cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milk yield by Dorset ewes as affected by sibling status, sex and age of lamb, and measurement.

Milk intake (sucking-test weight) by 55 Dorset lambs and milk production (oxytocin-hand milking) by 41 Dorset ewes were measured at 2-wk intervals during the first 8 wk of lactation. Each method indicated that milk yield by ewes was greater at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than at 6 and 8 wk. Daily milk intake by a set of twins (suckling-test weight) was similar to 24-h milk production of their dam (oxytocin-hand milking) when lambs were 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk of age. At 2, 4, and 6 wk postpartum, milk production by ewes nursing single lambs was 200 to 400 g greater than milk intake by lambs due to a larger residual milk. Stage of lactation had a significant effect on protein and fat content of milk but not on lactose. Sex of offspring had no effect on milk yield or protein, fat, and lactose content of milk. Lactose was one percentage unit greater in milk of ewes nursing single lambs; however, the amount of lactose secreted daily was similar for ewes nursing single or twin lambs. Twenty-four-hour milk production by the ewe as determined by the oxytocin-hand milking method was correlated with lamb growth (.67 to .86), with milk intake, as determined by the suckling-test weight method, the next most important variable. Milk composition contributed little toward modeling lamb growth.
Financing health development projects: some macro-economic considerations.

Abstract The paper briefly discusses the importance of macro-economic policy in health sector financing. The ways in which monetary and fiscal policy (macro-economic policy) affect interest rates, price levels and aggregate output are presented. The main portion of the paper considers a variety of methods for public financing of health and development projects. These approaches are analyzed in light of distributional and efficiency considerations. One way of increasing health sector resources is through reallocation from other sectors of the economy. The potential for redistribution from the defense to the health service industry is briefly considered.
A systematic review of long-term studies of drug treated and non-drug treated depression.

Abstract Background The evidence base for long term antidepressant pharmacotherapy is limited. This review describes long-term outcomes of antidepressant-treated depression during the modern pharmacological era (post-1988). Methods Review of Medline, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using keywords and controlled vocabulary terms for long-term outcome studies (10 years or more) of antidepressant-treated cohorts (with at least 1 follow-up assessment post 1988) and non-drug treated cohorts (no time frame). Manual search of references of included articles. Results Searches resulted in 24 publications on 12 naturalistic studies of antidepressant-treated cohorts (n = 3901 at final follow-up). Most participants were White females with one inpatient stay. Recurrence of depression ranged from 40% to 85%. About one-quarter of individuals achieved a rating of well or improved, as many as experienced systematically poor outcomes. Frequency, duration, and severity of episodes varied substantially. Functional and social outcomes were infrequently measured. Few studies adequately assessed treatments. Outcomes for 3 non-drug treated samples with 1160 patients were no worse than outcomes achieved in antidepressant-treated cohorts. Limitations Heterogeneity of study designs and outcome definitions, and crude measures of pharmacotherapy precluded a statistical analysis. Conclusions Long-term outcomes in depression appear generally poor. No clear relationship emerged between drug treatment and positive outcomes. A lack of evidence from these long-term naturalistic studies of depression precludes any recommendation for maintenance antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Given its public health significance, more data is needed to address this area.
Measurement and prediction of the concentration of 1-methylcyclopropene in treatment chambers containing different packaging materials.

BACKGROUND: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been shown to suppress ethylene response and extend the post-harvest shelf life and quality of several fruits and vegetables. In the US and Canada, the label treatment dosage for apples is 1.0 and 0.6 µL L−1, respectively. It has been demonstrated that wood and corrugated fiberboard materials, commonly found in apple storage facilities, absorb 1-MCP. Losses of 1-MCP during the exposure period might compromise the effectiveness of the product. The effects of type of material (corrugated fiberboard and high density polyethylene), relative humidity (50%, 80%, and > 95%), ratios of mass of packaging material (kg) per unit volume (m3) of airspace in a treatment chamber, and initial concentration of 1-MCP (10 and 20 µL L−1) on the available concentration of gaseous 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in an enclosed chamber were studied. RESULTS: The concentration of 1-MCP declined in the presence of the materials tested, but the rate at which 1-MCP gas was removed from the chamber headspace differed markedly. The average percentage loss for HDPE was between 10 and 12% at all conditions tested, while for corrugated fiberboard it ranged from 12 to 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of 1-MCP at any time, t, follows an exponential decay behavior. For corrugated boxes, the rate at which 1-MCP is removed increased up to 10-fold as the relative humidity increased from 50 to 80%. The 1-MCP depletion rate doubled as the ratio of material was increased from 4 to 8 kg of corrugated fiberboard m−3 air. An increase of initial concentration from 10 to 20 µL L−1 reduced the rate by half. This trend was also observed for HDPE boxes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Possible Flash Temperatures in Slider and Recording Disk Transient Contact

