cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight minimization of a step rocket by the discrete maximum principle

Oxygen will continue to play a prominent role in man's atmosphere, and it can be assumed that oxidative processes will be occurring continually. Numerous air pollution studies have shown that incomplete oxidation of certain materials produces large amounts of trace contaminants. Since most of man's sub-systems carried aboard will not operate at 100% efficiency, incomplete oxidation may present a significant problem for the astronauts. Certain oxidative processes are hazardous, however, while similar ones are benign. For example, with methyl alcohol, only partial oxidation is achieved with the resultant formation of formaldehyde, whereas with ethyl alcohol, sealed-cabin environmental studies2 indicate that its oxidation is complete, and there is no formation of toxic aldehydes. Thermal degradation presents many inherent difficulties. In some instances, toxicants may be degraded to nontoxic materials, whereas the opposite is also true; probably the latter occurs more frequently. An example in a sealed atmosphere has been shown in the studies aboard nuclear submarines. Freon (CC12F2) has been employed for air conditioning. At slightly elevated temperatures this material was decomposed into hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine gas, and fluorine. This is an example of a material which is generally considered to be nontoxic but produces several lethal by-products. At high temperatures Freon is broken down into carbonyl chlorides, known as phosgene in chemical warfare. Such degradation in the submarine has forced surfacing; however, in our space vehicle, one cannot anticipate having the privilege of calling off a mission when the environment becomes adverse. Table 1 indicates the numerous variables which may affect an orbiting laboratory. Almost none of these has been clearly defined in our present ground investigations, as such endeavors must be undertaken in both locales to establish the role each will have in a manned space environment. The interactions of all of the contaminants can show combined synergism and/or antagonism with all of the described factors. This would constitute a profile of combined biophysical and biochemical stressors. Certainly, atmospheric specialists are not overly familiar with any of the reactions just expressed for an orbiting station and the summation of such reactions would be only problematical. However, it must be assumed that the effects would be deleterious and would endanger man's performance and his space vehicle to the extent that they might be noxious, obnoxious, or even lethal with the possible consequence of aborting the mission. References
Evaluating the Validity of Responsiveness to Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Pediatric Patients With ARDS: An Analytic Tool

Objectives To determine whether improved oxygenation indicates a valid response to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy in patients with pediatric ARDS, and to establish an analytic tool to differentiate the iNO effects from those of other interactive factors in pediatric patients with ARDS. Design Consecutive case series evaluated by post hoc analysis tool. Patients and methods Nineteen patients treated with iNO for ARDS or pulmonary hypertension were enrolled in our study. We evaluated the Pa o 2 /fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (PF ratio), oxygenation index (OI), patient position (prone vs supine), Pa co 2 , pH, and vasoactive drug support, and classified patients' responsiveness to iNO into three categories: (1) possible response, an increase in PF ratio, with no alteration of the aforementioned variables in a direction known to improve oxygenation; (2) nonspecific response, an increase in PF ratio with no increase in OI, and alteration of one or more of the other four criteria in a direction known to improve oxygenation; and (3) undetermined response, an increase in both the PF ratio and OI, indicating a deliberate augmentation in ventilator support. Results A total of 119 data points were evaluated. Fifty data points (42%) exhibited no response to iNO. Thirty-two data points (27%) were classified as having possible responses, 35 data points (29%) as nonspecific, and 2 data points (2%) as undetermined responses to the iNO treatment. Conclusions In ARDS, improved oxygenation amid iNO treatment is multifactorial. In only 27% of our evaluated data points could the increase in PF ratio be attributed to iNO. We suggest that when clinically utilizing iNO, the interactive factors described by us should be taken into account for data analysis.
The Distribution and Storage of Fluorine in the Tissues of the Laying Hen

Abstract THE ingestion of small quantities of fluorides with the diet causes an accumulation of fluorine in the tissues of the animal and ultimately chronic toxicosis. Sonntag (1916) increased the F content of the bones of dogs from a value below 0.3 percent in normal animals to 1.73 percent in NaF fed animals. Brandl and Tappeiner (1891) examined microscopically the bones of a young growing dog and found crystals deposited which resembled the crystalline fluoride CaF2. Bethke, et al (1929), and Kick (1932) have shown the increased F storage in the bones of pigs following F intake as NaF or rock phosphate. Brandl and Tappeiner (1891), as well as Trebitsch (1927), further demonstrated the deposition of F in the tissues of animals fed small amounts of fluorine in the diet. The work of Tolle and Maynard (1931) upon rats showed a relatively large increase in bone ash from normal to NaF . . .
Realism, Rational Action, and the Humean Theory of Motivation

