cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dangers of dwelling: An examination of the relationship between rumination and consumptive coping in survivors of childhood sexual abuse

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a non-specific risk factor for various maladaptive consummatory behaviours, such as binge eating and substance use. However, the mechanism by which CSA confers vulnerability to such behaviours remains unclear. CSA may lead to distress and then rumination, which in turn increases risk for engaging in consumption to cope. To test this theory, 603 community participants completed interview and self-report measures of sexual abuse, distress, rumination, and consumptive coping at three time points, one year apart. CSA survivors reported greater levels of distress, rumination and consumption (e.g., of food, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, prescription and recreational drugs) to cope with distress than non-CSA survivors. In addition, results from structural equation modelling indicated that distress and rumination partially mediated the relationship between CSA and consumptive coping. These results suggest that CSA survivors may engage in maladaptive consummatory behaviours to manage...
On the Jacobian conjecture: a new approach via Gröbner bases

In this paper we propose a new approach to the Jacobian conjecture via the theory of Grobner bases. We give a Grobner base criterion for a polynomial map to be polynomially invertible. Using this and using a result of Bass concerning the inverse degrees of automorphisms of polynomial rings, we reduce the Jacobian conjecture to certain problems in the complexity theory of Grobner bases. As a by-product, we construct examples which show the non-existence of a universal bound of degrees of Grobner bases over a polynomial ring in one variable over a field.
The insensitivity of schedule-induced polydipsia to conditioned taste aversions: Effect of amount consumed during conditioning

In Experiment 1, animals poisoned following schedule-induced or prandial-induced saccharin consumption subsequently showed identical aversions to saccharin when tested under water deprivation. In Experiment 2, animals conditioned to avoid saccharin to similar levels under water deprivation were differentially affected when saccharin was subsequently presented on the baselines of schedule-induced and prandial-induced drinking. Together, these data indicate that the differential effects observed on schedule-induced and prandial-induced drinking when animals are poisoned following consumption under these two schedules do not reflect the differential acquisition of taste aversions, but instead reflect the differential tendencies to drink induced by the spaced and massed feedings.
Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor α in the major salivary glands of male and female rats

The three major salivary glands of normal male and female Fischer 344 rats of different ages were examined for the localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) by immunohistochemical staining. EGF was demonstrated only in the granulated convoluted tubule (GCT) cells of the submandibular gland, the results confirming the previous reports, and most abundantly in adult males and pregnant females. TGFα stain was localized in all three glands and was found throughout the entire duct system, excluding acinar cells. The myoepithelial cells of the sublingual gland were also reactive with the TGFα antibody. The specificity of the staining was confirmed by negative staining reaction with the absorbed antibody and by radio-immunoassay and Western blot methods. This is the first report describing the presence of TGFα in the rat salivary glands.
Digital computers can aid utilities

Some of the more common applications of digital computers in the electrical utility field are discussed. The emphasis is placed not only on their present-day uses, but also on their possible future utilization.
Colitis causes delay in puberty in female mice out of proportion to changes in leptin and corticosterone

Background Inflammatory bowel disease that begins prior to puberty frequently causes a delay in puberty resulting in losses of growth, bone mineralization, and self-esteem. A major cause of this pubertal delay is likely due in part to the effect of decreased levels of leptin on the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, though systemic inflammation is also thought to play a role.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to a δ-opioid receptor blocks the antinociception induced by cold water swimming

Abstract The type of opioid receptors in the spinal cord involved in antinociception induced by cold water swimming (CWS) was studied in male ICR mice. Mice were submitted to CWS for 3 min and antinociception was measured 7 min after the CWS by the tail-flick test. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of naltrindole (NTI, 5 μg) which blocked i.t. DPDPE ([ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin, 5 μg)-induced antinociception, blocked the CWS-induced antinociception. On the other hand, i.t. injection of CTOP ( d -Phe-Cys-Try- d -Try-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH 2 , 50 ng) and norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI, 5 μg) which blocked i.t. DMAGO ([ d -Ala 2 ,NHPhe 4 ,Gly-ol]enkephalin, 10 ng)- and U50,488H ( trans (±)-3,4-dichloro- N -methyl- N -[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide, 75 μg)-induced antinociception, respectively, did not block CWS-induced antinociception. Intrathecal pretreatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to δ-opioid receptor mRNA (δ-AS oligo, 163 pmol) once a day for 1 to 3 days caused a time-dependent attenuation of CWS-induced antinociception. δ-AS at doses from 1.6 to 163 pmol pretreated i.t. for 3 days caused a dose-dependent blockade of CWS-induced antinociception. However, i.t. pretreatment with mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide (MM oligo, 163 pmol) for 3 days did not affect the CWS-induced antinociception. The results indicate that CWS-induced antinociception is mediated by the stimulation of δ-opioid receptors in the spinal cord.
A semiautomated technique for the rapid evaluation of left ventricular regional wall motion

