cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcoming barriers to wider adoption of mobile telerobotic surgery: engineering, clinical and business challenges

A portable robotic telesurgery network could remove the geographic disparity of surgical care and provide expert surgical support for first responders to traumatic injury. This is particularly relevant to battlefield medicine where surgical intervention is currently not available to the most perilous fighting circumstances. Similar utility applies to the peacetime healthcare mission. The authors identify the potential advantage to healthcare from a mobile robotic telesurgery system and specify barriers to the employability and acceptance of such a system. This presentation will describe a collaborative effort to design and develop one or more portable robotic systems for telesurgery and develop those systems through successful animal trials. Recent advances in engineering, computer science and clinical technologies have enabled prototypes of portable robotic surgical platforms. Specific challenges remain before a working platform is suitable for animal trials, such as the inclusion of image-guidance and automated tasksOther barriers to the development of mobile robotic surgical platform will be described. These include technical challenges of refinement of robotic surgical platforms, reduction of weight, cube, complexity and cost, and expansion of applications of technology to several procedures. Clinical challenges involve the protection of patient rights and safety, selection of surgical procedures appropriate for the system, the application of surgical skill to evaluate hardware and the application of surgical lore to software programs. Finally, business challenges include resolution of intellectual property considerations, legal liability aspects of telesurgery, patient safety and HIPPA, reimbursement and insurance issues, FDA approval of the final product and development of a commercialization plan.
Introduction: Some Preliminary Considerations on Science and Civil Society

Until now, the interest displayed in civil society by historians and political scientists has not found much echo among historians of science. This is regrettable, because the doctrine of civil society offers historians of science a means of investigating the relationship between the forms of social life characteristic of civil society (voluntary associations, civic institutions, etc.) and engagement with science. The doctrine of civil society also permits historians to inquire into how science either legitimates or undermines political authority. Most importantly, civil society permits an analysis of the basis of science's public authority. As the articles in this collection show, the attempt to occupy the position of representing science as public knowledge has been a central concern of social and professional groups in a wide variety of settings.
New quinary linear codes from quasi-twisted codes and their duals

Abstract One of the central problems in algebraic coding theory is construction of linear codes with best possible parameters. Quasi-twisted (QT) codes have been promising to solve this problem. Despite extensive search in this class and discovery of a large number of new codes, we have been able to find still more new codes that are QT over the alphabet F 5 using a more comprehensive search strategy.
A driven system of impacting pendulums: Experiments and simulations

Abstract This paper studies a system composed of two pendulums attached to a common base that is oscillated horizontally. The pendulums share a common pivot line, but move independently and are only coupled together through collisions. Impact dynamics for the collisions of the pendulums with each other and with fixed barriers yield complex nonlinear behaviors. Careful numerical simulation of the equations of motion demonstrates a close correlation with experimental data collected from the system. There are many independent parameters in this system, and one of the motivations for the present study is to establish the extent to which we can capture observed behavior with a relatively simple hybrid differential equation model in the face of several independent energy dissipation mechanisms coming from friction and impact. Comparison between experiments and simulations is based on the standard nonlinear dynamical system analyses of time series, phase projections, time-lag embedding, Poincare sections, and frequency content. Grazing bifurcations and co-existence of impacting/non-impacting periodic/chaotic states are observed.
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING: AN NSF PERSPECTIVE

The Division of Design and Manufacturing Systems (DDM) was created at the National Science Foundation to support research that seeks to serve a broad spectrum of U.S. industry by developing and expanding the scientific and engineering foundations of design, manufacturing and production. This objective is accomplished through support of individual investigators and the implementation of special initiatives that encourage academic teaming as well as interaction between academia and industry. This paper presents an overview of these initiatives along with a summary of current activities and research trends.
Whiplash and its relationship to migraine.

SYNOPSIS Five patients with severely symptomatic cervical injury of the type commonly referred to as ‘whiplash’ were discovered to also have many migrainous features and all were successfully managed with medications. The relationship of whiplash to migraine is discussed and the argument made that whiplash is trauma-precipitated cervical migraine.
Quantitation of Osteolytic Phytosteryl Acetates in Human Serum

SummaryA gas-chromatographic method for the quantitation of phytosteryl acetates in human serum at the nanogram level is described. Cholesteryl acetate is utilized as an internal standard added to the serum before extraction. Using this method, serum phytosteryl acetate levels of breast cancer patients are not significantly different from those of other subjects.
A descriptive study of foot problems in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

