cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moult-Related Changes in Ampullate Silk Gland Morphology and Usage in the Araneid Spider Araneus cavaticus

Major ampullate (MaA) and minor ampullate (MiA) silk glands of juvenile Araneus cavaticus (third to penultimate instars) were examined by dissection at various times relative to ecdysis. Several days before ecdysis the larger pairs of MaA and MiA glands become non-functional and remain so until ecdysis. Nevertheless, proecdysial spiders are able to drawl ampullate fibres due to the presence of smaller pairs of MaA and MiA glands which are functional at this time. Indeed, it appears that these smaller ampullate glands are intended for use only during proecdysis. Thus, larger MaA and MiA glands and smaller MaA and MiA glands are typically not used concurrently (a brief transitional period is an exception). The smaller ampullate glands functioning in one juvenile stadium regress in the following stadium and become (what have previously been referred to as) accessory MaA and MiA glands. These non-functional accessory ampullate glands do not re-develop into functional smaller ampullate glands until the following stadium. Thus, a given pair of smaller MaA or MiA glands is only functional in every other juvenile stadium. However, because there are two sets of smaller/accessory MaA and MiA glands which function alternately, the spider is able to produce ampullate fibres during the proecdysial portion of each stadium. A new terminology for the larger, smaller and accessory ampullate glands is proposed which emphasizes the kinship between the two sets of smaller/accessory ampullate glands.
In Defense of Ugliness: The Role of Technical Presence in Critical Infrastructure System Endurance

A poorly studied aspect of Critical Infrastructure (CI) performance involves the ways in which stakeholders understand and relate to the material form of the system. Using the New Orleans and Dutch levee system as an example, we argue for greater appreciation by CI designers of the important role system aesthetics play in signaling the system's importance, vulnerabilities and social significance. We present one possible method by which this qualitative relationship between system design choice and public perceptions of the system (the interaction between the two factors we call "Design Voice") can be better understood as part of disciplined analysis versus the traditional primarily anecdotal approach to the topic.
Factors Affecting Systemic Oxygen Delivery After Norwood Procedure With Sano Modification

Background The physiologic goal of management after a Norwood procedure is to optimize systemic oxygen delivery, as indicated by oxygen excess factor (OEF). Factors were examined that might affect systemic oxygen delivery after the Norwood procedure with right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit as the pulmonary blood supply. Methods Hemodynamic data of 9 patients (mean age, 25.0 days; mean weight, 2.9 kg) who underwent a modified Norwood operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) between April 2003 and April 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Variables were obtained by manometry and oximetry from indwelling catheters in the systemic artery, pulmonary artery, and superior vena cava at 3- to 6-hour intervals for 72 hours postoperatively. Systemic (Qs) and pulmonary (Qp) blood flow, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Results A significant increase in SVR and decrease in PVR occurred during the first 6 hours, which might be inductive to sudden cardiovascular collapse. SVR and PVR significantly decreased over time through 24 hours, followed by a lower steady increase. OEF was closely correlated with SVR ( p p = 0.65) was noted among the assumed variables. Mixed venous oxygen saturation (Svo 2 ) and OEF were strongly correlated. Pulmonary arterial pressure and OEF were weakly correlated. Conclusions Postoperative management strategies to maintain a low SVR, rather than manipulating PVR, appear to be rational to achieve adequate oxygen delivery after a Norwood procedure with Sano modification. The Svo 2 provides reliable prediction of OEF during postoperative hemodynamic recovery.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF CRYSTALLINE CHLOROPHYLL A AND CRUDE MIXTURES OF CHLOROPHYLL A WITH NORMALLY ASSOCIATED PIGMENTS.

Electron Spin Resonance of Crystalline Chlorophyll A and Crude Mixtures of Chlorophyll A with Normally Associated Pigments
Folk theorems in overlapping generations games

Abstract This paper characterizes perfect folk theorems for repeated games with overrlapping generations of finite-lived players. We prove two uniform folk theorems that admit arbitrarily long-lived players for a given discount factor; the result for n > 2 players requires a full-dimensional payoff space. Under no assumptions whatsoever, a nonuniform n-player folk theorem obtains in which the discount factor must covary with the players' lifespans. Our focus on the overlap rather than the generation makes possible compact and explicit descriptions of all equilibria. We later synthesize our results in a more general setting with some finite- and some infinite-lived players.
Urethral valves in Russel-Silver syndrome

Russell-Silver syndrome is characterized by congenital asymmetry; intrauterine growth retardation; short stature; clinodactyly and syndactyly; retarded bone age; craniofacial disproportion with frontal prominence, triangular face, and turned-down curvature of the mouth; normal intelligencel; ureteropelvic stenosis; vesicoureteral reflux; horseshoe kidney 2' 3; and hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and ambiguous genitalia.i, 4 A retrospective review of 38 patients with RSS revealed that 3 of the 25 boys had posterior urethral valves; one of these three also had anterior urethral valves. Urethral valves have not previously been reported in conjunction with RSS. METHODS A retrospective review of the medical histories of persons with RSS who were followed at this institution was carried out. A record was kept of the features of RSS and any anatomic abnormalities of the lower genitourinary tract.
Lactobacillemia in Liver Transplant Patients

