cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A wireless system improves reliability of intraoperative monitoring recordings

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is commonly used in major surgeries such as spinal operations for the rapid detection and remediation of nervous system injuries. Current IONM systems use lengthy wired connections routed past electrical equipment in the operating room (OR). This routing not only crowds the surgical area, but also exposes IONM signals to electromagnetic interference (EMI). A wireless system located near the recording electrodes can be used to reduce EMI and help remove the obstructions created by wired IONM systems. In this work, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a compact wireless system in isolating four critical IONM signals from high levels of EMI found in the OR.
Foreign Education, Technology Diffusion, and Productivity

This paper hypothesizes that foreign qualified individuals bring new ideas and technical expertise from abroad, disperse them, and stimulate aggregate productivity in their home countries. An instrumental variable is constructed for foreign education. This instrument is derived from a fitted gravity equation model. An unbalanced panel data of 111 countries during the period 1950-2012 shows that foreign education has a statistically significant effect on technology diffusion in the short, medium, and long run. Total factor productivity and GDP has an elasticity of 0.04 and 0.17 with respect to foreign education, respectively. The results are robust across different sub-samples and to the inclusion of other channels of technology diffusion. These findings should prove helpful to policy makers in developing economies to adopt more open education policies and to increase public spending on foreign education.
The test–retest reliability of the latent construct of executive function depends on whether tasks are represented as formative or reflective indicators

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the test–retest reliability of a battery of executive function (EF) tasks with a specific interest in testing whether the method that is used to create a battery-wide score would result in differences in the apparent test–retest reliability of children’s performance. A total of 188 4-year-olds completed a battery of computerized EF tasks twice across a period of approximately two weeks. Two different approaches were used to create a score that indexed children’s overall performance on the battery—i.e., (1) the mean score of all completed tasks and (2) a factor score estimate which used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Pearson and intra-class correlations were used to investigate the test–retest reliability of individual EF tasks, as well as an overall battery score. Consistent with previous studies, the test–retest reliability of individual tasks was modest (rs ≈ .60). The test–retest reliability of the overall battery scores differed depending on the scoring approach (r...
Cellular Cholesterol Directly Activates Smoothened in Hedgehog Signaling

In vertebrates, sterols are necessary for Hedgehog signaling, a pathway critical in embryogenesis and cancer. Sterols activate the membrane protein Smoothened by binding its extracellular, cysteine-rich domain (CRD). Major unanswered questions concern the nature of the endogenous, activating sterol and the mechanism by which it regulates Smoothened. We report crystal structures of CRD complexed with sterols and alone, revealing that sterols induce a dramatic conformational change of the binding site, which is sufficient for Smoothened activation and is unique among CRD-containing receptors. We demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling requires sterol binding to Smoothened and define key residues for sterol recognition and activity. We also show that cholesterol itself binds and activates Smoothened. Furthermore, the effect of oxysterols is abolished in Smoothened mutants that retain activation by cholesterol and Hedgehog. We propose that the endogenous Smoothened activator is cholesterol, not oxysterols, and that vertebrate Hedgehog signaling controls Smoothened by regulating its access to cholesterol.
The Case to Repeal the Antidumping Laws

Antidumping laws were designed to protect domestic industry from foreign competition. They protect producers at the expense of consumers, which results in higher prices, lower quality products, less consumer choice and a general lowering of the standard of living for the vast majority of people. Antidumping laws also destroy more jobs than they create. Part II reviews the theory and practice of antidumping laws in the United States. It looks at the economic and legal background of the area, the administration of the antidumping laws, and computational problems involved in arriving at an antidumping decision. It also provides examples of antidumping investigations in the areas of autos, steel, textiles, agricultural products, and televisions and discusses the harmful effects of antidumping policy. It also explores the predatory pricing argument as applied to antidumping. Part III discusses some philosophical issues relating to antidumping law and policy. It views the antidumping laws as a club that can be used to batter the competition at the expense of consumers and questions the ethics of using government for this purpose. It also points out the silliness of antidumping policy, since it in effect protects consumers from low prices, and develops a rights-based argument against antidumping laws. Part IV concludes that antidumping laws are harmful, serve no useful purpose and should be repealed, the sooner the better.
Autoepistemic logic

