cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The microwave spectra and structure of germylazide and germylisocyanate

Abstract The microwave spectra of several isotopic species of germylazide and germylisocyanate have been recorded from 18.0 to 39.0 GHz. In uoth cases a-type transitions were observed and R-branch assignments have been made for the ground vibrational states for all the isotopic species. From a diagnostic leastsquares adjustment to fit twelve rotational constants for each molecule, the structural parameters were obtained.
A connectionist approach to conceptual information retrieval

This report proposes that recent advances using low-level connectionist representations offer new possibilities to those interested in free text information retrieval (IR). The AIR system demonstrates that this representation suits the IR domain well, particularly the special problems attending the more sophisticated forms of conceptual retrieval required in legal applications. Also, the natural way in which connectionist representations allow learning means that AIR can avoid the high costs associated with manual indexing while providing comparable results. The paper begins by motivating the importance of legal information retrieval, from the perspectives of both the Law and artificial intelligence (AI). Our approach is then compared to traditional methods for IR, and to more recent work using higher-level symbolic representations from AL After a brief introduction to connectionist representations in general, the AIR system is presented. The paper closes with evidence that this system does, in fact, begin to support the use of those “open textured” concepts that make the Law both a very difficult and a very illuminating domain for AI research.
Horizon problems and property rights in labor-managed firms

Abstract The Furubotn-Pejovich horizon problem arises from the lack of any recoupable claim on the equity in Yugoslav-type social-property LMFs. This problem has been solved by the system of internal capital accounts of the Mondragon-type individual-equity LMFs. The worker's profit rights are contingent on working in a LMF, so a Jensen-Meckling-type residual horizon problem might remain even in an individual-equity LMF. But property-theoretic analysis shows that the basic difference with a capitalist firm lies in contractual opportunities, not property rights. Capitalist owners may hire future workers; members of a LMF may not.
QUANTUM GAUGE FIELDS AT HIGH CURVATURE

We calculate the effective action to one-loop order for a gauge theory in curved spacetime. We obtain explicitly the full dependence on the scalar curvature R. At large curvature, the effective action is dominated by logarithmic terms which induce asymptotic freedom of the gauge coupling constant. This phenomenon is already significant at scales much below the Planck scale.
Direct synthesis and characterization of optically transparent conformal zinc oxide nanocrystalline thin films by rapid thermal plasma CVD

We report a rapid, self-catalyzed, solid precursor-based thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition process for depositing a conformal, nonporous, and optically transparent nanocrystalline ZnO thin film at 130 Torr (0.17 atm). Pure solid zinc is inductively heated and melted, followed by ionization by thermal induction argon/oxygen plasma to produce conformal, nonporous nanocrystalline ZnO films at a growth rate of up to 50 nm/min on amorphous and crystalline substrates including Si (100), fused quartz, glass, muscovite, c- and a-plane sapphire (Al2O3), gold, titanium, and polyimide. X-ray diffraction indicates the grains of as-deposited ZnO to be highly textured, with the fastest growth occurring along the c-axis. The individual grains are observed to be faceted by (103) planes which are the slowest growth planes. ZnO nanocrystalline films of nominal thicknesses of 200 nm are deposited at substrate temperatures of 330°C and 160°C on metal/ceramic substrates and polymer substrates, respectively. In addition, 20-nm- and 200-nm-thick films are also deposited on quartz substrates for optical characterization. At optical spectra above 375 nm, the measured optical transmittance of a 200-nm-thick ZnO film is greater than 80%, while that of a 20-nm-thick film is close to 100%. For a 200-nm-thick ZnO film with an average grain size of 100 nm, a four-point probe measurement shows electrical conductivity of up to 910 S/m. Annealing of 200-nm-thick ZnO films in 300 sccm pure argon at temperatures ranging from 750°C to 950°C (at homologous temperatures between 0.46 and 0.54) alters the textures and morphologies of the thin film. Based on scanning electron microscope images, higher annealing temperatures appear to restructure the ZnO nanocrystalline films to form nanorods of ZnO due to a combination of grain boundary diffusion and bulk diffusion. PACS: films and coatings, 81.15.-z; nanocrystalline materials, 81.07.Bc; II-VI semiconductors, 81.05.Dz.
Establishment and Host Effects of Cereal Aphids on Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Cultivars1

Abstract. Potential for widespread plantings of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., as a biomass feedstock prompted its evaluation as a host for economically important cereal aphids. Seedlings of four cultivars of switchgrass, ‘Kanlow’, ‘BlackweN’, ’Cave-In-Rock’, and ’Sunburst’, were evaluated as hosts for greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotypes E, I, and Florida; Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.), biotype 2; bird-cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.); corn leaf aphid, R. maidis (Fitch); English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.); and yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes). Greenbug biotype E and Russian wheat aphid biotype 2, both economically important cereal aphids in the United States, and English grain aphid were unable to establish on any of the switchgrass cultivars. However, greenbug biotypes I and Florida, bird-cherry oat aphid, corn leaf aphid, and yellow sugarcane aphid established on all cultivars tested. The aphids which successfully established on switchgrass al...
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF HELICONIUS BUTTERFLIES AND RELATIVES (NYMPHALIDAE: HELICONIITI) : A REVISED PHYLOGENETIC POSITION FOR EUEIDES BASED ON SEQUENCES FROM MTDNA AND A NUCLEAR GENE

