cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrode impedance in neurophysiologic recordings : 2. Role in electromagnetic interference

ABSTRACT.Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an important factor in producing a low signal-to-noise ratio during neurophysiologic recordings in electronically hostile environments such as the operating room. Using a controlled EMI generating source, both capacitative and inductive mechanisms of EMI were explored. The effects of electrode type, total electrode impedance, electrode impedance imbalance, inter-electrode distance, and electrode dipole orientation were also explored. The results of these studies indicate that although there are substantial differences in impedance between various types of electrodes, these have a significant but small effect on recorded EMI compared to other factor such as the electrode dipole orientation. From a practical perspective, the use of heterogeneous electrode combinations does not necessarily cause an increase in EMI and (after appropriate testing on an individual basis) may increase recording convenience in specialized environment such as the operating room.
Is it Ethical to Use Unlabeled Keys on Mail Questionnaires

This paper suggests that mail researchers should avoid using either labeled or unlabeled key numbers on mail questionnaires to identify the respondents. Use of the labeled key can dampen the response rate while use of the unlabeled key may be unethical. Should a researcher wish to identify the respondents, he/she should consider using the postcard technique.
Functionally Assessing Candidate Drivers Advances Precision Cancer Medicine

The complexity of genomic alterations in cancer has made it difficult to identify oncogenic drivers for the development of targeted therapies. The study by Berger et al. in this issue of Cancer Cell demonstrates that high-throughput functional profiling can uncover impactful mutations and oncogenic driver alleles.
Harmonic maps and the Schoen conjecture

We show that every quasisymmetric homeomorphism of the circle ∂H^2 admits a harmonic quasiconformal extension to the hyperbolic plane H^2. This proves the Schoen conjecture.
Long-Term Live-Cell STED Nanoscopy of Primary and Cultured Cells with the Plasma Membrane HIDE Probe DiI-SiR

Super-resolution imaging of live cells over extended time periods with high temporal resolution requires high-density labeling and extraordinary fluorophore photostability. Here we achieve this goal by combining the attributes of the high-density plasma membrane probe DiI-TCO and the photostable STED dye SiR-Tz. These components undergo rapid tetrazine ligation within the plasma membrane to generate the HIDE probe DiI-SiR. Using DiI-SiR, we visualized filopodia dynamics in HeLa cells over 25 min at 0.5 sec temporal resolution, and visualized dynamic contact-mediated repulsion events in primary mouse hippocampal neurons over 9 min at 2 sec temporal resolution. HIDE probes such as DiI-SiR are non-toxic and do not require transfection, and their apparent photostability significantly improves the ability to monitor dynamic processes in live cells at super-resolution over biologically relevant timescales.
Enhanced genetic path planning for autonomous flight

Path planning, the task of finding an obstacle-avoiding, shortest-length route from source to destination is an interesting theoretical problem with numerous applications. We present an improved genetic algorithm for path planning in a continuous, largely unconstrained real-world environment. We introduce a new domain-specific crossover operator based on path intersections. We also implement a new path correction operator that eliminates obstacle collisions from a path, leading to a dramatic search improvement despite the conceptual simplicity of the correction. Finally, in place of a standard binary measure of obstacle collisions, we present a new optimization objective measuring the degree to which a path intersects obstacles. Due to these improvements, individually and in combination, our algorithm is able to solve scenarios that are considerably more complex and exist in a more general environment than those that appear in the literature. We demonstrate the utility of our system through testing onboard an autonomous micro aerial vehicle. Further, our approach demonstrates the utility of domain-specific genetic operators for path planning. We hypothesize that such operators may be beneficial in other domains.
The benefit of full disclosure: A meta-analysis of the implications of coming out at work

Disclosure of sexual orientation in the workplace is a communication exchange wherein an individual reveals his/her sexual orientation to coworkers, to one extent or another. Although there have be...
3D gaze estimation without explicit personal calibration

Abstract Model-based 3D gaze estimation represents a dominant technique for eye gaze estimation. It allows free head movement and gives good estimation accuracy. But it requires a personal calibration, which may significantly limit its practical utility. Various techniques have been proposed to replace intrusive and subject-unfriendly calibration methods. In this paper, we introduce a new implicit calibration method that takes advantage of four natural constraints during eye gaze tracking. The first constraint is based on two complementary gaze estimation methods. The underlying assumption is that different gaze estimation methods, though based on different principles and mechanisms, ideally predict exactly the same gaze point at the same time. The second constraint is inspired by the well-known center prior principle, it is assumed that most fixations are concentrated on the center of the screen with natural viewing scenarios. The third constraint arises from the fact that for console based eye tracking, human’s attention/gaze are always within the screen region. The final constraint comes from eye anatomy, where the value of eye parameters must be within certain regions. The four constraints are integrated jointly and help formulate the implicit calibration as a constrained unsupervised regression problem, which can be effectively solved through the proposed iterative hard EM algorithm. Experiments on two everyday interactions Web-browsing and Video-watching demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed implicit calibration method.
The Viability of Holland's Consistency Construct and Raw Score Assessments of Personality.

