cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteins that bind the Src homology 3 domain of CrkI have distinct roles in Crk transformation

The v-Crk oncogene product consists of two protein interaction modules, a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. Overexpression of CrkI, the cellular homolog of v-Crk, transforms mouse fibroblasts, and elevated CrkI expression is observed in several human cancers. The SH2 and SH3 domains of Crk are required for transformation, but the identity of the critical cellular binding partners is not known. A number of candidate Crk SH3-binding proteins have been identified, including the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases c-Abl and Arg, and the guanine nucleotide exchange proteins C3G, SOS1 and DOCK180. The aim of this study is to determine which of these are required for transformation by CrkI. We found that short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of C3G or SOS1 suppressed anchorage-independent growth of NIH-3T3 cells overexpressing CrkI, whereas knockdown of SOS1 alone was sufficient to suppress tumor formation by these cells in nude mice. Knockdown of C3G was sufficient to revert morphological changes induced by CrkI expression. By contrast, knockdown of Abl family kinases or their inhibition with imatinib enhanced anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenesis induced by Crk. These results show that SOS1 is essential for CrkI-induced fibroblast transformation, and also reveal a surprising negative role for Abl kinases in Crk transformation.
Universal estimation of divergence for continuous distributions via data-dependent partitions

We present a universal estimator of the divergence D(PparQ) for two arbitrary continuous distributions P and Q satisfying certain regularity conditions. This algorithm, which observes i.i.d. samples from both P and Q, is based on the estimation of the Radon-Nikodym derivative dP/dQ via a data-dependent partition of the observation space. Strong convergence of this estimator is proved with an empirically equivalent segmentation of the space. This basic estimator is further improved by adaptive partitioning schemes and by bias correction. In the simulations, we compare our estimators with the plug-in estimator and estimators based on other partitioning approaches. Experimental results show that our methods achieve the best convergence performance in most of the tested cases
Enantiomers of a selective gelatinase inhibitor: (R)- and (S)-2-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)sulfonylmethyl]thiirane.

The compound 2-[(4-phen­oxy­phenyl)­sulfonyl­meth­yl]thiirane, C15H14O3S2, a selective gelatinase inhibitor, was synthesized and structurally characterized. Two crystals were analyzed, one each for the R and S enantio­mers, and the results were compared with the previously reported structure of the racemate. The enantio­merically pure compounds both crystallize with Z′ = 2 in the space group P21, while the racemic mixture crystallizes with Z′ = 1 in the space group P21/c, with disorder in the position of the thiirane group. This disorder accommodates both mol­ecules for each of the enantio­merically pure crystals, showing good overlap of the mol­ecules of the pure enanti­omorphs with the components of the centrosymmetric structure.
Determination of antioxidant components in rice bran oil extracted by microwave-assisted method

Rice bran oil was extracted by microwave-assisted extraction with isopropanol and hexane using a solvent-to-rice bran ratio of 3:1 (w/w). The experiments were done in triplicate at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 degrees C with a total extraction time of 15 min/sample. The oil components were separated by normal-phase HPLC and quantified with a fluorescence detector. The radical scavenging capability of the oil was tested with DPPH and was expressed as mumol Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Activity. The increase in total vitamin E with temperature from 40 to 120 degrees C was 59.63% for isopropanol and 342.01% for hexane. Isopropanol was the best solvent for the extraction of gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol as compared with hexane for both microwave-assisted and conventional solvent extraction. Isopropanol was better for oil yield extraction at high temperatures. Samples extracted with isopropanol at 120 degrees C had higher antioxidant activity. No differences in oil yield, total vitamin E, and antioxidant activity of oil was noticed between the two methods (microwave-assisted and solvent extractions), at 40 degrees C. No degradation of alpha-tocopherol was noticed during the process.
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic education in the 21st century.

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic education over the past 50 years is reviewed in the context of the author's personal experience, as well as the changes that have taken place in psychiatry and psychoanalysis over the same time span. Several key issues are identified, including (1) the increasing biologi- cal reductionism of psychiatry; (2) the gradual de-emphasis of subjective expe- rience along with the biopsychosocial explanation of human behavior and psychopathology; and (3) the increasing attention paid to neuroscience, psychopharmacology, and brief therapies during residency training. In order to address these issues, it is suggested that education in psychodynamic and psy- choanalytic psychiatry be integrated into residency training. This would take the form of subspecialty training in either psychodynamic psychiatry or psycho- analysis. Such training would promote an understanding of the connections be- tween neurobiology and psychodynamics, versatility with a variety of dynamic psychotherapeutic techniques, and familiarity with research methodology. Psy- chiatrists educated in this type of integrated training program will be optimally equipped to advance psychodynamic and psychoanalytic treatment, theory, and research in the 21st century.
Reply to Murray Concerning Loose Talk

