cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the failure to induce meager offers in ultimatum game

Abstract We report on a failure to elicit extreme demands in modified ultimatum games where player 1 is either structurally weaker or stronger than she or he would be in the standard ultimatum game. These games are obtained by extending the ultimatum game to costless two-period games; in one type of game player 1 is given two opportunities to propose, and in the other, the players alternate playing the proposer role. Our results coupled with results reported by other experimenters suggest that ultimatum ourcomes are in inherent contrast with those suggested by standard non-cooperative game theory. We argue that as long as one player can veto any offer by the other, shares tend to be more even than is predicted by the standard game-theoretic model.
In defense of true higher-order vagueness

Stewart Shapiro recently argued that there is no higher-order vagueness. More specifically, his thesis is: (ST) ‘So-called second-order vagueness in ‘F’ is nothing but first-order vagueness in the phrase ‘competent speaker of English’ or ‘competent user of “F”’. Shapiro bases (ST) on a description of the phenomenon of higher-order vagueness and two accounts of ‘borderline case’ and provides several arguments in its support. We present the phenomenon (as Shapiro describes it) and the accounts; then discuss Shapiro’s arguments, arguing that none is compelling. Lastly, we introduce the account of vagueness Shapiro would have obtained had he retained compositionality and show that it entails true higher-order.
Corrections in the Chemical Literature: Their Number and Nature

Corrections, errata, and corrigenda have played a vital role in maintaining the integrity of the scholarly journal record. Being cognizant of these corrections has always been a challenge for researchers and their management a bane to librarians. Identification of corrections has been made easier with the indexing of corrections by a few commercial databases and more recently by some publishers linking corrections to articles on their e-journal platforms. Few studies have examined the nature of these corrections, especially outside of the biomedical literature where article retraction has been the primary focus. This paper quantifies and qualifies the nature of corrections within the field of chemistry and compares the effectiveness of Scopus and Web of Science in locating corrections within scholarly journals. The study found that the correction rate averaged about 1.4 percent for the journals examined. While there were numerous types of corrections, chemical structures, omission of relevant references, ...
An energy-aware framework for cascaded detection algorithms

Low-power, scalable detection systems require aggressive techniques to achieve energy efficiency. Algorithmic methods that can reduce energy consumption by compromising performance are known as being energy-aware. We propose a framework that imposes energy-awareness on cascaded detection algorithms. This is done by setting the detectors' thresholds to make a systematic trade-off between energy consumption and detection performance. The thresholds are determined by solving our proposed energy-constrained version of the Neyman-Pearson detection criterion. Our proposed optimization method systematically determines the energy-optimal thresholds and dynamically adjusts to time-varying system requirements. This framework is applied to a two-stage cascade, and simulations show that our energy-aware cascaded detectors outperform an energy-aware detection algorithm based on incremental refinement. Finally, combining our framework with incremental refinement reveals a promising approach to the design of energy-efficient detection systems.
Fault Resilient Strategies for Position Sensorless Methods of Switched Reluctance Motors Under Single and Multiphase Fault

Existing position sensorless methods rely on: 1) one-to-one correspondence between magnetic characteristics of switched reluctance motor (SRM) and rotor position; and 2) access to terminal quantities (i.e., voltage and current) for all phases. The occurrence of a fault in one or more phases will prohibit the necessary access to the phase/s and as such introduces a challenge to successful implementation of the existing position sensing techniques. This paper investigates the existing sensorless methods with the occurrence of phase faults and introduces a family of generalized strategies for sensorless operation of SRM under single and multiphase faults. The experimental results of a four-phase SRM drive with different numbers of faulty phases are presented to validate the proposed strategy.
SOME THEOREMS ON EXTENSIONS OF ARITHMETIC

?1. Introduction. In this paper we study some of the consequences of adding as new axioms to consistent re (recursively enumerable) extensions T of Peano arithmetic P sentences undecidable in Tof the fl10 variety, as are those one naturally comes upon. The question arises: how much can two extensions "differ" when each is obtained by adding just once distinct fl10 sentences undecidable in T? We shall show that if T is as stated above, we can find extensions T, and T2, constructed very simply from T, having the property that if (A, B) is any pair of re sets with recursive intersection, there can be found a flI1 formula of P which represents A in T, and B in T2. Another question concerns the relative strength of flI1 undecidable sentences. In this connection, the position of an undecidable sentence which asserts the consistency of Tin a direct, legitimate way is of special interest; it is known that there are plenty of undecidable 1110 sentences S which are stronger than the consistency statement in the sense that the latter becomes provable when S is adjoined as a new axiom, whereas the reverse is not the case. Also, the completeness result of Turing, established in his fundamental paper [9], implies that a consistency statement for any system in a recursive progression of theories based on reflection principle I of [6, p. 289], becomes provable at level W + 1. In fact, this holds true of progressions which proceed by the successive addition of consistency statements, [6, p. 287], and hence in some progressions in which the new axioms are always flH1 sentences. We shall show, on the other hand, that there is a
Efficient All-Inorganic Colloidal Quantum Dot LEDs

