cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free-breathing multiphase whole-heart coronary MR angiography using image-based navigators and three-dimensional cones imaging.

Noninvasive visualization of the coronary arteries in vivo is one of the most important goals in cardiovascular imaging. Compared to other paradigms for coronary MR angiography, a free-breathing three-dimensional whole-heart iso-resolution approach simplifies prescription effort, requires less patient cooperation, reduces overall exam time, and supports retrospective reformats at arbitrary planes. However, this approach requires a long continuous acquisition and must account for respiratory and cardiac motion throughout the scan. In this work, a new free-breathing coronary MR angiography technique that reduces scan time and improves robustness to motion is developed. Data acquisition is accomplished using a three-dimensional cones non-Cartesian trajectory, which can reduce the number of readouts 3-fold or more compared to conventional three-dimensional Cartesian encoding and provides greater robustness to motion/flow effects. To further enhance robustness to motion, two-dimensional navigator images are acquired to directly track respiration-induced displacement of the heart and enable retrospective compensation of all acquired data (none discarded) for image reconstruction. In addition, multiple cardiac phases are imaged to support retrospective selection of the best phase(s) for visualizing each coronary segment. Experimental results demonstrate that whole-heart coronary angiograms can be obtained rapidly and robustly with this proposed technique. Magn Reson Med 69:1083–1093, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields

Climate change is expected to increase future temperatures, potentially resulting in reduced crop production in many key production regions. Research quantifying the complex relationship between weather variables and wheat yields is rapidly growing, and recent advances have used a variety of model specifications that differ in how temperature data are included in the statistical yield equation. A unique data set that combines Kansas wheat variety field trial outcomes for 1985–2013 with location-specific weather data is used to analyze the effect of weather on wheat yield using regression analysis. Our results indicate that the effect of temperature exposure varies across the September−May growing season. The largest drivers of yield loss are freezing temperatures in the Fall and extreme heat events in the Spring. We also find that the overall effect of warming on yields is negative, even after accounting for the benefits of reduced exposure to freezing temperatures. Our analysis indicates that there exists a tradeoff between average (mean) yield and ability to resist extreme heat across varieties. More-recently released varieties are less able to resist heat than older lines. Our results also indicate that warming effects would be partially offset by increased rainfall in the Spring. Finally, we find that the method used to construct measures of temperature exposure matters for both the predictive performance of the regression model and the forecasted warming impacts on yields.
Issues in the Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials

Careful consideration of issues in the design and conduct of clinical trials is essential for valid results to be achieved. Specifically, if the trial is randomized and well designed with respect to timing, pilot studies, choice of study population, sample size, duration of follow-up, and subject compliance, it can offer reliable evidence about a positive, inverse, or null effect of an intervention. With these considerations in mind, the Physicians' Health Study is being conducted among over 21,996 male physicians, 40-84 years of age, in the United States and involved a 2 X 2 factorial design used to test the roles of beta-carotene in the prevention of cancer and aspirin in the reduction of cardiovascular mortality. The choice of physicians as the study population and the implementation of a prerandomization run-in period resulted in 100% mortality and 99.5% morbidity follow-up, as well as 98.5% compliance with the treatment regimen 6 months after randomization. The ultimate goal of these methodologic considerations is to design studies that clearly can prove or refute the hypotheses that was tested.
The complement system in human reproduction.

: Regulation of the complement system in reproduction is unique inasmuch as reproductive tissues represent the only condition where allogeneic interactions occur naturally. Both allogeneic extraembryonic membranes and semen that contact and interact with maternal cells and tissues must avert complement-mediated damage to ensure reproductive success. Several regulators of complement activation exist. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and decay accelerating factor (DAF) inactivate C3 and C5 convertases on cell surfaces. In addition, CD59 inhibits the membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement cascade. Strong expression of these membrane glycoproteins by trophoblast and amniotic epithelium has been observed. MCP, DAF, and CD59 likely safeguard extraembryonic tissues from complement damage originating from maternal and fetal blood or amniotic fluid. Different reproductive tract fluids vary in complement levels. With the exception of ovarian follicular fluid, these levels are generally much less than those in blood. Endometrial and cervical content of C3 appear to be regulated by hormones. These observations suggest that the effects of complement activation may vary in reproductive tissues. MCP is absent from the surfaces of oocytes. Sperm express MCP and DAF in discrete areas that would not be associated with the known complement-regulatory functions of these proteins. Seminal plasma contains MCP and the MAC inhibitor SP-40,40 but not DAF. SP-40,40 may exemplify how complement-regulatory proteins perform alternative functions as it interacts with molecules other than complement components. We have reviewed aspects of the complement system that relate to allogeneic interactions in reproduction and that suggest fruitful areas for further research.
Application of Molecular Orbital Theory to Electron Transfer Reactions of Metal Complexes in Solution

