cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REPO: A Simulation Model That Explores Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adaptation to Insecticides

A simulation model (REPO) was developed to predict the rate of resistance development in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), given various genetic, biological, and management conditions. Values used in exploring variables in the model were chosen to reflect the range of possibilities encountered in field populations of Colorado potato beetle. REPO is different from other resistance management models in that it is temperature-driven, considers age-specific selection, describes the pattern of immigration of colonists, and uses survivorship functions to describe dynamic relationships among genotypes during insecticide selection. The life history of Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina and other areas is presented as a backdrop to model exploration of some of the unique features of this pest that could influence resistance evolution. Foremost among ecological and management factors influencing rate of resistance development were the arrival period of colonizing beetles, timing of insecticide applications, action thresholds, and age-specific selection. Relevance of these findings to management of Colorado potato beetle and future research on this insect is discussed.
EPR spectra of C60 anion and cation radicals

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona; Department of Physics, The University of Arizona
Chemical vapor deposition of ZnS:Tb electroluminescent films in a bypass-HCl flow system

Green-emitting ZnS : Tb electroluminescent films have been successfully grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, in which a Tb source is transported as gaseous halide by using a HCl carrier gas. A secondary HCl flow, bypassing the source material, is additionally supplied to the growth ambience. It is shown that the ZnS : Tb film changes from the cubic structure to the hexagonal structure with increasing the bypass-HCl flow rate, whereas the Tb concentration is basically determined by the mass transfer of the Tb-halide. The film growth rate decreases significantly in the presence of the HCl flow, and simultaneously the crystal quality is much improved by the incorporation of the Tb-dopant. Such growth behaviors are explained by supposing two kinds of competetive relations; one is a surface migration process competing between ZnCl2 and an isolated Zn atom, the other is a hexagonal nucleation process competing between TbCl3 and ZnCl2. The critical HCl flow rates to control the crystal structure are completely determined. The growth kinetics and the roles of Tb3+ and Cl- ions are discussed on the basis of the competitive adsorption model.
Variation in PTX3 is associated with primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

Rationale: Elevated long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) levels are associated with the development of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation. Abnormalities in innate immunity, mediated by PTX3 release, may play a role in PGD pathogenesis. Objectives: Our goal was to test whether variants in the gene encoding PTX3 are risk factors for PGD. Methods: We performed a candidate gene association study in recipients from the multicenter, prospective Lung Transplant Outcomes Group cohort enrolled between July 2002 and July 2009. The primary outcome was International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3 PGD within 72 hours of transplantation. Targeted genotyping of 10 haplotype-tagging PTX3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed in lung transplant recipients. The association between PGD and each SNP was evaluated by logistic regression, adjusting for pretransplantation lung disease, cardiopulmonary bypass use, and population stratification. The association between SNPs and plasma PTX3 levels was tested across genotypes in a subset of recipients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Measurements and Main Results: Six hundred fifty-four lung transplant recipients were included. The incidence of PGD was 29%. Two linked 5′ region variants, rs2120243 and rs2305619, were associated with PGD (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9; P = 0.006 and odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9; P = 0.007, respectively). The minor allele of rs2305619 was significantly associated with higher plasma PTX3 levels measured pretransplantation (P = 0.014) and at 24 hours (P = 0.047) after transplantation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions: Genetic variants of PTX3 are associated with PGD after lung transplantation, and are associated with increased PTX3 plasma levels.
The infra-red spectrum and crystal structure of gypsum

twelve internal fundamental modes of the four water molecules in the unit cell. Comparison of the spectra of the sulphate ions and water molecules in gypsum with those given by sulphate ions in solution and water molecules in the gaseous phase provides some information on the nature of the crystalline field. If the intensities and the dichroism of the water bands are used to verify the orientations of the water molecules in the crystal (as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance) the results obtained are anomalous. The agreement between prediction and observation is satisfactory for the deformation mode of vibration but quite unsatisfactory for the two stretching modes. Possible causes of this anomaly are discussed. The most obvious reason for this neglect is the outstanding success of X-ray diffraction in determining the positions of the atoms in a crystal lattice. However, there are other reasons why infra-red investigations have been concentrated on molecules in the gaseous or liquid state. An important one is that the experimental difficulties are very considerable. In order to obtain absorption spectra on which to base a structural analysis, it is essential to have sections of a single crystal (cut in certain specified directions relative to the crystal axes) which are sufficiently thin to allow the intensity of absorption to be measured accurately. In many cases this means that the thickness has to be less than 1 u. Although, in principle, the intensities of very strong absorption bands can be deduced from infra-red reflexion spectra, the conversion of a reflexion spectrum into an absorption spectrum is tedious and, until very recently, this was only possible in a rigorous manner for isotropic crystals. Even when the experimental problems have been overcome, the interpretation of crystalline spectra is not so straightforward as the interpretation of gaseous spectra. The selection rules for the absorption of infra-red radiation by a small molecule in the gaseous state depend only on the symmetry properties of the individual molecule; the corresponding rules for the same molecule in the crystalline state depend in addition on the symmetry of the crystal and on the number and positions of the molecules in the unit cell. In general, this means that
Counting Ordered Trees by Permuting Their Parts

