cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delusion, Proper Function, and Justification

Among psychiatric conditions, delusions have received significant attention in the philosophical literature. This is partly due to the fact that many delusions are bizarre, and their contents interesting in and of themselves. But the disproportionate attention is also due to the notion that by studying what happens when perception, cognition, and belief go wrong, we can better understand what happens when these go right. In this paper, I attend to delusions for the second reason—by evaluating the epistemology of delusions, we can better understand the epistemology of ordinary belief. More specifically, given recent advancements in our understanding of how delusions are formed, the epistemology of delusions motivates a proper functionalist account of the justification of belief. Proper functionalist accounts of the justification of belief hold that whether a belief is justified is partly determined by whether the system that produces the belief is functioning properly. Whatever pathology is responsible for delusion formation, restoring it to its proper function resolves the epistemic condition, an effect which motivates proper functionalism.
Undercurrents of power: aquatic culture in the African diaspora

This book makes arresting, bold claims. Essentially, its argument can be reduced to a binary: ‘Westerners’ (meaning white Europeans and Americans) are comfortable on land and uneasy on water, where...
The Piedmont flood of November 1994: a testbed of forecasting capabilities of the CNR-ISAC meteorological model suite

The celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Piedmont flood was organized by the University of Piemonte Orientale in Alessandria, a town that was severely affected in November 1994. It has been an opportunity to reexamine the meteorological event and assess the potential of CNR-ISAC models, after more than 20 years of development, to accurately simulate the heavy precipitation at different lead times. The predictability of this extreme event has been studied on a wide range of space and time scales, from subseasonal to convection resolving, using a variety of model setups and initial conditions. The subseasonal experiment produces a precipitation anomaly that, even if underestimated, indicates some predictability beyond the second forecast week. At shorter ranges, results indicate that there is a consistent improvement in the precipitation forecast going from low-resolution hydrostatic to high-resolution nonhydrostatic models. It is only at very high resolution (500 m) that the convective activity extending to the north of the divide line of the Ligurian Apennines, which was responsible for the flood of the Tanaro River, is predicted with an intensity comparable with rain gauge observations. The main mesoscale phenomena that played a role in the different phases of the event have been also identified.
Use of Copeptin Levels to Predict the Resolution of Transient Postoperative SIADH.

Background Copeptin levels reflect vasopressin activity and help classify osmoregulatory disorders. There is limited pediatric experience using copeptin to diagnose and manage diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), and bi- or tri-phasic postsurgical osmoregulatory disorders. In this report, we describe serial copeptin levels in an infant who developed transient SIADH after neurosurgery. Case description A 4-month-old infant with no prior pituitary dysfunction underwent endoscopic fenestration of a large arachnoid cyst (3.5 × 4.7 × 3.8 cm). He developed SIADH on postoperative day 4 with seizures, hyponatremia (sodium 121 mmol/L), and concentrated urine (535 mOsm/kg). His initial copeptin level was inappropriately high in the context of his hyponatremia. Copeptin levels decreased as his SIADH resolved. Serial copeptin levels correlated to the infant's increased ability to dilute urine. Conclusion Copeptin levels in this infant are consistent with levels described in adults and older children. Obtaining copeptin levels may improve providers' ability to quickly diagnose and manage SIADH amongst other heterogeneous causes of hyponatremia. Lastly, trending copeptin levels improved providers' ability to monitor SIADH progression, and may allow preemptive fluid titration for children with bi- or tri-phasic shifts in osmoregulation after neurological procedures.
War memories and Japanese citizens’ views toward the self-defense forces

War memories among the Japanese have played a critical role in shaping their perceptions of peace, providing various opportunities where they can learn about World War II. In spite of their critica...
Cascading Cache Layer in Content Management System

Caching involves the temporal storing of data in a separate folder. Cascading is the arrangement of something in sequence from top to bottom. Cascading cache layer in content management system places data in layers and sequence in order of importance. The cached data are also removed based on their order of importance. Caching is majorly about input and output of content and data, this brings the need for cascading management system to make accessing data easier than usual. This work takes a look into caching and how it works. It considers various levels of caching in the content management systems. It tries to explain what cascading is in a content management system as well as its importance. This work explains how cascading cache in layers would make it faster and more efficient to access data.
Quality and Location of the Surgical Episode Mediate a Large Proportion of Socioeconomic-Based Survival Disparities in Patients with Resected Stage I–III Colon Cancer

Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in patients with locoregional colon cancer. We aimed to estimate: (1) the proportion of SES-based OS disparities mediated by disparities in the quality and location of surgical treatment in patients with resected stage I–III colon cancer and (2) the relative importance of components of surgical quality. We examined patients ages 18–80 years with resected stage I–III colon adenocarcinoma using the 2010–2016 National Cancer Database. SES was defined at the zip code level. Inverse odds weighting mediation analysis was used to estimate the proportion mediated (PM) for nine treatment quality-related and facility-related factors and composite PMs in models including all nine mediators. Models compared high SES patients with each lower SES stratum. Among 171,009 patients, 5-year OS increased from 70.4% in low SES patients to 78.1% in high SES. When high SES patients were compared with low, lower-middle, and upper-middle SES patients, PM ranges among lower SES strata were: minimally invasive surgery 16.0–16.6%, lymph nodes examined 7.7–9.6%, positive margins 3.8–6.5%, length of stay 16.7–28.1%, readmissions insignificant to 3.7%, treatment at > 1 CoC facility 2.7–3.1%, facility type insignificant to 7.3%, facility volume 2.9–8.2%, and adjusted facility 90-day mortality rates 33.2–42.8%. Composite PMs were 76.9% (95% CI 61.3%, 92.4%) for low SES, 68.7% (95% CI 56.4%, 81.1%) for lower-middle SES, and 60.9% (95% CI 43.1%, 78.6%) for upper-middle SES. These data suggest that improving the quality of the surgical episode for disadvantaged patients undergoing resection for locoregional colon cancer could decrease SES-based survival disparities by over half.
Rescue recovery of the earliest known burials from Barbuda, West Indies (ca. 3560–3220 cal years BP)

The majority of archaeological sites in the Caribbean are under threat from various natural and cultural processes. This is particularly true for the smaller and more vulnerable islands in the Less...
Femtosecond Studies of Electron Dynamics in Two Dimensions

Using angle-resolved two-photon photoemission with femtosecond time resolution, it is possible to measure many dynamical properties of electrons in 2-D systems, including tunneling, localization, and momentum scattering.
Neonatal quinpirole treatment produces prepulse inhibition deficits in adult male and female rats

We have shown that repeated neonatal quinpirole (QUIN; a dopamine D2-like receptor agonist) treatment in rats produces long-lasting supersensitization of dopamine D2 receptors that persists into adulthood but without producing a change in receptor number. The current study was designed to analyze the effects of neonatal QUIN on auditory sensorimotor gating as measured through prepulse inhibition (PPI). Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with QUIN (1mg/kg) or saline from postnatal days (P)1-21. At P60, the number of yawns was recorded for a 1h period in response to an acute QUIN (1mg/kg) injection as yawning is a D2-like receptor mediated behavioral event. Five days later, rats began (PPI) behavioral testing in two phases. In phase I, three different prepulse intensities (73, 76, and 82dB) were administered 100-ms before a 115dB pulse on 10 consecutive days. In phase II, three different interstimulus intervals (ISI; 50, 100, and 150ms) were inserted between the 73 or 76dB prepulse and 115dB pulse over 10 consecutive days of testing. A PPI probe trial was administered at the end of each phase after an acute 100μg/kgi.p. injection of QUIN to all animals. Replicating previous work, neonatal QUIN enhanced yawning compared to controls, verifying D2 receptor supersensitization. Regarding PPI, neonatal QUIN resulted in deficits across both phases of testing persistent across all testing days. Probe trial results revealed that acute QUIN treatment resulted in more robust PPI deficits in neonatal QUIN animals, although this deficit was related to prepulse intensity and ISI. These findings provide evidence that neonatal QUIN treatment results in deficits of auditory sensorimotor gating in adulthood as measured through PPI.
Benign gastric ulcer with apparent achlorhydria.

The purpose of this paper is to present three cases of benign gastric ulcer demonstrating that: (1) profound depression of parietal cell function, either spontaneous or induced by roentgen irradiation to the stomach, may occur temporarily; (2) this depression may be so profound that stimulation by the usual amounts of histamine dihydrochloride (.01 mg. of the base per Kg. of body weight) is inadequate to elicit acid secretion; (3) that repeated standard histamine tests may not establish the presence of true achlorhydria and, (4) that in such cases one must resort either to the continuous itdministration of histamine or to the use of both alcohol and histamine to demonstrate the secretion of acid.
Undergraduate Economic Review: Recent Trends Report

The Undergraduate Economic Review is a peer-reviewed, internationally distributed open-access journal aimed at promoting high quality undergraduate research. It is supported by the Ames Library and the Department of Economics at Illinois Wesleyan University. The journal has been in existence for eight years, and has published many notable articles from a variety of undergraduate institutions. This report provides an overview and preliminary analysis of statistics and data from Berkeley Electronic Press and Google Analytics reports. This article is available in Undergraduate Economic Review: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol8/iss1/18 Undergraduate Economic Review Recent Trends Report
Using PVM and MPI for co-processed, distributed and parallel scientific visualization

