cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized bridge network for dielectric measurements

RECENT experience with bridges for the determination of power factor and dielectric constant of small oil samples over a range of frequency has indicated the desirability of improving their characteristics. These improvements or developments have to do principally with changes in circuit arrangements, a generalized representation of the bridge network in terms of controllable impedances, an increased sensitivity inherent in the bridge itself, and an effective means for controlling the influence of inherent impedances extraneous to the bridge measuring arms on the accuracy, precision, and dependency of the bridge measurements and balances.
Demographic, Temporal, and Spatial Patterns of Homicide Rates in Russia

Interpersonal violence increased dramatically in Russia following the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. In this article, newly available arrest data from the Russian Ministry of the Interior and vital statistics data from the Russian State Committee for Statistics are employed in order to examine the demographic, temporal, and spatial patterns of homicide rates in the country. Among other findings, analyses reveal (1) homicide victimization rates in Russia are comparable to and/or greater than the high rates in the United States for at least the last 35 years; (2) a sudden decrease in homicide rates in the mid-1980s, followed by a sharp increase in the late 1980s and early 1990s resulting in a Russian homicide victimization rate that is 15-20 times higher than in most European nations; (3) a strikingly different age pattern of homicide victimization rates as compared to the USA; and (4) a wide range of variation in homicide rates throughout the country, including a curious pattern of increasing rates from west to east.
Desensitization of 5-hydroxytryptamine-facilitated dopamine release in vivo

Abstract Desensitization to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-facilitated dopamine release in vivo develops following either continuous or repeated pulses of 5-HT. For instance, an initial 20 min pulse of 5-HT (10 μM) produced a 715 ± 150% increase in basal dopamine, an effect which steadily declined over 5 subsequent fractions to 222 ± 80%. Also, secondary pulses (s2) of 5-HT administered 40 min following the primary pulse (s1), elicited a 327 ± 16% increase in dopamine levels, significantly decreased from the primary s1 pulse. Augmentation of either protein kinase A or protein kinase C systems attenuated 5-HT-facilitated dopamine release, suggesting a role for protein kinases in regulating the desensitization process.
The Contribution of Religion to Volunteer Work

L'A. cherche a cerner la contribution de la religion dans le benevolat. Pour ce faire, il pratique une etude sociologique sur un panel de jeunes adultes repartis en trois vagues : catholiques, protestants liberaux et protestants conservateurs. Il en compare les resultats sur le theme suivant : quelle est la nature de la connexion qui unit doctrine et activisme pour chacune de ces confessions ? Dans quelle mesure on ne peut se dire chretien sans agir ? L'etude fait apparaitre l'importance de l'interpretation que donne du benevolat la theologie
Of Murder and Love: Peregrinations of the African Detective Writer

This article discusses the status of the African detective writer in francophone Africa, using examples by Driss Chraibi and Mongo Beti, two key figures of francophone African literatures. I offer a reading of L’inspecteur Ali and Trop de Soleil tue l’amour as novels that signal the shift of both writers from the realist novel to crime fiction. I also scrutinize the metafictional comments in the novels, that is, passages when fiction deals with the writing of fiction as a whole, and the conventions and potentialities of detective fiction in French-speaking Africa. I therefore propose that the practice of detective fiction does not necessarily lead to the popularity of the writer. Rather, I suggest that—given that the novels I have studied also expose love, murder, and politics, none of which seems to guarantee celebrity—the ultimate lesson with regard to the status of the French-speaking African detective writer is that he seems to only enjoy a post mortem popularity, one that clearly rests on profanation.
On the construction and interpretation of Coriolis-adapted normal modes

Abstract Coriolis-adapted normal modes have proved to be a useful device for unravelling the vibration-rotation interaction between nearly degenerate vibrations in near-symmetric top molecules. In this paper the generalization to more than two modes coupled through rotation about more than one body-fixed axis is developed. It is shown that these generalized Coriolis-adapted normal modes are not truly independent (their Poisson brackets do not vanish, and by analogy the corresponding quantum-mechanical operators do not commute); this appears to be a result of the fundamentally greater complexity of three-dimensional rotation compared to rotation in a plane. The procedure is applied to an exactly solvable model, Teller's Hamiltonian for a triply degenerate harmonic vibration in a spherical top molecule, and it is seen that two vibrational actions are given correctly but a third is not. The analysis helps to clarify the physical significance of this new approach to vibration-rotation interactions.
Ionic conductivity in H3O+ beta alumina

