cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of hydrostatic pressure on grain boundary sliding in superplasticity: implications for cavitation

It has been established that the occurrence of cavitation during superplastic deformation may be reduced substantially by the superimposition of a hydrostatic pressure of the order of the flow stress. Careful inspection of the available data suggests that both cavity nucleation and cavity growth are retarded by the superimposition of hydrostatic pressure. The present experimental study demonstrates that the grain boundary sliding activity occurring during superplastic deformation is not affected by hydrostatic pressure. Experimental measurements also reveal that the grain boundary sliding contribution to superplastic strain is more than 75%, both at low elongations of approximately 50% and at large elongations of over 200%. It is concluded that the imposition of hydrostatic pressure retards cavity nucleation during superplastic deformation by increasing the size of a stable cavity nucleus.
Protocols for Late Maxillary Protraction in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles.

This paper describes the protocols used at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) to protract the maxilla during early adolescence. It is a modification of techniques introduced by Eric Liou with his Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Constriction technique. The main differences between the CHLA protocol and previous maxillary protraction protocols are the age at which the protraction is attempted, the sutural loosening by alternating weekly expansion with constriction, and the use of Class III elastics to support and redirect the protraction by nightly facemask wear. The CHLA protocol entirely depends on patient compliance and must be carefully taught and monitored. In a cooperative patient, the technique can correct a Class III malocclusion that previously would have been treated with LeFort 1 maxillary advancement surgery. Thus, it is not appropriate for patients requiring 2 jaw surgeries to correct mandibular prognathism, occlusal cants, or facial asymmetry. The maxillary protraction appears to work by a combination of skeletal advancement, dental compensation, and rotation of the occlusal planes. Microscrew/microimplant/temporary anchorage devices have been used with these maxillary protraction protocols to assist in expanding the maxilla, increasing skeletal anchorage during protraction, limiting dental compensations, and reducing skeletal relapse.
Use of dialectical behavior therapy skills training for borderline personality disorder in a naturalistic setting

Abstract This nonrandomized, naturalistic study describes a modified outpatient dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program for borderline personality disorder (BPD) in which some patients receive the comprehensive, empirically supported DBT package and others receive DBT skills group therapy with non-DBT individual therapy. Patients who completed one skills group cycle showed significant improvements in BPD, depression, and suicidal ideation as measured by the Personality Assessment Inventory. Fifty-one percent of patients dropped out of skills group, but patients with in-system individual therapy were significantly more likely to complete group therapy. Although causal conclusions cannot be drawn, this report demonstrates that a modified DBT program can be implemented successfully in settings in which a full DBT package for all patients may not be feasible and suggests that BPD patients receiving non-DBT individual therapy may benefit from DBT skills group.
The sensitivity of VAR forecasts to alternative lag structures

Abstract Although numerous articles examine the effect on VAR forecasts from changes in the variables included in a model, little has been done to examine the effect that changing the lag structure has on forecasting accuracy. The latter analysis is made difficult by the fact that no overriding rule exists for ex ante selection of lag length in such models. This paper examines the sensitivity of forecasts from a VAR model using different lag structures. Holding constant the variables included and the time period studied, different lag structures are used. For example, we use simple ad hoc rules as well as statistical criteria, such as mean square error and Bayesian rules. Our results indicate that the accuracy of VAR forecasts varies dramatically across alternative lag structures. Moreover, our results show relatively short-lagged models to be more accurate, on average, than longer-lagged specifications.
Binary Interactions between Tetradecane and 4-(1-Naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl during Low- and High-Pressure Pyrolysis

Low- and high-pressure pyrolysis experiments employing tetradecane and 4-(1-naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl (NBBM) as model compounds for polyethylene and coal, respectively, were conducted at 420 °C at different reactant loadings both neat and in binary mixtures. These reaction sets demonstrated that when reacted in binary mixtures, the conversion of tetradecane increased while the selectivities to primary products of NBBM were enhanced in the gas phase. Variation of the relative concentrations of the components revealed that the effect was indeed a chemical one and not simply a result of dilution. As the polymer mimic to coal model compound ratio increased, there was a decrease in self-interactions of NBBM with minimal changes in the degradation products of tetradecane. Increasing the overall reaction pressure in the system through addition of an inert gas from atmospheric pressure to 2360 psig resulted in small decreases in reactant conversions and altered product distributions only slightly. Overall, the expe...
Techniques and approaches to proton NMR imaging of the head.

