cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of magnetohydrodynamic modes in reversed field pinches with normal and tangential magnetic field sensing and two resistive walls

Numerical results are presented on control of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes in reversed field pinches (RFPs) for a geometry with two resistive walls. We use measurements of the normal component of the magnetic field and introduce the use of both tangential components. In Richardson et al (2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 112511), RFP control studies were performed sensing the radial (normal) component of the magnetic field and a single tangential component just inside the wall, showing that it is possible to stabilize the MHD modes in an RFP for current up to the ideal plasma–ideal wall limit in that configuration. Here, we extend our modeling by including two resistive walls, in a configuration relevant to experiments such as RFX-mod, and measuring all three magnetic field components, i.e. including a second tangential component, as an exploratory effort. We present our study incrementally, starting with a single resistive wall, and conclude that with the first tangential sensor located inside the wall, the plasma can be stabilized up to the ideal plasma–ideal wall limit, as in Richardson et al. With the first tangential sensor outside the wall, stabilization is possible only up to the ideal wall–resistive plasma (tearing) limit. We then show that for experimentally relevant parameters the thin-wall approximation is indeed valid for the MHD modes of interest but invalid for the high-frequency magnetosonic mode (Richardson et al) driven by the (first) tangential component feedback. In fact, when a thick-wall formulation with realistic parameters is considered, the high-frequency magnetosonic mode is found to be destabilized only for a very high gain parameter, and we conclude that this mode can be ignored for an experimentally relevant analysis. Consequently, the plasma can be stabilized in a much larger region of feedback gain parameter space than found in Richardson et al. In the presence of two walls, with the first tangential component measured just outside the inner wall and with RFX-mod relevant time constants, we show that feedback control can stabilize the plasma at currents much larger than the ideal wall–resistive plasma limit. The current limit is still less, however, than the ideal plasma–ideal wall limit. Use of the second tangential component appears in all cases to lead to significantly different but not necessarily improved feedback stabilization. These results may lead to better understanding and improved stability properties in current-day RFP experiments through robust access to quasi-single-helicity states.
Inter-Party Competition, Economic Variables, and Welfare Policies in the American States

T HE OBJECT OF THIS PAPER is to discover the relationship among the extent of inter-party competition, the presence of certain economic factors, and the extent of nine public welfare policies, using the American states as the units for investigation. The fifty states share a common institutional framework and general cultural background, but they differ in certain aspects of economic and social structure, political activity, and public policy. Therefore, they provide a large number of political and social units in which some important variables can be held constant while others are varied. Our general concern is to investigate the relation between political processes and the policies adopted by political systems. In this study public policies, or more particularly, social welfare policies of the various state political systems, are the dependent variables. Public policy, its formulation, implementation and effects, is one of the major interests of students of politics. Political science is concerned with how various formal and informal institutions, economic, social, philosophical and geographic conditions influence the adoption and implementation of policy.' For theoretical purposes it seems useful to place the problem of the relationship be-
The effects of selected syntactical choices on source credibility, attitude, behavior, and perception of message

This study investigated the effects of stylistic syntactical choices. Independent variables were source credibility (high, low) and selected syntactical choices within the sentence (normal order, antithesis, inversion, omission, question, repetition, and combined choices). Dependent variables were terminal source authoritativeness and character, attitude towards message, frequency of petition signing, and perception of message (clear‐unclear, wordy‐concise, refined‐crude, well supported‐poorly supported, organized‐disorganized, pleasing‐displeasing, biased‐unbiased). No significant difference for syntactical inductions were observed on dependent variables of attitude, authoritativeness, character, or frequency of petition signatures. The message manipulations significantly altered the subject's perception of the message.
Theoretical, experimental and computational mechanics of fracture in constrained interlayers

The constraint of a thin silver interlayer is used to create high triaxial stresses to evaluate the applicability of theoretical models for ductile fracture. Rice and Tracey's model for cavity expansion under high triaxial states of stress and Huanget al.'s model for cavity instability were considered. The experimentally determined σ m /σ y values suggest that further investigation of the Huanget al. theory is warranted. Microstructural analysis revealed that multiple cavities were initially present in the silver interlayers, and the number and size of the cavities increased as failure was approached. Finite element analysis and experimental results showed excellent agreement in a computational determination of cavity instability. Thus, it appears that ductile fracture in constrained thin interlayers can be explained with unstable cavity growth.
NEWBORN MESENTERIC ARTERY CAN PRODUCE ANGIOTENSIN-II (A-II) FROM RENIN SUBSTRATE (RS) OR ANGIOTENSIN-I • 1387

