cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indoor Geolocation System Operational Test Results

: Over the past 2 years, the United States Coast Guard Academy has been developing an indoor, spread spectrum geolocation system to track personnel inside buildings under a project funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Small Unit Operations Geolocation program. The system has evolved from a single time difference (TD) engineering testbed to a fully functional, six-receiver geolocation system. A hand-held transmitter is carried by the soldier. Six wideband receiver antennas are placed outside the structure with GPS one-pulse-per-second and a reference transmitter supplying sampling time synchronization to all the receivers. In tests, a solution converged every 1 s over the 3,000 samples taken at 28 different points throughout the test area, while 90 percent of the fixes fell within an error circle radius of 2.86 m. The live demonstration of the system reflected its ability to track the individual during a hostage recovery scenario.
Multidimensional intermittency in hadronic collisions

The study of intermittency in high-energy hadronic collisions by the Monte Carlo code ECCO is extended to three-dimensional phase space. Strong intermittency is found in agreement with the data. Fluctuation in the impact parameter is responsible for the intermittency in $\mathrm{ln}{p}_{T}$, and the transverse-momentum conservation leads to negative intermittency slopes in the azimuthal angle $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. The Ochs-Wosiek plots are linear in all dimensions having universal slopes. An exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.448$ emerges to characterize multiparticle production in $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions. The properties of $G$ moments are also examined, and the fractal dimensions determined.
Phase equilibria in natural gas, crude oil and coal liquid mixtures

Abstract The phase behavior of undefined and complex fluid mixtures has been investigated using the methods of continuous thermodynamics. In particular, an equation of state model using the boiling point and specific gravity as two continuously distributed characterization variables has been developed for high pressure phase equilibrium calculations. Dew points and phase densities of natural gas condensates, crude oils and coal liquids were predicted with excellent results. The results were compared with those obtained using a semi-continuous activity coefficient approach based on the regular solution theory.
Surgical treatment of lung cancer in patients with human immunodeficiency virus

Background. Since January 1986, more than 20 patients have been seen at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center and the Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection and bronchogenic carcinoma. Four of these patients were treated surgically with curative intent. Methods. The histories, records, operative reports, and pathology reports of the 4 patients were reviewed. Results. The 4 surgically treated patients had stage I T1 N0 M0 lung cancer. Three patients had T4 cell counts of less than 200/ μ L and were managed by lobectomy. These patients died 5, 3 1/2, and 5 months postoperatively. More recently, a fourth patient had a T4 cell count of 963/ μ L and was treated with wedge resection. He is currently alive 12 months postoperatively. Conclusions. It is concluded that surgically treated patients with lung cancer, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and T4 cell counts lower than 200/ μ L have high mortality and morbidity. Although it may be best to base surgical intervention on the stage of the patient's human immunodeficiency virus infection, further analysis is essential to determine which subgroup of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients, if any, would benefit from surgical treatment of lung cancer.
Predicting the nonlinear shift of stable equilibria in interlimb rhythmic coordination

Abstract A major prediction of the elementary coordination dynamics of two contralateral limb segments in 1:1 frequency locking was tested. A shift in stable steady-state relative phase φ from 0 and π radians is induced by a difference Δω in the uncoupled frequencies of the segments. The elementary coordination dynamics, an order parameter equation in φ, predicts that equilibrium shift will be a third-order polynomial function of Δω with a cubic coefficient that is 1. (a) positive when the control parameter is constant 2. (b) negative when the control parameter decreases with Δω. The prediction was confirmed in an experiment that manipulated Δω through differential loadings and the control parameter through coupled frequency. Implications for the dynamical modelling of coordination were discussed.
Entropy-based optimal sensor location for structural damage detection

A statistical methodology is presented for optimally locating the sensors in a structure for the purpose of extracting from the measured data the most information about the parameters of the model used to represent structural behavior. The methodology can be used in model updating and in damage detection and localization. It properly handles the unavoidable uncertainties in the measured data as well as the model uncertainties. The optimality criterion for the sensor locations is based on information entropy which is a unique measure of the uncertainty in the model parameters. The uncertainty in these parameters is computed by the Bayesian statistical methodology and then the entropy measure is minimized over the set of possible sensor configurations using a genetic algorithm. The information entropy measure is also extended to handle large uncertainties expected in the pre-test nominal model of a structure. In experimental design, the proposed entropy-based methodology provides a rational procedure for comparing and evaluating the benefits of adding more sensors in the structure against the benefits of exciting and observing (measuring) more modes using the existing number of sensors. Simplified models for building and bridge structures are used to illustrate the methodology.
Local Social Ties and Willingness to Intervene: Textured Views Among Violent Urban Youth of Neighborhood Social Control Dynamics and Situations

