cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Decision Making in Critical Care

Critical care practitioners need to make accurate and appropriate decisions in a timely manner in situations where there is a high degree of stress and uncertainty and when patients possess little physiologic reserve. Diagnostic decisions in acute care disciplines often commit patients to therapeutic strategies that can be harmful if not correct. Diagnoses and related decisions surround our practice at every moment; however, the schemes our minds use to make these judgments are probably the aspect of medical care that we understand the least. Diagnostic reasoning involves the use of both conscious and subconscious processes, the blend of which depends on the experience of the clinician and the familiarity of the situation. Factors such as overconfidence, fatigue, and time pressure can create an overreliance on intuition when there may be insufficient expertise to justify its use.1,2 Patient harm can result from both errors of commission (for example, wrong diagnosis made, improper therapy given) and omission (not fully appreciating the extent of a patient’s illness and failing to act quickly). Thus, diagnostic reasoning involves both the making of formal diagnoses as well as the formulation of general impressions (rapid deterioration, poor respiratory reserve, etc.) that form the basis of action. This paper will review some of the current concepts of reasoning and their applicability to critical care. With a better understanding of cognitive processes, we can take further steps by designing better error prevention strategies and assessing them experimentally.
Effect of Delayed Maturity and Carcass Fat on Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeder Pullets

Abstract MOST experiments involving restricted feeding of pullets show an increased productivity and egg size when sexual maturity is delayed sufficiently (Fuller and Dunahoo, 1962; Bletner, 1963; Strain et al., 1965). The increase is usually manifested by a shortening of time required to achieve peak production and maximum egg size and a sustained higher rate of production. Since restricted feeding results in both delayed maturity and a leaner carcass, it is logical to question which of these phenomena exerts the greatest influence on the productivity of pullets. There may also be a confounding seasonal effect. Bruins (1958) was able to increase the productive life of hens by various methods of restriction during the growing period even though there was little delay in sexual maturity. In his experiments extremely high temperatures were encountered shortly after housing the pullets and this was accompanied by increased mortality among the full-fed groups. He attributed this…
Pear Psylla: Population Suppression Through Host Plant Modification Using Daminozide

Two applications of the plant growth regulator daminozide at 2000 ppm, timed approximately 30 and 50 days following full bloom of Bartlett pears, resulted in reduced terminal shoot growth and subsequently in lowered pear psylla ( Psylla pyricola Foerster) nymphal densities, and in reduced honeydew fruit damage. Over a 3-yr. peroid shoot growth was reduced an average of 33%, psylla nymph density and damaged fruit were reduced 35 and 57% respectively, compared to the untreated check.
EFFECT ANNLYSIS OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON ANEMIA IN WOMEN IN LANSHAN DISTRICT

Objective To survey the situation of women with anemia and their knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP) about iron deficiency and NaFeDTA fortified soy sauce in Lanshan District,and to explore the effective approach to 79.00%health education.Methods Methods Health education on iron deficiency and NaFeDTA fortified soy sauce in women in Lanshan District was conducted and lasted for one year.The random cluste sampling was used to choose some adult women in Lanshan District to detect their hemoglobin level,and their KAP about iron deficiency and NaFeEDTA fortified soy sauce before and after the interventions was surveyed by questionnaires,and then the intervention effect of community health education was evaluated.Results Before the intervention,the incidence of anemia was 38.63%,the ratio of women's average knowledge about iron deficiency and NaFeDTA fortified soy sauce was 60.95%,the rate of positive attitude was 79.00% and the percentage of using NaFeDTA fortified soy sauce was 29.75%.After the interventions,the incidence of anemia was 27.79%,the average correct answer rate of women's knowledge about iron deficiency and NaFeDTA fortified soy sauce was 89.65%,the rate of positive attitude was 93.25% and the percentage of using NaFeDTA fortified soy sauce was 66.25%.There existed significant difference before and after the interventions(P0.01).The index number of intervention was more than one.Conclusion Health education can effectively improve people's KAP about iron deficiency and NaFeEDTA fortified soy sauce and can reduce the incidence of anemia.
Microwave Processing of the Aggregate Used in Making Concrete

AbstractA domestic microwave oven operating at 2450 MHz is used to study the microwave processing of the aggregate used in making concrete. The objective of the processing is to reduce an undesirable element in the mixture, in this case shale, to a size where it may be readily removed. The results indicate that this method holds promise, but that higher power levels are needed.
Moderate drinkers may not have reduced risk of all-cause mortality: a lifecourse perspective

