cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy and breastfeeding in hidradenitis suppurativa: A review of medication safety

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that disproportionately affects women of childbearing age. Pregnancy influences HS severity for many women, thus diligent continued management throughout pregnancy and postpartum may be required. Herein, we provide an updated review of pregnancy and lactation safety data for HS medications, including topical antiseptic washes, topical and systemic antibiotics, biologic and nonbiologic immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, adjunct medical therapies, and pain medications, to help guide risk-benefit discussions between providers and HS patients.
Testimony on the STRONGER Patents Act before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Intellectual Property Subcommittee

This invited testimony was presented at a hearing on the STRONGER Patents Act before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Intellectual Property Subcommittee, on September 11, 2019. It explains how the STRONGER Patents Act addresses two sources of uncertainty, instability and weakness in the U.S. patent system today. First, the bill permanently would end the willy-nilly operations of the Patent Trial & Appeal Board (PTAB), an administrative tribunal created by Congress in 2011 to cancel issued patents. The PTAB engages in numerous procedural “shenanigans” that have produced extremely high cancellation rates, earning it the moniker of a “death squad” for patents. The STRONGER Patents Act imposes structural reforms on the PTAB by hardwiring into it necessary limitations on arbitrary action. Second, the bill abrogates the Supreme Court’s 2006 decision in eBay v. MercExchange, which created a new test for issuing injunctions for the ongoing infringement of a valid patent. By eliminating the classic legal test of a presumptive injunction for an ongoing violation of a valid property right, eBay has led to a significant drop in courts issuing injunctions for all patent owners. Both the PTAB and eBay have created a cloud over the titles of patents, incentivizing “efficient infringement” by large companies and hampering the economic function of patents in driving licensing and other commercial activities in the innovation economy. Thus, the STRONGER Patents Act represents much-needed reform. It reestablishes reliable and effective patent rights, stable legal institutions, and the rule of law in the patent system — essential features of all legal property rights in driving economic growth in innovation economies.
Business Data Ethics: Emerging Trends in the Governance of Advanced Analytics and AI

Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence are powerful technologies that, along with their benefits, create new threats to privacy, equality, fairness and transparency. Existing law does not yet protect sufficiently against these threats. This has led some organizations to pursue what they call “data ethics” or “AI ethics” in an attempt to bring advanced analytics and AI more into line with societal values and so legitimate their growing use of these technologies. To date, much of the scholarship on data ethics has sought either to define the ethical principles to which organization should aspire, or to map out the laws and regulations needed to push organizations towards these ethical goals. While these two lines of inquiry are important, the literature is missing a critical third dimension: empirical work on how organizations are actually governing the threats that their use of advanced analytics and AI can generate. Good regulatory design requires such knowledge. Yet, while there have been important studies of how organizations manage privacy “on the ground” (Bamberger and Mulligan 2015), there has been little such work on the governance of advanced analytics and AI. This report begins to fill this gap. Focusing on private sector organizations, the authors interviewed corporate privacy managers deemed by their peers to be leaders in the governance of advanced analytics and AI, as well as the lawyers, consultants and thought leaders who advise them on this topic. They also surveyed a wider range of privacy mangers. The study sought to answer three, fundamental questions about business data ethics management: (1) How do leading companies conceptualize the threats that their use of advanced analytics and AI pose for individuals, groups and the broader society? (2) If it is true that the law does not yet require companies to reduce these risks, then why are they pursuing data ethics? and (3) How are companies pursuing data ethics? What substantive benchmarks, management processes and technological solutions do they use towards this end? The authors previously shared on SSRN their preliminary findings. This final report provides a much fuller picture. The report should provide legislators and policymakers with an empirical foundation for their efforts to regulate advanced analytics and AI, at the same time as it gives interested organizations ideas on how to improve their data ethics management.
Age-related effects in delay discounting for food.

Abstract Developmental influences of growth, such as hormones and metabolic factors, increase food intake and weight across the lifespan. Delay discounting (DD), a choice procedure that characterizes preferences for immediate rewards, such as food, over larger, more delayed ones may be useful in understanding developmental and metabolic changes in decision making processes related to food intake. The present study examined the relation between age and food DD in a cross-sectional design. Other variables, such as pubertal stage, were examined also as these may influence discounting. Participants (N = 114; 28 children and 86 adult) from a community sample completed measures of food and money delay discounting to determine if age-related variation in discounting tendencies is food-specific or more general. Both measures yield an omnibus discounting value and three additional values for small, medium, and large magnitudes. Analyses first revealed magnitude effects-- smaller magnitudes of both food and money were discounted more steeply than larger magnitudes. Hierarchical regressions indicated subjective hunger predicted steeper food discounting. When subjective hunger was controlled, age, but not puberty, significantly predicted food discounting for omnibus, medium, and large magnitudes of food. In children, food discounting decreased from early childhood to late adolescence. In adults, food discounting increased from early to late adulthood. Neither age, puberty, nor obesity status predicted any measure of monetary discounting. Food discounting, then, appears to change across the lifespan, and therefore, may be appropriate to examine psychological processes that accompany developmental and metabolic changes across the lifespan.
Lessons Learned from Ethiopia's Trademarking and Licensing Initiative: Is the European Union's Position on Geographical Indications Really Beneficial for Developing Nations?

