cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of the vorticity field in homogeneous turbulent flows

The structures of the vorticity fields in several homogeneous irrotational straining flows and a homogeneous turbulent shear flow were examined using a database generated by direct numerical simulation of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. In all cases, strong evidence was found for the presence of coherent vortical structures. The initially isotropic vorticity fields were rapidly affected by imposed mean strain and the rotational component of mean shear and developed accordingly. In the homogeneous turbulent shear-flow cases, the roll-up of mean vorticity into characteristic hairpin vortices was clearly observed, supporting the view that hairpin vortices are an important vortical structure in all turbulent shear flows; the absence of mean shear in the homogeneous irrotational straining flows precludes the presence of hairpin-like vortices.
The Effect of Action Orientation on the Academic Performance of Undergraduate Marketing Majors.

Due to the effect of academic performance on employment opportunities and admission to graduate schools, researchers have long recognized the need for identifying factors that are linked to the aca...
Coriolis perturbed rotational line itensities in the fluorescence emission from 51 and 1141 levels in H2CO(A1A2)

Abstract Anomalous rotational intensity distribution due to Coriolis interaction has been observed in the single rotational level fluorescence emission spectra as well as free jet fluorescence exitation spectra
Equation of state for mixtures of non-polar molecular fluids

We present a new analytical equation of state for mixtures of non-polar fluids by a generalization of the Ihm-Song-Mason corresponding-states equation for non-polar fluids. It has a sound statistic...
Macrophage polarization phenotype regulates adiponectin receptor expression and adiponectin anti-inflammatory response

Adiponectin (APN), a pleiotropic adipokine that exerts anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiatherogenic effects through its receptors (AdipoRs), AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, is an important therapeutic target. Factors regulating AdipoR expression in monocyte/macrophages are poorly understood, and the significance of polarized macrophage activation in controlling AdipoR expression and the APN-mediated inflammatory response has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the macrophage polarization phenotype controls the AdipoR expression and APN-mediated inflammatory response. With the use of mouse bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages, we demonstrate that classical activation (M1) of macrophages suppressed (40-60% of control) AdipoR expression, whereas alternative activation (M2) preserved it. Remarkably, the macrophage polarization phenotypes produced contrasting inflammatory responses to APN (EC50 5 µg/ml). In M1 macrophages, APN induced proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 (>10-fold of control) and AdipoR levels. In contrast, in M2 macrophages, APN induced the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 without altering AdipoR expression. Furthermore, M1 macrophages adapt to a cytokine environment by reversing AdipoR expression. APN induced AdipoR mRNA and protein expression by up-regulating liver X receptor-α (LXRα) in macrophages. These results provide the first evidence that macrophage polarization is a key determinant regulating AdipoR expression and differential APN-mediated macrophage inflammatory responses, which can profoundly influence their pathogenic role in inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
Evaluation of ecological and in vitro effects of boron on prostate cancer risk (United States)

To determine: (1) the correlation of prostate cancer incidence and mortality with groundwater boron and selenium concentrations; and (2) the impact of boron on prostate cancer cell proliferation during co-treatment with alternative chemo-preventative agents, along with boron pre-treatment effects on cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. For regression analysis, data on prostate cancer incidence and mortality were obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry, while groundwater boron and selenium concentrations were derived from the Texas Water Development Board. Cultured DU-145 prostate cancer cells were used to assess the impact of boric acid on cell proliferation when applied in combination with selenomethionine and genistein, or preceding radiation exposure. Groundwater boron levels correlated with a decrease in prostate cancer incidence (R = 0.6) and mortality (R = 0.6) in state planning regions, whereas selenium did not (R = 0.1; R = 0.2). Growth inhibition was greater during combined treatments of boric acid and selenomethionine, or boric acid and genistein, versus singular treatments. 8-day boric acid pre-exposure enhanced the toxicity of ionizing radiation treatment, while dose-dependently decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Increased groundwater boron concentrations, across the state of Texas, correlate with reduced risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Also, boric acid improves the anti-proliferative effectiveness of chemo-preventative agents, selenomethionine and genistein, while enhancing ionizing radiation cell kill.
Use of temporary pacemakers during coronary angioplasty: an evolving experience with ventricular fibrillation in 400 cases.

