cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global exponential stability of generalized neural networks with time-varying delays

In this paper, we essentially drop the requirement of Lipschitz condition on the activation functions. Only using physical parameters of neural networks, we propose some new criteria concerning global exponential stability of generalized neural networks with time-varying delays. Since these new criteria do not require the activation functions to be differentiate, bounded or monotone nondecreasing and the connection weight matrices to be symmetric, they are mild and more general than previously known criteria.
Green Tea Increases the Concentration of Total Mercury in the Blood of Rats following an Oral Fish Tissue Bolus

Fish has many health benefits but is also the most common source of methylmercury. The bioavailability of methylmercury in fish may be affected by other meal components. In this study, the effect of green tea on the bioavailability of methylmercury from an oral bolus of fish muscle tissue was studied in rats and compared to a water treated control group and a group treated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a compound used medically to chelate mercury. Rats were given a single oral dose of fish tissue via gavage and one of the treatments. Rats were given access to food for 3 h at 12 h intervals. They were dosed with each of the treatments with each meal. Blood samples were collected for 95 hours. Green tea significantly increased the concentration of total mercury in blood relative to the control, whereas DMSA significantly decreased it. In addition, feeding caused a slight increase in blood mercury for several meals following the initial dose.
Evidence for a membrane skeleton in higher plants: A spectrin-like polypeptide co-isolates with rice root plasma membranes

Abstract A fraction enriched in plasma membranes was isolated from rice roots by differential centrifugation and aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning. Analysis of the fraction by SDS-PAGE showed the presence of several low mobility polypeptides (Mr> 100 kDa). One of these polypeptides (Mr ~ 230 kDa) was specifically recognized by polyclonal antibodies to human erythrocyte spectrin. This finding suggests that a higher plant spectrin-based membrane skeleton may be preserved and studied using high-purity plasma membrane fractions obtained by aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning.
Static Deadlock Detection in SHIM with an Automata Type Checking System

With the advent of multicores, concurrent programming languages are become more prevelant. Data Races and Deadlocks are two major problems with concurrent programs. SHIM is a concurrent programming language that guarantees absence of data races through its semantics. However, a program written in SHIM can deadlock if not carefully written. In this paper, we present a divide-and-merge technique to statically detect deadlocks in SHIM. SHIM is asynchronous, but we can greatly reduce its state space without loosing precision because of its semantics.
Nailfold Capillary Abnormalities in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Multisite Study.

Purpose There is considerable evidence for systemic vascular dysfunction in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We performed nailfold capillary video microscopy to observe directly the nature of nonocular microvasculature abnormalities in POAG.
Spectral properties of halite-rich mineral mixtures: Implications for middle infrared remote sensing of highly saline environments

Abstract Middle infrared reflectance of minerals is often used to qualitatively predict their spectral emittance characteristics. Reflectance spectra of particulate minerals dispersed in a nonabsorbing material such as halite (NaCl) can be very different from those of the isolated minerals, and often resemble transmittance spectra. To illustrate this behavior, diffuse reflectance spectra (4.3 μm – 14.3 μm) of particulate samples of calcite, gypsum, quartz and montmorillonite in various mixtures with NaCl are compared with reflectance and transmittance spectra of the pure minerals. Diffuse reflectance of a natural efflorescence associated with a sample of Mojave Desert playa material is also illustrated. Similarities in the spectra of the field sample and certain of the laboratory mixtures suggest that high concentrations of NaCl could produce ambiguities for remotely sensed observations in certain saline environments. However these preliminary laboratory measurements need supporting field studies to determine their significance in actual remote sensing situations.
Particle transport to the snow surface at the South Pole: the beginning of a tropospheric history

Sodium concentration measurements in recent south polar snow by Legrand and Kirchener have been compared with surface aerosol measurements by Bodhaine, Shanahan and Samson et al., made at the South Pole Station. When a 180-day lag is applied, to allow spring/summer aerosols to be precipitated and incorporated into the autumn/winter snow layer, very good correspondence exists between mean aerosol concentration in air and mean sodium concentration in snow. This paper describes analyses of meteorological and glaciological processes to define glaciological and meteorological years, which justify the use of this 180 day lag. The accumulation rate of snow on the South Polar Plateau has been established through pit and core analysis during the occupation of the South Pole station, and through direct snow stake accumulation measurement. Precipitation has not been routinely measured, but is estimated through analysis of the station meteorological record and application of the cold air precipitation rates derived from the literature. The estimated precipitation is compared with measured accumulation to investigate lag between time of precipitation and accumulation, and to examine other possible sources of accumulated ice substance (riming, drifting, and direct sublimation) to define the glaciological year. Precipitation of sodium and other particles, through coagulation and other ice crystal attachment processes, is discussed relative to the meteorological year. The results of this work indicate that additional measurements relative to the gradients of temperature, wind, precipitation, and accumulation on the Polar Plateau are essential to the formal establishment of a theory relating glacio-chemical accumulation to meteorological processes, and formulating tropospheric history from glacial deposition. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1993.00010.x
Lattice Dynamics, Mode Grüneisen Parameters, and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of CsCl, CsBr, and CsI

