cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization: An Ascendant Paradigm?

International Studies is on the cusp of a debate between para-keepers, observers who are steadfast about maintaining the prevailing paradigms and deny that globalization offers a fresh way of thinking about the world, and para-makers, who bring into question what they regard as outmoded categories and claim to have shifted to an innovatory paradigm. This distinction is a heuristic that allows for various gradations and dynamic interactions between the keepers and the makers. It helps to identify anomalies in and discomfort with International Studies. Partly as a response to these problems, globalization studies has evolved and may be tentatively delimited by a distinct set of characteristics. But, in the near term, there is no looming Kuhnian crisis in the sense of an impending overthrow that would quickly sweep away reigning paradigms. Given that systematic research on globalization is only slightly more than a decade in the making, it is most likely that International Studies has entered an interregnum between the old and the new. At this time, as a paradigm, globalization is more of a potential than a worked-out framework. It may be best understood as a proto-paradigm.
Changes to the rumen bacterial population of sheep with the addition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to their diet

Previous work has shown that bacterial isolates from the sheep rumen are capable of detoxifying 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) into polar constituents. In this study, the dietary effects of TNT on the sheep rumen microbial community were evaluated using molecular microbiology ecology tools. Rumen samples were collected from sheep fed with and without TNT added to their diet, genomic DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA-V3 gene marker was used to quantify changes in the microbial population in the rumen. Control and treatment samples yielded 533 sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the microbial changes between the two conditions. Results indicated the predominant bacterial populations present in the rumen were comprised of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, irrespective of presence/absence of TNT in the diet. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between the community structure of the bacteria under TNT (−) and TNT (+) diets. Examination of the TNT (+) diet showed an increase in the clones belonging to family Ruminococcaceae, which have previously been shown to degrade TNT in pure culture experiments.
Distribution of Recreational Boating across Lakes: Do Landscape Variables Affect Recreational Use?

SUMMARY 1. Because people impact lake ecosystems, it is important to consider factors influencing the human use of freshwater resources. We investigated the influence of the landscape position, as well as lake area, recreational facilities, and distance to highways and urban centres, on lake use by boaters in the Northern Highland Lake District of Wisconsin, U.S.A. 2. In aerial surveys of ninety-nine randomly selected lakes, we did not see boats on over half of the lakes. Of the lakes with boats, we found a strong correlation between the number of boats and lake area. Recreational boats tended to be found on large, accessible lakes with good boating facilities. Boats were not seen on small, stained lakes with few recreational facilities. 3. Regression models showed that lake size and landscape position explained 63% of the variability in the average number of boats per lake and landscape position explained 24% of the variability in boat density on all ninety-nine lakes. Social variables representing the quality of boating facilities and the perception of good fishing explained 70% of the variability in number of boats per lake and 54% of the variation in boat density on all lakes. A combined model using both physical and social variables increased the explanatory power for both number and density. Lake use by boaters was correlated with landscape position, the quality of fishing and the availability of recreational facilities. When the analysis was restricted to the forty-six lakes where boats were found, only the availability of recreational facilities proved a significant predictor of boat density. 4. Our results suggest that lake choice by recreational boaters may be best predicted by a combination of the location of a lake in a regional hydrologic landscape, and considerations of available facilities and perceptions regarding fishing.
Electrogram polarity and cavotricuspid isthmus block during ablation of typical atrial flutter.

Electrogram Polarity in Atrial Flutter Ablation. Introduction: The atrial activation sequence around the tricuspid annulus has been used to assess whether complete block has been achieved across the cavotricuspid isthmus during radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial e utter. However, sometimes the atrial activation sequence does not clearly establish the presence or absence of complete block. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a change in the polarity of atrial electrograms recorded near the ablation line is an accurate indicator of complete isthmus block. Methods and Results: Radiofrequency ablation was performed in 34 men and 10 women (age 60 6 13 years [mean 6 SD]) with isthmus-dependent, counterclockwise atrial e utter. Electrograms were recorded around the tricuspid annulus using a duodecapolar halo catheter. Electrograms recorded from two distal electrode pairs (E1 and E2) positioned just anterior to the ablation line were analyzed during atrial e utter and during coronary sinus pacing, before and after ablation. Complete isthmus block was verie ed by the presence of widely split double electrograms along the entire ablation line. Complete bidirectional isthmus block was achieved in 39 (89%) of 44 patients. Before ablation, the initial polarity of E1 and E2 was predominantly negative during atrial e utter and predominantly positive during coronary sinus pacing. During incomplete isthmus block, the electrogram polarity became reversed either only at E2, or at neither E1 nor E2. In every patient, the polarity of E1 and E2 became negative during coronary sinus pacing only after complete isthmus block was achieved. In 4 patients (10%), the atrial activation sequence recorded with the halo catheter was consistent with complete isthmus block, but the presence of incomplete block was accurately detected by inspection of the polarity of E1 and E2. Conclusion: Reversal of polarity in bipolar electrograms recorded just anterior to the line of isthmus block during coronary sinus pacing after ablation of atrial e utter is a simple, quick, and accurate
Simulation and validation of concentrated subsurface lateral flow paths in an agricultural landscape

