cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Follow-Up of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Follow-up paradigms for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) have changed considerably in the last five years. Before then, patients underwent periodic testing with serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements made during thyroid hormone suppression of TSH, and with diagnostic whole-body scans (DxWBS). Over the past 5 years, however, the shortcomings of DxWBS and serum Tg measurements made during thyroid hormone suppression of TSH have been widely recognized, particularly in patients who are at low risk of having recurrent or persistent disease. There is good agreement between investigators in theUS (Mazzaferri 2003) and Europe (Schlumberger 2004) that follow-up for low risk patients (about 85% of postoperative patients) who have undergone total or near-total thyroidectomy and I-131 remnant ablation should be based mainly on TSH-stimulated serum Tg measurements and neck ultrasonography. Follow-up is somewhat different in patients at low and high risk of having persistent or recurrent disease. Thus, before discussing the follow-up paradigms, it is necessary to define risk of persistent or recurrent disease in the context of follow-up.
How to playwell in non-zero sum games: some lessons from generalized traveler's dilemma

We are interested in two-person games whose structure is far from zero-sum. We study the iterated Traveler's Dilemma (TD) which is a two-player, non-zero sum game that, depending on the exact values of its critical parameters, may offer plenty of incentives for cooperation. We first briefly summarize the results of a round-robin tournament with 36 competing strategies that was motivated by the work by Axelrod et al. on the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. We then generalize the "default" version of Iterated TD with respect to two important game parameters, the bonus value and the "granularity" of the allowable bids. We analytically show the impact of the ratio of these two parameters on the game structure. Third, we re-run the 36-player round-robin tournament and investigate how varying the bonus-to-granularity ratio affects relative performances of various types of strategies in the tournament. We draw some conclusions based on those results and outline some promising ways forward in further investigating games whose structures seem to defy the prescriptions of classical game theory.
ϒ family of resonances above threshold

The coupled-channel method developed previously is applied to the $b\overline{b}$ system of resonances above the threshold for Zweig-allowed decays ($2{m}_{B}$). The structure of $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$ is calculated for representative values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}M=m(4^{3}S_{1})\ensuremath{-}2{m}_{B}$. Typically the $4^{3}S_{1}$ resonance has a complex structure with a total width 10-40 MeV and $\ensuremath{\Delta}R(\mathrm{peak})\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{-}3$. This structure has a strong $\ensuremath{\Delta}M$ dependence which may allow the determination of ${m}_{B}$ from the observed structure of $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$ in the ${\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ region. The contribution of each exclusive channel is shown. Higher $b\overline{b}$ resonances are briefly discussed.
HTR: on-chip hardware task relocation for partially reconfigurable FPGAs

Partial reconfiguration (PR) enables shared FPGA systems to nonintrusively time multiplex hardware tasks in partially reconfigurable regions (PRRs). To fully exploit PR, higher priority tasks should preempt lower priority tasks and preempted tasks should resume execution in any PRR. This preemption/ resumption requires saving/restoring the preempted task's execution context and relocating the task to another PRR, however, prior works only provide partial solutions and impose limitations and/or overheads. We propose on-chip hardware task relocation (HTR) software, which enables a task's execution state to be saved, relocated to, and restored in any PRR with sufficient resources. The HTR software executes on a soft-core processor in the FPGA's static region, and is thus portable across any system/application. Experimental results evaluate HTR execution times, enabling designers to tradeoff task/PRR granularity and HTR execution times based on application requirements.
Preparation in and Use of the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics by Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments

This study examined the preparation in and use of the Nemeth braille code by 135 teachers of students with visual impairments. Almost all the teachers had taken at least one course in the Nemeth co...
A Systematic Summary of Systematic Reviews on the Topic of Hip Arthroscopic Surgery

Background:There is a rapidly growing body of literature on the topic of hip arthroscopic surgery.Purpose:To provide an overall summary of systematic reviews published on the indications, complicat...
Postmortem neurodegenerative markers and trajectories of decline in cognitive systems.

Objective To assess whether neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially related to trajectories of change in different cognitive abilities. Methods At annual intervals for up to 21 years, 915 older participants in a longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort study completed a battery of 15 tests from which previously established composite measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, and perceptual speed were derived. At death, they underwent a neuropathologic examination to quantify Alzheimer disease pathology, Lewy bodies, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology, and hippocampal sclerosis plus multiple markers of cerebrovascular disease. Time-varying effect models were used to assess change over time in the relation of neuropathologic markers to cognitive trajectories. Results Controlling for pathology, decline in perceptual speed was evident about 15 years before death; modest decline in semantic and working memory occurred later; and there was little change in episodic memory. Each neurodegenerative marker was associated with lower episodic memory function beginning about 10 to 16 years before death. As time before death decreased, Alzheimer disease pathology, Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis were associated with impairment in other cognitive domains but the association of TDP-43 pathology with cognition continued to be mainly confined to episodic memory. Conclusions The results suggest that episodic memory impairment is an early sign of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, which primarily differ in their associations with other cognitive systems.
Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy for locoregionally persistent or recurrent head and neck cancer.