A new phylogenetic hypothesis for Heliconius and related genera is presented, based on DNA sequence data from mtDNA combined with a region of the wingless gene. This study also adds eight new taxa to a previous cladistic hypothesis based on the mtDNA alone. Simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of the two gene regions together supports a topology largely in agreement with traditional views of heliconiine relationships based on morphology and suggests that the mtDNA support for the sister relationship between Eueides and H. charithonia is due to convergent evolution of homoplasious mtDNA sites.
Metal Alkoxide Primers in Titanium/Epoxy Bonding

Abstract Factors influencing the durability of Ti-6Al-4V/metal alkoxide/epoxy interphases were determined by studying the chemical composition of three metal alkoxides and evaluating the bond durability of Ti-6Al-4V/epoxy bonds primed with these materials. The three alkoxides were sec-butyl aluminum alkoxide, tetra-isopropyl titanate and tetra-n-butyl titanate. Because adhesive bonds made using phosphate fluoride (P/F) pretreated Ti—6Al—4V substrates were not durable, P/F treated Ti—6Al—4V was chosen as the substrate for testing the possible durability enhancement by the titanium and aluminum alkoxide coatings. Sec-butyl aluminum alkoxide significantly enhanced the bond durability of the P/F pretreated bonds, while the titanium alkoxide primers showed no improvement in durability. The locus of failure and infrared studies indicated the enhancement in durability by the aluminum alkoxide was due to the high concentration of hydroxyl groups on the alkoxide surface available to interact with the epoxy adhesive.
Henry George, John Rae, and the theory of capital in a rapidly transforming economy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish a historical context for the often maligned capital theory of Henry George within a North American frontier tradition that includes John Rae.Design/methodology/approach – Modern discussions of rapid technological and institutional change provide a framework for detailed re‐examination of the capital theories of Rae and George, whose critics were largely constrained by a rigid neoclassical perspective.Findings – Both Rae and George presented capital theories, defined as explanations of the supply of and demand for capital resulting in a determinate capital stock. Both writers stress elements that were not emphasized in neoclassical capital theory, most notably that the capital stock can increase rapidly under certain conditions; increases in knowledge, inventions, technical and technological changes, and scale are more important than mere accumulation of capital; high rates of return combined with rapid technical obsolescence and physical deterioration pr...
Effect of antennas on velocity estimates obtained from crosshole GPR data

To obtain tomographic images with the highest possible resolution from crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data, raypaths covering a wide range of angles between the boreholes are required. In practice, however, the inclusion of high-angle ray data in crosshole GPR inversions often leads to tomograms so dominated by inversion artifacts that they contain little reliable subsurface information. Here, we investigate the problems that arise from the standard assumption that all first-arriving energy travels directly between the centers of the antennas. Through numerical modeling, we show that this assumption is often incorrect at high transmitter-receiver angles and can lead to significant errors in tomographic velocity estimates when the antenna length is a significant fraction of the borehole spacing.
Visualization of rule-based programming

In this paper, we present the Rule-Maker System, which is a visualization approach of Rule-Based Programming. Compared to traditional Rule-Based Programming, Rule-Maker provides an intuitive graphical interface to reduce programming effort and help developers focus on rule structure rather than rule syntax. Programmers can implement graphical modules of algorithms. By connecting with LRR (Laboratory for Rapid Rewriting), the visualization approach hides the computation detail information from the developer.
Brief Parameter identification with derivative shift operator parametrization

A way of parametrizing linear systems using an operator which combines the two commonly used operators, the shift(q) and the delta(@d) operators, is proposed. It is shown that the proposed parametrization improves the numerical property of parameter identification process. By using the proposed operator the condition number of the information matrix in the identification algorithm is significantly lower than that using the q- or @d-operator. It is also shown that accurate and fast converging parameter identification can be achieved by using the new operator at fast sampling rates, especially for systems with relatively wide bandwidth. The numerical superiority of the new parametrization is demonstrated by simulation results.
Analytical validation of a microplate reader-based method for the therapeutic drug monitoring of L-asparaginase in human serum

