cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Neighborhood Contexts in Which Low-Income Families Navigate Welfare Reform: Evidence from the Three-City Study*

We investigate the neighborhood contexts in which low-income families negotiate the new environment created by welfare reform. Using data from the Three-City Study and U.S. Census, we follow 1,059 low-income women from 1999 to 2005tracking their neighborhood quality, employment, and welfare use. Despite living in similar neighborhoods in 1999, women who left welfare experienced larger reductions in neighborhood disadvantage than women who remained on welfare. Likewise, women who left welfare with employment achieved larger increases in neighborhood quality than those who left welfare without work; the latter experiencing neighborhood change no different than those who stayed on welfare. Results indicate that neighborhood conditions are, at minimum, associated with welfare outcomes. We evaluate whether improvements in residential contexts facilitate transitions to economic self-sufficiency, but also test the reverse possibility. Findings suggest that neighborhood quality increases after women leave welfare, though we cannot reject the possibility that better neighborhoods lead to better outcomes.
THE RESONANCE IN RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE OF THE WORD SUMMONING HUMAN DESIRE TO SYMBOLIC TRANSFORMATION

Summary Beyond any other appetitus, human desire speaks. The language of human desire has symbolic valence, opening highly personal meaning into conversation shared with others. Attentive to the desire resonating in our human words, we can hear our conversation together, in all its symbolic richness, as a response to the Word summoning all human desire. The Word is Other than the words we speak. It is the lack experienced in difference from the other which constitutes human desire as desire of the other. The Other of human desire is the space of its lack which can be filled by no other, the space where the Word of God can be heard resonating in words of human desire and structuring their symbolic truth as the summons to which they are response. Human words have an original symbolic dimension as grounded in the originating power of the creative and recreative Word so that things or persons when named symbolically are named in a recognition of their originality, of their symbolic difference. Human desire, a...
Ethnicity/racial differences in employment outcomes following Spinal Cord Injury

Objective: To examine differences in employment outcomes among Hispanics and Caucasians with Spinal Cord Injuries at one year post-injury. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Longitudinal dataset of the SCI Model Systems. Participants: 11,424 Individuals diagnosed with spinal cord injury (1369 Hispanics and 10055 Caucasians) that were enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) database and interviewed during their scheduled one-year post-injury follow-up evaluation between 1975 and 2006. Main Outcome Measures: Employment status (competitively employed, unemployed and other). Results: After adjusting for age, gender, marital status, education level, employment status at admissions, cause of injury, category of neuro-impairment, and ASIA impairment scale, race/ethnicity has a significant effect on employment status at 1 year post-injury. Specifically, the odds of unemployment versus employment were 1.864 times greater for Hispanics than for Caucasians (95% CI = 1.478, 2.349) and the odds of unemployment versus other were 1.980 times greater for Hispanics than for Caucasians (95% CI = 1.625, 2.413). Conclusions: Racial disparities do exist in successful employment after 1 year post SCI, particularly between Caucasians and Hispanics. Future research should focus on what factors contribute to this disparity, along with forming new education and rehabilitation strategies to improve return-to-work outcomes for Hispanics after SCI. Language: en
Rethinking Responsibility, by K. E. Boxer

K. E. Boxer's book is a welcome addition to the responsibility literature. As Boxer describes the project, it was originally intended as an argument for the incompatibility of moral responsibility ...
Antitrust Regulations in a Global Setting: The EU Investigation of the GE/Honeywell Merger (TN)

SUBJECT AREAS: Antitrust laws, Business government relations, Competition, Industrial policy, Mergers, Regulatory agencies CASE SETTINGS: Brussels; Aerospace Industry; 2001 Helps students understand the principles underlying competition and antitrust policy in the context of the proposed GE-Honeywell merger. The U.S. Department of Justice has already approved the transaction and it is being considered by the European Commission. The Competition Commissioner, Mario Monti, must analyze the economic consequences of the proposed merger and evaluate how it will affect competitors, customers, and product markets. He must also address key policy choices. In understanding the nuances of the transaction, students identify different sources of value and must confront the question of whether the efficiencies generated enhance social welfare in the long run. The decision of whether to approve the merger, and on what terms, provides students with insights into the complexities of operating under multiple regulatory regimes.
The use of portfolios for outcomes assessment [engineering education]

As the ABET Engineering Criteria 2000 become a reality, many engineering educators are exploring new ways to assess their students' learning. In this paper, the author discusses one flexible and useful method of outcomes assessment-portfolios.
Generalized finite element approaches for analysis of localized thermo-structural effects

