cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre- and Post-Infection Activity of Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Mefenoxam, and Phosphite Against Leather Rot of Strawberry, Caused by Phytophthora cactorum

Rebollar-Alviter, A., Madden, L. V., and Ellis, M. A. 2007. Pre- and post-infection activity of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, mefenoxam, and phosphite against leather rot of strawberry, caused by Phytophthora cactorum. Plant Dis. 91:559-564. Pre- and post-infection activity of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, mefenoxam, and phosphite against leather rot of strawberry, caused by Phytophthora cactorum, was determined under greenhouse conditions. Strawberry plants (cv. Honeoye) were grown in pots, and attached fruit at the green-to-white stage of development were used in evaluations. Plants and fruit were sprayed to runoff with the above-mentioned fungicides either before (protectant) or after (curative) inoculation with a zoospore suspension (105 zoospores/ml) of P. cactorum. Inoculated plants with fruit were placed in a mist chamber for 12 h to ensure infection. Fungicides were applied at either 2, 4, or 7 days before inoculation or 13, 24, 36, or 48 h after inoculation. Incidence (proportion of diseased fruit) was recorded 6 days after inoculation. Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin provided protectant activity for up to 7 days before inoculation, but only slight curative activity when applied 13 h after inoculation. Phosphite and mefenoxam also provided protection for up to 7 days, as well as curative activity of at least 36 h. There were no significant differences in protectant activity among the QoI fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, phosphite and mefenoxam.
Improving Online Learning: Student Perceptions of Useful and Challenging Characteristics.

Abstract Online courses and programs continue to grow in higher education settings. Students are increasingly demanding online access, and universities and colleges are working to meet the demands. Yet many questions remain re: the viability and veracity of online learning, particularly from the learner perspective. The purpose of this study was to gain insights into learners' perceptions of online learning. Seventy-six (76) graduate students were surveyed to identify helpful components and perceived challenges based on their online learning experiences. Results of the study indicated that most learners agreed that course design, learner motivation, time management, and comfortableness with online technologies impact the success of an online learning experience. Participants indicated that technical problems, a perceived lack of sense of community, time constraints, and the difficulty in understanding the objectives of the online courses as challenges. Suggestions for addressing the challenges are provided.
Ahmad al-Damanhūrī (1689-1778) and the utility of expertise in early modern Ottoman Egypt.

AbstractEighteenth-century Arabic manuscripts in the “uncommon sciences”—a range of mathematical, astronomical, astrological, medical, and divinatory practices—number in the thousands. In light of the economic and social upheaval over the eighteenth century this sustained production must be understood from perspectives of both intellectual and social history. Aḥmad al-Damanhūrī’s writings and his rise from rural orphan to head of al-Azhar Mosque suggest the role and value of expertise in the uncommon sciences, particularly as these fields brought religious scholars and ruling military elites into close relations. Precisely because the uncommon sciences bridged these two social classes, this expertise was important for individuals’ social and intellectual formation. Recognizing the significance of the uncommon sciences for the history of this period offers a new reading of the work of the chronicler ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Jabartī, who used language and exemplars from the uncommon sciences to reflect on the prop...
A stream suitability index for brook trout (Savelinus fontinalis) in the Mid-Atlantic United States of America

Abstract A Mid-Atlantic multimetric index provides a quick and cost effective assessment of brook trout streams or potential brook trout streams in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Using five core metrics – three in-stream metrics (riffle/run quality, dissolved oxygen content and water temperature) and two watershed metrics (percent land use in agriculture and distance to the nearest road from the survey site), the index can be calculated in the field by professional natural resource managers or trained volunteers. The index should be used in concert with other assessment tools, including a classification model designed to allow resource managers to quickly screen a given stream reach in order to determine its potential for supporting sustainable populations of brook trout. Used in tandem, the classification model could provide a preliminary assessment of a stream, followed by a secondary assessment using an index rating to further evaluate stream quality and potential.
Commodity Prices and Growth in Africa

A frican economies export primary commodities, and most export little else. Policymakers as well as economists and historians of African economic development have seen these exports as both a hope and a curse. The following parable tells the story: Once upon a time, a servant of the ruler discovered a miraculous plant, which grew readily in that country, and whose seeds could be woven into fine cloth. So desirable was this fabric that it became prized all over the world and fetched a high price. After two-score years, the plant accounted for most of the country's trade with the world. The ruler ordered the peasants to grow the plant, paid them only a fraction of its price, and he and his nobles became fabulously wealthy. Because the ruler wished to be remembered as a great ruler, and as the father of his country, he used his wealth to build a great army, and brought machines from foreign countries to make the fine goods that previously could only be obtained from foreign merchants. But the machines often broke down, and the goods that they made were of poor quality, and after the ruler died, they were left to rust. Under the ruler's successor, there was a war in a foreign land where the plant also grew, so that there was a great shortage, and its price increased threefold in only three seasons. The new ruler spent his newfound riches on "fantastic extravagance" while "immense sums were expended on public works after the manner of the East, and on productive works carried out in the wrong way or too soon." Not even the threefold increase in prices could support these expenditures, and the country soon found itself deeply in debt. When the war ended, and the price fell, the country could no longer pay the interest on its debt, or borrow more money, even after it had sold its only useful public work to a foreign power. So that power sent a mission to the country, the publication of whose report (from which the above
Acoustic monitoring and gas-in-oil analysis for transformers

