cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projections from the brain stem reticular formation to laminae I and II of the spinal cord. Studies using light and electron microscopic techniques in the North American opposum

Abstract The horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic methods show that laminae I and outer II are innervated by the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, and the nucleus reticularis pontis pars ventralis. Both areas contain neurons of the indolamine type and probably account for the indolamine-like varicosities which are present within laminae I and II. Degeneration material prepared for electron microscopy showed that axons from the above nuclei end on small dendritic shafts and spines as well as on vesicle-filled profiles. The terminals identified formed asymmetrical contacts and contained clear as well as dense-cored vesicles. No terminals were present within glomuruli. A projection to laminae I and outer II also arises within the dorsolateral pons and several lines of evidence suggest that it is catecholaminergic. The electron microscope revealed that axons from the dorsolateral pons are fairly numerous within laminae I and II, but that terminal contacts are relatively rare. Those present are asymmetrical and alternate with intermediate-sized dendrites. They contain clumps of clear, spherical vesicles as well as larger vesicles with a variety of dense cores.
An Entropy-Based Multispectral Image Classification Algorithm

Employing the entropy theory, this paper presents a new and robust multispectral image classification algorithm. The digital number (DN) in remotely sensed multispectral images is considered as a random variable when judging the allocation of unknown pixels into predefined training classes. If an unknown pixel shows a similar DN vector as the pixels in a training class, it will increase the global entropy defined as the sum of DN probabilities multiplied by the logarithm of DN probabilities for all pixels within the training class. The unknown pixel is to be assigned to the class for which the entropy of the training class is increased most due to the inclusion of the pixel. The proposed entropy-based classification (EC) is compared with the maximum likelihood classification (MLC), parallelepiped classification, minimum distance classification, Mahalanobis distance classification (MDC), iterative self-organizing data analysis technique (ISODATA) classification, and K-means classification. These classifiers were applied to a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus image covering Houston, Texas, USA, acquired on October 16, 1999. A reference land cover map from the National Land Cover Data 2001 of the same area was taken as a ground reference to assess the accuracy of classification results, suggesting that the EC showed comparable overall accuracy as MDC, and they both outperformed other classifiers. The results of MLC can be improved by substituting the multivariate lognormal or gamma distribution for the multivariate normal distribution involved in its assumption. The EC algorithm has the potential to produce reliable land cover maps regardless of the distribution of DN vectors and relevant parameters of probability density functions involved in other classifiers.
Transient currents and universal time scales for a fully time-dependent quantum dot in the Kondo regime

Using the time-dependent noncrossing approximation, we calculate the transient response of the current through a quantum dot subject to a finite bias when the dot level is moved suddenly into a regime where the Kondo effect is present. After an initial small but rapid response, the time-dependent conductance is a universal function of the temperature, bias, and inverse time, all expressed in units of the Kondo temperature. Two timescales emerge: the first is the time to reach a quasimetastable point where the Kondo resonance is formed as a broad structure of half-width of the order of the bias; the second is the longer time required for the narrower split peak structure to emerge from the previous structure and to become fully formed. The first time can be measured by the gross risetime of the conductance, which does not substantially change later while the split peaks are forming. The second time characterizes the decay rate of the small split Kondo peak (SKP) oscillations in the conductance, which may provide a method of experimental access to it. This latter timescale is accessible via linear response from the steady state and appears to be related to the scale identified in that manner [A. Rosch, J. Kroha, and P. W\"olfle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 156802 (2001)].
Reflections and Confessions of a Pedagogue

In light of increasing levels of polarization between liberals and conservatives both in the classroom and in the wider culture, this article uses an introductory seminary course as a springboard for reflection upon pedagogical practices and assumptions to help address this divide. Special attention is given to the work of moral psychologist, Jonathan Haidt, as presented in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion (2012). Haidt’s work seeks to enhance mutual understanding between persons on both sides of political and religious debates by showing that there are multiple legitimate foundations for making moral judgments. Although he does not frame his argument explicitly in terms of the mind-body problem, he consistently challenges the way western philosophy and psychology have privileged individual reason over the passions, social intuition, and other automatic processes associated with the body. He further challenges this age-old dualism by drawing upon body-related metaphors to make his case against moral monism and a narrow understanding of cognition restricted to conscious reasoning, exclusive of intuition and emotion as additional forms of information processing. Thus, the research of Haidt and other psychologists can contribute some “new directions” to the way we conceive of and teach in relationship to the “old connections” of body/mind and self/other (the theme of the 2012 Conference of the Group for New Directions in Pastoral Theology).
Chromatin conformation in living cells: support for a zig-zag model of the 30 nm chromatin fiber

