cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional recovery following transplants of embryonic brain tissue in rats with lesions of visual, frontal and motor cortex: problems and prospects for future research.

Abstract In animals, fetal brain tissue grafts into damaged adult host brain reduce some of the functional deficits caused by brain lesions. Although neurons from transplants survive and develop reciprocal connections with host brain tissue, such connections are generally not enough to replace damaged fibers completely and support behavioral recovery observed. Moreover, grafts never exhibit a normal morphological appearance as compared to adult tissue, but some metabolic activity is occasionally detected within the transplant. Release and/or diffusion of trophic substances from the transplant, in addition to those from the damaged host brain, may partially restore neuronal and behavioral functions especially after lesions of the visual cortex. In this case, it can be hypothesized that fetal transplants serve as “living mini-pumps”. In addition, there is evidence that the combination of trophic substances (e.g. GM1 gangliosides) and fetal brain transplant may provide a better opportunity for recovery than either treatment given by itself.
A Dynamic Model of the Effect of Online Communications on Firm Sales

Interpersonal communications have long been recognized as an influential source of information for consumers. Internet-based media have facilitated information exchange among firms and consumers, as well as observability and measurement of such exchanges. However, much of the research addressing online communication focuses on ratings collected from online forums. In this paper, we look beyond ratings to a more comprehensive view of online communications. We consider the sales effect of the volume of positive, negative, and neutral online communications captured by Web crawler technology and classified by automated sentiment analysis. Our modeling approach captures two key features of our data, dynamics and endogeneity. In terms of dynamics, we model daily measures of online communications about a firm and its products as contributing to a latent demand-generating stock variable. To account for the endogeneity, we extend the latent instrumental variable technique to account for dynamic endogenous regressors. Our results demonstrate a significant effect of positive, negative, and neutral online communications on daily sales performance. Failure to account for endogeneity results in a severe attenuation of the estimated effects. From a managerial perspective, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for communication valence as well as the impact of shocks to positive, negative, and neutral online communications.
The Role of Individual Oligosaccharide Chains in the Activities of the HN Glycoprotein of Newcastle Disease Virus

To explore the role of N-linked carbohydrate in the activities of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the six glycosylation addition sites (G1-G6) in the HN sequence of the AV strain of NDV were mutated. Migration of mutant protein on polyacrylamide gels as well as endoglycosidase H digestion of mutant protein showed that four of the addition sites (G1, G2, G3, and G4 at amino acids 119, 341, 433, and 481, respectively) are used while two (G5 and G6 at amino acids 508 and 538, respectively) are not used. Proteins expressed from single and all possible combinations of double and triple mutant DNAs as well as the unglycosylated molecule were characterized for the presence of specific antigenic sites, formation of disulfide-linked dimers, stability, transport to the cell surface, and biological activity. Results showed that glycosylation at positions G1 and G2 play little detectable role in the folding, stability, or transport of the molecule either singly or in combination with other mutations. Mutation of these sequons, however, significantly increased the cell attachment and fusion promotion activities of the protein, particularly in combination. Mutation of the glycosylation site at G4 either singly or in combination with other site-eliminating mutants inhibited the formation of the mature protein, while a mutation eliminating the addition site at G3 had a slight effect on the efficiency of folding, particularly in combination with mutation of the site G4. When normalized to surface expression, elimination of carbohydrate addition sites at G3 and G4 singly or in combination with other mutations depressed in particular the neuraminidase activity of the protein but not the fusion promotion activity. Thus two oligosaccharides do not have a detectable role in maturation but do modulate the biological activities of the protein. The other two oligosaccharides influence both folding and activity of the protein.
The effects of ethnicity, education and an informational video on pregnant women's knowledge and decisions about a prenatal diagnostic screening test

Prenatal screening for genetic disease and developmental disabilities is rapidly becoming a routine part of the management of low-risk pregnancies. Yet research on how to best inform pregnant women about these tests and their special ethical entailments remains sparse. We asked 130 low-risk pregnant women of diverse ethnic and social class backgrounds a series of questions about a prenatal test they had been offered within the previous 3 months. All had been given an informational booklet about the test at the time it was offered; about half also saw a video. We found that neither group of women retained much of the information they had received about the prenatal screening but that those who saw the video remembered more. Information-retention also varied significantly by ethnicity and level of education.
Multi-physics modeling for laser micro transfer printing delamination

