cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lee Harvey Oswald Backyard Photos: Real or Fake?

Ever since the assassination of US President Kennedy, numerous theories have circulated purporting that Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin, acted as part of a larger criminal conspiracy. It has been suggested, for example, that incriminating photographs of Oswald were manipulated, and hence evidence of a broader plot. Specifically, it has been argued that the lighting and shadows in these photos are physically impossible. Because the visual system is often unable to reliably judge 3-D geometry and lighting, a detailed 3-D analysis of the Oswald photos to determine if claims of tampering are warranted.
Plasmon-assisted chemical vapor deposition.

We introduce a new chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process that can be used to selectively deposit materials of many different types. The technique makes use of the plasmon resonance in nanoscale metal structures to produce the local heating necessary to initiate deposition when illuminated by a focused low-power laser. We demonstrate the technique, which we refer to as plasmon-assisted CVD (PACVD), by patterning the spatial deposition of PbO and TiO_2 on glass substrates coated with a dispersion of 23 nm gold particles. The morphology of both oxide deposits is consistent with local laser-induced heating of the gold particles by more than 150 °C. We show that temperature changes of this magnitude are consistent with our analysis of the heat-loss mechanisms. The technique is general and can be used to spatially control the deposition of virtually any material for which a CVD process exists.
Mixing rules for van-der-Waals type equation of state based on thermodynamic perturbation theory

Abstract A concept based on the thermodynamic perturbation theory for a `simple fluid' has been applied to the attractive term of a van-der-Waals type equation of state (EOS) to derive a simple mixing rule for the a parameter. The new mixing rule is a small correction to the original one-fluid approximation to account for the influence of particles of j -type on the correlation function of ii -type in a mixture consisting of particles of i and j types. The importance of the correction has been shown by comparison of the calculated results for binary mixtures of Lennard–Jones fluids with the data obtained by numerical method (Monte-Carlo simulation). The new mixing rules can be considered as a flexible generalization of the conventional mixing rules and can be reduced to the original v-d-W mixing rules by defaulting the extra binary parameters to zero. In this way the binary parameters already available in the literature for many systems can be used without any additional regression work. Extension of the new mixing rules to a multicomponent system do not suffer from `Michelsen–Kistenmacher syndrome' and provide the correct limit for the composition dependence of second virial coefficients. Their applicability has been illustrated by various examples of vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibria using a modified Patel–Teja EOS. The new mixing rules can be applied to any EOS of van-der-Waals type, i.e., EOS containing two terms which reflect the contributions of repulsive and attractive intermolecular forces.
Oil Derricks and Corinthian Columns: The Industrial Transformation of the Oklahoma State Capitol Grounds

Nowhere is the petroleum industry's imprint on the Oklahoma landscape more striking than on the State Capitol Grounds in Oklahoma City, where the Capitol shares an unusual partnership in space with oil derricks. David Lowenthal suggests that the siting of oil wells on the State Capitol reflects American culture's tendency to value landscape function over form. Although Lowenthal's observations of the American landscape have proven informative, his brief discussion of Oklahoma's Capitol derricks fails to provide adequate insight into the cultural values this landscape reflects. Using historical information gathered from newspapers, literary accounts, and photographs, this study documents how Oklahoma's revered Capitol Grounds have been transformed by oil development, and the process by which this change occurred. Investigation shows that despite difficult economic times, many residents opposed oil development on the Capitol Grounds. Furthermore, it was not the mandate of a pragmatic public but rather the d...
MODELING THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES OF ASTROPHYSICAL JETS IN THE MAGNETICALLY DOMINATED LIMIT

We suggest a new approach that could be used for modeling both the large-scale behavior of astrophysical jets and the magnetically dominated explosions in astrophysics. We describe a method for modeling the injection of magnetic fields and their subsequent evolution in a regime where the free energy is magnetically dominated. The injectedmagneticfields,alongwiththeir associatedcurrents, have bothpoloidalandtoroidalcomponents,andthey are not force free. The dynamic expansion driven by the Lorentz force of the injected fields is studied using threedimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The generic behavior of magnetic field expansion, the interactions with the background medium, and the dependence on various parameters are investigated. Subject headings: galaxies: active — galaxies: jets — magnetic fields — methods: numerical — MHD
Menkes' Kinky hair syndrome: studies of copper metabolism and long term copper therapy.

