cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location of the Heme Moiety of Cytochrome c by Solvent Perturbation

Abstract The exposure of the heme moiety of cytochrome c to various solvents was investigated by the technique of solvent perturbation. The heme hexadecapeptide in a chymotryptic digest of the protein was used as a model compound for the fully exposed chromophore. While the Soret absorption of both ferri- and ferrocytochrome c was enhanced in 20% ethylene glycol, the extent of enhancement, Δe/e, was substantially less than that measured for the model compound or for the unfolded protein in 8 m urea. The percentage maximal perturbation of ferrocytochrome c was found to be independent of the radius of the perturbant over the range from 1.4 to 3.6 A. It was concluded that only a portion of the heme moiety of native cytochrome c is in contact with the solvent. Replacement of one of the two protein-heme coordinate-covalent bonds by cyanide increased the exposure of the heme to the solvent.
Mathematical modeling of combustion and gasification of a wet coal slab—II: Mode of combustion, steady state multiplicities and extinction

Abstract The previous one-dimensional steady state model for gasification of wet coal is extended to include both homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion. The conditions under which the flame separates from the coal surface are presented and it is shown that these conditions are functions of the properties of the coal and the ambient gas. It is also shown that for a given bulk gas temperature, there is a limiting bulk oxygen concentration for combustion. Above the limiting bulk gas oxygen concentration, two possible solutions were found: the flame located at the char surface (heterogeneous combustion) and the flame located in the ash layer or in the gas film (homogeneous combustion). The heterogeneous combustion is shown to be unstable while the homogeneous combustion, which has been observed experimentally, is shown to be stable. The global rates, the mode of combustion, the multiplicity of steady state solution and the flame extinction points are discussed as a function of ambient gas temperature, ash layer thickness, coal moisture content and film transport coefficients.
Radiofrequency pulse design in parallel transmission under strict temperature constraints

Purpose To gain radiofrequency (RF) pulse performance by directly addressing the temperature constraints, as opposed to the specific absorption rate (SAR) constraints, in parallel transmission at ultra-high field. Methods The magnitude least-squares RF pulse design problem under hard SAR constraints was solved repeatedly by using the virtual observation points and an active-set algorithm. The SAR constraints were updated at each iteration based on the result of a thermal simulation. The numerical study was performed for an SAR-demanding and simplified time of flight sequence using B1 and ΔB0 maps obtained in vivo on a human brain at 7T. Results The proposed adjustment of the SAR constraints combined with an active-set algorithm provided higher flexibility in RF pulse design within a reasonable time. The modifications of those constraints acted directly upon the thermal response as desired. Conclusion Although further confidence in the thermal models is needed, this study shows that RF pulse design under strict temperature constraints is within reach, allowing better RF pulse performance and faster acquisitions at ultra-high fields at the cost of higher sequence complexity. Magn Reson Med 72:679–688, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Problems and approaches to the control and surveillance of sexually transmitted agents associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States

The national gonorrhea control program has expanded since its inception in 1972 and now reflects new information and program evaluations. Initial program objectives to reduce the incidence of disease and the resistance of gonococci to antibiotics have been expanded to reduce the occurrence of pelvic inflammatory disease and to limit the sequelae of PID. The changes since 1972 in the national venereal disease control program have increased the number of people helping control programs and have enhanced our ability to control other sexually transmitted diseases.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

This paper presents an overview of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, starting from the linear elastic parameters, nonlinear elastic instabilities and buckling, and the inelastic relaxation, yield strength and fracture mechanisms. A summary of experimental findings is followed by more detailed discussion of theoretical and computational models for the entire range of the deformation amplitudes. Non-covalent forces (supra-molecular interactions) between the nanotubes and with the substrates are also discussed, due to their significance in potential applications.
Heterogeneity of the Glyoxylate-Condensing Enzymes

Wegener, Warner S. (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.), Henry C. Reeves, and Samuel J. Ajl. Heterogeneity of the glyoxylate-condensing enzymes. J. Bacteriol. 90:594-598. 1965.-Evidence is presented that the enzymatic condensations of glyoxylate with acetyl-CoA (malate synthase), propionyl-CoA (alpha-hydroxyglutarate synthase), butyryl-CoA (beta-ethylmalate synthase), and valeryl-CoA (beta-n-propylmalate synthase) are catalyzed by different enzymes. The possibility that these activities resulted from a single enzyme possessing a broad fatty acid acyl-CoA substrate specificity was ruled out. The latter was suggested by the fact that cells grown on a number of short-chain fatty acids exhibited all the above activities. The conclusion that these reactions are catalyzed by different enzymes is based on the following considerations: (i) the enzymes can be differentially inactivated by heat; (ii) under various growth conditions, where all the condensing enzymes are present, their respective activities do not show a constant ratio, as would be expected if they were catalyzed by a single enzyme; and (iii) under appropriate growth conditions, one or more of these enzymes has been shown to be present to the exclusion of others.
Intraforaminal location of thoracolumbar anterior medullary arteries.

