cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children’s Relative Influence in Family Decision Making in Urban China

With its strict population policy and unprecedented economic growth, urban China offers a unique environment in which to examine how radical changes in state policy can affect family consumption behavior. The objectives of this study are to examine children's influence in purchase decision making and to explore factors thought to explain variation observed in children's influence. A survey of 819 urban Chinese families was conducted to directly compare the influence generated among three generations of family members in nuclear and extended family households from both the parents' and the children's perspectives. The analysis found that, while the influence of children varied by product category and by the character of the purchase decision, the children's influence on family decision making was less dominant than would be suggested by the popular image of China's only children.
Depression and somatization in the chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract purpose: To report the prevalence, clinical features, and diagnostic associations of the proposed chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in a cohort of patients with chronic fatigue and to assess the usefulness of a structured psychiatric interview for detecting previously unrecognized psychiatric morbidity in patients with CFS. patients and methods: A consecutive sample of 200 adult patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue was prospectively evaluated in a referral-based clinic within a university general medicine practice. All patients received a thorough medical history, physical examination, diagnostic laboratory testing, and portions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version III-A. The criteria for CFS were applied, and patients with CFS were compared with matched control subjects from the inception cohort. results: The 60 patients with CFS had similar likelihoods of current psychiatric disorders (78% versus 82%), active mood disorders (73% versus 77%), and preexisting psychiatric disorders (42% versus 43%) when compared with fatigued control subjects. Patients with CFS were more likely to have somatization disorder (p conclusions: Patients with CFS have a high prevalence of unrecognized, current psychiatric disorders, which often predate their fatigue syndrome. Assessment of patients with CFS should include a structured psychiatric evaluation.
Conditional expectations and weak and strong compactness in spaces of Bochner integrable functions

In [6, theorem IV.8.18], relatively norm compact sets K in Lp(μ) are characterized by means of strong convergence of conditional expectations, Eπf → f in Lp(μ), uniformly for f ∈ K, where (Eπ) is the family of conditional expectations corresponding to the net of all finite measurable partitions. In this paper we extend the above result in several ways: we consider nets of not necessarily finite partitions; we consider spaces LEp(μ) of vector valued pth power Bochner integrable functions (and spaces M(Σ, E) of vector valued measures with finite variation); we characterize relatively strong compact sets K in LEp(μ) by means of uniform strong convergence Eπf → f, as well as relatively weak compact sets K by means of uniform weak convergence Eπf → f. Previously, in [4], uniform strong convergence (together with some other conditions) was proved to be sufficient (but not necessary) for relative weak compactness.
Absorption spectra and absorption coefficients for methane in the 750– region obtained by intracavity laser spectroscopy

Abstract The intracavity laser spectroscopy technique has been employed to record the absorption spectrum of methane in the visible to near-infrared region. Results for room temperature methane in the 10,635– 13,300 cm −1 region and for liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K ) methane in the 10,860– 11,780 cm −1 region are presented. Methane spectra are acquired at a resolution of 400,000–500,000 and wavelength positions are calibrated using spectra of iodine (in a heated extra-cavity cell) or water vapor (via intracavity absorption) as reference. From the methane spectra, absorption coefficients are determined and these are presented as averages over 1 A and 1 cm −1 intervals. In order to obtain the results, spectra are deconvolved for the instrument function using a Fourier transform technique. The results are compared with low-resolution, room temperature measurements on methane and with absorption coefficients derived from methane features observed in spectra of the outer planets and Titan.
Background reduction and noise discrimination in the proportional counting of tritium using pulse-shape analysis

Abstract A pulse-shape analysis (PSA) unit of commercial design has been incorporated into a proportional counting system to determine the effectiveness of pulse-shape discrimination in increasing the sensitivity of tritium counting. It was found that a quantitative determination of tritium could be obtained directly from the PSA time spectrum eliminating the need for beta-ray energy selection used in the pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) technique. The performance of the proportional counting system was tested using the PSA unit and anticoincidence shielding, both singly and combined, under several types of background. A background reduction factor of 169 was obtained from the combined PSA-anticoincidence system with only a 2% loss in tritium counting efficiency. The PSA method was also found to offer significant reductions in noise background.
Holographic chemical vapor sensor.

