cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Value-Added Tax: A New $40 Billion Tax for the United States?

The value-added tax' (VAT) is a multistage turnover tax-a sales tax collected at all stages in the production and distribution of goods and services. Although in recent years VAT has been adopted widely throughout Europe, such broad-based taxes have been unknown in the United States, where sales taxes commonly have been limited to only the retail gale of goods. Recently, however, VAT has become the subject of much concern in the United States. First, because of its wide coverage, VAT yields large revenues.2 Secondly, businessmen in the United States have complained that European manufacturers are achieving a competitive advantage in the world market solely because of their countries' reliance on the value-added tax. In Europe, VAT has replaced the cascade turnover tax, which had dominated for fifty years. As a preface to the detailed discussion of VAT, Part I of this Comment reviews the cascade tax and the historical development leading to the wide acceptance of VAT in Europe. Part II is an examination of the German experience with VAT, and Part III deals with the effect of the value-added tax on international trade. The issues raised by the proposed adoption of VAT in the United States are discussed in Part IV.
The roles of Claspin and DNA repair proteins in DNA damage checkpoint response

1069 The novel protein Claspin has recently been identified in mammalian cells as a mediator of replication checkpoint response. Localized at the replication fork, Claspin is also suggested to play a role in sensing DNA replication and DNA structures that may have evolved from genotoxic stress. To investigate whether Claspin would interact with upstream DNA repair proteins believed to sense UV-induced DNA lesions, protein-protein interaction experiments were carried out in the form of co-immunoprecipitations and co-purifications. Preliminary data suggest the ability of Claspin to physically interact with two upstream DNA repair proteins. Both of these factors, XPC and DDB1, are implicated in lesion recognition in nucleotide excision repair (NER). The interaction of XPC, a factor of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex, and of DDB1, one of two components of the UV-damage DNA binding protein complex (UV-DDB), was seen using nuclear extracts from UV-irradiated and non-irradiated cells. So far no association was detected between Claspin and the second factor of the UV-DDB complex, DDB2. On the other hand, DDB1 co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate an association between DDB1 and XPC, which supports a recent finding that XPC interact with UV-DDB. Data will be presented examining the suggested protein-protein interactions as well as the functional relevance of such complexes. (Supported by NIH grants ES2388, ES12991 and CA93413)
Remarks on Tarski's problem concerning (R, +, *, exp)

Publisher Summary The chapter presents the elementary theory of the structure (R , + , .), and the results could be extended to the structure (R, +, ., exp). Some aspects of on (R , + , .) are reviewed and its usage is inquired. The decidability of Th(R , + , .) is a nice result in its own right and quite useful in many theoretical decidability questions but has otherwise not been important in settling open problems. Th(R , + , .·)= theory of real closed fields is useful in proving properties of real closed fields: in certain cases the only known proof consists of first establishing the property for the field of reals by transcendental methods and then invoking elimination of quantifiers for (R ,
Faith, Family, and Feminism: Irreconcilable Differences?

The purpose of this article is to characterize and evaluate the phases through which feminist positions on the family have evolved in recent history and to suggest feminists in Christian and Jewish theology and religious studies as among the most important participants in current discussions about the family.
An Incomplete Domain Decomposition Preconditioning Method for Nonlinear Nodal Kinetics Calculations

Methods are proposed for the efficient parallel solution of nonlinear nodal kinetics equations. Because the two-node calculation in the nonlinear nodal method is naturally parallelizable, the majority of the effort is devoted to the development of parallel methods for solving the coarse-mesh finite difference (CMFD) problem. A preconditioned Krylov subspace method (biconjugate gradient stabilized) is chosen as the iterative algorithm for the CMFD problem, and an efficient parallel preconditioning scheme is developed based on domain decomposition techniques. An incomplete lowerupper triangular factorization method is first formulated for the coefficient matrices representing each three-dimensional subdomain, and coupling between subdomains is then approximated by incorporating only the effect of the nonleakage terms of neighboring subdomains. The methods are applied to fixed-source problems created from the International Atomic Energy Agency three-dimensional benchmark problem. The effectiveness of the incomplete domain decomposition preconditioning on a multiprocessor is evidenced by the small increase in the number of iterations as the number of subdomains increases. Through the application to both CMFD-only and nodal calculations, it is demonstrated that speedups as large as 49 with 96 processors are attainable in the nonlinear nodal kinetics calculations.
Scattering from apertures in ground planes using FDTD

The scattered field version of FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) is modified to allow calculation of scattering from an aperture in an infinite ground plane. The modification is required so that the fields reflected from the ground plane are not computed as scattered fields. These fields are usually of much higher amplitude than the desired aperture-scattered fields, and the reflection of these fields from the outer absorbing boundaries introduces errors in low amplitude scattering from the aperture. Also, the scattering from the edges of the ground plane where it is terminated at the FDTD outer boundary must be eliminated for accurate results. To demonstrate the results that can be obtained, scattering from a 100 cm /spl times/ 5 cm aperture in an infinite ground plane has been calculated. >
Personality, Biological Bases of

