cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myzus persicae is Arrested More by Blends Than by Individual Compounds Elevated in Headspace of PLRV-Infected Potato

Volatiles from potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) infected with Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) attract and arrest the principal vector of PLRV, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), more strongly than volatiles from non-infected plants. The total concentration of volatiles detectable in the headspace of PLRV-infected plants is greater than that in the headspace of non-infected controls, and the relative composition is altered. To determine the basis of the aphid response to PLRV-infection-induced volatiles from potato, behavioral bioassays were conducted. We measured arrestment of aphids by individual components, by synthetic blends of these, and by a naturally occurring blend by using an emigration rate bioassay, and quantified observations of the behavior of individual aphids. The components tested were those elevated at least twofold in response to PLRV infection. Before conducting the behavioral bioassays, electroantennograms confirmed the electrophysiological responses of aphids to the components of the blend. For bioassays, individual compounds or blends were tested by applying them in solution to paper strips at concentrations designed to mimic those present in the headspace of the plants. All bioassays were conducted by placing aphids on fine-mesh screening positioned above treated paper strips. Arrestment was measured by placing groups of 30 aphids directly over the treated strips and counting the number moving away at 10-min intervals for 50 min. Among the individual compounds tested, only β-pinene was a mild arrestant. The other compounds did not elicit significant changes in arrestment or behavior at a range of physiologically relevant concentrations. In contrast, synthetic blends that mimicked the concentration and composition present in headspace of PLRV-infected potato plants arrested aphids significantly more strongly than blends mimicking volatiles from the headspace of non-infected plants. The naturally occurring blend collected from headspace of PLRV-infected plants also arrested M. persicae more strongly than the blend collected from headspace of non-infected plants. Aphid behavior was quantified by directly observing individual aphids and recording their activities during a 5-min period on screening above strips treated with test materials. Few differences in time budgets were observed among aphids exposed to individual components, but synthetic blends and trapped headspace volatiles from PLRV-infected plants resulted in significantly less time spent walking by aphids than synthetic blends and trapped headspace from non-infected controls. Our results indicate that arrestment of M. persicae by PLRV-infected plants requires the blend of volatile organic compounds released by these plants and is not produced in response to a single compound.
View‐angle consistency in reflectance, optical thickness and spherical albedo of marine water‐clouds over the northeastern Pacific through MISR‐MODIS fusion

[1] View-angle consistency in bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), optical thickness and spherical albedo is examined for marine water clouds over a region of the northeastern Pacific using six years of fused Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) data. Consistency is quantified by the root-mean-square of relative differences between MISR-measured BRF and their plane-parallel values and variation of plane-parallel retrieved optical thickness and spherical albedo across multiple view-angles. Probability distribution functions of consistency show that, for example, these clouds are angularly consistent within 5% in BRF, optical thickness and spherical albedo 72.2%, 39.0% and 81.1% of the time, respectively. We relate angular consistency to the spatial variability of nadir-BRF, thus allowing us to potentially identify, with a prescribed confidence level, which MODIS microphysical retrievals within the MISR swath meet the plane-parallel assumption to within any desired range in view-angle consistency.
Observing global ocean circulation with SEASAT altimeter data

Abstract A nondynamic algorithm for correcting the geo‐centric radius of the SEASAT orbit has been developed. This scheme reduces the satellite altitude error to a few decimeters and requires only weak a priori knowledge of sea surface undulations. Application has been made to a single three‐day period during which SEASAT took global altimeter measurements of sea surface topography with geographic resolution of 900 km at the equator. The resulting corrected SEASAT ephemeris then enabled computation of a sea surface largely free of the 2 to 7 m error that would otherwise arise from error in the ephemeris distributed with the SEASAT data. Subsequent subtraction of GEM L2 geoid heights from this sea surface has yielded ocean dynamic heights in reasonable qualitative and quantitative agreement with values obtained from oceanographic data. The fact that results of this quality could be obtained from only one three‐day arc of SEASAT data demonstrates the potential of satellite altimetry for determining global o...
A Ranging-Based Link Availability Routing Algorithm for MANETs

For the design of mobile ad hoc networks, particularly those consisting of low-cost devices, we propose a new routing algorithm, called ranging-based link availability routing (RBLAR). In order to reduce link breakages during data services, we propose a new link cost, i.e., the unavailability of a link. In order to reduce the cost and complexity of the implementation, we propose to use only ranging information in the link availability, in stead of complete localization information. Based on the new metrics, the routing is formulated as an optimal routing problem, for which a heuristic algorithm is developed. Simulation results have demonstrated that RBLAR significantly improves link connectivity by reducing link breaks and also network performance including packet delivery ratio and throughput, as compared to the existing routing algorithms.
Acousto-optic tomography with multiply scattered light