This paper discuses Bonneville Power Administration's recent field experiences combining old and new technologies and techniques as a diagnostic tool for transformer maintenance. Several cases studied during the past 2 years are briefly discussed in the case history section.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation and Spectral Properties of Kr@C60, a Stable van der Waals Molecule

The stable van der Waals molecule krypton inside C60 was isolated by HPLC from a mixture containing 99.9% empty C60. Four passes through a semipreparative PYE [2-(1-pyrenyl)ethylsilyl] column provided 140 μg of 90% pure Kr@C60, as confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis. The 13C NMR spectrum of Kr@C60 contains a single line shifted 0.39 ppm downfield from the C60 resonance. UV−visible spectroscopy shows that krypton incorporation causes a red shift of ca.. 45 cm-1 in the lowest singlet transition of C60. Three of the four allowed vibrational fundamentals are observed by infrared spectroscopy; each shows a small frequency increase in Kr@C60. A 12% acceleration in triplet state decay is measured at 77 K and attributed to an “endohedral heavy atom effect” induced by the krypton atom. It is concluded that coupling between the krypton atom and the π-electron system of the fullerene is small but significant.
Polarisation preserving single-mode-fibre coupler

A polarisation-preserving single-mode-fibre coupler made by an etch-fusion technique with Hitachi single-polarisation fibre is reported. Polarisation isolation of 10?20 dB is typically maintained through the coupler. Power division of ? 45?55% is achieved with an excess loss of 0.2 dB.
An essential role for Mad homology domain 1 in the association of Smad3 with histone deacetylase activity

The Smads are a family of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that modulate transcription in response to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) by recruiting transcriptional activators like the histone acetyltransferase, p300/CBP, or repressors like the histone deacetylase, HDAC1, to TGFβ target genes. The association of Smads and HDAC1 is mediated in part by direct binding of Smads to the HDAC1-associated proteins, TG-interacting factor, c-ski, and SnoN. Although ectopic expression of these proteins inhibits Smad-activated transcription, the contribution of histone deacetylase enzymatic activity to transcriptional repression by TGFβ is unknown. Here, the biological requirements for the interaction between Smads and endogenous histone deacetylase activity are investigated. We identify residues in Mad homology domain 1 of Smad3 that are required for association with histone deacetylase activity. An amino acid change at one of these critical residues does not disrupt the association of Smad3 with c-ski, SnoN, and transforming growth-interacting factor but does abrogate the ability of Smad3 to repress transcription. These findings indicate that the association of Smad3 and histone deacetylase activity relies on additional protein mediators that make contact with Smad3 at its amino terminus. Moreover, these data suggest that the suppressive effect of Smad3 on transcription is dependent upon its association with histone deacetylase enzymatic activity.
Olfactory discrimination of estrous condition by the male golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

After repeated exposure to receptive and nonreceptive females, male golden hamsters were tested for olfactory preferences in a four-choice olfactometer. Males discriminated between the odor of anesthetized females in different stages of their estrous cycle when the airstreams carrying the stimulus odors were diluted. Previous failures to demonstrate such an ability were probably due to ceiling effects resulting from laboratory testing. Males preferred the odor of females on the day before receptivity (a day coincident with maximal scent marking by the female) and least preferred the odor of females on diestrus-1 (the day on which females attacked and chased males during pretesting encounters). Detection and quick response to an impending estrus would be especially important for males of a solitary and promiscuous species in which there is a first male mating advantage.
Elevated metals compromise repair of oxidative DNA damage via the base excision repair pathway: Implications of pathologic iron overload in the brain on integrity of neuronal DNA

Tissue-specific iron content is tightly regulated to simultaneously satisfy specialized metabolic needs and avoid cytotoxicity. In the brain, disruption of iron homeostasis may occur in acute as well as progressive injuries associated with neuronal dysfunction and death. We hypothesized that adverse effects of disrupted metal homeostasis on brain function may involve impairment of DNA repair processes. Because in the brain, the base excision repair (BER) pathway is central for handling oxidatively damaged DNA, we investigated effects of elevated iron and zinc on key BER enzymes. In vitro DNA repair assays revealed inhibitory effects of metals on BER activities, including the incision of abasic sites, 5'-flap cleavage, gap filling DNA synthesis and ligation. Using the comet assay, we showed that while metals at concentrations which inhibit BER activities in in vitro assays, did not induce direct genomic damage in cultured primary neurons, they significantly delayed repair of genomic DNA damage induced by sublethal exposure to H(2)O(2). Thus, in the brain even a mild transient metal overload, may adversely affect the DNA repair capacity and thereby compromise genomic integrity and initiate long-term deleterious sequelae including neuronal dysfunction and death.
Wide complex tachycardia in a pediatric diphenhydramine overdose treated with sodium bicarbonate.

