cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of metoprolol on rest and exercise left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Objective To further characterize the effects of heart rate on systolic and diastolic function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM), it was hypothesized that the relationship between heart rate and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function would be unaltered by β-blockade and exercise. Methods Eighteen patients with IDCM were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive either metoprolol or placebo for 3 months. Before and after 3 months of therapy, resting and exercise radionuclide left ventriculograms were obtained for assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Results At rest, metoprolol treatment compared with placebo was associated with decreased heart rate (61 ± 11 vs 99 ± 10 beats/min, P P =.01). With exercise, metoprolol compared with placebo caused a decreased heart rate (86 ± 18 vs 126 ± 43 beats/min, P =.056), an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (0.32% ± 0.14% vs 0.19% ± 0.07%, P =.052), a longer time to peak filling rate (164 ± 21 vs 127 ± 17 ms, P =.005), and a decreased peak filling rate (5.41 ± 1.71 vs 8.40 ± 1.85 stroke volumes/s, P =.012). Before β-blockade, heart rate at rest was negatively correlated to left ventricular ejection fraction and positively correlated to peak filling rate; with exercise, the relationships of heart rate to left ventricular ejection fraction and peak filling rate were similar. After metoprolol treatment, the heart rate continued to have a similar positive correlation with the peak filling rate at rest and with exercise. Conclusions In patients with IDCM, systolic and diastolic cardiac function, at rest and with exercise, was related to heart rate. After β-blockade, at rest and with exercise, diastolic function continued to be related to heart rate. (Am Heart J 2001;141:e5.)
The STarT Back Screening Tool for Prediction of 6-Month Clinical Outcomes: Relevance of Change Patterns in Outpatient Physical Therapy Settings

Study Design Observational cohort. Objectives To describe changes in STarT Back Tool (SBT) categorization following 4 weeks of outpatient physical therapy and to evaluate predictive capabilities of SBT categorization when administered at multiple time points. Background Initial assessment information is commonly used to predict long-term outcomes but does not account for changes that occur following initiation of treatment. Changes in SBT categorization during the course of treatment have potential to provide additional prognostic information that could positively impact management of low back pain. Methods Patients (n = 123) receiving nonstandardized physical therapy care for low back pain were administered the SBT at intake and 4 weeks later to evaluate SBT changes, which were described as improved (SBT categorization changed from medium to low, high to low, or high to medium risk), stable (SBT categorization remained low or medium risk), or worsened (SBT categorization changed from low to medium, low t...
FcγRIIB activation leads to inhibition of signalling by independently ligated receptors

The inhibitory IgG receptor, Fc gamma RIIB, blocks signalling by co-aggregated antigen receptors on mature and activated B-cells. Fc gamma RIIB is also expressed by immature B-cells; however, its function on these cells has not been defined. In the present paper, we demonstrate that immature B-cells are highly sensitive to inhibitory signalling mediated by Fc gamma RIIB. Co-aggregation of Fc gamma RIIB with the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) on immature B-cells leads to near ablation of late phase calcium mobilization. Concomitant with enhanced inhibitory signalling, we found that Src-homology-2-domain-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase (SHIP) is expressed at much higher levels in immature B-cells than in mature B-cells. Perhaps most importantly, we report that SHIP activated by BCR-Fc gamma RIIB co-aggregation inhibits independently ligated receptors whose signalling requires PtdIns(3,4,5) P (3). We found that stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-induced cell migration is impaired by prior activation of Fc gamma RIIB. This inhibition is reduced in SHIP-deficient B-cells. Therefore receptor-mediated signalling responses that are dependent on PtdIns(3,4,5) P (3) are subject to both direct and indirect inhibition by Fc gamma RIIB-activated SHIP.
Pauli-Villars regularization of the Wess-Zumino model in anti--de Sitter space

We study the renormalization properties of the Wess-Zumino model in anti--de Sitter background space at the one-loop level using the adiabatic expansion in momentum space and a supersymmetric-invariant Pauli-Villars regularization procedure. We calculate the one-particle irreducible two- and three-point functions of the model and verify that neither the mass nor the interaction Lagrangians get renormalized at the one-loop level. We find, however, that the one-loop effects proportional to the contraction parameter of the space force the insertion of a linear superfield term in the superpotential in order to renormalize the nonvanishing one-particle-irreducible one-point functions which can be viewed as an example of violation of the nonrenormalization theorem in the curved background space.
Adenine and guanine nucleotide-specific succinyl-CoA synthetases in the clonal beta-cell mitochondria: implications in the beta-cell high-energy phosphate metabolism in relation to physiological insulin secretion.