Abstract Micro-transfer printing technology is rapidly emerging as an effective pathway for large-scale heterogeneous materials integration. In its basic embodiment, micro-transfer printing is used to deterministically transfer and micro-assemble prefabricated structures/devices, referred to as “ink,” from a donor substrate to a receiving substrate using a viscoelastic elastomer stamp, usually made out of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Laser Micro Transfer Printing (LMTP) is a laser-driven non-contact variant of the process that makes it independent of the receiving substrate's properties, geometry, and preparation. In this paper, an opto-thermo-mechanical model is developed to understand how the laser beam energy is converted to thermally-induced strains around the ink-stamp interface to initiate the ink delamination process. The opto-thermo-mechanical model is developed based on decoupling the optical absorption physics from the thermo-mechanical model physics. An optical absorption model for the laser beam energy absorbed by the ink is first developed and verified experimentally to estimate the heating rates of the ink-stamp system, which in turn are used as an input for a couple thermo-mechanical Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model. Further, high speed camera recordings for LMTP delamination are used to calibrate the thermo-mechanical model and verify its predictions. Besides providing a fundamental understanding of the delamination mechanism and the LMTP process capabilities, the developed opto-thermo-mechanical model is useful in selecting process parameters (laser pulse duration, stand-off distance), estimating the ink-stamp temperature rise during the LMTP process, and quantifying and decomposing the stresses at the ink-stamp interface to its main sources (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) mismatch and thermal gradient strains).
Proposed investigation of the density of electronic states in ionic solutions by tunneling at oxide coated electrodes

Summary An electrochemical tunneling experiment and its analysis are suggested in order to explore the effective electronic densities of states of ions in solution. The use of oxide coated electrodes permits an investigation over a broad energy range, since the width of the barrier may be adjusted to avoid mass transport limitations even when the charge transfer occurs from peaks in the density of states. Simultaneous measurements of the current and its derivative with respect to bias are shown to yield important temperature averaged information.
Toad carbonic anhydrase: purification of the enzyme from erythrocytes of Bufo marinus and comparison with the enzyme activity in the urinary bladder.

Abstract 1. 1. Two forms of carbonic anhydrase, having isoelectric points of 6.1 and 5.8, were purified from erythrocytes of the toad, Bufo marinus, and the presence of a third form, pI = 5.4, was demonstrated. 2. 2. Each of the two purified isozymes catalyzed the hydration of CO2 and the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl acetate esters at rates characteristic of Type C (or high-activity) forms of carbonic anhydrase. 3. 3. Both forms of the erythrocyte enzyme have similar molecular weights (approx 29,000), amino acid composition, sensitivity to acetazolamide, and kinetic properties. 4. 4. The epithelium of the toad's urinary bladder also was found to contain significant amounts of carbonic anhydrase, which appears by isoelectric focusing to be indistinguishable from the enzyme isolated from the erythrocyte.
Signal Transduction: Activation of the Guanylate Cyclase-Cyclic Guanosine-3' -5' Monophosphate System by Hormones and Free Radicals

Intracellular communication and transmission of messages for many hormones and free radicals occur after the hormones and free radicals bind to their receptors by enhancing the activity of guanylate cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate to the intracellular messenger cyclic guanosine-3'-5' monophosphate (cyclic GMP). The guanylate cyclase-linked receptors exist intracellularly (ie, cytoplasmic) and in membrane-bound forms. Enhancement of guanylate cyclase by hormones or free radicals increases intracellular cyclic GMP, which closes cation channels in the kidney while activating cation channels in the retina and olfactory cilia, either directly or by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Cyclic GMP also has potent blood pressure lowering properties. Cyclic GMP promotes growth by increasing DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Overactivity of this system is observed in Traveler's diarrhea, whereas underactivity occurs in Chediak-Higashi syndrome in which lysosomal enzyme release and chemotaxis are defective and can be corrected in vitro by addition of cyclic GMP.
Ferromagnetism at 300 K in spin-coated films of Co doped anatase and rutile-TiO2

Abstract Thin films of Ti1−xCoxO2 (x=0 and 0.03) have been prepared on sapphire substrates by spin-on technique starting from metalorganic precursors. When heat treated in air at 550 and 700 °C, respectively, these films present pure anatase and rutile structures as shown both by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Optical absorption indicate a high degree of transparency in the visible region. Such films show a very small magnetic moment at 300 K. However, when the anatase and the rutile films are annealed in a vacuum of 1×10−5 Torr at 500 and 600 °C, respectively, the magnetic moment, at 300 K, is strongly enhanced reaching 0.36μB/Co for the anatase sample and 0.68μB/Co for the rutile one. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature of these samples is above 350 K.
Algorithms for Differential Invariants of Symmetry Groups of Differential Equations

We develop new computational algorithms, based on the method of equivariant moving frames, for classifying the differential invariants of Lie symmetry pseudo-groups of differential equations and analyzing the structure of the induced differential invariant algebra. The Korteweg-deVries (KdV) and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equations serve to illustrate examples. In particular, we deduce the first complete classification of the differential invariants and their syzygies of the KP symmetry pseudo-group.
Investigation of Ash Deposition Rates for a Suite of Biomass Fuels and Fuel Blends