uniquely identifying acts of successful reference may not even be the most compelling aspect of language in human sociocultural evolution. Speakers use language not just to "access reference" in someone else, but also to "assess competence" in interpersonal relationships. As Michael Silverstein (1976) has pointed out, the "function" of linguistic meaning has at least two dimensions. The command of a large variety of names (terms) clearly is "functional" for indicating the things of existence. But such command also "functions" as an index of a speaker's social qualifications, and may not have as its primary significance the ability to order objects of the world. Being about the world is only one "function" of terms, and indexing intrasocietal variables of interlocutor's relative standing in various social dimensions is another. The com-
From past to present: how memories of school shape parental views of children's schooling

Internationally, there is growing interest in children's transition to school and their readiness for formal education. Parents' memories of school offer important insights into children's preparation for school and how families view schools; however, few studies consider the influence of educational histories. To address this gap, a sample of 24 parents (16 mothers, 8 fathers) from lower income backgrounds were recruited to discuss the process of preparing their child for kindergarten and their recollections of school. During semi-structured interviews, parents shared their recollections of school and identified links between their memories and their current thoughts and behaviours as they prepared their child for school. Based on a thematic analysis of interview transcripts, three types of memories emerged as the most robust and meaningful in preparing for children's school entrance: (1) the influence of school transitions, (2) the social side of schooling and (3) special education labels. Experiences p...
Amniotic Fluid Dynamics

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe clinical assessments of amniotic fluid volume. 2. Explain the processes of amniotic fluid formation and removal. 3. Describe the presentations and treatments for oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios. Fortunately for most healthy pregnant women, amniotic fluid (AF) is an unimportant byproduct of the delivery. Little attention, if any, is paid to the AF unless meconium staining occurs in labor. It is only in the presence of certain complications that may compromise fetal well-being that any interest is taken in the AF. When there is too much AF (polyhydramnios) or too little (oligohydramnios), perinatal morbidity or mortality may be increased significantly, raising sudden concern among patients and clinicians. When severe oligohydramnios occurs in the second trimester, the perinatal mortality rate approaches 90% to 100%. (1)(2)(3) Similarly, with severe polyhydramnios in mid-pregnancy, the perinatal mortality rate can be greater than 50%. (4)(5) Attempts to study abnormalities of AF are hindered by the realization that little is known about the processes involved in the regulation of normal amniotic fluid volume (AFV). This review examines the limited information available on the normal physiology of AFV regulation, including routes of formation, removal, and regulation and the changes in AF composition across gestation. Additionally, the clinical impact and treatment options on disease conditions are discussed. Attempts to measure actual AFV are limited by the invasiveness required to access the amniotic cavity. The most common method is injection of an inert dye into the amniotic cavity via amniocentesis, followed by timed removals of AF to determine a dilution curve. (6)(7)(8)(9) This method has been shown to be accurate compared with actual measurement of AF, but because of its invasive nature, has limited application to clinical practice. Brace and Wolf …
Reduced frequency of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the luteal phase of the rhesus monkey. Involvement of endogenous opiates.

Pulsatile secretion of LH in women has been shown to vary during the menstrual cycle. LH pulse frequency during the luteal phase is markedly reduced compared to that in the follicular phase. The objectives of the present study were to determine if similar changes in pulsatile LH secretion occur in the monkey, and whether endogenous opiates are involved in producing these changes. In order to document if LH pulse frequency is reduced in the nonhuman primate luteal phase, serial blood samples were collected from 10 rhesus monkeys at 15-min intervals for 6 h at 3 different times of the luteal phase (early, mid-, and late). This pattern of secretion was contrasted to that observed during the ensuing early follicular phase. LH pulse frequency during the luteal phase was significantly reduced compared to the early follicular phase. Mean pulse frequency (± se) was 0.84 ± 0.16 pulses/6 h in the luteal phase vs. 2.99 ± 0.58 pulses/6 h in the early follicular phase. When endogenous opioid activity was blocked durin...
Current fault management trends in NASA's planetary spacecraft

