cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic sclerotherapy: A risk factor for splanchnic venous thrombosis

Abstract Endoscopic sclerotherapy has been widely advocated as primary therapy for patients surviving hemorrhage from esophageal varices. The potential for endoscopic sclerotherapy to limit subsequent surgical options remains unclear. The following study was undertaken to assess the endoscopic sclerotherapy—related incidence of splanchnic venous thrombosis in patients undergoing surgery for variceal bleeding. We retrospectively identified 27 patients who underwent portosystemic shunting after an episode of variceal hemorrhage documented by endoscopic examination. Eleven patients underwent endoscopic sclerotherapy before portosystemic surgery for shunting. Among the patients undergoing prior endoscopic sclerotherapy, 6/11 had partial splanchnic venous thrombosis at surgery compared with 2/16 in the non-endoscopic sclerotherapy group. This difference was statistically significant. Only one of the eight patients with splenic or portal vein thrombosis detected at surgery showed signs of the condition when an angiograph was performed. Endoscopic sclerotherapy appears to impose a significant risk for splanchnic venous thrombosis. This complication, not reliably detected by angiographic means, may limit the operative options and long-term outcomes of patients in whom endoscopic sclerotherapy fails. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:9–13.)
Sub-class Recognition from Aggregate Class Labels: Preliminary Results

In many practical situations it is not feasible to collect labeled samples for all available classes in a domain. Especially in supervised classification of remotely sensed images it is impossible to collect ground truth information over large geographic regions for all thematic classes. As a result often analysts collect labels for aggregate classes. In this paper we present a novel learning scheme that automatically learns sub-classes from the user given aggregate classes. We model each aggregate class as finite Gaussian mixture instead of classical assumption of unimodal Gaussian per class. The number of components in each finite Gaussian mixture are automatically estimated. Experimental results on real remotely sensed image classification showed not only improved accuracy in aggregate class classification but the proposed method also recognized sub-classes.
Liquid RF MEMS Wideband Reflective and Absorptive Switches

This paper reports on the design, fabrication, and characterization of a new class of wideband liquid RF micro-electromechanical-system reflective and absorptive switches. A number of different liquids are considered, including mercury, Galinstan, and ultrapure and ionic water. We first briefly review the performance of liquid-metal switches made by mercury and Galinstan. Such switches demonstrate excellent off-state insertion loss of less than 1.3 dB up to 100 GHz (the loss includes a 1500-mum-long line) and on-state isolation of better than 20 dB from 20 to 100 GHz. The main part of this paper, however, focuses on significantly transforming these designs to actually absorb and not reflect the incident power in their on-state, while at the same time maintaining their excellent off-state performance. Absorptive behavior is particularly important for high-power applications. Simpler materials such as water are proven to be very effective for wideband absorptive switches. In particular, three classes of water-based absorptive switches are discussed depending on the level of the signal coupling to water. At 10-40 GHz, the optimal design exhibits off-state insertion loss of less than 1.3 dB, on-and off-state return loss of less than 10 dB, and on-state isolation of 27.5-dB isolation at 40 GHz.
Experimental performance evaluation of job scheduling and processor allocation algorithms for grid computing on metacomputers

Summary form only given. Scheduling is a fundamental issue in achieving high performance on metacomputers and computational grids. The job scheduling problem for grid computing on metacomputers has been studied as a combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, we compare the performance of various job scheduling and processor allocation algorithms for grid computing on metacomputers. We evaluate the performance of 128 combinations of two job scheduling algorithms, four initial job ordering strategies, four processor allocation algorithms, and four metacomputers by extensive simulation. It is found that the combination of LJF and MEET or LMF yields the best performance, and the choice of FCFS and LS depends on the range of job sizes.
Receiver macro modeling including DC, filter, and preamplifier nonlinear properties for packaging system transient simulations

A receiver macro modeling method is proposed. It includes the Mpilog macro model and the filter-preamplifier model which consists of small signal model followed by the hyperbolic-tangent function nonlinear post-processing. By using the directional junction model, we make use of the Mpilog model for receiver input port DC and nonlinear reflection properties, and make use of the small-signal/hyperbolic-tangent model for the output port of the preamplifier. Each model works at its own condition without unwanted interfering to each other. The assembled receiver macro model can be used in packaging system transient simulations directly. A practical modeling procedure in detail is described in the paper. The comparison between the proposed model and the original transistor-level model are given to evaluate the accuracy and simulation speed. Several application examples are also shown as test cases including high-end server packaging system transient simulations taking into account the crosstalk from the adjacent aggressor channels.
A vibratory stimulation-based inhibition system for nocturnal bruxism: A clinical report ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★ ♢ ♢♢ ♦

