cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmentation from a box

Drawing a box around an intended segmentation target has become both a popular user interface and a common output for learning-driven detection algorithms. Despite the ubiquity of using a box to define a segmentation target, it is unclear in the literature whether a box is sufficient to define a unique segmentation or whether segmentation from a box is ill-posed without higher-level (semantic) knowledge of the intended target. We examine this issue by conducting a study of 14 subjects who are asked to segment a boxed target in a set of 50 real images for which they have no semantic attachment. We find that the subjects do indeed perceive and trace almost the same segmentations as each other, despite the inhomogeneity of the image intensities, irregular shapes of the segmentation targets and weakness of the target boundaries. Since the subjects produce the same segmentation, we conclude that the problem is well-posed and then provide a new segmentation algorithm from a box which achieves results close to the perceived target.
Novel treatments for bipolar disorder.

Treatments other than lithium have recently emerged as equally important in the management of bipolar disorder. The spectrum of efficacy of newer treatments differs from lithium and among the novel drug treatments valproate, generally used as the better tolerated divalproex form, principally benefits manic symptomatology both acutely and in prophylaxis. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have demonstrated efficacy in reducing acute manic symptoms. No controlled evidence of efficacy in prophylaxis has been published. Lamotrigine has demonstrated efficacy in both acute bipolar depression and maintenance efficacy in rapid cycling bipolar patients, especially those patients with bipolar II disorder, which is principally manifested as depression. Randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled studies provide good evidence that regimens of risperidone or olanzapine in combination with lithium or valproate provide greater improvement in acute mania than the mood stabilisers alone. Similarly, valproate combined with ant...
Cell tropism of the simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1)

: Several cell lines representing different species and cell types were tested for simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1) infection. SFV-1 infections were monitored by polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase, cytopathology, and immunofluorescent assays. All cells tested were permissive for SFV-1, demonstrating that SFV-1 has a broad host range with respect to species and cell types. Infected fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and neural cells all showed extensive cytopathology that is characteristic of foamy virus infection. No cytopathology was induced in T cell-derived Jurkats and Hut-78 cell lines. The cytopathic effects in B and macrophage originated cells were delayed by several days. Cytopathology in these cell lines was not as dramatic as seen in the infected fibroblast and epithelial cells. The reverse transcriptase values in the SFV-1 infected lymphoid and macrophage cell lines were severalfold lower than that of the fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Therefore, SFV-1 appears to establish a low level persistent infection in lymphoid and macrophage cell lines.
Oncologist Factors That Influence Referrals to Subspecialty Palliative Care Clinics

Improving provision of palliative care in oncology may require efforts beyond increasing service availability. Developing ways for oncologists and palliative care physicians to collaborate and integrate their respective skills may help.
Cocaine and catecholamines enhance inflammatory cell retention in the coronary circulation of mice by upregulation of adhesion molecules

Cocaine treatment of mice with viral myocarditis significantly increases neutrophil infiltration into the myocardium and exacerbates the inflammatory response. The mechanisms of these effects are unknown; however, it may be that cocaine increases circulating catecholamines and consequently increases inflammatory cell adhesion to the coronary endothelium. Here, we examined the hypothesis that cocaine enhances inflammatory cell infiltration via catecholamine-induced upregulation of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression in adult BALB/c mouse hearts. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin), and leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (L-selectin) were detected by gene array analysis, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. CAMs were significantly upregulated in cocaine-treated mouse hearts. beta-Adrenergic stimulation with epinephrine also upregulated CAM expression, confirming the effects obtained with cocaine. Beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol inhibited epinephrine-induced CAM expression. In hearts infused with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), an increased adhesion of PMN to the coronary endothelium was observed in cocaine-treated and epinephrine-treated mouse hearts compared with control hearts. Blocking antibodies against ICAM-1, E-selectin, and L-selectin significantly inhibited epinephrine-enhanced PMN adhesion, whereas anti-VCAM-1 had lesser effects. Our findings suggest that cocaine-induced neutrophil infiltration is mediated by beta-adrenergic stimulation through upregulation of CAM expression, which enhances PMN adhesion. Conversely, beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol inhibits the effects of cocaine and epinephrine on CAM expression and decreases PMN adhesion to the coronary endothelium. These observations may be of significance for the development of preventative and therapeutic approaches to patients with cocaine- or catecholamine-induced myocarditis.
Including Employees With Disabilities in Workplace Cultures: Strategies and Barriers

Assisting individuals with disabilities to become socially included in the workplace is an important rehabilitation goal. This article reports the results of a descriptive study of the workplace cu...
Therapeutic strategies in eosinophilic esophagitis: Induction, maintenance and refractory disease

