cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUPERANTIGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUSES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION IN MICE

Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) are retroviruses that induce mammary carcinomas. An interesting feature of these viruses is the superantigen (SAg) encoded in an open reading frame within the 3′ long terminal repeat. The mechanism by which ingestion of milk-borne virus results in infection of the host mammary tissue remains incompletely understood. However, a working model has been proposed in which the interaction between viral SAg, T-cell receptor and MHC class II I-E facilitates viral replication and hence infectivity. In this review we summarize current studies demonstrating the role of SAg stimulation in susceptibility to MMTV infection.
Cloning, characterization and construction of htrA and htrA-like mutants of Brucella abortus and their survival in BALB/c mice.

Abstract A genomic library of Brucella abortus S2308 was screened for expression of recombinant proteins recognized by sera from mice and from cattle infected with B. abortus . A positive clone, BA1, expressing a 50 kDa peptide was recognized by both sera. Plasmid pBA1, isolated from BA1, was shown by restriction enzyme digestion to possess a 1.9 kb insert. The nucleotide sequence of the pBA1 insert revealed an open reading frame with of 1539 bases with a coding capacity of 513 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 50 992. The predicted amino acid sequence showed 37% identity to E. coli HtrA, a temperature inducible serine protease. A second B. abortus htrA gene, designated htrA -like, was identified on a different cloned frag ment that also encoded B. abortus recA . The nucleotide sequence of the htrA -like gene revealed an open reading frame of 1422 nucleotides with a coding capacity of 474 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 50 155. The deduced amino acid sequence of the htrA -like gene showed 42% and 36% identity with B. abortus and E. coli HtrAs respectively. Western blotting of E. coli lysate containing the htrA -like gene was not recognized by sera from B. abortus -infected cattle or mice. B. abortus htrA but not htrA -like relieved the temperature sensitive phenotype and permitted growth of an E. coli htrA mutant at 42°C. B. abortus htrA and htrA -like mutants were constructed and their survival and growth in BALB/c mice was compared to the parental strain S2308. Splenic levels of htrA or htrA -like mutants were initially lower but after 60 days post-infection both were higher than the parental strain. Histologic analysis of hepatic inflammatory responses suggested that an initial intense granuloma formation in the htrA group was the basis for early low splenic titers of bacteria, but that failure to maintain granulomas, as did mice given the parental strain, resulted in a marked secondary rise in splenic bacterial titers.
Electron microscopy of enamel surface after reactions of apatite accretion

. Images were obtained from intact and acid etched enamel surfaces (both before and alter growth of surface apatite) with electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Labial surfaces (intact) of bovine incisor teeth were slightly abraded and pumiced. They were then etched by a 14-hour immersion in 2mM sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer at pH 5.0; an average of 31 μ.Mol/cm2 calcium and 24 μMol/cm2 phosphate was dissolved from the surfaces. The SEM. and TEM showed loss of minerals to a depth of 10 μm. Dissolution was largely in central areas of enamel prisms, and prismatic structure in the etched surfaces was retained. Electron diffraction, SEM, and TEM showed the growth of crystalline apatites at the etched surfaces after 24 to 96 hours immersion in neutral pH solution (metastable) which contained 1.5 mM Ca+2, 0.9 mM H2PO4/HPO4−2, 0.05 mM F−, and 150 mM NaCl. Indirect analysis, at the loss of calcium and phosphate concentrations in the metastable solution after immersion periods, indicated deposition of approximately 24μMol/Cm2 calcium and 14μMol/cm2 phosphate on the etched surfaces. Results show induction of apatite crystal growth and recrystallization at enamel surfaces in otherwise stable solutions containing 0.05 mM F−.
Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

Measures of implicit prejudice are based on associations between race-related stimuli and valenced words. Reaction time (RT) data have been characterized as showing implicit prejudice when White names or faces are associated with positive concepts and African-American names or faces with negative concepts, compared to the reverse pairings. We offer three objections to the inferential leap from the comparative RT of different associations to the attribution of implicit prejudice: (a) The data may reflect shared cultural stereotypes rather than personal animus, (b) the affective negativity attributed to participants may be due to cognitions and emotions that are not necessarily prejudiced, and (c) the patterns of judgment deemed to be indicative of prejudice pass tests deemed to be diagnostic of rational behavior.
Effects of motivational and volitional email messages (MVEM) with personal messages on undergraduate students’ motivation, study habits and achievement

