cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Attractant for Protagrotis obscura, a Pest of Grass Grown for Seed

Screening trials were conducted in commercial fields of bluegrass grown for seed to identify a sex attractant for the cutworm pest, Protagrotis obscura Barnes and McDunnough. Only Z11-16:A1 produced significant trap captures. Attempts to increase trap captures by addition of electroantennogram-active compounds were unsuccessful. When the dosage of Z11-16:Al was raised from 0.01 to 3.0 mg per trap, the 1-mg bait produced the highest catches.
Differentiability in Banach Algebras

In this note a definition from the finite dimensional setting [see 3] is generalized to the infinite dimensional setting and a class of functions is exhibited which have this property. Although these results appear in [2], the use of the right and left multiplication operator and the theory of several commuting operators is avoided and only elementary techniques are employed. Let W be a Banach algebra with an identity 1, and let F be defined on a domain 9, an open connected set, of W, with range in W. Fundamental in the theory of differentiation on W is the Frechet derivative. The function F is said to be Frechet differentiable at a point x E 9 if there exists a continuous linear function of t, say dF(x, ), such that
Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: residues in the body tissues of sheep treated with chlorpyrifos for sheep ked control.

Residues of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolite pyridinol, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, were determined in omental fat, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues of sheep at weekly intervals after they had been treated with Dursban® 44 Insecticide Formulation (43.2% chlorpyrifos) at the rate of 1 ml/22.68 kg (50 lb) of body weight as a pour-on application for control of Melophagus ovinus (L.). Chlorpyrifos residues were found in fat samples taken throughout the 6 week posttreatment period but were not found in liver tissue and in muscle and kidney tissues after 2 weeks posttreatment. Pyridinol residues were found in fat and muscle tissues for 3 weeks and in liver and kidney tissues throughout the slaughter period. No adverse effects to the animals resulted from this type of treatment.
Effects of Seal Oil on Blood Cholesterol and Triglyceride in Normal Healthy Rats

Objective To study effects of seal oil on blood cholesterol and triglyceride in normal healthy rats.Methods SPF SD rats were used as study subjects.Rats were divided into 5 groups,and administrated 3 groups with high,medial,low doses of seal oil,and 1 group with corn oil by gastric perfusion for 30 d.The last group was free control group.The contents of total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG) in rat blood serum were tested at the end of experiment.Results No significant difference of TC and TG between corn oil group and control group,P0.05.No significant difference of TC and TG among 5 groups,P0.05.Conclusion Seal oil does not down-regulate blood levels of TC and TG in normal health rats.
Research & Writing for Graphics Reporting

Regardless of the outlet or format, good journalistic writing is rarely a spontaneous exercise. In fact, in our business, research is often at the center of the wheel around which a story revolves. Whether your specialty as a journalist is pictures, text, design or graphics, strong research and writing skills are always important. Just as a good photographer writes compelling captions for her images or a successful writer engages in a good deal of in-depth research and reporting before diving into the story, so too must the dedicated graphics reporter. If we think of a graphic as a potential story form, then we must also respect research as an essential part of the process by which a graphic comes to be. Research provides a reporter with the education he needs to convey information with confidence and authority. And evidence of research in a graphic provides the reader with the proof she needs to assess the validity of a presentation. Research injects your work with credibility and your byline with respect.
Diagnostic Classification: The Current Challenge in Failure to Thrive Syndrome Research

Diagnostic classification is the cornerstone for the development of valid research about virtually any phenomenon. Attempts to prevent, treat, or in any other way intervene, with an inherently heterogeneous problem without a valid classification system will be doomed to failure. One can imagine the dilemma in which medicine would be if “fevers” were still held to be a homogeneous disorder as was believed in the 18th century. Aspirin would be held to be a nearly universal treatment, while penicillin would probably be viewed as being about as effective as a placebo because of the many non-penicillin responsive courses of fever. One can imagine that such a classification might define such subcategories as high, acute fever; spiking fevers; and low, chronic fevers. Once again these subcategories would be highly misleading because of the etiological heterogeneity.
LOW FREQUENCY, PULSED EDDY CURRENTS FOR DEEP PENETRATION

Using eddy-currents to detect flaws buried deeply in a conducting material has always been a difficult problem. This is due in part to the fact that deep penetration requires low frequencies so that the skin depth is large enough for the eddy-currents to penetrate into the material the depth of the flaw. Also, low frequency eddy-current methods are beset with difficulties in probe design. In order to achieve the large inductance needed to operate at frequencies below 1 kHz, a large number of turns is needed, adding to the resistance of the coil and reducing the energy available to couple into the test piece. One solution is to use pulsed eddy-current methods, which operate efficiently and effectively with low inductance coils.
Non existence of further closed form 2-D sloshing modes in a symmetric triangular basin

