cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubilization and characterization of striatal dopamine receptors.

: Dopamine receptor binding proteins were sol-ubilized with the detergent 3–(3–cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio - 2 - hydroxy - 1– propanesulfonate (CHAPSO) from bovine and rat striatal membranes. The binding of the dopamine antagonist [3H]spiroperidol ([3H]Spi) to the solubilized dopamine receptors was determined by the polyethyleneglycol method. The CHAPSO-solubilized dopamine receptor binding proteins remain in the supernatant fraction following centrifuga-tion at 100,000 ×g for 2 h. The CHAPSO-solubilized dopamine receptor proteins, as well as the prelabeled [3H]Spi-receptor protein complex, bind specifically to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-agarose columns, which is consistent with an identification as glycoproteins. HPLC analysis of the CHAPSO-solubilized, prelabeled [3H]Spi-receptor protein complex (CHAPSO preparation) reveals association with a high molecular weight form, indicating the formation of aggregates and/or micelles. Treatment of the WGA-agarose-bound [3H]Spi-receptor protein complex with digitonin (CHAPSO-digitonin preparation) results in dissociation of the high molecular weight form into lower molecular weight forms. The HPLC profile of the prelabeled [3H]Spi-receptor complex in the CHAPSO-digitonin preparation reveals two radioactive peaks. The major peak had a retention time of 16 min, corresponding to an apparent MW of 175,000, whereas the minor peak had a retention time of 21 min, corresponding to an apparent MW of 49,000. The CHAPSO-solubilized dopamine receptor binding proteins are sensitive to modulation by GTP, indicating that the association with the GTP binding component is preserved in the “soluble” state. The potencies of dopamine antagonists and agonists for inhibiting the binding of [3H]Spi to CHAPSO-solubilized dopamine receptor proteins are similar to those for membrane-bound proteins. Chronic treatment with haloperidol increases the Bmax, and does not change the KD for [3H]Spi in the CHAPSO-solubilized and in the membrane-bound preparations. Thus, the CHAPSO-solubilized dopamine receptor proteins retain the binding characteristics of the supersensitive membrane-bound dopamine receptors.
Alliances and Collective Goods: A Reappraisal

How are burdens shared within an alliance? How many and what kinds of armed forces are alliance members likely to purchase in support of their collective interest in deterrence and defense? These questions are the province of the economic theory of alliances, which has been widely accepted as offering an explanation for two tendencies often found within alliances: disproportionality in burden sharing and suboptimality in the amount of military spending. Proponents of the theory have marshalled an impressive body of evidence in support of propositions derived from it, but efforts to test the predictive power of the theory have relied exclusively on data derived from alliances after World War II. An examination of burden-sharing arrangements within seven pre-1945 alliances produces outcomes that cannot be adequately explained by the theory as it now stands. Consideration of the pre-1945 cases thus suggests additional refinements to the theory, the most important of which have to do with the degree of substi...
Prevention of SV40 virus tumorigenesis by irradiated, disrupted and iododeoxyuridine treated tumor cell antigens.

SummaryHamster SV40 tumor cells rendered nonproliferative by exposure to gamma rays or by propagation in the presence of iododeoxyuridine were highly effective when used as immunizing antigens for preventing the appearance of tumors in hamsters which had received SV40 virus when newborn. Only a single injection of immunizing antigen was employed. Disruption of tumor cell preparations by freeze-thaw or by treatment in a French pressure cell for purpose of fractionation resulted in total or near total loss of immunizing capability, even when incorporated into alum adjuvant. Possible mechanisms for loss of potency are discussed.Addendum: Since the time the present manuscript was in press, it was found in further experiments employing the same techniques that the loss of RNA and protein following cell disruption was considerably less than noted above.
A New Time-Domain Macromodel for Transient Simulation of Uniform/Nonuniform Multiconductor Transmission-Line Interconnections

A rational-function hybrid-parameter model for general multiconductor transmission lines is derived from a spectralmethod solution of the telegrapher equations, using Chebyshev polynomials to represent spatial variation. Time-domain macromodel is then generated by a recursive convolution algorithm which can be simulated efficiently with arbitrary terminations. Results from a transient simulator implementing the approach are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and stability of the derived macromodel.
Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in nonregulated and regulated waters of the clearwater river, Idaho, U.S.A.

