cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retirement as a Process of Active Role Transition

Occupational retirement looms as a social fact for many workers in industrialized countries. And with the continuing development of public and private pension programs and increased longevity and health, the number of retired workers is constantly growing. As an aggregate, the occupationally retired will be an important political and economic force, and they also will represent a pool of considerable talent and expertise. But retirement is not only a societal phenomenon; it also is a significant personal event in the lives of workers. Up to the time of retirement, the work role is a central role in the lives of many people. Not only is it a means for obtaining a variety of rewards and gratifications, but it also structures day-to-day behavior, provides status and social interaction, and generally shapes the nature of the worker’s life style as a whole. Given these considerations, the transition from the work role to the retirement role—whether in fact or in anticipation—is likely to instigate a period of adaptation on the part of the retiree. But exactly how people make the transition from work to retirement is, as yet, a poorly understood process.
Chapter 15. Quinolone Antibacterial Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent developments on therapeutically useful anti-bacterial quinolone. The biochemical target of quinolones is the procsryotic enzyme DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase. In an energy requiring process, bacterial DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils into circular duplex DNA. Mutants selected in vitro for resistance to one quinolone generally show cross-resistance to other quinolones but not to other classes of antibiotics. Quinolone resistance can also occur from reduced cellular permeability; mutants of this type can show cross-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Norfloxacin (NOR) is less active than other quinolones against ureaplasma and shows only moderate activity against Chlamydia trachomatis . Ciprofloxacin (CIP) shows the same relative spectrum of activity as other fluoroquinolones, but is generally the most potent member of this class. Enoxacin (ENO) shows essentially the same spectrum in vitro as NOR, with NOR being somewhat more potent. The in vitro spectrum and potency of pefloxacin (PEF) is similar to that of NOR, but shows slightly better activity against gram-positive cocci and B. fragilis . The in vitro potency of ofloxacin (OFL) is comparable to NOR against members of the Enterobacteriaceae . Amifloxacin (AMI) has an l-methylamino function reported to be an ethyl equivalent. Rosoxacin (ROS) has good in vitro activity against common urinary pathogens with less activity against the gram-positive cocci . Miloxacin (MIL) is 4- to 8-fold more potent in vitro than NAL AM-833 has in vitro activity similar to NOR except it is more potent vs. S. aureus . CI-934 is generally more potent in vitro than AMI or OFL vs. gram-positive cocci .
A Formal Approach for Efficient Navigation Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Long Trips.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are gaining popularity due to their economic efficiency as well as their contribution to green management. PHEVs allow the driver to use electric power exclusively for driving and then switch to gasoline as needed. The more gasoline a vehicle uses, the higher cost is required for the trip. However, a PHEV cannot last for a long period on stored electricity without being recharged. Thus, it needs frequent recharging compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Moreover, the battery recharging time is usually long, which leads to longer delays on a trip. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a flexible navigation management scheme along with an efficient recharging schedule, which allows the driver to choose an optimal route based on the fuel-cost and time-to-destination constraints. In this paper, we present a formal model to solve this PHEV navigation management problem. The model is solved to provide a driver with a comprehensive routing plan including the potential recharging and refueling points that satisfy the given requirements, particularly the maximum fuel cost and the maximum trip time. In addition, we propose a price-based navigation control technique to achieve better load balance for the traffic system. Evaluation results show that the proposed formal models can be solved efficiently even with large road networks.
Moving eDNA surveys onto land: Strategies for active eDNA aggregation to detect invasive forest insects.

The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys to monitor terrestrial species has been relatively limited, with successful implementations still confined to sampling DNA from natural or artificial water bodies and soil. Sampling water for eDNA depends on proximity to or availability of water, whereas eDNA from soil is limited in its spatial scale due to the large quantities necessary for processing and difficulty in doing so. These challenges limit the widespread use of eDNA in several systems, such as surveying forests for invasive insects. We developed two new eDNA aggregation approaches that overcome the challenges of above-ground terrestrial sampling and eliminate the dependency on creating or utilizing pre-existing water bodies to conduct eDNA sampling. The first, "spray aggregation," uses spray action to remove eDNA from surface substrates and was developed for shrubs and other understorey vegetation, while the second, "tree rolling," uses physical transfer via a roller to remove eDNA from the surface of tree trunks and large branches. We tested these approaches by surveying for spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, a recent invasive pest of northeastern USA that is considered a significant ecological and economic threat to forests and agriculture. We found that our terrestrial eDNA surveys matched visual surveys, but also detected L. delicatula presence ahead of visual surveys, indicating increased sensitivity of terrestrial eDNA surveys over currently used methodology. The terrestrial eDNA approaches we describe can be adapted for use in surveying a variety of forest insects and represent a novel strategy for surveying terrestrial biodiversity.
Expanding the space of protein geometries by computational design of de novo fold families