IntroductionDiphenhydramine is an antihistamine commonly implicated in overdose. It has many pharmacologic effects, including sodium channel blockade. Overdoses in toddlers causing QRS prolongation are only rarely reported and never with effective use of sodium bicarbonate. We report a diphenhydrami
BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND ELECTRON SCATTERING CROSS SECTIONS IN Au FOR 247-MEV ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS

The absolute cross sections for gold for the top 40 percent of the bremsstrahlung spectrum have been measured for electrons and positrons of 247-Mev mean energy. A magnetic could chamber containing two Au foils was used. The foils were positioned to intercept an electron or alternately a positron beam provided by a magnetic field analysis of the electron-positron pair members produced in a Pb foil situated in the x-ray beam of the 300-Mev betatron. With the possible exception of the top 2 percent of the spectrum, electron and positron bremsstrahlung were the same. For quantum energies in the interval 0.604 to 0.927 of maximum, the Bethe-Heitler spectrum is 8.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3 percent above the experimental spectrum. In the same interval the Maximon-Bethe-Davies theory agrees with experiment. Scattering by electrons was also observed as a function of energy of the struck or lowest energy electron. For these particles having energies between 20 and 130 Mev, the scattering cross section ratios of experiment to theory are 0.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 and 1.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 for incident electrons and positrons, respectively. The cross section ratio of electrons to positrons in the same energy interval is 1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13 for experiment and 1.46 for theory. All errors are probable errors.
A Predictive Model of Retention Rate at Regional Two-Year Colleges.

Although much research has been conducted on the characteristics, covariates, and causes of individual student retention, scant research has focused on campus-wide retention rate. The author analyz...
Effect of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine on the migration of proteins in SDS polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract Changing the concentration of TEMED in SDS polyacrylamide gels was found to affect the migration of proteins. Elevation of TEMED levels caused a generalized decrease in mobility with some proteins being affected more than others. With various brain protein preparations this differential effect could be used to improve the separation of adjacent protein bands. In additon, it was found that a change in the TEMED concentration affected the results of molecular weight determinations. The effect of TEMED was also observed in one non-SDS system.
Effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) upon the kinetics of bone resorption and bone formation at the whole bone level in prelabelled chicks.

Chicks chronically prelabelled with45Ca,3H-tetracycline, and3H-proline were used to measure the weekly effect of EHDP (5 mg P/kg for 28 days) on bone turnover at the whole bone level in vivo. Direct measurements were made of cortical bone resorption (loss of3H-tetracycline and3H-collagen from whole femur, blood-bone ratio of45Ca), skeletal collagen formation and bone mineralization (collagen and calcium mass per whole femur, respectively).
The transcriptional profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to rapamycin mimics the profile induced by amino acid starvation

The transcriptional profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to rapamycin mimics the profile induced by amino acid starvation
Infection Prevention in the Emergency Department

Infection prevention remains a major challenge in emergency care. Acutely ill and injured patients seeking evaluation and treatment in the emergency department (ED) not only have the potential to spread communicable infectious diseases to health care personnel and other patients, but are vulnerable to acquiring new infections associated with the care they receive. This article will evaluate these risks and review the existing literature for infection prevention practices in the ED, ranging from hand hygiene, standard and transmission-based precautions, health care personnel vaccination, and environmental controls to strategies for preventing health care-associated infections. We will conclude by examining what can be done to optimize infection prevention in the ED and identify gaps in knowledge where further research is needed. Successful implementation of evidence-based practices coupled with innovation of novel approaches and technologies tailored specifically to the complex and dynamic environment of the ED are the keys to raising the standard for infection prevention and patient safety in emergency care.
Navier-Stokes Solutions of Unsteady Separation Induced by a Vortex