Background To report our institutional experience with intraoperative radiotherapy for persistent or recurrent head and neck cancer. Methods Sixty-one patients were treated with salvage surgery and intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). Fifty-eight patients (95%) had previously received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) as a component of their definitive therapy. Forty-four patients (72%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Surgical margins were positive in 28 patients (46%). IORT was prescribed to a median dose of 12.5 Gy (range, 10-17.5). Twenty-three patients (38%) received a course of postoperative EBRT (median 45 Gy). Clinical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and univariate analysis was performed using log-rank tests to correlate clinical outcomes with histology, surgical margin, and adjuvant therapy. Results Median follow-up among surviving patients was 15.9 months. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 9.8 and 19.1 months, respectively. One- and 2-year rates of locoregional control (LRC) were 59% and 35%, respectively. One- and 2-year rates of PFS were 39% and 19%, respectively. One- and 2-year rates of OS were 62% and 42%, respectively. Overall survival was better for non-SCC histology (P = .03). For SCC patients, negative surgical margin showed a trend toward improved PFS (P = .09) and OS (P = .06). There was one grade-5 toxicity due to carotid rupture. Conclusions IORT has shown effective LRC and OS with an acceptably low rate of severe toxicity at our institution. OS was significantly better for non-SCC histology. For SCC patients, there is a trend toward improved PFS and OS associated with negative surgical margins.
Exploring Consumer Retail-Type Concentration in Choice Set Processes

This manuscript examines the decision process consumers undergo when selecting a retail outlet. Sore or outlet choice is assumed to be a complex decision process and this research utilizes a choice sets model to explore the retail-type composition at three choice stages: awareness, consideration, and action. At each consecutive stage, consumers narrow their range of choices and seek to limit the amount of effort expended and reduce the complexity inherent in the decision process. The results of an exploratory study indicate consumers do indeed concentrate or restrict the range of alternatives considered at each stage of the choice process. Each choice stage is dominated by specialty retailers and catalog alternatives. Additionally, as consumers move from the awareness set to action set, more consumers demonstrate increased concentration of a particular retailer type.
Abstract 455: Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 6 Activity Provides Protection Against Atherogenesis: a Role for HDAC6 NEDDylation

Rationale: Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) regulates Cystathionine Gamma Lyase (CSEγ)- hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme known to play a critical role in endothelial function. However, a role for HDA...
Veterans as Students in Higher Education: A Scoping Review.

Aim The aim of this study was to determine what is known about military veterans as students in higher education and inform nurse educators. Background Military veterans are increasingly enrolling in higher education and in nursing programs and may provide a recruitment source for nursing education. Method A scoping review of literature published after 2011 was performed to determine characteristics of military veterans as students. Twelve sources were identified. Results Military veterans have multiple strengths yet may also experience barriers to success. As a result, veterans may struggle to transition from the rigid military environment to the more relaxed college setting. Conclusion Military veterans may provide a recruitment source for the nursing workforce. Gaining knowledge of the strengths and barriers faced by these students may help nurse educators plan strategies for achieving academic success.
Multiscale analysis of notched fiber reinforced laminates

Abstract An efficient two-scale computational method to predict the progressive damage and failure response of three different polymer matrix multidirectioanl laminates used in the Tech Scout-1 challenge, conducted by Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) for uniaxial tensile and compressive responses is presented. The sub-scale model is an analytical model, the 2CYL (2-concentric cylinder) model, developed by Zhang and Waas [1] earlier. The material system is IM-7/977–3. The notched laminates are modeled explicitly using 3D solid elements for individual lamina and the interlaminar finite thickness layer is modeled using discrete cohesive zone elements (DCZM) [2]. The constituent level input parameters are obtained from standard unnotched [0], [90] and [ + 45 / − 45 ] 4 s coupon level experimental data, provided by AFRL. The matrix microdamage and the lamina pre-peak nonlinearity are modeled using a secant stiffness approach, while the post-peak softening failure response is modeled using a mesh-objective smeared crack approach (SCA) [3, 4], implemented at the macroscale. The proposed two-scale strategy is implemented for each fiber and matrix dominated intralaminar failure modes and interfaced with the SCA to predict the macroscopic response and the detailed local ply level progressive failure mechanisms. The predicted results are compared with experimental results [5] that show very good agreement.
Transformation and Resilience at the University of Redlands