Summary: A patient with Menkes1 kinky hair syndrome was treated with oral CuSO4. Plasma copper, eeruloplasmin, red cell copper, and 24-hr urine copper excretion remained essentially unchanged. Intravenous copper infusion resulted in a rise of serum eeruloplasmin. During administration of a test meal of 64Cu(NO3)2, the patient was given alternately a volume of 0.9% NaCI or an equal volume of plasma intravenously. Radioactivity found in the blood was unchanged after each infusion period. During 427 days of subcutaneous copper, plasma β-phenylenediamine oxidase activity and plasma copper rose toward normal. Subsequent balance studies showed that the patient was in negative copper balance because of large losses in frees. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated persistent pili torti. Speculation: Menkes' kinky hair syndrome is probably due to a generalized defect in a copper-binding protein that results in increased gastrointestinal copper loss and persistent abnormalities of hair in the copper-replete patient.
Neuropsychological profile following suicide attempt by hanging: two adolescent case reports

Hippocampal damage and amnesia following hypoxia and ischemia are described in the few published adult cases of suicide attempt by hanging. However, a recent review (Caine & Watson, 2000) suggests a variable pattern of brain involvement and neuropsychological impairments following hypoxic-ischemic injury that may or may not involve amnesia. To help clarify the impact of hanging on the developing brain, we examined neuropsychological functioning in two adolescents who survived suicide attempt by hanging. Despite differences in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), coma duration, and structural imaging findings, both patients had similar IQ (VIQ>PIQ) and presented with various combinations of deficits in expressive/receptive language, visual-constructional and perceptual ability, processing speed, attention, working memory, and/or executive functioning shortly after injury. In spite of their similarities, only one of the patients presented with classic amnesia symptoms in his early recovery. This patient was evaluated 1 year postinjury, and persistent deficits in processing speed and memory encoding were noted. Several hanging-related variables, including longer estimated hanging duration, greater weight, and severe airway edema, were thought to place this patient at increased risk for cognitive deficits. Clinical MRI scans of this patient obtained 6 weeks postinjury revealed mild volume loss as well as abnormalities in bilateral superior cortex. However, CT and MRI scans obtained throughout early recovery did not reveal overt evidence of injury to specific memory-related structures. Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of all adolescent survivors of suicide attempt by hanging is recommended, as a variety of postacute cognitive deficits were observed in these patients despite relatively short (<or=15 minutes) estimated hanging durations.
Collaborative Multi-Target Detection in Radar Sensor Networks

In many military and civilian applications, estimating the number of targets in a region of interest plays a primary role in performing important tasks such as target localization, classification, recognition, tracking, etc. Such an estimation problem is however very challenging since the number of targets is time-varying, targets' states are fluctuating, and various kinds of targets might appear in the field of interest. In this paper, we develop a framework for estimating the number of targets in a sensing area using Radar Sensor Networks (RSN): (1) the multi-target detection problem is formulated; (2) signals, interference (e.g., clutter, jamming, and interference between radars), and noise at radar sensors are modeled; and (3) a Maximum Likelihood Multi-Target Detection (ML-MTD) algorithm is proposed to combine received measurements and estimate the number of targets present in the sensing area. We evaluate multi-target detection performance using RSN in terms of the probability of miss-detection Pmd and the root mean square error (RMSE). Simulation results show that multi-target detection performance of the RSN is much better than that of single radar systems.
Towards a Formal Treatment of Implicit Invocation Using Rely/Guarantee Reasoning

Implicit invocation [SuN92, GaN91] has become an important architectural style for large-scale system design and evolution. This paper addresses the lack of specification and verification formalisms for such systems. A formal computational model for implicit invocation is presented. We develop a verification framework for implicit invocation that is based on Jones' rely/guarantee reasoning for concurrent systems [Jon83, StO91]. The application of the framework is illustrated with several examples. The merits and limitations of the rely/guarantee paradigm in the context of implicit invocation systems are also discussed.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers: Uses and Limitations:

The potential of Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for characterizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers is examined both from a practical and a theoretical view point. Problems associated with sample preparation, spectral data analysis, and refraction and reflection at the fiber surfaces are discussed. The FTIR technique is used to characterize a range of partially-oriented PET fibers with differing fabrication histories and to determine the level of amorphous orientation in drawn PET fibers.
Sex and Substrate Effects on Hepatic Corticosteroid Metabolism in the Rat

Liver homogenates from male rats metabolized cortisol, cortisone, and 11-deoxycortisol by reduction at the α-ketol sidechain and the A-ring in equal amounts; with the native steroids, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone, however, reduction at the A-ring far exceeded that at the sidechain. Liver homogenates from female rats metabolized all substrates tested more efficiently at the A-ring than at the sidechain. Females cleared corticosterone from plasma more rapidly and cortisol less rapidly than males. Corticosterone was cleared more rapidly than cortisol in both sexes. Orchiectomy shortened the half-life of corticosterone without affecting that of cortisol. Both male and female hamsters reduced more corticosterone than cortisol at the A-ring in vitro; nonetheless, in vivo metabolism of cortisol was more rapid than corticosterone in both sexes. The sex difference in corticosterone metabolism was similar to that for cortisol in hamsters, males metabolizing both more rapidly than females. The divergen...
FFT algorithms for SIMD parallel processing systems