Summary This work addresses computational modeling challenges associated with structures subjected to sharp, local heating, where complex temperature gradients in the materials cause three-dimensional, localized, intense stress and strain variation. Because of the nature of the applied loadings, multiphysics analysis is necessary to accurately predict thermal and mechanical responses. Moreover, bridging spatial scales between localized heating and global responses of the structure is nontrivial. A large global structural model may be necessary to represent detailed geometry alone, and to capture local effects, the traditional approach of pre-designing a mesh requires careful manual effort. These issues often lead to cumbersome and expensive global models for this class of problems. To address them, the authors introduce a generalized FEM (GFEM) approach for analyzing three-dimensional solid, coupled physics problems exhibiting localized heating and corresponding thermomechanical effects. The capabilities of traditional hp-adaptive FEM or GFEM as well as the GFEM with global–local enrichment functions are extended to one-way coupled thermo-structural problems, providing meshing flexibility at local and global scales while remaining competitive with traditional approaches. The methods are demonstrated on several example problems with localized thermal and mechanical solution features, and accuracy and (parallel) computational efficiency relative to traditional direct modeling approaches are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a low-temperature insert for the measurement of remanent magnetization direction using superconducting quantum interference device rock magnetometers

Data on the directional changes of a full magnetization vector during cycling to cryogenic temperatures can provide important insights into the low-temperature magnetic properties of natural and synthetic materials. These data also provide an empirical basis for the application of low-temperature treatments in paleomagnetism, for example, the removal of viscous magnetization in magnetite-bearing rocks. However, existing instruments only allow continuous measurement of magnetization along a single axis, hampering experimental and theoretical advances in rock magnetism and the implementation of low-temperature techniques into regular paleomagnetic practices. Here we describe development of a novel low-temperature insert designed in collaboration with William S. Goree Inc., which allows measurement of directional behavior of a full magnetization vector during zero-field low-temperature cycling. Pilot experiments on well-controlled polycrystalline samples of pseudo-single-domain (PSD) and multidomain magnetite as well as on a natural sample containing PSD magnetite indicate that the orientation of a saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) imparted at room temperature remains constant during low-temperature cycling to 20 K. This observation lends additional support to low-temperature cycling as a cleaning technique in paleomagnetism. The SIRM imparted in an individual crystal of magnetite showed systematic, albeit small changes upon both cooling and warming through the Verwey temperature, which may reflect switching between the easy magnetization directions. However, the switching effect may be significantly attenuated by crystallographic twinning in magnetite below the transition. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of the directional low-temperature magnetometry for the advancement of our understanding of the properties of natural and synthetic materials.
Risk Parity: Classical Finance Properly Implemented, or Misunderstood?

This material comments on “Speculative Leverage: A False Cure for Pension Woes” (May/June 2010).
A YAC Contig of the Region Containing the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Gene (SMA): Identification of an Unstable Region

We report a 3.0-Mb YAC contig of the region 5q11.2-q13.3, which is where the spinal muscular atrophy gene has been localized. Three total genomic YAC libraries were screened by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 45 YACs were recovered. These YACs were characterized for sequence tag site (STS) content, and overlaps were confirmed by vectorette PCR. Of the 45 YACs, 20 were isolated with the polymorphic marker CATT-1, which demonstrates significant allelic association with the SMA gene and maps within the 850-kb interval defined by the markers D5S557 and D5S823. Haplotyping of these YACs and their mother cell line indicates that the majority of YACs from this region contain deletions. Furthermore, a 1.9-Mb CATT-1 YAC that was negative for MAP1B and D5S435 and nonchimeric by FISH analysis provides a minimum distance between MAP1B and D5S435.
Dividing attention between color and shape: evidence of coactivation.

When attention is divided between spatially distinct objects, the time-to detect a target decreases when two or more targets are present. This redundancy gain can be accounted for by an interactive race model (Mordkoff & Yantis, 1991) in which separate decisions are made about each object, but environmental contingencies among the objects can influence decision times. In the present study, we examined whether the model also accounts for performance when attention must be divided between stimulus attributes other than spatial location. Subjects made target-present responses when displays included a prespecified color, a prespecified letter, or both target features. The data violated the predictions of all separate-activations models, including the interactive race model. Two control experiments ruled out an alternative account based on task complexity. We conclude that coactivation occurs when target attributes from two separable dimensions are simultaneously present, but not when target attributes come from the same dimension. A modular hybrid of race and coactivation models is tentatively proposed.
Third-Generation Partnerships for P-16 Pipelines and Cradle-Through-Career Education Systems

