cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do You Mind if I Pass Through? Studying the Appropriate Robot Behavior when Traversing two Conversing People in a Hallway Setting*

Several works highlight how robots can navigate in a socially-aware manner by respecting and avoiding people’s personal spaces. But how should the robot act when there is no way around a group of persons? In this work, we explore this question by comparing three different ways to cross two conversing people in a hallway environment. In an online study with 135 participants, users rated the robot’s behavior on several items such as "social adequacy" or how "disturbing" it was. The three versions differ in the type of contact intention, i.e., no contact, nonverbal contact, and a combination of nonverbal and verbal contact. The results show that, on the one hand, users expect social behavior from the robot, so that they can anticipate its behavior, but on the other hand, they want it to be as little disruptive as possible.
Parallel Quantum Pebbling: Analyzing the Post-Quantum Security of iMHFs.

The classical (parallel) black pebbling game is a useful abstraction which allows us to analyze the resources (space, space-time, cumulative space) necessary to evaluate a function $f$ with a static data-dependency graph $G$. Of particular interest in the field of cryptography are data-independent memory-hard functions $f_{G,H}$ which are defined by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) $G$ and a cryptographic hash function $H$. The pebbling complexity of the graph $G$ characterizes the amortized cost of evaluating $f_{G,H}$ multiple times as well as the total cost to run a brute-force preimage attack over a fixed domain $\mathcal{X}$, i.e., given $y \in \{0,1\}^*$ find $x \in \mathcal{X}$ such that $f_{G,H}(x)=y$. While a classical attacker will need to evaluate the function $f_{G,H}$ at least $m=|\mathcal{X}|$ times a quantum attacker running Grover's algorithm only requires $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{m})$ blackbox calls to a quantum circuit $C_{G,H}$ evaluating the function $f_{G,H}$. Thus, to analyze the cost of a quantum attack it is crucial to understand the space-time cost (equivalently width times depth) of the quantum circuit $C_{G,H}$. We first observe that a legal black pebbling strategy for the graph $G$ does not necessarily imply the existence of a quantum circuit with comparable complexity -- in contrast to the classical setting where any efficient pebbling strategy for $G$ corresponds to an algorithm with comparable complexity evaluating $f_{G,H}$. Motivated by this observation we introduce a new (parallel) quantum pebbling game which captures additional restrictions imposed by the No-Deletion Theorem in Quantum Computing. We apply our new quantum pebbling game to analyze the quantum space-time complexity of several important graphs: the line graph, Argon2i-A, Argon2i-B, and DRSample. (See the paper for the full abstract.)
Wound-Associated Competency Factors Are Required for the Proximal Cell Responses of Soybean to the Phytophthora sojae Wall Glucan Elicitor.

Intact soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) tissues show distinct proximal and distal cell responses to the Phytophthora sojae (Kauf. and Gerde.) wall glucan elicitor. Proximal cells respond with accumulations of glyceollin and phenolic polymers, whereas distal cells respond with an increase of isoflavone conjugates. Comparison of the activities of the P. sojae glucan in the classical cut cotyledon and a cotyledon infiltration assay suggests that the proximal, but not the distal, responses to elicitor require tissue wounding. Washing the surface of cut cotyledons prior to elicitor treatment also greatly diminishes the proximal responses, which can be restored in a dose-dependent manner by prior treatment of the washed cells with wound exudate from cut “donor” cotyledons. Thus, discrete wound-associated factors, which we term elicitation competency factors, are required for the proximal cell response to the glucan elicitor. The wound factors induce a competent state that is transient in nature. Maximal elicitor response is seen 2 to 3 h after wounding, and cells become elicitor nonresponsive after 4 h. Competency is markedly affected by the age of tissues; cotyledons become more inherently competent as they approach senescence. The time course of attainment of the competent state and its duration are strongly affected by light and temperature. Since the wound-associated competency factors can also be obtained from washings of hypersensitive lesions, we hypothesize that similar competency factors may be released from hypersensitively dying cells in incompatible infections. This event may program the immediately surrounding cells to make them competent for the proximal defense responses.
TRENDS IN RUSSIAN ARCTIC RIVER-ICE FORMATION AND BREAKUP, 1917 TO 1994

Long-term time series of river-ice observations for nine large rivers in Arctic and subarctic Russia are analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test for monotonic trend. Of eight data categories analyzed for each river, the timing of melt onset displays the highest incidence of change, with statistically significant negative (earlier) shifts of approximately 1 to 3 weeks found for the Pechora, Ob, Olenek, Indigirka, and Kolyma rivers. However, corresponding shifts in associated ice-breakup phenomena are not found, suggesting an increase in spring melt period and a transition to more thermally driven ice-breakup events. An observed general pattern of decreased ice cover in the 1950s, increased ice cover in the 1980s, and subsequent decrease during the 1990s is generally consistent with other studies of Siberian temperature trends. However, both interannual and regional variability is found. Earlier occurrence of autumn freezing is found for the Onega, Varzuga, Mezen, and Yenisei rivers, leading to an increase in ...
Performance Improvement of IS-95 CDMA Uplink Using Decision Feedback and Sub-Optimal Viterbi Decoding