For the single subject tested to date, the bruxism-contingent vibratory-feedback system for occlusal appliances effectively inhibited bruxism without inducing substantial sleep disturbance. Whether the reduction in bruxism would continue if the device no longer provided feedback and whether the force levels applied are optimal to induce suppression remain to be determined.
Examination of Pitting Fatigue in Carburized Steels with Controlled Retained Austenite Fractions

The effects of several variables on pitting fatigue life of carburized steels were analyzed using a geared roller test machine (GRTM). The material variables that were primarily used to influence retained austenite include aim surface carbon concentration (0.8 % and 0.95 %), alloy (SAE 4320 and a modified SAE 4122), and cold treatment (performed on one material condition per alloy). Testing variables included contact stress in addition to a variation in lambda ratio (oil film thickness/surface roughness), arising from variation in roughness among the machined surfaces. Test results are presented, and differences in performance are considered in terms of material and testing variables. A primary observation from these results is an improvement in contact fatigue resistance apparently arising from cold-treatment and the associated reduction of retained austenite at the surface.
Assessment of Readiness for Mobility Transition (ARMT): A Tool for Mobility Transition Counseling With Older Adults

Individualized assessment is important when counseling older adults concerning the transition from driving to nondriving mobility. This study validated a measure of emotional and attitudinal readiness in support of mobility transition counseling (MTC). Items derived from a mixed-methods approach were administered by mailed questionnaire to community-dwelling adults (n = 297; ages 57-95). Factor analysis was employed to form the 24-item Assessment of Readiness for Mobility Transition (ARMT). The ARMT–Total Score (ARMT-TS) demonstrated sound internal consistency and split-half reliability (.88 each). The ARMT-TS correlated as hypothesized with validity measures, including self-reported physical functioning, mental health, and openness to experience. High scorers, who evidenced strong self-reliance and an unwillingness to be a burden on others, are considered to be at risk when faced with a significant mobility transition. An appreciation for such differences can allow for personalized, tailored discussion a...
Presence of the KPC Carbapenemase Gene in Enterobacteriaceae Causing Bacteremia and Its Correlation with In Vitro Carbapenem Susceptibility

During 6 months, we obtained Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients with gram-negative bacteremia at a 1,250-bed teaching hospital in St. Louis, MO, and compared carbapenem susceptibilities with the presence of blaKPC, a transferable carbapenemase gene. Three (1.2%) out of 243 isolates were blaKPC positive. Ertapenem nonsusceptibility had a low positive predictive value.
Aflatoxin and deconstruction of type I, iterative polyketide synthase function

In this viewpoint highlights are drawn from a deep analysis of the multifaceted problem of aflatoxin biosynthesis, one of the most highly rearranged polyketide natural products known. Fundamental chemical insights have emerged into how cytochrome P450-mediated skeletal rearrangements occur through probable cationic intermediates and oxidative dearomatizations, which are applicable more widely in natural product catabolism. So to where current experimental methods have failed in our hands, bioinformatic tools and fresh experimental strategies have been developed to identify linker regions in large, polydomain proteins and guide the dissection and reassembly of their component parts. It has been possible to deduce individual catalytic roles, how overall synthesis is coordinated and how these enzymes can be re-engineered in a rational manner to prepare non-natural products. These insights and innovations were often not planned or anticipated, but sprung from the inability to answer fundamental questions. Advances in science can take place by chance favoring the prepared mind, other times by refusing to give up and devising new solutions to address hard questions. Both ways forward played important roles in the investigation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. For these contributions I am pleased to share this special issue of NPR with John Vederas and Tom Simpson, who have been leaders in this field for the last third of a century.
Administrators: The Keys to Successful Inservice Programs.

Mamy school personnel will be involved directly or indirectly in an in service effort. This article gives par ticular attention to providing per spectives and rec ommendations for the administrator who must fulfill an integrating and leadership role in inservice edu cation.
A control algorithm for 3-stage non-blocking networks

A pipelined control algorithm for a three-stage nonblocking Clos network is described. The algorithm is readily applicable to many variations of three-stage sparse crossbar networks. To speed up the algorithm a special search memory is used by the network controller to find a path from an input to an output. The setup time of the algorithm matches that of a centrally controlled crossbar network of the same size. The simplicity of the algorithm and the search memory allows a very fast implementation in VLSI, making it feasible to use these network in very fast statistical switching systems. >
On the performance of neural networks and pattern recognition paradigms for classifying ultrasonic transducers