Amid unprecedented novelty, complexity, turbulence, and conflict, it is apparent that a new education system is needed. Focused on a new outcome—postsecondary education completion with advanced competence—heretofore separate systems for early childhood, K-12 schools, and postsecondary education are being joined in P-16 pipelines and Cradle-Through-Career Education Systems. Both are new institutional designs, and they necessitate specially designed partnership systems. In contrast to voluntary, service-oriented partnerships and two previous generations of partnerships, third-generation, collaborative partnerships involve the private sector, and, with state leaders as key stakeholders, prioritize policy change. These third-generation partnerships are essential to the core missions and functions of colleges and universities, and postsecondary education is itself a target for new institutional designs. All such partnerships can be designed, implemented, evaluated, and continuously improved in relation to a ne...
The role of melt pool behavior in free-jet melt spinning

The influence of melt pool behavior on the competition between the nucleation of crystalline solidification products and glass formation is examined for an Fe-Si-B alloy. High-speed imaging of the melt pool, analysis of ribbon microstructure, and measurement of ribbon geometry and surface character all indicate upper and lower limits for melt spinning (MS) rates for which fully amorphous ribbons can be achieved. Comparison of the relevant time scales reveals that surface-controlled melt pool oscillation may be the dominant factor governing the onset of unsteady thermal conditions accompanied by varying amounts of crystalline nucleation observed near the lower limit. At high rates, the influence of these oscillations is minimal due to very short melt pool residence times. However, microstructural evidence suggests that the entrapment of gas pockets at the wheel-metal interface may play a critical role in establishing the upper rate limit. An observed transition in wheel-side surface character with an increasing MS rate supports this contention.
Computational Modeling of Human Leukocyte

Leukocytes (white blood cells) occupy only about 1/600th of blood by volume [1,2]. However, in view of the fact that leukocytes are larger and much stiffer than red blood cells, their presence is critical to the fluid mechanics of blood flow in the peripheral blood vessels, where the vessel diameters are comparable to those of the cells. These circulating cells must navigate through narrow micro-capillaries and recover to their undeformed spherical shape. Leukocytes act as the first line of defense in fighting disease. Leukocyte recruitment for this role involves a series of steps, including margination to vessel walls, rolling, adhesion to the endothelium, activation and locomotion and extravasation through the vessel wall to the tissue, which is afflicted by the trauma. Because the leukocyte is stiff and difficult to deform it can plug occluded micro-capillaries, leading to events such as ischemic stroke. Furthermore, leukocyte agglomeration and subsequent emolization can have serious consequences in patients under trauma, causing organ loss or even fatalities due to ischemia reperfusion injury. In these various scenarios, the rheological behavior, i.e. the physics of deformation and recovery of leukocytes under a wide variety of imposed flows, is essential.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Measurement of thermal conductivity of building insulation foams by modulated differential scanning calorimetry — Critical review & observations

Abstract The rise in energy prices, the need to conserve energy and the pressure to protect the environment promote the development of innovative eco-friendly thermal insulating foams for building applications. In this quest, a rapid and accurate method to measure the thermal conductivity of new foams is required during the research and product development stage. Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) provides thermal conductivity values from heat capacity measurements on cylindrical samples less than about 20 mg in weight. This method is the basis of the ASTM E1952 standard method “Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry”. In this work, the MDSC and the ASTM E1952 test methods are applied to thermal insulating foams used in construction applications. Measurements on polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyisocyanurate insulations demonstrate that MDSC possesses excellent repeatability, but its application through ASTM E 1952 provides ...
Beyond Anarchy: The Importance of Security Institutions

Beyond Anarchy Security institutions are central to patterns of conict and cooperation within the international system.1 Although bipolarity would undoubtedly have brought the United States and the Soviet Union into competition anyway, the depth and length of the Cold War were exacerbated by the security institutions created after 1945. The Soviet Union’s informal empire in Eastern Europe threatened the West because it secured Moscow’s control over the region; a looser alliance in which each state could choose its own foreign policy and form of internal rule would have been far more fractious and diffuse than the solid bloc that emerged. The East-West conict evaporated in turn when this informal empire collapsed in 1989. Likewise, the ability of the United States to ght the 1991 Persian Gulf War depended crucially on the protectorate it established over the Gulf states, wherein they gave up their independent foreign policies and followed Washington’s lead in the crisis, and on the multilateral coalition it created to bind its own hands. Neither the Cold War nor U.S. hegemony in the Persian Gulf would have taken the form it did without the particular security institutions that lay at their core and eventually came to be among their most prominent characteristics. The search for how and to what extent international institutions “matter” has largely played out in the realm of international political economy.2 To the extent that scholars look for institutional effects, it is mostly at the level of universal or at least broad-based multilateral institutions in the areas of trade,
Step profiles predicted with the modified point-ion model for eight face-centered- and body-centered-cubic surfaces

Calculations of the multilayer relaxation of several open fcc and bcc surfaces have been carried out with the modified point-ion model that was shown earlier to provide satisfactory agreement with experiment for aluminum and iron. The surfaces considered here are the fcc {211}, {311}, {411}, {511}, and the bcc {210}, {310}, {410}, {510}, which have ordered step structures and different roughnesses. The relaxation values are given both in a surface-adapted coordinate system and in the bulk-crystal coordinate system; they are displayed in the form of step-profile distortions. The general trend confirms the edge-atom depression reported earlier by other authors and reveals an overall smoothing of the step profiles.
Basic assessment of the older cancer patient.