A numerical solution in two dimensions of thermal effects in steady-state sliding confirms Blok's original analysis. It is shown that for transient sliding (assuming sudden contact), surface temperatures of about 50 percent of the steady-state value are reached in one sliding width of a contact patch and 80 percent in ten widths. If voids or singularities exist close to the surface in the moving body, transient surface temperatures easily exceeding the Blok steady-state value can occur. These results are applied to asperity contact between sliders and magnetic recording disks. It is shown that temperatures exceeding several hundred degrees centigrade are quite possible, depending on asperity size and porosity of the bulk materials. Such high temperatures could lead to lubricant breakdown and head “crashes.” Suggestions are made on methods of reducing flash temperature, principally by the application of very thin coatings of high thermal capacity on the disk surface. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting in...
Transfer of retinoic acid from its complex with cellular retinoic acid-binding protein to the nucleus

Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), a potential mediator of retinoic acid action, enables retinoic acid to bind in a specific manner to nuclei and chromatin isolated from testes of control and vitamin A-deficient rats. The binding of retinoic acid was followed after complexing [3H]retinoic acid with CRABP purified from rat testes. The binding was specific, saturable, and temperature dependent. If CRABP charged with nonlabeled retinoic acid was included in the incubation, binding of radioactivity was diminished, whereas inclusion of free retinoic acid, or the complex of retinol with cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) or serum retinol binding protein had no effect. Approximately 4.0 X 10(4) specific binding sites for retinoic acid were detected per nucleus from deficient animals. The number of binding sites observed was influenced by vitamin A status. Refeeding vitamin A-deficient rats (4 h) with retinoic acid lowered the amount of detectable binding sites in the nucleus. CRABP itself did not remain bound to these sites, indicating a transfer of retinoic acid from its complex with CRABP to the nuclear sites. Further, CRBP, the putative mediator of retinol action, was found to enable retinol to be bound to testicular nuclei, in an interaction similar to the binding of retinol to liver nuclei described previously.
Fate of Nitrogen-15 in a Perennial Ryegrass Seed Field and Herbaceous Riparian Area

Intensive management of grass seed fields in the poorly drained soils of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has prompted concern in the capacity of these landscapes and their associated minimally managed riparian areas to process and retain fertilizer N. Our goal was to determine the extent of N losses and effectiveness of a riparian area and an adjacent perennial ryegrass seed field to retain N. The fate of fertilizer 15 NH4 and 15 NO3 was determined with a 15 N tracer experiment. During the second year of the study, 15 N recovery in the plant and soil (0–30 cm) from the cropping system was 51% for 15 NH4 and 43% for 15 NO3 whereas recovery in the riparian area was only 20% of 15 NH4 and 31% of 15 NO3. Greater cropping system retention of 15 N resulted from both greater uptake by the crop and greater retention of 15 N in the soil. Low recovery of 15 N in the riparian area was possibly the result of two significant spring flood events saturating the surface soil of the riparian area but not the cropping system. The prolonged seasonal saturated conditions significantly reduced riparian plant biomass production and N uptake and increased the potential of N loss through overland flow and denitrification. Results indicate that the cropping system had larger available N pools and a larger potential to retain fertilizer N than the riparian zone. However, both areas were prone to substantial loss of applied N.
Should We Hold the (Germ) Line

In 1982, the President's Commission produced its report on human gene therapy. One of that report's recommendations was to expand the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) to the National Institutes of Health to include a subcommittee on human gene therapy. In 1984, the Human Gene Therapy Subcommittee was established, and in 1989 it produced a document—“Points to Consider for Protocols for the Transfer of Recombinant DNA into Human Subjects”—that stated the RAC's position on what sorts of protocols it would approve. In assessing the impact of the President's Commission report, Alexander Capron wrote, [t]he line [the report] drew between somatic cell and germ-line therapies has shaped subsequent discussions and policy formulation. Its conclusion … that somatic cell therapy resembles medical treatment is the basic premise of the RAC subcommittee's “Points to Consider,” while the Commission's view that ethical as well as technical barriers preclude present attempts to alter germ cells continues to be generally accepted by scientists and nonscientists alike.
Radiative heat transfer through opacified fibers and powders

Abstract Radiative heat transfer through opacified (metallic or metallized) cylindrical fibers and spherical powders is investigated theoretically. The radiative properties of these packed particles are evaluated by using the solutions of electromagnetic theory. The large optical constants and large particle size parameters require an improved numerical scheme for evaluation of these properties. The results show that fine metal fibers provide excellent thermal radiation resistance. For the packed spheres, the high solid volume fraction restricts the present model to the geometric scattering regime. The results in this regime indicate better radiation resistance for smaller spheres. It is also interesting to note that, relative to unopacified spheres, the opacified spheres have higher thermal radiation resistance only at high temperatures.
Current technical procedures employed in correction of prognathism

Summary Over one hundred years of experience with surgical correction of prognathism has taught us that this remains a difficult and serious problem still fraught with many possible complications. The most desirable and dependable procedures at the present time seem to be (1) the bilateral body ostectomy; (2) the open subcondylar (vertical) osteotomy and (3) oblique procedures through the ramus or angle ( Trauner & Obwegeser, 1957 ; Dal Pont, 1961 ; Schuchardt ). Not only true prognathism, but also relative prognathism such as that seen with cleft palate can be helped by the above procedures.
A characterization of approach and avoidance learning in high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats.

