cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Preservation Methods for Nutrient Species Collected by Automatic Samplers

Automatic samplers are a common method of data collection for numerous monitoring projects in the South Florida region and elsewhere. Although total phosphorus (TP) is the primary parameter of interest within this region, nitrogen species such as ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate+nitrite nitrogen (NOx-N), and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) are also collected and analyzed. Federal and state quality assurance guidelines require nutrient samples to be preserved by acidification with H2SO4 to a pH < 2 and stored immediately at 4 °C. However, the remoteness of manysampling locations in South Florida makes it difficult to supplyelectricity for the refrigeration of samples collected by autosamplers. In addition, the use of propane-powered refrigerated autosamplers is a costly and ineffective solution in the South Florida climate. Consequently, while samples collected at these remote locations are routinely pre-preservedwith acid, they are not cooled to 4 °C for a period fromone to seven days. This study evaluated if a statistically significant difference (α = 0.05) existed between concentrations of nitrogen species from a common source samplethat was either: processed immediately; refrigerated to 4 °C for seven days; or not refrigerated for seven days.In all cases, the collected sample was pre-preserved by adding 1 mL of 50% H2SO4 to each 1 L discrete sample container before each 7 day testing period. Differences in concentrations of the calculated parameter total nitrogen (TN)were also investigated.Analyses using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test showed no significant differences among the three treatment groups for NOx-N, TKN, TN and TP. Significant differences were observedwhen the NH4-N samples that were processed immediately werepaired with NH4-N samples that were left unrefrigerated or refrigerated for seven days. Information from this study can be used by researchers and managers in evaluating the usefulness of nutrient water quality data that is collected when sample refrigeration is not available.
Counting the Faithful: Measuring Local Religious Contexts in the United States†

This study compares the estimates of religious composition of counties in the United States from three independent datasets: the 2010 Religious Congregational Membership Study (RCMS); the 2010 Infogroup Congregational membership data (INFO); and the Gallup Daily Poll—a large national survey with more than 1.3 million respondents. My analyses suggest that the estimates for most major religious groups from the three datasets are highly correlated to each other. In addition, the measures of local religious compositions from the three datasets successfully predict the religious composition of friendship networks in a large, nationally representative survey. These findings suggest that RCMS, the most widely used data source for measuring local religious composition in the United States, has a convergent and predictive validity. My analyses, however, also highlight important challenges in measuring geographic distributions of non-Christian populations, as well as total religious populations in all religious traditions.
The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: The Data

In February and March of 1999, we surveyed 392 CFOs about the cost of capital, capital budgeting, and capital structure. The survey consisted of 14 main questions, most with subparts - over 100 questions in total. Although the survey was anonymous, we also collected information on 12 characteristics of the firms and management. We asked questions about firm size, foreign sales, industry, CEO education, age of the CEO, CEO tenure, ownership, whether the firm paid dividends, whether the firm was regulated, and the proportion of common stock that the top three executives owned if all their options were exercised. We also collected information on debt-equity ratios and debt ratings. The analysis, published in the 2001 Journal of Financial Economics (http://ssrn.com/abstract=220251), showed that many survey responses differed by the firm and management characteristics. Our research left much of the data unexplored. In particular, in only one instance in the paper did we perform question-conditional analysis. That is, given a particular response to one question, how does that impact the response on another question. For example, is it the case that those CFOs that use real options analysis in project evaluation decisions also value financial flexibility in capital structure? Given the large number of inquiries we have received for the survey data, we now publicly release the raw data files so that other researchers can conduct question-conditional analysis. Using these data, researchers should be able to obtain CFO survey evidence related to specific aspects of their own research agendas, as well as perform more detailed analysis of the survey responses.
Lesions of parvocellular subdivisions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus alter open field behavior and acquisition of sensory and spatial discrimination.

Abstract Rats with ibotenic acid (IBO) lesions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were compared with operated control animals over a battery of tests designed to assess memory- and arousal-related behavioral processes. At the dose employed in these experiments, ibotenic acid selectively destroys parvocellular elements of the PVN, leaving magnocellular subdivisions relatively intact, allowing for experimental dissection of the influence of parvocellular and magnocellular PVN neuronal populations on the behavioral parameters measured. IBO-treated rats showed a greater incidence ofrearing behavior and exhibited greater levels of total and central ambulation in an open field than control rats. Acquisition of both sensory and spatial reward contingencies were retarded in the IBO-lesion group; however, no differences were evident between IBO-treated and control groups in an approach-avoidance test, nor in the ability to perform the spatial and sensory discrimination tasks to a criterion level of accuracy. Histological examination verified that bilateral IBO lesion destroyed parvocellular elements of the PVN, while sparing the majority of magnecellular neurons. Results suggest that parvocellular PVN lesion alter behavioral performance via interactions with physiological systems overning arousal level.
Superficial malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: A rare and challenging diagnosis

We reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 5 cases of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) manifesting in superficial locations associated with cutaneous neurofibromas (4 cases) or superficial peripheral nerve (1 case). Four cases had spindle cell morphologic features and were at least focally positive for S-100 protein, whereas the associated benign neural elements had more extensive S-100 immunoreactivity. The single epithelioid case was diffusely and strongly positive for S-100 protein. Melanoma markers, epithelial membrane antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament, pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), CD34, smooth muscle actin, and desmin were negative in all cases. There were no local recurrences, but 3 patients died of metastatic disease within 2 to 30 months (median, 21 months). MPNSTs can occur in a superficial location and may have an aggressive clinical course. Immunohistochemical markers are helpful in excluding other lesions in the differential diagnosis. However, identification of a benign precursor or origin from a nerve may be the most definitive way to properly classify these rare lesions.
Distinguished Lecture: Social structure, narrative and explanation

Recent work on social injustice has focused on implicit bias as an important factor in explaining persistent injustice in spite of achievements on civil rights. In this paper, I argue that because of its individualism, implicit bias explanation, taken alone, is inadequate to explain ongoing injustice; and, more importantly, it fails to call attention to what is morally at stake. An adequate account of how implicit bias functions must situate it within a broader theory of social structures and structural injustice; changing structures is often a precondition for changing patterns of thought and action and is certainly required for durable change.
Leadership strategies for instilling and maintaining hope in group counseling

Abstract Group leaders can improve therapeutic outcomes by understanding the importance of hope as a curative factor and by learning specific strategies for its instillation in counseling groups
Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project. Correlations with concordant and discordant estrogen and progesterone receptors.

Pathologic materials were available for review from 1597 women with Stage II (positive regional node metastases) invasive breast cancer in whom estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) assays of the primary tumor were performed. These women were enrolled in a clinical trial comparing the effect of postmastectomy adjuvant L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with and without tamoxifen (NSABP Protocol No. 9). Significant pathologic and clinical associations with receptor status were similar for both ER and PR except that the latter, unlike ER, was not related to patient age. Regression analyses revealed that the most significant pathologic features related to a concordant positive ERPR receptor status was low (well differentiated) nuclear and histologic grades, slight or absent tumor lymphoid infiltrate, slight or absent necrosis and moderate or marked elastica in decreasing order of importance. All of the factors enumerated are directly or indirectly related to tumor differentiation. Recognition of four or five conforming pathologic features allows for the prediction of either ER or PR status in 70% to 80% of instances respectively, and the presence of three features in 69%. This latter figure is similar to that of estimation of nuclear grade alone. Thirty percent of ERPR estimates were discordant i.e., either ER-PR+ or ER+PR-. Pathologic features associated with discordant assays were not similar to those found when the ERPR estimates were concordant. Life table analyses revealed patients with discordant receptors to exhibit disease-free survival intermediate to that of those with ER+PR+ and ER-PR- values. This information suggests that a discordant receptor status is more reflective of an aberration of ER metabolism than a methodologic error. Histograms correlating frequency of nuclear grades with levels of ER and PR were comparable and revealed patterns indicating the propriety of relating values less than 10 fm/mg as being receptor negative. The frequency of well-differentiated nuclei increased with ascending levels of ER and PR.
State-changes in the swimmeret system: a neural circuit that drives locomotion

The crayfish swimmeret system undergoes transitions between a silent state and an active state. In the silent state, no patterned firing occurs in swimmeret motor neurons. In the active state, bursts of spikes in power stroke motor neurons alternate periodically with bursts of spikes in return stroke motor neurons. In preparations of the isolated crayfish central nervous system (CNS), the temporal structures of motor patterns expressed in the active state are similar to those expressed by the intact animal. These transitions can occur spontaneously, in response to stimulation of command neurons, or in response to application of neuromodulators and transmitter analogues. We used single-electrode voltage clamp of power-stroke exciter and return-stroke exciter motor neurons to study changes in membrane currents during spontaneous transitions and during transitions caused by bath-application of carbachol or octopamine (OA). Spontaneous transitions from silence to activity were marked by the appearance of a standing inward current and periodic outward currents in both types of motor neurons. Bath-application of carbachol also led to the development of these currents and activation of the system. Using low Ca2+–high Mg2+ saline to block synaptic transmission, we found that the carbachol-induced inward current included a direct response by the motor neuron and an indirect component. Spontaneous transitions from activity to silence were marked by disappearance of the standing inward current and the periodic outward currents. Bath-application of OA led promptly to the disappearance of both currents, and silenced the system. OA also acted directly on both types of motor neurons to cause a hyperpolarizing outward current that would contribute to silencing the system.
Updating the Party Government data set