Holland hypothesized that personality pattern consistency is related to vocational satisfaction, stability, and success. The viability of this key construct in Holland's theory of careers is examin...
African American and Other Traditionally Underrepresented Students in School STEM: The Historical Legacy and Strategies for Moving from Stigmatization to Motivation

This chapter deals with the need for educators to create learning environments that are welcoming and nurturing for all students but particularly for students of color in STEM education. This chapter deals mainly with African American students, and the history cited is that of African American teachers. However, the principles and problems explored in this chapter are also applicable to Latino and other underrepresented groups in US urban schools. The first part of this chapter identifies the problem of underrepresented students in American classrooms as essentially a problem of teacher-student cultural disconnect. This cultural disconnect necessitates the active and deliberate creation of classroom learning communities that support learning for all students. Such classrooms are unlikely to come about by default or without conscious effort. Next will come a brief overview of how the events leading to and immediately following the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision created a set of circumstances that continue to reverberate through the educational system in the United States to this day. This historical backward glance enables us to understand the historical legacy that needs to be overcome by the creation of welcoming and nurturing learning environments. Finally, this chapter ends with some of the specific issues to be addressed as science teacher educators take on the task of equipping teachers with the skills and dispositions required to create the classroom culture and atmosphere in which all students can thrive. Issues of marginalization, stigmatization, and the cultivation of positive possible selves for all students are some of the specific issues discussed.
Ovarian function after incision of the ovary by scalpel, CO2 laser, and microelectrode.

Objective The objective was to evaluate the relative effects of a standardized surgical incision performed with scalpel, CO 2 laser, or microelectrode on ovarian tissue and function. Design Thirty sexually mature female rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three surgical groups. The injury consisted of a linear incision along the long axis of both ovaries, from the cortex to the hilum, followed by immediate unilateral oophorectomy for evaluation of the acute tissue damage. The opposite ovary was left in situ to evaluate subsequent healing, steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, and ovulation. Results Minimal damage was observed after surgery with either laser or microelectrode. The ovarian stroma and follicles adjacent to the surgical site appeared normal both immediately and 15 days after all surgeries. Steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, and luteinization were similar among the three groups. The number of ovulated oocytes after human chorionic gonadotropin was significantly reduced after scalpel and laser surgery compared with microelectrode ( P Conclusions These findings suggest that surgical trauma is well tolerated by the ovaries and does not impair subsequent ovarian function. However, rupture of the preovulatory follicle and its release of the oocyte may be influenced by the presence of ovarian adhesions and/or surgical trauma.
Thermal and vortical stability of purified human fibroblast interferon.

The loss of biological activity upon heating or agitation of human interferons is markedly altered by changing their aqueous environment. Low pH significantly stabilizes liquid fibroblast interferon at 68°C and 37°C whereas chaotropic salts stabilize at 68°C but not at 37°C; this anomalous result may be due to reactivation of biological activity at the higher temperature. The concentration of extraneous proteins influences the apparent thermal stability at any temperature and pH; thus, interferon was not stable even at low pH at protein concentrations less than 5 μg/ml. Solutions of partially purtially purified fibroblast interferon can be inactivated by mechanical stress; the addition of proteins or nonionic detergents prevents such inactivation. Freeze-dried preparations show the greatest thermal stability. The use of high-temperature, accelerated storage tests makes it possible to predict the shelf-life of freeze-dried interferon.
Cognitive Aids for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuroanesthetic Emergencies: Consensus Guidelines on Behalf of the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SNACC) Education Committee

Cognitive aids and evidence-based checklists are frequently utilized in complex situations across many disciplines and sectors. The purpose of such aids is not simply to provide instruction so as to fulfill a task, but rather to ensure that all contingencies related to the emergency are considered and accounted for and that the task at hand is completed fully, despite possible distractions. Furthermore, utilization of a checklist enhances communication to all team members by allowing all stakeholders to know and understand exactly what is occurring, what has been accomplished, and what remains to be done. Here we present a set of evidence-based critical event cognitive aids for neuroanesthesia emergencies developed by the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SNACC) Education Committee.
Sedation Management for Critically Ill Children with Pre-Existing Cognitive Impairment.

