cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peace, Definitions and Concepts of*

“Peace” means many things to many people. Ranging from the mere “absence of war” to a condition of stable group cooperation to a feeling of individual tranquility, peace performs a great deal of semantic work. This entry attempts to bring analytical and descriptive clarity to the concept. Research indicates that the concept of peace has expanded over time, and that the pursuit of “peace” as an end in itself is a relatively recent phenomenon. Because peace remains a polysemic and contentious term, not a few tyrants have committed atrocious acts of violence on the path to peace. However, the interdependent nature of modern life makes the prospects and expectations of lasting peace more promising than in most prior historic periods.
A pilot study to assess the tolerability and efficacy of RAD-001 (everolimus) with gefitinib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

1507 Background: The majority of GBMs overexpress EGFR and have PTEN loss leading to activation of AKT signaling. mTOR is a downstream target which is blocked by RAD-001. The addition of an mTOR in...
Bayesian Approach for Design for Reliability

This paper provides an assessment method to compare design alternatives, the method starts as early as the concept development phase of a system. The method uses Bayesian techniques to quantify system reliability and reliability growth using system and subsystem test results, both historical and planned. The methods support collaboration with test planners to identify reliability drivers based on test history and plan testing to enable sufficient reliability growth to identify subsystems whose assessed reliability is reducing the system reliability below or near reliability requirements. The method results provide a reliability value with uncertainty bounds that reduces as the number of planned test successes increase. The results also support decisions to add additional tests required to reach desired reliability levels. End users, can use the results to compare design alternatives and down select on an alternative that reaches desired reliability and uncertainty with less costly tests.
Biology of corneal fibrosis: soluble mediators, integrins, and extracellular vesicles.

Corneal fibrosis develops in response to injury, infection, postsurgical complications, or underlying systemic disease that disrupts the homeostasis of the tissue leading to irregular extracellular matrix deposition within the stroma. The mechanisms that regulate corneal scarring are focused heavily on the canonical transforming growth factor-β pathway and relevant activators, and their role in promoting myofibroblast differentiation. In this paper, we discuss the biochemical pathways involved in corneal fibrosis in the context of different injury models—epithelial debridement, superficial keratectomy, and penetrating incision. We elaborate on the interplay of the major pro-fibrotic factors involved in corneal scar development (e.g., transforming growth factor-β1, thrombospondin-1, and ανβ6), and explore a novel role for extracellular vesicles secreted by the wounded epithelium and the importance of the basement membrane.
Permutation Network De-obfuscation: A Delay-based Attack and Countermeasure Investigation

Permutation-based obfuscation has been proposed to protect hardware against cloning, overproduction, reverse engineering, and unauthorized operation. To prevent key extraction from memory, the key used by the obfuscation is usually stored in volatile memory. Since the key is erased after the system loses power, this scheme is often considered the best way to prevent a key from being stolen, since many attacks would require power. However, in this article, we propose a new attack where the key is determined by exploring path aging within the permutation network used for obfuscation. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental results are provided. A practical procedure to achieve the proposed attack is also discussed in the context of an attacker’s capabilities and knowledge. The proposed attack is executed in both simulation and hardware. The experimental results show the accuracy of identifying the key is over 80% and more than enough to reduce the number of brute-force combinations required by an attacker. This attack accuracy reaches 100% when the permutation network has experienced sufficient degradations. Besides the attack, we also propose a low-cost countermeasure that sweeps the permutation network configurations. Incorporating this countermeasure, the proposed attack becomes no better than brute-force guessing.
Chapter 1 – Continental Margins

In this chapter the oceanic topographic provinces are described. First the morphological features of the sea and its margins are described, followed by an explanation of the evolution of continental margins with the focus on convergent and divergent margins. Finally complex structural configurations including sedimentary and volcanic processes of convergent margins together with deep-sea trenches, frontal accretion and subduction processes are explained. The relationship of fossil fuels with continental margins is discussed with respect to the specific pressure–temperature (SPT) regime of gas hydrates. A full discussion on the occurrence of shale gas and tight oil is included to show their relationship with structural regime and sedimentological processes.
Resection of a Malignant Carotid Body Tumor with Carotid Artery Resection

Malignant carotid body tumor was resected along with distal common, proximal internal carotid artery and proximal external carotid artery in a 39-year-old male with interposition of greater saphenous vein graft (non-reversed). The patient died 10 years later from metastatic disease.
Feeling let down: An investigation of breastfeeding expectations, appreciation of body functionality, self-compassion, and depression symptoms

