cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strength of silicon, sapphire and glass in the subthreshold flaw region

Strength properties are determined for monocrystalline silicon and sapphire and for soda-lime glass plates containing subthreshold flaws, i.e. flaws without detectable microcracks. Nanoindentations covering a wide range of loads are used to introduce flaws of predetermined sizes into highly polished or etched surfaces, to enable systematic study of the transition from the postthreshold to subthreshold regions. Strengths of the indented plates are measured using a simple bilayer test configuration in which the plates are bonded – indentations downward – onto a polycarbonate support base and loaded centrally at their top surfaces to failure. Failure occurs from flaw sites over the entire range of diminishing loads, up to a strength cutoff at >2 GPa associated with natural surface flaws. In none of the materials do the postthreshold strength/indentation-load data extrapolate unconditionally into the subthreshold region. However, whereas the glass data show an abrupt increase in strength at the threshold, the silicon and sapphire data show only a slight discontinuity in slope. A simple model for subthreshold flaws, based on the critical conditions to initiate radial cracking from embryonic shear faults within the contact damage sites, accounts for the main size trends in the data. The disparities between the glass and crystalline responses are attributed to differences in the precursor shear fault geometries. General applicability of the scaling concepts to a broad range of alternative flaw types, e.g. associated with microstructural defects, is discussed. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.
Two Novel Proteins of Cyanophage Syn5 Compose Its Unusual Horn Structure

The marine cyanophage Syn5 can be propagated to a high titer in the laboratory on marine photosynthetic Synechococcus sp. strain WH8109. The purified particles carry a novel slender horn structure projecting from the vertex opposite the tail vertex. The genome of Syn5 includes a number of genes coding for novel proteins. Using immune-electron microscopy with gold-labeled antibodies, we show that two of these novel proteins, products of genes 53 and 54, are part of the horn structure. A third novel protein, the product of gene 58, is assembled onto the icosahedral capsid lattice. Characterization of radioactively labeled precursor procapsids by sucrose gradient centrifugation shows that there appear to be three classes of particles-procapsids, scaffold-deficient procapsids, and expanded capsids. These lack fully assembled horn appendages. The horn presumably assembles onto the virion just before or after DNA packaging. Antibodies raised to the recombinant novel Syn5 proteins did not interfere with phage infectivity, suggesting that the functions of these proteins are not directly involved in phage attachment or infection of the host WH8109. The horn structure may represent some adaption to the marine environment, whose function will require additional investigation.
Characterization of soluble microbial products (SMP) derived from glucose and phenol in dual substrate activated sludge bioreactors.

Soluble microbial products (SMP) generated by activated sludge cultures receiving a mixed feed of phenol and glucose were characterized with respect to molecular weight (MW) distribution, octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), and Microtox® toxicity. Short-term batch reactor tests using 14C-labeled substrates were performed to collect SMP derived from each substrate, while long-term tests were performed with SMP accumulated over multiple feed cycles using fed-batch reactors receiving non-labeled substrates. Yield of SMP in the batch tests, 10%–20% for phenol and 2%–5% for glucose, differed for each substrate and was independent of initial concentration. The MW distribution (MWD) of SMP was independent of feed composition, and was bimodal in the 100 kDa increased with the proportion of glucose in the feed. The Kow of phenol-derived SMP was higher compared to glucose-derived SMP, indicating that the phenol-derived SMP were more hydrophobic. This was particularly true at an acidic pH, where the Kow was 4.2 ± 1.0 for phenol-derived SMP versus 0.13 ± 0.13 for glucose-derived SMP. Toxicity testing indicated that phenol-derived SMP, exerting a mean Microtox® inhibition of 1%, were less toxic than phenol itself, and showed little correlation between toxicity and concentration. However, glucose-derived SMP were generally more toxic than glucose itself (a non-toxic substrate), and the toxicity increased linearly with the concentration of SMP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A memory-efficient finite element method for systems of reaction--diffusion equations with non-smooth forcing

The release of calcium ions in a human heart cell is modeled by a system of reaction-diffusion equations, which describe the interaction of the chemical species and the effects of various cell processes on them. The release is modeled by a forcing term in the calcium equation that involves a superposition of many Dirac delta functions in space; such a nonsmooth right-hand side leads to divergence for many numerical methods. The calcium ions enter the cell at a large number of regularly spaced points throughout the cell; to resolve those points adequately for a cell with realistic three-dimensional dimensions, an extremely fine spatial mesh is needed. A finite element method is developed that addresses the two crucial issues for this and similar applications: Convergence of the method is demonstrated in extension of the classical theory that does not apply to nonsmooth forcing functions like the Dirac delta function; and the memory usage of the method is optimal and thus allows for extremely fine three-dimensional meshes with many millions of degrees of freedom, already on a serial computer. Additionally, a coarse-grained parallel implementation of the algorithm allows for the solution on meshes with yet finer resolution than possible in serial.
Sol–Gel Combustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline YAG Powder from Metal‐Organic Precursors

Yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) nanocrystalline powders were synthesized by a novel sol–gel combustion process. Yttrium acetate and aluminum sec-butoxide were used as the precursors and triethanolamine was used as the chelating agent and fuel. Thermal and crystallization behaviors of the YAG precursor powders were investigated by thermal gravimetric differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and X-ray diffraction. The combustion-synthesized powders are amorphous and transform to a pure YAG crystalline phase at 900°C. The crystallization activation energy of amorphous YAG precursor was investigated by variable heating rate DTA. The calculated activation energy is 58.9 KJ/mol. The average crystalline size of heat-treated YAG powders at 900°C is ∼20 nm.
Configuration aware prioritization techniques in regression testing

Configurable software lets users customize applications in many ways, and is becoming increasingly prevalent. Regression testing is an important but expensive way to build confidence that software changes introduce no new faults as software evolves, resulting in many attempts to improve its performance given limited resources. Whereas problems such as test selection and prioritization at the test case level have been extensively researched in the regression testing literature, they have rarely been considered for configurations, though there is evidence that we should not ignore the effects of configurations on regression testing. This research intends to provide a framework for configuration aware prioritization techniques, evaluated through empirical studies.
Temporal pattern recognition using fuzzy clustering

In many problems it is necessary to recognize patterns of time sequences of feature vectors where the training vectors and the test vectors are not temporally aligned. In this paper the author presents a fuzzy clustering approach to this temporal pattern recognition. Observation classification vectors are embedded into a larger vector that explicitly shows the time dependence. Clustering is done both in this larger space and in the observation space to give "state" and "output" spaces similar to those used in HMM modeling. Recognition is accomplished by finding the best match in state order to the clustering. >
The physical chemistry of cytoplasm and its influence on cell function: an update.

From the point of view of intermolecular interactions, the cytoplasmic space is more like a crowded party in a house full of furniture than a game of tag in an empty field. Understanding the physical chemical properties of cytoplasm is thus of key importance for understanding cellular function. This article attempts to provide an entree into the current literature on this subject and offers some general guidelines for thinking about intracellular biochemistry.
Genetic changes in squamous cell lung cancer: a review

Identifying specific somatic mutations that drive tumor growth has transformed the treatment of lung cancer. For example, cancers with sensitizing epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase translocations can have remarkable responses to epidermal growth factor receptor and ALK inhibitors respectively, leading to significant clinical benefit. However, effective molecularly targeted therapies have disproportionately impacted adenocarcinomas compared to squamous cell carcinomas, and never or light smokers compared to heavy smokers. Further progress in non–small-cell lung cancer will require the identification and effective targeting of molecular alterations in all subtypes of lung cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the molecular alterations found in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. First, we will discuss the ongoing efforts to comprehensively assess the squamous cell carcinoma genome. We will then discuss the evidence supporting the role of specific genes in driving squamous cell carcinomas. By describing the landscape of somatic targets in squamous cell lung cancer, we hope to crystallize the current understanding of potential targets, spur development of therapies that can have clinical impact, and underscore the importance of new discoveries in this field.
Transcription and post-transcriptional regulation of spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis in mammals is achieved by multiple players that pursue a common goal of generating mature spermatozoa. The developmental processes acting on male germ cells that culminate in the production of the functional spermatozoa are regulated at both the transcription and post-transcriptional levels. This review addresses recent progress towards understanding such regulatory mechanisms and identifies future challenges to be addressed in this field. We focus on transcription factors, chromatin-associated factors and RNA-binding proteins necessary for spermatogenesis and/or sperm maturation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern spermatogenesis has enormous implications for new contraceptive approaches and treatments for infertility.
The Globus Toolkit R-tree for partial spatial replica selection

Partial Replicas have been used to parallelize access to regions of large spatial data sets on geographically distributed machines, saving network bandwidth and improving data availability. In this paper, we present the Globus Toolkit R-tree, (GTR-tree) to efficiently select partial replicas using the Globus Toolkit Replica Location Service (RLS) middleware. First, the limitations inherent in the Globus RLS service for spatial data are analyzed, motivating the usefulness of the GTR-tree for solving the partial replica selection problem. We then describe our implementation of the R-tree data structure on top of an unmodified Globus RLS. The R-tree is an important data structure for spatial computation, and results in very significant performance gains. Our performance results and evaluation demonstrate enormous improvements for spatial replica selection over a plain RLS.
Mange in newly-imported armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Summary 2 species of mites were present, a surface-living dermanyssld of the genus Ornithonyssus, which apparently caused no harm, and a very small burrowing mite, Echimyopus dasypus, which was found In large numbers In the epidermis and was responsible for extensive lesions. The mange persisted in untreated armadillos, but topical treatment with monosulftram solution was effective. Since the discovery that the 9-banded armadillo is susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium leprae (Storrs, 1971) this species has been used increasingly as an experimental animal for laboratory studies on leprosy. As a result, colonies of wild-caught armadillos have been set up in North America and Britain in which groups of the animals are infected with M. leprae and maintained for periods of up to 2 years. This report describes the presence of mange in a group of imported armadillos on their arrival in Britain, the nature of the skin lesions and the therapy used. Materials and methods A group of 20 adult 9-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) was imported in February 1980. They were transported in wooden crates divided into single compartments and arrived on a direct flight from North America, where they had been captured in
Molecular methods for differentiating grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) scat

