cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Korean American family: adolescents versus parents acculturation to American culture.

The goal of this cross-sectional study was to describe acculturation and characteristics of Korean American families. Self-reports were gathered from 106 families (105 mothers, 98 fathers, 106 adolescents) in the Midwest. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents maintained Korean cultural and linguistic characteristics while adopting some American cultural and linguistic features. The adoption of American culture and English was more evident among adolescents than their parents. The association between Korean American parents’ acculturation attitudes and their characteristics were consistent with the acculturation framework. This information may provide basic understanding for health care providers who care for Korean American families.
Internet addiction disorder and youth: There are growing concerns about compulsive online activity and that this could impede students' performance and social lives

Although ‘Internet addiction disorder' is not officially recognized as a disorder by the psychiatric community—it was not included in the recently released Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder V (DSM‐V), published by the American Psychiatric Association—an alarming number of people show what appear to be signs of addiction to the digital world. Young people seem especially vulnerable, with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance plummets as they spend more and more time online. Some also suffer health consequences from loss of sleep, as they stay up later and later to chat online, check for social network status updates or to reach the next game levels. There have been a number of tragic cases that have grabbed headlines and heightened the public's concerns about compulsive Internet use. A young couple in Korea, for example, spent so much time raising a virtual daughter online that they neglected their own actual daughter, who eventually died. In China, two students from Chongqinq who had been playing an online game for 2 days straight passed out on railroad tracks and were killed by an oncoming train. While it is presumptuous to blame ‘Internet addiction’ for such tragedies—the young people involved may have suffered from other pathologies that led to such negative outcomes—the cases certainly draw attention to the darker side of Internet use. Putting aside for a moment the debate over whether such problems should be framed as ‘Internet addiction disorder’, research into these behaviors has grown dramatically since the mid‐1990s, particularly as more and more cases among college students have come to the attention of university health professionals. Besides ‘Internet addiction’, terms such as ‘problematic Internet use’, ‘dysfunctional Internet use’, ‘Internet dependency’, ‘pathological Internet use’, and ‘compulsive Internet use’ have been proposed as ways to describe these behaviors. For this article, I will …
Mediastinal Coelomic Cyst

Coelomic cysts are rare cysts of mesothelial origin. This is a case report of a thoracic coelomic cyst presenting as atypical chest pain.
The effects of carbon dioxide management on plasma levels of fentanyl and sufentanil during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

This study examined the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) management on the plasma levels of sufentanil and fentanyl during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (HCPB). Thirty-two patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass were divided into four groups: (I) fentanyl/alpha-stat; (II) fentanyl/pH-stat; (III) sufentanil/alpha-stat; and (IV) sufentanil/pH-stat. Fentanyl was administered intravenously at 50 micrograms/kg on induction with an additional 25 micrograms/kg just prior to sternotomy. Sufentanil was administered intravenously at 7 micrograms/kg on induction with an additional 3 micrograms/kg just prior to sternotomy. Samples were drawn at 5 (A) and 30 (B) minutes after institution of CPB (25 degrees C), and at 5 (C) minutes after discontinuation of CPB. Statistical comparisons were made between Group I and II, and Group III and IV at all three measurement points. The only significant (P < .01) finding was between Group III and IV at point B. The measured plasma levels of sufentanil were significantly lower under HCPB pH-stat management conditions. Until this observation is either confirmed or refuted, it would seem prudent for studies that report the plasma levels of sufentanil during HCPB to specify the type of CO2 management used.
Premixed Flame Response to Equivalence Ratio Perturbations

This paper studies the heat-release oscillation response of premixed flames to oscillations in reactant stream fuel/air ratio. Prior analyses have studied this problem in the linear regime and have shown that heat release dynamics are controlled by the superposition of three processes: flame speed, heat of reaction, and flame surface area oscillations. Each contribution has somewhat different dynamics, leading to complex frequency and mean fuel/air ratio dependencies. The present work extends these analyses to include stretch and non quasi-steady effects on the linear flame dynamics, as well as analysis of nonlinearities in flame response characteristics. Because the flame response is controlled by a superposition of multiple processes, each with a highly nonlinear dependence upon fuel/air ratio, the results are quite rich and the key nonlinearity mechanism varies with mean fuel/air ratio, frequency, and amplitude of excitation. In the quasi-steady framework, two key mechanisms leading to heat-release sat...
Inguinal hernia mesh plug migrated into the abdominal cavity.

