cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presenting Problem, History of Presenting Problem, and Social History

The client usually approaches the interview seeking assistance to address a problem. The task of the interviewer is to gather information about the client, the problem, the circumstances, and context, as well as the history, in order to conclude with a diagnostic impression. The diagnosis sets the stage for intervention, because the first step in addressing a problem is to define it, and it must be defined carefully and accurately. The most skillfully implemented intervention will fail miserably if it seeks to address the wrong problem. Therefore, the successful diagnostic interview relies on the thoughtful and well-planned gathering of information about the problem in order to arrive at a reasonable and supportable diagnosis (Rosqvist, Bjorgvinsson, & Davidson, 2007).
Catecholamines and 3',5' cyclic AMP in carotid body chemoreception in the cat.

Almost fifty years have passed since the discovery of the carotid body. Its proper functioning seems essential to the organism’s normal respiratory (1), circulatory (2), endocrine (3) responses to hypoxia. It is common knowledge that the carotid body normally responds to changes in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion as well. But exactly which structure or structures in the carotid body act as the receptor for these stimuli, and what processes or mechanisms are operating to transduce changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion into changes in neural output are not known.
Improved quantification of absolute and differential pulmonary flow with highly-accelerated 4D-PC MRI

Background Conventional, planar phase-contrast (2D-PC) imaging is the gold standard for non-invasive measurement of blood flow, routinely used in the assessment of structural heart disease by MRI. Nevertheless, at many institutions, nuclear perfusion scintigraphy (NPS) remains necessary for confirmation of differential pulmonary perfusion, but requires an additional exam with radiation exposure, and in younger children prolongs cardiac anesthesia. Highly-accelerated 4D phase-contrast
Legislative Television: The Transformation of Politicians

Television increases the information available to voters. This assertion appears obvious and unobjectionable. A more interesting and debatable question is how this change in information alters voter behavior? How is the politician transformed in the voter’s mind by the innovation of legislative television?
Language Does Matter: But There is More to Language Than Vocabulary and Directed Speech

In response to Golinkoff, Hoff, Rowe, Tamis-LeMonda, and Hirsh-Pasek's (2018) commentary, we clarify our goals, outline points of agreement and disagreement between our respective positions, and address the inadvertently harmful consequences of the word gap claim. We maintain that our study constitutes a serious empirical challenge to the word gap. Our findings do not support Hart and Risley's claim under their definition of the verbal environment; when more expansive definitions were applied, the word gap disappeared. The word gap argument focuses attention on supposed deficiencies of low-income and minority families, risks defining their children out of the educational game at the very outset of their schooling, and compromises efforts to restructure curricula that recognize the verbal strengths of all learners.
Potential Applicability of Distributed Ledger to Wireless Networking Technologies

The decentralized nature of existing and future wireless network topologies has opened some unique opportunities for DLT to play a role in communications. In this column, we have reviewed the basic operation of a consensus mechanism, as well as the current trend of a DLT-based security model that is particularly important for loT. We further point out that, beyond application layer and security, DLT also has potential in other aspects of wireless networking such as computing and radio connectivity. Specifically, we see DLT as a perfect tool that should be leveraged to realize fog -RAN, as the consensus mechanism of DLT may be used to maintain tight synchronization among computing and networking resources in different locations. On the other hand, DLT could also be employed to avoid potential collision that may occur in grant -free uplink access. In summary, we believe that DLT will gradually become a key tool to reshape communication systems in a wide range of aspects, covering not just applications and security, but also connectivity and computing.
Interstellar Cirrus Observed in Balmer Hα

We present Hα images with 0.1° resolution and fields of view larger than 10°. In some regions of the sky, the Balmer Hα emission is correlated positively with IRAS 100 μm emission. Observations of such sensitivity and angular scale as these provide a new view of the interstellar medium of our Galaxy (see also Dennison et al., this volume, p. 182) and may allow us to distinguish between Galactic foreground and cosmic background for both the free-free emission and the thermal dust emission associated with the warm ionized medium of the Milky Way.
A Complex of U1 snRNP with Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors Controls Telescripting, Regulating mRNA Transcription in Human Cells

Summary Full-length transcription in the majority of human genes depends on U1 snRNP (U1) to co-transcriptionally suppress transcription-terminating premature 3′ end cleavage and polyadenylation (PCPA) from cryptic polyadenylation signals (PASs) in introns. However, the mechanism of this U1 activity, termed telescripting, is unknown. Here, we captured a complex, comprising U1 and CPA factors (U1-CPAFs), that binds intronic PASs and suppresses PCPA. U1-CPAFs are distinct from U1-spliceosomal complexes; they include CPA’s three main subunits, CFIm, CPSF, and CstF; lack essential splicing factors; and associate with transcription elongation and mRNA export complexes. Telescripting requires U1:pre-mRNA base-pairing, which can be disrupted by U1 antisense oligonucleotide (U1 AMO), triggering PCPA. U1 AMO remodels U1-CPAFs, revealing changes, including recruitment of CPA-stimulating factors, that explain U1-CPAFs’ switch from repressive to activated states. Our findings outline this U1 telescripting mechanism and demonstrate U1’s unique role as central regulator of pre-mRNA processing and transcription.
Age-Graded Informal Social Control and Motivations Among Street Sex Buyers

