cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coronary artery calcium scoring at lower tube voltages - Dose determination and scoring mechanism.

Abstract Purpose Population dose has been a concern with coronary artery calcium scoring CT since it is performed in adults with borderline risk. Lower tube voltage acquisitions are appealing but there are no agreed schemes for reduced dose determination. Moreover, conventional scoring cannot be used without changing the multiple Agatston thresholds. Methods By applying consistent calcium contrast-to-noise ratio to two anthropomorphic heart phantoms (medium and large) with 3-cm hydroxyapatite (HA) inserts, scanned using a dual-source CT, the relationship was derived between the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) at lower tube voltages and the baseline CTDIvol at 120 kVp. The baseline CTDIvol was obtained using the noise thresholds from the images acquired at 120 kVp. To preserve the conventional Agatston thresholds, down-scaling with the found factors was applied to images acquired at lower voltages with a dynamic heart module and 1.2−5 mm inserts (50–400 mg/cc) on the coronary tracks. Scores were evaluated on the scaled images by six readers. Results The CTDIvol at lower voltages was related to the baseline CTDIvol following a power form of the voltage (index 1.246), regardless of the phantom size. The baseline CTDIvol was 1.5 and 4.5 mGy, for the medium and large phantoms, respectively. Correspondingly, the reduced CTDIvol at 100−70 kVp were 1.28−0.76 mGy, and 3.57−2.32 mGy. The downscaling factors were 0.88−0.63. The calcium scores at lower voltages were found within 12 % of the ground-truths. Conclusion A vendor-independent approach was established to obtain the reduced dose and correct coronary calcium scores at lower tube voltages.
Leveraging the ADJ Framework to Improve Real-World Problem-Solving Skills in Computing Courses

Problem solving is a necessary skill for computing students to succeed in industry. Students commonly find it difficult to apply their technical skills in solving real-world problems, which can be addressed by the inclusion and scaffolding of open-ended and ill-defined problems in formative computing courses. An Analysis, Design, and Justification (ADJ) based framework was recently developed to enable this goal. The ADJ framework consists of learning outcomes, a type of problem, and a three-step problem-solving process. ADJ supports instruction in environments with constraints (such as large classes, and heterogeneous student ability) that are difficult to support with other approaches (such as Problem-Based Learning). In this paper, we report the experience and impact of leveraging the ADJ framework to develop real-world problem-solving skills in the context of a formative computing course. The ADJ framework was enacted in a class on operating-systems taught at the junior level. In the class, students were taught the concepts of the ADJ framework using a series of discussion activities, and then asked to apply it to generate solutions to three problem sets. The problem sets contained problems on topic areas covered by other assessments in the course but used open-ended and ill-defined problems. Assessments showed that students had different performance on existing (well-defined) problems as opposed to the real-world style problems of ADJ. The ADJ assessments provided a step towards better evaluation of problem-solving ability.
Preliminary Observations of Weak Three-Body Scatter Spikes Associated With Low-End Severe Hail

The three-body scatter spike (TBSS), an artifact caused by radar microwave scattering associated with large hydrometeors, traditionally has been utilized in the National Weather Service as an operational indicator of destructive hail. Severe weather warning strategies based on the TBSS were derived using a lower-bound reflectivity threshold of 5 dBZ. With recent WSR-88D workstation software and product upgrades, the operational display of very low value reflectivity data to -30 dBZ has allowed meteorologists to observe more subtle, but meaningful, atmospheric targets and artifacts. Since these upgrades, radar-based interrogations of thunderstorms over west Texas and South Dakota (among other places) have revealed weak TBSS signatures characterized by faint radar returns as low as -14 dBZ. A sufficient dataset of weak TBSS cases does not exist currently to support a robust statistical analysis. Preliminary observations, however, indicate that the artifact may occur prior to and during low-end severe hail measuring between 1.9 cm and 2.5 cm in diameter, especially when recognized to emanate from pulse-type convective storms sampled at close range over the Great Plains. These observations suggest that an extension to the current conceptual use of the conventional TBSS model, which associates the traditional signature to a likelihood of "very large hail," should be investigated.
Discovering Methodologies for Integrated Product Design

The current methodologies for multi-disciplinary product design are based on compromising between different disciplines rather than integrating them. These methodologies do not use a systematic and holistic approach to the problem of multi-disciplinary design and thus are piecemeal rather than comprehensive. This paper presents a new approach to producing design methodologies for integration of the different disciplines in the design process. A multi-agent system has been developed that designs a 2-DOF robot arm by incorporating five proposed strategies for integration between disciplines. Design methodologies are extracted by tracking the system and generalizing the traces that are produced. The results show that the trace of the system provides invaluable information on how to improve the design process.
Legal Remedies for Breach of the Incomplete Regulatory Contract

