cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fairness in trade II: export subsidies and the Fair Trade movement

It is a widespread view that support for Fair Trade is called for, whereas agricultural subsidies are pegged as unjustifiable. Though one supports farmers in developing countries while the other does the same for those in already developed ones, there are, nonetheless, similarities between both scenarios. Both are economically `inefficient', upholding production beyond what the market would sustain. In both cases, supportive arguments can assume two forms. First, such arguments might draw on normative claims made by producers. In the case of agricultural subsidies, farmers in developed countries assert claims against their fellow citizens, who ought to accept redistributive measures to keep them in business. In the case of Fair Trade, the claim can be made by farmers in developing nations against consumers, who ought to pay higher prices to keep them in business (under conditions deemed acceptable). Second, arguments to keep producers in business might be presented as the prerogative of both groups: even ...
Infrared spectroscopy used to evaluate glycosylation of proteins

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is used for studying the carbohydrate moieties of glycosylated proteins. IR spectra of mono- and disaccharides in the fingerprint region are specific to each sugar and to the environment of the sugar molecules (i.e., aqueous solution or anhydrous glass phase). The IR spectra of glycosylated proteins (mucin, soybean peroxidase, collagen IV, and avidin) were compared with those of the constituent sugars and cytochrome c (a protein with no glycosylation). Our results demonstrate that the IR absorption spectra of glycosylated proteins show distinct absorption bands for the sugar moiety, the protein amide group, and water. Therefore, IR can be used to detect glycosylation.
Civic Community, Population Change, and Violent Crime in Rural Communities

This analysis investigates the relationships between measures of civic community, population change, and violent crime rates in rural communities. Rural communities that are civically robust are hypothesized to have lower violent crime rates and to experience less change in violent crime over time. Alternatively, sustained population change is hypothesized to elevate violent crime rates and to moderate the protective effect that civic robustness provides against violent crime over time. Results from both lagged panel and cross-sectional negative binomial regression models of county-level data support these expectations. In substantive terms, these findings suggest that civically robust communities are much better positioned to weather population change than civically weak communities, but continuous change over time compromises the protective effect that civic robustness provides against serious crime.
Characterization of vesicular stomatitis virus recombinants that express and incorporate high levels of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins

We generated recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) expressing genes encoding hybrid proteins consisting of the extracellular domains of hepatitis C virus (HCV) glycoproteins fused at different positions to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the VSV G glycoprotein (E1G and E2G). We show that these chimeric proteins are transported to the cell surface and incorporated into VSV virions efficiently. We also generated VSV recombinants in which the gene encoding the VSV G protein was deleted and replaced by one or both of the E1G and E2G genes, together with a green fluorescent protein gene. These ΔG viruses incorporated E1G and E2G proteins at levels approximately equivalent to the normal level of VSV G itself, or about 1,200 molecules of each protein per virion. Given the potency of VSV recombinants as vaccines in other studies, this high-level expression and incorporation of HCV proteins into virions could be very important for development of an HCV vaccine. Despite the presence of E1G and E2G proteins at high levels in the virions, these virions did not infect cell lines that have been reported to support at least a low level of HCV infection and replication.
Lower extremity muscle strength does not independently predict proximal femur bone mineral density in healthy older adults

The relationship described in the published literature between muscle strength and bone mineral density of older adults is not entirely certain. It is possible that the direct relationship reported in some studies is biased by failing to mathematically account for the biological influence of body weight and body height on both bone mineral density and muscle strength. This study sought to determine if the relationships between measures of lower extremity muscle strength and bone mineral density of the proximal femur are independent of body size (i.e., body height and body weight) in healthy older adults. We recruited 50 older women and 29 older men, all of whom were healthy community dwellers and not involved in resistance training. Quantitative analysis of the isometric strength of the bilateral ankle, knee, and hip joints and assessment of bone mineral density of the proximal femur were conducted. Muscle strength values were adjusted for the influence of body height and body weight using an allometric scaling procedure. The correlations between proximal femur bone mineral density and the unadjusted strength values were weak but statistically significant. After adjusting muscle strength to account for the influence of body height and body weight, the magnitudes of the correlations between bone mineral density and muscle strength diminished substantially and were not significantly different from zero. The results reveal that, for a typical sample of healthy older adults not involved in resistance training, the relationship between maximal isometric muscle strength of lower extremity joints and proximal femur bone mineral density is reliant on body size.
Interaction of primary amines with a mixed-function amine oxidase isolated from pig liver microsomes.

