cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Optimization Model for Itinerary Generation with Time Windows

Demand forecasting has been a key component of benefits analysis in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s planning process, which includes NextGen benefits, and Airport capacity benefits. It is also used for the evaluation of long term investments by the Joint Planning Development Office (JPDO). The results of these studies are sensitive to the input schedules and assumptions of how traffic will grow into the future. Major sources of model uncertainty include the sample day selection, the facility growth rates and the airline and government response to system constraints. National Airspace System (NAS) wide models are also sensitive to a flight’s itinerary structure. All else being equal, schedules with less buffer between linked flights will be more sensitive to propagated delay effects. Future schedules that do not maintain the same network connectivity as current conditions may lead to bias in results and in fact under-estimate the benefits of new technology or airport investment. However, the model results are also sensitive to schedule peaks and the effects on airline banking and strategies that minimize number of aircraft may demonstrate a trade-off with strategies that maintain schedule banks. This paper quantifies the combined effects of schedule peaks and flight itineraries on delay using FAA NAS-wide models. A method for growing Future Schedules using Mixed-Integer Programming is presented which maintains consistent network connectivity through the scenarios. The underlying solution technique is based on an adaptation of the Fleet Assignment Model (FAM).
Adaptive Control of a 10K Parafoil System

Guided parafoil systems lacking propulsion pose significant control challenges. Landing accurately is challenging, and guidance strategies demand control signals be kept stable in the face of noise and uncertain dynamics. Larger systems present additional hurdles leading to an interest adaptive control. Conventional pole-placement based non-adaptive and adaptive control are compared to L1 adaptive control on a dynamic parafoil model. The results illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and provide design and implementation guidelines for future work.
Multiple PCR detection results analysis of fever respiratory syndrome bacteria in Zhangye in 2013

Objective To investigate the formation of bacterial pathogens spectrum of fever respiratory syndrome in the region.Methods Sputum samples were collected from patients diagnosed as fever respiratory syndrome in a sentinel hospital of zhangye from January to December in 2013,and 5-6 copies monthly. Polymerase chain reaction( PCR) was used for the detection of6 kinds of respiratory pathogens: streptococcus pneumoniae( SP),haemophilus influenzae( HI),legionella bacteria( LP),whooping cough bacili( BP),pneumonia chlamydia( CT),and mycoplasma pneumoniae( MP). Results As a result of 63 sputum specimens in detection,the total positive rate was 96. 83%( 61 /63),including SP was 29. 51%( 18 /61),SB + HI was 65.57%( 40 /61),SB + MP was 4. 92%( 3 /61),CT,LP and BP were not detected; Throughout the year all have come on,and the change in season is not obvious; Less 5 years old children are more and the positive constitute rate was 27. 86%( 17 /61);Difference of Men and women bacterial infection positive rate has no statistical significance( P 0. 05). Conclusion Fever bacterial pathogen respiratory syndrome in zhangye is mainly streptococcus pneumoniae,haemophilus influenzae and mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Results with improved technic for aspiration curettage.

(1969). OBG: Results with improved technic for aspiration curettage. Hospital Topics: Vol. 47, No. 12, pp. 85-87.
Evidence of impaired neuromuscular responses in the support leg to a destabilizing swing phase perturbation in hemiparetic gait.

The neuromuscular mechanisms that underlie post-stroke impairment in reactive balance control during gait are not fully understood. Previous research has described altered muscle activations in the paretic leg in response to postural perturbations from static positions. Additionally, attenuation of interlimb reflexes after stroke has been reported. Our goal was to characterize post-stroke changes to neuromuscular responses in the stance leg following a swing phase perturbation during gait. We hypothesized that, following a trip, altered timing, sequence, and magnitudes of perturbation-induced activations would emerge in the paretic and nonparetic support legs of stroke survivors compared to healthy control subjects. The swing foot was interrupted, while subjects walked on a treadmill. In healthy subjects, a sequence of perturbation-induced activations emerged in the contralateral stance leg with mean onset latencies of 87–147 ms. The earliest latencies occurred in the hamstrings and hip abductor and adductors. The hamstrings, the adductor magnus, and the gastrocnemius dominated the relative balance of perturbation-induced activations. The sequence and balance of activations were largely preserved after stroke. However, onset latencies were significantly delayed across most muscles in both paretic and nonparetic stance legs. The shortest latencies observed suggest the involvement of interlimb reflexes with supraspinal pathways. The preservation of the sequence and balance of activations may point to a centrally programmed postural response that is preserved after stroke, while post-stroke delays may suggest longer transmission times for interlimb reflexes.
Extracranial Artery Dissections