Abstract The first detailed conductivity measurements on single crystals of H 3 O + beta alumina are discussed in this paper. The conductivity of single crystal H 3 O + beta alumina at 20°C is 10 −11 (ohm cm) −1 . From 20 to about 200°C it increases in an Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy of 18 kcal/mole. Between 200 and 300°C H 3 O + beta alumina undergoes a partial and reversible dehydration in which approximately 50% of its H 3 O + content is converted to H + . The resulting composition, H + H 3 O + beta alumina has a much lower conductivity at 300° than H 3 O + beta alumina. H + H 3 O + beta alumina has a conductivity of 10 −6 (ohm cm) −1 at 500°C, which varies between 300 and 550° in an Arrhenius expression with an activation energy of 29 kcal/mole.
Patterns of reproductive success associated with social structure and microclimate in a spider system

Species that vary in social structure within and among populations can provide unparalleled insight into the evolution of sociality. The theridiid spider Anelosimus studiosus varies widely in its social structure at the northern edge of its range. Colony sizes range from the solitary/territorial female with her offspring to cooperative colonies of tens to hundreds of adult females. In previous work, we developed an assured fitness returns ‘brood-fostering model’ that predicts that in cooler environments mothers in multiple-female colonies will have a selective advantage over solitary female nests. According to the model, at cool sites the rate of juvenile maturation is slowed, increasing the probability that the mother will die before the brood reaches independence. In her absence, other females would foster her brood. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating colony size and by monitoring the reproductive success of naturally occurring solitary and multifemale colonies in cold and warm temperature environments. Our results indicate that while multiple-female colonies have higher fitness at cool sites, the solitary female nests achieve higher fitness at warmer sites. The higher reproductive success of multifemale colonies at cold sites further reflects the total failure of solitary female nests at these sites. Solitary female nests that survived generally had higher reproductive success than multifemale colonies at all temperatures. In natural colonies, fitness was highest for smaller multifemale colonies in the colder environments and decreased in the larger colonies. We use these data to refine the brood-fostering model and discuss the results with regard to the observed polymorphism in social structure.
The Phenotypic Plasticity of Myeloma Plasma Cells as Expressed by Dedifferentiation into an Immature, Resilient, and Apoptosis-Resistant Phenotype

Purpose: We previously showed the ability of osteoclasts to support myeloma plasma cell survival and proliferation in vivo and ex vivo . The aim of the current study was to investigate osteoclast-induced phenotypic changes associated with long-term survival of myeloma cells in coculture. Experimental Design: CD138-selected myeloma plasma cells from 16 patients were cocultured with human osteoclasts for up to 20 weeks. Results: Precultured cells were typically CD45 low/intermediate CD38 high CD138 high , CD19 − CD34 − . After >6 weeks, the phenotype of cocultured myeloma cells consistently shifted to cells expressing CD45 intermediate/high CD19 low CD34 low . Expression of CD38 and CD138 were reduced to subpopulations with CD38 intermediate and CD138 low levels. Morphologically, cocultured plasma cells became plasmablastic. Blocking interleukin-6 activity did not affect the immature phenotype of myeloma cells. The effect of dexamethasone on myeloma cells cultured alone or in cocultures at baseline and after 6 weeks of coculture was determined. When baseline myeloma cells were cultured alone, dexamethasone significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells over the spontaneous rate. Conversely, myeloma cells recovered from cocultures had high survival rates and were resistant to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Long-term coculture of normal CD34-expressing hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) resulted in loss of CD34 expression, suggesting a common mechanism for osteoclast-induced myeloma and HSC plasticity. Conclusions: This study indicates that myeloma cells have plasticity expressed by their ability to reprogram, dedifferentiate, and acquire autonomous survival properties.
Down syndrome and neurofibromatosis: a case report

Background The dental management of a patient presenting with both Down syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has not previously been described well in the dental literature. Case Description A 20-year-old male with both of these genetic anomalies sought comprehensive treatment at the Special Needs Dental clinic at the Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health. He presented with multiple decayed surfaces, retained primary teeth, and intra/extra oral soft tissue tumors. Dental extractions and tumor reduction surgery took place at a private dental office due to the need for intravenous sedation for patient management. At the conclusion of the patient's ­treatment, while his oral health was improved, there was little improvement in the facial aesthetics of his case. Clinical Implications Coordinating care among health care providers in a patient with Trisomy 21 and NF1 is essential for a reliable and predictable outcome. However, as neurofibromas are often known to recur, the treatment risks and advantages should be reviewed prior to surgical intervention.
Altered processing of health threat words as a function of hypochondriacal tendencies and experimentally manipulated control beliefs

