cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A limiting viscosity approach to the Riemann problem for materials exhibiting a change of phase. II

describes the one-dimensional isothermal motion of a compressible elastic fluid or solid in Lagrangian coordinates. Considerable study has been made for the case p'(w) < 0, in which the system (1.I a, b) is hyperbolic. However, in some material models, for instance, in the van der Waals fluid, p'(w) may be positive for some values of w. In this paper, we consider a function p (.w) with graph shown in Fig. 1. More precisely, we assume that p E C1(~) and
Primary sensitization potentials of some halogenated salicylanilides and their cross-sensitivity in guinea-pigs

Abstract Contact sensitization potentials of some halogenated salicylanilides were studied in guineapigs after topical immunization with the compounds in acetone with the aid of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an adjuvant. When challenged and rechallenged with the inducer allergen, the treated animals had the following responses: strong to 4′-monobromosalicylanilide (4′-MBS) and 3,3′,4,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA), weak to strong to 4′,5-dibromosalicylanilide (4′,5-DBS), weak to moderate to 3,5-dibromosalicylanilide (3,5-DBS), negligible to weak to 5-bromosalicylanilide (5-MBS) and 3,4′,5-tribromosalicylanilide (TBS), and negligible to 2′,3,4′,5-tetrabromosalicylanilide (tetra-BS). The relative contact sensitization pattern after repeated challenges was TCSA > 4′-MBS > 4′,5-DBS > 3,5-DBS > 5-MBS > TBS > tetra-BS, and closely parallels the pattern in man. When each immunized animal group was challenged with the inducer allergen plus six other halogenated salicylanilides, the guinea-pigs strongly sensitized to 4′-MBS showed a weak cross-sensitivity to 4′,5-DBS and TCSA. All other groups had no cross-sensitivity or a negligible response to all other halogenated salicylanilides. When guinea-pigs were immunized with a topical application of TBS in soap or in acetone and challenged with TBS in aqueous soap, they showed a strong sensitization.
Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, Hell Creek and Tullock Formations, northeastern Montana

Fossils from the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations in northeastern Montana provide detailed documentation of terrestrial faunal and floral evolution during latest Cretaceous (Lancian) and early Paleocene (Puercan) time. Here the replacement of Lancian faunas by those of Puercan age, most obviously signaled by the extinction of dinosaurs, and the changes in pollen floras sometimes used to mark the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary occurred during a period of reversed magnetic polarity. Paleontological correlations suggest that dinosaur extinction and the change in pollen floras took place in the Red Deer Valley area, Alberta, during the same period of reversed polarity. Furthermore, also on the basis of paleontological correlations, the extinction of dinosaurs in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, appears to have occurred either during the same period of reversed polarity or, possibly, during the preceding period of normal polarity.
A novel loss suppression mechanism for optical materials including negative index metamaterials

Optical losses in Metamaterials (MTMs) become a more formidable problem and can obstruct many exciting applications which require very high figures of merit. Many efforts have been proposed to compensate these losses, including using optical gain or the quantum optics coherence. However, these approaches have thus far not been able to resolve the optical losses problem. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally propose a new mechanism for suppressing the optical losses in to significantly reduce the plasmonic losses in optical materials (and negative index metamaterials) based on metals and/or semiconductors. The main advantages of this mechanism of loss suppression include: i) it does not require an additional gain medium; ii) the method is non-destructive; and iii) it does not require any change of the atomic structure of the materials. This method can be applied to any existing or engineered materials to suppress the losses and dramatically improve the optical quality of these materials. This novel mechanism is based on the theory of Bichromatic Loss Suppression, or simply the parametric two-wave coherent coupling technique, rather than the traditional one wave irradiation method. The concept of reducing the optical losses to near-zero is based on, under certain conditions, the solution of non-linear Boltzmann equation (BE) combined with Maxwell equations (MEs). Here, the support wave is provided by a pulsed CO 2 laser at 10.6 μm, and the probe wave at 5.3 μm which is generated from the non-linear infrared crystal silver gallium selenide (AgGaSe 2 ) by means of the second harmonic generation technique. This study shows that by adjusting the parameters phase shift between the probe and support waves, and their amplitudes, the optical losses can be dramatically reduced to near zero. Experimental work has been conducted in the bulk semiconductor, Zinc Telluride (ZnTe), within the mid-IR frequency range. In this presentation, theoretical and experimental results for the reduction in losses are presented.
Anterior cervical foraminotomy: Surgiologic evolution of anterior cervical disc surgery

