cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Stress in Immobilized Polycation Thin Films Induced by Ion-Exchange

The exchange of one counterion with another, perchlorate with chloride, induces mechanical stress in polycation matrices. The magnitude of the stress decreases with increasing hydrophobicity of the matrix. Thin films of cross-linked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) are reacted with trialkylamines to give immobilized poly(vinylbenzyltrialkylammonium chloride) matrices. Mechanical stress in films is measured using a scanning laser apparatus. Each material exhibits tension upon exchange from chloride to perchlorate form, consistent with matrix dehydration. Data are fit to a chemical equilibrium model assuming proportionality between stress and conversion to perchlorate form. Maximum changes in biaxial stress range from 3.1 MPa for a tributylamine-modified film to 16.6 MPa for a trimethylamine-modified film. Selectivity coefficients range from 43 for the trimethylamine-modified film to 370 and 450 for the tributylamine- and tripropylamine-modified films, respectively, indicating greater selectivity for perchlorate ...
Why an MBA

As physicians move into medical management, leaving clinical practice behind to play a major role in managing physician performance and clinical processes, they are having to deal in the business world. Physician executives are donning the pinstripe suit instead of the white coat, and adding a business acumen to their clinical skills. Many have opted to pursue executive MBA programs to learn the business competencies they need to manage health care organizations. This article summarizes the educational opportunities available in executive MBA programs and discusses the value of business training for aspiring physician executives.
PET/MR Oncologic Whole Body Workflow Optimization

2528 Objectives Simultaneous PET/MRI scanners can combine the functional information from PET with the soft tissue definition of MRI beyond what PET/CT hybrid systems offer currently. The time required to screen patients for MR safety, position the MR coils and scan with patient tailored whole body (WB) and organ specific MR sequences can add significantly to total exam time. Overall workflow optimization is discussed for WB time-of-flight (TOF) oncologic imaging on the GE Signa PET/MRI scanner. Methods Efficient workflow is essential for minimizing technologist radiation exposure. Due to the added steps of placing coils, respiratory bellows, ear protection, etc., the patient is positioned 45 min post injection for a targeted PET emission acquisition starting approx. 60min post injection. The procedure is reviewed and the patient is screened for MR safety. While the patient changes into MR compatible clothes, the exam is set up at the console. The exam begins with MR Ax, Sag and Cor localizer scans over 4 MR stations. Stations are pasted together to resemble a CT localizer scan and used for both PET bed positioning and prescribing of MR sequences. The PET scan is prescribed first and sets the region for MR scans within each PET bed. A WB scan is 6-8 beds with 3-4 repeating MR sequences confined to each PET bed, lasting 3-4min each. These include the attenuation correction scan, Ax DWI, Cor DWI, and Cor SSFSE. MR slice thickness and field of view are maintained for every PET bed to allow for pasting of images for WB PET/MR image fusion. Breath holds are utilized For MR sequences over the chest and abdomen. Upon PET completion, MR contrast injection and WB Ax LAVA-Flex sequences complete the scan. Results WB oncologic PET/MR procedure times have been reduced from >120min to 45-60min and will continue to improve as sequence optimization is established. Conclusions Issues being assessed include determining ideal sequence selection while minimizing MR artifacts, allowing for dedicated scanning tailored to patient history including higher resolution, organ specific imaging, reduction of scan time, and minimizing image artifacts.
Frequency Resolved and Heterodyned Femtosecond Infrared Echoes of Pep tides; Multiple Pulse Coherent Vibrational Analogues ofNMR

Two-dimensional (2D) infrared (IR) spectra of a dipeptide and a 13C substituted 20 unit peptide are obtained from heterodyned photon echoes (PE). Off-diagonal peaks reflect the coupling between amide groups. The two amide groups of acetylproline-NH2 show different vibrational dynamics.
Temporal Structure: Perturbation, Colonization, Succession

No assemblage of organisms remains unchanged for long; the often-quoted “balance of nature” is largely a fiction; natural assemblages are seldom in stasis nor is any one current state a lasting condition. Daily, seasonal, and decadal shifts in weather and climate impart changing patterns to living assemblages, with differing time scales. Perturbations of many kinds—asteroid strikes, fires, storms, habitat loss, pollution, sea level rise, geological subsidence, and many others—change conditions and species assemblages on specific parcels of environments, and the parcels can then be colonized by organisms, and a succession of species may occur. Recovery to earlier conditions and assemblages may or may not take place (cf. Chap. 18).
The Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody GA101 Displays More Robust Anti-Tumor Activity Versus Rituximab In Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM)