Commentary on: Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, et al. Do “Moderate” drinkers have reduced mortality risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016;77:185–98[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3]. There has been ongoing debate regarding the health benefits from low-dose consumption of alcohol. The ascertainment of the claimed health benefits from low-dose drinking has important implications for the development of clinical guidelines for alcohol use, the overall assessment of alcohol-attributable disease burden and, more generally, the development of alcohol policies to reduce such burden. In particular, epidemiological and meta-analytic evidence have yielded contrasting results when studies excluded former and occasional drinkers from the abstainer group.1 ,2 An individual's lifecourse pattern of alcohol consumption often changes dramatically. As people age, they are likely to become weaker or ill, reduce drinking or quit entirely, resulting in a … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BStud%2BAlcohol%2BDrugs%26rft.volume%253D77%26rft.spage%253D185%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.15288%252Fjsad.2016.77.185%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26997174%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26997174&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F21%2F5%2F194.atom
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels in asthma–COPD overlap syndrome: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2012

Purpose Recent studies propose TH2-mediated inflammation in patients with asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS). However, little is known about whether fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) differs between patients with ACOS and those with COPD alone. To address this knowledge gap, a nationally representative sample was analyzed to determine the difference in FeNO levels between patients with ACOS and those with COPD alone in the US population.
Taurine and BAER Maturation

A blinded randomized trial of taurine supplementation of preterm infants was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio.
Near-membrane electric field calcium ion dehydration

Abstract The dehydration of ion-water complexes prior to ion channel transit has focused on channel protein-mediated dissociation of water. Ion dehydration by the membrane electric field has not previously been considered. Near membrane electric fields have previously been shown to cause the disassociation of non-covalently bound small molecule-small molecule, small molecule-protein, and protein–protein complexes. It is well known that cosmotropic, structure making ions such as calcium and sodium significantly bind multiple water ions in solution. It is also known that these ions are often not hydrated as they pass through membrane ion channels. Using capillary electrophoresis, the range of electric fields needed to strip water molecules from calcium ions has been measured. Ion migration velocity is a linear function of the electric field. At low electric fields, the migration rate of calcium ion was shown to be linearly related to the applied electric field. Using a form of the Stoke's equation applicable to ion migration, the hydrated calcium radius was found to be 0.334 nm, corresponding to a water hydration shell of 5.09 water molecules. At higher electric fields, the slope of the calcium migration velocity as a function of the electric field increased, which was modeled as a decrease in the radius of the migrating ion as the water was removed. Using a tanh function to model the transition of the ion from a hydrated to a stripped state, the transition had a midpoint at 446 V/cm, and was 88% complete at 587 V/cm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The migration velocity of the stripped calcium ion was found to be a function of both the decrease in radius and an increase in the effective, electronic viscosity of the dipole medium through which the dehydrated ion moved. The size of the electric field needed to dehydrate calcium occurs 6–7 nm from the cell membrane. Calcium ions within this distance from the membrane will be devoid of water molecules when they reach the calcium selective channel pore entrances, all known to be approximately 1–2 nm from the membrane. No matter what the calcium pore structure, calcium ions reaching the channel entrance will be devoid of a water shell.
Simulation and analysis framework for cyber-physical systems

This paper describes a unified framework for the simulation and analysis of cyber physical systems (CPSs). The framework relies on the FreeBSD-based IMUNES network simulator. Components of the CPS are modeled as nodes within the IMUNES network simulator; nodes that communicate using real TCP/IP traffic. Furthermore, the simulated system can be exposed to other networks and the Internet to make it look like a real SCADA system. The frame-work has been used to simulate a TRIGA nuclear reactor. This is accomplished by creating nodes within the IMUNES network capable of running system modules simulating different CPS components. Nodes communicate using MODBUS/TCP, a widely used process control protocol. A goal of this work is to eventually integrate the simulator with a honeynet. This allows researchers to not only simulate a digital control system using real TCP/IP traffic to test control strategies and network topologies, but also to explore possible cyber attacks and mitigation strategies.
Robust Control of Distillation Columns

Abstract Ill-conditioned plants are generally believed to be difficult to control. Using a high-purity distillation column as an example, the physical reason for the poor conditioning and its implications on control system design and performance are explained. It is shown that an acceptable performance/robustness trade-off cannot be obtained by simple loop-shaping techniques (via singular values) and that a good understanding of the model uncertainty is essential for robust control system design. Physically motivated uncertainty desciptions (actuator uncertainty) are translated into the H ∞ /Structured Singular Value framework, which is demonstrated to be a powerful tool to analyze and understand the complex phenomena.
The Effect of Hearing Loss on Novel Word Learning in Infant- and Adult-Directed Speech.