Abstract Naturally occurring proteins use a limited set of fold topologies, but vary the precise geometries of structural elements to create distinct shapes optimal for function. Here we present a computational design method termed LUCS that mimics nature’s ability to create families of proteins with the same overall fold but precisely tunable geometries. Through near-exhaustive sampling of loop-helix-loop elements, LUCS generates highly diverse geometries encompassing those found in nature but also surpassing known structure space. Biophysical characterization shows that 17 (38%) out of 45 tested LUCS designs were well folded, including 16 with designed non-native geometries. Four experimentally solved structures closely match the designs. LUCS greatly expands the designable structure space and provides a new paradigm for designing proteins with tunable geometries customizable for novel functions. One Sentence Summary A computational method to systematically sample loop-helix-loop geometries expands the structure space of designer proteins.
Machine learning accurate exchange and correlation functionals of the electronic density.

Density functional theory (DFT) is the standard formalism to study the electronic structure of matter at the atomic scale. In Kohn–Sham DFT simulations, the balance between accuracy and computational cost depends on the choice of exchange and correlation functional, which only exists in approximate form. Here, we propose a framework to create density functionals using supervised machine learning, termed NeuralXC. These machine-learned functionals are designed to lift the accuracy of baseline functionals towards that provided by more accurate methods while maintaining their efficiency. We show that the functionals learn a meaningful representation of the physical information contained in the training data, making them transferable across systems. A NeuralXC functional optimized for water outperforms other methods characterizing bond breaking and excels when comparing against experimental results. This work demonstrates that NeuralXC is a first step towards the design of a universal, highly accurate functional valid for both molecules and solids. Increasing the non-locality of the exchange and correlation functional in DFT theory comes at a steep increase in computational cost. Here, the authors develop NeuralXC, a supervised machine learning approach to generate density functionals close to coupled-cluster level of accuracy yet computationally efficient.
Multicohort Analysis of Publicly-available Monocyte Expression Data Identifies Gene Signatures to Accurately Monitor Subset-specific Changes in Human Diseases

Monocytes and monocyte-derived cells play important roles in the regulation of inflammation, both as precursors as well as effector cells. Monocytes are heterogeneous and characterized by three distinct subsets in humans. Classical and non-classical monocytes represent the most abundant subsets, each carrying out distinct biological functions. Consequently, altered frequencies of different subsets have been associated with inflammatory conditions, such as infections and autoimmune disorders including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and, more recently, COVID-19. Dissecting the contribution of different monocyte subsets to disease is currently limited by samples and cohorts, often resulting in underpowered studies and, consequently, poor reproducibility. Public transcriptomes provide an alternative source of data characterized by high statistical power and real world heterogeneity. However, most transcriptome datasets profile bulk blood or tissue samples, requiring the use of in silico approaches to quantify changes in the levels of specific cell types. Here, we integrated 853 publicly available microarray expression profiles of sorted human monocyte subsets from 45 independent studies to identify robust and parsimonious gene expression signatures, consisting of 10 genes specific to each subset. These signatures, although derived using only datasets profiling healthy individuals, maintain their accuracy independent of the disease state in an independent cohort profiled by RNA-sequencing (AUC = 1.0). Furthermore, we demonstrate that our signatures are specific to monocyte subsets compared to other immune cells such as B, T, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells (AUC = 0.87~0.88, p<2.2e-16). This increased specificity results in estimated monocyte subset levels that are strongly correlated with cytometry-based quantification of cellular subsets (r = 0.69, p = 6.7e-4). Consequently, we show that these monocyte subset-specific signatures can be used to quantify changes in monocyte subsets levels in expression profiles from patients in clinical trials. Finally, we show that proteins encoded by our signature genes can be used in cytometry-based assays to specifically sort monocyte subsets. Our results demonstrate the robustness, versatility, and utility of our computational approach and provide a framework for the discovery of new cellular markers.
Performance Analysis of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Diabetes and Breast Cancer Dataset

Machine learning has been very helpful in the early prediction of the fatal diseases such as cancer and diabetes for their timely treatment. The different supervised techniques such as linear regression, logistic regression, and decision tree, GaussianNB, SVC, Perceptron, MLPClassifier, Random Forest, Bagging Classifier, Gradient Boosting Classifier, Adaboost Classifier and Kneighbours Classifier have been used to predict breast cancer and diabetes. A comparison of various machine learning algorithms on the basis of parameters such as accuracy, precision, recall, MSE and f1-score has been done in this paper. It was seen that for the diabetes dataset the Logistic regression gave the best precision rate and best accuracy of 75.32% and the GaussianNB Classifier has the best recall, and the least MSE value. The best F1-score was obtained by GaussianNB and Gradient Boosting algorithms. For the breast cancer dataset SVC gave the best accuracy of 96.67% and highest precision, F1 score and the least MSE and MAE, the linear regression classifier has the best recall.
Automated Retinal Layer Segmentation in CLN2-Associated Disease: Commercially Available Software Characterizing a Progressive Maculopathy.