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease that is increasingly recognized as one of the most common causes of dysphagia and foregut symptoms in adults and children. Topical corticosteroids, elimination diets, and esophageal dilations are effective options for both induction and maintenance therapy in EoE. Current pharmacologic options are being used off-label as no agent has yet been approved by regulatory authorities. Little is known about the natural history of EoE, however, raising controversy regarding the necessity of maintenance and therapy in asymptomatic or treatment-refractory patients. Furthermore, variability in treatment endpoints used in EoE clinical trials makes interpretation and comparability of EoE treatments challenging. Recent validation of a patient-related outcome (PRO) instruments, a histologic scoring tool, and an endoscopic grading system for EoE are significant advances toward establishing consistent treatment endpoints.
Passive vs. aggressive strategies: A game theoretic analysis of military defense

This paper describes a basic passive vs. aggressive defense model, and analyzes it in terms of defense strategies against an intelligent enemy. In response to varying combinations of passive and aggressive defense, we assume that the enemy can up- or down-regulate recruitment activity. This leads to a differential game formulation of battle scenarios that we analyze for a warfare situation. Specifically, we consider military counterterrorist activities in a civilian population. Simulation results, including uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, are provided to demonstrate the benefits and limitations of the proposed model in terms of understanding army defense plans.
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging and Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Assessment of Outcome After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Ashwal S, Babikian T, Gardner-Nichols J, Freier M-C, Tong KA, Holshouser BA. Susceptibility-weighted imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in assessment of outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Objective To assess the role of magnetic resonance imaging, specifically magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), in the evaluation of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data Sources Literature review and data from our recently published clinical studies. Study Selection Children with pediatric TBI who underwent SWI. SWI is a 3-dimensional high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging technique that is more sensitive in detecting hemorrhagic lesions seen with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) than conventional imaging. MRS acquires metabolite information that reflects neuronal integrity and function from multiple brain regions and offers early prognostic information regarding outcome. Data Extraction Literature review. Data Synthesis Literature review and review of recently published data from our institution. Conclusions The data suggest that more sensitive imaging techniques that provide early evidence of injury and that are better predictors of outcome are needed to identify children at risk for such deficits. Specifically, the number and volume of hemorrhagic DAI lesions as well as changes in spectral metabolites such as reduced N -acetylaspartate or elevations in choline-related compounds correlate with neurologic disability and impairments of global intelligence, memory, and attention.
Complex Relationships Between Multicultural Education and Special Education: An African American Perspective

Multicultural education and special education share historical roots, philosophies, theories, and pedagogies that provide unique opportunities to address the many challenges of underserved K-12 stu...
An Image Processing Method for Quantifying Fiber Formation in Meat Analogs Under High Moisture Extrusion

High moisture extrusion using twin-screw extruders shows great promise for producing meat analog products with vegetable proteins. The resulting products have well-defined fiber formations and resemble real meat in both visual appearance and taste sensation. Developing reliable nondestructive techniques to quantify the textural properties of extrudates is important for quality control in the manufacturing process. In this study, we developed an image-processing technique to automatically characterize sample fiber formation using digital imaging. The algorithm is based on statistical analysis of Hough transform. This objective method can be used as a standard method for evaluating other noninvasive methods. We have compared the fiber formation indices measured using this technique and a noninvasive fluorescence polarization method and obtained a high correlation.
In vivo microbial stimulation induces rapid CD40 ligand-independent production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells and their redistribution to T cell areas.

The early induction of interleukin (IL)-12 is a critical event in determining the development of both innate resistance and adaptive immunity to many intracellular pathogens. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that the macrophage (MΦ) is a major source of the initial IL-12 produced upon microbial stimulation and that this response promotes the differentiation of protective T helper cell 1 (Th1) CD4+ lymphocytes from precursors that are primed on antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DC). Here, we demonstrate by immunolocalization experiments and flow cytometric analysis that, contrary to expectation, DC and not MΦ are the initial cells to synthesize IL-12 in the spleens of mice exposed in vivo to an extract of Toxoplasma gondii or to lipopolysaccharide, two well characterized microbial stimulants of the cytokine. Importantly, this production of IL-12 occurs very rapidly and is independent of interferon γ priming or of signals from T cells, such as CD40 ligand. IL-12 production by splenic DC is accompanied by an increase in number of DCs, as well as a redistribution to the T cell areas and the acquisition of markers characteristic of interdigitating dendritic cells. The capacity of splenic DC but not MΦ to synthesize de novo high levels of IL-12 within hours of exposure to microbial products in vivo, as well as the ability of the same stimuli to induce migration of DC to the T cell areas, argues that DC function simultaneously as both antigen-presenting cells and IL-12 producing accessory cells in the initiation of cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens. This model avoids the need to invoke a three-cell interaction for Th1 differentiation and points to the DC as both a sentinel for innate recognition and the dictator of class selection in the subsequent adaptive response.
Musculature, nervous system and glands of pregenital abdominal segments of the female of Nomia melanderi Ckll. (Hymenopters, Apoidea).