Scholars have identified the crucial role of government characteristics in studies of political behavior, comparative institutions, and political economy. An invaluable data source for government characteristics is the Woldendorp et al. (2000)Party Government in 48 Democracies data set. We describe our update to this data set from the late-1990s through 2011. We then present a variety of additions to the data set that are intended to increase its usage by reducing the obstacles associated with using the data in conjunction with other popular data sets. We illustrate the utility of this update by providing a variety of means of conceptualizing government stability.
Plasmaron excitation and band renormalization in a two-dimensional electron gas.

The structure of a plasmaron excitation is described for a two-dimensional electron gas at T=0 K. It is shown to lead to a staircaselike density of states with three steps. The band renormalization is then calculated by taking the imaginary part of the self-energy fully into account. The renormalization of the chemical potential is shown to be smaller than that of the edge of the density of states. The quasiparticle energy dispersion is strongly nonparabolic but the renormalization of the effective mass at the Fermi surface is found to be well approximated by the widely used lowest-order approximation.
The Effect of National Context on Perceptions of Risk: A Comparison of Planned Versus Free-Market Managers

A model is developed to explain the effect of national context on risk-related decisions. An essential feature of risk-related decisions is substantial uncertainty, or inadequate information, as well as significant consequences regarding future outcomes. We argue that differences in information flows and consequences across national institutional environments affect the perceived uncertainty of decision situations. For this reason, the institutional environment in which managers reside should play a fundamental and systematic role in influencing their perceptions of risk. We test our model on managers from two environments that contrast in terms of information and consequences related to risk, a free-market economy (the U.S.) and a centrally planned economy (the Czech Republic in 1992). Our results indicate that the institutional environment does indeed play a strong and systematic role in explaining managers’ risk-related decisions. Thus, national environment appears to be an important contextual condition to which the propensity to take risks is sensitive.
Ethanol production in a hollow fiber bioreactor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A new approach for continuous production of ethanol was developed using a Hollow fiber fermentor (HFF). Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were packed into the shell-side of a hollow fiber module. Using 100 g/l glucose in the feed gave an optimum ethanol productivity, based on total HFF volume, of 40 g ethanol/l/h at a dilution rate of 3.0 h-1. Under these conditions, glucose utilization was 30%. However, at 85% glucose utilization the productivity was 10 g ethanol/l/h. This compares to batch fermentor productivity of 2.1 g ethanol/l/h at 100% glucose utilization.
IFRS and U.S. GAAP: Assessing the impact of reporting incentives on firm restatements in foreign and U.S. markets

Abstract This study examines the impact of reporting incentives on firm restatements in foreign and U.S. markets. We investigate whether financial reporting, using International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) results in quality disclosures, given differences in institutional and market forces. This study examines the quality of financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP by concentrating on firm restatements as a measure of earnings management. Our results indicate that there is no significant difference in the value of restatements due to differences in accounting standards when the rule of law is high in the international market. Furthermore, firms with better law enforcement and higher traditions of law and order, tend to have smaller restatement amounts or less earnings manipulation. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence of the quality of financial information prepared under IFRS and its dependency on the institutional factors and market forces of a country.
Use of Integrated Day-Long Stagnation Temperature for Measuring Changes in Solar Collector Materials Properties

Measurements of the maximum temperatures reached by solar-energy-absorbing surfaces provide a useful method for detecting possible degradation in the optical and heat transfer properties of materials used in collectors. This investigation shows that a method based on integrating the absorber temperature rise over ambient and solar irradiation on a daily basis has advantages over alternative test methods based on steady-state measurements of either absorber stagnation temperature or collector thermal efficiency. A nonsteady-state analytical model is developed and used to evaluate the sensitivity of the proposed test method to material degradation and environmental effects. Outdoor data are presented to validate the analytical model and depict typical results that can be expected using the test procedure.
Stigma: the hidden burden of infertility.