We have investigated the modulation of the optical field transmitted through a colloid of polystyrene spheres by a narrow quasi-cw ultrasound beam. Measurements of the scale dependence of the heterodyne modulation signal at the acoustic frequency are obtained for samples that are up to 140 scattering lengths thick. A calculation of the modulation signal predicts the possibility of tomographic imaging, which is confirmed experimentally.
Late season mobilization of trace metals in two small Alaskan arctic watersheds as a proxy for landscape scale permafrost active layer dynamics

Abstract Increasing air temperatures in the Arctic have the potential to degrade permafrost and promote the downward migration of the seasonally thawed active layer into previously frozen material. This may expose frozen soils to mineral weathering that could affect the geochemical composition of surface waters. Determining watershed system responses to drivers such as a changing climate relies heavily on understanding seasonal controls on freshwater processes. The majority of studies on elemental concentrations in Arctic river systems have focused on sampling only from spring snowmelt to the summer season. Consequently, there remains a limited understanding of surface water geochemistry, particularly with respect to trace metals, during late fall and early winter. To examine the variability of metal concentrations as a function of seasonality, we measured trace metal concentrations from spring melt to fall freeze-up in 2010 in two high Arctic watersheds: Imnavait Creek, North Slope, Alaska and Roche Mountanee Creek, Brooks Range, Alaska. We focused on aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). Concentrations of ‘dissolved’ (
Impacts of culture on driver knowledge and safety device usage among Hispanic farm workers

This study examines Hispanic migrant farm workers' driving behaviors and knowledge of the laws. These laborers worked and drove in California's agricultural region up to 8 months a year. Results are based on 167 face-to-face interviews conducted in Spanish at five labor camps and 126 observations conducted at these same camps in California. Most drivers were male licensed drivers (79%), who learned to drive at ages 8-14 in Mexico (42%). Those licensed in Mexico versus the US received more citations and unlicensed drivers were rated with poor driving skills. Drivers reported 'always' using seat belts (86%), yet admitted not buckling up within the previous 2 months. Observational data showed that only 37% used belts and 55% of drivers riding alone were belted. Reasons for non-use reflected cultural and economic issues and lack of effective media safety campaigns for this group. Most (75%) drivers with children (< 4 years) said they used child safety seats and others with 1+ children (< 4 years) used no safety seats (20%) or only one seat (53%). Observations showed that regardless of the number of riders aged 0-4, the number of car seats never exceeded one. In 66% of the cars where a single child was carried and where two children were carried, no car seats were used. In all of these cases there were other passengers and drivers who were not belted.
Hydrogen-Bonded Porphyrinic Solids: Supramolecular Networks of Octahydroxy Porphyrins

Symmetrically substituted octahydroxy porphyrins, tetrakis(3',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, H2T(3',5'- DHP)P, tetrakis(2',6'-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, H2T(2',6'-DHP)P, and their Zn(II) and Mn(III) derivatives have been developed as building blocks for supramolecular hydrogen-bonded networks. The crystal structures of a series of these porphyrins exhibit unique structural features through assembly of porphyrin networks by means of directional hydrogen bonding. The position of the peripheral hydroxyl groups, the choice of metallo- or free base porphyrin, and the nature of the solvate (i.e., guest) dramatically influence structural features. A one-dimensional, columnar structure is found for H2T(3',5'-DHP)P‚5EtOAc. With benzonitrile as solvate, the structure of H2T(3',5'-DHP)P‚7C6H5- CN changes substantially to a three-dimensional corrugated-sheet structure in order to accommodate a larger pore size. When the hydroxyl substituents are simply changed from the m- to the o-phenyl positions, an essentially two-dimensional layered structure is formed for H2T(2',6'-DHP)P‚4EtOAc. Zn(T(2',6'-DHP)P)(EtOAc)2‚2EtOAc has a two-dimensional layered structure, similar to that of its free base H 2T(2',6'-DHP)P interaction between the aryl rings of the adjacent layers. The crystal structures of both Zn(T(3 ',5'-DHP)P) and Mn(T(3',5'-DHP)P)(Cl) exhibited three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding features. Zn(T(3',5'-DHP)P)(THF)2‚2THF‚3CH2Cl2 has a three-dimensional interconnected layered structure with metalloporphyrins arranged in a slipped stack orientation within the layers. In the structure of Mn(T(3',5'-DHP)P)(THF)2‚Cl‚2THF‚5C6H5CH3, a chloride anion dictates the three-dimensional packing by bridging four metalloporphyrin molecules through Cl‚‚‚HO bonding interactions. In all of these structures, large solvate-filled channels are present with cross-sections as large as 42 A 2 . The pore volumes of these channels are exceptionally large: as much as 67% of the unit cell volume.
Multi-level modeling of light-induced stomatal opening offers new insights into its regulation by drought.