Each muscle of the third metasomal segment of the male of Nomia melanderi Ckll. is described in detail. The points of attachment of each muscle are compared with their homologs in other pregenital segments and with their homologs in the female. The function desgnated for each muscle describes its action alone or in conjunction with other muscle(s). New names are given to genital muscles by referring in the name to their points of attachment. Each intratergal muscle has homologous points of attachment in the pregenital segments of both sexes. The median tergo-dorsoplical muscle of the seventh segment and the oblique tergo-dorsoplical muscle of the eighth segment have changed their points of attachment. The intrasternal muscles are modified to suit the needs of courtship and mating, thus they are different from their homologs in the female. The spiracular muscles are well developed in all segments except the eighth, where the sterno-spiracular muscle is absent. The extrinsic genital muscles are derived from the intrasternal muscles of the eighth and ninth segments. The parameral and volsellar muscles are reduced in number. The aedeagal muscles, except the aedeago-phallic, have retained similar points of attachment to those found in primitive Hymenoptera. The topography of the metasomal nervous system is reported in detail by following each nerve and nervule to its termination. The study shows that (at least in Nomia) the criterion of nerve-concentration should not be used alone to indicate evolutionary levels. To accommodate the morphological changes in the terminal segments the Anterior and Posterior Lateral Nerves have migrated to new locations. The pattern of nerve topography (even at the nervule level) is homologous both in the different pregenital segments and between the sexes. The fact that homology does not exist between the external genitalia of the male and the modified ovipositor of the female supports the thesis that the male genital capsule is of phallic rather than prephallic origin. A pair of intersegmental membrane glands located between the seventh and eighth sterna is described. These glands may be the source of a pheromon responsible for gregariousness among “sleeping” males.
Passive samplers accurately predict PAH levels in resident crayfish

Contamination of resident aquatic organisms is a major concern for environmental risk assessors. However, collecting organisms to estimate risk is often prohibitively time and resource-intensive. Passive sampling accurately estimates resident organism contamination, and it saves time and resources. This study used low density polyethylene (LDPE) passive water samplers to predict polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Resident crayfish were collected at 5 sites within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund Megasite (PHSM) in the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon. LDPE deployment was spatially and temporally paired with crayfish collection. Crayfish visceral and tail tissue, as well as water-deployed LDPE, were extracted and analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS. Freely-dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of PAHs in water were calculated from concentrations in LDPE. Carcinogenic risks were estimated for all crayfish tissues, using benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq). ∑PAH were 5-20 times higher in viscera than in tails, and ∑BaPeq were 6-70 times higher in viscera than in tails. Eating only tail tissue of crayfish would therefore significantly reduce carcinogenic risk compared to also eating viscera. Additionally, PAH levels in crayfish were compared to levels in crayfish collected 10 years earlier. PAH levels in crayfish were higher upriver of the PHSM and unchanged within the PHSM after the 10-year period. Finally, a linear regression model predicted levels of 34 PAHs in crayfish viscera with an associated R-squared value of 0.52 (and a correlation coefficient of 0.72), using only the Cfree PAHs in water. On average, the model predicted PAH concentrations in crayfish tissue within a factor of 2.4 ± 1.8 of measured concentrations. This affirms that passive water sampling accurately estimates PAH contamination in crayfish. Furthermore, the strong predictive ability of this simple model suggests that it could be easily adapted to predict contamination in other shellfish of concern.
Numerical Analysis of the Response of Biomimetic Cellular Materials Under Static and Dynamic Loadings

Biological structures distinguish themselves in preserving material heterogeneity for better mechanical behavior in contrast to man-made structures where they are deliberately removed through design. In this book chapter, we explore the distinct advantages in mechanical behavior brought about by regular, irregular, and functionally graded heterogeneities inherent in these cellular materials under quasi-static and dynamic crushing as well as impact loading. In particular we investigate energy dissipation and deformation modes during such loadings. We also investigate the effect of increasing self-similar structural hierarchy and cell wall material plasticity on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of these structures. Specifically, we discuss how mechanical response can be tuned using structural variations alone in particular, the tuning of strength to stiffness envelopes. Therefore, we show that material hierarchy can potentially reverse the conventional practice of design of structures using a variety of materials rather than vice versa. We also show how variation of structure can fundamentally change the deformation and damage patterns of these structures under dynamic crushing and impact loading. Finally we discuss some recent advances in fabrication and characterization of novel ultralight structures which exploit these essential self-similar properties of biological structures to create materials with remarkable stress–strain behavior strikingly different from the very materials originally used to make them.
The Manly Pursuit of a Partnership between the Sexes: The Debate over YMCA Programs for Women and Girls, 1914–1933