This paper discusses the combined use of MPI and PVM in the parallel visualization tool kit, pV3. The implementation provides for efficient co-processed, distributed parallel visualization of large-scale 3D time dependent simulations. The primary goals of pV3 include the ability; to handle large-scale transient 3D simulations, to take full advantage of available hardware encompassing both parallel compute engines and graphics workstations, to visualize the data as the computation progresses, to interact and interrogate the data as its computed, and to steer the simulation by adjusting parameters obtaining immediate feedback from the changes. Based on a client/server model, the original implementation of pV3 was founded on PVM. The client portion executes coupled closely with the application code and ‘extracts’ from the distributed data volume, in place, lower dimensional data. The distilled data is transferred to the interactive server portion of pV3 (executing on a graphics workstation) where the rendering and display are performed. This unique architecture frees up the compute engine(s) from dealing with the graphics, and reduces the large data-set to a size that can be rapidly transported to the server using standard network connections.
Cellobiose Metabolism in Aerobacter aerogenes III. CLEAVAGE OF CELLOBIOSE MONOPHOSPHATE BY A PHOSPHO-β-GLUCOSIDASE

Abstract An enzyme in extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes was shown to catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of cellobiose monophosphate (6-O-phosphoryl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-d-glucose) to yield equimolar amounts of d-glucose and d-glucose 6-phosphate. The enzyme was partially purified and characterized. In addition to cellobiose monophosphate, it catalyzed the cleavage of cellobiitol phosphate, arbutin phosphate, salicin phosphate, gentiobiose phosphate, methyl β-d-glucoside phosphate, and phenyl β-d-glucoside phosphate, but not nonphosphorylated β-glucosides.
The Perspectives of Policy Researchers: A Synthesis of Special Issue Contributions.

This article summarizes the divergent perspectives found across the 14 articles written by individuals from three types of policy research organizations—think tanks, regional collaborative organizations, and university-based institutes and centers—for this special issue of the Community College Journal of Research and Practice. It concludes with a reflection on what was learned and what may be expected in the future.
Fully integrated CMOS power amplifier utilizing modified LC matching for transformation between balance and unbalance terminals

This work presents a modified LC matching transformer for a fully integrated CMOS power amplifier. The proposed structure transforms the impedance of a differential power cell pair into an unbalanced system impedance, and vice versa, with low insertion loss and a highly flexible impedance ratio. A simplified design procedure of the transformer that considers the output capacitance of power transistor is also presented. A class AB power amplifier in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS process is fabricated. Consequently, saturated output power of 27 dBm and linear power of 18.5 dBm with a power added efficiency of 12.5% are achieved.
External validation of the ICH score

Introduction: The ICH score is a clinical grading scale that is composed of five components related to outcome after nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH): Glasgow Coma Scale score, ICH volume, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, infratentorial origin, and age. The ICH score accurately risk-stratifies patients in the cohort from which it was developed, but it has not yet been fully externally validated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the ICH score accurately risk-stratifies patients in an independent cohort.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors: A Rational Strategy for Radiosensitization in the Treatment of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer?

Angiogenesis is a precondition to invasion and metastasis for all solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its family of receptors (VEGFR) play a critical role in cancer progression by promoting new blood vessel formation. Overexpression of VEGF and VEGFR has been correlated with poor prognosis in a variety of malignancies. In this era of targeted therapies for cancer, inhibiting angiogenesis through antiangiogenic and/or vascular targeting agents seems logical. Disturbing the angiogenesis process is an alternative or complementary strategy to inhibition of growth factor signaling. Blocking angiogenesis may enhance conventional anticancer treatments such as radiation therapy in situations where tumors are unresponsive to current antigrowth factor efforts. Compounds currently under investigation in cancer therapy include anti-VEGF/VEGFR antibodies, small molecule VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antisense suppression of VEGF, immunotherapy, viral-directed targeting of VEGFR signaling, ribozymes, and various toxin conjugates. Preclinical investigations are exploring the benefits of combining angiogenic inhibitors with radiation. This article will provide an overview of these preclinical studies and the rationale for this therapeutic strategy in the treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer.
Karl Deutsch: Teacher and scholar

The article provides a reminiscence of Karl Deutsch as a teacher and scholar. I examine his scholarship and focus on its enduring qualities. In particular, I highlight how he was a passionate advocate of innovative approaches to enduring political problems. His comprehensive theoretical vision, with central concepts such as communication and learning, remains as inspiring as his methodological eclecticism. It offers a synthesis of traditional sociology of the Europe he had left behind with the rationalist empiricism that he encountered in America.
Mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs does not affect postarrest cerebral oxygen uptake/delivery mismatching