Abstract Background Public health efforts to promote breastfeeding have resulted in many women expecting to exclusively breastfeed their infants. Women who plan to exclusively breastfeed but are not able to do so may experience psychological distress, including poor body image and symptoms of depression. Aim We sought to investigate discrepancies between desired and actual breastfeeding behaviors, appreciation of the functionality of one's body, and self-compassion, in relation to symptoms of depression. Methods A convenience sample of women (N = 536) who had recently given birth and expected to feed their infants exclusively with breastmilk provided information on an online survey. Results There was an indirect effect of feeding discrepancies on depressive symptoms via lower appreciation of body functionality; women who expected to exclusively feed their infant breastmilk but were not able to do so had lower appreciation of body functionality. The effect of appreciation of body functionality was moderated by self-compassion such that those with the lowest self-compassion had the lowest appreciation of body functionality and the highest depressive symptoms; there was no difference in depressive symptoms for those with the highest levels of self-compassion. Conclusions Implications of this work include the potential for interventions to bolster body image and self-compassion, which may reduce the likelihood of depressive symptoms in this population. Recommendations are provided regarding balancing the importance of increasing breastfeeding rates while also normalizing the challenges of breastfeeding and promoting body positivity and self-compassion.
Hydrophobic Interactions Between the HA Helix and S4‐S5 Linker Modulate Apparent Ca 2+ Sensitivity of SK2 Channels

Aim Small-conductance Ca2+ -activated potassium (SK) channels are activated exclusively by increases in intracellular Ca2+ that binds to calmodulin constitutively associated with the channel. Wild-type SK2 channels are activated by Ca2+ with an EC50 value of ~0.3 μmol/L. Here, we investigate hydrophobic interactions between the HA helix and the S4-S5 linker as a major determinant of channel apparent Ca2+ sensitivity. Methods Site-directed mutagenesis, electrophysiological recordings and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were utilized. Results Mutations that decrease hydrophobicity at the HA-S4-S5 interface lead to Ca2+ hyposensitivity of SK2 channels. Mutations that increase hydrophobicity result in hypersensitivity to Ca2+ . The Ca2+ hypersensitivity of the V407F mutant relies on the interaction of the cognate phenylalanine with the S4-S5 linker in the SK2 channel. Replacing the S4-S5 linker of the SK2 channel with the S4-S5 linker of the SK4 channel results in loss of the hypersensitivity caused by V407F. This difference between the S4-S5 linkers of SK2 and SK4 channels can be partially attributed to I295 equivalent to a valine in the SK4 channel. A N293A mutation in the S4-S5 linker also increases hydrophobicity at the HA-S4-S5 interface and elevates the channel apparent Ca2+ sensitivity. The double N293A/V407F mutations generate a highly Ca2+ sensitive channel, with an EC50 of 0.02 μmol/L. The MD simulations of this double-mutant channel revealed a larger channel cytoplasmic gate. Conclusion The electrophysiological data and MD simulations collectively suggest a crucial role of the interactions between the HA helix and S4-S5 linker in the apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of SK2 channels.
What does a critical period for second language acquisition mean?: Reflections on Hartshorne et al. (2018).

Abstract Hartshorne et al. (2018) used a very large sample in order to disentangle the effects of age, years of experience, and age of exposure from each other in context of second-language acquisition. Participants were administered an online test of English grammar. Results revealed a critical period ending around 17 years of age for the most effective acquisition of a second language (L2). The findings of a late cutoff indicate the age range of late childhood to late adolescence as crucial for learning an L2. In this piece, we argue that these results can be conceptualized by emergentist models of language acquisition in which both behavior and brain interactively reorganize across development.
Pre-Revolutionary Illustrated Publications and Photographs on Russian Military Uniforms, Weapons, and Armors at the New York Public Library and the Hoover Library and Archives: A Checklist

This checklist includes illustrated plate books and original photographs of militaria (officers, uniforms, armories, and weapons) held by the Slavic and East European collections of the New York Pu...
Abstract 14833: The Association Between Cardiovascular Disease Knowledge and Risk Factors Among African American Breast Cancer Survivors in the Deep South

Introduction: African American breast cancer survivors in the Deep South have a disproportionately high burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. This is due, in large part, to multiple pot...
Leveraging a founder population to identify novel rare-population genetic determinants of lipidome

Identifying the genetic determinants of inter-individual variation in lipid species (lipidome) may provide deeper understanding and new insight into the mechanistic effect of complex lipidomic pathways in CVD risk and progression beyond simple traditional lipids. Previous studies have been largely population based and thus only powered to discover associations with common genetic variants. Founder populations represent a powerful resource to accelerate discovery of novel biology associated with rare population alleles that have risen to higher frequency due to genetic drift. We performed a GWAS of 355 lipid species in 650 individuals from the Old Order Amish founder population including 127 lipid species not previously tested. We report for the first time the lipid species associated with two rare-population but Amish-enriched lipid variants: APOB_rs5742904 and APOC3_rs76353203. We also identified novel associations for 3 rare-population Amish-enriched loci with several sphingolipids and with proposed potential functional/causal variant in each locus including GLPTD2_rs536055318, CERS5_rs771033566, and AKNA_rs531892793. We replicated 7 previously known common loci including novel associations with two sterols: androstenediol with UGT locus on chromosome 2 and estriol with SLC22A8/A24 locus on chromosome 11. Our results show the power of founder populations to discover novel biology due to genetic drift that can increase an allele found in only a few subjects in even large samples such as UKBiobank to dozens in even samples as small as 650.
Extramammary Paget disease of the scrotum with features of Bowen disease: A case report and review of the literature