Attentional biases associated with various forms of psychopathology have been well documented. Few studies, however, have assessed the factors that moderate these biases. The present paper assesses the biased processing of health words as a function of hypochondriacal tendencies during a threat of bioterrorism (anthrax), and whether perceived control can moderate those biases. Based on a sample of 328 participants, hypochondriacal tendencies were associated with slower reaction times on a modified emotional Stroop task when the stimulus words were anthrax-related, and this effect was moderated by a manipulation of perceived control. Specifically, individuals with low perceived control over the health threat had greater attentional bias of anthrax infection, independent of related variables such as anxiety.
Vibration-Test Methods for Dynamic-Mechanical-Property Characterization

Dynamic-mechanical properties (elastic modulus and internal damping) of materials may be characterized using either vibration or wave-propagation experiments. This section deals only with vibration-test methods, which cover the nominal frequency range 0.001–1000 Hz. Wave-propagation methods are not discussed here.
Performance Evaluation through Field Testing of Century-Old Railroad Truss Bridge

Research has been carried out to evaluate the structural behavior and influence of aging on a century-old steel railroad truss bridge. The structure is located in Connecticut and services a large number of trains traveling into and out of New York City. The trusses are made of built-up members, with either multiple eyebars or laced channel sections. All panel point connections are joined with true pins and the interior panels are indeterminate. The bridge had experienced problems relating to the lateral shifting of some of the middepth pins. This study was carried out to evaluate the structural behavior and live load distribution throughout the bridge. A major component of the research involved extensive field monitoring. The results show that the actual live load distribution is significantly different than expected from conventional analytical approaches that were most likely used in the original design. The load distribution in multiple eyebar elements is far from uniform, and the distribution of shear through indeterminate panels is significantly different than expected from a normal truss analysis. Significant out-of-plane bending was found in the truss due to floorbeam end rotations, which is thought to be the major factor that is causing the pins to move. The study shows the necessity of using field monitoring to better understand the behavior of older bridges prior to the design of renovation approaches.
Practicing Theory: Legal Education for the Twenty-First Century

Law practice and legal education are facing fundamental changes. Many assume that these changes will force law schools to give up on theory and focus more on training students for the practice of law. However, this essay shows that the future may be more uncertain and complex. The only thing that is certain is that law schools may face, for the first time, the need to provide the type of education the market demands rather than serving lawyers' and law professors’ preferences. Legal educators must respond to these demands by serving not just the existing U.S. market for legal services but also a global market for legal information. This may call for training in some, but not all, of the theories and disciplines that have been developing in law schools.
Physical characterisation and over-expression of the Bacillus caldotenax superoxide dismutase gene.

The gene (sod) encoding Bacillus caldotenax (BC) Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been cloned in Escherichia coli and its entire nucleotide sequence determined. Within the coding region of the gene there were 21 nucleotide differences to the previously sequenced sod of Bacillus stearothermophilus (BS). The predicted amino acid sequence of BCMnSOD had two amino acid dissimilarities to the BSMnSOD, containing Asp and Val at positions 13 and 188, respectively, compared to Glu and Ile at the respective equivalent positions of BSMnSOD. Recombinant BCMnSOD was shown to be functionally active in E. coli, both in vitro and in vivo, and was produced at levels representing over 40% of the cells' soluble protein by coupling sod transcription to the E. coli trp promoter. The sequenced region of DNA was also found to encompass part of a second open-reading frame, of unknown function, previously noted 3′ to the B. stearothermophilus gene.
Pathogenesis and manifestations of human herpesvirus-8-associated disorders.

Abstract Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), a recently discovered oncogenic human virus, is consistently associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). These disorders occur more frequently, but not exclusively, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, and exhibit more aggressive clinical courses when developing in the setting of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). One of the most intriguing aspects of HHV-8-related disorders is the involvement of numerous growth factors in their pathogenesis. This review will focus on several HHV-8 gene products that exhibit proinflammatory and proangiogenic activities or act as transcriptional activators of cellular cytokines that are involved in the pathogenesis of HHV-8-related disorders. Semin Hematol 40:143-153. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Do Democracies Make Inferior Counterinsurgents? Reassessing Democracy's Impact on War Outcomes and Duration

A core proposition from decades of research on internal wars asserts that democracies, with their casualty-averse publics, accountable leaders, and free media, are uniquely prone to losing counterinsurgency (COIN) wars. Yet one should question this finding, for two reasons. First, existing studies overwhelmingly adopt no-variance research designs that only examine democracies, leaving them unable to assess their performance relative to autocracies. Second, these studies do not control for confounding factors that bias causal estimates. Democracies, for example, typically fight wars of choice as external occupiers, while most autocracies face homegrown insurgencies, a function in part of divergent levels of state capacity possessed by democratic and autocratic combatants. This study corrects for both problems using a new dataset of insurgencies (1800–2005) and matching to test whether democracies experience significantly higher rates of defeat and shorter wars. No relationship between democracy and war outcomes or duration is found once regime type is varied and inferential threats are addressed.
“Trouble Won’t Last Always”: Religious Coping and Meaning in the Stress Process