Extracranial arterial dissections are a leading cause of strokes in young adults resulting in increased neurologic morbidity and mortality. Dissections can occur in the setting of trauma or spontaneously with a history of insignificant trauma elicited in a minority of cases. Clinical diagnosis is often challenging as most patients do not show the classic clinical triad of head, facial, or neck pain accompanied by Horner syndrome and cerebral or retinal ischemia. Imaging studies are essential in the diagnosis and traditionally conventional arteriography has been considered the gold standard. However, noninvasive imaging modalities such as computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography have replaced conventional angiography in many institutions. Cross-sectional noninvasive imaging techniques can demonstrate intramural hematomas as well as the vessel lumen and the presence of an intimal flap. Treatment usually consists of antithrombotic medication to prevent thromboembolic complications. Endovascular stenting is a treatment option in selected cases.
Newton’s Neoplatonic Ontology of Space: Substantivalism or Third-Way?

Among philosophers of space and time, two aspects of Newton’s ontology of space have seldom been questioned: first, that Newton qualifies as a substantivalist, since he reckons space to be an independently existing substance or entity (see § 1.1.1); and second, that Newton’s views were deeply influenced by his seventeenth century Neoplatonic predecessors, especially Henry More, whose ontology grounds the existence of space upon an incorporeal being, i.e., God or World Spirit. While the majority of the interpretations of Newton’s spatiotemporal ontology in the twentieth century supported these conclusions, a number of important investigations over the past several decades have nonetheless begun to challenge even these ostensibly safe assumptions. Among the most important of these reappraisals can be found in the work of Howard Stein (e.g., 1967, 2002) and Robert DiSalle (e.g., 2002, 2006), who both conclude that the content and function of Newton’s concept of absolute space should be kept separate from the question of Newton’s alleged commitment to substantivalism. More controversially, Stein (2002) further contends that Newton’s natural philosophy treats space as akin to a basic fact or consequence of any existing thing, a view categorized as one of the more epistemologically-oriented, third-way alternatives in Chap. 1, i.e., the definitional conception of space, and therefore non-substantivalist. A related, albeit much more nuanced, interpretation that parts company with traditional substantivalism may also be evident in an influential article by J. E. McGuire (1978a), who argues that space for Newton is “the general condition required for the existence of any individual substance” (1978a, 15). As regards the second of our traditional assumptions associated with Newton’s spatial ontology, Stein (2002, 269) forthrightly rejects any Neoplatonic content, whereas McGuire’s (1983) essay conjectures that, though “Platonic in character”, the primary influence on Newton’s ontology is “Descartes’ Meditations, rather than the eclecticism of Renaissance Neo-Platonism, of which we find little evidence in De gravitatione” (1983, 152).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Nondependent Pacemaker Patients with Pacemakers and Defibrillators with a Nearly Depleted Battery.

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with non-MRI-conditional cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has been shown to be safe when performed under closely monitored protocols. However, the safety of MRI in patients with devices with a nearly depleted battery has not been reported. Methods Prospective data were collected between January 2008 and May 2015 in patients with non-MRI-conditional CIEDs undergoing clinically indicated MRI under institutional protocol. Patients who were pacemaker dependent were excluded. Patients whose devices were at elective replacement indicator (ERI) at the time of MRI or close to ERI (ERI or replacement for battery depletion within 3 months of scan) were identified through database review and analyzed for clinical events. Results MRI scans (n = 569) were performed in 442 patients. Of these, we identified 13 scans performed with a nearly depleted battery in nine patients. All scans with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs, n = 9) were uneventful. However, two scans with pacemakers close to ERI resulted in a power-on-reset (PoR) event. One scan with a pacemaker close to ERI that was programmed to DOO mode reached ERI during MRI and automatically changed to VVI mode. Additionally, one scan with a pacemaker at ERI did not allow programming. All pacemakers with events were implanted before 2005. Conclusion Patients with pacemakers and ICDs with a nearly depleted battery can safely undergo MRI when patients are not pacemaker dependent. Attention should be paid because old devices can result in PoR or ERI during MRI, which may lead to oversensing and inhibition of pacing.
New York State: Fee-for-Service Forensic Pathology in a Multiple Coroner System:

Having served as a board-certified forensic pathologist in the southern tier of New York for over 23 years, the author has received cases from over a dozen rural New York State coroner counties. While some coroners are physicians, none of them is a pathologist, and most are not in the medical profession. Some are appointed by their county legislature, whereas others are elected. Levels of coroner training and experience in death investigation, terms of office, multiple coroners per county, and turnover of coroner staff are all challenges for the consultant forensic pathologist. Functioning as an autonomous independent contractor, a forensic pathologist can bring standardization, medical knowledge, and reliability to the determination of cause, mechanism, and manner of death, even when resources are less than optimal. As fewer hospital pathologists perform autopsies, and as community hospitals opt to close their morgues entirely, regional centers emerge to absorb the workload. In such a setting, the forens...
Food System Leadership Institute: A curricular approach to transforming Virginia's food system

