cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐A‐211A‐01: Digital Tomosynthesis for Target Localization

Any deviation between treated and planned volumes for 3‐D conformal therapy, such as IMRT, may cause an adverse clinical outcome. It is therefore critical to minimize all potential deviations using an on‐board (or real‐time) imaging procedure immediately prior to radiation delivery. At present, conventional 2‐D radiographicimaging and state‐of‐the‐art 3‐D cone‐beam CT(CBCT) are typically employed for treatment verification. However, 2‐D radiographic verification is mainly based on bony structures and/or implanted fiducials, and is sub‐optimal for soft‐tissue targets. While on‐board CBCT can provide 3‐D soft tissue information, it has three potential limitations: 1) The acquisition time is limited to a minimum of 60 seconds (≈15 breathing cycles) for on‐board CBCT, making single breath‐hold imaging impractical for organs which exhibit respiratory motion; 2) 360° mechanical clearance for CBCT acquisition may limit the use of CBCT for large patients, those with tumors at peripheral locations (e.g. breast), or those with substantial immobilization or support devices; 3) A high radiationdose (2–9 cGy) is delivered to the imaged volume with current imaging techniques, which is undesirable for daily imaging and may be a particular problem for those who are at high risk of developing second malignancies. To overcome these limitations, innovative digital tomosynthesis (DTS) imaging technologies are being developed for 3‐D and 4‐D target localization. Although DTS technology has been used for digital chest and mammography, its use in target localization is new. DTS only requires limited gantry rotation (e.g., a scan angle of 40° or less) to reconstruct 3‐D anatomic information. Thus, imaging time and dose are substantially reduced compared to CBCT, making breath‐hold DTS a simple solution for daily imaging of moving organs. 4‐D DTS can also be generated much faster than 4‐D CBCT, which is desirable for on‐board 4‐D tomographic imaging. Further, the reduced mechanical clearance needed for DTS makes it more widely applicable than CBCT. At present, limited information has been published regarding the fundamentals of DTS for target localization, and/or preliminary clinical DTS localization results. The purpose of this presentation is to provide updated information about these topics, including the following objectives: 1. To understand the technical challenges and clinical potentials of using DTS technologies for target localization in radiation therapy 2. To understand the latest developments in DTS reconstruction and registration methods 3. To understand the clinical feasibility and efficacy of kV DTS compared to kV CBCT 4. To learn about the latest developments in MV DTS and brachytherapy DTS applications Work is partially supported by grants from NIH, Varian Medical Systems, and GE Health Care.
FEW CHOLINERGIC NEURONS IN THE RAT BASAL FOREBRAIN COEXPRESS GALANIN MESSENGER RNA

The concept that galanin (GAL) is cosecreted with acetylcholine (ACh) into the ventral hippocampus is a major component of the current model delineating GAL regulation of the cholinergic memory pathways in the rat. Although GAL-immunoreactivity coexists in 50-70% of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF) of colchicine-treated rats, the actual coexistence of these neurotransmitters in the basal state may be lower, because colchicine treatment was recently shown to both induce GAL gene expression and inhibit choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene expression in this brain region. We have used single and double in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the distribution and coexistence of GAL and ChAT mRNAs in the BF of male and female rats. Compared with other forebrain regions, few GAL mRNA-expressing neurons are present within the cholinergic fields of the BF. The greatest number of GAL mRNA-expressing cells in this region are located within the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band; but, even in this region, they represent only a small percentage (<20%) of ChAT mRNA-expressing cells. Our results indicate that few cholinergic neurons in the rat BF coexpress GAL mRNA and suggest that, in the basal state, GAL is not widely cosecreted with ACh into hippocampal memory centers.
THEORY OF SPIN-DEPENDENT TRANSPORT IN FERROMAGNET-SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES

The formalism of spin-dependent transport is used to calculate the conductance of device structures comprised of a two-dimensional electron-gas (2DEG) channel and ferromagnetic source and/or drain for a variety of magnetization configurations. Among the effects predicted by the calculations is spin-dependent current rectification at a 2DEG-ferromagnet interface.
The Strategy of Open Market Operations

I. The concept of open market strategy, 2. â€” II. The money market strategy, 3. â€” III. Recommendations for procedural change, 20 â€” IV. Recent tendencies in open market strategy, 26. â€” V. Concluding comment, 30.
Effects of Theophylline on the Serum Calcium of Rats After Parathyroidectomy and Administration of Parathyroid Hormone

In rats parathyroidectomized for 4 days, a single injection of theophylline (120 mg/kg) caused a rapid, marked and relatively long-lasting elevation in serum calcium. Theophylline also retarded the fall in serum calcium which follows acute parathyroidectomy by cautery or by surgical thyroparathyroidectomy. Theophylline had no detectable effect on the serum calcium of intact rats. Bilateral nephrectomy did not alter the effect of theophylline on the serum calcium of parathyroidectomized rats, suggesting that the drug does not depend on a renal action for its hypercalcemic effect. Simultaneous administration of parathyroid extract and theophylline to parathyroidectomized rats resulted in a serum calcium level which was lower than that caused by the extract or drug alone. Since theophylline administration alters the metabolism of cyclic AMP in many tissues, these results suggest that cyclic AMP may be involved in the action of parathyroid hormone and, therefore, in the regulation of blood calcium. (Endocrino...
From Exclusion to Inclusion: Racial Politics and South African Educational Reform