The authors study, analyze, and compare the performance of pattern recognition methods with various neural network techniques for ultrasonic transducer characterization. The characterization algorithms are discussed. A multilayer backpropagation neural network is developed for characterizing the transducers. It provided a misclassification rate of 6%. Two other multilayer neural networks, sum-of-products and a newly devised neural network called hybrid sum-of-products, had misclassification rates of 10% and 7%, respectively. The best pattern recognition technique for this application was found to be the perceptron, which provided a misclassification rate of 23%. The worst pattern recognition technique was found to be the Bayes theorem method, which provided a misclassification rate of 54%. The competitive learning technique provided poor results as compared to the K-means for preclustering. >
What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency?: The dual-task analogy

We investigated the consequences of bilingualism for verbal fluency by comparing bilinguals to monolinguals, and dominant versus non-dominant-language fluency. In Experiment 1, bilinguals produced fewer correct responses, slower first response times and proportionally delayed retrieval, relative to monolinguals. In Experiment 2, similar results were obtained comparing the dominant to the non-dominant languages within bilinguals. Additionally, bilinguals produced significantly lower-frequency words and a greater proportion of cognate responses than monolinguals, and bilinguals produced more cross-language intrusion errors when speaking the non-dominant language, but almost no such intrusions when speaking the dominant language. These results support an analogy between bilingualism and dual-task effects (Rohrer et al., 1995), implying a role for between-language interference in explaining the bilingual fluency disadvantage, and suggest that bilingual fluency will be maximized under testing conditions that minimize such interference. More generally, the findings suggest a role for selection by competition in language production, and that such competition is more influential in relatively unconstrained production tasks.
Intervention of human breast cell carcinogenesis chronically induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

More than 85% of breast cancers are sporadic and attributable to long-term exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as those in the diet, through a multistep disease process progressing from non-cancerous to premalignant and malignant stages. The chemical carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is one of the most abundant heterocyclic amines found in high-temperature cooked meats and is recognized as a mammary carcinogen. However, the PhIP's mechanism of action in breast cell carcinogenesis is not clear. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, that cumulative exposures to PhIP at physiologically achievable, pico to nanomolar concentrations effectively induced progressive carcinogenesis of human breast epithelial MCF10A cells from a non-cancerous stage to premalignant and malignant stages in a dose- and exposure-dependent manner. Progressive carcinogenesis was measured by increasingly- acquired cancer-associated properties of reduced dependence on growth factors, anchorage-independent growth, acinar-conformational disruption, proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenicity with metastasis and increased stem-like cell populations. These biological changes were accompanied by biochemical and molecular changes, including upregulated H-Ras gene expression, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activation, Nox-1 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, increased HIF-1α, Sp1, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and reduced E-cadherin. The Ras-ERK-Nox-ROS pathway played an important role in not only initiation but also maintenance of cellular carcinogenesis induced by PhIP. Using biological, biochemical and molecular changes as targeted endpoints, we identified that the green tea catechin components epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, at non-cytotoxic doses, were capable of suppressing PhIP-induced cellular carcinogenesis and tumorigenicity.
Observations of formaldehyde in comet Machholz (1988j)

Comet Machholtz's 1(11)-1(10) formaldehyde emission was detected with the VLA in September, 1988 at 6-cm wavelength; the small blueshift of -0.76 + or - 0.40 km/sec noted by these observations is consistent with an anisotropic outgassing of the cometary nucleus in the solar direction. The derived formaldehyde production rate for Comet Halley, which exhibits a similar emission line blueshift, was 1.5 x 10 to the 28th mol/sec, while for Comet Machholtz the production rate is about an order of magnitude higher, at 2 x 10 to the 29th mol/sec. The fading of Comet Machholtz after these observations is ascribed to its breakup.
Visualization of remotely sensed heliospheric plasmas for space weather applications

We demonstrate a software application designed for the display and interactive manipulation of 3D heliospheric volume data, such as solar wind density, velocity and magnetic field. The Volume Explorer software exploits the capabilities of the Volume Pro 1000 (from TeraRecon, Inc.), a low-cost 64-bit PCI board capable of rendering a 512-cubed array of volume data in real time at up to 30 frames per second on a standard PC. The application allows stereo and perspective views, and animations of time-sequences. We show examples of three-dimensional heliospheric volume data derived from tomographic reconstructions based on heliospheric remote sensing observations of the heliospheric density and velocity structure. Currently these reconstructions are based on archival IPS and Thomson scattering data. In the near future we expect to add reconstructions based on the all-sky observations from the recently launched Solar Mass Ejection Imager.
THE IMPACT OF FEMALE WORK ON FAMILY INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BLACK‐WHITE DIFFERENTIALS*