SIMD (single instruction stream - multiple data stream) algorithms for one- and two-dimensional discrete Fourier transforms are presented. Parallel structurings of algorithms for efficient computation for a variety of machine size/problem size combinations are presented and analyzed. Through these algorithms, techniques for exploiting relationships between problem size and machine size are demonstrated. The algorithms are evaluated in terms of the number of arithmetic operations and interprocessor data transfers required. The ability of various interconnection networks presented in the literature to perform the needed transfers is examined. It is shown that the efficiency of a particular data distribution/algorithm decomposition approach is a function of the machine-size/problem-size relationship.
Coexistence of urotensin I/corticotropin-releasing factor and urotensin II immunoreactivities in cells of the caudal neurosecretory system of a teleost and an elasmobranch fish

By use of the indirect immunofluorescence method in conjunction with an elution-restaining technique, cells in the caudal neurosecretory system of the big skate (Raja binoculata) and the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) were shown to contain both urotensin I (UI)/corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urotensin II (UII) immunoreactivities. In the skate coexistence was complete, while in the midshipman some cells demonstrated immunoreactivity for only one or the other neuropeptide. The present results do not support previous suggestions that, like vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamic magnocellular system, UI and UII exist in separate cellular populations in the caudal neurosecretory system. Results of these and other experiments indicate that there exists a wide range of species variation in the degree of coexistence of UI/CRF and UII immunoreactivities within caudal neurosecretory cells.
Asymmetric synthesis of dideazafolate antitumor agents via amidomethylation of nonracemic oxazolidinone imidates. Synthesis of LY309887, a cytotoxic dideazafolate analog related to lometrexol

Abstract The asymmetric synthesis of LY309887, a cytotoxic dideazatetrahydrofolate analog related to lometrexol, has been accomplished via an application of diastereoselective amidomethylation of a chiral titanium (IV) acyloxazolidinone enolate.
Lagrangian stochastic simulation of turbulent dispersion of heat markers in a channel flow

Abstract A modified Langevin equation is developed to represent the dispersion of heat markers from point sources that originate at different locations in a channel through which a fluid is flowing turbulently. Of particular interest is the description of wall sources. Since a heated (or cooled) wall may be represented as a distribution of point sources (or sinks), these results can be used to describe heat transfer problems which have different configurations of heat transfer surfaces.
Biological Applications of the Dynamics of Twisted Elastic Rods

A numerical algorithm for the three-dimensional dynamical viscous Kirchhoff rod model is presented. The algorithm includes proscribed extension and contact forces. Numerical results for several problems of biological significance are given, including dynamics of the writhing (or supercoiling) instability in closed rods and the approach to stable equilibria, and the dynamics and instability of open rods, particularly with regards to the self-assembly behavior of fibril structures composed of the bacteriabacillus subtilis.
Growth increments in the shell of the living brachiopod Terebratalia transversa

Scanning electron micrographs revealed growth increments in the primary shell layer of the extant terebratulid brachiopod Terebratalia transversa collected from Anacortes, Washington, USA, during the summers of 1982–1984. The increments extend into the secondary shell layer, but only as poorly-defined continuations. Growth increments narrow and widen cyclically, producing patterns similar to tidally-induced, fortnightly growth patterns in bivalve molluscs. “Asymmetric” increments or “doublets” that consist of paired wide and narrow bands present additional evidence that the growth pattern is produced by the interference of tidal (24 h 50 min) and solar (24 h) daily environmental influences on growth, as is the case in bivalves. Growth increments are relatively well-defined in specimens from tidal habitats and are poorly-defined in subtidal specimens. Specimens grown in laboratory aquaria and subjected to simulated tidal emersions and submersions had well-defined increments, whereas those that were continuously submerged in aquaria had poorly-defined increments, paralleling the distinctness in growth increments produced at various depths in the natural habitat. Production of growth increments in T. transversa may be related to valve movement and changes in mantle-cavity pH. When the valves are closed, pH drops and, when they are open, pH rises. Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of mantle tissue and fluid failed to detect any single organic acid that could have been responsible for the pH changes, confirming that intermediate metabolism in T. transversa is very low compared to that of bivalve molluscs. Calculations indicate that cycles in intermediate metabolism may nevertheless be responsible for cycles in growth-increment production and shell dissolution.
Star Formation Rates in Disk Galaxies and Circumnuclear Starbursts from Cloud Collisions