Purpose CLN2-associated disease is a hereditary, fatal lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive brain and retinal deterioration. Here, we characterize the inner and outer retinal degeneration using automated segmentation software in optical coherence tomography scans, providing an objective, quantifiable metric for monitoring subtle changes previously identified with a validated disease classification scale (the Weill Cornell Batten Scale). Methods This study is a retrospective, single-center cohort review of images from examinations under anesthesia in treatment-naive patients with CLN2-associated disease. Automated segmentation software was used to delineate retinal nerve fiber, ganglion cell layer (GCL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness measurements in the fovea, parafovea, and perifovea based on age groups (months): 30 to 38, 39 to 45, 46 to 52, 53 to 59, 60 to 66, and 67 or older. Results Twenty-seven eyes from 14 patients were included, with 8 serial images yielding 36 interpretable optical coherence tomography scans. There was a significant difference in parafoveal ONL thickness between 39 to 45 and 46 to 52 months of age (P = 0.032) not seen in other regions or retinal layers. Perifoveal ONL demonstrated a difference in thickness between the 60 to 66 and greater than 67 months age cohorts (P = 0.047). There was strong symmetry between eyes, and high segmentation repeatability. Conclusions Parafoveal ONL thickness represents a sensitive, early age indicator of CLN2-associated degeneration. Outer retinal degeneration is apparent at younger ages than inner retinal changes though in treatment-naive patients all retinal layers showed significant differences between 60 to 66 and more than 67 months of age. Translational relevance This study establishes sensitive, quantitative biomarkers for assessing retinal degeneration in a large cohort natural history study in anticipation of future clinical trials.
Beyond the Donas: Recovering the Role of Farmers, Petty Traders, and Enslaved Women in Benguela in the 19th Century

This paper focuses on the history of female commoners in Benguela in the nineteenth century. It uses parish records to unveil sectors of the society that tend to be invisible in the history of Angola, such as farmers, poor women who acted as vendors in the urban centers, and particularly enslaved women. While some attention has been paid in the historiography to female merchant elites (the so-called donas) and political leaders in Angola (like queen Nzinga), the lives of the poor and enslaved women has been neglected. Parish records provide information on the lives of women who did not leave written records and did not call attention of Portuguese authorities. They offer glimpses of the social and gender relations and the complexities of social mobility in the small urban center of nineteenth-century Benguela. In particular, my paper examines cases from the marriage, baptism, and burial records from Benguela to explore how women built their families, established social networks, created new kinship ties, and expressed their identity. In the process they claimed new social and economic positions in the colonial setting. Identities were constantly renegotiated in Benguela and participation in the Christian community opened up new opportunities and spaces for women.
Harmony and Dissonance at the Intersections of International Human Rights Law

We live in a time when fundamental rights are frequently pitted against each other. During this pandemic, for example, recognized human rights such as the right to work and the right to health vie for primacy and recognition. Within the United Nations (UN) human rights system, there are ten human rights treaties, each with its own treaty body or “Committee” that claims to offer the most authoritative interpretation of its corresponding treaty. Rather than resolving contests for primacy, this arrangement often generates conflicting interpretations of certain human rights. This Article is the first to shed light on conflicts between treaty bodies’ interpretations within the UN human rights system and to confront the question of how to resolve such conflicts at the intersections of international human rights law. The Article analyzes three case studies of such conflicts: 1) clashing interpretations relating to a child’s right to live with a family; 2) the right to life, reproductive access, and disability-selective abortion; 3) and involuntary detention and the right to liberty and security. These conflicts of interpretation matter to individuals seeking clarification of potential legal claims, as well as to legislators and regulators seeking to draft legislation to comply, or to evade compliance, with human rights standards. This Article then argues that secondary rules of interpretation are unlikely to resolve these conflicts, as they avoid necessary contests of meaning. Even with the uncertainties that enduring conflicts create, they are preferable to rules of resolution favoring uniformity and systemic integration, as the related risk is either the hegemonic elevation of majoritarian interests or the elevation of possibly biased perspectives. This Article thus proposes pragmatic institutional design tools to promote dialogue and engage each conflict in a context-specific fashion. Mitigating the conflicts between treaties in this way will help optimize the object of all international human rights law treaties.
Administrators of Out Patient Surgery (OPS), Operating Room (OR), Clinics

Administration of outpatient, operating room, or outpatient surgical services requires clear and consistent information provided to staff. CEV-ules are used for staff to create content they would like their team members to access. Here the example is the author’s content providing staff details on the expectations for smooth running of a newly formed outpatient specialty clinic.
Other Domains Varying in Salience

