cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement techniques for fuel stability characterization

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at high pressure was used to measure oxidation onset temperature and gum-forming tendency of shale derived diesel and jet fuels. Less than 1 mg of fuel was required for each test. For measuring oxidation onset temperature the scanning mode of the DSC instrument was used, with a heating rate of 40/sup 0/C per minute and oxygen pressure of 520 psia. For measurement of gum-forming tendency, the fuel was first oxidized in the DSC at 170/sup 0/C and oxygen pressure of 650 psia. The oxidized residue was then heated slowly in a thermogravimetric analyzer and gum content computed from the weight loss curve. The DSC results for the shale-derived fuels were compared to the results for a petroleum jet fuel. It was found that the shale-derived marine diesel fuel was less resistant to oxidation and formed more gum than the petroleum jet fuels. The shale-derived jet fuels were more stable than the petroleum jet fuel. The results of the DSC tests were also compared with accelerated stability tests and JFTOT tests. There was qualitative correspondence between the DSC tests results and the accelerated stability and JFTOT results.
The changing nature of flooding across the central United States

Climate models predict an increase in intense rainfall events due to a warmer atmosphere retaining more moisture. This study looks at observations from the central USA and reports that there has been an increase in the frequency of flooding, but little evidence for larger flood peaks.
Activation of contraction in cat ventricular myocytes: effects of low Cd2+ concentration and temperature

The effects of Cd(2+) (20 microM) and different bath temperatures were used to study the contributions of two separate triggering mechanisms, L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca)) and reverse mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, to excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling in cat ventricular myocytes. Ionic currents and cell shortening were studied with patch pipettes filled with K(+)-containing internal solution and discontinuous ("switch") voltage clamp. Superfusion with Cd(2+) blocked cell shortening that closely mirrored the block of I(Ca); the voltage dependence of Cd(2+)-induced reduction in contraction was bell-shaped, displaying minima at test potentials below -10 mV and above +50 mV and a maximum at about +20 mV. Cd(2+)-insensitive cell shortening was blocked by ryanodine (10 microM) and Ni(2+) (4-5 mM). When an action potential was used as the command waveform for the voltage clamp (action potential clamp), Cd(2+) reduced contraction to approximately 60 +/- 7% of control cell shortening (n = 7). The remaining contraction was blocked by ryanodine and Ni(2+). Superfusion with nifedipine (10 microM) caused nearly identical effects to Cd(2+). The voltage dependence of contraction was sigmoidal at temperatures above 34 degrees C but bell-shaped below 30 degrees C. When Cd(2+) was added to superfusate, contraction was abolished at 25 degrees C (to 6 +/- 3% of control) but reduced only modestly at 34 degrees C (to 65 +/- 13% of control, test potential +10 mV, n = 4, P < 0.01). These results indicate that 1) there is a component of contraction that is sensitive to I(Ca) antagonists, and the block is equivalent with either organic or inorganic antagonists; 2) the contribution of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange to triggering of contraction under our experimental conditions is fairly linear throughout the entire voltage range tested; 3) the contribution of I(Ca) is superimposed on this background component contributed by the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger; and 4) triggering via the exchanger is temperature-dependent, providing a major contribution at physiological temperatures but failing at temperatures below 30 degrees C in a nearly all-or-none fashion.
Two New Genera and Three New Combinations in Neotropical Capparaceae

Abstract. Two new genera and three new combinations are proposed herein for Neotropical Capparaceae: Caphexandra, a monospecific genus of shrubs or small trees from southern Mexico to Panama, distinguished by the branchlets with subterminal small cataphylls on the raceme axis, calyces with closed aestivation in bud with the outer pair of sepals enclosing the dimorphic inner pair, asymmetric corollas with large unguiculate petals, long (2–5 mm) narrowly-lanceolate floral nectaries, and six stamens arranged in one whorl, which at anthesis forms adaxially an hemiorbicular arc opposite to the gynophore. Caphexandra is represented only by the new combination C. heydeana, a species of horticultural interest herein transferred from Capparis, and Preslianthus, a genus of shrubs or trees from Nicaragua to Brazil, characterized by a stellate pubescence, and flowers with stamens conspicuously accrescent just before anthesis. Preslianthus comprises the following two species, herein proposed as new combinations, also ...
Effects of endoscopic sinus surgery and delivery device on cadaver sinus irrigation

Objective Assess paranasal sinus distribution of topical solutions following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) using various delivery devices. Study design Experimental prospective study. Subjects and methods Ten cadaver sinus systems were irrigated with Gastroview before surgery, after ESS, and after medial maxillectomy. Delivery was via pressurized spray (NasaMist), neti pot (NasaFlo), and squeeze bottle (Sinus Rinse). Scans were performed before and after each delivery with a portable CT machine (Xoran xCAT), and blinded assessments were made for distribution to individual sinuses. Results Total sinus distribution was greater post-ESS (P squeeze bottle > pressurized spray (P Conclusion ESS greatly enhances the delivery of nasal solutions, regardless of delivery device. Pressurized spray solutions in un-operated sinuses provide little more than nasal cavity distribution. Use of squeeze bottle/neti pot post-ESS offers a greatly enhanced ability to deliver solutions to the paranasal sinuses.
Gender, Ethnicity, and Power

