cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of instantaneous point sources or Green's functions in evaluating electromagnetic fields

IN a previous paper1 it was shown how expressions for vector potential could be derived from corresponding values of scalar potential for a point source; these expressions are given in the author's Tables of Green's Functions.2 It was then shown how these vector-potential expressions could be used to derive the fields due to uniformly magnetized disks, or due to coils, building them up from magnetic doublets or individual current elements by integration. The examples given in that paper1 were limited to those in which the field did not vary with time, since some additional concepts need to be introduced when the field varies with time. These will be considered here, and examples given of the field due to conductors or coils in which the current varies with time.
Imazapyr and Triclopyr Tank Mixtures for Basal Bark Control of Woody Brush in the Southeastern United States

Small diameter woody brush on forestlands and rights-of-way can be controlled with a basal bark application of either triclopyr or imazapyr. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of triclopyr and imazapyr tank mixtures for a variety of rates and species. Imazapyr at the standard rate of 19 g ae/l does not have the broad-spectrum control of triclopyr at the standard rate of 96 g ae/l. Test mixtures adding various rates of imazapyr to the standard rate of triclopyr provided no significant benefit. This study documents effective basal spray treatments for 15 of 16 test species. Only eastern redcedar proved difficult to control.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo L) Starch

Black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) starch was isolated. The starch yield was 45% on flour weight basis. Starch granule size ranged from 7.5–28.5 μm (length) to 7.5–27.0 μm (width). Hylum length ranged from 25–100% of the starch granule length. Amylose content of starch was 26.65% (starch basis). Gelatinization temperature range for the starch was 71.5–74.0°C. Unlike several legume starches, black gram starch had a peak viscosity as indicated by Brabender Viscoamylograph. The starch viscosity was dependent on pH and ionic strength. The raw as well as cooked starch was resistant to hog pancreatic α-amylase hydrolysis in vitro.
Phospholipid-induced inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated adipocytes: interactions of phospholipids with inhibitors of glucose transport and insulinmimetic agents.

Upon interaction with phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine, isolated rat adipocytes demonstrate an inhibition of insulin-stimulated hexose uptake. In order to elucidate the mechanism of this effect, adipocytes were treated with agents, alone or in combination with vesicles, which affected the insulinsensitive response at the receptor and post-receptor level. The effect of vesicles at a maximal inhibitory concentration proved to be non-additive with dexamethasone, suggesting that vesicles may act in a manner similar to this agent. In contrast, fat cells treated with vesicles and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or trypsin at submaximally effective concentrations demonstrate a partially additive inhibition of insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Vesicle treatment of adipocytes before stimulation with agents which mimic insulin, such as Con A and H2O2, demonstrates the same effects as insulin with respect to hexose uptake. These results support the contention that vesicles inhibit insulin action at...
Sensitization to stereotypy in DBA/2J but not C57BL/6J mice with repeated cocaine

The present study investigated the effects of seven repeated daily injections of 32 mg/kg cocaine on stereotyped behaviors (repetitive locomotion, rearing, and head bobbing) in two genetically distinct strains of mice. An initial injection of cocaine induced no stereotypy in either DBA/2J or C57BL/6J mice. Following the fourth daily injection, cocaine induced stereotypies in DBA/2J mice (11.33 +/- 4.40) compared to saline controls (2.67 +/- 1.54). Cocaine-induced stereotypy in DBA/2J mice was further enhanced following the seventh daily injection (19.83 +/- 4.39) as compared to saline controls (0.67 +/- 0.54). No cocaine-induced stereotypy was observed in C57BL/6J mice following any injection. Eighth day saline challenges of cocaine-sensitized mice did not induce stereotypy. Eighth day cocaine challenges of saline-treated mice induced no stereotypy in either strain. The current study demonstrates that sensitization to cocaine can be influenced by genotype and suggests that genetically defined animals may be useful in elucidating mechanisms underlying sensitization and tolerance to cocaine.
RECENT PROGRESS ON IMPROVING RESERVOIR RELEASES

ABSTRACT The progress made in the past two years on improving dissolved oxygen (DO) and flow conditions below Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) hydropower projects is discussed. New methods of turbine aspiration have resulted in dissolved oxygen increases of up to 3.5 mg/L with efficiency losses of about 0.5 percent. A regulation weir made from gabions has provided a continuous minimum streamflow of 5.7 m3/sec below a hydropower project where previously no flow had existed for extended periods. Comparisons between sluicing, adding a small hydroturbine to the powerhouse, providing a regulating weir, and pulsing existing turbines resulted in the selection of a small hydro addition to provide a continuous minimum flow below a second project.
Persistence of atomic magnetism in the paramagnetic phase of chromium.