Throughout the later nineteenth century, the values of mainstream Protestant Christianity found popular, enthusiastic, and active expression in two evangelical Christian organizations, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). Both organizations, or "movements" as they eventually called themselves, arose in the mid-nineteenth century, out of concern for protecting young migrants to the growing cities of North America. Both offered religious instruction, shelter, help in securing employment, and a sense of fellowship and Christian solidarity. Both organizations were also based on, and helped foster, gender solidarity. They based their separate identities in part on the popular nineteenth-century notion that the sphere of activity, influence, and social contribution proper to women differed from that proper to men, that the two spheres, masculine culture and feminine culture, were separate and complementary.' But by the early twentieth century, as middle-class men and women mingled in a widening range of public spaces, the "separate spheres" were beginning to disintegrate. The educated New Woman claimed a new place in the public arena, and young, wage-earning women formed peer subcultures in the new urban frontier, helping to define a new youth culture. Its development accelerated by World War I and the advent of new forms of mass entertainment, the youth culture of the 1910s
On the Continuous γ-Radiation Accompanying the β-Decay

Combining Fermi's theory of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay with the ordinary principles of quantum electrodynamics one can treat the continuous radiation, to be expected from the acceleration of charges during the nuclear decay. Formulae for its spectral distribution and its total intensity are developed, applicable to light elements, where the effect of the nuclear Coulomb-field on the electrons can be neglected. The relative amount of energy, liberated in the form of radiation, increases monotonously with increasing total energy; in the case of radioactive boron it amounts to about 0.6 percent.
Experimental Measurements of an Aircraft-Mounted Pod Concept for Improved Aero-Optic Performance

Experimental data are presented for a wind-tunnel model of an aircraft under-wingmounted pod. The pod model was designed to prevent or mitigate aero-optic aberrations around an optical aperture in a turret ball at the nose of the pod. In particular, the model incorporated a “virtual duct” around the optical aperture, in which fences are attached to the spherical surface of the turret ball and shaped to modify the flow around the turret so as to prevent flows that are known to cause severe optical aberrations. Pressure data are presented that closely compare with inviscid CFD computations, and that indicate that the virtual-duct approach successfully prevents flow separation on the rear of the turret ball. The experimental data also show that the fences of the virtual duct significantly increase the critical Mach number at which supersonic flow and shock formation would occur on the turret ball.
Photophysical properties and electronic structure of stable, tunable synthetic bacteriochlorins: extending the features of native photosynthetic pigments.

Bacteriochlorins, which are tetrapyrrole macrocycles with two reduced pyrrole rings, are Nature’s near-infrared (NIR) absorbers (700–900 nm). The strong absorption in the NIR region renders bacteriochlorins excellent candidates for a variety of applications including solar light harvesting, flow cytometry, molecular imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Natural bacteriochlorins are inherently unstable due to oxidative conversion to the chlorin (one reduced pyrrole ring) or the porphyrin. The natural pigments are also only modestly amenable to synthetic manipulation, owing to a nearly full complement of substituents on the macrocycle. Recently, a new synthetic methodology has afforded access to stable synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein a wide variety of substituents can be appended to the macrocycle at preselected locations. Herein, the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of 33 synthetic bacteriochlorins are investigated. The NIR absorption bands of the chromophores range from ∼700 to ∼820 nm; the life...
Reflections on the Reform of the Treasury Concentration Payment System in Colleges and Universities

The treasury concentration payment system is an important part of the construction of the socialistic public finance frumework system,is the innovation of the budget performance system, promotes the efficiency in the use of funds. Aimed at the practical problems existing in the course of practice, this paper puts forward the corresponding revolutionary measures to guarantee that the reform of the treasury concentration payment system can be conducted smoothly in colleges and universities.
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE : WHEN ANTACIDS AREN'T ENOUGH

PreviewPatients who seek help for heartburn or other reflux symptoms probably have significant disease, because most people treat less severe disease themselves with antacids. Dr Sutherland describes the factors that cause reflux, typical clinical presentations, helpful diagnostic tests, and possible complications. He also explains what is included in each of the three phases of treatment.
Evaluating the use of fatty acid profiles to identify Francisella tularensis.

