cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professionally Responsible Communication with the Public: Giving Psychology a Way

The larger society, which has paid for social science, deserves a fuller and more meaningful exposure to what social scientists have learned with its money. Moreovei; social science would benefit in financial support and prestige from such exposure. The popular media constitute the most powerful vehicle for and the most formidable barrier against the professionally responsible communication of social science to the public. An approach for communicating responsibly with the public through the media is described. A central component of that approach seens dishonest but is shown not to be upon close analysis. It advises scientists to respond to the poor questions they may be asked by media representatives with answers to the good questions they could have been asked. Booming About Big Issues
A New Species of cardicola Short, 1953 (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) from the Heart and Branchial Vessels of Two Surfperches (Perciformes: Embiotocidae) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean Off California

Abstract Cardicola nonamo n. sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infects the heart of white seaperch, Phanerodon furcatus Girard, 1854 (Perciformes: Embiotocidae) (type host), in Monterey Bay, California, and the branchial vessels of rubberlip seaperch, Rhacochilus toxotes Agassiz, 1854 (Embiotocidae), from Naples Reef, Santa Barbara Channel, off Santa Barbara, California. It is most easily distinguished from other species of Cardicola Short, 1953 by the combination of having (1) rows of minute tegumental spines distributing along the entire ventrolateral body margin; (2) an aspinous anterior sucker comprising a nearly indistinct spheroid structure centering on the mouth; (3) an esophagus 17–21% of the total body length; (4) convoluted posterior ceca 51–65% of the total body length and 9–18× length of the anterior ceca; (5) a rectangular, intercecal testis not extending posteriad beyond the posterior ceca; (6) a post-testicular and post-cecal ovary; (7) an oviduct emanating from the posterodextral margin of the...
Sprouty / FGF signaling regulates the proximal-distal feather morphology and the size of dermal papillae

In a feather, there are distinct morphologies along the proximal–distal axis. The proximal part is a cylindrical stalk (calamus), whereas the distal part has barb and barbule branches. Here we focus on what molecular signaling activity can modulate feather stem cells to generate these distinct morphologies. We demonstrate the drastic tissue remodeling during feather cycling which includes initiation, growth and resting phases. In the growth phase, epithelial components undergo progressive changes from the collar growth zone to the ramogenic zone, to maturing barb branches along the proximal–distal axis. Mesenchymal components also undergo progressive changes from the dermal papilla, to the collar mesenchyme, to the pulp along the proximal–distal axis. Over-expression of Spry4, a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinases, promotes barb branch formation at the expense of the epidermal collar. It even induces barb branches from the follicle sheath (equivalent to the outer root sheath in hair follicles). The results are feathers with expanded feather vane regions and small or missing proximal feather shafts (the calamus). Spry4 also expands the pulp region while reducing the size of dermal papillae, leading to a failure to regenerate. In contrast, over-expressing Fgf10 increases the size of the dermal papillae, expands collar epithelia and mesenchyme, but also prevents feather branch formation and feather keratin differentiation. These results suggest that coordinated Sprouty/FGF pathway activity at different stages is important to modulate feather epidermal stem cells to form distinct feather morphologies along the proximal–distal feather axis.
Viscoplastic-dynamic crack propagation: Experimental and analysis research for crack arrest applications in engineering structures

The many practical situations in which the initiation of rapid crack propagation cannot be absolutely precluded and where the consequences of a large scale fracture would be catastrophic mandate the development and use of crack arrest fracture mechanics technology. Most currently applied procedures utilize linear elastic analyses and corresponding material fracture property characterizations. Even though the theoretical basis for the use of this level of approach is incomplete, selected practical applications are described in this paper that show that these can still be effectively made. In addition, to address the current deficiencies and to treat those conditions where small-scale yielding conditions are clearly not satisfied, more advanced viscoplastic-dynamic analyses are also being developed. An approach is described in this paper that performs well-instrumented fracture propagation experiments in concert with viscoplastic dynamic finite-element simulations. This approach, currently used to quantify critical values of the T* crack tip characterizing parameter developed by Atluri, is being pursued in order to provide transferable material crack arrest toughness values in the regime where viscoplastic-dynamic conditions dominate.
A large-scale hybrid simulated annealing algorithm for cyclic facility layout problems

The cyclic facility layout problem (CFLP) is a special case of the dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) in which there are several production periods and the production cycle repeats itself by going to the first period after the last one because of the seasonal nature of products. In this article, a mixed integer programming formulation is developed for the CFLP. In the DFLP literature, department shapes are assumed to be given or fixed. However, this assumption does not hold in the case of the CFLP because the facility size is limited and the area requirements of the departments change significantly throughout the planning horizon. Therefore, department dimensions and sizes are considered as decision variables in the CFLP. A large-scale hybrid simulated annealing algorithm (LS-HSA) is proposed to solve the formulated problem and shown to be effective and versatile as it can be applied to various facility layout problems.
Life and works of Sidney Katz, MD: a life marked by fundamental discovery.

