cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. The individual vs society. Is there a conflict?

KIE: Eddy argues that many medical interventions that make sense from the point of view of the individual patient and his or her physician might not make sense from the point of view of society -- either because they restrict resources available for other needs, or because they drive up the cost of resources. He illustrates his argument with the case of a hypothetical patient with metastatic breast cancer whose physician offers her an expensive investigative treatment that is 5% effective. The cost of the treatment would buy 10 years of mammogram screening for 150 women. Eddy discusses the nature of the conflict between individuals and society when making judgments regarding the value of different health care activities. He will discuss the resolution of the conflict in a future JAMA article.
Comparative safety and efficacy of clarithromycin and cefadroxil suspensions in the treatment of mild to moderate skin and skin structure infections in children

A prospective, randomized, single (investigator) blind multicenter study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of clarithromycin and cefadroxil oral suspensions in the treatment of mild to moderate skin and skin structure infections in children. Male and female patients ages 6 months to 12 years were enrolled at 24 study centers in the United States. Patients had signs and symptoms consistent with mild to moderate skin or skin structure infections judged suitable for oral antimicrobial therapy
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 Inhibits β-Amyloid Peptide (1-42)-Mediated Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis through Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling Pathways

β-Amyloid peptide accumulation in senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer9s disease has been considered as a major cause of neuronal death. The present study demonstrated that the CXCR2 ligands macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), CXCL1, and CXCL8, protected hippocampal neurons against β-amyloid (1-42) induced death. MIP-2-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt and both the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone (PD98059) and wortmannin reduced the neuroprotective effect of MIP-2. MIP-2 induced weak phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) 1 but remarkable phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of RSK2. MIP-2-induced phosphorylation of RSK2 was inhibited by PD98059 but not by wortmannin. MIP-2 treatment of the neuronal cells resulted in phosphorylation of Bad at both the Ser-112 and Ser-136. The phosphorylation at Ser-112 was blocked by PD98059, whereas the phosphorylation at Ser-136 was blocked by wortmannin. The transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) was phosphorylated by MIP-2 stimulation of the neuronal cells. MIP-2-induced CREB phosphorylation was reduced by both PD98059 and wortmannin. These data demonstrate that both MEK1-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways are involved in CXCR2-mediated neuroprotection and that multiple downstream signaling events, including RSKs, Bad, and CREB, are activated in this process.
Study of high temperature interaction in the system TiC-ZrO2

We investigated the chemical reaction in the system TiC-ZrO2 at 1700–2400°K and in vacuum of about 5×10-4 mm Hg. The results were compared with the thermodynamic analysis of the processes occurring in this temperature range.
Induction and functional significance of the heme oxygenase system in pathological shear stress in vivo.

The present study examined the heme oxygenase (HO) system in an in vivo murine model of pathological shear stress induced by partial carotid artery ligation. In this model, along with upregulation ...
In Situ Cross-Linking of Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibers

We examine single step reactive electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and a chemical cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde (GA), with hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a catalyst to generate water insoluble PVA nanofibers. Such an approach using a conventional setup with no modification enables the fibers to cross-link during the electrospinning process, thereby eliminating the need for post-treatment. Significant changes in the rheological properties occur during in situ cross-linking, which we correlate with electrospinnability. In particular, we associate changes in dynamic rheological properties to changes in fiber morphology for two regions: (1) below the critical concentration to electrospin PVA only and (2) above the critical concentration to electrospin PVA only. In region 1 fiber morphology changes from beaded fibers to uniform fibers to flat fibers, and in region 2 fiber morphology changes from uniform fibers to flat fibers. Electrospinning windows to generate uniform fibers for both regions are d...
Microprocessor detection of dual-tone signals

Abstract A simple algorithm enabling the component frequencies of a dual-tone signal to be found by microprocessor analysis of the pattern of intervals between zero crossings of the waveform, even in the presence of tone amplitude differences is described. The algorithm was developed for telecommunication signalling systems and has been used in an experimental receiver for signals from pushbutton telephones. With certain constraints it is suitable for the detection of any two-tone signal.
HIPAA privacy and security implications for field triage.

The Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 addresses insurance reforms, medical savings accounts, fraud andabuse provisions, andhealth information standards. This report discusses HIPAA issues that could impact field triage andemergency medical services.
Structure/Property Relationships in Polystyrene-Polyisobutylene-Polystyrene Block Copolymers