Realists about practical reasons agree that judgments regarding reasons are beliefs. They disagree, however, over the question of how such beliefs motivate rational action. Some adopt a Humean conception of motivation, according to which beliefs about reasons must combine with independently existing desires in order to motivate rational action; others adopt an anti-Humean view, according to which beliefs can motivate rational action in their own right, either directly or by giving rise to a new desire that in turn motivates the action. I argue that the realist who adopts a Humean model for explaining rational action will have a difficult time giving a plausible account of the role that desire plays in this explanation. I explore four interpretations of this role and argue that none allows a Humean theory to explain rational action as convincingly as an anti-Humean theory does. The first two models, in different ways, make acting on a reason impossible. The third allows this possibility, but only by positing a reason-sensitive desire that itself demands an explanation. The fourth avoids this explanatory challenge only by retreating to an empty form of the Humean view. In contrast, an anti-Humean theory can provide an intuitively plausible explanation of rational action. I conclude that the realist about reasons should adopt an anti-Humean theory to explain rational action.
Europe East and West: Basic business reference sources

Two profound changes are taking place in Europe—the economic and political integration in the West and the democratic and economic evolution of the East. Though war and its expectation have been the destiny of the European nation states since the Middle Ages, the future holds out the promise of peace, economic growth, and prosperity.
Characterizing Network-Based Moving Target Defenses

The moving target defense (MTD) strategy allows defenders to limit the effectiveness of attacker reconnaissance and exploitation. Many academic works have created MTDs in different deployment environments. However, network-based MTDs (NMTDs) share key components and properties that determine their effectiveness. In this work, we identify and define seven properties common to NMTDs which are key to ensuring the effectiveness of the approach. We then evaluate four NMTD systems using these properties and found two or more key concerns for each of the systems. This analysis shows that these properties may help guide developers of new NMTD systems by guiding the evaluation of these systems and can be used by others as a rubric to assess the strengths and limitations of each NMTD approach.
Breeding readiness in squirrel monkeys: female-primed females are triggered by males.

Abstract The South American squirrel monkey (Saimiri) shows pronounced annual variations in reproductive activity. We investigated the contribution of social stimulation to breeding readiness, as reflected in behavior and gonadal hormones. A previous study indicated that formation of new heterosexual pairs can induce breeding readiness in males, but not in females. In the present study we examined the response of individually housed females to the formation of triads of unacquainted females and, subsequently, the response of these triads to the introduction of a single male. The formation of the all-female group was accompanied by a marked reduction in basal cortisol levels. Introduction of a male to such a group promptly induced breeding readiness in the females, as indicated by increased gonadal hormone production and cyclic variation in estrogen and progesterone levels. The contrasting responses of group-living or single females to a new male suggest that at least two processes are involved in the induction of breeding readiness by group formation in females. One is a “priming” effect resulting from interfemale stimulation; the other is a “triggering” effect resulting from the presence of a male.
Acoustic investigation of the engine-over-the-wing concept using a D-shaped nozzle

Small-model experiments were conducted of the engine-over-the-wing concept using a D-shaped nozzle in order to determine the static-lift and acoustic characteristics at two wing-flap positions. Configurations were tested with the flow attached and unattached to the upper surface of the flaps. Attachment was obtained with a nozzle flow deflector. In both cases, high frequency noise shielding by the wing was obtained. Configurations using the D-shaped nozzle are compared with corresponding ones using a circular nozzle. With flow attached to the flaps, the static lift and acoustic results are almost the same for both nozzles. Without the nozzle flow deflector, (unattached flap flow), the D-nozzle is considerably noisier than a circular nozzle in the low and middle frequencies.
Occupational hazard: Predictors of stress among jail correctional officers

The plethora of literature on correctional officers and the work environment, more specifically occupational stress, has focused almost exclusively on officers working in prison facilities. The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the predictors of occupational stress and general stress among 373 jail correctional officers in one state in the Northeast, using the Stressors identified in the previous literature on prison correctional officers and occupational stress. The results indicated that organizational strengths, perceived danger, role problems, and job satisfaction were significant predictors of both occupational and general stress. In addition, gender and salary predicted occupational stress while correctional experience and training predicted general stress. Suggestions are made for administrators, as well as future research on the workplace experiences of correctional officers.
The Eph Family Receptors and Ligands

Abstract The Eph family is the largest of all known tyrosine kinase receptor-ligand systems. They are expressed in distinct, but overlapping, spatial and temporal patterns during embryonic development and postnatal life, and function in a variety of morphogenic events. The best known function is their role in the guidance of migration of axons and cells in the nervous system through repulsive interactions. They may also play a role in angiogenesis, tissue patterning, and tumor formation. 〈SCap>pharmacol. ther.〈Default ¶ Font> 77(3):151–181, 1998.
Bound quinic acid as a measure of coupling of leaf and sunflower‐seed proteins with chlorogenic acid congeners: Loss of availability of lysine