Lactobacillemia is rare and, to our knowledge, previously undescribed in liver transplant patients. We reviewed the clinical records of all patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation between January 1985 and August 1992 for whom a blood culture after transplantation yielded Lactobacillus species. A case-control study for determination of risk factors for lactobacillemia in this patient population was also performed. Eight cases of lactobacillus bacteremia were identified. All patients received nonabsorbable oral antibiotics for selective bowel decontamination. In addition, six of eight case patients received intravenous vancomycin prior to the development of lactobacillemia. The biliary anastomosis in each case patient was a Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy. Analysis of the case-control study revealed that the presence of a Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy at the time of lactobacillemia is a statistically significant risk factor (odds ratio [OR] = infinity, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-infinity, P < or = .05) but that prior administration of intravenous vancomycin is not a statistically significant risk factor (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 0.38-30.0, P value not significant) for lactobacillemia. The use of selective bowel decontamination and of intravenous vancomycin in liver transplant patients may select for Lactobacillus species. Furthermore, a Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy may allow colonization of the intrahepatic biliary tract with enteric flora.
Wavelet random variables

If G is an orthonormal system in IL2 then for any function g (epsilon) G the function g2 is a probability density. In this paper we discuss the properties of wavelet based densities and corresponding random variables.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interactive effects of nitrogen and water stresses on biomass accumulation, nitrogen uptake, and seed yield of maize☆

Abstract Although considerable data exist on the growth, development, and productivity of crops in response to nutrients or water applied alone, much less data are available to describe the interactive effects of water and nitrogen. The objective of this study was to determine the interactive effects of N fertilizer and water on biomass (dry-matter) accumulation, N-uptake, and seed yield of maize (Zea mays L.) growing on sandy soils. Field-grown maize was subjected to three water management treatments: (1) optimal irrigation; (2) a 10-day wilting period immediately preceding silking (vegetative stress); and (3) rainfed. Within each water management treatment, two N treatments were imposed: (1) low N, consisting of a total of 11.6 g N M−2 applied in three side-dress applications; and (2) high N, consisting of a total of 40.1 g N m−2 applied in six side-dress applications. The effects of water and N stress on the crop were determined by growth analysis and measurements of N uptake made throughout the growing season. 3ow soil N significantly reduced leaf area as a result of reduced leaf size, but had little effect on the final number of leaves produced. However, both water and N stress lengthened the time from emergence to tasseling and silking. Accumulation rates of total biomass, seed weight, and N showed interactions with water and N. With high N, the 10-day wilting period preceing silking reduced biomass and seed yields by 22% and 19%, respectively, while the rainfed treatment resulted in 66% and 75% reductions. Low N also reduced biomass and seed yields in both the optimal irrigation and vegetative stress treatments. However, with severe water stress, N level had no effect on total crop biomass, N accumulation, or grain yields. When high N levels were applied, water stress reduced the efficiency of N utilization. With high N, crop N uptake in the optimal irrigation, vegetative stress, and rainfed treatments amounted to 67%, 53%, and 26% of that applied, respectively. With low N, the optimal irrigation and vegetative stress treatments accumulated N amounts near that applied. When severe water stress was imposed in combination with low N, only 60% of the applied N was accumulated by the crop. Nitrogen deficiency did not improve drought resistance of field-grown maize, as has sometimes been suggested.
A Conceptual Framework for Contextualizing Information Technology Competencies

This study examines field agency expectations for technology literacy skills in new employees using a conceptual framework that organizes these desired skills of employees by categories including: ability to record data, generate information, produce knowledge, and communicate. Findings indicate that MSW graduates are expected to have the highest level of skills related to information and communication, and employers hold fewer expectations related to data and production of knowledge. These findings are concerning because data is the building block for information, knowledge, and communication skills, and social work education has a large knowledge component. Implications for social work education are suggested.
Field application of the conditioned taste aversion paradigm to the control of coyote predation on sheep and turkeys

Sheep and turkey carcasses laced with lithium chloride were placed adjacent to four sheep herds and two turkey farms, respectively. Predation by free ranging coyotes ( Canis latrans ) on sheep was suppressed relative to that of the previous year in which lithium baits were laid adjacent to the same herds. Predation on turkeys was suppressed relative to the previous year in which lithium baiting was not performed. Sheep and turkey lithium baits were taken by coyotes throughout the study, although the rate of sheep bait takes was lower than that of the previous year. It is concluded that lithium chloride baiting is effective in suppressing attacks as a result of the acquisition of aversions to nongustatory cues emanating from live prey by taste mediation. Continued lithium baiting should result in a gradually decreasing rate of kills and bait takes over years.
Location of DNA ends in P2, 186, P4 and lambda bacteriophage heads.