operators, n + 1 distinct variables, and n ? 1 pairs of parentheses, how many ways can we combine these symbols into well-formed, explicitly associated expressions? In this article we show that the answer must be (2n)\, because the n-operator ex pressions stand in one-to-one correspondence with permutations of length In. As a corollary, we derive the Catalan numbers. Generalizing, we then enumerate the or dered trees that contain a specified number of nodes of each degree. Finally, we extend the result for trees to ordered forests. These results are not new: my goal is merely to explain them in a new way. 2. EXPRESSIONS AS PERMUTATIONS. In defining a bijective mapping from explicitly associated expressions to permutations, we take as a given that such expres sions are isomorphic to their representations as labeled extended binary trees. Fig ure la shows the expression (y x z) + x as a tree of this kind, to which the edge labels a, b, c, and d have been added. Think of these edge labels as shorthand for left(+), right(+), left(x), and right(x), respectively. The edge labels thus contribute no new information, as they can be inferred from their positions with respect to the operators; conversely, from an edge label we can infer the operator that belongs immediately above it, as well as the edge label's position left-to-right and its sibling edge label.
Death-Talks: Transformative Learning for Physicians

Conversations between physicians and their patients concerning terminal conditions are undoubtedly an uneasy process. These conversations are referred in this article as death-talks. Death-talks are social engagements among meaning-making human beings, and such encounters comprise complex grief dynamics as well as opportunities for personal insight. Towards preparing for and improving upon such sensitive and crucial talks, physicians must become growingly informed of their own existential standpoints in order to exude a more authentic presence. Transformative Learning is a theory of adult learning offering a rationale for physicians to exercise critically reflexive learning towards formulating a more meaningful medical and human care for those who are dying and their grieving relations.
Sonographic evaluation of the breast.

Knowledge of appropriate ultrasonographic (US) techniques and the US appearance of the normal breast and specific lesions is essential for successful application of breast US. The highest quality breast sonograms are achieved with 5-10-MHz linear transducers, imaging the lesion within the transducer focal zone, and relatively steep time-gain compensation curves. On sonograms, the fat in normal breast parenchyma is hypoechoic, fibrous tissue is echogenic, and glandular tissue is intermediate in echogenicity. Some normal structures can simulate masses, including the anterior costochondral junction when imaged in cross section and fat lobules outlined by Cooper ligaments when imaged in a perpendicular plane. Cysts have an anechoic interior, sharp margins, and posterior acoustic enhancement. Benign solid lesions are usually hypoechoic but variable in US appearance, which can overlap with that of complicated cysts. The classic US appearance of breast carcinoma is a hypoechoic mass with inhomogeneous internal e...
Policing the cytosol—bacterial-sensing inflammasome receptors and pathways

Pattern recognition receptors recognize signals originating from pathogens and comprise a large part of the arsenal in innate immune responses. The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are one particular class of these receptors that survey the cytoplasm for signs of pathogen invasion. Upon detection, they trigger the formation of a macromolecular complex called the inflammasome that is required for elimination of the pathogen, as well as amplifying a pro-inflammatory response. Although the core machinery has been defined, recent data emphasize the complexity of how NLR inflammasomes function. Here, we highlight new discoveries that reveal how precisely fine-tuned NLR inflammasome functions are, and how that may be modulated by antagonistic effects of concomitant inflammasome activation as well as novel regulatory factors.
Comparing the Impact of Religious Discourse on HIV/AIDS in Islam and Christianity in Africa

In examining the strikingly high prevalence rates of HIV in many parts of Africa, reaching as high as 5% in some areas, how does the discourse promoted by the predominant religions across the continent, Islam and Christianity, affect the outlook of their followers on the epidemic? This question becomes even more intriguing after discovering the dramatic difference in rate of HIV prevalence between Muslims and Christians in Africa, confirmed by studies that have found a negative relationship to exist between HIV prevalence and being Muslim in Africa, even in Sub-Saharan African nations. Why does this gap in prevalence rates exist? Does Islam advocate participating in less risky behavior more so than Christianity? By comparing the social construction, epidemiological understanding and public responses among Muslim populations in Africa with Christian ones, it becomes apparent that many similarities exist between the two regarding discourse and that, rather than religious discourse itself, other social factors, such as circumcision practices, contribute more to the disparity in HIV prevalence than originally thought.
Alcestis and Edufa: The transitional individual