Abstract1. This work describes the interaction of a variety of primary amines with a purified microsomal mixed-function oxidase that catalyzes the N-oxidation of sec.- and tert.-amines.2. Most of the primary amines tested are not catalytically oxidized by this isolated microsomal oxidase. Only 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine (DPEA), 1-naphthylamine, and 2-naphthylamine appear to be oxidized at measurable rates.3. 2-Naphthylamine is enzymically oxidized at a considerably faster rate than 1 -naphthylamine.4. Primary alkylamines, while not enzymically oxidized by this enzyme, interact with a regulatory site on the oxidase and enhance the rate of N-oxidation of sec.- and tert.-amines catalyzed by this NADPH- and oxygen-dependent amine oxidase.5. With microsomal-catalyzed oxidations, primary amines that enhance the rate of N-oxidation also inhibit the rate of oxidative N-demethylation.
The Surprising Lack of Lunch

AbstractUnlike its Nordic peers, Norway has never created a national school meals program. This paper explores the non-emergence of this policy using insights from historical institutionalism and the literature on gender ideology to consider how ideas and institutions interact in the creation of policy. The paper argues that both the ideational factor of gender ideology that saw women as caregivers and not earners, and the institutional factor of an agricultural policy that did not produce surpluses, interacted in such a way as to remove school lunches from the policy agenda in the 1930s and 1940s.
Struktura genetyczna chłoniaków rozlanych z dużych komórek B: od mikromacierzy DNA do celowanej terapii

Chloniaki rozlane z duzych komorek B (DLBCL) stanowią niezwykle heterogenną grupe chorob w zakresie cech klinicznych, genetycznych i molekularnych. Globalna analiza ekspresji genow techniką mikromacierzy znacznie poglebila wiedze dotyczącą przyczyn tej heterogenności dzieki wykazaniu roznic transkrypcyjnych miedzy roznymi typami histologicznymi nowotworu, podobienstw miedzy komorkami nowotworowymi i prawidlowymi limfocytami oraz poprzez zdefiniowanie podtypow molekularnych DLBCL. Techniki te ujawnily rowniez odrebne mechanizmy patogenetyczne w obrebie DLBCL, ktore mogą byc celem terapii celowanych. Nowe eksperymentalne strategie terapeutyczne blokujące sygnal receptora B-komorkowego, szlak czynnika jądrowego kB (NFkB) oraz interakcje komorek nowotworowych z mikrośrodowiskiem są w trakcie badan klinicznych. Dalsze poszerzanie wiedzy dotyczącej heterogenności DLBCL i zglebienie ich mechanizmow patogenetycznych rodzi uzasadnione nadzieje na poprawe wynikow leczenia tej grupy chloniakow.
Characteristics of Malicious Dlls in Windows Memory

Dynamic link library (DLL) injection is a method of forcing a running process to load a DLL into its address space. Malware authors use DLL injection to hide their code while it executes on a system. Due to the large number and variety of DLLs in modern Windows systems, distinguishing a malicious DLL from a legitimate DLL in an arbitrary process is non-trivial and often requires the use of previously-established indicators of compromise. Additionally, the DLLs loaded in a process naturally fluctuate over time, adding to the difficulty of identifying malicious DLLs. Machine learning has been shown to be a viable approach for classifying malicious software, but it has not as yet been applied to malware in memory images. In order to identify the behavior of malicious DLLs that were injected into processes, 33,160 Windows 7 x86 memory images were generated from a set of malware samples obtained from VirusShare. DLL artifacts were extracted from the memory images and analyzed to identify behavioral patterns of malicious and legitimate DLLs. These patterns highlight features of DLLs that can be applied as heuristics to help identify malicious injected DLLs in Windows 7 memory. They also establish that machine learning is a viable approach for classifying injected DLLs in Windows memory.
Ambulatory Treatment of Chronic Urinary-Tract Infections in Elderly Males: A Comparative Study of Three Oral Antibiotics

A new oral carbenicillin indanyl ester was compared with ampicillin and cephaloglycin in the treatment of 251 male patients infected with 271 bacterial strains. There was no significant difference in the efficacy of carbenicillin and ampicillin, but both showed significantly higher rates of cure and lower rates of reinfection than cephaloglycin in the follow-up period. Oral carbenicillin was effective in 50% of the 20 patients with infection due to Pseudoinonas. It is concluded that most urinary-tract infections, including those caused by Pseudomonas, can be treated on an outpatient basis with oral carbenicillin.
Direct determination of nitrofuran residues in shrimp

Objective:To investigate the direct determination of nitrofuran metabolite residue AOZ in shrimp by ELISA.Methods:The sample was directly measured with the ELISA detection kit in the direct metabolite of nitrofuran residues of furazolidone(Furazolidone) metabolites AOZ.Results:The results of this method compared with the high-performance liquid chromatography,the result was of no significant difference(P0.05),recoveries were 80.0%～90.0%,and the relative standard deviation 13.6%.Conclusion:This method is simple,rapid and accurate.So it can be used to detect nitrofuran residues in shrimp.
Transcriptome analysis of root response to citrus blight based on the newly assembled Swingle citrumelo draft genome.