Social control in urban neighborhoods has been studied for over a century in America, yet our understanding of the dynamic nature of social relations for exerting informal social control remains limited. The present study uses detailed reports from those most likely to be the target of local control efforts—violent youth in extremely disadvantaged urban locations—to re‐examine two features of this work: variations across different hypothetical scenarios widely used in this research, and connections between local ties and intervention type and likelihood in actual events. In‐depth qualitative interviews from 159 violent males aged 16–24 from two distressed New York City neighborhoods identify ways in which responses to commonly used scenarios of informal social control are age‐ and space‐graded. Reports on the transactional nature of social control in violent events show how local ties may undermine, rather than support, social control processes. It would appear that we need to consider more carefully gene...
The Brownings and Their Contemporaries

What justification is there for the publication of the works under review in this essay? According to Francis G. Townsend, a leading authority on Ruskin, "By 1964 one might well have asked if there was any point in examining more letters by and about Ruskin. We al ready knew more about him and his relatives and friends than we do about most Victorians." Thomas J. Collins begins his Introduction to The Brownings to the Tennysons with the observation that "Robert Browning wrote so many letters that one wonders, with some justice, when he found time to write poetry." Elizabeth Barrett Browning's correspondence was so voluminous it is evident that letter-writing brought as much relief from her many ailments [161]
Pill-induced esophageal strictures: clinical features and risk factors for development.

Clinical data from five subjects with pill-induced esophageal strictures and from the English-language literature on pill-induced esophageal damage were reviewed to determine risk factors for stricture development and to characterize this complication. Including our five cases, 195 patients with pill-induced damage and 39 patients with pill-induced strictures have been reported to date. Seventy-eight percent of the strictures were located in the proximal or mid-esophagus. Potassium chloride or quinidine preparations were incriminated in 60% of cases and were more likely to produce stricture than other medications commonly associated with esophageal damage (e.g., tetracycline). Older age, male gender, left atrial enlargement, ingestion of sustained-release formulations, and prior esophageal structural abnormality were all more commonly present in the subset with strictures (p less than 0.05 for each), even after appropriately controlling for medication. A logistic regression analysis revealed that older age and ingestion of sustained-release formulations were the most significant independent factors associated with stricture development (p less than 0.0001 for each). These findings indicate that stricture formation from pill-induced esophageal damage is dependent upon host-related factors as well as the caustic nature of the pill.
Weightbearing Versus Nonweightbearing After Meniscus Repair.

Context:Optimal rehabilitation after meniscal repair remains controversial.Objective:To review the current literature on weightbearing status after meniscal repairs and to provide evidence-based recommendations for postoperative rehabilitation.Data Sources:MEDLINE (January 1, 1993 to July 1, 2014) and Embase (January 1, 1993 to July 1, 2014) were queried with use of the terms meniscus OR/AND repair AND rehabilitation.Study Selection:Included studies were those with levels of evidence 1 through 4, with minimum 2 years follow-up and in an English publication.Study Design:Systematic review.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Data Extraction:Demographics and clinical and radiographic outcomes of meniscus repair at a minimum of 2 years follow-up were extracted.Results:Successful clinical outcomes ranged from 70% to 94% with conservative rehabilitation. More recent studies using an accelerated rehabilitation protocol with full weightbearing and early range of motion reported 64% to 96% good results.Conclusion:Outcomes af...
Testing a Covariotide Model of DNA Substitution

The concomitantly variable codons hypothesis of DNA substitution argues that at any time only a fraction of the codons in a gene are capable of accepting a mutation. However, as mutations are fixed at some positions in a gene, the sites that are potentially variable also change because of changed functional constraints. This hypothesis has been termed the "covarion" hypothesis or when the model is applied to nucleotides, the "covariotide" hypothesis. The covarion-covariotide model has proven to be remarkably difficult to test. Here I examine a covariotide hypothesis for 11 genes using a likelihood ratio test. I show that in nine of the genes examined a covariotide model provides a better explanation of the data than a model that does not allow constraints to change over time.
Effects of haloperidol on anorexia induced by 1-norephedrine and d-amphetamine in adult rats ☆

Although amphetamine anorexia has been linked to activation of dopaminergic receptors within the lateral aspects of the hypothalamus, the receptor type by which phenylpropanolamine (PPA: the racemic mixture of d- and l-norephedrine) induces anorexia has not been identified. In the present experiment, separate groups of adult male rats were pretreated (IP) with either 0.9% saline or haloperidol (either 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg) 45 minutes prior to treatment (IP) with either saline or 20 mg/kg l-NEP (the active enantiomer of PPA) and were then allowed 180 minutes access to food and water. Treatment with 20 mg/kg l-NEP induced comparable reductions in food intake of approximately 30% in rats pretreated with either dose of haloperidol or saline. In a sub-experiment, it was demonstrated that 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate reduced food intake by 25%, but this anorexic action was completely attenuated by 0.8 mg/kg haloperidol given 45 minutes prior to feeding. These results add to a growing body of literature that documents important differences between the mechanisms by which amphetamine and PPA produce their anorexic actions.
The decays$$\rho ^0 \to \mu ^ - \mu ^ + ,\pi ^ - \to \mu ^ - \bar \nu _\mu $$ and the photoproduction of vector mesonsand the photoproduction of vector mesons