Initially, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was believed to be systemic. RS production and conversion to A-I occurred in the kidney; thereafter, conversion of A-I to A-II occurred in the lungs, followed by systemic distribution and action of the active octapeptide A-II. It has recently been reported that a complete RAS also exists within some endothelial cells (EC), ie., EC are capable of de novo RS production followed by local conversion to A-I and A-II by intracellular (ie., EC) renin and extracellular angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE ectoenzyme). To determine if the newborn gut is imbued with an EC-RAS, rings of mesenteric artery from 3-d old swine were mounted for isometric tension measurement in myographs filled with warm(38°C) oxygenated Krebs buffer and were administered RS, A-I or A-II (all 10-8M), +/- captopril (CAP, an ACE inhibitor, 10-5M) or losartan(LOS, an A-II AT1 receptor blocker, 10-7M). Rings were intact(EC+) or had the EC mechanically removed (EC-). Each ring was administered only one agonist or agonist+blocking agent. Contractile responses were expressed as a% of the maximal tension developed after KCI depolarization. A 3-way ANOVA was conducted on data from each agonist (EC+ vs EC-;% contraction vs 0%; agonist vs agonist+blocker), with post-hoc. Data (M±SEM, n=5 subjects):Table Elimination of the contractile response to RS or A-I following ACE-inhibition or A-II AT1 receptor blockade indicates that these agonist exerted their effects by local conversion to A-II, ie., that renin and ACE were present in the rings. Lack of response to RS or A-I in EC- indicates that the enzymes are located on the EC, whereas thesite of A-II effect is smooth muscle. Conclusion: A local RAS is present in the EC of mesenteric artery from 3-d old swine.Speculation: Locally-produced A-II may contribute tointrinsic vasoregulation of the newborn gut, ie., intrinsic constriction in response to systemic circulatory perturbations.
Sensitivity, specificity, and related concepts

Abstract Few screening or diagnostic tests are perfect in distinguishing individuals who have a specific disease or condition from those who do not. Descriptive characteristics of these tests, such as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, show how well the tests perform in the absence of perfection. Interpretation of test characteristics is dependent on characteristics of the population on whom the tests are conducted. A review of important test characteristics and a discussion of their relationship to one another are presented in this article along with examples to clarify key points.
Nano-composites derived from melt mixing a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester and zinc sulfonated polystyrene ionomers

Abstract A nano-composite was produced by simply melt mixing a blend of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester (LCP) and the zinc salt of a lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomer at 300 °C. The nano-particles, which were in the form of relatively uniform rectangular prisms of ca. 30 nm×30 nm×200 nm, formed from the LCP phase due to an ester-interchange reaction between the LCP and residual catalytic amounts of zinc acetate that were present from the neutralization step in the preparation of the ionomer. The nano-particles possessed a different crystal pattern and higher melting point than the parent LCP, and they were easily oriented when the blend melt was uniaxially stretched. The nano-particles provided reinforcement of the ionomer comparable to what would be expected of short fibers with a modulus of at least 25 GPa.
Total energy calculations for structural phase transformations

The structural integrity and physical properties of crys talline solids are frequently limited or enhanced by the occurrence of phase transformations. Martensitic trans formations involve the collective displacement of atoms from one ordered state to another. Modern methods to determine the microscopic electronic changes as the atoms move are now accurate enough to evaluate the very small energy differences involved. Extensive first principles calculations for the prototypical Martensitic transformation from body-centered cubic bcc to close- packed 9R structure in sodium metal are described. The minimum energy coordinate or configuration path be tween the bcc and 9R structures is determined as well as paths to other competing close-packed structures. The energy barriers and important anharmonic interactions are identified and general conclusions drawn. The calcu lational methods used to solve the Schrodinger equa tion include pseudopotentials, fast Fourier transforms, efficient matrix diagonalization, and supercells with many atoms.
Relative Impacts of Natural Stressors on Life History Traits Underlying Resilience of Intertidal Eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.)

Seagrasses are a critical marine habitat and are in decline worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated that factors such as sediment conditions, resource availability, and desiccation can influence life history transitions and morphology in intertidal eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and therefore potential for recovery after a disturbance. We combined these factors in an exploratory path model linking environmental conditions to eelgrass vegetative (shoot size and density) and reproductive traits (branching, flowering, seedling recruitment). In this construction, significant path coefficients reveal factors influencing recovery potential. To test the path model, we collected abiotic and eelgrass data at 17 sites in the southern Salish Sea (Washington, USA) and assessed model fit with structural equation modeling. Significant path coefficients linked sediment organic content to shoot size and seedling recruitment, tidal amplitude to reduced flowering, and shoot size and density were inversely correlated. We found no significant links between any morphological or life history trait and nutrient availability, possibly reflecting consistently high nutrients across sites. Variable rates of asexual reproduction and a trade-off between shoot size and density may reflect light limitation in eelgrass’ intertidal range, where light is not expected to be strongly limiting. Overall, structural equation modeling identified organic-rich sediments as relatively more important than desiccation and nutrient conditions for resilience potential of intertidal eelgrass populations in this region. Life history and morphological traits provide eelgrass with recovery mechanisms from disturbance where sediments are muddy, which has implications for both conservation and restoration.
Precipitation in thin foils of Al-4 wt.% Cu alloy—II. Growth kinetics of θ precipitates