Background Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is a widely utilized interventional pain technique for radicular pain. Although the six o'clock position of the pedicle in the so-called “safe triangle” has been used as a target location, there have been a number of reported catastrophic complications of this procedure, including paraplegia. The mechanism of this has been attributed to the intravascular injection of steroids. The goal of this study was to examine the intraforaminal location of thoracolumbar medullary arteries which would help guide pain physicians in developing safer techniques and guidelines. Methods Twenty-four (24) embalmed cadavers were dissected and examined for the presence and distribution of thoracolumbar anterior medullary arteries. Access to the anterior surface of the spinal cord was made via anterior corpectomy from C2 to S5. Each medullary artery's course was determined by dissection from its origin, the anterior spinal artery, through the intervertebral foramen. The foramen was subsequently opened in the coronal plane, and the intraforaminal location of the artery, its diameter, and its relation to other foraminal structures were examined and measured. Results In the thoracolumbar foramina (T4–L2), 39 anterior medullary arteries were found, including 23 great medullary arteries (Adamkiewicz artery). One Adamkiewicz artery was found to be located in the left S2 foramen and was not included in the statistical analysis. Of the analyzed 39 anterior medullary arteries, 29 (74%) were located in the upper 1/3 of the foramen, 9 (23%) were located in the middle, and 1 (3%) artery was located in the lower 1/3. In relation to the dorsal root ganglion—ventral root complex, 21 (54%) arteries were located anterosuperiorly, 16 (41%) anteriorly, and 2 (5%) anteroinferiorly. The average intraforaminal artery diameter was 1.20 mm (0.84–1.91 mm). At thoracolumbar levels, the artery is almost always (92% ± 15%) located anterosuperior to the nerve. At typical thoracic levels, it is less often anterosuperior (38% ± 19%), but more often anterior to the nerve. Conclusions At thoracolumbar levels, if needles were to encounter an artery, they are most likely to do so if placed anterosuperior to the nerve. Encountering an artery anterosuperior to the nerve is less likely at typical thoracic levels, but the likelihood is far from negligible. Pain physicians should be cognizant of this when considering optimal needle placement during transforaminal epidural steroid injections.
T Lymphocyte β2‐Adrenergic Receptor Function and Density after Acute Myocardial Infarction

The T lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR) density and function were compared in 15 patients suffering acute myocardial infarction and 10 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Density was determined using radioligand binding with 125IPIN, and function by in vitro cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production. In patients suffering acute myocardial infarction, T lymphocyte beta 2AR density (823.8 +/- 480 sites/cell) was slightly but not significantly different from that in patients with stable CAD (629 +/- 301 sites/cell). There was no difference in T lymphocyte cAMP production at baseline (1.11 +/- 0.70 vs 1.04 +/- 0.49 pM/10(6) cells) or after isoproterenol stimulation (2.53 +/- 1.63 vs 2.62 +/- 2.05 pM/10(6) cells), respectively. Further study is necessary to determine if beta 2AR numbers on T lymphocytes are significantly increased after acute myocardial infarction.
How Should the Hospital Assign Service Volume to Private Payers Optimally

U.S. hospitals are confronted with challenges of increasing service volume demand and inequitable payment by different private payers. Under this circumstance, budgeting the medical service volume efficiently and allocating the volume among private payers strategically becomes very important. Our paper proposes a hospital service volume assignment model to provide feasible solutions for hospitals. We develop our base model in the radiology department that provides comparatively homogenous medical service and involves high fixed cost. Under the fee-for-service payment schedule, the base model suggests that the hospital contracting decision with a private payer (insurance company) depends on an intuitive critical ratio. The critical ratio measures the tradeoff between the outsourcing cost generated from the actual service volume in excess of the capacity and the idling cost generated from the actual service volume below the capacity. Besides the base model, we explore two model extensions. First, we examine the criteria to budget the service volume above or below the service volume capacity. Second, we include the processing cost in the cooperation of the hospital and the insurance company. Efficient algorithms are presented for all models. Our findings provide managerial insight on hospital service volume budgeting decision by incorporating inequitable payment information.
Abstract 3828: Potent curcumin analogues inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth and angiogenesis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Curcumin, a component of turmeric, has demonstrated anti-cancer properties mediated through inhibition of NF-κB in preclinical models. In clinical trials, curcumin failed to demonstrate activity against pancreatic cancer. The pharmacologic properties, low absorption, and low potency of curcumin may account for this discrepancy between preclinical and clinical results. Using the curcumin molecular model, our group synthesized over 100 analogs. Of these analogs, EF31 and UBS109 demonstrated higher potency in squamous cell cancer xenograft models as well as inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. Based on this preclinical data, we hypothesized that these analogs EF-31 and UBS-109 would be more effective in inhibiting growth of pancreatic cell lines than curcumin. Methods: MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cell lines were used in the experiments. Cells were cultured and then treated with nothing (control), curcumin, UBS-109, EF-31, 5FU, or combination. Cell proliferation was evaluated using XTT assay. Western blot was used to evaluate effects on HSP90, HIF-1α, and VEGF levels. Angiogenic effects were measured by tube formation and chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (Egg CAM) assays. Results: UBS-109 and EF-31 demonstrated significantly improved inhibition of cell proliferation as compared to curcumin. UBS-109 and EF-31 potentiated the growth inhibitory effects of 5FU. UBS-109 and EF-31 resulted in significant inhibition of expression of protein and mRNA for HSP90 and HIF-1α as compared to curcumin. In turn, UBS-109 and EF-31 significantly inhibited VEGF protein and mRNA expression resulting in inhibition of HUVEC tube formation in vitro and also inhibited angiogenesis in vivo using the Egg CAM assay. Conclusion: UBS-109 and EF-31 are more potent analogs of curcumin. Preliminary data demonstrate potentiation of chemotherapy effects as well as antiangiogenic effects. Evaluating UBS-109 and EF-31 in patients with pancreatic cancer is a rational approach to target HSP90 and HIF-1α in this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3828. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3828
Factored matrices can generate combinatorial identities

