cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Matter Waves in Adjacent Potential Wells

We consider exact controllability of a system of two Schrodinger equations. These represent matter waves in adjacent potential wells with different potentials, one zero, the other a positive constant V 0 . The problem is formulated as a simultaneous boundary controllability problem, with Dirichlet control. Estimates for the controls, including an observability inequality, are proved using multiplier techniques. Then the Hilbert uniqueness method is used to obtain the exact controllability result. If V 0 is sufficiently small, there exists a time T(V 0 ) such that the system is exactly controllable in times T > T(V 0 ).
Towards understanding the mechanisms of molecular recognition by computer simulations of ligand-protein interactions.

The thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of molecular recognition for the methotrexate (MTX)-dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) ligand-protein system are investigated by the binding energy landscape approach. The impact of 'hot' and 'cold' errors in ligand mutations on the thermodynamic stability of the native MTX-DHFR complex is analyzed, and relationships between the molecular recognition mechanism and the degree of ligand optimization are discussed. The nature and relative stability of intermediates and thermodynamic phases on the ligand-protein association pathway are studied, providing new insights into connections between protein folding and molecular recognition mechanisms, and cooperativity of ligand-protein binding. The results of kinetic docking simulations are rationalized based on the thermodynamic properties determined from equilibrium simulations and the shape of the underlying binding energy landscape. We show how evolutionary ligand selection for a receptor active site can produce well-optimized ligand-protein systems such as MTX-DHFR complex with the thermodynamically stable native structure and a direct transition mechanism of binding from unbound conformations to the unique native structure.
The production and germination of resting spores of Entomophthora virulenta (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)

Abstract The resting spores of Entomophthora virulenta were readily mass-produced on coagulated egg yolk supplemented with Sabouraud dextrose. A significantly higher number of the spores germinated under 16 hr/day of 914 and 2260 lx than in darkness. Similarly, treatment with 1 or 2% glusulase significantly increased the germination of the test spores.
Development of Platynota flavedana and P. idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) at constant temperatures in the laboratory

Development of Platynota flavedana Clemens and P. idaeusalis (Walker) on a meridic diet was observed at constant temperatures in the laboratory. Lower developmental threshold values for egg, larval, and pupal stages of P. flavedana were 10.6, 8.6, and 9.0°C, respectively. Lower developmental threshold values of 9.7, 7.0, and 8.5°C were estimated for egg, larval, and pupal stages of P. idaeusalis , respectively. Averages of 101.5 DD10.6, 379.6 DD8.6, and 126.0 DD9.0 were required for development of egg, larval, and pupal stages of P. flavedana , respectively. P. idaeusalis required 104.7 DD9.7 442.7 DD7.0, and 132.2 DD8.5 to complete development in the egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. Differences in rate of development were observed between food sources for both species.
Correlation Between CD4+ Counts and Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus--related Noninfectious Retinal Vasculopathy in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

We prospectively studied 132 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to determine the cross-sectional prevalence of cytomegalovirus retinitis. All patients had serum CD4+ lymphocyte counts to determine the degree of immune dysfunction. Correlations between CD4+ counts, the presence of cytomegalovirus retinitis or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--related noninfectious retinal vasculopathy, and ocular symptoms were made. The study disclosed that 26 of 132 patients with AIDS (20%) had cytomegalovirus retinitis. However, subset analysis according to CD4+ count disclosed that in patients with CD4+ counts of 50 cells/mm 3 or less, 26 of 87 (30%) had cytomegalovirus retinitis, whereas in patients with CD4+ counts of 50 cells/mm 3 or more, none of 45 was noted to have cytomegalovirus retinitis. Similarly, 46 of 132 patients (35%) were noted to have HIV-related noninfectious retinal vasculopathy, with a trend toward increasing prevalence associated with declining CD4+ count. In patients with CD4+ counts of 50 cells/mm 3 or less, 39 of 87 (45%) had HIV-related noninfectious retinal vasculopathy, whereas seven of 45 patients (16%) with CD4+ counts of 50 cells/mm 3 or more were noted to have these changes. We confirmed the clinical impression that cytomegalovirus retinitis and HIV-related noninfectious retinal vasculopathy are late manifestations of AIDS, demonstrated an increased risk for patients with low CD4+ counts, and suggested a basis for coherent chemoprophylaxis and screening strategies for cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Eruptions of the St. Augustine Volcano: Airborne Measurements and Observations

Airborne measurements of the effluents from the St. Augustine volcano obtained during a 10-day period of activity showed that aerosol was ejected at the rate of about 10 5 kilograms per second during brief eruptions (3 to 8 minutes). Steadier emissions contained much more water vapor and gaseous sulfur but less aerosol mass. A nuee ardente (glowing avalanche) produced by one eruption reached a maximum average speed of about 50 meters per second.
Enteral Nutrition in the Early Postoperative Period: A New Semi-Elemental Formula Versus Total Parenteral Nutrition