This paper presents a methodology designed to improve the effectiveness of a non-iterative decision feedback (DF) receiver/decoder for IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) uplink in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading. The effectiveness of the DF receiver/decoder is linked to the interleaver specification and the decoding delay of the convolutional decoder. Using sub-optimal convolutional decoding the average decoding delay is reduced resulting in more effective decision feedback decoding (DFD). Simulation results of average decoding delay, bit error rate (BER) and frame error rate (FER) are presented for coherent and noncoherent detection of unfaded single-path and Rayleigh fading multipath signals. Instead of the usual performance degradation these results show that the DF receiver/decoder benefits from some forms of sub-optimal Viterbi decoding. The additional performance gain can further improve the quality of service and/or capacity of a cellular IS-95 system.
Elimination of Secularity in Regular Perturbation

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that some cases of secularity, and the special techniques required by its occurrence, can be avoided by the relatively simple device of introducing a dissipative term. This converts the problem to a more natural nonconservative system. The introduction of a linear dissipative term provides the tool for omitting the mathematical cause of some secular term occurrence. No longer is the particular solution also a solution of the homogeneous equation.
Have economic fluctuations been dampened?: A look at evidence outside the United States

Abstract Until recently, economists of all beliefs took it for granted that the severity of economic fluctuations had decreased sharply following World War II. Recent work has challenged this view. This study attempts to shed light on whether there was a true reduction in the severity of economic fluctuations by examining the experience of six European countries. With one exception, these countries did not experience a substantial reduction in the severity of the business cycle.
A Collinear n-Body Problem of Classical Electrodynamics.

One model for the motion of n charged particles on the x-axis leads to a system of delay differential equations with delays that depend on the unknown trajectories. If appropriate past histories of the trajectories are given, say on (-r,0), then for sufficiently small t greater than or equal to 0 one has a system of n/sup 2/ ordinary differential equations of the form y' = f(t,y) with y(0) = y/sub 0/ given. The function f, which involves the known past histories of the trajectories, is continuous; thus, existence of solutions is assured. However, f does not satisfy the Lipschitz condition usually used for proving uniqueness. The main new result is that the solution of the above equation is unique provided.
On Rings of Entire Functions of Finite Order

In 1940, Helmer showed [I, Theorem 9] that in the ring R of entire functions, every finitely generated ideal is principal. That is, if f, g are entire functions without zeros in common, there exist s, t in R such that Sf + tg = l. (1)
Laser ablation isotope ratio mass spectrometry for enhanced sensitivity and spatial resolution in stable isotope analysis.

Stable isotope analysis permits the tracking of physical, chemical, and biological reactions and source materials at a wide variety of spatial scales. We present a laser ablation isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LA-IRMS) method that enables δ13C measurement of solid samples at 50 µm spatial resolution. The method does not require sample pre-treatment to physically separate spatial zones. We use laser ablation of solid samples followed by quantitative combustion of the ablated particulates to convert sample carbon into CO2. Cryofocusing of the resulting CO2 coupled with modulation in the carrier flow rate permits coherent peak introduction into an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, with only 65 ng carbon required per measurement. We conclusively demonstrate that the measured CO2 is produced by combustion of laser-ablated aerosols from the sample surface. We measured δ13C for a series of solid compounds using laser ablation and traditional solid sample analysis techniques. Both techniques produced consistent isotopic results but the laser ablation method required over two orders of magnitude less sample. We demonstrated that LA-IRMS sensitivity coupled with its 50 µm spatial resolution could be used to measure δ13C values along a length of hair, making multiple sample measurements over distances corresponding to a single day's growth. This method will be highly valuable in cases where the δ13C analysis of small samples over prescribed spatial distances is required. Suitable applications include forensic analysis of hair samples, investigations of tightly woven microbial systems, and cases of surface analysis where there is a sharp delineation between different components of a sample. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Feasibility of a Bi-National Bond Financing Mechanism for Strategic Border Infrastructure: Reviewing the U.S. and Mexican Legal Frameworks

There is a growing gap between infrastructure needs and available funding along the U.S.-Mexico border. A recent proposal to address the situation calls for the creation of a bi-national mechanism of bond financing to enable sub-national governments from both countries to issue bonds jointly. Creating the legal infrastructure to attain this goal requires an evaluation of key aspects of existing regulations. It also calls for a discussion of the feasibility of regulatory harmonization. This article compares bond issuance rules and investor protection mechanisms in both countries and discusses how these differences may
Organizing documents to support browsing in digital libraries