Because of a perceived high frequency of ventricular fibrillation when a pacemaker catheter was placed in the right ventricular apex during PTCA, we reviewed our first 400 cases for this complication. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation in the entire group was 10 of 400 cases (2.5%) compared with 17 of 3,806 (0.4%) diagnostic coronary arteriograms performed in our laboratory during the same time period (P less than .001). Ventricular fibrillation occurred more frequently during PTCA when the pacemaker catheter tip was placed in the right ventricular apex (8 of 63 cases, 12.6%) than when it was positioned in either the pulmonary artery, vena cava, or when a pacemaker catheter was not used (2 of 337 cases, 0.6%, P less than .001). Based on these data we have developed a policy of inserting temporary pacemakers prophylactically during PTCA only for patients undergoing dilation of dominant right or dominant left circumflex coronary arteries and in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Mutual fund performance: A synthesis of taxonomic and methodological issues

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive taxonomy of mutual funds and discusses the relative importance of these fund types. While most academic research focuses on US equity funds, we provide results for many more asset classes with this taxonomy—fixed income, balanced, global, International, sector, market-neutral and long-short funds. For each, we start by reporting statistics on the number of funds and their total net asset values at different intervals over the last four decades. We then identify short and long-term patterns in annual returns to mutual funds. We study the cross-sectional and time-series properties of the distribution of investor flows into different types of mutual funds, describe the relationship between flows and performance and discuss its implications for the strategic behaviour of managers and investors. We estimate and interpret fund performance alphas using both the single-factor and four-factor Fama-French models for each taxonomy type. Finally we describe the state of academic research on portfolio performance evaluation tilted towards an applied audience.
High efficiency transformation of maize (Zea mays L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Transformants of maize inbred A188 were efficiently produced from immature embryos cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens that carried "super-binary" vectors. Frequencies of transformation (independent transgenic plants/embryos) were between 5% and 30%. Almost all transformants were normal in morphology, and more than 70% were fertile. Stable integration, expression, and inheritance of the transgenes were confirmed by molecular and genetic analysis. Between one and three copies of the transgenes were integrated with little rearrangement, and the boundaries of T-DNA were similar to those in transgenic dicotyledons and rice. F1 hybrids between A188 and five other inbreds were transformed at low frequencies.
On being a Kunkel acolyte

Everything is interesting if you look at it deeply enough. There is no trivial question. This sentiment, attributed to Nobel laureate and physicist Richard Feynman, was Professor Henry Kunkel's message to all who began work in his laboratory. Learn as much as you can from a single informative patient. Keep looking. Play. But play, of course, in the Kunkel sense of exploration. The life of a Kunkel acolyte might be characterized as rejection, endurance and very late dinners. But then, on a few occasions, there was the thrill of a discovery he'd always help guide.
The role of COX-2 produced by cartilage in arthritis.

The development of selective COX-2 inhibitors has renewed interest in the treatment of osteoarthritis with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. The therapeutic effects of COX inhibitors in OA may be due to their analgesic properties. However, it is now apparent that stable prostaglandins are produced by chondrocytes in OA cartilage where they may act to alter matrix synthesis and degradation. In vitro, PGEs activate metalloproteinases, but also enhance proteoglycan and type II collagen synthesis. Their net effect on matrix homeostasis in vivo remains to be determined.
Quadrupole Couplings of N12 and B12 Implanted in Metal Single-Crystals

Measurements have been made of the quadrupole couplings of $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ implanted in single crystals of Be and Mg and of $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ implanted in a single crystal of Zn. A comparison of the $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ couplings in Be and Mg suggests that (i) the final stopping sites of the implanted $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ ions are substitutional sites, i.e., the $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ ions occupy metal-ion lattice positions, and (ii) the $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ ions implanted in Be and Mg have the same charge state and quadrupole shielding factor. A procedure is outlined for deducing $Q(^{12}\mathrm{N})$. The $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ couplings in Zn imply the existence of two inequivalent stopping sites. The problems encountered in deducing $Q(^{12}\mathrm{B})$ from couplings in metal hexagonal crystals are discussed.
Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: an analysis of social class and racial differences

Sociologists and urban commentators often portray metropolitan areas as highly segregated by social class and race. We measured the extent of socioeconomic residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970, determined whether cities were as segregated as suburban rings, and compared levels of socioeconomic and racial residential segregation. We found moderate levels of residential segregation of socioeconomic groups. Levels of social class segregation varied little from one urbanized area to another and were about the same in central cities and suburban rings. Racial residential segregation was much greater than the segregation of social classes within either the black or white communities. The extent of racial residential segregation does not vary by educational attainment, occupation, or income.
Qualitative dynamics of planar chains

Abstract In this paper we derive the equations of motion and analyze some aspects of the dynamics of planar chains. We show that (a) for any integer vector n =(n 1 ,…,n N ) (where N is the number of joints) there exists a periodic motion such that the angle of jth joint changes by 2πnj during one period; (b) the straight configuration is (nonlinearly) stable and that any “folded” rectilinear configuration is unstable; (c) the Coriolis effects play no role in stability of these rectilinear configurations, in contrast to other problems such as the stabilizing effect on the spinning top.
Manipulation of Uncertainties in the Determination of Optimal Machining Conditions Under Multiple Criteria