Aims/hypothesis. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyses the substrate level phosphorylation of ADP or GDP. It also supplies succinyl-CoA for heme synthesis. Recently, two distinct mitochondrial succinyl-CoA synthetase activities, one specific for ATP and the other for GTP, have been characterized in various tissues of pigeon. Because of the relative importance of mitochondrial high-energy phosphate metabolism in physiological insulin secretion and the few data available on mitochondrial succinyl-CoA synthetase in the beta cell, this study examined whether ATP-specific and GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase activities are localized in the clonal beta-cell mitochondria.¶Methods. Using the mitochondrial extracts from clonal beta [INS-1 and HIT-T15] cells, we measured the formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate, CoA and ATP or GTP. To confirm the identity of these two enzymes, individual subunits of ATP-specific and GTP-specific to succinyl-CoA synthetase were identified by Western blot analysis.¶Results. Both ATP-and GTP activities of succinyl-CoA synthetase were observed in the mitochondrial fractions from these cells. The ratios of GTP to ATP activities of succinyl-CoA synthetase were near unity in both of the cell types studied. Using affinity-purified antisera directed specifically against individual (α and β) subunits of succinyl-CoA synthetase, we also identified both ATP-specific and GTP-specific forms of succinyl-CoA synthetase in HIT and INS cell mitochondria. Furthermore, using [γ-32P]ATP as a phosphoryl donor, we observed that the alpha subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase undergoes autophosphorylation at a histidine residue; co-provision of exogenous succinate and CoA resulted in pronounced dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated alpha subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase.¶Conclusion/interpretation. We provide evidence for the localization of two distinct activities of succinyl-CoA synthetase in the beta cell mitochondria. Whereas it is well established that ATP is critical for the beta cell mitochondrial metabolism, we propose that GTP generated by the activation of succinyl-CoA synthetase could promote key functional roles in the mitochondrial metabolism leading to insulin secretion. [Diabetologia (2001) 44: 89–94]
Thermobaric cabbeling over Maud Rise: Theory and large eddy simulation

Abstract A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the wintertime upper ocean below seasonal Antarctic ice cover over Maud Rise was carried out using observed time-dependent surface forcing from 1994 Antarctic Zone Flux Experiment (ANZFLUX) observations. Surface ice formation increases the density of the cold, fresher Surface Mixed Layer (SML), that overlies warmer, saltier Weddell Deep Water (WDW). This reduces the stability of the thermocline until it reaches a critical point for instabilities arising from the nonlinear equation of state (NES) for seawater density ρ. This simulation was intended to model the thermobaric detrainment of SML fluid, a NES instability predicted to result from the dependence of seawater density on the product θP of temperature and pressure. Instead, model results demonstrate a different instability arising from the combination of thermobaricity with cabbeling, the NES effect due primarily to the dependence of ρ on θ2. This combined thermobaric cabbeling instability drives turbulent convection in a deep interior mixed layer (IML) that may grow hundreds of meters thick below the thermocline, largely decoupled from SML dynamics. In the LES, thermobaric cabbeling and IML convection shoals the SML through entrainment from below until ice motion increases in the observationally-based model forcing. Increased upper ocean model heat flux due to higher ice speed melts surface ice, increasing thermocline stratification and eventually bringing the simulated instability to a halt. In an auxiliary simulation the lull preceding strong ice motion in field observations is artificially extended by temporarily holding model surface forcing constant until the SML shoals entirely, bringing the modified WDW of the IML, 2 °C above freezing, directly to the surface. Subsequently, reverting to the observed surface forcing and its attendant strong ice motion melts the ice cover entirely, demonstrating a possible mechanism for open ocean Antarctic polynya formation. The same process, as halted prematurely in the LES using the forcing observed, may also be responsible for thick, deep internal layers and localized ‘chimney’ structures observed in the Weddell Sea.
Real government saving and the future

Abstract Government saving should properly include government-financed investment. Changes in public tangible investment and investment in education are found to be positively related to changes in inflation-adjusted, structural deficits. Changes in these deficits have also been associated with changes in the same direction in gross private domestic investment and even changes in narrow measures of national saving. Hence, changes in real deficits have been associated a fortiori with changes in the same direction in a broader measure of national saving, including government and household investment in tangible capital. Our data also suggest that the pay-off to more public tangible investment, at least, is distinctly positive and very possibly larger than that to more private investment.
Optimal trajectory profile generation of continuous processes using multimodel framework

Optimal transition from one operating grade to another can give profitable operation of continuous processes like polymer, paper and pulp etc. Design of optimal trajectories governing these transitions requires relatively accurate process model and the inherent models are typically non-linear. This paper proposes the use of a multimodel framework for optimal trajectory profile generation for such processes using only routine operating data instead of rigorous first principle models. Local linear models developed at the operating points are interpolated to describe the nonlinear dynamics of the process. The multi-model developed is the basis for trajectory optimization. The novelty of the work lies in the usage of plant archived data for training the multimodel framework. Further a simplified weighting strategy is proposed for interpolation of local model dynamics during transition. Simulation results on a polystyrene process illustrate the capability of the proposed approach.
Multi-Robot Searching using Game-Theory Based Approach