A holographic interferometer senses vapor-induced optical path length changes in polymer or other chemically sensitive films. The interferometer is inherently sensitive to changes in chemical vapor content, self-compensates for drifts, and accommodates a large array of sensor elements. A sniff-locked-loop synchronous detection method takes advantage of the interferometer’s rapid response to achieve vapor concentration sensitivity in the parts-per-billion (ppb, parts in 109) range. We demonstrate, for example, 40 ppb sensitivity to ethyl alcohol using poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) with a measurement time of 5 s.
Nanomanipulation, nanotribology and nanomechanics of Au nanorods in dry and liquid environments using an AFM and depth sensing nanoindenter

Nano-objects in dry and liquid conditions have shown reductions in friction and wear on the macroscale. In this research, for the first time, Au nanorods were studied on the nanoscale under dry conditions and submerged in water for their effect on friction and wear reduction. The data were compared with spherical Au nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments on the nanoscale were performed in single-nano-object contact with an AFM tip, where nano-objects were laterally manipulated, and multiple-nano-object contact with a tip attached to a glass sphere sliding over several nano-objects. Nanoscale and macroscale wear tests with an AFM and ball-on-flat tribometer were performed to relate friction and wear reduction on both scales. Results indicate that Au nano-objects contribute to friction and wear reduction due to the reduced contact area and possible rolling and sliding on the nanoscale. Compression tests (global deformation) using a nanoindenter with a flat punch were used to investigate the mechanical behavior under load and its relation to friction and wear reduction. Repeat compression tests of nano-objects were performed which showed a strain hardening effect and increased pop-ins during subsequent loads.
Costs of Hormonal and Nonhormonal Prescription Medications for Hot Flashes

Hot flashes are the cardinal symptom of menopause and can be treated with hormonal and nonhormonal prescription medications. However, considering that 6000 women enter menopause daily in the USA, and many of these women are symptomatic, the costs of these treatments can be a significant public health issue. We evaluated annual individual and population costs of hormonal and nonhormonal prescription treatments for hot flashes. Cost information may be helpful to clinicians and consumers in making treatment decisions.
Internal Thermal Management of IBM P-Server Large Format Multi-Chip Modules Utilizing Small Gap Technology

The large Multi-Chip Modules (MCM) used in the IBM p-Server computer systems, and their predecessors, have required rather unique cooling solutions and module hardware designs in order to meet the thermal, mechanical and reliability requirements placed on the package. The module internal thermal solution has evolved from a spring-loaded metal contact technology to a thermal compound based design using a novel gap adjustment technology employing a soldered conduction component. This current MCM makes use of a novel technology called Small Gap Technology (SGT). This technique makes it possible to control thermal compound interface thicknesses or gaps to a very tight tolerance from chip-to-chip and module-to-module. Heat flux values that have been handled vary from approximately 20 to 53 W/cm2 depending on the type of chip and the system performance level. Even higher heat fluxes have been projected for next generation products. The hardware and processing techniques employed to manufacture these modules are quite unique. These products are typically on the order of 100mm chip carrier size or 140mm overall module footprint on a side (approximately 90 cm2 of carrier area) and contain 8 chips and numerous discrete devices. The process fixturing and equipment must be able to handle the relatively large thermal mass of the components. The sequence of processing steps must take into account limitations on the material properties of the various module components. This paper will describe the SGT thermal management solution. The hardware and process employed to make the gap adjustments and the thermal interface material used in these high heat flux applications will be discussed. In addition, supporting thermal/mechanical modelling, thermal performance data and reliability data will be presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A 1,10—Phenanthroline Method for the Determination of Iron in Powdered Milk

Summary A rapid, accurate method for the determination of iron using hydroxylamine hydrochloride, sodium acetate buffer, and 1,10-phenanthroline is described. The ash is taken up with hydrochloric acid (1 + 1) and heated for 5 minutes. No interference from pyrophosphates, copper and nickel was observed. In the amounts found in milk, zinc did not interfere with the color development. An excess of 1,10-phenanthroline is added to take care of any zinc complex that may be present. The reagents used in this iron determination are stable and need not be refrigerated or stored in the dark. The advantages of the use of 1,10-phenanthroline and hydroxylamine hydrochloride are given. Losses of iron during ashing have not been observed. The order of addition of the sodium acetate buffer was not found to affect the intensity of the color produced. The variations of the iron content of a batch of commercial powdered milk are given.
Status Inequality and Close Relationships: An Integrative Typology of Bond‐Saving Strategies