A semiautomated system for the rapid evaluation of left ventricular regional wall motion is described. The system includes direct projection of the cineangiogram film on an X-Y digitizer which is interfaced with a PDP-9 computer. The ventricular model used to evaluate regional wall motion and the methods of data analysis are described. Validation of the accuracy of the technique and specific clinical applications are presented. It is concluded that this technique provides a rapid means of evaluating left ventricular regional wall motion and that the accuracy of the technique is acceptable for clinical application.
Comparison of Wound Healing Using the CO2 Laser at 10.6 μm and 9.55 μm

Objectives/hypothesis The wound healing characteristics of incisions made with the short pulsed CO2 laser tuned to 9.55 microm versus the traditional 10.6 microm were investigated. Previous studies have shown that at 9.55 microm, collagen is targeted more selectively than at 10.6 microm, which results in decreased acute thermal injury patterns. This study investigates the difference in wound healing over time between lasers and compares laser incisions with cold knife techniques. Study design Randomized controlled trial using a porcine model. Methods Tissue from 10.6-microm and 9.55-microm incisions of 10 piglets was evaluated with histological analysis and tensiometry at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. A Bonferroni-Dunn corrected analysis of variance analysis at a 95% significance level was used to compare the effect of wavelength. Results The results demonstrate that although knife incisions are consistently stronger than laser incisions, the 9.55-microm CO2 laser incisions are no stronger than incisions made with the conventional 10.6-microm laser. Furthermore, histological analysis shows no difference in lateral thermal damage between lasers at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. The progression of collagen formation and inflammation does not differ over time. Conclusion This study of wound healing using a porcine model demonstrates that the 9.55-microm CO2 laser does not demonstrate an improvement in wound healing over the traditional 10.6-microm CO2 laser. These results may be secondary to the common explosive vaporization mechanism produced by both lasers in the infrared spectrum.
The Cornell University Kettering Energy Systems Laboratory

The new Kettering Energy-Systems Laboratory at Cornell University is described and its functions as a unique electric-power research tool and as an important power-field educational adjunct are discussed. The individual laboratory components and their functions are discussed. These components include both software and real-time hardware simulation tools. Use of the Laboratory in current educational activities is outlined. Possibilities for future development of the facility are examined.
A new investigation of copper's role in enhancing Al-Cu interconnect electromigration resistance from an atomistic view

Abstract An explanation of why Cu prolongs the electromigration lifetime of Al–Cu interconnects in comparison to Al is provided based on atomistic calculations. Copper preferentially segregates to the grain-boundary (GB) interstitial sites. The overall GB diffusivity is reduced with Cu segregation at GB sites. Calculation results predict that in Al(Cu) lines, Cu will diffuse first, with Al diffusion essentially suppressed because of a higher diffusion activation energy. The activation energy for Cu incubation diffusion is calculated to be 0.95 eV. The predictions are in excellent agreement with experiments.
Satisficing Coordination and Social Welfare for Robotic Societies

The design of robotic systems that are capable of sophisticated social behavior such as cooperation, compromise, negotiation, and altruism, requires more complex mathematical models than are afforded by the classical mechanisms for making value judgments and decisions. A new concept of multi-agent satisficing, defined in terms of relative effectiveness and efficiency, is an alternative to classical optimization-based decision making. Conditional utilities, which take into account the interests of others as well as the self, represent an alternative to the categorical utilities of classical decision theory. A multi-agent utility aggregation structure is developed that avoids the sure subjugation of the interests of any individual to the interests of the group. By expressing a society as a directed acyclic graph, Bayesian network theory is applied to artificial societies. A satisficing social welfare function accounts for the influence relationships among decision-making agents.
Latent luciferase activity in the fruit fly revealed by a synthetic luciferin.

Beetle luciferases are thought to have evolved from fatty acyl-CoA synthetases present in all insects. Both classes of enzymes activate fatty acids with ATP to form acyl-adenylate intermediates, but only luciferases can activate and oxidize d-luciferin to emit light. Here we show that the Drosophila fatty acyl-CoA synthetase CG6178, which cannot use d-luciferin as a substrate, is able to catalyze light emission from the synthetic luciferin analog CycLuc2. Bioluminescence can be detected from the purified protein, live Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, and from mammalian cells transfected with CG6178. Thus, the nonluminescent fruit fly possesses an inherent capacity for bioluminescence that is only revealed upon treatment with a xenobiotic molecule. This result expands the scope of bioluminescence and demonstrates that the introduction of a new substrate can unmask latent enzymatic activity that differs significantly from an enzyme’s normal function without requiring mutation.
Production of terpenes by differentiated shoot cultures of Mentha citrata transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens T37.