Abstract The mechanisms and kinetics of precipitates grown at the surfaces of thin foils have been studied by hot-stage electron microscopy. Emphasis has been placed on three typical morphologies: circular plates, rectangular plates and needles. It has thus been found that rounded parts of the edges of these precipitates, where the interfacial structure is essentially disordered, migrate in a diffusion controlled manner. Faceted edges of the plates migrate by the ledge mechanism. These results are consistent with general morphological ideas developed for bulk-grown precipitates. In thin foils, however, the effective diffusivity is much larger than that of the bulk, because the surface provides a short circuit diffusion path. Quantitative support for this conclusion has been obtained from detailed analyzes of the kinetics.
Evaluation of a dithiocarbamate derivative as an inhibitor of human glutaredoxin-1

Context: Glutaredoxins (GRX) are involved in the regulation of thiol redox state. GRX-1 is a cytosolic enzyme responsible for the catalysis of deglutathionylation of proteins. To date, very few inhibitors of GRX-1 have been reported.Objective: The objective of this paper is to report 2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethyl-sulfanylthiocarbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid (2-AAPA) as an inhibitor of human GRX-1.Materials and methods: The mechanism of inhibition of GRX-1 was investigated using dialysis, substrate protection, and mass spectrometry.Results: 2-AAPA inhibits GRX-1 in a time and concentration dependent manner. The activity did not return following dialysis indicating that inhibition is irreversible. Results of substrate protection and mass spectrometry indicate that the inhibition is occurring at the active site. The compound also produced GRX inhibition in human ovarian cancer cells.Discussion: 2-AAPA is an irreversible GRX-1 inhibitor with similar or greater potenc...
Case-specific, in vivo identification of lymph node drainage from the peritoneal space

Background. Demonstration of lymph node metastasis in the setting of malignant ascites could assist in staging and treatment of ovarian, endometrial, and colon cancer. The pleural space drains to a sentinel lymph node (SLN) group in the superior mediastinum. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the peritoneal space also drains to a SLN group. Methods. Twelve rats received intraperitoneal injection of quantum dots (QDs), a NIR fluorescent lymph tracer designed for retention in the SLN. Twelve rats received intraperitoneal injection of HSA800, a smaller diameter, NIR lymph tracer designed for uptake into distant lymph nodes. A custom imaging system detected NIR fluorescence at 10 and 30 min and 24 h after injection. Associations were assessed with paired Student’s t-test. Results. QDs identify at most one node, while HSA800 was able to identify multiple nodes (P = 0.017) (Table 1). QDs drained to either celiac, periportal, or superior mesenteric lymph nodes. After 24 h, HSA800 appeared in these and distant lymph node groups such as the superior mediastinum (Fig. 1). Conclusion. QDs drained to either the celiac, the periportal, or the superior mesenteric region, suggesting a varied SLN drainage. HSA800 traveled as far as the superior mediastinal nodes, suggesting a widespread lymphatic drainage. An advantage of NIR fluorescence imaging is the ability to identify lymph nodes draining the peritoneal space regardless of location. Developing such a patient-specific method of peritoneal SLN mapping could influence staging and treatment in the setting of malignant ascites. Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
The Impact of Library Instruction on the Quality of Student Project Performance in an Advanced Financial Management Case Class

The ways in which students incorporate information into their analyses of real world company performance cases are affected by the number of information sources available and the timing of the presentation of these sources to them. This article explores quantitatively for the first time the interaction of these elements of information broadcast, as well as that of the types of communication channels used to do so, to student receptivity to them in accomplishing this task in the actual finance capstone, undergraduate case course at The University of Toledo over 10 semesters from Spring 2006 to Summer 2010.
Internal Tides and Mixing in a Submarine Canyon with Time-Varying Stratification