So far, I have covered several life domains: work life, material life, social life, family life, marital life, health life, and leisure life. I have described the psychology of well-being in the context of these domains. These domains can be viewed as highly salient to the vast majority of people. In other words, the sense of overall well-being is very much dependent of the sense of well-being in the aforementioned domains. There are other domains that may play an important role the subjective aspects of QOL, but these tend to vary in salience. Examples include spiritual life, political life, national life, environmental life, and educational life. Some people tend to engage in activities that make these domains highly salient and hence contribute significantly to one’s overall sense of well-being. In other words, these domains are not universal in their impact on subjective well-being. They tend to impact some people, not others. This chapter is devoted to these domains that are less universal.
Connection conditioning: architecture-independent support for simple, robust servers

For many network server applications, extracting the maximum performance or scalability from the hardware may no longer be much of a concern, given today's pricing - a $300 system can easily handle 100 Mbps of Web server traffic, which would cost nearly $30,000 per month in most areas. Freed from worrying about absolute performance, we re-examine the design space for simplicity and security, and show that a design approach inspired by Unix pipes, Connection Conditioning (CC), can provide architecture-neutral support for these goals. By moving security and connection management into separate filters outside the server program, CC supports multi-process, multi-threaded, and event-driven servers, with no changes to programming style. Moreover, these filters are customizable and reusable, making it easy to add security to any Web-based service. We show that CC-enhanced servers can easily support a range of security policies, and that offloading connection management allows even simple servers to perform comparably to much more complicated systems.
The Implications of Legislative Power: State Constitutions, State Legislatures, and Mid-Decade Redistricting

In the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court's splintered decision in 2006 in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, future federal constitutional challenges to mid-decade redistricting appear to be dead on arrival. Yet, experience demonstrates that state constitutions may provide a viable alternative source for meaningful limits on the ability of states to engage in mid-decade redistricting. Indeed, in combination with constitutional language indicating the time at which redistricting should occur, the plenary nature of state legislative power compels the conclusion that state legislatures generally lack the power to engage in mid-decade redistricting. Many state supreme courts, including those of South Dakota and Colorado, have already reached this conclusion. This Note contends that other state courts should similarly interpret their constitutions to require redistricting after the national census and before the ensuing general election, and to prohibit redistricting at any other time.
Common structures of the 5' non-coding RNA in enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Thermodynamical stability and statistical significance.

Abstract A total of 4051 suboptimal secondary structures are predicted by folding the 5′ non-coding region of ten polioviruses, five human rhinoviruses and three coxsackieviruses using our new suboptimal folding algorithm for the prediction of both optimal and suboptimal RNA secondary structures. A comparative analysis of these RNA secondary structures reveals the conservation of common secondary structure that can be supported by phylogenetic data. The thermodynamic stability and statistical significance of these predicted, conserved helical elements are assessed and significant structure motifs in the 5′ non-coding region are proposed. The possible roles of these structure motifs in the virus life cycle are discussed.
A Visual Guide to United States v. Windsor: Doctrinal Origins of Justice Kennedy’s Majority Opinion

After finding the Court had jurisdiction, Justice Kennedy’s majority opinion in United States v. Windsor reached the merits and concluded that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was in violation of the Fifth Amendment. In his dissent, Justice Scalia attacked the majority’s doctrinal reasoning on the merits as “nonspecific handwaving” that invalidated DOMA “maybe on equal-protection grounds, maybe on substantive due process grounds, and perhaps with some amorphous federalism component playing a role.” This Visual Guide is a “doctrinal map” that responds to Scalia’s accusation by charting the doctrinal origins of Justice Kennedy’s majority opinion. Specifically, the map shows how both equal protection and substantive due process doctrine have contributed to a constitutional jurisprudence that affirms the rights of same-sex couples. Moreover, the map also takes the sting from Justice Scalia’s complaints in Windsor that the majority failed to ask under substantive due process whether same-sex marriage was a right “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition” and also failed to clearly articulate a “tier of scrutiny” when considering whether DOMA violated equal protection. As analysis of the opinions represented in the map demonstrates, the Court has long applied tests other than Scalia’s when conducting both substantive due process and equal protection review. Indeed, Kennedy’s doctrinal approach is consistent with precedent and the particular doctrinal traditions advanced by Justices Douglas, Brennan, and Blackmun. This Visual Guide is a single-page PDF “poster” designed to serve as quick reference and teaching tool.
Investigating links between climate and orography in the central Andes: Coupling erosion and precipitation using a physical‐statistical model