c The scrotum is an uncommon site for the presentation of extramammary Paget disease (EMPD). We describe a case of EMPD that was discovered in a patient who had been previously diagnosed and treated for squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the scrotum 3 years earlier. Pathologic examination of the current scrotectomy specimen revealed an erythematous patch with areas of pale induration. Microscopic examination revealed areas with the characteristic histology of Paget disease adjacent to areas characteristic of Bowen disease. Immunohistochemical findings demonstrated a strong expression of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 7, and low-molecular-weight cytokeratins (CAM 5.2) in both of these areas, giving support to the overall diagnosis of EMPD. High-molecular-weight cytokeratins (34bE12) were uncharacteristically expressed in the cytoplasm of the Paget cells with equal or greater strength than in the surrounding keratinocytes, suggesting some degree of squamous differentiation. Very few publications have reported the coexistence of EMPD with squamous cell carcinoma in situ, occurring mostly in the vulva. To our knowledge, our case is the first report of scrotal EMPD with features of Bowen disease. Our findings support the theory that primary EMPD arises multifocally from multipotential epidermal cells. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128:84‐86)
Diana Taylor, ¡Presente!: The Politics of Presence

Diana Taylor’s newest book, iPresente! The Politics of Presence, provides a critically reflective exploration of how scholars, artists, and activists may engage ethically with performance as both a...
A Machine-Learning-Based Surrogate Model for Internal Flow Nusselt Number and Friction Factor in Various Channel Cross Sections

The design of a wide variety of cold plates, heat sinks, and heat exchangers relies on geometry-specific models and empirical correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor to select the heat transfer surface in an iterative manner. Machine learning techniques are being used across many branches of science to develop more generalized surrogate models that can predict such transport properties. To collapse the catalogue of available heat transfer surfaces into a single predictive tool, the present study develops machine-learning-based surrogate models for the Nusselt number and friction factor values for fully developed internal flow. The Nusselt number and friction factor data for the available constant cross section flow geometries in literature are compiled, pre-processed, and then used to train the models. To reduce variance and avoid overfitting, an ensemble method (bootstrap aggregating) is used, with the base learners as three-layer artificial neural networks (ANNs). The number of layers and nodes in each layer of the ANN is determined based on a grid search across a wide range of hyperparameters. The predictions from the surrogate model are compared to the training data set of ~94,000 points across both Nusselt number and friction factor, considering angular, aspect ratio, and rotational variations of 35 distinct channel cross sections. The trained model has a mean percentage error in the Nusselt number and friction factor of ~2.0% and ~0.7%, respectively, for the entire dataset.
Creativity, law and entrepreneurship

Contents: Preface Dedication 1. Introduction: Can We Incentivize Creativity and Entrepreneurship? Shubha Ghosh 2. Real Estate Transactions and Entrepreneurship Robin Paul Malloy 3. Creativity and Craft Michael J. Madison 4. 'Will Work': The Role of Intellectual Property in Transitional Economies - From Coal to Content Megan M. Carpenter 5. Transforming the Chicago School Approach to Creativity in Copyright Steven A. Hetcher 6. The Central Role of Law as a Meta Method in Creativity and Entrepreneurship Sean M. O'Connor 7. Individual Branding: How the Rise of Individual Creation and Distribution of Cultural Products Confuses the Intellectual Property System Deven R. Desai 8. Creativity Without Copyright: Anarchist Publishers and their Approaches to Copyright Protection Debora Halbert 9. Patenting by High Technology Entrepreneurs Stuart J.H. Graham and Ted Sichelman 10. The Evolution of Collaborative Invention at a Distance: Evidence from the Patent Record Richard S. Gruner 11. Institutionalization of Creativity in Traditional Societies and in International Trade Law Christoph Beat Graber Bibliography Index
Notes on the Whole Airplane

The topics of this chapter are much intertwined with questions of the mission and size of an aircraft and the choice of the appropriate propulsion system, structure, and materials—in short, the whole broad field of aeronautics. Most of these topics are beyond our purposes; however, some aspects of stability and propulsion must be understood. Propulsion is indeed a field unto itself: engine design, fuels and chemistry, compressor characteristics, and other facets are involved. Fortunately, all these topics are covered in simple terms in some of the works listed in Appendix 4. The same is true for discussions of airplane performance such as starting, cruising, and landing, which will also be omitted here. However, a quick discussion of some of the fundamentals of stability, control, and propulsion must round out our previous chapters. We can then proceed to the fascinating aerodynamics of high speeds and the social impact and future of aviation.
Triatomic, Layer, Chain, and Amorphous Models

