cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Management of Acute Lung Abscess Report of 12 Cases

1)The data in the literature suggest that penicillin therapy has significantly reduced the mortality of acute lung abscess. The present trend of opinion seems to favor combined parenteral and topical administration. 2)Twelve cases of acute lung abscess are reported, of these all but one were considered primary. Eleven responded to parenteral and aerosolized penicillin (in conjunction with amebacides in a single case), and of these radiographic cure resulted in 10. Residual bronchiectasis was demonstrated in but one case. One patient, treated by both medical and surgical measures, died. It was felt that the surgical procedure in no way contributed to the fatal outcome. 3)Whereas it has been emphasized that medical management is not offered in competition to surgical intervention, penicillin therapy would appear to offer an entirely satisfactory means of treating acute uncomplicated lung abscess. Early pneumonotomy is no longer necessary as long as an abscess remains uncomplicated and uninterrupted roentgenographic regression results. 4)Penicillin therapy should be continued until complete healing has been demonstrated by roentgenologic analysis. The latter should include a bronchial mapping in every case, since a significant number of patients with symptomatic cure may have residual bronchopulmonary pathology. 5)Our experience has impressed upon us the need for thoroughly investigating every case of lung abscess for bronchogenic carcinoma, as well as bronchiectasis.
Larval dispersal and population connectivity among a network of marine reserves

A major challenge in marine ecology is describing patterns of larval dispersal and population connectivity, as well as their underlying processes. We used a biophysical model to simulate dispersal of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, larvae and connectivity among a network of 10 no-take reserves in a shallow, wind-driven estuary to assess the relative importance of spawning location, spawning date, larval behavior, larval mortality, and adult reproductive output to predicted dispersal and connectivity patterns. The location (i.e., natal reserve) and date of spawning relative to physical processes, particularly frequency of wind reversals, were the dominant drivers of dispersal and connectivity patterns. To a lesser extent, larval behavior (i.e., 3D vertical advection and ontogenetic depth regulation) and mortality modified dispersal and connectivity, whereas spatiotemporal variability in adult reproductive output was of minimal importance. Over a 21-day larval duration, mean dispersal distance of passive surface particles ranged from 5 to 40 km. Reserves were too small (1 km2) relative to mean dispersal distances to promote extensive local retention (median 2%) and spaced too far apart (typically ~50 km) to promote extensive inter-reserve connectivity (median 2%). Limited connectivity and local retention may preclude the network from being self-sustainable, thereby limiting its long-term conservation and management benefits. In reserve systems characterized by limited connectivity, management efforts should focus on increasing connectivity by increasing the number or size of reserves to realize the benefits of improved adult demographics within reserves.
Optimal, sub-optimal and adaptive control methods for the design of temperature controllers for intelligent buildings

Abstract The application of modern control theory to design control systems for buildings are explored. Example problems dealing with HVAC systems and indoor environment control are considered. Linear models of the systems are used to design controllers based on (i) pole-placement technique, (ii) optimal regulator theory and (iii) adaptive control. The responses of the systems subject to disturbances are investigated. The results illustrate the advantage of one method over the other and emphasize the importance of the use of improved methods to design control systems for intelligent buildings.
Towards the Cognitive Informatics of Natural Language: The Case of Computational Humor

This paper deals with a contribution of computational analysis of verbal humor to natural language cognition. After a brief introduction to the growing area of computational humor and of its roots in humor theories, it describes and compares the results of a human-subject and computer experiment. The specific interest is to compare how well the computer, equipped with the resources and methodologies of the Ontological Semantic Technology, a comprehensive meaning access approach to natural language processing, can model several aspects of the cognitive behaviors of humans processing jokes from the Internet. The paper, sharing several important premises with cognitive informatics, is meant as a direct contribution to this rapidly developing transdisciplinary field, and as such, it bears on cognitive computing as well, especially at the level of implementation of computational humor in non-toy systems and the relationship to human cognitive processes of understanding and producing humor.
Interactions between branchiate mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum) and lesser sirens (Siren intermedia): asymmetrical competition and intraguild predation

Using field sampling and experiments in natural and artificial ponds, I studied interactions between branchiate adult mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum) and lesser sirens (Siren intermedia), two top predators in temporary ponds of the southeastern United States. The abundance and distribution of these two salamanders were independent among ponds, with A. talpoideum more numerous and widespread than S. intermedia. Both species were more likely to be found in ponds near other intermittent wetlands. Within a pond, captures of these two species were negatively correlated, and a field experiment showed that paedomorphic A. talpoideum avoided traps containing S. intermedia. An experiment in artificial ponds confirmed that interactions between these two species were highly asymmetrical; S. intermedia reduced the growth and recruitment of A. talpoideum without experiencing reciprocal. positive or negative effects. These results suggest that S. intermedia competes with and is an intraguild predator of A. talpoideum, limiting its growth and controlling its recruitment.
An analysis of modern pollen rain from the Maya lowlands of northern Belize