Abstract By identifying the terms in the LU decomposition of various matrices, one produces combinatorial identities. Examples are given with formulas involving binomial coefficients and other numbers arising from simple recurrence formulas, number-theoretic functions, q -series, and orthogonal polynomials.
Probability and stochastic processes

This document is a supplemental reference for MATLAB functions described in the text Probability and Stochastic Processes: A Friendly Introduction for Electrical and Computer Engineers. This document should be accompanied by matcode.zip, an archive of the corresponding MATLAB .m files. Here are some points to keep in mind in using these functions. • The actual programs can be found in the archive matcode.zip or in a directory matcode. To use the functions, you will need to use the MATLAB command addpath to add this directory to the path that MATLAB searches for executable .m files.
Relationships among allozyme heterozygosity, morphology and lipid levels in house sparrows during winter

House sparrows (Passer domesticus) were collected during cold (43 individuals) and warm (31 individuals) periods in February 1982 from farms near Lawrence, Kansas. Fat scores (from flank, rump and furcula) and body mass were measured from the carcasses, which were then reduced to skeletons. Heterozygosity was determined by electrophoresis of three polymorphic allozymes. Pectoral lipid content was determined by petroleum ether extraction. Principal component (PC) analysis was conducted on 14 skeletal measurements. Summed fat score, body mass and pectoral lipid content served as dependent variables in three multiple regressions. Sex, period (cold versus warm), number of heterozygous loci (0–3), and scores of PCI, PC2 and PC3 were independent variables. Each of the dependent variables was also included as an independent variable in regressions in which they were not the dependent variable. Pectoral lipid content was significantly related only to the number of heterozygous loci (R2= 0.18, P= 0.008). Summed fat score differed between sexes and periods (P= 0.012 and 0.001, respectively) when body mass was included in the regression (P < 0 001). Body mass was related to summed fat score as above, and also to body size (PCI, P < 0.0001) and period (P= 0.014). Females exhibited a positive regression between body size and summed fat score (P= 0.007). Body size (PCI) was greater for both sexes in the sample from the warm period (P= 0.022), suggesting that selection for increased body size may have occurred. Increased metabolic efficiency of heterozygous enzymes or individuals is suggested as an explanation for the observed relationship between heterozygosity and intramuscular lipid level.
High dose effects in neutron irradiated face-centered cubic metals

Abstract During neutron irradiation, most face-centered cubic metals and alloys develop saturation or quasi-steady state microstructures. This, in turn, leads to saturation levels or plateaus in mechanical properties and quasi-steady state rates of swelling and creep deformation. Swelling initially plays only a small role in determining these saturation states, but as swelling rises to higher levels, it exerts strong feedback on the microstructure and its response to environmental variables. The influence of swelling, either directly or indirectly via second-order mechanisms, such as elemental segregation to void surfaces, eventually causes major changes, not only in irradiation creep and mechanical properties, but also in swelling itself. The feedback effects of swelling on irradiation creep are particularly complex and lead to problems in applying creep data derived from highly pressurized creep tubes to low stress situations, such as fuel pins in liquid metal reactors.
The 2-Edge-Connected Subgraph Polyhedron

We study the polyhedron P(G) defined by the convex hull of 2-edge-connected subgraphs of G where multiple copies of edges may be chosen. We show that each vertex of P(G) is also a vertex of the LP relaxation. Given the close relationship with the Graphical Traveling Salesman problem (GTSP), we examine how polyhedral results for GTSP can be modified and applied to P(G). We characterize graphs for which P(G) is integral and study how this relates to a similar result for GTSP. In addition, we show how one can modify some classes of valid inequalities for GTSP and produce new valid inequalities and facets for P(G).
Visualizing collaboration and influence in the open-source software community