The topic of the biological bases of personality was largely theoretical in the first half of the twentieth century because of the primitive stage of the science of neuropsychology, particularly in regard to the brain. Gardner Murphy's 1947 book on personality was subtitled “a biosocial approach,” but there was little on biology as a source of personality differences, just some discussion of body types and speculations about the potential role of endocrine hormones and other peripheral physiological variants. Keywords: personality; psychobiology
The State of the State in Southeast Asia: Contention, Globalization, and State Capacity

Delusions of Development: The World Bank and the Post-Washington Consensus in Southeast Asia. By Carroll Toby. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010. 288 pp., $85.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0230229556). No Man's Land: Globalization, Territory, and Clandestine Groups in Southeast Asia. By Hastings Justin V.. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010. 256 pp., $22.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0801476792). Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. By Slater Dan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 342 pp., $28.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0521165457). Southeast Asia has been an extraordinarily fruitful region for building theory in comparative politics, inspiring for instance Furnivall's (1948) concept of plural society, Geertz' (1977) work on primordial sentiments and nationalism, Pye's (1962) formulation of political culture, the debate between Popkin's (1979) rational peasants and Scott's moral economy, Scott's (1977) later (1987) work on everyday forms of resistance, and Anderson's (1993) imagined communities. The region's exceptional diversity, both between and within countries, demands sophisticated comparisons. Scholars of Southeast Asia invariably are forced to be aware of dramatic variations found in the region, even when focusing on a single case or (as Anderson does) denying the possibility of comparative work altogether. The present volumes all fit within this comparative tradition. Each uses the comparative method to investigate variation in the effectiveness of Southeast Asian states, using it to address post-Cold War concerns about state capacity, state failure, and sovereignty. Dan Slater's Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia is an example of comparative historical sociology in the tradition of Reinhard Bendix (1980), Barrington Moore (1967), and Theda Skocpol (1979). Slater's central question is why some authoritarian countries in Southeast Asia developed strong states while others did not. His answer is that strong states developed where urban elites were threatened from below by strongly mobilized lower-class movements. Taking the literature on contentious politics as his starting point, Slater points out that mass mobilization from below can inspire defensive collective action among elites. When effective contentious politics unifies elites, they delegate to governments the authority and resources to crack down. Episodes of large-scale contentious politics thus have the effect of creating strong authoritarian states. Contentious politics can bring down authoritarian regimes only when the regime itself is perceived by elites as being responsible for provoking disorder and …
The quest for the perfect perfect-maze

In this paper, the quest for the perfect perfect-maze is performed over the search space of perfect mazes using an approach of search-based procedural content generation. Perfect maze construction is rather random with little to no control of the final product. We propose a search-based framework based on attributes or metrics of a constructed maze to provide a foundation for evaluation functions (fitness functions). Since the meaning of “perfect” is subjective and different for every designer, we allow designers to construct their own evaluation function to generate the best maze. We have also analyzed each metric's space on an exhaustive enumeration of small-sized mazes to determine allowable, and perhaps desirable, ranges for each metric. Using these metrics, an evaluation function is constructed to search for the “best” maze.
Neurosteroids: Endogenous role in the human brain and therapeutic potentials

This chapter provides an overview of neurosteroids, especially their impact on the brain, sex differences and their therapeutic potentials. Neurosteroids are synthesized within the brain and rapidly modulate neuronal excitability. They are classified as pregnane neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, androstane neurosteroids, such as androstanediol and etiocholanolone, and sulfated neurosteroids such as pregnenolone sulfate. Neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone are positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors with powerful anti-seizure activity in diverse animal models. Neurosteroids increase both synaptic and tonic inhibition. They are endogenous regulators of seizure susceptibility, anxiety, and stress. Sulfated neurosteroids such as pregnenolone sulfate, which are negative GABA-A receptor modulators, are memory-enhancing agents. Sex differences in susceptibility to brain disorders could be due to neurosteroids and sexual dimorphism in specific structures of the human brain. Synthetic neurosteroids that exhibit better bioavailability and efficacy and drugs that enhance neurosteroid synthesis have therapeutic potential in anxiety, epilepsy, and other brain disorders. Clinical trials with the synthetic neurosteroid analog ganaxolone in the treatment of epilepsy have been encouraging. Neurosteroidogenic agents that lack benzodiazepine-like side effects show promise in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of absorption of electromagnetic radiation in brain tissue

