cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medial meniscus grafting restores normal tibiofemoral contact pressures

Tissue excision in the setting of a meniscal tear has been shown to dramatically increase peak contact stresses in the affected tibiofemoral joint compartment, leading to the development of degenerative changes and osteoarthritis. The current in vitro study utilized a porcine model to evaluate the effectiveness of segmental medial meniscal grafting following partial meniscectomy. The study hypothesis was that the procedure would normalize medial tibofemoral joint compartment pressure magnitudes, areas, and locations relative to an intact meniscus. Controlled laboratory study. Using pressure film, medial tibiofemoral joint compartment peak, and mean pressure magnitudes, peak pressure location and peak pressure area were determined using 12 potted, fresh frozen, porcine knee specimens. Data were collected at three different knee flexion angles (90°, 45°, and 0°) for three conditions: intact medial meniscus, following resection of the central third of the medial meniscus, and following segmental medial meniscal grafting. For each condition, the potted femur was positioned horizontally in a bench vise clamp, while a 20 pound (88.96 N) axial compression force was manually applied for a 60 s duration by the primary investigator through the base of the potted tibia using a digital force gauge. Loss of the central 1/3 of the medial meniscus resulted in significant increases in the mean and peak pressures of the medial tibiofemoral joint compartment and decreased peak pressure area. Segmental meniscal grafting of the central third defect closely recreated the contact pressures and loading areas of the native, intact medial meniscus. From a static, time zero biomechanical perspective, segmental medial meniscus grafting of a partially meniscectomized knee restored mean pressure, peak pressure, and mean peak contact pressure areas of the medial tibiofemoral joint compartment back to levels observed in the intact medial meniscus at different knee flexion angles. In-vivo analysis under dynamic conditions is necessary to verify the healing efficacy and ability of the healed segmental medial meniscal allograft to provide long-term knee joint homeostasis when confronted with dynamic shear, rotatory, and combined, higher magnitude physiologic loading forces.
Improved HER Catalysis through Facile, Aqueous Electrochemical Activation of Nanoscale WSe2.

In the search for nonprecious metal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been proposed as promising candidates. Here, we present a facile method for significantly decreasing the overpotential required for catalyzing the HER with colloidally synthesized WSe2. Solution phase deposition of 2H WSe2 nanoflowers (NFs) onto carbon fiber electrodes results in low catalytic activity in 0.5 M H2SO4 with an overpotential at −10 mA/cm2 of greater than 600 mV. However, two postdeposition electrode processing steps significantly reduce the overpotential. First, a room-temperature treatment of the prepared electrodes with a dilute solution of the alkylating agent Meerwein’s salt ([Et3O][BF4]) results in a reduction in overpotential by approximately 130 mV at −10 mA/cm2. Second, we observe a decrease in overpotential of approximately 200–300 mV when the TMDC electrode is exposed to H+, Li+, Na+, or K+ ions under a reducing potential. The combined effect of lig...
Terrorist Attacks Targeting Police, 1998–2010: Exploring Heavily Hit Countries:

With over 14% of all terrorist attacks since 1970 targeting law enforcement, terrorist attacks on police is a problem in need of scholarly attention. Police serve as symbolic targets of the governm...
A Directed Graph Fourier Transform With Spread Frequency Components

We study the problem of constructing a graph Fourier transform (GFT) for directed graphs (digraphs), which decomposes graph signals into different modes of variation with respect to the underlying network. Accordingly, to capture low, medium, and high frequencies we seek a digraph (D)GFT such that the orthonormal frequency components are as spread as possible in the graph spectral domain. To that end, we advocate a two-step design whereby we 1) find the maximum directed variation (i.e., a novel notion of frequency on a digraph) a candidate basis vector can attain and 2) minimize a smooth spectral dispersion function over the achievable frequency range to obtain the desired spread DGFT basis. Both steps involve non-convex, orthonormality-constrained optimization problems, which are efficiently tackled via a feasible optimization method on the Stiefel manifold that provably converges to a stationary solution. We also propose a heuristic to construct the DGFT basis from Laplacian eigenvectors of an undirected version of the digraph. We show that the spectral-dispersion minimization problem can be cast as supermodular optimization over the set of candidate frequency components, whose orthonormality can be enforced via a matroid basis constraint. This motivates adopting a scalable greedy algorithm to obtain an approximate solution with quantifiable worst-case spectral dispersion. We illustrate the effectiveness of our DGFT algorithms through numerical tests on synthetic and real-world networks. We also carry out a graph-signal denoising task, whereby the DGFT basis is used to decompose and then low pass filter temperatures recorded across the United States.
Mobile Apps for Caregivers of Older Adults: Quantitative Content Analysis.

