cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of PSGL-1 is critical for enterovirus 71 infection.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease, a common febrile disease in children; however, EV71 has been also associated with various neurological diseases including fatal cases in large EV71 outbreaks particularly in the Asia Pacific region. Recently we identified human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a cellular receptor for entry and replication of EV71 in leukocytes. PSGL-1 is a sialomucin expressed on the surface of leukocytes, serves as a high affinity counterreceptor for selectins, and mediates leukocyte rolling on the endothelium. The PSGL-1–P-selectin interaction requires sulfation of at least one of three clustered tyrosines and an adjacent O-glycan expressing sialyl Lewis x in an N-terminal region of PSGL-1. To elucidate the molecular basis of the PSGL-1–EV71 interaction, we generated a series of PSGL-1 mutants and identified the post-translational modifications that are critical for binding of PSGL-1 to EV71. We expressed the PSGL-1 mutants in 293T cells and the transfected cells were assayed for their abilities to bind to EV71 by flow cytometry. We found that O-glycosylation on T57, which is critical for PSGL-1–selectin interaction, is not necessary for PSGL-1 binding to EV71. On the other hand, site-directed mutagenesis at one or more potential tyrosine sulfation sites in the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 significantly impaired PSGL-1 binding to EV71. Furthermore, an inhibitor of sulfation, sodium chlorate, blocked the PSGL-1–EV71 interaction and inhibited PSGL-1-mediated viral replication of EV71 in Jurkat T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the results presented in this study reveal that tyrosine sulfation, but not O-glycosylation, in the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 may facilitate virus entry and replication of EV71 in leukocytes.
Optimal estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams

Optimal estimators are developed for computation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams. The estimators are a function of parameters, computed by use of generalized least squares, which simultaneously account for effects of streamflow, seasonal variations in average sediment concentrations, a dynamic error component, and the uncertainty in concentration measurements. The parameters are used in a Kalman filter for on-line estimation and an associated smoother for off-line estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations. The accuracies of the optimal estimators are compared with alternative time-averaging interpolators and flow-weighting regression estimators by use of long-term daily-mean suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow data from 10 sites within the United States. For sampling intervals from 3 to 48 days, the standard errors of on-line and off-line optimal estimators ranged from 52·7 to 107%, and from 39·5 to 93·0%, respectively. The corresponding standard errors of linear and cubic-spline interpolators ranged from 48·8 to 158%, and from 50·6 to 176%, respectively. The standard errors of simple and multiple regression estimators, which did not vary with the sampling interval, were 124 and 105%, respectively. Thus, the optimal off-line estimator (Kalman smoother) had the lowest error characteristics of those evaluated. Because suspended-sediment concentrations are typically measured at less than 3-day intervals, use of optimal estimators will likely result in significant improvements in the accuracy of continuous suspended-sediment concentration records. Additional research on the integration of direct suspended-sediment concentration measurements and optimal estimators applied at hourly or shorter intervals is needed. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary artery sarcoma: Another cause of sudden death

A patient hospitalized for recurrent syncope and dyspnea died suddenly before a definite clinical diagnosis could be established. At autopsy a large sarcomatous mass (undifferentiated type) was found to arise and totally occlude the pulmonary trunk without evidence of distant metastasis.
Oscillating solitons in a novel integrable model of asynchronous mode locking.

An integrable nonlinear Schrodinger equation incorporating time-varying phase modulation is presented. A family of solutions is identified, including solitons that oscillate in position and frequency. The equation is used to model steady-state asynchronous laser mode locking. Numerical simulations are used to verify the model and to explore the breakdown of the model as the product of pulse width and modulation frequency is increased.
Creative problem solving in the specification of information requirements

Information analysts today face new challenges from increasingly sophisticated endusers as well as increasingly complex managerial demands. For nonspecifiable problems that require creativity and innovation, the process of information requirements analysis (INRA) seems to require different forms of implementation and control than for the problems that apply to traditional operational and supervisory computer-based applications. This paper examines the processes of INRA and creativity in the context of problem type. It develops a model in which it is argued that user and developer collaboration and project management can be manipulated to provide the conditions for the level of creativity required by a specific problem type.
First report of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 in six wine grape cultivars in Idaho.