A new method was used to probe the conformation of chromatin in living mammalian cells. The method employs ionizing radiation and is based on the concept that such radiation induces correlated breaks in DNA strands that are in spatial proximity. Human dermal fibroblasts in G0 phase of the cell cycle and Chinese hamster ovary cells in mitosis were irradiated by X-rays or accelerated ions. Following lysis of the cells, DNA fragments induced by correlated breaks were end-labeled and separated according to size on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. A characteristic peak was obtained for a fragment size of 78 bases, which is the size that corresponds to one turn of DNA around the nucleosome. Additional peaks between 175 and 450 bases reflect the relative position of nearest-neighbor nucleosomes. Theoretical calculations that simulate the indirect and direct effect of radiation on DNA demonstrate that the fragment size distributions are closely related to the chromatin structure model used. Comparison of the experimental data with theoretical results support a zig-zag model of the chromatin fiber rather than a simple helical model. Thus, radiation-induced damage analysis can provide information on chromatin structure in the living cell. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Net primary production of ectomycorrhizas in a California forest

Abstract Soils contain a large global pool of carbon. Mycorrhizal fungi comprise a large fraction of that pool but are highly dynamic. We utilized an in situ soil observatory to study fungal dynamics of a California mixed-forest ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) ecosystem. Across 2011, we observed fungal hyphae daily using an automated minirhizotron. Simultaneously, we made continuous temperature, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and sap flow measurements. From the hyphal observations, we estimated hyphal net primary production. We then estimated total net primary production (NPP) and root NPP using DayCENT, an ecosystem model of carbon exchange parameterized for daily to annual output, for the calendar year 2011. Total NPP was 600 g C m −2 with 200 g C m −2 fine roots. The estimated NPP allocated to EMF was 162.6 g C m −2 or 27 % of the total NPP. The proportion of the total NPP allocated to EMF based on the Hobbie and Hobbie (2006) N fractionation model, was 34 %. These differing techniques provided similar estimates that can be refined with additional research and can be used to improve regional and global models of C dynamics.
The design of centralized networks with reliability and availability constraints

Abstract We present a heuristic algorithm for the design of a communications network that consists of a central computer and geographically dispersed locations that communicate with the computer. The algorithm determines the layout of the links and assigns appropriate transmission facilities. The algorithm, based on the work of Frank, offers the following new features: (1) constraints on the availability and reliability of the network as well as on the expected delay; (2) the option to deploy duplicate-line links for higher availability; (3) the choice of a star or a minimum spanning tree layout for the initial solution. Sample problems are shown to illustrate the impact of the new features. In particular, we found that the additional constraints yielded networks with significantly improved performance at a moderate increase in cost.
Effect of foot-shock intensity on amount of memory retrieval in rats by emotionally important stimuli in a drug-dependent learning escape design.

Drug-dependent learning (lack of transfer between drug states) was demonstrated and disrupted in an escape learning, forced choice T-maze task. A drug-dependent learning (DDL) group was trained to escape foot shock (0.65 mA) while in a drug (chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride) state. These rats subsequently responded randomly on non-shock test trials in the non-drug state, but continued to respond significantly (P<0.02) above random level when in the training drug state. Four transfer groups were also trained in the Drug state, but with a 1 kHz auditory tone simultaneously paired with foot shock. Each Transfer group received a different (0.10, 0.65, 3.5, and 4.5 mA) foot shock intensity during training. The auditory tone continued to be sounded during testing with no foot shock, and percentage correct turns, first-trial correct turns, and latency scores were significantly (P<0.01) different from the DDL group's performance. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that an emotionally-important auditory stimulus could initiate a memory retrieval process that could overcome a physiological state. This memory retrieval process was not modified by wide variations in foot shock intensity.
Semiempirical study of the bergman reaction: Towards a computationally efficient and accurate method for modeling the enediyne anticancer antibiotics

Over the past 7 years, the enediyne anticancer antibiotics have been widely studied due to their DNA cleaving ability. The focus of these antibiotics, represented by kedarcidin chromophore, neocarzinostatin chromophore, calicheamicin, esperamicin A, and dynemicin A, is on the enediyne moiety contained within each of these antibiotics. In its inactive form, the moiety is benign to its environment. Upon suitable activation, the system undergoes a Bergman cycloaromatization proceeding through a 1,4-dehydrobenzene diradical intermediate. It is this diradical intermediate that is thought to cleave double-stranded DNA through hydrogen atom abstraction. Semiempirical, semiempirical CI, Hartree–Fock ab initio, and MP2 electron correlation methods have been used to investigate the inactive hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne reactant, the 1,4-dehydrobenzene diradical, and a transition state structure of the Bergman reaction. Geometries calculated with different basis sets and by semiempirical methods have been used for single-point calculations using electron correlation methods. These results are compared with the best experimental and theoretical results reported in the literature. Implications of these results for computational studies of the enediyne anticancer antibiotics are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Orientational interactions in block copolymer melts: Self-consistent field theory