This paper proposes a game-theory based approach in a multi-target searching using a multi-robot system in a dynamic environment. It is assumed that a rough priori probability map of the targets' distribution within the environment is given. To consider the interaction between the robots, a dynamic-programming equation is proposed to estimate the utility function for each robot. Based on this utility function, a cooperative nonzero-sum game is generated, where both pure Nash Equilibrium and mixed-strategy Equilibrium solutions are presented to achieve an optimal overall robot behaviors. A special consideration has been taken to improve the real-time performance of the game-theory based approach. Several mechanisms, such as event-driven discretization, one-step dynamic programming, and decision buffer, have been proposed to reduce the computational complexity. The main advantage of the algorithm lies in its real-time capabilities whilst being efficient and robust to dynamic environments.
Analysis of Regional Milk Prices and Production Costs

Abstract This research was to analyze relationships between milk prices and production costs as sources of change in the level and geographic distribution of United States milk production. Milk prices and direct and total costs of production from 1974 to 1980 were estimated as a function of distance from the upper Midwest by ordinary least-squares regression. Milk prices and costs increased with distance of production areas from the upper Midwest, but the increases were less than transportation costs. The cost and price changes during 1974 to 1980 provided a strong incentive for increased milk production in all regions. Changes in milk prices and cost of production did not encourage production expansion in higher cost regions relative to expansion in the upper Midwest.
Studies of the biogenic amine transporters. VIII: identification of a novel partial inhibitor of dopamine uptake and dopamine transporter binding.

Using [125I]RTI-55 to label the dopamine transporter (DAT), our laboratory has consistently detected one binding site as well as one component of [3H]DA uptake. We report here the identification of a novel partial inhibitor of [3H]DA uptake and DAT binding (SoRI-9804). [125I]RTI-55 binding to the DAT (mouse caudate, rat caudate, HEK cells expressing the cloned DAT), the 5-HT transporter (rat brain), and [3H]DA uptake (rat caudate synaptosomes) were conducted using published procedures. 4-[(Diphenylmethyl)amino]-2-phenylquinazoline (SoRI-9804) was essentially inactive at SERT binding and resolved two DAT binding components in all three tissues, having high affinity (mean Ki of 465 nM) for about 40% of the binding sites and an essentially immeasurable Ki (> 100 μM) for the remaining 60% of the binding sites. The [3H]DA uptake experiments indicated that about 50% of uptake was SoRI-9804-sensitive. Saturation binding experiments showed that SoRI-9804 competitively inhibited [125I]RTI-55 binding to the SoRI-9804-sensitive binding component. To determine if the two binding sites discriminated by SoRI-9804 were regulated by the MAP kinase pathway, rat caudate synaptosomes were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 μM of PD98059, which inhibits activation of the MAP kinase pathway. The results indicated that inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase decreased the total Bmax of the DAT by 90%. Treatment with PD98059 increased the proportion of the SoRI-9804-sensitive binding component from 68–80% of the total Bmax. The PD98059 experiments suggest that inhibition of MAP kinase cannot explain the differential interaction of SoRI-9804 with the DAT. Viewed collectively, the present results indicate that SoRI-9804 discriminates two components of the DA transporter. Further studies will be needed to determine the underlying mechanism of this effect and if partial inhibition of DA uptake results in any unique behavioral effects. Synapse 43:268–274, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laser writing of quantum well intermixed GaInAsP/InP microstructures

Laser-induced intermixing of quantum well (QW) and barrier material has been studied in GaInAsP/InP laser heterostructures grown by chemical beam epitaxy. Samples were exposed to CW Nd:YAG laser radiation for 7.5 to 300 sec with power densities in the range of 3 to 9 W/mm 2 . With a laser beam tightly focused on the surface, this approach has the potential to `write' lines of arbitrary shapes of quantum well intermixed material. A 90 nm blue shift of the QW PL peak was demonstrated in the material processed with a triple pass of the 7.5 W/mm 2 laser beam. This result has been achieved with a writing speed of 20 micrometers /s. The influence of laser power, dwell time per pass and total irradiation time of the Nd:YAG laser beam on the extent of the blue shift and the optical properties of GaInAsP-based quantum well structures were investigated.
Wavepacket switching between coupled quantum wells

Abstract Recently several proposals of quantum interference devices have appeared based on the close proximity of two coupled electron waveguides [1,2]. The steady-state analysis of these new electron-wave directional couplers indicates that these devices are feasible using current fabrication technology [2], and could be used as basic switches in high-performance digital circuit at low enough temperature. In order to investigate the potential high-frequency applications of these newly proposed electron directional couplers, we have studied the transfer of wavepackets between parallel quantum wells using a block alternating direction implicit technique to solve the two dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation following the scalar ADI scheme of Douglas and Gunn [3]. While injecting a wavepacket in one well, we show that only a partial transfer between wells (close to 85%) is reached even for perfectly double-quantum wells (in the direction of growth). We also study the amount of transfer in asymmetric configurations and while varying the total energy of the wavepacket. The length and time scales for maximum transfer are found to be around a few thousand angstroms and picoseconds, respectively.
Utility of liquid-based cytologic examination of distal esophageal brushings in the management of Barrett esophagus: a prospective study of 45 cases