Following the concept of functional spine surgery, the senior author introduced anterior cervical foraminotomy in 1996. This procedure directly eliminates compressive pathology via an anterior approach while preserving the functioning motion segment. Since then, several variations of the technique have been developed. Instead of the original medial-to-lateral bone opening at the lateral aspect of the cervical spine, a direct lateral-to-medial bone drilling from the medial margin of the vertebral artery has been adopted. For compressive pathology involving the posterolateral spinal canal, three variations of surgical approaches have been developed: the lower vertebral transcorporeal, transuncal, and upper vertebral transcorporeal approaches. Each variation uses a different surgical trajectory made at the lateral portion of the cervical spine to access the compressive pathology. The anterior foraminoplasty technique can reconstruct the stenotic neural foramen to a normal shape by eliminating bone spurs along the axis of the medial wall of the neural foramen. This article details the various techniques for anterior cervical foraminotomy.
Surface chemical studies of aging and solvent extraction effects on plasma-treated polystyrene

Abstract A study of radio-frequency glow discharge (RFGD) plasma-modified polystyrene was performed using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), contact angle measurements, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Polystyrene was modified for varying lengths of time in air and water plasmas. The permanence of these treatments was evaluated with respect to time (aging) and solvent extraction. The samples were stored under ambient conditions and monitored over time to determine changes in elemental composition and functional group distributions at the surface. A post-modification solvent cleaning study was also performed to evaluate whether low molecular weight products of the plasma are present on the surface. The results indicate that the modifications are permanent with time, but produce some solvent extractable species. The stability of modifications, despite the production of low molecular weight solvent extractable products, is attributed to the physical structure of the polystyrene, and contrasted with previously published results from polyethylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate).
Creating a Sequestration Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing Program

Abstract Around the world, research and validation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is taking place through demonstration projects. Valuable experience in developing, implementing, and operating CCS projects is being gained. Knowledge shared from operating CCS projects is critical to understanding the technological aspects and non-technical implications of CCS. Utilizing experiences gained furthers best practices and facilitates commercial implementation of CCS by building capacity among scientists, project developers, and operators. The Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS), in collaboration with the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC), has created an international CCS capacity building and knowledge-sharing program in Champaign, Illinois USA. The Sequestration Training and Education Program (STEP) is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to provide knowledge sharing and capacity building opportunities at all levels. STEP works to stimulate economic recovery and development by training personnel for work in conjunction with commercial CCS projects. Additionally, STEP works with national and international professional organizations and regional experts to leverage existing training opportunities and provide stand-alone training. STEP seeks to build capacity for CCS technology and knowledge sharing through quality educational experiences including regional, national and international exchange programs. STEP programs include knowledge sharing opportunities designed to further the understanding of the technical, political and societal concepts associated with CCS. STEP educational programs are built on the solid foundation of research being conducted through the ISGS and MGSC in the Midwestern region of the United States. Programs are based on providing hands-on learning experiences and information sharing on CCS, through project level experience gained through the MGSC Illinois Basin – Decatur Project (Decatur, Illinois USA), Illinois Industrial CCS Project (Decatur, Illinois USA), Taylorville Energy Center (Taylorville, Illinois USA), and others. This unique research collaboration allows for the creation of knowledge sharing and capacity building programs that draw on CCS experts with pilot-scale and demonstration- scale, project-specific experience to develop conferences, short courses, brown-bag lectures and workshops to meet diverse training needs. A key program focus for STEP is to ensure that the multiple disciplines required for successful CCS operations have an appreciation for the contributions required from experts in multiple facets of permit development, engineering, geology, geophysics, hydrology, drilling and completion, surface facilities development to ensure a successful project. The development of the STEP center, capacity building and knowledge sharing experiences, and collaborations will be discussed.
Addressing the Needs of Overweight Students in Elementary Physical Education: Creating an Environment of Care and Success.

The rising prevalence of obesity in society has resulted in an increased need for physical education teachers to create learning opportunities that promote physical activity among children. However, the presence of anti-fat attitudes and a limited understanding of the challenges associated with being overweight in a physical activity environment may inhibit elementary physical education teachers' ability to effectively work with students who are overweight or obese. By having a greater awareness of anti-fat attitudes and their potential effect on the success of overweight students, as well as by gaining practical teaching strategies, teachers may be able to increase the success and enjoyment of students who are overweight or obese in physical education settings. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of anti-fat attitudes, as well as to discuss the challenges of being overweight in a physical activity environment. It also provides practical recommendations for modifying and adapting the ele...
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of digermylcarbodiimide.