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is effectively used for measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the brain tissue noninvasively. The absorption of electromagnetic energy in the brain transforms into thermal energy and affects the nuclear magnetic shielding of the molecules. The subsequent temperature increase caused by the absorption of energy is then measured by the resonance frequency shift of hydrogen protons of the water molecules in the brain tissue. NMR imaging provides fast three dimensional (3D) distribution of thermal energy in the brain during the exposure to power and time varying radio frequency (RF) fields. A method is presented for measuring the absorption of electromagnetic energy in ex vivo brain tissue subjected to a radiation from a half wavelength dipole antenna assembly. This method provides high spatial and temporal resolution to characterize the hot spots formed by the absorption of cell phone radiation in brain tissue and allows for the measurements of the specific absorption rate averaged over 1 mg and 10 s in the brain tissue throughout the total absorption volume. NMR thermometry and fiber optic temperature sensors confirm the accuracy of the measurements.
Synthesis and Ni(0)‐catalyzed polymerization of 2,5‐bis(4‐chloro‐1‐naphthyl)biphenyl

A novel synthetic route to bis(4-chloro-1-naphtyl)aryl derivatives which are starting monomers for the preparation of soluble polyarylenes containing 1,1-binaphtylene and 2,5-biphenylene units. The present polymers [(C 10 H 6 )-Ph(Ph)-(C 10 H 6 )] n are soluble in conventional organic solvents
Spatial localization of absorbing bodies by interfering diffusive photon-density waves

The use of the destructive interference of diffusive photon-density waves for the localization of an absorbing (and scattering) body in a scattering medium was studied. The objectives of this approach in the reflectance mode were as follows: first, to reduce sensitivity to absorption features occurring in superficial layers while sensitivity to bodies lying deeper is maintained; second, to establish a confined depth region of maximum sensitivity in which the distance of an absorbing body could be determined through phase measurement. Intensity and phase data were acquired with a modified frequency-domain spectrometer at modulation frequencies up to 600 MHz as an absorbing body was moved in three dimensions. The experimental results are compared with simulations based on a numerical solution of a time-dependent photon-diffusion equation.
Update on angles and sides of the CKM unitarity triangle from BABAR

We report several recent updates from the BABAR Collaboration on the matrix elements |V{sub cb}|, |V{sub ub}|, and |V{sub td}| of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark-mixing matrix, and the angles {beta} and {alpha} of the unitarity triangle. Most results presented here are using the full BABAR {Upsilon}(4S) data set.
Site percolation thresholds for Archimedean lattices.

Precise thresholds for site percolation on eight Archimedean lattices are determined by the hull-walk gradient-percolation simulation method, with the results p(c)=0.697 043, honeycomb or (6(3)), 0.807 904 (3,12(2)), 0.747 806 (4,6,12), 0.729 724 (4,8(2)), 0.579 498 (3(4),6), 0.621 819 (3,4,6,4), 0.550 213 (3(3),4(2)), and 0.550 806 (3(2),4,3,4), with errors of about +/- 3 x 10(-6). [The remaining Archimedean lattices are the square (4(4)), triangular (3(6)), and Kagome (3,6,3,6), for which p(c) is already known exactly or to a high degree of accuracy.] The numerical result for the (3,12(2)) lattice is consistent with the exact value [1-2 sin(pi/18)](1/2). The values of p(c) for all 11 Archimedean lattices, as well as a number of nonuniform lattices, are found to be well correlated by a nearly linear function of a generalized Scher-Zallen filling factor. This correlation is much more accurate than recently proposed correlations based solely upon coordination number.
Correlation of electrical spin injection and non-linear charge-transport in Fe/MgO/Si

We report measurements and analysis of electrical spin injection and detection in Fe/MgO/Si tunnel diodes using the three terminal Hanle method. The bias dependencies of the spin-resistance-area product and the differential-resistance-area product dVc/dJ are found to be very strong (in contrast to current models) and highly correlated. We demonstrate that within a standard tunneling model a strongly bias-dependent dVc/dJ requires that the tunneling coefficient must be strongly energy- and/or bias-dependent, which produces a corresponding strong bias dependence in the spin-resistance-area product compared to the magnitude of the actual spin accumulation properties. The data are best explained if the actual spin behavior is only weakly bias-dependent, consistent with the weakly bias-depended measured effective spin lifetime.
Graduate Education in U.S. Geography: Students’ Career Aspirations and Faculty Perspectives

The career aspirations of U.S. graduate geography students and how these are perceived by faculty and addressed in departmental curricula and programs have important implications for sustaining and enhancing geography's position in higher education in the current period of economic, political, and social change. Recent interdisciplinary research on academic socialization identifies differences in expectations between students and faculty as an important factor affecting departmental climates, completion of graduate degrees, and assessments by graduates of their preparation for the workforce. Based on qualitative analysis of interviews conducted in five doctoral and five master's departments selected to reflect a range of programs across the United States, we found considerable difference between students’ aspirations and faculty perceptions. Approximately half the doctoral students interviewed were considering careers in academia, although many were also considering opportunities in other sectors or were ...
What is the majority carrier drift mobility in a-Si alloys?