Abstract The study of sloshing modes has a history dating back to Euler. Very few 2-D or 3-D closed form solutions have been constructed and these pertain to the simpler case of inviscid, small amplitude, fluid motion. In 2-D they exist for symmetric channels with vertical walls or straight walls inclined at 4 5 ∘ or (even modes only) 6 0 ∘ to the vertical. Fokas’ extended transform method facilitates a solution of Laplace’s equation in a convex polygon which, for favorable choices of polygon shape and boundary conditions, reduces the solution to a sum of residues in the complex transform-plane. For closed form sloshing modes, this requires all poles to be associated with a common eigenvalue, which is shown to be impossible in some standard cases and for other angles that are rational multiples of π .
Spot Zoning: New Ideas for an Old Problem

I describe spot zoning, an archaic and elusive concept, and compare it with conditional uses and hardship variances as a method for zoning change. Spot zoning is usually the only option but may create unfair wealth transfer, may suffer from political capture by developers or landowners, may be an unacceptable zoning strategy, and may use a legislative process that does not meet democratic values. Process problems include the standing to sue of objecting neighbors, whether the presumption of constitutionality applies, and the standard of judicial review courts should use. Courts use a multifactor test to consider the validity of spot zoning. Size of site and purpose are not useful as decision factors, and mitigating measures can resolve compatibility problems. Community-based policies in comprehensive plans are the preferred basis for changes in the zoning ordinance.
Music Information Retrieval: An Example of Bates’ Substrate?

Music Information Retrieval (MIR), and ISMIR annual conferences offer a rich panoply of intellectual and cultural diversity. We map the evolution of MIR using conference papers from 2000 through 2005. Results indicate tight thematic coherence in the domain around the problems of information retrieval and classification, and the locus of most research within computer science departments. Les conferences annuelles sur le reperage d'information musicale (MIR) et ISMIR offrent une riche panoplie de diversite culturelle et intellectuelle. Nous tracons le portrait de l'evolution du reperage d'information musicale en utilisant les communications des conferences de 2000 par 2005. Les resultats indiquent une correspondance thematique etroite dans le domaine touchant les problemes de reperage et de classification d'information et dans la position de la plupart des recherches des departements d'informatique.
Unlocking the mystery of biomarkers: A brief introduction, challenges and opportunities in Parkinson Disease

First described 200 years ago, Parkinson Disease (PD) exhibits considerable heterogeneity in clinical presentation, as well as trajectory of motor and non-motor decline. This heterogeneity, in turn, complicates the planning of clinical research, particularly trials of disease-modifying therapies, as well as the care of PD patients. While clinical features have been used to delineate subgroups of PD patients, clinical subtyping is hampered by change in features over time, and clinical subtyping may fail to capture the biological processes underlying heterogeneity. In contrast, biomarkers – objective measures that serve as indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to therapeutic interventions – have promise to delineate molecularly-defined subgroups of PD patients who may be most likely to benefit from specific therapeutic interventions. Here we review the present role of genetic and biochemical biomarkers in PD. Moreover, we highlight areas where the use of biomarkers may benefit clinical trial planning, as well as clinical care through the application of a “precision medicine” approach, in the near term.
Reflection and Refraction of Bulk Waves

When an incident bulk wave interacts with an interface, such as the boundary between a fluid and a solid, as found in immersion testing, both reflected and transmitted bulk waves are generated. Chapter 6 describes general properties of reflected and refracted waves for the case when a planar wave is incident on a plane interface. In the process a variety of concepts are introduced, such as acoustic impedance, Snell’s law, critical angles, pulse distortion, and inhomogeneous waves.
Taking out the garbage: Migrant women’s unseen environmental work:

In recent years, feminist scholars have criticized various European governments for placing the burden of environmentalist practices on women’s unpaid work. While denouncing how environmentalist re...
Chemokines from a Structural Perspective

Chemokines are a family of small, highly conserved cytokines that mediate various biological processes, including chemotaxis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis, and that function by interacting with cell surface G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Because of their significant involvement in various biological functions and pathologies, chemokines and their receptors have been the focus of therapeutic discovery for clinical intervention. There are several sub-families of chemokines (e.g., CXC, CC, C, and CX3C) defined by the positions of sequentially conserved cysteine residues. Even though all chemokines also have a highly conserved, three-stranded β-sheet/α-helix tertiary structural fold, their quarternary structures vary significantly with their sub-family. Moreover, their conserved tertiary structures allow for subunit swapping within and between sub-family members, thus promoting the concept of a “chemokine interactome”. This review is focused on structural aspects of CXC and CC chemokines, their functional synergy and ability to form heterodimers within the chemokine interactome, and some recent developments in structure-based chemokine-targeted drug discovery.
Family Members’ Relationship Qualities and Prosocial Behaviors in U.S. Mexican Young Adults: The Roles of Familism and Ethnic Identity Resolution:

Scholars have asserted that family relationships may have a prominent role in fostering prosocial behaviors. However, there is limited research on the quality of relationships with fathers and sibl...
The Drosophila TGF-beta/Activin-like ligands Dawdle and Myoglianin appear to modulate adult lifespan through regulation of 26S proteasome function in adult muscle

The Drosophila Activin signaling pathway employs at least three separate ligands - Activin-β (Actβ), Dawdle (Daw), and Myoglianin (Myo) - to regulate several general aspects of fruit fly larval development, including cell proliferation, neuronal remodeling, and metabolism. Here we provide experimental evidence indicating that both Daw and Myo are anti-ageing factors in adult fruit flies. Knockdown of Myo or Daw in adult fruit flies reduced mean lifespan, while overexpression of either ligand in adult muscle tissues but not in adipose tissues enhanced mean lifespan. An examination of ubiquitinated protein aggregates in adult muscles revealed a strong inverse correlation between Myo- or Daw-initiated Activin signaling and the amount of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. We show that this correlation has important functional implications by demonstrating that the lifespan extension effect caused by overexpression of wild-type Daw or Myo in adult muscle tissues can be completely abrogated by knockdown of a 26S proteasome regulatory subunit Rpn1 in adult fly muscle, and that the prolonged lifespan caused by overexpression of Daw or Myo in adult muscle could be due to enhanced protein levels of the key subunits of 26S proteasome. Overall, our data suggest that Activin signaling initiated by Myo and Daw in adult Drosophila muscles influences lifespan, in part, by modulation of protein homeostasis through either direct or indirect regulation of the 26S proteasome levels. Since Myo is closely related to the vertebrate muscle mass regulator Myostatin (GDF8) and the Myostatin paralog GDF11, our observations may offer a new experimental model for probing the roles of GDF11/8 in ageing regulation in vertebrates.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Economies of Waste: Rethinking Waste Along the Korle Lagoon

This article focuses on practices of recycling that have emerged along the Korle Lagoon in Accra, Ghana in an attempt to rethink the role of trash in the city. Many have predicted that the city’s garbage nightmare will be its doom. Much of Accra’s trash ends up along the Korle Lagoon, near Old Fadama and thus the slum is blamed for the pollution of its waters. In what follows, I first examine instances of these allegations from the present day, and then juxtapose them with archival evidence. Using the historical record, I show that the history of trash in the Korle extends earlier than the establishment of the settlement and that moreover, the pollution of the lagoon begins upstream even before it passes by the slum. Old Fadama, I argue, is not—as has been believed—the principal polluter of the Korle. Instead, using ethnographic evidence from fieldwork conducted along the lagoon, and drawing inspiration from the concepts of the biological city developed by Wolman, Girardet and Gandy, the article suggests that rather than holding Accra back, the economies of waste facilitated by the lagoon and the slum have actually rechanneled some of this refuse, thereby contributing to certain forms of city-making.
Histamine Release in Endotoxin Shock: Effect of Dexamethasone Administration

We have been doing some work in our laboratories with immunological factors and histamine. It has been proposed that bacterial endotoxins possess little or no intrinsic toxic activity, but that they exert their myriad pathophysiological effects by an antigenic action (12). Weil and Spink reported a marked resemblance between the effects of anaphylactic and endotoxic shock (14). When Lichtenstein and associates incubated endotoxin from Veillonella alcalescens or Serratia marcescens with guinea pig complement, they were able to produce an anaphylatoxin which had a contractile effect on guinea pig ileum (8). This action was significantly inhibited by antihistamines, indicating a histamine release. In this connection, Hinshaw and co-workers found that plasma histamine increased after induction of endotoxic shock (5). The role of histamine in anaphylactic shock has been well documented (7), but its role in endotoxic shock has received scant attention. The research efforts of our laboratory have been directed toward the elucidation of the mechanism and treatment of septic shock.
FDTD: Solving 1+1D delay PDE in parallel

Abstract We present a proof of concept for solving a 1+1D complex-valued, delay partial differential equation (PDE) that emerges in the study of waveguide quantum electrodynamics (QED) by adapting the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The delay term is spatially non-local, rendering conventional approaches such as the method of lines inapplicable. We show that by properly designing the grid and by supplying the (partial) exact solution as the boundary condition, the delay PDE can be numerically solved. In addition, we demonstrate that while the delay imposes strong data dependency , multi-thread parallelization can nevertheless be applied to such a problem. Our code provides a numerically exact solution to the time-dependent multi-photon scattering problem in waveguide QED. Program summary Program Title: FDTD: solving 1+1D delay PDE Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/mmyw3fgjxh.1 Licensing provisions: MIT Programming language: C (C99) Nature of problem: This program solves an unconventional 1+1D delay PDE that emerges in the study of waveguide quantum electrodynamics. The delay PDE is complex-valued and has a non-local delay term, and the solution to it provides the full dynamics of the system consisting of a few 1D photons and a two-level system in front of a mirror. Solution method: The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is adapted. Given the initial condition of the system, the corresponding boundary condition is generated, and then the FDTD solver marches through the entire spacetime grid. Multiple solvers are supported using either OpenMP (wavefront) or pthreads (swarm). Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: 1. Depending on the input parameters the memory and disk usages of the program can be excessive, so the users should choose the parameters wisely (see main text). 2. The multi-thread support using OpenMP is turned on by default. See README for how to turn it off and switch to pthreads instead. 3. As a by-product, a numerical routine is provided for evaluating the incomplete Gamma function γ ( n , z ) with nonzero positive integers n ≥ 1 and complex-valued z .
Idolatry, Indifference, and the Scientific Study of Religion: Two New Humean Arguments