Numerical solutions of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are considered for the flow induced by a thick-core vortex convecting along a surface in a two-dimensional incompressible flow. The presence of the vortex induces an adverse streamwise pressure gradient along the surface that leads to the formation of a secondary recirculation region followed by a narrow eruption of near-wall fluid in solutions of the unsteady boundary-layer equations. The locally thickening boundary layer in the vicinity of the eruption provokes an interaction between the viscous boundary layer and the outer inviscid flow. Numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations show that the interaction occurs on two distinct streamwise length scales depending upon which of three Reynolds-number regimes is being considered. At high Reynolds numbers, the spike leads to a small-scale interaction; at moderate Reynolds numbers, the flow experiences a large-scale interaction followed by the small-scale interaction due to the spike; at low Reynolds numbers, large-scale interaction occurs, but there is no spike or subsequent small-scale interaction. The large-scale interaction is found to play an essential role in determining the overall evolution of unsteady separation in the moderate-Reynolds-number regime; it accelerates the spike formation process and leads to formation of secondary recirculation regions, splitting of the primary recirculation region into multiple corotating eddies and ejections of near-wall vorticity. These eddies later merge prior to being lifted away from the surface and causing detachment of the thick-core vortex.
Religious Implications of Western Personality Theory

The purpose of this article is to outline some of the religious implications of Western personality theory. It begins with broad comments about the general theoretical tradition of the West, especially of secular disciplines such as psychology. Next, it sketches briefly the religious implications of many aspects of the three forces of psychology, i.e., psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism, with special emphasis on some of the more classical theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Carl Rogers, and George Kelly. Lastly, it paints some broad-brush strokes regarding alternatives to these three forces, specifically, two types of postmodern understandings of religious persons and their contexts, social constructionism and hermeneutics.
LAPAROSCOPIC ANTIREFLUX SURGERY

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is very common, and there continues to be a need for gastroesophageal reflux surgery despite improved medical therapy. With the relatively new option of laparoscopic antireflux surgery, many more of these procedures are now being performed. In order to perform these well, one must select patients carefully, evaluate them fully, and adhere to the technical principles required to achieve consistently good results.
Structural identification of large systems by reduction to subsystems: VLDL triglycerides

Abstract The problem of determining whether or not a particular parameter, or the entire compartmental system, is structural identifiable can be extremely difficult if the number of unknown parameters and the number of compartments is large. However, the problem can be considerably simplified if the system can be decomposed into smaller subsystems in such a way that a parameter is structural identifiable with respect to the large system if and only if it is structural identifiable with respect to the subsystem in which it is contained. The paper offers sufficient conditions under which the desired decomposition can be achieved. The conditions are expressed in terms of the digraph of the system so that they are not difficult to verify. Illustrative examples are provided in terms of application to lipoprotein kinetics.
Effect of Crystallization on the Mechanical Properties of Li2O‐SiO2 Glass‐Ceramics

Variations in the thermal expansion coefficients, elastic moduli, and fracture strengths of Li2O-SiO2 glass-ceramics were determined as a function of nucleation treatment and volume fraction of crystals present. Strength enhancement was attributed to a decrease in the mean free path between crystals as crystallization proceeds. It is postulated that the eventual reduction in strength in some glass-ceramics is caused by the development of localized cracks at the crystal-glass interface as a result of the volumetric changes which occur during crystallization.
Measuring severity of involvement in speech delay: segmental and whole-word measures.

Purpose: This study examined whether any of a series of segmental and whole-word measures of articulatory competence captured more of the variance in impressionistic ratings of severity of involvem...
Long Peace or Long War: A Conflict Resolution Perspective

Since the end of the 1980s, both the incidence and severity of violent conflicts and of domestic and international wars have declined globally. These declines are attributable to the convergence of many developments that help prevent, limit, and stop large-scale violence, and the author suggests that those developments persist. Consequently, he suggests that the recent U.S. engagement in wars and recent surges in terrorist attacks are limited spikes in violence that can be overcome. The author discusses how the current violent events may be in part a consequence of behaviors of the U.S. government and other governmental and nongovernmental organizations that are contrary to the major developments that contribute to global peace and cooperation. Governments and peoples acting in concert with those ongoing changes can help reduce the current mass violence.
Putting Art Standards into Practice with Aesthetic Literacy.

Standards themselves cannot capture the imaginations of teachers or students. Translated into curriculum that actively engages teachers and students, standards can ensure that instruction leads to the achievement of significant skills and knowledge, and that perfor mances and products demonstrate those competencies.
Binding of Hg(II) to poly(dA): poly(dT) and its component single strands.

Abstract Mercuric binding studies at pH 10 revealed that poly(dA): poly(dT) exhibits a more dramatic absorption spectral alteration than the alternating polymer poly(dA-dT): poly(dA-dT) and induces a unique intense positive CD band at 296 nm during the spectral titrations. Comparative studies with its component single strands suggest that the spectral alterations exhibited by poly(dA): poly(dt) are consistent with a binding model in which the mercuric ions initially bind to thymines and cause the eventual strand separation of the duplex, with subsequent high cooperative binding to the poly(dA) strands. This interpretation is supported by the binding isotherms indicating much stronger mercuric binding to poly(dT) than to poly(dA), with saturation binding densities of 1 Hg(II) per 2 bases and 1 HG(II) per base, respectively, and very high binding cooperativity for poly(dA). Striking spectral alterations are exhibited by the mercuric binding to poly(dA), likely the consequence of binding to the amino group of dA in an alkaline solution. The mononucleoside dA exhibits minor spectral alterations upon similar mercuric chloride additions whereas the dinucleoside monophosphate d(AA) exhibits significant spectral changes, albeit less pronounced than those of poly(dA). Some sequence effects on the mercuric binding are observed in the dinucleotide studies. Our CD results on the mercuric binding to polynucleotides do not support the contention of (ψ)-type condensed complex formation.
Consideration of material variability in reliability analysis of FRP strengthened bridge decks