This investigation details the effects of the fuel constituents through systematic experimental and theoretical analysis of a suite of fuels with widely varying inorganic contents and compositions. The experiments were carried out in the multifuel flow reactor (MFR) at Brigham Young University. Fuels included straw, grain screenings, sawdust, sunflower shells, sugar beat pulp, and shea nutshells. Out of the six major fuels, two base fuels (straw and grain screenings) were mixed with the other four fuels in 1:1 ratio by weight. The data from a series of experiments quantitatively illustrated the effects of fuel properties and fuel interactions on ash deposition rate. In the deposition rate measurement investigation, the predicted results from a simple model of ash deposition assuming “no interactions” between fuels were compared with the measured results to demonstrate the fuel interactions. A significant decrease in ash deposition rate was observed for fuels blends in comparison with that of pure fuels (s...
Superhardness effect in Au/Ni multilayers

Abstract The presence of an enhanced hardness, that is, a ‘superhardness effect’, is found as a behavior parallel to the supermodulus effect in Au/Ni multilayer structures. The submicron-thick Au/Ni coatings are prepared by magnetron sputter deposition. A microindenter is used to measure load as a function of indentation depth. An increase in hardness is measured as the Au/Ni layer pair spacing decreases. A local maximum in hardness occurs for samples with layer pairs consisting of 4–6 atomic planes of each metal component.
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke: Epidemiology

The statistics for AFib are impressive. (online video available at: http://education.amjmed.com/video.php?event_id=445s AFib accounts for ≥15% of all strokes in the United States, 36% of strokes for individuals aged >80, and up to 20% of cryptogenic strokes, which means >100,000-125,000 embolic strokes per year, of which >20% are fatal. Patients with ischemic stroke and AFib are significantly (P<.0005) more likely to be chronically disabled, bedridden, and to require constant nursing care, particularly older patients (≥85 years). Prevention of these thromboembolic outcomes requires prophylactic anticoagulation therapy. The "gold standard" for anticoagulation has been warfarin, despite its well-known side effects and adherence challenges for patients. The recent approvals of several new, novel oral anticoagulation (NOAC) agents, however, presents physicians with a benefit/risk profile that represents an important advance over warfarin prophylaxis. The principal risk with all oral anticoagulants is bleeding. An important misconception about warfarin is that if anticoagulated patients bleed, the risk can be quickly reversed, but most trial experience has found that warfarin reversal requires 24 hours to halve the INR value. Reversal of anticoagulation with the NOACs is unproven at present; possible approaches are presented in this review, but since the NOACs have both rapid onsets of action and short biologic half-lives, they do not present the same reversal challenges as warfarin. Finally, physicians must be aware of thromboembolic risk assessment. The principal risk assessment scores are CHADS2, updated with the more recent CHA2DS2-VASc to provide more accurate assessment of low-risk patients; this review concludes with a novel flow-chart showing physicians how the CHADS2/CHA2DS2-VASc scoring systems can be used.
Assays of cinchona and nux vomica by microsublimation.

A method of isolating the alkaloids of cinchona and nux vomica is presented. The alkaloids are removed, by microsublimation powdered crude drug which has been treated with sodium carbonate. The procedure can be carried out quantitatively. When the results are compared with those obtained by official assay procedures, the microsublimation method gives results that more accurately represent the alkaloidal content.
Prostaglandin effect on the enzymatic sulfation of mucus glycoprotein in gastric mucosa.

Abstract The effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 (DMPGE 2 on the sulfation of mucus glycoprotein in gastric mucosa was investigated. The enzymatic activity which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfate ester group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to gastric mucus glycoprotein was located in the detergent extracts of Golgi-rich membrane fraction of antral and body mucosa of rat stomach. The sulfotransferase activity of this fraction from body mucosa, however, was 35% higher than that from the antrum. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at pH 6.8 using 0.5% Triton X-100 and 30 mM NaF. The apparent K m of the enzyme for sulfation of mucus glycoprotein was 10.5 μM, and the sulfate ester was found incorporated into the carbohydrate chains of the glycoprotein. Introduction of DMPGE 2 to the reaction mixtures led to an enhancement in the rate of mucus glycoprotein sulfation. The rate of enhancement was proportional to the concentration of DMPGE 2 up to 1.0 × 10 −4 M and was of the competitive type, with an apparent K m value of 6.7 μM. Since sulfated mucins play an important role in gastric mucosal defense and the increase in their sulfation occurred at levels of prostaglandin present in gastric mucosa, the observed effect may be of significance to gastric mucosal defense in vivo .
Quantum origin of quantum jumps: Breaking of unitary symmetry induced by information transfer in the transition from quantum to classical

Measurements transfer information about a system to the apparatus and then, further on, to observers and (often inadvertently) to the environment. I show that even imperfect copying essential in such situations restricts possible unperturbed outcomes to an orthogonal subset of all possible states of the system, thus breaking the unitary symmetry of its Hilbert space implied by the quantum superposition principle. Preferred outcome states emerge as a result. They provide a framework for 'wave-packet collapse', designating terminal points of quantum jumps and defining the measured observable by specifying its eigenstates. In quantum Darwinism, they are the progenitors of multiple copies spread throughout the environment - the fittest quantum states that not only survive decoherence, but subvert the environment into carrying information about them--into becoming a witness.
Screening cervical spine CT in the emergency department, phase 3: increasing effectiveness of imaging