Fig. 1. Sidney Katz, MD. The late Sidney Katz, MD (Figure 1), who died on May 4 at age 88, founded a science of human functioning that fundamentally changed understandings and practice of long term care for older persons. By deconstructing and scaling the capacities required for independent living, the Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL)1, he provided a basis for measuring, predicting, and comparing declines and recovery in chronic illnesses of aging, or after catastrophic episodes such as stroke, cardiac events, and fractures; and a marker of needs for supportive care and/or a sheltered environment. This method of evaluation sprang from a seminal insight that all humans rely on being able to perform six functions for their basic independent survival: transferring from reclining to standing, feeding, dressing, bathing, using the toilet, and being continent. The Katz ADLs represent a universal language of need for health and social help that is understood worldwide and across disciplines. Those methods are the substrate of the contemporary national strategy for surveillance of standards of care in, and eligibility for admission to, nursing homes; and of the humanist movement to improve the well-being of older adults who are facing the challenges of aging and chronic illness. The common language provided by the terms he introduced to describe a patient’s functioning has united fields of research worldwide, facilitated such diverse services as multidisciplinary team management, determining whether a new intervention is effective, or deciding whether nursing home admission is advisable and eligible for insurance coverage. Since his initial paper in 1963 in JAMA on the ADL,1 it has been cited in over 46,886 professional publications. Virtually all Federal proposals to provide long term care include an ascertainment of the individual’s activities of daily living. Dr. Katz took a leadership position in many of the initiatives of the Institute of Medicine, including Chairing the 1983 Committee on Nursing Home Regulation, with the mandate to evaluate the Federal/ State regulatory system on quality of care in nursing homes: the recommendations of which laid the ground for the 1987 Federal Nursing Home Reform Act and Omnibus Reconciliation Act,2 leading to the 199
Diffusion of oxygen on the Re(2021) plane

The diffusion of oxygen on the Re(2021) plane was studied by the field emission fluctuation method. At low coverages E = 22 kcal/mol, decreases to 16 kcal/mol at θ = 0.3, and increases to 25 kcal/mol at θ ⩾ 0.6. Mean square fluctuations are nearly temperature independent. It is argued that this behavior implies stronger effects of neighboring O atoms on diffusion saddlepoints than on occupied binding sites, and can be explained qualitatively by assuming that a single neighbor to a saddlepoint lowers E while two neighbors on opposite sides raise it.
Response of a chemically reacting shear layer to streamwise vorticity

A series of Direct Numerical Simulations of a temporally evolving shear layer subject to both harmonic (2D) and streamwise (3D) forcing were performed. The interaction and coupling of these various 2D and 3D modes is shown to significantly alter the development of the flow. The scale of the 3D modes is quite important to the coupling process with greatly enhanced mixing and product formation resulting from 3D modes that are rapidly amplified by the spanwise vorticity. In general, the longer wavelength 3D modes are found to be highly efficient at increasing the momentum transport while the shorter wavelengths increase mass transport.
Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of Meat Quality Traits in Buffalo Beef and Correlations to Carcass Composition

Abstract: Meat quality traits in buffalo beef were examined and their genetic parameters and genetic correlations to carcass composition were estimated. Dissection was performed on 40 buffalo beef carcasses and all traits recorded for each animal, as well as the weight on muscle lungissimus dorsi (LD). The temperature and pH were recorded at 1 and 48h post-slaughter. Intramuscular fat, protein, dry matter, meat colour (redness, a*, yellowness b* and lightness L*) were recorded. Hereditability estimates ranged from 0.12 and 0.99 for dissection traits and 0.61 and 0.68 for meat quality traits, which was significant for all traits except for ultimate pH and b*. Genetic correlation with L* were negative for a* and high and positive for b*. Intramuscular fat was moderate to highly genetically correlated to the a*, b* and half hot carcass weight. The not significant genetic correlation found between several of the meat quality traits, and between meat quality traits and carcasses composition traits, suggests that the meat quality traits analyzed should be implemented into breeding programme with care since their full effect on the other traits under selection cannot be accurately estimated. For more accurate estimates, further studies that especially include a large number of records for colour meat measures are needed.
Turbine Tip Clearance Flow Control using Plasma Actuators

The tip clearance gap leakage ∞ow is of continuing concern in reducing e‐ciency losses that occur within turbines. Active ∞ow control using a blade-tip-mounted unsteady plasma actuator was implemented in a low pressure linear turbine cascade. Downstream ∞ow velocity and pressure were acquired using a flve-hole probe to document changes in leakage vortex size and strength. Reynolds numbers of 5£10 4 and 10 5 for tip gaps of 4% and 1.56% of axial chord were examined for unactuated and actuated cases. Due to the large ∞ow angles seen in the leakage vortex at a 4% gap size, the probe was unable to acquire the downstream pressure because the calibration region of the probe was exceeded. The extensive three-dimensionality of the ∞owfleld in the tip region has proven di‐cult to measure for low velocities. However, for the smaller 1.56% gap, the leakage vortex size is reduced over the 4% gap, which allows for measurement of actuator efiectiveness on the downstream ∞owfleld. Here, actuation achieved a 29.5% reduction in maximum pressure loss at an axial chord Reynolds number of 10 5 , while at a Reynolds number equal to 5 £ 10 4 , there was a 14.7% reduction. These results are dependent on the unsteady frequency the actuator, although these results show a signiflcant beneflcial change in the tip gap ∞ow.
Timing and Predictors for Urinary Drainage in Children with Expectantly Managed Grade IV Renal Trauma