AbstractThe time variability of the energetics and turbulent dissipation of internal tides in the upper Monterey Submarine Canyon (MSC) is examined with three moored profilers and five ADCP moorings spanning February–April 2009. Highly resolved time series of velocity, energy, and energy flux are all dominated by the semidiurnal internal tide and show pronounced spring-neap cycles. However, the onset of springtime upwelling winds significantly alters the stratification during the record, causing the thermocline depth to shoal from about 100 to 40 m. The time-variable stratification must be accounted for because it significantly affects the energy, energy flux, the vertical modal structures, and the energy distribution among the modes. The internal tide changes from a partly horizontally standing wave to a more freely propagating wave when the thermocline shoals, suggesting more reflection from up canyon early in the observational record. Turbulence, computed from Thorpe scales, is greatest in the bottom 5...
Is running style and economy affected by wearing respiratory apparatus

The purposes of this investigation were to compare selected gait parameters characteristic of running without respiratory apparatus on a treadmill (NOR) with those displayed while wearing a mouthpiece-breathing valve apparatus (MP) and while wearing a respiratory face mask (MASK), and to compare the running economy (RE) measured during MP with that measured during MASK. Seventeen male volunteers [age = 32 +/- 5 yr (mean +/- SD); mass = 72.4 +/- 9.0 kg] performed three treadmill runs in randomly assigned order. All runs were identical in terms of duration (10 min), speed [200 m. min-2 (7.5 mph)], and grade (0%). During the last minute of each run, RE was measured and coordinate data were collected for determination of mechanical variables. The mechanical analyses were limited to 12 subjects. Stride length, vertical oscillation of the center of mass, hip and ankle range of motion, and average internal mechanical power output were not different for NOR, MP, and MASK. Knee range of motion was significantly less (P 0.05) from MP RE. It was concluded that wearing MP or MASK generally does not affect running style of individuals running at comfortable, submaximal running speeds and that RE measured with MP is not different from that measured with MASK.
The in vitro metabolism of progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one by fetal rhesus monkey testes

Homogenates prepared from fetal rhesus monkey testes were incubated with progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone and 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. The major progesterone metabolite was 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione. Testosterone also accumulated in the progesterone incubations. 4-Androstene-3,17-dione was converted chiefly to testosterone. Testosterone was not actively metabolized by the fetal monkey testis. 17 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one was actively converted primarily to 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol.
Stem cell markers (cytokeratin 15, CD34 and nestin) in primary scarring and nonscarring alopecia

Summary Background Although the pathogenesis of most primary scarring alopecias is poorly understood, recent studies implicate the bulge region as a possible target. Objectives To corroborate these results, we ascertained involvement of follicular bulge stem cells using a panel of antibodies that putatively targeted the same. Methods Antibodies used included anticytokeratin (CK) 15, CD34 and nestin on vertical and horizontal tissue sections of 50 cases of scarring and 34 cases of nonscarring alopecia. Results Comparing expression of these markers in scarring vs. nonscarring alopecia, CK15 was noted in the follicular bulge region in 23 of 43 (53%) vs. 27 of 27 (100%) cases and in the peripheral layer of the outer root sheath (ORS) (upper two-thirds of the follicle) in 50 of 50 (100%) vs. 34 of 34 (100%) cases; CD34 was noted in the peripheral layer of the ORS (below pilar muscle attachment) in 24 of 35 (69%) vs. 18 of 18 (100%) cases; and nestin was noted in the infundibular region in 18 of 46 (39%) vs. seven of 32 (22%) cases and in the inner aspect of the ORS (below pilar muscle attachment) in eight of 31 (26%) vs. 23 of 23 (100%) cases. Conclusions Our findings of differential follicular localization of stem cells underscore follicular progenitor cell heterogeneity and suggest the target in scarring alopecia is not merely follicular bulge stem cells but involves stem cells in the inner and outer aspect of the ORS. Enhanced expression of nestin in the infundibular region in scarring alopecia indicates availability of an accessible, in vivo niche of potential utility as an autologous source of stem cells for therapeutic application.
Temporal changes of site response during the 2011 Mw 9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake

The recent Mw 9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its aftershocks generated widespread strong shakings as large as ~3000 Gal along the east coast of Japan. Here we systematically analyze temporal changes of material properties and nonlinear site response in the shallow crust associated with the Tohoku main shock, using seismic data recorded by the Japanese Strong Motion Network KiK-Net. We compute the spectral ratios of windowed records from a pair of surface and borehole stations, and then use the sliding-window spectral ratios to track the temporal changes in the site response of various sites at different levels of peak ground acceleration (PGA). Our preliminary results show clear drop of resonant frequency of up to 70% during the Tohoku main shock at 6 sites with PGA from 600 to 1300 Gal. In the site MYGH04 where two distinct groups of strong ground motions were recorded, the resonant frequency briefly recovers in between, and then followed by an apparent logarithmic recovery. We investigate the percentage drop of peak frequency and peak spectral ratio during the Tohoku main shock at different PGA levels, and find that at most sites they are correlated.
The Multistage Nature of Chemically Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat

(1994). The Multistage Nature of Chemically Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 209-220.
Web Buckling in Pultruded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Deep Beams Subjected to Concentrated Loads

AbstractFive 609.5-mm deep fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) beams with a span-to-depth ratio of 4∶1 were tested in three-point bending with the beam ends constrained to prevent global failure. A concentrated load was applied at midspan either directly to the top flange or through a 101.6 mm wide by 12.7-mm thick FRP bearing plate resting on the top flange. VIC-3D Digital Image Correlation Measurement Software from Correlated Solutions captured out-of-plane displacement of the webs, and Southwell plots were generated to determine buckling loads. Each specimen experienced a stability failure of the web before undergoing material failure in the upper web-flange junction. On average, web buckling occurred at 90% of the ultimate load. The introduction of a bearing plate did not significantly affect the buckling load or ultimate capacity of the specimens. One specimen was tested into the postbuckling range, unloaded, and reloaded to material failure and experienced no loss of strength or stiffness. Another specim...
Differentiation of myeloid cells in liquid culture. 1. Progenitor cells found in normal perpheral blood

In order to establish a method for studying myeloid differentiation, light density, non-adherent, T-cell depleted mononuclear cells prepared from 26 normal peripheral blood buffy-coats were cultured in McCoy'5A medium supplemented with 15 per cent fetal calf serum (FCS) for three weeks at 37 degrees C in a humidified 5 per cent CO2 atmosphere. The total number of viable cells in the cultures on weeks 1 and 2 represented 73 +/- 10 per cent and 98 +/- 41 per cent of the initial number of viable cells seeded. After one week, blasts represented 26 +/- 10 per cent of the initial number of viable cells while all the initially contaminating mature granulocytes had disappeared. After two weeks, granulocytic differentiation was noted in most cultures and viable myelocytes and more mature cells represented 45 +/- 26 per cent of the initial number of viable cells. The differentiation was independent on the lot of FCS used. The addition of PHA stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium to the cultures did not enhance granulocytic differentiation. The granulocytic differentiation observed in the absence of exogenous CSF persisted after removing the cells adhering to the bottom of the flasks on day 2 of the culture. An endogenous colony stimulating activity was detected in the cultures on week 3 but its intensity did not clearly correlate with the degree of granulocytic differentiation.
Narrativas de identidad. De la nación mestiza a los recientes desplazamientos de la metáfora social en Bolivia

Este ensayo afirma que la construccion de la “nacion” estuvo ligada a narrativas (novelas y ensayos) de identidad. Las primeras narrativas identitarias, que elaboraron importantes metaforas como la del “mestizaje ideal”, controlaron celosamente el ascenso social del indigena. Despues de regimentar al indio bajo la ferrea nocion tamayana de la “pedagogia nacional”, Sanjines procede a “desterritorializar” la identidad idealizada de lo mestizo desde tres nuevas versiones que le dan fluidez a la metafora social: la “metafora del rio”, la de la “avalancha de la plebe” y la del “anfibio cultural”.
MODEST ELEVATION OF CORTICOSTERONE IN PREWEANLING RATS IMPAIRS SUBSEQUENT TRACE EYEBLINK CONDITIONING DURING THE JUVENILE PERIOD

The hippocampus is known to be especially sensitive to the deleterious effects of glucocorticoids. Previously, we administered exogenous corticosterone, the major stress-related glucocorticoid in rats, to young developing rats using subcutaneous pellets which produced high pharmacological levels of circulating corticosterone as well as a sex-specific learning deficit for males on a hippocampus-mediated associative learning task, trace eyeblink conditioning [1]. The present study evaluated the effects of corticosterone administered at a physiologically-relevant level by a more consistent release method, osmotic mini-pumps. Pumps were implanted subcutaneously in 15-day-old rats to deliver either corticosterone or the vehicle control (PEG) at a rate of 1 μl/h over 3 days. On Day 28, learning was assessed using trace eyeblink conditioning. The results of the present experiment revealed that a small elevation in corticosterone (11.77 μg/dl versus 6.02 μg/dl for controls) within the normal physiological range impaired learning as determined by a significantly lower percentage and amplitude of total conditioned responses (CRs) and lower amplitude of adaptive responses relative to the control group. There were no significant differences in response timing, although the corticosterone group tended to produce CRs which began and peaked a little later than controls. These findings indicate that even modest elevations of corticosterone for several days can produce later impairments on this hippocampally mediated learning task.
Two-stage heterotrophic and phototrophic culture strategy for algal biomass and lipid production