Background: This study was undertaken as one of a series of experiments designed to examine basic behavioral characteristics present in rats bred specifically for alcohol preference. The basic premise for these experiments has been the idea that alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring rats may differ in basic activation and inhibition control mechanisms that govern behavior and that different lines of alcohol-preferring rats may demonstrate differential deficits in behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition tendencies. In the present experiment, conditioned approach and avoidance behaviors were studied in alcohol-naive high–alcohol-drinking (HAD), low–alcohol-drinking (LAD), and N/NIH rats to evaluate behavioral activation in this line of rats. Methods: High alcohol drinking (HAD1), low alcohol drinking (LAD1), and N/Nih stock rats were trained to press a response bar during a tone signal to avoid a mild foot shock or receive a food reward. In addition, HAD2 and LAD2 rats, independently-bred replicate lines of the HAD1/LAD1 rats, were trained on the avoidance task. Results: Although the HAD1 rats easily learned the appetitive version of the bar-pressing task, they did not learn the avoidance response. The LAD1 and N/Nih rats learned both the approach and the avoidance tasks normally. Similar to HAD1 rats, the HAD2 rats did not learn the avoidance response whereas LAD2 rats showed significant avoidance performance levels. Conclusions: The present data demonstrated that both HAD1 and HAD2 rats had a rather specific behavioral activation deficit: although they easily learned to press a bar to receive food reinforcement, they did not learn to press the bar to avoid a foot shock. We speculate that this failure to learn the avoidance response may be related to heightened anxiety in the HAD rats and that this excessive anxiety may lead to the development of high levels of alcohol consumption in these selectively bred rats.
Why are MSCs therapeutic? New data: new insight

Adult marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, marrow stroma, tendon-ligament, fat and other connective tissues. The questions can be asked, what do MSCs do naturally and where is the MSC niche? New insight and clinical experience suggest that MSCs are naturally found as perivascular cells, summarily referred to as pericytes, which are released at sites of injury, where they secrete large quantities of bioactive factors that are both immunomodulatory and trophic. The trophic activity inhibits ischaemia-caused apoptosis and scarring while stimulating angiogenesis and the mitosis of tissue intrinsic progenitor cells. The immunomodulation inhibits lymphocyte surveillance of the injured tissue, thus preventing autoimmunity, and allows allogeneic MSCs to be used in a variety of clinical situations. Thus, a new, enlightened era of experimentation and clinical trials has been initiated with xenogenic and allogeneic MSCs.
TGFβ receptor internalization into EEA1-enriched early endosomes: role in signaling to Smad2

Transforming growth factor (TGF)beta is an important physiological regulator of cellular growth and differentiation. It activates a receptor threonine/serine kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor Smad2, which then translocates into the nucleus to trigger specific transcriptional events. Here we show that activated type I and II TGF beta receptors internalize into endosomes containing the early endosomal protein EEA1. The extent of TGF beta-stimulated Smad2 phosphorylation, Smad2 nuclear translocation, and TGF beta-stimulated transcription correlated closely with the extent of internalization of the receptor. TGF beta signaling also requires SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation), a 135-kD polypeptide that contains a FYVE Zn(++) finger motif. Here we show that SARA localizes to endosomes containing EEA1, and that disruption of this localization inhibits TGF beta-induced Smad2 nuclear translocation. These results indicate that traffic of the TGF beta receptor into the endosome enables TGF beta signaling, revealing a novel function for the endosome as a compartment specialized for the amplification of certain extracellular signals.
Cellular membrane receptors for oncovirus envelope glycoprotein: Properties of the binding reaction and influence of different reagents on the substrate and the receptors

Abstract Binding of purified envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) of Rauscher murine type-C oncovirus to cellular membrane receptors has been analyzed with reaction systems using intact cells or membranes of disrupted cells. The reaction was highly specific; only cells permissive to infection by Rauscher virus bound the 125 I-labeled viral glycoprotein. The specificity of binding was also demonstrated with respect to virus interference; cells productively infected with murine ecotropic type-C virus failed to bind the virus envelope glycoprotein whereas permissive cells infected with murine xenotropic virus continued to bind the Rauscher ecotropic virus glycoprotein. The reaction required the presence of Ca +2 , and was rapid and reversible with an equilibrium constant of about 8.3 × 10 9 m −1 and an association rate constant of about 6.0 × 10 5 m −1 s −1 at 24 °C. The cellular receptors were saturated by about 4 × 10 5 molecules of glycoprotein per NIH 3T3 cell. No degradation or modification of bound glycoprotein was detected. The binding activity of the purified glycoprotein was susceptible to treatment with urea or guanidine-HCl; modification of tyrosyl, histidyl or tryptophan residues or the reduction of disulfide bonds also blocked the reaction. Sialic acid of the glycoprotein appeared not to be required. The receptor activity of a crude membrane fraction of disrupted cells was abolished by treatment with trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, or phospholipase C.
Analytical studies of the cyclopolymethylenetetrazoles and their mixtures by gas chromatography