Crown gall initiation on Mentha × piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. (mint) was investigated using a range of wild type and mutant strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Axenic transformed shoot cultures of Mentha ‘citrata’ were established on plant stems inoculated with the nopaline strain T37 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The presence of T-DNA in the transformed tissues and the absence of bacterial contamination was established by Southern Blot hybridisation, using 32P labelled fragments of the T-DNA and virulence region of the Ti plasmid as probes. The shoot cultures synthesised a mint oil fraction which contained the major terpenes characteristic of the parent plant in quantities similar to those found in intact tissue. Oil glands were observed to be present on the leaves of the transformed culture using scanning electron microscopy.
Glucagon-like peptide-2: divergent signaling pathways.

Background and aims Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an endogenous hormone with potent and specific intestinotrophic activity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this study was to define the initial signal transduction mechanisms mediating the proliferative actions of GLP-2 on intestinal epithelial cells. Methods The proliferative actions of GLP-2 on the human Caco-2 cell line were assessed. Specific G-protein inhibitors, pertussis and cholera toxin, were used to characterize the roles of early signal transduction mechanisms in mediating the proliferative actions of GLP-2 in these cells. Results GLP-2 directly stimulated proliferation in the Caco-2 cells. GLP-2 stimulated proliferation was (1) inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by both pertussis and cholera toxin and (2) augmented by 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine. Proliferation rates were inversely proportional to changes in intracellular cAMP concentration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a G-protein-linked signaling pathway is involved with GLP-2 bioactivity in the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2.
Algorithm for finding clusters with a known distribution and its application to photon-number resolution using a superconducting transition-edge sensor

Improving photon-number resolution of single-photon sensitive detectors is important for many applications, as is extending the range of such detectors. Here we seek improved resolution for a particular superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) through better processing of the TES output waveforms. With that aim, two algorithms to extract number resolution from TES output waveforms are compared. The comparison is done by processing waveform data sets from a TES illuminated at nine illumination levels by a pulsed laser at 1550 nm. The algorithms are used to sort the individual output waveforms and then create clusters associated with individual photon numbers. The first uses a dot product with the waveform mean (for each illumination level), while the second uses K-means clustering modified to include knowledge of the Poisson distribution. The first algorithm is shown to distinguish adjacent peaks associated with photon numbers up to 19, whereas the second algorithm distinguishes photon numbers up to 23, using the same data.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Molybdenum and Tungsten Atoms with Dioxygen. Resolved Infrared Spectra of Natural Molybdenum and Tungsten Isotopic Oxides in Argon Matrices

Laser-ablated molybdenum and tungsten atoms were reacted with dioxygen and 18O-substituted dioxygen. The products of these reactions were isolated in solid argon matrices at 10 K and studied by matrix infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of spectra enabled identification of reaction products, which included MoO2, (O2)MoO2, MoO3, WO, WO2, (O2)WO2, and WO3. Resolution of isotopic splitting due to natural isotopic abundance of the metal verified the presence of a single metal atom in these molecules and allowed for calculation of bond angles for the molybdenum and tungsten dioxide molecules and their dioxygen complexes.
Implementation and application of maximum likelihood reliability estimation from subsystem and full system tests

This paper provides an overview and examples of a novel and practical method for estimating the reliability of a complex system, with confidence regions, based on a combination of full system and subsystem (and/or component or other) tests. It is assumed that the system is composed of multiple processes, where the subsystems may be arranged in series, parallel, combination series/parallel, or other mode. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is used to estimate the overall system reliability based on the fusion of system and subsystem test data. The method is illustrated on two real-world systems: an aircraft-missile system and a highly reliable low-pressure coolant injection system in a commercial nuclear-power reactor. The examples are used to demonstrate the following properties of the method. One, increasing the number of full system tests improves the confidence in the full system reliability estimate. Two, increasing the number of tests of one subsystem stabilizes the subsystem reliability estimate. Three, the likelihood function and optimization constraints can readily be modified to handle systems consisting of repeated components in a mixed series/parallel configuration. Four, the asymptotic normal assumption for computing confidence intervals is not always appropriate, especially for highly reliable systems. Five, performing a mixture of full system and subsystem tests is important when the model that relates the subsystem reliability to the full system reliability is uncertain.
Nonbiased Assessment of English Language Learners: A Tutorial

In 1990, public school speech—language pathologists (SLPs) all over the United States were surveyed regarding service delivery to English language learner (ELL) students. In 2001, the survey was replicated with a larger national sample (N = 1736). Results from surveys in both decades showed that one of the most frequently encountered service delivery problems indicated by respondents was “lack of nonbiased appropriate assessment instruments.” In 2001, respondents indicated that in terms of continuing education training, their greatest area of interest was in the topic of “Less biased methods and materials for distinguishing language differences from language disorders.” Thus, the purpose of this tutorial is to describe current principles and methods for nonbiased, appropriate assessment of ELL students with potential language-learning disabilities.
Measurement of Ca2+ fluxes during elicitation of the oxidative burst in aequorin-transformed tobacco cells.