The enzyme L-asparaginase (ASNASE), which hydrolyzes L-asparagine (L-Asn) to ammonia and L-aspartic acid (L-Asp), is commonly used for remission induction in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. To correlate ASNASE activity with L-Asn reduction in human serum, sensitive methods for the determination of ASNASE activity are required. Using L-aspartic beta-hydroxamate (AHA) as substrate we developed a sensitive plate reader-based method for the quantification of ASNASE derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi and of pegylated E. coli ASNASE in human serum. ASNASE hydrolyzed AHA to L-Asp and hydroxylamine, which was determined at 710 nm after condensation with 8-hydroxyquinoline and oxidation to indooxine. Measuring the indooxine formation allowed the detection of 2 x 10(-5)U ASNASE in 20 microl serum. Linearity was observed within 2.5-75 and 75-1,250 U/L with coefficients of correlation of r(2)>0.99. The coefficients of variation for intra- and interday variability for the three different ASNASE enzymes were 1.98 to 8.77 and 1.73 to 11.0%. The overall recovery was 101+/-9.92%. The coefficient of correlation for dilution linearity was determined as r(2)=0.986 for dilutions up to 1:20. This method combined with sensitive methods for the quantification of L-Asn will allow bioequivalence studies and individualized therapeutic drug monitoring of different ASNASE preparations.
Dispersed flow heat transfer

Abstract An experimental and theoretical analysis of the dispersed flow heat transfer has been performed. The transient experimental technique included a long tubular preheater section for creating a dispersed flow and a short tubular transient test section for collecting the heat-transfer data (heat flux vs wall superheat data). Liquid nitrogen was used as a test fluid. The mass velocities varied from 80 to 300 kg/s m2. The theoretical study included: the analysis of the structure of a dispersed flow (the analysis of a drop size and drop size distribution); the analysis of the deposition motion of liquid drops (the migration of drops toward the wall); the analysis of the possible successive states of drop-wall interaction, and heat transfer to a drop deposited on the heated wall. Based on the above analyses the expression for the heat flux from the wall to dispersed flow has been developed and it has given good agreement with the experimental data.
Management of clinical failures in non-ICU patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations

Clinical failure after initial treatment for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occurs in 10-25% of cases. Once the original diagnosis is confirmed, there is a need to optimise therapy, including introducing bronchodilators and corticosteroids. The use of aggressive antibiotic treatment is recommended for patients with risk factors (elderly, more than four exacerbations per year, underlying cardiopulmonary disease) and more severe disease. Fluoroquinolones are a good choice for those patients who failed initial therapy and who require antimicrobials, including those with simple exacerbations, complicated cases with comorbidity, or those with bronchiectasis. Consideration of less common pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, should also be considered. Bacteria usually associated with exacerbations are becoming increasingly resistant, and this needs to be considered when deciding on appropriate antibiotic treatment.
Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic compounds by hydrogen peroxide

The mixture of hydrogen peroxide and iron oxide (goethite, α-FeOOH) particles was investigated as a potential chemical oxidant for treatment of waters contaminated with synthetic organic pollutants. The oxidation rate of a model organic compound, n-butyl chloride (BuCl) was measured by laboratory experiments at various dosages of hydrogen peroxide and iron oxide particles and pH and alkalinity conditions. The oxidation rate of BuCl was correlated with decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide. The stoichiometric ratio and the optimum chemical dosages were established for oxidation of BuCl. The results indicated that BuCl was oxidized effectively by hydroxyl radical generated from the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with FeOOH particles. The oxidation rate remained independent of the solution pH and alkalinity. Therefore, this heterogeneous oxidation process promises to be more effective than other radical processes including O 3 /UV, H 2 O 2 /O 3 , H 2 O 2 /UV and H 2 O 2 /Fe +2 which are adversely affected by varying pH and high alkalinity levels.
Surface design with minimum energy networks

We describe a method for free form surface design that uses a mesh formed by networks of curves of minimum energy to define surfaces satisfying position, normal, and curvature constraints. The work addresses difficult problems arising in solid modeling, specifically at difficult blending problems, e.g. a blend at a high order vertex with simultaneous convex and concave blends incident to it. The techniques that we describe here may also be applied to general free form surface design. Previous methods for scattered data interpolation use linearized strain energy to produce a G1 network of curves which are subsequently blended. In this work we globall minii mize one of two nonlinear curvature funci.ionals, ~(s)2ds J (strain energy) or ~’(s)2ds (curvature variation) produce a G2 network of c rves. The two functional are compared and both are shown to result in a high degree of fairness. CR
Ground Anisotropy and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Transmitting Antennas

The surface impedance concept is used to examine the effect of ground anisotropy on the radiated field and power dissipation of a horizontal ELF transmitting array. The principal result, for a simple homogeneous but anisotropic ground, is that even though the ground skews the antenna pattern, any attempt to reorient the array to steer the pattern peak towards the receiver incurs an increase in power dissipation. In fact, the power dissipation is minimized by steering the pattern peak even further away from the receiver.
Putting Ethics into the Medical Record