Abstract Gas chromatography is shown to be useful in analyses for cyclopolymethylenetetrazoles. The relative retention times are very nearly the same for trimethylenetetrazole, tetramethylenetetrazole, and pentamethylenetetrazole, but vary considerably as the number of methylene groups is increased. Working curves obtained for the cyclopolymethylenetetrazoles are linear over the 10 −3 –10 −1 M range but become curved at higher concentrations. These compounds can be determined routinely at the 50–100 p.p.m. level; concentrations of less than 10 p.p.m. can be estimated.
Determination and comparison of the Francisella tularensis subsp.novicida U112 proteome to other bacterial proteomes.

The proteins expressed by Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida U112 grown to midexponential phase were surveyed by nanoLC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To improve annotation of the genome and develop a technology to provide high-throughput analysis of the Francisella proteome in multiple conditions, we sought to establish a fast and simple analysis that would reduce as much as possible the false discovery rate. Our survey detected expression of 63.0% of the predicted proteome from the stable condition of growth in rich medium available at (www.francisella.org). On the basis of detection of essential proteins, we estimated coverage to be approximately 80% of the actual expressed proteome. This suggests that no less than 70% of the proteins could be expressed in this condition. This analysis revealed two previously unidentified protein coding open reading frames and validated 50% of the proteins annotated as hypothetical. On the basis of results of the screen to detect essential proteins, not all p...
Structure and composition of adsorbed layers formed by sequential exposure of Pt(100) and Pt(111) to pairs of compounds: Solvents and electrolytic substances

Studies are reported of the interaction of vapor of typical polar solvents and electrolytes at electrodes having Pt(111) or Pt(100) single-crystal surfaces: water, pyridine, acetonitrile, dimethyl-sulfoxide, hydrogen bromide, iodine, sulfur dioxide, acrylic acid, and ammonia. Exposure was extended from low pressures (about 10−5 Torr) to pressures approaching the vapor pressure of the pure liquid. The results indicate that these typical electrochemical materials adsorb strongly to the clean Pt surface but once adsorbed tend not to react with each other. However, analysis of LEED patterns and Auger intensities suggests that exposure of an adsorbed layer of solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide to iodine results in adsorption of the halogen and molecular re-orientation of the adsorbed solvent.
EVALUATION FOR POSSIBLE PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ABUSE

In summary, child abuse requires a multidisciplinary approach. The clinician's role in obtaining the history and physical examination demands that one be familiar with interview technique, appropriate developmental milestones, normal genital anatomy, and the use of local community resources. Knowing that there are circumstances when the examination should be deferred to a specialized center or done under anesthesia is critical. Determining that a reasonable suspicion of abuse exists is the job of the clinician. The final determination of abuse is under the purview of the legal system.
Distribution and mobilization of arsenic species in the creeks around the Blackbird mining district, Idaho

Abstract The sediments in the creeks around the Blackbird mining area are heavily contaminated with As from the local mining operations. Laboratory experiments indicate that the major As species leached from the sediments under atmospheric pressure is As(V). Release of As was found to be pH dependent and was related to the total iron and free iron oxides in the sediments. Leaching under nitrogen atmosphere resulted in an increased release of As and is likely associated with the reduction of ferric-arsenate compounds to the more soluble ferrous-arsenate forms. It seems that both adsorption of As on iron-rich oxides on the surface of the sediments and incorporation of As into the sediments by coprecipitation with hydrous iron oxides are factors controlling mobilization of sediment As. The field observations are consistent with results observed from laboratory experiments. Leaching of contaminated sediments appears to be a mechanism responsible for the transport of As and other trace metals in the creeks. The contaminated sediments are a nonpoint source of pollution that should be considered in water quality management planning of the Blackbird mining area.
Weak Hydrogen Bonding Can Initiate Alkane C−H Bond Activation in Acidic Zeolites

Ab initio calculations at the Hartree−Fock self-consistent field/single determinant (SCF) and configuration interaction multi-determinant (CI) expansion levels have been used to show that isobutane primary C−H bond activation occurs via direct protium exchange with the zeolite surface via a weakly hydrogen-bonded complex. The calculated 15 kcal/mol activation barrier agrees with the 13.7 kcal/mol value from a recently reported experimental study (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 1847−1852). Overall, the mechanism described in this contribution demonstrates that weak C−H to O hydrogen bonding leads to complexes at the zeolite acid site that can facilitate C−H bond activation.
Church and state. Two different approaches to Italy: Pius IX's confrontation versus Pius XII's conciliation

Some time ago, when I introduced a course on the modern papacy at St John's University, I called upon students to select the most interesting and important pope of the nineteenth and the twentieth ...
An ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay for α-naphthyl acetate and α-naphthyl butyrate esterases