Changes were studied in the bulk protein of tobacco leaves, lucerne shoots and sunflower-seed kernels subjected to aerobic autolysis at room temperature. Bulk-protein fractions from cigar and from commercial sunflower-seed meal were also examined. Quinic acid, released by cold alkaline hydrolysis, was used as a measure of binding of chlorogenic acid residues to the proteins. On aerobic autolysis, the proteins of the leafy materials underwent some proteolysis; chlorogenic acid residues became bound to the protein, with concomitant diminution of free chlorogenic acid. The proteins showed browning, increased ultraviolet absorption and diminished content and “chemical availability” of lysine. However, during aerobic autolysis, the bulk protein of sunflower-seed kernels did not couple appreciably with the chlorogenic acid congeners present; the above accompanying phenomena were also largely absent. It is concluded that, when protein-rich plant materials are to be fed to monogastric animals, and particularly when their lysine content is critical, more attention should be paid to effects of the polyphenols and polyphenol oxidases present in the original plant.
The Dynamic Interplay Between Telomere-Binding Proteins POT1 and TPP1 in G-Quadruplex DNA

Telomere-binding proteins, like POT1 (protection of telomeres protein 1) and TPP1, are important for the maintenance of telomere integrity and are known to regulate telomerase to ensure that an appropriate length of structural DNA is maintained. Specifically in humans, hPOT1 is thought to suppress unwanted DNA repair by sequestering the single-stranded telomere overhang. Previous studies reported that POT1 binds to telomeric DNA in a sequence specific manner whereas TPP1 has no interaction with DNA on its own. POT1 and TPP1 as a complex have been shown to enhance telomerase recruitment and processivity. Despite the wealth of biochemical and structural data, the mechanistic basis of these activities remain enigmatic.Using single molecule FRET (Forster Resonance Energy Transfer) and PIFE (Protein Induced Fluorescence Enhancement) techniques on various lengths of telomeric DNA consisting of TTAGGG repeats, we observed that POT1 binds to the pre-folded G-quadruplex in a step-wise manner from 3’ to 5’. Consistent with previous findings, POT1 binds stably to the telomeric DNA, and thereby sequesters it. In contrast, POT1 and TPP1 exhibit dynamic behavior i.e sliding back and forth on telomeric DNA. This may explain how POT1-TPP1 contributes to the recruitment and processivity of telomerase by making the telomeric DNA accessible and providing mobility for telomerase. In addition, we observe that TPP1 alone displays transient interaction with single stranded DNA in a non-sequence specific manner. Our result uncovers the molecular mechanism and provides the dynamic axis to telomere regulation.
P‐204: Distinguished Poster Paper: A Near Infrared OLED for Day/Night Display

Recently there has been a growing interest in OLEDs that emit in the near infrared region (700–1250nm) for covert night vision applications. Here we report our results on a highly efficiency phosphorescent metalloporphyrin OLED device with a λmax= 765 nm. We will demonstrate a bi-color day/ covert night active matrix display fabricated on flexible metal using this material for the IR pixel.
Efficiently solving tri-diagonal system by chunked cyclic reduction and single-GPU shared memory

The tri-diagonal system comes from dynamic problems such as fluid simulation, and high efficiency is important for the success of these applications. In this paper, we develop completely GPU shared memory-based chunked cyclic reduction under the constraint of the capacity of the shared memory. Computational results show that GPU shared memory chunked cyclic reduction exhibits high efficiency by Nvidia TITAN with 48k shared memory, and GPU shared memory chunked cyclic reduction can solve a tri-diagonal system with 262,144-by-262,144 coefficient matrix in 1.768 ms. Computational results also show that GPU shared memory chunked cyclic reduction scales well to the sizes of coefficient matrix and the reduced systems. Altogether, since building completely on GPU shared memory, our solver may be faster than existing GPU solvers because of the efficiency of GPU shared memory, though the solubility of our solver is smaller than existing GPU solvers because of the capacity constraint of shared memory, where solubility means the solvable tri-diagonal system with the maximum size of the coefficient matrix by our solver.
Accurate Measurements of Low Z Elements in Sediments and Archaeological Ceramics Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF)

This study seeks to demonstrate the ability of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) to estimate concentrations of K, Ca, and Fe in sediments and archaeological ceramics under controlled conditions. After a discussion of the potential confounding factors in PXRF use, a protocol which attempts to address these issues through repeated measurement, calibration, and re-sampling is detailed. Data generated using this protocol are then tested for accuracy and repeatability. PXRF is argued to be able to produce accurate estimates of K provided the suggested protocol is used, and able to produce repeatable estimates of K and Ca under these same conditions. Other experimental conditions tested failed to produce accurate and repeatable results. Fe results are found to be problematic given the calibration standards used here.
A Study on the Manufacture and in Vitro Dissolution of Terbutaline Sulfate Microcapsules and their Tablets