Abstract In the lowland Maya area, pollen records provide important insights into the impact of past human populations and climate change on tropical ecosystems. Despite a long history of regional paleoecological research, few studies have characterized the palynological signatures of lowland ecosystems, a fact which lowers confidence in ecological inferences made from palynological data. We sought to verify whether we could use pollen spectra to reliably distinguish modern ecosystem types in the Maya lowlands of Central America. We collected 23 soil and sediment samples from eight ecosystem types, including upland, riparian, secondary, and swamp ( bajo ) forests; pine savanna; and three distinct wetland communities. We analyzed pollen spectra with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and found significant compositional differences in ecosystem types' pollen spectra. Forested sites had spectra dominated by Moraceae/Urticaceae pollen, while non-forested sites had significant portions of Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Amaranthaceae pollen. Upland, bajo , and riparian forest differed in representation of Cyperaceae, Bactris -type, and Combretaceae/Melastomataceae pollen. High percentages of pine ( Pinus ), oak ( Quercus ), and the presence of Byrsonima characterized pine savanna. Despite its limited sample size, this study provides one of the first statistical analyses of modern pollen rain in the Maya lowlands. Our results show that pollen assemblages can accurately reflect differences between ecosystem types, which may help refine interpretations of pollen records from the Maya area.
Can I see your passport please?: Perceptual discrimination of own-­ and other-race faces

Psychological research has consistently demonstrated that individuals are better at discriminating faces of their own race when compared with faces of another, less familiar race. Given the racial/ethnic diversity of individuals screened by security personnel at transportation and border checkpoints, it is important to understand whether the cross-race effect may play a role in simultaneous perceptual discrimination tasks that mimic such screening operations. Three experiments assessed the deleterious effects of cross-racial identification in this context. Results demonstrated greater discrimination accuracy for own- versus other-race faces, and a propensity for screeners to be overconfident in their decisions, particularly for other-race persons. Further, perceived age differences between the target and his identification photo and the use of a disguise were found to moderate cross-race effects during this task.
Carcinogenicity tests with rainbow trout embryos: a review

Abstract Methods of exposure and results of laboratory carcinogenicity tests using rainbow trout are reviewed. Although the rainbow trout has had significant use as a model of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer, the species has not yet been widely used as a bioassay species for carcinogen testing. The observation that rainbow trout embryos were susceptible to carcinogen exposure by immersion in aqueous solutions of test agents was discovered in research with aflatoxin. The aqueous exposure method had numerous advantages, but did not work well with some chemicals. Subsequently, closed system methods of micro-injection into the perivitelline space and the yolk-sac have also been developed which can be used to obviate the limited permeability of the chorion to some chemicals. An additional method of exposure involves topical application of a dimethylsulfoxide containing carcinogen solution onto the egg surface. Results to date suggest that carcinogen tests using rainbow trout embryos will detect most direct-acting alkylating agents such as dimethylnitrosamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methylnitrosourea, etc. and some agents requiring metabolic activation, such as aflatoxin B 1 and benzo( a )pyrene, but the range of the rainbow trout embryo assay to a broad range of chemicals has not been fully studied. Limited data from one laboratory suggest that rainbow trout may lack the ability to activate aromatic amines such as 2-acetamidofluorine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobiphenyl to carcinogenic metabolites. Methods of exposure useful for carcinogenicity testing may also be applicable to teratology and ecotoxicology.
Multitalented embryonic endothelial cells: a new role in stem cell expansion

![Figure][1] Although it is generally accepted that signals from the hematopoietic microenvironment regulate both the size and activity of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool, the cell types responsible and the cytokines they produce are incompletely understood. The close physical and
Local modifications of the surface work function by potassium adsorption

Abstract We show that at low potassium coverage the K Ni (111) surface has two kinds of sites: one whose local work function is close to that of Ni(111) and another whose local work function is much smaller. The evidence is provided by the metastable quenching spectrum of K Ni (111) and Xe covered K Ni (111) .
Fluorocarbon Aerosol Propellants II: Loss in Containers and its Implications for Quantitative Analysis

Loss of the three most commonly used fluorocarbon aerosol propellants from various types of containers with different stoppers as a function of time, temperature, and initial concentration was investigated. The loss process was found to continue for at least 3 days. The decreasing order of loss from serum bottles with three types of stoppers was usually: lacquer-coated rubber stopper < regular (plain) rubber stopper < silicone stopper. Significant loss was also with storage in commercially available vacuum tubes. Such mechanisms for loss as adsorption, absorption, complexation, and permeation are discussed.
Stability of multi-winding coupled inductors in buck converters