Equality is described in the literature as a prerequisite to satistjing close relations, but research has not seriouslygrappled with how a sense of equality is created or how inequalities might be overcome. This paper uses an interactionist perspective to explore how individuals maintain or repair a close social bond when a perceived difference in status is defined to be problematic. In 176 essays, respondents described a situation where a status inequality disrupted a close relationship, the strategies one or both of the participants used to maintain the bond, and how effective the strategies were. Analytic induction yielded four basic strategy types: (a) accept the status inequality; (b) avoid the situation which fosters feelings of inequality; (c) alter the inequality by redefining or concretely mitigating it; and (d) acknowledge and discuss the problematic situation. Findings from previous research on facework, embarrassment, and shame are integrated into this typology, and implications are drawn for symbolic interactionist theory and research. Our close relationships are clearly a significant part of our happiness and quality of life. Who can deny the importance of our family and friends, our romantic partners, and our commiserating co-workers? Little in life would be worthwhile without companions such as these to share it with us. The fact that individuals seem to need meaningful connections with others has led some to believe that the maintenance of social bonds is “the most crucial human motive” (Scheff 1990, p. 4). It is surprising, then, that little sociological research has investigated relationship maintenance and repair. Within the fields of communication and psychology, much (quantitative) research has been done in this area, focusing primarily on marital relationships in general states of decline (see Duck 1988 for a review). While the maintenance and repair of marital relationships is a significant topic, more attention should be given to the interactional prac
Some Characteristics of the Epibenthic Environment of Tidal Shoals

In a shoal environment traversed by tidal currents the flow near the sediments is retarded by friction over the bottom and is relatively turbulent. Measurements of the currents as retarded in this way are presented. The flow, 1 3/4 cm off the bottom, the level from which most of the sampling was done, is about 0.4 that of the tidal current above. This ratio persists through a wide range of currents.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SIBTEST BUNDLE METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING TEST EQUITY, WITH APPLICATIONS FOR GRE TEST DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this study was to develop a differential-item-functioning (DIF)/impact methodology capable of accurately isolating underlying, conceptually-based causes of DIF (differing item performances across examinee groups that are matched on ability) and impact (differing item performances across examinee groups that are not matched on ability) using data from the quantitative section of two administrations of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE®) General Test. Analyses indicate that the “SIBTEST bundle methodology” that was developed in the study for GRE quantitative forms is effective and, as such, is exportable to various Educational Testing Service (ETS®) settings. This methodology should help improve test equity of future GRE quantitative forms, as well as test development and standardized tests in general. The developed methodology elevates statistically based DIF analyses from the mere screening of already manufactured items to the modification of test specifications and subsequent test construction processes.
Relations between Types of Reasoning and Computational Representations

This paper examines the idea that particular representations differentially support and enhance different cognitive processes, in particular different types of reasoning. Five case studies were conducted consisting of detailed observations of pairs of middle-school students interacting with a computer-based learning environment. The software environment, called NumberSpeed, deals with kinematics concepts by having students construct various motion scenarios by adjusting numerical motion parameters: position, velocity and acceleration. NumberSpeed provides feedback about the student-specified motion using two representations: the motion representation and the number-lists representation. Two distinct types of reasoning were recognized in students’ learning while interacting with NumberSpeed: (1) model-based reasoning and (2) constraint-based reasoning. These two types of reasoning are characterized in detail and their roles in problem-solving are analyzed. A cross-analysis between the types of reasoning and the use of particular NumberSpeed representations reveals a correlation between type of reasoning and representational choice. These findings are explained by analyzing the representations’ characteristics and the ways they may differentially support and enhance particular types of reasoning.
Methods for estimating confidence intervals in interrupted time series analyses of health interventions

Abstract Objective Interrupted time series (ITS) is a strong quasi-experimental research design, which is increasingly applied to estimate the effects of health services and policy interventions. We describe and illustrate two methods for estimating confidence intervals (CIs) around absolute and relative changes in outcomes calculated from segmented regression parameter estimates. Study Design and Setting We used multivariate delta and bootstrapping methods (BMs) to construct CIs around relative changes in level and trend, and around absolute changes in outcome based on segmented linear regression analyses of time series data corrected for autocorrelated errors. Results Using previously published time series data, we estimated CIs around the effect of prescription alerts for interacting medications with warfarin on the rate of prescriptions per 10,000 warfarin users per month. Both the multivariate delta method (MDM) and the BM produced similar results. Conclusion BM is preferred for calculating CIs of relative changes in outcomes of time series studies, because it does not require large sample sizes when parameter estimates are obtained correctly from the model. Caution is needed when sample size is small.
Assessing mass balance in pharmaceutical drug products: New insights into an old topic

Mass balance is an important concept in pharmaceutical development, but it often proves challenging to assess accurately. This article explores the various methods by which mass balance can and should be measured, expressed, and evaluated in conjunction with degradation chemistry. Causes of mass-balance issues and potential solutions are summarized, as are the advantages and the disadvantages of various detection strategies. The importance of reactants other than the parent drug, reaction stoichiometry, response factors, and assay variability are discussed, and recommendations for obtaining reliable and informative mass-balance information are provided.
Nitric oxide is proangiogenic in the retina and choroid

