cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cervical cytology screening practices among obstetrician-gynecologists.

Abstract Objective To estimate the current cervical cytology screening practices of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Fellows, to establish a baseline for tracking future changes in practice. Methods Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of ACOG Fellows (n = 599) and to a group of Fellows who have regularly participated in past ACOG surveys (n = 409). The questionnaires asked about current cytology screening and evaluation practices and presented clinical practice vignettes with additional questions. Descriptive statistical methods were used to evaluate the responses. Results Questionnaires were returned by 651 physicians (64.6%); 624 were complete. More than 94% of the respondents start cytology testing at age 18 years. Almost three fourths (74.2%) continue screening indefinitely. More than 80% use a liquid-based method of collection. Almost two thirds (65.1%) order human papillomavirus testing occasionally, usually (81.9%) for reports of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Most Fellows in the sample perform colposcopy for an ASCUS result. Reports of atypical glandular cells resulted in variable approaches to further evaluation. Patient age and history were important variables for all test reports. Legal concerns were mentioned as important determinants of practice patterns. Conclusion In this sample of ACOG Fellows, most perform cervical cytology and evaluate abnormal results in accord with guidelines in place before the recommended changes in screening and evaluation were published in 2003.
Racial myth, colonial reform, and the invention of customary law in Morocco, 1912–1930

Throughout the period of French indirect rule in Morocco (1912–56), colonial scholars and administrators generated a mass of literature to explain the perceived differences between Arab and so-called Berber (Amazeeri) societies. In the minds of many colonial enthusiasts, objective ethnic difference translated into a series of clear social, cultural, and political traits that had divided the indigenous populations for centuries. Historians of the period have highlighted this ethnographic focus as one of the preeminent justifications for French reforms in Morocco. The reform and institutionalisation of customary Berber law, which provoked the most widespread urban protest in nearly two decades, has long been understood as an example of legislative overreaching: the vibrant popular reactions to the so-called Berber dahir of 1930 signalled to many contemporary actors and subsequent historians the veritable birth of the Moroccan nationalist movement, as urban populations protested the what they saw as the dimi...
VEX-capture: a new technique that allows in vivo excision, cloning, and broad-host-range transfer of large bacterial genomic DNA segments.

We have developed a novel and easily performed procedure for the targeted excision, cloning, and broad-host-range transfer of large bacterial genomic DNA segments. This procedure, called Vector-mediated excision and Capture (VEX-Capture), represents a new molecular tool for the convenient manipulation and exchange of large (20–40+ kb) bacterial genomic fragments. VEX-Capture utilizes lox/Cre-mediated site-specific recombination for excision of the targeted genomic segment and homologous recombination for cloning of the excised DNA section onto a self-transmissible, broad-host-range IncP plasmid. The “captured” genomic DNA segment can then be transferred to a wide variety of Gram-negative hosts for basic research and bioengineering purposes. To demonstrate the utility and function of VEX-Capture, we have excised and cloned three separate genomic islands from the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome ranging in size from 26.7 to 40.0 kb. To test the ability of these islands to be established in different bacterial hosts, we transferred them to six other Gram-negative species and monitored their establishment via phenotypic and molecular analysis. RT-PCR was used to assay the expression of selected S. typhimurium island genes in the different species. This analysis led to the discovery that an island-encoded master regulator of S. typhimurium virulence functions is expressed in a species-specific manner. Our results demonstrate the potential for VEX-Capture to be used as a convenient genetic technique for fundamental biological applications in a wide variety of bacterial species.
The structure of (dibenzylideneacetone)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(I)

Abstract The structure of (dibenzylideneacetone)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(I), Rh(C 5 Me 5 )(dba), (dba = PhCHCHCOCHCHPh, Ph = C 6 H 5 , Me = CH 3 ), has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter methods. The structure has been refined by least-squares techniques to a final R index on F of 0.035 based on 2100 observations above background. The material crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 5 2 h  P 2 1 / a , with four molecules in a cell of dimensions a =14.348(12), b =14.063(13), c =11.393(10) », β=104.42(3)°. The observed and calculated densities are 1.35(3) and 1.41 g/cm 3 . The compound is monomeric. The Rh atom is bonded to the C 5 Me 5 ring on one side and to the dba molecule through the two olefinic double bonds on the other. The C 5 and Me 5 portions of the C 5 Me 5 ring are planar, but not coplanar as the Me group are bent away from the Rh atom by 0.10 » relative to the C 5 plane. The dba molecule is in the s - cis , s - cis conformation with the two double bonds in a plane which is parallel to the planes of the C 5 Me 5 ring. The rest of the dba molecule is nonplanar with the CO group pointing away from Rh. The olefinic double bonds have lengthened on coordination to 1.411(9) ». The H atoms on the terminal C atoms of the dba molecule are in very close contact, the refined H⋯H distance being 1.83(9) ». It is suggested that the strain imposed on the coordinated dba molecule by this interaction might contribute to its ease of dissociation from the complex in solution and hence account for the catalytic properties of the complex.
Equilibrium charge-state distributions for 16O ions at 20–65 MeV