Abstract A direct, continuous spectrophotometric assay for α-naphthyl acetate esterase and α-naphthyl butyrate esterase from human leukocytes has been developed. The method is based on an increase in absorbance at 235 nm which occurs with the hydrolysis of α-naphthyl esters to α-naphthol. This reaction is linear for at least 10 min at 37°C, and esterase activity is proportional to sample size up to at least 80 μg of protein or 5 mU of enzyme, with human mononuclear leukocyte preparations as an esterase source. The saturating concentration is 0.15 m m for both substrates. The effects of pH and NaCl concentration on the assay were also evaluated. This assay has advantages of speed, simplicity, and sensitivity.
Extended parameterization of nuclear-reaction cross sections for few-nucleon nuclei

We present a series of extended parametric fits to the S-factors and, therefore, the cross sections, for the light-nuclei fusion reactions D(D, p)T, D(D, n)3He, 3He(D, p)4He and T(D, n)4He. These fits constitute a family of continuous functions valid over a very wide range of energies (∼ 0 to ∼50 MeV) that may be used in reaction-rate and other calculations involving these reactions. Thus, they have a much more extended range of applicability compared to previous similar fits.
Cation-exchange separation of bivalent metal ions from rare earths

Abstract The bivalent metal ions of calcium, magnesium, nickel and strontium are eluted from a cation-exchange column with 1.5M nitric acid and separated from tervalent rare earths, aluminium and yttrium. Prior sequential elution of other metal ions with hydrochloric acid in acetone-water or with dilute hydrofluoric acid does not interfere with the present separation method.
Predicting Intellectual Outcomes: Sex Differences in Response to Early Environmental Stimulation.

Sex differences in parent-child interaction and infant development patterns were examined in a longitudinal sample of 193 parent-infant pairs. Few differences were found. However, there were differences in the patterns of prediction of later intellectual and linguistic outcomes for boys and girls. Stronger predictions of IQ or language skill were obtained for boys from measures of the mother's developmental expectations, the extent of the father's involvement in the infant's early care, the provision of appropriate play materials, and the extent of parental life change. Stronger predictions were found for girls for a measure of restriction and punishment. The combination of these two groups of findings — lack of difference on measures of environment and parent-child interaction, and the presence of differences in prediction — suggest that the same experiences produce difference effects for boys and girls.
Base pair hydrogen bonds are essential for proofreading selectivity by the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase

We have characterized the role of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding in the 3′-terminal base pair on the 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Nonpolar nucleoside analogs of thymidine (dF) and deoxyadenosine (dQ) were used to eliminate hydrogen bonds while maintaining base pair size and shape. Exonuclease reactions were examined using pre-steady state kinetic methods. The time dependence of removal of natural nucleotides from the primer terminus paired opposite the nonpolar analogs dF and dQ were best fit to a double exponential function. The double exponential kinetics as well as the rates of excision (3–6 s–1 fast phase, 0.16–0.3 s–1 slow phase) are comparable with those observed during mismatch removal of natural nucleotides even when the analog was involved in a sterically correct base pair. Additionally, incorporation of the next correct base beyond a nonpolar analog was slow (0.04–0.22 s–1), so that more than 95% of terminal base pairs were removed rather than extended. The polymerase responds to all 3′-terminal base pairs containing a nonpolar analog as if it were a mismatch regardless of the identity of the paired base, and kinetic partitioning between polymerase and exonuclease sites failed to discriminate between correct and incorrect base pairs. Thus, sterics alone are insufficient, whereas hydrogen bond formation is essential for proper proofreading selectivity by the mitochondrial polymerase. The enzyme may use the alignment and prevention of fraying provided by proper hydrogen bonding and minor groove hydrogen bonding interactions as critical criteria for correct base pair recognition.
PERFLUORCARBON AS A VEHICLE FOR ENDOTRACHEAL EPIENEPHRINE IN PEDIATRIC PORCINE ARREST † 211

PERFLUORCARBON AS A VEHICLE FOR ENDOTRACHEAL EPIENEPHRINE IN PEDIATRIC PORCINE ARREST † 211
Competence, credibility, and reliability of children’s forensic reports: Introduction to special issue on child witness research

