cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal Failure and Dialysis

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication of cardiac surgery. The spectrum of cardiac surgery-associated AKI (CS-AKI) ranges from transient loss of renal reserve, through AKI, to long-term irreversible renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Notably, CS-AKI is also associated with numerous complications including: short and long-term mortality; development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD); extended hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) lengths of stay; and hospital readmission (Brown et al. Ann Thorac Surg 97(1):111–117, 2014; Pickering et al. Am J Kidney Dis 65(2):283–293, 2015; Xu et al. Medicine 94(45):e2025, 2015; Hu et al. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 30(1):82–89, 2016). Thus, a review of avoidable CS-AKI sources, and interventions that preserve or promote recovery of renal function is highly pertinent to care of cardiac surgical patients.
Twitter as an online educational community in the Spanish literature classroom

Research on social media in the foreign language classroom has grown significantly in the last 10 years. However, there continues to be a gap in how social media, Twitter in particular, can be used as a tool to build community within a Spanish as a second-language literature classroom. The current action research project seeks to address this gap. Set in two rural higher-education institutions in Iowa and Tennessee, the authors used Twitter as a platform to build an online educational community of language learners. At the conclusion of the semester's guided projects using Twitter, survey responses were gathered from participants in both classes. Twitter was found to not only encourage meaningful communication in the target language, but also to foster community among language learners outside of the classroom, thereby integrating the school and global communities standard of ACTFL's fifth “C,” one of the most elusive of the World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages.
Learn to Learn Metric Space for Few-Shot Segmentation of 3D Shapes.

Recent research has seen numerous supervised learning-based methods for 3D shape segmentation and remarkable performance has been achieved on various benchmark datasets. These supervised methods require a large amount of annotated data to train deep neural networks to ensure the generalization ability on the unseen test set. In this paper, we introduce a meta-learning-based method for few-shot 3D shape segmentation where only a few labeled samples are provided for the unseen classes. To achieve this, we treat the shape segmentation as a point labeling problem in the metric space. Specifically, we first design a meta-metric learner to transform input shapes into embedding space and our model learns to learn a proper metric space for each object class based on point embeddings. Then, for each class, we design a metric learner to extract part-specific prototype representations from a few support shapes and our model performs per-point segmentation over the query shapes by matching each point to its nearest prototype in the learned metric space. A metric-based loss function is used to dynamically modify distances between point embeddings thus maximizes in-part similarity while minimizing inter-part similarity. A dual segmentation branch is adopted to make full use of the support information and implicitly encourages consistency between the support and query prototypes. We demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed on the ShapeNet part dataset under the few-shot scenario, compared with well-established baseline and state-of-the-art semi-supervised methods.
Conclusion: Towards the worlding of art and the city?

This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book explains what promises to be fecund terrain for researchers going forward in the continuing task of theoretically constructing art and the city, and many questions remain deserving of more exploration. It addresses some of the lingering problems plaguing urban theory, which are now by default also problems plaguing urban art-theory, since art is urban, and the urban, in all its forms, is art. The book deals explicitly with the way that critical art transforms the place-making process; the way that art transforms institutional structures and re-arranges hierarchies; the way that art gives voice to those normally without. In 2015, the Chinese dissident artist Ai Wei Wei installed a site-specific piece at Alcatraz Prison in San Francisco. The book concludes by calling for a much-needed joining of art theory and urban theory.
The Role of Discernment and Modulation in Enacting Occupational Values: How Career Advising Professionals Navigate Tensions with Clients

Enacting occupational values is vitally important to expert professionals’ solidarity and sense of purpose. Yet, many professionals face audiences in their relational contexts—especially powerful c...
68Ga-PSMA11 PET/CT for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: Influence of dual-time and PMT- vs SiPM-based detectors.

Objectives 68Ga-PSMA11 PET/CT is excellent for evaluating biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BCR PC). Here, we compared the positivity rates of dual-time point imaging using a PET/CT scanner (DMI) with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors and a PET/CT scanner (D690) with photomultiplier tubes (PMT), in patients with BCR PC. Methods Fifty-eight patients were prospectively recruited and randomized to receive scans on DMI followed by D690 or vice-versa. Images from DMI were reconstructed using the block sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) algorithm and images from D690 were reconstructed using ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), according to the vendor's recommendations. Two readers independently reviewed all images in randomized order, recorded the number and location of lesions, as well as standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements. Results Twenty-eight patients (group A) had DMI as first scanner followed by D690, while 30 patients (group B) underwent scans in reversed order. Mean PSA was 30±112.9 (range 0.3-600.66) ng/mL for group A and 41.5 ± 213.2 (range 0.21-1170) ng/mL for group B (P = 0.796). The positivity rate in group A was 78.6% (22/28 patients) vs. 73.3% (22/30 patients) in group B. Although the performance of the two scanners was equivalent on a per-patient basis, DMI identified 5 additional sites of suspected recurrent disease when used as first scanner. The second scan time point did not reveal additional abnormal uptake. Conclusions The delayed time point in 68Ga-PSMA11 PET/CT did not show a higher positivity rate. SiPM-based PET/CT identified additional lesions. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to confirm these results.
Strong decays of heavy hadrons in heavy quark effective theory