On the basis ofSU6 invariance we show that the amplitudesfπ and\({{f_{\rho ^0 \gamma } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{f_{\rho ^0 \gamma } } {m_\rho ^2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {m_\rho ^2 }}\) for the\(\pi \to \mu \overline \nu \) andρ0→μ+μ− decays are connected by the relation\((\tfrac{5}{3})f_\pi (2G_\Lambda (f_{\rho ^0 \gamma } /m_\rho ^2 ))^{ - 1} = m\), whereGA is the axial vector renormalization in n → p β-decayGA=1.18,m is centralSU6 meson massm≈(600÷750) MeV andfπ and\(f_{\rho ^0 \gamma } \) are given in terms of the\(\pi \to \mu \overline \nu \) andρ0→μ+μ− decay rates in eqs. (2.1) and (2.6). We further give a «vector-meson-photon analogy» model for the processes of photoproduction of vector mesons at high energies and of high-energy Compton scattering. We find\((d\sigma /dt)_{\gamma p \to \rho p} \approx 1/300(d\sigma /dt)_{\pi p \to \pi p} \) and\((d\sigma /dt)_{\gamma p \to \gamma p} \approx (1/9 \cdot 10^4 )(d\sigma /dt)_{\pi p \to \pi p} \).
Sorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) by chelating resins: Comparison of three resins

Ion-exchange resins, especially chelating resins are used for pre-concentration of metal ions in trace analysis as well as for radiochemical separations following neutron activation of a variety of environmental samples. As part of a systematic study of the sorption characteristics of chelating resins, sorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) by three chelating resins were studied for various acid conditions in nitrate and chloride media. Both Zn(II) and Cd(II) showed similar behavior. Under higher acid conditions, maximum sorption occurred in 3M HCl solutions. Under low acid conditions, the sorption increased with pH. Chelex 100 gave the highest sorption among the three resins.
Participating on an “Equal Footing”: The Rhetorical Significance of California State Normal School in the Late Nineteenth Century

This essay examines the rhetorical education that late-nineteenth-century women received at California State Normal School. The article complicates Gregory Clark and S. Michael Halloran's claim that during the nineteenth century, rhetorical theory and practice shifted from an oratorical to a professional culture by considering how gender, class, and region affected this transformation. Building on the research of Beth Ann Rothermel, this analysis also reveals that although experimentation concerning women's gender roles occurred in the northeast, it was more sustained in the West. California women generally faced fewer gender constraints than did women in northeastern state normal schools and were provided with more opportunity to learn typically masculine discourse practices.
Treatment Outcome of Maternal Phenylketonuria

Our experience to date with 40 pregnancies in 13 women with hyperphenylalaninemia indicates that to prevent mental retardation in their children, maternal phenylalanine levels of 120–600 umol/L are needed, in addition to a newborn screening program. While treatment results to date are preliminary, it appears that the phenylalanine-restricted diet is of value and should be instituted as soon as pregnancy is planned by phenylketonuric women. There is much to be learned by study of these women and referral to a collaborating center in the National Maternal PKU Collaborative Study is recommended.
Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Two-Year Clinical Experience

Abstract Background . Interest in minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting has been increasing. Methods . From April 1994 through December 1996, 199 patients (age, 36 to 93 years) underwent minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting through minithoracotomy, subxiphoid, and lateral thoracotomy incisions, with internal mammary artery, gastroepiploic artery, and composite grafts placed using local coronary artery occlusion. Results . The conversion rate to sternotomy was 7% (14/199). Preoperative risk factors included unstable angina (n = 83), reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 54), low ejection fraction (n = 53), congestive heart failure (n = 44), renal insufficiency (n = 25), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 36), cerebrovascular accident (n = 22), and diffuse vascular disease (n = 47). Morbidity included wound infections (n = 5), reoperation for management of bleeding (n = 6) and acute graft occlusion (n = 2), perioperative stroke (n = 1), atrial fibrillation (n = 14), and perioperative myocardial infarction (n = 7). The operative mortality was 3.8% (7/185). The number of grafts placed in 185 patients was as follows: single, 156; double, 28; and triple, 1. Early (less than 36 hours) angiography and Doppler flow assessment of the coronary anastomoses in 85% of the patients showed that 92% were patent. Routine use of mechanical stabilization of the coronary artery since April 1996 was found to be associated with an increase in the patency rate of the left internal mammary artery–left anterior descending coronary artery anastomosis to 97%, versus 89% ( p = 0.055) associated with conventional immobilization techniques. Of the 148 patients followed up beyond 1 month (range, 1 to 32 months; mean, 9.2 ± 7.4 months) postoperatively, 3 have died (3 to 7 months), and of the 145 survivors the cardiac-related event (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, reoperation, readmission for recurrent angina, and congestive heart failure)–free interval was 93%. Conclusions . The minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting operation is safe and effective. Regional cardiac wall mechanical immobilization enhances the early graft patency and must be considered an essential part of this operation.
Armed by fear: Self-defense handguns and women's health