Plant guard cells gate CO2 uptake and transpirational water loss through stomatal pores. As a result of decades of experimental investigation, there is an abundance of information on the involvement of specific proteins and secondary messengers in the regulation of stomatal movements and on the pairwise relationships between guard cell components. We constructed a multi-level dynamic model of guard cell signal transduction during light-induced stomatal opening and of the effect of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) on this process. The model integrates into a coherent network the direct and indirect biological evidence regarding the regulation of seventy components implicated in stomatal opening. Analysis of this signal transduction network identified robust cross-talk between blue light and ABA, in which [Ca2+]c plays a key role, and indicated an absence of cross-talk between red light and ABA. The dynamic model captured more than 1031 distinct states for the system and yielded outcomes that were in qualitative agreement with a wide variety of previous experimental results. We obtained novel model predictions by simulating single component knockout phenotypes. We found that under white light or blue light, over 60%, and under red light, over 90% of all simulated knockouts had similar opening responses as wild type, showing that the system is robust against single node loss. The model revealed an open question concerning the effect of ABA on red light-induced stomatal opening. We experimentally showed that ABA is able to inhibit red light-induced stomatal opening, and our model offers possible hypotheses for the underlying mechanism, which point to potential future experiments. Our modelling methodology combines simplicity and flexibility with dynamic richness, making it well suited for a wide class of biological regulatory systems.
Color Doppler sonography in pyelonephritis

Renal sonography detects abnormality in only 40% of pediatric pyelonephritis. In eight patients shown to have acute pyelonephritis by99mTc DMSA renal cortical scintigraphy, five were found to have focal abnormalities of renal perfusion by color Doppler sonography in the same sites as the scintigraphic defects (sensitivity-63%). Two of the five patients had normal plain sonograms. False positive studies occurred in patients with documented chronic renal scarring. The specificity of vascular asymmetry was 70%. This preliminary report suggests that, particularly in the patient without pre-existing renal scarring, color Doppler evaluation of the renal vasculature may increase the sensitivity of sonography in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis in children.
Benzyl alcohol attenuates the pain of lidocaine injections and prolongs anesthesia.

background. Benzyl alcohol is reported to be painless on injection and to provide limited dermal anesthesia. Benzyl alcohol has also been recommended as an adjuvant to lidocaine to reduce lidocaine's injection pain. There is insufficient data on pain of injection and duration of anesthesia for lidocaine containing benzyl alcohol. objective. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded comparison of intradermal 1% lidocaine with 0.86% benzyl alcohol and piain 1% lidocaine for pain of injection and duration of anesthesia. methods. Twenty subjects received the above two agents plus normal saline with and without 0.9% benzyl alcohol, with all Solutions adjusted to 375 ± 13 mosm/L. results. Lidocaine containing benzyl alcohol was 27% less painful upon injection and provided anesthesia 29% longer than piain lidocaine. conclusion. Benzyl alcohol is itself an effective anesthetic and can reduce the pain of injection for lidocaine without adversely affecting its anesthetic properties.
Identification of metabolites of phenylacetic acid in rat brain by plasma desorption mass spectrometry.

Abstract Mass spectra of acyl hydroxamates may be obtained directly, without prior derivatization or gas chromatography, by the new technique of plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Authentic alkyl and aryl hydroxamates showed the expected protonated molecular ions when isobutane was used as the carrier gas. Advantage was taken of this novel technique to identify phenylacetyl-CoA and phenylbutyric acid in brain extracts obtained from young rats after a loading dose of phenylacetic acid. The formation of these metabolic products lends strong support to our suggestion that brain dysfunction induced by phenylacetic acid in experimental phenylketonuria may be due to decreased availability of CoA and acetyl-CoA in the rapidly developing brain.
Ultrahigh-speed DNA sequencing using capillary array electrophoresis chips

Capillary electrophoresis arrays have been fabricated on planar glass substrates using photolithographic masking and chemical etching. The photolithographically defined channel patterns were first etched in a glass substrate, and then capillaries were formed by thermally bonding the etched substrate to a second glass slide. High-speed separations of restriction fragment digests were performed on these chips in under 1 minute. Multiple separations in the same channel demonstrated excellent reproducibility. Rapid genetic typing of short tandem repeats on the HUMTHO1 locus have also been performed. Finally, separations with single- base resolution have been successful, indicating that these microfabricated devices will also be useful for high-speed DNA sequencing.
Collector's Guide to the Vesuvianite Group

All photos by the author from specimens in his collection The vesuvianite group presently consists of four minerals: vesuvianite, fluorvesuvianite, manganvesuvianite, and wiluite. Good crystals are...
Electrolytes and plasma volume regulation in hypovolemic shock.