Abstract 4904 Background: Rituximab is an IgG class CD20-directed monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including WM. We and others have previously demonstrated dependence for IgG class therapeutic antibodies on polymorphisms at FcγRIIIA-158. Approximately half of WM patients express V/V or V/F, and the remainder half express F/F at this polymorphic locus. Patients with WM expressing FcγRIIIA-158 V/V or V/F show improved rituximab single agent activity, as well as attainment of deeper responses (VGPR or CR) with combination Rituximab therapy. GA101 is a novel humanized anti-CD20 antibody with a glyco-engineered Fc domain that exhibits increased Fcg receptor binding and ADCC activity. Methods: In this study, we examined the in vitro activity of GA101 and Rituximab against WM cells, and also examined the activity of these antibodies in context of FcγRIIIA-158 polymorphisms. ADCC activity for GA101 and Rituximab was assessed using genotyped healthy donor derived NK cells against BCWM.1 WM cells, as well autologous NK cells against the patient's own lymphoplasmacytic cells. In vitro B-cell depletion and direct cell death induction assays were also performed. Results: We observed significantly greater ADCC activity against WM cells for GA101 versus Rituximab in both healthy donor, as well as autologous NK cell assays. GA101 mediated ADCC activity was particularly more robust versus Rituximab in patients expressing FcγRIIIA-158 F/F versus V/V or V/F ( [Figure 1][1] ). In addition, GA101 induced significant direct cell death against WM lymphoplasmacytic cells, as well as in vitro B-cell depletion assays in comparison to Rituximab, which exhibited little direct cell death induction activity. Nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) was observed following GA101 by immunofluorescence microscopy. Conclusions: GA101 is associated with enhanced ADCC activity relative to Rituximab by NK cells, particularly for those subjects expressing FcγRIIIA-158 F/F. In addition, GA101 demonstrated direct cell death in WM lymphoplasmacytic cells through an AIF mediated caspase-independent pathway. These studies provide the framework for the investigation of GA101 in WM, and suggest particular benefit for those patients who express FcγRIIIA-158 F/F. ![Figure 1:][2] ![Figure 1:][2] Figure 1: ADCC efficacy against WM cells for GA101 versus rituximab using healthy donor or autologous NK cells genotyped for FcγRIIIA-158. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
Abstract B77: Vitamin D suppresses pancreatic cancer growth through inhibition of autocrine Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Epidemiological studies indicate higher vitamin D levels are associated with a reduced risk for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and other malignancies. Although vitamin D analogs inhibit the growth of some PDAC cell lines in vitro and in vivo, a clinical trial with an active metabolite of vitamin D (seocalcitol) demonstrated no objective response in patients with inoperable PDAC. In addition to initiating vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediated transcription, vitamin D is known to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pathway recently shown to play a critical role in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression. For this study we chose to explore a possible link between these two signaling pathways. Initially, we found VDR expression strongly correlated with endogenous Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity across a large panel of PDAC cell lines, suggesting VDR may serve as a critical mediator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PDAC and/or that VDR itself may be a transcriptional target of the Wnt pathway. Therefore, we next determined whether the growth inhibitory effects of vitamin D analog calcipotriol in PDAC cell lines could be mechanistically linked to its action on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Using a β-catenin-activated reporter, we found calcipotriol inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling and anchorage-dependent growth in a dose-dependent manner and with greater efficacy in those PDAC cell lines with high levels of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin signaling (Wnt high). In parallel, calcipotriol also inhibited anchorage-independent growth of the same Wnt high PDAC lines in soft agar assays, a phenotype we have previously shown to be critically linked to autocrine Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity. Previously published work in colorectal cancer finds vitamin D initiates a physical interaction between VDR and β-catenin that translocates β-catenin from the nucleus to the plasma membrane to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin mediated transcription. However, in exploring this potential biochemical interaction in PDAC cell lines we have been unable to co-immunoprecipitate VDR and β-catenin, leading us to speculate that vitamin D disrupts Wnt/β-catenin signaling through a novel alternative mechanism that we are currently investigating. In conclusion, the present study identifies a subset of PDAC cell lines defined by higher levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that show increased sensitivity to vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition. These results may be of clinical utility in stratifying patients most likely to benefit from vitamin D-based therapy. Citation Format: Michael Dawson Arensman, Claire Ostertag-Hill, Anna Rose Lay, David Dawson. Vitamin D suppresses pancreatic cancer growth through inhibition of autocrine Wnt/β-catenin signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B77.
The Penn Medicine Center for Evidence-Based Practice: Supporting the Quality, Safety, and Value of Patient Care Through Evidence-Based Practice at the Systems Level (USA)