A 65-year-old man with liver cirrhosis presented after undergoing a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis for hepatocellular cancer screening. He denied any symptoms. His medical history was significant for an open left inguinal hernia repair 20 years prior and chronic hepatitis C complicated by Child A liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The contrastenhanced CT scan showed a 5-cm mass in the lower mid abdomen (Fig. 1a, b). The mass had a smooth-circumscribed homogenous rim with a high-density core. The patient
The effect of polydispersity on the nuclear magnetic resonancxce spectra of ply‐Y‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate

The effect of poly dispersity on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of samples of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamateein the helix–random coil transition is studied. In the transitionregion the α-CH proton resonance shows two peaks whose behavior does not change appreciably upon fractionation by gel permeation chromatography. Theoretical spectra were computed with both a polydispersity model of the transition and a model for slow nucleationof helix from completely random coil molecules. The results suggest that the double peak behavior in the nmr spectra results from a slow rate of helix nucleation rather than polydispersity.
Identification of hemopexin as a GH-regulated gene

A cDNA library from the liver of a growth hormone (GH)-treated hypophysectomized rat was constructed and screened for GH-inducible genes (GIGs). Three cDNAs specific for putative GIG mRNAs (GIG-3, -7 and -12) were isolated and, when sequenced, were found to be homologous to portions of rat hemopexin, a Class 2 acute-phase gene. Hemopexin is an essential heme scavenger produced primarily in the liver, which upon binding to free heme, transports it to the liver where the heme iron is re-utilized. Hemopexin has not been previously described as being GH-responsive. GIG-3 and GIG-12 encode overlapping portions of the entire coding sequence starting within a few hundred base pairs from the 5' end of the hemopexin mRNA, and GIG-7 encodes the 3'-most end of the hemopexin mRNA. Northern analysis and ribonuclease protection assays of RNA from livers of control rats using the cDNA probes demonstrated a major transcript of approximately 2.0 kb. The hemopexin mRNA was low or undetectable in livers of hypophysectomized rats. Daily treatment with bovine growth hormone (bGH) for 10 days restored hemopexin mRNA to levels comparable or greater than that of intact rats. GH-dependence in cultured rat H4IIE hepatoma cells was then examined. Using hemopexin cDNA probes (GIG-3, -7, and -12) we identified a mRNA on Northern blots, which increased in concentration following bGH, compared with untreated cells. When measured by ribonuclease protection assay, a maximal increase in hemopexin mRNA concentration was obtained following 4-6 h of bGH administration. We conclude that hemopexin is a GH-inducible gene in rat liver in vivo and in cultured rat hepatoma cells.
Bounds for counter-examples to addition theorems in solvable groups

Introduction. It is well known that any set of 2 n - i elements of a solvable group of size n must contain a subset of size n with the property that the product of the dements of this subset arranged in the appropriate order yields the identity. In fact, if G is not cyclic, it is sufficient that the original set contain 2 n - 2 elements. The main result of this paper is that similar results hold for sets of size 2 n - r, where r is a fixed positive integer. The result says that for a fixed r, if n is sufficiently large and G is a non-cyclic solvable group, then any set of 2 n - r elements of G contains a subset of size n with the property that the product of the elements of this subset in the appropriate order is the identity. The term "set" in this paper actually means multi-set. That is, an element may occur more than once in a set. The cardinality of that set is number of elements in the set counting multiplicities. When we wish to consider an object which is a set in the classical sense, we shall use the term "ordinary set", All of the results in this paper concern sets of elements from a finite group. In some cases, the group is assumed to be abelian. In these cases, we shall use additive notation. In all other cases, multiplicative notation will be used. D e f i n i t i o n. Let G be a group and let S be a set of elements of G. A n-sum in S is an ordered subset of S of cardinality n. The result of that n-sum is the product of the elements in the n-sum in the specified order.
Sediment Contamination of Residential Streams in the Metropolitan Kansas City Area, USA: Part II. Whole-Sediment Toxicity to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca

This is the second part of a study that evaluates the influence of nonpoint sources on the sediment quality of five adjacent streams within the metropolitan Kansas City area, central United States. Physical, chemical, and toxicity data (Hyalella azteca 28-day whole-sediment toxicity test) for 29 samples collected in 2003 were used for this evaluation, and the potential causes for the toxic effects were explored. The sediments exhibited a low to moderate toxicity, with five samples identified as toxic to H. azteca. Metals did not likely cause the toxicity based on low concentrations of metals in the pore water and elevated concentrations of acid volatile sulfide in the sediments. Although individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) frequently exceeded effect-based sediment quality guidelines [probable effect concentrations (PECs)], only four of the samples had a PEC quotient (PEC-Q) for total PAHs over 1.0 and only one of these four samples was identified as toxic. For the mean PEC-Q for organochlorine compounds (chlordane, dieldrin, sum DDEs), 4 of the 12 samples with a mean PEC-Q above 1.0 were toxic and 4 of the 8 samples with a mean PEC-Q above 3.0 were toxic. Additionally, four of eight samples were toxic, with a mean PEC-Q above 1.0 based on metals, PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. The increase in the incidence of toxicity with the increase in the mean PEC-Q based on organochlorine pesticides or based on metals, PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides suggests that organochlorine pesticides might have contributed to the observed toxicity and that the use of a mean PEC-Q, rather than PEC-Qs for individual compounds, might be more informative in predicting toxic effects. Our study shows that stream sediments subject to predominant nonpoint sources contamination can be toxic and that many factors, including analysis of a full suite of PAHs and pesticides of both past and present urban applications and the origins of these organic compounds, are important to identify the causes of toxicity.
Preparing nurses for clinical trials: The cancer center approach