In the late 1960s, the successful application of the EPM to elemental and binary compounds and the availability of model potentials [12.1] for many elements helped established the idea that a pseudopotential could be associated with an ion core independent of its chemical state. Pseudopotentials for metallic elements could then be used for semiconductor compounds. It was therefore realized that the EPM was capable of predicting electronic and optical properties of materials having complex crystal structures.
How authors' minds make stories

Introduction: from the universal to the particular 1. Simulation: imagining fictional worlds in Faulkner and Austen 2. Story development, literary evaluation, and the place of character 3. A narrative idiolect: Shakespeare's heroic stories 4. Principles and parameters of storytelling: the trajectory of Racine's romantic tragedies 5. Argument and metaphor in Brecht and Kafka 6. Emplotment: selection, organization, and construal in Hamlet Afterword: if on a winter's night a narrator ...
Metal concentrations in oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) during an outbreak of avian cholera, Chesapeake Bay, 1994

Forty out of 41 oldsquaw carcasses collected during a 3 month avian cholera outbreak in Chesapeake Bay, USA, in 1994 were culture positive for Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella-positive birds collected in February had greater (p ≤ 0.05) mean (geometric) liver concentrations of cadmium (7.35 versus 3.71 μg per g dry weight) and lower concentrations of selenium (9.90 versus 12.5 μg per g dry weight) than Pasteurella-positive birds collected during March and April. The mercury content of the livers and cadmium content of the kidneys did not differ (p> 0.05) between birds collected early in the die-off and those collected in March and April. The liver and kidney concentrations of metals in the Pasteurella-positive birds collected in 1994 were compared to apparently healthy oldsquaw (n = 67) collected from Chesapeake Bay during 1985--1987, because healthy oldsquaw were not collected during the avian cholera outbreak in 1994. Compared to the apparently healthy oldsquaw collected in 1985--1987, the mean concentrations of cadmium (liver 4.32 versus 2.65 μg per g dry weight and kidney 22.7 versus 11.5 μg per g dry weight) were greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the oldsquaw which succumbed to avian cholera in 1994. In contrast, the liver concentrations of selenium (11.9 versus 17.8 μg per g dry weight) and mercury (0.389 versus 1.83 μg per g dry weight) were lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the birds from the 1994 die-off than for the apparently healthy oldsquaw collected in 1985--1987. Three birds from the 1985--1987 cohort and none of the birds from the 1994 cohort had liver lead concentrations greater than 4 μg per g dry weight. The results of this study indicate a possible link between high cadmium tissue concentrations and susceptibility to avian cholera in oldsquaw
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Repair in a Highly Radiation-Resistant Strain of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid repair was studied in gamma-irradiated wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and in a radiation-resistant derivative 20 times more resistant than wild type. After exposure to 20 or 50 krad, the wild-type strain (DB21) degraded 30 to 50% of its prelabeled DNA into acid-soluble fragments, whereas the radioresistant strain degraded less than 15% after 4 h of incubation. Post-irradiation synthesis of DNA in the wild-type strain DB21 was reduced after a dose of 20 krad and totally inhibited after exposure to 200 krad. With radiation-resistant strain, D21R6008, on the other hand, DNA synthesis was delayed after a dose of 200 krad but not inhibited. Doses of 20 and 200 krad produced a similar number of single-strand breaks in the DNA of both strains as determined by zone sedimentation analysis in alkaline sucrose gradients. The radiation-resistant strain D21R6008, on the other hand, DNA synthesis was strand breaks in its DNA and repairs these damages more rapidly than wild-type Salmonella.
A class of torsion-free abelian groups characterized by the ranks of their socles

Butler groups formed by factoring a completely decomposable group by a rank one group have been studied extensively. We call such groups, bracket groups. We study bracket modules over integral domains. In particular, we are interested in when any bracket R-module is R tensor a bracket group.
Relationships between maximum temperature and heat-related illness across North Carolina, USA

Heat kills more people than any other weather-related event in the USA, resulting in hundreds of fatalities each year. In North Carolina, heat-related illness accounts for over 2,000 yearly emergency department admissions. In this study, data on emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illness (HRI) were obtained from the North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool to identify spatiotemporal relationships between temperature and morbidity across six warm seasons (May–September) from 2007 to 2012. Spatiotemporal relationships are explored across different regions (e.g., coastal plain, rural) and demographics (e.g., gender, age) to determine the differential impact of heat stress on populations. This research reveals that most cases of HRI occur on days with climatologically normal temperatures (e.g., 31 to 35 °C); however, HRI rates increase substantially on days with abnormally high daily maximum temperatures (e.g., 31 to 38 °C). HRI ED visits decreased on days with extreme heat (e.g., greater than 38 °C), suggesting that populations are taking preventative measures during extreme heat and therefore mitigating heat-related illness.
Insurgent Military Effectiveness During the First Indochina War

