cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity vs. Asynchrony of Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer as Determined by Monoclonal Antibodies

The availability of monoclonal antibodies directed against estrogen and progesterone receptor proteins have made immunohistochemical study of these proteins in human breast tissue possible. Semiquantitative immunohistochemical analyses for estrogen receptor (ER) using H222 Sp correlated with quantitative biochemical receptor analyses. Two different monoclonal antibodies against progesterone receptor (PgR), B39 and KD68 were compared. Both were found to correlate with biochemical quantitation. Heterogeneity within breast tumors was investigated by comparing receptor expression with tumor histology and studying the effect of administered steroid hormone on receptor content. Both estrogen and progesterone receptor content was found to correlate with histologic grade. Within a given specimen, receptor expression often varied between different tumor components. A shift toward more homogeneous expression of PgR was observed in some tumors with estrogen pretreatment.
Gastric bypass surgery is protective from high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress.

AIM High-fat diets are known to contribute to the development of obesity and related co-morbidities including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The accumulation of hepatic lipid may increase endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and contribute to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and metabolic disease. We hypothesized that bariatric surgery would counter the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on obesity-associated NAFLD. METHODS Sixteen of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to Sham (N = 8) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery (N = 8) and compared to Lean controls (N = 8). Obese rats were maintained on a HFD throughout the study. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and hepatic steatosis, triglyceride accumulation, ER stress and apoptosis were assessed at 90 days post-surgery. RESULTS Despite eating a HFD for 90 days post-surgery, the RYGB group lost weight (-20.7 ± 6%, P < 0.01) and improved insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) compared to Sham. These results occurred with no change in food intake between groups. Hepatic steatosis and ER stress, specifically glucose-regulated protein-78 (Grp78, P < 0.001), X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) and spliced XBP-1 (P < 0.01), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression, were normalized in the RYGB group compared to both Sham and Lean controls. Significant TUNEL staining in liver sections from the Obese Sham group, indicative of accelerated cell death, was absent in the RYGB and Lean control groups. Additionally, fasting plasma glucagon like peptide-1 was increased in RYGB compared to Sham (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION These data suggest that in obese rats, RYGB surgery protects the liver against HFD-induced fatty liver disease by attenuating ER stress and excess apoptosis.
Risk factors for legal involvement among a nationally representative sample of Hispanic adolescents

ABSTRACTAdolescent legal involvement is a public health concern nationwide. Despite the existing national limits of arrest data by Hispanic origin, previous research has found that minority youth are at increased risk for being confined. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether sex, age, authoritarian parenting, school experiences, depression, recent alcohol use, binge drinking and perceived social norms predicted legal involvement among Hispanic adolescents aged 12–17 years old nationwide. Legal involvement was operationally defined as ever being arrested, on parole or on probation. A secondary data analysis of the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was conducted including a total of 3,457 U.S. Hispanic adolescents. First, unadjusted odds ratios were computed by conducting a univariate logistic regression analyses. Then, all variables that were significant in the univariate logistic regression analyses were retained and included in a final multiple logistic regression model. A...
Potassium as a Toxic Factor in Intestinal Obstruction

SummaryIt has been shown that hyperpotassemia cannot be considered as a contributing factor to the cause of collapse and death in experimental intestinal obstruction in the dog.
Requirement of turkey poults for biotin and effect of deficiency of incidence of leg weakness in developing turkeys.

Abstract SOON after the discovery of biotin its nutritional significance in chick and poult nutrition was investigated by Patrick et al. (1942) who observed that a deficiency resulted in perosis and a dermatitis that appeared first on the foot pads. Biotin requirement of poults was estimated to be five micrograms per day during the first four weeks and it was suggested that practical poult diets but probably not chick diets may be deficient in this vitamin. Evidence was obtained for intestinal synthesis of biotin in laying hens (Couch et al., 1948). Robblee and Clandinin (1953) suggested that biotin may be marginal in practical poult rations. Antibiotics were shown to reduce the requirement of the turkey poult for biotin by Slinger and Pepper (1954) in studies which indicated that supplemental biotin to practical rations was probably not necessary. Interest in the biotin needs of turkeys has increased greatly because of the appearance…
Homocysteine: Update on a new risk factor

A high fasting plasma homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. Vitamin therapy can lower homocysteine levels, but no benefit has yet been demonstrated; studies using clinical outcomes as endpoints are now in progress.
The humanistic and behavioral traditions: areas of agreement and disagreement.