Abstract The principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging are presented and their application to NMR head scanning is discussed. Examples are given of images obtained using a variety of pulse sequences and spatial encoding techniques, and these serve to highlight the essentially multiplex nature of the NMR signal. The significance of the image appearance in terms of its anatomical and physico-chemical correlates is outlined, and the potential future role of this new diagnostic technique in neurology and radiology is considered.
Extraction of defibrillator leads recalled for cable externalization and failure

The Riata implantable cardioverter–defibrillator lead was recalled by the Food and Drug Administration because of an increased rate of failure associated with cable externalization. Because of its mechanical separation, the Riata lead may be challenging to extract. We therefore examined the experience with Riata lead extractions at our institution. All patients implanted with the Riata lead underwent detailed review of their electronic medical records and operative notes. Procedural complications were ascertained by reviewing the medical records up to 30 days after Riata extraction. From a total of 627 patients implanted with the Riata lead at our institution, 20 patients (age at time of extraction, 57 ± 11 years; 85 % men; lead dwell time, 48 ± 27 months) underwent lead extraction. Extraction was successful in 19 of 20 (95 %) patients and required the use of laser-powered sheaths in 18 (90 %) patients. Over a 30-day follow-up period, 1 of 20 (5 %) patients had a minor procedure-related complication consisting of a new pericardial effusion that did not require drainage. Extraction of the Riata lead seems to be successful and safe and frequently requires the use of powered sheaths.
CMB signals of neutrino mass generation

We propose signals in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to probe the type and spectrum of neutrino masses. In theories that have spontaneous breaking of approximate lepton flavor symmetries at or below the weak scale, light pseudo-Goldstone bosons recouple to the cosmic neutrinos after nucleosynthesis and affect the acoustic oscillations of the electron-photon fluid during the eV era. Deviations from the Standard Model are predicted for both the total energy density in radiation during this epoch, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and for the multipole of the $n$'th CMB peak at large $n$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{l}_{n}$. The latter signal is difficult to reproduce other than by scattering of the known neutrinos, and is therefore an ideal test of our class of theories. In many models, the large shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}{l}_{n}\ensuremath{\approx}8{n}_{S}$ depends on the number of neutrino species that scatter via the pseudo-Goldstone boson interaction. This interaction is proportional to the neutrino masses, so that the signal reflects the neutrino spectrum. The prediction for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is highly model dependent, but can be accurately computed within any given model. It is very sensitive to the number of pseudo-Goldstone bosons, and therefore to the underlying symmetries of the leptons, and is typically in the region of $0.03l\ensuremath{\Delta}{N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}l1$. This signal is significantly larger for Majorana neutrinos than for Dirac neutrinos, and, like the scattering signal, varies as the spectrum of neutrinos is changed from hierarchical to inverse hierarchical to degenerate.
Airbrush simulation for artwork and computer modeling

A computerized airbrush system with a full three dimensional airbrush interface is presented. The position and orientation of an electronic airbrush tool is tracked in space, and, when the trigger is pulled, paint is sprayed onto two and three dimensional objects displayed on a computer monitor. The experimentally derived paint spray model used for the airbrush takes into account factors such as air to paint ratio, viscosity, and distance of the airbrush from the work. Paint mixing between colors applied to the surface is modeled using Kubelka-Munk theory. Computerized stencils, including semi-permeable stencils, can be manually positioned by the artist or projected onto the object's surface. Two and three dimensional examples of traditional airbrush artwork, produced using the system, are presented. The system can also be used as a modeling tool to decorate three dimensional objects.
Renal Fibromuscular Dysplasia

A 70-year-old woman was admitted with chest pain and hypertension. Her systolic blood pressure had been measured at >160 mm Hg on multiple occasions despite treatment with 4 antihypertensive medications. Selective renal angiography demonstrated bilateral beaded appearance, right greater than left, consistent with fibromuscular dysplasia (Figure, …
Beyond Constant Comparison Qualitative Data Analysis: Using NVivo.

The purposes of this paper are to outline seven types of qualitative data analysis techniques, to present step-by-step guidance for conducting these analyses via a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software program (i.e., NVivo9), and to present screenshots of the data analysis process. Specifically, the following seven analyses are presented: constant comparison analysis, classical content analysis, keyword-in-context, word count, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and componential analysis. It is our hope that providing a clear step-by-step process for conducting these analyses with NVivo9 will assist school psychology researchers in increasing the rigor of their qualitative data analysis procedures.
Forskolin effects on longitudinal myometrial strips from the pregnant rat: relationship with membrane potential and cyclic AMP.

Abstract The effects of forskolin on tension, membrane potential and cyclic AMP accumulation were studied in longitudinal myometrial strips from pregnant rats. 0.1 μM forskolin reduced the amplitude of spontaneous contractions by decreasing the frequency of action potential discharge without a change in resting potential or cyclic AMP accumulation. Forskolin, 1.0 μM, abolished contractions and action potentials, hyperpolarized the membrane and increased cyclic AMP accumulation. Ouabain, 1 mM, depolarized the muscle and increased resting tension. Ouabain reduced potential change produced by forskolin but did not prevent the relaxation or cAMP accumulation. Therefore changes in membrane potential are not prerequisite for the inhibitory actions of forskolin. The cyclic AMP-related relaxation may result primarily from intracellular events that remove calcium from the contractile elements.
Innervation of the trapezius muscle by the intra-operative measurement of motor action potentials.

