cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavity ignition and flameholding of ethylene–air and hydrogen–air flows by a repetitively pulsed nanosecond discharge

Repetitive nanosecond pulse plasma ignition and flameholding of premixed and non-premixed ethyleneair flows are demonstrated in a cavity flow at a static pressure of 0.2 atm and flow velocities of up to at least 100 m/sec. Ignition occurs via formation of multiple arc filaments in the fuel-air plasma, although air plasma at these conditions remains diffuse until the fuel is added. After ignition occurs in the cavity, with ignition delay time of a few milliseconds, the fuel-air plasma remains diffuse and stable, as long as the flame remains in the cavity. The flame fills the entire cavity and couples out to the main flow. Nearly complete combustion is achieved in premixed flows at these conditions, with burned fuel fraction nearly independent of the flow velocity. Fuel burning in a high-speed flow downstream of the cavity occurs over a fairly long distance, up to a few tens of cm. Air plasma temperatures before ignition range from 100 0 C to 200 0 C, and stable flame temperature after ignition is 800-1000 0 C. The results demonstrate that critical issues adversely affecting cavity flameholding are (i) slow rate of mixing between the main flow and the cavity flow, (ii) combustion instability caused by feedback between fluctuations of test section pressure and flow rate, and (iii) thermal choking of the flow in the extension channel downstream of the test section. These problems have been circumvented by increasing the length of the cavity, choking the inlet air and fuel flows, and removing the extension channel. After resolving these issues, repetitive nanosecond pulse plasma assisted ignition and flameholding of non-premixed hydrogen-air flows at the same have been achieved at the same discharge pressure, P=0.2 atm, flow velocities of up to u≈100 m/sec, fairly low global equivalence ratios of ϕ=0.2-0.55, and flame temperatures of 700-900 0 C. Kinetic modeling / sensitivity analysis demonstrates the mechanism of ignition acceleration using radicals generated in the plasma, and identifies the reduced reaction set which can be used for kinetic modeling of nonequilibrium plasma assisted ignition and flameholding in complex geometry flows.
The Family and Voting Turnout

Most studies of turnout have ignored the interconnections between individuals who are closely related through family ties or other types of intimate association that can be expected to influence their attitudes and choices. This article provides evidence of similarity in the voting behavior of family members. William A. Glaser is a Research Associate at the Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
Evolutionary game theory for physical and biological scientists. I. Training and validating population dynamics equations

Failure to understand evolutionary dynamics has been hypothesized as limiting our ability to control biological systems. An increasing awareness of similarities between macroscopic ecosystems and cellular tissues has inspired optimism that game theory will provide insights into the progression and control of cancer. To realize this potential, the ability to compare game theoretic models and experimental measurements of population dynamics should be broadly disseminated. In this tutorial, we present an analysis method that can be used to train parameters in game theoretic dynamics equations, used to validate the resulting equations, and used to make predictions to challenge these equations and to design treatment strategies. The data analysis techniques in this tutorial are adapted from the analysis of reaction kinetics using the method of initial rates taught in undergraduate general chemistry courses. Reliance on computer programming is avoided to encourage the adoption of these methods as routine bench activities.
Using rivers to investigate rock uplift in Taiwan

An important part of studying the mechanics of mountain building is to understand rates of rock uplift as a function of both space and time. Scientists have used the longitudinal profiles of rivers and how they respond to rock uplift and erosion to infer the tectonic history of the landscape and thus some of the uplift history of mountain ranges. However, there are other factors besides uplift that influence how the slope of a river changes, such as sudden tectonic activity or the type of rock over which the river flows.
Factors affecting outpatient rehabilitation outcomes in elders.

Purpose:To identify factors affecting outpatient rehabilitation outcomes in elders. Design:A retrospective cohort design was used to explore factors affecting outpatient rehabilitation outcomes in elders. Methods:Analyses of health records from a nurse-managed comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facility were conducted. Data pertinent to the study were abstracted from 201 health records, including scores from three standard instruments: the Functional Independence Measure, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Geriatric Depression Scale, to construct study variables. Multivariate and stepwise regression analyses were performed. Findings:Cognitive impairment was associated with lower admission and discharge function, but not with rehabilitation outcomes (functional gain, rehabilitation efficiency, days of service, and discharge location). Age ≥80 years, admission function, and the interaction of age ≥80 years and admission function affected functional gain and rehabilitation efficiency. Older age, being Black, and having more medical comorbidities were associated with days of service. None of these factors contributed to discharge location. Conclusions:Cognitive impairment was not associated with outpatient rehabilitation outcomes. Rather, age ≥80 years and function when admitted affected functional gain and rehabilitation efficiency in elders who participated in outpatient rehabilitation services.
Sell the Plant? The Impact of Contract Manufacturing on Innovation, Capacity, and Profitability