Abstract Structure/property relationships of polystyrene–polyisobutylene–polystyrene (PS–PIB–PS) triblock copolymer made by different processes were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The PS–PIB–PS films were composed of approximately 30% polystyrene end-blocks. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirm that a self-assembled, segregated cylindrical morphology forms in the copolymer. DMA was used as a tool to investigate the structure–property relationships in these polymers. Modified PS–PIB–PS copolymers were also characterized. Modifications of the copolymers were carried out by conversion of approximately 20 mol% of the polystyrene end-blocks to styrene sulfonic acid. The modified copolymers exhibited distinctly different thermal characteristics than the unmodified copolymers, which were most notable in the storage modulus and tan δ data. The presence of sulfonic acid groups disrupted the morphology and solvent sorption characteristics of the copolymers. Dynamic mechanical behavior is discussed as it relates to the morphology of the PS–PIB–PS copolymers formed via different processing methods and chemical modification.
Developing application-specific multiprocessor platforms on FPGAs

The capacity of FPGA devices has reached the 1-million-LUT level, which provides space to accommodate a complete Multiprocessor System-on-Chip on the programmable device. In this work we propose a design flow to create application-specific computation architecture based on the application entry in OpenCL. The application-specific system is based on a distributed memory hierarchy in which each processor is equipped with its own local memories for data and instructions. The multiple kernels in an application are mapped to individual processors to achieve the processing parallelism. In order to efficiently use the limited resource on FPGA devices, the sizes of local data and instruction memories are determined by analyzing the application source code. Compared with the traditional shared memory architectures, the application-specific platform is capable of reducing the resource requirement, providing more processing parallelism, and achieving higher performance.
Publishing American identity: popular geopolitics, myth and The Reader's Digest

Abstract The recent emergence of a new ‘critical geopolitics’ has opened up traditional geopolitical texts for thorough interpretation. Yet there is little work which contextualizes traditional, elite geopolitical texts within the institutions of their social reproduction. The media are the prime example of a site of representation at which elite texts are interpreted in the terms of popular culture and assessed in these terms. It is also through socialization at these sites that elites form their interpretative structures. This paper will make the case for the importance of studying popular conceptions of geopolitics in America through an examination of the popular magazine The Reader's Digest from 1980–1990.
Efficiency, Competitiveness, and Persistency of Chinese Rhizobium fiedii in Iowa Soils

Native Bradyrhizobium japonicum occupy the majority of Midwest soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nodules despite inoculation with more effective N 2 -fixing bradyrhizobia. The objective of this study was to determine whether three fast-growing strains of Rhizobium freddi obtained from soybean fields in China could displace the highly competitive native strains from the nodules of commonly grown Iowa-soybean cultivars. Before introducing these nonnative organism into Iowa soils, we evaluted their effectiveness under greenhouse conditions compared with the effectiveness of B. japonicum strains USDA 110 and USDA 123 (...)
Partial dynamic equations on time scales

In this work, we generalize existing ideas of the univariate case of the time scales calculus to the bivariate case. Formal definitions of partial derivatives and iterated integrals are offered, and bivariate partial differential operators are examined. In particular, solutions of the homogeneous and nonhomogeneous heat and wave operators are found when initial distributions given are in terms of elementary functions by means of the generalized Laplace Transform for the time scale setting. Finally, the so-termed mixed time scale setting is discussed. Examples are given and solutions are provided in tabular form.
Aided target recognition processing of MUDSS sonar data

The Mobile Underwater Debris Survey System (MUDSS) is a collaborative effort by the Navy and the Jet Propulsion Lab to demonstrate multi-sensor, real-time, survey of underwater sites for ordnance and explosive waste (OEW). We describe the sonar processing algorithm, a novel target recognition algorithm incorporating wavelets, morphological image processing, expansion by Hermite polynomials, and neural networks. This algorithm has found all planted targets in MUDSS tests and has achieved spectacular success upon another Coastal Systems Station (CSS) sonar image database.
Objective measurement of backscattered light from the anterior and posterior cornea in vivo.

A modiﬁed slit lamp (“scatterometer”), with a videocamera and synchronous white strobe light, was used to cap-ture images of a 0.1-mm-wide slit beam through the cornea.Image analysis software was developed to measure backscatterfrom digitized high-magniﬁcation images of 82 normal corneasof 41 subjects. Forty eyes of 20 of the same subjects wereexamined again after 1 month. Mean backscatter from theanterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the cornea was com-pared between repeated measurements, and expressed in ar-bitrary scatter units (SU).
Biochemical and cellular effects of radiofrequency intuced interstitial hyperthermia on normal canine liver