Abstract When mature phage particles were suspended in a solution containing formaldehyde (0.07 m -Na+, pH 9.0, 10% HCHO for 10 min at 23 °C) and the mixture then spread for electron microscopy in the presence of 50% formamide and cytochrome c, the phage lysed and a high proportion of the DNA molecules were seen to be attached to phage tails. The phage tails were found to be attached at only one end of each DNA molecule and denaturation mapping showed that this end was unique for each of the phages P2, 186, P4 and λ. It is argued that in these mature phage particles one specific end of the DNA molecule is present at the head-tail attachment site.
Determination of perfluorinated compounds in human plasma and serum Standard Reference Materials using independent analytical methods

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in three National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) (SRMs 1950 Metabolites in Human Plasma, SRM 1957 Organic Contaminants in Non-fortified Human Serum, and SRM 1958 Organic Contaminants in Fortified Human Serum) using two analytical approaches. The methods offer some independence, with two extraction types and two liquid chromatographic separation methods. The first extraction method investigated the acidification of the sample followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange cartridge. The second method used an acetonitrile extraction followed by SPE using a graphitized non-porous carbon cartridge. The extracts were separated using a reversed-phase C8 stationary phase and a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) stationary phase. Measured values from both methods for the two human serum SRMs, 1957 and 1958, agreed with reference values on the Certificates of Analysis. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) values were obtained for the first time in human plasma SRM 1950 with good reproducibility among the methods (below 5% relative standard deviation). The nominal mass interference from taurodeoxycholic acid, which has caused over estimation of the amount of PFOS in biological samples, was separated from PFOS using the PFP stationary phase. Other PFCs were also detected in SRM 1950 and are reported. SRM 1950 can be used as a control material for human biomonitoring studies and as an aid to develop new measurement methods.
Neonatal myasthenia gravis: clinical and immunological study of seven mothers and their newborn infants.

Abstract We studied 7 mothers with myasthenia gravis (MG) and their infants. We confirmed that the development of neonatal MG was not related to the serum titer of maternal anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (anti-AChR ab). To investigate the possibility that specific immunization of the newborn infant had occurred, serial serum determinations of total and ‘specific’ anti-AChR IgG and IgM were performed. We found that: (1) the decay in total IgG was within the normal range in all the babies; (2) there was a shorter half-life of ‘specific’ IgG, compared to total IgG, in 3 of the cases, 2 of which did have neonatal MG; (3) no difference was found between the decay of anti-AChR ab in the babies who had neonatal MG and those who did not; (4) there was no anti-AChR IgM-associated activity. Our data suggest that neonatal MG is due to maternal anti-AChR abs and that affected infants do not produce specific antibodies.
X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of the Possible Interactions of Biocells with the Surfaces of Select Silicates

Silicate minerals are the dominant materials in the Earth's crust, and thus literally define the term 'geochemistry', but, with the exception of glass chemistry and some areas of catalysis, silicates have, in the past, received scant attention in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science. In fact, many chemists are largely uninformed about the broad diversity of silicate structures and bondings. Recent explorations by biochemists in the pathogenesis of certain diseases have, however, resulted in a new-found, much broader interest in silicates. This paper extends our studies of the chemistry of mineral silicates using primarily x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). Following a short consideration of the sometimes contradictory arguments concerning the possible pathogenicity of these materials, we will outline our rapidly expanding unique studies of the interaction of certain biocellular bodies with select silicate systems. The latter studies feature the first 'before, during and after' analyses of the silicates (as well as the cells), with the implementation of unique methods for cell-silicate separation and also the freeze drying and surface analysis of the combined systems. In this manner we have been able to identify cell-induced modifications in the surface chemistry of the silicate components, along with alterations in the cellular species. Many of these analyses were facilitated by the recent clarifications in bioorganic ESCA.
Diffusion and induced crystallization in polycarbonate

The study of the effect of thickness on the mass uptake is shown to be quite helpful in the understanding of the complexities of polymer/organic penetrant sorption behavior. Isothermal diffusion results for methanol, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride in polycarbonate plates and films of various thicknesses ranging from 12 mils (0.030 cm) to 1/4 in. (0.633 cm) are presented. The diffusion is purely Fickian only in the case of methanol, which is a poor solvent for polycarbonate and has a low level of saturation in it (0.06 g/g). Methanol does not lead to a detectable swelling or any appreciable crystallization of the polymer during the diffusion process. Acetone and carbon tetrachloride are much better solvents and lead to much higher saturation levels; they crystallize polycarbonate, and their mass uptake is anomalous. The diffusion of carbon tetrachloride exhibits initially a case II diffusion behavior followed for thicker plates by an intermediate behavior between case II and Fickian diffusion. The anomalous diffusion in the case of acetone appears to be associated primarily with surface effects.
Stress-time profiles in low density HMX

Abstract Stress-time profiles were measured in initiating HMX explosive (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) at a density of 1.24 g/cm3 (35% voids) using manganin gauges. Initial stress in the explosive was 0.8 GPa. The profiles show development of a reactive peak at the shock. This is different character than that seen in full density explosives. This behavior along with earlier observation of this explosive can be understood in a consistent manner using simple models of shock initiation of detonation.
DNA taxonomy and barcoding of monogenean parasites: lessons from Gyrodactylus.