Abstract. The importance of soil water flow paths to the transport of nutrients and contaminants has long been recognized. However, effective means of detecting concentrated subsurface flow paths in a large landscape are still lacking. The flow direction and accumulation algorithm based on single-direction flow algorithm (D8) in GIS hydrologic modeling is a cost-effective way to simulate potential concentrated flow paths over a large area once relevant data are collected. This study tested the D8 algorithm for simulating concentrated lateral flow paths at three interfaces in soil profiles in a 19.5-ha agricultural landscape in central Pennsylvania, USA. These interfaces were (1) the interface between surface plowed layers of Ap1 and Ap2 horizons, (2) the interface with subsoil water-restricting clay layer where clay content increased to over 40%, and (3) the soil-bedrock interface. The simulated flow paths were validated through soil hydrologic monitoring, geophysical surveys, and observable soil morphological features. The results confirmed that concentrated subsurface lateral flow occurred at the interfaces with the clay layer and the underlying bedrock. At these two interfaces, the soils on the simulated flow paths were closer to saturation and showed more temporally unstable moisture dynamics than those off the simulated flow paths. Apparent electrical conductivity in the soil on the simulated flow paths was elevated and temporally unstable as compared to those outside the simulated paths. The soil cores collected from the simulated flow paths showed significantly higher Mn content at these interfaces than those away from the simulated paths. These results suggest that (1) the D8 algorithm is useful in simulating possible concentrated subsurface lateral flow paths if used with appropriate threshold value of contributing area and sufficiently detailed digital elevation model (DEM); (2) repeated electromagnetic surveys can reflect the temporal change of soil water storage and thus is a useful indicator of possible subsurface flow path over a large area; and (3) observable Mn distribution in soil profiles can be used as a simple indicator of water flow paths in soils and over the landscape; however, it does require sufficient soil sampling (by excavation or augering) to possibly infer landscape-scale subsurface flow paths. In areas where subsurface interface topography varies similarly with surface topography, surface DEM can be used to simulate potential subsurface lateral flow path reasonably so the cost associated with obtaining depth to subsurface water-restricting layer can be minimized.
What women want: lead considerations for current and future applications of noninvasive prenatal testing in prenatal care.

Background: Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) will change the delivery of prenatal care for all women, including those considered low risk for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. This study investigated pregnant women's attitudes, informational needs, and decision-making preferences with respect to current and future applications of NIPT. Methods: A survey instrument was used to identify aspects of the decision-making process for NIPT among low-risk and high-risk populations. Results: Both low-risk and high-risk women (n = 334) expressed interest in incorporating NIPT as a screening test into their prenatal care. Information specific to NIPT's detection rate (86%), indications (77%), and performance in comparison with conventional screens and diagnostic tests (63%) were identified as lead factors when considering its use. The future availability of NIPT as a diagnostic test increased women's willingness to undergo testing for fetal aneuploidy, cancer susceptibility, and childhood-onset and adult-onset diseases. Despite its noninvasive aspects, participants expressed the need for a formal informed consent process (71%) to take place before testing. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that NIPT will introduce new challenges for pregnant women and their health care practitioners who will be charged with supporting informed decision making about its use. It is critical that obstetric professionals are prepared to facilitate a patient-centered decision-making process as its clinical application rapidly changes. (BIRTH 41:3 September 2014)
Extended Spark Duration Improves Engine Operation at High Exhaust Gas Recirculation Rates

Abstract Abstract-The amount of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) which a single-cylinder engine tolerated without misfire increased when the duration of the spark was increased. Also, when minimum spark advance for best torque was maintained, engine efficiency improved as EGR increased. In addition to misfire, two other engine combustion problems were identified: partial combustion, and excessively slow combustion. Low flame speeds associated with high EGR probably caused these other problems, which could be prevented with advanced spark timing. Misfire, partial combustion, and excessively slow combustion were detected by monitoring with an oscilloscope the output of a bare wire thermocouple located in the exhaust port of the engine. This simple method could be suitable for quantifying combustion problems in multi-cylinder engines.
Occlusal considerations in implant therapy: clinical guidelines with biomechanical rationale