Abstract Simple molecular orbital ideas are used to generate energy profiles for electron transfer reactions between transition metal ions in solution. The very different kinetic behavior observed experimentally for Cr(II)/Cr(III), Fe(II)/Fe(III), and Cr(II)/Ru(III) processes is readily shown to be associated with the electronic configurations of the reactants and those of transition states or intermediates, and their influence on structural stability.
Forty-five years of radiochemistry education

H. M. Clark introduced radiochemistry as an undergraduate program at Rensselaer in 1947. The development of the course and the companion courses under Clark and Preiss that now form the radiochemical educational experience at RPI is outlined. Prospects for the future directions of the field and the educational requirements are discussed.
Urea for Lactating Dairy Cattle. II. Effect of Various Levels of Concentrate Urea on Nutritive Value of the Ration

Abstract The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of several levels of concentrate urea on ration utilization in lactating cattle. A high-quality concentrate mixture containing 0, 1.25, 2.0, or 2.5% urea (42% N) in place of an equivalent amount of plant protein nitrogen was fed with good-quality timothy hay to Holstein cows during early lactation. Concentrate was fed according to milk production, and hay was limited to 2% of body weight daily. Sixteen digestibility trials, including energy and nitrogen balances and rumen metabolite analyses, were conducted. Ration intake was high on all treatments. There were no significant treatment differences in milk production or composition, or in ration digestibility. Nutritive value, expressed as digestible or metabolizable energy per unit dry matter, was significantly depressed at the two highest urea levels. Molar proportions of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in rumen fluid at intervals before and after feeding were Unaffected by treatments. Rumen fluid urea levels were very low, even 0.5 hr post-feeding. Rumen fluid ammonia concentration rose markedly after feeding in response to the treatments, but the differences were not statistically significant.
The Mechanics of Arteriole-Tissue Interaction

Arterioles are embedded in the extensive connective tissue matrix of the interstitium. Mechanical interactions with the interstitium may affect the length-tension characteristics of arterioles, and thus affect their reactivity. However, no studies have adequately characterized the coupling between arterioles and the interstitium or investigated how the interstitium might change the physiological expression of arterioles. Therefore, the goal of this project was to investigate the mechanical interactions between arterioles and the interstitium and then to predict the physiological consequences of these interactions. We measured in situ the mechanical coupling of arterioles to the interstitium, the mechanical properties of the interstitium, and the structure of the interstitium in the hamster cheek pouch. We demonstrated that there are mechanical interactions between arterioles and the interstitium that are mediated both through direct connections and through the movement of extracellular fluid through the connective tissue network. We also found that the elastic modulus of the interstitium increases in the vicinity of the arteriole. Finally, both the mechanical coupling of arterioles to the interstitium and the mechanical properties of the interstitium are explained by the structure of the connective tissue matrix. The arterioles appear to be connected to adjacent fibroblasts and fibrocytes by collagen fibrils. These cells are in turn connected to the fiber matrix of the interstitium. Furthermore, the presence of these cells may explain the mechanical heterogeneity of the interstitium. We propose that the physiological role of the interstitium surrounding arterioles is to protect arterioles from stretching and deformation of the tissue while allowing these vessels to constrict freely.
Localization and function of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 in the enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system (ENS) contains glutamatergic neurons, transporters, and functional ionotropic and groups I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). The aim of this study was to ...
Planning Goals for Intervention: Can a Language Test Serve as an Alternative to a Language Sample?

A comparison was made between imitated responses to Carrow's Elicited Language Inventory (CELI) and the spontaneous speech of ten language impaired children (LI). Responses to the CELI and selected utterances from the sample of spontaneous speech were analyzed in a manner similar to the procedure outlined by Carrow (1974a). While there was a high correlation between the proportion of errors on each task, there was also a significant difference between these proportions. All of the LI children had a lower mean proportion of errors on the language sample than on the CELI and discrepancies between the two were greater for the younger children with the lower mean length of utterances. Goals of intervention derived from the two sets of data also indicated differences. Three factors may have accounted for the discrepant scores-differences in lexical items, differences in the structural complexity of the sentences, and differences in the requirements of the two tasks. It is suggested that while standardized elic...
High-intensity coherent far-IR radiation from subpicosecond electron bunches

A facility to generate high-intensity, ultrashort pulses of broad-band far-infrared radiation has been assembled and tested at Stanford. The device uses sub-picosecond relativistic electron bunches to generate coherent radiation through transition or synchrotron radiation in the far-infrared (FIR) regime between millimeter waves and wavelengths of about 100 micrometers and less. Experimental results show a peak radiation power of greater than 0.33 MW within a microbunch and an average FIR radiation power of 4mW. The average bunch length of 2856 microbunches within a 1 microsecond(s) ec macropulse is estimated to be about 480 fsec. Simulations, experimental setup and results will be discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extending ecological network analysis measures to dynamic ecosystem models

