to phosphomonoester dianion as a bridging ligand. The acrylamide-pendant Zn2+-Phos-tag provides a phosphate affinity on simple SDS-PAGE gel for detection of mobility shift in phosphorylated proteins as compared to their nonphosphorylated forms. The technique is based on the principle that Zn2+-Phos-tag bound phosphorylated protein has a slower migration rate on the gel as compared to unbound nonphosphorylated proteins and are thus separated on the gel. Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE was developed by improving the Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE as the latter was unsuccessful in showing a mobility shift in some proteins such as Tau and pepsin. Additionally, the use of neutral pH instead of alkaline pH gives almost about 6 months of stability to the gels as compared to gels in alkaline pH which were quite unstable. Therefore, this Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE method is simple, reliable and convenient for phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE.
Teacher approaches to writing in science in bilingual elementary classrooms

This investigation examined the approaches bilingual education elementary teachers implemented to develop student science and English language understanding. In this investigation, teachers used Proficiency Level Descriptors (PLDs) to assess bilingual-ELs’ (BLs) English writing understanding. Teacher interviews, student writing samples, and the collection of artifacts, such as student blog entries were collected as data sources. The findings indicate that teachers have a strong commitment to develop bilingual and bi-literacy competence, build background knowledge, and make connections between home and school. In addition, teachers were found to perceive science and language learning as separate entities and failed to provide evidence of the implementation of the PLDs in science writing as an ongoing assessment.
Milk production and nutrient digestibility responses to triglyceride or fatty acid supplements enriched in palmitic acid.

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of feeding triglyceride and fatty acid (FA) supplements enriched in palmitic acid (PA; C16:0) on production and nutrient digestibility responses of mid-lactation dairy cows. Fifteen Holstein cows (137 ± 49 d in milk) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of a control diet (CON; no added PA) or 1.5% FA added as either a FA supplement (PA-FA) or a triglyceride supplement (PA-TG). The PA supplements replaced soyhulls, and diets were balanced for glycerol content. Periods were 21 d in length with sample and data collection occurring during the final 5 d. Compared with CON, PA treatments increased dry matter (66.5 vs. 63.9%) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) apparent digestibility (42.0 vs. 38.2%). Although PA treatments tended to increase 18-carbon FA apparent digestibility (79.1 vs. 77.9%), PA treatments decreased 16-carbon (63.1 vs. 75.8%) and total FA (72.0 vs. 76.5%) apparent digestibilities compared with CON. The PA treatments increased milk fat content (3.60 vs. 3.41%), milk fat yield (1.70 vs. 1.60 kg/d), yield of 16-carbon milk FA (570 vs. 471 g/d), 3.5% fat-corrected milk (47.6 vs. 46.5 kg/d), and energy-corrected milk (47.4 vs. 46.6 kg/d) compared with CON. The PA treatments did not affect dry matter intake (28.5 vs. 29.2 kg/d), milk yield (47.0 vs. 47.4 kg/d), milk protein yield (1.42 vs. 1.45 kg/d), milk lactose yield (2.29 vs. 2.31 kg/d), yield of 16-carbon milk FA (642 vs. 630 g/d), body weight (720 vs. 723 kg), or body condition score (3.14 vs. 3.23). We did not observe differences in digestibilities of dry matter, NDF, and 18-carbon FA between PA-TG and PA-FA. In contrast, PA-FA increased 16-carbon (68.6 vs. 57.6%) and total FA apparent digestibility (73.8 vs. 70.1%) compared with PA-TG. This resulted in PA-FA supplementation increasing the apparent digestibility of the PA supplement by ∼10 percentage points compared with PA-TG. Compared with PA-TG, PA-FA increased 16-carbon FA intake by 60 g/d, absorbed 16-carbon FA by 86 g/d, and absorbed total FA by 85 g/d. Compared with PA-TG, PA-FA increased dry matter intake (29.1 vs. 27.8 kg/d), yield of 16-carbon milk FA (596 vs. 545 g/d), and tended to increase milk yield (47.6 vs. 46.4 kg/d), milk fat yield (1.70 vs. 1.66 kg/d), and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (48.1 vs. 47.2 kg/d). In conclusion, the production response of dairy cows to PA tended to be greater for a FA supplement compared with a triglyceride supplement. Overall, PA increased NDF digestibility, milk fat yield, energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency in mid-lactation dairy cows.
Dissemination and Implementation