Autoepistemic logic is one of the principal modes of nonmonotonic reasoning. It unifies several other modes of nonmonotonic reasoning and has important application in logic programming. In the paper, a theory of autoepistemic logic is developed. This paper starts with a brief survey of some of the previously known results. Then, the nature of nonmonotonicity is studied by investigating how membership of autoepistemic statements in autoepistemic theories depends on the underlying objective theory. A notion similar to set-theoretic forcing is introduced. Expansions of autoepistemic theories are also investigated. Expansions serve as sets of consequences of an autoepistemic theory and they can also be used to define semantics for logic programs with negation. Theories that have expansions are characterized, and a normal form that allows the description of all expansions of a theory is introduced. Our results imply algorithms to determine whether a theory has a unique expansion. Sufficient conditions (stratification) that imply existence of a unique expansion are discussed. The definition of stratified theories is extended and (under some additional assumptions) efficient algorithms for testing whether a theory is stratified are proposed. The theorem characterizing expansions is applied to two classes of theories, K1-theories and ae-programs. In each case, simple hypergraph characterization of expansions of theories from each of these classes is given. Finally, connections with stable model semantics for logic programs with negation is discussed. In particular, it is proven that the problem of existence of stable models is NP-complete.—Authors' Abstract
A Confederate Biography: The Cruise of the CSS Shenandoah

Writing maritime history is a daunting task for the storyteller whose audience is not steeped in nautical knowledge. Dwight Hughes's first book connects this tale of the sea with a general audience...
Transverse versus Longitudinal Incisions for Femoral Artery Exposure in Treating Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease.

Background This study evaluates differences in wound complication rate when transverse versus longitudinal incision is utilized to expose femoral vessels in managing patients with peripheral vascular disease. Methods A retrospective review from 2013 to 2015 was conducted of 150 patients undergoing 156 lower extremity revascularizations with femoral artery exposure through a groin incision. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, transverse versus longitudinal groin incision. Data were reviewed for 3 surgeons that utilize either transverse or longitudinal groin incision in patients undergoing common or iliofemoral endarterectomies, or where femoral artery was used as inflow and/or outflow vessel for limb revascularization. Each group had a comparative outcomes analysis based on incision type. The primary outcome was wound complication, defined as any wound infection, lymphocele, hematoma, dehiscence, pseudoaneurysm, or necrosis. Other outcomes studied included unplanned return to operating room for wound complication, wound vacuum therapy, and soft-tissue flap closure. Data were analyzed using 2-tailed chi-squared test and Student's t-test. Results Patients in the transverse (n = 85 cases) versus longitudinal (n = 71 cases) cohorts were similar in relation to demographics and comorbidities. Overall mean follow-up was 220 days. Patients with a transverse as compared to longitudinal incision had a significantly lower overall wound complication rate, 7% vs. 42%, respectively (P Conclusions Transverse groin incisions for femoral artery exposure may offer a lower risk of wound complications for open procedures as compared to a longitudinal incision. While longitudinal incisions may have higher wound complication rates, incisional approach is contingent on anatomical circumstance and treated disease pattern. Patients should undergo appropriate preoperative counseling regarding wound healing in preparation for limb revascularization.
NiCu single atom alloys catalyze the CH bond activation in the selective non- oxidative ethanol dehydrogenation reaction

Abstract NiCu single atom alloy (SAA) nanoparticles supported on silica are reported to catalyze the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol, selectively to acetaldehyde and hydrogen products by facilitating the C H bond cleavage. The activity and selectivity of the NiCu SAA catalysts were compared to monometallic copper and to PtCu and PdCu single atom alloys, in a flow reactor at moderate temperatures. In-situ DRIFTS showed that the silica support facilitates the O H bond cleavage of ethanol to form ethoxy intermediates over all the supported alloy catalysts. However, these remain unreactive up to 250 °C for the Cu/SiO2 monometallic nanoparticles, while in the NiCu SAA, acetaldehyde is formed at much lower temperatures, below 150 °C. In situ DRIFTS was also used to identify the C H activation step as the rate determining step of this reaction on all the copper catalysts we examined. The presence of atomically dispersed Ni in Cu significantly lowers the C H bond activation barrier, whereas Pt and Pd atoms were found less effective. This work provides direct evidence that the C H bond cleavage is the rate determining step in ethanol dehydrogenation over this type catalyst.
DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF A NATIONAL CO2 TAX IN THE U.S. ACROSS INCOME CLASSES AND REGIONS: A MULTI-MODEL OVERVIEW