In the electronics industry and others, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are selling their production facilities to contract manufacturers (CMs). The CMs achieve high capacity utilization through pooling (supplying many different OEMs). Meanwhile, the OEMs focus on innovation: research and development, product design, and marketing. We examine how this change in industry structure affects investment in innovation and capacity, and thus profitability. In particular, innovation is noncontractible, so OEMs will invest less in innovation than is ideal for the industry as a whole. Hence, although contract manufacturing improves capacity utilization, it may reduce the profitability of the industry as a whole by weakening the incentives for innovation. Contract manufacturing is not the only means to achieve capacity pooling. Alternatively, the OEMs can pool capacity with one another through supply contracts or a joint venture. This may result in underinvestment or overinvestment in innovation and capacity, but always increases profitability. We find that the sale of production facilities to a CM improves profitability for the industry as a whole if and only if OEMs are subsequently in a strong bargaining position vis-A -vis the CM. If the OEMs are indeed very strong, the gain from pooling capacity via contract manufacturing is maximized in industries with moderate cost of capacity.
Cutting Edge: Cell Surface Linker for Activation of T Cells Is Recruited to Microclusters and Is Active in Signaling

A controversy has recently emerged regarding the location of the cellular pool of the adapter linker for activation of T cells (LAT) that participates in propagation of signals downstream of the TCR. In one model phosphorylation and direct recruitment of cell surface LAT to activation-induced microclusters is critical for T cell activation, whereas in the other model vesicular, but not surface, LAT participates in these processes. By using a chimeric version of LAT that can be tracked via an extracellular domain, we provide evidence that LAT located at the cell surface can be recruited efficiently to activation-induced microclusters within seconds of TCR engagement. Importantly, we also demonstrate that this pool of LAT at the plasma membrane is rapidly phosphorylated. Our results provide support for the model in which the cell utilizes LAT from the cell surface for rapid responses to TCR stimulation.
Decision Making Regarding Smith-Petersen vs. Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy vs. Vertebral Column Resection for Spinal Deformity

Study design Author experience and literature review. Objectives To investigate and discuss decision-making on when to perform a Smith-Petersen osteotomy as opposed to a pedicle subtraction procedure and/or a vertebral column resection. Summary of background data Articles have been published regarding Smith-Petersen osteotomies, pedicle subtraction procedures, and vertebral column resections. Expectations and complications have been reviewed. However, decision-making regarding which of the 3 procedures is most useful for a particular spinal deformity case is not clearly investigated. Methods Discussed in this manuscript is the author's experience and the literature regarding the operative options for a fixed coronal or sagittal deformity. Results There are roles for Smith-Petersen osteotomy, pedicle subtraction, and vertebral column resection. Each has specific applications and potential complications. Conclusion As the magnitude of resection increases, the ability to correct deformity improves, but also the risk of complication increases. Therein, an understanding of potential applications and complications is helpful.
A 5-year prospective evaluation of DSM-IV alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component.

Background: The DSM-III-R removed tolerance and withdrawal as required elements for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Although this practice was continued in DSM-IV, the more recent manual asked clinicians to note whether physiological aspects of withdrawal (tolerance and withdrawal) had ever been experienced. Few studies have determined the prognostic meaning of a history of a physiological component to DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Methods: Face-to-face structured interviews were used to evaluate the course of alcohol, drug, and psychiatric problems during the subsequent 5 years for 1094 alcohol-dependent men and women. These subjects had been classified into subgroups at the time of initial interview regarding evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, and all evaluations were based on DSM-IV criteria. At baseline, the application of DSM-IV diagnostic guidelines resulted in 649 (59.3%) individuals having a history of an alcohol withdrawal syndrome, with or without tolerance (group 1); 391 (35.7%) with histories of tolerance but not withdrawal (group 2); and 54 (4.9%) with no lifetime histories of tolerance or withdrawal (group 3). Results: During the 5-year follow-up, both the broad (group 1 plus 2 versus group 3) and narrow (group 1 versus group 2 plus group 3) definitions of physiological dependence were associated with more alcohol and drug problems. However, for most items, this differential primarily reflected differences between groups 1 and 3, with a less impressive effect by group 2. Although no group differences were noted for the rate of independent major depressive episodes, substance-induced depressions did differentiate among groups, a finding also most closely related to the distinction between groups 1 and 3. Conclusions: These data support the prognostic importance of noting the presence of a physiological component in alcohol dependence and indicate the potential relevance of limiting the definition of a physiological component to withdrawal.
Defining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in THA and TKA

Background For minority populations in the United States, especially African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, healthcare disparities are a serious problem. The literature documents racial and ethnic utilization disparities with regard to THA and TKA.
The “Chinaman” Question: A Conundrum in US Imperial Policy in the Pacific