Coupled inductors in multiphase buck are becoming more popular in point of load applications. Most interest has focused on 2-winding coupled inductors. Analysis and design of 2-winding devices is maturing. However, a generalized understanding of multi-winding coupled inductors is less understood. This paper discusses a general theory for multi-winding structures. In particular, stability is examined in detail. It is shown in this paper that for large negative coupling coefficients, the multi-winding coupled buck exhibits unstable negative inductance. This paper is the first to document such an instability.
Stepping toward a Macaque Model of HIV-1 Induced AIDS

HIV-1 exhibits a narrow host range, hindering the development of a robust animal model of pathogenesis. Past studies have demonstrated that the restricted host range of HIV-1 may be largely due to the inability of the virus to antagonize and evade effector molecules of the interferon response in other species. They have also guided the engineering of HIV-1 clones that can replicate in CD4 T-cells of Asian macaque species. However, while replication of these viruses in macaque hosts is persistent, it has been limited and without progression to AIDS. In a new study, Hatziioannou et al., demonstrate for the first time that adapted macaque-tropic HIV-1 can persistently replicate at high levels in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), but only if CD8 T-cells are depleted at the time of inoculation. The infection causes rapid disease and recapitulates several aspects of AIDS in humans. Additionally, the virus undergoes genetic changes to further escape innate immunity in association with disease progression. Here, the importance of these findings is discussed, as they relate to pathogenesis and model development.
The study of identity as cultural, institutional, organizational, and personal narratives : Theoretical and empirical integrations

I argue that the study of narrative identity would benefit from more sustained and explicit attention to relationships among cultural, institutional, organizational, and personal narratives of identity. I review what is known about these different types of narrative identity and argue that these narratives are created for different purposes, do different types of work, and are evaluated by different criteria. After exploring the inherently reflexive relationships between and among these various narratives of identity, I conclude with demonstrating how examining these relationships would allow a more complete understanding of the mutual relevance of social problem construction and culture, of the work of social service organizations attempting to change clients' personal narratives, and the possibilities of social change. Exploring relationships between and among different types of narrative identity would yield a better understanding of how narratives work and the work narratives do.
Origin Usage during Euplotes Ribosomal DNA Amplification

The macronuclear genome of the ciliate Euplotes is comprised of millions of small linear DNA molecules that have telomeres on each end. These molecules are generated during the sexual stage of the life cycle, when the new macronucleus is formed by a series of DNA processing events and multiple rounds of DNA amplification. We have used two-dimensional gels to compare the location of the replication origins used during vegetative growth and the two periods during macronuclear development when DNA amplification takes place. When we examined the pattern of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) replication intermediates, we observed almost identical Y arcs regardless of when in the Euplotes life cycle the DNA was isolated. No bubble or bubble-to-Y arcs could be detected. This indicates that replication of the macronuclear rDNA initiates at or near the telomere even when these molecules are being differentially amplified. Since replication rarely initiated from both ends of the rDNA, we examined the direction of replication fork movement to determine which end of the rDNA served as the origin. Fork movement gels indicated that replication initiated at the 5′ end. As transcription also starts near the telomere at the 5′ end, our findings suggest that the telomere and the promoter region cooperate to recruit Euplotes replication initiation complexes.
Plasma Instabilities in Meteor Trails: Linear Theory

Ablation of micrometeoroids between 70 and 130 km altitude in the atmosphere creates plasma columns with densities exceeding the ambient ionospheric electron density by many orders of magnitude. Density gradients at the edges of these trails can create ambipo- lar electric fields with amplitudes in excess of 100 mV/m. These fields combine with diamag- netic drifts to drive electrons at speeds exceeding 2 km/s. The fields and gradients also ini- tiate Farley-Buneman and gradient-drift (FBGD) instabilities. These create field-aligned plasma density irregularities which evolve into turbulent structures detectable by radars with a large power-aperture product, such as those found at Jicamarca, Arecibo, and Kwajalein. This pa- per presents a theory of meteor trail instabilities using both fluid and kinetic methods. In par- ticular, it discusses the origin of the driving electric field, the resulting electron drifts, and the linear plasma instabilities of meteor trails. It shows that, though the ambipolar electric field changes amplitude and even direction as a function of altitude, the electrons always drift in the positive direction where is the density and the geomagnetic field. The lin- ear stability analysis predicts that instabilities develop within a limited range of altitudes with the following observational consequences: (1) non-specular meteor trail echoes will be field aligned; (2) non-specular echoes will return from a limited range of altitudes compared with the range over which the head echo reflection indicates the presence of plasma columns; and (3) anomalous cross-field diffusion will occur only within this limited altitude range with con- sequences for calculating diffusion rates and temperatures with both specular and non-specular radars.
The pervasiveness of text advertising blindness