The phonon dispersion curves for CsCl, CsBr, and CsI have been obtained using a rigid-ion model with an appropriate effective ionic charge. The five model parameters for each crystal are obtained from three elastic constants and the two long-wavelength optic-mode frequencies, reliable data for which exist for all three crystals. Our results are in agreement with those of more elaborate models. The phonon density of states and the Debye characteristic temperatures are also calculated. A Born-Mayer-type potential is used to calculate long-wavelength LO and TO mode frequencies as functions of pressure from pressure dependence of bulk modulus. The result for TO of CsBr agrees well with a recent experimental determination. Next, using the values of the elastic constants and LO and TO frequencies at various pressures, $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{s}\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ curves in selected directions are generated as functions of pressure. Mode Gr\"uneisen parameters are then calculated as functions of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$. Finally, the Gr\"uneisen constant and the volume coefficient of thermal expansion are obtained as functions of temperature. They agree very well with available experimental data.
Two-stage sequential tests for proportions and means with follow-up period

Abstract This paper extends a procedure, based on [1], wherein a sequential probability ration test (SPRT) is combined with a likelihood ratio test that incorporate both sequential observations and additional delayed observations. Two two-sample sequential tests are considered: one for binomial parameters and the other for the means of normal distributions. The essential feature of the method enables us to construct a SPRT with the risk probabilities set greater than the desired level, depending on a number of delayed observations. The terminal decision based on a likelihood ratio test can be made with the desired risk level. The adequacy and advantage of the procedure are discussed and a number of computational formulas is presented to facilitate its applications.
THE CHOICES FOR SCANDINAVIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Scandinavian social democracy represents one of the most systematic attempts to shape economic institu-tions and policies in pursuit of equality and full employment. Increasingly, however, these goals haveeluded governments, and their institutional supports have eroded. This paper seeks to understand this shiftthrough a comparative analysis that places particular emphasis on the interaction between macroeco-nomic policies and wage-bargaining institutions. It is argued that the nature of this interaction, and theassociated economic effects, have been changed by new technology, capital market integration, andservice-sector expansion. As a result, centralized wage-bargaining institutions and accommodatingmacroeconomic policy regimes have been undermined, and social democracy increasingly faces a choicebetween the promotion of equality and employment for all.
Simultaneous determination of the elimination profiles of the individual enantiomers of racemic isoproterenol using capillary electrophoresis and microdialysis sampling

Microdialysis sampling and capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-EC) were used in combination to simultaneously define the elimination profile of each enantiomer of isoproterenol (ISP) administered as a racemic mixture to Sprague-Dawley rats. Resolution of the enantiomers of ISP was accomplished using a running buffer containing methyl-O-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral recognition reagent. The CE-EC system provided a concentration limit of detection of 0.63 ng ml-1, allowing monitoring of the elimination of ISP for up to six half-lives. Microdialysis sampling was capable of continuously monitoring the concentration of ISP with 60 s resolution. The concentration versus time data for the elimination of (+) and (-) ISP were fit to a biphasic first order elimination model yielding average apparent distribution half-lives of 0.52 +/- 0.07 min and 0.55 +/- 0.08 min and average apparent elimination half-lives of 9.8 +/- 2.2 and 8.8 +/- 2.0 min for (-) and (+) ISP, respectively (n = 3 rats). No statistically significant difference in the average half-lives was found. However, because each enantiomer was simultaneously determined in each animal a paired two-sample t-Test could also be done. This statistical analysis demonstrated that a difference in the elimination half-lives of the enantiomers of ISP does exist.
PDZ domains: fundamental building blocks in the organization of protein complexes at the plasma membrane

PDZ domains have recently emerged as central organizers of protein complexes at the plasma membrane. Although new information about PDZ domains appears at a bewildering rate, we will attempt to distill a few general concepts that have emerged about their biology. These include the structural basis for specificity of their binding interactions and ideas about how they organize both small local protein complexes used for signal transduction (transducisomes) and larger two-dimensional complexes like cell junctions and plasma membrane domains.
Expression of Tobacco Ringspot Virus Capsid Protein and Satellite RNA in Insect Cells and Three-Dimensional Structure of Tobacco Ringspot Virus-like Particles