A temperature-dependent study of the Cr 3s x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy (XPS) line shape measured from Cr(001) is reported. As the temperature is raised from well below the N\'eel temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$ (311 K) to far above it (\ensuremath{\sim}3.3${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$), no variation of the 3s XPS line shape is observed. This invariance is insensitive to surface chemisorption, suggesting that the behavior is not determined by the enhanced Cr(001) surface magnetization. The results indicate that the atomic 3d spin density within 1 \AA{} of the atomic center is the same in the antiferromagnetic (AF) and paramagnetic (PM) phases of Cr. No evidence is found for a theoretically predicted collapse of the atomic magnetic moment in PM Cr, or for the thermal population of spin fluctuations. The results are particularly striking, given the observation of the loss of AF order in Cr by valence-band photoemission. The local atomic 3d spin density therefore persists in the absence of short-range magnetic order within a range of \ensuremath{\sim}6 \AA{}.
Debugging program failures exhibited by voluminous data

In debugging, a programmer often observes the values of program variables--the state--at various points of program execution. A large data may cause a program failure after several iterations, hence generating a large number of intermediate states. Debugging a program when the failure is exhibited by a large data is hard because the clues that may help in locating the fault are obscured by the large amount of information the programmer has to process. From a database of debugging experiences maintained at the Open University in the United Kingdom, we found cases where programmers had to abandon the debugging of such failures, while in other such cases programmers spent weeks and/or months doing debugging. Clearly, a smaller data which exhibits the same failure should lead to the diagnosis of faults more quickly than its larger counterpart. In this dissertation, we investigate five techniques for deriving a smaller data that reproduces the failure as an original input data. We term such a smaller data a data slice. The process of creating a data slice is called data slicing. The five techniques are: invariance analysis, origin tracking, random elimination, input-output analysis, and program-specific heuristics. The choice of a technique for data slicing may be based on the properties of a program, classified by the relationship between the input and output elements. Once a data slice is obtained, other general purpose debugging techniques can be employed to locate the fault. Data slicing enables the programmer to debug failures exhibited by a large data more efficiently, and, more importantly, to proceed with debugging tasks in cases where it seems impossible otherwise.
Accurate guidance of a catheter by ultrasound imaging and identification of a catheter tip by pulsed-wave Doppler.

Background: With the advent of numerous minimally invasive medical procedures, accurate catheter guidance has become imperative. We introduce and test an approach for catheter guidance by ultrasound imaging and pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler. Methods: A steerable catheter is fitted with a small piezoelectric crystal at its tip that actively transmits signals driven by a function generator. We call this an active-tip (AT) catheter. In a water tank, we immersed a “target” crystal and a rectangular matrix of four “reference” crystals. Two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging was used for initial guidance and visualization of the catheter shaft, and then PW Doppler mode was used to identify the AT catheter tip and guide it to the simulated target that was also visible in the 2D ultrasound image. Ten guiding trials were performed from random initial positions of the AT catheter, each starting at approximately 8 cm from the target. Results: After the ten navigational trials, the average final distance of the catheter tip from the target was 2.4 ± 1.2 mm, and the range of distances from the trials was from a minimum of 1.0 mm to a maximum of 4.5 mm. Conclusions: Although early in the development process, these quantitative in vitro results show promise for catheter guidance with ultrasound imaging and tip identification by PW Doppler. (PACE 2012; 35:44–50)
Hedging Transaction Exposure Through Options and Money Markets: Empirical Findings

This study compares the effectiveness of money market hedges and options hedges for both payables and receivables denominated in British pounds, German marks, Japanese yen and the Swiss franc. Data on interest rates, exchange rates, and options contracts were obtained from public sources for two recent time periods. This information was used to determine, for each currency: 1) the lowest rate of exchange for payables, and 2) the highest rate of exchange for receivables for each hedging technique. Unique “money market hedge exchange rate factors” and “options hedge exchange rate factors” were developed to facilitate comparisons between the two hedging techniques.
SSU rDNA phylogeny of cladoniiform lichens.

To examine phylogenetic relationships among the "cladoniiform" lichenized fungi, i.e., the families Cladoniaceae, Baeomycetaceae, Icmadophilaceae, Stereocaulaceae, and Siphulaceae, and to provide evidence for the anticipated independent origins of podetia and pseudopodetia, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of SSU (small subunit) rDNA sequences from 39 lichen-forming fungi. These fungi represent all of the major growth forms of lichen associations, fruticose (including "cladoniiform"), foliose, and crustose. Our analysis suggests that lichen-forming fungi with a "cladoniiform" morphology arose multiple times within the ascomycetes. Additionally, each of the other thallus growth forms, crustose, foliose, and fruticose, have originated multiple times. It also seems to be clear that neither all podetiate nor all pseudopodetiate taxa form a monophyletic group. Therefore the term "podetium" should be restricted to homologous structures that are most probably limited to the genera Cladonia, Cladina, Pycnothelia, and allies. The "pseudopodetia" of Stereocaulon (Stereocaulaceae) and Cladia (Cladiaceae) may represent different states of the same homologous character. Our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the monophyletic origin of the order Lecanorales sensu stricto, including representatives of five suborders Cladoniineae, Lecanorineae, Teloschistineae, Agyriineae and Peltigerineae, but excluding representatives of the suborders Acarosporineae (Acarospora schleicheri and Megaspora verrucosa), Pertusariineae (Pertusaria trachythallina), and Umbilicarineae. The suborder Cladoniineae and the family Cladoniaceae both appear to be polyphyletic assemblages.
Survival and Growth of the Stygophilic Amphipod Gammarus troglophilus Under Laboratory Conditions