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a clinical education initiative on the appropriate utilization of screening cervical spine CT in the emergency department. The purpose was to assess if clinical education can produce stricter adherence to the ACR Appropriateness Criteria and improve the utilization of screening CT examinations in the emergency department. Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study. All adult patients presenting to a level 1 trauma center with blunt trauma prompting screening cervical spine CT were eligible. For each study, the requesting clinician completed a survey selecting all clinical indications. CT examinations were evaluated by a board-certified radiologist blinded to survey data. Results were compared with retrospective and prospective studies performed before the institution of the education initiative. Results Of the 388 cervical spine CT examinations performed, 12 (3.1%) were positive for acute cervical spine injury, compared to only 1.0% before the clinical education program (phase 2). Of the 376 examinations without injury, 13% met all 5 National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study criteria for nonimaging (down from 16.1% in phase 2), and 15 (4%) required no imaging when both National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study and abbreviated Canadian cervical spine rule criteria were applied. Conclusions Implementation of a clinical education initiative resulted in improved adherence to ACR Appropriateness Criteria and improved clinical effectiveness of the studies by increasing fracture detection rate. Initiatives such as these could potentially influence imaging overutilization without burdening emergency department clinicians with excessive roadblocks to image ordering.
Job Satisfaction and Performance: The Moderating Effects of Value Attainment and Affective Disposition

Abstract The job satisfaction–performance relationship is one of the most frequently examined in the organizational sciences, yet one of the least successfully resolved. Research in the area of subjective well-being suggests that the experience of work is multifaceted (Diener, 1984). Acknowledging the complexity and perhaps multifaceted nature of the job satisfaction–performance relationship might lead to more fruitful efforts to understand the dynamics of this association. In this study, we hypothesized and found support for the contention that value attainment and affective disposition would demonstrate complex interactions with performance and satisfaction. The sample consisted of 270 managerial personnel of national hotel chains located across the United States. Three-way interactions demonstrated that the strongest positive relationship between job satisfaction and performance occurred when high value attainment was coupled with either high positive or low negative affective disposition. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
mRNA processing in the Trypanosomatidae.

Members of the Trypanosomatidae, which include the African trypanosomes, the American trypanosomes and the leishmanias, cause disease in vast proportions in man and his livestock and are a major detrimental factor to the social and economic well-being of the third world. Current research using the techniques of molecular biology has revealed two unusual types of mRNA processing in these protozoans; these are the addition of a shared leader sequence to the 5′ ends of nuclear mRNAs by a mechanism oftrans splicing, and the insertion and deletion of specific uridine residues in mitochondrial transcripts by RNA editing. The presence of these two mRNA processing pathways in the Trypanosomatidae has profound consequences for the organization and expression of their genetic information.
Sampling strategies for noncompartmental estimation of mean residence time

An optimization procedure is presented for selecting sample times for estimating mean residence time using noncompartmental data analysis. Performance of this experimental design strategy is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations of a model for digoxin kinetics. The contribution of measurement error to the overall expected error in MRT estimates is examined and its importance emphasized. Also, the sensitivity of the proposed experimental design strategy to required assumptions is investigated using the digoxin model, and the importance of accurate estimates of extrapolated areas is noted.
A [+18RGD] Protamine Variant for Nontoxic and Effective Reversal of Conventional Heparin and Low-Molecular- Weight Heparin Anticoagulation

Protamine sulfate reversal of heparin anticoagulation causes adverse side effects. Additionally, protamine sulfate is relatively ineffective at reversing factor Xa inhibition caused by low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH, Enoxaparin). Previously, a +18 compound partially reversed heparin and LMWH with minimal toxicity. In the present study, a new +18 protamine-like variant, [+18RGD], with an added RGD sequence [acetyl-EA(R2A2R2A)4R2GRGDSPA-amide], was compared to a previously developed compound, [+18BE,Acetyl-EAA-(K2A2K2A)4K2-Amide] and standard protamine [Prot +21] regarding the reversal of conventional unfractionated heparin (Hep) and LMWH. These three agents were given at 1 mg per 100 IU activity of Hep or LMWH rapidly over 10 sec. Hemodynamic toxicity was based on maximum declines in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption over the first 5 min after reversal (calculated as a total toxicity score, TTS). The more negative the TTS, the more toxic the agent. Degrees of toxicity (TTS) of [+18RGD], [+18BE],and[Prot +21] for reversal of Hep were -1.19, -2.00, and -7.32, respectively; and for reversal of LMWH they were -2.85, -3.98,and -6.17, respectively. These differences were significant for Hep (P < 0.01) and approached significance for LMWH (P = 0.07). Maximum hemodynamic perturbations paralleled the TTS pattern. [+18RGD] provided equal reversal efficacy to [Prot +21] for Hep, with a statistically significant (P < 0.05) lessening of platelet count declines (Plt 27, -46, and -55%, respectively). [+18RGD] improved reversal efficacy for LMWH, at 3, 10, and 30 min following its administration. At 3 min, antifactor Xa reversal was 72, 40, and 30%, respectively, for [+18RGD], [+18BE], and [Prot +21]; [+18RGD] effects were significantly better (P < 0.01). [+18RGD] reversed both Hep and LMWH anticoagulation with minimal toxicity. Such a compound should decrease clinical complications attending the use of standard protamine for reversal of conventional heparin or LMWH anticoagulation.
SINGLE-HOLE STATE IN THE HALF-FILLED HUBBARD MODEL : THE COUPLED-CLUSTER METHOD