DNA taxonomy and barcoding use nucleotide sequence data to achieve comprehensive species descriptions that facilitate reliable species diagnostics and rapid assessment of biodiversity, both of which are of great importance for parasitologists. Such molecular approaches have been applied to the monogenean genus Gyrodactylus , in particular to G. salaris , the cause of serious gyrodactylosis on Atlantic salmon. Here, we discuss, using the example of G. salaris and related species, why DNA barcodes, although powerful for biodiversity assessment, are insufficient to appropriately characterize parasite species – from a parasitological point of view – in the absence of additional data on and infection biology and morphology.
RE: INFLUENCE OF TECHNIQUE OF PERCUTANEOUS TRACT CREATION ON INCIDENCE OF RENAL HEMORRHAGE

ABSTRACTPurpose: Renal hemorrhage is one of the most common and worrisome complications of percutaneous renal surgery. We studied the incidence of renal hemorrhage and transfusion rates in patients undergoing balloon or Amplatz fascial dilation of the nephrostomy tract.Materials and Methods: Medical records of 143 patients who underwent 150 percutaneous renal procedures, including percutaneous nephrolithotomy, antegrade endopyelotomy and percutaneous treatment of stones in caliceal diverticula, were reviewed. The nephrostomy tract was dilated with balloon (50 patients) or Amplatz sequential (100) dilators. Perioperative decreases in hemoglobin level and blood transfusion rates were compared between the 2 groups.Results: Of the 100 patients undergoing percutaneous renal Amplatz dilation 25 (25%) required a blood transfusion, compared to only 5 of 50 (10%) undergoing balloon dilation. The difference in the transfusion rates between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p = 0.048).Conclusions: Improvem...
Topographic waves in elliptical basins

Abstract Simple analytical solutions are presented for topographic waves in elliptical basins whose isobaths form a set of confocal ellipses. It is shown that the previous solution presented for this problem is incomplete. The complete solutions no longer agree so closely with observations in Swiss lakes and the Great Lakes. The class of profiles considered is extended to include flat-bottomed basins, allowing a more realistic estimate of the velocity distribution in such basins and suggesting a slightly closer agreement of predicted period with observations.
Internal variability and pattern identification in cirrus cloud structure: The Fokker‐Planck equation approach

[1] Using 35-GHz millimeter wave radar observations collected at the Southern Great Plains site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) program, we study physical processes in cirrus cloud layers having different stratifications. The time-dependent probability distribution functions of the backscattering cross section within different layers in the cloud describe the dynamics of the pertinent physical processes. The time-dependent tails of the probability distribution functions provide the signature of intermittency characterizing turbulent flows. In the framework of the Fokker-Planck equation approach, we derive the behavior of the drift D(1) and diffusion D(2) terms that characterize the deterministic and stochastic parts, respectively, of the dynamics of the probability distribution functions directly from the time series of observed backscattering cross section. We derive the Langevin equation that governs the temporal evolution of the backscattering cross-section signal in cloud layers having different stratification. Finally, we ascertain that the drift γ and diffusion β coefficients of the backscattering cross-section signal in the upper well-mixed, neutrally stratified layer of the cirrus cloud satisfy the relationship γ = 2β, which is valid for fully developed turbulence owing to the Kolmogorov −4/5 law.
The Cultural Construction of Childhood: Changing Conceptions Among the Pare of Northern Tanzania

The article examines the concept of childhood in an African society and tracks a contemporary shift in thinking about what a child is when a major sociocultural transformation effects a large segment of that population. The Pare, traditionally patrilineal highland cultivators, have recently experienced a change in their subsistence base from hoe cultivation to wage labor. This brought about a shift away from reliance on lineage authority to more couple-centered relations in some couples. A consequence of this has been a reduction in fertility in these couples and a view on children which departs from the traditional one. The article compares the daily lives of the children and the two types of parents' conceptualizations of childhood.
Metabolism of the carcinogen (3H)6-nitrochrysene in the preweanling mouse: identification of 6-aminochrysene-1, 2-dihydrodiol as the probable proximate carcinogenic metabolite