Many authors agree that the staff nurse is a vital component in the successful implementation of a clinical trial. Jassak and Ryan’ emphasize the importance of the staff nurse being knowledgeable about the proposed research protocol. More specifically, the nurse should be aware of known and potential treatment toxicities. Also, she or he needs to know what symptom management is permitted within the research parameters. And finally, the nurse should be sensitive to patient and family’s needs for support during stressful decision making and treatment. Gross* has identified the staff nurse as the caregiver in the optimal position to observe the patient for unexpected toxic reactions. Possibly, these reactions were not previously identified in preclinical animal studies with the study agent. These nursing observations, when validated with additional patients, can then become part of the drug toxicity profile. Cogliano-Shutta3 recommends that nurses identify their role to avoid being drawn into controversial situations surrounding clinical trials. One example is the issue of informed consent with children participating in phase I experimental research protocols. As noted in Table 1, the nurse as part of the research team may be a direct care provider, patient and family educator, patient advocate, or facilitator of communication. The nurse may advocate for the patient with family members, with the research team, or between research team members as needed. When the nurse is clear about the role, she or he can remain objective and is less likely to be drawn into a controversial situation.
Relative stereochemistry and solution conformation of the novel paclitaxel-like antimitotic agent epothilone A

Abstract A nearly complete set of 1 H 1 H coupling constants and NOEs were determined for the novel paclitaxel-like antimitotic agent epothilone A from phase sensitive DFQ COSY and NOESY experiments in 75% DMSO- d 6 /D 2 O. This data was employed as distance constraints for molecular modeling studies. Molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on a complete series of diastereoisomers, and the results show only two relative stereochemistries to be in agreement with the NOE data.
Crystal structure of CTP-ligated T state aspartate transcarbamoylase at 2.5 A resolution: implications for ATCase mutants and the mechanism of negative cooperativity.

The X-ray crystal structure of CTP-ligated T state aspartate transcarbamoylase has been refined to an R factor of 0.182 at 2.5 A resolution using the computer program X-PLOR. The structure contains 81 sites for solvent and has rms deviations from ideality in bond lengths and bond angles of 0.018 A and 3.722°, respectively. The cytosine base of CTP interacts with the main chain carbonyl oxygens of rTyr-89 and rIle-12, the main chain NH of rIle-12, and the amino group of rLys-60. The ribose hydroxyls form polar contacts with the amino group of rLys-60, a carboxylate oxygen of rAsp-19, and the main chain carbonyl oxygen of rVal-9. The phosphate oxygens of CTP interact with the amino group of rLys-94, the hydroxyl of rThr-82, and an imidazole nitrogen of rHis-20. Recent mutagenesis experiments evaluated in parallel with the structure reported here indicate that alterations in the hydrogen bonding environment of the side chain of rAsn-111 may be responsible for the homotropic behavior of the pAR5 mutant of ATCase. The location of the first seven residues of the regulatory chain has been identified for the first time in a refined ATCase crystal structure, and the proximity of this portion of the regulatory chain to the allosteric site suggests a potential role for these residues in nucleotide binding to the enzyme. Finally, a series of amino acid side chain rearrangements leading from the R1 CTP allosteric to the R6 CTP allosteric site has been identified which may constitute the molecular mechanism of distinct CTP binding sites on ATCase. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hepatic carbonic anhydrase inhibition by diuretic drugs

1. In isolated perfused rat liver, urea synthesis is rapid and reversibly inhibited not only by the well-known carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide, methazolamide and ethoxzolamide, but also by diuretics, like xipamide, mefruside, chlortalidone, and chlorothiazide. Furosemide was without effect. 2. Similar to findings with isolated perfused rat liver, acetazolamide inhibits urea synthesis from ammonium ions in normal and cirrhotic human liver slices. 3. Inhibition of urea synthesis by xipamide and acetazolamide is accompanied by a 70% decrease of the cellular citrulline content and the tissue levels of 2-oxoglutarate and citrate, suggesting a block of urea synthesis at a step prior to citrulline formation. 4. At a constant extracellular pH (7.4), inhibition of urea synthesis by xipamide, mefruside and acetazolamide was overcome by increasing the extracellular concentrations of HCO3− and CO2 to above twice the normal values. This shows that inhibition of urea synthesis by these diuretics is not due to an unspecific inhibition of one of the urea cycle enzymes but is due to an inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase and therefore due to an impaired HCO3− provision for mitochondrial carbamoylphosphate synthesis. 5. It is concluded that the activity of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase is required for urea synthesis also in human liver and that several diuretics impair urea synthesis by inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase. The pathophysiological significance of these data is discussed with respect to the development of diuretics-induced hyperammonemia and alkalosis in liver disease.
Ptosis end Underaction of the Superior Rectus Muscle