Group-based power is generally associated with three types of group distinctions: adult-child, gender, and ethnicity. We argue that gender-based power is not comparable to ethnic-based power, in part because the forms and degree of institutional discrimination experienced by men and women of subordinate ethnic groups are not similar to one another, and in part because stereotypes and categorization processes pertaining to gender are not comparable across ethnic groups. Finally, in experiments using college students as participants, we show that whether applicants are placed into occupations that would enhance or attenuate group-based inequality depends jointly on job applicants' ethnicity and gender. Implications for theories of inequality based on gender and ethnicity and the relationship of gendered power to other group-based forms of power are discussed.
Large-scale constrained clustering for rationalizing pickup and delivery operations

Abstract The paper presents a three-phase procedure for clustering a large number of data points subject to both configuration and resource constraints. Motivated by the desire of a shipping carrier to reduce its fixed costs, the problem is to construct a set of compact work areas for regional pickup and delivery operations. In general terms, the objective is to find the minimum number of clusters (homogeneous vehicles) that satisfy volume, time and contiguity constraints. The problem is placed in context by formulating it as a mixed-integer goal program. Because practical instances contain anywhere from 6000 to 50,000 data points and can only be described in probabilistic terms, it is not possible to obtain provably optimal solutions to the proposed model. Instead, a novel solution methodology is developed that makes use of metaheuristic and mathematical programming techniques. In the preprocessing phase, a fraction of the data points are aggregated to reduce the problem size. This is shown to substantially decrease the computational burden without compromising solution quality. In the main step, an efficient adaptive search procedure is used to form the clusters. Randomness is introduced at each inner iteration to ensure a full exploration of the feasible region, and an incremental slicing scheme is used to overcome local optimality. In metaheuristic terms, these two refinements are equivalent to diversification and intensification search strategies. To improve the results, a set covering problem is solved in the final phase. The individual clusters obtained from the heuristic provide the structure for this model. To test the methodology, six data sets provided by the sponsoring company were analyzed. All runs for the first two phases took less than 4 min, and in all but one case produced a tangible improvement over the current service area configurations. The set covering solution provided further improvement, which collectively averaged 11.2%.
Fielding and Italian Opera

As his era's most prolific writer of ballad operas, Henry Fielding knew music well and was particularly outspoken about Italian opera, the reigning London fashion of the day. While he recognized how moving its "soft alluring Strain" could be, as a nationalist he resented the imported form, which he feared would corrupt and emasculate the English. Moreover, if he objected to it on moral grounds, he did so on aesthetic ones as well. As a believer in the supremacy of the word, he regarded the genre's elevation of music over text as a reversal of the proper hierarchy; and with the operas performed in a language that the audience did not understand, he saw them as failing in art's basic mission to inform and instruct. Indeed, in the eyes of Fielding and many of his literary peers, Italian opera came to symbolize the ultimate triumph of sound over sense.
Limitations to elemental substitution as exemplified by the platinum-group metals

Substitution is often touted as a potential solution to concerns regarding material supply restrictions, yet the degree to which substitution can abate these concerns has not been fully explored. This article examines the issue of elemental substitution by identifying potential substitutes for the platinum-group metals (PGMs) and highlighting factors that may limit substitution in each of their major commercial applications. The findings suggest that substitution is often not possible or is impractical due to various technical and economic reasons. When suitable substitutes are available they are often other PGMs or elements in close proximity to the PGMs on the periodic table, namely Ni, Co, and Au. In several cases, however, substitution has already occurred and further substitution may not be possible. Furthermore, the co-production of PGMs and their most promising potential substitutes from the same mineral deposits limits their ability to substitute for one another in the event of a supply disruption. The combination of these factors suggests that PGM substitution potential for current high-volume applications is limited and that further efforts are needed to develop new technologies that avoid the use of PGMs in order to significantly decrease our reliance on them in the future.
Self-report of Guardians Ad Litem: Provision of information to judges in child abuse and neglect cases

Reporting patterns of Guardians Ad Litem to judges in cases on child abuse and neglect were studied. Guardians indicated which information they had included in reports to judges in recently adjudicated cases of child abuse and neglect. Information reported in child abuse cases was compared with information reported in neglect cases, and the pattern of reporting was found to be the same in both types of cases. Guardians most frequently included information concerning the child's physical safety, the interaction between the parent(s) and the child, and personality characteristics of the parent(s). Less frequently reported was information regarding conflict in the home and family enmeshment.
TRENDS OF AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FOODGRAIN IN THE NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA

The present study was undertaken to study the trends of area, production and productivity of food grain in the northeastern states. The study was based on secondary data from 1980–81 to 2011–12. The data was collected from several government publications and web site. To analyze the trend of area, production and productivity of food grains in northeastern states, the linear, quadratic and exponential functional forms were used. To fit the trend, linear functional form was used due to its higher R2 value as compared to other two forms. Besides these, compound growth rate, coefficient of variation and instability index was also estimated. The effects of area, productivity and their interaction towards increasing production were also estimated in the present study. The growing of food grain crops was not risky in the northeastern states as revealed by the lower coefficient of variation. The coefficients of variation (CV) of area, production and productivity of food grain crops were less than 0.551 percent. The instability indices for area, production and productivity for food grain crops in the northeastern states were positive and thereby indicating less risk for growing food grain crops in the region. The increase in production is due to increase in area as well as interaction of area and productivity of food grain crops in the states.
When 'Disruption' Collides with Accountability: Holding Ridesharing Companies Liable for Acts of Their Drivers

When Uber launched in San Francisco in 2010, it took the city by storm. Here was a high-tech transportation service that seemingly did everything better than taxicabs: it was more convenient, more accessible, more comfortable, and even cheaper in many instances. Uber’s initial success inspired a number of lower-cost, non-professional “ridesharing” options, which have flourished. Some skeptics, including taxicab operators, have decried the arrival of these peer-to-peer ridesharing services, now classified by regulators as Transportation Network Companies (TNCs). While such complaints could be easily dismissed as the dying groans of a “disrupted” industry, a string of passenger safety incidents has raised doubts about whether these services are ready to safely replace traditional transportation services. One critical gray area for consumers is whether injured parties can recover from TNCs rather than their drivers alone. This Note argues that TNCs should be liable for acts of their drivers, and it provides a novel approach — the nondelegable duty rule — that has yet to be argued by plaintiffs in existing cases. Such an approach will place responsibility where it should be: on the companies profiting from the drivers and passengers. More importantly, preventing TNCs from exploiting regulatory loopholes has broader implications for the rapidly growing “sharing economy.”
My friend Lucas and Foldscope

© Prakash This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and redistribution in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited. I have known my friend Lucas for only a few months; but after Foldscoping outdoors for two or three times; he noticed that I collect tiny little things. And one day, I open the door and Lucas is at the door with his own bag of tiny little things and he tells me “I want to see this in the microscope”.. It was music to my ears and we got immediately to work. Lucas parents are incredible naturalists/biologists; and Mr Lucas can name way way more more birds by spotting compared to me. But that story is for another day. Here I finally ended up documenting his passion for the small world and his smile when he spots something under a Foldscope. Take a look.
Direct Measurements of Surface Scattering in Si Nanosheets Using a Microscale Phonon Spectrometer: Implications for Casimir-Limit Predicted by Ziman Theory

Thermal transport in nanostructures is strongly affected by phonon-surface interactions, which are expected to depend on the phonon’s wavelength and the surface roughness. Here we fabricate silicon nanosheets, measure their surface roughness (∼1 nm) using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and assess the phonon scattering rate in the sheets with a novel technique: a microscale phonon spectrometer. The spectrometer employs superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) to produce and detect controllable nonthermal distributions of phonons from ∼90 to ∼870 GHz. This technique offers spectral resolution nearly 10 times better than a thermal conductance measurement. We compare measured phonon transmission rates to rates predicted by a Monte Carlo model of phonon trajectories, assuming that these trajectories are dominated by phonon-surface interactions and using the Ziman theory to predict phonon-surface scattering rates based on surface topology. Whereas theory predicts a diffuse surface scattering probability of less ...
Leucine dense whey proteins

Herein we review the efficacy of whey protein consumption in support of skeletal muscle protein health. The essential amino acid leucine has been identified as an important signaling molecule, which regulates skeletal muscle protein anabolism. Whey protein has a uniquely high leucine density. Consequently, whey protein has been shown to increase anabolic signaling in skeletal muscle to a greater extent than proteins with lesser leucine densities, such as plant proteins. Further, the benefits of whey protein consumption are augmented when combined with resistance training.
In Situ Chemical Functionalization of a Single Carbon Nanotube Functionalized AFM Tip using a Correlated Optical and Atomic Force Microscope

We present a method for performing nanoscale wet chemistry on single carbon nanotubes as well as spectroscopic characterization of the functionalized molecules using a coupled atomic force microscope (AFM) and optical microscope. An AFM probe was functionalized with a single multiwalled carbon nanotube and then locally oxidized by dipping it into nitric acid (HNO3) in situ using AFM manipulation. Raman scattering was collected from the carbon nanotube functionalized probe before and after the oxidation reaction. An increase in the Raman D band was observed after the acid treatment, demonstrating that oxidation had occurred. This is the first step towards developing a real-time technique for dynamic studies of chemical reactions on single nanoparticles/molecules.
Spectral tuning in halorhodopsin: the chloride pump photoreceptor.