Abstract Amphipods play important roles in the cycling of nutrients and energy in many aquatic systems where they display a wide range of feeding modes ranging from detritivore to predator. Although the biology of many amphipod species has been examined, little is known of hypogean amphipods inhabiting cave streams. Gammarus troglophilus is a stygophilic amphipod that co-occurs with the federally endangered stygobiont G. acherondytes in cave streams of the Salem Plateau Karst Region of southwestern Illinois. With the goal to establish a self-sustaining laboratory population of cave amphipods to obtain amphipods for lethality experiments, we tested hypotheses relating the survival and growth rates of G. troglophilus collected from cave streams to different laboratory conditions of food and water velocity. We used a series of microcosm experiments to test the hypotheses that survival and growth are not affected by type of water (cave water vs. amended water), water velocity (static vs. dynamic/recirculating...
LIGHT sensitizes IFNγ-mediated apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells leading to down-regulation of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family members

Abstract LIGHT is a new member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, which binds to lymphotoxin β receptor, herpes virus entry mediator, or TR6. This work was carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of LIGHT-sensitized, interferon gamma (IFNγ)-mediated apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. It was revealed that LIGHT treatment resulted in down-regulation of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family member: Bcl-2, Bcl-X L , Bag-1, and Mcl-1; up-regulation of pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 family member: Bak and Ser (112)-phosphor-Bad; down-regulation of pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 member Bax; the other pro-apoptosis member Bid remains unaltered. LIGHT treatment also resulted in activation of caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-9, DFF45, and PARP. However, caspase activation and caspase activity, especially caspase-3 activity, is not required for LIGHT-induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, since caspase-3 inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl–Asp–Glu–Val–Asp-fluoromethylketone, and a broad range caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl–val–ala–asp–fluoromethylketone failed to block the apoptosis induced by LIGHT and IFNγ in MDA-MB-231 cells. In summary, LIGHT-sensitized IFNγ-mediated apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells is probably through down-regulation of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family members; it could be caspase (especially caspase-3)-independent, even though extensive caspase activation was observed.
Semi‐parametric ROC regression analysis with placement values

SUMMARY Advances in technology provide new diagnostic tests for early detection of disease. Frequently, these tests have continuous outcomes. One popular method to summarize the accuracy of such a test is the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Methods for estimating ROC curves have long been available. To examine covariate effects, Pepe (1997, 2000) and Alonzo and Pepe (2002) proposed distribution-free approaches based on a parametric regression model for the ROC curve. Cai and Pepe (2002) extended the parametric ROC regression model by allowing an arbitrary non-parametric baseline function. In this paper, while we follow the same semi-parametric setting as in that paper, we highlight an ew estimator that offers several improvements over the earlier work: superior efficiency, the ability to estimate the covariate effects without estimating the non-parametric baseline function and easy implementation with standard software. The methodology is applied to a case control dataset where we evaluate the accuracy of the prostate-specific antigen as a biomarker for early detection of prostate cancer. Simulation studies suggest that the new estimator under the semi-parametric model, while always being more robust, has efficiency that is comparable to or better than the Alonzo and Pepe (2002) estimator from the parametric model.
The Influence of Plaintiff Gender on the Judicial Decision to Grant Civil Restraining Orders: A Replication and Analysis

Our knowledge of the role of plaintiff gender in shaping the judicial decision to issue restraining orders rests upon only two studies. Both conclude that judges discriminate against male victims. Each is constrained by small male sample size, few control variables, and limited statistical analysis. We replicate one of these studies. In the issuance of temporary orders we find a gender difference, though with a greatly reduced effect size compared to the earlier study. Legally relevant gender differences may explain this disparity. Plaintiff gender had no effect on the judicial decision to set hearing dates or to issue a permanent order.
Protein Flexibility and Conformational State: A Comparison of Collective Vibrational Modes of Wild-Type and D96N Bacteriorhodopsin