The United States and other members of the international community have expended billions of dollars and thousands of lives confronting insurgent organizations across the globe. Strikingly, however, there is limited systematic analysis of how some insurgent organizations generate the military capacity to challenge superior military forces. While structural and material variables play some role, this article argues that it is specific organizational characteristics which either limit or multiply an organization’s ability to utilize what they have. This article tests a theory accounting for the importance of informal structures of social support and formal military structures to explain variation in military effectiveness. It argues that militarily effective insurgents use formal elements to link themselves to and expand upon informal networks. The article tests this theory by comparing insurgent organizations in Vietnam from 1939-1954. It finds that organizations which developed formal structures that leveraged and built upon the primary group ties of their members, such as the Viet Minh and Cao Dai, were more effective than those not making such investments. Importantly, while the Viet Minh could not draw upon strong pre-existing community ties, they constructed those ties organically, forging the commitment of their soldiers around the organization’s goals.
Disturbance Type and Plant Successional Communities in Bahamian Dry Forests

Different disturbances in similar habitats can produce unique successional assemblages of plants. We collected plant species composition and cover data to investigate the effects of three common types of disturbances—fire, anthropogenic clearing (‘cleared’), and clearing followed by goat grazing (‘cleared‐and‐grazed’)—on early‐successional coppice (dry forest) community structure and development on Eleuthera, Bahamas. For each disturbance type, both the ground layer ( 0.5 m height) were sampled in eight patches ( > 1 ha) of varying age (1–28 yr) since large‐scale mature coppice disturbance. Overall, plant communities differed among disturbance types; several common species had significantly higher cover in the shrub layer of fire patches, and cleared‐ and‐grazed patches exhibited higher woody ground cover. Total percent cover in the shrub layer increased in a similar linear fashion along the investigated chronosequence of each disturbance type; however, cover of the common tree species, Bursera simaruba, increased at a notably slower rate in cleared‐and‐grazed patches. The pattern of increase and subsequent decrease in cover of Lantana spp. and Zanthoxylum fagara in the shrub layer was characterized by longer persistence and higher covers, respectively, in cleared‐and‐grazed patches, which also exhibited low peak cover and fast decline of nonwoody ground cover. Our results suggest that goats may accelerate some aspects of succession (e.g., quickly removing nonwoody ground cover) and retard other aspects (e.g., inhibiting growth of tree species and maintaining early‐successional shrubs in the shrub layer). These effects may lead to different successional trajectories, and have important conservation implications.
Bonding SiC to SiC Using a Sodium Silicate Solution

This paper describes a simple way to bond SiC parts with a bond thickness of <17 μm that produce shear strengths of several MPa using only a small amount of sodium silicate solution. Several SiC materials with different surface roughnesses were tested for the bonding process and a variety of tests (including thermally cycling the bond and cutting the bonded pieces) were performed to test the durability of the adhesion process. In this paper we explain the bonding procedure, discuss the bonding mechanism, and present shear strength results.
Utilization of site-directed spin labeling and high-resolution heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance for global fold determination of large proteins with limited nuclear overhauser effect data.

To test whether distances derived from paramagnetic broadening of 15 N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) resonances could be used to determine the global fold of a large, perdeuterated protein, we used site-directed spin-labeling of 5 amino acids on the surface of 15 N-labeled eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). eIF4E is a 25 kDa translation initiation protein, whose solution structure was previously solved in a 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate hydrate (CHAPS) micelle of total molecular mass 45-50 kDa. Distance-dependent line broadening consistent with the three-dimensional structure of eIF4E was observed for all spin-label substitutions. The paramagnetic broadening effects (PBEs) were converted into distances for modeling by a simple method comparing peak heights in 15 N-HSQC spectra before and after reduction of the nitroxide spin label with ascorbic acid. The PBEs, in combination with HN-HN nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) and chemical shift index (CSI) angle restraints, correctly determined the global fold of eIF4E with a backbone precision of 2.3 A (1.7 A for secondary structure elements). The global fold was not correctly determined with the HN-HN NOEs and CSI angles alone. The combination of PBEs with simulated restraints from another nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for global fold determination of large proteins (methyl- protonated, highly deuterated samples) improved the quality of calculated structures. In addition, the combination of the two methods simulated from a crystal structure of an all R-helical protein (40 kDa farnesyl diphoshphate synthase) correctly determined the global fold where neither method individually was successful. These results show the potential feasibility of obtaining medium-resolution structures for proteins in the 40-100 kDa range via NMR.
Objective test and performance measurement of automotive crash warning systems

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), under an interagency agreement with the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), is supporting development of objective test and measurement procedures for vehicle-based warning systems intended to warn an inattentive driver of imminent rear-end, road-departure and lane-change crash scenarios. The work includes development of track and on-road test procedures, and development of an independent measurement system, which together provide data for evaluating warning system performance. This paper will provide an overview of DOT's Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety System (IVBSS) program along with a review of the approach for objectively testing and measuring warning system performance.
Origin of the direct hippocampus-anterior thalamic bundle in the rat: A combined horseradish peroxidase-Golgi analysis ☆