We study the phase behavior of diblock copolymer melts with one block possessing orientation-dependent segmental interactions using self-consistent field theory. A generalized coarse-grained description is introduced based on the local (polar) orientational order parameter and K, an effective Frank elastic constant for orientational gradients. To explore the role played by orientational interactions in assembly thermodynamics, we apply the theory to two-dimensional melt morphologies for a range of K. As microphase segregation necessarily introduces splay deformations of the segment orientation, we find that increasing the stiffness K raises the critical χN at the onset of microphase separation. Furthermore, we find that strong orientational interactions in one block give rise to highly asymmetric phase diagrams due to the large penalty for high-splay morphologies, such as the cylindrical phase. Finally, we analyze the costs of inter-segmental splay as well as the size dependence of domain spacing on K based on a strong-segregation picture of morphologies.
Unusual Alkylaluminum Amides, Adducts, and Aluminates Containing Lithium

Herein is presented the synthesis and characterization of the alkylaluminum lithium amides of the general formula [R2AlNLi(THF)nR‘]2 (where R, R‘ = Me, tBu (n = 1) (1); iBu, Ph (n = 1) (2); SiMe3, ...
A Thirty-Year Review of Oral Appliances Used to Manage Microstomia, 1972 to 2002

Patients who have sustained a facial burn often contend with cosmetic and functional challenges, including microstomia. Many devices have been created by a variety of professionals to provide oral stretching. These devices can be classified as intraoral or extraoral and deliver a stretch either horizontally, vertically, or circumorally. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive review of oral-stretching devices.
Nucleophilic reactions between biological conjugates and tetraalkylammonium ion pair reagents during desorption chemical ionization.

Tetraalkylammonium salts, commonly used as ion pair reagents in chromatography, were found to react with biological conjugates under desorption chemical ionization conditions in a mass spectrometer. The reactions occur for aromatic glucuronide and glucoside conjugates using solid samples loaded on the direct exposure probe. Evidence is presented that several mechanisms contribute to the degradative alkylation of benzo(a)pyrene glucuronide. This undesirable process can be prevented by using ammonium or trialkylammonium instead of tetra-alkylammonium salts in the chromatographic separation. Nucleophilic attack on the tetraalkylammonium cations in the energized condensed phase was found to occur also for some simpler aromatic compounds.
Masses of vector and axial-vector mesons at finite temperature.

The temperature dependence of the effective masses of vector mesons ($\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$) and axialvector mesons (${A}_{1}$) are examined with the use of an effective chiral Lagrangian. The effective masses at finite temperature are determined from the pole positions of the propagators and from the inverses of the static screening lengths. The results may be viewed as an extrapolation of known hadronic interactions to temperatures up to a deconfinement/chiral-symmetry-restoring transition or crossover.
Strong Conservative Form of the Incompressible Navier—Stokes Equations in a Rotating Frame with a Solution Procedure

The Navier?Stokes equations in a rotating frame of reference have been formulated in the so-called strong conservative form, i.e., without the traditional source terms, viz., the Coriolis and centrifugal forces. These equations have been coupled with the continuity equation by using the modified artificial compressibility method in order to develop an implicit numerical scheme that has third order accuracy in space and second order accuracy in time. This scheme uses the Roe fluxes and the MUSCL extrapolation techniques to obtain the desired accuracies in space and the backward Euler formula to obtain the desired time accuracy. The flux Jacobians and their eigensystem are presented which are required in the development of the numerical scheme. The resulting scheme was used to solve the Ekman boundary layer problems with (a) no slip and (b) applied surface stress boundary conditions and excellent agreement between computed and exact solutions has been obtained, supporting the new formulation of the governing equations as well as the solution procedure.
Ischemic chest pain after 5-fluorouracil therapy for cancer

Abstract At least 11 patients have been reported in whom angina pectoris initially appeared after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administration. 1–6 None had hemodynamic findings described and only 1 had necropsy observations reported. 1 Herein we describe a man in whom ischemic chest pain developed after 5-FU treatment and we include both hemodynamic and necropsy observations.
Multimedia partitioning of particle-bound organics

Abstract A spatial-multimedia-compartmental approach to modeling the partitioning and intermedia fluxes of particle-bound and volatile organics in the environment was developed with emphasis on a detailed description of intermedia transport processes associated with the gaseous, dissolved, and particle phases. Based on this approach a spatial-multimedia-compartmental model (COSMCM) of chemical transport and fate was developed. The COSMCM is composed of eight compartments, namely, air—gaseous phase, air—particulate phase, water, suspended solids (in water), biota (in water), sediment, soil, and vegetation. The COSMCM includes detailed modules of rain scavenging of gaseous and particle-bound chemicals, dry deposition, wind erosion and resuspension of soil, rain infiltration, surface runoff, and resuspension and deposition of sediment particles. In addition, the COSMCM accounts for the dependency of atmosphere/soil and atmosphere/water intermedia transport on particle size and the dynamic changes in the atmospheric particle size distribution. Test cases with benzo(a)pyrene and pyrene distributions in the Los Angeles region revealed that the current approach is of sufficient accuracy and flexibility for estimating pollutant fluxes and multimedia partitioning.
Pathways of kinin formation and role in allergic diseases.

