cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistent effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil bacterial communities in contrasting systems

Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) through anthropogenic activities. Although the effects of increased N inputs on plant communities have been reasonably well studied, few comparable studies have examined impacts on whole soil bacterial communities, though they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning. We sampled soils from two long-term ecological research (LTER) experimental N gradients, both of which have been amended with NH4NO3; a grassland at Cedar Creek (27 years of N additions) and an agricultural field at Kellogg Biological Station (8 years of N additions). By examining shifts in bacterial communities across these contrasting ecosystem types, we could test competing hypotheses about the direct and indirect factors that might drive bacterial responses to elevated N inputs. Bacterial community structure was highly responsive to N additions. We observed predictable and consistent changes in the structure of the bacterial communities across both ecosystem types. Our results suggest that bacterial communities across these gradients are more structured by N and/or soil carbon availability than by shifts in the plant community or soil pH associated with the elevated nitrogen inputs. In contrast to the pronounced shifts in bacterial community composition and in direct contrast to the patterns often observed in plant communities, increases in N availability did not have consistent effects on the richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities.
Role of Fruit and Vegetable Canning in the Economy of Blair County

The Penn State Workforce Education and Development Initiative conducted an analysis of the economic impact of fruit and vegetable canning in Blair County in Pennsylvania. The results of the analysis provide a benchmark for measuring the total employment, employee compensation, and property taxes associated with every 100 workers employed in Blair County's fruit and vegetable canning firms.The current recession has reshaped consumer behavior in the U.S. Tightened budgets are forcing many consumers to eat more of their meals at home, making them more likely to purchase canned soups, bottled juices, and pasta sauces, all products of fruit and vegetable canning. These trends are expected to drive fruit and vegetable canning industry revenue in the U.S. to a five-year peak of $34.7 billion in 2010.Products provided by fruit and vegetable canning industry are classified in the North American Industrial Classification System, code 311421. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, establishments in this industry "are primarily engaged in manufacturing canned, pickled, and brined fruits and vegetables. Examples of products made in these establishments are juices; canned jams and jellies; canned tomato-based sauces, such as catsup, salsa, chili, spaghetti, barbeque, and tomato paste; pickles, relishes, and sauerkraut." During 2007, 48,830 U.S. workers were employed in 724 establishments in this industry, with a payroll of $2.2 billion.
Harming Irreparably: Economists, Neoliberalism, and the Matter of Kaldor-Hicks

The global neoliberal project, which entailed inter alia financial liberalization that accelerated financialization of the world economy, was advocated by leading Austrian, Chicago School neoclassical, and New Keynesian economists, despite awareness that the project would induce substantial harm among many members of society. To the extent that they were efficacious in their advocacy, economists contributed to the imposition of serious harm. Often the harm befell the most vulnerable members of society. At least some of the harm was avoidable. This paper examines critically the Kaldor-Hicks (KH) compensation test, which provided the normative foundation for the neoliberal project. The paper finds that the best defense of KH, based on contractarianism, is deficient on grounds other than those commonly invoked against KH. The focus is on the welfarism that grounds the contractarian case, and the related presumption that all harms are reparable and, indeed, compensable.
Event-related potential indices of congruency sequence effects without feature integration or contingency learning confounds.

The congruency effect in Stroop-like tasks (i.e., increased response time and reduced accuracy in incongruent relative to congruent trials) is often smaller when the previous trial was incongruent as compared to congruent. This congruency sequence effect (CSE) is thought to reflect cognitive control processes that shift attention to the target and/or modulate the response engendered by the distracter differently after incongruent relative to congruent trials. The neural signatures of CSEs are therefore usually attributed to cognitive control processes that minimize distraction from irrelevant stimuli. However, CSEs in previous functional neuroimaging studies were ubiquitously confounded with feature integration and/or contingency learning processes. We therefore investigated whether a neural CSE can be observed without such confounds in a group of healthy young adults (n = 56). To this end, we combined a prime-probe task that lacks such confounds with high-density ERPs to identify, for the first time, the neural time course of confound-minimized CSEs. Replicating recent behavioral findings, we observed strong CSEs in this task for mean response time and mean accuracy. Critically, conceptually replicating prior ERP results from confounded tasks, we also observed a CSE in both the parietal conflict slow potential (conflict SP) and the frontomedial N450. These findings indicate for the first time that neural CSEs as indexed by ERPs can be observed without the typical confounds. More broadly, the present study provides a confound-minimized protocol that will help future researchers to better isolate the neural bases of control processes that minimize distraction from irrelevant stimuli.
An Exercise Counseling Intervention in Minority Adults with Heart Failure