Abstract The concept of hypovolemic shock and its effects on plasma volume were described in the 1700s. It has been left for more recent investigators to elucidate the role of plasma volume and its mechanisms of regulation and interaction with the interstitial and intracellular fluid spaces. These interactions are discussed, and a theraputic regimen of fluid administration based on a clinical classification of hypovolemic hemorrhagic states is presented. The merits and characteristics of the current fluids available for resuscitation are reviewed. The choices of fluid for resuscitation should be made with the overall goal of an efficient and effective restoration of circulating volume without producing excessive, avoidable, potentially harmful distortion of other organ systems and body fluid compartments.
Age of First Marine Terrace Near Santa Cruz, California

Five species of shallow neritic Pleistocene mollusks from a central California marine terrace give these Th 230 /U 238 ages: 88,000; 68,000; 76,000; 16,000; 100,000; 91,000 (from data in Blanchard and others, 1967). With one exception, the ages fall between 68,000 and 100,000 years. This broad grouping of ages, its general agreement with dates from elsewhere, and geologic evidence suggest that the sea was relatively high in central California sometime during this interval.
VTLOGANL: Coding and analyzing videotaped data

Researchers using videotape as a primary means of data collection need flexible yet easy-to-use procedures and equipment for the time-consuming task of coding and analysis. The VTLOGANL program (for VideoTape LOGging ANaLysis) slaves a video deck to the computer system, allowing the researcher to code, in real time, video-recorded events of either a pulsed or duration nature. VTLOGANL’s innovative database design frees the researcher to define up to 9,999 different codewords for each project, organizing any combination of up to 30 of those codewords for each elapsed second of logging time. Reporting features, including data export and import, allow the researcher to examine quickly questions of codeword frequency, event duration, sequencing, and overlap, according to the requirements of the research design.
Cognitive dysfunction in mania.

Abstract We tested 30 manics and 42 normal controls on a battery of neuropsychological tasks selected to assess regional cortical functioning in both cerebral hemispheres. Nearly half the manics exhibited moderate or severe global cognitive impairment, whereas no control showed more than a mild performance deficit. Compared with controls, manics showed a bifrontal, nondominant parietooccipital pattern of impairment, which was independent of age, gender, handedness, concentration, and reaction time. (In this sample, however, drug effects could not be assessed.) These findings confirm and extend prior studies.
To speculate or not to speculate

It is suggested that critical assessments of alloy phase diagram data should include speculative interpretation of phase equilibria. Examples of speculative data for the Cr−Ni−W and Al−Fe−Ni systems are given to illustrate this point of view.
Position Paper: The Importance of Experience with Industry in Software Engineering Education

This paper describes experiences and lessons learned at an ABET accredited software engineering program with respect to students at the undergraduate and graduate levels studying and/or researching the application of software engineering techniques. Examples of successful interactions are provided as well as the rationale for including industry experience. Disadvantages of such interactions are also included when appropriate.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A 16-year-old female with chronic autoimmune hemolytic anemia is presented. She was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis by clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the condition occurred after a systemic infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy remarkably improved the patient's neurologic deficit and resolved abnormalities evidenced on MRI. To our knowledge, this report is the first of a pediatric patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicated by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis that developed after an apparently successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis.
Effect of induced molting in laying hens on production and immune parameters

A total of 600 commercial strain (DeKalb) Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 80 wk of age, were used in this study to determine the effects of different induced molting programs on production and immune parameters. The hens were randomly divided into four treatment groups (three experimental and one control) of 150 hens each. The hens in the first treatment group were fed a layer ration containing 20,000 ppm of zinc for 5 d, and received a reduced photoperiod of 8 h/d for 5 d (Zn group). In the second group, feed was withdrawn for 10 d, the photoperiod was reduced to 8 h/d and oyster shell and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. At Day 11, hens consumed corn and oyster shell ad libitum until Day 30 and at Day 31, hens were returned to a full feed layer ration and received 16 h of light/d [California treatment (CAL group)]. In the third treatment, light was reduced to 8 h/d, and oyster shell was provided for ad libitum consumption until Day 60. Feed and water were removed for the first 2 d and on Days 4, 6, and 8. On Days 3, 5, 7, and 9, hens were fed 45 g of feed per hen. On Day 10 until Day 60, hens were fed 90 g/hen and at Day 61, hens were returned to the layer ration ad libitum and received 16 h of light/d [on-again, off-again program (ON-OFF group)]. The last group served as controls (CONT). Body weight, egg production, egg size, internal egg quality, shell weight, and mortality were determined. Total circulating leukocytes, differential leukocyte counts, and antibody production were also measured. The results demonstrated that induced molting significantly increased egg production from 64% to 77 to 83%, Haugh units from 80.4 to 85.9 to 87.3, and shell weight from 5.3 g to 6.3 to 6.4 g when compared to CONT. The body weight of the molted hens decreased significantly to 84.8, 74.5, and 88% of the initial body weight for Zn, CAL, and ON-OFF groups, respectively. The total circulating leukocytes was significantly lower in molted hens than in CONT hens. Differential leukocyte counts were affected by all induced molting programs and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased, reaching 0.61, whereas that of CONT was only 0.20. Antibody production was largely unaffected by any of the induced molting programs.
A Diagnostic Approach for Cerebral Palsy in the Genomic Era