Collaboratively designed by teams from the original quartet of 4VA universities (George Mason, James Madison, UVA, and Virginia Tech), the Food System Leadership Institute (FSLI) is a course for graduate students and advanced undergraduates. This multi-modal course is in development and will launch in the summer of 2018. Students from the 4VA universities will spend two weeks at the Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation with intensive face-to-face instruction on sustainable food systems and leadership. They will then return to home campuses for embedded experiential learning placements in campus dining operations, working with dining personnel on projects aimed at increasing university sourcing of locally produced food. The course will culminate with a cohort reflection and presentation activity using tele-presence technology. This course is an outgrowth of the 4VA-funded Virginia Sustainable Food Coalition, whose mission is to harness the intellectual, human and economic capital of colleges and universities to foster the emerging local food economy in Virginia. In support of this mission, the course design and delivery will involve a wide variety of Virginia food system stakeholders, and course participants will gain experiences and make connections that assist their development as future food system leaders for the Commonwealth.
(Toddlers + Toys) = (An Autonomous Social System)

Pretend you are in New York City. It is 1925. You stand in the gloom of a narrow, dirty street. Except for the snow falling, everything is brown: the buildings are brown; the horse manure-littered street is brown; the house sparrows are brown fluff, huddled in the sooty eaves. Horses’ hooves and carriage wheels clatter against cobblestones. Immigrant children—one barefoot—rush out one door, screech at the slushy snow, and disappear in the neighboring door. Shapeless women with bundled babies tred through the slush and enter an undistinguished building. The temporary sign beside its door reads “MILK DEPOT.” Here the mothers receive medical aid and milk for their babies.
Molecular regulation of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor by long- and short-acting β-agonists

Prolonged exposure to β-agonists significantly decreases β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and receptor number in a variety of tissues or cells, including the airway. This phenomena is referred to a desensitization, and includes both short-term receptor uncoupling from G proteins and longer term receptor down-regulation. Salmeterol, a new β2AR-selective agonist, is widely used as one of the most effective, long-acting bronchodilators for the treatment of nocturnal asthma. Interestingly, it can remain efficacious for as long as 12 hours without promoting functional desensitization. Despite its unique characteristics of resistance to desensitization, the effect of salmeterol on the β2AR-adenylyl cyclase system has not been fully understood. We have previously demonstrated that the β2AR gene can be transcriptionally regulated by its own second messenger, cAMP, through the binding and activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). The present study attempted to explore the molecular regulation of the β2AR by salmeterol in comparison with the shorter-acting βAR-agonist isoproterenol in human bronchial epithelial BEAS2B cells, a cell line which has been widely used as a model for under-standing the regulation of β2AR in the human airway. Our results demonstrates that brief stimulation (10 min) of cells with 10 nM salmeterol produced a modest, but persistant, stimulation of intracellular cAMP levels over several hours. Moreover, during a period of chronic exposure, salmeterol-treated cells do not display the down-regulation of β2AR mRNA levels as observed in isoproterenol-treated cells. Thus, this differential effect on salmeterol on β2AR gene expression may contribute to the ability of this agonist to sustain β2AR-mediated responsiveness, maintaining β2AR number and functional signal transduction. We present a working model to interpret these results.
Schedule-based metrics for the evaluation of clinic performance and potential recovery of cancelled appointments

Abstract Background Assessment of outpatient clinic performance is important to optimize patient access. Metrics based on schedule data may assist with assessment of operational efficiency and recovering cancelled appointments. Objectives To define schedule-based characteristics of clinic operations and to evaluate potential for recovery of cancelled appointments. Methods Sixty-seven weekly cardiology clinics from a single provider over 18 months at an academic medical center were analyzed. Parameters included clinic slots eligible to have patients scheduled (available), slots occupied by appointments (scheduled), and slots for which patients attended the associated visit (appeared). Rates of usage (scheduled/available), appearance (appeared/scheduled), and utilization (appeared/available = usage rate*appearance rate) were calculated. Surplus slots were defined as the difference between available slots and slots occupied by patients that appeared. Cancellation lag-time was defined as the interval between a cancellation and the appointment time. If a patient did not notify the clinic regarding a non-appearance, cancellation lag-time was set to zero. To quantify the impact of a change in clinic operations on efficiency, these metrics were used to evaluate a different cardiologist’s clinic before and after its physical location moved. Results For approximately 900 patient visits, usage and appearance rates were ∼ 80%, yielding a utilization rate of ∼2/3. On average, there were nearly 8 surplus slots per clinic. Approximately 30% of cancellation lag-times had positive values and nearly half of positive cancellation lag-times were >3 h, indicating potential for recovery of those appointments. The intervention analysis showed that usage rate decreased and surplus slots per clinic increased significantly after a change in clinic location. Conclusions Schedule-based analysis provides a framework to assess changes to clinic operations, identify mechanisms underlying inefficiency, and suggest solutions for improving clinic performance (i.e. more schedulers in response to low usage rates). Cancellation lag-time analysis suggests recovering a portion of same-day cancellations is plausible.
Rapid molecular detection of microbial pathogens: breakthroughs and challenges

