The National Debate Tournament: A Test of the AFA's Professionalism.

On December 27, 1966 the American Forensic Association voted to assume sponsorship of the National Debate Tournament (NDT). For the next two decades, issues related to the NDT consumed major portions of the association's annual business meetings, generated intense feelings, and even created severe divisions within the AFA's membership. This essay has three objectives: first, to review the circumstances leading to the American Forensic Association's vote to sponsor the NDT; second, to examine the association's role in overseeing the NDT, the nature of the issues debated, the underlying value conflicts, and the ways in which the AFA attempted to respond to these concerns; and, finally, to judge the significance of the relationship between the AFA and the NDT. TRANSFER OF NDT SPONSORSHIP TO THE AFA The National Debate Tournament was established in 1947 by the United States Military Academy at West Point. As originally conceived, its purpose was to bring together the best debate teams from across the nation. Except for tournaments held by honorary societies, which were, of course, limited to society members, West Point was the first debate tournament that was national in scope. The West Point tournament was accompanied by considerable military pomp, so invitations involved not only prestige but also a certain glamour. Twenty-nine teams participated in the first NDT (30 were invited, but one withdrew at the last moment). In 1950, the number of teams increased to 34 and later to 38. Initially, after consultation with well-known coaches from different sections of the country, the Military Academy's staff and debaters selected the teams to invite to West Point (Sanders, 1996). The participating schools quickly came to view the winners of the West Point tournament as the national chammpions. To give greater legitimacy to this claim, more formal procedures for selecting participating teams evolved. The authority to name the teams that represented the various sections of the country was turned over to committees of debate coaches from each district. By the mid-1960s, most districts had settled upon qualifying tournaments as the fairest way to select district representatives to the West Point nationals. On the first day of the 1966 NDT, an unscheduled meeting of the district committees' chairpersons was called, and the West Point director unexpectedly announced that the Military Academy would no longer host the National Debate Tournament. Budget constraints and the size of classes, which had expanded because of the Vietnam War, necessitated the discontinuation of West Point's sponsorship. The director, expressing the hope that a different sponsor for the tournament could be found, offered to free district chairs from some of their judging obligations so that they could meet to consider future plans. Interim Planning. The district chairs asked Annabel Hagood of the University of Alabama, Herb James of Dartmouth College, William Reynolds of Georgetown University, and George Ziegelmueller of Wayne State University to form a subcommittee to meet with William Westmoreland, the superintendent of the Military Academy. The subcommittee was charged with exploring two issues: (1) the financial costs associated with hosting the NDT, and (2) determining whether West Point would be willing to host the tournament at least one more year to allow more time for future planning (Ziegelmueller, 1996, p. 145). At first, the committee of district chairs believed that the superintendent's projected costs were unrealistically high. Upon closer examination, however, the committee realized that the figures were undoubtedly accurate. General Westmoreland refused the committee's request to host the tournament an additional year. At the conclusion of the meeting, an interim committee consisting of the immediate past and current district chairs was formed under the leadership of AFA President Ziegelmueller. …