cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of resources and expertise and the implementation of schoolwide reform initiatives

Using a sample of 499 teachers from 23 schools engaged in locally-designed schoolwide reform initiatives, we analyzed how well access to expertise predicted the influence of reforms on teachers' practice. We relied on longitudinal data obtained from two surveys of teachers' social networks and self-reported effects of their school's initiative on their practice. Among resources analyzed, we found that access to materials and time for collaboration per se were not predictive of teacher change, but reported access to mentors and coaches was. We also found that when teachers received help from colleagues who had already been implementing their school's initiative, they were significantly more likely to change their practice. Taken together, these two findings suggest that interactions with colleagues function as continually changing resources that help individuals interpret and apply the demands of initiatives for their own practice, helping reduce variability in reform implementation.
Measurements of laser line and spontaneous emission spectra at the UCSB free-electron laser

We present interferometric measurements of the laser line and the spontaneous emission spectra at the far-IR (100-400-μm) free-electron laser at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB FEL).
Submitting articles online to Breast Cancer Research

We are now inviting all authors who want to submit a paper to Breast Cancer Research to do so via our newly designed online submission system at http://breast-cancer-research.com/info/instructions/reasons.asp. The new submission system is the place where authors deposit their manuscripts and editors go to read them and record decisions. It is also the first stage towards the creation of an online peer review system where invited reviewers will be able to access the site to see the relevant paper. The system is secure and protected by passwords, so that authors see only their own papers and reviewers will see only those they are meant to. Anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser can use the system. The system provides all our instructions for authors and allows authors to suggest reviewers for their paper. At any point during the process until the 'submit' button has been pressed, authors can go back to an earlier stage to change information; or they can interrupt the process, and their details and uploaded files will be stored to be picked up later. Once the submission is complete, authors get an immediate acknowledgement that their submission has been received. Authors can watch the progress of their manuscripts on their personal 'my manuscripts' page where they will be listed under 'submitted', 'accepted', or 'rejected' according to their current stage, and where updated or revised versions can be uploaded. The system itself offers extensive help and the Breast Cancer Research Editorial Office is happy to help authors if they get stuck.
Ti-6Al-4V-2Ni as a matrix material for a SiC-reinforced composite

Ti-6Al-4V-2Ni is being considered as a composite matrix material because of its potential for a lower consolidation temperature and reduced reaction product formation compared with conventional Ti-6A1-4V. Stress/strain-rate measurements of Ti-6Al-4V-2Ni in sheet form provided data for calculation of diffusion bonding parameters required for efficient consolidation. These data were used as consolidation parameters for fabrication of SiC (SCS-6) reinforced Ti-6Al-4V-2Ni. The composite with 10.5 vol pct SiC exhibits room temperature tensile strength approximately 80 pct of that observed for conventional Ti-6Al-4V/SiC having 35 to 40 vol pct SiC. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the fiber-matrix reaction zone is roughly one-half the thickness of that found in SiC-reinforced Ti -6A1-4V, and that it consists of TiC and Ti5Si3. Nickel does not enter into the reaction zone products, but rather promotes the formation of Ti2Ni in the matrix.
Unusual conformation of the SxN motif in the crystal structure of penicillin-binding protein A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract PBPA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a class B-like penicillin-binding protein (PBP) that is not essential for cell growth in M. tuberculosis , but is important for proper cell division in Mycobacterium smegmatis . We have determined the crystal structure of PBPA at 2.05 A resolution, the first published structure of a PBP from this important pathogen. Compared to other PBPs, PBPA has a relatively small N-terminal domain, and conservation of a cluster of charged residues within this domain suggests that PBPA is more related to class B PBPs than previously inferred from sequence analysis. The C-terminal domain is a typical transpeptidase fold and contains the three conserved active-site motifs characterisitic of penicillin-interacting enzymes. Whilst the arrangement of the SxxK and KTG motifs is similar to that observed in other PBPs, the SxN motif is markedly displaced away from the active site, such that its serine (Ser281) is not involved in hydrogen bonding with residues of the other two motifs. A disulfide bridge between Cys282 (the “x” of the SxN motif) and Cys266, which resides on an adjacent loop, may be responsible for this unusual conformation. Another interesting feature of the structure is a relatively long connection between β5 and α11, which restricts the space available in the active site of PBPA and suggests that conformational changes would be required to accommodate peptide substrate or β-lactam antibiotics during acylation. Finally, the structure shows that one of the two threonines postulated to be targets for phosphorylation is inaccessible (Thr362), whereas the other (Thr437) is well placed on a surface loop near the active site.
A Strongly Regular N -Full Graph of Small Order.