Abstract The vibrational frequencies and corresponding normal mode assignments of digermylcarbodiimide are examined theoretically using the Gaussian98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of eight types of motion (NCN asymmetric stretch, NCN symmetric stretch, Ge–H stretch, Ge–N stretch, H–Ge–H bend, GeH 3 wag, GeH 3 twist, and Ge–N⋯N–Ge torsion) utilizing the C 2 symmetry of the molecule. Uniform scaling factors were derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
Spatial and temporal patterns of native and invasive ascidian assemblages in a Southern California embayment

Community development of ascidians was monitored weekly in Mission Bay (San Diego, California, USA) from September 2011 through November 2012 to assess how ascidian communities might be structured by spatial differences in environmental conditions. We repeatedly photographed PVC plates that were deployed on floating docks at four sampling locations: Seaforth Landing, Mission Bay Yacht Club, South Shores, and Hilton. Environmental variables (temperature, salinity, visibility, flow and dissolved oxygen) were measured during each sampling period. Eleven of the fifteen ascidian species observed on plates were invasive, three were native, and one was cryptogenic. Ascidian community composition varied significantly by time and sampling location within Mission Bay. Spatial differences in community dissimilarity were correlated to visibility, salinity, and temperature. Ascidian communities established in the warm, hypersaline waters furthest from the mouth of Mission Bay were typically most different from those near the mouth. Comparisons of % dissimilarity at the beginning and end of sampling indicated that ascidian communities were more dissimilar at the end of sampling. Ascidians persisted year round, and invasive and cryptogenic species were generally more abundant in winter months than native species. Below average rainfall, and the consequent relatively warm sea surface temperature and high salinity in a relatively mild climate region like San Diego, probably prevented the winter ascidian die-offs that typically occur in this area. Such environmental changes may be advantageous to invasive ascidians, not only with regard to mediating their persistence, but also in terms of facilitating the establishment, spread, and dominance of future invaders.
Strategies for the control and prevention of bovine viral diarrhea virus

Several key factors influence the success of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and control measures. Current knowledge and an understanding of the problem and the impact of BVDV-associated disease by the livestock industry will facilitate the organization and tremendous effort required to control BVDV successfully.
Feasibility of cavity ringdown spectroscopy for measuring diesel exhaust

Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) is one way of measuring small fractional absorption for concentrations down to sub- ppm levels in an optical cavity. The applicability of CRDS for measurement of diesel exhaust is assessed. By use of CRDS, instantaneous exhaust characteristics can be immediately available for engine control. Of specific interest in this set of experiments are measurements of soot or particulate matter. The goal of these measurement would be to estimate the number density of soot particles based on line-of-sight absorption and an assumption regarding the size distribution of the particles. To test the system, the absorption coefficients of Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein in a test cell at known number densities were measured instead of diesel exhaust. An Nd:YAG-laser provided light at 532 nm for the cavity ringdown measurement. Cavity ringdown waveforms were analyzed with an exponential least squares fit. An equation relating the absorption coefficients to the ringdown time in a test cell was developed including the two parallel windows in the optical cavity. This analysis is based on the assumption that the measured output of the cavity decays exponentially according to a first order expression and the Beer-Lambert law. In the case of nitrogen, the measurement result were in good agreement unit, typically used for diesel exhaust soot measurement.
What is a Systolic Algorithm

In this paper, we show that every systolic array executes a Regular Iterative Algorithm with a strongly separating hyperplane and conversely, that every such algorithm can be implemented on a systolic array. This characterization provides us with an unified framework for describing the contributions of other authors. It also exposes the relevance of many fundamental concepts that were introduced in the sixties by Hennie, Waite and Karp, Miller and Winograd, to the present day concern of systolic array
Growth cone motility

The exact nature of growth cone motility is far from understood but progress has been made in several areas. It now appears that growth cones pull and not push; we will review the biophysical basis of growth cone movement. Current ideas on the regulation of growth cone motility and the relationship between motility and axon pathfinding are also discussed.
A Wortmannin-sensitive Signal Transduction Pathway Is Involved in the Stimulation of Insulin Release by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-27 (PACAP-27), and PACAP-38 stimulated insulin release with EC50 values of 0.15, 0.15, and 0.06 nM respectively, as expected for the VIP2/PACAP3 receptor subtype. Secretion was stimulated promptly and peaked at 6-10 min. At 30 min, the secretion rate was still 2-3-fold higher than the control rate. The peptides increased cyclic AMP and [Ca2+]i transiently so that at 30 min they had returned to control values. Therefore, an additional signal is required to explain the prolonged stimulation of release. The prolonged effects, but not the acute effects of VIP and PACAP on insulin release were inhibited by low concentrations of wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor. While wortmannin inhibited PI 3-kinase activity in cell lysates, no activation by the peptides was seen. Therefore, the wortmannin-sensitive pathway is either dependent on basal PI 3-kinase activity, or another target for wortmannin is responsible for inhibition of the peptide-stimulated secretion. It is concluded that the acute stimulation of insulin release by VIP and PACAP is mediated by increased cyclic AMP and [Ca2+]i, whereas the sustained release is mediated by a novel wortmannin-sensitive pathway.
Polarization of protons elastically and inelastically scattered from carbon near 17 and 19 MeV

Abstract The angular dependence of the polarization of protons elastically and inelastically scattered by carbon has been measured near 17 and 19 MeV. The present data at 17 MeV show great similarity to the published data at 14, 16 and 17.7 MeV. At 19 MeV, however, the polarization is markedly lower, an anomaly also found in this energy range by a recent optical model analysis of elastic scattering by carbon.
Preschoolers' and adults' attributions of who causes interpersonal events