Abstract Interstitial hyperthermia (44.0 ± 0.5°C for 40 minutes) was delivered to the livers of 16 dogs to determine acute effects of treatment on blood chemistry, histology, and cellular appearance of normal liver. SGOT in treated animals peaked immediately at 300 ± 21 U/L (within 2 hrs) and returned to control value within 7 days. LDH levels peaked at 1 day post-treatment and again at 2 weeks (300 ± 16 U/L and 340 ± 25 U/L respectively) and returned to pre-treatment values by week 4. SGPT remained elevated for 6 to 7 days following hyperthermia, but returned to control value at 2 weeks. There was also a rise in alkaline phosphatase (200 ± 14 U/L 1 day post-treatment), which returned to a pre-treatment level by week 3. Changes in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were attributed to both liver parenchymal damage induced by hyperthermia and to surgery. Other deviations in the blood chemistries and hematological parameters measured were ascribed to the stress response from surgical intervention, or to the resultant hemodilution from fluids during surgery. Microscopic examination upon necropsy, performed 4 weeks post-operatively, displayed limited fibrosis with some alteration of liver architecture, generalized sinusoidal dilation and red blood cells in the space of Disse. Cellular ultrastructure changes showed an increase of myelin figures, but mitochondria and other cellular organelles remained essentially normal. Localized tissue inflammation and some loss of function occurred in response to localized hyperthermia for this volume of tissue at therapeutic temperatures. This study showed that the technique was feasible and confirmed that the parenchymal damage caused by interstitial hyperthermia did not produce the severe loss of function that might have been expected.
In situ generated cellulose nanoparticles to enhance the hydrophobicity of paper

Handsheets with in situ generated cellulose nanoparticles were made from oxidized pulp fibers prepared by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl-mediated oxidation of kraft fiber with sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide. The oxidized pulp fibers were blended prior to handsheet formation for short times (1–3 min). From gravimetric analysis of the supernatant, yield of cellulose nanoparticles generated from this blending process were up to 9.5 dry wt%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the handsheets fabricated in a wetlay process had increased smoothness with increased blending time. A significant decrease in water vapor transmission rate for the sheets supported the hypothesis that cellulose nanoparticles fill the empty spaces between pulp fibers throughout the handsheet affording a more dense structure. Oxidation significantly enhanced the tensile index of the handsheets and this value was further improved by blending for 2 min. The handsheets were treated with a solution of octadecylamine (ODA) modifying the surface chemistry of the paper. Irreversibly adsorbed ODA on the oxidized cellulose surfaces after extensive extraction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Sessile drop contact angle tests for modified handsheets illustrated its enhanced hydrophobicity with contact angles over 90°. Overall the study developed a novel route to make paper with enhanced functionality without the need to separately deposit nanocellulose onto the paper surface.
Convex Stability Conditions for Interconnected/Networked Linear Multi-agent Systems

Abstract This paper considers the stability of large-scale interconnected/networked systems. Verifiable convex sufficient stability conditions for certain classes of interconnection structures and subsystem dynamics, which are derived by applying topological graph separation, involve positive realness of certain transfer functions. These positive realness conditions are transformed into linear matrix inequality conditions in terms of a state-space realization of the subsystem dynamics, a Lyapunov matrix, and multipliers. We show that the conditions can be extended to the design of stabilizing decentralized controllers that optimize local LQR objectives. The proposed stability tests are demonstrated in several numerical examples of interconnected systems.
Descriptions of the American deaf community, 1830–2000: epistemic foundations

Prior to the formation of schools for the deaf in America in the early 19th century, with rare exceptions, deaf people lived under largely solitary conditions. After the formation of such schools they became a community with their own language, organizations and cultural traditions. Several social theorists have proffered various descriptions of the American deaf community. Prior studies have described the American deaf community in medical, disability and cultural terms, tied those to institutional stakeholders and posited no impact by historical changes. I argue that the various descriptions are shaped by epistemes, or social thought, and transformations in epistemes generate changes in descriptions. From 1830 to 2000 there were three major epistemes in American intellectual history. They are romanticism in the first half of the 19th century, modernism in the period from the second half of 19th century to the first half of the 20th century and postmodernism since the mid 20th century.
Some preparations for the International Geophysical Year Earth satellite program

If all goes as planned, a number of small artificial satellites of the Earth will be launched during the International Geophysical Year. The IGY satellites will be launched by means of a finless three-staged rocket weighing about 11 tons. The satellites will be small weighing on the order of 21.5 pounds. To make the utmost use of this small weight, the instrumentation must be miniaturized as much as possible, using such things as transistors and ferrite cores, and the most efficient power-supply systems obtainable. Nevertheless, there is a considerable list of worthwhile experiments that might be done in such a small satellite including observations of solar radiation, cosmic rays, the Earth's magnetic field, the ratio of radiation influx to the atmosphere to the radiation efflux, micrometeors and dust in space, the cloud cover over the Earth, auroral particles, the density of the upper atmosphere, and geodetic parameters. The first four experiments have already been selected by the Technical Panel for the Earth Satellite Program to be attempted during the IGY. Since the last two listed require only careful observation of the satellite's motion, they will certainly be done also. The initial IGY satellites will open a new frontier of science, of engineering, and of Man's achievement. The future possibilities of research from such space vehicles are exciting to contemplate, particularly in the light of possible increases in total payload weight, and increased flexibility in the choice of orbital inclinations and altitudes.
Analysis of the V(D)J Recombination Efficiency at Lymphoid Chromosomal Translocation Breakpoints