When the US took over the Philippines from Spain in 1898, it faced the dilemma of how to deal with the “Chinaman” question. While it applied the same Chinese exclusion law in the Philippines as it did in the mainland, the situation in the colony differed in a significant way—the Chinese had long been part of the Philippine economy and society. Faced with the task of constructing a “Filipino” nation in its own image, the US therefore had to find ways to separate the Chinese from the rest of the population. One of the ways by which it accomplished this was to curtail the long-standing and intimate unions between them and the local women of the Philippines, thereby helping create the “Chinese”-“Filipino” binary found in Philippine society today.
Optical Properties of Ge-Si Superlattices

The optical properties of strained Ge-Si heterostructures are reviewed with particular emphasis on both strain and ordering in determining the energy band structure. electro-reflectance and Raman Ge-Si superlattices with periodicities of a few atomic monolayers are now known to have properties quite distinct from those of Ge-Si alloys. Measurements of absorption, electro-reflectance and photo-luminescence have produced complementary supporting evidence for the existence of a direct band gap in certain Ge-Si superlattices.
Some Needed Advances in the Evaluation of Technological Advances

After reviewing some shortcomings of managerial approaches to improving technological capabilities, the discussion focuses on: establishing more effective targets for improvements; more useful guides for evaluating prospective innovations; and sounder bases for appraising and improving their results after installation.
The association between discrepant weight perceptions and objectively measured physical activity.

Abstract Background Some individuals perceive themselves as being normal weight, despite having an excess body fat percentage (e.g., underestimate weight). Conversely, other individuals perceive themselves as being overweight, despite having a normal body fat percentage (e.g., overestimate weight). When perceived and actual weight statuses are incongruent, individuals possess a discrepant weight perception. The association between discrepant weight perceptions and engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has not been thoroughly investigated, which was this study's purpose. Methods For this cross-sectional study, data from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilized ( N = 5462 adults). MVPA was assessed via accelerometry. Based on measured body mass index and whether participants considered themselves as overweight, underweight, or about the right weight, we classified individuals as accurate perception, overestimate weight (discrepant), or underestimate weight (discrepant). A negative binomial logistical regression was used to assess the association between discrepant weight perception (independent variable) and engagement in MVPA (outcome variable). Results Females who said that they are normal weight, but were in fact overweight based on body mass index, engaged in 13% less MVPA (rate ratio = .87, 95% confidence interval: .769–.999, P = .05). Also, older adults (> 60 yrs) who said that they are normal weight, but were overweight based on body mass index, engaged in 23% less MVPA (rate ratio = .77, 95% confidence interval: .616–.965, P = .025). Conclusion Discrepant weight perceptions were associated with less objectively measured MVPA. Interventions should take weight perceptions into consideration when designing and evaluating intervention impact.
Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Black Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label, Multiple-Dose, Crossover Pilot Study

Background— The burden of coronary artery disease (CAD) is high in blacks, highlighting the need for clinical research of antiplatelet agents in this population. We sought to evaluate platelet reactivity during loading and maintenance dosing of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel, and the pharmacokinetic profile of ticagrelor and its metabolite AR-C124910XX, in black patients with stable CAD taking low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). Methods and Results— In a multicenter, randomized, open-label, crossover study, 34 blacks with stable CAD receiving acetylsalicylic acid 75 to 100 mg/d were randomized to clopidogrel (600 mg, then 75 mg QD for 7–9 days) or ticagrelor (180 mg, then 90 mg BID for 7–9 days). After washout 10 to 14 days, patients switched regimens. The primary end point was platelet reactivity 2 hours post loading dose (P2Y12 reactivity units [PRU] measured by the VerifyNow assay). Least-squares mean PRU at 2 hours post loading dose was lower with ticagrelor (27.6) versus clopidogrel (211.2); least-squares mean difference was –183.6 (95% confidence interval, –213.9 to –153.3; P <0.001). At all time points, the least-squares mean PRU was significantly lower, and the percent reduction in PRU from baseline was statistically greater, with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel. At 2 hours post dose, the prevalence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity (≥208 PRU) was lower with ticagrelor (0%) than with clopidogrel (57.1%). Pharmacokinetic profiles of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX were consistent with previous reports in stable CAD populations. Conclusions— In black patients with stable CAD receiving low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, ticagrelor provided a faster onset and greater degree of platelet inhibition than clopidogrel. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT01523392][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT01523392&atom=%2Fcirccvint%2F8%2F7%2Fe002232.atom
Piano-Stool Lutetium Amido and Imido Compounds Supported by a Constrained Bis(oxazoline)cyclopentadienyl Ligand.