In any real-world manufacturing situation, the problem of determining the optimum machining conditions involves not only empirical data but also imprecise information. Uncertain factors may need to be considered in the computational optimization process due to fuzziness present in the empirical equations and experimental data used. To manipulate the uncertainties in the optimization process, a fuzzy model is introduced and investigated. The fuzzy model quantifies the degree of certainty (or uncertainty) in the range 0 to 1. A numerical example is considered to illustrate the computational approach. The overall impact of the uncertain factors on the optimization process is assessed by comparing the present numerical results with those given by the traditional approach.
Sarcolemmal calcium binding sites in heart: I. Molecular origin in “gas-dissected” sarcolemma

Calcium in the myocardial cell is highly compartmentalized and a fast, an intermediate, a slow and a nonexchangeable calcium pool have been described. The fast pool contains 66% of the total cell exchangeable calcium in cultured neonatal rat heart cells with a t 1/2 of < 1.5 sec. Though the cellular origin of this fast pool is unknown, its rapidity and its displacement by La3+ most likely places it at the sarcolemma or at least in rapid equilibrium with the sarcolemma. We isolated the sarcolemma of cultured neonatal rat heart cells using the gas-dissection technique, which yields a pure sarcolemmal preparation in less than a second, thereby precluding membrane changes which might occur during conventional plasma membrane isolation. We determined the calcium binding characteristics of these membranes, using an on-line technique to monitor 45Ca, which allows measurement of 45Ca binding characteristics in the presence of unbound 45Ca. Two classes of calcium binding sites were determined: (i) K d of 13 μm, capacity 7 nmol/mg and (ii) K d of 1.1 mm, capacity of 84 nmol/mg. To assess the molecular origin of the sarcolemmal calcium binding we treated the membranes with a variety of enzymes. Protease or neuraminidase treatment did not cause large changes in these parameters. Simultaneous treatment with two different phospholipases C or the extraction of the lipids with isopropanol resulted in a dramatic loss of the low-affinity binding sites. These results, in association with previously defined sarcolemmal phospholipid distribution, places the low-affinity binding sites at the cytoplasmic leaflet. The physiological implication of this localization as it pertains to cellular calcium exchange is discussed.
Construction of large-scale global minimum concave quadratic test problems

Construction of problems with known global solutions is important for the computational testing of constrained global minimization algorithms. In this paper, it is shown how to construct a concave quadratic function which attains its global minimum at a specified vertex of a polytope inRn+k. The constructed function is strictly concave in the variablesx ∈Rn and is linear in the variablesy ∈Rk. The number of linear variablesk may be much larger thann, so that large-scale global minimization test problems can be constructed by the methods described here.
Developmental fate of pole cells in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Pole cells, in addition to being precursors of the primordial germ cells, have been thought to give rise to vitellophages and/or midgut epithelial cells. This study presents a reexamination of the potential fates of these cells in Drosophila melanogaster . Pole cell movements have been traced using both morphological criteria and autoradiography following transplantation of radioactively labeled pole cells. After the completion of gonad formation most pole cells are found in the gonads. Some pole cells enter the yolk mass, but these are completely enclosed within the yolk membrane. These cells do not become vitellophages and may later degenerate. A low percentage of pole cells are found loosely associated with tissues near the gonads. Pole cells are also found in the hindgut lumen, anal opening, and exterior of the embryo. We propose that, although less than half of the pole cells formed (or injected) ultimately reach the gonads, there is no other major fate for the pole cells. The “extra” pole cells either get trapped in neighboring tissues, degenerate in the yolk, or are excreted.
Preservation of tube feet in an ophiuroid (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany and a redescription ofBundenbachia beneckei andPalaeophiomyxa grandis

The preservation of non-mineralized tissues in the fossil record is extremely rare. The Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate of Germany has long been known for the preservation of non-mineralized tissues in pyrite but whether or not these remnants represent true soft tissues has been questioned. This is especially true for struetures visible only on radiographs that are too delicate for excavation by traditional methods. Here we report the discovery of well-preserved pyritized tube feet in six fully prepared specimens of the protasterid brittle starBundenbachia beneckei from the Hunsruck Slate. This discovery represents the first report of fossilized ophiuroid tube feet in the fossil record. The successful excavation of the delicate tube feet was made possible by improved airbrasive techniques developed by German fossil collectors.
Effects of Cryogenine on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis and Serum Turbidity in Rats