Purpose The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of an exercise counseling intervention for adults of diverse race/ethnicity with heart failure (HF) and to assess its potential for improving overall physical activity, functional capacity, and HF self-care. Design This study was a quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal cohort design. Methods Twenty adults were enrolled and completed the 6-minute walk and standardized instruments, followed by exercise counseling using motivational interviewing. Each received an accelerometer, hand weights, and a diary to record self-care behaviors. Participants were followed via phone for 12 weeks to collect step-counts, review symptoms, and plan the following week's step-goal. Findings Results indicate this intervention was feasible for most participants, and resulted in improvements in physical activity, functional capacity, and self-care behaviors. Conclusion/Clinical Relevance Brief exercise counseling may be an appropriate option to improve outcomes for stable patients with HF, and may be tailored to fit different settings.
Occupying the margins: Masks, microcultures and the mainstream media

This essay draws parallels between contemporary popular visual culture and symbolic marginal sculpture from twelfth-century Saintonge in southwestern France. The Internet image of President Obama in makeup associated with Heath Ledger’s portrayal of The Joker seems to float through popular culture without a definitive meaning, as does the extremely fluid Guy Fawkes’s mask from the film V for Vendetta. These examples from contemporary visual culture remind modern viewers to consider the importance of specific audiences, textual communities or microcultures when assigning meaning. The images’ reception by microcultural groups can inform our interpretation of twelfth-century corbel sculptures, which are equally perplexing due to their creation for a specific community no longer in existence. Far from being meaningless ornaments, corbels carried deep, multivalent and often polemical messages in much the same manner as the contemporary examples discussed here.
Density Functional Theory Study on the Role of Ceria Addition in TixCe1–xO2 Adsorbents for Thiophene Adsorption

A TixCe1–xO2-based material has been reported as a potential adsorbent for ultradeep adsorptive desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. To understand the roles of TiO2 and CeO2 in the adsorbent, density functional theory (DFT) calculations examined the energetics of adsorption site formation and corresponding thiophene adsorption energies on surfaces of TiO2 anatase, CeO2, and Ce-doped anatase. Compared with pure anatase surfaces, thiophene binds more strongly to Ce-doped anatase surfaces. O-rich sites (with activated O2) bind strongly to thiophene, but the formation of the O-rich sites is favored only on higher energy surfaces such as anatase (001) and ceria (100). The formation of a TixCe1–xO2 mixed surface decreases the relative surface formation energy of anatase (001), and thus a greater fraction of the (001) facet could be exposed on the adsorbent. Ceria may also act as an oxygen storage reservoir, providing oxygen for the formation of O-rich sites that strongly adsorb thiophenic species.
Example of the Account about Keeping Sequence

Introducing the means and the ways of design about the smithing chain,By researching and counting the problem of keeping sequence.
Heterocyclic Building Blocks for Organic Semiconductors

Abstract Organic semiconductors are an important class of functional materials. Numerous molecular and polymeric organic semiconductors have been developed for their great potentials in next generation flexible and printed electronics. In this chapter, the authors review some of the most popular heterocyclic building blocks and their chemistry. These building blocks are organized based on the heteroatom(s) that are present in their structures, including sulfur-, nitrogen-, silicon-, phosphorus-, and boron-containing heterocycles.
Therapeutic Taping for Scapular Stabilization in Children With Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to assess whether therapeutic taping for scapular stabilization affected scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, and humerothoracic joint function in children with brachial plexus birth palsy and scapular winging. METHOD Motion capture data were collected with and without therapeutic taping to assist the middle and lower trapezius in seven positions for 26 children. Data were compared with one-way multivariate analyses of variance. RESULTS With therapeutic taping, scapular winging decreased considerably in all positions except abduction. Additionally, there were increased glenohumeral cross-body adduction and internal rotation angles in four positions. The only change in humerothoracic function was an increase of 3° of external rotation in the external rotation position. CONCLUSION Therapeutic taping for scapular stabilization resulted in a small but statistically significant decrease in scapular winging. Overall performance of positions was largely unchanged. The increased glenohumeral joint angles with therapeutic taping may be beneficial for joint development; however, the long-term impact remains unknown.
Measuring Risk and Information Preservation: Toward New Metrics for De-identification of Clinical Texts

Current metrics for de-identification are based on information extraction metrics, and do not address the real-world questions "how good are current systems", and "how good do they need to be". Metrics are needed that quantify both the risk of re-identification and information preservation. We review the challenges in de-identifying clinical texts and the current metrics for assessing clinical de-identification systems. We then introduce three areas to explore that can lead to metrics that quantify re-identification risk and information preservation.
VASOPRESSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN HYPONATREMIA: AN UPDATE

Vasopressin also known as Anti Diuretic hormone acting through V2 receptor is the primary physiologic determinant of the rate of free water excretion. In the last decade, knowledge of vasopressin receptors has increased significantly. Multiple vasopressin receptor antagonists have been developed with differences in their specificity to V2:V1 receptors. These agents have applications in conditions of hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia like the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis and perhaps in brain edema following traumatic brain injury. Although V2 receptor antagonist may have a proven role in certain condition, only few drugs are currently available and its use still remains limited.
The pathogenesis of proventricular dilatation disease.

Bornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach — the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
Reynolds and Mach number scaling in solenoidally-forced compressible turbulence using high-resolution direct numerical simulations

We report results from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of stationary compressible isotropic turbulence at very-high resolutions and a range of parameters using a massively parallel code at Taylor Reynolds numbers ( ) ranging from to and turbulent Mach numbers ( ) ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 on up to grid resolutions. A stationary state is maintained by a stochastic solenoidal forcing at the largest scales. The focus is on the mechanisms of energy exchanges, namely, dissipation, pressure-dilatation correlation and the individual contributing variables. Compressibility effects are studied by decomposing velocity and pressure fields into solenoidal and dilatational components. We suggest a critical turbulent Mach number at about 0.3 that separate two different flow regimes – only at Mach numbers above this critical value do we observe dilatational effects to affect the flow behaviour in a qualitative manner. The equipartition of energy between the dilatational components of kinetic and potential energy, originally proposed for decaying flows at low , presents significant scatter at low , but appears to be valid at high for stationary flows, which is explained by the different role of dilatational pressure in decaying and stationary flows, and at low and high . While at low pressure possesses characteristics of solenoidal pressure, at high it behaves in similar ways to dilatational pressure, which results in significant changes in the dynamics of energy exchanges. This also helps explain the observed qualitative change in the skewness of pressure at high reported in the literature. Regions of high pressure are found to be correlated with regions of intense local expansions. In these regions, the density–temperature correlation is also seen to be relatively high. Classical scaling laws for low-order moments originally proposed for incompressible turbulence appear to be only weakly affected by compressibility for the range of and investigated.
SmartShuttle: a unified, scalable and replicable approach to connected and automated driving in a smart city

This paper is on low speed connected and automated driving shuttles in a smart city. Based on examples available in the literature and the past experience of the authors, this paper proposes the use of a unified computing, sensing, communication and actuation architecture for connected and automated driving. It is postulated that this unified architecture will also lead to a scalable and replicable approach. Two vehicles representing a passenger car and a small electric shuttle for smart mobility in a smart city are chosen as the two examples for demonstrating scalability and replicability. For this purpose, the architecture in the passenger car is transferred to the small electric vehicle and used in its automation. The parametric control design approach that we are using to achieve scalable automated driving controllers is presented in the paper along with a discussion of how to evaluate performance and a brief description of the planned proof-of-concept test deployment.
Manipulation of variables in local controlled release vincristine treatment in neuroblastoma

Introduction Local drug delivery minimizes systemic toxicity while delivering high-dose chemotherapy for neuroblastoma patients. We hypothesized that varying burst and maintenance dosing of implanted silk platforms would improve survival.
Silver-Loaded Aluminosilicate Aerogels As Iodine Sorbents.

In this paper, aluminosilicate aerogels were used as scaffolds for silver nanoparticles to capture I2(g). The starting materials for these scaffolds included Na–Al–Si−O and Al–Si–O aerogels, both synthesized from metal alkoxides. The Ag0 particles were added by soaking the aerogels in aqueous AgNO3 solutions followed by drying and Ag+ reduction under H2/Ar to form Ag0 crystallites within the aerogel matrix. In some cases, aerogels were thiolated with 3-(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane as an alternative method for binding Ag+. During the Ag+-impregnation steps, for the Na–Al–Si−O aerogels, Na was replaced with Ag, and for the Al–Si–O aerogels, Si was replaced with Ag. The Ag-loading of thiolated versus nonthiolated Na–Al–Si–O aerogels was comparable at ∼35 atomic %, whereas the Ag-loading in unthiolated Al–Si–O aerogels was significantly lower at ∼7 atomic % after identical treatment. Iodine loadings in both thiolated and unthiolated Ag0-functionalized Na–Al–Si–O aerogels were >0.5 mI ms–1 (denoting the ma...
Evaluation of Drying Methods With Respect to Drying Kinetics and Mineral Contents of Dill and Parsley

