cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Arts, Disruption, and Marginality: Education for the Global Creative Economy

Of late, tertiary education has tended to draw a tight focus on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) subjects both for research and teaching. Within this context, the STEM Education Coalition has worked to inform the American “federal and state policymakers on the critical role that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education plays in US competitiveness and future economic prosperity.” Accordingly, many of America’s global competitors have similarly concentrated educational funding into STEM sectors. I note that institutions imperil their educational enterprises if they defund or ignore the arts. Indeed, I suggest that the arts, with their singular, curiosity inspired, obsessive practices directed towards the margins, inhabit the very place/space where critical, potentially transformational, or disruptive, new practices most likely will emerge.
No Radiographic Safe Margin Found in the "Easy IJ" Internal Jugular Vein Procedure.

Abstract Background The Easy IJ procedure involves placement of a 4.8-cm intravenous catheter into the internal jugular (IJ) vein using ultrasound guidance. It is not known whether this needle length has the potential to cause a pneumothorax. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if a radiographic “safe margin” exists. We hypothesized that an average margin of ≥2 cm would exist between the catheter tip and the pleura. Methods Operators used a central approach to the IJ vein. We reviewed radiographic images taken immediately after the Easy IJ procedure. Using digital software, we measured the distance from the catheter tip to the closest point of the pleura and from the catheter tip to the level of the lung apex. We defined distances exceeding the margin of safety—either passing the pleura or ending inferior to the apex—as negative for the purpose of calculating an average. We used the t distribution to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for average values. Results Radiographs showing the catheter tip were available from 62 patients. The mean needle-to-pleura distance was −0.1 cm (95% CI −0.7 to 0.5 cm). The mean vertical distance to the apex was −0.2 cm (95% CI −0.8 to 0.3 cm), with a standard deviation of 2.25 cm. Conclusion Radiographic analysis failed to show a margin of safety for the Easy IJ procedure. Postprocedure imaging may still be necessary to exclude pneumothorax.
Scalable Network-on-Chip Architectures for Brain–Machine Interface Applications

Understanding the dynamics and functionality of the human brain and its relationship with different physical entities has proven to be extremely useful in many applications including disability therapy and designing the next-generation user-interfaces. Communication between the brain and external hardware using neural stimulation and recordings has also been demonstrated recently. Such systems are usually analyzed by employing the brain–machine–body interface (BMBI) model. However, owing to the high complexity of the human brain activity, modeling and analyzing the neural-signals is a resource-intensive task. Moreover, coupling neural signals from different physical entities inevitably leads to large input data sets and hence, also making it data- and computationally intensive. Hence, here we employ a spatiotemporal fractal parallel algorithm to efficiently generate and analyze the BMBI models. However, such an algorithm can lead to demanding on-chip traffic patterns requiring an efficient communication infrastructure among different computing cores. To address this issue, we propose a machine-learning-inspired wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC)-based manycore architecture for handling the compute- and communication-intensive nature of the BMBI applications. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional wireline mesh NoC, WiNoC achieves up to 55% savings in energy delay product for a system size of 1024 cores.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of cerebrum with adipose tissue.

Abstract Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the central nervous system are uncommon embryonal neoplasms, rarely occurring in adults. Differentiation into specific mesenchymal tissues, such as cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, or adipose tissue, is rare. We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with a PNET of cerebrum that showed extensive mature adipose tissue differentiation. This is the second case, to our knowledge, of PNET of cerebrum with adipose tissue elements that has been described.
Exact Averaging of Stochastic Equations for Transport in Random Velocity Field

We present new examples of exactly averaged multi-dimensional equation of transport of a conservative solute in a time-dependent random flow velocity field. The functional approach and a technique for decoupling the correlations are used. In general, the averaged equation is non-local. We study the special cases where the averaged equation can be localized and reduced to a differential equation of finite-order, where the problem of evolution of the initial plume (Cauchy problem) can be solved exactly. We present in detail the results of the analyses of two cases of exactly averaged problems for Gaussian and telegraph random velocity with an identical exponential correlation function, which are informative and convenient models for continuous and discontinuous random functions. The problems in which the field has sources of solute and boundaries are also examined. We study the behavior of different initial plumes for all times (evolutions and convergence) and show the manner in which they approach the same asymptotic limit for two stochastic distributions of flow-velocity. A comparison between exact solutions and solutions derived by the method of perturbation is also discussed.
Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis: Factors Affecting EDF Casting Success