Research in South African schools reveals that racially segregated education established under apartheid is being dismantled. Most current change impacts formerly white schools and private schools; African and rural schools lag behind. A series of blocking factors are obstacles to participation in democratic rebuilding. Some demand extraordinary measures to eliminate historical inequities; others will be counteracted by official reforms complemented by local community initiatives. Progressive schools demonstrate the power of grassroots reform in eradicating apartheid.
Facilitating effects of bemegride on retention of a visual discrimination task.

Rats from three strains were given massed training trials on a brightness discrimination task in an automated apparatus. All animals were trained to a criterion of 9 out of 10 correct responses and retrained to the same criterion 24 hours later. Immediately after reaching criterion on original learning, the animals were injected (I.P.) with either saline or Bemegride (β-ethyl-β-methyl glutarimide; 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg). The relearning scores (trials to criterion) varied with strain, sex, and drug dose. In general, fewer trials were required during retraining for the Bemegride-treated animals than the saline control animals. The findings support the interpretation that Bemegride enhances learning by altering central nervous system processes underlying memory storage.
Induction of pyruvate carboxylase apoenzyme and holoenzyme in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation

Abstract The specific activity of pyruvate carboxylase [pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming); EC 6.4.1.1] in 3T3-L1 cells increases approximately 20-fold when these cells differentiate to an adipocyte-like form [Mackall, J. C. & Lane, M. D. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79, 720-725]. A specific antibody to the purified rat liver enzyme quantitatively precipitated pyruvate carboxylase from 3T3-L1 crude homogenates. Use of this immunological technique permitted us to demonstrate that the increase in pyruvate carboxylase activity is due to an increase in the intracellular concentration of the enzyme. The content of pyruvate carboxylase in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells is sufficiently high (1-2% of total protein) that the increase in this large protein (subunit Mr = 130,000) can be visualized when 3T3-L1 crude extracts are subjected to electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. When 3T3-L1 cells differentiated in the presence of avidin, they contained less than 5% of the pyruvate carboxylase activity of cells that differentiated in the absence of avidin. However, the immunoprecipitable pyruvate carboxylase content of the avidin-treated cells was essentially the same as that of cells that differentiated without avidin. Full activity of the enzyme was rapidly restored in the avidin-treated cells upon the addition of excess biotin. The recovery of activity was closely correlated with the incorporation of [14C]biotin into immunoprecipitable pyruvate carboxylase. The rapidity with which the activity was restored and the insensitivity of the process to inhibitors of protein synthesis strongly suggest that the apoenzyme of pyruvate carboxylase accumulates during differentiation in the presence of avidin.
Outpatient Alcohol and Drug Treatment for Adolescents with Co-Occurring Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder (CD) commonly co-occurs among adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD) and complicates the clinical course of SUD. Although research has begun to investigate CD's impact on adolescent response to SUD treatment, comparatively little is known about the effects of outpatient SUD treatment on this population. This study examined how co-occurring CD influences SUD treatment response as well as longer-term outcomes. Adolescent outpatients (N = 126; M age = 16.7, 25% female) with (i.e., SUD-CD; n = 52), and without CD (SUD-only; n = 74), were compared at baseline. Multilevel mixed models tested group effects on percent days abstinent (PDA) and other clinical and continuing care variables during and following treatment at 6 and 12 months. At baseline, SUD-CD participants had significantly greater psychiatric symptoms, substance use consequences, problem severity, and comorbid internalizing disorders. Both groups changed similarly on measured variables during treatment; however, the sample ov...
Mechanisms of Targeted Therapy Resistance Take a De-TOR

The effectiveness of cancer therapeutics targeting signal transduction pathways is comprised of a diversity of mechanisms that drive de novo or acquired resistance. Two recent studies identify mTOR activation as a point of convergence of mechanisms that cause resistance to inhibitors of the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K signaling.
Demonstration of mid and long-wavelength infrared antimonide-based focal plane arrays

We have demonstrated the use of bulk antimonide based materials and type-II antimonide based superlattices in the development of large area mid wavelength infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs) as well as smaller format long wavelength infrared (LWIR) arrays. Barrier infrared photodetectors (BIRDs) and superlattice-based infrared photodetectors are expected to outperform traditional III-V MWIR and LWIR imaging technologies and are expected to offer significant advantages over II-VI material based FPAs. We have used molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technology to grow InAs/GaSb superlattice pin photodiode and bulk InAsSb structures on GaSb substrates. The coupled quantum well superlattice device offers additional control in wavelength tuning via quantum well sizes and ternary composition. Furthermore, we have fabricated mid-wavelength 1024x1024 pixels superlattice imaging FPAs, 640x512 MWIR arrays based on the BIRD concept, and 256x256 LWIR arrays based on pin superlattice structures. These initial FPA have produced excellent infrared imagery.
An evaluation of the accuracy of geomagnetic data obtained from an unattended, automated, quasi-absolute station