Abstract We have employed suspension cultured aequorin-transformed tobacco cells to examine the involvement of Ca2+ in signal transduction of the oxidative burst. Use of cultured cells for this purpose was validated by demonstrating that the cells responded to cold shock quantitatively and qualitatively similarly to the intact transgenic plants from which they were derived. Stimulation of the oxidative burst in the cell suspension was achieved by administration of oligogalacturonic acid, Mas-7 (a peptide known to activate G proteins and Ca2+ fluxes), hypo-osmotic stress, or harpin (a protein from the pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora). The latter failed to promote any detectable increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, whereas each of the former three triggered a rapid rise in cytosolic Ca2+followed by a return within seconds to basal Ca2+ levels. Peak Ca2+ concentrations induced by the former three elicitors were ∼0.7, 1.4, and 1.3 μm, respectively. Three lines of evidence suggest that the observed Ca2+pulses are essential to transduction of the oxidative burst signals by their respective elicitors: (i) inhibition of the Ca2+transients with Ca2+ chelators or Ca2+ channel blockers prevented expression of the oxidative burst, (ii) introduction of exogenous Ca2+ into the same cells initiated the burst even in the absence of other inducers of the response, and (iii) the observed Ca2+ transients often returned to near basal levels well before any H2O2 synthesis could be detected, suggesting that the Ca2+ influx is required to communicate the burst signal but not maintain the defense response. These data suggest that Ca2+ pulses serve frequently, but not invariably, to transduce an oxidative burst signal.
Modeling impact of attacks, recovery, and attackability conditions for situational awareness

A distributed cyber control system comprises various types of assets, including sensors, intrusion detection systems, scanners, controllers, and actuators. The modeling and analysis of these components usually require multi-disciplinary approaches. This paper presents a modeling and dynamic analysis of a distributed cyber control system for situational awareness by taking advantage of control theory and time Petri net. Linear time-invariant systems are used to model the target system, attacks, assets influences, and an anomaly-based intrusion detection system. Time Petri nets are used to model the impact and timing relationships of attacks, vulnerability, and recovery at every node. To characterize those distributed control systems that are perfectly attackable, algebraic and topological attackability conditions are derived. Numerical evaluation is performed to determine the impact of attacks on distributed control system.
Turbulence simulation and optical processing through turbulent media

Experimental investigating the possibility of optical processing through turbulent media were investigated and a model for turbulence is discussed. A technique for creating an optical device to display the turbulence model real-time is introduced and a technique for removing the turbulence is demonstrated.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
From ‘Leading the Masses’ to ‘Serving the Consumers’? Newspaper Reporting in Contemporary Urban China

This paper examines and evaluates the content of news items reported in a sample of daily newspapers in China's biggest cities. Using three ‘Western’ media sources, an inventory of news items directly or indirectly related to the ‘downside’ of the economic reforms was generated. A simultaneous analysis of mainland newspapers finds that many of the same themes were reported, although the coverage tends to be thinner and less detailed. Some China scholars have suggested that the Party/state is losing control of the communications system in contemporary China, and the results of this study support such arguments; city-level newspapers are now publishing what is most interesting to their consumers and likely to win them a larger share of the market. The regime still manages the dissemination of sensitive political information, but the parallel dictates of commercialization result in the disorderly and unpredictable circulation of communications messages. Mainland newspapers still steer clear of stories consid...
Cytogenetic analysis of head and neck carcinomas

Abstract Ten primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the head and neck were evaluated cytogenetically after 10–14 days of in vitro culture. Addition of 3% L-glutamine was essential for consistent epithelial growth of these carcinomas. Outgrowth of cells from tissue explants contained a mixture of chromosomally normal and abnormal cells; the abnormal cells had extensive changes including translocations, marker chromosomes, inversions, deletions, and duplications. In addition, all carcinomas contained cells with pulverization and double minute chromosomes (dmin). Chromosomes 11, 13, and 14 had “hotspots” of rearrangements.
Adaptive Estimation with Mutually Correlated Training Sequences