Chromosomal translocations and deletions are among the major events that initiate neoplasia. For lymphoid chromosomal translocations, misrecognition by the RAG (recombination activating gene) complex of V(D)J recombination is one contributing factor that has long been proposed. The chromosomal translocations involving LMO2 (t(11;14)(p13;q11)), Ttg-1 (t(11;14)(p15;q11)), and Hox11 (t(10;14)(q24;q11)) are among the clearest examples in which it appears that a D or J segment has synapsed with an adventitious heptamer/nonamer at a gene outside of one of the antigen receptor loci. The interstitial deletion at 1p32 involving SIL (SCL-interrupting locus)/SCL (stem cell leukemia) is a case involving two non-V(D)J sites that have been suggested to be V(D)J recombination mistakes. Here we have used our human extrachromosomal substrate assay to formally test the hypothesis that these regions are V(D)J recombination misrecognition sites and, more importantly, to quantify their efficiency as V(D)J recombination targets within the cell. We find that the LMO2 fragile site functions as a 12-signal at an efficiency that is only 27-fold lower than that of a consensus 12-signal. The Ttg-1 site functions as a 23-signal at an efficiency 530-fold lower than that of a consensus 23-signal. Hox11 failed to undergo recombination as a 12- or 23-signal and was at least 20,000-fold less efficient than consensus signals. SIL has been predicted to function as a 12-signal and SCL as a 23-signal. However, we find that SIL actually functions as a 23-signal. These results provide a formal demonstration that certain chromosomal fragile sites can serve as RAG complex targets, and they determine whether these sites function as 12- versus 23-signals. These results quantify one of the three major factors that determine the frequency of these translocations in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.
A Subcell Resolution Method for Viscous Systems of Conservation Laws

A subcell resolution scheme for viscous systems of conservation laws is presented. The scalar model is extended to systems via weakly nonlinear geometrical optics approximations for parabolic perturbations of hyperbolic conservation laws and the Roe field by field decomposition.
Apparent molar volumes of aqueous solutions of some organic solutes at the pressure 28 MPa and temperatures to 598 K

Abstract Densities of aqueous solutions of 16 organic electrolytes and polar solutes containing different functional groups at molality m ≈ 0.12 mol·kg −1 have been measured at temperatures T = (298.15, 373.15, 448.15, and 523.15 K) and at pressure p = 28 MPa. Densities of three of the solutions were also determined at T = 598.15 K. Partial molar volumes at infinite dilution V 2 ∞ and p = 28 MPa were calculated for each of the solutes at the various temperatures and the results used to evaluate group contributions to V 2 ∞ of the functional groups: CH 3 - , CH 2 -, -CONH 2 , -COOH, -OH, and -NH 2 . The V 2 ∞ for most of the nonelectrolytes appear to be diverging in a positive direction at the higher temperatures, while V 2 ∞ for the electrolytes diverges in a negative direction. Temperature dependencies of V 2 ∞ for the solutes were analyzed in terms of four different semi-empirical equations employing temperature and temperature-dependent properties of water as variables. Parameters for each solute for the four equations are tabulated along with the standard deviations of the fits. All four equations reproduce the results reasonably well within the range of the measurements, but diverge widely above the temperature limits of the measurements. Two of the four equations have been fitted in the group volumes. These equations, along with the group additivity principle, were used to reproduce V 2 ∞ of the original electrolytes over the entire range of temperatures, showing that the group additivity principle is useful to at least T = 523 K. This suggests that these equations may be used to give reasonable estimates of V 2 ∞ from T = 298.15 K to T = 523 K for any aqueous organic solute which can be constructed from the six functional groups for which V 2 ∞ s now exist.
Power and Caution: The Ethics of Self‐Disclosure

. Good teaching is both powerful and cautious. It is powerful insofar as it creates engaged students. Because an engaged mind is particularly receptive, however, good teaching is also cautious insofar as it provides students with focused guidance through the process of appropriating the learning material. This article reflects critically on expressionist pedagogy by evaluating a classroom situation in which students reacted in unexpected ways to the professor's disclosure of a personal story. It concludes that effective teaching exceeds the goal of merely facilitating student engagement. That is, the use of self-disclosure has the power to create engaged students, but it also requires cautious content consideration when facilitating post-disclosure learning. If, by using the powerful expressionist pedagogy of self-disclosure, we engage students but fail to cautiously guide them through the learning material, we have not taken seriously the ethical responsibility that teaching also implies.
Janus-III: speech-to-speech translation in multiple languages

This paper describes JANUS-III, our most recent version of the JANUS speech-to-speech translation system. We present an overview of the system and focus on how system design facilitates speech translation between multiple languages, and allows for easy adaptation to new source and target languages. We also describe our methodology for evaluation of end-to-end system performance with a variety of source and target languages. For system development and evaluation, we have experimented with both push-to-talk as well as cross-talk recording conditions. To date, our system has achieved performance levels of over 80% acceptable translations on transcribed input, and over 70% acceptable translations on speech input recognized with a 75-90% word accuracy. Our current major research is concentrated on enhancing the capabilities of the system to deal with input in broad and general domains.
Combination surface-subsurface drainage systems for humid regions.