Users of websites tend to ignore text advertisements, especially when they are on the right side of a web page, even when the advertisements are useful for completing a task. This study explores the impact of web page layout conventions on text advertising blindness and how quickly users adapt to websites that violate layout conventions. Participants performed search tasks on either "standard" or "nonstandard" website layouts. In the nonstandard website, content from the left (i.e., navigation menu) and the right side of the website (i.e., text advertisements) were reversed. Results demonstrated that text advertising blindness was prevalent regardless of the website layout. Users adapted to the reversed layout rapidly, but at a cost of perceived mental effort and task success. Analyses of eye movement data showed that users had a tendency to fixate first in the standard location for the navigation menu when using the nonstandard website, but did not fixate more often in that location after the first few trials. A decrease in text ad blindness over time for the standard, but not the nonstandard, website design also was observed. Practitioners are advised not to violate web layout norms in an attempt to draw more attention to web advertisements. This strategy may be counterproductive where it may actually increase text advertising blindness and decrease the usability of the website.
Temperature Dependence of Stress Relaxation at the Copper/Polyimide Interface

A Cu/polyimide thin film couple prepared on a thin quartz reed has been used to study interfacial stress relaxation during thermal cycling between room temperature and 400 °C. The polyimide thickness varies from 0 (no polyimide at all) to 10.5μm while the Cu thickness was fixed at 0.53μm. The average copper film stress has been calculated from the curvature of the quartz reed. The information clarifies the relation between the polyimide thickness and the average Cu film stress. The Cu/polyimide interfacial morphology after thermal cycling has also been examined using the cross sectional TEM technique. The results suggest that the interfacial stress is partially released through the deformation of polyimide near the Cu/polyimide interface.
Micro sequential injection: automated insulin derivatization and separation using a lab-on-valve capillary electrophoresis system.

Automated sampling and fluorogenic derivatization of islet proteins (insulin, proinsulin, c-peptide) are separated and analyzed by a novel lab-on-valve capillary electrophoresis (LOV-CE) system. This fully integrated device is based on a micro sequential injection instrument that uses a lab-on-valve manifold to integrate capillary electrophoresis. The lab-on-valve manifold is used to perform all microfluidic tasks such as sampling, fluorogenic labeling, and CE capillary rejuvenation providing a very reliable system for reproducible CE separations. Fluorescence detection was coupled to an epiluminescence fluorescence microscope using a customized capillary positioning plate. This customized plate incorporated two fused-silica fiber optic probes that allow for simultaneous absorbance and fluorescence detection, extending the utility of this device. Derivatization conditions with respect to the sequence of addition, timing, injection position, and volumes were optimized through iterative series of experiments that are executed automatically by software control. Reproducibility in fluorogenic labeling was tested with repetitive injections of 3.45 mM insulin, yielding 1.3% RSD for peak area, 0.5% RSD for electromigration time, and 2.8% RSD for peak height. Fluorescence detection demonstrated a linear dynamic range of 3.43 to 6.87 µM for insulin (r2 = 0.99999), 0.39 to 1.96 pM for proinsulin (r2 = 0.99195) and 260 to 781 nM for c-peptide (r2 = 0.99983). By including hydrodynamic flushing immediately after the detection of the last analyte, the sampling frequency for islet protein analysis was increased. Finally, an in vitro insulin assay using rat pancreatic islet excretions was tested using this lab-on-valve capillary electrophoresis system.
Bias correction of daily GCM rainfall for crop simulation studies

General circulation models (GCMs), used to predict rainfall at a seasonal lead-time, tend to simulate too many rainfall events of too low intensity relative to individual stations within a GCM grid cell. Even if bias in total rainfall is corrected relative to a target location, this distortion of frequency and intensity is expected to adversely affect simulations of crop growth and yield. We present a procedure that calibrates both the frequency and the intensity distribution of daily GCM rainfall relative to a target station, and demonstrate its application to maize yield simulation at a location in semi-arid Kenya. If GCM rainfall frequency is greater than observed frequency for a given month, averaged across years, GCM rainfall frequency is corrected by discarding rainfall events below a calibrated threshold. To correct the intensity distribution, each GCM rainfall amount above the calibrated threshold is mapped from the GCM intensity distribution onto the observed distribution. We used a gamma distribution for observed rainfall intensity, and considered both gamma and empirical distributions for GCM rainfall intensity. At the study location, the proposed correction procedure corrected both the mean and variance of monthly and seasonal GCM rainfall total, frequency and mean intensity. The empirical (GCM)-gamma (observed) transformation overestimated mean intensity slightly. A simple multiplicative shift did a better job of correcting monthly and seasonal rainfall totals, but left substantial frequency and intensity bias. All of the bias correction procedures improved maize yield simulations, but resulted in substantial negative mean bias. This bias appears to be associated with a tendency for the GCM rainfall to be more strongly autocorrelated than observed rainfall, resulting in unrealistically long dry spells during the growing season. Nonlinearity of crop response to the variability of water availability across GCM realizations may also contribute. Averaging simulated yields each year across multiple GCM realizations improved yield predictions. The proposed correction procedure provides an option for using the daily output of dynamic climate prediction models for impact studies in a manner that preserves any useful predictive information about the timing of rainfall within the season. However, its practical utility for yield forecasting at a long lead-time may be limited by the ability of GCMs to simulate rainfall with a realistic time structure.
The effects of N:P ratio and nitrogen form on four major freshwater bacterial taxa in biofilms