Abstract In this work we have tested the accepted value of 1 cm 2 /V s for the majority carrier mobility in a-Si:F:H by studying the transient response of a p-i-n junction to forward bias and by the reverse recovery technique. The transit time of the carriers in a 3.5 μm cell under 2 V bias was less than 10 −9 s. We therefore estimate that the previous values are incorrect and the majority carrier mobility is in fact significantly greater than 60 cm 2 /V s.
Elementary five-brane solutions of D = 10 supergravity

We find exact solutions to the field equations of ten-dimensional supergravity corresponding to stable multi-five-brane configurations which break half the spacetime supersymmetries. The solutions saturate a Bogomol'nyi bound between the mass per unit area and the conserved Noether charge, which also guarantees their stability. We compare and contrast this elementary five-brane solution with Strominger's solitonic five-brane solution, and discuss the implications for string/five-brane duality.
Effects of surface pretreatments on interface structure during formation of ultra-thin yttrium silicate dielectric films on silicon

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) are used to determine chemical bonding and composition of ultra-thin films of mixed yttrium, silicon, and oxygen, formed by oxidation of metal on clean and pre-treated silicon. XPS and MEIS analyses indicate that oxidation of yttrium on bare silicon results in a fully oxidized film with a significant fraction of Y–O–Si bonding. The mixed Y–O–Si structure results from the relatively rapid reaction between Y and the Si substrate to form yttrium silicide, followed by oxidation. The effect of various silicon pretreatments, including in situ oxidation and nitridation, on bulk and interface film composition are also examined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of 40 A thick films indicates that the yttrium silicate films are amorphous with uniform contrast throughout the layer. MEIS shows evidence for a graded metal concentration in the dielectric near the silicon interface, with uniform oxygen concentration (consistent with full oxidation) throughout the film. Angle resolved XPS (ARXPS) shows no significant signal related to Si+4, as would be expected from a substantial SiO2 interface layer. Capacitance–voltage analysis demonstrates that a ∼10 A equivalent oxide thickness can be achieved. The effects of ultra-thin silicon oxide, nitrided-oxide and nitrided silicon interfaces on silicon consumption during the oxidation of yttrium are investigated. When yttrium is deposited on a thin (∼10 A) SiO2 film and oxidized, a yttrium silicate film is formed with bonding and composition similar to films formed on bare silicon. However, when the interface is a thin nitride, the silicon consumption rate is significantly reduced, and the resulting film composition is closer to Y2O3. The consumption of the silicon substrate by metal is shown to occur during oxidation and during vacuum annealing of yttrium on silicon. The relatively rapid formation of metal–silicon bonds suggests that metal–silicon structures may also be important reactive intermediates in silicon/dielectric interface formation reactions during chemical vapor deposition. In addition to thermodynamic stability, understanding the relative rates of elementary reaction steps in film formation is critical to control composition and structure at the dielectric/Si interface.
Leon Festinger and the Art of Audacity

PS takes notice of the collected works of Leon Festinger and Donald T. Campbell—preeminent innovators of the methods and theory of modern social psychology
From Public Interest to Private Rights: Free Speech, Liberal Individualism, and the Making of Modern Tort Law

Drawing on John Witt's 2007 book, Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law, this essay explores the role of the interwar civil liberties movement in rehabilitating the discourse of rights and privatizing the American welfare state. In the years after World War I, most proponents of free speech were hostile to Lochner-era legalism and preferred to pursue civil liberties through legislative and regulatory measures as a means of advancing the public interest. By the onset of World War II, however, they had instead adopted a court-centered strategy that emphasized individual autonomy. The popular and political resonance of their new state-skeptical vocabulary suggests that post-New Deal liberalism in America was a hybrid of classical and Progressive approaches.
A DATA BASED MODEL OF HOW TEACHERS COPE WITH WORK STRESS

While there has been considerable research in the general area of teacher stress, little attention has been given to studying how teachers actually cope with work stress. A review of the available literature reveals that no models of teacher coping exist which have been developed directly from the study of teachers. This paper describes a data‐based taxonomy of behaviors that teachers use to cope with work stress and the perceived effectiveness of such behaviors in dealing with stress. The taxonomy was constructed from data collected from school teachers located in several regions of the United States. How educational administrators can promote “organizational literacy” in teachers, thereby preparing them for the realities of the school as a work setting, is discussed. In addition, the proposed taxonomy is discussed in terms of its theoretical significance for future organizational research.
Dissociating age-related changes in cognitive strategy and neural efficiency using event-related fMRI