Several studies have reported that gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance symptoms are the limiting factor to enteral alimentation in the immediate postoperative period and often the reason for resorting to total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We postulated that Reabilan HN (a recently developed small peptide-based formula, in part obtained by enzyme hydrolysis of proteins) might be better absorbed and better tolerated so as to avoid the need for TPN. Accordingly, 19 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive Reabilan HN via jejunostomy or an equicaloric isonitrogenous TPN regimen. Both were begun 6 hr postoperatively at 25 ml/hr and increased by 25 ml/hr at 12-hr intervals up to the rate providing 1.5 times the calculated REE. GI tolerance to enteral feeding was excellent during the first three postoperative days, allowing the progression of the feeding rate to 99% of goal. During the next 3 days (starting on average 1.7 days after the return of bowel sounds), GI intolerance symptoms required a reduction in feeding rate to 52% on average. Subsequently, the symptoms resolved and the feeding rate reached 96% of goal. Although overall mean daily calorie and nitrogen intakes were lower for the enteral than for the TPN group (79.6 +/- 10.2% vs 94.6 +/- 3.8% of goal; p less than 0.01), the enteral group was nevertheless in positive caloric and nitrogen balance, and maintained similar serum albumin, prealbumin, and plasma transferrin levels. Average daily cost of supplies was $44.36 for enteral vs $102.10 for parenteral nutrition (p less than 0.001). We conclude that enteral feeding using this formula is well tolerated and cost-effective in the immediate postoperative period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cox17 is functional when tethered to the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Cox17 is an essential protein in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase within the mitochondrion. Cox17 is implicated in providing copper ions for formation of CuA and CuB sites in the oxidase complex. To address whether Cox17 is functional in shuttling copper ions to the mitochondrion, Cox17 was tethered to the mitochondrial inner membrane by a fusion to the transmembrane domain of the inner membrane protein, Sco2. The copper-binding domain of Sco2 that projects into the inter-mitochondrial membrane space was replaced with Cox17. The Sco2/Cox17 fusion protein containing the mitochondrial import sequence and transmembrane segment of Sco2 is exclusively localized within the mitochondrion. The Sco2/Cox17 protein restores respiratory growth and normal cytochrome oxidase activity in cox17Δ cells. These studies suggest that the function of Cox17 is confined to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Domain mapping of yeast Cox17 reveals that the carboxyl-terminal segment of the protein has a function within the intermembrane space that is independent of copper ion binding. The essential C-terminal function of Cox17 maps to a candidate amphipathic helix that is important for mitochondrial uptake and retention of the Cox17 protein. This motif can be spatially separated from the N-terminal copper-binding functional motif. Possible roles of the C-terminal motif are discussed.
A survey of carcinoma of the colon treated at a community hospital.

The sex ratio of 1:1 is similar to that of other surveys reviewed. Rectal bleeding was the most common symptom. Anemia was equally distributed. There was a five-year survival rate of 33.6 per cent for all patients operated upon for carcinoma of the colon and the five-year survival rate for all patients who underwent curative surgical procedures was 43 per cent. Although this series is not large, it is significant that the ratio of the survival rate of patients with lesions of the left colon compared to lesions of the right colon is 5:3. Combined abdominoperineal resections were followed by the greatest number of five-year survivals. One could speculate that lesions which are adaptable to this procedure present symptoms earlier and are diagnosed more readily on routine examination, thus providing opportunity for earlier surgical intervention. In this survey, the five-year survival rate decreased as the lesion approached the cecum. A statistical review is presented of 104 patients operated upon for carcinoma of the colon in a small community hospital. An attempt has been made to compare the five-year survival rate of patients with lesions of the right and left colon. It was found that patients with lesions of the left colon have a five-year survival rate which is twice as great as that of patients with lesions of the right colon. There was a five-year survival rate of 40 per cent of patients undergoing curative procedures. Abdominoperineal resections resulted in the highest five-year survival rate.
Temperature and pressure dependence of self-diffusion, viscosity and nuclear relaxation times in liquid water

Abstract A scaled particle-quansilattice model for liquid water, which is based on the ice VII and ice fc structures, is shown to be capable of explaining several anomalous properties of water. The non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of coefficients of self-diffusion and viscosity and nuclear relaxation times are quantitatively interpreted. Negative volumes of activation, which are observed for viscosity and nuclear relaxation, are also computed to be in good agreement with experiment.
Role of ornithine decarboxylase and the polyamines in nervous system development : a review