Abstract Equilibrium charge-state distributions for 20–65 MeV 16 O ions scattered off carbon-backed gold targets were measured. Significant differences were found between the experimental results and calculated values based on the semi-empirical theory of Zaidins.
American Federalism, Race and the Administration of Welfare

Recent studies of American federalism have emphasized the division of government functions between the national government and the states. But the effects of federalism depend not only on the balance of functional authority but also on the structure of federalist institutions. The institutional structure of Aid to Dependent Children, created by the Social Security Act of 1935, comprised a system of state operational control unhindered by federal supervision. The effect of this federal bargain was the exclusion of African-Americans from welfare benefits in the South. But the federal structure of the programme also shaped implementation in the North, where decentralization allowed its capture by urban machines, which used welfare as a political benefit. New techniques for ecological inference establish these results. Administrative institutions structured the entry of African-Americans into the American welfare state and created the conditions for the welfare ‘crisis’ of the 1960s and later.
Observer performance in dynamic displays: effect of frame rate on visual signal detection in noisy images

An observer's ability to detect low contrast features (signals) within an image is an important measure of image quality. A theory exists for describing the relationship between measurable image parameters and the detectability of simple visual signals such as squares or disks in single images. This signal detection theory has been successfully applied to many practical visual tasks yielding fundamental re'ationships between noise, contrast, and the effect on detectability of intensifying screen/x-ray film combinations in conventional radiology2, and quantization noise,3 image processing,4 and window/level settings5'6 in digital displays. We are aware of no studies examining signal detectability in dynamically displayed medical images, despite the importance of these displays for many imaging modalities. Examples of dynamic displays in medical imaging include x-ray fluoroscopy, cardiac cineangiography, real-time two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-Echo), rapid-sequence nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (cine MRI), radioisotope ventriculography, and ultrafast computed tomography (UFCT) . The goal of the present study was to quantify the psychophysical parameters which affect observer performance in dynamically displayed sequences of noisy images.
Mechanistic Imperatives for Aldose-Ketose Isomerization in Water: Specific, General Base- and Metal Ion-Catalyzed Isomerization of Glyceraldehyde with Proton and Hydride Transfer

The deuterium enrichment of dihydroxyacetone obtained from the aldose−ketose isomerization of d,l-glyceraldehyde in D2O at 25 °C was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy from the integrated areas of the signals for the α-CH2 and α-CHD groups of the product. One mole equivalent of deuterium is incorporated into the product when the isomerization is carried out in 150 mM pyrophosphate buffer at pD 8.4, but only 0.6 mol equiv of deuterium is incorporated into the product of isomerization in the presence of 0.01 M deuterioxide ion, so that 40% of the latter isomerization reaction proceeds by the intramolecular transfer of hydride ion. Several pathways were identified for catalysis of the isomerization of glyceraldehyde to give dihydroxyacetone. The isomerization with hydride transfer is strongly catalyzed by added Zn2+. Deprotonation of glyceraldehyde is rate-determining for isomerization with proton transfer, and this proton-transfer reaction is catalyzed by Bronsted bases. Proton transfer also occurs by a term...
Maintaining Periodontal Treatment

Dental maintenance, or supportive periodontal treatment (SPT), can keep the periodontium and peri-implant tissues healthy after active therapy. Patients who comply to suggested SPT fare better periodontally and keep their teeth longer. Data should be gathered by examinations, talking with patients, and reviewing personal oral hygiene. Then sub- and supra-gingival deposits should be removed. The average SPT visit should last 1 hour and should be scheduled every 3 months. Supportive periodontal treatment for patients with more advanced periodontal or peri-implant destruction should be the responsibility of the periodontist.
Enhanced power law agglomerate growth in the free molecule regime

Abstract Aerosols generated at high temperatures tend to form agglomerates which can be characterized by a power law exponent, similar to a fractal dimension. The coagulation dynamics of these particles can be described by a modified collision kernel for the free molecule regime. The collision kernel for power law (fractal-like) particles is a homogeneous function, and the equation is solved using self-preserving size distribution theory for fractal dimensions between 2 and 3. The effects of fractal dimension and primary particle size on agglomerate growth and the size distribution are very strong. Agglomerate growth is rapid at low fractal dimension and fine primary particle size, because the collision cross-section is much larger for the same agglomerate mass. The effect of primary particle size on the rate of particle growth becomes more significant with decreasing fractal dimension, and the particle size distribution becomes much broader at low fractal dimensions.
Using the 2008 Presidential Election to Think about “Playing the Race Card”