Abstract A comparison is made of geomagnetic calibration data obtained from a high-sensitivity proton magnetometer enclosed within an orthogonal bias coil system, with data obtained from standard procedures at a mid-latitude U.S. Geological Survey magnetic observatory using a quartz horizontal magnetometer, a Ruska magnetometer, and a total field magnetometer. The orthogonal coil arrangement is used with the proton magnetometer to provide Deflected-Inclination-Deflected-Declination (DIDD) data from which quasi-absolute values of declination, horizontal intensity, and vertical intensity can be derived. Vector magnetometers provide the ordinate values to yield baseline calibrations for both the DIDD and standard observatory processes. Results obtained from a prototype system over a period of several months indicate that the DIDD unit can furnish adequate absolute field values for maintaining observatory calibration data, thus providing baseline control for unattended, remote stations.
Cyclic AMP-dependent inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative activity by substituted 2-propynylcyclohexyl adenosine A2A receptor agonists

Novel 2-propynylcyclohexyl-5′-N-ehtylcarboxamidoadenosines, trans-substituted in the 4-position of the cyclohexyl ring, were evaluated in binding assays to the four subtypes of adenosine receptors (ARs). Two esters, 4-{3-[6-amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (ATL146e) and acetic acid 4-{3-[6-amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3, 4-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-furan -2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl] -prop-2-ynyl}-cyclohexylmethyl ester (ATL193) were >50×more potent than 2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS21680) for human A2A AR binding. Human A2A AR affinity for substituted cyclohexyl-propynyladenosine analogues was inversely correlated with the polarity of the cyclohexyl side chain. There was a comparable order of potency for A2A AR agonist stimulation of human neutrophil [cyclic AMP]i, and inhibition of the neutrophil oxidative burst. ATL146e and CGS21680 were ∼equipotent agonists of human A3 ARs. We measured the effects of selective AR antagonists on agonist stimulated neutrophil [cyclic AMP]i and the effect of PKA inhibition on A2A AR agonist activity. ATL193-stimulated neutrophil [cyclic AMP]i was blocked by antagonists with the potency order: ZM241385 (A2A-selective)>MRS1220 (A3-selective)>>N-(4-Cyano-phenyl)-2-[4-(2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-purin-8-yl)-phenoxy]-acetamide (MRS1754; A2B-selective) ∼amp; 8-(N-methylisopropyl)amino-N6-(5′-endohydroxy-endonorbornyl)-9-methyladenine (WRC0571; A1-selective). The type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, rolipram (100 nM) potentiated ATL193 inhibition of the oxidative burst, and inhibition by ATL193 was counteracted by the PKA inhibitor H-89. The data indicate that activation of A2AARs inhibits neutrophil oxidative activity by activating [cyclic AMP]i/PKA. British Journal of Pharmacology (2001) 132, 1017–1026; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703893
Application of fuzzy reasoning to the control of an activated sludge plant

Abstract This work implements an expert system for the control of an activated sludge plant by means of a new model of fuzzy reasoning. The advantages and applicability of the system are discussed.
Intuitive elements in Adam Smith

Abstract This article is about the inclusion of the concept of intuition in the writings of Adam Smith. Intuition is a mental process that includes drawing inferences so quickly that reasoning seems to be absent, synthesizing disparate elements into a grand vision and sound judgment. More common everyday terms include gut feeling, educated hunch, a sixth sense, picking up vibes, and the Eureka or aha experience. The common element in all these descriptions is that intuition is a mental act but not a conscious analytical—logical, sequential, step-by-step, and reasoned—process of thinking. This article shows that Smith’s solution for achieving social harmony, a major interest that runs throughout his various works on ethics and economics, included using not only both self-interest and (what we now call) intuition, but also what Smith called “sympathy” and the “impartial spectator.” This article shows that these ideas are similar to the ones written about by Charles Darwin and Jean Piaget. Second, the article shows that Smith’s early work on grammar not only has relevance to his economics, but also that it used what we now know to be the brain’s division of labor function principle. Third, the article shows that Smith’s early writings on ethics and socio-economic person has direct relevance to his economic treatise, the Wealth of Nations .
Studies on multilayer film coextrusion II. Interfacial instability in flat film coextrusion

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the phenomenon of interfacial instability in multilayer flat-film coextrusion. For the study, a sheet-forming die with a feed block was used to coextrude three-and five-layer flat films. Polymers coextruded were: (a) low-density polyethylene with polystyrene, and (b) high-density polyethylene with polystyrene. It was observed that, for a given polymer system, there is a critical value of wall shear stress at which an irregular (i.e., unstable) interface between the layers sets in, giving rise to a pattern similar to that usually found in a wood panel. Once the instability sets in, the severity of interfacial instability is found to depend on both the total volumetric flow rate (hence wall shear stress) of the combined streams and the ratio of the individual layer thicknesses. An attempt is made to correlate the critical conditions for the onset of interfacial instability in terms of the layer thickness ratio, and the viscosity and elasticity ratios of the two polymers being coextruded.
The puzzle people: memoirs of a transplant surgeon.