This comment, a response to Steven Hayes’s contribution, addresses areas of agreement and disagreement between the humanistic and behavioral traditions. Areas of agreement include a common interest in humanism, cognition, and contextualism. Areas of disagreement include Hayes’s analysis of humanistic psychology’s historical focus on human science and qualitative research as well as his view that humanistic psychology is not scientifically based. In the interest of collaboration, the article concludes with a request that behavioral clinicians be more cautious about extolling the specialness of behavioral approaches in psychotherapy.
Factors associated with local public health agency participation in obesity prevention in southern States.

Objectives Obesity rates in the southern US states are higher than in other states. Historically, large-scale community-based interventions in the United States have not proven successful. With local public health agencies (LPHAs) tasked with prevention, their role in obesity prevention is important, yet little research exists regarding what predicts the participation of LPHAs. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2008 National Association of City and County Health Officials profile study and two public health conceptual frameworks were used to assess structural and environmental predictors of LPHA participation in obesity prevention. The predictors were compared between southern and nonsouthern states. Univariate and weighted logistic regressions were performed. Results Analysis revealed that more LPHAs in southern states were engaged in nearly all of the 10 essential public health functions related to obesity prevention compared with nonsouthern states. Presence of community-based organizations and staffing levels were the only significant variables in two of the six logistic regression models. Conclusions This study provides insights into the success rates of the obesity prevention efforts of LPHAs in southern and nonsouthern states. Future research is needed to understand why and how certain structural elements and any additional factors influence LPHA participation in obesity prevention.
Assessing Career Outcomes of a Resident Academic Administrator, Clinician Educator Track: A Seven-Year Follow-up

Objective This study reports the academic outcomes, including scholarly productivity, of the graduates of one residency training track for future clinician educators and academic administrators. Since its implementation in 2008, the Academic Administrator, Clinician Educator (AACE) track at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic - UPMC has grown in popularity with reports of participants achieving post-graduate academic success; however, there has been no prior assessment of outcomes.
The study on growth characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O139 in four kinds of NO.4 medium

Objective:Understanding the growth characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O139 in four kinds of NO.4 agar plates,and providing a reference for the selection of the suitable medium.Methods:The Cholera O139 stains,which isolated in our laboratory,was diluted by a certain percentage after enrichment,then inoculated into the anal swab samples of the normal population,isolated and cultured using agar plate,in accordance with "cholera prevention manual"(fifth edition).Results: The suspicious colony of Vibrio cholerae O139 was growing on four kinds of NO.4 plates.The suspicious colony that available for testing can be isolated in the plates which produced by "Beijing Luqiao","Hangzhou Tianhe" within 10-12h.The characteristics of isolated colonies after 16h are as follows: The colony in the plate which produced by "Hangzhou Tianhe",was 2-3mm and round,dark brown in the center,colorless in the edge.The colony in the plate which produced by "Beijing Luqiao",was 2-3mm and round,brown in the center and hollowed as umbilical fossa,milky white in the surrounding,and part of colony had 1-2 spines in the edge,like oval.The colony in the plate which produced by "Guangzhou huankai ",was 2mm and round,light brown in the center,spotty uplift,colorless and transparent in the surrounding.The colony in the plate which produced by "Qindao Haibo ",was 1mm and round,milky white and flat.Conclusion: The Vibrio cholerae O139 can be isolated in four kinds of NO.4 plates,but it's colony characteristics such as colony size,shape,color was a significant difference,and part of the typical characteristics wasn't been reported.And the colony grew faster in some kinds of plates,and can be detected in time.The experiment suggested that,the NO.4 agar plates produced by "Hangzhou Tianhe " and other manufacturers are more suitable for isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 in this region.
Creating the teachers of tomorrow's professionals

Changes in the health delivery system will require individuals with different skills, attitudes, and values. There will be increased attention to population and clinical perspectives in education, research, and service, and more emphasis on functioning effectively as a team in providing care to persons with complex needs. A community-oriented health care delivery system focuses on health and pays more attention to the nonmedical provinces of public health, social work, and nursing. A letter that might be written by a health science student in 10 years gives a vision of the future education for physicians and nurses.
Prothymosin-α Variants Elicit Anti-HIV-1 Response via TLR4 Dependent and Independent Pathways.