The University of Pennsylvania Health System Center for Evidence-based Practice (CEP) was established in 2006 by the Office of the Chief Medical Officer to support the quality, safety and value of patient care at Penn through evidence-based practice. To accomplish this mission, CEP performs rapid systematic reviews of the scientific literature to inform local practice and policy, translates evidence into practice through the use of computerized clinical decision support (CDS) interventions and clinical pathways, and offers education in evidence-based decision making to trainees, staff and faculty. The Center includes a physician director, three research analysts, six physician and nurse liaisons, a biostatistician, a health economist and an administrator, and collaborates closely with librarians and staff in informatics and quality improvement. To date, CEP has completed over 300 rapid reviews for clinical and administrative leaders on topics ranging from formulary management to device purchasing to development of best clinical practices. CEP has also created approximately 25 CDS tools to integrate evidence into practice, and is developing a pathways program to support standardization of care throughout our growing healthcare system. Lastly, CEP has enhanced the capacity for evidence-based decision making through a novel EBM curriculum for medical students, as well as courses and workshops for housestaff, fellows, faculty, advance practice providers and nurses. Our experience suggests hospital EPCs can efficiently synthesize and implement evidence addressing a range of clinical topics for diverse stakeholders, influence local decision making, and foster a culture of evidence-based practice, strengthening the quality, safety, and value of care provided.
The Differential Impact of NPD Make/Buy Choices on Immediate and Future Product Quality: Insights from the Automobile Industry

This paper examines the impact of NPD make/buy choices on product quality using data from the automobile industry. While the business press laments that NPD outsourcing compromises product quality, there is no systematic evidence to support or refute this assertion. Against this backdrop, this study tests a contingency model of the impact of NPD make/buy decisions on immediate and future product quality. The hypotheses are tested using data on NPD make/buy choices of 173 models of 12 automobile firms in the United States between 2007 and 2014. The authors find that while NPD buy has a more positive impact on immediate product quality, NPD make has a more positive impact on future product quality. Further, the immediate product quality impact of NPD buy is stronger when a) technologies are more complex and b) firm NPD capability is higher. In contrast, the future product quality impact of NPD make is stronger when a) there is post-launch adverse feedback and b) firm NPD capability is higher. The study highlights the complex tradeoffs associated with NPD ‘make/buy’ decisions and offers valuable insights on how firms could manage these decisions.
Causes of Engineering Change Propagation: An Analysis During Product Lifecycle

This article identifies the causes of engineering change propagation during the development and production phases of the product lifecycle using a statistical method applied to a large engineering ...
THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF HIPPURIC ACID IN VITRO

The mechanism of the synthesis of hippuric acid in viva is interesting from several points of view. There is the intrinsic interest in a compound found in the urine of many animals, an interest which is heightened by the use of the rate of hippuric acid excretion following the administration of benzoic acid as a clinical test of liver function. This synthesis is interesting also from the point of view of physiological energetics. The formation of hippuric acid from glycine and benzoic acid is attended by a gain in free energy (Table I). In other words the tendency of the reaction, if allowed to proceed spontaneously at 25° or 38°, is not toward synthesis but toward practically complete hydrolysis of hippuric acid (Table III). Yet when benzoic acid is fed, hippuric acid is rapidly synthesized. This synthesis also occurs and can be measured, as shown below, when liver slices are suspended in Ringer’s solution containing low concentrations of benzoic acid and glycine. More than half the benzoic acid is converted to hippuric acid. From the thermodynamic data it may be deduced that the enzymatic synthesis of hippuric acid cannot be simply the reverse of its hydrolysis. The hydrolysis can proceed spontaneously; the synthesis must be coupled with an energy-yielding reaction.
Factors Affecting Limiting Angles for Fault Reactivation in Basement Rocks

The reactivation of a preexisting weakness in a rock, such as a fault or fracture, depends upon the relationship between the coefficient of sliding friction of the surface, the internal coefficient of friction for the country rock and the orientation and magnitudes of the superimposed stress fields. Handin (1969) demonstrated that a set of ‘limiting’ angles for reactivation of a preexisting sawcut rock sample subjected to triaxial stresses are related the geometry created by superimposing a Mohr stress circle, at the point of failure, over the sliding friction line for a given rock type. Samples with sawcut angles outside of the limiting angles cannot be reactivated but will fracture across the preexisting plane to form a new shear failure surface. Samples with favorably oriented sawcuts will be reactivated when the shear and normal stresses exceed a given value. This effect has been documented in laboratory testing for a wide range of rock types. Laboratory testing of sawcut samples suggests that the angles for the reactivation of faults in basement blocks may be significantly different than those for rocks in the shallow crustal regime. High porosity rocks, such as sandstones, generally have a narrow set of limiting angles due their lower strength (Scott and Nielsen, 1981). Limiting angles for fault reactivation of low porosity rocks, typical of basement lithologies, are generally wider — around from 50° to 470° of the principal directed stress. Two notable exceptions will dramatically affect this pattern of limiting angles. The presence of abnormally high fluid pressures within the fault gouge zone and the presence of clays in a gouge will significantly expand the range of limiting angles for fault reactivation of basement rocks.
Cancer-Related Pelvic Pain

Cancer-related pelvic pain is a disorder that can be difficult to evaluate and treat. The causes can be multifactorial, and treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is important to obtain a thorough history and physical to discover the cause or causes of the patient’s pain. Treatment may involve multiple physicians, physical therapists, and psychologists.
CHAPTER 3 – OPERATIONAL SECURITY