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to have proangiogenic or antiangiogenic effects depending upon the setting. In this study, we used mice with targeted deletion of one of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to investigate the effects of NO in ocular neovascularization. In transgenic mice with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in photoreceptors, deficiency of any of the three isoforms caused a significant decrease in subretinal neovascularization, but no alteration of VEGF expression. In mice with laser-induced rupture of Bruch's membrane, deficiency of inducible NOS (iNOS) or neuronal NOS (nNOS), but not endothelial NOS (eNOS), caused a significant decrease in choroidal neovascularization. In mice with oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy, deficiency of eNOS, but not iNOS or nNOS caused a significant decrease in retinal neovascularization and decreased expression of VEGF. These data suggest that NO contributes to both retinal and choroidal neovascularization and that different isoforms of NOS are involved in different settings and different disease processes. A broad spectrum NOS inhibitor may have therapeutic potential for treatment of both retinal and choroidal neovascularization.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE MYOEPITHELIUM OF THE ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS OF MAN

The secretory coils of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed and Epon-Araldite-embedded eccrine sweat glands from the palms of young men were studied with the electron microscope. The myoepithelial cells lie on the epithelial side of the basement membrane and abut other epithelial elements directly. The irregularly serrated base of the cell has dense thickenings along the plasma membrane which alternate with zones bearing pits; the smooth apical surface lacks dense thickenings, is studded with pits, and conjoined to secretory cells by occasional desmosomes. Masses of myofilaments, 50 A in diameter, fill most of the cell and are associated with irregular dense zones. In cross-section the arrangement of the myofilaments seems identical with that of the I band of striated muscle, and the dense zone has typical Z band structure. A few microtubules and cytoplasmic cores bearing profiles of the endoplasmic reticulum, filamentous mitochondria, and glycogen granules penetrate the fibrillar masses and run parallel to the oriented myofilaments. In the perinuclear zone, Golgi membranes, rough- and smooth-surfaced elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, glycogen, microtubules, lipid, pigment, and dense granules are variable components in the cytoplasm. The interrelationships of the myoepithelial cells with the secretory cells suggest that the former may act as regulators, controlling the flow of metabolites to the secretory epithelium.
Effects of inhibitors of DNA synthesis and protein synthesis on the rate of DNA synthesis after exposure of mammalian cells to ultraviolet light

Abstract Chinese hamster V-79 cells were treated with metabolic inhibitors of DNA or protein synthesis for various intervals of time after exposure of 3.0 or 5.0 J · m−2. After removal of the metabolic block(s) the rate of DNA synthesis was followed by measuring the incorporation of [14C]thymidine into acid-insoluble material. A 2.5 or 5.0 h incubation with cycloheximide or hydroxyurea was effective in delaying the onset of the recovery in the rate of DNA synthesis that normally becomes evident several hours after exposure to ultraviolet light. By using concentrations of cycloheximide or hydroxyurea that inhibit DNA synthesis by a similar amount (70%), but protein synthesis by vastly different amounts (95% for cycloheximide; 0% for hydroxyurea), it was apparent that the delay in recovery caused by the treatment of the cells with cycloheximide could be accounted for entirely by its inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis. This suggests that the recovery in DNA synthetic rates following exposure of V-79 cells to ultraviolet light does not appear to require de novo protein synthesis, and therefore does not appear to require the involement of an inducible DNA repair process.
Evaluation of the one loop string path integral

We evaluate Polyakov's path integral for the sum over all closed surfaces with the topology of a torus, in the critical dimensiond = 26. The result is applied to the partition function and cosmological constant of the free bosonic string, and to tachyon scattering amplitudes.
Radionuclide monitoring of left ventricular function after sublingual nifedipine administration at rest and during moderate physical activity.

This study investigates the acute effects of nifedipine administration on left ventricular (LV) function in patients with different degrees of heart failure at a fixed heart rate under resting conditions and during moderate physical activity. Eleven patients with non-rate-responsive DDD pacemakers were studied. According to baseline LV ejection fraction, patients were divided into 2 groups: 6 patients with an ejection fraction of less than 50% (group 1) and 5 patients with an ejection fraction of 50% or more (group 2). LV function was monitored by a radionuclide system (Vest) at rest and during moderate physical activity (10-minute walk test) before and after sublingual nifedipine administration (10 mg). In all patients, both the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced (P < .05) 6 minutes after nifedipine administration. In group 1, end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction decreased after 3 minutes and remained significantly lower (P < .05) than resting values until 10 minutes after drug administration, whereas end-systolic volume was unchanged. In group 2, nifedipine induced a minor decrease in end-diastolic volume and a slight but not significant decrease in ejection fraction and end-systolic volume. During the walk test, nifedipine induced similar changes in all parameters of cardiac performance in both groups. In patients with impaired LV function, acute nifedipine administration has a negative effect on cardiac performance, which occurs before blood pressure reduction. On the other hand, during moderate physical activity, nifedipine does not affect the improvement in LV function.
Gametophyte genetics in Zea mays L.: dominance of a restoration-of-fertility allele (Rf3) in diploid pollen