It is suggested that the association of ptosis and superior rectus muscle underaction is most likely due to the common embryological origins of these two muscles from the same superior mesodermal complex.
The MRP2/cMOAT Transporter and Arsenic-Glutathione Complex Formation Are Required for Biliary Excretion of Arsenic

Worldwide, millions of people are exposed to arsenic in drinking water that exceeds the World Health Organization standard of 10 μg/liter by as much as 50–300-fold, yet little is known about the molecular basis for arsenic excretion. Here we show that transport of arsenic into bile depends on the MRP2/cMOAT transporter and that glutathione is obligatory for such transport. Using reversed phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that two arsenic-glutathione complexes not previously identified in vivo, arsenic triglutathione and methylarsenic diglutathione, account for most of the arsenic in the bile. The structure of the compounds was also confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our findings may help explain the increased susceptibility of malnourished human populations to arsenic.
Running-induced testicular recrudescence in the meadow vole: Role of the circadian system

Access to running wheels stimulates testicular recrudescence in meadow voles whose reproductive axes have been suppressed by short day lengths. The present experiments addressed the mechanism by which running stimulates the reproductive system. The results from two experiments suggest that running acts specifically to override the short day length suppression of the gonads: access to running wheels had no stimulatory effect on the testes of meadow voles housed in long day lengths, and the degree to which running stimulated the testes of meadow voles housed under short day lengths was significantly correlated with the degree to which the voles were reproductively photoresponsive. A third experiment queried whether running shifts the circadian clock in such a way as to cause an overlap between the short day length photoperiod and the period of sensitivity to light. This proved not to be the case: access to running wheels stimulated testicular recrudescence in meadow voles housed in constant darkness. Two experiments demonstrated that access to a running wheel did not alter short day length profiles of pineal melatonin content or the nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin content in the absence of light. Finally, daily patterns of circulating corticosterone levels did differ between voles with and without access to running wheels, although the difference could not be attributed to differences in the circadian system. Overall, these experiments suggest that running stimulates gonadal recrudescence by acting on the pathway by which photoperiod suppresses reproduction downstream of melatonin production.
Emotion simulation and expression understanding: A case for time

Niedenthal et al. present a model for embodied emotion simulation and expression understanding that spans multiple brain systems. This commentary addresses the potential role of time in this model, and its implications for understanding social dysfunction.
Maximum-information storage system: concept, implementation and application

The aggressive technology scaling has made it increasingly difficult to design high-performance, high-density SRAM circuits. In this paper, we propose a new SRAM design methodology that is referred to as maximum-information storage system (MISS). Unlike most traditional SRAM circuits that are designed for maximum cell density, MISS aims to maximize the information density (i.e., the number of information bits per unit area). Towards this goal, an information model is derived to quantitatively measure the information bits stored in a given SRAM system. In addition, a convex optimization framework is developed to optimize SRAM cells to achieve maximum information storage. Our design example in a commercial 65nm CMOS process demonstrates that MISS achieves more than 3.5× area reduction over the traditional SRAM design, while storing the same amount of information. Furthermore, two real-life signal processing examples show that given the same area constraint, MISS can increase signal-to-noise ratio by more than 30 dB compared to the traditional SRAM system.
THE INTERPERSONAL CONTEXT OF OBJECT RELATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY THERAPY*

Psychodynamic theory and family systems theories have come to represent competing orientations in the understanding of human behavior. This paper extends the quest for an integration of these perspectives. This is done by mapping ideas from one orientation onto constructs from the other. Case examples illustrate the ideas and demonstrate how inner dynamics and interactional behavior dovetail to create systemic and personal crises. Clinical implications highlight the need (a) for psychodynamic therapists to recognize the contextual forces that activate personality structures and (b) for systems therapists to recognize the idiosyncratic meanings of interactional behaviors.
Institutionalized Model-Making and ecosystem-based management of exploited resource populations: a comparison with instrument flight