Abstract Study Design IRB-approved retrospective single cohort study. Objectives To review our ten-year history with EDF (Elongation Derotation Flexion) casting in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis (IIS) to better understand which factors predict successful outcomes. Summary of Background Data Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of EDF casting in the treatment of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. But none have reproduced the success of Mehta’s even with early intervention. Methods Patients with IIS treated with EDF casting with a minimum 24-month follow-up were included. Radiographs and clinical records were reviewed. Age, sex, and curve type were documented. Precast, traction, in cast, in brace, and final Cobb angles were measured and recorded. Outcomes were defined by Cobb angle at final follow-up out of cast or brace. Patients were considered cured if the final Cobb angle was Results Sixty-three patients with IIS were reviewed. Thirty-two were excluded for incomplete records or insufficient follow-up, leaving 31 patients. No patients progressed to surgical intervention during the study. Patients with a Cobb angle >10° in the final cast were 7.3 times more likely to fall into the palliative range at the most recent follow-up than if their Cobb angle was 10° or less even when adjusted for age. Earlier age at onset of casting (14.9 vs. 21.1 months) was not statistically significant (p=.073). Magnitude of initial curvature, flexibility, initial correction, sex, and curve type were also not found to be significant. Conclusion EDF casting is a valid treatment option for IIS with a high cure rate. Major Cobb angle at the end of casting is most predictive of outcome. Cobb angles >10° at the end of casting had a 7.3 times greater risk of falling into the palliated category versus Cobb angles less than or equal to 10° even when adjusted for age. Initial curve magnitude, curve flexibility, sex, and curve type were not predictive. Level of Evidence Level IV.
What Can We Learn about Fall Risk Factors from EHR Nursing Notes? A Text Mining Study.

Introduction: Hospital falls are a continuing clinical concern, with over one million falls occurring each year in the United States. Annually, hospital-acquired falls result in an estimated $34 billion in direct medical costs. Falls are considered largely preventable and, as a result, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have announced that fall-related injuries are no longer a reimbursable hospital cost. While policies and practices have been implemented to reduce falls, little sustained reduction has been achieved. Little empirical evidence supports the validity of published fall risk factors. While chart abstraction has been used to operationalize risk factors, few studies have examined registered nurses’ (RNs’) narrative notes as a source of actionable data. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to explore whether there is meaningful fall risk and prevention information in RNs’ electronic narrative notes. Methods: This study utilized a natural language processing design. Data for this study were extracted from the publicly available Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III) database. The date comprises deidentified EHR data associated with patients who stayed in critical care units between 2001 and 2012. Text mining procedures were performed on RN’s narrative notes following the traditional steps of knowledge discovery. Results: The corpus of data extracted from MIMIC-III database was comprised of 1,046,053 RNs’ notes from 36,583 unique patients. We identified 3,972 notes (0.4 percent) representing 1,789 (5 percent) patients with explicit documentation related to fall risk/prevention. Around 10 percent of the notes (103,685) from 23,025 patients mentioned intrinsic (patient-related) factors that have been theoretically associated with risk of falling. An additional 1,322 notes (0.1 percent) from 692 patients (2 percent) mentioned extrinsic risk factors, related to organizational design and environment. Moreover, 7672 notes (0.7 percent) from 2,571 patients (7 percent) included information on interventions that could theoretically impact patient falls. Conclusions: This exploratory study using a NLP approach revealed that meaningful information related to fall risk and prevention may be found in RNs’ narrative notes. In particular, RNs’ notes can contain information about clinical as well as environmental and organizational factors that could affect fall risk but are not explicitly recorded by the provider as a fall risk factors. In our study, potential fall risk factors were documented for more than half of the sample. Further research is needed to determine the predictive value of these factors. Implications for Policy or Practice: This study highlights a potentially rich but understudied source of actionable fall risk data. Furthermore, the application of novel methods to identify quality and safety measures in RNs’ notes can facilitate inclusion of RNs’ voices in patient outcomes and health services research.
d -Cycloserine-Augmented Behavior Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Preliminary Efficacy Trial