Abstract Significant progress has been made in the development of evidence-based treatments for pediatric anxiety disorders, but many youth experiencing clinically significant anxiety and other mental health concerns do not receive adequate treatment. Given these public health concerns, there have been focused efforts to learn more about the processes that foster effective dissemination and implementation (D&I) of evidence-based treatments. In this chapter, we review foundational D&I concepts, consider how D&I efforts may be affected by the ecological levels that exist within service systems (e.g., child- and organization-specific factors), describe six influential D&I models, and discuss how several aspects of common evidence-based treatments for pediatric anxiety disorders present unique challenges to D&I efforts.
Tafenoquine: the new kid on the block.

Purpose of review This is a review of tafenoquine, a new antimalarial drug. Here we examine the recent literature supporting the use of tafenoquine and summarize the opportunities and challenges for its well tolerated use worldwide. Recent findings Tafenoquine was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of dormant liver stage (hypnozoite) in Plasmodium vivax and for malaria prophylaxis. Single-dose tafenoquine provides equivalent efficacy to 14 days of primaquine for radical cure in P. vivax, and it can be dosed weekly to prevent malaria. However, tafenoquine can only be used in patients with normal G6PD activity and is contraindicated in children and during pregnancy or in lactating mothers with infants of deficient or unknown G6PD status. Summary Tafenoquine's long half-life allows a single dose to achieve radical cure, and weekly dosing for chemoprophylaxis to provide an exciting therapeutic option for patient care and as a new weapon for malaria control/eradication programs. Global implementation of tafenoquine will require the development and validation of a robust, low-cost diagnostic to reliably identify G6PD-deficient individuals. In addition, studies on tafenoquine safety in children are needed.
Line list for the a1Δ-X3Σ− transition of SO: Assignment of the 1.69 micron feature on Io

Abstract In order to simulate the observations of the a1Δ-X3Σ− electronic transition of SO in thermal emission from Io, a moon of Jupiter, a line list for the 0–0 and 1–1 bands is calculated. A feature at 1.69 µm in the astronomical spectrum is assigned as the high-J rR12 band head using the 0–0 line list.
Cyberbullying and ICT use by immigrant youths: A serial multiple-mediator SEM analysis

Abstract This study addressed the adverse effects of cyberbullying on our young people, focusing particularly on immigrant youths. To minimize cyberbullying risks, while maximizing online opportunities, this study explored two types of uses for information and communication technologies (ICT): leisure and information as risk and protective factors. By including two types of ICT use as mediators in adopting a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, this study sought to explore the full mechanism governing the ways cyberbullying affects immigrant youths including its indirect paths via two types of ICT uses as well as its direct path. The results demonstrated the need to combat cyberbullying of immigrant youths, providing empirical evidence of its harmful influences on this vulnerable population. The harmful influences of cyberbullying were more pronounced among youths who frequently used ICT for leisure than among those who used it primarily for information. Interestingly, this study identified significant indirect paths for different ICT uses for immigrant students but no significant effects for nonimmigrant students, showing the importance of targeted approaches for immigrant students.
Hypertension and Diabetes

As a consequence of increasing obesity seen in all industrially developed societies, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is rapidly rising, soon to inflict more than 300 million people worldwide and more than 20 million people in the United States. More than half of these diabetics will also be hypertensive, and the coexistence of diabetes and hypertension more than doubles the likelihood of serious cardiovascular events over rates seen with either disease alone.
Recommending refactorings via commit message analysis

Abstract Context The purpose of software restructuring, or refactoring, is to improve software quality and developer productivity. Objective Prior studies have relied mainly on static and dynamic analysis of code to detect and recommend refactoring opportunities, such as code smells. Once identified, these smells are fixed by applying refactorings which then improve a set of quality metrics. While this approach has value and has shown promising results, many detected refactoring opportunities may not be related to a developer’s current context and intention. Recent studies have shown that while developers document their refactoring intentions, they may miss relevant refactorings aligned with their rationale. Method In this paper, we first identify refactoring opportunities by analyzing developer commit messages and check the quality improvements in the changed files, then we distill this knowledge into usable context-driven refactoring recommendations to complement static and dynamic analysis of code. Results The evaluation of our approach, based on six open source projects, shows that we outperform prior studies that apply refactorings based on static and dynamic analysis of code alone. Conclusion This study provides compelling evidence of the value of using the information contained in existing commit messages to recommend future refactorings.
Evaluation of a Vaccine-Communication Tool for Physicians.