In this study, we evaluated the feet of 144 consecutive children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) during a routine outpatient visit to discover patterns of foot problems. We found that all but nine subjects had at least 1 of 21 foot problems, categorized as inflammation, limitation of motion, and abnormal alignment. Overall, pronated rearfoot and midfoot were observed in 73% and 72% of JRA patients, respectively. Additionally, 36% had splayfoot, whereas 35% of subjects had ankle limitation of motion. Other common foot problems included pronated forefoot, rearfoot and forefoot synovitis, forefoot limitation of motion, and toe valgus. Significant differences in the occurrence of various foot problems were observed among JRA onset/course subgroups and were influenced by both age and disease duration. Specifically, subjects with polyarticular JRA had more forefoot limitation and toe valgus, whereas subjects with pauciarticular JRA had pronated forefoot more often. Ankle limitation of motion, although unrelated to the JRA sub-group, was related to the duration of JRA. Subjects with longer disease histories also had toe valgus more often. Conversely, forefoot limitation of motion seemed to be more a function of age than of disease duration. These results indicate that foot problems are common in the JRA population, and they underscore the need for thorough evaluation and physical therapy management.
Dense Packing of Equal Circles Within a Circle

(1975). Dense Packing of Equal Circles Within a Circle. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 33-37.
Improved Cosmetic Outcome for the Clitoral Reduction Component of Feminizing Genitoplasty

Purpose The cosmetic results of reconstructive surgery for girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have improved significantly over the past two decades. However, one component that is less than perfect is the appearance of the clitoris, particularly its dorsal skin cover. This presentation describes an approach to managing the dorsal skin cover that consistently results in a naturally hooded clitoris and reduces the need for excisional reduction of the size of the glans clitoris except in the severely hypertrophied cases. Material and Methods Rather than separate the dorsal mucosal attachments to the glans clitoris, they are left intact and the circumferential skin incision is shifted proximally, at the point which would form the base of the reduced clitoral shaft. The shaft skin proximal to that is split in the midline and used for construction of the labia minora. And the circumscribing incision is sutured to the apex of the midline dorsal incision. Results This procedure has been used successfully in 3 patients with excellent intermediate results (6-12 months).The clitoris retained a natural position and hooded appearance. There was no cross healing or other complications. Conclusions By leaving the mucosal attachment to the glans clitoris intact and moving the skin incision more proximally, two goals are achieved which improve the cosmetic result significantly: 1. The glans clitoris is naturally hooded and concealed and does not pop out like a nubbin when the labia are separated as frequently occurs using the standard technique. 2. The clitoris is positioned in a more natural location that is determined by the anastomosis of the circumscribing incision with the apex of the midline incision used to create the labia minora.
MOTOR NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY IN VERY PRETERM INFANTS IN RELATION TO THYROXINE SUPPLEMENTATION † 1057

Background: Transient hypothyroxinemia, which is common in very preterm infants, is related to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental dysfunction as well as to slow motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV).
Extraction of uranium (VI) from nitric acid solutions by long‐chain aliphatic amines

The partition of uranium (VI) between nitric acid solutions and organic solutions of long-chain aliphatic amines has been investigated at different concentrations of nitric acid and solvent, and at different temperatures. The effects of amine structure and of organic solvent and the mechanism of uranium extraction are discussed on the basis of the results obtained. It is postulated, from infrared spectroscopy measurements, that the complex formed in the extraction of uranium (VI) from nitric acid solution by tri-n-dodecylamine in benzene is a nitrato complex of uranium.
The fine structure of granular cells in the uterine endometrium of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with a discussion of the possible function of these cells in relaxin secretion.

This report describes in detail the fine structure of a unique granular cell, termed “granulocyte,” which populates the endometrium of the monkey uterus under certain physiological conditions. Morphological evidence is presented which establishes that this cell is similar, if not identical, to granular cells found in the uteri of a wide variety of vertebrate species, including the human. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that these cells secrete relaxin is reviewed. The granulocyte is nearly spherical, approximately 10 μ in diameter, and contains an eccentrically located, kidney-shaped nucleus approximately 6 μ × 8 μ in size. Opposite the concave surface of the nucleus is located a cluster of specific granules. The granules vary in diameter, but they rarely exceed 0.5 μ. Each granule is surrounded by a unit membrane, and often a space is present between the enveloping membrane and the granule proper. Smaller vesicles and dense bodies (approximately 0.1 μ in diameter) are found within this space. The morphology of these small vesicles and dense bodies suggests that they have their origin in the Golgi complex and are involved in transporting some material to the specific granules. Similarities of the granulocyte to other cells types found in uterine endometrium, particularly eosinophilic leucocytes, are pointed out, but it is argued that the fine structure of the granulocyte provides good evidence that this is a distinct uterine cell type.
Solubility of Pressurant Gases in Liquid Hydrazine at Elevated