Purpose: We determined which children sustaining blunt grade IV renal trauma are at greatest risk for failing nonoperative management and in what time frame they will likely present.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed children presenting with nonvascular grade IV blunt renal trauma between 2003 and 2012. We compared characteristics on computerized tomography, reasons for intervention, type and timing of surgery, length of hospital stay and need for readmission between children undergoing early intervention (less than 72 hours after admission) and those managed conservatively (with any subsequent intervention undertaken more than 72 hours after admission).Results: A total of 26 children were identified with nonvascular grade IV blunt renal trauma. Conservative management was attempted in 16 cases (62%). Seven of these patients (44%) required intervention (ureteral stent and/or percutaneous drain placement), with a mean time to intervention of 11 days. Collecting system clot and larger urinom...
Differences between the Pole and On-Shell Masses and Widths of the Higgs Boson

The differences between the on-shell mass and width of the Higgs boson and their pole counterparts are evaluated in leading order. For a heavy Higgs boson, they are found to be sensitive functions of the gauge parameter and become numerically large over a class of gauges that includes the unitary gauge. For a light Higgs boson, the differences remain small in all gauges. The pinch-technique mass and width are found to be close to their pole counterparts over a large range of Higgs boson masses.
B physics at the Fermilab Tevatron after the year 2000

Abstract The requirements for second-generation B experiments at hadron colliders are discussed. The prospects for mounting such an experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider are reviewed. Early results from a design study which is intended to produce an optimum detector for the Tevatron are presented.
Application of a new Raman microprobe spectrometer to nondestructive analysis of sulfate and other ions in individual phases in fluid inclusions in minerals

Rosascoet al. (1975), reported the first successful application of laser-excited Raman spectroscopy for the identification and nondestructive partial analysis of individual solid, liquid, and gaseous phases in selected fluid inclusions. We report here the results of the application of a new instrument, based on back-scattering, that eliminates many of the previous stringent sample limitations and hence greatly expands the range of applicability of Raman spectroscopy to fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusions in many porphyry copper deposits contain 5–10 μm ‘daughter’ crystals thought to be anhydrite but too small for identification by the previous Raman technique. Using the new instrument, we have verified that such daughter crystals in quartz from Bingham, Utah, are anhydrite. They may form by leakage of hydrogen causing internal autooxidation of sulfide ion. Daughter crystals were also examined in apatite (Durango, Mexico) and emerald (Muzo, Colombia). Valid analyses of sulfur species in solution in small fluid inclusions from ore deposits would be valuable, but are generally impossible by conventional methods. We present a calibration procedure for analyses for SO42− in such inclusions from Bingham, Utah (12,000 ± 4000 ppm) and Creede, Colo. (probably < 500 ppm). A fetid Brazilian quartz, originally thought to contain liquid H2S, is shown to contain only HS− in major amounts.
Chinese immigrants’ contact with police

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Chinese immigrants’ contact with local police, uncovering the extent, nature, distribution, and consequences of police contact. Although literature on immigrants’ perceptions of the police has been accumulating during the past few years, research on immigrants’ encounters with the police remains extremely limited.Design/methodology/approach – This study relies on survey data collected from approximately 350 foreign‐born Chinese immigrants residing in New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware. Non‐probability (both purposive and convenience) sampling methods are used.Findings – Chinese immigrants report a higher rate of police contact than the general public, with the most frequent contact occurring through traffic law violations or accidents. Immigrants who are male, older, and recent arrivals to the USA, and have vicarious experience with the police are more likely to have police contact, particularly officer‐initiated contact. The mere occurrence of cont...
Isolation of the human PEX12 gene, mutated in group 3 of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders

Isolation of the human PEX12 gene, mutated in group 3 of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders
Phage taxonomy: we agree to disagree.

Bacteriophage (phage) researchers are in universal agreement that phage biology has undergone a renaissance in recent years. No longer just tools of molecular biology, phage are now recognized to play critical roles in bacterial pathogenesis (3, 29) and bacterial population dynamics (5, 10). Likewise, phage therapy is enjoying renewed interest in Western medicine (24). Phage-derived proteins are currently being used as molecular machines (23), diagnostic agents (22), and therapeutic agents (15, 17, 22) and for drug discovery (14). However, the resurgence in phage popularity has only fanned the flames of an ongoing debate, namely, that of phage taxonomy. Many phage biologists feel that the current taxonomic classification scheme, devised over 3 decades ago by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), is outdated and in need of revision in light of the postgenomic age. However, choosing one methodology on the basis of which to classify all known and yet to be discovered phage is an area where phage researchers agree to disagree. In this issue of the Journal of Bacteriology, Chibani-Chennoufi et al. provide support for a comparative genomics-based alternative classification scheme (6).
Vascular leiomyosarcoma: the malignant counterpart of vascular leiomyoma.