Abstract Ecological network analysis measures such as cycling index, indirect effects, and storage analysis provide insightful information on ecosystem organization and function, which can be extremely useful for environmental management and control. These system-wide measures focus on indirect relations among system compartments, providing a holistic approach. Unfortunately, the application of these useful measures are restricted to steady state models. Seasonal changes, environmental impacts, and climate shifts are not accommodated by the current methodology, which greatly limits their application. The novel methodology introduced in this paper extends the application of these useful but limited measures to dynamic compartmental models. This method relies on network particle tracking simulation, which is an agent based algorithm, whereas the current methods utilize steady-state flow rates and compartment storage values. We apply this new methodology to storage analysis, which quantifies how much storage is generated at any compartment within the system by a unit external input into another compartment. Also called compartmental mean residence time , this measure is widely used in environmental sciences, pharmacokinetics and nutrition, to assess the interaction between system boundary (e.g. drug intake, pollution, feeding) and internal compartments (e.g. tissues, crops, species). Storage analysis is chosen for demonstration because it is applicable to a limited class of dynamic models (linear and donor-controlled), which gives us an opportunity to verify our new method. The methodology introduced here is also applicable to Finn's cycling index, indirect effects index, throughflow analysis, and possibly other network analysis based indicators as well.
Better Optimization of Nonlinear Uncertain Systems (BONUS): A New Algorithm for Stochastic Programming Using Reweighting through Kernel Density Estimation

A new nonlinear programming algorithm is proposed for stochastic programming problems. This method relies on sampling to estimate the probabilistic objective function and constraints. The computational burden of excessive model calculations for determining the search direction is bypassed through a reweighting method using Kernel Density Estimation. The improvements accomplished by this algorithm called Better Optimization of Nonlinear Uncertain Systems (BONUS) are presented through two real world case studies involving parameter design for off-line quality control of a chemical reactor, and optimal capacity expansion for electric utilities in uncertain markets.
Predicting Short-Term Mortality and Long-Term Survival for Hospitalized US Patients with Alcoholic Hepatitis

Background No study has evaluated current scoring systems for their accuracy in predicting short and long-term outcome of alcoholic hepatitis in a US population.
Materials requirements for fusion reactors

Once the physics of fusion devices is understood, which is expected to be achieved in the early 1980’s, one or more experimental power reactors (EPR) are planned which will pro-duce net electrical power. The structural material for the device will probably be a modi-fication of an austenitic stainless steel. Unlike fission reactors, whose pressure bound-aries are subjected to no or only light irradiation, the pressure boundary of a fusion reac-tor is subjected to high atomic displacement-damage and high production rates of trans-mutation products,e.g., helium and hydrogen. Hence, the design data base must include irradiated materials. Sincein situ testing to obtain tensile, fatigue, creep, crack-growth, stress-rupture, and swelling data is currently impossible for fusion reactor conditions, a program of service-temperature irradiations in fission reactors followed by postirradi-ation testing, simulation of fusion conditions, and low-fluence 14 MeV neutron-irradiation tests are planned. For the Demonstration Reactor (DEMO) expected to be built within ten years after the EPR, higher heat fluxes may require the use of refractory metals, at least for the first 20 cm. A partial data base may be provided by high-flux 14 MeV neutron sources being planned. Many materials other than those for structural components will be required in the EPR and DEMO. These include superconducting magnets, insulators, neutron reflectors and shields, and breeding materials. The rest of the device should utilize conventional materials except that portion involved in tritium confinement and re-covery.
Role of nitric oxide in mediating vasodilator responses to opioid peptides in the rat

1. Endomorphins 1 and 2, endogenous ligands for the mu-opioid receptor, and nociceptin (orphanin FQ; OFQ), an endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, have vasodilator activity in the vascular bed of the hindquarters of the rat. In the present study, the role of nitric oxide (NO), vasodilator prostaglandins and the opening of KATP channels in mediating vasodilator responses to these novel agonists was investigated in the rat. 2. Under constant-flow conditions, injections of endomorphins 1 and 2, PL017 ([N-MePhe3,D-Pro4]-morphiceptin), nociceptin and Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly(ol)-enkephalin (DAMGO) produced dose-dependent decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure. Vasodilator responses to endomorphin 1 and 2, acetylcholine and adrenomedullin, were attenuated by the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at a time when vasodilator responses to nociceptin, adrenomedullin and the NO donor diethylamine/NO were not altered. 3. Vasodilator responses to endomorphins 1 and 2, nociceptin, PL017 and DAMGO were not altered after administration of sodium meclofenamate at a time when vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid were reduced significantly or after administration of U-37883A at a time when vasodilator responses to levcromakalim were reduced significantly. 4. The results of these studies indicate that vasodilator responses to endomorphins 1 and 2, PL017 and DAMGO are mediated, in large part, by the release of NO, whereas vasodilator responses to nociceptin are mediated by an L-NAME-insensitive mechanism. Moreover, these results demonstrate that the vasodilator responses to these peptides are not due to the release of vasodilator prostaglandins or the opening of KATP channels in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat.
Genetic Mechanisms of Age Regulation of Human Blood Coagulation Factor IX.

