cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in the Global CRT Market

The worldwide CRT market continues to grow despite the pressure from flat panel displays, which has resulted in declining prices for CRT-based desktop color monitors for computers. The worldwide CRT market, led by color TV and desktop personal computer monitor applications, will grow from 264 million units valued at $23 billion in 1998 to 339 million units valued at $26 billion in 2004. The largest electronic display industry segment in terms of value continues to be the CRT market. The combination of declining prices and consumer demand for larger screen sizes will stimulate sales of color television sets in the 27-inch diagonal sizes and above. The price/performance ratio of the CRT continues to be its main strength, while it is a major weakness for all of the challenging flat panel technologies, with the price component of the equation being the largest shortcoming.
Gracilis myocutaneous flap as a life-saving procedure in control of necrosis following radiotherapy and radical surgery for pelvic malignancy

Abstract Gracilis myocutaneous flap has been used extensively in gynecologic oncology patients for sexual rehabilitation. This paper presents a case history of a patient with life-threatening malnutrition secondary to multiple fistulae status post total pelvic exenteration. After all other attempts at rehabilitation failed, gracilis myocutaneous flaps were placed in the pelvic defect to obtain healthy tissue and new blood supply and indeed the patient was successfully rehabilitated after a prolonged and progressive postoperative course of pelvic necrosis and infection.
Examining the Tectonic Wedging Hypothesis in the NW India Himalaya

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1343 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.168
Microwave-assisted extraction of C60 and C70 from fullerene soot.

Abstract Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was examined as an alternative to the traditional Soxhlet method of extracting C 60 and C 70 from fullerene soot. MAE of 0.20 g of fullerene soot with 95:5 toluene–acetonitrile yielded greater than 7.8 mg of C 60 and greater than 0.54 mg of C 70 in 4 min with no further increase in yield after 30 min of irradiation. By comparison, exhaustive Soxhlet extraction of the same size sample with the same solvent yielded 7.1 mg of C 60 and 0.58 mg of C 70 in 340 min. Reextraction by MAE of soot initially extracted by Soxhlet increased the yield of Soxhlet alone. Although MAE was limited to less than 0.5-g sample per extraction vessel, multiple samples were extracted with minimal increased extraction time and no reduction in the amount of material recovered.
Plasma C-Peptide and Cognitive Performance in Older Men Without Diabetes

Background Emerging evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes may be related to diminished cognition, but little data are available directly regarding the role of insulin levels. Objective The objective of this prospective cohort study was to examine the relation of insulin secretion to cognitive function among men without diabetes. Setting The study setting was the Physicians' Health Study–U.S. male physicians. Participants Three hundred sixty-seven men who provided blood samples in 1982, when they had no lifetime history of diabetes and ranged in age from 47–65 years (mean age: 57 years). Measurements The authors assayed plasma C-peptide, reflecting insulin secretion, in the stored blood samples. Beginning in 2001, an average 18 years after blood collection, the authors administered telephone interviews, including tests of general cognition (Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status [TICS]), verbal memory, and category fluency. The authors used regression models to estimate mean differences in cognitive performance across levels of C-peptide controlling for a wide variety of potential confounding factors. Results On the TICS, men in the top tertile of C-peptide performed significantly worse than those in the bottom (multivariable-adjusted mean difference: −1.01 points, 95% confidence interval: −1.78 to −0.24); this apparent impact of C-peptide on cognition was equivalent to the cognitive differences the authors observed between men 6 years apart in age. Performance on the global score (combining results from all the individual tests) and verbal memory score (combining results from four tests of verbal memory) appeared lower among men in the highest C-peptide tertile, but results were not statistically significant. Conclusion Higher midlife insulin secretion may be related to decreased later-life cognitive function, even among men without diabetes.
Incarceration and women’s health: The utility of effective health education programming-A commentary

(2012). Incarceration and Women's Health. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 2-4.
A new concept of stability and dynamical economic systems

Abstract A new concept of stability, strict set stability, is defined and applied to optimal growth models. Autonomous differential equations have a strictly stable set if there exists a bounded set which the solutions visit within a finite time and in which they remain thereafter. Global asymptotic stability, quasi-stability, and limit cycles are special cases of the strict set stability. It is shown that under certain conditions optimal paths in optimal growth models have a sufficiently small, strictly stable set.
Unexpected hydroxylamine-induced ring-closure reactions of meso-tetraphenylsecochlorin bisaldehyde

Reaction of meso-tetraphenylsecochlorin bisaldehyde with hydroxylamine results in the formation of the known meso-tetraphenyl-2-nitroporphyrin and the novel meso-tetraphenylimidazolophorphyrin. The products are the result of two diverging pathways of the presumed intermediate monooxime monoaldehyde that are unusual and surprising, but fully rationalized. The structures of both products were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. This reaction represents the first reaction in which a pyrrole in a porphyrin was formally replaced by an imidazole moiety. The optical properties of the free base and metalloimidazoloporphyrin under neutral and acidic conditions are discussed. Further, an alternative synthesis of the imidazoloporphyrin Ni(II) based on meso-tetraphenyl-1-formyl-chlorophin is presented.
Elements of a Stochastic-Dynamical Theory of the Long-Term Variability of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation

Abstract In this paper, we present the elements of a theory of the long-term variability of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Three basic processes, i.e., unstable air-sea interaction, the seasonal variation and stochasfic forcings from high-frequency (relative to ENSO) transients are identified to be the crucial factors leading to the long-term behavior of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. We hypothesize that the occurrence of the ENSO is the result of an inherent instability in the tropical ocean-atmosphere triggered by stochastic forcings. Such a process is strongly modulated by the seasonal variation. For interannual time scale of the ENSO, the tropical ocean-atmosphere system is formally described in terms of a stochasticaly forced climate system. In a simple prototype model, we demonstrate how the abovemendoned processes can interact to produce many of the salient features of the long-term variability of the Southern Oscillation, including frequency of occurrence of ENSO, autocorrelation,...
Creep dominates tensile fatigue damage of the cement-bone interface.

Abstract Fatigue damage from activities of daily living has been considered to be a major cause of aseptic loosening in cemented total hip arthroplasty. The cement–bone interface is one region where loosening could occur, but to date the fatigue response of the interface has not been examined. Cement–bone specimens were prepared from fresh frozen human cadaver tissue using simulated in vivo conditions. Tensile fatigue tests to failure were performed in an environmental chamber. Loss of specimen stiffness (stiffness damage) and permanent displacement after unloading (creep damage) were found in all specimens. At failure, creep damage accounted for the majority (79.9 ± 10.6%) of the total strain damage accumulation at failure (apparent strain, e=0.0114 ± 0.00488 ). A power law relationship between strain-damage rate and time-to-failure showed that the strain-damage rate was an excellent predictor of the fatigue life of the cement–bone interface. The S–N response of the interface was obtained as a function of the applied stress ratio and the initial apparent strain. The total motion between cement and bone (72.2 ± 29.8 μm) prior to incipient failure due to both stiffness and creep fatigue damage may be sufficient to result in fibrous tissue formation and contribute to eventual clinical loosening.
Mexico's In Bond Export Industries and U.S. Legislation: Conflictive Issues

In spite of the economic opportunities and competitive edge in the international market provided to both countries by the maquila operations through joint ventures, some American interest groups oppose such industrial ventures across the U.S.-Mexico border, fearing the loss of job opportunities in this country. Conflicting issues exist in U.S. and Mexican public opinions. On one side, Mexican maquila operations provide demonstrable opportunities to the U.S. and Mexican economies. On the other side, American labor groups fear the 'exportation of jobs.' These fears have been found, so far, to be unwarranted, though. Contrary to the expectations of labor groups, documented links between the formation of new jobs and maquila industries have been established which will be discussed in this article. This study highlights the continuing expansion of the maquila-type industrial operations, expansion that engenders the industrial development of the northern borderland and interior of Mexico, and economic opportunities and competitive advantages for the U.S. and Mexico. Legislative enactments on both sides of the border that comprise the positions of the U.S. and Mexican governments supporting the maquiladora concept of binational co-production activities, are scrutinized U.S. labor arguments and criticisms concerning the maquila program are interpreted using institutional studies of the impact on the U.S. labor market. An assessment of challenges and opportunities created by maquila industrialization will conclude the study.
The ecology of dust

Wind erosion and associated dust emissions play a fundamental role in many ecological processes and provide important biogeochemical connectivity at scales ranging from individual plants up to the entire globe. Yet, most ecological studies do not explicitly consider dust-driven processes, perhaps because most relevant research on aeolian (wind-driven) processes has been presented in a geosciences rather than an ecological context. To bridge this disciplinary gap, we provide a general overview of the ecological importance of dust, examine complex interactions between wind erosion and ecosystem dynamics from the scale of plants and surrounding space to regional and global scales, and highlight specific examples of how disturbance affects these interactions and their consequences. It is likely that changes in climate and intensification of land use will lead to increased dust production from many drylands. To address these issues, environmental scientists, land managers, and policy makers need to consider wind erosion and dust emissions more explicitly in resource management decisions.
MANET security: A survey

Mobile Ad hoc Networks are being adopted in more and more applications in our daily life. Mobile computing and mobile ad hoc networks in particular have become a daily need. As mobile ad hoc networks have been target for many attacks, the security of these networks has become an essential part of their existence. This paper provides a review of the current threats and how these threats are mitigated. The paper also discusses common attacks on mobile ad hoc networks and classifies these attacks in various classification types. The paper also discusses various countermeasures to mitigate the risks of attacks.
The function of melanin or six blind people examine an elephant