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) were dried by using sun and oven (50oC) drying methods. Oven drying decreased the drying time approximately 50% when compared to the sun drying method for both herbs. K, Ca, P, Mg and Na were the most abundant elements in dill and parsley samples. Oven-dried samples had higher mineral values than that of the sun-dried samples. Page, Modified Page, Midilli and Kucuk and Diffusion approach were shown to give a good fit to the sun drying of parsley. The Midilli and Kucuk and Verma models have shown a better fit to the experimental sun drying data of dill. Wang-Singh and Midilli and Kucuk models gave the highest r2 values for oven drying of parsley and dill, respectively.
On the Mechanism of Action of Vitamin B12: A Non-Free Radical Model for the Methylmalonyl-CoA — Succinyl-CoA Rearrangement

Vitamin B12, in its coenzyme form, plays an essential role in mammalian metabolism where it serves as an obligatory cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which mediates the carbon skeleton rearrangement of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA1 (eq 1). The purpose of this enzymic rearrangement Open image in new window is to conduct propionate, by way of methylmalonate and succinate, to the Krebs cycle and the main stream of biochemical metabolism.
An Introduction to Middleware Architectures and Technologies

I’m not really a great enthusiast for drawing strong analogies between the role of a software architect and that of a traditional building architect. There are similarities, but also lots of profound differences. But let’s ignore those differences for a second, in order to illustrate the role of middleware in software architecture.
Enlisting Elementary Classroom Teachers in the Quest for 50 Million Strong

This article explores two main avenues through which elementary educators can be prepared to contribute to the health and wellness goals of the school: appropriate teacher preparation at the university level, and professional development opportunities offered by schools and professional organizations.
Review article: the pharmacological causes of colon ischaemia.

Background Colon ischaemia is the most common ischaemic disorder of the gastrointestinal system, can affect any segment of the colon, and may present with a range of symptoms. Diagnosis can be challenging due to symptom overlap with other conditions, varied aetiology, and often rapid and self-resolving course. Aim To review comprehensively the literature regarding the pharmacological aetiologies of colonic ischaemia to enhance the understanding of the various mechanisms of disease, presentations, distribution, and outcomes. Methods A PubMed search for "colon ischaemia" and "ischaemic colitis" alone as well as in combination with various known pharmacologic causes was performed. Only the highest quality and relevant literature was included in this review. The quality of the literature for each association was rated by the authors and a consensus was made when discrepancies were encountered. Only associations that were deemed "moderate" or "strong" were included. Results The literature considering pharmacologically associated colonic ischaemia is diverse, lacks codification and is characterised by numerous case reports and case series. Constipation-inducing drugs, digoxin, hormonal therapies, illicit drugs, immunomodulators, laxatives, and NSAIDs were strongly associated with colonic ischaemia. Antimicrobials, appetite suppressants, chemotherapies, decongestants, diuretics, ergot alkaloids, serotonin agents, statins, and vasopressor agents were moderately associated. Conclusions Patients presenting with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or bloody stool need to be evaluated for the possibility of this condition and treated accordingly. Timely diagnosis is necessary to improve patient outcomes. This review aims to increase awareness among clinicians regarding the presentation of pharmacologically induced colonic ischaemia.
Myoepithelial Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background:Myoepithelial cell carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of salivary gland origin that typically presents in the parotid gland and minor salivary glands. It has been described previousl...
A PolH Transcript with a Short 3′UTR Enhances PolH Expression and Mediates Cisplatin Resistance

Platinum-based anticancer drugs are widely used as a first-line drug for cancers, such as non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and bladder cancer. However, the efficacy is limited due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to these drugs. DNA polymerase eta (PolH, Polη) belongs to the Y-family of DNA polymerases and mediates DNA translesion synthesis, a major mechanism for DNA damage tolerance. Here, we showed that a high level of PolH is associated with cisplatin resistance in lung and bladder cancer. Consistent with this, loss of PolH markedly attenuates cisplatin resistance in both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that due to the presence of multiple polyadenylation sites, alternative polyadenylation (APA) produces three major PolH transcripts with various lengths of 3'untranslated region (3'UTR; 427-/2516-/6245-nt). We showed that the short PolH transcript with 427-nt 3'UTR is responsible for high expression of PolH in various cisplatin-resistant lung and bladder cancer cell lines. Importantly, loss of the short PolH transcript significantly sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. Moreover, we found that miR-619 selectively inhibits the ability of the long PolH transcript with 6245-nt 3'UTR to produce PolH protein and, subsequently, PolH-dependent cell growth. Together, our data suggest that PolH expression is controlled by APA and that the short PolH transcript produced by APA can escape miR-619-mediated repression and, subsequently, confers PolH-mediated cisplatin resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: A short PolH transcript produced by alternative polyadenylation escapes repression by miR-619 and confers resistance to cisplatin.
The Importance of Institutional Data Reporting Quality for Understanding Dev-Ed Math Enrollment and Outcomes.