A two-stage heterotrophic and phototrophic culture strategy for algal biomass and lipid production was studied, wherein high density heterotrophic cultures of Chlorellasorokiniana serve as seed for subsequent phototrophic growth. The data showed growth rate, cell density and productivity of heterotrophic C.sorokiniana were 3.0, 3.3 and 7.4 times higher than phototrophic counterpart, respectively. Hetero- and phototrophic algal seeds had similar biomass/lipid production and fatty acid profile when inoculated into phototrophic culture system. To expand the application, food waste and wastewater were tested as feedstock for heterotrophic growth, and supported cell growth successfully. These results demonstrated the advantages of using heterotrophic algae cells as seeds for open algae culture system. Additionally, high inoculation rate of heterotrophic algal seed can be utilized as an effective method for contamination control. This two-stage heterotrophic phototrophic process is promising to provide a more efficient way for large scale production of algal biomass and biofuels.
Complications of Massive Transfusion

Massive transfusion (MT) is a lifesaving treatment of hemorrhagic shock, but can be associated with significant complications. The lethal triad of acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy associated with MT is associated with a high mortality rate. Other complications include hypothermia, acid/base derangements, electrolyte abnormalities (hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia), citrate toxicity, and transfusion-associated acute lung injury. Blood transfusion in trauma, surgery, and critical care has been identified as an independent predictor of multiple organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, increased infection, and increased mortality in multiple studies. Once definitive control of hemorrhage has been established, a restrictive approach to blood transfusion should be implemented to minimize further complications.
Power/knowledge and discredited identities : Media representations of herpes

Popular press accounts of genital herpes (herpes simplex virus-II) are presented as sites for the production of symbolic stigma. Close readings of 141 magazine articles about HSV-II explore the discursive practices that constituted herpetic as a discredited identity. The article critiques these stigmatizing practices on two levels: (1) as inscriptions of dominant administrative, moral, and scientific ideologies, and (2) as constituting a conceptual control regime that eventually spreads in unanticipated ways beyond the original confines of the genital herpes epidemic.
Early generic educational intervention has no enduring effect on intelligence and does not prevent mental retardation : The Infant Health and Development Program

Early intervention programs designed to increase intelligence and prevent mental retardation have long been a mainstay of pedagogical ideology. The paramount objective is to overcome intellectual disadvantage that some children experience because of unlucky draw from the genetic deck, adverse environmental exposure, and social misfortune. A number of "premier" projects completed over the past two decades have commanded wide professional and public attention. The most thorough and methodologically sophisticated is the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP), a comprehensive preschool program to avert health and intellectual impairments sometimes associated with premature low birthweight. Despite claims that IHDP successfully raised intelligence and prevented mental retardation, close examination of project data reveal that these assertions are without foundation. IHDP failed to produce any enduring and meaningful effect on cognitive development. Among others, two primary reasons for this unsuccessful outcome are failures to consider genetic influences and to individualize intervention in terms of etiological specificity at biological and psychological levels. Prevention of premature low birthweight is more biologically plausible, more effective, and more cost-efficient. These issues are discussed in the context of boarder issues concerning the nature of intelligence and its mutability. It is now time to design specific interventions that are commensurate with individual differences and the distinctive complexity of myriad problems that give rise to intellectual disadvantage.
Translating Basic Emotion Research Into Novel Psychosocial Interventions for Anhedonia

When viewed through the lens of the field of affective science, it is apparent that anhedonia does not reflect an experiential abnormality in schizophrenia, as has long been assumed. Rather, it involves dysfunctional psychological and behavioral processes, ie, low-pleasure beliefs and reduced overestimation of noncurrent pleasure.1,2 Furthermore, cognitive impairments in working memory and long-term memory may be critically linked to these psychological and behavioral components of anhedonia.1–3 Despite these advances in understanding anhedonia, the major challenge facing the field still remains—how do we treat these abnormalities?
Computer Based Identification Of White Matter Lessions

A computer program that looks for white matter lesions in magnetic resonance images of the human brain is described. It uses a step-by-step approach, where the most obvious features in the images are identified first, and used to calibrate the application of the next step, until the desired features are identified. It was tested on a large number of images of the same type (MR images of the human brain), and exploited the special characteristics of this type of images. The system was designed with the variations of various image parameters which are encountered in practice in mind, to ensure reliability. The anatomic information which is required by such a system is encoded in flexible geometric models which can be deformed locally to account for anatomic variability across patients. The system has been tested on 1132 images from 17 patients so far, with very good results.
Blood Pressure Targets After High-Risk Myocardial Infarction. Is It Time to Update the Guidelines?