We utilize contemporary cognitive and social science of religion to defend a controversial thesis: the human cognitive apparatus gratuitously inclines humans to religious activity oriented around entities other than the God of classical theism. Using this thesis, we update and defend two arguments drawn from David Hume: (i) the argument from idolatry, which argues that the God of classical theism does not exist, and (ii) the argument from indifference, which argues that if the God of classical theism exists, God is indifferent to our religious activity.
Ventricular arrhythmias in small animals.

Ventricular arrhythmias frequently encountered in small animal practice can range from benign to life-threatening. Their timely recognition and accurate diagnosis are fundamental to proper manageme...
Using Cervical Dilation to Predict Labor Onset: A Tool for Elective Labor Induction Counseling

Objective To evaluate whether cervical dilation predicts the timing and likelihood of spontaneous labor at term. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort of nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies who delivered at term from 2013 to 2015. Outpatient cervical examinations performed after 37 weeks and prior to labor onset were collected. Survival analysis was used to analyze time to spontaneous labor with cervical dilation as the primary predictor, modeled as continuous and categorical variables ( 1 cm). Results Our cohort included 726 women; 407 (56%) spontaneously labored, 263 (36%) were induced, and 56 (8%) had an unlabored cesarean delivery. Women with >1-cm dilation were three times more likely to spontaneously labor (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4–4) than those with 1-cm dilation went into spontaneous labor as compared with only 28% of those with Conclusion In our cohort of nulliparous women at term, those with cervical dilation > 1 cm were significantly more likely to go into labor in the following week. This information can aid in counseling about elective induction of labor.
Evolution of the Giraffe

THE mode of evolution in the giraffe has been a favourite subject for discussion, Darwin1 wrote “… it has been supposed that all the parts must have been simultaneously modified; and it has been argued that, on the principle of natural selection, this is scarcely possible … but it cannot be denied that an animal might have its neck, or head, or tongue, or forelimbs elongated a very little without any corresponding modification in other parts of the body”, Graham Cannon2, very properly I consider., rejects this, concluding: “It is this idea of co-ordinated variation that is, to my mind, the central core of the whole problem of evolution”
TLR2 and caspase-1 signaling are critical for bacterial containment but not clearance during craniotomy-associated biofilm infection

A craniotomy is required to access the brain for tumor resection or epilepsy treatment, and despite precautionary measures, infectious complications occur at a frequency of 1–3%. Approximately half of craniotomy infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) that forms a biofilm on the bone flap, which is recalcitrant to antibiotics. Our prior work in a mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy infection revealed a critical role for myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in bacterial containment and pro-inflammatory mediator production. Since numerous receptors utilize MyD88 as a signaling adaptor, the current study examined the importance of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR9 based on their ability sense S. aureus ligands, namely lipoproteins and CpG DNA motifs, respectively. We also examined the role of caspase-1 based on its known association with TLR signaling to promote IL-1β release. A mouse model of craniotomy-associated biofilm infection was used to investigate the role of TLR2, TLR9, and caspase-1 in disease progression. Wild type (WT), TLR2 knockout (KO), TLR9 KO, and caspase-1 KO mice were examined at various intervals post-infection to quantify bacterial burden, leukocyte recruitment, and inflammatory mediator production in the galea, brain, and bone flap. In addition, the role of TLR2-dependent signaling during microglial/macrophage crosstalk with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was examined. TLR2, but not TLR9, was important for preventing S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy infection, as revealed by the elevated bacterial burden in the brain, galea, and bone flap of TLR2 KO mice concomitant with global reductions in pro-inflammatory mediator production compared to WT animals. Co-culture of MDSCs with microglia or macrophages, to model interactions in the brain vs. galea, respectively, also revealed a critical role for TLR2 in triggering pro-inflammatory mediator production. Similar to TLR2, caspase-1 KO animals also displayed increased S. aureus titers coincident with reduced pro-inflammatory mediator release, suggestive of pathway cooperativity. Treatment of caspase-1 KO mice with IL-1β microparticles significantly reduced S. aureus burden in the brain and galea compared to empty microparticles, confirming the critical role of IL-1β in limiting S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy infection. These results demonstrate the existence of an initial anti-bacterial response that depends on both TLR2 and caspase-1 in controlling S. aureus growth; however, neither pathway is effective at clearing infection in the WT setting, since craniotomy infection persists when both molecules are present.
Cocaine Self-administration Regulates Transcription of Opioid Peptide Precursors and Opioid Receptors in Rat Caudate Putamen and Prefrontal Cortex.