Later this month, the University of Pittsburgh (Pa) Press will release the autobiography of Thomas E. Starzl, entitled The Puzzle People: Memoirs of a Transplant Surgeon. There is historic importance for the memoirs of a progenitor of a new surgical specialty. Such memoirs are made doubly valuable when the author has literary talent and combines such a history with reflections on his own remarkable personal and professional life. Starzl is no ordinary surgeon or personality, and his memoirs constitute no ordinary autobiography. As in any valuable autobiography, the style of this book, as much as the content, provides valuable insight into the nature of the man. After years of looking ahead, beyond the horizons of those less gifted than he, Starzl has now paused to look behind and, on reflection, to see where he has been and to evaluate his remarkable experience. In fact, this volume is two books skillfully
Apocalypse Now: The State of Apocalyptic Studies Near the End of the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century*

Apocalyptic studies flourished in the 1970s and early 1980s. This interest probably had something to do with the social and political upheavals of the 1960s and their effects, but I won't go into that issue today. In 1970, Klaus Koch's book Ratlos vor der Apokalyptik was published in Germany. In 1972 it appeared in English under a title more friendly to scholars: The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic. The subtitle, however, preserved the edginess of the original: A Polemical Work on a Neglected Area of Biblical Studies and Its Damaging Effects on Theology and Philosophy.1 My favorite chapter is the one entitled “The Agonized Attempt to Save Jesus from Apocalyptic.” The main title of the English version, as well as the title of the chapter I just mentioned, unfortunately converted a respectable German noun into the substantive use of an adjective with a vague referent.
Analysis of long-chain acids of human plasma phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) and cholesteryl esters by glass open tubular capillary column gas chromatography for stroke patients and for normal subjects

Abstract Methods are described for long-chain acid compositional analyses of human plasma phosphatidylcholines and plasma cholesteryl esters. Conventional procedures were employed for the isolation of these lipids and for the preparation of methyl esters of the acids. The gas chromatographic analytical procedure was based upon the use of thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns with a new polar phase. The methods were used in a study of plasma lipids in stroke patients and normal young adult subjects.
Biparietal diameter and femur length discrepancies: are maternal characteristics important?

We examined whether gestational age, maternal race or height can be used to explain discrepancies between biparietal diameter- and femur length-derived gestational ages by analyzing ultrasound scans from 8041 consecutively scanned, singleton pregnancies, using multiple regression analysis. While a consistent association was noted between differences of more than 3 weeks and less than 3 weeks and advancing gestational age, neither maternal height nor race were significantly related. We conclude that, first, discrepancies between gestational age by biparietal diameter and femur length are rare (5%) and, second, the presence of discrepancies should not be dismissed on the basis of maternal stature or race and should alert the clinician to possible abnormal fetal growth or development.
Follicular Dysplasia of the Portuguese Water Dog.

Resume— Une etude clinique et histologique a ete conduite chez 27 chiens d'eau portugais presentant des depilations cycliques, focales et non inflammatoires. Les observations histologiques ont ete comparees aux biopsies realisees sur 6 adultes normaux et 25 chiots normaux de la meme race, sans histoire familiale de depilations. La chute du poil chez les chiens alopeciques est due a une dysplacie folliculaire avec melanisation anormale des unites pilo-sebacees. Les observations histopathologiques particulieres consistent en une apoptose proeminente des keratinocytes des gaines epitheliales internes et externes, et une dissolution de la matrice pilaire des follicules anagenes. L'observation d'une tendance familiale avec apparition precoce suggere un mecanisme hereditaire pour cette dysplasie. [Miller, W.H., Jr., Scott, D.W. Follicular dysplasia of the Portuguese Water Dog (Displasie folliculaire du chien d'eau portugais). Resumen— Se llevo a cabo un estudio en 27 Perros de Agua Portugues con perdida de pelo ciclica, no-inflamatoria y regionalizada. Los hallazgos histologicos se compararon con biopsias de 6 adultos normales y de 25 carchorros de la misma raza sin antecedentes familiares de perdida de pelo. La perdida de pelo en el grupo de animales alopecicos era debida a una displasia folicular con melanizacion anormal de los complejos pilosebaceos. Como hallazgos histologicos unicos cabe destacar la presencia de un notable numero de queratinocitos apoptoticos en la vaina folicular interna y externa asi como la disolucion de la matriz del pelo en los foliculos en anagen. Se detecto una tendencia familiar la aparicion de esta displasia a temprana edad, lo que sugiere una base herediteria. [Miller, W.H., Jr., Scott, D.W. Follicular dysplasia of the Portuguese Water Dog (Displasia folicular en el Perro de Aguas Portugues). Abstract— A clinical and histologic study was conducted on 27 Portuguese water dogs with non-inflammatory, regionalized, cyclic hair loss. Histologic findings were compared with biopsies from six normal adult and 25 normal puppy Portuguese water dogs with no known relatives with hair loss. The hair loss in the alopecic dogs was due to a follicular dysplasia with abnormal melanization of the pilosebaceous units. Unique histopathologic findings included prominent apoptosis of keratinocytes in the inner and outer root sheath, and dissolution of the hair matrix of anagen hair follicles. A familial tendency with an early age at onset was noted, suggesting an inherited basis for the dysplasia.
Toward Relationship‐Directed Parenting: An Example of North American Born Second‐Generation Korean‐American Mothers and their Partners