Adults and 4-year-olds explained who caused prosocial or antisocial interactions between two characters who differed in two dimensions that underlie interpersonal traits. Participants saw pictures depicting every pairwise combination of four characters (good/powerful, good/weak, bad/powerful or bad/weak) as initiators or recipients of six actions. Both children and adults made causal attributions to ‘good’ characters for prosocial behaviours and to ‘bad’ characters for antisocial behaviours. Potency influenced the frequency of attributions. Adults and children differed in the justifications of their attributions and in their reconciliations of contradictory information, e.g. a positive character initiating an antisocial act. Explanations of social events are based on characteristics of both interactants in combination with whether the event is prosocial or antisocial. The findings thus extend work on children's ‘theory-of-mind’ to the realm of interpersonal interactions, where beliefs, desires or dispositions of either of two characters can cause an event. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Polymorphisms of the Lss and Fdft1 Genes in Laboratory Rats

We previously identified mutant alleles of the lanosterol synthase (Lss) and farnesyl diphosphate farnesyl transferase 1 (Fdft1) genes, which function in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, as determinants for hereditary cataracts in the SCR rat strain. LssS and Fdft1S were established as hypomorphic alleles with missense nucleotide substitutions, while Lssl is a null allele with nucleotide deletion/insertion mutations. Here we report a more detailed characterization of the rat Lss and Fdft1 genes. Screening of various laboratory rat strains revealed that the hypomorphic LssS and Fdft1S alleles are not specific to the SCR strain, but are widely prevalent in other laboratory rat strains. Meanwhile, Lssl was not found in any rat strains examined. It was also found that functional inter-strain polymorphisms are present in the Lss upstream regulatory region. The BN strain had a higher potential for expression of Lss transcripts than ACI and SCR under conditions where cholesterol synthesis is necessary. SCR was less efficient than BN and ACI in suppressing Lss transcription in circumstances when cholesterol synthesis should be halted. These findings not only imply that there is a genetic polymorphism for cholesterol homeostasis in laboratory rats, but also point to the possibility that rat strains with different Lss alleles exhibit different responses to measures intervening in cholesterol metabolism.
Comparison of central versus peripheral nerve pathways to the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion determined electrophysiologically after chronic nerve section.

The contributions of central versus peripheral nerve pathways to neurons of the inferior mesenteric ganglion of guinea pigs were studied. Nerve trunks innervating neurons in the ganglion were surgically sectioned and intracellular electrical responses to nerve stimulation were measured 6–8 days after surgery. Guinea pigs were divided into two experimental groups: (1) those that had the lumbar sympathetic chain ganglia (LSG) L2 through L4 removed and (2) those that had the intermesenteric, lumbar colonic and hypogastric nerves sectioned leaving central connections intact. After 6–8 days fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and slow EPSPs were recorded intracellularly in randomly selected principal ganglionic neurons. The threshold stimulus voltage to elicit a fast EPSP, the amplitude of the slow EPSP and the number of neurons in which each type of synaptic potential occurred in response to stimulation of each of the nerve trunks was compared between surgically-sectioned animals and sham-operated controls. Neither section of preganglionic nerve trunks nor of postganglionic nerve trunks eliminated all synaptic input to neurons in the ganglion, indicating that neurons with cell bodies located central to the ganglion as well as in visceral target organs made synaptic connections in the ganglion. Both fast and slow synaptic potentials could be evoked by stimulation of postganglionic nerve trunks even after they were sectioned provided that preganglionic nerves were intact, indicating that axons of central origin which synapse in the ganglion may continue out into postganglionic nerve trunks. In like manner, evidence was obtained indicating that fibers from peripheral nerve trunks which initiate either fast or slow synaptic potentials in ganglionic neurons may continue out into the lumbar splanchnic nerves. These studies demonstrate that the synaptic potentials recorded in the inferior mesenteric ganglion arise not only from neurons with cell bodies central to the ganglion but also from neurons with cell bodies located in the visceral organs which this ganglion subserves.
Tribological behavior of improved chemically vapor- deposited boron on beryllium

Abstract Earlier chemical vapor deposition (CVD) experiments with diborane as the boron source gave well-bonded boron films up to 10 μm thick on beryllium, with layered intermetallic compounds below a top layer of boron. The films were non- uniform in thickness and cracked badly when given diffusion heat treatments to produce desired intermetallic compounds. By rotating the beryllium samples during the CVD, films of uniform thickness have now been produced. A variety of compounds of beryllium and boron have been produced on the outer surface of the CVD film by varying the concentration of diborane in the CVD gas. Wear and friction tests performed on various CVD surfaces using sapphire and diamond pins showed remarkable differences in that the CVD boron surface appeared to be substantially more compatible with diamond than with sapphire. The results of these tests are discussed.
Optimal trading strategy for European options with transaction costs