Consider an addition to the medical record—one that heretofore was implicitly present but now must be made explicit: Insert a section called Ethical Concerns.
Capillarity Induced Solvent-Actuated Bonding of Polymeric Microfluidic Devices

Rapid, robust, and economical fabrication of fluidic microchannels is of fundamental importance for the successful development of disposable lab-on-a-chip devices. In this work, we present a solvent-actuated bonding method for fabricating polymeric microfluidic devices at room temperature. A PMMA sheet with an imprinted microchannel was clamped to a blank PMMA sheet, and then 80 ± 5 μL of acetone (bonding solvent) was introduced at one end of the fluidic channel and aspirated out at the other end. As the solvent moved down the channel, capillary forces drew a fraction of the solvent into the interstitial space between the two polymeric substrates. After aspiration, the assembly was incubated in the clamp for 5 min for effective bond formation. The quantity of the bonding solvent, its water content and flow rate, along with residence time in the channel were found to have significant impact on the bond quality and the channel integrity. Microfluidic electrophoretic separations of a 400-base DNA ladder were...
Negative Photoresists For Deep-UV Lithography

Several negative resists which are capable of submicron resolution and high sensitivity using projection printers for one-micron design groundrules have been formulated. In these resists, aryl azides act as photoactive components and aqueous-base developable polymers as resins. Photolysis of resist films generates reactive aryl nitrenes, and crosslinking of resins takes place. The dissolution rate of exposed resist in base developers is decreased with Ro/R near 11, and generally more than 12% of azide loading is found necessary to minimize film loss. By simple spectral filtration and by choosing proper azides, these resists print various profiles useful for many applications. Their lithographic performance as well as some improvements of these resists are summarized.
Disodium cromoglycate, a new compound for the prevention of exacerbations of asthma.

Abstract Disodium cromoglycate (Intal, FPL 670) has been found to inhibit the broncho-spastic response to inhaled antigens in asthmatic patients. Its efficacy in the treatment of bronchial asthma was studied by a double-blind crossover method in 22 patients with persistent, perennial asthma. Each patient received either 2 weeks of disodium cromoglycate, by inhalation 4 times a day, followed by 2 weeks of placebo or the reverse. Daily diaries of symptoms and medication use were kept by each patient so that scores could be calculated from these diaries. Weekly physical examinations, FEV 1 , sputum cultures, blood chemistries, liver function tests, and urinalyses were obtained. Accumulated scores showed that 15 out of 22 patients improved on disodium cromoglycate. Two of the 15 patients had dramatic improvement whereas 13 patients had variable degrees of mild improvement. Analysis of variance showed that the difference between the treated and placebo periods was significant at the 2 per cent level. No untoward side effects were noted.
Secondary metabolites and plant/environment interactions: a view through Arabidopsis thaliana tinged glasses

Arabidopsis thaliana is a successful model plant for studying wide-ranging topics including plant development, genetics and pathogen resistance. In addition, significant research has been conducted in the area of secondary metabolite biochemical genetics. The secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis include glucosinolates, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, the alkaloid-like camalexin, and other uncharacterized compounds. The genetic tools developed in studying secondary metabolite biochemistry are now being used to study how secondary metabolites control various biological processes. This includes compounds involved in plant/insect and plant/pathogen interactions, compounds preventing UV-B damage, and compounds involved in hormone homeostasis. This review will describe what light Arabidopsis is shedding on the biological and ecological importance of specific secondary metabolites.
A METHOD FOR ISOLATION OF CHROMOSOMAL AND PLASMID DNA FROM YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA FOR SIMULTANEOUS AMPLIFICATION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION: A POSSIBLE MODEL FOR OTHER BACTERIA

A commercial DNA isolation kit was evaluated for simultaneous isolation of chromosomal and plasmid DNA from Yersina enterocolitica for polymerase chain reaction amplification. The genomic and plasmid DNA samples obtained by use of the kit were suitable for use in polymerase chain reactions both individually and in multiplex reactions. The results obtained by the use of the kit suggest that this kit may be applied to isolate both genomic and plasmid DNA from other microorganisms for polymerase chain reaction amplification.
APPEARANCE AND REALTTY IN CHINESE BUDDHIST METAPHYSICS FROM A EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHICAL POINT OF VIEW

Interet de la metaphysique bouddhiste chinoise sur la question de l'apparence et de la realite comprise d'un point de vue europeen
Electron-Excited Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry at High Speed and at High Resolution: Silicon Drift Detectors and Microcalorimeters