An ongoing challenge in children presenting with motor delay/impairment early in life is to identify neurogenetic disorders with a clinical phenotype, which can be misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy (CP). To help dis- tinguish patients in these two groups, conventional mag- netic resonance imaging of the brain has been of great benefit in ''unmasking'' many of these genetic etiologies and has provided important clues to differential diagnosis in others. Recent advances in molecular genetics such as chromosomal microarray and next-generation sequencing have further revolutionized the understanding of etiology by more precisely classifying these disorders with a molecular cause. In this paper, we present a review of neurogenetic disorders masquerading as cerebral palsy evaluated at one institution. We have included represen- tative case examples children presenting with dyskinetic, spastic, and ataxic phenotypes, with the intent to highlight the time-honored approach of using clinical tools of history and examination to focus the subsequent etiologic search with advanced neuroimaging modalities and molecular genetic tools. A precise diagnosis of these masqueraders and their differentiation from CP is important in terms of therapy, prognosis, and family counseling. In summary, this review serves as a continued call to remain vigilant for current and other to-be-discovered neurogenetic masquer- aders of cerebral palsy, thereby optimizing care for patients and their families.
True, false, paranormal and ‘designated’?: a reply to Jenkins

Jenkins (2007) charges that the language advanced by Beall (2006) is either expressively impoverished, or inconsistent. We argue that Jenkins’s objections are based on unreasonably strong constraints on formal theories of truth. Our primary concern is not to defend the ‘paranormal’ framework advanced by Beall (2006), but to respond to a common – and implausible – ‘revenge’-style charge directed at a certain class of formal theories of truth and paradox. In §1, we outline Beall’s language; §2 outlines Jenkins’s main criticism and the resulting dilemma. In §3, we give our two-fold reply to Jenkins.
Neuropsychological Features of Indigent Murder Defendants and Death Row Inmates in Relation to Homicidal Aspects of Their Crimes

Neuropsychological features of 77 indigent murder defendants and death row inmates were examined in relation to criminal variables underlying their homicidal acts. Clinically, the sample was characterized by elevated rates of developmental disorders (49%), personality disorders (54%), Axis I psychiatric disorders (45%), substance abuse (86%), and history of violence (43%). By statute, killing more than one person is an aggravating factor in many jurisdictions that renders a murder defendant eligible for the death penalty. Individuals who committed a single murder were characterized by executive dysfunction, lower intelligence, slower speed of information processing, and a higher frequency of developmental disorders (58%), relative to those charged and/or convicted of killing two or more people, who were characterized by a significantly higher rate of personality disorders (79%) and a lower rate of developmental disorders (34%). Additionally, using the FBI criminal classification system for categorizing homicide by motive, a significant difference in the frequency of psychosis was found among subgroups associated with the following motives: Criminal enterprise; personal cause; and sex. The collective neuropsychological profile of the sample revealed that executive functions were significantly decreased, relative to memory functions, with over half of the sample (55%) demonstrating executive dysfunction.
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the assessment of degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine.

The intervertebral disc is characterized by a tension-resisting annulus fibrosus and a compression-resisting nucleus pulposus composed largely of proteoglycan. Both the annulus and the nucleus function in concert to provide the disc with mechanical stability. Early disc degeneration begins in the nucleus with proteoglycan depletion. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques have been developed to noninvasively quantify the earliest degenerative changes that occur within the disc. Our ability to identify and quantify these early biochemical changes will provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of disc degeneration and facilitate the study of interventions that aim to halt or reverse the degenerative process.
Brief clinical report: A genetic association between microcephaly and lymphedema

We discuss a family in which microcephaly and lymphedema are co-segregating as an apparently autosomal or X-linked dominant trait. A review of each malformation is presented with reference to the known genetic patterns of each. This combination of microcephaly and lymphedema may be a unique syndrome, previously undescribed because of subtleties of expression in affected individuals.
Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic hernia: diagnostic pitfalls.