Abstract The European option with transaction costs is studied. The cost of making a transaction is taken to be proportional by a factor λ to the value (in dollars) of stock traded. When there are no transaction costs (i.e. when λ=0) the well-known Black–Scholes strategy tells how to hedge the option. Since no non-trivial perfect hedging strategy exists when λ>0 (see (Ann. Appl. Probab. 5(2) (1995) 327)), we instead try to maximize the expected utility attainable. We seek to understand the effect transaction costs have on the maximum attainable expected utility over all strategies, when λ is small but non-zero. It turns out that transaction costs diminish the expected utility by an amount which has the order of magnitude λ2/3. We will compute that correction explicitly modulo an error which is small compared to λ2/3. We will exhibit an explicit strategy whose expected utility differs from the maximum attainable expected utility by an error small in comparison to λ2/3.
Exploring the relationship between preferences for high fat foods and efficacy of the ketogenic and modified Atkins diets among children with seizure disorders

Abstract Purpose Previous research has indicated that children with seizures may prefer high fat foods – a preference compatible with ketogenic and modified Atkins dietary therapies. The purpose of this prospective study was to examine the relationship between fat preference and efficacy of therapeutic diets in treating intractable seizures among a pediatric population. Methods Preference for high fat foods was directly assessed in a sample of 30 children prior to commencing either the ketogenic or modified Atkins diet. Seizure control was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following diet initiation. Using an intent-to-treat analysis, correlations between fat preference and diet efficacy were examined at each follow-up and across the follow-up period. Results At individual follow-ups, correlations between fat preference and diet efficacy varied in terms of both strength and significance; however, modest, positive correlations with fat preference were significant when examining high levels of efficacy (100% seizure reduction, ≥90% seizure reduction) across a 1-year follow-up period. Conclusion These findings provide preliminary evidence that fat preference, when directly assessed, may be a useful predictor of treatment efficacy for the ketogenic and modified Atkins diets; however, further research is necessary.
Hydroprocessing of nondeashed coal-derived residuum: Evaluation of catalyst performance

Abstract Four commercially available catalysts were evaluated for 100 hours in a continuous-flow unit to determine their effectiveness in the hydrotreating of nondeashed coal-derived residuum. These included Shell 324M and Shell 424 (both unimodal), and Shell 317 and Amocat 1C (both bimodal). All catalysts contained nickel and molybdenum supported on alumina; compositions were, however, different. The results showed that all catalysts performed equally well, except that the desulfurization activity of Shell 424 was substantially higher than the activities of the other catalysts. The bimodal catalysts accumulated more carbonaceous material and trace metals than the unimodal catalysts. Also, their catalytic activity was similar to the activities of the unimodal catalysts.
Retention interval and face recognition: Response latency measures

Effects of duration of retention interval on recognition memory for faces were tested immediately after study or after 2 or 7 days. In addition to counting correct and incorrect responses, we measured response latencies of subjects’ decisions. Subjects were tested on photos of both Caucasian and Japanese faces. Length of retention interval was not associated with number of correct responses, although longer intervals were associated with more numerous false alarms. As retention intervals were greater, latencies of both hits and false alarms were longer, reflecting subjects’ greater difficulty in retrieving their memories of faces. Length of retention interval did not differentially affect responses to Caucasian and the more difficult to recognize Japanese faces.
Kinetics, activation, and induction of aortic mono-oxygenases--biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract Aortic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2), a cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase complex potentially important in the etiology of atherosclerosis, was detected previously in aortic homogenates of humans, monkeys and rabbits [M. R. Juchau, J. A. Bond and E. P. Benditt, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73 , 3723 (1976)]. The present study more fully characterizes the mono-oxygenase activity in aortas of treated and untreated New Zealand White rabbits. A 2-fold activation was obtained with NADH (7 × 10 −4 M) at saturating concentrations of NADPH. Addition of heme (9 μm) increased the enzymatic activity 2- to 4-fold during a 15-min incubation and over 25-fold during a 2-hr incubation. The results suggest the presence of relatively high concentrations of apoprotein in the aortic tissues. Kinetic studies in the presence of heme yielded an apparent K m of 1 × 10 −4 M and V max of 15.24 pmoles/mg of protein/min with respect to NADPH. A sigmoidal curve was obtained with varying benzo[a]pyrene concentrations (0.5 to 80 μM), suggesting the possibility of allosterism. Aroclor 1254,3-methylcholanthrene and 5,6-benzoflavone acted to induce the cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase, while pheno-barbital and pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile demonstrated little, if any, induction capacity. Analyses of metabolites formed in induced aortas with high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed the formation (in each case) of primarily the phenolic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene.
Methylsulfonyl Benzothiazole (MSBT): A Selective Protein Thiol Blocking Reagent