Objectives Relatively little is known about how young children with hearing impairment (HI) learn novel words in infant- and adult-directed speech (ADS). Infant-directed speech (IDS) supports word learning in typically developing infants relative to ADS. This study examined how children with normal hearing (NH) and children with HI learn novel words in IDS and ADS. It was predicted that IDS would support novel word learning in both groups of children. In addition, children with HI were expected to be less proficient word learners as compared with their NH peers. Design A looking-while-listening paradigm was used to measure novel word learning in 16 children with sensorineural HI (age range 23.2 to 42.1 months) who wore either bilateral hearing aids (n = 10) or bilateral cochlear implants (n = 6) and 16 children with NH (age range 23.1 to 42.1 months) who were matched for gender, chronological age, and maternal education level. Two measures of word learning were assessed (accuracy and reaction time). Each child participated in two experiments approximately 1 week apart, one in IDS and one in ADS. Results Both groups successfully learned the novel words in both speech type conditions, as evidenced by children looking at the correct picture significantly above chance. As a group, children with NH outperformed children with HI in the novel word learning task; however, there were no significant differences between performance on IDS versus ADS. More fine-grained time course analyses revealed that children with HI, and particularly children who use hearing aids, had more difficulty learning novel words in ADS, compared with children with NH. Conclusions The pattern of results observed in the children with HI suggests that they may need extended support from clinicians and caregivers, through the use of IDS, during novel word learning. Future research should continue to focus on understanding the factors (e.g., device type and use, age of intervention, audibility, acoustic characteristics of input, etc.) that may influence word learning in children with HI in both IDS and ADS.
Recurrent Soft Palate Cancer

FDG PET/MR imaging is useful in the follow-up of patients receiving treatment for oropharyngeal cancer. PET imaging adds accuracy to evaluation when there are treatment-related changes on MRI.
A racial classification for medical genetics

In the early 2000s, Esteban Burchard and his colleagues defended a controversial route to the view that there’s a racial classification of people that’s (epistemically) useful in medicine. The route, which I call ‘Burchard’s route,’ is arguing that there’s a racial classification of people that’s useful in medicine because, roughly, there’s a racial classification with medically relevant genetic differentiation (Risch et al. in Genome Biol 1–12, 2002; Burchard et al. in N Engl J Med 348(12):1170–1175, 2003). While almost all scholars engaged in this debate agree that there’s a racial classification of people that’s useful in medicine in some way, there’s tremendous controversy over whether any racial scheme is useful in medicine because there are medically relevant genetic differences among those races (Yudell et al. in Science 351(6273): 564–565, 2016). The goal of this paper will be to show that Burchard’s route is basically correct. However, I will use a slightly different argument than Burchard et al.’s in order to provide a firmer foundation for the thesis, both metaphysically and genetically. I begin by reviewing Burchard’s route and its critics. Second, I present an original argument for establishing Burchard et al.’s conclusion using a Burchard-like route. I call it ‘Spencer’s route’. I reply to major objections along the way, and I end with a summary.
Developing intercultural competencies through virtual reality: Internet of Things applications in education and learning

The 21st century workplace is an increasingly intercultural and collaborative environment. As a result, soft skills are being recognized as deficient in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) graduates. Our program, Purdue Polytechnic Leadership Academy seeks to improve essential workplace skills for STEM students through virtual reality (VR) simulations that immerse students in intercultural leadership case studies. Experiencing something from a distance is a new type of collaborative technology enabled by the internet of things known as telehora. Students will actively participate in the virtual environment, both responding to and looking around in the virtual environment. Students will experience firsthand how the choices they make within the modules change the outcomes of the case. Once developed, the modules can be deployed in traditional and online classrooms or as self-study. The modules can be scaled to provide a safe and replicable experience for large student cohorts, with potential to expand to multiple universities and industry. Students are unable to gain these experiences through formal education by other means, making the experiences good candidates for VR application. Virtual reality combined with sensors for emotion tracking represent a novel educational application of Internet of Things hardware. We will compare efficacy of high-cost VR hardware to low-cost VR and traditional computers, examining how student engagement and outcomes are affected by the different delivery mediums, thereby contributing to our understanding of these novel technologies. Research methods will include measures of intercultural competence, tolerance for ambiguity, facial emotion detection, and a combination of galvanic skin response and electromyography. This data triangulation will provide insights into the effectiveness of the interventions on traditional outcomes and give researchers a better understanding of emotion's role in intercultural leadership interactions. The provides an immersive and safe learning environment for students to participate in intercultural leadership scenarios that cannot be replicated in traditional classrooms.
Grundgesetz und Wirtschaftssystem

