cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals

The United States contains about one-third of the world’s coal reserves, and coal represents over 90 percent of U.S. proven reserves of fossil fuels. Recoverable reserves of U.S. coal are estimated to be 250 billion tons. Bituminous coals (with a heating value of 10,000–15,000 BTU/lb) comprise nearly one-half of total U.S. coal reserves. Eastern U.S. coals are generally bituminous. Western and southwestern U.S. coals are mainly sub-bituminous (with a heating value of 9000–12,000 BTU/lb) and lignite (with a heating value of 8000–10,000 BTU/lb). Coal is a major source of energy for electric power production and process heat and can serve as a source of synthetic fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.
Contaminant bioaccumulation dynamics in young-of-the-year bluefish subpopulations in New York Bight with a special reference to the condition and nursery area fidelity subsequent to recruitment

Contaminant bioaccumulation dynamics was examined in young-of-the-year (YOY) bluefish subpopulations (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the New York Bight ecosystem, and the results were used to assess (i) e...
BRAIN SITES OF PRECIPITATED ABSTINENCE IN MORPHINE-DEPENDENT RATS

The brains of morphine-dependent rats were explored for areas sensitive to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Stainless-steel guide cannulas were implanted into different brain areas of male albino rats. One to five days after cannula implantation, physical dependence on morphine was induced by s.c. implantation of a pellet containing 75 mg of morphine base. Naloxone hydrochloride crystals were intracerebrally applied 70 to 76 hours after morphine pellet implantation. After application of naloxone, the abstinence signs of wet shakes and escape behavior were most frequently elicited in the medial thalamus and in medial areas of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junctures. Neocortical, hippocampal, hypothalamic, tegmental, lateral thalamic and striatal areas of the brain were less sensitive to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The neuroanatomical pathways related to opioid dependence are discussed.
A Cdk7-Cdk4 T-Loop Phosphorylation Cascade Promotes G1 Progression

Eukaryotic cell division is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which require phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK) for full activity. Chemical genetics uncovered requirements for the metazoan CAK Cdk7 in determining cyclin specificity and activation order of Cdk2 and Cdk1 during S and G2 phases. It was unknown if Cdk7 also activates Cdk4 and Cdk6 to promote passage of the restriction (R) point, when continued cell-cycle progression becomes mitogen independent, or if CDK-activating phosphorylation regulates G1 progression. Here we show that Cdk7 is a Cdk4- and Cdk6-activating kinase in human cells, required to maintain activity, not just to establish the active state, as is the case for Cdk1 and Cdk2. Activating phosphorylation of Cdk7 rises concurrently with that of Cdk4 as cells exit quiescence and accelerates Cdk4 activation in vitro. Therefore, mitogen signaling drives a CDK-activation cascade during G1 progression, and CAK might be rate-limiting for R point passage.
Arthritis develops but fails to resolve during inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 in a murine model of Lyme disease.

Objective Recent studies have implicated products of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in not only induction but also resolution of the inflammatory response; however, the contribution of COX-2 products to the in vivo response to infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of COX-2 to temporal regulation of the inflammatory response to infection in a murine model of Lyme arthritis. Methods Experimental Lyme disease was induced in both arthritis-resistant DBA/2J and arthritis-susceptible C3H/HeJ mice by inoculation in the hind footpads with Borrelia burgdorferi. COX-2 inhibitors were administered daily, and their effect on arthritis pathology was assessed at various time points postinfection. The COX-2 deficiency was also backcrossed onto both DBA and C3H backgrounds to confirm the findings from COX-2 inhibitor–treated mice. Results In COX-2 inhibitor–treated or COX-2−/− C3H mice, arthritis developed normally but did not resolve. Cessation of COX-2 inhibitor treatment on day 14 postinfection did not induce resolution of arthritis, indicating an early onset for the molecular mechanisms governing resolution. The lack of resolution of arthritis correlated with altered COX-2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 messenger RNA levels in the joints of C3H mice. In addition, the proresolution lipid molecule 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 was produced in response to B burgdorferi infection, and its production was attenuated by the inhibition of COX-2. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that early production of COX-2 products is necessary for resolution of the inflammatory arthritis induced by Borrelia infection, and that COX-2 inhibition may result in prolonged inflammatory states, possibly by inhibition of proresolution eicosanoids.
Embryonic Expression of Mouse Bone Morphogenetic Protein-1 (BMP-1), Which Is Related to the Drosophila Dorsoventral Gene tolloid and Encodes a Putative Astacin Metalloendopeptidase