Citrus blight is a citrus tree overall decline disease and causes serious losses in the citrus industry worldwide. Although it was described more than one hundred years ago, its causal agent remains unknown and its pathophysiology is not well determined, which hampers our understanding of the disease and design of suitable disease management. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the draft genome for Swingle citrumelo, one important citrus rootstock. The draft genome is approximately 280 Mb, which covers 74 % of the estimated Swingle citrumelo genome and the average coverage is around 15X. The draft genome of Swingle citrumelo enabled us to conduct transcriptome analysis of roots of blight and healthy Swingle citrumelo using RNA-seq. The RNA-seq was reliable as evidenced by the high consistence of RNA-seq analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR results (R2 = 0.966). Comparison of the gene expression profiles between blight and healthy root samples revealed the molecular mechanism underneath the characteristic blight phenotypes including decline, starch accumulation, and drought stress. The JA and ET biosynthesis and signaling pathways showed decreased transcript abundance, whereas SA-mediated defense-related genes showed increased transcript abundance in blight trees, suggesting unclassified biotrophic pathogen was involved in this disease. Overall, the Swingle citrumelo draft genome generated in this study will advance our understanding of plant biology and contribute to the citrus breeding. Transcriptome analysis of blight and healthy trees deepened our understanding of the pathophysiology of citrus blight.
Lifestyle and in vitro fertilization: what do patients believe?

Patients have many beliefs regarding lifestyle factors and IVF outcomes. Observational study of 208 IVF patients at an academic infertility center. Main outcome measures were perceived influence of various lifestyle factors assessed by multivariable logistic regression and p-value tests for linear trend (Pt). A majority of participants believed that there were many women’s lifestyle choices that were influential, compared to fewer male factors (cessation of tobacco (72 %), alcohol (69 %), caffeine (62 %), and use of vitamins (88 %)). Compared to participants with less education, participants with a higher education level were less likely to believe vitamins were helpful and some alcohol use was not harmful. As income decreased, participants were less likely to consider dietary factors contributory to IVF success, such as women (p-trend, p = 0.02) and men (p-trend, p = 0.009) consuming a full-fat dairy diet. Participants’ beliefs were most commonly influenced by physicians (84 %) and the internet (71 %). Patients believed many lifestyle factors are associated with IVF success. Understanding patients’ assumptions regarding the effect of lifestyle factors on IVF success may better allow physicians to counsel patients about IVF outcomes.
Pharmacy Students as Health Coaches

Chronic diseases are the main contributor to both health care costs and mortality in the United States, with medication non-adherence and lifestyle modifications being leading causes. To motivate patients with several co-morbidities, the longitudinal care class was used to educate on maintaining adherence to prescribed regimens. Twenty pharmacy students were trained in health coaching and motivational interviewing methods. Specifically, students were to provide patients with education sheets, apply the teach-back method, and motivate the patient to develop and reach SMART goals made with the pharmacy student over a course of one academic school year. Conflict of Interest We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties. Type: Note
Rhythmic Variability in Language and Music of Latino and Latino-Inspired Composers

Recently, researchers have investigated the influence of composers’ native speech prosody on the variability of rhythmic patterns found in their music. The normalized pairwise variability index (nPVI) provides a relative criterion for comparing the contrastiveness of successive durations in language and music. This study extends prior research by assessing rhythmic relationships in Latino-inspired and traditional Western art music written by six composers whose native languages are either stress-timed (Copland, Glinka, Liszt) or syllable-timed (Ponce, Villa-Lobos, Albeniz). After analysis of 529 musical themes representing 52 works, results suggest that Latino and Western prosodic associations transcend the vernacular. With the exception of Glinka, non-Latino composers typically used more contrastive rhythmic patterns in their standard repertoire and drastically decreased rhythmic contrastiveness in their evocative Latino music. Similarly, Latino composers employed greater rhythmic contrast in their Western-styled works and less contrast in their vernacular Latino music. This empirical evidence indicates that, consciously or subconsciously, composers may alter the rhythmic variability of their “exotic” music to conform to the prosody of a corresponding nonnative language.
Radio Access Network Evolution

Today, mobile network operators have a variety of options for the means of providing more coverage, capacity, and services to their subscribers. Alongside the advancement of wireless standards to provide higher spectral efficiency, vendors have released a wide range of radio access nodes for network densification.
Environmental Contaminants Affecting Fertility and Somatic Health.

This review article summarizes the epidemiological findings published between 2011 and 2016 concerning bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, pesticides, air pollution, fracking chemicals, triclosan, and parabens and fertility parameters in men (i.e., semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology) as well as fertility parameters in women (i.e., cyclicity, fertility treatment outcomes), pregnancy outcomes (i.e., preterm birth, miscarriage), and reproductive disorders (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids). Overall, this review indicates that several environmental toxicants are significantly associated with reduced fertility parameters in men and women as well as several reproductive disorders in women. Although many studies reported that the selected exposures are associated with adverse fertility outcomes, several studies reported null associations. Thus, future studies are still needed to better elucidate the associations and potential mechanisms between these environmental chemicals and fertility outcomes in men and women.
A genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of articular cartilage during normal maturation in pigs.