We present the first all-inorganic QD-LEDs consisting of radio-frequency sputtered metal-oxide charge transport layers and a colloidal quantum dot electroluminescent region. These devices manifest a 100-fold increase in external quantum efficiency over previously reported structures.
Computational voting theory: game-theoretic and combinatorial aspects

For at least two thousand years, voting has been used as one of the most effective ways to aggregate people's ordinal preferences. In the last 50 years, the rapid development of Computer Science has revolutionize every aspect of the world, including voting. This motivates us to study (1) conceptually, how computational thinking changes the traditional voting theory, and (2) methodologically, how to better use voting for preference/information aggregation with the help of Computer Science. My Ph.D. work seeks to investigate and foster the interplay between Computer Science and Voting Theory. In this thesis, I will discuss two specific research directions pursued in my Ph.D. work, one for each question asked above. The first focuses on investigating how computational thinking affects the game-theoretic aspects of voting. More precisely, I will discuss the rationale and possibility of using computational complexity to protect voting from a type of strategic behavior of the voters, called manipulation. The second studies a voting setting called Combinatorial Voting, where the set of alternative is exponentially large and has a combinatorial structure. I will focus on the design and analysis of novel voting rules for combinatorial voting that balance computational efficiency and the expressivity of the voting language, in light of some recent developments in Artificial Intelligence.
Relative Contributions of Verbal, Articulative, and Nonverbal Communication to Employment Decisions in the Job Interview Setting.

Recruiter ratings of 338 on-campus interviews were used in a discriminant analysis procedure to determine the relative importance of the verbal, articulative, and nonverbal dimensions of communication during the job interview. Correlation of seven variables with the discriminant function indicated that appropriateness of content, fluency of speech, and composure were of greatest importance in contributing to a favorable employment decision. These findings were contrary to the recent literature which has emphasized the importance of nonverbal behavior. Implications for job-interview skills training are discussed, and suggestions for a comprehensive workshop model are presented.
Beyond prostate-specific antigen: Alternate serum markers

There is a need to improve existing methods for early diagnosis of prostate cancer (CaP) and to identify men at risk for developing aggressive disease. In an effort to replace and/or supplement prostate-specific antigen many serum analytes have been examined, but with little supportive data for clinical use. Recently, technological advances in molecular assays have improved investigational outcomes and have led to the discovery of a number of prospective markers with high specificity. Further promise for providing more accurate CaP diagnosis and prognosis lies in proteomic array profiling and DNA methylation assays. This review illustrates the current benefits and limitations of potentially useful CaP serum markers that have considerable existing data and touches upon other future markers as well as the field of proteomics.
Recruitment of three non-native invasive plants into a fragmented forest in southern Illinois

Abstract Plant invasions are a current threat to biodiversity conservation, second only to habitat loss and fragmentation. Density and heights of three invasive plants, Rosa multiflora, Lonicera japonica, and Elaeagnus umbellata, were examined between edges and adjacent interiors of forest sites in southern Illinois. Density (stems m−2) and heights (cm) of invasive plants were obtained in plots along transects at edge and interior sampling locations within forest sites. The effect of species, sampling location, and site shape index on invasive plant density was investigated, as well as differences in heights of invasive plants in edge vs. interior sampling locations. Species, sampling location, and fragment shape index were significant factors influencing invasive plant density at study sites. Density for all three species ranged from 0 to 18 stems m−2. All three species invaded interiors of sites, however, R. multiflora and L. japonica had significantly greater densities in edge as opposed to interior transects. These two species also had significant differences in density among site shape indices. Density of E. umbellata was not significantly different between edge and interior sampling locations or among site shape indices. Mean heights of all three invasive plants were higher in edge transects, however, this relationship was only significant for L. japonica. These findings suggest that (1) preservation of tracts of forest with less edge can minimize invasion by these three plants in this area. Interiors of forest sites can be protected from invasion by having less edge habitat for invasive species to enter and become established; and (2) E. umbellata, unlike the other two species, is established in both interior and edges of study sites. Therefore, E. umbellata may pose the most ecological damage because it is well established throughout sites, and should be given a high priority when implementing management and control efforts in southern Illinois forest ecosystems.
Coherent structures near the boundary between excitable and oscillatory media