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are increasingly being used in the rehabilitation of deteriorating and under-strength concrete bridge decks and girders in the form of externally bonded reinforcement. The wet layup process is often used due to its inherent flexibility and ease of use in the field. However, this process, especially in uncontrolled field conditions, can result in significant variability in resulting FRP properties which can consequently cause a reduction in reliability of the rehabilitated structure. This paper reports on an investigation into variability accrued through the use of wet layup of carbon fabric as externally bonded reinforcement for the rehabilitation of the decks of a bridge. Variation in material properties is assessed through testing of an extensive set of process panels fabricated at the same time as the rehabilitation, and under the same conditions. Statistical analysis is conducted on the data sets to assess the variation and the goodness-of-fit using a number of commonly used distributions. Results are used in a Monte-Carlo simulation to assess reliability, and variation thereof depending on the statistical descriptions used for steel, concrete, and FRP, and results are compared using different methods for the computation of β.
Activation Parameters for the Epoxidation of Substituted cis/trans Pairs of 1,2‐Dialkylalkenes by Dimethyldioxirane

The first activation parameter data for the reaction of dimethyldioxirane (1) with five cis/trans pairs of alkenes are reported. The epoxidation of cis-1,2-dialkylalkenes (2cis: R1 = Me, R2 = iPr; 3cis: R1 = Me, R2 = tBu; 4cis: R1 = R2 = Et; 5cis: R1 = Et, R2 = iPr; 6cis: R1 = Et, R2 = tBu) and trans-1,2-dialkylalkenes (2trans: R1 = Me, R2 = iPr; 3trans: R1 = Me, R2 = tBu; 4trans: R1 = R2 = Et; 5trans: R1 = Et, R2 = iPr; 6trans: R1 = Et, R2 = tBu) by 1 produced the corresponding epoxides, quantitatively and stereospecifically, as the sole observable products. Activation parameters of the epoxidation of the five pairs of alkenes, 2cis–6cis and 2trans–6trans, by 1 were determined using the Arrhenius method. Enhanced selectivity for cis- vs. trans-alkene epoxidation was observed at lower temperatures. In general, the ΔG‡ terms were larger and showed more variability for the reaction of 1 with trans-alkenes as compared to those for the corresponding cis isomers. The ΔH‡ terms mirrored trends observed in ΔG‡ because ΔS‡ terms for all ten of the compounds were roughly identical. The ΔΔG‡ values, a comparison of the trans to the cis isomer data, yielded positive values of 1.2 to 1.8 kcal/mol for the five sets of data and appeared to be dependent on relative steric interactions. The experimental activation parameter data, consistent with predictions from ab initio calculations based on a spiro transition-state model, showed that the lower reactivity of trans-alkenes is due to enthalpy factors. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Max-Margin Weight Learning for Markov Logic Networks

Markov logic networks (MLNs) are an expressive representation for statistical relational learning that generalizes both first-order logic and graphical models. Existing discriminative weight learning methods for MLNs all try to learn weights that optimize the Conditional Log Likelihood (CLL) of the training examples. In this work, we present a new discriminative weight learning method for MLNs based on a max-margin framework. This results in a new model, Max-Margin Markov Logic Networks (M3LNs), that combines the expressiveness of MLNs with the predictive accuracy of structural Support Vector Machines (SVMs). To train the proposed model, we design a new approximation algorithm for loss-augmented inference in MLNs based on Linear Programming (LP). The experimental result shows that the proposed approach generally achieves higher F 1 scores than the current best discriminative weight learner for MLNs.
Porphyrinyl-uridines as the first water soluble porphyrinyl-nucleosides

Abstract Meso-derivatives of porphine containing N-methyl-4-pyridinium and 5′-0-p-phenylene-2′,3′-0-protected-uridine substituents were obtained as the first representatives of water soluble porphyrinyl-nucleosides.
Editorial Response: The Need for Investigations of Prophylactic Regimens to Prevent AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Combination antiretroviral therapy is now standard care and received by the majority of HIV-infected patients in this country [1]. Although HIV-infected patients are surviving longer, the long-term consequences of prolonged survival under such therapy remain undefined. Alteration of cancer risk is of particular concern, and HIV-associated cancers have already emerged as a leading cause of death among patients with AIDS [2]. In particular, HIV infection is associated with increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), exceeding 1% annually in recent data [1, 3]. NHL incidence increases markedly with progression of HIV infection, although the association with level of CD4 lymphopenia is less pronounced than that for many other opportunistic infections [4, 5]. Among the AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses, NHL has accounted for 3% of clinical AIDS cases in the United States [6].
Telemedical Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Intraphysician Agreement between Ophthalmoscopic Examination and Image-Based Interpretation