Microbiological contamination of foods and drinking water is a global problem, and a significant amount of expense is being incurred as a result of such contamination. The microorganisms associated with almost half of all disease outbreaks still go unidentified, primarily as a result of inadequate monitoring and surveillance. Though significant improvements have been made in refining molecular methods for detecting infectious agents, a majority of these methods are being employed only on clinical samples where pathogen densities are much higher than those found in environmental and food samples. Comparative evaluations of the various protocols in terms of cost, sensitivity, specificity, speed, and reproducibility need to be undertaken so that the true applicability of these methods can determined. In the future, molecular methods, especially gene amplifications and in situ hybridizations, will find increasing applications in the differentiation of viable and non-viable organisms, in predicting antimicrobial resistance, and in the identification and characterization of unculturable microorganisms. Though molecular detection methods will not totally replace conventional methods, they will significantly enhance our ability to detect microbial pathogens rapidly.
Unintended Consequences in Use of Increased Risk Donor Kidneys in the New Kidney Allocation Era.

Abstract Background The new kidney allocation system (KAS) intends to allocate the top 20% of kidneys to younger recipients with longer life expectancy. We hypothesized that the new KAS would lead to greater allocation of Public Health Service (PHS) increased-risk donor organs to younger recipients. Methods Analyses of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data of patients who underwent primary deceased kidney transplantation were performed in pre- and post-KAS periods. Results The allocation of PHS increased-risk kidney allografts in various age groups changed significantly after implementation of the new KAS, with an increased proportion of younger individuals receiving increased-risk kidneys (7% vs 10% in age group 20–29 y and 13% vs 18% in age group 30–39 y before and after KAS, respectively; P Conclusions The new KAS resulted in a substantial increase in allocation of PHS increased-risk kidneys to candidates in younger age groups. Because increased-risk kidneys are generally underutilized, future efforts to optimize the utilization of these organs should target younger recipients and their providers.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Acute Lung Injury

Despite extensive research into the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), mortality remains high, approaching 30% even with lung-protective ventilation and a fluid conservative strategy. Pharmacologic therapies that reduce the severity of lung injury in vivo and in vitro have not yet been translated into effective clinical treatment options. Therefore, innovative therapies are needed. Recent studies have suggested that bone-marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have therapeutic applications in multiple clinical disorders, including myocardial infarction, diabetes, sepsis, hepatic failure, and acute renal failure. Recently, MSCs have been studied in several in vivo models of lung disease. This review focuses first on describing the existing experimental literature that has tested the use of MSCs in models of ALI/ARDS, and then on describing the potential mechanisms underlying their therapeutic use with an emphasis on secreted paracrine soluble factors.
Slow thermal equilibration in methylammonium lead iodide revealed by transient mid-infrared spectroscopy.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are emerging semiconductors for cheap and efficient photovoltaics and light-emitting devices. Different from conventional inorganic semiconductors, hybrid perovskites consist of coexisting organic and inorganic sub-lattices, which present disparate atomic masses and bond strengths. The nanoscopic interpenetration of these disparate components, which lack strong electronic and vibrational coupling, presents fundamental challenges to the understanding of charge and heat dissipation. Here we study phonon population and equilibration processes in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) by transiently probing the vibrational modes of the organic sub-lattice following above-bandgap optical excitation. We observe inter-sub-lattice thermal equilibration on timescales ranging from hundreds of picoseconds to a couple of nanoseconds. As supported by a two-temperature model based on first-principles calculations, the slow thermal equilibration is attributable to the sequential phonon populations of the inorganic and organic sub-lattices, respectively. The observed long-lasting thermal non-equilibrium offers insights into thermal transport and heat management of the emergent hybrid material class.
Making and keeping agreements in medieval Catalonia, 1000-1200

catalaL'autor proposa una explicacio del context diplomatic, juridic i politic de l'aparicio de la convenientia -una tipologia documental que estableix un contracte individual i privat al voltant d'una amplia diversitat d'actes juridics, a la Catalunya dels segles XI i XII. Estudia el desenvolupament del seu us social i politic com un element important d'estructura i assenyala les causes de la seva decadencia. EnglishThe author proposes an explanation of the diplomatic, judicial and political context in which the convenientia emerged -a documentary typology which establishes an individual and private agreement in Catalonia during the 11th and 12th centuries, concerning a wide variety of legal acts-, tracing a description of the development of the development of its political and social employment as an important element of structure. He also indicates the causes of its further decline.
Determining the minimum number of online terminals needed to meet various library service policies