Blood coagulation capacity increases with age in healthy individuals. Through extensive longitudinal analyses of human factor IX gene expression in transgenic mice, two essential age-regulatory elements, AE5' and AE3', have been identified. These elements are required and together are sufficient for normal age regulation of factor IX expression. AE5', a PEA-3 related element present in the 5' upstream region of the gene encoding factor IX, is responsible for age-stable expression of the gene. AE3', in the middle of the 3' untranslated region, is responsible for age-associated elevation in messenger RNA levels. In a concerted manner, AE5' and AE3' recapitulate natural patterns of the advancing age-associated increase in factor IX gene expression.
100-nm defect detection using an existing image acquisition system

For obvious cost reasons, semiconductor manufacturers are constantly striving to produce ever smaller wafer geometries with the current installed base of wafer steppers. Many techniques (phase shifting, optical proximity correction, etc.) have been used successfully to 'squeeze' more resolution from these steppers than was once thought possible. Wafers processed using non-aggressive k 1 factors provided a linear correlation between mask and wafer feature sizes. However, it has been shown that pushing k 1 factors to very low levels causes a nonlinear response between changes in photomask and wafer critical dimension. This non-linearity demands extremely tight photomask CD control specifications. Total CD errors 50 nm and smaller can cause unacceptable wafer CD variation. Current high end reticle manufacturers are capable of meeting a total CD uniformity specification of approximately 40 nm as measured by sampling strategies using optical metrology tools. These tools are very useful for detecting macro changes in CD; however, they will only detect a localized error if it happens to occur precisely at the point of measurement. In contrast, a pattern inspection system employing a linewidth measurement algorithm can ensure detection of all localized errors within the detection and review capability of the system. The problem with reticle CD error detection capability is that there is a large discrepancy between currently available detection of greater than or equal to 150 nm and required detection of less than or equal to 50 nm necessary for proper wafer functionality at low k 1 lithography. In this paper, defect sensitivity and false detection performance of a new advanced line measurement algorithm was tested. The test vehicles included both an industry standard and a custom designed programed defect test mask. In addition, production masks with naturally occurring localized CD errors that caused wafer pattern bridging were analyzed. This new experimental algorithm has shown localized CD error detection of less than or equal to 100 nm reticle defects.
Pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor of the urinary bladder and prostate: Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric analyses of nine cases

Pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor of the genitourinary tract is a rare pathologic entity of hitherto unknown etiology that, because of the cellular pleomorphism and the infiltrative nature of the lesion, may be mistakenly diagnosed as sarcomatoid carcinoma or sarcoma. We retrospectively studied nine pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumors involving the bladder and prostate to define characteristic parameters that may allow for accurate diagnosis. The study patients included four men and five women with a mean age of 48.7 years. Histologic analysis revealed myxoid lesions with a proliferation of spindle fibroblastic cells in a background of granulation tissue-type vascularity and inflammatory cells. Mitoses were infrequent and no atypical forms were found. Immunostaining was positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, and negative for S-100 protein, desmin, myoglobin, and keratin. Ultrastructurally, the lesion displayed fibroblastic and myofibroblastic cell features. Flow cytometric DNA content analysis revealed uniform DNA diploidy and a low S-phase fraction. All patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease after a mean follow-up of 4.8 years. In contrast, the sarcomatoid carcinomas and sarcomas of the urinary bladder and prostate that were used as controls occurred in older patients and had more frequent mitoses with atypical forms, tumor-type necrosis, and different immunostaining profiles; they were preponderantly aneuploid or diploid with high S-phase fraction. Awareness of the clinicopathologic and biologic characteristics of these lesions is necessary to ensure their accurate diagnosis and to prevent unnecessary radical therapy.
Rheological and molecular properties of water soluble (1,3) (1,4)-β-d-glucans from high-β-glucan and traditional oat lines