For every positive integern we show the construction of a strongly regular graph of order at most 2 n+2 which contains every graph of ordern as a subgraph. The estimation concerning the construction is best possible.
Persistent movement disorders induced by buspirone

Buspirone, an azospirone compound, is a nonsedative anxiolytic that has achieved wide usage since its introduction in 1987. Although relatively free of side-effects, there have been several instances of dyskinesia and dystonia associated with the use of buspirone. We report two patients with persistent movement disorders that developed after prolonged treatment with the drug. One patient developed a lasting problem of cervical-cranial dystonia and tremors after treatment with buspirone at a dosage of 40 mg/day for several weeks. Another, receiving 30 mg/day for 6 weeks, experienced an exacerbation of preexisting spasmodic torticollis and tardive dyskinesia as well as the onset of involuntary phonations. As shown by these and other examples, buspirone poses the risk for inducing or exacerbating several types of movement disorders.
Supplemental irrigation at reproductive growth stages to improve popcorn grown at different populations

When irrigation sources are limited, supplemental irrigation at selected growth stages may help avoid crop stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of limited, supplemental irrigation at two reproductive growth stages of popcorn (Zea mays L.) grown at different populations. The experiment was conducted from 1995 through 1998 on a Parsons silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic Mollic Albaqualf). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Six irrigation schemes of no irrigation, application of 2.5 or 5 cm at R1 (silk stage) or R3 (milk stage), and 2.5 cm at both R1 and R3 were main plots, and populations of 37 000, 49 000, and 62 000 plants ha -1 were subplots. Popcorn yield was affected by irrigation in only 2 of 4 yr. In the driest growing season (1996), yields were low, but either 2.5 or 5 cm of irrigation applied at R1 increased yields by 60% or more compared with irrigations at R3 or no irrigation. In 1997, 2.5 cm of irrigation at R1 or 2.5 cm at both R1 and R3 resulted in 23 to 27% greater yield than with no irrigation. These responses were partially explained by 12 to 13% greater number of kernels per ear. The optimum plant population was 49000 plants ha -1 ; this treatment maximized yield, kernel weight, and produced one ear per plant. Responses to irrigation were not affected by plant populations for any measured parameters. Popping expansion ratio was unaffected by treatments. Supplemental irrigation at critical reproductive growth stages influences yield but is inadequate to provide consistent yield and quality improvements for popcorn grown in the eastern Great Plains.
Spacelab data processing facility (SLDPF) quality assurance (QA)/data accounting(DA) expert systems: transition from prototypes to operational systems

The SLDPF is responsible for the capture, quality monitoring processing, accounting, and shipment of Spacelab and/or Attached Shuttle Payloads (ASP) telemetry data to various user facilities. Expert systems will aid in the performance of the quality assurance and data accounting functions of the two SLDPF functional elements: the Spacelab Input Processing System (SIPS) and the Spacelab Output Processing System (SOPS). Prototypes were developed for each as independent efforts. The SIPS Knowledge System Prototype (KSP) used the commercial shell OPS5+ on an IBM PC/AT; the SOPS Expert System Prototype used the expert system shell CLIPS implemented on a Macintosh personal computer. Both prototypes emulate the duties of the respective QA/DA analysts based upon analyst input and predetermined mission criteria parameters, and recommended instructions and decisions governing the reprocessing, release, or holding for further analysis of data. These prototypes demonstrated feasibility and high potential for operational systems. Increase in productivity, decrease of tedium, consistency, concise historial records, and a training tool for new analyses were the principal advantages. An operational configuration, taking advantage of the SLDPF network capabilities, is under development with the expert systems being installed on SUN workstations. This new configuration in conjunction with the potential of the expert systems will enhance the efficiency, in both time and quality, of the SLDPF's release of Spacelab/AST data products.
Direct action of ethidium bromide upon mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and morphology.

Abstract Ethidium bromide (23 nmol/mg of protein) was found to be a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, as determined by loss of respiratory control through the inhibition of the ADP-induced state-3 rate of oxygen uptake. A time latency for complete loss of respiratory control was noted, after which 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was ineffective in overcoming this inhibition. In the absence of EDTA, ethidium bromide produced an apparent uncoupling, as evidenced by an increase of state-4 rates of oxygen uptake and loss of respiratory control. As low as 8 nmol of ethidium bromide/mg of protein stimulated mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) for 5 min. Two to three times this amount of ethidium bromide reduced the amount P i released. Preincubation of mitochondria with ethidium bromide prevented subsequent release of P i during incubation with ATP. Likewise, preincubation inhibited the DNP-activated ATPase. The uptake of low levels of [ 14 C]ADP preincubated with ethidium bromide (14 nmol/mg of protein) and succinate or α-ketoglutarate could apparently be reversed, with loss of radioactivity beginning several minutes after addition of the radioactive nucleotide. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by ethidium bromide may be due to modification of the adenine nucleotide transport system in mitochondria. The production of apparently swollen mitochondria treated in vitro with ethidium bromide and substrates necessary for oxidative phosphorylation, as seen in electron micrographs, further indicates that the compound is capable of acting directly upon mouse liver mitochondrial function and structure.
Synthesis and biodegradability of amylose block copolymers