Sex buyers are often viewed as a single category of offenders; however, they are diverse with regard to their motivations for seeking out commercial sex. Past research also suggests that purchasing sex does not follow the age-crime curve and that men’s motivations fluctuate according to changes in informal social bonds to important social institutions. This study thus used Laub and Sampson’s 87 revised age-graded theory of informal social control as a theoretical guide for the exploration of the relationship between age, informal social control, and men’s motivations for purchasing sex. A series of ordinary least squares regressions examined if age, marriage, deviant peer association, and employment characteristics were related to the five most common motivations to purchase sex: power and control, the diversification of sexual interests, the “dirty whore” fantasy, viewing sex as a commodity, and perceived romantic inadequacy. Age was negatively associated with being motivated by power and control, but positively related to viewing sex as a commodity. Being married was positively related to the diversification of sexual interests. Deviant peer association increased scores on the perceived romantic inadequacy scale, however, reduced them on the “dirty whore” fantasy scale. Having a full-time white-collar job was negatively related to both power and control and perceived romantic inadequacy; however, white-collar employment increased scores on the diversification of sexual interests and sex as a commodity scales. Age and informal social control have differential impacts on men’s motivations for purchasing sex via the outdoor sex trade.
Towards high-speed fourier ptychographic imaging using binary measurements on a SPAD camera (Conference Presentation)

Recently developed Single-photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array cameras have single photon sensitivity and can provide time-of-flight information for LIDAR imaging. These SPAD cameras, however, have very few pixels and readout binary images, which are typically averaged to provide an image with sufficient dynamic range. Here, we propose to implement a modified version of Fourier ptychography (FP), a synthetic aperture technique, on SPAD cameras to reconstruct an image with much higher resolution and larger dynamic range from its binary measurements. We successfully validate this using simulated and experimental results to show its potential for recording LIDAR images at high resolution and speed.
Laying the Foundation for Successful Team Performance Trajectories: The Roles of Team Charters and Deliberate Plans

This study examined the influences of team charters and performance strategies on the performance trajectories of 32 teams of master’s of business administration students competing in a business strategy simulation over time. The authors extended existing theory on team development by demonstrating that devoting time to laying a foundation for both teamwork (i.e., team charters) and taskwork (performance strategies) can pay dividends in terms of more effective team performance over time. Using random coefficients growth modeling techniques, they found that teams with high-quality performance strategies outperformed teams with poorer quality strategies. However, a significant interaction between quality of the charters of teams and their performance strategies was found, such that the highest sustained performances were exhibited by teams that were high on both features.
Opioid Use Disorder and Associated Infectious Disease: The Role of the Laboratory in Addressing Health Disparities

Background Opioid use disorder, defined as a pattern of problematic opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment, has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. This is due, at least in part, to the marginalized status of patients with opioid use disorder, limiting their access to appropriate laboratory testing, diagnosis, and treatment. Infections have long been associated with illicit drug use and contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality. However, barriers to testing and negative stigmas associated with opioid use disorder present unique challenges to infectious disease testing in this patient population. Content This review addresses the associations between opioid use disorder and infectious organisms, highlighting the health disparities encountered by patients with opioid use disorder, and the important role of laboratory testing for diagnosing and managing these patients. Summary Infections are among the most frequent and adverse complications among patients with opioid use disorder. As a result of health disparities and systemic biases, patients that misuse opioids are less likely to receive laboratory testing and treatment. However, laboratories play a crucial in identifying patients that use drugs illicitly and infections associated with illicit drug use.
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic—Lessons Learned

The rapidly spreading COVID-19 pandemic demanded immediate organizational pivots in departments of laboratory medicine and pathology, including development and implementation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diagnostics in the face of unprecedented supply chain shortages. Laboratory medicine and pathology educational programs were affected in numerous ways. Here, we overview the effects of COVID-19 on the large, academic Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology educational practice at Mayo Clinic, highlighting lessons learned for the post-pandemic era and planning for the possibility of a future pandemic.
Acute Vocal Fold Paresis and Paralysis After COVID-19 Infection: A Case Series.