Two recent developments in X-ray spectrometer technology provide dramatic improvements in analytical capabilities that impact the frontiers of electron microscopy. Silicon drift detectors (SDD) use the same physics as silicon (lithium) energy dispersive spectrometers [Si(Li) EDS] but differ in design: only 10% of the thickness of the Si(Li) EDS with an anode area below 0.1 mm2 and a complex rear surface electrode pattern that creates a lateral internal charge collection field. The SDD equals or betters the Si(Li) EDS in most measures of performance. For output versus input count rate, the SDD exceeds the Si(Li) EDS by a factor of 5 to 10 for the same resolution. This high throughput can benefit analytical measurements that are count limited, such as X-ray mapping and trace measurements. The microcalorimeter EDS determines the X-ray energy by measuring the temperature rise in a metal absorber. Operating at 100 mK, the microcalorimeter EDS achieves resolution of 2–5 eV over a photon energy range of 200 eV to 10 keV in energy dispersive operation, eliminating most peak interference situations and providing high peak-to-background to detect low fluorescence yield peaks. Chemical bonding effects on low energy (<2 keV) peak shapes can be measured.
Polarisation in the USA: Climate Change, Party Politics, and Public Opinion in the Obama Era

This study explores the polarised nature of climate change politics in the USA. First, it describes the opposing stances on climate change taken by Republican and Democratic leaders. It then uses survey data to show that Republican and Democratic citizens hold widely differing views on climate change and that these differences are greatest among the most educated. Partisan polarisation poses a challenge to those seeking to build support for new policy efforts on climate change.
A differential prey response to invasive lionfish, Pterois volitans: Prey naiveté and risk-sensitive courtship

Abstract The assimilation of behavioral and evolutionary processes into conservation management provides insights into how invasive predators affect native fauna. The Indo-Pacific lionfish ( Pterois volitans ) has caused extensive reduction in the abundance of small-bodied reef fish within their introduced range. One possible mechanism facilitating this high predation rate may be due to prey exhibiting evolutionary naivete toward this invasive predator. Here, we tested for the potential role of prey naivete by examining the behavioral response of a prey species, the beaugregory damselfish ( Stegastes leucostictus ), toward this invasive predator. Damselfish demonstrated invasive predator recognition and subsequent anti-predator behavior, which may attenuate the impact posed by this invasive predator. However, damselfish under predation threat failed to modulate courtship behavior in the presence of lionfish. Therefore, benefits derived from the ability to recognize and respond appropriately to lionfish may be of little consequence if damselfish are unable to curtail high-risk courtship behavior in their presence.
Word-of-mouth promotion and switching behavior in Japanese and American business-to-business service clients

Abstract This comparative study examines whether customers in Japan and the US who use referrals to find business-to-business services (e.g., banking, advertising and insurance) are more likely to remain loyal to their service providers. The effects of national culture (Japanese or American) and relative location (foreign or domestic) are anticipated and explored. Regression analysis results indicate that companies who used referrals to source their service providers switched less than those who did not. Furthermore, companies operating in foreign environments (Japanese companies in the US and American firms in Japan) switched more than those operating in domestic environments. Other cross-cultural and international results are presented and discussed.
Predicting discharge in uncomplicated near-drowning

Abstract To determine if routine, noninvasive parameters could be measured which predict early (4–6 hour) discharge from the emergency department (ED) in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic victims of childhood near-drowning, a retrospective cohort study was undertaken. Patients with fresh water near-drowning were studied over a 3-year period who presented with Glascow Come Scale (GCS) ≥13 and required no advanced life support prior to or ≤4 hours after ED presentation. Three groups of patients were found: 39 patients (81%) had normal pulmonary examination (PEx) and normal room air oxygen saturation (RASaO 2 ) by 4 to 6 hours and did not deteriorate during the hospital admission ( 2 by 8 to 12 hours and did not deteriorate during hospitalization ( 2 at 6 hours deteriorated while in the hospital (Cl 92.3–100%). Children who present to the ED with GCS ≥13 and have normal PEx/respiratory effort and RA-SaO 2 more than 95% at 4 to 6 hours after ED presentation can be safely discharged home.
Predicting Impending Bankruptcy From Auditor Qualified Opinions And Audit Firm Changes

Unlike prior research, we investigate the incremental explanatory power of both auditor qualified opinions and auditor changes beyond the information conveyed by traditional financial statement ratios in predicting bankruptcy. We find that qualified auditor opinion and auditor changes are both important in predicting impending bankruptcy and that auditor changes convey important information not reflected in auditor qualified opinions alone. In fact, we find compelling evidence that auditor changes provide incremental explanatory power in predicting impending firm failure beyond what is conveyed by auditor qualified opinions and traditional financial statement ratios considered jointly. Although the existing relevant literature provides no empirical evidence in this regard to our knowledge, this result is intuitive as one motivation for clients to change audit firms is to seek less conservative professional auditors as a strategic response to manifestation of the financial statement effects of bankruptcy.
Can shortest-path routing and TCP maximize utility