The synthesis of amylose block co-and terpolymers is described. Fully acetylated amylose triacetate was hydrolyzed by hydronium ions to give a hydroxy-terminated amylose triacetate oligomer (HATA), which was reacted with diisocyanates to produce block copolymers. Prepolymers of HATA and MDI or TDI were reacted with both hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene and polypropylene glycol to form block terpolymers. Block co- and terpolymer formation was demonstrated by intrinsic viscosity increases, gel permeation chromatographic results, and NMR and IR spectroscopy. The products were easily deacetylated by NaOMe in methanol to yield amylose block co- and terpolymers. These polymers were readily degraded by α-amylase. The enzymatic hydrolysis was monitored by intrinsic viscosity measurements. The rate of biodegradation was influenced by the DS of the amylose block and the composition of the block terpolymers.
THE PERSISTENCE OF THE HOMEOWNERSHIP NORM AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF MORTGAGE DEBT

: In Canada and the United States, the shelter norm is to own a home. Few people can achieve this norm without incurring long-term debt exposing them to financial risk. It is widely assumed, however, that this risk is minimal because housing has traditionally been a superior and safe investment In fact, the investment potential of homeownership is identified by both neoclassical economists and conflict theorists as a major factor underlying its mass appeal This view is disputed by cultural/normativists who argue that the popularity of ownership is independent of profit incentives. This article examines attitudes toward homeownership among buyers who perceived that they suffered financial losses when housing values declined due to an economic recession. Although economic injury made respondents cautious about home-ownership, almost all stated they would buy again. A significant minority stated they would even buy the same home again The implied persistence of the homeownership norm under conditions of poor economic conditions raises questions about the advisability of housing programs that foster high levels of consumer debt and about the possible wider implications of debt-financed homeownership. The article concludes by urging social scientists and policymakers to identify and examine these issues through further research
Learner-specific continuing education and the myers-briggs type inventory

While traditional needs assessments identify educational content, generally these assessments do not measure the varied learning styles of the audience. Individual practitioners can use the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory to help identify learning styles and, based on that identification, select continuing education activities where learning will be most efficient and effective. A review of the Myers-Briggs typology and relevant literature indicates that learners with varied learning styles benefit from quite different learning activities. The traditional large continuing education meeting, for example, is well suited for some learners, not for others. Health professionals will find it easier to stay current in their fields if they select appropriate, learner-specific modes of continuing education. Professional relationships may also benefit if professionals in the same practice environment understand and appreciate that different continuing education formats are necessary for people with different learning styles.
Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein transcriptionally modulates a number of cellular genes. Since there is no evidence of binding of NS5A protein to DNA, it is likely to exert its activity in concert with cellular factor(s). In this study, we have identified a specific interaction of HCV NS5A with homeodomain protein PTX1 of human origin by a yeast two-hybrid interacting cloning system. The authenticity of this interaction was verified by mammalian two-hybrid assay, in vivo co-immunoprecipitation analysis, and from a colocalization study. Recently, murine PTX1 (mPTX1) has been shown to repress virus-induced murine interferonA4 promoter activity. Interferon-a alone or together with ribavirin is the only available therapy for HCV-infected patients. Therefore, we examined whether coexpression of NS5A and human PTX1 (hPTX1) proteins modulate human IFN-a promoter activity. An in vitro reporter assay by transfection of HepG2 cells with NS5A suggested an activation of IFN-a promoter to ∼20-fold upon Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection. Under similar experimental conditions, hPTX1-activated IFN-a prompter to ∼sevenfold, unlike mPTX1. However, cotransfection of NS5A and hPTX1 displayed a lower interferon promoter activity, probably for physical association between these two proteins. Subsequent study demonstrated that activation of IFN promoter by NS5A is associated with an increased expression of IRF-3. Further analysis revealed that ectopic expression of NS5A in HepG2 cells enhances endogenous IFN-a secretion and MxA expression upon induction with NDV. However, exogenous expression of hPTX1 did not significantly alter NS5A-mediated function in the stable transfectants. Taken together, these results suggested that the level of endogenous hPTX1 is not sufficient to block the function of NS5A for augmentation of virus-mediated IFN activity in HepG2 cells.
Analytical Design and Operation of Systems with Crystallization, Filtration, and Recycling