This paper presents a multi-model assessment of the distributional impacts of carbon pricing. A set of harmonized representative CO2 taxes and tax revenue recycling schemes is implemented in five large-scale economy-wide general equilibrium models. Recycling schemes include various combinations of uniform transfers to households and labor and capital income tax reductions. Particular focus is put on equity - the distribution of impacts across household incomes - and efficiency, evaluated in terms of household welfare. Despite important differences in the assumptions underlying the models, we find general agreement regarding the ranking of recycling schemes in terms of both efficiency and equity. All models identify a clear trade-off between efficient but regressive capital tax reductions and progressive but costly uniform transfers to households; all agree upon the inferiority of labor tax reductions in terms of welfare efficiency; and all agree that different combinations of capital tax reductions and household transfers can be used to balance efficiency and distributional concerns. A subset of the models go further and find that equity concerns, particularly regarding the impact of the tax on low income households, can be alleviated without sacrificing much of the double-dividend benefits offered by capital tax rebates. There is, however, less agreement regarding the progressivity of CO2 taxation net of revenue recycling. Regionally, the models agree that abatement and welfare impacts will vary considerably across regions of the U.S. and generally agree on their broad geographical distribution. There is, however, little agreement regarding the regions which would profit more from the various recycling schemes.
Abstract 14109: Basic Life Support With Reperfusion Injury Protection Improves 24 Hour Survival Outcomes in a Porcine Model of Prolonged Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Ischemic postconditioning (PC) using 3 intentional short pauses at the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves outcomes after cardiac arrest in pigs when epinephrine (epi) is used before defibrillation. Hypothesis: Basic life support (BLS) with PC will protect against reperfusion injury and enhance 24 hour functional recovery in the absence of epi. Methods: Female pigs (n=46; wt ~ 40 kg) were anesthetized (isoflurane). PC was delivered using 3 cycles alternating between automated CPR for 20 sec and no CPR for 20 sec at the start of each protocol. Protocol A: After 12 minutes of ventricular fibrillation (VF), 28 pigs were randomized in 4 groups: A/ Standard CPR (SCPR), B/ active compression-decompression with an impedance threshold device (ACD-ITD), C/ SCPR+PC (SCPR+PC) and D/ ACD-ITD+PC. Protocol B: After 15 min of VF, 18 pigs were randomized to ACD-ITD CPR or ACD-ITD + PC. The BLS duration was 2.75 min in Protocol A and 5 min in Protocol B. Following BLS up to 3 shocks were delivered. Without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) CPR was resumed and epi (0.5 mg) and defibrillation delivered. The primary end point was the incidence of major adverse outcomes at 24 h (defined as death or coma, refractory seizures and cardio-respiratory distress leading to euthanasia). Hemodynamic parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were also measured. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. Results: Protocol A: ACD-ITD CPR + PC (group D) provided the highest coronary perfusion pressure after 3 min of BLS compared with the 3 other groups (28 ± 6, 35 ± 7, 23 ± 5 and 47 ± 7 for groups A, B, C, D respectively, p= 0.05 by ANOVA). ROSC with BLS was achieved in 0, 3, 0, and 3 pigs in groups A, B, C and D, respectively (p=0.22) with no significant differences in 24-hour survival between groups. Protocol B: Four hours post ROSC, LVEF was significantly higher with ACD-ITD+IPC vs ACD-ITD alone (52.5 ± 3% vs. 37.5 ± 6.6%, p = 0.045). There was a significantly lower incidence of major adverse outcomes 24 hr after ROSC with ACD-ITD+PC compared with ACD-ITD alone (Log-rank comparison, p=0.027). Conclusion: BLS using ACD-ITD + PC mitigates post resuscitation cardiac dysfunction and facilitates neurological recovery after prolonged untreated VF in pigs.
Exact Coherent Structures in Turbulent Shear Flows

Exact coherent structures are three-dimensional, nonlinear traveling wave solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. These solutions are typically unstable from onset, yet they capture the basic statistical and structural features of low Reynolds number turbulent shear flows remarkably well. These exact coherent structures have now been found in all canonical shear flows: plane Couette, Poiseuille and pipe flow. They are generic for shear flows and exist for both no-slip and stress boundary conditions. Their discovery opens up new avenues for turbulence research and forces a fundamental rethinking of the true nature of turbulence.
Correlation tracking for points-to analysis of javascript