Meaning-based coping, particularly religious coping, might lead to positive emotions in stressful situations. Religious coping is common among older adults. We explored the experience of religious coping, organizational religious affiliation, and one’s relationship with God among older adults with advanced chronic illness and their caregivers. Research questions included: How is religious coping experienced in this context? How is a relationship with God experienced in coping? How is meaning experienced in this context? Brief qualitative interviews uncovered descriptions of experiences using the qualitative descriptive method. Three themes were identified: God is a provider, one’s religion and relationship with God when coping are essential, and the God–person relationship is intimate. Care recipients coped through their personal relationship with God, whereas caregivers coped through religious beliefs and support. Meaning was defined as purpose, responsibility, and duty.
Immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is typically an indolent B-cell malignancy, primarily affecting the aging population. Standard cytotoxic treatment with alkylating agents or purine analogs is very effective at inducing remission. However, curative treatment is not yet available. Immunotherapy is emerging as an exciting modality with significant potential to advance the treatment of this disease. This review discusses the different modalities of immunotherapy under investigation for the treatment of CLL. These modalities include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against antigens on CLL B-cells including CD52 and CD20. Active immunotherapy by vaccination with genetically modified autologous leukemia cells is being evaluated in clinical trials. Allogeneic stem cell transplant for adoptive immunotherapy of CLL is yet another modality being investigated. While this modality may have limited application due to morbidity in older patients, it may result in improved survival and possibly cure. The use of immunotherapy in CLL is in the early stages of development. It is likely that this approach will significantly improve the treatment of CLL and possibly contribute to the cure of this disease.
Do Strong Unions Shape District Policies? Collective Bargaining, Teacher Contract Restrictiveness, and the Political Power of Teachers' Unions.

A substantial amount of school district policy is set in the collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) negotiated between teachers’ unions and districts. Although previous studies have assumed that CBA provisions bargained by unions are a primary mechanism connecting union strength to outcomes for teachers and students, research has not yet addressed the basic question of whether stronger unions in fact bargain different CBAs. Combining data from a content analysis of agreements and a statewide survey of school board members in California, this study examines whether stronger, more politically organized unions are associated with CBAs that place greater constraints on district policy options. The results show that contracts in districts with stronger unions, measured by both board members’ evaluations of union power and union support of board members in recent elections, allow school district administrators less flexibility than do contracts in districts with weaker, less active unions.
Urban Stratification of Places, Routine Activities and Suburban Crime Rates

Cohen and Felson's (1979) theory of "routine activities" is evaluated using 1972 and 1980 crime rate data for 676 American suburbs. Cross-sectional and change influences of criminal motivation (percent poor, percent unemployed, percent black, and percent youth), criminal opportunities (employment concentration and percent multiple housing) and guardianship (police employment, police expenditure, and female labor force nonparticipation) on suburban crime rates, 1980 and change in crime rates, 1972-80 are estimated using maximum likelihood (LISREL) techniques. Consistent with the routine activities model, a multiplicative effect of the preconditions for crime on crime rates is also estimated. Motivation, opportunities, and guardianship are found to have direct andlor indirect additive effects on violent andlor property crime rates-supporting the "routine activities" model. A multiplicative effect of the preconditions of crime is found for property crime but not for violent crime rates. Suburbs have historically been immune from many of the urban problems that plague central cities. However, urban problems have begun to invade the suburbs-traffic congestion and air pollution; rising crime and delinquency rates; deteriorating housing; poverty and unemployment (Gold 1982). Of particular interest has been the recent rapid increase in suburban crime rates. Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data indicate that suburban violent crime rates increased by 130.7 percent from 1970 to 1980 compared to a 47.4 percent increase for central cities. The UCR shows increases for property crime rates of 146.0 percent for suburbs and 93.5 percent for central cities. Empirical questions arising are what types of suburbs have begun to experience increases in crime rates? And why? To answer these questions, a model of suburban property and violent crime rates is expli*We thank the anonymous referees, and especially David F. Greenberg, for their helpful comments and criticisms on earlier versions of this paper. Address correspondence to John M. Stahura, Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ?D 1988 The University of North Carolina Press
Why People Are Reluctant to Tempt Fate