L'auteur essaie de definir le nombre minimum de terminaux necessaires pour repondre aux besoins d'une bibliotheque donnee, en prenant en compte differentes variations du temps de reponse moyen
Percutaneous Image-Guided Nodal Biopsy After 11C-Choline PET/CT for Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Imaging Predictors of Disease and Clinical Implications

Abstract Purpose Management of recurrent prostate cancer necessitates timely diagnosis and accurate localization of the sites of recurrent disease. The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of histologic outcomes after 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CholPET) to increase the positive predictive value and specificity of CholPET in identifying imaging predictors of malignant and benign nodal disease to better inform clinical decision making regarding local therapy planning. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of patients undergoing CholPET followed by percutaneous core needle biopsy between January 1, 2010 and January 1, 2016. A total of 153 patients were identified who underwent 166 biopsy procedures. Patient, CholPET, procedural, and pathologic characteristics were recorded. Results A total of 157 biopsies were technically successful, and 110 (70.1%; 95% confidence interval, 62.2-77.1) yielded histologic results abnormal for metastatic prostate cancer. Lesion location, lesion maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUV ratio (calculated as the ratio of SUVmax to SUV mean in the right atrium), prostate-specific antigen, lesion short axis length, total Gleason score, and castration resistance were all associated with abnormal biopsy results ( P values Conclusions In a cohort of patients in whom core needle biopsy was performed after CholPET, characteristics of choline localization including node location, SUVmax, lesion–to–blood pool SUV ratio, prostate-specific antigen, total Gleason score, and castration resistance were significantly associated with abnormal biopsy results for metastatic disease on CholPET. Relatively high false positive rates were found in common iliac, external iliac, and inguinal lymph node locations. Histologic confirmation of these sites should be strongly considered in the appropriate clinical scenario before designing additional local therapy plans.
Processes Controlling Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Predictability in the Community Earth System Model

AbstractSea ice predictability is a rapidly growing area of research, with most studies focusing on the Arctic. This study offers new insights by comparing predictability between the Arctic and Ant...
Activation of endothelial ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) improves post-stroke recovery and angiogenesis via activating Pak1 in mice.

Abstract Background and purpose Long-term disability after stroke is common yet the mechanisms of post-stroke recovery are far from clear. It has been suggested that Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) contributes to functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice. As Rac1 activation plays diverse roles in multiple cell types after central nervous system (CNS) injury, we herein examined the functional role of endothelial Rac1 in post-stroke recovery and angiogenesis. Methods Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in human brain endothelial cell line-5i (HEBC 5i) were performed to mimic ischemic stroke. Lentivirus vectors encoding Rac1 with GFP and endothelial promotor ENG were injected into the animal's brain after stroke to overexpress Rac1. After injection, stroke recovery was tested by multiple behavioral tests including novel object recognition, adhesive removal and single pellet reaching tests. Endothelial regeneration in the peri-infarct zone was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the vitro model, the effect of Rac1 and Pak1 inhibitors to cell proliferation and migration was examined by CCK-8 and wound healing assays after OGD. The cellular protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 were detected by western blots. Results Delayed overexpression of endothelial Rac1 after MCAO improved cognitive and sensorimotor recovery from day 14 to 21 after stroke, increased vascular density and the protein level of pericytes in the peri-infarct zone without altering tissue loss in mice. Consistently, inhibition of Rac1 prevented endothelial proliferation and migration after OGD. Pak1 inhibition exerted a similar effect on endothelial cells. However, co-incubation of Rac1 and Pak1 inhibitors with cells did not lead to additive effects when compared with either inhibitor alone. Moreover, individual inhibition of Rac1 or Pak1 suppressed OGD-induced activation of pro-regenerative molecules, including CREB, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, as well as the production of BDNF in vitro. The level of these proteins did not further decrease if both Rac1 and Pak1 were simultaneously inhibited. Conclusions We conclude that activation of endothelial Rac1 improves functional recovery and angiogenesis after stroke, and this process is mediated by Pak1 signaling. This study provides novel insight for Rac1 in the mechanism of long-term stroke recovery.
Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Symptoms Predict Grief Interview Emotions

This study examined persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) symptoms' ability to predict emotional reactions of 69 bereaved adults who participated in grief interviews. The results supported the predictive validity of PCBD symptoms for both self-report and behavioral observation measures of sadness but with only one behavioral measure of happiness. Furthermore, PCBD symptoms uniquely predicted sadness in all but one measure of that emotion while accounting for symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and separation anxiety. Because interviews are the primary method of psychological evaluation for clinicians, these findings collectively support the validity of the PCBD construct.
Unplanned Return to the Operating Room After Trabeculectomy.