Pinniped dietary information is crucial for understanding marine ecosystems; however, in the North Atlantic, grey and harbour seals haulout concomitantly and their faeces are visually indistinguishable. Therefore, we developed molecular methods to differentiate the species' scat. PCR primers were created that amplify a portion of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA in grey and harbour seals. The samples were amplified and the resulting products were digested using the restriction enzyme Tsp509I, producing diagnostic banding patterns. These tools provide a mechanism by which separate dietary analysis can be achieved for grey and harbour seals at mixed haulouts in New England.
Factors Influencing Recombinant Human Lysozyme Extraction and Cation Exchange Adsorption

Human lysozyme has numerous potential therapeutic applications to a broad spectrum of human diseases. This glycosidic enzyme is present in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and milk--sources not amendable for commercial development. Recently, a high expression level of recombinant human lysozyme (0.5% dry weight) was achieved in transgenic rice seed. This paper evaluates the effects of pH and ionic strength on rice protein and lysozyme extractability, as well as their interactions with the strong cation-exchange resin, SP-Sepharose FF. The extraction conditions that maximized lysozyme yield and the ratio of extracted human lysozyme to native rice protein were not optimal for lysozyme adsorption. The conditions that gave the highest extracted lysozyme to native protein ratio were pH 4.5 and 100 mM NaCl in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer. At pH 4.5, salt concentrations above 100 mM NaCl reduced the lysozyme-to-protein ratio. The best conditions for lysozyme adsorption were pH 4.5 and 50 mM sodium acetate buffer. Lysozyme extraction and subsequent adsorption at pH 4.5 and 50 mM NaCl was an acceptable compromise between lysozyme extractability, adsorption, and purity. The primary recovery of human lysozyme from pH 6 extracts, irrespective of ionic strength, was inferior to that using pH 4.5 with unacceptably low saturation capacities and lysozyme purity. High purity was achieved with a single chromatography step by adjusting the pH 4.5 extract to pH 6 before adsorption. The disadvantage of this approach was the drastically lower saturation capacity compared to adsorption at pH 4.5.
Design and Development of a General Purpose 7 DOF Haptic Device

A seven degree-of-freedom (DOF) haptic device has been developed with applications towards robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery. The device consists of four degrees of force feedback (X, Y, Z, and grasping) capability and seven degrees of freedom for positioning capability. The haptic device is a closed kinematic chain with two halves (user interface and spatial mechanism) connected by a universal joint. Kinematic analysis of the haptic device has been developed with the particular goal of computing the slave robot position and the end point configuration of the laparoscopic tool. Additionally, the achievable workspace of the mechanism has been calculated based on the motion of each half of the device. Friction modeling and its compensation has also been presented to enable higher transparency of the haptic device.
Heterocellular cultures of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells grown on laminin-5 supplemented matrix

The pulmonary alveolar epithelium consists of alveolar type I (AT1) and alveolar type II (AT2) cells. Interactions between these two cell types are necessary for alveolar homeostasis and remodeling. These interactions have been difficult to study in vitro because current cell culture models of the alveolar epithelium do not provide a heterocellular population of AT1 and AT2 cells for an extended period of time in culture. In this study, a new method for obtaining heterocellular cultures of AT1- and AT2-like alveolar epithelial cells maintained for 7 d on a rat tail collagen-fibronectin matrix supplemented with laminin-5 is described. These cultures contain cells that appear by their morphology to be either AT1 cells (larger flattened cells without lamellar bodies) or AT2 cells (smaller cuboidal cells with lamellar bodies). AT1-like cells stain for the type I cell marker aquaporin-5, whereas AT2-like cells stain for the type II cell markers surfactant protein C or prosurfactant protein C. AT1/AT2 cell ratios, cell morphology, and cell phenotype-specific staining patterns seen in 7-d-old heterocellular cultures are similar to those seen in alveoli in situ. This culture system, in which a mixed population of phenotypically distinct alveolar epithelial cells are maintained, may facilitate in vitro studies that are more representative of AT1-AT2 cell interactions that occur in vivo.
Deep inelastic separated response functions from Ca 40 and Ca 48