In Zea mays L. plants carrying the S-type of sterility-inducing cytoplasm, male fertility is determined by a gametophytic, nuclear restoration-of-fertility gene. Haploid pollen carrying the fertility-restoring allele (historically designated Rf3 ) is starch-filled and functional, whereas pollen carrying the nonrestoring allele (historically designated rf3 ) is shrunken and nonfunctional. Because restoration of fertility occurs in haploid tissue, the dominance relationship of restoring and nonrestoring alleles is unknown. We have tested the dominance relationship of the restoring and nonrestoring alleles at the rf3 locus in diploid pollen. The meiotic mutant elongate was used to generate tetraploid plants carrying both Rf3 and rf3 alleles in the S cytoplasm. These plants shed predominantly starch-filled pollen, consistent with dominance of the restoring allele. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms linked to the rf3 locus demonstrated cotransmission of rf3 and Rf3 alleles through heterozygous diploid pollen, providing conclusive genetic evidence that the restoring allele is the dominant or functional form of this restoration-of-fertility gene. We suggest that other Scytoplasm restorers result from loss-of-function mutations and propose analysis of unreduced gametes as a test of this model.
Turnover of Phosphatidylglycerol in Escherichia coli

In growing cultures of Escherichia coli, the nonacylated glycerol of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is labeled more rapidly than is the acylated glycerol. This is, in part, due to a rapid exchange reaction of the nonacylated glycerol. Only some of the PG molecules undergo this reaction while others are stable. Using a mutant unable to make glycerophosphate, we have shown that the nonacylated glycerol of PG can exchange with non-phosphorylated glycerol.
Smart pixel architectures for image processing

Smart pixel architectures offer important new opportunities for low cost, portable image processing systems. They offer greater I/O bandwidth and computing performance than systems based on CCD and microprocessors. However, finding a balance between performance, flexibility, efficiency, and cost depends on an evaluation of target applications. This applications-driven research combines integrated OE detectors with a high performance, flexible computing architecture to achieve a compact, efficient solution.
Sequence Analysis and Initial Characterization of Two Isozymes of Hydroxylaminobenzene Mutase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45

Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45 grows on nitrobenzene by a partially reductive pathway in which the intermediate hydroxylaminobenzene is enzymatically rearranged to 2-aminophenol by hydroxylaminobenzene mutase (HAB mutase). The properties of the enzyme, the reaction mechanism, and the evolutionary origin of the gene(s) encoding the enzyme are unknown. In this study, two open reading frames (habA and habB), each encoding an HAB mutase enzyme, were cloned from a P. pseudoalcaligenes JS45 genomic library and sequenced. The open reading frames encoding HabA and HabB are separated by 2.5 kb and are divergently transcribed. The deduced amino acid sequences of HabA and HabB are 44% identical. The HAB mutase specific activities in crude extracts of Escherichia coli clones synthesizing either HabA or HabB were similar to the specific activities of extracts of strain JS45 grown on nitrobenzene. HAB mutase activity in E. coli extracts containing HabB withstood heating at 85 degrees C for 10 min, but extracts containing HabA were inactivated when they were heated at temperatures above 60 degrees C. HAB mutase activity in extracts of P. pseudoalcaligenes JS45 grown on nitrobenzene exhibited intermediate temperature stability. Although both the habA gene and the habB gene conferred HAB mutase activity when they were separately cloned and expressed in E. coli, reverse transcriptase PCR analysis indicated that only habA is transcribed in P. pseudoalcaligenes JS45. A mutant strain derived from strain JS45 in which the habA gene was disrupted was unable to grow on nitrobenzene, which provided physiological evidence that HabA is involved in the degradation of nitrobenzene. A strain in which habB was disrupted grew on nitrobenzene. Gene Rv3078 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv encodes a protein whose deduced amino acid sequence is 52% identical to the HabB amino acid sequence. E. coli containing M. tuberculosis gene Rv3078 cloned into pUC18 exhibited low levels of HAB mutase activity. Sequences that exhibit similarity to transposable element sequences are present between habA and habB, as well as downstream of habB, which suggests that horizontal gene transfer resulted in acquisition of one or both of the hab genes.
Preventable hospital admissions among the homeless in California: A retrospective analysis of care for ambulatory care sensitive conditions