We have developed new assays for the assessment of the plasma kinin forming system which have increased sensitivity and specificity. We utilize double-antibody ELISA assays for quantitation of complexes of activated Hageman factor-C1 inhibitor, kallikrein-C1 inhibitor, and kallikrein-α2-macroglobulin which reflect activation of each enzyme. The fraction of cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen is determined by immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody to the light chain, and bradykinin is determined by radioimmunoassay. Activation of the Hageman factor-dependent pathway of kinin formation can occur when plasma is in contact with initiating surfaces or when C1 inhibitor function is diminished. The latter mechanism can occur in hereditary angioedema, in which the protein is absent or dysfunctional, or when plasma is diluted so that the effect of inhibitors is diminished and Hageman factor autoactivation is facilitated. Thus apparent “spontaneous” generation of bradykinin is seen upon incubation of plasma of hereditary angioedema patients under conditions in which normal plasma is unaffected. Studies of late-phase reactions have used a cutaneous model in which induced blisters are unroofed and challenged with antigen or buffer control using chambers which can be changed hourly. A time course of mediator release is obtained by assay of the blister fluids. Whereas most histamine is released during the first half hour, significantly elevated levels of activated Hageman factor and kallikrein complexes with C1 inactivator are seen in antigen-challenged sites between 4 and 6 hr. The presence of such complexes correlated with the presence of late-phase reactions rather than the histamine values or the magnitude of the immediate reaction. Although late-phase reactions are characterized by cellular infiltration, release of a variety of inflammatory low-molecular-weight mediators, and deposition of fibrin, activation of the Hageman factor-dependent pathway of kinin formation is also likely to be contributory.
Cholesterol content and metabolism in normal and polyoma virus-transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts

Abstract The total cholesterol content of normal hamster embryo fibroblasts and polyoma virus-transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts were found to be similar. However, the free cholesterol: cholesterol ester ratio was 41.5 in normal cells as contrasted to 1.8 in their transformed counterparts. This difference is due in part to an increase in cholesterol esterification and a decrease in the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the transformed cell.
Current and Potential Uses of Immunocytokines as Cancer Immunotherapy

Immunocytokines (ICs) are a class of molecules created by linking tumor-reactive monoclonal antibodies to cytokines that are able to activate immune cells. Tumor selective localization is provided by the ability of the mAb component to bind to molecules found on the tumor cell surface or molecules found selectively in the tumor microenvronment. In this way the cytokine component of the immunocytokine is selectively localized to sites of tumor and can activate immune cells with appropriate receptors for the cytokine. Immunocytokines have been made and tested by us, and others, using a variety of tumor-reactive mAbs linked to distinct cytokines. To date, the majority of clinical progress has been made with ICs that have linked human interleukin-2 (IL2) to a select number of tumor reactive mAbs that had already been in prior clinical testing as non-modified mAbs. Here we briefly review the background for the creation of ICs, summarize current clinical progress, emphasize mechanisms of action for ICs that are distinct from those of their constituent components, and present some directions for future development and testing.
Effective potential at finite temperature in the standard model.

There has been much recent interest in the nature of the electroweak phase transition. This information is of importance in the context of the sphaleron models that have recently been proposed to explain the observed net baryon number in the Universe. The presence of a term that is cubic in the Higgs condensate in the one-loop effective potential appears to indicate a first-order phase transition. However, the infrared singularities inherent in massless models produce cubic terms that are of the same order in the coupling. In this paper, we include these terms and show that the standard model has a first-order phase transition.
Evaluation of the properties of polystyrene divinylbenzene adsorbents for debittering grapefruit juice

Various physical properties of polystyrene divinylbenzene adsorbents involved in the removal of the bitter compounds naringin and limonin from grapefruit juice were investigated in a series of batch reaction processes. The removal of naringin from model systems and, naringin and limonin from grapefruit juice increased with the degree of cross-linkage and surface area of the adsorbents which had a solid density higher than 1.2 g/mL (dry) to ensure complete submersion. The specific surface area appeared to be the major factor in the debittering process. Regeneration with 95% ethanol was found to be more efficient than warm water. Sensory evaluation tests showed that more than 65% of the panelists preferred the less bitter treated juice over the control.
The Politics of Politics: Skowronek and Presidential Research