Objective:Evidence demonstrates neurotropism is a common feature of coronaviruses. In our laryngology clinics we have noted an increase in cases of “idiopathic” vocal fold paralysis and paresis in ...
Pharmacists' wages and salaries: The part-time versus full-time dichotomy

Abstract Background Recent years have seen significant growth in part-time work among pharmacy personnel. If preferences and outlooks of part-time and full-time workers differ, job-related incentives may not have the same effect on both groups; different management practices may be necessary to cope with rapidly evolving workforces. Objective To compare wage-and-salary responses to the number of hours worked, human-capital stock, and job-related preferences between full-time and part-time pharmacists. The analysis focused on the pharmacist workforce because, unlike other professions, remuneration is fairly linear with respect to the amount of time worked. Methods Data were collected from a self-reported survey of licensed pharmacists in southern Florida (U.S. State). The sample consisted of 979 full-time and 254 part-time respondents. Using ordinary least squares, a model estimated, separately for full-time and part-time pharmacists, annual wage-and-salary earnings as functions of average workweek, human-capital stock, and job-related preferences. Results Practitioners working less than 36 h/week were driven almost exclusively by pay, whereas practitioners working 36 h or more exhibited a more comprehensive approach to their work experience that included variables beyond monetary remuneration. Conclusion Managing part-time pharmacists calls for emphasis on wage-and-salary issues. Job-security and gender- and children-related concerns, such as flexibility, should be oriented toward full-time practitioners.
Program refactoring in the presence of preprocessor directives

The C preprocessor is heavily used in C programs because it provides useful and even necessary additions to the C language. Since preprocessor directives are not part of C, they are removed before parsing and program analysis take place, during the phase called preprocessing. In the context of refactoring, it is inappropriate to remove preprocessor directives: if changes are applied on the preprocessed version of a program, it may not be possible to recover the un-preprocessed version. This means that after refactoring, all the source code would be contained in a single unit, targeted to a single configuration and without preprocessor macros. This thesis describes a novel approach to preserve preprocessor directives during parsing and program analysis, and integrate them in the program representations. Furthermore, it illustrates how the program representations are used during refactoring and how transformations preserve preprocessor directives. Additionally, the semantics of the C preprocessor are formally specified, and the results of implementing this approach in a refactoring tool for C, CRefactory, are presented.
Encoding Intensional Type Analysis

Languages for intensional type analysis permit ad-hoc polymorphism, or run-time analysis of types. However, such languages require complex, specialized constructs to support this operation, which hinder optimization and complicate the meta-theory of these languages. In this paper, we observe that such specialized operators need not be intrinsic to the language, and in fact, their operation may be simulated through standard encodings of iteration in the polymorphic lambda calculus. Therefore, we may more easily add intensional analysis operators to complicated languages via translation, instead of language extension.
Lentiviral Vectors--the Promise of Gene Therapy Within Reach?

The goal of gene therapy is to modify the genetic material of cells by introducing a therapeutic gene to treat or prevent disease. However, gene therapy has been hampered by the lack of suitable delivery systems (vectors). Existing vectors (all based on viruses) have major problems including poor transduction efficiency, inability to infect nondividing cells, short-term expression of the therapeutic gene and induction of a host immune response. In a Perspective, Amado and Chen discuss the new generation of vectors that are based on lentiviruses such as HIV. They discuss the advantages of such lentiviral vectors but also raise the safety concerns inherent in using such vectors and how these can be overcome.
Balzac's "L'illustre Gaudissart" and Nascent Capitalism

Felix Gaudissart, the main character and the prince of commis voyageurs, is the butt of a practical joke in this novel by Balzac, yet the true comedy mocks provincials who cannot move into the world of the aborning Industrial Revolution and are thus condemned to remain immured in their limited and stultifying way of life in a French province.
Guidelines for Formalizing Fusion Object-Oriented Analysis Methods

The growing interest in object-oriented analysis and design methods (OOMs) in the software development industry can be attributed to the support they give to some of the more significant software engineering principles, for example, separation of concerns and generality. On the other hand, most OOMs, like their structured analysis and design predecessors, produce models that are not amenable to rigorous semantic analyses. This problem can be attributed to the lack of firm semantic bases for the modeling notations and concepts. In this paper we show how a particular OOM, the Fusion analysis method, can be made more formal while preserving its essential qualities. Our approach involves integrating the Z formal specification style with the Fusion method. The result is an OOM that produces semantically analyzable Fusion models of behavior at the requirements level.
The isometric period of contraction as a determinant of cardiac performance and digitalis action.