We investigate reaction–diffusion systems near parameter values that mark the transition from an excitable to an oscillatory medium. We analyse the existence and stability of travelling waves near a steep pulse that arises as the limit of excitation pulses when parameters cross into the oscillatory regime. Travelling waves near this limiting profile are obtained by analysing a codimension-two homoclinic saddle-node/orbit-flip bifurcation. The main result shows that there are precisely two generic scenarios for such a transition, distinguished by the sign of an interaction coefficient between pulses. In both scenarios, we find stable fast fronts, unstable slow fronts, stable excitation pulses, and trigger and phase waves. Both trigger and phase waves are stable for repulsive interaction and both are unstable for attractive interaction.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of d-Homophenylalanyl Epoxysuccinate Inhibitors of the Trypanosomal Cysteine Protease Cruzain

Abstract The binding modes of E-64c to papain combined with molecular modeling and ligand design using the crystal structure of cruzain have been used to develop new, potent d -Homophenylalanyl epoxysuccinate inhibitors of cruzain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi . The most potent inhibitor 47 contains an O -benzyl hydroxamate unit and is highly specific for cruzain relative to other cysteine proteases tested.
Analysis of multiresolution image denoising schemes using generalized Gaussian and complexity priors

Research on universal and minimax wavelet shrinkage and thresholding methods has demonstrated near-ideal estimation performance in various asymptotic frameworks. However, image processing practice has shown that universal thresholding methods are outperformed by simple Bayesian estimators assuming independent wavelet coefficients and heavy-tailed priors such as generalized Gaussian distributions (GGDs). In this paper, we investigate various connections between shrinkage methods and maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation using such priors. In particular, we state a simple condition under which MAP estimates are sparse. We also introduce a new family of complexity priors based upon Rissanen's universal prior on integers. One particular estimator in this class outperforms conventional estimators based on earlier applications of the minimum description length (MDL) principle. We develop analytical expressions for the shrinkage rules implied by GGD and complexity priors. This allows us to show the equivalence between universal hard thresholding, MAP estimation using a very heavy-tailed GGD, and MDL estimation using one of the new complexity priors. Theoretical analysis supported by numerous practical experiments shows the robustness of some of these estimates against mis-specifications of the prior-a basic concern in image processing applications.
Improved image reproduction from dc components

The Joint Photographic Expert Group standard provides a block smoothing method, that can be used to improve the visual quality of images reproduced from the dc coefficients alone. The method predicts ac coefficients of a block in terms of the dc values of the surrounding blocks. This note presents a new set of prediction equations. Experiments show that the proposed equations produce noticeable improvements in the visual quality of the reconstructed images.
The Significance of Religion in Lasting Marriages

ABSTRACT The significance of religion in marriage has been studied in different ways. The research on which this paper is based used in-depth interviews to explore the significance of religion to a culturally diverse sample of husbands and wives who had been married to each other for over 20 years (M = 35.25, SD = 8.25). We asked individual spouses to discuss the importance to unimportance of religion in their marriages and the role that it may have played in their relationships. Both quantitative and qualitative procedures were used. An analysis of demographic and relational factors that may have shaped the importance of religion in recent years is presented. A second level of analysis was then employed to identify themes about the significance of religion in these marriages from the perspectives of each spouse. Three themes were identified: mixed to no significance of religion on marriage, religion as supportive and emerging spirituality.
Combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and vitrectomy for eyes with coexisting cataract and vitreoretinal pathology

Abstract Purpose To report the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative outcomes of combining phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with pars plana vitrectomy in eyes with significant cataract and coexisting vitreoretinal pathology. Design Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. Methods Charts of patients undergoing combined procedures at the Wilmer Ophthalmologic Institute between March 1995 and May 2000 were reviewed. Results In all, 122 eyes of 111 patients were identified. Patient ages ranged from 27 to 89 years (mean 65). Forty-three eyes had diabetic retinopathy; 11 had undergone vitrectomy previously. Macular pathology (hole, membrane, choridal neovascularization) was present in 69 eyes. The most common indications for surgery were diabetic vitreous hemorrhage, macular hole, epiretinal membrane, and retinal detachment. In all cases, phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were performed before vitreoretinal surgery. Preoperative vision ranged from 20/30 to light perception and postoperative vision ranged from 20/20 to no light perception. In 105 patients vision improved, in 7 there was no change, and in 10 vision decreased. Postoperative complications included opacification of the posterior capsule, increased intraocular pressure, corneal epithelial defects, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment and iris capture by the IOL. Conclusions Combined surgery is a reasonable alternative in selected patients. Techniques that may simplify surgery and reduce complications include: careful, limited, curvilinear capsulorhexis; in-the-bag placement of IOLs; use of IOLs with larger optics; suturing of cataract wounds before vitrectomy; use of miotics and avoidance of long-acting dilating drops in patients with intravitreal gas; and use of wide-field viewing systems.
The multiple faces of leukocyte interstitial migration.

Spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics within tissues is critical for successful innate and adaptive immune responses. Homeostatic trafficking and coordinated infiltration into and within sites of inflammation and infection rely on signaling in response to extracellular cues that in turn controls a variety of intracellular protein networks regulating leukocyte motility, migration, chemotaxis, positioning, and cell–cell interaction. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion by rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction, and their migration in tissues is generally referred to as low adhesive and nonproteolytic. The interplay of actin network expansion, contraction, and adhesion shapes the exact mode of amoeboid migration, and in this review, we explore how leukocyte subsets potentially harness the same basic biomechanical mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner. Most of our detailed understanding of these processes derives from in vitro migration studies in three-dimensional gels and confined spaces that mimic geometrical aspects of physiological tissues. We summarize these in vitro results and then critically compare them to data from intravital imaging of leukocyte interstitial migration in mouse tissues. We outline the technical challenges of obtaining conclusive mechanistic results from intravital studies, discuss leukocyte migration strategies in vivo, and present examples of mode switching during physiological interstitial migration. These findings are also placed in the context of leukocyte migration defects in primary immunodeficiencies. This overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies highlights recent progress in understanding the molecular and biophysical mechanisms that shape robust leukocyte migration responses in physiologically complex and heterogeneous environments.
A Decline in Endogenous Opioid Influence during the Steroid-Induced Hypersecretion of Luteinizing Hormone in the Rat

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the influence of endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) on the LH hypersecretion induced in ovariectomized rats by estradiol benzoate (EB) or EB plus progesterone (EBP). Naloxone (0.1–15.0 mg/kg) was injected before (1200 h) and during (1400 and 1530 h) the LH surge induced by EBP treatment and during the LH surge after EB treatment (1600 h). The opiate antagonist readily stimulated LH secretion before the LH surge in EBP-treated rats at 1200 h and during the LH surge in EB-treated rats at 1600 h, but was much less effective during the LH hypersecretion induced by EBP treatment at 1400 and 1530 h. This decline in the LH secretory response to naloxone during the EBP-induced LH surge was not due to changes in the response of pituitary to LHRH. These studies indicate that during the period of LH hypersecretion induced by the sequential administration of EB plus P, the influence of EOP neuronal systems on LH secretion is diminished. Thus, EOP neurons may play a role in the timing...
Distributed audit trail analysis

An implemented system for on-line analysis of multiple distributed data streams is presented. The system is conceptually universal since it does not rely on any particular platform feature and uses format adaptors to translate data streams into its own standard format. The system is as powerful as possible (from a theoretical standpoint) but still efficient enough for on-line analysis thanks to its novel rule-based language (RUSSEL) which is specifically designed for efficient processing of sequential unstructured data streams. The generic concepts are applied to security audit trail analysis. The resulting system provides powerful network security monitoring and sophisticated tools for intrusion/anomaly detection. The rule-based and command languages are described as well as the distributed architecture and the implementation. Performance measurements are reported, showing the effectiveness of the approach. >
Flying weather men and robot observers: instruments, inscriptions, and identities in US upper‐air observation, 1920–1940

From the early 1920s to the end of 1930s, US meteorologists implemented a program of weather observation flights by airplanes as a chief method of collecting data from the upper‐air. The seemingly well‐defined task of obtaining more weather data as quickly as possible posed serious technical and managerial challenges to the meteorologists, who struggled to fix both the transient air and the pilots’ risky weather flights. The relationship between meteorologists and pilots mediated through the recording instrument – meteorograph – reveals that the practices of collecting and representing scientific data were intimately entangled with various questions of professional identity, control in scientific practice, and the contested meaning of the ‘automatic.’ Putting the instrument and the project in this context enables us to understand why the new instrument ‘radiosonde’ that finally replaced the airplane method was called the ‘robot observer.’
Removal of urothelium affects bladder contractility and release of ATP but not release of NO in rat urinary bladder.

The objective of our work was to investigate both the contractile function and the release of ATP and NO from strips of bladder tissue after removal of the urothelium. The method of removal was a gentle swabbing motion rather than a sharp surgical cutting to separate the urothelium from the smooth muscle. The contractile response and ATP and NO release were measured in intact as well as on swabbed preparations. The removal of the urothelial layer was affirmed microscopically. After the swabbing, the smaller contractions were evoked by electrical as well as by chemical stimulation (50 μM carbachol or 50 μM α, β meATP). Electrical stimulation, carbachol and substance P (5 μM) evoked lower release of ATP in the swabbed strips than in intact strips. Although release of NO evoked by electrical stimulation or substance P was not changed, release of NO evoked by carbachol was significantly less in the swabbed preparations. Since swabbing removes only the urothelium, the presence of the suburothelial layer may explain the difference between our findings and those of others who found an increase in contractility. Evoked release of ATP is reduced in swabbed strips, indicating that ATP derives solely from the urothelium. On the other hand, electrical stimulation and substance P evoke identical degrees of NO release in both intact and swabbed preparations, suggesting that NO can be released from the suburothelium. Conversely, carbachol-induced release of NO is lower in swabbed strips, implying that the cholinergic receptors (muscarinic or nicotinic) are located in the upper layer of the urothelium.
Broadband, large-spacing frequency-comb employing complementary interleavers for mode filtering