BACKGROUND Prothymosin α (ProTα) (isoform 2: iso2) is a widely distributed, small acidic protein with intracellular and extracellular-associated functions. Recently, we identified two new ProTα variants with potent anti-HIV activity from CD8+ T cells and cervicovaginal lavage. The first is a splice variant of the ProTα gene known as isoB and the second is the product of ProTα pseudogene 7 (p7). Similarly to iso2, the anti-HIV activity of both variants is mediated by type I IFN. Here we tested whether the immunomodulatory activity of isoB and p7 are also TLR4 dependent and determined their kinetic of release in response to HIV-1 infection. METHODS Type I, type III, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA inducing activity was determined in macrophages from wild type and TLR4 knockout mice treated with recombinant ProTα variants. Supernatants from mock and HIV infected cells were analyzed by mass spectrometry in positive and negative modes for the presence of ProTα variants. In silico structural and functional analysis of ProTα variants were performed. RESULTS We show that both isoB and p7 upregulate IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IL-6, TNF-α and RANTES mRNAs in primary human macrophages. The potent stimulation of IFN-β by the recombinant ProTα variants in human macrophages is dependent on the TLR4 pathway, whereas the induction of TNF-α and IL-6 may also occur independently of TLR4, suggesting the interaction of ProTα variants with other signaling molecules/receptors. In silico analyses confirmed that the novel isoB and p7 variants are intrinsically disordered proteins, which lack the NLS and mass spectrometry showed release of ProTα variants within minutes post HIV-1 infection. These features are consistent with the function of ProTα variants as damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that ProTα variants strongly inhibit viral replication mainly, but not exclusively, through TLR4 signaling and that they are released within minutes of viral infection suggesting that they may function as DAMPs.
The Surgical Setting: ICU Versus OR

Growing patient volumes and need for surgical intervention in the critical care setting is rising. The appropriateness and suitability of the bedside procedure versus the operating room is an ongoing discussion among the surgeon and intensivist for the acutely ill patient. The question of stability, staff, resources, safety, and urgency determines the appropriate location to complete the necessary emergent surgical intervention. Also, with the increase in critically ill patients, there is an increase in need for nonemergent procedures. There is now a transition toward more of these procedures being successfully completed at bedside to decompress busy operating room demands and accommodate patient needs.
Bipartisan Pursuit of Happiness

Until the Asian Buddhist nation of Bhutan made maximizing "gross national happiness" government policy, the pursuit of happiness was unique to American exceptionalism. Our Declaration of Independence established it as the core value of American government. However, other countries have overtaken us in what was so quintessentially American.
Remarks on the Essential Elements of Tolerancing Schemes

Tolerancing schemes for controlling the geometric variability of mechanical parts and assemblies are growing in number and variety. This Short Communication discusses the elements (logical components) that seem to be common to the major known tolerancing schemes, and proposes a classification for schemes currently in use, under discussion, or open for development.
Point-of-Care Diagnostic Virology

A point-of-care test (POCT) may be defined as an analytical or diagnostic test that is performed at the bedside or in a near-patient setting, a location distinct from a typical hospital laboratory (1). POCTs are technically less complex than traditional laboratory tests and therefore can be performed by health care professionals or nonmedical personnel. Some laboratories may also use POCTs as a rapid alternative to conventional methods or in facilities where complex testing is limited. Key features of POCTs are listed in Table 1. To be of value, POCTs should afford rapid results and have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity compared to more complex traditional testing performed in a laboratory. With reliable POCT results in hand, providers can make patient management decisions that improve outcomes for the patient or hospital. In some instances the impact may also be a more cost-effective solution compared to laboratory-based testing. POCTs should be simple to perform and interpret by nonlaboratory personnel using uncomplicated instrumentation, contain internal controls to ensure validity of results, have temperature-stable components that allow easy and prolonged storage, and be relatively inexpensive.
Trust and Cooperation in Human-Robot Decision Making

Trust plays a key role in social interactions, particularly when the decisions we make depend on the people we face. In this paper, we use game theory to explore whether a person’s decisions are influenced by the type of agent they interact with:human or robot. By adopting a coin entrustment game, we quantitatively measure trust and cooperation to see if such phenomena emerge differently when a person believes they are playing a robot rather than another human. We found that while people cooperate with other humans and robots at a similar rate, they grow to trust robots more completely than humans. As a possible explanation for these differences, our survey results suggest that participants perceive humans as having faculty for feelings and sympathy, whereas they perceive robots as being more precise and reliable.
Closest History Flow Field Forecasting for IEEE CSCI-ISCS

Regression is an often used, general means of time series forecasting. Flow field (FF) forecasting formalizes this approach, explicitly emphasizing both the chosen form of regression and the choice of predictors. FF forecasting has been previously implemented on univariate time series using Gaussian process regression. This paper addresses the practically important bivariate case, proposing a form of FF forecasting in which the flow field interpolation is accomplished by an application of nearest-neighbors regression. We call this implementation Closest history-flow field (CH-FF). CH-FF forecasting involves distance comparisons among spaces with differing dimensions. A bias adjustment is proposed to compensate for these differences, and CH-FF forecasting's resulting performance is compared in computer experiments with commonly practiced bivariate forecasting methodologies. Estimators of forecast standard error are also proposed.
Thermodynamics of the GaCl3-HCl-H2O System at 25°C

