cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advising and Progress in the Community College STEM Transfer Pathway

Community college students enrolled in science and technology fields face many challenges as they pursue transfer pathways to earn a 4-year degree. Despite clear links to student persistence, advising interactions that facilitate or inhibit transfer progress are not clearly understood. In this study, 82 community college students pursuing science and technology transfer-based programs of study participated in phenomenological interviews. Students described how professors, major advisors, and transfer office staff supported their progress by providing accurate information or referring them to helpful resources; students learned answers to unasked questions and stayed on track to transfer. Interactions impeded progress when initial advisors, in particular, provided misinformation, leading to frustration and costly delays. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Eliminativism and the ambiguity of ‘belief’

It has recently been claimed (1) that mental states such as beliefs are theoretical entities and (2) that they are therefore, in principle, subject to theoretical elimination if intentional psychology were to be supplanted by a psychology not employing mentalistic notions. Debate over these two issues is seriously hampered by the fact that the key terms ‘theoretical’ and ‘belief’ are ambiguous. This article argues that there is only one sense of ‘theoretical’ that is of use to the eliminativist, and in this sense some kinds of “belief” (dispositional states, infra-conscious states and the Freudian unconscious) are indeed “theoretical” and hence possible candidates for elimination, while others (consciously occurring thoughts like judgements and perceptualGestalten) are not theoretical and hence not candidates for elimination.
“There is more here than meets the eye!”: the use of final ou in two sequential positions in Mandarin Chinese conversation

Abstract An increasing number of studies of language and social interaction have begun to explore the phenomenon that parties to talk-in-interaction do not always speak their minds in a straightforward manner. Rather, for various interactional reasons, they may just allude to the action they intend to accomplish, in and through various linguistic or non-linguistic resources. By drawing on methodological practices from conversation analysis, this paper examines one of these resources in Mandarin Chinese: the final particle ou . It is shown that final ou and its attached utterance regularly occur in two kinds of sequential positions in spontaneous Mandarin conversation: (i) in first position where informing, reporting or story-telling is underway; and (ii) in responsive position where some implicit yet potentially negatively-valenced interactional work is being done. It is argued that despite these two seemingly distinct positions, the central usage of final ou is for the speaker to highlight the salience and newsworthiness of a focal event — commonly by alerting the recipient to the implication that “there is more here than meets the eye!”
Conjugation of synthetic peptides to proteins: quantitation from S-carboxymethylcysteine released upon acid hydrolysis.

Abstract A method described here for conjugating synthetic peptides to carrier proteins provides a convenient method for determining peptide-to-carrier protein rations. N -Bromoacetyl-containing peptides are reacted in situ with carrier proteins in which the disulfide bonds were reduced with tri- n -butylphosphine. At pH 7–8 and ambient temperature, the newly formed sufhydryl groups of the carrier protein react exclusively with the bromoacetyl moiety of the peptide to form conjugates having stable thio ether linkages. Acid hydrolyses of these conjugates release S -carboxymethylcysteine in amounts proportional to the amounts of peptides conjugated and thus allow determination of peptide-to-protein ratios.
Ice Growth from the Vapor at −5°C

AbstractResults are summarized and illustrated from a long series of experiments on ice growth from the vapor, nearly all in a very small range of conditions: −5°C, slightly below liquid water saturation, with minimal environmental gradients and no imposed ventilation. The temperature was chosen because c-axis ice needles grow in a narrow temperature interval there, which coincides with the temperature at which the Hallett–Mossop ice multiplication process operates most effectively, and one may suspect that this coincidence is likely to be meaningful. The ice growth habit is poorly reproducible in these conditions, dictating many runs with little change. Growth as plates can persist for hours, and two distinct types of needle growth occur, called sheath needles and sharp needles. Both are distinct from thin columns in that they taper to a point, with no discernible basal face. Both deviate slightly from parallel to the c axis. Sharp needles have been reported before, but only as occurring with an applied ...
Applying Gröbner basis techniques to group theory

Abstract We apply the machinery of Grobner bases to finitely presented groups. This allows for computational methods to be developed which prove that a given finitely presented group is not n -linear over a field k assuming some mild conditions. We also present an algorithm which determines whether or not a finitely presented group G is trivial given that an oracle has told us that G is n -linear over an algebraically closed field k .
The Stringent Response Mediated by (p)ppGpp Is Required for Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Its Survival on Tomato

The hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key pathogenicity factor in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000). In this study, the role of the second messenger (p)ppGpp on virulence and survival of DC3000 was investigated. Results have demonstrated that (p)ppGpp-deficient mutant (ppGpp(0)) of DC3000 exhibited lower levels of expression of the T3SS and genes of other virulence traits, such as coronatine toxin. The ppGpp(0) mutant of DC3000 was greatly impaired in causing disease and in growth in planta. Furthermore, (p)ppGpp was required for swarming motility, pyoverdine production, the oxidative stress response, as well as γ-amino butyric acid utilization. Screening of amino acids, major signals in activation of ppGpp biosynthesis, revealed that promoter activities of the avrPto gene could be either activated or suppressed by various amino acids in a ppGpp-dependent or -independent manner. Moreover, the ppGpp(0) mutant exhibited increased cell size and decreased survival on plant surfaces. Altogether, these findings indicate that ppGpp acts as an internal signal that regulates the T3SS as well as other virulence factors in pseudomonads and suggest that bacterial pathogens utilize intracellular messengers to sense environmental and nutritional signals for rapid, precise, and reversible control of their pathogenesis and survival.
Exercise-induced HSP27, HSP70 and MAPK responses in human skeletal muscle

Aim: The present work examined protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of intramuscular heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), heat shock cognate (HSC70) and HSP70 in human biceps brachii (BB) and vastus lateralis (VL) subsequent to two different exercises. Methods: Untrained subjects performed 50 high-force eccentric contractions with their non-dominant BB and ran downhill (−10°) for 30 min. The 48-h PX stress response was evaluated with immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Muscle damage was indicated indirectly at 48 h post-exercise (PX) [loss of mobility, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity]. Results: On the protein level, HSP27 and HSP70 increased significantly PX in the BB (384 and 227%, respectively; P < 0.01), but there were no significant HSP changes in the VL or in HSC70 in either muscle. The RT-PCR data complemented these findings: BB HSP27 and HSP70C mRNA levels increased (135 and 128%, respectively; P < 0.05); in the VL only HSP70B increased (206%; P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of e-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) increased significantly in the BB (226 and 200%, respectively; P < 0.05) but not in the VL, indicating activation of these pathways only after the resistance exercise. Conclusion: These data indicate that the PX HSP and mitogen-activated protein kinase responses are exercise-specific and local, not systemic. Further, only the resistance exercise induced HSP expression (protein and mRNA) and JNK/ERK activation at 48 h PX, suggesting that these molecules may be important to long-term skeletal muscle adaptations such as hypertrophy.
Light-mediated bioregulation of tillering and photosynthate partitioning in wheat

The influence of plant population density on spectral distribution of light received by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Coker 797) seedlings was measured under field conditions, and effects of red and far-red light on tillering and photosynthate partitioning were studied in controlled environments. Spectral distribution of light was measured in sunflecks at soil level in close-, intermediate-, and wide-spaced field populations during the tillering stage. Close-spaced seedlings received higher far-red/red light ratios than wide-spaced plants because of the larger amount of far-red reflected from green leaves of the more numerous nearby plants. The far-red/red light ratios in all population densities were higher in late afternoon than at noon. Close-spaced plants developed fewer tillers, less roots and longer leaves than wide-spaced seedlings under field conditions. In controlled environments, a higher far-red/red ratio during photosynthetic periods resulted in fewer tillers and longer leaves; whereas, brief red or far-red exposures at the end of each day had a more pronounced effect. Wheat seedlings that received 5-min exposures to far-red light at the end of the photosynthetic period each day for 20 consecutive days developed fewer tillers, longer leaves, less roots, and a higher shoot/root biomass ratio. The effects of far-red light were reversed by red light. The light spectral shifts associated with field plant population densities and the responses to red and far-red treatments under controlled environments suggest that phytochrome serves as a sensing mechanism that detects the amount of competition from other plants, and regulates the development of tillers and the partitioning of photosynthate between shoots and roots.
Objective evaluation of regional left ventricular wall motion during dobutamine stress echocardiographic studies using segmental analysis of color kinesis images

Abstract OBJECTIVES To test the feasibility of objective and automated evaluation of echocardiographic stress tests, we studied the ability of segmental analysis of color kinesis (CK) images to detect dobutamine-induced wall motion abnormalities and compared this technique with inexperienced reviewers of conventional gray-scale images. BACKGROUND Conventional interpretation of stress echocardiographic studies is subjective and experience dependent. METHODS CK images were obtained in 89 of 104 consecutive patients undergoing clinical dobutamine stress studies and were analyzed using custom software to calculate regional fractional area change in 22 segments in four standard views. Each patient’s data obtained at rest was used as a control for automated detection of dobutamine-induced wall motion abnormalities. Independently, studies were reviewed without CK overlays by two inexperienced readers who classified each segment’s response to dobutamine. A consensus reading of two experienced reviewers was used as the gold standard for comparisons. In a subgroup of 16 patients, these consensus readings and CK detection of wall motion abnormalities were compared with coronary angiography. RESULTS The consensus reading detected ischemic response to dobutamine in 43 of 1958 segments in 23 of 89 patients. Automated detection of stress-induced wall motion abnormalities correlated more closely with the standard technique than the inexperienced reviewers (sensitivity 0.76 vs. 0.55, specificity 0.98 vs. 0.94 and accuracy 0.97 vs. 0.92). When compared with coronary angiography in a subgroup of patients, analysis of CK images differentiated between normal and abnormal wall motion more accurately than expert readers of gray-scale images (accuracy of 0.93 vs. 0.82). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of CK images allows fast, objective and automated evaluation of regional wall motion, sensitive enough for clinical dobutamine stress data and more accurate than inexperienced readers. This method may result in a valuable adjunct to conventional visual interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiography.
Dynamics of propagating shear cracks