We present a new model of the incomplete regulatory contract that focuses on the mutual investment of buyer and seller and recognizes the cost of contractual renegotiation and the importance of breach remedies when contracts are incomplete. Our model includes both specific investment by the buyer and "cooperative" specific investment (i.e., investment that raises the buyer's valuation) by the seller. We model renegotiation as a litigation game played out before a quasi-judicial administrative court. We find that the standard contractual remedy of expectations damages cannot implement first-best levels of investment for both buyer and seller. The traditional regulatory rule allowing utilities to collect a return of but not on investment is more appropriate. In fact, if the regulator allows the seller to fully recover its sunk investment in the event of contract breach, first-best levels of investment by both buyer and seller can be supported provided litigation costs are small enough.
Using Granular Objects in Multi-source Data Fusion

We focus on the problem of fusing data from multiple sources. A framework based on a calculation of the support from each of the sources for a proposed fused value is introduced. A number of features are provided on which to base the support; among these are ideas of compatibility and reasonableness. After considering the case where the fused value must be a point, we turn to the case in which we allow granules (subsets) as fused values.
Millimeter wave complex refractive index, complex dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of high purity and compensated silicon

Single-crystal high-resistivity (11000- Omega -cm) boron-doped silicon was found to exhibit the lowest absorption loss at room temperature (25 degrees C) in the entire millimeter-wave region. The millimeter-wave absorption coefficient values for the compensated silicon are at least one order of magnitude less than values obtained with undoped pure silicon. At 140 GHz, the loss tangent value of the compensated silicon is as low as 40 mu rad. The study of the dielectric properties of silicon as a function of resistivity reveals that the low-frequency free-carrier absorption present in all silicon (and other semiconductors) vanishes with increasing resistivity. The dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopic technique was utilized for the measurements. >
Cation (63Ni) diffusion in YBa2Cu3O7- delta epitaxial films.

The diffusion of $^{63}\mathrm{Ni}$ has been measured in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ epitaxial thin films on (100) ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrates in the 550--650 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C range (orthorhombic phase) in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ pressure of 1 bar, keeping \ensuremath{\delta} in the 0.3--0.4 range. The diffusion behavior is described by D=1.3 exp[(-2.7 eV)/kT] ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec and is many orders of magnitude slower than anion (oxygen) diffusion reported in the literature. A diffusion mechanism involving thermal vacancies and atomic jumps in diagonal directions of the type 〈110〉, 〈301〉, and 〈031〉 is proposed for long-range diffusion of cations occupying the Cu sites.
Multiple oligo nucleotide arrays: Methods to reduce manufacture time and cost.

The customized multiple arrays are becoming vastly used in microarray experiments for varies purposes, mainly for its ability to handle a large quantity of data and output high quality results. However, experimenters who use customized multiple arrays still face many problems, such as the cost and time to manufacture the masks, and the cost for production of the multiple arrays by costly machines. Although there is some research on the multiple arrays, there is little concern on the manufacture time and cost, which is actually important to experimenters. In this paper, we have proposed methods to reduce the time and cost for the manufacture of the customized multiple arrays. We have first introduced a heuristic algorithm for the mask decomposition problem for multiple arrays. Then a streamline method is proposed for the integration of different steps of manufacture on a higher level. Experiments show that our methods are very effective in reduction of the time and cost of manufacture of multiple arrays.
A Mongrel Crowd of Canadians, Kanakas and Indians: The United States National Park Service Public Archaeology Programme and Fort Vancouver's Village

Fort Vancouver, on the lower Columbia River, contains the remains of the Hudson's Bay Company's western fur trading operations. This article highlights a long-term public archaeology and museum collections programme tied to the Fort Vancouver Village. Public archaeology has developed new understanding and interpretation of the villagers’ lives, while correcting public misconceptions regarding the site's history, significance, and location. National Park Service archaeologists have increasingly addressed community engagement and new opportunities to collaborate in preservation. Directed outreach efforts have developed into partnerships that enrich and reinvigorate the park's significance to the visiting public and the communities that surround it or connect to it through their history.
The Multidisciplinary Translational Team (MTT) Model for Training and Development of Translational Research Investigators

Multiinstitutional research collaborations now form the most rapid and productive project execution structures in the health sciences. Effective adoption of a multidisciplinary team research approach is widely accepted as one mechanism enabling rapid translation of new discoveries into interventions in human health. Although the impact of successful team-based approaches facilitating innovation has been well-documented, its utility for training a new generation of scientists has not been thoroughly investigated. We describe the characteristics of how multidisciplinary translational teams (MTTs) promote career development of translational research scholars through competency building, interprofessional integration, and team-based mentoring approaches. Exploratory longitudinal and outcome assessments from our experience show that MTT membership had a positive effect on the development of translational research competencies, as determined by a self-report survey of 32 scholars. We also observed that all trainees produced a large number of collaborative publications that appeared to be associated with their CTSA association and participation with MTTs. We conclude that the MTT model provides a unique training environment for translational and team-based learning activities, for investigators at early stages of career development.
Managing Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis: Insights for Busy Providers