We used event- related fMRI to measure brain activity while younger and older adults performed an item-recognition task in which the memory-set size varied between 1 and 8 letters. Each trial was composed of a 4-second encoding period in which subjects viewed random letter strings, a 12-second retention period and a 2-second retrieval period in which subjects decided whether a single probe letter was or was not part of the memory set. For both groups, reaction time increased and accuracy decreased with increasing memory set-size. There were minimal age-related differences in activation patterns with increasing memory set-size in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Regression analyses of individual subjects' performance and cortical activity indicated that speed and accuracy accounted for considerable variance in dorsal and ventral PFC activity during encoding and retrieval. These results suggest that younger and older adults utilize similar working memory (WM) strategies to accommodate increasing memory demand. They support a model of cognitive slowing in which processing rate is related to neural efficiency.
Intrinsic stress in diamond-like carbon films and its dependence on deposition parameters

Abstract The compressive stresses and the hydrogen content inside diamond-like carbon films were measured for various deposition conditions. Four methods of film deposition were tested: primary beam containing CH 4 ; primary beam containing CH 4 with simultaneous bombardment of second beam of energetic argon ions; primary beam containing C 4 H 10 , and sputter deposition of graphite with the addition of hydrogen gas. The compressive stresses in the films were attributed mainly to the bombarding energy of the ion beam. An additional contribution to the compressive stresses probably came from the complex species in the discharge. The contribution of the hydrogen to the stresses in the films did not seem to be obvious.
Ion Transport in Micelle-like Films: Soft-Landed Ion Studies

Ion-transport processes across epitaxially grown micelle-like films in the form of liquid hydrocarbon/water/hydrocarbon sandwiches were studied by a novel ion soft-landing technique. Centered inside of vapor-deposited glassy films of 3-methylpentane (166 monolayers) and methylcyclohexane (50 monolayers) was a water layer from 0 to 10 monolayers thick. From 90 to 150 K we time-resolved hydronium ion motion and found that the ions (D3O+) clearly paused in the aqueous phase, being transiently trapped by solvation interactions. A modified Born solvation model qualitatively showed that a trap energy gradually built up in the aqueous phase with the water layer thickness.
Simultaneous nonisothermal noncatalytic solid‐gas reactions

The kinetics of simultaneous, noncatalytic solid-gas reaction systems has been analyzed in terms of the selectivity and effectiveness factor, based on the unreacted core shrinking model. The reaction systems discussed include the first-order independent, parallel, and consecutive reactions with the simultaneous influences of heat and mass transfer. The effects of various chemical and transport properties on the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness factor of the system are discussed. The pseudosteady state approximation is employed to reduce the mathematical difficulties.
Alabama’s Enterprise Zones: Designed to Aid the Needy?:

The Alabama Enterprise Zone Act established 27 zones across the state. The act provides incentives to business firms that locate within an approved zone in an effort to attract desperately needed jobs. Zone status was purported to be based on economic need as measured by five variables. In this article, the selection process is closely examined. The authors find that the selection criteria were frequently ignored in favor of political concerns. The results suggest that a policy designed to help needy individuals in the state was convoluted by the political process.
Mechanism of spherulitic crystallization as deduced from observations of partially crystallized glassy polystyrene

Abstract Thin films of isotactic polystyrene partially crystallized from the glassy state were studied in detail by means of transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Initial nucleation and growth stages of spherulitic fibrils (or lamellae) were illustrated clearly by using novel techniques, such as Au decoration, and novel specimens such as thin films containing holes. Spherulitic nucleation begins with the crystallization of a liquid-crystal-like nodule or a group of these nodules merging to form a spherulitic center. Fibrils or lamellae grow and fan out from the nucleus by additional incorporation of maturing nodules. Proliferation of fibrils is essentially a space-filling process through the crystallization of uncrystallized nodules or nodules that were left behind by growing fibrils which had initiated earlier. The deduced mechanism of spherulitic crystallization leads directly to the formation of interlamellar links between neighboring fibrils. However, no extended-chain-type interl...
Understanding the influence of gender role identity on the assumption of family caregiving roles by men

Previous explanations of limited participation by males as family caregivers assume that socialization to dominant gender stereotypes is a universal barrier among men. Overlooked are 1) variations in the degree of internalization of gender typed attitudes that enable intense participation in a wide variety of personal care tasks and the assumption of the chief caregiver role among some men, and 2) social psychological processes used to resolve cognitive dissonance among men considering caregiver activities and/or role enactment. The present examination of these processes is responsive to calls for enhancing our understanding of the personal meaning that caregiving has for men. The introduction of Risman's view that current experience influences socialized predispositions, allows the delineation of conditions under which husbands, sons, and other male relatives who have internalized stereotypical self images of masculinity can also assume caregiver roles in the family. Drawing on interview data from a purposive sample of thirty-two men who were chief caregivers for elderly relatives, case study material is presented to illustrate several pathways by which male respondents gained access to family caregiving roles.
A preliminary study of student attitudes on juvenile justice policy