Abstract: Due to lack of the periodontal ligament, osseointegrated implants, unlike natural teeth, react biomechanically in a different fashion to occlusal force. It is therefore believed that dental implants may be more prone to occlusal overloading, which is often regarded as one of the potential causes for peri-implant bone loss and failure of the implant/implant prosthesis. Overloading factors that may negatively influence on implant longevity include large cantilevers, parafunctions, improper occlusal designs, and premature contacts. Hence, it is important to control implant occlusion within physiologic limit and thus provide optimal implant load to ensure a long-term implant success. The purposes of this paper are to discuss the importance of implant occlusion for implant longevity and to provide clinical guidelines of optimal implant occlusion and possible solutions managing complications related to implant occlusion. It must be emphasized that currently there is no evidence-based, implant-specific concept of occlusion. Future studies in this area are needed to clarify the relationship between occlusion and implant success.
Statistics of local multiple alignments

Summary: BLAST statistics have been shown to be extremely useful for searching for significant similarity hits, for amino acid and nucleotide sequences. Although these statistics are well understood for pairwise comparisons, there has been little success developing statistical scores for multiple alignments. In particular, there is no score for multiple alignment that is well founded and treated as a standard. We extend the BLAST theory to multiple alignments. Following some simple assumptions, we present and justify a significance score for multiple segments of a local multiple alignment. We demonstrate its usefulness in distinguishing high and moderate quality multiple alignments from low quality ones, with supporting experiments on orthologous vertebrate promoter sequences. Contact: amol@cs.washington.edu
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius—Gateway to Neural Circulatory Control

The neural regulation of the cardiovascular system has been the subject of active investigation for more than a century. Generally, the detailed infor­ mation available about peripheral mechanisms, both afferent and efferent, far exceeds what we know about the central nervous system (CNS) pro­ cessing, which gives rise to reflex responses (80). The current picture of the CNS contribution to cardiovascular regulation consists primarily of a loose network schematic including identified cell locations and connections involved in baroreflexes (Figure 1) and is the recent topic of several excellent, comprehensive reviews (80, 88, 132, 144). Much less is known about the functional properties by which these neurons communicate, how they are modulated, or the mechanisms responsible for various features of the reflex. Over the past ten years considerable research effort has focused on the initial neurons of the baroreceptor reflex, and it is here that work is most rapidly approaching issues of the cellular basis of function. Most cardio93
Affordable housing in New Urbanist Communities: A survey of developers

Abstract Despite the unequivocal goal of income diversity as expressed in the Charter of the Congress for the New Urbanism, one of the more significant challenges facing the movement has been the creation of socially diverse neighborhoods, especially ones that include a mix of incomes. Although recent reports show that most New Urbanist developments are being built for upper‐middle‐class residents, some projects have managed to support income diversity. This article takes a closer look at those projects, reporting on the results of a nationwide survey of New Urbanist developers. We found that many developers have used complex, creative schemes to make affordable housing possible within the New Urbanist context. Developers created affordable opportunities by combining available government programs, partnerships with nonprofits, and innovative design solutions. These efforts have provided important sources of affordable housing within the context of walkable communities—serving as examples that should be em...
Reverse Engineering the Cetacean Ear to Extract Audiograms

The cochlear frequency-place map is believed to be an important determinant of the frequencies that a species can hear as well as the bandwidth of cochlear filters. Both features impact an animal’s ability to detect biologically significant sounds in noise. The cochlear frequency-place map is created in part by a stiffness gradient in the basilar membrane (BM) in which stiff regions respond best to high frequencies and more compliant regions respond best to low frequencies.
Seepage Through Dams in the Complex Potential Plane

The solution of seepage through a homogeneous isotropic or anisotropic earth dam is obtained by finite differences. The x and y coordinates are considered the dependent variables and the velocity potential and the stream function the independent variables. The boundary value problems for y and x are formulated in the complex potential plane. Since the size of the flow field in the complex potential plane is unknown from a specification of the size and shape of the dam, the final solution is obtained from a cycle of solutions each subsequent one of which is obtained in a field of more nearly correct size. Comparisons are given between the coordinates on the phreatic line obtained by this finite difference method and those obtainable from a solution by the velocity hodograph. Summarizing the results from a number of solutions of different geometries, a graphical relation is given relating the geometric parameters of the dam and the seepage quantity.
Investigating the concept of rest for research and practice.