There is no greater challenge to child protection and law enforcement professionals than the investigation of child abuse cases where both false positives and false negatives may have devastating consequences, with innocent defendants losing their liberty or guilty pedophiles remaining free to victimize other children. In view of the enormity of these undesirable consequences, practitioners need to be mindful of both the sensitivity and specificity of their assessment procedures. Although this is true in all cases, it is particularly true of those involving allegations of child sexual abuse, in which a child’s allegation of abusive activities is countered by a defendant’s denial that such activities took place. These cases often are complicated by the young age of the child complainant and delays of months or years between the alleged events and their investigation (London, Bruck, Wright, & Ceci, 2008). In some cases, defendants argue that abuse allegations emerged due to erroneous beliefs or even malicious intentions of their estranged spouse during the course of a custody battle. Some cases involve suggestive interviewing practices in which the reliability of the allegations may be of concern. Other cases involve excellent best-practice forensic interview methods, but nevertheless raise concerns about the alleged earlier influence of parents, peers, or therapists on children’s reports. Against this high stakes and thorny backdrop, the field of forensic developmental psychology has emerged over the past two decades to address theoretical and applied issues related to competence, reliability, and credibility of children’s testimony. This special issue represents a broad review of the developmental literature regarding factors that promote and hinder children’s testimony. Each contributor to the special issue has published seminal work that has advanced knowledge about evidence-based forensic interview procedures with children. Each article in this special issue provides a historical backdrop on forensic practices in their domain of study, critically reviews the most upto-date developmental research and theory, and offers recommendations for future research as well as for forensic policy and practice. We anticipate these papers will become widely cited for their strong evidence-based and theory-driven conclusions. The first four articles in this special issue deal with factors that negatively affect children’s forensic reports, either in a formal interview context or in a naturally-occurring context. In the first of these Poole and Bruck review the scientific literature on two commonly used forensic interview props:
Testing for Mutual Exclusivity

A test for two events being mutually exclusive is presented for the case in which there are known rates of misclassification of the events. The test can be utilized in other situations, such as to test whether a set is a subset of another set. In the test, the null value of the probability of the intersection is replaced by the expected value of the number determined to be in the intersection by the imperfect diagnostic tools. The test statistic is the number in a sample that is judged to be in the intersection. Medical testing applications are emphasized.
The removal of dissolved humic acid during estuarine mixing

A simple method for the determination of dissolved humic acid based on carbon analysis is presented. This method was used to measure the distribution of dissolved humic acids in seven coastal plain estuaries located in the middle-Atlantic United States. Results indicate that 100% of the dissolved humic acid was removed during estuarine mixing, although concurrent measurements of dissolved organic carbon showed either production or conservative behavior in regions of the estuary where humic acid removal was observed. It is apparent from these observations that removal of dissolved humic acid is a minor part of the estuarine transport of dissolved organic carbon. Laboratory experiments carried out by mixing river water with sea water demonstrated that salt-induced removal of dissolved humic acid was insignificant in two of three estuaries studied. These results suggest in situ removal of dissolved humic acid may not be universally caused by increasing estuarine salinity.
Effects of caprylic triglyceride on cognitive performance and cerebral glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimer's disease: a single-case observation.

Objective: To examine the effect of 109 days of caprylic triglyceride (CT) in a 70 year-old male with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Background: Cerebral metabolism is limited to glucose under most conditions, and diminished cerebral glucose metabolism is a characteristic feature of AD. Another substrate available for cerebral metabolism is ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are normally derived from fat stores under conditions of low glucose availability as an alternative energy substrate to glucose. Ketone bodies can also be produced by oral administration of CT. Prior studies suggest that the alternative energy source of CT may improve cognitive function due to mild to moderate AD, by circumventing the diminished glucose metabolism. Method: The effect of CT was analyzed in a single-case of mild AD with cognitive alterations in an open label study. Study outcomes included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) Positron Emission Tomography (FDG PET) scans. Results: After 109 days of CT, MoCA scores changed from a baseline value of 24 to 28, and MMSE scores changed from 23 to 28. No changes were observed on FDG PET scans. Conclusion: The results suggest that, in a case of mild AD, CT may have affected cognitive function, assessed by means of MMSE and MoCA, although glucose uptake and metabolism remained unchanged.
Multisectoral nutrition planning: a post-mortem.

Abstract Multisectoral nutrition planning emerged in the early 1970s as a bold new approach to combating malnutrition in low-income countries. Conceptually elegant and operationally ambitious, it blossomed on paper but collapsed in practice notwithstanding vigorous promotion by international assistance agencies. This essay reviews the meteoric rise and fall of the multisectoral approach and then proceeds to examine its theoretical underpinnings. The essay concludes by identifying 12 lessons learned that, if heeded, can help the current generation of intrasectoral initiatives against malnutrition to realize their potential.
Pentacene-Based Low-Voltage Strain Sensors With PVP/ $ \hbox{Ta}_{2}\hbox{O}_{5}$ Hybrid Gate Dielectrics

Field-controllable pentacene-semiconductor-based strain sensors were fabricated with hybrid gate dielectrics using polyvinyl phenol (PVP) and high-k inorganic tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) onto polyethylene naphthalate films. The Ta2O5 gate-dielectric layer combined with a thin PVP layer to form very smooth and hydrophobic surfaces turns out to improve the molecular structures of pentacene films significantly. The PVP-Ta2O5 hybrid-gate-dielectric films exhibit a high dielectric constant of 19.27 and a leakage-current density of as low as 100 nA/cm2 . The sensors employing a thin-film-transistor-like Wheatstone bridge configuration able to operate at reduced voltage (~ 4 V) show good device characteristics with a field-effect mobility of 1.89 cm2/V · s and a threshold voltage of -0.5 V. The strain sensor characterized with bending at 45° with respect to the bridge bias direction with different bending radii of 50-, 40-, 30-, 20-, and 8-mm displays output signals improved in linearity in a low range of operating voltages.
The effects of ureteral mobilization and transection on ureteral oxygenation.