This study investigated what kind of supportive information can be effective in improving the situation where there were severe motivational challenges. Motivational and volitional email messages (MVEM) were constructed based on an integrated model of four theories and methods, which are Keller's ARCS model, Kuhl's action control theory, Gollwitzer's Rubicon model of motivation and volition, and Visser & Keller's strategy of motivational messages, and distributed with personal messages created based on audience analysis to a large undergraduate class. In order to examine the effects of the messages on motivation for the course, study habits (study time), and achievement (test grade), MVEM were sent to 30 students (Personal Message Group: PMG) with personal messages and to 71 students (Non-Personal Message Group: NonPMG) without personal messages. Results indicated that PMG showed a higher level of motivation, especially in regard to confidence, than NonPMG. Also, the mean test grade of PMG increased so that the initial difference of the test grade between the two groups significantly decreased. Although there was no difference between the two groups in study habits, the findings suggest that personal messages addressing specific individual problems raise the positive effects of MVEM constructed based on the integrated model. Future research directions are discussed.
New data networks in Europe

This short paper, which serves as an introduction to the four papers that follow it, comments on the plans for international data communications in Europe. It points out that plans for public data networks, while understandably varying from country, to country, have a promising degree of compatibility and commonality.
The ‘losers’ of China’s Internet: Memes as ‘structures of feeling’ for disillusioned young netizens

Diaosi (屌丝) ranked as one of the most popular Internet memes of 2012, and it continues to be popular to this day. This article analyses the origins and nature of the diaosi meme and the young men (and women) who self-mockingly describe themselves as ‘losers’. The meme has led to ample speculation in the media and among Chinese academics, and while some see the meme as a relevant form of political critique, others dismiss it as indicative of a psychological malaise affecting contemporary youth. This article reviews the state of this debate about the meanings of the diaosi phenomenon, while offering a new interpretation that frames the meme in terms of Raymond Williams’s notion of ‘structures of feeling’. Though diaosi is a seemingly humorous and playful Internet meme, it is also one that signals young netizens’ disillusionment with the apparent lack of possibilities for upward socio-economic mobility in contemporary China. This author contends that the diaosi phenomenon, though amorphous and at times contr...
Hepatitis a virus infection in fulminant hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis

Abstract We looked for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection as an etiological agent among patients with fulminant hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis. Among 42 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative fulminant disease, we detected seroconversion by immune adherence hemagglutination for antibody to HAV (anti-HAV) in 3 of 10 survivors, as well as an increasing anti-HAV score by immune electron microscopy. In the 32 HBsAg-negative nonsurvivors, we found 3 patients with anti-HAV detectable by immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay, but not by immune adherence hemagglutination. We classified the latter cases as presumptively attributable to HAV. In 10 survivors among 30 HBsAg-positive patients with fulminant disease, we did not detect any instances of anti-HAV seroconversion. In the 20 HBsAg-positive nonsurvivors, 1 case had anti-HAV detectable by immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay but not by immune adherence hemagglutination. This case was also considered to be presumptively caused by HAV. In addition, we studied anti-HAV in patients with chronic active hepatitis. The incidence of anti-HAV in 13 HBsAg-positive cases was 31%, which did not differ from the 32% found in 22 HBsAg-negative cases. There was one seroconversion for anti-HAV in 1 patient with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis, but this appeared to be an epiphenomenon. We looked for fecal shedding of HAV in 14 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis without success.
The effects of fixture type and HVAC integration on fluorescent lamp/ballast performance

The effects of fixture type and lamp compartment air extract on lamp/ballast performance are described. A luminate/plenum/HVAC simulator was used to measure minimum lamp-wall temperature inside four fixture types while varying lamp-compartment extract conditions. Experimental data show that the lumen output of the lamp/ballast system varies by 20% and system efficacy by 10% depending on the type of fixture and lamp-compartment extract technique used. >
Making politics palatable: Using television drama in high school civics and government classes.

The authors make a case for using The West Wing, a political drama that aired on NBC from 1999 to 2006, as an instructional tool in high school civics and government classes. The show offers a realistic portrayal of life in the White House through the eyes of Democratic President Josiah Bartlet and his senior staff that can further students’ understanding of the traditional curriculum and aid teachers in broaching controversial political issues in their classes. Using two representative episodes from the first season, the authors describe how high school civics and government teachers can use The West Wing to achieve their instructional goals. The authors conclude by offering general suggestions to teachers wishing to use the series as part of their instruction.
Representation of motion onset and offset in an augmented Barlow-Levick model of motion detection

Kinetic occlusion produces discontinuities in the optic flow field, whose perception requires the detection of an unexpected onset or offset of otherwise predictably moving or stationary contrast patches. Many cells in primate visual cortex are directionally selective for moving contrasts, and recent reports suggest that this selectivity arises through the inhibition of contrast signals moving in the cells’ null direction, as in the rabbit retina. This nulling inhibition circuit (Barlow-Levick) is here extended to also detect motion onsets and offsets. The selectivity of extended circuit units, measured as a peak evidence accumulation response to motion onset/offset compared to the peak response to constant motion, is analyzed as a function of stimulus speed. Model onset cells are quiet during constant motion, but model offset cells activate during constant motion at slow speeds. Consequently, model offset cell speed tuning is biased towards higher speeds than onset cell tuning, similarly to the speed tuning of cells in the middle temporal area when exposed to speed ramps. Given a population of neurons with different preferred speeds, this asymmetry addresses a behavioral paradox—why human subjects in a simple reaction time task respond more slowly to motion offsets than onsets for low speeds, even though monkey neuron firing rates react more quickly to the offset of a preferred stimulus than to its onset.
Early Institution of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Primary Graft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation Improves Outcome