Deep inelastic scattering cross sections have been measured for /sup 40/Ca and /sup 48/Ca at electron energies between 100 and 375 MeV at scattering angles of 90/sup 0/ and 140/sup 0/. Longitudinal and transverse response functions at three-momentum transfers between 250 and 410 MeV/c have been extracted using a Rosenbluth separation. The response functions are compared to calculations modeling the nucleus as a noninteracting relativistic Fermi gas. The model is found to agree with the observed transverse response function in the region of expected quasi-free nucleon knockout, but the model overestimates the observed longitudinal response. Comparisons of the response functions of the two isotopes are made, and differences between /sup 40/Ca and /sup 48/Ca are seen.
(±)-trans-3-Oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octa­hydro­phenanthrene-10a-carboxylic acid: catemeric hydrogen bonding in a δ-keto acid

The title compound, C15H16O3, aggregates as hydrogen-bonded catemers progressing from each carboxyl to the ketone of a screw-related neighbor [O⋯O = 2.6675 (14) A and O—H⋯O = 170°]. Two parallel centrosymmetrically related single-strand hydrogen-bonding helices proceed through the cell in the b-axis direction. The packing includes three inter­molecular C—H⋯O=C close contacts, involving both the ketone and the carboxyl group. The structure is isomorphous with that of the previously described Δ4 α,β-unsaturated ketone.
Artificial cultures of Ascobolus and Aleuria

(1912). Artificial Cultures of Ascobolus and Aleuria. Mycologia: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 218-222.
Spontaneous in vitro transformation of leukocytes from a neonate.

SummaryUmbilical cord leukocytes were observed for spontaneous in vitro transformation. Leukocytes from one of 696 specimens transformed into rapidly and persistently multiplying lymphoid cells. This finding was interpreted as in utero infection by the Epstein-Barr virus or other leukocyte-transforming agent(s). The neonate whose blood contained leukocytes that transformed spontanously has been under observation for 24 mo; the only abnormalities were mild anemia and possibly a mild lymphocytosis.
Means and Ends in Management and Law

Barley and Kunda (1992) contended that management scholarship is characterized by cyclical alternation between normative and rational rhetoric, with the cycles related to trends in the macro-econom...
A retrieval-based approach to eliminating hindsight bias

Individuals exhibit hindsight bias when they are unable to recall their original responses to novel questions after correct answers are provided to them. Prior studies have eliminated hindsight bias by modifying the conditions under which original judgments or correct answers are encoded. Here, we explored whether hindsight bias can be eliminated by manipulating the conditions that hold at retrieval. Our retrieval-based approach predicts that if the conditions at retrieval enable sufficient discrimination of memory representations of original judgments from memory representations of correct answers, then hindsight bias will be reduced or eliminated. Experiment 1 used the standard memory design to replicate the hindsight bias effect in middle-school students. Experiments 2 and 3 modified the retrieval phase of this design, instructing participants beforehand that they would be recalling both their original judgments and the correct answers. As predicted, this enabled participants to form compound retrieval cues that discriminated original judgment traces from correct answer traces, and eliminated hindsight bias. Experiment 4 found that when participants were not instructed beforehand that they would be making both recalls, they did not form discriminating retrieval cues, and hindsight bias returned. These experiments delineate the retrieval conditions that produce-and fail to produce-hindsight bias.
Abstract A25: Tumor metabolism as a driver of lethal prostate cancer

Background: Recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of tumor metabolism is a key feature in the progression of normal prostate epithelium to cancer, and that it may also reflect disease aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Identifying and understanding the biologic differences between lethal and non-lethal prostate cancer tumors and illuminating the key mechanisms underlying the progression to a lethal phenotype is critical to the study of this common malignancy. Methods: mRNA was extracted from the tumors of 404 participants of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Physicians9 Health Study diagnosed with incident prostate cancer (113 lethal (prostate cancer death or metastases) and 291 non-lethal), and from adjacent histologically normal tissue available for 202 of these cases. mRNA expression was analyzed for 401 metabolic genes encoding enzymes involved in several metabolic pathways: Fatty Acid metabolism, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Pentose Phosphate, Purine metabolism, Pyrimidine metabolism and the TCA cycle. Gene and pathway-level differences in expression between lethal and non-lethal tumors were assessed, and the findings compared to the expression patterns in adjacent normal tissue. Potential confounders and effect modifiers including cohort, age, year of diagnosis, BMI at diagnosis, subtype heterogeneity, clinical tumor stage, and Gleason grade were explored and multiple testing was accounted for. Results: Two thirds (93/123) of the genes significantly (p Conclusions: In this large prostate cancer study, we demonstrate alterations in key metabolic pathways within the prostate during carcinogenesis, and offer evidence that these changes differ in lethal compared to non-lethal tumors. We additionally identify novel associations with the expression of certain metabolic genes. There was no evidence for a strong role of the tumor microenvironment in this study. Our results were robust to confounding and independent of Gleason grade. A better comprehension of the dysregulation in the genes and pathways involved in lethality may offer novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer. Citation Format: Rachel S. Kelly, Jennifer A. Sinnott, Jennifer R. Rider, Ericka Ebot, Travis Gerke, Kathryn L. Penney, Michaela Bowden, Andreas Pettersson, Massimo Loda, Meir Stampfer, Philip Kantoff, Neil E. Martin, Edward L. Giovannucci, Svitlana Tyekucheva, Matthew Vander Heiden, Lorelei A. Mucci. Tumor metabolism as a driver of lethal prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A25.
Sonographic Detection of Unilateral Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a cancer that affects the eye, and if untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body. Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric eye cancer and accounts for 3% of all childhood cancers. It can be hereditary or sporadic (nonhereditary). This case study presents a unilateral retinoblastoma of the right eye in a pediatric patient. A diagnosis of retinoblastoma was made by correlating sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmology. Treatment for retinoblastoma depends on the severity of the cancer but can include radiation, chemotherapy, focal laser therapy, and/or surgery. This particular case of retinoblastoma was treated with chemotherapy.
Asking questions in child English: Evidence for early abstract representations