Far infrared (FIR) spectral measurements of wild-type (WT) and D96N mutant bacteriorhodopsin thin films have been carried out using terahertz time domain spectroscopy as a function of hydration, temperature, and conformational state. The results are compared to calculated spectra generated via normal mode analyses using CHARMM. We find that the FIR absorbance is slowly increasing with frequency and without strong narrow features over the range of 2-60 cm � 1 and up to a resolution of 0.17 cm � 1 . The broad absorption shifts in frequency with decreasing temperature as expected with a strongly anharmonic potential and in agreement with neutron inelastic scattering results. Decreasing hydration shifts the absorption to higher frequencies, possibly resulting from decreased coupling mediated by the interior water molecules. Ground-state FIR absorbances have nearly identical frequency dependence, with the mutant having less optical density than the WT. In the M state, the FIR absorbance of the WT increases whereas there is no change for D96N. These results represent the first measurement of FIR absorbance change as a function of conformational state.
Screening and Preventive Services for Older Adults

Federal, professional, and academic efforts are converging to address the preventive care needs of older Americans. Medicare is placing an increased emphasis on preventive care services for older adults. With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, access to preventive services has been enhanced by reducing out-of-pocket costs for older adults and increasing reimbursement to healthcare providers. In 2010-11, newly revised guidelines for screening and preventive services have been issued by the US Preventive Services Task Force and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to these guidelines and the landmark changes in Medicare coverage, there are significant new attempts to modify national screening recommendations based on age and expected risk/benefit for older adults. These population-specific guidelines with new emphasis on functional status and multiple risk factor reduction are of increasing importance to an aging population, where more conventional disease-focused guidelines are less suitable for maintaining physical function and quality of life. Evidence-based measures of physical performance appropriate for primary-care office use are being developed and piloted. As a result of these policies, guidelines, and tools, we have the ability to offer older adults more comprehensive, cost-effective screening and preventive measures than in any other previous time. Mt Sinai J Med 78:498-508, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
Anterior brain dysfunctioning as a risk factor in alcoholic behaviors.

Cette etude a porte sur l'evaluation de la relation entre le fonctionnement neuropsychologique et electrophysiologique et quatre mesures liees a l'alcool: le MAST, l'âge de la premiere prise d'alcool, la frequence de consommation pour etre euphorique et la frequence de consommation pour etre ivre. 91 jeunes adultes de sexe masculin non-alcoolodependants ont ete recrute. Les sujets ont rempli un assortiment d'echelles en rapport avec l'alcool et ont passe une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques. L'activite EEG au repos a aussi ete enregistree. L'analyse de regression a revele que les tests neuropsychologiques habituellement consideres comme mesurant le fonctionnement du neocortex frontal et/ou temporal predisaient l'âge auquel les sujets avaient pris leur premier verre et leurs scores au MAST. Les tests du fonctionnement frontal, ainsi que les tests de memoire, predisaient aussi la frequence avec laquelle les sujets declaraient boire pour etre saouls. Les tests de memoire permettaient aussi de predire la frequence de consommation pour etre gais. Sur deux des mesures concernant l'alcool, l'âge du premier verre et la frequence de consommation pour etre gai, l'activite lente alpha EEG dans la zone frontale gauche etait un facteur de prediction significatif. Ces resultats suggerent que des marqueurs du fonctionnement/dysfonctionnement du cerveau anterieur sont associes aux comportements declares par les sujets concernant l'alcool, et que des perturbations dans l'integrite du neocortex anterieur peuvent etre un facteur de risque dans le developpement de comportements alcooliques.
Influence of in Situ Bag Rinsing Technique on Determination of Dry Matter Disappearance

Abstract Acceptable mechanical in situ bag rinsing methodology should reduce error variance and labor requirements over hand-washing techniques. Objectives of this study were 1) to compare fixed-time hand rinsing to fixed-time machine rinsing, 2) to evaluate effects of length of machine rinsing, and 3) to evaluate effects of numbers of bags simultaneously rinsed on DM remaining, DM disappearance, and their SE. Lower DM remaining, higher DM disappearance, and higher SE for DM remaining and DM disappearance were observed when bags were machine rinsed twice for 5min than when bags were either machine rinsed twice for 2min or hand rinsed. Machine rinsing twice for 2min or hand rinsing bags resulted in similar SE. Hand-rinsed bags had higher DM remaining than bags machine rinsed twice for 2min, but differences were small (38.84 and 37.92%, for bags hand rinsed or machine rinsed 2min, respectively). There was little difference between DM remaining of bags machine rinsed twice for 1.0, 1.5, or 2min. Rinsing 50, 100, or 200 bags simultaneously had little effect on DM remaining or SE, Machine rinsing bags used for in situ DM digestibility studies (up to 200) is an acceptable alternative to hand rinsing and also reduces manual labor requirements.
The acetylcholine receptor of the adrenal medulla.