In recent years, wine grape (Vitis vinifera) acreage in Idaho has expanded because of favorable climatic conditions for premium wine production. Nearly 95% of the 491.7 ha (1,215 acres) of wine grapes are in the Snake River Valley with Canyon County accounting for 81% of the vines. Previous studies have shown that grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is the most widespread and economically significant virus disease in wine grapes in Washington and Oregon (1,2). However, little is known about the incidence and economic impact of GLD on wine grapes in Idaho. During the 2008 growing season, leaf samples were collected from approximately 25 individual grapevines of red-berried cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, and Petit Syrah) showing GLD symptoms and white-berried (Chardonnay) cultivars with suspected GLD symptoms growing in 10 geographically separate vineyards in Canyon County. An additional five samples were collected from a Lemberger block in Elmore County. Petiole extracts from these samples were...
Islamic Leaders in Uzbekistan

Despite the current Uzbek government's attempt to equate independent Islam with militant Islam, both forms of Islam are present in Uzbekistan. Independent Islamic leaders, by rejecting government propaganda and providing the general population sanctuary from authoritarian rule in their mosques and their communitities, are allies for those who seek political reform in Uzbekistan.
3DICs for tera-scale computing: a case study

TSV-based 3D chip stacking and integration technology was proposed more than twelve years ago. Since then the concept has gained tremendous traction with significant advances in the technology and planned system prototypes. The IP portfolio in 3D process, circuits, architectures, test and assembly peaked in year 2006. Today, multiple foundries offer a TSV process for 3DICs. Many design teams in academia and industry have been working towards a convincing 3D prototype that will demonstrate form factor reduction, heterogeneous integration and higher performance. However, the commercial success of true 3DICs has been limited to DRAM stacking.This presentation will introduce technology scaling trends and new challenges. We are at an I/O inflection point due to Tera-scale computing needs. The tutorial will describe the implication to memory bandwidth and present various options. 3DICs provide an excellent alternative to address the memory bandwidth issue by providing a large near-processor memory. In this presentation we will discuss architecture, floorplanning, power routing, IO circuits, test and assembly of a large prototype processor-memory 3DIC designed for Tera-scale applications. The presentation will conclude with a discussion on test, power delivery and thermal management issues related to 3D integration.
On the nature of inducing forms generating perceptions of illusory contours

Illusory contours of the Schumman/Kanisza type cannot be induced using forms defined solely by stereopsis, motion, or flicker. Two experiments using computer-generated random-dot stereo cinematograms support the notion that the inducing elements must be defined in the brightness domain for the illusion to occur.
The relationships between self-leadership and enhanced psychological, health, and work outcomes.

Abstract Two cross-sectional studies were conducted to examine the correlations between the concept of self-leadership (as described within the framework of the internal family systems model) and enhanced psychological, health, and work outcomes. In Study 1, self-leadership was significantly related to higher psychological functioning (e.g., effective coping style, greater optimism and hardiness, and less ineffectiveness and interpersonal distrust) and better health status (e.g., greater perceived wellness, less perceived stress, and fewer symptoms of illness) in a sample of university students (N = 270). In Study 2, in which a sample of corporate employees (N = 160) was examined, self-leadership was significantly related to greater perceptions of work satisfaction, enhanced communication, quality management, effective work relationships, and in terms of health outcomes, greater perceived wellness and less work stress. Implications of the relationships between self-leadership and psychological, health, an...
Unleashing the Technical Core: Institutional Theory and the Aftermath of Arthur Andersen

ABSTRACT: This paper uses the template of institutional theory to explore the impact of organizational de-legitimation on its technical core. To operationalize this, social network theory is used to guide an exploratory study of the diaspora of Andersen employees. The results suggest an unusually high degree of entrepreneurial activity is unleashed once the confining legitimacy of the organizational structure is dissolved. It also shows that the value of social capital possessed by Andersen professionals changed in character and possibly increased in value. The paper offers contributions to institutional theory and the practice of modern accounting.
Teaching Students Personal and Social Responsibility with Measurable Learning Outcomes

In 2005 the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) launched a national initiative that championed the importance of a twenty-first century liberal education. What was unique about this initiative was the underlying assumption that educating for personal and social responsibility was “core” for an educated citizenry and should be taught. So the question became, "How does higher education teach responsibility?" Student affairs divisions at Winthrop University and Rollins College approached this question by focusing on collaborative programs and student learning experiences in the curriculum and cocurriculum with the ability to measure outcomes.
Identification of A2B5+CD133- tumor-initiating cells in adult human gliomas.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have shown that human gliomas contain a small population of cells with stem cell-like features. It has been proposed that these "cancer stem cells" may be uniquely responsible for glioma formation and recurrence. However, human gliomas also contain an abundance of cells that closely resemble more differentiated glial progenitors. Animal model studies have shown that these cells also possess the capacity to form malignant gliomas. METHODS: To investigate the contributions of stem-like and progenitor-like cells in human gliomas, we used flow cytometry to characterize the expression of a cancer stem cell marker (CD133) and a glial progenitor marker (A2B5) in 25 tumors. We found that human gliomas consistently express A2B5 in a large percentage of cells (61.7 ± 3.8%, standard error of the mean). In contrast, CD133 expression was less abundant and less consistent (14.8 ± 3.6%, standard error of the mean), with several glioblastomas containing very few or no detectable cD133 + cells. When present, the CD133 + population was almost entirely contained within the A2B5+ population. Thus, most gliomas could be divided into three distinct populations on the basis of these markers (A2B5 + CD133 + , A2B5+CD133 - , and A2 B5-CD133 - ). To test the tumorigenic potential of these populations, we separated cells from six tumors by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and reinjected them into nude rats. RESULTS: We found that the capacity for these different populations to form tumors varied depending on the human tumor specimen from which they were isolated. Of the six human gliomas tested, four contained A2BS + /cD133 - cells that formed tumors when transplanted into nude rats, three contained A2B5+/CD133 + cells that formed tumors, and only one glioma contained A2B5 - /CD133 - cells with the capacity to form tumors. CONCLUSION: Together, these results demonstrate that human gliomas contain multiple populations of cells with the capacity to form tumors and specifically identify a population of tumorigenic A2B5 + cells that are phenotypically distinct from CDT 33 + cells.
cGMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE ANCHORING BY IRAG REGULATES ITS NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY

Abstract Type I cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression in some, but not all cell types; we hypothesized that nuclear translocation of PKG may be regulated by extra-nuclear anchoring proteins. The inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3 ) receptor-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG) binds to the N-terminus of PKG Iβ, but not PKG Iα, and in smooth muscle cells, IRAG and PKG Iβ are in a complex with the IP 3 receptor at endoplasmatic reticulum membranes, where the complex regulates calcium release [Schlossmann et al., Nature, 404 (2000) 197]. We found that co-expression of IRAG and PKG Iβ in baby hamster kidney cells prevented cGMP-induced PKG Iβ translocation to the nucleus, and decreased cGMP/PKG Iβ transactivation of a cAMP-response element-dependent reporter gene. These effects required the PKG Iβ/IRAG association, as demonstrated by a binding-incompetent IRAG mutant, and were specific for PKG Iβ, as nuclear translocation and reporter gene activation by PKG Iα was not affected by IRAG. A phosphorylation-deficient IRAG mutant that is no longer functionally regulated by PKG phosphorylation suppressed cGMP/PKG Iβ transcriptional activity, indicating that IRAG's effect was not explained by changes in intracellular calcium, and was not related to competition of IRAG with other PKG substrates. These results demonstrate that PKG anchoring to a specific binding protein is sufficient to dictate subcellular localization of the kinase and affect cGMP signaling in the nucleus, and may explain why nuclear translocation of PKG I does not occur in all cell types.
The Doni Madonna by Michelangelo: An Iconographic Study

In the Uffizi Museum in Florence there is a tondo by Michelangelo (Fig. 1). It depicts the Holy Family with nude figures in the middle ground, in a landscape setting. The picture is known as the Doni Madonna because Mary is the most prominent figure in it and because the tondo was painted for Michelangelo's friend Angelo Doni, a Florentine citizen.1 It has been dated 1503;2 but more recently 1505/63 and 1506/10.4 Although the subject of the painting is unusually interesting—many of its viewers have been puzzled by the peculiar relationship between the Holy Family and the nudes in the background—the iconography of the Doni Madonna has not been fully explored. The painting is important from its religious standpoint, as it presents Michelangelo's views on the roles of Mary, St. Joseph, and St. John the Baptist in human salvation, and on the immortality of the soul, proclaimed a dogma less than ten years after the work was painted. It is also an important artistic reflection of the philosophical system of Mar...
Is national defense a pure public good

This paper addresses the issue of whether national defense is a pure public good in the modern era of nuclear weapons. A test is conducted using data on two votes on Contra aid by the US House of Representatives in 1985 and 1988. Holding other things equal, distance of a representative's district from Managua is negatively related to the propensity to vote for Contra aid. National defense in this particular case is thus not a pure public good.
Epiphytic lichen indication of nitrogen deposition and climate in the northern rocky mountains, USA

Lichen bioindication can provide economical and spatially extensive monitoring of climate and pollution impacts on ecological communities. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling of lichen community composition and generalized additive models to analyze regional climate and pollution gradients in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S. Temperature extremes, relative humidity, and N-deposition were strongly related to lichen community composition. Eutrophic species (genera Physcia, Xanthomendoza, and Xanthoria) were associated with high N deposition, low precipitation, and temperature extremes. Estimated N deposition in our study ranged from <0.5 to 4.26 kg N ha−1 year−1 with degradation to lichen communities observed at 4.0 kg N ha−1 year−1, the indicated critical load. The resulting model can track changes in climate and N pollution related to lichen communities over time, identify probable sensitive or impacted habitats, and provide key information for natural resource management and conservation. The approach is broadly applicable to temperate ecosystems worldwide.
An evaluation of occlusal indicator wax.