With the advent of digital libraries and of wide area networks, enormous amounts of textual information are made available all over the world: A typical example being the World Wide Web on the Internet. Searching and browsing are the two resource discovery paradigms mostly used to access this information [Bowman 94]. Information retrieval (IR) provides numerous sophisticated automatic indexing and storing techniques to support efficient searching and retrieval. In contrast, the organizing process that makes browsing possible, is typically done manually. The advances in automatic techniques for supporting the browsing discovery paradigms does not compare to those that support searching, in spite of the fact that browsing is classically the first paradigm used before searching.The issue we would like to address at the Institute is the issue of document organization which seems to have been neglected by the research community. This relates to the proposed issue of discussion: "What do we need to know about how people use electronic texts and how can we gain this knowledge and apply it to the development of digital libraries?" We would like to discuss organization by content as well as by other criteria such as fixed fields (author?, subject?, date?, etc.).
The fate of human glial cells following transplantation in normal rodents and rodent models of neurodegenerative disease

Abstract Investigations on xenografting in the brain have previously focused on the anatomical and functional integration of the transplanted neurons. More recently, astrocytes are being implicated as having complex functions following transplantation, and are being investigated to determine their role(s) in transplantation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the migration of human astrocytes following transplantation of thalamic, striatal, and mesencephalic tissue into the rodent striatum. Human donor fetuses (9–16 weeks in gestation) obtained through elective and spontaneous abortions were utilized in this study. Following transplantation, donor astrocytes were labeled with an antiserum directed against human glial fibrillary acidic protein. Our results demonstrate that astrocytic elements from all three tissue types are capable of incorporating into the host brain, and have a tendency to follow white matter tracts (such as the corpus callosum, internal capsule, and fiber bundles in the striatum). Human astrocytes originating from the striatum and thalamus exhibited extensive migration, while migration was more limited in animals with ventral mesencephalon transplants. Ventral mesencephalon transplanted animals demonstrated positive astrocytes within the transplant, with processes (very few cell bodies) extending into white matter of adjacent host striatum. Astrocytes demonstrating immature morphology were observed with all transplant types, but were most prevalent in the striatal transplanted animals. The extent of astrocyte migration and the morphologies observed in this study reflect regional differences of the developing human brain. These results confirm and extend previous investigations on glial cell migration following transplantation in the brain.
Drying kinetics of grape seeds

Abstract Drying of grape seeds representing waste products from white wine processing (Riesling), red wine processing (Cab Franc), and juice processing (Concord) was studied at 40, 50, and 60 °C and constant air velocity of 1.5 m/s. Equilibrium moisture content had a significant effect on the normalized drying curve and was determined for each grape seed at each drying temperature. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged between 1.57 and 3.96 × 10−10 m2/s for Riesling seeds, 2.93–5.91 × 10−10 m2/s for Concord seeds, and 3.89–8.03 × 10−10 m2/s for Cab Franc seeds. The temperature dependence of the effective diffusivity followed an Arrhenius relationship, and the activation energies were 40.14 kJ/mol for Riesling seeds, 30.45 kJ/mol for Concord seeds, and 31.47 kJ/mol for Cab Franc seeds. Three thin-layer models were used to predict the drying curves: Page model, Lewis model, and the Henderson–Pabis model. All three models were found to produce accurate predictions compared to the mass average moisture loss for each grape seed variety (percent error less than 10%), and the Lewis model was shown to be an excellent model for predicting all three grape seed varieties (percent error less than 5%).
Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids: A Novel Treatment for Alcoholic Liver Disease

Abstract Background & Aims: Lipid peroxidation may be important in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a saturated fatty acid-based therapy (palm oil) could decrease lipid peroxidation and alcoholic liver injury during ethanol withdrawal. Methods: Three groups of male Wistar rats (5 rats/group) were studied. Rats in group 1 were fed a fish oil-ethanol diet for 6 weeks; rats in groups 2 and 3 were fed a fish oil-ethanol diet for 6 weeks before treatment with fish oil-dextrose (group 2) or palm oil-dextrose (group 3) for 2 weeks. Liver samples were analyzed for histopathology, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid composition, cytochrome P450 2E1 activity, and tocopherol levels. Results: By 6 weeks, all rats had developed fatty liver, inflammation, and necrosis. Group 2 showed minimal histological improvement, whereas group 3 showed near normalization of the histology. The improvement in group 3 was associated with decreased lipid peroxidation and P450 2E1 activity. Higher levels of ω-3 fatty acids were detected in group 2 than group 3. Tocopherol levels were similar among the groups. Conclusions: A diet enriched in saturated but not unsaturated fatty acids reversed alcoholic liver injury. This effect may be explained by down-regulation of lipid peroxidation.
Artificial intelligence in nonlinear process control based on fuzzy logic

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are becoming useful as alternative approaches to conventional techniques or as components of integrated systems, coping with highly nonlinear processes. Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a major branch of AI based on human-like reasoning. In this paper a nonlinear system control design using a Hybrid of Fuzzy Logic and PI controller is presented. The proposed control scheme enables the controller to yield better control performance for highly nonlinear processes, compared to a regular PI controller.
Optimal tolerance allocation and process-sequence selection incorporating manufacturing capacities and quality issues

