cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deferiprone, an orally deliverable iron chelator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The iron chelator, Desferal, suppressed disease activity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), and it has been tested in pilot trials for MS. The administration regimen of Desferal is cumbersome and prone to complications. Orally-deliverable, iron chelators have been developed that circumvent these difficulties, and the objective of this study was to test an oral chelator in EAE. SJL mice with active EAE were randomly assigned to receive deferiprone (150 mg/kg) or vehicle (water) 2x/day via gavage. EAE mice given deferiprone had significantly less disease activity and lower levels of inflammatory cell infiltrates (revealed by H&E staining) than EAE mice administered vehicle. T-cell infiltration, assessed by anti-CD3 immunohistochemical staining, also was reduced, although not significantly. Splenocytes cultured from naive SJL mice were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 with or without 250 microM deferiprone. While approximately 39% of costimulated splenocytes without deferiprone underwent division, only approximately 2.8% of costimulated splenocytes with deferiprone divided and the latter cells were only 53% as viable as the former. Deferiprone had no effect on proliferation or viability of cells that were not costimulated. In summary, deferiprone effectively suppressed active EAE disease and it inhibited T-cell function.
LOEX‐of‐the‐West 2012: creative landscapes in southern California

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue of Reference Services Review entitled “LOEX‐of‐the‐West 2012: creative landscapes in southern California”.Design/methodology/approach – Over 160 librarians from across the USA and Canada attended the biennial LOEX‐of‐the‐West (LOTW) conference on the campus of Woodbury University in Burbank, California from June 6‐8, 2012. LOTW strives for an atmosphere in which speakers can share innovative ideas and open a dialog with other librarians.Findings – Traditionally, after each LOEX‐of‐the‐West (LOTW) conference a number of papers based on session presentations are submitted to Reference Services Review (RSR) for publication. Building on their work at the 2012 preconference, Editors of RSR, Ms Eleanor Mitchell and Ms Sarah Barbara Watstein, have worked closely with presenters to transform their talks to published papers. After going through a double blind peer review process, seven papers have been selected for publication in this issue.Orig...
Squeezing dip moveout for depth-variable velocity

In dip moveout (DMO) processing, velocity variations with depth can be handled approximately by squeezing a constant-velocity DMO operator to narrow its impulse response. This squeezed DMO approximation provides a computationally efficient and reasonably accurate method of DMO correction for depth-variable velocity. DMO is squeezed by two modifications to constant-velocity DMO. One modification is a squeezing function of time that depends only on simple time averages of velocity that are likely to be known before DMO is applied. This squeeze function ensures that squeezed DMO accurately handles moderately steep reflections, and can be incorporated with simple time stretching before and after DMO, without any changes to existing constant-velocity DMO methods. The second modification is a constant squeezing factor, which may be used to tune squeezed DMO to better handle steep reflections. This factor requires only trivial changes to constant-velocity DMO methods. Tests with both synthetic and recorded seismic data suggest that squeezed DMO is an effective method for handling velocity variations with depth. These tests also show that the differences between constant-velocity DMO and squeezed DMO can be significant.
The Impact of Online Reverse Auction Design on Buyer–Supplier Relationships

Abstract As the use of online reverse auctions in industrial-sourcing activities grows, buyers and suppliers are increasingly concerned about these auctions' effects on their interorganizational performance (i.e., suspicions of opportunism, overall satisfaction, and future expectations). This research examines how the buyer's auction design (i.e., the number of bidders, the economic stakes, and price visibility) and the price dynamics over the course of the auction affect its relationship with suppliers. Analysis of 25 quasi experiments involving 125 suppliers and $385 million in procurement contracts suggests that the larger the number of bidders, the larger the economic stakes, and the less visible the price in an auction, the more positive is the impact on the interorganizational relationship. Large price drops (higher savings) over the course of the event have a detrimental effect on the buyer–supplier relationship. For auctions in which the lowest bidder wins, there is a decrease in opportunism suspi...
Comparison of two techniques for attenuation of narrow-band interference in spread-spectrum communication systems

A new adaptive notch filter based on the complex heterodyne approach achieves better performance than a similar filter designed using the popular Gray-Markel all-pass lattice circuit. Both adaptive filters make use of a simple second-order FIR adaptive filter using the LMS algorithm to detect the narrow-band interference. The Gray-Markel filter is tuned to the narrow-band interference by adjusting one parameter in the lattice circuit, while the complex heterodyne filter is fixed with the heterodyne frequency adjusted to the narrow-band interference. The new adaptive filter is able to respond to changes in the narrow-band interference frequency more quickly and provides better attenuation during the transition than does the popular Gray-Markel filter.
Implementation and Evaluation of Weather-Responsive Traffic Management Strategies

