cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Packaged digital holographic data storage with fast access

Recent investigations in holographic mass memory systems have produced proof of concept demonstrations that have highlighted their potential for providing unprecedented capacity, data transfer rates and fast random access performance. The exploratory nature of most such investigations have been largely confined to benchtop experiments in which the practical constraints of packaging and environmental concerns have been ignored. We have embarked on an effort to demonstrate the holographic mass memory concept by developing a compact prototype system geared for avionics and similar applications which demand the following features (mostly interdependent factors): (1) solid state design (no moving parts), (2) fast data seek time, (3) robust with respect to environmental factors (temperature, vibration, shock). In this paper, we report on the development and demonstration of two systems, one with 100 Mbytes and the other with more than 1 Gbyte of storage capacity. Both systems feature solid state design with the addressing mechanism realized with acousto- optic deflectors that are capable of better than 50 microseconds data seek time. Since the basic designs for the two systems are similar, we describe only the larger system in detail. The operation of the smaller system has been demonstrated in various environments including hand-held operation and thermal/mechanical shock and a photograph of the smaller system is provided as well as actual digital data retrieved from the same system.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of Selected Mapping and Partial Transmit Sequence for Crest Factor Reduction in OFDM

Selected mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequence (PTS) are two existing distrotionless crest factor reduction (CFR) schemes that have been proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Previously, it was argued that SLM and PTS have comparable CFR performance but that the latter has lower computational complexity because it uses fewer IFFTs. In this paper, we show that the overall computational complexity of PTS may be higher than that of SLM, but that SLM always has better CFR performance as quantified through a per unit of complexity metric.
Influence of common drugs and related factors on stroke outcome

Laboratory studies show that recovery after brain injury can be influenced by drugs that affect certain central neurotransmitters. The effects of these drugs may be either beneficial or harmful. Although issues related to drug dose, the timing of interventions relative to the deficit, and the nature of concomitant experience or training may be critical, preliminary clinical studies suggest that similar drug effects may occur in humans recovering from stroke. Recognition of these data is important because many of the drugs that may impair recovery are commonly prescribed to stroke patients for the treatment of coincident medical conditions and should be avoided if possible. Pharmacotherapy to enhance recovery may be possible in the future.
Effects of reduced cell volume and water content on glycolysis in L-929 cells.

Mouse L-929 cells were subjected to increasing concentrations of sorbitol, which remove cell water and reduce volume osmotically. The rate of lactate production from glucose was significantly higher in osmotically perturbed cells than in controls, both in monolayers and in suspensions. L cells can apparently use sorbitol as a glycolytic substrate; however, studies using other solutes (trehalose and sucrose) and permeabilized cells showed that the major effect of scrbitol on glycolysis in intact cells is mediated through a reduction in cell water content and volume. It is possible to explain some of these results by an increase in the chemical potentials of dissolved components of the glycolytic pathway caused by water loss; however, the relationship between water loss and glycolytic rate increase in not a simple linear one, suggesting that the situation is more complex than would result merely from increased concentrations of pathway components. Whatever the complete explanation might be, these studies show that glycolysis continues in an orderly fashion in cells that have lost about 85% of their original water content, suggesting that the operation of this pathway is not unduly sensitive to events taking place in the bulk aqueous phase.
Therapeutic ladder for pemphigus vulgaris: Emphasis on achieving complete remission

Background Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a blistering autoimmune bullous disease that is usually fatal without proper treatment. There are no clear treatment guidelines for PV at this time. Purpose We suggest a standard treatment regimen for patients with PV based on the success of our treatment. Methods A retrospective chart review of 18 patients with PV was conducted to assess response to a similar approach using mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone. Diagnosis was confirmed through routine histology, direct immunofluorescence, and indirect immunofluorescence, and patients were followed up for a total average of 35.2 months. Results We achieved complete disease control in 89% of patients using our treatment algorithm. Fourteen of 18 patients achieved complete disease control on therapy with prednisone and MMF. Three of the 4 patients who did not achieve control on MMF and prednisone went on to receive rituximab therapy, and two of those patients achieved disease control on rituximab. The average length of time from initiating therapy to 75% clearance of lesions was 4.5 months. Three of 18 patients were able to discontinue therapy after an average of 3 years and have remained in complete remission for more than 1 year. Limitations This was a retrospective chart review with a small patient sample size. Conclusions The combination therapy of MMF and prednisone is an effective treatment regimen to achieve rapid and complete control of PV. For those patients who fail treatment with MMF and prednisone, rituximab is an efficacious alternative therapy.
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS RESULTING FROM UV EXPOSURES TO G1XENOPUS CELLS

— The dose dependence of chromosomal aberration frequencies induced by UV light in G1Xenopus cells has been examined. Total aberration frequencies did not exceed control levels until a dose of approximately 7.5 Jm-2 was administered. Chromatid type aberrations were prevalent throughout the dose range 7.5–25.0 Jm-2. Chromosome type aberration frequencies were comparatively low but exceeded control levels throughout the range 10.0–25.0 Jm-2, Results of supporting experiments suggested that most of the chromosome type aberrations observed were in the second mitosis following exposures and were derived from aberrations which normally appear as chromatid types at the first mitosis following exposures.
Solid and fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths: An analytical dilemma?