Background Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation (LTx) carries a significant mortality and clinical management is controversial. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used infrequently for recovery from acute lung injury (ALI) in this setting. We reviewed our experience with ECMO after primary LTx. Methods The present study is a retrospective analysis of all LTx patients between 1991 and 2004. Twenty-two patients sustained severe PGD with subsequent placement on ECMO. We analyzed indications and 30-day, 1-year and 3-year mortality. Complications and incidence of multiple-organ failure (MOF) were determined. Critical appraisal of the evidence available to date was performed. Results A total of 297 LTxs were performed during the study period, with 97.5%, 88.6% and 73.8% survival at 30 days, 1 year and 3 years, respectively. Twenty-two patients (7.9%) had severe allograft dysfunction leading to ECMO support. Twelve patients received single-lung (SLTx), 8 double-lung (BLTx), 1 single-lung/kidney (SLKTx) and 1 heart/lung (HLTx) transplantation. Thirty-day, 1-year and 3-year survival of LTx recipients with ECMO support post-operatively were 74.6%, 54% and 36%, respectively. MOF was the predominant cause of death (58.3%) in patients on ECMO support for PGD. Conclusions Our data suggest that, in addition to prolonged ventilation and pharmacologic support, ECMO should be considered as a bridge to recovery from PGD in lung transplantation. Early institution of ECMO may lead to diminished mortality in the setting of ALI despite the high incidence of MOF. Late institution of ECMO was associated with 100% mortality in this investigation.
Surface composition and radius of hyperion

New spectrophotometric data for Hyperion in the region 1.5-2.6 microns obtained in 1981 confirm the presence of water ice bands reported by Cruikshank (1980). The bands are now shown with sufficient clarity to permit improved comparisons with other ice-bearing satellites of Jupiter and Saturn and with laboratory samples. Comparisons with Ganymede and Rhea are shown, and Hyperion is found to differ from both satellites in terms of depth and width of the water ice bands. The sense of the difference is the same as noted earlier from broadband infrared photometry, but the physical cause is not fully understood. The effective radius of Hyperion (considered circular in cross section) derived from a 20-micron flux measurement and a revised value of V(1,0) = 4.62 is r = 140 + or - 19 km. This result is in better accord with both preliminary and refined values of the radius derived from Voyager images; the Voyager result supersedes that deduced from infrared observations.
Impaired Inflammatory Responses in the Reverse Arthus Reaction Through Genetic Deletion of the C5a Receptor

We recently demonstrated that gene-targeted disruption of the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor prevented lung injury in immune complex–mediated inflammation. In this study, we compare the effect of C5aR deficiency in immune complex–induced inflammation in the peritoneal cavity and skin with the results derived from our immune complex alveolitis model. C5aR- deficient mice exhibit decreased migration of neutrophils and decreased levels of TNF-α and interleukin 6 in the peritoneal reverse passive Arthus reaction compared to their wild-type littermates. In the reverse passive Arthus reaction in the skin the C5aR was also required for the full expression of neutrophil influx and edema formation; C5aR-deficient mice showed reduced neutrophil migration and microvascular permeability changes. In contrast to our studies in immune complex–induced lung inflammation, C5aR deficiency does not completely prevent injury in the peritoneal cavity and skin. These data indicate a dominant role for the C5aR and its ligand in the reverse passive Arthus reaction in the lung and a synergistic role together with other inflammatory mediators in immune complex–mediated peritonitis and skin injury.
Callus distraction for the treatment of acquired radial club-hand deformity after osteomyelitis

We report our experience of the use of callus distraction with a monolateral fixator for the treatment of acquired radial club-hand deformity after osteomyelitis. Between 1994 and 2004, 13 patients with a mean age of eight years (4 to 15) were treated by callus distraction with a monolateral fixator after a preliminary period of at least four weeks in a corrective short-arm cast. All patients achieved bony union and were satisfied with the functional and cosmetic outcome. There were no major complications, but three patients required cancellous bone grafting at the docking site for delayed union. Local treatment and oral antibiotics were required for pin-site infection in six patients. There were no deep infection or recurrence of osteomyelitis.
Appropriate controls for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza research