Objective To compare current analgesia and sedation management practices between critically ill children with pre-existing cognitive impairment and critically ill neurotypical children, including possible indicators of therapeutic efficacy. Study design This study used secondary analysis of prospective data from the RESTORE clinical trial, with 2449 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and receiving mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Subjects with a baseline Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category ≥3 were defined as subjects with cognitive impairment, and differences between groups were explored using regression methods accounting for pediatric intensive care unit as a cluster variable. Results This study identified 412 subjects (17%) with cognitive impairment. Compared with neurotypical subjects, subjects with cognitive impairment were older (median, years, 6.2 vs 1.4; P Conclusions Subjects with cognitive impairment in this study received less medication, but it is unclear whether they have authentically lower analgesic and/or sedative requirements or are vulnerable to inadequate assessment of discomfort because of the lack of validated assessment tools. We recommend the development of pain and sedation assessment tools specific to this patient population.
Mechanisms of Temozolomide resistance in pediatric glioblastoma multiforme

LB-324 PURPOSE: Temozolomide (TMZ) has become the standard of care for the treatment of adult anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, in the pediatric population, this DNA alkylating agent has not fared as well. The known mechanisms of resistance to TMZ in the adult population are expression of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), an enzyme that removes the cytotoxic O6-methylguanine adduct generated by TMZ, and defective mismatch repair (MMR), which allows cells to tolerate the O6-methylguanine lesion. We attempted to elucidate if these mechanisms of resistance to TMZ occur in a pediatric GBM model. METHODS: The activity of TMZ on a panel of six pediatric GBM xenografts was evaluated in athymic nude mice bearing the subcutaneous tumors. TMZ was administered daily for a total of five days at 0.75 LD10 (262.5 mg/kg). Xenograft response was assessed by growth delay, calculated as T-C, which is the difference in days between the median time for tumors of treated (T) and control (C) mice to reach a volume five times greater than the volume at the time of initial treatment and/or to reach a final volume of 1000 mm3. The xenografts were analyzed for AGT activity and microsatellite instability (MSI), as high MSI is a surrogate marker for mismatch repair deficiency. Western blotting was performed on all xenografts to evaluate the expression of the MMR proteins, hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, and hPMS2. >RESULTS: TMZ demonstrated marked activity (T-C > 45 days) in three of the xenografts (D-645, SJ-BT56, SJ-GBM2), all of which demonstrated low AGT activity, no MSI, and no MMR protein deficiency. SJ-BT39 had a T-C value of 6.0 days and demonstrated high AGT activity. Treatment of SJ-BT39 with O6-benzylguanine (O6BG), an pseudosubstract inactivator of AGT, prior to administration of a single dose of TMZ resulted in a significant increase in growth delay (T-C = 19.6 days for TMZ/O6BG versus T-C = 4.9 days for TMZ alone). D-212 and D-456 had a T-C values of 4.7 and 11.0 days, respectively, and were found to be deficient in hMLH1. D-212 was microsatellite stable (MSS), while D-456 demonstrated high MSI. >CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric GBM, TMZ resistance may, in part, be explained by the presence of high AGT activity or defective MMR. These results demonstrate the importance of determining AGT levels and MMR status as a prelude for TMZ therapy in pediatric GBM and the need for further investigations of additional mechanisms of TMZ resistance in these tumors.
OPTICAL SIGNATURES OF BURIED MINES

Soils can be disturbed by the burial of mines. When disturbed, the soils have a smaller effective size distribution than when undisturbed and this difference can be detected optically. Apparent emissivity differences in the thermal infrared is an effective passive optical technique developed by others for discriminating disturbed silicate soils from undisturbed soils and appears particularly sensitive to the presence of grains less than about 60 μm in diameter. It is not, however, an effective means for detecting grain size variations in carbonate sands. Optical techniques that may prove less sensitive to composition include 1) Changes in the reflectance in the shortwave infrared outside of absorption features nominally near 2.4 μm, and 2) Reflectance changes due to photometric backscattering by particulate surfaces. The reflectance of particulate surfaces increases with decreasing phase angle, peaking sharply at opposition when the illumination and detector are collocated (0o phase angle). For a given high-albedo material, finer-grains are brighter than larger-grained powders when observed at
Injection and Heterosexual Risk Behaviors for HIV Infection Among Non-gay Identifying Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women

Non-gay identifying men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) are an important subgroup of men who have sex with men (MSM) and have been underrepresented in studies of MSM that only use gay venues to draw their samples. We assessed heterosexual and drug use risks of MSMW who use drugs in a sample of male entrants to the Mount Sinai Beth Israel drug treatment programs from 2005 to 2018. Blood samples were collected and tested for HIV and HSV-2 infections. Among HIV seronegative participants, MSMW had significantly greater odds of sharing used needles with others, and reporting unprotected sex with female casual partners and female commercial sex partners, compared to their counterparts who reported sex with women exclusively (MSWE). Although not recruited from gay venues, MSMW had a significantly higher HIV prevalence than MSWE (23% vs. 10%, p < 0.001). Interventions that are specifically tailored to HIV prevention among MSMW are needed to ameliorate the prevalence of HIV risks and infection.
The Performative Foreign Language Classroom as a Site of Creative Disruption.