We propose and analyze an approach to generate broadband large-spacing frequency-combs using complementary interleavers for mode-filtering and nonlinear fibers for spectral broadening. 350-nm bandwidth with negligible side-mode asymmetry is achieved.
Group Attachment and the Reduction of Value‐Driven Ambivalence

This article analyzes the effects of value-driven ambivalence and group attachment on response variability in public attitudes toward campaign finance reform. The analysis demonstrates that group attachment, when activated by affective cues, moderates the effects of ambivalence on response variability. By tipping the balance of considerations in one direction or the other, group attachments make it easier for ambivalent respondents to make tradeoffs between competing values during policy choices and, as a result, dampen response variability. Methodologically, the results offer an important cautionary note about the use of linear ambivalence scales by calling into question the assumption that indifference is an intermediate state between preference and ambivalence.
Children's Comparisons of the Recency of Two Events from the Past Year

Research on memory for time has been limited by the difficulty of disentangling several of the fundamentally different processes that contribute to a chronological sense of the past. This study used a developmental approach to isolate one of these processes, impressions of distances in the past. Large samples of children between 3 and 12 years were asked to judge which was longer ago, their birthday or Christmas (and, in one study, Halloween and Thanksgiving). Even children under 6 years of age were able to discriminate the recency of their birthday and Christmas with great accuracy when the events were widely separated and one was within the past several months. The ability to discriminate recency on these scales appears to be a basic property of human memory that changes little with development. Other information about the locations of the events and their relative times of occurrence could only be interpreted correctly by children older than 9 years.
Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Targeting a Cryptic Neutralizing Epitope in Domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen

Current evidence suggests that protective antigen (PA)-based anthrax vaccines may elicit a narrow neutralizing antibody repertoire, and this may represent a vulnerability with PA-based vaccines. In an effort to identify neutralizing specificities which may complement those prevalent in PA antiserum, we evaluated whether sequences within the 2β2-2β3 loop of PA, which are apparent in the crystal structure of heptameric but not monomeric PA, might represent a target for an epitope-specific vaccine for anthrax and, further, whether antibodies to these sequences are induced in rabbits immunized with monomeric PA. We evaluated the immunogenicity in rabbits of a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) displaying copies of amino acids (aa) 305 to 319 of this region. Overall, four out of six rabbits vaccinated with the MAP peptide in Freund's adjuvant developed high-titer, high-avidity antibody responses which cross-reacted with the immobilized peptide sequence comprising aa 305 to 319 and with PA, as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and which displayed potent and durable neutralization of lethal toxin (LeTx) in vitro, with peak titers which were 452%, 100%, 67%, and 41% of the peak neutralization titers observed in positive-control rabbits immunized with PA. Importantly, analysis of sera from multiple cohorts of rabbits with high-titer immunity to PA demonstrated a virtual absence of this potent antibody specificity, and work by others suggests that this specificity may be present at only low levels in primate PA antiserum. These results highlight the potential importance of this immunologically cryptic neutralizing epitope from PA as a target for alternative and adjunctive vaccines for anthrax.
Withania somnifera: From prevention to treatment of cancer

The identification of bioactive molecules that have potential to interrupt carcinogenesis continues to garner research interest. In particular, molecules that have dietary origin are most attractive because of their safety, cost-effectiveness and feasibility of oral administration. Nutraceuticals have played an important role in the overall well-being of humans for many years, with or without rigorous evidence backing their health claims. Traditional medicine systems around the world have utilized plants that have medicinal properties for millennia, providing an opportunity for modern day researchers to assess their efficacies against ailments such as cancer. Withania somnifera (WS) is a plant that has been used in Ayurveda (an ancient form of medicine in Asia) and in the recent past, has been demonstrated to have anti-tumorigenic properties in experimental models. While scientific research performed on WS has exploded in the past decade, much regarding the mode of action and molecular targets involved remains unknown. In this review, we discuss the traditional uses of the plant, the experimental evidence supporting its chemopreventive potential as well as roadblocks that need to be overcome in order for WS to be evaluated as a chemopreventive agent in humans.
Measurements of Basilar Membrane Tuning and Distortion with Laser Doppler Velocimetry