Abstract Introduction Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common clinical condition that affects millions of women annually. Serious sequelae exist from untreated infection. Recurrent BV (RBV) is also common with few approved clinical treatment modalities. Review of the current recommendations yields practical tips to aid busy professionals. Aim To review the current treatment recommendations for recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Methods A literature review was conducted using the keywords: bacterial vaginosis , recurrent bacterial vaginosis , vaginal probiotics , vaginal reacidifiers , and trichomoniasis . Main Outcome Measure Patients with RBV should be treated with the approved suppressive antimicrobial regimen, but new modalities and adjuncts are currently under review and appear safe; however, rates of efficacy still need to be established. Results There is no defined etiology of RBV, and thus, a curative treatment remains elusive. Sexual practices, hygiene practices, and the type of sexual partner all affect the rate of BV recurrence. Vaginal reacidifiers and probiotics may offer effective alternatives to the current antimicrobial regimens. Clinicians should obtain an in‐depth history to have an accurate picture of the patient's pattern of infection, ensure they are using all clinical tools available to make the correct diagnosis, and educate the patient regarding simple behavioral changes they can make to prevent RBV. Conclusion More research is needed to explain and treat RBV. In the meantime, if clinicians maximize all current modalities, they will reduce the recurrence rate in certain patients. Marshall AO. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis: Insights for busy providers . Sex Med Rev 2015;3:88–92.
Executing Java threads in parallel in a distributed-memory environment

We present the design and initial implementation of Hyperion, an environment for the high-performance execution of Java programs. Hyperion supports high performance by utilizing a Java-bytecode-to-C translator and by supporting parallel execution via the distribution of Java threads across the multiple processors of a cluster of Linux machines. The Hyperion run-time system implements the Java memory model using an efficient communication substrate previously developed for Linux and Fast Ethernet switches. We include initial performance results from using Hyperion to execute two standard benchmark programs.
Reconsidering wealth, status, and power: Critical Demography and the measurement of racism

Sociologists have a long tradition of studying the effects of differentials in indicators of socioeconomic status by race. In fact, since Duncan's classic study on poverty, differences on such indicators have often been considered a measure of the "cost of being black." This paper employs the new paradigm in the study of population, Critical Demography, to develop a measure of racism based upon estimates of the differentials in wealth, status and power. Specifically, the study asks three questions: (1) How is racism measured relative to wealth, status and power in the United States? (2) Based upon this measure, how has racism changed over time? and (3) What are the theoretical implications of this measure for the study of race and ethnicity in sociology, demography and the social sciences in general? The findings provide evidence of Mertonian serendipity: once macro-level measures of racism are controlled, blacks actually exceed whites in levels of education, income and housing values. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of measuring racism from a Critical Demography perspective.
A Streak Camera System for Quantitative Fluorimetry

Abstract In conventional and laser excited molecular fluorescence spectrometry,1,2 the excitation scatter and luminescence from the blank have been shown to be the major factors controlling the limits of detection. However, because of their high intensity, an increase in sensitivity (signal/concentration) is often noted with laser excitation as compared with conventional sources. From theoretical calculations,3,4 as well as experimental results,5 pulsed source excitation with gated detection, using time resolution, can be used to improve the signal to noise ratio, S/N, in certain instances. Pulsed lasers are very well suited for these measurements because of their high intensities and short pulse widths.
Pain awareness and medication knowledge: a health literacy evaluation.

Chronic pain is a significant burden to the U.S. health care system. Patient-related barriers such as low health literacy can prevent optimal management of pain. This study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy, pain awareness, and medication knowledge. Chronic pain patients visiting a family health center were administered a survey addressing the study objectives. Health literacy was measured using the Newest Vital Sign. A total of 139 chronic pain patients participated in the study. Patients with low health literacy had significantly lower overall pain medication knowledge (mean score = 63.3± 18.9 versus 74.3 ± 18.5, p 0.05). Multivariate analyses showed a significant relationship between health literacy and medication knowledge after controlling for demographics. Patients with low health literacy have poor knowledge of pain medications. Educational interventions to meet the needs of patients with low health literacy are essential to safely relieve pain.
Cross-maze avoidance behavior and septal lesions in the rat.