Using data from the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, the present study analyzes, for blacks and whites separately, the impact of female market activity on the inequality of the income distribution among households. The family life cycle is divided into three stages, according to the presence and age of children: (1) the interval between marriage and the birth of the first child, (2) the child-rearing interval, and (3) a final period which begins when all the children have reached school age. Using the coefficient of variation as an indicator of inequality, the empirical results show that in period 1, the contribution of white working wives has a large equalizing impact, while that of their black counterparts results in a slight increase in dispersion. In the child-rearing and post child-rearing stages, the labor supply of mothers decreases family income inequality by a small amount for both black and white households. A decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation of family income is presented to aid in the interpretation of these findings.
Shape of the right ventricular outflow Doppler envelope and severity of pulmonary hypertension

Background It is now well known that timing of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) spectral Doppler signals change with increasing pulmonary hypertension severity. We devised a study to determine whether visual assessment of these RVOT Doppler signals can be useful identifying the severity of pulmonary hypertension. Methods Visual inspection of pulsed RVOT Doppler signals from 120 consecutive patients (mean age of 55 ± 12, range 29–89 years; 45 males); with a mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of 59 ± 29, (ranging from 18 to 150 mmHg), of whom 78 patients had PASP >40 mmHg, was performed and correlated with standard echo Doppler variables of right ventricular performance. Results Visual inspection of RVOT spectral Doppler signals from the 120 patients showed four dynamic patterns and on a stepwise multiple regression analysis, PASP was the only echocardiographic variable that correlated with these different types of RVOT spectral Doppler signals. Furthermore, receiver operator curve analysis of these RVOT spectral Doppler signals correlated well with different ranges of PASP. Conclusions Visual assessment of RVOT spectral signals demonstrates the presence of four dynamic patterns, independent of the aetiology of the pulmonary hypertension, that not only correlate with the severity of pulmonary hypertension, but also are useful in identifying a range of PASP with great accuracy that minimizes subjective interpretation. These simple visual assessments of RVOT Doppler signals can be done routinely when evaluating patients with pulmonary hypertension without the need of additional sophisticated equipment.
BBM: bayesian browsing model from petabyte-scale data

Given a quarter of petabyte click log data, how can we estimate the relevance of each URL for a given query? In this paper, we propose the Bayesian Browsing Model (BBM), a new modeling technique with following advantages: (a) it does exact inference; (b) it is single-pass and parallelizable; (c) it is effective.We present two sets of experiments to test model effectiveness and efficiency. On the first set of over 50 million search instances of 1.1 million distinct queries, BBM out-performs the state-of-the-art competitor by 29.2% in log-likelihood while being 57 times faster. On the second click-log set, spanning a quarter of petabyte data, we showcase the scalability of BBM: we implemented it on a commercial MapReduce cluster, and it took only 3 hours to compute the relevance for 1.15 billion distinct query-URL pairs.
The Psychology of Memory--1969: A Bibliography.

An alphabetical listing of articles on the psychology of memory for the year 1969 is presented.
Cardio-Oncology: How New Targeted Cancer Therapies and Precision Medicine Can Inform Cardiovascular Discovery

Cardio-oncology (the cardiovascular care of cancer patients) has developed as a new translational and clinical field based on the expanding repertoire of mechanism-based cancer therapies. Although these therapies have changed the natural course of many cancers, several may also lead to cardiovascular complications. Many new anticancer drugs approved over the past decade are "targeted" kinase inhibitors that interfere with intracellular signaling contributing to tumor progression. Unexpected cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects of patient treatment with these inhibitors have provided unique insights into the role of kinases in human cardiovascular biology. Today, an ever-expanding number of cancer therapies targeting novel kinases and other specific cellular and metabolic pathways are being developed and tested in oncology clinical trials. Some of these drugs may affect the cardiovascular system in detrimental ways and others perhaps in beneficial ways. We propose that the numerous ongoing oncology clinical trials are an opportunity for closer collaboration between cardiologists and oncologists to study the cardiovascular and cardiometabolic changes caused by the modulation of these pathways in patients. In this regard, cardio-oncology represents an opportunity and a novel platform for basic and translational investigation and can serve as a potential avenue for optimization of anticancer therapies and for cardiovascular research and drug discovery.
Family Resource Allocation after Firstborns Leave Home: Implications for Secondborns' Academic Functioning

This study assessed secondborn adolescents' perceptions of changes in the allocation of family resources following their firstborn siblings' departure from home after high school, and whether perceived changes were related to changes over 1 year in secondborns' academic functioning. Participants were secondborn siblings (mean age = 16.58, SD = 0.91) from 115 families in which the older sibling had left the family home in the previous year. Allocation of resources was measured via coded qualitative interviews. Most (77%) secondborns reported increases in at least one type of family resource (i.e., parental companionship, attention, material goods), and many reported an increase in multiple types of resources in the year following their older sibling's departure. Consistent with resource dilution theory, perceptions of increases in fathers' companionship, fathers' attention, and mothers' companionship were related to improvements over time in secondborns' academic functioning.
Time-Dependent Spectral Content of System Response