This article joins the emerging discussion of Stephen Skowronek's ambitious retheorizing of the presidency in The Politics Presidents Make. The analysis begins by examining the ways in which Skowronek's understanding challenges the tenets of much post-Neustadtian scholarship and then examines the cyclical forms of “political time” at the heart of Skowronek's approach to the presidency. Examining a series of cases, the article focuses on conceptual problems and the relation of theory to presidential history. The article argues that Politics posits states of political knowledge and conditions of historical stability less likely in a more fluid office and more contingent circumstances and concludes with a discussion of the implications of Skowronek's work for future scholarship.
Recruitment of Tup1-Ssn6 by Yeast Hypoxic Genes and Chromatin-Independent Exclusion of TATA Binding Protein

ABSTRACT The Tup1-Ssn6 general repression complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae represses a wide variety of regulons. Regulon-specific DNA binding proteins recruit the repression complex, and their synthesis, activity, or localization controls the conditions for repression. Rox1 is the hypoxic regulon-specific protein, and a second DNA binding protein, Mot3, augments repression at tightly controlled genes. We addressed the requirements for Tup1-Ssn6 recruitment to two hypoxic genes, ANB1 and HEM13, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Either Rox1 or Mot3 could recruit Ssn6, but Tup1 recruitment required Ssn6 and Rox1. We also monitored events during derepression. Rox1 and Mot3 dissociated from DNA quickly, accounting for the rapid accumulation of ANB1 and HEM13 RNAs, suggesting a simple explanation for induction. However, Tup1 remained associated with these genes, suggesting that the localization of Tup1-Ssn6 is not the sole determinant of repression. We could not reproduce the observation that deletion of the Tup1-Ssn6-interacting protein Cti6 was required for induction. Finally, Tup1 is capable of repression through a chromatin-dependent mechanism, the positioning of a nucleosome over the TATA box, or a chromatin-independent mechanism. We found that the rate of derepression was independent of the positioned nucleosome and that the TATA binding protein was excluded from ANB1 even in the absence of the positioned nucleosome. The mediator factor Srb7 has been shown to interact with Tup1 and to play a role in repression at several regulons, but we found that significant levels of repression remained in srb7 mutants even when the chromatin-dependent repression mechanism was eliminated. These findings suggest that the repression of different regulons or genes may invoke different mechanisms.
Evaluating pharmacy services satisfaction on an inpatient psychiatric unit

Introduction This study analyzed patient satisfaction survey responses in which patients evaluated their experience with the pharmacy staff in an acute psychiatric unit. Methods Thirty-one patients rated pharmacy services upon discharge by completing a 13-item survey. Results Overall patient satisfaction was found to be high with a 77.4–100% satisfaction rating reported on every survey item. Discussion Results indicated that the pharmacy staff should focus their efforts on improving communication with patients by selecting a quiet meeting location and by making themselves more accessible to patients in order to better serve their needs.
Spectral Analysis and Parametric Study of Stochastic Pavement Loads

This paper investigates the effects of vehicle parameters, speed, and surface roughness on the power spectral density ~PSD! of stochastic pavement loads. Pavement surface roughness is modeled as a zero-mean stationary random field. A quarter-vehicle model is established to simulate the vibrations of heavy and passenger vehicles with typical parameters. Tire damping is also included in the consideration of stochastic pavement loads; this was assumed to be zero in many previous investigations. The PSD roughness proposed by the ISO is adopted in the simulation of the loads. An important indicator of the stochastic loads, the so-called energy cumulative distribution function, is introduced to describe the frequency distribution of load energy. The results show that passenger vehicles produce more high-frequency loads than heavy vehicles, while more of the loads generated by heavy vehicle are primarily distributed in the low-frequency region. It is also found that the effect of tire damping on stochastic pavement loads is not negligible especially if the loads of interest are concentrated in the high-frequency region. The results of the study may be useful in optimum design of vehicle suspensions and prediction of dynamic pavement response.
Early Career RNs’ Perceptions of Quality Care in the Hospital Setting

The purpose of this study was to explore early-career registered nurses' perceptions of high-quality nursing care in hospitals. The study findings contribute to ongoing work intended to explore and define what quality nursing care is and how it ultimately impacts patients. The final sample analyzed for this article consisted of 171 narrative responses from hospital-based registered nurses. We used Krippendorff's technique for qualitative content analysis to identify themes. Three themes emerged as integral to high quality nursing care: registered nurse presence, developing relationships, and facilitating the flow of knowledge and information. Development of nursing quality indicators should focus on nursing processes in addition to patient outcomes. Such a focus would better capture the complexity of hospital nursing care.
Considerations in selecting a design-for-testability technique

The four major design-for-testability (DFT) techniques-ad hoc, built-in-self-test (BIST), structured, and semistructured approaches-differ widely in their ability to meet a products test needs. A few practical guidelines can aid in choosing the DFT approach that is best for your project. The techniques are reviewed, followed by a description of the selection criteria, and concluding with the various DFT techniques being compared using the criteria to do the tradeoff analysis. >
Controlling spurious diapycnal mixing in eddy-resolving height-coordinate ocean models – Insights from virtual deliberate tracer release experiments