Abstract The origin of the direct fiber pathway from the hippocampus to the anterior thalamus was examined with the horseradish peroxidase technique and the resultant labeled neurons were compared with neurons impregnated by the Golgi technique. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the anterior thalamus resulted in uptake of the compound by specialized areas of the subiculum and presubiculum. Labeled neurons in the subiculum were restricted to regions of subiculum distal to field CA1 and to cell laminae adjacent to the alveus. Presubicular labeled neurons were restricted to lamina principalis interna. The labeled neurons were characterized by exact position, dendritic orientation, and soma shape. Similarly appearing and located neurons were found in Golgi preparations. Based on an analysis of these types of neurons in the Golgi material, possible reciprocal connections between hippocampus and anterior thalamus are discussed.
A proof of the isomorphism of wxyz-transformals and 2 x 2 integer matrices

Abstract This paper proves the conjecture that the family of transformals in Gosper's calculus of series rearrangements is isomorphic to 2 x 2 non-negative integer matrices under multiplication. A natural mapping is exhibited, and shown to be an isomorphism. Splitting pairs are defined as a weakening of the notion of commutativity. The proof does not rely on series rearrangement, and can be applied to splitting pairs over any monoid.
Independently regulated juvenile hormone activity and vitellogenesis in mosquitoes

Abstract Temporally distinct, head-mediated processes regulate vitellogenic development as well as juvenile hormone (JH)-mediated development of ovarian follicles of Aedes aegypti . In blood-fed adult mosquitoes, vitellogenic development is stimulated during the first day after blood is imbibed and JH secretion is stimulated 2 days later. JH secretion in recently ecdysed adult mosquitoes is stimulated during or shortly before ecdysis. These observations suggest that vitellogenesis follows blood-ingestion, whereas JH activity may secondarily be promoted by vitellogenesis. It may be that vitellogenesis and JH activity are mediated by different brain hormones
Solvent enhancement of the magnetic ordering temperature (Tc) of the room temperature V[TCNE]x · S (S = solvent, TCNE = tetracyanoethylene; x ∼ 2) magnet

Abstract The reaction of V(CO) 6 and TCNE in CH 2 Cl 2 , hexane, toluene (PhMe), and trifluoromethylbenzene (PhCF 3 ) form an immediate black precipitate of V(TCNE) x · y S (S = solvent; x ∼ 2; y ∼ 0.5) composition, which have a magnetic ordering onset temperatures, T on , in the range of 385–390 K (S = CH 2 Cl 2 , hexane, PhMe). For S = PhCF 3 in addition to T on being enhanced it exhibits greater thermal stability.
The Therapeutic Alliance and CBASP-Specific Skill Acquisition in the Treatment of Chronic Depression

This study examined the influences of proposed specific and common psychotherapeutic factors in a sample of chronically depressed adult outpatients. Participants (N = 324) were drawn from a multi-site clinical trial that compared the efficacies of the cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP), nefazodone, and their combination. This report is limited to patients receiving CBASP alone or combination treatment. A series of regression analyses were performed to test whether: (1) the ability to utilize the skills taught in CBASP mediated the relationship between the early therapeutic alliance and endpoint depression, and (2) the therapeutic alliance moderated the relationship between skill utilization and endpoint depression. Neither model was supported. Instead, each of these factors contributed independently and additively to alleviation of depressive symptoms.
Compressive imaging spectrometers using coded apertures

A spectral imager provides a 3-D data cube in which the spatial information (2-D) of the image is complemented by spectral information (1-D) about each spatial location. Typically, these systems are operated in a fully-determined (or overdetermined) manner so that the measurements can be computationally inverted into a reliable estimate of the source. We propose a notional system design that is highly underdetermined, yet still computationally invertable. This approach relies on recently-developed concepts in compressive sensing. Because the number of required measurements is greatly reduced from traditional designs, the result is a faster and more economical sensor system.
Integration of multiregional models for policy analysis.

An initial conceptual framework is presented for the integration of a number of multi-regional models, and a modular structure is outlined. This structure consists of a national econometric model; an integrated comparative cost, industrial complex, input-output, and programming module; a transportation module; a demographic module; a multiregion econometric module; and a factor demand-investment supply econometric module. Fruitful directions for partial or full integration of these modules are suggested with particular emphasis on intermodule and intramodule linkages and on several necessary consistency checks.
Entrepreneurial Response to “Bottom-up” Development Strategies in Zimbabwe

Group lending and business training programs aimed at small-scale entrepreneurs have captured the interest of development scholars, practitioners, and donors since the 1980s. Yet these strategies have not had much impact in the context of urban Zimbabwe. Building upon ethnographic research conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe and insights drawn from the Austrian school of economics, the case is made that group lending and business training programs in urban Zimbabwe fail to meet the needs of most informal entrepreneurs because they offer a poor cultural fit with the target population, and because they are rarely able to cultivate entrepreneurial skills such as innovation and market discovery among their clients.
The effect of pH on the interaction of substrates and effector to yeast and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase

The interaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP with pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from yeast and rabbit muscle has been studied as a function of pH utilizing the quenching of protein fluorescence at 330 nm by these ligands. Both the muscle and the yeast pyruvate kinase interact with either ADP or phosphoenolpyruvate with similar affinity, indicating that the substrate-binding sites for these two isozymes are similar. The major difference between the yeast and muscle isozymes is their affinity with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate interacts with the yeast isozyme in orders of magnitude more strongly than with the muscle isozyme. Moreover, the affinity of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to the yeast isozyme is strongly pH-dependent, while the interaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with the muscle isozyme is independent of pH. The data indicate that yeast pyruvate kinase undergoes a conformational change as the pH is increased from 6.0 to 8.5.
Off lattice simulations of cluster-cluster aggregation in dimensions 2–6

Abstract Cluster-cluster aggregation has been simulated in dimensions two to six using both linear and brownian cluster trajectories. Relatively efficient off lattice algorithms have allowed large clusters to be generated and values for the fractal dimensionalities of the aggregates have been obtained without finite concentration effects. The values for the fractal dimensionality are in good aggreement with lattice model simulations for euclidean dimensionalities 2–4. The effective dimensionality ( D β ) obtained from the dependence of the radius of gyration on cluster size increases with increasing cluster size for all of our models (particularly for d ≥ 4). For clusters in the accessible size range (up to 10 3 -10 4 ) D β is slightly larger for cluster-cluster aggregation via linear trajectories than for brownian trajectories. For cluster-cluster aggregation via brownian trajectories, the limiting (large cluster size) fractal dimensionality is estimated to be 1.46 ± 0.04 for d=2,1.82 ± 0.10 for d = 3, 2.10 ± 0.15 for d = 4, 2.35 ± 0.15 for d = 4, 2.65 ± 0.25 for d = 6. For cluster- cluster aggregation via linear trajectories, the limiting fractal dimensionality is estimated to be 1.55 ± 0.04 for d = 2, 1.91 ± 0.10 for d = 3≥ 2.5 ± 0.06 for d = 5 and ≥2.64 ± 0.05 for d = 6.
Trauma ultrasound feasibility during helicopter transport.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of performing a standard four-view focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) examination during helicopter transport using a hand-carried ultrasound machine. Methods: In this prospective observational study, actual and simulated trauma patients were evaluated using the SonoSite 180 ultrasound machine by two air transport programs serving Level 1 trauma centers. FAST examinations were performed in flight by emergency medicine faculty, residents, flight nurses, and ultrasound technologists, who rated the difficulty posed by various factors using Likert scales (0 = not difficult to 5 = impossible). BK 117, Bell 230, and BO 105 medical helicopters flew in all aviating modes. Pilots were queried regarding avionics variations throughout the flights. Results: Ten flight sonographers performed 21 FAST examinations on 14 patients (five actual, nine simulated). The median Likert value for each parameter was 0 except for patient position, which was 1 (somewhat difficult). Interquartile ranges were 0-0 for vibration, bedding, IV catheters, monitor cables, and ventilator; 0–0.5 for backboard straps; and 0–1 for sunlight, patient position, spider straps, gurney straps, and clothing. Mean examination duration was 3.0 minutes (range 1.5 to 5.5 minutes, SD 1.3). Pilots reported no effects on avionics in any flight mode. Conclusion: The FAST examination using the SonoSite 180 in flight was rated by 10 evaluators to be performed easily. Examinations were conducted quickly and did not interfere with helicopter avionics. This digital ultrasound machine is the first one small enough to be used in most medical helicopters.
Metastatic Cancer of the Pituitary Gland

Pituitary metastases were found in 18 (1.0 %) out of 1,857 autopsy cancer cases. Metastases were present in the anterior lobes of 4 and in the posterior lobes of 6 patients. Both lobes were affected in the remaining 8 cases. The breast appeared to be the most frequent primary tumor site. The clinical and pathological features of pituitary cancer metastases are discussed.
Examining child sexual abuse evaluations: the types of information affecting expert judgment.

Abstract Objective: There were two aims: First, to determine to what extent four variables, disclosure, doll play, affect and collateral information, affect the decision-making processes of child sexual abuse experts and lay persons when confronted with an abuse allegation, and second, to see how these two groups of raters might differ from one another. Method: A randomized block partially confounded factorial design was used. Participants made abuse likelihood and confidence ratings in response to six hypothetical cases of child sexual abuse, four of which had varying combinations of the four types of information and two of which were constant across all raters. Participants also completed attitudes and knowledge questionnaires. Results: Disclosure and collateral information both had large effects on both rater groups. Doll play and affect had little or no effect on the decisions of either group. Experts were slightly more conservative in their judgments over all than students were. Experts also displayed more knowledge of the sexual abuse literature and more child-believing attitudes than their student counterparts. Conclusion: Concrete information such as disclosure statements and collateral information affected abuse decisions while inferential data such as doll play and affect did not. The goal of these evaluations may be the clarification of such concrete information and the inferential data may be used only to guide one’s inquiry. This conclusion argues against the concern that experts might jump to conclusions of abuse merely based upon suggestive, symbolic material.
Infant Salt Preference and Mother's Morning Sickness