(1983). Alcestis and Edufa: The transitional individual. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 183-190.
The cytology, biology and systematics of Megalodonta beckii (Compositae)

Abstract Megalodonta beckii (Torrey) Greene is an amphibious aquatic plant with segmented underwater leaves and simple emersed leaves. The taxonomic segregation of the species from the genus Bidens has been disputed. A chromosome count of 2n = 26 supports generic segregation. Turions consisting of stem apices with short internodes, and bearing short, stiff, imbricate leaves are newly described for Megalodonta. Additional taxa described within the genus Megalodonta can be attributed to the superfluous description of phenotypic variants associated with heterophylly, habitat differences and seasonal growth changes. Historical and geographic evidence suggest that Megalodonta beckii is indigenous in the western portion of its known distributional range.
A nonlinear-guided wave technique for evaluating plasticity-driven material damage in a metal plate

Abstract This research develops an experimental method for evaluating material damage due to plastic deformation in a metal plate using nonlinear-guided waves. An improved version of a previously proposed measurement technique is used. The material nonlinearities of aluminum specimens loaded to produce different levels of plastic strain are measured with Lamb waves. A pair of wedge transducers is used to generate and detect the fundamental (s1) and second harmonic (s2) Lamb waves. The weak amplitude of the second harmonic wave is extracted from the spectrogram of a received signal. The measured acoustic nonlinearity increases monotonically with the level of plasticity (plastic strain), which is similar to the behavior of longitudinal and Rayleigh waves. This result indicates that Lamb waves can be used to assess plasticity-driven material damage in the established framework of the second harmonic generation technique. The effects and the importance of signal processing in determining the nonlinearity parameter are also discussed.
NUTATION NMR STUDIES OF POLYACETYLENE

Abstract : Using nutation NMR spectroscopy we have been able to determine directly the carbon-carbon bond lengths in polyacetylene. For trans-polyacetylene we find double and single bond lengths of 1.36 and 1.44 angstrons, respectively; the double bond in cis-polyacetylene is found to be 1.38 angstrons. Interestingly, at 77 degrees K we do not observe a rapid interchange of the single and double bonds in trans-polyacetylene in the manner predicted for chains containing a soliton defect, suggesting that the majority of the carbons in the trans isomer are on conjugated segments which do not contain such mobile species. (Author)
Modular decomposition of combinatorial multiple-values circuits

A decomposition approach to the modular design of multiple-valued logic functions is discussed. Systematic procedures to utilize a fixed set of building blocks from which an arbitrary function can be designed are illustrated. The building blocks are composed of T gates (multiplexers). The first step is the partitioning of all logic functions into classes. Representative building blocks for each class are then developed. Finally, optimization techniques are described that reduce the number of building blocks required in the design. This approach is, in principle, applicable to functions in any radix and will always yield a design for the target function. Examples are presented to illustrate the approach for ternary functions. >
Study and analysis of contiguous channel triplexer based on combining method of two filtering circuits using CRLH and RH isolation circuits

Several types of multiplexers based on isolation circuits have been introduced and investigated. Combining method of two filtering circuits (CMTC) is one way to make multiplexers based on isolation circuits. This method fits well for designing contiguous channel triplexers. A triplexer based on CMTC consists of a conventional transmission line (TL) connected to a diplexer and a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) TL connected to a filter. The triplexer based on CMTC has two significant advantages. One is that it is not necessary to modify the design of a stand-alone filter and diplexer and there is freedom in the choice of filtering circuits. In addition, a designer does not need to perform three-dimensional full-wave optimization, because of a simple and straightforward design concept. In this paper, a triplexer prototype having 1, 1.125, and 1.25 GHz center frequencies, is designed and fabricated. The measured results show good agreement with the simulation results. © Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association 2014.
Relative price dispersion and unemployment

Abstract An implicit contract model is used to examine how greater relative price dispersion might influence an economy's rate of unemployment. The direct effect of greater price dispersion is to induce individual firms, which were planning on contingent layoffs in the bad state, to increase both their demand for labor for use in the good state and the probability that an individual worker will be laid off in the bad state. However, an increased demand for labor can drive up the market real wage, which induces individual firms to lower the probability of layoffs. Unless workers are highly risk averse and there is an implausibly high probability of a worker being unemployed in the firm's bad state, the secondary effect cannot outweigh the initial effect. Hence greater relative price dispersion brings about a higher “natural” rate of unemployment.
Synthesis and study of binaphthyl-based chiral dendrimers

1,1-Binaphthyl and bisbinaphthyl core-based optically active dendrimers containing phenylene or phenyleneethynylene dendrons have been synthesized and characterized. These materials have exhibited efficient light-harvesting properties with greatly increased fluorescence intensity as the dendritic generation increases. The fluorescent responses of these materials in the presence of chiral substrates such as amino alcohols and mandelic acid have been studied. Good enantioselective fluorescent recognitions have been observed. The light-harvesting effects of the dendrimers are found to greatly amplify their fluorescence responses towards both the fluorescent quenchers and enhancers. Thus, highly sensitive as well as enantioselective fluorescent sensors have been obtained. These sensors will be useful in the high throughput combinatorial chiral catalyst screening.
Hypercalcemia as a primary manifestation of cryptococcal immune reconstitution syndrome—a rare presentation

• Incidence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is growing with increasing number of patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Pituitary corticotroph function during the stress hyporesponsive period in neonatal rats.