T oday’s crime wave has women looking over their shoulders at every turn; mass murderers, rapists in ski masks, robbers at automatic teller machines, car jackers, drug dealers, and drive-by shooters strike with guns bigger than ever. With 17,790 firearm homicides in the United States in 1992 alone,’ the epidemic of gun violence has become a public health issue and galvanized the nation politically. As a result, legislators passed some long-needed interventions such as Brady Law-mandated waiting periods, background checks on gun purchases, and bans on assault weapons. But at the same time, the firearm industry profits from the public fear of violence. This article first describes the gun industry’s exploitation of fear to create an enormous new female market. It then explores the real risk to women from firearm-related deaths and violent crime, and concludes that gun ownership actually increases a woman’s vulnerability to gun injuries in her home, without conferring a demonstrable protective benefit.
The relative importance of Big Five Facets in the prediction of emotional exhaustion

Abstract This study examines the influence of Big Five Factor facets on the main component of burnout: emotional exhaustion. There is a lack of research examining the predictive validity of the facets regarding emotional exhaustion. We distributed an online survey to 445 undergraduate students at a medium-size Midwestern university, with a final sample size of 345. We conducted a relative weights analysis on the facets that compose agreeableness and conscientiousness to determine their utility in predicting emotional exhaustion. The analyses showed that there was an uneven distribution of importance across the facets of the Big Five Factors.
Closed-form solution for a mode-III interfacial edge crack between two bonded dissimilar elastic strips

Abstract A closed-form solution is obtained for the problem of a mode-III interfacial edge crack between two bonded semi-infinite dissimilar elastic strips. A general out-of-plane displacement potential for the crack interacting with a screw dislocation or a line force is constructed using conformal mapping technique and existing dislocation solutions. Based on this displacement potential, the stress intensity factor (SIF, KIII) and the energy release rate (ERR, GIII) for the interfacial edge crack are obtained explicitly. It is shown that, in the limiting special cases, the obtained results coincide with the results available in the literature. The present solution can be used as the Green’s function to analyze interfacial edge cracks subjected to arbitrary anti-plane loadings. As an example, a formula is derived correcting the beam theory used in evaluation of SIF (KIII) and ERR (GIII) of bimaterials in the double cantilever beam (DCB) test configuration.
A note on the short-range order at the ferromagnetic Curie point

Abstract Ordinary thermodynamic fluctuation theory, which assumes a Gaussian fluctuation ensemble, leads to complete ordering of a Heisenberg ferromagnet at the Curie point. We show that a simple extension of the usual theory, utilizing Landau's phenomenological theory of secondorder phase transitions, remedies this difficulty. The relation of this approach to molecular field theory is discussed.
Single-crystal sapphire-based optical high-temperature sensor for harsh environments

An optical temperature-sensing instrument based on broadband polarimetric differential interferometry (BPDI) technology is developed for ultrahigh temperature measurement in chemically corrosive environments. A single-crystal sapphire disk with inherent birefringence is employed as a sensing element in this instrument. Absolute temperature information is obtained and the measurement results are relatively immune to optical source power fluctuations and transmission fiber losses. Other advantages of this sensor are its mechanical simplicity, high resolution, and great accuracy over a wide measurement range.
Cooperative binding of Drosophila heat shock factor to arrays of a conserved 5 bp unit.

Abstract Drosophila heat shock factor (HSF) exists as a multimer in solution and when bound to its regulatory element (HSE). We have previously reported evidence that subunits of HSF associate to form homotrimers and that each subunit contacts a conserved 5 by DNA sequence repeated within an HSE. Here we show that HSF binding is highly cooperative at two distinct levels: between subunits of the HSF multimer, and between multimers. The binding of HSF to one of a pair of adjacent trimeric binding sites facilitates HSF binding to the second by over 2000-fold. This cooperativity is particularly Important in binding HSF at 37°C, and could account for the requirement for multiple binding sites in vivo and, in part, for the differential expression of heat shock genes.
An assessment of the use of stabilized coal and oil ash for construction of artificial fishing reefs: Comparison of fishes observed on small ash and concrete reefs