Objectives To evaluate a Kaiser Permanente Northern California physician training tool entitled “Effective Communication without Confrontation” aimed at improving communication with vaccine-hesitant parents, building trust, and alleviating physician stress surrounding vaccination visits. Study design Trainings were held May to July 2015. Pre- and post-training surveys assessed physician comfort and perceived effectiveness in communicating with vaccine-hesitant parents. We measured vaccination coverage at the 2-, 4-, and 6-month well-child visits, and days undervaccinated at 9 months of age. We compared vaccination rates before and after the training. Results Of 415 physicians who received training, 249 completed post-training surveys. Physicians reported that the training helped them feel “much more or more” comfortable talking with parents who are unsure (72.3%), want to delay (73.9%), or refuse (63.5%) vaccinations and “much more or more” effective at persuading parents who are unsure (67.5%) or want to delay vaccinations (61.4%). They reported feeling “the same or less” effective persuading parents who refuse vaccinations (66.3%). Vaccine coverage remained unchanged and high from before to after the training (95%-96%), as did parent satisfaction with his or her child's provider (4.73/5.00). Conclusions The Effective Communication without Confrontation training did not increase vaccine coverage, but did improve physicians' comfort and perceived effectiveness communicating with most vaccine-hesitant parents and may help to ease potentially stressful vaccination visits.
Temporal, Spatial, Sexual and Environmental Regulation of the Master Regulator of Sexual Differentiation in C. elegans

Summary Sexual differentiation is controlled by diverse master regulatory factors across the animal kingdom. The transcription factor TRA-1 is the master regulator of somatic sexual differentiation in the nematode C. elegans, where it was reported to be expressed sex-specifically in the non-gonadal soma of hermaphrodites. Using a gfp-tagged allele of tra-1, we reveal unanticipated dynamics of TRA-1 protein expression in five dimensions: space, time, sex, environment, and subcellular localization. We show temporal regulation of TRA-1 protein accumulation in somatic tissues with different onsets of expression in different tissue types, indicating that sexual identity is not uniformly imposed. In hermaphrodites, neuronal expression is initially highly restricted and then increases variably between individuals during larval development until reaching panneuronal expression in the fourth larval stage. Unexpectedly, TRA-1 also accumulates in a subset of sex-shared neurons in the male. Additionally, a food signal is required to turn on TRA-1 expression in the intestine, and environmental stressors shut off TRA-1 expression in the entire non-gonadal soma, suggesting that somatic sexual differentiation may be affected by external conditions. We show that, in contrast to the protein degradation mechanisms that control TRA-1 accumulation in the adult, the temporal, sexual, and spatial specificities of TRA-1 accumulation during development are regulated transcriptionally. A nuclear hormone receptor, daf-12, previously implicated in developmental timing in C. elegans, contributes to temporal accumulation of TRA-1 in the nervous system. Our studies reveal a mosaic and dynamic nature of sexual identity acquisition and uncover hormonal control mechanisms for sexual differentiation of the brain.
Methacrylate perspective in current dental practice.

Objective To provide a current perspective concerning dental personnel sensitivity to methacrylate materials. Overview Methacrylate related sensitivity and allergies are currently beyond traditional thoughts concerning denture base resins and methyl methacrylate provisional materials. Methacrylates are now ubiquitous in current dental practice and dental personnel should be aware that dental adhesives contain potent sensitizers that may also cross-sensitize individuals to other methacrylates not experienced. The growing sensitivity to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) has been described to be epidemic in nature due to the artificial nail industry with dental patients and dental personnel may be more susceptible to dental methacrylate sensitization. While contact dermatitis remains the most prevalent methacrylate-related clinical presentation, respiratory complications and asthma are increasing associated with methacrylate exposure. While additional personal protective equipment (PPE) is thought to be first protective choice, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers PPE overall largely ineffective and should be considered only as a last resort. Conclusion Dental personnel need to be more aware of methacrylate sources and use workplace control measures to limit methacrylate exposures to both dental personnel and patients. Clinical significance Sensitivity to methacrylate materials is a growing dental workplace major concern and dental personnel should be aware of both the methacrylate content of current materials and the products that contain ingredients with the most sensitization potential.
Association of Sleep Electroencephalography-Based Brain Age Index With Dementia