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the leading psychotherapeutic treatment for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), yet not all patients improve. To address the treatment response gap, CBT may be augmented with cognitive enhancers such as d-cycloserine (DCS). DCS-augmented behavior therapy has been tested with mixed results in related disorders. To initially test whether DCS may augment CBT for BDD, we conducted the first preliminary efficacy trial of DCS versus placebo-augmented CBT for BDD, via a randomized, double-blind study. We analyzed data using mixed-effects models in a modified intent-to-treat sample (N = 26). Over 10 weeks of treatment, primary (BDD severity) and secondary (insight, depression) outcomes improved significantly across both conditions, but there were no significant group differences in response. Exploratory analysis revealed that BDD-related distress, specifically, reduced significantly more in the DCS condition compared to placebo. This is the first study testing DCS-augmented CBT for BDD. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00842309
Sirolimus + Tacrolimus Maintenance with No Induction Therapy May Maximize Survival in Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose Sirolimus has purported advantages in lung transplant maintenance therapy, such as anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative, and anti-aging effects, which may help improve survival. Methods Among U.S. lung transplant recipients from 2003-2016 in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) dataset, we compared sirolimus [SIR] (n=219) to mycophenolate mofetil [MMF] (n=5482), within a tacrolimus-based regimen. The SIR group consisted of patients on SIR within 1 year post-transplant, since prophylactic SIR initiation is usually delayed by up to 1 year to avoid the risk of bronchial anastomotic dehiscence and other complications. Due to the delayed initiation of SIR, this study was restricted to patients alive at 1 year in both groups, to prevent immortal time bias. All patients in both groups were free of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and malignancy at 1 year, to exclude these common rescue uses of SIR. We also assessed survival for SIR and MMF after subdividing by whether or not patients received induction therapy (with basiliximab, daclizumab, antithymocyte globulin, or alemtuzumab). Survival comparisons were based on Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox multivariable regression utilizing multiple imputation to handle missing data. Results SIR had better survival than MMF: median (MS) 8.9 vs 7.1 yr.; adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.71, p=0.003. When subdividing by whether patients received induction, SIR with no induction had the best survival (MS=10.7 yr.; HR=0.48, p=0.002), followed by SIR with induction (MS=7.9 yr.; HR=0.90, p=0.45), MMF with induction (MS=7.4 yr.; reference group), and MMF with no induction (MS=6.8 yr.; HR=1.15, p=0.01). Conclusion Sirolimus, initiated within 1 year after lung transplantation in a tacrolimus-based regimen, may improve survival compared to MMF. National data representing the U.S. lung transplant population suggest that sirolimus + tacrolimus maintenance with no induction therapy is associated with a median survival of approximately 10 years.
Heat shock proteins functioning as molecular chaperones: their roles in normal and stressed cells

In response to either elevated temperatures or several other metabolic insults, cells from all organisms respond by increasing the expression of so-called heat shock proteins (hsp or stress proteins). In general, the stress response appears to represent a universal cellular defence mechanism. The increased expression and accumulation of the stress proteins provides the cell with an added degree of protection. Studies over the past few years have revealed a role for some of the stress proteins as being intimately involved in protein maturation. Members of the hsp 70 family, distributed throughout various intracellular compartments, interact transiently with other proteins undergoing synthesis, translocation, or higher ordered assembly. Although not yet proven, it has been suggested that members of the hsp 70 family function to slow down or retard the premature folding of proteins in the course of synthesis and translocation. Yet another family of stress proteins, the hsp 60 or GroEL proteins (chaperonins), appear to function as catalysts of protein folding. Here I discuss the role of those stress proteins functioning as molecular chaperones, both within the normal cell and in the cell subjected to metabolic stress.
A Longitudinal Study of Trends in Burnout During Primary Care Transformation

PURPOSE The quadruple aim of primary care transformation includes promoting well-being among the primary care workforce. We longitudinally assessed burnout among clinicians and staff in 2 health delivery organizations engaged in primary care redesign guided by a shared transformation model. METHODS We conducted a descriptive longitudinal study, using repeated cross-sectional measures from 6 waves of surveys of employed primary care clinicians (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) and staff conducted between 2012 to 2018 in the San Francisco Health Network and in UCSF Health. The 2018 wave had 613 respondents (response rate 88%). Outcome measures were scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory emotional exhaustion and cynicism subscales. We used regression models to test for time trends in mean scores. RESULTS Trends in burnout differed by system and occupation. In one system, mean clinician scores steadily improved for emotional exhaustion (P = .04) and cynicism (P = .07). In the other system, clinician burnout scores initially worsened and then returned to baseline levels. In both systems, burnout trends among staff tended to move in the opposite direction from trends among clinicians. CONCLUSIONS The divergent trends of steady reduction in clinician burnout in one system and clinician burnout getting worse before getting better in the other system suggest that the effects of primary care transformation are influenced by the organizational context. Moreover, practice changes that reduce clinician burnout may not decrease—and may potentially even worsen—burnout among staff. Primary care transformation requires continuing efforts to promote meaningful work and sustainable workloads among all members of the primary care team.
IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY AND COMPLICATIONS IN TAKOTSUBO (STRESS) CARDIOMYOPATHY: A COMPARISON WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION FROM A UNITED STATES NATIONAL SAMPLE

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is an acute cardiac syndrome that mimics an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and results in similar complications. This study sought to evaluate the temporal trends, incidence and outcomes of complications in TC as compared to AMI. From 2007-2014, a retrospective
Case series: Delayed diagnoses of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Abstract Purpose To describe two cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis in contact lens wearers misdiagnosed as Herpes simplex keratitis. Observations Case 1 is a 54-year-old male that was misdiagnosed with Herpes simplex keratitis who developed advanced Acanthamoeba keratitis. His treatment course was complex and involved both medical therapy and surgical intervention with poor resolution. Case 2 is an 18-year-old male who was also initially misdiagnosed and treated for Herpes simplex keratitis, but ultimately treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine with complete resolution. Conclusions and importance The clinical presentation of Acanthamoeba keratitis may closely resemble other causes of keratitis and continues to be misdiagnosed, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. However, given the significant morbidity and challenging treatment course for Acanthamoeba keratitis, it is important for clinicians to maintain a high suspicion for Acanthamoeba and to consider obtaining cultures in contact lens wearers with atypical keratitis prior to making a diagnosis of Herpes simplex keratitis.
EFEITOS DA CORRENTE MICROGALVÂNICA E DA MICRODERMOABRASÃO PARA TRATAMENTO DE ESTRIAS ATRÓFICAS: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