Student placement test records, course enrollments, and other student-level data collected by community colleges are vital for evaluating the outcomes of students in developmental education (dev-ed...
Abstract 3812: Overcoming de novo and acquired modes of cetuximab resistance by broad-spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

MEK inhibition has been shown to delay emergence of cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) (Nat Commun 22;6:8305, 2015). By exploiting a novel 3D culture system, we herein show that three broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitors overcome de novo and acquired resistance to cetuximab. By culturing a CRC cell line, HCA-7 in 3D in type I collagen, we previously identified two novel modes of cetuximab resistance. In 3D culture, HCA-7-derived CC are sensitive to cetuximab, while SC exhibit de novo cetuximab resistance (PNAS 114:E2852-E2861, 2017). Continuous exposure of CC to cetuximab resulted in colonies that acquired resistance to cetuximab, designated CC-CR, which was dependent in part on increased levels of lncRNA MIR100HG that leads to increased WNT signaling (Nat Med 23:1331-1341, 2017). We previously showed increased MET and RON tyrosine phosphorylation in SC cells and that MET/RON inhibitor, crizotinib overcomes SC cetuximab resistance. We now show that crizotinib also overcomes acquired cetuximab resistance in CC-CR. A phospho-RTK array showed increased phosphorylation of several RTKs, including MET and RON, in SC and CC-CR cells compared to cetuximab-sensitive CC counterparts. Furthermore, other multi-RTK inhibitors cabozantinib and BMS-777607 helped overcome cetuximab resistance, as measured by 3D colony growth and activation state of key signaling molecules. Conversely, addition of RTK ligands HGF and NRG1 induced cetuximab resistance in CC cells, which could be blocked by addition of crizotinib and this was associated with disorganized spindle positioning during cell division, leading to multi-layering of CC cultures. By FACS analysis, we observed increased cell cycle arrest in G1 phase in SC and CC-CR cultures treated with cetuximab and crizotinib. Furthermore, we show that crizotinib overcomes cetuximab resistance in vivo in SC nude mice xenografts. Finally, in a direct comparison between vertical suppression (EGFR/MEK inhibition) and parallel inhibition (EGFR/multi-RTK inhibition), we observed a higher degree of synergy with the latter strategy. The non-overlapping toxicities of cetuximab and crizotinib warrants consideration for its clinical deployment. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Bhuminder Singh, Ramona Graves-Deal, Galina Bogatcheva, Robert J. Coffey. Overcoming de novo and acquired modes of cetuximab resistance by broad-spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3812.
Pediatric post-operative cerebellar mutism syndrome, cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and posterior fossa syndrome: historical review and proposed resolution to guide future study

Cerebellar mutism (CM), pseudobulbar palsy, posterior fossa syndrome (PFS), and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) are terms that have been used, sometimes interchangeably, to refer to the complex neurological constellation that occurs following surgical removal of cerebellar and fourth ventricular tumors, mostly in children, but also sometimes in adults. This paper reviews the origins of what is now regarded as pediatric post-operative cerebellar mutism, the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and the neurological manifestations of injury to or disruption of brainstem and cerebellar structures. It examines the specific components of each of these phenomena in the context of the evolving understanding of the role of the cerebellum in nervous system function. Children undergoing surgical management of tumors in the posterior cranial fossa are at risk of experiencing cranial neuropathies, corticospinal damage, cerebellar ataxia and related motor disorders, neuropsychiatric and cognitive changes, and in some patients, mutism. These clinical presentations are differentiated from each other and examined in the context of the relevant anatomical structures and distributed neural circuits. The term posterior fossa syndrome is not sufficiently helpful in distinguishing the different elements of the clinical phenomena from each other, and because of this lack of precision and specificity, there is consensus among investigators in the international Posterior Fossa Society that the designation be retired. Using contemporary brain imaging methods and guided by careful clinical observation and meticulous definition of clinical phenomenology, it is now feasible to perform detailed structure function correlation analyses to achieve two critical goals in the care of children with tumors in the posterior cranial fossa. The first goal is to identify and understand the neural circuits responsible for the different manifestations—arousal, cranial neuropathies, long tract signs, cerebellar motor syndrome, cerebellar vestibular syndrome, cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome including emotional dyscontrol, and mutism. The second goal is to transform this knowledge into practical clinical intervention, preventing the complications inherent in the necessary surgery whenever possible, and develop new approaches to treatment with methods including brain modulation targeting interconnected nodes of the damaged neural circuits.
Effect of soil type and fertilization level on mineral concentration of pasture: potential relationships to ruminant performance and health.