A method is described for the measurement of basilar membrane (BM) vibration. It makes use of commercially made laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) instrumentation which is adapted to a compound microscope. This allows visualization reflective objects placed on the EM and the focusing of the laser beam onto the reflective object (a glass microbead). We show examples of frequency tuning curves and displacement input/output intensity functions obtained with the technique and demonstrate that cubic distortion of both the local and propagated kind are present in mechanical responses of the membrane.
Through the Eyes of the Probation Officer

I do think of Mrs. Rose now as one of my friends but that was not the way it was when, as a new, young probation officer in 1955,1 opened the request from the Ascot Court for a pretrial enquiry on a Mrs. Rose charged with defrauding the National Assistance Board. Ascot had only given me a few days' notice. Enquiries frightened me; I always expected to find people hostile to me because I came from the court which they must hate. I had yet to learn that few people dare be openly hostile and that many are relieved to talk about their fears of what is going to happen. Even knowing this has not taken all the anxiety out of"first meetings. But it has helped. In fact I never saw Mrs. Rose until after she had gone to court and had been placed on probation. Later, when she told me of her terror of being sent to prison, of being chained up and made to sew mail bags, I was sad not to have seen her before the court because I could have lessened her terror a little. I had been taught that one must not predict what courts will do and that in casework one should not reassure, but these seemed harsh rules when face to face with frightened people. Quite quickly I had found ways of saying that, although no one could be certain, courts did not usually send mothers of defective daughters to prison for petty offences. But this Mrs. Rose found out for herself since she had already left for Ascot when I was knocking on her van door in an attempt to make an enquiry. I met her when I went to serve the probation order. This was not the way I liked to meet my probationers, as people are easier to get to know in a crisis when their future is uncertain, than when they know the worst has not happened and they have been 'let off' with probation. I also felt safer knowing something of my probationer's family history. I could ask for that when I had the excuse of a court report but I was not yet profession ally secure enough to tell my clients I needed to know about them in order to help them. I would have expected them to rebuff me and to say I could not help them anyway, which was what I feared myself. So I felt at a di§
An Adiabatic Solution Calorimeter and Measurements of a Standard Reaction for Solution Calorimetry.

This paper discusses in detail the design, construction, and performance of the vacuum jacketed, adiabatic solution calorimeter which was used for the work in the certification of two NBS Standard Reference Materials for solution calorimetry. As a test for the calorimetric precision the following enthalpies of reaction were measured (referred to the mass or moles of H 2 SO 4 · 8H 2 O): H 2 S O 4 ⋅ 8 H 2 O + 2.36 ( N a O H ⋅ 2620 H 2 O ) = ( N a 2 S O 4 ⋅ 0.36 N a O H ⋅ 6193 H 2 O ) soln Δ H r ( 298.15 K ) = - 590.692 ± 0.101 J ⋅ g - 1 = - 34 , 194.1 ± 5.9 cal ⋅ mol - 1 H 2 S O 4 ⋅ 8 H 2 O + 2.6 ( N a O H ⋅ 714 H 2 O ) = ( N a 2 S O 4 ⋅ 0.6 N a O H ⋅ 1866 H 2 O ) soln Δ H r ( 298.15 K ) = - 590.828 ± 0.193 J ⋅ g - 1 = - 34 , 203.4 ± 11.1 cal ⋅ mol - 1 .
Ethanol production in syngas-fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii is controlled by thermodynamics rather than by enzyme expression

Acetogenic bacteria are attracting interest as biocatalysts in the biotechnology industry, since they are able to ferment carbon monoxide (CO)-rich gases. Wild-type strains produce mainly acetate and ethanol, but genetic modifications have already broadened the product portfolio. To enhance the production of intrinsic or heterologous biochemicals, knowledge of the microbial physiology is necessary. This physiology includes two different phases: acidogenesis (growth/acetate production) and solventogenesis (starvation/ethanol production). We operated two sequential, continuous bioreactors with a pure culture of Clostridium ljungdahlii to achieve steady-state conditions in an acetate- and an ethanol-producing stage to spatially separate acidogenesis and solventogenesis. Here, nearly 2000 proteins and their differential abundance between acidogenesis and solventogenesis were identified. In addition, we measured important metabolites. The results showed that nutrient-limited conditions triggered a transition to solventogenesis without altering the differential abundance of enzymes in the central energy metabolism. Our proteomics results revealed that the enzymes for ethanol production (AOR/ADH) were consistently abundant, even during acidogenesis. Based on this work, we developed an overflow model with thermodynamic rather than genetic regulation. The model identifies acetic acid and reduced cofactors as saturation reactants. When the intracellular concentration of undissociated acetic acid reaches a thermodynamic threshold, C. ljungdahlii will be able to shunt surplus reducing equivalents toward ethanol immediately. This is important during retarded growth, when reducing equivalents can no longer be shunted toward biomass production, while the supply of CO-rich gas is still high. Nutrient availability and pH can be manipulated to achieve the desirable level of solventogenesis during bioprocessing.
Evaluation of swell behaviour of expansive clays from specific moisture capacity