Previously, Ward et al. [Ward, J. D.; Doherty, M. F.; Yu, C. C. Plantwide Operation and Control of Processes with Crystallization. AIChE J. 2007, 53, 2885−2896] published a novel shortcut method for predicting how process operation will be affected by the choice of control structure for a plant with reaction, crystallization, and recycling. The analysis assumed the presence of a continuous filter but did not model its operation. In this article, we introduce an analogous dimensionless model for a continuous rotary drum filter and show that a similar methodology can be used to predict the behavior of a combined crystallizer and filter, and a reactor, crystallizer, filter, and recycle circuit. We show the effect of the crystallizer operating policy on the operation of the filter and show that the overall operation of the combined plant can be predicted for a given choice of controlled variables. This facilitates the screening of control structures by rapid elimination of control structures that are likely t...
Natural disasters linked to collapse of some indigenous populations

Rodolfo Acuna-Soto, an assistant professor of microbiology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, was stunned by tree ring data he saw last March at a scientific meeting in Cuernavaca. Borehole research conducted by the University of Arkansas' Tree Ring Laboratory on 200 Douglas firs from the central Mexican highlands told the chronology of ring growth during a mega-drought that withered the region from the mid-1540s to the 1580s.
Regulation of renin secretion by calcium and chemoismotic forces: (patho) physiological considerations

II. Physiological considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 A. Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 B. Hydrogen, potassium and chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 C. Osmolality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Anxiety management and applied relaxation in reducing general anxiety

Abstract Sixty-three generally anxious subjects were assigned to anxiety management training, applied relaxation training, relaxation-only, placebo and untreated control conditions. After 6 weeks of treatment, anxiety management training led to reductions on a variety of self-report measures of state and trait anxiety and decreases in maladaptive cognitions during a laboratory stress procedure. On several measures, subjects in anxiety management training differed from relaxation-only and placebo subjects as well as untreated controls. However, treatment effects did not extend to performance and physiological measures of anxiety. Applied relaxation training, which in contrast to anxiety management training lacks structured rehearsal involving the recognition and reduction of tension cues during the treatment sessions, resulted in less consistent decreases in measures of general anxiety.
The vitamin K dependent, in vitro production of prothrombin.

Abstract Postmitochondrial supernates from vitamin K deficient rats respond to the in vitro addition of vitamin K to produce prothrombin. This system is energy dependent, and is inhibited by antagonists of vitamin K, but not by cycloheximide. These observations offer further proof that the vitamin acts at a postribosomal site in promoting the synthesis of prothrombin.
Estimation of particle losses due to multiple scattering

Abstract In experiments with energetic charged particles, multiple scattering by target atoms may cause a significant loss in the number of particles emitted into a given solid angle, dΩ . The total fractional loss of charged particles from multiple scattering in a thin foil preceding the detector is calculated analytically. The numerical results are given in the form of a universal plot. The results show both that a small solid angle of detection and a large beam diameter will produce a serious particle loss, and that the influences of the two factors on particle loss are not the same.
An Essay on Academic Disciplines, Faithfulness, and the Christian Scholar.

Christian scholars inhabit at least two communities: the community of Christians and the community of scholars. Each community has its own distinctive set of beliefs, practices, and criteria for membership. To avoid incoherence, the Christian scholar seeks to understand the relationship between the two communities. The Christian, we are told, must integrate all of her life as a scholar—her teaching and research—with her Christianity. Descriptions of how this integration is supposed to look are often opaque or unhelpful. Further, the fact that the scholarly enterprise looks quite different for the historian, the mathematician, and the physicist adds to the difficulty of prescribing an approach to the integration of faith and scholarship that is helpful across all of the academic disciplines. In this article, I highlight the topic of integration by exploring the anatomy of an “academic discipline.” In doing so, connections between faith and the scholarly enterprise emerge in ways that seem less opaque and m...
Simulation Approaches for System of Systems: Events-based versus Agent Based Modeling☆

Abstract In order to understand how we may engineer system of systems (SoS), we will have to rely significantly on our abilities in modeling and simulation. While there are some models of non-specific SoS, few attempts have been made to demonstrate these models with simulation. Simulations of SoS are usually specific cases. Likewise, in the description of a SoS, most of the approaches have focused on their characterization, yet this characterization has not been greatly utilized as an underlying feature in the modeling and simulation of SoS. We review different modeling techniques and use two converse techniques, i.e. agent-based and event-based modeling, to run a simulation of hypothetical systems collaborating into a SoS. The results of the empirical comparison indicate an agent-based modeling approach would achieve a characterization model better with validation achieved through an event-based approach.
Cautionary Tales About Extended Breastfeeding and Weaning

Extended breastfeeding is uncommon and accorded limited research attention in the United States. In this article I analyze in-depth interviews with 66 breastfeeding mothers in Northern California. Mothers reveal their understanding of extended breastfeeding through descriptions of the surveillance of breastfeeding and cautionary tales. I examine the form and content of cautionary tales, emphasizing the pervasive culture of surveillance that underpins their relevance to nursing mothers. I interpret the cautionary tales in light of the dyadic encounter of breastfeeding, maternal identity, and norms about older breastfeeding children. The analysis is relevant to future explorations of early weaning in other regions.
Kinetic studies of benzpyrene and hydroxybenzpyrene metabolism.