The authors discuss the application of the tensor formalism of HQET to the strong decays of heavy hadrons. They treat both meson and baryon decays, and note that all of their results are in agreement with the `spin-counting' arguments of Isgur and Wise. They briefly discuss the possible extension of the formalism to include 1/m corrections.
The role of clusters in economics development of regions

Creating clusters is a tool of economy management, which is recommended also by the European Union. Attention is focused mainly on regional industrial branch, whose development is kept under review. The cluster enhances the competition ability of small and large enterprises and makes better position in the international market for them. In the region of South Bohemia clusters of water-supply technologies, wood-processing industry, renewable sources and biotechnologies are being prepared. Creating of a cluster for civil engineering is also being considered. There is a possibility to obtain experience from Upper Austria, where clusters have been used, eventually we can reason cooperation in this field.
An Improved Molecular Thermodynamic Model Of Asphaltene Equilibria

In this study, a molecular thermodynamic model was developed to represent asphaltene equilibria and to predict the amount of asphaltene precipitation that would occur from a reservoir oil under influence of a miscible solvent or immiscible gas. The model treats the asphaltenes to exist in the crude in a large range of molecular weights represented by a normal distribution function. The properties of each asphaltene pseudo-component such as solubility parameter and molar volume are obtained based on their molecular weights at given pressure and temperature. Scott-Magat theory along with binary interaction parameter between asphaltene free liquid phase (solvent) and asphaltenes are used to represent asphaltene solid-liquid equilibria and to predict the degree of asphaltene precipitation, the molar distribution of asphaltene pseudo-components in equilibrium solid and liquid phases at various pressures, temperatures and solvent-oil compositions. The model is coupled with Peng-Robinson equation of state for vapor-liquid equilibria calculations. The model uses an iterative Newton-Raphson scheme to obtain solution. The model has four parameters which are determined by fitting the model to experimental asphaltene precipitation data for tank West Sak oil-solvent mixtures. The model is used to predict asphaltene precipitation for CO2-West Sak oil mixtures at various pressures.
Stability of Initial-Boundary-Value Schemes

Since early in Chapter 1, we have been computing solutions to initial-boundary-value problems. In we included some theory that could be used to prove convergence of schemes for solving initial-boundary-value problems. In Example 2.2.2 we used the definition of convergence to prove the convergence of the basic difference scheme for the heat equation with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. For the same difference scheme, in Section 2.5.2 we noted that the consistency and stability analyses done earlier in the text along with the Lax Theorem for a bounded domain (Theorem 2.5.3) imply convergence. We also pointed out that we could directly apply the definitions of consistency and stability, and Theorem 2.5.3 to obtain convergence for a hyperbolic scheme.
Impact of anthropometric and personal variables on grip strength

This paper presents the results of a study to evaluate the effects of personal and anthropometric variables on grip strength. Weight, height, frame size, and Fat-Free Cross-Sectional Area (FFCSA) were the anthropometric variables included in the study. Sex and the amount of exercise were the personal variables included. A group of 33 female and 59 male students were used as subjects. A stepwise regression analysis was performed to find a model which can be used to predict grip strength. It was found that the sex and weight are two variables which account for maximum variation in grip strength among these variables. Although, FFCSA (r2 = 0.788) correlated strongly with grip strength but was not chosen in the model, possibly because of lower correlation between FFCSA and sex. Height and weight also seem to correlate with grip strength, but to a lesser extent.
Projection codes for burst error correction in SSMA networks

The authors consider a multihop packet radio network, i.e., a spread-spectrum multiple-access (SSMA) network. The network by nature of its operation, has collisions, when two or more users share the same frequency bin at a given time. A solution to the collisions is available by introducing error-correcting codes into the transmitted data. A simple projection code which asymptotically approaches Reiger's bound is suggested and analyzed. Unlike the Reed-Solomon code the projection code is not subject to algebraic constraints and can be easily adjusted to any system parameters such as packet size, code rate, number of bits per hop, and modulation alphabet. The code's structure, features, performances, and implementation, and its advantages over other codes are described. >
Effect of aging on the response of ghrelin to acute weight loss.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the failure of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin to increase as it normally does with weight loss contributes to impaired weight recovery in older persons. DESIGN: Prospective diet intervention study. SETTING: University of Washington Medical Center from 2001 through 2005. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one younger (18–35) and 18 older (≥70) men and women. INTERVENTION: Two weeks of a weight-maintaining diet were followed in sequence by 2 weeks of 30% calorie restriction, then 4 weeks of ad libitum food intake. MEASUREMENTS: Twenty-four-hour plasma ghrelin levels, dual x-ray absorptiometry scan for body composition, resting energy expenditure, and calorie intakes were measured. RESULTS: Both younger and older subjects lost weight with calorie restriction and failed to fully regain their baseline weight. The older adults trended toward increasing their calorie intake above their baseline level during the ad libitum period (111±66 kcal, P=.11), whereas the younger individuals did not (−236±95 kcal, P=.02). There was no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts in 24-hour ghrelin levels before or after calorie restriction. Ghrelin levels in the two cohorts increased equivalently after calorie restriction and decreased after ad libitum food consumption resumed. CONCLUSION: Ghrelin levels in healthy older individuals respond appropriately in a compensatory manner to changes in body weight and calorie intake.
Formal Grammar for Java