Bill Clinton and Geraldine Ferraro were accused of “playing the race card” during the 2008 contest for the Democratic presidential nomination. This essay explores the different forms race cards may assume and the dangers each poses to the public dialogue. Moving away from the traditional focus on persuasive effects, the Clinton and Ferraro utterances are analyzed as argumentative discourses. Then, critical standards are promulgated for evaluating their reasonableness.
Scheduling of multi‐spindle CNC gantry mills

This paper considers the problem of scheduling a multi-spindle CNC gantry mill. Multiple spindle gantry mills are characterized by their ability to process multiple numbers of parts simultaneously and that they allow a setup on one part to take place while the spindle is processing other parts (sequence dependent setup times for jobs). These characteristics, though effective in reducing the overall production lead-time, complicate the scheduling of gantry mills. In this paper we classify the ‘gantry scheduling problem’ as a batch sequencing problem (BSP) with sequence dependent setup times and multiple part machining locations (PML) [1]. We consider the dual objectives of minimizing maximum lateness and minimizing total setup time and present a two-level heuristic to solve the problem. Finally we evaluate the performance of the heuristic and propose a framework for implementing the solution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface pressure and streamline effects on laminar heating calculations

The effect of streamline geometry and pressure distributions on surface heating rates is examined for slender, spherically blunted cones. The resulting modifications to an approximate aeroheating code include a curve fit of pressures computed by an Euler solution over a range of Mach numbers and small cone angles. An existing correlation based on pressures computed by the method of characteristi cs is used for larger cone angles. The streamline geometry is computed using the surface pressures and inviscid surface properties. Streamline calculations based on inviscid surface conditions rather than boundary-layer edge properties are demonstrated to yield improved heating analyses. However, the heating rates are calculated using inviscid properties at the boundarylayer edge. Resulting heating rates compare favorably with solutions from the viscous-shock-layer equations.
The role of assets in improving college attainment among Hispanic immigrant youth in the U.S.

Abstract Despite the importance of higher education, Hispanic immigrant youth still have far lower college attainment rate than whites in the U.S. Existing studies show the significant role of household assets on educational attainment even after controlling for income. Thus, this study examines the role of homeownership and school savings on Hispanic immigrant youth's college attendance and graduation. Findings show that homeownership is a significant positive predictor of Hispanic immigrant youth's college attendance and graduation, but parent school savings is not a significant predictor. Policy and practice implications discussed.
Development of a gas layer to mitigate cavitation damage in liquid mercury spallation targets

Establishment of a gas layer between the flowing liquid and container wall is proposed for mitigating the effects of cavitation in mercury spallation targets. Previous work has shown an order of magnitude decrease in damage for a gas layer developed in a stagnant mercury target for an in-beam experiment. This work is aimed at extending these results to the more complex conditions introduced by a flowing mercury target system. A water-loop has been fabricated to provide initial insights on potential gas injection methods into a flowing liquid. An existing full-scale flow loop designed to simulate the Spallation Neutron Source target system will be used to extend these studies to mercury. A parallel analytical effort is being conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to provide direction to the experimental effort. Some preliminary simulations of gas injection through a single hole have been completed and show behavior of the models that is qualitatively meaningful.
Inferior pedicle technique of breast reduction

The inferior pedicle technique and its many variations have been described by several surgeons, and it is probably the most popular breast reduction technique in use in the United States at this time. Its advantages include ease of performance and teaching, good preservation of the neurovascular supply to the nipple, and applicability over a wide range of reduction sizes. The technique as we currently use it is presented and results are shown. It is presented as a time-tested, relatively simple, and reliable method of reduction mammoplasty.
Detecting new classes via infinite warped mixture models for hyperspectral image analysis

Novelty (new class) detection can be described as the identification of new or “unknown” data that a machine learning system was not aware of during training. The ability to detect new classes can have a significant positive impact on image analysis systems, where the test data (or unlabeled data) may contain information about objects that were not known during training process. Since infinite Gaussian mixture models (IGMM) are capable to fit data with an unknown number of mixtures, the inference scheme based on semi-supervised Gibbs sampling can differentiate between known and novel data by learning the unique data clustering in training and testing modes. In order to deal with non-Gaussian (especially heavy tailed) data, the proposed approach is based on infinite warped mixture models (IWMM). IWMM models assume that each observation has coordinates in a latent space where the data is Gaussian distributed — an IGMM is then learned in that latent space instead. We show that the IWMM model outperforms an IGMM based approach to novelty detection for hyperspectral image analysis.
Wild-Type RNA MicrohelixAla and 3:70 Variants: Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Local Helical Structure and Tightly Bound Water