A comprehensive equation for the thermodynamic properties of the systemGaCl3-HCl-H2O at 25°C in the ion-interaction (Pitzer) equation form has been generatedon the basis of a recent and comprehensive array of electrochemical cellmeasurements of the HCl activity at total stoichiometric ionic strengths from 0.01 to 3.0mol-kg−1. Alternate equations with and without explicit consideration of thehydrolyzed product GaOH2+ as a separate species have been tested. Excellentagreement is obtained between the calculated and measured cell potentials forthe formulation, which includes GaOH2+ as an additional species. The effect offurther hydrolysis as well as that of complex formation has been found to benegligible. While a satisfactory set of Pitzer parameters has been found, it wasnot possible to obtain a unique thermodynamic representation for this systembecause of large uncertainties in the first hydrolysis constant of Ga(III) and becauseof redundancies and intrinsic correlations between some of the Pitzer parameters.
Implicit and explicit drinking identity predict latent classes that differ on the basis of college students' drinking behaviors.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to identify distinct classes of college students on the basis of recent and past drinking behaviors and evaluate how implicit and explicit measures of drinking identity predict membership in these classes. Methods US undergraduate students (N = 456) completed online implicit (Implicit Association Test) and explicit (self-report) measures of drinking identity and assessments of drinking behaviors, including past month drinking, at-risk drinking in the past year, and lifetime history of intoxication. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes of college students based on their drinking behaviors. Results LCA identified five classes: (1) Lifetime Nondrinker, (2) Recent Nondrinker/Past Risk, (3) Light Drinker, (4) Moderate Drinker, and (5) Heavy Drinker. Overall, stronger implicit and explicit drinking identities were uniquely associated with greater odds of belonging to classes with greater alcohol consumption and related consequences relative to those classes characterized by lower alcohol consumption and consequences. Notably, explicit drinking identity was positively associated with odds of membership to the Recent Nondrinker/Past Risk class relative to the Lifetime Nondrinker and Light Drinker classes, and implicit and explicit drinking identities were positively associated with odds of membership to the Heavy Drinker class relative to all other classes. Conclusions Findings suggest that drinking identity is sensitive to risky drinking experiences in the past, is especially strong among the highest-risk group of college student drinkers, and may be an important cognitive factor to consider as a target for intervention.
A Study of the Room Temperature Fatigue Properties of Molybdenum

The powder metallurgy and arc-cast types of wrought molybdenum stock were studied in rotating beam fatigue. Endurance ratios of unnotched specimens after 5×107 cycles were found to be 0.74 and 0.81, respectively. Fatigue notch factors (Kf) of 1.36 and 2.05, respectively, were obtained on V-notched specimens having a theoretical stress-concentration factor Kt = 3.1.
Model-Invariant Hybrid RANS-LES Computations on Unstructured Meshes

Hybrid RANS-LES computations combine the bene ts of RANS and LES so that LES is used in regions where the accuracy of RANS deteriorates. The numerous hybrid approaches are limited by the speci cation of the LES-RANS interface, which can cause nonphysical results such as log-layer mismatch and low shear stress. The hybrid RANS-LES approach based on the concept of model invariance, mitigates these problems, enabling seamless blending of the RANS and LES regions while forming the basis for interpreting the results in the interface region. This hybrid formulation was implemented in the NASA FUN3D unstructured code and computations for ow in a channel at Reynolds number of 3300 (based on the channel half width h and the bulk in ow velocity u(infinity) were carried out. An isotropic stochastic turbulence generator was implemented to generate in ow turbulence. The present approach was able to eliminate the log-layer mismatch and predict the shear stress fairly well. Thus, the model-invariant hybrid formulation coupled with the isotropic turbulence in ow generation serves as a physically meaningful way of performing hybrid RANS-LES computations.
Acute liver failure due to liver parenchymal infiltration with acute myelogenous leukaemia in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome

Liver involvement by acute leukaemia is rare and has a high mortality rate despite treatment. We report a case of a 66-year-old woman undergoing treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome with Vidaza (azacitidine) who presented with abnormal liver function tests. Despite negative serologic testing and unremarkable abdominal MRI, she continued to have significant elevation in bilirubin and international normalised ratio and worsening mental status. Liver biopsy was obtained and consistent with acute myelogenous leukaemia. The patient had rapid demise due to acute liver failure and was unable to undergo treatment.
Appellate Review of Sentencing Decisions