This paper examines Ethiopia's Trademarking and Licensing Initiative; specifically, Ethiopia's choice to use trademarks and not Geographical Indications ("GIs") to protect its intellectual property rights in its heritage coffees. This paper argues that the European Union's ("EU") proposed greater protection of GIs and request for a multilateral registry of GIs may create a hurdle for developing nations to enter the worldwide market and, quite possibly, force developing nations to rely upon archaic agricultural methods instead of developing new, innovative farming techniques. It also argues that the EU's proposed "claw back" provision is, ultimately, a mechanism to extract a premium for what is, or was, Traditional Knowledge ("TK") of different European cultures and questions the possible consequences if the EU succeeds in its efforts to reclaim words that have become generic.
Single crystal growth of Ga2(SexTe1−x)3 semiconductors and defect studies via positron annihilation spectroscopy

Small single crystals of Ga2(SexTe1−x)3 semiconductors, for x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, were obtained via modified Bridgman growth techniques. High resolution powder x-ray diffractometry confirms a zincblende cubic structure, with additional satellite peaks observed near the (111) Bragg line. This suggests the presence of ordered vacancy planes along the [111] direction that have been previously observed in Ga2Te3. Defect studies via positron annihilation spectroscopy show an average positron lifetime of ≈400ps in bulk as-grown specimens. Such a large lifetime suggests that the positron annihilation sites in these materials are dominated by defects. Moreover, analyzing the electron momenta via coincidence Doppler broadening measurements suggests a strong presence of large open-volume defects, likely to be vacancy clusters or voids.
A Test for the Consistency of Demand Data with Consumer Preference Theory

We introduce adding-up, convexity, and noninferiority into the weak axiom of revealed preferences and show how we can use this approach to detect and measure structural change without estimation or subjective input. We use this new approach to measure taste changes among meats for the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea.
Atenolol Renal Secretion Is Mediated by Human Organic Cation Transporter 2 and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Proteins

Atenolol is a β-blocker widely used in the treatment of hypertension. Atenolol is cleared predominantly by the kidney by both glomerular filtration and active secretion, but the molecular mechanisms involved in its renal secretion are unclear. Using a panel of human embryonic kidney cell lines stably expressing human organic cation transporter (hOCT) 1-3, human organic anion transporter (hOAT) 1, hOAT3, human multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (hMATE) 1, and hMATE2-K, we found that atenolol interacted with both organic cation and anion transporters. However, it is transported by hOCT1, hOCT2, hMATE1, and hMATE2-K, but not by hOCT3, hOAT1, and hOAT3. A detailed kinetic analysis coupled with absolute quantification of membrane transporter proteins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that atenolol is an excellent substrate for the renal transporters hOCT2, hMATE1, and hMATE2-K. The Km values for hOCT2, hMATE1, and hMATE2-K are 280 ± 4, 32 ± 5, and 76 ± 14 μM, respectively, and the calculated turnover numbers are 2.76, 0.41, and 2.20 s(-1), respectively. To demonstrate unidirectional transepithelial transport of atenolol, we developed and functionally validated a hOCT2/hMATE1 double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cell culture model. Transwell studies showed that atenolol transport in the basal (B)-to-apical (A) direction is 27-fold higher than in the A-to-B direction, whereas its B-to-A/A-to-B transport ratio was only 2 in the vector-transfected control cells. The overall permeability of atenolol in the B-to-A direction in hOCT2/hMATE1 cells was 44-fold higher than in control cells. Together, our data support that atenolol tubular secretion is mediated through the hOCT2/hMATEs secretion pathway and suggest a significant role of organic cation transporters in the disposition of an important antihypertensive drug.
Analysis of the slow germination of multiple individual superdormant Bacillus subtilis spores using multifocus Raman microspectroscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy

Aim: To analyse the dynamic germination of hundreds of individual superdormant (SD) Bacillus subtilis spores. Methods and Results: Germination of hundreds of individual SD B. subtilis spores with various germinants and under different conditions was followed by multifocus Raman microspectroscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy for 12 h and with temporal resolutions of ≤30 s. SD spores germinated poorly with the nutrient germinant used to isolate them and with alternate germinants targeting the germinant receptor (GR) used originally. The mean times following mixing of spores and nutrient germinants to initiate and complete fast release of Ca-dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) (Tlag and Trelease times, respectively) of SD spores were much longer than those of dormant spores. However, the ΔTrelease times (Trelease−Tlag) of SD spores were essentially identical to those of dormant spores. SD spores germinated almost as well as dormant spores with nutrient germinants targeting GRs different from the one used to isolate the SD spores and with CaDPA that does not trigger spore germination via GRs. Conclusions: Since (i) ΔTrelease times were essentially identical in GR-dependent germination of SD and dormant spores; (ii) rates of GR-independent germination of SD and dormant spores were identical; (iii) large increases in Tlag times were the major difference in the GR-dependent germination of SD as compared with spores; and (iv) higher GR levels are correlated with shorter Tlag times, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that low levels of a GR are the major reason that some spores in a population are SD with germinants targeting this same GR. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides information on the dynamic germination of individual SD spores and improves the understanding of spore superdormancy.
Comparative study of supported catalyst particles by electron microscopy methods

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field imaging were used to study the size distribution and surface structures of Pt model catalysts on various oxide supports. The relative merits of different electron microscopy methods for catalyst research were evaluated by comparing images recorded with microscopes of different type. It was concluded that HRTEM profile imaging was the most effective technique for direct observation of microstructure, especially the surface structure of supported particles, while HRSEM and HAADF, respectively, were preferred for characterizing the surface topology of catalyst supports and the size distribution of supported particles. Using profile imaging, crystalline monolayers caused by high-temperature reduction on {111} surfaces of Pt/TiO 2 could be recorded with atomic resolution. These overlayers help explain the drop in chemisorption ability due to high-temperature reduction, a phenomenon usually referred to as strong metal-support interaction. HRSEM showed the presence of surface steps on model TiO 2 and a concentration of larger Pt particles on these steps.
High-level expression and mutagenesis of recombinant human phosphatidylcholine transfer protein using a synthetic gene: evidence for a C-terminal membrane binding domain.

Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP) is a 214-amino acid cytosolic protein that promotes intermembrane transfer of phosphatidylcholines, but no other phospholipid class. To probe mechanisms...
EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY OF THE FASCICULUS GRACILIS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)

The first objective of the present study was to ask when axons of the fasciculus gracilis reach the nucleus gracilis in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). When Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the lumbar cord on postnatal day (PD) 1 and the pups were killed 2 days later, labeled axons were present within a distinct fasciculus gracilis at thoracic and cervical levels of the cord. When comparable injections were made at PD3 or 5 and the pups were allowed to survive for the same time period, a few labeled axons could be followed to the caudal medulla where they were located dorsal to the presumptive nucleus gracilis. In order to verify these observations and to determine if any of the axons which innervate the nucleus gracilis early in development originate within dorsal root ganglia, we also employed cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) to label dorsal root axons transganglionically. When CT-HRP was injected into the hindlimb on PD1 and the pups were maintained for 1 day prior to death and HRP histochemistry, labeled axons were present within the fasciculus gracilis at thoracic and cervical levels, but they could not be traced into the medulla. When comparable injections were made on PD3, and the pups were maintained for 2 days, labeled axons were present within the caudal medulla. Our second objective was to determine whether axons of the fasciculus gracilis grow through a lesion of their spinal pathway during early development. In one group of animals, the thoracic cord was transected at PD5, 8, 12, 20 and 26 and bilateral injections of Fast Blue (FB) were made four segments caudal to the lesion 30-40 days later. After a 3-5 day survival, the pups were killed and perfused so that the spinal cord and brainstem could be removed and sectioned for fluorescence microscopy. In all of the cases lesioned at PD5, axons of the fasciculus gracilis were labeled rostral to the site of transection and they could be followed to the nucleus gracilis. Evidence for growth of fasciculus gracilis axons into the caudal medulla was also seen in cases lesioned at PD8. In contrast, labeled axons were not observed rostral to the lesion when it was made at PD12 or at later stages of development. In order to verify that some of the axons which crossed the lesion originated within dorsal root ganglia, the thoracic cord was transected at PD5 in another group of animals and 7 days later, injections of CT-HRP were made into one of the hindlimbs. After a 3 day survival, labeled axons could be traced through the lesion site and into the caudal medulla. We conclude that axons of the fasciculus gracilis reach the nucleus gracilis by at least PD5 in the opossum and that they grow through a lesion of their spinal pathway when it is made at the same age or shortly thereafter. The critical period for such growth appears to end between PD8 and PD12.
Extremely low-resistance nonalloyed ohmic contacts on molecular beam epitaxially grown p-type Ge

Extremely low-resistance nonalloyed ohmic contacts have been formed on p-type Ge grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy as part of a research effort into GaAs/Ge heterojunction devices. Using evaporated Ti/Al metallisation, specific contact resistances well below 1 × 10−6Ωcm2 were achieved for 0heavily doped Ge (p>1 × 1019cm−3). The investigated Ge layers were grown as the base region of AlGaAs/Ge/GaAs HBTs. The influence of the low base resistance on the high-frequency performance of HBTs was studied by simulations.
A Heuristic Algorithm for Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