Although many security issues are controlled by legislative ruling and social standards or are constrained by technological limitations, there are many important matters of operational security that are directly or indirectly under management control. In this chapter these issues are identified and possible actions are proposed.
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND ELECTROLUMINESCENCE IN ALPHA SILICON CARBIDE

This paper is a review of work on photoluminescence and electroluminescence in SiC carried out at the Lighting Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company in Cleveland, Ohio, by A. Addamiano, J. M. Blank, V. Ozarow and the author.
Beyond Europeanization: The politics of scale and positionality in Lithuania’s alternative food networks:

This article brings geographical insights to understanding the Europeanization of agri-food politics in new European Union member states. Most literature on agri-food policy and law in the European...
To Come Out or Not to Come Out: Minority Religious Identity Self-Disclosure in the United States Workplace:

Situated in communication privacy management (CPM) theory, this study found that anticipated risk was the strongest predictor of minority religious identity disclosure at work. Older workers who re...
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and short-term photosynthetic response to drought

Drought is among the most damaging climate extremes, potentially causing significant decline in ecosystem functioning and services at the regional to global scale, thus monitoring of drought events is critically important. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been found to strongly correlate with gross primary production on the global scale. Recent advances in the remote sensing of SIF allow for large-scale, real-time estimation of photosynthesis using this relationship. However, several studies have used SIF to quantify the impact of drought with mixed results, and the leaf-level mechanisms linking SIF and photosynthesis are unclear, particularly how the relationship may change under drought. We conducted a drought experiment with 2-yr old Populus deltoides. We measured leaf-level gas exchange, SIF, and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence before and during the 1-month drought. We found clear responses of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to water stress, however, SIF showed a smaller response to drought. Net photosynthesis (Anet ) and conductance dropped 94% and 95% on average over the drought, while SIF values only decreased slightly (21%). Electron transport rate dropped 64% when compared to the control over the last week of drought, but the electron transport chain did not completely shut down as Anet approached zero. Additionally, SIF yield (SIFy ) was positively correlated with steady-state fluorescence (Fs ) and negatively correlated with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ; R2 = 0.77). Both Fs and SIFy , after normalization by the minimum fluorescence from a dark-adapted sample (Fo ), showed a more pronounced drought response, although the results suggest the response is complicated by several factors. Leaf-level experiments can elucidate mechanisms behind large-scale remote sensing observations of ecosystem functioning. The value of SIF as an accurate estimator of photosynthesis may decrease during mild stress events of short duration, especially when the response is primarily stomatal and not fully coupled with the light reactions of photosynthesis. We discuss potential factors affecting the weak SIF response to drought, including upregulation of NPQ, change in internal leaf structure and chlorophyll concentration, and photorespiration. The results suggest that SIF is mainly controlled by the light reactions of photosynthesis, which operate on different timescales than the stomatal response.
The Turner Syndrome Resource Center: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome

Individuals with Turner syndrome (TS) have a wide range of comorbidities presenting at all stages of life. Because of this, there is a need for an integrated approach to the management of TS individuals’ healthcare across their life. We provide an overview of the different models available to deliver inter- or multidisciplinary care to girls and women with TS. A major part of this chapter focuses on the development of a TS resource center, a unit to provide different areas of specialty care for TS patients, including transition from pediatric to adult care. We also address the different roles healthcare providers have within a TS resource center, as well as the value of peer support systems, advocacy groups, and social networking.
Proposed Framework for Identifying and Predicting Operator Errors When using Advanced Vehicle Technologies

Advanced vehicle technologies include systems that are defined by the Society for Automotive Engineers as automated driving features or driver support features. The latter are increasingly availabl...
Compound coastal flood risk in a semi-arid urbanized region: The implications of copula choice, sampling, and infrastructure

Abstract. Sea level rise will increase the frequency and severity of coastal flooding events. Compound coastal flooding is characterized by multiple flooding pathways (i.e., high offshore water levels, streamflow, energetic waves, precipitation) acting concurrently. This study explores the joint flood risks caused by the co-occurrence of high marine water levels and precipitation in a highly urbanized semi-arid, tidally dominated region. A novel structural function developed from the multivariate analysis is proposed to consider the implications of flood control infrastructure in compound coastal flood risk assessments. Univariate statistics are analyzed for individual sites and events. Conditional, and joint probabilities are developed using a range of copulas and sampling methods. The Independent, and Cubic copulas produced poor results while the Fischer-Kock, and Roch-Alegre generally produced robust results across a range of sampling methods. The impacts of sampling are considered using annual maximum, annual coinciding, wet season monthly coinciding, and wet season monthly maximum sampling. Although, annual maximum sampling is commonly recommended for characterizing compound events, this work suggests annual maximum sampling does not produce “worst-case” event pairs and substantially underestimates marine water levels for extreme events. Wet season coinciding water level and precipitation pairs benefit from a dramatic increase in available data, improved goodness of fit statistics, and provide a range of physically realistic pairs. Wet season coinciding sampling may provide a more accurate compound flooding risk characterization for long return periods in semi-arid regions.
Aesthetic outcome of simple cuticular suture distance from the wound edge on the closure of linear wounds on the head and neck: A randomized evaluator blinded split-wound comparative effect trial.