The pigment melanin is found in all living kingdoms and in many different structures and forms. When its various functions are examined separately, its behaviors seem disparate and conflicting. It has a clear role in camouflage and sexual display. Other major roles are examined critically. It can act as a sun screen but is not a very effective one. It can also scavenge active chemical species, but this, too, is not done very effectively. It produces active radicals that can damage DNA. It binds to drugs in ways that are either beneficial or deleterious. Aside from camouflage, its other roles can be brought together by a unifying hypothesis as first proposed by Proctor and McGinness nearly 20 years ago. Melanin is envisaged as an energy transducer with the properties of an amorphous semiconductor. It can absorb many different types of energy and dissipate them in the form of heat. However, if the energy input is too great, the output can be expressed in the form of activated chemical species that can damage cellular macromolecules resulting in cell death, mutations and cancer. The protective aspect of melanin in dark skin is seen as resulting from its high concentration and its confinement to ellipsoidal and densely packed organelles that can effectively shield the nucleus. In light skin, its radical nature is seen as potentially participating in the carcinogenic process, particularly when overwhelmed by intense episodes of sunburn.
Choice of Oximeter Affects Apnea-Hypopnea Index

Study objectives Current Medicare guidelines include an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events per hour, in which all hypopneas must be associated with 4% desaturation, to qualify for reimbursement for therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The present data demonstrate the effect of pulse oximeter differences on AHI. Design Prospective study, blinded analysis. Setting Academic sleep disorder center. Patients One hundred thirteen consecutive patients (84 men and 29 women) undergoing diagnostic sleep studies and being evaluated for CPAP based on the Medicare indications for reimbursement. Interventions Patients had two of four commonly used oximeters with signal averaging times of 4 to 6 s placed on different digits of the same hand during nocturnal polysomnography. Measurements and results Apneas and candidate hypopneas (amplitude reduction, > 30%) were scored from the nasal cannula airflow signal without reference to oximetry. Candidate hypopneas then were reclassified as hypopneas by each oximeter if they were associated with a 4% desaturation. Although the use of three oximeters resulted in a similar AHI (bias, Conclusion In the present study, oximeter choice affected whether the AHI reached the critical cutoff of 15 events per hour, particularly in those with disease severity that was neither very mild nor very severe. As oximetry is not a technique that produces a generic result, there are significant limitations to basing the definition of hypopnea on a fixed percentage of desaturation in determining the eligibility for CPAP therapy.
Predictive effects of occupational and marital stress on the mental health of a male workforce

This study examined the predictive contribution of occupational and marital stress to the development of symptomatolgoy, affective disorder, and alcohol-related problems in a sample of 325 male power plant employees interviewed at baseline and one-year follow up. After controlling for known clinical and social risk factors, we found statistically significant predictive effects of job demands on affective disorder and job decision latitude on alcohol problems. In addition, the specific combination of high job demands with low decision latitude was important in predicting the occurrence of alcohol problems. Marital stress was not predictive of poorer mental health. The analyses provided only minimal support for a stress-buffering rote of social support.
Effects of Three Different Musical Styles of Background Music on Coding by College-Age Students:

This study examined the effects of different styles of background music on task performances of college students. In addition, students' perceptions of the music and the effect these perceptions ha...
ON THE TWISTED ALEXANDER POLYNOMIAL FOR REPRESENTATIONS INTO SL2(ℂ)

We study the twisted Alexander polynomial ΔK,ρ of a knot K associated to a non-abelian representation ρ of the knot group into SL2(ℂ). It is known for every knot K that if K is fibered, then for every non-abelian representation, ΔK,ρ is monic and has degree 4g(K) – 2 where g(K) is the genus of K. Kim and Morifuji recently proved the converse for 2-bridge knots. In fact they proved a stronger result: if a 2-bridge knot K is non-fibered, then all but finitely many non-abelian representations on some component have ΔK,ρ non-monic and degree 4g(K) – 2. In this paper, we consider two special families of non-fibered 2-bridge knots including twist knots. For these families, we calculate the number of non-abelian representations where ΔK,ρ is monic and calculate the number of non-abelian representations where the degree of ΔK,ρ is less than 4g(K) – 2.
A Compact Rijndael Hardware Architecture with S-Box Optimization

Compact and high-speed hardware architectures and logic optimization methods for the AES algorithm Rijndael are described. Encryption and decryption data paths are combined and all arithmetic components are reused. By introducing a new composite field, the S-Box structure is also optimized. An extremely small size of 5.4 Kgates is obtained for a 128-bit key Rijndael circuit using a 0.11-µm CMOS standard cell library. It requires only 0.052 mm2 of area to support both encryption and decryption with 311 Mbps throughput. By making effective use of the SPN parallel feature, the throughput can be boosted up to 2.6 Gbps for a high-speed implementation whose size is 21.3 Kgates.
Effects of antimicrobial coating from catfish skin gelatin on quality and shelf life of fresh white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