Abstract The kinetics of benzpyrene (BP) metabolism were examined in liver microsomes, and in accordance with the results of Hansen and Fouts [9] exhibited curvilinear Lineweaver-Burk plots. The problem was exacerbated in microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC-ms) treated rats. The Km for BP, measuring hydroxybenzpyrene (OHBP) appearance was about 0.3 μM in MC-treated adult rats and about 1.0 μM in untreated rats. These values were obtained using a substrate range of 0.2-2.0 μM benzpyrene, 20 μg of microsomal protein/ml and a 3 min assay time. With longer assay times and with higher microsomal protein concentrations curvilinear reciprocal plots were obtained. This was found to be due to a combination of three factors, namely non-specific binding of BP to the microsomes, rapid depletion of substrate, and further metabolism of hydroxy products. At 100 μg microsomal protein/ml about 50% of added BP was non-specifically bound to the microsomes in the range of 0.2-2.0 μM BP. Addition of albumin to the medium (1 mg/ml) greatly enhanced the BP hydroxylase activity but only slightly increased the amount of BP remaining in the medium after sedimentation of the microsomes by centrifugation. 3-OHBP, one of the phenolic products of BP metabolism was found to be metabolized to a non-fluorescent product(s); the Km for this compound was similar to that for BP. Differences were seen in the Vmax rates of BP disappearance and OHBP appearance. Disappearance of BP is several fold faster than OHBP appearance and has a larger Km. The latter may be due to the need to use higher amounts of protein and to allow depletion of enough substrate to make measurements significantly reproducible or the higher Km may reflect a composite value for different routes of BP metabolism.
Should the emergency IVP be used more selectively in blunt renal trauma

A retrospective study was performed to determine if the emergency intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is being overused in the evaluation of blunt renal trauma. Medical records of 105 blunt renal trauma patients undergoing IVPs for suspected blunt renal trauma were analyzed. Eighty-eight patients (83.8%) had normal IVPs, and 17 patients (16.2%) had abnormal IVPs. Three of the 105 patients (2.9%) required urologic surgical intervention. The medical records of these patients were examined in detail because it was believed that this patient population needed to be identified by emergency IVP. All three patients requiring urologic surgery had gross hematuria. All three patients had one or more associated injuries. Two of the three patients had flank tenderness and/or flank mass. The third patient was obtunded. From this study and information from the literature an algorithm has been constructed as a guideline for a prospective study. Following this guideline no patients in the study requiring urologic surgical intervention would have been missed. Of patients requiring an emergency IVP, 7.3% would have required urologic surgery. This would have resulted in a savings of $10,432 at our institution.
Definition of a Physiologic Pharmacokinetic Model of Cutaneous Drug Distribution Using the Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin Flap

A physiologic pharmacokinetic model describing drug disposition in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) is derived. The IPPSF is well suited for experimental studies of dynamic drug distribution into skin because arterial and venous drug fluxes can be continuously monitored. The system parameters of the model are uniquely identifiable and describe the cutaneous efflux profile as a function of arterial input flux and tissue partitioning or extraction. This model allows experimental results obtained from an in vitro preparation to serve as a quantitative input to an in vivo, whole animal pharmacokinetic system. Experimental infusion applications of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and carboplatin and the antimicrobials tetracycline and doxycycline are reported herein.
International Statistics at the Millennium: Progressing or Regressing?*

Summary To assess the current state of international statistics at the commencement of a new millennium, a small retrospective study is presented. Such a study is necessarily statistical, and its intrinsic biases are discussed. Based upon past data a specific prediction for the distant future is advanced.
Free vibration analysis of simply supported composite laminated panels

In this paper, the free vibrations characteristics of simply supported anisotropic composite laminates are investigated using analytical approach. The formulation is based on the first-order shear deformation theory and the shear correction factors employed are based on energy consideration that depends on the lay-up as well as material properties. The governing equations are obtained using energy method. For this purpose, a displacement model with a combination of sine and cosine functions in the form of double Fourier series is taken. The effectiveness of the integrated formulation is tested for global behaviors considering examples related to multi-layered laminates having various values for curvatures, thickness ratio, and lay-up for which solutions are available.
Probability-Density Function for Total Fields in a Straight PEC Rough-Wall Tunnel