Importance Dementia is an increasing cause of disability and loss of independence in the elderly population yet remains largely underdiagnosed. A biomarker for dementia that can identify individuals with or at risk for developing dementia may help close this diagnostic gap. Objective To investigate the association between a sleep electroencephalography-based brain age index (BAI), the difference between chronological age and brain age estimated using the sleep electroencephalogram, and dementia. Design, setting, and participants In this retrospective cross-sectional study of 9834 polysomnograms, BAI was computed among individuals with previously determined dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or cognitive symptoms but no diagnosis of MCI or dementia, and among healthy individuals without dementia from August 22, 2008, to June 4, 2018. Data were analyzed from November 15, 2018, to June 24, 2020. Exposure Dementia, MCI, and dementia-related symptoms, such as cognitive change and memory impairment. Main outcomes and measures The outcome measures were the trend in BAI when moving from groups ranging from healthy, to symptomatic, to MCI, to dementia and pairwise comparisons of BAI among these groups. Findings A total of 5144 sleep studies were included in BAI examinations. Patients in these studies had a median (interquartile range) age of 54 (43-65) years, and 3026 (59%) were men. The patients included 88 with dementia, 44 with MCI, 1075 who were symptomatic, and 2336 without dementia. There was a monotonic increase in mean (SE) BAI from the nondementia group to the dementia group (nondementia: 0.20 [0.42]; symptomatic: 0.58 [0.41]; MCI: 1.65 [1.20]; dementia: 4.18 [1.02]; P Conclusions and relevance These findings suggest that a sleep-state electroencephalography-based BAI shows promise as a biomarker associated with progressive brain processes that ultimately result in dementia.
Rethinking Government Supplier Decisions: The Economic Evaluation of Alternatives (EEoA)

This paper offers an economic model to assist public procurement officials to rank competing vendors when benefits cannot be monetized. An important defense application is ‘source selection’ – choo...
Outcomes of active cancer patients with COVID-19 infection treated with COVID-19 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies

3137Background: Treatment with COVID-19 (C19) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including bamlanivimab and casirivimab/imdevimab, has been associated with decreased rates of C19-related ho...
Estimation of childhood nephrotic syndrome incidence: data from the atlanta metropolitan statistical area and meta-analysis of worldwide cases

Epidemiological data on childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) are limited. We estimated childhood INS incidence in a racially and ethnically diverse U.S. population and performed a meta-analysis of published reports to examine differences by race, ethnicity, and time. One hundred seventy-five children aged 1–17 years living in the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) between 2013 and 2018 were identified by retrospective chart review. Annual INS incidence was estimated by dividing cases by population data from the Georgia Department of Public Health. We calculated pooled incidence estimates using random-effects regression models in a meta-analysis of the current and prior studies. Subgroup incidence estimates by race, ethnicity, and time were compared and tested for heterogeneity. One hundred seventy-five children aged 1–17 were diagnosed with INS between 2013 and 2018 in the Atlanta MSA. Average annual incidence was 2.13/100,000 (95% CI, 1.83–2.47). Twenty-four studies were included in meta-analysis. Our study was the only one to report incidence for Hispanic children, 2.13/100,000/y (95% CI, 1.40–3.10). In meta-analysis, incidence was highest in Asian children (7.14/ 100,000/y; 95% CI, 4.73–9.54), followed by Black (3.53/100,000/y; 95% CI, 2.93–4.12), and Caucasian (1.83/100,000/y; 95% CI, 1.52–2.14). Annual incidence in the U.S. was stable comparing studies performed before and after 1984, 2.05 vs. 2.26/100,000 (p 0.08). Risk of INS may be higher among Asian and Black children compared to White children. Incidence appears stable over time in the U.S. Future studies should use standardized methodology and assess the contribution of demographic and genetic factors to INS incidence and long-term outcomes.
Creating With, Not For People: Theory of Change and Logic Models for Culturally Responsive Community-Based Intervention:

Intervention scientists have used program theory-driven evaluation to design, implement, and assess the success of intervention programs for decades. However, interventions often are designed witho...
Biomonitoring of toxic metals, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated biphenyl 153 in Michigan urban anglers.