A three-year study was conducted to measure the effects of varying levels of dairy slurry application on mineral concentration of forages from three soils types. Slurry was applied to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata [L.] cv. Pennlate) growing in 60-cm diameter drainage lysimeters to measure the effect of four levels of slurry (urine and feces) N application (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg of N.ha -1 .yr -1 ) on mineral (P, K, Ca, Mg) concentration of the forage on three soil types (Hagerstown, Hartleton, and Rayne). The results were then related to potential effects on performance and health of grazing ruminants. Forage P was not affected by slurry application (mean = 0.46% of DM). Forage grown on the Hartleton soil had the highest (P < 0.05) P concentration (0.6% of DM). Forage K increased (P < 0.05) with increased slurry (2.50, 2.85, 3.22, and 3.45% of DM, respectively), and was lowest (P < 0.05) for forage grown on the Rayne soil (2.69% of DM). Forage Ca decreased (P < 0.05) with increased slurry (0.59, 0.56, 0.50, and 0.49% of DM, respectively) and was not affected by soil type. Forage Mg also decreased (P < 0.05) with increased slurry (0.25, 0.24, 0.24, and 0.23% of DM, respectively), and was highest (P < 0.05) for the Hartleton soil (0.27% of DM). The variable results in mineral concentration associated with soil type may have, in part, been due to prior soil fertility. The P and Mg concentrations in all treatments were generally adequate for grazing ruminants. The K concentrations were high in relation to NRC recommendations for prepartum dairy cows, which might predispose them to milk fever. The Ca concentrations were inadequate for lactating dairy cows. Comprehensive forage testing and diet formulation based on individual farm situations is the best strategy to ensure proper mineral nutrition of grazing animals.
Academic Freedom and the Choice of Teaching Methods.

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the author argues that a professor’s academic freedom should be limited when choosing teaching methods. Currently, many professors choose teaching methods without serious con...
Naor’s model with heterogeneous customers and arrival rate uncertainty

Abstract This paper examines an extension of Naor’s observable queueing model in which the arrival rate is not known with certainty by either customers or the system manager. Further, customers are heterogeneous in terms of their service valuation and waiting time cost. We analyze the stability of the system and properties of the revenue maximizing fee and socially optimal fee.
Official classification, affirmative action, and self-identification: Hui-Han biethnic college students in China

The existing literature on the self-identity of multiethnic people focuses on Western countries where mixed identities have been normalised in census-taking. It remains unknown how multiethnic peop...
Abstract WP144: Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Pathology Worsens Stroke Outcome and Has a Detrimental Effect on the Gut Microbiome in Mice

Background: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, is a known cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and predicts worsened outcome after s...
The 'cost' of collaborating and other challenges in inter-organizational child welfare practice: a community-wide perspective

Research consistently identifies challenges in inter-organizational relationships in child welfare practice, yet studies typically examine partnerships among two or three organizations in siloed do...
Activation of Infralimbic to Nucleus Accumbens Shell Pathway Suppresses Conditioned Aversion in Male But Not Female Rats

Hedonic processing plays an integral role in directing appropriate behavior, but disrupted hedonic processing is associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression. The infralimbic cortex (IL) is a key structure in affective processing in rodents and activation of its human homolog, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, has been implicated in suppressing aversive states. Here, we tested whether optogenetic activation of glutamatergic projections from the IL to the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) suppresses the aversive impact of sucrose devalued using the conditioned taste aversion paradigm in males and female rats. In naive rats, no significant differences in appetitive or aversive taste reactivity (TR) to sucrose was observed indicating that initial sucrose palatability was equivalent across sex. However, we found that optical activation of the IL-NAcSh pathway during intraoral infusion of devalued sucrose inhibited aversive TR in male but not female rats. Interestingly, when allowed to freely ingest water and sucrose in a two-bottle test both males and females with a history of IL-NAcSh stimulation exhibited greater preference for sucrose. Optical pathway activation failed to alter TR to innately bitter quinine in either sex. Finally, both sexes lever pressed to self-stimulate the IL-NAcSh pathway. These results indicate that the IL-NAcSh pathway plays an important role in suppressing learned aversive states selectively in males but spares hedonic processing of innately aversive tastants. Further, pathway activation is reinforcing in both sexes, indicating that suppression of conditioned aversive TR can be dissociable from the effects of unconditioned rewarding properties of IL-NAcSh pathway activation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Negative emotional states contribute to psychiatric disorders including depression and substance use disorders. In this study, we examined whether brain circuitry previously implicated in suppressing negative emotional states in humans can inhibit learned aversion in male and female rats. We found that optical activation of the infralimbic to nucleus accumbens shell pathway attenuates learned aversive responses in male but not female rats, indicating an important sex difference in the function of this brain pathway. Furthermore, we found that pathway stimulation was reinforcing in both sexes. Collectively, these findings support the role of the infralimbic cortex and its projection to the nucleus accumbens shell in suppressing learned negative emotional states and highlight an important sex-specific function of this pathway.
Assembly of a double-stranded RNA synthesizing complex: RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 docks with NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE IV at the clamp domain