This paper considers the m-machine flow shop problem to minimize weighted completion time. A heuristic algorithm is presented to deal with the problem for large size problem. At the end of the paper, some numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the heuristic.
Vasculature segmentation for radio frequency ablation of non-resectable hepatic tumors

In Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA) procedures, hepatic tumor tissue is heated to a temperature where necrosis is insured. Unfortunately, recent results suggest that heating tumor tissue to necrosis is complicated because nearby major blood vessels provide a cooling effect. Therefore, it is fundamentally important for physicians to perform a careful analysis of the spatial relationship of diseased tissue to larger liver blood vessels. The liver contains many of these large vessels, which affect the RFA ablation shape and size. There are many sophisticated vasculature detection and segmentation techniques reported in the literature that identify continuous vessels as the diameter changes size and it transgresses through many bifurcation levels. However, the larger blood vessels near the treatment area are the only vessels required for proper RFA treatment plan formulation and analysis. With physician guidance and interaction, our system can segment those vessels which are most likely to affect the RFA ablations. We have found that our system provides the physician with therapeutic, geometric and spatial information necessary to accurately plan treatment of tumors near large blood vessels. The segmented liver vessels near the treatment region are also necessary for computing isolevel heating profiles used to evaluate different proposed treatment configurations.
Synaptic activity-regulated Wnt signaling in synaptic plasticity, glial function and chronic pain

Wnt signaling pathways play important roles in various developmental and oncogenic processes. In the nervous system, Wnt signaling regulates neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic differentiation. Disturbance of Wnt signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Recent studies indicate that Wnt signaling in neurons is closely coupled to synaptic activation, and that the activity-regulated Wnt signaling is critical for the expression of synaptic plasticity and the formation of memory. Dysregulation of the activity-regulated Wnt signaling may have a significant impact on the function of the nervous system. In this article, we will review the identified mechanisms by which synaptic activity controls Wnt signaling in neurons and the neurological functions of the activity-regulated Wnt signaling under normal and specific disease conditions. In particular, we will discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of chronic pain.
Fish assemblage composition in constructed and natural tidal marshes of San Diego Bay : Relative influence of channel morphology and restoration history

This study evaluated the use by fish of restored tidal wetlands and identified links between fish species composition and habitat characteristics. We compared the attributes of natural and constructed channel habitats in Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, San Diego Bay, California, by using fish monitoring data to explore the relationships between channel environmental characteristics and fish species composition. Fishes were sampled annually for 8 yr (1989–1996) at eight sampling sites, four in constructed marshes and four in natural marshes, using beach seines and blocking nets. We also measured channel habitat characteristics, including channel hydrology (stream order), width and maximum depth, bank slope, water quality (DO, temperature, salinity), and sediment composition. Fish colonization was rapid in constructed channels, and there was no obvious relationship between channel age and species richness or density. Total richness and total density did not differ significantly between constructed and natural channels, although California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) were found in significantly higher densities in constructed channels. Multivariate analyses showed fish assemblage composition was related to channel habitat characteristics, suggesting a channel’s physical properties were more important in determining fish use than its restoration status. This relationship highlights the importance of designing restoration projects with natural hydrologic features and choosing proper assessment criteria in order to avoid misleading interpretations of constructed channel success. We recommend that future projects be designed to mimic natural marsh hydrogeomorphology and diversity more closely, the assessment process utilize better estimates of fish habitat function (e.g., individual and community-based species trends, residence time, feeding, growth) and reference site choice, and experimental research be further incorporated into the restoration process.
The familial classification of primary unipolar depression: biological validation of distinct subtypes.

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM in the study of affective disorders has been isolating relatively homogeneous groups of depressed patients. This type of separation is essential to studies of both the etiology and treatment of depression. The bipolar-unipolar and primary-secondary distinctions have proven to be useful classifications in this regard. However, even with these distinctions, the majority of depressed patients remain classified in the heterogeneous group of primary unipolar depression. Winokur’s* has demonstrated that primary unipolar depression can be reliably subclassified on the basis of family history. According to Winokur’s scheme, depressive spectrum disease (DSD) refers to those patients with unipolar depression who have a first-degree family member with alcoholism and/or antisocial personality. There may or may not be a family history of depression in these patients. Familial pure depressive disease (FPDD) applies to patients with a family history only of depression. Those patients without a family history of depression, alcoholism, or antisocial personality are considered to have sporadic depressive disease (SDD). In a hospital population, these subtypes accounted for 16%, 26%, and 45%, respectively, of the unipolar depressives. The remaining 13% could not be classified according to this scheme because either the family history was unknown or because there was a history of mania in a first-degree relative.’
Whitman's Disciples: Editor's Note

Introduces a special double issue of the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review devoted to studies of Whitman's disciples.
Analysis of electrokinetic effects in transcapillary exchange