The present research explored the belief that it is bad luck to "tempt fate." Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that people do indeed have the intuition that actions that tempt fate increase the likelihood of negative outcomes. Studies 3-6 examined our claim that the intuition is due, in large part, to the combination of the automatic tendencies to attend to negative prospects and to use accessibility as a cue when judging likelihood. Study 3 demonstrated that negative outcomes are more accessible following actions that tempt fate than following actions that do not tempt fate. Studies 4 and 5 demonstrated that the heightened accessibility of negative outcomes mediates the elevated perceptions of likelihood. Finally, Study 6 examined the automatic nature of the underlying processes. The types of actions that are thought to tempt fate as well as the role of society and culture in shaping this magical belief are discussed.
Trinity and Eschatology: The Historical being of God in Jürgen Moltmann and Wolfhart Pannenberg

Whether or not one may wish to call it a renaissance in the doctrine of the Trinity, there has been a notable resurgence of interest in trinitarian thinking in recent theology. Some of the most suggestive contributions have been made by two theologians whose works are generally regarded as ‘eschatologically’ oriented. In a volume recently published in English as The Trinity and the Kingdom of God, Jurgen Moltmann attempts to develop a comprehensive doctrine of the trinitarian being of God taking up and expanding themes already set forth in such earlier works as The Crucified God, The Church in the Power of the Spirit, and several journal articles dealing with the ‘trinitarian history of God’. Throughout these works Moltmann was concerned to demonstrate the openness of the being of God for man and history and toward the future. The trinitarian differentiation and unity of God, he argued in various ways, is to be closely identified with the events of salvation history, especially the cross of Jesus. In his most recent book, he attempts to systematise this approach to the doctrine of God through a ‘salvation historical’ and ‘social’ doctrine of the Trinity. This work represents a major contribution to trinitarian thought and is both complex and wide-ranging in its treatment of the subject. It will be our concern here simply to investigate some of the major themes related to the problem of God's relationship to history, that is, God's ‘historicality’.
Dynamic policy-based IDS configuration

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is an important security enforcement tool in modern networked information systems. Obtaining an optimal IDS configuration for effective detection of attacks is far from trivial. There exists a tradeoff between security enforcement levels and the performance of information systems. It is critical to configure an IDS in a dynamic and iterative fashion to balance the security overhead and system performance. In this paper, we use noncooperative game approaches to address this problem. We first build a fundamental game framework to model the zero-sum interactions between the detector and the attacker. Building on this platform, we then formulate a stochastic game model in which the transitions between system states are determined by the actions chosen by both players. An optimal policy-based configuration can be found by minimizing a discounted cost criterion, using an iterative method. In addition, we propose a Q-learning algorithm to find the optimal game values when the transitions between system states are unknown. We show the convergence of the algorithm to the optimal Q-function and illustrate the concepts by simulation.
Field Cricket Species Differences in the Temporal Patterns of Long‐Distance Mate Attraction Signals

We quantify variation in the temporal components of long-distance mate attraction signals produced by a North American field cricket, Gryllus rubens Scudder. Total signaling time, trilling bout duration, and hourly bout number exhibit high repeatability within individuals. Extensive variation exists across individuals: some males never signal while others signal for several hours each night; of the signalers, average trilling bout duration ranges from <1 min to well over an hour; some males produce only one trilling bout in an evening while others produce three bouts every 2 h. Body size, weight, wing morphology, and condition do not appear to explain the variation. We compare the temporal signaling components of G. rubens with its sister species, G. texensis. Although G. rubens produce slightly more trills per hour with slightly shorter trilling bout durations, the temporal components of these long-distance mate attraction signals are surprisingly similar across species.
The missing leak: a case report of a baffle-leak closure using real-time 3D transoesophageal guidance

Brady-arrhythmias in patients undergone atrial switch procedures (Mustard or Senning procedure) for complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) are common and often require implantation of permanent pacemakers. It has been shown that in patients with palliated congenital cardiac defects with residual intra-cardiac shunts, permanent pacemaker implantation is associated with an increased risk of thrombo-embolism. Patients with TGA and concomitant baffle leaks may have an even further increased thrombo-embolic risk, given that the leaks can provide the conduit for venous to systemic thrombo-embolism. In order to decrease this risk, all TGA patients who require pacemaker implantation typically undergo a thorough pre-procedural evaluation to assess for the presence of a baffle leak. Traditional imaging modalities, however, are often limited in their ability to detect and/or properly locate small baffle leaks. We report a case of a patient with TGA and a baffle leak that was both identified and percutaneously closed with the assistance of real-time 3D transoesophageal echocardiography.
Issues in the implementation of proactive environmental strategies