Random vibration analysis provides a meaningful way to assess the ability of a structure to withstand seismic and wind forces. In the former case the nonstationarity of the mean square value and relative frequency content is important. The concept of a time-dependent frequency domain description of a random process is applied to a linear one degree-of-freedom system suddenly exposed to a zero-mean steady wide-band random excitation. The evolving bandwidth of the oscillator response can be measured by a shape function in terms of the first few spectral moments of the response time-dependent spectral density function. The shape depends on the oscillator damping and the number of cycles of response. The result can be used to estimate the equivalent viscous damping from recorded structural response to earthquake or wind excitation. Record length and oscillator period and damping affect the reliability of the damping estimate.
Introduction to Social Influence: Why It Matters

This chapter introduces the subject of social influence which is how one person or group affects another’s opinions, attitudes, emotions, or behaviors. Social influence is applied to sustainable consumption. To illustrate the relationship, a new model of social influence flow is presented. A sub-topic is digital influences, the people who have a voice and loyal following on everything from Facebook to Instagram. These are types of social networks that involve communication and response. Digital influencers write product and service reviews that others read and respond to online or in their consumption behavior. A central theme is that as long as there are humans, there will be social influence.
Collective Intelligence in Law Reforms: When the Logic of the Crowds and the Logics of Policymaking Collide

This paper shows how the two virtues of collective intelligence – cognitive diversity and large crowds – turn into perils in crowdsourced policymaking. That is because of a conflict between the logic of the crowds and the logic of policymaking. The crowd’s logic differs from that of traditional policymaking in several aspects. To mention some of those: In traditional policymaking it is a small group of experts making proposals to the policy, whereas in crowdsourced policymaking, it is a large, anonymous crowd with a mixed level of expertise. The crowd proposes atomic ideas, whereas traditional policymaking is used to dealing with holistic and synthesized proposals. By drawing on data from a crowdsourced law-making process in Finland, the paper shows how the logics of the crowds and policymaking collide in practice. The conflict prevents policymaking fully benefiting from the crowd’s input, and it also hinders governments from adopting crowdsourcing more widely as a practice for deploying open policymaking practices.
Rank-order selection is capable of maintaining all genetic polymorphisms.

The fitness of organisms may be due chiefly to a fitness curve imposed on their ranking in the population with respect to heterozygosity. If this is so, then the number of polymorphisms that can be retained at a particular selective equilibrium increases as the square of the population size. All of the genetic variation that we currently observe and infer to exist can probably be maintained by selection in a population of about 10 5 individuals. Selection acting in this way is so strong that these polymorphisms can be expected to behave very differently from neutral ones.
Bayh–Dole and Alternative University Technology Transfer Regimes

One of the primary motivations in passing the Bayh–Dole Act (BD) of 1980 was the belief that government-owned patents were insufficiently utilized. To remedy this shortcoming, Congress designed the BD Act so that federal contractors, including universities, could claim title to inventions made with federal funds. BD also standardized the procedures for vesting the control of federally-funded research inventions in contractors. The U.S. university invention ownership model has been heralded as the global best practice by many observers; more recently, though, some have begun to question this assessment. While BD was supported at the time of its passage as a means to facilitate the transfer of federally funded inventions, it has in fact turned out to be a profound technology policy decision. With BD came a new university invention commercialization model which university administrators believed would be source of income.
Multiple sclerosis presenting as Parinaud syndrome

The authors report a patient presenting with a 1-week history of paresis of upward gaze as his initial manifestation of demyelinating disease. They stress that: 1) multiple sclerosis can present as Parinaud syndrome (paralysis of upward gaze); and 2) it is important to rule out a non-contour-deforming intraaxial midbrain lesion if a posterior third ventricle or pineal region mass is not identified on screening studies in these patients.
From risk reduction to implementation: Addressing the opioid epidemic and continued challenges to our field

In the United States, the opioid epidemic has been characterized by unprecedented increases in prescription and nonmedical pharmaceutical opioid use, heroin and pharmaceutical opioid use disorders,...
Effect of Certain Split Products of Carcinogenic Azo Dyes on Melanin Formation.