SUMMARY Sunflower (Helianthus animus L.) and mustard (Brassica hirta Moench.) plants were grown in autoclaved soil to which was added various components of soil inoculum. Use of inocula containing mycorrhizal propagules ultimately resulted in growth promotions which were related to improved phosphorus nutrition. Inoculation with soil containing mycorrhizal propagules caused an initial growth depression in comparison with plants receiving no inoculation, but inoculation with washed spores did not. For several reasons, the growth depression caused by inoculation with soil was not attributable to mycorrhizal infection. First, the growth depression was evident before mycorrhizal infections had become established. Second, the growth depression was also evident when either soil or soil sievings, both lacking mycorrhizal propagules, were used. Third, similar growth depressions were observed in mustard. The results suggest that careful selection of appropriate controls for mycorrhizal plants must be made, particularly if the emphasis is on early phases of plant growth. Use of non-sterile soil reduced the extent of mycorrhizal infection.
Legal Risk Analysis, Modeling and Programming for E-Commerce in Construction

This paper presents an aspect of the ongoing research at the University of Michigan aiming to analyze the status of e-commerce in the construction industry. It identifies impediments and challenges, and research solutions for the identified challenges. The focus is on risk management and legal challenges for e-commerce in construction. Very little, if any, research exists on this area in construction literature. The premise of the argument is that studying the legal aspects and challenges for e-commerce in construction are an essential element to having a strong e-commerce infrastructure. This paper introduces the concept of legal modeling and programming for e-commerce in the construction industry. To present the argument for legal programming, the paper starts by outlining the taxonomy of construction e-commerce risks and introducing the legal risks of doing business through ecommerce in construction. It then looks to the future and considers how to incorporate legal criteria in e-construction applications, design and programming.
Leaching of molybdenum and arsenic from uranium ore and mill tailings

Abstract A sequential, selective extraction procedure was used to assess the effects of sulfuric acid milling on the geochemical associations of molybdenum and arsenic in a uranium ore blend, and the tailings derived therefrom. The milling process removed about 21% of the molybdenum and 53% of the arsenic initially present in the ore. While about one-half of the molybdenum in the ore was water soluble, only about 14% existed in this form in the tailings. The major portion of the extractable molybdenum in the tailings appears to be associated with hydrous oxides of iron, and with alkaline earth sulfate precipitates. In contrast with the pattern seen for molybdenum, the partitioning of arsenic into the various extractable fractions differs little between the ore and the tailings.
A neocortex model implementation on reconfigurable logic with streaming memory

In this paper we study the acceleration of a new class of cognitive processing applications based on the structure of the neocortex. Our focus is on a model of the visual cortex used for image recognition developed by George and Hawkins. We propose techniques to accelerate the algorithm using reconfigurable logic, specifically a streaming memory architecture utilizing available off-chip memory. We discuss the design of a streaming memory access unit enabling a large number of processing elements to be placed on a single FPGA thus increasing throughput. We present an implementation of our approach on a Cray XD1 and discuss possible extension to further increase throughput. Our results indicate that using a two FPGA design with streaming memory gives a speedup of 71.9 times over a purely software implementation.
Priority List of Research Areas for Radiological Nuclear Threat Countermeasures

Abstract Pellmar, T. C., Rockwell, S. and the Radiological/Nuclear Threat Countermeasures Working Group. Priority List of Research Areas for Radiological Nuclear Threat Countermeasures. Radiat. Res. 163, 115–123 (2005). To help the nation prepare for the possibility of a terrorist attack using radiological and nuclear devices, the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Homeland Security Council established an interagency working group. The working group deliberated on the research needs for radiological/ nuclear threat countermeasures and identified and prioritized 18 areas for further attention. The highest priorities were given to research on (1) radioprotectors for use prior to exposure; (2) therapeutic agents for postexposure treatment; (3) antimicrobial therapy for infections associated with radiation exposure; (4) cytokines and growth factors; (5) mechanisms of radiation injury at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism levels; and (6) automation of biodosimetric assays. High priority ...
Social Work Gerontological Assessment Revisited

Summary Research has learned much in the last forty years about the factors critical in a gerontological social work assessment. However, assessment must be constantly readdressed, because the context of health care changes and the research technology that enables the study of factors critical to the assessment process becomes more sophisticated. This paper presents the evolution of assessment research and identifies critical assessment factors as related to the changing social work practice in the context of the country's changing health care environment.
Prediction of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Football Players Based on Clinical Tests and Body Mass Index

Background:The lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is the most common injury suffered in sports, especially in football. While suggested in some studies, a predictive role of clinical tests for LAS has not been established.Purpose:To determine which clinical tests, focused on potentially modifiable factors of movement patterns and body mass index (BMI), could best demonstrate risk of LAS among high school and collegiate football players.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A total of 539 high school and collegiate football players were evaluated during the preseason with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Functional Movement Screen as well as BMI. Results were compared between players who did and did not suffer an LAS during the season. Logistic regression analyses and calculated odds ratios were used to determine which measures predicted risk of LAS.Results:The LAS group performed worse on the SEBT–anterior reaching direction (SEBT-ANT) and had higher BMI as compared with the noni...
Altered functional connectivity in children with mild to moderate TBI relates to motor control.