A new thiol blocking reagent, methylsulfonyl benzothiazole, was discovered. This reagent showed good selectivity and high reactivity for protein thiols.
Spectral unmixing using nonnegative basis learning: comparison of geometrical and statistical endmember extraction algorithms

Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data can be used to identify the presence of minerals on the surface or Mars. The data are a peculiar set from which to extract endmembers. Using an image from a previously investigate area of the surface, we compare a geometrical and a statistical algorithm for extracting endmembers for mineral identification. Both algorithms correctly identified the spectra of the two minerals known to be present in the Nili Fossae region of Mars. Both algorithms suffer from linearity assumption. Even though the statistical algorithm is less robust with respect to outliers, it has potential to extract endmembers in complex data clouds because of its local nature.
Explorations in fixed and adaptive resolution at GE and SURC

This paper recounts the invention and development of adaptive processing at General Electric and the Syracuse University Research Corporation, giving heuristic explanations of the behavior of adaptive systems and discussing the relation between fixed and adaptive resolution.
Scintillation index of a multiwavelength beam in turbulent atmosphere

We characterize the scintillation index of a multiwavelength plane-wave optical beam that is subjected to a turbulent optical channel. It is assumed that the level of turbulence in the atmosphere ensures a weak-turbulence scenario and that the turbulence is due to the fluctuations in the index of refraction of the medium. It is assumed that the propagation path is nearly horizontal and that the heights of the transmitter and receiver justify a near-ground propagation assumption.
Cerebellar hemorrhage in the premature infant

Lesions of the central nervous system were reviewed in 144 premature neonates without anomalies or infections coming to autopsy from the Intermountain Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Twelve neonates were found to have had cerebellar hemorrhages. Eleven of the 12 with cerebellar hemorrhage also had germinal plate hemorrhages at postmortem examination. Some hemorrhages destroyed one or both cerebellar hemispheres. Three of 19 (16%) infants between 20 to 24 weeks' gestation, six of 26 (25%) infants between 26 to 28 weeks' gestation, two of 24 (8%) infants between 28 to 30 weeks' gestation, and one of 19 (5%) infants between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation had cerebellar hemorrhage. No premature neonate after 32 weeks' gestation had cerebellar hemorrhage. It is probable that trauma does not play a role in the pathogenesis of the cerebellar hemorrhage.
Recovery of Right Ventricular Function following Repair of Acute Ventricular Septal Defect

Ventricular septal defect is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction with a high mortality rate. Right ventricular dysfunction, which frequently accompanies septal defect, can be due to several etiologies. We describe two cases of septal defect following infarction, with sequential studies of right and left ventricular function. Right ventricular infarction was found in both patients. Postoperatively, the right ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly. The pathophysiology and expectation for recovery are discussed.
Induction of resistance to Staphylococcus aureus in an environmental marine biofilm.

Abstract The study of environmental biofilms is complicated by the difficulty of working with them under lab conditions. Nonetheless, knowledge of cellular activity and interactions within environmental biofilms could lead to novel biomedical applications. As a first step in this direction we propose a novel technique for inducing resistance to Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) in an intact environmental biofilm. Agar plates were prepared with or without the addition of 20% S. aureus spent culture media and immersed in coastal seawater (Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, USA) for four days to grow up an environmental biofilm. Nucleopore filters inoculated with an overnight culture of S. aureus were then applied to the surface of the agar plates with the environmental biofilms, incubated 4 h at 37 °C, removed and subsequently stained and analyzed. Marine environmental biofilms grown on agar containing S. aureus spent culture media were significantly more inhibitory of S. aureus growth than were marine environmental biofilms grown on plain agar.
A quantitative analysis of local anaesthetic alteration of miniature end-plate currents and end-plate current fluctuations.