0 cclusal indicator wax is often used to determine occlusal contacts. These strips of 28-gauge casting wax have been treated on one surface with an adhesive and on the other surface with a release agent.’ The transparent green wax is 0.4 mm thick, 44 mm long, and 11 mm wide. The contrast of the wax against teeth and dental restorations makes visual location of occlusal contacts possible. Areas of occlusal contact are marked with a special wax pencil. Although occlusal indicator wax has been used since 1956, its validity as an indicator has been evaluated only by clinical judgment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of occlusal indicator wax compared with the indicating qualities of another medium.
Drinking with the derby girls: Exploring the hidden ethnography in research of women’s flat track roller derby

This paper explores Blackman’s concept of ‘hidden ethnography’ with respect to drinking alcohol by and with participants during ethnographic research of a women’s flat track roller derby league. A ...
Use of the Leiter International Performance Scale with Aphasic Children

The clinical utility of the Arthur Adaptation of the Leiter International Performance Scale (LIPS) was investigated in a sample of 100 children with either developmental or acquired aphasia. Test-r...
Evaluating the Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on the Perpetrator: The Perceived Consequences of Domestic Violence Questionnaire

Surprisingly, little is known about how IPV perpetrators perceive the conse quences of their violent behavior. This article describes the development and evaluation of the Perceived Consequences of Domestic Violence Questionnaire (PCDVQ). The PCDVQ is a 27 item self report instrument designed to assess the consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) as perceived by the perpetrator. Data from 124 nontreatment seeking, male, IPV perpetrators recruited from the community provided support for the internal consistency of the PCDVQ. Participants reported an average of 9.97 (SD = 4.57) consequences. Scores on the PCDVQ significantly predicted motivation for change, beta =.19, t(113) = 2.03, p < .05, and treatment seeking, chi(2)(df = 1) = 10.79, p < .01, odds ratio = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.10 1.46). Clinical implications of this instrument are discussed.
The effect of nursing on neurohypophyseal hormone and prolactin secretion in human subjects.

The effect of nursing on plasma levels of oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and PRL was studied in six normal women 2–3 days post partum. Maternal blood samples were obtained for measurement of OT, AVP, PRL, sodium, and osmolality 3 and 0 min before suckling, at 3-min intervals for 15 min during suckling, and 5 min after completion of suckling. Plasma OT rose during suckling from a mean (± SEM) baseline value of 1.1 ± 0.2 to 3.6 ± 0.6 eU/ml by 3 min (P < 0.001), reached a peak level of 6.4 ± 1.5 /eU/ml by 6 min (P < 0.005), and remained elevated for the entire 15-min period of suckling. Serial measurements of plasma OT during suckling failed to show a pattern consistent with episodic secretion. The baseline plasma AVP concentration was 0.4 ±0.1 eU/ml and was not significantly altered by suckling. Plasma sodium and osmolality remained unchanged during the suckling period. The baseline serum PRL level was 268 ± 24 ng/ml and rose to 362 ± 31 ng/ml after 15 min of suckling (P < 0.05). The data sugges...
A study of the development of human circadian periodicity.

Extract: Circadian pericdicity of body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure has been studied in 143 patients. The ages of the patients varied from 3 months to 21 years. A type of power spectrum analysis was used to reduce the data to a single quantity for each of the five measurements in each patient. This quantity was examined by various methods of statistical analysis such as correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. Evidence from these ananlyses suggested that a single circadian periodicity indicator could be calculated for each patient by combining the variance in circadian periodicity for temperature, pulse, respiration, and systolic blood pressure. Analysis of this indiactor, ‘composite corcadian periodicity’, revealed highly significant correlations with age, mean levels of the physiological measurements, and duration of the study. The relation with age was best defined by a third-degree polynomial equation. The smoothed wave that was derived from the data demonstrated a peak in composite circadian periedicity at 6 years of age, with a tendency to form a plateau at about 16 years of age. Speculation: A rational extension of this study would be to apply the data to the investigation of human diease. Although ‘normal ranges’ for age are published for tempertature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure [1, 8], many physicians modify these intuitively (lowered body temperature during the early morning hours, higher temperatures during the late afternoon and early evening). It would seem appropriate to develop normograms for these functions that incorporate the changes in mean level that occur with age, sex, and time of the day. In this way, the increased periodicity demonstrated in the child of 5 or 6 years of age, as well as the decreased periodicity in the younger and older subjects, would be accounted for in the normograms. The practicality of these techniques could be tested in computer-oriented diagnostic evaluations.
Ozone inhibits endothelial cell cyclooxygenase activity through formation of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that a 2H exposure of cultured pulmonary endothelial cells to ozone (0.0–1.0 ppm) in-vitro resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of endothelial prostacyclin production (90% decrease at the 1.0 ppm level). Ozone-exposed endothelial cells, incubated with 20 uM arachidonate, also demonstrated a significant inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis. To further examine the mechanisms of the inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis, bovine pulmonary endothelial cells were exposedto 1.0 ppm ozone for 2H. A significant decease in protacyclin synthesis was found within 5 min of exposure (77 ± 36% of air-exposed control values, p 2 resulted in restoration of essentially normal prostacyclin synthesis. When endothelial cells were co-incubated with catalase (5U/ml) during ozone exposure, no inhibition of prostacycline synthesis was observed. Co-incubation with either heat-inactivated catalase or superoxide dismutase (10U/ml) did not affect the ozone-induced inhibition of prostacycline synthesis. These data suggest that H 2 O 2 is a major toxic species produced in endothelial cells during ozone exposure and responsible for the inhibiton of endothelial cyclooxygenase activity.
Congenital heart disease in the adult: 2004