The philosophy and practice of juvenile justice have experienced significant transformations in the last 100 years. A shift to “get tough” attitudes has prompted various legislative reforms and has changed if not hardened attitudes toward youth. In context of these policy developments and social attitudes, this paper summarizes a preliminary study of 1104 undergraduate students on their attitudes on juvenile justice policies in the United States. Student perceptions of school violence, and attitudes toward zero tolerance and drug testing are reported. The authors discuss the responses of criminal justice majors and consider the implications of their academic experience on knowledge and attitudes about juvenile justice.
Ultrabithorax is required for membranous wing identity in the beetle Tribolium castaneum

The two pairs of wings that are characteristic of ancestral pterygotes (winged insects) have often undergone evolutionary modification. In the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, differences between the membranous forewings and the modified hindwings (halteres) depend on the Hox gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). The Drosophila forewings develop without Hox input, while Ubx represses genes that are important for wing development, promoting haltere identity. However, the idea that Hox input is important to the morphologically specialized wing derivatives such as halteres, and not the more ancestral wings, requires examination in other insect orders. In beetles, such as Tribolium castaneum, it is the forewings that are modified (to form elytra), while the hindwings retain a morphologically more ancestral identity. Here we show that in this beetle Ubx 'de-specializes' the hindwings, which are transformed to elytra when the gene is knocked down. We also show evidence that elytra result from a Hox-free state, despite their diverged morphology. Ubx function in the hindwing seems necessary for a change in the expression of spalt, iroquois and achaete-scute homologues from elytron-like to more typical wing-like patterns. This counteracting effect of Ubx in beetle hindwings represents a previously unknown mode of wing diversification in insects.
A kinetic model for pyrolysis of CF2HCl

Thermal decomposition of CF2HCl has been modeled using 2,269 thermally activated reactions and 63 chemically activated processes. Thermochemical properties for the species involved are calculated using statistical mechanics and group contribution theory, and reaction rate constants are determined using transition state theory. The theoretical predictions, obtained without fitting any parameter values, afree closely with available experimental data. Also, the reactions that control the distribution of reaction products are identified, and this, in turn, permits simplification of the reaction set. Sensitivity studies show that uncertainties in the calculations do not alter the predicted trends in behavior or the main reaction pathways. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biologically Active Compounds in the Aquatic Environment: The Uptake and Distribution of [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethylene], DDE by Chironomus tentans Fabricius (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract The midge, Chironomus tentans, was exposed from egg through adult to varying concentrations (.07 to 2.2 ppb) of [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], DDE. The amount of DDE accumulated by the midge was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The accumulation of DDE from aqueous solution and contaminated substrate by the midge as a function of DDE concentration and exposure time was determined, and the distribution of the accumulated DDE residue was quantitated (pupa, exuvia, adult, and egg mass). No attempt was made to differentiate between these two modes of uptake (water or substrate). The DDE accumulation by the midge demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship, accumulating DDE exponentially with increased concentration at a given exposure time. At any given concentration of DDE in the water, accumulation increased with increased exposure time. On a ppm basis the midges concentrated DDE approximately 20,000 times over that level which was present in the water. The exuvia did not de...
5-HT modulates protein synthesis and the expression of specific proteins during long-term facilitation in aplysia sensory neurons

Long-term, but not short-term, facilitation induced by 5-HT in Aplysia sensory neurons is blocked by application of inhibitors of protein synthesis or RNA synthesis during the 1.5 hr training period. These findings suggest that genes and proteins not needed for the short-term process are required for long-term facilitation. To identify these proteins, we examined changes in overall and specific protein synthesis in sensory neurons. During the 1.5 hr period of stimulation, 5-HT initiated three temporally distinct changes in total protein synthesis: a small decrease at 0.5 hr, a small increase at 1 hr, and a second and larger increase at 3 hr. 5-HT also produced three temporally distinct changes in the synthesis of individual proteins that could be resolved on 2-D gels. First, there was an increase at 30 min in the rate of synthesis of 10 proteins and a decrease in the synthesis of 5 proteins. These changes in protein expression are rapid and transient, subsiding within 1-3 hr, and are transcription-dependent. Second, at 3 hr, there is a transient increase in 4 different proteins that also is transcription-dependent and lasts approximately 5 hr. Finally, at 24 hr, during the retention phase of facilitation, there was a sustained increase in the expression of two proteins.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Neuropeptide Y Gene by Nerve Growth Factor: Antagonism by Glucocorticoids and Potentiation by Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Phorbol Ester