Historically, parenting has been constructed hierarchically; however, contemporary parenting models frequently emphasize parenting as relationship (Siegel & Hartzell [2004] Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper self-understanding can help you raise children who thrive; Tuttle, Knudson-Martin, & Kim [2012] Family Process, 51, 73-89). Drawing on interviews with 20 North American born second-generation Korean-American mothers and their partners, and sensitized by TP-CRO, a social constructionist framework for conceptualizing parent-child relational orientations, this grounded theory analysis identified three main processes that facilitate relational connection as a parenting orientation rather than the rule-directed approach historically associated with first-generation immigrant Asian families. These include: (a) emphasizing dominant culture values; (b) inviting open communication; and (c) promoting mutuality. Results also show how parents integrate collectivist cultural values of their first generation immigrant parents' traditional culture into North American parenting ideals with which they primarily identify. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the TP-CRO for understanding parent-child relationships within multicultural parenting contexts and offers suggestions for working with second-generation Korean families.
Task demands and human capabilities in door use

Doors are ubiquitous in the built environment, bur despite their frequent use by people and their involvement in over 300,000 injuries per year (USA), they are little studied from a human factors perspective. This paper provides a classification scheme for doors based on human/door interaction and a prototypical task analysis of door use. Two observational studies were performed on a particular type of door. The first observed 1600 human/door interactions and found that people's use of force-enhancing strategies increased for larger doors, particularly for people of smaller stature. The second observed 800 interactions with push doors and found that the pont where force is exerted is higher for taller individuals and closer to the center of the door than is typically assumed for placing handles. Th second study was partly corroborated by measuring the position of wear patterns on doors. As is expected in human factors, the was people used doors was a function of both task demands and human capabilities. These results suggests that those specifying doors for building s use a restoring torque below 30 Nm and site the handle or push plate 250-350 mm from the door edge and 1000-1500 mm above the floor.
Misgivings on mineral oil as a laxative

Abstract 1. A. Physiologic Considerations. 2. 1. Mineral oil lubricates the rectosigmoid and makes a reservoir of the rectum. 3. 2. Mineral oil makes complete evacuation impossible. 4. 3. Mineral oil has a very deleterious effect on the nutritional economy of fat soluble vitamins. 5. 4. Mineral oil hastens the motility of the bowel contents and thereby prevents complete digestion. 6. 5. Mineral oil may interfere with the process of absorption throughout the bowel. 7. B. Pathologic Considerations. 8. 6. Mineral oil interferes with the healing of post-operative wounds in the anorectal region and may induce hemorrhage. 9. 7. Mineral oil is often the indirect cause of pruritus ani. 10. 8. Evidence is accumulating that mineral oil may be absorbed, producing pathologic changes in the liver and other abdominal viscera.
Acutely Decreased Thermoregulatory Energy Expenditure or Decreased Activity Energy Expenditure Both Acutely Reduce Food Intake in Mice

Despite the suggestion that reduced energy expenditure may be a key contributor to the obesity pandemic, few studies have tested whether acutely reduced energy expenditure is associated with a compensatory reduction in food intake. The homeostatic mechanisms that control food intake and energy expenditure remain controversial and are thought to act over days to weeks. We evaluated food intake in mice using two models of acutely decreased energy expenditure: 1) increasing ambient temperature to thermoneutrality in mice acclimated to standard laboratory temperature or 2) exercise cessation in mice accustomed to wheel running. Increasing ambient temperature (from 21 °C to 28 °C) rapidly decreased energy expenditure, demonstrating that thermoregulatory energy expenditure contributes to both light cycle (40 ± 1%) and dark cycle energy expenditure (15 ± 3%) at normal ambient temperature (21 °C). Reducing thermoregulatory energy expenditure acutely decreased food intake primarily during the light cycle (65 ± 7%), thus conflicting with the delayed compensation model, but did not alter spontaneous activity. Acute exercise cessation decreased energy expenditure only during the dark cycle (14 ± 2% at 21 °C; 21 ± 4% at 28 °C), while food intake was reduced during the dark cycle (0.9 ± 0.1 g) in mice housed at 28 °C, but during the light cycle (0.3 ± 0.1 g) in mice housed at 21 °C. Cumulatively, there was a strong correlation between the change in daily energy expenditure and the change in daily food intake (R(2) = 0.51, p<0.01). We conclude that acutely decreased energy expenditure decreases food intake suggesting that energy intake is regulated by metabolic signals that respond rapidly and accurately to reduced energy expenditure.
Dimerization of the Highly Conserved Light Chain Shared by Dynein and Myosin V