6-Nitrochrysene (NC) is a potent lung and liver carcinogen when administered in multiple doses to preweanling mice. We have investigated both the in vitro metabolism of [3H]NC by 9000 g supernatants (S9) prepared from the livers of preweanling mice and the in vivo metabolism of [3H]NC in these animals. The in vitro covalent binding of primary metabolites of NC to DNA after further reductive and/or oxidative metabolism was then examined in an attempt to define the metabolic activation pathway responsible for the formation of carcinogen--DNA adducts in NC-treated preweanling mice. NC-1,2-dihydrodiol, NC-9,10-dihydrodiol, 6-aminochrysene (AC), and several unidentified compounds were found in ethyl acetate extracts of incubations containing [3H]NC and liver S9 from 1- or 8-day-old BLU:Ha mice. Comparison of the in vivo metabolism of NC in 1-day-old animals and 8-day-old animals which had been treated with NC on day 1 indicated that the formation of AC and the two NC dihydrodiols was greater in the younger animals. Further metabolism of NC-1,2-dihydrodiol by S9 from 8-day-old mice yielded AC-1,2-dihydrodiol as a major product. Incubation of AC-1,2-dihydrodiol, calf thymus DNA and liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rats yielded a single major adduct that was chromatographically and chemically identical to the major adduct formed in [3H]NC- and [3H]-AC-treated preweanling mice. The results indicated that the major DNA adduct found in vivo is derived from the further metabolism of the proximate carcinogen AC-1,2-dihydrodiol.
Molecular motion of methyl rotor in a zeolite: proton NMR lineshapes of CH3CN-2HZSM-5 adsorption complex

Abstract Proton lineshapes of methyl group in spatially isolated stoichiometric 1:1 CH3CN-2HZSM-5 adsorption complexes are shown as a function of temperature. At 78 K, the methyl group dipolar lineshape is characteristic of a fixed-axis tunneling planar rotator. With increasing temperature, one observes motional averaging associated with the reorientation of the symmetry axis of the hydrogen-bonded acetonitrile at the acid site. Since changes in dipolar anisotropy with temperature are determined by confinement interactions, lineshape measurements can be used to explore dispersion interactions in zeolitic frameworks. These interactions are highly dependent on differences in size, geometry and rigidity of zeolite cavities.
Democracy in Latin America: A Review of Recent Literature

Jorge I. Dominguez and Anthony Jones, editors The Construction of Democracy: Lessons from Practice and Research Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, viii + 253 pp. Paul W. Drake Between Tyranny and Anarchy: A History of Democracy in Latin America, 1800-2006 Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009, xiii + 330 pp. Frances Hagopian and Scott P. Mainwaring, editors The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, xviii + 413 pp. Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, viii + 351 pp. Peter H. Smith Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, xiv + 380 pp.
A new species of pagamea (Rubiaceae) from the Brazilian Guayana

Pagamea aracaensis Boom, endemic to Serra Araca, Brazil is described and illustrated, and its relationship toP. anisophylla Standley & Steyerm, is discussed.
Abundance Patterns in Red-Giant CH Stars

A detailed abundance analysis of seven red-giant CH stars has been conducted. Using high resolution echelle and coude spectrographic data and modern analysis techniques involving model stellar atmospheres and computer codes which model LTE radiative transfer, the abundances of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, the carbon isotope ratios and the abundances of the s-process elements have been determined. The red-giant CH stars are a class of metal-poor giants with equivalent spectral types of G and K which show enhanced abundances of s-process elements. Studies of their kinematics indicate that the red-giant CH stars are members of the halo of our galaxy (Hartwick & Cowley 1985). Therefore, the CH stars provide valuable information about the early chemical evolution of our galaxy. In addition, it is known that the red-giant CH stars are members of binary systems like the barium stars (McClure 1984), so they are also valuable in the study of mass transfer. The carbon isotope ratios are found to break the red-giant CH stars into two groups--those with 12C 13C >/= 20 and those with 12C 13C ~4 (a value associated with equilibrium burning of the CN cycle) and carbon and nitrogen abundances are found to be greatly enhanced, [C+N/Fe] ~+1.0. In addition, it is found that the red-giant CH stars show large enhancements of the s-process elements with the enhancements of the heavy s-process peak elements (Ba through Sm) being larger than the light s-process peak elements (Sr, Y and Zr) by a factor of approximately six. Taken with the orbital data available for the red-giant CH stars, the carbon, nitrogen and oxygen abundances and the carbon isotope ratios are consistent with a picture in which carbon and s-process elements were dumped onto the incipient red-giant CH star from an AGB star. The accreted material is mixed deep enough into the star's interior to be subjected to CN burning. In addition, the greatly enhanced s-process abundances stars strongly suggest that the 13C (alpha ,n)16O reaction is the source of neutrons for the s-process. In addition, the abundance patterns in the globular-cluster CH star, M22 III-106, have been analyzed. It is found to have an abnormally large carbon abundance, but the C/O ratio is much less than unity and the star shows no evidence for enhanced abundances of the s-process elements. Therefore, M22 III-106 is most likely not a CH star in the sense that term is applied to galactic CH stars. The most probable explanation for the carbon overabundance in M22 III-106 is that CN processing has not been as complete in this star as in other giants of similar composition in M22.
The Clash of Civilizations Revisited