Im Gegensatz zu Max Weber, der jeden Versuch zuruckgewiesen hatte, die Re-gelhaftigkeit des sozialen Lebens in Rechtsregeln einzufangen, wird heute ein Gestaltungsauftrag des Staates gegenuber der Wirtschaft auch in der Wirtschaftswissenschaft anerkannt, wenn man von den ersten beiden Phasen der klassischen Nationalokonomie absieht1. Die besonderen Probleme allerdings, die mit einer staatlichen Einflusnahme auf eine Marktwirtschaft aufgeworfen werden, diskutiert die Wirtschaftswissenschaft erst seit dem Ende der zwanziger Jahre. Bahnbrechend hierfur war das Werk von Braun 2, Die eigentliche Schnittstelle zwischen wirtschaftspolitischen Ordnungsvorstellungen und rechtswissenschaftlichen Institutio-nalisierungsbemuhungen bildet aber historisch gesehen erst die Ordnungsidee der Liberalen. Sehr schnell stellte sich namlich heraus, das eine idealtypisch gedachte freie “Verkehrswirtschaft”, in der die Privaten die Plane machen und in der Koordinierungsprobleme uber den Preis gelost werden, ohne eine rechtliche Absicherung des Wettbewerbs, der zur “staatlichen Veranstaltung” (Miksch) wird, nicht bestehen kann. Das Recht wird so zum naturlichen Verbundeten einer Wirtschaftslehre, die eine “ordnungspolitische Gesamtentscheidung” fur eine vollstandige Konkurrenzwirtschaft treffen will, die es gegen wirtschaftliche Machtgruppen und Monopolisierungstendenzen abzusichern gilt.
Four categories of change strategies for transforming undergraduate instruction

Although decades of research have identified effective instructional practices for improving student learning in college and university courses, these practices are not widely implemented. Scholars in several distinct fields are interested in promoting these practices and have engaged in research on pedagogical change. This chapter presents the initial results of a comprehensive literature review. The authors undertook an examination of 130 randomly chosen journal articles from a set of 295 that were identified as addressing change in the instructional practices of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Based on this literature review, four core categories of strategies for change were identified: disseminating curriculum and pedagogy, developing reflective teachers, developing policy, and developing shared visions. The use of particular types of strategies for change differs by field in important ways and has implications for the success of the effort to bring about a change. Common weaknesses in the body of literature are also identified; these include a lack of connection to other literature on the topic of change and a lack of presented data to support claims of success or failure with respect to the strategies for change.
Lysosomes in Turnover and Modulation

A balanced discussion of the turnover of cells and of macromolecules under normal conditions, would take us far afield of our major topic and into questions of the regulation of macromolecule synthesis, cell division and so forth. Such broad ranging perspectives are reflected in some recent publications concerning turnover at one or another level of cell organization (see e.g., Cameron and Trasher 1971, Goldberg and Dice 1974, Poole 1971, Rechcigl 1971 a, Schimek 1973). We will restrict ourselves to degradative aspects of turnover and particularly to determining how lysosomes might fit in. One might expect lysosomes to play an essential role in turnover since these organelles represent the major intracellular sites of the known appropriate enzymes (Poole and De Duve 1973). This is not to imply that nonlysosomal enzymes are not at all involved. But the specificities of the few relevant non-lysosomal suspects, such as the dipeptidase that is present in the “cystol” fraction of cells (Barrett and Dingle 1971, Marks and Lajtha 1970, McDonald et al. 1971, Peters 1970) suggest that their roles are ancillary 10. Despite such considerations, direct demonstration of lysosomal participation in turnover has been possible chiefly for materials that function in extracellular locations and are destroyed through endocytosis. Even for these components we know much less than might be expected, especially about the mechanisms through which molecules come to be “selected” for destruction. And, the involvement of lysosomes in normal breakdown of intracellular materials is still a contentious matter.
Colloidal Chemistry in Molten Salts: Synthesis of Luminescent In1–xGaxP and In1–xGaxAs Quantum Dots

Control of composition, stoichiometry, and defects in colloidal quantum dots (QDs) of III–V semiconductors has proven to be difficult due to their covalent character. Whereas the synthesis of colloidal indium pnictides such as InP, InAs, and InSb has made significant progress, gallium-containing colloidal III–V QDs still remain largely elusive. Gallium pnictides represent an important class of semiconductors due to their excellent optoelectronic properties in the bulk; however, the difficulty with the synthesis of gallium-containing colloidal III–V QDs has largely prohibited their exploration as solution-processed semiconductors. Here we introduce molten inorganic salts as high-temperature solvents for the synthesis and manipulation of III–V QDs. We demonstrate cation exchange reactions on presynthesized InP and InAs QDs to form In1–xGaxP and In1–xGaxAs QDs at temperatures above 380 °C. This approach produces novel ternary alloy QDs with controllable compositions that show size- and composition-dependent ...
Phenological mismatch with trees reduces wildflower carbon budgets

Interacting species can respond differently to climate change, causing unexpected consequences. Many understorey wildflowers in deciduous forests leaf out and flower in the spring when light availability is the highest before overstorey canopy closure. Therefore, different phenological responses by understorey and overstorey species to increased spring temperature could have significant ecological implications. Pairing contemporary data with historical observations initiated by Henry David Thoreau (1850s), we found that overstorey tree leaf out is more responsive to increased spring temperature than understorey wildflower phenology, resulting in shorter periods of high light in the understorey before wildflowers are shaded by tree canopies. Because of this overstorey-understorey mismatch, we estimate that wildflower spring carbon budgets in the northeastern United States were 12-26% larger during Thoreau's era and project a 10-48% reduction during this century. This underappreciated phenomenon may have already reduced wildflower fitness and could lead to future population declines in these ecologically important species.
Effects of sample size, dry ashing temperature and duration on determination of ash content in algae and other biomass