Objective To evaluate the intraphysician agreement between ophthalmoscopic examination and image-based telemedical interpretation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) diagnosis, when performed by the same expert physician grader. Design Prospective, nonrandomized, comparative study. Participants Sixty-seven consecutive premature infants who underwent ROP examination at a major university medical center whose parents consented for participation. Methods Infants underwent standard dilated ophthalmoscopy by one of two pediatric ophthalmologists, followed by retinal imaging with a commercially available wide-angle fundus camera by a trained neonatal nurse. Study examinations were performed at 31 to 33 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and/or 35 to 37 weeks PMA. Images were uploaded to a Web-based telemedicine system developed by the authors. After a 4- to 12-month period, telemedical interpretations were performed in which each physician graded images from infants upon whom he had initially performed ophthalmoscopic examinations. Diagnoses were classified using an ordinal scale: no ROP, mild ROP, type 2 prethreshold ROP, and treatment-requiring ROP. Main Outcome Measures Absolute intraphysician agreement and κ statistic between ophthalmoscopic examination and telemedical interpretation were calculated by eye. All intraphysician discrepancies were reviewed, and underlying causes were classified by eye as no ROP identified by ophthalmoscopic examination, no ROP identified by telemedical interpretation, discrepancy about presence of zone 1 ROP, discrepancy about presence of plus disease, or other discrepancy in classification of ROP stage. Results Absolute intraphysician agreement between ophthalmoscopic examination and telemedical interpretation was 86.3%. The κ statistic for intraphysician agreement between examinations ranged from 0.657 (substantial agreement) for diagnosis of treatment-requiring ROP to 0.854 (near-perfect agreement) for diagnosis of mild or worse ROP. Among 206 eye examinations (103 infant examinations), there were 28 (13.6%) intraphysician discrepancies in diagnosis, 8 of which resulted from uncertainty about presence of zone 1 disease and 4 from uncertainty about presence of plus disease. Conclusions Intraphysician agreement between ophthalmoscopic examination and telemedical interpretation for ROP was very high. Neither examination modality appeared to have a systematic tendency to overdiagnose or underdiagnose ROP. Diagnosis of zone 1 disease and plus disease were major sources of clinically significant discrepancies.
Modeling Impedance Response of SOFC Cathodes Prepared by Infiltration

A mathematical model has been developed to understand the performance of electrodes prepared by infiltration of La 0.8 Sr 0.2 FeO 3 (LSF) and La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM) into yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The model calculates the resistances for the case where perovskite-coated, YSZ fins extend from the electrolyte. Two rate-limiting cases are considered: oxygen ion diffusion through the perovskite film or reactive adsorption of O 2 at the perovskite surface. Adsorption is treated as a reaction between gas-phase O 2 and oxygen vacancies, using equilibrium data. With the exception of the sticking probability, all parameters in the model are experimentally determined. Resistances and capacitances are calculated for LSF-YSZ and there is good agreement with experimental values at 973 K, assuming adsorption is rate limiting, with a sticking probability between 10 -3 and 10 -4 on vacancy sites. According to the model, perovskite ionic conductivity does not limit performance so long as it is above ~10 -7 S/cm. However, the structure of the YSZ scaffold, the ionic conductivity of the scaffold, and the slope of the perovskite redox isotherm significantly impact electrode impedance. Finally, it is shown that characteristic frequencies of the electrode cannot be used to distinguish when diffusion or adsorption is rate-limiting.
Complete Genome of Serratia sp. Strain FGI 94, a Strain Associated with Leaf-Cutter Ant Fungus Gardens.

ABSTRACT Serratia sp. strain FGI 94 was isolated from a fungus garden of the leaf-cutter ant Atta colombica. Analysis of its 4.86-Mbp chromosome will help advance our knowledge of symbiotic interactions and plant biomass degradation in this ancient ant-fungus mutualism.
Traffic risks by travel mode in the metropolitan regions of Stockholm and San Francisco: a comparison of safety indicators

According to commonly used measures of traffic safety, Sweden has one of the safest road transportation systems in the world, whereas the USA has relatively poor road safety performance. Although national comparisons are useful, they are problematical because they generalise across a diverse mix of travel environments (eg, urban and rural). This study used an array of traffic death rates to determine whether comparable urban regions in Sweden and California-Stockholm and San Francisco-have similar road safety performance for various types of road users. The study found that the Stockholm region is far safer than the San Francisco Bay area for pedestrians and bicyclists, even when comparing the regions' core cities, but may not be any safer for motor vehicle occupants. In addition, comparing traffic safety with traditional measures of exposure such as population and motor vehicle travel produced different results than measures that account for mode-specific exposure.
Development of foamed emulsion bioreactor for air pollution control.