Abstract Purpose: To compare measurements of cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content differences (oxygen extraction ratios, oxygen utilization coefficients) in dogs after cardiac arrest, resuscitated under normothermia vs. mild hypothermia for 1–2 h or 12 h. Methods: In 20 dogs, we used our model of ventricular fibrillation (no blood flow) of 12.5 min, reperfusion with brief cardiopulmonary bypass, and controlled ventilation, normotension, normoxemia, and mild hypocapnia to 24 h. We compared a normothermic control Group I (37.5°C) ( n = 8); with brief mild hypothermia in Group II (core and tympanic membrane temperature about 34°C during the first hour after arrest) ( n = 6); and with prolonged mild hypothermia in Group III (34°C during the first 12 h after arrest) ( n = 6). Results: In Group I, the cerebral arteriovenous O 2 content difference was 5.6 ± 1.6 ml/dl before arrest; was low during reperfusion (transient hyperemia) and increased (worsened) significantly to 8.8 ± 2.8 ml/dl at 1 h, remained increased until 18 h, and returned to baseline levels at 24 h after reperfusion. These values were not significantly different in hypothermic Groups II and III. The cerebral venous (saggital sinus) Po 2 (P ss o 2 ) was about 40 mmHg (range 29–53) in all three groups before arrest and decreased significantly below baseline values, between 1 h and 18 h after arrest; the lowest mean values were 19 ± 19 mmHg in Group I, 15 ± 8 in Group II (NS), and 21 ± 3 in Group III (NS). Postarrest P ss o 2 values of ≤20 mmHg were found in 6 8 dogs in Group I, 5 6 in Group II and 4 6 in Group III. Among the 120 values of P ss o 2 measured between 1 h and 18 h after arrest, 32 were below the critical value of 20 mmHg. Conclusions: After prolonged cardiac arrest, critically low cerebral venous O 2 values suggest inadequate cerebral O 2 delivery. Brief or prolonged mild hypothermia after arrest does not mitigate the postarrest cerebral O 2 uptake/delivery mismatching.
Challenges ahead for federal technology assessment.

ABSTRACT: Sean Tunis and colleagues provide an excellent critique of current federal activities to assess new medical technology. These efforts generally do not involve primary data collection but ...
Hybrid composites - State-of-the-art review: Analysis, design, application and fabrication

The areas of constituents and types of hybrids, analytical methods, design methods, applications, and fabrication procedures are discussed. The review summarizes significant contributions in each area and points out areas for further research. The description of each significant contribution is supplemented with pertinent illustrations and references.
The current status of lightning safety knowledge and the effects of lightning education modes on college students

Lightning is a natural hazard occurring frequently within the United States causing injury, damage, and death. To avoid this hazard, citizens need to self-mitigate their risk by taking action. The level of lightning safety knowledge must be known to determine if citizens have the tools to mitigate their risk. No studies have previously explored the status of lightning safety knowledge or the best way to educate about lightning safety. Therefore, the research community is unaware if citizens understand their risk and have the knowledge to mitigate their risk, or if current safety programs are effectively educating citizens. This study distributed two surveys to college students in Florida, Ohio, and Colorado. Following the pre-mode survey, students were shown videos, given brochures, or both with lightning safety information. A follow-up survey was then distributed. Participants were found to have a moderate level of lightning safety knowledge. Study areas of variable risk as well as past death rates were not found to affect the rate of knowledge. The presence of education programs were not affected by the variable risk. Misunderstood areas of lightning safety knowledge were associated mostly with the lightning and thunder relationship as well as safety before and after a thunderstorm. The education modes involving a video were the most effective at increasing knowledge. Gender displayed minor differences in gaining of lightning safety knowledge.
Consensus statement: Anemia in HIV infection—current trends, treatment options, and practice strategies

Abstract Background Despite important advances in antiretroviral therapy, anemia remains a problem in many HIV-infected patients. Although the incidence of anemia in these patients has decreased, its prevalence appears to have stabilized or decreased only slightly. Anemia has a deleterious effect on both functional capacity and quality of life, and has been associated with shortened survival. Objective The Anemia in HIV Working Group, an expert panel of physicians and researchers involved in the care of HIV-infected patients, met to determine the impact of anemia in this patient population; to develop practice strategies for the clinician treating HIV-infected patients with anemia; and to identify future research directions. Methods The proposed practice strategies are based on results of the available clinical trials (as identified through a MEDLINE ® search), a review of the literature, and the clinical experience and expert opinion of the panel. The present report is based on meetings held in February and June of 1998; as further experience with various treatment options accumulates and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy becomes clearer, the panel will reconvene to develop evidence-based guidelines. Results The working group considers HIV-associated anemia to be an important contributor to the morbidity and mortality of this infection. Recent reports indicate that recovery from anemia is associated with improved quality of life and survival. Conclusions As HIV-infected persons live longer, maintaining quality of life becomes an increasingly important goal of treatment. When planning treatment strategies, clinicians should consider the quality-of-life decrement caused by anemia. Transfusions should be used when rapid recovery is required, and underlying conditions causing anemia should be treated, if possible. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy is appropriate in certain HIV-infected persons and should be considered to maintain hemoglobin concentrations. The target hemoglobin level is 12 g/dL for men and 11 g/dL for women. Weekly rHuEPO dosing is suggested, initiated at 40,000 U, as has been established in patients with cancer.
An on-chip magnetic bead separator for biocell sorting

A novel on-chip magnetic bead separator using micromachined magnetic tips for biocell sorting in microfluidic systems is presented. Magnetic interconnection technology is applied by using through-holes filled with NiFe permalloy material, which allows the fully integrated electromagnetic inductors to be placed underneath the device chip. Only the magnetic tips on the front side of the chip are exposed to integrated microchannels, which give wide flexibility in constructing microfluidic systems with the magnetic bead separator. Magnetic beads were separated effectively from a continuous flow using the developed on-chip magnetic bead separator.
A meta-analysis of electroencephalographic sleep in depression: evidence for genetic biomarkers.