Simulations were made for corn productuion over a period of 25 yrs using normal planting and harvesting dates for the various locations. The number of working days during the one-month period prior to seedbed preparation and SEW 3 0 values during the growing season were predicted for each year of simulation. These results showed that trafficability during the seedbed preparation period is heavily dependent on the factors controlling the rate of subsurface drainage: drain spacing, depth, and soil properties. Surface drainage had a relatively small effect on trafficability for the cases considered. SEW 3 0 values are dependent on both surface and subsurface drainage. In most cases several alternative combinations of surface and subsurface drainage can be used to satisfy a given SEW 3 0 limit. Drainage requirements for trafficability during the seedbed perparation periods were about the same for three locations.
Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and autoimmune diseases

Recent studies indicate that besides digestion and absorption of nutrients and water and electrolytes homeostasis, another key function of the intestine is to regulate the trafficking of environmental antigens across the host mucosal barrier. Intestinal tight junctions (TJs) create gradients for the optimal absorption and transport of nutrients and control the balance between tolerance and immunity to nonself antigens. To meet diverse physiological challenges, intestinal epithelial TJs must be modified rapidly and in a coordinated fashion by regulatory systems that orchestrate the state of assembly of the TJ multiprotein network. While considerable knowledge exists about TJ ultrastructure, relatively little is known about their physiological and pathophysiological regulation. Our discovery of zonulin, the only known physiologic modulator of intercellular TJs described so far, has increased our understanding of the intricate mechanisms that regulate the intestinal epithelial paracellular pathway and has led us to appreciate that its upregulation in genetically susceptible individuals leads to autoimmune diseases.
Effect of surface materials on shear‐induced hemolysis

A rotating shearing device with interchangeable discs of various metals and plastics was used to induce hemolysis in human blood. Durations of shear ranged from 4 to 5000 sec, thereby defining the overall hemolysis kinetics for the test materials. Data are presented as ΔC (relative plasma hemoglobin increase) vs. time t, and fitted to the relation ΔC = Atβ. It is found that A = A(β) and β is correlated with the critical surface energy of the plastics. Based on this evidence and reports of plasma protein adsorption, a partial explanation is proposed for shear-induced hemolysis in this low-stress regime (under 500 dynes/cm2).
Investigation of Periodontosis with Periodontitis: Literature Survey and Findings Based on ABO Blood Groups

GENETIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF ORAL CHARACTERISTICS IN HAWAII'S SCHOOLCHILDREN: I. CARIES AND PERIODOTAL DISEASE Chung, C. S., Runck, D. W., Niswander, J. D., Bilben, S. E . , and Kau, M. C. W. J. Dent. Res. 49:1374, 1970 Caries and periodontal disease were assessed among 9,912 children, 12-18 years old, using the D M / D M F ratio, DMF teeth and caries-freeness indices for caries, and the PI index for periodontal disease. Caries was more prevalent among the Japanese, Korean, and Hawaiian children followed by the Chinese. Children of Caucasian, Puerto Rican and Filipino origin showed the lowest caries incidence. The effects of maternal influence or genetic recombination were not significant. With oral hygiene taken into consideration, Hawaiian children showed higher periodontal scores than the other racial groups. The hybridity of the child when major racial crosses were involved showed a significant effect on the periodontal scores which suggested the importance of recessive genes causing higher risk of periodontal disease. School of Public Health and Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. DETERMINATION OF GROWTH RATES BY TETRACYCLINE LABELING IN YOUNG GUINEA PIG MANDIBLES Soni, N. N. J. Dent. Res. 49:1099, 1970 Tetracycline was administered orally to 22 male guinea pigs ranging in age from 14 to 64 days. The animals were separated into four groups according to age, sacrificed in pairs two days following the last dose of tetracycline, and the mandibles were prepared for histological examination. The results showed that in younger age groups (17 to 57 days) the labeling was highest in the molar regions, followed by the second molar, last molar, and incisal regions. In the older age groups (27 to 62 days) highest labeling was present in the second molar region, followed by the last molar and the incisal area. Labeling of the first molar region was 1.35-2.00 and 1.10-1.25 times greater than the incisal and second molar regions respectively; while labeling in the second molar region was 1.05-1.69 times higher than the incisal region. All results were statistically significant at the five percent level. Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240.
Crystal structure of Vat(D): an acetyltransferase that inactivates streptogramin group A antibiotics.