Abstract Development of nervous tissue is controlled, in part, by the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamine system. Each brain region possesses a unique ontogenetic pattern for ODC, with highest levels of the enzyme associated with periods of most rapid growth. For this reason, perturbation of the ODC profile has proven useful in examinations of teratologic mechanisms and detection of adverse environmental effects during development. More recently, the replication of neuronal cells in developing brain has been shown to require the maintenance of polyamine levels and consequently, depletion of polyamines by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, an ODC inhibitor) arrests brain cell maturation. DFMO also interferes with neuronal migration, axonogenesis and synaptogenesis, leading to disruption of the cytoarchitectural organization of brain structures: these results imply a similarly important role for polyamines in post-replicative events. Indeed, [3HDFMO-autoradiographic localization of ODC in developing cerebellar lamina indicates high levels of activity associated with neuropil, areas of axonal outgrowth, and post-mitotic granule cells. Axonal outgrowth during regeneration after nerve damage in the mature nervous system may display some of the same characteristics as in developing neurons, suggesting that the two processes share common polyamine-dependent mechanisms.
Inference from heteroscedastic functional data

Technological advancements have produced an abundance of data sets in which a large number of repeated measurements are observed within a subject or stratum. Many of these data sets are based on a small number of subjects rendering most existing inferential methods unsuitable. This paper develops test procedures based on a novel model for nested heteroscedastic high-dimensional data which we propose. The novelty of the model rests on the fact that the random effects are assumed to be neither uncorrelated nor normal. The model is nonparametric in the sense that it leaves the covariance structure unspecified and applies to both discrete and continuous data. The test procedures developed are useful for evaluating the effects of time as well as their interactions with the crossed factors on the stratum. The asymptotic theory of the test statistics is driven by a large number of measurements per subject and the assumption of nonstationary α-mixing on the error term. Simulation studies and real applications sho...
HIV infects glomerular endothelial and mesangial but not epithelial cells in vitro

HIV infects glomerular endothelial and mesangial but not epithelial cells in vitro. The infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in human glomerular cells was evaluated by exposing homogeneous cultures of human glomerular capillary endothelial, mesangial and epithelial cells to HIV in vitro. Infectivity and HIV expression was assessed by: 1) the measurement of p24 antigen production from culture supernatants; 2) the presence of p24 antigen intracellularly by immunofluorescence; 3) levels of P24 antigen production or syncytia formation following the cocultivation of glomerular cells exposed to HIV with normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or MT-2 lymphocytes; and 4) the presence of intracellular HIV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The results indicate that HIV can infect and replicate in glomerular capillary endothelial cells and in a small percentage of mesangial cells, but not in human glomerular epithelial cells in vitro.
Long-lasting microencephaly following exposure to cocaine during the brain growth spurt in the rat

In utero exposure to cocaine has been shown to produce somatic and behavioral effects. As microencephaly is often present in children born from cocaine-addicted mothers, aim of the present study was to develop an animal model for cocaine-induced microencephaly. Rats were treated with cocaine (20, 30 or 50 mg/kg/day, s.c., each dose divided in two equal doses given 3 h apart) from postnatal day 4 through 10. None of the doses had any effect on growth, however, at 50 mg/kg, cocaine caused a significant decrease in brain weight, measured on day 12. The effect of cocaine was similar in male and female rats, and microencephaly was still present in 45-day-old animals. When the same dose of cocaine was given as a single daily injection, long-lasting microencephaly was also present, but it was accompanied by a decrease in body weight and significant toxicity. Ethanol (4 g/kg), used as a positive control, also caused microencephaly without affecting body weight, but, differently from cocaine, its effect was more pronounced in female animals. Blood and brain levels of cocaine and its metabolites norcocaine and benzoylecgonine were measured by HPLC during treatment (postnatal day 8). After administration of the 50 mg/kg dose, concentrations of cocaine were 1.92 micrograms/g in brain and 0.94 microgram/ml in blood. These levels are encountered in cases of cocaine overdoses and have been found in meconium of newborns from crack-addicted mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Distinct Membrane Association Modes Facilitate Co-Translational Protein Targeting

Deciphering the nature of protein interactions at the membrane surface is crucial to understanding the molecular mechanism, timing, and regulation of many essential cellular processes. The signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SR), which target the translating ribosomes to translocation machineries at the target membrane, provide an ideal model system for investigating the mechanism of membrane recruitment of protein machineries. Here we show that FtsY, the E. coli SR, interacts with the membrane through two distinct modes. Using single-molecule techniques that directly observe membrane association of FtsY in a supported lipid bilayer environment, we were able to detect and differentiate between the previously identified stable association mode as well as a transient interaction mode that is also crucial for targeting. Transition between these two modes is regulated by the SRP. Functional assays show that switching between transient and stabilized modes upon SRP binding is critical for successful targeting. We propose that, in contrast to currently accepted models in which FtsY is anchored on the membrane and awaits SRP encounter, this receptor rapidly cycles between cytosol and membrane and actively searches for cargo-loaded SRP. This active search could provide a mechanism to enhance efficient and accurate membrane localization of the targeting complex.
Auditory space processing: here, there or everywhere?