Background: Informal caregivers of older adults provide critical support for their loved ones but are subject to negative health outcomes because of burden and stress. Interventions to provide information and resources as well as social and emotional support reduce burden. Mobile apps featuring access to information, assistance with scheduling, and other features can automate support functions inexpensively and conveniently and reach a greater proportion of caregivers than otherwise possible. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify mobile apps geared towards caregivers of older adults, catalog features, and suggest best practices for adoption based on empirical findings of beneficial interventions in the caregiving literature. Methods: Search for apps focused on ones catered for caregivers of older adults in Google Play and iTunes, compiling their features, and identifying features reflecting categories of support identified in successful intervention studies to negative caregiver outcomes. Intervention research indicates that provision of information and resources, assistance in practical problem solving, coordinating care among multiple caregivers, and emotional support reduce caregiver burden. Results: Despite approximately over 200,000 mobile health–related apps, the availability of mobile apps for caregivers is relatively sparse (n=44 apps) as of October 2017. Apps generally addressed specific categories of support, including information and resources, family communication, and caregiver-recipient interactions. Few apps were comprehensive. Only 8 out of 44 (18%) had features that addressed three or more categories. Few apps provided specific stress reduction exercises for caregivers, which is important for reducing burden. Conclusions: Mobile apps have the potential to provide resources, just­-in­-time information for problem-solving, and stress reduction strategies for caregivers. Many apps offer functions that have been shown to reduce burden and improve health outcomes in caregivers, but few provide emotional support. Using an evidence­-based practice approach, mobile apps for caregivers can provide multiple beneficial support functions. Apps can serve a much larger proportion of this highly underserved population in their mobile form than more traditional means, improving their health and quality of life.
Flood disaster relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction

This paper concerns flood hazard mitigation options with special attention to disaster relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Recent research indicates that effective recovery and reconstruction require extensive emergency preparedness planning before disasters strike. The paper has two distinct parts: (1) a summary of the processes associated with the post disaster period including a review of the timing and components of typical recovery functions, research findings on short and long range effects of disaster and a section on the recovery needs of disaster victims and workers; and, (2) a discussion of the relationship between post disaster reconstruction and development. Case studies of recent disasters are used as illustrations of the principles described.
Study of the cw Laser-Induced Reaction of CH3CF2Cl

Some experiments in the past [1,2] have shown qualitatively that CW infrared lasers of relatively low intensity can induce vibrationally enhanced reaction rates in gases at pressures up to several hundred torr. A more quantitative analysis of the phenomenon now appears possible by means of mathematical techniques we have developed for calculating temperatures and rate constants from bulk data. To test this approach, CH3CF2Cl is a good choice for several reasons: it decomposes simply and cleanly by HCI elimination, its pyrolysis has been carefully studied [3,4], it has a strong absorption band at 966 cm-1 that can be spanned by laser frequencies, and the CH2CF2 product has a strong isolated band at 1731 cm-1 for sensitive rate measurements by infrared monitoring.
Psychological Consequences More Than Half a Century After the Nagasaki Atomic Bombing

A radioactive disaster can affect people in both their physical and mental health. Previous research has suggested that people who experienced atomic bombing directly showed poor mental health. However, even residents in the areas not designated as an atomic bombing-afflicted area by the government reportedly have poor mental health. Further investigation is warranted to examine whether people who experienced the Nagasaki atomic bomb without direct physical exposure to radiation suffer worse mental health even after 50 years, and to identify risk factors, including social experiences related to the bombing. To examine the psychological consequences of the atomic bombing in the Nagasaki area, we have set the following aims of investigation: (1) whether the people with exposure experience in the non-designated area had fear of exposure, and to what extent and what sort; (2) whether they still remain in poorer mental health than the comparison group; and (3) what sort of demographic and social experiences are related to their poor mental health. This study included subjects who lived in the area nondesignated as the atomic bombing-afflicted area, with a comparison group who moved into the area after the war. Using the General Health Questionnaire 28 items (GHQ-28) as a primary indicator, we assessed the mental health status of the participants, along with knowledge of the nature and the effect of the atomic bomb and distressing and humiliating experiences related to the atomic bombing. The results of this study will be published elsewhere.
Impact of maternal obesity and breastfeeding intention on lactation intensity and duration