We apply visualization techniques to user profiles and repository metadata from the GitHub source code hosting service. Our motivation is to identify patterns within this development community that might otherwise remain obscured. Such patterns include the effect of geographic distance on developer relationships, social connectivity and influence among cities, and variation in projectspecific contribution styles (e.g., centralized vs. distributed). Our analysis examines directed graphs in which nodes represent users' geographic locations and edges represent (a) follower relationships, (b) successive commits, or (c) contributions to the same project. We inspect this data using a set of visualization techniques: geo-scatter maps, small multiple displays, and matrix diagrams. Using these representations, and tools based on them, we develop hypotheses about the larger GitHub community that would be difficult to discern using traditional lists, tables, or descriptive statistics. These methods are not intended to provide conclusive answers; instead, they provide a way for researchers to explore the question space and communicate initial insights.
Turning WordNet into an Information Retrieval Resource: Systematic Polysemy and Conversion to Hierarchical Codes

This paper addresses the problem of transforming WordNet into a resource tailored to Information Retrieval (IR) applications. We address two of the major drawbacks pointed out in previous literature in relation to this semantic network. One is the fine granularity of senses defined in WordNet, which proves useless from an IR perspective. To solve this problem, we propose a set of methods that enable the automatic transformation of WordNet into a coarse grained dictionary. The other drawback is the encoding used in this resource, and the methods for accessing related words across the semantic net. Due to the high number of connections among concepts, the simple computation of a path in this net, or the generation of related concepts may become a computationally intensive process. This effect is highly undesirable in time sensitive applications such as IR applications. We propose a methodology for hierarchical encoding that enables increased efficiency in WordNet-based IR systems.
Lessons and cautionary tales from the past: Building bridges from migration history to Europeanness

This essay articulates the connections between historical migrations in Europe and the Europeanness – in practice, if not in self-identity – of its mobile inhabitants. The volume of migration has fluctuated dramatically since the seventeenth century; some migrants have stayed at destination among almost every group, but their welcome has been diminished by war, political change, and economic downturns. History has three lessons to offer: it shows that cities are the most certain, but not the only, sites of integration; it demonstrates that current configurations of migration and constructions of immigrants can change significantly; and it reveals great diversity in the migrant experience.
Pulses in Iodide Concentration during the Periodic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

WE have discovered marked pulses in the concentration of iodide ions, [I−], during the periodic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the acidic reaction system comprising iodine, iodate and intermediate compounds1–3. In one experiment, two sections of which are shown in Fig. 1, seventy-two pulses were recorded in the potential of an electrode selective for iodide ion (Model 94–53, Orion Research Inc., Cambridge, Mass.). Pulses in the rate of oxygen evolution, (dO2/dt), were simultaneously recorded as the electrical output of a mass flowmeter (model LF–20; Matheson and Co., East Rutherford, N.J.).
Multi-dimensional 1H-13C HETCOR and FSLG-HETCOR NMR study of sphingomyelin bilayers containing cholesterol in the gel and liquid crystalline states.

13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) and 1H MAS NMR spectra were collected on egg sphingomyelin (SM) bilayers containing cholesterol above and below the liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm). Two-dimensional (2D) dipolar heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectra were obtained on SM bilayers in the liquid crystalline (Lα) state for the first time and display improved resolution and chemical shift dispersion compared to the individual 1H and 13C spectra and significantly aid in spectral assignment. In the gel (Lβ) state, the 1H dimension suffers from line broadening due to the 1H–1H homonuclear dipolar coupling that is not completely averaged by the combination of lipid mobility and MAS. This line broadening is significantly suppressed by implementing frequency switched Lee–Goldburg (FSLG) homonuclear 1H decoupling during the evolution period. In the liquid crystalline (Lα) phase, no improvement in line width is observed when FSLG is employed. All of the observed resonances are assignable to cholesterol and SM environments. This study demonstrates the ability to obtain 2D heteronuclear correlation experiments in the gel state for biomembranes, expands on previous SM assignments, and presents a comprehensive 1H/13C NMR assignment of SM bilayers containing cholesterol. Comparisons are made to a previous report on cholesterol chemical shifts in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers. A number of similarities and some differences are observed and discussed.
Are nominal same-different matches slower due to differences in level of processing or to response competition?