AbstractMicrocapsules of terbutaline sulfate with cellulose acetate butyrate and ethylcellulose were prepared using an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The in vitro dissolution of terbutaline sulfate was studied using the USP rotating basket method. As the polymer to drug ratio increased, the microcapsule size distribution shifted to the smaller size and the release of terbutaline sulfate decreased. The release of terbutaline sulfate was independent of the dissolution medium pH for both polymers. The release kinetics from the microcapsules was dependent on the polymer type and polymer to drug ratio. The release of terbutaline sulfate from cellulose acetate butyrate and ethylcellulose microcapsules formulated with a 1:1 polymer to drug ratio was complex and could not be differentiated between the square-root of time and first-order release models. However, the square-root of time model was followed by microcapsules formulated with a 2:1 or a 3:1 cellulose acetate butyrate to drug ratio. When the eth...
Climatic Controls and Spatial Variations of Precipitation in the Western United States

Abstract The western United States is characterized by complex seasonal precipitation regimes due to the hierarchy of climatic controls that operate at different spatial scales. A climatology of month to month changes in precipitation, using data from 4027 stations, illustrates how different climatic controls govern the annual cycle of precipitation response and explains the spatial distribution of the seasonal precipitation maximum. These results particularly indicate that smaller-scale climatic controls must be considered along with larger-scale ones in order to explain patterns of spatial climate heterogeneity over mountainous areas. The examination of seasonal precipitation maxima during years characterized by abnormally low winter Pacific-North American teleconnection (PNA) patterns and abnormally strong summer monsoons reveal few changes spatially as compared to normal. The lack of changes illustrate that spatial heterogeneity of precipitation seasonally is the rule rather than the exception for muc...
Strongly enhanced vortex pinning in high-energy, heavy-ion-irradiated, superconducting TlBaCaCuO films

Abstract Lattice damage introduced in high-temperature superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2Oy thin films by irradiation with 60 MeV Cu9+ ions produces a large enhancement in both the critical current density Jcm and the vortex volume pinning force. These promising effects are observed for a fluence of 2 × 1011 ions/cm2 that causes a small decrease (∼ 4%) in the superconducting transition temperature. At 40 K in a one Tesla magnetic field applied along the crystallographic c-axis, at dissipation levels dictated by the SQUID magnetometer, Jcm is increased by orders of magnitude following irradiation. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals extended, linear defects following irradiation that provide strong vortex pinning sites, allowing much higher Jcm.
SNPs in toll-like receptor (TLR) genes as new genetic alterations associated with congenital toxoplasmosis?

Nearly 40 % of pregnant women are infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Primary infections in pregnant women result, in approximately 30–50 % of patients, in transmission of T. gondii through the placenta to the fetus and then in congenital infections with severe, sometimes fatal course. Studies still do not provide sufficient data on the genetic bases of the immunity in fetuses, newborns, and infants with congenital toxoplasmosis. Previous research showed the contribution of toll-like receptors (TLRs) to non-specific immunity against T. gondii invasion, observed in T. gondii-infected animals, especially mice. So far, the activity of TLRs in defense against T. gondii infections was observed particularly for TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 molecules. Differential TLR activity associates with both cell types, including a variety of placental cells and stage of pregnancy. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in three genes encoding these receptors were reported as significant genetic modifications of TLRs associated with different pregnancy disorders. Despite those data, genetic alterations of TLRs which have contributed to innate immune response against T. gondii infections are still not precisely described. In this article, we present reasons for the research of the plausible role of SNPs residing in TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 genes in congenital toxoplasmosis development.
Dietary Fiber Intake and Cardiometabolic Conditions among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study

Background: Childhood cancer survivors experience high risk of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and obesity in young adulthood. A high-fiber diet is associated with reduced risk of cardiometabolic conditions but it remains unclear whether such a diet can decrease cardiometabolic morbidity in childhood cancer survivors. Methods: For 2,571 young adult survivors of childhood cancer (mean ± SD for age = 32.6 ±8.3 years) in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, self-reported dietary intake was assessed using the Block food frequency questionnaire. Systematic medical assessments included measurements of blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, serum fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, total energy intake, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary patterns. Results: The mean dietary intake of fiber was 8.5 g/day pe...
Electron capture collisions between Na + and O 2 , N 2 , and CO in the energy range 0.1-1 keV

Absolute cross sections for charge transfer into several excited levels of sodium have been determined over the energy range 0.1-1 keV. The energy dependence of all cross sections appears to follow the form $\ensuremath{\sigma}(v,\ensuremath{\Delta}E)=K{e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{Ea}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}v}}$, where $v$ is the ion velocity and $\ensuremath{\Delta}E(n,l)$ is the "energy defect" for charge transfer into $n$, $l$ excited levels of sodium. This experiment is the first test of the adiabatic hypothesis in which $v$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ can be treated in the above expression essentially as independent variables. We find that at constant $v$, relative magnitudes of electron-capture cross sections are governed by the energy defect without regard to principal quantum number or angular momentum of the final state. This functional dependence is discussed in terms of a semiclassical coupled harmonic oscillator model.
Optimal Cellular Core Topologies for One-Dimensional Morphing Aircraft Structures