This chapter presents an attribute grammar for the Java programming language (v. 1.1). This grammar is derived from the LALR grammar presented in the Java Language Specification (JLS) [1]. The purpose of this grammar is to formally specify not only the syntactic structure of Java programs, but also their static semantics. Specifically, in this chapter we try to formally capture all aspects of the language that would result in compile-time errors. These errors include, but are not limited to: -Type checking for assignment statements, ensuring that the type of the right-hand side of the statement is assignment compatible with the left hand side. -Type checking expression operands, ensuring that they are of compatible types. -Type checking method parameters, ensuring that they are the correct type and number. -Checking for duplicate variable and method names. -Checking for undefined variables.
Raman analysis of the configurational disorder in AlxGa1−xN films

Raman analysis of the E2 mode of AlxGa1−xN in the composition range 0⩽x⩽1 is presented. The line shape was observed to exhibit a significant asymmetry and broadening toward the high energy range. The spatial correlation model is discussed, and is shown to account for the line shape. The model calculations also indicate the lack of a long-range order in the chemical vapor deposition alloys. These results were confirmed by x-ray scattering: the relative intensity of the superlattice line was found to be negligible. The line broadening of the E2 mode was found to exhibit a maximum at a composition x≅0.5 indicative of a random disordered alloy system.
Fluid management in pediatric patients with DKA and rates of suspected clinical cerebral edema.

Objective To compare outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 6 yrs before and 6 yrs after changing rehydration fluids from ½ normal saline to Lactated Ringer's and decreasing the total intended fluid volume administered in the first 24 hrs from 3500 mL/m2/d to ≤ 2500 mL/m2/d at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) in response to recommendations by the ESPE, LWPES, and ISPAD in 2004. Subjects/Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in which 1868 admissions for DKA were identified and reviewed. The cohort was divided into two groups: Group A, 1998–2004, and Group B, 2004–2010. Subjects with suspected clinical cerebral edema and adverse outcomes were identified. Results Although not statistically significant, there was an equal number (n = 3) of adverse outcomes (death or neurological damage) in each group despite more than double the admissions in Group B (1264) compared with those in Group A (604). Overall, the incidence of suspected clinical cerebral edema was more than double for those admissions in which fluid resuscitation was initiated at an outside hospital (OSH) vs. at TCH (13.6 vs. 5.3%, p < 0.001). Conclusions Decreasing the intended fluid rate during the initial 24 hrs to 2500 mL/m2/d and increasing the IV fluid sodium content did not significantly decrease the incidence of adverse outcomes in children with DKA. However, children transferred from an OSH had a higher incidence of suspected clinical cerebral edema. Thus, we need to more readily share our management protocols with the emergency rooms of local referring hospitals to potentially decrease the incidence of suspected clinical cerebral edema and adverse outcomes in children transferred with DKA.
Bicuculline up-regulation of GABAA receptors in rat brain.

Effects of acute and subacute administration of Dicuculline on [3H]muscimol, [3H]flunitrazepam, and t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) binding to various brain regions were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute administration of bicuculline affected neither the KD nor the Bmax of the three receptor sites. In rats treated sub-acutely with bicuculline (2 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 10 days), [3H]muscimol binding was increased in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum, and substantia nigra. Scatchard analysis revealed that subacute treatment of rats with bicuculline resulted in a significantly lower KD of high-affinity sites in the striatum and in a significantly lower KD of high- and low-affinity sites in the frontal cortex. In the cerebellum, two binding sites were apparent in controls and acutely treated animals; however, only the high-affinity site was defined in subacutely treated animals, with an increase in the Bmax value. Triton X-100 treatment of frontal cortical membranes eliminated the difference in [3H]muscimol binding between control and subacute bicuculline treatments. On the other hand, [3H]muscimol binding was significantly increased in the cerebellum from bicuculline-treated animals even after Triton X-100 treatment. The apparent Ki of bicuculline for the GABAA receptor was also decreased in the frontal cortex and the striatum following the treatment. However, subacute administration of bicuculline affected neither the KD nor the Bmax of [3H]-flunitrazepam and [35S]TBPS binding in the frontal cortex and the cerebellum. These results suggest that GABAA receptors are up-regulated after subacute administration of bicuculline, with no change in benzodiazepine and picro-toxin binding sites.
Reoperative surgery for pilonidal disease