Purpose To determine the unplanned return to operating room (OR) rate within 180 days and at any time postoperatively after trabeculectomy performed or supervised by an attending surgeon and to identify associated factors. Design Retrospective case-control study. Methods Review of 881 eyes that underwent trabeculectomy at an academic glaucoma service between January 2014 and December 2016. Inclusion criteria included adult patients with postoperative follow-up >180 days and no other glaucoma-related surgery within the prior year. For each eye that underwent reoperation, a control was time-matched within 1 month. Results The reoperation rate within 180 days was 9.5% (84/881) and at any time postoperatively was 23.3% (205/881). When intraoperative bleb needling cases were excluded, the reoperation rate was 6.5% (57/881) within 180 days and 13.6% (120/881) at any time postoperatively. Mean postoperative follow-up was 2.9 ± 1.1 years. The most common reoperations within 180 days were bleb revision (32.1%) and intraoperative bleb needling (28.6%) and at any time postoperatively were bleb needling (36.1%), bleb revision (23.9%), and tube shunt implant (13.2%). At last follow-up, eyes that returned to OR and control eyes were similar in terms of mean intraocular pressure (IOP), the proportion of eyes meeting target IOP, and change in visual acuity since the original trabeculectomy. Conclusions Nearly 10% of eyes returned to OR within 180 days and over 20% of eyes required reoperation at any time postoperatively with a mean follow-up of nearly 3 years. Additional studies should evaluate unplanned return to OR as a measure of surgical quality within ophthalmology.
Vulnerability-aware Dynamic Reconfiguration of Partially Protected Caches

Cache vulnerability is a serious design concern due to exponential increase in soft errors with technology scaling. Partially Protected Caches (PPC) is a promising solution to mitigate vulnerability to soft errors in resource-constrained embedded systems. However, PPC suffers from both performance and energy overhead. Dynamic Cache Reconfiguration (DCR) is widely used in embedded systems to save energy and improve performance [13]. In this paper, we propose a methodology which takes advantage of the protected cache to reduce vulnerability, while utilizes reconfigurability to explore the trade-off between vulnerability, energy and performance. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can significantly reduce both vulnerability (up to 87%) and energy consumption (up to 41%) without affecting the performance.
Trajectories of Nicotine and Cannabis Vaping and Polyuse From Adolescence to Young Adulthood.

Importance Little is known about cannabis vaping trajectories across adolescence and young adulthood or the co-occurrence with nicotine vaping. Objective To evaluate nicotine vaping and cannabis vaping trajectories from late adolescence to young adulthood (≥18 years of age) and the extent of polysubstance vaping. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prospective cohort study, 5 surveys (including information on substance vaped) were completed at 10 high schools in the Los Angeles, California, metro area. Students were surveyed at 6-month intervals from fall of 11th grade (October to December 2015; wave 5) through spring of 12th grade (March to June 2017; wave 8) and again approximately 1 to 2 years after high school (October 2018 to October 2019; wave 9). Exposures Past 30-day nicotine and cannabis vaping frequency across 5 waves. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported frequency of nicotine vaping and cannabis vaping within the past 30 days across 5 time points from late adolescence to young adulthood. Trajectories were measured with these past 30-day use frequencies at each wave. Parallel growth mixture modeling estimated conditional probabilities of polysubstance vaping. Results The analytic sample included 3322 participants with at least 1 time point of data (mean [SD] age, 16.50 [0.42] years at baseline; 1777 [53.5%] female; 1573 [47.4%] Hispanic or Latino). Growth mixture modeling identified the 5-trajectory model as optimal for both nicotine vaping and cannabis vaping. Trajectories for nicotine and cannabis vaping were similar (nonusers: 2246 [67.6%] nicotine, 2157 [64.9%] cannabis; infrequent users: 566 [17.0%] nicotine, 608 [18.3%] cannabis; moderate users: 167 [5.0%] nicotine, 233 [7.0%] cannabis; young adult-onset frequent users: 213 [6.4%] nicotine, 190 [5.7%] cannabis; adolescent-onset escalating frequent users: 131 [3.9%] nicotine, 134 [4.0%] cannabis). Males had greater odds of belonging to the adolescent-onset escalating frequent users nicotine (adjusted odds ratio, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.58-5.23; P < .01) and cannabis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.95; 95% CI,1.03-3.66; P < .05) vaping trajectories compared with nonusers. Polysubstance vaping was common, with those in trajectories reflecting more frequent nicotine vaping (adolescent-onset escalating frequent users and young adult-onset frequent users) having a high probability of membership (85% and 93%, respectively) in a cannabis-use trajectory. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, the prevalence and type of nicotine vaping and cannabis vaping developmental trajectories from late adolescence to young adulthood were similar. Polysubstance vaping was common from late adolescence to young adulthood, particularly among those reporting more frequent vaping use. The findings suggest that public health policy and clinical interventions should address polysubstance vaping in both adolescence and young adulthood.
A content analysis of YouTube depression personal account videos and their comments