Abstract We have investigated the ground state of a single hole in the half-filled Hubbard model on a 2D square lattice using the coupled- cluster method. In the strong-coupling limit we have obtained an analytical expression of the hole energy dispersion ϵ( k ) with several of its features consistent with earlier studies of the Hubbard model and t-J model. An appreciable discrepancy on the hole bandwidth is, however, found between the Hubbard model and the t-J model. We believe that this discrepancy is due to the absence of the three-site hopping term in the t-J model.
Acoustic emission as a measure of exposure of suspended cells in vitro

Abstract Cell viability, survival, and growth of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells were assayed by trypan blue dye exclusion, clonogenesis, and culturing, respectively, after exposure in suspension to therapeutic levels of ultrasound (1 MHz; continuous wave; spatial peak intensity 0.9, 1.7, and 2.6 W/cm 2 ; 5 min at 37°C). Acoustic emission from the cavitating cell suspensions was recorded as the rms value of the half-harmonic and noise components combined. Cell viability and survival appeared better correlated with acoustic emission than with spatial peak intensity, implying that acoustic emission may provide a more direct measure of insult to the cells in a cavitating field than the incident intensity. Biological assay results of growth were well correlated with spatial peak intensity but not with acoustic emission levels, which seems to imply that for this end point incident intensity is a more directly interacting parameter than cavitational activity, provided however that the latter is present. Further refinement of the technique for measuring acoustic emission from cell suspensions should permit separate measurements of the half-harmonic and noise components. When thus refined, it may provide the means to demonstrate cavitational action without resorting to additional experiments to suppress cavitation.
Relationships—Responsibilities, Once Removed and Ever Connected

The author explores her personal and professional intersections with the events of September 11th. This includes relationships and responsibilities existing in both spheres and the games she played filtering and isolating pieces of her life to protect herself. Not surprisingly, the author discovers that our personal and professional selves are inseparably intertwined. So in the end, she uses this bit of public space—in the aftermath of September 11th—to grieve for losses in both her worlds. She invites you to join in.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY APPLICATIONS: Past, Present & Future

(1991). LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY APPLICATIONS: Past, Present & Future. Liquid Crystals Today: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 4-6.
Design for Assembly Line Performance: The Link Between DFA Metrics and Assembly Line Performance Metrics

While Design for Assembly (DFA) has been a useful design tool, it is not explicitly linked to actual manufacturing line performance. The motivation for this research came from the desire to link DFA directly to line balance and cycle time performance. The natural question that arose was whether these issues could be considered at the design stage by using the metrics that are derived from a DFA analysis. It is known that the time required to assemble a product can be estimated from both a DFA analysis and from a manufacturing analysis. This work links these two analysis methods so that the manufacturing parameters can be estimated and used to guide the design of a product. Starting with a DFA analysis, the minimum number of workstations needed to balance the line that will maintain the production rate (takt time) and precedence constraints is determined. Then the precedence constraints are systematically relaxed in order to generate measures on a component-by-component basis as to the impact it could have on reducing cycle time and improving line balancing performance. These measures, coupled with an understanding of precedence types, are used to identify design improvements to a product. To illustrate how product designer can consider assembly line performance issues during the design stage of the product, the methodology has been applied to an ABS brake assembly.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Is there a role for small-diameter ureteral access sheaths? Impact on irrigant flow and intrapelvic pressures.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate irrigant flows and intrapelvic pressures with small-diameter access sheaths. Ureteral access sheaths improve irrigant flow and decrease intrarenal pelvic pressures during flexible ureteroscopy. However, no comparisons of individual sheaths have been conducted. Previous studies have demonstrated more favorable results with the 12F sheath than with the 10F sheath. Methods Ureteral access sheaths were tested ex vivo in porcine kidneys. An 18F angiocatheter was placed in the renal pelvis and connected to a Hewlett Packard Gauss Pressure transducer. Irrigant was maintained at 100 mm Hg pressure. Irrigant flow and intrapelvic pressures were measured with three flexible ureteroscopes at baseline and using each of four 10F sheaths, with the sheaths positioned in the middle ureter and the ureteroscopes positioned in the renal pelvis. The pressure at which irrigant efflux through the sheath occurred and the rate of irrigant efflux through the access sheath were measured. Results Intrapelvic pressures measured greater than 40 mm Hg, and irrigant flows remained at less than 15 mL/min when the Olympus URF-P3 and Storz 11274AAU flexible ureteroscopes were tested with all four sheaths. The intrapelvic pressures, irrigant inflow, and irrigant efflux with the Wolf 7325.172 (7.5F) flexible ureteroscope were optimized in combination with the Cook Peelaway 10F and Applied Access 10F sheaths. Conclusions Small ureteral access sheaths should be used only with the Wolf 7325.172 flexible ureteroscope. The Cook Peelaway (10F) and Applied Access (10F) sheaths offered the greatest increase in irrigant flow and decrease in intrapelvic pressures.
A Loading Problem in Process Type Production