INTRODUCAO: A estria e uma atrofia tegumentar adquirida que modifica fibras colagenas, fibras elasticas, substância fundamental amorfa e fibroblastos. Os recursos definidos para esta pesquisa foram a microgalvanopuntura e a microdermoabrasao. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os efeitos terapeuticos da microgalvanopuntura e da microdermoabrasao no tratamento de estrias. METODOLOGIA: Na pesquisa fez-se uso de artigos publicados, nomeadamente banco de dados eletronicos, sites de pesquisa e livros. Os artigos foram pesquisados no idioma portugues. Durante a coleta dos dados foram encontrados150 artigos e alguns capitulos de livros relacionados ao tema proposto. Destes, apenas 19 se enquadravam nos criterios de inclusao do estudo. Os descritores utilizados foram: Tratamentos esteticos, microgalvanopuntura, microdermoabrasao, Estrias. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSAO: A microdermoabrasao remove as celulas envelhecidas e estimula a producao de celulas jovens e colageno. A lesao provocada pela microgalvanopuntura leva a producao de diversas enzimas responsaveis pelo processo inflamatorio, alem de celulas como os fibroblastos, promovendo assim a regeneracao tecidual e melhorando o aspecto da pele. CONCLUSAO: O estudo mostrou que os procedimentos abordados obtiveram resultados positivos na melhora do estado do tecido estriado. Assim, ha tambem a necessidade de novas pesquisas, pois a literatura consultada nao deixa claro qual metodo e mais eficiente devido a pouca quantidade de publicacao, especialmente focada nas duas tecnicas apresentadas em conjunto. E um problema cada vez mais comum que afeta a autoestima da maioria das mulheres.
Iconoclasm, iconophobia, and graphic novel adaptations of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress

This article explores the assumed tendency of evangelical Christians to iconoclasm or even iconophobia. In order to test these tendencies, recent graphic novel adaptations of John Bunyan’s The Pilg...
Is There Such a Thing as "Anti-Nutrients"? A Narrative Review of Perceived Problematic Plant Compounds.

Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of lifestyle-induced chronic diseases. The thousands of phytochemicals they contain are implicated in cellular-based mechanisms to promote antioxidant defense and reduce inflammation. While recommendations encourage the intake of fruits and vegetables, most people fall short of their target daily intake. Despite the need to increase plant-food consumption, there have been some concerns raised about whether they are beneficial because of the various ‘anti-nutrient’ compounds they contain. Some of these anti-nutrients that have been called into question included lectins, oxalates, goitrogens, phytoestrogens, phytates, and tannins. As a result, there may be select individuals with specific health conditions who elect to decrease their plant food intake despite potential benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the science of these ‘anti-nutrients’ and weigh the evidence of whether these compounds pose an actual health threat.
Fostering a Sense of Community Among Black Faculty Through a Faculty Learning Community

The atmosphere at many colleges and universities in the United States presents unique challenges for Black faculty including racism. It is well established that Black faculty, especially those at p...
Which Beliefs Predict Intention to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19? A Mixed-Methods Reasoned Action Approach Applied to Health Communication.

This research examined the underlying beliefs and psychological determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention in order to inform effective health promotion efforts. We utilized the reasoned action framework in a mixed-methods, two-study approach. Study 1, an open-ended belief elicitation survey (N = 197), explored the underlying beliefs associated with intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 once a vaccine becomes available. In a quantitative survey with a representative sample of U.S. adults, study 2 (N = 1656) tested the psychological determinants of intention to get vaccinated. Results revealed (1) the most common attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination; (2) instrumental attitude as the strongest determinant of COVID-19 vaccination intention; and (3) 'achieving peace of mind' as an effective target for health promotion efforts. Further implications and directions are discussed.
Cost-Effectiveness of Supporting Local Initiatives in Sustainable Rural Development

The experience of the European Union and the Russian practice of federal support for local initiatives in ensuring sustainable development of rural areas are analyzed. A methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of this method of mobilizing the resources of the local population and business structures to improve living conditions in rural areas is proposed. The calculations of the efficiency of using subsidies from the Federal budget of the Russian Federation within the framework of the federal target program “Sustainable development of rural territories for 2014–2017 and the period until 2020” and the state program “Complex development of rural territories for 2020–2025” are presented. The risks of the negative consequences of widespread use of budget design are outlined.
Understanding Karl Marx's Critique of Hegel's “Philosophy of Right”