Abstract In plants, transcription of selfish genetic elements such as transposons and DNA viruses is suppressed by RNA-directed DNA methylation. This process is guided by 24 nt short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) whose double-stranded precursors are synthesized by DNA-dependent NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE IV (Pol IV) and RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2). Pol IV and RDR2 co-immunoprecipitate, and their activities are tightly coupled, yet the basis for their association is unknown. Here, we show that RDR2 stably associates with Pol IV’s largest catalytic subunit, NRPD1 at three sites, all within the clamp module. The clamp is a ubiquitous feature of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases that opens to allow DNA template entry and closes to encase the DNA-RNA hybrid adjacent to the RNA exit channel. The clamp also provides binding sites for polymerase-specific subunits or regulatory proteins, thus RDR2 binding to the Pol IV clamp is consistent with this theme. Within RDR2, the site of interaction with NRPD1 is very near the catalytic center. The locations of the NRPD1-RDR2 contact sites suggest a model in which transcripts emanating from Pol IV’s RNA exit channel align with the template cleft of RDR2, facilitating rapid conversion of terminated Pol IV transcripts into double-stranded RNAs. Significance Statement Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play important roles in gene regulation by inhibiting mRNA translation into proteins or by guiding chromatin modifications that inhibit gene transcription. In plants, transcriptional gene silencing is guided by siRNAs derived from double-stranded (ds) RNAs generated by coupling the activities of DNA-dependent NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE IV and RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2. We show that the physical basis for Pol IV-RDR2 coupling is RDR2 binding to the clamp domain of Pol IV’s largest subunit. The positions of the protein docking sites suggest that nascent Pol IV transcripts are generated in close proximity to RDR2’s catalytic site, enabling rapid conversion of Pol IV transcripts into dsRNAs.
Naturalistic Driving Performance During Secondary Tasks

Data from 36 drivers involved in a naturalistic driving study was analyzed to determine the frequency and conditions under which drivers engage in secondary behaviors and to explore the relationship these behaviors might have with driving performance. Researchers coded 1,440 five-second video clips of the drivers’ faces for the occurrence of specific secondary behaviors and the duration of glances away from the forward scene. Corresponding performance data from the instrumented vehicles were used to calculate variability of steering angle, mean and variability of lane position, mean and variability of throttle position, and variability of speed. All categories of secondary behavior were associated with significantly higher variability in steering angle. The results for other performance measures were mixed. In summary; driving performance measures vary with differing tasks, with no single driving performance indicator that is obviously predictive of drivers’ engagement in secondary tasks.
Intergenerational trauma in Latinxs: A scoping review.

Abstract Rationale Intergenerational trauma refers to emotional and psychological wounding that is transmitted across generations. Latinxs—individuals who have migrated from Latin America to the United States or Canada and their descendants—are particularly vulnerable to intergenerational trauma due to legacies of colonialism, political violence, and migration-related stressors. Objective This scoping review aims to survey and synthesize the extant literature on intergenerational trauma in Latinxs, the ways that the literature conceptualizes and operationalizes intergenerational trauma, and the mechanisms of transmission that it proposes. Method We identified and screened 7788 abstracts using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement and checklist. Results We synthesized 44 articles published between 1994 and 2020, including 10 qualitative and 34 quantitative or mixed-methods studies. Qualitative studies more frequently placed intergenerational trauma within frameworks of structural vulnerability and historical and political violence, whereas quantitative studies tended to conceptualize trauma as discrete events or individual-level distress. Conclusions Our findings suggest that current paradigms within this field are constrained by their focus on individual risk factors and parenting—particularly mothering—behaviors, at the expense of cultural, structural, and historical context. We highlight multiple gaps in the literature and call for further research that (1) geographically represents Latinx communities; (2) includes individuals with intersectional identities; (3) deploys culturally-adapted instruments and measures; (4) focuses on caregivers and factors outside the maternal-child relationship; (5) examines the concept of biological embedding; and (6) more thoroughly considers the impacts of historical trauma and structural violence on Latinx communities.
The genetic code is not optimized for resource conservation