Two Cr-diopside Iherzolite xenoliths with kaersutite selvages, from Dish Hill, California, contain four types of solid and fluid inclusions that can be used to discriminate between actual mantle processes and processes acting upon a fragment of mantle as it is entrained and carried to the earth surface. On the basis of distribution, early formed inclusions are assigned to a process associated with emplacement of dikes in the mantle. The other types of inclusions were generated during ascent in the host basalt magma. Solid and fluid inclusions are important sites of incompatible element concentrations in mantle xenoliths. Scientists assigning specific chemical signatures to mantle processes are confronted with an analytical dilemma: leaching of xenolith samples before analysis may destroy inclusions that are carrying intrinsic mantle components, whereas failure to leach the samples probably leaves a host-rock contaminant. Thin-section maps of these xenoliths show that the distribution and abundance of two types of solid inclusions are systematic. Through the use of these maps it is demonstrated that zones in xenoliths with the least amount of postentrainment contamination can be pinpointed, and the problems resulting from random leaching can be minimized.
The computation of test statistics for multivariate regression models in event studies

Abstract Event studies are often estimated with Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) estimator and hypothesis tests are applied to cross equation combinations of the coefficients corresponding to event dummy variables. A number of recent event studies fail to point out a useful computational simplification for obtaining the necessary covariance matrix and test statistics.
Changes in response waveform of retinal horizontal cells during dark and light adaptation

Changes in response waveform of retinal horizontal cells during dark and light adaptation were examined in the tiger salamander retina. In addition to sensitivity changes, the response waveform of HC was altered during visual adaptation: following bleaching or in the presence of background illumination, a transient depolarizing overshoot was observed at the cessation of the test flash. In contrast to the hyperpolarizing light responses, the depolarizing off-overshoots do not follow the standard threshold recovery time course during dark adaptation, neither do they obey Weber's law for increment thresholds during light adaptation. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from photoreceptors and HC revealed that the off-overshoot responses in light-adapted HC are probably originated from a population of cells in the photoreceptor layer which are strongly coupled with the cones.
Teacher Preparation in a Litigious Society: Implications in Times of Reform

Public school teachers increasingly are faced with civil suits charging them with a failure to perform their duties adequately. Dunklee and Shoop argue that teacher preparation programs must includ...
Performance evaluation of geographic probabilistic flow-based spreading routing in wireless sensor networks

Included in the performance goal of most wireless sensor network applications are both spatial coverage and extended network lifetime. Pure energy efficient routing protocols,such as Shortest Path, cannot satisfy this need, since sensor nodes along the data path may have their energy levels drained very quickly, leading to loss of spatial coverage. Motivated by this necessity to incorporate longevity in the design of routing protocols for sensor networks, we proposed a probabilistic routing protocol called Probabilistic Flowbased Spreading (PFS), in which the intermediate nodes forward packets with a probability based on neighboring nodes' traffic load. In this paper we propose evaluating our protocol under scenarios which are representative of some typical traffic patterns that are likely to be encountered by sensor networks. We also study the performance of another protocol for sensor networks, GPSR, under the same scenarios for comparison purposes. We use the metric Lifetime -- Packets Received in order to evaluate the performance of the protocols both in the space and the time domains, and we show that our protocol consistently outperforms GPSR in all scenarios, reaching at the highest double the performance of GPSR.
The importance of being beautiful: A reexamination and racial comparison.

In the heterosexual marketplace, men and women bring their valued attributes to exchange for equally valued attributes of the opposite sex. So say both traditional wisdom and contemporary social exchange theory. Certain attributes are valued about equally by all in the market, while others are valued idiosyncratically by different individuals. Those valued by everyone (e.g., the economic potential of males) confer status, while those having idiosyncratic value for particular individuals (e.g., particular psychological traits) provide psychic satisfaction unrelated to status. This research note focuses on attributes known to have universal exchange value. It examines the exchange of physical attractiveness of women for economic status of men. More specifically, it examines the relationship between women's education and their attractiveness as vehicles for achieving status mobility by marriage, a relationship previously reported in papers by Elder (1969) and by Taylor and Glenn (1976). Both papers have shown that attractiveness is related to the occupational status of the husband. Both concluded that attractiveness was more valuable for the woman of lowstatus origin than for the woman of high-status origin, whereas education was more important than attractiveness for those of high-status origin. Taylor and Glenn sought to identify an interaction between education and attractiveness which suggests that some women use an "education strategy" and some rely on attractiveness rather than education in obtaining a mate of high status. The present study examines data from samples of black and white married women which enable us to address the main points made in the previ
Effect of thickness and composition on the structure and ordering in La-doped intergranular films between Si3N4 crystals