In this issue of Hypertension , Thune et al1 analyze data from the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial to assess the effect of antecedent hypertension and post-myocardial infarction (MI) blood pressure (BP) on adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Their results for acute MI patients with antecedent hypertension support previous reports of increased risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. In addition, their results for all of the post-MI patients, regardless of antecedent hypertension status, with excessively high or low systolic BP (extrapolating their 3 BP categories, essentially a “V”-shaped plot), are consistent with a majority of reports focusing on hypertension management for post-MI patients (essentially “J”- or “U”-shaped curves). Finally, their results for post-MI excessively high or low diastolic BP reportedly deviated in a similar manner but not significantly. The lack of a significant deviation was ascribed by the authors to an inadequate number of patients for analysis (602; representing 5.7% of the total cohort). Those patients with excessively high or low diastolic BP represent a small but significant subpopulation of the patients that we see with acute MI (larger than that reported by Thune et al,1 because patients selected for the Valsartan in …
Current Status of the Treatment of Complete Heart Block

Medical management of complete heart block affords but a temporary control neither stable nor dependable and its failure is too frequently unheralded and fatal. Electric pacing by interim transvenous stimulation provides immediate, stable, and dependable control. Indications for transvenous pacing or pacemaker implantation should include not only Stokes-Adams disease, but heart block with signs and symptoms of diminished cardiac output and with heart rates under 40 per minute as well. Patients with complete heart block are protected best by pacing with a transvenous intracardiac dipolar electrode preparatory to and during anesthesia for surgery. A series of 40 patients is presented. There was a total of 56 catheterizations. There were nine emergencies requiring immediate transvenous pacing. In this group, there were five deaths due to extensive intercurrent disease. This stresses the importance of the use of the dipolar electrode in patients too ill for permanent implantation, because despite their desperate medical condition, four of these patients were supported sufficiently so that subsequent permanent implantation was done without a fatality. Permanent asynchronous implantable pacemakers, though requiring battery change, are relatively simple to insert and are preferable to externally worn units. Of the 31 patients who have had permanently implanted pacemakers, there was one postoperative death. The four others died months later of unrelated disease, and the remaining patients, despite corrective episodes of pacemaker failure are all well, free of symptoms of heart block, and rehabilitated to activity normal for their age. Those patients who returned because of permanent pacemaker system failure and were paced transvenously, and those patients with intermittent regular sinus rhythm exhibited competitive pacing mechanisms. Electric or sino-atrial impulses appearing during any phase of the cardiac cycle did not precipitate ventricular fibrillation.
Modeling of Supramolecular Systems, Mechanically Docked to Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes and nanowires are important materials for new nanotechnology devices and sensors. Future optoelectronic devices can be made from assemblies of nanostructured materials. One difficulty in preparing these assemblies from nanotubes is the lack of site-specific points of contact and the subsequent compliance of the linkage between nanoparticles. Using molecular mechanics, semiempirical and dynamics calculations, we have modeled the assembly process of two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures of carbon nanotubes. The linkers between the nanotubes consist of novel metallodendrimers. These dendrimers have multiple binding sites with chemically specified chirality. Most importantly, they are mechanically rigid. This enables the multidimensional constraints and geometry, required for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Optical anistropy of partially aligned polyacetylene film polymerized directly from gaseous acetylene

Spectres d'absorption et de reflexion d'echantillons dopes ou non prepares par polymerisation de l'acetylene gazeux sur les faces cristallines de biphenyle contenant de l'amorceur de Shirakorwa dissous et/ou adsorbe
A Celebration of Failure

> Every failure is a step to success. Every detection of what is false directs us toward what is true: every trial exhausts some tempting form of error. Not only so; but scarcely any attempt is entirely a failure; scarcely any theory, the result of steady thought, is altogether false; no tempting form of Error is without some latent charm derived from Truth. > > —W. Whewell1 Contemporary society cherishes success. Success defines the person, the organization, the culture. It is a clear goal for every initiative that has an outcome. It is a gauge by which one measures impact, influence, and consequence. Success is defined as much by tangible achievement of a predefined goal as it is by its polar opposite, failure. The commonly held view is that failure is to be avoided because success is to be achieved, and both cannot coexist. In this editorial, I will dwell on failure and make the case that failure has at least as important a role in our experience, education, and professional development as success, if we would only learn from it. We are first exposed to the concept of failure in elementary school, quickly realizing how it can affect our educational progress. My generation of students lived in fear of failing tests, subjects, and ultimately, grades, thereby being left behind to repeat the school year. This early, first experience with failure obviously colors our perception of the concept with great negativity. Defined in this way, failure is simply the opposite of success, a notion that sets the stage for the role of failure and its interpretation throughout one’s life. This is particularly true for physicians and scientists, who, as consummate overachievers, strive to succeed and implicitly strive to avoid failure with each challenge. Nothing but perfection will suffice because failure renders our …
Distributed Representation of Visual Objects by Single Neurons in the Human Brain