In Booker v. United States, the Supreme Court granted district courts broad discretion in imposing sentences in an effort to create a sentencing scheme complying with the Sixth Amendment. At the same time, however, to achieve the sentencing uniformity intended by Congress, the Court authorized circuit courts to review sentences for reasonableness. These two objectives - requiring district courts discretion and cabining that discretion through reasonableness review - are in tension with each other. This Article argues that, in an effort to satisfy these conflicting goals, the Court has in subsequent cases sacrificed the central functions of appellate review, error correction and law making. It has undermined the error correction function by permitting appellate courts to presume that within-Guidelines sentences are reasonable, and it has impaired the lawmaking function by directing appellate courts to defer to district courts' sentencing policy determinations. Moreover, the Court's failure to describe how to balance these two conflicting objectives, or even to acknowledge the conflict, has resulted in confusion in the circuit courts.
Perspectives of chronobiologic engineering

The precise periodicity of a metronome is not a characteristic of health or disease. A roughly recurrent pattern, in turn, is described in many forms of life, including human beings. Bioperiodic patterns can be recognized in most processes or events from womb to tomb, but they are not readily quantified by the unaided eye. Up to the late 40s, statistical aspects of the reproducibility of changing patterns of recurrence were not usually measured. Long time series were not economically measurable. Few had the patience of Santorio (1657), who in the 17th century had accumulated a time series of 30-year length. On the basis of usually only a few measurements, it was attractive for the classical physiologist to postulate a regulation for constancy as the major homeostatic feature of life. Along this line of thinking and acting, bioperiodicities were second-order phenomena, buried in mostly unpublished laboratory records or in the noise term of mathematical models.
Do Focusing Events and Narratives Drive Pharma Rent-seeking: Evidence from Disease Outbreaks

Kingdon argues that for an issue to gain agenda status, three “streams” have to come together. When these independent stream meet, a window of opportunity is created for a policy change to occur. Various factors can cause the window of opportunity to occur and one of them is a focusing event or in our case a disease outbreak (Kingdon, 1995). We hypothesize that when disease outbreaks occur pharmaceutical and related companies use this as an opportunity to seek rents. Congress passes funding when focusing events and narratives provide the opportunity to payback different pharmaceutical companies who have contributed to politicians. We use ProQuest News to track the media narratives during six different disease outbreaks and use Google Trends News to see how people interact with the narratives. We find that for five outbreaks there is support for our hypothesis, and the sixth outbreak provides a constraint on our hypothesis.
Preformed Soluble Chemoreceptor Trimers That Mimic Cellular Assembly States and Activate CheA Autophosphorylation.

Bacterial chemoreceptors associate with the histidine kinase CheA and coupling protein CheW to form extended membrane arrays that receive and transduce environmental signals. A receptor trimers-of-dimers resides at each vertex of the hexagonal protein lattice. CheA is fully activated and regulated when it is integrated into the receptor assembly. To mimic these states in solution, we have engineered chemoreceptor cytoplasmic kinase-control modules (KCMs) based on the Escherichia coli aspartate receptor Tar that are covalently fused and trimerized by a foldon domain (TarFO). Small-angle X-ray scattering, multi-angle light scattering, and pulsed-dipolar electron spin resonance spectroscopy of spin-labeled proteins indicate that the TarFO modules assemble into homogeneous trimers wherein the protein interaction regions closely associate at the end opposite to the foldon domains. The TarFO variants greatly increase the saturation levels of phosphorylated CheA (CheA-P), indicating that the association with a t...
Placenta accreta spectrum: value of placental bulge as a sign of myometrial invasion on MR imaging.

To evaluate correlation of “placental bulge sign” with myometrial invasion in placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders. Placental bulge is defined as deviation of external uterine contour from expected plane caused by abnormal outward bulge of placental tissue. In this IRB-approved, retrospective study, all patients undergoing MRI for PAS disorders between March 2014 and 2018 were included. Patients who delivered elsewhere were excluded. Imaging was reviewed by 2 independent readers. Surgical pathology from Cesarean hysterectomy or pathology of the delivered placenta was used as reference standard. Fisher’s exact and kappa tests were used for statistical analysis. Sixty-one patients underwent MRI for PAS disorders. Two excluded patients delivered elsewhere. Placental bulge was present in 32 of 34 cases with myometrial invasion [True positive 32/34 = 94% (95% CI 0.80–0.99)]. Placental bulge was absent in 24 of 25 cases of normal placenta or placenta accreta without myometrial invasion [True negative = 24/25, 96% (95% CI 80–99.8%)]. Positive and negative predictive values were 97% and 96%, respectively. Placental bulge in conjunction with other findings of PAS disorder was 100% indicative of myometrial invasion (p < 0.01). Kappa value of 0.87 signified excellent inter-reader concordance. In 1 false positive, placenta itself was normal but the bulge was present. Surgical pathology revealed markedly thinned, fibrotic myometrium without accreta. One false-negative case was imaged at 16 weeks and may have been imaged too early. Placental bulge in conjunction with other findings of invasive placenta is 100% predictive of myometrial invasion. Using the bulge alone without other signs can lead to false-positive results.
Examining the effectiveness of academic scholarship on the fight against cyberbullying and cyberstalking