1. The effect of the local anaesthetic QX222 on the kinetics of miniature end-plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) and acetylcholine (ACh) induced end-plate current (e.p.c) fluctuations was studied in voltage-clamped frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions made visible with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. 2. In Ringer solution the m.e.p.c.s decayed with a single exponential time course and the e.p.c. fluctuation spectra were characterized by single Lorentzian functions, with the spectral cut-off frequency well predicted by the m.e.p.c. decay rate. 3. In the presence of 0-1-0-5 mm QX222 at-50 to -100 mV holding potential both the e.p.c. fluctuation spectrum and the m.e.p.c. decay consisted of a fast and a slow component, with the cut-off frequency of each spectral component predicted by the decay rate of the corresponding constituent of the m.e.p.c. 4. Hyperpolarization increased the decay rate and relative amplitude of the fast component of the m.e.p.c. and decreased the decay rate of the slow m.e.p.c. component. 5. With 0-05 mm QX222 and -70 mV holding potential the m.e.p.c.s. and e.p.c. fluctuation spectra consisted of three components. The third component of the m.e.p.c. and e.p.c. spectra had nearly the same decay rate and cut-off frequency as was found at the same end-plate under equivalent conditions before drug exposure. 6. The kinetic predictions of four different schemes for local anaesthetic action were compared with observed m.e.p.c.s. and e.p.c. fluctuations. 7. Schemes in which the local anaesthetic acted by creating two kinetically distinct populations of acetylcholine receptors or by interacting with ACh receptor to produce a biphasic exponential decay of the end-plate channel conductance did not accurately predict the e.p.c. fluctuation spectrum. 8. The variance of the e.p.c. fluctuations vanished at the reversal potential indicating that local anaesthetic action was not due to the presence of different ion selective end-plate channels. 9. QX222 action could be explained by alteration of the ACh receptors such that they sequentially c-hanged from one conductance state to another. A specific case in which QX222 binds to the ACh receptors in its open state creating a partially blocked state, was found to be the most parisimonious. 10. The conductance, gamma, of a single end-plate channel was estimated from e.p.c. fluctuations. In Ringer's solution gama = 24-4 +/- 1-2 (s.d.) pmho. In the presence of 0-1 mm to 0-5 mm QX222 the effective single channel conductance, gamma, varied from 14-2 to 1-39 pmho. 11. gamma decreased with increased local anesthetic concentration, hyperpolarization, or decreased temperature. The variation in gamma is thought to reflect the dependence on the experimental conditions of the relative probability that the ACh receptors is in an open vs a partially blocked state.
INFLUENCE OF SELECTED MARKETING FACTORS ON CONSUMER RESPONSE TO RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS: A CONJOINT ANALYSIS

. Restructured beef steaks, formulated with different beef particle sizes, fat content and binder levels, were evaluated with selected marketing factors by 30 consumers. Conjoint analysis was applied to consumers’hedonic scores and statement of purchase intent for raw and cooked steaks. Product preference, packaging and brand had significant (P < 0.05) impacts on hedonic scores for raw products. Price was an additional important factor in purchase intent. Parcooked products, only product preference was important for both hedonic rating and purchase intent. When products were not present, conjoint measurement indicated that nutritional information, price and brand influenced (P < 0.05) hedonic responses.
Patterns of acceptance of artificial eggs and chicks by Magellanic Penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus )

Life history theory predicts that parents will not raise unrelated offspring. For seabirds, an ability to recognize their own eggs and chicks can prevent a costly mistake. We tested whether Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) would discriminate against artificial eggs by presenting nine types of egg-objects and one type of artificial chick to penguins at their nests. Magellanic Penguins regardless of their sex or breeding status accepted all egg-objects. A generalized linear mixed model showed that mass and number of dimensions were the most important factors in predicting whether the object was accepted: flat egg-objects and light egg-objects were less likely to be incubated than round, normally weighted ones. We also tested whether Magellanic Penguins would retrieve egg-objects more frequently if the object was within 1 m of the nest cup. Penguins retrieved 75 % of objects that were 1 m from the nest cup, but only 25 % of objects that were 2 m from the nest cup. Lastly, we tested whether penguins would accept artificial chicks. We found that pairs with chicks less than 3 weeks of age (i.e., not out of the guard stage) were at least twice as likely to brood an artificial chick than pairs with chicks older than 3 weeks, pairs that had lost their chicks, or unmated males.
Necessary conditions for the existence of asymmetric composition and temperature profiles in catalyst pellets

Abstract For a single irreversible chemical reaction in an infinite catalyst slab with a uniform environment, it is shown that temperature and composition profiles unsymmetric about the center plane of the slab may occur only when there are concentrated heat and mass transfer coefficients, the effective thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient in the slab, and the heat of reaction. In particular, for a conventional irreversible reaction, it is found that asymmetric profiles may exist only if the reaction is exothermic and Sh ′ > Nu ′ where Sh ′ and Nu ′ are the modified Sherwood and Nusselt numbers.
Poly(thioether imide)s via chloro-displacement polymerization

Thioether containing polyimides were prepared by displacement of chlorine groups from substituted imides by aromatic and aliphatic sulfur nucleophiles. The allaromatic monomers and polymers had poor solubility which led to precipitation during synthesis and low molecular weight polymers. However, these polymers were thermally stable up to 400 °C and had Tg's ranging from 212 °C to 233 °C. Poly(thioether imide)s prepared from 1,3-propanedithiol and 2-mercaptoethyl sulfide had good solubility but lower thermal stability, showing TGA loss onset temperatures of 297 °C and 298 °C, respectively.
Interpersonal expectations in the patient-physician relationship.