Abstract Objective The articular cartilage undergoes dramatic changes in structure and composition during post-natal maturation, but the associated transcriptional changes are not well characterized. Compared to a mature stage, the immature articular cartilage shows developmental features such as increased thickness, presence of blood vessels, and the presence of a deep layer of growth cartilage which undergoes endochondral ossification. These features decrease during normal development. Following maturation, the articular cartilage is known to undergo few minor modifications. Since mature articular cartilage has poor regenerative and repair capacity compared to the immature articular cartilage, a better understanding of the molecular changes during the normal postnatal articular cartilage development might reveal insights on the molecular adaptation. It may also provide new therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the differential expression of genes in the femoral head articular cartilage of 6-weeks old and 6-months old pigs using a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis. Methods The articular cartilage of the femoral head of 6-weeks and 6-months old normal pigs was assessed for thickness and vascularity (number of vascular canals) using Safranin O/Fast Green staining of paraffin sections ( n = 4 pigs/age group). The measurements were determined using Image J software. RNA was isolated from the femoral head articular cartilage from 6-weeks and 6-months old pigs ( n = 8 pigs/age group). A microarray analysis was performed using an Affymetrix Porcine GeneChip Array. A gene enrichment analysis and a functional clustering analysis were performed by DAVID and STRING software, respectively. The differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by a quantitative RTPCR analysis. Results The femoral head articular cartilage showed a significant decrease in thickness and number of vascular canals in 6-months old compared to 6-weeks old pigs. A microarray analysis revealed a differential gene expression of 576 genes, with 206 genes that were significantly upregulated and 370 genes that were significantly downregulated (> 2-fold change, p Conclusion During the process of articular cartilage maturation from 6-weeks to 6-months of age in normal pigs, genes associated with inflammatory responses to injury were upregulated and genes involved in the development and vascular responses were downregulated. These findings suggest that during articular cartilage maturation, the transcriptional changes might increase the susceptibility of cartilage to inflammatory damage and decrease the regenerative capacity.
Construction of a coarse-grain quasi-classical trajectory method. II. Comparison against the direct molecular simulation method

This work presents the analysis of non-equilibrium energy transfer and dissociation of nitrogen molecules (N2(Σg+1)) using two different approaches: the direct molecular simulation (DMS) method and the coarse-grain quasi-classical trajectory (CG-QCT) method. The two methods are used to study thermochemical relaxation in a zero-dimensional isochoric and isothermal reactor in which the nitrogen molecules are heated to several thousand degrees Kelvin, forcing the system into strong non-equilibrium. The analysis considers thermochemical relaxation for temperatures ranging from 10 000 to 25 000 K. Both methods make use of the same potential energy surface for the N2(Σg+1)-N2(Σg+1) system taken from the NASA Ames quantum chemistry database. Within the CG-QCT method, the rovibrational energy levels of the electronic ground state of the nitrogen molecule are lumped into a reduced number of bins. Two different grouping strategies are used: the more conventional vibrational-based grouping, widely used in the literature, and energy-based grouping. The analysis of both the internal state populations and concentration profiles show excellent agreement between the energy-based grouping and the DMS solutions. During the energy transfer process, discrepancies arise between the energy-based grouping and DMS solution due to the increased importance of mode separation for low energy states. By contrast, the vibrational grouping, traditionally considered state-of-the-art, captures well the behavior of the energy relaxation but fails to consistently predict the dissociation process. The deficiency of the vibrational grouping model is due to the assumption of strict mode separation and equilibrium of rotational energy states. These assumptions result in errors predicting the energy contribution to dissociation from the rotational and vibrational modes, with rotational energy actually contributing 30%-40% of the energy required to dissociate a molecule. This work confirms the findings discussed in Paper I [R. L. Macdonald et al., J. Chem. Phys. 148, 054309 (2018)], which underlines the importance of rotational energy to the dissociation process, and demonstrates that an accurate non-equilibrium chemistry model must accurately predict the deviation of rovibrational distribution from equilibrium.
Induction chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone in elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients.