Background Research on whether any electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep abnormalities observed among individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) represent genetic biomarkers remains inconclusive. We aimed to identify EEG-based biomarkers of MDD through a review of studies from three populations: individuals with MDD, individuals with MDD under remission, and never depressed high-risk probands (HRPs) of individuals with MDD. Methods We searched databases such as MEDLINE and PsycINFO for EEG studies published since 1970. Of the 886 records, our selection criteria identified 56 studies that employed standardized EEG scoring procedures and addressed confounds such as participant reactivity and drug effects. We then used fixed-effects models to calculate average weighted mean differences in EEG parameters between clinical groups across these studies. Results Individuals with MDD differed significantly from control subjects on several EEG variables. However, remitted individuals showed normalization of all affected EEG parameters except rapid eye movement (REM) density and slow-wave sleep (SWS). Surprisingly, proportion of SWS was significantly shorter during remission than depression. Never-depressed HRPs also exhibited significantly elevated REM density and reduced SWS. Finally, these parameters constituted the only two EEG variables that were not moderated by depression severity. Conclusions Individuals experiencing MDD and those in remission exhibit increased REM density and shortened SWS, as do HRPs with no history of MDD. Thus, this combination of EEG features may represent a genetic biomarker of MDD. Further, SWS appears to be shorter during remission than depression, suggesting its role as both a genetic marker as well as a biological scar of the disorder.
Lead in New Orleans soils: New images of an urban environment.

This paper describes a survey of lead in soil and computer generated maps that have been derived for New Orleans, Louisiana. The soil survey included streetside, houseside and open space samples. Because the survey covered every census tract in the metropolitan area it was possible to construct a computer-generated map of the distribution of lead dust in the soils of the urban environment. The data base consists of coordinates, site characteristics and lead analytical results of 3,704 soil samples. The resulting graphics show peaks of lead ranging from 600–1,200 μg per g in the streetside soil of the inner-city and a steeply declining slope to the suburban areas of the city where the lead content of streetside soils is less than 75 μg/g. In the inner-city, the amount of lead in soils found near building foundations is 10 to 20 times higher than the soils adjacent to streets where the median lead content of soils is over 300 μg g−1. In areas surrounding the city core (“mid-city”), the amount of lead next to the foundation and adjacent to the street are equivalent with medians of 110 μg g−1. In suburban locations, the median lead content of soil along streetsides is 86 μg g−1. Soils adjacent to surburban foundations has a median Pb content of 50 μg g−1. The lowest median lead content in soil is found in open spaces, ranging from 212 to 40 to 28 μg g−1, respectively, for the inner-city, mid-city, and suburbs. These observations are consistent with the production and consumer use of lead-based paint and leaded-fuels within the modern city.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers containing pendant carbazole and oxadiazole moieties for applications in single‐layer organic light emitting devices

Methyl methacrylate derived monomers functionalized with pendant carbazole and oxadiazole moieties were synthesized and could be copolymerized to form a random copolymer. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers could be predicted with a Fox equation and ranged from 140 to 191 °C. The photoluminescent characteristics of the copolymers, both in solution and in solid films, exhibited emission that was a combination of sharp and broad peaks, suggestive of monomeric and chromophore aggregation emission. These trends were also apparent in the electroluminescent response of the copolymers, where the appearance of an electromer emission was evident and was tentatively assigned to the carbazole moieties.
Aldosterone increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis in rat cardiomyocytes.

Abstract Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an anti-thrombolytic factor that also promotes tissue fibrosis. Under certain conditions, exposure to aldosterone can result in cardiac fibrosis by an unknown mechanism. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that PAI-1 is a mediator of aldosterone's fibrotic effects. Aldosterone increased levels of PAI-1 mRNA and protein in the H9c2 rat cardiac cell line, responses that could be blocked by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone. Confocal microscopy confirmed an effect of aldosterone to increase PAI-1 expression with reversal by spironolactone. Aldosterone also increased PAI-1 expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, which was again blocked by spironolactone. In the neonatal cardiomyocytes (but not the H9c2 cells), anti-transforming growth factor-β1 antibody inhibited the PAI-1 response to aldosterone. In summary, aldosterone directly increased PAI-1 expression in two different cardiac muscle cell types, an effect that was dependent on MR. In the neonatal cells, there appeared to be a requirement for transforming growth factor-β1.
Microbial respiration and growth during the decomposition of wheat straw