This case study reflects on how Performative Foreign Language and Culture Education: (1) encourages students to be in charge of their learning processes through embodiment; (2) fosters community, s...
Predator-induced maternal and paternal effects independently alter sexual selection

Parental experience alters survival-related phenotypes of offspring in both adaptive and nonadaptive ways, yielding rapid inter- and transgenerational fitness effects. Yet, fitness comprises survival and reproduction, and parental effects on mating decisions could alter the strength and direction of sexual selection, affecting long-term evolutionary trajectories. We used a full factorial design in which threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) mothers, fathers, both, or neither were exposed to a model predator at developmentally appropriate times to test for predator-induced maternal, paternal, and joint parental effects on daughters' mating behavior. We tested the responsiveness, preferences, and mate choices of adult daughters in no-choice trials with wild-caught males who had varied sexual signals. Maternal and paternal predator exposure independently yielded daughters who preferred males who were intermediate in conspicuousness (with duller nuptial coloration and who courted less vigorously), relaxing the typical preference for the most conspicuous males. The combined effects of maternal and paternal predator exposure were not cumulative; when both parents were predator exposed, single-parent effects on mate preferences were reversed. Thus, we cannot assume that maternal and paternal effects additively combine to produce "parental" effects. Further, joint parental predator exposure yielded daughters who were three times less likely to mate at all. Stress-induced intergenerational parental effects on reproductive decisions such as those observed here may potentiate rapid transgenerational responses to novel and changing mating environments.
Communication Modes and Functions in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

Purpose This study seeks to determine how speech-language impairments relate to the frequency and diversity of communication modes and functions produced by children with cerebral palsy (CP) during...
Predictors of Problematic Social Media Use: Personality and Life-Position Indicators:

Given the preponderance of social media in our increasingly saturated media environments, there is a need for greater understanding of how personality traits and states can influence problematic social media use. This study examines whether contextual age indicators (life satisfaction, interpersonal interaction, social activity), the fear of missing out, and the Big Five personality traits are significant predictors of Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat addictions. A survey of 337 college students reveals that greater social activity is a positive predictor of addiction to Snapchat. Another significant finding is a positive relationship between social media addiction and the fear of missing out, which explained the most variance in addiction scores for Snapchat (16%). An inductive analysis of open-ended responses indicated strong similarities between those who claimed that they were addicted to these social media apps and those said that they were not addicted. Both groups described largely similar usage patterns and media dependency, yet several users did not self-identify as addicted to social media. These patterns indicate that more research is needed to determine how social media users differentiate between normative, heavy, and addicted usage.
Fitness costs and benefits of gene expression plasticity in rice under drought

Abstract Genome-wide gene expression changes in response to environmental variability have been widely documented, but we lack detailed and comprehensive understanding of the interplay between this form of phenotypic plasticity and natural selection. Selection on expression plasticity may be limited by environment-specific costs, and plasticity may in turn affect selection on baseline expression levels. Here, we address this fundamental issue by measuring selection on drought-induced plasticity of leaf transcripts in field-grown rice populations. Selection disfavored switching off housekeeping genes under drought. This stress-induced dysregulation did not constrain selection on baseline transcript levels, suggesting compensatory evolution may be possible. Selection rarely acted strongly on individual transcripts but worked polygenically on gradual (continuous) plasticity of co-expressed gene modules regulating photosynthesis via known drought-responsive transcription factors. Finally, selection was tied to inefficient gene architectural features and metabolic costs of expression. Our study provides a genome-wide view of costs and benefits of gene expression plasticity.
Applicatien of PASS in medical orders of inpatients in our hospital in 2008

Objective To monitor and analyze the situation of drug use of inpatients in our hospital in 2008.Methods The PASS was inserted into the subsystems of doctors′work station and clinical pharmacy work station to construct computer network system of rational administration so as to perform real time monitoring on the medical orders of inpatients.The monitoring results were fed back to doctor and analyzed statistically.Results We have indexed 3 620 241 items of medical orders.The incidence of irrational drug use was 0.02 %(908 items),of which,381 items(11.89%)were absolutely prohibitive orders,381 items(41.96%)were adverse usage and dosage,108 items(11.89%)were adverse drug interactions,38 items(4.19%)were adverse medication of children.After communicating with doctors,the problematic medical orders of 856 items(94.72%)were redirected.Conclusion PASS can efficiently monitor the irrational drug use in medical orders,so as to prevent and reduce the occurrence of adverse drug reactions materially.Furthermore,it brings convenience to clinical pharmacists in carrying out pharmaceutical services.However,it is far from perfect thus remaining to be further improved.
New targets for CAR T therapy in hematologic malignancies.