Rats undergo a period in early postnatal development during which they exhibit a reduced response to stress (stress-hyporesponsive period, SHRP). SHRP is marked by a reduced capacity to secrete adreno
Asymptomatic carotid artery disease in valvular heart surgery: impact of systematic screening on surgical strategy and neurological outcome.

We evaluated the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery disease in patients scheduled for valvular cardiac surgery. Preoperative screening of the carotid arteries was performed. Among 1012 patients scheduled for valvular cardiac surgery, 267 (26.4%) had carotid stenosis graded >50%; 37 had carotid stenosis >70% and underwent combined valvular surgery and carotid endarterectomy (CEA); and 230 (86%) had carotid stenosis >50% to ≤69% and received valvular cardiac surgery under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Operative mortality and the rate of perioperative adverse neurological events were comparable among the groups. During 6.8 years of follow-up, patients with carotid stenosis not exceeding 69% at the time of surgery had CEA more frequently (P < .05) and stroke/transient ischemic attack ([TIA] P < .05) versus patients treated with combined surgery. The prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis is not negligible in patients undergoing isolated valvular surgery. Combined valvular and carotid surgery...
In Search of the Bailar and Rây−Dutt Twist Mechanisms That Racemize Chiral Trischelates: A Computational Study of ScIII, TiIV, CoIII, ZnII, GaIII, and GeIV Complexes of a Ligand Analogue of Acetylacetonate

Two nondissociative processes, a Bailar twist that proceeds through a transition state of D3h symmetry and a Rây−Dutt twist mechanism that proceeds through a transition state of C2v symmetry, as well as dissociative/associative processes are potential mechanisms by which the enantiomeric forms of chiral metal trischelates can be interconverted. We have applied density functional theory to locate the stationary points for metal trischelates of a β-diketonate ligand analogue that interconvert Δ and Λ forms via one or both of these nondissociative pathways. Although many two-dimensional static representations of the Bailar and Rây−Dutt twist mechanisms can be found in the chemical literature (of the type shown in Figure 1), in this communication, we present our results in the form of interactive three-dimensional animations as a means of enhancing the scientific perception of these fluxional processes.
A Comparative Regional Analysis of the Status of Aquatic Resources with Respect to Acid Deposition

A national scale assessment of the effects of acid deposition on aquatic resources is currently unavailable for the United States. A more limited assessment has been performed in three potentially sensitive geographical regions: the Adirondack Mountains of New York, the Southern Blue Ridge Province of North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia, and the Upper Midwest of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. A series of questions organized the assessment, and historical and current data from each region were employed to address the questions. Where possible, independent data sets were used singly and in combination within a given case study area, to respond to the questions and to provide an estimate of confidence. Conclusions among regions were also compared. In general, the impact of acid deposition on aquatic resources is difficult to detect, but positive correlations between atmospheric deposition and effects do exist. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that acid deposition is at least partially responsible for the acidification of aquatic resources. The extent of acidification, however, varies from region to region. The Adirondacks appear to represent the region of greatest impact, but independent studies indicate that the area of acidified lakes is a small percentage of the total resource. Despite the observation of minimal damage, application of damage estimates from the Adirondacks to other regions would be inappropriate. Future Assessments will seek to predict the rate of acidification of watersheds with other regional characteristics under alternative loading scenarios.
Volumetric effects in the injection molding of polymers

Density and shrinkage measurements have been performed in quenched and molded slabs from polystyrene (PS) and poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). Various processing conditions have been employed and their effect on density and shrinkage variation in the final parts, as well as volumetric aging vs. Elapsed time at room temperature, have been elucidated. A numerical simulation of the density variation in quenched parts and their aging has been performed by using first-order rate theory for volumetric changes in conjunction with solving the transient one-dimensional heat-conduction equation with a convective heat-transfer boundary condition at surface. A numerical simulation of the shrinkage in molded parts has been carried out by using the equation of state with a simultaneous solving of the governing equations for one-dimensional mold filling during the cavity filling stage followed by transient one-dimensional conduction during packing and cooling stages. Predicted results for density and shrinkage are compared with experimental data.
Rational functions over finite fields having continued fraction expansions with linear partial quotients

Abstract Let F be a finite field with q elements and let g be a polynomial in F [ X ] with positive degree less than or equal to q / 2 . We prove that there exists a polynomial f ∈ F [ X ] , coprime to g and of degree less than g, such that all of the partial quotients in the continued fraction of g / f have degree 1. This result, bounding the size of the partial quotients, is related to a function field equivalent of Zaremba's conjecture and improves on a result of Blackburn [S.R. Blackburn, Orthogonal sequences of polynomials over arbitrary fields, J. Number Theory 6 (1998) 99–111]. If we further require g to be irreducible then we can loosen the degree restriction on g to deg ( g ) ⩽ q .
Euglena gracilis cytochrome 558.