Aims To report an analysis of the concept of rest; to determine the conceptual maturity (consistent use and meaning) of rest in the current scientific literature and to present a theoretical definition of rest, providing a strong basis for research and practice. Background Rest is a physical, mental and spiritual human need, common to all humanity, and is frequently prescribed around the world as a treatment for many maladies. Yet the concept of rest remains subjective, is vaguely defined and is often confused with sleep, limiting its utility for research and practice. Without a clear definition and understanding of rest and its parameters, its restorative benefits may not be realized and the advice to rest, based on little evidence, has limited usefulness and unknown risks. Design Concept analysis. Data sources The scientific, peer-reviewed literature of five healthcare disciplines whose practitioners recommend rest for their patients were queried: nursing, medicine, physical therapy, psychology and occupational therapy. Twenty-seven articles published between 1970-2015 were included. Methods The Morse criterion-based method of concept investigation was used. Results The epistemological, pragmatic, linguistic and logical descriptions of rest found in the literature revealed that the concept of rest remains immature, poorly defined, rarely operationalized and inconsistently used. Nevertheless, a cross-contextual definition of rest based on antecedents, attributes, boundaries and outcomes is emerging. Conclusion Based on the findings, a rudimentary understanding of rest emerged. Further research is necessary to develop an operational, evidence-based, definition of rest so it can be effectively studied and prescribed.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Aspects of Electron Hopping in Mixed Conductor Membranes using the Quasi-Fermi level

Electron transport in mixed conductor redox electrolyte membranes: anion/electron charge carriers, and cation/electron charge carriers are analyzed by irreversible thermodynamic methods appropriate to electrolyte transport. The generalized force for electron transport is the gradient of the Fermi level of electrons in electrolyte phases. The generalized force for ion transport is the gradient of the ionic electrochemical potential. New results include current-time, current-voltage, small amplitude and DC bias impedance functions.
Presidential Preferences and Dogmatism: A Progress Report on Longitudinal Analysis

Investigations (DiRenzo, 1968, 1971) of the 1964 and 1.968 presidential elections supported the hypothesis thac voting behavior is in part a function of some measure of psychological identification between the political elector and the political candidate. These data also indicated a differential and significant pattern for the supporters of the two major political parties on the basis of dogmatism and personality structure. Subsequent analyses in the longitudinal study of these questions were conducted in each of the presidential elections since 1972. Method.-Nonprobability samples of voters were administered either Form E (complete version) or Form D (abbreviated version) of the Rokeach Dogmarism Scale as part of an interview schedule concerned with interest and activity in the respective presidential elections. Details on procedures can be found in DiRenzo ( 1968, 197 1 ) . Results.-Results from each of the subsequent elections ( 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984) are in the hypothesized directions; however, in only one election ( 1976) were correlations between personality and party/candidate preferences statistically significant. Our tentative interpretation for the inconsistent results is thac the respective candidates and issues involved did not offer sufficiently specific and differentiated stimuli to permit a significant interaction of the variables. It appears, moreover, that the only typical election, one without any unusual political event, occurred in 1976. Each of the other elections offered a confounding political situation (Watergate in 1972, a third-party candidacy in 1980, and the landslide in 1984). One candidare (Caner) played a cenrral role in each of these three elections. Further analysis concerns the clarification of the interaction of the ideological and substantive contents of each elecrion, while the study of subsequent elections will focus on a greater specification of the political stimuli involved.
Analyzing and discussing primary creative traits of a robotic artist

Abstract We present a robot aimed at producing a collage formed by a mix of photomontage and digital collage. The artwork is created after a visual and verbal interaction with a human user. The proposed system, through a cognitive architecture, allows the robot to manage the three different phases of the real-time artwork process: (i) taking inspiration from information captured during the postural and verbal interaction with the human user and from the analysis of his/her social web items; (ii) performing a creative process to obtain a model of the artwork; (iii) executing the creative collage composition and providing a significant title. The paper explains, primarily, how the creativity traits of the robot are implemented in the proposed architecture: how ideas are generated through an elaboration that is modulated by affective influences; how the personality and the artistic behavior are modeled by learning and guided by external evaluations; the motivation and the confidence evolution as a function of successes or failures.
An Inverse Stratigraphic Simulation Model – Is Stratigraphic Inversion Possible?:

Inversion is a systematic method of determining values of process parameters of a forward model that allow a match between observed and modeled data. Historically, geologists have considered the stratigraphic record to be nonunique. That is, geologists have assumed that it is impossible to determine values for and separate stratigraphic process variables such as eustasy, tectonics and sediment supply that operated to form the stratigraphic record. If stratigraphic data are nonunique, then inversion of stratigraphic data is impossible. In an influential paper, Burton et al. (1987) argued that inversion ofstratigraphic data using a stratigraphic forward model is not possible. The purpose of this study was to determine if inversion of stratigraphic data using a stratigraphic forward model is theoretically possible. In this study, we designed a stratigraphic inverse simulation model using a forward stratigraphic model capable of simulating realistic temporal and spatial distributions offacies tracts and stratigraphic surfaces. For numerical optimization, we used a gradient descent method that minimizes errors in the least squares sense. We tested this inverse model on synthetic stratigraphic data which act as a proxy for real-world stratigraphic data, to test multiple aspects of the inverse model. In these experiments, we inverted synthetic stratigraphic data for eustasy, sediment supply, tectonic subsidence, lithosphere flexural rigidity, and initial basin topography. Results from these inversion experiments establish that inversion of stratigraphic data is theoretically possible. We determined limits of convergence, degrees of parameter separatability, nonuniqueness of data, and types of data necessary for inversion. Results suggest that using distributions of facies tracts and stratigraphic surfaces within a genetic sequence stratigraphic framework is necessary for inversion. Results from inverse model experiments also suggest that nonuniqueness of these data types with respect to stratigraphic process parameters such as eustasy, tectonics, sediment supply and depositional topography is bounded. Moreover, the bounds of nonuniqueness are quite small. The next phase of our research is to first test an inverse algorithm that is more appropriate for stratigraphic inversion, and then to test an inverse stratigraphic model using a real stratigraphic data set.
Optimal practical adders using perceptrons

Networks of perceptrons provide simple and elegant solutions for many classes of Boolean functions, including addition. That is why, a large number of solutions have been proposed for the addition of two binary numbers. Such solutions have been optimized with respect to several cost functions like: depth, size, fan-ins, weights, and thresholds. In this paper it is also reviewed that constructive solutions for the addition of two binary numbers, and subsequently introduce a novel optimal hybrid structure for threshold logic practical adders (i.e., adders having from 16- to 128-bit inputs). Quantitative comparison of the new structure with the latest solutions in terms of depth, size, weights, thresholds, fan-in, as well as fan-out, is presented for a particular case.
Should Major Spine Surgery Patients Be Extubated in the Operating Room

A 72-year-old woman, who is still working and enjoys physical activity, has thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis related to degenerative spine disease. She has a history of hypertension, well controlled with a diuretic. Her quality of life has deteriorated because of back pain and posture changes, and she desires correction. She takes acetaminophen, 325 mg/oxycodone, 10 mg, every 4–6 h for back pain. In the past, she had a 2-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion and a hysterectomy. She is scheduled for an 8-level spinal decompression, fusion, and instrumentation with a 2-level pedicle osteotomy.
Convergence of nanoimaging, Physics and Biology: Can engineering lead to a cancer cure?

The development of new optical nanoimaging technologies and the physics-based modeling of gene expression can help decipher the gene expression code, elucidate early events in carcinogenesis, and lead to new physico-chemical approaches to anti-cancer therapy.
Characteristics of Foreign and Self Peptides Endogenously Bound to MHC Class I Molecules

The immune response against intracellular pathogens is mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which recognize components of the invader in combination with self molecules of an infected cell. These self products are encoded in the class I region of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the process is termed MHC restriction (1). Originally it was thought that proteins of the infectious agent were present in close proximity to the surface MHC molecule where they could be simultaneously contacted by the T cell receptor (TCR). Therefore it was hypothesized that spike proteins of viruses which are present on cell surfaces after fusion with the cell membrane at cell entry, or before virus budding, would be likely candidates for such a dual recognition. However, from studies with influenza viruses with variations in the nonsurface exposed nucleoprotein (Np) it was learned that, unlike antibodies, the major population of influenza specific CTL recognize the Np rather than the surface exposed hemagglutinin (2). Studies in which the Np gene or parts thereof were transfected into L-cells further showed that the influenza CTL were specifically recognizing a linear peptide stretch in Np (3). Moreover the specific CTL response could be triggered when short synthetic peptides were mixed in vitro with antigen presenting cells carrying the appropriate MHC class I molecules (4).
The Dodd-Frank Act and its Impact

The Dodd-Frank Act, in response to the preceding financial crisis of 2008–09, fundamentally changed the finance industry and greatly affected its biggest players. This technical note gives an overview of the Dodd-Frank Act, the most important parts of the act (and other regulatory reform), and the effect its reforms could have on the country's largest financial institutions. It is important to note that the Dodd-Frank Act does not necessarily create hard and fast rules but often provides only guidance for regulators to proceed with rulemaking activities. Excerpt UVA-F-1655 Rev. Mar. 2, 2018 The Dodd-Frank Act and Its Impact On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), one of the most sweeping financial reform bills in the history of the United States. The Dodd-Frank Act, in response to the preceding financial crisis of 2008–09, fundamentally changed the finance industry and greatly affected its biggest players. This technical note gives an overview of the most important parts of the act (and other regulatory reform) and the effect these reforms may have on the country's largest financial institutions. It is important to note that the Dodd-Frank Act does not necessarily create hard and fast rules but often provides only guidance for regulators to proceed with rulemaking activities. Costs of the Crisis The financial crisis of 2008–09 was far-reaching and the most expensive in history. The IMF estimates that the total worldwide cost of the crisis was $ 2.3 trillion, and the direct fiscal costs in the United States are estimated to be approximately 2% of the GDP or about $ 300 billion. But the costs could have been much higher. Public funds committed to the financial sector totaled as much as 30% of the GDP ($ 4.5trillion), and the initial fiscal outlays were approximately $ 700 billion (4%–4.5% of the GDP). Losses in private institutions were even greater. As a result of the financial crisis, financial institutions experienced write downs and credit losses of around $ 1.2 trillion or 8% of the GDP. . . .
Utilizing Wild Species for Peanut Improvement