Online victimization via cyberbullying and cyberstalking are plaguing our young online users. These tormenting and intrusive behaviors have infiltrated relationship formation, online communication and social identity. Friends and romantic partners have become increasingly dependent on the use of technology to initiate relationships. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of these online crimes and the involvement of youth and young adults. We will consider current responses by our criminal justice system, as well as our educational and community groups. Based on what is currently implemented and its success factor, we will make our assertions about the effectiveness of scholastic work and its influence on what we are doing to combat these forms of cybervictimization.
Evidence of an emerging female preference for an artificial male trait and the potential for spread via mate choice copying in Poecilia latipinna

The initial purpose of the project described herein was to assess the preference of female Poecilia latipinna for an artificial novel male trait—an orange‐colored distal fringe added to the caudal fin of an otherwise wild‐type conspecific. Analysis of the preliminary data revealed consistent individual differences in the strength of female preference for either orange‐tailed or wild‐type males. This finding inspired the study's second aim—to evaluate whether the preference for orange‐tailed males observed among a subset of females could spread via mate choice copying to others in the population that initially preferred wild‐type males. Two experiments and a control were conducted wherein females were simultaneously presented with an orange‐tailed and a wild‐type dummy male using a standard dichotomous choice design. In the first experiment, female preference was assessed on two separate occasions in order to characterize the variability and consistency in preference for orange‐tailed versus wild‐type males. The second experiment addressed mate choice copying: Female preference was again assessed on two separate occasions, but involved pairing a model female with the non‐preferred male for a period of time between preference tests. A third set of control tests were conducted using the same protocol as the copying experiment except that subject females were unable to see the model paired with the non‐preferred male. Results showed that, although females collectively preferred neither the orange‐tailed nor the wild‐type dummy male in the first round of preference tests, the majority showed relatively strong individual preferences. The subset of females that preferred the orange‐tailed over the wild‐type male in the first round of testing all maintained their preferences in the second round whether or not they had observed a model in association with the non‐preferred wild‐type male between tests. However, females that preferred the wild type over the orange male in the first round of testing copied the model's choice of the non‐preferred orange‐tailed male in their second round of preference testing. These results highlight the importance of recognizing the likelihood that only a subset of females will express a preference as it first emerges within a population. In such instances, the preference may not be detected at the population level—a point frequently overlooked in studies of mate choice. Additionally, these data highlight the importance of assessing the preferences of individual females and their capacity to drive evolutionary change within populations. Lastly, this study offers evidence of a possible mechanism by which a novel male trait might spread via mate choice copying by exploiting an emerging sensory bias within a subset of females in the population.
Creatinine clearance and inappropriate dose of rivaroxaban in Japanese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

In Japanese surveillance in an early phase after the approval of rivaroxaban, inappropriate underdose was frequently utilized. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and predictors of the inappropriate usage of rivaroxaban in a single-center, cardiovascular-specialized hospital. Consecutive 661 non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients treated with rivaroxaban between 2012 and 2017 were recruited. After excluding 30 patients without assessment of creatinine clearance (CCr), the proportion and predictors of inappropriate underdose were analyzed. Additionally, patient outcomes, including thromboembolism (ischemic stroke or systemic embolism) and major bleeding, were determined. In patients with CCr ≥ 50 mL/min (n = 532) and < 50 mL/min (n = 98), inappropriate underdose and overdose were used in 123 (23%) and 8 (8%), respectively. The predictors of inappropriate underdose (in patients with CCr ≥ 50 mL/min) were CCr [50–63 mL/min (the lowest tertile) compared to ≥ 64 mL/min], age ( ≥ 75 years), female gender, prescription of antiplatelet, and coexistence of heart failure. Although PT under rivaroxaban was lower in patients with inappropriate underdose than in those with an appropriate dose, no significant increase in the incidence of thromboembolism or major bleeding was observed within the mean follow-up of 683 days. Inappropriate underdose of rivaroxaban was frequently observed for NVAF patents even in a cardiovascular hospital, particularly in patients with CCr adjacent to the dose reduction criteria. The responses of PT and the incidence of adverse outcomes under an inappropriate dose of rivaroxaban should be further investigated.
Sluggish cognitive tempo and exposure to interpersonal trauma in children.