The probability-density function for the amplitude of the total field in a straight perfect electrical conductor (PEC) rough-wall tunnel is deduced from the mathematical models of random electromagnetic fields for the first time. The single-modal-field amplitude is Ricean distributed in the tunnel. This distribution is approximated as a Gaussian distribution. The probability-density functions for the total-field amplitude are the convolutions of the probability-density functions of each mode, and are Gaussian distributed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 128–132, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20921
Distinguishing galactic cosmic-ray source models with first ionization potential and volatility

Studies of the galactic cosmic-ray source composition reveal a pattern in the elemental abundances that may be controlled by the first ionization potential (FIP) or a closely correlated parameter, the condensation temperature (volatility). Determining the true parameter is key identifying the galactic cosmic-ray source (GCRS) material. Using data from the CRIS instrument onboard the ACE spacecraft, we examine five elements that are more volatile than other elements of similar FIP. Three of these (Na, Cu, Ge) show small deficits in their source abundances that may suggest a volatility-dependent fractionation. The source abundances of Ga and Zn (an intermediate FIP element) are consistent with either model. Possible systematic uncertainties from the cosmic-ray pathlength estimate as well as effects due to the instrumental acceptance are discussed. We also compare the GCRS composition to that observed in solar energetic particles.
Effect of strain on phonons in Si, Ge, and Si/Ge heterostructures.

The dispersion relations for optical and acoustic phonons are examined in bulk Si and Ge, Si and Ge strained layers grown on (001) and (111) surfaces, and ultrathin Si/Ge superlattices at ambient pressure and under hydrostatic pressure by using a modified Keating model. This model includes four interactions, which involve up to the fifth-nearest-neighbor atom, and force constants that depend on strain. These strain-modified force constants are related to specific cubic anharmonic terms in the potential energy and also to the empirical parameters p, q, and r that have been used to describe zone-center phonon shifts and splittings arising from strain. This model is used to obtain the mode Gr\"uneisen parameters ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{i}}$ throughout the Brillouin zone for bulk c-Si and c-Ge, and explicit analytic expressions for ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{i}}$ at the zone center and boundaries. Biaxial strain in the (001) plane is shown to affect phonon dispersion very differently than in previous work that used a much simpler model. For Si and Ge grown on a (111) substrate, the frequency shift due to the biaxial strain for the TO-phonon mode is found to be almost independent of wave vector. The pressure-induced change in the frequency of confined LO phonons in a ${\mathrm{Si}}_{12}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$ superlattice predicted by the model agrees with the change measured previously by Raman scattering. This modified Keating model is also used to obtain the second- and third-order elastic constants for Si and Ge.
XPS study of electron-induced surface processes in trimethylsilane-covered Ge(100) surfaces

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the effects of electron beam irradiation of a multilayer film of trimethylsilane on a clean Ge(100) surface at −150°C. Core level C 1s, Si 2p, and Ge 3d photoelectrons were monitored at the same experimental conditions after various electron fluences. Electron irradiation is observed to cause an increase in the relative silicon surface concentration with a corresponding decrease in the carbon concentration. No change was evident in the surface germanium concentration, although electron irradiation resulted in an increasing concentration of C–Ge bonds with time. Simultaneously, the concentration of C–Si bonds decreased as a function of irradiation time. Growth of silicon islands is postulated as a possible explanation for this observation. The possible silicon island growth proposal is supported by the observed gradual decrease in concentration of Si–Si bonds, which would occur as the fraction of the surface covered by silicon decreases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current plate velocities relative to the hotspots incorporating the NUVEL-1 global plate motion model

The NUVEL-1 model of current global relative plate velocities is presently incorporated into HS2-NUVEL1, a global model for plate velocities relative to hotspots; the results thus obtained are compared with those of the AM1-2 model of hotspot-relative plate velocities. While there are places in which plate velocities relative to the hotspots differ between HS2-NUVEL1 and AM1-2 by tens of degrees in direction and 15 mm/yr in speed, the hotspot Euler vectors differ with 95 percent confidence only for the Arabian and Indian plates. Plates attached to subducting slabs move faster relative to the hotspots than do plates without slabs.
Polymerization of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde on Ordered (WO3)3 Films on Pt(111)

Polymerization of formaldehyde, H2CO, and acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, was studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions on a model catalyst consisting of an ultrathin WO3 film supported on Pt(111). The onset of polymerization is observed at very low temperatures of 70 and 80 K for H2CO and CH3CHO, respectively, as documented by the evolution of the infrared reflection–absorption spectra. The amount of polymer increases with increasing coverage and saturates at 5 and 8 monolayers (ML) for the H2CO and CH3CHO multilayer films, respectively. Upon heating, the polymers decompose around 250 and 190 K for H2CO and CH3CHO, respectively, as evidenced mass spectrometrically by the desorption of their monomers and oligomers into the gas phase. The heats of H2CO and CH3CHO sublimation and polymerization determined on the basis of our experiments are in good agreement with previously published values.
A review of the structure of sturgeon egg membranes and of the associated terminology