Abstract The 32-mile Detroit River and surrounding tributaries have been designated as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to pollution from decades of municipal and industrial discharges, sewer overflows and urban development. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services conducted a biomonitoring study to assess exposures to persistent toxic substances in Detroit urban shoreline anglers who may be at high exposure risk due to consumption of locally caught fish. Using a modified venue-based sampling approach, 287 adult shoreline anglers along the Detroit River were recruited and participated in the program. Study participants provided blood and urine specimens and completed a questionnaire interview. In this report, we examine percentile estimates for blood lead, blood manganese, urine arsenic, urine mercury, urine cadmium, organochlorine pesticides in serum (mirex, hexachlorobenzene, chlordane), and serum polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) concentrations among study participants. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of contaminant concentrations. The Detroit urban anglers' blood lead concentrations were 2 times higher than the general adult U.S. population (median (95% CI): 2.9 μg/dL (1.8–2.3) vs. 0.94 μg/dL (0.90–0.98)). PBB 153 levels were 1.8 times higher than the general adult U.S. population at the 95th percentile (95th percentile, 95% CI: 62.7 ng/g of lipid, 53.2–75.2 vs. 34.6 ng/g of lipid, 12.8–66.8). Percentile estimates of the other study pollutants were similar to background levels found in the general U.S. population. Eating more locally caught fish was not associated with increased body burdens for any of the contaminants examined in this report. Higher blood lead was associated with increased age, male sex, current smoking, residing in a home built before 1960, an annual income less than $25,000, and a work history of lead paint removal. Evidence of PBB exposure in our study cohort likely reflects the continued effect of a widespread contamination of livestock feed in 1973 among Michigan's lower peninsula population. These study results help determine if the pollutants examined warrant further consideration in subsequent population-based biomonitoring of frequent consumers of fish from the Detroit River and surrounding waterways. The biomonitoring data from this study also served to inform public health officials regarding the potential need for environmental public health actions to reduce harmful exposures.
Two Person Decentralized Team Problem With Incomplete Information

In this chapter we propose a learning approach to the two person decentralized team problem with incomplete information: Let A and B be the two persons each with two actions at their disposal. At any instant each person picks an action (perhaps randomly) and let i be the action chosen by A and j by B. As a result of their joint actions, both A and B receive the same outcome. The outcome is in general, a random variable whose distribution depends on the action pair (i,j). We assume that the outcome is two valued: +1, (unit gain) and −1 (unit loss) and that neither person has knowledge of the set of actions available to the other person or the actual action chosen by the other person at any instant of time or the distribution of the random outcome as a function of the pair (i,j) of actions. In other words, we consider an interaction between persons wherein there is no transfer of information of any kind at any stage. Just based on the action chosen and the random outcome he receives, each person decides to update the probability distribution over the set of his own actions using a learning algorithm. In this setup our problem is to find conditions on the learning algorithm such that asymptotically each person will maximize his expected outcome or payoff.
Vitamin D3 supplementation at 50x the adequate intake attenuates disease pathophysiology in the spinal cord of male, but is toxic in female, G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Background: Vitamin D3 (D3) at 50x the adequate intake (AI) improves paw grip endurance in G93A mice. However, quadriceps apoptosis increases in females, indicating a threshold of toxicity. ALS is ...
Etomidate produces similar allosteric modulation in α1β3δ and α1β3γ2L GABAA receptors