Human relationships are complex, and the relationship between patient and physician is no exception. In different ways, two articles in this issue of the Journal address the nature and consequences of interpersonal expectations and social norms. In the first article, Farber et al. explore physicians' experience and response to boundary violations by patients.1 Professional boundaries constitute a particular type of social norm with legal and fiduciary ramifications. In the second article, Schmittdiel et al. examine the effect of physician gender on patient selection of physicians and satisfaction with care.2 The results of this study also touch on expectations of normative social behavior.
Terrestrial solar-pumped iodine gas laser with minimum threshold concentration requirements

A t-C4F9I iodine gas laser pumped by concentrated uv terrestrial solar radiation was designed and built. The laser consists of an optical resonator cavity, a blowdown lasant gas flow system, and a parabolic trough reflector. The optical resonator design was based on a mathematical model that used iodine gas kinetic rate equations to predict threshold pumping power, available pumping power, and laser output power for various dimensions. An optimum design for this demonstration project was selected to minimize lasing threshold solar concentration to 40 suns, and retain a 15-min run time with our limited lasant supply. Output power was not optimized, and is predicted to be low (20 mW). An estimate of local spectral uv terrestrial irradiation was developed from band and total irradiation measurements. It was used to estimate solar concentration required to initiate lasing and laser output power. The laser, gas flow system, and parabolic trough collector were built and evaluated. Irradiation at the parabolic trough's focus (where the laser tube was placed) was measured for directional and total irradiation. These measurements showed an average solar concentration of 15-20 suns below threshold. The study establishes the feasibility of terrestrial solar-pumped iodine lasers with low threshold, and simple, stable, and controllable lasant flow systems.
Bedside Electrocardiogram Monitoring

A recent national survey of critical care nurses reveals that the leads many nurses select to monitor their patients are diagnostically inferior to other available leads, and that lead placement often is inaccurate. This article reviews the best leads for electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, illustrates their accurate placement, and explains reasons for the dilemma in current practice. Questions relevant to practicing nurses are addressed, including 1) Is lead MCL1 as good as V1? 2) When is it appropriate to substitute lead MCL1 for V1? and 3) How important is it for electrodes to be placed exactly in specific anatomic locations? Finally, a case study is provided to illustrate how accurate monitoring can prevent misdiagnosis and resultant inappropriate therapy.
The use of interactive whiteboards in teaching non-roman scripts

This study explores the use of the interactive whiteboards in teaching the non-Latin based orthographies of Hindi, Pashto, Dari, Persian (Farsi), and Hebrew. All these languages use non-roman scripts, and except for Hindi, they are cursive. Thus, letters within words are connected and for beginners the script may look quite complicated, incomprehensible and indecipherable. The shapes of the letters also change depending on if they are placed in word-initial, word-medial or word-final positions, causing additional difficulty for learners. Although the Hindi script is not cursive, it also creates difficulty for learners at beginning levels because it is crucial to know where to start and end the lines for each symbol in the alphabet with utmost precision. Surveys and questionnaires were distributed to seventy-five instructors teaching at the Defense Language Institute (DLI) in Monterey, California. It is found that the interactive whiteboard appears to be a useful pedagogical multi-media tool to teach non-r...
Angle and Channel Dependence of Resonances in e -He Scattering near 60 eV

The ${\mathrm{He}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ resonances at 57.1 and 58.2 eV in the electron scattering from He were studied as a function of angle in three inelastic channels corresponding to excitation of the $(1s2s)^{3}S$, $(1s2s)^{1}S$, and $(1s2p)^{1}P$ states of He. The line shapes of the resonances are found to vary with angle. The application of the Fano-Cooper formula, developed for the case of photon absorption, to resonances in inelastic electron scattering is discussed, along with a simple procedure for determining the line profile indices. The angular dependence of the $^{1}S$, $^{3}S$, and $^{1}P$ excitations at 56.5 eV was also measured out to about 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
A Codex of Jonah: Berl. Sept. 18 + P.S.I. X, 1164

In 1932 Vitelli and Norsa published a substantial fragment of the Greek Jonah, the remains of a parchment codex, consisting of the final leaf of an initial quaternion and two other complete quaternions, in all seventeen consecutive folios or thirty-four pages. The text covers 1.11b–4.10a. The fourteen missing pages of the first quaternion and five additional pages beyond the present end of the codex would suffice to complete the text. The quaternions are so arranged that each begins and ends with a recto, and within the quaternion verso always confronts verso, recto always confronts recto. Each page bears one column of ten lines, and the lines contain as few as six and as many as fourteen letters, but commonly eight to eleven letters. Vitelli and Norsa give the size of the columns as 4 × 4.5 cm., but this is probably a mean estimate since a measurement taken on the facsimile yields 4 × 4.8 cm. for the columns of writing on pp. 12 and 13 of the third quaternion. The codex is 5.5 cm. broad and 6 cm. high. The unusually small format is noteworthy. The editors have assigned the manuscript to the fourth century A.D. It was acquired by purchase and its provenience is unknown.