Abstract The energy balance theory for the fracture propagation in brittle and quasi-brittle materials is discussed in a toroidal region around the crack periphery. A simple form requiring the dynamic solution valid only around the crack front and the knowledge of the fracture energy is presented. The results are applied to the fracture of an infinite medium containing a central through crack and subjected to anti-plane shear loads at infinity.
Alcoholics’ Perceptions of Group Therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous

Summary Sixty-four alcoholics were asked to rate their perceptions of group therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous on thirty variables. Data from half of the subjects were collected by a recovering alcoholic; data from the other half of the subjects were collected by a non-alcoholic. When the recovering alcoholic served as experimenter, A.A. was rated as more socially desirable than group therapy and group therapy was rated significantly higher on negative attributes than A. A. When the non-alcoholic served as experimenter, group therapy and A.A. were rated about equally. Subjects significantly reported to the recovering alcoholic that they preferred A. A. as the treatment of choice; conversely they reported to the non-alcoholic that they preferred group therapy as the treatment of choice. The differences in alcoholics' perceptions of group therapy and A.A. were highlighted and discussed in terms of demand characteristics. How alcoholics perceived treatment was intimately tied to who did the asking.
Orientation dependence of void formation and substructure deformation in a spalled copper bicrystal

While numerous investigations have examined microstructural, substructural and damage evolution due to shock loading, few of these studies have directly linked substructural evolution as a function of crystallographic orientation with nucleation of damage during shock loading. In this work, quantitative characterization of damage and substructural evolution in bicrystal copper reveals that the density of dislocation cells based on activation of available slip systems due to Schmid factor analysis influences damage nucleation in copper.
Priming macropropositions: Evidence for the primacy of macropropositions in the memory for text

Subjects read paragraphs which contained explicit summarizing statements expressing a macroproposition. They were then given a word recognition test. When two words from the summarizing statement were presented on successive trials on the recognition test, responses to the second word were faster and more likely to be correct than for word pairs from a sentence from the microstructure of the text, which in turn were faster (but with equal error rates) than responses to test words from different sentences. When the summarizing statements were omitted from the paragraphs, macrowords had a higher false alarm rate and longer reaction times than thematically related distractor items, while thematically unrelated distractors produced the smallest false alarm rate and the fastest responses. These results were obtained whether or not subjects were required to write a summary before taking the recognition test. It was concluded that subjects form macrostructures during reading as an integral component of the comprehension process, and not just in response to certain task demands.
The open connectome project data cluster: scalable analysis and vision for high-throughput neuroscience

We describe a scalable database cluster for the spatial analysis and annotation of high-throughput brain imaging data, initially for 3-d electron microscopy image stacks, but for time-series and multi-channel data as well. The system was designed primarily for workloads that build connectomes---neural connectivity maps of the brain---using the parallel execution of computer vision algorithms on high-performance compute clusters. These services and open-science data sets are publicly available at openconnecto.me.The system design inherits much from NoSQL scale-out and data-intensive computing architectures. We distribute data to cluster nodes by partitioning a spatial index. We direct I/O to different systems---reads to parallel disk arrays and writes to solid-state storage---to avoid I/O interference and maximize throughput. All programming interfaces are RESTful Web services, which are simple and stateless, improving scalability and usability. We include a performance evaluation of the production system, highlighting the effectiveness of spatial data organization.
Habituation of somatosensory evoked potentials in the lemniscal system of the cat

Abstract Habituation and restoration of somatosensory evoked potentials were demonstrated at multiple selected sites in the lemniscal system of the cat. Potentials were evoked by minimal suprathreshold stimuli delivered at regular intervals to the skin of the forepaw. Evoked responses declined as a function of time in the medial lemniscus, the nucleus ventralis postero-lateralis of the thalamus, the somatosensory cortex, and the pyramidal tract, but responses did not decline in the presynaptic dorsal columns, indicating the importance of the first synaptic relay. We also observed habituation in ventro-basal thalamus to stimulation of dorsal columns and medial lemniscus, and habituation in the somatosensory cortex to stimulation of medial lemniscus and ventro-basal thalamus, although we never observed habituation of the response of the pyramidal tract to stimulation of the cortex. Thus, it seems likely that habituation is characteristic of each nuclear group and not exclusively of any specific ascending or descending pathway. It was also demonstrated that habituation will take place in: (1) subjects anesthetized with a high dosage of alpha chloralose; (2) in the locally anesthetized, curarized preparation; and (3) in subjects with prior dorsal column section. The theoretical implications of these results were discussed.
Serial-position curves in rats: Order memory for episodic spatial events