Going through a protracted period of transition since the end of the Cold War, the world order in the making is neither what was nor what it is yet to become. It is in “the middle of the future.” To get our bearings in this uncertain transition, we explore the two grand post-Cold War narratives—“The End of History” as posited by Francis Fukuyama and “The Clash of Civilizations” posited by the late Samuel Huntington. Mikhail Gorbachev looks back at his policies that brought the old order to collapse. The British philosopher John Gray critiques the supposed “universality” of liberalism and, with Homi Bhabha, sees a world of hybrid identities and localized cultures. The Singaporean theorist Kishore Mahbubani peels away the “veneer” of Western dominance. Amartya Sen, the economist and Nobel laureate, assesses whether democratic India or autocratic China is better at building “human capacity” in their societies.
Anthracycline Cardiomyopathy Is Mediated by Depletion of the Cardiac Stem Cell Pool and Is Rescued by Restoration of Progenitor Cell Function

Background— Anthracyclines are the most effective drugs available in the treatment of neoplastic diseases; however, they have profound consequences on the structure and function of the heart, which over time cause a cardiomyopathy that leads to congestive heart failure. Methods and Results— Administration of doxorubicin in rats led to a dilated myopathy, heart failure, and death. To test whether the effects of doxorubicin on cardiac anatomy and function were mediated by alterations in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), these cells were exposed to the anthracycline, which increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and caused increases in DNA damage, expression of p53, telomere attrition, and apoptosis. Additionally, doxorubicin resulted in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M transition, which led to a significant decrease in CPC growth. Doxorubicin elicited multiple molecular adaptations; the massive apoptotic death that occurred in CPCs in the presence of anthracycline imposed on the surviving CPC pool th...
Rational Integrative Model of Online Consumer Decision Making

ABSTRACTBased on traditional rational consumer theories about beliefs preceding intent to act and knowledge preceding behavior, this study proposed, and empirically tested, a hierarchical path model of decision making in the online environment, focusing on the Internet’s role in two decision stages: pre-purchase search and evaluation, and actual purchase. Both direct and indirect effects were posited in the sequential model using four Internet related variables: pre-purchase search beliefs, purchase beliefs, actual pre-purchase search, and actual purchase.The empirical test was conducted among consumers in the United States and India with 291 respondents taking the online survey (186 for the United States, 105 for India). For both U.S. and Indian respondents, each conceptualized stage of online decision making was significantly impacted by the stages preceding it, either directly or indirectly. In terms of direct effects, an antecedent Internet belief variable (pre-purchase search beliefs) impacted a cons...
Absorption kinetics of Ca, Mg, Na and P by intact corn and onion roots

Abstract The influence of Ca on the influx kinetics of Mg and Na, and Mg effects on Ca influx kinetics were evaluated in intact corn roots. Increasing levels of Mg (25 to 75 μM) reduced the Imax for Ca. However, in absence of Mg, increasing levels of Ca (10 to 30 μM) increased the Imax and Km for Ca. Higher levels of Mg interfered with Ca influx. Increasing levels of Ca promoted the Mg influx rates and increased Km as well. Absence of Ca reduced the magnitude of Imax and Km for Mg. At an initial level of 50 μM Ca, increasing Na levels from 50 to 100 μM enhanced the Imax and Km for Na. In the absence of Ca, higher Imax were recorded for Na. Calcium reduced the Na influx rates. Ion influx kinetics for Ca, Mg, Na and P were determined with the two morphologically differing intact root systems of corn and onion. The rate of influx for Ca, Mg and Na in corn were lower than onion roots. The Imax for P in corn were slightly higher than in onion. The Km vaues for Ca, Mg and Na in corn were also higher than onion ...
The crystal structure of a 1:1 complex of n-octylα- and β-d-glucopyranoside at 123 K

Abstract The 1:1 complex of n -octyl α - and β - d -glucopyranoside, (C 14 H 28 O 6 ) 2 , is triclinic, P 1, with a = 5.021(1) [5.058(1)], b = 7.984(2) [7.996(3)], c = 20.848(3) [20.987(4)] A, α = 79.06(2) [78.95(2)], β = 81.99(1) [83.36(2)], γ = 71.30(2) [72.57(2)], Z =1, V = 774.47 [787.30] A 3 at 123 [293] K. The crystal structure is composed of ordered layers of each isomer, with hydrogen bonding across the α,β bilayer and interdigitizing alkyl chains. The molecular packing is therefore the same as that observed in the crystal structures of other mesogenic n -alkyl O - or S -pyranosides, except for the presence of the two isomers. The molecules differ in the orientation of the primary alcohol groups, being g/g in the a isomer and g/t in the β isomer. Otherwise the ring and alkyl chain conformations and dimensions are almost identical.
A clinical pathologic study of hearing loss in congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Cytomegulovirus (CMV) infection is currently reported as the most common cause of congenital viral induced deafness. However, few systematic studies of the audiovestibular sequelae of this infection are present in the literature. A clinical pathologic study was conducted from 1976 to 1982 to evaluate this. Fifty-two pairs of infant and children's temporal bone studied demonstrated no evidence of CMV endolabyrinthitis even in the single case with evidence of extensive congenital CMV infection. Over 2,000 umbilical cord sera were screened to detect asymptomatic CMV infection with an incidence of 0.38% (and slightly greater than 1% when extrapolated to correct for the sensitivity of the method of detection) in a central Pennsylvania study population. No sensorineural abnormalities were detected in five asymptomatic children and 130 control children. However, three out of six (50%) infants, symptomatic at birth and followed to a mean age of 5.5 years, showed significant and progressive sensorineural loss and vestibular deficits.
Distance Mapping in Proteins Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy: The Tryptophan-Induced Quenching (TrIQ) Method