This study presents the development and application of methodologies to support weather-responsive traffic management (WRTM) strategies by building on traffic estimation and prediction system models. First, a systematic framework for implementing and evaluating WRTM strategies under severe weather conditions is developed. This framework includes activities for planning, preparing, and deploying WRTM strategies in three different time frames: long-term strategic planning, short-term tactical planning, and real-time traffic management center operations. Next, the evaluation of various strategies is demonstrated with locally calibrated network simulation-assignment model capabilities, and special-purpose key performance indicators are introduced. Three types of WRTM strategies [demand management, advisory and control variable message signs (VMSs), and incident management VMSs] are applied to multiple major U.S. areas, namely, Chicago, Illinois; Salt Lake City, Utah; and the Long Island area in New York. The analysis results illustrate the benefits of WRTM under inclement weather conditions and emphasize the importance of incorporating a predictive capability into selecting and deploying WRTM strategies.
Fish Assemblage and Ecosystem Metabolism Responses to Reconnection of the Bird's Point-New Madrid Floodway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood

Understanding the ecological function of developed large rivers remains elusive because these systems have long been altered for multiple uses. In particular, floodplains of large rivers, such as the Mississippi River, have been contained behind extensive levees. A historic flood occurred in the lower Mississippi River system during spring of 2011, prompting the US Army Corps of Engineers to activate the Bird's Point-New Madrid floodway, a 55 000-ha, agriculturally dominated, leveed area. Water entered the floodway at flows >1 m s−1 through two crevasses created in the upper portion of the levee and exited through a crevasse at the lower end. During the month, the floodway was inundated; we quantified discharge, water chemistry, primary production and fish production in the floodway and the adjacent river. Water entering the floodway was retained <1.3 d, and nutrient concentrations were not elevated in the floodway beyond those in the river, despite expected contributions from a legacy of fertilization. Primary production equaled respiration in the floodway, while the adjacent river was heterotrophic. Gizzard shad and freshwater drum were more abundant in the floodway than the river, while channel catfish were more abundant in the river. Growth rates of young native fishes, normalized for temperature, were the same in the floodway and the river, with the exception of gizzard shad, which grew faster in the floodway. Fish community structure, especially in the lower floodway, was temporally and spatially dynamic. Even though it has been heavily modified for agriculture, the floodway provided benefits, albeit limited, to the Mississippi River. With multifunctional management and strategic planning, systems such as these may provide substantial services such as flood abatement, nutrient transformation and fish production in the Mississippi River basin and potentially reduce nutrient loading downstream in areas such as the Gulf of Mexico. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non-FIFO checkpointing protocol for distributed systems

The checkpointing and rollback recovery are well-known techniques that allow processes to make progress despite of failures. The design of an effective checkpointing protocol in the coordinated approach requires every process to checkpoint its state periodically. A major difficulty is raised due to the fact that processes cannot checkpoint their states at exactly the same instant in a distributed system where there is no common clock or clocks cannot be kept perfectly synchronized. The authors present a checkpointing protocol that does not require the communication subsystem to deliver messages in a first-in first-out fashion. >
Civil society and urban poverty - examining complexity

CIVIL SOCIETY IS increasingly recognized as being critical to the successful realization of development. Grassroots organizations are regarded as a new panacea for people-centred, pro-poor development. But should this be the case? Low-income communities are subject to division due to unequal access to power, prestige, income and capital. Do such organizations really support their poorest members to increase and achieve development options? How do NGOs truly support participatory processes? Do their staff use their professional skills and expertise to enable the poor to control development programmes, or does decision-making remain in the hands of a few? Do grassroots organizations and NGOs reduce poverty, or is their role to reinforce dependency, powerlessness and exclusion? And how does the state intervene to influence these organizations and the way in which they are developing? These are the questions that need to be understood if issues of empowerment and participation are to be addressed. This paper draws together a wide range of development literature to consider the activities of grassroots organizations and NGOs in poverty reduction in urban areas. It does not attempt to be exhaustive, rather it draws on a range of documents to provide an overview of issues and themes. The focus of the discussion is on the issue of governance and how authority and control are exercised within civil society institutions and between civil society and the state. The discussion begins by introducing the concept of civil society and examines the growing interest in recent years in civil society, NGOs and the related concept of social capital. Later sections explore the nature of participation and governance within grassroots organizations, the relationships between grassroots organizations and NGOs and, finally, relations between civil society and the state. Governance is broadly defined and refers to the process whereby institutions govern themselves, be they nation states or residents’ associations. In the case of the nation state, the process of governance refers primarily to relations between citizens (either individual or collectively) and their governments. In the case of membership organizations, it refers to relations between members and leaders.
Quality of Life for Children With Functional Abdominal Pain: A Comparison Study of Patients' and Parents' Perceptions