JavaScript poses significant challenges for points-to analysis, particularly due to its flexible object model in which object properties can be created and deleted at run-time and accessed via first-class names. These features cause an increase in the worst-case running time of field-sensitive Andersen-style analysis, which becomes O(N4), where N is the program size, in contrast to the O(N3) bound for languages like Java. In practice, we found that a standard implementation of the analysis was unable to analyze popular JavaScript frameworks.We identify correlated dynamic property accesses as a common code pattern that is analyzed very imprecisely by the standard analysis, and show how a novel correlation tracking technique enables us to handle this pattern more precisely, thereby making the analysis more scalable. In an experimental evaluation, we found that correlation tracking often dramatically improved analysis scalability and precision on popular JavaScript frameworks, though in some cases scalability challenges remain.
The Frequency of Substantial Salvageable Penumbra in Thrombectomy-ineligible Patients with Acute Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endovascular therapy (ET) has become the standard of care for selected patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, many LVO or medium vessel occlusion (MVO) patients are ineligible for ET, including some who harbor salvageable tissues. To develop complementary therapies for these patients, it is important to delineate their prevalence, clinical features, and outcomes. METHODS In a prospectively maintained database, we reviewed consecutive AIS patients between December 2015 and September 2016. Based on the first multimodal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, patients were categorized as having substantial penumbra if perfusion lesion volume (Tmax >6 seconds) exceeded ischemic core volume (relative cerebral blood flow <30% on CT perfusion or apparent diffusion coefficient <620 on diffusion weighted image) by ≥20%. RESULTS Among 174 consecutive AIS patients presenting within 24 hours of last known well time, 29 (17%) had LVO or MVO and substantial penumbra, but were deemed ET ineligible. Among these patients, mean age was 81 (±13), 45% were female, and median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 11 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5-19). The most common reasons for not pursuing ET were: distal occlusion (28%), mild neurologic deficit (16%), and temporally advanced core injury (16%). Ischemic core volume was 20 mL (±31), penumbral volume was 54 mL (±63), and mismatch ratio median was 5.6 (IQR: 2-infinite). Severe disability or death at discharge (modified Rankin scale: 4-6) occurred in 72% of the patients. CONCLUSION Even in the modern stent retriever era, 1 in 6 AIS patients presents with substantial penumbra judged not appropriate for ET. This population may benefit from the development of alternative therapies, including collateral enhancement, neuroprotection, and thrombectomy devices deployable in distal arteries.
An Institutionalized Latent Concept, Cosmopolitan Consumer Orientation, as a Predictor of Sustainable Apparel Consumption

This latent concept is scarcely used in the study of the apparel and textiles context. It has been argued that a cosmopolitan approach incorporates a more ethical, citizenship perspective, thus more responsible contribution in a global community that is not limited by country borders. To explore the potential of identifying a cosmopolitan consumer segment with positive disposition towards sustainability, this study proposes a conceptual framework to position the concept of consumer cosmopolitanism in the apparel context as a predictor of intention to purchase sustainable apparel. Firms could benefit from the knowledge that this framework provide in order to adjust consumer messages and supply chains as trends indicate that sustainability is a launch pad to reach environmentally conscious consumers and to enhance the overall brand image in developed countries. From an academic perspective, an analysis of clusters of cosmopolitan consumers in BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) or CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa) countries, for example, would provide insights on sustainable apparel consumption.
Efficient Fluid-Thermal-Structural Time Marching with Computational Fluid Dynamics

This study focuses on the development of time-marching procedures for efficient and accurate fluid-thermal-structural analysis with time-accurate computational fluid dynamics. The developed procedu...
A neuro-dynamic walking engine for humanoid robots

Abstract Using tools from artificial intelligence, mainly artificial neural networks, this paper presents an walking-engine for humanoid robots. This engine uses dynamic neural networks with feedback for gait generation, a modified Zhang neural network for a singularity-robust inverse kinematics solver, and feedforward neural networks for neuro-adaptive control. The Atlas humanoid robot model in simulation is used to test and verify the capabilities of the neuro-dynamic walking engine. Results show that the engine is capable of generating conventional ZMP stable walking gaits and executing them using the Atlas robot in simulation.
Non-Structural Proteins from Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Cellular Membranes—Mechanisms for Viral Survivability and Proliferation

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of illnesses, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (a neurodegenerative disorder), and other diseases. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection is a serious public health concern. Currently, diseases caused by HTLV-1 cannot be prevented or cured. Hence, there is a pressing need to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of HTLV-1 infection and intervention in host cell physiology. HTLV-1-encoded non-structural proteins that reside and function in the cellular membranes are of particular interest, because they alter cellular components, signaling pathways, and transcriptional mechanisms. Summarized herein is the current knowledge about the functions of the membrane-associated p8I, p12I, and p13II regulatory non-structural proteins. p12I resides in endomembranes and interacts with host proteins on the pathways of signal transduction, thus preventing immune responses to the virus. p8I is a proteolytic product of p12I residing in the plasma membrane, where it contributes to T-cell deactivation and participates in cellular conduits, enhancing virus transmission. p13II associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is proposed to function as a potassium channel. Potassium influx through p13II in the matrix causes membrane depolarization and triggers processes that lead to either T-cell activation or cell death through apoptosis.
The Development of the Charge Transport Model To Predict Dielectric Failure

A charge transport model was previously developed in our group to predict intrinsic dielectric failure as a function of voltage for low-k SiCOH and high-k SiN, two materials commonly used in integrated circuits[1], [2]. The model incorporates a set of fundamental mechanisms, including electronical conduction and defect generation, resulting in breakdown when a critical defect density is reached. It replicated electrical conduction through dielectric materials and so can describe the entire history of current flow through the dielectric. Furthermore, a revised version of this model was recently proposed, and it overcame two limitations of the original model: the lack of thickness and temperature dependence. One issue recently investigated was the assumption that the effective velocity of tunneling electrons was the same as mobile electrons. These velocities are used to calculate the electron flux/current. New models separating the two velocities were developed and to fit the experimental data. These newer models offered slightly worse reliability predictions, and so the initial assumption remains not only simpler, but also more accurate so far. This model will be applied to predict the filament formation in resistive switching memory devices.
Characterization of the standard nickel/silica catalyst EuroNi-1