UNLABELLED The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish skin gelatin-based antimicrobial coating on the shelf life of fresh white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Antimicrobial coating was prepared by incorporating potassium sorbate, sodium tripolyphosphate, or both ingredients in coating solution made from catfish skin gelatin. Shrimp samples were untreated, rinsed with water, or coated with the antimicrobial films, and then they were stored in ice under aerobic conditions. Samples were taken periodically and evaluated for total aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic bacteria count, near-infrared spectrum (NIR), springiness, pH value, and color measurement. The results showed that the antimicrobial coating could retard microbial growth and prolong shelf life for up to 10 d. Partial least square analysis produced an acceptable model fitting between the NIR and the changes of microbial count in shrimp samples. The springiness and pH value of shrimp muscle were not affected by the coating treatments. Color parameter a* value increased linearly for all the treatments during the whole ice-storage period. PRACTICAL APPLICATION One of the most important technical and economic problems facing the shrimp industry is the relatively short shelf life of fresh shrimp products. Catfish skin gelatin-based antibacterial edible films/coatings provide an ideal technique to solve this problem. The shrimp industry will be the immediate beneficiary of the study, and the information provided by this research will be expended to other seafood.
Attaining situational awareness for sliding autonomy

We are interested in the problems of a human operator who is responsible for rapidly and accurately responding to requests for help from an autonomous robotic construction team. A difficult aspect of this problem is gaining an awareness of the requesting robot's situation quickly enough to avoid slowing the whole team down. One approach to speeding the initial acquisition of situational awareness is to maintain a buffer of data, and play it back for the human when their help is needed. We report here on an experiment to determine how the composition and length of this buffer affect the human's speed and accuracy in our multi-robot construction domain. The experiments show that, for our scenario, 5 - 10 seconds of one raw video feed led to the fastest operator attainment of situational awareness, while accuracy was maximized by viewing 10 seconds of three video feeds. These results are necessarily specific to our scenario, but we feel that they indicate general trends which may be of use in other situations. We discuss the interacting effects of buffer composition and length on operator speed and accuracy, and draw several conclusions from this experiment which may generalize to other scenarios.
Suppression of Eddy Diffusivity across Jets in the Southern Ocean

Abstract Geostrophic eddies control the meridional mixing of heat, carbon, and other climatically important tracers in the Southern Ocean. The rate of eddy mixing is typically quantified through an eddy diffusivity. There is an ongoing debate as to whether eddy mixing in enhanced in the core of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current or on its flanks. A simple expression is derived that predicts the rate of eddy mixing, that is, the eddy diffusivity, as a function of eddy and mean current statistics. This novel expression predicts suppression of the cross-jet eddy diffusivity in the core of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, despite enhanced values of eddy kinetic energy. The expression is qualitatively and quantitatively validated by independent estimates of eddy mixing from altimetry observations. This work suggests that the meridional eddy diffusivity across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is weaker than presently assumed because of the suppression of eddy mixing by the strong zonal current.
Study of the Reed Dolomite Aided by Remotely Sensed Imagery, Central White-Inyo Range, Easternmost California

Remote-sensing methods are of great value in assessing the stratigraphy and geologic structure of inaccessible terrains, especially where lithologic contrasts are marked. In this report, we show that such techniques can be successfully applied to a massive carbonate unit, the Reed Dolomite, exposed in the Wacuoba Mountain, Blanco Mountain, and Mount Barcroft quadrangles of east-central California.
Scattering in a Shallow Ocean with an Elastic Seabed

In this paper the boundary integral equation method is used to solve a scattering problem in a shallow ocean with an elastic seabed. The Hankel transformation and Mittag–Leffler decomposition were used to construct the propagating solution for both far-field and near-field. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions are found for the existence of the propagating solution. Using the propagating solution, the scattering problem is recast as a boundary integral equation. A numerical algorithm is developed for solving this boundary integral equation and its implementation on a T3D parallel computer is used to compute an illustrative example.
Infection and thyroid autoimmunity: A seroepidemiologic study of TPOaAb

Infectious agents have been implicated as triggers of autoimmunity. Prospective epidemiologic studies of infection with specific pathogens and the subsequent elevation of specific autoantibodies are difficult and costly to conduct. As a result, a solid body of evidence regarding this theoretically intriguing connection remains to be accrued. We studied term sera from 1807 pregnancies in 1591 women for whom IgG status for cytomegalovirus, Epstein—Barr virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, and/or Toxoplasma gondii was available from prior analyses. We tested the sera (masked regarding infectious status) for autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPOaAb) and then unmasked and linked them. Adjusted for other cofactors, prior infection with T. gondii was associated significantly with the elevation of TPOaAb, whereas seropositivity for other infections was not. Negative and positive findings for suspected triggers of autoimmunity should be reported to build the evidentiary basis needed...
Explicating SDKs: uncovering assumptions underlying secure authentication and authorization