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine the effect of the composition and thickness on the atomistic structure of La–Si–O–N intergranular films (IGFs) between prism and misaligned high-index silicon nitride crystals. Results showed that ordered La adsorption onto the prism-terminated surface is not affected by the orientation of the opposing crystal, although the extent of the ordering away from the interface is affected by IGF thickness. La adsorption at ordered sites 1 and 2 on the prism surface occurred for almost all of the compositions in both 1.8 and 0.6 nm thick IGFs and at sites farther from the prism interface in the thicker IGF, similar to adsorption in triple points. La adsorption on the prism surface occurred at sites precisely the same as seen in high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy studies. Saturation of available sites is affected by the thickness of the IGF, which governs the number of La ions (and N ions) in the IGF, with lower site filling in the thinner IGF. There are clear energy differences for La in the interior of the IGF vs. the interface based on composition and IGF thickness, with the thicker IGF showing greater variation in driving forces for segregation or La incorporation into the IGF. Fracture is affected by both composition and thickness and occurs in the glassy IGF and not in the ordered interfacial regions, consistent with experimentally observed intergranular fracture for La-doped silicon nitride. Segregation of La to the interface affects N distribution within the interior of the IGF, which affects strength.
Convective-diffusive heat transfer in a packed-bed with constant heat flux at the wall: An asymptotic solution for ξ → large

Abstract Packed-bed systems with axial convective, radial diffusive heat transfer and with a constant heat flux at the wall are studied. Asymptotic solutions valid for axial distances sufficiently away from the inlet position of the packed-bed are presented and their behavior investigated. Two geometrical configurations (i.e., the parallel plate and the cylindrical tube) are analyzed. Also, lower bounds for the axial coordinate are derived and their effect on the validity of the asymptotic solution are investigated. The asymptotic temperature profile is shown to yield the correct bulk temperature profile and to predict the correct Nusselt number for both types of geometries.
The aetiology of degenerative disease of the hip. A review of 400 cases.

Four-hundred and forty patients who presented for Total Hip Replacement to the Orthopaedic Hospital, Cappagh were included in this study. Each case was classified into radiographic and aetiologic groups on the basis of the patients history, the results of special investigations, and the radiographic apearance of the hips. This classification allowed a further differentiation into primary and secondary osteoarthritis. Primary or idiopathic osteoarthritis was the single most common aetiologic group. A surprisingly high percentage of patients with secondary osteoarthritis had congenital dysplasia. It is suggested that this faulty biomechanical situation is the initiator of subsequent joint degeneration due to stress loading on the supero-lateral border of the hip. The reasons why such changes may be delayed until the 6th and 7th decades are unclear but degeneration once started progresses quickly. The possible place of surgical correction of the underlying biomechanical fault in delaying or preventing the onset of osteoarthritis is demonstrated and discussed.
Biomarkers: Kidney markers predict mortality in patients with HIV disease.

Individuals with HIV disease frequently experience kidney dysfunction, which is accompanied by an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Choi et al. have found that albuminuria and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, estimated using serum cystatin C level, accounted for 17% of the population-attributable 5-year mortality risk in a cohort of patients with HIV infection.
Indian-meal moth egg hatch and subsequent larval survival after short exposures to low temperature.

Eight age groups of eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) were collected and incubated at 27°C and 60% relative humidity for 0.5 to 71 hours. The same eggs were then exposed to 2.4°C and 85% relative humidity for 0 to 192 hours to explore the possibility of delaying hatching and to examine larval survival from such eggs. Less than 50% of the eggs under 4.5 hours old hatched after 2-hour exposure to the cold. Slightly more than50% of the eggs older than 17.5 hours hatched after exposure of 96 hours. None of the eggs exposed for 192 hours at 2.4°C hatched. Survival was greater than 70% for larvae hatched from eggs that were returned to 27°C after exposure, except for those hatched from eggs 17.5 hours or more old at initiation of cold exposure and exposed for 96 hours or more.
A randomized controlled trial of subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline to prevent unscheduled bleeding with continuous oral contraceptive pill use.