Benthic macroinvertebrates were examined over a two-year period in nonregulated, regulated, and semiregulated reaches of the Clearwater River in northern Idaho. Macroinvertebrate communities in the nonregulated reach above Dworshak Reservoir were taxonomically diverse at all stations. In contrast, the macroinvertebrate community in the regulated reach of the North Fork of the Clearwater River (NFCR) was severely altered with high macroinvertebrate abundance and low taxa richness (2 to 8 taxa). Orthoclad chironomids dominated this reach composing between 68 and 99 per cent of total benthic invertebrate numbers. The mayfly Ephemerella infrequens was the only other macroinvertebrate to be abundant in the regulated reach. The major factors contributing to the simplified macroinvertebrate community are reduced habitat diversity, fluctuating water levels, altered thermal regime, and possibly an altered food supply. The effects of the dam were mitigated in the semiregulated Mainstem of the Clearwater River (MSCR) due to the merger of a nonregulated fork entering 2.5 km downstream from the dam. The macroinvertebrate community in the semiregulated MSCR was more complex than the regulated reach with a community structure resembling that found above the reservoir.
Comparison of Cyclic and Sustained Passive Stretching Using a Mechanical Device to Increase Resting Length of Hamstring Muscles

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cyclic versus sustained passive stretching with a mechanical device on resting hamstring muscles' length. Group 1 subjects (5 men, 17 women) underwent cyclic stretching of their right hamstring musculature, and Group 2 subjects (5 men, 16 women) underwent sustained stretching of their right hamstring musculature. The stretching procedures were performed for 15 minutes on 5 consecutive days. A follow-up examination of the subjects' relative knee flexion range of motion was made one week posttreatment. The Group 1 subjects had a mean ROM increase of 15.4 +/- 5.0 degrees after the five stretching treatments and maintained a mean ROM increase of 10.4 +/- 5.5 degrees on the follow-up examination (p less than .001). In Group 2, the five stretching treatments resulted in a mean ROM increase of 13.4 +/- 4.4 degrees, and a mean increase of 7.9 +/- 4.0 degrees was maintained on the follow-up examination (p less than .001). Linear regression analysis revealed that initial ROM, sex, and treatment method significantly contributed to increases in ROM from Day 1 of treatment to the follow-up examination (F = 6.04; df = 4,36; p less than .0008). The cyclic stretching method resulted in a greater gain in ROM when the other variables were considered. Predicted values of ROM increases were also examined and discussed.
Implementing family communication pathway in neurosurgical patients in an intensive care unit.

Objective Family-centered care provides family members with basic needs, which includes information, reassurance, and support. Though national guidelines exist, clinical adoption often lags behind in this area. The Geisinger Health System developed and implemented a program for reliable delivery of best practices related to family communication to patients and families admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Method Using a quasiexperimental study design and the 24-item Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit questionnaire (FSICU-24©) to determine family satisfaction, we measured the impact of a "family communication pathway" facilitated by tools built into the electronic health record on the family satisfaction of neurosurgical patients admitted to the ICU. Results There was no statistically significant difference noted in family satisfaction as determined by FSICU-24 scores, including the Care and Decision Making constructs between the pre- and post-intervention pilot population. The percentage of families reporting the occurrence of a family conference showed only minimal improvement, from 46.5% before to 52.5% following the intervention (p = 0.565). This was mirrored by low numbers of documented family conferences by providers, suggesting poor uptake despite buy-in, use of electronic checklists, and repeated attempts at education. Significance of results This paper reviews the challenges to and implications for implementing national guidelines in the area of family communication in an ICU coupled with the principles of clinical reengineering.
Microwave (8–50 GHz) Characterization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Papers Using Rectangular Waveguides

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are characterized at X-, Ku-, Ka-, and Q-bands by rectangular waveguide measurements. The scattering parameters (S-parameters) of thin MWNT papers containing a large ensemble of randomly oriented nanotubes are measured by a vector network analyzer from 8 to 50 GHz. A rigorous extraction algorithm has been developed to compute the effective complex permittivity ( epsiv = epsiv'- jepsiv") and permeability ( mu = mu' - jmu") of the nanotube papers from the measured -parameters. The extracted effective medium parameters are verified by finite-element simulations using Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The uncertainties for this characterization method are analyzed. The systematic uncertainties are found larger at lower frequencies than at higher frequencies. The extracted conductivity of the nanotube papers is in the range of 810-1500 S/m and the dielectric constant is from 250 to 700. The extracted complex permittivity can be fitted with the Drude-Lorentz model for the 8-50-GHz frequency range. The effective medium theory is then applied to remove the impact of air in the nanotube paper.
A Pediatrician's Checklist for Adolescents

Many pediatricians, potentially gifted as doctors of teenagers, do not know how to get started in relating to adolescents. The teenager then is deprived of a val uable helping resource. This paper at tempts to present a checklist that is pedi atrically useful in getting started with an adolescent.
The amazing world of auger electrons.