Prior studies evaluated the interplay between climate and orography by investigating the sensitivity of relief to precipitation using the stream power erosion law (SPEL) for specified erosion rates. Here we address the inverse problem, inferring realistic spatial distributions of erosion rates for present-day topography and contemporaneous climate forcing. In the central Andes, similarities in the altitudinal distribution and density of first-order stream outlets and precipitation suggest a direct link between climate and fluvial erosion. Erosion rates are estimated with a Bayesian physical-statistical model based on the SPEL applied at spatial scales that capture joint hydrogeomorphic and hydrometeorological patterns within five river basins and one intermontane basin in Peru and Bolivia. Topographic slope and area data were generated from a high-resolution (∼90 m) digital elevation map, and mean annual precipitation was derived from 14 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42v.7 product and adjusted with rain gauge data. Estimated decadal-scale erosion rates vary between 0.68 and 11.59 mm/yr, with basin averages of 2.1–8.5 mm/yr. Even accounting for uncertainty in precipitation and simplifying assumptions, these values are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than most millennial and million year timescale estimates in the central Andes, using various geological dating techniques (e.g., thermochronology and cosmogenic nuclides), but they are consistent with other decadal-scale estimates using landslide mapping and sediment flux observations. The results also reveal a pattern of spatially dependent erosion consistent with basin hypsometry. The modeling framework provides a means of remotely estimating erosion rates and associated uncertainties under current climate conditions over large regions. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Can an ideal quantum "controlled-NOT" gate maintain coherence?

Summary form only given. A "controlled-NOT" (CNOT) gate is an elementary building block for an ideal quantum computer. The key advantage of a quantum computer lies in its capability to operate coherently when the quantum bits are in a superposition state of the basis states. In this paper, we closely analyze the operation of an ideal quantum "controlled-NOT" logic gate.
New Biofuels Industry: Biomass Availability and Supply Chain

Biomass Availability This was addressed through both oral presentations and posters. An update was given on the Billion-Ton Resource Assessment report by Bob Perlack. The original report was published in 2005 and estimated the current and potential availability of biomass feedstocks. The potential was projected as approximately 1.3 billion tons and was what might be reasonably available around midcentury when large-scale biorefineries are likely to exist. The report emphasized primary sources of forestand agriculture-derived biomass such as logging residues, fuel treatment thinnings, crop residues, and perennially grown grasses and woody crops. These primary sources have the greatest potential to supply large sustainable quantities of biomass. Since publication of the Billion-Ton Resource Assessment, follow-up efforts have focused on updating the results, disaggregating the resource potential to counties and fine spatial scales, examining how the resource potential is affected by environmental sustainability, and answering questions involving what feedstocks will be used, when will they be used, what will be the costs, and what will be the economic impacts. Answers to these latter questions are focused on nearer-term time periods coincident with implementation of the Energy Independence and Security Act. Michael Blaylock highlighted corn stover as a potential biomass feedstock for cellulosic ethanol. Currently grown on more than 93 million acres in the USA and annually yielding 300 million tons of biomass that could produce up to about 25 billion gallons of cellulosic ethanol, its planting, cultivation, and harvesting costs can be shared with a popular cash Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2009) 154:268–270 DOI 10.1007/s12010-009-8612-1
A LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF IGFBP-3 CONCENTRATION IN NORMAL BOYS

Recent data indicate the serum concentration of IGFBP-3 (the major post-natal IGF binding protein) may be clinically important in some pathophysiologic states. Existing cross-sectional data suggest an ontogeny exists for IGFBP-3, with levels increasing with age and peaking during puberty. To investigate the pattern of change in IGFBP-3 within individuals, and expand understanding of this potentially important component of the human GH axis, the IGFBP-3 level was determined in 309 serum saitples obtained from 23 boys over 4.1-6.4 yrs as they progressed through puberty (assayed at Endocrine Sciences). IGFBP-3 conc. ranged from 1.7 to 7.0 mg/L. Though there was a general trend of rising IGFBP-3 conc. with age (intrasubject r=0.33, P<.001), values within individuals often fluctuated unpredictably. However, intrasubject variability was signif. less than that present in the larger population (CV=19.8±1%vs26%, p<.001). Within individuals, IGFBP-3 level correlated with growth velocity (r=0.38, p<.001). For all data, IGFBP-3 conc. correlated with BA (r=0.43), testosterone conc. (r=0.31) and height SDS (r-0.26; all p<.001). We conclude that the serum concentration of IGFBP-3 follows the general trend of an increase with age and pubertal stage suggested by previous cross-sectional studies. There is significant fluctuation over time within individuals suggesting some caution when using this as a diagnostic tool though the range of this intra-individual variation is tighter than that of the larger “normal” range.
Self-service technology effectiveness: the role of design features and individual traits