Daily oral administration of 100 mg./kg. of cryogenine significantly suppressed the inflammation and the development of disseminated lesions in rats with adjuvant-induced (Mycobacterium butyricum) polyarthritis. Significant anti-inflammatory effects continued for 10 days after cessation of therapy (20 days after pedal injection of adjuvant). Cryogenine also partially prevented the decreased growth rate and decreased serum turbidity documented for untreated rats with adjuvant-induced polyarthritis. This profile of activity was similar to that established for 10 mg./kg. daily of hydrocortisone but unlike that for 2 mg./kg. daily of mercaptopurine. Cryogenine appeared equipotent (milligrams per kilogram) to phenylbutazone in inhibiting adjuvant-induced polyarthritis.
The role pf sodium and potassium in regulating amino acid accumulation and protein synthesis in LM-strain mouse fibroblasts

Abstract The effect of varying the Na + to K + ratio has been studied in relation to the regulation of amino acid accumulation, protein synthesis and cell growth in LM-strain mouse fibroblasts. Amino acid accumulation and protein synthesis in these cells was first observed in simple salt solutions containing only NcCl and KCl. Other essential ingredients for LM cell growth were sequentially tested for their effect in addition to Na + and K + . Later, cell growth was followed in synthetic media in which only the Na + to K + ratio varied. The following have been noted: 1. 1. The external Na + to K + ratio determines the volume of LM cells. The volume increases as the K + to Na + ratio is raised. The increased cell volume is directly related to an increased intracellular K + level. 2. 2. The ony requirements for the uptake and accumulation of L -leucine and L glutamin acid into LM cells is the simultaneous presence of Na + and K + in the extracellular acqueous phase. The quantity accumulated is dependent upon the ration of Na + to K + . A maximum intracellular level for both amino acids occurs when the ratio of Na + to K + is approx. 140:10 mequiv./l. 3. 3. The quantity of L -leucine accumulated by LM cells is also determined by the extracellular concentration of the amino acid at all of the Na + to K + ratios studied. The extent of concentration over the extracellular level is always greatest at the lowest external levels. 4. 4. Other ingredients in a standard tissue-culture medium such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , glucose, vitamins and serum do not affect tha accumulation of L -leucine. However, other amino acids suppress the accumulation of L -leucine. 5. 5. The extent of amino acid incorporated into cellular proteins is directly related to the intracellular level of that amino acid. 6. 6. The growth of LM cell populations can be controlled in synthetic media by varrying the concentration ratio of Na + to K + .
Equivalence of inelastic impurity scattering to the Kondo problem

Abstract The partition function for inelastic conduction electron scattering from a non-magnetic two-level impurity is shown to be equivalent to that of the Kondo problem.
Extracting the Excitonic Hamiltonian of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex Using Three-Dimensional Third-Order Electronic Spectroscopy

We extend traditional two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy into a third Fourier dimension without the use of additional optical interactions. By acquiring a set of 2D spectra evenly spaced in waiting time and dividing the area of the spectra into voxels, we can eliminate population dynamics from the data and transform the waiting time dimension into frequency space. The resultant 3D spectrum resolves quantum beating signals arising from excitonic coherences along the waiting frequency dimension, thereby yielding up to 2n-fold redundancy in the set of frequencies necessary to construct a complete set of n excitonic transition energies. Using this technique, we have obtained, to our knowledge, the first fully experimental set of electronic eigenstates for the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) antenna complex, which can be used to improve theoretical simulations of energy transfer within this protein. Whereas the strong diagonal peaks in the 2D rephasing spectrum of the FMO complex obscure all but one of the crosspeaks at 77 K, extending into the third dimension resolves 19 individual peaks. Analysis of the independently collected nonrephasing data provides the same information, thereby verifying the calculated excitonic transition energies. These results enable one to calculate the Hamiltonian of the FMO complex in the site basis by fitting to the experimental linear absorption spectrum.
Parallelizing dynamic information flow tracking

Dynamic information flow tracking (DIFT) is an important tool for detecting common security attacks and memory bugs. A DIFT tool tracks the flow of information through a monitored program's registers and memory locations as the program executes, detecting and containing/fixing problems on-the-fly. Unfortunately, sequential DIFT tools are quite slow, and DIFT is quite challenging to parallelize. In this paper, we present a new approach to parallelizing DIFT-like functionality. Extending our recent work on accelerating sequential DIFT, we consider a variant of DIFT that tracks the information flow only through unary operations relaxed DIFT, and yet makes sense for detecting security attacks and memory bugs. We present a parallel algorithm for relaxed DIFT, based on symbolic inheritance tracking, which achieves linear speed-up asymptotically. Moreover, we describe techniques for reducing the constant factors, so that speed-ups can be obtained even with just a few processors. We implemented the algorithm in the context of a Log-Based Architectures (LBA) system, which provides hardware support for logging a program trace and delivering it to other (monitoring) processors. Our simulation results on SPEC benchmarks and a video player show that our parallel relaxed DIFT reduces the overhead to as low as 1.2X using 9 monitoring cores on a 16-core chip multiprocessor.
Lipoxygenase-mediated cleavage of fatty acids to carbonyl fragments in tomato fruits