Eriksen, O’Hara, and Eriksen (1982) have proposed that the latency advantage ofsame overdifferent judgments when the match is based upon physical identity is due to differential amounts of response competition between the responses by which the judgment ofsame ordifferent is signified. Responses of “different” are slowed by a high level of priming in the competing response signifyingsame. In the present experiment, the response competition model is extended to nominal matches and in particular to what Proctor 1198D has termed the “name-physieal disparity”—a pair of letters are more rapidly judged to have the same name if they are the same ease (e.g., a a) than if they are in different eases (e.g., A a). While response competition effects were found to occur in nominal matches of this kind, the name-physieal disparity was greater than could be attributed solely to response competition. Evidence was obtained that part of the name-physieal disparity could be attributed to the subject’s having two chances to make a-nominal raatch when the letter pair was identical both physically and in name. The match could be made either on the basis of the physical or the name code. It was assumed that name and physical codes were processed at least partially independently.
Study, extension, and application of Floquet theory for quantum molecular systems in an oscillating field

Floquet theory is applied to systems whose Hamiltonians are periodic in time. Specifically, the application deals with the sinusoidal Hamiltonians for the semiclassical approximation of the radiation --- quantum-molecule interaction in an intense field. For these types of Hamiltonians new time symmetries are shown to exist in the Floquet solutions and consequently to yield three useful properties. Three formal approaches to the Floquet solutions are compared. Also the Floquet-state "mean energy" is shown to play the major role in the static part of the molecular-state energy fluctuations. Numerical application to the dynamics of the diatomic HF vibrotor shows multistate participation in both the one- and two-photon excitations, and "resonance interaction" between the one- and two-photon absorption is observed. Also, Magnus approximations to the exact numerical calculations show excellent agreement.
A linearization of quantum channels

Abstract Because the quantum channels form a compact, convex set, we can express any quantum channel as a convex combination of extremal channels. We give a Euclidean representation for the channels whose inverses are also valid channels; these are a subset of the extreme points. They form a compact, connected Lie group, and we calculate its Lie algebra. Lastly, we calculate a maximal torus for the group and provide a constructive approach to decomposing any invertible channel into a product of elementary channels.
The topology of stationary curl parallel solutions of Euler’s equations

We study the orbit structure of a vector fieldV defined on a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold which satisfiesV ^ curlV=0. Such a vector field represents the velocity of a stationary solution of Euler’s equation for a perfect fluid. In addition to several other results, we show that if the vector field admits a first integral, then each level set is toroidal and the induced flow on the level set is either periodic or conditionally periodic.
Skeletal abnormalities in rats induced by simulated weightlessness

A hypokinetic model has been developed which attempts to simulate the weightlessness experienced during space flight. Male rats (approximately 130 g) were suspended from the model with a head-down tilt for a two-week period. Total mechanical unloading of the hind limbs and partial unloading of the fore limbs occurred. In comparison to pair-fed control rats, the skeletal alterations in the proximal tibial and humeral metaphyses of suspended rats were determined to be a diminished rate of longitudinal bone growth, a reduced mass of mineralized tissue, and an accumulation of marrow fat. Also, suspended rats exhibited decreased numbers of osteoblasts and increased numbers of osteoclasts immediately adjacent to the growth plate-metaphyseal junction at both skeletal sites. Although the reduction in mineralized tissue and the fat accumulation were more marked in the tibia, the skeletal changes in the proximal tibial and humeral metaphyses were generally comparable. The observed abnormalities may be due to mechanical unloading and/or a hypersecretion of corticosteroids.
Age-associated decline in IL-2 and IL-12 induction of LAK cell activity of human PBMC samples.

Abstract Previously we reported that young and elderly natural killer (NK) cell activity against the standard NK sensitive K562 cell line can be augmented to the same degree by IL-2 and IFN-α. We have extended these studies to include IL-12. Similar to IL-2 and IFN-α, IL-12 can enhance NK cytotoxicity to the same degree in both young and elderly samples over a wide range of doses and incubation times when K562 cells are used as targets. However, in contrast to our findings with the NK system, we have observed that induction of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity, as defined by the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples to lyse the normally NK resistant Daudi cell line, was significantly decreased in the elderly samples compared to young samples. Comparable age-associated differences were observed in LAK activity after induction with IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-α at varying doses and incubation times. We hypothesize an age-associated deficiency either in the mechanism of LAK induction or in target cell recognition.
Delayed treatment of hemoglobin neurotoxicity.

Hemoglobin is an oxidative neurotoxin that may contribute to cell injury after CNS trauma and hemorrhagic stroke. Prior studies have demonstrated that concomitant treatment with iron-chelating antioxidants prevents its neurotoxicity. However, the efficacy of these agents when applied hours after hemoglobin has not been determined, and is the subject of the present investigation. Consistent with prior observations, an increase in reactive oxygen species generation, detected by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin oxidation, was observed when mixed neuronal/astrocyte cultures prepared from mouse cortex were exposed to hemoglobin alone. However, this oxidative stress developed slowly. A significant increase in the dichlorofluorescein signal compared with control, untreated cultures was not observed until four hours after addition of hemoglobin, and was followed by loss of membrane integrity and propidium iodide staining. Treating cultures with the 21-aminosteroid U74500A or the ferric iron chelator deferoxamine four hou...
Suppression of Transport Cross Phase by Strongly Sheared Flow