{BoMCptet}Lu(CH2Ph)2 (1; BoMCptet = MeC(OxMe2)2C5Me4; OxMe2 = 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline) was prepared in 95% yield from the reaction of BoMCptetH and Lu(CH2Ph)3THF3. Compound 1 reacts with 1 or 2 equiv of H2NCH2R (R = C6H5, 1-C10H7) to give the corresponding imido complexes [{BoMCptet}LuNCH2R]2 (R = C6H5 (2a), 1-C10H7 (2b)) or amido complexes {BoMCptet}Lu(NHCH2R)2 (R = C6H5 (3a), 1-C10H7 (3b)). Once isolated, the imido species are insoluble in nonprotic organic solvents. Crystallographic characterization reveals dimeric [{BoMCptet}LuNCH2(1-C10H7)]2 in the solid state. The reaction of 1 and NH3B(C6F5)3 affords crystallographically characterized {BoMCptet}Lu{NHB(C6F5)2}C6F5. This species is proposed to form via a transient lutetium imido, which undergoes C6F5 migration to the lutetium center.
Phosphate management in chronic kidney disease.

Purpose of reviewThe review focuses on the rationale and evidence behind management strategies for hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Recent findingsOptimal management of phosphate in CKD remains an area of uncertainty, but multiple studies now point to a clinical benefi
Homing behavior of wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina)

Using the wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) as an example of a typical nocturnal migrant, we employed radio telemetry to follow breeding birds during the course of homing movements following displacements. Seven thrushes were displaced over distances of 6.5 to 17.3 km in a variety of directions from their nesting territories. The thrushes moved in a series of short flights (mean = 2.1 km) performed primarily at dawn. Consequently, the birds took several days to home from even these relatively short displacements. Thrushes flew under clear and solid overcast skies and even in light rain. The pooled individual flights of the birds were significantly oriented in the homeward direction (Fig. 2). Their orientation relative to home did not improve significantly as they progressed toward the goal. Three of the birds were documented to have returned to their home territories. The detailed tracks of the birds preclude the possibility that they homed by random search.
Role of Presolvation and Anharmonicity in Aqueous Phase Hydrated Proton Solvation and Transport.

Results from condensed phase ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations suggest a proton transfer reaction is facilitated by “presolvation” in which the hydronium is transiently solvated by four water molecules, similar to the typical solvation structure of water, by accepting a weak hydrogen bond from the fourth water molecule. A new version 3.2 multistate empirical valence bond (MS-EVB 3.2) model for the hydrated excess proton incorporating this presolvation behavior is therefore developed. The classical MS-EVB simulations show similar structural properties as those of the previous model but with significantly improved diffusive behavior. The inclusion of nuclear quantum effects in the MS-EVB also provides an even better description of the proton diffusion rate. To quantify the influence of anharmonicity, a second model (aMS-EVB 3.2) is developed using the anharmonic aSPC/Fw water model, which provides similar structural properties but improved spectroscopic responses at high frequencies.
Genetic Mapping of Seed Traits Correlated with Seed Oil Percentage in Watermelon

Egusi watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai subsp. mucosospermus var. egusi (C. Jeffrey) Mansf.) is known for its distinctive fleshy-pericarp seed phenotype and high seed oil percentage (SOP). The seed is part of the daily diet in West Africa where it is used in soups and stews or processed for cooking oil. Genetic mapping studies have revealed that most of the variation in SOP between egusi and normal, non-egusi seed is explained by the egusi (eg) locus, which is also associated with the unique seed phenotype. However, variation in SOP is also observed within egusi and normal seed types although the basis of this variation remains to be elucidated. A high correlation between kernel percentage (KP) and SOP has been observed in watermelon and other crops, and recent data also suggest an association between seed size and SOP in watermelon. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship among SOP, KP, and seed size traits in watermelonand to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the latter traits to facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) for traits correlated with SOP. KP showed a significant (a = 0.05) positive correlation with SOP in both egusi and normal seed types, whereas seed size traits showed significant negative correlations with SOP. QTL associated with KP and seed size traits in normal seed were colocalized with a previously mapped locus for SOP on linkage group (LG) 2, but in egusi seed, a QTL explaining 33% of phenotypic variation in KP was localized on LG 7. The results of this study show that SOP in watermelon is correlated with KP and seed size, but KP is associated with different loci in normal and egusi seed phenotypes.
Management of Hemorrhagic Walled-Off Necrosis Using the Multiple Transluminal Gateway Technique.