The clinical and pathological findings of six cases of leiomyosarcoma arising from blood vessels of different caliber are described. The term vascular leiomyosarcoma, having both a topographic and morphologic significance, is proposed for these tumors. The histologic pattern is characterized by a proliferation of atypical smooth muscle cells with a large number of intermingled blood vessels. Mitoses were counted per 10 high power field (hpf) and tumors were divided in three groups: group I, 10 to 20 mitoses, group II, 20 to 35 mitoses, and group III, more than 35 mitoses per 10 hpf. The mitotic index seems to be the most important pathological feature on which a prognostic evaluation for vascular leiomyosarcomas can be based. Tumors in group I had neither local recurrences nor metastases; the one tumor in group II had one local recurrence, but the patient is free of disease 6 years after surgical treatment; the three tumors in group III developed distant metastases and constitutional symptoms. Vascular leiomyoma, bizarre leiomyoma, and hemangiopericytoma are included in the differential diagnosis of vascular leiomyosarcoma. The possibility that vascular leiomyosarcoma arising from small vessels represents the malignant counterpart of vascular leiomyoma is proposed.
Anisotropic Porochemoelectroelastic Solution for an Inclined Wellbore Drilled in Shale

The porochemoelectroelastic analytical models have been used to describe the response of chemically active and electrically charged saturated porous media such as clay soils, shales, and biological tissues. However, existing studies have ignored the anisotropic nature commonly observed on these porous media. In this work, the anisotropic porochemoelectroelastic theory is presented. Then, the solution for an inclined wellbore drilled in transversely isotropic shale formations subjected to anisotropic far-field stresses with time-dependent down-hole fluid pressure and fluid activity is derived. Numerical examples illustrating the combined effects of porochemoelectroelastic behavior and anisotropy on wellbore responses are also included. The analysis shows that ignoring either the porochemoelectroelastic effects or the formation anisotropy leads to inaccurate prediction of the near-wellbore pore pressure and effective stress distributions. Finally, wellbore responses during a leak-off test conducted soon after drilling are analyzed to demonstrate the versatility of the solution in simulating complex down-hole conditions.
Comparison of human papillomavirus genotypes in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical carcinoma: Evidence for differences in biologic potential of precursor lesions

High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix are heterogeneous in their invasive potential. Comparison of human papillomavirus types between invasive cervical carcinoma and high-grade squamous dysplasia may provide insight into this biological variability. Liquid-based Pap specimens from 55 high-grade intraepithelial lesions and 47 invasive cervical carcinomas were analyzed by reverse line blot for 27 human papillomavirus types designated high, intermediate, or low risk. Human papillomavirus DNA was present in all high-grade intraepithelial lesions (23 different types) and in 94% (13 types) of invasive carcinomas. High-risk types were present in 81% of invasive carcinomas compared to 58% of high-grade intraepithelial lesions. Severe dysplasias harbored more (79%) high-risk human papillomaviruses as compared to moderate dysplasias (37%). In 40% of high-grade dysplasia cases (59% of moderate dysplasias; 21% of severe) and 13% of invasive carcinomas, intermediate-risk genotypes were identified in the absence of high-risk HPV types. Human papillomavirus 16 was the most common type in all categories, including 47% of high-grade squamous dysplasias (26% moderate; 68% severe) and 61% of invasive carcinomas. Both high-risk type (P=0.0004) and type 16 (P=0.0007) human papillomaviruses were positively associated with increasing severity of diagnosis. The heterogeneous nature of high-grade squamous dysplasias as compared to invasive carcinoma is evident by the wider spectrum of associated human papillomavirus types. Likewise, moderate dysplasia appears to be more heterogeneous in viral type than severe dysplasia. Moderate cases were more often associated with intermediate-risk types, while high-risk types were more prevalent in severe dysplasias and invasive cancers. Moderate dysplasia cases harboring viral types infrequently found in cancers may have a low risk for progression. Human papillomavirus genotyping of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions may be important in assessing risk for progression to invasion.
Quinidine-induced photosensitive livedo reticularis—like eruption

A 39-year-old white man who was taking quinidine developed a purpuric eruption in a photo distributed livedo reticularis-like pattern. This is the fourth reported case of a similar eruption in patients taking quinidine. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms for nonthrombocytopenic drug-induced purpuras are discussed.
Hyposmia secondary to excision of the olfactory epithelium. The definition of primary and accessory areas of olfaction

Abstract After excision of the olfactory epithelium patients lose their ability to detect and recognize vapors through the olfactory nerve-olfactory epithelium interrelationship. However, they can still detect and in some cases recognize odors through the use of accessory areas of olfaction.
Stability and looping in connectionist models with asymmetric weights