Molecular dynamics simulations of RNA microhelixAla indicate that G:U and other 3:70 purine:pyrimidine wobble pairs induce local deviations from A-form geometry in their respective microhelices; th...
Upper and Lower Solution Methods for Fully Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems

Abstract Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a solution of a fourth order nonlinear boundary value problem with nonlinear boundary conditions. The conditions assume the existence of a strong upper solution–lower solution pair, a concept that is defined in the paper. The differential equation has nonlinear dependence on all lower order derivatives of the unknown; in particular, appropriate Nagumo conditions are obtained and employed.
201 SUPPRESSION OF Suz12 IN BOVINE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS VIA CYTOPLASMIC SMALL INTERFERING RNA INJECTION

The proper removal of gametic epigenetic marks and coordinated reestablishment of the epigenome are critical to mammalian embryonic development. Suz12 is a member of Polycomb repressive complex 2, known to catalyse trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3; Pasini et al. 2004); Suz12 has also been shown to interact with Suv39h1 for proper trimethylation of H3K9 (de la Cruz et al. 2007). Our objective in this study was to suppress expression of Suz12 via cytoplasmic injection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted at this gene, and to evaluate the effect on embryo development rates. Bovine zygotes were produced in vitro via standard laboratory procedures. Nineteen hours post-fertilization, presumptive zygotes (n = 3979) were divided into 3 treatment groups: noninjected control (CTL), or injected with a fluorescent dextran marker combined with either a nontargeting siRNA (NULL) or an Suz12-targeting siRNA (SUZ). Embryos were cultured in Bovine Evolve (Zenith Biotech, Canada) with 4 mg mL–1 of BSA (Probumin, Millipore, Billerica, MA) and collected at the 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages. Ribonucleic acid was isolated with an RNeasy® Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) from 3 replicates of pooled embryos at each stage (4-cell, n = 15; 8-cell, n = 20; morula, n = 10), except for the blastocyst stage [2 samples (n = 10) collected from the CTL and NULL groups, and 1 sample (n = 3) from the SUZ group]. Each RNA sample was reverse-transcribed into cDNA and diluted for use by quantitative real-time PCR. Relative gene expression levels from each sample were calculated in triplicate using the SYBR Green comparative Ct method (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), adjusted according to individual PCR efficiencies for each primer pair (R2 > 0.95) and normalized to the geometric mean Ct of 3 endogenous controls (GAPDH, YWHAZ, and SDHA), to account for differences in both cell number and amount of total mRNA present in each sample (Goossens et al. 2005). Our data indicate that Suz12 expression was suppressed to undetectable levels in SUZ-treated zygotes at all embryo stages analysed. The blastocyst rate of the SUZ group was extremely low (0.88 ± 0.16% SEM) compared with the CTL (19.87 ± 0.36% SEM) and NULL (5.09 ± 0.36% SEM) groups. Morphologically, SUZ morulae appeared fragmented with fewer larger cells than expected, whereas the NULL and CTL morulae seemed to develop normally. We presume the loss of Suz12 expression during this important developmental time is detrimental to embryo morphology and results in a decreased rate of blastocyst formation. Because of this decrease, we were able to collect only 3 SUZ blastocysts from a total of 227 injected. The microinjection procedure also contributed to significant (P < 0.05) decreases in blastocyst rates of the injected groups as compared with the CTL. Future experiments will explore potential alterations in histone methylation, as well as other epigenetic modifiers in bovine preimplantation embryos, to further elucidate the role of the epigenome in early embryonic development.
The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on Intention to Use Groupware

Information technologies that support groups of individuals have become increasingly visible. While some of these, such as electronic mail, have become almost ubiquitous in many organizations, other groupware applications have not enjoyed similar acceptance. This study uses diffusion of innovation theory to investigate factors that may influence intentions to use a specific groupware application, Lotus Domino discussion databases. Findings indicate that perceptions of relative advantage, complexity, compatibility and result demonstrability are significantly related to intentions to use Domino discussion databases. There was not a significant relationship between intentions to use and perceived trialability, visibility, or voluntariness. Those interested in increasing the use of groupware technologies may find these results helpful in guiding their efforts.
Cascading effects of insectivorous birds and bats in tropical coffee plantations