Fault management for today's space missions is a complex problem, going well beyond the typical safing requirements of simpler missions. Recent missions have experienced technical issues late in the project lifecycle, associated with the development and test of fault management capabilities, resulting in both project schedule delays and cost overruns. Symptoms seem to become exaggerated in the context of deep space and planetary missions, most likely due to the need for increased autonomy and the limited communications opportunities with Earth-bound operators. These issues are expected to cause increasing challenges as the spacecraft envisioned for future missions become more capable and complex. In recognition of the importance of addressing this problem, the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office hosted a Fault Management Workshop on behalf of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Planetary Science Division, to bring together experts in fault management from across NASA, DoD, industry and academia. The scope of the workshop was focused on deep space and planetary robotic missions, with full recognition of the relevance of, and subsequent benefit to, Earth-orbiting missions. Three workshop breakout sessions focused the discussions to target three topics: 1) Fault Management Architectures, 2) Fault Management Verification and Validation, and 3) Fault Management Development Practices, Processes and Tools. The key product of this three-day workshop is a NASA White Paper that documents lessons learned from previous missions, recommended best practices, and future opportunities for investments in the fault management domain. This paper summarizes the findings and recommendations that are captured in the White Paper.
Incentive-Related Human Resource Practices for Substance Use Disorder Counselors: Salaries, Benefits, and Training

Understanding factors associated with incentive-related human resource practices for substance use disorder counselors can help promote a stable workforce in this occupation. The authors examined three counselor incentives—salaries, benefits, training—and the link with organizational, counselor, and patient characteristics. Data were collected in 2007–2008 via face-to-face interviews with 345 administrators/clinical directors in private treatment centers. Centers paid counselors an average of $38,800 annually and provided a mean of 2.83 benefits and 1.61 training (0–4 scales). Characteristics differed based on the incentive. Centers' managements need to be aware of different incentives that can help attract and retain counselors.
Surfactant adsorption at the salt/water interface: comparing the conformation and interfacial water structure for selected surfactants.

We report in situ spectroscopic measurements monitoring the adsorption of a series of carboxylate surfactants onto the surface of the semisoluble, ionic solid fluorite (CaF2). We employ the surface...
2',3'-Cyclic NADP as a substrate for 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase.

– 2′,3′-Cyclic NADP has been prepared by cyclization of NADP at pH 6 in the presence of l-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. The NADP derivative is readily hydrolyzed to NADP by the enzyme in brain and nerve that hydrolyzes 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotides to 2′-phospho esters. The Km for this substrate is the same as that for 2′,3′-cyclic AMP (0.22 mm) at pH 6 and 25°C. The two substrates are hydrolyzed by the phosphohydrolase at similar maximum velocities. The nicotinamide moiety in cyclic NADP thus has little effect on the enzyme-substrate interaction. This synthetic substrate can be used in a rapid (2 min) and sensitive (10 ng of 31-fold purified enzyme) spectrophotometric coupled enzyme assay for 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase; in this assay the hydrolysis proceeds in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its substrate and the NADPH formed is measured by the increase in absorbance at 340 nm. The assay is applicable to tissue extracts as well as to purified preparations of the enzyme. There is no interference from nucleases of the pancreatic RNase A type.
Delay of muscle vasodilation to changes in work rate (treadmill grade) during locomotion

Previous studies examining the delay to the onset of vasodilation have primarily focused on the onset of exercise, a setting complicated by the fact that the muscle pump and the vasodilator systems...
Work—Family Policies and Poverty for Partnered and Single Women in Europe and North America

Work—family policy strategies reflect gendered assumptions about the roles of men and women within families and therefore may lead to significantly different outcomes, particularly for families headed by single mothers. The authors argue that welfare states have adopted strategies based on different assumptions about women's and men's roles in society, which then affect women's chances of living in poverty cross-nationally. The authors examine how various strategies are associated with poverty rates across groups of women and also examine more directly the effects of specific work—family policies on poverty rates. They find that while family benefits and child care for young children unequivocally lower poverty rates, particularly for families headed by a single mother, long parental leaves have more ambivalent effects. The findings suggest that it is critical to examine the gendered assumptions underlying work—family policies rather than viewing all work—family policies as the same.
A Fuzzy Behaviorist Approach to Sensor-Based Robot Control