Abstract Around 20% of teens seeking health information about depression online watch YouTube videos to find the information. However, the content of depression-related YouTube videos remains understudied. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify if DPAVs reference youth, suicidality, and depression treatments. DPAVs were identified using 4 search phrases on YouTube and included if they were longer than 2 ​min, from a unique creator, and had more than 5000 views. Videos were evaluated based on a codebook that included presence of youth references, suicidality references, and references to and advocacy for clinical treatments. The first twenty comments, sorted by “Top Comments,” on each video were evaluated based on the above variables as well as the commenter’s reaction to the video/creator. Inter-rater agreement was 88% for the video codebook and 97.96% for the comment codebook. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze frequencies, and 2-proportion z-tests were utilized for comparisons. 77 DPAVs and 1540 comments were evaluated. Youth and suicidality references were present in 50 videos (64.94%) each. Youth references were mentioned in 89 comments (5.78%) and suicidality in 113 comments (7.34%). Many videos (66.23%) referenced at least one clinical treatment. Fewer videos (36.36%) advocated for a clinical treatment or diagnostic testing. The results support that DPAVs often have youth-oriented content and address stigmatized and serious topics. These videos may be a relatively new way that youth with depression can seek support and insight about those topics. Few creators advocated for clinical treatment, raising concerns about the messages conveyed in DPAVs. Intervention efforts should include educating creators to be more knowledgeable about the treatment options available and encouraging providers to discuss this content with viewers and creators or create their own content.
The effects of simple density-dependent prey diffusion and refuge in a predator-prey system

Abstract We study a spatial (two-dimensional) Rosenzweig-MacArthur model under the following assumptions: (1) prey spread follows a nonlinear diffusion rule, (2) preys have a refuge zone (sometimes called “protection zone”) where predators cannot enter, (3) predators move following linear diffusion. We present a bifurcation analysis for the system that shows the existence of positive solutions at the steady state. We complement the theoretical results with numerical computations and compare our results with those obtained in the case of having linear diffusion for the prey movement. Our results show that both models, with linear and nonlinear diffusion for the prey, have the same bifurcation point and the positive solution curves are virtually the same in a neighborhood of this point, but they get drastically different as the bifurcation parameter approaches zero.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic computed tomography for preclinical research and clinical translation

We introduce a three-dimensional photoacoustic computed tomography (3D-PACT) system with unparalleled imaging depth, clarity, and speed, and demonstrate that the imaged structural and functional optical contrast provide a unique tool for preclinical research and an appealing prototype for clinical translation. 3D-PACT allows for multipurpose imaging of biological tissues ranging from the rodent brain to the human breast. In the rat brain, we visualized whole brain vasculatures, oxygenation dynamics, intrinsic functional connectivity, and electrical-stimulation-induced hemodynamics. In the human breast, an in vivo imaging depth of 4 cm has been achieved by scanning the breast within a single breath hold of 10 seconds. 3D-PACT holds a high reliability to reproducibly generate detailed images with a contrast similar to that provided by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, yet with higher spatiotemporal resolution and without using exogenous contrast agents.
Roper, Graham, Miller, & the MS-13 Juvenile Homicide Cases

The majority of MS-13 suspects arrested for murder on Long Island in recent years have been minors. This shocking and tragic phenomenon raises vexing issues for law enforcement, the courts, politicians, educators, and all citizens in communities plagued by gang violence. This Note focuses on a single legal issue: in light of recent Supreme Court cases, beginning with the 2005 landmark ruling in Roper v. Simmons, how should judges impose sentences on persons convicted of committing homicide before their eighteenth birthday? Although we will see that the holdings of the three leading Supreme Court cases addressing this question are reasonably clear, many challenging questions remain for sentencing judges who attempt to faithfully apply these decisions. This Note will explore some of these issues through the prism of MS-13 juvenile-homicide cases, using the sentencing of Josue Portillo for his quadruple murder when he was 15 years-old, as a case study. This Note proceeds in three parts. Part I sets the stage for studying the Supreme Court’s juvenile sentencing jurisprudence. It takes a step back in order to orient the landmark trilogy of cases—Roper, Graham, and Miller—within the broader legal framework of criminal and juvenile justice. It is broken into three subcategories. Subpart (A) briefly explains the principal justifications for punishing criminality. After better understanding why we punish altogether, Subpart (B) analyzes why juveniles should be punished differently from adults. This is explored very briefly from a historical, political, and legal perspective. Subpart (C) explains in what circumstances juveniles in the justice system are treated like adults and why, again from a historical, political, and legal perspective. Part II examines how the Supreme Court limited in some measure the punishments that can be meaded out to juveniles, even if being sentenced within the adult criminal justice system. Roper, Graham, and Miller are explored in detail, as well as some of the preceding cases that paved the road to these landmark rulings, and some subsequent cases. Part III analyzes how judges should implement the guidance given by the Supreme Court in these cases. The analysis will trace Josue Portillo’s case but its implications apply across the field of juvenile justice.
Primary peripheral T-cell central nervous system lymphoma.