Infertility is experienced by 5 million U.S. couples, some of whom perceive it a stigmatizing condition. Recent technological innovations have created a multitude of medical interventions for those infertile individuals who can financially afford them. For some infertile women, those interventions also transform infertility from a private pain to a public, prolonged crisis. Our research focuses on 25 U.S. women who sought medical treatment for infertility and describes their perception of the stigma associated with infertility. We apply a critical, feminist perspective to our analysis of the women's lived experiences within the social and medical contexts in which they occur.
Self‐Recording of Everyday Life Events: Origins, Types, and Uses

IABSTRACT In this article we review the history of the scientific use of * self-recording and conclude that there are three basic methods: (a) intervalcontingent, in which respondents report on their experiences at regular intervals, (i>) signal-contingent, in which respondents report when signaled, and (c) event-contingent, in which respondents report whenever a defined event occurs. We then discuss the relative merits of these techniques for answering different questions. Finally, we note that self-recording of small events is a departure from the science of psychology as typically practiced, requiring an acceptance of reality as defined by respondents. History is always informative, usually fascinating, and often useful. Accordingly, our first inclination when researching a topic is to look to the past. In this article, we are concerned with the history of the selfrecording of everyday life events. Our use of the term "self-recording of everyday life events" refers to the ongoing recording of any kind of personal experience. One-time measures such as personality and attitude questionnaires and projective tests, meant to measure enduring characteristics, are not included. The use of these self-recording methods has increased significantly since the last half of the 1970s (Larsen, 1990). Although such methods have been largely ignored in the literature, new treatments of research methodology will have to be considered incom
Breaking the imaging symmetry in negative refraction lenses

Optical lenses are pervasive in various areas of sciences and technologies. It is well known that conventional lenses have symmetrical imaging properties along forward and backward directions. In this letter, we show that hyperbolic plasmonic metamaterial based negative refraction lenses perform as either converging lenses or diverging lenses depending on the illumination directions. New imaging equations and properties that are different from those of all the existing optical lenses are also presented. These new imaging properties, including symmetry breaking as well as the super resolving power, significantly expand the horizon of imaging optics and optical system design.
Strangler fig-host associations in roadside and deciduous forest sites, South India

Understanding the regeneration niche of animal- dispersed epiphytes is important in understanding forest community structure, maintenance of species richness in plant communities, animal movements and distributions, and in managing plant and animal communities for conservation. Strangler figs are particularly interesting for studying epiphyte-host relations because they are hemi- epiphytes, implying that strangler and host can potentially belong to the same species and either fuse together or strangle each other, and because all stranglers have many-seeded, animal-dispersed fruit, providing many opportunities for seed dispersal to other stranglers. A study was conducted at a roadside and at a forest site in Karnataka State, south India, to determine factors influencing host choice of strangler figs. Stranglers were found more frequently at the roadside site than at the forest site. At the roadside site, stranglers were found much more abundantly on Ficus hosts than on non-Ficus hosts, whereas at the forest site, stranglers were found more abundantly on non- Ficus hosts. Host tree species with animal-dispersed fruit bore significantly more stranglers than those with mechanically dispersed fruit. More stranglers were found on hosts in large d.b.h. size classes (>80 cm d.b.h.) than on those in small d.b.h. classes. Prior studies of strangler-host relations have never found stranglers growing on other stranglers. The results of this study suggest that stranglers are fully capable of regenerating on other stranglers, including conspecifics, but these regeneration events are not observed in forests because of relatively low strangler seed rain, due to lack of clumping of strangler hosts, and low insolation in these habitats.
Prisoners, Prison, and Religion: Religion and Adjustment to Prison.

SUMMARY During the twentieth century there has been much speculation by scholars in the United States about the relationship between religion and prisoners. In spite of the fact that both religion and the prison have been subjected to considerable study, we know little about religion in prison, particularly as it relates to the psychological adjustment of offenders to the prison environment and reduction in problematic behaviors such as disciplinary infractions. Applying a survey methodology which incorporates a recently developed scale of religiousness (the first to be developed with the assistance of inmates specifically for use with inmates) and a previously developed scale of inmate adjustment to prison, this study explores the relationship between inmate religiousness and adjustment to prison and the number of disciplinary confinements they receive. A self-report questionnaire was administered to a non-random sample of 769 inmates in 20 prisons from 12 states in order to determine if an inmate's reli...
Chimneys, towers and masts

This article describes the particular problems associated with the design and analysis of chimneys, towers and guyed masts. Procedures for the analysis under wind action are described and the treatment of aerodynamic stability outlined. Safety aspects are discussed, including how they are treated in the draft Eurocode, for both ultimate and fatigue limit states.
Covalent modification of amino acid nucleophiles by the lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal.

Lipid peroxidation yields the aldehydes 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and 4-oxononenal (4ONE). Protein adduction by 4HNE is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Currently, the reactivity of 4ONE toward proteins is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify amino acids that react with 4HNE and 4ONE, characterize the chemical structure of the adduct, and determine the preference for amino acid modification. Model peptides containing one or more nucleophilic residues (i.e., Arg, Cys, His, Met, and Lys) were reacted with 4HNE and 4ONE and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Post-source decay analysis was used to confirm peptide modification. The bimolecular rate constant for adduction of amino acids and peptides by 4HNE and 4ONE was measured. Results of this work indicate that Cys, His, and Lys are modified by 4HNE and 4ONE. In addition, Arg was adducted by 4ONE. The predominant adduct resulting from modification of peptides by 4HNE or 4ON...
Studies on the structure--activity relationship among aliphatic and aromatic bisguanylhydrazones and some related compounds.