Background and Purpose Neuronal GABAA receptors are pentameric chloride ion channels, which include synaptic αβγ and extrasynaptic αβδ isoforms, mediating phasic and tonic inhibition respectively. Although the subunit arrangement of αβγ receptors is established as β-α-γ-β-α, that of αβδ receptors is uncertain and possibly variable. We compared receptors formed from free α1, β3 and δ or γ2L subunits and concatenated β3-α1-δ and β3-α1 subunit assemblies (placing δ in the established γ position) by investigating the effects of R-(+)-etomidate (ETO), an allosteric modulator that selectively binds to transmembrane interfacial sites between β3 and α1. Experimental Approach GABA-activated receptor-mediated currents in Xenopus oocytes were measured electrophysiologically, and ETO-induced allosteric shifts were quantified using an established model. Key Results ETO (3.2 μM) similarly enhanced maximal GABA (1 mM)-evoked currents in oocytes injected with 5 ng total mRNA and varying subunit ratios, for α1β3(1:1), α1β3δ(1:1:1) and α1β3δ(1:1:3), but this potentiation by ETO was significantly greater for β3-α1-δ/β3-α1(1:1) receptors. Reducing the amount of α1β3δ(1:1:3) mRNA mixture injected (0.5 ng) increased the modulatory effect of ETO, matching that seen with β3-α1-δ/β3-α1(1:1, 1 ng). ETO similarly reduced EC50s and enhanced maxima of GABA concentration-response curves for both α1β3δ and β3-α1-δ/β3-α1 receptors. Allosteric shift parameters derived from these data depended on estimates of maximal GABA efficacy, and the calculated ranges overlap with allosteric shift values for α1β3γ2L receptors. Conclusion and Implications Reducing total mRNA unexpectedly increased δ subunit incorporation into receptors on oocyte plasma membranes. Our results favour homologous locations for δ and γ2L subunits in α1β3γ2/δ GABAA receptors.
Harry Potter, Tanya Grotter, and the Copyright Derivative Work

J.K. Rowling's stories about Harry Potter and his friends are a global phenomenon. Harry’s establishment as a cultural icon, however, has created a demand for ever more exploits, in much wider cultural contexts, than his creator can supply, even if she were willing to do so. Various translations have been made in different countries adding new plot twists, with the most creatively ambitious of the Harry Potter take-offs being the Tanya Grotter stories created in Russia. These stories bear so many similarities to the original that a court in Holland recently granted an injunction against the English translation of Tanya. The court based its opinion on the similarities between Tanya and Harry, noting similar enemies, antics, and even eyeglasses. This article considers whether these are the kind of similarities that copyright law is designed to protect against by first looking at which of the take-offs on Harry Potter are permitted under modern copyright law. The author then elaborates on which takeoffs, and under what conditions, should be permitted by a modern copyright law. The author concludes that courts should take the infringement analysis much more seriously, asking what the scope of protection is for a character like Harry Potter. When a Tanya Grotter appears on the scene, however, infringement simply should not be found. Moreover, even where the same character is used in a new story, the court should consider denying injunctive relief where the new work broadens in any meaningful way the qualitative cultural choices available to consumers. Injunctive relief should only be granted where the copyright owner demonstrates a real possibility of substantial future losses due to overexposure of the character, and should no longer be available at all after the death of the original author. And, following the lead set by moral rights protection for works of visual art, the no-injunction regime for new works based on protected characters should apply from creation in the case of works made for hire.
Nothing Simple About Asteroids

Despite a decade of focused asteroid exploration and valiant theoretical attempts, no major question regarding asteroid geophysics and chemistry has been resolved. Scientists have yet to peek beneath the surfaces of asteroids, and imaging and spectrometry can only say so much. In his Perspective, [Asphaug][1] highlights new efforts in the science of asteroid seismology, including the report by [ Richardson et al .][2], that point toward a new era of asteroid exploration where radar sounders, seismometers, and other probes tell us what asteroids are, how they formed, and how they behave mechanically. As a precursor to subsurface probes, the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa aims to conduct the first direct measurements of asteroid surface properties next summer, deploying a tiny robot and bringing a sample home. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5701/1489 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5701/1526
Experimental and Calculated Excitation Functions for Discrete-Line Gamma-Ray Production due to 1–40 MeV Neutron Interactions with 56Fe

Measuring cross sections for gamma-ray production from tertiary reactions is one of the ways to gain experimental information about these reactions. To this end, inelastic and other nonelastic neutron interactions with 56Fe have been studied for incident neutron energies between 0.8 and 41 MeV. An iron sample isotopically enriched in the mass 56 isotope was used. Gamma rays representing 70 transitions among levels in residual nuclei were identified, and production cross sections were deduced. The reactions studied were 56Fe(n,n′)56Fe, 56Fe(n,p)56Mn,56Fe(n,2n)55Fe, 56Fe(n,d + n,np)55Mn,56Fe(n,t + n,nd + n,2np)54Mn, 56Fe(n,α)53Cr, 56Fe(n,nα)52Cr, and 56Fe(n,3n)54Fe. Experimental excitation functions have been compared with cross sections calculated using the nuclear reaction model code TNG, with generally favorable results.