Small, private, non-profit liberal arts universities with professional schools face threats that differ from those of large, public, and private institutions. These include threats such as low bran...
Healthcare utilization among children in foster care in the greater Houston area

Abstract Children in foster care have greater physical and mental health conditions than children not in foster care. However, little is known about their actual healthcare utilization. This study describes healthcare utilization from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2016 among children in foster care in the greater Houston, Texas area who receive Medicaid coverage through a single Medicaid managed care organization for children in foster care. Enrollment and claims data were used to describe demographic characteristics; outpatient utilization, location and type of encounters; inpatient utilization; and timeliness of first visit. Overall, 11,073 children were enrolled for any portion of the study period and 88% utilized healthcare services. Children who accessed healthcare services were significantly younger (p
Assessment of CASL VERA for BWR analysis and application to accident tolerant SiC/SiC channel box

Abstract Application of the Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) to BWR analysis is assessed in this paper by comparing results to those calculated using other widely-used modeling tools, namely the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s PARCS/PATHS and the Serpent Monte Carlo particle transport code. Additionally, VERA is used to calculate 3-D temperature and fast neutron flux distributions in silicon carbide (SiC) fiber-reinforced, SiC matrix composite (SiC/SiC) BWR channel boxes, which are being studied as an Accident Tolerant Fuel core structural material concept. The code-to-code comparisons were favorable, and the SiC/SiC channel box evaluation demonstrates the many advanced modeling features VERA provides while also highlighting the non-uniformity in fast neutron flux distributions that can play a role in potential SiC/SiC channel box deformation. Traditional BWR analysis tools do not have the calculation fidelity necessary for coupled assessment of flux and temperature gradients in a SiC/SiC channel box. VERA is a state-of-the-art modeling environment that was developed to increase the safety and economic competitiveness of nuclear power through improved modeling accuracy. While VERA has already been deployed in the nuclear industry for PWR applications, the current study is a vital initial step in the extensive development, validation, and verification that VERA must go through to be useful for BWR applications.
Effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning.

Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF)-family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforcing stomatal spacing, whereas EPF-LIKE9, also known as Stomagen, promoting stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To quantitatively determine their effective ranges, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (Stomata Patterning AutoCorrelation on Epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in Astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor, EPF1, exerts longer-range effects than the activator, Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means to quantitatively characterize complex spatial patterns in development.
Prevention of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), defined as atherosclerosis of the lower extremities, affects 200 million individuals worldwide and independently increases risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Major risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and family history. Diagnosing PAD can be difficult as many patients are asymptomatic or have atypical symptoms. In addition to lifestyle modifications as the cornerstone of PAD prevention, many newer pharmaceutical agents are now approved to produce further reductions in cardiovascular and limb events. In this chapter we detail the most up-to-date literature on traditional and novel risk factors for PAD and strategies for diagnosis and review the latest recommendations for primary and secondary prevention.
Survey of Practices on Performance Measurement of U.S. Inland Waterway Freight Transportation

The inland waterway freight transportation system plays a vital role in the trade and commerce of the U.S.A. To ensure that the system performs at an acceptable level, routine monitoring and perfor...
VOICING AND ASPIRATION IN MARATHI STOPS

This paper addressed the debate on binary features [±voice] versus privative features [voice] and [spread glottis] as the phonological representation of laryngeal features in stop sounds across languages by studying the production of four-way stops (e.g. /b/, /bh/, /p/, and /ph/) in Marathi. This study was aimed at providing accurate data on voicing and aspiration in Marathi stops in utterance-initial and intervocalic positions, as well as investigating how voicing and aspiration are influenced by place of articulation and male-female differences. Three male and three female native speakers of Marathi were recorded in an anechoic chamber at the University of Iowa, and their recordings were analyzed using Praat. The data showed robust presence of voicing and aspiration in the production of voiced aspirated stops, supporting the privative features theory since the binary features [±voice] alone cannot distinguish the four-way stop contrasts in Marathi. Furthermore, place of articulation was found to be significantly correlated with the length of voicing and aspiration, whereas male-female differences did not have a significant influence on voicing and aspiration of the Marathi stops.
Material signs and relational meanings: reconsidering Ancestral Pueblo material dichotomies

Using archaeological materials from the pre-Hispanic American Southwest, we explore how insights from both new materialism/posthumanism and Peircean semiotics enrich our understanding of object mea...
Disentangling Autocorrelated Intraday Returns