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has numerous maternal health benefits. However, EBF rates are lower in mothers with obesity. We sought to better understand whether maternal body composition measurements in early pregnancy are also predictive of lower rates of EBF. Healthy pregnant women with prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 17.5-51 kg/m2 underwent determination of percent body fat (% body fat) in early (12-16 weeks) and late (37 weeks) gestation. Intent and duration of EBF were determined by surveys completed at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum (PP). Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed to compare EBF rates and weaning by maternal BMI and % body fat. Increasing BMI and % body fat in early pregnancy were significantly associated with lower rates of EBF among women intending EBF. Women with BMI ≥ 25 were less likely to be EBF at 6 weeks and 6 months PP compared with women of normal BMI (67 and 37% vs. 91 and 79%, P value 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). Among primiparous women intending EBF, 100% of women in the lowest two body fat quartiles in early pregnancy were EBF at 6 weeks PP compared with 66.7 and 63.6% of women in the higher quartiles (P = 0.03). Lactation cessation by 6 months PP was higher with increasing maternal BMI (P = 0.001). Maternal obesity in early gestation is associated with lower EBF rates among women intending EBF and earlier weaning. Excess adiposity in early pregnancy may impede EBF.
Response to Comment on “Adiabatic shear instability is not necessary for adhesion in cold spray”

Abstract In our original paper, Acta Materialia 158 (2018) 430–439, we showed that adiabatic shear instability is not necessary for impact-induced jetting and bonding to occur in cold spray. We also developed a mechanistic framework to estimate the critical velocity for jetting on the basis of a hydrodynamic spall process. In their comment, Scripta Materialia xx (2018) xx-xx, Assadi et al. raised several questions about the versatility of our framework in capturing cold spray-related physical phenomena. Here, we demonstrate that not only can our mechanistic framework explain cold spray physical phenomena such as particle size effects, strength effects and temperature effects, but also it can be used to quantify them.
Mapping Non-Linear Influence of Alloying Elements on Tensile Strength of Martensitic Steel

In high-efficiency power plants, some components must withstand high stress and temperature. Materials scientists manipulate alloying element composition and thermomechanical processing to design specific mechanical properties in alloys. The analyzed 8-12% Cr steel dataset, for iron base alloy compositions (>80) and processing parameters, displayed results of tensile strength in 34 columns by 915 rows. To address non-linearity of the tensile properties, data analyses were carried out in composition-based clusters. We illustrated the effectiveness of the clustering approach in both classification and non-linear regression problems. This data science approach can assist with domain-guided statistical design for optimal manufacturing, computational materials engineering, uncertainty quantification to support decision-making, and additional scientific insight into complex, noisy, high-dimensional, and high-volume data sets. The hypotheses generated via the non-linear data analyses were tested on extended compositional ranges, providing new and interesting insights. These insights produced by data science can be interpreted using domain science knowledge for further validation and knowledge discovery.
Flexible nasotracheal intubation compared to blind nasotracheal intubation in the setting of simulated angioedema.

Abstract Background Nasotracheal intubation is rarely performed in the emergency department (ED) but may be required in specific situations such as angioedema. Both blind and flexible nasal intubation (FNI) may be utilized; however, the preferred technique is unknown. Methods We performed a randomized, crossover manikin study using a convenience sample of emergency physicians and medical students from a local community teaching hospital. Using a simulated angioedema model, we sought to compare the time required to successfully perform nasotracheal intubation between traditional blind nasotracheal intubation and FNI. Participants performed nasal intubation with both FNI using the Ambu aScope Slim (Ambu, Ballarup, Denmark) and blind nasal intubation with a Parker Endotrol tube (Parker, CO) in random order. Number of attempts and time to successful intubation (TTI) were compared between treatment devices. Providers were stratified by experience level, defining junior providers as post-graduate level 2 and below (including medical students) and all others as senior providers. Results We enrolled a convenience sample of 20 providers ranging from medical students to attendings. Overall, the TTI did not differ between blind and FNI intubation techniques (difference in seconds; 95% confidence interval) (21.4; −2.1 to 44.9; p = 0.07). This was consistent across provider types: senior providers (26.6; −17.7 to 71; p = 0.24) and junior providers (18.6; −8.3 to 46.5; p = 0.18). Number of attempts was similar between techniques (p = 0.55). Conclusion FNI and blind nasal intubation require similar time to intubation in this simulated model of angioedema.
Delineating Factors that Influence Student Performance in a Data Structures Course

(Full paper, Research category) The stakeholders in the computer science education have been trying to pinpoint the most relevant factors and variables contributing significantly to student recruitment, success, and retention in computing degrees over the last several decades. The goal of these efforts is to intervene using these controllable variables as early as possible and at key transition junctions for the most benefit to the students. Yet, there is still not a general agreement, let alone a consensus, neither on the most important factors nor on the degree of their contributions. While we cannot provide a panacea to this elusive and challenging problem, in this paper, we report our initial study, analyses, and results of what we intend to transform into a longitudinal undertaking to delineate success factors in computing programs in general, and in CS2 (data structures) courses in particular. Our analyses confirm some of the findings from the literature, such as CS1 performance as the most important contributor for CS2 success as well as prior programming experience, and perception of computing. At the same time we diverge from some of the literature on such factors as high school GPA or CSO performance. Our conclusions corroborate one of the rare consensus in the computing education literature that more efforts should still be exerted in this important topic. We also provide a new and novel taxonomy of the factors for success in computing programs as well as a short summary of the ACM Guidelines over time.
Anticholinergic burden and risk of cognitive impairment in elderly nursing home residents with depression.