ABSTRACTWe compare the predictions of two different accounts of first language acquisition by investigating the relative contributions of abstract syntax and input frequency to the elicited production of main and embedded questions by 36 monolingual English-speaking toddlers aged 3;00 to 5;11. In particular, we investigate whether children’s accuracy rates across different interrogative structures (main vs. embedded, yes/no vs. wh-, argument vs. adjunct) can be explained by difference in terms of input frequency in parental speech or whether abstract structural factors are needed to account for such asymmetries. In main-clause questions, children correctly invert the order of the subject and auxiliary more often with yes/no than wh-questions, despite a higher input frequency of uninverted yes/no questions. Furthermore, in main-clause wh-questions, inversion rates are higher for argument than adjunct wh-questions, independent of input frequencies. Finally, in embedded-clause questions, children correctly a...
Caregiver perception of asthma management of children in the context of poverty

AbstractObjective: Low-income caregivers of young children with high-risk asthma experience social stressors and illness-related demands that may impede effective home asthma management. Knowledge of the caregiving experience in the context of poverty is limited. Methods: Convenience sampling methods were used to recruit low-income caregivers of children aged 7–12 years, who are frequently in the Emergency Room (ED) for uncontrolled asthma. Thirteen caregivers participated in focus groups that were designed to elicit reflections on asthma home and community management from the caregiver perspective. A grounded theory approach was used in the open coding of transcript data from three focus groups, as well as to revise and reorganize emerging themes and sub-themes. Results: Participants (Mean age = 33.9 years) were predominantly the biological mother (92.3%), single (84.6%), and impoverished (69.2% reported annual household income ≤ $30,000). Their children (Mean age = 7.8 years) were African-American (100%...
Ultrafast optical-gain dynamics in GaAs/AlAs type-II quantum wells

In narrow GaAs/ AIAs type-II multiple quantum wells (MQWs), electrons initially optically excited in the GaAs layers transfer on a subpicosecond time scale to the lower-lying indirect energy level (X-valley) in the AIAs layers,1 resulting in electrons and holes separated in real as well as reciprocal spaces. We refer to the difference between the GaAs T- valley and the AIAs X-valley in the conduction band as the T-X splitting. Our type-II samples, which were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, have a T-X splitting of ≈ 85 meV obtained from low-temperature photoluminescence. For the flatband case, the electronic states at the AIAs X-valley that are energetically below the GaAs T-valley must first be filled before gain can be observed at the direct transition. Using amplified 100-fs optical pulses to highly excite our MQW samples, we have observed gain in GaAs/AIAs type-II MQWs (see Fig. 1) using a time-correlated broadband continuum probe.
Building libraries in the virtual age

Cet article traite de la difficulte actuelle de mettre en place de nouveaux espaces dans les bibliotheques de l'enseignement superieur et il propose donc une nouvelle vision du role futur des bibliotheques dans l'enseignement superieur : la cooperation entre l'enseignement et l'apprentissage, l'apprentissage deviendra libre de toute contrainte d'espace artificielle, le nouvel environnement technologique necessitera une formation continue, tout le monde voudra etre connecte, le texte et les medias vont fusionner, les ressources electroniques vont changer le role du papier
Empathy and Moral Education

Empathy is essential to the moral life. The person who empathizes is able to understand others in a sensitive way and gather information about them that can be used to make a moral decision. But can empathy be taught? Recent research in moral education suggests that it can, and the earlier it is taught, the better. Many organizations have developed curricula for teaching empathy, and I will showcase here the variety of methods that are used in these ground-breaking programs. One surprising example is the U.S. Army, which now recommends that leaders in the Army demonstrate empathy to both their peers and subordinates. The 2006 Army Field Manual states that, “Army Leaders [should] show a propensity to share experiences with the members of their organizations. When planning and deciding, try to envision the impact on Soldiers and other subordinates. The ability to see something from another person’s point of view, to identify with and enter into another person’s feelings and emotions, enables the Army leader to better care.”1
Food waste: home consumption, material culture and everyday life, by David Evans