A new imaging study suggests that cortical areas activated during sound-localization tasks also require that sound sources be distinguishable by their spectral or temporal features.
Observations of the anisotropy of cosmic rays at TeV-PeV

During the past decade, multiple observatories have reported significant observations of the anisotropy of cosmic rays in the TeV energy band. The anisotropy has been observed at large scales and small scales in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The source of the anisotropy is not well-understood, though both a galactic and a heliospheric origin have been suggested. We discuss recent observations of the shape and energy dependence of the anisotropy, with particular attention to measurements by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in the Southern Hemisphere and the Milagro and High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatories in the Northern Hemisphere.
Wind Noise Reduction in a Non-Porous Subsurface Windscreen

Measurements of wind noise reduction were conducted on a box-shaped, subsurface windscreen made of closed cell polyurethane foam. The windscreen was installed in the ground with the lid flush with the ground surface. The wind was generated by means of a fan, situated on the ground, and the wind speed was measured at the center of the windscreen lid with an ultrasonic anemometer. The wind speed was controlled by moving the fan to selected distances from the windscreen. The wind noise was measured on a PCB Piezotronics 3" electret microphone. Wind noise spectra were measured with the microphone exposed directly to the wind (atop the windscreen lid) and with the microphone installed inside the windscreen. The difference between the two spectra comprises the wind noise reduction. At wind speeds of 3, 5, and 7 m/s, the wind noise reduction is typically 15 dB over the frequency range 0.1-20 Hz.
Virtual time-to-contact of postural stability boundaries as a function of support surface compliance.

This study investigated the hypothesis that virtual time-to-contact, which specifies the time to reach the functional stability boundary, is a variable controlled in the maintenance of upright posture. Three different levels of support surface compliance were used on a force platform (no foam, 5 cm of foam, and 15 cm of foam). The participant’s task was to stand still under each surface support condition both with and without vision. The stability boundary was determined for each set of conditions where the participant was required to lean as far as possible in all directions of the horizontal plane without losing stability. The results showed that the no vision conditions had a significantly larger center of pressure displacement than the vision conditions. No vision and increasing support surface compliance also increased the velocity of the center of pressure trajectory. The distribution of the radial displacement of the center of pressure showed relatively equal frequency over spatial location with no central tendency. The virtual time-to-contact with the stability boundary decreased as platform surface support became more compliant. Furthermore, the distribution of virtual time over the effective scaling range was a power law with a larger exponent in the more unstable no vision and increasing surface foam conditions. The findings provide additional evidence for the hypothesis that virtual time-to-contact with stability boundaries is a postural control variable that is regulated rather than the preservation of minimal motion around the center of the stability region as proposed in pendulum models of posture.
Breast reconstruction in bilateral prophylactic mastectomy patients: factors that influence decision making.

Summary Background Utilization of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) and reconstruction has increased secondary to numerous medical advances. The purpose of this study was to examine decision making in women electing this therapy to further understand what influences and drives this decision. Methods The authors conducted a survey study, enrolling patients who elected BPM and reconstruction. Participants were mailed structured questionnaires utilizing validated and study specific tools addressing: demographics, treatment decisions, autonomy, decision making and information seeking preferences, and breast cancer treatment knowledge. Analysis was performed overall and by reconstruction. Results 40 patients responded (20 autologous, 19 implant and 1 combination, 66% response rate). The cohort was well educated and wealthy. Reconstructive options played a large role in the consideration of BPM. Patients were influenced by their physicians and less so by non-traditional means (media, internet, etc). Autologous reconstructions had a stronger desire to utilize their own tissue ( p p = 0.01). Implant reconstructions more often stated that they did not have enough tissue for autologous reconstruction ( p p = 0.03). Additionally, they were more influenced by non-traditional means ( p p = 0.02). Conclusions Multiple factors influence decision making in BPM and reconstruction, with the ultimate choice in reconstruction involving tissue availability, appearance of implant reconstructions, total amount of surgery required, and extent of visible scars. Patients were strongly influenced by their physicians, and less so by non-traditional means.
Large-eddy-simulation-based multiscale modeling of TiO2 nanoparticle synthesis in a turbulent flame reactor using detailed nucleation chemistry