Abstract This research focuses on the development of a model for tolerance and process sequence selection optimization. To ascertain the optimal tolerances for all component dimensions of an assembly and the best processing sequences, the model incorporates the manufacturing tolerance cost and the quality loss resulting from not achieving the committed target dimensions. In addition, the model includes decisive manufacturing constraints such as machining capacities, measurement errors, and process capabilities. The process selection and tolerance optimization constraints require the model to be formulated as a 0–1 nonlinear optimization problem.
The impact of candidate name order on election outcomes in North Dakota

A number of studies have explored the possibility that the ordering of candidates' names on the ballot might influence how those candidates perform on election day. Strong evidence of an order effect comes from investigations of election returns in states that implemented quasi-random assignment of candidate name orders to voters. Although most such studies have identified benefits for earlier-listed candidates, much of the evidence comes from a limited set of elections in only a handful of states. This paper expands our understanding of order effects to 31 general elections held in North Dakota between 2000 and 2006; these include all state-wide races involving 2 candidates. A primacy effect appeared in 80% of the contests. The first ballot position reaped the largest benefits in non-partisan contests and in presidential election years. These findings are consistent with earlier studies from other states and provide evidence in line with proposals that a lack of information and ambivalence underlie candidate name order effects.
Histidine placement in de novo-designed heme proteins.

The effects of histidine residue placement in a de novo-designed four-a-helix bundle are investigated by placement of histidine residues at coiled coil heptad a positions in two distinct heptads and at each position within a single heptad repeat of our prototype heme protein maquette, @H10H24# 2 @$Ac-CGGGELWKL{HEELLKK{FEELLKL{HEERLKK{LCONH2%2# 2 composed of a generic ~a-SS-a!2 peptide architecture. The heme to peptide stoichiometry of variants of @H10H24# 2 with either or both histidines on each helix replaced with noncoordinating alanine residues ~@H10A24# 2, @A10H24# 2, and @A10A24# 2! demonstrates the obligate requirement of histidine for biologically significant heme affinity. Variants of @A10A24# 2, @$Ac-CGGGELWKL{AEELLKK{FEELLKL{AEERLKK{L-CONH2%2# 2, containing a single histidine per helix in positions 9 to 15 were evaluated to verify the design based on molecular modeling. The bis-histidine site formed between heptad positions a at 10 and 109 bound ferric hemes with the highest affinity, Kd1 and Kd2 values of 15 and 800 nM, respectively. Placement of histidine at position 11 ~heptad position b! resulted in a protein that bound a single heme with moderate affinity, Kd1 of 9.5 mM, whereas the other peptides had no measurable apparent affinity for ferric heme with Kd1 values .200 mM. The bis-histidine ligation of heme to @H10A24# 2 and @H11A24# 2 was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The protein design rules derived from this study, together with the narrow tolerances revealed, are applicable for improving future heme protein designs, for analyzing the results of randomized heme protein combinatorial libraries, as well as for implementation in automated protein design.
Using Metascience to Improve Dose‐Response Curves in Biology: Better Policy through Better Science

Many people argue that uncertain science—or controversial policies based on science—can be clarified primarily by greater attention to social/political values influencing the science and by greater attention to the vested interests involved. This paper argues that while such clarification is necessary, it is not a sufficient condition for achieving better science and policy; indeed its importance may be overemphasized. Using a case study involving the current, highly politicized controversy over the shape of dose‐response curves for biological effects of ionizing radiation, the paper argues that the conflict could be significantly resolved through specific methodological improvements in the areas of metascience and philosophy of science. These improvements focus on taking account, respectively, of scale, data trimming, aggregation, measurability, and simplicity.
Theory of the Laser Optometer

(1968). Theory of the Laser Optometer. Clinical and Experimental Optometry: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 66-70.
Hartree–Fock energy of a finite two-dimensional electron gas system in a jellium background

Abstract We adopt a Hartree-Fock approach and calculate the energy of a finite two-dimensional electron gas system confined to a region that is treated as a positive jellium background. The electrons are considered fully spin-polarized (spinless) and interact with a Coulomb potential. The calculation of the exact potential energy of electrons in a finite square jellium domain is very challenging since the mathematical expressions depend on each component of particle's position and not the radial distance from the center of the domain. In order to address this issue we introduce an approximation to the problem. We assess the quality of this approximation and discuss instances where its use is not only desirable, but also fairly accurate. The results give a correct picture of how the energy of the finite system evolves towards the bulk value as the size of the system increases.
The synthesis and assembly of DNA subunits in isolated HeLa cell nuclei.