With the use of a recognition probe procedure, rats were trained to remember serial order of a four- or eight-item list (places on an eight-arm radial maze). The animals displayed a prominent “primacy” and “recency” effect, indicating a serial-position curve. The serial-position curve was more pronounced for the eight-item than for the four-item list. It is suggested that the “primacy” effect of serial-position curves is primarily a function of the utilization of controlled or effortful information processing. In addition, the data suggest a correspondence between animals and humans in the generation of serial-position curves for list learning.
Reactions of 13C-Labeled 4-Methyldibenzothiophene Carbonized with FCC Decant Oils

Two decant oils were spiked with 13C-labeled 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-13MDBT) and carbonized at 500 °C to study the reactivity of the 13C-labeled compound. A quantitative analysis of the reaction product maltenes was performed using GC/MS. The GC/MS was also used to estimate the isotopic enrichment in 13C of the reaction products. Data shows that demethylation and methylation of 4-MDBT are the principal reactions occurring during the early carbonization of the compound in the decant oils and that the molecular composition of the decant oils is an important factor in determining the extent of these reactions. Incorporation of 413MDBT into the solid phase (semicoke) is, therefore, attributed to an enhanced reactivity due to further alkylation of the molecule.
Observations of Low-Frequency Inertia-Gravity Waves in the Lower Stratosphere over Arecibo

Results are presented of a detailed analysis of the horizontal wind data in the subtropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, obtained with the 430-MHz radar at Arecibo (Puerto Rico) in May 1982 and April 1983. Both sets of observations displayed a slowly varying anticyclonically rotating persistent structure in the wind field just above the tropopause, of the type that would be expected if the oscillations were associated with quasi-inertial period waves. The quasi-inertial period structure in the Arecibo observations appears to be typical of the results of a number of other studies, indicating that quasi-inertial period waves are a ubiquitous feature in the lower stratosphere, similar to what is observed in the oceans.
Hepatic Injury Caused by L-Alpha-Methyldopa

L-alpha-methyldopa (Aldomet)-induced liver disease is a relatively mild and uncommon complication of therapy with this drug. Most commonly it is characterized by a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels, and increased Bromsulphalein retention. Elevation of the serum bilirubin may occur. In its most benign form the condition is usually symptomless, but complaints, such as anorexia, abdominal pain, or pruritus, and signs, such as fever or hepatomegaly, may occur. Histologic changes similar to those of viral hepatitis have been observed. The condition is usually benign and remits on withdrawal of the drug. Progressively more mild exacerbations on readministration of the drug suggest that desensitization may be possible in patients who exhibit hepatic abnormalities. Its low and sporadic incidence is typical of a hypersensitivity reaction. It is suggested that routine liver function tests should be undertaken at intervals during therapy. The occasional occurrence of Aldome...
Crystal Structure of Memapsin 2 (β-Secretase) in Complex with an Inhibitor OM00-3†

The structure of the catalytic domain of human memapsin 2 bound to an inhibitor OM00-3 (Glu-Leu-Asp-Leu*Ala-Val-Glu-Phe, Ki = 0.3 nM, the asterisk denotes the hydroxyethylene transition-state isostere) has been determined at 2.1 A resolution. Uniquely defined in the structure are the locations of S3‘ and S4‘ subsites, which were not identified in the previous structure of memapsin 2 in complex with the inhibitor OM99-2 (Glu-Val-Asn-Leu*Ala-Ala-Glu-Phe, Ki = 1 nM). Different binding modes for the P2 and P4 side chains are also observed. These new structural elements are useful for the design of new inhibitors. The structural and kinetic data indicate that the replacement of the P2‘ alanine in OM99-2 with a valine in OM00-3 stabilizes the binding of P3‘ and P4‘.
Should we allow children to visit ill parents in intensive care units

Visitation policies in intensive care units are very strict. These serve to protect the critically ill patient. Should children be allowed to visit an ill parent or sibling? The developmental status of each child should be considered. At all times, children should be accompanied by another family member during their visit. Nurses are invited to send in their own comments and to provide their experiences regarding having children visit patients in intensive care units.
Comparison of protease activity of four nuclear polyhedrosis viruses

Abstract Equal concentrations of polyhedrin from Heliothis armigera, Lymantria dispar, Pseudoplusia includens, and Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis viruses were assayed for protease activity using, as substrates, gelatin, azoalbumin, succinyl- l -phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide (Suphepa), and α-N-benzoyl- dl -arginine-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride. All polyhedrins were capable of hydrolyzing each substrate except Suphepa; the degree of hydrolysis varied, however, depending on the virus from which the polyhedrin was isolated. Furthermore, the order of activity of the polyhedrins was not the same with all substrates. The results suggest that the size and shape of the enzymes from the four viruses are probably similar, that there may be different enzymes or different concentrations of the same enzyme in the viruses tested, and that measurement of enzyme activity can provide an accurate means of distinguishing these viruses.
U.S. youth: A lost generation in the making?