— The acetylcholine receptor of the bovine adrenal medulla was studied by specific binding of [1251]α-bungarotoxin to membrane fractions and by perfusion of the isolated gland. The subcellular distribution of the acetylcholine receptor paralleled the distribution of the plasma membrane markers, acetylcholinesterase and calciumstimulated ATPase. The dissociation constant for the binding of α-bungarotoxin to a purified plasma membrane fraction was calculated from Scatchard plots to be 1.6 nM, with a concentration of 190 fmol of binding sites/mg of membrane protein. Correcting for recovery, this corresponds to 0.9 pmol acetylcholine receptor/g adrenal medulla. In decreasing order of effectiveness, d-tubocurarine, nicotine, acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, acetate plus choline, decamethonium, atropine and hexamethonium inhibited binding of α-bungarotoxin. Perfusion experiments showed the acetylcholine receptor to be entirely nicotinic. Stimulation by nicotine was inhibited by atropine and decamethonium, as well as by hexamethonium. Calculated dissociation constants for these antagonist-receptor interactions were in the range of 1 to 3 × 10−5 m. α-Bungarotoxin failed to inhibit nicotine-stimulated catecholamine release in the perfused adrenal, most likely because of its limited diffusion into the gland.
Stress- and Growth Phase-Associated Proteins of Clostridium acetobutylicum.

Abstract The response of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 4259 to the stresses produced by a temperature upshift from 28°C to 45°C and by exposure of the organisms to 0.1% n-butanol or to air was examined by analysis of pulse-labeled proteins. The stress response was the induction of the synthesis of a number of proteins, some of which were elicited by the three forms of stress. Eleven heat shock proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, as were two proteins whose synthesis was heat sensitive. In the absence of applied stress, the synthesis of four proteins was found to be associated with the growth phase in batch culture; three of these proteins had a higher rate of de novo synthesis when the cells entered the solvent production phase. One of the stress-induced proteins, hsp74, was partially purified an found to be immunologically related to Escherichia coli heat shock protein Dnak. The similarities of the proteins induced at the onset of solventogenesis and by stress suggest a relationship between the two processes.
DRIVER-HEADLAMP DIMENSIONS, DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS, AND VEHICLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN RETROREFLECTIVE TARGET VISIBILITY CALCULATIONS

The inputs that are necessary for comprehensive visibility models are discussed. Inputs required by visibility models may deal with the physical arrangement of the observer and headlamps in three-dimensional space, the headlamp characteristics in terms of candlepower output and efficiency, observer age, observation time, probability of detection, and minimum preview time. There are also a number of environmental and vehicular parameters such as horizon sky luminance, atmospheric transmissivity, and windshield transmission. One problem associated with using comprehensive visibility models is the lack of standards, guidelines, and recommendations for the required model inputs. Consequently, it is currently difficult or even impossible to duplicate visibility model runs reported by others. Standardized headlamp-observer-target scenarios, standardized observer characteristics, and standardized environmental parameters would greatly facilitate cross-validation of model outputs. Numerous model input dimensions ...
Unitary minimal models coupled to 2D quantum gravity

Using the framework of generalized Korteweg-de Vries flows, we compute some correlation functions in unitary minimal models coupled to gravity. A generalization to the (Z2 orbifold) D series case is given. We find the same fusion rules for the order parameters as in the underlying CFT, and derive the genus-one partition function. The results for irrelevant operators deviate from CFT.
Money creation and the shadow banking system

Many explanations for the rapid growth of the shadow banking system in the mid2000s focus on money demand. This paper asks whether the short-term liabilities of the shadow banking system behave like money. We …rst present a simple model where households demand money services, which are supplied by three types of claims: deposits, Treasury bills, and asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP). The model provides predictions for the price and quantity dynamics of these claims, as well as the behavior of the banking system (in terms of issuance) and the monetary authority (in terms of open market operations). Consistent with the model, the empirical evidence suggests that the shadow banking system does respond to money demand.
Adaptive critic learning with fuzzy utility

Adaptive critic methods, which approximate dynamic programming, have been used successfully for solving optimal control problems. The adaptive critic learning algorithm optimizes a secondary utility function that is the sum of the present and all future primary utility. The primary utility function measures the instantaneous cost incurred for the last action taken and the resulting state. The motivation for using a fuzzy primary utility function comes from the set of control problems for which there is only a qualitative definition of performance - for example, success or failure. Previous work in applying adaptive critic methods to this type of problem showed that a crisp definition of success resulted in solutions that met the control objective, but in an undesirable manner. An appropriate fuzzy utility function, on the other hand, is able to generate the optimal solution. Another motivation for incorporating fuzzy techniques into the utility function is to overcome measurement noise. Measurement noise has a significant adverse effect on the reliability and speed of adaptive critic learning; by incorporating fuzzy sets into the utility function, the effect of the noise can be mitigated.
Integrated Learning Through Experience: Sports Marketing Education Is All About The Little Things