Food Waste uses personal interviews and observations by the author to contextualize the considerable sociological literature on food systems, especially on that enormous portion of food produced th...
Theory, Data, and Deterrence: A Response to Kenwick, Vasquez, and Powers

Kenwick, Vasquez, and Powers question whether empirical evidence supports the claim that defense pacts deter conflict as our prior research has concluded. We review the theoretical argument for why defense pacts should deter conflict and consider the challenges inherent in evaluating deterrence using observational data. We then consider whether the research design choices of Kenwick et al. improve upon our research design. We demonstrate that claims that defense pacts deter conflict are robust to many of these changes in research design, and we argue that the consequential difference, while perhaps appropriate for testing the Steps-to-War argument, is not appropriate for testing the deterrent effect of defense pacts. We conclude by noting that a deterrence effect of defense pacts is not necessarily incompatible with aspects of the Steps-to-War argument, and we suggest profitable new directions for testing the Steps-to-War approach.
Resilient deconstructible columns for accelerated bridge construction in seismically active areas

This article presents an unprecedented concept for resilient bridge columns comprising precast modules designed for disassembly. Resiliency is provided by superelastic shape memory alloys that mini...
Bidimensional Measurement of Acculturation in a Sample of Pregnant Latinas and Their Biological Partners

Acculturation has been linked to a number of health outcomes for Latinos including depression, anxiety, self-esteem, substance use, and teen pregnancy. The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Am...
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES OF CATECHOLAMINES AND ALDEHYDES ON TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE

Attention has focused on the neurochemistry of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) products of catecholamines (CAs). Studies show that THIQs can be stored neuronally, release CAs, block CA reuptake, and inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). We were interested in the effects of an acetaldehyde-derived THIQ, known to be present in vivo after ethanol, on CA biosynthetic enzymes and CA levels. Five hrs following intraperitoneal administration (5 mg/kg) of the dopamine (DA)-derived THIQ, salsolinol, rat brain DA and heart noradrenaline (NA) levels were significantly decreased to 79% of control, respectively; brain NA levels were unaffected. While these findings may indicate a CA release/reuptake inhibition mechanism for the THIQ, they also could be due to inhibition of CA biosynthesis at the rate-determining step. In support of this, the stereoisomers of salsolinol were each somewhat more effective than NA, a probable physiological feedback regulator, as inhibitors of solubilized tyrosine hydroxylase activity from rat brain. Other related catechol THIQs were nearly as potent as salsolinol, but DA-derived tetrahydropapaveroline, a benzyl-THIQ, was relatively ineffective. These studies open the possibility that simple THIQs can alter CA dynamics by acting as biosynthesis inhibitors, if formed from acetaldehyde (or formaldehyde) and accumulated sufficiently in nerve during alcohol metabolism.
A cross-linguistic comparison of phonological awareness and word recognition.

Phonological awareness is one of the critical skills in the acquisition of reading in an alphabetic orthography. The development of phonological awareness was compared across Turkish and English-speaking kindergarten and first-grade children (n = 138). The Turkish-speakers were more proficient in both handling of the syllables and deleting final phonemes of words. These patterns were related to the characteristics of the respective spoken languages (such as the saliency of the syllable, familiarity of the nonword patterns, importance of onset or final phoneme deletion, importance of vowel harmony) and the development of phonological awareness was discussed as a function of the characteristics of spoken language, orthography and literacy instruction.
FALSE DISCOVERY RATE CONTROL WITH CONCAVE PENALTIES USING STABILITY SELECTION

False discovery rate (FDR) control is highly desirable in several high-dimensional estimation problems. While solving such problems, it is observed that traditional approaches such as the Lasso select a high number of false positives, which increase with higher noise and correlation levels in the dataset. Stability selection is a procedure which uses randomization with the Lasso to reduce the number of false positives. It is known that concave regularizers such as the minimax concave penalty (MCP) have a higher resistance to false positives than the Lasso in the presence of such noise and correlation. The benefits with respect to false positive control for developing an approach integrating stability selection with concave regularizers has not been studied in the literature so far. This motivates us to develop a novel upper bound on false discovery rate control obtained through this stability selection with minimax concave penalty approach.
The Human Language System

The biological disposition of language (BDL) can involve activity-independent and activity dependent processes, but both process types can be regarded as the language genotype. The expression of the BDL follows a genetic program including proliferation and pruning of a gender-independent neural language network. The critical cortical regions and their connectivity relevant for language processing are discussed. These are among others different ventral and dorsal fiber tracts, the superior & middle and/or anterior & temporal gyrus, Broca’s area, premotor cortex, the frontal operculum, the parietal-temporal conjunction, and the right-sided posterior temporal gyrus. Cross- and within-domain research indicates that the neural language network is multi-functional, i.e, it serves different computations within a single domain (e.g., semantics and syntax) and across multiple domains (e.g., language and music).
Adolescent Girls' Perception of Health within a Leisure Context