A generic model for advection of a scalar by $\mathbf{E}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{B}$ flow with a linearly varying mean shows that the cross phase factor in the transport flux is strongly reduced in the strong shear regime (shearing $\mathrm{rate}g\mathrm{eddy}$ turnover rate), leading to significant transport suppression. The cross phase scales much more strongly with shear strength than do fluctuation amplitudes, allowing significant transport reduction even if fluctuations increase, or decrease only slightly. Cross-phase suppression thus can be the dominant transport-reduction mechanism in transport barriers.
Intercept and recall: Examining avidity carryover in on-site collected travel data

Abstract This study estimates trip demand and economic benefits for visitors to recreation sites when past season trip information is elicited from travelers intercepted on-site. We use a weighting function for past season counts that is different from, but nests, the standard on-site correction appropriate for current season counts. We find that for our sample of lake visitors relatively stronger preference or “avidity” for the interview site carries over across seasons. We further show that the appropriate weighting of past trip counts is critical in deriving meaningful estimates of travel demand and economic benefits.
Mapping the contemporary terrorism research domain

A systematic view of terrorism research to reveal the intellectual structure of the field and empirically discern the distinct set of core researchers, institutional affiliations, publications, and conceptual areas can help us gain a deeper understanding of approaches to terrorism. This paper responds to this need by using an integrated knowledge-mapping framework that we developed to identify the core researchers and knowledge creation approaches in terrorism. The framework uses three types of analysis: (a) basic analysis of scientific output using citation, bibliometric, and social network analyses, (b) content map analysis of large corpora of literature, and (c) co-citation analysis to analyse linkages among pairs of researchers. We applied domain visualization techniques such as content map analysis, block-modeling, and co-citation analysis to the literature and author citation data from the years 1965 to 2003. The data were gathered from ten databases such as the ISI Web of Science. The results reveal: (1) the names of the top 42 core terrorism researchers (e.g., Brian Jenkins, Bruce Hoffman, and Paul Wilkinson) as well as their institutional affiliations; (2) their influential publications; (3) clusters of terrorism researchers who work in similar areas; and (4) that the research focus has shifted from terrorism as a low-intensity conflict to a strategic threat to world powers with increased focus on Osama Bin Laden.
Three dimensional dynamic electromechanical constitutive relations for ferroelectric materials

We present a macroscopic theory for the dynamic response of a poled polycrystalline ferroelectric material describing its coupled electromechanical interactions. The treatment is restricted to an idealized material representing the simplest system capable of displaying ferroelectricity; it includes changes in both the magnitude of the electric dipoles and the orientation of the domains. Coupling between the electrical and mechanical properties of the material is considered and the constitutive equations are linearized to illustrate the resulting dynamic response.
Endothelin, vascular hypertrophy, and hypertension

The endothelins (ET-1, 2, and 3) constitute a family of 21 amino-acid peptides with potent biological activities. They are synthesized in several tissues, including the vascular endothelium (ET-1 exclusively) and smooth muscle cells. The production and release of endothelin is stimulated by many factors, hormonal and metabolic, and by growth factors, hypoxia, and shear stress. Released endothelin binds to the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB, the ETA receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells mediating vasoconstriction, and the ETB receptors on the endothelium linked to nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin release. The ETA receptors activate the PLC-IP3-DAG transduction pathway, which through an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and protein kinase C (PKC) causes vasoconstriction and stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation. In the pathogenesis of vascular hypertrophy in hypertension, there is a complex interaction between endothelin, angiotensin II, alpha-adrenergic agonists, Ca2+, and other growth factors. In animal models of hypertension, endothelin causes vascular hypertrophy, more pronounced in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension in the rat than in the spontaneously hypertensive rate. In humans there is an increase in the plasma concentration of endothelin in severe atherosclerotic disease, but not consistently in hypertension. Evidence for the role of endothelin in the vascular hypertrophy of human hypertension is scanty, but the development of nonpeptide and receptor subtype-selective antagonists will permit meaningful studies, including clinical trials of a new class of antihypertensive agents.
Absorption effects in the determination of anomalous scattering factors using x-ray refraction through a prism.