Abstract As we expand our acumen of the intricacies of hematological malignancies at a genetic and cellular level, we have paved the way in advancing novel targeted therapeutic avenues such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies (CAR T). Engineering cells to target a specific antigen has led to dramatic remission rates in cases of relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia as well as multiple myeloma thus far with trials in place to further advance targeted therapies in other hematological malignancies. Most currently available CAR T therapies target CD19 antigen. Studies are underway exploring novel CAR T products aimed at other tumor-specific antigens with potential to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicities. Early studies have confirmed safety and efficacy of CD22 and BCMA targeted CAR T therapies. Moreover, various other targets including CD20, CD30, CD123, kappa, and lambda light chains among others are under clinical investigation as potential avenues of targeted therapy. This review highlights the shift in the treatment paradigm in pursuing diverse antigen targets while addressing the challenges in terms of the efficacy and toxicity of current CAR T-cell therapies.
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome in adolescent and young adult females: Utility of a decision rule.

Abstract Background The diagnosis of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHC) is often missed or delayed in patients with right upper quadrant pain (RUQ). Objective To develop a decision rule that predicts FHC in females with RUQ pain based on a constellation of historical features, physical examination findings and laboratory results. Methods We conducted a prospective study to test the utility of our FHC decision rule in sexually active females, aged 13–20 years, with RUQ pain who were seen in an urban ED over 57 months. The decision rule was based on 4 features: 1. Presence of pleuritic chest pain, 2. Tenderness over the anterior border of liver, 3. History of worsening pain on R lateral position and 4. An erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 30 mm/h. The rule was considered positive if all 4 features were present. FHC was diagnosed in patients with RUQ pain and a positive GEN-PROBE Aptima Combo Assay for either gonorrhea or chlamydia on urine or endocervical specimens. Results 130 patients were enrolled. 24 were excluded, leaving 106 (81.5%) for analysis. 34/106 (32%) had STI/FHC. There were no differences in mean age or sexual characteristics between those with and without STI/FHC. A positive FHC decision rule had a positive predictive value of 75% (95%CI: 46.8%–91.1%) based on 96 cases for whom all features were available for analysis. Conclusion Our decision rule shows promise in allowing for the early identification of FHC in adolescent and young adult females. Additional study is needed to corroborate these findings and test its generalizability.
Combined in situ hybridization chain reaction and immunostaining to visualize gene expression in whole-mount Drosophila central nervous systems

Methods to visualize gene expression in the Drosophila central nervous system are important in fly neurogenetic studies. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol that sequentially combines in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and immunostaining to detect mRNA and protein expression in whole-mount Drosophila larval and adult central nervous systems. We demonstrate the application of in situ HCR in comparisons of nervous system gene expression between Drosophila species, and in the validation of single-cell RNA-Seq results in the fly nervous system. Our protocol provides a simple, robust, multiplexable, and relatively affordable means to quantitatively visualize gene expression in the nervous system of flies, facilitating its general use in fly neurogenetic studies.
Distributionally robust Optimal Control and MDP modeling

Abstract In this paper we discuss Optimal Control and Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulations of multistage optimization problems when the involved probability distributions are not known exactly, but rather are assumed to belong to specified ambiguity families. The aim of this paper is to clarify a connection between such distributionally robust approaches to multistage stochastic optimization.
DNR Code Status Is Not Associated with Under-Utilization of Inpatient Transthoracic Echocardiograms.

In the strictest sense, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status means that cardiopulmonary resuscitation should not be performed after death has occurred; all other medical interventions in line with a patient’s goals of care should be implemented. The use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in patients with DNR status is unknown. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the utilization of TTE among patients with DNR status using this retrospective data analysis. A total of 16,546 patient admissions were included in the final study. A total of 4370 (26.4%) of the patients had a TTE during hospitalization; among full code patients, 3976 (25.7%) underwent TTE, whereas TTEs were performed in 394 (37.4%) of DNR patients. On univariate logistic regression analysis, full code status had OR (95% confidence interval, CI) 0.57 (0.51–0.66), p < 0.01 compared with DNR status for the performance of inpatient TTE. In the final multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, race, and clinical comorbidities, the full code patients had OR (95% CI) 0.91 (0.79–1.05), p = 0.22 compared with DNR patients for the performance of inpatient TTE. DNR status is not associated with a decrease in inpatient transthoracic echocardiography performance.
Measuring the competitiveness benefits of a transmission investment policy: The case of the Alberta electricity market