The spectral tuning of halorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum (shR) during anion transport was analyzed at the molecular level using DFT-QM/MM [SORCI+Q//B3LYP/6-31G(d):Amber96] hybrid methods. Insights into the influence of Cl– depletion, Cl– substitution by N3– or NO3–, and mutation of key amino acid residues along the ion translocation pathway (H95A, H95R, Q105E, R108H, R108I, R108K, R108Q, T111V, R200A, R200H, R200K, R200Q, and T203V) were analyzed for the first time in a fully atomistic model of the shR photoreceptor. We found evidence that structural rearrangements mediated by specific hydrogen bonds of internal water molecules and counterions (D238 and Cl–) in the active site induce changes in the bond-length alternation of the all-trans retinyl chromophore and affect the wavelength of maximal absorption in shR.
Novel Low Temperature Molten Salt Synthesis of a Li5La3Nb2O12 Solid State Electrolyte and Its Properties

The solid state electrolyte (SSE) of Li5La3Nb2O12 (LLNO) was synthesized via a novel molten salt synthesis (MSS) method at the relatively low temperature of 900°C. The low sintering temperature prevented the loss of lithium that commonly occurs during synthesis of the SSE using conventional solid state or wet chemical reactions. Recent publications have demonstrated that preserving the Li content is critical in improving the ionic conductivity of SSEs. The LLNO in this experiment showed a high Li-ion conductivity which is comparable to other values reported for LLNO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed the formation of the cubic garnet Ia-3d crystal structure. In addition, the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed a uniform grain size and crack-free microstructure. These results demonstrate that MSS is a powerful synthesis method to fabricate LLNO at a relatively low temperature while still achieving a high quality material.
Analysis on Detected Bacteria and Drug Sensitivity of Hemoculture in Children

Objective To study the distribution of detected bacteria and drug sensitivity in recent one year in order to use the antibiotics reasonably.Methods There were 559 strains of detected bacteria in hemoculture from July 2003 to June 2004 with BACTEC-9120 Autoanalyzer,API and M-H agar scrip diffusion method.Results The CN-S was(45.26%) detected and SA was 6.08%,drug-resistance enterococcus and micrococcus were 4th and 6th in 4.29% and(3.40%.) The drug of detected gram positive bacteria sensitive to were vancomycin,cefaperazone,cefazolin,fosfomycin,and ceftriaxone.The septicaemia with multibacteria trended increase 30.2%.Conclusion The gram positive bacteria was main detected spectrum and CN-S was the first.The low virulence conditional pathogenic bacteria was common.The treatment of antibiotics should be taken and monitored according to the detected results.
Introduction to STEM Education

We provide a brief review of STEM’s history, particularly as it relates to the philosophical mode of inquiry used in the book. The introductions here include discussions of STEM as a whole as well as some examples from among STEM subfields, such as mathematics and science education. Notably absent in this review is the use of philosophical methods, thus justifying our present inquiry. In the final section, we motivate our philosophical inquiry with a review of the little scholarship attending to it, mostly the philosophies of mathematics and science that are just beginning to be applied to education research.
Prostate cancer: Birth of a standard: MET-RADS-P for metastatic prostate cancer.

METastasis Reporting and Data System for Prostate Cancer (MET-RADS-P) is the first effort to provide the burgeoning field of whole body-MRI (WB-MRI) with minimum standards of image acquisition, interpretation, and reporting; it should act as a catalyst for promoting the use of this promising method.
Identifying the determinants of online retail patronage: A perceived-risk perspective

Abstract The literature has examined the determinants of retail patronage from various perspectives, however, its online counterpart has received less attention. This study adapts a perceived-risk perspective to identify the antecedents of online retailers’ service quality and subsequent online patronage behavior. In addition, the contextual role of security concerns is also examined. Data were collected from online shoppers, and PLS-SEM was used for analysis. The results indicate that product quality, price transparency, and website convenience are positively associated with service quality. In addition, security concerns negatively moderate the relationship between service quality and online retail patronage. Implications for research and managers are discussed.
Nemaline Myopathy: Clinical Study

Clinical and genetic characteristics, prognostic risk factors, and classification of nemaline myopathy (NM) are examined in a study of 143 cases identified at two centers in Australia and North America and reported from the Neurogenetics Research Unit, University of Sydney, Australia; Children’s Hospital, Boston; and other centers.
Determination of isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) concentration of soybean seed as affected by environment and management inputs.

Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are produced in soybean seed [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and may be associated with health benefits in the human diet. More research is required to determine the effect of agronomic soybean treatments on isoflavone concentration. In this study from 2012 to 2014 at Michigan State University and Breckenridge locations, we have evaluated agronomic input management systems which are marketed to increase or protect potential soybean grain yield, including: nitrogen fertilization, herbicide-defoliant, foliar applied fertilizer, a biological-based foliar application, foliar applied fungicide, foliar applied insecticide, a seed applied fungicide, and a maximized seed treatment that included fungicide and insecticide as well as an inoculant and lipo-chitooligosaccharide nodulation promoter, for their effect on soybean seed genistein and daidzein concentrations.; Results: Paired comparisons were made between treatments receiving a designated management input and those without the input. Year and location had a significant effect on isoflavone concentrations. Agronomic management inputs impacted soybean seed daidzein concentrations in 15 of 48 field observations and genistein concentrations in 11 of 48 observations.; Conclusion: The research supports findings that soybean seed isoflavone levels exhibit a location specific response, and the temporal variability experienced between years appears to influence changes in soybean isoflavone levels more than location. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Recent Developments in Chain-Growth Polymerizations of Conjugated Polymers

In this Review, we discuss recent developments and advancements in chain-growth polymerizations for conjugated polymers. Controlled synthesis methods will produce conjugated polymers with finely tuned properties and facilitate their development in new industrial applications. We begin with a discussion on the inherent differences between step-growth, chain-growth, and controlled chain-growth polymerization mechanisms. We emphasize that verification of polymerization mechanisms by kinetic analyses is necessary for the development of new controlled polymerizations. Next, we highlight recent advances in this rapidly growing field. Controlled syntheses of conjugated polymers usually employ a catalyst transfer mechanism, but techniques utilizing different controlled mechanisms are also beginning to emerge. We then highlight reported limitations that serve as a platform for future studies. Finally, to emphasize the potential of controlled chain-growth polymerizations, the synthesis of conjugated block copolymer...
Advanced Control: The Augmented SDRE Technique

This chapter introduces the augmented state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique for the advanced control of the tandem cold metal rolling process. The advantages of the SDRE method when compared to conventional control are presented. The characteristics of several other advanced control methods are included for evaluation in light of the augmented SDRE method. A brief introductory discussion on linear quadratic control concepts also is included as background in preparation for the presentation of the SDRE technique. The results of simulations using the augmented SDRE method as applied to typical tandem cold rolling applications show the effectiveness of this technique for control of the tandem cold rolling process.
Effects of the kinase inhibitor sorafenib on heart, muscle, liver and plasma metabolism in vivo using non-targeted metabolomics analysis

Background and purpose The human kinome consists of roughly 500 kinases, including 150 that have been proposed as therapeutic targets. Protein kinases regulate an array of signalling pathways that control metabolism, cell cycle progression, cell death, differentiation and survival. It is not surprising, then, that new kinase inhibitors developed to treat cancer, including sorafenib, also exhibit cardiotoxicity. We hypothesized that sorafenib cardiotoxicity is related to its deleterious effects on specific cardiac metabolic pathways given the critical roles of protein kinases in cardiac metabolism. Experimental approach FVB/N mice (10 per group) were challenged with sorafenib or vehicle control daily for 2 weeks. Echocardiographic assessment of the heart identified systolic dysfunction consistent with cardiotoxicity in sorafenib-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated controls. Heart, skeletal muscle, liver and plasma were flash frozen and prepped for non-targeted GC-MS metabolomics analysis. Key results Compared to vehicle-treated controls, sorafenib-treated hearts exhibited significant alterations in 11 metabolites, including markedly altered taurine/hypotaurine metabolism (25-fold enrichment), identified by pathway enrichment analysis. Conclusions and implications These studies identified alterations in taurine/hypotaurine metabolism in the hearts and skeletal muscles of mice treated with sorafenib. Interventions that rescue or prevent these sorafenib-induced changes, such as taurine supplementation, may be helpful in attenuating sorafenib-induced cardiac injury.
Lorenz Chaotic System-Based Carbon Nanotube Physical Unclonable Functions