Rereading the young Karl Marx's “Critique of Hegel's ‘Philosophy of Right’“ in light of a broader range of scholarship enables a more accurate understanding of the historical and intellectual significance of this work. Shlomo Avineri's pioneering treatment is deficient in important respects. A return to Marx's and Hegel's texts may help determine more exactly what Marx was trying to figure out through Hegel, and why he saw the need to move beyond Hegel to accomplish it. In Marx's mature writings, as Postone has shown, Marx's concept of “capital” purports to identify the real basis of Hegelian Geist. Recognizing this enables an analysis that provides a fuller view of both young and mature Marx as they relate to Hegel and to one another than is typical in the literature, which often either divides Marx into young-humanist and old-economist, or else inter-collapses old and young Marx too readily.
Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership

Why do leaders fail ethically? In this book, Terry L. Price applies a multi-disciplinary approach to an understanding of immorality in the public, private, and non-profit sectors. He argues that leaders can know that a certain kind of behavior is generally required by morality but nonetheless be mistaken as to whether the relevant moral requirement applies to them in a particular situation and whether others are protected by this requirement. Price articulates how leaders make exceptions of themselves, explains how the justificatory force of leadership gives rise to such exception-making, and develops normative prescriptions that leaders should adopt as a response to this feature of their moral psychology.
The diagnostic value of cell block as an adjunct to liquid‐based cytology of bronchial washing specimens in the diagnosis and subclassification of pulmonary neoplasms

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, the diagnostic value of cell block (CB) as an adjunct to ThinPrep liquid-based cytology (LBC) of bronchial washing specimens in the detection and subclassification of pulmonary neoplasms has not been well evaluated. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of CB in this setting. METHODS: A total of 74 bronchial washing specimens and concurrently prepared CBs with a diagnosis of malignant or suspicious/atypical obtained from bronchoscopy procedures performed during 2009 were reviewed along with 28 randomly selected negative cases. LBC and CBs were reviewed independently. Deeper levels and ancillary studies were performed on CBs for specific tumor classification if needed. LBC and CB diagnoses were correlated with final histology and/or bronchial brushings. RESULTS: Use of CBs increased the number of positive diagnoses from 18 (LBC only) to 30 (combined LBC and CB) and 36 (combined LBC and CB with ancillary studies), with increased diagnostic yields of 67% and 100%, respectively. CB without ancillary techniques detected 22 malignancies whereas LBC detected 18 malignancies and CB with ancillary techniques detected 29 malignancies. A specific tumor diagnosis was possible in 22 of 29 (76%) malignancies detected by CB. Bronchial brushings and histology confirmed malignancy in 91% and 92% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CB combined with LBC was found to improve the rate of detection of malignancy over LBC alone, especially in cases with suspicious or atypical LBC diagnoses. Increased diagnostic yield is observed when CB is used with or without ancillary studies, but the yield is higher with CB using ancillary studies. CB serves as yet another available source of diagnostic material for immunohistochemical and molecular studies. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Ontogeny of T-cell mitogen response in Lewis rats. III. Juvenile adherent suppressor cells block adult mitogen responses.

Abstract Spleen cells from suckling female Lewis rats (4 to 20 days old) were able to suppress mitogenic responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemmagglutinin (PHA) of spleen or thymus cells from adult female Lewis rats and thymus cells from suckling Lewis rats. Thymus cells from suckling rats were unable to suppress adult spleen cell mitogenic responses to Con A. Removal of carbonyl iron (cFe)-, plastic-, or nylon-wool-adherent cells removed the suppressive action of juvenile spleen cells, but irradiation did not. Separated plastic-adherent spleen cells from suckling animals suppressed adult mitogenic responses to Con A. At optimal Con A doses 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME, 2 × 10 −5 M ) abolished the suppressive effect of juvenile cells, however, at the hyperoptimal dose of Con A (125 μg/ml) even higher doses of 2-ME did not relieve suppression by juvenile cells. These suppressor cells in suckling pups were affected by early weaning which decreased suppression, resulting in enhanced mitogenic responses of juvenile cells and removal of the ability to suppress adult mitogenic response.
Solute diffusion in swollen membranes

Abstract Novel asymmetric poly (vinyl alcohol) membranes were prepared by a new drying/precipitation/crosslinking procedure. A 10 wt% aqueous solution of PVA with Mn = 52,800 was cast to a thickness of 0.5 mm and dried at 40°C for 60-90 minutes. A precipitation solution consisting of (NH4)2SO4, ZnCl2 and Na2SO4·10H20 was poured over the membrane and left for 15-120 minutes. This phase inversion process was followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde at 40°C for four hours. The membranes produced were washed and swollen in water at 37°C. Scanning electron micrographs showed an asymmetric structure of approximately 6-10% dense skin supported by a highly porous substructure containing 50% pores and 50% swollen polymer. Equilibrium swelling data showed polymer volume fractions ranging from 19.8% to 30.4% depending on the conditions of preparation. The stress-strain behavior of equilibrium swollen membranes under a constant rate of extension at 37°C was determined, and the initial tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break were calculated. Solute diffusion studies were performed with theophylline and vitamin B12. Solute diffusion and permeability coefficients were determined. The diffusion coefficients ranged from 1.8 to 11.1% of that in water for theophylline and from 6.8 to 13.1% of that in water for vitamin B12.
Optical Flow Sensor Using Geometric Moiré Interferometry