X-ray refraction through a prism was recently revived as a technique for measuring the anomalous x-ray scattering factor f', but deviations between theory and experiment were seen which were accentuated above absorption edges. We show these to arise from absorption effects on the angle of refraction and derive an expression demonstrating that they can increase dramatically as the angle of incidence approaches the critical angle. This refinement markedly improves agreement between theory and experiment. Further, we derive an expression for the profile of the refracted x-ray beam, finding a Cauchy distribution (Lorentzian) and suggesting thereby a possible means to obtain f' accurately from the profile parameters.
On the temporal change of stratospheric NO2

On examine les mesures au sol, par avion et satellite de NO 2 stratospherique pour etablir les tendances temporelles a long terme dans le montant colonne
Novel concept for the conversion of wheat straw into hydrogen, heat, and power: A preliminary design for the conditions of Washington State University

Abstract Washington State University is located in a fertile region known as the Palouse. As one of the highest wheat-producing regions in the world, there are 458,553 tonnes of field residue available after each harvest. The close proximity of this untapped biomass resource is an outstanding opportunity to generate heat, hydrogen, and power for the university campus. The novel concept proposed utilizes a stepwise thermochemical conversion concept (pyrolysis–gasification) as the first step to produce pyrolytic char, vapor and syngas. The resulting syngas is then converted into methane via the methanation reaction prior to feeding it into a molten-carbonate fuel cell with a reformer for electricity production. The hydrogen produced can be used for fueling transit and maintenance vehicles, and for producing fertilizer. The byproduct heat is used to warm nearby research greenhouses and the electricity to power an expanding campus. Excess pyrolytic vapor can offset the fueling cost and emissions of the university steam plant and ash can be commercialized as a soil amendment. This manuscript is based on a project submitted by the students to the 2012 Hydrogen Student Design Contest.
Oncolytic viral therapies – the clinical experience

It has been 9 years since the beginning of the first clinical trial in which an oncolytic virus was administered to cancer patients. Since then, oncolytic viruses from five different species have been taken to phase I and II clinical trials in over 300 cancer patients. While additional studies will be required to ascertain if the efficacy of any of these agents is high enough to warrant adding them to the existing therapeutic regimen, it has been reassuring that DNA viruses engineered to achieve tumor selectivity and RNA viruses with relative inherent natural tumor selectivity have proven reasonably safe at the wide range of doses that were tested. Here, we review the biology and clinical results of these five species of viruses and discuss lessons learned and challenges for the future.
Effect of pH on erythrocyte stabilization by anti-inflammatory drugs.

SummaryPhenylbutazone inhibits hemolysis of canine or human erythrocytes (RBC) when suspensions (40%) of RBC are incubated at 53° for 20 min in 0.067 M sodium phosphate buffer containing isotonic saline. Methysergide and indomethacin are also effective but indomethacin is much less effective in stabilizing human than canine RBC. Stabilization of RBC by phenylbutazone was observed when RBC were incubated at pH 5.0 through 10.0. Much less stabilization was noted at lower or higher pH; at pH 4.0, complete RBC destruction occurs and phenylbutazone is ineffective. Guinea pig, rat, rabbit, horse, and goat RBC were not stabilized by the anti-inflammatory agents.
Pertussis toxin mediates ADP-ribosylation of pituitary membrane proteins.

Pertussis toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of the inhibitory subunit (Ni) of adenylate cyclase. Despite several studies which demonstrate that pertussis toxin influences cyclic AMP accumulation and hormone secretion in normal anterior pituitary cells, the target protein(s) for this toxin in these cells has not been identified. We have examined pertussis toxin mediated ADP-ribosylation in membrane preparations of tumor-derived (235–1, GH4C1, GH3) and normal anterior pituitary cells. Autoradiograms of SDS gels reveal that in the presence of [32 P]NAD and pertussis toxin, a 40 kilodalton protein band was labeled in membrane preparations from cells cultured with vehicle. Such labeling was diminished when the cells were exposed to pertussis toxin (35 ng/ml) for 18 hours. Similar results were found in bott tumor-derived and normal (monkey and rat) anterior pituitary cells. The pertussis toxin specific band was further resolved into two bands of approximately 39 and 41 kilodaltons. Autoradiograms of two dime...
Inhibition of rat granulosa cell differentiation by overexpression of Gαq

Activation of FSH and LH receptors in undifferentiated granulosa cells (i.e., no prior exposure to FSH) results in comparable induction of progesterone production, but activation of the LH receptor is less effective than FSH in inducing aromatase and the native LH receptor. Because the LH receptor can also activate the Gαq signaling pathway, we investigated whether activation of this pathway could be responsible for these differences. Overexpression of Gαq inhibited FSH induction of both the estradiol and progesterone biosynthetic pathways as well as mRNA levels for cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), LH receptor (LHr), and P450aromatase (aromatase). This suppression was associated with a reduction (P < 0.05) in FSH-stimulated cAMP production. Lower cAMP levels were not due to reduced FSH receptor (FSHr) mRNA levels or reduced levels of Gαs. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) mRNA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by Gαq, both of which could account for diminished cAMP levels. We conclude that Gαq signaling pathway inhibits both estradiol and progesterone production comparably and thus activation of this pathway does not seem to account for differences between FSH and LH in the regulation of aromatase and the LH receptor.
Producing accurate removable dies from elastic full arch impressions

Abstract A technique has been described for fabrication of removable stone dies from a master impression. The dies can be precisely replaced in the master cast in their clinical relationships.
Signaling through urokinase and urokinase receptor in lung cancer cells requires interactions with β1 integrins