We invoke star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collisions to explain global star formation rates of disk galaxies and circumnuclear starbursts. Previous theories based on the growth rate of gravitational perturbations ignore the dynamically important presence of magnetic fields. Theories based on triggering by spiral density waves fail to explain star formation in systems without such waves. Furthermore, observations suggest gas and stellar disk instabilities are decoupled. Following Gammie, Ostriker, & Jog, the cloud collision rate is set by the shear velocity of encounters with initial impact parameters of a few tidal radii, due to differential rotation in the disk. This, together with the effective confinement of cloud orbits to a two-dimensional plane, enhances the collision rate above that for particles in a three-dimensional box. We predict ΣSFR(R) ∝ ΣgasΩ(1 - 0.7β). For constant circular velocity (β = 0), this is in agreement with recent observations by Kennicutt. Our estimates for the normalization of this star formation law, while uncertain, are consistent with the observed star formation in the Milky Way and starburst galaxies. We predict a B-band Tully-Fisher relation: LB ∝ v, also consistent with observations. As additional tests, we predict enhanced/reduced star formation in regions with relatively high/low shear rates, and lower star formation efficiencies in clouds of higher mass.
Life-span components of text processing: structural and procedural differences

The present study investigated discourse processing in young, aged—normal, and aged—memory impaired individuals using materials which were of both general and aged—cohort specific interest. The results of free recall and recognition tasks indicated that reliable quantitative and qualitative differences distinguished the performance of the three groups. Application of the Kintsch and van Dijk model ( W. Kintsch & T. A. van Dijk. Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 1978 , Vol. 85, pp. 363–394.) text processing both supported and enlarged upon this conclusion. the results are interpreted in terms of hypothetical age-related and pathology-related differences in the capacity of working memory and also in the selection process for storage of information in working memory. Lastly, the present application of cognitive science to one particular problem domain (life-span differences in the processing of discourse) is suggested as a model for exploring other applied issues.
Molecular orbital studies of electrical polarizability tensors

Abstract Electrical polarizability tensors and dipole noments for closed-shell molecules are calculated using a self-consistent field perturbation theory in which each molecular orbital is written as a linear combination of electric-field-dependent atomic functions Values calculated using different sets of atomic functions are compared with experiment and with previous theoretical work.
Naloxone reverses L-DOPA induced overstimulation effects in a Parkinsons disease animal model analogue

Chronic L-DOPA treatment of Parkinson's disease frequently leads to the development of motoric overstimulation and hyperkinetic movements. To investigate this problem in the laboratory, rats surgically altered by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions (6-OHDA) were chronically treated with one L-DOPA (10 mg/kg i.p.) injection per day for 20 days. In this 6-OHDA rotation model, the unilateral dopamine denervation results in a profound contralateral sensory-motor neglect and the animals spontaneously rotate in a direction ipsilateral to the dopamine depleted hemisphere. Initially, the L-DOPA treatment did not alter the response bias but after several weeks, the response bias was reversed and the animals rotated in the formerly akinetic direction, contralaterally, at a significantly higher level. Using this overstimulation effect as an analogue of the clinically observed L-DOPA overstimulation, animals were given naloxone in conjunction with the L-DOPA treatment. Naloxone (0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg i.p.) produced a dose related decrease in the L-DOPA induced contralateral rotation. Consistent with an expected selective effect on the L-DOPA induced rotation, a dose related increase in ipsilateral rotation was observed. These results suggest that naloxone can attenuate the overstimulation effect of L-DOPA and that this effect is not attributable to non-specific response suppression effects.
Changes in phospholipids and acyl group composition of rat mammary gland during pregnant, lactating, and post-weaning periods

The distribution of phospholipids as well as their fatty acid compositions of rat mammary tissues were examined during pregnant, lactating, and post-weaning periods. There was no apparent change in phospholipids and their acyl groups during the early and late pregnant periods. However, tissue phospholipid composition was different during pregnant, early, and late lactating periods. After parturition, there was a marked increase in the proportion of diacyl-glycerophosphorylcholine in the phospholipids of mammary tissue, but this proportion decreased gradually during lactation. The decrease in diacyl-glycerophosphorylcholine during lactation was marked by a corresponding increase in diacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine. Although the shorter chain fatty acids of triglycerides were increased during lactation, only a small proportion of these fatty acids was found in the phosphoglycerides. Marked changes in acyl group composition of individual phospholipids are found during these different physiological stages. In general, there was a rapid decrease in 20∶4 and an increase in 18∶2 in the major phosphoglycerides during parturition. The proportion of 20∶4 in the phosphoglycerides remained low throughout the entire lactating period, while that of 18∶2 continued to increase 2–3 fold. Most of the changes in acyl group of the phosphoglycerides during lactation returned to normal ca. 10 days after weaning. A possible relationship of the variation of phospholipid and acyl group compositions in mammary tissue to changes in hormonal pattern during different physiological stages is discussed.
FPGA based parallel architecture implementation of Stacked Error Diffusion algorithm