Sensor-based operation of autonomous robots in unstructured and/or outdoor environments has revealed to be an extremely challenging problem, mainly because of the difficulties encountered when attempting to represent the many uncertainties which are always present in the real world. These uncertainties are primarily due to sensor imprecisions and unpredictability of the environment, i.e., lack of full knowledge of the environment characteristics and dynamics. An approach, which we have named the “Fuzzy Behaviorist Approach” (FBA) is proposed in an attempt to remedy some of these difficulties. This approach is based on the representation of the system's uncertainties using Fuzzy Set Theory-based approximations and on the representation of the reasoning and control schemes as sets of elemental behaviors. Using the FBA, a formalism for rule base development and an automated generator of fuzzy rules have been developed. This automated system can automatically construct the set of membership functions corresponding to fuzzy behaviors, once these have been expressed in qualitative terms by the user. The system also checks for completeness of the rule base and for non-redundancy of the rules (which has traditionally been a major hurdle in rule base development). Two major conceptual features, the suppression and inhibition mechanisms which allow to express a dominance between behaviors are discussed in detail. Some experimental results obtained with the automated fuzzy rule generator applied to the domain of sensor-based navigation in a priori unknown environments, using one of our autonomous test-bed robots as well as a real car in outdoor environments, are then reviewed and discussed to illustrate the feasibility of large-scale automatic fuzzy rule generation using the “Fuzzy Behaviorist” concepts.
A Neural Model of Multimodal Adaptive Saccadic Eye Movement Control by Superior Colliculus

How does the saccadic movement system select a target when visual, auditory, and planned movement commands differ? How do retinal, head-centered, and motor error coordinates interact during the selection process? Recent data on superior colliculus (SC) reveal a spreading wave of activation across buildup cells the peak activity of which covaries with the current gaze error. In contrast, the locus of peak activity remains constant at burst cells, whereas their activity level decays with residual gaze error. A neural model answers these questions and simulates burst and buildup responses in visual, overlap, memory, and gap tasks. The model also simulates data on multimodal enhancement and suppression of activity in the deeper SC layers and suggests a functional role for NMDA receptors in this region. In particular, the model suggests how auditory and planned saccadic target positions become aligned and compete with visually reactive target positions to select a movement command. For this to occur, a transformation between auditory and planned head-centered representations and a retinotopic target representation is learned. Burst cells in the model generate teaching signals to the spreading wave layer. Spreading waves are produced by corollary discharges that render planned and visually reactive targets dimensionally consistent and enable them to compete for attention to generate a movement command in motor error coordinates. The attentional selection process also helps to stabilize the map-learning process. The model functionally interprets cells in the superior colliculus, frontal eye field, parietal cortex, mesencephalic reticular formation, paramedian pontine reticular formation, and substantia nigra pars reticulata.
A Summary and Analysis of Warrantless Arrest Statutes for Domestic Violence in the United States

In the United States, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have enacted statutes that allow police officers to make warrantless arrests for domestic violence given probable cause; however, state laws differ from one another in multiple, important ways. Research on domestic violence warrantless arrest laws rarely describe them as anything more than discretionary, preferred, or mandatory, either within their analyses or within the texts of their publications; researchers, and their audiences, may not be aware of the vast and potentially important differences among these laws. In this article, we list the domestic violence warrantless arrest laws for each state, and discuss them in terms of five common elements: the phrasing of the arrest authority; whether additional factors to domestic violence are required to trigger the arrest authority; qualifications to the arrest authority; time limits for warrantless arrest to occur; and whether police officers are required to report why they made a dual or no arrest. We then analyze the common elements of the laws, paying particular attention to how they may encourage or discourage the arrest of alleged domestic violence perpetrators. It is critical that researchers, advocates, and policymakers are aware of these variations in state statutes when conducting or interpreting research or making policy recommendations.
Nutrition Issues for Youth With Diabetes

For both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, eating healthy is key to blood glucose management. To that end, the school nurse must have a basic understanding of nutrition recommendations for children with diabetes. This article describes basic nutrition guidelines as well as action steps for school nurses to assist children in following their meal plan at school and to support children when diabetes-related emergencies arise.
Cluster analysis in soft X-ray spectromicroscopy : Finding the patterns in complex specimens

Abstract Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy provides spectral data on the chemical speciation of light elements at sub-100 nanometer spatial resolution. If all chemical species in a specimen are known and separately characterized, existing approaches can be used to measure the concentration of each component at each pixel. In other situations such as in biology or environmental science, this approach may not be possible. We have previously described [M. Lerotic, C. Jacobsen, T. Schafer, S. Vogt, Ultramicroscopy 100 (1–2) (2004) 35] the use of principle component analysis (PCA) to orthogonalize and noise-filter spectromicroscopy data, and cluster analysis (CA) to classify the analyzed data and obtain thickness maps of representative spectra. We describe here an extension of that work employing an angle distance measure; this measure provides better classification based on spectral signatures alone in specimens with significant thickness variations. The method is illustrated using simulated data, and also to examine sporulation in the bacterium Clostridium sp.
Oxide formation and anodic polarization behavior of thin films of amorphous and crystalline FeCrP alloys prepared by ion beam mixing