The Great Recession wreaked havoc on fi nancial and labor markets across the globe. Offi cially dated December 2007 through June 2009, the U.S. recession, to various degrees, is still being played out. The focus of this piece is to look at trends in the U.S. youth labor market both during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession. As was the case in Europe, the unemployment rates of American youth increased dramatically over the downturn, and they remain high today. But were the increases in the U.S. outside of historical norms, and how do they compare to those experienced in Europe?
Axiomatizing software test data adequacy

A test data adequacy criterion is a set of rules used to determine whether or not sufficient testing has been performed. A general axiomatic theory of test data adequacy is developed, and five previously proposed adequacy criteria are examined to see which of the axioms are satisfied. It is shown that the axioms are consistent, but that only two of the criteria satisfy all of the axioms.
Conformal field theories: From old to new

We discuss the general problem of constructing the actions of new conformal field theories from old conformal field theories. As an example, we discuss the new spin-2 gauged sigma models that arise from the general conformal nonlinear sigma model.
Direct observation of surface oxide formation and reduction on platinum clusters by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in the Pt charge and the number of O and Pt nearest neighbors during the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of a dispersed Pt catalyst in real time. The oxidation at 1.20 V/SHE follows logarithmic kinetics over a period of 5 min with all three XAFS features ( N O , N Pt and the absorption peak) changing identically. However, the reduction at 0.10 V is well fitted by a single exponential on a similar time-scale with N Pt changing at half the rate at which N O and absorption peak are changing. When combined with the direct quantitative structural information obtained from XAFS, we find that these reactions on clusters apparently proceed by a different mechanism from that on bulk platinum electrodes in aqueous solution and also suggest a mechanism for the platinum restructuring during these reactions. Therefore the behavior of the clusters may differ from that of bulk electrode surfaces.
Classification of Asian Complainers in Restaurant Services

In restaurant businesses, customer dissatisfaction must be accounted for and thus avoided in order to generate revenue. In the literature, researchers have confirmed a positive relationship between complaint behaviour and consumer dissatisfaction. Three types of complaint behaviour have been discussed in previous studies: voice response, private response and third-party response. This study targeted Asian consumers (n = 300) and segmented them based on their complaint behaviour. These results signify that Asian internationals' complaint behaviour is not homogenous and can therefore be segmented in terms of their complaint behaviour. Personal characteristics as well as socio-demographics were also investigated with consumer complaint behaviour of research participants.
Political Theory and Political Science

Like Rachel, Jacob's beloved but still childless bride, who asked herself and the Lord each morning, “Am I?,” or “Can I?,” so presidents of this Association on these annual occasions intermittently ask, “Are we a science?,” or “Can we become one?” My predecessor, David Truman, raised this question last September applying some of the notions of Thomas Kuhn in his recent book on scientific revolutions. I shall be following in Truman's footsteps, repeating much that he said but viewing the development of the profession from a somewhat different perspective and intellectual history. My comments will be organized around three assertions.First, there was a coherent theoretical formulation in the American political theory of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Second, the development of professional political science in the United States from the turn of the century until well into the 1950's was carried on largely in terms of this paradigm, to use Kuhn's term. The most significant and characteristic theoretical speculation and research during these decades produced anomalous findings which cumulatively shook its validity.Third, in the last decade or two the elements of a new, more surely scientific paradigm seem to be manifesting themselves rapidly. The core concept of this new approach is that of the political system.
Fuzzy and probabilistic programs

In this paper, a general formulation of fuzzy programs or fuzzy algorithms is introduced. The relationship between this formulation and other existing formulations is studied.
Pulmonary Embolism Risk Following Upper Extremity DVT in a Single-Center Series of 500 Consecutive Patients