Abstract Many reported methods on ash analysis by dry ashing vary greatly in ashing conditions, making results incomparable. The present study investigated effects of sample size (1, 4 g), ashing temperature (550, 600 °C) and duration (6, 16 h) on ash measurement of 13 algae and 4 non-algae (grains, soymeal, forage) samples under a factorial model. Results show that for most biomass both temperature and duration affected ash measurement significantly (p
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy detects biochemical changes during C. elegans lifespan

Abstract This study reports on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy imaging to investigate biochemical changes occurring during C. elegans lifespan. C. elegans wild-type (N2) and the tub-1 mutant strain were cultured in agar plates. FTIR imaging was performed on single worms in transmission mode at day 8, 11, and 15. Principal component analysis was then performed to analyze the spectra acquired during C. elegans lifespan. The FTIR spectra were clustered in three groups corresponding to the spectra acquired from the worms at day 8, 11, and 15. The results showed major changes in lipids (vibration 1744 cm−1 assigned to C O stretching) and proteins (vibrations 1648 cm−1 assigned to C O stretching of amide I and 1548 cm−1 assigned to N H bending and C–N stretching in amid II). The vibration assigned to glycogen around 1155 cm−1 was present in the spectra acquired at day 8 and 11 but the peak area decreased by 49.3% and 73.3% in the spectra acquired at day 15 respectively from WT(N2) and tub-1 mutant strain. Furthermore, PC-1 loadings as a function of wavenumbers show that the presence of the vibration 1698 cm−1, attributed to antiparallel β-sheet, could indicate the formation of lipofuscin. The results obtained demonstrate that FTIR imaging could be used as a tool to monitor biochemical changes during lifespan studies, which could bring additional information to our understanding of longevity.
Upper Airway Stimulation Response in Older Adults with Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of age on safety, efficacy, and usage of upper airway stimulation (UAS).Study DesignMulticenter observational study.SettingThirteen US hospitals and 3 German hospitals.Subjects and MethodsThe ADHERE registry is a multicenter database enrolling patients undergoing UAS implantation from October 2016 to April 2018. Outcome measures included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), therapy usage, and complications. Data were segmented by age (<65 vs ≥65 years).ResultsYounger adults (n = 365) were a mean ± SD 52.7 ± 7.9 years old and 82% male, with a body mass index of 29.6 ± 3.8. Older adults (n = 235) were 71.1 ± 4.8 years old and 71% male, with a body mass index of 28.8 ± 3.8. Baseline AHI was similar (younger, 36.2 ± 15.9; older, 36.1 ± 14.8). Both groups had lower AHI at 12 months versus baseline (P < .001), but the older group showed a greater reduction (7.6 ± 6.9 vs 11.9 ± 13.4, P = .01). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score decreased from 12.3 ± 5.4 to 7.1...
Dynamics of water in real space and time

Owing to marked advances in instrumentation in X-ray and neutron scattering the time-dependent pair correlation function, the Van Hove function, can now be determined by inelastic X-ray and neutron...
Size, Composition, and Support-Doping Effects on Oxygen Reduction Activity of Platinum-Alloy and on non-Platinum Metal-Decorated-Graphene Nanocatalysts

ABSTRACT Recent investigations reported in the open literature concerning the functionalization of graphene as a support material for transition metal nanoparticle catalysts have examined isolated systems for their potential Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) activity. In this work we present results which characterize the ability to use functionalized graphene (via dopants B, N) to upshift and downshift the adsorption energy of mono-atomic oxygen, O*, (the ORR activity descriptor on ORR Volcano Plots) for various compositions of 4-atom, 7- atom, and 19-atom sub-nanometer binary alloy/intermetallic transition metal nanoparticle catalysts on graphene (TMNP-MDG). Our results show several important and interesting features: 1) that the combination of geometric and electronic effects makes development of simple linear mixing rules for size/composition difficult; 2) that the transition from 4- to 7- to 19-atom TMNP on MDG has pronounced effects on ORR activity for all compositions; 3) that the use of B and N as dopants to modulate the graphene-TMNP electronic structure interaction can cause shifts in the oxygen adsorption energy of 0.5 eV or more; 4) that it might be possible to make specific doped- graphene-NixCuy TMNP systems which fall close to the Volcano Peak for ORR. Our results point to systems which should be investigated experimentally and may improve the viability of future fuel cell or other ORR applications, and provide new paths for future investigations of more detail for TMNP-MDG screening.
Thin-film based passive RFID sensor tag for detection of packaged food volatiles