Transmission expansions can increase the extent of competition faced by wholesale electricity suppliers with the ability to exercise unilateral market power. This can cause them to submit offer curves closer to their marginal cost curves, which sets market-clearing prices closer to competitive benchmark price levels. These lower wholesale market-clearing prices are the competitiveness benefit consumers realize from the transmission expansion. This paper quantifies empirically the competitiveness benefits of a transmission expansion policy that causes strategic suppliers to expect no transmission congestion. Using hourly generation-unit level offer, output, market-clearing price and congestion data from the Alberta wholesale electricity market from January 1, 2009 to July 31, 2013, an upper and lower bound on the hourly consumer competitiveness benefits of this transmission policy is computed. Both of these competitiveness benefits measures are economically significant, which argues for including them in transmission planning processes for wholesale electricity markets to ensure that all transmission expansions with positive net benefits to electricity consumers are undertaken.
Neither Fulul nor Ikhwan: The Thought of Abdul Rahman Yusuf and the Rise of an Alternative Current in Post-Morsi Egypt

Since independence, the military and the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) have exerted unmatched influence and control over Egypt. However, an “alternative current” is on the rise. In this paper, first, I survey the role played by the military and the MB. Second, I highlight one of the voices of this alternative current, Abdul Rahman Yusuf. The evolution of his thought in post-July 2013 coup era unveils the difficulties facing this alternative current in competing with the well-entrenched voices of both the military and the MB. Notwithstanding such challenges, I argue that suggesting the existence and eventual resilience and popularity of an alternative current that politically and intellectually defies both the military and the MB in Egypt is not a far-fetched aspiration should the leaders of this current articulate their ideas with clarity, embrace genuine reform, celebrate diversity and difference as prerequisites for constructive societal and political pluralism.
JEWISH-­ARAB RELATIONS THROUGH THE LENSE OF ISRAELI CINEMA; THEN AND NOW

Israeli cinema has presented different aspects of the relationship between Israeli Jews and Arabs. These aspects encompass topics such as personal friendships and conflicts, homosexual and heterosexual affairs, gender issues, politics and wars, and questions of identity. This article focuses on the presentations of the relationships between Jews and Arabs and their desire for normalization and peace.
The practice of brand extension through licensing: The Spalding Challenge: Teaching note and overview for use in class

Abstract This teaching note presents instructors with several avenues for incorporating the case study, “The Practice of Brand Extension through Licensing: The Spalding Challenge,” into their classrooms. By proposing classroom demonstrations and exercises based on the authors’ experience as well as selected readings that correspond directly to the theoretical applications of brand equity, brand extensions and licensing strategy, and stakeholder analysis, the case note provides the foundation for achieving comprehensive learning outcomes. In addition, the note concludes by outlining what steps Spalding actually took to address the licensing dilemma presented in the case, thereby offering the instructor a finishing tool with which to illustrate the practical application of the concepts presented.
Custody and Visitation Evaluations

This article summarizes the procedure for how a mental health professional should conduct a child custody evaluation. The author addresses the format for the evaluation, including the initial conference with both parents together, the individual meetings with each parent, the meetings with the child(ren), outside information that should be collected, psychological testing, and the wrap-up conference with the parents and their attorneys. The article also discusses the critical factors that should be considered in drawing conclusions and making recommendations such as the child's attachment to the parents, the child's preference, and the possibility of indoctrination and parental alienation. An outline is provided for the written report of the child custody evaluation. Keywords: child custody; visitation; custody dispute; primary residential parent; forensic psychiatric evaluation
O DECLÍNIO DAS LIGAS CAMPONESAS E A ASCENSÃO DOS SINDICATOS: As organizações de trabalhadores rurais em Pernambuco na Segunda República, 1955-1963

Enquanto as Ligas Camponesas eram as organizacoes dominantes nas fileiras dos trabalhadores rurais na zona acucareira de Pernambuco nos anos 1950, os sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais, em 1963, ja suplantavam as Ligas em importância. Este artigo analisa como esta mudanca na representacao dos trabalhadores ocorreu. Defende que os conflitos que permitiram a criacao de sindicatos aconteceram em contextos localizados e fragmentados. O Estado determinou os limites do conflito permissivel, mas dentro destes limites, resultados locais dependiam da natureza e forca das organizacoes de massa e dos grandes proprietarios que se opunham a eles. E finalmente, o Estado era tambem capaz de assumir alguns dos custos dos proprietarios, e deste modo, ratificar sua acomodacao aos sindicatos.
Adolescent diet and risk of breast cancer

Early life exposures, including diet, have been implicated in the etiology of breast cancer. A nested case-control study was conducted among participants in the Nurses' Health Study who completed a 24-item questionnaire about diet during high school. There were 843 eligible cases diagnosed between onset of study (1976) and before the return of the high school diet questionnaire (1986), who were matched 10:1 with controls on the basis of age. Women who had, during adolescence, a higher consumption of eggs, vegetable fat and fiber had a lower risk of breast cancer, whereas risk of breast cancer was increased among women who consumed more butter. A possible association of elements of adolescent diet with risk of breast cancer is reported, but the findings require confirmation in prospective study.
Detection Performance in a Simulated Real-Time Airborne Reconnaissance Mission

The ability of fifty-four subjects to find and designate tactical military targets on a cathode-ray-tube display was evaluated as a function of five experimental variables. Results indicated that probability of detection was sensitive to variations in target type, target-to-background contrast, and image rate of motion, or time available for search. False positive rate was affected only by available search time. Implications of these results for the design of real-time reconnaissance systems are discussed.
Mortality rates and age at death from sickle cell disease: U.S., 1979-2005.