Abstract Rats with lesions of the septum were compared with control rats on the acquisition of free choice and discriminated active avoidance behaviors in a cross-maze. The rats with septal damage exhibited facilitated acquisition of the avoidance response under both conditions. The groups also differed in the patterning of their avoidance responses. The lesioned rats tended to respond sequentially to each of the four alleys while the predominant response of the control rats was to shuttle back and forth between two of the four alleys.
Ellipsometric method for the determination of all the optical parameters of the system of an isotropic nonabsorbing film on an isotropic absorbing substrate - Optical constants of silicon.

Optical parameters for system of isotropic nonabsorbing film on isotropic absorbing substrate determined by ellipsometric method, noting Si optical constants
Modelling and role-modelling: integrating nursing theory into practice

This article contrasts two clinical cases using a relatively new paradigm and theory, modelling and role-modelling. The concepts and linkages from modelling and role-modelling are presented and are the basis for analysing the outcomes of of two patients. The case study approach communicates an understanding of the theory modelling and role-modelling and assists nurses to develop expertise in its use.
Arrival Times for the Wave Equation

We establish a definition of arrival time of a wavefront for a propagating wave in anisotropic media that is initially at rest and where the governing partial differential equation is the anisotropic wave equation. This definition of arrival time is not the same as the one in [8, 12]; it eliminates pathological discontinuities that can occur with the older definition and is still consistent with physical intuition. What is substantively new here is that we show that the newly defined arrival time is locally Lipschitz-continuous. Then following the method in [8, 12] we establish that it satisfies the eikonal equation. Furthermore, in the isotropic case we establish that the arrival time, as defined here, is the unique viscosity solution of the eikonal equation. Our motivation for this work is to use this arrival time at points in the interior of a physical or biological material, which is estimated from displacement measurements, to determine properties of the medium that are represented as functions in the eikonal equation; see [8, 10, 11, 12]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grain boundary mobility of BaTiO3 doped with aliovalent cations

Abstract The effect of three aliovalent cations, Nb 5+ , La 3+ and Co 2+ , on the grain growth kinetics of nearly fully dense BaTiO 3 (Ba/Ti atomic ratio = 1.001) was measured in O 2 at 1300 °C and for dopant concentrations of up to 1.25 atomic per cent (at%). For the donor cation Nb 5+ , the boundary mobility initially increased with cation concentration but then decreased markedly above a doping threshold of 0.3–0.5 at%. The boundary mobility of the BaTiO 3 doped with the acceptor cation Co 2+ decreased monotonically with dopant concentration. At a cation concentration of 0.75 at%, the boundary mobility was reduced by a factor of approximately 25, 10 and 50 times by Nb 5+ , La 3+ and Co 2+ , respectively. A major role of the dopants is seen to be their ability to influence the boundary mobility. The effects of the dopants on the boundary mobility are discussed in terms of the defect chemistry and the space-charge concept.
Traveling bands of chemotactic bacteria: a theoretical analysis.

Bands of motile Escherichia coli have been observed to travel at constant speed when the bacteria are placed in one end of a capillary tube containing oxygen and an energy source. Such bands are a consequence of a chemotatic mechanism which permits the bacteria to seek an optimal environment: the bacteria avoid low concentrations and move preferentially toward higher concentrations of some critical substrate. In this paper we develop a phenomenological theory of traveling bands starting with partial differential equations which describe the consumption of the critical substrate and the change in bacterial density due to random motion and to chemotaxis. The analysis shows that a band will form only if chemotaxis is sufficiently strong. The predicted band speed is shown to be in satisfactory agreement with observation. The analysis also predicts the shapes of the graphs of bacterial density and substrate concentration in the traveling band and shows how, from these shapes, one can determine a quantitative measure of the relative strength of chemotaxis.
A monoclonal antibody that identifies mature T lymphocytes of cattle

Abstract Hybridomas to bovine leukocytes were produced by immunization of BALB/C mice with bovine lymphoblasts and fusion of the mouse spleen cells with mouse myeloma cells. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) were tested against various cell populations by indirect fluorescent microscopy using fluorochrome conjugated antibodies to mouse immunoglobulins. MAB-15, one of the resulting MABs obtained after cloning antibody-producing hybridomas, reacted with 56.8 ± 8.4% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). MAB-15 did not react with monocytes or B cells, but did react with T cells (fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut agglutinin positive cells). MAB-15 reacted with 3.2% of thymocytes from adult cattle. In addition to reacting with T cells, MAB-15 reacted with neutrophils and eosinophils. MAB-15 was characterized as an IgM antibody that was unable to lyse PBMC in the presence of complement. Thus, MAB-15 is a useful marker of mature T cells in the mononuclear cell population.
The role of the Y-organ in crab proecdysis and limb regeneration