The loss of apex predators is known to have reverberating consequences for ecosystems, but how changes in broader predator assemblages affect vital ecosystem functions and services is largely unknown. Predators and their prey form complex interaction networks, in which predators consume not only herbivores but also other predators. Resolving these interactions will be essential for predicting changes in many important ecosystem functions, such as the control of damaging crop pests. Here, we examine how birds, bats, and arthropods interact to determine herbivorous arthropod abundance and leaf damage in Costa Rican coffee plantations. In an exclosure experiment, we found that birds and bats reduced non-flying arthropod abundance by -35% and -25%, respectively. In contrast, birds and bats increased the abundance of flying arthropods, probably by consuming spiders. The frequency of this intraguild predation differed between birds and bats, with cascading consequences for coffee shrubs. Excluding birds caused a greater increase in herbivorous arthropod abundance than excluding bats, leading to increased coffee leaf damage. Excluding bats caused an increase in spiders and other predatory arthropods, increasing the ratio of predators to herbivores in the arthropod community. Bats, therefore, did not provide benefits to coffee plants. Leaf damage on coffee was low, and probably did not affect coffee yields. Bird-mediated control of herbivores, however, may aid coffee shrubs in the long-term by preventing pest outbreaks. Regardless, our results demonstrate how complex, cascading interactions between predators and herbivores may impact plants and people.
Nicotinic modulation of gene expression in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Exposure to nicotine has a broad range of physiological and psychological effects that can be long lasting and contribute to nicotine dependence. On a time course longer than that needed to activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function, nicotine exposure induces functional inactivation of nAChR, upregulation of nAChR radioligand binding sites, and other alterations of cellular functions. To identify possible mechanisms underlying nicotine-induced changes in nAChR numbers and function, we defined changes in gene expression in neuron-like, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells following 24 h of continuous exposure to 1 mM nicotine. This treatment condition produces both functional inactivation and upregulation of nAChR. Repeat and cross-controlled microarray ( approximately 5000 genes queried) analyses revealed 163 genes whose expression was consistently altered at the p<0.01 level following nicotine treatment. Quantitative, real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed altered expression of thirteen out of fourteen of these genes chosen for further study, including contactin 1, myozenin 2, and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E2C and E2S. Inhibition or reversal of these effects by the general nAChR antagonist, d-tubocurarine, indicated that gene expression changes are dependent on nAChR activation. Studies using other nAChR subtype-selective antagonists identified gene expression changes that required activation of both alpha7- and alpha3*-nAChR, alpha7-nAChR alone, or either alpha7- or alpha3beta4*-nAChR, suggesting some convergent and some divergent pathways of gene activation coupled to these nAChR subtypes. These results suggest that longer-term physiological and psychological effects of nicotine exposure and changes in nAChR expression may be due in part to effects on gene expression initiated by interactions with nAChR.
Does This Make Me Look Fat? Peer Crowd and Peer Contributions to Adolescent Girls’ Weight Control Behaviors

Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action, this study evaluated a “socialization” model linking girls’ peer crowd affiliations (e.g., Jocks, Populars) with their own weight concern, perceived peer weight norms, and weight control behaviors. An alternative “selection” model was also evaluated. Girls (N = 236; M age = 15.95 years) from diverse ethnic backgrounds completed surveys assessing peer crowd affiliation, their own concern with weight, perceptions of peers’ concern with weight, and weight control behaviors. Models were evaluated using SEM. The socialization model demonstrated good fit; the alternative selection model did not. Specifically, girls’ level of identification with certain peer crowds (Jocks, Burnouts, Alternatives) was associated with girls’ reported own concern and perceived peer concern with weight. Additionally, girls’ own concern and peer norms were related independently to girls’ weight control behaviors. Findings suggest that peer crowds and girls’ own and peer weight norms may be important targets of prevention efforts.
Infant perception of angular relations

The ability of infants to perceive an angle as the relationship between two lines as opposed to independent line segments was examined in 6- and 14-week-old infants. Sixteen infants at each age were habituated to a single angle and then tested with four stimuli designed to differentiate between perception based upon angularity versus the orientation of the line segments. 14-week-old infants dishabituated only to a change in angle and not to a change in orientation. However, the 6-week-old infants did the opposite, dishabituating only to a change in orientation. These results supported the claim that 2- to 4-month-old infants perceive angular relations but tended to refute the claim that this ability is innate. Instead they may indicate an important developmental shift in perceptual ability sometime after 6 weeks of age.
Three-Dimensional Micromechanical Modeling of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites With Interfaces

Continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) are widely used in high performance and high temperature applications. The behavior of CFCCs under various conditions is not easily predicted. Micromechanical modeling of CFCCs using a representative volume element (RVE) approach provides useful prediction of the composite behavior. Conventionally, the effect of fiber-matrix interface on effective property prediction of the CFCCs is not considered in the micromechanical modeling approach. In the current work, a comprehensive three-dimensional micromechanical modeling procedure is proposed for effective elastic behavior estimation of CFCCs. Application of the micromechanical model for various interfaces has been considered to evaluate the effect of different interfaces and highlight the applicability of current model. Cohesive damage modeling approach is used to model the crack growth along with fiber bridging. The finite element model is validated by comparing with available data in the literature.© 2012 ASME
Longitudinal Intellectual Assessment of Children With HIV Infection