Recently, researchers in artificial intelligence have been actively investigating various connectionist models of computation. The model that is often studied is that of an asynchronous symmetric network, in which a global energy measure can be established and used to prove that the network totally stabilizes. In this paper, we discuss asymmetric networks that might admit infinite activated computations. Within this framework, we define an operational semantics under a synchronous activation rule and similarly under a fair asynchronous rule. Using this semantics, we analyze flow properties of a circle-network with respect to a specification that characterizes oscillation. We further explore the complexity of the decidable question of whether or not a given asymmetric network totally stabilizes. It is shown that this problem is NP-hard, and is in PSPACE.
Cell Lineage Analysis in Human Brain Using Endogenous Retroelements

Somatic mutations occur during brain development and are increasingly implicated as a cause of neurogenetic disease. However, the patterns in which somatic mutations distribute in the human brain are unknown. We used high-coverage whole-genome sequencing of single neurons from a normal individual to identify spontaneous somatic mutations as clonal marks to track cell lineages in human brain. Somatic mutation analyses in >30 locations throughout the nervous system identified multiple lineages and sublineages of cells marked by different LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition events and subsequent mutation of poly-A microsatellites within L1. One clone contained thousands of cells limited to the left middle frontal gyrus, whereas a second distinct clone contained millions of cells distributed over the entire left hemisphere. These patterns mirror known somatic mutation disorders of brain development and suggest that focally distributed mutations are also prevalent in normal brains. Single-cell analysis of somatic mutation enables tracing of cell lineage clones in human brain.
Gastric mucosal high-energy phosphate metabolism. Influence of ethanol and PGE2.

This study investigated potential alterations in gastric mucosal energy metabolism following exposure to the damaging agent 50% ethanol (50% EtOH) alone and after pretreatment with either 16,16-dimethyl (dmPGE2) or the mild irritant 25% ethanol (25% EtOH). Fasted rats (n=12–26/group) were orally given 1 ml of normal saline (NS), dmPGE2 in a dose of 5 µg/kg, or 25% EtOH. Fifteen minutes later, they randomly received 1 ml of NS or 50% EtOH. After 5 min, rats were anesthetized and their stomachs rapidly excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and lyophyllized. Once dried, the surface area (in square millimeters) of mucosal lesions was quantitated. Mucosa was then scraped off the underlying muscularis. Tissue metabolites (ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate) were measured in deproteinized, neutralized samples by enzymatic methods. In conjunction with the development of mucosal lesions involving an average of 45 mm2, ATP was significantly (P<0.05) lower and AMP significantly higher in 50% EtOH-treated animals (indicating dephosphorylation) when compared with NS controls. Although both 25% EtOH and dmPGE2 prevented these lesions, only 25% EtOH prevented the ATP and AMP alterations. Fifty percent EtOH also significantly increased the tissue content of glucose and lactate over control values while glucose-6-phosphate was significantly decreased. With both protective agents pyruvate levels were significantly reduced, while glucose and lactate levels were not affected. In contrast to dmPGE2, the mild irritant (25% EtOH) significantly increased glucose-6-phosphate levels over control. Our results indicate that the protective action of 25% EtOH is associated with prevention of the adverse effects of 50% EtOH on oxidative phosphorylation, whereas that of dmPGE2 involves a different mechanism.
Detection of the Halo Component of the Field sdB Population

A new, complete sample of 20 faint sdB stars isolated from the US survey is reported. Because the sample contains stars with magnitudes as faint as B = 18, it is uniquely situated to probe the field sdB spatial distribution at relatively large distances out of the Galactic plane. A V/Vmax analysis provides strong evidence that the majority of these stars are not part of a disklike stellar density distribution. Using a statistical treatment for population membership, a further V/Vmax analysis shows that the spatial distribution of the US sdB stars is consistent with a combined disk-plus-halo stellar density law. This analysis also provides a preliminary value for the sdB halo-to-disk density ratio in the solar neighborhood that is larger by a factor of 7 than that for the field stars in general. It is likely that even relatively bright samples of sdB stars, such as those isolated from the PG survey, contain significant numbers of halo stars.
Hemispherical Transmittance Of Several Free Standing Diamond Films

The hemispherical transmittance of free standing films (1-20 microns thick) of polycrystalline diamond grown with a filament assisted chemical vapor deposition (FACVD) system and an oxygen-acetylene torch has been measured. Measurements were performed in the infrared (2-16 microns) with a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) equipped with a diffuse gold integrating sphere and in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared (0.20 - 2.5 microns) by a dispersive spectrophotometer used with an integrating sphere attachment. For FACVD films of approximately 1 micron thickness grown with a small amount of oxygen in the chamber, strong interference effects are observed in both spectral regions, and the total transmittance was above 60% in the visible and MR. The best films grown in the oxygen-acetylene flame show a sharp band edge at 220-222 nm, and a transmittance at long wavelengths (> 16 microns) which approaches 70%, for film thicknesses of 10-20 microns. These features are comparable to type IIA natural diamond. The optical transparency of the flame grown films is sufficient to read newsprint when held next to the text, however the large grain size (2-5 microns) and rough surfaces introduce sufficient scatter to blur the image of the text as the film and text are separated.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt-Cage Complexes with Pendant Phenol Groups