The study examined middle school females' perceptions of physical activity, eating, and physical health within a leisure context. A qualitative approach was used to gain a deeper understanding of t...
When is weighted satisfiability FPT

The weighted monotone and antimonotone satisfiability problems on normalized circuits, abbreviated wsat+[t] and wsat−[t], are canonical problems in the parameterized complexity theory. We study the parameterized complexity of wsat−[t] and wsat+[t], where t≥2, with respect to the genus of the circuit. For wsat−[t], we give a fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) algorithm when the genus of the circuit is no(1), where n is the number of the variables in the circuit. For wsat+[2] (i.e., weighted monotone cnf-sat) and wsat+[3], which are both W[2]-complete, we also give FPT algorithms when the genus is no(1). For wsat+[t] where t>3, we give FPT algorithms when the genus is $O(\sqrt{\log{n}})$. We also show that both wsat−[t] and wsat+[t] on circuits of genus nΩ(1) have the same W-hardness as the general wsat+[t] and wsat−[t] problem (i.e., with no restriction on the genus), thus drawing a precise map of the parameterized complexity of wsat−[t], and of wsat+[t], for t=2,3, with respect to the genus of the underlying circuit. As a byproduct of our results, we obtain, via standard parameterized reductions, tight results on the parameterized complexity of several problems with respect to the genus of the underlying graph.
Efficient Detection of Phthalate Esters in Human Saliva via Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The detection of phthalates in human biologic fluids remains an important research objective because it provides an important measure of an individual’s exposure to this class of compounds, which h...
Posttransplant autoimmune encephalitis

The causes of encephalopathy in the posttransplant setting are diverse and include medication toxicity (e.g., posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), infections (e.g., human herpes virus type 6 [HHV-6]), and neoplastic disease (posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder). Autoimmune etiologies are not well recognized in this setting, although a few cases are described.1–5 Herein, we report 3 patients with posttransplant autoimmune encephalitis (AE).
A Chip-First Approach to Millimeter-Wave Circuit Packaging

In this letter, we demonstrate a fully additively manufactured packaging solution for the integration of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) devices. This technique employs a chip-first approach to packaging, where die and other components are positioned and a package and interconnects are subsequently built up. This letter allows for the dense populations of components even when they do not share a common vertical height. To demonstrate this concept, we present the fabrication and measurement of two packaged 0-dB attenuators to characterize the performance of the interconnect strategy. These interconnects achieve a worst case loss of 0.290 dB at 40 GHz. Beyond the rated operating range of the device, which is from dc to 43.5 GHz, the interconnects achieve a worst case loss of 0.490 dB at 60 GHz. The approach that we present provides a flexible mm-wave capable and broadband packaging solution that enables the next-generation system-in-package technology.
Theatricality and Performativity: Writings on Texture from Plato’s Cave to Urban Activism

Placing this book in relation to existing research is challenging. Teemu Paavolainen’s frame of reference includes cognitive perception, phenomenology, aesthetics, performativity, and ecological ap...
Clinical Reasoning: Pes cavus and neuropathy: Think beyond Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

An 18-year-old woman was referred to a neuromuscular clinic for neuropathy and tremors. She had been born full-term and had mildly delayed walking at 14 months. She was a toe-walker, clumsy, and when running, had difficulty keeping up with her peers. She was diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 7 and was found to have high arches and difficulty with heel-walking. EMG and nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed, showing demyelinating neuropathy (table e-1, [doi.org/10.5061/dryad.876r5m5][1]). With her history and EMG/NCS findings, she was diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Symptoms progressed over the next few years, characterized by tripping, occasional falls, and continued difficulty running. She could climb stairs without the use of a handrail, but was very cautious going down the stairs. She also developed tremors in the hands (left > right), which would worsen when she approached objects. There was no loss of sensation, paresthesias, bladder or bowel problems, or hearing or visual symptoms. She graduated from high school and was accepted into college. Family history was negative for neurologic disorders. Neurologic examination showed normal mental status and cranial nerves. There were no abnormal eye movements or corticobulbar findings (no brisk jaw jerk, gag reflex, dysarthria, or pseudobulbar palsy). She had ankle contractures and pes cavus. She had mild lower limb spasticity without atrophy or fasciculations, and 5−/5 weakness of distal extremity muscles, including bilateral abductor digiti minimi, first dorsal interossei, tibialis anterior, and extensor hallucis longus. Tendon reflexes were 2+ in the upper extremities and brisk (3+) in the lower extremities; plantars were extensor. Sensation was intact to light touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception, but vibration was mildly reduced at the toes. She had cerebellar intention tremors (left > right) and mild dysmetria on finger-to-nose testing without appreciable dysdiadochokinesia. Her gait was mildly wide-based and tandem gait was impaired. [1]: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.876r5m5
THE PRICE OF COCAINE AND THE COLOMBIAN PESO: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