Introduction The goal of Barrett esophagus surveillance is to identify high-grade dysplasia (HGD) for eradication. Surveillance programs currently rely on limited histologic sampling; however, the role of cytology in this setting is not well studied. Materials and methods From December 1, 2011 to March 30, 2014, 45 patients underwent 4 circumferential brushings of the distal tubular esophagus followed by standard 4-quadrant biopsies. One ThinPrep slide and 1 Cellient cellblock (Hologic, Boxborough, Mass) were prepared. Six cytopathologists evaluated each for adequacy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia. Findings were classified using the traditional 5-tier system used for biopsies. A prospectively modified 3-tier cytologic classification was also tested: negative for HGD, indeterminate for HGD, and HGD. Sensitivity, specificity, and kappa values (interobserver agreement) for cytology were calculated. Results Ten of 45 patients had nondiagnostic cytologies; none of whom had dysplasia on biopsy. Cytology had good sensitivity (82%) and specificity (88%) for identifying IM compared with biopsy with moderate interobserver agreement (pairwise average of Fleiss and Krippendorf kappa value = 0.589, 79% agreement). One case had IM on cytology not detected on histology. Six of 45 patients had dysplasia on biopsy including 1 intramucosal adenocarcinoma, 1 indeterminate for dysplasia, 2 high-grade dysplasias, and 2 low-grade dysplasias. A non-negative adequate cytology sample had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 88% and 94% for the 5-tier and the 3-tier classification, respectively. Conclusions Cytology appears to have good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of HGD, and cytology may be poised to synergize with advances in other techniques for management of patients with Barrett esophagus. Improvements in brushing devices may help to decrease the nondiagnostic rate.
Buoyancy induced instability of laminar flows in vertical annuli—I. Flow visualization and heat transfer experiments

Experiments encompassing both flow visualization and heat transfer measurements (125 < Rein < 1700 and 2.5 × 105 < Grq < 5 × 107) are performed to investigate buoyancy induced instability of developing laminar upflow and downflow of water in a vertical annulus having a diameter ratio of 2.0. The inner wall of the annulus is uniformly heated and the outer wall is insulated. Incipient flow instability is detected from the video images of the dyed flow field, the simultaneous decrease in the temperature difference between the heated wall and the water bulk from its laminar value and the fluctuations in the coolant temperature. The measured values of xfr, based on the video images of the dyed flow fields, are correlated for both buoyancy assisted and opposed flows as functions of local Grashof number, Grq, and local Reynolds number, Re. The Nusselt numbers for buoyancy induced turbulent flows. occurring downstream of the location of incipient instability, are as much as three times higher than those for stable laminar flows at the same inlet Reynolds number, but at lower Grq. The heat transfer data for buoyancy induced turbulent flows are correlated as: Nu = 0.088Raq0.33Rein−0.12, for upflow Nu = 0.21Raq0.29Rein−0.12, for downflow.
Cataloging Internet Resources: Survey and Prospectus

This brief article describes key events in the cataloging of Internet resources, surveys current activities and outstanding issues, and looks ahead to the near and distant future. This survey, by its scope, must be brief to the detriment of fuller discussion and even the omission of significant activities. Attribute omissions to the limited scope of this paper and my bias to familiarity with the subject gained through two OCLC Internet cataloging projects
Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-4-Aryl-3-Hydrazinocarbonylmethylthio-4H-1,2,4-Triazoles

Abstract The natural abundance carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts of some 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4-aryl-3-hydrazinocarbonylmethylthio-4H-1,2,4-triazoles are reported. The chemical shifts of the various carbon resonances of these compounds have been assigned on the basis of chemical shift theory, signal intensity, multiplicities observed in SFORD spectra and comparison with the corresponding carbon chemical shift of the model compounds.
Xenopus laevis larvae amphibia anura as model suspension feeders

Larvae of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), are efficient, obligate suspension feeders. We examine the relationship between the ambient particle concentration offered these larvae as food and their filtering, ingestion, and buccal pumping rates. We demonstrate that: (i) the larvae can sense and respond to a broad range of particle concentrations, down to 0.2 mg 1−1 (dry weight); (ii) their metabolic needs theoretically can be met by particle concentrations as low as 5 mg 1−1; and (iii) their patterns of regulation of filtering and ingestion fit predictions from certain models used to describe zooplankton feeding dynamics. Two such models are discussed: the modified Monod (Michaelis-Menten) model, with a lower threshold below which the tadpoles do not feed, and an energy optimization model. Both the models and the observed behavior of the tadpoles allow for stability of populations of food organisms. Tadpole feeding dynamics apparently are compatible with both the predictions and assumptions of these models, suggesting similar regulation of feeding by tadpoles and zooplankton. However, the size, morphology, and behavior of X. laevis larvae make their feeding regulation uniquely accessible to direct observation.
Group therapy versus bibliotherapy in weight reduction