Digital halftoning is a crucial technique used in digital printers to convert a continuous-tone image into a pattern of black and white dots. Halftoning is used since printers have a limited availability of inks and cannot reproduce all the color intensities in a continuous image. Error Diffusion is an algorithm in halftoning that iteratively quantizes pixels in a neighborhood dependent fashion. This manuscript focuses on the development, design and Hardware Description Language (HDL) functional and performance simulation validation of a parallel scalable hardware architecture for high performance implementation of a high quality Stacked Error Diffusion algorithm. A CMYK printer, utilizing the high quality error diffusion algorithm, would be required to execute error diffusion 16 times per pixel, resulting in a potentially high computational cost. The algorithm, originally described in ‘C’, requires a significant processing time when implemented on a conventional single Central Processing Unit (CPU) based computer system. Thus, a new scalable high performance parallel hardware processor architecture is developed to implement the algorithm and is implemented to and tested on a single Programmable Logic Device (PLD) based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip. There is a significant decrease in the run time of the algorithm when run on the newly proposed parallel architecture implemented to FPGA technology compared to execution on a single CPU based system.
Transformations of the Ideal Mother: The Story of Mommy Economicus and Her Amazing Brain

Neuroscience rhetoric frames motherhood as the ultimate opportunity to re-create the self through individual choice. Engaging public conversations about brain health that celebrate maternal neuroplasticity's potential for brain enhancement, I trace a postfeminist figure I call “mommy economicus” (after Foucault's “homo economicus”) as an emerging motherhood ideal that situates maternity as a privileged yet risky path to individual empowerment. I argue that the mommy brain story both illustrates the resilience of motherhood ideologies and illuminates the relationships between gender, postfeminism, and neoliberalism. This analysis confirms the centrality of choice rhetoric in contemporary motherhood discourses and shows how social and economic changes blurring the boundaries between home and work intensify rather than dilute emphasis on maternal choice.
Localization of Arginine Biosynthetic Enzymes in Renal Proximal Tubules and Abundance of mRNA during Development

ABSTRACT: Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase catalyze the conversion of citrulline to arginine in kidney. Immunohistochemical staining of mouse kidney sections with antibodies to these two enzymes, compared with the staining patterns of known markers for proximal tubules, demonstrated that these enzymes are localized within the proximal tubules. The relative abundance of mRNA encoding argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase during fetal and postnatal development of mouse kidney was also determined. Changes in relative abundance of these mRNA in kidney are coordinate during development, paralleling the developmental profile of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA, which is also expressed in proximal tubules. Although relative abundances of the mRNA are comparable in liver and kidney of adult mice, the profiles of mRNA abundance during development of these two organs are distinct. The results indicate that these enzymes and their corresponding mRNA can serve as useful markers for examining the differentiation and development of renal proximal tubules in vivo and in cultured explants.
In vitro quantitative adherence of bacteria to intravascular catheters

Adapting standard techniques, a simple in vitro system was devised to compare quantitative bacterial adherence to iv catheters of different compositions. Upon brief immersion of catheters in suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Escherichia coli, organisms adhered to catheter surfaces. After overnight growth in broth, organisms remained adherent and formed colonies, as shown by light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, quantitative adherence using a blood agar roll technique, expressed as bacteria per square centimeter of catheter surface area per 106 colonies per milliliter inoculum, was calculated. Adherence was greater on polyvinylchloride (PVC) catheters (geometric mean 342) than on Teflon catheters (geometric mean 49.6) for coagulase-negative staphylococci (P < 0.005). Also, the number of coagulase-negative staphylococci adherent to PVC catheters was significantly greater than for E. coli (geometric mean 70.6) at analogous inocula (P < 0.02). Differences in bacterial adherence to the surface of iv devices may be important in the pathogenesis of catheter-associated infections. This in vitro method could prove useful in testing bacterial adherence properties of newly developed catheter materials, and allow development of catheters less prone to be associated with bacterial adherence and catheter-related infections.
Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Movement

In 1927, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), the national organization founded in 1899 by veterans of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, appeared destined for historical obscurity. The organization that would later stand with the American Legion as a pillar of the powerful twentieth-century veterans' lobby struggled to maintain a membership of sixty thousand veterans. Despite desperate attempts to recruit from the ranks of the nearly 2.5 million eligible World War veterans, the VFW lagged behind in membership both the newly minted American Legion and even the Spanish War Veterans. The upstart Legion alone, from its 1919 inception throughout the 1920s, averaged more than seven hundred thousand members. Indeed, in 1929, Royal C. Johnson, the chairman of the House Committee on World War Veterans Legislation and a member of both the Legion and the VFW, described the latter as “not sufficiently large to make it a vital factor in public sentiment.” And yet, by 1932, in the middle of an economic crisis that dealt severe blows to the membership totals of almost every type of voluntary association, the VFW's membership soared to nearly two hundred thousand veterans. Between 1929 and 1932, the VFW experienced this surprising growth because the organization demanded full and immediate cash payment of the deferred Soldiers' Bonus, while the American Legion opposed it. Thus, by challenging federal veterans' policy, the VFW rose out of relative obscurity to become a prominent vehicle for veteran political activism. As important, by doing so the VFW unwittingly set in motion the protest movement known as the Bonus March.
Why aren't black holes infinitely produced?