Self-service technologies (SSTs), such as in-store kiosks, are increasingly prevalent and becoming a critical component of marketing. Researchers and practitioners alike have recognized the need to understand the effectiveness of these computer-based innovations for self-services—in particular, how to strengthen customers’ perceived control over and evaluations of SSTs. Drawing on the resource-matching theory and the technology-based services and self-services literature, the authors hypothesize the interactive effects of two SST design features—namely, comparative information and interactivity—on customers’ perceived control and interface evaluations. The authors then propose that the interaction pattern is further moderated by two individual traits: prior experience and technology readiness. The hypotheses are tested in two separate computer-based experiments with representative samples of the general U.S. population in a shopping environment. The findings support the hypotheses, enhancing knowledge in this emerging domain and providing important implications for managers and researchers.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 241*

Abstract Nuclear structure information from decay and reaction experiments pertaining to nuclei with mass number A = 241 is compiled, evaluated, and compared with theory where possible. The level schemes which seem best in the light of the data and theoretical ideas available at this time are presented and discussed. Arguments for spin, parity, and Nilsson state assignments for the levels are given. The adopted level and decay properties are based on data received prior to March 1971.
Synthetic analogs of the ristocetin binding site: Neutral, multidentate receptors for carboxylate recognition

Abstract A new family of receptors for carboxylates has been developed based on the multidentate recognition strategy of ristocetin. Particularly strong binding is seen with receptors that employ hydroxyl binding sites.
Growth of gold thin film dendrites on graphite substrates

Abstract Not usually observed in thin films and providing an interesting example of crystal growth, dendritic particles found in thin films of gold, vapor deposited on vacuum-cleaved graphite crystals at substrate temperatures of 100°C or lower, were examined using electron microscopy and diffraction. Two types of dendrites could be distinguished on the basis of their branch geometries and directions. Other observations were made and considered, and include which double position orientation a given branch assumes, transitions from one branch type to the other, variations in branch morphology with changes in local particle density, and preferential nucleation and growth from heterogeneities in the substrate. A model based on interface stability and whether the particles are growing in a two- or three-dimensional manner is described which explains the general results.
Cortical Ultrasound Velocity as an Indicator of Bone Status

Normative population data are reported here for velocity of ultrasound in tibial cortical bone in a population-based sample of both men and women (n=371). The cortical measurement is highly precise with reproducibility of the order of 0.5%. As with heel and patellar trabecular velocity, tibial cortical velocity declines with age from the fourth through the ninth decades. The rate is 1.7 m/s per year in men and 4.1 m/s per year in women. Tibial cortical velocity values correlate with patellar velocity and with forearm mineral, with correlation coefficients ranging from + 0.46 to +0.54 in women and +0.27 to +0.43 in men (P<0.002 for all). Tibial velocity averaged 77–104 m/s lower (2–3%: equal to about 1 SD of the young adult normal distribution) in individuals with a history of low-energy appendicular fractures (P<0.05), and the difference remained significant after adjusting for age. However, there were no perceptible differences in tibial velocity for those with and without vertebral fractures. Odds ratios derived from logistic regression showed an approximate twofold increase in likelihood of low-energy appendicular fracture for every standard deviation decrement in velocity. Comparison of tibial velocity with patellar velocity and forearm density in the same individuals revealed tibial velocity to be more strongly associated with appendicular fractures than patellar velocity for women and about the same for men, and less strongly associated than patellar velocity for vertebral fractures. We conclude that tibial cortical velocity provides useful information about bone status in populations at risk for osteoporosis, and seems particularly well suited for assessing appendicular fracture risk.
The art of software estimation pattern language

In this paper we present, in pattern form, some of the best practices of software estimation. These patterns are primarily targeted at software engineers, developers, quality assurance engineers, and the like, who are regularly required to provide estimates for development projects and tasks of various sizes and complexities.
A population-based estimate of the prevalence of behavioral risk factors among adult cancer survivors and noncancer controls.

Abstract Background Behavioral risk factors have significant biomedical and psychosocial effects for cancer survivors. Representative data on the prevalence of a wide range of behavioral risk factors among cancer survivors are lacking. Methods We used data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey to examine the prevalence of smoking, physical inactivity, dietary risk factors, being overweight, risky alcohol use, and sun protection behaviors among a sample of 32,346 adults, 1646 of whom were cancer survivors. Results With the exception of smoking, there were few differences in age-stratified behavioral risk factor prevalences between cancer survivors and noncancer controls. Among the cancer survivors, there were few differences in behavioral risk factor prevalence rates for survivors of different cancers. Exceptions included a high rate of current smoking for cervical and uterine cancer survivors. The prevalences of physical inactivity, dietary risk factors, and being overweight were relatively high across cancer types, whereas the prevalence of risky drinking was particularly low. Conclusions This study provides benchmark estimates of the prevalence of multiple cancer-related behavioral risk factors among U.S. cancer survivors. The results reveal considerable opportunities for behavioral risk factor interventions among cancer survivors. We discuss implications of the results and outline directions for future research.
Chain−Chain Interaction between Surfactant Monolayers and Alkanes or Alcohols at Solid/Liquid Interfaces