Abstract In this paper, a near-field wireless thin-film coated RFID compatible sensor tag is presented for profiling packaged food volatiles at room temperature. The sensor tag consists of a thin-f...
Let’s Talk About Porn: The Perceived Effect of Online Mainstream Pornography on LGBTQ Youth

This chapter examines how LGBTQ people, who grew up in the ‘internet generation’, perceived the effect of mainstream online video pornography as being a positive tool for sexual exploration or as a harmful and exploitative media. Three focus groups were conducted with LGBTQ students aged 18–25 in the north of England. Groups talked about the heteronormative nature of mainstream online video pornography. While the heteronormative nature of pornography was seen to lead to unrealistic expectations of sex as well as negative impacts on self-esteem and self-concepts, participants still saw utility in pornography. To negate the negative impact of pornography, a more comprehensive sex education both about sex and pornography needs to be implemented. Pornography is not inherently problematic, rather some of the ways in which people are represented in pornography are. Therefore, I also call for the broadening of the visuals presented in mainstream pornography to make them more inclusive for LGBTQ audiences.
Cotard syndrome, self-awareness, and I-concepts

Various psychopathologies of self-awareness, such as somatoparaphrenia and thought insertion in schizophrenia, might seem to threaten the viability of the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness since it requires a HOT about one’s own mental state to accompany every conscious state. The HOT theory of consciousness says that what makes a mental state a conscious mental state is that there is a HOT to the effect that “I am in mental state M.” I have argued in previous work that a HOT theorist can adequately respond to this concern with respect to somatoparaphrenia and thought insertion. There is also Cotard syndrome which is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder in which people hold the delusional belief that they are dead, do not exist, or have lost their blood or internal organs. In this paper, I argue that HOT theory has nothing to fear from it either and can consistently account for what happens in such unusual cases. I analyze Cotard syndrome in light of my previous discussion of somatoparaphrenia and thought insertion, and argue that HOT theory can provide a somewhat analogous account without the worry of inconsistency. It is crucial to recognize that there are multiple “self-concepts” and levels of HOTs which can help to provide a more nuanced explanation. With regard to the connection between consciousness and self-consciousness, it is proposed that Cotard patients are indeed capable of having some “I-thoughts” about their bodies and mental states.
Effect of low temperatures on the reproduction of summer and perennial rotifers from temperate regions: ecological and life cycle implications

Summer and perennial planktonic rotifers from temperate regions can vary greatly in their ability to reproduce at low temperatures. The population growth rate (r day−1) of a Patagonian Keratella tropica was 0.025 at 3.9 °C and gradually increased to 0.083 at 9.3 °C. The ability of this rotifer to survive and reproduce at low winter temperatures suggests that populations in permanent waters with cold winters may have life cycles with little or no commitment to sexually produced diapausing eggs. In contrast, three Brachionus taxa from two localities in southeastern Australia reproduced poorly at low temperatures. At 3.9 °C, all females died before reproducing. At 6.1 °C, only a single amictic female of the Darling Brachionus (B. calyciflorus species complex) from Lake Littra survived to produce a few offspring. At 9.3 °C, amictic females of the Darling Brachionus from both Lake Littra and a billabong produced many more offspring (7–9 offspring female−1) than those of the Lake Littra B. calyciflorus and the billabong B. rubens (1–2 offspring female−1). At 14.9 °C, amictic females of the latter two taxa, and the Darling Brachionus from Lake Littra, produced many (14–17) offspring female−1. Seasonal changes in temperature occurring in natural populations of these Brachionus taxa should have important ecological and evolutionary implications. Low temperatures likely favor the occurrence and reproduction of the Darling taxon. The inability of active individuals to survive and reproduce at low winter temperatures may be a factor favoring selection for sexual reproduction and production of resting eggs in both permanent and temporary water bodies.
Upgrading the FHWA Work Zone Model Version 2.0 and Validating Its Performance along I-91 in Springfield, Massachusetts:

Freeway work zones can have significant safety and operational impacts. To mitigate these, planners and engineers rely on accurate simulation tools to assess various work zone design and scheduling...
Motivations, challenges, and self-transformations of farmers engaged in farm tourism on a tropical island

Few studies of agritourism have focused on farm tourism on tropical islands, and even fewer have explored the motivations, challenges, and/or self-transformations of farmers engaged in farm tourism...
iCompute: The Marsh/Jones Dilemma