Background Primary peripheral T-cell central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare, aggressive tumor that arises in the craniospinal axis and has an increased risk in individuals who are immunocompromised. This lesion often mimics other benign and malignant processes on radiographic imaging, leading to misdiagnosis and delays in treatment. We present a case of a patient with a history of Sjogren's syndrome and progressive neurologic symptoms who underwent craniotomy for diagnosis. Case description A 61-year-old woman with a history of Sjogren's syndrome, progressive aphasia, left facial droop, and right-sided paresthesias for 4 months presented for evaluation and management. An enhancing, infiltrative lesion in the left frontal lobe with underlying vasogenic edema was appreciated and suggestive of a primary or metastatic neoplasm. The patient underwent an open biopsy for further evaluation of the lesion. Extensive histopathologic evaluation revealed a diagnosis of T-cell PCNSL. The patient was started on induction methotrexate and temozolomide followed by consolidative radiotherapy. Conclusion Autoimmune conditions are a risk factor for T-cell PCNSL development. T-cell PCNSL has radiographic and gross histologic features that are consistent with a broad differential, including gliomas and inflammatory processes. Prompt diagnosis and extensive histopathological evaluation is essential to ensure appropriate treatment.
Adaptive Model Predictive Control for DC-DC Power Converters With Parameters’ Uncertainties

This research investigates the Adaptive Model Predictive Controller (AMPC) and Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) control system for a direct current (dc-dc) buck-boost converter, considering the parameters’ uncertainty. The LPV model and the AMPC are explicitly constructed to perform a robust control design for the proposed dc-dc converter. The LPV model was created out of a set of linearized systems at different operating conditions to perform Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) models. Due to the dc-dc converter’s nonlinear characteristic, the performed LTI models might have declination, which the AMPC can perfectly address by adapting the prediction model for the changes in the operating conditions. The proposed AMPC control system was implemented in a simulation environment as well as in a real-time environment on an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller to test its robustness and quality. The proposed AMPC control system works well compared with some existing control system algorithms at different prediction horizons. Also, the comparison considers the designed Gain Scheduling Proportional Integral (G.S-PI) and the regular Model Predictive (reg-MPC) Controllers were implemented without using the LPV model to test their performance against the proposed converter’s parameters uncertainties.
Emmanuel Levinas, Radical Orthodoxy, and an Ontology of Originary Peace

Radical Orthodoxy, a growing movement among contemporary Christian theologians, argues that the prominent philosophical paradigms of modern and postmodern thought lack transcendence, are ultimately nihilistic, and are guided by an ontology of violence. Among the thinkers Radical Orthodoxy criticizes are Hegel, Nietzsche, and Hobbes, but surprisingly also the Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, whom they claim offers an ethics for nihilists. In this essay, I analyze the claims of two prominent thinkers in Radical Orthodoxy, John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock, and argue that their account of Levinas is not only unfounded but point out the ways in which Levinas himself is also just as critical of the prevailing ontology of violence that figures in modern accounts of intersubjectivity and politics. Indeed, in his own way, Levinas also offers an ontology of peace, making him an important dialogue partner for Radical Orthodoxy's construction of an alternative ethics and politics.
The comparative costs of implementing in-person and computerized interventions to enhance treatment receipt among drug-involved probationers

Background MAPIT is a three-arm randomized controlled trial assessing in-person Motivational Interviewing (MI) condition versus computerized (MAPIT )c ondition versus control. Our goal is to estimate the costs and cost-effectiveness for the study. We present preliminary findings on the startup costs and the implementation costs of the two intervention conditions, MI and MAPIT. To our knowledge, there is no published study of the cost-effectiveness of MI as a pretreatment intervention in a criminal justice setting. Similarly, there is no evidence to date on the cost-effectiveness of relevant web-based interventions in a criminal justice setting. An important contribution of this study is that it will address these significant gaps in the literature. Methods
Fricative inspection with wavelet analysis

At mode changing operation of car's air-conditioner, we have a fricative problem. We're inspecting all products using headphone by persons. Our goal is to invent an automated fricative inspection system. We report the wavelet technology with (1) spike-noise-cut filter, (2) superposition filter, and (3) features extract with image processing. As the result, we can carry out to inspect fricative in factory noise circumstance.