Abstract Nuclei from synchronized HeLa cells in S-phase continue to synthesize DNA in , vitro at or near the in , vivo replicating sites. Sedimentation of the product in an alkaline sucrose gradient reveals 10 and 24S segments in addition to the 40S non-replicating bulk DNA. Pulse chase experiments indicate that the 10S DNA is a precursor of the 24S product. ATP and the soluble protein fraction from the cytoplasm of S-phase cells support the accumulation of the 24S product.
The Bose-Einstein condensation for thin films

The distinction is made between a condensation temperature in the thermodynamic sense, where the thermodynamic functions have a discontinuity, and an abrupt accumulation (in the statistical mechanical sense) of particles in the ground state of a system. The criterion for the latter is that an integral will not approximate one term of a sum. The problem of a thin film of gas is solved to illustrate this distinction. For films thicker than a critical thickness a condensation occurs at the same temperature as that for bulk material. The thinner films are effectively two dimensional and have an abrupt accumulation temperature lower than the bulk condensation temperature. Films of liquid helium are briefly considered.
Labor market efficiency and the dynamic behavior of regional unemployment differentials

In dynamic complex economies where unemployment is never zero, relative economic opportunities can be greatly effected by how evenly unemployment is distributed throughout the economy. Accordingly, a study of the temporal behavior of geographic differentials in unemployment rates will yield useful information about how well the labor market performs its resource allocation function. Using spectral methods, this paper tests the competitive theory predictions concerning the dynamic behavior of regional unemployment differentials. While there is evidence that unemployment rates tend to equalize, the results of this study indicate that it is a slow process in which competitive forces are relatively weak. As a result, the secular shift in employment growth from the North to the South and West has been the source of long run regional unemployment differences.
Clinical implications of CNS penetration of antiretroviral drugs

The CNS serves as an important sanctuary site for HIV replication. The presence of HIV in this compartment may contribute to neurological complications in individuals infected with HIV. Understanding the CNS penetration capabilities of available antiretroviral agents may help clinicians to design treatment regimens with neuroprotective effects. Although numerous clinical studies and anecdotal reports have examined CSF antiretroviral drug exposure as a marker of CNS penetration, understanding the clinical relevance of these findings is difficult. Challenges with study design and subject recruitment often limit the investigator's ability to collect comprehensive data. Upon review of available data, the antiretroviral agents zidovudine, stavudine, lamivudine, nevirapine, efavirenz and indinavir demonstrate consistent penetration into the CSF. Zidovudine-, stavudine-, lamivudine-, didanosine- and protease inhibitor-based regimens also appear to suppress CSF viraemia or improve HIV neurological disease. These agents may be appropriate candidates for neuroprotective antiretroviral treatment regimens. Despite these data, several unanswered questions about the CSF antiretroviral drug exposure-response relationship still remain. Prospective, controlled studies examining this relationship are needed before absolute clinical recommendations are founded.
Implications of Technology for Social and Emotional Communication

Abstract Communication technologies are transforming school psychology training and professional practices. To determine the effect of various communication technologies, this exploratory study contrasted three different communication modalities, including the receipt of messages via video, audio, and text. School psychology students were randomly assigned to those three conditions and asked to interpret the emotional intensity of a message conveyed in a case study concerning sexual and psychological abuse. Results showed different response patterns under the various conditions. Members of the group reading a text of the case study rated the emotional intensity as more extreme than did the members of the video and audio groups, both of whom had nonverbal affective information available to them. Practical implications for training and practice are discussed.
Archaeal Tuc1/Ncs6 Homolog Required for Wobble Uridine tRNA Thiolation Is Associated with Ubiquitin-Proteasome, Translation, and RNA Processing System Homologs

While cytoplasmic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 1 (Tuc1/Ncs6) and ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (Urm1) are important in the 2-thiolation of 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U) at wobble uridines of tRNAs in eukaryotes, the biocatalytic roles and properties of Ncs6/Tuc1 and its homologs are poorly understood. Here we present the first report of an Ncs6 homolog of archaea (NcsA of Haloferax volcanii) that is essential for maintaining cellular pools of thiolated tRNALysUUU and for growth at high temperature. When purified from Hfx. volcanii, NcsA was found to be modified at Lys204 by isopeptide linkage to polymeric chains of the ubiquitin-fold protein SAMP2. The ubiquitin-activating E1 enzyme homolog of archaea (UbaA) was required for this covalent modification. Non-covalent protein partners that specifically associated with NcsA were also identified including UbaA, SAMP2, proteasome activating nucleotidase (PAN)-A/1, translation elongation factor aEF-1α and a β-CASP ribonuclease homolog of the archaeal cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 1 family (aCPSF1). Together, our study reveals that NcsA is essential for growth at high temperature, required for formation of thiolated tRNALysUUU and intimately linked to homologs of ubiquitin-proteasome, translation and RNA processing systems.
Reduction of Salmonella in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal

Abstract Broilers were challenged with 10(9) Salmonella typhimurium and then were provided a glucose-based cocktail supplemented with 0 to 15% glucose during feed withdrawal in battery cages or in pens on litter. After feed withdrawal, broilers were processed, and their crops were aseptically removed and weighed. Crops were then stomached in distilled water, and the pH of the suspension was measured electronically. Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria in the crop suspensions were enumerated on the appropriate bacteriological medium. Findings indicated that fewer S. typhimurium and other Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from the crops of broilers provided the cocktail supplemented with 7.5% glucose than from the crops of broilers provided either water or cocktails supplemented with lower or higher concentrations of glucose. Inhibition of the growth of S. typhimurium and other Enterobacteriaceae in the crops of broilers provided the cocktail supplemented with 7.5% glucose was generally associated with increased growth of lactic acid bacteria and decreased crop pH. Providing the cocktail to broilers before shipping to processing plants may reduce the number of food-borne pathogens that poultry carry into processing plants.
Extended P-pairs