OBJECTIVE. Children with chronic abdominal pain of nonorganic origin, termed functional abdominal pain (FAP), experience school absences and social withdrawal and report impaired physical ability. The aim of this study was to assess patients9 and parents9 perceptions of health-related quality of life (QoL) for children with FAP. METHODS. Between October 2002 and November 2003, 209 children (including 125 girls; age: 11.2 ± 3.5 years) and 209 parents were recruited from a pediatric referral center. At the time of their initial evaluations, participants completed a validated, health-related QoL instrument (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory), which was scored on a scale of 0 (poor) through 100 (best). Children with FAP (n = 65) and their families were compared with control groups of healthy children (n = 46) and children with histologically proven inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n = 42) or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (n = 56). RESULTS. Children with FAP had self-reported QoL scores (score: 78) that were similar to those for children with GERD (score: 80) or IBD (score: 84). Children with FAP had lower QoL scores than did healthy children (score: 88). Parents of children with FAP reported lower QoL scores, compared with their children9s scores (scores: 70 vs 78). CONCLUSIONS. Children with FAP reported lower QoL, compared with their healthy peers, and had the same QoL scores as did children with IBD or GERD. Parents9 perceptions of QoL for children with FAP were lower than their children9s self-reported scores. These findings highlight the clinical significance of FAP and may provide insight into one facet of the disease9s biopsychosocial etiology.
Relative bulk and interface contributions to optical second-harmonic generation in silicon

Using the simplified bond-hyperpolarizability model, we obtain analytic expressions for the first-forbidden spatial dispersion, magnetic dipole/electric quadrupole bulk contributions to second-harmonic generation for centrosymmetric materials. Applying these to oxidized Si, we show theoretically and by comparison to experiment that the relative bulk contribution near 800 nm is minor, less than half that of the interface, but that the coherent superposition of bulk and interface contributions is important and cannot be neglected.
Dioxygen Activation at a Single Copper Site: Structure, Bonding, and Mechanism of Formation of 1:1 Cu−O2 Adducts

To evaluate the fundamental process of O2 activation at a single copper site that occurs in biological and catalytic systems, a detailed study of O2 binding to Cu(I) complexes of ‚-diketiminate ligands L( L 1 ) backbone Me; L 2 ) backbone tBu) by X-ray crystallography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), cryogenic stopped-flow kinetics, and theoretical calculations was performed. Using synchrotron radiation, an X-ray diffraction data set for L 2 CuO2 was acquired, which led to structural parameters in close agreement to theoretical predictions. Significant Cu(III)-peroxo character for the complex was corroborated by XAS. On the basis of stopped-flow kinetics data and theoretical calculations for the oxygenation of L 1 Cu(RCN) (R ) alkyl, aryl) in THF and THF/RCN mixtures between 193 and 233 K, a dual pathway mechanism is proposed involving (a) rate-determining solvolysis of RCN by THF followed by rapid oxygenation of L1Cu(THF) and (b) direct, bimolecular oxygenation of L1Cu(RCN) via an associative process.
Acute thoracic aortic trauma: a comparison of endoluminal stent grafts with open repair and nonoperative management.

The magnitude of injury necessary to cause a traumatic aortic tear often results in high mortality. Open surgery in these patients is often not well tolerated. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of three different treatment options in patients with traumatic aortic injuries. This was a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained computer database. Over a period of 33 months, 27 patients were diagnosed with thoracic aortic tears on the basis of a computed tomogram or a diagnostic angiogram. All patients were initially seen by trauma surgery staff and managed nonoperatively (n = 12) if the predicted mortality due to associated injuries approached 100%. Thoracic surgery staff were consulted on all other patients, and open surgical repair was performed in 10 patients. Thoracic stent grafts were used in five patients because of inability to ventilate following an attempted thoracotomy (n = 2) or associated organ injury that prohibited anticoagulation (head ± liver injury, n = 3). Overall, patients in the endovascular group had a higher injury severity score than that of the open surgical group (42 ± 9 vs. 32 ± 11). However, mortality was lowest in the endovascular group (20%), higher in the open surgical group (50%), and highest in the nonoperative group (92%). No paraplegia was noted, and all surviving patients have been free of complications during the follow-up period. Due to the small number of patients in each treatment, no strong recommendations can be made. However, the results of thoracic stent grafts for patients with traumatic thoracic pseudoaneurysms may prove to be a safer and less invasive treatment option.
How Resilient Were Emerging Economies to the Global Crisis

This paper studies the cross-country incidence of the 2008-2009 global crisis and documents a structural break in the way emerging economies responded to the global shock. Contrary to popular perceptions, emerging market economies suffered growth collapses comparable, or even larger, to those experienced by advanced economies during the crisis. With such large financial and real shock, most of the world economy came to a halt when the crisis hit, with most countries resuming their pre-crisis growth rates afterwards. While emerging economies were not able to avoid the crisis collapse, they grew at a higher rate during the post crisis, relative to before and, as usual, to advanced countries. Moreover, emerging economies initiated their recovery sooner. Breaking with the past, emerging economies were able to conduct countercyclical policies, and became more similar to developed countries in softening the impact of the crisis and in their ability to pursue expansionary policies.
Generalizing J 2 flow theory: Fundamental issues in strain gradient plasticity