We report on a feasibility study of an optical micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) flow sensor to measure flow rate using Moire fringe displacement of a floating element. Due to constraints on weight, power, and size for space environmental systems, the development of sensor components that minimize the equivalent systems mass (ESM) while maintaining or exceeding required specifications is highly desirable. A feature of the optical detection method is a physical separation of electrical components from the flow stream. The geometric Moire fringe shift optically amplifies small displacements by the ratio of the fringe pitch to the movable grating pitch that is detected using an external CCD imager, providing an electrically isolated, robust, direct scheme for detecting flow from shear stress induced displacement.
What can we do about exploratory analyses in clinical trials

The research community has alternatively embraced then repudiated exploratory analyses since the inception of clinical trials in the middle of the twentieth century. After a series of important but ultimately unreproducible findings, these non-prospectively declared evaluations were relegated to hypothesis generating. Since the majority of evaluations conducted in clinical trials with their rich data sets are exploratory, the absence of their persuasive power adds to the inefficiency of clinical trial analyses in an atmosphere of fiscal frugality. However, the principle argument against exploratory analyses is not based in statistical theory, but pragmatism and observation. The absence of any theoretical treatment of exploratory analyses postpones the day when their statistical weaknesses might be repaired. Here, we introduce examination of the characteristics of exploratory analyses from a probabilistic and statistical framework. Setting the obvious logistical concerns aside (i.e., the absence of planning produces poor precision), exploratory analyses do not appear to suffer from estimation theory weaknesses. The problem appears to be a difficulty in what is actually reported as the p-value. The use of Bayes Theorem provides p-values that are more in line with confirmatory analyses. This development may inaugurate a body of work that would lead to the readmission of exploratory analyses to a position of persuasive power in clinical trials.
SOCIAL SUPPORT AND HYPERTENSION AMONG BLACKS ANI WRITES IN A RURAL, SOUTHERN COMMUNITY

The association between social support and the prevalence of hypertension was examined in a randomly selected, biracial sample of 2,030 adult residents of Edgecombe County, North Carolina, who were surveyed in 1980. Two types of support, instrumental and emotional, were measured and evaluated in the 2,009 individuals for whom complete data were available. Blacks were more likely to have low levels of both kinds of social support. Low emotional support was unrelated to the prevalence of hypertension. In unadjusted analyses, low instrumental support was associated with increased hypertension for both races. After controlling for other correlates of blood pressure, the association no longer held for whites (odds ratio (OR) = 1.1), but remained statistically significant for blacks (OR = 1.5, 95 per cent confidence interval = 1.1-2.0). Further analyses revealed that these results were specific to low income blacks (OR = 1.7). These findings are consistent with the results of ecologic studies of social ties and hypertension-related mortality in North Carolina.
EFFECT OF AMMONIA ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE AND PHOTOSYNTHATE RELEASE BY AMPHIDINIUM CARTERAE (DINOPHYCEAE)1

SUMMARY Ammonia concentration between 10–300 μM in 75% seawater in which Amphidinium carterae Hulb, was allowed to photosynthesize caused an increased rate of photosynthesis. In addition, these same concentrations caused the dinoflagellate to release to the medium up to 50% of the carbon fixed during the 30 min period of photosynthesis used in the experiments.
When is it “a pleasure to do business with you?” The effects of relative status, outcome favorability, and procedural fairness☆

Abstract Previous research on encounters between parties of differing status tend to examine the influence of the higher status party (e.g., managers) on the lower status party (e.g., their direct reports), rather than the other way around. We suggest that it is important to examine the reactions of both higher and lower status parties (e.g., their desire for future interaction) to their encounters with one another. Furthermore, both parties’ relative status is hypothesized to influence their desire for future interaction with one another, in conjunction with the outcome favorability associated with the encounter and the other’s procedural fairness. This hypothesis was tested in a pilot study as well as in two full-scale studies. All three studies showed that outcome favorability and procedural fairness interacted to influence participants’ desire for future interaction with the other party. However, the nature of the interactive relationship differed as a function of participants’ relative status. For lower status people, high procedural fairness reduced the positive relationship between outcome favorability and their desire for future interaction with the other party, relative to when procedural fairness was low. For higher status people, high procedural fairness heightened the positive relationship between outcome favorability and desire for future interaction, relative to when procedural fairness was low. Implications for the literatures on relationships in work organizations, organizational justice, and status are discussed.
Clofazimine enteropathy in a pediatric bone marrow transplant recipient