Abstract The brain opioid system plays an important role in cocaine reward. Altered signaling in the opioid system by chronic cocaine exposure contributes to cocaine-seeking and taking behavior. The current study investigated concurrent changes in the gene expression of multiple components in rat brain opioid system following cocaine self-administration. Animals were limited to 40 infusions (1.5 mg/kg/infusion) within 6 h per day for five consecutive days. We then examined the mRNA levels of opioid receptors including mu (Oprm), delta (Oprd), and kappa (Oprk), and their endogenous opioid peptide precursors including proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), proenkephalin (Penk), prodynorphin (Pdyn) in the dorsal striatum (CPu) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) 18 h after the last cocaine infusion. We found that cocaine self-administration significantly increased the mRNA levels of Oprm and Oprd in both the CPu and PFC, but had no effect on Oprk mRNA levels in either brain region. Moreover, cocaine had a greater influence on the mRNA levels of opioid peptide precursors in rat CPu than in the PFC. In the CPu, cocaine self-administration significantly increased the mRNA levels of Penk and Pdyn and abolished the mRNA levels of Pomc. In the PFC, cocaine self-administration only increased Pdyn mRNA levels without changing the mRNA levels of Pomc and Penk. These data suggest that cocaine self-administration influences the expression of multiple genes in the brain opioid system, and the concurrent changes in these targets may underlie cocaine-induced reward and habitual drug-seeking behavior.
Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Among Individuals With Acute and Early HIV.

HIV transmission is increased during acute and early HIV (AEH). Rapid antiretroviral therapy may shorten the duration of infectivity. We show rapid antiretroviral therapy in AEH is acceptable and effective, with 69.0% of participants starting ART within 7 days of HIV diagnosis disclosure and 88.1% achieving suppression by 48 weeks.
Phase Noise Transfer in High-Q Quartz Phononic Frequency Combs

We report on observing significant reduction of injected phase noise (more than 20 dB over two decades with a peak reduction of 29 dB) on particular comb teeth in high-Q, phononic frequency combs in AT-cut 100-MHz shear-mode quartz resonators. A frequency comb with teeth spacing of 135 kHz was observed on the fundamental mode resonance when driven off-resonance at power levels more than 22 dBm. Teeth in this comb, which exhibited smaller deviations in frequency than the drive signal, were observed to have significantly reduced phase noise sensitivity compared to the drive. Correspondingly, increased levels of phase noise sensitivity were observed on teeth with larger frequency deviations. Similar noise transfer mechanisms between the drive and teeth in a frequency comb were observed to occur in a one-dimensional duffing oscillator. This effect opens up the possibility of utilizing phononic frequency combs to reduce the noise of conventional oscillators.
Escalation research: providing new frontiers for applying behavior analysis to organizational behavior.

Decision fiascoes such as escalation of commitment, the tendency of decision makers to “throw good money after bad,” can have serious consequences for organizations and are therefore of great interest in applied research. This paper discusses the use of behavior analysis in organizational behavior research on escalation. Among the most significant aspects of behavior-analytic research on escalation is that it has indicated that both the patterns of outcomes that decision makers have experienced for past decisions and the patterns of responses that they make are critical for understanding escalation. This research has also stimulated the refinement of methods by researchers to better assess decision making and the role reinforcement plays in it. Finally, behavior-analytic escalation research has not only indicated the utility of reinforcement principles for predicting more complex human behavior but has also suggested some additional areas for future exploration of decision making using behavior analysis.
A Historical Perspective from Folklorist Henry Glassie: Roots of Folk Songs in Music Education

The purpose of this study was to examine the sociocultural roots of folk songs from the perspective of renowned folklorist Henry Glassie. Dr. Henry Glassie holds the rank of Professor Emeritus at I...
Impact of patient and family engagement in improving continuous positive airway pressure adherence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial.

Study Objectives: The aim of the Improving CPAP Adherence Program (I-CAP study) was to assess the impact of a multidimensional treatment framework based on shared decision-making, patient activatio...
The Evolution of Human Infancy: Why It Helps to Be Helpless

Humans have a prolonged childhood, which begins with an immature developmental state at birth. We take care of these helpless infants through a variety of cultural adaptations, including material c...
Advancing the Social Epidemiology Mission of The American Journal of Epidemiology.