Abstract Homogenates of tomato fruits catalysed the enzymic conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids (but not oleic acid) to C 6 aldehydes in low (3–5%) molar yield. Hexanal was formed from linoleic acid; cis -3-hexenal and smaller amounts of trans -2-hexenal were formed from linolenic acid. With the fatty acids as substrates, the major products were fatty acid hydroperoxides (50–80% yield) and the ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxides as isolated from an incubation with linoleic acid was at least 95:5 in favour of the 9-hydroperoxide isomer. When the 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid were used as substrates with tomato homogenates, the 13-hydroperoxide was readily cleaved to hexanal in high molar yield (60%) but the 9-hydroperoxide isomer was not converted to cleavage products. Properties of the hydroperoxide cleavage system are described. The results indicate that the C 6 aldehydes are formed from C 18 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a sequential enzyme system involving lipoxygenase (which preferentially oxygenates at the 9-position) followed by a hydroperoxide cleavage system which is, however, specific for the 13-hydroperoxy isomers.
The politics of Caribbean Straits

Abstract For a variety of reasons the Caribbean basin has emerged as a particularly volatile region of the Third World with many potential sources of conflict. The expansion of some local navies and intensified competition between the Soviet Union and the United States further complicate a conflict‐prone situation. Many weak states with token navies, including most Caribbean straits states, are highly unstable, being vulnerable both to domestic strife and to international rivalry. Superpower strategies toward Caribbean straits states have nonetheless remained fairly restrained, although U.S.‐U.S.S.R. competition in this area is intensifying. For example, the Reagan Administration has identified and reacted to alleged global implications of a Soviet bloc threat to Caribbean straits and sea lanes. It will not be easy to wind down this rhetoric, but evidence to the contrary may dissipate public anxiety and lead to cooperative measures to assist in the emergence of a more stable and mutually acceptable region...
The cellular DNA content of sharks, rays and some other fishes.

Abstract 1. 1. The haploid amount of DNA was determined for 31 species of elasmobranchs and 8 other non-teleost fishes. 2. 2. The elasmobranchs have a modal DNA amount of about 4 pg, compared to 1 pg for the teleosts. 3. 3. The DNA content of the other non-teleosts ranges from 1.2 at the low end to 142 pg for lungfishes that have been assayed. 4. 4. Several characteristics that are common to DNA distributions in many different groups of organisms, such as a skewed distribution and the positive correlation between specialization and a low amount of DNA, are apparent here. The lungfishes appear to be an exception to the latter characteristic.
On the formation mechanism of Ni5Al3 in NiAl-base alloys: Part II. Kinetics

Abstract Transformation kinetics of the Ni5Al3 phase have been studied using electrical resistance measurements. Based on the kinetics and microstructural evolution, formation mechanisms for the Ni5Al3 phase in NiAl-base alloys are discussed for different aging conditions. Complex phenomena and controversies surrounding tje Ni5Al3 phase are clarified by proposed models.
Neoteny in Lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 Expression in Germinal Center B Cells

The products of the Rag1 and Rag2 genes drive genomic V(D)J rearrangements that assemble functional immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptor genes. Expression of the Rag genes has been thought to be limited to developmentally immature lymphocyte populations that in normal adult animals are primarily restricted to the bone marrow and thymus. Abundant RAG1 and RAG2 protein and messenger RNA was detected in the activated B cells that populate murine splenic and Peyer's patch germinal centers. Germinal center B cells thus share fundamental characteristics of immature lymphocytes, raising the possibility that antigen-dependent secondary V(D)J rearrangements modify the peripheral antibody repertoire.
Regular curved object's CSG-rep reconstruction from a single 2-D line drawing

In the 1989 SPIE conference on Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision, we presented our approach and algorithm to automatically identify the primitives that are involved in constructing a 3-D polyhedral solid. We have since extended our research to introduce more complex primitives. In this paper, we will present an algorithm to reconstruct from a single 2- D line drawing the CSG-Rep of a regular curved object, which is generated from a solid modeler with primitive blocks and cylinders. We will demonstrate the difficulties that arise from the introduction of a curved object, the cylinder. We assume that the line drawing of a 3- D solid object comes from an orthographic projection of the object from a general view point, that it is perfect, and that it has been labeled with some labeling scheme. We identify the primitives (blocks and cylinders) one by one, find their local to world coordinate transformations, and determine the regularized set operations for the CSG representation.
Biological activity of oxidized and reduced iodinated bombesins

Abstract A method is reported for preparing oxidized and reduced iodinated Tyr 4 -bombesin. Iodogen was used to iodinate Tyr 4 -bombesin and the reaction products were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The peak of oxidized label was then reduced by incubation with 725 mM dithiothreitol at 80°C (pH 8.0) for one hour and the reaction products separated by HPLC as before. The reduced but not oxidized peaks of 125 I-Tyr 4 -bombesin stimulated amylase release from rat pancreatic acini in vitro. We conclude that oxidation of bombesin producing C-terminal methionine sulfoxide destroys the biological activity of the peptide and that this form of oxidation can be reversed.
Inhibition of morphine tolerance and physical dependence development and brain serotonin synthesis by cycloheximide.