Abstract In this work, we present a multiscale computational model for flame synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles in a turbulent flame reactor. The model is based on large-eddy simulation (LES) methodology in conjunction with detailed gas-phase chemical kinetics to accurately model the highly complicated combustion and nucleation processes in a turbulent flame. A flamelet-based model is used to model turbulence–chemistry interactions. In particular, the transformation of TiCl 4 to the solid primary nucleating TiO 2 nanoparticles is represented using an unsteady kinetic model considering 30 species and 69 reactions in order to accurately describe the important event of nanoparticle formation. The evolution of the TiO 2 number density function is tracked using the quadrature method of moments (QMOM). For validation purposes, the detailed computational model is compared against experimental data and reasonable agreement is obtained.
Enhancement of human cognitive performance using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Here we review the usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in modulating cortical networks in ways that might produce performance enhancements in healthy human subjects. To date over sixty studies have reported significant improvements in speed and accuracy in a variety of tasks involving perceptual, motor, and executive processing. Two basic categories of enhancement mechanisms are suggested by this literature: direct modulation of a cortical region or network that leads to more efficient processing, and addition-by-subtraction, which is disruption of processing which competes or distracts from task performance. Potential applications of TMS cognitive enhancement, including research into cortical function, rehabilitation therapy in neurological and psychiatric illness, and accelerated skill acquisition in healthy individuals are discussed, as are methods of optimizing the magnitude and duration of TMS-induced performance enhancement, such as improvement of targeting through further integration of brain imaging with TMS. One technique, combining multiple sessions of TMS with concurrent TMS/task performance to induce Hebbian-like learning, appears to be promising for prolonging enhancement effects. While further refinements in the application of TMS to cognitive enhancement can still be made, and questions remain regarding the mechanisms underlying the observed effects, this appears to be a fruitful area of investigation that may shed light on the basic mechanisms of cognitive function and their therapeutic modulation.
Influence of cocatalyst on the stereoselectivity of unbridged 2-phenylindenyl metallocene catalysts

Unbridged 2-arylindenyl metallocene complexes, such as bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride, in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO), are catalyst precursors for the synthesis of elastomeric...
Grouped papules in Hurler-Scheie syndrome

Abstract In a patient with Hurler-Scheie syndrome, a type of mucopolysaccharidosis (I H/S), an initial presentation was grouped papules on the extensor surfaces on the upper portions of the arms and legs. Other physical findings included progressive flexion contractures and mild developmental delay. The patient had deficient alpha-l-iduronidase activity, and electron microscopy showed large cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomes, consistent with Hurler-Scheie syndrome. Findings of grouped papules have not been previously reported in patients with this syndrome.
Perceived Barriers to Health Care Access Among Rural Older Adults: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACT: Context: Many rural elders experience limited access to health care. The majority of what we know about this issue has been based upon quantitative studies, yet qualitative studies might offer additional insight into individual perceptions of health care access. Purpose: To examine what barriers rural elders report when accessing needed health care, including how they cope with the high cost of prescription medication. Methods: During Spring 2001, thirteen 90-minute focus groups were conducted in 6 rural West Virginia communities. A total of 101 participants, aged 60 years and older, were asked several culminating questions about their perceptions of health care access. Findings: Five categories of barriers to health care emerged from the discussions: transportation difficulties, limited health care supply, lack of quality health care, social isolation, and financial constraints. In addition, 6 diverse coping strategies for dealing with the cost of prescription medication were discussed. They included: reducing dosage or doing without, limiting other expenses, relying on family assistance, supplementing with alternative medicine, shopping around for cheapest prices, and using the Veteran's Administration. Conclusions: Overall, rural older adults encounter various barriers to accessing needed health care. Qualitative methodology allows rural elders to have a voice to expound on their experiences. Research can contribute valuable information to shape policy by providing a forum where older adults can express their concerns about the current health care delivery system.
Path coverings with paths

In this paper, we give two new proofs of a result of Heinrich, Langdeau and Verrall that provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a set S of 3-paths in Kn having the property that each 2-path in Kn lies in exactly one path in S. These are then used to consider the case n ≡ 3 (mod 4) when no such exact covering is possible, and to solve the problem of covering (k-1)-paths with k-paths for all k ≥ 3. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 36: 156–167, 2001 This research is supported by NSF grant DMS 9531722 and ONR grant N00014-97-1-1067.
Polymorphic equilibria with assortative mating and selection in subdivided populations.