Current swell characterization techniques used to interpret the mechanical volume change occurring during the swelling process are not successful due to lack of inclusion of influential properties. Accurate prediction of swelling behaviour allows us to design more efficiently and with better reliability. This research aims at developing a more comprehensive framework to predict swell potential. Laboratory studies are conducted on five natural expansive soils with different degree of expansiveness. Initial studies include determination of basic soil characterization, swell strains and swell pressures at their compacted state along with their inherent mineralogy. Later, replicate samples were studied for soil water characteristic curves using standard pressure cell apparatus and filter paper techniques. The path traversed by the specimen during swelling process is representative of the soil water characteristic curve of the same specimen. Hence, studies are pursued to understand the relationship between degree of expansiveness and the specific moisture capacity relative to that particular range of suction head. Test results showed that the degree of expansion represented by swelling strain or swelling pressure is proportional to the specific moisture capacity determined during the swelling process.
Structural Basis of Concentrative Nucleoside Transport

Nucleosides are essential molecules for the living cell. As precursors to nucleotides they serve to fuel the salvage pathway of DNA and RNA synthesis. Certain tissues, such as the brain and bone marrow, lack the capacity for de novo synthesis and therefore rely completely on the influx of nucleosides. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) utilize sodium or proton gradients to transport nucleosides across the cell membrane. These secondary active transporters also play an essential role in the termination of adenosine signaling, which controls important cellular processes such as neuromodulation and cardiovascular function. In addition to natural substrates CNTs are also the conduit for many anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs, making them of special interest from a pharmacological point of view. Notably, CNTs are the main transport route for a popular pancreatic cancer drug, gemcitabine. We previously reported on the structure of CNT from Vibrio cholerae in complex with various substrates and nucleoside-like drugs. Each of these structures captured the transporter in the inward-facing occluded conformation. In order to describe the transport mechanism in further detail we performed crystallization studies with CNT from Neisseria wadsworthii (CNTNW). CNTNW is highly homologous to human CNT3, sharing 38% sequence identity and nearly identical substrate binding sites. Here we present crystal structures of CNTNW captured in alternative conformations. We confirmed the physiological relevance of the conformations by crosslinking experiments. Our structural analyses and functional studies provide new insights into the mechanism of CNTs and cellular nucleoside uptake in molecular detail.
Antitrust and the Mylan Conspiracy

In an age of divisive politics, there has been a surprising amount of consensus on containing the cost of healthcare and ensuring adequate access to it. The Affordable Care Act's name itself indicates the aspirations of a president who campaigned for its passage through Congress. While his successor could bring about its avowed demise, even he has been quick to promise cheaper drugs via free market principles and foreign competition.That consensus permeates an ideologically archipelagian Congress as well. Last month the 21st Century Cures Act received overwhelming bipartisan support, with the Senate voting 94-5 and the House voting 392-26. The bill among other things, expedites drug and medical device approval. More treatment options in turn promises to reduce patient healthcare bills.Access to medicine is an issue with visceral voter appeal. The logic of lowering drug prices is easily understood and its benefits immediately appreciated, particularly by an electorate frustrated by socio-economic inequity and anxious about their futures. On the other side, many who benefitted from that inequity made their fortunes in pharmaceuticals. Some by engorging themselves on the medically vulnerable.Antitrust law aims to lower prices and increase consumer choice, and it will likely be used as a policy lever to control the cost of healthcare this year. The wave of populist angst that characterized much of 2016 will translate into harsher scrutiny of the drug industry. The political rewards of disgorging wealthy pharmaceutical companies will encourage the agency to stay the course under the new administration.America's rule of law was admired because it defended the downtrodden from the tyranny of unbridled capitalism. As far as the cost of healthcare is concerned, that age seems all but over. 2017 will continue to accentuate rising income inequality and economic dislocation. An antitrust policy that ensures robust competition in generics is a shot in the arm that will make its citizens stronger together, and on this issue, help make America great again.
The Anti-Suit Injunction – A Transnational Remedy for Multi-jurisdictional SEP Litigation