Management consultants, environmental groups, and industry trade associations have all recently offered guidelines for companies to improve environmental performance.1 The guidelines suggest ways that companies can implement strategic change to move beyond compliance with regulation, assume responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products, and gain public credibility. Much of the advice offered can be useful to managers who are responding to rapidly changing environmental pressures. Nevertheless, implementation of some of the general guidelines could impose undue costs or introduce untoward organisational consequences for certain companies. While mentioned as an issue in the management literature, companies need more systematic advice on how best to tailor these broad guidelines for environmental strategic change to the specific needs and capabilities of their companies. In addition, as many companies are comprised of diverse business units that are sometimes linked together only through financial controls, managers must adapt environmental management programs to unique ‘substructures’ within the firm. These substructures can differ dramatically in their environmental performance and their management capabilities. Elsewhere we have offered a framework for analysing environmental strategies and management programs.2 In this paper, we identify some of the implementation issues that confront companies when they introduce environmental strategic change. We argue that environmental strategies are most effectively implemented when they are consistent with the organisational characteristics and operating context of the company involved. We use Volvo's experience with environmental strategic change to highlight many of the difficulties that companies may encounter when altering their approach to environmental performance. The case illustrates how a company can modify its own strategy and management programs for more effective change. It is an interesting case to study because of the proactive and comprehensive nature of Volvo's environmental strategy and management programs.
Ring Contraction via a Favorskii‐Type Rearrangement: Cycloundecanone

Ring contraction via a Favorskii-type rearrangement: cycloundecanone intermediate: methyl 1-cycloundecenecarboxylate product: cycloundecanone Keywords: elimination, miscellaneous; esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; halogenation, bromination; rearrangements; benzene; sodium methoxide, powdered; hydrazoic acid
Reduction of Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization and Dissemination by a Nonopsonic Capsular Polysaccharide Antibody

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization of the nasopharynx (NP) is a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The marked reduction in IPD that followed the routine use of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has been linked to reduced NP colonization with vaccine-included serotypes (STs), with the caveat that PCVs are less effective against pneumonia than against IPD. Although PCV-elicited opsonic antibodies that enhance phagocytic killing of the homologous ST are considered a key correlate of PCV-mediated protection, recent studies question this relationship for some STs, including ST3. Studies with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS) of ST3 (PPS3) have shown that nonopsonic, as well as opsonic, antibodies can each protect mice against pneumonia and sepsis, but the effect of these types of MAbs on NP colonization is unknown. In this study, we determined the effects of protective opsonic and nonopsonic PPS3 MAbs on ST3 NP colonization in mice. Our results show that a nonopsonic MAb reduced early NP colonization and prevented ST3 dissemination to the lungs and blood, but an opsonic MAb did not. Moreover, the opsonic MAb induced a proinflammatory NP cytokine response, but the nonopsonic MAb had an antiinflammatory effect. The effect of the nonopsonic MAb on colonization did not require its Fc region, but its antiinflammatory effect did. Our findings challenge the paradigm that opsonic MAbs are required to prevent NP colonization and suggest that further studies of the activity of nonopsonic antibodies could advance our understanding of mechanisms of PCV efficacy and provide novel correlates of protection. IMPORTANCE Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have markedly reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Vaccine-elicited pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) antibodies that enhance in vitro phagocyte killing of vaccine-included serotypes (STs) (opsonic antibodies) have been considered correlates of vaccine protection and are thought to exert their effect at the initial site of infection, the nasopharynx (NP). However, the data presented here show that this is not the necessarily the case. A nonopsonic PPS monoclonal antibody (MAb) reduced pneumococcal colonization and dissemination of its homologous ST in mice, but surprisingly, an opsonic PPS MAb to the same ST did not. These results reveal that PPS antibodies can work in different ways than previously thought, challenge the paradigm that opsonic antibodies are required to prevent IPD, and provide new insights into PCV efficacy that could lead to novel correlates of vaccine protection.
Review of Neutrino Oscillation Experiments

A number of sensitive experiments have recently been done, or are in progress, to search for evidence for neutrino oscillations. If observed, these would be clear indications for the violation of the individual lepton type quantum numbers and evidence for flavor changing currents of a kind found in grand unification models.
mTOR and Drugs of Abuse

Drugs of abuse are a group of chemical entities that are positively reinforcing and can shape behavior from recreational use towards abuse. As escalation of drug intake develops, users lose control over their decision-making processes and behavior is geared more towards obtaining and consuming drugs. Drugs of abuse trigger these behavioral alterations through long-lasting neuroadaptations in brain circuits that drive motivational learning and decision-making processes. Some of these brain alterations are driven by the actions of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is activated by drugs of abuse and facilitates long-lasting protein synthesis-dependent changes in synaptic function. In this chapter, we detail the role that mTOR plays in the actions of each class of abused drugs, and how blocking the actions of mTOR reduces the development of harmful behaviors associated with escalated drug-seeking and -taking.
Privileges and Immunities, Public Education, and the Case for Public School Choice