Abstract Mice were rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of increasing doses of morphine for 3 weeks. The degree of tolerance was determined by measuring the increase in the median analgetic dose of morphine in relation to response to thermal stimulus, and dependence was determined by the precipitation of withdrawal jumping with the antagonist, naloxone. The concomitant daily administration of cycloheximide with morphine prevented the development of tolerance and physical dependence. The increase in brain serotonin turnover, which was noted to accompany development of tolerance and physical dependence, was also blocked. The findings suggest that the three responses to morphine may be closely related.
Cultural variations in family attitudes and their implications for therapy.

Abstract A volunteer sample of 158 American families (Japanese and Caucasian) with adolescent offsping was surveyed for family attitudes and values. Ethnic differences between parents were statistically significant in areas reflecting cognitive versus emotional expression and group versus individual orientation. Implications for family assessment and therapy are discussed.
THE CO-EXISTENCE OF INSULIN-MEDIATED DECREASED MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASED SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY IS NOT MEDIATED BY THE BARORECEPTOR REFLEX AND DIFFERENTIALLY BY HYPOGLYCEMIA

In this study we measured simultaneously and sequentially the lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) or renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in response to insulin with co-existing hypoglycemia or with glucose replacement in normal rats. Sinoaortic denervation (SAD) was used to evaluate the influence of the baroreflex. LSNA, RSNA, MAP and HR were determined using an acquisition processor and computer software. Bolus insulin infusion where the blood glucose was allowed to decrease resulted in an immediate decrease in MAP. The HR decreased for approximately 15 min and subsequently increased. The LSNA increased immediately after insulin infusion peaking at 25 minutes and then recovered toward baseline. Insulin infusion with glucose replacement resulted in a decrease in MAP and HR. The LSNA progressively increased and was maintained throughout the experimental period. Insulin infusion with hypoglycemia increased RSNA and when hypoglycemia was prevented the RSNA decreased. SAD attenuated the decrease in MAP and LSNA response to insulin. Thus, insulin acts to decrease MAP while simultaneously increasing HR, LSNA and RSNA when hypoglycemia is allowed to occur. However, insulin acts to decrease HR and RSNA when euglycemia is maintained. The insulin-induced increase in LSNA is modulated by the baroreflex mechanism. We conclude that insulin has independent direct and indirect effects on LSNA, RSNA, MAP and HR that are modulated by glycemia and the baroreflex.
Accuracy of Cone-beam Computed Tomography and Periapical Radiography in Endodontically Treated Teeth Evaluation: A Five-Year Retrospective Study.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of two imaging methods in detecting the apical pathology in endodontically treated teeth. Material and Methods: A clinical examination from a sample of 156 teeth of patients treated by students of masters in endodontics at the Care Center of the Faculty of Dentistry at St. Joseph University, Beirut was done after 5 years of follow-up. Periradicular digital radiographs and a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)scans were taken and analyzed statistically using both the Exact Fisher tests and McNemar tests. Results: The prevalence of lesions was signifi cantly higher with CBCT (34.8%), whereas for digital radiography (13.8%). The CBCT was revealed more precise to identify periapical lesions. As for the clinical success, the rate was 82.5%. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, CBCT was more reliable in detecting periapical lesions compared with digital periapical radiographs.
Substance abuse and pharmacy practice: what the community pharmacist needs to know about drug abuse and dependence

Pharmacists, the most accessible of health care professionals, are well positioned to help prevent and treat substance use disorders and should prepare themselves to perform these functions. New research improves our knowledge about the pharmacological and behavioral risks of drug abuse, supports the clinical impression that drug dependence is associated with long-lasting neurochemical changes, and demonstrates effective pharmacological treatments for certain kinds of drug dependencies. The profession is evolving. Pharmacists are engaging in new practice behaviors such as helping patients manage their disease states. Collaborative practice agreements and new federal policies set the stage for pharmacists to assist in the clinical management of opioid and other drug dependencies. Pharmacists need to be well informed about issues related to addiction and prepared not only to screen, assess, and refer individual cases and to collaborate with physicians caring for chemically dependent patients, but also to be agents of change in their communities in the fight against drug abuse. At the end of this article the pharmacist will be better able to:
Phillipsite from silicic tuffs in saline, alkaline-lake deposits