The capsid protein gene of tobacco ringspot virus (TobRV), which had been modified to contain an amino-terminal methionine codon, was ligated into a baculovirus transfer vector downstream from the polyhedrin promoter. The resulting plasmid was cotransfected with linearized baculovirus DNA into insect cells. Recombinant baculovirus expressed high levels of the TobRV capsid protein that assembled to form virus-like particles that were similar in size and shape to authentic TobRV capsids. These virus-like particles did not encapsidate any RNA, including the capsid protein mRNA. The capsid protein mRNA is a truncated RNA 2, which may lack a putative encapsidation signal. To determine whether an intact packaging substrate could be encapsidated by the TobRV capsid protein, another recombinant baculovirus, concomitantly expressing both capsid protein and TobRV satellite RNA, was constructed. Surprisingly, the vast majority of the satellite RNA molecules expressed from this recombinant baculovirus were ligated in the insect cells to form circular RNA molecules. Like circular forms of satellite RNA generated in planta, these circular satellite molecules remained unencapsidated by the TobRV capsid protein. Computer-generated three-dimensional reconstruction using electron cryomicrographs of the empty virus-like particles allowed the first structural analyses of any nepovirus capsid. This 22-A resolution reconstruction resembled capsids of other members of the picornavirus superfamily. These data support the hypothesis that the nepovirus capsid is structurally analogous to those of the como- and picornaviruses.
Interorder transfer of mycoplasmalike microorganisms between Drosophila paulistorum and Ephestia kühniella. II. Numbers of MLO and sterility.

A successful attempt was made to culture the mycoplasmalike microorganism causing semispecific hybrid male sterility inDrosophila paulistorum utilizingEphestia kuhniella as the intermediate host. Data gleaned from this passage indicates that the induction of sterility depends upon the quality not the quantity of infectious intracellular symbionts.
Relation between cognitive distortions and neurobehavior disinhibition on the development of substance use during adolescence and substance use disorder by young adulthood: a prospective study.

Objective: Previous research has demonstrated that neurobehavior disinhibition increases the risk for a diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD). This investigation tested the hypothesis that a deficiency in the capacity to appraise the effects of alcohol and drugs and interpret social interactions mediates the relation between neurobehavior disinhibition in childhood and SUD by early adulthood. Methods: Boys with fathers having lifetime SUD (N = 88) and no SUD or other psychiatric disorder (N = 127) were prospectively tracked from ages 10–12 to 19 years. Neurobehavior disinhibition was evaluated at baseline followed by assessments of cognitive distortions and substance use involvement in early and mid-adolescence. SUD outcome was evaluated up to age 19 years. Results: Cognitive distortions (age 12–14 years) mediated the association between neurobehavior disinhibition (age 10–12 years) and marijuana use (age 16 years) which, in turn, predicted SUD by age 19 years. Cognitive distortions in early adolescence did not directly predict SUD by young adulthood. Conclusions: Inaccurate social cognition, significantly predicted by childhood neurobehavior disinhibition, biases development toward marijuana use prodromal to SUD. These results indicate that cognitive processes, in conjunction with psychological self-regulation, comprise important components of the individual liability to SUD.
The Use of Logistic Regression in Social Work Research

Manv dependent variables of interest to social work researchers are dichotomous rather than continuous, and an appropriate and powerful statistical procedure for modeling such variables is logistic regression. This paper presents the assumptions of logistic regression; the estimation procedure; the testing and interpretation of parameters; and measures of the goodness of the model. A review of recent social work research which utilizes the procedure is included.
Development of a modular command and data handling architecture for the KySat-2 CubeSat

KySat-2 is a 1U CubeSat launched on the NASA ELaNa IV mission on November 19, 2013. The Command & Data Handling (C&DH) architecture for KySat-2 leverages aspects of the Space Plug-and Play Avionics (SPA) standard developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and adapts it to the constraints of the CubeSat form factor. The design eases interfacing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and legacy components in the satellite and also enhances software reusability, with motivation to decrease time-to-orbit and reduce system cost and complexity, while increasing reliability. The KySat-2 CubeSat C&DH architecture utilizes a central processor that carries out mission-specific functionality, command interpretation, and scheduling. Interface processors are dedicated to, and all processors communicate on a shared I2C bus. This distributed processing architecture provides a level of abstraction between the mission-specific functionality and the more general purpose features of satellite subsystems, enabling increased reuse of non-mission specific hardware and software. This paper describes the distributed architecture of the KySat-2 C&DH, as well as the advantages and challenges of the distributed approach.
Measurement of surface displacement normal to the line of sight

