cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANNUAL CYCLES IN BODY MASS AND REPRODUCTION OF ENDANGERED MT. GRAHAM RED SQUIRRELS

Annual cycles in life-history traits often are interpreted as adaptations. The Mt. Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) is an endangered species isolated in the Pinaleno Mountains of Arizona (United States) at the southernmost range terminus where the ecology is poorly known. I monitored annual cycles of reproduction and body mass in male and female Mt. Graham red squirrels. Males with scrotal testes were present during all months except October, with a peak in testis size in April. Lactating females were found from April to September. Male body mass was highest in winter and lowest in summer; females did not fluctuate seasonally in mass. Male body mass exceeded that of females during winter and was positively related to size of testes late in the breeding season. Annual cycles in reproduction and body mass of Mt. Graham red squirrels are similar to those of other red squirrels in similar life zones.
Seeing herself as a leader: An examination of gender-leadership frames in women's leader identity development

Building from existing theory and research on gender and work and leader identity development, this dissertation informs our understanding of professional women's experiences with coming to see themselves as leaders as they move along the leadership path in organizations. Given limited work that considers variation among women at a similar point in their development, I introduce the construct of a gender-leadership frame to capture the various ways in which women construct their gender as relevant to their leadership. I consider how these constructions are both shaped by the organizational context and have implications for leader identity development. I conducted a qualitative, inductive field study of women developing as leaders (n=55) in a large, global bank to explore these ideas. I found that women hold different constructions of gender and leadership (gender-leadership frames) and that various elements of the organizational context prompt women to shift their frames, feel conflicted in their frames, or remain within one reinforcing frame. Further, I found that these different frame experiences orient women toward certain types of self-questioning and enactment of their leader identities. Together, these findings demonstrate that different ways of thinking about one's gender in relation to one's leadership may help explain women's different choices, aspirations, and development on the leadership path. Coming to see oneself as a leader does not happen in a vacuum, but rather is a complex process in which non-work identities (here, gender) play a role in one's understanding of who she is and can be as a leader. Not only does gender play a role in women's self-views as leaders, but scholars and organizations must appreciate women's different experiences and perspectives which have tangible implications for their motivations to pursue leadership opportunities and growth within their organizations.
Bridging the Classical D&D and Cyber Security Domains

This chapter uses a traditional framework called the D&D methods matrix as a foundation for describing the basics of D&D in the physical world, extends the D&D matrix to cyber security, and then outlines a set of techniques for applying D&D in the cyber security context. These descriptions can be combined with the cyber-D&D TTP taxonomy in Appendix A to guide understanding of how D&D is used in the cyber domain. We examine the organizational requirements for planning and executing successful defensive cyber-D&D operations, introducing both physical and virtual D&D tactics relevant to each quadrant of the D&D methods matrix.
Revisiting Busemann: The Design Implications of Inconsistencies Found Within Simple Sweep Theory

In this paper, we re-examine the foundations of Busemann’s Simple Sweep Theory. In previous work developing rule-based methods to design the outer mould line loft of swept, transonic wings, we began to suspect the universality of Simple Sweep Theory. Initially, inconsistencies between rule based design and reality were chalked up to the non-linear effects of real flows over finite wings. We then applied general principles, such as the Prandtl-Glauert Mach scaling effect, thin-airfoil pressure superposition theory and Simple Sweep Theory to revisit the fundamental aerodynamic basis of sweep theory. In this work we examine 2D flows over infinite swept and sheared wings to establish, conclusively, oversight in how Simple Sweep Theory explains the flow over a swept wing.
Reevaluation of the Genus Clioperla

The status of Clioperla Needham and Claassen (genus proprium) is reconsidered based on internal genitalic and egg characteristics. The genus is monotypic, and Isoperla clio (Newman) is redesignated as the type species. Clioperla is distinct from Isoperla in the following adult male characteristics: (1) partial posteromesal cleft of tergum 10; (2) terminal raised ridges on posterior margin of tergum 10; (3) broad, flat, mostly membranous paraprocts; and (4) large, stout, reddish-brown, spikelike aedegal spines. Descriptions of significant male, female, nymph, and egg characteristics are supported by original illustrations, and light and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs are presented.
Intention-to-treat analysis in partially nested randomized controlled trials with real-world complexity

ABSTRACTDemands for scientific knowledge of what works in educational policy and practice has driven interest in quantitative investigations of educational outcomes, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have proliferated under these conditions. In educational settings, even when individuals are randomized, both experimental and control students are often grouped into particular classrooms and schools and share common learning experiences. Analyses that account for these clusters are common. A less common design involves one clustered experimental arm and one unclustered experimental arm, sometimes called a partially clustered design. Analysts do not always use methods that yield valid statistical inferences for such partially clustered designs. Additionally, published methods for handling partially clustered designs may not be flexible enough to handle real-world complications, including treatment non-compliance. In this paper, we illustrate how models that accommodate partial clustering may be used in...
Preparation of permanent whole mounts of marine centric diatoms to permit observations of cytoplasmic inclusions.