Over the past 40 years, a small and highly committed group of scientists has pursued various investigations focused on understanding the physical phenomena underlying the emission of Auger electrons, the dosimetric implications of their submicroscopic deposition of energy, their radiobiological effects at the molecular and cellular levels, and their therapeutic potential in tumor-bearing animals and patients with cancer. Herein, I present an overview - historic vignette - of the exciting findings reported in this field and outline the unique opportunities given to the fortunate few who have, mostly through serendipity, been working within the fascinating world of Auger electron emitters.
Unstructured audio classification for environment recognition

My thesis aims to contribute towards building autonomous agents that are able to understand their surrounding environment through the use of both audio and visual information. To capture a more complete description of a scene, the fusion of audio and visual information can be advantageous in enhancing the system’s context awareness. The goal of this work is on the characterization of unstructured environmental sounds for understanding and predicting the context surrounding of an agent. Most research on audio recognition has focused primarily on speech and music. Less attention has been paid to the challenges and opportunities for using audio to characterize unstructured environments. Unlike speech and music, which have formantic structures and harmonic structures, environmental sounds are considered unstructured since they are variably composed from different sound sources. My research will investigate challenging issues in characterizing environmental sounds such as the development of appropriate features extraction algorithm and learning techniques for modeling the dynamics of the environment. A final aspect of my research will consider the decision making of an autonomous agent based on the fusion of visual and audio information.
Obesity medications reduce total body weight by 3–9% compared with placebo, when combined with lifestyle changes

Commentary on: Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA 2014;311:74–86.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Obesity is associated with numerous complications, notably type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease and obstructive sleep apnoea. Weight loss of 5–10%, if maintained for 2 years or more, can lead to significant improvements in these comorbidities, especially type 2 diabetes.1 Mild-to-moderate-intensity lifestyle interventions often do not achieve clinically significant and sustained weight loss for obese patients. Pharmacotherapy is recommended as an adjunct to lifestyle therapies for achieving weight loss in patients with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2, and in patients with weight-related comorbidities and a BMI of ≥27 kg/m2. Yanovski and Yanovski conducted … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D311%26rft.spage%253D74%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2013.281361%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24231879%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2013.281361&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24231879&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F18%2F1%2F29.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000329161400020&link_type=ISI
Retinopathy of prematurity: involution, factors predisposing to retinal detachment and expected utility of preemptive surgical reintervention

Results: ROP fully involuted in approximately 80% of eyes within 28 days of treatment. Vitreous organization meeting the study’s clinically important definition was associated with a 31-fold (5.37 to 183.63; P < .0001) and a 13-fold (2.97 to 58.59; P < .0001) increase in the odds for retinal detachment for right and left eyes, respectively. Vitreous hemorrhage defined as clinically important was associated with a 38-fold (2.69 to 551.19; P = .007) and a 15-fold (1.65 to 144.12; P = .02) increase in the odds for retinal detachment for right and left eyes, respectively. As modeled, an expected utility of 0.85 was calculated for preemptive vitrectomy compared with 0.79 for deferred vitrectomy for eyes with clinically important vitreous organization. Conclusions: Acute-phase ROP involuted quickly in most eyes. Vitreous organization and vitreous hemorrhage were predictive of eyes that developed a retinal detachment. Decision analysis suggests that preemptive vitrectomy for eyes with vitreous organization meeting specific criteria is not likely to be worse than deferred vitrectomy, and it could be advantageous in some scenarios. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005:103:281-312 HYPOTHESIS Acute-phase retinopathy of prematurity involutes rapidly following diode laser photocoagulation of the peripheral avascular retina in eyes with threshold disease. Retinal detachments evolve slowly and are heralded by involutional features that are highly predictive of the condition. Preemptive vitreoretinal surgery has potential utility in preventing retinal detachment in eyes with detrimental features
Formation of Hirano Bodies Induced by Expression of an Actin Cross-Linking Protein with a Gain-of-Function Mutation

Hirano bodies are paracrystalline actin filament-containing structures reported to be associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biological function of Hirano bodies remains poorly understood, since nearly all prior studies of these structures were done with postmortem samples of tissue. In the present study, we generated a full-length form of a Dictyostelium 34-kDa actin cross-linking protein with point mutations in the first putative EF hand, termed 34-kDa ΔEF1. The 34-kDa ΔEF1 protein binds calcium normally but has activated actin binding that is unregulated by calcium. The expression of the 34-kDa ΔEF1 protein in Dictyostelium induces the formation of Hirano bodies, as assessed by both fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Dictyostelium cells bearing Hirano bodies grow normally, indicating that Hirano bodies are not associated with cell death and are not deleterious to cell growth. Moreover, the expression of the 34-kDa ΔEF1 protein rescues the phenotypes of cells lacking the 34-kDa protein and cells lacking both the 34-kDa protein and α-actinin. Finally, the expression of the 34-kDa ΔEF1 protein also initiates the formation of Hirano bodies in cultured mouse fibroblasts. These results show that the failure to regulate the activity and/or affinity of an actin cross-linking protein can provide a signal for the formation of Hirano bodies. More generally, the formation of Hirano bodies is a cellular response to or a consequence of aberrant function of the actin cytoskeleton.
Insulin-stimulated microtubule associated protein kinase is detectable by analytical gel chromatography as a 35-kDa protein in myocytes, adipocytes, and hepatocytes