TCP-AQM protocol can be interpreted as distributed primal-dual algorithms over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility. In this paper, we study whether TCP-AQM together with shortest-path routing can maximize utility with appropriate choice of link cost, on a slower timescale, over both source rates and routes. We show that this is generally impossible because the addition of route maximization makes the problem NP-hard. We exhibit an inevitable tradeoff between routing instability and utility maximization. For the special case of ring network, we prove rigorously that shortest-path routing based purely on congestion prices is unstable. Adding a sufficiently large static component to link cost, stabilizes it, but the maximum utility achievable by shortest-path routing decreases with the weight on the static component. We present simulation results to illustrate that these conclusions generalize to general network topology, and that routing instability can reduce utility to less than that achievable by the necessarily stable static routing.
Haskell Solutions to the Language Session Problems at the 1988 Salishan High-Speed Computing Conference

Publisher Summary Haskell is a new functional language, named after the logician Haskell B. Curry that was designed by a 15-member international committee representative of the functional programming research community. The committee was formed because it was felt that research and application of modern functional languages was being hampered by the lack of a common language. Haskell is a general purpose, purely functional programming language exhibiting many of the recent innovations in programming language research, including higher-order functions, non-strict functions and data structures, static polymorphic typing, user-definable algebraic data types, pattern-matching, list comprehensions, a module system, and a rich set of primitive data types, including arbitrary and fixed precision integers and complex, rational, and floating-point numbers. In addition, it has several novel features that give it additional expressiveness, including an elegant form of overloading using a notion of type classes, a flexible I/O system that unifies the two most popular functional I/O models and an array data type that allows purely functional, monolithic arrays to be constructed using array comprehensions.
Cellulose synthase-like genes of rice.

Identification of the biosynthetic enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis remains one of the major unsolved problems of plant biology. Of the major polysaccharides of the plant cell wall, pectins and hemicelluloses are synthesized in the Golgi, and callose and cellulose are synthesized at the
Design and Validation of Robust Systems

Robust system design ensures that future electronic systems perform correctly despite increasing complexity and rising levels of disturbances in the underlying hardware. This paper discusses two essential aspects of robust system design.
Scattering of transient radiation from an imperfectly conducting infinite periodic sea surface

The performance of an impulse radar in a sea-surface environment is strongly influenced by the ability to minimize the sea clutter. Two methods of determining the transient scattering from a sea-surface interface are investigated. One method utilizes the Rayleigh approximation, and therefore is valid only for certain parameter regimes, while the other method uses magnetic field integral equations (MFIE) and yields correct results for all regimes. The advantage of the Rayleigh approximated analysis is in the computation time involved. In both methods, frequency-domain results are obtained. A large frequency bandwidth is needed to properly reconstruct the time-domain transient response; this implies a large number iterations is needed to implement such a bandwidth. The knowledge gained from this analysis will allow for a minimization of the sea clutter, thus improving the impulse radar detection in a sea environment. The TM polarization is of the greatest interest, because of the Brewster angle phenomenon, therefore only the TM case is discussed in detail.
Evaluation of Safety Data from Controlled Clinical Trials: The Clinical Principles Explained

A comprehensive discussion is presented of the principles underlying the evaluation of safety data from controlled clinical trials. Emphasis is placed on clinical concepts rather than statistical methodology. The essential elements of safety analysis, the critical concepts involved, and trial design issues that affect the interpretation of safety data are explained. Particular attention is paid to the importance of exposure data, the estimation of adverse event frequencies in longer-term trials, evaluation of laboratory data, and the assessment of risk factors.
Treat-to-target insulin titration algorithms when initiating long or intermediate acting insulin in type 2 diabetes.

Background:Until recently, titration of insulin in type 2 diabetes clinical trials was typically left up to the investigator's discretion with a simple statement of the target ranges for glucose. In type 2 diabetes trials the average glycemic control achieved was usually less than desirable. Since then a number of trials have been conducted and reported utilizing various algorithms under various conditions. The objective of this article is to provide a review of the evidence to date.Methods:In addition to studies already identified through work in the area, the literature was searched using PubMed with the search words “insulin and titration” and subsequently “insulin and algorithm” from which studies starting insulin therapy using insulin titration algorithms in type 2 diabetes were selected.Results:The different algorithms and achieved results for glycemic control and hypoglycemia, as well as factors appearing to impact the results, are reviewed.Conclusion:The recent introduction of rigorously implement...
TRAJECTORY PLANNING FOR COORDINATED RENDEZVOUS OF UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES

A trajectory generation strategy that facilitates the coordination of multiple unmanned air vehicles is developed. Of particular interest is the planning of threat-avoiding trajectories that result in the simultaneous arrival of multiple UAVs at their targets. In this approach, paths to the target are modeled using the physical analogy of a chain. A unique strength of the planning approach is the ability to specify or alter the pathlength by adding or subtracting links from the chain. Desirable paths to the target are obtained by simulating the dynamics of the chain where threats apply repulsive forces to the chain and forces internal to the chain tend to straighten it out. The result for multiple vehicles and targets is a set of smooth and flyable paths of equal length that reduces exposure to threats.
Soluble oligomers are sufficient for transmission of a yeast prion but do not confer phenotype