Abstract Background Although the adverse cognitive effects of anticholinergic medications in the elderly are well-documented, little is known regarding the cognitive impact of anticholinergics among nursing home residents with depression. Objective This study examined the risk of mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment due to anticholinergic burden among elderly nursing home residents with depression. Methods A population-based nested case-control study was conducted using Minimum Data Set (MDS)-linked Medicare data where the base cohort included patients ≥ 65 years with depression who had intact cognition (MDS Cognition score of 0 or 1) and no dementia. Cases were identified as those who had mild-to-moderate cognition (MDS Cognition score of 2–4). Each case was matched on age and sex to one control using incidence density sampling. The study evaluated cumulative anticholinergic burden (defined as score of 3 or more) within 30, 60 and 90 days preceding the event date based on the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS). Conditional logistic regression model stratified on matched case-control sets was performed to evalaute cognitive impairment due to cumulative anticholinergic burden after controlling for other risk factors. Results The study sample included 3707 cases with mild-to-moderate cognition and 3707 matched controls with intact cognition. Bivariate analysis showed significant association between cumulative anticholinergic exposure and cognitive impairment (Odds Ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% Confidence Interval [CI],1.04–1.30); after controlling for potential risk factors, cumulative anticholinergic exposure 30 days preceding the event was no longer associated with cognitive impairment, (aOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.95–1.21). However, the odds of cognitive impairment increased with cumulative anticholinergic exposure 60 days (aOR 1.16; 1.04–1.30) and 90 days (aOR 1.28; 1.14–1.44) before the event date. Conclusion Cumulative anticholinergic use for prolonged exposure periods was associated with modestly increased risk of cognitive impairment in elderly residents with depression who had intact cognition. The findings suggest the need to be cautious when prescribing multiple anticholinergic drugs in residents, including those with intact cognition.
Employee Silence is Not Always Consent

This article explores the relationship between (employee) silence and knowledge transfer, which has not been adequately examined. Employee silence is the willful withholding of important work related information. This article analyzes the relationship between silence and knowledge transfer and addresses the leadership causes and operational consequences associated with employee silence. We explore the conditions under which knowledge transfer occurs in organizations and the consequences of ineffective knowledge transfer. In conclusion we propose several methods for measuring and eradicating cultures of silence and tested methods to sustain cultures of voice.
Constrained Varying-Coefficient Model for Time-Course Experiments in Soft Tissue Fabrication

In the fabrication of artificial soft tissues, novel biomaterials with the required properties are obtained by appropriately adjusting process parameters during material synthesis. One key step in ...
Student success pocket-graphic: a mountain of data transformed

How does a small community college library, without marketing experience or budget, advocate for its value to a campus community and its administrators? We did so by creating an engaging, bright, a...
Heidegger’s Critique of Rationalism and Modernity

Heidegger argues that the overly reductionist approach of the natural sciences, since 1850, renders it blind to the essential character of nature. Instead of revealing nature to us, modern scientific thinking conceals nature behind the veil of its own interests, interests driven by the quest for technological mastery over nature and circumscribed by its mathematical method. This chapter reconstructs Heidegger’s general critique of modern math-based science by focusing on how the scientific thinking informs thinking in general, how it dictates the way objects appear, the character of causation and free will and the character of science now that it has come under the sway of technological thinking. While the chapter does not investigate Heidegger’s solutions to this problem, a brief discussion of Plato’s notion of wonder, as the basis of philosophical thinking, points us in the direction of a new, or perhaps old, way of thinking.
The political economy of solar initiatives in the Sunshine state

This study empirically examines the outcomes of two solar energy amendments that were on the ballot in Florida in 2016. One amendment exempts solar energy devices from ad valorem taxation, effectiv...
Promoting Value Through Patient-Centered Communication: A Multisite Validity Study of Third-Year Medical Students.