Unlike a conventional aircraft’s wing, a morphing aircraft’s wing could undergo large deformations in order to fly efficiently. This requires a wing’s skin meeting conflicting requirements such as large deformation capability to allow morphing of the underlying structure and high flexural stiffness to maintain the airfoil shape. In this paper, the design of composite skins with a cellular core is considered for the particular case of one-dimensional morphing. Cellular core topologies are calculated using a multi-objective genetic algorithm coupled with a local search optimizer. Morphological filtering is used to remove small features in the topology. As a multi-objective problem, no single solution emerges as the clear best solution because of conflicting objectives. However, the solutions found help guide the design of cellular-based morphing skins. A design is selected from the set of solutions obtained, and a cellular core under combined in-plane morphing and out-of-plane loading is examined with respect to the local stresses, the energy of deformation and the core’s out-of-plane deformation to validate the approach used.
Targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cells to the bone

Osteoporosis is a disease of excess skeletal fragility that results from estrogen loss and aging. Age related bone loss has been attributed to both elevated bone resorption and insufficient bone formation. We developed a hybrid compound, LLP2A-Ale in which LLP2A has high affinity for the α4β1 integrin on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and alendronate has high affinity for bone. When LLP2A-Ale was injected into mice, the compound directed MSCs to both trabecular and cortical bone surfaces and increased bone mass and bone strength. Additional studies are underway to further characterize this hybrid compound, LLP2A-Ale, and how it can be utilized for the treatment of bone loss resulting from hormone deficiency, aging, and inflammation and to augment bone fracture healing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Stem Cells and Bone".
Effects of geographical location and land use on atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in the State of Connecticut

A network of eight monitoring stations was established to study the atmospheric nitrogen concentration and deposition in the State of Connecticut. The stations were classified into urban, rural, coastal and inland categories to represent the geographical location and land use characteristics surrounding the monitoring sites. Nitrogen species including nitrate, ammonium, nitric acid vapor and organic nitrogen in the air and precipitation were collected, analyzed and used to infer nitrogen concentrations and dry and wet deposition flux densities for the sampling period from 1997 through 1999, with independently collected meteorological data. Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the spatial variations of atmospheric concentration and deposition fluxes of total nitrogen in Connecticut. A slightly higher atmospheric concentration of total nitrogen was observed along the Connecticut coastline of Long Island Sound compared to inland areas, while the differences of nitrogen deposition fluxes were insignificant between coastal and inland sites. The land use characteristics surrounding the monitoring sites had profound effects on the atmospheric nitrogen concentration and dry deposition flux. The ambient nitrogen concentration over the four urban sites was averaged 38.9% higher than that over the rural sites, resulting a 58.0% higher dry deposition flux in these sites compared to their rural counterparts. The local industrial activities and traffic emissions of nitrogen at urban areas had significant effects on the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen concentration and dry deposition flux in the State. Wet and total deposition fluxes appeared to be invariant between the monitoring sites, except for high flux densities measured at Old Greenwich, a monitoring station near to and downwind of the New York and New Jersey industrial complexes.
Critical importance of stimulus unawareness for the production of subliminal psychodynamic activation effects. An attributional model.

This paper describes a new theoretical model of subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) effects. The model conceptualizes subliminal-supraliminal differences in SPA effects as being due to differences in subjects' attributions for the changes in anxiety level that are produced by subliminal versus supraliminal SPA stimuli. Changes in anxiety level produced by supraliminal SPA stimuli can be attributed by subjects to the experimental procedures, diminishing the impact of these messages on subjects' responses. In contrast, subjects cannot attribute changes in anxiety level produced by subliminal SPA stimuli to the experimental procedures. Therefore, no "discounting" (i.e., situational) attributions for subliminally induced changes in anxiety levels are available to subjects, and subliminal SPA messages produce significantly stronger effects on responding than do supraliminal SPA messages. The attributional model of SPA effects is discussed in the context of other long-term research programs investigating subliminal phenomena. The implications of this model for clinical treatment and empirical research utilizing the SPA paradigm are discussed.
Application of hydrogen embrittlement models to the crack growth behavior of fusion reactor materials