Abstract Background Little data supports the optimal distance of cuticular suture placement from the wound edge to achieve the most cosmetically appealing scar. Objective To compare POSAS scores for cutaneous sutures spaced 2 versus 5 mm from the wound edge in head and neck defects repaired via linear closure. Methods Fifty patients were enrolled in this randomized, evaluator blinded, split-scar study. Surgical wounds were repaired with cuticular sutures 2 mm from the wound edge on one side and 5 mm on the other side. POSAS scores and scar width was compared three-months post-operatively. Results This study in sum observer POSAS score, with a mean (SD) of 16.06 (6.49) on the 2-mm side and 15.82 (6.83) on the 5-mm side (p=0.807). Similarly, no difference was seen in scar width, with a mean (SD) of 0.100 (0.058) cm on the 2-mm side and 0.100 (0.076) cm on the 5-mm side (p=0.967). Limitations Linear repairs were studied on head and neck defects after extirpation of cutaneous malignancies, resulting in a homogeneous elderly white patient population. Conclusion Cuticular sutures placed 2 or 5 mm from the wound edge did not result in different cosmetic outcomes in linear closures on the head and neck.
Peracetic acid: A new biocide for industrial water applications

Peracetic acid is rapidly cidal at low concentrations against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae under a wide variety of conditions. It is also effective against anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria. Peracetic acid is effective at killing biofilm microorganisms at low concentrations and short contact times. Unlike a number of other biocides, the biocidal activity of peracetic acid is not affected by pH or water hardness and is retained even in the presence of organic matter. For these reasons, peracetic acid is well-suited as a biocide in industrial cooling water and paper-making systems. It is also compatible with additives commonly used in these systems. Although peracetic acid is a potent biocide, it is unique in that it does not produce toxic byproducts and its decomposition products (acetic acid, water, and oxygen) are innocuous and environmentally acceptable.
Shallow Water Propagation and Surface Reverberation Modeling

Abstract : The primary long term goals are to measure and model high frequency acoustic propagation and scattering near the sea surface. Processes of particular interest are scattering from surface gravity waves and the effect of whitecaps and bubble clouds on underwater acoustic communications. A secondary long term goal is to exploit measurements of breaking wave noise to infer bubble cloud populations at the sea surface. These original goals have been augmented in 2013 to study ambient noise from glaciers in high latitude regions. Objectives for 2013 The overall program objectives are reproduced below for completeness. Program objectives specific to work in 2013 were to: (1) continue the work of Berry (1972) to deduce the form of surfaces from scattered sound and (2) to measure and analyze the underwater ambient noise marine terminating glaciers in high latitude regions. Berry's research focused on determining the structure of sea ice from scattered sound. He determined some of the basic physical constraints that would limit an inversion method based on reflected pulses interacting with a rough ice surface, but did not present any actual inversions for surface shape. Our objective has been to extend this work to actually determine surface shape from scattered acoustic pulses, and compare the results with experiment. The study of undersea ambient noise in the Arctic is extensive and extends back to the 1960 s, with early results focusing on noise associated with processes in the ice margin. Much of the work on Arctic noise since has been concerned with the generation, propagation and statistical properties of noise generated by sea ice, consistent with the observation that the interaction of the ice cover with the air and water boundary layer is the primary source of noise. More recently, there has been a growing interest in the underwater noise in Arctic fjords, particularly those that contain the terminus of one or more glaciers. The program objective was to mea
Risk Reduction and Resource Pooling on a Cooperation Task

Two experiments investigated choice in adult humans on a simulated cooperation task to evaluate a risk-reduction account of sharing based on the energy-budget rule. The energy-budget rule is an optimal foraging model that predicts risk-averse choices when net energy gains exceed energy requirements (positive energy budget) and risk-prone choices when net energy gains fall below energy requirements (negative energy budget). Because sharing can minimize variability in energy gain (i.e., is a risk-averse strategy), the model predicts that sharing should occur under positive but not negative budget conditions. Energy budgets were modeled by substituting money gains for energy gains and earnings requirements for energy requirements. Participants chose between work- alone or work-with-others (sharing) response options. Experiment 1 investigated the effects on choice of manipulating the value of the earnings requirement and the presence of the partner’s money counter. Choice for the sharing option varied as a function of the earnings requirement in a pattern consistent with the predictions of the energy-budget rule. The presence of the partner’s money counter did not influence preference. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 and also showed that under conditions with no earnings requirement (conditions in which the energy-budget rule makes no predictions), subjects often preferred the sharing option over the independent option when sharing increased the partner’s 13arnings, and that subjects often preferred an independent option over the sharing option when the independent option produced a constant earnings amount. Overall, the results replicate and extend the results of earlier earnings-budget studies and further show that laboratory procedures are useful for evaluating the plredictions of risksensitive and social-foraging models.
Gaussian Sample Functions: Uniform Dimension and Hölder Conditions Nowhere