The regulation of the preproneuropeptide Y gene (NPY gene) by nerve growth factor (NGF) and second messenger systems in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells was studied by means of steady state NPY mRNA and nuclear run-on transcription analyses. Treatment of cells with 2.5S NGF increased the NPY mRNA abundance up to 100-fold over 1–6 days. Glucocorticoids (e.g. dexamethasone) potentiated by up to 3-fold the stimulation by NGF at early times (≤7 h), but strongly suppressed it at later times (≥25 h). The response to NGF was blocked by cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for ongoing protein synthesis. Treatment of cells for 24–48 h with combinations of NGF, forskolin to elevate cAMP levels, and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) to activate protein kinase C synergistically elevated NPY mRNA levels. The rate of NPY gene transcription in PC12 nuclei was increased by NGF, forskolin plus PMA, or NGF plus forskolin plus PMA, indicating that these regulators act at least in part at a transcriptional level. β-Act...
Mode competition, suppression, and efficiency enhancement in overmoded gyrotron oscillators

Gyrotron oscillators are of great interest as sources of high power mm wave radiation for electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive in magnetic fusion research devices. Gyrotrons capable of efficiently generating cw power ≳ 1 megawatt will be required in future magnetic fusion studies. However, as gyrotron power approaches the megawatt level, a very large, overmoded cavity must be employed in order to keep ohmic power losses in the cavity at an acceptable level, and the problem of mode overpopulation becomes severe. Also, it becomes increasingly important to optimize gyrotron efficiency for a number of important reasons including minimizing the problem of collecting the electron beam energy. In the present paper, a detailed experimental and theoretical study of mode competition and mode locking in an overmoded gyrotron is presented. Efficiency enhancement (to 60%) and high peak power (430 kW) were achieved in the TE2,4,1 mode using magnetostatic profiling in the cavity. With selective mode suppression, peak power of 475 kW was generated in the TE0,4,1 mode.
The economic theory of a military draft reconsidered

During the debate over conscription in the United States over 20 years ago, most economists argued that a volunteer force was unequivocally more efficient than a draft force. But Dwight Lee and Richard McKenzie recently demonstrated that under certain conditions conscription will be more efficient. However, Lee and McKenzie omitted some important determinants of the relative efficiency of a volunteer system from their analysis. Using their framework as a starting point, this paper develops a more comprehensive model of optimal military manpower procurement system choice. The key findings are that (1) productivity considerations tend to make the volunteer force the more efficient force and recent trends in technology have arguably accentuated this tendency but (2) the larger is the level, and the elasticity, of demand for defense, the more likely the draft is to be the optimal procurement method.
Apollinaire's “Zone,” Catholicism, and the Paradox of French Modernity

Since at least the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, modernity in France has been understood primarily in terms of a rupture with Catholicism. Through a close reading of the poem “Zone,” this article shows how Guillaume Apollinaire's poetics challenges the conventional notion of modernity-as-rupture by exposing Catholicism's persistent residuality into the modern era. Instead of breaking with France's Catholic past, Apollinaire's modernism poetically displaces it, thereby holding in suspension both modernity's desire for rupture and the object with which it seeks to break.
Flammability of styrenic polymer clay nanocomposites based on a methyl methacrylate oligomerically-modified clay

Abstract Nanocomposites of polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer, polypropylene, and polyethylene were prepared using a methyl methacrylate oligomerically-modified clay by melt blending and the thermal stability and fire retardancy were studied. These nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. The results show a mixed morphology, depending on the polymer.
Raman spectrum of high-density amorphous ice

Abstract Samples of high-density amorphous ice made from H 2 O, D 2 O, 5% H 2 O in D 2 O, and 5% D 2 O in H 2 O were prepared by compressing ice Ih to 10 kbar at 77 K. Their Raman spectra in the OH and OD stretching regions were measured at 1 bar and 12 K before and after warming to 80–170 K in 10-K intervals. The samples transformed at 110–120 K to a phase resembling vapor-deposited low-density amorphous ice, which transformed to ice I at 140–150 K. Both the coupled and uncoupled bands are much broader than in the low-density amorphous phase, the peak frequency and half-width of the uncoupled OH band being 3342 and 170 cm −1 , respectively, at 12 K. From these frequencies and the effect of the hydrogen-bonded O O distance on the OH frequency, the mean O O distance is ∼2.82 A and its half-width is ∼0.2 A. These are similar to the values estimated for liquid water if it could be quenched at 10 kbar to a glass at 77 K.
Development of Adsorption Equilibrium Relations for Mixtures from Pure Component Isotherms and Henry's Law Behavior with Components in Excess

A new method for developing adsorption equilibrium relations for gas mixtures is presented. First, pure component isotherms are measured and described by appropriate isotherm equations. Then, binary measurements are performed with one component at a trace level and the other at a substantial loading, a condition we refer to as Henry’s law behavior with a second component in excess. The virial excess mixture coefficient method is used to obtain correction terms to the ideal adsorbed solution theory, with the coefficients determined solely from the Henry’s law data. Then, for data measured over the full composition space, the theory provides simple and accurate improvements to predictions of the ideal adsorbed solution theory. The method is implemented for the system of nitrogen and oxygen adsorbed on LiLSX zeolite.
GFAP mRNA increases with age in rat and human brain