Background Unscheduled bleeding is the main side effect of continuous oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and has been correlated with the up-regulation of matrix metalloprotineases (MMPs). The study objective was to determine if prophylactic administration of doxycycline (an MMP inhibitor at low subantimicrobial doses) would prevent unscheduled bleeding during the initiation of a continuous OCP.
Variations in fire frequency and climate over the past 17 000 yr in central Yellowstone National Park

A 17000 yr fire history from Yellowstone National Park demonstrates a strong link between changes in climate and variations in fire frequency on millennial time scales. The fire history reconstruction is based on a detailed charcoal stratigraphy from Cygnet Lake in the rhyolite plateau region. Macroscopic charcoal particles were tallied from contiguous 1 cm samples of a 6.69-m-long core, and the data were converted to charcoal-accumulation rates at evenly spaced time intervals. Intervals of high charcoal-accumulation rates were interpreted as local fire events on the basis of information obtained from modern charcoal-calibration studies in the Yellowstone region. The record indicates that fire frequency was moderate (4 fires/1000 yr) during the late glacial period, reached highest values in the early Holocene (>10 fires/1000 yr), and decreased after 7000 calendar yr B.P. The present fire regime (2–3 fires/1000 yr) was established in the past 2000 yr. The charcoal stratigraphy correlates well with variations in July insolation through time, which suggests that regional climate changes are responsible for the long-term variations in fire frequency. In the early Holocene, summer insolation was near its maximum, which resulted in warmer, effectively drier conditions throughout the northwestern United States. At this time, the fire frequency near Cygnet Lake was at its highest. After 7000 calendar yr B.P., summer insolation decreased to present values, the regional climate became cooler and wetter, and fires were less frequent. The Cygnet Lake record suggests that long-term fire frequencies have varied continuously with climate change, even when the vegetation has remained constant.
An Investigation of the Presence and Development of Social Capital in an Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Social capital consists of resources embedded in social networks that are purposefully mobilized through personal interactions. This project examined the factors that affected the development of social capital in an electrical and computer engineering laboratory. Data were collected through participant observation over the course of a term, interviews with students, and a survey. Interview and observational data were analyzed to determine themes or patterns in behaviors and actions that indicated the presence of social capital and affected the development of social capital in this setting. The open-ended nature of the laboratory assignments and the complexity of a learning tool called TekBot™ required students to access information. The lack of relevant information from the teaching assistants, internet, and laboratory assignment handouts required students to mobilize information from each other to succeed. Multiple methods of data collection validate the result that specific factors encouraged the development of social capital in this laboratory.
Nrf1 and Nrf2 Regulate Rat Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit Transcription Indirectly via NF-κB and AP-1

Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) is regulated transcriptionally by Nrf1 and Nrf2. tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBH) induces human GCLC via Nrf2-mediated trans activation of the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). Interestingly, TBH also induces rat GCLC, but the rat GCLC promoter lacks ARE. This study examined the role of Nrf1 and Nrf2 in the transcriptional regulation of rat GCLC. The baseline and TBH-mediated increase in GCLC mRNA levels and rat GCLC promoter activity were lower in Nrf1 and Nrf2 null (F1 and F2) fibroblasts than in wild-type cells. The basal protein and mRNA levels and nuclear binding activities of c-Jun, c-Fos, p50, and p65 were lower in F1 and F2 cells and exhibited a blunted response to TBH. Lower c-Jun and p65 expression also occurs in Nrf2 null livers. Levels of other AP-1 and NF-kappaB family members were either unaffected (i.e., JunB) or increased (i.e., Fra-1). Overexpression of Nrf1 and Nrf2 in respective cells restored the rat GCLC promoter activity and response to TBH but not if the AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding sites were mutated. Fra-1 overexpression lowered endogenous GCLC expression and rat GCLC promoter activity, while Fra-1 antisense had the opposite effects. In conclusion, Nrf1 and Nrf2 regulate rat GCLC promoter by modulating the expression of key AP-1 and NF-kappaB family members.
Price Discrimination and Product Differentiation in Economic Theory: An Early Analysis

I. Introduction, 268. — II. Discrimination and its degrees, 269. — III. The pure theory of discrimination and economic welfare, 271. — IV. Product differentiation, 275. — V. Conclusions, 277.
Rural Life in Southern Italy

ily concentrated in a few coastal cities, almost everybody in southern Italy is directly or indirectly employed in farming. It is, however, difficult to classify southern Italian agricultural labor. Because of a considerably larger supply than demand for agricultural labor, all categories are similar in their aspirations. All are in continuous search of one day of work, one acre to be cultivated in any quality (sharecroppers, tenancy workers, etc.) or for both.
A comparison of the real-time controllability of pattern recognition to conventional myoelectric control for discrete and simultaneous movements