Hydrogen induced crack growth rates of a 12 Cr-1 Mo ferritic stainless steel (HT-9) have been estimated for three sources of hydrogen: the plasma, nuclear reactions and aqueous corrosion. Estimates of crack growth rates were derived using hydrogen embrittlement models which describe the temperature and hydrogen activity dependence of cracking. A crack growth rate of 10−3 cm/s at a reactor operating temperature of 400°C was obtained for a steady-state hydrogen concentration of 0.5 appm resulting from (n, p) reactions, while a much slower crack growth rate was predicted for the same steady-state hydrogen concentration with an alternate model. These calculations have shown the need for further research to assess the effect of temperature on crack growth. Other sources of hydrogen give very slow hydrogen induced crack growth rates at reactor operating temperatures while significant hydrogen induced crack growth rates are possible at lower temperatures. For instance, hydrogen from an aqueous corrosion reaction could produce a crack growth rate of 10−7 cm/s at 25°C which could be significant during extended downtime. Also, a non-equilibrium hydrogen uptake from the plasma could occur from surface reaction controlled effects, and a crack growth rate of 10−1 cm/s was estimated for this condition at a temperature of 75°C. Based on this analysis, hydrogen induced crack growth is not considered significant for HT-9 during reactor operation but may be a problem during extended downtime if the temperature decreases to a value less than 100°C.
Nonthermal Processes in Large Solar Flares

In many small solar flares the ~10–100 keV electrons accelerated during the flash phase contain the bulk of the total flare energy output. In large flares, such as those in the period 1972, August 2–7, the flash phase electrons are present in substantially greater numbers. These electrons can explosively heat the chromosphere-lower corona and eject flare material. The ejected matter can produce a shock wave which will then accelerate nucleons and electrons to relativistic energies. We analyze energetic particle, radio, X-ray, gamma ray and interplanetary shock observations of the 1972 August flares to obtain quantitative estimates of the energy contained in each facet of these large flares. In general these observations are consistent with the above hypothesis. In particular: (1) From the X-ray emission (van Beek et al., 1973) the energy contained in > 25 keV electrons is calculated to be≳ 2 × 1032 erg for the 1972, August 4 event. Since the lower energy cutoff to the electron spectrum is known to be below 25 keV and possibly below 10 keV, the electrons contain enough energy to produce the following interplanetary shock wave, which has by far the bulk of the energy dissipated in the flare. Similar numbers are obtained for the large August 7 flare event. (2) From the γ-ray emission (Chupp et al., 1973) the energy in protons dumped at the same level of the atmosphere, assuming a thick target situation, is at least a factor of three smaller than the electrons. Moreover the γ-ray emission indicates that the bulk of the protons are accelerated at least several minutes after the electrons. Thus it is more likely that the electrons are responsible for the flare optical (Hα and white light) emissions which occur in the chromosphere. (3) Approximately 5% of the electrons and≳ 99% of the protons escape into the interplanetary medium to be observed by spacecraft. This situation is consistent with the hypothesis of shock acceleration of the protons high in the solar corona. (4) The four most intense X-ray bursts observed during the period July 31—August 11 are the only bursts followed by an interplanetary shock wave and a new injection of energetic protons into the interplanetary medium.
Configurable MCPW based inductor for mm-wave circuits and systems

High quality factor configurable inductors are critical components for robust multiband wireless applications. Configurable Multilayer Coplanar Wave Guide (MCPW) based inductors in nano-scale CMOS technologies are proposed in this paper for millimeter wave frequency applications. Inductors are tweaked by adjusting the transmission line length to compensate for process variations of the mm-wave circuits and cover multiple bands. For demonstration, a mm-wave Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) using the configurable inductor was designed and fabricated. Measurement reveals that the VCO covers frequency ranging from 72.8 to 77.6 GHz with phase noise of −109 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset, which is in good agreement with the MCPW-based inductor model prediction.
A perspective from industry: speaking Java

In Sun Microsystems' view of the future, embedded Java will run in everything from your personal computer to your alarm clock. Java's support for network communication would allow your hair dryer to warn your toaster to start breakfast. Will it happen? Will Java code be running all your household appliances someday or will it end up only in the trash compactor? Nobody knows, but here are some reasons to give it a look:
Effects of pre-game stories on feelings of presence and evaluation of computer games

Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer game. In Experiment 1, participants played a computer game after watching a 5min pre-game story video about the main character of the game. Prior exposure to the pre-game story positively influenced participants' feelings of presence and their game evaluation. The effect of pre-game story exposure on game evaluation was mediated by participants' feelings of presence. When a comparison between participants who watched the pre-game story and those who watched a non-story video was conducted, no mediating role of feelings of presence was found. In Experiment 2, participants read a movie script before playing the game. Its results partially replicated those of Experiment 1 with no significant mediating role of feelings of presence. The implications of the current study were discussed with respect to (1) studies on stories in computer games, (2) presence research, and (3) the design of computer games.
A comparative contrast-detail study of five medical displays.