Objectives To determine the impact of ureteral transection with and without prior ureteral mobilization on ureteral oxygen partial pressure (p u O 2 ). Methods Sixteen pigs underwent general anesthesia with laparoscopic transperitoneal access to the right ureter. With no dissection and minimal manipulation, a tissue oxygen probe (Licox, Kiel, Germany) was introduced via a trocar and inserted into the ureter. The probes were placed at the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ, n = 8) and ureterovesical junction (UVJ, n = 8). Baseline p u O 2 was measured. Subsequently, half of the animals at each level (n = 4) underwent complete ureteral transection proximal to UPJ probes and distal to UVJ probes with or without prior mobilization. p u O 2 levels were measured after ureteral mobilization and transection. Results Of the ureters transected at the UPJ without mobilization, the mean p u O 2 level declined by 13 mm Hg relative to baseline ( P = 0.07). The baseline UPJ p u O 2 level declined by 5 mm Hg after ureteral mobilization alone and subsequently by 31 mm Hg after transection ( P u O 2 level decreased by 4 mm Hg relative to baseline ( P = 0.08). The baseline UVJ p u O 2 level decreased by 15 mm Hg after ureteral mobilization alone and subsequently by 39 mm Hg after transection ( P u O 2 level was statistically higher than the mobilized and transected level ( P = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions During ureteral surgery, mobilization alone exposes the distal ureter to more ischemia than the proximal ureter, and efforts to minimize ureteral mobilization when transection is necessary are crucial in maintaining tissue oxygenation.
Activation of adenylate cyclase attenuates the hyperpolarization following single action potentials in brain noradrenergic neurons independently of protein kinase A.

Abstract Afterhyperpolarizations that follow action potentials are a prominent mechanism for the control of neuronal excitability. Such afterhyperpolarizations in many neurons are modulated by a variety of second messenger systems. Here, we examined the regulation of afterhyperpolarizations in noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by the adenylate cyclase system. Although superfusion of the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, had no effect on hyperpolarizations following trains of action potentials, both forskolin and a membrane permeable analog of cyclic AMP, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, attenuated the amplitude of afterhyperpolarizations which followed single action potentials of locus coeruleus neurons recorded intracellularly in brain slices. In contrast, superfusion of 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, the forskolin analog that does not activate adenylate cyclase, had no effect on these single action potential afterhyperpolarizations. Co-application of a protein kinase inhibitor (H8, KT5720, staurosporin or Rp-cAMPS) with either forskolin or 8-bromo-cyclic AMP failed to block the reduction of afterhyperpolarization amplitude, but blocked the cyclic AMP-dependent enhancement of opiate responses in the same locus coeruleus neurons. Furthermore, application of a membrane permeable analog of 5'-AMP, 8-bromo-5'-AMP, the cyclic AMP metabolite that does not activate a protein kinase, potently reduced the amplitudes of single action potential afterhyperpolarizations. The afterhyperpolarization amplitude was also reduced in locus coeruleus neurons taken from chronically morphine-treated rats, a treatment known to increase adenylate cyclase activity. These results indicate that elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP or 5'-AMP reduces the single action potential afterhyperpolarization in locus coeruleus neurons. This action may be mediated through a mechanism independent of protein kinase activation.
Evaluating active and passive sampling methods to quantify crayfish density in a freshwater wetland

AbstractWe evaluated the sampling efficacy of 1-m2 throw traps (active sampler) and baited minnow traps (passive sampler) across an experimental density gradient (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15/m2) of the slough crayfish (Procambarus fallax) in 2 trials with different crayfish populations. In both trials, throw-trap density estimates were highly correlated with actual crayfish density (r2 = 0.96). The form of the relationships between density estimates and stocked densities was consistent between trials, and indicated that throw traps captured a similar proportion of the stocked crayfish regardless of the stocked density. When we adjusted the relationships to account for clearing efficiency (proportion of captured animals actually recovered from the trap), the slopes of the regressions were not significantly different from 1 in either trial. Size distributions and sex ratios of crayfish collected by the throw traps accurately reflected those of the stocked populations. Baited minnow traps performed inconsisten...
An interaction initiative model for documentation

In this paper we propose a model of creation and use of documentation based on the concept of mixed-initiative interaction. In our model, successful single-initiative interaction is characterized by grounding of contributions, and successful mixed-initiative interaction is characterized by both grounding and agreement. Just as in spoken conversation, achievement of actual agreement depends on the intentions of both parties; agreement is achieved when the reader follows the documentation's instructions. In fact, readers are not obligated to-and often do not-act according to the author's intentions. By making these dynamics explicit, the model can aid authors in developing effective documentation. The paper describes the model and its antecedents, explains the application of the model to documentation, discusses implications such as effects of printed versus electronic forms of documentation, and outlines future work that includes empirical testing of the model.
Green decomposition of organic dyes using octahedral molecular sieve manganese oxide catalysts.