Background: Limited research exists that investigates hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) among the homeless, who frequently lack a usual source of care. This study profiled ACSC admissions for homeless patients. Methods: Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were completed to investigate ACSC and non-ACSC admissions among homeless patients using the 2010 California State Inpatient Database. Results: Homeless patients admitted for an ACSC were mostly male, non-Hispanic white, and on average 49.9 years old. In the predictive model, the odds of an ACSC admission among homeless patients increased when they were black, admitted to the emergency department or transferred from another health facility. Having Medicare was associated with a decreased odds of an ACSC admission. Conclusions: Specific characteristics are associated with a greater likelihood of an ACSC admission. Research should examine how these characteristics contribute to ACSC hospitalizations and findings should be linked to programs designed to serve as a safety-net for homeless patients to reduce hospitalizations.
Sharkovskii Type of Cycles

The Sharkovskĭi type of a map of an interval is the Sharkovskĭi-greatest integer t such that it has a periodic point of period t. The Sharkovskĭi type of a cycle (i.e., a cyclic permutation) is the Sharkovskĭi type of the “connect the dots” map determined by it. For n ≥ 2, let C(n) denote the finite set of integers which are Sharkovskĭi types of n-cycles. We give an internal characterization of C(n) and an n4-time algorithm for determining the Sharkovskĭi type of an n-cycle.
Bistatic synthetic aperture inversion for arbitrary flight trajectories

Inparticular, we present a new ltered-backprojection (FBP) type Bi-SAR inversion method for arbitrary,but known, ight trajectories over non-at, but known, topography. These FBP type reconstructionmethods have the advantage that they produce images that have the edges of the scene at the correctlocation, orientation and strength. We demonstrate the performance of the new method via numericalsimulations.
Profiling nutritional gatekeepers: three methods for differentiating influential cooks

Abstract While nutritional education often focuses on food consumers, this research focuses on cooks. How can we determine the characteristics that define cooks who are capable of changing the taste preferences and eating habits of their family from those who are less influential? Using in-depth interviews, focus groups, and a survey of 770 North Americans, we examine three suggested domains— cooking behaviors, food usage, and personality— and show that the domain of personality most effectively differentiates between segments of cooks. Furthermore, personality segmentation enables researchers and those in public policy to identify which cooks are likely to be most socially influential, inclined toward healthy behavior, predisposed to new foods, and eager to learn.
Isolation of cytochrome bc1 complexes from the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodospirillum rubrum

Cytochrome bc 1 complexes have been isolated from wild type Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodospirillum rubrum and purified by affinity chromatography on cytochrome c-Sepharose 4B. Both complexes are largely free of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids and contain cytochromes b and c 1 in a 2:1 molar ratio. For the Rps. viridis complex, evidence has been obtained for two spectrally distinct b-cytochromes. The R. rubrum complex contains a Rieske iron-sulfur protein (present in approximately 1:1 molar ratio to cytochrome c 1) and catalyzes an antimycin A- and myxothiazol-sensitive electron transfer from duroquinol to equine cytochrome c or R. rubrum cytochrome c 2. Although an attempt to prepare a cytochrome bc 1 complex from the gliding green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus was not successful, membranes isolated from phototrophically grown Cfl. aurantiacus were shown to contain a Rieske iron-sulfur protein and protoheme (the prosthetic group of b-type cytochromes).
Distributed adaptive quantization for wireless sensor networks: A maximum likelihood approach

We consider the problem of distributed parameter estimation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where due to bandwidth/power constraints, each sensor quantizes its local observation into one bit of information that is sent to a fusion center (FC) to form a global estimate. Conventional fixed quantization (FQ) approaches, which utilize a fixed threshold for all sensors, incurs an estimation error growing exponentially with the difference between the threshold and the unknown parameter to be estimated. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a distributed adaptive quantization (AQ) approach, where, under the condition that sensors successively broadcast their quantized data, each sensor adaptively adjusts its quantization threshold using prior transmissions from other sensors. Specifically, our strategy here is to let each sensor choose its quantization threshold as the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of the unknown parameter based on the quantized data sent from other sensors. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) analysis shows that our proposed one- bit AQ approach asymptotically attains an estimation variance that is only n/2 times that of the clairvoyant sample-mean estimator using unquantized observations.
Genetic Determinants of Circadian Rhythmicity in Neurospora

Timex, a strain of Neurospora crassa which exhibits a circadian rhythm of conidia formation in growth-tube cultures, has been found to differ from wild-type strains by two genes. One gene, inv, is responsible for an invertase deficiency, whereas the second gene, bd, is of unknown function. Both genes map independently from other genes known to induce Neurospora rhythmicity. The inv gene is not essential for the timex phenotype because bd strains express that phenotype on certain media. Although inv strains do exhibit some rhythmicity of their own, the rhythmicity apparently is not a direct result of the invertase deficiency, since there is no correlation between invertase level and rhymicity in 29 strains tested. Of the 29 strains tested, 20 exhibited some rhythmicity in growth-tube cultures, suggesting that morphological manifestations of rhythmicity in Neurospora may result from the function or the loss of function of numerous genes, or both. There was no correlation in these strains between rhythmicity and (i) genetic background; (ii) geographical origin; or (iii) nutritional requirements.
Light intensity and schooling behaviour in larval gulf menhaden