Bacteria in freshwater systems play an important role in nutrient cycling through both assimilatory and dissimilatory processes. Biotic and abiotic components of the environment affect these transformations as does the stoichiometry of the nutrients. We examined responses of four major taxa of bacteria in biofilms subjected to various N:P molar ratios using either nitrate or ammonium as a nitrogen source. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to enumerate the Domain bacteria as well as the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-proteobacteria, and the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria cluster. Generally, bacterial responses to the treatments were limited. However, the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria and beta-proteobacteria both responded more to the ammonium additions than nitrate, whereas, the alpha-proteobacteria responded more to nitrate additions. The beta-proteobacteria also exhibited peak relative abundance at the highest N:P ratio. Nutrient concentrations were significantly different after the incubation period, and there were distinct changes in the stoichiometry of the microcosms with ammonium. We demonstrated that bacteria may play an important role in nutrient uptake, and transformation, and can have a dramatic effect on the nutrient stoichiometry of the surrounding water. However, although some taxa exhibited differences in response to ammonium and nitrate, the impact of nutrient stoichiometry on the abundance of the taxa examined was limited.
Lateral speckle tracking using synthetic lateral phase

In traditional speckle tracking, lateral displacement (perpendicular to the beam direction) estimates are much less accurate than axial ones (along the beam direction). The accuracy of lateral tracking is very important whenever spatial derivatives of both axial and lateral displacements are required to give a full description of a two-dimensional (2-D) strain field. A number of methods have been proposed to improve lateral tracking by increasing the sampling rate in the lateral direction. We propose an alternate method using synthetic lateral phase (SLP). The algorithm, a direct analog of the phase zero-crossing approach used in axial displacement estimation, synthesizes the lateral phase first, then performs a zero-crossing detection on this synthetic phase to obtain lateral displacement estimates. The SLP is available by simply eliminating either the positive or negative half of the lateral spectrum of the original analytic signal. No new data need to be acquired for this procedure. This new algorithm was tested on both simulations and measurements from a cardiac phantom model. Results show that the method greatly improves the accuracy of lateral tracking, especially for low strain cases (/spl les/1%). The standard deviation of the estimation error of the lateral normal strain obtained with this approach has an approximate factor of 2-3 improvement for low strain cases. The conceptual and computational simplicity of this new method makes it a practical approach to improve lateral tracking for elasticity imaging.
Probing Ring Currents in Mg-Porphyrins by Pump−Probe Spectroscopy

Theoretical studies of Manz et al. have shown that upon excitation of a Mg-porphyrin molecule with a circularly polarized laser pulse, a ring current can be generated that is much stronger than what can be induced by means of an external magnetic field with present technology. We show that the circular dichroism signal of a Mg-porphyrin molecule that has been excited to a state with an inner ring current is proportional to the magnitude of the probability of this ring current and can be used for the detection of this current. In analogy to magnetic circular dichroism, it probes the symmetry of degenerate excited states.
Nanoshell-mediated laser surgery simulation for prostate cancer treatment

Laser surgery, or laser-induced thermal therapy, is a minimally invasive alternative or adjuvant to surgical resection in treating tumors embedded in vital organs with poorly defined boundaries. Its use, however, is limited due to the lack of precise control of heating and slow rate of thermal diffusion in the tissue. Nanoparticles, such as nanoshells, can act as intense heat absorbers when they are injected into tumors. These nanoshells can enhance thermal energy deposition into target regions to improve the ability for destroying larger cancerous tissue volumes with lower thermal doses. The goal of this paper is to present an integrated computer model using a so-called nested-block optimization algorithm to simulate laser surgery and provide transient temperature field predictions. In particular, this algorithm aims to capture changes in optical and thermal properties due to nanoshell inclusion and tissue property variation during laser surgery. Numerical results show that this model is able to characterize variation of tissue properties for laser surgical procedures and predict transient temperature fields comparable to those measured by in vivo magnetic resonance temperature imaging techniques. Note that the computational approach presented in the study is quite general and can be applied to other types of nanoparticle inclusions.
Demonstration of low temperature CMOS devices on SiOG and SOI substrates