Abstract A P -matrix is a square matrix with positive principal minors. We introduce a natural extension of the class of P -matrices, the class of extended P -pairs. A pair { I , M }, for a P -matrix M , is shown to be contained in an extended P -pair iff SMS has an n -step vector for some sign matrix S . Such a matrix M is called extendable , and an example of a P -matrix that is not extendable is given. Applications to the linear complementarity problem are discussed. A polynomial time algorithm to determine if a pair of matrices is an extended P -pair is given.
Geoffrey L. Robb, m.d., f.a.C.s. And Michael j. Miller, m.d., f.a.C.s.

Dr. Geoffrey L. Robb is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery and Deputy Head of the Division of Surgery at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. His clinical expertise is in the subspecialty practice of microvascular reconstructive surgery. Dr. Robb is credited with coeditorship of a highly successful book on advanced therapy of breast disease, which is now in its second edition. He is a member of several professional societies and is well recognized for his extramural support of national plastic surgery organizations, serving on numerous committees. Dr. Robb's research efforts focus on reconstructive clinical outcomes and quality of life, particularly on developing new algorithms necessary for immediate and delayed breast reconstruction. Dr. Michael J. Miller is Professor and Deputy Chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Dr. Miller received his medical degree from the University of Massachusetts Medical School. After completing a Plastic Surgery Residency at The Ohio State University, he went on to complete a Reconstructive Microvascular Fellowship at Tulane University. His clinical practice is focused on cancer-related reconstructive surgery, and he performs a high volume of breast reconstruction. He recently completed a state-of-the-art interactive patient education material entitled “Breast Reconstruction: What You Need To Know.” He is a member of numerous professional societies and is a consistent contributor to medical literature with numerous articles and textbook chapters related to plastic surgery.
The organizing center in curriculum theory and practice

Mr. Goodlad defines the concept of the organizing center and cites a case study of how it can be used to effect curriculum improvement. The author is professor of education and director of the University Elementary School, University of California, Los Angeles.
Improving epitaxial regrowth interfaces as a means of improving doping superlattice solar cell performance

Steady improvements have been demonstrated in the fabrication process for GaAs doping superlattice solar cells, reaching a maximum efficiency of 9.0% for a non anti-reflection coated device under AM0 illumination. Numerous opportunities remain for improvement to reach a simulated one sun AM0 efficiency of 14.4%. Devices are fabricated by contacting the doping superlattice on the side-walls of the superlattice with either an n- or p-type GaAs regrown into an etched v-groove. The source of the dark current is believed to be traps at the interface between the regrown contact and the doping superlattice. The epitaxial regrowth process has been evaluated by modifying the etch process, cleaning processes and the epitaxial regrowth conditions with the objective of minimizing the interface trap density. An attempt to develop the best regrowth process conditions to reduce the interface trap density has been completed, however only a 1.6% relative increase was gained to an efficiency of 9.14%.
Coordination chemistry of gold(II) with amidinate, thiolate and ylide ligands

Abstract Various reagents such as Cl 2 , Br 2 , I 2 , benzoyl peroxide and CH 3 I add to the dinuclear gold(I) amidinate complex [Au 2 (2,6-Me 2 Ph-form) 2 ] to form oxidative-addition gold(II) metal–metal bonded complexes. The gold–gold distance in the dinuclear complex decreases upon oxidative-addition with halogens from 2.7 to 2.5 A, similar to observations made with dithiolate and ylide ligands. The sodium salt of the guanidinate Hhpp ligand, Hhpp = 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2 H -pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine reacts with (THT)AuCl in THF or CH 2 Cl 2 to form a Au(II) complex, [Au 2 (hpp) 2 Cl 2 ], either by solvent oxidation or disproportionation of the Au(I) to Au(II) and the metal. Density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 calculations on [Au 2 (hpp) 2 Cl 2 ] find that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is predominately hpp and chlorine-based with some Au–Au δ* character. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) has metal-to-ligand (M–L) and metal-to-metal (M–M) σ* character (approximately 50% hpp/chlorine, and 50% gold). The charge-transfer character of the deeply colored solutions is observed in all the oxidative-addition products of the dinuclear gold(II) nitrogen ligands. This contrasts with the colors of the gold(II) ylide oxidative-addition products which are pale yellow. The colors of the crystalline gold(II) nitrogen complexes are dark orange to brown. This review will focus on the chemistry of gold(II) with nitrogen ligands and compare this with the well reviewed chemistry of gold(II) thiolate and ylide complexes.
Detection, tracking, and classification of action units in facial expression