Abstract Two modes of assortative mating, partial selfing and assorting by phenotypic classes, are studied in a subdivided population. Differential viability is allowed and the selection intensities and assorting tendencies are permitted to vary among the habitats. There exists a symmetric polymorphism; we delimit its level of heterozygosity and stability nature (dependent on the selection intensities and assorting propensities). This complements studies of the fixation states and thereby provides further insight into the global equilibrium structure in subdivided populations. Circumstances are given where the fixation states and symmetric polymorphism comprise the global equilibrium structure. Examples are also given where migration engenders stable polymorphic equilibria and stable polymorphic equilibrium cycles which are absent in single demes without migration.
Optimized transmission for fading multiple-access and broadcast channels with multiple antennas

In mobile wireless networks, dynamic allocation of resources such as transmit powers, bit-rates, and antenna beams based on the channel state information of mobile users is known to be the general strategy to explore the time-varying nature of the mobile environment. This paper looks at the problem of optimal resource allocation in wireless networks from different information-theoretic points of view and under the assumption that the channel state is completely known at the transmitter and the receiver. In particular, the fading multiple-access channel (MAC) and the fading broadcast channel (BC) with additive Gaussian noise and multiple transmit and receive antennas are focused. The fading MAC is considered first and a complete characterization of its capacity region and power region are provided under various power and rate constraints. The derived results can be considered as nontrivial extensions of the work done by Tse and Hanly from the case of single transmit and receive antenna to the more general scenario with multiple transmit and receive antennas. Efficient numerical algorithms are proposed, which demonstrate the usefulness of the convex optimization techniques in characterizing the capacity and power regions. Analogous results are also obtained for the fading BC thanks to the duality theory between the Gaussian MAC and the Gaussian BC
Investigations on plasma physics for an extreme ultraviolet lithography based on laser-produced high-Z plasmas

We will present experimental and numerical investigations on the plasma physics dominating generation and transport of in-band (2% bandwidth) 13.5 nm EUV emission in laser-produced Sn-based plasmas. Atomic data for Sn at the temperature (30–60 eV) of interest to 13.5 nm EUV emission generation, have rarely been benchmarked by experiment. Plasma physics of the EUV Sn plasmas, including radiation transport and hydrodynamic expansion etc, have never been understood completely and are still critical barriers to design a practical EUVL source.
Recognition capacity versus search speed in noisy databases

The tradeoff between the number of distinguishable objects and search speed in a data management system is investigated in an information-theoretic framework. In the discussed scenario, incoming high-dimensional (and noisy) data vectors are enrolled in (possibly multiple) clusters to be accessed later. Upon receiving a random query, which is the noisy version of an enrolled vector, the search engine retrieves only a subset of the clusters to compare against the query. This creates tension between the search speed (determined by the expected number of retrieved entries) and recognition capacity (maximum possible number of entries that can be reliably recognized). A singleletter achievable rate region is characterized and it is shown with examples that search can be performed much faster in the discussed scenario than in non-clustered linear scan without compromising maximum recognition capacity.
Specificity for Activase Is Changed by a Pro-89 to Arg Substitution in the Large Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

Abstract Tobacco activase does not markedly facilitate the activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) from non-Solanaceae species, including the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii. To examine the basis of this specificity, we focused on two exposed residues in the large subunit of Rubisco that are unique to the Solanaceae proteins. By employingin vitro mutagenesis and chloroplast transformation, P89R and K356Q substitutions were separately made in theChlamydomonas enzyme to change these residues to those present in tobacco. Both mutants were indistinguishable from the wild type when grown with minimal medium in the light and contained wild-type levels of holoenzyme. Purified Rubisco was assessed for facilitated activation by spinach and tobacco activase. Both wild-type and K356Q Rubisco were similar in that spinach activase was much more effective than tobacco activase. In contrast, P89R Rubisco was not activated by spinach activase but was well activated by tobacco activase. Thus, the relative specificities of the spinach and tobacco activases for Chlamydomonas Rubisco were switched by changing a single residue at position 89. This result provides evidence for a site on the Rubisco holoenzyme that interacts directly with Rubisco activase.
Putting Trust in the U.S. Budget: Federal Trust Funds and the Politics of Commitment. By Eric M. Patashnik. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 231p. $54.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.