Summary Knowledge of the morphological properties, species specific differences, development, and function of the sturgeon egg envelope is of importance for a better understanding of sturgeon reproduction as well as for improvement of the caviar quality. The structure of the egg envelope is similar among the various species, comprising an external envelope (thecal cells, basal lamina, and follicular epithelium), a five-layered oocyte envelope (adhesive layer, alveolar layer, epilayer, and zona radiata externa and interna) and a layer of oocyte matrix and cortical granules. Egg diameters (1.5–4.9 mm), structure and number of the micropyles (2–52), and the size of the micropylar field distinguish eggs of the various species. The development of the egg envelope within the ovary comprises five stages, with further changes following fertilization with the formation of a fertilization cone. The mechanism of polyspermy block in sturgeon eggs and the role of the micropyle and cortical granules in polyspermy block are also described in this review. This review provides information on the morphology and the developmental stages of the egg envelope that will further the understanding of egg biology of acipenserid species. Standardization of terminology describing the egg envelope would minimize confusion and be helpful for future work on acipenserid eggs.
CHARTING THE “TRANSITIONAL PERIOD”: THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TIME IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

This paper seeks to chart a concept of historical experience that French Romantic writers first developed to describe their own relationship to historical time: the notion of the "transitional period." At first, the term related strictly to the evolving periodic conception of history, one that required breaks, spaces, or zones of indeterminacy to bracket off periods imagined as organic wholes. These transitions, necessary devices in the new grammar of history, also began to attract interest on their own, conceived either as chaotic but creative times of transformation, or, more often, as slack periods of decadence that possessed no proper style but exhibited hybrid traits. Their real interest, however, lies in their reflexive application to the nineteenth century itself, by writers and historians such as Alfred de Musset, Chateaubriand, Michelet, and Renan, who in their effort to define their own period envisioned the "transitional period" as a passage between more coherent and stable historical formations. This prospective self-definition of the "age of history" from a future standpoint is very revealing; it shows not just the tension between its organic way of apprehending the past and its own self-perception, but it also opens a window on a new and paradoxical experience of time, one in which change is ceaseless and an end in itself. The paper also presents a critique of the way the term "modernity" has functioned, from Baudelaire's initial use to the present, to occlude the experience of transition that the Romantics highlighted. By imposing on the nineteenth-century sense of the transitory a heroic period designation, the term "modernity" denies precisely the reality it describes, and sublimates a widespread temporal malaise into its contrary. The paper concludes that the peculiarly "modern" mania for naming one's period is a function of transitional time, and that the concept coined by the Romantics still governs our contemporary experience.
Neuroleptic effects on serine and glycine metabolism

The concentrations of serine and glycine and the activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) are abnormal in plasma and brains of schizophrenics. To further elucidate the possible role of neuroleptics on the metabolism of serine and glycine and the activity of SHMT, we studied the plasma of controls and schizophrenics on and off medications, the brains of rats treated with haloperidol, and the activity of purified SHMT in the presence or absence of haloperidol and fluphenazine. Plasmas of neuroleptic-treated schizophrenics had nonsignificantly lower concentrations of serine and glycine. Brains of haloperidol-treated rats had significantly lower concentrations of serine and glycine. At therapeutic levels haloperidol and fluphenazine did not inhibit the activity of purified SHMT. The serine-glycine lowering effects of haloperidol and neuroleptics are discussed in the context of a possible neuroprotective potential of neuroleptics in schizophrenia.
Preparation of sulfur‐quinone polyurethanes and their use to inhibit the corrosion of iron particles

A sulfur-quinone diol monomer, 2,5-bis-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-1,4-benzoquinone (SQM-2), was prepared by the reaction of 2-mercaptoethanol with benzoquinone. SQM-2 and polycaprolactone diol (number-average molecular weight = 1250) were condensed with toluene diisocyanate to give sulfur-quinone polyurethanes. Two compositions were prepared, SQPU-1 containing 7 mol % SQM-2 and SQPU-2 containing 35 mol % SQM-2. These thermoplastic polyurethanes were soluble in solvents used in magnetic tape coating processes. The polymers were used to prepare magnetic coatings containing state-of-the-art commercial iron particles. The sulfur-quinone polyurethanes protected the iron particles against corrosion from a pH 2.0 aqueous buffer. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3278–3283, 2000
Facile Preparation of Fluorescent Neoglycoproteins Using p-Nitrophenyl Anthranilate as a Heterobifunctional Linker