Marine centric diatoms are highly vacuolated plant cells which often exhibit a marked tendency to plasmolyze during fixation or other manipulatory stages required to make permanent preparations which pemit the observation of cytoplasmic inclusions. Altmann's, Schaudinn's, vom Rath's, 5% acrolein, and Allen's PFA3 are fixatives which have been found to induce relatively little plasmolysis in the species studied. If, following fixation, the fixative is removed and desalting and dehydration are carried out in a filter assembly which allows gentle suction to make gradual changes in reagent concentration and if the cells are then placed in dilute mounting medium, only a relatively small percentage of them will be plasmolyzed. In such preparations, depending upon the fixatives employed, various cytoplasmic organelles or other inclusions will be visible in the unstained material when examined with phase contrast. Fixation with Altmann's fixative and mounting the material in Zeiss phase-contrast mounting medium (...
Use of Quality of Life as an Indicator for Hypertension in the Elderly

Transformations in medical modeling have resulted in an individual's quality of life being widely used as an indicator for hypertension.The assessment of quality of life is of great value,particularly in the prevention and cure of hypertension.This article summarizes research on using the quality of life as an indicator for hypertension in the elderly.
Digital Orthogonal Transformation Based on Multiphase Filtering

This paper investigates the principle of the digital orthogonal transformation based on multiphase filtering,and proved that the interpolation delay filters could be replaced with branch filters from a multiphase filter according to the theory of multi-sampling rate signal processing.Simulation results demonstrate that the magnitude and phase response of the designed interpolation delay filters can meet the demands.The counteract design multiphase filter bank carried out a reality is used to successful decomposite the same phase and orthogonal components and corrected when they postpone,proving should can be carried out theoretically.
Marriage Today: Exploring the Incongruence between Americans' Beliefs and Practices

This paper provides a literature review of the incongruence between Americans’ beliefs and practices regarding marriage. In the United States, marriage is conceptualized as a monogamous, lifelong p...
Characterization of a teleost insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene: Evidence for promoter CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) sites, and the presence of hepatic C/EBP

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II, acting under the regulatory control of growth hormone, are the principal mediators of vertebrate growth. We have previously demonstrated that like humans, but unlike rodents, rainbow trout maintain high hepatic IGF-II messenger RNA levels into adulthood. Here we describe a rainbow trout IGF-II gene with a proximal promoter that contains two CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) binding sites (TCBS1 and TCBS2). Nuclear proteins corresponding in size to rat C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta were detected on Western immunoblots of growth-hormone-treated and mock-treated trout liver extracts. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of these nuclear extracts further suggests the presence of C/EBPs in trout liver and confirms the ability of TCBS1 to form a complex with trout liver nuclear proteins that is identical in mobility and specificity to that formed by a mammalian consensus CBS construct. In both Western blot and mobility assay results, the growth-hormone-treated trout livers appeared to have a greater accumulation of C/EBP, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which growth hormone can influence the level of serum IGF-II.
A Meadian Approach to Radical Bohmian Dialogue

Issues of communication and the possibilities for the transformation of perspectives through an experimental dialogue resulting in a mutual, open, receptive, and non-judgmental consideration of the other are addressed in this paper from transdisciplinary theoretical and conceptual standpoints. The warrant for cultivating this type of communicative ability is based on arguments resulting from the assumption of widespread confusion and conflict in intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup, and ecological relations across the globe. I argue that there are two distinct classes of “reasons” for this proposed practice of dialogue. First is recognition of the need for human individuals to engage in a regular and systematic “social maintenance” of embodied consciousness to forestall the continuous colonization of the past/future on the living present that embodied consciousness entails. Second is the teaching of a skill to creatively and respectfully engage with others in a mutual transformation of perspectives. This paper addresses the general problem of perspectives and reflexivity at the root of the communication phenomenon and by extension – to its scale and to its pathologies in individuals and collectives. It is argued that suspension of judgment, assumption, and habit (broadly) helps interlocutors to recognize the possibility of holding one's history in a tensional abeyance and to focus on the living present independent of habitualized and reified identities and the embodied manner in which we unconsciously carry ourselves as social or “universalized selves” in social situations.
Improving Survival From Cardiac Arrest: A Review of Contemporary Practice and Challenges