Abstract Most of the current work on automated facial expression analysis attempt to recognize a small set of prototypic expressions, such as joy and fear. Such prototypic expressions, however, occur infrequently, and human emotions and intentions are communicated more often by changes in one or two discrete features. To capture the full range of facial expression, detection, tracking, and classification of fine-grained changes in facial features are needed. We developed the first version of a computer vision system that is sensitive to subtle changes in the face. The system includes three modules to extract feature information: dense-flow extraction using a wavelet motion model, facial-feature tracking, and edge and line extraction. The feature information thus extracted is fed to discriminant classifiers or hidden Markov models that classify it into FACS action units, the descriptive system to code fine-grained changes in facial expression. The system was tested on image sequences from 100 male and female subjects of varied ethnicity. Agreement with manual FACS coding was strong for the results based on dense-flow extraction and facial-feature tracking, and strong to moderate for edge and line extraction.
Does Spasticity Itself Raise the Cost of Stroke Care 4-Fold?

To the Editor: The report from Lundstrom et al1 headlines a relationship between spasticity and higher direct costs of stroke care over the first year after onset. The authors seem to be putting the cart’s contents, 1 of which is spasticity, before the horse of sensorimotor impairment. The authors used a modified Ashworth Score of ≥1 in any 1 of 7 arm and leg joints as the measure of spasticity. The modified Ashworth Score is a 6-point ordinal scale of resistance to passive movement across a joint, which can arise from …
The Expressive Power of Medieval Logic

Abstract This paper is about the development of logic in the Aristotelian tradition, from Aristotle to the mid-fourteenth century. I will compare four systems of logic with regard to their expressive power. 1. Aristotle’s own logic, based mostly on chapters 1-2 and 4-7 of his Prior Analytics 2. An expanded version of Aristotle’s logic that one finds, e.g., in Sherwood’s Introduction to Logic and Peter of Spain’s Tractatus 3-5. Versions of the logic of later supposition theorists such as William Ockham, John Buridan, and Paul of Venice. Version 4 is the logic without relatives (anaphoric pronouns); version 5 adds relatives. I am ignoring modals, conditionals that are not ut nunc, infinitizing negation, exclusives and exceptives, all exponibles, all insolubles, and terms with simple or material supposition, ampliation and restriction, and many other things.
Renewable resources from wild sunflowers (Helianthus spp., asteraceae)

Twenty-eight taxa of Helianthus collected throughout the United States and grown in afield nursery were evaluated for yields of oil, polyphenol hydrocarbon, protein, and ash in above-ground biomass. Hydrocarbons were examined for the presence of rubber, gutta, and waxes. Rubber and gutta were analyzed for weight-average molecular weight (iw) and molecular weight distribution (MWD). Helianthus ciliaris had the highest oil yield (3.7%) and was analyzed for yield of fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter. Most taxa had low polyphenol yields (<10%), with H. strumosus having the highest (13.9%). Helianthus salicifolius yielded the most hydrocarbon (1.6%) and H. ciliaris had the highest protein content (13.4%). Natural rubber was present in 13 species of wild sunflowers. Helianthus maximiliani had the lowest iw (29.8 x 103), while H. laevigatus had the highest (73.3 x 103). The MWD of rubber from sunflowers were within the range of those for commercial rubbers. The lower molecular weight rubbers may have potential as plasticizing additives in commercial processing of synthetic polyisoprenes and as hydrocarbon feedstock for a synthetic petroleum industry.
Exercise stress tests after cardiac transplantation

Abstract The incidence of coronary artery disease in allografts after heart transplant is approximately 20% at 2 years and up to 50 to 60% at 5 years. 1,2 A noninvasive assessment of myocardial ischemia in these patients would be useful. Only 1 report has addressed the usefulness of graded exercise tests for the detection of ischemia in patients with heart transplants, and these investigators showed a low sensitivity and predictive value. 3 The purpose of this investigation was to further evaluate the concept that graded exercise testing may not be a useful diagnostic method in such patients.
The Relationship Between Body Image Discrepancy and Body Mass Index Across Ethnic Groups

Objective: This study sought to examine at what body mass index (BMI) body image discrepancy (BD) was reported in a community sample of 389 white, Hispanic, and black women. In addition, we assessed the trajectory of the BMI–BD relationship as BMI increases by ethnic group. Research Methods and Procedures: All participants were assessed on height and weight and completed the Figure Rating Scale. Results: We found no difference in the proportion of women in each ethnic group reporting BD. However, white women experienced BD at a lower BMI level (BMI = 24.6), and below the criterion for overweight (BMI = 25). In contrast, black and Hispanic women did not report BD until they were overweight (BMIs of 29.2 and 28.5, respectively). Compared with black and white women, Hispanic women registered increases in BD at smaller increases in BMI. Discussion: These findings could have unhealthful implications for weight control behavior. The results encourage a closer look at ethnicity and BD, and their relationship to obesity and weight control.
The Transcription Cycle in Eukaryotes: From Productive Initiation to RNA Polymerase II Recycling