Two methods for measuring the displacement of a surface normal to the line of sight are described and experimental results presented. The displacement in either case may consist of a simple lateral or rotational shift of the body in total, or it may consist of small local displacements due to some type of mechanical stress. The displacement is displayed as a system of interference fringes over the image of the surface. The first method permits observation of the displacement fringes in real time; or, if a double exposure is recorded, the fringes can be observed directly on the doubly exposed photograph in white light. The second method requires spatial filtering of the image after recording a double exposure of the surface before and after displacement. However it permits selection of the component of displacement in any direction normal to the line of sight with a continuously variable sensitivity from the single (doubly exposed) transparency. Both methods are noncontacting, use only a single laser beam for illuminating the object and require no previously constructed grids or rulings.
Autocovariance Structure of Markov Regime Switching Models and Model Selection

We show that the covariance function of a second-order stationary vector Markov regime switching time series has a vector ARMA(p,q) representation, where upper bounds for p and q are elementary functions of the number of regimes. These bounds apply to vector Markov regime switching processes with both mean–variance and autoregressive switching. This result yields an easily computed method for setting a lower bound on the number of underlying Markov regimes from an estimated autocovariance function.
Direct construction of predictive models for describing growth of Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid eggs – A one-step approach

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a new approach using a one-step approach to directly construct predictive models for describing the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in liquid egg white (LEW) and egg yolk (LEY). A five-strain cocktail of SE, induced to resist rifampicin at 100 mg/L, was used to inoculate LEW and LEY. Kinetic studies were conducted isothermally at different temperatures between 8 and 43 °C to generate growth curves at each temperature. This study first solved an inverse problem globally, using the growth curves to estimate the temperature-dependent kinetic parameters, and then applied the parameters to predict growth (a forward problem). Once the growth curves were generated, they were assembled and analyzed using nonlinear regression to determine kinetic parameters of both primary and secondary models in one step, with an objective to minimize the global residual sum of squares (RSS) for the entire data set. For growth in LEW, a three-parameter logistic model was used. For growth in LEY, the Huang model was used as the primary model. The Ratkowsky square-root model was used to evaluate the growth rates. The results showed that the one-step approach resulted in accurate estimation of the kinetic parameters that were used later to successfully predict the growth of SE in LEY and LEW. The estimated nominal minimum growth temperatures of SE were 7.4 °C and 9.9 °C, while the estimated maximum growth temperatures were 45.2 °C and 46.8 °C, respectively, in LEW and LEY. As a validation, the predictive models were tested with independent growth curves of SE in LEY and LEW at 37 °C. The root mean square error (RMSE) was only 0.36 and 0.28 log CFU/ml over a total scale of 8.4 and 7.8 log CFU/ml, respectively, for the growth models of SE in LEY and LEW, suggesting that the one-step approach can generate accurate models for predicting the growth of SE in LEY and LEW. The results from this study can be used to predict the growth of SE and evaluate the safety of LEY and LEW.
Neurotization to Innervate the Deltoid and Biceps: 3 Cases

Purpose To describe our experience using direct muscle neurotization as a treatment adjunct during delayed surgical reconstruction for traumatic denervation injuries. Methods Three patients who had direct muscle neurotization were chosen from a consecutive series of patients undergoing reconstruction for brachial plexus injuries. The cases are presented in detail, including long-term clinical follow-up at 2, 5, and 10 years with accompanying postoperative electrodiagnostic studies. Postoperative motor strength using British Medical Research Council grading and active range of motion were retrospectively extracted from the clinical charts. Results Direct muscle neurotization was performed into the deltoid in 2 cases and into the biceps in 1 case after delays of up to 10 months from injury. Two patients had recovery of M4 strength, and the other patient had recovery of M3 strength. All 3 patients had evidence on electrodiagnostic studies of at least partial muscle reinnervation after neurotization. Conclusions Direct muscle neurotization has shown promising results in numerous basic science investigations and a limited number of clinical cases. The current series provides additional clinical and electrodiagnostic evidence that direct muscle neurotization can successfully provide reinnervation, even after lengthy delays from injury to surgical treatment. Clinical relevance Microsurgeons should consider direct muscle neurotization as a viable adjunct treatment and part of a comprehensive reconstructive plan, especially for injuries associated with avulsion of the distal nerve stump from its insertion into the muscle.
The effect of substance P and its fragments on passive avoidance retention and brain monoamine activity.