Studying the interplay between protein structure and function remains a daunting task. Especially lacking are methods for measuring structural changes in real time. Here we report our most recent improvements to a method that can be used to address such challenges. This method, which we now call tryptophan-induced quenching (TrIQ), provides a straightforward, sensitive, and inexpensive way to address questions of conformational dynamics and short-range protein interactions. Importantly, TrIQ only occurs over relatively short distances (∼5-15 A), making it complementary to traditional fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methods that occur over distances too large for precise studies of protein structure. As implied in the name, TrIQ measures the efficient quenching induced in some fluorophores by tryptophan (Trp). We present here our analysis of the TrIQ effect for five different fluorophores that span a range of sizes and spectral properties. Each probe was attached to four different cysteine residues on T4 lysozyme, and the extent of TrIQ caused by a nearby Trp was measured. Our results show that, at least for smaller probes, the extent of TrIQ is distance dependent. Moreover, we also demonstrate how TrIQ data can be analyzed to determine the fraction of fluorophores involved in a static, nonfluorescent complex with Trp. Based on this analysis, our study shows that each fluorophore has a different TrIQ profile, or "sphere of quenching", which correlates with its size, rotational flexibility, and the length of attachment linker. This TrIQ-based "sphere of quenching" is unique to every Trp-probe pair and reflects the distance within which one can expect to see the TrIQ effect. Thus,TrIQ provides a straightforward, readily accessible approach for mapping distances within proteins and monitoring conformational changes using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Generating Pathways for Free Energy Calculations in Proteins Using Constraint-Based Conformational Sampling

Constraint-based sampling [1] is a computational method for quickly exploring the allowed motions of a protein. Sampling of protein conformations is guided by a set of geometric constraints instead of a molecular mechanics force field. The geometric constraints preserve covalent bonding geometry, maintain favorable non-bonded contacts, and prevent steric overlap. We have tuned the constraints so that sampled conformations are low in energy according to a molecular mechanics force field (Amber). In this work, we apply the constraint-based sampling method in a targeted fashion to generate a pathway between two conformational end states in the protein dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The pathway we generate bridges the so-called “closed” and “occluded” states of DHFR, a transition that involves loop rearrangement near the binding site and relative rotations of subdomains. We then use this pathway as a starting point for free energy calculations. By performing molecular dynamics umbrella sampling [2] along the pathway, we obtain the free energy difference between the end states. Although the generated pathway is not necessarily the actual transition pathway, accurate calculation of the free energy difference between end states only requires that the pathway be low in free energy in the umbrella sampling method.[1] Wells S, Menor S, Hespenheide B M, and Thorpe M F. Constrained geometric simulation of the diffusive motions in proteins. Phys Bio 2 S127-S136 (2005).[2] Mamonova T and Kurnikova M. Structure and energetics of channel-forming protein-polysaccharide complexes inferred via computational statistical thermodynamics. J Phys Chem 110(49) 25091-25100 (2006).
Computational Investigations of Small Deploying Tabs and Flaps for Aerodynamic Load Control

The cost of wind-generated electricity can be reduced by mitigating fatigue loads acting on the blades of wind turbine rotors. One way to accomplish this is with active aerodynamic load control devices that supplement the load control obtainable with current full-span pitch control. Techniques to actively mitigate blade loads that are being considered include individual blade pitch control, trailing-edge flaps, and other much smaller trailing-edge devices such as microtabs and microflaps. The focus of this paper is on the latter aerodynamic devices, their time-dependent effect on sectional lift, drag, and pitching moment, and their effectiveness in mitigating high frequency loads on the wind turbine. Although these small devices show promise for this application, significant challenges must be overcome before they can be demonstrated to be a viable, cost-effective technology.
Equipment for the distribution of cold liquefied gases

Abstract This article reviews equipment developed specially for the storage, transportation, and revaporization of cryogenic liquefied gases.
A displaced-line velocity diagnostic and its application in a visualization engine

A technique for measuring three-dimensional velocity by imaging the displacement of a marked fluid line is described, together with its use in an automotive visualization engine. In a flow seeded with 2–3 μ phosphorescing particles, a line is excited by a UV laser beam, deformed by the local velocity field, and detected by stereo low-light-level video cameras. The derivation of velocity from digitized images is discussed and capabilities of the diagnostic are assessed. Some image data taken in the engine are shown and quantitative two-component velocity plots along the line are presented.
Leaning against the Wind: Reflections on Institutionalizing Countercyclical Investment