It has not been a simple matter to obtain a sound extension of the classical J2 flow theory of plasticity that in- corporates a dependence on plastic strain gradients and that is capable of capturing size-dependent behaviour of metals at the micron scale. Two classes of basic extensions of clas- sical J2 theory have been proposed: one with increments in higher order stresses related to increments of strain gradi- ents and the other characterized by the higher order stresses themselves expressed in terms of increments of strain gra- dients. The theories proposed by Muhlhaus and Aifantis in 1991 and Fleck and Hutchinson in 2001 are in the first class, and, as formulated, these do not always satisfy ther- modynamic requirements on plastic dissipation. On the other hand, theories of the second class proposed by Gudmundson in 2004 and Gurtin and Anand in 2009 have the physical deficiency that the higher order stress quantities can change discontinuously for bodies subject to arbitrarily small load changes. The present paper lays out this background to the quest for a sound phenomenological extension of the rate- independent J2 flow theory of plasticity to include a de- pendence on gradients of plastic strain. A modification of the Fleck-Hutchinson formulation that ensures its thermo- dynamic integrity is presented and contrasted with a compa- rable formulation of the second class where in the higher or- der stresses are expressed in terms of the plastic strain rate. Both versions are constructed to reduce to the classical J2 flow theory of plasticity when the gradients can be neglected and to coincide with the simpler and more readily formulated J2 deformation theory of gradient plasticity for deformation histories characterized by proportional straining.
Jealousy in 6-Month-Old Infants

Thirty-two 6-month-old infants were exposed to their mothers attending, in turn, to a lifelike baby doll and a book. Infant negativity was greater when maternal attention was directed toward the social object, suggesting the presence of an early form of jealousy by 6 months of age.
Diurnal Variability of Regional Cloud and Clear-Sky Radiative Parameters Derived from GOES Data. Part III: November 1978 Radiative Parameters

Abstract The diurnal variability of the radiation emitted and reflected from the earth-atmosphere is investigated at the regional scale using November 1978 GOES-East visible and infrared data and GOES-derived cloud information. Narrowband GOES data are converted to broadband radiances using spectral calibration functions determined empirically from colocated Nimbus-7 ERB and GOES-East measurements over ocean, land and cloud surfaces. Shortwave radiances are used to estimate radiant exitances with bidirectional reflectance models derived from GOES and aircraft data for ocean, land and clouds. Average albedo over clear ocean and land changed by factors of 4.2 and 2.2, respectively, for a solar zenith angle range of 0 to 80°. Average cloud albedo changed by a factor of 1.8 for the same range of solar zenith angles, but varied considerably from region to region. Mean clear-sky longwave radiant exitance varied diurnally from 2 W m−2 over some ocean areas to 100 W m−2 in one high elevation desert area in the An...
The Development of East Asian Libraries in North America

The development of East Asian libraries in North America is of recent history. Prior to World War II there were only some half dozen East Asian collections in the United States and Canada. But that number began to increase rapidly after the War. With the establishment of new East Asian collections at universities, problems concerning collection development, cataloging, and personnel began to be a common concern. A series of efforts led by the American Library Association (ALA), the Library of Congress (LC), and the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) led to the developing of national cataloging standards for East Asian materials, and the eventual founding of the Committee on East Asian Libraries (later renamed Council on East Asian Libraries, CEAL) of the Association for Asian Studies to better coordinate cataloging, collection development, and personnel training, and later on the introduction of automation in East Asian libraries. This essay is an attempt to trace that development by stage, with tributes paid to two pioneers in that development: Dr. A. Kaiming Chiu, the founding Librarian of the Harvard-Yenching Library of Harvard University, and Dr. Mary C. Wright, the founding Curator of the Chinese Collection at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Some comments are also made on the application of technology in East Asian libraries.
Animal Models of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Infection (Rabbits, Primates, Mice)