CDH is a common congenital anomaly that occurs in 1 in 2000 to 5000 births. 1-5 In 90% of cases abdominal viscera herniate into the left hemithorax through the foramen of Bochdalek. 2 Less often, the abdominal viscera herniate into the right hemithorax. Rarely, defects in both hemidiaphragms or complete absence of the diaphragm occur. Prenatal diagnosis in these latter situations can be challenging but is important because the mass effect of bilateral lesions on the developing lungs leads to an extreme degree of pulmonary hypoplasia. Unfortunately, the usual findings used to detect fetuses with CDH may be absent, surprisingly subtle, or frankly confusing in this most extreme situation. We present two cases of prenatal sonography in fetuses with bilateral CDH. In the first case an erroneous diagnosis of unilateral CDH was made. The correct diagnosis was made in the second case. These cases illustrate the pitfalls leading to diagnostic error and the clues leading to a correct prenatal diagnosis.
Is the Category-Specific Deficit for Living Things Spurious?

Some neurological patients make more errors naming living than nonliving things. This is true even when the difficulty of naming living and nonliving things, as measured by the performance of normal subjects, is taken into account. Gaffan and Heywood (1993) argued that this apparently selective deficit for living things is spurious and offered an alternative explana tion of it in terms of the effect of noise on regression analyses. We report Monte Carlo simulations showing that, in two patients, the living things deficit cannot be accounted for this in this way. These simulations are more consistent with the claim that the recognition of living things depends on specialized mechanisms.
Apoptosis as a biomarker in chemoprevention trials

Monitoring apoptosis in histologic samples is becoming increasingly important as more effort is applied to the study of therapeutic modulators of cell death in tumors. The common methods used to monitor DNA fragmentation and cell morphology as markers of apoptosis have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Growing knowledge of the signaling events that occur during cell death has established the caspase enzymes as the central executioner proteases of apoptosis. The results of caspase activity generate neo-epitopes that occur only during apoptosis. Directly monitoring caspase-mediated events as markers of apoptosis offers advantages over existing assay methods. Recently, several new marker antibodies have been developed that detect active caspase enzymes or the products they produce. The possibility of using these new marker antibodies for monitoring prostate chemoprevention trials is presented in this review.
Polyflex self-expanding, removable plastic stents: assessment of treatment efficacy and safety in a variety of benign and malignant conditions of the esophagus

Background Historically, esophageal fistulas, perforations, and benign and malignant strictures have been managed surgically or with the placement of permanent endoprostheses or metallic stents. Recently, a removable, self-expanding, plastic stent has become available. The authors investigated the use of this new stent at their institution.
Identification, sequence, and expression of caveolin-2 defines a caveolin gene family

Caveolin, a 21- to 24-kDa integral membrane protein, is a principal component of caveolae membranes. Caveolin interacts directly with heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) and can functionally regulate their activity. Here, an approximately 20-kDa caveolin-related protein, caveolin-2, was identified through microsequencing of adipocyte-derived caveolin-enriched membranes; caveolin was retermed caveolin-1. Caveolins 1 and 2 are similar in most respects. mRNAs for both caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are most abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue and are induced during adipocyte differentiation. Caveolin-2 colocalizes with caveolin-1, indicating that caveolin-2 also localizes to caveolae. However, caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 differ in their functional interactions with heterotrimeric G proteins, possibly explaining why caveolin-1 and -2 are coexpressed within a single cell.
Mothers' Receipt of Social Support and their Psychological Well-Being Following Marital Separation

A sample of 144 separated women with children was used to examine the direct and buffering effects of social support on the relationship between stressful life change and their psychological well-being approximately 6 months following marital separation. The results indicated that the relationship between life change and psychological well-being was buffered by various aspects of social support. These aspects were the number of sources from which support was received, support from family and friends, and support that functioned to enhance self-esteem and provide social companionship. In addition, there was a direct, positive relationship between receipt of technical support and psychoemotional well-being.
Microencapsulation of Liquid Cyanoacrylate via In situ Polymerization for Self-Healing Bone Cement Application

Structural polymers are susceptible to accumulated damage in the form of internal microcracks that propagate through the material, resulting in mechanical failure. Self- healing approaches offer a solution to repair these damages automatically. The first generation self-healing material system includes a microencapsulated healing agent within a catalyst-embedded matrix. Propagating microcracks rupture the microcapsules, releasing the liquid healing agent into the damaged region. Catalyst-triggered polymerization of the released healing agent repairs the damage. Our research focuses on a similar approach for addressing “damage accumulation failure” of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement caused by microcrack initiation and propagation. In this study, polyurethane (PU) microcapsules containing a tissue adhesive, 2-octylcyanoacrylate (OCA) were synthesized using in situ interfacial polymerization of toluene-2,4-diisocynate (TDI) and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) through an oil-in-oil-in-water microemulsion (o/o/w). The process was optimized by studying different combinations of organic solvents, surfactants, temperatures, agitation rates, pH, and reaction times and their effects on microencapsulation were observed. Microcapsule surface morphology, size, shell thickness, encapsulated OCA viability, thermal degradation, and chemical structure of the microcapsule shell were evaluated using a stereoscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
3-D emitter localization using inhomogeneous bistatic scattering