Phillipsite is a common constituent in diagenetically altered rhyolitic vitric tufts of Cenozoic saline, alkaline-lake deposits where it occurs as spherulites or aggregates of prismatic crystals. This phillipsite has chemical and physical properties that differ from phillipsites that occur in rocks of other compositions and depositional environments, but previously it had not been completely characterized. Published analyses of five samples from four deposits in the southwestern United States show that the phillipsite is very siliceous and alkalic; the Si/(AI + Fe 3§ ratio is 3.08-3.37, alkalis greatly exceed the divalent exchangeable cations, and the Na/K ratio is 1.05-3.05. The mean index of refraction (1.451- 1.470) is much lower than that generally reported for the phillipsite group and can be correlated with the relatively high Si and alkali contents. Monoclinic unit-ceU parameters show the following ranges: a = 9.931-9.991 A, b = 14.142-14.155 A, c = 8.650-8.706 ,~, # = 124.57-125.07", andV = 1000.3-1007.4 )k 3. The especially small b dimension is consistent with the high Si content.
Multigrid and multilevel preconditioners for computational photography

This paper unifies multigrid and multilevel (hierarchical) preconditioners, two widely-used approaches for solving computational photography and other computer graphics simulation problems. It provides detailed experimental comparisons of these techniques and their variants, including an analysis of relative computational costs and how these impact practical algorithm performance. We derive both theoretical convergence rates based on the condition numbers of the systems and their preconditioners, and empirical convergence rates drawn from real-world problems. We also develop new techniques for sparsifying higher connectivity problems, and compare our techniques to existing and newly developed variants such as algebraic and combinatorial multigrid. Our experimental results demonstrate that, except for highly irregular problems, adaptive hierarchical basis function preconditioners generally outperform alternative multigrid techniques, especially when computational complexity is taken into account.
The cat-1 Gene of Caenorhabditis elegans Encodes a Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Required for Specific Monoamine- Dependent Behaviors

We have identified the Caenorhabditis eleganshomolog of the mammalian vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs); it is 47% identical to human VMAT1 and 49% identical to human VMAT2.C. elegans VMAT is associated with synaptic vesicles in ∼25 neurons, including all of the cells reported to contain dopamine and serotonin, plus a few others. When C. elegans VMAT is expressed in mammalian cells, it has serotonin and dopamine transport activity; norepinephrine, tyramine, octopamine, and histamine also have high affinity for the transporter. The pharmacological profile of C. elegans VMAT is closer to mammalian VMAT2 than VMAT1. The C. elegans VMAT gene iscat-1; cat-1 knock-outs are totally deficient for VMAT immunostaining and for dopamine-mediated sensory behaviors, yet they are viable and grow relatively well. Thecat-1 mutant phenotypes can be rescued by C. elegans VMAT constructs and also (at least partially) by human VMAT1 or VMAT2 transgenes. It therefore appears that the function of amine neurotransmitters can be completely dependent on their loading into synaptic vesicles.
Changes in Americans' Strength of Religious Affiliation, 1974-2010

I use data from the 1974–2010 General Social Survey to analyze changes in Americans’ strength of religious affiliation. Results show little change in the percent of Americans who report a strong affiliation, though the percent with a somewhat/not very strong affiliation declined from 1990 to 2010, as the number of unaffiliated respondents increased. Tradition-specific, age–period–cohort analyses show that the probability of reporting a strong religious affiliation declined considerably among Catholics, predominantly due to period-based effects in the 1980s, and increased among evangelical Protestants, also due to period-based changes. These trends have produced a large gap in the likelihood of having a strong religious affiliation between evangelical Protestants/black Protestants and mainline Protestants/ Catholics. Additional analyses show considerable across-cohort changes in the association between religious service attendance and strength of religious affiliation, particularly among Catholics, suggesting that religious identity and religious practice are more loosely connected among younger generations.
Unconventional Wisdom on PSI, the Appropriate Discount Rate for the Tax Shield