A total of 18 compounds consisting of 7 alphatic and 7 aromatic bis(guanylhydrazones), p-quinone-bis(guanylhydrazone), one monoguanylhydrazone, one diamidine and one diguanidine were studied spectrophotometrically to determine their ability to interact with native calf-thymus DNA and the possible correlation of binding with biological activity. In each case, the ability of a compound to bind to DNA correlate with its ability to inhibit the activity of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) extracted from mouse leukemia L1210 cells. For example, all the aromatic bis-guanylhydrazones and diamidine (hydroxystilbamidine), which were good inhibitors of the enzyme activity, showed a biphasic interaction with DNA. All the aliphatic compounds displayed no detectable interaction with DNA in the Tris buffer used, and were also poor inhibitors of the polymerase activity. Interaction of decamethylene diguanide (Synthalin with DNA could not be determined because the compound does not absorb light in the UV-VIS region. However, in similarity with other aliphatic compounds, this agent was a poor inhibitor of DNA polymerase reduction. The p-quinone-bis(guanyl-hydrazone) and p-phenylbenzaldehyde-monoguanylhydrazone showed only a monophasic interaction with DNA and caused an intermediate inhibition of the enzyme activity. When tested for possible anti-leukemic activity against i.p. L1210 leukemia in syngeneic DBA/2J mice, all the aromatic bis-guanylhydrazones as well as hydroxystilbamidine caused prolongation of survival of tumor-bearing mice. Among the aliphatic bisguanylhydrazones, all of which showed no binding to DNA and caused at the most only a very slight inhibition of DNA polymerase, only methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (CH3--G) had antileukemic activity. Synthalin also inhibited leukemia growth. Evidences presented indicate that the mechanisms of action of aliphatic and aromatic bisguanylhydrazones may be quite different. Furthermore, the ability to bind to DNA may be a useful criterion to predict the antileukemic activity of aromatic guanylhydrazones and possibly other aromatic-bis-cationic compounds, but not that of aliphatic congeners.
Mechanisms of Change in a Cognitive Behavioral Couples Prevention Program: Does Being Naughty or Nice Matter?

Although there is a body of evidence suggesting beneficial effects of premarital prevention, little research directly examines the mechanisms of effect. One study that examined changes in communication following training in the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) found that, although couples made the expected communication gains pre to post PREP, female gains in positive communication were paradoxically associated with worse, not better, outcomes (Schilling et al., J. Fam. Psychol. 17(1):41-53, 2003). Using two samples, the current investigation did not yield evidence of such an association. We discuss issues related to replication studies (e.g., failure to reject null hypotheses), challenges in analyzing and interpreting dyadic data, and implications for prevention.
Photochemistry of Methane in the Earth's Early Atmosphere

The photochemical behavior of methane in the early terrestrial atmosphere is investigated with a detailed model in order to determine how much CH4 might have been present and what types of higher hydroocarbons could have been formed. It is found that any primordial methane accumulated during the course of earth accretion would have been dissipated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere in a geologically short period of time after the segregation of the core. Abiotic sources of methane are not likely to have been large enough to sustain CH4 mixing ratios as high as 10 to the -6th, the threshold for a possible methane greenhouse, with a CO-rich atmosphere being a possible exception. After the origin of life an increasing biogenic source of methane may have driven CH4 mixing ratios well above 10 to the 6th. The rise of atmospheric oxygen in the early Proterozoic may have led to a more rapid photochemical destruction of methane, lowering the mixing ratio to its present value.
On the membrane approximation in isothermal film casting

In this work, a one-dimensional model for isothermal film casting is studied. Film casting is an important engineering process to manufacture thin films and sheets from a highly viscous polymer melt. The model equations account for variations in film width and film thickness, and arise from thinness and kinematic assumptions for the free liquid film. The first aspect of our study is a rigorous discussion of the existence and uniqueness of stationary solutions. This objective is approached via the argument principle, exploiting the homotopy invariance of a family of analytic functions. As our second objective, we analyze the linearization of the governing equations about stationary solutions. It is shown that solutions for the associated boundary-initial value problem are given by a strongly continuous semigroup of bounded linear operators. To reach this result, we cast the relevant Cauchy problem in a more accessible form. These transformed equations allow us insight into the regularity of the semigroup, thus yielding the validity of the spectral mapping theorem for the semigroup and the spectrally determined growth property.
Photon emission from 511 keV gamma rays incident on BaF2 and LaF3:Nd3+ crystals using a cesium iodide photocathode detector