Rapid capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection was used to determine the cellular fatty acid profiles of Francisella tularensis. Two subspecies of F. tularensis, the live vaccine strain (LVS) derived from holarctica and a novicida strain Utah 112 (U112), were used to compare the extracted fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). A data set for the 2 subspecies was prepared using fatty acid profiles of bacteria grown on 2 types of media, Mueller-Hinton and cysteine heart agar supplemented with 5% rabbit blood (CHAB), and harvested at various time intervals (Day 1 through Day 4) with replicates prepared on different days. A total of 204 samples were analyzed. The results showed that these fatty acid quantitative profiles were unique for each of the subspecies and could be used as a fingerprint for the organism. It was determined by this rapid method that approximately 88% of the fatty acids in both the LVS and U112 strains included 6 saturated fatty acids: 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, and 20:0; and 4 hydroxy fatty acids 10:0 20H, 16:0 30H, 17:0 30H, and 18:0 30H. Data analysis and determination of clustering were performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Both PCA and SIMCA showed clear separation of the LVS and U112 strain and would be useful for prediction of unknowns. It was determined that the incubation time can be reduced from 48 to 24 h, and results are highly predictive for the identification of F. tularensis. In summary, analysis of FAMEs from F. tularensis subspecies LVS and U112 grown on CHAB or Mueller-Hinton media, and using a rapid GC method can provide a sensitive procedure for identification of these organisms.
Metal–metal hip replacement: Indications for intervention

Abstract Metal-on-metal bearing surfaces were frequently used because of their potential for increased stability and lower wear rates. However, data reported by multiple nation-wide registries over the past 5 years, has demonstrated an increase in failure rates compared to metal-on-polyethylene bearings. In addition, adverse local tissue reactions associated with pseudotumors and destruction of the soft tissue around the joint have led to revision of these implants. Currently, there is no definitive algorithm to manage these patients and no single test should be used to determine treatment. This review discusses an evidence-based approach in managing this patient population.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (1-36) Enhances Beta Cell Regeneration and Increases Beta Cell Mass in a Mouse Model of Partial Pancreatectomy.

Aims/Hypothesis Finding ways to stimulate the regeneration of endogenous pancreatic beta cells is an important goal in the treatment of diabetes. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), the full-length (1–139) and amino-terminal (1–36) peptides, enhance beta cell function, proliferation, and survival. Therefore, we hypothesize that PTHrP(1–36) has the potential to regenerate endogenous beta cells. Methods The partial pancreatectomy (PPx) mouse model of beta cell injury was used to test this hypothesis. Male Balb/c mice underwent either sham-operation or PPx, and were subsequently injected with PTHrP(1–36) (160μg/kg) or vehicle (veh), for 7, 30, or 90 days. The four groups of mice, sham-veh, sham-PTHrP, PPx-veh, and PPx-PTHrP were assessed for PTHrP and receptor expression, and glucose and beta cell homeostasis. Results PTHrP-receptor, but not the ligand, was significantly up-regulated in islets from mice that underwent PPx compared to sham-operated mice. This suggests that exogenous PTHrP could further enhance beta cell regeneration after PPx. PTHrP did not significantly affect body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, or insulin sensitivity, in either sham or PPx mice. Glucose tolerance improved in the PPx-PTHrP versus PPx-veh mice only in the early stages of treatment. As hypothesized, there was a significant increase in beta cell proliferation in PPx-PTHrP mice at days 7 and 30; however, this was normalized by day 90, compared to PPx-veh mice. Enhanced beta cell proliferation translated to a marked increase in beta cell mass at day 90, in PPx-PTHrP versus PPx-veh mice. Conclusions PTHrP(1–36) significantly enhances beta cell regeneration through increased beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass after PPx. Future studies will determine the potential of PTHrP to enhance functional beta cell mass in the setting of diabetes.
International Trade and Environment: an Integration

Some of the extreme positions like free trade for its own sake or an absolute environmental protection are unsustainable, the former because of its ignorance of linkages with economic and ecological systems and the latter because of its severe restrictions on economic growth, and both on sustainable development. In general, free trade rather than protected trade contributes to enhanced economic growth, but balanced trade and optimal trade (see Chapter 1 for definitions of various trade policy regimes) could bring about economic growth as well as attain other economic objectives. In the multilateral trading system, these could contradict some of the provisions of the WTO framework, however. Sustainable trade maintains a comprehensive approach toward sustained economic and environmental progress, recognizing the complementarity of both. Deriving operationally meaningful and WTO-consistent policy guidelines for an application of this conceptual framework remains a major task. This is the focus of this chapter.
The location and source parameters of the Lompoc, California, earthquake of 4 November 1927