6569 Background: Induction chemotherapy is often not used in elderly patients with AML due to poor prognosis and inferior outcomes. We present here our experience in treating 20 patients age>70yrs ...
" A 2 " Meson Production from K − n Interactions at 3.9 GeV/ c

We report the observation of one narrow ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ resonance in the ${A}_{2}(1300)$ mass region with a width of 40 MeV or less from the reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. A spin-and-parity analysis of this narrow enhancement favors ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}+}$. Branching ratios for other decay modes are also given.
Limbic-System Involvement in Rat Ultrasonic Communications

Abstract Rats communicate extensively through ultrasonic vocalizations. In adult rats, these vocalizations occur in frequency bands centered at ~ 22 or ~ 50 kHz. Twenty-two-kHz calls are emitted in association with negative emotional states whereas 50-kHz calls are produced in association with positive emotional states. One naturally suspects that the limbic system is engaged in initiating or processing these signals because limbic structures are known to be involved in aspects of emotional behavior. The goal of this review is to evaluate the role of the limbic system in initiating or processing ultrasonic vocalizations. Following a review of rat ultrasonic calls, we turn to the neuroanatomy of the limbic system, noting how the concept has evolved over the past century. The central focus is on the multiple lines of evidence linking certain limbic structures to aspects of the ultrasonic communication system. The implications of these findings for basic and translational research are considered.
White matter reference region in PET studies of 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B uptake: effects of age and amyloid-β deposition

Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition as seen on PET using an Aβ-binding agent is a critical diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer disease (AD). Some reports suggest using white matter (WM) as a reference region for quantification of serial Aβ PET studies; however, nonspecific WM retention in Aβ PET in people with dementia or cognitively unimpaired (CU) has been widely reported and is poorly understood. Methods: To investigate the suitability of WM as a reference region and the factors affecting WM 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PiB) uptake variability, we conducted a retrospective study on 2 large datasets: a longitudinal study of participants (n = 577) who were CU, had mild cognitive impairment, or had dementia likely due to AD; and a cross-sectional study of single-scan PET imaging in CU subjects (n = 1,349). In the longitudinal study, annual changes in WM 11C-PiB uptake were assessed, and in the cross-sectional study, WM 11C-PiB uptake was assessed relative to subject age. Results: Overall, we found that WM 11C-PiB uptake showed age-related increases, which varied with the WM regions selected. Further, variable annual WM 11C-PiB uptake changes were seen with different gray matter (GM) 11C-PiB baseline uptake levels. Conclusion: WM binding increases with age and varies with GM 11C-PiB. These correlations should be considered when using WM for normalization in 11C-PiB PET studies. The cerebellar crus1+crus2 showed no increase with age and cerebellar GM+WM showed minimal increase, supporting their use as reference regions for cross-sectional studies comparing wide age spans. In longitudinal studies, the increase in WM uptake may be minimal in the short-term and thus using WM as a reference region in these studies seems reasonable. However, as participants age, the findings may be affected by changes in WM uptake. Changes in WM 11C-PiB uptake may relate to disease progression, warranting examination of the causes of WM 11C-PiB uptake.
The Limits of Reconciliation: The Story of a Perpetrator, Katherine Ann Power

In this paper, I apply concepts of restorative justice, along with moral philosopher Joanna North's (1998) multistage model of the process of earning forgiveness to the case of 1960s antiwar militant, Katherine Power. Both frameworks assume that forgiveness ought to culminate in reconciliation between perpetrator and victim. On September 23, 1970, Katherine Ann Power, a 20-year-old college student, was a member of a group of five who were robbing a bank near Boston to support the movement against the Vietnam War. One from the group stayed at the bank and shot and killed a Boston police officer and father of nine. Under Massachusetts' felony murder law, all five were chargeable with murder. Power went underground for 23 years, remaining on the FBI's Ten-Most-Wanted list longer than any other woman in history. During her fugitive years, Power lived her life in a purposeful attempt to make atonement. Ultimately, though, she came to understand that her crime was not a private matter, but demanded social and relational modes of remediation, including public confession, public penance (in a “penitentiary”), and efforts at reconciliation with the family of her victim. So in 1993, she turned herself in, pleaded guilty to manslaughter, and began serving an 8–12-year sentence in Massachusetts. She completed her prison sentence in October, 1999. Power spent her years in prison engaging in reflection and action that maps well onto the first five stages of North's model and onto much of the restorative justice model. So far, though, Power's efforts have failed to yield the hypothesized reconciliation with her victims. Examination of the parallels and divergences between these theoretical frameworks and Power's narrative provides significant insight into the meaning, the promise, and the limits of reconciliation.
Cell Interactions in the Graft-versus-Host Response

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study analyzing the cell interactions in the graft-versus-host response. Adult male BALB/cAnN, C57BL/6N, and F1 hybrid mice of these strains, as well as newborn F1 hybrid and parental strain mice were obtained. Adult mice served as donors of cells and newborn mice as recipients. Cell suspensions from spleens and thymi were prepared. Peripheral blood was collected from the severed femoral artery into pipettes rinsed with heparin; blood leukocytes were separated by sedimentation in dextran solution. Fifty percent (±6%) of the original leukocyte number was recovered. Recovered cells consisted of more than 90% lymphocytes. Cells were injected intraperitoneally in a constant volume of 0.05 ml. When combinations of cells were used, the cells were mixed just prior to inoculation. The chapter also discusses reactions produced by combining different numbers of blood lymphocytes with 5 × 106 thymus cells. As few as 12,500 blood lymphocytes were sufficient to cause a detectable reaction in combination with thymus cells; larger numbers of PBL gave substantial reactions when combined with thymus cells.
Chaotic Data and Model Building