Abstract We have studied the possibility of using BaF2 and LaF3 doped with Nd3+, concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 15 mol% as efficient converters of 511 keV gamma rays. We have measured the number of photoelectrons/MeV for both crystals using a parallel-plate avalanche chamber operating with a CsI photocathode. The photocathode is sensitive to wavelengths in the range 160–220 nm. The fast component of the BaF2 emission spectrum has peaks at roughly 175, 195 and 200 nm, and the LaF3:Nd3+ emission spectrum peaks at 173 nm. We measure 3.71 ± 0.04 ± 1.11 photoelectrons/MeV for the BaF2 and 4.81 ± 0.04 ± 1.44 photoelectrons/MeV for the LaF3:Nd3−. The results for BaF2 and LaF3:Nd3+ are consistent with measured scintillation properties of these crystals and CsI photocathode quantum efficiencies.
Velocity dependent OBEP and nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shift in the born approximation

Abstract Relativistic OBEP containing important velocity dependent terms in the Schrodinger-Pauli limit are treated in the Born approximation. The N-N elastic scattering phase shifts are calculated and the results are compared with exact calculations of the phase shifts. It is found that the Born approximation can be relied upon for D and higher waves and gives reasonable trends for the P-waves. Two methods of treating the velocity dependence in the Born approximation are discussed. It is shown that direct Born approximation treatment of velocity-dependent potentials is valid when the effective mass method breaks down. Three different OBEP arising from different treatments of a vector meson field are studied in detail and are found to give similar results for D-waves and higher but differ significantly in the 1 P 0 phase shift.
Risk factors for complications following pediatric epikeratoplasty

We studied the prevalence and types of complications that occurred in children treated with epikeratoplasty to identify risk factors. A review of the clinical records of 88 consecutive patients (106 eyes; 114 procedures) revealed that no complications occurred in 58 grafts (54%). Refractive complications (refractive error greater than 3.00 diopters spherical equivalent from emmetropia or astigmatism greater than 3.00 diopters) occurred in 30 eyes (28%). Medical complications occurred in 22 eyes (19%); these included epithelial defects (14 grafts), interface opacities (six grafts), graft vascularization (eight grafts), graft infection (two grafts), graft necrosis (five grafts), graft haziness (four grafts) or opacification (11 grafts), and graft dehiscence (three grafts). Eleven grafts (10%) were removed and five eyes received new grafts. Epikeratoplasty in children will be more successful if risk factors such as patient age less than one year, microcornea, corneal endothelial cell dysfunction, mental retardation, and combining the procedure with cataract surgery are avoided.
MODELING NONLINEAR ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF UNBOUND GRANULAR BASES USING MICROSTRUCTURE DISTRIBUTION TENSORS

The resilient properties of unbound aggregate bases are important parameters in the design of asphalt pavements. Previous studies have shown that these resilient properties exhibit nonlinear and tr...
Finding the way through intermolecular forces. Perspective on “Permanent and induced molecular moments and long-range intermolecular forces”

This is an overview of the title paper by A.D. Buckingham and a description of its impact and of many of the developments that it fostered.
Relationship between oxygen tension, coronary vasodilation and prostaglandin biosynthesis in the isolated rabbit heart.

Abstract In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, coronary vasodilation, produced by reduced oxygen tension seems to be independent of myocardial prostaglandin biosynthesis. a) Anoxia (N 2 : CO 2 95: 5%) produced coronary vasodilation without causing prostaglandin-like substance (PLS) biosynthesis and release; b) the decrease in coronary resistance during hypoxia (N 2 :O 2 :CO 2 — 80:15:5 %) was sustained during myocardial perfusion with the low oxygen media despite the transitory nature of its PLS release; and c) indomethacin, which abolished basal or ADP stimulated myocardial PLS release, did not abolish the coronary vasodilation produced by ischemia, hypoxia, or anoxia.
Evolution of GPS technology and its subsequent use in commercial markets

The global positioning system (GPS) is not something that the average person thinks about and how it has affected our civilisation. In many of the systems it is used in, people don't think of it as the primary technology being used for the task at hand. It is a technology that has been taken for granted. Yet, without this technology, many of society's activities would be disrupted in some way. In this paper, the beginnings of GPS are traced while also exploring how it has embedded itself into a wide range of today's products. We will see how companies found new markets for their products with this technology and how this technology has displaced other technologies and practices. We also learn about the firms that found ways to use this technology. What were some of the problems they faced? Were they successful in integrating the technology into their products? Which companies failed to see the value of the technology and how were they affected?
The treatment of depression occurring in the context of marital discord