Abstract Clofazimine, previously used in the treatment of leprosy, is now used for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, dermatologic disorders, and graftversus-host disease. An 11-year-old boy developed a severe enteropathy 2 years after initiation of clofazimine treatment for graft-versus-host disease. Clofazimine enteropathy caused by crystal deposition can be life-threatening. (J Pediatr 2001;138:574-6)
Respiratory influence on right and left ventricular diastolic function in normal children

Abstract Doppler echocardiograms of the tricuspid and mitral valves were recorded with electrocardiogram and respirations in 20 normal children aged 1.5 to 11 years. Four variables of early diastolic left ventricular (LV) filling decreased with inspiration: the peak E velocity (mean decrease 8%, p E A areas (mean decrease 12%, p E A velocity ratio (mean decrease 14%, p 1 3 area fraction (mean decrease 12%, p
Affirmative action, meritocracy, and efficiency

This article provides a framework for comparing meritocratic and affirmative action admissions policies. The context of the analysis is admissions to public universities; admission rules are evaluated as part of the public investment problem faced by a state government. Meritocratic and affirmative admissions policies are compared in terms of their effects on the level and distribution of human capital. I argue that (a) meritocratic admissions are not necessarily efficient and (b) affirmative action policies may be efficiency enhancing relative to meritocratic ones. Both these claims, as well as their negations, depend on features of individual behavior for which there is little empirical evidence. The implications of this absence of evidence are then explored, with a focus on policy evaluation when equality and efficiency are both desiderata. I argue that standard statistical decision theoretic approaches do not apply to the affirmative action case, even if equality and efficiency are rendered commensura...
Aβ42 Mutants with Different Aggregation Profiles Induce Distinct Pathologies in Drosophila

Aggregation of the amyloid-beta-42 (Abeta42) peptide in the brain parenchyma is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the prevention of Abeta aggregation has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention in AD. However, recent reports indicate that Abeta can form several different prefibrillar and fibrillar aggregates and that each aggregate may confer different pathogenic effects, suggesting that manipulation of Abeta42 aggregation may not only quantitatively but also qualitatively modify brain pathology. Here, we compare the pathogenicity of human Abeta42 mutants with differing tendencies to aggregate. We examined the aggregation-prone, EOFAD-related Arctic mutation (Abeta42Arc) and an artificial mutation (Abeta42art) that is known to suppress aggregation and toxicity of Abeta42 in vitro. In the Drosophila brain, Abeta42Arc formed more oligomers and deposits than did wild type Abeta42, while Abeta42art formed fewer oligomers and deposits. The severity of locomotor dysfunction and premature death positively correlated with the aggregation tendencies of Abeta peptides. Surprisingly, however, Abeta42art caused earlier onset of memory defects than Abeta42. More remarkably, each Abeta induced qualitatively different pathologies. Abeta42Arc caused greater neuron loss than did Abeta42, while Abeta42art flies showed the strongest neurite degeneration. This pattern of degeneration coincides with the distribution of Thioflavin S-stained Abeta aggregates: Abeta42Arc formed large deposits in the cell body, Abeta42art accumulated preferentially in the neurites, while Abeta42 accumulated in both locations. Our results demonstrate that manipulation of the aggregation propensity of Abeta42 does not simply change the level of toxicity, but can also result in qualitative shifts in the pathology induced in vivo.
The origins of the genomes of Triticum biunciale, t. ovatum, t. neglectum, t. columnare, and t. rectum (poaceae) based on variation in repeated nucleotide sequences

Author(s): Resta, P; Zhang, HB; Dubcovsky, J; Dvořak, J | Abstract: The origins of the genomes of allotetraploid species Triticum biunciale, T. ovatum, T. neglectum, and T. columnare, and allohexaploid T. rectum were investigated by examining the presence of specific restriction fragments of repeated nucleotide sequencies in DNAs of the polyploid species. The restriction fragments were detectable either in a single diploid Triticum species (unique characters) or a group of diploid species (unique shared characters). The analysis showed that Triticum biunciale and T. ovatum are closely related. In both species, one pair of genomes is closely related to the genome of T. umbellulatum and the other is a modified genome of T. comosum. The same genome formula, UUM°M°, is proposed for T. biunciale and T. ovatum. Potential reasons for the modification of the M°genome are discussed. Triticum neglectum and T. columnare are also closely related to each other and have the same genomes. They share the U genome with T. biunciale and T. ovatum, but their second pair of genomes is unrelated to the M°genome. No relationship was found of this genome to a genome of any extant diploid species of Triticum or any phylogenetic lineage leading to the extant diploid species. This unknown genome is designated X1. The proposed genome formula for T. neglectum and T. columnare is UUX1X1. Hexaploid T. rectum originated from hybridization of one of the tetraploid species with the formula UUX1X1, likely T. neglectum, with T. umaristatum (genome N), and its genome formula is UUX1X1NN.
Themes and variations in Shakespeare's Pericles