A perceived limitation of z-coordinate models associated with spurious diapycnal mixing in eddying, frontal flow, can be readily addressed through appropriate attention to the tracer advection schemes employed. It is demonstrated that tracer advection schemes developed by Prather and collaborators for application in the stratosphere, greatly improve the fidelity of eddying flows, reducing levels of spurious diapycnal mixing to below those directly measured in field experiments, ∼1 × 10−5 m2 s−1. This approach yields a model in which geostrophic eddies are quasi-adiabatic in the ocean interior, so that the residual-mean overturning circulation aligns almost perfectly with density contours. A reentrant channel configuration of the MIT General Circulation Model, that approximates the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is used to examine these issues. Virtual analogs of ocean deliberate tracer release field experiments reinforce our conclusion, producing passive tracer solutions that parallel field experiments remarkably well.
Antitumor effect of substituted quinolines in breast cancer cells

Cancer is caused in part by the disruption in cell homeostasis, affecting the ability to respond to extracellular signals, triggering some intracellular events that affect gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Cancer cells have reduced or altered GJIC capacity. One feasible approach to reduce growth of cancer cells is to enhance/alter the GJIC. The capability of cells to communicate through the gap junction is negatively related to their growth activity. A computational docking study showed that a new class of substituted quinolines designated as PQs had a relatively high binding to gap junction protein, connexin 43. Thus, PQs were used in this study to assess their effect on human breast cancer cells. Scrape load/dye transfer and colony growth assays were performed to measure GJIC and determine the effect of the PQ compounds on colony formation in human normal mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and breast cancer cells, respectively. PQs had a significant antitumor effect in human breast cancer cells compared with control without treatment or normal mammary epithelial cells. PQ1 (200 nM) showed a 30% increase in the GJIC in T47D cells; however, there was no effect of PQ treatment on GJIC in normal mammary epithelial cells. In addition to an increase in GJIC, 80–95% growth attenuation was observed by PQ1 in colony growth assay. Moreover, an increase in caspase 3 with PQ-treated cells was observed, suggesting a possible involvement in apoptosis. PQ1-treated animals showed a significant decrease in xenograft tumor growth of T47D cells in nude mice compared with control or tamoxifen-treated animals. The results show that PQ1 has a promising role in exerting antitumor activity in human breast cancer cells. Treatment with PQ1 in T47D cells caused an increase in GJIC activity and active caspase 3, and a decrease in colony growth and cell viability. Drug Dev Res 69:526–534, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impact of a Community Health Workers–Led Structured Program on Blood Glucose Control Among Latinos With Type 2 Diabetes: The DIALBEST Trial

OBJECTIVE Latinos with type 2 diabetes (T2D) face major healthcare access and disease management disparities. We examined the impact of the Diabetes Among Latinos Best Practices Trial (DIALBEST), a community health worker (CHW)–led structured intervention for improving glycemic control among Latinos with T2D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 211 adult Latinos with poorly controlled T2D were randomly assigned to a standard of healthcare ( n = 106) or CHW ( n = 105) group. The CHW intervention comprised 17 individual sessions delivered at home by CHWs over a 12-month period. Sessions addressed T2D complications, healthy lifestyles, nutrition, healthy food choices and diet for diabetes, blood glucose self-monitoring, and medication adherence. Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and biomarker (HbA 1c , fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile) data were collected at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 18 months (6 months postintervention). Groups were equivalent at baseline. RESULTS Participants had high HbA 1c at baseline (mean 9.58% [81.2 mmol/mol]). Relative to participants in the control group, CHWs had a positive impact on net HbA 1c improvements at 3 months (−0.42% [−4.62 mmol/mol]), 6 months (−0.47% [−5.10 mmol/mol]), 12 months (−0.57% [−6.18 mmol/mol]), and 18 months (−0.55% [−6.01 mmol/mol]). The overall repeated-measures group effect was statistically significant (mean difference −0.51% [−5.57 mmol/mol], 95% CI −0.83, −0.19% [−9.11, −2.03 mmol/mol], P = 0.002). CHWs had an overall significant effect on fasting glucose concentration that was more pronounced at the 12- and 18-month visits. There was no significant effect on blood lipid levels, hypertension, and weight. CONCLUSIONS DIALBEST is an effective intervention for improving blood glucose control among Latinos with T2D.
Prostitutes in the Archives: Problems and Possibilities in Documenting the History of Sexuality