The M r 8,000 light chain originally identified in Chlamydomonas flagellar dynein is also a component of both cytoplasmic dynein and myosin V. Furthermore, this small protein has been implicated as an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, suggesting that it may play multiple regulatory roles within the cell. Covalent cross-linking of both dynein and myosin V using 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene revealed that this light chain exists as a dimer in situ. This observation was confirmed using two additional amine-selective cross-linking reagents (dimethyl pimelimidate and disuccinimidyl suberate). When expressed as a C-terminal fusion with maltose-binding protein, the presence of the light chain caused the recombinant molecule to dimerize. Analysis of fusions containing truncated light chains identified the predicted amphiphilic helix (residues 14–32) as sufficient to cause dimerization; cross-linking required a second helical segment (residues 33–46). Together the data presented suggest that two light chains interact to form a parallel dimeric structure. This arrangement has significant implications for the potential functions of this highly conserved molecule and suggests a mechanism by which it might dissociate nitric oxide synthase.
T/V Pronouns in L2 Acquisition of Spanish

Many languages display a pronominal system in which there are both formal and informal forms to address others. In the L2 Spanish classroom, many English-speaking students unfamiliar with the T/V pronoun system (which is no longer present in English) often are only exposed to a generic set of rules (in the text and by the instructor) governing their usage. The system is a highly complex pragmatic phenomenon and can vary significantly based on factors such as dialect, familiarity, solidarity, emotion, and dispensation right. Lambert (1976) surveyed the phenomenon in Spanish and French and took into account familiarity, solidarity, and dispensation right. This study reports on a survey which tested the validity and reliability found in Lambert (1976) and furthered the study by examining the knowledge L2 Spanish students have about the use of the system of informal and formal pronouns and in addition to the parameters examined by Lambert, took dialect and emotion into account. The purpose of this study was to show that while a general rule governing T/V usage in L2 Spanish is sufficient to begin with, exposure to the natural language, explicit awareness of the phenomenon on the part of the instructor, and study abroad can all improve students’ mastery of this pragmatic phenomenon. This information can be useful to language educators of all levels.
Overall survival and development of stage IV chronic kidney disease in patients undergoing partial and radical nephrectomy for benign renal tumors.

Abstract Background Although partial nephrectomy (PN) has been associated with improved renal function compared with radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal cell carcinoma, the impact on overall survival (OS) remains controversial. Objective To evaluate comparative OS and renal function in patients following PN and RN for a renal mass where malignancy was not a confounding factor. Design, setting, and participants Using the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry, we retrospectively identified 442 patients with unilateral sporadic benign renal masses treated surgically with PN or RN between 1980 and 2008. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary outcome measures were OS and the incidence of new-onset stage IV chronic kidney disease (CKD), determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox models were used to test the association of nephrectomy type with these outcomes. Results and limitations Overall, 206 and 236 patients with benign renal masses were surgically treated with RN and PN, respectively. Patients who underwent RN were older (median age: 67 vs 64 yr; p =0.02) and had larger tumors (median size: 5.0 vs 2.7cm; p p =0.032). After adjusting for covariates of interest, patients treated with RN were significantly more likely to die from any cause (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.75; 95% CI, 1.08–2.83; p =0.023) or develop stage IV CKD (HR: 4.23; 95% CI, 1.80–9.93; p Conclusions Our data suggest that PN may confer a clinical benefit for improved renal function and better OS compared with RN after excluding the confounding effect of malignancy.
Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women

Objective: Heavy alcohol use is widespread among college students, particularly in those social situations where the risk of rape rises. Few studies have provided information on rapes of college women that occur when they are intoxicated. The purpose of the present study was to present prevalence data for rape under the condition of intoxication when the victim is unable to consent and to identify college and individual-level risk factors associated with that condition. Method: The study utilizes data from 119 schools participating in three Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys. The analytic sample of randomly selected students includes 8,567 women in the 1997 survey, 8,425 in the 1999 survey, and 6,988 in the 2001 survey. Results: Roughly one in 20 (4.7%) women reported being raped. Nearly three quarters (72%) of the victims experienced rape while intoxicated. Women who were under 21, were white, resided in sorority houses, used illicit drugs, drank heavily in high school and atte...
A Brief History of Phytochromes