Cardiac arrest is a common and lethal condition frequently encountered by emergency medicine providers. Resuscitation of persons after cardiac arrest remains challenging, and outcomes remain poor overall. Successful resuscitation hinges on timely, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The optimal method of providing chest compressions and ventilator support during cardiac arrest remains uncertain. Prompt and effective defibrillation of ventricular arrhythmias is one of the few effective therapies available for treatment of cardiac arrest. Despite numerous studies during several decades, no specific drug delivered during cardiac arrest has been shown to improve neurologically intact survival after cardiac arrest. Extracorporeal circulation can rescue a minority of highly selected patients with refractory cardiac arrest. Current management of pulseless electrical activity is associated with poor outcomes, but it is hoped that a more targeted diagnostic approach based on electrocardiography and bedside cardiac ultrasonography may improve survival. The evolution of postresuscitation care appears to have improved cardiac arrest outcomes in patients who are successfully resuscitated. The initial approach to early stabilization includes standard measures, such as support of pulmonary function, hemodynamic stabilization, and rapid diagnostic assessment. Coronary angiography is often indicated because of the high frequency of unstable coronary artery disease in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest and should be performed early after resuscitation. Optimizing and standardizing our current approach to cardiac arrest resuscitation and postresuscitation care will be essential for developing strategies for improving survival after cardiac arrest.
Good Samaritans vs. predatory peddlers: problematizing the war on overdose in the United States

AbstractIn the wake of dramatic increases, and demographic shifts, in the misuse of heroin and prescription opioids, drug addiction and accidental overdose have been increasingly framed as public health, not criminal justice, matters in the United States. In turn, many locales hardest hit by fatal overdose have supported so-called ‘harm reduction’ policies aimed at stemming opiate-related mortality, while openly disclaiming the propriety of strategies that punish users. Yet, as U.S. overdose deaths achieved another record high in 2015, individual users continue to fear the criminal ramifications of witnessing and even suffering an overdose. Using surveys and interviews among a sample of overdose-experienced individuals outside Pittsburgh, PA, this study reveals a marked reluctance among those at the scene of an overdose to involve emergency services, for fear of not only maltreatment, but also prosecution on homicide charges – a fear revealed to be well-justified in light of the increasing implementation ...
Utilizing the Cortico-Striatal Projectome to Advance the Study of Timing and Time Perception

Over the past decade advances in tracing and imaging techniques have spurred the development of increasingly detailed maps of brain connectivity. Broadly termed ‘connectomes’, these maps provide a powerful tool for systems neuroscience. As with most ‘maps’, connectomes offer a static spatial description of the brain’s circuits, whereas timing and temporal processing are inherently dynamic processes; nevertheless, the timing field stands to be a major beneficiary of these large-scale mapping projects. The recently reported ‘projectome’ of mouse cortico-striatal sub-networks is of particular interest because theoretical developments such as the striatal beat-frequency model emphasize the role of the striatum in temporal processing. The cortico-striatal projectome confirms that the dorsal striatum is ideally situated to sample patterns of activity throughout most of the cortex, but that it also contains a level of modularity previously not considered by integrative models of interval timing. Furthermore, the striatal projectome will allow for targeted studies of whether specific subdivisions of the dorsal striatum are differentially involved in timing and time perception as a function of task, stimulus modality, intensity, and valence.
Abstract 1090: Evolutionary, structural, and functional insights into the seven-transmembrane GPCR superfamily through NCBI's Conserved Domain Database