Physical unclonable function (PUF) is an advanced hardware security technology. Most conventional encryption approaches rely on the secure keys stored in nonvolatile memory, which are vulnerable to physical attacks. In contrast, PUF exploits the hardware fabrication variations to generate secure keys. As there are significant fabrication induced variations in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based circuits, they are natural candidates for building highly secure PUFs. However, existing PUFs are reported to be vulnerable to machine learning modeling attacks. In this paper, we develop a novel CNT PUF design through leveraging Lorenz chaotic system. Lorenz chaotic system magnifies the differences among responses of similar challenges. This salient feature gives the superior security performance, making the PUF design resistant to machine learning modeling attacks. Our experimental results demonstrate that these attacking methods can achieve very high bit-wise prediction rates for the standard CNT PUF. In contrast, when hacking the proposed Lorenz chaotic system-based CNT PUF, they become much less effective, where only up to 55% bit-wise prediction rates can be achieved.
Prefrontal Recruitment Mitigates Risk-Taking Behavior in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Young Adults.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (HIV+) young adults often engage in risk-taking behavior. However, the disruptive effects of HIV on the neurobiological underpinnings of risky decision making are not well understood. Methods Risky decision making, measured via the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), was compared voxel-wise to resting cerebral blood flow (rCBF) acquired via arterial spin labeling. Separate topographical maps were obtained for HIV-uninfected (HIV-; n = 62) and HIV+ (n = 41) young adults (18-24 years old) and were compared to the full cohort of participants. For the HIV+ group, rCBF was compared to recent and nadir CD4. Results IGT performance was supported by rCBF in 3 distinct brain regions: regions I, II, and III. The relationship between IGT performance and rCBF in HIV+ individuals was most robust in region I, the ventromedial prefrontal and insular cortices. Region II contained strong relationships for both HIV- and HIV+. Region III, dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices, contained relationships that were strongest for HIV- controls. IGT performance was intact among HIV+ participants with higher rCBF in either region I or region III. By contrast, performance was worse among HIV+ individuals with lower rCBF in both regions I and III when compared to HIV- controls (P = .01). rCBF in region III was reduced in HIV+ compared with HIV- individuals (P = .04), and positively associated with nadir CD4 cell count (P = .02). Conclusions Recruitment of executive systems (region III) mitigates risk-taking behavior in HIV+ and HIV- individuals. Recruitment of reward systems (region I) mitigates risk-taking behavior when region III is disrupted due to immunological compromise. Identifying individual recruitment patterns may aid anatomically directed therapeutics or psychosocial interventions.
Classical Chinese Conceptions of Argumentation and Persuasion

(1993). Classical Chinese Conceptions of Argumentation and Persuasion. Argumentation and Advocacy: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 105-115.
What Nietzsche Does and Does Not Teach Us

Friedrich Nietzsche left many intellectual legacies, but few are as ambiguous as his thinking about politics. On the one hand, his calls for liberation all seem to revolve around the individual's p...
Structural characterization of SSZ-26 and SSZ-33 molecular sieves by high resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction

Summary Framework structures of SSZ-26 and SSZ-33 molecular sieves have been characterized in detail by using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and electron diffraction techniques. SSZ-26 and SSZ-33 have similar 3-D pore systems. They are the intergrowth of two end members which have intersecting 10- and 12-member rings. Direct evidence for the two polymorphs and stacking faults has been obtained. For the first time, the 2-D, 3-connected structural net for the projected framework structure has been successfully derived from experimental high resolution images.
Focus on health promotion: self-efficacy in oncology nursing research and practice.

Purpose/objectives To discuss self-efficacy in oncology nursing research and practice in promoting health for people with cancer. Data sources Published articles, abstracts, and books; consultations. Data synthesis Self-efficacy has much merit as a concept to guide oncology nursing research and practice related to health promotion. It has strong predictive capability in nononcology populations for determining the likelihood of individuals engaging in health-promotion behaviors. In oncology, it has been an effective determinant to predict disease prevention and early-detection behaviors and adaptation to cancer. Conclusions Self-efficacy provides prescriptive specificity to guide clinical interventions to promote health in people with cancer. Implications for nursing practice Exercise for people with cancer recently has been emphasized, and specific examples of cancer nursing research and practice using self-efficacy to increase participation in this health-promotion behavior have been suggested. Research that tests this concept further as a basis for health promotion in people with cancer is needed.
Model feasible interactions in distributed real-time systems

When a distributed system contains only causal relations from input events to output events, an interaction diagram (id) provides a convenient mechanism to study observable behaviors of the system as all events can be mapped to a set of global times that preserve the initial causal relations. However, the interaction diagram focuses only on causal orders among distributed events, which is not sufficient for most real-time applications. Furthermore, in real-time context, a feasible interaction is the one that satisfies not only causal constraints and precedence constraints, but also real-time constraints. However, feasibility checking for a given set of real-time constraints is asymptotically harder than for causal or precedence constraints. In this paper, we first extend the interaction diagram with precedence constraints and develop a mechanism that allows order preserving composition of the extended interaction diagram (eid) with timing constraint graph (tcg). The composition of the extended interaction diagram and timing constraining graph is called timed interaction diagram (tid). To reduce the time complexity differences between the two different feasibility checkings, event bundling is introduced to partition timed interaction diagrams. We show that a lattice of bundled interaction diagrams (bid) can be derived from a given timed interaction diagram to improve the efficiency of feasibility checking for arbitrary real-time constraints.
Experimental Marine Ecosystem Enclosures in a Historical Perspective