An idealized model of electrokinetic and convective exchange is used to investigate contributions of solute and barrier charge to capillary permselectivity. The exchange barrier is modelled with parallel plates representing endothelial cell surfaces and a bridging hexagonal array of posts representing glyco-calyx fibers. To construct a general solution of transport through this array, we first derive analytical expressions for electrostatic potential and electroosmotic velocity for transport around a single bounded post. For the negative zeta potential of the interen-dothelial cleft surfaces, we find electroosmotic velocity enhances (diminishes) transport of cationic (anionic) molecules compared to uncharged molecules. This agrees with and may provide a theoretical basis for experimental observations.
Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of a Lactococcus bacteriophage lysin gene

A gene for the lysin of Lactococcus lactis bacteriphage phi vML3 was cloned using an Escherichia coli/bacteriophage lambda host-vector system. The gene was detected by its expression of antimicrobial activity against L. lactis cells in a bioassay. The cloned fragment was analysed by sub-cloning on to E. coli plasmid vectors and by restriction endonuclease and deletion mapping. Its entire DNA sequence was determined and an open reading frame for the lysin structural gene was identified. The sequenced lysin gene would express a protein of 187 amino acids with a molecular weight of 21,090, which is in good agreement with that of a protein detected after in vitro transcription and translation of DNA encoding the gene. Expression of the lysin gene in E. coli and B. subtilis from an adjacent bacteriophage promoter was readily detected but in L. lactis expression of lysin was found to be lethal. The bacteriophage phi vML3 lysin had sequence homology with protein 15 of B. subtilis bacteriophage PZA. This protein is involved in DNA packaging during bacteriophage maturation rather than in host cell lysis. The cloning and analysis of the phi vML3 lysin gene is of importance in further understanding lactic streptococcal bacteriophages, for the development of positive selection vectors and for biotechnological applications of relevance to the dairy industry.
Potassium-ion conduction noise in squid axon membrane.

Spectral analysis (1–1000 Hz) of spontaneous fluctuations of potential and current in small areas of squid (Loligo pealei) axon shows two forms of noise:f−1 noise occurs in both excitable and inexcitable axons with an intensity which depends upon the driving force for potassium ions. The other noise has a spectral form corresponding to a relaxation process, i.e., its asymptotic behavior at low frequencies is constant, and at high frequencies it declines with a slope of −2. This latter noise occurs only in excitable axons and was identified in spectra by (1) its disappearance after reduction of K+ current by internal perfusion with solutions containing tetraethylammonium (TEA+), Cs+ or reduced [Ki+] and (2) its insensitivity to block of Na+ conduction and active transport. The transition frequency of relaxation spectra are also voltage and temperature dependent and relate to the kinetics of K+ conduction in the Hodgkin-Huxley formulation. These data strongly suggest that the relaxation noise component arises from the kinetic properties of K+ channels. Thef−1 noise is attributed to restricted diffusion in conducting K+ channels and/or leakage pathways. In addition, an induced K+-conduction noise associated with the binding of TEA+ and triethyldecylammonium ion to membrane sites is described. Measurement of the induced noise may provide an alternative means of characterizing the kinetics of interaction of these molecules with the membrane and also suggests that these and other pharmacological agents may not be useful in identifying noise components related to the sodium conduction mechanism which, in these experiments, appears to be much lower in intensity than either the normal K conduction or induced noise components.
Effects of Oral Glutathione Supplementation on Systemic Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Human Volunteers

Abstract Background: The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant free radical scavenger synthesized endogenously in humans. Increasing mechanistic, clinical, and epidemiological evidence demonstrates that GSH status is significant in acute and chronic diseases. Despite ease of delivery, little controlled clinical research data exist evaluating the effects of oral GSH supplementation. Objectives: The study objectives were to determine the effect of oral GSH supplementation on biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress in human volunteers. Design: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting/location: The study was conducted at Bastyr University Research Institute, Kenmore, WA and the Bastyr Center for Natural Health, Seattle, WA. Subjects: Forty (40) adult volunteers without acute or chronic disease participated in this study. Intervention: Oral GSH supplementation (500 mg twice daily) was given to the volunteers for 4 weeks. Outcome measures: Primary outcome measu...
Mars-GRAM validation with Mars global surveyor data