Social epidemiology is concerned with how social forces influence population health. Rather than focusing on a single disease (as in cancer or cardiovascular epidemiology) or a single type of exposure (e.g., nutritional epidemiology), social epidemiology encompasses all the social and economic determinants of health, both historical and contemporary. These include features of social and physical environments, the network of relationships in a society, as well as the institutions, politics, policies, norms and cultures that shape all of these forces. This commentary presents the perspective of several editors at the American Journal of Epidemiology with expertise in social epidemiology. We articulate our thinking to encourage submissions to the journal that: (i) expand knowledge of emerging and under-researched social determinants of population health; (ii) advance new empirical evidence on the determinants of health inequities and solutions to advance health equity; (iii) generate evidence to inform the translation of research on social determinants of health into public health impact; (iv) contribute to innovation in methods to improve the rigor and relevance of social epidemiology; and (v) encourage critical self-reflection on the direction, challenges, successes, and failures of the field.
A microstrain measurement methodology applied to multiscale hydroforming of annealed ASTM 304 stainless steel sheet

Meso- and microscale sheet metal forming represents new and attractive solutions to many manufacturing problems for product miniaturization. Larger organizations are utilizing commercially available microscale digital image correlation systems to measure the strains on these scales. The cost of these systems is preventing smaller research and development organizations from entering this challenging area or they are sacrificing the ability to determine strains and evaluate material behavior at the microscale. However, microscale strain grid measurement has the advantage over digital image correlation when the researchers wish to avoid polishing and etching the surface of the sheet metal to make the grain structure visible for digital image correlation and where tooling interferes with obtaining images of the workpiece in real time. This article evaluates the strain measurement and strains resulting from multiscale sheet metal hydroforming operations for annealed 0.2-mm-thick ASTM 304 stainless steel using ...
Empirical Evidence Regarding the Relationship between the Computerized Classroom and Student Performance in Introductory Accounting

Given the increasing use of technology in the classroom, both here and abroad, this paper addresses how the use of technology in the classroom affects student performance. We address this issue by reporting results from a quasi-experiment where student learning is compared in two different classroom settings—a “smart” classroom and a completely “computerized” classroom . Students in the “smart” classroom used pen and paper for classroom activities (in-class assignments, a group project, and in-class exams) and only had access to computers outside the classroom to complete homework assignments; whereas, students in the “computerized” classroom used the computer for all activities during each classroom meeting. Mean scores on all activities (in-class assignments, a group project, homework assignments, and in-class exams) for both groups were compared (co-varied for GPA) to measure the relationship between the learning environment (pen-and-paper vs. computerized) and student performance in an introductory financial accounting class. We found that students in the computerized classroom scored significantly higher on homework and tests, but not on in-class assignments or the group project. We attribute these varied results to the enhanced active learning environment due to the computerized setting. These findings can be used to help accounting programs assess which types of assignments are enhanced by technology.
The Bit Security of Modular Squaring Given Partial Factorization of the Modulos

It is known that given a composite integer N = p1p2 - such that p1 ? p2 ? 3 (mod 4)), and q a quadratic residue modulo N, guessing the least significant bit of a square root of q with any non-negligible advantage is as hard as factoring N.In this paper we extend the above result to multi-prime numbers N = p1p2...p1 (such that p1 ? p2 ? ... ? p1 ? 3 (mod 1)). We show that given N and q, a quadratic residue mod N, guessing the least significant bit of a square root of q is as hard as completely factoring N. Furthermore, the difficulty of guessing the least significant bit of the square root or q remains unchanged evert when all but two of the prime factors of N, p3,...,p1, are known. The result is useful in desigihg multi-party cryptographic protocols.
Perinatal listeriosis—A review of twelve patients

Abstract From July, 1974 to February, 1978, we managed 12 infants with listeriosis. This infection presented in two distinct forms: an early-onset type (nine patients), often representing a congenital infection following maternal illness, and a late-onset type in which the patient presented with meningitis (three patients). Of our nine infants with early-onset disease, three died, three developed permanent sequelae, and only three were normal at follow-up. Appropriate early management in the perinatal period may improve the outlook in this condition. Affected infants were often premature and had pneumonia, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly at birth. Prenatal clues to the diagnosis included maternal fever, abdominal pains, and leukocytosis with meconium staining of the pretem amniotic fluid. Examination of gastric aspirate at birth showed gram-positive coccobacilli. Antibiotic therapy should be started prenatally and continue for three weeks after birth to prevent recurrences of the late-onset type. This late-onset disease presented as meningitis after the second week of life and responded well to antibiotics. Our three patients recovered without sequelae.
Performance of circuit switching in the Internet