Abstract Water-soluble β-glucans were extracted, with a recovery yield of ∼70%, from five oat lines with increased β-glucan concentrations (up to 7.8% β-glucan) and one traditional oat line (4.4% β-glucan). The rheological properties of the extracted β-glucan gums were studied at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% (w/w) over shear rates of 0–300 s−1. Statistically significant differences in the rheological properties of β-glucans were found among the oat lines when measured at 1% (w/w) β-glucan. β-glucan from the enhanced oat lines were more viscous (IA95258 had the highest and IA95205 the lowest viscosity) than those from the traditional line (Paul). The effect of concentration on apparent viscosity was accurately described by an exponential model for the six oat lines; however, the rate of change was significantly different among IA95258, IA95205 and Paul lines. Differences in viscosity between oat lines measured at the same β-glucan concentration and in rate of viscosity change with concentration might be explained by differences in peak molecular weight and polymer distribution.
THE EFFECTS OF IMPERFECTIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SUBHARMONIC VIBRATION ABSORBER SYSTEM

Abstract A recent study has demonstrated a new configuration of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers (CCPVAs) that is very effective at reducing torsional vibration levels in rotating systems that are subject to harmonic external torques. This system is composed of a pair of absorber masses riding on epicycloidal paths that are tuned to one-half order relative to the frequency of the applied torque. In the desired response, the two absorbers move in direct opposition to one another in a second-order subharmonic manner. The basic analysis of this subharmonic vibration absorber system assumes that the paths for the absorber masses can be perfectly tuned as desired. The primary goal of this study is to explore the effects that imperfections and intentional mistuning of the absorber paths have on performance of the system. The results obtained allow one to select certain features of the path in order to achieve the desired performance, even in the face of uncertainties. To this aim, the equations of motion are first derived for a simplified model, consisting of two absorber masses and a rigid rotor. This system is shown to possess a one-to-one internal resonance subjected to two-to-one resonant external excitation. By making use of some scaling assumptions on the system parameters, the method of averaging is applied in order to obtain approximate solutions of the equations of motion. These are used to evaluate the absorber performance in terms of two performance measures: the magnitude of the rotor acceleration and the range of the disturbing torque over which the absorbers operate effectively. The results obtained are distilled into design guidelines in terms of how one should choose certain missing parameters for the absorber paths in order to achieve satisfactory system performance. In summary, it is determined that one should keep the two absorber paths as identical as possible, but that a small level of identical overtuning in each path will provide a certain level of robustness. In addition, it is also shown that this mistuning can be used to adjust a tradeoff between torsional vibration levels and the operating torque range for the system.
Criteria for Polycystic Ovarian Morphology in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Function of Age

Concept: Ovaries meeting criteria for polycystic ovary morphology during peak reproductive years may no longer meet the criteria with age. Objective: Ovarian volume and follicle number decrease with age in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), permitting age-dependent criteria for PCOM. Design and Setting: We conducted longitudinal (7–15 year interval) and cross-sectional studies to examine polycystic ovarian morphology over time at an outpatient clinic and pathology laboratory in a tertiary care hospital. Patients: Subjects included those with PCOS defined by the National Institutes of Health criteria (n = 11 and 483 for longitudinal and cross-sectional, respectively) and control women with regular menstrual cycles and no hyperandrogenism (n = 15 and 367), age 18–64 yr. Interventions: Subjects underwent an ovarian ultrasound by a single observer. Main Outcome Measures: Ovarian volume and follicle number were measured and ultrasound findings confirmed by a pathologist in a subset (n = 9). Results: Ovarian volume (15.2 ± 7.4 vs. 7.1 ± 3.7 ml; P < 0.01) and follicle number (12.8 ± 3.2 vs. 8.1 ± 3.9; P < 0.05) decreased longitudinally in PCOS and control women (volume 11.6 ± 4.4 vs. 5.4 ± 2.2 ml and follicle number 8.3 ± 1.9 vs. 6.3 ± 1.8; both P < 0.005). Using cross-sectional data, log ovarian volume and follicle number decreased in both groups, but the decrease in log ovarian volume was less pronounced in women with PCOS than in controls (P < 0.01). A combination of age, log ovarian volume, follicle number, and testosterone distinguished PCOS subjects from controls with a receiver operator characteristic curve area of 0.90. Conclusions: Ovarian volume and follicle number decrease with age in women with PCOS and controls necessitating age-based criteria to define polycystic ovarian morphology. It is possible to use these criteria to distinguish PCOS in women over age 40 yr.
Synthetic vaccines: I. Synthesis of multivalent Tn antigen cluster-lysyllysine conjugates

Monomer, dimer, and trimer of Tn antigen (GalNAcα1→O-Ser) were coupled to L-lysyllysine to construct multivalent and clustering structures of Tn antigen. The method has made it possible to provide pertinent carbohydrate antigens for the development of synthetic vaccines against tumors.
VIP-, SS-, and GABA-like immunoreactivity in the mid-hippocampal region of El (epileptic) and C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract The El (epileptic) mouse is a model of hereditary sensory precipitated temporal lobe epilepsy. We compared vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI), somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI), and γ-aminobutyric acid-like immunoreactivity (GABA-LI) in the mid-hippocampal region of El and C57BL/6 mice. Specific interneuron populations with VIP-LI and GABA-LI were elevated in the El mice, whereas SS-LI populations were unchanged. These neurochemical alterations may be contributing to the epileptic predisposition of El mice.
Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for adolescents: Attitudes, perceptions, and practice of New York school-based health center providers