Most modern applications are empowered by online services, so application developers frequently implement authentication and authorization. Major online providers, such as Facebook and Microsoft, provide SDKs for incorporating authentication services. This paper considers whether those SDKs enable typical developers to build secure apps. Our work focuses on systematically explicating implicit assumptions that are necessary for secure use of an SDK. Understanding these assumptions depends critically on not just the SDK itself, but on the underlying runtime systems. We present a systematic process for identifying critical implicit assumptions by building semantic models that capture both the logic of the SDK and the essential aspects of underlying systems. These semantic models provide the explicit basis for reasoning about the security of an SDK. We use a formal analysis tool, along with the semantic models, to reason about all applications that can be built using the SDK. In particular, we formally check whether the SDK, along with the explicitly captured assumptions, is sufficient to imply the desired security properties. We applied our approach to three widely used authentication/authorization SDKs. Our approach led to the discovery of several implicit assumptions in each SDK, including issues deemed serious enough to receive Facebook bug bounties and change the OAuth 2.0 specification. We verified that many apps constructed with these SDKs (indeed, the majority of apps in our study) are vulnerable to serious exploits because of these implicit assumptions, and we built a prototype testing tool that can detect several of the vulnerability patterns we identified.
The effects of a marine and coastal resource education project on urban science teachers' curricula, pedagogical practices, and 'sense of place'

A marine and coastal resource education project for secondary science teachers, "NYC Marine Life", was developed for a cohort of pre-certified, in-service secondary science teachers. The project had five overarching goals: (1) to increase teacher knowledge of the biodiversity and marine environments that occur throughout the New York City region; (2) to increase teacher use of local coastal and marine examples when teaching required components of the secondary science curriculum (e.g., the NYS Living Environment); (3) to assess the impact of "NYC Marine Life" on the percentage of teachers who introduce their secondary students to coastal habitats; and (4) to determine how learning about local natural history and marine biology affected teachers' cognitive conceptualizations of the city and their "sense of place". Nineteen pre-certified secondary science teachers participated in the 13-week intervention. This cohort consisted largely of teaching fellows originally from outside of NYC. Pre-and post-course instruments, along with transcribed oral interviews, were employed to assess program goals. On the pre-course instrument 100% of teachers self-reported having limited knowledge of the marine resources of New York City and 61% self-reported having no knowledge of this topic at all. Pre/post intervention analyses indicated that (1) teacher self-reported knowledge and measured knowledge of the biology, ecology, and geology of the marine resources of the NYC region increased significantly; (2) teachers' planned use of local coastal and marine resource examples in their classroom curricula increased significantly; and (3) the percentage of teachers who intended to make use of the field increased significantly. "Sense of place" also emerged as a component of planned pedagogical change; several teachers thought that students needed to be better connected with their local environment. Constraints imparted by the NY Regents test, the lack of marine biology in the Living Environment curriculum, the difficulty of accessing the field, and student unfamiliarity with marine biodiversity were reported as explanations for why teachers would not change their curricula and pedagogy.
Organocatalytic upgrading of the key biorefining building block by a catalytic ionic liquid and N-heterocyclic carbenes

The present study of rapid degradation of the key biorefining building block 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in an ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc), has led to highly selective and efficient upgrading of HMF to 5,5′-di(hydroxymethyl)furoin (DHMF), a promising C12 kerosene/jet fuel intermediate. This HMF upgrading reaction is carried out under industrially favourable conditions (i.e., ambient atmosphere and 60–80 °C), catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), and complete within 1 h; this process selectively produces DHMF with yields up to 98% (by HPLC or NMR) or 87% (unoptimized, isolated yield). Mechanistic studies have yielded four lines of evidence that support the proposed carbene catalytic cycle for this upgrading transformation catalyzed by the acetate IL and NHCs.
The Suffering Stage: Joanna Baillie, Spectacle, and Sympathetic Education

Joanna Baillie utilized both large- and small-scale stage spectacle to enact her theory of sympathetic engagement. Placing Baillie's Introductory Discourse in conversation with Edmund Burke and Adam Smith, I show how Baillie uses the figure of the condemned criminal as her prototype of what I call small-scale spectacle. For Baillie, such moments of individual suffering could be located by audiences in the movement and gestures of the sufferer. Nevertheless, Baillie also found sympathetic, as well as cautionary, potential in large-scale stage spectacle, which she identifies as banquets, battles, and processions. Baillie both uses and critiques such large-scale spectacle in Count Basil as she instructs her audience on the most productive ways of seeing and on sympathetic identification. I argue that, for Baillie, the theatre was a classroom where sympathy could be taught, and the various types of stage spectacle could be productive of a more sympathetic populace.
The utility of magnetic stimulation for routine peripheral nerve conduction studies.