Abstract Euglena gracilis contains both the classical cytochrome f (cytochrome c 552 ) found in algae and plants, and an atypical cytochrome 558, which has covalently bound heme. We report here some of the chemical and physical properties of cytochrome 558, including amino acid composition, molecular size, and spectral properties. Further, the atypical nature of the pyridine ferrohemochrome of this cytochrome is considered and it is suggested that the heme is bound to the peptide chain via a single thioether link.
A comparison of different approaches to promote community-wide dietary change

Background: Because public health education funds are limited, it is important to determine which methods are most effective for promoting healthy lifestyles to communities. We conducted interventions in two communities to further examine the effectiveness of various educational approaches for communicating the “1% Or Less” message to switch from high-fat (whole or 2%) to low-fat (1% or fat-free) milk. Methods: One intervention used public relations and community-based educational activities in supermarkets, schools, worksites, and other community settings. The other used paid advertising in the absence of other programming. We used telephone surveys and supermarket milk sales data, collected before and after each campaign and in a comparison community, to determine changes in milk-usage patterns. Results: After the campaign of community-based educational programs and public relations activities, the proportion of high-fat milk drinkers who reported drinking low-fat milk was 19.6% compared with 6.8% for the comparison city (p<0.0001). After the advertising-only campaign, 12.8% of high-fat milk drinkers reported drinking low-fat milk (p<0.01). Although supermarkets experienced increases in low-fat milk sales after both campaigns, the results were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results show how well-designed public relations activities can attract news coverage and provide further evidence that such coverage can be an important component of health-promotion campaigns. Although the use of paid advertising in the absence of other media or programming appeared to change milk-drinking habits, the results were not sustained after the ads stopped airing.
Field-aligned expansion of plasma clouds in the ionosphere

Abstract The field-aligned expansion of plasma clouds in the ionosphere was studied with different mathematical models and for a wide range of conditions. In all cases, the expanding plasma cloud acted as an electrostatic snowplow, creating an O + hole in the ionosphere coincident with the cloud and O + bumps on the two sides of the cloud that are aligned with the geomagnetic field.
An Old Store Still Young

With old age we associate feebleness, an antiquated point of view, and general decay. None of these is found in the department store in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which is the object of our interest.
Fission-track dating of apatite and zircon: An interlaboratory comparison

Abstract Apatite and zircon separates from the Fish Canyon Tuff (K-Ar age, 27.9±0.7 Myr), San Juan Mtns., Colorado, have been given to over 50 laboratories for fission-track dating. Nineteen laboratories have reported fission-track ages that they have determined for apatites. Nine laboratories have reported their analysis of the zircons. The principal difference between the results reported by the laboratories reflects their choice of the decay constant. The laboratories which use a value of λ f ∼ 7.0 × 10 −17 yr −1 for the spontaneous-fission decay constant of 238 U, report an average age for the apatite of 28.5±0.7 Myr, and those using λ f ∼ = 8.4 × 10 −17 yr −1 report an average age of 23.6±1.0 Myr. The average fission-track age for the zircons is 28.4±0.7 Myr. Only laboratories which use λ f ∼ 7.0 × 10 −17 yr −1 reported zircon data.
Stimulatory effect of ammonium ion on iodide trapping in isolated thyroid cells.

Abstract We studied the effects of ammonium ion on iodide trapping in isolated bovine thyroid cells. A variety of ammonium salts [HCO 3 = , HPO 4 = , SO 4 = , Cl − , CH 3 COO − ] at mEq concentration augmented iodide trapping [cell/medium (C/M) ratio 143% to 174% of control] during 4.5 hr incubations. The stimulatory effect was not related to alteration of medium pH, was NH 4 + ion concentration-dependent, and was not reproduced by other basic ions, eg. tetraethylammonium, tetramethylammonium or pyridine at equivalent or higher concentrations. Other monovalent cation additions were either inhibitory [K + ], without effect [Cs + ], or only weekly stimulatory [Rb + ]. When ineffective concentrations of one stimulator [TSH or NH 4 + ] were added to effective concentrations of the other, a reduction in stimulation of iodide trapping was observed. Combinations of maximally effective concentrations of NH 4 + ion and of TSH had no additive effect on C/M ratio. These findings suggest that NH 4 + ion exerts a specific stimulatory effect on iodide transport in isolated thyroid cells and may do so in a manner similar to TSH.
Effect of Lactofen, Azoxystrobin, and Genotypes on Charcoal Rot, Phomopsis Seed Decay, and Pod and Stem Blight in Soybean