The objective of this paper was to describe the intellectual development of 39 children with HIV infection. The children received serial evaluations over a 10-year period. Thirty-nine children were assessed with age-appropriate intellectual measures at regular intervals as part of their treatment in the HIV Program of a children's hospital. Children showed an 24-point drop in mean Bayley Mental scores over the first 2 years of life. McCarthy scores remained in the low average range from ages 3–5 years. IQ scores were stable by age 6 in the low average range, and unchanged through age 12. Significant changes in memory, vocabulary, and performance subtests were noted. Children with HIV infection demonstrated a significant decline in mental functioning over the first 2 years of life, fell into the low average range by age 3, and remained in the low average range, with subtle changes in some areas.
The reepithelialization of rabbit cornea following partial and complete epithelial denudation

Abstract The rate of reepithelialization of rabbit corneas following partial and complete epithelial denudation was studied by fluorescein staining, photography, and electron microscopy. Partially denuded corneas healed smoothly but some completely denuded corneas exhibited delayed or regression of healing which was independent of the methods used to denude corneas. Electron microscopy of reepithelializing corneas suggested that polymorphonuclear leucocytes which are present in denuded corneas may influence the course of reepithelialization.
Role of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in maturation of fetal lungs.

Extract: Fetal lung cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic AMP, phosphatidyl choline, and incorporation of precursors into phosphatidyl choline were measured in rabbits after maternal administration of hydrocortisone phosphate and aminophylline. Both agents inhibited lung phosphodiesterase activity and augmented cyclic AMP concentrations (Table 1). Aminophylline administration was associated with a significant increase in lung saturated phosphatidyl choline (Table 2). Incorporation of [14C]choline and [3H]methionine was increased by both aminophylline and hydrocortisone (Table 3). Speculation: Aminophylline, which inhibits cyclic AMP phophodiesterase as its primary mode of action, has effects similar to hydrocortisone on incorporation of labeled precursors into phosphatidyl choline. Cyclic AMP, therefore, may be a mediator of maturation of lung phosphatidyl choline synthesis and/or secretion in the fetus, and pharmacologic agents which enhance cyclic AMP levels in the lungs may also enhance synthesis of phosphatidyl choline.
Photoinduced Reaction of Digermane with Si(111)

The photoinduced reaction of digermane with the Si(111) surface using ultraviolet irradiation has been studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Hydrogen and germane desorption yields and relative Ge/Si AES signals are used to determine the reactivity of digermane. UV irradiation during or after dosing of the Si crystal surface at low temperatures (≤120 K) enhances the reactivity of digermane compared to similar doses without UV irradiation. Adsorption and photoexcitation of digermane at 110 K lead to significantly more reaction that at 120 K. We also find that UV irradiation after dosing the Si(111) surface with digermane enhances the reactivity more than simultaneous UV irradiation at 110 K, but the opposite is true at 120 K. Evidence is also found for precursor-mediated adsorption, and this is used to rationalize the dramatic changes with temperature. Photoexcitation of digermane at low temperatures leads initially to deposition of a-Ge:H.
Computer Simulation of the Cryoprotectant Disaccharide α,α-Trehalose in Aqueous Solution

Protecting biological molecules during freezing and lyophilization is of commercial importance to the pharmaceutical, medical, and food industries. Much work has been done on the use of a wide variety of cryoprotectant compounds for these types of processes. Chief among these compounds are the saccharides. They have been found to protect proteins during freezing and drying stresses as well as prevent membrane damage during cooling of cells. Trehalose, a naturally occurring disaccharide of glucose, has been found to be a particularly effective cryoprotectant. Although there are several prevailing structural and thermodynamic arguments as to why molecules such as trehalose act as cryoprotectants, little fundamental work has been done to corroborate or refute these hypotheses. To address this issue, our work has focused on the structural and dynamic simulation of this promising cryoprotective system. In this work, we have implemented fully flexible, all-atom models for water and trehalose and used both Monte...
Early detection of fungal biomass on library materials

Abstract Library materials are susceptible to fungal deterioration. The paper constituents of archival materials are subjected to harmful physical and chemical processes as they are slowly consumed by fungi. Remediation of fungal contamination can be costly and risk further damage to fragile or previously degraded materials. Early detection of fungal growth would permit the use of relatively noninvasive treatments to remediate fungal contamination of artifacts before visible or lasting damage has occurred. Current methods used for the detection of microbial biomass, such as colony counts, microscopic biovolume estimation, and ergosterol analysis are expensive, time consuming, or are inappropriate for use with fungi. Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) activity provides a rapid and reliable means of fungal detection on a variety of cultural heritage materials. Adapted for use on archival materials, fluorogenic 4-Methylumbelliferyl (MUF) labeled substrate N-acetyl-Beta-D-glucosamine (NAG) was used to detect fungal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. The fluorescence generated by minute quantities of fungi was quickly detected at an early stage of growth. The sensitivity of the assay was comparable to other biochemical techniques. The fluorometric assay was well-suited for early detection of fungal biomass on paper and assessment of the effectiveness of common remediation practices.
Major element compositions of Luna 20 glass particles