The synthesis and characterization of four compounds formed from the reductive amination of m- and o-hydroxybenzaldehyde to (1,8-diamino-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane)cobalt(III) are presented. These compounds are the mono- and dialkylated derivatives of the starting cobalt complex. The X-ray crystal structures of each compound, as its fully protonated chloride salt, have been obtained and are reported. The pK(a)'s of the compounds were determined by nonlinear least-squares analysis of data from potentiometric titrations and UV/vis spectrophotometry. The K(a)'s of the phenol groups of the compounds are reduced by roughly 1 order of magnitude compared to their analogous organic phenols. In the solid state, the compounds with one pendant phenol group (2, 4) are yellow and adopt the ob(3) conformation of their ethylene diamine rings in their crystal structures, while the compounds with two pendant phenol groups (3, 5) are orange and have the lel(3) conformation in their crystal structures. Solid-state reflectance UV/vis spectroscopy confirms these structural differences. In water, all four compounds form orange solutions and adopt the lel(3) conformation, as indicated by comparison of UV/vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry properties with the literature.
Phonon thermal transport in noncrystalline materials

The thermal conductivities of a borosilicate glass and a polycarbonate have been measured in the temperature range 0.04-60 K. Some samples contained well-defined holes to provide an additional source of phonon scattering. The results at low temperatures are consistent with the predictions of the Debye model using experimentally measured sound velocities. There is a sharp decrease in phonon mean free path with increasing frequency so that, at higher temperatures (the "plateau" region), thermal transport is provided predominantly by phonons having frequencies much less that $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{4kT}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}$. For very small hole diameters, diffraction of thermal phonons occurs. The data are compared with theoretical models of thermal transport in noncrystalline materials.
The requirement for a primer in the in vitro synthesis of polysaccharide by sweet-corn (1 → 4)-α-d-glucan syntrase

Abstract A mixture of (1 → 4)-α- d -glucan synthases was partially purified from sweet corn. The synthesis of polysaccharide from ADP- d -glucose by the enzyme preparation was dependent on added carbohydrate primer in solutions of low ionic strength, but displayed the phenomenon of being apparently primer-independent at high ionic strength in citrate buffer. This phenomenon was further investigated; treatment of the enzyme preparation with immobilized amylases led to the abolition of the apparently unprimed synthesis. The amylase-treated preparation then showed a normal dependence on (1 → 4)-α- d -glucan primer, branched primers being the most effective. The affinity of the enzyme for a branched primer appeared to be enhanced in the presence of citrate. The polysaccharide product of the unprimed reaction was glycogen-like, having an average chain-length of 14. These studies suggest that the phenomenon of unprimed synthesis in “high salt” is explicable in terms of an enhanced affinity of the enzyme for traces of primer in the enzyme preparation, and not to a “de novo” synthesis of polysaccharide, that occurs in the absence of a primer.
Observation of Resonant Tunneling between Macroscopically Distinct Quantum Levels.

We report the first observation of resonant tunneling of a system between two macroscopically distinct states: energy levels in different fluxoid wells of a weakly damped superconducting quantum interference device which differ in mean current by approximately 6 \ensuremath{\mu}A. Near 50 mK, the tunneling rate $\ensuremath{\gamma}({\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{x})$ from the metastable well vs applied flux ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{x}$ is found to exhibit a series of local maxima where the levels (spaced by $\ensuremath{\approx}1.9$ K) in the two wells cross. The positions of these maxima agree well with the level crossings calculated using independently determined system parameters.
Spectral distribution of wave energy dissipation by salt marsh vegetation

Abstract Spectral energy dissipation of random waves due to salt marsh vegetation (Spartina alterniflora) was analyzed using field data collected during a tropical storm. Wave data (significant wave heights up to 0.4 m in 0.8 m depth) were measured over a two-day period along a 28 m transect using 3 pressure transducers. The storm produced largely bimodal spectra on the wetland, consisting of low-frequency swell (7–10 s) and high-frequency (2–4.5 s) wind-sea. The energy dissipation varied across the frequency scales with the largest magnitude observed near the spectral peaks, above which the dissipation gradually decreased. The wind-sea energy dissipated largely in the leading section of the instrument array in the wetland, but the low-frequency swell propagated to the subsequent section with limited energy loss. Across a spectrum, dissipation did not linearly follow incident energy, and the degree of non-linearity varied with the dominant wave frequency. A rigid-type vegetation model was used to estimate the frequency-dependent bulk drag coefficient. For a given spectrum, this drag coefficient increased gradually up to the peak frequency and remained generally at a stable value at the higher frequencies. This spectral variation was parameterized by employing a frequency-dependent velocity attenuation parameter inside the canopy. This parameter had much less variability among incident wave conditions, compared to the variability of the bulk drag coefficient, allowing its standardization into a single, frequency-dependent curve for velocity attenuation inside a canopy. It is demonstrated that the spectral drag coefficient predicts the frequency-dependent energy dissipation with more accuracy than the integral coefficient.
Silicon waveguide sidewall smoothing by wet chemical oxidation