Abstract Fishes present on small artificial reefs located 2 km off the central east coast of Florida (USA) were surveyed to determine the acceptability of using stabilized oil and coal ash residue as a component material in construction of artificial fishing reefs. Species richness was not significantly different over 2.5 yr on stabilized oil and coal ash reefs compared to concrete control reefs. Of 19 species tested for significant differences in mean abundance, lane snapper was observed at significantly higher mean abundances on fossil-fuel ash reefs (stabilized oil ash/coal fly ash), while three reef species (hairy blenny, porkfish and gray snapper) were significantly more common on concrete control reefs. Further study is needed to determine whether contaminants (Cu, V, Ni and Zn) from stabilized ash blocks can cause abundance differences for some fishes. Plausible alternate explanations for the differences in mean abundance include both interspecific interactions (competition and predation) and differences in the attraction or retention of fish among reef replicates due to slight variations in reef dimensions.
Optical properties and growth mechanism of multiple type-II Zn Te ∕ Zn Se quantum dots grown by migration-enhanced epitaxy

The properties of multiple type-II $\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Te}∕\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Se}$ quantum dots (QDs), which are coexistent with isoelectronic centers formed by Te, grown by migration-enhanced epitaxy, are studied. The samples with a single deposition cycle of Zn-Te-Zn sandwiched between ZnSe barriers are investigated via temperature- and excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL) as well as magneto-PL measurements. It is found that the PL consists of two broad bands: a ``blue'' band, which is dominant at low temperatures, and a ``green'' band, which is observed at $T\ensuremath{\ge}60\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Upon increasing the excitation intensity by about 4 orders of magnitude, the peak energy position of the blue band remains nearly the same, whereas the green band exhibits a large blueshift of $\ensuremath{\sim}50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, which suggests that the green band is due to, at least partially, the recombination of excitons bound to type-II QDs. The existence of type-II $\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Te}∕\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Se}$ QDs is further supported by the results of magneto-PL, for which the oscillation in the PL intensity as a function of magnetic field is observed. The properties of $\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Te}∕\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Se}$ QDs grown under the same $\mathrm{Zn}∕\mathrm{Te}$ flux ratio but with one and three contiguous deposition cycles of Zn-Te-Zn are compared. It is concluded that type-II QDs are formed in both types of samples; however, the density, size, and chemical composition of QDs strongly depend on the deposition of the submonolayer quantities of ZnTe.
Pseudomonas halodurans sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium

Twenty-nine (29) isolates (strains) were obtained from the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, using a synthetic seawater medium with NaCl concentrations between 0.30 and 2.65 M. All the strains were gram-negative; did not accumulate or hydrolyze poly-β-hydroxybutyrate; demonstrated ortho ring cleavage on aromatic compounds and showed the following homogeneous characteristics: utilization of substrates, antibiotic response, acid production from sugars, colony morphology, catalase and oxidase production, lack of pigmentation and flourescence; and had a mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of deoxyribonucleic acid composition of 63.2 ± 1.1 mol %. The strains demonstrated flagellated dimorphism; being motile by a singular polar flagellum at NaCl concentrations up to 0.8 M, and nonmotile and aflagellated at higher NaCl concentrations. A total of 150 biochemical, cultural, morphological, nutritional, and physiological traits were tested for the 29 strains and the type strain of six pseudomonad reference species. The 29 strains and reference strains were then compared with other reference and nonreference strains of the following genera: Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio using 125 unit characters and employing numerical taxonomy by the Jaccard (SJ) coefficient and single linkage clustering method. The 29 strains were similar at the 95% level and clustered with several known Pseudomonas strains between the 70–75% similarity level (S) but clustered separately at S greater than 75% level. A type strain has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 29686) and has been named Pseudomonas halodurans sp. nov.
The Subsequence Weight Distribution of Summed Maximum Length Digital Sequences

The statistics of the weight distribution of subsequences of digital sequences called hybrid-sum sequences, formed from the modulo-two sum of several maximum length sequences, are analyzed. The results indicate that a relation exists between the statistics of the weight distribution of the subsequences and the characteristic polynomials of the component maximum length sequences. An analysis procedure is developed for identifying a large group of sequences with good statistical properties for applications requiring the generation of analog pseudorandom noise by filtering digital sequences. Using the analysis approach, the filtering process is approximated by the convolution of the sequence with a sum of unit-step functions. The first five moments of the resulting weighttuples are used to characterize the statistics of the filtered sequence. The analysis reveals that the statistics of the signals generated with the hybrid-sum generator are potentially superior for many applications to the statistics of signals generated with single maximum length sequence generators. Furthermore, fewer calculations are required to evaluate the statistics of a large group of hybrid-sum generators than are required to evaluate the statistics of the same size group of approximately equivalent maximum length sequences. Efficient algorithms that may be used to evaluate the statistics of hybrid-sum sequences are indicated, and example calculations are given.
Fractal-mound growth of pentacene thin films