Many propellant delivery systems use helium gas for storage, pumping, and pressurizing liquid propellants for in-space applications. To properly understand propellant tank functionality, reliable data on the solubilities of pressurant gases in these propellants are needed. Thus, the solubility of helium in liquid hydrazine has been measured as a function of pressure and temperature. The current measurements were conducted at pressures relevant to in-space applications of 0 to 1000 psia for the first time. The temperature dependence was studied in the relevant temperature range of 278 to 308 K. The current results do not agree with the only previous measurement of helium solubility in hydrazine. These previous measurements were conducted in a much lower-pressure regime. The cause of the discrepancies between the current measurements and the previous measurements is unclear. The solubilities of nitrogen and argon at 293.15 K were also measured to better understand the discrepancies between current and previ...
Photoluminescence of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well heterostructures on amorphous surface through biaxial metal buffer layers

Abstract We report the successful epitaxial growth of biaxial GaN films using metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on amorphous surfaces (native oxide covered Si wafer) through biaxial metal buffer layers of Mo and W. The biaxial metal films were grown using a dynamic oblique angle deposition technique. An epitaxial relationship of GaN(0002)//Mo(110) in the out-of-plane orientation and GaN[ 10 1 ¯ 0 ]//Mo[001] in the in-plane orientation was found by a detailed X-ray diffraction analysis. Similar epitaxial results have been found for GaN/W. These biaxial GaN films on biaxial Mo and W buffer layers were used as seeds to grow GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well structures (MQWs). A high intensity, narrow peak, and uniform luminance space distribution of photoluminescence signal was observed from these MQWs. This work opens up an alternative strategy for the growth of GaN-based films on amorphous substrates using biaxial metal buffer layers.
Random versus Blocked Practice in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Purpose To compare the relative effects of random vs. blocked practice schedules in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Although there have been repeated suggestions in the literature ...
Epimerization of disaccharides by enzyme preparations from Ruminococcus albus.

Abstract A sugar, previously unobserved, was formed from cellobiose by enzymes in the supernatant fraction of Ruminococcus albus cultures. The sugar was isolated by preparative paper chromatography and was subsequently identified by means of its melting point, optical rotation, infrared spectrum, and chromatographie behavior as 4-O-β- d -glucopyranosyl- d -mannose. The epimerase was assayed by determining the conversion of cellobiose into glucosylmannose by means of quantitative paper chromatography. Maximum activity occurs near pH 7.0. The enzyme is unstable at room temperature and loses activity rapidly above 38 °. At equilibrium, the enzymic interconversion favors the cellobiose configuration. The reversible epimerization of cellobiose and glucosylmannose apparently occurs through a direct reaction at carbon-2 of the reducing moiety of the disaccharide.
Thermoregulatory responses in the plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius.

Abstract 1. Thermoregulation was studied in the Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius. 2. The thermoneutral zone, TNZ, for G. bursarius extends from 30 to 33°C with a resting VO2 of 0·70 ml O2/g per hr. 3. Below the lower critical temperature VO2 increased but was variable due to labile and reduced rectal temperature, Tre. Above the upper critical temperature VO2 increased approximately 27%. 4. Calculated thermal conductance expressed in ml O2/g per hr. C decreased progressively as ambient temperature, Ta, was reduced. 5. The pulmo-cutaneous water loss increased with increasing Ta. 6. The Tre of animals in TNZ averaged 35°C. As Ta decreased Tre progressively declined reaching an average of 26·5°C at a Ta of 10°C. Above TNZ, Tre increased to a high of 39°C at Ta of 38°C. 7. Data on G. bursarius was compared with other pocket gophers studied. These comparisons suggest that pocket gophers in general deviate from strict homiothermy and utilize labile Tre in varying degrees as an adaptive mechanism for survival in stressful environments.
Noninvasive pulmonary nodule elastometry by CT and deformable image registration

Abstract Background and purpose To develop a noninvasive method for determining malignant pulmonary nodule (MPN) elasticity, and compare it against expert dual-observer manual contouring. Methods and materials We analyzed breath-hold images at extreme tidal volumes of 23 patients with 30 MPN treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy. Deformable image registration (DIR) was applied to the breath-hold images to determine the volumes of the MPNs and a ring of surrounding lung tissue (ring) in each state. MPNs were also manually delineated on deep inhale and exhale images by two observers. Volumes were compared between observers and DIR by Dice similarity. Elasticity was defined as the absolute value of the volume ratio of the MPN minus one normalized to that of the ring. Results For all 30 tumors the Dice coefficient was 0.79±0.07 and 0.79±0.06 between DIR with observers 1 and 2, respectively, close to the inter-observer Dice value, 0.81±0.1. The elasticity of MPNs was 1.24±0.26, demonstrating that volume change of the MPN was less than that of the surrounding lung. Conclusion We developed a noninvasive CT elastometry method based on DIR that measures the elasticity of biopsy-proven MPN. Our future direction would be to develop this method to distinguish malignant from benign nodules.
Synthesis and chemical stability of a disulfide bond in a model cyclic pentapeptide: Cyclo(1,4)‐Cys‐Gly‐Phe‐Cys‐Gly‐OH