NCBI9s Conserved Domain Database (CDD, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cdd.shtml) is a protein classification and annotation resource. It comprises a collection of annotated multiple sequence alignment (MSA) models representing ancient conserved protein domains, basic units of protein function and protein evolution. These MSAs are available as position specific score matrices (PSSMs) for the rapid identification of conserved domains in protein sequences via Reverse Position Specific -BLAST (RPS-BLAST), a variation of the commonly used PSI-BLAST method. CDD includes manually curated domain models that are organized into family hierarchies, which use protein 3D structure information explicitly to refine domain models and provide insights into the relationship between sequence conservation and molecular function. The domain models can be visualized and studied interactively using NCBI9s CDTree/Cn3D software applications. Conserved functional annotations such as ligand-binding sites and/or catalytic active sites are highlighted on protein structures sharing significant homology to the query, thereby pointing out or inferring the underlying mechanism(s) of the protein9s function. Here, we present the functionally annotated, evolutionary hierarchical classification of the seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors (7TM GPCRs), which represent the largest family of membrane-bound proteins across the three kingdoms of life. GPCRs are involved in a wide range of physiological roles including tumor growth and metastasis. With the increasing availability of high-resolution crystal structures of 7TM receptors, we recently undertook a systematic comparative analysis of the highly divergent GPCRs. Orphan GPCR subfamilies, which only contain uncharacterized protein sequences, have putative functions and the location of 7TM helices annotated by inference from the molecular and cellular functions of known related proteins with available 3D structure, and/or based on the available literature. We demonstrate the utility of CDTree/Cn3D in studying the molecular evolution of protein domain families, and in accelerating the pace of GPCR drug discovery by enabling researchers to obtain valuable clues regarding as-yet-unidentified molecular functions and mechanisms. The CDTree/Cn3D software is freely available for download via the CDD website. Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Library of Medicine, NIH. Citation Format: James S. Song, Noreen R. Gonzales, Roxanne A. Yamashita, Aron Marchler-Bauer, Stephen H. Bryant. Evolutionary, structural, and functional insights into the seven-transmembrane GPCR superfamily through NCBI9s Conserved Domain Database. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1090. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1090
High Pressure Chemistry

The article provides an overview of high pressure materials chemistry up to megabars of pressure. It begins with a general description of the effect of pressure on the structure of matter and chemical reactions followed by a discussion of practical applications of high pressure chemistry. High pressure apparatuses suitable for hydrothermal and solid-state high pressure chemistry are described. Examples from high pressure solid-state and hydrothermal chemistry are given, in particular the high pressure chemistry of carbon, nitrides, and oxides including zeolites. Principles of hydrothermal crystal growth are discussed and illustrated by examples. Keywords: diamond; high pressure; high pressure chemistry; solid-state chemistry; zeolites
Ultraflexible nanoelectronic probes form reliable, glial scar–free neural integration

Implanted brain electrodes construct the only means to electrically interface with individual neurons in vivo, but their recording efficacy and biocompatibility pose limitations on scientific and clinical applications. We showed that nanoelectronic thread (NET) electrodes with subcellular dimensions, ultraflexibility, and cellular surgical footprints form reliable, glial scar–free neural integration. We demonstrated that NET electrodes reliably detected and tracked individual units for months; their impedance, noise level, single-unit recording yield, and the signal amplitude remained stable during long-term implantation. In vivo two-photon imaging and postmortem histological analysis revealed seamless, subcellular integration of NET probes with the local cellular and vasculature networks, featuring fully recovered capillaries with an intact blood-brain barrier and complete absence of chronic neuronal degradation and glial scar.
BioPad: Leveraging off-the-Shelf Video Games for Stress Self-Regulation

This paper presents an approach to use commercial videogames for biofeedback training. It consists of intercepting signals from the game controller and adapting them in real-time based on physiological measurements from the player. We present three sample implementations and a case study for teaching stress self-regulation via an immersive car racing game. We use a crossover gaming device to manipulate controller signals, and a respiratory sensor to monitor the players’ breathing rate. We then alter the speed of the car to encourage slow deep breathing, in this way, allowing players to reduce their arousal while playing the game. We evaluate the approach against an alternative form of biofeedback that uses a graphic overlay to convey physiological information, and a control condition (playing the game without biofeedback). Experimental results show that our approach can promote deep breathing during gameplay, and also during a subsequent task, once biofeedback is removed. Our results also indicate that delivering biofeedback through subtle changes in gameplay can be as effective as delivering them directly through a visual display. These results open the possibility to develop low-cost and engaging biofeedback interventions using a variety of commercial videogames to promote adherence.
Computed Tomography Enterography and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

CT enterography is a high spatial and temporal resolution multidetector CT exam of the abdomen and pelvis, following the administration of a large volume of enteric contrast agent that distends the small bowel. It provides exquisite images of the small bowel wall, lumen, and perienteric tissues. It can be routinely performed in the outpatient setting in nearly all radiology departments to evaluate for inflammatory bowel disease and other small bowel diseases. Improvements in CT technology have enabled greater adaptation of CT technique to clinical questions and dramatically reduced radiation dose. Over the past decade, CT enterography has become a widely available test with interpreted with local expertise, and there is emerging standardization of acquisition techniques and image interpretation methods, especially with relation to the staging of Crohn’s disease [1, 2]. CT enterography is complementary to other imaging modalities, and provides unique information that impacts clinical management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Simulation of planar hydraulic fractures with variable conductivity using the embedded discrete fracture model