Although the surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve and the cervical plexus has been extensively described, the exact motor innervation of the trapezius has been controversial. Attempts to resolve this question have involved anatomic or electrophysiologic studies in human embryos and animals. Extrapolation of the results to adult humans may not be correct. Accurate identification of muscle innervation is obtainable by intra-operative measurement of motor action potentials produced by direct stimulation of the accessory nerve and the cervical plexus. The study involved 14 patients undergoing supraomohyoid or modified neck dissections. Under direct vision, stimulating electrodes were placed on the identified nerves and motor action potentials, and latencies were recorded by surface electrodes placed over the three portions of the trapezius. In 13 patients, when the accessory nerve was stimulated, motor action potentials were obtained in 13 of 13 in the first portion, 11 of 13 in the second portion, and 10 of 13 in the third portion of the trapezius. In the last patient, the accessory nerve ended in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and innervation of the trapezius was via C3 as demonstrated by motor action potentials. Responses when the roots of the cervical plexus were stimulated varied. Three patterns were seen: In the first group (seven patients), motor action potentials were distinct from those recorded when the accessory nerve was stimulated. Additionally, latencies were different from those of the accessory nerve. The second group (four patients) had motor action potentials that were similar to those obtained from stimulation of the accessory nerve, although their corresponding latencies were different. In two patients, no motor action potentials were recorded when the cervical plexus was stimulated. The results suggest that motor innervation of the trapezius is variable. The accessory nerve, when present, provides the most important input to the trapezius. Motor innervation from the cervical plexus is unpredictable, although it appears to be present in the majority of patient studies.
Library orientation and instruction — 1994

The following is an annotated list of materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources and research and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the twenty‐first to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items in English published in 1994. A few are not annotated because the compiler could not obtain copies of them for this review.
Extended culture of human spermatozoa in the laboratory may have practical value in the assisted reproductive procedures

Spermatozoa were cultured in vitro to monitor time-dependent changes in motility, viability, morphology, and membrane integrity. The degree of preservation of these clinically relevant sperm parameters over time was satisfactory. Extended culture probably can be used as a transient storage for sperm to compensate for a male's inability to produce sperm to synchronize oocyte retrieval in assisted reproduction.
Review of Impact of hazardous waste on human health: Hazard, health effects, equity, and communications issues by Barry L. Johnson

Cleanup of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites can be a contentious local environmental issue, especially when a site poses risks so high that it is added to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Priorities List. The fireworks over these socalled ‘‘Superfund’’ site cleanups can be spectacular. Scientific risk assessments, economics, and community interests all have to be balanced by the public health officials responsible for coordinating the remediation effort. The process isn’t pretty, and the outcomes may not always reflect the best science. The Superfund law—properly known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act—is intended to protect human health and prevent further damage to natural resources and environmental quality. It is perhaps best known by the controversy that ensues when a site is discovered and parties potentially responsible for the mess are asked to pay for its cleanup. The overriding focus on litigation loses sight of a considerable body of good science that has been developed on the health impacts of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and the best way to tailor public health responses. In Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, Johnson tries to shed light on how public health programs fit into the volatile mix that arises when uncontrolled hazardous waste sites are discovered and remediated. The author was the assistant administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and holds the rank of assistant surgeon general ~retired! in the U.S. Public Health Service. He spent the better part of 13 years involved in the public health aspects of the Superfund law. The book shows his extensive familiarity with the body of scientific information that informs public health responses to hazardous waste sites. The author intends to ‘‘provide up-to-date depictions of the human health impacts of hazardous waste and attendant public health responses.’’ The book’s intended audience is policymakers, environmentalists, toxicologists, public health officials, academic personnel, and health care providers. To make the technical information more accessible to the lay reader, Johnson provides explanations of key concepts in epidemiology, toxicology, and risk assessment. As someone who falls into the policymaker category and is moderately familiar with the jargon of the public health community, I found it tough going at times. Familiarity with some of the basic public health principles might help readers get the
Human needs and consumer economics: the implications of Maslow's theory of motivation for consumer expenditure patterns

Abstract This article recasts Maslow's Theory of Motivation into a form amenable to economic analysis. The transformation is accomplished by developing a decision structure that duplicates key implications of the theory and then combines this formulation with the methodology of utility maximization. The resulting model is used to examine how changing levels of economic income and noneconomic forms of wealth affect the desired content of the consumption bundle.
General equation for determining the dissociation constants of polyprotic acids and bases from additive properties. Part I. Theory