Management of Hemorrhagic Walled-Off Necrosis Using the Multiple Transluminal Gateway Technique
Retrograde nephrostomy and percutaneous resection of fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis

SummaryBenign fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis are extremely rare with only 20 cases reported in the literature. Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter occur more frequently. We report a case of fibroepithelial polyps in the renal pelvis near the ureteropelvic junction successfully treated by retrograde nephrostomy and percutaneous resection.
Particle Scattering in Astrophysical Environments

Theoretical details behind the computation of accurate quantum mechanical cross sections are presented in this chapter. Partial wave scattering is discussed in detail with emphasis on collisions involving common astrophysical gases including hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Details involving the computation of partial wave scattering are included. Ab initio interaction potentials for common astrophysical collisions are discussed along with empirical models utilized during computation. Comparisons between laboratory scattering parameters and theoretical parameters are shown with excellent agreement. For complicated atom-molecule or molecule-molecule collisions, an empirical scaling cross section theory was developed allowing for accurate energy-angular dependent cross sections for unknown collision species. The computational methods and algorithms used for particle transport are also discussed for both neutral and charged particles. Monte Carlo methods and random number generation is explained in detail and with generalization for any transport medium.Monte Carlo simulations for the interaction between solar wind ions and the upper atmosphere of Mars are discussed for several different solar conditions. Thermalization rates and non-thermal escape fluxes are shown and compared to simulations utilizing classical scattering models. Additionally, Monto Carlo simulations for the transport of helium ions through the interstellar medium are discussed. Hot helium spatial energy distributions within the heliosphere are shown using the local bubble boundary and the nearest collection of stars as sources for nascent hot helium ions. Details and implications for all simulation results are discussed.
Dealing with Big Numbers: Representation and Understanding of Magnitudes Outside of Human Experience

Being able to estimate quantity is important in everyday life and for success in the STEM disciplines. However, people have difficulty reasoning about magnitudes outside of human perception (e.g., nanoseconds, geologic time). This study examines patterns of estimation errors across temporal and spatial magnitudes at large scales. We evaluated the effectiveness of hierarchical alignment in improving estimations, and transfer across dimensions. The activity was successful in increasing accuracy for temporal and spatial magnitudes, and learning transferred to the estimation of numeric magnitudes associated with events and objects. However, there were also a number of informative differences in performance on temporal, spatial, and numeric magnitude measures, suggesting that participants possess different categorical information for these scales. Educational implications are discussed.
Overloaded and Biased? Using Augmented Cognition to Understand the Interaction Between Information Overload and Cognitive Biases

Virtual teams are increasingly utilized in organizations, yet they often make poor decisions. Previous research has established that a primary cause of poor virtual team decision making is due to confirmation bias: team members focusing their cognitive resources on factual and normative information that supports pre-discussion preferences, rather than deeply considering information that challenges them. Building on this, the current study examines whether confirmation bias exists at varying levels of information load, establishing if confirmation bias is mediated by information overload. This study will utilize electroencephalography EEG and psychophysiology to examine changes in an individual's processing of information at three levels of information load. The individual will participate in a simulated team discussion on a decision-making task. These findings will elucidate whether virtual team members use confirmation bias as a heuristic problem solving approach in response to information overload or if confirmation bias is present in all virtual team interactions.
Kernels for scalable data analysis in science: Towards an architecture-portable future

In this paper, we pose and address some of the unique challenges in the analysis of scientific Big Data on supercomputing platforms. Our approach identifies, implements and scales numerical kernels that are critical to the instantiation of theory-inspired analytic workflows on modern computing architectures. We present the benefits of scalable kernels towards constructing algorithms such as principal component analysis and non-negative matrix factorization on an image-analysis use case at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). Based on experience with the use-case, we conclude that piecing scalable analytic kernels into user-defined analytic workflows are a flexible, modular and agile way to enable architecture-portable productivity for the data-intensive sciences.
Causes and cures XIV: Nonviolence approaches

Abstract The past several years have been a landmark moment for violence prevention, with renewed attention on the part of many international agencies, but especially the United Nations, with its adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . The latter invites the world community to collaborate in an inclusive, long-ranging vision for the future, highlighting our interdependence and collective responsibility for humanity's future. A growing awareness that preventing violence does not just reduce death and disability but promotes creativity, economic growth, and general well-being is at the heart of this “movement”. An integration not only of the major disciplines but of various practical approaches is timely, and for this to occur, we require a broader overview of our existing societal structures. In this context, this fifteen article series modeled after a Global Health Studies course entitled, “Violence: Causes and Cures,” reviews the mechanisms that society has used in an attempt to stem violence. Continuing the transition from the “law and order” to the health model, this article examines the power of nonviolence. Contrary to current assumptions, far from being passive or ineffective, nonviolent methods have demonstrated to bring down empires, to topple regimes, and to effectuate long-lasting peace—at greater frequency than violent means. Starting with the personal level, and drawing upon the various spiritual traditions, nonviolence may delve into the depths that are necessary for countering our complex tendency for violence. Nonviolence gives us the lesson that peace is possible, not just by stemming destructive forces, but through fostering constructive ones.
Hybrid hard NoCs for efficient FPGA communication

Recent research has shown that the integration of a custom-silicon network-on-chip (NoC) into an FPGA fabric can significantly help on-chip communication bandwidth. Although not appropriate for all communication, FPGA hard NoCs provide a scalable infrastructure that will increase in importance as FPGA sizes increase. To date, most FPGA hard NoC implementation has focused on packet-switched routing which requires dynamic run-time decision making to transfer data from source to destination. In this paper we explore expanding hard NoC routers to support both packet-switched and prescheduled time-multiplexed communication. By limiting the use of energy-hungry routing buffers, time-multiplexed routing allows for throughput-predictable data transport with reduced energy consumption versus packet-switching for a variety of traffic patterns. The area overhead required to convert a packet-switched router to a hybrid packet-switched/time-multiplexed version is minimal (about 9%). In this research, we show significant NoC energy improvement (about 33%) while maintaining or improving packet latency values versus packet switching for select data traffic patterns.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBIOTIC WHEY FRUIT BEVERAGE.