SummaryThe effect of certain split products of some carcinogenic azo dyes and related compounds on melanin formation was studied. It was observed that certain non-autoxidizable compounds such as p-aminoacetanilide, B-naphthylamine, p-aminobenzoic acid and sulfanilamide interfered with this reaction. When chemically related autoxidizable compounds (p-aminodimethylaniline, p-phenyl-enecliamine, methyl p-phenylenediamine and p-aminophenol) were used, the color changes in both tyrosine-tyrosinase and control solutions were similar. It is, therefore, difficult to interpret the action of these latter chemicals on melanin formation.
ChromoSkin: Towards Interactive Cosmetics Using Thermochromic Pigments

Makeup has been a body decoration process for self expression and transforming one's appearance. While the material composition and processes for creating makeup products have evolved, they still remain static and noninteractive. However, as our social contexts demand different representations of ourselves, we propose ChromoSkin, a dynamic color-changing makeup system which gives the wearer ability to seamlessly alter their appearance. As an initial exploration, we prototyped an interactive eye shadow tattoo composed of thermochromic pigments which are activated by electronics or ambient temperature conditions. We present the design and fabrication of these interactive cosmetics, and the challenges in creating skin interfaces that are seamless, dynamic, and fashionable.
Commentary: On Doctors and Lawyers

Psychiatrists and attorneys often find collaboration difficult, even when working toward mutually beneficial goals. In this commentary, a young psychiatrist reflects upon the mismatch between physicians and attorneys. Differences in medical and legal training, as well as different personality styles and approaches to problem solving, may contribute to conflict. However, psychiatrists can benefit and learn from the attorneys' approach and apply it to situations in which advocacy for good patient care and the fundamental values of medicine is necessary.
Isolated left ventricular assist as bridge to cardiac transplantation.

The electrically driven Novacor implantable left ventricular assist device has been implanted in six patients (four men and two women) since Sept. 7, 1984. In four of the six patients (67%) the device was a successful bridge to cardiac transplantation. One patient died of multiple organ failure and Candida sepsis after 16 days of support with the device. One patient died in the operating room of uncontrollable hemorrhage and biventricular failure caused by severe cardiac rejection. Three patients are alive with cardiac transplants 38, 17, and 10 months after transplantation. One patient died after cardiac transplantation of presumed sepsis. The Novacor left ventricular assist device performed in all cases without mechanical or electrical failure. Excluding the intraoperative death, assist duration ranged from 2 to 16 days. The cardiac index (synonymous with device output) ranged from 2.4 to 3.4 L/min/m2. No embolic events (cerebrovascular or systemic) occurred during assistance with the device. Minimal red cell hemolysis was documented during the period of support The Novacor left ventricular assist device is a safe and effective bridge to cardiac transplantation in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.
ERSP: A Structured CS Research Program for Early-College Students

Research experiences for undergraduates (REUs) have many positive outcomes on students' perception of and retention in Computer Science (CS). Yet nearly all REUs are aimed at late-college students, well into a CS program. We present the Early Research Scholars Program (ERSP), a 4 quarter program designed to engage early-college (first or second year) CS students in high-quality research experiences in active research groups at a large research university. ERSP's structured course-supported group-apprentice model and its unique dual advising structure make it possible to vastly increase number of early-career CS students who participate in high-quality research experiences with little additional burden on individual faculty mentors. ERSP's focus on community building and support makes it particularly appropriate for students from groups who are traditionally underrepresented in CS. This paper reports the structure of the program and observations and learning thus-far with ERSP, with the goal of enabling others to implement this program at other large research-focused universities.
Institutions and Development: Are some more critical than others? – A Panel Study of 50 countries from 2002 to 2011

Strong institutions are often viewed as part answers to Africa’s development dilemma. But given the resource constraints of many African countries, one would need to be selective as to which institution or institutions to commit scarce resources. An attempt to strengthen all institutions at the same time could be rather daunting. And many questions would remain. First, what is the relative importance of one institution to another? Second, whether all institutions exert an equal impact on comprehensive development as they do on economic growth. This paper on Institutions and Development, first published in 2007 tries to answer these questions. It has been modified (in the 2016 version) for three reasons- 1, to bring the data up to date, 2, to use a different and possibly more accurate econometric model (fixed effect) for the analysis and 3, to assess if the same institutions remain more critical than others, as observed in 2007. Even though the rule of law institution would seem, in this revised version, to have a slightly better impact on GDP/Capita, government effectiveness is still dominant in both non-differenced and differenced models, especially when comprehensive development is considered.
Physiological Function of Thyrocalcitonin