(1963). Themes and variations in Shakespeare's Pericles. English Studies: Vol. 44, No. 1-6, pp. 401-414.
Is the Comorbidity Between Social Phobia and Panic Disorder Due to Familial Cotransmission or Other Factors

Background: We previously reported significantly elevated rates of social phobia in relatives of probands with panic disorder compared with relatives of other proband groups. This study further investigates the relationship between social phobia and panic disorder. Method: This sample is from a family study that included 193 probands from four mutually exclusive groups (patients with panic disorder, patients with panic disorder and major depression, patients with early-onset major depression, and normal controls) and 1047 of their adult first-degree relatives. Best-estimate diagnoses were completed using DSM-III-R criteria. Results: Social phobia and agoraphobia aggregate in the families of probands with panic disorder without major depression. Social phobia frequently co-occurs with panic disorder in relatives, but the risk for comorbidity does not vary across proband groups. Conclusions: The familial aggregation of social phobia with panic disorder may be explained by the aggregation of panic disorder in relatives of probands with panic disorder combined with the tendency for panic disorder to occur comorbidly with social phobia in individuals.
Intracolonial behavioral variation in worker oviposition, oophagy, and larval care in queenless honey bee colonies.

Two experiments were performed to determine whether worker reproduction in queenless honey bee colonies is influenced by colony genetic structure. In Experiment 1, allozyme analyses of workers and worker-derived drone larvae revealed that in half the colonies, there were genotypic differences in worker egg-laying behavior (presumed to involve actual oviposition), but biases in drone production were not always consistent with biases in egg-laying behavior. In Experiment 2, allozyme analyses again revealed intracolonial differences in egg-laying behavior and in behavior patterns thought to involve oophagy and larval care. Data support the hypothesis of a genetic influence on this intracolonial behavioral variation. Differences in the genotypic distributions of worker-derived drones relative to workers engaged in oviposition behavior in queenless colonies may be a consequence of genetic variability for egg production or for treatment of eggs and larvae (possibly coupled with kin recognition), or both.
Electro-optic spectral tuning in a continuous-wave, asymmetric-duty-cycle, periodically poled LiNbO 3 optical parametric oscillator

We demonstrate electro-optic spectral tuning in a continuous-wave periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO).?We achieve 8.91 cm-1 of rapid spectral tuning, with a linear tuning rate of 2.89 cm-1/kV/mm, by applying electric fields up to ±1.5 kV/mm across the crystal while it is operating within the OPO.?Intentionally poling the PPLN crystal with an asymmetric domain structure enables tuning, and numerical predictions closely match the experimental observations. The tuning is considerably larger than the typical operational bandwidth of the OPO, indicating that we are in fact shifting the gain curve of the PPLN crystal.
Paradoxical cerebral embolism Eight cases

We evaluated eight patients with possible or probable paradoxical cerebral embolism. One patient had a hemispheric transient ischemic attack; the others had infarcts. Ischemic symptoms followed a Valsalva's maneuver in three cases. Others were linked to placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, right atrial myxoma, and use of oral contraceptives. Four had no known predisposing conditions. In six patients, contrast echocardiography showed right-to-left shunting. Cardiac catheterization showed a patent foramen ovale in three patients; one had an atrial septal defect. In the clinical setting of otherwise unexplained cerebral embolism in a young patient, paradoxical cerebral embolism should be considered. Contrast echocardiography is a useful screening test for this purpose.
A Rayleigh-Chebyshev procedure for finding the smallest eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of large sparse Hermitian matrices

A procedure is presented for finding a number of the smallest eigenvalues and their associated eigenvectors of large sparse Hermitian matrices. The procedure, a modification of an inverse subspace iteration procedure, uses adaptively determined Chebyshev polynomials to approximate the required application of the inverse operator on the subspace. The method is robust, converges with acceptable rapidity, and can easily handle operators with eigenvalues of multiplicity greater than one. Numerical results are shown that demonstrate the utility of the procedure.
ESL Essay Evaluation: The Influence of Sentence-Level and Rhetorical Features.

Abstract This study compares the relative influences of rhetorical and sentence-level features on the holistic scores assigned by graders who are experienced English writing instructors but who are not trained in ESL. Six intermediate ESL essays were selected from a university developmental writing class in which NS and ESL students were mixed. These essays were transcribed with the ESL sentence-level errors corrected. Both the original and corrected essays were holistically scored by graders who had no ESL training. Graders also assigned analytic scores on two sentence-level and two rhetorical features of the essays. T-test analyses indicated a significant difference between the holistic scores of original and corrected essays. Correlation coefficients revealed that the analytic scores on the sentence-level features of sentence structure and grammar/mechanics correlated with holistic score. Analytic scores on the rhetorical features of organization and paragraph development showed no correlation with holistic scores in either the original or corrected essays. In this study, graders who were experienced writing instructors, but not trained in ESL, placed far more scoring emphasis on the ESL sentence-level errors in these essays than on the essays' strong rhetorical features.