PURPOSE: Functionally relevant alterations in resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) connectivity have been identified in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We evaluated rs-fMRI connectivity in children with TBI and explored the relationship between altered connectivity and measures of neurological function. METHODS: Rs-fMRI was obtained in 14 children after TBI and 14 controls matched for age, sex, and handedness. Whole-brain connectivity was evaluated separately for the default mode network (DMN) and dorsal attention network (DAN); Between-group contrasts identified regions with altered connectivity between TBI and control cohorts. In children with TBI, the relationships between regions of altered connectivity and performance on relevant functional measures were examined. RESULTS: Compared to controls, children with TBI showed significantly greater connectivity between DMN and right dorsal premotor cortex (RdPM) and between DAN and bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SM1). In children with TBI, greater DMN-RdPM connectivity was associated with worse motor performance whereas greater DAN-LSM1 connectivity was associated with better motor performance; furthermore, DMN-RdPM and DAN-LSM1 connectivity were negatively correlated. CONCLUSION: Rs-fMRI reveals significant altered connectivity in children with TBI compared to controls. After TBI in children, patterns of altered connectivity appear divergent, with increased DMN-motor network connectivity associated with worse motor control whereas increased DAN-motor network connectivity appears compensatory. Language: en
Keynote abstract

Summary form only given. The production of high quality robust and reliable software depends on the availability of effective software development tools, including testing, static analysis and dynamic analysis tools. Although much effort has been spent over the years to improve these tools, there are still challenges that remain. One challenge is scalability for large applications and another is precision, with a trade-off between the two. New exciting opportunities are now available from advances in computer architecture that have the potential to greatly improve both the scalability and precision of our tools. These advances include multicore architectures and hardware performance monitors. The multicore architecture enables software to be parallelized and also analysis and execution to be run concurrently. Hardware performance monitors enable tracking of certain aspects of a program's execution with little or no overhead. This talk will explore how more efficient and effective software development tools, and in particular will focus on static and testing tools can be developed. The key idea is to exploit computer architectural advances to improve the scalability and preciseness of tools. The talk will discuss how scalability can be addressed using multiple cores and hardware performance counters, and precision can be addressed by using both path sensitive analysis and more expensive algorithms, including interprocedural and context sensitive. Techniques for tools that use multiple cores for parallelizing static analyses will be described. The use of hardware performance monitors in place of instrumentation to gather information from an executing program will be discussed. A combination of hardware performance counters and multiple cores will be explored to concurrently collect and analyze information in dynamic analysis and testing.
Achieving TASAR Operational Readiness

NASA has been developing and testing the Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Requests (TASAR) concept for aircraft operations featuring a NASA-developed cockpit automation tool, the Traffic Aware Planner (TAP), which computes traffic/hazard-compatible route changes to improve flight efficiency. The TAP technology is anticipated to save fuel and flight time and thereby provide immediate and pervasive benefits to the aircraft operator, as well as improving flight schedule compliance, passenger comfort, and pilot and controller workload. Previous work has indicated the potential for significant benefits for TASAR-equipped aircraft, and a flight trial of the TAP software application in the National Airspace System has demonstrated its technical viability. This paper reviews previous and ongoing activities to prepare TASAR for operational use.
The Inactivation of Newcastle Disease Virus Hemolysin by Antiserum and High-Energy Electrons.

SummaryThe NDV hemolysin is shown to be inactivated by a single antibody molecule per virus. Electron irradiation of NDV indicates that rate of hemolysis of rbc depends on number of intact hemolysin units per virus, whereas ability to lyse rbc, given sufficient time, depends on the presence of only one intact hemolysin unit per virus.
Test of resistance of Rattus tanezumi to warfarin in Xingyi city,Guizhou province,China

Objective To investigate the level of the resistance of Rattus tanezumi to anticoagulant rodenticide(warfarin) in the villages and towns(epidemic foci of plague) of Xingyi city,Guizhou province,China.Methods Each individual of R.tanezumi was raised in a single cage in no-choice feeding test.R.tanezumi was given warfarin for 9 day and then fed normally.The whole test period was 25 day.Results A total of 23(12♂/11♀) eligible individuals of R.tanezumi were enrolled in the test,with body weights of 67-170 g.Thirteen rats were killed,with lethal doses of 117.65-293.75 mg/kg and lethal times of 6.62(4-10) day.Ten rats survived the test,with warfarin doses of 284.76-522.73 mg/kg.Of all rats,43.48% developed resistance to warfarin.Conclusion There are individuals and populations of R.tanezumi which have resistance to warfarin in Xingyi city,Guizhou province,China.
From Local to Global Communities in Large Networks Through Consensus