Abstract cDNAs encoding a mouse gene closely related to human bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) have been isolated from an 8.5-day p.c. embryo cDNA library. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence shows that the protein contains a putative zinc-binding astacin metalloendopeptidase domain, five Clr/s domains, and two potential Ca 2+ -binding EGF-like repeats. In overall domain organization it more closely resembles the Drosophila tolloid gene product than human BMP-1. By RNase protection, transcripts can be detected in the embryo at 6.5 days p.c. and persist at least until 16.5 days p.c. By in situ hybridization, transcripts are seen at high levels in the maternal deciduum and in the late-gastrulation stage embryo at low levels throughout the mesoderm. This low level of mesodermal expression continues through development but somewhat higher levels are seen in developing membranous and endochondral bone, in the submucosa of the intestine, the dermis of the skin, and the mesenchyme of the spleen and lung. High levels of BMP-1 transcripts are also seen from 9.5 days p.c. in the floorplate region of the developing neural tube. Potential therefore exists for the interaction of BMP-1 protein with products of TGF-β-related genes expressed during embryogenesis.
Evidence for a tonic facilitatory influence of substance P on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

Abstract Microinjections of a monoclonal antibody substance P (SP) into the nucleus accumbens (NAS) increased the concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllacetic acid (DOPAC) in the NAS but not neuroanatomically adjacent areas. SP immunoneutralization in the NAS also reduced the locomotor response to systemically administered d -amphetamine. Microinjections of control antibody did not significantly alter either DA metabolism or d -amphetamine-induced locomotion. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous SP modulates the release of DA in the NAS.
Carpal tunnel syndrome: Unusual contraindications to endoscopic release

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release has become an increasingly popular method of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Consequently, the contraindications to this technically challenging procedure continue to evolve. We describe two patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and unusual anomalies and pathology of the hook of the hamate that we believe represent relative or absolute contraindications to endoscopic carpal tunnel release.
4.6-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-nonan-3-one, a sex pheromone of the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne F.)

Abstract A structure of the sex pheromone produced by the female cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne F.) is established as 4,6-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-nonan-3-one (Ia) by chemical and spectroscopic evidences.
When Burglar Alarms Sound, Do Monitorial Citizens Pay Attention to Them? The Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers During and After the 2008 U.S. Election Cycle

This study examines whether there is a thematic gap between the stories that journalists display most prominently and the stories consumers read most frequently in six mainstream American news sites. It looks at the choices of both groups in relation to each other and explores whether these choices vary in connection with the occurrence of a major political event, the 2008 presidential campaign. We find that during a time of routine political activity, there is a sizable gap between the news choices of journalists and consumers in which the former give more prominence to public affairs news (stories about politics, economics, and international topics) than the latter, but, during the campaign, this gap changes variously across the sites studied. Moreover, within the 2008 election cycle the predilection of journalists and consumers for public affairs news increases as election day nears, although journalists' choices are thematically less variable than those of consumers. These findings contribute to the s...
Grip force control during gait initiation with a hand-held object

When walking with a hand-held object, grip force is coupled in an anticipatory manner to changes in inertial force resulting from the accelerations and decelerations of gait. However, it is not known how grip and inertial forces are organized at the onset of gait, and if the two forces are coupled in the early phases of gait initiation. Moreover, initiating walking with an object involves the coordination of anticipatory postural (e.g., ground reaction force changes) and grasping adjustments. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of ground reaction, grip, and inertial force onsets, and the subsequent development of the coupling of grip and inertial forces during gait initiation with a hand-held object. Ten subjects performed gait initiation with a hand-held object following predictable and unpredictable start signals. We found that ground reaction and grip force onsets were closely linked in time regardless of the predictability of the start signal. In the early period of gait initiation, the grip force started to increase prior to inertial force changes. While the strength of the coupling of grip and inertial forces was moderate in this early phase, it increased to values observed during steady-state gait after the swing foot left the ground. The early grip force increase and the coupling of grip and inertial forces represent an anticipatory control process. This process establishes an appropriate grip-inertial force ratio to ensure object stability during acceleration after foot-off and maintains this increased ratio thereafter. The results suggest that grasping and whole body movements are governed by a common internal representation.
Inelastic response of alumina

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of microcracking, plasticity, and strain rate dependent pore closure on the inelastic deformation wave profiles of a low density (3.55 mg/m3) and a high density (3.88 mg/m3) aluminas. This is accomplished by means of numerical simulations of the measured plane shock wave profiles in these aluminas. The wave profiles were generated over a wide range of impact velocities (80 m/s to 2200 m/s). An internal-state-variable based ceramic model was used in the simulations to describe the inelastic strains due to microcracking, microplasticity, and pore collapsing. The microcrack size, number of microflaws, and limiting speed of the crack growth controlled the shape of the inelastic wave portion of the velocity profile at low velocity impact. The porosity content and the strain rate sensitivity parameter did not significantly influence the shapes of the low velocity profiles. However, these two parameters greatly influenced the profile shapes when the ceramic was shocked at high velocities well above the Hugoniot elastic limit. The simulations of high velocity experiments clearly demonstrated the need for describing the pore collapse process in order to match the measured wave profiles.
Asymptotic theory of diffractive scattering

Abstract We discuss an approximate approach to the theory of diffractive hadron-nucleus scattering which holds for strong interactions and large momentum transfers. We find this asymptotic approach to be accurate for a variety of assumed interactions of typical nuclear strengths, even for momentum transfers which are quite small. The method offers simple explanations of a number of features of the interference patterns observed in nuclear scattering.
Analysis of RNA-DNA competition hybridization using the Scatchard plot☆

Abstract The Scatchard plot is convenient for expressing RNA-DNA competition hybridization data because the maximum amount of competition is directly read as the X-intercept. The derivation which validates the use of this graphical method for competition hybridization data is presented.
The allergist's stake in collagen disease.