The linear least-mean-square error (LMS) estimate of a scalar random variable given an observation of a vector-valued random variable (data) is well know. Computation of the estimate requires knowledge of the data correlation matrix. Algorithms have been proposed by Griffiths [9] and by Widrow [7] for iterative determination of the estimate of each element from a sequence of scalar random variables given an observation of the corresponding element from a sequence of date vectors when the data correlation matrix is not known. These algorithms are easy to implement, require little storage, and are suitable for real-time processing. Past convergence studies of these algorithms have assumed that the data vectors were mutually independent. In this study some asymptotic properties of these and other related algorithms are derived for a sequence of mutually correlated data vectors. A generalized algorithm is defined for analytic purposes. It is demonstrated for this generalized algorithm that excess mean-square error (as defined by Widrow) can be made arbitrarily small for large values of time in the correlated case. The analysis can be applied to a particular estimation scheme of 1) the particular algorithm can be placed in the generalized form, and 2) the given assumptions are satisfied. The analysis of the generalized algorithm requires that the data vectors possess only a few properties; foremost among these are ergodicity and a form of asymptotic independence. This analysis does not assume any particular probability distribution function nor any particular form of mutual correlation for the data vectors.
Site of reactivity models predict molecular reactivity of diverse chemicals with glutathione.

Drug toxicity is often caused by electrophilic reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins. Consequently, the quantitative strength of a molecule’s reactivity with glutathione (GSH) is a frequently used indicator of its toxicity. Through cysteine, GSH (and proteins) scavenges reactive molecules to form conjugates in the body. GSH conjugates to specific atoms in reactive molecules: their sites of reactivity. The value of knowing a molecule’s sites of reactivity is unexplored in the literature. This study tests the value of site of reactivity data that identifies the atoms within 1213 reactive molecules that conjugate to GSH and builds models to predict molecular reactivity with glutathione. An algorithm originally written to model sites of cytochrome P450 metabolism (called XenoSite) finds clear patterns in molecular structure that identify sites of reactivity within reactive molecules with 90.8% accuracy and separate reactive and unreactive molecules with 80.6% accuracy. Furthermore, the model o...
Ammonium fixation by soil and pure clay minerals

Abstract Fixation of the ammonium ion (NH4 +) by clay minerals is an alternate way of building the nitrogen (N) pool in soil to optimize N crop recovery and minimize losses. Clay minerals (illite, montmorillonite, and vermiculite) and an illitic Portnoeuf soil were used to compare NH4 + fixation abilities. Total N determination and X‐ray diffraction analysis were performed on each of the minerals and the Portnoeuf soil controls, and NH4 + saturated batches were subsequently desorbed by potassium chloride (KCl) after 4096 hours. Total N was determined for each employing either Kjeldahl digestion only, or pretreating with hydrofluoric‐hydrochloric acid (HF‐HCl) before the Kjeldahl digestion. The total N for the soil was 38% more after pretreatment with HF‐HCl. The total N determined after pretreatment with HF‐HCl for the NH4 + saturated and subsequently KCl desorbed minerals was found to be highest in vermiculite. The cation exchange acapacity (CEC) of each of the minerals was determined, and highest CEC wa...
Heterogeneity in the Management and Outcomes of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Heart Failure The National Registry of Myocardial Infarction

Background— Heart failure (HF) is an important predictor of poor outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, limited data exist about the clinical significance of HF in the coronary reperfusion era and the impact of its timing on hospital outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical impact of HF complicating AMI in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI). A secondary objective was to determine differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment, and hospital death rates in patients presenting with HF compared with those developing HF after presentation. Methods and Results— The study sample consisted of patients with AMI and without a history of HF included in the NRMI. Of 606 500 cases included from July 1, 1994 to June 30, 2000, 123 938 (20.4%) patients had HF at the time of hospital presentation and 52 220 (8.6%) developed HF thereafter. Patients with HF were older, more likely female, had more comorbidities, and were less likely to rece...
Textbook public choice: A review essay

Textbooks are of obvious importance to authors and publishers fantasizing about substantial royalties, students expected to purchase and read them, and instructors who choose texts and teach from their pages. While academic custom dictates a certain derision of texts and text-writers, most of the 'greats' in most disciplines have authored at least one text and have often taken considerable pride in their efforts. Regardless, textbooks are invaluable indicators of the state of a discipline and, in a few instances, have been shapers if not innovators of major trends. One thinks of Marshall's Principles; Musgrave's The Theory of Public Finance; Samuelson's Economics; and, now, Alchian and Allen's University Economics. These classics are at once textbooks read by a generation of undergraduates, yet cited by scholars as authoritative sources. Each has produced a host of imitators and imitations; each has served to integrate the known; each has provided a distinct point of view; each has defined problems, provided new tools and, thus, equipped another generation of teachers. Those who teach must have something to teach and what they teach is to a large degree decided by those who write our texts. Uncertainty of substantive content or, perhaps, more accurately, uncertainty as to the integration of disparate elements creates both unsettling problems and an opportunity for those who would impose order. To write a textbook is to impose intellectual order, i.e., decide what is important, why, and how it should be transmitted to colleagues and students, alike. Writing a text in an ordered or settled field of science must surely be one of the more boring uses of one's time, but to write a first-rate text in a new and rapidly evolving 'discipline' demands imagination, substantive knowledge, and literary skills of the highest order. Those who have or are now attempting to provide suitable texts in public choice surely deserve our appreciation and, possibly, admiration, for they chart unknown waters. In market terms most will 'fail,' but one of these days someone will set the pattern and, thereby, provide the first definitive 'Principles of Public Choice.' Most teachers of public choice have taught and continue to teach directly from the classic writings of Arrow, Buchanan and Tullock, Downs, and Olson.
Science Teacher Supply in the United States