Let X(t), t≥0, be a real Gaussian process with mean 0, stationary increments, and a2(t) = E|X(t) - X(0)|2. Here dH(λ), for some bounded monotone H. We summarize the main results.
Inversion Mechanisms in Gas Lasers

A review of recent developments in the gas laser field is given which is intended to supplement a previous, more detailed paper by the author on the same subject. In addition, a number of new results have been described. The present paper has six main sections dealing with: a summary of general laser considerations, inversion saturation mechanisms in four-level systems, possible two- and three-level collision lasers, stimulated emission pumping, transient inversions, and ion lasers. Emphasis has been placed on atomic systems in this work and a summary of currently known gas laser transitions is included as an appendix to this paper.
The Effect of Crystal Orientation on Damage Accumulation in Chromium-Implanted Al 2 O 3

Chromium-implantation of single crystal aluminium oxide (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) has been shown to be anisotropic with respect to damage accumulation. Ultra-low load indentation and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) have been used to demonstrate the dependence of radiation damage on fluence and crystal orientation. Single crystal Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} specimens of c-axis ((0001) normal to the surface) and a-axis ((1120) normal to the surface) orientations were ion-implanted simultaneously and found to possess different near-surface mechanical properties. Subsequent RBS-ion channeling examination indicated different amounts of disorder in both the aluminum and oxygen sublattices for the two orientations. These results imply a higher amorphization threshold in terms of implantation fluence for the a-axis oriented samples. 15 refs., 6 figs.
Enteric neurons in culture

The sections in this article are: 1 Organotypic Culture 1.1 Demonstration of Intrinsic Enteric Neuronal Properties 1.2 Studies of Development 2 Tissue Culture 2.1 Preferred Growth Substrates 2.2 Retention of Differentiated Properties 2.3 Absent or Rare Differentiated Properties 2.4 Gaba Neurons 2.5 Fast Responses to Substance P 2.6 Distribution of Muscarinic Receptors 2.7 Properties of Enteric Glia 3 Cell Cultures 3.1 Rat Neurons 3.2 Human Neurons 4 Conclusion 4.1 Limitations of Culture Studies 4.2 Advantages of Culture Studies
Effortful Control, Executive Functions, and Education: Bringing Self-Regulatory and Social-Emotional Competencies to the Table

Self-regulatory skills are essential for school readiness and future achievement, but self-regulation is a broad and multidimensional construct consisting of both behavioral and cognitive processes. Thus, researchers often study these processes from either a behavioral and temperament-based approach or a cognitive ⁄neural sys- tems approach. The temperament-based framework often focuses on effortful control, whereas the cognitive or neuro- science framework often focuses on executive functions. Although literatures on effortful control and executive functions come from different research traditions, the field needs to view them as complementary rather than incompatible to advance the understanding of the role of self-regulation in learning and achievement across devel- opment. This article calls for bringing both bodies of research to the table when making decisions about educa- tional policies and practices. KEYWORDS—self-regulation; effortful control; executive functioning; school readiness; achievement
Coastal and Environmental Remote Sensing from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Overview

ABSTRACT Klemas, V.V., 2015. Coastal and environmental remote sensing from unmanned aerial vehicles: An overview. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer a viable alternative to conventional platforms for acquiring high-resolution remote-sensing data at lower cost and increased operational flexibility. UAVs include various configurations of unmanned aircraft, multirotor helicopters (e.g., quadcopters), and balloons/blimps of different sizes and shapes. Quadcopters and balloons fill a gap between satellites and aircraft when a stationary monitoring platform is needed for relatively long-term observation of an area. UAVs have advanced designs to carry small payloads and integrated flight control systems, giving them semiautonomous or fully autonomous flight capabilities. Miniaturized sensors are being developed/adapted for UAV payloads, including hyperspectral imagers, LIDAR, synthetic aperture radar, and thermal infrared sensors. UAVs are now used for a wide range of environmental applications, such as coast...
The interstitial volume of ion-exchange columns

Abstract The relative interstitial volumes of ion-exchange columns were measured by equilibrating the columns with a standard solution, rinsing out the interstitial solution and determining the amount of solute in the rinsings. Solutions of three polyelectrolytes and of hydrochloric acid were used for this purpose. When hydrochloric acid was used, corrections were generally necessary because of the penetration of the acid into the resin. Satisfactory agreement was obtained among the various methods. Within the experimental error, the relative interstitial volume is independent of the exchangeable ion of the resin and of the mesh size. The interstitial volume decreases with decreasing crosslinkage.
Dealing with Teacher Stress