The aim of the study was to develop a probiotic whey based fruit beverage .The awareness and consumption of probiotic foods have increased in the recent times. Lactobacillus acidophilus strain was used in the formulation of the whey beverage. The prebiotic effect of papaya was assessed by viable count test.Â Â The blend ratio of whey and papaya was optimized on sensory evaluation .The blend ratio of whey and papaya was optimized at 70: 30 respectively and fermented for two hours. The whey papaya beverage developed had titrable acidity, pH andÂ total viable countÂ ofÂ Â 0.22%, 4.92 and 9.13 log 10 Â cfu Â respectively. Keywords: Whey; Prebiotic; Probiotic beverage; Papaya whey beverage; Sensory quality.
Reynolds Number Scaling of Wall Layer Velocity-Vorticity Products

The wall normal gradients of Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy are important in analyzing momentum transport in the turbulent boundary layer. These gradients can be expressed in terms of velocity- vorticity correlations. In this paper, properties of velocity-vorticity products over a three decade variation in Reynolds number are analyzed. Data were acquired in the near neutral atmospheric surface layer in the western desert of Utah and in a laboratory boundary layer. A custom made six-wire hot wire probe was employed to measure axial and wall normal velocities as well as spanwise vorticity. It is observed that the co-spectra of velocity and vorticity generally follows the vorticity spectrum at both high and low Reynolds number. Thus, it is concluded that the vortical motions dictate the scales over which the net correlation occurs. Normalization of vorticity spectra using the Taylor time scale appears to effectively remove Reynolds number variations.
Translational Regulation of Gene Expression During Oogenesis and Preimplantation Embryo Development

Abstract Oogenesis is comprised of sequential and continuous changes in the cytoplasmic and nuclear content of maturing oocytes. Because the oocyte is transcriptionally quiescent starting at meiosis I resumption and continuing until zygotic genome activation, gene expression can only be regulated in the translation level and is dependent on maternally stored mRNAs transcribed during the first meiotic arrest to coordinate meiosis resumption, maturation, fertilization, and early embryo formation. Therefore, an efficient and orderly regulation of the translation is critical for oogenesis and embryogenesis. There are several mechanisms involved in the regulation of translation dependent gene expression, with the most well-studied one being cytoplasmic poly- and deadenylation. Proteins such as CPEB, EPAB, Maskin, PUM2, and DAZL RINGO/Spy are some of the important proteins that regulate translation temporally and spatially through cytoplasmic polyadenylation-dependent and independent pathways in the oocyte and early embryo.
Methods for the Study of Entotic Cell Death

Entosis is a mechanism of cell competition occurring in cancers that involves the engulfment and killing of neighboring cells. The death of ingested cells, called entotic cell death, usually occurs in a non-apoptotic, autophagy protein-dependent manner, where microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is lipidated onto entotic vacuoles. Here we present methods to quantify entotic cell death and its associated LC3 lipidation.
Pelvic Floor Symptom Related Distress in Chronic Constipation Correlates With a Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation and Constipation Severity but Not Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia

Background/Aims Although symptoms related to the pelvic floor, such as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), are common in patients with chronic constipation (CC), its impact is not clear. Our aims were to investigate the following (1) compare pelvic floor symptom related dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and functional constipation (FC), and (2) symptom correlation with findings on anorectal manometry (ARM) and balloon expulsion test. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients with CC undergoing ARM. IBS-C and FC were diagnosed by Rome III criteria. Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) was used to measure pelvic floor symptom distress. Constipation Severity Scale was used to assess constipation severity. Results A total of 107 patients underwent ARM (64 FC, 43 IBS-C). The overall PFDI-20 score in IBS-C was higher compared with FC patients (118.0 vs 79.2, P = 0.001). In those with IBS-C, POP, LUTS, and colorectal symptoms subscales were all higher compared with FC patients (P < 0.05 for each). On multivariable regression, IBS-C (P = 0.001) and higher constipation severity (P = 0.001) were both independently associated with higher PFDI scores. ARM parameters and abnormal balloon expulsion test did not correlate with PFDI scores. Conclusions Compared with FC patients, those with IBS-C have significantly higher distress from pelvic floor specific symptoms including POP and LUTS. Higher abdominal pain among IBS-C patients did not entirely explain these findings. A diagnosis of IBS-C and higher constipation severity correlated with PFDI-20 scores, but dyssynergia did not. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019;25:129-136)
Abstract B087: MHC class II on cancer cells—Role in response to BCG therapy of bladder cancer