It remains unclear how single neurons in the human brain represent whole-object visual stimuli. While recordings in both human and nonhuman primates have shown distributed representations of objects (many neurons encoding multiple objects), recordings of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe, taken as subjects' discriminated objects during multiple presentations, have shown gnostic representations (single neurons encoding one object). Because some studies suggest that repeated viewing may enhance neural selectivity for objects, we had human subjects discriminate objects in a single, more naturalistic viewing session. We found that, across 432 well isolated neurons recorded in the hippocampus and amygdala, the average fraction of objects encoded was 26%. We also found that more neurons encoded several objects versus only one object in the hippocampus (28 vs 18%, p < 0.001) and in the amygdala (30 vs 19%, p < 0.001). Thus, during realistic viewing experiences, typical neurons in the human medial temporal lobe code for a considerable range of objects, across multiple semantic categories.
What's Political in Seventeenth‐Century Women's Political Writing?

Recent scholarship on women's writing in seventeenth-century England has emphasized the political aspect of these texts. While scholars of Anne Bradstreet have generally praised her late lyrics at the expense of her narrative history ‘The Four Monarchies’, this essay seeks to place the ‘Four Monarchies’ in the context of political writings by seventeenth-century English women writers such as Margaret Cavendish, Anne Clifford, Brilliana Harley, and especially her contemporaries writing in Old England concerning the English Civil Wars, such as Elizabeth Poole, Anna Trapnel, Eleanor Davies, and Mary Cary.
Advances in the Understanding of Mammalian Copper Transporters

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient. Its ability to exist in 2 oxidation states (Cu1+ and Cu2+) allows it to function as an enzymatic cofactor in hydrolytic, electron transfer, and oxygen utilization reactions. Cu transporters CTR1, ATP7A, and ATP7B play key roles in ensuring that adequate Cu is available for Cu-requiring processes and the prevention of excess Cu accumulation within cells. Two diseases of Cu metabolism, Menkes disease and Wilson disease, which are caused by mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively, exemplify the critical importance of regulating Cu balance in humans. Herein, we review recent studies of the biochemical and cell biological characteristics of CTR1, ATP7A, and ATP7B, as well as emerging roles for Cu in new areas of physiology.
Knocking at Our Own Door: Milton A. Galamison and the Struggle to Integrate New York City Schools

What caused one of America's most promising civil rights movements to implode on the eve of change? Knocking at Our Own Door chronicles the life of New York's preeminent but little-studied integrationist, Milton A. Galamison, and his controversial struggle to improve the lives of the city's most underprivileged children. This detailed account brings insight into the complexities of urban politics, race relations, and school reform.
Individualizing Functional Analysis to Assess Multiple and Changing Functions of Severe Behavior Problems in Children with Autism

Relatively few published studies have used functional analysis to assess severe behavior problems in children with autism, and virtually none have assessed behaviors maintained by multiple and changing functions. This study extended the use of a traditional functional analysis analogue by examining the functional relations between problem behaviors maintained by multiple and changing functions and specific environmental events. Three children with autism participated in this study. The target behaviors of disruptive behavior and inappropriate vocalizations were observed during periods of brief, repeated exposure to a series of analogue conditions (attention, tangible, escape, alone, and play) using a multielement experimental design. A new condition was added to assess changing functions of a single behavior. Results indicated that problem behaviors were maintained by multiple functions (attention, escape, tangibles, and automatic reinforcement). The new methodology for assessing changing functions of abe...
Conductive silicone based MEMS sensor and actuator

In this paper, we have demonstrated the fabrication and preliminary characterization of SU-8 patterned conductive silicone polymer MEMS sensor and actuator; in the form of a suspended cross-beam accelerometer and an electrostatic fluidic valve. By integrating our recently developed silicone/carbon black composite patterning technique with surface and bulk micromachining technologies, we have exploited the material properties of conductive silicone polymers for active/passive MEMS devices. The cross-beam dimensions of the accelerometer are 7mm /spl times/ 400/spl mu/m /spl times/ 25/spl mu/m with a 500/spl mu/m /spl times/ 500/spl mu/m /spl times/ 250/spl mu/m silicon proof mass at the center. Various sizes of the silicone valves (2 electrodes) and pumps (3 electrodes) were fabricated, with the smallest design for the pump measuring 600/spl mu/m /spl times/ 3mm /spl times/ 35/spl mu/m. Further size reduction to yield pumps and valves in the order of a hundred micron is possible with our developed fabrication technique.
Comment on "Event suppression by optimizing VHDL programs"

This paper presents several corrections and comments to the above paper. Errors in the original very high speed integrated circuit hardware descriptive language (VHDL) code are identified. This paper also suggests much simpler optimized VHDL code to achieve the same result.