The conventional wisdom about psi, the appropriate discount rate for the tax shield, is as follows. If the tax shield is risk-free, that is, the revenue is sufficient to ensure that the interest deduction will be used with full certainty in the relevant period, then the appropriate discount rate for the tax shield is d, which is the cost of the risk-free debt. On the other hand, if the revenue is stochastic, there may be a finite probability that the revenue will be insufficient to allow for the use of the tax shield. In such a case, whether the debt is risk-free or not, the tax shield is no longer risk-free. In the single period case, some authors suggest that if the tax shield is risky, then the risk of the tax shield is the same as the risk of the free cash flow (FCF) and consequently, the appropriate discount rate is rho, which is the return to unlevered equity. In this teaching note, using a single period binomial example, we show that the conventional wisdom on the appropriate discount rate for the tax shield is incorrect when the tax shield is risky. The appropriate discount rate for the tax shield depends on the risk of the tax shield and the value of psi may be higher than e, the return to levered equity. If the tax shield is correlated with the cash flow to equity, that is, the payoff structure for the tax shield is similar to the payoff structure for the cash flow to equity, then the value of psi is equal to e, which is higher than rho.
A general dynamic model of flexible robot arms for control

Hamilton's principle is used to derive the dynamic model for a large class of flexible robot arms. The resultant dynamic model consists of a system of partial differential-integral equations and the dynamic boundary conditions associated with it. Some properties of the model are observed and its application to control is discussed. This model represents an infinite-dimensional nonlinear dynamic system and yet can be turned into a finite-dimensional system that could be obtained by modal expansion, if it is desired. This provides more flexibility for control purposes as well as for the analysis of the system. >
Analysis of a wide radiating slot in the ground plane of a microstrip line

An analysis of a wide rectangular radiating slot excited by a microstrip line is described. Coupled integral equations are formulated to find the electric current distribution on the feed line and the electric field in the aperture. The solution is based on the method of moments and using the space domain Sommerfeld-type Green's function. The information about the input impedance or reflection coefficient is extracted from the electric current distribution on the microstrip line utilizing the matrix pencil technique. The theoretical analysis is described and data are presented and compared with other theoretical and experimental results. >
Bio-behavioural perspectives on coronary heart disease, hypertension and sudden cardiac death.

. A series of research developments is described which together consider the problem of the relationships between behavioural, physiological and pathophysiological processes. Arguments are advanced for the measurement of challenge–induced changes in haemodynamic responses for use in the understanding, prediction and control of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension and sudden cardiac death. A methodology is presented as a possible tool for accomplishing this latter goal and preliminary data are reported in support of the feasibility of these methods. Finally, basic pathophysiological mechanisms in cardiovascular disorders are examined in relation to potentially damaging haemodynamic activity.
Folk Theorem with One-Sided Moral Hazard: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

Abstract A game with one-sided moral hazard is represented by a two-stage game. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the folk theorem to hold. Equilibrium payoffs are generated by payoffs from pure strategy profiles which do not admit profitable nondetectable deviations. The enforceable maximin payoff is shown to be a better notion for the individually rational payoff. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C73, D8
Particle transport characteristics and filtration of granitic residual soils from the Korean peninsula

Weathered granitic residual soils, which are found in much of the Korean peninsula, pose unique challenges in terms of internal stability and filtration. The particle transport and filtration behav...
The neural, evolutionary, developmental, and bodily basis of metaphor

We propose that there are four fundamental kinds of metaphor that are uniquely mapped onto specific brain ‘‘networks’’ and present preliterate (i.e., evolutionary, including before the appearance of written language in the historical record), prelinguistic (i.e., developmental, before the appearance of speech in human development), and extralinguistic (i.e., neuropsychological, cognitive) evidence supportive of this view. We contend that these basic metaphors are largely nonconceptual and entail (a) perceptual–perceptual, (b) cross-modal, (c) movement–movement, and (d) perceptual-affective mappings that, at least, in the initial stages of processing may operate largely outside of conscious awareness. In opposition to our basic metaphor theory (BmT), the standard theory (SmT) maintains that metaphor is a conceptual mapping from some base domain to some target domain and/or represents class-inclusion (categorical) assertions. The SmT captures aspects of secondary or conceptual metaphoric relations but not primary or basic metaphoric relations in our view. We believe our theory (BmT) explains more about how people actually recognize or create metaphoric associations across disparate domains of experience partly because they are ‘‘pre-wired’’ to make these links. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Minimizing attenuation of coplanar waveguide on lossy silicon substrates up to 300 GHz

The attenuation constant of coplanar waveguide (CPW), conductor backed CPW (CBCPW) and grounded CPW (GCPW) interconnects is compared up to 300 GHz. Spin-on benzocyclobutene (BCB) dielectric is deposited on low resistivity (10 Ω-cm) silicon (Si) substrates to characterize the loss of interconnects at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. CPW fabricated on 58 μm of BCB has similar performance as CBCPW and GCPW fabricated on 8.5 μm and 7.6 μm of BCB, respectively. CPW with thick dielectric layers present attenuation of 1.89 dB/mm at 300 GHz, whereas CBCPW and GCPW have an attenuation of 1.87 dB/mm and 1.96 dB/mm, respectively, at the same frequency.