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique used to improve well productivity index; this technique has been widely applied in unconventional reservoirs (tight gas and tight oil). In this paper we describe a method we developed to couple hydraulic fracture modeling software with the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM). To allow simulation of varying conductivity in a fracture plane we improve the EDFM by defining a new transmissibility equation to handle flux between fracture blocks of a single fracture plane. In our methodology we use the EDFM and calculate fracture blocks connections using a transmissibility equation which allows varying aperture and permeability (conductivity) in the fracture plane. Additionally, we developed and implemented a methodology that allows the discretization of fracture planes with heterogeneous conductivity in a Cartesian grids. Two systems of coordinates, a real and a normalized system, were defined into the fracture plane to translate hydraulic fracture properties to the EDFM preprocessor. The hydraulic fracture plane is normalized by its length and height; fracture properties (aperture and permeability) from the continuum plane are assigned to normalized coordinates and translated to the Cartesian grid. Hydraulic fracture planes are embedded using our EDFM preprocessor, which allows the modeling of fractures with different geometries distributions. In the results the proposed transmissibility equation was verified against a fine model and a good match was observed. The effect of fracture geometry and heterogeneity was evaluated for a multi fractured horizontal well with three hydraulic fractures producing from a tight oil reservoir. The applications show that the cumulative oil production estimated from homogeneous rectangular hydraulic fractures are optimistic when compared to more realistic hydraulic fractures.
Black Girls as Learners and Doers of Science: A Single-Group Summary of Elementary Science Achievement

Black girls represent a unique subpopulation of science learners. Black girls are unique because they consistently outperform Black boys in science. Despite this trend, Black girls often face dual marginalization in STEM classrooms and professions. Racial and gender marginalization can inhibit the success of Black girls in science if researchers, teachers and parents do not address the most salient factors. This exploratory analysis investigates how the specialized science content knowledge of Black girls is differentiated on the NAEP and how the dispositions, opportunities to learn, and parental involvement mechanisms are characterized by the NAEP assessment data. This within-group, content-specific analysis identifies teaching and learning strengths and weaknesses for Black girls that are difficult to assess using between-group designs. This study offers educators, researchers, and parents a holistic view of the performance profile of Black girls, as learners and doers of science. The results indicate that Black girls possess a basic understanding in life and physical sciences, however earth science remains the greatest challenge. Overall, the data shows that Black girls have a positive academic disposition towards science, yet are not engaged with the content. Recommendations for, researchers, teachers, parents and other educational stakeholders to further meet the needs of Black girls in science are provided.
Management of Orbital Involvement in Sinonasal and Ventral Skull Base Malignancies

The orbit may be frequently involved by sinonasal or ventral skull base malignancy. This involvement bodes a poorer prognosis for survival. Multimodality therapy with surgery and radiation therapy is usually attempted to optimize local control and overall survival. Oncologic surgical resection with negative margins is critical to local control and survival. In the past, any involvement of the orbit was deemed to necessitate orbital sacrifice. However, contemporary studies show that in carefully selected cases, orbital preservation does not adversely impact survival. In addition, novel reconstructive techniques can help minimize complications and optimize functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Transcriptome analysis of sepsis-induced changes in the rat brain: Implications for amyloid-β deposition.

1543 Objectives Conditions other than Alzheimer9s disease may result in Aβ plaque deposition in the brain, which could impact Aβ imaging. Sepsis results in short and long term neurocognitive impairment. We have shown Aβ neuritic plaque formation occurs in response to E. Coli endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in the rat. Transcription levels of genes altered by LPS that result in neurotoxicity or Aβ plaque formation in the brain were measured. Methods 2-4 mo male Sprague Dawley rats received an IP injection of 10 mg/kg of LPS. Control rats received no injections. 24h later total RNA was isolated from whole brains by Qiagen reagents and protocol. RNAseq analysis was performed using an Illumina high throughput device with analysis using IPA Interactive Pathway Analysis of Complex Genomics Data software (Ingenuity Systems). Specific microRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR. Results Many transcriptional changes occur in the rat brain with experimental sepsis. Top canonical pathways affected by LPS included genes involved in granulocyte and agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, communication between innate and adaptive immune systems, the role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses, acute phase response signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Markedly increased mRNA levels were noted in specific genes of potential importance in the stabilization, reduced clearance, or increased toxicity of neuritic Aβ plaques. These include transcripts encoding neuroserpin, TIMP1 (a metallopeptidase inhibitor-1), lipocalin 2, CXCL 13 (Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13) and LBP (lipopolysaccharide binding protein). Decreased MiR-9, an inhibitor of β-secretase-1, was also observed. Conclusions Experimental LPS-induced sepsis results in altered transcription of a number of genes in the brain of potential importance in the formation, stabilization, reduced clearance, or increased toxicity of neuritic Aβ plaques. This may have implications on short and long term neurocognitive impairment following sepsis. Research Support Ben and Iris Margolis Foundation, Salt Lake City, UT, with additional support provided by the Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
Hyperkernel: Push-Button Verification of an OS Kernel