This paper reports a new and more efficient Si waveguide sidewall smoothing process using wet chemical oxidation. Sidewall roughness is a major source of loss and an impediment to realizing high-transmission Si waveguides. The postetch multistepped approach allows for efficient smoothing (in terms of roughness amplitude reduction to material consumption) by continuous oxidation in the fast reaction-limited regime. This method reduces waveguide transmission loss without sacrificing dimensional integrity or thermal budget. In this proof-of-concept work, Si waveguide sidewall loss has been reduced from 9.2 to 1.9 dB/cm.
Preparation of Fully Synthetic Histone H3 Reveals That Acetyl-Lysine 56 Facilitates Protein Binding Within Nucleosomes

Abstract Posttranslational modification (PTM) of histones plays a central role in genome regulation. Engineering histones with defined PTMs on one residue or on multiple residues is crucial for understanding their function within nucleosomes and chromatin. We introduce a sequential native chemical ligation strategy that is suitable for the preparation of fully synthetic histone proteins, allowing for site-specific incorporation of varied PTMs throughout the sequence. We demonstrate this method with the generation of histone H3 acetylated at lysine 56 [H3(K56ac)]. H3(K56ac) is essential for transcription, replication, and repair. We examined the influence of H3(K56ac) on the targeting of a model DNA binding factor (LexA) to a site ∼ 30 bp within the nucleosome. We find that H3(K56ac) increases LexA binding to its DNA target site by 3-fold at physiological ionic strength. We then demonstrate that H3(K56ac) facilitates LexA binding by increasing DNA unwrapping, not by nucleosome repositioning. Furthermore, we find that H3(K56Q) quantitatively imitates H3(K56ac) function. Together, these studies introduce powerful tools for the analysis of histone PTM functions.
Case‐only gene‐environment interaction studies: when does association imply mechanistic interaction?

Case-only studies are often used to identify interactions between a genetic factor and an environmental factor under the assumption both factors are independent in the population. However, interpreting a statistical association between the genetic and the environmental factors among the cases, as evidence of a mechanistic gene-environment interaction, is not always warranted. Using a mechanistic approach based on the sufficient cause framework, we show association amongst cases can arise between the genetic and environmental factors when there is in fact no mechanistic gene-environment interaction. However, when it can be assumed the genetic and environmental factors themselves can never prevent the outcome, we show a positive association amongst cases implies a mechanistic gene-environment interaction. Without this assumption that the effects of the two factors are never preventive, a multiplicative interaction greater than two is needed to conclude the presence of a mechanistic interaction. We furthermore show these tests for mechanistic interaction can be extended to scenarios in which the genetic and environmental factors are negatively associated in the population rather than independent.
Longevity in the protozoa.

With respect to the evolution of longevity, two fundamental questions are considered. 1) When did senescence arise? and 2) What role did sex and DNA repair play in lifespan duration?
Chronic changes in blood flow alter endothelium-dependent responses in autogenous vein grafts in dogs☆☆☆★★★

Abstract Purpose: Experiments were designed to determine the effects of blood flow on endothelium-dependent relaxations in canine vein grafts. Methods: Blood flow through reversed femoral vein grafts was either increased by a distal arteriovenous fistula (increased flow), unmanipulated (normal flow), or reduced by a proximal adjustable clamp (reduced flow). Six weeks after implantation, blood flow through the graft was measured. Rings cut from grafts were suspended for the measurement of isometric force in organ chambers to determine endothelial function. Results: Blood flow was significantly greater in grafts with a distal fistula compared to grafts with normal or decreased flow. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were absent in all grafts. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, and the calcium ionophore A23187 were less in grafts with reduced flow compared with grafts with increased flow. Relaxations to these agents in grafts with increased flow were reduced by an analog of L-arginine. Neointimal hyperplasia was increased in grafts with reduced flow. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that chronic diminution of blood flow decreases receptor-mediated release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and increases neointimal hyperplasia in canine vein grafts. The production of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, one of which is nitric oxide, may influence the development of myointimal hyperplasia in vein grafts. (J VASC SURG 1994;20:765-73.)
MONOGRAPH AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TERRA COTTA1