ABSTRACTBackground: Childhood adversity has been suggested, but not yet empirically examined, as a factor in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in childhood.Objective: This study was an examination of ...
Laparoscopy-assisted versus enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a meta-analysis

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is technically challenging in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) anatomy, which is increasing in frequency given the rise of obesity. Laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP) and enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (EA-ERCP) are distinct approaches with their respective strengths and weaknesses. We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the procedural time, rates of success and adverse events of each method. Patients and methods A search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library was performed from inception to October 2018 for studies reporting outcomes of LA or EA-ERCP in patients with RYGB anatomy. Studies using single, double, ‘short’ double-balloon or spiral enteroscopy were included in the EA-ERCP arm. Outcomes of interest included procedural time, papilla identification, papilla cannulation, therapeutic success and adverse events. Therapeutic success was defined as successful completion of the originally intended diagnostic or therapeutic indication for ERCP. Results A total of 3859 studies were initially identified using our search strategy, of which 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled rate of therapeutic success was significantly higher in LA-ERCP (97.9 %; 95 % CI: 96.7–98.7 %) with little heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0 %) when compared to EA-ERCP (73.2 %; 95 % CI: 62.5–82.6 %) with significant heterogeneity (I2: 80.2 %). Conversely, the pooled rate of adverse events was significantly higher in LA-ERCP (19.0 %; 95 % CI: 12.6–26.4 %) when compared to EA-ERCP (6.5 %; 95% CI: 3.9–9.6 %). The pooled mean procedure time for LA-ERCP was 158.4 minutes (SD ± 20) which was also higher than the mean pooled procedure time for EA-ERCP at 100.5 minutes (SD ± 19.2). Conclusions LA-ERCP is significantly more effective than EA-ERCP in patients with RYGB but is associated with a higher rate of adverse events and longer procedural time.
Rethinking the intersectionality of race, gender, and class identity

Engineering remains the most sex and racially segregated profession in the United States. Research on underrepresented minority women in engineering, and scientific fields more generally shows that, while marginalized and stereotyped, many leverage their “doublebind” identity from two underrepresented groups to empower themselves to construct networks that provide support to persist in these fields. Building on the “double-bind” of gender and race identity, I argue that intersectional identity includes race, gender, and class, or a triple-bind, that, together, shapes the experiences, commitments, and persistence of underrepresented minority women in engineering and science-based careers. This article, which draws from a qualitative, longitudinal study, follows a group of minority women at elite institutions from the beginning of their college education who plan to study engineering; the majority stay the course, graduating with plans to enter the labor market or continue their education in engineering or a science field. I explore the strategies deployed by this highly selective group of minority women to follow a passion for science and math to realize their professional aspirations. The findings show that class identity matters: Underrepresented minority women from upper middle class backgrounds enjoy the luxury of bracketing the “bind” of class identity and, also, cultural capital to negotiate the “double-bind” of racism and sexism. The findings reported here, while exploratory, suggest the need to factor class identity into analyses of underrepresented minority women (and men) in engineering and science fields, and the professions more generally.
The Champagne Industry in 2020

This industry note includes data covering the French Champagne industry, as well as major global competitors, consumers, and some artisanal Champagne producers. This note is suitable for exposing students to the French Champagne industry, comparing and contrasting the Champagne brand with sparkling wines from other countries and wine-growing regions, and introducing the concepts of industry attractiveness, competitive force analysis, and industry dynamics.
Vagotomy increases alcohol intake in female rats in diet dependent manner: Implications for increased alcohol use disorder after roux-en-y gastric bypass surgery.

A variety of weight loss surgeries have been developed to fight the obesity epidemic, with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) being one of the most effective and popular procedures. However, the underlying mechanisms behind its efficacy are still not well understood. Furthermore, growing clinical evidence suggests that RYGB may result in increased risk for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The vagus nerve is a potentially critical contributor to increased risk of AUD following RYGB due to the potential for significant damage to the vagus during surgery, which has been confirmed in rodent studies. Studies aiming at the mechanisms underlying development of alcohol or substance use disorders following the surgery have exclusively used male rats, despite the majority of RYGB patients being female. Thus, the current study had two objectives: 1) to investigate the effect of RYGB on ethanol (EtOH) intake in female rats using a protocol previously established in male rats, and 2) to test the effect of vagal damage and high fat diet (HFD) on EtOH intake in female rats. In the first study, 22 female rats were maintained on HFD for four weeks and then split into two surgical groups, RYGB (n = 10) and Sham (n = 12). All rats then underwent a two-bottle choice test of increasing EtOH concentrations: 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%. Rats were then forced to abstain from EtOH for two weeks, after which access to 8% EtOH was reinstated. The RYGB female rats significantly increased their intake for low concentrations of EtOH (2% and 4%) and during the reinstatement period for 8%. These results mirror those seen in male rats, and thus, confirms RYGB in female rats as an equally viable model to males. In the second study, 40 female rats were separated into four groups: HFD/Sham, HFD/Vagotomy, normal diet (ND)/Sham, and ND/Vagotomy. All rats then were subjected to the same two-bottle choice test protocol as in the previous study. Rats in the vagotomy condition had significantly greater preference for 2% and 4% EtOH compared with Sham-operated controls. EtOH intake, either in ml or adjusted for body weight, was greater in rats maintained on ND compared with rats maintained on HFD. These data suggest that vagal damage may, at least in part, contribute to increased preference for EtOH. Furthermore, this increase in EtOH preference is counter to the blunting effect of HFD. In conclusion, the data presented here suggest a role for vagal damage in risk of AUD after weight loss surgery.
A Physics-Based Decorrelation Phase Covariance Model for Effective Decorrelation Noise Reduction in Interferogram Stacks