aneurysm neck but a right renal artery supplied from the body of the aneurysm. Given the severity of his pulmonary disease, risk of embolization of his renal arteries, as well as difficulty of cross-clamping the aorta with the horseshoe kidney, the decision was made to perform an EVAR with preservation of his right renal artery. The left common femoral artery aneurysm was excised and replaced with a 10-mm Dacron graft and an Endurant (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) main body deployed via the left common femoral artery. His iliac arteries were severely tortuous, making cannulation of the contralateral gate extremely difficult, so the gate was cannulated via left brachial access. An occlusion plug was used to occlude the gate and convert the endograft into an aortouniiliac system. The right renal artery was then serially stented with two iCAST (Atrium Medical Corp, Hudson, NH) stents, a Viabahn (W L Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) stent, and two Endurant limb extensions into the distal common iliac artery. A femoral-femoral bypass was then performed to provide left leg perfusion (Fig). Results: Completion angiography demonstrated straight-line flow from the aorta to the right iliac limb, across the femoral-femoral bypass with perfusion of the right renal artery via retrograde filling of the left common iliac artery with no evidence of a leak. Follow-up computed tomography at 2 weeks demonstrated filling of the right renal artery and entirety of the horseshoe kidney, with no evidence of endoleak. His creatinine remained at 0.9 postoperatively. Conclusions: Patients presenting with both AAA and horseshoe kidneys are rare, reported in the literature as only 0.12% of AAAs. This patient presented with the challenging anatomy of not only a horseshoe kidney but also a perirenal AAA. Options included reimplantation or ligation of the right renal artery, but would have necessitated an open surgery or worsened renal failure in this patient. The complex aneurysm repair chosen demonstrates an alternative method, allowing for preservation of the perfusion and function of his horseshoe kidney.
Two issues of authorship and influence in turn-of-the-century French linguistics

Abstract Our grasp of two important episodes in the history of linguistic science, with heightened attention riveted to the French arena, invites certain corrections or, at least, qualifications. First: semantics clad in its new grab was launched, almost a century ago, not by Breal in splendid isolation, but by the triumvirate A. Darmesteter/Littre/Breal, with the original gambits made before Littre's death in 1881. Second: medical, especially pathalogical, metaphors in the analysis of word histories, favored by J. Gillieron and his school of dialect geographers and diachronic lexicologists, go back to a once famous, but later practically forgotten essay by Littre, a scholar known for his finely chiseled style. This idiosyncrasy makes excellent sense once it has been placed in the framework of Littre's professional aspirations: for many years his dream was to become a medical doctor.
Thermoresponsive Core Polystyrene-Shell NIPAm Microgels

Abstract We report the investigation of a colloidal crystal array (CCA) of thermoresponsive colloidal core-shell microgels prepared via the emulsion polymerization method using polystyrene (PS) as a hard core and N,N,-methylene(bisacrylamide) (BIS) as a cross-linker with acrylic acid (AA) as a co-monomer with a soft-shell morphology. In this work, PS/NIPAm colloidal core-shell microgels were prepared and characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), particle size analyzer, and reflectance measurements. In situ measurement of reflectance with varying temperatures was carried out from 25° to 45°C using a special setup assembly with a temperature controller attached to the sample stand of the reflectance measurement instrument. PS core and PNIPAm shell morphology was confirmed by AFM analysis. The effect of varying mole of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) from 2.1 to 8.3 mmol while keeping the shell monomer ratio constant on the reflectance and particle size measurements with respect to temperature was invest...
A fourth class of anti-dysrhythmic action? Effect of verapamil on ouabain toxicity, on atrial and ventricular intracellular potentials, and on other features of cardiac function

Anti-dysrhythmic drugs can be classified as having three main classes of action; (1) direct interference with depolarization (local anaesthetic type); (2) anti-sympathetic action, by neurone blockade or transmitter competition; (3) delay of repolarization. Verapamil has recently been reported to be anti-dysrhythmic, but the present analysis of its pharmacological effects has indicated that this property cannot be attributed to any of the above three actions. It is speculated that it may possess a fourth class of action, interference with calcium conductance, with the implication that calcium currents may contribute to abnormal impulse formation.
The DNA Glycosylase/Lyase ROS1 Functions in Pruning DNA Methylation Patterns in Arabidopsis

Summary The Arabidopsis DNA glycosylase/lyase ROS1 participates in active DNA demethylation by a base-excision pathway [1, 2]. ROS1 has been shown to be required for demethylating a transgene promoter [1]. To determine the function of ROS1 in demethylating endogenous loci, we carried out bisulfite-sequencing analysis of several transposons and other genes in the ros1 mutant. In the wild-type, although CpG sites at the majority of these loci are heavily methylated, many of the CpXpG and CpXpX sites have low levels of methylation or are not at all methylated. However, these CpXpG and CpXpX sites become heavily methylated in the ros1 mutant. Associated with this increased DNA methylation, these loci show decreased expression in the ros1 mutant. Our results suggest that active DNA demethylation is important in pruning the methylation patterns of the genome, and even the normally "silent" transposons are under dynamic control by both methylation and demethylation. This dynamic control may be important in keeping the plant epigenome plastic so that it can efficiently respond to developmental and environmental cues.
Coordinated adaptation of oxygen transport in cardiopulmonary disease.