The magnetic stimulator was compared with percutaneous electrical stimulation for activation of the median nerve at the wrist in four volunteers. Magnetic stimulation was unable to achieve supramaximal stimulation without activation of the ulnar nerve. The point of nerve depolarization could not be reliably estimated from the relationship of the stimulator head to the nerve. We conclude that the magnetic stimulator coil is as yet not suitable for routine electrodiagnositic use in the peripheral nervous system.
Serotonergic Function, Two-Mode Models of Self-Regulation, and Vulnerability to Depression: What Depression Has in Common With Impulsive Aggression

Evidence from diverse literatures supports the viewpoint that two modes of self-regulation exist, a lower-order system that responds quickly to associative cues of the moment and a higher-order system that responds more reflectively and planfully; that low serotonergic function is linked to relative dominance of the lower-order system; that how dominance of the lower-order system is manifested depends on additional variables; and that low serotonergic function therefore can promote behavioral patterns as divergent as impulsive aggression and lethargic depression. Literatures reviewed include work on two-mode models; studies of brain function supporting the biological plausibility of the two-mode view and the involvement of serotonergic pathways in functions pertaining to it; and studies relating low serotonergic function to impulsiveness, aggression (including extreme violence), aspects of personality, and depression vulnerability. Substantial differences between depression and other phenomena reviewed are interpreted by proposing that depression reflects both low serotonergic function and low reward sensitivity. The article closes with brief consideration of the idea that low serotonergic function relates to even more diverse phenomena, whose natures depend in part on sensitivities of other systems.
Flux and size fractionation of 3He in interplanetary dust from Antarctic ice core samples

article i nfo Accretion of extraterrestrial material to earth is of interest for a variety of reasons, including as a possible driver of long or short-term climate change, and as a record of solar system events preserved in the geological record. 3 He is highly enriched in extraterrestrial material, and provides a useful tracer of its input into sedimentary archives. Previous work showed that polar ice could be a suitable archive for studying variations in extraterrestrial input. Additional measurements reported here confirm that the late Quaternary 3 He flux derived from Antarctic ice samples is similar to 3 He fluxes determined from marine sediments. The mean flux from nine replicate ∼1 kg ice samples from the Vostok ice core site (112-115 m depth, age of ∼3800 years) is 1.25±0.37×10 −12 cm 3 STP cm −2 ka −1 (mean±2se). The large range for the 9 replicates is probably due to the small number of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) present, and illustrates that large ice samples are required for precise constraints on temporal variations in the 3 He flux. Size fraction experiments show that the majority of the 3 He flux is delivered by particles in the 5-10 μm size range, consistent with the hypothesis
Design sensitivity of single event transients in scaled logic circuits

Single Event Transients (SET) in digital logic pose an ever increasing reliability challenge as device dimensions shrink in modern technologies. Projection of SET sensitivity with scaling is essential to assess the logic failure and error probability in modern technology generations. This paper discusses the effects of device scaling from 45nm to 12nm processes and circuit parameter tuning on SETs. The failure due to particle strikes i.e., Single Event upsets (SEU) as well as its behavior with process variations and reliability mechanisms such as NBTI is evaluated in this work. The critical supply voltage required to avoid SET propagation with circuit parameters is investigated. This work also proposes a probability model which examines the propagation of SET at any node to the output of a circuit. The proposed methodology can be extended to any complex digital circuit to investigate its vulnerability to SET.
The CP110-interacting proteins Talpid3 and Cep290 play overlapping and distinct roles in cilia assembly

We have identified Talpid3/KIAA0586 as a component of a CP110-containing protein complex important for centrosome and cilia function. Talpid3 assembles a ring-like structure at the extreme distal end of centrioles. Ablation of Talpid3 resulted in an aberrant distribution of centriolar satellites involved in protein trafficking to centrosomes as well as cilia assembly defects, reminiscent of loss of Cep290, another CP110-associated protein. Talpid3 depletion also led to mislocalization of Rab8a, a small GTPase thought to be essential for ciliary vesicle formation. Expression of activated Rab8a suppressed cilia assembly defects provoked by Talpid3 depletion, suggesting that Talpid3 affects cilia formation through Rab8a recruitment and/or activation. Remarkably, ultrastructural analyses showed that Talpid3 is required for centriolar satellite dispersal, which precedes the formation of mature ciliary vesicles, a process requiring Cep290. These studies suggest that Talpid3 and Cep290 play overlapping and distinct roles in ciliary vesicle formation through regulation of centriolar satellite accretion and Rab8a.
Damage control resuscitation: the need for specific blood products to treat the coagulopathy of trauma.