The purpose of this study was to describe the supply and potential shortages of science teachers in the United States. Ninety-six percent of the State Science Consultants of the 50 State Boards of Education responded to a 1992 survey to assess the supply of science teachers. This survey was modeled after Howe and Gerlovich's 1982 study to provide an assessment of changes in science teacher supply over the last 10 years. Although there were improvements in the supply of science teachers, shortages were reported in all science subjects and were particularly critical in physics, chemistry, and earth science. In addition to providing a needed update on science teacher supply, this study analyzed 45 previous studies of science teacher supply and found convincing evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a persistent but fluctuating long term shortage of science teachers. This shortage is attributed to competition with business and industry. To alleviate critical shortages of science teachers, it is recommended that salaries be raised to be more competitive with industry and a national database be established to facilitate monitoring the supply of science teachers.
THE ACHROMATIC FIGURE DURING MITOSIS IN MAIZE ENDOSPER

THE DIVISION of chromosome material is associated with the activity of the spindle apparatus which does not stain like chromatin and is often called the achromatic figure. Its structure in many plant and animal cells both in vivo and after a variety of technical procedures has been studied by many workers. Their observations have disagreed in many ways. A number of interpretations of the achromatic figure's mode of function have arisen. Many earlier accounts of mitosis have been reviewed by Hughes (1952), Schrader (1953), and Ris (1955). Schrader lists a number of theories dealing with the mode of action of the spindle apparatus; none of these, his evaluation makes clear, satisfies all established facts. Clearly the nature of the forces which bring about mitosis, promote the formation of the spindle and carry the mitosis to its conclusion is puzzling.
Wirephoto quality improvement by unsharp masking

Abstract We present a simple technique for improving, in real time, the quality of wirephoto pictures. This technique can be incorporated in conventional wirephoto transmitters with very little cost.
The Injustice of Nonjudicial Remedies to Address Childhood Violence

The hypothesis that nonjudicial remedies such as mediation, negotiation, and "fair fighting" are effective tools for use in dealing with childhood violence has enjoyed some speculation in recent years. This work evaluates the hypothesis that such methods are unjust to the victims of such violence and that these methods must be abandoned in favor of appropriate punishment for aggressors. Language: en
A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON INTER-REACTION OF SKIN TEST SENSITIVITY BETWEEN HISTOPLASMIN AND CHRYSOSPORIN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS.

Species ofChrysosporium have been isolated from soil in Iran. Guinea pigs inoculated withChrysosporium keratinophilum gave a positive skin test to histoplasmin and vice versa. This would suggest thatChrysosporium species might be reponsible for positive skin tests to histoplasmin in areas known not to be endemic for histoplasmosis.
Sleepless in Adolescence: Prospective Data on Sleep Deprivation, Health and Functioning.

We estimate prevalence, incidence and persistence of short sleep or sleep deprivation in a two wave cohort study of 4175 youths 11-17 years old at baseline and 3134 of these a year later. Data were collected using computer interviews and questionnaires. Sleep deprivation was defined as 6h or less per night during the past 4 weeks. Weighted logistic regression procedures were employed to calculate prevalence, incidence, persistence/chronicity, and odds ratios. Prevalence rates and rates of persistence suggest sleep deprivation is highly prevalent and chronic. Multivariate analyses indicate that short sleep increases risk across multiple domains of dysfunction, suggesting pervasive deleterious effects. The broad impact of sleep deprivation and its pervasiveness suggests interventions will need to focus on multilevel changes to increase sleep time and reduce the negative impact of sleep deprivation among adolescents.
Gender and racial/ethnic background predict weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass independent of health and lifestyle behaviors.