Abstract The duration of the isometric period of contraction has been determined from apex cardiograms and arteriograms recorded on thirty subjects. The hypertensive patients showed a significant prolongation of this phase as compared to the normal. This, however, was not related to the height of blood pressure. Digitalization both in normal subjects and patients suffering from cardiac failure produced a uniform and significant increase in the duration of this phase. This increase was unrelated to the cardiac rate. It is suggested that the prolongation, relative or absolute, of the isometric phase is one of the fundamental mechanisms of cardiac performance in response to an increased work load, and acts in conjunction with the mechanisms responsible for adjustment to volume-load (Starling's principle) by altering the gradient of rise of intraventricular pressure and shortening the isometric phase. This gradient of pressure rise is probably the chief determinant of the duration of the isometric phase of contraction. The mechanism whereby digitalis produces compensation in the failing heart also involves a prolongation of the isometric phase.
Images of Jews and Judaism in Georg Rollenhagen’s drama Vom reichen Manne und armen Lazaro

Georg Rollenhagen of Magdeburg (1542–1609) wielded considerable influence as headmaster of the best-attended Gymnasium in German-speaking lands. His work Froschmeuseler from 1595 (inspired in part by Luther’s translation of the Bible) demonstrates his diverse interests in classical Greek and fabulistic themes. He was one of the authors of his time who, writing in the New High German vernacular, recognized the unifying potential of burgeoning European literatures. The scholarship on Rollenhagen is scant. It consists of a few articles on Froschmeuseler and biographical sketches. Of particular interest is Rollenhagen’s Von Reichen Manne und armen Lazaro, eine deutsche Action (1590), a drama that interprets the New Testament parable of Lazarus and the rich man through the lens of Lutheranism and figures the Jews as prominent players in its overall allegorical meaning. This article examines the images of the Jews and Judaism found in Rollenhagen’s drama vis-a-vis tropes from Martin Luther’s rhetoric on the Jews.
Fundamental limitation in adaptive optics: how to eliminate it? A full-aperture tilt measurement technique with a laser guide star

A theory for a new laser guide star technique is developed. This technique, for the first time, permits the sensing of a full-aperture tilt of the atmospheric wave front distortions using a laser guide star, eliminating one of the fundamental limitations of adaptive optics. By using a detailed analysis of the laser guide star image jitter for a conventional scheme and for its possible modifications, it is shown that, because of reciprocity of propagation paths, a conventional laser beacon is unable to sense a full aperture tilt and can be only used to measure the higher-order wavefront distortions. The full aperture tilt can be measured with a divergent beam if its effective size at a laser beacon altitude coincides with the radius of a receiving telescope. Estimates of the modified laser guide star image jitter rms, signal-to-noise ratio, and the mean square deviation between the instantaneous tilts for the modified laser beacon and a natural star are obtained, and it is shown that the proposed technique is practical.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FUNDAMENTALS OF COLOR IN PORCELAIN ENAMELS

Several different colored stains were prepared and added separately to a transparent enamel. The effect of fineness of the enamel, thickness of application, and various heat treatments on the colors obtained with application on both white and black undercoats were studied by analyzing the resulting colors with a K. & E. spectrophotometer. The percentage of reflectance for each wave-length in the visible spectrum was plotted. Microscopic and X-ray examinations were also made in order to study the factors producing the color changes noted.
Tracheogastric puncture for vocal rehabilitation following total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy

Speech rehabilitation postpharyngolaryngoesophagectomy has not received significant emphasis. We describe our experience with five patients who underwent a delayed tracheogastric puncture (TGP) after pharyngogastric anastomosis. When compared to patients who had undergone tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) after laryngectomy, speech intelligibility and fluency were adequate for conversational speech, but voice quality was characterized by lower pitch, reduced intensity, slower rate, and a "wet" quality. There were no complications related to the TGP. TGP is a safe and often useful procedure for voice and speech restoration in patients who have undergone total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and pharyngogastric anastomosis.
SU-E-T-222: Performance Comparison of In-Vivo Dosimeters, including TLDs, MOSFETs, and OSLDs for Patients Receiving Total Body Irradiation

Purpose: To compare accuracy of in vivo dosimeters such as TLDs,MOSFETs & OSLDs for patients receiving Total Body Irradiation. Methods: Three types of dosimeters were considered for this study, LiF Thermoluminescent Dosimeters, Modified Field Effect Transistors(MOSFET ‐Thomson&Nielsen TN‐502RD) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters(OSLD ‐ Landuer's 2% screened nanoDOTs). All three dosimeters were calibrated under full bulildup conditions at 100cm SSD, dmax = 3.4cm for 18MV photon energy and appropriate correction factors were applied for TBI treatment condition. This study is performed on a 30×30×22cm solid water phantom and a rando phantom at the TBI treatment distance. The separations at different locations for phantom were measured and MUs were calculated to deliver 100cGy at the midplane . Dosimeters were placed on the entrance side of the phantoms to measure dmax dose. Each type of dosimeters were irradiated at five locations in the rando phantom under the same treatment setup. The reproducibility of the dosimeters was verified by solidwater phantom measurements. Ten TBI cases, which were monitored using each dosimeter type were selected and tabulated the percentage difference of measured to expected dose for 5 different patient locations. Results: The reproducibility for TLDs,MOSFETs and OSLDs were 118.3cGy +/− 2.7%(1SD), 118.3cGy +/−2.1%(1SD) and 118.3cGy +/− 1.8%(1SD) resp after 10 consecutive measurements in solidwater phantom (Table 1). From rando phantom measurements, maximum percentage variation of the measured to expected dose with 1SD values are TLDs (1.4 +/− 1.4), MOSFETs (3.9+/− 2.2) and OSLDs (1.6 +/− 1.8) (Table 2). Percentage difference of the measured dose to expected dose for 10 clinical cases were TLDs (2.3+/− 2.9), MOSFETs (3.7+/− 4.9) and OSLDs (1.8+/− 2.9%) (Table 3). Conclusions: Measured values were within +/−5% tolerance level for all dosimeters. OSLDs can give more accurate and reproducible results with an added advantage of ease of use and shorter readout period.
A model of latent symmetry in cross price elasticities