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA was examined by RNA blot hybridization in three age groups of two cohorts of male F-344 rats and in 47 human postmortem brain samples. GFAP mRNA increased in the hippocampus and striatum of 24 versus 6- to 7-month-old rats. Another astrocytic molecular marker, glutamine synthetase mRNA, did not change with age in rat brain. Rat GFAP mRNA prevalence was inversely correlated with serum testosterone but not correlated with serum corticosterone. In human hippocampus, frontal and temporal cortex, GFAP mRNA also increased in older (60-79 years) compared with middle-aged (25-59 years) individuals. In contrast, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 mRNA did not change between age groups in any region. By combining the three regions for further analysis, GFAP mRNA increased with age irregardless of gender, alcoholism in the middle-aged group, or whether brains were classified as normal or neuropathologic (excluding Alzheimer's disease pathology). These data indicate that increased GFAP protein or GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in rats and humans may result from transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation and extend the number to three species (including mouse) showing an increase in GFAP mRNA with age. Factors that are known to regulate GFAP mRNA expression in young brains are considered as possible causes of age-related increases.
The interactive digitizing of polygons and the processing of polygons in a relational database

A system is described for the interactive digitizing of polygons for such two-dimensional spatial modeling applications as growth studies and thematic map production. A digitizer connected online to a mini-computer with a refresh display is used for capturing polygon data from source documents. An area boundary network is developed by digitizing nodes, pointing to node pairs, and then digitizing edges only once. A CRT display monitors, and bell-rings confirm input operations. Facilities to erase nodes or edges are available. From the nodes and edges, software produces polygons which the user may name or discard. Slivering and overlap are eliminated because contiguous polygons have identical edge descriptions. Named polygons are then transferred to a large university time-sharing computer where spatial editing operations may be carried out, such as unioning pieces of a large map. The named polygons may he given additional non-spatial attributes and entered into a relational type of data base.
Comparison of clinical characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction with versus without new or presumed new left bundle branch block (from NCDR®).

Guidelines recommend urgent reperfusion for patients with new left bundle branch block (LBBB), similar to patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, there are limited contemporary data comparing these 2 groups of patients. Patients presenting with acute STEMI or presumed new LBBB (nLBBB) enrolled in the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network (ACTION) Registry–Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) from January 2007 to March 2009 were evaluated for clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes. Logistic generalized estimating equation modeling was used to examine associated risk-adjusted mortality. Of 46,006 patients with either STEMI or nLBBB, 44,405 (96.5%) had STEMI, and 1,601 (3.5%) had nLBBB. Overall, patients with nLBBB had more baseline co-morbidities compared to those with STEMI. Compared to patients with STEMI, those with nLBBB were less likely to receive acute reperfusion (93.9% vs 48.3% p
A regression model selection criterion based on bootstrap bumping for use with resistant fitting

Abstract We propose a model selection criterion for regression applications where resistant fitting is appropriate. Our criterion gauges the adequacy of a fitted model based on the median squared error of prediction. The criterion is easily computed using the bootstrap “bumping” algorithm of Tibshirani and Knight (1999, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, pp. 671–686) which provides a convenient method for obtaining least median of squares model parameter estimates. We present an example to illustrate the merit of the criterion in instances where the underlying data set contains influential values. Additionally, we present and discuss the results of a simulation study which illustrates the effectiveness of the criterion under a wide range of error distributions.
The crisis of crisis management in the courts

Since 1960, US district courts have faced a mounting volume and complexity in their caseload and, simultaneously, a relative decline in the fiscal and orga nizational resources available to meet the rising demand. Courts are attempt ing to manage this double threat to their identity by adopting a combination of computerization and a strategy of informalism, much like other organizations in the public and private sector. But courts are unique among public sector organizations in that formal-legal rules play a constitutive role in their orga nization and procedures. Insofar as informal and technocratic strategies of cri sis management become functionally autonomous, they tend to undermine the normative premises of courts and generate a second-order problem, viz, a crisis of crisis management.
Defining a New Paradigm for Human Arrhythmia Syndromes: Phenotypic Manifestations of Gene Mutations in Ion Channel– and Transporter-Associated Proteins

Over the past 15 years, gene mutations in cardiac ion channels have been linked to a host of potentially fatal human arrhythmias including long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. More recently, a new paradigm for human arrhythmia has emerged based on gene mutations that affect the activity of cardiac ion channel- and transporter- associated proteins. As part of the Circulation Research thematic series on inherited arrhythmias, this review focuses on the emerging field of human arrhythmias caused by dysfunction in cytosolic gene products (including ankyrins, yotiao, syntrophin, and caveolin-3) that regulate the activities of key membrane ion channels and transporters.