The cycle of eukaryotic transcription, from initiation to elongation and termination is regulated at multiple steps. Coordinated action of regulatory factors keeps in check the transcriptional competence of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at different stages. Productive transcription requires the escape of the paused RNAPII from the promoter and transition to rapid elongation of the transcript. Numerous studies have identified diverse mechanisms of initiating transcription by overriding inhibitory signals at the gene promoter. The general theme that has emerged is that the balance between positive and negative regulatory factors determines the overall rate of transcription. Recently transcription termination has emerged as an important area of transcriptional regulation that is coupled with the efficient recycling of RNAPII. The factors associated with transcription termination can also mediate gene looping and thereby determine the efficiency of re-initiation. This review highlights these regulatory steps, the key modulators involved in transcription dynamics, and the emerging tools to analyze them.
Deposit of zinc and manganese in an aqueous environment mediated by microbial mats

Microbial mats have been developed to sequester heavy metals from contaminated water. Mixed populations of photosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria, dominated by Scillatoria spp., were developed for metal tolerance and integrated into a durable, self-sustaining community of microbes stimulated by and attached to ensiled grass. The mat was immobilized on glass wool and layered in flow-through baffled tanks. After allowing 8 weeks for the maturation of the mat, mixed solutions of Zn and Mn (15–16 mg L−1) were passed through a three-tank experimental series. Effluent from each tank was first sampled and then applied to the next tank. This procedure was repeated in triplicate and with six applications of new metal solution per three-tank series. By the third tank, the target metal concentration <1 mg L−1 was always achieved. Mean percentages of the initial influent concentration removed by tanks 1, 2 and 3, respectively, were 72, 93 and 98 for Zn and 78, 97 and 99 for Mn. Mean metal concentrations in the effluents (average of 6 applications) were, for tank 1: Zn (mg L−1) 5.0, Mn (mg L−1) 4.2; for tank 2: Zn 1.6, Mn 0.75; for tank 3: Zn 0.53, Mn 0.19. Mean effluent concentrations from each of the three sequential treatments (average of 6 applications per tank) were for Zn (mg L−1) 5.0, 1.6 and 0.53; for Mn (mg L−1) were 4.2, 0.75 and 0.19. Thus target concentrations were reached in experimental tank 2 for Mn and tank 3 for Zn. Metal removal in the control tank series, containing glass wool only, was 37% for Zn and 5% for Mn (average of 6 applications). Oxygen and redox potential analyses of the mat/glass wool matrix revealed a heterogenous structure of anoxic and oxic zones. Zeta potential analysis of the mat samples identified a mat surface charge ranging from −12.3 to −69.2 mV. Various metal removal mechanisms possibly involved with metal sequestering include surface binding to the mat or to mat exudates trapped within the glass wool, precipitation of the metals with anions present in the oxic/anoxic zones, mat mediation of the water conditions in favor of metal-oxide precipitation and active transport of the metals into the cell.
Nutritional status of free-living Alzheimer's patients

Self-reported, dietary intake and biochemical estimates of thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B-12, protein, and iron were compared in 22, free-living elders by individuals who had senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) and in 41 who were cognitively normal (CN). The two groups did not differ significantly in their intake of these nutrients or the number of deficiency states for intake (less than 67% RDA). Low serum transketolase (thiamin; p less than 0.055), red blood cell (RBC) folate (p less than 0.06), and serum vitamin B-12 (p less than 0.05) levels occurred more often in SDAT patients than in CN subjects. Individuals in both groups who used multivitamin supplements had significantly higher biochemical values for thiamine (p less than 0.03), riboflavin (p less than 0.01), and vitamin B-12 (p less than 0.003) than nonsupplement users. Because of the differences in vitamin B-12 and RBC folate levels between groups, a retrospective analysis was performed on a larger group of subjects drawn from a geriatric assessment clinic. Patients with SDAT had significantly lower serum vitamin B-12 (p less than 0.01) and lower RBC folate (p less than 0.03) values than CN subjects. Which mean values for vitamin B-12 and RBC folate were grouped by degree of impairment in SDAT subjects, vitamin B-12 was significantly lower in mildly and moderately impaired subjects than in those with normal cognition. Mean values for both nutrients did not differ significantly between severely impaired and CN subjects. There was a significant quadratic relationship between cognitive impairment and biochemical values for vitamin B-12.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Practical problems of therapeutic drug monitoring of anticonvulsants

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of anticonvulsants can be used to improve seizure control while minimizing toxicity. In order to maximize the efficacy of anticonvulsant TDM the clinician must evaluate all of the variables which influence the interpretation of a given level. Variables include sample collection and storage, drug analysis, dosage regimens and preparations, drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as medical diagnoses and family dynamics. The theoretical basis of TDM is well established. However, many practical aspects of TDM limit its usefulness. The practical aspects of TDM which may be overlooked when applying the theoretical basis of TDM to the clinical situation are reviewed.