Abstract It has been shown that substance P (SP), as well as its carboxy and amino terminal fragments, affects a wide range of behaviors. In order to test the CNS activity of these fragments, we measured their effects on passive avoidance learning and monoamine activity. Following one-trial passive avoidance training, mice were injected intraventricularly with either a carboxy or amino terminal SP fragment (SP-C or SP-N), SP itself or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). SP-N enhanced avoidance retention, which was tested 24 h after training. In a second experiment, monoamine activity was measured one hour after intraventricular injection of SP, PBS or SP fragments. SP-C decreased both nigral 5- hydroxyindokacetic acid 5- hydroxytryptamine ( 5- HIAA 5- HT ) and, to a lesser extent, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid dopamine , while SP-N increased nigral 5- HIAA 5- HT . It was concluded that SP-N and SP-C can exert behavioral and neurochemical effects that may be independent of the parent SP molecule.
Rapid separation of free fatty acids from neutral lipids in brain extracts.

Brain may contain relatively small amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs). The measurement of FFAs in brain extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is complicated by the presence of other lipids. The larger amount of neutral lipids relative to FFAs present in brain extract interferes with the analysis or prolonges the time required for HPLC. Furthermore, highly retained components of the neutral lipid fraction contaminate the column. Therefore, we have modified the procedure that Hamilton and Comai’ proposed for the determination of FFAs in other tissues to render it more suitable for use with brain extracts. These workers used a Sep-Pak silica cartridge to isolate a combined FFA and neutral lipid fraction from serum or extracts from liver or smooth muscle cells prior to their analysis by HPLC. Our modification consists of converting FFAs and their oxidation products to ammonium salts which are not eluted from the Sep-Pak silica cartridge, while neutral lipids are. As in the original method, FFAs are then eluted with chloroform containing acetic acid; followed by ethanolamine and choline phospholipids in two additional fractions, eluted with methanollchloroform and with methanollchloroform-water, respectively. In order to determine the recovery of FFAs and to check for cross contamination during isolation we used docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and two of its oxidized derivatives because the instability of these compounds presents a stringent test of the method.
AMYLOIDOSIS: AGE OF OCCURRENCE AND RATE OF PROGRESSION: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN THE WHITE PEKIN DUCK*

: Primary amyloidosis is reported as occurring more often in older animals and man. This study concerned 52 white Pekin ducks from which hepatic biopsy specimens were obtained at various ages. It was found that hepatic amyloidosis occurred more frequently in older ducks, but it did occur in young white Pekins. The age at onset of hepatic amyloidosis varied. The rapidity of development also varied, as indicated by liver biopsies and by the weight of the liver. Since primary amyloidosis in man may be genetically influenced, it is important to know when amyloid first appears in the tissues, and the rate of progression.
Premature development of ligandin (GSH transferase B) in mice with an inherited defect in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi structure and function.

Abstract Radiation-induced albino mouse mutations have deficient microsomal enzyme activities and structurally abnormal endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi membranes in liver and kidney. Ligandin (GSH transferase B) is essential for nonoxidative detoxification. Cytochrome P-450, which is essential for oxidative detoxification, is virtually absent in mutant homozygous mice. The catalytic activity of ligandin in liver, kidney and small intestinal mucosa was double that of heterozygous littermates and newborn controls and was equivalent to enzyme activity in control adult mice. Early enzyme maturation in homozygous mutants probably results from accumulation of substrates which are normally metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 oxidative system.
Partial Beam Blockage Correction Using Polarimetric Radar Measurements

AbstractA new method for mitigation of partial beam blockage that uses the consistency between reflectivity factor Z and specific differential phase KDP and their radial integrals in rain is presented. The immunity of differential phase ΦDP to partial beam blockage is utilized to estimate the bias of reflectivity factor caused by beam blockage. The algorithm is tested on dual-polarization radar data collected by the NCAR S-band polarimetric Dopper radar system (S-Pol) during the Southwest Monsoon Experiment/Terrain-Influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SoWMEX/TiMREX) in June 2008 in Taiwan. Corrected reflectivity factors in the blocked sectors are compared with corresponding values deduced from a digital elevation model (DEM) to show the advantage of the suggested method in areas where obstacles such as high-rise buildings cause additional blockage that is not accounted for by DEM. The accuracy and robustness of the method is quantitatively evaluated using a series of radar volume scans obtained in thre...
From animals to clinic: nonmyeloablative conditioning and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in autoimmune disease

Comment on Flierman et al, page [2991][1] Nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens are the logical and safer approach for both autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. In the animal model reported by Flierman and colleagues, stable long-term high-
On the risk of misbehaving RPKI authorities

The RPKI is a new security infrastructure that relies on trusted authorities to prevent some of the most devastating attacks on interdomain routing. The threat model for the RPKI supposes that authorities are trusted and routing is under attack. Here we discuss the risks that arise when this threat model is flipped: when RPKI authorities are faulty, misconfigured, compromised, or compelled to misbehave. We show how design decisions that elegantly address the vulnerabilities in the original threat model have unexpected side effects in this flipped threat model. In particular, we show new targeted attacks that allow RPKI authorities, under certain conditions, to limit access to IP prefixes, and discuss the risk that transient RPKI faults can take IP prefixes offline. Our results suggest promising directions for future research, and have implications on the design of security architectures that are appropriate for the untrusted and error-prone Internet.
Hot water DJ: saving energy by pre-mixing hot water