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an allotetraploid species with a very large and complex genome. This species is susceptible to numerous foliar and soil-borne diseases for which only moderate levels of resistance have been identified in the germplasm collection, but several of the 81 wild species are extremely resistant to many destructive peanut diseases. Peanut species were grouped into nine sections, but only taxa in section Arachis will hybridize with A. hypogaea. Most of these species are diploid, but two aneuploids and two tetraploids also exist in the section. The first peanut cultivars released after interspecific hybridization were ‘Spancross’ and ‘Tamnut 74’ during the 1970s from a cross between A. hypogaea and its tetraploid progenitor. However, introgression of useful genes from diploids has been difficult due to sterility barriers resulting from genomic and ploidy differences. To utilize diploids in section Arachis, direct hybrids have been made between A. hypogaea and diploid species, the chromosome number doubled to the hexaploid level, and then tetraploids recovered with resistances to nematodes, leaf spots, rust, and numerous insect pests. ‘Bailey’, a widely grown Virginia-type peanut, was released from these materials, and other cultivars are gown in Asia and South America. Alternatively, hybrids between diploid A and B genome species have been made, the chromosome number doubled, and cultivars released with nematode resistance derived from Arachis species. Introgression from Arachis species to A. hypogaea appears to be in large blocks rather than as single genes, and new genotyping strategies should enhance utilization of wild peanut genetic resources.
Neuronal specificity revisited

Publisher Summary The concept of neuronal specificity has evolved historically on two levels. On one level, it has arisen as a general theory concerned with the developmental mechanics of the nervous system, dealing particularly with the formation of nerve circuits and synaptic connections, and culminating in the chemoaffinity theory proposed by Sperry. On another level, the theory of neuronal specificity has evolved on a purely conceptual level as an abstract construct. The abstract construct is not explicitly defined, but it is implied in almost all the attempts to describe how the brain develops, how it is structured, or how it functions. A neuron is said to have specificity, if it performs an operation, the outcome of which is highly predictable and related to the particular neuronal properties. The actual mechanisms are determined empirically for each set of neurons and the empirical criteria (morphological, functional, or biochemical) are found for assigning neurons to a particular set. Further consideration of the kinds of specific neuronal properties and operations are deferred to the end of this chapter, but it suffices here to point out that the properties and the operations may be acquired, by each individual neuron, either with or without the reference to the other neurons in its set— that is, either in a contextual mode or in a noncontextual mode. The chapters concern will largely be with the problem of cell and developmental biology that are raised by Sperry's theory. The chapter discusses the experiments that are attempted to discover the rules that govern the development of a spatially organized neuronal projection from the eye to the brain.
Insight on Physical Meaning of Finite-width-correction factors in Stress Intensity Factor (K) Solutions of Fracture Mechanics

Abstract The physical meaning of the finite-width-correction factors (FWCF), which commonly appear in stress intensity factor solutions of fracture mechanics, is mysterious. The present work is an attempt to resolve this mystery. Specifically, it is shown that for the middle-crack-tension (M(T)) specimen and for the embedded-circular-crack in a specimen of round cross-section, the FWCF factor is related to the average net-section stress for a given crack size. An increase in K at the crack tip means an increase in the average net-section stress ahead of the crack, in addition to the increase in the level of normal stress in the near-tip (or singularity-dominated) zone of fracture mechanics. It is also shown that this increase in net-section stress can be determined, in a straightforward manner, using a simple approach based on strength of materials (SOM). The agreement between the net-section stress determined from the strength of materials approach and that from fracture mechanics is surprisingly good. This connection between the finite-width-correction factor and the net-section stress has not been demonstrated before, and, hence it provides a new point of view to analyze fracture mechanics problems. More importantly, the connection validates the correlation of fatigue crack growth on the basis of the change in the net-section cyclic strain energy, which has recently been demonstrated by the author elsewhere.
InSTEMnifying Youth: STEM, Capital, & Power

Abstract This paper analyzes the push from the federal government to get more institutions of higher education to graduate greater numbers of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors and educators. This push is based on research mostly coming from foundations and industries that employ STEM workers. Researchers question whether the STEM shortage is actually a reality or a myth driven by other factors. The author’s anecdotal experiences working for a university that prides itself on STEM are considered while offering a theory that policies and initiatives favoring STEM are but the latest instance of education being used as a tool of commerce. The theoretical implications of the push for STEM in universities are considered to question if a manufactured STEM “crisis” is just another insidious extension of neoliberal power into institutions and upon bodies in a Foucaultian sense. Keywords: STEM, higher education, power, capital
Student Bullying and Harassment in a Cyberage: The Legal Ambiguity of Disciplining Students for Cyberbullying.