The Supreme Court’s decision in McDonald v. Chicago has generated a great deal of debate over the Fourteenth Amendment Privileges or Immunities Clause and the manner in which constitutional rights should be incorporated to apply against the states. One by-product of that debate has been a rise in scholarly attention to the Article IV Privileges and Immunities Clause insofar as the Article IV Clause may be viewed as the constitutional predecessor of – and a source of interpretive meaning for – its Fourteenth Amendment cousin. Lost amidst the rekindled interest in the Article IV Clause as an interpretive signpost, however, is the fact that it, too, is capable of serving as a fount for important individual rights. This article considers one such right that has yet to be litigated but to which public attention has grown in recent years: access to public school choice. For ages, the conventional wisdom on public schooling has casually accepted that a school district should be free to turn away students who live outside of the district’s geographic borders at the district’s complete discretion. This article examines how and why school districts across the nation persist in the practice of closed enrollment, despite claims to the contrary made by some school officials and lawmakers. I explain how the widespread existence of exclusive school district boundaries fundamentally undermines parental liberty, educational efficiency, and equality of opportunity by relegating millions of disadvantaged children to the worst schools in the nation, even as substantially better public schools exist often minutes away across town lines. But there is reason for hope. Litigation brought under the Article IV Privileges and Immunities Clause can compel local school districts to enroll non-resident transfer students under proper conditions. Such litigation, I argue, has the potential to provoke a dramatic reconsideration of the power that public schools have to refuse to educate certain children on the basis of residency – and the potential to help usher in a long overdue era of meaningful educational opportunity.
Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect with Truncus Arteriosus and Interrupted Aortic Arch in the Fetus

Complete atrioventricular septal defect is generally diagnosed on the four-chamber view of the fetal heart. This defect can be accompanied by additional outflow tract lesions, including truncus arteriosus. Although truncus arteriosus in isolation can be associated with interrupted aortic arch, we describe a fetal case with the rare association of all three diagnoses: complete atrioventricular septal defect with truncus arteriosus and interrupted aortic arch. This case points to the importance of evaluating the complete fetal heart even after one congenital cardiac abnormality is noted. The complexity of heart disease has implications for prenatal counseling and postnatal management.
Encephalomyelitis and Pneumonitis in Hamsters Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus by Different Routes.

SummaryHamsters injected intracere–brally or by peripheral routes with NDV developed encephalomyelitis and pneumonitis. The amount of virus required to produce infection varied for each route, being least by the intracerebral route and highest by the subcutaneous route. Virus was recovered from the brain but not from the lungs or blood in the prodromal stages. The manifestations and pathology of the resultant encephalomyelitis were similar irrespective of route of inoculation.
Further studies of the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of mucoid variants of Brucella abortus for guinea pigs.

In a study of the pathogenicity of mucoid variants of brucellae for guinea pigs (Jones and Berman, 1951), it was reported that mucoid strains vary in their ability to persist and produce changes in the animal tissues. In mixed infections of mucoid and smooth brucellae, the smooth form was found to persist longer. The mucoid form was eliminated more rapidly from animals which had a simultaneously or previously established infection with smooth organisms than from a similar series of animals inoculated with mucoid organisms only. The effect of prior inoculation of mucoid cultures on the susceptibility of guinea pigs to later infection with smooth cultures was not studied intensively by these authors. Further observations on the persistence or disappearance of the mucoid form in the presence of infection with smooth organisms were
Promoting Memorability and Security of Passwords Through Sentence Generation

Much of our personal information flows through the Internet as we receive online services or make online transactions, making it essential to have reliable security systems to protect against infor...
Salvage therapy for refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common late complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and is the principal cause of morbidity and non-relapse mortality. The improved management of acute GVHD has not translated into lower rates of chronic GVHD as older patients undergo allogeneic BMT, more patients receive unrelated or related mismatched allogeneic BMT, and donor lymphocyte infusion is increasingly used for treatment of post-BMT relapses. Patients with high risk chronic GVHD or those who fail on standard therapy have a bad prognosis. Salvage therapies have produced disappointing results. Here, we present a retrospective analysis of 26 patients where a steroid sparing synergistic combination of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus was used in refractory chronic GVHD. 46% patients showed an objective response, 11.5% had stable disease, 34.6% had progression and 7.7% were not evaluable. The combination was well tolerated. This promising preliminary result has prompted a trial to assess the safety and efficacy of this regimen in patients with chronic GVHD who have failed prior therapy and to determine if it would improve survival as well as quality of life in such patients.
Special Report on the International Temperature Scale of 1990: Report on the 17th Session of the Consultative Committee on Thermometry.