Given a set {di} of continuous rates of demand for n products, the associated costs, unit processing times, and set-up times, and given N different types of processors with possibly more than one processor per type, it is desired to determine the single-stage production pattern under the constraint that only EMQ's are manufactured. An LP is formulated to which we apply the decomposition principle and generate a nonlinear programming problem in integer variables as a subproblem to be generated at each iteration. This subproblem is solved by dynamic programming approach.
Stability of free convection flow over a vertical uniform flux plate.

1) For given H the heat transfer decreases when the viscoplastic effect, i.e., yQB, rises, whereas it increases with (a -{j#i) for given yOB. This means that the magnetic field can "control" the heat exchange, operating in the inverse way of the dynamic gradient (a + fti). 2) When a magnetic field is applied, the first-order contribution of cf becomes explicitly dependent on B, rather than only on Re /(a -f fa) (as in the nonmagnetic case), and increases with B. This is a significant effect of the magnetic field whose presence makes the contributions of cf also of the first order affected by the viscoplastic behavior. Such influence is increasing with //, and it results in
REGIONAL ALFALFA YIELD, ETc, AND WATER VALUE IN WESTERN STATES

Alfalfa hay yield, yield-consumptive use ratio (Y/ETc), and hay price across a range of rainfall and evapotranspiration conditions of the western states is evaluated to determine alfalfa hay water value or benefit. Included is a determination of long-term mean values and variability of yield, Y/ETc ratios, and associated irrigation water values. These are compared with published hay water-use efficiencies, production, and water costs. Available rainfall, reference evapotranspiration ET0 , hay yields, and prices for counties in Arizona (1987- 1999), California (1998-1999), and Idaho (1993-1999) were used. Alfalfa hay Y/ETc ratios decrease with in- creasing ETc , although their variability increases with increasing ETc . The greatest Y/ETc ratios (16-17 kg/ha- mm) and irrigation water values IW $( IW$ = $2,800-$3,000/ha-m), with relatively moderate variability, are associated with an irrigation water IW requirement of ;800 mm, reflecting a combination of relatively high hay values, ETc , and beneficial rain. Although this IW$ is twice that of water delivery prices below the California delta and is comparable with average municipal water costs of $4,000/ha-m for large western cities, the average is nearly 1/3.
Gamma ray energy standards below 100 keV

Abstract The energies of 10 gamma rays between 26 and 100 keV have been precisely determined with a Cauchois-type bent-crystal spectrometer. These values provide precise energy standards for low energy gamma-ray spectroscopy.
QCD constraints and the shell model

Abstract Constraints suggested by QCD on boson exchange models of nuclear interactions are implemented as medium dependent corrections. The embedding of the boson-exchange approach as an effective theory, valid up to momenta Λ χ SB ⋍ 1 GeV , within QCD is discussed.
A dynamic programming approach for agent’s bidding strategy in TAC-SCM game

Intelligent agents have been developed for a number of e-commerce applications including supply chain management. In trading agent competition for supply chain management (TAC SCM), several manufacturer agents compete in a reverse auction in order to sell assembled computers to customers. The manufacturer agent’s tasks include acquiring supplies, selling products and managing its local manufacturing process. The agent decide whether to accept an arriving bid in order to maximise its long-term expected profit. In this paper, we use dynamic programming to provide a pricing strategy for the TAC SCM. We consider a competition between an individual manufacturer agent and other automated agents in TAC SCM. The experiment results show that this strategy improves the agent’s revenue significantly comparing to several other heuristics in the current practice. This approach can also be applied to similar bidding problems in other e-commerce applications.
Tunicamycin enhances the antiviral and anticellular activity of interferon

The inhibitory effects of interferon on virus multiplication and cell growth are significantly enhanced by treatment with tunicamycin. Potentiation of antiviral activity was found only with enveloped viruses and not with nonbudding viruses. Changes in the plasma membrane of treated cells may account for this effect, since enveloped viruses bud from the cell surface as a terminal step.
Invasion success of cogongrass, an alien C4 perennial grass, in the southeastern United States: exploration of the ecological basis