A new type of bioreactor for air pollution control has been developed. The new process relies on an organic-phase emulsion and actively growing pollutant-degrading microorganisms, made into a foam with the air being treated. This new reactor is referred to as a foamed emulsion bioreactor (FEBR). As there is no packing in the reactor, the FEBR is not subject to clogging. Mathematical modeling of the process and proof of concept using a laboratory prototype revealed that the foamed emulsion bioreactor greatly surpasses the performance of existing gas-phase bioreactors. Experimental results showed a toluene elimination capacity as high as 285 g(toluene) m(-3) (reactor) h(-1) with a removal efficiency of 95% at a gas residence time of 15 s and a toluene inlet concentration of 1-1.3 g x m(-3). Oxygen limited the reactor performance at toluene concentration above about 0.7-1.0 g x m(-3); consequently, performance was significantly improved when pure oxygen was added to the contaminated air. The elimination capacity increased from 204 to 408 g x m(-3) h(-1) with >77% toluene removal at toluene inlet concentrations of 2-2.2 g x m(-3). Overall, the results show that the performance of the FEBR far exceeds that of currently used bioreactors for air pollution control.
Liver Resection and Transplantation for Trauma by Transplant Surgeons

The use of damage control techniques, including interventional radiology techniques, liver packing, and planned reoperation, has contributed to current management of complex liver injury. The training of trauma surgeons must include a familiarity with all such techniques and formal training in hepatobiliary surgery or liver transplantation. Appropriate decision-making for formal resections in patients who have been stabilized and then require subsequent surgical care is based on a mandatory evaluation of massive lobar or multilobar damage and intra- or retrohepatic venous injuries with hemorrhage that have been temporally controlled by packing or other measures during surgical management at initial admission. Stabilization with damage control techniques and the transfer, after the acute period, of the patient to a transplant center is the gold standard for centers that lack the surgical and medical expertise of transplant referral centers. Technical skills in advanced hepatobiliary surgery, patient hemodynamic and resuscitation, diagnostic evaluations, operative indications by grade of injury, selection criteria for surgical management, and criteria for the choice of operation are mandatory for indicating formal liver resection as initial or delayed management of patients with complex liver trauma.
Do Acquisitions Create Value? Evidence from the US and European Bank Acquisitions During Financial Crisis

In this research, we investigate the valuation effect on acquiring banks during different window of events. The research is conducted on the US and the European banks mergers and acquisition during the period of 2004 through 2010 with special focus on bank mergers during the financial crisis of this decade. During this crisis period when many big banks are also on the verge of bankruptcy, many mergers and acquisitions take place in the United States in Europe. Using traditional event study methodology, we investigate the wealth effect on acquiring banks to understand the market reaction in bank acquisitions announcements. We observe those acquisition announcements, on average; create a 0.3% and 0.8% gain in the United States and European countries, respectively to the acquiring bank. When we focus on banks with different size and location, we, however, find that, on average, American acquiring banks lose 18% who employ 10,000-100,000 and European banks lose 6% with same employment size. Furthermore, American acquiring banks lose 17% and 12% that are headquartered in the Western and Midwestern states respectively. Our results offer further evidence to the literature that, shareholders of acquiring banks face negative wealth effect even when they acquire other banks during crisis period.
Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts, Corn and Cottonseed: A Review

Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts, corn, and cottonseed by Aspergillus flavus Link and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare may occur before harvest in the field or after harvest during drying, handling, and storage. Aflatoxin B1, formed only by these two fungi, is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known, causing liver damage and mortality in most domestic and experimental animals and humans (CAST, 1979). A. flavus appears to be adapted to the aerial environment being dominant in corn, cottonseed, and tree nuts, while A. parasiticus is the primary invader of peanut pods and kernels in the soil. These closely related species are unspecialized saprophytes that are semithermophilic and semixerophytic as well (Marsh and Simpson, 1984). Hereafter, A. flavus may refer to either species or they may be specifically identified in the text.
Optimization Models for Feature Selection of Decomposed Nearest Neighbor

The traditional ${k}$ -nearest neighbor (KNN) method classifies an object by the majority vote of its neighbors, and only one parameter ${k}$ is to be optimized. We propose a decomposed version of the KKN (DKNN) method, which classifies an unseen object based on the distances to the centroids of the KNNs. DKNN has a training process to learn the local-optima-free distance metric by solving a convex optimization problem. The optimization problem not only learns a metric that minimizes classification errors and maximizes the margin between intraclass and interclass distances. In addition, it also selects important features and removes irrelevant features when L1 regularization is incorporated in the optimization model. The feature selection component is extremely useful for high-dimensional classification problems. Tested on public datasets, the proposed DKNN is competitive and often outperforms traditional machine learning algorithms.
The English School and the Laws of War: Theoretical Tensions Viewed Through Historical and Contemporary Examples of U.S. State Practice