The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is upregulated upon tumor cell invasion and correlates with poor lung cancer survival. Although a cis-interaction with integrins has been ascribed to uPAR, whether this interaction alone is critical to urokinase (uPA)- and uPAR-dependent signaling and tumor promotion is unclear. Here we report the functional consequences of point mutations of uPAR (H249A-D262A) that eliminate beta1 integrin interactions but maintain uPA binding, vitronectin attachment and association with alphaV integrins, caveolin and epidermal growth factor receptor. Disruption of uPAR interactions with beta1 integrins recapitulated previously reported findings with beta1-integrin-derived peptides that attenuated matrix-dependent ERK activation, MMP expression and in vitro migration by human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The uPAR mutant cells acquired enhanced capacity to adhere to vitronectin via uPAR-alphaVbeta5-integrin, rather than through the uPAR-alpha3beta1-integrin complex and they were unable to initiate uPA signaling to activate ERK, Akt or Stat1. In an orthotopic lung cancer model, uPAR mutant cells exhibited reduced tumor size compared with cells expressing wild-type uPAR. Taken together, the results indicate that uPAR-beta1-integrin interactions are essential to signals induced by integrin matrix ligands or uPA that support lung cancer cell invasion in vitro and progression in vivo.
Effects of hydraulic shear stress and rate of erosion on the magnitude, degree, and rate of collapse

Arid regions worldwide are plagued by collapsible soils. Collapsible soil is characterised by the sudden decrease in volume that occurs when it is subjected to inundation under constant stress. This volume change manifest itself as drastic and unpredicted foundation settlement, which may lead to further catastrophic failure of the supported structures. Collapse settlement is the term applied to the additional settlement of a foundation due to wetting of the underlying soils. The results of an experimental investigation of the effects of the saturation of soil with water, kerosene, and crude oil, and of the effects of the fluid head on the magnitude, degree, and rate of collapse of the underlying soil are presented in this paper. Soil erodibility is presented in terms of the applied hydraulic shear stress and the rate of erosion. The relationship between soil erosion and the magnitude and rate of collapse is examined. Empirical methods for the prediction of the magnitude and rate of collapse of a soil satu...
Overexpression of proenkephalin in the amygdala potentiates the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines.

To elucidate the role of opioid peptides in control of the anxiety-like behavior and anxiety-reducing actions of benzodiazepines, a recombinant, replication-defective herpes virus (SHPE) carrying human preproenkephalin cDNA was delivered to rat amygdala. Viral infection resulted in a strong, localized transgene expression after 2–4 days which diminished after one week. Anxiety-like behavior and the anxiolytic effect of diazepam were assessed three days after gene delivery using the elevated plus maze test. While SHPE infection alone did not reduce anxiety-like behavior, rats infected with SHPE exhibited a greater response to the anxiolytic effect of diazepam when compared to rats infected with a control virus (SHZ.1) containing the lacZ gene. The enhancement of diazepam action by SHPE was naloxone reversible, region-specific, and correlated with the time course of preproenkephalin expression. The findings implicate amygdalar opioid peptides in regulating the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of recombinant herpes virus in evaluating the role of single gene products within specific brain sites in pharmacological responses and complex behaviors.
International website disclosure of codes of ethics: auditor‐specific and stock‐exchange‐listing differences

This research examines whether having a readily available code of ethics on a corporation's website associates with either their auditor or stock exchange listing. As such, it is the first research that studies the association among readily available codes of ethics, client auditor and stock exchange listing on a longitudinal basis. In our data gathering, we went to the website of each corporation and searched for a readily available disclosure of its code of ethics at the beginning of April 2006 through April 2009 – third-through-sixth anniversaries of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Our data indicate that the average readily available rate of codes of ethics for Ernst and Young's clients was significantly lower than the average readily available rate for the clients of Deloitte and Touche in 2006 and 2007 and PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2007. However, our data indicate no differences among the Big Four firms in 2008 and 2009. Our data indicate that the average readily available rates for the clients listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) were significantly higher than for clients that were not listed on the NYSE for all four observation points (2006–2009).
Agonistic Behavior in Male Spider Mites: Factors Affecting Frequency and Intensity of Fighting

Agonistic behavior in male spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) was found to be mediated by apparent chemosensory cues signifying the onset of ecdysis in quiescent (molting) females. Newly quiescent females were only weakly defended, while females close to emergence elicited a marked increase in both the incidence and intensity of fighting. Freshly shed exuviae and webbing had no significant effect on male response. As aggressive encounters increased in intensity, the chances of a guarding male successfully defending a female were reduced. Loss of a female was most common when fighting occurred at high male density. Guarding males were less aggressive in crowded conditions, tending to cling tightly to a quiescent female instead of attacking intruders. These behavioral patterns appear to have arisen from selective pressures for optimum time investment in guarding.