An experimental program has been conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus on the corrosion and passivation behavior of Fe-Cr-P alloys. Chemically homogeneous 60 nm films of Fe-lOCr-xP (x from 0 to 35 at.%) were prepared by multilayer evaporation followed by ion beam mixing with Kr + ions. Films with a phosphorus content of at least 25 at.!% were found to be entirely amorphous, while films with 15 at.% P consisted of both ~o~hous and bee phases. Rec~stallization of the amorphous phase was accomplished by heating the samples to 450°C in a purified argon flow furnace. Electrochemical polarization tests in an acid solution have shown the Fe-IOCr-xP films to be more corrosion resistant than Fe-lOCr, with the corrosion resistance increasing with the amount of P present. The corrosion resistance is not significantly affected when the amorphous films are recrystallized, indicating that the behavior is chemically controlled and not a result of the amorphous structure. When examined by XPS, the phosphorus appears to enhance passivation by encouraging Cr enrichment in the oxide and by incorporating in the oxide as phosphate. 1. In~~uction
Inching Towards A Targeted Therapy for Preeclampsia

Novel drug development for pregnancy-specific conditions remains a challenge. The reasons for this sentiment are many, but lack of a sound understanding of the pathogenesis for various conditions in pregnancy ranks high among them. Preeclampsia, one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy, has thus far eluded comprehensive biological understanding.1 In the absence of a sound understanding of its biological underpinnings, our first attempts to alleviate the consequences of this disorder targeted the classic signs and symptoms of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinuria) with agents such as antihypertensive compounds.1 Trials of these agents, numbering over a dozen, failed to demonstrate that control of blood pressure itself could reduce the systemic consequences of preeclampsia. Nevertheless, lack of success in these early efforts did not deter further attempts, and primary prevention trials premised on biochemical differences in women with and without preeclampsia represented the next generation of such clinical trials. Low urine calcium and low calcium intake noted in preeclampsia, in combination with the vasodilatory activity of calcium itself, prompted primary prevention trials with calcium supplementation.1 Similarly, imbalances between prostacyclin and thromboxane led to large trials examining the use of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia.1 Primary prevention trials have been informative, and given that the incidence of preeclampsia is ≈4% to 7% in nulliparous women, these have necessitated inclusion of thousands of women enrolled over an extended period of time. Although noteworthy in their magnitude and outstanding execution, these trials have, for the most part, been neutral or negative. Primary prevention studies, by their nature, require large numbers of subjects, especially in the setting of outcomes that are relatively infrequent. Furthermore, given the history of these trials in preeclampsia, mustering the appetite to initiate yet another trial of similar nature (unless upcoming primary prevention trials reveal surprises [eg, www.clinicaltrials.gov …
Eimeria tenella: Relative Survival of Drug-Resistant and Drug-Sensitive Populations in Floor Pen Chickens

Abstract The effect was studied of introducing about equal numbers of decoquinate-sensitive or decoquinate-resistant Eimeria tenella oocysts into a floor pen of susceptible unmedicated chickens. “Sentinel” birds introduced 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks later were used to recover populations of E. tenella oocysts. In drug sensitivity tests, populations of oocysts harvested at 4 weeks were partially resistant to decoquinate medication. Oocysts obtained after 5 and 6 weeks were highly sensitive to decoquinate medication. The results indicate that drug-sensitive E. tenella parasites are more likely to dominate in absence of medication.
Over the Hill, Under Siege: Labor Force Graying, Labor Market Pushes, and Consequences for Life Chances

Interest in older workers has recently expanded due to concerns over labor force “graying.” Research and policy on aging adults' labor market participation have, thus far, framed the decision to labor as one shaped solely by the desires and capacities of older workers themselves. This perspective fails to recognize how multiple employer-side barriers play a large role in defining – and limiting – available choices. In this review, I synthesize the multi-disciplinary literature on employer-side barriers to older workers' labor market participation. In particular, I identify and discuss individual-, meso-, and social structural-level barriers that uniquely affect this group, noting where gaps in understanding remain. I consider older workers primarily as a whole to demonstrate how age operates as a distinct, important identity; however, I also reflect on how age overlaps with both other identities and cohort membership. Next, I briefly consider the relationship between these employer-side barriers and aging adults' life chances, particularly in an era of austerity. Although I focus on the United States case, I also note key cross-national similarities and differences. Finally, reflecting upon the foregoing review, I suggest that a redirection of public policy is necessary to effectively respond to this contemporary demographic shift.
Analysis of the antinociceptive actions of the κ-opioid agonist enadoline (CI-977) in neonatal and adult rats: comparison to κ-opioid receptor mRNA ontogeny