ABSTRACTBackground: Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics as an evidence-based strategy to address risky substance use among adolescents in primary care. However, less than half of pediatricians even screen adolescents for substance use. The purpose of this study was to identify variation in SBIRT practice and explore how program directors' and clinicians' attitudes and perceptions of effectiveness, role responsibility, and self-efficacy impact SBIRT adoption, implementation, and practice in school-based health centers (SBHCs). Methods: All 162 New York State SBHC program directors and clinicians serving middle and high school students were surveyed between May and June of 2013 (40% response rate). Results: Only 22% of participants reported practicing the SBIRT model. Of the individual SBIRT model components, using a standardized tool to screen students for risky substance use, referring students with substance use problems...
The in-line-quadrature bioCD

The biological compact disc (BioCD) is a sensitive detection platform that detects immobilized biomolecules on the surface of a spinning disc by quadrature laser interferometry. Spinning-disc interferometry (SDI) has the advantage of operating faraway from the 1/f system noise which has a 40 dB per octave slope, thus reducing the detection noise floor by more than 50 dB compared to static interferometric detection techniques. Three quadrature classes of BioCD have been previously reported: micro-diffraction, adaptive optical and phase contrast. In this paper, we introduce a new class of BioCD, the in-line quadrature class, which has achieved a new level of simplicity and sensitivity. A silicon wafer coated by a layer of SiO 2 is used as a substrate for immobilized biomolecules. The thickness of the SiO 2 layer is chosen so that light reflected from the SiO 2 surface on top and the silicon surface below is approximately in phase quadrature. Protein molecules scatter the incident light, adding a phase shift linearly proportional to the mass density of the immobilized protein, which is converted to a far-field intensity shift by quadrature interference. Patterning of protein is achieved by spot printing with a jet printer, which produces protein spots 0.1 mm in diameter. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the in-line quadrature BioCD by an equilibrium dose response experiment on a disc printed with 25,000 proteins spots with a detection limit of 1 ng/mL when divided into 32 virtual wells and treated as 32 separate assays. This current performance is not a fundamental limit, and improvements in disc uniformity will enable scaling up to large numbers of individual assays per disc.
NK cells promote islet allograft tolerance via a perforin-dependent mechanism.

Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II–restricted CD4 T cells are well appreciated for their contribution to peripheral tolerance to tissue allografts, little is known regarding MHC class I–dependent reactivity in this process. Here we show a crucial role for host MHC class I–dependent NK cell reactivity for allograft tolerance in mice induced through either costimulation blockade using CD154-specific antibody therapy or by targeting LFA-1 (also known as CD11a). Tolerance induction absolutely required host expression of MHC class I, but was independent of CD8 T cell–dependent immunity. Rather, tolerance required innate immunity involving NK1.1+ cells, but was independent of CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Therefore, NK cells seem to be generally required for induction of tolerance to islet allografts. Additional studies indicate that CD154-specific antibody–induced allograft tolerance is perforin dependent. Notably, NK cells that are perforin competent are sufficient to restore allograft tolerance in perforin-deficient recipients. Together, these results show an obligatory role for NK cells, through perforin, for induction of tolerance to islet allografts. Note: In the version of this article initially published, the authors inadvertently misquoted a study as evidence that mouse NKT cells can express CD154 (ref. 29). Rather, the cited study concerned CD40-CD40L interactions in human NK cells. By misquoting this study, the authors also omitted an appropriate reference regarding prior evidence of CD40-CD40L interactions by murine NKT cells (Kitamura, H. et al., J. Exp. Med. 189, 1121; 1999). These errors have been corrected in the PDF version.
Regeneration of broken tip links and restoration of mechanical transduction in hair cells

A hair cell’s tip links are thought to gate mechanoelectrical transduction channels. The susceptibility of tip links to acoustic trauma raises questions as to whether these fragile structures can be regenerated. We broke tip links with the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid and found that they can regenerate, albeit imperfectly, over several hours. The time course of tip-link regeneration suggests that this process may underlie recovery from temporary threshold shifts induced by noise exposure. Cycloheximide does not block tip-link regeneration, indicating that new protein synthesis is not required. The calcium ionophore ionomycin prevents regeneration, suggesting regeneration normally may be stimulated by the reduction in stereociliary Ca2+ when gating springs rupture and transduction channels close. Supporting the equivalence of tip links with gating springs, mechanoelectrical transduction returns over the same time period as tip links; strikingly, adaptation is substantially reduced, even 24 hr after breaking tip links.
The effect of the membrane compression wave on the light scattering spectrum from a protein monomer-dimer equilibrium.