The fun and exciting business of sports entertainment is continuing to grow with sales revenue in the billions. Sports entertainment is serious business with increasing demand for knowledgeable marketers willing to work hard in a very fun but stressful environment. After working and experiencing the stadium, the fans, and the related business activities, the students realized that their projects were real and could have important impacts. With the integration of this knowledge and experience, the students started building mini-marketing plans that were feasible project ideas that could be implemented with management sponsorship. Another important result was the student realization that the managers and employees who were required to implement the project ideas had no extra time or extra resources. The project had to gain the support of the managers and employees at the expense of other projects and in addition to their regular business assignments
Spousal Rejection as a Risk Factor for Parental Rejection of Children Among Pakistani Families in the U.S

This study explores the question: To what extent are Pakistani American children’s perceptions of maternal and paternal rejection related to their parents’ perceptions of spousal rejection? The research draws from a sample of 102 Pakistani families living in the USA. Urdu language versions of the Intimate Partner Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire were used by husbands and wives. English language versions of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire were used by children. Results of analyses showed that wives’ perceptions of husbands’ rejection predicted children’s perceptions of both maternal and paternal rejection. Similarly, husbands’ perceptions of wives’ rejection predicted children’s perceptions of both maternal and paternal rejection. These results suggest that the “spillover effect” explains the association between spousal rejection and perceived parental rejection.
EMERGING METHODS FOR DEFINING AND MANAGING DYNAMIC PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Construction projects involve the integration of many technical sub-systems and components in a context that often involves complex and sensitive economic, social, political, and environmental decisions. This form of organization is typified by a management and decision-making climate in which problems are highly interdependent while the people, methods and organizations involved are extraordinarily independent. Currently, the flow of information from early debates and strategic project definition through design, engineering, procurement, construction, operation and decommissioning is piecemeal. Design programming and the strategic support of decision making through the life of a building project is an important factor for successful project outcomes. The automation of design programs can allow enhanced linking of client/user requirements to design, construction, operation and post-occupancy review. It has the potential for improved collection of requirements, project integration as well as feedback and feedforward for clients and designers. This paper outlines attempts to improve design quality through innovations in programming methodology, presents a model of the programming process, assesses existing software used to manage project requirements, and describes new application software currently under development that empowers businesses to create on-line user needs and analysis statements.
Sialic acid-dependent self-agglutination is a barrier to influenza virosome assembly

Enhancing the affinity of weak interactions through multivalency and avidity is a cornerstone of many biological recognition processes. Through assembly of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) virosomes, we found that high densities of this spike protein, normally needed to bind the primary viral receptor sialyl oligosaccharide (SO), also promote self-agglutination following two-dimensional membrane presentation of HA. Sterically blocking HA-SO binding prevented this and allowed for virosome formation, predicting that the sialidases normally present in the influenza virion are important for displaying HA at high density.
Stimulation of Ethylene Production in Cotton by Salivary Enzymes of the Cotton Fleahopper (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Centrifuged and filter-sterilized salivary homogenates of male and female cotton fleahoppers (CFH), Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), were found to contain a polygalacturonase (pectinase), an enzyme capable of breaking down pectic materials in the middle lamella of plants. Salivary preparations from male CFH had more enzyme activity than homogenates from female salivary glands. Salivary extracts were strong elicitors of stress ethylene production when injected into excised cotton shoot tips. Excised cotton buds injected with male salivary preparations produced ethylene at higher rates than those buds injected with female preparations. Enzyme activity and ethylene-inducing capacity of these salivary homogenates were destroyed by boiling and reduced by long-term storage. Ethylene production by cotton buds also was induced by solutions of commercial pectic enzymes.
Chronic pain management in the cancer survivor: tips for primary care providers

Many cancer survivors suffer from chronic pain related to treatment. Pain management in the survivor is similar to chronic noncancer pain, with the important caveat that new or worsening pain must be promptly assessed for malignancy. This article reviews cancer survivorship, identifies common pain problems, and discusses strategies for management.
The Influence of Markets on the Boundaries of the Firm: A Value-Based Approach

This paper examines the influence of markets on firm boundaries. I argue that market characteristics determine specialization dynamics, a necessary precondition to inter-firm transactions. Advancing a rationale put forward by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations and, subsequently, by George Stigler in The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market, I propose that, for any given amount of resources, specialized firms can produce more goods and services than their integrated counterparts. Consequently, specialization is economically viable only when market characteristics allow for the specialization of multiple firms with which the excess supply due to specialization can be exchanged. Using a biform game, I provide a mechanism where market characteristics exert competing demands on firms’ managerial fixities, inducing specialization in bigger markets and vertical integration in markets with high variance in valuation per output.
On the Excitation of Crustacean Muscle. I