Measured additive properties of polyprotic acids and bases as functions of the pH of the solution can be used for the determination of the dissociation constants. A rigorous general equation is derived in this paper for this purpose. The equation relates the additive property of the acid or base to the dissociation constants, the limiting values and activity coefficients of the solute species, and to the pH of the solution. The equation is used to obtain the dissociation constants by fitting it to the experimental data in a nonlinear least-square fitting procedure. Overlapping dissociation constants pose no problem in this method. Applications to spectrophotometry and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography are presented in a following paper (Part II of this series).
The marketing mix paradigm and the Dixonian systems perspective of marketing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an alternative view of marketing that Donald F. Dixon spent much of his distinguished career developing – a paradigm that we refer to as the Dixonian systems perspective of marketing. It is a paradigm that presents marketing as a phenomenon that reaches far beyond the micro/managerial marketing mix paradigm.Design/methodology/approach – Analysis and interpretation of Donald F. Dixon's and colleagues' scholarly work to distill the essence of Dixon's view of marketing, which we refer to as the Dixonian systems perspective of marketing.Findings – The Dixon's systems perspective of marketing offers a framework for the analysis of macromarketing issues that is not provided by the conventional marketing mix micro/managerial paradigm.Originality/value – The paper provides a concise overview of the macro/systems ideas and concepts of marketing contained in Donald F. Dixon's and his colleagues' extensive writings that to date has not been available from any other s...
Molecular analysis of crosses between Tripsacum dactyloides and Zea diploperennis (Poaceae)

DNA fingerprinting verified hybrid plants obtained by crossing Eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides L., and perennial teosinte, Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley & R. Guzman. Pistillate inflorescences on these hybrids exhibit characteristics intermediate to the key morphological traits that differentiate domesticated maize from its wild relatives: (1) a pair of female spikelets in each cupule; (2) exposed kernels not completely covered by the cupule and outer glumes; (3) a rigid, non-shattering rachis; (4) a polystichous ear. RFLP analysis was employed to investigate the possibility that traits of domesticated maize were derived from hybridization between perennial teosinte and Tripsacum. Southern blots of restriction digested genomic DNA of parent plants, F1, and F2 progeny from two different crosses were probed with RFLP markers specifically associated with changes in pistillate inflorescence architecture that signal maize domestication. Pairwise analysis of restriction patterns showed traits considered missing links in the origin of maize correlate with alleles derived from Tripsacum, and the same alleles are stably inherited in second generation progeny from crosses between Tripsacum and perennial teosinte.
Elementary school students with AD/HD: predictors of academic achievement

Abstract Academic underachievement frequently is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD); however, the role of variables beyond AD/HD symptoms and cognitive mediators is unknown. Further, whether prediction models vary (a) relative to non-AD/HD students, (b) between math and reading, and (c) based on how achievement is defined has not been examined. Multiple measures (e.g., teacher ratings and behavior observations) were examined as predictors for concurrent achievement outcomes (standardized achievement test scores and report card grades) in math and reading in two samples of 1st through 4th grade children (136 with AD/HD, 53 without AD/HD). Teacher perceptions of academic skills were the strongest predictors of achievement test scores for both groups, while academic skills and enablers accounted for reading report card grades in children with AD/HD but not their normal counterparts. Implications of these findings for school-based assessment and intervention for students with AD/HD are discussed.
The Hemocyanin of the Squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana: Structural Comparison with Other Cephalopod Hemocyanins

Abstract The subunit structure of the hemocyanin from the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana has been characterized by analytical sedimentation. The protein exists free in the hemolymph as a 60S, multisubunit structure with a molecular mass of approximately 4.0 × 10 6 gm/mol. At extremes of pH this can be dissociated into 10 monomers, of mass 3.8 × 10 5 gm/mol each. At neutral pH, if 5 mM Mg 2+ or less is present, the monomers associate to form a dimer of molecular mass 7.7 × 10 5 gm/mol. In the pH range from 10.5 to 7.5, formation of the dimer is facilitated by the binding of one proton per monomer. If the magnesium concentration is raised to 25 mM or more, the dimers reversibly and completely associate into decamers. This process is shown to require the binding of 10 magnesium ions. In its size, subunit structure, and behavior with respect to association–dissociation processes, Sepioteuthis hemocyanin resembles the corresponding proteins of other squid much more than it does those of Octopus or Nautilus .
A Compressed Sensing Analog-to-Information Converter With Edge-Triggered SAR ADC Core

This paper presents the design and implementation of an analog-to-information converter (AIC) capable of Nyquist and compressed sensing modes of operation. The core of the AIC is a 10-bit edge-triggered charge-sharing SAR ADC with a figure of merit (FOM) of 55 fJ/conversion-step and Nyquist-sampling rate of 9.5 Msample/s. The integration of a pseudorandom clock generator enables compressed sensing operation via random sampling and subsequent asynchronous successive approximation conversion by the core ADC. The AIC allows complete reconstruction of a spectrum consisting of sparse single tones or sparse frequency bands using compressed sensing algorithms based on l1-minimization as well as l1,2 regularization, which exploits group sparsity. Implemented in 90 nm CMOS, the prototype SAR ADC core achieves a maximum sample rate of 9.5 MS/s, an ENOB of 9.3 bits, and consumes 550 μW from a 1.2 V supply. Measurement results of the AIC demonstrate an effective bandwidth of 25 MHz, which is 5 × greater than Nyquist-sampling rate with an improved effective FOM of 12.2 fJ/conversion-step for signals with sparse frequency support.
Synthesis and structures of bis(dithiolene)-tungsten(IV) complexes related to the active sites of tungstoenzymes.