In this paper, we address the relocation, magnitudes, and the style of faulting of the Lompoc earthquake from a sparse assortment of teleseismic and regional seismograms. The highest quality teleseismic waveform data come from a station at De Bilt (Netherlands) that remains in operation. Thus, recordings of numerous modern events in central coastal California (i.e., the 1969 Santa Lucia Banks, 1983 Coalinga, 1978 Santa Barbara, and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes) have been used for comparison with the 1927 records. Location constraints for the Lompoc event were established from the De Bilt recording by comparing S-P and SSS-S waveform matches against the above master events to avoid the effect of unknown clock errors on locations that use absolute times. These same seismograms were modeled to estimate the depth, faulting parameters, and source strength. A similar approach using observational comparisons and numerical modeling was applied to the regional waveform data obtained from the stations at Berkeley, Tucson, and Pasadena. Our results indicate a north-northwesterly striking reverse event located about 40 km west of Point Conception, which is in excellent agreement with the recent tsunami modeling results by Satake and Somerville (1992). This location is 25 km south of that proposed by Hanks (1979) and well within his error bars. We obtain a body-wave moment of 1 × 10^(26) dyne-cm, a trapezoidal time history of (2, 2, 2) sec. and a source depth of 10 km. The weak beginning of the Pnl wavetrain at Berkeley indicates some source complexity, which is characteristic of many large events. The fault parameters are strike = N20°W, dip = 66°NE, and rake = 95°. Most seismicity catalogs report a M_s = 7.3 for this event, after Gutenberg and Richter (1956), but this was a long-period body-wave magnitude and not a surface-wave result. Their original worksheets indicate a smaller Ms = 7.0. The body waves of the Loma Prieta event (M_s = 7.1) appear distinctly larger than those of the Lompoc event at De Bilt, in agreement with our lower estimate of source strength.
Persuasion in 140 characters: Testing issue framing, persuasion and credibility via Twitter and online news articles in the gun control debate

Abstract Using a 2 × 2 × 4 experimental design, this study examined the framing of the pro and anti-gun control arguments posited after the Sandy Hook shooting and the resultant effect on persuasion and credibility. Overall, pro-gun control frames were more persuasive and more credible than anti-gun control frames. Arguments transmitted via online news articles elicited more persuasion than those transmitted via Twitter. News article sources were deemed more credible too. I discuss the ramifications within.
Utilities Power Change: Engaging Commercial Customers in Workplace Charging

As stewards of an electric grid that is available almost anywhere people park, utilities that support workplace charging are uniquely positioned to help their commercial customers be a part of the rapidly expanding network of charging infrastructure. Utilities understand the distinctive challenges of their customers, have access to technical information about electrical infrastructure, and have deep experience modeling and managing demand for electricity. This case study highlights the experiences of two utilities with workplace charging programs.
Reaction of Plasmic Degradation Products of Fibrinogen in the Radioimmunoassay of Human Fibrinopeptide A

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique has been devised for the measurement of human fibrinopeptide A (FPA). The system utilizes rabbit antiserum to native human FPA and a synthetic fibrinopeptide, with tyrosine substituted for phenylanine in amino acid position 8. The test detects native human FPA at a concentration of 0.1 ng/ml, but does not cross react with human fibrinopeptide B or with fibrinopeptides A from canine, porcine, or bovine fibrinogen. Fibrinogen and chemical or plasmic degradation products with 2 moled of FPA per mole react fully in this test system. This includes the large-molecular-weight intermediate fragments X and Y and the NH2-terminal disulfide knot, and indicates that this antibody recognizes and reacts with FPA in the presence of the contiguous peptide structures present in fibrinogen. Fragment E, which is derived from the NH-2-terminal portion of fibrinogen, loses most of its FPA content after its liberation from its precursor derivative and reacts to a lesser extent in the RIA than do fragments X and Y. This correlated with the recovery of FPA-positive material from ultrafilitrates of extensive but not partial plasmic digests of fibrinogen. Although FPA immunoreactivity liberated from fibrinogen does not necessarily reflect thrombin activity and/or fibrin formation, only extensive plasmic degradation yields peptide material which reacts in this RIA system. This should not be a serious limitation to the application of the RIA in the detection of venous thrombosis.
Three-Dimensional Monolayer Stress Cytometry

The transmission of mechanical forces through cell monolayers regulates multiple biological processes such as vascular homeostasis, leukocyte / cancer cell extravasation or stem cell differentiation. In all of these processes the monolayer not only undergoes lateral deformation due to tangential (e.g. horizontal) forces, but also bending due to normal (e.g. vertical) forces. Mechanical cues propagate throughout the monolayer as stress originated by the combination of both effects. However, the contribution of bending is yet to be quantified.
Ryle’s “Intellectualist Legend” in Historical Context