Cancer is a disease of the elderly (median age 67 in the US), and this is a population with a variable health status. Therefore, treating the older half of the cancer population will present the challenge of not only addressing tumor diversity (the side often referred to in “personalized cancer care” discussions), but patient diversity as well as the interaction between these two heterogeneities. In that sense, geriatric oncology is the ultimate personalized cancer care. In this article, we will address the recent updates in the basic assessment of the patient’s condition, and their implication for clinical and research use. The main progresses reported in the last couple of years pertain to geriatric screening tests, and to prediction of the tolerance to treatment. Some important data on the impact of comorbidities on cancer behavior have emerged, but the clinical implications of these data are still being sorted out. We recommend a two-step approach to the basic evaluation of the older cancer patient. First a short screening with a tested screening instrument. Then further work-up of the geriatric findings in parallel with the oncology work-up to define an integrated treatment plan.
Effect of nonstructural mass on debris impact demands: Experimental and simulation studies

Abstract Tsunamis, floods, and hurricane storm surge and waves generate debris such as shipping containers, trees, and vehicles. Impact forces imposed on buildings and bridges from such debris can lead to extensive structural damage. A reliable estimation of debris impact demands is vital for the safe design of structures against water-borne debris. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect that supplemental non-structural mass attached to debris has on the generated impact demands and to develop a simple model that accurately estimates the peak impact force, impulse, and duration. An experimental study is carried out on a loaded shipping container subjected to in-air axial impacts. A nonlinear dynamic finite element model of a standard shipping container including contents is developed and validated by comparing with the full-scale impact experiments. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of impact velocity, nonstructural mass attachment, and magnitude of payload mass during both elastic and inelastic axial impact of a shipping container. The results indicate that the peak impact force is not affected by a non-rigidly attached payload mass. The experimental data and simulation results are used to develop and justify a simplified method for estimating the impact force. The simplified method is found to provide an accurate estimate of debris impact demands.
Associative Memory Neural Networks With Concatenated Vectors

ABSTRACT The effects of vector concatenation as well as of eliminating the zero diagonal restriction of associative memory neural network matrices are analyzed. Extensive computer simulations seem to indicate that the use of concatenated vectors increases the storage capacity of the association matrices. L INTRODUCTION Recent interest in the analysis and implementation of outer product matrix memories1 "4 was triggered by Hopfield5 who presented a model for an associative content addressable memory and analyzed some of its properties. A flurry of papers has been coming out as a result of this interest, their emphasis being on both the fundamental properties of such associative memories, as for instance their storage capacity6"8 as well as architectures for optical implementations.9" 13In this present work we will look into the properties of outer-product matrix memories and will question, in particular, the role of the diagonal terms of such matrices. 2, THE HOPFIELD MODEL
Analytical Electrochemical Impedance Modeling of Li-Air Batteries under D.C. Discharge

An analytical impedance model and a small-signal equivalent circuit are derived for the impedance spectra of Li-air batteries with porous cathodes. The model takes into consideration the effects of the oxygen diffusion, double layer, and faradaic processes in the cathode and can be applied to Li-air batteries with organic and aqueous electrolytes operating under d.c. discharge. It is shown that the cathode of Li-air batteries can create two slightly asymmetrical semicircles on the Nyquist diagram: one at low frequencies, where the oxygen diffusion dominates the operation of the cell and one at medium frequencies due to the combined effects of the double-layer capacitance and faradaic processes. The second semicircle becomes negligibly small at low values of the cathode width oroxygenconcentration. Bothsemicircles candegenerate intoone large semicircle whenthe doublelayer capacitance is large enough and masks the effects of the faradaic processes, which happens at large values of the specific area of the cathode and double layer capacitance, or when the oxygen diffusion coefficient in the electrolyte is relatively large. They also degenerate into one semicircle when the porosity is decreased, for instance during the final period of the discharge of Li-air batteries with organic electrolyte, when the cathode is partly clogged with the deposit reaction products. The elements of the small-signal equivalent circuit are expressed in terms of the oxygen diffusion coefficient, oxygen concentration, discharge current, and other material and kinetic parameters, which make our model instrumental for extracting information about the material structure, reaction processes, and diffusion in the cathode. Based on the derived analytical results, we also propose a method to extract the effective value of the oxygen diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant from the experimental impedance spectra of the cells. A simplified small-signal equivalent circuit model is also presented. This model contains only elementary components such as resistors and capacitors and can be implemented numerically in circuit simulators.
Regulation of the renal angiotensin II receptor gene in acute unilateral ureteral obstruction