Jane Ryan is founder, owner, and CEO of iCompute, a computer-services firm. Ryan founded the company in 1995 and it has grown steadily, providing computer and networking services to a variety of clients. Initial growth was fueled by large contracts with large institutions, but more recently, growth has come from middle- and smaller-sized contracts. Furthermore, the industry space has become crowded with competitors and computer services is more of a commodity than it had been even five years before. Ryan is contemplating how to respond to a conflict between two of her key employees, Samuel Marsh and Becky Jones. Jones wants Ryan to penalize Marsh for poor performance. Jones is a good performer, and there is reason to believe that her area of business has the best growth potential, but she has spoken harshly to Ryan, and Ryan has long-standing loyalty to Marsh. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0178 Rev. Feb. 18, 2020 iCompute: The Marsh/Jones Dilemma Introduction Jane Ryan slumped in her chair. It was December 15—usually a good day for her. For 15 years, it had been Bonus Day, when she told her people in a series of individual meetings what they were looking at in terms of bonuses and the next year's compensation. Since she had founded iCompute in 1995, she had always looked forward to this day. Her business had grown almost since day one, and this growth had fueled a fair and sometimes generous compensation package, especially for her sales team. Even in 2008 and 2009, which were recession years, she had been able to offer bonuses—although she'd also had to leave two positions unfilled and ask people to take on a bit more work and show more hustle in order to make her numbers. . . .
Is the European Union imperialist

A frequent argument of Eurosceptics is that the EU acts as an imperialist power towards its own member states. This argument has recently gained traction both in Hungary, where Prime Minister Orban...
I’ll Read That!: What Title Elements Attract Readers to an Article?:

The title of an article is the first chance at catching a reader’s attention. We set to develop a list of title attributes that lead to attractive titles in psychology papers, which could then be u...
Bayesian and Frequentist Inference for Ecological Inference: The R×C Case

In this paper we propose Bayesian and frequentist approaches to ecological inference, based on R 3 C contingency tables, including a covariate. The proposed Bayesian model extends the binomial-beta hierarchical model developed by KING ,R OSEN and TANNER (1999) from the 2 3 2 case to the R 3 C case. As in the 2 3 2 case, the inferential procedure employs Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. As such, the resulting MCMC analysis is rich but computationally intensive. The frequentist approach, based on first moments rather than on the entire likelihood, provides quick inference via nonlinear least-squares, while retaining good frequentist properties. The two approaches are illustrated with simulated data, as well as with real data on voting patterns in Weimar Germany. In the final section of the paper we provide an overview of a range of alternative inferential approaches which trade-off computational intensity for statistical efficiency.
An autonomous debating system.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as the ability of machines to perform tasks that are usually associated with intelligent beings. Argument and debate are fundamental capabilities of human intelligence, essential for a wide range of human activities, and common to all human societies. The development of computational argumentation technologies is therefore an important emerging discipline in AI research1. Here we present Project Debater, an autonomous debating system that can engage in a competitive debate with humans. We provide a complete description of the system’s architecture, a thorough and systematic evaluation of its operation across a wide range of debate topics, and a detailed account of the system’s performance in its public debut against three expert human debaters. We also highlight the fundamental differences between debating with humans as opposed to challenging humans in game competitions, the latter being the focus of classical ‘grand challenges’ pursued by the AI research community over the past few decades. We suggest that such challenges lie in the ‘comfort zone’ of AI, whereas debating with humans lies in a different territory, in which humans still prevail, and for which novel paradigms are required to make substantial progress. An artificial intelligence system that can engage in a competitive debate with humans is presented.
Our Reasoned Environmental Discourse

This chapter argues that we create our society’s aspirational norms for environmental preservation and restoration through our social process of moral construction. This is a political process that leads to our practical norms for “fair and reasoned discourse,” e.g., this discourse should be informed, inclusive of the opinions of those affected, uncorrupted by personal and direct conflicts of interest, and logical in premises and deductions. From this discourse of moral construction, our environmental duties—both perfect and imperfect—are derived. The latter duty is shown to be the key to the formation of our environmental advocacy organizations as well as for their efforts.
Nurses’ experiences of simulation-based learning, 12–18 months after the simulation: A qualitative study:

Simulation-based learning is a learning method used in educational programmes for health professionals. Little is known about nurses’ experiences after a long period of time has elapsed since the s...
Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling of the Relationship between Alcohol Habit and Drinking Variability

Abstract Background A hyper-engaged habit system may be common in alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Regarding drinking patterns, habit may be expressed as higher levels of drinking autoregression, where previous day drinking is correlated with next day drinking. This study utilized dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) with intensive longitudinal data to understand whether alcohol habit relates to drinking autoregression and variable levels of alcohol consumption. Methods Participants were adult drinkers (N=313) who completed baseline self-report assessments of past 30-day alcohol consumption and alcohol habit. Alcohol habit was measured by the Self Report Habit Index (SRHI). Thirty-day coding of the Timeline FollowBack assessed total daily drinking and any daily heavy drinking. Results The DSEM model for daily drinking found a weak but significant autoregressive data structure. Alcohol habit was related to increased mean drinking but did not strengthen the autoregressive effect of drinks per day. Higher alcohol habit was associated with higher levels of drinks per day person-specific variability. This pattern was replicated with the DSEM model for heavy drinking. Alcohol habit did not impact the autoregressive effect of heavy drinking but was associated with higher levels of heavy drinking. Conclusions While both drinks per day and heavy drinking showed a significant autoregressive structure, evidence of alcohol habit did not strengthen this effect. Alcohol habit did impact drinking variability; higher alcohol habit is associated with greater levels of drinking variability and higher mean drinking. Strategies to regulate drinking variability, including heavier drinking occasions, could target AUD habit.
Combined Effect of Methaqualone and Two Cannabinoids