This paper develops the Latent Symmetric Elasticity Structure (LSES), a market share price elasticity model which allows elasticities to be decomposed into two components: a symmetric substitution index revealing the strength of competition between brand pairs, and a brand-specific coefficient revealing the overall impact of a brand on its competitors. An application of the model to unconstrained cross price elasticities shows that brand-price competition in one market is well-represented by a LSES model in which brand substitutability and elasticity asymmetry are related to average price level.
What Is Information Worth

The low cost of posting the schedule doesn't mean that its value is low; rather, it's difficult to set a high price when many others can offer the same information on a different website. This problem afflicts the entire world of information services. There's often a very large consumer surplus and a very low profit margin. But the result is that information-producing activities, such as scientific research or journalism, are constantly seeking a business plan, since, like water, we assume that they should be cheap or free. Meanwhile, other activities are sold far above their production cost-an extreme example being vacant real estate, which might sell for an enormous price although the seller did nothing to create its value. Given the economics of low marginal cost and high consumer value, it's hard to make a workable business plan for information. Similarly, public libraries, education, and other entities are constantly seeking a better business model.
Single-amplicon MSH2 A636P mutation testing in Ashkenazi Jewish patients with colorectal cancer: Role in presurgical management

Objective:This study summarizes our initial experience with prospective, single-amplicon (mutation-specific) A636P testing in Ashkenazi Jewish patients at risk for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC).Summary Background Data:We previously described a founder mutation, MSH2*1906G >C (A63
A network oriented information structure: Networks, semantics and structures

Abstract This paper describes a network-type information structure applied to store models, necessary for the analysis and design of networks of a general nature—such as electrical networks, queueing networks, critical path networks, etc.—within a computer memory. The paper presents a view on some general structural quantitative and qualitative properties of networks and illustrates how that view was transported to the organisation of the information structure.
Nuclear coupling: RNA processing reaches back to transcription.

Considerable evidence indicates that the processes involved in synthesizing mature messenger RNA in the eukaryotic nucleus are intimately coupled to one another. RNA polymerase II plays an important role in all of these events, participating in its primary function in transcription as well as in subsequent RNA processing. Unexpectedly, recent studies indicate that RNA processing factors can reciprocate, 'reaching back' in the pathway to influence transcription.
Quantifying literature citations, index terms, and Gene Ontology annotations in the Saccharomyces Genome Database to assess results-set clustering utility

A set of 37,325 unique literature citations was identified from 120,078 literature-based annotations in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD). The citations, gene products, and related Gene Ontology (GO) annotations were analyzed to quantify unique articles, journals, genes, and to rank by publication year, language, and GO term frequency. GO terms, MeSH indexing terms, MeSH Journal Descriptors, and SGD Literature Topics were quantified and analyzed to assess their potential utility for results set clustering. Results: Bradford’s Law of Scattering was shown to hold for the citations, journals, gene products, and GO annotations. Only the MeSH terms and article title/abstract pairs had significant numbers of term co-occurrence. Multiple term types may be useful for faceted searching and clustered results set browsing if the strengths of each are leveraged.
Heart rates of hungry or thirsty rats during sucrose presentation.