We have shown that acute (24-hr) unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induces the genes encoding for renin, in juxtaglomerular apparatuses and in tubules, for angiotensin converting enzyme in vascular endothelial cells, and for angiotensinogen in perivascular fat. These molecular changes occur in temporal association to marked reductions in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), suggesting that angiotensin II (Ang II) is at least partly responsible for the renal vasoconstriction. We tested the hypothesis that down-regulation of the Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1-R) gene occurs in UUO in response to Ang II, by examining the effects of an ACE inhibitor [lisinopril (Li), 5 mg/kg/day] and of the specific nonpeptidic AT1-R blocker, losartan (Lo) (10 mg/kg/day). UUO or sham operated (which included manipulation but not obstruction of the ureter) rats (S) were studied. Northern blot analysis of the steady state concentration of AT1-R mRNA corrected for GAPDH mRNA showed a marked decrease in receptor expression (-77%, N = 4, P < 0.01) in the obstructed kidney (UUO) compared to S; sham diminished gene expression modestly compared to the contralateral kidneys (C) of UUO. In situ hybridization for AT1-R mRNA also showed diminished expression in UUO compared to C kidneys (N = 4). Treatment of UUO rats (N = 4) with Lo increased AT1-R mRNA five times above the levels in UUO rats receiving vehicle; the increase induced by Li was 50% that of Lo; S (N = 4) and C (N = 4) did not change. Losartan, but not vehicle treatment increased RBF (sixfold) and GFR (fivefold) in the UUO kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Naturally occurring and induced neuronal death in the chick embryo in vivo requires protein and RNA synthesis: evidence for the role of cell death genes.

Treatment of chick embryos in ovo for 10–12 hr with inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis during the peak time of normal cell death (Embryonic Day 8) for motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion cells markedly reduces the number of degenerating neurons in these populations. The massive neuronal death induced by the early absence of the limbs was also blocked almost completely by these agents. Further, the death of neurons following peripheral axotomy at the end of the normal cell death period (Embryonic Day 10) was reduced significantly by treatment with inhibitors of biosynthetic reactions. These results indicate that, in vivo, naturally occurring neuronal death, neuronal death induced by the absence of peripheral targets, and axotomy-induced neuronal death later in development all require active gene expression and protein and RNA synthesis. Therefore, neuronal death in a variety of situations may reflect the expression of a developmental fate that can normally only be overridden or suppressed by specific environmental signals (e.g., neurotrophic molecules).
Influence of Balanced Motions on Heavy Precipitation within a Long-Lived Convectively Generated Vortex

Abstract The forcing of heavy precipitation within a long-lived convectively generated mesoscale vortex (MCV) is investigated with the aid of diagnoses from Rapid Update Cycle gridded analyses. Organized convection within the MCV followed a distinct diurnal cycle, which featured organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that matured overnight near the MCV center on successive days. The MCV was typically most intense in the middle troposphere, but intensified within the lower troposphere during the episodes of organized nocturnal convection. The lower-tropospheric vertical shear was an important organizing factor in MCS development and sustenance, in the sense that its interaction with the cold temperature anomaly beneath the MCV center determined where balanced lower-tropospheric ascent occurred. From trajectory analyses, we estimate that balanced ascent accounted for approximately half of the total vertical displacement of the thermodynamically unstable air that eventually composed elevated saturated...
The dose of caudal epidural analgesia and duration of postoperative analgesia.

Summary Background: Single dose caudal epidural is commonly utilized for postoperative analgesia in children. Previous studies have determined the optimal concentration of local anaesthetic, and the minimal volume to produce a desired dermatomal distribution. However, none has sought the optimal volume to administer. The specific aim of this study was to determine whether the volume of caudal epidural local anaesthetic influenced the duration of postoperative analgesia. Methods: Fifty-four children aged 1–6 years and ASAPS I-II scheduled for elective inguinal herniorraphy were enrolled in this randomized and blinded clinical trial. They received a standardized general anaesthetic with one of three possible doses of caudal epidural analgesic: 0.7, 1.0, or 1.3 ml·kg−1 of 0.175% bupivacaine with 1 : 200 000 epinephrine. The patients were assessed by blinded observers during in-hospital recovery and by parents at home. Results: The principal outcome measure of time until first postoperative analgesic requirement was similar between the groups (4.2, 3.6, and 4.8 h respectively). Other effects which might be altered by epidural analgesia, including time until first void, ambulation, and discharge readiness did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Increasing local anaesthetic dose and volume do not increase the duration of postoperative analgesia of caudal epidural in children undergoing inguinal herniorraphy.
Computer-assisted qualitative research.