Ecosystem-based management of resource populations is not a reality but a vision for the future. We liken it to instrument flight of an aircraft. An aircraft cannot be controlled without visual reference to the ground (VFR—Visual Flight Rules) or a cluster of flight instruments (IFR—Instrument Flight Rules). Instrument pilots are trained to develop a rhythmic scan of the cluster to obtain information about flight path and attitude. The untrained tendency is to fixate on a single gauge. When this occurs, the aircraft deviates from its desired attitude and trajectory, and control may be lost. This is analogous to single-factor management in which variables, like habitat quality, recruitment, predator control, or harvest rates, are singled out for manipulation without regard to the others. Exploited populations are no less complex than an aircraft in flight. They move through time and space, and can only be effectively managed using the multiplicity of instruments nature has provided. These include distal as well as proximate variables because populations are embedded in ecosystems that holistically propagate indirect effects to them. Therefore, whole-ecosystem-based management is needed, giving attention to multiple control variables as in the case of instrument flight. Only modeling can identify a suite of sufficient controls, both direct and indirect, and place them in a coherent, operational framework. “Flying the resource”, then, is what we conceive as modeling-assisted, ecosystem-based management. We advocate that management institutions should employ ecosystem-based modeling as an ongoing organizational activity in which scientists, managers, and others cooperate in framing conceptual models from which further steps in modeling can proceed. We call this Institutionalized Model-Making (IMM), with two purposes: (1) building teams from indigenous expertise, and (2) producing models to serve in the same relation to nature as flight simulators do to actual aircraft. The models mimic responses to control actions, simulating multifactorial management analogous to the instrument scans and control manipulations of instrument flying. We illustrate our ideas with a STELLA simulation model of the North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Miller) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. Sensitivities of control parameters are ranked, and use of the model in the instrument flight sense is demonstrated. The results reflect on current styles and fashions in ecological modeling.
Applications of versal deformations to Galois theory

In this paper we study which solutions to an embedding problem can be constructed using a versal deformation of a group representation over an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic. This question reduces (at least stably) to finding which representations of finite groups have faithful versal deformations. We determine exactly when a versal deformation of a representation of a finite group is faithful in case the representation belongs to a cyclic block and its endomorphisms are given by scalar multiplications.
Colorectal screening patterns and perceptions of risk among African-American users of a community health center

This study investigated risk perceptions and screening patterns for colorectal cancer among predominately low-income African-Americans age 50 and older who used a community health center. The majority of respondents either rated their risk as below average (36%) or did not know their risk (37%) for colorectal cancer. Individuals who provided a risk estimate versus those who did not know their risk were younger and held more accurate beliefs about colorectal cancer. Attributions of perceived risk best distinguished respondents who evaluated their risk to be below average versus average and above average. Compared to respondents who could not explain their risk, those who provided psychological, personal action, and heredity causes were more likely to view their risk as below average than average or above average. In comparison to national norms, these subjects reported higher frequencies of ever having had a digital rectal exam (DRE, 90%), fecal occult blood test (FOBT, 75%) and sigmoidoscopy (SIG, 33%). Moreover, 63%, 53%, and 81% reported their most recent screening for DRE, FOBT, and SIG, respectively, in accordance with ACS and NCI recommended guidelines. However, a subsequent medical audit failed to confirm these self-reports. These results suggest that: 1) educational efforts are needed to enhance knowledge and accuracy of risk perceptions for colorectal cancer; 2) further studies on attributions of risk are needed that may prove useful for developing intervention programs, and 3) studies need to interpret self-report data for colorectal cancer with caution.
A Novel 4H-SiC Fault Isolation Device with Improved Trade-Off between On-State Voltage Drop and Short Circuit SOA

This paper aims to introduce a solid-state fault isolation device (FID) for the short circuit protection application in the power distribution systems. The key performance of a FID is to have a low on-state loss and a strong short circuit safe operating area (SCSOA). As a FID, a novel 15kV 4H-SiC field controlled diode (FCD) with a p+buried layer is proposed to provide an improved trade-off between the on-state forward voltage drop and the saturation current. Dynamic response to the fault and the application example of the proposed FCD are described in this paper.
Recent Advances in Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain

Dr. James R. Fricton highlights the progress made in patient care and its future implications in “ Recent Advances in Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain .” Consistent with chronic pain disorders in other areas of the body, there has been growing attention given to patients with temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain among health care professionals and the general public. As a result of increased clinical and research activities, significant progress has been made in improving care.
INFLUENCE OF ESTRONE ON THE ELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THE MOTILITY OF UTERINE MUSCLE

THE CHARACTER of the movements of the uterus, in situ and isolated, differs strikingly in different phases of the sexual cycle, suggesting some hormonal influence on essential properties of uterine muscle. In the present paper the effect of estrone on this type of muscle will be investigated and it will be shown that changes in motility can be explained as the result of changes in muscular excitability. Uterine strips from the cat were prepared and mounted as described previously (1). The zinc-zinc sulfate electrodes used for these measurements made contact with the tissue by cotton wicks which were placed on the muscle at a distance of 3 cm. from each other. The potential change produced by treating the region around one of the leads with a 1% solution of KCl was taken to represent the resting potential.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FOLIAR ANATOMY OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES

A B S T R A C T A comparative study of the leaves of 31 species of Lycopodiirn was made. The pattern of tracheids varies with the species. Usually they exhibit annular, helical, reticulate, modified or transition forms; none of the species have advanced phylogenetically beyond the scalariform tracheid stage. Mucilage canals have been found in four species. Tracheids are enclosed by a few to several layers of oblique ended, elongated parenchyma cells in most species, but an endodermis is absent. Vascular bundles are encircled by fiber cells in three species. The mesophyll of most species consists of identically shaped cells, although palisade-like tissue has been observed in a few species. The epidermal cells vary from elongated to isodiametric and have either undulated or smooth anticlinal walls, which are deeply pitted in some species. The outer epidermal walls are usually thick and heavily cutinized. Stomates are distributed on both surfaces in 18 species, on the abaxial surface in 11 species, and on the adaxial side in only two species. Most stomates are practically isodiametric in surface view, broader than epidermal cells, usually parallel to the vein, and at the same level as the adjacent epidermal cell. A typical guard cell has a prominent outer ledge and a less developed inner ledge of cutin in most species. Six groupings are suggested, based on similarity of leaf structure and the known chromosome numbers.
Distribution of Plasma Fatty Acid before and after Canine Hepatic Homograft

The effect of liver transplantation on the fatty acids in the plasma of dogs suggests that fat is mobilized and dehydrogenated after the operation.
Galactinol synthase (GS): increased enzyme activity and levels of mRNA due to cold and desiccation

Galactinol synthase (GS) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) and could play a key regulatory role in the carbon partitioning between sucrose and RFO in the developing seed. RFO have been proposed to be osmoprotectants when plants are exposed to environmental water deficit stresses, such as cold and desiccation, and during the developmentally induced desiccation in the late maturation stage of seed development. We present the following evidences obtained from three plant species in support of these proposed roles for GS and RFO: (a) GS activity increased in kidney bean seeds upon exposure of plants to cold; (b) GS mRNA levels increased significantly upon cold exposure in the vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana, a chill resistant species, with the transcripts diminishing upon re-exposure to room temperature. A smaller increase due to cold was also observed in the siliques with the transcripts likewise disappearing upon re-exposure of the plants to room temperature; (c) we established by protein sequence comparison that a previously unidentified gene belonging to a group of ABA-independent, desiccation stress inducible genes isolated from rice with acquired chill resistance, encodes the rice homologue of the GS gene.
Threshold Parallelism In Morphological Feature Extraction, Skeletonization, And Pattern Spectrum

In this paper it is shown that many composite morphological systems, such as morphological edge detection, peak/valley extraction, skeletonization, and shape-size distributions obey a weak linear super-position, called threshold-linear superposition: Namely, the output graytone image is the sum of outputs due to input binary images, which result from thresholding the input graytone image at all levels. Then these results are generalized to a vector space formulation, e.g., to any linear combination of simple morphological systems such as erosion, dilation, rank-order filters, and their cascade or max/min combinations. Thus many such systems processing graytone images are reduced to corresponding binary image processing systems, which are easier to analyze and implement.
Synaptic changes in the striatum of schizophrenic cases: a controlled postmortem ultrastructural study.

Although studies indicate abnormalities in the striatum of schizophrenic people, little information exists on the synaptic changes that may be present at the ultrastructural level. Autopsy specimens of striatal tissue from people with schizophrenia, normal controls, and psychiatric controls were obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection. Several abnormalities were noted in the schizophrenic group that were not present in the normal or psychiatric controls. In schizophrenic tissue, the density and/or proportion of symmetric synaptic profiles, particularly those ending on spines, were lower in the caudate vs. the putamen, implying an imbalance in inhibitory synaptic transmission between these two structures. The density of perforated synaptic profiles, cortical afferents thought to be involved in synaptic turnover and cognition, was lower in the striatum of the schizophrenic group compared to the control groups. The density of axodendritic synaptic profiles, particularly of the asymmetric type, was decreased in the caudate, but not the putamen, of a subset of schizophrenic cases that were nondyskinetic and off drugs (NDODS). The proportion of asymmetric axospinous synaptic profiles was elevated in the caudate of the NDODS cases in comparison to normal controls. The variety of synapses affected in the schizophrenic group implies the involvement of several neuronal circuits. The alterations observed in the schizophrenic striatum were usually due to changes in the caudate, but not the putamen, which argues against drug-related alterations. Since the striatum, particularly the caudate nucleus, is involved in cognition and emotion, these neuroanatomical changes could underlie, in part, aspects of schizophrenic psychopathology. Synapse 28:125–139, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Functional analysis and treatment of screaming in a young girl with severe disabilities

Descriptive assessments suggested that the screaming of a 6-year-old girl with autism and severe mental retardation was maintained by automatic reinforcement. During two phases of a functional analysis, differentiation across experimental conditions was not achieved. Levels of screaming decreased across sessions in all experimental conditions. A time-out treatment procedure led to a rapid decrease in screaming. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial evaluation of 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET/CT scanning for primary pancreatic cancer