This paper describes an approach to designing, implementing, and formally verifying the functional correctness of an OS kernel, named Hyperkernel, with a high degree of proof automation and low proof burden. We base the design of Hyperkernel's interface on xv6, a Unix-like teaching operating system. Hyperkernel introduces three key ideas to achieve proof automation: it finitizes the kernel interface to avoid unbounded loops or recursion; it separates kernel and user address spaces to simplify reasoning about virtual memory; and it performs verification at the LLVM intermediate representation level to avoid modeling complicated C semantics. We have verified the implementation of Hyperkernel with the Z3 SMT solver, checking a total of 50 system calls and other trap handlers. Experience shows that Hyperkernel can avoid bugs similar to those found in xv6, and that the verification of Hyperkernel can be achieved with a low proof burden.
Predicting Total Dissolved Gas Travel Time in Hydropower Reservoirs

AbstractLarge spills at hydropower facilities can produce environmentally unfavorable supersaturated total dissolved gas (TDG) conditions. Enhanced coordination between adjacent hydropower faciliti...
Thermal Properties of Consolidated Granular Salt as a Backfill Material

Granular salt has been proposed as backfill material in drifts and shafts of a nuclear waste disposal facility where it will serve to conduct heat away from the waste to the host rock. Creep closure of excavations in rock salt will consolidate (reduce the porosity of) the granular salt. This study involved measuring the thermal conductivity and specific heat of granular salt as a function of porosity and temperature to aid in understanding how thermal properties will change during granular salt consolidation accomplished at pressures and temperatures consistent with a nuclear waste disposal facility. Thermal properties of samples from laboratory-consolidated granular salt and in situ consolidated granular salt were measured using a transient plane source method at temperatures ranging from 50 to 250 °C. Additional measurements were taken on a single crystal of halite and dilated polycrystalline rock salt. Thermal conductivity of granular salt decreased with increases in temperature and porosity. Specific heat of granular salt at lower temperatures decreased with increasing porosity. At higher temperatures, porosity dependence was not apparent. The thermal conductivity and specific heat data were fit to empirical models and compared with results presented in the literature. At comparable densities, the thermal conductivities of granular salt samples consolidated hydrostatically in this study were greater than those measured previously on samples formed by quasi-static pressing. Petrographic studies of the consolidated salt indicate that the consolidation method influenced the nature of the porosity; these observations are used to explain the variation of measured thermal conductivities between the two consolidation methods. Thermal conductivity of dilated polycrystalline salt was lower than consolidated salt at comparable porosities. The pervasive crack network along grain boundaries in dilated salt impedes heat flow and results in a lower thermal conductivity compared to hydrostatically consolidated salt.
CHAPTER 2 – Imaging Approaches for Epiphyseal Assessment*

This chapter reviews newer imaging modalities that transform the perception and interpretation of epiphyseal development and growth. It also includes a discussion of the application of these modalities in the primary anatomic regions of the skeleton. There has been an explosive increase in the capabilities of the imaging modalities. The understanding of the images has also increased dramatically, although, unfortunately, not at the same pace. The study of normal and abnormal skeletal development is greatly enhanced by the discovery and clinical use of radiography. Plain radiographs are useful for determination of early development of the secondary ossification centers in infancy and early childhood, and for determination of physeal closure at the time of skeletal maturity. The interpretation of images is based on observing the bone and inferring the cartilage that produced the bone. The advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and sonography allows direct evaluation of the cartilaginous, vascular, and fibrous structures that are involved in the formation and growth of bones. Another technique called “Scintigraphy” that is based on the administration of one of various bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals allows the functional assessment of a growing skeleton. .
Active drug substance impurity profiling: Part I. LC/UV diode array spectral matching