Abstract This is the first of a series of four papers that describe the work of a research group of European catalytic scientists, aimed at the production and characterization of a standard nickel/silica catalyst. This paper describes the history and organization of the Group and of the standard catalyst project. An outline of the series of publications is also given.
Early improvement in patient reported disability after bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery is an effective intervention for managing morbid obesity. Little evidence has been reported regarding objective assessments of patient disability after surgery. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Score 2.0 is a validated tool for assessing the level of disability after surgery, including assessment of difficulty with activities of daily living, social activities, and overall functioning. Objective Evaluate patient disability after bariatric surgery at a tertiary care medical center. Setting University hospital, United States. Methods An institutional review board–approved prospective cohort study included patients undergoing primary bariatric surgery; patients undergoing a revisional procedure were excluded. Patient-reported disability was assessed using World Health Organization Disability Assessment Score 2.0, administered preoperatively and at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Disability scores (maximum of 48 reflecting extreme disability, minimum of 0) were analyzed for statistically significant trends. Results One hundred ten patients enrolled in the study (76% female, 24% male) with 46% sleeve gastrectomy and 54% Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Preoperative body mass index was 47.08 ± 7.6 (n = 110). The preoperative World Health Organization Disability Assessment Score scores were 6.66 ± 6.10 (n = 110). For those who completed both preoperative and 1-month surveys (n = 53), the scores were 6.60 ± 5.76 and 4.04 ± 4.68, respectively (P Conclusion We report early improvement in disability with a validated tool at 1 and 3 months after bariatric surgery. This equates to global disability in this cohort improving from the 75th percentile of the population norm preoperatively to the 50th percentile at 3 months. Further studies are needed to determine if this is sustained long-term.
Multi-modal imaging of the pediatric heart transplant recipient

The assessment of pediatric patients after orthotropic heart transplantation (OHT) relies heavily on non-invasive imaging. Because of the potential risks associated with cardiac catheterization, expanding the role of non-invasive imaging is appealing. Echocardiography is fast, widely available, and can provide an accurate assessment of chamber sizes and function. Advanced echocardiographic methods, such as myocardial deformation, have potential to assess for acute rejection or cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). While not currently part of routine care, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and computed tomography may potentially aid in the detection of graft complications following OHT. In particular, CMR tissue characterization holds promise for diagnosing rejection, while quantitative perfusion and myocardial late gadolinium enhancement may have a role in the detection of CAV. This review will evaluate standard and novel methods for non-invasive assessment of pediatric patients after OHT.
A novel way to look at the cement sheath integrity by introducing the existence of empty spaces inside of the cement (voids)

Abstract Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing enabled the extraction of hydrocarbon from tight formations in countries such as the United States, China, and Argentina. Some factors such as stress anisotropy, formation temperature and quantity of natural fractures are reservoir specific and should be considered in the completion design; otherwise, high rates and pressures applied during hydraulic fracturing in a long horizontal section could induce wellbore integrity issues. Based on field parameters, we studied how the integrity of the cement and casing is affected during these operations using finite element analysis (FEA) to study the stress concentration in casing and cement. The yield criterion of equivalent von Mises stress was applied in order to verify if the stresses were exceeding the casing yield strength and the cement compressive strength. Simulation results revealed that a poor centralization that contributes to the formation of drilling fluid voids in the cement will induce casing failure during hydraulic fracturing operations. The equivalent maximum stress can increase from three to four times in casing and cement from a concentric case to an eccentric case in a cement sheath with voids.
Sleep health in young children living with socioeconomic adversity.