Unitarity and locality imply a remnant solution to the information problem, and also imply that Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes have an infinite number of internal states. Pair production of such black holes is reexamined including the contribution of these states. It is argued that the rate is proportional to the thermodynamic quantity Tr${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}\mathit{H}}$, where the trace is over the internal states of a black hole; this is in agreement with estimates from an effective field theory for black holes. This quantity, and the rate, is apparently infinite due to the infinite number of states. One obvious out is if the number of internal states of a black hole is finite.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 43 - N° 2 - p. 239-240
The mathematical identity of two vegetation indices: MCARI2 and MTVI2

Vegetation indices VIs, which are combinations of various remote-sensing spectral bands, are widely used to study various biophysical properties. There are many articles introducing new VIs with the intention of minimizing factors such as soil background, canopy architecture, and row structure, while maximizing sensitivity to a specific biophysical characteristic such as the green leaf area index. Two VIs introduced in a previous study for the estimation of the biophysical characteristic green leaf area index are the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index 2 MCARI2 and modified triangular vegetation index 2 MTVI2. This study and another study indicated that MTVI2 and MCARI2 gave identical results, but the mathematical similarity was not described in detail. Thus, future studies investigating the accuracy of VIs for estimating the biophysical characteristics need to examine either MCARI2 or MTVI2.
Improving carbon dioxide yields and cell efficiencies for ethanol oxidation by potential scanning

Abstract An ethanol electrolysis cell with aqueous ethanol supplied to the anode and nitrogen at the cathode has been operated under potential cycling conditions in order to increase the yield of carbon dioxide and thereby increase cell efficiency relative to operation at a fixed potential. At ambient temperature, faradaic yields of CO 2 as high as 26% have been achieved, while only transient CO 2 production was observed at constant potential. Yields increased substantially at higher temperatures, with maximum values at Pt anodes reaching 45% at constant potential and 65% under potential cycling conditions. Use of a PtRu anode increased the cell efficiency by decreasing the anode potential, but this was offset by decreased CO 2 yields. Nonetheless, cycling increased the efficiency relative to constant potential. The maximum yields at PtRu and 80 °C were 13% at constant potential and 32% under potential cycling. The increased yields under cycling conditions have been attributed to periodic oxidative stripping of adsorbed CO, which occurs at lower potentials on PtRu than on Pt. These results will be important in the optimization of operating conditions for direct ethanol fuel cells and for the electrolysis of ethanol to produce clean hydrogen.
Testing quantum chromodynamics in electron-positron annihilation at high energies

Various measures of the distribution of hadronic energy produced in high-energy electron-positron annihilation provide precise tests of the promising fundamental theory of hadronic physics, quantum chromodynamics. Recent work at the University of Washington on such energy cross sections is reviewed.
High-isolation CPW MEMS shunt switches. 1. Modeling

This paper, the first of two parts, presents an electromagnetic model for membrane microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) shunt switches for microwave/millimeter-wave applications. The up-state capacitance can be accurately modeled using three-dimensional static solvers, and full-wave solvers are used to predict the current distribution and inductance of the switch. The loss in the up-state position is equivalent to the coplanar waveguide line loss and is 0.01-0.02 dB at 10-30 GHz for a 2-/spl mu/m-thick Au MEMS shunt switch. It is seen that the capacitance, inductance, and series resistance can be accurately extracted from DC-40 GHz S-parameter measurements. It is also shown that dramatic increase in the down-state isolation (20/sup +/ dB) can be achieved with the choice of the correct LC series resonant frequency of the switch. In part 2 of this paper, the equivalent capacitor-inductor-resistor model is used in the design of tuned high isolation switches at 10 and 30 GHz.
Nigerian leader of Christian–Islamic dialogue: Francis Cardinal Arinze

The present article discusses the seminal role played by a prominent Nigerian in Christian–Islamic dialogue: Francis Cardinal Arinze. Christianity (2.1 billion adherents, 33% of the world's population) and Islam (1.3 billion adherents, 20.1% of the world's population) represent the two largest (Infoplease, 2008) world religions (as of mid-2004). Christianity and Islam have intersected at various times and places in world history, and sometimes in a conflicted way (Armstrong, 2002). Francis Cardinal Arinze has done his share in promoting dialogue and understanding, toward a goal of peace and cooperation, something badly needed in today's world.
Evaluation of the Community Access to Child Health Program