Our study investigated how demographic, health, and behavioral factors interacted to affect weight outcomes in bariatric patients. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients who were non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, had no revisions to their RYGB during 2004–2009, and had at least 1 year of follow-up data for body weight after surgery (n = 860) were surveyed by phone about their health and behaviors. The main outcomes of interest were percent excess weight loss and percent of initial weight lost. Participants were 47 ± 11 years old, 54 % non-Hispanic white, 25 % Hispanic, and 21 % non-Hispanic black, 82 % female, 60 % married, 82 % had some college education, and 47 % had an annual income between $35,000 and $80,000. At the time of surgery, patients had lost 50 ± 29 % of their excess weight and had achieved 24 ± 15 % initial weight lost after an average of 54 months of follow-up. After accounting for weight at the time of surgery, demographics, and self-reported health and behavior, non-Hispanic black men had significantly greater weight loss compared to non-Hispanic white men (p < .05). There were no differences between racial/ethnic groups of women in weight outcomes. Percent excess weight loss was related to greater diet soda intake, and percent initial weight lost was related to greater water intake. Independent of health status and lifestyle behaviors, age, and weight at the time of surgery, race/ethnicity, gender, and diet soda and water intake were the strongest predictors of weight outcomes after RYGB surgery.
Joe Orton: A Casebook. Edited by Francesca Coppa. London: Routledge, 2003; pp. 181. $85 cloth.

Is it perverse to take an interest in the infamous death of a writer? How many years should pass until we can discuss the details of a tragic death in an objective context? In the case of the promising playwright Sarah Kane, it is still too soon. With Joe Orton, however, it is easy to mistake the man for the literary construction that now personifies him. In different ways, both of these writers suffer the plight of being forever fused with their texts in postmortem criticisms of their writing. In the case of Orton, however, because of the genre of his writing, we seem to be able to laugh about it.
A meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment for opiate addiction.

Buts: de nombreuses personnes soignees pour la dependance aux opiaces continuent de consommer de la drogue pendant et apres le traitement. Il est possible d'ameliorer cette partie du probleme en s'interessant aux caracteristiques des patients qui predisent un usage continu de drogues. Cette etude utilise les techniques de la meta-analyse pour identifier les facteurs de risque de la poursuite de l'usage de drogue chez les patients soignes pour abus d'opiaces. Projet et Mesures: une recherche approfondie de la litterature publiee a partir de 69 etudes qui rapportaient des informations sur l'association bivariee entre une ou plusieurs variables independantes et l'usage continu de drogues illegales pendant et apres le traitement de la dependance aux opiaces. Resultats: les auteurs notent que la plupart des variables des patients ont de faibles relations longitudinales avec l'usage continuel de drogue, bien que quelques variables fassent preuve d'associations longitudinales moderees. Dix variables montrent des relations statistiquement significatives et longitudinalement predictives (moyenne > 0.1) avec l'usage ininterrompu, dont les suivantes: un niveau eleve d'usage de drogue/ opiaces avant le traitement, un traitement anterieur de la dependance aux opiaces, pas d'abstinence anterieure d'opiaces, l'abstinence d'une faible consommation d'alcool, la depression, un niveau eleve de stress, des problemes de chomage ou des difficultes au travail, des liens avec des camarades qui abusent des opiaces, la courte duree du traitement, et l'abandon du traitement avant la fin. Quelques autres variables peuvent etre potentiellement et longitudinalement predictives. Conclusions: pour prevenir les rechutes, les interventions therapeutiques doivent s'interesser a plusieurs variables parce qu'aucune variable seule ne peut predire vraiment un usage ininterrompu de drogue.
Octreotide does not alter endotoxin lethality in mice or endotoxin-induced suppression of human leukocyte migration

Octreotide, a somatostatin analog, was evaluated for its effects on long-term survival in a mouse model of endotoxemia and for its effects on endotoxin-induced suppression of human leukocyte migration. Swiss Webster mice were simultaneously rendered endotoxemic with a single intraperitoneal injection of 800 μg E. coli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with one of four doses of subcutaneous (s.c.) octreotide (1.0 mg/kg in 0.4 ml saline, 0.1 mg/kg in 0.4 ml saline, 0.01 mg/kg in 0.04 ml saline, or 0.001 mg/kg in 0.04 ml saline) or saline alone (fluid-resuscitated control group: 0.4 ml saline s.c.; or non-fluid-resuscitated control group: 0.04 ml saline s.c.). Octreotide was continued with or without supplemental s.c. fluid resuscitation (0.4 ml saline) at eight hour intervals for either twenty-four or forty hours. There was no statistical significance to differences in long-term survival between comparable groups of octreotide treated vs saline treated animals during the entire fourteen day period of observation. Fluid resuscitation during the first forty hours following endotoxemia induction delayed death, but did not significantly improve long-term survival. In vitro work was conducted to determine the effect of octreotide on endotoxin-induced suppression of human leukocyte migration. Octreotide at concentrations ranging from 2.05 × 10−5 Molar to 3.05 × 10−11 Molar had no significant effect on leukocyte migration. In this study octreotide treatment failed to improve long-term survival in mice with endotoxemia and did not alter endotoxin-induced suppression of leukocyte migration.
Noninvasive photoacoustic identification of sentinel lymph nodes containing methylene blue in vivo in a rat model