Insulin stimulates a novel Ser/Thr kinase, which phosphorylates microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in vitro. MAP kinase was studied in cell models of the principal insulin responsive tissues using analytical fast-protein liquid chromatography for partial purification of the enzyme. Stimulation of MAP kinase (1.3- to 2-fold) by insulin was readily detected in BC3H1 smooth and 23A2 skeletal muscle cells; 3T3-L1 adipocytes; and isolated rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. No phosphatase activity was detectable under the assay conditions used, proving that stimulation of a kinase, not inhibition of a phosphatase, is responsible for the increased incorporation of 32PO4 catalyzed by supernatants from insulin-treated 3T3-L1 cells. In H4 hepatoma cells, stimulation of MAP kinase was much less evident after gel filtration in comparison to the other cell types. The activated enzyme present in supernatants from insulin-treated cells migrated as a single peak of approximately 35 kDa apparent molecular mass (except in the case of isolated hepatocytes in which a shoulder was present). These results suggest that the insulin-stimulatable MAP kinase may be ubiquitous in insulin responsive cells.
IIIinitride ultraviolet micro- and nano-photonics

This paper provides a brief overview on recent advances in the ultraviolet (UV) photonic materials and devices based upon III-nitrides and the exploitation of chip- level innovation, such as the incorporation of micro- and nano-scale photonic device integration and photonic crystals (PCs), to enhance the extraction efficiency of UV light emitting diodes (LEDs). By inserting a high quality AlN epilayer that serves as a template for the subsequent growth of AlGaN alloys and adopting delta-doping scheme, we have greatly reduced the dislocation density and thereby enhanced the doping efficiency. By incorporating AlN and highly conductive n-AlGaN into the actual device structure, we have significantly improved the performance of deep UV LEDs (/spl lambda/<300 nm). It was shown that III-nitride PCs provide 3 times enhancement in output power and 4 times enhancement in modulation speed in UV LEDs. The demonstration of photonic band-gap (PBG) materials active in the UV and visible wavelengths opens many new applications.
Green-up of deciduous forest communities of northeastern North America in response to climate variation and climate change

Temporal shifts in phenology are important biotic indicators of climate change. Satellite-derived Land Surface Phenology (LSP) offers data for the study of vegetation phenology at landscape to global spatial scales. However, the mechanisms of plant phenological responses to temperature are rarely considered at broad spatial scales, despite the potential improvements to spatiotemporal predictions. Geographical gradients in community species composition may also affect LSP spatially and temporally. Using a modified survival analysis, we reveal how weather and climate relate to physiological chilling and heating requirements and affect deciduous forest green-up in New England, USA over 9 years (2001–2009). While warm daily temperatures lead to earlier green-up of deciduous forests, chilling temperatures had a larger influence on green-up. We also found that the effects of community composition across the landscape were as important as the effects of weather. Greater oak dominance led to later green-up, while sites with more birch tended to have earlier green-up dates. Projection into the future (2046–2065) with statistically downscaled, bias corrected climate model output suggested advanced green-up (8–48 days) driven by higher heating and chilling accumulations, but green-up in coastal areas may be delayed due to reduced chilling accumulation. This study provides an innovative statistical method combining plant physiological mechanisms, topographic spatial heterogeneity, and species composition to predict how LSP responds to climate and weather variation and makes future projections.
Synthesis of nanocomposites: Organoceramics

We report here on the synthesis of new materials termed organoceramics in which polymers are molecularly dispersed within inorganic crystalline phases. These nanocomposite materials may not only have unique morphologies and physical properties but may also lead to new processing methods for ceramic-based materials. In organoceramics polymer molecules could opportunistically occupy sites such as grain boundaries or other two-dimensional defects, nanopores, lattice channels, or interlamellar spaces. Our synthetic approach to get macromolecules to those sites is to nucleate and grow inorganic crystals from homogeneous solutions containing the polymer chains as co-solutes. The new materials discussed in this manuscript were synthesized by growing calcium aluminate crystals in the presence of water soluble polymers and were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The macromolecules used in organoceramic synthesis included poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride), and poly(dibutyl ammonium iodide). We found that the chemistry of polymer repeats can impact on the spatial distribution of the dispersed organic chains and also on the morphology of organoceramic powders. In the case of the poly(vinyl alcohol) organoceramic the polymer is intercalated in “flattened” conformations in Ca2Al(OH)6[X] ·nH2O, thus increasing the distance between ionic layers from 7.9 A to ∊ 18 A (X is a monovalent or divalent anion). Such a layered nanocomposite can be formed only by intercalating the poly(vinyl alcohol) during growth of the Ca2Al(OH)6[X] · nH2O crystal. The synthetic pathway is therefore able to overcome large entropic barriers and incorporate significant amounts of polymer in the organoceramic product, in some cases up to 38% by weight. The particles of this nanocomposite are spheroidal aggregates of thin plate crystals whereas the use of a polycationic polymer in the synthesis leads to rod-like particles in which organic chains may reside in channels of the inorganic crystal.
Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Pecan Weevil Larvae, Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Laboratory