We study the performance of an Internet that uses circuit switching (CS) instead of, or in addition to, packet switching (PS). On the face of it, this would seem a pointless exercise; the Internet is packet switched, and it was deliberately built that way to enable the efficiencies afforded by statistical multiplexing and the robustness of fast rerouting around failures. But link utilization is low particularly at the core of the Internet, which makes statistical multiplexing less important than it once was. Moreover, circuit switches today are capable of rapid reconfiguration around failures. There is also renewed interest in CS because of the ease of building very-high-capacity optical circuit switches. Although several proposals have suggested ways in which CS may be introduced into the Internet, the research presented here is based on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) switching, in which a new circuit is created for each application flow. Here we explore the performance of a network that uses TCP switching, with particular emphasis on the response time experienced by users. We use simple M/GI/1 and M/GI/N queues to model application flows in both packet-switched and circuit-switched networks, as well as ns-2 simulations. We conclude that because of high-bandwidth long-lived flows, it does not make sense to use CS in shared-access or local area networks. But our results suggest that in the core of the network, where high capacity is needed most, and where peak flow rate is limited by the access link, there is little or no difference in performance between CS and PS. Given that circuit switches can be built to be much faster than packet switches, this suggests that a circuit-switched core warrants further investigation.
Puzzled: Paths and Matchings

Consider two simple games played by Alice and Bob on a checkerboard or, more generally, on a graph. The games look different, but, as we know, looks can be deceiving…
Twenty years of PWM AC drives: when secondary issues become primary concerns

With major control and power module advances incorporated in third generation AC adjustable speed drives (ASD), industry interest has shifted to applications and secondary issues. The paper traces the rise of secondary issues to primary concerns. Among the secondary issues discussed are: effects of high dv/dt on system performance, motor terminal overvoltages with long cables, and the contribution of pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverters to bearing currents.
Oxidation and Reduction Control of the Inactivation Gating of Torpedo ClC-0 Chloride Channels

Oxidation and reduction (redox) are known to modulate the function of a variety of ion channels. Here, we report a redox regulation of the function of ClC-0, a chloride (Cl−) channel from the Torpedo electric organ. The study was motivated by the occasional observation of oocytes with hyperpolarization-activated Cl− current when these oocytes expressed ClC-0. We find that these atypical recording traces can be turned into typical ClC-0 current by incubating the oocyte in millimolar concentrations of reducing agents, suggesting that the channel function is regulated by oxidation and reduction. The redox control apparently results from an effect of oxidation on the slow (inactivation) gating: oxidation renders it more difficult for the channel to recover from the inactivated states. Introducing the point mutation C212S in ClC-0 suppresses the inactivation state, and this inactivation-suppressed mutant is no longer sensitive to the inhibition by oxidizing reagents. However, C212 is probably not the target for the redox reaction because the regulation of the inactivation gating by oxidation is still present in a pore mutant (K165C/K165 heterodimer) in which the C212S mutation is present. Taking advantage of the K165C/K165 heterodimer, we further explore the oxidation effect in ClC-0 by methane thiosulfonate (MTS) modifications. We found that trimethylethylammonium MTS modification of the introduced cysteine can induce current in the K165C/K165 heterodimer, an effect attributed to the recovery of the channel from the inactivation state. The current induction by MTS reagents is subjected to redox controls, and thus the extent of this current induction can serve as an indicator to report the oxidation state of the channel. These results together suggest that the inactivation gating of ClC-0 is affected by redox regulation. The finding also provides a convenient method to “cure” those atypical recording traces of ClC-0 expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Increased membrane cholesterol in lymphocytes diverts T-cells toward an inflammatory response.

Cell signaling for T-cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis is initiated in the cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane known as lipid rafts. Herein, we investigated whether enrichment of membrane cholesterol in lipid rafts affects antigen-specific CD4 T-helper cell functions. Enrichment of membrane cholesterol by 40–50% following squalene administration in mice was paralleled by an increased number of resting CD4 T helper cells in periphery. We also observed sensitization of the Th1 differentiation machinery through co-localization of IL-2Rα, IL-4Rα, and IL-12Rβ2 subunits with GM1 positive lipid rafts, and increased STAT-4 and STAT-5 phosphorylation following membrane cholesterol enrichment. Antigen stimulation or CD3/CD28 polyclonal stimulation of membrane cholesterol-enriched, resting CD4 T-cells followed a path of Th1 differentiation, which was more vigorous in the presence of increased IL-12 secretion by APCs enriched in membrane cholesterol. Enrichment of membrane cholesterol in antigen-specific, autoimmune Th1 cells fostered their organ-specific reactivity, as confirmed in an autoimmune mouse model for diabetes. However, membrane cholesterol enrichment in CD4+ Foxp3+ T-reg cells did not alter their suppressogenic function. These findings revealed a differential regulatory effect of membrane cholesterol on the function of CD4 T-cell subsets. This first suggests that membrane cholesterol could be a new therapeutic target to modulate the immune functions, and second that increased membrane cholesterol in various physiopathological conditions may bias the immune system toward an inflammatory Th1 type response.
Soil resources of the Motul de San José Maya: Correlating soil taxonomy and modern Itzá Maya soil classification within a classic Maya archaeological zone