This chapter discusses the biochemical methods to study physiological functions of thyrocalcitonin. Parathyroid hormone is virtually essential for life. If the source of the endogenous hormone, the parathyroid glands, is removed, the plasma calcium falls to a dangerously low level and if appropriate therapy is not administered the animal may die. It is apparent that parathyroid hormone must be secreted essentially continuously in order to protect against hypocalcemia. In contrast to parathyroidectomy, thyroidectomy does not result in any acute change in the blood calcium level in rats and other animals maintained in the fasting state. The hypocalcemia resulting from parathyroidectomy is not matched by hypercalcemia after thyroidectomy. The lower the plasma calcium, the less calcium is lost in the urine. Rats with intact thyroid glands excrete very little calcium, whereas thyroidectomized rats excrete a relatively tremendous amount—20 times as much. The most likely threat of hypercalcemia in healthy animals occurs during absorption of calcium from the diet. The normal thyroid gland responds quickly to the presence of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract by increasing the secretion of thyrocalcitonin that in turn prevents or restricts hypercalcemia by its action on bone.
The Inpatient Setting

The inpatient duties of the medical student on an orthopedic surgery rotation are fairly similar to those of medical students on the general surgery core rotation, but there are specific strategies for succeeding on an orthopedic rotation. This chapter discusses key considerations for rounding, writing orthopedic notes in several different fields of orthopedics, presenting, splinting, and taking call.
Biologic Features and Treatment Outcome of Secondary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - Review of 101 Cases.

Secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (sALL) is a rare disease and its biologic features are not well described. Data suggested that sALL occurs more frequently at older age. Since leukemia at older age in general is associated with worse outcome, we wanted to assess the biology and outcome of patients with sALL by age at time of primary diagnosis. We describe a cohort of 7 patients and found additional 94 cases in the literature on whom biological parameters were described. Patients were stratified (at least 5 patients per strata) according to their age at initial diagnosis ( myc rearrangement. A total of 101 patients were evaluated; 29 were 18 year old patients. The time interval to develop sALL was similar among the three age groups (3, 2.2 and 1.8 years, P=0.561). However, the time interval to develop sALL was longer for HD (5.5 years) and neuroblastoma (3.7 years) as compared to AML (1 year), breast (1.6 years) and prostate (1.98 years) cancers (overall P=0.0003). Further, the time interval to develop sALL was significantly longer for patients with complex karyotype (5.3 years) as compared to all other aberrations [11q23 − 1.78; t(9;22) − 1.9; diploid − 1.98 years; overall P=0.0497]. Disease characteristics at diagnosis were as follows: T cell immunophenotype was more common in the
A New Vertically Layered Elevated Hot Carrier Resistant Source/Drain Structure for Deep Submicron MOSFETs

A new vertically layered elevated drain (VLED) structure is proposed, which is suitable, in terms of reliability and performance, for scaling down a MOSFET to the 0.25 ?m level without reducing the supply voltage below 3.3V. In this structure, a low doped polysilicon spacer is used to defuse the hot carrier problem. The present study of elevated source/drain structures (S/D) exhibiting low doped regions also identifies a new mode of drain current degradation in the linear region due to strong sheet resistance variation along the sidewall oxide interface.
Displaying the Bomb on the Train: The Challenge of Preparing Visual Evidence

Courtroom environments, which have been one of the last bastions of the oral tradition, are slowly morphing into cinematic display environments. The persuasive oral rhetoric of lawyers is increasingly being replaced by compelling visual media displays presenting a range of digital evidence in a convincing and credible manner. The types of visual media being introduced into courtrooms around the world pose challenges to those using and viewing such evidence. Fundamental implications inherent in the shift from oral to visual mediation and the multiple facets of contemporary evidence presentation technology need to be investigated and analysed. Interactive virtual environments need to be accurate and presented in a form that jury members and other triers of fact can trust. Projects such as the Sydney Bomber study are moving towards providing useful guidelines for developers of such reconstructions and ensuring that in the future, this technology is used appropriately.
Iran’s Policy Toward the Persian Gulf: Dynamics of Continuity and Change

Hunter argues that geographical and demographic disparities between Iran and the Arab States on the Persian Gulf have contributed to a kind of perennial unease on the part of the Arab States toward Iran because of its greater size and population. Accordingly, there has been a considerable degree of continuity in Iran-Gulf relations. Hunter focuses on the three forces that have shaped these relations in the last few decades—security, national identity and quest for legitimacy. She suggests that greater moderation in Tehran, rapprochement with Washington, reduced tension with Israel and a regional security system in the Gulf are likely to contribute to better Iran-Arab relations. She concludes that these relations have always been susceptible to dynamics of the international political system.
Risk for postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, and hemorrhage-related morbidity at low, moderate, and high volume hospitals.