Sum-frequency surface vibrational spectroscopy was used to study chain conformation of self-assembled surfactant monolayers at various quartz/alkane and quartz/alcohol interfaces as a function of surfactant surface density and chain lengths of both surfactant and alkane or alcohol molecules. We found that, in comparison with fully packed monolayers such as octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) on glass or alkanethiols on gold, the chain conformation of loosely packed monolayers is considerably more sensitive to their environment. With sufficiently high surfactant surface density and sufficiently long chain lengths of both surfactant and alkane, the chain−chain interaction between surfactant and alkane molecules can effectively eliminate all the gauche defects initially present in the surfactant chains. With alkanes replaced by alcohols the hydrophobic effect appears to be dominant, as the alcohol molecules like to form a hydrogen-bonding network at an interface with the hydroxyl groups facing the surfactant mono...
A note on Mill's theory of international values

Abstract This note provides an algebraic formulation of the analysis contained in section 7 of John Stuart Mill's chapter on international values. It is shown that Mill's results can be obtained as the solution to a pair of nonlinear programming problems. In addition, an error in Mill's analysis regarding the post-trade terms of exchange is pointed out.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS AND CRUMB RUBBER IN HOT-MIX ASPHALTS

A method was developed to analyze quantitatively the amount of polymer in polymer-modified hot-mix asphalts (HMA). The polymers used were styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 mass percent in asphalt. The aggregates used were granite, gravel, and limestone. The procedure involved removing the polymer-modified asphalt from the aggregate by using tetrahydrofuran extraction and then analyzing the modified asphalt for polymer content with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. In addition, an FTIR analysis procedure was developed for crumb rubber in HMA; this procedure used the same FTIR method used for SBR and SBS. Previous research reported individual calibration lines for a given polymer in several different asphalt cements. Quantitation of the polymer content involved developing a calibration line for each polymer-modified asphalt. The effect of combining the data for a given polymer in three different asphalts into one universal calibration line was evaluated.
BIVARIATE RELATIONS IN NEARLY STATIONARY HIGHWAY TRAFFIC

This paper demonstrates that reproducible bivariate relations exist among traffic variables, such as flow and occupancy, when traffic conditions are approximately stationary. The inspection of cumulative curves of vehicle arrival number and vehicle occupancy has revealed that sustained periods of nearly stationary conditions do arise in the traffic stream. By plotting average values of the data corresponding to each nearly stationary condition, well-defined relations are observed. These scatterplots of near-stationary data are contrasted with plots of data that were measured over consecutive time intervals of fixed duration and this reveals that data from certain conditions do not necessarily fall on a curve describing near-stationary traffic.
Mass redistribution by atomic mixing in sputter depth profiling

Abstract A fundamental limitation to the depth resolution of sputter depth profiling in near surface analysis is ion-impact-induced atomic mixing. The quantitative predictions of a recent theoretical model of atomic mixing during ion impact are compared with experimental in-depth secondary ion profiles of originally abrupt mass distributions. A numerical method is presented which accurately accounts for the redistribution of material under conditions of a depth dependent “diffusion-like” transport and surface erosion.
Therapeutic evaluation of minocycline and tetracycline for mixed anaerobic infection in mice.

Minocycline has demonstrated greater in vitro activity against anaerobic bacteria than its parent compound, tetracycline. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs was tested against a mixed anaerobic infection in a mouse model. Fusobacterium necrophorum plus F. nucleatum injected intraperitoneally produced progressive intrahepatic and occasional extrahepatic abscesses, which were measured at autopsy. Three treatment regimens were tested, single daily doses of antibiotic being administered by oral gavage: four doses begun at 2 or 24 h after challenge and 14 doses begun 3 weeks after challenge when abscesses were well developed. Autopsy was not performed until several weeks after completion of treatment to assess long-term effects. Based on the number of mice without lesions, the median effective dose (ED 50 ) in milligrams per kilogram per dose for minocycline was significantly lower than that for tetracycline with each regimen tested. With the 2-h (immediate therapy) regimen and the 24-h-delayed therapy regimen, minocycline was 30 and 6 times, respectively, more effective against hepatic abscesses than tetracycline on a weight basis. With each antibiotic, abscesses outside the liver were more resistant to therapy, although again minocycline was more effective. In the treatment of developed abscesses (3-week-delayed regimen), minocycline was effective (ED 50 50 >256 mg/kg). Minocycline has demonstrated greater therapeutic efficacy in vivo than tetracycline in this experimental infection, which is similar, in certain aspects, to human anaerobic infection. These data support further evaluation of the clinical usefulness of minocycline.
The chemistry of toxic principles from Maytenus nemerosa

Abstract Maytenus nemerosa has been fractionated systematically by following the toxicity of extracts, partitioned solutions and column chromatographic fractions against cultured KB cells. Several compounds were isolated in this fashion, including 3-oxo-20(29)-lupen-30-al, β-amyrin, 29-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one, 30-hydroxy-20(29)-lupen-3-one, 30-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one and lup-20(29)-ene-3β,30-diol, as well as tingenone, 20-hydroxytingenone and galactitol. 3-Oxo-20(29)-lupen-30-al was shown to be cytotoxic for the first time; the structural basis of this cytotoxicity was investigated, in part, by bioassay of four products obtained by chemical transformation of single, isolated principles.
Comparison of the distribution and binding of monoclonal antibodies labeled with 131-iodine or 111-indium.