The criterion hidden Markov models are trained to minimize is essentially an entropy. Here, such models are trained to fit numerically generated data from the Rossler system and estimates of the KS entropy h μ are derived from Lyapunov exponent calculations. The values attained for the training objective function are found to be inferior to the values that the h μ estimates suggest are possible. The nature of the models produced by extensive training is found to be sensitive to the choices of initial model parameters.
A positive role for nucleosome mobility in the transcriptional activity of chromatin templates: restriction by linker histones.

Abstract Nucleosome mobility facilitates the transcription of chromatin templates containing only histone octamers. Inclusion of linker histones in chromatin inhibits nucleosome mobility, directs nucleosome positioning and represses transcription. Transcriptional repression by linker histone occurs preferentially on templates associated with histone octamers relative to naked DNA. Mobile nucleosomes and the restriction of mobility by linker histones might be expected to exert a major influence on the accessibility of chromatin to regulatory molecules.
Correlates of Elderly Inmate Misconduct: A Comparison of Younger, Middle-Age, and Elderly Inmates

There has been a significant increase in the older prison population over the past several decades, bringing a need to better understand how to effectively prevent and address misconduct among this...
The ArNH2+ noble gas molecule: Stability, vibrational frequencies, and spectroscopic constants

Abstract The detection of ArH+ in the Crab nebula has led to speculation of other noble gas-containing molecules existing beyond the laboratory. Here, the previously unreported ArNH 2 + molecule is shown through high-level coupled cluster theory quartic force field computations to possess a notable Ar–N bond strength (36.8 kcal/mol), a sizable dipole moment (2.78 D), near-prolate rotational character, and fairly bright vibrational transitions at 3256.0 cm−1 and 475.7 cm−1 on opposite ends of the infrared scale. Three of the other vibrational frequencies have observable intensities, and all of these data are provided for the three main isotopes of argon: 36 ArNH 2 + , 38 ArNH 2 + , and 40 ArNH 2 + . These spectroscopic data should be useful in assisting any potential observations of the molecule whether in astrophysical or laboratory environments even if in the latter ArNH 2 + could be a contaminant in argon matrix spectroscopic studies.
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF STATIC EFFORT

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the role that K+ may play as a generator of the reflex cardiovascular responses. Stimulation of the motor nerves of the soleus elicited no increase in arterial blood pressure. In an experiment described in the chapter, hyperthyroid patients had a much higher proportion of slow twitch motor units, but they were much weaker than normal individuals because of loss of muscle mass. In an experiment described in the chapter, it was also possible to indulge in rotary stimulation of ventral rootes without such a complicated and sophisticated apparatus. However, to avoid gross tremor involved in synchronous and confused contractions, it was worth the extra trouble to control the muscular function.
A process philosophy framework for film theory and aesthetics

ABSTRACTProcess Philosophy has a long history as a disciplined way of thinking about the world. Process thinking flows in film theories, too, though often unacknowledged as a framework. This essay contrasts process and substantialist accounts of the world, film, and aesthetics. Processual accounts promise new descriptions of photography, film, color, narrative, narration, fiction, the camera, semiotics, and the self. Performative aspects of aesthetic texts may be measured by such dynamic events as temporal gestalts, patterning, procedural schemata, judgment heuristics, working memory (which includes the stream of consciousness, adverbial sensing, and a flowing sense of selfhood), projections, radial associations, reidentifications (frequency, vibration), and the ever-present possibilia of paradigms and the nearly true. Processes engender immediacy and directionality – a flow toward continual becoming. The result is a new perspective on the nature of textuality – its fluid properties, its collective behavi...
Numerical Simulations of Dust Dynamics Around Small Asteroids

This paper presents a simulation study of the dynamics of dust grains around a small asteroid. Plasma-asteroid interactions and asteroid charging are obtained from fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. Dust transport simulation takes into account the electrostatic force, solar radiation pressure, and the gravitational force. Both the result derived from laboratory measurements of regolith surface charging and the single dust charging model are considered for dust charging. For the small asteroid considered in this paper, we find that dust transport is mostly determined by the competition between the electrostatic force and the solar pressure and dust distribution is sensitive to both dust charging and dust grain size. For dust grains in the tens of micrometer size range, the solar radiation pressure dominates dust transport at small dust charge-to-mass ratio, whereas the electrostatic force dictates dust transport at large dust charge-to-mass ratio.
On the performance of intelligent techniques for intensive and stealthy DDos detection