Myoelectric control has been used for decades to control powered upper limb prostheses. Conventional, amplitude-based control has been employed to control a single prosthesis degree of freedom (DOF) such as closing and opening of the hand. Within the last decade, new and advanced arm and hand prostheses have been constructed that are capable of actuating numerous DOFs. Pattern recognition control has been proposed to control a greater number of DOFs than conventional control, but has traditionally been limited to sequentially controlling DOFs one at a time. However, able-bodied individuals use multiple DOFs simultaneously, and it may be beneficial to provide amputees the ability to perform simultaneous movements. In this study, four amputees who had undergone targeted motor reinnervation (TMR) surgery with previous training using myoelectric prostheses were configured to use three control strategies: 1) conventional amplitude-based myoelectric control, 2) sequential (one-DOF) pattern recognition control, 3) simultaneous pattern recognition control. Simultaneous pattern recognition was enabled by having amputees train each simultaneous movement as a separate motion class. For tasks that required control over just one DOF, sequential pattern recognition based control performed the best with the lowest average completion times, completion rates and length error. For tasks that required control over 2 DOFs, the simultaneous pattern recognition controller performed the best with the lowest average completion times, completion rates and length error compared to the other control strategies. In the two strategies in which users could employ simultaneous movements (conventional and simultaneous pattern recognition), amputees chose to use simultaneous movements 78% of the time with simultaneous pattern recognition and 64% of the time with conventional control for tasks that required two DOF motions to reach the target. These results suggest that when amputees are given the ability to control multiple DOFs simultaneously, they choose to perform tasks that utilize multiple DOFs with simultaneous movements. Additionally, they were able to perform these tasks with higher performance (faster speed, lower length error and higher completion rates) without losing substantial performance in 1 DOF tasks.
The Cellular Basis of Kidney Development

Mammalian kidney development has helped elucidate the general concepts of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, inductive signaling, epithelial cell polarization, and branching morphogenesis. Through the use of genetically engineered mouse models, the manipulation of Xenopus and chick embryos, and the identification of human renal disease genes, the molecular bases for many of the early events in the developing kidney are becoming increasingly clear. Early patterning of the kidney region depends on interactions between Pax/Eya/Six genes, with essential roles for lim1 and Odd1. Ureteric bud outgrowth and branching morphogenesis are controlled by the Ret/Gdnf pathway, which is subject to positive and negative regulation by a variety of factors. A clear role for Wnt proteins in induction of the kidney mesenchyme is now well established and complements the classic literature nicely. Patterning along the proximal distal axis as the nephron develops is now being investigated and must involve aspects of Notch signaling. The development of a glomerulus requires interactions between epithelial cells and infiltrating endothelial cells to generate a unique basement membrane. The integrity of the glomerular filter depends in large part on the proteins of the nephrin complex, localized to the slit diaphragm. Despite the kidney's architectural complexity, with the advent of genomics and expression arrays, it is becoming one of the best-characterized organ systems in developmental biology.
Ribosomal DNA Evidence and Disjunctions of Western American Portulacaceae

Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences from 35 members of western American Portulacaceae plus seven Portulacaceae outgroups generally supports morphologically based interpretations of multiple intercontinental disjunctions. The data neither support nor refute monophyly of the western American group but strongly support a group comprising the western American taxa plus Phemeranthus, the only strictly American genus of the morphology-based eastern American/African group of Portulacaceae, along with the Australian genus Parakeelya. Support is strong for the monophyly of Calandrinia, Montiopsis, Lewisia, Claytonia, and Montia, along with a sister relationship of the last two. The data neither strongly support nor refute the morphologically based diagnosis of Cistanthe, but they strongly support a clade including the North American Cistanthe section Calyptridium and the South American Cistanthe sections Amarantoideae and Philippiamra. The internal transcribed spacer data fail to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among most of the western American lineages, suggesting either rapid radiation or, alternatively, erratic evolution of the internal transcribed spacer. The internal transcribed spacer and morphological evidence together suggest that in this group there have been 8–13 dispersal and colonization events across >2000 km (1 for every 15–26 extant species in this group). The internal transcribed spacer data document complex molecular evolutionary patterns, including strong substitution biases, among-site rate heterogeneity, positional bias for deamination-type substitutions, nonstationarity, and variable rates of insertion/deletion. Our phylogenetic conclusions, however, do not appear to be sensitive to these patterns.
A vertical MRAM free of write disturbance