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard method of axillary staging for patients with breast cancer and clinically negative axillae. Even though SLNB using both methylene blue and radioactive tracers has a high identification rate, it still relies on an invasive surgical procedure with associated morbidity. Axillary ultrasound has emerged as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the axilla, but it can only assess morphology and cannot specifically identify sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). In this pilot study, we propose a noninvasive photoacoustic SLN identification system using methylene blue injection in a rat model. We successfully image a SLN with high optical contrast (146±41, standard deviation) and good ultrasonic resolution (∼500μm) in vivo. We also show potential feasibility for clinical applications by imaging 20- and 31-mm-deep SLNs in 3-D and 2-D, respectively. Our results suggest that this technology would be a useful clinical tool, allowing clinicians to identify SLNs noninvasively in vivo.
Mobility and Fading: Two Sides of the Same Coin

In wireless networks, distance variations caused by node mobility generate fluctuations of the channel gains. Such fluctuations can be treated as another type of fading besides multi-path effects. In this paper, we characterize the interference statistics in mobile random networks by mapping the distance variations of mobile nodes to the channel gain fluctuations. Network performance is evaluated in terms of the outage probability. A nearest-interferer approximation is employed. This approximation provides a tight lower bound on the outage probability. Comparing to a static network, we show that the interference distribution does not change under high mobility and random walk models, but random waypoint mobility increases interference.
Complications from large field intermediate dose infradiaphragmatic radiation: an analysis of the patterns of care outcome studies for Hodgkin's disease and seminoma.

Abstract There are only infrequent complications from intermediate dose infradiaphragmatic radiation to the para-aortics or para-aortic and iliac nodal regions as given in Hodgkin's disease or seminoma. Nonetheless, such complications can cause significant debility and may be lifelong. Treatment related factors associated with such complications should be identified and where possible, avoided. We have analyzed the records of 1,026 patients treated nationwide in the Patterns of Care Outcome Studies including the Hodgkin's national practice survey (387 patients), Hodgkin's large facility survey (253 patients), and Seminoma national practice survey (386 patients). There were 883 patients who received infradiaphragmatic radiation to the para-aortics or para-aortic and iliac regions. Complications which occurred in these patients included gastrointestinal injury, hepatitis, nephritis, gonadal injury, hematopoietic injury, second malignancy, and miscellaneous others. There were 139 complications of any severity and 35 major complications requiring hospitalization for management. The 3-year actuarial complication rates were 14% and 4% for any and major complications, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in both any complications and major complications with dose ( p p = .03). This study indicates that total dose is an important factor in determining complications, particularly gastrointestinal injury, in patients receiving infradia-phragmatic radiation in Hodgkin's disease and seminoma and that prior G.I. disease is associated with an increased risk of radiation related bowel complication. The radiotherapist should seek to optimize the therapeutic ratio in these diseases where gross disease can be controlled with 3500 cGy or less with few exceptions.
Effects of family connection and family individuation

This prospective longitudinal study explores the differential effects of family connection and family individuation measured during adolescence on later midlife well-being. Home interviews were held in the 1970s with 99 families of 245 adolescents. Connection and individuation in the family system were measured by self-report, a projective exercise, and coding of taped family interactions. Twenty-five years later, telephone interviews were conducted with 54 men and 120 women (representing 82 families) who had been adolescents in the 1970s interviews. Family connection (measured during adolescence) was associated with self-acceptance and positive relationships at midlife partially mediated by marriage. Family individuation (measured during adolescence) was associated with personal autonomy at midlife.
Detection of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody responses with the borreliacidal antibody test, indirect fluorescent-antibody assay performed by flow cytometry, and western immunoblotting

Borreliacidal antibodies participate in the resolution of Lyme disease by clearing Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from the host. Detection of borreliacidal antibodies is also valuable for determination of the specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. We show in this work that antibody detected by the borreliacidal antibody test did not correlate with antibody detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody assay or Western immunoblotting. Detection of borreliacidal antibody decreased with elimination of the spirochete from the host in the presence or absence of therapy. By contrast, the antibody responses detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody assay or Western immunoblotting remained elevated or continued to expand, respectively. This suggests that the borreliacidal antibody test is a prognostic indicator for clearance of the spirochete. Additional investigations with humans are needed to confirm the prognostic potential of the borreliacidal antibody test.