The fabrication and analysis of CMOS devices fabricated on Silicon-on-Glass (SiOG) and compared to SOI (SIMOX) substrates are presented. Key aspects of the low temperature (≪ 600 °C) fabrication process are described. The devices from the SiOG substrate were observed to be comparable to those fabricated on SOI (SIMOX) with respect to carrier mobility and off-state leakage current. SiOG is viewed as a platform with potential applications in advanced flat panel mobile display modules as well as low-cost, medium performance ASICs.
A Microfabricated Planar Electrospray Array Ionic Liquid Ion Source With Integrated Extractor

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a fully microfabricated planar array of externally fed electrospray emitters that produces heavy molecular ions from the ionic liquids EMI-BF4 and EMI-Im. The microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) electrospray array is composed of the following two microfabricated parts: 1) an emitter die with as many as 502 emitters in 1.13 cm2 and 2) an extractor component that provides assembly alignment, electrical insulation, and a common bias voltage to the emitter array. The devices were created using Pyrex and silicon substrates, as well as microfabrication techniques such as deep reactive ion etching, low-temperature fusion bonding, and anodic bonding. The emitters are coated with black silicon, which acts as a wicking material for transporting the liquid to the emitter tips. The extractor electrode uses a 3-D MEMS packaging technology that allows hand assembly of the two components with micrometer-level precision. Experimental characterization of the MEMS electrospray array includes current-voltage characteristics, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, beam divergence, and imprints on a collector. The data show that with both ionic liquids and in both polarities, the electrospray array works in the pure ionic regime, emitting ions with as little as 500 V of bias voltage. The data suggest that the MEMS electrospray array ion source could be used in applications such as coating, printing, etching, and nanosatellite propulsion.
The Place of Trial and the Law Applied: Overhauling Constitutional Theory

This paper undertakes a critical examination, from interest-analytic and policy-analytic perspectives, of the desiderata of constitutional control of choices of law and of forum. Deploying modern interest analysis, the paper identifies and considers such persistent systemic problems as the inappropriate tier of scrutiny, the arbitrary Bealeian choice of law, the discriminatory Bealeian choice, inconsiderable or fractional interests, after-acquired interests, the unprovided-for case, the problem of discrimination against non-residents, the effect of adjudicatory jurisdiction on choice of law, the effect of choice of law on a taking of jurisdiction, and the failures of minimum contacts theory in Supreme Court cases on personal jurisdiction. The discussion is illustrated by numerous classic cases in the field. The suggestions offered are not made with any purpose of enhancing predictability or uniformity, or of limiting litigation, but rather in the interest of improving the administration of civil justice in American courts.
Stem Cells Matter in Response to Fasting

The molecular processes underlying intestinal adaptation to fasting and re-feeding remain largely uncharacterized. In this issue of Cell Reports , Richmond et al. report that dormant intestinal stem cells are regulated by PTEN and nutritional status.
Genetic Response of Rat Supraspinatus Tendon and Muscle to Exercise

Inflammation is a complex, biologic event that aims to protect and repair tissue. Previous studies suggest that inflammation is critical to induce a healing response following acute injury; however, whether similar inflammatory responses occur as a result of beneficial, non-injurious loading is unknown. The objective of this study was to screen for alterations in a subset of inflammatory and extracellular matrix genes to identify the responses of rat supraspinatus tendon and muscle to a known, non-injurious loading condition. We sought to define how a subset of genes representative of specific inflammation and matrix turnover pathways is altered in supraspinatus tendon and muscle 1) acutely following a single loading bout and 2) chronically following repeated loading bouts. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats in the acute group ran a single bout of non-injurious exercise on a flat treadmill (10 m/min, 1 hour) and were sacrificed 12 or 24 hours after. Rats in the chronic group ran 5 days/wk for 1 or 8 weeks. A control group maintained normal cage activity. Supraspinatus muscle and tendon were harvested for RNA extractions, and a custom Panomics QuantiGene 2.0 multiplex assay was used to detect 48 target and 3 housekeeping genes. Muscle/tendon and acute/chronic groups had distinct gene expression. Components of the arachidonic acid cascade and matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors were altered with acute and chronic exercise. Collagen expression increased. Using a previously validated model of non-injurious exercise, we have shown that supraspinatus tendon and muscle respond to acute and chronic exercise by regulating inflammatory- and matrix turnover-related genes, suggesting that these pathways are involved in the beneficial adaptations to exercise.
Abstract 20361: Statin-Induced Myopathy in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Introduction: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) suffer from premature coronary heart disease (CHD) due to extreme elevations in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). As such, they require high doses of potent statins, a major risk factor for developing statin-induced myopathy. Little is known, though, about other underlying factors predisposing them to statin-induced myopathy. Methods: We studied 272 genetically screened FH patients - ascertained from Dallas, TX, lipid specialty clinics - with and without a documented history of statin-induced myopathy (defined as developing muscle symptoms or elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) levels while taking a statin). Results: Statin-induced myopathy was diagnosed in 35% of FH patients; however, at the time of participation in our study, 73% of myopathy patients were taking statins (vs 79% of statin-tolerant patients; p = 0.37). Statin dosages were similar in the two groups except for rosuvastatin (20 mg/day in myopathy patients vs 40 mg/day ...
Ocular motor assessment in concussion: Current status and future directions