PURPOSE To examine validity evidence for a standardized patient scenario assessing medical students' ability to promote value using patient-centered communication (in response to a patient requesting an unnecessary test) and to explore the potential effect of various implementation and curricular factors on student scores. METHOD Third-year medical students (N = 516) from 5 U.S. MD-granting medical schools completed the communication scenario between 2014 and 2017 as part of a larger objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Centralized raters assessed performance using an 11-item checklist. The authors collected multiple sources of validity evidence. RESULTS The mean checklist score was 0.85 (standard deviation 0.09). Interrater reliability for checklist scores was excellent (0.87, 95% confidence interval = 0.78-0.93). Generalizability and Phi-coefficients were, respectively, 0.65 and 0.57. Scores decreased as the number of OSCE stations increased (r = -0.15, P = .001) and increased when they were used for summative purposes (r = 0.26, P < .001). Scores were not associated with curricular time devoted to high-value care (r = 0.02, P = .67) and decreased when more clerkships were completed before the assessment (r = -0.12, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS This multisite study provides validity evidence supporting the use of scenario scores to assess the ability of medical students to promote value in clinical encounters using patient-centered communication. Findings illuminate the potential effect of OSCE structure and purpose on student performance and suggest clerkship learning experiences may not reinforce what students are taught in the formal curriculum regarding high-value care. Devoting more time to the topic appears insufficient to counteract this erosion.
Chemically Controllable Porous Polymer–Nanocrystal Composites with Hierarchical Arrangement Show Substrate Transport Selectivity

Functional organic–inorganic hybrid materials with tunable properties are useful across many application areas, ranging from gas storage to electronics, flame retardants, separations, and catalysis...
New approaches to species delimitation and population structure of anthozoans: Two case studies of octocorals using ultraconserved elements and exons

As coral populations decline worldwide in the face of ongoing environmental change, documenting their distribution, diversity and conservation status is now more imperative than ever. Accurate delimitation and identification of species is a critical first step. This task, however, is not trivial as morphological variation and slowly evolving molecular markers confound species identification. New approaches to species delimitation in corals are needed to overcome these challenges. Here, we test whether target enrichment of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and exons can be used for delimiting species boundaries and population structure within species of corals by focusing on two octocoral genera, Alcyonium and Sinularia, as exemplary case studies. We designed an updated bait set (29,181 baits) to target-capture 3,023 UCE and exon loci, recovering a mean of 1,910 ± 168 SD per sample with a mean length of 1,055 ± 208 bp. Similar numbers of loci were recovered from Sinularia (1,946 ± 227 SD) and Alcyonium (1,863 ± 177 SD). Species-level phylogenies were highly supported for both genera. Clustering methods based on filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms delimited species and populations that are congruent with previous allozyme, DNA barcoding, reproductive and ecological data for Alcyonium, and offered further evidence of hybridization among species. For Sinularia, results were congruent with those obtained from a previous study using restriction site associated DNA sequencing. Both case studies demonstrate the utility of target-enrichment of UCEs and exons to address a wide range of evolutionary and taxonomic questions across deep to shallow timescales in corals.
High-Risk Interactions for Transmission of CRE to Health Worker Gloves or Gown: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a serious threat to public health due to high associated morbidity and mortality. Healthcare personnel (HCP) gloves and gowns are frequently contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including CRE. We aimed to identify patients more likely to transmit CRE to HCP gloves or gowns and HCP types and interactions more likely to lead to glove or gown contamination. Methods:Between January 2016 and August 2018, patients with a clinical or surveillance culture positive for CRE in the preceding 7 days were enrolled at 5 hospitals in California, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. Ten HCP–patient interactions were observed for each patient and were recorded by research staff. Following patient care, but prior to doffing, the gloves and gown of each HCP were sampled for the presence of CRE. Results: We enrolled 313 CRE-colonized patients, and we observed 3,070 HCP interactions. CRE was transmitted to HCP gloves in 242 of 3,070 observations (7.9%) and to gowns in 132 of 3,070 observations (4.3%). Transmission to either gloves or gown occurred in 308 of 3,070 interactions observed (10%). The most frequently identified organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 171, 53.2%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (n = 36, 11.2%), and Escherichia coli (n = 33, 10.3%). Patients in the intensive care unit (n = 177, 56.5%) were more likely to transmit CRE to HCP gloves or gown (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.03–2.64) compared to those not in an ICU and adjusted for HCP type. The odds of CRE transmission increased with the number of different items touched near the patient (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.21–1.44) and with the number of different items touched in the environment (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06–1.21). Respiratory therapists had the highest rates of transmission to gloves and gown (OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.61–8.94), followed by physical therapists and occupational therapists (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.01–8.32) when compared to HCP in the “other” category. Manipulating the rectal tube (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.53–6.04), providing wound care (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.73–4.59), and touching the endotracheal tube (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.86–4.19) were the interactions most strongly associated with CRE transmission compared to not touching these items and adjusted for HCP type. Conclusions: Transmission of CRE to HCP gloves and gowns occurs frequently. We identified interactions and HCP types that were particularly high risk for transmission. Infection control programs may wish to target infection prevention resources and education toward these high-risk professions and interactions. Funding: This work was supported by the CDC Prevention Epicenter Program (U43CK000450-01) and the NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI121146-01). Disclosures: None
Multi-omic analysis of lung tumors defines pathways activated in neuroendocrine transformation