We propose a semiparametric approach to disentangling the autocovariance of equity returns at high frequency. We assume the observed price consists of an efficient component that follows a nonparametric continuous-time Ito-semimartingale, along with a market microstructure component that follows a discrete-time moving-average model. Our quasi-likelihood procedure relies on a misspecified moving-average model selected by information criteria. We establish the model-selection consistency, provide a central limit theory on autocovariance parameters, and show their consistency uniformly over a large class of models that allow for an arbitrary noise magnitude and a flexible dependence structure. We also provide a quadratic representation of the likelihood estimator, which sheds light on its connection with nonparametric kernel estimators. Our simulation evidence suggests that our estimator outperforms the nonparametric alternatives particularly when noise magnitude is small. We apply this estimator to S&P 1500 index constituents, and find that in recent years the microstructure friction has become smaller but existed in 5-minute returns, particularly in small caps, and that the average duration of autocorrelations for large caps has shrunk considerably to merely 10 seconds.
Machine learning performance validation and training using a 'perfect' expert system.

ABSTRACT A method is proposed for generating application domain agnostic data for training and evaluating machine learning systems. The proposed method randomly generates an expert system network based upon user specified parameters. This expert system serves as a generic model of an unspecified phenomena. The expert system is run to determine the ideal output from a set of random inputs. These inputs and ideal output are used for training and testing a machine learning system. This allows a machine learning technology to be developed and tested without requiring compatible test data to be collected or before data collection as a proof-of-concept validation of system operations. It also allows systems to be tested without data error noise or with known levels of noise and with other perturbations, to facilitate analysis. It may also facilitate testing system security, adversarial attacks and conducting other types of research into machine learning systems. • Provides an application domain agnostic way to test machine learning technologies and facilitates the generalization of results. • Allows technologies to be tested with data with different characteristics without having to locate datasets that have these characteristics. • Utilizes randomly generated network to represent non-specific phenomena which can be used for training and testing machine learning techniques.
Medical Students’ Judgments of Mind and Brain in the Etiology and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

Given the importance of how medical students conceptualize psychiatric illness along the biological-psychological spectrum, it is surprising that little has been written about this phenomenon or about the factors that contribute to it. The authors designed a questionnaire to assess how medical students view mind and brain issues in psychiatry as they relate to the treatment and etiology of psychiatric disorders. Seventy-nine third-year medical students completed the questionnaire midway through their 8-week clerkship. Results indicated that third-year medical students weigh both psychological and biological factors in a balanced way when considering the etiology and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Morning Star Sacrifices: Contradiction or Dualism?

Early historical references like Wetmore's on the Pawnee Morning Star sacrifices mention both females and males being offered. This short essay attempts to examine the implications of that data, and suggests alter nating sacrificial dualism might have been present.
Quantum Dynamics of Superconductors and Tunneling between Superconductors

In weakly coupled superconducting systems the phase difference of the complex order parameters on the two sides is the essential dynamical variable. The switching of such systems from superconducting to resistive states involves a transition from a phase value that is on the average constant to one that grows with time. At sufficiently low temperatures it is natural to think of this transition as taking place by quantum mechanical tunneling through a potential barrier. However, the phase is itself an attribute of an intrinsically quantum mechanical quantity. Thus, the sense in which it can be thought of as a quantum mechanical degree of freedom is not completely obvious. Furthermore, the dynamics of the phase cannot in general be separated from the microscopic degrees of freedom -quasiparticles-so that the correct equations of motion must describe a kind of quantum Brownian motion.
Stability and Robustness of Weak Orthogonal Matching Pursuits

A recent result establishing, under restricted isometry conditions, the success of sparse recovery via orthogonal matching pursuit using a number of iterations proportional to the sparsity level is extended to weak orthogonal matching pursuits. The new result also applies to a pure orthogonal matching pursuit, where the index appended to the support at each iteration is chosen to maximize the subsequent decrease of the squared norm of the residual vector.
Applications of the Frobenius Formulasfor the Characters of the Symmetric Groupand the Hecke Algebras of Type A