Many cyclic peptides are formed using a disulfide bond to increase their conformational rigidity; this provides receptor selectivity and increased potency. However, degradation of the disulfide bond in formulation can lead to a loss of structural stability and biological activity of the peptide. Therefore, the objective of this study was to study the stability of peptide 1 (cyclo(1,4)-Cys-Gly-Phe-Cys-Gly-OH). This cyclic peptide was synthesized using Boc strategy via solution-phase peptide synthesis and purified using semi-preparative HPLC. The accelerated stability studies of the cyclic peptide were conducted in buffer solutions at pH 1.0-11.0 with controlled ionic strengths at 70 degrees C. The pH-rate profile shows that the peptide has an optimal stability around pH 3.0 with a V-shape between pH 1.0 and 5.0. Two small plateaus are observed at pH 5.0-7.0 and pH 8.0-10.0, indicating hydrolysis on different ionized forms of the cyclic peptide. One product was observed at acidic pH due to peptide bond hydrolysis at Gly2-Phe3. The number of degradation products increases as the pH increases from neutral to basic, and most of the degradation products at neutral and basic pH are derived from the degradation at the disulfide bond.
Relative factor usage in canadian mining: Neoclassical substitution or biased technical change?

Abstract Using data drawn from the metal mining industry in Canada, this paper examines the sensitivity of estimated partial elasticities of substitution to the specifications of the underlying production relation. Earlier research has demonstrated that these estimates are sensitive to the imposition of homotheticity. This study also considers the effect of the imposition of neutral technical change by incorporating an index of technology that reflects exogenous, embodied technical change. Furthermore, this paper describes how the effects of neoclassical substitution, nonhomothetic production, and non-neutral technical change can be identified and isolated. Estimates made using a trans-log cost function indicate that the primary substitution occurred between capital and energy. Capital and labor were somewhat less substitutable, and absolute complementarity existed between the other input pairs. Although the estimates were consistent with a homothetic production function, biased technical change was indicated. The bias was estimated to be toward using capital and/or saving labor. To consider the effect of specification,homotheticity and neutral technical change were impos restrictions imposed, capital and labor appeared to be more substitutable. Labor and energy become substitutes rather than compliments, and capital and energy appeared to be more complimentary.
The impact of converting to an electronic health record on organizational culture and quality improvement.

Implementing an information technology system can impact more than just quality of care and patient outcomes. The purpose of this 4-year, observational research project is to examine changes in organizational culture, quality improvement (QI) maturity, and quality of care following adoption of a single, electronic health record (EHR) system within an integrated healthcare network. The primary outcome measure, the Culture and Quality Questionnaire (CQQ), assesses the perceived culture of an organization and the degree of CQI maturity in seven quality management areas. Baseline surveys were distributed prior to conversion to the EHR. Subsequent data collection occurred at 12 months post “go live” and will occur at 24 and 36 months after the first hospital “go live”. Secondary data were abstracted from routinely collected patient satisfaction measures and standard quality indicators. Contrary to expectation, our findings from the Baseline and 12-month follow-up data suggest that employees perceived the organizational culture as becoming more, rather than less, hierarchical. We also hypothesized that quality indicators would show improvement due to enhanced information flow and ease of information retrieval. This hypothesis was not supported by 1-year results. However, follow-up data from years two and three may provide different results.
Racial and gender meanings of why people participate in recreational fishing

This article explores the meanings associated with why people fish as a leisure pursuit. Comparisons are drawn across gender and racial groups. Exploratory factor analyses reveal a mosaic of race‐ and gender‐based meanings assigned to fishing. The most marked differences are present between racial groups, although gender contributed conceptually to meaning structures. More similarities than differences in meanings are present among anglers. The results underscore the importance of going beyond an examination of leisure participation rates and issues of choice among minority groups to broader concerns of the meanings of such activities. A discussion of the theoretical significance of place and subculture highlights the role of race and gender in creating meanings of leisure. Natural resource managers are encouraged to consider the meanings placed on leisure and recreation activities by racial and gender groups.
The Effect Of Noise In The Projection Data On The Reconstruction Produced by Computerized Tomography

This paper investigates the effect of additive white noise in the projection data on the reconstructions obtained by the use of a wide class of algorithms of the convolution type.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fluorescence-Based Investigations of Alcohol Co-solvents on the Nature of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexation

The effects of aliphatic alcohol co-solvents on the nature of inclusion complexes formed between 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (2,6-ANS) and β-or γ-cyclodextrin were studied with the use of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Complementary information about the effects of alcohol on cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexation has been obtained. The fluorescence lifetimes are recovered from multifrequency phase and modulation experiments in concert with a global analysis scheme. In all cases, the best fitting model contained two decay times. One of the components of the intensity decay is short lived and discrete and the other is a longer-lived distributed component. Evidence from the emission peak intensity, the center and width of the lifetime distribution, and the molar fraction of lifetime components indicates that alcohol modifiers have two distinct effects on the cyclodextrin inclusion complex. First, alcohol co-solvents can disrupt the 2,6-ANS-CD complex through competitive binding with the CD cavity, and to a lesser extent they increase the bulk solvent hydrophobicity. Second, alcohols can enhance the stability of certain 2,6-ANS inclusion complexts by formation of higher-order complexes (2,6-ANS-CD-ROHn). These two effects are governed by the cavity size and the structure and concentration of the alcohol co-solvents. These observations are consistent with the roles of the van der Waals interactions, the hydrophobic effect, and the stearic effects as important factors in CD inclusion complexation. Finally, the average rotational correlation time, recovered from steady-state anisotropy experiments, indicates that the rotational dynamics of the 2,6-ANS-CD complex are regulated by the size and concentration of the alcohol co-solvent.
A toxin in the coelomic fluid of scalded starfish (Asterias forbesi)

SummaryA thermal toxin (or toxins) has been demonstrated in the coelomic fluid of scalded starfish, Asterias forbesi, which upon injection into normal starfish proved to be fatal and capable of inducing autotomy. Evidence suggests that this heat stable, dialyzable toxin was derived from epithelial cells lining the coelomic cavity. This material was toxic in several invertebrate species. Its chemical nature and mechanism of action are unknown.
Distributed call-tracking for security

In this paper, we introduce a functional language which facilitates the mobility of code between the sites of a distributed system. We observe that code mobility renders systems with limited resources vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks. Languages which are designed with the objective of preventing these attacks would benefit from static analysis which can expose the resource consumption of programs. In functional computation there is a close connection between the consumption of resources and the flow of control within the system. We show that it is possible to exploit type systems to perform distributed control flow analysis and discuss the potential applications of such analyses in promoting security of resource-sensitive systems.
Ultrasound Contrast-Detail Analysis: A Comparison of Low-Contrast Detectability Among Scanhead Designs

Contrast-detail (CD) analysis was used to compare the low-contrast detection capabilities of expert observers using different array-type scanhead technologies. Five expert observers viewed five different contrast targets to obtain CD curves for each scanhead. Differences in CD curves are interpreted in terms of the image contrast, resolution, and noise. It was found that differences in low-contrast detectability were due to differences in beam properties. Clinical images obtained during patient examinations are used to show how some clinically relevant tasks are distributed in their contrast and size.
Oligoclonal IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

AbstractOligoclonal IgG bands were demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalitis before clinical signs developed. No bands were found in the serum of these animals nor were bands found in the CSF or serum of control animals. Immunofixation techniques demonstrated that the bands were immunoglobulins of the γ G class.
EFFECT OF LOW BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL ON STEREOSCOPIC ACUITY AND FIXATION DISPARITY

The stereoscopic acuity and fixation disparity of 9 Ss was measured before and after the consumption of 1 oz. of Scotch or bourbon whiskey per 150 lb. of body weight. It was found that, while stereoscopic acuity measures were unaffected by alcohol, fixation disparity increased significantly.
Synthesis and pharmacological comparison of dimethylheptyl and pentyl analogs of anandamide.

(Dimethylheptyl)anandamide [(16,16-dimethyldocosa-cis-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl)ethanolamine] (17a) and its amide analogs were synthesized by Wittig coupling of a ylide derived from a fragment of arachidonic acid. These amides were compared to the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, 2a) and its amide analogs in pharmacological assays for potential enhancement of cannabimimetic activities. The receptor affinity to rat brain membranes of the dimethylheptyl (DMH) analogs increased by an order of magnitude in most comparisons to the corresponding anandamides in displacement assays versus the cannabinoid agonist [3H]CP 55,940 or antagonist [3H]SR141716A, for which rank order differences in affinity were observed. An order of magnitude enhancement of potency with comparable or higher efficacy in behavioral assays in the mouse tetrad of tests of cannabinoid activity was observed in 17a versus 2a. In contrast, no enhancement in potency for the pentyl to DMH side chain exchange w...
Aorta elastin turnover in normal and hypercholesterolemic Japanese quail

The turnover and degradation of mature elastin from the aortae of Japanese quail were estimated following injection with L-[U-14C]lysine by measuring the changes in specific activity of L-[U-14C]lysine and 14C-labelled desmosine and isodesmosine (crosslinking amino acids derived from lysyl residues) in elastin over a 39-week period. Only 5% of the variation in radioactivity could be attributed to changes in time. Therefore, it was concluded that the best estimates of mature elastin turnover are only quantifiable in years. Dietary cholesterol in amounts sufficient to induce plaque formatioin and fragmentation of the elastic lamina in the aorta did not significantly influence turnover time. It would appear that once the total pool of elastin in aorta is stabilized as mature fibers it is not subject to proteolysis or resynthesis of sufficient magnitude to result in measurable turnover.
Asymmetric-channel flow field-flow fractionation with exponential force-field programming