After space heating and cooling, water heating is typically the largest energy consumer in the U.S. homes, accounting for approximately 17% of total energy consumption. Current water heating systems waste up to 20% of their energy due to poor insulation in pipes or water tanks, but improving this insulation is too costly to be practical for energy savings. In this paper, we build on recent fixture and water flow monitoring systems to create the Hot Water DJ, which provides hot water to any fixture based on the requirement of the fixture. In our experiment, we deployed sensors in a real home to learn about the accurate temperature model for each of the fixtures in the house. Whenever any of the fixture asks for hot water, Hot Water DJ would provide hot water as hot as the appliance typically require. Our result shows, with our approach we can save 10% of water heater energy with limited impact on user comfort and cost.
Buried Layer Tungsten Deposits In Porous Silicon: Metal Penetration Depth and Film Purity Determinants

Infiltration of anodically prepared porous silicon with tungsten hexafluoride gas has been investigated as a function of silicon porosity, source gas pressure and carrier gas type and flow rate. The depth of tungsten metallization in the silicon has been shown to depend most sensitively on the WF/sub 6/ partial pressure, and less on the flow rate and carrier gas type. Penetration depths of >30 ..mu..m have been attained. Structural integrity of the tungsten layer is dependent on the porosity of the starting material and the degree of internal oxidation of the porous silicon surface area. 6 refs., 8 figs.
GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE TETRAHYDRO DERIVATIVES OF CORTISOL ISOLATED FROM URINE.

Abstract Tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, and allotetrahydrocortisol can be separated by gas—liquid chromatography and quantitated with an argon ionization detector. The retention times of these cortisol metabolites are identical with those of their 17-ketosteroid analogs. This technique has been used to monitor the compostion of fractions from liquid-liquid chromatograms of urine extracts.
A Field Course in Tropical Coastal Geology

ABSTRACT Coch, N. K., 2013. A field course in tropical coastal geology. South Florida, United States, is an ideal place for conveniently studying modern carbonate environments and their fossil equivalents in close proximity. It is the only place where such field studies can be carried out with the excellent logistical support available in a major metropolitan area (Miami). Consequently, south Florida has been used extensively for training petroleum geologists as well as providing reef and quarry trips of short duration for geology classes. However, south Florida can also be used to study geomorphic features; biogenic and clastic sedimentology in fresh, brackish, and saline environments; and stratigraphic studies which correlate widely-spaced rock outcrops. In addition, many aspects of environmental geology, including groundwater, water pollution, ecological changes accompanying development, and the effects of hurricanes, can be studied here. This holistic approach was used in a 3 week laboratory and field...
Alteration in directional sensitivity of the retina by monocular occlusion.

Abstract Monocular occlusion (dark patching) of adults for a period of days produces marked reduction in the directional sensitivity of the eye (Stiles-Crawford effect). The effect reaches a maximum 3–5 days after the onset of patching. Recovery occurs in a comparable period. The second eye is not affected, and a simple light diffuser fails to produce the same effect. Coupled with alteration in directional sensitivity are an overall increase in sensitivity, and modest resolution and perceived color changes. These findings, coupled with other research, suggest that directional sensitivity is at least partially mediated by light and that orientation of photoreceptors is an active process.
Effects of maternal treatment with corticosteroids, T3, TRH, and their combinations on lung function of ventilated preterm rabbits with and without surfactant treatments.

Pregnant does went treated with betamethasone, T3, TRH, or combinations of betamethasone plus T3 or TRH using doses of each agent known to effect lung maturation. Preterm rabbits went then delivered at 27 days gestational age, half of each group was treated with Surfactant TA, and the rabbits went ventilated In a ventilator-plethysmograph system such that tidal volumes went regulated to mean values of 12 to 13 ml/kg. At 30 min of age when mean PCO2 values for the study groups went between 33 and 42 mm Hg, lung function of each rabbit was evaluated by the peak inspiratory pressure needed to achieve the desired tidal volume, by compliance, and by the ventilation efficiency index. The measures of lung function showed no benefit of corticosteroids or T3 in the absence of surfactant, whereas TRH significantly improved lung function. Although surfactant treatment improved lung function in all groups, the best effect after a single hormone treatment was with corticosteroid. The combined use of corticosteroids an...
ICV ghrelin increases food intake in senescent male brown Norway rats.