Summary.-Heart rates were recorded from unrestrained food- or waterdeprived rats (n = 8) before, during, and after l-min. presenrations of either 2% or 16% sucrose. When sucrose was presented there were nearly identical initial increments for all four deprivation-incentive combinations, followed by an immediate decrement. Rates increased again when the solutions were removed. The results are discussed in terms of locomotor activity.
UNIQUE CHLOROPLAST GENOME IN SPIROGYRA MAXIMA (CHLOROPHYTA) REVEALED BY PHYSICAL AND GENE MAPPING1

The chloroplast genome in Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Kutzing is 130 kb in size and lacks large repeat units. The 16S and 23S rRNA genes are separated by approximately 44 kb, which makes co-transcription of these genes unlikely. Spirogyra maxima is unusual among green algae in that its chloroplast genome apparently does not contain the tufA gene, the absence of which is characteristic of land plant chloroplast DNAs. Apart from three groups of genes, psaA-psaB, psbC-psbD, and atpA-atpF/H, which are co-transcribed in land plants and also map together in S. maxima chloroplast DNA, the S. maxima gene order overall is unlike that of any other chloroplast genome
A cueing technique in choice reaction tlme

Much of the fluctuation in choice RT data is assumed to arise from variations in perceptual and response biases correlated with sequential patterns of trial events. Inserting a predictive cue prior to the stimulus on each trial apparently induces a strong bias not only toward that particular stimulus, but also toward its modality and toward the associated response. Trial-to-trial sequential effects under cued conditions were markedly smaller than those obtained in a noncued control condition.
Interactive Multiple Objective Decision Support for Sales Force Sizing and Deployment

An interactive decision aid is introduced for the deployment of two sales resources: salespeople and sales support staff. The aid consists of a normative sales resource allocation model with five objectives and an interactive multiple objective programming solution procedure. The specific decision problem addressed involves the assignment of salespeople and sales support people to customer accounts and the allocation of the time they spend on these accounts. The authors contribute to the existing sales resource modeling literature by dealing with the deployment of two sales resources and interactively solving this problem with respect to five short-run and long-run objectives of the firm. This approach differs from existing sales force modeling efforts in which the solution is found noninteractively by optimizing a single sales resource model with respect to a single objective, often short-run sales. An application of the decision aid to the deployment problem of an industrial sales force manager is presented. Furthermore, useful extensions of the basic sales resource allocation model are discussed.
Clinical cardiac involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a systematic review.

Abstract Background Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) presenting with diffuse skeletal muscular inflammation and cardiac involvement is one of the major causes of clinical deterioration. Our purpose was to observe the frequency of various reported clinical cardiac afflictions, cardiovascular mortality and its most important contributors in the IIM population. Methods MEDLINE database was searched from 1977 through 2009. Articles reporting objective evidence of cardiac involvement were assessed. Patients were included if they satisfied Bohan and Peter criteria for definite or probable diagnosis of IIM. The review conforms to the criteria of the new PRISMA statement of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Results Thirty-three out of 90 articles reported cardiac data. Twelve were case reports, while 21 articles were either cohort studies or case series. Angina was reported in 7% of cumulative prospective cohort. Dysrhythmias were seen in 31.8% of electrocardiograms. Diastolic dysfunction was the most common echocardiographic finding. Congestive heart failure was reported in 5.6% of the prospective cohort and was the most common cause of death accounting for 21% of total cardiac mortality. Myocarditis was the most common feature in reported pathology literature (38%), followed by focal myocardial fibrosis (22%). Conclusion Cardiac involvement is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with IIM. Myocardial fibrosis puts the patient at risk for systolic or diastolic heart failure and dysrhythmias. This review, therefore, suggests the importance of early and comprehensive cardiac evaluation in IIM population. Confirmation of these findings will require prospective studies of consecutive patients with long-term follow-up.
Environmental versus Conventional Planning for Machined Components

Abstract Environmentally conscious machining has become a topic of recent importance given issues in localized health hazard, resource utilization, waste disposition and energy efficiency. This paper presents an automatic process planning agent for CNC machining for minimal environmental impact along major categories. The process planner is designed to interact with a conventional generative planner (optimizing machining time and quality factors) as an advisory environmental “agent”. Remote feedback to the designer is provided through visual coding over the internet. Application of the agent to a complex machined component is presented.
Tuning Susceptibility via Misfit Strain in Relaxed Morphotropic Phase Boundary PbZr1-xTixO3 Epitaxial Thin Films