Here we present a physics-based decorrelation phase covariance model and discuss its role in effective decorrelation noise reduction in interferogram stacks. We test our model in both Cascadia - a rapidly decorrelating region, and Death Valley - a slowly decorrelating region, with observations collected by Sentinel-1. We find that in Cascadia, including redundant interferograms in the stack reduces phase variance from 0.28 rad2 to 0.04 rad2, while in Death Valley, both redundant and independent interferogram stacking yield phase variances of 0.10 rad2. Both observations are consistent with predictions from our model. Comparing with three existing decorrelation phase covariance models, our proposed model matches observations with the smallest average discrepancy between theory and observations - 0.017 rad2 in Cascadia and 0.066 rad2 in Death Valley.
Respiratory muscle fatiguability is higher in obese individuals with poor sleep quality

Introduction Respiratory muscle performance has been theorized to contribute to sleep quality in obese patients. However, the results from previous studies investigating are conflicting but have primarily utilized static measurements of respiratory muscle performance. We hypothesized that dynamic measurements of respiratory muscle performance obtained from the Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance (TIRE) may elucidate significant differences in performance between obese individuals with good sleep quality and poor sleep quality. Subjects 30 anonymized medical records from patients enrolled in a bariatric rehabilitation program between June 2018 and May 2019. Methods A retrospective chart review was used to obtain the following data: Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP), Sustained Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (SMIP), Inspiratory Duration (ID), Slope of the SMIP Plot (SMIP Slope), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), age, height, weight, and BMI. Patients were sorted into groups according to their PSQI total score (PS: poor sleep quality ≥ 5, and GS: good sleep quality l5). Independent T-Tests were used to compare means between groups. Results 15 patients had a PSQI total score of ≥ 5, and 15 patients had a PSQI total score l5. No significant differences between groups were observed for Age, Height, Weight, BMI, MIP, SMIP, and ID. A significant between groups difference was observed for SMIP Slope (PS: 11.17 ± 4.77; GS: 9.58 ± 2.3; p = 0.027). Conclusion Individuals with poorer sleep quality demonstrated a significantly higher slope of the SMIP plot reflecting a reduced ability of the respiratory muscles to sustain force output and greater fatiguability.
piRNAs and endo-siRNAs: Small molecules with large roles in the nervous system

Since their discovery, small non-coding RNAs have emerged as powerhouses in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. In addition to guarding the integrity of the reproductive system, small non-coding RNAs play critical roles in the maintenance of the soma. Accumulating evidence indicates that small non-coding RNAs perform vital functions in the animal nervous system such as restricting the activity of deleterious transposable elements, regulating nerve regeneration, and mediating learning and memory. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the contribution of two major classes of small non-coding RNAs, piRNAs and endo-siRNAs, to the nervous system development and function, and present highlights on how the dysregulation of small non-coding RNA pathways can assist in understanding the neuropathology of human neurological disorders.
Releasing Locks As Early As You Can: Reducing Contention of Hotspots by Violating Two-Phase Locking

Hotspots, a small set of tuples frequently read/written by a large number of transactions, cause contention in a concurrency control protocol. While a hotspot may comprise only a small fraction of a transaction's execution time, conventional strict two-phase locking allows a transaction to release lock only after the transaction completes, which leaves significant parallelism unexploited. Ideally, a concurrency control protocol serializes transactions only for the duration of the hotspots, rather than the duration of transactions. We observe that exploiting such parallelism requires violating two-phase locking. In this paper, we propose Bamboo, a new concurrency control protocol that can enable such parallelism by modifying the conventional two-phase locking, while maintaining the same guarantees in correctness. We thoroughly analyzed the effect of cascading aborts involved in reading uncommitted data and discussed optimizations that can be applied to further improve the performance. Our evaluation on TPC-C shows a performance improvement up to 4x compared to the best of pessimistic and optimistic baseline protocols. On synthetic workloads that contain a single hotspot, Bamboo achieves a speedup up to 19x over baselines.