For any number of reasons, the principles of contrarian investing can prove exceedingly difficult to put into practice—particularly in the heat of battle. In response, I propose four relatively straightforward ways in which long-term investors might look to build a defense against the damaging effects of pro-cyclical investment. These include: 1) recalibrating estimates of risk more consistent with valuation-based risk premiums than price volatility (price volatility and valuation risk have been negatively correlated at key turning points in the U.S. stock market over the past century); 2) eschewing price-based rebalancing in favor of a valuation-based alternative; 3) communicating to stakeholders a sense of short-term (unrealized) losses that should be expected in pursuit of longer-term objectives; and 4) rethinking the opportunistic role of cash, as a key comparative advantage for long-term investors is the counter-cyclical market-stabilizing provision of liquidity during liquidity droughts when risk premiums are typically widest.
Choline: Needed for Normal Development of Memory

Choline is a dietary component essential for normal function of all cells. It, or its metabolites, assures the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes; it is the major source of methyl-groups in the diet (one of choline's metabolites, betaine, participates in the methylation of homocysteine to form methionine); and it directly affects nerve signaling, cell signaling and lipid transport/metabolism. In 1998, the National Academy of Sciences, USA, issued a report identifying choline as a required nutrient for humans and recommended daily intake amounts. Eggs are an excellent dietary source of choline. Pregnancy and lactation are periods when maternal reserves of choline are depleted. At the same time, the availability of choline for normal development of the brain is critical. When rat pups received choline supplements (in utero or during the second week of life), their brain function changed, resulting in the lifelong memory enhancement. This change in memory function appears to be due to changes in the development of the memory center (hippocampus) in the brain. The mother's dietary choline during a critical period in brain development of her infant influences the rate of birth and death of nerve cells in this center. These changes are so important that we can pick out the groups of animals whose mothers had extra choline even when these animals are elderly. Thus, memory function in the aged rat is, in part, determined by what the mother ate. This is not the first example of a critical nutrient that must be present at a specific time in brain development. If folate isn't available in the first few weeks of pregnancy, the brain does not form normally. Thus, we suggest that pregnancy is a period when special attention has to be paid to dietary intake.
All-serial coding architecture for ultrafast optical code-division multiple-access

An all-serial coding architecture for ultrafast optical CDMA (code-division multiple-access), particularly suitable for waveguide and free-space operations, is studied. Performance comparison of the prime, 2/sup n/, and modified 2/sup n/ encoders/decoders in terms of normalized delay and ideal power loss reveals that the modified 2/sup n/ encoders/decoders perform the best. A 100 Mb/s optical CDMA experiment in free space using 100-fs laser pulses has been performed. >
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with truncal vagotomy: any increased weight loss?

Background Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) causes weight loss primarily through a mechanical restrictive mechanism. The vagus nerve provides connections between the brain and the gut through afferent and hormonal signals that regulate fullness and satiety. Published studies demonstrate clinically significant weight loss by subjects undergoing open surgical truncal vagotomy for ulcer disease and morbid obesity. This study aimed primarily to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adding truncal vagotomy to LAGB and to compare the weight loss with that of LAGB alone.
Special Feature: Commercial Multiprocessing Systems

Multiprocessing has distinct advantages–and unique constraints with implications for performance. This survey highlights the architectural strategies of five multiprocessor systems.
Pars Plana Lensectomy and Vitrectomy for Complicated Cataracts in juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Anterior surgical approaches to cataracts in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) patients are compromised by chronic anterior and posterior uveitis, miotic pupils, and posterior synechiae. The authors retrospectively reviewed the results of pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy in ten eyes from seven JRA patients with cataracts associated with chronic iridocyclitis and vitritis. Visual acuities improved from 20/100 or worse preoperatively to 20/60 or better postoperatively. Transient postoperative hypotony lasting 1 week to 4 months occurred in four of the ten eyes. Patients with glaucoma continued to require antiglaucoma therapy after surgery. Pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy provides a theoretically preferrable approach to complicated cataracts and vitritis in JRA patients because it allows removal of peripheral lens material in the presence of a miotic pupil, eliminates the potential for synechiae to the posterior capsule and/or anterior hyaloid, and clears the visual axis of inflammatory debris.
Sexual attraction and phobic dread in the countertransference

Since the middle of this century, countertransference theory has steadily evolved to a point where we now find abundant references in our literature involving extremely useful self‐disclosive examinations of a broad spectrum of potentially disruptive countertransference responses. Our collective attitude of openness and even excitement at the potential usefulness of such responses in deepening our understanding of our patients, ourselves, and the nature of our work has been profoundly beneficial. And yet despite our advances from the early days of psychoanalysis when powerful countertransference was viewed strictly as an impediment, an atmosphere of disapproval and dread continues to pervade the phenomenon of erotic countertransference, which in turn contributes ironically to the alarming incidence of sexual abuse of patients by therapists of every orientation and level of experience. The roots of our collective intolerance are explored, beginning with Breuer's treatment of Anna O and Jung's entanglement ...