Author(s): Agar, JC; Mangalam, RVK; Damodaran, AR; Velarde, G; Karthik, J; Okatan, MB; Chen, ZH; Jesse, S; Balke, N; Kalinin, SV; Martin, LW | Abstract: Epitaxial strain is a powerful tool to manipulate the properties of ferroelectric materials. But despite extensive work in this regard, few studies have explored the effect of epitaxial strain on PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3. Here we explore how epitaxial strain impacts the structure and properties of 75 nm thick films of the morphotropic phase boundary composition. Single-phase, fully epitaxial films are found to possess "relaxed" or nearly "relaxed" structures despite growth on a range of substrates. Subsequent studies of the dielectric and ferroelectric properties reveal films with low leakage currents facilitating the measurement of low-loss hysteresis loops down to measurement frequencies of 30 mHz and dielectric response at background dc bias fields as large as 850 kV/cm. Despite a seeming insensitivity of the crystal structure to the epitaxial strain, the polarization and switching characteristics are found to vary with substrate. The elastic constraint from the substrate produces residual strains that dramatically alter the electric-field response including quenching domain wall contributions to the dielectric permittivity and suppressing field-induced structural reorientation. These results demonstrate that substrate mediated epitaxial strain of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 is more complex than in conventional ferroelectrics with discretely defined phases, yet can have a marked effect on the material and its responses. The role of epitaxial strain in affecting the properties of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films is explored. Complex domain structures and property evolution are found despite films possessing nearly "relaxed" structures indicating that the elastic constraint from the substrate produces residual strains that dramatically alter the electric-field response including quenching domain wall contributions to the dielectric permittivity and suppressing field-induced structural reorientation.
Phishing detection and impersonated entity discovery using Conditional Random Field and Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Phishing is an attempt to steal users' personal and financial information such as passwords, social security and credit card numbers, via electronic communication such as e-mail and other messaging services. Attackers pretend to be from a legitimate organization and direct users to a fake website that resembles a legitimate website, which is then used to collect users' personal information. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to detect phishing attacks and to discover the entity/organization that the attackers impersonate during phishing attacks. The proposed multi-stage methodology employs natural language processing and machine learning. The methodology first discovers (i) named entities, which includes names of people, organizations, and locations; and (ii) hidden topics, using (a) Conditional Random Field (CRF) and (b) Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) operating on both phishing and non-phishing data. Utilizing topics and named entities as features, the next stage classifies each message as phishing or non-phishing using AdaBoost. For messages classified as phishing, the final stage discovers the impersonated entity using CRF. Experimental results show that the phishing classifier detects phishing attacks with no misclassification when the proportion of phishing emails is less than 20%. The F-measure obtained was 100%. Our approach also discovers the impersonated entity from messages that are classified as phishing, with a discovery rate of 88.1%. The automatic discovery of impersonated entity from phishing helps the legitimate organization to take down the offending phishing site. This protects their users from falling for phishing attacks, which in turn leads to satisfied customers. Automatic discovery of an impersonated entity also helps email service providers to collaborate with each other to exchange attack information and protect their customers.
Examination of the mixing ability of single and twin screw mixers using 2D finite element method simulation with particle tracking

The mixing in model 2D single screw and co-rotating twin screw dough mixers is evaluated using the commercial CFD package Polyflow with a Carreau flow model for dough to generate velocity profiles and particle trajectories. The mixed Galerkin FEM simulations use a rotating reference frame technique with the single paddle mixer and a mesh superposition technique in the twin paddle mixer. Differences in the velocity profiles are noted. Distributive mixing is evaluated visually as well as using the segregation scale and cluster distribution index; stretching is evaluated using the length of stretch and mixing efficiency; and dispersive mixing is evaluated using the mixing index in combination with the shear stress. Since material points stay on their streamlines in the 2D single screw mixer, the 2D twin screw mixer is found to be generally more effective and efficient, although there are still areas of poor mixing.
The effect of actuator dynamics on active structural control of offshore wind turbines

When implementing active structural control in large scale wind turbines, care must be taken to accurately model the dynamics of the actuator in order to develop a robust control system. In this paper, a limited degree of freedom model is constructed, and the effects of both actuator dynamics and control-structure interaction are investigated for an electric motor. The model is analyzed in the frequency domain in order to highlight these effects. The performance of the active control model considering actuator dynamics is compared to previous work in which an ideal actuator was used. It is demonstrated that while loading is reduced for cases that include a more realistic actuator model, greatly increased actuator power consumption makes neglecting control-structure interaction in controller design undesirable. Finally, the impact of the mechanical design of the actuator on control-structure interaction is analyzed. It is shown that by changing the gear ratio of the actuator, the effects of control-structure interaction can be reduced.
Changing growth response to wildfire in old‐growth ponderosa pine trees in montane forests of north central Idaho

North American fire‐adapted forests are experiencing changes in fire frequency and climate. These novel conditions may alter postwildfire responses of fire‐adapted trees that survive fires, a topic that has received little attention. Historical, frequent, low‐intensity wildfire in many fire‐adapted forests is generally thought to have a positive effect on the growth and vigor of trees that survive fires. Whether such positive effects can persist under current and future climate conditions is not known. Here, we evaluate long‐term responses to recurrent 20th‐century fires in ponderosa pine, a fire‐adapted tree species, in unlogged forests in north central Idaho. We also examine short‐term responses to individual 20th‐century fires and evaluate whether these responses have changed over time and whether potential variability relates to climate variables and time since last fire. Growth responses were assessed by comparing tree‐ring measurements from trees in stands burned repeatedly during the 20th century at roughly the historical fire frequency with trees in paired control stands that had not burned for at least 70 years. Contrary to expectations, only one site showed significant increases in long‐term growth responses in burned stands compared with control stands. Short‐term responses showed a trend of increasing negative effects of wildfire (reduced diameter growth in the burned stand compared with the control stand) in recent years that had drier winters and springs. There was no effect of time since the previous fire on growth responses to fire. The possible relationships of novel climate conditions with negative tree growth responses in trees that survive fire are discussed. A trend of negative growth responses to wildfire in old‐growth forests could have important ramifications for forest productivity and carbon balance under future climate scenarios.
Contactless nondestructive measurement of bulk and surface recombination using frequency-modulated free carrier absorption