Abstract Diseases of collagen have a common pathology and common clinical manifestations, and present a marked tendency toward overlapping. They are not infrequently produced by drugs. They respond to steroid therapy. Both clinically and experimentally, they are associated with hyperglobulinemia. They are reproduced experimentally by both active and passive sensitization. The development of these lesions is interfered with by x-radiation and nitrogen mustard. This considerable body of evidence certainly suggests strongly the possibility of a hypersensitivity ctiological factor. The allergist is interested in and concerned with phenomena of hypersensitivity. His continued preoccupation with this subject, we hope, will throw additional and much needed light upon this provocative and baffling subject.
Edge-curling-wall discontinuities and interactions with Bloch walls in easy-axis Permalloy

Laminations of soft-magnetic and nonmagnetic films, which meet the criteria for easy-axis state, have edge-curling walls instead of the triangular closure domains of single sheets. A laser magnetooptic microscope has been used to image and model two types of edge-curling wall discontinuities that are induced by geometry in finite elements. One is a sectored-vortex discontinuity in a single-domain state that was not previously predicted. In addition, laminates with Permalloy layers on the order of 1- mu m thick are usually divided into easy-axis domains by 180 degrees Bloch walls. Several types of interaction of a Bloch wall with an edge-curling wall are described. The existence of coupled (top and bottom layers) single-domain states in two-magnetic-layer elements is confirmed. >
Neuron-specific Sumo1–3 knockdown in mice impairs episodic and fear memories

Background: Growing evidence suggests that small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation plays a key role in brain plasticity by modulating activity-dependent synaptic transmission. However, these observations are based largely on cell culture experiments. We hypothesized that episodic and fear memories would be affected by silencing SUMO1–3 expression. Methods: To investigate the role of SUMO conjugation in neuronal functioning in vivo, we generated a novel Sumo transgenic mouse model in which a Thy1 promoter drives expression of 3 distinct microRNAs to silence Sumo1–3 expression, specifically in neurons. Wild-type and Sumo1–3 knockdown mice were subjected to a battery of behavioural tests to elucidate whether Sumoylation is involved in episodic and emotional memory. Results: Expression of Sumo1–3 microRNAs and the corresponding silencing of Sumo expression were particularly pronounced in hippocampal, amygdala and layer V cerebral cortex neurons. The Sumo knockdown mice displayed anxiety-like responses and were impaired in episodic memory processes, contextual and cued fear conditioning and fear-potentiated startle. Limitations: Since expression of Sumo1–3 was silenced in this mouse model, we need to verify in future studies which of the SUMO paralogues play the pivotal role in episodic and emotional memory. Conclusion: Our results indicate that a functional SUMO conjugation pathway is essential for emotionality and cognition. This novel Sumo knockdown mouse model and the technology used in generating this mutant may help to reveal novel mechanisms that underlie a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with anxiety and impairment of episodic and emotional memory.
A SEASONAL DIATOM IN A FROZEN WISCONSIN LAKE1

SUMMARY An extensive bloom of a stalked diatom, Cymbella sp., developed under the ice in Lake Wingra, a hard-water lake in southern Wisconsin. The diatoms were attached to decomposing plants of Myriophyllum spicatum L. Uptake of H14CO3− showed the Cymbella to have an optimum temperature for carbon fixation of 25 C throughout the winter. Microscopic examination of samples taken from January through April showed Cymbella to dominate all other eucaryotic organisms. It is concluded that despite the fact this organism predominates in this winter habitat, it does not become optimally adapted to the temperature of its environment.
The Underground Economy in the United States: Reply to Comments by Feige, Thomas, and Zilberfarb

THE FATE that an author should dread the most is to see his/her writings ignored. While I have experienced this fate with some of my writings, this is definitely not what has happened to my articles on the underground economy in the United States. For these I have been "flattered" by more attention than I would perhaps have liked. The three comments and criticisms discussed here are quite different: they deal in part with the methodology of my work in this area and in part with the empirical results. There are several ways in which I could deal with them but perhaps the simplest is to take the authors' comments alphabetically. I shall allocate far more space to Feige's "comment" than to the other two, largely because his is not just a comment on my paper but is also an attempt to "sell" his work to the readers of Staff Papers. Thus, I must inevitably discuss his method and results while attempting to answer his specific criticism of my work.
GENERATIONAL CHANGE WITHIN THE ITALIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY ELITE