Abstract Equipment and techniques have been developed to program the crossed-flow force fields with parallel-plate, asymmetric channels in flow field-flow fractionation (F1FFF). Force-field programming permits the rapid separation of samples with a wide range of molecular sizes; resolution is easily varied. Detectability of late-eluting components is enhanced as a result of band sharpening. Force-field programming probably can be performed with many functions. Exponential force-field decay method produces retention times vs. diffusion coefficient or particle size plots that are more linear than those from a constant force field. Resolution and measurement precision is more constant over the separation range. The exponential function also simplifies computer software measuring diffusion-coefficient and particle-size distributions. Optimum operating parameters for a desired F1FFF separation are predicted with a quantitative exponential force-field decay theory. Force-field programming significantly enhances the utility of the mild F1FFF method. Appropriate samples for this method include synthetic and natural polymers, organic and inorganic colloids and a variety of particulates.
On estimating the condition of eigenvalues and eigenvectors

Abstract A method is developed for estimating the accuracy of computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors that are obtained via certain EISPACK subroutines. It does this at a cost of O ( n 2 ) flops per eigenpair, assuming that the eigenpair is known and assuming that the original matrix has been reduced to Hessenberg form. The heart of the technique involves estimating the smallest singular value of a certain nearly triangular submatrix. This is accomplished by some standard “zero chasing” with Givens transformations and with a 2-norm version of the LINPACK condition estimator. An EISPACK -compatible code has been developed, and its performance is discussed.
Coherent optics of magnon waves in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate

Using optical pulses, we create coherent magnon waves in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium and utilize magnon interferometry to measure their energy and visualize topological defects. Magnon thermometry, cooling, and thermodynamics will be described.
Dispersion and Distribution of Marked Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) in Prairie Wetlands

ABSTRACT Use of mark-recapture techniques to estimate the size of fish populations relies on several assumptions, one being that marked and unmarked fish have equal probabilities of capture. This requires that marked fish, if released at their site of capture, mix randomly with unmarked fish in the population before recapture. We tested whether marked fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in four wetlands mixed randomly 1) when released at the capture site and 2) when transported and released in the center of the wetland. We captured and marked fish at two locations on opposite sides of each wetland. We recaptured fish three weeks later at these two original capture stations and at two additional sites spaced equal distances from the two capture stations. Results using fish released at their original capture location and those released in the center of the wetland indicated no difference between the observed and the expected number recaptured, with the expectation being equal numbers caught at each statio...
Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong

The Sino-British agreement and the resumption of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 have posed fundamental questions about the future of that state and the political and individual liberties which Hong Kong citizens will or will not enjoy under the new order. A fundamental question is whether a capitalist economy (guaranteed by the agreement) can exist in Hong Kong after 1997 without the supervisory role of the capitalist state and the implied relationship with the population. To explore this question it is necessary to know how the state in Hong Kong emerged, the measures it uses to attain its goals, and how autonomous it has been from Britain and China and from popular political demands. The author traces the history of the unreformed colony from when it was founded in 1841 till 1967, and then examines the 1967 riots, and the social and governmental reforms and the "relative autonomous" regime that followed. A chapter on the Sino-British negotiations and agreement looks at the resulting anxiety and turbulence in Hong Kong due to conflicting interests, and at the corporate state, aimed at reconciling those interests, which has been created since. In conclusion, the views of future developments held by the Chinese and British governments and leaders in Hong Kong are considered. Ian Scott has co-edited two books on the Hong Kong Civil Service.
The In-Terrorem Value of Science: Bisphenol-A Litigation and an Empirical Assessment of Science as a Collective Litigation Tool

This paper examines the role that science plays as a tool in collective litigation to substantiate claims. Scientific data and expert testimony are often included to buttress a claim and the admissibility of such evidence is often a conse-quence of the extant evidentiary rules and their application. The article will focus on the multidistrict litigation con-cerning Bisphenol-A (“BPA”) as a case study of the phenomena of scientific tailoring of evidence and its admissibility. BPA is a compound included in the synthesis of plastics and is found in food containers, plastic bottles, and ep-oxy-based coatings used to avert the rusting process of food containers. There is a negligible amount of BPA in several food and beverage products. Several countries along with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) have marshaled scientific studies that demonstrate the lack of any definable negative health effect attributable to an exposure to trace amounts of BPA. Notwithstanding the conclusions of these scientific inquiries, opponents have asserted that BPA exposure results in an alteration of embryonic hormone levels, thereby impacting their development and later reproductive function. This article will address these issues in addition to the salient question of what role science plays as a tool for collective litigation.
Predation on Mysis relicta by Slimy Sculpins (Cottus cognatus) in Southern Lake Ontario