The streptogramin class of antibiotics act to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, and their semisynthetic derivatives, such as dalfopristin -quinupristin (Synercid), are used to treat serious or life- threatening infections due to multiply antibiotic resistant bacteria. Acquired resistance of the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium to the group A component of natural and semisynthetic streptogramin mixtures is a prerequisite for the streptogramin resistance phenotype and is mediated by a streptogramin acetyltransferase. The crystal structure of Vat(D), a streptogramin acetyltransferase from a human urinary isolate of E. faecium, has been determined as an apoenzyme and in complex with either acetyl-CoA or virginiamycin M1 and CoA. These structures illustrate the location and arrangement of residues at the active site, and point to His 82 as a residue that may function as a general base. The structural similarity of Vat(D) to the xenobiotic acetyltransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosaindicates similarities in the catalytic mechanism for these enzymes as well as several shared and distinctive antibiotic binding interactions between these enzymes and their respective substrates. These results reveal the molecular basis for a reaction by which Gram-positive cocci acquire resistance to a last resort antibiotic.
Low-pressure balloon angioplasty with adjuvant pharmacological therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by intracranial arterial occlusions

The use of coronary balloons in the cerebral vasculature is limited due to their poor trackability and increased risk of vessel injury. We report our experience using more compliant elastomer balloons for thrombus resistant to intraarterial (IA) pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis in acute stroke. We retrospectively analyzed 12 consecutive patients with an occluded intracranial artery treated with angioplasty using a low-pressure elastomer balloon. Angiograms were graded according to the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) and Qureshi grading systems. Outcomes were categorized as independent (modified Rankin scale, mRS, score ≤2), dependent (mRS score 3–5), or dead (mRS score 6). Included in the study were 12 patients (mean age 66±17 years, range 31–88 years; mean baseline National Institutes of Health stroke scale score 17±3, range 12–23). The occlusion sites were: internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus (five patients, including two concomitant cervical ICA occlusions), M1 segment (two patients), and basilar artery (two patients). Pharmacological treatment included intravenous (IV) t-PA only (two patients), IA urokinase only (nine patients), both IV t-PA and IA urokinase (one patient), and IV and/or IA eptifibatide (eight patients). Mean time to treatment was 5.9±3.9 h (anterior circulation) and 11.0±7.2 h (posterior circulation). Overall recanalization rate (TICI grade 2/3) was 91.6%. Procedure-related morbidity occurred in one patient (distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery embolus). There were no symptomatic hemorrhages. Outcomes at 90 days were independent (five patients), dependent (three patients) and dead (four patients, all due to progression of stroke with withdrawal of care). Angioplasty of acutely occluded intracranial arteries with low-pressure elastomer balloons results in high recanalization rates with an acceptable degree of safety. Prior use of thrombolytics may increase the chances of recanalization, and glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors may be helpful in preventing reocclusion and in increasing patency rates.
THE INITIAL STABILITY OF UNCEMENTED ACETABULAR COMPONENTS

The osseo-integration of an uncemented acetabular component depends on its initial stability. This is usually provided by under-reaming of the acetabulum. We have assessed the fixation of 52 mm porous-coated hemispherical prostheses inserted into cadaveric acetabula under-reamed by 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm. We tested the torsional stability of fixation, after preloading with 686 N in compression, by measuring the torque required to produce 1 degree and 2 degrees of rotation. Under-reaming by 2 mm and 3 mm gave significantly better fixation than 1 mm (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.02). Insertion after under-reaming of 4 mm caused some fractures. To obtain maximum interference fit and optimal implant stability, we recommend the use of an implant 2 mm or 3 mm larger than the last reamer.
AMORPHIZATION AND METASTABLE POLYMORPHS OF ORDERED INTERMETALLICS ZR3AL AND NI3AL

Observations of various metastable crystalline and amorphous polymorphs of Ll 2 -type intermetallics Zr 3 Al and Ni 3 Al are summarized. The difference in the tendency of these two alloys to become amorphous is obvious. Regardless of the nonequilibrium routes employed for synthesis and processing, amorphous Zr 3 Al is obtained easily, while amorphization of Ni 3 Al is rare. An analysis of thermodynamic and kinetic factors responsible for the observed polymorph selection and amorphization behavior is presented. The inadequacy of a simplified model proposed earlier is also discussed.
Why Is the Bulk Resistivity of Topological Insulators So Small

As-grown topological insulators (TIs) are typically heavily doped $n$-type crystals. Compensation by acceptors is used to move the Fermi level to the middle of the band gap, but even then TIs have a frustratingly small bulk resistivity. We show that this small resistivity is the result of band bending by poorly screened fluctuations in the random Coulomb potential. Using numerical simulations of a completely compensated TI, we find that the bulk resistivity has an activation energy of just 0.15 times the band gap, in good agreement with experimental data. At lower temperatures activated transport crosses over to variable range hopping with a relatively large localization length.
Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators on Quartz