Write disturbance in the cross-point addressing scheme employed in most of today's magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAM) designs presents practical limitations in memory element down-size scaling. In this paper, we present a new vertical MRAM design that is free of write disturbance. Its performance is analyzed via micromagnetic modeling. A memory element in this design is of an annular shape and consists of two ferromagnetic layers with a nonmagnetic interlayer. The interlayer can be either a tunnel barrier for a magnetic tunnel junction or metal layer for a current-perpendicular-to-plane/giant magnetoresistive stack. Injecting a pulsed current in a nanosecond time scale vertically through the memory element performs the switching between the two memory states with relatively low current threshold. Each memory element is connected to a corresponding transistor that performs both write and read addressing.
Thermal force on particles in the transition regime

Abstract An interpolation method is proposed for predicting and correlating thermal forces acting on spherical particles suspended in a rarefied gas. The result obtained is applicable over the entire Knudsen number range from free molecule to continuum conditions, and yields the appropriate limiting expressions in the free molecule and continuum regimes. A comparison was made between the result of the present method and available experimental data, and good agreement was found over a wide range of Knudsen numbers and gas to particle thermal conductivity ratios.
Drug safety evaluation of ziprasidone.

Introduction: Ziprasidone is a second-generation antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The purpose of this review is to assess the overall safety profile of ziprasidone, including its risk for prolonging the electrocardiogram (ECG) QT interval. Areas covered: This paper is a review of product labeling and English language reports located through PubMed and information available on regulatory agency websites, with a focus on the safety and tolerability of ziprasidone. Expert opinion: Although ziprasidone can prolong the ECG QT interval, this has not resulted in increases in sudden death or cardiac sudden death as noted in a large, simple trial and supported by almost a decade of real-world use in the US. Ziprasidone's principal advantage over some other second-generation antipsychotics has been its overall favorable weight and metabolic profile. Similar to most second-generation antipsychotics, ziprasidone has a lower propensity for extrapyramidal side effects and ...
Neuroinformatics for Genome-Wide 3-D Gene Expression Mapping in the Mouse Brain

Large-scale gene expression studies in the mammalian brain offer the promise of understanding the topology, networks, and, ultimately, the function of its complex anatomy, opening previously unexplored avenues in neuroscience. High-throughput methods permit genome-wide searches to discover genes that are uniquely expressed in brain circuits and regions that control behavior. Previous gene expression mapping studies in model organisms have employed in situ hybridization (ISH), a technique that uses labeled nucleic acid probes to bind to specific mRNA transcripts in tissue sections. A key requirement for this effort is the development of fast and robust algorithms for anatomically mapping and quantifying gene expression for ISH. We describe a neuroinformatics pipeline for automatically mapping expression profiles of ISH data and its use to produce the first genomic scale 3D mapping of gene expression in a mammalian brain. The pipeline is fully automated and adaptable to other organisms and tissues. Our automated study of more than 20,000 genes indicates that at least 78.8 percent are expressed at some level in the adult C56BL/6J mouse brain. In addition to providing a platform for genomic scale search, high-resolution images and visualization tools for expression analysis are available at the Allen Brain Atlas web site (http://www.brain-map.org).
The Arabian Nights Reader

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2006 Pages: 400 Publisher: Wayne State University Press ISBN: 0-8143-3259-5 (soft cover). Prices: $29.95 USD(soft cover).
What can we expect from dose escalation using proton beams

Abstract It has been demonstrated without doubt in the literature, including elsewhere in this issue, that much better conformal dose distributions in radiation therapy can be obtained with proton beams than with photons (X-rays) or electrons. It is also clear that this remains entirely true–for the fundamental reason of particle range–even after the latest and projected developments in computer-generated IMRT (intensity-modulated radiation therapy) photon dose escalation are fully considered. We consider several examples of tumour dose–response curves that illustrate the quite large gains to be obtained when dose escalation can be achieved, if normal tissue complications can also be avoided. Two contrasting types of tumour are considered in detail, prostate tumours and non-small-cell lung carcinomas. There is a considerable way to go yet to achieve really high non-recurrence rates, especially in the lung tumours. Proton beams would make this progress much safer and more effective than any variants with photons. Copyright 2002 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Toward a decision informatics paradigm: a real-time, information-based approach to decision making

The focus of this paper is on decision making; more specifically, on what decision making requirements are needed in the future. We augur for a decision informatics paradigm; it is a real-time, information-based approach to decision making. The paradigm is supported by two sets of technologies (i.e., information and decision technologies) and underpinned by three disciplines (i.e., data fusion/analysis, decision modeling, and systems engineering). We begin by considering the context - and needs - for decision making as the economies of the world change and evolve, especially in regard to emerging services; then our proposed decision informatics paradigm is detailed and illustrated, together with an in-depth review of a critical, underpinning research area (dealing with real-time fusion and analysis of multiple nonhomogeneous data sources), followed by several concluding remarks.
Bayesian Bias Mitigation for Crowdsourcing