Teaching is a stressful profession. The causes are many but solutions are available to help the teacher cope. The author offers thirteen practical suggestions to manage stress.
A Flourishing Economist: A Review Essay on Edmund Phelps's Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge, and Change †

In his recent Mass Flourishings, Edmund Phelps makes a strong and eloquent plea for a more dynamic economy, which he sees not only as a key for economic performance, but also as necessary for what he calls "the good life." This review essay evaluates those claims in the light of economic history.
Some further observations on serial enumeration and categorical flexibility

Rats were runway-trained in a variety of serial discriminations that involved three different reward outcomes: Noyes pellets (R), a Kellogg’s Corn Pop (R’), and 30 sec of confinement in an unbaited goal area (N). Each of three groups experienced a series that consisted of a single non-rewarded trip down the runway, irregularly mixed with a longer series that for one group (n = 3) consisted of three trips rewarded with the pellets, followed by a terminal nonrewarded trip (RRRN/N). A second group (n = 6) had the single N series mixed with a series that included an initial trip rewarded with a Pop, and three subsequent trips rewarded with pellets, pellets, and nothing, respectively (R’RRN/N). The remaining group was trained with an RRN/N series pair. The interval between trips within a series was about 20 sec, and the interval between series was about 10 min. All rats developed strong, accurate anticipation of the terminal nonreward event of the longer series. In a 4-day transfer shift phase, a matched one-half of the rats originally trained R’RRN/N were shifted to a new series pair, RRRN/NRRRN, as were all the animals trained RRN/N. The remaining one-half of the matched rats were shifted to RRN/NRRN, as were the animals originally trained on the RRRN/N series pair. The transfer to the new series was plainly more powerful in animals initially trained with the R’RRN series than it was in either of the control groups. This shift result is taken to mean that rats classified the differing motivational events of the R’RRN series into at least three numerical categories: (1) one R’, (2) two Rs, and (3) three rewards.
Fokker—Planck equation solution of aerosol Brownian coagulation with an interparticle potential

Abstract For the Brownian coagulation of aerosol particles in the transition regime of Knudsen number in the presence of an interparticle potential, the Fokker—Planck equation is solved by using Grad's 13-moment method. Mass and energy accommodation coefficients are interfaced with the Fokker—Planck moment equations through the use of half-range fluxes. Analytical solutions of the potential-free situation are obtained for arbitrary values of the accomodation coefficients. Numerical solutions of the number and energy flux profiles for a repulsive or an attractive interparticle potential of power-law form are obtained by a two-dimensional shooting scheme. This numerical algorithm is further applied to calculate the coagulation coefficient between two transition regime particles under either a van der Waals potential or a Coulombic potential. The results are in good agreement with those predicted by the flux-matching method of Fuchs. The present fundamental approach, therefore, provides theoretical support of the coagulation coefficient expression obtained by the empirical flux-matching method in the presence of an interparticle potential.
Comparison of aniline hydroxylation by hemoglobin and microsomal cytochrome P450 using stable isotopes

Abstract Hemoglobin (Hb) and cytochrome P450 carry out aromatic ring hydroxylation of aniline. In the presence of reductants and Hb, para- and ortho-aminophenol were formed. Under [18O]O2, 100% of product was labeled; no incorporation occurred with [18O]H2O. Deuterium (1.9%) was detectable in p-aminophenol formed from p-[ 2 H ] aniline by Hb, as compared with 6% retention observed with cytochrome P450. These observations are consistent with a mechanism for Hb-dependent reaction involving formation of an ironoxo complex competent to hydroxylate substrate. Hb-mediated reactions may represent a source of extrahepatic metabolism since Hb is a major carrier for small organic molecules. The similarities of P450- and Hb-mediated aniline hydroxylation using stable isotopes preclude their use as in vivo probes.
χ alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes of horse liver

Horse liver contains previously unrecognized isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase. In contrast to the molecular forms identified up to now, under the conditions employed these variants migrate toward the anode on starch gel electrophoresis and were separated from the cathodic isozymes by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. They were then purified on agarose-hexane-AMP. Their physicochemical and compositional characteristics are similar to those x alcohol dehydrogenases from human liver. Like these and similar ones from simian liver, they retain most of their activity in the presence of10mm 4-methylpyrazole, oxidize short-chain primary alcohols very poorly, and appear to prefer longer chain primary alcohols and ω-hydroxy fatty acids as substrates.
The Assessment of Nursing Caries and Its Relationship to High Caries in the Permanent Dentition