Abstract Pilonidal disease is a condition of chronic inflammation and foreign body reaction of loose and abundant hair in the gluteal cleft leading to pits, sinuses, and recurrent bouts of infection. Several management strategies have been used since initial description of the disease in 1833; however, all of them have been complicated by the potential of recurrence. Episodes of recurrence have been attributed to incomplete management of diseased tissue, either by unfinished excision or by disruption of sinuses, as well as a persistence of a deep gluteal cleft after excision with or without primary closure. Management options in this setting include negative pressure devices, sclerosants, or reoperative techniques. Repeat excision, with or without primary closure, is one surgical option, yet may simply lead to similar results with the potential for increased morbidity. To help rectify this, flap-based management has emerged as a viable option to bring in healthy tissue and address some of the potential underlying conditions leading to recurrent or complex pilonidal disease. To date, no one particular flap has proven superior to others or has been labeled as the gold standard; yet, each has their own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, choice of flap technique should be determined in part by the extent of patient disease and surgeon expertise. In this article, we will review the data regarding reoperative surgery for pilonidal disease and explore the outcomes and emerging techniques to help surgeons care for this difficult problem.
Stability of two-dimensional discrete systems

The stability of a 2-D discrete system formulated in the form of the Fornasini Marchesini (FM) state-space model is studied. New stability conditions are established based on which a stability testing algorithm is developed. This algorithm is based on finding the maximum eigenvalue of a variable matrix. Such an approach has been used before. However, the new stability results reported here result in a significant reduction in computational complexity of the algorithm.
Notes on the Laminar Sub-Layer in Smooth Pipes

T IS generally believed that a laminar sub-layer always exists in the immediate vicinity of all solid boundaries of fluid flow systems. Although the thick­ ness of this layer may be exceedingly small, it neverthe­ less plays an important role in the dissipation of me­ chanical energy by fluid friction, in heat transfer, and in explaining the distinction between hydraulically smooth and rough surfaces. For any particular flow system, the thickness of the sub-layer would be expected to fluctuate with time and position along the boundaries due to eddies rolling up and leaving the laminar layer. However, in the follow­ ing discussion an attempt will be made to derive an expression for a sort of average thickness with special reference to flow in smooth circular pipes, and to ex­ press the rate of energy dissipation within the sub-layer. THICKNESS OF LAMINAR LAYER Since the flow in a circular pipe can be characterized by means of a Reynolds Number including the pipe diameter, the mean velocity, and the kinematic vis­ cosity, it is reasonable to assume that flow in the laminar sub-layer is represented by an analogous crite­ rion involving some characteristic length and velocity, and the viscosity of the layer. The velocity at the edge of the laminar layer and the layer thickness will be chosen as the characteristic velocity and length, re­ spectively, giving for the local Reynolds Number of the layer, u88p /p,. Considering the layer thickness to be small as com­ pared to the pipe diameter, the velocity gradient in the layer will be substantially linear and equal to u8/5. Hence
Alkali Atoms and the Schrödinger Equation of One-Electron Atoms

In Section VII.1 the concept of perturbation theory is explained using the example of the alkali atoms. Section VII.2 represents an algebraic calculation of the matrix elements of Q -v (v = 1, 3, 4, ...) ; the results are used for the calculation of the energy values of the alkali atoms. Section VII.3 gives a brief description of the solution of the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom, which is used for an alternative computation of the matrix elements of Q -v and an evaluation of the alkali energy values. It also lists some properties of the spherical harmonics which are used in the second part of this book.
Copper(II) Hexafluoroantimonate

[25954-61-4] Cu(SbF6)2 (MW 535.05) InChI = 1S/Cu.12FH.2Sb/h;12*1H;;/q+2;;;;;;;;;;;;;2*+5/p-12 InChIKey = QROFREBHJJWTIN-UHFFFAOYSA-B (reagent used as Lewis acid catalyst coordinating with chiral ligand for enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions) Physical Data: white hygroscopic solid; thermally stable up to 210 °C. Form Supplied in: not available commercially. Purification generated in situ; hexahydrate can be crystallized from acetone and dried over P2O5. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive; to be handled in an inert atmosphere.
Proton chemical shift tensors determined by 3D ultrafast MAS double-quantum NMR spectroscopy.