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a key pest of pecans in the Southeast. Entomopathogenic nematodes have been shown to be pathogenic toward the larval stage of this pest. Before this research, only three species of nematodes had been tested against pecan weevil larvae. In this study, the virulence of the following nine species and 15 strains of nematodes toward fourth-instar pecan weevil was tested: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Baine, HP88, Oswego, NJ1, and Tf strains), H. indica Poinar, Karunakar & David (original and Homl strains), H. marelatus Liu & Berry (IN and Point Reyes strains), H. megidis Poinar, Jackson & Klein (UK211 strain), H. zealandica Poinar (NZH3 strain), Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston (355 strain), S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (SN strain), and S. glaseri (Steiner) (NJ43 strain). No significant difference in virulence was detected among nematode species or strains. Nematode-induced mortality was not significantly greater than control mortality (in any of the experiments conducted) for the following nematodes: H. bacteriophora (Baine), H. zealandica (NZH3), S. carpocapsae (All), S. feltiae (SN), S. glaseri (NJ43), and S. riobrave (355). All other nematodes caused greater mortality than the control in at least one experiment. Heterorhabditis megidis (UK211) but not H. indica (original) displayed a positive linear relationship between nematode concentration and larval mortality. Results suggested that, as pecan weevil larvae age, they may have become more resistant to infection with entomopathogenic nematodes.
Endometrial Cancer Prevention

Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Type and extent of disease at presentation and survival outcomes vary by race. The prevention of these cancers entails the prevention and treatment of associated precursor lesions. There are both modifiable and non-modifiable risks for endometrial cancer and their precursors, and preventive strategies should take this into consideration. This chapter is divided into sections on preventive strategies based on known and putative risk factors.
Multiple Regression Analysis as a Retail Site Selection Method: An Empirical Review

Because of the continually shifting population, spiraling costs of land and construction, the increasing number of planned shopping centers and changing urban conditions, much emphasis is being placed on the selection of sites for retails stores. This trend toward more importance being placed on retail location has lead many entrepreneurs, chain store executives, and researchers to seek more sophisticated site selection techniques. A number of different approached have been taken in attempts to quantitatively solve the retail site selection problem Most of the more common approaches are blessed with strengths and plagued with weaknesses in the methodological processes.
Prophylactic use of topical antibiotic irrigation in uninfected surgical wounds. A microbiological evaluation.

In vitro experiments on the bacteriocidal effects of bacitracin and polymyxin B sulphate, alone and in combination, were done on a variety of microorganisms. The application of those studies to irrigation of surgical wounds with these topical antibodies in concentrations of twenty-five to fifty units per milliliter and twenty-five to fifty micrograms per milliliter respectively is suggested.
Employee With Multiple Sclerosis: Psychiatry in the Laboratory

Multiple sclerosis predominantly attacks educated women during their most productive years, with an incidence that makes it a predictable problem among laboratory technologists. Almost two thirds of the total unemployment of persons with MS traces directly to psychological factors. This article, a collaboration between two experienced psychotherapists, one a technician with MS, the other a pathologist and psychiatrist, presents a behavioral and a cognitive therapeutic repertoire and specific suggestions to improve and maintain the laboratory performance of personnel with MS. The psychological sequelae to organic disease (or fears of such), and steps for changing negative attitudes among personnel with MS, their peers, and supervisors receive particular attention. Such programs could reduce unjustified unemployment and make a humane contribution while adding expertise to the laboratory bench.
An efficient class of WENO schemes with adaptive order