Abstract : Civilian trauma centers and military combat support hospitals have evolved to treat increasingly severe injury. Today, they routinely save patients whose care would have been futile two decades ago. The most important advance has been an approach called damage control surgery in which the restoration of normal anatomy is deferred to limit the progression of coagulopathy. This technique has been developed to the point that it has outstripped conventional blood bank support. Uncontrolled coagulopathic hemorrhage is now the major cause of potentially preventable death following trauma. Roughly 1 in 10 people in the United States is brought to or seeks medical care for injury each year. One in a 100 is hospitalized, and approximately 1 in a 1000 receives blood products as part of the acute treatment of injury. At the University of Maryland Shock-Trauma Center (UMSTC) in calendar year 2000, 8 percent of 5649 injured patients admitted directly from the scene of injury received RBCs during their hospital stay, 5 percent received plasma, 3 percent received PLTs, and 0.1 percent received cyroprecipitate.
89 – Role of Oxidative Stress in Alcohol-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction

This chapter addresses the critical role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in alcohol-induced liver injury with specific emphasis on the mechanisms by which alcohol stimulates the production of these reactive species in mitochondria and the way their production negatively impacts mitochondrial function and disrupts hepatic energy conservation. It is widely believed that one component contributing to alcohol-induced liver pathology is the diminished capacity of the liver to generate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and to maintain adequate ATP levels following exposure to alcohol chronically. This resulting decrease in hepatic energy ultimately leads to losses in hepatocyte viability, which has been identified as a critical factor contributing to the development of pathology. There are two mechanisms to generate ATP within the hepatocyte: glycolysis and the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. It is known that chronic alcohol consumption negatively impacts both of these cellular processes. This chapter focuses on the way chronic alcohol consumption disrupts mitochondrial mechanisms involved in ATP synthesis. Moreover, chronic alcohol-related alterations in mitochondria structure and function stimulate production of reactive oxygen species in liver mitochondria. This increase in oxidants could result in oxidative modification and possibly inactivation of mitochondrial macromolecules, thereby further contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction.
The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports

Louis-Schmelling paradox, 1. — The inverted joint product or the product joint, 2. — League standing effect, 3. — Fourth estate benefit, 3. — Multifirm plants, 5. — Diminishing quality returns, 8. — Input-enthusiasm effect, 8. — Roger Maris cobweb, 12. — Bobby Layne rigidity, 12. — Archie Moore invisibility, 13.
From monuments to megapixels: Death, memory, and symbolic immortality in the contemporary United States

This article explores transformations in the American way of death from the Victorian period to the present. It asks: What do recent shifts in mortuary practice and memorialization reveal about larger changes in American culture and society? And what is at stake in charting and understanding these changes for anthropologists interested in technology and culture change more generally? We argue that the move away from the lavish Victorian funeral to cheaper, less traditional ways of caring for the dead is productively conceptualized as a shift in differing memorial paradigms. In the case at hand, we characterize this paradigm shift as one from ‘monuments’ to ‘megapixels’, the former being ascendant at the beginning of the era of film photography and the latter becoming ascendant with the rise of social and digital media. We trace the development and central features of these two memorial paradigms, showing how the rise of film photography played a central role in facilitating the transition between them, an...
Tearing Down the Grid

ABSTRACTConcerns about global warming are prompting architects to revise past practices for new “sustainable” strategies, owing to the fact that the building sector in the US is responsible for 48 percent of greenhouse gas emissions and total energy usage. Chief among these new strategies is biomimetic design, although more recently, some leaders in computational architectural design are moving beyond biomimicry to “biosynthesis.” The most extreme of these forecast the imminent use of “genetic engineering” literally to grow living products, buildings, and cities. Matthias Hollwich and Marc Kushner of HOLLWICHKUSHNER in New York have dramatized on YouTube their award-winning Econic Design video, picturing Atlanta as “MEtreePOLIS” in the year 2108. Genetically altered kudzu vines become the “simulated ecosystem” of the new urban landscape; this living ecoscape produces its own energy through its genetically engineered photosynthetic structural material. This review of Econic Design critically analyzes the v...
The Band Around a Convex Set

Junpei Sekino (sekino@willamette.edu) came from Tokyo to Oregon State University and received his Ph.D. in algebraic topoiogy. He is a professor at Willamette University and was once elected as the Mortarboard Professor of the Semester. When the Oregon rain subsides, he and his wife Anya often visit serene forests to collect majestic mushrooms such as Matsutake and Steinpilz. At home he plays Sumo wrestling with his sons Kenji (7) and Kolya (5) and enjoys being the champion almost always.
Methylene blue and normobaric hyperoxia combination therapy in experimental ischemic stroke