Eighty-nine coeds were treated for obesity under three conditions: ( a ) group therapy, ( b ) use of a written manual (bibliotherapy), ( c ) group therapy and bibliotherapy combined. All treatment conditions produced significantly more weight loss than that observed in the control group ( p p p
Premating Isolation is Determined by Larval Rearing Substrates in Cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis . VII. Effects of Larval Dietary Fatty Acids on Adult Epicuticular Hydrocarbons

Low concentrations of dietary triacylglycerols including tristearin, triolein, and tripalmitolein, were assessed to determine their effects during egg to pupal stages on adult epicuticular hydrocarbon (EHC) variation in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. Triacylglycerols were added singly and in combination at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 9% to a lipid-free culture medium. Control diets included Carolina Drosophila and lipid-free media. Egg to adult viability was reduced at triacylglycerol concentrations greater than 1%, except for tristearin. Both triolein and tripalmitolein increased EHC amounts to levels similar to those in combination and control diets. Tristearin caused significantly lower quantities of EHCs in adult flies than triolein or tripalmitolein, consistent with previous studies on reduced tristearin assimilation into adult EHCs. We rejected the hypothesis that unsaturated and saturated triacylglycerols were assimilated into unsaturated and saturated adult EHCs, respectively. Since these triacylglycerols comprise a fraction of known lipids in the columnar cacti used for breeding in nature, and EHCs serve as contact pheromones in D. mojavensis, these and other naturally occurring triacylglycerols may provide a direct causal link between host plant use and patterns of chemically mediated mate choice.
Best Paper Award and Changes to the Editorial Board

The editors chose "Lens Heating Induced Aberration Prediction via Nonlinear Kalman Filters," by Can Bikcora, Martiijn van Veelen, Siep Weiland, and Wim M. J. Coene, as the Best Paper for the Transactions published in 2012.
Acute myocardial infarction demonstrated by multidetector CT scanning

A 55-year-old man was brought to the emergency room complaining of left-sided chest pain. His electrocardiogram was indeterminate, and a multidetector computed tomogram (MDCT) was performed to exclude aortic dissection. The patient’s aorta was normal, but an area of hypoperfusion was evident in the lateral ventricular myocardial wall. The ability to diagnose myocardial ischemia and infarcts on nongated MDCT is of particular clinical interest. As more imaging technology is devoted to imaging the heart, the greater expectations of radiologists’ ability to diagnose cardiac disease in the emergency room will become.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the LixFePO4 cathode during cycling using a novel electrochemical in situ reaction cell.

The extraction and insertion of lithium in LiFePO4 has been investigated in practical Li-ion intercalation electrodes for Li-ion batteries using Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). A versatile electrochemical in situ reaction cell was utilized, specifically designed for long-term X-ray experiments on battery electrodes during the lithium-extraction/insertion process in electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. The electrode contained about 7.7 mg of LiFePO4 on a 20 µm-thick Al foil. In order to determine the charge compensation mechanism and structural perturbations occurring in the system during cycling, in situ X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) measurements were conducted on the cell at a moderate rate using typical Li-ion battery operating voltages (3.0–4.1 V versus Li/Li+). XAS studies of the LiFePO4 electrode measured at the initial state (LiFePO4) showed iron to be in the Fe(II) state corresponding to the initial state (0.0 mAh) of the battery, whereas in the delithiated state (FePO4) iron was found to be in the Fe(III) state corresponding to the final charged state (3 mAh) of the battery. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) region of the XAS spectra revealed a high-spin configuration for the two states [Fe(II), d6 and Fe(III), d5]. The XAFS data analysis confirmed that the olivine structure of the LiFePO4 and FePO4 is retained by the electrodes, which is in agreement with the X-ray diffraction observations on these compounds. The XAFS data that were collected continuously during cycling revealed details about the response of the cathode to Li insertion and extraction. These measurements on the LiFePO4 cathode show that the material retains good structural short-range order leading to superior cycling.
Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Primary MicroRNA Transcript Regulation