The prevalence of nursing caries has been found to be high in populations of Native American children, unlike other US population groups. Comparisons among studies are difficult because a variety of operational definitions of the syndrome have been used. This study had two goals. First, a retrospective dental record audit was conducted for a Native American population attending Head Start in 1977-78, to compare the prevalence rates of nursing caries obtained by using different nursing caries classification schemes. Second, we studied the relationship of prior nursing caries to current high caries level determined by a clinical exam in the same children approximately ten years later (N = 88). As expected, different classification schemes yielded different prevalence rates. Classification of nursing caries by buccal or lingual caries in the maxillary incisors found 45 percent of the children with the disorder, vs 61 percent if measured by three or more carious maxillary incisors, or 76 percent if two or more carious maxillary incisors. Nursing caries in these Head Start children, defined by caries on the buccal or lingual surfaces of the maxillary incisors, showed no increased risk of greater than or equal to 5 DMFT at age 15. The Head Start children classified as having nursing caries by two or more, or three or more, decayed maxillary anterior teeth had relative risks (RR) of 1.6 (95% Cl 1.1, 2.4) and 1.4 (95% Cl 1.0, 1.9) for high caries (DMFT greater than or equal to 5) ten years later, whereas the RR for children with a dmft greater than or equal to 5 was 2.4 (95% Cl 1.4, 4.3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Risk Factors for Drug Use in Rural Adolescents

This study tested the relevance of a risk factor model for predicting drug use among rural adolescents. A questionnaire battery assessing drug use and the presence/absence of twenty risk factors derived from a previous study of urban adolescents was administered to a sample of seventh graders (N = 235) in the public school system of a rural community. All but one of these risk factors were found to be significantly related to at least one category of drug use. In addition, a risk factor index based on a subset of ten risk factors was significantly associated with the prevalence and frequency of use for cigarettes, beer and wine, hard liquor, marijuana, and other drugs. These findings support the generalizability of a risk factor approach to predicting drug use, and underscore the need for increased prevention and research efforts directed at rural adolescents.
Effect of mutant small, acid-soluble spore proteins containing cysteine or tryptophan on DNA properties in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Two derivatives of the α/β-type small acid-soluble spore protein (SASP) SspC wt have been constructed, each containing a residue potentially useful for physico-chemical analysis of protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions. In one mutant protein (SspC trp ) residue 27 (Met) was replaced by Trp; in the second (SspC cys ) residue 48 (Asn) was replaced by Cys. Both mutant proteins were expressed in Bacillus subtilis spores at levels similar to those of SspC wt , and SspC cys and SspC trp restored ultraviolet light (UV) resistance and plasmid negative supercoiling in spores lacking major α/β-type SASP to levels similar to those restored by SspC wt . While the purified mutant proteins bound more weakly to DNA than SspC wt , all three had the same relative affinity for different DNAs, ie poly(dG)·poly(dC) > poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC) > pUC19, and purified SspC cys and SspC trp gave the same pattern of DNase protected bands with pUC19 as SspC wt . Binding of SspC cys or SspC trp to poly(dG)·poly(dC) in vitro also prevented the formation of cyclobutane type cytosine dimers upon UV irradiation, as does binding of SspC wt . These data indicate that the two mutant proteins are extremely similar to SspC wt in their interaction with DNA, and thus may be useful in probing SASP-SASP and SASP-DNA interactions directly by physical or chemical techniques. Indeed, binding of SspC trp to poly(dG)·poly(dC) resulted in a 2.5-fold enhancement of the proteins Trp fluorescence.
The Use of Dietary Restrictions in Malnourished Nursing Home Patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dietary prescriptions of nursing home patients who show evidence of malnutrition. DESIGN: A descriptive chart review. SETTING: Four chronic care facilities in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. PATIENTS: A total of 336 charts were randomly selected from the four facilities. Analysis was done on the 217 charts that included a recorded serum albumin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum albumin, height, most recent weight, weight recorded 6 months previously, major diagnoses, and current diets were recorded. Average weight change per month and body mass index were calculated. RESULTS: In 109 of the 217 patients, the serum albumin was less than 3.5 g/dL. 75.2 percent of the hypoalbuminic patients were on some sort of dietary restriction, including caloric restriction in 18% and sodium restriction in 35%. Sixty-six of the 217 patients had an average weight loss of greater than 1 pound per month, and 59% of this group were on dietary restrictions, with 21% on sodium restriction and 20% on limited calories. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is a common problem in the nursing home population. A restricted diet is one possible factor that might contribute to this. While this study does not prove a causal relationship between a restricted diet and malnutrition, it would seem inappropriate that most patients with evidence of malnutrition are on diets that might discourage nutrient intake.
Modeling High Numerical Aperture Optical Lithography

Electromagnetic diffraction theory is applied to obtain a rigorous and comprehensive description of the imaging and exposure process in a projection optical system imaging a one-dimensional, periodic object in a planar layer of photoresist. The method is applicable to high numerical aperture and thick-photoresist systems, and accounts for the exposure dependent absorption characteristics of positive photoresists. It is used with the development simulator in SAMPLE to simulate the physical profile of the developed image. Theoretical and experimental results are given, which show asymmetrical variation of the developed image with focus. This asymmetry is found to depend on photoresist thickness, and the dependence is shown to be incompatible with the usual approximation of normal ray propagation in the photoresist.