Shenhav and Zeevi conclude in a recent article (Science 370:683-687) that the universal genetic code (UGC) is optimized for resource conservation because mutations are less likely to increase proteomic nitrogen and carbon uses under the UGC than under random genetic codes (RGCs). Their finding results from miscalculating mutational effects and benchmarking against biased RGCs. Our reanalysis refutes their conclusion.
A 0.4-6 GHz Receiver for LTE and WiFi

A universal receiver employs a feedback method to alleviate noise-linearity trade-offs and a new harmonic rejection (HR) method that does not require accurate phase matching. Realized in 28-nm CMOS technology, the prototype provides channel selection filtering at RF for channel bandwidths from 200 kHz to 160 MHz and exhibits a noise figure of 2.1-4.2 dB with HR > 60.8 dB while drawing 49 mW.
Loss of Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase by Immunohistochemistry Is Common in Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma and Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma.

OBJECTIVES Differentiating malignant pleural mesothelioma from benign reactive mesothelial processes can be quite challenging. Ancillary tests such as BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) immunohistochemistry and p16 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are helpful tools to aid in this distinction. Immunohistochemistry for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) has recently been proposed as an effective surrogate marker for p16 FISH and is an attractive alternative test due to shorter turnaround time. There are little data regarding the specificity of MTAP loss for mesothelioma or whether it may be useful to distinguish mesothelioma from the most common entity in the differential diagnosis, sarcomatoid carcinoma. METHODS We studied well-characterized cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma (n = 34) and sarcomatoid mesothelioma (n = 62), which were stained for MTAP (clone 2G4) and BAP1 (clone C-4). RESULTS Loss of MTAP expression was observed in 17 (50%) of 34 pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas; BAP1 expression was retained in all of the cases in which it was performed (n = 31). MTAP expression was lost in 38 (61%) of 62 sarcomatoid mesotheliomas; BAP1 was lost in 6 (10%) of 62. In the six cases with BAP1 loss, five also had loss of MTAP, while MTAP expression was retained in one. CONCLUSIONS Loss of MTAP expression by immunohistochemistry is common in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma, as it is present in half of cases. This rate is similar to what is observed in sarcomatoid mesothelioma (61%). Therefore, this stain is not useful to distinguish between these two malignancies. MTAP loss is more common than BAP1 loss in the setting of sarcomatoid mesothelioma (61% vs 10%, respectively).
GitSync: distributed version control system on NDN

Git is designed as a distributed version control system which has been widely used. However, most of the existing projects use a workflow where developers have to synchronize with a central server. This poster explores the possibility of a truly distributed git platform, dubbed GitSync, by making git run over Named-data Networking (NDN). GitSync runs a peer-to-peer protocol to get rid of central servers, therefore enabling higher availability when not all users are connected to cloud all the time. Therefore GitSync eliminates single point of failure and can continue operation over unstable connectivity and network partition.
Architecture and the city: selected essays

A revealing pair of images in Michael Dennis’ magnificent new book Architecture and the City compare a selection of contemporary buildings from well known architects around the world with an image ...
Protecting Fair Use from Algorithms, Internet Platforms and the Copyright Office: A Critique of the § 512 Study

One context in which algorithms play an increasingly important role is in the policing of copyright infringement online. Ironically, however, an artist who attempts today to make a fair use of a copyrighted work and to share it with the world will face greater obstacles than she would have twenty years ago, despite the major advances in technology that have occurred during that time. Algorithms will detect the copyrighted material and may prevent the work from being shared at all, may remove the work from the platform after it is uploaded, and may even preclude the creator’s access to the judicial system to litigate her claimed fair use. Against this significant backdrop, the U.S. Copyright Office released a Study in May 2020 entitled “Section 512 of Title 17: A Report of the Register of Copyrights.” The aim of the Study was to evaluate potential problems with and updates to the DMCA. But fair use is barely mentioned in the Study. Nor does the Study adequately address the dangers to fair use posed by some of the technological and legislative changes the Study contemplates—including use of algorithms, DMCA+ systems, and notice-and-staydown systems. This Note argues that the U.S. Copyright Office’s recent Study discussing potential changes to the DMCA statute should have called for the protection of the fair use doctrine from the rise of algorithmic technology by advocating the preservation of the current safe harbors and rejecting both DMCA+ and notice-and-staydown systems as potential Standard Technical Measures. Part I of this Note provides background information about the doctrine of fair use and the DMCA in general. Part II then explores algorithms and their use within DMCA systems and will distinguish between the traditional DMCA framework and DMCA+ systems. Part III discusses the recent Copyright Office Study and notes the areas in which it falls short. Finally, Part IV highlights the potential dangers of implementing strict platform liability, DMCA+ systems, or notice-and-staydown systems and will instead advocate for legislative and judicial solutions that preserve the fair use doctrine and users’ freedoms of expression.