Racially and ethnically diverse young children who live with socioeconomic adversity are at high risk for sleep deficiency, but few behavioral sleep interventions (BSIs) are tailored to their needs. To support the future development of a feasible, acceptable, and culturally relevant sleep intervention, we conducted a community-engaged, mixed-methods study with 40 low-income, racially, and ethnically diverse parents to describe sleep characteristics, sleep habits, and parental sleep knowledge of their 6-36-month-old children and to examine the associations between children's sleep characteristics and sleep habits. This report presents quantitative data from this mixed-methods study. We measured objective (actigraphy) and parent-reported sleep (Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire) characteristics, sleep habits at bedtime, sleep onset, and during night awakenings, parental sleep knowledge, psychological function (Brief Symptom Inventory), and parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index). Children had low sleep duration (537.2 ± 54.7 nighttime and 111.2 ± 29.8 nap minutes), late bedtimes (22:36 ± 1.5 hr), and high bedtime variability (mean squared successive difference = 3.68 ± 4.31 hr) based on actigraphy. Parental knowledge about sleep recommendations was limited. Sleep habits before bedtime, at sleep onset, and during night awakenings were varied. Sixty-five percent of parents reported co-sleeping. Feeding near bedtime or during the night was associated with later bedtimes, more fragmented sleep, and increased bedtime variability. These findings suggest the need for BSIs to support earlier bedtimes and improve sleep duration and continuity by addressing modifiable behaviors. Tailored BSIs that consider socioecological influences on the development of sleep habits are needed.
Original ArticlesComprehension-based skill acquisition

We present a comprehension-based computational model of UNIX user skill acquisition and performance in a training context (UNICOM). The work extends a comprehension-based theory of planning to account for skill acquisition and learning. Individual models of 22 UNIX users were constructed and used to simulate user performance on successive command production problems in a training context. Comparisons of model and the human empirical data result in a high degree of agreement, validating the ability of UNICOM to predict user response to training.
Copying and Artistic Behaviors: Children and Comic Strips

Many educators have a negative view of copying. Some proponents, however, argue that copying is worthwhile because it teaches skills and gives children confidence in their artistic ability. This paper presents a third view. The main thesis is that there are different types of copying, some involving artistic behaviors and some not. It is important to differentiate these types separating the replication of conventions from more inventive artistic behaviors. A framework for such examination is applied in a group of pilot studies focused on comic strips.
Nrf2-dependent and -independent effects of tBHQ in activated murine B cells.

Abstract Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates cytoprotective cellular responses to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2 is potently activated by the synthetic food additive, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), which is widely used as a preservative in oils and processed foods. Previously published studies have established that tBHQ has numerous effects on T cell function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tBHQ on B cell function and the role of Nrf2 in these effects. Specifically, we investigated T cell-independent B cell activation, differentiation, and IgM antibody production. Murine wild-type and Nrf2-null splenocytes were isolated, treated with tBHQ (0.25–2.5 μm), and activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a T cell-independent B cell activator. Our findings indicate that tBHQ significantly enhanced IgM production in activated wild-type, but not Nrf2-null, B cells, suggesting this effect is Nrf2-dependent. In contrast, tBHQ significantly decreased the induction of CD69, CD25, CD22, and CD138 in both wild-type and Nrf2-null splenocytes. These findings indicate that the tBHQ-mediated increase in IgM is Nrf2-dependent, whereas the inhibition of CD69, CD25, CD22 and CD138 is Nrf2-independent. Overall, this study demonstrates that in addition to its effects on T cells, tBHQ also has potent effects on T cell-independent B cell function.
Advances in the development of connexin hemichannel inhibitors selective toward Cx43.

Gap-junction channels formed by two connexin hemichannels play diverse and pivotal roles in intercellular communication and regulation. Normally hemichannels at the plasma membrane participate in a...
Navigation assisted total knee arthroplasty in 54,114 patients: No increased risk in acute complications and hospital utilisation

Background The advent of navigation in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has generated interest in attempt to improve component positioning as desired and clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate 90-day complication and cost of navigation-assisted TKAs (NTKA) compared to conventional TKAs (CTKA) using a national database. Methods A retrospective review of national database was conducted on all patients who underwent TKA from 2010 and 2017. The cohort was stratified into NTKA and CTKA subcohorts, excluding cases utilizing robotics. Results NTKA was associated with a significant decrease in 90-day postoperative major and minor complications. NTKA was also associated with a decrease in 90-day hospital utilization with lower rates of emergency department visits and readmissions. The cost of hospitalization and total 90-day costs were lower in NTKA, with an average savings of $800. Conclusion The adoption of navigation in TKA is safe and efficaceous compared to CTKA. Level of evidence III. Retrospective cohort study.
Social Influencers, Content Creators, and Network Mediators in Social Movements

This chapter will bring focus to bona fide celebrities and micro-celebrities, as well as other media figures who play a key role in drawing attention to an issue or cause and have the power to amplify the message in both mainstream and digital media. Also considered are those ordinary people who for various reasons are thrust into the spotlight and take on the role of key mediators in the social network. Interest extends to social capital as well as the multi-step flow of opinion leadership exemplified in the digital age by influencers, not necessarily because of their expertise or talent they bring to a social movement, but perhaps because they are influential due to the amount of content they disseminate or the ways in which content they create is curated by others, through retweets for example, across social networks. Whether it is actresses Jane Fonda or Alyssa Milano, Swedish teen Greta Thunberg, actor Terry Crews or sports figures like Colin Kaepernick, among many others, their relationship to and influence on specific social movements in the digital age cannot be denied. The case study for this chapter looks at the network of news media organizations that form around the #ClimateStrike movement, and a network analysis of climate activist Greta Thunberg is presented.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction with HMO Services at a Historically Black University