Until recently, the population of adults with congenital heart disease has been small, with little impact on the overall practice of radiology. The number of patients remained stable over the years because the birth rate of children with cardiac anomalies varies little and, in the absence of effective means for treatment, so does the annual death rate. This has changed radically in the last five or so decades because of advances in open heart surgery, anesthesiology, and cardiac imaging techniques. Most conditions that used to be almost automatically fatal in the first years of life can now be corrected or successfully palliated so that, at present, in this country about 85% of all infants with congenital heart disease survive into adult life [1]. Using statistics from the mid-1980s forward, it has been estimated that in the year 2000 there were about 787,000 patients with congenital heart disease of all degrees of severity in the United States, treated and untreated, but excluding the numerous cases of isolated bicuspid aortic valve [2]. This number increases by about 5% each year and almost certainly exceeds 1 million as of 2004 and continues to enlarge. Although correction of a lesion may re-establish a relatively normal pattern of blood flow, more than half of adult survivors are at significant risk for developing complications either from their operative procedures or from lingering effects of the original lesion. Many of these complications can be managed effectively or corrected if detected promptly. Patients with congenital heart disease, regardless of their stage of treatment, should be followed with periodic examinations. Because most of these examinations and those related to episodes of intercurrent disease include radiograph studies, it is likely that most radiologists at one time or another are involved with the care of congenital cardiac patients.
Alterations in Circulatory and Renal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Fetal Programmed Hypertension

Antenatal betamethasone treatment is a widely accepted therapy to accelerate lung development and improve survival in preterm infants. However, there are reports that infants who receive antenatal glucocorticoids exhibit higher systolic blood pressure in their early adolescent years. We have developed an experimental model of programming whereby the offspring of pregnant sheep administered clinically relevant doses of betamethasone exhibit elevated blood pressure. We tested the hypothesis as to whether alterations in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, and neprilysin in serum, urine, and proximal tubules are associated with this increase in mean arterial pressure. Male sheep were administered betamethasone (2 doses of 0.17 mg/kg, 24 hours apart) or vehicle at the 80th day of gestation and delivered at term. Sheep were instrumented at adulthood (1.8 years) for direct conscious recording of mean arterial pressure. Serum and urine were collected and proximal tubules isolated from the renal cortex. Betamethasone-treated animals had elevated mean arterial pressure (97±3 versus 83±2 mm Hg; P
Observations of nuclear reactors on satellites with a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope.

Four Soviet nuclear-powered satellites flying over a double Compton gamma-ray telescope resulted in the detection of gamma rays with 0.3-8.0 MeV energies on April 15, 1988, as the balloonborne telescope searched, from a 35-km altitude, for celestial gamma-ray sources. The satellites included Cosmos 1900 and 1932. The USSR is the only nation currently employing moderated nuclear reactors for satellite power; reactors in space may cause significant problems for gamma-ray astronomy by increasing backgrounds, especially in the case of gamma-ray bursts.
Metasomatism and fluid flow in ductile fault zones

Observed major element metasomatism in 5 amphibolite facies ductile fault zones can be explained as the inevitable consequence of aqueous fluid flow along normal temperature gradients under conditions of local chemical equilibrium. The metasomatism does not require the infiltration of chemically exotic fluids. Calculations suggest that metasomatized ductile fault zones are typically infiltrated by ∼105 moles H2O/cm2, fluid flow is in the direction of decreasing temperature, and fluids contain about 1.0 molal total chloride. Where available, stable isotopic alteration data confirm both flow direction and fluid fluxes calculated from major element metasomatism. The fluid fluxes inferred from metasomatism do not require large-scale fluid recirculation or mantle sources if significant lateral fluid flow occurs in the deep crust. Time-integrated fluid fluxes are combined with estimates of flow duration to constrain average flow rates and average permeabilities. Rocks in ductile fault zones are probably much more permeable during metasomatism (average permeabilities of 10-17 to 10-15 m2) than rocks normally are during regional metamorphism (10-21 to 10-18 m2). Estimated average fluid flow rates (3.5×10-3 to 0.35 m/yr) are insufficient, however, to significantly elevate ambient temperatures within ductile faults. Fluid flow in the direction of decreasing temperature may increase the ductility of silicate rocks by adding K to the rocks and thereby driving mica-forming reactions.
The religious conversion and race of a prisoner: Mock parole board members' decisions, perceptions, and emotions