Abstract Yield-limiting diseases such as charcoal rot and Phomopsis seed decay have a significant impact on the economic potential for soybean because there are few methods for management of these ...
Interests, Issues, and Preferences: Women's Interests and Epiphenomena of Activism

What do we mean by “women's interests?” To consider interests requires us to consider the “real interests” of women, which “[rest] on empirically supportable and refutable hypotheses” and to examine women, “exercising choice under conditions of relative autonomy and, in particular, independently of [the constraining] power [of others] – e.g. through democratic participation” (Lukes 1984, 25, 33). Identification of interests is always a normative concern, resting on an appreciation of citizens' autonomy and deliberation—or lack thereof.
Lobar lavage: therapeutic benefit in pulmonary alveolar filling disorders.

Lobar lavage was used to treat one patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and one with desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP). The procedure was well tolerated by these patients, resulting in significant improvement in clinical status, pulmonary function, and roentgenographic findings. This method of lavage may be the preferred form of therapy in PAP and can be beneficial in DIP.
Primum Non Nocere: Chemical Execution and the Limits of Medical Social Control

This paper describes and analyzes the response of the U.S. medical profession to the spread, since 1977, of state laws instituting capital punishment by lethal injection. These laws constituted a significant new step in the historical expansion of medicalized social control; medical apparatus, expertise, and perhaps even medical personnel were to be used intentionally to terminate criminals' lives. Whereas in the past physicians have often been active in seeking expansions of their domain, the lethal injection proposals clearly represented an instance in which a form of medicalization was perceived as a major threat to professional interests. The initiative for this method of execution came from laypersons with largely political agendas, while state and national medical associations vigorously resisted and took measures to dissociate their own members from the procedure. The statutes that emerged from the intense legislative debates are compromises that employ “medical” procedures while excusing physicians from direct participation.
Controller synthesis for plants subject to linear time invariant full structured uncertainty

Addresses the problem of synthesizing controllers for plants subject to a class of linear time invariant (LTI) uncertainty termed full structured uncertainty. Unlike the linear time varying case, the optimal controller for plants subject to LTI uncertainty is generally infinite dimensional. The solution is approximated by solving a succession of subproblems where the plant uncertainty is not LTI, but rather is allowed to shift the energy of signals in the frequency domain by a constrained amount; the exact solution to each of these subproblems is in the form of an affine matrix inequality. In the limiting case, as the amount of energy shifting is constrained to be zero, the derived conditions become necessary for arbitrarily slowly varying uncertainty, and for LTI uncertainty when the number of uncertainty blocks is less than or equal to four.
When Categories Collide Accumulation of Information About Multiple Categories in Rapid Scene Perception

Experiments have shown that people can rapidly determine if categories such as “animal” or “beach” are present in scenes that are presented for only a few milliseconds. Typically, observers in these experiments report on one prespecified category. For the first time, we show that observers can rapidly extract information about multiple categories. Moreover, we demonstrate task-dependent interactions between accumulating information about different categories in a scene. This interaction can be constructive or destructive, depending on whether the presence of one category can be taken as evidence for or against the presence of the other.
MODULAR LOGIC GRAMMARS

This report describes a logic grammar formalism, Modular Logic Grammars, exhibiting a high degree of modularity between syntax and semantics. There is a syntax rule compiler (compiling into Prolog) which takes care of the building of analysis structures and the interface to a clearly separated semantic interpretation component dealing with scoping and the construction of logical forms. The whole system can work in either a one-pass mode or a two-pass mode. In the one-pass mode, logical forms are built directly during parsing through interleaved calls to semantics, added automatically by the rule compiler. In the two-pass mode, syntactic analysis trees are built automatically in the first pass, and then given to the (one-pass) semantic component. The grammar formalism includes two devices which cause the automatically built syntactic structures to differ from derivation trees in two ways: (1) There is a shift operator, for dealing with left-embedding constructions such as English possessive noun phrases while using right-recursive rules (which are appropriate for Prolog parsing). (2) There is a distinction in the syntactic formalism between strong non-terminals and weak non-terminals, which is important for distinguishing major levels of grammar.
A simple architecture for intelligent multiplexing in a voice-oriented tactical ATM network