Publisher Summary This chapter presents animal models of ocular herpes simplex virus infection, which include rabbits, primates, and mice models. New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, which infect readily with most strains of HSV are used for studies of ocular herpes. The rabbit eye is only slightly smaller than the human eye, and when the inoculation is done under controlled circumstances, the infectious process is prototypical of the human disease. Rabbits develop classic corneal epithelial dendrites that respond to topical antiviral therapy, and the infection follows a well-defined and reproducible clinical course. New World monkeys, including the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) and the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), are used in studies of acute and recurrent ocular herpetic infection. The laboratory mouse is available in two basic genetic versions: first, random-bred or non-inbred lines and second, genetically homogeneous, inbred strains. Random-bred or non-inbred mice such as the ICR, Swiss Webster, and NIH lines are readily available and less expensive than the inbred strains. According to some researchers, the genetic inhomogeneity in these lines insures that their response to ocular HSV infection is similar to that seen in genetically inhomogeneous human beings. Animals infected with a human pathogen such as herpesvirus must be housed in a room separate from other animals. In general, infection from one animal to another does not occur when they are housed in separate cages, and infection of personnel working with infected animals does not seem to occur. Monkeys should be housed individually during treatment and observation, and when treatments do not take place, they are housed in gang cages to allow social interaction.
The Health Policy Attitudes of American Medical Students: A Pilot Survey.

Background Relatively little is known about American medical student’s attitudes toward caring for the uninsured, limiting physician reimbursement and the role of cost-effectiveness data in medical decision-making. We assessed American medical student’s attitudes regarding these topics as well as demographic predictors of those attitudes, and compared them to practicing physicians. Methods and Findings A survey instrument was explicitly designed to compare medical student attitudes with those previously reported by physicians. Between December 1st 2010 and March 27th 2011 survey responses were collected from more than 2% of the total estimated 2010–2011 US medical student population enrolled at 111 of 159 accredited US medical schools within the 50 United States (n = 2414 of possible 98197). Medical students were more likely to object to reimbursement cuts, and more likely to object to the use of cost effectiveness data in medical decision making than current physicians according to the literature. Specialty preference, political persuasion, and medical student debt were significant predictors of health policy attitudes. Medical students with anticipated debt in excess of $200,000 were significantly less willing to favor limiting reimbursement to improve patient access (OR: 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59–0.89]), and significantly more likely to object to using cost effectiveness data to limit treatments (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05–1.60) when compared to respondents with anticipated debt less than $200,000. Conclusions When compared to physicians in the literature, future physicians may be less willing to favor cuts to physician reimbursements and may be more likely to object to the use of cost effectiveness data. Political orientation, specialty preference and anticipated debt may be important predictors of health policy attitudes among medical students. Early career medical providers with primary care ambitions and those who anticipate less debt may be more likely to support healthcare cost containment.
Asteroids: Assessing Catastrophic Risks

Sixty five million years ago an asteroid crashed into earth Global winds distributed the dust throughout the atmosphere, blocking sunlight, and many life-forms that relied on the sun eventually perished. In a short period of time, many experts believe, the mighty dinosaurs that dominated our planet went extinct. Realistically the same fate awaits us. Over 99.99% of the species that have ever existed are now extinct [13] [12]. If our species survives long enough, we will be exposed to an asteroid and could su§er the same fate as the dinosaurs. The data suggests that asteroids of that caliber will hit our planet on average once every 100 million years [12]. The last one was 65 million years ago. Under current conditions, when the next one hits the earth, humans and many other species could go extinct. What should we do about this threat to our survival and others like it? And if the issue is serious, why is this issue getting so little attention whereas the less catastrophic threat of global warming is in the news almost daily? The purpose of this article is to provide answers to these questions. We examine systematically how to deal with catastrophic risks such as asteroid impacts, which are small probability events with enormous consequences, events that could threaten the survival of our species, and compare their treatment with risks like global warming that are more imminent and familiar but possibly less catastrophic.
MANAGED HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES

筆者は,アメリカに28年間住み外科のリサーチフェロー,レジデントを経て大学で教育研究に従事しその後開業医として現在に至っている.アメリカの外科医は,医学生としては臨床に密着した幅の広い教育を受け,その後専門医になるための厳しい卒後研修を受け,病院資格審査委員会 (JCAHO) の監督下で,設備の充実したオープンシステムの病院での開業医生活を享受してきた.社会的にも経済的にも満足の行く環境があった.ところが最近のmanaged careと呼ばれる経済統制は,医者や病院等への支払いに大きな変化をもたらし,これまでの医療に各種の問題を引き起こした. DRGは日本でも日常語にもなっているようだが, HMOやgate keeper等の仕組みが将来日本にも導入されることが考えられ,支払い拒否を前提とした医療内容の審査が医師以外の手で行われるようになる恐れがある.最近のアメリカの医療事情について述べたが,これが日本の医学教育や医療を考える際何らかの参考になればと思う.
Application of a Novel Adaptive Reset Controller to the GTM