Finite difference WENO schemes have established themselves as very worthy performers for entire classes of applications that involve hyperbolic conservation laws. In this paper we report on two major advances that make finite difference WENO schemes more efficient.The first advance consists of realizing that WENO schemes require us to carry out stencil operations very efficiently. In this paper we show that the reconstructed polynomials for any one-dimensional stencil can be expressed most efficiently and economically in Legendre polynomials. By using Legendre basis, we show that the reconstruction polynomials and their corresponding smoothness indicators can be written very compactly. The smoothness indicators are written as a sum of perfect squares. Since this is a computationally expensive step, the efficiency of finite difference WENO schemes is enhanced by the innovation which is reported here.The second advance consists of realizing that one can make a non-linear hybridization between a large, centered, very high accuracy stencil and a lower order WENO scheme that is nevertheless very stable and capable of capturing physically meaningful extrema. This yields a class of adaptive order WENO schemes, which we call WENO-AO (for adaptive order). Thus we arrive at a WENO-AO(5,3) scheme that is at best fifth order accurate by virtue of its centered stencil with five zones and at worst third order accurate by virtue of being non-linearly hybridized with an r=3 CWENO scheme. The process can be extended to arrive at a WENO-AO(7,3) scheme that is at best seventh order accurate by virtue of its centered stencil with seven zones and at worst third order accurate. We then recursively combine the above two schemes to arrive at a WENO-AO(7,5,3) scheme which can achieve seventh order accuracy when that is possible; graciously drop down to fifth order accuracy when that is the best one can do; and also operate stably with an r=3 CWENO scheme when that is the only thing that one can do. Schemes with ninth order of accuracy are also presented.Several accuracy tests and several stringent test problems are presented to demonstrate that the method works very well.
Edwin and John: A Personal History of the American South

In Edwin and John, award-winning author James T. Sears interweaves diaries, letters and poems to craft an innovative first-person narrative history that details the hard realities of growing up gay in the South during the early decades of the 20th century. Set against the backdrop of World War II and the post-war South, Edwin and John, provides a unique and intimate approach to queer history by following the 50 year relationship between John Zeigler and Edwin Peacocke that carried them both from their roots in the conservative South, through service in World War II, and into a placid and loving literary life where they opened a bookshop in what was then the small town of Charleston, South Carolina. Edwin and John is a revealing look at queer history, detailing how these two men and their remarkable circle of close friends--which included some of the greatest writers and artists of their era including Prentiss Taylor, Carson McCullers, and John Bennett--endured war, intolerance, and jealousies, while living proud and public lives in far more conservative times.
Psychometric properties of the Press Ganey® Outpatient Medical Practice Survey.

The Press Ganey® Medical Practice Survey (“Press Ganey® survey”) is a patient-reported questionnaire commonly used to measure patient satisfaction with outpatient health care in the United States. Our objective was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Press Ganey® survey in a single institution setting. We analyzed surveys from 34,503 unique respondents seen by 624 providers from 47 specialties and 94 clinics at the University of Utah in 2013. The University of Utah is a health care system that provides primary through tertiary care for over 200 medical specialties. Surveys were administered online. The Press Ganey® survey consisted of 24 items organized into 6 scales: Access (4 items), Moving Through the Visit (2), Nurse Assistant (2), Care Provider (10), Personal Issues (4) and Overall Assessment (2). Missingness, ceiling and floor rates were summarized. Cronbach’s alpha was used to evaluate internal consistency reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess convergent and discriminant validities. Missingness ranged from 0.8-11.4% across items. The ceiling rate was high at 29.3% for the total score, and ranged from 55.4 to 84.1% across items. Floor rates were 0.01% for the total score, and ranged from 0.1 to 2.1% across items. Internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.96, and item-scale correlations ranged from 0.49 to 0.9. Confirmatory factor analysis supported convergent and discriminant validities. The Press Ganey® survey demonstrated suitable psychometric properties for most metrics. However, the high ceiling rate can have a notable impact on quarterly percentile scores within our institution. Multi-institutional studies of the Press Ganey® survey are needed to inform administrative decision making and institution reimbursement decisions based on this survey.
Central activation of the A1 adenosine receptor in fed mice recapitulates only some of the attributes of daily torpor

Mice enter bouts of daily torpor, drastically reducing metabolic rate, core body temperature (T b), and heart rate (HR), in response to reduced caloric intake. Because central adenosine activation has been shown to induce a torpor-like state in the arctic ground squirrel, and blocking the adenosine-1 (A1) receptor prevents daily torpor, we hypothesized that central activation of the A1 adenosine receptors would induce a bout of natural torpor in mice. To test the hypothesis, mice were subjected to four different hypothermia bouts: natural torpor, forced hypothermia (FH), isoflurane-anesthesia, and an intracerebroventricular injection of the selective A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA). All conditions induced profound hypothermia. T b fell more rapidly in the FH, isoflurane-anesthesia, and CHA conditions compared to torpor, while mice treated with CHA recovered at half the rate of torpid mice. FH, isoflurane-anesthesia, and CHA-treated mice exhibited a diminished drop in HR during entry into hypothermia as compared to torpor. Mice in all conditions except CHA shivered while recovering from hypothermia, and only FH mice shivered substantially while entering hypothermia. Circulating lactate during the hypothermic bouts was not significantly different between the CHA and torpor conditions, both of which had lower than baseline lactate levels. Arrhythmias were largely absent in the FH and isoflurane-anesthesia conditions, while skipped beats were observed in natural torpor and periodic extended (>1 s) HR pauses in the CHA condition. Lastly, the hypothermic bouts showed distinct patterns of gene expression, with torpor characterized by elevated hepatic and cardiac Txnip expression and all other hypothermic states characterized by elevated c-Fos and Egr-1 expression. We conclude that CHA-induced hypothermia and natural torpor are largely different physiological states.
Trends in HIV Risk, Testing, and Treatment among MSM in Chicago 2004–2014: Implications for HIV Elimination Planning