This paper treats biological studies using large artificial enclosures of marine plankton or benthos, and directed at food webs rather than food chains. The thrust is a historical sketch of enclosing ecosystems, with speculations about comments by a future historian regarding opportunities not fully exploited so far. Freshwater work is referred to, since many of the questions asked by our predecessors and ourselves concern aquatic rather than marine ecology. On the other hand, it is necessary to bypass the ecological and technological information in the literature on aquaculture, sewage processing ponds, and freshwater reservoirs, which is largely untapped by those who work with marine enclosures as reviewed here. Experimental work with enclosures of plankton of less than about I m3 volume is not considered, and investigations of entire experimental bodies of water are neglected, e.g., the few massive marine impoundments, and the so-called experimental lakes (for the former, see for instance, Gross 1950a,b, Lacaze et al. 1976, Hood 1978, Polk 1978; for the latter, Schindler 1980, with citations of studies of captured water columns in these lakes). New justification for enclosing communities is not presented here (cf. Cooke 1970, Menzel and Case 1977, Jones et al. 1978, Lassitter 1979, Pilson et al. 1979, Steele 1979, Grice et al. 1980, Pilson and Nixon 1980). The scientific results are only referenced (cf. subsequent papers in this volume). And finally, issues of science policy or politics are not discussed, although they arise almost by necessity with “big science” projects, a group to which the investigations with artificial large enclosures belong.
The effect of hypoxia on endogenous corneal epithelial eicosanoids.

PURPOSE. Injury to the corneal epithelium increases arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism through the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 pathways. The authors used the rabbit corneal organ culture model to demonstrate the effect of hypoxia on the endogenous formation of 12-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (12-HETrE), and prostaglandin (PG) E 2 by the intact cornea in the absence of exogenously added cofactors or substrate. METHODS. Rabbit corneas were isolated and cultured for 24 hours in normoxia or hypoxia. After culture, PGE 2 in media was quantitated by enzyme immunoassay. 12-HETE and 12-HETrE were extracted from culture media and corneal epithelium and quantitated by negative chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. COX-1 and -2 protein expression in corneal epithelium was determined by Western blot. Acute (2 hours) COX activity in normoxia and hypoxia was determined as the conversion rate of [ 14 C]AA to [ 14 C]PGE 2 , quantitated through reverse-phase- high-performance liquid chromatography and radiodetection. RESULTS. In the media of cultured rabbit corneas, both 12-HETE and 12-HETrE were detected, with 12-HETrE levels being four times higher. Hypoxia did not significantly increase extracellular 12-HETE or 12-HETrE; however, it caused more than 90% inhibition of PGE 2 synthesis. Intracellular 12-HETE and 12-HETrE were undetectable in normal corneas but increased to 7.7 ± 1.3 and 2.2 ± 0.4 ng/mg protein, respectively, after 24 hours in culture. Culture in hypoxia further increased intracellular 12-HETE threefold but had no additional effect on 12-HETrE. CONCLUSIONS. Hypoxia creates an environment in which epithelial COX activity is severely suppressed, whereas cytochrome P450-AA and/or 12-LOX metabolizing activity is maintained or enhanced. Additionally, the findings suggest that 12-HETE produced by the corneal epithelium acts intracellularly to promote corneal edema, whereas 12-HETrE acts in a paracrine manner to initiate an inflammatory cascade that can elicit neutrophil chemotaxis and neovascularization of the cornea.
Nursing Management of Arrhythmias in the Young

Nurse-patient-family interactions afford key opportunities for education, support, and interventions aimed at facilitating positive child and family adjustments for children with arrhythmias. While some situations are relatively minor requiring minimal nursing intervention, others are very demanding requiring an intensive, long-term level of care. As the complexity of care advances, the need for collaboration amongst all care providers involved increases.
The Impact of Immediate Disclosure on Attack Diffusion and Volume

A significant debate in the security industry revolves around the vulnerability disclosure policy. We investigate the effects of immediate disclosure through an empirical study that analyzes security alerts for 960 clients of an US based security service provider. We find that immediate disclosure of vulnerabilities reduces delay in the attack diffusion process and slightly increases penetration of attacks in the population of target systems but slightly decreases the overall the volume of attacks.
Supra-Spinal Modulation Of Walking In Healthy Individuals And Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: A fNIRS Mobile Imaging Study

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases that damage the nervous system and inflicts cognitive and motor deficits. In motor domain, MS mainly causes slower gait resulting in challenges in activities of daily living. Premotor cortices are affected by MS, where several imaging studies have reported re-organization in the activity and connectivity of these regions. Recent advancements in mobile imaging technologies and signal processing techniques have made it possible to study supraspinal modulation of walking in able-bodied individuals and persons with injuries or neurological disorders. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), for example, was used in studying dual-tasking in MS population. In the current study, we used fNIRS to record activities of premotor and supplementary motor areas in MS and healthy populations during standing and walking. Fourteen healthy controls and 14 persons with MS were tested during overground walking. Results show higher right premotor cortex activities compared with left premotor and bilateral supplementary motor areas in the MS group. In the healthy control group, activity was higher during walking in all the four studied brain regions. These results confirm the role of the premotor cortices in movement planning and in modulating walking activities; they also confirm that individuals with mild MS have a similar premotor control strategy as healthy controls while performing the same physical task.
Laboratory abnormalities in former blood donors seropositive for human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2: a prospective analysis.