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) is considered one of the worst invasive species in the world. The species is readily adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions and upon invasion reduces forest productivity, alters nutrient cycling, and threatens native species biodiversity. This paper explores seven major ecological hypotheses (Propagule Pressure Hypothesis, Natural Enemies or Enemy Release Hypothesis, Empty Niche Hypothesis, Invasional Meltdown Hypothesis, Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis/Superior Competitor Hypothesis, Novel Weapons Hypothesis, and Diversity—Invasibility (Elton’s) Hypothesis) that explain the invasiveness of cogongrass in the southeastern United States. Information gathered from this review can be used to reduce the spread of cogongrass and is applicable for control of other invasive species as well.
EXTRINSIC REWARD VALENCES AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BUSINESS FACULTY: A WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DECISION MODELING EXPERIMENT

The valences of six extrinsic rewards that can accrue to business faculty members were investigated. A decision modeling experiment was designed with 16 different hypothetical reward situations to ...
BodyExplorerAR: enhancing a mannequin medical simulator with sensing and projective augmented reality for exploring dynamic anatomy and physiology

BodyExplorerAR is a system designed to enhance a learner's ability to explore anatomy, physiology and clinical interventions though naturalistic interaction with an augmented reality enhanced full-body mannequin simulator. We are developing a platform that integrates projective AR and multi-modal sensor inputs. A user can use an IR pen to open, resize and move viewports providing windows into the body that can display dynamic anatomy. The user can point to an organ and display additional information such as graphs of physiological parameters or heart sounds. Custom sensing systems provide natural interactions with common medical devices such as syringes, breathing tubes and catheters. A user can open a window displaying the beating heart in situ, display an electrocardiogram (ECG), then inject drugs and see and hear changes in heart rate. Our goal is an engaging experience that empowers a learner to create customized, media-rich explorations revealing the internal consequences of external actions.
Motivating Millennials: Improving Practices in Recruiting, Retaining, and Motivating Younger Library Staff

Abstract Working with younger staff and student employees can be a challenge for library supervisors in a multigenerational workplace. Because members of the Millennial Generation have different work expectations, managers need to adjust to best meet their needs. By surveying its five hundred student employees, Brigham Young University's Harold B. Lee Library has learned ways to avoid miscommunication due to generational differences and to better supervise and motivate student employees. The purpose of this paper is to explore the library survey results and results from other national surveys, and to share what was learned from student employees about the Millennial Generation within the library community.
Managed Care and Medical Education: Hard Cases and Hard Choices.

As managed care becomes more and more dominant in U.S. health care, it is coming into conflict with medical education. There are historical reasons for this: medical education traditionally excluded physicians who chose to work in health plans, and for profit managed care has tended to avoid subsidizing medical education. In order to improve the climate, three changes are necessary: medical education must understand the tense history of discord between the two; distinctions must be made between responsible and irresponsible managed care plans; and medical educators should not assume they own the moral high ground. Arrogance, a gross oversupply of physicians and especially specialists, scandals and fraud, an often callous attitude toward the poor, and other sins can be laid at medical education's door. The worse threat for both sides is that the public and payers could simply abandon both, leading to underfunding for health professions education, a society that does not trust its health care system, and the loss of superb teaching organizations. To prevent this, managed care and medical education should work together to solve several difficult problems: how to shrink the medical education infrastructure; how to report honestly the uses to which medical education funds are put; and how to identify and end irresponsible behavior on the part of health plans and medical education entities alike. If the two sides can exercise leadership in these areas, they will be able to protect and enhance the singular place of honor that medical education holds in this society.
Reproducibility of the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett esophagus: A reaffirmation

Morphologic assessment of dysplasia in Barrett esophagus, despite limitations, remains the basis of treatment. We rigorously tested modified 1988 criteria, assessing intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. Participants submitted slides of Barrett mucosa negative (BE) and indefinite (IND) for dysplasia, with low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and with carcinoma. Two hundred fifty slides were divided into 2 groups. The first 125 slides were reviewed, without knowledge of the prior diagnoses, on 2 occasions by 12 gastrointestinal pathologists without prior discussion of criteria. Results were analyzed by κ statistics, which correct for agreement by chance. A consensus meeting was then held, establishing, by group review of the index 125 slides, the criteria outlined herein. The second 125-slide set was then reviewed twice by each of the same 12 pathologists, and follow-up κ statistics were calculated. When statistical analysis was performed using 2 broad diagnostic categories (BE, IND, and LG v HG and carcinoma), intraobserver agreement was near perfect both before and after the consensus meeting (mean κ = 0.82 and 0.80). Interobserver agreement was substantial (κ = 0.66) and improved after the consensus meeting (κ = 0.70; P =.02). When statistical analysis was performed using 4 clinically relevant separations (BE; IND and LGD; HGD; carcinoma), mean intraobserver κ improved from 0.64 to 0.68 (both substantial) after the consensus meeting, and mean interobserver κ improved from 0.43 to 0.46 (both moderate agreement). When statistical analysis was performed using 4 diagnostic categories that required distinction between LGD and IND (BE; IND; LGD; HGD and carcinoma), the pre-consensus meeting mean intraobserver κ was 0.60 (substantial agreement), improving to 0.65 after the meeting (P <.05). Interobserver agreement was poorer, with premeeting and postmeeting mean values unchanged (κ = 0.43 at both times). Interobserver agreement was substantial for HGD/carcinoma (κ = 0.65), moderate to substantial for BE (κ = 0.58), fair for LGD (κ = 0.32), and slight for IND (κ = 0.15). The intraobserver reproducibility for the diagnosis of dysplasia in BE was substantial. Interobserver reproducibility was substantial at the ends of the spectrum (BE and HG/carcinoma) but slight for IND. Both intraobserver and interobserver variation improved overall after the application of a modified grading system developed at a consensus conference but not in separation of BE, IND, and LGD. The criteria used by the group are presented. HUM PATHOL 32:368-978. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Perinatal survival with expectant management of midtrimester rupture of membranes