Abstract A measurement procedure is described which allows the contactless measurement of bulk lifetime and surface recombination. The procedure uses the the free-carrier absorption of a long-wavelength laser beam by a modulated free-carrier wave to measure and separate the bulk recombination from the surface recombination. The dependence of the absorption on the modulation frequency is used to accomplish the separation. Limitations of the technique are also discussed.
Profit and loss sharing in agriculture: An application of Islamic banking

This study reviews profit and loss sharing instruments used in Islamic banking. It is argued that US financial intermediaries can use profit and loss sharing instruments to provide external equity capital needed to finance agricultural production. Such an innovation would help reduce financial risk in agriculture. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract C141: In vitro and in vivo characterization of two novel β‐catenin RNA antagonists, EZN‐3889 and 3892

Background: β‐Catenin is an important signaling molecule in the Wnt pathway that plays a key role in tumorgenesis. In the absence of Wnt signaling, the cytoplasmic level of β‐catenin is kept low due to rapid proteasomal‐mediated degradation of GSK3β phosphorylated β‐catenin. Activation of Wnt signaling leads to the inactivation of GSK3β, resulting in stabilization and accumulation of β‐catenin in the cytoplasm. Consequently, β‐catenin translocates into the nucleus, where it binds with members of the T‐cell factor (Tcf)/lymphocyte enhancer‐binding factor family of transcription factors and activates the expression of many target genes important for cancer development. Most colon cancers have activating mutations in the APC tumor suppressor or in β‐catenin itself. Furthermore, activating β‐catenin mutations have been found in a variety of other tumors such as melanomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, skin, breast, and prostate cancer, whereas β‐catenin is not activated in most normal tissues. Therefore, inhibition of β‐catenin is likely to have therapeutic effects in many cancers. We report here the identification of two β‐catenin LNA‐based mRNA‐antagonists, EZN‐3889 and EZN‐3892. Material and Methods:In vitro, the ability of the compounds to inhibit mRNA, cell growth, and reporter gene were evaluated by qRT‐PCR, MTS, and luciferase assays respectively, in multiple cell lines. In vivo, β‐catenin mRNA down‐modulation in liver and human tumors, which were grown on the flank of nude mice, was evaluated after intravenous administration of the compounds. Results: These molecules were potent down‐modulators of β‐catenin (IC50 = 0.1 to 3 nM) as well as protein (> 80% at 20 nM) of multiple cell lines, when transfected into tumor cells. Growth inhibition appeared to correlate with the status of either APC mutation or activating β‐catenin mutations, suggesting that β‐catenin is the driver of cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that these two antagonists specifically down modulated β‐catenin mRNA and protein effectively in multiple cell lines with a long‐lasting effect in the absence of any tranfection reagent. In mice, both molecules significantly down modulated β‐catenin mRNA in the liver. Conclusions: β‐catenin antagonists potently and specifically inhibited β‐catenin mRNA expression both in vitro and in vivo after intravenous injection. Further studies will examine the antitumor efficacy of the compounds. hese novel agents specifically inhibit a transcription factor that has been difficult to target with conventional agents. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C141.
On the stability of xenon oxysulfides and sulfides

Abstract Despite the isolation of XeO 3 and XeO 4 in the 1960s, binary or trinary xenon–sulfur compounds have never been isolated. There have been few if any computational studies on the possibility of stable, binary xenon–sulfur or trinary xenon–oxygen sulfur compounds. In this paper, we present ab initio Hartree–Fock, density functional, and Moller–Plesset calculations on the series XeO 3 , XeO 2 S, XeOS 2 , and XeS 3 . As much as possible, we will comment on their expected isolability.
Enhancing Community Delivery of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Stroke Through Community–Academic Collaborative Clinical Knowledge Translation

Improving the clinical outcomes of stroke patients depends on the adoption of proven new therapies throughout the broader medical community. Approximately 1% of stroke patients in community settings are receiving tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy 12 years after US Food and Drug Administration approval. Knowledge translation, the process by which the results of clinical investigations are adopted by clinicians and incorporated into routine practice, is important but often overlooked. This article reviews the history of tPA use in stroke as a case study of a breakdown of knowledge translation in emergency medicine. It reviews knowledge translation concepts and theory and explores practical community–academic collaborative methods based on these tenets to enhance acute stroke care delivery in the community setting.