Objective. Increasing attention is being focused on the need for pediatricians to promote child health in their respective communities. The objective of this study was to evaluate, retrospectively, the American Academy of Pediatrics9 Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) Program. Study Design. Case studies of 12 Community Pediatric projects in existence from 1989 to 1995 with varying degrees of involvement in the CATCH Program. In-person interviews were conducted with 17 pediatricians, 3 CATCH leaders who were not pediatricians, 27 project advisory committee members, 42 project staff, 47 community partners, 22 public health representatives, and personnel in 13 affiliated institutions. Results. These projects established or enhanced child health services. Although most pediatricians9 interest in community child health preceded CATCH, mentoring, training, and peer support contributed to ongoing involvement. Community factors that facilitated project development included historical collaborative efforts and active public health agencies. However, across sites, significant barriers related to attitude and resource limitations were noted. Attitudinal barriers included both institutional concerns (eg, competition among providers or distrust among community agencies and organizations) and cultural concerns (eg, general negative perceptions of providers about Medicaid beneficiaries or of members of minority population toward medical or government establishments). Conclusions. In an era of devolution of responsibility to local communities, there are likely to be more opportunities for pediatricians to work with community members to promote child health. Specific strategies should be refined and expanded to support pediatricians9 involvement in community-based activities, particularly because it is recognized that insurance alone will not guarantee children9s health.
Subsequent Fracture in Nursing Home Residents with a Hip Fracture: A Competing Risks Approach

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and predictors of subsequent fracture in nursing home residents with a hip fracture, accounting for the competing risk of death. DESIGN: Dynamic cohort study. SETTING: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center, a 725-bed, long-term care facility in Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Long-term care residents with a surgically repaired hip fracture (1999–2006) followed through June 30, 2007, for the occurrence of subsequent fracture at any skeletal site. MEASUREMENTS: Information on age, sex, anatomic location, type of repair, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, functional status, cognitive status, and medication use were evaluated as potential risk factors for subsequent fracture. RESULTS: The study included 184 residents with a baseline hip fracture. Thirty-nine residents (7 men, 32 women) experienced a subsequent fracture over a median follow-up of 1.1 years. After the baseline hip fracture, 6% of residents experienced a subsequent fracture within 6 months, 12% within 1 year, and 21% within 5 years. In addition, 23% of residents died within 6 months, 31% within 1 year, and 60% within 5 years. High functional status was associated with a five times greater risk of subsequent fracture (high vs low functional status, hazard ratio=5.10, P<.005). Age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, cognitive status, and medication use were not associated with subsequent fracture. CONCLUSION: Hip fractures are a sentinel event in nursing home residents, with a high incidence of subsequent fracture and death occurring within 1 year. Identification of prefracture characteristics and postfracture complications associated with mortality should help guide secondary prevention efforts in nursing home residents.
Direct, interferon-independent activation of the CXCL10 promoter by NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 during hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of hepatocytes leads to transcriptional induction of the chemokine CXCL10, which is considered an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene. However, we have recently shown that IFNs are not required for CXCL10 induction in hepatocytes during acute HCV infection. Since the CXCL10 promoter contains binding sites for several proinflammatory transcription factors, we investigated the contribution of these factors to CXCL10 transcriptional induction during HCV infection in vitro. Wild-type and mutant CXCL10 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs were used to identify critical sites of transcriptional regulation. The proximal IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and NF-κB binding sites positively regulated CXCL10 transcription during HCV infection as well as following exposure to poly(I·C) (a Toll-like receptor 3 [TLR3] stimulus) and 5' poly(U) HCV RNA (a retinoic acid-inducible gene I [RIG-I] stimulus) from two viral genotypes. Conversely, binding sites for AP-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBP-β) negatively regulated CXCL10 induction in response to TLR3 and RIG-I stimuli, while only C/EBP-β negatively regulated CXCL10 during HCV infection. We also demonstrated that interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is transiently recruited to the proximal ISRE during HCV infection and localizes to the nucleus in HCV-infected primary human hepatocytes. Furthermore, IRF3 activated the CXCL10 promoter independently of type I or type III IFN signaling. The data indicate that sensing of HCV infection by RIG-I and TLR3 leads to direct recruitment of NF-κB and IRF3 to the CXCL10 promoter. Our study expands upon current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of CXCL10 induction in hepatocytes and lays the foundation for additional mechanistic studies that further elucidate the combinatorial and synergistic aspects of immune signaling pathways.
Projection operator method for geometry optimization with constraints

A new approach is presented for performing geometry optimization for stationary points on potential energy hypersurfaces with equality constrainst on the internal coordinates of a polyatomic system. The working equations are the same as for unconstrained Newton-Raphson optimization in Cartesian coordinates except that projection operators are applied to the gradient and Hessian to enforce the constraints. Two reactive systems with different kinds of constraints are treated as examples
Rho Proteins in Cancer