In order to understand factors that may influence latency-associated transcription and latency-associated transcript (LAT) phenotypes, we studied the expression of the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) LAT-associated microRNAs (miRNAs). We mapped the transcription initiation sites of all three primary miRNA transcripts and identified the ICP4-binding sequences at the transcription initiation sites of both HSV-2 LAT (pri-miRNA for miR-I and miR-II, which target ICP34.5, and miR-III, which targets ICP0) and L/ST (a pri-miRNA for miR-I and miR-II) but not at that of the primary miR-H6 (for which the target is unknown). We confirmed activity of the putative HSV-2 L/ST promoter and found that ICP4 trans-activates the L/ST promoter when the ICP4-binding site at its transcription initiation site is mutated, suggesting that ICP4 may play a dual role in regulating transcription of L/ST and, consequently, of miR-I and miR-II. LAT exon 1 (containing LAT enhancer sequences), together with the LAT promoter region, comprises a bidirectional promoter required for the expression of both LAT-encoded miRNAs and miR-H6 in latently infected mouse ganglia. The ability of ICP4 to suppress ICP34.5-targeting miRNAs and to activate lytic viral genes suggests that ICP4 could play a key role in the switch between latency and reactivation. IMPORTANCE The HSV-2 LAT and viral miRNAs expressed in the LAT region are the most abundant viral transcripts during HSV latency. The balance between the expression of LAT and LAT-associated miRNAs and the expression of lytic viral transcripts from the opposite strand appears to influence whether individual HSV-infected neurons will be latently or productively infected. The outcome of neuronal infection may thus depend on regulation of gene expression of the corresponding primary miRNAs. In the present study, we characterize promoter sequences responsible for miRNA expression, including identification of the primary miRNA 5′ ends and evaluation of ICP4 response. These findings provide further insight into the virus' strategy to tightly control expression of lytic cycle genes (especially the neurovirulence factor, ICP34.5) and suggest a mechanism (via ICP4) for the transition from latency to reactivated productive infection.
A sensitive spectrometer for fast neutrons using 6LiI(Eu)

Abstract A 6 LiI(Eu) scintillation crystal, cooled with liquid nitrogen, was used to measure spectra of low intensities of fast neutrons. There are several complications in reducing the data produced by such a detector. For example, the light produced by the 6 Li(n,α) 3 H reaction used to measure the spectrum and the light from the 6 Li(n,n′d) 4 He reaction that forms the principal interfering reaction are nonlinear functions of the energy deposited in the crystal. These relations were measured and are presented as power functions of the energy. The fast neutron spectrum of an AmBe source and the spectra in air at 571 and 766 m from a source of 14 MeV neutrons are given. Agreement with other measurements and calculations of these spectra is good.
The role of religious involvement on depression, risky behavior, and academic performance among Korean American adolescents.

Abstract Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical path model of church engagement, personal spirituality, and mentoring relationships on depressive symptoms, involvement in risky behaviors, and self-reported grades among Korean American adolescents. It was hypothesized that personal spirituality and mentoring relationship quality would mediate the relation between church engagement and adolescent outcomes. Data were obtained through a self-report survey from 248 Korean American adolescents in grades 7 through 12. High levels of church engagement, as characterized by years of attendance, choice to attend, and participation in activities, predicted deeper personal spirituality and better mentoring relationships. Personal spirituality, as measured by one’s daily religious experiences, beliefs, and private spiritual practices, was a mediator of the relationship between church engagement and adolescent outcomes. Specifically, higher levels of church engagement was linked to stronger personal spirituality, which in turn predicted less depressive symptoms for girls and higher grades for boys.
Speaking Their Language: How to Communicate Better with Policymakers and Opinion Shapers – and Why Academics Should Bother in the First Place

Scholars of international environmental politics who want their work to affect policy must learn to speak and write in a slightly different language – with extreme concision, an appealing format, and ready solutions to pressing policy questions. While communicating directly with policymakers and journalists can be time-consuming and exasperating, the direct approach may be the only way to rise above the din of the increasingly noisy marketplace of ideas.
Attractions and constraints as determinants of relationship commitment: Longitudinal evidence from gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples

The proposition that commitment to a relationship is uniquely determined by forces that draw one to the relationship (attractions) and forces that prevent one from leaving the relationship (constraints) was tested with five annual waves of longitudinal data from two samples: both partners from 155 married couples and both partners from 57 gay couples and 50 lesbian couples. Growth curve analyses that controlled for the interdependence of partners' scores indicated that, for both heterosexual and gay/lesbian couples, variability in one's own commitment was uniquely predicted by one's own attractions and one's own constraints, interactions involving one's own attractions and one's own constraints, and one's partner's attractions. It is concluded that attractions and constraints exert unique dynamic effects on maintaining a close relationship.
Adaptation to Serum-free Medium by a Phagocytic Cell Strain derived from a Marine Lymphoma

THE adaptation of mammalian cells to serum-free media in tissue culture has been a subject of considerable interest in recent years. Cells grown in such media would be free from the effects of serum antibodies and other serum inhibitors of micro-organisms, and, therefore, should be suitable for long-term studies of intracellular bacteria as well as rickettsia and viruses. Such cells might also be useful in nutritional studies in tissue culture and in evaluating the effects of heterologous sera on cells in culture.
Experimental studies on the recovery potential of submerged aquatic vegetation after flooding and desiccation in a large subtropical lake