Abstract Major element analyses of nineteen Luna 20 glass particles indicate that most of the Luna 20 glasses have Al2O3 contents greater than 21 wt.% and compositions similar to Apollo 10 and Luna 20 rocks and soils. Three of the glass particles have low Al2O3 ( 18 wt.%) contents and were probably derived from one of the adjacent maria. The low glass content of the Luna 20 soil indicates that it is relatively young or less mature than most mare soils that have been studied.
An experimental study of relative humidity effect on VOCs' effective diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient in a porous medium

Abstract Most building materials are porous media. As a critical environmental factor, the influence of relative humidity on VOCs diffusion is still not well understood. In this study, VOC transport and sorption in a porous medium in the building materials (calcium silicate) were measured under three levels of relative humidity (25%, 50% and 80%) by using a dynamic dual chamber method. Tests were conducted for water-soluble compound (formaldehyde) and non-soluble compound (toluene). In addition, the transport of acetaldehyde, hexanal, benzaldehyde, butanol and decane through the calcium silicate were also tested at 50%RH to study the relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient ( D e ), partition coefficient ( K ma ) and the VOCs’ physical properties (molecular weight, vapor pressure and Henry’s law constant). Experimental results showed that: relative humidity in the 80%RH led to a higher partition coefficient for formaldehyde compared to 50%RH. However, between 25% and 50%RH, there was no significant difference in partition coefficient. Partition coefficient of toluene decreased with the increase of humidity due to competition of water molecules for pore surface area and the non-solubility nature of toluene. Relative humidity had no significant influence on the effective diffusion coefficient on both formaldehyde and toluene for the range of moisture conditions tested. The solubility of VOCs was found to correlate with the partition coefficient of VOCs. The partition coefficient of VOCs was not simply inversely proportional to the vapor pressure of the compound, but also increased with the increase of Henry’s law constant.
The Advanced German Course: A Multidimensional Approach

This article presents a detailed description of an advanced course focusing on modern German culture and society. An emphasis on advanced reading, grammar, conversation and composition provided a firm pedagogical foundation for the course. This traditional framework was then enhanced by regularly incorporating audio and video technology into the program as a means of heightening students' awareness of language and topical issues.
Abdominal ultrasonography in small animals: Intestinal tract and mesentery, kidneys, adrenal glands, uterus and prostate

This paper completes a two part review of abdominal ultrasonography in small animals. Indications, examination technique and interpretation of abnormal findings are described and illustrated using clinical cases.
How Technology Is Changing Work and Organizations

Given the rapid advances and the increased reliance on technology, the question of how it is changing work and employment is highly salient for scholars of organizational psychology and organizational behavior (OP/OB). This article attempts to interpret the progress, direction, and purpose of current research on the effects of technology on work and organizations. After a review of key breakthroughs in the evolution of technology, we consider the disruptive effects of emerging information and communication technologies. We then examine numbers and types of jobs affected by developments in technology, and how this will lead to significant worker dislocation. To illustrate technology's impact on work, work systems, and organizations, we present four popular technologies: electronic monitoring systems, robots, teleconferencing, and wearable computing devices. To provide insights regarding what we know about the effects of technology for OP/OB scholars, we consider the results of research conducted from four ...
Laparoscopic excision of accessory spleen.

Abstract Background: Laparoscopic splenectomy has become an accepted procedure in the management of several hematologic diseases. Less clear is the effectiveness of laparoscopic excision of accessory spleens after initial splenectomy in the management of recurrent hematologic disease. We report here our early experience of this technique. Methods: All patients who underwent laparoscopic excision of accessory spleens (LEAS) after initial splenectomy were reviewed for preoperative studies, technical success, and effects on either platelet count or hemoglobin level. Results: In 5 patients LEAS was attempted. Two patients had initial open splenectomies, and 3 had initial laparoscopic splenectomies. Hematologic diagnoses were immune thrombocytopenic purpura (3), chronic lymphocytic leukemia-induced thrombocytopenia (1), and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (1). All patients underwent preoperative damaged red blood cell scintigraphy, which demonstrated functioning splenic tissue, and abdominal computed tomography scans, which demonstrated a nodule in 4 of 5 patients. LEAS was technically successful in 4 patients, with the 1 failure also being the patient in whom the computed tomography scan could not demonstrate the accessory spleen. However, only 2 of the 4 patients after LEAS had durable hematologic responses to surgery, despite follow-up damaged red blood cell scintigraphy showing no residual functioning splenic tissue. Conclusion: LEAS can be technically successful when the accessory spleen is demonstrated on both damaged red blood cell scintigraphy and computed tomography scan; therefore, adequate visualization in both studies is required. However, hematologic response to excision may be less effective than with the initial splenectomy. Further study is needed to determine the causes of these outcomes.
ASR: anonymous and secure reporting of traffic forwarding activity in mobile ad hoc networks