The distribution of two monoclonal antibodies with reactivity against human leukemia/lymphoma associated antigens (BA-1 antibody) and carcinoembryonic antigen (202 antibody) when labeled with 131I or 111In was studied in normal Balb/c mice. The BA-1 antibody of the IgM subclass was labeled with 131I by the micro iodine monochloride method at a 12:1 molar ratio and with 111In by the cyclic DTPA anhydride method at a 10:1 molar ratio. In vitro, the 131I-labeled BA-1 antibody bound 35.5% to 107 KM-3 leukemic cells while the 111In-labeled BA-1 antibody bound 29.9% to the same number of KM-3 cells. In vivo, the 111In-labeled BA-1 antibody showed a higher accumulation in liver, spleen, and kidney than the 131I-labeled BA-1 antibody. The 202 antibody of the IgG1 subclass was labeled with 131I at a 5:1 molar ratio and with 111In at a 7:1 molar ratio. In vitro, the 131I-labeled 202 antibody bound 30.9%, 27.4%, and 30.0% to 107 CO-112, WIDR, and LS-174T colon cancer cells, respectively. The 111In-labeled 202 antibody bound 20.5%, 30.2%, and 33.6%, respectively to the same number of colon cancer cells. In vivo, the 131I-labeled 202 antibody showed a higher tissue to blood ratio in liver, spleen, and kidney than the 111In-labeled 202 antibody. The data indicate that the relative distribution of 131I-labeled versus 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody may depend on the immunoglobulin subclass of the antibody and the molar ratio used in labeling.
Effect of Incentives Delivered for Correctly Answered Items on the Measured IQS of Children of Low and High IQ

Preschool children were tested on a modified form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Equal numbers of high and low scoring children were assigned to token and no-token groups. The tokens, exchangeable for back-up items, were shown to be reinforcers for each of the children in the study. Four weeks later, the children were retested. This time children in the token group received tokens for correct answers. High- as well as low-scoring children who received tokens did better than children who did not receive tokens. This suggests that high-scoring children, like low-scoring children, are not all maximally motivated to do their best by intrinsic reinforcement and that preschool children are similar to older children in this regard.
Distribution and evolution of carbon and nitrogen in Earth

In this paper we discuss the distribution, geochemical cycle, and evolution of CO 2 and N 2 in Earth's degassed mantle, and atmosphere plus continental crust. We estimate the present distribution of CO 2 and N 2 in Earth's degassed mantle based on amounts of He and Ar in the degassed mantle and observed outgassing ratios of CO2/He and N2/Ar at mid-ocean ridges. Estimated CO 2 in present degassed mantle is (1.8_ +9) x 1022 mol, representing (72 + 10)% of total degassable CO2, an amount far higher than fractions previously inferred for noble gases. This strongly suggests that most CO 2 has been recycled from Earth's surface into the degassed mantle through subduction, which is consistent with many recent discussions. For N2, the estimated amount in the present mantle is ~ 2.5 × 1019 mol, representing ~ 12% of total degassable N 2. Recycling of N 2 back to the mantle is also inferred, but on a much smaller scale. A simple model for the outgassing and recycling of CO 2 and N 2 in Earth is presented. Outgassing is assumed to be via melt-vapor partitioning of volatiles. Recycling back into the mantle via subduction is assumed to be proportional to the mass of the volatile component in the crust. This simple model is consistent with all currently available constraints. Difficulties arise from the dependence of the recycling constant on time. Hence, no single evolution history can be obtained for CO 2 based on the available data. Model results tentatively point to a higher CO 2 content on Earth's surface in the Archean and Proterozoic than at present. Important future constraints may come from records in sedimentary rocks, improved understanding of carbonate production, and better modeling of the recycling process.
Sesquiterpenoid lactones of Artemisia. Constituents of Artemisia cana ssp. Cana. the structure of Canin

Abstract In addition to the known, 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,7,3′-tetramethoxyflavone, five sesquiterpenoid lactones have been isolated from Artemisia cana Pursh. ssp. cana . These include the new compounds canin, artecanin, and ridentin, and the known matricarin and deacetylmatricarin. The structure of canin, a new guaianolide, has been shown to be IV on the basis of chemical transformations and spectral evidence.