We give a simple combinatorial proof of Ram‘s rule for computing the characters of the Hecke Algebra. We also establish a relationship between the characters of the Hecke algebra and the Kronecker product of two irreducible representations of the Symmetric Group which allows us to give new combinatorial interpretations to the Kronecker product of two Schur functions evaluated at a Schur function of hook shape or a two row shape. We also give a formula for the regular representation of the Hecke algebra.
Evaluation and treatment of depression in patients with heart failure.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of relevant clinical issues including pathophysiology, clinical presentation, assessment/diagnosis, and treatment strategies regarding depression in the heart failure (HF) patient. This information was synthesized to create a clinical protocol to guide the practitioner in identifying, diagnosing, and treating depression in adult HF patients. This protocol was designed for use in the primary care or HF clinic setting. Data sources: PubMed and CINAHL were utilized to search for articles pertaining to HF and depression. Conclusions: The presence of depression in HF is associated with a worsening prognosis, increased risk of death, rehospitalization, and functional decline. The practitioner must identify predisposing factors for depression and evaluate symptoms. Self-rated screening instruments can assist the practitioner in identifying those with depression. Evidence is lacking regarding the treatment of depression in HF but selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely the best option. Implications for practice: Understanding depression as it occurs in patients with HF is critical. If depression is identified and properly managed it may lead to better patient outcomes.
RGS9-2 mediates specific inhibition of agonist-induced internalization of D2-dopamine receptors

Regulator of G protein signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2), a member of the RGS family of GTPase accelerating proteins, is expressed specifically in the striatum, a brain region involved in controlling movement, motivation, mood and addiction. RGS9-2 can be found co-localized with D(2)-class dopamine receptors in medium spiny striatal neurons and altered functioning of both RGS9-2 and D(2)-like dopamine receptors have been implicated in schizophrenia, movement disorders and reward responses. Previously we showed that RGS9-2 can specifically co-localize with D(2)-dopamine receptors (D2R). Here we provide further evidence of the specificity of RGS9-2 for regulating D2R cellular functions: the expression of RGS9-2 inhibits dopamine-mediated cellular internalization of D2R, while the expression of another RGS protein, RGS4, had no effect. In addition, the agonist-mediated internalization of the G protein coupled delta opioid receptor was unaffected by RGS9-2 expression. We utilized mutant constructs of RGS9-2 to show that the RGS9-2 DEP (for Disheveled, EGL-10, Pleckstrin homology) domain and the GTPase accelerating activity of RGS9-2 were necessary for mediating specific inhibition of D2R internalization.
Organizational information systems: Rate of return and influencing variables as viewed by top financial executives

Purpose – The overall purpose of this paper is to analyze variables that influence how top financial executives view their return on information technology (IT) investment in their organizations. Specifically, relationships between a series of independent variables are measured against the dependent variable overall return on its technology investment. The goal is to determine what contributes to IT success in an organization so that all organizations can focus attention where needed and improve their IT operations.Design/methodology/approach – An analysis of secondary data obtained from the 2003 Financial Executives International (FEI) comprehensive survey‐based research on technology issues for financial executives was conducted. The study was carried out by the FEI and Computer Sciences Corporation. Regression analysis and other statistical methods were used.Findings – The findings suggest that overall information return is rated medium to high by top financial executives. Variables that significantly ...
The stability bounds of linear time-delay-singularly perturbed systems

The stability of a linear time-invariant singularly perturbed system with time-delay in slow states is discussed. A delay-dependent sufficient condition for the stability bound /spl epsiv/* is given, such that the stability of the full-order model can be inferred from the analysis of the corresponding reduced-order model in separate time scales. The perturbation on time delay is also considered. The significance of the obtained results is illustrated by several examples.
A new perspective on unfolded proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hydrophobic clusters in urea-denatured proteins, rationale for studying denatured proteins in water, stiffness of the random chain, and preferred backbone conformations. Hydrophobic clusters of nonpolar side chains withstands denaturation in concentrated urea solutions and possibly also in 6 M GdmCl. In urea solutions, hydrophobic clusters can be observed in denatured proteins by various NMR probes, such as the nuclear Overhauser effect chemical shifts of aromatic side chain protons or transverse relaxation rates of amide groups in the polypeptide backbone. There are two main reasons for studying denatured proteins in water. First, simulations of the folding process are providing increasingly valuable insights into the folding process and simulations are made in water not in 6 M GdmCl. The starting point for a simulation is usually an extended β-strand, rather than an attempt at simulating a structureless, random chain. The local structures formed rapidly at the start of folding are accessible to simulation. The second reason is that the kinetics of α-helices and β-hairpins can now be measured by fast-reaction methods. The measurements of chain stiffness of denatured proteins are made in the presence of a strong denaturant, such as 8 M urea or 6 M GdmCl, in which peptide H-bonds are weak and peptide helices unfold and the possible presence of α-helices or β-hairpins is not an issue in these denaturants.
Prisoners' attitudes toward law and legal institutions