In chronic cardiopulmonary disease, functional impairment develops in all oxygen transport organs, regardless of the specific cause of the disease. Some abnormalities, such as pulmonary edema in heart failure or right ventricular failure in destructive lung disease, are direct consequences of the primary pathological process. Others, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction that cannot be fully ascribed to edema, electrolyte imbalance, or exogenous medication or fully reversed by physical training or supplemental oxygen, seem paradoxical and resemble changes during acclimatization to high altitude. To understand these secondary responses, the lung-heart muscle axis must be considered as an integrated unit. Then, it becomes apparent that oxygen transport is regulated like any other metabolic pathway, whether organized at a systemic, organ, cellular, or subcellular level, and it follows established principles of metabolic control. Of particular importance is the concept of coordinated adaptation, where a single disturbance in a multistep pathway triggers adaptation in other steps to seek new levels of functional equilibrium within the constraints imposed by the primary disorder. This article discusses (1) fundamental principles of metabolic control, (2) adaptive mechanisms in oxygen transport, (3) coordinated adaptation as a unifying concept to explain diverse secondary responses in disturbed oxygen transport and how seemingly paradoxical responses may, in fact, be beneficial if the underlying physiology is understood, and (4) clinical application of this concept to therapy. In a biological system, load is the flux through the system (Figure 1A), ie, rate of substrate conversion to the product or translocation from one point to another. Capacity is the maximum achievable load, and reserve is the difference between load and capacity. Across a wide range of systems and species, the capacity-to-load ratio is remarkably constant, suggesting a fundamental need for maintaining physiological reserves. When capacity is reduced but still adequate for the expected loads, …
Lymphocyte proliferative responses following immunization with human immunodeficiency virus recombinant GP160

Abstract Following immunization of healthy adult volunteers with baculovirus-derived HIV-1 gp160 vaccine (rgp160), we measured lymphocyte proliferation to rgp160, the V3 loop peptide of gp160, control proteins, and phytohaemagglutinin. Four persons received injections of 40 μg or 80 μg doses of rgp160 vaccine at times 0, and 1, 6 and 18 months; one additional volunteer received only three injections of vaccine. Vaccination with rgp160 induced lymphocyte proliferative responses to rgp160, but not to V3 loop peptide. Repeated injection of rgp160 even at low doses induced a cellular immune response which was not attributable to T-cell recognition of the V3 loop peptide.
Role of the regulatory agencies in the activities of the national toxicology program.

Abstract The NTP was created in 1978 by the Secretary, DHEW, to strengthen the Department's activities in the areas of toxicological testing of chemicals of public health concern and of methods development and validation. An Executive Committee composed of the heads of eight research and regulatory agencies provides advice to the Program. Because of the NTP the regulatory agencies now play a significant role in nominating and evaluating chemicals for various types of toxicological testing, in helping to design test protocols appropriate to regulatory endpoints, and in monitoring ongoing experiments on chemicals of concern. In addition, the regulatory agencies have supplied data for the first annual report on carcinogens, which was prepared by the NTP. This report to Congress contains information on production, exposure, and extent and effectiveness of federal regulations concerning chemicals known or reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens to which a significant number of persons in the United States are exposed. The role that this participation by the regulatory agencies plays in the direction and content of the NTP, as well as the potential benefits to both groups are discussed.
Sphere of sustainability: Lessons from the University of Utah's Global Changes and Society Course

AbstractGlobal challenges increasingly require interdisciplinary approaches to problem solving. This need should be facilitated by institutions of higher education. With increasing climatic and anthropogenic changes, graduate students must gain collaborative experience communicating and working across disciplines. The evolution of multidisciplinary problem-solving and global, sustainability-minded education provides the impetus for universities to reframe researchers’ understanding of the environment and reimagine the spheres of curriculum, research, teaching, outreach, culture, and management. This paper describes a successful multidisciplinary approach at the University of Utah, centered on the project-based Global Changes and Society course. This method has brought about changes within the university and improved linkages to the greater community. Of particular importance is the development and implementation of the course framework, which transitions over time to address region-specific sustainability...
Structural shape sensitivity analysis : relationship between material derivative and control volume approaches

The material derivative and control volume approaches for structural shape design sensitivity analysis are presented, analyzed, and compared. Starting with a continuum formulation and a general response functional needing sensitivity analysis, the two approaches are derived. It is shown that the final design sensitivity expression for one approach can be obtained from the final expression for the other. Thus, the two approaches are theoretically equivalent. Discretizations of the continuum expressions are presented, and it is shown that the two approaches can lead to different implementations for numerical calculations. A unified interpretation is developed in which the explicit design variations (partial derivatives with respect to the design variables) of the internal and external forces are the major calculations needed to implement the design sensitivity analysis. The discretized forms of the continuum sensitivity expressions are also compared with the ones obtained by starting with the discretized model ab initio. This comparison shows that these two approaches lead to similar expressions for numerical calculations. Therefore, the exact same procedures can be used for computer implementations for both of the approaches. The presented analyses give insights for implementation of the design sensitivity analysis theory with the finite element analysis programs.
Sleep and memory: retention 8 and 24 hours after initial learning.