Schooling behaviour was examined in larval gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus under decreasing and increasing light intensities and related to movements of retinal photoreceptors and pigment. Nearest neighbour angles and nearest neighbour distances between fish were inversely related to light intensity and were independent of the direction of intensity change. Swimming speeds of individual fish were directly related to light intensity when intensity was decreased but did not increase when intensity was raised. The changes in nearest neighbour angles and distances more closely paralleled movements of retinal pigment cells than cone cell migration, suggesting that rod photoreceptors play a greater role than cones in determining the threshold light intensity for schooling. A general model is developed relating the threshold light intensity for schooling to eye diameter for a number of different species and the implications of this relationship are discussed.
Metis: lightweight, flexible, and web-based workflow services for digital libraries

The Metis project is developing workflow technology designed for use in digital libraries by avoiding the assumptions made by traditional workflow systems. In particular, digital libraries have highly distributed sets of stake-holders who nevertheless must work together to perform shared activities. Hence, traditional assumptions that all members of a workflow belong to the same organization, work in the same fashion, or have access to similar computing platforms are invalid. The Metis approach makes use of event-based workflows to support the distributed nature of digital library workflow and employs techniques to make the resulting technology lightweight, flexible, and integrated with the Web. This paper describes the conceptual framework behind the Metis approach as well as a prototype which implements the framework. The prototype represents a "proof-of-concept" of the Metis framework and approach as we show how it can both model and execute a peer review workflow drawn from a "real-world" digital library. After describing related work, the paper concludes with a discussion of future research opportunities in the area of digital library workflow and outlines how Metis is being deployed to a small set of digital libraries for additional evaluation.
A New Poultry Semen Extender 2. Effect of the Diluent Components on the Fertilizing Capacity of Chicken Semen Stored at 5°C.

The major objective of this study was to assess the relationship of various components of the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to the maintenance of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. A secondary objective was to rest the effectiveness of certain chemical additives on maintining the fertilizing capacity of stored semen. The data indicate that the components of the BPSE which contribute most to the preservation of semen were sodium glutamate and potassium phosphate. Also the high level of potassium in the BPSE was critical to the survival of spermatozoa during low temperature storage. Although the fructose component of the BPSE was not a significant factor during storage, attempts to substitute fructose with other carbohydrates resulted in a reduction in fertility. The addition of gentamicin sulfate (100 to 200 microgram/ml.), or pasteurized milk (10% v./v.) to the BPSE did not significantly alter the fertilizing capacity of semen stored for 24 hr., whereas similar levels of whole egg, egg yolk, egg albumen or seminal plasma had a depressive effect. The data in this study clearly indicate that components of and additions to the BPSE were responsible for the maintenance of only about 50 to 60% of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored for 24 hr. at 5 degrees C.
Statistical Broadcast Protocol Design for Unreliable Channels in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

Broadcast is a critical component in ad-hoc wireless networks. This paper examines the effects that channel unreliability have on the performance of broadcasting protocols. We show that the distance method of statistical broadcast performs poorly under adverse channel conditions. We then describe how to design a version of the distance method that is tolerant of transmission errors by adjusting the statistical variable threshold according to the channel conditions. The resulting protocol is then compared with the Double Covered Broadcast (DCB), a topological protocol designed to handle similar circumstances. The modified distance method protocol is shown to give similar reachability characteristics to DCB while using far less transmissions.
Manifest Anxiety in Children with Learning Disabilities

Manifest anxiety scores of students receiving part-time services for learning disabilities, students receiving full-time services for learning disabilities, and a matched group of nonexceptional peers were compared. A significant difference was found between the part-time group and the nonexceptional group in Total Anxiety and Worry-Oversensitivity.
Determinants Of CEO Cash Compensation In Small, Young, Fast Growing Firms

This study examines factors related to CEO cash compensation for a sample of publicly-held firms that are small, young, and growing. Our key finding is that founder CEOs accept lower cash compensation than non-founder CEOs. This evidence suggests that, for small, young, and growing firms, founder CEOs do not extract unusually large private benefits that harm outside shareholders. Weaker evidence suggests: firms with greater growth opportunities pay higher cash compensation to CEOs; firms with greater outsider representation on the board pay lower cash compensation to CEOs; and firms with greater inside director share ownership pay higher cash compensation to CEOs.
The Importance of Physical System Modelling to Industry: System Models That Could Have Prevented Some Costly Mistakes