First, this paper compares performance characteristics of circuit switching and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching in a low transmission rate, voice-oriented tactical network. Then, a simple architecture for intelligent multiplexing voice traffic and data traffic to achieve higher bandwidth utilization is presented. The efficiency of circuit switching is known to be no more than 40%. In an ATM network, the voice traffic will be processed according to the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) type 1, defined by the ATM Forum or a nonstandard vendor-defined AAL format. For any choice of AAL format, the efficiency of voice traffic under ATM switching without intelligent multiplexing will be lower than in circuit switching. The architecture, which is described in this paper, can provide higher bandwidth utilization while preserving the Grade of Service (GOS) and the Quality of Service (QOS) of existing voice connections. >
Growth Twins and Deformation Twins in Metals

This article reviews recent basic research on two classes of twins: growth twins and deformation twins. We focus primarily on studies that aim to understand, via experiments, modeling, or both, the causes and effects of twinning at a fundamental level. We anticipate that, by providing a broad perspective on the latest advances in twinning, this review will help set the stage for designing new metallic materials with unprecedented combinations of mechanical and physical properties.
A modified method of planning and delivery for dynamic multileaf collimator intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose: To develop a modified planning and delivery technique that reduces dose nonuniformity for tomographic delivery of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Methods and Materials: The NOMOS-CORVUS system delivers IMRT in a tomographic paradigm. This type of delivery is prone to create multiple dose nonuniformity regions at the arc abutment regions. The modified technique was based on the cyclical behavior of arc positions as a function of a target length. With the modified technique, two plans are developed for the same patient, one with the original target and the second with a slightly increased target length and the abutment regions shifted by ∼5 mm compared to the first plan. Each plan is designed to deliver half of the target prescription dose delivered on alternate days, resulting in periodic shifts of abutment regions. This method was experimentally tested in phantoms with and without intentionally introduced errors in couch indexing. Results: With the modified technique, the degree of dose nonuniformity was reduced. For example, with 1 mm error in couch indexing, the degree of dose nonuniformity changed from ∼25% to ∼12%. Conclusion: Use of the modified technique reduces dose nonuniformity due to periodic shifts of abutment regions during treatment delivery.
Measuring the impact of flooding on Amazonian trees: photosynthetic response models for ten species flooded by hydroelectric dams

Increasing areas of Amazonian forest are coming under flood stress due to dam construction and greater variability in river flood levels due to climate change. The physiological responses of Amazonian trees subjected to flooding are important to understand the consequences of these changes. Irradiance response curves for photosynthesis obtained from ten tropical tree species growing in flooded areas were used to fit three empirical models. The study was done in floodplains along the Uatuma River, both upstream and downstream of the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam in Brazil’s state of Amazonas (01°55′S; 59°28′W). Ten species were studied. Models compared were: non-rectangular hyperbola, rectangular hyperbola, and exponential. All models were quantitatively adequate for fitting the response of measured data on photosynthesis to irradiance for all ten species in the non-flooding and flooding periods. Considerable variation was found among the model estimates of maximum photosynthesis (P nmax), dark respiration (R d) and apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis (α). For photosynthesis, the two hyperbolas overestimated P nmax while EXP presented more realistic values. For estimating R d, RH presented the most realistic values. To avoid unrealistic value estimates of R d, we recommend adding measured R d values to the regressions. The results suggest that the EXP model presented the most realistic P nmax and α values, and, in spite of less accuracy in fitting photosynthetic irradiance curves than the RH model, it can be recommended for accessing the information used in photosynthetic irradiance curves for the leaves of tropical trees growing in Amazonian floodplains or in areas that are artificially flooded by dams.
Eve’s and Adam’s “Apple”: Horticulture, Taste, and the Flesh of the Forbidden Fruit in Paradise Lost

‘Eve’s and Adam’s Apple: Horticulture, Taste, and the Flesh of the Forbidden Fruit in Paradise Lost’,
A clustering algorithm for radiosity in complex environments

We present an approach for accelerating hierarchical radiosity by clustering objects. Previous approaches constructed effective hierarchies by subdividing surfaces, but could not exploit a hierarchical grouping on existing surfaces. This limitation resulted in an excessive number of initial links in complex environments. Initial linking is potentially the most expensive portion of hierarchical radiosity algorithms, and constrains the complexity of the environments that can be simulated. The clustering algorithm presented here operates by estimating energy transfer between collections of objects while maintaining reliable error bounds on each transfer. Two methods of bounding the transfers are employed with different tradeoffs between accuracy and time. In contrast with the O(s2) time and space complexity of the initial linking in previous hierarchical radiosity algorithms, the new methods have complexities of O(slogs) and O(s) for both time and space. Using these methods we have obtained speedups of two orders of magnitude for environments of moderate complexity while maintaining comparable accuracy.
Georges Sorel's Last Myth