Sociologists and criminologists have suggested that delinquents and criminals have withheld their attribution of legitimacy from certain of the norms maintained by law-abiding groups of the larger society and have given it, instead, to patterns of conduct defined as illegitimate by the official agencies of the society.' Moreover, American criminologists agree that the strong tradition of lawlessness, namely, that of the "fix" prevailing in the American society and the fact that people in the United States do not have the respect for law that people have in other countries, are two conditions which contribute to the high delinquency and adult crime rate in America.2 In view of the foregoing, it is reasonable to expect an unfavorable attitude of American prisoners toward law in general and legal institutions in particular, namely, courts, judges, prosecutors, juries, lawyers, and police. All of us, also, are aware that adult offenders have antisocial grudges and hostile attitudes toward society. Many of these attitudes develop early in life, while some develop later as a result of experience with police, courts, and prisons. Certainly a favorable attitude toward law and legal institutions is an indication of conformity as well as good adjustment to society. There has been a dearth of studies on this important aspect of criminology in the United States. Several studies have attempted to predict success or failure after release from prison or reformatory, according to various characteristics.3 A series of studies has also attempted to guage the impact of the penal institution on the inmate as
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase Associated with Avian Tumor Viruses: Secondary Structure of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Product

Abstract The products of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase associated with Rous sarcoma virus and avian myeloblastosis virus were characterized by correlative analyses with equilibrium centrifugation and stepwise elution from hydroxyapatite. The initial enzymatic product consists of nascent DNA chains which are hydrogen-bonded to 70S viral ribonucleic acid (RNA), whereas the final enzymatic product is double-stranded DNA. Appreciable amounts of free single-stranded DNA were not detected at any point during the course of the enzymatic reaction, but the data in this regard are not decisive. The time course of synthesis of DNA:RNA hybrids and double-stranded DNA has been analyzed. It is concluded that the synthesis of double-stranded DNA is a sequel to and is probably dependent upon the synthesis of DNA:RNA hybrid.
An Ethogram Developed on Captive Eastern Coyotes Canis latrans

We studied capture Eastern Coyotes ( Canis latrans ) from 27-585 days of age and compiled an ethogram on them. A total of 72247 15-sec samples were taken, amounting to 301 h of field time varying between 59.4–61.3 h per Coyote. A total of 540 behavioral patterns was observed amongst the 16 behaviour categories ranging from 9 (miscellaneous) to 72 (explore/investigate) action patterns per parent category. The 16 parent categories that we believed best described and appropriately sorted the behavioural actions were resting, sitting, sitting1, sitting2, standing, traveling, explore/investigating, hunting, feeding, infantile, greeting, self play, play initiating, playing, agonistic, and miscellaneous. Exploring accounted for >31% of all of the behaviours observed with resting and sitting (combined), standing, traveling, and play as categories decreasing in order of most to least frequent. Despite some omissions in our ethogram and drift associated with its ongoing development, we believe that the large amount of data collected made it rigorous enough to be a useful guide for the species. We argue that although future research will no doubt add to and/or modify components of it, its ease of use in the field (in captivity or in the wild) and it being the first complete ethogram described for the species, make it a useful tool for future researchers.
Characterization of coaggregation between Bacteroides gingivalis T22 and Fusobacterium nucleatum T18.

Bacterial adherence is a key factor in the colonization of the oral ecosystem, yet little is known about the mechanisms by which the pathogen Bacteroides gingivalis adheres in the periodontal environment. We examined the ability of strains of B. gingivalis to coaggregate with selected microorganisms isolated from the subgingival microbiota of the cynomolgus monkey. A strong interaction was demonstrated between strains of B. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, whereas less pronounced or no interaction was observed with other oral isolates. Electron microscopic examination of coaggregates revealed large masses of bacteria, in which the fusiform F. nucleatum T18 and coccobacillary B. gingivalis T22 cells formed a woven pattern. To investigate this interaction and the nature of the bacterial cell surface molecules involved, we used a microcoaggregation assay. Galactose and galactose-related sugars blocked coaggregation, in contrast with the lack of effect of glucose or glucose-related sugars. The ability of F. nucleatum T18 cells to coaggregate was diminished by pretreatment with pronase. Pretreatment of B. gingivalis T22 cells with pronase resulted in an inhibition of coaggregation, whereas pretreatment with sodium metaperiodate completely abolished coaggregation. These data suggest that the coaggregation between B. gingivalis T22 and F. nucleatum T18 represents a carbohydrate-lectin interaction, mediated by a galactose-containing carbohydrate on B. gingivalis T22 and a protein on F. nucleatum T18. Images
Sites of action of soltriol (vitamin D) in hamster spleen, thymus, and lymph node, studied by autoradiography.