Abstract Earlier reports indicate that κ-opioid agonists may be especially potent in the formalin test of tonic nociception, and that neonatal rat pups are more sensitive to μ-agonists, when compared to adults. We have assessed the potency of enadoline (CI-977), a novel and selective κ-opioid agonist, in the formalin and tail-flick nociceptive tests in 3-day-old rat pups and compared their responses to adults in the same tests. In addition, the recent cloning of the κ-opioid receptor has allowed us to make the first evaluation of the ontogeny of κ-opioid receptor mRNA in an effort to elucidate a possible mechanism for differences in sensitivity to κ-opioid agonists. Enadoline was found to be a potent antinociceptive agent in the formalin test; the neonates were eight times more sensitive than the adults. κ-Opioid receptor mRNA, however, is present in whole brain at adult levels as early as postnatal day 3. Previous studies have shown κ-opioid receptor levels, as measured by radioligand binding and receptor autoradiography, to be present at postnatal day 3 as well. Consequently, it is unlikely that gross differences in receptor number subserved the modest increase in sensitivity to enadoline observed in the neonates in the formalin test. Enadoline was less potent and less effective in the tail-flick test in the neonates. The adults were similarly insensitive to the antinociceptive effects of enadoline in the tail-flick test. Additional studies indicated that enadoline significantly increased locomotor activity, as assessed by the open-field test, in neonates, while decreasing activity in the adults. Studies with U50.488 (U50), and nor -binaltorphamine ( nor -BNI) suggest that these increases in activity observed in the neonates may be κ-mediated. Although the open-field studies do not relate directly to κ-opioid antinociception, the observation of behavioral activation in the neonates may limit the use of κ-agonists in pediatric populations.
Laser recording on MnBi films

The results of laser recording experiments in which a magnetic field controls the magnetization distribution along Curie-point switched micron-wide tracks are described. These experiments showed that analog as well as digital information may be recorded in this manner.
Technology Policy & Economic Conversion in the United States: Beyond “Dual-Use — Targeting National Needs for Economic Development

In the early eighties, aerospace giant McDonnell Douglas Corp. (MDC) was in a serious quandary. Its Douglas Aircraft plant in Long Beach, California was operating at only 30 percent capacity and as many as 10,000 of its employees had been laid off. MDC is the product of a 1967 merger between the St.Louis-based McDonnell Aircraft Co., a highly successful builder of military fighter aircraft, and the Californiabased Douglas Aircraft Company, known mostly for its commercial jetliners (the DC-9 and DC-10). Cash-rich McDonnell had hoped to establish a counter-cyclical ballast for its boom-and-bust military business, while Douglas was looking to be bailed out of its financial woes. But the marriage failed to produce the desired results for either partner. Soft civilian aircraft markets, accidents involving its planes, mismanagement, and bungled sales all contributed to Douglas’ predicament.
Newer techniques in diagnostic medical parasitology

For a number of reasons, advances have been made in the field of Diagnostic Parasitology during the last few years. We are seeing more compromised patients who are candidates for opportunistic infections. With increased parasite prevalence and public health awareness, technology has moved from the laboratory to the commercial sector. Molecular techniques and expanded clinical research have also contributed to these advances. There are certain limitations with procedures for diagnosing parasitic infections. When looking for the whole organism, a number of factors may prevent the recovery and identification of the etiologic agent. These include improper specimen collection, storage, and fixation; incorrect performance of concentrates and stained smears; inability to recognize morphologic characteristics; confusion of non-pathogenic organisms with true pathogens; problems with artifacts; and technologist training and experience. Consequently, the parasite may be present, but it is not seen. When using antibody detection methods, the test may be positive, but the parasite is no longer present. Also, there are difficulties with specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, limits of the detection system, and the test system designed to detect the parasite (or parts thereof) in the clinical specimen. A great deal of work has been done during the last few years in the development of test systems for the detection of antigen. A potential problem with this approach might be the fact that the parasite is present, but the test is negative. The same problems with antibody detection can be found with antigen detection (specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, limits of detection and the test system used). Specific procedures including indirect immunofluorescence, direct immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and/or DNA probes are now available for Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, Amebiasis, Pneumocystosis, Trichomoniasis, Leishmaniasis, and Strongyloidiasis. Most of these products have evolved from the laboratory to the marketplace through preliminary trials, clinical trials, the presentation of papers or posters at national meetings, and publication of evaluation results. The routine use of these methods will depend on several factors such as, number of test requests, patient population served, batch or single tests, clinical relevance of information generated, equipment requirements, technical expertise, and cost. Other technical advances are expected in the future.
The Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice

The history and physical examination are still the most valuable means of arriving at a diagnosis of the cause of jaundice. Routine laboratory tests may be helpful, and the “liver profile” is of definite value. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography appears to be the best means available at present to distinguish intrahepatic cholestasis from extrahepatic obstructive jaundice.
MR imaging of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction.