The objective of this study was to compare the contrast-detail performance of five different commercial liquid crystal displays(LCDs) to other LCD and cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays for medical applications. A contrast-detail phantom, supplemented with 5 in. of acrylic, was imaged on a commercial digital radiographicsystem using techniques comparable to chest radiography. The phantom design enabled observer evaluation by a four-alternative forced choice paradigm. The acquired images were independently scored by five observers on five medicaldisplay devices: a 5 megapixel monochrome LCD, a 3 megapixel monochrome LCD, a 9 megapixel color LCD, a 5 megapixel monochrome CRT, and a mammographic-grade monochrome CRT. The data were analyzed using the method suggested by the manufacturer based on a nearest neighbor correction technique. They were further analyzed using a logistic regression response model with a natural threshold using an overall chi-square test for display type followed by pairwise comparisons for individual display performance. The differences between the display devices were small. The standard analysis of the results based on the manufacturer-recommended method did not yield any statistically discernible trend among displays. The logistic regression analysis, however, indicated that the 5 megapixel monochrome LCD was statistically significantly ( p 0.0001 ) superior to the others, followed by the 3 megapixel monochrome LCD ( p 0.0001 ) . The three other displays exhibited lower but generally similar performance characteristics. The findings suggest that 5 and 3 megapixel monochrome LCDs provide comparable but subtly superior contrast detectability than other tested displays, with the former performing slightly better in the detection of subtle and fine details.
PROGRESSION OF BIOTIN DEFICIENCY AND INFLUENCE OF REDUCED FOOD INTAKE ON FATTY ACIDS IN THE CHICK

Abstract Experiments were conducted with chickens to study the progression of biotin deficiency on fatty acids in liver subcellular organelles and pair feeding effects on fatty acids in liver. In Experiment 1, fatty acid profiles of liver subcellular organelles were determined at 7, 21 and 26 days of age in relation to biotin status in male chicks fed biotin-deficient (BD) or biotin-adequate (BA) purified diets. Liver biotin content of newly hatched chicks was 2820 ng/g of wet tissue. Liver biotin levels in BD chicks (0 μg added biotin/kg diet) dropped to 655 ng/g at Day 7 and to 321 ng/g at Day 21. In BA chicks (500 μg added biotin/kg diet) liver biotin decreased to 1480 ng/g at Day 7 but increased to 2450 ng/g at Day 21. Fatty acid profiles determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography were influenced by age and dietary biotin. In liver microsomes and mitochondria of BD chicks, linoleate and γ-linolenate were elevated over time. Levels of arachidonate were not affected by dietary biotin level, but decreases in dihomo-γ-linolenate suggest that elongation of γ-linolenate is impaired during biotin deficiency. In Experiment 2, the fatty acid compositions of total lipids (TLs) and phospholipids (PLs) in liver were measured in pair-fed (PF), BD and BA chicks at 21 days of age. Liver TLs and PLs of BD chicks contained higher levels of linoleate and γ-linolenate and lower levels of dihomo-γ-linolenate compared to PF and BA chicks. These data indicate that changes in fatty acid profiles of liver lipids result from biotin deficiency and not from reduced feed intake.
Disposal of high activity power reactor wastes in salt mines: A concept and field scale demonstration☆

Abstract One of the mose important advantages of a natural salt formation as a repository for radioactive wastes is its essential impermeability due to its plastic properties. To prove the feasibility of disposal in salt mines a conceptual design has been developed and a demonstration of the storage concept is being prepared in a 1000 ft eep inactive mine in Lyons, Kansas. Economic studies show that costs for an actual disposal operation would fall well within the range allowable for competitive nuclear power. In the demonstration irradiated fuel assemblies from the Engineering Test Reactor with serve as a source of radiation in lieu of actual solidified wastes. Two radioactive arrays (one in the existing floor to check problems in the use of abandoned mines, and one in a specially excavated area) will each contain 14 assemblies in 7 cans. An electrically heated array will serve as a control. Mine renovations and additions are complete, and initiation of the two-year test is scheduled for late 1965.
The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to induce oocyte maturation after cotreatment with GnRH antagonist in high-risk patients undergoing in vitro fertilization prevents the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled study.