In this paper, we discuss the application of a novel adaptive reset controller to the GTM to improve a transient performance in addition to remedy the uncertainties present in the system. A reset controller is a linear controller that resets some of its states to zero when its input is zero. On the other hand, an adaptive controller is a nonlinear controller that automatically changes its gains to maintain stability even with uncertainties present in the system. Borrowing some of the key ideas from the reset control, this paper addresses the impact of introducing a resetting scheme into an adaptive controller on stability and performance improvement. An adaptive controller with an integral action and a resetting strategy is proposed to address the uncertainties. Two dierent algorithms are proposed to carry out the resetting. In each case, we show that the controllers lead to improved system performance, as well as that the stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed. The controllers are then evaluated for command following with the NASA Langley Generic Transport Model (GTM) is discussed. Simulations of a high-delity GTM simulink model are carried out to validate the proposed adaptive controllers. The results show that the adaptive reset controller leads to a signicantly improved performance compared to a nonadaptive controller and to an adaptive controller without any resetting strategies.
Effects of evaluative context in implicit cognitions associated with alcohol and violent behaviors

Abstract Introduction A large body of literature has substantiated the relationship between alcohol use and violent behaviors, but little consideration has been given to implicit interactions between the two. This study examines the implicit attitudes associated with alcoholic drinks and violent behaviors, and their relationship to explicit reports of problematic behaviors associated with alcohol use. Methods The Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT; Nosek & Banaji, 2001) was used to test the effect of distracters (noise) on implicit cognitions associated with alcoholic drinks and violent behaviors. Data was collected from 148 students enrolled in a Midwestern university. Results Irrespective of contextual distractions, participants consistently exhibited negative implicit cognitions associated with violent behaviors. However, context impacted the valence of cognitions associated with alcoholic beverages. Implicit cognitions associated with alcoholic beverages were negative when nonalcoholic beverages were used as distracters, but were positive when licit and illicit drugs were used as distracters. Implicit cognitions associated with alcoholic drinks were correlated with implicit cognitions associated with violent behaviors and explicit measures of problem drinking, problem drug-related behaviors, and measures of craving, to name a few. Conclusion Evaluative context can have an effect on the expressed appraisal of implicit attitudes. Implications, limitations, and future directions for using the GNAT in addictions research are discussed.
Activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin.

The PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced putative kinase 1)/Parkin-dependent mitochondrial quality control pathway mediates the clearance of damaged organelles, but appears to be disrupted in Parkinson's disease (PD) [Springer and Kahle (2011) Autophagy 7, 266-278]. Upon mitochondrial stress, PINK1 activates the E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase Parkin through phosphorylation of the Ub-like (UBL) domain of Parkin and of the small modifier Ub itself at a conserved residue [Sauve and Gehring (2014) Cell Res. 24, 1025-1026]. Recently resolved partial crystal structures of Parkin showed a 'closed', auto-inhibited conformation, consistent with its notoriously weak enzymatic activity at steady state [Wauer and Komander (2013) EMBO J. 32, 2099-2112; Riley et al. (2013) Nat. Commun. 4, 1982; Trempe et al. (2013) Science 340, 1451-1455; Spratt et al. (2013) Nat. Commun. 4, 1983]. It has thus become clear that Parkin must undergo major structural rearrangements in order to unleash its catalytic functions. Recent published findings derived from X-ray structures and molecular modelling present a complete structural model of human Parkin at an all-atom resolution [Caulfield et al. (2014) PLoS Comput. Biol. 10, e1003935]. The results of the combined in silico simulations-based and experimental assay-based study indicates that PINK1-dependent Ser65 phosphorylation of Parkin is required for its activation and triggering of 'opening' conformations. Indeed, the obtained structures showed a sequential release of Parkin's intertwined domains and allowed docking of an Ub-charged E2 coenzyme, which could enable its enzymatic activity. In addition, using cell-based screening, select E2 enzymes that redundantly, cooperatively or antagonistically regulate Parkin's activation and/or enzymatic functions at different stages of the mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) process were identified [Fiesel et al. (2014) J. Cell Sci. 127, 3488-3504]. Other work that aims to pin-point the particular pathogenic dysfunctions of Parkin mis-sense mutations have been recently disseminated (Fabienne C. Fiesel, Thomas R. Caulfield, Elisabeth L. Moussaud-Lamodiere, Daniel F.A.R. Dourado, Kotaro Ogaki, Owen A. Ross, Samuel C. Flores, and Wolfdieter Springer, submitted). Such a structure-function approach provides the basis for the dissection of Parkin's regulation and a targeted drug design to identify small-molecule activators of this neuroprotective E3 Ub ligase.
High Performance and Technology of La and Co Substituted Hard Ferrites Materials