Evidence for an association between early pregnancy sickness and offspring salt (NaCl) preference has been obtained from studying offspring as young adults. To determine whether effects on NaCl preference are expressed in infancy, the present study examined 16-week-old infants whose mothers reported either little or no vomiting (N = 15) or frequent moderate to severe vomiting (N = 14) during the first 14 weeks of their pregnancy. The infants' oral-motor facial reactions to each solution and their relative intakes of distilled water and 0.1m and 0.2m NaCl were used as measures of preference. Infants of mothers who reported no or mild symptoms had a significantly lower relative intake of salt solutions than infants whose mothers reported moderate to severe symptoms (p < 0.01). The former infants also showed a greater number of aversive facial responses when given 0.2m NaCl (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that maternal dehydration, induced by moderate to severe vomiting during pregnancy, can lead to enhanced salt preference in offspring. They also provide a potential explanation for some of the variability encountered when human infants are tested for their salt preference.
A Study of the Growth of Cysticercus Sarcomata 4337 and 4338 from Grafts of Each Tumor Simultaneously Transplanted in the Subcutaneous Tissues of the Same Hosts

A description of the source and histological structure of the two Cysticercus tumors used for this investigation has been published by Mendelsohn (1). Both tumors were mixed-cell sarcomata with the spindle cell predominating, but IRS 4337 was composed mainly of whorls and bundles of uniformly large plump spindle cells, whereas the cells of IRS 4338 were not as large and it contained a greater proportion of polymorphous cells of various sizes. The general experimental procedure was as follows. Grafts of healthy tissue as nearly uniform in size as could be obtained by cutting carefully with a knife were taken from each tumor and IRS 4337 was implanted in the right groin and IRS 4338 in the left groin of each animal. Approximately bimonthly silhouette areas of each tumor were drawn in chart books, the time of the first charting varying from seven to sixteen days and the second from eighteen to thirty days after the inoculation. The charting records were compared with the autopsy records of each animal to obtain the tumor history. Tumors which showed progressive growth throughout their history were called “positive” and those which showed no growth for two or more chartings were called “negative.” Whether either or both tumors grew progressively or not at all or grew for a while and then receded was recorded for each animal. By cubing the average radius at each of the first two chartings an approximate volume of each tumor at each charting was obtained. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the growth of two tumors which arose in the same organ in response to the same irritant in animals of similar genetic constitution. The hosts of both primary tumors were of line 2331 of the Copenhagen strain, the origin of which has been previously described (2). IRS 4337 arose in a male from the 10th brother by sister generation of this line and IRS 4338 in a female of the 11th brother by sister generation.
Theoretical evolutionary rates in plant groups and the fossil record

An attempt is made to estimate a mathematical expression for the underlying mean rate of evolution in organic systems, and in particular those of various plant groupings. This was done by considering the thermodynamic constraints on any system tending towards greater levels of complexity with time (or showing a progressive decrease in randomness). Orderliness is here equated with genetic-information, and rates of evolution are expressed as rates of information-accumulation. Mathematical relationships for evolutionary rates may also be expressed in terms of species number changes. Scattering of evolutionary rates about a theoretical mean is shown to be, in part, the result of environmental factors influencing the fixation of mutations within a phyletic group; “plasticity” (or physiologic adaptability) of any given genome is hypothesized to be related to regulatory-gene expressions. The discription of a mean rate with phyletic group scattering attempts to reconcile “steady-state” and differential rate models for evolution. A literature study of species citations indicates a high and positive correlation between geologic map area (and volume) during various time periods and the appearance of species per unit time. These data suggest that various biasing factors, influencing the preservation and interpretation of fossil data, make the fossil record an unreliable tool with which to gauge flux in species number changes.
Classroom management as instruction: Socializing self‐guidance in students

(1985). Classroom management as instruction: Socializing self‐guidance in students. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 24, Teaching Self‐Discipline, pp. 233-240.
Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on RNA synthesis in S-180 tumor cells.

Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Dimethyl-Sulfoxid (DMSO) die RNA-Synthese in Sarkom 180 Tumorzellen in vitro hemmt. In 15% DMSO betrug die Syntheserate nur 7% der Kontrolle. Diese Hemmung war leicht reversibel durch einfaches Entfernen des Wirkstoffes durch Auswaschen der Zellen mit Tyrodes-Losung. Nach Entfernung des DMSO wurde eine leicht erhohte Aktivitat der Synthese beobachtet. Die Angaben wurden mit der Kinetik der Hemmung von DNA-Synthese verglichen und ihre moglichen Beziehungen zu anderen Wirkungen von DMSO beschrieben.