In the past decade, the study of sexuality has proven to be one of the most dynamic academic enterprises. Among the most popular topics has been the history of prostitution. Archivists have been invaluable but largely unsung allies in the explosive growth of a new revisionist literature. Through the preservation of long-ignored and often- discarded records and manuscripts, archivists provided the means enabling historians to answer many new questions, not only about prostitution but about the history of sexuality. Yet some of these sources raise provocative and controversial problems for historians and archivists documenting the history of sexuality. The author acknowledges and thanks Loy- ola University of Chicago, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Newberry Library in Chicago for providing financial support to complete this article. His appreciation also extends to Mary Rose Alexander, Kenneth Cobb, Phillip Costello, and the anonymous referees of The American Archivist for their criticism and helpful comments on earlier drafts.
Changes in litter quality caused by simulated nitrogen deposition reinforce the N-induced suppression of litter decay

Rates of nitrogen (N) deposition are increasing in industrialized and rapidly developing nations. Simulated N deposition suppresses plant litter decay rates, in particular for low quality (high lignin) litter. Litter quality is a primary driver of litter decomposition; however, it is not clear how changes in litter quality caused by long-term ecosystem exposure to chronic N additions interact with altered soil N-availability to influence litter decay dynamics. To document the effects of simulated N deposition on litter quality, we conducted a meta-analysis of available litter nutrient data from simulated N deposition experiments in temperate forests. To directly test whether changes in litter quality caused by N deposition affect decay rates, we also conducted a reciprocal litterbag study in an existing N addition experiment, where a northern hardwood forest has been exposed to simulated N deposition for more than 20 years. The experiment enabled us to disentangle the effects of N additions, litter qualit...
A practical R&D project-selection scoring tool

An improved scoring tool for research and development (R&D) project evaluation and selection is presented that ranks project alternatives based on the criteria of relevance, risk, reasonableness, and return. The scoring algorithm explicitly incorporates tradeoffs among the evaluation criteria and calculates a relative measure of project value by taking into account the fact that value is a function of both merit and cost. Implementation of the selection method in a federal research laboratory is discussed. A comprehensive overview of the R&D project selection literature is included.
SEChecker: A Sequential Equivalence Checking Framework Based on ${K}$ th Invariants

In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to utilizing circuit structural information to improve the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving, resulting in several efficient circuit-based SAT solvers. In this paper, we present a sequential equivalence checking framework based on a number of circuit-based SAT solving techniques as well as a novel invariant checker. We first introduce the notion of kth invariants. In contrast to the traditional invariants that hold for all cycles, k th invariants are guaranteed to hold only after the kth cycle from the initial state. We then present a bounded model checker (BMChecker) and an invariant checker (IChecker), both of which are based on circuit SAT techniques. Jointly, BMChecker and IChecker are used to compute the kth invariants, and are further integrated in a sequential circuit SAT solver for checking sequential equivalence. Experimental results demonstrate that the new sequential equivalence checking framework can efficiently verify large industrial designs that cannot be verified by existing solutions.
Oxygen? No Thanks, I'm on a Diet

In yeast and worms, mutations that extend longevity appear to simulate starvation conditions. The daf-2 pathway in worms plays a major role in life-span extension and in entry into the starvation-resistant and low-metabolism dauer phase. In a recent study published in Science Express on 13 June 2002, researchers screened for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants that survive in a low-oxygen environment and identified a number of daf-2 mutants that are resistant to hypoxia. The implications of these results are discussed in this Perspective.
Checkpoint kinase inhibitor synergizes with DNA-damaging agents in G1 checkpoint-defective neuroblastoma

Checkpoint kinase inhibitors can enhance the cancer killing action of DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents by disrupting the S/G(2) cell cycle checkpoints. The in vitro and in vivo effects of the Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 when combined with these agents were examined using neuroblastoma cell lines with known p53/MDM2/p14(ARF) genomic status. Four of four p53 mutant lines and three of five MDM2/p14(ARF) abnormal lines were defective in G(1) checkpoint, correlating with failure to induce endogenous p21 after treatment with DNA-damaging agents. In cytotoxicity assays, these G(1) checkpoint-defective lines were more resistant to DNA-damaging agents when compared to G(1) checkpoint intact lines, yet becoming more sensitive when AZD7762 was added. Moreover, AZD7762 abrogated DNA damage-induced S/G(2) checkpoint arrest both in vitro and in vivo. In xenograft models, a significant delay in tumor growth accompanied by histological evidence of increased apoptosis was observed, when AZD7762 was added to the DNA-damaging drug gemcitabine. These results suggest a therapeutic potential of combination therapy using checkpoint kinase inhibitor and chemotherapy to reverse or prevent drug resistance in treating neuroblastomas with defective G(1) checkpoints.
Practical precautions for avoiding sharp injuries and blood exposure.