Ghrelin's ability to increase food intake (FI) is thought to be mediated in the hypothalamus. Aging animals are generally less responsive to hormonal stimulation than young. To assess central sensitivity to ghrelin, we implanted four ages of male Brown Norway (BN) rats (young, middle-aged, old and senescent; final n=6–12/age group) with indwelling third ventricular cannulas. We then compared four doses of ghrelin (1, 5, 10 and 50 μg in 5 μl) to NPY (10 μg in 5 μl) and saline. Ghrelin was purchased from Global Peptide Services (Fort Collins, CO). Each animal received all treatments three separate times, at 2–4 d intervals, and each was its own control. FI was measured at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after these morning injections. All doses of ghrelin increased 24 h FI above saline in a generally dose-responsive pattern. Twenty-four hours FI was increased above saline by 20–70%, with the strongest effect seen in the senescent animals at the highest doses. Patterns of FI throughout the day were similar for all ages, with the highest dose causing a delayed but robust feeding response. FI after 1 h was strongly affected by age, with the youngest group responding more robustly (10-fold increase above saline) than the oldest groups (2–3-fold). We conclude that senescent Brown Norway rats are as responsive as younger groups to stimulation of feeding with central injections of ghrelin, and this may be in contrast with aged animals of other strains.
Escape from Literature: Constructing the Soviet Self in Yuri Olesha's Diary of the 1930s

On 5 May 1930, instead of beginning a new novel, Yuri Olesha started a diary. The entry for that day opens with a reflection on diary-writing as an antidote to the decay of belles lettres, as a remedy for the blisters left upon the metaphorical body of the reader by the "scalding achievements" of recent Soviet novels: "I despise [belles lettres]. ... Belles lettres are rotting away (Gniet belletristika)! Novels just burn me! Reading them has become disgusting!"' By this point in his literary career, the thirty-year-old Olesha had published several hundred poems and had authored two plays staged by Moscow's most prestigious theaters. But his reputation as a writer rested primarily upon the success of his short novel Envy (Zavist', 1927), a work that provoked an animated discussion in the press with its ambivalent portrayal of the conflict between the "old" (prerevolutionary) worldview and the "new" Soviet reality. The vigorous rhetorical attack on the occupation of novel-writing which Olesha now mounted in his diary signaled the young author's commitment to reinventing himself as a Soviet writer. This essay focuses on Olesha's attempts to overcome the literary form on the pages of his 1930s diary. I examine this remarkable experiment from the perspective of concomitant attempts to articulate, and so reshape, his identity as a man of letters and as a "new Soviet man." Olesha's diary was conceived as a literary means of resolving an experiential crisis: the writer's apparent inability to produce new works of fiction. An instrument of creative regeneration, it was planned as a work of literature-a new kind of literature-that would demonstrate to Olesha's colleagues and critics that he was an active, valuable member of the writerly profession, as redefined in the Soviet context. Yet from its inception Olesha's diary also served, like many a diary, as a record of a tortuous conversation with himself in the process of self-education, a record that was abandoned and then restarted time after time. The diary entries vary in length, form, and style; many, though far from all, are undated. Fragmentary and unpolished, the diary was kept in order to eventually become a public document, for the benefit of Olesha himself, his contemporaries (both sympathetic and hostile), and the future generations of his Soviet readers. At stake in Olesha's intensely personal yet self-consciously literary project was the very possibility of developing a new mode of writing that could give meaning to the intimate experience of a writer working and living in the Soviet Russia of the 1930s.
The Conflict Behavior of Authoritarian Regimes

In order to understand what makes democracies unique, we need to develop a deeper understanding of the conflict behavior of authoritarian regimes. If any of the competing explanations of the democratic peace can also account for similar behavior among specific types of authoritarian regimes, we can have more confidence in the power of that approach for understanding the relationship between political regimes and international peace. Previous work using a data set compiled by Barbara Geddes indicates that single-party authoritarian regimes tend to be somewhat more peaceful than other types of authoritarian regimes, while personalist dictatorships tend to be more conflict prone. This article extends this research by examining the initiation of militarized disputes among all combinations of authoritarian regimes coded by Geddes, including military, personalist, single-party, and hybrid regimes that involve combinations of these three pure types. We find that this more comprehensive examination of the conflict behavior of authoritarian regimes suggests that there is indeed something distinctive about the behavior of single-party and personalist regimes. Single-party regimes are significantly less likely to initiate disputes against many of the specific types of authoritarian regimes coded by Geddes. They are also less likely to be targeted by other types of authoritarian regimes. In contrast, personalist regimes are both more likely to initiate and be the target of disputes. This article suggests that the Bueno de Mesquita et al. ‘selectorate’ theory provides a useful approach for understanding this pattern of results.
On Gene Concepts and Teaching Genetics: Episodes from Classical Genetics