The Italian Christian Democratic Party leadership is presently being challenged by a third generation of members who seek to substantially alter party policy. Because of resistance from the center to this encroachment two important effects can be noted. First, a significant number of the younger generation are deserting the DC and seeking alternate political solutions. This group is largely leftist in sentiment and have sought to create either a “new left” or have actually joined Communist and Socialist electoral lists. With the removal of this first group from party participation a second group, rightist in political orientation, is gaining in strength. Although this is a slow movement, and not necessarily irreversible, it does reflect the increased importance of the laical left on Italian politics and the removal of the DC left from active support of the party.
The Diathesis and/or Stressor Role of Expressed Emotion in Affective Illness

The concept of expressed emotion, or EE, plays an important role in understanding psychosocial factors in the course of schizophrenia. More recently, the concept of EE has been applied to affectively ill samples, and our review of this research indicates that, overall, depressed patients with a high-EE relative are 13 times more likely to relapse than those with a low-EE relative. Next, we consider whether high EE is an indicator of the depressed patient-relative relationship, characteristics of the depressed person, or (in some cases) an indicator of parental psychopathology. Finally, we recommend that our understanding of the mechanisms by which EE is associated with relapse will be enhanced by integrating EE with existing theories of the etiologies and courses of the varieties of affective disorders.
The Therapeutic Bookshelf

This article reminds readers that grief books intended for non-professional audiences may be an important theoretical tool in helping bereaved resolve grief. Briefly reviewing some base self-help l...
Quality competition in local hospital markets: some econometric evidence from the period 1982-1988.

Abstract This study examines whether American hospitals continued to engage in non-price or quality competition over the recent past as health care markets underwent fundamental structural changes and the economic incentives facing hospital managers were correspondingly altered. It also investigates the degree to which such rivalrous behavior contributes to losses in economic welfare. An econometric model of quality competition is specified that tests, among other things, for the effect of spending by the hospital to enhance the quality of output on annual changes in its share of the local (inpatient) market as well as the effects of competitive conditions in the local market on the annual sum spent on quality enhancement. The model is estimated with the panel data on 195 acute care hospitals in the State of Florida for the years 1982–1988. The results suggest that quality competitive behavior continued unabated over this period and that it was stimulated as much by the growth in physician supply and alternative delivery mechanisms as it was by other competing hospitals in the local market. Furthermore, the results show that quality competition yields some inefficiency or waste, but much of it also meets the test of the market.
Total synthesis of the opioid agonistic indole alkaloid mitragynine and the first total syntheses of 9-methoxygeissoschizol and 9-methoxy-Nb-methylgeissoschizol.

An enantiospecific method for the synthesis of 4-methoxytryptophan has been developed via a regiospecific Larock heteroannulation and employed for the first total syntheses of 9-methoxygeissoschizol and 9-methoxy-Nb-methylgeissoschizol, as well as the total synthesis of the opioid agonistic alkaloid mitragynine. The asymmetric Pictet−Spengler reaction and a Ni(COD)2-mediated cyclization served as key steps.
The Choice of Adjuvant Combination Therapies with Taxanes: Rationale and Issues Addressed in Ongoing Studies

Abstract The taxanes are emerging as the most powerful compounds in breast cancer. Both compounds, paclitaxel and docetaxel, have been evaluated in the metastatic setting before proceeding with adjuvant trials. Docetaxel was shown in phase III trials to be superior, in particular, in terms of time to progression and survival, to salvage polychemotherapies after failure of prior chemotherapy including anthracyclines. Also, after failure of alkylating agents, a benefit in favor of docetaxel was reported when compared to doxorubicin, whereas paclitaxel was reported to be either as efficacious or inferior to doxorubicin, while being comparable to cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil. The role of taxanes in combination with anthracyclines in first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer is still unclear although emerging. One phase III trial showed the significant superiority of doxorubicin/docetaxel (AT) versus doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) in terms of response and time to progression. Several phase II studies with paclitaxel (over 3 hours) and anthracyclines in the metastatic setting showed high efficacy, but they also showed cardiac toxicity related to a pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 agents. This fact led to the implementation of metastatic strategies (several phase III trials) aimed at avoiding the pharmacokinetic interaction or specifically limiting the cardiac toxicity that resulted in contradictory results. Consequently, adjuvant strategies with paclitaxel focused mostly on the sequential approach (AC followed by paclitaxel). In contrast, adjuvant strategies with docetaxel/anthracycline- based programs were implemented following both sequential and combination approaches. Results of all of these trials in the adjuvant setting are eagerly awaited in order to establish the role of taxanes in adjuvant breast cancer.
A histochemical study of phagocytic and enzymatic functions of rabbit mononuclear and polymorphonuclear exudate cells and alveolar macrophages. I. Survey and quantitation of enzymes, and states of cellular activation.