Abstract 1. 1. Echalier's demonstration of the role of the Y-organ in decapod molting has been confirmed in another brachyuran family with the marsh crab, Sesarma reticulatum (Say), Fam. Grapsidae. 2. 2. Limb regeneration is shown to consist of two phases: basal limb growth which is independent of Y-organ molting hormone, and premolt growth which is molting hormone dependent. 3. 3. If basal limb growth is blocked by low temperatures (10°C), subsequent leg regeneration at higher temperatures is less than in animals tested entirely at higher temperatures. 4. 4. Rises in oxygen consumption following feeding and bilateral eyestalk extirpation are shown to be independent of the Y-organs. 5. 5. Juvenile shore crabs (Carcinus maenas), in diecdysis, are shown to have the same endocrine control of molting as found in other brachyurans. 6. 6. Under constant illumination juvenile female crabs which molt after receiving implants of activated Y-organs show less increase in size (due to reduced water uptake) than do normally molting controls. 7. 7. It is postulated that Y-organ molting hormone mediates the cellular duplication and growth of certain organized tissues in initiating proecdysis.
Impact of critical management studies courses on learners' attitudes and beliefs

Abstract Changing employees' attitudes and beliefs is considered key to changing employee behavior. This article examines the impact on learners' management philosophies of their participation in a critical management studies (CMS) course. The study utilized a qualitative case study of CMS courses at two sites, one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States. Semi-structured interviews with eleven learners and class observations were the primary methods. The findings indicate that learners come into CMS classrooms with different philosophies, including critical orientations. CMS courses impact on the learners' management philosophy in multiple ways within the same course. The course simultaneously reinforces different, even opposing orientations at the same time. This study has important implications for training designed to influence the attitudes and beliefs of employees.
Cutaneous vascular anomalies associated with neural tube defects: nomenclature and pathology revisited.

BACKGROUND: Lumbosacral cutaneous vascular anomalies associated with neural tube defects are frequently described in the literature as "hemangiomas." The classification system for pediatric vascular anomalies developed by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies provides a framework to accurately diagnose these lesions. OBJECTIVE: To apply this classification to vascular cutaneous anomalies overlying myelodysplasias. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with neural tube defects and lumbosacral cutaneous vascular lesions was performed. All eligible patients had detailed histopathologic analysis of skin and spinal cord/placode lesions. Clinical and radiologic features were analyzed. Conventional histology and GLUT-1 immunostaining were performed to differentiate infantile capillary hemangiomas from capillary vascular malformations. RESULTS: Ten cases with cutaneous lesions associated with neural tube defects were reviewed. Five lesions were diagnosed as infantile capillary hemangiomas based upon histology and positive GLUT-1 endothelial reactivity. These lesions had a strong association with dermal sinus tracts. No reoperations were required for residual intraspinal vascular lesions, and overlying cutaneous vascular anomalies involuted with time. The remaining 5 lesions were diagnosed as capillary malformations. These occurred with both open and closed neural tube defects, did not involute, and demonstrated enlargement and darkening due to vascular congestion. CONCLUSION: The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies scheme should be used to describe the cutaneous vascular lesions associated with neural tube defects: infantile capillary hemangiomas and capillary malformations. We advocate that these lesions be described as "vascular anomalies" or "stains" pending accurate diagnosis by clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluations.
Studies of charge transport in DNA films using the time-of-flight (TOF) technique

Measurements were carried out on salmon DNA-based films, including as-received DNA (molecular weight, MW>2000 kDa) without and with hexacetyltrimethl-ammonium chloride (CTMA) surfactant, and sonicated DNA of MW~200 kDa with CTMA. The test specimens were spin-coated or drop-cast films on ITO-coated quartz slides with a gold charge-collecting electrode. To protect the films from atmospheric influences, the TOF devices were coated with a 200-400 nm polyurethane passivation layer. A quadrupled 20 ns, pulsed Nd:YAG laser with output at 266 nm was used for charge injection. The room temperature photoconductive transients were dispersive to varying degrees with hole mobilities in DNA materials films ranging between 2E-5 to 6E-3 cm 2 /Vs for fields ranging from 8 to 58 kV/cm. Only hole response was observed in DNA. The dispersive data were analyzed using a simple, quasi-empirical equation for the photocurrent transient data.
Multi-Accelerator System Development With The ShrinkFit Acceleration Framework

This paper introduces the ShrinkFit accelerator framework, which simplifies the design of systems combining multiple accelerators. A single ShrinkFit system design can be deployed to FPGAs large and small, without time-consuming architectural parameter surveys. We describe four ShrinkFit accelerators implemented for an FPGA-based robotic bee brain prototype and demonstrate the flexibility of ShrinkFit with low performance overheads (under 10% on average) and low resource overheads (0–8% for accelerators and under 2% for hard logic blocks).
Political ecology and the moral dimensions of “resource conflicts”: the case of farmer–herder conflicts in the Sahel