SUMMARY Right ventricular cardiac function is altered by abnormalities affecting primarily the leftsided cardiac structures, the lungs, or the right-sided cardiac structures themselves. The most common cardiac causes for right ventricular dysfunction are chronic left ventricular ischemia and rheumatic mitral valvular disease. Pulmonary diseases that result in right ventricular dysfunction include pulmonary air-space disease, including emphysema, and pulmonary interstitial and parenchymal diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis. Chronic pulmonary vascular disease, including chronic thromboembolism and PPH have a significant effect on right ventricular performance. Common to all of these diseases is elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance with a commensurate increase in right ventricular pressure, resulting in right ventricular hypertrophy. The limited ability of right ventricular myocardium to function in the face of increased pulmonary resistance results in right ventricular dilatation, tricuspid regurgitation, and ultimately right ventricular failure. MR imaging provides direct, noninvasive visualization of the right ventricular chamber as well as the myocardium itself, allowing reliable demonstration of morphologic changes in the size and shape of the ventricle, thickness of the myocardium, and presence of abnormal infiltration by fat or edema. Furthermore, because MR imaging techniques do not depend upon geometric assumptions about the complex shape of the right ventricle, they may be used for accurate and reproducible quantitation of right ventricular volume and myocardial mass.
TU-A-201-02: Treatment Site-Specific Considerations for Clinical IGRT

Recent years have seen a widespread proliferation of available in-room image guidance systems for radiation therapy target localization with many centers having multiple in-room options. In this session, available imaging systems for in-room IGRT will be reviewed highlighting the main differences in workflow efficiency, targeting accuracy and image quality as it relates to target visualization. Decision-making strategies for integrating these tools into clinical image guidance protocols that are tailored to specific disease sites like H&N, lung, pelvis, and spine SBRT will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1.Major system characteristics of a wide range of available in-room imaging systems for IGRT. 2.Advantages / disadvantages of different systems for site-specific IGRT considerations. 3.Concepts of targeting accuracy and time efficiency in designing clinical imaging protocols.
The natural history and management of brachial plexus birth palsy.

Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is an upper extremity paralysis that occurs due to traction injury of the brachial plexus during childbirth. Approximately 20 % of children with brachial plexus birth palsy will have residual neurologic deficits. These permanent and significant impacts on upper limb function continue to spur interest in optimizing the management of a problem with a highly variable natural history. BPBP is generally diagnosed on clinical examination and does not typically require cross-sectional imaging. Physical examination is also the best modality to determine candidates for microsurgical reconstruction of the brachial plexus. The key finding on physical examination that determines need for microsurgery is recovery of antigravity elbow flexion by 3–6 months of age. When indicated, both microsurgery and secondary shoulder and elbow procedures are effective and can substantially improve functional outcomes. These procedures include nerve transfers and nerve grafting in infants and secondary procedures in children, such as botulinum toxin injection, shoulder tendon transfers, and humeral derotational osteotomy.
Undervaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine: National trends and association with pertussis risk in young children.

ABSTRACTBackground: The high coverage for ≥3 pertussis vaccine doses among Taiwanese children might not imply timely vaccination. Recently, resurgence of pertussis and challenges with availability of DTaP-IPV-Hib prompted this study.Methods: In the 1996–2012 national birth cohort, we calculated the prevalence and days of undervaccination against pertussis by age 36 months. We also compared the odds of undervaccination in each laboratory-confirmed pertussis patient at ages 3–35 months with sex-, residence-, and age-matched controls from the general population, using conditional logistic regression.Results: The prevalence of undervaccination was 60.6% (median 16 days) and decreasing (p < 0.0001). Among 145 cases and 2,900 controls, 58 (40.0%) and 721 (24.9%) were undervaccinated (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.57–3.31). The attributable risk percent was 22.5% (95% CI 14.5–27.9).Conclusions: Undervaccination was decreasing. Approximately up to one-fifth pertussis cases in children aged 3–35 months could have been prevent...
Examining the intermediate programmers understanding of the learning process