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET/CT for imaging pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): Effects of 10, 25 and 50% coronary stenoses

Myocardial blood flow under normal physiologic conditions remains relatively unaltered by coronary lesions with diameter stenosis of less than 70%. However, during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), autoregulation of coronary blood flow is compromised. We studied the effect of previously considered 'trivial' coronary stenoses of 10, 25 and 50% on distal myocardial perfusion in 39 swine undergoing CPR for cardiac arrest. Endocardial blood flow distal to the stenosis was significantly less than that proximal in all the different stenoses groups (P < 0.05). A 50% diameter stenosis also compromised epicardial blood flow distal to the stenosis (P < 0.05). This study suggests that any coronary lesion may compromise myocardial perfusion during CPR. Since the vast majority of cardiac arrest victims have coronary artery disease, careful attention to maximizing myocardial blood flow during CPR is needed.
Comparison of the rate of decomposition in Fe45%Cr, Fe45%Cr5%Ni and duplex stainless steels

Abstract A comparison has been made of the rate of decomposition of the ferrite in an Fe45%Cr, an Fe45%Cr5%Ni and the ferrite phase of two CF 3 duplex stainless steels during long term ageing at 400°C. In all these systems, the ferrite phase decomposes upon ageing to form an ultrafine-scale interconnected network structure of an iron-rich α phase and a chromium-enriched α′ phase. The addition of nickel to the binary Fe45%Cr alloy significantly increases the hardness of the alloy and also accelerates the kinetics of decomposition. Although the hardness data from the ternary alloys are similar to those of the ferrite phase in the duplex stainless steels, significant differences were also observed in the scale and composition amplitudes of the α and α′ phases.
Recombinant factor VIIa treatment of severe bleeding in cardiac surgery patients: a retrospective analysis of dosing, efficacy, and safety outcomes.

Objective To describe rFVIIa dosing and clinical outcomes in cardiovascular surgery patients with refractory bleeding. Design Retrospective chart review of patients receiving rFVIIa from January 1, 2004 to September 30, 2005, in the cardiovascular surgery setting. Setting Tertiary care, private teaching hospital. Participants Ninety-three patients who received rFVIIa after cardiovascular surgery for the management of refractory bleeding. Interventions None. Measures and Main Results Patients received an average of 7.6 ± 6.8 units of red blood cells (RBCs) before rFVIIa dosing (mean dose, 56.2 ± 26.5 μg/kg). Median and 25th and 75th quartile blood product consumption was significantly reduced 6 hours after rFVIIa versus 6 hours before (RBCs, −3 units, [−1, −7]; cryoprecipitate, −7.5 units [0, −20]; platelet, −3 units [−1, −4]; fresh frozen plasma, −4 units [−2, −7]). Repeated rFVIIa dosing occurred in 10% of patients, with 8 (8.6%) and 2 (2.25%) patients receiving second and third doses, respectively. Subgroup analysis of each rFVIIa dosing quartile >30 μg/kg showed a significant reduction in RBCs; however, no significant differences were found in the magnitude of RBC reduction or percent of patients requiring massive transfusion among the quartiles. No adverse thrombotic episodes were noted, and the observed mortality (22.6%) was not attributed to rFVIIa therapy. Conclusions rFVIIa effectively reduces blood product use in cardiovascular surgery patients having massive blood loss. Although the optimal dose of rFVIIa for use in cardiovascular surgery remains undetermined, these data provide evidence that dosing regimens using
Kinetic Mechanism and Structural Requirements of the Amine-Catalyzed Decarboxylation of Oxaloacetic Acid

The kinetic and chemical mechanism of amine-catalyzed decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid at pH 8.0 has been reevaluated using a new and versatile assay. Amine-catalyzed decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid proceeds via the formation of an imine intermediate, followed by decarboxylation of the intermediate and hydrolysis to yield pyruvate. The decrease in oxaloacetic acid was coupled to NADH formation by malate dehydrogenase, which allowed the rates of both initial carbinolamine formation (as part of the imination step) and decarboxylation to be determined. By comparing the rates observed for a variety of amines and, in particular, diamines, the structural and electronic requirements for diamine-catalyzed decarboxylation at pH 8.0 were identified. At pH 8.0, monoamines were found to be very poor catalysts, whereas some diamines, most notably ethylenediamine, were excellent catalysts. The results indicate that the second amino group of diamines enhances the rate of imine formation by acting as a proton shuttle during the carbinolamine formation step, which enables diamines to overcome high levels of solvation that would otherwise inhibit carbinolamine, and thus imine, formation. The presence of the second amino group may also enhance the rate of the carbinolamine dehydration step. In contrast to the findings of previous reports, the second amino group participates in the reaction by enhancing the rate of decarboxylation via hydrogen-bonding to the imine nitrogen to either stabilize the negative charge that develops on the imine during decarboxylation or preferentially stabilize the reactive imine over the unreactive enamine tautomer. These results provide insight into the precise catalytic mechanism of several enzymes whose reactions are known to proceed via an imine intermediate.
Water deprivation increases Fos immunoreactivity in PVN autonomic neurons with projections to the spinal cord and rostral ventrolateral medulla