The growth mechanism of pentacene film formation on $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ substrate was investigated with a combination of atomic force microscopy measurements and numerical modeling. In addition to the diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) that has already been shown to govern the growth of the ordered pentacene thin films, it is shown here that the Schwoebel barrier effect steps in and disrupts the desired epitaxial growth for the subsequent layers, leading to mound growth. The terraces of the growing mounds have a fractal dimension of 1.6, indicating a lateral DLA shape. This growth morphology thus combines horizontal DLA-like growth with vertical mound growth.
Aerosol and cloud backscatter at 1.06, 1.54, and 0.53 mum by airborne hard-target-calibrated Nd:YAG /methane Raman lidar.

A lidar instrument was developed to make simultaneous measurements at three distinct wavelengths in the visible and near infrared at 0.532, 1.064, and 1.54 µm with high cross-sectional calibration accuracy. Aerosol and cloud backscatter cross sections were acquired during November and December 1989 and May and June 1990 by the NASA DC-8 aircraft as part of the Global Backscatter Experiment. The instrument, methodology, and measurement results are described. A Nd:YAG laser produced 1.064- and 0.532-µm energy. The 1.54-µm transmitted pulse was generated by Raman-shifted downconversion of the 1.064-µm pulse through a Raman cell pressured with methane gas. The lidar could be pointed in the nadir or zenith direction from the aircraft. A hard-target-based calibration procedure was used to obtain the ratio of the system calibration between the three wavelengths, and the absolute calibration was referenced to the 0.532-µm lidar molecular backscatter cross section for the clearest scattering regions. From the relative wavelength calibration, the aerosol backscatter cross sections at the longer wavelengths are resolved for values as small as 1% of the molecular cross section. Backscatter measurement accuracies are better than 10-9 (m sr)-1 at 1.064 and 1.54 µm. Results from the Pacific Ocean region of the multiwavelength backscatter dependence are presented. Results show extensive structure and variation for the aerosol cross sections. The range of observed aerosol cross section is over 4 orders of magnitude, from less than 10-9 (m sr)-1 to greater than 10-5 (m sr)-1.
Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety

An impressive amount of evidence from many different laboratories using a variety of experimental techniques indicates that the amygdala plays a crucial role in the acquisition, consolidation and retention or expression of conditioned fear. Electrophysiological data are beginning to detail the transmitters and inter-amygdala connections that transmit information to, within, and out of the amygdala. In general, treatments that increase the excitability of amygdala output neurons in the basolateral nucleus (for example, by decreasing opiate and GABA transmission, and increasing noradrenergic transmission) improve aversive conditioning, whereas treatments that decrease excitability of these neurons (by increasing opiate and GABA transmission, and decreasing NMDA and noradrenergic transmission) retard aversive conditioning as well as producing anxiolytic effects in appropriate animal tests. A better understanding of brain systems that inhibit the amygdala, as well as the role of its very high levels of peptides, might eventually lead to the development of more effective pharmacological strategies for treating clinical anxiety and memory disorders.
CLOSURE, LOCALITY, AND THE BOOTSTRAP.

It is argued that the pure bootstrap idea may be physically incompatible with the closure property of conventional quantum theory; a physical meaning for locality would then be precluded in a bootstrap regime.
Interacting sex and familial sinistrality characteristics influence both language lateralization and spatial ability in right handers

Abstract In 1981 McKeever and Hoff found a pattern of sex-familial sinistrality (FS)-visual field interaction on an Object Naming Latency Task. The FS — females and FS + males performed more symmetrically. Also in 1981, Hecaen, DeAgostini, and Monzon-Montes found a substantially lower incidence of aphasia following left hemisphere lesions in FS — females and FS + males. Both findings suggest a less strict left hemisphere dominance in FS — females and FS + males. We report a replication of the McKeever and Hoff findings and also evidence of a pattern of sex—FS interaction in spatial visualization ability wherein FS — females and FS + males perform better than FS + females and FS — males.
Anisotropic electron-beam damage and the collapse of carbon nanotubes

Irradiation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with the 800-keV electron beam of a transmission electron microscope induces anisotropic collapse of the nanotube. Tight-binding molecular-dynamics simulations of tube response following momentum transfer from large-angle electron-nuclear collisions reveal a strongly anisotropic threshold for atomic displacement. The theoretical displacement threshold for an impulse perpendicular to the local tangent plane of a single-walled tube is roughly half the damage threshold for impulses within the tangent plane. The electron beam preferentially damages the front and back of the nanotube, producing the observed anisotropic collapse perpendicular to the direction of the beam. The attraction of opposite faces of the inner wall then accelerates the collapse. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The synthesis and characterization of copper-based metal–organic framework/graphite oxide composites