Parole board members (PBMs) decide whether to release inmates on parole. Decisions may be affected by in-group bias or stereotypes regarding religion and race. Two experiments investigated whether religious conversions/secular lifestyle changes and race affect mock PBMs' release decisions, emotions, and perceptions. Mock PBMs read a case file of an inmate who was eligible for parole and decided whether to grant parole. Study 1 manipulated whether the inmate had converted to Christianity or Islam, had a secular lifestyle change, or had no lifestyle change. Study 2 also varied race (African American or Caucasian). Race was not a significant factor, possibly because the manipulation was not strong enough to influence participants or because participants did not want to appear racist. Conversions to Islam and Christianity impacted the parole decision, and effects were mediated by believability of the conversion. Secular lifestyle changes affected release decisions and were mediated by perceptions of the inmate and beliefs about his likelihood of recidivism. Such inmates were the most likely to be released and were perceived most positively; their conversions were the most believable. Inmates who made no changes were perceived least positively, indicating that any lifestyle change is better than none. Importantly, no bias towards either religion (Islam, Christianity) was found. Furthermore, conversion type affected how scared PBMs were of the inmate, but this fear did not impact release decisions.
High-valent manganese in polyoxotungstates-1. Manganese(IV) keggin derivatives

Abstract Aqueous and non-aqueous soluble salts of manganese(IV)-containing Keggin polyoxotungstates [(XO 4 )W 11 Mn IV O 36 H x ] n − (X  Si, B, and Zn) have been prepared by chemical and electrolytic oxidation of corresponding manganese(II) or manganese(III) anions, and have been characterized by magnetic susceptibilities, ESR and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), in addition to conventional elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The crystal structure of dark brown K 7 [(ZnO 4 )W 11 Mn IV O 36 H] · 19H 2 O ( I ) was determined by X-ray diffraction and reveals a disordered Keggin anion. Manganese EXAFS investigation of I and the corresponding manganese(II) complex, which contains a terminal Mn II OH 2 group, strongly indicates that I contains Mn IV OH ( r Mn O ≈ 1.82 A) rather than Mn IV O.
Cardiovascular abnormalities following surgery for left-to-right shunts. Observations in atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus.

Seventy-two patients with left-to-right shunts were studied an average of 5 years after operation. Persistent residual shunts occurred in 24 of the 72 patients and were unsuspected clinically in 11. While significant residual shunts were usually suspected in the group with ventricular septal defects (VSD), residual shunts in the group with atrial septal defects (ASD) were frequently unsuspected. Abnormalities in pulmonary vascular reactivity as determined by excessive responses to hypoxia or exercise, or both, were noted in a significant number of cases of VSD and patent ductus arteriosus. Such unusual reactivity was not seen as frequently in the ASD group. Low cardiac output responses to exercise were noted in nearly half of the patients. These studies illustrate the importance of long-term follow-up hemodynamic studies on postoperative patients with left-to-right shunts and indicate the necessity for exercise and hypoxia studies in addition to resting observations.
A multicenter phase II study of cisplatin, pemetrexed, and bevacizumab in patients with advanced malignant mesothelioma

Abstract Introduction Malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells express the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, and VEGF protein expression is detected in a majority of human mesothelioma biopsy specimens. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of VEGF to its receptor. We evaluated the addition of bevacizumab to cisplatin and pemetrexed as first-line treatment in patients with advanced, unresectable MM. Methods Previously untreated MM patients with advanced, unresectable disease received cisplatin (75mg/m 2 ), pemetrexed (500mg/m 2 ), and bevacizumab (15mg/kg) intravenously every 21days for a maximum of 6cycles. Patients with responsive or stable disease received bevacizumab (15mg/kg) intravenously every 21days until progression or intolerance. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival rate at 6months. Results 53 patients were enrolled at 4 centers; 52 were evaluable for this analysis. The progression-free survival rate at 6months was 56% and the median progression-free survival was 6.9months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3–7.8months). The partial response rate was 40% and 35% of patients had stable disease. Median overall survival was 14.8months (95% CI; 10.0–17.0months). Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia in 11%, hypertension in 6%, and venous thromboembolism in 13% of patients. Conclusion This trial evaluating the addition of bevacizumab to cisplatin and pemetrexed in patients with previously untreated, advanced MM failed to meet the primary endpoint of a 33% improvement in the progression-free survival rate at 6months compared with historical controls treated with cisplatin and pemetrexed alone.
A practitioner, a vender, and a researcher walk into a bar: trying to explain what researchers do