Abstract In Lake Okeechobee (Florida), above average water depths from 1994 to early 2000 created poor light conditions on the lake bottom, leading to a widespread loss of submerged aquatic vegetation. In 2000, a controlled laboratory study quantified seedling emergence of Vallisneria americana (80±20 m −2 ; mean±S.E.) and emergence of Chara spp. (504±21 m −2 ; mean±S.E.) from sediments collected at a variety of sites confirming that a viable seed bank had persisted through years of poor light conditions. Considerable variance existed among the five sites from which seed banks were collected. Other species of submerged vegetation were hardly encountered. Additionally, a field transplant study using young V. americana plants examined the survival potential of V. americana in regions that had not supported submerged vegetation in the recent past. Although all transplants lost biomass, they produced new shoots and stolons in both sediment types. Transplants fared better in peat sediments than in the sandy sediments characteristic of areas where submerged vegetation was lost in the recent past. In summer 2001, an extensive drought exposed thousands of hectares of near-shore lake bottom, killing much of the submerged vegetation community. The potential for recovery of submerged vegetation from a desiccated and re-inundated seed/oospore bank was examined with cores taken from areas that had previously supported submerged vegetation. Extensive emergence of Chara spp., including a faster rate of emergence and a greater magnitude of emergence observed in desiccated cores (mean from three sites: 2728 m −2 ; 1S.E.: ±192) relative to cores still inundated (mean from one site: 918 m −2 ; 1S.E.: ±165), suggests that the drought may have led to an increased germination response for Chara . In contrast, there was little germination of vascular species, except for a few seedlings of the native V. americana and a few plants of Hydrilla verticillata .
Permutations of separable preference orders

The notion of separability is important in economics, operations research, and political science, where it has recently been studied within the context of referendum elections. In a referendum election on n questions, a voter's preferences may be represented by a linear order on the 2n possible election outcomes. The symmetric group of degree 2n, S2n, acts in a natural way on the set of all such linear orders. A permutation σ ∈ S2n is said to preserve separability if for each separable order ≻, σ(≻) is also separable. Here, we show that the set of separability-preserving permutations is a subgroup of S2n and, for 4 or more questions, is isomorphic to the Klein 4-group. Our results indicate that separable preferences are rare and highly sensitive to small changes. The techniques we use have applications to the problem of enumerating separable preference orders and to other broader combinatorial questions.
Study of linear induction motor end effects using 3-D FEM and equivalent circuit

In this paper, asymmetry nature of linear induction motors and, in particular, the impact of the end effects on the circuit parameters and the motor performance is studied. End effects are classified into two groups, namely as static and speed-dependent (dynamic) ones. Static end effect is modelled by quasi-stationary finite element analysis coupled with equivalent circuit via the lumped parameters. The analysis of the motor with the combination of static and dynamic end effects is done with time-comprehensive stepping finite element analysis. The approach makes the contribution of each type of the end effect on the performance of the motor more visible, than it is possible within approaches presented to this date. The results obtained from modeling are partially verified by the test carried out on experimental model of the motor.
The evolving epidemiology of viral encephalitis.

Purpose of review The introduction of West Nile virus to North America illustrates the potential emergence of novel encephalitic agents in unexpected settings. There has been continued recognition of emerging neurotropic viruses in both the developed and developing world and novel modes of transmission of these agents. This review describes recent developments in the epidemiology of West Nile virus and several other emerging viral encephalitides in the developed and developing world and the emergence of novel mechanisms of transmitting viral encephalitis. Recent findings West Nile virus has continued to have a large public health impact in North America. Improvements in blood donor screening have decreased transfusion-associated transmission of the virus. Monkeypox, with associated encephalitis, occurred in the US. Chandipura virus, an infrequently recognized rhabdovirus, was attributed to large outbreaks of viral encephalitis; however, compelling evidence suggests that the relationship of illness and the virus are questionable. Recent cases of transfusion-associated and transplant-associated viral encephalitis, including West Nile virus, rabies virus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, were described. Summary Continued West Nile virus activity in North America reinforces the fact that viruses can emerge and thrive in new environments and unexpected settings and suggests the need for continued surveillance. Transfusion-associated and transplant-associated viral encephalitis may be an underrecognized risk of these procedures.
Students' Perspectives on Gatekeeping in Counselor Education: A Case Study

Through in-depth interviews, the authors examined 10 master's-level counseling students' perceptions of gatekeeping. Case analysis resulted in 3 major themes pertaining to the necessity of gatekeeping, vital components, and counseling student characteristics. Implications of the findings are also discussed.
Clinical presentation of mucin-secreting tumors of the pancreas.

Abstract Background: Pancreatitis and jaundice secondary to ductal obstruction are common in intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMT) of the pancreas. However, the incidence and severity of the complications of obstruction are not well documented. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical presentation and outcome of 10 patients with IPMT. Methods: All cases of IPMT diagnosed between 1994 and 1999 were reviewed. Results: Four of the 10 patients developed severe acute illness with systemic complications resulting from ductal obstruction. Three suffered acute cholangitis with sepsis, and 1 developed necrotizing pancreatitis and ARDS. There was 1 postoperative death in a patient with adenocarcinoma. All other patients are alive and well with a median follow-up of 26 months (survival 90%). Conclusions: Pancreatic or common bile duct obstruction in IPMT may result in acute, life-threatening disease. Aggressive surgical therapy is warranted before development of complications of ductal obstruction or progression of tumor occurs.
Peptide vaccines against arthritis