This paper introduces some basic situations on the development of high performance hard ferrites of TDK and Hitachi Metal of Japan, and reports the new advances on ion substitution and related technology of hard ferrite materials.
The mutation Arg (53)----Trp causes von Willebrand disease Normandy by abolishing binding to factor VIII. Studies with recombinant von Willebrand factor

von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII (FVIII) circulate in plasma as a noncovalently linked protein complex. The FVIII/vWF interaction is required for the stabilization of procoagulant FVIII activity. Recently, we reported a new variant of von Willebrand disease (vWD) tentatively named "Normandy," characterized by plasma vWF that appears to be structurally and functionally normal except that it does not bind FVIII. Three patients from one family were found to be homozygous for a C----T transition at codon 816 converting Arg 53 to Trp in the mature vWF subunit. To firmly establish a causal relationship between this missense mutation and vWD Normandy phenotype, we have characterized the corresponding recombinant mutant vWF(R53W). Expressed in COS-7 cells or CHO cell lines, normal vWF and vWF(R53W) were processed and formed multimers with equal efficiency. However, vWF(R53W) exhibited the same defect in FVIII binding as did plasma vWF from patients with vWD Normandy, confirming that this mutation is responsible for the vWD Normandy phenotype. These results illustrate the importance of Arg 53 of the mature vWF subunit for the binding of FVIII to vWF, and identify an amino acid residue within a disulfide loop not previously known to be involved in this interaction.
ANASTOMOTIC OBSTRUCTION AFTER STAPLED ENTEROANASTOMOSIS

We have recently treated two cases of anastomotic obstruction after side-to-side stapled enteroanastomosis. Complete obstruction of a stapled small-bowel anastomosis has not been reported to our knowledge. The mechanism of the obstruction appears to be the healing together of the cut edges of viable bowel beyond the inverted stapled lines. An alternative method of constructing the functional end-to-end enteroanastomosis that is offered is intended to prevent the occurrence of postoperative anastomotic obstruction.
Near-surface S-wave velocities estimated from traffic-induced Love waves using seismic interferometry with double beamforming

AbstractI use ambient noise, especially traffic noise, to estimate the 2D near-surface S-velocity distribution. Near-surface velocities are useful for understanding structure, stiffness, porosity, and pore pressure for engineering/environmental purposes and static correction of active-source imaging. I extract Love waves propagating between each receiver pair from 12 h of traffic noise using seismic interferometry with power-normalized crosscorrelation. The receiver array contained three parallel lines, each of which had 100 transverse-component geophones. I apply double beamforming to the correlations at the parallel lines for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the extracted Love waves to satisfy the stationary phase assumption for seismic interferometry. I use these Love waves for a dispersion analysis to estimate a 2D near-surface S-wave velocity model based on the multichannel analysis of surface waves. To improve the lateral resolution of the velocity model, I sort the extracted waves according t...
Introduction to Finite Element Methods

In Chapter 2 we developed finite difference approximations to parabolic partial differential equations.We restricted our development to first- and second-order discretizations, because higher-order finite difference approximations are difficult to develop and to analyze. In this chapter, we will adopt a different approach to discretization of partial differential equations. Instead of approximating derivatives by difference quotients, we will approximate the solution of the equation by piecewise polynomials and require that the piecewise polynomial approximations satisfy weak forms of the partial differential equations. This approach will have advantages that finite differences cannot offer. For example, we will be able to develop approximations to differential equations with Dirac delta-function forcing. Also, in multiple dimensions we will develop natural ways to deal with curved boundaries. The finite element approach will require a number of mathematical developments. Our goal in this chapter is to introduce the fundamental principles of finite element computations. These principles include development of the differential equation in weak form , developing shapes used in tessellations of computational domains, assembling polynomial families, choosing quadrature rules, generating meshes and assembling linear systems. The following Chapter 5 will develop the theory needed for the analysis of finite element methods, and the subsequent Chapter 6 will review the details of finite element implementations by means of that theory. Chapter 7 will discuss some alternative finite element implementations.
Coexisting Systemic Infections in Patients Who Present With a Fall.

Abstract Background Although the causes of falls are legion, infectious disease–related factors are not commonly reported in the published literature. We investigated the characteristics of patients presenting to the hospital because of a fall and who were subsequently found to have a coexisting systemic infection (CSI). Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study performed at Massachusetts General Hospital, using the electronic database of adult patients receiving care during the period January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2014. Cases were initially screened by using billing codes for "fall," "sepsis," "bacteremia" and "systemic inflammatory response syndrome" (SIRS). Evaluable patients had documented CSI in the setting of a fall. Results Of 161 evaluable patients, 84 (52.2%) were female. The mean age was 75. 2 years (range: 35-102 years, median=78 years). Fall was considered "mechanical" (e.g., tripped by a rug) in 106 (65.8%) cases, with 126 (78.3%) patients living at home. SIRS criteria were met on initial healthcare encounters of 66 (40.1%) patients. Urinary and lower respiratory tract infections were the most common infectious disease conditions (71 [44.1%] and 37 [23.0%] cases, respectively). Bacteremia was seen in 64 (39.8%) cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of bacteremia ( 21 cases, 31.3% of bloodstream isolates). CSI was not initially suspected by providing clinicians in 64 (39.8%) patients. Conclusions Falls associated with CSIs are often considered "mechanical" in nature, and they frequently fail to meet the SIRS criteria on initial presentation. Aside from its commonly recognized causes, falls may be an atypical manifestation of a systemic infection.
Using eye-tracking to investigate content skipping: A study on learning modules in cybersecurity