Given a universe of local communities of a large network, we aim at identifying the meaningful and consistent communities in it. We address this from a new perspective as the process of obtaining consensual community detections and formalize it as a bi-clustering problem. We obtain the global community structure of the given network without running expensive global community detection algorithms. The proposed mathematical characterization of the consensus problem and a new bi-clustering algorithm to solve it render the problem tractable for large networks. The approach is successfully validated in experiments with synthetic and large real-world networks, outperforming other state-of-the-art alternatives in terms of speed and results quality.
Survival impact of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency, the clinical and laboratory associations, and the impact on survival of anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-nRNP, anti-Ro, and anti-La in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS The clinical and laboratory features of 94 patients with SLE tested for anti-dsDNA, anti-nRNP, anti-Sm, anti-Ro and anti-La were studied. Survival analyses were performed by the Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS Anti-Ro, anti-nRNP and anti-Sm were found with lower frequency in our patients compared to other reports. There was a higher frequency of anti-Sm (19.5 vs 10%, p = 0.0093) and anti-nRNP positivity (29.2 vs 7.5%, p = 0.006) among African American patients compared to Caucasian patients. No clinical or laboratory associations were found with any of the autoantibodies. Patients had a mean followup up 11.8 years. There were no protective or negative effects of the different autoantibodies on the probability of survival of the patients studied. CONCLUSION Our study failed to demonstrate the impact of the autoantibodies studied in the survival of our patients.
A pixelated design medium

This paper illustrates the use of pixelated structures as a representational medium through which design may be accomplished. In this medium, compositions are constructed from parts called pixels which are very simple. Methods to generate a design vocabulary from these parts, and establish relationships between parts to construct compositions are brought together in the framework of formal languages.
1992 Bonica Lecture. Advances in chronic pain management since gate control.

Objective Two pain treatment systems that developed soon after the publication of the gate theory are probably a direct result of its publication: neuraxial opiate administration and electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves and receptors. Although the use of these modalities has become widespread in managing chronic pain, there is disagreement about their long-term efficacy. This presentation will attempt to review the data regarding the mechanisms of action of these modalities and their efficacy in treating chronic pain of malignant and nonmalignant origin. Data sources Data were derived almost entirely from original articles reporting experimental data from both animal and human studies and from series of patients undergoing treatment with the modalities reviewed. Study selection Where possible, controlled studies were selected. However, much of the available data regarding treatment results are uncontrolled. Data extraction and synthesis Selected data from studies that were felt to be reasonably well conducted are presented or summarized. Because of the lack of control groups in many of the clinical trials, meta-analyses were not carried out. Conclusions Long-term spinal opiate administration has been shown to be more effective than systemic opiates in some patients with cancer pain, but often must be combined with local anesthetics to provide satisfactory pain relief. Loss of effect over time is a significant problem. Since the identification of spinal opiate receptors and the introduction of spinally administered narcotics, a number of other receptors that are important in both sensitization and suppression of pain projection systems have been characterized. Agonists and antagonists to many of these receptors are being developed, and a few are available for clinical trials. Long-term electrical stimulation of the spinal cord produces substantial analgesia below the stimulated spinal segments in some patients with chronic pain. Although initial results are usually encouraging, long-term efficacy may be disappointing. It is postulated that analgesia associated with spinal stimulation is associated with both stimulation of large fiber ascending tracts and blockade of spinothalamic pathways. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has come into widespread use in managing chronic pain and has had limited trials in cancer pain patients. It is well accepted by patients and physicians, but clinical studies of long-term efficacy have yielded variable results. The analgesic action is probably the result of both large afferent fiber activation and blockade of peripheral nociceptors.
General Jurisdictional Problems

This chapter is intended as a resume of general problems of jurisdiction, without detailed consideration of specific fact situations, related to the maritime context. The purpose is to consider generally the circumstances under which states do exercise jurisdiction over persons who also have contacts with other states and those in which they do not. Putting it differently, there are certain bases, or contacts between a person and a state, which are more or less uniformly recognized internationally as sufficient to justify an exercise by that state of jurisdiction over the person. Some of these bases are considered sufficient by some states and not by others. Also, there are some situations in which, by international law more than one state may have a right to exercise its authority. In this latter type situation, one of the two may defer to the other either because of comity or because a positive rule of international law gives to one state the primary right to act.
Methylene Blue Facilitates Memory Retention in Zebrafish in a Dose-Dependent Manner