Abstract Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) attacks continue to be one of the most challenging threats to the Internet. The intensity and frequency of these attacks are increasing at an alarming rate. With the promising results presented by Machine Learning (ML) techniques in variety fields, researchers have proposed numerous intelligent schemes to defend against DDoS attacks and mitigate their impact. This paper presents a taxonomy of the ML-based DDoS detection schemes, focusing on the important features and mechanisms that each scheme uses to detect and mitigate the impact of these attacks. The taxonomy is developed based on a thorough and extensive review of the literature, focusing on the most prominent and highly cited schemes that have been proposed over the last decade. The taxonomy is then used as a basis for the development of a framework to conduct a comprehensive empirical evaluation of the basic mechanisms underling the design of the selected ML-based DDoS defense schemes against a variety of attack scenarios. Rather than dealing with the specific details of a particular DDoS defense scheme, this work focuses on the “building blocks” of the intelligent DDoS detection and prevention schemes. The intelligent mechanisms underlying the selected schemes are implemented and evaluated using different performance metrics. The impact of different influential factors are also explored, including the observable traffic proportions, attack intensities and the “Class Imbalance Problem” of ML-based DDoS detection. The results of the comparative analysis show that no single technique outperforms all others in all test cases. Furthermore, the results underscore the need for a method oriented feature selection model to enhance the capabilities of ML-based detection techniques. Finally, the results show that the class imbalance problem significantly impact performance, underscoring the need for further research to address this problem and ensure high-quality DDoS detection in real-time.
A randomized phase II evaluation of bryostatin-1 (NSC #339555) in persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Objectives: The Gynecologic Oncology Group performed a randomized phase II study to determine the antitumor activity and toxicity of two different schedules of administration of bryostatin-1 in patients with persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Methods: Eligible patients were randomized to receive either bryostatin-1 25 μg/m2 as a 1-h infusion weekly for 3 weeks followed by a 1-week rest (Regimen I) or bryostatin-1 120 μg/m2 as a 72-h continuous infusion every 2 weeks (Regimen II). Results: A total of 70 patients were enrolled on this study. There were 32 eligible patients on Regimen I and 33 eligible patients on Regimen II; all but 4 had had prior chemotherapy. There were two partial responses (one on each treatment arm) among the 65 eligible patients (response rates = 3.1 and 3.0%, respectively). Ten patients on each regimen had stable disease. The most common adverse event was myalgia; 8 of 32 patients (25%) on Regimen I and 16 of 33 patients (48%) on Regimen II had any grade of myalgia. There was no significant myelosuppression on either treatment arm. Conclusions: Both of these schedules and doses of bryostatin-1 are inactive as single agents in the second-line treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
Fate of phosphorus from a point source in the Lake Michigan nearshore zone

Abstract Nutrient loading into Lake Michigan can produce algal blooms which in turn can lead to hypoxia, beach closures, clogging of water intakes, and reduced water quality. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement targets for Lake Michigan are 5600 MT annually for total phosphorus (TP) loading, 7 μg L−1 lake-wide mean TP concentration, and a chlorophyll-a concentration of 1.8 μg L−1. However, in light of the recent resurgence of nuisance algal (Cladophora sp.) growth in the nearshore zone, the validity of these targets is now uncertain. The occurrence and abundance of Cladophora in the nearshore area depends primarily on the availability of dissolved phosphorus, light, and temperature. The availability of dissolved phosphorus is a potentially useful indicator of nearshore areas susceptible to excessive Cladophora growth and impaired water quality. Regulating agencies are looking for guidance in determining phosphorus loading rates that minimize local exceedance of the lake target concentration. In this study, the lake assimilative capacity was quantified by applying a biophysical model to estimate the area required for mixing and diluting wastewater treatment plant outfall TP loadings to the level of the lake target concentration during the Cladophora growing season. Model results compared well with empirical measurements of particulate and dissolved phosphorus as well as Cladophora biomass and phosphorus content. The model was applied to test scenarios of wastewater treatment plant phosphorus loading in two different years, in order to help establish phosphorus discharge limits for the plant.
Biotypes of functional brain engagement during emotion processing differentiate heterogeneity in internalizing symptoms and interpersonal violence histories among adolescent girls.