The purpose of this work is to establish how a moving emitter can be localized by a passive receiver using inhomogeneous bistatic scattering. This is a novel localization technique that assumes no a priori knowledge of the location of the reflecting sources. The emitter parameters of range, heading, velocity, and altitude are estimated and the variances of the estimates are determined. The proposed estimator is successfully demonstrated using field data collected at White Sands Missile Range during the DARPA/Navy Mountaintop program.
Thermal aware automated load balancing for HPC applications

As we move towards the exascale era, power and energy have become major challenges. Some of the supercomputers draw more than 10 megawatts, leading to high energy bills. A significant portion of this energy is spent in cooling. In this paper, we propose an adaptive control system that minimizes the cooling energy by using Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling to control the temperature and performing load balancing. This framework, which is a part of the adaptive runtime system, monitors the system and application characteristics and triggers mechanism to limit the temperature. It also performs load balancing whenever imbalance is detected and load balancing is beneficial. We demonstrate, using a set of applications and benchmarks, that the proposed framework can control the temperature of the cores effectively and reduce the timing penalty automatically without any support from the user.
Sentiment profiles of multiword expressions in test-taker essays: The case of noun-noun compounds

The property of idiomaticity vs. compositionality of a multiword expression traditionally pertains to the semantic interpretation of the expression. In this article, we consider this property as it applies to the expression's sentiment profile (relative degree of positivity, negativity, and neutrality). Thus, while heart attack is idiomatic in terms of semantic interpretation, the sentiment profile of the expression (strongly negative) can, in fact, be determined from the strongly negative profile of the head word. In this article, we (1) propose a way to measure compositionality of a multiword expression's sentiment profile, and perform the measurement on noun-noun compounds; (2) evaluate the utility of using sentiment profiles of noun-noun compounds in a sentence-level sentiment classification task. We find that the sentiment profiles of noun-noun compounds in test-taker essays tend to be highly compositional and that their incorporation improves the performance of a sentiment classification system.
Childhood obesity and survival after in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that childhood obesity would be associated with decreased likelihood of survival to hospital discharge after in-hospital, pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: We reviewed 1477 consecutive, pediatric, CPR index events (defined as the first CPR event during a hospitalization in that facility for a patient RESULTS: Obesity was noted for 213 (17%) of 1268 subjects and underweight for 571 (45%) of 1268 subjects. Obesity was more likely to be associated with male gender, noncardiac medical illness, and cancer and inversely associated with heart failure. Underweight was more likely to be associated with male gender, cardiac surgery, and prematurity and inversely associated with age and cancer. Self-reported, process-of-care, CPR quality was generally worse for obese children. With adjustment for important potential confounding factors, obesity was independently associated with worse odds of event survival (adjusted odds ratio: 0.58 [95% confidence interval: 0.35–0.76]) and survival to hospital discharge (adjusted odds ratio: 0.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.38–0.93]) after in-hospital, pediatric CPR. Underweight was not associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood obesity is associated with a lower rate of survival to hospital discharge after in-hospital, pediatric CPR.
Two-surgeon technique of parenchymal transection contributes to reduced transfusion rate in patients undergoing major hepatectomy: Analysis of 1,557 consecutive liver resections

Background Blood transfusions are an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes after hepatectomy. In-hospital transfusions are still reported in one third of patients in major series. Data on factors affecting blood transfusions in large series of liver resection are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors predictive of blood transfusion in hepatectomies performed at a tertiary referral center. Methods Records of 1,477 patients who underwent 1,557 liver resections between 1998 and 2007 were reviewed. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for red cell transfusion was performed. Results Median intra-operative blood loss was 250 cc, and 30-day peri-operative red cell transfusion rate was 27%. On multivariate analysis, factors that significantly predicted increased red cell transfusion rates were female sex, pre-operative hematocrit 3 , simultaneous resection of other organs, major hepatic resection, use of the Pringle maneuver, and tumors >10 cm. Parenchymal transection technique was an independent risk factor for perioperative red cell transfusion; the usage of the 2-surgeon technique (combined saline-linked cautery and ultrasonic dissection) was associated with a lower transfusion rate than other techniques, including ultrasonic dissection alone, finger fracture, and stapling ( P Conclusion Although most factors that affect the red cell transfusion rate for liver resection are patient- or tumor-related, the parenchymal transection technique is under the surgeon's control. The decrease in transfusion rate associated with the use of the 2-surgeon technique emphasizes the important role of the hepatobiliary surgeon in determining outcomes after liver resection.
User aspects of electronic and mobile government: results from a review of current research

In this paper, the current literature was examined from the perspectives of usability and user aspects concerning electronic and mobile government (m-government) applications and services. The current and prospective application domains of e-government and m-government were analysed and current limitations were determined. Based on the literature, user interface design issues are highly significant for e-government and m-government success. Additionally, the prospects of e-government especially in healthcare area were very strong and due to the high number of conveniences it offered, m-government and corresponding user studies are expected to increase dramatically in the near future.
Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma.