Eight couples in which the wife met criteria for major affective disorder, unipolar type (DSM III 296.2 or 296.3) with no psychotic features, and also presented marital discord as a major problem were randomly assigned to conjoint behavioral marital therapy, individual cognitive therapy, or a wait-list control condition. Symptoms of depression and marital discord were assessed biweekly. Wives receiving behavioral marital therapy or individual cognitive therapy showed clinically significant reductions in depressive symptomatology. Wives receiving behavioral marital therapy showed clinically significant reduction in marital discord but this was not generally true for wives receiving individual cognitive therapy. Both treatments were perceived positively by participants. Although the results must be viewed as preliminary, marital therapy shows considerable promise of alleviating depression as well as reducing marital discord.
Defoliation induces root exudation and triggers positive rhizospheric feedbacks in a temperate grassland

Abstract The facilitating effect of the exudation of carbon (C) compounds from roots on rhizospheric processes has been shown in controlled experiments; however, it still remains unclear how important this pathway of C from plants to the soil may be in energy and nutrient processes in grazed grasslands under natural conditions. Root exudation may be a particularly important C pathway in grazed grasslands and help promote positive feedbacks between large herbivores and plants. In this study we performed a 13C pulse-chase experiment on plots that were clipped or left unclipped in a mesic grassland in Yellowstone National Park. The dominant grass species in the plots was Poa pratensis and it was used to measure the effect of defoliation on root C exudation, the rhizospheric microbial community, and feedbacks on plant nutrient uptake over a time period of 24–72 h. Defoliation stimulated C exudation from roots by 1.5-fold, which concomitantly increased rhizospheric microbial biomass by the same factor. The facilitating effects of defoliation on rhizospheric processes resulted in positive feedback on soil inorganic N pools and leaf N content, which increased by 1.2- and 1.5-fold respectively. Changes in soil inorganic N pools during the experiment indicated that the effect of the C flush on the rhizospheric decomposer community of defoliated plants resulted in a 5-fold increase in rhizospheric daily net N mineralization rate. These findings demonstrate that in a natural grassland community defoliation-induced stimulation of C exudation stimulates rhizospheric N-mineralization which ultimately benefits defoliated plants. The results also indicate the important role that short-term root–rhizospheric microbe interactions play in the C and N processes in grazed grasslands.
Development of a Curved Hopkinson Bar for Long Wavelength Impact Events

A study of the feasibility of using a curved Hopkinson bar for the measurement of impact load and energy transmission is presented. The length requirements of straight prismatic bars commonly used to measure long wavelength impact events are often prohibitive, and the use of curved bars can result in a significant increase in wavelength capabilities while reducing the overall size of the measurement apparatus. The ABAQUS/Explicit finite element analysis (FEA) program is used to model steel bars of circular cross section bent with various bend radii and at various bend angles ranging from 15 to 180 degrees. A uniform compressive pressure pulse of known amplitude and wavelength is applied to the FEA models and the wave propagation behavior predicted by ABAQUS/Explicit is then compared to the response predicted by the theory of wave propagation in curved bars and experiments performed using curved bars. The numerical results show good agreement with the theoretical and experimental results. Significant distortion of the incident wave as it travels around the bend results in a transmitted pulse that is not characteristic of the input pulse, particularly at larger bend angles and long wavelengths. The energy transmitted around the bend radius contains only a fraction of the initial impact energy due to large reflections that develop at the bend radius, and this loss increases significantly at larger bend angles and smaller bend radii. However, the transmitted energy can be used to predict the incident energy at a variety of bend angles and bend radii. A curved carbon steel Hopkinson bar is fabricated with a bend angle of 180 degrees and instrumented with strain gauges to monitor the wave propagation within the bar at several locations resulting from a compressive impact pulse. The experimental results agree well with the results predicted using explicit dynamic FEA. The results of this study indicate that a curved Hopkinson bar can be used to predict the impact energy applied to the incident end of the bar using the measurement of the energy transmitted around the bend in the bar. The overall length of the curved Hopkinson bar apparatus can be significantly less than a comparable straight bar apparatus.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Role of Climate Variability in Modulating the Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction over the Southeast United States

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of the role of climatic variability on interannual groundwater and streamflow variability in the southeast United States. For this purpose, streamflow and associated groundwater levels are analyzed for 20 basins that are minimally affected by reservoirs and groundwater pumping. Using the spatially averaged monthly precipitation time series obtained from the Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), this paper identifies the recharge and discharge periods that influence the groundwater levels during the winter [January, February, March (JFM)] and summer [July, August, September (JAS)] seasons. Recharge-discharge dependency analyses indicate that precipitation during the previous 3 months influences the groundwater level in a given month. Streamflow in any given month depends on the groundwater level during the previous 3 months. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the precipitation, temperature, streamflow, and groundwater data i...
Stars, Diamonds, and Other Shiny Things: The Use of Expert and Consumer Feedback in the Hotel Industry