The use of computer technology has emerged as a significant component in qualitative research methodology. This article differentiates between mechanical and conceptual activities in qualitative analysis and discusses the interplay between them. Advantages of computer technology in the mechanical activities of data management and concerns about the use of computer programs in conceptual/analytic activities are discussed. Guidelines for the judicious application of computers in qualitative research are outlined. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Locating and parsing bibliographic references in HTML medical articles

The set of references that typically appear toward the end of journal articles is sometimes, though not always, a field in bibliographic (citation) databases. But even if references do not constitute such a field, they can be useful as a preprocessing step in the automated extraction of other bibliographic data from articles, as well as in computer-assisted indexing of articles. Automation in data extraction and indexing to minimize human labor is key to the affordable creation and maintenance of large bibliographic databases. Extracting the components of references, such as author names, article title, journal name, publication date and other entities, is therefore a valuable and sometimes necessary task. This paper describes a two-step process using statistical machine learning algorithms, to first locate the references in HTML medical articles and then to parse them. Reference locating identifies the reference section in an article and then decomposes it into individual references. We formulate this step as a two-class classification problem based on text and geometric features. An evaluation conducted on 500 articles drawn from 100 medical journals achieves near-perfect precision and recall rates for locating references. Reference parsing identifies the components of each reference. For this second step, we implement and compare two algorithms. One relies on sequence statistics and trains a Conditional Random Field. The other focuses on local feature statistics and trains a Support Vector Machine to classify each individual word, followed by a search algorithm that systematically corrects low confidence labels if the label sequence violates a set of predefined rules. The overall performance of these two reference-parsing algorithms is about the same: above 99% accuracy at the word level, and over 97% accuracy at the chunk level.
Microwave-Supported Discharges:

A review is presented on the historical, fundamental, and practical aspects of microwave-induced plasmas (MIP) and their application to spectrochemical analysis. In particular, the mechanism of formation and stabilization of a microwave discharge is explored and possible excitation processes involving analyte atoms are described. Conditions under which a MIP can be operated are delineated and instrumentation necessary for MIP spectroscopy is described in detail. Methods for sample introduction into a MIP are reviewed and evaluated critically and the performance of MIP sources in real sample determinations is evaluated. Overall, the MIP appears to be a highly promising and under-utilized source in atomic spectrometry.
Detection of disparity motion by the human observer.

ABSTRACT A single-line stimulus in a context-free visual environment presented for 250 msec needs to move with a disparity velocity of 25 to 45 min of arc/s before the direction of depth motion can be correctly identified. Presence of a pair of flanking line stimuli improves this value severalfold, but even then the threshold is 18 to 28 times higher than for the detection of a static disparity difference.
A versatile apparatus for performing anaerobic optical titrations with provision for multiple sampling of the reaction mixture.

Abstract An all-glass device sultable for the oxido-reductive titrations of air-sensitive compounds is deseribed. The device has a provision for monltoring the optical spectrum and for sampling the reaction mixture with direct transfers of the sample into electron-paramagnetic resonance sample tubes. The performance of the device is evaluated and an example of its use is given.
Melanocyte stimulating hormone and MSH/ACTH4–10 reduce tonic immobility in the lizard

Abstract Seventy lizards were injected with either α-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone), MSH/ACTH 4–10 (the behaviorally active segment of MSH and ACTH), MIF-I (MSH release inhibiting factor), or corticosterone. Duration of tonic immobility (TI) was decreased by MSH and MSH/ACTH 4–10 , whereas lizards receiving the other hormones were no different from controls. No significant changes in body temperature resulted from the hormones, and skin darkening produced by MSH had no indirect effect on TI. MSH and MSH/ACTH 4–10 may affect neural activation and fear-reduction.
The community adaptation schedule and the adjective check list: A validational study with psychiatric impatients and outpatients.

The Community Adaptation Schedule (CAS) and the Adjective Check List (ACL) were administered to 23 mental health clinic outpatients and 23 state psychiatric hospital inpatients in order to replicate a CAS developmental study and to elaborate further the construct validity of the CAS. Neither the CAS nor the ACL were particularly successful in differentiating the two groups. The CAS did correlate with the ACL in a meaningful pattern. The results are discussed in terms of the validity and usefulness of the CAS.
Ascl3 knockout and cell ablation models reveal complexity of salivary gland maintenance and regeneration.