Abstract Methylene blue (MB) is an FDA-grandfathered drug with memory-enhancing effects at low doses, but opposite effects at high doses. We investigated the effects of four MB doses (0.1, 0.5, 5.0, or 10.0 μM) on zebrafish memory retention in the T-maze task. After training fish to swim into a certain arm of the T-maze, the fish were placed into a tank containing one of the four MB doses or a control tank containing blue food dye. Subsequently, fish were placed into the T-maze for memory retention testing. Results indicated that MB produced hormetic dose–response effects on memory. Fish that received the 0.5 μM dose performed significantly better at the T-maze than those that received higher doses. Fish who received 5.0 μM did not exhibit a significant difference in performance from control fish, and the fish that received the 10.0 μM dose performed significantly worse than lower doses. These findings support the utility of zebrafish in comparative research and their potential value for testing of MB and...
Hot Charge Carrier Transmission from Plasmonic Nanostructures

Surface plasmons have recently been harnessed to carry out processes such as photovoltaic current generation, redox photochemistry, photocatalysis, and photodetection, all of which are enabled by separating energetic (hot) electrons and holes—processes that, previously, were the domain of semiconductor junctions. Currently, the power conversion efficiencies of systems using plasmon excitation are low. However, the very large electron/hole per photon quantum efficiencies observed for plasmonic devices fan the hope of future improvements through a deeper understanding of the processes involved and through better device engineering, especially of critical interfaces such as those between metallic and semiconducting nanophases (or adsorbed molecules). In this review, we focus on the physics and dynamics governing plasmon-derived hot charge carrier transfer across, and the electronic structure at, metal–semiconductor (molecule) interfaces, where we feel the barriers contributing to low efficiencies reside. We ...
PBX-M upgrade for advanced stabilization and profile control studies

PBX-M upgrades have been in progress for enhanced capability and reliability. These include upgrades to the vessel O-ring system for impurity control, the Ion Bernstein Wave and Lower Hybrid Current Drive Systems for plasma profile control, a double viewing upper and lower CHERS based Poloidal Rotation Diagnostic, and a new digital plasma control system.
Mother-Child Interaction: One- or Two-Way Street?

In the last twenty years, an increasing considering these basic differences in diag number of investigations have demonnostic and therapeutic formulations. It strated the crucial importance of adequate is always experience that is held to account mothering for early child development and for any deviation, sound ego growth. Maternal deprivation studies, scrutiny of the early ego developMOTHER IS HELD RESPONSIBLE ment of institutionalized children, and the cumulative evidence from clinical case hisOften when parent-child interaction is dis tories all point to the inescapable relationcussed, reference is really being made to ship between inadequate or insufficient what a mother does with or to a child. Un maternal care and a variety of ego deficits wittingly, the interaction is seen as a one in the child. way street rather than as a true reciprocal In more recent years numerous investigaexchange. Individual differences among tions have addressed themselves to the opchildren are rarely accorded sufficient im posite side of this question: To what extent portance in explaining variations in de do characteristics in the child himself invelopment and the differences in ease of fluence parent-child interaction? This mastering various developmental tasks. It search for factors in the child that may is always the mother's handling, her per jeopardize a mother's capacity to relate to sonality, and her difficulties that are con him was largely stimulated by work with sidered to be at the root of the child's prob childhood psychoses and infantile autism, lems. While the mental health profes From this concern with the extreme deviasions, in their recognition of the tremend tions has sprung an interest in the individous importance of adequate mothering, have ual differences among normal children. done a great deal to promote enlightened Research findings clearly demonstrate child care practices, they also have helped that individual differences in disposition create a generation of guilt-ridden parents. and temperament do exist among newborn In some quarters, to understand any dif babies, but there is a lag in incorporating ficulty in any phase of any child's develop this fact in child-rearing practices and in ment the dictum is "cherchez la mere." In the process, the child—as a separate organ ANNELIESE f. KORNER, Ph.D., is Senior Psychologist, jsm wjtb his own propensities and vulnera Mt. Zion Psychiatric Clinic, San Francisco, Califorbilities—is overlooked. nia, and Research Associate, Department of Psychi. , , . ^ . «, , , , „ .* ' d , The notion that the parent is at the root atry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo <■ Alto, California. This is a revision of a paper of ** child S problems and IS also respon given as part of the Selma Fraiberg Panel on Early sible for the normality of his development Ego Development, sponsored by the San Francisco has become especially popular in the United Psychoanalytic Extension Division, January 1964. States. Undoubtedly this faith has deep
Bovine Vessel-Derived Endothelial Cells Are Comprised of a Complete Hierarchy of Endothelial Progenitor Cells, with the Highest Proliferative Progenitors Residing in the Aorta.