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in the USA continue to have high rates of HIV infection. Increasingly, in addition to behavioral factors, biomedical interventions have been found to play important roles in HIV prevention. In this analysis, we used four waves of cross-sectional data (2004, 2008, 2011, and 2014) from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS) to examine trends in key behaviors and biomedical interventions among MSM in Chicago (N = 3298). Logistic regression was used to determine changes in behaviors and use of biomedical interventions. Condomless sex increased significantly in waves 3 and 4, compared to wave 1: wave 3 (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI 1.53, 2.78) and wave 4 (AOR = 2.19; 95% CI 1.62, 2.96). Compared to those aged 18–24, older participants were significantly less likely to be routinely tested for HIV: 30–39 (AOR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.48, 0.83), 40–49 (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.29, 0.55), and >50 (AOR = 0.28; 95% CI 0.18, 0.43). Awareness of both post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)(​AOR = 3.13; 95% CI 1.22, 8.03) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)(​AOR = 10.02; 95% CI 2.95, 34.01) increased significantly in wave 4, compared to wave 3. These results suggest a potential increase in HIV rates among men with main and casual partners and should be monitored closely as PrEP becomes more widespread among MSM of all races and ethnicities in Chicago. This study also suggests that further analyses of the barriers to PEP and PreP uptake among high-risk populations are necessary.
Near-infrared in vivo imaging of human lymphatic architecture and function in lymphedema and normal subjects (65.7)

Lymphedema (LE) is a disabling condition resulting from genetic predisposition, cancer treatments involving lymph nodes, or nematode infection. Obtaining in vivo images of healthy and diseased lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, until now, has required using radionucleotide imaging agents, and has resulted in grainy, nondistinct images. We used a custom-designed ICCD camera system and low-level laser excitation of intradermally injected fluorescent dye to obtain live, non-invasive images of lymphatic vessel architecture and function in humans with and without lymphedema. This technique has provided exquisite images and movies of lymphatic abnormalities such as tortuous vessels and patchy “starry night” areas, as well as the ability to measure lymph propulsive velocity and frequency. This non-invasive, live, in vivo imaging of the human lymphatic system in health and disease may provide opportunities to diagnose lymphatic disorders, direct cancer resections, and evaluate therapies.
Promethean Business: From Financial Hedonism to Financial Eudaimonia:

The story of Prometheus and Pandora serves as an apt analogical device through which to demonstrate the impact that publicly traded corporations, and the shareholder primacy approach to corporate g...
“Milk Has Gone”: Dietary Change and Human Adaptability in Karamoja, Uganda

This article examines changes in dietary strategies among Karimojong agropastoralists in northeast Uganda. We recorded food selection, procurement, processing, and consumption in twenty-eight female-headed Karimojong households during a four-month period in 2004. Plant foods comprised the bulk of the diet, whereas less than 12 percent of dietary intake came from the herds. Milk contributed no more than 5 percent of total dietary energy. These findings present a striking contrast with ethnographic reports of the Karimojong and related Turkana pastoralists in the mid- to late twentieth century. We argue that dietary change, particularly the lack of milk and butterfat in most households, is symptomatic of a weakened pastoralist sector—a consequence of the convergence of multiple external and internal stressors. We conclude that the disruption of the pastoralist system, the lack of sustainable alternatives, and the growing dependency on agriculture have set the Karimojong on a trajectory toward permanent impoverishment, compromising human adaptability and population resilience. [African pastoralists, livelihood change, dietary strategies]
Romeo and Juliet: Perceptions of Love of Stigmatized Relationships

We examined the connection between the perception of love and stigma in relationships and how much stigma needs to be present to elicit a heightened perception of love. Participants in the first study rated several relationships on the degree of stigma each one of them faced, and how much the individuals in each relationship loved each other—the perception of the Romeo and Juliet effect. In the second study, participants read a scenario of a male, gay relationship with various degree of stigma (none, one, two, or three sources), and rated how much the couple loved each other. The results suggest that there is a perception that the Romeo and Juliet effect exists, despite evidence that does not (Sinclair, Hood, & Wright, 2014). Individuals in relationships, which face stigma from multiple sources, are believed to love each other more than those with no stigma. Together, the results suggest that perceived stigma and love in a relationship are positively associated, which runs counter to better supported models of relationship satisfaction (Parks, Stan, & Eggert, 1983).
Using social media to promote medication adherence.