Amyloidogenic proteins aggregate through a self-templating mechanism that likely involves oligomeric or prefibrillar intermediates. For disease-associated amyloidogenic proteins, such intermediates have been suggested to be the primary cause of cellular toxicity. However, isolation and characterization of these oligomeric intermediates has proven difficult, sparking controversy over their biological relevance in disease pathology. Here, we describe an oligomeric species of a yeast prion protein in cells that is sufficient for prion transmission and infectivity. These oligomers differ from the classic prion aggregates in that they are soluble and less resistant to SDS. We found that large, SDS-resistant aggregates were required for the prion phenotype but that soluble, more SDS-sensitive oligomers contained all the information necessary to transmit the prion conformation. Thus, we identified distinct functional requirements of two types of prion species for this endogenous epigenetic element. Furthermore, the nontoxic, self-replicating amyloid conformers of yeast prion proteins have again provided valuable insight into the mechanisms of amyloid formation and propagation in cells.
LARGE‐SCALE SPATIAL GRADIENTS IN HERBIVORE POPULATION DYNAMICS

Spatial gradients in density dependence and cyclicity are familiar features of the population dynamics of small mammals, particularly Fennoscandian rodents. The most well-documented of such gradients is a weakening of direct density dependence and an increase in the tendency of populations to cycle the farther north they occur, a phenomenon that has been attributed to gradients in predation and seasonality. Among large mammals, however, for which evidence of cyclicity is less clear, geographic gradients in population dynamics are limited to spatial variation in the strength of density independence. The population dynamics of caribou and muskoxen in Greenland, for example, display latitudinal gradients in the response of populations to large-scale climatic fluctuation. To my knowledge, the existence of spatial gradients in density dependence has not been explicitly investigated in large mammals. Here I present an analysis of the dynamics of 27 populations of caribou and reindeer in Greenland, Finland, and Russia, spanning 21 degrees of latitude (51.7°–72.7° N) and 215 degrees of longitude (56.4° W–159.5° E), to identify spatial gradients in density dependence and independence. Results of autoregressive time series analysis show a clear gradient in the strength of direct density dependence exhibited by these populations that declines from southern to northern latitudes. Although this pattern mirrors the latitudinal gradient evident in Fennoscandian rodent dynamics, an analysis of the dimensionality of these time series suggests that few, if any, of the populations are limited by predators. The existence of an inverse latitudinal gradient in the magnitude of the influence of large-scale climate on the dynamics of these populations suggests there may be a tension in the strength of density-dependent vs. density-independent limitation experienced by them.
2-D angle estimation in beamspace featuring multidimensional multirate eigenvector processing

Zoltowski and Kautz (see IEEE Tran. on Signal Processing, May 1994 and IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Jan. 1994) developed a beamspace domain based 1D angle estimation scheme for uniform linear arrays that allows one to solve for the arrival angles of plane waves via the roots of a small order polynomial and works with any type of front end beamformer. This paper extends their approach to the more general case of 2D angle estimation with a uniform rectangular array (URA) of sensors. The approach is based on the fact that the telescoped beamspace noise eigenvectors exhibit a bandpass characteristic. Therefore, multidimensional multirate processing can be performed to ultimately yield a small dimensional signal subspace. A novel version of ESPRIT can then be applied to effect closed-form 2D angle estimation and automatically couple the two components of the source directions. Simulations demonstrating the efficacy of the approach are presented. >
A highly parallel algorithm for the numerical simulation of unsteady diffusion processes

Stabilized explicit implicit domain decomposition (SEIDD) is a class of globally non-iterative domain decomposition methods for the numerical simulation of unsteady diffusion processes on parallel computers. By adding a communication-cost-free stabilization step to the explicit-implicit domain decomposition (EIDD) methods, the SEIDD methods achieve high stability but with the restriction that the interface boundaries have no crossing-overs inside the domain. In this paper, we present a parallelized SEIDD algorithm with parallelism higher than the number of subdomains, eliminating the disadvantage of non-crossing-over interface boundaries at a slight computation cost.
Uncertainty Mitigation for Utility-Oriented Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Link and node reliability are important metrics in wireless ad hoc networks. Therefore, evaluating and quantifying reliability has become the cornerstone of research in this field. Many existing wireless ad hoc network routing algorithms assume the availability of precise reliability information. This, however, is an unrealistic assumption given the dynamics of wireless ad hoc networks. Also, due to frequent changes in topology, reliability information is hard to collect, and oftentimes, inaccuracies can creep in. Therefore, a realistic method is needed to evaluate reliability by mitigating uncertainty in the estimation process. In this paper, we propose a novel reliability estimation model, account for uncertainty in the estimation, and design an uncertainty mitigation scheme. We then illustrate the effectiveness of our scheme in estimating reliability under various levels of uncertainty using a utility-oriented routing algorithm as a sample application. An extensive simulation study shows that the mitigation scheme significantly increases path stability and the long-term total benefit of the system.
Resampling Methods for Spatial Data