Proton NMR spectroscopy in the solid state has recently attracted much attention owing to the significant enhancement in spectral resolution afforded by the remarkable advances in ultrafast magic angle spinning (MAS) capabilities. In particular, proton chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) has become an important tool for obtaining specific insights into inter/intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. However, even at the highest currently feasible spinning frequencies (110–120 kHz), 1H MAS NMR spectra of rigid solids still suffer from poor resolution and severe peak overlap caused by the strong 1H–1H homonuclear dipolar couplings and narrow 1H chemical shift (CS) ranges, which render it difficult to determine the CSA of specific proton sites in the standard CSA/single-quantum (SQ) chemical shift correlation experiment. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) 1H double-quantum (DQ) chemical shift/CSA/SQ chemical shift correlation experiment to extract the CS tensors of proton sites whose signals are not well resolved along the single-quantum chemical shift dimension. As extracted from the 3D spectrum, the F1/F3 (DQ/SQ) projection provides valuable information about 1H–1H proximities, which might also reveal the hydrogen-bonding connectivities. In addition, the F2/F3 (CSA/SQ) correlation spectrum, which is similar to the regular 2D CSA/SQ correlation experiment, yields chemical shift anisotropic line shapes at different isotropic chemical shifts. More importantly, since the F2/F1 (CSA/DQ) spectrum correlates the CSA with the DQ signal induced by two neighboring proton sites, the CSA spectrum sliced at a specific DQ chemical shift position contains the CSA information of two neighboring spins indicated by the DQ chemical shift. If these two spins have different CS tensors, both tensors can be extracted by numerical fitting. We believe that this robust and elegant single-channel proton-based 3D experiment provides useful atomistic-level structural and dynamical information for a variety of solid systems that possess high proton density.
Vitamin B-6 adequacy in neonatal nutrition: associations with preterm delivery, type of feeding, and vitamin B-6 supplementation

Concerns about vitamin B-6 adequacy in neonatal nutrition relate to critical functions of the vitamin in development. Vitamin B-6 status was assessed in six groups of neonates: two groups each of breast-fed term and preterm infants whose mothers were supplemented with 2 or 27 mg pyridoxine-hydrochloride (PN-HCl) ; a subgroup of term infants (2-mg maternal group) supplemented with 0.4 mg PN-HCl/d ; and a formula-fed preterm group. During the 28-d experimental period, weekly assessments showed lower concentrations of total vitamin B-6 and percentages of pyridoxal in milk from mothers of preterm infants than in milk from mothers of term infants, even when maternal PN-HCI supplementation was 27 mg/d. The vitamin B-6 concentration of milk and estimated intakes of the vitamin by breast-fed infants paralleled maternal supplements (ie, 2 and 27 mg). Plasma and erythrocyte measurements of infants correlated with their vitamin B-6 intakes ; values were highest for infants given vitamin B-6 supplements and those that were formula-fed. Vitamin B-6 adequacy was questionable for unsupplemented breast-fed infants of mothers in the 2-mg supplemented groups.
Time dependence of Bragg forward scattering and self-seeding of hard x-ray free-electron lasers

Free-electron lasers (FELs) can now generate temporally short, high power x-ray pulses of unprecedented brightness, even though their longitudinal coherence is relatively poor. The longitudinal coherence can be potentially improved by employing narrow bandwidth x-ray crystal optics, in which case one must also understand how the crystal affects the field profile in time and space. We frame the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction as a set of coupled waves in order to derive analytic expressions for the spatiotemporal response of Bragg scattering from temporally short incident pulses. We compute the profiles of both the reflected and forward-scattered x-ray pulses, showing that the time delay of the wave $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is linked to its transverse spatial shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}x$ through the simple relationship $\ensuremath{\Delta}x=c\ensuremath{\tau}\mathrm{cot}﻿\ensuremath{\theta}$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the grazing angle of incidence to the diffracting planes. Finally, we apply our findings to obtain an analytic description of Bragg forward scattering relevant to monochromatically seed hard x-ray FELs.
Risk of predation affects habitat selection by the pinfish Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus)

Abstract Estuarine fishes are generally much more abundant in structurally-complex seagrass beds than in nearby sand flats. We tested for this pattern by comparing trawl catches from adjacent seagrass beds and sand flats within Turkey Point Shoal, a shallow estuarine system in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish abundance in seagrass beds (primarily Thalassia testudinum Konig) was significantly (760%) higher than in sand flats. Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus) accounted for much of this difference. Laboratory experiments in behavioral arenas were performed to determine whether this difference was due to habitat selection. In the absence of predators, pinfish used seagrass and sand equally. Additionally, groups of pinfish swam about freely within the water column. Therefore, habitat preference alone does not likely explain the patterns observed in the field. We then tested the hypothesis that observed habitat use patterns were due in part to predator-mediated habitat selection. Pinfish tended to avoid non-vegetated sections of behavioral arenas after predatory southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan and Gilbert were introduced. Qualitative observations indicated that pinfish also reduced their use of the upper water column in the presence of these predators. Therefore, behaviorally mediated predator avoidance may help explain observed patterns of differential habitat use within estuarine mosaics of sand and seagrass habitats.
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the E1α subunit of plant mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase

Summary We have isolated a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the E1α subunit of the plant mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The antibody specifically recognizes the Ela subunit from maize seedling, pea leaf, and castor oil seed endosperm mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenases, but does not recognize the E1α subunit present in the plastid complexes from these plants. The pea mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was used for subsequent characterization of the antibody. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of a phosphorylated pea mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex preparation revealed that the monoclonal antibody recognizes all phosphorylated forms of the E1α subunit. Under these conditions, the only proteins recognized by the antibody are phosphorylated. Binding of the antibody to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex inhibits both catalytic activity and phosphorylation of the E1α subunit, but does not significantly inhibit dephosphorylation. The monoclonal antibody recognizes mitochondrial E1α subunits from a variety of plant materials including monocot and dicot seedlings, and thermogenic and storage tissues. The antibody does not recognize the E1α subunit from rat liver or pig heart mitochondria, yeast, or bacteria. This highly specific antibody will be a useful tool for study of plant mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes.
Identification of ten genes that control ribosome formation in yeast.

Twenty-three temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all of which undergo a rapid cessation of net RNA accumulation following a shift from the permissive (23°) to the restrictive temperature (36°), have been characterized. Genetic studies demonstrate that these mutants belong to ten different complementation groups and that, in most cases, their properties are the result of a single, recessive mutation in a nuclear gene. Although the mutants were isolated for heat sensitivity, mutants from 2 of the complementation groups are cold sensitive (at 13°) as well. The mutants continue to synthesize protein, including an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, for two to four hours following a shift from 23° to 36°, suggesting that they are capable of messenger RNA synthesis and the translation of messenger RNA with fidelity at the restrictive temperature. The small amount of RNA that is synthesized in these mutants at the restrictive temperature has been examined on sucrose gradients and by acrylmide gel electrophoresis; in addition, the RNA components in polyribosomes have been fractionated by a new technique that separates messenger RNA from ribosomal RNA. As a result of these analyses we conclude that these mutants are strongly inhibited in the accumulation of 5S, 7S, 17S, and 25S RNA components but are only slight if at all inhibited in the synthesis of messenger RNA and 4S RNA. The results reported here define ten genes, designated rna 2 through rna 11, that play an essential role in the formation or maturation of ribosomes in yeast.
THE DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND ECOLOGY OF THREE INTRODUCED ASIATIC SPECIES OF PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC

Distributions of three Asiatic Porphyra species, Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, Porphyra katadae A. Miura, and Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellm., are reported from New England, USA. Species identifications were confirmed by rbcL and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) sequence comparisons with herbarium specimens, cultures, and GenBank accessions. Two distinct genotypes of P. yezoensis were detected: forma narawaensis A. Miura and f. yezoensis. Forma narawaensis occurs south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and has ITS1 sequences identical to cultivars widely grown in Japan. Forma yezoensis occurs in western Long Island Sound and from Cape Cod northward to midcoastal Maine; its ITS1 sequence is identical to a wild specimen from Hokkaido, Japan. P. katadae has been collected from five locations near Cape Cod; its ITS1 sequence is identical to a cultured specimen from Qingdao, China. P. suborbiculata has been collected at several locations south of Cape Cod; its presence in North Carolina and Delaware during the mid-1960s was confirmed from herbarium specimens. Morphological and ecological characteristics for New England populations of the three Asiatic species were compared to original descriptions. New England P. yezoensis f. yezoensis is similar to Ueda’s original description of Japanese specimens, but there are morphological differences for P. yezoensis f. narawaensis. In New England, f. narawaensis typically does not attain the length reported in Japan (max. 19 cm versus 100 cm). New England P. katadae is similar to Miura’s original description, except for slight differences in thallus thickness and reproductive patterns. By contrast, New England, Japanese, and other populations of P. suborbiculata exhibit pronounced differences in blade coloration, shape and dimensions, reproductive patterns, seasonal occurrence, and general ecology.
Alternative Systems of Ethics and Their Application to Education and Evaluation.