A retrospective study of 70 patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes before 26 weeks of gestation was performed. The purpose of this study was to examine the perinatal outcome and the potential maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with this obstetric condition. The mean gestational age at diagnosis of rupture of membranes was 23.7 weeks. The latency period ranged from 24 hours to 60 days with the mean being 12 days. There was no correlation between gestational age at rupture of membranes and latency period. Seventy-one infants were delivered. The perinatal survival was 63%. Sixty-eight percent of the survivors had normal neurological and physical development at 1-year follow-up. Amnionitis developed in 43% of patients. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in the neonates was 52%. Betamethasone did not appear to reduce this incidence. The perinatal survival in patients with midtrimester rupture of membranes appears to be improving with the advancements in neonatal care of the extremely premature infant.
Improved strategies for postoligomerization synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides bearing structurally defined adducts at the N2 position of deoxyguanosine.

Improved methodology has been developed for preparation of oligodeoxynucleotides bearing adducts on the N2 position of guanine in which the adduction reaction is carried out in homogeneous solution rather than while the oligonucleotide is immobilized on a solid matrix. The methodology utilizes a new synthon, 2-fluoro-O6-(trimethylsilylethyl)-2‘-deoxyinosine (3). Nucleoside 3 is stable to the conditions of oligonucleotide synthesis, but the O6 protection is eliminated under very mild conditions following displacement of the 2-fluoro group by amine nucleophiles. Oligonucleotides containing 3 could be removed from the solid support by treatment with 0.1 M NaOH (8 h, rt) without disruption of 3. Reaction of the crude, partially deprotected oligonucleotide with (R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol in homogeneous solution, followed by removal of the remaining protective groups with NH4OH (60 °C, 8 h) and then 0.1% acetic acid, gave the adducted oligonucleotide in good purity and yield. Alternatively, fully deprotected o...
The Unpacking Effect in Evaluative Judgments: When the Whole is Less than the Sum of its Parts

Any category or event can be described in more or less detail. Although these different descriptions can reflect the same event objectively, they may not reflect the same event subjectively. Research on Support Theory led us to predict that more detailed descriptions would produce more extreme evaluations of categories or events than less detailed descriptions. Four experiments demonstrated this unpacking effect when people were presented with (Experiments 1 and 4), generated (Experiment 2), or were primed with (Experiment 3) more rather than less detailed descriptions of events. This effect was diminished when the details were less personally relevant (Experiment 4). We discuss several psychological mechanisms, moderators, and extensions of the unpacking effect.
Effects of L-asparaginase on protein and glycoprotein synthesis

The anti-neoplastic enzyme L-asparaginase inhibits the growth of certain malignant cells by interference with cell nutrition [ 1,2] . We have recently reported [3] that Lasparaginase inhibits the incorporation of labeled L-fucose and D-glucosamine into glycoproteins of L5 178Y murine leukemia cells. Three questions arise with respect to this finding: 1) Is the inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis a consequence of a general inhibition of all protein formation? 2) Can the observed results be explained on the basis of the known glutaminase activity [4] of asparaginase preparations? 3) Is glycoprotein formation inhibited by L-asparaginase in cell lines resistant to the anti-neoplastic action of the enzyme? In the present study, we have provided evidence to indicate that L-asparaginase preferentially inhibits glycoprotein formation in asparaginase-sensitive cell lines in a manner unrelated to the glutaminase activity of the enzyme. For this study, we have employed the L5 178Y murine leukemia, which has an absolute requirement for L-asparagine, in culture [5] , and a subline, L5 178Y/ASP, derived from L5 178Y by selection for asparaginase resistance. Incorporation of labeled L leucine, L-fucose and D-glucosamine into protein and glycoprotein was measured, and the inhibitory effects of L-asparaginase were compared with those of cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis [6]. LAsparaginase inhibited incorporation of fucose and glucosamine into L5 178Y glycoproteins as rapidly as did cycloheximide, but inhibited incorporation of leucine into proteins less rapidly than cycloheximide. The inhibitory action of the enzyme was not related to contaminating glutaminase activity, during short-term incubations. Asparaginase did not effect protein and glycoprotein formation by L5 178Y/ASP cells, except at very high enzyme levels.