Objective To determine whether there are any differences in the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and implantation rates in high-risk patients undergoing IVF using a protocol consisting of GnRH agonist trigger after cotreatment with GnRH antagonist or hCG trigger after dual pituitary suppression protocol. Design Prospective randomized controlled trial. Setting University-based tertiary fertility center. Patient(s) Sixty-six patients under 40 years of age with polycystic ovarian syndrome, polycystic ovarian morphology, or previous high response undergoing IVF. Intervention(s) Patients were randomized to an ovarian stimulation protocol consisting of either GnRH agonist trigger after cotreatment with GnRH antagonist (study group) or hCG trigger after dual pituitary suppression with a GnRH agonist (control group). Both groups received luteal phase and early pregnancy supplementation with IM progesterone (P), and patients in the study group also received E 2 patches and their doses were adjusted according to the serum levels. Main Outcome Measure(s) Incidence of OHSS and implantation rate. Result(s) None of the patients in the study group developed any form of OHSS compared with 31% (10/32) of the patients in the control group. There were no significant differences in the implantation (22/61 [36.0%] vs. 20/64 [31.0%]), clinical pregnancy (17/30 [56.7%] vs. 15/29 [51.7%]), and ongoing pregnancy rates (16/30 [53.3%] vs. 14/29 [48.3%]) between the study and control groups, respectively. Conclusion(s) The use of a protocol consisting of GnRH agonist trigger after GnRH antagonist cotreatment combined with adequate luteal phase and early pregnancy E 2 and P supplementation reduces the risk of OHSS in high-risk patients undergoing IVF without affecting implantation rate.
Auditory brainstem anomalies in human albinos

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials recorded from human albinos indicate significant hemispheric asymmetry. The asymmetry is symptomatic of differences between decussated and nondecussated auditory pathways in albino and pigmented humans at approximately the level of the superior olivary nuclei. Abnormal decussation of auditory pathways in albinos probably coincides with known visual system anomalies.
EXAMPLES OF CORPORATE DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING USING THE PRINCETON TRANSPORTATION NETWORK MODEL AND GRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Abstract For the past 8 years researchers at Princeton have been developing an interactive high resolution computer graphic system which is specifically designed to address transportation network problems. The system utilizes a combination of state-of-the-art hardware and software. It has been made specific to rail, highway, waterway and urban transportation network problems of the U.S. and Canada. The analytical, stimulation, graphic and interactive techniques are applicable to transportation network problems of other geographic areas. The paper presents the hardware and algorithmic philosophies used to develop this most valuable network analysis and simulation environment. Described are data structure, computational procedures, hardware configuration and data sources. Included are examples of the wide range of network problems which are continuing to be addressed using this system. Included are issues of commodity transport (coal), railroad operations and car management, intemodal traffic and market analysis, analysis of mergers, and analysis of modal shares and modal flows.
The relationship of sexual adjustment and related sexual behaviors and attitudes to marital adjustment

Abstract This paper examines the extent of relationship between sexual adjustment and marital adjustment for 30 married couples followed for 3–6 months. Sexual adjustment was assessed by means of the LoPiccolo-Steger Sexual Interaction Inventory, and two other measures termed a Couple Interaction Scale (CI) and a Couple Compatibility Ratio (CCR). Marital adjustment was assessed by means of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale (L-W MAS) and a clinically-devised instrument based on the extent of support between the marital partners. The two marital adjustment instruments agreed closely. A high degree of association was obtained between most of the sexual adjustment measures and the two marital adjustment measures; using the most reliable of these measures, it is estimated that sexual adjustment contributed between 40 % and 55 % of the variance in marital adjustment. This association was not due to a specific stage of. the human sexual response cycle of desire, excitement, orgasm and gratification. Int...
Meta-stable quasicrystal formation in vitrified and solid state synthesized amorphous Zr-based alloys

Abstract Amorphous Zr 70 Pd 30 , Zr 70 Pd 20 Cu 10 , Zr 80 Pt 20 , Zr 70 Pt 20 Cu 10 , and Zr 57 Ti 8 Nb 2.5 Cu 3.9 Ni 1.1 Al 7.5 alloys were prepared by melt spinning and mechanical milling to compare their devitrification behaviors. The melt-spun ribbons transform from an amorphous structure to a meta-stable quasicrystalline phase. This amorphous-to-quasicrystalline transition is not observed in amorphous powders obtained by mechanical milling. Since the mechanical milling process does not involve direct liquid phase formation of an amorphous structure, it is inferred that in the absence of the short-range order obtained directly from the liquid, meta-stable quasicrystalline phase formation is not energetically favored in these Zr-based metallic glasses.
Evaluating Larval Competition Between Aedes albopictus and A. triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) through Replacement Series Experiments

Potential larval competition between Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) was examined with replacement series experimental design, an analysis previously used to evaluate competition between plant species. Experimental design was a factorial treatment arrangement with four replications of larval diet (high and low) and species ratio (proportions of A. triseriatus/A. albopictus larvae 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1). Adult emergence, adult biomass, and sex ratio were evaluated. No competitive effects were observed in the high-diet treatments; however, significant competitive relationships were observed for all parameters in the low-diet treatments. Competition was evaluated by replacement diagrams, relative crowding coefficients, and analysis of variance. All techniques indicated that A. albopictus was a superior competitor to A. triseriatus under low diet. The use of the replacement series design was a powerful method for examining competition through a single experiment. The results indicate that replacement series experimental design can be used to characterize competition between animal species, providing that individual animals can be placed in an experimental habitat in appropriate proportions.