Abstract The effect of N on the disappearance of C from 1.5 g wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. var. “Nugaines”) straw decomposing in sand and the response of the biomass to addition of N (adequate to bring the C:N ratio to 48:1) and C (200 mg of glucose-C) were determined. A concept was used that assumed the change in the microbial biomass was proportional to the change in acid hydrolyzable amino acid-N. Microbial respiration (CO 2 evolution and O 2 uptake) and growth were stimulated by the initial addition of N (which brought the original C:N ratio from 150:1 to 48:1), but the addition of the same amount of N to the system at 240 h that had received no N initially resulted in slight if any increase in respiration or microbial growth. The response of the microflora to the 200 mg of glucose-C additions after 240 h indicated the microbial populations were primarily limited by available C rather than available N after only 240 h incubation, even though about 95% of the original straw residue-C plus biomass C remained in the system. Respiratory quotients indicated a qualitative shift over time in the average oxidation state of the substrates being metabolized. It is postulated that the RQ shift resulted, at least in part, from death of the population rather than totally from the availability of the straw substrate. The initial addition of N resulted in 3.8 times the net amino acid production, but only 1.6 times the CO 2 -C production over 240 h compared with the control without added N. These results suggest that N availability might result in a change in the growth yield of the microbial population.
Catalytic oxidation of niobium

Etude de l'oxydation de films de niobium revetus de couches monomoleculaires de cerium, par spectrometrie de photoelectrons RX. Il se forme des quantites significatives de Nb 2 O 5 a des pressions aussi faibles que 6,6•10 −6 Pa, favorisees par la couche de ceAnalyse quantitative cSilicium|ANAst GravimetriehanAlliage2 A:>50 Si:10-15rium (trivalent en tetravalent) au cours de l'oxydation. La cinetique de formation de Nb 2 O 5 sans le cerium oxyde comporte deux etapes, une rapide et une lente
From the Editor: Not Your Father's Business School…

The article provides the author's opinions of how business schools operate. The author has researched the quality of management education and has discovered issues dealing with gender and diversity...
Global Observing Systems Information Center (Gosic) a Portal for GEOSS Related Data & Information

The Global Observing Systems Information Center (GOSIC) provides a broad spectrum of users with a centralized resource to aid in finding international observing system datasets and related information in a consistent fashion across a diverse array of international data centers and atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial observing domains. A variety of data access tools are provided for data discovery and retrieval such as the Global Terrestrial Observing System Data Access Matrix.
A new assay for factors that regulate the synthesis of granulocyte differentiation proteins in vitro

Morphological and molecular aspects of granulocyte differentiation can be studied concomitantly using liquid cultures of immature granulocytes in conjunction with a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for differentiation proteins. Immature granulocytes, isolated from guinea pig bone marrow by Ficoll density centrifugation, were placed in liquid cultures and incubated for periods up to 1 week. In the presence of 10% dialyzed, normal guinea pig serum, these cells were almost all converted to mature granulocytes, whereas at serum concentrations below 1% mostly macrophages were formed. Cell multiplication does not appear to be necessary for granulocyte maturation in this culture system. The data also show that morphological maturation in vitro is accompanied by the formation of all the major membrane and secondary granule differentiation proteins detected by the HPLC assay in extracts of mature granulocytes formed in vivo. The techniques described here should facilitate the isolation and purification of the factors in normal serum that control the induction of synthesis of these differentiation markers.
An extended-release formulation of methotrexate for subcutaneous administration

Methotrexate is a cell-cycle phase-specific antimetabolite that requires prolonged exposure for optimal efficacy. However, the in vivo half-life is short, and repeated administrations are required for optimal efficacy. Methotrexate was encapsulated into a lipid-based drug-delivery system to create an extended-release formulation (Depo/methotrexate) for subcutaneous administration. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy studies were done in BDF1 mice. Depo/methotrexate increased the methotrexate plasma half-life by a factor of 190, from 0.53 to 100 h. Plasma peak levels of the encapsulated drug were 120-fold lower than those of unencapsulated methotrexate, whereas the AUCs (areas under the concentration-time curve) were similar. As a consequence of the extended drug release, the single-dose potency of methotrexate against the L1210 leukemia model was increased by a factor of about 130 without producing significant changes in the therapeutic index. In conclusion, Depo/methotrexate appears to have potential usefulness as an extended-release formulation of methotrexate.
Drug-induced methemoglobinemia during thoracoscopic lung biopsy

Acquired methemoglobinemia occurs rarely in clinical practice. We present a case of a 57-year-old man who developed severe drug-induced methemoglobinemia after exposure to benzocaine spray and lidocaine jelly during intubation for an elective thoracoscopic lung biopsy. Information regarding the classifications, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity is reviewed.
Mycobacterium szulgai: A New Pathogen Causing Infection of the Lung

A case of infection with a newly described scotochromogenic mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium szulgai, is presented, and all the reported cases are summarized. The disease is characterized by its predominance in middle-aged men, the occurrence of cavitary pulmonary lesions, and a good response to triple-drug therapy. Sputum samples are usually positive on smear. Drug susceptibility studies show a greater degree of susceptibility to several antituberculosis drugs than the usual scotochromogen. Mycobacterium szulgai has frequently been confused with other atypical mycobacteria, but serologic and other laboratory characteristics are distinct and should allow proper identification.
The recent rise of profits in the United States