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pretreatment with cannabidiol (CBD) or Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on methaqualone (MQ)-induced sleeping times. The duration of sleep was determined as the interval between the loss of righting reflex and its return. Male albino mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with either CBD or THC (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle. Thirty minutes later, an hypnotic dose of MQ (75 mg/kg) was administered. Animals receiving CBD or THC alone would not sleep. The sleeping time for MQ alone was approximately 30 minutes. In the presence of CBD or THC, MQ sleeping times increased significantly. The effect of THC was significantly greater than that of CBD.
How One Becomes What One Is Called: On the Relation between Traits and Trait-Terms in Nietzsche

According to Nietzsche, drives are the ultimate constituents of virtues and vices. I argue that Nietzsche identifies two blueprints for character construction: a slavish, interpersonal blueprint, and a masterly, reflexive blueprint. When the interpersonal blueprint is implemented, a person becomes what he is called: his drives are shaped by the traits ascribed to him so that he becomes more like the sort of person he’s taken to be. When the reflexive blueprint is implemented, a person becomes more like the sort of person she calls herself: her drives are shaped by the traits she ascribes to herself in a community of peers. The reflexive blueprint shares some surprising similarities with the interpersonal blueprint. I conclude with an account of Nietzschean summoning , which occurs when one person praises a generic type to an audience, implicitly inviting them to identify with that type and thereby to become more like it.
Microscopic origins of entropy, heat capacity and the glass transition in proteins

Internal motion is central to protein folding, to protein stability through the resulting residual entropy, and to protein function. Despite its importance, the precise nature of the internal motions of protein macromolecules remains a mystery. Here we report a survey of the temperature dependence of the fast dynamics of methyl-bearing side chains in a calmodulin-peptide complex using site-specific deuterium NMR relaxation methods. The amplitudes of motion had a markedly heterogeneous spectrum and segregated into three largely distinct classes. Other proteins studied at single temperatures tend to segregate similarly. Furthermore, a large variability in the degree of thermal activation of the dynamics in the calmodulin complex indicates a heterogeneous distribution of residual entropy and hence reveals the microscopic origins of heat capacity in proteins. These observations also point to an unexpected explanation for the low-temperature 'glass transition' of proteins. It is this transition that has been ascribed to the creation of protein motional modes that are responsible for biological activity.
Folk Dress in Europe and Anatolia: Beliefs about Protection and Fertility

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Leea Virtanen and Thomas DuBois Year: 1999 Pages: v + 243 Publisher: Michigan State University Press Prices: $19.50 US
Local public goods in an equilibrium: How pecuniarv externalities matter

Abstract We study two Nash equilibria among a finite number of jurisdictions which maximize property values by providing public goods. In the first Nash equilibrium, the strategies are LPGs, financed by land taxes. We give conditions under which LPGs will be underprovided and show how this result is linked to price effects caused outside the jurisdiction. In the second Nash equilibrium, the strategies are LPGs and head taxes, with the budget balanced by land taxes. Jurisdiction-specific head taxes have incentive effects, whereas land taxes do not. In this case LPGs will be provided efficiently for the resident population.
Conceptual-level workflow modeling of scientific experiments using NMR as a case study

Background Scientific workflows improve the process of scientific experiments by making computations explicit, underscoring data flow, and emphasizing the participation of humans in the process when intuition and human reasoning are required. Workflows for experiments also highlight transitions among experimental phases, allowing intermediate results to be verified and supporting the proper handling of semantic mismatches and different file formats among the various tools used in the scientific process. Thus, scientific workflows are important for the modeling and subsequent capture of bioinformatics-related data. While much research has been conducted on the implementation of scientific workflows, the initial process of actually designing and generating the workflow at the conceptual level has received little consideration.
Senescent and quiescent cell inhibitors of DNA synthesis: Membrane-associated proteins☆

Cytoplasts derived from senescent and quiescent human diploid cells inhibit DNA synthesis initiation when fused with cells capable of proliferation. When the cytoplasts were subjected to a variety of conditions (trypsin and cycloheximide treatment and growth on fibronectin), this inhibitory activity was lost, suggesting that the inhibitors involved were proteins associated with the surface membranes of the cells. We have studied the quiescent cell inhibitor in greater detail and determined that surface membrane-enriched preparations isolated from quiescent cells and proteins extracted from these membrane preparations have DNA synthesis-inhibitory activity.