A. Introduction 1Beginnings and progress. 2Advantages. 3Location of plants. 4Development of terra cotta surfaces. 5Classification. B. Terra Cotta Body I. Body requisites. II. Body mixture. 1Terra cotta clays. 2Grog and non-plastics. 3Soluble salts and the addition of barium compounds. III. Methods of mining, handling and mixing clays. 1Green spots. IV. Tempering methods. V. Aging. C. Drafting and Plaster Work I. Drafting II. Modeling and mold making. 1Ashlars. 2Profiles. 3Old molds. 4Checking the warethrough the shop. D. Pressing and Finishing I. Pressing. 1Powermethods. 2Hand pressing. 3Absorption of water by mold. II. Finishing. 1With steel. 2With water brush. E. Drying I. Preliminary drying. II. Final drying. 1Humidity drying. F. Slips, Glazes and Spraying I. Storage, mixing and identification of raw materials. II. Preparation of slips and glazes. 1Specific gravity control. 2Viscosity control. III. Spraying. 1Handling ware during spraying. 2Spraying technique. IV. Underslips. V. V. Glazes. 1High temperature. Gloss and mats. 2Low temperature. 3Glaze fit and defects. Staley's coefficient of expansion factors. VI. Vitrifiedslips. G. Color Work I. Common colors. 1White. 2Cream. 3Gray. 4Tan and brown. II. Polychrome colors. 1Blue. 2Green. 3Pink. 4Black. 5Low heat overglaze. III Granite Finishes. IV Pulsichrome applications. V Polychrome decoration. 1Painting. 2Spraying with masks. 3High temperature overglaze. 4Painting soluble metallic salts. H. Kilns and Firing. I. Kiln construction. 1Flue arrangement. 2Fire boxes. II. Setting. III. Firing. IV. Cooling and dunting. V. Composition and dunting. VI. Pacific Northwest Clayworkers' Kiln Data. I. Fitting Department J. Terra Cotta in the Wall I. Elasticity. I. Thermal coefficient of expansion. II. Thermal conductivity. III. Porosity and absorption. VI. Crystallization of water and salts. V. Strength of body. VI. Variations of strength when wet and dry. VII. Concentration of loads. VIII. Jointing. IX. Concrete.
Wormhole-type routing in neural networks

The existence of data routing in neural networks is illustrated. Similarities between adaptive routing algorithms for interconnection networks and data routing for neural networks are presented. Recognition of these similarities may allow additional insights into data processing in neural networks. >
Theoretical near field clutter and interference cancellation for an adaptive phased array antenna

Displaced phase center antennas with adaptive nulling capability are sometimes suggested for airborne radar applications requiring cancellation of clutter and interference. A theoretical model is developed for analyzing a linear array having two independent beamformers, which is subjected to near-field or far-field clutter and interference. Both clutter and interference are modeled using discrete noise sources. It is demonstrated that an adaptive array cancels such near field and far field sources in a nearly equivalent manner.
Molecular simulation as a tool for studying lignin

Lignocellulosic biomass provides a sustainable source of sugars for biofuel and biomaterial production. However, biomass resistance to degradation imposes difficulties for economical conversion of plant carbohydrates to fermentable sugars. One of the key contributors to recalcitrance is lignin. Understanding the properties of lignin macromolecules in the cell wall matrix is useful for manipulating biomass structure to generate more easily degradable biomass. Along with experimental techniques such as 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry, computational techniques can be useful for characterizing the structural and energetic properties of the biomass assembly and its individual constituents. Here, we provide a brief introduction to lignin, review some of the recent, relevant scientific literature, and give our perspectives on the role of molecular simulation in understanding lignin structure. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
A STE12 Homolog Is Required for Mating but Dispensable for Filamentation in Candida lusitaniae

Candida lusitaniae is a dimorphic yeast that is emerging as an opportunistic fungal pathogen. In contrast to Candida albicans, which is diploid and asexual, C. lusitaniae has been reported to have a sexual cycle. We have employed genetic approaches to demonstrate that C. lusitaniae is haploid and has a sexual cycle involving mating between MATa and MATalpha cells under nutrient deprivation conditions. By degenerate PCR, we identified a C. lusitaniae homolog (Cls12) of the Ste12 transcription factor that regulates mating, filamentation, and virulence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Comparison of the CLS12 DNA and protein sequences to other STE12 homologs and transformation experiments with selectable markers from S. cerevisiae (URA3, KanMX, HphMX) and C. albicans (CaURA3) provide evidence that the CUG codon encodes serine instead of leucine in C. lusitaniae, as is also the case in C. albicans. The C. lusitaniae CLS12 gene was disrupted by biolistic transformation and homologous recombination. C. lusitaniae cls12 mutant strains were sterile but had no defect in filamentous growth. Our findings reveal both conserved and divergent roles for the C. lusitaniae STE12 homolog in regulating differentiation of this emerging fungal pathogen.
Electronic states and potential energy surfaces of YH2

Abstract Three low-lying electronic states of YH 2 namely, 2 A 1 , 2 B 1 and 2 A 2 have been studied using the complete active space SCF method (CAS SCF) followed by configuration interaction calculations. Relativistic effective core potentials have been employed for the Y atom. Bending potential energy surfaces for the 2 A 1 , 2 B 1 and 2 A 2 are also obtained. The ground state of YH 2 is found to be the 2 A 1 state with a bent geometry (θ e = 123°, r e = 1.94A). This equilibrium structure is nearly 9 kcal/mol more stable than the linear YH 2 ( 2 Σ g + ) state while the bent 2 B 1 and 2 A 2 states are about 3 kcal/mol lower in energy in comparison to their linear counterparts. The barrier for the insertion of Y atom into H 2 is found to be low for the 2 A 1 state ( 2 B 1 and 2 A 2 states.