Photosensory proteins enable living things to detect the quantity and quality of the light environment and to transduce that physical signal into biochemical outputs which entrain their metabolism with the ambient light environment. Phytochromes, which photoconvert between red-absorbing P(r) and far-red-absorbing P(fr) states, are the most extensively studied of these interesting proteins. Critical regulators of a number of key adaptive processes in higher plants, including photomorphogenesis and shade avoidance, phytochromes are widespread in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria, and even in fungi. Cyanobacterial genomes also possess a plethora of more distant relatives of phytochromes known as cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs). Biochemical characterization of representative CBCRs has demonstrated that this class of photosensors exhibits a broad range of wavelength sensitivities, spanning the entire visible spectrum. Distinct protein-bilin interactions are responsible for this astonishing array of wavelength sensitivities. Despite this spectral diversity, all members of the extended family of phytochrome photosensors appear to share a common photochemical mechanism for light sensing: photoisomerization of the 15/16 double bond of the bilin chromophore.
Emotional and Deliberative Reactions to a Public Crisis: Mad Cow Disease in France

Although most theories of choice are cognitive, recent research has emphasized the role of emotions. We used a novel context--the Mad Cow crisis in France--to investigate how emotions alter choice even when conse- quences are held constant. A field study showed that in- dividuals reduced beef consumption in months after many newspaper articles featured the emotional label ''Mad Cow,'' but beef consumption was unaffected after articles featured scientific labels for the same disease. The reverse pattern held for the disease-related actions of a govern- ment bureaucracy. A lab study showed that the Mad Cow label induces people to make choices based solely on emotional reactions, whereas scientific labels induce peo- ple to consider their own probability judgments. Although the Mad Cow label produces less rational behavior than scientific labels, it is two to four times more common in the environment.
Investigation of a ''wall'' wave event

[1] A bright airglow event was observed at Maui, Hawaii, on the night of 11–12 August 2004 with multiple instruments including a Na wind/temperature lidar, an airglow imager, and a mesospheric temperature mapper. The characteristics of this event were investigated with measurements from these instruments. Analysis showed that this event was caused by a large-amplitude, upward-propagating gravity wave with a period of about 4–5 hours and a vertical wavelength of about 20 km, i.e., a “wall” wave. This wall wave induced dramatic changes in temperature (60 K), airglow intensity (doubled in the OH and tripled in the O2 emissions), and Na abundance (tripled). It experienced strong dissipation and induced large downward heat flux with values about an order of magnitude larger than the annual mean. The wave also carried large momentum flux (∼70 m2 s−2).
Resonances of a conducting drop in an alternating electric field

Resonance phenomena of a conducting drop forced by an alternating electric field are studied by perturbation analysis. Although the motions are assumed to be irrotational, weak viscous effects are included in the boundary condition of the normal stress balance. Without an external field, the first-order expansion of the domain perturbations yields the same result as that obtained by Lamb (1932) for the viscous decay of the free oscillation modes. A primary resonance occurs in the first-order forced oscillation problem. Under strong excitation, superharmonic, sub-harmonic, and coupled resonances are revealed in the second-order solutions. Hence, large-amplitude drop oscillations may occur even if the excitation frequencies are away from the characteristic drop frequencies and the spatial forms of the excitation modes do not directly match the drop shape modes. In order to obtain comparable response amplitudes, however, the magnitudes of external forcing required to excite secondary resonances are shown to be about an order greater than that for the primary resonances.
The Impact of Subordinate Disability on Leader-Member Exchange Relationships

An organizational simulation (n = 85) and a field study (41 supervisors and 220 subordinates) were conducted to investigate the impact of subordinates' disability status on leader-member exchange (...
Measurement of the swelling force in ionic polymer networks. III. Swelling force of interpolymer complexes

The swelling force of interpolymer complexes formed by graft polymerization of poly (ethylene glycol) monomethacylate on poly(methacrylic acid) was measured as a function of time in various pH buffered solutions. The forces exerted in the uncomplexed and complexed samples decreased as the molecular weight of the PEG graft increased. The results were analyzed to determine the contributions of chain relaxation and diffusion on the swelling force. In general, the swelling force developed was controlled by the relaxation process of the macromolecular chains indicating a significant deviation from pure Fickian swelling behavior.
Internal Jugular Vein Septic Thrombophlebitis (Lemierre Syndrome) as a Complication of Pharyngitis

Sore throat is a common presenting complaint in the outpatient setting. Most cases are nonbacterial in origin, but those that are bacterial are usually the result of group A β-hemolytic streptococcus. Guidelines exist to help physicians decide whether to treat with an antibiotic. Lemierre syndrome is a dangerous potential sequela of pharyngitis that results in septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular (IJ) vein. A high index of suspicion is needed to consider this diagnosis in the workup of pharyngitis and should be aggressively treated once identified. Consideration should be given to completing blood cultures and neck imaging because of clinical suspicion. The case study discussed here illustrates the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of Lemierre syndrome.
Antibiotic prophylaxis diminishes bacterial translocation but not mortality in experimental burn wound sepsis