Abstract Three schools of moral thought are presented to illustrate differences in moral reasoning and the assignment of value claims. Several educational program alternatives are used as illustrations of moral reasoning within and across the schools of thought. Finally, the schools of moral thought are used in a discussion of evaluation practice. Good practice in the current evaluation literature is shown to be a blend of the three schools of thought.
ANXIETY SENSITIVITY AS A PREDICTOR OF THE CLINICAL COURSE OF PANIC DISORDER: A 1-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY

Background: There is evidence that negative affect (NA) and anxiety sensitivity (AS) predict the development of anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder (PD). The main purpose of this study was to examine whether NA and AS will also predict the clinical course of PD. Methods: Participants were 136 individuals with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PD (with or without agoraphobia) enrolled in a naturalistic and longitudinal study of anxiety disorders, the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP). Participants were administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index and the Negative Affect Scales of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X-NA) and their percentage of time in PD episode was followed for 1 year after the administration of the measures. Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that AS, but not NA, was a significant predictor of percentage of time in PD episode after controlling for previous time in PD episodes, comorbid depression, other anxiety disorders, and exposure to psychopharmacological and behavioral treatments. As expected, the Physical Concerns subscale of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index had a significant independent contribution in predicting the course of the disorder. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that AS, as a unique construct, may be predictive of the amount of time patients are in episode of PD. Depression and Anxiety 26:335–342, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. y
Self‐reported adherence versus pill count in Parkinson's disease: The NET‐PD experience

Purpose To compare the Morisky medication adherence questionnaire to pill counts as measures of adherence in the NET-PD futility clinical trials. Background: Like in other chronic diseases, non-adherence with medications occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD), although nonadherence has not been of significant concern in most PD clinical trials. The most common approach to assessment is to do a pill count at each visit. The simple, 4-question Morisky medication adherence questionnaire may provide an alternative approach to monitoring treatment adherence in PD. Methods Adherence data from two NET-PD Phase II clinical trials enrolling a total of 413 participants were analyzed. The association between demographic and clinical characteristics and adherence was explored. Results Ninety-percent of participants took 80% or more of the study drug. However, the Morisky medication adherence questionnaires showed 56% report high and 44% report medium adherence. Agreement between the two measures is fair (ICC = 0.40). Conclusions Overall adherence as assessed by pill count appears high. The Morisky medication adherence questionnaire may be useful in PD clinical trials, since it is moderately correlated to pill count and may be more sensitive to nonadherence. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
A Study of the Asymptotic Holonomic Efficiency Problem

In this paper we study an asymptotic version of the holonomic efficiency problem which originated in the study of swimming microorganisms. Given a horizontal distribution on a vector bundle, the holonomy of a loop in the base space is the displacement along the fiber direction of the end points of its horizontal lift. The holonomic efficiency problem is to find the most efficient loop in the base space in terms of gaining holonomy, where the cost of the base loop is measured by a subriemannian metric, and the holonomy gained is compared using a test function. We introduce the notions of rank and asymptotic holonomy and characterize them through the series expansions of holonomy as a function of the loop scale. In the rank two case we prove that for convex test functions the most efficient base loops are simple circles, and we solve these loops for linear and norm test functions. In the higher rank case the analytical solutions are outlined for some special instances of the problem. An example of a turning linked-mass system is worked out in detail to illustrate the results.
The onset of current carrying charge density wave state in TaS3: Switching, hysteresis, and oscillation phenomena

Abstract The development of the current carrying charge density wave state was studied in orthorhombic TaS 3 through direct current-voltage measurements, and through the study of low frequency time dependent phenomena. Below 100 K, switching, hysteresis, and low frequency oscillations are observed. These are associated with transitions between the pinned and current carrying state and between metastable states.
Subtemporal craniectomy and elevation of shunt valve opening pressure in the management of small ventricle-induced cerebrospinal fluid shunt dysfunction

Fourteen children with repeated transient or sustained cerebrospinal fluid shunt dysfunction and with markedly increased intracranial pressure are presented. In all cases, the lateral ventricles had become very small soon after the insertion of a shunt valve that opened at a low pressure, but symptoms of shunt dysfunction did not occur until 6 months to 12 years later. The raised intracranial pressure was treated by subtemporal craniectomy alone (12 patients) or in combination with elevation of the shunt valve opening pressure (2 patients). Subtemporal craniectomy alone was sufficient to alleviate moderately increased intracranial pressure, but both methods were required when the pressure rise was severe. The high intracranial pressure is accompanied by impairment of the drainage of ventricular fluid, which is caused by collapse of the walls of the lateral ventricles around the proximal shunt catheter. But the sequence of events that leads to the severe rises in intracranial pressure characteristic of this syndrome is poorly understood. The possibility that an inflammation-mediated brain swelling arising from mild systemic infections might further compromise already small ventricles and precipitate shunt dysfunction is suggested.
Approximate ab initio calculation of vibrational properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon with inner voids

We have performed an approximate ab initio calculation of vibrational properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon $(a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{H})$ using a molecular dynamics method. A 216-atom model for pure amorphous silicon $(a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si})$ has been employed as a starting point for our $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{H}$ models with voids that were made by removing a cluster of silicon atoms out of the bulk and terminating the resulting dangling bonds with hydrogens. Our calculation shows that the presence of voids leads to localized low-energy $(30--50 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ states in the vibrational spectrum of the system. The nature and localization properties of these states are analyzed by various visualization techniques.
Suppressor cell function in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with clinical disease activity

Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated suppressor cell activity was determined in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who had been assigned to one of three subgroups, those with active disease, those recovering from a flare-up, and those with stable disease. The level of suppression induced by the Con A-activated suppressor cells on the mitogenic response of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes was reduced in patients with active disease (3 +/- 8%) compared with stable patients (30 +/- 8%), patients recovering from a flare-up (62 +/- 5%), and controls (40 +/- 5%). As a measure of the actual amounts of suppressor factors released, the effect of supernatants from the Con A-activated cells on the proliferative activity of a dividing cell line (L cells) was determined concurrently. The inhibitory effect of supernatants from activated cells was reduced in active and stable MS patients (7 +/- 3%) compared to controls (21 +/- 4%). Three of 4 with active MS showed mildly elevated immune complex levels as measured by the Raji cell technique; each of these patients had low suppressor activity. Levamisole (1 microgram per milliliter) failed to alter suppressor cell activity in our in vitro system.
Effective elastic constants of polycrystalline aggregates

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of the effective elastic constants of a transversely isotropic aggregate of weakly anisotropic crystallites with cubic symmetry. The results obtained generalize those given in the literature for the second and third order elastic constants. In addition, the second moments and the binary angular correlations of the second order stiffnesses are obtained. It is also explained how these moments can be used to find the two-point correlations of the elastic constants.
Negotiation agent with adaptive attitude bidding strategy for facilitating energy exchanges between smart building and utility grid

Smart and green buildings have attracted much attention in the recent years. Development of an effective negotiation model for facilitating the bi-directional energy exchange between the utility grid and the building is important for enhancing the building intelligence. In this paper, a negotiation agent with adaptive attitude bidding strategy is designed and analyzed. To develop such an adaptive attitude negotiation model, a comprehensive set of factors in the integrated building and utility grid system should be taken into account. The developed negotiation agent turns out to be able to dynamically adjust its behavior in response to varying attitudes in the negotiation process. Case studies and simulation results are presented and analyzed in the paper.
Effect of lysine modification on the secondary structure of ovalbumin.

In order to determine the effect of chemical modification of the e-amino groups on the secondary structure of ovalbumin, we prepared six acetylated (17, 36, 54, 70, 82, and 98%) and four succinylated derivatives (25, 50, 72, and 97%) of the protein. Native ovalbumin and the acylated derivatives were homogeneous as revealed by the electrophoretic pattern. The UV-absorption and fluorescence spectra changed progressively with the extent of modification. However, circular dichroic (CD) studies indicated that acylation of 15 of the 20 lysine residues had little effect on the secondary structure of ovalbumin. Acylation of the remaining five lysine residues resulted in a fairly severe change in the secondary structure. The α-helical content decreased from about 31% in the native state to 16.5% in the 97% succinylated ovalbumin and to 21.5% in the 98% acetylated derivative. A comparison of these data with the spectral and hydrodynamic data of Qasim and Salahuddin (1978) suggested that the secondary structure of ovalbumin is more resistant to acylation than is the tertiary structure and, thus, the tertiary and the secondary structures are, to some extent, mutually independent. Raising thepH to 11.2 did not alter the secondary structure of ovalbumin and increasing the ionic strength by more than 20-fold did not reverse the loss of helical structure in 97% succinylated protein. These two observations suggest that the change in secondary structure upon maximal acylation may not only involve electrostatic effects, but also certain other factors, such as steric hindrance due to the entering bulky groups.
Supporting Giftedness: Historical and Contemporary Contexts for Mentoring Within Black Mathematicians’ Academic Communities

This article, using findings from a study of U.S.-born Black mathematicians who have earned a PhD in a mathematical science, examines how communities and schools support mathematical giftedness among students who are traditionally underserved. Data were obtained primarily from three sources: semistructured interviews conducted with 30 mathematicians; field notes from observations of mathematics meeting and conferences attended between 2008 and 2010; and analysis of historical texts (archival papers, biographies, and other writings by and about Black mathematicians). The purpose of this article is to describe mathematicians’ mentoring experiences within formal and informal academic communities, with the goal of informing the research community about factors that contribute to their success.
Molecular-dynamics study of a three-dimensional one-component model for distortive phase transitions

Molecular-dynamics results simulating a canonical ensemble with nearly conserved energy are presented and discussed for a one-component model exhibiting a distortive continuous-phase transition. Our results demonstrate (i) that the static properties are consistent with the universality hypothesis; (ii) the formation of clusters; (iii) second sound in a temperature window below ${T}_{c}$; (iv) central peaks due to the cluster dynamics and heat diffusion; (v) that the critical slowing-down data are consistent with the universality hypothesis for dynamic critical phenomena; and (vi) envelope solitonlike heat-pulse propagation in the second-sound regime.