Monitoring of drug substance impurities is routinely accomplished using HPLC. However, HPLC retention times can vary, resulting in uncertainty as to whether a peak at a new retention time is a new impurity. Because standards of the minor impurities (less than 0.1% by area) are not usually available, some method is needed to characterize each of these peaks without isolating them. This on-line characterization might be accomplished using UV diode array spectral matching. This work sought to assess the sensitivity and selectivity of UV spectral matching for monitoring the impurity profile of drugs, using as an illustration DuP 941, an anti-cancer drug under development. An ultraviolet spectral data library was generated for a number of the DuP 941 impurities in the earliest safety lot. Impurities in several subsequent lots of DuP 941 were then examined to see how well their spectral characteristics matched those of the spectra contained in the library. We found LC/UV spectral matching to be a powerful method to monitor Dup 941 impurities even down to levels well below 0.1% by area. Critical factors that were shown to influence the utility of the technique include detector sensitivity, lamp intensity, and the presence of other impurities with very similar UV spectra.
Detection of Particles Down to a “Few” Micrometers on Non-Specular Microelectronic Substrates and Other Surfaces

Detection of contamination “where it falls” whether it be on substrates, work surfaces or in tools, can challenge ones ingenuity. The emphasis in this paper is on practical techniques which have been useful for contamination measurement in a substrate production environment. Grazing angle light (dark field) techniques are used in the detection of particles on non-specular surfaces. These techniques are useful on particles down to a few micrometers, depending on the surface roughness and topology.
Novel biologic therapies for malignant gliomas. Antiangiogenesis, immunotherapy, and gene therapy.

Despite recent advances in neurosurgical techniques and radiotherapy, prognosis remains poor for most patients. It is becoming increasingly clear that novel treatment strategies are needed. This article explores some of the promising new therapies for malignant gliomas in terms of their biologic principles and preclinical data. Antiangiogenesis, immunotherapy, and gene therapy are discussed.
Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 and TiO2 on MoS2 surfaces

In this work, the authors compare the surface coverage obtained in the initial and intermediate steps of Al2O3 and TiO2 atomic layer deposition on MoS2 surfaces prepared by either mechanical exfoliation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). They find that the film surface coverage is highly dependent on the origin and preparation of the MoS2 starting surface. While mechanical exfoliation can be used to quickly obtain few-layer MoS2 surfaces, these surfaces exhibit significant variability in quality and cleanliness, leading to unpredictable film growth. Conversely, MoS2 grown by CVD provides a more reliable starting surface resulting in significantly improved scattering in the surface coverage. They find that, on CVD MoS2, neither Al2O3 nor TiO2 film growth strongly exhibits temperature dependence described by the Langmuir adsorption model. For both processes, films up to 6 nm thick deposited on CVD MoS2 are not fully coalesced and exhibit a large concentration of pinhole type features.In this work, the authors compare the surface coverage obtained in the initial and intermediate steps of Al2O3 and TiO2 atomic layer deposition on MoS2 surfaces prepared by either mechanical exfoliation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). They find that the film surface coverage is highly dependent on the origin and preparation of the MoS2 starting surface. While mechanical exfoliation can be used to quickly obtain few-layer MoS2 surfaces, these surfaces exhibit significant variability in quality and cleanliness, leading to unpredictable film growth. Conversely, MoS2 grown by CVD provides a more reliable starting surface resulting in significantly improved scattering in the surface coverage. They find that, on CVD MoS2, neither Al2O3 nor TiO2 film growth strongly exhibits temperature dependence described by the Langmuir adsorption model. For both processes, films up to 6 nm thick deposited on CVD MoS2 are not fully coalesced and exhibit a large concentration of pinhole type features.
Understanding Alkane Dehydrogenation through Alcohol Dehydration on γ-Al2O3

Nonoxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes is an important chemical reaction, as it can be used for production of olefins, commonly used as building blocks for a range of plastics and chemicals. Several metal oxides, including γ-Al2O3, have exhibited dehydrogenation activity, showing promise as candidates for the upgrade of alkanes. In this work we use computational chemistry methods to investigate the mechanism of ethane, propane, n-butane, and i-butane dehydrogenation pathways on strong Lewis acid–base sites of γ-Al2O3. On the basis of our calculations, it was shown that a concerted dehydrogenation mechanism is energetically preferred with the formation of a carbenium-ion-like transition state. An alkane dehydrogenation model was developed on the basis of methodology previously applied in structure–activity relations (SAR) for alcohol dehydration on metal oxides. The carbenium ion stability (CIS), shown to be a descriptor in alcohol dehydration, was used as a quantitative descriptor in alkane dehydrogenati...
Evaluation of procalcitonin immunoassay concordance near clinical decision points.