Objectives.Improvements in survival for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) during the last 30 years have been well established. Whether similar improvements for adults with the disease have oc...
Examination of the temporal relationship between smoking and major depressive disorder among low-income women in public primary care clinics.

Abstract Purpose. To determine the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) by smoking status, and the temporal relationship between smoking and MDD, and explore other smoking-related variables that may be associated with MDD. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Public primary care clinics. Subjects. Researchers studied 338 women (76% African-Americans) who were randomly selected while attending appointments in two public primary care clinics. Measures. Data pertaining to smoking-related variables and MDD diagnosis were obtained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV). Results. The prevalence of a lifetime history of MDD was significantly higher for current smokers (56.6%) than among former smokers (37.5%) or never-smokers (30.3%; p < .001). Most ever-smokers (81.3%) began smoking and were nicotine-dependent (63.6%) prior to their first episode of MDD. Using logistic regression, after controlling for demographic and smoking-rel...
The Shi'i ulama and the state in Iran

In this article I attempted to explain the politics of the ulama in terms of class struggle. I indicated that ulama political orientations, and the emergence of politically divergent factions in their midst, were historically correlated with the interests of the traditional petty bourgeoisie, the merchants, and the landlords. In other words, from the political class struggle viewpoint, diverse factions among the ulama tended to represent these diverse social classes. The ulama, it is true, defended their divergent political positions through their interpretations of the Islamic laws. Therefore, the assertion that a particular group of the ulama were political representatives of a particular class, say, the petty bourgeoisie, is not to suggest that they consciously interpreted their religious texts so as to justify the petty bourgeoisie interests, or that they were the enthusiastic champions of the petty bourgeoisie. “What makes them representatives of the petty bourgeoisie,” says Marx, “is the fact that in their mind they do not get beyond the limits which the latter do not get beyond in life, that they are consequently driven, theoretically, to the same problems and solutions to which material interest and social position drive the latter practically. This is, in general, the relationship between the political and literary representatives of a class and the class they represent.”1
Pressure-Driven Gas Flows in Long Rectangular Microchannels With Uniform Heat Flux Boundary Conditions

This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of pressure-driven gas flow in long microchannels, with uniform heat flux wall boundary conditions. The flow is assumed to be two-dimensional and the momentum and energy equations are solved, considering variable properties, rarefaction effects, including velocity slip, thermal creep and temperature jump, compressibility effects and viscous dissipation. A combined serial-parallel algorithm is employed to simulate the flow in long microchannels. The numerical solution is found to be much more involved than that for the isothermal boundary conditions and the convergence of the scheme to be much slower, as expected. The numerical results are also quite different and, in some cases, quite unexpected. The thermal and hydraulic characteristics are carefully examined and analyzed. It is found that a nonlinear temperature profile arises along the microchannel due to the combined effects of pressure work and viscous dissipation. Similarly, compressibility effects lead to a nonlinear centerline pressure profile. The ratio of pressure work to viscous dissipation is investigated as a function of the Knudsen number and is found to increase with the Knudsen number. The rarefaction effects are found to increase the Nusselt number near the outlet and to decrease it near the inlet. An increase in the inlet/outlet pressure ratio is seen to significantly enhance microchannel cooling.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
α-N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) synthesis via rhodium(II)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of glucal 3-carbamates

Glucal 3-carbamates 1 and 7 underwent oxidative cyclization with iodobenzene diacetate or iodosobenzene in the presence of Rh2(OAc)4, providing mannosamine 2-N,3-O-oxazolidinones. With iodosobenzene, incorporation of 4-penten-1-ol provided a readily separable anomeric mixture of n-pentenyl glycosides, with the anomers exhibiting pronounced differences in reactivity as glycosyl donors. N-acylation of the sugar oxazolidinones led to α-selective glycosyl donors for the elaboration of various 2-mannosamine frameworks. Alternatively, the anomeric n-pentenyl glycosides of N-Cbz 2-mannosamine oxazolidinones were converted separately to oxazolidinone-opened derivatives 28α and 28β. These served as stereoconvergent glycosyl donors, and the α-linked products were readily advanced to a variety of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) frameworks, using an intramolecular O→N acetyl transfer as the final step.
Algebraic reconstruction technique fusing with pointwise measurements in optical computerized tomography