Recent protein crystallographic results on tungsten enzymes and primary sequence relationships between certain molybdenum and tungsten enzymes provoke interest in the generalized bis(dithiolene) complexes [WIV(QR)(S2C2R‘2)2]1- and [WVIO(QR)(S2C2R‘2)2]1- (Q = O, S, Se) as minimal representations of enzyme sites. The existence and stability of W(IV) complexes have been explored by synthesis. Reaction of [W(CO)2(S2C2Me2)2] (1) with PhO- results in complete CO substitution to give [W(OPh)(S2C2Me2)2]1- (2). Reaction of 1 with PhQ- affords the monocarbonyls [W(CO)(QPh)(S2C2Me2)2]1- (Q = S (3), Se (5)). The use of sterically demanding 2,4,6-Pri3C6H2Q- also yields monocarbonyls, [W(CO)(QC6H2-2,4,6-Pri3)(S2C2Me2)2]1- (Q = S (4), Se (6)). The X-ray structures of square pyramidal 2 and trigonal prismatic 3−6 (with unidentate ligands cis) are described. The tendency to substitute one or both carbonyl ligands in 1 in the formation of [MIV(QAr)(S2C2Me2)2]1- and [MIV(CO)(QAr)(S2C2Me2)2]1- with M = Mo and W is related to...
Cancer stem cells as the relevant biomass for drug discovery.

The poor success rate of discovering new, effective chemotherapeutics for oncology may reflect the failure of targeting treatments to the more aggressive, tumorigenic cells of the malignancy. Data have now emerged from several laboratories, examining both liquid and solid primary tumor tissues, that implicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the ‘master-driver’ cellular population for tumorigenicity. Moreover, these putative CSCs appear relatively resistant to existing chemotherapeutic and radiation therapy. Several different cellular pathways have been identified as likely mechanisms causal for the underlying insensitivity of the CSCs to conventional therapy. Progress has been made in the isolation and expansion of these CSCs for constructing conventional high-throughput phenotypic screening campaigns. However, challenges remain in designing optimal proof-of-concept trials for the clinical development of compounds targeting the elimination of CSCs.
Facial selectivity in the cycloaddition of heterodienes to carbohydrate cyclic ketene acetals. A novel synthesis of disaccharide derivatives

Carbohydrate ketene acetals derived from mannopyranose and glucopyranose are shown to serve as electron-rich dienophiles in facially selective, Lewis acid-catalyzed inverse electron demand hetero-Diels–Alder reactions.
Potential for Anaerobic Bioremediation of BTEX in Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifers

Laboratory incubations of aquifer material or enrichments derived from aquifer material as well as geochemical data have suggested that, under the appropriate conditions, BTEX components of petroleum (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) can be degraded in the absence of molecular oxygen with either Fe(III), sulfate, or nitrate serving as the electron acceptor. BTEX degradation under methanogenic conditions has also been observed. However, especially for benzene, the BTEX contaminant of greatest concern, anaerobic degradation is often difficult to establish and maintain in laboratory incubations. Although studies to date have suggested that naturally occurring anaerobic BTEX degradation has the potential to remove significant quantities of BTEX from petroleum-contaminated aquifers, and mechanisms for stimulating anaerobic BTEX degradation in laboratory incubations have been developed, further study of the organisms involved in this metabolism and the factors controlling their distribution and activity are required before it will be possible to design rational strategies for accelerating anaerobic BTEX degradation in contaminated aquifers.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses for FE thermal model of FRP panel exposed to fire

Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are performed on a model for the thermal decomposition of and heat transfer through a composite panel exposed to fire, and the results are reported. First local sensitivity coefficients of the various input parameters with respect to temperature are determined. A Monte Carlo analysis is then performed, yielding the estimated uncertainty in the model output. This analysis also yields global sensitivity coefficients for the input parameters. These analyses shed light on the behavior of the model, in terms of how the input parameters affect the results, and as well quantify the expected variability in the model output. Also, they provide information useful in the design of future experimentation such as identifying which parameters have the largest impact on the model output and which of them account for most of the uncertainty in that output.
Rapid axonal transport in trigeminal nerve of rat.