Sibirian hamsters (Photopus sungorus) were injected with3H dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D, soltriol). Autoradiograms of spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes revealed nuclear concentration of the hormone in a select population of cells in all of these organs. In the spleen, labeled cells were abundant in the red pulp, but sparse in the white pulp. In the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) labeled cells were found predominatly at the outer rim, with a few scattered labeled cells in the inner PALS and in the marginal zone. Lymphocytes, including pyronin-positive plasma cells, did not display nuclear labeling. In the red pulp, some of the labeled cells contained pigmented inclusions in the cytoplsm, while most of the labeled cells did not appear phagocytic under the conditions of the experiment. In the thymus, labeled cells were most numerous in the medulla, but sparse in the cortex. Many of the thymic target cells were larger than the unlabeled lymphocytes, with a large and pale nucleus, sometimes containing a distinct nucleolus, and with large and dendritic cytoplasm, having the appearance and distribution of epithelio-reticular cells. In lymph nodes, scattered labeled cells were conspicuous in or near the subcapsular sinus, while other cells did not concentrate radioactivity in their nuclei.
Aggressively recurrent infantile myofibroma of the axilla and shoulder girdle

Infantile myofibroma is the most common fibrous tumor of infancy, typically affecting neonates and children under 2 years of age. Though the multicentric variant portends a grave prognosis, solitary lesions have an excellent prognosis and frequently undergo spontaneous regression. Surgical excision of solitary lesions is usually curative. In this report, we describe a pediatric patient with an unusually aggressive solitary myofibroma of the axilla who ultimately required a forequarter amputation as a lifesaving measure following multiple tumor recurrences and progressive tumor growth. The clinical course, radiographic findings, histology, and management rationale are presented.
Paget's disease of bone affecting a single vertebra: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations.

We report a 67-year-old man who presented with a 3-month history of progressively increasing pain in the lumbar spine. His past medical history was unremarkable, and physical examination disclosed local tenderness over the lower spine. No neurologic dysfunction was identified. Routine laboratory evaluation including alkaline phosphatase activity was normal. An X-ray film of the lumbar spine showed enlargement and increased density of L-5 vertebra. A wholebody bone scan revealed markedly increased uptake at the L-5 level. To further evaluate the nature of the disorder and the cause of his pain, a computed tomography (CT) scan was obtained. It disclosed multiple lucent areas with some sclerotic changes mainly affecting the vertebral body of L-5. No spinal stenosis was found. Subsequently, a bone biopsy of L-5 was performed that showed typical findings consistent with Paget's disease. The patient was treated with etidronate (200 mg b.i.d. for 6 months) followed by salmon calcitonin (50 IU 3 times/week s.c. for 6 months). The pain declined gradually in severity and the patient became symptom free after 12 months of treatment. A repeat X-ray film, obtained at that time, showed no significant change. However, a bone scan showed almost complete normalization. The present case illustrates that a high index of suspicion is required when only a single vertebra is affected by Paget's disease, especially, when alkaline phosphatase activity is normal. It may present with severe pain without evidence of neurologic dysfunction. CT scan may be a useful adjunct in establishing the diagnosis and elucidating the cause of pain.
Early susceptibility for epileptiform activity in malformed cortex.

Summary Despite early disruption of developmental processes, hyperexcitability is often delayed after the induction of cortical malformations. In the freeze-lesion model of microgyria, interictal activity cannot be evoked in vitro until postnatal day (P)12, despite the increased excitatory afferent input to the epileptogenic region by P10. In order to determine the most critical time period for assessment of epileptogenic mechanisms, here we have used low-Mg2+ aCSF as a second hit after the neonatal freeze lesion to examine whether there is an increased susceptibility prior to the overt expression of epileptiform activity. This two-hit model produced increased interictal activity in freeze-lesioned relative to control cortex. We quantified this with measures of incidence by sweep, time to first epileptiform event, and magnitude of late activity. The increase was present even in the P7–9 survival group, before increased excitatory afferents invade, as well as in the P10–11 and P12–15 groups. In our young adult group (P28–36), the amount of interictal activity did not differ, but only the lesioned cortices produced ictal activity. We conclude that epileptogenic processes begin early and continue beyond the expression of interictal activity, with different time courses for susceptibility for interictal and ictal activity.
The CD1b structure: antigen presentation adapts to a high-fat diet.