New composites of a copper-based metal–organic framework and graphite oxide were synthesized with different ratios of HKUST-1 (also called MOF-199) and graphite oxide. These compounds, as well as the parent materials, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, sorption of nitrogen, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and sorption of hydrogen. The composites exhibit features similar to HKUST-1 as well as an increased porosity compared to the parent materials. The formation of new small pores is demonstrated by an increase in the hydrogen uptake. The results suggest that the building process of the composites occurs via the reaction/binding of the copper dimers from the HKUST-1 with/to the functional groups in graphite oxide (epoxy, carboxylic, hydroxylic, sulfonic).
Determination of a macrolide immunosuppressant indolyl-ascomycin derivative in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A method for the determination of a macrolide immunosuppressant, L-732,531, in plasma is described. Plasma samples are extracted using cyano solid phase extraction columns. The extract is analyzed by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography with a cyano column and a mobile phase of hexane/2-propanol/water (780:220:3). Detection is based on fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 276 nm and an emission wavelength of 330 nm. The limit of quantification of the assay is 1 ng/mL. The assay was validated in the concentration range of 1 – 200 ng/mL when 1 mL aliquots of plasma are extracted.
Brief paper: Circle-criterion approach to discrete-time nonlinear observer design

This paper addresses the design of discrete-time nonlinear observers through the circle criterion. The new design method is mainly devoted to either globally Lipschitz systems or bounded-state systems whose nonlinearities can be decomposed into a linear combination of positive-slope nonlinearities. The observer design is not restricted to systems with positive-slope nonlinearities, but it encompasses systems with non-positive-slope nonlinearities too. Stability conditions of the observation error are given in terms of numerically tractable linear matrix inequalities. Illustrative examples are presented in order to highlight the main features and advantages of the new proposed technique over some classical designs.
Optimization of Pb-Free Solder Joint Reliability from a Metallurgical Perspective

To obtain the desired performance of Pb-free packages in mechanical tests, while the solder composition should be carefully selected, the influence of metals dissolved from the soldering pad or under bump metallization (UBM) should also be taken into account. Dissolved metals such as Cu can alter the intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, not only at the local interface but also on the other side of the joint. The high rate of interfacial cracking of Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints on Ni/Au-plated pads is attributed to the high stiffness of the solder and the dual IMC structure of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 on Ni3Sn4 at the interface. Approaches to avoid this dual IMC structure at the interface are discussed. A rule for selecting the solder alloy composition and the pad surface materials on both sides of the joints is proposed for ball grid array (BGA) packages.
Integrative genomics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease with both environmental and genetic determinants, the most important of which is cigarette smoking. There is marked heterogeneity in the development of COPD among persons with similar cigarette smoking histories, which is likely partially explained by genetic variation. Genomic approaches such as genomewide association studies and gene expression studies have been used to discover genes and molecular pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis; however, these “first generation” omics studies have limitations. Integrative genomic studies are emerging which can combine genomic datasets to further examine the molecular underpinnings of COPD. Future research in COPD genetics will likely use network-based approaches to integrate multiple genomic data types in order to model the complex molecular interactions involved in COPD pathogenesis. This article reviews the genomic research to date and offers a vision for the future of integrative genomic research in COPD.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROOT ANATOMY OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.)

Rice plants were grown hydroponically and roots were prepared for light and electron microscopy using standard techniques. The roots are bounded by an epidermis, exodermis, and fibrous layer. The exodermis has a suberin lamella along its inner tangential wall. The fibrous layer is composed of thick-walled lignified cells with little pitting. The cortical parenchyma is compact when young, but expands and separates to form a zone of cell walls and air spaces in a spoked arrangement. Supporting columns of living parenchyma cells are occasionally present, particularly near lateral roots. The endodermis is typical for grasses with Casparian strips, suberin lamellae, and tertiary state walls with numerous pits. The pericycle and pith become sclerified. Protoxylem elements alternate with protophloem in the young root; later, early metaxylem, late metaxylem, and metaphloem proliferate. The exodermis, fibrous layer, lacunate cortex, and endodermis appear to present a formidable barrier to radial ion movement in the mature portions of the root.
Politics, parallels and perennial curriculum questions: the battle over school history in England and the United States

Abstract In both England and the United States history remains among the most controversial subjects in the school curriculum. Indeed, fiercely contested arguments over National Curriculum history in England and national standards for history in the United States graphically illustrate the enormous ideological pressures exerted on the subject in the two cultures. However, although the intense politicization of the disputes in both countries properly suggests some common experiences, the educational context these policies sought to affect are markedly different. In form and substance history teaching in the United States and England has distinctive national characteristics. Nevertheless, attention to debates over the teaching of history on both sides of the Atlantic illuminates the difficulties involved in providing a meaningful history education for young people. Furthermore, the respective national experiences offer opportunities for considered reflection on enduring and universal curriculum questions as...
SIRe: an efficient snapshot isolation-based memory model for detecting and tolerating region conflicts