Introduction Ischemic stroke is a global burden that contributes to the disability and mortality of millions of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined MB (methylene blue) and NBO (normobaric hyperoxia) therapy in experimental ischemic stroke. Methods Rats with transient (60 min) MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) were treated with: (1) air + vehicle (N = 8), (2) air + MB (N = 8), (3) NBO + vehicle (N = 7), and (4) NBO + MB (N = 9). MB (1 mg/kg) was administered at 30 min, again on days 2, 7, and 14 after stroke. NBO was given during MRI (30–150 min) on day 0, and again 1 h each during MRI on subsequent days. Serial diffusion, perfusion and T2 MRI were performed to evaluate lesion volumes. Foot-fault and cylinder tests were performed to evaluate sensorimotor function. Results The major findings were: (1) NBO + MB therapy showed a greater decrease in infarct volume compared to NBO alone, but similar infarct volume compared to MB alone, (2) NBO + MB therapy accelerated sensorimotor functional recovery compared to NBO or MB alone, (3) Infarct volumes on day 2 did not change significantly from those on day 28 for all four groups, but behavioral function continued to show improved recovery in the NBO + MB group. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that combined NBO + MB further improves functional outcome and reduces infarct volume compared to either treatment alone and these improvements extended up to 28 days.
Nitrogen enrichment contributes to positive responses to soil microbial communities in three invasive plant species

Increased resource availability and feedbacks with soil biota have both been invoked as potential mechanisms of plant invasion. Nitrogen (N) deposition can enhance invasion in some ecosystems, and this could be the result of increased soil N availability as well as shifts in soil biota. In a two-phase, full-factorial greenhouse experiment, we tested effects of N availability and N-impacted soil communities on growth responses of three Mediterranean plant species invasive in California: Bromus diandrus, Centaurea melitensis, and Hirschfeldia incana. In the first phase, plants were grown individually in pots and inoculated with sterile soil, soil from control field plots or soil from high N addition plots, and with or without supplemental N. In the second phase, we grew the same species in soils conditioned in the first phase. We hypothesized growth responses would differ across species due to species-specific relationships with soil biota, but overall increased N availability and N-impacted soil communities would enhance plant growth. In the first phase, Centaurea had the greatest growth response when inoculated with N-impacted soil, while Bromus and Hirschfeldia performed best in low N soil communities. However, in phase two all species exhibited positive growth responses in N-impacted soil communities under high N availability. While species may differ in responses to soil biota and N, growth responses to soils conditioned by conspecifics appear to be most positive in all species under high N availability and/or in soil communities previously impacted by simulated N deposition. Our results suggest N deposition could facilitate invasion due to direct impacts of soil N enrichment on plant growth, as well as through feedbacks with the soil microbial community.
Phonological constituents and their movement in Latin

We document a fronting process in Latin that is difficult to model as syntactic movement but fairly easy to model as phonological movement. Movement with similar properties has been observed elsewhere in Classical Greek, Russian, Irish and Japanese; we suggest that the Latin movement is of the same type and takes place in the phonological component of the grammar, following the mapping from syntactic to prosodic structure.
An effect of the definite article on the salience of a noun.

Subjects were asked to correct the meaning of semantically anomalous sentences in which a noun, either the subject or object, or the verb could be considered anomalous. Increased specificity of reference led to an increase in the salience of the nouns in the meaning of the sentences. A noun was significantly more likely to be retained in the corrections and the verb considered anomalous if that noun was definite than if it was indefinite. Subject nouns were also more likely to be retained than were object nouns when they broke the selection restrictions of the verb. This finding is discussed in terms of other studies showing the importance of the subject noun in sentence comprehension.
Longitudinal measurement equivalence of subjective language brokering experiences scale in Mexican American adolescents.

OBJECTIVE Language brokering occurs frequently in immigrant families and can have significant implications for the well-being of family members involved. The present study aimed to develop and validate a measure that can be used to assess multiple dimensions of subjective language brokering experiences among Mexican American adolescents. METHOD Participants were 557 adolescent language brokers (54.2% female, Mage.wave1 = 12.96, SD = .94) in Mexican American families. RESULTS Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we were able to identify 7 reliable subscales of language brokering: linguistic benefits, socioemotional benefits, efficacy, positive parent-child relationships, parental dependence, negative feelings, and centrality. Tests of factorial invariance show that these subscales demonstrate, at minimum, partial strict invariance across time and across experiences of translating for mothers and fathers, and in most cases, also across adolescent gender, nativity, and translation frequency. Thus, in general, the means of the subscales and the relations among the subscales with other variables can be compared across these different occasions and groups. Tests of criterion-related validity demonstrated that these subscales correlated, concurrently and longitudinally, with parental warmth and hostility, parent-child alienation, adolescent family obligation, depressive symptoms, resilience, and life meaning. CONCLUSION This reliable and valid subjective language brokering experiences scale will be helpful for gaining a better understanding of adolescents' language brokering experiences with their mothers and fathers, and how such experiences may influence their development. (PsycINFO Database Record