1. A brief account is given of the present position of the problem of neuromuscular action in the Crustacea. 2. A method is described by which the leg of Carcinus maenas may be perfused and stimulated. By this method the muscle remains in good condition for some 8 hours. 3. By stimulating the nerve in Carcinus leg with alternating currents of increasing intensity a series of varied responses is obtained. Above the threshold a contraction is developed of a comparatively slow type. With increase of intensity of the stimulus the response fails, owing to the excitation of inhibitory nerves. But at still greater intensities contraction reappears. This contraction, however, is very rapid. Tetani developed from the slow contraction are easily inhibited. Tetani developed from the rapid contraction cannot be inhibited by superimposed stimuli. 4. The relation of the quick and slow contractions is considered. It is not possible to fatigue one without fatiguing the other. Experiments show that on suddenly releasing the tension of the muscle during a tetanus, the tension always redevelops in a manner similar to the development of tension in the quick contraction, even though the tetanus be developed initially by the slow contraction. The same contractile mechanism is involved in both cases. 5. The latent period of contraction on stimulation of the nerve is very long, and ranges from 300σ at the threshold. That for direct stimulation of the muscle is 7-1Oσ. Above the threshold the latent period shortens rapidly with increasing stimulus. Over this region the contractions are of the slow type. The latent period becomes asymptotic to 50σ as the intensity is increased. At this value the contractions are of the quick type. Inhibition is effective where the latent period begins to approach its asymptotic value. 6. It is suggested that all the varied phenomena observed are related to the power of summation of crustacean muscle; that the slow contraction in response to a battery of stimuli is not due to a different contractile mechanism from the quick one, but that it is a summation effect by which a statistically increasing number of muscle fibres are brought into action as successive impulses pass down the nerve.
Proto-Planetary Nebulae

We review the properties of proto-planetary nebulae, highlighting the advances in our quantitative knowledge of these objects. The discussion focuses on the chemistry and morphology of their circumstellar envelopes and the chemistry and variability of their central stars.
Comparison of structural properties of SiO2, Al2O3, and C/Al2O3 supported Ni2P catalysts

This paper describes the catalytic activity of nickel phosphide supported on silica, alumina, and carbon-coated alumina in the hydrodesulfurization of4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. The catalysts are made by the reduction of phosphate precursors. On the silica support the phosphate is reduced easily to form nickel phosphide with high catalytic activity, but on the alumina support interactions between the phosphate and the alumina hinder the reduction. The addition of a carbon overlayer on alumina decreases the interactions and leads to the formation of an active phosphide phase.
Multicast survivability in hierarchical broadcast networks

Despite the increasing number of applications that benefit from multicasting, most reliable multicast protocols consider omission faults only. This research is concerned with survivability of multicast communication where the communication medium is shared among the hosts. The approach presented specifies that a network with N nodes is resistant against network omissions and malicious nodes if N ≥ 2t + b + 2, where t and b are the number of malicious and benign faulty hosts, respectively. The simulation results show that the network traffic is dynamically adapted to the rate of faults and that the network performs well under omission and malicious faults, unless the rate of faults is high. Furthermore, it is shown that each additional network segment requires (2tg + 1) gateways, where tg indicates the number of faulty gateways.
Testing young business students for technology acceptance and learning performance

This study integrated the technology acceptance behavioural intention model with actual learning behaviour. Senior graduating business students were selectively sampled to represent our future generation of entrepreneurs. A previously-validated survey instrument was used to collect behavioural intention BI perceptions while objective performance behaviour was calculated from final grades. An interesting finding was that perceived enjoyment was strongly related to both BI and actual performance, although the perceptions were opposite: low technology enjoyment was linked to BI but high enjoyment expectation predicted actual performance. Surprisingly, we did not find any support for social peer norm to impact BI or actual performance. The results generalise very widely, to other universities using any form of technology during the learning process.
“A Family for Every Child”: Discursive Constructions of “Ideal” Adoptive Families in Online Foster Adoption Photolistings That Promote Adoption of Children From Foster Care

Despite documented cultural and institutional preferences for biological family ties, approximately 100,000 children await adoption in the U.S. foster care system. Child welfare professionals have ...
Diagnostic Tests to Support Late-Stage Control Programs for Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases

Global efforts to address schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) include deworming programs for school-aged children that are made possible by large-scale drug donations. Decisions on these mass drug administration (MDA) programs currently rely on microscopic examination of clinical specimens to determine the presence of parasite eggs. However, microscopy-based methods are not sensitive to the low-intensity infections that characterize populations that have undergone MDA. Thus, there has been increasing recognition within the schistosomiasis and STH communities of the need for improved diagnostic tools to support late-stage control program decisions, such as when to stop or reduce MDA. Failure to adequately address the need for new diagnostics could jeopardize achievement of the 2020 London Declaration goals. In this report, we assess diagnostic needs and landscape potential solutions and determine appropriate strategies to improve diagnostic testing to support control and elimination programs. Based upon literature reviews and previous input from experts in the schistosomiasis and STH communities, we prioritized two diagnostic use cases for further exploration: to inform MDA-stopping decisions and post-MDA surveillance. To this end, PATH has refined target product profiles (TPPs) for schistosomiasis and STH diagnostics that are applicable to these use cases. We evaluated the limitations of current diagnostic methods with regards to these use cases and identified candidate biomarkers and diagnostics with potential application as new tools. Based on this analysis, there is a need to develop antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) with simplified, field-deployable sample preparation for schistosomiasis. Additionally, there is a need for diagnostic tests that are more sensitive than the current methods for STH, which may include either a field-deployable molecular test or a simple, low-cost, rapid antigen-detecting test.
Hick’s law for choice reaction time: A review:

In 1952, W. E. Hick published an article in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, “On the rate of gain of information.” It played a seminal role in the cognitive revolution and establis...
Empirical Research, Consultation, and Training in Medical Ethics

Mark Siegler is one of the founding figures of the subfield of bioethics known as clinical medical ethics. This brief chapter outlines his contributions in developing a program of empirical research in medical ethics, an ethics consultation service, an approach to medical student ethics teaching, and a fellowship training program. These activities have become the cornerstones of clinical medical ethics.
Percutaneous Salivary Gland Ablation using Ethanol in a Rat Model.

Sialorrhea is a common health and psychosocial problem for children with neuromuscular dysfunction secondary to a variety of disorders such as cerebral palsy. Current accepted treatments include the injection of botulinum toxin into the submandibular glands for temporary symptom relief. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of percutaneous ethanol injection for longer lasting salivary gland ablation in an animal model.
Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Photopheresis for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.

Objective To describe the indicidence and severity of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in patients who have received extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Methods We performed a retrospective study during a 9-year period of patients with CTCL who were treated with ECP. ECP was performed with UVAR XTS and CELLEX (Therakos Inc). IDA was defined by a drop in hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), and increased red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Results We identified a total of 36 patients; 1 patient was excluded due to severe anemia. In 35 patients, initial hemoglobin values ranged from 9.8 g per dL to 15.9 g per dL, and patients received 4 to 327 ECP treatments. In all, 28 patients showed decreases in Hb of 0.8 g per dL to 6 g per dL during treatments. Conclusion Chronic ECP led to IDA in 28 of 35 patients with CTCL. IDA occurs due to blood loss when ECP equipment does not return full blood volume to patients.
Optimal sitting and parameter selection for fault current limiters considering optimal economic dispatch of generators

This paper proposes an optimization model and method for optimal sitting and parameter selection of series resonant-type fault current limiters (SRFCLs) considering the various power system operation mode decided by optimal economic dispatch of generators. The objective function of the optimization model is to minimize of the total cost of SRFCLs and power loss increment. A mathematical model is developed based on fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA), whose solving strategy is advanced referring to particle swarm optimization (PSO) solving method and the biological characteristics of the searching fruit fly's consciousness. A case study has been carried out with a modified New England 39 bus test system using Matlab software and Matpower toolbox, which demonstrates that the proposed methodology is effective.
Parenting by Related Adults

The extended family household consisting of many people of all ages and at least three generations living together in a large rural home, depicted in such popular television programs of the 1970’s and 80’s as The Waltons represents what Goode (1971) has labeled “the classical family of western nostalgia.” This myth, and it is that, symbolizes for many people something of the past that was good and that we have lost. With alleged loss of the extended household and kin network, families are said to be isolated, lacking a sense of their own history, and without the supportive help of grandmothers, aunts and uncles for child care, housework and family emergencies. Children are said to lack contact with older persons, to have few role models for their own future, to have negative views about older persons, and to be deprived of valuable learning experiences that come from close relationships with a loved grandparent from whom they can gain a sense of continuity and of what life was like in past days.
Electric Field Equations in Charged and Polarized Regions

We begin by considering two point charges +q and −q separated by a distance l as shown in Figure 10. The schematic shown in Figure 10 is a portion of the insulating body or dielectric material as shown in Figure 11, where for the present P is outside the body or charge region. The quantity $$ m = q\hat al, $$ (3.1.1) is called the electric dipole moment of the two charges +q and −q where â is a unit vector directed from −q to +q as shown in Figure 10. We are particularly interested in the situation in which q → ∞ l →0 while the product ql remains finite and equal to |m| = m. Thus, we have $$ \begin{gathered} m = \lim ql\hat a = m\hat a. \hfill \\ l \to 0 \hfill \\ q \to \infty \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (3.1.2)