Students skipping content is common in learning modules that present a large amount of information in a linear format. This may result in lower student engagement and learning. We proposed a theoretical model to reduce content skipping using an e-learning design principle of “segmentation.” In this paper, we describe the segmentation principle, conduct a study to examine its effectiveness using eye-tracking and discuss the results. The study uses two eye-tracking metrics - 1) reading scores (computed using reading detection algorithm) and 2) reading depth (number of words looked at in a given area of text), as a measure to compare content skipping between linear and segmented modules. A total of 19 students participated in a randomized control-group treatment-group experimental study. Nine students completed linear modules and ten completed segmented modules. The results indicate significantly higher reading scores and reading depth (p < .05) for the students using segmented modules, implying more reading coverage and less content skipping in segmented modules as compared to the linear modules.
Prognostic Factors for Post-Thrombotic Syndrome in Children with Limb DVT: A Bi-Institutional Cohort Study

Abstract 3401 Background: Early identification of children with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the limb, whoare at heightened risk for post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), is important in order to evaluate therapeutic interventions aimed at decreasing the risk and severity of PTS. Objective: We sought to evaluate prognostic factors for PTS in children following DVT of the limbs. Methods: In this bi-institutional mixed cohort study with prospective ascertainment of PTS using a validated pediatric instrument, we collected data on patient/thrombus characteristics, thrombophilia testing results, and outcomes in children ( Results: Median age at presentation was 13 years (range, 0–18 years). Cumulative incidence (i.e., risk of PTS) was 23%, at a median follow-up duration of 33 months (range: 13.2–65 months). The presence of a lupus anticoagulant by dilute Russell Viper venom time (dRVVT) testing within two weeks of DVT diagnosis was associated with markedly increased odds of developing clinically-significant PTS (OR 16.8, 95%CI (1.60–176.2); P=0.02). The presence of an infectious or inflammatory condition at DVT presentation was neither associated with PTS risk nor dRVVT positivity. Conclusions: An acutely positive dRVVT following diagnosis of limb DVT appears to be a significant prognostic factor for development of clinically significant PTS in children. Larger collaborative cohort studies are required to substantiate these findings, evaluate other prognostic factors, and determine whether the present association is modulated by persistent dRVVT positivity or beta-2-glycoprotein-I dependence. Disclosures: Goldenberg: Eisai Inc: Research Funding; Pfizer Inc: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; CPC Clinical Research: Consultancy.
Abstract 1267: The senescence-associated secretory phenotype requires the histone variant macroH2A1 and is antagonized by ATM in a novel ER stress response

Oncogene induced senescence (OIS) is an important tumor suppressive mechanism typified by permanent proliferative arrest, a persistent DNA damage response and the senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). MacroH2A1, a histone variant that plays tumor suppressive roles in a several cancer types is upregulated during OIS. Our ChIP-seq data demonstrate that SASP genes are found in macroH2A1-containing chromatin. Additionally, we found that macroH2A1 is a critical positive regulator of both the transcriptional upregulation of SASP genes and the persistent ATM activation seen during senescence. SASP factors participate in a positive feedback loop to maintain senescence through autocrine signaling and can also induce paracrine senescence in bystander cells. Strikingly, we find that cells depleted of macroH2A1 are immune to paracrine senescence triggered by SASP factors, indicating that macroH2A1 is a critical regulator of SASP positive feedback. Additionally, ectopic expression of macroH2A1.1, the macroH2A1 splice variant that is typically lost in cancer cells, is sufficient to trigger senescence in normal cells complete with a robust SASP response and persistent activation of ATM. Due to the increased expression of secreted factors, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a feature of OIS. ER stress has been shown to lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species which can cause DNA damage and ATM activation. We determined that ER stress, as assayed by the activation of the unfolded protein response, is reduced during OIS in cells depleted of macroH2A1. Furthermore, activated ATM participates in a novel negative feedback loop reducing SASP expression in response to ER stress by triggering the removal of macroH2A1 from SASP genes. Overall, our results demonstrate that SASP gene expression is regulated by the combined actions of a positive feedback loop that requires macroH2A1 and a negative feedback loop where ER stress leads to ATM activation critical for the removal of macroH2A1 from SASP genes and consequently their repression. Citation Format: Hongshan Chen, Penelope D. Ruiz, Wendy McKimpson, Leonid Novikov, Richard N. Kitsis, Matthew J. Gamble. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype requires the histone variant macroH2A1 and is antagonized by ATM in a novel ER stress response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1267. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1267