Abstract The rat trigeminal nerve was investigated as a model system for axonal transport to identifiable sensory nerve endings. Following stereotaxic injection of [ 3 H]proline into the ganglion, the distribution of label in protein and other extracts of ligated or unligated infraorbital nerve was measured in replicates at various time intervals from 30 min to 3 days. In unligated nerves the average maximum velocity of somatofugal protein transport was 288 mm/day. Light microscope autoradiography demonstrated rapid intraaxonal transport of radioactive material to nerve endings in molar teeth and vibrissae. The system appears suitable for investigating the fate of axonally transported material at peripheral receptors.
Preliminary Modeling of an Intracochlear Piezoelectric Microphone

A preliminary model of an intracochlear piezoelectric microphone is proposed that mimics the structure of stereocilia in the cochlea. Its purpose is to determine the crucial system parameters prior to fabrication of an actual testing set up via a mathematical model. As a first approximation, the system is modeled as a 1-D, periodic beam with N identical substructures. Each one consists of a nanorod grown on an Si substrate, a bottom electrode, piezoelectric thin film, and two top electrodes. The model consists of: a finite element analysis of a single substructure to obtain its flexibility matrix and differential voltage (DV) under unit loads; and a mapping of these results through the structure to predict displacement and DV of each substructure. A parametric study is then conducted based on this model. It was determined that the nanorod length was the most critical parameter in improving sensitivity. By increasing the amount of drag force on the nanorods the sensitivity grows. Substructures near fixed boundaries generate higher DV thus leading to better sensitivity too. The number of substructure in the microphone would also affect signal-to-noise ratio.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Intrinsic Enjoyment and Boredom Coping scales: Validation with personality, evoked potential and attention measures.

Abstract This paper reports the validation of brief, self-report measures of intrinsic enjoyment and boredom coping. Intrinsic enjoyment is characterized by intense involvement, interest and absorbed concentration; boredom coping is designed to reflect the disposition to restructure one's perceptions and participation in potentially boring activities so as to decrease boredom. Both traits are hypothesized to reflect the capacity for good attentional control across a variety of situations. Reliability was established by test-retest correlation and by an inter-item consistency measurement. Construct validity was established by comparison with previously-validated personality tests, real-life measures (such as Random Activities Experiential Sampling, which involves repeated self-report measures in daily life), as well as with laboratory measures of attention (including the averaged visual evoked potential (EP) and the Continuous Performance Test). Intrinsic enjoyment is significantly correlated with an independent measure of intrinsic involvement (low wish to be elsewhere in one's daily life), the affective experience of potency, self-reports of concentrating well with ease, high ego development, an internal locus of control, lack of boredom susceptibility and certain EP indices of attentional change and ‘cortical’ augmenting. Boredom coping is associated with a higher percent of time actually spent alone, high continuous performance task measures of attentional capacity, and low MMPI and Research Diagnostic Criteria indices of psychopathology.
The synthesis and turnover of virus-specific polyadenylated RNA in polyoma-infected cells.

Abstract Mouse embryo cells infected with the 3049 strain of polyoma virus contain several fold more virus-specific, polyadenylated RNA beginning between 4 and 8 hours after the onset of viral DNA synthesis than do cells infected with wild-type virus (lpS). Following infection with either virus strain, there is an identical small but significant enhancement of the level of total polyadenylated RNA measured by binding of 125I-labeled RNA to poly(dT)cellulose. The polyadenylation of “early” virus-specific RNA is inhibited 85–90% by cordycepin resulting in an “early” RNA preparation which competes fully with polyadenylated “early” virus-specific RNA in the ternary complex assay. Utilizing the nonpolyadenylated “early” RNA, competition hybridization demonstrated that approximately 78% of the enlarged pool of “late” 3049 polyadenylated RNA and 72% of the “late” lpS pool consisted of sequences unique to the “late” period. No significant difference in the rate of decay of 3049 and lpS-specific, “late” polyadenylated RNA following actinomycin D block was found. Infection by either strain of polyoma virus did not alter the rate of decay of total polyadenylated RNA.
The Nature of the equilibrium spreading pressure

The equilibrium spreading pressureπe of solid octacosane, 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 2.4-dibromophenol, benzophenone and azoxybenzene on mercury ranges between 40 and 140 g. sec−2 whileπe of these crystals on water is less than 1 g. sec−2 except for the two long chain alcohols which, as is known, react with water. Thus,πe strongly depends on the nature of the supporting liquid and, consequently, is not analogous to vapor pressure. The minimum surface tension at which spreading occurs seems to be indicative of the cohesion of the crystals.
A New Class of Capping Ligands for CdSe Nanocrystal Synthesis