Abstract Context.—The human T-lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are highly prevalent among injection drug users in the United States. However, the clinical course of infection has not been well characterized. Objective.—To understand HTLV-1–and HTLV-2–associated laboratory abnormalities, which may provide insights into their underlying pathophysiology. Design.—Cohort study. Setting.—Five US blood centers. Participants.—A total of 133 HTLV-1–and 332 HTLV-2–seropositive former blood donors and 717 HTLV-seronegative donors followed up prospectively since 1991. Main Outcome Measures.—Selected serum chemistry tests and complete blood cell counts were analyzed at enrollment and approximately 2 years later in participants. Repeated-measures analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of HTLV infection on laboratory measures. Results.—Compared with seronegative subjects, HTLV-1–seropositive subjects had 13% higher creatine kinase (P = .02) and slightly elevated lactate dehydrogenase (P = ....
Regional maps of rib cortical bone thickness and cross‐sectional geometry

Here we present detailed regional bone thickness and cross-sectional measurements from full adult ribs using high resolution CT scans processed with a cortical bone mapping technique. Sixth ribs from 33 subjects ranging from 24 to 99 years of age were used to produce average cortical bone thickness maps and to provide average ± 1SD corridors for expected cross-section properties (cross-sectional areas and inertial moments) as a function of rib length. Results obtained from CT data were validated at specific rib locations using direct measurements from cut sections. Individual thickness measurements from CT had an accuracy (mean error) and precision (SD error) of -0.013 ± 0.167 mm (R2 coefficient of determination of 0.84). CT-based measurement errors for rib cross-sectional geometry were -0.1 ± 13.1% (cortical bone cross-sectional area) and 4.7 ± 1.8% (total cross-sectional area). Rib cortical bone thickness maps show the expected regional variation across a typical rib's surface. The local mid-rib maxima in cortical thickness along the pleural rib aspect ranged from range 0.9 to 2.6 mm across the study population with an average map maximum of 1.4 mm. Along the cutaneous aspect, rib cortical bone thickness ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 mm with an average map thickness of 0.9 mm. Average cross-sectional properties show a steady reduction in total cortical bone area from 10% along the rib's length through to the sternal end, whereas overall cross-sectional area remains relatively constant along the majority of the rib's length before rising steeply towards the sternal end. On average, male ribs contained more cortical bone within a given cross-section than was seen for female ribs. Importantly, however, this difference was driven by male ribs having larger overall cross-sectional areas, rather than by sex differences in the bone thickness observed at specific local cortex sites. The cortical bone thickness results here can be used directly to improve the accuracy of current human body and rib models. Furthermore, the measurement corridors obtained from adult subjects across a wide age range can be used to validate future measurements from more widely available image sources such as clinical CT where gold standard reference measures (e.g. such as direct measurements obtained from cut sections) are otherwise unobtainable.
The sibling effect for delinquency: mediation by proactive criminal thinking and moderation by age

This study tested whether the sibling delinquency effect, like the peer influence effect, is mediated by proactive (planned, calculated, and amoral) criminal thinking. Youth who completed the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) and had a sibling living at home were divided into an early adolescent subsample (n = 795) and a mid-adolescent subsample (n = 532) after it was determined that age moderated the effect of sibling delinquency on proactive criminal thinking and serious offending. The results of a causal mediation analysis revealed a significant pathway running from sibling delinquency at Wave 1, to proactive criminal thinking at Wave 2, to serious offending at Wave 3, but only in the early adolescent subsample. These results suggest that the sibling delinquency effect may be the result of learning proactive criminal thinking in association with a delinquent sibling while still an early adolescent.
Multiple Reference Frame-Based Torque Ripple Reduction in DFIG-DC System

In this article, a multiple reference frame (MRF)-based approach is proposed to mitigate the torque ripple of the DFIG-dc system. The DFIG-dc system uses a diode bridge rectifier between the stator winding of DFIG and dc link. A reduced-power three-phase pulsewidth modulation converter is connected between the rotor winding of DFIG and dc link. Due to the diode commutation, the stator current and stator flux linkage are distorted with harmonics. To reduce the resulting torque ripple, the rotor currents need to track a pulsating reference signal to compensate the distortion of the stator flux. To improve the current tracking performance, MRF-based estimators are used to calculate the main harmonics in both the command value and actual value of the rotor current. Then, an MRF-based regulator is implemented to achieve an accurate tracking for the harmonics of the rotor current command. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in reducing the torque ripple. The robustness of the proposed algorithm against deviation of stator frequency is also supported by the simulation and experimental results.