Biased labelers are a systemic problem in crowdsourcing, and a comprehensive toolbox for handling their responses is still being developed. A typical crowdsourcing application can be divided into three steps: data collection, data curation, and learning. At present these steps are often treated separately. We present Bayesian Bias Mitigation for Crowdsourcing (BBMC), a Bayesian model to unify all three. Most data curation methods account for the effects of labeler bias by modeling all labels as coming from a single latent truth. Our model captures the sources of bias by describing labelers as influenced by shared random effects. This approach can account for more complex bias patterns that arise in ambiguous or hard labeling tasks and allows us to merge data curation and learning into a single computation. Active learning integrates data collection with learning, but is commonly considered infeasible with Gibbs sampling inference. We propose a general approximation strategy for Markov chains to efficiently quantify the effect of a perturbation on the stationary distribution and specialize this approach to active learning. Experiments show BBMC to outperform many common heuristics.
Group Consciousness and the Origins of Black Conservatism

Much has been made of Michael Dawson's (1994) findings that the presence of linked fate explains the relative absence of policy conservatism among blacks. Many people (i.e. Persons 1993) assume that blacks who identify as Republican lack a sense of linked fate, but others (Simpson 1998) acknowledge that black republicans are racially conscious. Using pooled NES data, we drill down on racial identity among black Republicans to derive a more nuanced explanation of the relationship between black identity and the choice to embrace Republicanism.
Anonymity, Security, and Privacy

Social, economic, and technological advances have dramatically increased the amount of information any one individual possesses. Increasing demand for information and easier access to it have also created challenges. We have come to learn that information is a treasure in itself: The more you have, the better. Having valuable intellectual, economic, and social information creates enormous opportunities and advantages for an individual because information has become a vital resource in this information age.
Synchronous and Cogged Fan Belt Performance Assessment

The GSA Regional GPG Team commissioned the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to perform monitoring of cogged V-belts and synchronous belts on both a constant volume and a variable air volume fan at the Byron G. Rodgers Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in Denver, Colorado. These motor/fan combinations were tested with their original, standard V-belts (appropriately tensioned by an operation and maintenance professional) to obtain a baseline for standard operation. They were then switched to the cogged V-belts, and finally to synchronous belts. The power consumption by the motor was normalized for both fan speed and air density changes. This was necessary to ensure that the power readings were not influenced by a change in rotational fan speed or by the power required to push denser air. Finally, energy savings and operation and maintenance savings were compiled into an economic life-cycle cost analysis of the different belt options.
Synovial Fluid Crystal Analysis

Synovial fluids comprise less than 5% of the fluid analyses performed by the typical laboratory. The microscopic technique used in crystal analysis can be challenging for the inexperienced technologist. This article discusses the theory of crystal detection and the operation of a polarizing microscope with a first-order red compensator. It provides tips on procedures that will enhance the detection and identification of crystals in synovial fluids.
The Political Potential of Mindful Embodiment

AbstractThis article argues that the emerging literature on mindfulness tends to de-emphasize embodiment, both in how it theoretically defines mindfulness, as well as in terms of the practices it tends to study. Alternatively, the article argues that a focus on embodiment is key to articulating the political potential of mindfulness. An emphasis on mindful embodiment, both in theory and in practice, can issue a challenge to the latent mind–body dualism of much of the theoretical discourse on mindfulness and highlights the capacities of relationality, empathy, and attunement, capacities which are the foundation of the political significance of mindfulness. Practices of mindful embodiment provide a counterpoint to the focus upon contemplation in the mindfulness literature and help to refute the concern that mindfulness practice is solipsistic and apolitical. The article concludes by exploring the Occupy Wall Street movement as illustrative of the significance of mindful embodiment to contemporary social mov...
Photographic Study of Orientation Effects on Near-Saturated Flow Boiling

Experiments were performed to examine the effects of body force on flow boiling CHF. FC-72 was boiled along one wall of a transparent rectangular flow channel that permitted photographic study of the vapor-liquid interface just prior to CHF. High-speed video imaging techniques were used to identify dominant CHF mechanisms. Six different CHF regimes were identified: Wavy Vapor Layer, Pool Boiling, Stratification, Vapor Counterflow, Vapor Stagnation, and Separated Concurrent Vapor Flow. CHF showed significant sensitivity to orientation for flow velocities under 0.2 m/s, where extremely low CHF values where measured, especially with a downward-facing heated wall and downflow orientations. High flow velocities dampened the effects of orientation considerably. The CHF data were used to assess the suitability of previous CHF models and correlations for different orientations and velocities. It is shown the Interfacial Lift-off Model is very effective at predicting CHF for high velocities at all orientations. The flooding limit, on the other hand, is useful at estimating CHF at low velocities and downflow orientations.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Effects of Slow-Release Copper Boluses on Cow Reproductive Performance and Calf Growth1