Abstract Mysis relicta and Diporeia dominated the diet of slimy sculpins ( Cottus cognatus ) caught at depths of 55, 75, and 95 m at two locations in southern Lake Ontario. Length of prey was positively correlated with length of slimy sculpin. At a given depth, mean length of slimy sculpins was greater at Rochester than at Nine Mile Point, and mean length increased with depth at both locations. Frequency of occurrence of Mysis in the stomachs of slimy sculpins increased with depth, whereas frequency of Diporeia generally decreased with depth. Diporeia dominated the slimy sculpin diet at 55 m, whereas Mysis dominated the diet at 95 m. Slimy sculpins, some as small as 30 mm long, fed successfully on Mysis in Lake Ontario. We suggest that extirpation of the deepwater sculpin ( Myoxocephalus thompsoni ) and perhaps the coregonines ( Coregonus spp.) in Lake Ontario allowed slimy sculpins to expand into deeper areas where they could exploit Mysis . We also suggest that at depths ≥75 m in Lake Ontario, the current Mysis -benthivore link with slimy sculpins may be similar to the past when deepwater sculpins were present.
Fabrication of laser materials by laser-heated pedestal growth

Recent progress in rapid growth of high optical quality laser crystals is reported. Small rods of 1 to 3 mm diameter of singly or multiply doped garnets and fluorides can be grown at low cost for material evaluation and for use in diode pumping.
A note on the uses ofOpuntiaspp. in Central/North America

Abstract The genus Opuntia Miller includes a number of species which produce nutritious fruits and edible young joints used as vegetables. They are also used as forage crops. The fruits and joints are a popular food in Central/North America. They produce strong and vigorous plants in arid and semi-arid climates in which few other crops can survive. They protect against soil erosion, inhibit desert advancement and protect wild life. Their water-use efficiency make the Opuntia more efficient in converting water into dry matter than most grasses. Some species produce 26 t.ha −1 .year −1 .
PARTICIPATORY VERSUS LECTURE/DISCUSSION PRERETIREMENT EDUCATION: A COMPARISON

To evaluate an alternative to the lecture and discussion preretirement education model, employees were quasirandomly assigned to either a participatory learner course section, a lecture and discussion course section, or a nontreat‐ment control group. Each group was administered a pretest, a posttest, and a second questionnaire. The participatory learner group scored significantly higher than the lecture and discussion group on the 2 perceived involvement scales: perceived participation and perceived control. The participatory learner group scored higher than the lecture and discussion group on 1 of 3 information gain scales, 3 of 3 attitude gain scales, and 2 of 3 behavior gain scales. The participatory learner group scored significantly higher than the lecture and discussion group on 1 of those gain scales: attitudes toward retirement. Adjusting for either perceived participation or perceived control improved the scores of the lecture and discussion group vis‐a‐vis the scores of the participatory learner...
Effect of blood transfusion in an experimental sarcoma model.

Objective: To study the effect of allogeneic, syngeneic, and autologous blood transfusion on the growth rate of the KHT tumor in a C3H murine model. Design: Prospective, randomized, and controlled animal study. Subjects: Sixty-one C3H female mice. Interventions: The C3H female mice were implanted with 2 X 10 5 cells of KHT, a murine sarcoma. Ten days later, 0.3 mL of blood was removed from a retro-orbital site to simulate surgical blood loss. This blood loss was replaced by blood transfusion through a tail vein with the use of allogeneic (major histocompatibility complex incompatible), syngeneic (major histocompatibility complex compatible), or autologous blood. Tumor growth was measured daily for 14 days. The tumor growth curve for each of the animals was constructed and the mean slope of growth calculated for each group. Results: There were statistically significant differences in tumor growth rate (P=.001) when the allogeneic group (mean slope=0.232, n=14), the syngeneic group (mean slope=0.190, n=17), and the autologous group (mean slope =0.202, n= 14) were compared. A t test confirmed that there was no significant difference in the tumor growth rate between the groups transfused with syngeneic and autologous blood (P=.26). However, the rate of tumor growth in the allogeneic group was found to be significantly higher when independently compared with the syngeneic group (P<.001) and the autologous group (P=.02). Conclusions: In this experimental model of a solid murine sarcoma, allogeneic blood transfusion was associated with an increased rate of tumor growth compared with syngeneic and autologous blood transfusion, likely reflecting immunomodulatory effects incurred by the introduction of major histocompatibility complex-incompatible antigens.
Relative Importance of Adenosine A1and A3Receptors in Mediating Physiological or Pharmacological Protection from Ischemic Myocardial Injury in the Rabbit Heart