Nearly four decades ago, in a path-breaking book, Aaron Wildavsky taught us, among other things, that “in the most integral sense the budget lies at the heart of the political process” (The Politics of the Budgetary Process, 1964, p. 5). Building on Wildavsky's study, many scholars have contributed to our understanding of various aspects of budget policy and politics. Some have discussed the role of trust funds in the federal budget, but none have made them the central focus of their research. Eric Patashnick fills an important void in the literature by explaining why trust funds are created and how they affect deliberation over tax and spending decisions. Using the trust fund mechanism as a point of reference, Patashnik also tests theories of policy history, public choice, and institutionalism.
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Associated with Aminocaproic Acid

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of high anion gap metabolic acidosis related to infusion of aminocaproic acid (ACA) that temporarily corrected during hemodialysis and resolved upon ACA discontinuation.CASE SUMMARY:A 65-year-old white woman with staphylococcal sepsis complicated by acute renal failure was treated with ACA to control a hemorrhagic coagulopathy. After receiving an initial 5-g bolus of ACA, she received a continuous intravenous infusion of 500 mg/h for just over 5 days, then 250 mg/h for a final 12 hours. Immediately after beginning ACA therapy, she developed a severe anion gap metabolic acidosis that briefly improved after hemodialysis. The condition resolved completely only after the discontinuation of ACA and therapy with a systemic alkalinizer.DISCUSSION:ACA is not among the previously identified causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. The temporal profile relating anion gap to ACA initiation, hemodialysis treatment, and ACA discontinuation supports causality in this case. The magnitude o...
Setting Goals and Objectives for LD Children: Process and Problems

This paper presents practical assistance in implementing an individualized education program. The two-track process requires setting both grade-level goals (norm-referenced goals) and task goals. The purpose of setting two kinds of goals is to equate the specific tasks that the child needs to master to grade-level scores. The rationale for the process is presented along with suggestions for setting goals in academic subjects, content subjects, oral language, motor development, and social behavioral development.
Mutational Analysis of ThiH, a Member of the Radical S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) Protein Superfamily

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is an essential cofactor for all forms of life. In Salmonella enterica, the thiH gene product is required for the synthesis of the 4-methyl-5-beta hydroxyethyl-thiazole monophosphate moiety of TPP. ThiH is a member of the radical S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) superfamily of proteins that is characterized by the presence of oxygen labile [Fe-S] clusters. Lack of an in vitro activity assay for ThiH has hampered the analysis of this interesting enzyme. We circumvented this problem by using an in vivo activity assay for ThiH. Random and directed mutagenesis of the thiH gene was performed. Analysis of auxotrophic thiH mutants defined two classes, those that required thiazole to make TPP (null mutants) and those with thiamine auxotrophy that was corrected by either L-tyrosine or thiazole (ThiH* mutants). Increased levels of AdoMet also corrected the thiamine requirement of members of the latter class. Residues required for in vivo function were identified and are discussed in the context of structures available for AdoMet enzymes.
Fixed versus variable packet sizes in fast packet-switched networks

The authors investigate various performance measures of interest, when fast packet-switched networks that operate with either fixed or variable packet sizes are compared. These performance measures include queue length distribution, packet loss probability, and user frame loss probability. The focus is on identifying key parameters that influence the outcome of this comparison, and on quantifying the potential benefits of each approach. >
Distributed exploratorium for high performance computational techniques

The exploratorium described here consists of hyper-linked tutorials and quizzes on high performance computational concepts and computational modules implemented on different computer systems: desktop workstations, vector and parallel supercomputers. The exploratorium provides a highly interactive environment in which students can experiment with computational modules and visually compare algorithms, numerical techniques, performance and implementation related issues. Such a hands-on simulation and experimentation based learning will enable students to gain a deeper understanding of advanced concepts. The World Wide Web based exploratorium fosters the easy development of instructional material from research software. >
Cause of death and CRT device selection: striving for certitude?

This editorial refers to ‘Causes-of-death analysis of patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy: an analysis of the CeRtiTuDe cohort study’, by E. Marijon et al ., on page doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv455. ‘More important than the quest for certainty is the quest for clarity’ .— Francois Gautier Implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices have had a significant favourable impact on hospitalization and mortality among patients with heart failure (HF). Despite some degree of overlap, the therapeutic rationales for these two forms of device-based therapies are distinct, where ICDs abort arrhythmic death and CRT devices improve cardiac function. The efficacy of ICDs and CRT has been clearly established after large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs).1–4 However, as with most invasive therapies, there is a constant quest to minimize harm while enhancing the value of the care being delivered. Notably, the majority of patients who are candidates for CRT are also eligible for an ICD by virtue of low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). If only ICDs were totally benign and an inexpensive add-on, this difference might not have been clinically significant. Inappropriate shock therapy from ICDs has been associated with higher mortality,5,6 and therefore the relative benefit of adding defibrillator therapy to CRT (i.e. CRT-D), particularly in patients whose highest risk of dying is from pump failure, has been questioned. The only large RCT which compared CRT-D and pacemaker CRT (CRT-P) vs. optimal medical therapy (COMPANION), was not powered to examine differences in mortality between these two arms of device therapy. The median age of enrolled patients was 69 years, of which the majority was New York Heart Association (NYHA) class …
The landless majority.