In this article, four distinct approaches to the development of peptide vaccines against arthritis will be reviewed. One is based on evidence that antagonizing proinflammatory cytokines can benefit patients with arthritis. The second stems from the observation that heat-shock proteins are essential arthritogenic agents in the development of arthritis. The third derives from research on the mechanisms by which specific HIV-1 peptides produce T-cell suppression, while the fourth has developed from clinical reports that children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease) experience long-term remission following infection with the measles virus. The four sets of anti-arthritis peptides bear no sequence similarities but have all been tested successfully on adjuvant arthritis models, thereby providing multiple paths to the development of peptide vaccines against arthritis. Specific comparisons between methods of delivery, adjuvant requirements and dosages are reported and future directions for researc...
Surface structures of SrTiO3 (001): a TiO2-rich reconstruction with a c(4 x 2) unit cell.

We report the solution of the c(4 × 2) reconstruction of SrTiO3 (001), obtained through a combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, direct methods analysis, and density functional theory. The structure is characterized by a single overlayer of TiO2 stoichiometry in which TiO5 polyhedra are arranged into edge-shared structures, in contrast to the corner-shared TiO6 polyhedra in bulk. This structural pattern is similar to that reported by us earlier for the (2 × 1) reconstruction of the same crystal face formed at higher temperature. We discuss probable mechanisms of surface stabilization as revealed by these two solutions which are likely to apply to other reconstructions of SrTiO3 (001) and, possibly, other perovskites in general.
Bacillus anthracis internalization by human fibroblasts and epithelial cells.

Summary The current model for Bacillus anthracis dissemination in vivo focuses on macrophages as carriers. However, recent evidence suggested that other host cells may also play a role in the process. Here, we tested the possibility of B. anthracis being internalized by a human fibroblast cell line, HT1080 and an epithelial cell line, Caco-2. A combination of gentamicin protection assays, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence microscopy was used. The results demonstrated for the first time that both spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis Sterne strain 7702 were able to adhere to and be internalized by cultured HT1080 and Caco-2 cells. Spore adherence to and internalization by HT1080 cells were not affected by a germination inhibitor. This suggested that certain features on dormant spores were sufficient for these processes. Vegetative cell adherence to and internalization by both cell lines were growth phase-dependent. EM images suggested that vegetative cells may have the ability to escape phagocytic vacuoles. Finally, we showed that internalization of both spores and vegetative cells required active functions of the host cell cytoskeleton. These results raised the possibility that B. anthracis may disseminate in vivo by directly infecting non-phagocytic cells.
The forgotten crisis

“ … financial markets are like the mirror of mankind, revealing every hour of every working day the way we value ourselves and the resources of the world around us. It is not the fault of the mirror if it reflects our blemishes as clearly as our beauty.”
An Archaeology of the Street: A Cinegraphic Analysis of Streets in Urbino, Italy

This article presents the issues, questions, and discoveries of an experimental design studio, conducted in Urbino, Italy during spring semester of 2013. Utilizing high definition video cameras and their digital ecosystem of hardware and software, the students focused on uncovering the identity, or genetic code, of the street by examining its spatial and temporal extension. An archaeological method composed of traditional spatial analysis, typological studies, and cataloging of elements provided the initial framework for a cinegraphic inquiry. What emerged was a sense that the street was an urban artifact––a place itself rather than merely a conduit or path between places––whose spatial and temporal characteristics informed our perception of the city. The street, perhaps only understood in our movement through its sequential elements and spaces, seems critical in shaping the city's identity. Traditional means of analysis by themselves are limited in that they only isolate fragments of a much more complex whole. Throughout the inquiry, we found that the digital analytical methods that were employed and the digital tools themselves provided new insight into the analytical process while expanding our understanding of the street and its relationship to the landscape and the larger urban fabric of Urbino. By extension, cinegraphic analysis may contribute to our ability to uncover the qualities and structure that constitute the identity of a city, or any place.
Centrin depletion causes cyst formation and other ciliopathy-related phenotypes in zebrafish

Most bona fide centrosome proteins, including centrins, small calcium-binding proteins, participate in spindle function during mitosis and play a role in cilia assembly in non-cycling cells. Although the basic cellular functions of centrins have been studied in lower eukaryotes and vertebrate cells in culture, phenotypes associated with centrin depletion in vertebrates in vivo has not been directly addressed. To test this, we depleted centrin2 in zebrafish and found that it leads to ciliopathy phenotypes, including enlarged pronephric tubules and pronephric cysts. Consistent with the ciliopathy phenotypes, cilia defects were observed in differentiated epithelial cells of ciliated organs, such as the olfactory bulb and pronephric duct. The organ phenotypes were also accompanied by cell cycle deregulation, namely, mitotic delay resulting from mitotic defects. Overall, this work demonstrates that centrin2 depletion causes cilia-related disorders in zebrafish. Moreover, given the presence of both cilia and mitotic defects in the affected organs, it suggests that cilia disorders may arise from a combination of these defects.