A strong memory model, such as region serializability, helps programmers reason about programs in the granularity of synchronization free regions and allows compiler and hardware to more freely reorder accesses. However, providing region serializability usually is expensive in software or requires custom hardware. We introduce a new approach to support a memory model that guarantees write-atomicity and a consistent snapshot view to reads in a synchronization free region by tolerating the majority region-conflicts caused by write-write and write-read conflicts and freezes the program state if a read-write conflict violates the memory model.
RENEWAL OF GLYCEROL IN THE VISUAL CELLS AND PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF THE FROG RETINA

The renewal of glycerol in the visual cells and pigment epithelium of the frog retina was studied by autoradiographic analysis of animals injected with [2-3H]glycerol. Assay of chloroform:methanol extracts showed that the labeled precursor was used mainly in lipid synthesis, although there was also some utilization in the formation of protein. Radioactive glycerol was initially concentrated in the myoid portion of rods and cones, indicating that this is the site of phospholipid synthesis in visual cells. The glycogen bodies (paraboloids) of accessory cones were also heavily labeled, suggesting the diversion of some glycerol into glycogenic pathways. In the pigment epithelium, only the oil droplets became significantly radioactive. The outer plexiform layer (which contains the visual cell synaptic bodies) and the cone oil droplets gradually accumulated considerable amounts of labeled material. Within 1–4 h, labeled molecules began to appear in the visual cell outer segments, evidently having been transported there from the myoid portion of the inner segment. Most of these were phospholipid molecules which became distributed throughout the outer segments, presumably replacing comparable constituents in existing membranes. In rods only, there was also an aggregation of labeled material at the base of the outer segment due to membrane biogenesis. These highly radioactive membranes, containing labeled molecules of lipid and protein, were subsequently displaced along the rod outer segments due to repeated membrane assembly at the base. The distribution of radioactivity supported the conclusion that membrane renewal by molecular replacement is more rapid for lipid than it is for protein.
Scalable Effort Hardware Design

Applications from several application domains exhibit the property of inherent application resilience, offering entirely new avenues for performance and power optimization by relaxing the conventional requirement of exact (numerical or Boolean) equivalence between the specification and hardware implementation. We propose scalable effort hardware as a design approach to tap the reservoir of application resilience and translate it into highly efficient hardware implementations. The first tenet of the scalable effort design approach is to identify mechanisms at each level of design abstraction (circuit, architecture, and algorithm) that can be used to vary the computational effort expended toward generation of the correct (exact) result, and to expose these mechanisms as control knobs in the implementation. These scaling mechanisms can be utilized to achieve improved energy efficiency while maintaining an acceptable (and often, near identical) level of quality of the overall result. The second tenet of the scalable effort design approach is that fully exploiting the potential of application resilience requires synergistic cross-layer optimization of scaling mechanisms identified at different levels of design abstraction. We have implemented an energy-efficient recognition and mining (RM) processor based on the proposed scalable effort design approach. Results from the execution of support vector machine training and classification, generalized learning vector quantization training, and k-means clustering on the scalable effort RM processor show that it can achieve energy reductions of 1.2×-5× with negligible impact on output quality, and 2.2×-50× with moderate loss in output quality, across various data sets. Our results also establish that cross-layer optimization across different scaling mechanisms leads to higher energy savings (1.4×-2× on an average) for a given output quality compared with each of the individual techniques.
Solar energy: setting the economic bar from the top-down

Sunlight is the thermal radiation from sustained nuclear reactions inside our nearest star, the sun. This solar radiation has made possible the evolution of living organisms, it powers photosynthesis for production of food and biomass, and it is the source of hydroelectric and wind energy. Solar energy has supported our lives and created the fossil fuels which have made possible the extraordinary socioeconomic prosperity of our planet's 7 billion inhabitants. With sunlight, geothermal, and terrestrial nuclear fuels, the earth's people have abundant nearly carbon-free primary energy resources for the long term. Economically transforming these resources into useful energy forms for continuing society's increasing prosperity without damaging the earth's environment is the greatest challenge facing civilization today. There is no evidence that commercial solar panels or any similar direct solar energy conversion system based on present ideas can be manufactured, installed, operated, and maintained at a cost low enough to provide significant fractions of the energy needed for continued global economic growth. There is a price that is too high to pay for energy. Without economic sustainability the social unrest and possible global “warring” may be a far greater concern than global warming or climate change. New ideas, not more solar panel production, are needed if our solar resource is to be used to produce more and cheaper sustainable power needed for long-term prosperity. In the end, human existence depends upon our ability to make wise use of the heat generated from nuclear reactions whether in our sun, inside our earth, or in our own reactors.