Abstract Youth exposed to early life interpersonal violence (IPV) demonstrate heterogeneous clinical symptoms. Studies based on univariate methods suggest that neurocircuitry related to emotion processing explains heterogeneity in internalizing symptoms. Here, we use a multivariate, data-driven method of identifying distinct functional brain activation profiles (i.e., “biotypes”) and test whether these biotypes differentiate internalizing symptoms among IPV-exposed youth. 114 adolescent girls (n = 38 with no IPV exposure or psychopathology; n = 76 with IPV exposure and heterogeneous internalizing symptoms), aged 11–17, completed an emotion processing task during fMRI. To identify distinct biotypes of brain engagement profiles, data-driven clustering analysis was applied to patterns of voxel activation, constrained within a mask of distributed regions implicated in emotion processing. Resulting biotypes (BT1-3) were compared on measures of IPV exposure and internalizing symptoms, as well as symptom reduction during Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) among a subset of participants (n = 21). Cluster analyses identified three biotypes, differentiated by engagement of medial prefrontal, anterior insula, hippocampus, parietal, and ventral visual cortex during emotion processing. BT1 exhibited low levels of IPV exposure and internalizing symptoms. BT2 exhibited elevated levels of IPV, except sexual assault, and demonstrated moderate severity across internalizing symptom domains. BT3 exhibited elevated severity across all IPV and internalizing symptom domains. Greater symptom reduction during TF-CBT was associated with increased pre-to post-treatment changes in similarity with BT1. These results demonstrate distinct profiles of emotion processing neurocircuitry that differentiate heterogeneity in internalizing symptoms in IPV-exposed adolescent girls.
Boundary-Layer Thermochemical Analysis During Passive and Active Oxidation of Silicon Carbide

Silicon carbide is an ultra-high-temperature ceramic proposed for hypersonic flight applications. However, its use is limited at conditions where oxidation causes aggressive material degradation an...
Are we accelerating equity investment into impact-oriented ventures?

Abstract Impact-oriented accelerators, a relatively new type of entrepreneur support program, are proliferating as practitioners, philanthropic funders, and investors work to unlock the full potential of entrepreneurship-led economic development. These accelerators aspire to support entrepreneurs, in large part by driving investment into promising ventures that work in marginalized sectors and regions around the world. Given the opportunity costs of the human, organizational, and financial resources required to run accelerators, it is important to determine whether they are having this intended impact. To assess the effect of acceleration on outside equity investment, we analyze application and follow-up data from a matched sample of 1647 entrepreneurs who applied to 77 impact-oriented accelerators. Our main finding is promising. In the first follow-up year, accelerator program participants attract significantly more outside equity than their rejected counterparts. Further analysis suggests that this positive equity bump is not due to cherry picking obviously promising ventures during selection processes. Moreover, the effect is tied to the number of accelerated months in the follow-up year. Despite these promising observations, we find that the equity investment effect does not extend to ventures working in emerging markets, or to those with women on their founding teams. Thus, the benefits of accelerators for entrepreneurship-led development are not yet reaching the places and people that have the hardest time attracting capital on their own. We conclude the paper by outlining the challenges associated with extending the positive effects of acceleration into entrepreneurial domains that are most challenging from an economic development perspective.
Endovascular Repair of Large Left Iliac Anastomotic Aneurysm Following Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

A large left iliac anastomotic aneurysm was repaired with iliac stent graft (AneuRx) by left femoral and brachial artery approach with satisfactory exclusion of the aneurysm.
The Bay and Its Watershed: A Voyage Back in Time

To understand the current state of the Chesapeake Bay, its people and food system, and to explore health restoring solutions, it is important to know something about the geological history and physical features of this magnificent ecosystem. This chapter examines how the Bay ecosystem was formed and its main physical features, including those reshaped by human activity. The history of the physical structure of the Chesapeake Bay is driven by geological and atmospheric processes that proceeded over a range of time scales going from thousands to millions of years. However, one seminal event that took place in a matter of minutes about 480 million years ago completely reshaped the Bay. A bolide (exploding meteor) left a crater that reconfigured the drainage of the three most southern tributary rivers and reshaped the mouth of the estuary. Thousands of years of cyclical climate change linked with rising and lowering sea levels transformed the ancient Susquehanna River bed into the modern Chesapeake Bay. This chapter calls on atmospheric science and evolutionary biology to help explain that process. The journey closes with a look at how humans reshaped the physical aspects of the Bay with dams and other features, often in response to the needs of their food systems.
Research on dynamic simulation technology and fault characteristics of Pumped Storage Power Station

The fault equivalent circuit model of the pumped storage unit is established, the key electrical parameters of the generator motor of the pumped storage power station are analyzed, and the short-circuit fault characteristics of the generator motor of the pumped storage power station are studied. Based on the typical connection mode of pumped storage power station, a dynamic model test platform including dynamic model pumped storage unit, excitation system, frequency conversion starting device and its control system is established. The dynamic model tests of metal or transition resistance short circuit fault, stator ground fault and stator turn to turn short circuit are carried out.
An asymmetric approach to the oil prices-trade balance nexus: New evidence from bilateral trade between Korea and her 14 trading partners

Abstract Although the literature on the relationship between oil prices and the trade balance exists, relatively little attention has been given to the asymmetric effects of oil prices on the trade balance at a bilateral level. Thus, the primary thrust of this paper is to probe the asymmetric influences of oil price fluctuations on the bilateral trade balance between Korea and each of her 14 largest trading partners. To this end, we use the method of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL). We discover that there is evidence that ups and downs of oil prices appear to asymmetrically impacts Korea’s trade with some trading partners, though not all, in the long- and short-run.