Practitioners, venders, and researchers form three influential groups within the WSC community. The groups depend upon each other, yet not-enough interaction exists. Researchers, in particular, have difficulty explaining their culture and contributions. This paper is an attempt at such an explanation.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Synergizes with Insulin in Human Adipose Stem Cell-Derived (hASC) Adipocytes

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has evolved as a major metabolic regulator, the pharmacological administration of which causes weight loss, insulin sensitivity and glucose control in rodents and humans. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which FGF21 exerts its metabolic effects, we developed a human in vitro model of adipocytes to examine crosstalk between FGF21 and insulin signaling. Human adipose stem cell-derived (hASC) adipocytes were acutely treated with FGF21 alone, insulin alone, or in combination. Insulin signaling under these conditions was assessed by measuring tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (InsR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and serine 473 phosphorylation of Akt, followed by a functional assay using 14C-2-deoxyglucose [14C]-2DG to measure glucose uptake in these cells. FGF21 alone caused a modest increase of glucose uptake, but treatment with FGF21 in combination with insulin had a synergistic effect on glucose uptake in these cells. The presence of FGF21 also effectively lowered the insulin concentration required to achieve the same level of glucose uptake compared to the absence of FGF21 by 10-fold. This acute effect of FGF21 on insulin signaling was not due to IR, IGF-1R, or IRS-1 activation. Moreover, we observed a substantial increase in basal S473-Akt phosphorylation by FGF21 alone, in contrast to the minimal shift in basal glucose uptake. Taken together, our data demonstrate that acute co-treatment of hASC-adipocytes with FGF21 and insulin can result in a synergistic improvement in glucose uptake. These effects were shown to occur at or downstream of Akt, or separate from the canonical insulin signaling pathway.
A Technique for Lock-Less Mirroring in Parallel File Systems

As parallel file systems span larger and larger numbers of nodes in order to provide the performance and scalability necessary for modern cluster applications, the need for fault-tolerance and high data availability file systems has arisen. Modern parallel file systems spanning tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers will require fault tolerance to avoid job failure and catastrophic data loss due to a single disk failure or server loss. Effective fault tolerance in parallel file systems must provide a high degree of data resiliency, consistency, and scalable performance. In this paper, we describe a data replication technique that meets the resiliency and consistency requirements of parallel file systems and provides scalable performance. We measure the performance of our proposed mechanism by implementing it in a popular
Correlates of perceived care comfort with an EMS professional having a legal conviction.

Objectives: The first objective was to examine the outcome of how comfortable a potential EMS-caller would be receiving care from an out-of-hospital-care EMS professional who might have a legal conviction. A second objective was to test for correlates that would explain this outcome. Methods: In the autumn of 2010, a structured phone survey was conducted. To maximize geographical representation across the contiguous United States, a clustered, stratified sampling strategy was used based upon US Postal Service zip codes. Results: Of the 2,443 phone calls made, 1,051 (43%) full survey responses were obtained. Data cleaning efforts reduced the total to 929 in the final model regression analysis. Results revealed significant public discomfort in receiving care from EMS professionals who may have such a conviction. In addition, respondents who are less educated and older more strongly (1) agree that EMS professionals should have their licenses revoked for wrongdoing; (2) agree EMS professionals should be screened before being hired; (3) perceive EMS credentials to be important; (4) support a lawsuit for improper care; and (5) are collectively less comfortable with being cared for by an EMS professional who may have a legal conviction. Reliable scales were found for future research use. Conclusion: There is significant public discomfort in receiving care from EMS professionals who may have a legal conviction. The results of this study provide increased impetus for the careful screening of EMS professionals before they are hired or allowed to be volunteers. Beyond this due diligence, the results serve as a reminder for increased EMS provider awareness of the importance of exhibiting professionalism when dealing with the public.
Design and Control of Paired Mobile Robots Working Across a Thin Plate With Application to Aircraft Manufacturing

A pair of mobile robots acting on opposite sides of a thin plate is developed for a class of tasks where robots have to work together, carrying a pair of end-effectors and traversing across a plate surface. Using powerful magnets, the paired robots attract each other, support themselves against gravity, and generate traction force to move across the panel. First, the design concept of paired mobile robots is presented, followed by dynamic modeling and magnetic analysis. Conditions for preventing the robot from falling as well as from slipping on the plate surface are examined. Time-optimal control of the paired robots subject to the no-fall, no-slip conditions is formulated and solved numerically. Precision positioning control using a laser beacon is designed and tested. A prototype of the paired robots using Halbach array permanent magnets and Lorentz force actuators is developed, and the control methods are implemented and tested on the prototype.
Integration of LED's and GaAs circuits by MBE regrowth