Abstract Mild head injury such as concussions and subconcussive repetitive impact may lead to subtle changes in brain function and it is imperative to find sensitive and reliable tests to detect such changes. Tests involving the visual system, in particular eye movements, can incorporate higher cortical functioning and involve diffuse pathways in the brain, including many areas susceptible to head impact. With concussions, the clinical neuro-ophthalmic exam is important for detecting abnormalities in vergence, saccades, pursuit, and visual fixation. On the sidelines, the King–Devick test has been used as a visual performance measure that incorporates eye movements and increases the sensitivity in detecting possible concussions in conjunction with standard sideline tests of cognition, symptom checklists, and balance. Much promise lies in the eye movement laboratory to quantitate changes in saccades and pursuit with concussions using video-oculography. A combination of eye movement tasks coupled with neuroimaging techniques and other objective biomarkers may lead to a better understanding of the anatomical and physiological consequences of concussion and to better understand the natural history of this condition.
Vasodilators and Management of Hypertensive Emergencies

Hypertensive emergency is an important clinical entity, which may result in end-organ damage involving neurological, cardiovascular, and renal systems. If not recognized and acted upon promptly, it can result in life-threatening adverse outcomes. Vasodilators form the mainstay of treatment in hypertensive emergencies. There are different classes of vasodilators based on the site and mechanism of action. The most commonly used vasodilators include directly acting drugs that act via the vascular nitric oxide pathway, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, and peripheral dopamine agonists. The various classes of vasodilators act via different neurohormonal signaling pathways and reduce the blood pressure by decreasing the peripheral resistance. Despite the availability of several medications, there is still paucity of literature regarding the best antihypertensive medication to be employed as well as the ideal rate of decreasing the elevated blood pressure in a given clinical scenario. This chapter reviews the basic pharmacology and the mechanism of action of commonly used vasodilators. It also reviews the approach to choosing the most appropriate drug based on the target organ involvement in diverse clinical scenarios of hypertensive emergency.
The queue method: handling delay, heuristics, prior data, and evaluation in bandits

Current algorithms for the standard multi-armed bandit problem have good empirical performance and optimal regret bounds. However, real-world problems often differ from the standard formulation in several ways. First, feedback may be delayed instead of arriving immediately. Second, the real world often contains structure which suggests heuristics, which we wish to incorporate while retaining strong theoretical guarantees. Third, we may wish to make use of an arbitrary prior dataset without negatively impacting performance. Fourth, we may wish to efficiently evaluate algorithms using a previously collected dataset. Surprisingly, these seemingly-disparate problems can be addressed using algorithms inspired by a recently-developed queueing technique. We present the Stochastic Delayed Bandits (SDB) algorithm as a solution to these four problems, which takes black-box bandit algorithms (including heuristic approaches) as input while achieving good theoretical guarantees. We present empirical results from both synthetic simulations and real-world data drawn from an educational game. Our results show that SDB outperforms state-of-the-art approaches to handling delay, heuristics, prior data, and evaluation.
Theorizing Difference: Voices from the Margins

Theorists of widely different persuasions are making serious efforts to understand difference and to bring the concerns and ideals of others within the reach of intellectual and political visions. Yet this attention to difference continues to be examined almost entirely through precise, rigorous, and sophisticated theoretical language. This is only appropriate if we presume that this language, the language-of-theory, is able to represent—and serve as the master interpreter of—all ideas and ideals, all senses of self and politics. I believe that this presumption is deeply flawed. Theoretical language passes over and distorts the differences it would understand. Theory more attentive to difference needs to gain access to the meanings that circulate within different lives, especially as reflected in literary writing of those who, themselves, speak and write from sites of difference.
Two formation modes of triangular silver nanoplates without light irradiation

It was reported that triangular silver nanoplates were formed in two growth modes without light irradiation. Silver nitrate was reduced twice. Firstly silver nanoparticles in size of less 10 nm appeared, then they connected with each other to line up and formed triangular silver nanoframes with the help of BRIJ35 molecules when the solution was heated at 60℃. If the solution was unceasingly heated, the triangular silver nanoframes would be filled up with small silver particles newly produced, and they transformed into single-crystall triangular silver nanoplates at last. While the initial solution was heated at 80℃, small triangular silver nanoparticles were formed firstly, and they then grew into triangular silver nanoplates directly. The whole growth processes of triangular silver nanoplates were studied with TEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
The regulatory role of Streptomyces coelicolor TamR in central metabolism.