Profitability in the United States has been rising since the early 1980s, and by 1997 was nearing its postwar peak in the mid-1960s. The profit share has also recovered from its postwar low in the early 1970s. In this paper, I examine the role of the change in the profit share and capital intensity on movements in the rate of profit between 1947 and 1997. Its recent recovery is traced to a rise in the profit share in national income and a decline in the capital-output ratio.
Interplay between amplification and absorption in diffusive random lasers

We investigate the lasing modes in diffusive random media with local pumping. The reabsorption of emitter light suppresses the feedback from the unpumped part of the sample and effectively reduces the system size. The lasing modes are dramatically different from the quasimodes of the passive system (without gain or absorption). Even if all the quasimodes of a passive diffusive system are extended across the entire sample, the lasing modes are still confined in the pumped volume with an exponential tail outside it. The reduction of effective system volume by absoption broadens the distribution of decay rates of quasimodes and facilitates the occurrence of discrete lasing peaks.
The police stress survey: reliability and relation to job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

The 1981 Police Stress Survey of Spielberger, Westbury, Grier, and Greenfield was administered to 99 metropolitan and suburban police officers. Internal consistency reliabilities were in the .90s for both the total scale and two subscales which measure administrative/organizational and physical/psychological stressors. The administrative/organizational, but not the physical/psychological, subscale was significantly related to measures of job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Regioselective and stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydrofurans from a functionalized allylic silane and an aldehyde via formal [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction

Allylsilanes are known as useful reagents for the stereoselective formation of ring systems. Previous studies have shown that tetrahydrofurans can be constructed via formal [3+2]-cycloadditions of aldehydes and allylsilanes. A new challenge is to understand the intermediate, after a nucleophile attacks a carbonyl activated by the Lewis acid, in which two silyl-protected alkoxy groups with chemical equivalency could undergo formal cycloaddition reaction to afford a disubstituted and/or a trisubstituted tetrahydrofuran. Preparation of the protected α-hydroxy aldehyde and a functionalized allylic silane is discussed, as well as their formal cycloaddition reaction to form tetrahydrofurans.
Communication types and sexual protective practices of college women

Sexually transmitted disease, such as the fatal HIV disease, continues to threaten the health of young women. Adolescents have typically been inconsistent users of effective strategies that prevent the spread of disease during sexual activity. Communication practices related to disease-related sexual protection have received little attention as a variable separate from sexual protection. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship among different types of interpersonal communication of young women and their new sexual partners and their implementation of disease-related sexual protection. A sample of 163 young women who had experienced sexual intercourse completed the Safe Sex Behavior Questionnaire. Interpersonal communication was explored using the general-information-seeking (getting to know a partner), sexual self-disclosure, and specific-disease risk-information-seeking scales. These scales were combined; factor analysis revealed three subscales closely related to the original scales. Findings suggest that young women who seek specific information about their new sexual partner's disease risk status are more likely to implement sexual protective practices. These findings provide guidance to nurses who work with adolescent women in advising on aspects of interpersonal relationships that need to be enhanced to protect one's health status.
On Scale Interactions in the Tropics During Northern Summer

Abstract Results of computations of energy exchanges between waves and waves and between waves and zonal flows (for a tropical belt 15S to 15N at 200 mb for northern summer) are presented in this paper. These exchanges are 92-day averages. The procedure for calculations is essentially that proposed by Saltzman. The main results of this study are: Zonal wavenumber 1 appears to be a major energy source for the tropics. In general, one of two other waves interacting with wavenumber 1 gains energy. Wavenumber 1 also supplies energy to the zonal flows in the mean. Thus, it has a stabilizing influence on the zonal flows. On the other hand, zonal flows are unstable and lose energy to shorter waves, especially around wavenumber 8. In this paper we also discuss some details of the nonlinear wave-wave energy exchanges.
The muscular basis of aerial ventilation of the primitive lung of Amia calva.

Abstract Anatomical analysis, electromyography, pressure recordings,, high-speed X-ray and light movies of the mechanism of air ventilation in Amia calva reveal that aerial ventilationi proceeds by the action of a specialized pulse pump. The interhyoideus muscle is the dominant muscle being active during both teh preparatory phase and the final, prolonged compressive phase during which new air is forced into the lung. Amia retains a relatively large residual volume in the lung and does not repeat inhalation. It often expels excess air from the buccal cavity after the lung has been fully reinflated. The pressure, kinematice and air flow patterns during air ventilation in Amia closely resemble those of the air breath in the lungfish Protopterus . We hypothesize that the basically similar electromyographic profiles of homologous muscles so characteristic for the air ventilation mechanism of Protopterus and Amia reflect a homologous anatomical as well as functional neuromuscular pattern, which has had a common and early evolutionary origin among the Teleostomi.
The Phosphorylation of Serine 492 of Perilipin A Directs Lipid Droplet Fragmentation and Dispersion