Abstract The membrane compression wave on the Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum of a solution of protein in a monomer-timer equilibrium has been calculated. When the frequency of the longitudinal wave is slow compared to the monomer-dimer exchange frequency the compaction wave produces an asymmetry in the spectrum. The asymmetry is small and may be undetectable in the experimental spectra. If the frequency of the compression wave is high compared to the exchange rate then new bands will appear in the experimental spectra. The amplitude and shift of these peaks are related to the amplitude and frequency of the longitudinal wave, respectively. The bands due to the compression wave in this limit should be detectable in the experimental spectrum. Fitting of the experimental spectrum to the form calculated below will yield valuable information about the membrane compression wave.
Sustainability: insight from industrial ecology.

Sustainability is one of the most important issues we face today, and thus it is essential that it be addressed using the most intelligent and creative methods available. In their Policy Forum “Sustainability science” (Science's Compass, 27 Apr., p. [641][1]), Robert W. Kates and co-authors seem
Laser Assisted Techniques for Diamond and Diamondlike Thin Films

We have deposited diamond-shaped particles using a non equilibrium process of laser ablation from a solid graphite target in a hydrogen discharge. The nucleation on the heated silicon surface occurs in small regions of ~ 0.1 to 0.5 mm covering a small fraction of the surface. The faceting of the crystals observed are mainly octahedral {111} faces. The results of using an eximer laser to ablate a graphite target are described. SEM micrographs show octahedral faceting. Micro Raman spectroscopy on the crystalline features exhibit two bands at 1348 and at ~ 1600 cm−1 . The peak position and large FWHM suggests the existence of disordered sp3 bonding or short range order existing in the film. Another possibility is the existence of a stress state in the crystal due to the non equilibrium nature and the high rate of growth of the crystals. We have also irradiated HFCVD grown diamond film with a XeCl UV- eximer laser. The results indicated that sp2 bonded graphitic and amorphous component are selectively ablated, enhancing the sp3 hybrid bonds in the film.
Breathing: the legacy of Wilhelm Reich

Abstract Wilhelm Reich, originally a protege of Freud, developed his own style of therapy which focused as much on somatic as on verbal analysis. He developed the concept of ‘character armour,’ habitual patterns of muscle tension and constricted breathing which kept strong feelings from conscious attention by blocking both awareness and expression. His contributions to understanding the emotional inputs to bodily dysfunction, particularly the breathing and muscular systems, are valuable and have been incorporated into many different modern therapies. The methods of bioenergetics are summarized with regard to the use of breathing in therapy, including procedures for reducing emotional blocks by facilitating fuller breathing.
Gene expression and developmental rate

InD. melanogaster the genessc, D, L andvg were used to demonstrate the extragenic transmission of factors which change the expression of these genes. Many environmental conditions such as composition of the food influence the developmental rate which in turn can be shown to be primarily responsible for changing the expression of the genes. Genetic modifiers may act indirectly on the expression of these genes by changing the degree of fertility which, through relative crowding, may change the developmental rate. There is a parental effect which is presumably due to the size of the egg determining the developmental rate, environmental influences producing larger or smaller flies and thus determining the expression of the genes in the following generation. There is a grandparental effect which can be shown to be transmitted through the sperm and which usually determines the expression of the genes more strongly than the parental effect. The results can best be explained on the assumption that the various influences change the rate of reproduction of heterochromatic DNA in relation to euchromatic DNA and that, through extragenic transmission, these changes persist for at least two generations.
Middle Component AERs from Neonates to Low-Level Tonal Stimuli

Ipsilaterat and contralateral middle-component AERs (8–90 ms) were recorded from 20 normal neonates. AERs were elicited with either 500-Hz or 3000-Hz tone-pips presented monotically at 10, 30, and ...
Increasing grain protein content of hard red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) by mutation breeding

Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
Preoperative carotid duplex findings predict carotid stump pressures during endarterectomy in symptomatic but not asymptomatic patients.