BCG, a live mycobacterium also used worldwide as a vaccine against tuberculosis, is one of the first successful immunotherapies of cancer. Despite being in clinical use for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for 4 decades, the mechanism by which BCG activates the immune system to destroy cancer cells is poorly understood and there are no reliable methods to predict a patient’s response to BCG treatment. Current data suggest that the efficacy of BCG depends on initial attachment of BCG to bladder cancer cells leading to activation of an immune response that is T-cell dependent. It is not known whether bladder cancer cells have a direct role in activating T-cells. Using an orthotopic mouse model of BCG treatment of bladder cancer we show that: 1) BCG induces tumor-specific immunity; 2) CD4+ T-cells are the main requirement for BCG efficacy and for the tumor-specific immunity engendered by BCG therapy;3) bladder cancer cells can directly activate CD4+ T-cells; 4) the efficacy of BCG depends on MHC class II expression on the surface of bladder cancer cells. These data suggest that bladder cancer cells directly activate and drive a CD4+ T-cell dependent immune response that is required for the efficacy of BCG. Current work in the lab is focused on characterizing MHC class II expression on human NMIBC specimens and determining whether expression of MHC class II on bladder cancer cells predicts clinical outcomes after BCG therapy. Citation Format: Gil Redelman-Sidi, Michael Glickman, Anna Binyamin, Anthony Antonelli. MHC class II on cancer cells—Role in response to BCG therapy of bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B087.
SP0039 WIN: DE-CONVOLUTING THE COMPLEXITIES OF SLE – RECENT INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS

Background: SLE remains one of the most complex diseases in medicine, with protean alterations in immune system function contributing to autoimmunity, tissue inflammation and damage, and diverse clinical manifestations. While considerable advances in understanding the molecular pathways and mediators involved in SLE have led to identification of rational therapeutic targets, a full understanding of the upstream etiologic drivers of the disease and how genetic risk and environmental stimuli shape the evolution of the disease and its clinical heterogeneity requires continued investigation. Objectives: To review recent literature relevant to the etiology, pathogenesis and heterogeneity of SLE. Methods: Review and synthesis of recent literature. Results: Recent advances in characterizing the mechanisms of regulation and degradation of endogenous nucleic acids, particularly insights derived from disorders based on a variety of single gene mutations that result in production of type I interferon, suggest potential drivers of type I interferon production in SLE. The functional alterations in many aspects of T and B cell function in patients with SLE, some attributable to type I interferon, continue to be identified. Potential contributions of the microbiome expand our view of candidate disease-enhancing factors. Interest in defining patients at risk for evolving from pre-clinical to clinical disease that fulfills classification criteria for SLE may help to identify the essential elements of lupus pathogenesis and suggest approaches for disease prevention. Conclusion: Endogenous nucleic acids have emerged as compelling candidates for drivers of lupus pathogenesis, along with their traditional role as antigenic targets of lupus autoantibodies. Although the clinical heterogeneity of SLE has confounded efforts to successfully test new therapies, advances in identifying sources of nucleic acids stimulating type I interferon and alterations in adaptive immune system function help us move toward a synthetic understanding of disease pathogenesis and suggest that therapeutic regimens targeting both innate and adaptive immune systems might be required to control or prevent disease. References: [1] Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA. Type I interferons in autoimmune disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019 [2] Uggenti C, Lepelley A, Crow YJ. Self-awareness: Nucleic acid-driven inflammation and the type I interferonopathies. Annu Rev Immunol. 2019. Disclosure of Interests: None declared
Fractional Poincaré inequality with finite total Q-curvature

In this paper, we prove several Poincare inequalities of fractional type on conformally flat manifolds with finite total Q-curvature. This shows a new aspect of the Q-curvature on noncompact complete manifolds.
Teacher as Client Therapy (TACT): A Model for Simulated Learning for Traditional and Online Delivery Models

ABSTRACTThe movement towards competency-based education in social work has required a shift in delivery to more experiential learning opportunities for students. Looking forward, the Council on Soc...
Prenatal exposure to traffic and ambient air pollution and infant weight and adiposity: The Healthy Start study