This article details the growth of student-based cyberbullying in the United States. The article argues that the current legal limbo of student speech issues originating in cyberspace has unfortuna...
Einführung in die Vektorrechnung

Im Zentrum der linearen Algebra stehen zwei Operationen — beide werden mit Vektoren ausgefuhrt. Wir addieren Vektoren v, w, um v+w zu erhalten. Wir multiplizieren sie mit Zahlen c und d, um cv und dw zu erhalten. Die Kombination dieser Operationen ergibt die Linearkombination cv + dw.
The Jewish Revolution in Belorussia: Economy, Race, and Bolshevik Power, written by Andrew Sloin

This is a very important book for both Jewish studies and the history of the early Soviet Union. As a history of the revolution, it tells the story of mobilization of ethnicity that resulted in the failure of the revolution’s universalist and anticolonial promise and in the resurgence of racial animosity. Going against the mainstream view of Soviet modernity as unequivocally prioritizing class over race, Andrew Sloin presents the transition from the Civil War to the New Economic Policy and to the Stalinist Great Break as a “slide from nationality
Moral Innovation and Ambiguity in Asian American Christianity

“The Parable of the Shrewd Manager” in Luke 16 illuminates some important features of Asian American life. Like the parable’s central character, Asian Americans live under a set of cultural expecta...
“Hopes and dreams toward survival”: art and security at the US–Mexico border

On the relationship between words and women's survival, feminist writer Audre Lorde wrote: For women, then, poetry is not a luxury. It is a vital necessity of our existence. It forms the quality of...
The environmental and safety performance of gas utilities in the United States

Abstract The performance of energy service providers has important environmental and safety consequences in local communities. This paper uses a novel dataset compiled from operator reports and infrastructure monitoring data obtained from three different US federal agencies to assess the performance of retail gas utilities nationwide in terms of addressing gas leaks and minimizing leaked volume. Our panel data set includes yearly observations for 727 retail gas utilities from 2009 to 2017. We show that safety hazards and environmental costs of gas leaks are widespread across providers that vary in terms of ownership, size, and region. We then use a series of Bayesian hierarchical models to regress four outcome variables—hazardous leaks, end-year unfixed leaks, total gas volume leaked, and significant incidents—on infrastructure conditions, regional service context, and socio-economic service population characteristics. Unlike what is observed in other critical infrastructure cases such as drinking water, socio-economic conditions are not strongly predictive of service outcomes. Additionally, public utilities exhibit better environmental performance on average, and no difference in maintenance backlogs. Because the environmental costs of poor performance--primarily in terms of methane greenhouse gas emissions--are predominantly social, policy tools such as consolidation and privatization are unlikely to improve environmental outcomes.
Soft medical microrobots: Design components and system integration

Medical microrobots are distinguished from other robotic systems in that they must function in the human body. As such, they exhibit special characteristics of size, function, and material choice. Recent advances have focused on fabrication techniques, locomotion at microscale environment, and targeted drug delivery. In this article, we will review these advances and examine related developments in material science and strategies for wireless control systems for communication, as well as data acquisition and processing. We focus on medical microrobots made of soft materials (with an emphasis on polymers and hydrogels), which are mechanically robust and deformable, offer tunable biophysical properties, and are highly biocompatible. Integration of the four design elements of locomotion, feedback and control, functionality, and biocompatibility will be needed to develop a fully functioning medical microrobot with clinical utility in the human body, such as diagnostics and treatment of disease, maintenance of wellness, and improvement of overall performance.
Monolayer Semiconductors: Scanning Probe Lithography Patterning of Monolayer Semiconductors and Application in Quantifying Edge Recombination (Adv. Mater. 48/2019)

Author(s): Zhao, Peida; Wang, Ruixuan; Lien, Der‐Hsien; Zhao, Yingbo; Kim, Hyungjin; Cho, Joy; Ahn, Geun Ho; Javey, Ali
Some Considerations on the Greenhouse Effect and Related Problems