The present study sought to determine whether water deprivation increases Fos immunoreactivity, a neuronal marker related to synaptic activation, in sympathetic-regulatory neurons of the hypothalam...
Spirituality, schizophrenia, and state hospitals: program description and characteristics of self-selected attendees of a spirituality therapeutic group.

Spiritual matters can be an important part in the recovery process of patients with schizophrenia. A spirituality-based therapeutic group was developed for patients hospitalized on a research specialty unit jointly operated by a state hospital and a research institute. This report offers a description of this program and examines potential associations between spirituality and coping in patients with schizophrenia who either attended or did not attend the inpatient spirituality group. We compared group attendees (n = 20) with non-attendees (n = 20) cross-sectionally, using measures of spirituality, self-efficacy (i.e. the confidence in one’s ability), quality of life, and hopefulness, and religious/personal demographic profiles. For the total sample, spirituality status was significantly correlated with self-efficacy for both social functioning and negative symptoms. Significant differences were found between group attendees and non-attendees for spirituality status, but not for self-efficacy or quality of life. For group attendees, spirituality status was significantly correlated with self-efficacy for positive symptoms, negative symptoms and social functioning. Group attendees were significantly more hopeful than non-attendees and hopefulness was significantly associated with degree of spirituality status. These findings lend support for offering spirituality groups and positive coping during recovery from psychiatric disabilities.
A call for greater attention to the role of employers in developing, transforming, and implementing family policies

The authors contend that employer-initiated workplace policies should be considered as part of the patchwork that constitutes U.S. family policy. To provide a background, historical evidence of employer-initiated policies intentionally used as family policies is summarized. The view is then explicated that failure to take economic conditions and workplace policies into account may lead to faulty conclusions about the reasons for major changes in family life. The current status of selected employer-initiated workplace policies and recent trends is summarized. Next, some of the dilemmas inherent in considering connections between government- and employer-initiated policies are identified. Finally, suggestions for future directions are offered. The article should be considered with the following caveat in mind: the focus is exclusively on the influence of policies on families, but families are not merely reactive.
The Pharisees of Old New York in Edith Wharton's THE AGE OF INNOCENCE

In book 1 of The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton underscores the hypocrisy of Old New York by comparing its society with the Pharisees, a Jewish sect mentioned in the New Testament that is known fo...
Circumstellar habitable zones: an overview

Abstract We review aspects of circumstellar habitable zones based on results reported at the First International Conference on Circumstellar Habitable Zones (held in 1994 at NASA Ames Research Center). Recent advances in atmospheric radiative transfer modeling have shown that circumstellar habitable zones are wider than previously thought. New considerations may allow a much shorter time scale both for the origin as well as the evolution of biological forms. The most abundant M dwarf stars, contrary to previous views, appear to be able to support the necessary conditions for a habitable zone around them. New planet formation models indicate that at least one planet should form within the circumstellar habitable zone of single dwarf stars regardless of mass. Biogenic materials also appear to be widespread and delivery to terrestrial planets via cometary impacts may be a viable mechanism. Finally, biology will modify a planet and provide positive feedback, in general, to increase the habitability of a planet. Overall, new astronomical, planetary, and biological considerations each seem to indicate that habitable zones around other stars may be both more widespread and more stable than previous research had indicated.
A Variational Principle of Steady-State Transport Processes

A variational principle of steady-state transport processes has been derived from a basic inequality in the macroscopic theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics . The extremum property of a variational integral 3> is established from the stability of steady state, and the existence of $ is discussed from the integrability of a Pfaffian differential equation. The extremum principle presented here may be called the principle of minimum thermokinetic potential and may be regarded as the generalization of the principle of minimum entropy production for the case of nonlinear fluxes. For illustration, a simple heat-conduction problem has been given as an example.
The Influence of the Use of Butter on the Freezing Properties of Ice Cream Mix

Summary 1.Experimental data is presented to show that the use of butter in place of cream as the source of fat in ice cream mixes produces a mix of inferior freezing qualities. 2.Butter mixes differ from cream mixes in that they do not contain the cream serum or "buttermilk solids" of the cream. 3.Data recorded by previous workers indicate that the lecithin content of cream and buttermilk is considerably higher than that of skimmilk and butter. 4.It is suggested that the lecithin incorporated in ice cream with cream, buttermilk or egg yolk may be responsible for the differences in the freezing properties observed when this material is partially lacking in the mix.