Lineage plasticity, a capacity to reprogram cell phenotypic identity under evolutionary pressure, is implicated in treatment resistance and metastasis in multiple cancers. In lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) amenable to treatment with targeted inhibitors, transformation to an aggressive neuroendocrine (NE) carcinoma resembling small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recognized mechanism of acquired resistance. Defining molecular mechanisms of NE transformation in lung cancer has been limited by a paucity of well annotated pre- and post-transformation clinical samples. We hypothesized that mixed histology LUAD/SCLC tumors may capture cancer cells proximal to, and on either side of, histologic transformation. We performed detailed genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of combined LUAD/SCLC tumors as well as pre- and post-transformation clinical samples. Our data support that NE transformation is primarily driven by transcriptional reprogramming rather than mutational events. We identify genomic contexts in which NE transformation is favored, including frequent loss of the 3p chromosome arm in pre-transformation LUADs. Consistent shifts in gene expression programs in NE transformation include induction of several stem/progenitor cell regulatory pathways, including upregulation of PRC2 and WNT signaling, and suppression of Notch pathway activity. We observe induction of PI3K/AKT and an immunosuppressive phenotype in NE transformation. Taken together our findings define a novel landscape of potential drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities of NE transformation in lung cancer.
Prenatal choline, cannabis, and infection, and their association with offspring development of attention and social problems through 4 years of age.

Background Prenatal choline is a key nutrient, like folic acid and vitamin D, for fetal brain development and subsequent mental function. We sought to determine whether effects of higher maternal plasma choline concentrations on childhood attention and social problems, found in an initial clinical trial of choline supplementation, are observed in a second cohort. Methods Of 183 mothers enrolled from an urban safety net hospital clinic, 162 complied with gestational assessments and brought their newborns for study at 1 month of age; 83 continued assessments through 4 years of age. Effects of maternal 16 weeks of gestation plasma choline concentrations ⩾7.07 μM, 1 s.d. below the mean level obtained with supplementation in the previous trial, were compared to lower levels. The Attention Problems and Withdrawn Syndrome scales on Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 were the principal outcomes. Results Higher maternal plasma choline was associated with lower mean Attention Problems percentiles in children, and for male children, with lower Withdrawn percentiles. Higher plasma choline concentrations also reduced Attention Problems percentiles for children of mothers who used cannabis during gestation as well as children of mothers who had gestational infection. Conclusions Prenatal choline's positive associations with early childhood behaviors are found in a second, more diverse cohort. Increases in attention problems and social withdrawal in early childhood are associated with later mental illnesses including attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Choline concentrations in the pregnant women in this study replicate other research findings suggesting that most pregnant women do not have adequate choline in their diets.
On a Waring's problem for Hermitian lattices

Abstract Assume E is an imaginary quadratic field and O is its ring of integers. For each positive integer m, let I m be the free Hermitian lattice of rank m over O having an orthonormal basis. For each positive integer n, let S O ( n ) be the set of all Hermitian lattices of rank n over O that can be represented by some I m . Denote by g O ( n ) the smallest positive integer g such that each Hermitian lattice in S O ( n ) can be represented by I g . In this paper, we shall provide an explicit upper bound for g O ( n ) for all imaginary quadratic fields E and all positive integers n.
Women Healing the Globe, Preserving the Tibetan Plateau:

The Tibetan Plateau’s Permafrost is melting at an alarming rate. Six of the world’s major rivers are sourced in the Tibetan Himalayas that are warming at a faster rate than the rest of the earth. I...
With or Without EU: Navigating GDPR Constraints in Human Subjects Research in an Education Environment

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), passed in 2018, outlined new data privacy standards applying to residents of the European Union (EU). The impact of this law stretches beyond the EU to anyone - such as researchers across the world - collecting or processing data from EU residents. Researchers have had to augment their methodologies to ensure GDPR compliance. This initiative intersects with at-scale educational programs, which often enroll EU students and are also often the subject of institutional research. While creating a study to research students in an online Master of Science in Computer Science (MSCS) program, some of whom are in the EU, we encountered difficulties with ensuring GDPR compliance. This paper discusses the implications of the GDPR related to both general research and our specific study. We discuss the challenges of interpreting the GDPR and integrating it into our methodology as well as potential solutions, our ultimate resolution, and practical recommendations, and we consider what the future of data privacy legislation means for researchers.
Blind Detection Of Radar Pulse Trains Via Self-Convolution