Within computer science education, we have spent considerable effort on the introduction to the discipline (particularly to programming) and the teaching of novice programmers. However, we do not often think about the teaching and learning for the intermediate students. Having data about student's perceptions coming into a second year data structures course, it became of interest to systematically analyze the data to see what if any interesting patterns or results we could see in this information. In this paper, we present the results of the analysis of the open-ended questions at the end of the survey. The students were asked to identify a concept that they found particularly difficult and to tell us why. They were also asked to describe how they achieved success in learning a concept that they initially found difficult. We developed a system of thematic codes using a grounded theory approach on a sampling of the data, which we then applied to the entire data set. We uncovered patterns and trends in the student responses. During our analysis, we have uncovered that students are expressing blame for the lack of learning on themselves and instructors, pointing to perceived failures in the classroom environment and course structure, and are showing evidence of the understanding of the learning process. We conclude with some overall recommendations for how this findings could be operationalized to better understand the process for this intermediate learner.
Minimally Invasive Management of Urinary Reflux

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is common, occurring in 30–70 % in children with urinary tract infections. While reflux is not typically harmful in the absence of bacterial contamination or high bladder pressures, children with reflux and bacteriuria are at a much higher risk for pyelonephritis. Repeat episodes of pyelonephritis have been linked to acquired renal scarring, hypertension, renal dysplasia, and progressive renal failure, highlighting the importance of diagnosis and treatment in the affected pediatric population. Minimally invasive techniques to address VUR include robotic-assisted laparoscopic extravesical or intravesical ureteral reimplantation and endoscopic antireflux surgery with injection of Deflux®. These techniques offer success rates approaching, though not yet exceeding, the standard open ureteral reimplantation surgery but are associated with advantages such as improved cosmesis, shortened hospitalization, and decreased need for postoperative analgesics.
Practising evidence-based medicine (EBM): a descriptive analysis of medical students’ whole-task EBM assignments

Researchers have suggested whole-task learning activities to practice and teach evidence-based medicine (EBM); however, limited description exists of their use in EBM curricula. This article describes medical students' execution of a whole-task EBM assignment and characterises themes emerging from assignment submissions. Between 2013 and 2015, Stanford University's paediatric clerkship students completed a whole-task EBM assignment based on a patient encounter. The assignment captured students' efforts to perform all EBM steps and describe their patient scenario and future knowledge needs strategies. Assignments were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative description. 123 students completed the assignment. Students formulated therapy (n=76), prognosis (n=18), diagnosis (n=15), harm (n=9) and aetiology (n=2) questions, and used a single (n=58) or multiple information resources (n=57). Based on evidence appraisal, 95 students indicated that the found evidence would inform future practice while 16 were sceptical of its conclusivity. 65 learners wanted to share evidence with colleagues; 33 with patients and families. To meet future knowledge needs, learners suggested using a structured approach (eg, PICO (patient, intervention, comparison and outcome); n=58), reading more primary literature (n=22) and creating question logs (n=21). This article provides a glimpse into students' EBM process and demonstrates the feasibility of whole-task activities for use in EBM training. Findings related to students' clinical uncertainty and information sharing raise questions about coverage of these topics in current EBM training and suggest that further investigation is warranted.
Managing Terabyte-Scale Investigations with Similarity Digests

The relentless increase in storage capacity and decrease in storage cost present an escalating challenge for digital forensic investigations – current forensic technologies are not designed to scale to the degree necessary to process the ever increasing volumes of digital evidence. This paper describes a similarity-digest-based approach that scales up the task of finding related digital artifacts in massive data sets. The results show that digests can be generated at rates exceeding those of cryptographic hashes on commodity multi-core computing systems. Also, the querying of the digest of a large (1 TB) target for the (trace) presence of a small file can be completed in less than one second with very high precision and recall rates.
The Hotel as Setting in Early Twentieth-Century German and Austrian Literature: Checking in to Tell a Story

As the bourgeois concept of 'home' became problematic after important changes in German-speaking society during the 19th century, many fiction writers chose the literary setting of the hotel to explore the status of the individual and the notions of public and private. As social microcosms, hotels are fitting experimental settings for literary inquiries into the tension between the individual's quest for a place in the world and the technocratic rationalism of modern life. The book has two parts, the first establishing the cultural and theoretical context and the second providing analyses of literary works set in hotels. A brief history of commercial hospitality and a chapter establishing the theoretical framework of the hotel as a paradigmatic, ambivalent, semi-public, and stage-like modern space lead to readings of texts by Schnitzler, Zweig, Werfel, Kafka, Thomas Mann, Joseph Roth, and Vicki Baum. BETTINA MATTHIAS is associate professor of German at Middlebury College.