Litigation concerning standards-essential patents (SEPs) has become increasingly global, with parallel litigation occurring over the same issues in multiple jurisdictions throughout North America, Europe and Asia. As a result, litigants have sought mechanisms to coordinate these actions both to manage costs and to avoid inconsistent and incompatible results. One little-known procedural mechanism that has long been available to manage multi-jurisdictional litigation, and which is growing in popularity in SEP disputes, is the anti-suit injunction. An anti-suit injunction is an interlocutory remedy issued by a court in one jurisdiction which prohibits a litigant from initiating or continuing parallel litigation in another jurisdiction or jurisdictions. Anti-suit injunctions thus contain litigation costs and reduce the likelihood of inconsistent results by ensuring that issues are resolved in one jurisdiction before they are litigated elsewhere. In the standards context, anti-suit injunctions can be particularly powerful tools for prospective licensees alleging that SEP holders have failed to comply with their FRAND licensing obligations. Specifically, a court reviewing a SEP holder’s compliance with a FRAND licensing commitment may issue an anti-suit injunction to prevent the SEP holder from bringing foreign patent infringement claims (including injunctions against the sale of infringing products) until the FRAND licensing dispute has been resolved in the issuing jurisdiction. This chapter discusses the historical development and procedural requirements for anti-suit injunctions in both the United States and Europe. It also reviews recent SEP cases in which anti-suit injunctions have been granted, including Microsoft v. Motorola, Vringo v. ZTE and TCL v. Ericsson.
Preface: Special Topic on Dynamics of Polymer Materials in Thin Films and Related Geometries

The last twenty years have seen a substantial effort to understand relaxation, mechanics, diffusion, and the glass transition in thin polymer films and related geometries. Recent progress in this field is highlighted in this special issue of The Journal of Chemical Physics on "Dynamics of Polymer Materials in Thin Films and Related Geometries." With the goal of providing an entry point to these 35 papers for those not working in this field, we provide some background and perspective in this introduction to the special topic section.
Oxide superlattices: Balancing polar vortices and stripes.

A tuned oxide superlattice possesses two coexisting phases — one ferroelectric, the other with vortex order — which can be interconverted under electric field, changing material properties.
Massive Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage: Follow-up and Outcome of 30 Cases

Abstract The authors studied the records of 30 patients who suffered a massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage during cataract surgery. Immediate development of a retinal detachment (RD) is a very bad prognostic sign,. In none of 12 such cases could the retina be reattached. Retinal complications developed in five of six patients who had vitreous incarceration and who did not have vitrectomy as opposed to only one of seven who underwent vitrectomy along with drainage,of the hemorrhage. If vitreous is incarcerated in the cataract incision, drainage of the hemorrhage without vitrectomy is a dangerous procedure.
Transfer of maternal leukocytes to the infant by human milk

Human milk contains a complex immune system that consists not only of a host of soluble direct-acting antimicrobial agents (GOLDMAN and SMITH 1973), anti-in-flammatory factors (GOLDMAN et al. 1986), and immunomodulating agents (GOLDMAN 1993) but also of living cells. The discovery of leukocytes in human milk began with microscopic examinations of human milk by the first microscopist, ANTHONY VAN LEEWENHOEK (1695). His observations lay fallow until ALFRED DONNE (1837) the French physician who first adapted plate photography to microscopy, reported the presence of globules and granular bodies in human milk. Most of the globules were probably milk fat globules, myriads of which are normally found in human milk. Many years later when staining techniques became available, some of the corpuscles de Donne were found to be cells.
Physical Education Preservice Teachers' Perceptions About Preparation for Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs.

Purpose: Physical educators may be the responsible people for implementing comprehensive school physical activity programs (CSPAPs) in schools. However, it is unclear whether physical education tea...
Multiple organ failure.

SUMMARY Diagnostic criteria for individual organ system failure are imprecise, a factor that adds a considerable amount of ambiguity to this area of clinical research. Nonetheless, multiple organ failure is a common sequela of ARDS and other catastrophic medical and surgical illnesses that continues to limit patient survival. The cumulative weight of investigative evidence currently supports the premise that concepts of acute respiratory failure must encompass the abnormal gas exchange in the systemic as well as the pulmonary microvasculature. In this context, we need not dispense with the term ARDS, as respiratory distress applies equally to the nonpulmonary organs as well as the lungs.
Breast Reconstruction in the Setting of Surgical Prevention for Breast Cancer

Breast reconstruction after prophylactic mastectomy is an important component of the surgical prevention of breast cancer. Women who undergo bilateral prophylactic mastectomy view reconstruction as part of their treatment and the choice to pursue a contralateral mastectomy is influenced by the availability of reconstruction. There has been increased data available on both medical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes in reconstruction after mastectomy. This review of recent literature includes trends and outcomes with contralateral and bilateral prophylactic mastectomy with reconstruction, discussion of outcomes in implant and autologous tissue-based reconstruction, advancements in pre-pectoral implant placement, and new techniques of simultaneous mastectomy with reconstruction combined with gynecologic risk-reducing surgery. Choice of reconstruction after prophylactic mastectomy is based on patient factors, availability of specialist services, and patient preference. Informed discussion with patients, plastic surgery, surgical oncology, and gynecology is necessary to determine the best option for each patient.