Abstract Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model (Mars-GRAM 2001) is an engineering-level Mars atmosphere model widely used for many Mars mission applications. From 0–80 km, it is based on NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model (MGCM), while above 80 km it is based on University of Arizona Mars Thermospheric General Circulation Model. Mars-GRAM 2001 and MGCM use surface topography from Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Validation studies are described comparing Mars-GRAM with Mars Global Surveyor Radio Science (RS) and Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data. RS data from 2480 profiles were used, covering latitudes 75°S–72°N, surface to ∼40 km, for seasons ranging from areocentric longitude of Sun ( L s ) = 70–160° and 265–310°. RS data spanned a range of local times, mostly 0–9 and 18–24 h. For interests in aerocapture and precision landing, comparisons concentrated on atmospheric density. At a fixed height of 20 km, measured RS density varied by about a factor of 2.5 over the range of latitudes and L s values observed. Evaluated at matching positions and times, average RS/Mars-GRAM density ratios were generally 1 ± 0.05, except at heights above ∼25 km and latitudes above ∼50°N. Average standard deviation (SD) of RS/Mars-GRAM density ratio was 6%. TES data were used covering surface to ∼40 km, over more than a full Mars year (February, 1999 through June, 2001, just before start of a Mars global dust storm). Depending on season, TES data covered latitudes 85°S–85°N. Most TES data were concentrated near local times 2 and 14 h. Observed average TES/Mars-GRAM density ratios were generally 1 ± 0.05, except at high altitudes (15–30 km, depending on season) and high latitudes (>45°N), or at most altitudes in the southern hemisphere at L s ∼ 90° and 180°. Compared to TES averages for a given latitude and season, TES data had average density SD about the mean of ∼2.5% for all data, or ∼1–4%, depending on time of day and dust optical depth. Average SD of TES/Mars-GRAM density ratio was 8.9% for local time 2 h and 7.1% for local time 14 h. Thus SD of observed TES/Mars-GRAM density ratio, evaluated at matching positions and times, is about three times the SD of TES data about the TES mean value at a given position and season.
Limb Salvage in Octagenarians— A 4 Year Review

The records of 12 consecutive patients over 80 years of age who were operated on for limb threatening lower extremity ischemic vascular disease were reviewed. Mean age was 82.7 years. All patients underwent abdominal peripheral angiography. Fourteen operative procedures were performed in the 12 patients. Ten patients required 1 operation and 2 patients required 2 opera tions. An attempt was made to perform the least major operative procedure possible because of the age and poor medical condition of the patient popula tion. Procedures included femoral-femoral bypass-5, aorto-femoral bypass-2, axillary-femoral bypass-1, femoral-tibial bypass-2, and femoral-distal popliteal bypass-2. Secondary procedures included axillary-femoral bypass in 1 patient and a femoral-popliteal bypass in 1 patient. There was 1 post-operative mortal ity and 1 major post-operative amputation. Six patients are alive from 3 months to 4 years post-op. Although several digital amputations have been performed, there have been no major a...
Unipolar induction braking of thin metal sheets

The eddy currents due to the motion of a thin conducting strip in the airgap of a d.c.-excited electromagnet are analysed. This permits determination of the braking force exerted on the sheet. A general method for this type of problem is outlined. The current streamlines are shown, and a specific numerical example is given. The results should be of interest in view of the widespread use of electromagnetic braking and damping in measuring instruments, relays etc.
Razor: An architecture for dynamic multiresolution ray tracing

Recent work demonstrates that interactive ray tracing is possible on desktop systems, but there is still much debate as to how to most efficiently support advanced visual effects such as soft shadows, smooth freeform surfaces, complex shading, and animated scenes. With these challenges in mind, we reconsider the options for designing a rendering system and present Razor, a new software rendering architecture for distribution ray tracing designed to produce high-quality images with high performance on future single-chip many-core hardware. Razor includes two noteworthy capabilities: a set of techniques for quickly building the kd-tree acceleration structure on demand every frame from a scene graph and a system design that allows for crack-free multiresolution geometry with each ray independently choosing its geometry resolution. Razor's per-frame kd-tree build is designed to robustly handle arbitrarily scene animation, while its per-ray multiresolution geometry provides continuous level of detail driven by ray and path differentials. Razor also decouples shading from visibility computations using a two-phase shading scheme inspired by the REYES system, and caches tessellated representations of freeform surfaces at multiple levels of detail.We present experimental results gathered from a prototype system implemented on eight CPU cores, and discuss which aspects of the system are most successful and which would benefit from further investigation.
Phase I trial of bortezomib and dacarbazine in melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma

Purpose Preclinical studies in human melanoma cell lines and murine xenograft tumor models suggest that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib enhances the activity of the cytotoxic agent dacarbazine. We performed a phase I trial of bortezomib and dacarbazine in melanoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation tumors. The primary objective was to identify recommended phase II doses for the combination. Experimental design Bortezomib and dacarbazine were both administered intravenously once weekly. All patients received prophylactic antiemetics. Dose escalation proceeded using a standard 3 + 3 design. Response was assessed according to NCI RECIST v1.0. Results Twenty eight patients were enrolled to six dose levels. Bortezomib 1.6 mg/m2 and dacarbazine 580 mg/m2 are the recommended phase II weekly doses. The combination was generally well tolerated. Among 15 patients with melanoma there was one durable complete response in a patient with an exon-11 cKIT mutation, and one partial response. Among 12 patients with soft tissue sarcoma there was one partial response. Conclusions Bortezomib 1.6 mg/m2 and dacarbazine 580 mg/m2 administered intravenously once weekly is well tolerated and has at least minimal activity in melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma.
Health of adults caring for orphaned children in an HIV-endemic community in South Africa