Abstruct-The design of highQ lowdistortion surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators requires techniques and data for minimizing acoustic losses and accurate placementof the device resonance. Several aspects of one- and two-port SAW resonator design and fabrication are discussed. It is shown that devices on quartz consisting of recessed aluminum transducers and shallow reflecting groove arrays can be fabricated with very high Q values. The properties of the shallowgrooved reflector are analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental valuesof the surface wave velocities for reflectors, transducers, and the free surface are reported, and transducer placement and maximum cavity length are discussed. It is shown that the maximum cavity length possible, without additional resonant modes, increases asthe goove depth decreases. Cavity length corrections required to center a resonance in the reflector stopband are derived, and resonator fabrication for the recessed-transducer/shallowgrooved reflector configuration is discussed. SAW devices with Q values of 75 000 (at 71 MHz) and resonators at frequencies above one GHz (with Q values over 3200) have been fabricated.
Treating common psychiatric disorders associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often occurs along with other psychiatric disorders, with estimated comorbidity rates of 50 – 90%. Comorbidity greatly influences presentation, diagnosis and prognosis, complicates treatment and significantly increases the morbidity and disease burden of ADHD. Commonly co-occurring psychiatric disorders are disruptive behavior disorder, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and substance use disorders. This article provides a brief review of effective strategies for treating the most common psychiatric disorders associated with ADHD. This paper also discusses knowledge gaps in the understanding of treatment of comorbid disorders associated with ADHD, and directions for future research.
Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of taurocholate uptake involves S-nitrosylation of NTCP.

The sodium-taurocholate (TC) cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) facilitates bile formation by mediating sinusoidal Na+-TC cotransport. During sepsis-induced cholestasis, there is a decrease in NTCP-...
The Struggle for Self‐Determination: History of the Menominee Indians since 1854

The Struggle for Self-Determination: History of the Menominee Indians since 1854. David R. M. Beck. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. 290 pp.
Equity market information, bank holding company risk, and market discipline

Abstract For market discipline to be effective, market factors such as changes in firm equity and debt values and returns, must influence firm decision making. In banking, this can occur directly via bank management or indirectly though supervisory examinations and oversight influencing bank management. In this study, we investigate whether equity market variables can provide timely information and add value to accounting models that predict changes in bank holding company (BOPEC) risk ratings over the 1988–2000 period. Using a variety of equity market indicators, the findings suggest that one-quarter lagged market data adds forecast value to lagged financial statement data and prior supervisory information in the logistic regressions. Furthermore, using extensive out-of-sample testing for the years 2001–2003, we find: (1) that multiple models estimated over different phases of the business and banking cycles are superior to a single model for forecasting BOPEC rating changes; (2) that equity data adds economically significant power in forecasting BOPEC rating upgrades and performs well for identifying no changes; (3) that for downgrades, the accounting model forecasts the best; (4) that modeling the three possible risk ratings categories simultaneously (downgrade, no change and upgrade) minimizes both Type I and Type II classification errors; and (5) that using multiple models to forecast risk ratings enhances the overall percentage of correct classifications.
INFECTIOUS AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA: TRANSMISSION OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH GRAFTS OF AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIC CELLS

Agammaglobulinemia induced in chickens by surgical bursectomy and irradiation at hatching is transmissible at 4 mo of age to sublethally irradiated normal chickens by bone marrow transplantation. The immunodeficiency which develops in the recipients persists for life and is characterized by inability to produce antibody and by progressive loss of detectable serum IgM and IgG.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF NEW VISUAL PIGMENT ANALOGUES FROM 5,6-DIHYDRORETINAL AND CATTLE OPSIN*

Abstract— On irradiation of all-trans 5,6-dihydroretinal (I), two opsin-active isomers are formed. Both these isomers (believed to be the 11-cis and 9-cis isomers) individually couple with cattle opsin to form complexes which have maximal absorption at 465 nm. These complexes satisfy all the established criteria characteristic of synthetic visual pigments.
Power-Law Rheology of Isolated Nuclei with Deformation Mapping of Nuclear Substructures

Force-induced changes in genome expression as well as remodeling of nuclear architecture in development and disease motivate a deeper understanding of nuclear mechanics. Chromatin and green fluorescent protein-lamin B dynamics were visualized in a micropipette aspiration of isolated nuclei, and both were shown to contribute to viscoelastic properties of the somatic cell nucleus. Reversible swelling by almost 200% in volume, with changes in salt, demonstrates the resilience and large dilational capacity of the nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin. Swelling also proves an effective way to separate the mechanical contributions of nuclear elements. In unswollen nuclei, chromatin is a primary force-bearing element, whereas swollen nuclei are an order of magnitude softer, with the lamina sustaining much of the load. In both cases, nuclear deformability increases with time, scaling as a power law-thus lacking any characteristic timescale-when nuclei are either aspirated or indented by atomic force microscopy. The nucleus is stiff and resists distortion at short times, but it softens and deforms more readily at longer times. Such results indicate an essentially infinite spectrum of timescales for structural reorganization, with implications for regulating genome expression kinetics.
Feasibility Analysis of Using Local Remanufactured Products: A Case Study of Industrial Starters and Alternators

Reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission, production of remanufactured goods had a total annual amount of approximately $43 billion and accounted for about 2% of total manufacturing annual sales from 2009–2011. The remanufacturing industry of motor vehicle parts was the third largest of the remanufacturing sectors and had a production of remanufactured goods with an annual total of approximately $6.2 billion in 2011. Reliable replacement engine parts for heavy duty equipment in Alaska are a high need. Remanufactured engine parts are one way to fulfill that need. While remanufactured industrial starters and alternators are available in Alaska they are currently remanufactured out of state and shipped to a local Anchorage, Alaska business to be sold. The purpose of this paper is to determine what the best method of obtaining industrial starters and alternators is. To that end a variety of forecasting analysis is performed using data from an Anchorage, Alaska business. The results indicate that while remanufacturing industrial starters and alternators in Anchorage, Alaska is possible, there are some problems such as core availability and employee utilization that need to be overcome in order to make it a viable option.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of breast and cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese women.

Abstract The Vietnamese are the fastest‐growing Asian/Pacific Islander ethnic group in California. Data from Vietnam and elsewhere suggest that cervical cancer and breast cancer are major contributors to cancer morbidity and mortality among Vietnamese women. However, little is known about the cancer knowledge and screening practices of Vietnamese women. Using a structured 57‐item written questionnaire, we conducted a mailed survey of 400 randomly selected Vietnamese adult women in San Francisco. Overall, 107 women responded (31 %). Of the respondents, 54 (52%) indicated that there was little one could do to prevent cancer. More than a third (39%) thought that breast or cervical cancer could be caused by poor hygiene, and about one‐third (29%) thought that these cancers could be contagious. Although virtually all (97%) had heard of cancer, one‐third did not know that a breast lump could be a sign of breast cancer (37%) or that abnormal vaginal bleeding could be a sign of cervical cancer (39%). Many (55%) d...
Self-Perceived Sexual Identity: A Functional Consumer Model

This paper proposes a multidimensional biologically determined functional model for self-perceived sexual identification as masculine/feminine. Prior research in marketing based on personality and androgyny theories adopted from psychology is reviewed. Development of this model in accordance with certain extra-personality variables suggested by both age and sex researchers is discussed. The utility of direct self-assessment by the respondent in undisguised form is suggested to elicit information. Relationships between biological sex and perceived sexual identity are considered. Hypotheses are generated for future testing of the model.
Building High-Coverage Monolayers of Covalently Bound Magnetic Nanoparticles.

Abstract This work presents an approach for producing a high-coverage single monolayer of magnetic nanoparticles using “click chemistry” between complementarily functionalized nanoparticles and a flat substrate. This method highlights essential aspects of the functionalization scheme for substrate surface and nanoparticles to produce exceptionally high surface coverage without sacrificing selectivity or control over the layer produced. The deposition of one single layer of magnetic particles without agglomeration, over a large area, with a nearly 100% coverage is confirmed by electron microscopy. Spectroscopic techniques, supplemented by computational predictions, are used to interrogate the chemistry of the attachment and to confirm covalent binding, rather than attachment through self-assembly or weak van der Waals bonding. Density functional theory calculations for the surface intermediate of this copper-catalyzed process provide mechanistic insight into the effects of the functionalization scheme on surface coverage. Based on this analysis, it appears that steric limitations of the intermediate structure affect nanoparticle coverage on a flat solid substrate; however, this can be overcome by designing a functionalization scheme in such a way that the copper-based intermediate is formed on the spherical nanoparticles instead. This observation can be carried over to other approaches for creating highly controlled single- or multilayered nanostructures of a wide range of materials to result in high coverage and possibly, conformal filling.
Treatment of Experimental Renal Obstruction from Sulfadiazine. I. “Forcing of Fluids” and Alkalinization.

SummaryA simple method is presented which permits accurate comparative studies on the therapy of experimental renal obstruction from sulfadiazine. Under the conditions of this method, the results of experiments completed up to now, suggest that in fully developed renal obstruction from sulfadiazine, the generally recommended therapeutic measures—“forcing of fluids” with or without massive alkalinization—can be useless or even harmful, whereas, under identical conditions, solutions of neutral salts or of moderately alkalinizing salt mixtures are able to reopen the urinary pathways quickly and thus to save life.
Hybrid fs/ps Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for Time- and Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy in Flames

Hybrid fs/ps CARS is employed for time- and frequency-domain spectroscopy in reacting flows. Advantages include nonresonant background suppression, chemical specificity, detection at high pressures, potential for kHz-rate thermometry, and ability to resolve energy transfer phenomena.