Current surgical practices result in greater than a 50-percent incidence of blood exposure per operation for surgeons and operating team members who do not take any added precautions during their procedures. By incorporating changes in personal exposure protection, double gloving, and developing safer techniques during operations, it is estimated that the exposure risk to blood and body fluids can be decreased among surgeons by 74 percent. This article reviews practice precautions that may be acquired by the surgeon and the operating team. The current U.S. Health Department information on HIV risk after sharp exposure is reviewed as well as the most recent recommendations for antiviral drug prophylaxis after significant exposures.
Trends, tools, and terminology

It has been said that most scientists would rather use another scientist's toothbrush than his terminology. In this issue's Matters of the Record, John Alroy suggests certain conceptual and methodological changes for the study of mechanisms, or dynamics, of large-scale trends, and also a revision of current trend-mechanism terminology. On the conceptual and methodological matters, Alroy's suggestions are good ones (with one important exception), and here I applaud them and explain further why they ought to be taken seriously. Predictably, however, I do not endorse (some of) his terminological revisions. The conceptual matters are more interesting, and I turn to them first. In what follows, I first give some background on trend mechanisms, formulating the issues in my own terms (of course), and then explain Alroy's position in those terms. A large-scale trend is change in some summary statistic for a state variable (in the sense of McKinney 1990), such as an increase in mean size, in a clade, while mechanism refers to the pattern of change among the lineages within the clade that accounts for the trend. As Alroy explains, in recent years the focus has been on two categories of mechanism, what I have elsewhere called “passive” and “driven” (McShea 1994). A passive trend is one in which change among lineages passively follows the “structure” of the state space (Fisher 1986; McShea 1998). Thus, for example, in Stanley's now-classic argument, if selection or developmental constraint in a group imposes a lower limit on size, and if the group originates close to this lower limit, then mean size will increase as diversity increases and the clade diffuses away from the lower limit (Stanley 1973). The state space is “structured” in that parameter values vary across it in some organized way; in this case, the probability of size decrease …
Coding Varied Behavior Types Using the Crowd

Social science researchers spend significant time annotating behavioral events in video data in order to quantitatively assess interactions [2]. These behavioral events may be instantaneous changes, continuous actions that span unbounded periods of time, or behaviors that would be best described by severity or other scalar ratings. The complexity of these judgments, coupled with the time and effort required to meticulously assess video, results in a training and evaluation process that can take days or weeks. Computational analysis of video data is still limited due to the challenges introduced by objective interpretation and varied contexts. Glance [4] introduced a means of leveraging human intelligence by recruiting crowds of paid online workers to accurately analyze hours of video data in a matter of minutes. This approach has been shown to expedite work in human-centered fields, as well as generate training data for automated recognition systems. In this paper, we describe an interactive demonstration of an improved, more expressive version of Glance that expands the initial set of supported annotation formats (e.g. time range, classification, etc.) from one to nine. Worker interfaces for each of these options are dynamically generated, along with tutorials, based on the analyst's question. These new features allow analysts to acquire more specific information about events in video datasets.
Subsets of a Countable Set

(1971). Subsets of a Countable Set. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 536-537.
Tolerance to RBC antigens; pathogenesis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) ensues when humoral tolerance is lost to antigens on red blood cells (RBCs), resulting in RBC autoantibodies and haemolysis. Haemolysis can be profound, and lead to substantial morbidity, and in some cases, mortality. The pathogenesis of primary AIHA remains poorly understood. Using murine models of RBC tolerance, we have recently described that baseline tolerance to RBC antigens is complete in the CD4+ compartment. However, the T cell tolerance is not due to thymic deletion; rather, autoreactive CD4+ T cells exist in the periphery, but in an anergic and non-functional state. In contrast, B cell tolerance to RBC antigens is incomplete. Moreover, autoreactive B cells rapidly differentiate into plasma cells secreting anti-RBC autoantibodies if provided CD4+ T cell help. Together, these data indicate that the stop-gap immunological safety measure for humoral autoimmunity to RBC antigens is anergy of autoreactive CD4+ T cells, in a murine model. This model predicts that factors that reverse CD4+ T cell anergy may be instrumental in the pathogenesis of AIHA. If translatable to human biology, these findings represent a fundamental shift in understanding of AIHA pathogenesis, which has heretofore assumed that tolerance in the B cell compartment was the determining factor.
Integration of hexagonal boron nitride with quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene: toward wafer-scale, high-performance devices.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a promising dielectric material for graphene-based electronic devices. Here we investigate the potential of h-BN gate dielectrics, grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), for integration with quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene (QFEG). We discuss the large scale growth of h-BN on copper foil via a catalytic thermal CVD process and the subsequent transfer of h-BN to a 75 mm QFEG wafer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirm the absence of h-BN/graphitic domains and indicate that the film is chemically stable throughout the transfer process, while Raman spectroscopy indicates a 42% relaxation of compressive stress following removal of the copper substrate and subsequent transfer of h-BN to QFEG. Despite stress-induced wrinkling observed in the films, Hall effect measurements show little degradation (<10%) in carrier mobility for h-BN coated QFEG. Temperature dependent Hall measurements indicate little contribution from remote surface optical phonon ...