In this chapter, we describe bootstrap methods for spatial processes observed at finitely many locations in a sampling region in ℝ d . Depending on the spatial sampling mechanism that generates the locations of these data-sites, one gets quite different behaviors of estimators and test statistics. As a result, formulation of resampling methods and their properties depend on the underlying spatial sampling mechanism. In Section 12.2, we describe some common frameworks that are often used for studying asymptotic properties of estimators based on spatial data. In Section 12.3, we consider the case where the sampling sites (also referred to as data-sites in this book) lie on the integer grid and describe a block bootstrap method that may be thought of as a direct extension of the MBB method to spatial data. Here, some care is needed to handle sampling regions that are not rectangular. We establish consistency of the bootstrap method and give some numerical examples to illustrate the use of the method. Section 12.4 gives a special application of the block resampling methods. Here, we make use of the resampling methods to formulate an asymptotically efficient least squares method of estimating spatial covariance parameters, and discuss its advantages over the existing estimation methods. In Section 12.5, we consider irregularly spaced spatial data, generated by a stochastic sampling design. Here, we present a block bootstrap method and show that it provides a valid approximation under nonuniform concentration of sampling sites even in presence of infill sampling. It may be noted that infill sam-pling leads to conditions of long-range dependence in the data, and thus, the block bootstrap method presented here provides a valid approximation under this form of long-range dependence. Resampling methods for spatial prediction are presented in Section 12.6.
Branched-Chain Sugars of Natural Occurrence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the branched-chain sugars of natural occurrence. Prior to the study of the structure of the antibiotic streptomycin, the only natural products known to contain a branched-chain sugar were the flavone glycosides of the parsley plant and the hamameli-tannin obtained from the bark of witch hazel. In naming a branched-chain sugar according to the existing rules of carbohydrate nomenclature, a system may be adopted wherein the branched-chain moiety is regarded as a substituent on a carbon atom of a straight-chain sugar, replacing either a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group. Thus, hamamelose can be defined as 2- C -(hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose. A complication encountered in the nomenclature of branched-chain monosaccharides is in the numbering of the carbon atoms of the molecule. There is some precedent for numbering the carbon atoms of the branched moiety continuously with the carbon atoms of the main chain. However, this can result in confusion and ambiguity, especially when there are further substituents on the branched carbon atoms.
Prospective Energy Analysis of Emerging Technology Options for the United States Ethylene Industry

In this study, a bottom-up technology assessment model is constructed and applied to evaluate potential changes in the cradle-to-gate primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of U.S. ethylene production in the future. Three chemical pathways are modeled: conventional natural gas to ethylene, shale gas to ethylene, and crude-oil-based naphtha to ethylene. State-of-the-art technology and five emerging technologies for the production of ethylene from natural gas are evaluated at the process and national levels. The results quantify the primary energy and GHG emissions reductions achievable with state-of-the-art and emerging technologies, highlight the key parameters influencing their reduction potentials, and shed light on the implications of possible feedstock and technology shifts for U.S. ethylene production over the next several decades. The generalized and flexible modeling framework presented can be further used by energy, policy, and environmental analysts for assessing the saving...
Evaluation of the Role of Water in the H2 Bond Formation by Ni(II)-Based Electrocatalysts

We investigate the role of water in the H-H bond formation by a family of nickel molecular catalysts that exhibit high rates for H2 production in acetonitrile solvent. A key feature leading to the high reactivity is the Lewis acidity of the Ni(II) center and pendant amines in the diphosphine ligand that function as Lewis bases, facilitating H-H bond formation or cleavage. Significant increases in the rate of H2 production have been reported in the presence of added water. Our calculations show that molecular water can displace an acetonitrile solvent molecule in the first solvation shell of the metal. One or two water molecules can also participate in shuttling a proton that can combine with a metal hydride to form the H-H bond. However the participation of the water molecules does not lower the barrier to H-H bond formation. Thus these calculations suggest that the rate increase due to water in these electrocatalysts is not associated with the elementary step of H-H bond formation or cleavage but rather with the proton delivery steps. We attribute the higher barrier in the H-H bond formation in the presence of water to a decrease in direct interaction between the protic and hydridic hydrogen atoms forced by the water molecules.
Stimulation of Cell-Free Gastric Mucus by the Topical Application of Acetylcholine.

SummaryThe topical application of acetylcholine or related parasympathomimetic drugs to the mucosa of canine fundic pouches results in the secretion of alkaline opalescent viscid mucus which is free of columnar cells. These studies confirm our previous conclusion, that the exfoliation of gastric surface cells is not an essential part of the process of mucus secretion.