Nodes forward data on behalf of each other in mobile ad hoc networks. In a civilian application, nodes are assumed to be selfish and rational, i.e., they pursue their own self-interest. Hence, the ability to accurately measure traffic forwarding is critical to ensure proper network operation. These measurements are also often used to credit nodes based on their level of participation, or to detect loss. Past solutions employ neighbor monitoring and reporting on traffic forwarding of nodes. These methods are not applicable in civilian networks in which neighbor nodes lack the desire or ability to perform the monitoring function. Such environments occur frequently in which neighbor hosts are resource constrained, or in networks where directional antennas are used and reliable eavesdropping is difficult or impossible. In this article, we propose a protocol that uses nodes on the data path to securely produce packet-forwarding reports. Reporting nodes are chosen randomly and secretly so that malicious nodes cannot modify their behavior based upon the monitoring point. The integrity and authenticity of reports are preserved through the use of secure link layer acknowledgments and monitoring reports. The robustness of the reporting mechanism is strengthened by forwarding the report to multiple destinations (source and destination). We explore the security, cost, and accuracy of our protocol.
Laser Ultrasonic Instrumentation for Accurate Temperature Measurement of Silicon Wafers in Rapid Thermal Processing Systems

Results are presented that demonstrate the use of laser ultrasonic methods to determine the temperature of silicon wafers under conditions consistent with applications in the RTP industry. The results show that it is possible to measure the temperature of Si(100) wafers to an accuracy approaching ± 1°C (1σ) even with wafer thickness variation over a range of 2 to 3 percent.
iSwitch: coordinating and optimizing renewable energy powered server clusters

Large-scale computing systems such as data centers are facing increasing pressure to cap their carbon footprint. Integrating emerging clean energy solutions into computer system design therefore gains great significance in the green computing era. While some pioneering work on tracking variable power budget show promising energy efficiency, they are not suitable for data centers due to lack of performance guarantee when renewable generation is low and fluctuant. In addition, our characterization of wind power behavior reveals that data centers designed to track the intermittent renewable power incur up to 4X performance loss due to inefficient and redundant load matching activities. As a result, mitigating operational overhead while still maintaining desired energy utilization becomes the most significant challenge in managing server clusters on intermittent renewable energy generation. In this paper we take a first step in digging into the operational overhead of renewable energy powered data center. We propose iSwitch, a lightweight server power management that follows renewable power variation characteristics, leverages existing system infrastructures, and applies supply/load cooperative scheme to mitigate the performance overhead. Comparing with state-of-the-art renewable energy driven system design, iSwitch could mitigate average network traffic by 75%, peak network traffic by 95%, and reduce 80% job waiting time while still maintaining 96% renewable energy utilization. We expect that our work can help computer architects make informed decisions on sustainable and high-performance system design.
Take this broken tail and learn to jump: the ability to recover from reduced in-air stability in tailless green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis (Squamata: Dactyloidae))

Locomotion is involved in various fitness-related tasks, such as foraging, acquiring mates, and escaping from predators. Despite the importance of locomotor performance in determining fitness, animals often encounter situations in nature during which their locomotor performance is severely compromised. For animals that actively discard appendages as an anti-predator strategy, the loss of appendages can cause a severe reduction in locomotor performance. However, whether animals can compensate for the impact on locomotor performance after autotomy is still unclear. A previous study has shown that tailless green anole lizards suffered from reduced in-air stability during jumping. In this study, we monitored jump kinematics in three groups of Anolis carolinensis for five consecutive weeks to test two hypotheses: first, whether tailless green anoles can recover from reduced in-air stability before their tails can regenerate; and second, whether gaining locomotor experience facilitates locomotor recovery. Our results revealed extensive individual variation in the ability to compensate for reduced in-air stability. Some individuals did improve in-air stability during the study period, whereas others showed no sign of improvement. Moreover, the acquisition of locomotor experience did not facilitate the recovery process. Our findings suggested that tail autotomy in green anoles probably imposes a long-term fitness disadvantage. The utility of other compensatory mechanisms, such as altering behaviour, might play a role in natural populations to minimize the impact of autotomy on individual fitness. Our findings also shed light on the independent evolutionary losses of the ability to autotomize within lizards. Comparative studies which test whether species that autotomize more frequently/easily can better compensate for the effect of autotomy would be a fruitful direction of future research. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 107, 583–592.