This paper studies the blind detection of radar pulse trains using self-convolution. The self-convolution of a horizontally polarized pulse train with a constant pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is the same as its autocorrelation, only shifted in time, provided that the pulses are symmetric. This makes the waveform amenable to blind detection even in the presence of a constant Doppler shift. Once detected, we estimate the carrier, demodulate, and estimate the PRF of the baseband train using a logarithmic frequency domain matched filter. We derive a Neyman-Pearson self-convolution detection threshold for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and conduct numerical experiments to compare the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) performance against standard matched filtering. We also illustrate the logarithmic frequency matched filter’s PRF estimation accuracy.
How can teaching simulations help us study at scale the tensions mathematics teachers have to manage when considering policy recommendations

The investigation at scale of the tensions that teachers need to manage when deciding to follow recommendations for practice has been hampered by the problem of occurrence: The conditions in which those decisions could be made need to occur during an observation in order for observers to document how teachers handle them. Simulations have been recommended as a way to immerse teachers in instructional contexts in which they have the opportunity to follow such recommendations and observe what teachers choose to do in response. In this article, we show an example of how a teaching simulation may be used to support such investigation, in the context of policy recommendations to open up classroom discussion and consider multiple solutions and in the instructional situation of doing proofs in geometry. A contrast between the decisions made by expert and novice teachers (n = 59) in the simulation, analyzed using multiple regression, adds empirical evidence to earlier conjectures based on qualitative analysis of classroom teaching experiments that revealed teachers to be particularly attentive to epistemological and temporal constraints. We found that expert and novice teachers differed in how likely they were to prefer practices recommended by policymakers. Specifically, expert teachers were significantly more likely than novice teachers to open up classroom discussions when they had the knowledge resources to correct a student error. Similarly, expert teachers were significantly more likely than novice teachers to explore multiple solutions when there were no time constraints.
The "Significant Other" in Marital and Family Therapy

The significant other (SO) is derived from the social behaviorism of G. H. Mead which is comparable to contemporary cognitive behaviorism. The SO is defined as an analytical concept by examining interaction in social acts; it includes attributes associated with the family member's role-reciprocity, meanings, affect, self-concept and modeling; and it is associated with concepts such as transformation, attribution and social interchange. The process by which the therapist becomes an SO to the family members individually and jointly, and how he or she utilizes transformation, attribution and social interchange are outlined. The "significant other" (SO) has become an important concept in marital and family therapy that conceives of the family as a social system. This phrase, which was introduced into psychiatric, psychological and sociological literature by Sullivan (1940, 1953a, 1953b, 1954), is derived from Mead (1934) and Cooley (1902). Sullivan's concept of the SO appears to refer to those whom the individual utilizes to form his or her self-concept, primarily the mother. Thus the individual's self-evaluation is based on the "reflected appraisals" of others, or on his or her perception of others' evaluation of him or her. Subsequent sociological investigators noted that this concept did not describe all the possible attributes of the SO, particularly those in which they had a theoretical interest. Consequently Gerth and Mills (1953), Shibutani (1955) and others proposed additional attributes. Their work culminated in the contribution of Kuhn (1964) and his concept of the "orientational other" which had four general attributes and became the basis for investigations that refined the sociological value of this concept. Clinicians utilize the concept of an SO informally in somewhat *This is a revised version of a paper with the same title presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors in San Francisco, CA, September, 1977.
Fundamentals of Multivariate Analysis Part IV. Analysis of Variance for Balanced Experiments

In this last of the present series of articles, procedures are exemplified for the analysis of multivariate data obtained from balanced experimental designs. A test of the hypothesis that the residual covariance matrices are equal for all treatment comb..
The Principle of Sufficient Reason: Explanation of Negative States of Affairs

THE ARGUMENT Here is a pattern of explanation we all accept, which was already met with in Section 3.4: “Why did the yogurt fail to ferment? It failed to ferment because none of the usual explanations of fermentation, namely, the presence of bacteria, were there to explain it, and there was no unusual cause. Why did the dog not bark? It did not bark because no stranger approached it and none of the other possible causes of barking caused it to bark.” These are perfectly fine explanations, and they are not elliptical for longer explanations, though of course they are not ultimate explanations since one may ask why no stranger approached the dog. In these explanations, we explain a negative state of affairs by noting that the positive state of affairs that it is the denial of lacked an explanation. But now observe that this form of explanation presupposes a PSR, at least for positive states of affair, for if such a PSR does not hold, then one has failed to explain the negative state of affairs. If it is possible that a dog should bark without cause, then in saying that there was no cause for the dog to bark we have not explained why the dog did not bark. We may have explained why a nonbrute barking did not occur, but we have not explained why a brute , or unexplained, barking did not occur.
Biological Concepts for Environmental Control