Abstract Although ischemic preconditioning (IP) in several species can be pharmacologically mimicked by selective adenosine A1or A3receptor agonists, it is currently unclear which receptor subtype (A1and/or A3) is physiologically involved in mediating IP. To investigate this question, we determined (a) the affinity of adenosine for rabbit adenosine A1and A3receptors, and (b) the effects of selective rabbit A1receptor blockade on IP and adenosine-mediated cardioprotection in a rabbit Langendorff model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Adenosine was 19-fold selective for inhibition of N6-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodobenzyl)adenosine (125I-ABA) binding to recombinant rabbit A1vrabbit A3receptors (A1Ki: 28 n m ; A3Ki532 n m ). Buffer-perfused rabbit hearts were exposed to 30 min regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion, and infarct size was measured by tetrazolium staining and normalized for area-at-risk (IA/AAR). Ischemic preconditioning (5 min global ischemia and 10 min reperfusion) or adenosine (20μm, 5 min) perfusion reduced infarct size (IA/AAR) to 17±3 and 14±2%, respectively (controls: 59±2%). Ischemic preconditioning and adenosine-mediated cardioprotection were completely blocked (57±2 and 61±4% IA/AAR, respectively) in the presence of a rabbit A1-selective concentration (50 n m ) of the antagonist BWA1433 (rabbit A1Ki: 3 n m ; A3Ki; 746 n m ). Thus, whereas recent studies have demonstrated that selective A1or A3receptor agonists can both pharmacologically mimic IP, the results of the present study suggest that the adenosine-mediated component of IP in the isolated rabbit heart is preferentially mediated by adenosine A1receptors, potentially due to adenosine's selectivity for this receptor subtype.
An "Incurable" schizophrenic: The case of Mr. X.

Mr. X, a schizophrenic, was evaluated by all his psychiatrists as “incurable” after several years of unsuccessful outpatient and two months of inpatient treatment, both with medications. Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) was strongly but pessimistically recommended. He was not eating, not sleeping, and continuously hallucinating. He began outpatient psychoanalytic therapy. All medications were stopped. After three days he began eating. After four months he began working at an intellectually demanding job. After two years he could be assured that he would never be psychotic again under normal stresses. But that was not good enough for him. He kept raising new issues: problems in living, difficulties writing his first book, psychosomatic problems, problems in enjoying ordinary pleasures, marital problems, undoing problems he had caused his son. The total treatment took 14 years. More than 20 years after the completion of treatment the patient sent a note indicating his continued professional accomplishments and thanking the therapist for “giving me my life back.”
Response of overhead lines of finite length to nearby lightning strokes

The response of overhead power lines of finite length to lightning strokes to nearby ground is analyzed. It is shown that terminating a short line with its surge impedance would not necessarily represent longer lines in its response to nearby lightning strokes. Multiple reflections at the line terminals of a short line not terminated by its surge impedance are generated even for lightning strokes perpendicular to the line. Lightning strokes beyond the line near the line axis may generate high voltages of short risetime. >
Replication-defective missense mutations within the terminal protein and spacer/intron regions of the polymerase gene of human hepatitis B virus

We have analyzed 11 independent mutations located at various domains of the polymerase gene (pol) of human hepatitis B virus. Surprisingly, one of the two missense mutants within the spacer/intron region appears to be lethal. This result further defines the N-terminal limit of the reverse transcriptase domain. Alternatively, it suggests the potential existence of a novel domain with an unknown function. Two missense mutations within the terminal protein (TP) domain appear to be replication-defective as well, suggesting a functionally essential role of the TP domain in DNA replication.
Magnetism in Thin Chromium Films

Torque magnetometer measurements show that the magnetic moment of mica sheets with Cr films 0.3 to 28 nm thick is smaller than the magnetic moment of the mica sheet at room temperature. This may mean that the average susceptibilities of the Cr films are negative, and of the order of −10−3 to −10−4, or that small magnetic moments form perpendicular to the plane of the Cr film. Both explanations cannot be reconciled with accepted models of the magnetic structure of chromium. Messungen mit einem Drehmomentmagnetometer zeigten, das das magnetische Moment von Glimmerplattchen mit 0,3 bis 28 nm dicken Cr-Filmen kleiner als das magnetische Moment des Glimmerplattchens bei Zimmertemperatur ist. Dies kann bedeuten, das die durchschnittliche Suszeptibilitat des Cr-Films negativ ist, mit Werten in der Grosenordnung von −10−3 bis −10−4, oder das kleine magnetische Momente normal zum Cr-Film entstehen. Beide Erklarungen widersprechen akzeptierten Modellen der magnetischen Struktur des Chroms.