Investigations of soil resources in the department of Peten, Guatemala can provide important insight into the agricultural and land use strategies of the ancient Maya. The site of Motul de San Jose, located 3 km north of Guatemala's Lago Peten Itza, is situated in the core zone of Classic Maya civilization and in an area currently inhabited by the modern Itza Maya. This area was occupied and farmed from the Middle Preclassic period (˜600 B.C.) to the Early Postclassic (˜A.D. 1000). During the Late Classic period (˜A.D. 600–830), Motul de San Jose was one of many centers of intense population growth. The authors focused on examining soil resources in the Motul de San Jose area. Soil studies included chemical and physical evaluations of soils and an investigation of the traditional soil classification system used by modern Itza Maya farmers in the community of San Jose. The results of these investigations, along with a subsequent carbon isotopic study of ancient vegetative signatures by Webb et al. (this issue, 291–312) provide a framework for assessment of ancient Maya land-use strategies in the Motul de San Jose area. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disruptive affects: shame, disgust, and sympathy in Frankenstein

Many critical approaches to Frankenstein have relied on an ethical reading of the Creature’s predicament – that he is benevolent within and ugly without. The emotional responses to the Creature’s condition that the novel evokes are illuminated when cast in psychoanalytical light. This article traces how shame and disgust, as theorized by Silvan Tomkins, operate in the novel, and how these responses disrupt or undermine the function of sympathy, as described by Adam Smith. In doing so, the article attempts to show that ethical readings of the novel – readings which participate in both Enlightenment ideas of sympathy and Romantic ideas of the “Other” – remain problematic because of the enduring presence of shame and disgust throughout the novel. The novel remains as powerful as it is partly because of the irreconcilability of the affects of shame and disgust with the ethical operation of sympathy.
The exchange of chloro and ethoxy groups upon the addition of dimethylchlorosilane to vinyldimethylethoxysilane

Abstract The addition of dimethylchlorosilane to vinyldimethylethoxysilane in the presence of chloroplatinic acid yielded 1,2-bis(dimethylchlorosilyl)ethane, 1-(dimethylchlorosilyl)-2-(dimethylethoxysilyl)ethane and 1,2-bis(dimethylethoxysilyl)ethane. The formation of three products is explained on the basis of chloro-ethoxy exchange reactions. Equilibration of the dimethylchlorosilane-vinyldimethylethoxysilane system was investigated using 1H NMR and gas-liquid chromatography. The equilibrium constants indicated near random behavior for the substituent exchange.
Analysis of polypeptide molecular weights by electrophoresis in urea

Abstract Ten proteins of differing disulfide contents and isoionic points were subjected to disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 m urea-0.9 m acetic acid to evaluate the use of this technique in determining polypeptide molecular weights. Comparison of the electrophoretic mobilities before and after reduction of the proteins' disulfide bonds demonstrated that only after all disulfide bonds were broken, could their molecular weights be estimated with any degree of accuracy. The expression of the electrophoretic mobilities as a function of the proteins' effective hydrodynamic sizes, thereby taking into account the extent of constraint by disulfide bonds, allowed a comparison of disulfide cross-linked and linear forms of the protein polypeptides. The extent to which intrinsic charge affects a protein's electrophoretic mobility was estimated by comparing alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme, two proteins of identical size but vastly different isoionic points. They exhibited a 20% difference in mobilities. An apparent slow reduction of disulfide bonds was observed to occur when proteins were exposed to reducing agent at low pH in 8 m urea.
Lotus Effect Amplifies Light-Induced Contact Angle Switching

A rough surface morphology is shown to significantly amplify the light-induced change in water contact angle of a photoresponsive surface. Smooth Si surfaces and fractally rough Si nanowire surfaces grown on a Si substrate were studied, both coated with a hydrophobic monolayer containing photochromic spiropyran molecules. Under visible irradiation the spiropyran is in a closed, hydrophobic form, whereas UV irradiation converts the spiropyran to a polar, hydrophilic form, reducing the contact angle. The superhydrophobic nanowire surface both amplifies the light-induced contact angle change by a factor of 2 relative to a smooth surface and reduces the contact angle hysteresis. As a result the UV-induced advancing contact angle is lower than the receding contact angle under visible irradiation, allowing water drops to be moved solely under the influence of a UV−visible light gradient. The amplification of the reversible light-induced wetting angle change was predicted using the Wenzel model for fractally rou...
Separate But Equal? A Comparison of Content on Library Web Pages and Their Text Versions

ABSTRACT This study examines the Web sites of the Association of Research Libraries member libraries to determine the presence of a separate text version of the default graphical homepage. The content of the text version and the homepage is compared. Of 121 Web sites examined, twenty libraries currently offer a text version. Ten sites maintain wholly separate text pages, and another ten are dynamically generated with text transcoders or stylesheet translation. The descriptor and placement of the link to the text versions varies considerably and is often placed inconveniently for users relying on linear speech output or text display. Separately maintained text versions often omitted useful content and were updated with less frequency than their equivalent graphical page, in violation of Web accessibility guidelines. Outdated news, lack of contact information, omission of links to new functionality such as metasearch tools, and exclusion of quick links were some indicators of the lack of attention given to ...