Pseudomonas (PSA) burn wound sepsis results in prolonged bacterial translocation (BT) of enteric organisms such as E. coli to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and organs in rats. Intestinal decontamination with oral antibiotics may improve mortality after burn injury, perhaps due to decreased BT. To determine the effect of oral antibiotic prophylaxis effective against E. coli but not PSA on BT and subsequent mortality in a model of PSA burn wound sepsis, rats were given a 30% scald burn and wound inoculation with 10 8 PSA followed by randomization to either ampicillin (50 mg/kg/d) or saline gavage
Social Outcomes for Students With and Without Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms

Social outcomes of students who participated in two different educational settings designed to provide special services for students with learning disabilities (LD) placed full-time within the general education classroom were examined. Participants were 185 third-through sixth-grade students: 59 students with LD, 72 low to average achieving, and 54 high achieving. There was an overall educational setting effect, with students on the consultation/collaborative teaching setting demonstrating more positive outcomes than students in the co-teaching setting on friendship quality and peer acceptance. Students with LD in the consultation/collaborative teaching setting also demonstrated moderate increases in the number of reciprocal friendships from fall to spring. Discussion addresses the positive social outcomes for students with LD and high-achieving students in the consultation/collaborative teaching setting, and the importance of monitoring student progress in all settings.
Relation Between Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, Postheparin Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase Activity, and Postprandial Lipemia

Abstract We examined the relation between insulin resistance, plasma glucose and insulin responses to meals, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and postprandial lipemia in a population of 37 healthy nondiabetic individuals. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined at frequent intervals from 8 am through midnight (breakfast at 8 am and lunch at noon); resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal was determined by measuring the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration at the end of a 180-minute infusion of glucose, insulin, and somatostatin; LPL activity was quantified in postheparin plasma; and postprandial concentrations of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins were assessed by measuring the TG and retinyl palmitate content in plasma and the Svedberg flotation index (Sf) >400 and Sf 20 to 400 lipoprotein fractions. Significant simple correlation coefficients were found between various estimates of postprandial lipemia and SSPG ( r =.38 to .68), daylong insulin response ( r =.37 to .58), daylong glucose response ( r =.10 to .39), and LPL activity ( r =−.08 to −.58). However, when multiple regression analysis was performed, only SSPG remained independently associated with both postprandial TG and retinyl palmitate concentrations. These data provide evidence that insulin resistance plays an important role in regulating the postprandial concentration of TG-rich lipoproteins, including those of intestinal origin.
Association between radiation dose to neuronal progenitor cell niches and temporal lobes and performance on neuropsychological testing in children: a prospective study.

Background. Neurocognitive toxicity from radiation therapy (RT) for brain tumors may be related to damage to neural progenitor cells that reside in the subventricular zone and hippocampus. This prospective study examines the relationship between RT dose to neural progenitor cell niches, temporal lobes, and cerebrum and neurocognitive dysfunction following cranial irradiation. Methods. Standardized assessments of motor speed/ dexterity, verbal memory, visual perception, vocabulary, and visuospatial working memory were conducted in 19 pediatric patients receiving cranial RT and 55 controls at baseline and 6, 15, and 27 months following completion of RT. Prescription doses ranged from 12 Gy to 59.4 Gy. Linear mixed effects regression model analyses were used to examine the relationships among neuropsychological performance, age, and radiation dose to the subventricular zone, hippocampus, temporal lobes, and cerebrum. Results. Performance on all neuropsychological tests, except vocabulary, was significantly reduced in patients relative to controls, particularly among younger
Switching Social Identities: The Influence of Editorial Framing on Reader Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action and African Americans

An experiment investigated the impact of editorial framing on readers’ political cognitions and affect toward a different racial group. Participants read mock newspaper editorials endorsing Grutter v. Bollinger, a U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding affirmative action in higher education. The editorials were systematically manipulated to present different frames in four randomly assigned versions: remedial action, diversity, combined (both frames), and control (neither frame). Frame inductions did not significantly influence support for affirmative action. However, exposure to editorials presenting the diversity frame moderated the relation between Whites’ pretested interracial attitudes (modern racism, White guilt, and belief in White privilege) and support for affirmative action. Editorials presenting the diversity frame also induced White participants to score higher on a measure of pro-Black affect. Overall, the results suggest that frames can activate distinct social identities within the minds of ...
The moderating effect of political skill on the demographic dissimilarity — Leader–member exchange quality relationship

Abstract LMX theorists have long argued that similarity between supervisors and subordinates will lead to the development of higher quality leader–member exchange (LMX) relationships. However, studies that have examined the impact of similarity on these relationships have found mixed results, suggesting the need for examining moderators. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of subordinates' political skill on the relationship between supervisor–subordinate racial similarity/dissimilarity (RSD) and the quality of LMX relationships. The sample consisted of 189 participants in a retail service organization. The results indicate that political skill is a significant moderator, and plays a substantial role in LMX relationship quality for racially dissimilar supervisor–subordinate dyads. The strengths and limitations of the study, and directions for future research are discussed.