In Optical Computerized Tomography (OCT) reconstruction, the well-known restrictions are positivity of the field and boundary conditions. In this paper, the extra information --the probed value of a set of isolated points, which are readily available in the industrial practice, is introduced into OCT based on information fusing techniques. To solve the incompatibility of the different testing systems, which brings high frequencies disturbance to the reconstruction, an adaptive algorithm is developed to make a good use of the pointwise priori. The algorithm, derived from the third Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART3), is not only friendly to the information from various measuring systems, but very robust to irregular noise and even missing projections as well. By analyzing the simulated experiments, we strongly suggest that OCT give some attention to the information from external resources.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
N alpha-dimethylcoprogens. Three novel trihydroxamate siderophores from pathogenic fungi.

Three novel siderophores have been isolated from a highly pathogenic strain ofAlternaria longipes (ATCC 26293). The compounds are Nα-dimethylated analogs of coprogen, neocoprogen I and isoneocoprogen I. Structures of the compounds have been determined by1H- and13C-NMR, fast-atom-bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy and partial hydrolysis. One of the new compounds, Nα -dimethylcoprogen, is also produced, as the major siderophore, in another fungus,Fusarium dimerum.
Against Capital–S Sociology

For the longest while, at least over the course of the century just past, a substantial group of very intelligent men (and increasingly, of late, women) have taken upon themselves the most excellent vocation of advancing the cause of something they call, unqualifiedly, "Sociology." It would be hard, indeed, to dispute that their cause is a good one. With or without the strong capital S, sociology (or, if you prefer, Sociology) is an honorable and vitally important human activity. In this respect, proponents of Sociology are entirely beyond reproach. Still, as associates of this good cause know very well, questions have been raised, if not about them as individuals, about their practices. At the defiant extreme of opposition, one question asked is, roughly: Where do these jokers get off taking their very local men's-club understanding of sociology as though it were a Sociology in the sense of a "singular, properly disciplined, and open-membership professional guild"? The question is defiant because it is posed out of chronic irritation arising from years of exclusion, real and imagined. Fortunately, there is a more temperate version of the question, which is, roughly: If there is a Sociology, as obviously there is in some real sense, then should it, or can it, represent the very great number of actually existing sociologies? As a sign of how things have changed in recent years, the classic source of the more temperate version of the question was Alvin Gouldner, who, in his day, was anything but temperate. Gouldner was first among equals in a movement that took on steam in the late 1960s-a concerted effort to rethink
Stochastic lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars

The notion of stochastic lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (SLTAG) is formally defined. The parameters of a SLTAG correspond to the probability of combining two structures each one associated with a word. The characteristics of SLTAG are unique and novel since it is lexieally sensitive (as N-gram models or Hidden Markov Models) and yet hierarchical (as stochastic context-free grammars).Then, two basic algorithms for SLTAG arc introduced: an algorithm for computing the probability of a sentence generated by a SLTAG and an inside-outside-like iterative algorithm for estimating the parameters of a SLTAG given a training corpus.Finally, we should how SLTAG enables to define a lexicalized version of stochastic context-free grammars and we report preliminary experiments showing some of the advantages of SLTAG over stochastic context-free grammars.
Luminescence decay in spray-pyrolyzed Cds

Abstract We report the room temperature luminescence decay of spray pyrolyzed CdS, which is extremely similar to the luminescence decay of amorphous silicon hydrogen alloys at liquid helium temperatures. We suggest that the luminescence decay in both of these materials is due to localized electrons and holes recombining by radiative tunnelling.
Multiclassifier information fusion methods for microarray pattern recognition

This paper addresses automatic recognition of microarray patterns, a capability that could have a major significance for medical diagnostics, enabling development of diagnostic tools for automatic discrimination of specific diseases. The paper presents multiclassifier information fusion methods for microarray pattern recognition. The input space partitioning approach based on fitness measures that constitute an a-priori gauging of classification efficacy for each subspace is investigated. Methods for generation of fitness measures, generation of input subspaces and their use in the multiclassifier fusion architecture are presented. In particular, two-level quantification of fitness that accounts for the quality of each subspace as well as the quality of individual neighborhoods within the subspace is described. Individual-subspace classifiers are Support Vector Machine based. The decision fusion stage fuses the information from mulitple SVMs along with the multi-level fitness information. Final decision fusion stage techniques, including weighted fusion as well as Dempster-Shafer theory based fusion are investigated. It should be noted that while the above methods are discussed in the context of microarray pattern recognition, they are applicable to a broader range of discrimination problems, in particular to problems involving a large number of information sources irreducible to a low-dimensional feature space.