Abstract In South Africa, an estimated 2.5 million children have been orphaned by AIDS and other causes of adult mortality. Although there is a growing body of research on the well-being of South African orphaned children, few research studies have examined the health of adult individuals caring for children in HIV-endemic communities. The cross-sectional survey assessed prevalence of general health and functioning (based on Short-Form 36 version 2 scale), depression (based on Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale), anxiety (using Kessler-10 scale), and post-traumatic stress (using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire) among a representative community sample of adults caring for children in Umlazi Township, an HIV-endemic community in South Africa. Of 1599 respondents, 33% (n=530) were carers of orphaned children. Results showed that, overall, carers reported poor general health and functioning and elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. Carers of orphaned children repor...
Wisconsin Boulder Flow and Its Geomorphic Implications, Franklin Mountains, El Paso County, Texas: Reply

A Wisconsin alluvial deposit with surface features similar to those of rubble streams, rock glaciers, or debris flows occurs in Tom Mays Park Canyon in the northern Franklin Mountains between 5,100 and 5,900 ft elev at lat 31°53′ N. This was too low, at this latitude, to permit formation of interstitial ice. The deposits may have resulted from major flash-flood deposition of rock-fall talus-slope accumulations, resulting from intense frost action, in a regimen originally suited to the transport of products of a normally arid, frost-free climate. This boulder flow is an aggregate of rhyolite which was uniquely responsive to an ephemeral Wisconsin frosty climate. Maximum erosion in this canyon since middle Wisconsin is about 40 ft in stream alluvium and nil on talus slopes. The term boulder flow is proposed for a rock fragment wet flow.
More Than Just Anorexia and Steroid Abuse: Effects of Media Exposure on Attitudes Toward Body Image and Self-Efficacy

Body image research mainly focuses on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. This current study sought to explore the potential positive effects resulting from exposure to a variety of media outlets and to provide a mediation analysis on how media exposure shaped individuals' intentions to perform a target behavior. Results show that female college students' attitudes toward attractive body image and physical activity self-efficacy were influenced by their (a) fashion and entertainment and (b) sports and health magazine reading, whereas male college students' attitudes and self-efficacy were influenced by their sports and health magazine reading. Neither group's attitudes nor self-efficacy were influenced by their viewing of popular television shows. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Effect of aging and caloric restriction on intestinal permeability.

Intestinal permeability is increased in several disorders such as Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Since aging leads to alteration of many biological functions, the effect of aging on intestinal permeability was studied by measuring the intestinal permeability in aging rats gavaged with different size permeability probes— mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, and inulin. In rats fed with control diet, there was a significant increase in intestinal permeability to medium size probes PEG 400 (14.8 ± 0.4 and 21.0 ± 1.1% at 3 and 28 months respectively, p < .01) and mannitol (3.41 ± 0.4 and 5.3 ± 0.5% at 3 and 28 months, respectively, p < .01). Intestinal permeability of the large macromolecule inulin did not change (0.42 ± 0.03 and 0.38 ± 0.02% at 3 and 28 months, respectively) with aging. There was no correlation between weight of the rats and their intestinal permeability. Because dietary caloric restriction has been found to prolong the life span, retard deterioration of several biological functions, and affect intestinal absorptive functions, we examined the effect of lifelong calorie restriction on intestinal permeability changes. Lifelong calorie-restricted diet did not affect age-related change in intestinal permeability. We conclude that intestinal permeability of medium size probes increases with aging and that lifelong caloric restriction does not prevent this change. We speculate that age-associated deterioration in intestinal barrier functions could permit increased systemic absorption of lumenal antigens and could perhaps contribute to the genesis of antigen-related age-associated diseases.
Evaluations of Credibility of the Source of a Message