We report the results of a phase 2 trial using lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) as initial therapy for myeloma. Thirtyfour patients were enrolled. Lenalidomide was given orally 25 mg daily on days 1 to 21 of a 28-day cycle. Dexamethasone was given orally 40 mg daily on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 of each cycle. Objective response was defined as a decrease in serum monoclonal protein level by 50% or greater and a decrease in urine M protein level by at least 90% or to a level less than 200 mg/24 hours, confirmed by 2 consecutive determinations at least 4 weeks apart. Thirty-one of 34 patients achieved an objective response, including 2 (6%) achieving complete response (CR) and 11 (32%) meeting criteria for both very good partial response and near complete response, resulting in an overall objective response rate of 91%. Of the 3 remaining patients not achieving an objective response, 2 had minor response (MR) and one had stable disease. Fortyseven percent of patients experienced grade III or higher nonhematologic toxicity, most commonly fatigue (15%), muscle weakness (6%), anxiety (6%), pneumonitis (6%), and rash (6%). Rev/Dex is a highly active regimen with manageable side effects in the treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma.
Psychotherapy: The Restoration of Morale

The author suggests that the primary function of all psychotherapies is to combat demoralization—which aggravates and is aggravated psychiatric symptoms—through restoring the patient's sense of mastery. All psychotherapeutic rationales and rituals perform this function despite differences in content. The author reviews the evidence consistent with this hypothesis, pointing out the potential implications for classification of candidates for therapy and for research on sources of the therapist's healing powers.
Using GIS to Support Multi-Objective Decision Making in Forest Management

This chapter is about a GIS-based multiple objective evaluation method that was implemented in a community in Southern Ghana to foster collaboration between local groups competing for forest resources. The study adopts decision support procedures available in Idrisi for Windows GIS to settle a dispute over allocation of forest resources. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of decision support techniques available in GIS. Thereafter, a case study illustrating the application of GIS in a multiple objective evaluation involving conflicting objectives is described. The chapter concludes with a review of contributions that GIS made to the dispute settlement process.
Metallurgical Effects of High Energy Rate Forming

The authors of preceding tutorial papers in this volume have discussed the physical nature of shock-wave propagation in solids, the experimental techniques involved, and some aspects of transient mechanical behavior. The purpose of the present paper is to consider, firstly, the application of stress and shock waves to the technology of material fabrication and processing, and secondly, to assess the ensuing effects on material properties.
Classifier Combination for Improved Lexical Disambiguation

One of the most exciting recent directions in machine learning is the discovery that the combination of multiple classifiers often results in significantly better performance than what can be achieved with a single classifier. In this paper, we first show that the errors made from three different state of the art part of speech taggers are strongly complementary. Next, we show how this complementatry behavior can be used to our advantage. By using contextual cues to guide tagger combination, we are able to derive a new tagger that achieves performance significantly greater than any of the individual taggers.
Dynamic Buckling of Shallow Arches

When a shallow arch is subjected to a symmetric dynamic load, this load becomes “critical” if a slight increase in the load magnitude leads to a sudden snap-through. Another form of instability occurs when a slight antisymmetric component in the load produces a sharply increasing antisymmetric response. Both forms of instability are investigated by means of a numerical procedure which introduces a finite element technique into an integro-differential equation formulation. Where applicable the results generally confirm previous results obtained elsewhere, but cover a broader range of problems and are believed to be more accurate.
Interaction of three factors in the closure of the ductus arteriosus.

SummaryIsolated rings of the ductus arteriosus of the guinea pig developed tension in response to changes in PO2 and transmural electrical stimulation. Increasing the initial tension potentiated the response to elevated PO2. In turn, an increase in PO2 potentiated the responses to transmural stimulation, and also tyramine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The three factors, O2, stretch of the vessel wall and autonomic innervation, may potentiate each other in their vasoactive effect during the initiation of ductal closure, secondary to the respiratory and cardiovascular changes occurring at birth.
The world system paradigm as general theory of development : A cross-national test

L'A. affirme que la theorie du systeme mondial se presente comme une des approches les plus pertinentes en ce qui concerne l'analyse comparative du developpement. Il s'efforce d'evaluer le bien-fonde de cette perspective en ce domaine. Il analyse un certain nombre de donnees collectees en 1993 dans 163 pays. Il examine pour chacun d'eux la place qu'il occupe au sein du systeme mondial, son degre de dependance, son niveau de developpement et de performance economique. Il tente de mettre a jour la structure de ce type de systeme