While the underground economy is not explicitly included in the measure of (GDP), the cocaine trade has been a major source of revenue for Colombia. Using quarterly cocaine prices from 1982 to 2007...
Feedforward Accurate Power Sharing and Voltage Control for Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids

This project presents a power sharing and voltage control scheme for multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids. A generalized hierarchical droop-based controller is designed to control the DC-side voltages and dispatched powers. To improve the steady-state performance of the MTDC grid, this project proposes a feedforward mechanism to make the current controller of the voltage-sourced converters (VSC) independent of the AC-side load conditions. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated under several case studies. A comparison between the proposed controller and traditional controllers is also made with time-domain simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC software. Results show that the proposed controller can successfully control the real powers and DC voltages while having a stable performance during AC-side load changes.
Outcomes After Declining a Steatotic Donor Liver for Liver Transplant Candidates in the United States.

BACKGROUND Steatotic donor livers (SDLs, ≥30% macrosteatosis on biopsy) are often declined, as they are associated with a higher risk of graft loss, even though candidates may wait an indefinite time for a subsequent organ offer. We sought to quantify outcomes for transplant candidates who declined or accepted an SDL offer. METHODS We used Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients offer data from 2009 to 2015 to compare outcomes of 759 candidates who accepted an SDL to 13 362 matched controls who declined and followed candidates from the date of decision (decline or accept) until death or end of study period. We used a competing risk framework to understand the natural history of candidates who declined and Cox regression to compare postdecision survival after declining versus accepting (ie, what could have happened if candidates who declined had instead accepted). RESULTS Among those who declined an SDL, only 53.1% of candidates were subsequently transplanted, 23.8% died, and 19.4% were removed from the waitlist. Candidates who accepted had a brief perioperative risk period within the first month posttransplant (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.493.494.89, P < 0.001), but a 62% lower mortality risk (aHR: 0.310.380.46, P < 0.001) beyond this. Although the long-term survival benefit of acceptance did not vary by candidate model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), the short-term risk period did. MELD 6-21 candidates who accepted an SDL had a 7.88-fold higher mortality risk (aHR: 4.807.8812.93, P < 0.001) in the first month posttransplant, whereas MELD 35-40 candidates had a 68% lower mortality risk (aHR: 0.110.320.90, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Appropriately selected SDLs can decrease wait time and provide substantial long-term survival benefit for liver transplant candidates.
State‐level austerity, education, and large urban labor markets: Evidence from fiscal policy experiments in Kansas and Wisconsin

In 2011, Kansas and Wisconsin experimented with fiscal austerity policies. Proponents of the tax and public expenditure cuts argued that they would spur economic growth, while opponents claimed that it would harm vulnerable populations. I use the timing of these policies and the synthetic control method to examine how state‐level austerity affected earnings per worker for high and low education segments of the workforce in major urban areas. The results suggest that the Kansas and Wisconsin fiscal experiments hurt low education workers in some urban areas. The estimates also show heterogeneity in the treatment effect. Notably, Madison, WI, was the only urban area that experienced substantial positive growth in both education segments.
Computational Methods in Legal Analysis

The digitization of legal texts and advances in artificial intelligence, natural language processing, text mining, network analysis, and machine learning have led to new forms of legal analysis by ...
Understanding perceived usefulness and actual use of protective behavioral strategies: The role of perceived norms for the reasons that young adult drinkers use protective behavioral strategies.

Abstract Introduction The current study examines the norms-behavior link by investigating a novel cognition for protective behavioral strategies (PBS)—descriptive and injunctive norms for close friends’ reasons to use PBS (e.g., limit drinking, reduce consequences)—in relation to one’s own perception of usefulness and personal use of PBS. Further, we tested whether the association between perceived norms for reasons to use PBS and personal PBS use was mediated by perceived usefulness of PBS. Methods College student drinkers ages 18–24 [N = 301; 53% female, 69% White, mean age = 20.16 years (SD = 1.54)] were recruited for a larger study. Eligible students reported alcohol use 2+ days a week and 1+ occasions of heavy episodic drinking in the last two weeks. Linear regression tested whether descriptive and injunctive norms for reasons to use PBS were associated with perceived usefulness and personal use of PBS; path analysis was used to test mediation. All analyses were conducted by PBS subscale (limiting/stopping, serious harm reduction, manner of drinking). Results Descriptive norms for reasons to use PBS (i.e., perceptions that close friends use PBS to reduce drinking/consequences) were positively associated with perceived usefulness and personal PBS use for limiting/stopping and to some extent manner of drinking. For each subscale, the association between descriptive norms for reasons to use PBS and personal PBS use was mediated by perceived usefulness of PBS. Results were not significant for injunctive norms. Conclusions Findings suggest descriptive norms, rather than injunctive norms, for close friends’ reasons to use PBS, may be relevant for inclusion in brief interventions.