From the earliest stages of embryonic development through the metastatic spread of cancer cells, cell motility is a critical feature of life. The Ras homology, or Rho, family of small GTPases plays a broad and essential role in all stages of cell motility. Rac and Cdc42 remodel the actin cytoskeleton at the leading edge of the cell, resulting in membrane ruffles and protrusions, while Rho is largely responsible for orchestrating focal adhesion assembly and generating contractile forces at the rear of the cell, thus permitting cell movement across these adhesive contacts and subsequent detachment by the trailing end of the cell. Activation and inactivation of these small GTPases is modulated by a group of regulatory proteins - guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate, while GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) inhibit GTPase activity. Rho family proteins do not typically directly exert their effects on cell motility, but instead operate through a multitude of effector proteins, which each carry out a subset of motility-related functions. Because of their crucial roles in cell motility, Rho family protein expression and activation is altered in almost all types of cancer. As the body of knowledge surrounding Rho proteins, their interactions, and their regulation grows, so do the options for therapeutic intervention at an essential point of metastatic dissemination.
On the non-optimality of four color coding of image partitions

The increased interest in region based image coding has given rise to graph coloring based partition encoding methods. These methods are based on the four color theorem for planar graphs, and assume that a coloring for a graph with the minimum possible number of colors will result in the most compressible representation. We show that this assumption is wrong. We show that there exist graphs with chromatic number k that can be colored with k + 1 colors resulting in bitmaps representing image partitions which are more compressible than, the corresponding bitmaps generated using any k coloring of the same graph. We conclude with some conjectures on optimal coloring of weighted graphs.
Evaluation of Small (≤ 3 cm) Renal Masses with MDCT: Benefits of Thin Overlapping Reconstructions

OBJECTIVE. Our purpose was to determine whether thin overlapping reconstructions using MDCT improve the detection and characterization of small renal masses.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-seven patients were scanned with MDCT using 2.5-mm collimation. Nephrographic phase data were reconstructed in two ways: a standard protocol (5-mm section thickness, no overlap) and an experimental protocol (3-mm section thickness, 50% overlap). Masses were detected and classified into three groups: group 1, measuring less than 20 H on both protocols (classified as cysts on both); group 2, measuring 20 H or greater on standard protocol and less than 20 H on experimental protocol (classified as cysts using experimental protocol only); and group 3, measuring 20 H or greater on both protocols (not classified as cysts using either protocol). Masses 10 mm or larger in group 3 were evaluated further for enhancement. Statistically significant differences between protocols were assessed using an analysis of counts and proportions...
Evaluating Formulations of Stable Boundary Layer Height

Abstract Stable boundary layer height h is determined from eddy correlation measurements of the vertical profiles of the buoyancy flux and turbulence energy from a tower over grassland in autumn, a tower over rangeland with variable snow cover during winter, and aircraft data in the stable marine boundary layer generated by warm air advection over a cool ocean surface in summer. A well-defined h within the tower layer at the grass site (lowest 50 m) and the snow site (lowest 30 m) was definable only about 20% of the time. In the remaining stable periods, the buoyancy flux and turbulence energy either (a) remained constant with height, indicating a deep boundary layer, (b) increased with height, or (c) varied erratically with height. Approximately one-half of the tower profiles did not fit the traditional concepts of a boundary layer. The well-defined cases of h are compared with various formulations for the equilibrium depth of the stably stratified boundary layer based on the Richardson number or surface...
The design of the ES/9000 module

The ES/9000 thermal conduction module (TCM) is a significant improvement over the TCMs used in the current IBM 3090 series of mainframes. Included in the features of this module, which supports an order of magnitude increase in usable circuits, are a glass ceramic substrate material, buried engineering change wires, partial thin film redistribution, and on-module decoupling capacitors. The physical attributes and the electrical design considerations are described. The result is a packaged electronic technology that supports a machine cycle time that is approximately two times faster than the original 3090 technology. >
I'm Neither Here nor There: Mexicans' Quotidian Struggles with Migration and Poverty. By Patricia Zavella (ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011. xvii, p. 327.

A review of the book "I'm Neither Here nor There: Mexicans' Quotidian Struggles With Migration and Poverty," edited by Patricia Zavella, is presented.
Experimental study of two interacting drops in an immiscible fluid

Experiments were performed in order to elucidate the effects of hydrodynamic interactions between two drops on their gravity-induced relative motion. The relative trajectories of two drops, their relative velocities, and the travel time for them to flow around each other were measured for different initial horizontal separations. Two size ratios and two viscosity ratios were investigated. Hydrodynamic interactions significantly reduce the relative velocity of two nearby drops and cause them to flow around each other with curved trajectories, resulting in a longer duration of the close encounter, compared with that for two non-interacting drops. These effects increase with decreasing drop separation, decreasing size ratio, and increasing viscosity ratio. Experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions, except when the drops become sufficiently close that interface deformation occurs.