Abstract Background Prenatal exposures to ambient air pollution and traffic have been associated with adverse birth outcomes, and may also lead to an increased risk of obesity. Obesity risk may be reflected in changes in body composition in infancy. Objective To estimate associations between prenatal ambient air pollution and traffic exposure, and infant weight and adiposity in a Colorado-based prospective cohort study. Methods Participants were 1125 mother-infant pairs with term births. Birth weight was recorded from medical records and body composition measures (fat mass, fat-free mass, and adiposity [percent fat mass]) were evaluated via air displacement plethysmography at birth (n = 951) and at ~5 months (n = 574). Maternal residential address was used to calculate distance to nearest roadway, traffic density, and ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) via inverse-distance weighted interpolation of stationary monitoring data, averaged by trimester and throughout pregnancy. Adjusted linear regression models estimated associations between exposures and infant weight and body composition. Results Participants were urban residents and diverse in race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Average ambient air pollutant concentrations were generally low; the median, interquartile range (IQR), and range of third trimester concentrations were 7.3 μg/m3 (IQR: 1.3, range: 3.3–12.7) for PM2.5 and 46.3 ppb (IQR: 18.4, range: 21.7–63.2) for 8-h maximum O3. Overall there were few associations between traffic and air pollution exposures and infant outcomes. Third trimester O3 was associated with greater adiposity at follow-up (2.2% per IQR, 95% CI 0.1, 4.3), and with greater rates of change in fat mass (1.8 g/day, 95% CI 0.5, 3.2) and adiposity (2.1%/100 days, 95% CI 0.4, 3.7) from birth to follow-up. Conclusions We found limited evidence of an association between prenatal traffic and ambient air pollution exposure and infant body composition. Suggestive associations between prenatal ozone exposure and early postnatal changes in body composition merit further investigation.
Indigenous theory development in marketing: the foundational premises approach

Marketing’s intellectual health requires indigenous theory development. However, marketing is a discipline that, almost exclusively, imports its concepts and theories from other disciplines and applies them to marketing issues. Articles that either develop indigenous marketing theory or use such theory as a foundation for empirical research are notably absent from marketing journals. A major reason for the absence of indigenous marketing theory is the lack of well-developed procedures and approaches for developing theories and writing conceptual articles. This article proposes, explicates, and illustrates with a concrete example (i.e., service-dominant (S-D) logic) an approach to theory development in marketing that is labeled the “foundational premises, inductive realist approach.” Although this approach is not an algorithmic procedure for theory development, it can provide a valuable conceptual framework for furthering the development of indigenous marketing theory.
Fuzzy logic-a personal perspective

This paper marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of my first paper on fuzzy sets, "Fuzzy sets," Information and Control, 1965. What is of historical interest is that initially-and for some time thereafter-my paper was an object of indifference, skepticism and derision. A prominent school of thought claimed that fuzzy set theory is probability theory in disguise. Positive comments were few and far between. In contrast, my ideas were welcomed with open arms in Japan. In the seventies and eighties of last century, fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic began to gain acceptance in Europe and, more particularly, in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. In part, many negative reactions to my papers reflected the fact that the word "fuzzy" has pejorative connotations. In large measure, science is based on the classical, Aristotelian, bivalent logic. Binarization-drawing a sharply defined boundary between two classes-is a deeply entrenched Cartesian tradition. What is not widely recognized is that this tradition has outlived its usefulness. One of the principal contributions of fuzzy logic is providing a basis for a progression from binarization to graduation, from binarism to pluralism, from black and white to shades of gray. Graduation involves association of a class which has unsharp (fuzzy) boundaries with degrees/grades of membership. Classes with unsharp boundaries are pervasive in human cognition. Most words in natural language are labels of such classes. This paper is a concise exposition of what I consider to be my principal contributions to the development of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic. Among the contributions which are discussed are: introduction of the concept of a fuzzy set, FL-generalization, the concept of a linguistic variable, information granulation, precisiation of meaning, generalized theory of uncertainty (GTU), the concept of a restriction, restriction-centered theory of truth and meaning, the information principle, and similarity-based definitions of possibility and probability.
Type-directed scheduling of streaming accelerators

Designing efficient, application-specialized hardware accelerators requires assessing trade-offs between a hardware module’s performance and resource requirements. To facilitate hardware design space exploration, we describe Aetherling, a system for automatically compiling data-parallel programs into statically scheduled, streaming hardware circuits. Aetherling contributes a space- and time-aware intermediate language featuring data-parallel operators that represent parallel or sequential hardware modules, and sequence data types that encode a module’s throughput by specifying when sequence elements are produced or consumed. As a result, well-typed operator composition in the space-time language corresponds to connecting hardware modules via statically scheduled, streaming interfaces. We provide rules for transforming programs written in a standard data-parallel language (that carries no information about hardware implementation) into equivalent space-time language programs. We then provide a scheduling algorithm that searches over the space of transformations to quickly generate area-efficient hardware designs that achieve a programmer-specified throughput. Using benchmarks from the image processing domain, we demonstrate that Aetherling enables rapid exploration of hardware designs with different throughput and area characteristics, and yields results that require 1.8-7.9× fewer FPGA slices than those of prior hardware generation systems.