Georges Sorel, enfant terrible of modern political theory, the peaceful French burgher credited with having "fathered" both 1Fascism and Bolshevism, is, unfortunately, known almost exclusively as the author of a single book, the Reflections on Violence.' In that work, he had been trying to do with Marx what Marx had done with Hegel; as the German philosopher of "dialectical materialism" had put his teacher's idealistic system "on its feet," so the Frenchman thought that he could put Marxism on a strictly proletarian footing. Whereas most Marxists saw in the working class at best the agent, at worst the mere instrument of a historical process that would, in the end, abolish the proletariat together with capitalism, Sorel wanted labor to retain its class identity, to increase its proletarian character and to develop its particular morality into an austere creed; it was to give birth to an elite of autonomous producers reviving "the old heroisms" which were none other than the old, decaying middle class virtues of thrift, hard work, and the "chastity" of family life. (Sorel felt very strongly about this point.) In short, the proletariat according to Sorel would fulfill its historic mission not by destroying class society but by strictly "minding its own business," in building up juridical and cultural institutions apart from bourgeois society, very much as the early Christians had created their own world in the catacombs of the Roman cosmopolis. And as the early Christians had been fortified in their perseverence by a great religious myth, by their belief in the Lord's Second Coming, so the proletarians were to be inspired by their faith in the ultimate, "Napoleonic" battle of the general strike. Whether that day of judgment would ever come did not matter as long as the workers believed in it and lived accordingly, that is, in a state of permanent alertness and preparedness. Their task was to keep themselves in perfect fighting trim for the supreme test, and that was possible only
Neural circuit mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) greatly increases the risk for a number of mental health problems and is one of the most common causes of medically intractable epilepsy in humans. Several models of TBI have been developed to investigate the relationship between trauma, seizures, and epilepsy-related changes in neural circuit function. These studies have shown that the brain initiates immediate neuronal and glial responses following an injury, usually leading to significant cell loss in areas of the injured brain. Over time, long-term changes in the organization of neural circuits, particularly in neocortex and hippocampus, lead to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and increased risk for spontaneous seizures. These include alterations to inhibitory interneurons and formation of new, excessive recurrent excitatory synaptic connectivity. Here, we review in vivo models of TBI as well as key cellular mechanisms of synaptic reorganization associated with posttraumatic epilepsy. The potential role of inflammation and increased blood brain barrier permeability in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic epilepsy is also discussed. A better understanding of mechanisms that promote the generation of epileptic activity versus those that promote compensatory brain repair and functional recovery should aid development of successful new therapies for posttraumatic epilepsy.
Modeling the collapse of Hebes Chasma, Valles Marineris, Mars

Physical modeling and detailed mapping of Hebes Chasma provide new insights into the crustal composition and origin of the Valles Marineris region of equatorial Mars. Hebes Chasma is a 315-km-long and 8-km-deep closed depression containing distinctive landforms that include diapirs and extensive allochthonous flows that end in pits. A central puzzle of Hebes Chasma is how and where 10 5 km 3 of missing material disappeared. Our physical models tested the hypothesis that the chasma formed by collapse and removal of material from below. Gravity-driven collapse in the models reproduced all the chasma9s main landforms as subsidence evolved from early sagging of the upper surface, to inward collapse and removal of material, to emergence of diapirs and low-gradient flows. The models and geologic evidence suggest that Hebes Mensa arched upward diapirically and raised deep stratigraphy almost level with the chasma rim. If the chasma indeed collapsed by subsurface drainage as occurred in the models, the upper 8–10 km of deposits at Hebes must have been solid to depths of ∼5 km but viscous at greater depths. The materials removed could not have consisted mainly of basalt flows; instead, they probably were a mixture of hydrated and nonhydrated salts, water ice, liquid water, and insoluble (likely basaltic) particles. The proportions of these constituents are unknown but constrained because the material drained from the subsiding chasma and apparently contributed to the outburst floods released down neighboring Echus Chasma and Kasei Valles.
The Subgenus Neocota of the Genus Rhamphomyia (Diptera: Empididae)

Neocota Coquillett is relegated to subgeneric status under Rhamphomyia Meigen, causing N. rufipes Curran to become a homonym, for which the new name Rhamphomyia (N.) currant Steyskal is provided. R. (N.) dasypoda and R. (N.) intonsa, n. spp., are described, and a key to the 4 known species is given.
STUDIES OF HBR UPTAKE ON ICE FILMS AT 188 K

The interaction of HBr with ice films has been studied in a fast-flow reactor, and the formation of HBr‚3H2O and HBr‚2H2O near the ice film surface was determined at 188 K. The existence of the hydrates was further verified by the construction of a low-temperature HBr-ice phase diagram under the experimental conditions. Hydrate formation is a critical process in understanding the higher HBr uptake on ice films and the heterogeneous reaction mechanism involving HBr on the ice surface. The effects of total pressure and ice film thickness on HBr uptake were also investigated. The co-uptake of HBr and HCl showed that the HBr uptake was in general more efficient than that of HCl. This study provides the detailed thermodynamic properties of HBr on ice at the pressure range of 10-8 -10-5 Torr and 180-220 K.