Background Carotid stump pressure (CSP) is frequently measured to determine the need for shunt use during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We hypothesized that the preoperative carotid duplex examination correlates with preoperative symptoms and intraoperative CSP. Methods Patients undergoing CEA over a 7-year period were identified from our vascular registry. CEA was performed with selective shunting on the basis of intraoperative CSP Results A total of 303 CEAs were performed. Stump pressures were documented in 284 patients, which comprised the study population. Asymptomatic severe stenosis was the indication for CEA in 179 cases (59.1%). Symptomatic patients (Sx) had significantly lower stump pressures than asymptomatic (ASx) patients (40.72 ± 16.27 vs. 45.8 ± 17.64 mm Hg, p = 0.0167). Fifty-seven patients (19%) had contralateral severe ICA stenosis or occlusion. Contralateral ICA stenosis or occlusion had significantly lower CSP than those with lesser degrees of stenosis (39.24 ±15 vs. 44.82 ± 17.62 mm Hg, p = 0.0267). Contralateral ICA severe stenosis or occlusion correlated with lower CSP in Sx patients (32.05 ± 8.24 vs. 42.92 ± 16.95 mm Hg, p = 0.038) but not in ASx patients (43.2 ± 16 vs. 46.29 ± 17.5 mm Hg, p = 0.39). CSP was Conclusions Symptomatic patients undergoing CEA have lower stump pressures than ASx patients overall and also in the presence of contralateral disease. The incidence of perioperative stroke was not predicted by severity of contralateral disease. A strategy of selective shunting seems appropriate even in Sx patients with contralateral severe stenosis or occlusion. Although a high-risk cohort for perioperative neurologic events exists and may include those with symptomatic disease and contralateral severe stenosis or occlusion, further study is warranted to define the patients who will clinically benefit from shunt placement.
T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES IN CHILDREN WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS (SLE). 51

Background: SLE is characterized by abnormalities in T helper and supressor cell function, possibly due to a dysfunction in the T cell receptor complex. A decreased in vitro production of IL-2 and defective proliferative responses by T lymphocytes have been shown in adult patients. Similar data are not available for children. The duration of disease is shorter in children with SLE, thus, we proposed the hypothesis that the defective proliferative responses seen in adults would not be found in children. Methods: We obtained data from 8 children with active SLE and control data from adults and age-matched children without SLE. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients and controls were stimulated with antibodies directed at the T cell receptor complex and costimulator molecules. Four sets of data were obtained using the following antibodies: 1) anti-CD3(OKT3), which directly stimulates the T cell receptor complex, 2) anti-CD3 with IL-2, used to correct an IL-2 defect that was found previously in adults, 3) OKT3+anti-CD28(9.3) to stabilize the mRNA for IL-2, 4) OKT3+anti-CD45(9.4), a factor which plays a role in signal transduction. We also performed reverse transcriptase/PCR to determine if mRNA for IL-2 was being made in all of the above groups. Results: No significant differences were found between the patients (PT) and the controls(Cont). (BL PT=3172±1997, Cont=3269±1702; OKT3 PT=188305±132548, Cont=125644±78520; OKT3+IL-2 PT=258636±51591, Cont=234000±59319; OKT3+9.3 PT=209484±129630, Cont=234485±106213; OKT3+9.4 PT=463577±192609, Cont=446091±278407). The mRNA for IL-2 was found in all the patient groups as well as the controls. Conclusions: We conclude that children with SLE do not have defective lymphocyte proliferation with stimulation using OKT3 and anti-CD28 or anti-CD45. The mechanisms for T cell activation through the T cell receptor complex appear to be intact in children with SLE.
Holland's Theory and Effective Use of Computer-Assisted Career Guidance Systems:

A variety of client characteristics, drawn primarily from John Holland's theory and constructs, were used to examine client reactions to using a computer-assisted career guidance system. The subjects were 206 individuals who sought assistance at a university-based career center. A regression analysis revealed that persons with higher Social and Enterprising scores rated the system lower on its ability to help them acquire self and occupational knowledge.
Optimization of optical properties of resist processes

Thin film interference plays a dominant role in CD control of single layer photoresist processes, causing large changes in the effective exposure dose due to a tiny change in optical phase. Such interference effects are evident in the sinusoidal undulations of a plot of dose to clear versus resist thickness, the 'swing curve'. To quantify the interference swing, we define the swing ratio S as the ratio of the peak to valley change to the average value in the swing curve. S is a fundamental figure of merit for photoresist processes, since linewidth variations with small changes in resist thickness are proportional to S. A simple optical model of photoresist (as a Fabry-Perot etalon) leads to the following analytical expression for the swing ratio S: S approximately equals 4(root)R1R2 e-(alpha D) where R1 is the reflectivity of the resist/air interface, R2 is the reflectivity of the resist/substrate interface, and (alpha) is the resist absorption coefficient. Efforts to improve process control have lead to the invention of many cleaver resist processes including Top Surface Imaging (TSI), Anti-Reflection Coats (ARC), dyed resists, etc. Eq. 1 allows a classification of these processes according to which factor is modified. For example, TSI and dyed resist processed reduce S by increasing (alpha) . ARC processes reduce S as the square root of substrate reflectivity under the resist R2. Fundamental limits of the performance of thin absorbing ARC layers will be described. A novel approach, termed the Top Anti-Reflector (TAR) process, reduces the reflection at the top of the resist R1 and can be shown to dramatically improve process control over varying thicknesses of resist and thin film layers. The effects of multiple wavelength exposure and oblique rays from high NA optics are also briefly examined.