Breakdown of organic wastes by normal cellular processes is often an effective and economic treatment. This chapter will introduce certain concepts from biochemistry and biology that are fundamental to biological waste treatment. Specific treatment processes will be covered in subsequent chapters.
Abstract 19756: QTC Intervals Can Be Monitored With the AliveCor Heart Monitor in Patients on Dofetilide for Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: In patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, dofetilide is an effective means of rhythm control. Recommended routine surveillance of dofetilide therapy includes measurement of the QTC interval every 3 months along with reassessment of kidney function. Such frequent visits can be onerous for patients. The AliveCor heart monitor is a novel smartphone application and tool that permits easily accessible generation of a rhythm strip that is the equivalent of Lead I on a 12-lead ECG. We assessed the feasibility and reliability of AliveCor tracings for QTC assessment in patients undergoing in-hospital dofetilide loading. Methods: Five consecutive patients with a history of persistent AF were included in this pilot study. The AliveCor tracings were performed in sinus rhythm to facilitate QTC measurements and compared to the QTC on corresponding ECGs performed that same day. All patients had received at least one dose of dofetilide. The standard two-handed measurement was chosen owing to the ease of use by the patients: this creates the equivalent of Lead I. On each AliveCor tracing and ECG, three consecutive QT intervals and their corresponding RR intervals were measured to calculate the average QTC. On the ECG, either Lead II or V5 was used to measure the QT intervals. Results: An example of one patient’s AliveCor tracing and ECG is shown in the Figure. There was no significant difference between the AliveCor QTC and ECG QTC for any of the 5 patients (all 20msec or less different). Conclusions: We believe we are reporting the first cases demonstrating that the AliveCor heart monitor can be used to reliably monitor the QTC interval in patients receiving dofetilide. AliveCor may reduce the clinic visit burden for these patients. Our future work will focus on applying this technology to the outpatient setting.
Valuations on Lattices: Fuzzification and its Implications

Summary. The notion of ordering is perhaps one of the most fundamental of abstract concepts. The zeta function is used to algebraically describe the ordering of elements in a lattice. An appropriate generalization of the zeta function general- izes the concept of inclusion to degrees of inclusion. However, the lattice structure imposes strong constraints on the values that these degrees can take. Here we review our previous work (1) 1 in studying these degrees of inclusion and relate these notions to the fuzzification of the lattice (independently introduced by Vassilis Kaburlasos). We show that an inclusion measure on the Boolean lattice of logical statements leads to Bayesian probability theory, which suggests a fundamental relationship between fuzzification of a Boolean lattice and Bayesian probability theory.
Detouring destruction: a role for inhibitory neuronal activity in preventing neuronal loss--implications for Alzheimer's disease

Recent results from the author's efforts and others have indicated approaches that may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies for combating neurodegenerative effects associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These strategies include unraveling mechanisms that decrease senile plaque accumulation and delay or slow the neurodegenerative progression associated with AD. Recent work addresses whether normally functioning inhibitory brain circuitry can protect and detour neurodegeneration. The aim of these research efforts is that one or a combination of these approaches will develop into an applied therapy that will enhance brain protection mechanisms and add to quality of life for patients with AD.
Migration, Adaptation, and Mental Health: The Experience of Southeast Asian Refugees in the United States

Policy-oriented research has tended to focus on objective dimensions of the refugee adaptation process (such as economic “self-sufficiency”, employment, and welfare dependency rates) than on subjective factors that are not only more difficult to measure but more often than not are seen as epiphenomenal (such as migration motives, acculturative attitudes, and mental health). Yet refugee “mental health” is no mere epiphenomenon: it both shapes and is shaped by those objective realities and as such, needs to be taken seriously into account by refugee policy. This paper seeks to contribute to our understanding of subjective aspects of the Southeast Asian refugee experience and of their import for refugee policy. Specifically, the paper reports on findings from a longitudinal survey (IHARP) of a representative sample of Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian men and women in the San Diego metropolitan area, site of one of the largest Indochinese refugee concentrations in the United States. A general model of migration, adaptation, and mental health is proposed and tested with the survey data. A typology of motives is developed empirically from a diverse set of open-ended responses, distinguishing between “targets,” “rebels,” “victims,” and seekers.” Rates of psychological well-being and distress were measured at two points in time. The paper examines the varying effects of a wide range of pre-arrival and post-arrival factors on their adaptive responses over time. The refugees’ changing levels of psychological distress and of satisfaction with various areas of their lives in the United States – which serve, respectively, as affective and cognitive indicators of their “mental health” – are analyzed as principal outcome variables in this study. Adult mental health outcomes, in turn, are shown to be independent variables in their own right, affecting other aspects of the refugee adaptation process – from their economic self-sufficiency, to pregnancy outcomes of refugee mothers, and even the educational attainment of their children several years later – and thus medical, educational and economic policy goals.