Poor medication adherence and depression interfere with the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, especially adolescent and young adult patients. For patients for whom clinic visits and education programs fail to improve adherence, novel social media-based interventions are demonstrating the ability to increase patient agency, self-efficacy, and adherence.
Linear and generalized linear mixed effects models

In Chapter 8 we learned about the concept of hierarchical modeling, a data analysis approach that is appropriate when we have multiple measurements within each of several groups. In that chapter, variation in the data was represented with a between-group sampling model for group-specific means, in addition to a within-group sampling model to represent heterogeneity of observations within a group. In this chapter we extend the hierarchical model to describe how relationships between variables may differ between groups. This can be done with a regression model to describe within-group variation, and a multivariate normal model to describe heterogeneity among regression coefficients across the groups. We also cover estimation for hierarchical generalized linear models, which are hierarchical models that have a generalized linear regression model representing within-group heterogeneity.
The Beijing Treaty on Free Expression: How Stopping Digital Piracy May Cost the World Free Expression

The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances grants, for the first time, international rights to performers to protect their work in an audiovisual medium. This is a step forward in protecting audiovisual media from international piracy or infringement, but comes at a cost. While performers’ economic rights are kept in check by fair use defenses (favored uses designed to promote the creation of new works) performers’ moral rights from the Beijing Treaty contain no counterbalancing defense. This Comment argues that without this counterbalancing defense, performers may assert these moral rights against other artists unchecked, consequently chilling the free expression that copyright laws are sup-
The relationship of flagellar length to sexual signalling in Chlamydomonas.

Abstract The flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardi are required for the initiation of mating between opposite mating type gametes. It has been suggested that flagellar length is a crucial factor in a cell's ability to transmit and receive the sexual signals necessary for fusion. Mating type + ( mt + ) cells of gam -5, a mutant which is characterized by variable length, paralyzed flagella, were mated with wild-type, mt − cells. Activation of the mating structures of the gam -5 gametes, and therefore successful signalling, was demonstrated for cells with flagella as short as 1.5 μm (less than 1/6 normal length). Because this mutant displays aberrant axonemal structures, and because various mutants with other defects in axonemal structure are also able to mate, it seems likely that the flagellar membrane may provide the main conduit for gametic sexual signals.
New Research Techniques for Studying the Functional Anatomy of Depression

The brain, the chief target organ for psychiatry, has up to now been studied through approaches that were necessarily indirect. Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, though valuable indicators of neurochemical and neuropharmacological activity, are removed in time and place from the disordered thought and diluted by the products of both functional and dysfunctional systems. New technologies are now making possible a specific regional approach to patients with the major psychoses. These include 133 Xe blood flow, EEG and evoked potential topography, X-ray transmission scanning (CAT or CT Scans), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET). These techniques so far have been more widely applied in schizophrenia than in affective illness, but competing regional hypotheses in dicate the need to apply these new regional approaches in depression.
The Impact of Cognitive Organizers and Technology-Based Practices on Student Success in Secondary Social Studies Classrooms.

This study investigated the impact of cognitive organizers, with the integration of technology, Inspiration 6 software, compared to a traditional textbook instruction format on content-area learnin...
Directional Toroidal Dipoles Driven by Oblique Poloidal and Loop Current Flows in Plasmonic Meta-Atoms

The toroidal dipole is an exquisite and untraditional electromagnetic mode, categorizing separately from the well-known conventional multipole group which can be robustly localized and squeezed in an extremely tiny spot. In optical subwavelength systems, such a dynamic mode, which can be particularly distinguished as a nonradiating charge-current configuration, manifests in a head-to-tail fashion. Here, going beyond conventional toroidal dipoles, we explained the possibility of the excitation of directional toroidal dipoles in plasmonic meta-atoms driven by controlling the oblique magnetic field and poloidal fluxes. This was done by utilizing an antisymmetric multipixel unit cell with strong toroidal response across the near-infrared band. We showed that the unique structural properties of the proposed asymmetric nanostructure lead to the formation of multiple directional toroidal modes with opposite oblique magnetic fields and reverse poloidal current flows. We envision that this understanding paves nove...
Valgus Knee Braces in Treating Patients With Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis: A Critically Appraised Topic

Clinical Question: What is the efficacy of valgus knee braces in treating pain in patients who have medial compartment osteoarthritis? Clinical Bottom Line: There is significant evidence to support...
Abstract WP236: Utility of the Los Angeles Motor Score in Predicting Large Vessel Occlusions

Background: Studies have documented the effectiveness of endovascular therapies in large vessel occlusions (LVO). Since not all primary stroke centers are capable of delivering endovascular care, e...