Expression of the transcription factor, Ascl3, marks a population of adult progenitor cells, which can give rise to both acinar and duct cell types in the murine salivary glands. Using a previously reported Ascl3EGFP-Cre/+ knock-in strain, we demonstrate that Ascl3-expressing cells represent a molecularly distinct, and proliferating population of progenitor cells located in salivary gland ducts. To investigate both the role of the Ascl3 transcription factor, and the role of the cells in which it is expressed, we generated knockout and cell-specific ablation models. Ascl3 knockout mice develop smaller salivary glands than wild type littermates, but secrete saliva normally. They display a lower level of cell proliferation, consistent with their smaller size. In the absence of Ascl3, the cells maintain their progenitor function and continue to generate both acinar and duct cells. To directly test the role of the progenitor cells, themselves, in salivary gland development and regeneration, we used Cre-activated expression of diphtheria toxin (DTA) in the Ascl3-expressing (Ascl3+) cell population, resulting in specific cell ablation of Ascl3+ cells. In the absence of the Ascl3+ progenitor cells, the mice developed morphologically normal, albeit smaller, salivary glands able to secrete saliva. Furthermore, in a ductal ligation model of salivary gland injury, the glands of these mice were able to regenerate acinar cells. Our results indicate that Ascl3+ cells are active proliferating progenitors, but they are not the only precursors for salivary gland development or regeneration. We conclude that maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the salivary gland must involve more than one progenitor cell population.
Differential Trafficking of Oxidized LDL and Oxidized LDL Immune Complexes in Macrophages: Impact on Oxidative Stress

Background Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and oxLDL-containing immune complexes (oxLDL-IC) contribute to formation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells). It has been shown that oxLDL-IC are considerably more efficient than oxLDL in induction of foam cell formation, inflammatory cytokines secretion, and cell survival promotion. Whereas oxLDL is taken up by several scavenger receptors, oxLDL-IC are predominantly internalized through the FCγ receptor I (FCγ RI). This study examined differences in intracellular trafficking of lipid and apolipoprotein moieties of oxLDL and oxLDL-IC and the impact on oxidative stress. Methodology/Findings Fluorescently labeled lipid and protein moieties of oxLDL co-localized within endosomal and lysosomal compartments in U937 human monocytic cells. In contrast, the lipid moiety of oxLDL-IC was detected in the endosomal compartment, whereas its apolipoprotein moiety advanced to the lysosomal compartment. Cells treated with oxLDL-IC prior to oxLDL demonstrated co-localization of internalized lipid moieties from both oxLDL and oxLDL-IC in the endosomal compartment. This sequential treatment likely inhibited oxLDL lipid moieties from trafficking to the lysosomal compartment. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, oxLDL-IC but not oxLDL induced GFP-tagged heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and HSP70B', which co-localized with the lipid moiety of oxLDL-IC in the endosomal compartment. This suggests that HSP70 family members might prevent the degradation of the internalized lipid moiety of oxLDL-IC by delaying its advancement to the lysosome. The data also showed that mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was increased in U937 cell treated with oxLDL compared to oxLDL-IC. Conclusions/Significance Findings suggest that lipid and apolipoprotein moieties of oxLDL-IC traffic to separate cellular compartments, and that HSP70/70B' might sequester the lipid moiety of oxLDL-IC in the endosomal compartment. This mechanism could ultimately influence macrophage function and survival. Furthermore, oxLDL-IC might regulate the intracellular trafficking of free oxLDL possibly through the induction of HSP70/70B'.
Clinical faceoff: Neutrally versus kinematically aligned TKA.

While the number of primary TKAs completed in the United States is expected to increase dramatically in the years to come, approximately 20% of patients undergoing primary TKA are dissatisfied with the procedure [5, 11]. As such, substantial healthcare resources have been devoted to the development and use of patient-specific instrumentation (PSI), computer navigation, robotics, and other tools that help achieve a neutrally aligned TKA in the coronal plane [1, 2, 14]. On the other hand, some investigators support a different approach: The concept of a kinematically aligned TKA [6, 8–10]. In general terms, a neutrally aligned TKA cuts the distal femur and proximal tibia 90° to the respective mechanical axes, while a kinematically aligned TKA incorporates 3° of varus into the tibia and an additional 3° of valgus into the femur. However, there remains considerable controversy in this area, in large measure because of a relative paucity of research comparing the approaches. As such, I have invited two internationally known experts to discuss these two approaches to obtaining a well-aligned TKA – the neutrally aligned and kinematically aligned techniques.
Importance of Cr2O3 layer for growth of carbon nanotubes on superalloys

Abstract We present a detailed investigation of the formation of stable catalyst particles on Inconel substrates, an important step in the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes on these substrates. The chemical nature of the interaction of catalyst and substrate was investigated using XPS, high-resolution cross-sectional TEM, and EDS studies. The results indicate that Cr 2 O 3 , an electrically conductive oxide, plays an important role in stabilizing nanoclusters of Fe catalyst under typical growth conditions. The nature of growth on a number of other superalloys is also presented and is examined with respect to their chemical composition.
Mapping the feel of the arm with the sight of the object: on the embodied origins of infant reaching.