The inhabitants of the planet earth are quietly conducting a gigantic environmental experiment. So vast and so sweeping will be the impact of this experiment that, were it brought before any reasonable council for approval, it would be firmly rejected as having potentially dangerous consequences. The experiment in question is the words of W. Broeker, a geochemist of Columbia University during a US Senate Hearing on the environment.
Modeling the wireless in vivo path loss

Our long-term research goal is to model the in vivo wireless channel. As a first step towards this goal, in this paper we performed in vivo path loss measurements at 2.4 GHz and make a comparison with free space path loss. We calculate the path loss by using the electric field radiated by a Hertzian-Dipole located inside the abdominal cavity. The simulations quantify and confirm that the path loss falls more rapidly inside the body than outside the body. We also observe fluctuations of the path loss caused by the inhomogeneity of the human body. In comparison with the path loss measured with monopole antennas, we conclude that the significant variations in Received Signal Strength is caused by both the angular dependent path loss and the significantly modified in vivo antenna effects.
Halalization: Religious Product Certification in Secular Markets

In Islam, the extension of religious regulation and certification to new product types and economic sectors—“halalization”—has become widespread. There are now Islamic mortgages, halal ports, halal...
Ethical Requirements for Transport Systems with Automated Buses

Abstract Philosophers and researchers across the academy have addressed numerous ethical aspects of automated vehicles. Despite these advancements, they have said little about automated buses. Unlike personal vehicles, buses provide some users with more than just mobility. They provide care and community, aspects of transportation that may be under-appreciated. Exploring these dimensions is the purpose of this paper. While there are several practical concerns for this position, such arguments are secondary. We should not (fully) automate all buses because some vulnerable populations require care from bus drivers to mitigate some dangers that stem from some cities' designs. In turn, the author employs care ethics to advocate for the view that some human drivers should be retained because they serve in care positions that should not be replaced with fully automated systems.
Gabriel Miró y la individualidad endocrina

During the course of his literary career, Gabriel Miro (1879-1930) dealt with numerous diseases and medical matters in his fiction. One of his greatest concerns was the theme of human individuality and oneness vis-a-vis the multicellularity of the human body and the plurality of all living things, which he examined in depth in Razon y virtudes de muertos (1914), now part of his novel Libro de Siguenza (1917). In this work he discussed the possible effects of an experiment by a Chicago pysician, who treated insane women by injecting them with an extract prepared from glands from the corpses of sane persons. Miro spoke of the ramifications of such treatment on the personality of the individual, meditating on the hormonal «Brave New World». His criticism must be understood in the context of similar experiments carried out by doctors and writers of fiction, including Cajal, Pi Suner, Zola, and Maranon, with whose wirks Miro was acquainted.
Eyewitnesses' free-report verbal confidence statements are diagnostic of accuracy.

OBJECTIVES We assessed recent policy recommendations to collect eyewitnesses' confidence statements in witnesses' own words as opposed to numerically. We conducted an experiment to test whether eyewitnesses' free-report verbal confidence statements are as diagnostic of eyewitness accuracy as their numeric confidence statements and whether the diagnostic utility of eyewitnesses' verbal and numeric confidence statements varies across witnessing conditions. HYPOTHESES We hypothesized that eyewitnesses' verbal and numeric confidence statements are both significantly associated with identification accuracy among choosers and that their diagnostic utility holds across varying witnessing conditions. METHOD In the first phase of the experiment, eyewitnesses (N = 4,795 MTurkers; 48.8% female; 50.8% male; .3% other; age M = 36.9) viewed a videotaped mock-crime and made an identification decision from a culprit-present or culprit-absent lineup. We manipulated witnessing conditions at encoding and retrieval to obtain varied levels of memory performance. In the second phase of the experiment, evaluators (N = 456 MTurkers; 35.5% female; 62.7% male .4% other; age M = 36.5) translated witnesses' verbal confidence statements to a numeric estimate and we used calibration and confidence-accuracy characteristic analyses to compare the diagnosticity of witnesses' verbal and numeric confidence statements across the two levels of memory performance. RESULTS Witnesses' verbal and numeric confidence statements were significantly and nondifferentially diagnostic of eyewitness accuracy for both choosers and nonchoosers, and their diagnostic utility held across variations in witnessing conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the applied utility of collecting either verbal or numeric confidence statements from eyewitnesses immediately following an identification decision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Tick-Borne Infections.

ABSTRACT There are many tick-borne infections that affect children and adolescents in the United States. These illnesses often begin with non-specific flulike symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, and myalgia, so obtaining a good travel history is important. Most people do not even realize that they were bitten by a tick, so identification of the specific tick is not necessary. Often, treatment should commence before formal illness identification, as delays may cause more severe disease, and rapid laboratory confirmation is difficult. One of the most important issues is prevention of tick bites with insect repellents, accompanied by thorough tick checks after being outdoors in a tick-infested region.