A new method is described for the synthesis of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) that eliminates the need for tri-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO). This new method is an adaptation of previously reported methods that use Cd salts as precursors for the CdSe NCs. High-boiling esters and ketones such as hexadecyl hexadecanoate (HH) and benzophenone (BP) appear to be excellent replacements for TOPO in this reaction. Compared with TOPO, HH offers a significant synthetic advantage as it slows the initial growth of the NC nuclei formed after injection of the Se precursor. This allows for superior control over particle size in the initial stages of the reaction, and thus permits facile production of high-quality CdSe NCs with very small diameters (<4 nm). Based upon the results presented here, a possible role is identified for TOPO in the CdSe NC synthesis. Understanding of the role of TOPO and other reaction components is crucial for continued progress in the synthesis of high-quality NCs.
FEEDING AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF ATLANTIC CROAKER, BLACK DRUM, AND STRIPED MULLET IN MONOCULTURE AND POLYCULTURE

Behavior of Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) was observed in monoculture and polyculture situations. Dominance hierarchies, feeding and aggressive behavior were established for the three species in each culture situation. All fish were acclimated to tanks and artificial food, and were fed a limited amount of food. Four individuals of each species were observed over 4 consecutive days in monoculture. Four striped mullet each were then placed with the Atlantic croaker and black drum. Competition for food and space resulted in higher feeding rates in all three species. Aggression also increased in Atlantic croaker and black drum. Atlantic croaker became territorial in polyculture. In general, growth and condition of a fish was directly correlated with its position in the dominance hierarchy.
USING AN ECOLOGICAL LAND HIERARCHY TO PREDICT SEASONAL-WETLAND ABUNDANCE IN UPLAND FORESTS

Hierarchy theory, when applied to landscapes, predicts that broader-scale ecosystems constrain the development of finer-scale, nested ecosystems. This prediction finds application in hierarchical land classifications. Such classifications typically apply to physiognomically similar ecosystems, or ecological land units, e.g., a set of multi-scale forest ecosystems. We speculated that hierarchical constraint also controls the development of small, nested ecosystems that are structurally distinct from the constraining matrix. We tested this hypothesis using seasonal wetlands in upland forest. Specifically, we related seasonal-wetland abundance in upland forest stands to multi-scale terrestrial ecological units, as defined by hierarchical combinations of regional physiography, glacial landform, soils, and forest cover. Moreover, we determined the spatial scale of terrestrial ecological unit that is the best predictor of seasonal-wetland abundance. Our study area is mapped into a set of nested terrestrial ecological units, including two subsections (differing in physiography), four land-type associations (glacial landforms), and 11 land types (forest vegetation, soil). We used a geographic information system to determine seasonal wetland densities in 16-ha plots located within the nested terrestrial ecological units. Cumulative plot frequency distributions of wetland density did not differ between subsections; 50% of plots contained no wetlands, 38% contained 1-3 wetlands, and 12% contained !Y4 wetlands. Frequency distributions differed among land-type associations (LTA). Ninety percent of plots on a glacial lake plain contained no wetlands, compared to 63%, 42%, and 38% for outwash, end moraine, and ground moraine LTAs, respectively. Ten percent of plots on the lake plain contained 1-3 wetlands, compared to 32%, 48%, and 43% for the outwash, end moraine, and ground moraine, respectively. The remaining plots on the latter three LTAs contained >3 wetlands. Frequency distributions rarely differed among land types. Compared to occurrence, identity and scale of the ecological unit were poorer predictors of actual wetland densities. Regression tree analysis, while significant, explained only 11.6% of variation in wetland density among plots. Still, the leaves of the regression tree differed in densities primarily based on LTA. Our results demonstrate that identity of constraining upland forest ecosystem explains significant amounts of variation in seasonal wetland abundance. We identify glacial landform as the scale of ecological unit having the greatest control over seasonal wetland abundance. We focus on seasonal wetlands in forests, yet our approach should apply to other small, nested ecosystems. This approach may facilitate conservation management of small, nested ecosystems by providing likelihood estimates of occurrence within mapped terrestrial ecological units.
Risk Assessment for Juveniles on Probation - A Focus on Gender

This article describes a study that examines the utility of separate risk assessment instruments for classifying male and female delinquents on probation. It addresses these questions: (a) Do separate instruments classify juveniles' risks for reoffending better than a combined instrument? and (b) Do risk factors differ for female and male reoffenders? These issues are explored using data gathered from a large metropolitan juvenile court. The findings indicate that separate risk assessment instruments improve classifications of risk for reoffending, especially among females. Furthermore, female risk factors differ substantially from those of their male counterparts. Implications are discussed for applied and theoretical research.
A non-radial Malmquist productivity index with an illustrative application to Chinese major industries