Background Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker for systemic bacterial infections and may aid in decision making for antimicrobial stewardship. Numerous PCT assays are available on common clinical immunoassay platforms. However, questions remain about the harmonization of these assays and whether the same clinical decision points may be used with all methods. Methods Thirty-seven remnant patient serum samples were analyzed across four different PCT assays: Abbott ARCHITECT i2000, bioMerieux MINI VIDAS, Roche Elecsys cobas e 411, and BRAHMS KRYPTOR. Regression analysis was performed, and correlation was assessed at common clinical decision points for antimicrobial therapy: 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 μg/L. Results Data showed a positive bias of the MINI VIDAS compared to the KRYPTOR (slope=1.188, R=0.9873) and negative biases of both the ARCHITECT i2000 and cobas e 411 compared to the KRYPTOR (slope=0.806, R=0.8864, and slope=0.795, R=0.8974, respectively). A comparison of results at commonly used clinical decision points for antimicrobial stewardship showed that, relative to the KRYPTOR, 21% of samples would be classified into different interpretive categories by the ARCHITECT i2000 method, 31% of samples would be classified differently by the MINI VIDAS method, and 16% of samples would be classified differently by the cobas e 411 method. Conclusions All methods showed reasonable analytical agreement; however, an analysis of result interpretation at clinical decision points showed that many samples were differentially categorized (e.g. shifted by one interpretive category) by the methods. Overall, our findings support a need for harmonization of PCT methods. Until then, institutions should independently evaluate their PCT assays against predicate methods and consider the impact on result interpretation prior to incorporating PCT into clinical practice.
Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Middle-Aged to Older Adults

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness declines with aging and is a strong independent risk factor for future morbidity and mortality. Conventional aerobic exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness...
Quantifying Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Viability.

The disease chytridiomycosis is responsible for global amphibian declines. Chytridiomycosis is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), fungal pathogens with stationary and transmissible life stages. Establishing methods that quantify growth and survival of both life stages can facilitate research on the pathophysiology and disease ecology of these pathogens. We tested the efficacy of the MTT assay, a colorimetric test of cell viability, and found it to be a reliable method for quantifying the viability of Bd and Bsal stationary life stages. This method can provide insights into these pathogens’ growth and reproduction to improve our understanding of chytridiomycosis.
Exophthalmos in Kearns-Sayre syndrome

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion syndrome that typically presents before 20 years of age and is characterized by chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and a combination of cardiac conduction defects, cerebellar ataxia, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels. The mtDNA defects interfere with oxidative phosphorylation and can affect a number of cellular energy processes in various organs. We report the case of a 15-year-old girl with KSS that was uniquely associated with bilateral, symmetrical exophthalmos.
The Political Psychology of Inequality and Why It Matters for Populism

Integrating research from political science, psychology, and related fields, this article analyzes the complex web of relationships and pathways connecting economic inequality to populism. What eme...
Congenital syphilis: A contemporary update on an ancient disease.

Congenital syphilis (CS) rates reached a 20-year high in the United States in 2018. Unlike previous years, most babies diagnosed with CS were born to mothers who received prenatal care, indicative of the need for better provider education and guideline adherence. Current rates suggest that screening for syphilis should be performed at the first prenatal care visit and twice during the third trimester. There are two diagnostic algorithms available for use in the United States (traditional and reverse) and providers must understand how to perform each algorithm. Treatment should be administered according to stage of syphilis per Centers for Disease Control recommendations with best neonatal outcomes seen when treatment is initiated >30 days before delivery. Benzathine Penicillin G remains the only recommended treatment of syphilis during pregnancy. In viable pregnancies, a pretreatment ultrasound is recommended to identify sonographic evidence of fetal infection and treatment should be initiated with continuous fetal monitoring to evaluate for the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction which can cause preterm labor and fetal distress. After adequate syphilotherapy, a fourfold decline in maternal nontreponemal titers may not be observed by delivery and does not correlate with rates of CS.
Recent results from parton cascade and microscopic transport

Parton cascade is a microscopic transport approach for the study of the space-time evolution of the Quark-Gluon Plasma produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions and its experimental manifestations. In the following, parton cascade calculations on elliptic flow and thermalization will be discussed. Dynamical evolution is shown to be important for the production of elliptic flow including the scaling and the breaking of the scaling of elliptic flow. The degree of thermalization is estimated using both an elastic parton cascade and a radiative transport model. A longitudinal to transverse pressure ratio, $P_L/P_T\approx 0.8$, is shown to be expected in the central cell in central collisions. This provides information on viscous corrections to the ideal hydrodynamical approach.
On the Multiplicity of the Zeros of Polynomials with Constrained Coefficients

We survey a few recent results focusing on the multiplicity of the zero at 1 of polynomials with constrained coefficients. Some closely related problems and results are also discussed.