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize risk for and temporal trends in postpartum hemorrhage across hospitals with different delivery volumes.Study design: This study used the N...
Detection and Isolation of the "Top Seven" Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Ground Beef: Comparison of RapidFinder Kits to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook Method

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 are often referred to as the "top seven" STEC, and these have been declared to be adulterants in beef by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). The aim of this work was to compare the methods described in the USDA FSIS Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) to a two-stage Applied Biosystems RapidFinder STEC real-time PCR method to test for the top seven STEC in raw ground beef. The specificity of the RapidFinder workflow that targets non-O157 STEC O-antigen genes, stx1, stx2, and eae, and E. coli O157-specific targets was determined with 132 top seven STEC strains and 283 exclusion strains. All inclusion strains were positive, and all exclusion strains gave negative results with the RapidFinder assay. Strains carrying all of the known variants of stx1 and stx2, including stx2f and stx2g, were also detected. For RapidFinder analysis, 375-g ground beef samples spiked with ≥4 CFU of representative STEC strains were enriched in 1 L of tryptic soy broth (TSB) for 10 h at 42 ± 1°C, and for the MLG method, 325-g samples were similarly spiked and enriched in 975 mL of modified TSB for 15 h at 42 ± 1°C. Following DNA extraction, real-time PCR was performed using RapidFinder Express software, and for the MLG method, the BAX Real-Time PCR STEC Suite and the BAX Real-Time E. coli O157:H7 assay were used with the BAX System Q7 software. Following immunomagnetic separation, presumptive colonies from modified Rainbow agar O157 plates were confirmed by the real-time PCR assays. Results of the RapidFinder and BAX assays were similar; all samples were positive after 10 and 15 h of enrichment, respectively. Isolation and confirmation of isolates was possible on all samples, except that two O111:NM strains could not be isolated from a portion of the inoculated samples. Thus, the RapidFinder system can be used for routine and rapid detection of the top seven STEC in beef.
Perinatal stress and the premature neonate. II. Effect of fluid and calorie deprivation on blood glucose.

The effects of beginning feedings at 6 hours of age or after a fast of 72 hours have been studied in 156 premature and 60 term infants. With calorie deprivation, blood glucose values dropped progressively from birth; over 50 per cent of the premature infants had a value less than 25 mg. per 100 ml. at 72 hours of age. Clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia were not apparent. Significant ketonuria by 48 to 72 hours and a decreased increment in blood glucose response to administration of glucagon after 72 hours were noted in fasted premature babies. Infants with mild respiratory distress and/or anoxia (Apgar score 1 to 3) had generally higher blood glucose values, and infants of toxemic mothers had lower values, than did normal premature infants. The effects of early and late feedings on serum values of bilirubin and free fatty acid are presented.
Articulating the Culture of the Original National League for Nursing Center of Excellence Nursing Programs in the USA

Nursing is preparing for a significant shortage as the Baby Boomers begin to prepare for retirement. While a nursing shortage continues to threaten the workforce, it is important to recognize the impact that nursing educators will have on the shortage. Organizations are unable to enroll students to capacity due to the nursing faculty shortage, which stands to worsen with upcoming retirements. Recruitment and retention strategies must be addressed not only in practice settings, but also in nursing programs to ensure the future needs are met for students and faculty. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project retrospectively analyzed data collected from the National League for Nursing Center of Excellence initial designation reports from the 10 original schools receiving the designation in two categories addressing recruitment and retention of faculty and students. Based on a single case study by Leiker (2011), the model The Right Fit: Harmonious Alignment was developed as a tool for creating organizations of excellence in nursing education. The original data collected from the NLN site remained informally analyzed. For this project, the researcher was immersed in the retrospective data from the NLN, determining common patterns and themes present in organizations of excellence. Once the patterns were established and saturation reached, each school was compared individually to the model in order to validate the model.
Eight-week ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in non-cirrhotic, treatment-naïve hepatitis C genotype-1 patients with hepatitis C virus-RNA < 6 million: Single center, real world effectiveness and safety

Eight-week ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in non-cirrhotic, treatment-naive hepatitis C genotype-1 patients with hepatitis C virus-RNA < 6 million: Single center, real world effectiveness and safety
Improving Neonatal Care: A Global Perspective

Each year, approximately 2.7 million babies die during the neonatal period; more than 90% of these deaths occur in developing countries, largely from preventable causes. The known, evidence-based, simple, low-cost interventions that may improve neonatal survival often have low or unknown baseline coverage rates. Gaps in coverage of essential interventions and in quality of care may be amenable to improvement strategies. However, often these gaps are not easily identified. A variety of international organizations have recommended key indicators of quality and established roadmaps for improving neonatal outcomes. Quality improvement at the facility level is an area for future investment.