Retention of nonsense syllables was tested in two groups of Ss: those having initial learning in the morning and those having initial learning at night immediately before sleep. These groups were subdivided so that recall was tested either 8 or 24 hrs after initial learning. As Jenkins and Dallenbach first demonstrated, retention was superior after 8 hrs for Ss when learned at night compared to those who learned in the morning. Retention with night learning was equal after 24 hrs to that observed after 8 hrs. Surprisingly, retention scores after morning learning were superior after 24 hrs to those observed after 8 hrs. Some possible interpretations of this result are advanced.
Does ethnicity matter? Descriptive representation in legislatures and political alienation among Latinos

Objective. This article uses a political empowerment approach to explore the effect that descriptive representation in legislatures has on levels of political alienation among Latinos. Methods. Using data from the 1997 Tomas Rivera Policy Institute post-election survey carried out in California and Texas, supplemented with data on the ethnicity of legislators serving each respondent, we test this political empowerment thesis. Results. The presence of Latino representatives in the state assembly, state senate, and/or U.S. House is associated with lower levels of political alienation among Latino constituents. The effect is modest, and we find that other factors—demographic, political, and ethnic-specific—also exert powerful influences on levels of political alienation among Latinos. Conclusions. Although finding modest evidence for the political empowerment thesis, descriptive representation alone is not a panacea for creating politically engaged personas among Latinos.
Accuracy limits for planar measurements of flow field velocity, temperature and pressure using Filtered Rayleigh Scattering

We present experimental results using Filtered Rayleigh Scattering to make planar measurements of velocity, temperature and pressure in ambient air and in a Mach 2 free jet. The ambient air measurements are used to identify and calibrate experimental uncertainties. The Mach 2 measurements demonstrate the usefulness of the technique for making accurate planar measurements in a high speed flow. The measured values for velocity, temperature and pressure in the Mach 2 jet ranged, through a shock system, from 205 to 235 m/s, 150 to 170 K and 700 to 1000 torr, with estimated uncertainties of ±5.4 m/s, ±3.2 K and ±38 torr (±2 to 3%, ±2% and ±4–5%, respectively).
A pilot study of the combination of interleukin-2-based immunotherapy and radiation therapy

A clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of combining radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Twenty-eight patients with metastatic cancer were treated with rapid fractionation radiation up to 2,000 cGy, followed within 24 h by a course of interleukin 2 (IL-2) at 720,000 IU/kg or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and IL-2 at 720,000 IU/kg. All patients tolerated treatment without any apparent increase in toxicity referable to the irradiation. Four patients had significant shrinkage of tumor at the irradiated site. Only two patients showed significant tumor shrinkage both inside and outside of the irradiated field. While rapid fractionation radiation can be safely administered in combination with immunotherapy, we observed no apparent synergy in antitumor effect in this small number of patients.
Alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding in mammalian brain: Differential labeling of agonist and antagonist states

Abstract [ 3 H]Clonidine, a α-noradrenergic agonist, and [ 3 H]WB-4101, a benzodioxan derivative α-antagonist, bind with high affinity and selectivity to membranes of rat brain in a fashion indicating that they label postsynaptic α-noradrenergic receptors. Binding for both ligands is saturable with K D values of 5 nM and 0.6 nM respectively for clonidine and WB-4101. The relative affinities of a series of phenylethylamines for binding sites corresponds well with their relative influences at α-receptors. Binding of both [ 3 H]-ligands is stereoselective with about a 50 fold preference for (-)-norepinephrine. Of a series of ergot alkaloids, only those with known α-receptor activity have high affinities for the binding sites. Binding does not involve pre-synaptic norepinephrine nerve endings, because after an 80% depletion of endogenous norepinephrine by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, no decrease can be detected in [ 3 H]clonidine and [ 3 H]WB-4101 binding. α-Agonists have much higher affinities for [ 3 H]clonidine than [ 3 H]WB-4101 sites, while the reverse holds true for α-antagonists. Mixed agonist-antagonist ergots have similar affinities for binding of the two [ 3 H]ligands. These data suggest that [ 3 H]clonidine and [ 3 H]WB-4101 respectively label distinct agonist and antagonist states of the α-receptor.
Development of a miniature shear sensing transducer

We have devloped a circular (12.7mm in diameter × 3.3mm thick) shear force sensing transducer consisting of two circular metal plates and two pin-shaped springs to measure the shear between the plantar surface and insole during ambulation. Shear force causes the top plate to move in the direction of the applied force. This movement forces a wedge to either increase or decrease the amount of light passing from an LED to a photodiode, relative to a change in the applied shear force. The operating range was from 0 to 180N shear, and could be altered by adjusting the metal spring stiffness and dimensions. The two transducer plates were assembled and bonded with silicone adhesive. Placement of the sensor into an insole allowed measurement of shear forces under the human foot during normal gait.