Perilipin A is a key regulator of triacylglycerol storage and hydrolysis in adipocytes; phosphorylation of perilipin A by protein kinase A facilitates maximal lipolysis. Chronic stimulation of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes causes large perinuclear lipid droplets to fragment into myriad dispersed perilipin A-covered microlipid droplets. In cultured fibroblasts stably expressing ectopic perilipin A, clustered lipid droplets disperse throughout the cytoplasm upon incubation of the cells with forskolin and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) to elevate levels of cAMP and activate protein kinase A, mirroring events observed in adipocytes. Furthermore, diethylum-belliferyl phosphate inhibits stimulated lipolysis but not the dispersion of lipid droplets, suggesting that products of lipolysis are not required for this remodeling process. We hypothesized that protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of perilipin A triggers the remodeling of lipid droplets. The mutation of serine 492 of perilipin A to alanine prevented the dispersion of clustered lipid droplets in fibroblasts stably expressing the mutated perilipin upon incubation with forskolin and IBMX. In contrast, the substitution of serines 81, 222, 276, or 433 with alanine, either singly or in combinations, did not affect the protein kinase A-mediated remodeling of lipid droplets. Interestingly, substitution of serines 433, 492, and 517 of perilipin A with glutamic acid residues blocked the dispersion of clustered lipid droplets in cells incubated with forskolin and IBMX, indicating that the addition of a negative charge does not mimic a phosphate group. We conclude that protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of serine 492 of perilipin A drives the fragmentation and dispersion of lipid droplets.
Reduced-rank models for interaction in unequally replicated two-way classifications

This paper extends reduced-rank regression models for application to interaction in unequally replicated two-way classifications having no empty cells. The a × b matrix of interaction parameters is modeled as a linear function of a rank-ϱ matrix, where ϱ ≤ min[(a − 1), (b − 1)]. For fixed ϱ, the maximum likelihood estimator of the interaction matrix is derived. The likelihood ratio test of ϱ = m versus ϱ = m + r and a union-intersection test of ϱ = 0 versus ϱ ≥ r are constructed and illustrated. The union-intersection test is particularly useful for simultaneous inference on product interaction contrasts.
An approach to unbiased subsample interpolation for motion tracking.

Accurate subsample displacement estimation is necessary for ultrasound elastography because of the small deformations that occur and the subsequent application of a derivative operation on local di...
The embedding space of hexagonal knots

Abstract The topology of the space of rooted oriented hexagonal knots embedded in R 3 is described, with special attention given to the number of components that make up this space and to the topological knot types which they represent. Two cases are considered: (i) hexagons with varying edge length, and (ii) equilateral hexagons with unit-length edges. The structure of these spaces then gives new notions of “hexagonal knottedness”. In each case, the space consists of five components, but contains only three topological knot types. Therefore each type of “hexagonal equivalence” is strictly stronger than topological equivalence. In particular, unlike their topological counterparts, hexagonal trefoils are not reversible; thus there are two distinct components containing each type of topological trefoil. The inclusion of equilateral hexagons into the larger class of hexagons with arbitrary edge length maps hexagonal knot types bijectively; however the kernel of this inclusion at the level of fundamental group is shown to be non-trivial. In addition, combinatorial invariants are developed to distinguish between the five different “hexagonal knot types”, giving a complete classification of hexagonal knots.
The activation of DNA synthesis and cell division in rabbit lens in vitro.

Isolated rabbit lenses were perfused for various periods of time with tissue culture medium 199; 199 supplemented with 23% rabbit serum; 199 supplemented with 23% rabbit serum ultrafiltrate; or 199 supplemented with bovine serum ultrafiltrate. After removal from the perfusion chambers, the lenses were incubated for two hours in solutions containing [3H]thymidine. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into lens epithelium was demonstrated by means of autoradiography. Lenses perfused for 22 and 46 hr in 199 showed small numbers of incorporating cells. Some lenses perfused in 199 for 72 hr showed large numbers of incorporating cells, particularly in the central region of the epithelial layer. This activation of DNA synthesis could also be demonstrated in lenses perfused with 199 supplemented with 23% rabbit serum; however, in this case activation was evident after only 46 hr perfusion. Similar results were obtained with lenses perfused with 199 supplemented with 23% rabbit serum ultrafiltrate. The presence of serum or serum ultrafiltrate, therefore, appears to accelerate the processes leading up to DNA synthesis. Lenses perfused for 94 hr in 199 supplemented with bovine serum ultrafiltrate showed incorporating cells and mitotic figures in the periphery of the epithelium. The usefulness of the in vitro lens for studies on the biological control of cell division is discussed.
A measurement of the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule from the CCFR xF3 structure function

Abstract We report a measurement of the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule: ∫( 1 x ) d x xF 3 (x, Q 2 =3 GeV 2 )=2.50±0.018( stat. ) ±0.078( syst. ) .