This paper addresses the teaching of advanced high school courses or undergraduate courses for non-biology majors about genetics or history of genetics. It will probably be difficult to take the approach described here in a high school science course, although the general approach could help improve such courses. It would be ideal for a college course in history of genetics or a course designed to teach non-science majors how science works or the rudiments of the genetics in a way that will help them as citizens. The approach aims to teach the processes of discovery, correction, and validation by utilizing illustrative episodes from the history of genetics. The episodes are treated in way that should foster understanding of basic questions about genes, the sorts of techniques used to answer questions about the constitution and structure of genes, how they function, and what they determine, and some of the major biological disagreements that arose in dealing with these questions. The material covered here could be connected to social and political issues raised by genetics, but these connections are not surveyed here. As it is, to cover this much territory, the article is limited to four major episodes from Mendel’s paper to the beginning of World War II. A sequel will deal with the molecularization of genetics and with molecular gene concepts through the Human Genome Project.
DNA strand breaks, NAD metabolism, and programmed cell death

An intimate relationship exists between DNA single-strand breaks, NAD metabolism, and cell viability in quiescent human lymphocytes. Under steady-state conditions, resting lymphocytes continually break and rejoin DNA. The balanced DNA excision-repair process is accompanied by a proportional consumption of NAD for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. However, lymphocytes have a limited capacity to resynthesize NAD from nicotinamide. An increase in DNA strand break formation in lymphocytes, or a block in DNA repair, accelerates poly(ADP-ribose) formation and may induce lethal NAD and ATP depletion. In this way, the level of DNA single-strand breaks in the lymphocyte nucleus is linked to the metabolic activity of the cytoplasm. The programmed removal of lymphocytes (and perhaps of other cells) with damaged DNA, may represent a novel physiologic function for poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent NAD cycling.
Benefit finding as a moderator of the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and drinking

This study evaluated benefit finding as a moderator of the relationship between spiritual and religious attitudes and drinking. Previous research indicates that undergraduates who drink heavily experience negative alcohol-related consequences. Literature also suggests that spirituality and religiosity (S/R) are protective against heavy drinking (e.g., Yonker, Schnabelrauch, & DeHaan, 2012) and that finding meaning, which is conceptually related to benefit finding, is negatively associated with alcohol use (e.g., Wells, 2010). Seven hundred undergraduate students completed the study materials including measures of drinking, benefit finding, and S/R. Based on previous research, we expected that S/R and benefit finding would be negatively associated with drinking. Furthermore, we expected that benefit finding would moderate the association between S/R and drinking, such that S/R would be more negatively associated with drinking among those higher in benefit finding. Consistent with expectations, a negative association between S/R and drinking was present, and was stronger among those high in benefit finding. These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that the protective effect of S/R on drinking appears to be particularly true among those who find benefit following stressful experiences. This study extends previous research showing that S/R is negatively associated with drinking by evaluating benefit finding (measured via the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) as a potential moderator of the relationship between S/R and drinking. This study contributes to the alcohol literature seeking to understand and identify individual factors in drinking and determine how S/R and benefit finding relate to drinking.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME DIRECTIONAL SEA MODELS

Abstract Current specification of the ocean wave environment for the design of offshore platforms does not adequately describe the directional nature of a real seaway. The strong wave frequency dependent nature of the directional behavior of observed seas is often over-simplified for design. A general formulation encompassing a wide range of directional sea models is presented. Parameter values used in some of the more popular directional sea models are examined. Approximate expressions for the two frequency dependent parameters in a modified Longuet-Higgins cosine wave spreading model are presented. A general procedure which allows an engineer to estimate parameters for alternate wave spreading models is discussed. To illustrate this procedure an empirically based modified cosine spreading model is used as the basis to estimate frequency dependent parameters for circular normal and wrapped Gaussian wave spreading models. A comparison of the contours of the various directional sea models and the prediction of the root-mean-square velocity distribution is presented.
Rate-adaptive codes for distributed source coding

Source coding with correlated decoder side information is considered. We impose the practical constraint that the encoder be unaware of even the statistical dependencies between source and side information. Two classes of rate-adaptive distributed source codes, both based on low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, are developed and their design is studied. Specific realizations are shown to be better than alternatives of linear encoding and decoding complexity. The proposed rate-adaptive LDPC accumulate (LDPCA) codes and sum LDPC accumulate (SLDPCA) codes (of length 6336 bits) perform within 10% and 5% of the Slepian-Wolf bound in the moderate and high rate regimes, respectively.