In a pilot study, It conduced that gender probably does not make a difference in satisfaction with the services of an HMO, with the willingness to recommend their HMO to others, with the perceived satisfaction with the medical service provided, and wiih the list of doctors provided by their HMO. Satisfaction with one HMO probably is not significantly different than with the other HMO.
ClusterGrind: valgrinding LAM/MPI applications

Debugging distributed applications using message passing libraries can be extremely difficult. We have implemented a set of tools collectively called ClusterGrind which interface to a GNU licensed debugger, valgrind, to ease the debugging process. By generating useful, customisable reports, we believe the time spent debugging large distributed Linux applications can be reduced significantly. Profiling the running programs is also possible to find coding inefficiencies, to aid in improving the overall application performance.
Do Investors Value Insider Trading Laws? International Evidence

The article presents a simple agency model of the relationship between corporate valuation and insider trading laws. The article then investigates the model???s three testable hypotheses using firm-level data from a cross-section of developed countries. I find that more stringent insider trading laws and enforcement are associated with greater corporate valuation among the sample firms in common countries, while they are generally irrelevant to corporate valuation for the sample firms in civil law countries. This puzzling dichotomy is robust to various alternative specifications and to controlling for a wide range of potentially omitted variables. The result for the firms in common law countries is consistent with the claim that insider trading laws can help to reduce corporate agency costs. I also find that insider trading laws and cash flow ownership appear to be complementary means to reduce agency costs, contrary to my hypothesis that they are substitute mechanisms for controlling agency costs; however, this result is generally statistically insignificant. Finally, I confirm prior findings of an ???incentive effect??? of greater cash flow ownership by controlling shareholders.
13 C Knight shift in TTF-TCNQ( 13 C): Determination of the local susceptibility

The temperature dependent $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ Knight shift and spin-lattice relaxation rate of tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) labeled at the CN group of TCNQ are presented. The Knight shift is a direct measure of the time-averaged local susceptibility on the TCNQ chain. From these data, the local susceptibilities on the TTF and TCNQ chains are obtained. The TCNQ chain susceptibility falls to zero below 54 K, indicating the onset of long-range order. The TTF susceptibility persists to lower temperature decreasing below approximately 49 K. The temperature dependence of the TCNQ chain susceptibility is in quantitative agreement with the calculated susceptibility based on the Peierls-Fr\"ohlich model with a complex order parameter for $Tg54$ K which becomes pinned below 54 K. The susceptibility and thus the density of states on the TTF chain is considerably larger (a factor of 2 at 300 K) than that of the TCNQ chain suggesting a correspondingly narrower bandwidth.
The Order of Accuracy of Quadrature Formulae for Periodic Functions

The trapezoidal quadrature rule on a uniform grid has spectral accuracy when integrating C ∞ periodic function over a period. The same holds for quadrature formulae based on piecewise polynomial interpolations. In this paper, we prove that these quadratures applied to \({\rm{W}}_{{\rm{per}}}^{{\rm{r,p}}} \) periodic functions with r > 2 and p ≥ 1 have error \({\mathcal O}((\Delta x)^r)\). The order is independent of p, sharp, and for p < ∞ is higher than predicted by best trigonometric approximation. For p=1 it is higher by 1.
Endogenous Legal Booms

The economic aspects of legal codes unavoidably reflect the environment at the time of their creation, requiring later adjustment in the case of unforeseen contingencies. The effect of nonindexed judgments and legal-expense reimbursements on the legal systems of countries experiencing hyperinflation in the early 1920s provides an interesting example: The incentives facing debtors rendered default optimal even in the face of certain eventual conviction by the courts. The resulting sharp increase in debt cases pending before the courts reinforced the incentive to refuse on-time payment, creating an endogenous legal boom that threatened the credibility of the legal system:
Beyond Historicism: Presentism, Subjectivity, Politics

The article spells out the theory and practice of presentism, a ‘new kid on the theoretical block,’ and examines its implications for Shakespeare studies. It theorizes the critic as temporal mediator who owns up to constructing meaning. It investigates the politics of the vexed relationships among historicism, materialism, feminism, queer theory, and postcolonialism, exploring presentism as a way out of the theoretical thickets of recent years. The article theorizes the radical potentiality of adopting a presentist lens to analyze gender and queer issues in Shakespeare’s texts; in addition, it briefly explores the implications of presentism for postcolonial studies of Shakespeare. In opposition to historicist studies that theorize the subject as straitjacketed by manifestations of political, social, and economic power, presentism theorizes subjectivity as resistance. In opposition to ‘new materialist,’ or antiquarian, studies that drain politics out of Shakespeare’s texts, presentism (re)politicizes Shakespeare. The article offers several examples of presentism as an intervention on 400 years of theoretical and critical tradition.
A problem of Zagier on quadratic polynomials and continued fractions