Agrarian reform policies have mistakenly assumed that men are the sole producers and providers thus perpetuating the dependence of women on the males access to land. Land is the resource that women most often have the least access to although the women provide essential agricultural work such as planting harvesting and weeding or provide support services which enable men to work in the fields. In areas with high martital instability or polygamy womens livelihoods are insecure and their investment of labor and capital may be minimal. Women are insecure tenants. Through a land tenure system governments can distribute national resources in more equitable ways. Womens right to use land under customary law often supplied a more firm and secure set of rights than under the contemporary male-controlled system. As land becomes a marketable commodity explicit rights under which the collective group protects individual rights becomes more limited. Increased income for men is not necessarily pooled with other family members. Yet womens traditional responsibilities of support continue. Family needs often depend on womens incomes and contributions. When women do control their land profits may be limited due to small size allocation of marginal pieces and lack of technology. Women are the largest landless class in the world. The denial of this resource makes women dependent on men and is contrary to international development.
Identification and Selection of Flow Features for Accurate Traffic Classification in SDN

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) aims to alleviate the limitations imposed by traditional IP networks by decoupling network tasks performed on each device in particular planes. This approach offers several benefits, such as standard communication protocols, centralized network functions, and specific network elements, for example, controller devices. Despite these benefits, there is still a lack of adequate support for performing tasks related to traffic classification, because (i) there are traffic profiles that are very similar, which makes their classification difficult (e.g., Both HTTP and DNS flows are characterized by packet bursts), (ii) Open Flow, the key SDN implementation today, only offers native flow features, such as packet and byte count, that do not describe intrinsic traffic profiles, and (iii) there is a lack of support to determine what is the optimal set of flow features to characterize different types of traffic profiles. In this paper, we introduce an architecture to collect, extend, and select flow features for traffic classification in Open Flow-based networks. The main goal of our solution is to offer an extensive set of flow features that can be analyzed and refined and to be capable of finding the optimal subset of features to classify different types of traffic flows. The experimental evaluation of our proposal shows that some features emerge as meaningful, occupying the top positions for the classification of distinct flows in different experimental scenarios.
Population Viability and Vital Rate Sensitivity of an Endangered Avian Cooperative Breeder, the White-Breasted Thrasher (Ramphocinclus brachyurus).

Social behaviors can significantly affect population viability, and some behaviors might reduce extinction risk. We used population viability analysis to evaluate effects of past and proposed habitat loss on the White-breasted Thrasher (Ramphocinclus brachyurus), a cooperatively breeding songbird with a global population size of <2000 individuals. We used an individual-based approach to build the first demographic population projection model for this endangered species, parameterizing the model with data from eight years of field study before and after habitat loss within the stronghold of the species’ distribution. The recent habitat loss resulted in an approximately 18% predicted decline in population size; this estimate was mirrored by a separate assessment using occupancy data. When mortality rates remained close to the pre-habitat loss estimate, quasi-extinction probability was low under extant habitat area, but increased with habitat loss expected after current plans for resort construction are completed. Post-habitat loss mortality rate estimates were too high for projected populations to persist. Vital rate sensitivity analyses indicated that population growth rate and population persistence were most sensitive to juvenile mortality. However, observed values for adult mortality were closest to the threshold value above which populations would crash. Adult mortality, already relatively low, may have the least capacity to change compared to other vital rates, whereas juvenile mortality may have the most capacity for improvement. Results suggest that improving mortality estimates and determining the cause(s) of juvenile mortality should be research priorities. Despite predictions that aspects of cooperative systems may result in variation in reproduction or juvenile mortality being the most sensitive vital rates, adult mortality was the most sensitive in half of the demographic models of other avian cooperative breeders. Interestingly, vital rate sensitivity differed by model type. However, studies that explicitly modeled the species’ cooperative breeding system found reproduction to be the most sensitive rate.
Predicting Fusing Current for Encapsulated Wire Bonds under Transient Loads

For high power IC chips, as device size inevitably decreases, the wire diameter unfortunately must decrease due to the need of finer pitch wires. Fusing or melting of wirebonds thus increasingly becomes one of the potential failure issues for such IC's. Experiments were performed under transient loads on dummy packages having aluminum, gold, or copper wires of different dimensions. A finite element model was constructed that correlates very well with the observed maximum operating currents for such wirebonds under actual experimental test conditions. A qualitative observation of typical current profiles, as fusing conditions were approached, was that current would reach a maximum value very early in the pulse, and then fall gradually. One goal achieved through the modeling was to show that the current in the wire falls with time due to the heating of the wire material. Correspondingly, the wire reaches the melting temperature not at the peak current but rather at the end of pulse. Further, modeling shows ...