Abstract Conflicts associated with natural resource use are common in rural areas of Africa. Political ecology's analytical and methodological foci on these conflicts is shared by other quite different schools of thought that strongly influence policies on environment and development. The influential “environmental security” and “common property management” perspectives generally conceptualize resource-related conflicts as scarcity-driven while political ecologists have made major contributions toward more multidimensional, complex views about the genesis of resource-related conflict. This paper explores two moral dimensions of resource conflict. First, it continues the tradition within political ecology of questioning popular notions of resource conflict. It does so by analyzing farmer–herder conflict in the Sahel—a type of resource-related conflict that seemingly fits the view that conflict is generated from increased competition over a dwindling pool of resources. By seriously engaging with the materiality of agropastoral production, this paper illuminates the complex relationships between political interests, moralities, and resource access that underlie these conflicts. Second, this paper considers the ethics of how we portray resource conflict. In the present policy context in Africa, overly-simplistic treatments of resource conflict by political ecologists or others may unintentionally support programs that are likely to negatively impact the human subjects of research, conservation or development.
Auscultatory findings in diseases of the pericardium.

Abstract A friction rub characteristic of pericarditis is composed of several components, the typical friction rub having two or three. The first part (provided the rhythm is normal sinus) is related to atrial systole, resulting in a friction component in presystole. The second component is related to ventricular systole, producing a systolic friction rub. The third component generally occurs in the early to middle phase of ventricular diastole, apparently coincident with the time of rapid filling. Sometimes only two components are heard which may be related to atrial systole and ventricular systole. If the rhythm is irregular with atrial fibrillation (thereby having no atrial component), a friction rub having two parts is produced in ventricular systole and diastole. As a practical rule, one should hesitate to make a diagnosis of acute pericarditis after hearing only one friction component in systole, although occasionally it may represent an early finding of pericarditis with the diastolic component appearing subsequently. The auscultatory results in pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis are discussed.
Gravity and Magnetic Investigation of the Twin Sisters Dunite, Northern Washington

The Twin Sisters dunite body of northern Washington, an alpine-type ultramafic body, is upper-mantle material tectonically emplaced in the crust. Gravity and magnetic anomalies indicate that the body has a base at shallow depth. It is a flat, serpentine-sheathed pod of peridotite, 16 km by 6 km and 2 km thick, thickened and more highly serpentinized near its western margin. The pod is elongate parallel to a thrust fault, and a branch of the magnetic anomaly continues northwest along the thrust; this suggests emplacement by thrusting. Serpentine is more abundant at depth than in outcrop; this might explain late movement along near-vertical contacts if a pistonlike uplift accompanied expansion during serpentinization.
Effect of subsurface damage on indentation behavior of ground ULE glass

The subsurface damage in ground optical glasses was characterized using the ball-dimple technique. At the same lapping conditions, larger abrasive size introduced deeper subsurface damage, and the surface damage was proportional to the surface roughness. Surface degradation in the ground glasses due to the formation and propagation of the subsurface damage was evaluated using microindentation method. A two parameters empirical equation was used to describe the indentation behavior of the ground glasses. It was found that the nominal near-surface elastic constant decreases with the indentation load, suggesting the propagation and formation of surface cracks during the indentation.
Coleus barbatus (C.forskohlii)(Lamiaceae) and the potential new drug forskolin (Coleonol)

Coleus barbatus (C. forskohlii) is used medicinally in Africa, Arabia, and Brazil. The root tubers of the plant are prepared and eaten as a condiment in India. Other Indian Coleus spp. are used in traditional Ayurvedic healing. Chemical studies of alcoholic extracts of the tubers of C. barbatus led to isolation of the labdane diterpene forskolin (coleonol), which has become an important research tool in studying the roles of the enzyme adenylate cyclase and cyclic-AMP in cellular physiology. The compound may eventually become a useful drug in treating hypertension, glaucoma, asthma, and certain cancers. This article summarizes the investigations ofC. barbatus.
Vitrectomy Techniques in the Management of Selected Penetrating Ocular Injuries

Closed vitrectomy techniques provide new capabilities to treat severe penetrating ocular injuries involving posterior segment structures. With these methods damaged iris tissue, lens, and vitreous can be removed and intraocular opacities can be cleared to identify and treat any retinal damage. Removal of damaged vitreous also prevents later cyclitic membrane formation and traction on the retina. The vitrectomy technique can be combined with additional methods to treat other conditions including nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. We present the rationale and technique of vitrectomy together with the results of treatment in 51 consecutive cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Guidelines are offered for management of severe penetrating injuries.
Free and conjugated amines in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid.