For non-square 1 < D ≡ 0, 1 (mod 4), Don Zagier defined a function AD(x) by summing over certain integral quadratic polynomials. He proved that AD(x) is a constant function depending on D. For rational x, it turns out that this sum has finitely many terms. Here we address the infinitude of the number of quadratic polynomials for non-rational x, and more importantly address some problems posed by Zagier related to characterizing the polynomials which arise in terms of the continued fraction expansion of x. In addition, we study the indivisibility of the constant functions AD(x) as D varies.
Assessing correlation of clustered mixed outcomes from a multivariate generalized linear mixed model

The classic concordance correlation coefficient measures the agreement between two variables. In recent studies, concordance correlation coefficients have been generalized to deal with responses from a distribution from the exponential family using the univariate generalized linear mixed model. Multivariate data arise when responses on the same unit are measured repeatedly by several methods. The relationship among these responses is often of interest. In clustered mixed data, the correlation could be present between repeated measurements either within the same observer or between different methods on the same subjects. Indices for measuring such association are needed. This study proposes a series of indices, namely, intra-correlation, inter-correlation, and total correlation coefficients to measure the correlation under various circumstances in a multivariate generalized linear model, especially for joint modeling of clustered count and continuous outcomes. The proposed indices are natural extensions of the concordance correlation coefficient. We demonstrate the methodology with simulation studies. A case example of osteoarthritis study is provided to illustrate the use of these proposed indices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breathing capacity during the first decade of life

Summary The studies discussed above would seem to indicate that breathingcapacity is affected by certain respiratory and circulatory diseases and by deformities of the spine and thoracic cage; but it is difficult to say just how useful this relationship may be in the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions. On this point the comments of Arnett and DeOrsay 3 made in 1937 concerning the use of the test with college students would appear to be equally pertinent for young children: "It would … be impossible to draw an arbitrary line and say beyond this line the variability is so great that the test is of no diagnostic value for any disease. … It would be possible if we knew the variations to be expected in any particular disease, to say for this disease the test might be helpful in students whose variations would not exceed such and such a figure. The diagnostic value of any given vital capacity will depend chiefly upon: (a) whether the vital capacity loss is great in comparison with previously observed variation; and (b) whether the magnitude of the vital capacity loss is commensurate with what is expected in the particular disease under consideration."
Derivation of new mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for two-phase flows

Abstract System codes are used to analyze nuclear reactor systems during steady state and transient operations. These codes are able to predict pressure drop, void fraction distributions and temperature distributions for various coolants, heated flow geometries, and heat configurations. They also include models for various two-phase flow regimes, but extreme flow conditions that involve significant phase change can tax the current code capabilities. Current system codes have mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for two fields (liquid and vapor), resulting in a model with six conservation equations. Recent developments in limited applications of a few of these codes have added a separate droplet field from the continuous liquid. This is part of a trend toward the inclusion of more fields (and requisite conservation equations) in system codes. The representation of two phase flow phenomena is improved by increasing the number of fields. Conservation equations based on six fields (liquid, vapor, small bubble, large bubble, small droplet and large droplet) are derived in this work.
Saturation of the linear methods of summation of Fourier series in the spaces Spφ

We consider the problem of saturation of the linear methods of summation of Fourier series in the spaces S p φ specified by arbitrary sequences of functions defined in a certain subset of the space ℂ. Sufficient conditions for the saturation of the indicated methods in these spaces are established.
Electron Transfer in Pnicogen Bonds

As a new type of noncovalent interactions, pnicogen bond between a VA group element (N, P, and As) and an electron donor (Lewis base) has grabbed attention in recent several years. Here we employ the block-localized wave function (BLW) based energy decomposition scheme to probe the bonding nature in a series of substituted phosphines XnPH3–n complexed with ammonia. As the BLW method can derive the optimal monomer orbitals in a complex with the electron transfer among monomers quenched, we can effectively examine the HOMO–LUMO interaction in these pnicogen bonding systems. Among various energy components, electron transfer energy together with the polarization energy dominates the pnicogen bonding energy. Although usually it is assumed that the electron transfer from ammonia to substituted phosphines occurs in the form of n → σ*(XP) hyperconjugative interaction, we identify a kind of new pathway when X = NO2 and CN, i.e., n → dπ*, which results from the interaction between the π orbital of cyano or nitro s...