Abstract In order to develop new concepts into prototypes and ultimately into products, physical system modeling is virtually a necessity. At the concept stage, low order models are needed to understand the interactive dynamics of complex systems, and, as development proceeds into prototyping and manufacture, more sophisticated models may be needed to size components, determine fatigue life, plus more. As the product becomes more and more defined, the modeling depends more and more on special purpose software packages that evaluate stress and strain, magnetic circuit design, fluid flow fields, etc. These packages require that the product is near final form, as the input files for these programs require details about the system that would not be known in the concept development stage. The modeling discussed in this paper is specifically directed to the concept development of mechatronic systems. These systems typically involve multiple energy domains where electro-mechanical, -pneumatic, and -hydraulic devices are involved. Since the device or system is not well defined at this stage, the modeling must be handled by the inventors using physical principles, and assembling the various pieces of the model into an overall dynamic model that can be simulated. Bond graphs are particularly well suited for concept development of multi-energy domain systems. This is demonstrated here using several examples where modeling at an early stage of development would have avoided some very costly mistakes.
THE SEPARATE NEURAL ARCH

The series of 1520 human skeletons at my disposal discloses separate neural arch in seventy-nine, or more than five per cent. In vertebral columns with twenty-five presacrals, the incidence is almost twice as great as in columns with the regular twenty-four, but the actual percentage in both series is an accident of the sampling rather than a criterion of the population at large. Study of the defect, whether unilateral or bilateral, substantiates its essential origin in a skeletal anomaly and assigns a very minor role to trauma. Embryologically the defect falls into the category of anomalous ossifications, of which there are many other examples scattered over the skeleton. It is an anomaly peculiar to the lumbar region, and may be found in any lumbar vertebra and on either or both sides, but is usually confined to the last presacral. Thus spondylolisthesis may be a sign of the anomaly. Trauma plays a secondary ro1e in this condition, finding the fibrous tissue a point of less resistance to strain than bone structure. Separate neural arch in its origin resembles spina bifida, defective articular processes, and separate bony centers for transverse, mammillary and accessory processes which are peculiarly associated with the lumbar column; it is found more frequently when some other anomaly—such as a twenty-fifth presacral—is present. It is the ultimate result of imperfect ossification, whether this be caused by failure in the ossific process itself or by a defect of the pre-existing cartilage.
Joining the Public Health Education Continuum: America’s Community Colleges

As open access institutions, community colleges offer multiple educational options for students leading to career or transfer. They educate more than half of the new nurses and health care workers,...
Endocrine factors in endometrial carcinoma. A preliminary report.

Abstract The purpose of the investigation is to determine whether an abnormal endocrine state exists in patients who develop endometrial carcinoma. The vital importance of the control group is stressed. The patients reported are those who were referred because of postmenopausal bleeding with or without the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. They were divided into two groups according to curettage findings: endometrial carcinoma and atrophic endometrium. Patients with hyperplasia were excluded from this report. The factors studied were glucose metabolism, estrogenic activity, gonadotropin excretion, obesity, hypertension, time of climacteric, fertility, and menstrual history. The two groups varied significantly in degree of obesity and degree of fertility only. Direct evidence of an abnormal endocrine state was not found.
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Kerosene-Based Rocket Propellants. 3. RP-2 with Varying Concentrations of the Stabilizing Additive 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline

The thermal stability of the kerosene-based rocket propellant RP-2 with varying concentrations of the stabilizing additive 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) was investigated. The mixtures (by mass)...
Polylactic acid-glycolic acid absorbable suture of single-layer, single-week consecutive varus Fung All esophageal anastomosis for clinical research

Objective To explore the possibility of using non-destructive with absorbable suture needle single-layer. Methods single-circle continuous suture for digestive tract reconstruction after resection of esophageal anastomosis using 3-0 with non-destructive absorbable suture needle in the posterior wall of anastomotic one end of the beginning of suture needle after the first tie, to continue full-thickness continuous suture lock side wall, needles from 3mm, margins 3mm, placed gastric tube and feeding tube after full-thickness continuous suture lock edge varus play after anterior anastomotic knot to complete the match. Results The average match time of 13 minutes, 18 minutes for the control group, the experimental group stomatitis anastomosis, anastomotic ulcer incidence rate of 2.39% (2 / 91), anastomotic stenosis 4.39% (4 / 91), gastric reflux 3.39 % (3 / 91); control group, the incidence of these complications were 9.1% (9 / 132), 11.3% (15/132), 8.3% (11/132); to compare the two groups have a very significant difference ( P 0.01. anastomotic leakage occurred in the two groups was similar, namely 1.1 percent (1 / 91) and 2.34% (3 / 132), There were no surgical deaths. Conclusions absorbable suture for every single-Hop safe, simple, reliable, time-saving.