Fully processed VLSI GaAs MESFET circuits, available through the MOSIS service, have recently been shown to be electrically stable after 3-h thermal cycles at 500/spl deg/C. It is therefore feasible to epitaxially regrow photonic device heterostructures directly on high-density electronic circuits yielding monolithic optoelectronic VLSI circuits. The MBE growth, planarization, and LED fabrication of the first optoelectronic circuit using this novel integration technique are described. >
Parallel Program Trace Extrapolation

Trace driven simulation has been shown to be an effective means of studying the detailed effect of a program on a specific execution architecture, particularly for memory systems. The technique often depends on taking a trace on one configuration of a machine, then effectively extrapolating the trace so that it represents the detailed behavior of the program on a related configuration. This paper proposes a hierarchical framework in which to study the effects of program non-determinism on program executions. Our goal is to ultimately characterize the complexity of trace extrapolation. We present some preliminary results and applications of the framework to related problems.
Triplet excitons in selected chalcogenide crystals and glasses

Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments in crystalline As2Se3 provide detailed evidence for the existence of triplet excitonic states in some layered chalcogenide crystals. Comparisons with analogous optical absorption, luminescence, and ODMR measurements in glassy chalcogenides, such as As2Se3, As2S3, and alloys of these two glasses with copper suggest the presence of similar excitonic states in these materials.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
‘You'll Love This One…’ An Exploration Into Joke-Prefacing Devices

Humour is an important social phenomenon. Humorous people are likely to be perceived as spontaneous, honest and likeable (Kane, Suls & Tedeschi, 1972), and the tactical use of humour can enhance a speaker's persuasiveness and credibility, reduce tension, demonstrate solidarity, and provide pleasure (Civikly, 1983; Gruner, 1978). Generally, studies of humour have focused on theories of humour appreciation applied to incongruity resolution, arousal reduction and superiority (McGhee & Goldstein, 1983; Suls, 1983; Wicker et al., 1981; Zillmann, 1983). However, little is known about humour types, social functions, or introductions. Since most joke recountings function to promote ‘positive face’ (Brown & Levinson, 1978), it is highly probable that jokes are adapted to audiences by preface devices which explicitly affirm their purpose as a means of gaining positive face. How humour is prefaced, then, may reflect its social function. Thus, this paper explores joke-prefacing devices and joke types, and how both re...
Ensemble PDP-8: eight principles for distributed portals

Ensemble, the National Science Digital Library (NSDL) Pathways project for Computing, builds upon a diverse group of prior NSDL, DL-I, and other projects. Ensemble has shaped its activities according to principles related to design, development, implementation, and operation of distributed portals. Here we articulate 8 key principles for distributed portals (PDPs). While our focus is on education and pedagogy, we expect that our experiences will generalize to other digital library application domains. These principles inform, facilitate, and enhance the Ensemble R&D and production activities. They allow us to provide a broad range of services, from personalization to coordination across communities. The eight PDPs can be briefly summarized as: (1) Articulation across communities using ontologies. (2) Browsing tailored to collections. (3) Integration across interfaces and virtual environments. (4) Metadata interoperability and integration. (5) Social graph construction using logging and metrics. (6) Superimposed information and annotation integrated across distributed systems. (7) Streamlined user access with IDs. (8) Web 2.0 multiple social network system interconnection.
Mathieu urethroplasty with preputial reconstruction and urethral stent urine drainage

Foreskin reconstruction and urethral stent urine drainage were used successfully in 17 Mathieu urethroplasties. No significant complications occurred. The techniques and their advantages are outlined.
Editorial---Causality, Unintended Consequences and Deducing Shared Causes

Despite warnings against inferring causality from observed correlations or statistical dependence, some articles do. Observed correlation is neither necessary nor sufficient to infer causality as defined by the term's everyday usage. For example, a deterministic causal process creates pseudorandom numbers; yet, we observe no correlation between the numbers. Child height correlates with spelling ability because age causes both. Moreover, order is problematic---we hear train whistles before observing trains, yet trains cause whistles. Scientific methods specifically prohibit inferring causal theories from specific observations i.e., effects because, in part, many credible causes are perfectly consistent with available observations. Moreover, actions inferred from effects have more unintended consequences than actions based on sound deductive causal theories because causal theories predict multiple effects. However, an often overlooked but key feature of these theories is that we describe the cause with more variables than the effect. Consequently, inductive processes might appear deductive as the number of effects increases relative to the number of potential causes. For example, in real criminal trials, jurors judge whether sufficient evidence exists to infer guilt. In contrast, determining guilt in criminal mystery novels is deductive because the number of clues i.e., effects is large relative to the number of potential suspects i.e., causes. We can make inferential tasks resemble deductive tasks by increasing the number of effects i.e., variables relative to the number of potential causes and seeking a shared cause for all observed effects. Moreover, under some conditions, the method of seeking shared causes might approach deductive reasoning when the number of causes is strictly limited. At least, the resulting number of possible causal theories is far less than the number generated from repeated observations of a single effect i.e., variable.