CD1b protein presents glycolipids of various tail lengths to T cells. The crystal structure of CD1b sheds light on its ability to accommodate these different glycolipids.
Thermovoltaic detection. II. Principles, apparatus and applications

Abstract The new thermal analysis of thermovoltaic detection (TVD) is described and its application to various substances is presented. Basically, the technique consists of recording the EMF curve generated by the thermally decomposing sample in contact with two dissimilar metal electrodes (usually Al-Pt). The general shape of the curve, in reference to the temperature axis, enables it to be used for the qualitative identification of the substance. The curves are reproducible to within about ± 3–4% of each other. TVD curves of CuSO 4 · 5 H 2 O, [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 , various polymers, organic acids, coal, tobacco, water, and ethanol are presented.
Open-loop control of a twin-screw ferry

In the paper the ferry and its simulation model are described and identification of its inverse steady-state characteristics is presented. Next results of the open-loop steering of the passenger ferry „Stena Germanica" in longitudal and lateral directions and turning in a place are given and compared with results of real-ship trials and model ship experiments.
Lactobacillus spp. from Washington state wines: isolation and characterization

Species of Lactobacillus were isolated and identified from commercial Washington state grapes and wines including L. brevis (4 strains), L. hilgardii (4), L. plantarum (3), and L. fructivorans (1). Unlike other strains, L. brevis and L. plantarum grew in media at relatively low pH (pH 3.16 and 3.34). Sulfur dioxide inhibited all strains as growth was delayed in 33 mg/L total SO 2 (pH 3.5). None of the strains grew in 12% or 14% ethanol. Alcoholic fermentations of two grape musts were not slowed in the presence of strains of L. brevis, L. hilgardii, or L. plantarum
Naloxone precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat.

Recently, a rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome has been developed based on continuous subcutaneous infusion of nicotine tartrate and observing the frequency of spontaneous behavioral signs following termination of infusion. The observed signs closely resemble those commonly seen in rat opiate abstinence syndrome, raising the possibility that there is an endogenous opioid component in nicotine dependence. The present study demonstrates that the opiate antagonist naloxone can precipitate an abstinence syndrome in nicotine-dependent rats. Fourteen rats were infused for 7 days with 9 mg/kg/day nicotine tartrate in saline via an Alzet osmotic minipump. Fourteen rats were sham-operated and remained nicotine-naive. Half of each group received 4.5 mg/kg naloxone SC immediately before a “blind” 15-min observation, while the other half received saline alone. ANOVA revealed significant nicotine infusion, naloxone injection and interaction effects. Post-hoc analysis showed that the nicotine-infused rats injected with naloxone had significantly more signs than all other groups (P<0.01). In a second experiment, 2 mg/kg morphine sulfate SC produced a significant (P<0.01) 91.2% reduction of spontaneous abstinence signs observed 21 h after termination of nicotine infusion. These results are consistent with the hypothesized endogenous opioid component in nicotine dependence and abstinence syndrome.
Pharmacologic causes of female incontinence.

The etiology of female urinary incontinence is complex and multifactorial. Many medications have adverse effects on the lower urinary tract, including the promotion of incontinence in certain women. Medications may cause incontinence through three main mechanisms: decreased intraurethral pressure, increased intravesical pressure, and indirect effects on the lower urinary tract. Careful adjustments of a patient’s medications based on a knowledge of pharmacologic mechanisms of action may restore continence in some women.
pH-Responsive Nanoporous Silica Colloidal Membranes

Free-standing colloidal membranes (nanofrits) with varied thickness and nanopore size are fabricated and modified with pH-responsive poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes. The polymer-modified nanofrits demonstrate excellent gating behavior for molecular diffusion: in the presence of acid, the diffusion rate of positively charged species significantly decreases. Increasing the polymer length and membrane thickness and decreasing the nanopore size leads to the complete acid-controlled gating of the membranes.
Wishes of Fourth- through Seventh-Grade Gifted Students.

Three wishes and primary wishes of fourth- through seventh-grade gifted students participating in a residential program for the gifted were collected and categorized. The results indicated that males wished for material things more often than did females. With the exception of fourth graders, subjects made altruistic wishes more frequently than any other wish.
Evacuolation of mesophyll protoplasts

Abstract The differential sedimentation of mesophyll protoplasts through a continous Percol gradient can lead to 100% evacuolation of protoplasts which subsequently could be regenerated to whole plants.
Analysis and functional annotation of expressed sequence tags from the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis.

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is one of the most economically and ecologically devastating forest insects to invade North America in recent years. Despite its substantial impact, limited effort has been expended to define the genetic and molecular make-up of this species. Considering the significant role played by late-stadia larvae in host tree decimation, a small-scale EST sequencing project was done using a cDNA library constructed from 5th -instar A. glabripennis. The resultant dataset consisted of 599 high quality ESTs that, upon assembly, yielded 381 potentially unique transcripts. Each of these transcripts was catalogued as to putative molecular function, biological process, and associated cellular component according to the Gene Ontology classification system. Using this annotated dataset, a subset of assembled sequences was identified that are putatively associated with A. glabnpennis development and metamorphosis. This work will contribute to understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms that underlie coleopteran morphogenesis and enable the future development of novel control strategies for management of this insect pest.