The cytochrome oxidase (CO), aminopeptidase (AMP), succinic dehydrogenase (SD), acid phosphatase, esterase, and alkaline phosphatase of rabbit mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) peritoneal exudate cells and pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM) - air dried on Mylar strips - were characterized by histochemical techniques with respect to stability, activators, inhibitors, and pH optima. A granule count method was established for the quantitation of these enzymes. For the acid phosphatase of MN, in which the most precise results were obtained, time, pH, substrate, and inhibitor curves resembled those commonly obtained biochemically. Five of these enzymes were usually more active in AM than MN, whereas the sixth, alkaline phosphatase, was not present in either cell type. AM also tended to consume more oxygen than MN and to divide more frequently. Since the most active cells in the population would be first involved in the host's defense against microbial agents, a comparison was made of the 10 per cent of the AM and MN with the highest enzymatic activities. No differences were found in the granule counts that were not reflected by the means. However, within a given AM population, cells containing ingested dust particles seemed to have higher enzymatic activities than those without particles. MN had greater acid phosphatase and SD activities than PMN and consumed more oxygen, but the CO, AMP, and esterase activites of both types of cells were of similar magnitude. PMN showed high alkaline phosphatase activity; MN showed none. A survey of the histochemical literature indicates that a positive correlation between the enzymatic and phagocytic activities of both MN and PMN exists in vivo .
Rapid Annealing Factor for Bipolar Silicon Devices Irradiated by Fast Neutron Pulse

A pulse of fast neutrons induces Frenkel defects in bipolor transistors and ICs which degrade their performance. Most of the defects are rapidly cured and disappear. The parameter used to quantify this transient phenomenon is called the annealing factor and it is defined in terms of the common emitter current gain. This paper develops a mathematical model of the annealing factor based on the physics of the generation and annealing of the defects which agrees well with experimental data (Ref 1 and 2). It models the annealing factor both during and after a time-varying finite duration neutron pulse. Electron density is the most important factor governing the annealing rate, and the sources of electron density such as neutron and gamma-ray ionization are discussed. The model is incorporated into SYSCAP II circuit analysis codes for prediction of circuit transient response. Several computed results are given.
Application of advanced high speed turboprop technology to future civil short-haul transport aircraft design

With an overall goal of defining the needs and requirements for short-haul transport aircraft research and development, the objective of this paper is to determine the performance and noise impact of short-haul transport aircraft designed with an advanced turboprop propulsion system. This propulsion system features high-speed propellers that have more blades and reduced diameters. Aircraft are designed for short and medium field lengths; mission block fuel and direct operating costs (DOC) are used as performance measures. The propeller diameter was optimized to minimize DOC. Two methods are employed to estimate the weight of the acoustic treatment needed to reduce interior noise to an acceptable level. Results show decreasing gross weight, block fuel, DOC, engine size, and optimum propfan diameter with increasing field length. The choice of acoustic treatment method has a significant effect on the aircraft design.
Ischemic-reperfusion injury in the kidney: Overexpression of colonic H+-K+-ATPase and suppression of NHE-3

Ischemic renal injury is associated with changes in the expression of a number of genes. Although pH regulation is undoubtedly important during the recovery from ischemia, the expression of acid-base transporters during acute ischemic renal failure has not been studied. In the present study, levels of mRNA encoding the colonic H+-K+-ATPase and four isoforms of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1, NHE-2, NHE-3 and NHE-4) were measured by quantitative Northern analysis in rat renal cortex and medulla following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were subjected to 30 minutes of renal artery occlusion and then sacrificed either 12 or 24 hours after the occlusion was released. The most striking changes followed 30 minutes of occlusion and 12 hours of reperfusion and involved the mRNA for NHE-3 (involved in HCO3- reabsorption in proximal tubule and thick limb) and colonic H+-K+-ATPase (involved in HCO3- reabsorption in collecting duct). These changes were: (1) a approximately 75% decrease in NHE-3 mRNA in both cortex and medulla; and (2) an approximately 8-fold increase in colonic H+-K+-ATPase mRNA in the cortex. At 12 hours of reperfusion, there was a 66% reduction in the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-3) activity as assayed by acid-stimulated 22Na+ influx into brush border membrane vesicles (P < 0.01). After 24 hours of reperfusion, NHE-3 mRNA remained suppressed while cortical colonic H+-K+-ATPase mRNA declined to only twice the control level. Medullary colonic H+-K+-ATPase mRNA did not change significantly. Gastric H+-K+-ATPase mRNA in cortex or medulla remained the same at 0, 12, and 24 hours after reperfusion. Cortical NHE-1 increased mildly at 12 and 24 hours of reperfusion whereas a moderate decrease in NHE-2 and NHE-4 mRNAs was observed in cortex and medulla after both 12 and 24 hours of reperfusion. We suggest that overexpression of colonic H+-K+-ATPase in the early phase of renal reperfusion injury may be responsible for compensatory reabsorption of increased HCO3- load resulting from suppression of NHE-3. This was supported by a fourfold increase in colonic H+-K+-ATPase mRNA in rats treated with acetazolamide, which causes renal HCO3-wasting. Rapid decline in colonic H+-K+-ATPase expression at 24 hours after reperfusion is likely due to reduced HCO3- delivery to distal tubules resulting from decreased GFR. Overexpression of H+-K+-ATPase may be vital to acid-base homeostasis in the early phase of acute ischemic renal failure.
Prion domains: sequences, structures and interactions