Endothelial cell replication in large and small vessels is generally thought to occur at a rate of 0.1–0.6% daily. Despite this low level of cell turnover, endothelial cells derived from a variety of bovine vessels display vigorous patterns of proliferation in vitro. This apparent paradox has not been resolved to date. We have recently determined that human endothelial cells are derived through a process of endopoiesis via a hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) (Blood, 2004). We have developed a single cell proliferation assay that has resolved endopoiesis into distinct stages of progenitor cell development: 1) high proliferative potential-endothelial colony forming cells (HPP-ECFC; 2001-> 10,000 cells/colony) that replate into secondary and tertiary HPP-ECFC, 2) low proliferative potential-endothelial colony forming cells (LPP-ECFC; 51–2,000 cells/colony) that form colonies greater than 50 cells but fail to replate into LPP-ECFC, 3) endothelial clusters (EC-clusters; 2–50 cells/colony) that contain fewer than 50 cells, and 4) mature differentiated endothelial cells that are non-proliferative. We hypothesized that the proliferative behavior of the bovine vessel-derived endothelial cells was due to the presence of EPCs. We purchased bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC), and bovine coronary artery endothelial cells (BCAEC) from a commercial vendor and cultured the cells as recommended. As predicted, the endothelial cells displayed a cobblestone morphology and ingested acetylated low density lipoprotein consistent with an endothelial phenotype. We initially plated the monolayer of cells of each type at 10, 25, or 100 cells per collagen I coated 6-well tissue culture wells and determined that cells from each artery gave rise to heterogenous colony sizes with different growth potentials during a 7 day culture. We then utilized flow cytometry to single cell sort the endothelial cells of each arterial type and determined the number of cells that divided in a 14 day culture. As depicted in the TABLE, the entire hierarchy of EPCs (similar to that determined for human adult peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood) is present in the endothelial cells isolated from the bovine vessels. Of interest, our preliminary data indicate that the frequency of the most proliferative progenitors (HPP-ECFC) is higher in the BAEC than the BPAEC or BCAEC samples. These data provide a new conceptual framework for understanding the mechanisms of endothelial replacement and/or repair of aged or damaged endothelial cells. While EPCs clearly circulate, they also engraft and reside in the vessel wall. We speculate that it is the presence of these EPCs that accounts for the ability of isolated BAEC, BPAEC, and BCAEC cells to proliferate ex vivo. Single Cell Sort Colony Distributions
A SEMIPARAMETRIC DISCRETE CHOICE MODEL: AN APPLICATION TO HOSPITAL MERGERS

We propose a computationally simple semiparametric discrete choice estimator to model rich consumer heterogeneity. We assume groups of observably similar consumers have similar preferences, but allow preferences to vary freely across these groups. Model flexibility is easily adjusted by setting a single tuning parameter; we suggest a cross-validation method to do so. We analyze the model's properties in the context of hospital mergers, both analytically and via a Monte Carlo analysis. The model performs well for policy relevant substitution and welfare measures, even if misspecified, when the tuning parameter is set within the neighborhood of the value chosen by cross validation. (JEL C14, D12, I11, L41)
α-Toxin Regulates Local Granulocyte Expansion from Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Staphylococcus aureus– Infected Wounds

The immune response to Staphylococcus aureus infection in skin involves the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from the bone marrow via the circulation and local granulopoiesis from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that also traffic to infected skin wounds. We focus on regulation of PMN number and function and the role of pore-forming α-toxin (AT), a virulence factor that causes host cell lysis and elicits inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion in wounds. Infection with wild-type S. aureus enriched in AT reduced PMN recruitment and resulted in sustained bacterial burden and delayed wound healing. In contrast, PMN recruitment to wounds infected with an isogenic AT-deficient S. aureus strain was unimpeded, exhibiting efficient bacterial clearance and hastened wound resolution. HSPCs recruited to infected wounds were unaffected by AT production and were activated to expand PMN numbers in proportion to S. aureus abundance in a manner regulated by TLR2 and IL-1R signaling. Immunodeficient MyD88-knockout mice infected with S. aureus experienced lethal sepsis that was reversed by PMN expansion mediated by injection of wild-type HSPCs directly into wounds. We conclude that AT-induced IL-1β promotes local granulopoiesis and effective resolution of S. aureus-infected wounds, revealing a potential antibiotic-free strategy for tuning the innate immune response to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection in immunodeficient patients.
Automatic extrinsic calibration methods for Surround View Systems

A typical Surround View System consists of several cameras on the vehicle perimeter. This document proposes three novel methods for the extrinsic calibration of Surround View Systems (SVS). I — The first approach uses a single calibration pattern placed step-by-step on the vehicle perimeter. II — The second approach uses several calibration patterns placed on the ground plane. The vehicle drives between the calibration setup. No knowledge of the vehicle's location relative to the calibration patterns is necessary; only distances between the calibration patterns are required. III — The last approach gives the most flexibility in calibration. The features are distributed on the ground plane arbitrarily. The vehicle drives forward and backward and all extrinsic calibration parameters are automatically estimated. Each of these approaches provide very good calibration results, sufficient for the correct operation of SVS.