This article summarizes the results of the 17th Session of the Consultative Committee on Thermometry of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (Comite Consultatif de Thermometrie of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures) that met in Sevres, France, September 12-14, 1989. That session was devoted exclusively to the completion of the International Temperature Scale of 1990, described herein, and to the implications of its adoption.
Roentgenology of the mediastinum.

Properly exposed simple roentgenograms are useful in detecting and assessing mediastinal disease. Because the physical densities of the lungs and the mediastinum differ, minimal requirements for examination of the chest, even for routine survey purposes, are a suitably exposed frontal projection for evaluation of the lateral two-thirds of the lungs plus frontal and lateral grid roentgenograms which allow visualization of the mediastinum and portions of the lungs not otherwise visible.Properly performed chest roentgenography constitutes little or no known hazard to the patient.
Prototype Design and Realization of ACSI in IEC 61850 Standard

The abstract communication service model is one of the kernels of IEC 61850 standard. A method for realizing the abstract communication service is proposed. A prototype system and its infrastructure design are described. Based on object-oriented technology, the abstract communication service is converted to a class instance. The attributes and methods of a class are used to reflect the service parameter and state-machine switch. Furthermore, the inheritable and polymorphism characteristics of the class Can simplify the process of building complex service and the management of multi-class instances. Besides, the realization of specific communication service mapping (SCSM) is based on the messages between processes. Finally, a simple instance is used to verify the feasibility of the method proposed.
Methodology research on determination of stannum in filters based on atomic absorption spectrometry

Objective: To establish a rapid method for determination of stannum in filters with atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods: The filters were digested with muriatic acid and nitric acid, with optimization of instrument parameter,then stannum concentration was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Results: The standard curve is linear in the range of 0 μg/ml～40 μg/ml,the rate of recovery was controlled between 92% to 101% and the lowest detection limit was 0.02 μg/ml,the relative standard deviation was 4.3%.Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,accurate,high sensitivity and precision for direct determination of stannum in air of workplace.
Cholesterol Management in Patients Hospitalized for Coronary Heart Disease

There is now substantial scientific evidence that patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have a high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and stand to benefit significantly from efforts to lower cholesterol levels. To evaluate physician practice patterns and attitudes concerning cholesterol assessment and management of patients hospitalized with an admitting diagnosis of CHD, one-month medical record audits were performed during 1983, 1984, and 1985, and a physician survey was administered in early 1986. Medical records of 154 inpatients hospitalized with a diagnosis of CHD before 60 years of age showed that, on the average, 18% had lipid profiles ordered and 11% received a low-fat diet in the hospital. The admission history and follow-up notes mentioned the presence or absence of lipid abnormalities in 53% of CHD inpatients. No significant changes occurred from 1983 to 1985. Survey results from 184 hospital staff physicians caring for these patients showed that less than half believed that a reduction in blood cholesterol lowers risk for heart disease in middle-aged patients with CHD. Interns and residents indicated less confidence in the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering diet and drug therapy than did attending physicians. The implications of these findings for physician training are discussed in light of recent studies of the efficacy of cholesterol lowering in secondary prevention.
Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award to Guillaume Fiquet

President Rumble, Members of the Society, and guests: It is a special pleasure to be giving the citation for Guillaume Fiquet as the recipient of the 2003 MSA Award. As both a scientist and as a person, he is someone who I admire. Guillaume’s research record includes a number of landmark papers on the most basic materials of the deep Earth, and numerous technological innovations that are true milestones in high-pressure mineral physics. His published research reflects a broad range of interests, from subduction and recycling of material into the mantle, to the composition of Earths central core. Guillaume has established himself as one of the preeminent experimentalists in mineral physics, and his work has greatly influenced our view of the Earths interior. Guillaumes career began as that of many Europeans: a geologist who was fascinated by the Alps and the other geology around him in France. Perhaps it was his love of skiing and hiking that initially steered him into structural geology. His first publications were on the topics of block rotation in the brittle crust, and fault kinematics deduced from sandbox experiments. However, he soon switched fields to high-temperature mineralogy, and the loss to the fields of structure and tectonics was definitely our gain. His thesis research involved the structural and thermodynamic properties of upper mantle minerals with Philippe Gillet at the University of Rennes. After finishing his Ph.D. and serving his military obligation as a post-doc in Germany, he returned to France to take up a CNRS position in Lyon. His interests had evolved towards understanding the deep Earth …