Gilbert Ryle’s distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that emerged from his criticism of the “intellectualist legend” that to do something intelligently is “to do a bit of theory and then to do a bit of practice,” and became a philosophical commonplace in the second half of the last century. In this century Jason Stanley (initially with Timothy Williamson) has attacked Ryle’s distinction, arguing that “knowing-how is a species of knowing-that,” and accusing Ryle of setting up a straw man in his critique of “intellectualism.” Examining the use of the terms “intellectualism” and “anti-intellectualism” in the first half of the 20th century, in a wide-ranging debate in the social sciences as well as in philosophy, I show that Ryle was not criticizing a straw man, but a live historical position. In the context of this controversy, Ryle’s position represents a third way between “intellectualism” and “anti-intellectualism,” an option that has largely gone missing in the 21st century discussion. This argument illustrates how history can inform the history of philosophy, and how the history of philosophy can inform contemporary philosophical inquiry.
Self-care behavior change and depression among low-income predominantly Hispanic patients in safety-net clinics.

ABSTRACTThis study examined whether changes in self-care behaviors during a 12-month period predicted the likelihood of screening positive for depression concurrently and prospectively among low-income Hispanic patients with diabetes. Secondary analyses were conducted with longitudinal data collected from a randomized controlled trial that had tested effectiveness of collaborative depression care. We examined whether changes in self-care behaviors observed during the 12 months after baseline predicted the likelihood of screening positive for depression at 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up. Self-care behaviors included healthy diet, exercise, self-blood glucose monitoring, and foot care, which were measured by a validated self-reported instrument. Logistic regression analyses indicated that patients with more frequent healthy diet during the 12 months after baseline had significantly lower likelihood of depression. Patients with more frequent exercise had a lower likelihood of screening for depression at 18...
BIOMASS PYROLYSIS KINETICS: A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR-SCALE MODELING CONTRIBUTIONS

Abstract Decades of classical research on pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has not yet produced a generalized formalism for design and prediction of reactor performance. Plagued by the limitations of experimental techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and extremely fast heating rates and low residence times to achieve high conversion to useful liquid products, researchers are now turning to molecular modeling to gain insights. This contribution briefly summarizes prior reviews along the historical path towards kinetic modeling of biomass pyrolysis and focusses on the more recent work on molecular modeling and the associated experimental efforts to validate model predictions. Clearly a new era of molecular-scale modeling-driven inquiry is beginning to shape the research landscape and influence the description of how cellulose and associated hemicellulose and lignin depolymerize to form the many hundreds of potential products of pyrolysis.
Laboratory Characterization and Modeling to Examine CO2 Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery in an Unconventional Tight Oil Formation

Abstract The Bakken Formation is a major unconventional tight oil play in North America. The potential for the Bakken to serve as a target for CO 2 storage and CO 2 -based enhanced oil recovery was examined using advanced characterization techniques, laboratory experiments, and modeling. Bakken rocks are dominated by nanoscale pore throats, and although porosity is low, much of the nanoscale porosity is connected. Collectively, the characterization, experimental, and modeling results suggest the nanoscale pore throats make important contributions as transport pathways for CO 2 storage and oil mobilization in the Bakken.
Radiopathologic correlation of a tricuspid valve papillary fibroelastoma detected in an infant.

Abstract Papillary fibroelastomas are benign primary cardiac tumors that usually arise from the valve apparatus and are rare in the pediatric population. Involvement of the tricuspid valve is even less common with only a few cases reported in the literature. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable examination that aids in differentiating a tumor from a thrombus. We present the case of an 11-month-old girl referred by her pediatrician to investigate a murmur noted since birth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pathologically proven papillary fibroelastoma arising from the tricuspid valve characterized by magnetic resonance imaging in an infant.
Instrumentalists and Expressivists: Ambiguous Links between Technology and Democracy

Reflecting on his visit to America, Alexis de Tocqueville worried that the democratic taste for freedom, which he found here, would prove to be weaker than the democratic drive toward equality.1 To a degree he could not have imagined, that democratic drive has been progressively embodied in technology. It thus appears that de Tocqueville’s predictions concerning equality have been realized, in that, to a significant degree, ours is a democracy of common possessions, egalitarianism expressed technologically. But it is also possible to make the case that the drive toward unlimited production and indefinitely expanding modes of consumption that have characterized this technological action, have resulted in a progressive loss of freedom to adapt to an increasingly overstressed biosphere. I argue here that an inability to design more appropriate technologies is reflective of an ambiguity in understanding technology itself. Two strands of moral discourse, that lead to conflicting images of technology are identified here. One, traceable to Enlightenment themes, embodies political atomism and leads to an instrumental conception of technology. The second, reflective of subsequent Romantic ideas, gives credence to the claim that technology is a mode of expression, a self-defining way of being in the world. Our understanding of technology should move beyond this ambiguity. By identifying some of its roots, I hope to begin to develop a new synthesis of understanding about technology, one displaying a clearer appreciation of the biospheric limits that constrain technological action.
The Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases in the Liver

The receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase1 and 3 (RIPK1, RIPK3) are regulators of cell death and survival. RIPK1 kinase activity is required for necroptosis and apoptosis, while its scaffolding function is necessary for survival. Although both proteins can mediate apoptosis, RIPK1 and RIPK3 are most well-known for their role in the execution of necroptosis via the mixed lineage domain like pseudokinase. Necroptosis is a caspase-independent regulated cell death program which was first described in cultured cells with unknown physiologic relevance in the liver. Many recent reports have suggested that RIPK1 and/or RIPK3 participate in liver disease pathogenesis and cell death. Notably, both proteins have been shown to mediate inflammation independent of cell death. Whether necroptosis occurs in hepatocytes, and how it is executed in the presence of an intact caspase machinery is controversial. In spite of this controversy, it is evident that RIPK1 and RIPK3 participate in many experimental liver disease models. Therefore, in addition to cell death signaling, their necroptosis-independent role warrants further examination.
Biogeography across the ages

Allowing biogeographical data to evolve at varying rates on a globe, not a plane, reveals new insights into the origin and dispersal of dinosaurs. The method could also be applied to manifold organisms, from humans to influenza viruses.
Elucidating the Cell Entry Mechanisms of Porcine Rotaviruses

Rotaviruses (RVs) (segmented dsRNA viruses, Reoviridae family) are the most significant cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in young animals and children, yet an effective vaccine is lacking, and treatment of the disease or its prevention through prophylactic husbandry is impractical. We want to develop preventative therapies for porcine RV disease through blockage of virus entry into target host cells, and have initiated a series of studies to elucidate the mechanism used by infectious porcine rotaviruses to enter cells. Our goal is to understand the early steps of infection and develop novel experimental tools to identify the porcine RV receptor.
Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Neural Basis of

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by behavioral difficulties in the area of attention, frequently in conjunction with hyperactivity and impulsivity. ADHD typically begins in childhood, persists to adulthood, and affects academic and social functioning. Estimates of prevalence in the US range from 4 to 12 percent. The condition frequently occurs in association with other medical and psychiatric disorders, such as mental retardation, Tourette syndrome, anxiety, depression, aggressive disorders, and learning disabilities.The underlying psychological impairment may be a failure to inhibit motoric activity or general underdevelopment of executive functions. Children with ADHD show localized differences in the size of brain regions involved in these functions, including the caudate, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and posterior regions of the corpus callosum. Neurophysiological studies support the concept of underactivity in fronto-striatal circuits. Differences in the dopamine system may also contribute to the etiology of the disorder. These differences may be the result of either genetic or environmental factors. Treatment programs for clinically significant ADHD often involves the use of stimulant medications that increase brain dopamine levels. Behavioral strategies that manipulate motivation through rewards and consequences also have a central role in the treatment.
The use of psychotropic agents in pregnancy and lactation

The question of which psychotropic medications are safe during pregnancy is likely to remain unanswered for many years to come. There are ethical limitations to performing the type of prospective controlled studies required to answer a scientific question of this type definitively. At the present time, in all patients with worsening psychiatric illness during pregnancy, be it in the schizophrenic, affective, anxiety disorder, or personality disorder spectrum, outpatient psychotherapy, hospitalization, and milieu therapy should be attempted prior to the routine use of psychotropic medication. Prior to pregnancy, withdrawal of psychotropic medications should be attempted under close supervision. Situations will arise in which hospitalization is not sufficient to avert psychotic decompensation. In both schizophrenic illnesses and acute mania, neuroleptics should be used, especially in the first trimester in preference to lithium. The use of high-potency neuroleptics appears preferable to low-potency agents as the first line of therapy, although subsequent management decisions will depend on ability to control side effects. In depression, TCAs should be used in cases of suicidality or incapacitating vegetative signs after the first trimester if supportive measures fail. There appears to be no rationale for withdrawal of TCAs prior to labor. In the third trimester, use of TCAs, low-potency neuroleptics, or lithium should be accompanied by obstetrical surveillance. In severe anxiety or insomnia following the first trimester, the occasional use of benzodiazepines may be warranted except during labor and the first week postpartum. The chronic use of benzodiazepines during any phase of pregnancy and in breastfeeding women is contraindicated. The importance of close rapport between the treating physician and the pregnant or breastfeeding patient cannot be overstated and will obviate or decrease reliance on psychotropic medication in many cases.