Trans -aconitate methyltransferase regulator (TamR) is a member of the ligand-responsive multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) family of transcription factors. In Streptomyces coelicolor , TamR regulates transcription of tamR (encoding TamR), tam (encoding trans -aconitate methyltransferase) and sacA (encoding aconitase); up-regulation of these genes promotes metabolic flux through the citric acid cycle. DNA binding by TamR is attenuated and transcriptional derepression is achieved on binding of ligands such as citrate and trans -aconitate to TamR. In the present study, we show that three additional genes are regulated by S. coelicolor TamR. Genes encoding malate synthase ( aceB1 ; SCO6243 ), malate dehydrogenase ( mdh ; SCO4827 ) and isocitrate dehydrogenase ( idh ; SCO7000 ) are up-regulated in vivo when citrate and trans -aconitate accumulate, and TamR binds the corresponding gene promoters in vitro , a DNA binding that is attenuated by cognate ligands. Mutations to the TamR binding site attenuate DNA binding in vitro and result in constitutive promoter activity in vivo . The predicted TamR binding sites are highly conserved in the promoters of these genes in Streptomyce s species that encode divergent tam–tamR gene pairs, suggesting evolutionary conservation. Like aconitase and trans -aconitate methyltransferase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate synthase are closely related to the citric acid cycle, either catalysing individual reaction steps or, in the case of malate synthase, participating in the glyoxylate cycle to produce malate that enters the citric acid cycle to replenish the intermediate pool. Taken together, our data suggest that TamR plays an important and conserved role in promoting metabolic flux through the citric acid cycle. Abbreviations: EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay(s); MarR, multiple antibiotic resistance regulator; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription–PCR; TamR, trans-aconitate methyltransferase regulator; TBE, Tris/borate/EDTA
What the homemaker knows about nutrition. III. Relation of knowledge to practice.

Actual performance of the homemaker in feeding her family was found to be considerably better than her the oretical knowledge on the subject. However, the food groups about which knowledge was weakest were also those most poorly used. The adequacy of food used appeared to be related to nutritional knowledge.
Thermodynamic nonideality and the dependence of partition coefficient upon solute concentration in exclusion chromatography. II. An improved theory of equilibrium partitioning of concentrated protein solutions. Application to hemoglobin.

An improved theory for the partitioning of protein between concentrated bulk solution and solution sequestered in a porous medium is presented. The theory is based upon the assumption that the sequestered solution may be formally represented as a sum of three compartments: (1) a compartment which Is inaccessible to protein, but accessible to solvent and small molecule solutes; (2) a surface layer immediately adjacent to the pore boundary, within which protein molecules are constrained to quasi-two-dimensional motion; and (3) the remaining volume accessible to protein, within which the protein molecules behave as if in bulk solution. The dependence of the partition coefficient of hemoglobin upon protein concentration over the range 10-225 g/l, calculated using the theory presented, is found to agree quantitatively with experimental data presented previously (R.J. Siezen, L.W. Nichol and D.J. Winzor, Biophys. Chem. 14 (1981) 221) without invoking self-association of hemoglobin molecules.
Protein and RNA Synthesis

In studying cell proliferation we often forget that in ordinary circumstances a cell, to divide, must not only replicate DNA, but must also double its size. We have been so taken by the simplicity of measuring the incorporation of Tdr-{3H}- into nuclei of cells that we have forgotten that cell DNA replication and cell division can sometimes be dissociated. Yet when cells go from one mitosis to the next one, they must double their size. This is almost intuitive since, if dividing cells were not to double their size from G1 to M, they would become progressively smaller and eventually vanish. In fact, cellular size progressively increases from G1 to M and with size there is also a doubling of proteins and nucleic acids which are good indicators of the size of the cells. Proteins and nucleic acids constitute about 50% of the dry weight of a cell and among the nucleic acids ribosomal RNA constitute about 85% of the total RNA and roughly 70% of the total nucleic acids. The ribosomal RNA genes are, therefore, a reasonable target for growth signals. By increasing ribosomal RNA synthesis the cell provides most of its nucleic acids, as well as the framework where proteins are synthesized. It is, therefore, not surprising that when cells are stimulated to proliferate an increase in ribosomal RNA synthesis is almost invariably noticed.