Mammalian and most fungal infectious proteins (also known as prions) are self-propagating amyloid, a filamentous β-sheet structure. A prion domain determines the infectious properties of a protein by forming the core of the amyloid. We compare the properties of known prion domains and their interactions with the remainder of the protein and with chaperones. Ure2p and Sup35p, two yeast prion proteins, can still form prions when the prion domains are shuffled, indicating a parallel in-register β-sheet structure.
Environmental Stressors, Perceived Control, and Health: The Case of Residents Near Large-Scale Hog Farms in Eastern North Carolina

This study first explores the physical and psychological health effects of residence near industrial hog farms. The study compares differences in specific health symptoms, psychological distress, and perceived control between a group of 48 nearby residents and a control group (n = 34) with no exposure to hog farms. The process through which nearby residence affects psychological distress is then explored by examining for mediating effects of either physical health symptoms or perceived control. Findings suggest that nearby residence is associated with increases in 12 of the 22 reported physical symptoms. Most of these significantly different symptoms are related to respiratory, sinus, and nausea problems. Nearby residence is also associated with increased psychological distress and decreased perceptions of control. Nearby residence appears to affect psychological distress by increasing physical health symptoms. Although nearby residents report significantly lower perceived control, perceived control does not play a significant role in the process through which nearby residence affects psychological distress.
981 THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL TESTICULAR TORSION ON THE CONTRALATERAL TESTICLE IN PREPUBERTAL CHINESE HAMSTERS

981 THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL TESTICULAR TORSION ON THE CONTRALATERAL TESTICLE IN PREPUBERTAL CHINESE HAMSTERS
Syncope and foot structure in pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew

This paper examines a set of problems concerning word stress in the substratal Merged Hebrew component in Yiddish. When compared with their historical cognates in Classical Hebrew, the Yiddish words show a stress pattern which appears to conform to the Germanic trochee. The change has frequently been seen as occurring within the history of Yiddish. The present paper demonstrates, however, that (for the relevant Hebrew-origin items) the change from a Hebrew iamb to a trochee necessarily occurred in a period after spoken Hebrew times and before the birth of Yiddish – thus, within one or more intervening Jewish vernaculars. This is demonstrated by consideration of pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew foot structure in light of two historically distinct processes of syncope.
Exporting labor: the impact of expatriate workers on the home country.

The economic impact of emigration on the source country is analyzed through a literature review and a discussion of costs benefits and public policy implications. It is noted that "information collected from different sources and settings is needed for cross-validation of assessments and conclusions. Second....the cost/benefit analysis of emigration should be undertaken on a case by case basis. Third...these costs and benefits must be assessed in a long-term framework that considers the socio-economic conditions and the goals of the country....Fourth effective governmental policies...need to recognize that emigrants generally are highly motivated people [who] are adept at overcoming legal or other obstacles in their path." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
Inactivation of Tgfbr2 in Osterix-Cre expressing dental mesenchyme disrupts molar root formation

It has been difficult to examine the role of TGF-s in post-natal tooth development due to perinatal lethality in many of the signaling deficient mouse models. To address the role of Tgfbr2 in postnatal tooth development, we generated a mouse in which Tgfbr2 was deleted in odontoblast- and bone-producing mesenchyme. Osx-Cre;Tgfbr2(fl/fl) mice were generated (Tgfbr2(cko)) and post-natal tooth development was compared in Tgfbr2(cko) and control littermates. X-ray and μCT analysis showed that in Tgfbr2(cko) mice radicular dentin matrix density was reduced in the molars. Molar shape was abnormal and molar eruption was delayed in the mutant mice. Most significantly, defects in root formation, including failure of the root to elongate, were observed by postnatal day 10. Immunostaining for Keratin-14 (K14) was used to delineate Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS). The results showed a delay in elongation and disorganization of the HERS in Tgfbr2(cko) mice. In addition, the HERS was maintained and the break up into epithelial rests was attenuated suggesting that Tgfbr2 acts on dental mesenchyme to indirectly regulate the formation and maintenance of the HERS. Altered odontoblast organization and reduced Dspp expression indicated that odontoblast differentiation was disrupted in the mutant mice likely contributing to the defect in root formation. Nevertheless, expression of Nfic, a key mesenchymal regulator of root development, was similar in Tgfbr2(cko) mice and controls. The number of osteoclasts in the bone surrounding the tooth was reduced and osteoblast differentiation was disrupted likely contributing to both root and eruption defects. We conclude that Tgfbr2 in dental mesenchyme and bone is required for tooth development particularly root formation.
Development of 10 microsatellite loci in the wolf spider Arctosa sancterosae (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Ten novel microsatellite loci were isolated from Arctosa sancterosae, a white dune dwelling species of wolf spider. Diversity was assessed in 273 individuals sampled from 11 populations along the Northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. These new genetic markers will be useful for the description and conservation of these limited populations.
Galactinol Synthase from Kidney Bean Cotyledon and Zucchini Leaf (Purification and N-Terminal Sequences)