This srudy investigated subjects' perceptions of the credibility of message sources who either agreed or disagreed with them on general opinion items and particular written messages. Sixty undergraduate students enrolled in interpersonal communication classes first completed a 10-item questionnaire on campus issues using seven-point scales. The students were also asked to write short signed essays expressing their feelings about the use of bell-curve grading to combat grade inflation. The subjects' ideas served as the basis for written messages developed by the experimenter which either agreed or disagreed with the use of bell-curve grading. Subjects were then asked to rate the credibility of a hypothetical message source who either agreed or disagreed with their ratings of the opinion items and whose written position on grade inflation either agreed or disagreed with theirs. Fifteen subjects were assigned to each cell of a 2 x 2 design. Source credibility was evaluated on a 32-item scale containing items drawn from others' work (1, 2, 3 ) . An oblique factor analysis indicated a factor structure compatible with those reported by the above researchers. Factor scores were constructed from the complete factor loading matrix and used in a multivariate analysis of variance. A significant main effect for the source's written message on bell-curve grading (F4.m = 11.62, p < .001) was noted. Examination of the univariate P-ratios (based on Z scores since both Liken and semantic differential items appeared on the credibility measure) indicated that message sources were judged equally on the trustworthiness factor regardless of whether the~r written comments agreed or disagreed with the perceivers'. Significant F values were discovered for the charisma (F1.w = 11.19, p < .001), co-orientation (F1.w = 4.83, p < .03), and expertise (F1.m = 34.62, p < .001) factors. Subjects found the message source who disagreed more charismatic ( M = -1.83) than the conformer ( M = -2.60). Conversely, the agreeing message source was rated higher in co-orientation ( M = -7.02) and expertise ( M = -4.40) than the disagreeing source ( A I = -7.84 for coorientation and M = 5 32 for expertise). These findings suggest a source promoting a message that disagrees with the receiver's view is well adv~sed to expect and compensate for low evaluations in coorientation and expertise. As long as a substantive message is presented, the disagreeing source can seem reasonably trustworthy and quite charismatic. V
[CII] observations of H2 molecular layers in transition clouds

We present the first results on the diffuse transition clouds observed in [CII] line emission at 158 μm (1.9 THz) towards Galactic longitudes near 340° (5 LOSs) & 20° (11 LOSs) as part of the HIFI tests and GOT C+ survey. Out of the total 146 [CII] velocity components detected by profile fitting we identify 53 as diffuse molecular clouds with associated 12 CO emission but without 13 CO emission and characterized by A v < 5 mag. We estimate the fraction of the [CII] emission in the diffuse HI layer in each cloud and then determine the [CII] emitted from the molecular layers in the cloud. We show that the excess [CII] intensities detected in a few clouds is indicative of a thick H 2 layer around the CO core. The wide range of clouds in our sample with thin to thick H 2 layers suggests that these are at various evolutionary states characterized by the formation of H 2 and CO layers from HI and C + , respectively. In about 30% of the clouds the H 2 column densities ("dark gas") traced by the [CII] is 50% or more than that traced by 12 CO emission. On the average ~25% of the total H 2 in these clouds is in an H 2 layer which is not traced by CO. We use the HI, [CII], and 12 CO intensities in each cloud along with simple chemical models to obtain constraints on the FUV fields and cosmic ray ionization rates.
Time-Domain Far-Field Analysis of Radiation Sources

A procedure called FARS (Far-field Analysis of Radiation Sources) was previously described by the author as a means of determining the quantitative contribution per unit length or per unit area to the power radiated from a perfect electric conductor in the frequency domain. It is based on a source-integral expression for the fields of an object of interest. Extension of frequency-domain FARS (FDFARS) to the time domain (TDFARS) is presented here, together with some representative results. Just as frequency-domain and time-domain solutions provide complementary perspectives of general electromagnetic phenomena, so do FDFARS and TDFARS for their particular applications. For example, while a frequency-domain result explicitly demonstrates the effects of standing waves, a time-domain result has the advantage of separating various contributions to the far field due to their different time delays. The motivation for both FDFARS and TDFARS is to provide information about radiation from a perfect electric conductor. A brief description of TDFARS is given here, and demonstrated for some simple wire geometries.
Immunocytochemical and quantitative studies of Na+,K+-ATPase distribution in the developing chick cochlea

Abstract Immunocytochemical methods were used to examine cryosections of the embryonic and neonatal chicken cochlea in order to study the histological distribution of the Na + ,K 4 -ATPase molecule during maturation. In complementary studies the Na + ,K + -ATPase capacity of microdissected freeze-dried substructures of the cochlea was determined fluorometrically. The dark cell of the tegmentum vasculosum exhibited intense immunochemical staining of the convoluted basolateral infoldings. The adjacent light cells demonstrated very little staining. The plasma membrane of the hair cell was also stained as were the first order auditory neurons, including the cell soma. The homogene cells and the supporting cells were unstained. The dark cell was only lightly stained with the antibody at stage 45 but became more intense and selective by the seventh postnatal day. The other cells of the cochlear duct exhibited specific immunofluorescent staining of their plasma membranes from stage 45 onwards and the fluorescent intensity did not change. The tegmentum vasculosum exhibited very high activities of the Na + ,K + -ATPase enzyme relative to the other structures of the cochlea. Furthermore, a pronounced gradient of enzymatic activity was detected longitudinally. The proximal tip (or high-frequency end) had a sixteen-fold greater capacity for Na + - and K + -dependent ATP hydrolysis relative to the distal tip (or low-frequency end). The appearance of this enzyme in the tegmentum vasculosum during the development of the cochlea paralleled the known rate of improvement in hearing thresholds.