Though the laws of war has entered into prominence in public discourse, a review of the scholarly literature shows that this branch of international law remains under-theorized. This paper examines the laws of war from the broad perspective of theoretical tensions found within the English School of international relations including the tripartite classification (international system, international society and world society) and the solidarist and pluralist debate. I argue that the English school provides a nuanced and dynamic perspective for examining the laws of war. Second, this paper applies the English school theoretical tensions to the results of the author’s research on post-World War II U.S. state practice of the laws of war. Specifically examined is the role of reprisals and non-state actors, including the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). This paper concludes with a discussion of contemporary laws of war developments and its relation to the English school.
Actions Are Louder than Words in Social Media

We study the relationship between the level of chatter on a social medium (like Twitter) and the level of the observed actions related to the chatter. For example, in a disaster, how does relief-donation chatter on Twitter correlate with the dollar amount received? One hypothesis is that a fraction of those who act will also tweet about it, which implies linear scaling, action ∝ chatter. On the other hand, if there is a contagion effect (those who tweet about donation incite others to donate) and these incited donors tend to be "quiet" and not broadcast their actions, then we expect superlinear scaling, action ∝ chatterγ where γ > 1. We show, using a simple model, that the degree sequence of the social media "follower" network plays a key role in determining the scaling exponent γ. For random graphs and power-law graphs, the scaling exponent is at or near 2 (quadratic amplification). We empirically validate the model's predictions using location-paired donation and social media data from U.S. states after Hurricane Sandy. Understanding the scaling behavior that relates social-media chatter to real physical actions is an important step for estimating the extent of a response and for determining social-media strategies to affect the response.
Dominating the news: government officials in front-page news coverage of policy issues in the United States and Korea

What determines which political actors dominate a country’s news? Understanding the forces that shape political actors’ news coverage matters, because these actors can influence which problems and alternatives receive a nation’s public and policy attention. Across free-press nations, the degree of media attention actors receive is rarely proportional to their degree of participation in the policymaking process. Yet, the nature of this “mis”-representation varies by country. We argue that journalistic operating procedures – namely, journalists’ incentive-driven relationships with government officials – help explain cross-national variance in actors’ media representation relative to policymaking participation. We examine two free-press countries with dramatically different journalistic procedures: United States and Korea. For each, we compare actors’ policymaking participation to news coverage (using all 2008 New York Times and Hankyoreh Daily front-page stories). Although exhibiting greater general discrepancy between actors’ policymaking and media representation, diverse actors are over-represented in United States news; in Korea, governmental actors are dominant.
A Method for Evaluating Honey Bee Flight Activity at the Hive Entrance

The significance of flight activity of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., is reviewed, and the unique problems of evaluating colony flight are analyzed. A method is described that permits rapid and convenient determination of outgoing flight of bees at the colony entrance. A screen-wire cone is placed over the colony entrance during brief sampling periods, usually 30 seconds. Outgoing foragers, thus partitioned from incoming foragers, escape through the tip of the cone where they can be counted conveniently. Flight from approximately 15–30 colonies can be sampled frequently by a single observer; extensive flight data permit critical comparison of flight between apiaries. The possible applications are explored.
Slaves as Fixed Capital: Slave Labor and Southern Economic Development

ACCORDING to Eugene D. Genovese: "Slavery requires all hands to be occupied at all times."'1 The statement implies that the requirement is peculiar to slavery, differentiating it from other forms of labor organization. If Genovese is right, then slave-owners were subject to a constraint on their operations that may have affected their choice of economic activities and systems of production. The economic decisions of individual slaveholders, in turn, presumably influenced the character of the economies in which slavery figured. Thus, the requirement to keep slaves occupied at all times may have had wide ramifications, perhaps of an important nature. While these ideas are by no means novel, they have not yet been given their full due. This essay considers first the reasons why slavery required all hands to be occupied at all times. The analysis is general and rests on the assumption that slaveholders typically preferred more income to less, and less trouble to more, other things being equal, and that they had a rough idea of the relationship between actions and their results. The analysis does not assume that slaveholders were moved exclusively by economic considerations, nor that they adjusted perfectly to the conditions that confronted them. But economics lies at the heart of what can be called "Genovese's rule" and it is the focus of this paper. Second, the essay considers a few historical illustrations of the operation of "Genovese's rule." The primary concern of this essay, however, is the effect of the rule on the organization of southern slave plantations in the nineteenth century and the consequences of plantation organization for southern economic performance and development.