The catalytic degradation of organic dye (methylene blue, MB) has been studied using green oxidation methods (tertiary-butyl hydrogen peroxide, TBHP, as the oxidant with several doped mixed-valent and regular manganese oxide catalysts in water) at room and higher temperatures. These catalysts belong to a class of porous manganese oxides known as octahedral molecular sieves (OMS). The most active catalysts were those of Mo6+- and V5+-doped OMS. Rates of reaction were found to be first-order with respect to the dye. TBHP has been found to enhance the MB decomposition, whereas H2O2 does not. Reactions were studied at pH 3−11. The optimum pH for these reactions was pH 3. Dye-decomposing activity was proportional to the amount of catalyst used, and a significant increase in catalytic activity was observed with increasing temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies showed that no changes in the catalyst structure occurred after the dye...
Why Parrondo's paradox is irrelevant for utility theory, stock buying, and the emergence of life

ince the initial publication of Parrondo’s paradox [1, 2], a number of articles onthe subject have appeared both in the academic literature and in the media.The paradox describes a reversal of fortune for a gambler who loses money byplaying either of two games of chance, but who makes money by randomly playingthe two games. The academic literature suggests that Parrondo’s paradox advancesvon Neumann and Morgenstern’s work on utility theory, that it offers money for free,that it has implications for investing strategies, and that it may hold the key forunderstanding certain biological processes, possibly even the emergence of life [3, 4].HarmerandAbbott[2]suggestthattheparadoxmightoperateineconomicsorsocialdynamics to extract beneﬁts from ostensibly detrimental situations. For example, ifa society or an ecosystem suffers from declines in either the birth rate or the deathrate, declines in both together might combine with favorable consequences.Media reports compare Parrondo’s paradox with the sacriﬁce of chess pieces towin a game. There are suggestions that Parrondo’s paradox offers the possibility ofmaking money by investing in losing stocks. Paulos [5] observes that “standard stockmarket investments cannot be modeled by games of this type, but variations of thesegames might conceivably give rise to counterintuitive investment strategies. Al-though a much more complex phenomenon, the ever-increasing valuations of somedot-coms with continuous losses may not be as absurd as they seem. Perhaps they’llone day be referred to as Parrondo proﬁts.” The same article quotes Derek Abbott assaying that “President Clinton, who at ﬁrst denied having a sexual affair with MonicaS. Lewinsky saw his popularity rise when he admitted that he had lied. The addedscandal created more good for Mr. Clinton.” All these examples seem to suggestmiraculous possibilities for turning unfavorable situations into favorable ones, eitherby purposeful actors or by acts of nature. Parrondo’s paradox appears to be aremarkable ﬁnding with far-reaching consequences in wide ranging situations.Or is it? That’s the question we ask and hope to answer. To do so, we need to lookmore closely at the rationale behind Parrondo’s paradox, stripping it of all extrane-ous baggage and descriptive analogies as ratchets and pawls. We need to understand
Local Food Prices and Their Associations With Children’s Weight and Food Security

OBJECTIVES: Both obesity and food insecurity are important public health problems facing young children in the United States. A lack of affordable, healthy foods is one of the neighborhood factors presumed to underlie both food insecurity and obesity among children. We examine associations between local food prices and children’s BMI, weight, and food security outcomes. METHODS: We linked data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative study of children from infancy to age 5, to local food price data from the Council for Community and Economic Research (C2ER) Cost-of-Living Index (n = 11 700 observations). Using ordinary least squares (OLS), linear probability, and within-child fixed effects (FE) models, we exploit the variability in food price data over time and among children who move residences focusing on a subsample of households under 300% of the Federal Poverty Level. RESULTS: Results from ordinary least squares and FE models indicate that higher-priced fruits and vegetables are associated with higher child BMI, and this relationship is driven by the prices of fresh (versus frozen or canned) fruits and vegetables. In the FE models, higher-priced soft drinks are associated with a lower likelihood of being overweight, and surprisingly, higher fast food prices are associated with a greater likelihood of being overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Policies that reduce the costs of fresh fruits and vegetables may be effective in promoting healthy weight outcomes among young children.
Community‐Based Service‐Learning as a Source of Personal Self‐Efficacy: Preparing Preservice Elementary Teachers to Teach Science for Diversity

Bandura (1997) contends that when compared to other sources of efficacy, mastery experiences, when presented appropriately, have the most powerful influence on self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of community-based service learning (CBSL) experiences on preservice elementary teachers' personal self-efficacy beliefs about equitable science teaching and learning. Data were collected using pretests-posttests and post-questionnaires with the study sample. Findings from this study support Bandura's assertion. CBSL experiences were an important source of personal self-efficacy and significantly influenced preservice elementary teachers' personal self-efficacy beliefs about equitable science teaching and learning.