Galactinol synthase (GS) was purified 1591-fold with a 3.9% recovery from the cotyledon of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris} by a novel scheme consisting of ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by diethylaminoethyl, Affi-Gel Blue, and UDP-hexanolamine affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 8.75 [mu]mol mg-1 min-1, a pH optimum of 7.0, and requirements for manganese ion and DTT. The enzyme exhibited a Km, = 0.4 mM for UDP-galactose and a Km = 4.5 mM for myo-inositol. It was identified as a 38-kD peptide that co-purified with a 41- and a 43-kD peptide as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Purification to homogeneity was achieved by isolating the 38-kD peptide from the SDS-PAGE gel. To clarify conflicting reports in the literature about the relative molecular mass of purified GS from zucchini leaf (Cucurbita pepo), a similar scheme with modified eluting conditions was used to purify GS from this source. Zucchini leaf GS was purified to homogeneity and identified as a 36-kD peptide on SDS-PAGE. Partial N-terminal sequences of the 38-kD peptide from kidney bean cotyledon and the 36-kD peptide from zucchini leaf were obtained. To facilitate identification of GS during the purification, an assay utilizing thin-layer chromatography and an isotopic analytic imaging scanner was developed.
Genetic Dissection of Structural and Functional Components of Synaptic Plasticity. I. Fasciclin II Controls Synaptic Stabilization and Growth

Abstract The glutamatergic neuromuscular synapse in Drosophila forms and differentiates into distinct boutons in the embryo and grows by sprouting new boutons throughout larval life. We demonstrate that two axons form ∼18 boutons on muscles 7 and 6 by hatching and grow to ∼180 boutons by third instar. We further show that, after synapse formation, the homophilic cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin II (Fas II) is localized both pre- and postsynaptically where it controls synapse stabilization. In FasII null mutants, synapse formation is normal, but boutons then retract during larval development. Synapse elimination and resulting lethality are rescued by transgenes that drive Fas II expression both pre- and postsynaptically; driving Fas II expression on either side alone is insufficient. Fas II can also control synaptic growth; various FasII alleles lead to either an increase or decrease in sprouting, depending upon the level of Fas II.
STRUCTURE AND ONTOGENY OF TERMINAL SCLEREIDS IN BORONIA SERRULATA

THE OCCURRENCE of conspicuous ramified sclereids in the leaves of many dicotyledons raises a problem of considerable importance to the student of cellular differentiation. Foliar sclereids are highly specialized cell types which because of their large size, bizarre form and thick secondary walls are sharply demarcated from neighboring tissue elements. What are the factors which condition the origin and highly individualistic growth of such idioblasts during leaf ontogeny? Before this question can be approached properly by experimental methods, it is essential to have (1) a reasonably comprehensive picture of the precise topographic relationships of foliar sclereids and (2) detailed information on the origin and method of development of the various forms of sclereids. Within recent years, topographic and ontogenetic studies have been made on the foliar sclereids of a series of dicotyledonous genera and a detailed review of this work has been given by Arzee (1953a, 1953b) . Two important aspects of these sclereid investigations deserve brief emphasis at this point. It is first of all evident that foliar sclereids in certain genera are not distributed at random in the mesophyll but are predominantly localized at the veinlet endings. (Foster, 1946, 1947, 1955; Rao, 1951b; Subramanyam and Rao, 1949.) Such terminal sclereids clearly illustrate that this type of idioblast may develop in a rather well-defined pattern which is correlated ontogenetically with the differentiation of the network of procambial strands. A second aspect of recent ontogenetic investigations concerns the method of intercellular development of branched or elongated sclereids. As Arzee (1953b, p. 751) has pointed out in her study of the remarkable filiform sclereids in Olea, so-called "symplastic growth" together with the intrusive apical elongation of the ends of the sclereid and its branches appear to account satisfactorily for the form and position of the adult cell. Evidence of a similar type of intercellular development was also secured by the writer in his studies on sclereid ontogeny in Camellia, Trochodendron and Mouriria (Foster, 1944, 1945, 1947). In the present article, a description is given of the topography, structure and ontogeny of the foliar terminal sclereids in Boroinia serrulata Sm. The writer's interest in Boronia originated from the statement and depiction by Schulze (1902, p. 70-71; Taf. 1, fig. 1-2) that this genus is distinguished from all other members of the Rutaceae by the occurrence of branched idioblasts which lie almost invariably at the ends of the veinlets. Schulze found such terminal sclereids in the leaves of B. elatior
Quantitative changes of serum lipoprotein-X after cholestyramine administration in infants with cholestatic biliary tract and liver disease.

5Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, GFR Abstract. Lipoprotein-X (LP-X) was determined before and after the administration of cholestyramine in fifty-five infants with persistent cholestatic jaundice to differentiate between intra- and extrahepatic disease. In twenty-seven infants with biliary atresia, serum LP-X prior to cholestyramine ranged from 0.87 to 11.42 g/1 (mean: 3.43 g/l); the average concentration was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in males. After cholestyramine, LP-X rose in twenty-three, remained the same in two, and decreased slightly in two infants. Serum LP-X was present in twenty of the twenty-eight infants with intrahepatic cholestasis prior to cholestyramine in concentrations from 0.84 to 14.19 g/l (mean: 3.13 g/l). After cholestyramine, LP-X decreased in all by an average of 78% (P< 0.005). The other eight infants did not have LP-X before or after cholestyramine. This study shows that LP-X in the serum of infants with cholestatic jaundice indicates severe cholestasis, but is not itself diagnostic of biliary atresia. The differentiation of biliary atresia from other diseases is readily achieved, as the administration of cholestyramine for 2–3 weeks causes a marked decrease of serum LP-X in patients with patent extrahepatic bile ducts. The absence of serum LP-X excludes biliary atresia.
Long-term soybean composition patterns and their effect on processing

Soybean protein and oil data from eight years of national surveys showed Western Corn Belt soybeans to consistently be one percentage point lower in protein than soybeans from the rest of the nation. There was year-to-year vasiability in protein patterns among other regions. Oil percentages were more variable than protein percentages among different years. Except for the far northern states, which typically produce low protein soybeans, improvement and stabilization of oil content would produce the most certain increases in processor yields. Increased protein would be valuable only if soybean meal were priced to reward protein content in excess of specifications.
DNA-methyltransferase 1 mRNA is selectively overexpressed in telencephalic GABAergic interneurons of schizophrenia brains.

Abstract A down-regulation of reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67 mRNAs was detected in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons of schizophrenia (SZ) postmortem brains (10), suggesting that the availability of GABA and reelin may be decreased in SZ cortex. In situ hybridization of the mRNA encoding for DNA-methyltransferase 1, which catalyzes the methylation of promoter CpG islands, shows that the expression of this mRNA is increased in cortical GABAergic interneurons but not in pyramidal neurons of SZ brains. Counts of reelin mRNA-positive neurons in Brodmann's area 10 of either nonpsychiatric subjects or SZ patients show that the expression of reelin mRNA is decreased in layer-I, -II, and -IV GABAergic interneurons of SZ patients. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the increase of DNA-methyltransferase 1 expression in telencephalic GABAergic interneurons of SZ patients causes a promoter hypermethylation of reelin and GAD67 and perhaps of other genes expressed in these interneurons. It is difficult to decide whether this dysfunction of GABAergic neurons detected in SZ is responsible for this disease or is a consequence of this disorder. Although at present we cannot differentiate between these two alternatives, it is important to consider that so far a molecular pathology of cortical GABAergic neurons appears to be the most consistent finding associated with SZ morbidity.
Evaluating Habitat Suitability Using Relative Abundance and Fledging Success of Red-Naped Sapsuckers

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Comparative effects of the 5′-triphosphates of 9-β-(2′azido-2′-deoxy-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine and 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine on DNA polymerases from L1210 leukemia cells

9-beta-(2'-Azido-2'-deoxy-D-arabiofuranosyl)adenine (arazide) causes greater and significantly more persistent inhibition of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of neoplastic cells than the related agent 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA). To elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible, we compared the effects of arazide and araA 5'-triphosphates on DNA polymerases alpha and beta of L1210 leukemia cells. Both nucleoside triphosphate analogs inhibited DNA polymerase alpha activity by competing with dATP; only araATP was inhibitory to DNA polymerase beta. Arazide triphosphate was at least four times more active than araATP as an inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha. Preincubation of DNA polymerase alpha with either agent did not result in enzyme inactivation. The results suggest that interference with DNA polymerase alpha activity by arazide triphosphate may be in part responsible for the inhibition of DNA synthesis produced by arazide in neoplastic cells.