A facile preparation of neoglycoconjugates has been developed with a commercially available chemical, p-nitrophenyl anthranilate (PNPA), as a heterobifunctional linker. The two functional groups of PNPA, the aromatic amine and the p-nitrophenyl ester, are fully differentiated to selectively conjugate with glycans and other biomolecules containing nucleophiles. PNPA is efficiently conjugated with free reducing glycans via reductive amination. The glycan−PNPA conjugates (GPNPAs) can be easily purified and quantified by UV absorption. The active p-nitrophenyl ester in the GPNPA conjugates readily reacts with amines under mild conditions, and the resulting conjugates acquire strong fluorescence. This approach was used to prepare several fluorescent neoglycoproteins. The neoglycoproteins were covalently printed on activated glass slides and were bound by appropriate lectins recognizing the glycans.
Convenient Modifications to a Varian AA-6 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer to Allow Use with a Graphite Furnace Atomizer:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has become a popular and routine technique for trace metal analysis over the past 25 years. One of the most significant advances to occur during this period was the development of the graphite furnace atomizer. This atomizer has greatly improved sensitivities and detection limits for AAS, but at the same time has placed greater instrumental demands on the spectrometer electronics than does a flame atomizer. The instrumental demands are due to the nature of the signal. When using a furnace atomizer the signal takes the form of an absorbance pulse or peak as opposed to the static signal observed when using a flame atomizer. Recently, peak shape analysis has been shown to be a valuable tool for investigating matrix interferences when using a graphite furnace atomizer.
Synthesis of a nonlinear dynamic vibration absorber

Abstract We consider a linear undamped vibrating system with one degree of freedom, excited by a sinusoidal force of constant amplitude. To this is attached a secondary system by means of a spring whose load-deflection characteristic is the sum of a linear and cubic term. It is desired to find optimum coefficients λ and ν for this coupling spring, such that one obtains as large a band of exciting frequencies as possible within which the vibration amplitude of the primary system is kept below unity. This choice is subject to the condition that the fundamental of the primary system response have zero amplitude at a preassigned expected excitation frequency Ω 0 . The first approximation by the Duffing Iteration Method is used to obtain the response in terms of the system parameters. Optimum values of λ2 and ν are expressed in terms of Ω 2 . Using the optimum values corresponding to a particular value of Ω 0 , the results of the synthesis are compared with those obtained by a more exact analysis and by an electronic differential analyzer.It is found that by the synthesis criterion used, the nonlinear absorber offers a significant advantage over the corresponding linear absorber.
Oil shocks and oil stocks: evidence from the 1970s

The present paper examines the returns to 29 oil companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange during the period surrounding the oil shock of 1973. The returns are decomposed into production, refining, foreign and domestic operations. The hypothesis that domestic price controls benefitted refiners is tested. Finally, the hypothesis that oil price risk was priced in the sense of the arbitrage pricing theory is tested.
Initial studies of the use of aminopeptidases for the differentiation ofBacillus sphaericus strains

Analysis of aminopeptidase activity in commercially available enzyme panels (SAP-II and SAP-III) indicated qualitative differences among the eight strains ofBacillus sphaericus tested. These differences involved specific substrates utilized, the importance of sampling time, as well as differences between whole cells and cell-free extracts. Further detailed analysis of four of thel-amino acid-β-naphthylamide substrates using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) demonstrated a series of allelic differences in the multilocus patterns observed. The resulting phenogram constructed from the enzyme and PAGE information showed a marked separation of the noninsecticidal strains from the insecticidal strains (58% similarity). In addition, there was a separation within the insecticidal strains of strain SSII-1, phage type 2 from strain 2297, phage type 4, and of both of these strains from the remaining highly insecticidal members of phage type 3 (strains 1593, 2013-4, 2362, 2500).
Manufacturing as an Urban Function: The Regional Viewpoint*

Cities in the West North Central geographic region were grouped according to population. Using manufacturing activity as the dependent variable (Y) and an indication of accessibility as the independent variable (X), the regression of Y on X was computed for each group as well as the correlation coefficient. Deviations of the actual percentage engaged in manufacture from the predicted percentage were computed for each city. On the basis of results, three generalizations are offered as recipes for enhancing manufacturing.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon

The finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon, is a small, discontinuously distributed coastal species found in waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina in the US through the Gulf of Mexico and in southern Brazil. The species is a component of both commercial and recreational fisheries throughout its range. Here, we report polymerase-chain-reaction primers for 20 polymorphic and 33 monomorphic microsatellites isolated from an enriched genomic library of C. isodon DNA, and cross amplification of nine polymorphic and 35 monomorphic microsatellites previously characterized in blacknose shark, C. acronotus. All 97 microsatellites were characterized in 31 individuals. The microsatellites will be useful in population studies of finetooth sharks.