ABSTRACT The effect of copper, orally administered via slow-releasing boluses, was examined in two Kansas beef herds. In herd 1, 34 cows and calves were divided into a treated (B; n = 18) and a control group (C; n = 16). The cattle in herd 1 were prediagnosed as copper-deficient by liver biopsy analysis. Cows assigned to B received two boluses, and their respective calves received one. Serum samples were collected at d 0 and 64. Liver samples, collected at d 64 and 106, were analyzed for copper and iron. Liver iron levels tended (P=.068) to be lower in group B. Through d 106, cow ADG did not differ between treatments (.29 vs .28 kg/d for B and C, respectively). Calf ADG was determined 42-d posttreatment. Control calves tended (P=.063) to have a higher ADG. In herd 2, dams were divided into a treated (B; n = 276) and control group (C; n = 830). The cattle in herd 2 were not prediagnosed as copper-deficient, however, unexplained reductions in fertility, coupled with the high prevalence of copper deficiency in this region, made this herd a likely candidate for this study. As in herd 1, dams assigned to B received two boluses, and their respective calves received one. Approximately, 1 mo after treatment, reproductive parameters, including AI pregnancy rate, AI first service conception rate, and number of inseminations per female, were evaluated in all dams. Liver (n = 10) and serum (n = 30) samples were collected randomly from dams on d 0, 97, and 154. Additionally, bull and heifer calf weaning weight was examined in herd 2. No treatment differences were detected in serum copper concentration. On d 97 and d 154 of treatment, bolus administration elevated (P
The Opportunities and Challenges of Changing U.S. Campus Demographics: Implementing Pre-Collegiate Peer Mentoring

Since 2008, declining state fiscal investment in higher education has created a parity of sorts with private schools, intensifying competition for out-of-state students. Concomitantly, institutions have begun to reignite the promotion of greater diversity and cross-cultural appreciation across campuses. In what had appeared to be a fortuitous conflation of remedial measures, U.S. schools embarked in an unprecedented quest to recruit the full tuition-paying international student. This has created both new opportunities for institutional growth while posing daunting obstacles to various campus stakeholders. This paper explores various programs U.S. colleges and universities have offered or are offering to deliver on the promise of graduating global citizens and sets forth a potential new solution – Pre-Collegiate Peer-to-Peer Mentoring for College Credit (PCM) – to address both stakeholder friction and the many challenges that a growing international population creates for U.S institutions and their surrounding communities.
Impacts of worker density in colony-level aggression, expansion, and survival of the acacia-ant Crematogaster mimosae.

Experimental studies assessing the impact of demographic changes on aggression and inter-group competitive outcomes in communities of social species are rare. This gap in our knowledge is important, not only because social species are foundational elements of many terrestrial ecosystems, but because interference competition among social groups often involves decision-like processes influenced by demographic and environmental contexts. In East Africa, the symbiotic ant Crematogaster mimosae is a co-dominant competitor that engages in high-mortality, intra- and interspecific battles for sole possession of host trees. We manipulated worker density on C. mimosae Acacia host trees, and the colony's opportunity to expand onto neighboring trees to identify how these factors influenced colony-level aggression, expansion success, and longer-term survivorship. Worker density on focal trees was increased through translocation of domatia-bearing branches, and was decreased using partial tree fumigations. We examined impacts of density manipulations on aggression and immediate expansion success under two different risk scenarios. We tied focal trees to either an experimentally emptied-tree (low-risk treatment), or to a C. nigriceps-occupied tree (high-risk treatment). Expansion success onto emptied neighbor trees was 100% for controls and increased-density colonies, but only 50% for decreased-density colonies, despite the fact that host trees are a limiting resource in this system. Success expanding onto trees occupied by a heterospecific competitor reached 36%, 40% and 79% in decreased, control, and increased-density trees, respectively. Our results show that changes in worker density due to disturbances or inter-group battles have the potential to disrupt competitive hierarchies. Worker density manipulations also affected longer-term colony persistence. Behavioral and genetic data revealed that 12 months after expansions 100% of the decreased-density colonies, and 25% of control and increased-density colonies, had been supplanted by neighboring opportunistic conspecifics. Intraspecific aggression may have lower costs in C. mimosae because aggressive colonies can incorporate workers or queens from defeated competitors. The unexpectedly high frequency of conflicts between conspecific C. mimosae, in combination with behaviors decreasing the cost of intraspecific competition relative to interspecific conflict, may create opportunities for the survival of subordinate competitors in this ant-plant system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.