Abstract Data envelopment analysis (DEA) measures the relative efficiency of peer units when multiple outputs and inputs are present. DEA-based Malmquist productivity index measures the technical and productivity changes over time. The current study extends the Malmquist productivity index into a non-radial index where the decision maker's preference over performance improvement can be incorporated. The non-radial Malmquist productivity index eliminates possible inefficiency represented by the non-zero slacks. The method is applied to measure the productivity change of three Chinese major industries: Textiles, Chemicals and Metallurgicals during four five-year-plan periods. The paper shows how DEA-based Malmquist productivity index can be employed to evaluate the technology and productivity changes resulted from the economic development plans. The paper also shows the importance of using the non-radial Malmquist productivity index.
Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland restoration

The task of determining the success of wetland restoration has long been challenging and sometimes contentious because success is an imprecise term that means different things in different situations and to different people. Compliance success is determined by evaluating compliance with the terms of an agreement, e.g. a contract or permit, whereas functional success is determined by evaluating whether the ecological functions of the system have been restored. Compliance and functional success have historically focused on the individual project (the site being restored); we are only beginning to consider another important factor, the success of restoration at the landscape scale. Landscape success is a measure of how restoration (or management, in general) has contributed to the ecological integrity of the region or landscape and to achievement of goals such as the maintenance of biodiversity. The utility of all definitions of success is ultimately constrained by the current status of the science of restoration ecology and by our ability to use that information to make sound management decisions and to establish measurable success criteria. Measurements of vegetation are most commonly used in evaluations of restoration projects, with less frequent analysis of soils, fauna, and hydrologic characteristics. Although particular characteristics of projects, such as vegetative cover and production, can resemble those in similar naturally occurring wetlands, overall functional equivalency has not been demonstrated. However, ongoing research is providing information on what can and cannot be accomplished, valuable insights on how to correct mistakes, and new approaches to defining success. The challenge is how to recognize and deal with the uncertainty, given that projects are ecologically young and that our knowledge of the process of restoration is evolving. One way to deal with the uncertainty is to use scientific principles of hypothesis testing and model building in an adaptive management framework. In this way, options can be systematically evaluated and needs for corrective actions identified when a project is not progressing toward goals. By taking such an approach we can improve our ability to reliably restore wetlands while contributing to our understanding of the basic structure and function of ecosystems.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of right atrial thromboembolism.

In a patient with congestive cardiomyopathy who died suddenly from right ventricular thromboembolism, an-temortem two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a right atrial mass with acoustic characteristics suggestive of a thromboembolus. These characteristics included an elongated structure that assumed multiple dynamic forms and lack of an intracardiac attachment point. Because of the high likelihood of right ventricular impaction of a cardiac embolus, an aggressive therapeutic approach to such lesions is advised.
Enhancing the Dispatchability of Variable Wind Generation by Coordination With Pumped-Storage Hydro Units in Stochastic Power Systems

The ever-increasing penetration of variable wind energy in power systems affects the hourly dispatch of thermal power generation in electricity markets. The variability of wind energy, which makes the wind energy non-dispatchable and difficult to control, could bring significant challenges to power system operators. The hourly coordination of wind power generation units with pumped-storage hydro (PS) generation could relieve the variability of wind energy and increase its dispatchability. The wind-PS coordination is based on the application of stochastic security-constrained unit commitment (stochastic SCUC). In this study, the coordinated hourly bus-level scheduling of wind-PS is compared with the coordinated system-level operation strategies in the day-ahead scheduling of power systems.
Spatial orientation in normal children and in children with early brain injury.

Abstract Fifty-one brain-injured children (7:7—17:0) were compared with fifty-two normal children (4:11—9:11) with respect to their ability to walk the paths indicated on ten visually presented maps. In an earlier study, using the same patterns, adults with cerebral injury sustained at maturity showed spatial orientation deficits associated with language deficits and elevated two-point somatosensory thresholds. Brain-damaged children were worse than controls beyond differences in their respective MA's, but their deficits were not associated with either language or somatosensory impairment. Rather, spatial errors were most pronounced in S s with low performance scores on the WISC whether or not their language scores were relatively high. Unlike either normal children or normal and brain-damaged adults, the S s of this study had inordinate difficulty taking diagonal routes.
Bimetallic Nb−Mo Carbide Hydroprocessing Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity Studies

A series of Nb1.0MoxOC (x = 0.67−2.0) catalysts were prepared by a temperature-programmed reaction technique. The catalysts were synthesized from oxide precursors in a flow of 20% CH4/H2 reactant gas mixture, while the temperature was increased linearly at 5 K/min (8.3 × 10-2 K s-1). The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), elemental analysis, CO chemisorption, surface area measurements, and temperature-programmed reduction. XRD patterns of the fresh catalysts indicated that Nb1.0Mo1.5OC and Nb1.0Mo1.75OC consisted of pure bimetallic carbide phases, while the other compositions showed impurity phases of NbO2 or Mo2C at high concentrations of Nb and Mo, respectively, in the starting oxide. The hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity of these materials was studied in a high-pressure reactor system. The reactions were carried out at 3.1 MPa and 643 K using model liquid comp...