Abstract Over the past few years, researchers have studied the topic of online consumer feedback. Most of these studies focus on consumer decision making, and managing a hotel's image. Consequently, more research could explore consumer-generated feedback from the viewpoint of hotel operations and service quality improvement. The present research explored the ways in which hotel General Managers use feedback from consumers (namely online), experts, and internal sources to improve service quality. A combination of a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews were utilized. The study targeted General Managers of upscale hotels. Quantitative data was analyzed using multiple and simple regression analysis, correlations, and ANOVA. Results demonstrate that General Managers pay unequal amounts of time and effort to evaluating the various types of feedback. Furthermore, there were also significant differences in the perceived reliability of each source. The present research discovered a strong link between customer satisfaction survey scores and online reviews, as reported by General Managers. The reviews of consumers and experts also displayed significant relationships.
The Roles of Vitamin A in the Regulation of Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism

Currently, two-thirds of American adults are overweight or obese. This high prevalence of overweight/obesity negatively affects the health of the population, as obese individuals tend to develop several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Due to obesity’s impact on health, medical costs, and longevity, the rise in the number of obese people has become a public health concern. Both genetic and environmental/dietary factors play a role in the development of metabolic diseases. Intuitively, it seems to be obvious to link over-nutrition to the development of obesity and other metabolic diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Dietary nutrients not only provide energy derived from macronutrients, but also factors such as micronutrients with regulatory roles. How micronutrients, such as vitamin A (VA; retinol), regulate macronutrient homeostasis is still an ongoing research topic. As an essential micronutrient, VA plays a key role in the general health of an individual. This review summarizes recent research progress regarding VA’s role in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Due to the large amount of information regarding VA functions, this review focusses on metabolism in metabolic active organs and tissues. Additionally, some perspectives for future studies will be provided.
Initial experience with laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.

Abstract Background: Advances in laparoscopic instruments and video technology have made laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) feasible. We report our initial experience with this technique. Methods: A retrospective review of 30 open donor nephrectomies and our first 30 LDNs was performed to assess donor and recipient outcome and resource usage. Results: LDN was successfully completed in 26 donors (87%). The increased operative time and costs were balanced by less postoperative pain, earlier discharge, earlier return to normal activity and work, fewer incision problems, and less personal financial loss. Recipient outcome was not affected. Conclusion: LDN is technically feasible and safe, and recipient graft outcomes are equivalent. Convalescence is shortened, and there is less personal financial loss. LDN offers significant benefit to the donor and may result in increased organ donation. (Surgery 1999:126:603-07.)
Effects of stocking density and food density on survival, growth and yield of laboratory-reared larvae of sea bream Archosargus rhomboidalis (L.) (Sparidae)*

Growth and survival of sea bream, Archosargus rhomboidalis (L.) larvae were affected by both abundance of eggs that were initially stocked in 75 1 rearing systems and by the concentration of copepod nauplii and copepodites that were fed to larvae. Stocking levels were 2, 4, 8,16 or 32 per litre while food abundance was maintained at approximately 100, 500, 1500 or 3000 per litre. Experiments were of 16 days duration at 26° C. Survival was best, often exceeding 60%, when food levels were 1500 or 3000 per litre and when stocking density did not exceed 8 eggs per litre. Growth was best at the lowest stocking densities and highest food levels. The highest total yields in wet weight occurred at 8 per litre stock density and 3000 per litre food level. Mean wet weight per survivor and yield per stocked egg were greatest at the lowest stocking densities and highest food levels. A 500 per litre food level was marginal for growth and survival, and 100 per litre produced significant survival only at the 2 per litre stocking density. Two experiments at 6000 and 10 000 per litre food levels at 4 per litre stock density gave the best observed growth, and survival as good as in any other experiments. Possible relations between sea bream larvae and their food supply in the natural environment are discussed. Results also are discussed in terms of their possible contribution to aquaculture efforts.
Timing of single daily meal influences relations among human circadian rhythms in urinary cyclic AMP and hemic glucagon, insulin and iron.

Relations among circadian rhythms in serum iron, glucagon and insulin and urinary cyclic AMP excretion differ drastically when diurnally active, nocturnally resting human adults consume all daily food for one week as breakfast only and for another week as dinner only—a finding of interest to diverse fields, e.g., for optimizing certain kinds of therapy or for a better utilization of calories.