For decades, the emergence and progression of infant reaching was assumed to be largely under the control of vision. More recently, however, the guiding role of vision in the emergence of reaching has been downplayed. Studies found that young infants can reach in the dark without seeing their hand and that corrections in infants’ initial hand trajectories are not the result of visual guidance of the hand, but rather the product of poor movement speed calibration to the goal. As a result, it has been proposed that learning to reach is an embodied process requiring infants to explore proprioceptively different movement solutions, before they can accurately map their actions onto the intended goal. Such an account, however, could still assume a preponderant (or prospective) role of vision, where the movement is being monitored with the scope of approximating a future goal-location defined visually. At reach onset, it is unknown if infants map their action onto their vision, vision onto their action, or both. To examine how infants learn to map the feel of their hand with the sight of the object, we tracked the object-directed looking behavior (via eye-tracking) of three infants followed weekly over an 11-week period throughout the transition to reaching. We also examined where they contacted the object. We find that with some objects, infants do not learn to align their reach to where they look, but rather learn to align their look to where they reach. We propose that the emergence of reaching is the product of a deeply embodied process, in which infants first learn how to direct their movement in space using proprioceptive and haptic feedback from self-produced movement contingencies with the environment. As they do so, they learn to map visual attention onto these bodily centered experiences, not the reverse. We suggest that this early visuo-motor mapping is critical for the formation of visually-elicited, prospective movement control.
Segmentation And Classification Of Textured Images Using 2-D Stochastic Models

In this paper, methods for supervised classification and unsupervised segmentation of textured images are presented. A class of two-dimensional, stochastic, non-causal, linear models known as Simultaneous Autoregressive (SAR) random field models is used to characterize texture in a local neighborhood N. The maximum likelihood esti-mates of the model parameters denoted by fN, are selected as textural features. An efficient method for selection of a N (i.e. order of the model) which produces powerful features is presented. It relies on visual examination and comparison of images synthesized using fN. A 08% correct classification rate is obtained in supervised experiments involving nine different types of natural textures and utiliz-ing features selected by this technique. These features are also used for unsupervised texture segmentation, i.e. divid-ing an image into regions of similar texture when no apriori knowledge about the types and number of textures in the underlying image is available. Textural edges (borders between differently textured regions) are located where sud-den changes in local textural features happen. The image is scanned by a small size window and SAR features are extracted from the region encompassed by each window. Abrupt changes in the features of neighboring windows are detected and mapped back to the spatial domain to yield the sought after textural edges. A method for automatic selection of the size of the scanning window is presented. Instead of one window, two windows whose sizes differ by a few pixels are utilized and the common resulting edges are used. Parallel implementation of the segmentation algo-rithm is discussed. The goodness of the technique is demonstrated through experimental studies.
The Safe Zone for Hip Arthroscopy: A Cadaveric Assessment of Central, Peripheral, and Lateral Compartment Portal Placement

Purpose: This study evaluated 11 arthroscopic portals (4 central, 4 peripheral, and 3 peritrochanteric) with regard to their proximity to neurovascular structures and the extra-articular path taken before entering their intended compartments. Methods: We established 11 standard portals in 10 cadaveric hips, under arthroscopic and fluoroscopic visualization, using 3/16-inch Steinmann pins. Each hip was dissected, and the relation of the pins to the pertinent anatomy was recorded to the nearest 1 mm. Results: Only 2 of the 11 portals, the anterior and midanterior portals, came within 2 cm of a neurovascular structure before entering their respective compartments. The anterior portal placed the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve at risk, lying at a mean of 15.4 mm (range, 1 to 28 mm) away. The midanterior portal lies a mean of 19.2 mm (range, 5 to 42 mm) from the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. In addition, a small terminal branch of this artery courses a mean of 14.7 mm (range, 2 to 33 mm) and 10.1 mm (range, 1 to 23 mm) from the anterior portal and midanterior portal, respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that 11 arthroscopic portals can be safely inserted into the central, peripheral, and peritrochanteric compartments of the hip. The midanterior and anterior portals pass in close proximity to a small terminal branch of the ascending lateral circumflex femoral artery. The greatest risk still comes from the proximity of the anterior portal to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. However, a slightly more lateral location seems to provide substantial benefits. Clinical Relevance: This study investigated 11 arthroscopic hip portals inserted in a standardized fashion. This knowledge should help surgeons place the necessary portals both safely and accurately.