: Significant amounts of acid-hydrolyzable conjugates of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were detected in lumbar CSF from 22 awake unpremedicated healthy individuals. In the CSF samples, the amounts of conjugated amines almost always exceeded the amounts of free amines, but were less than the amounts of the acid metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.
Cracking of martensitic alloy EP-823 under controlled potential

The susceptibility of martensitic Alloy EP-823 to stress corrosion cracking was evaluated with and without an applied cathodic potential using the slow-strain-rate (SSR) testing technique. The magnitude of the applied potential was based on the corrosion potential determined by cyclic polarization. The cracking susceptibility in an acidic environment at different temperatures was expressed in terms of the true failure stress (σf), time to failure (TTF), and ductility parameters, including percent elongation (%El) and percent reduction in area (%RA). The data indicate that the magnitudes of σf, TTF, %El, and %RA were reduced due to cathodic charging. The scanning electron microscopic evaluations of the primary fracture surface of the specimens used in SSR testing revealed a combination of ductile and brittle failures. Further, the secondary cracks at the gauge section of these specimens were characterized by branching.
Social Work Competencies in Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Social workers from clinical, academic, and research settings met in 2002 for a national Social Work Leadership Summit on Palliative and End-of-Life Care. Participants placed the highest priority on the development and broad dissemination of a summary document of the state-of-the-art practice of social work in palliative and end-of-life care. Nine Summit participants reviewed the literature and constructed this detailed description of the knowledge, skills, and values that are requisite for the unique, essential, and appropriate role of social work. This comprehensive statement delineates individual, family, group, team, community, and organizational interventions that extend across settings, cultures, and populations and encompasses advocacy, education, training, clinical practice, community organization, administration, supervision, policy, and research. This document is intended to guide preparation and credentialing of professional social workers, to assist interdisciplinary colleagues in their collaboration with social workers, and to provide the background for the testing of quality indicators and "best practice" social work interventions.
X-ray investigations of the hot ISM

At energies less than one keV, the intensity of the galactic x-ray background dominates that of the extragalactic background in almost every direction on the sky. Below 1/4 keV, the galactic x-ray background has a galactic stellar component, but the dominant emitter seems to be hot interstellar matter. The origin of the general 3/4 keV x-ray background remains uncertain, but one component must also be the contribution from hot interstellar matter. An overview is given of recent x-ray investigations of the hot interstellar medium using data from the ROSAT X-ray Telescope/Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter (XRT/PSPC) instrument. Several prominent features in the low energy x-ray background that are interpreted as fossil supernova remnants are discussed.
The Saturated Synchronous Machine

Discussion of a paper by B. L. Robertson/ T. A. Rogers, and C. F. Dalziel published in the July 1937 issue, pages 858–63, and presented for oral discussion at the electrical machinery session of the Pacific Coast convention, Spokane, Wash., September 2, 1937.
Isolation of an intermediate which precedes dnaG RNA polymerase participation in enzymatic replication of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA

Abstract Conversion of phi X174 single-stranded DNA to the duplex replicative form (RF) in vitro requires at least 10 purified proteins. Three stages - strand initiation, elongation, and termination - comprise this conversion. We now identify a separate stage in strand initiation which precedes dnaG RNA polymerase participation. Incubation of five proteins - protein i, protein n, DNA unwinding protein, dnaB protein, and dnaC protein - with ATP and phi X174 DNA forms an intermediate which enables subsequent stages measured by DNA synthesis to proceed 20 times faster. The intermediate can be isolated in quantitative yield by gel filtration or by ultracentrifugation. Protein i and protein n are required in less than stoichiometric amounts and appear to be absent from the isolated intermediate. Whereas formation of the intermediate is sensitive to antibody to protein i and to N-ethylmaleimide (an inhibitor of protein n and dnaC protein), the intermediate itself is resistant to these reagents. DNA unwinding protein complexes the DNA in a ratio of 60 molecules per circle. Synthesis of the intermediate appears to require stoichiometric quantities of dnaB protein and dnaC PROTEin but their presence in the intermediate has not been established as yet.
Plutonium: Aging mechanisms and weapon pit lifetime assessment

Planning for future refurbishment and manufacturing needs of the U.S. nuclear weapons complex critically depends on credible estimates for component lifetimes. One of the most important of these components is the pit, that portion of the weapon that contains the fissile element plutonium. The U.S. government has proposed construction of a new Modern Pit Facility, and a key variable in planning both the size and schedule for this facility is the minimum estimated lifetime for stockpile pits. This article describes the current understanding of aging effects in plutonium, provides a lifetime estimate range, and outlines in some detail methodology that will improve this estimate over the next few years.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Quasicoherent Fluctuations in Enhanced D α Plasmas in the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak

A comparison of experimental measurements and theoretical studies of the quasicoherent (QC) mode, observed at high densities during enhanced ${D}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ (EDA) $H$ mode in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, are reported. The QC mode is a high frequency ($\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}$) nearly sinusoidal fluctuation in density and magnetic field, localized in the steep density gradient (``pedestal'') at the plasma edge, with typical wave numbers ${k}_{R}\ensuremath{\approx}3--6\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${k}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}\ensuremath{\approx}1.3\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (midplane). It is proposed here that the QC mode is a form of resistive ballooning mode known as the resistive $X$-point mode, in reasonable agreement with predictions by the BOUT (boundary-plasma turbulence) code.
Fecal steroids in polyposis coli and ileorectostomy patients

Abstract Neutral and acid steroids in fecal samples from patients with familial polyposis have been studied before and after ileorectostomy. Cholesterol, cholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid were significantly higher in the familial polyposis group prior to surgery than the control group. In the polyposis group, ileorectostomy resulted in complete disappearance of the bacterial metabolite—coprostanol. Three years postoperative, the polyposis patients were unable to hydrogenate cholesterol. Chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids were also significantly higher in the ileorectostomy patients. Lithocholic and deoxycholic acids were not significantly different in the polyposis coli group but were significantly lower in the ileorectostomy group.
Comparison of the fixed-bed and batch leaching characteristics of aromatic compounds in residually trapped crude oils and oily wastes

The fixed-bed dissolution characteristics were characterized for five aromatic components in two crude oils residually trapped in glass beads and two refinery residuals containing an oily phase. Good agreement between predicted and experimental results for the fixed-bed dissolution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p- and m-xylenes, and naphthalene (BTEXN) from the two crude oils was observed over a wide range (three to four orders of magnitude) in aqueous effluent concentrations. The partition coefficients used to describe the experimental leaching curves agreed well with those independently measured from multiple-batch aqueous extractions. For the two refinery residuals, good agreement between predicted and experimental fixed-bed dissolution was also observed for a one- to two-orders of magnitude range in leachate concentrations. These results illustrate a methodology for predicting time-dependent leaching behavior for an oily residual using partition coefficients measured from batch leaching tests. In addition, it was found that when the oil content of the oily residuals was accounted for, the partition coefficients measured for BTEXN for the oily residuals were similar to those for the crude oils. In the absence of batch measurements for a given oily residual, this latter result suggests that the time-dependent leaching behavior, under local equilibrium conditions, can be estimated from measurements of only the contaminant concentrations in the waste and the oil content.
MINE-DERIVED MERCURY: EFFECTS ON LOWER TROPHIC SPECIES IN CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA

Considerable ecological research on mercury (Hg) has focused on higher trophic level species (e.g., fishes and birds), but less on lower trophic species. Clear Lake, site of the abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, provides a unique opportunity to study a system influenced by mine-derived Hg. An exponentially decreasing gradient of total Hg (TotHg) away from the mine allowed us to evaluate Hg bioaccumulation in planktonic and benthic invertebrates and evaluate population- and community-level parameters that might be influenced by Hg. Studies from 1992-1998 demonstrated that TotHg in lower trophic species typically decreased exponentially away from the mine, similar to trends observed in water and sediments. However, a significant amount of invertebrate TotHg (;60% for sediment-dwelling chironomid insect larvae) likely derives from Hg-laden particles in their guts. Spatially, whole- body methylmercury (MeHg) did not typically exhibit a significant decrease with increasing distance from the mine. Temporally, TotHg concentrations in plankton and chironomids did not exhibit any short-term (seasonal or annual) or long-term (multiyear) trends. Methylmer- cury, however, was elevated during late summer/fall in both plankton and chironomids, but it exhibited no long-term increase or decrease during this study. Although data from a 50-yr monitoring program for benthic chaoborid and chironomid larvae documented significant population fluctuations, they did not demonstrate population-level trends with respect to Hg concentrations. Littoral invertebrates also exhibited no detectable population- or community- level trends associated with the steep Hg gradient. Although sediment TotHg concentrations (1-1200 mg/kg dry mass) exceed sediment quality guidelines by up to 7000 times, it is notable that no population- or community-level effects were detected for benthic and planktonic taxa. In comparison with other sites worldwide, Clear Lake's lower trophic species typically have significantly higher TotHg concentrations, but comparable or lower MeHg concentrations, which may be responsible for the discrepancy between highly elevated TotHg concentrations and the general lack of observed population- or community-level effects. These data suggest that MeHg, as well as TotHg, should be used when establishing sediment quality guidelines. In addition, site-specific criteria should be established using the observed relationship between MeHg and observed ecological responses.