cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic MR imaging for in vivo differentiation of steatosis, iron deposition and combined storage disorder: single-ratio in/opposed phase analysis vs. dual-ratio Dixon discrimination.

Abstract Objective To assess whether in vivo dual-ratio Dixon discrimination can improve detection of diffuse liver disease, specifically steatosis, iron deposition and combined disease over traditional single-ratio in/opposed phase analysis. Methods Seventy-one patients with biopsy-proven (17.7 ± 17.0 days) hepatic steatosis (n = 16), iron deposition (n = 11), combined deposition (n = 3) and neither disease (n = 41) underwent MR examinations. Dual-echo in/opposed-phase MR with Dixon water/fat reconstructions were acquired. Analysis consisted of: (a) single-ratio hepatic region-of-interest (ROI)-based assessment of in/opposed ratios; (b) dual-ratio hepatic ROI assessment of in/opposed and fat/water ratios; (c) computer-aided dual-ratio assessment evaluating all hepatic voxels. Disease-specific thresholds were determined; statistical analyses assessed disease-dependent voxel ratios, based on single-ratio (a) and dual-ratio (b and c) techniques. Results Single-ratio discrimination succeeded in identifying iron deposition (I/OIron threshold 1.15) from normal parenchyma, sensitivity 70.0%; it failed to detect combined disease. Dual-ratio discrimination succeeded in identifying abnormal hepatic parenchyma (F/WNormal threshold > 0.05), sensitivity 96.7%; logarithmic functions for iron deposition (I/OIron discriminator e(F/WFat−0.01)/0.48) differentiated combined from isolated diseases, sensitivity 100.0%; computer-aided dual-ratio analysis was comparably sensitive but less specific, 90.2% vs. 97.6%. Conclusion MR two-point-Dixon imaging using dual-ratio post-processing based on in/opposed and fat/water ratios improved in vivo detection of hepatic steatosis, iron deposition, and combined storage disease beyond traditional in/opposed analysis.
Comparative study of PF3 chemisorbed on Ru(001), Cu/Ru(001), and Pt(111)

Abstract Chemisorbed PF 3 on Ru(001), multilayer Cu/Ru(001), and Pt(111) has been studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). PF 3 adsorbs on all three surfaces with C 3v symmetry, and in all cases molecular desorption is dominant. At low coverage, the P-F stretching frequencies on both Ru(001) and Cu/Ru(001) are about 30 cm −1 lower than the gas phase value, whereas on Pt(111) it is about 10 cm −1 higher. These frequencies all increase with coverage. The P-F bending frequencies are, in all three cases, higher than the gas phase values. Molecular PF 3 desorption temperatures for PF 3 on Ru(001) and Pt(111) are about equal (510 K.) and are 290 K higher than that of PF 3 on Cu/Ru(001), which peaks at 220 K. On Ru(001) and Cu/Ru(001), these results are attributed to strong backdonation of π electrons from the metal substrate to the antibonding orbital of PF 3 ; on Pt(111), the interpretation involves weak π backdonation and strong σ donation of lone pair electrons from P to the metal. The increase in the P-F stretching frequency as the PF 3 coverage increases is attributed to strong dipole-dipole interactions between the adsorbed PF 3 molecules.
March: Red Cross Month

The Red Cross has been actively serving humanity since the 1860s through its various programs, both in the United States and throughout the world. The International Red Cross has chapters worldwide that operate under the provisions of neutrality originally established by the Geneva Treaty of 1864. Its charge, and that of the American Red Cross, is to furnish volunteer aid to the sick and wounded of armies during times of war and to serve as a channel of communication between civilians and military personnel in times of both war and peace. Another charge is to bring relief to those suffering as a result of natural disasters such as floods, fires, and earthquakes.
Theory of Recombination Processes

Recombination is the removal of charged particles by the association of positive and negative charges.1 Such processes can take place in liquids and solids or on surfaces, but we confine ourselves to the gas phase. If x+, y- are charged bodies (small letters stand for atoms, molecules, electrons, or photons), $${{\rm{x}}^ + } + {{\rm{y}}^ - } \to {\rm{c}}$$ (1) is impossible, since by time-reversal c is unstable. However, $${{\rm{x}}^ + } + {{\rm{y}}^ - } \to {\rm{a}} + {\rm{b}}$$ (2) or $${{\rm{x}}^ + } + {{\rm{y}}^ - } + {\rm{z}} \to {\rm{x}} + {\rm{y}} + {\rm{z}}$$ (3) are possible. The rate of disappearance of x+ or y- is described by the rate equations $${{{\rm{dn}}\left( {{{\rm{x}}^ + }} \right)} \over {{\rm{dt}}}} = {{{\rm{dn}}\left( {{{\rm{y}}^ - }} \right)} \over {{\rm{dt}}}} = - {\rm{\alpha n}}\left( {{{\rm{x}}^ + }} \right){\rm{n}}\left( {{{\rm{y}}^ - }} \right)$$ (4) where n (cm-3) is a number density, and α (cm3 sec ) is the recombination rate coefficient. In microscopic terms $${\rm{\alpha }}\left( {\rm{T}} \right) = {\rm{ }}$$ (5) where σ is the recombination cross section, v the x+y relative velocity, and the brackets imply a Maxwellian average at temperature T.
PSR 1957 + 20 - Polarization and the nature of the eclipsing medium

Polarization data for PSR 1957 + 20, collected at 321, 430, and 606 MHz are presented. The integrated profile of the pulsar showed that the main pulse is narrower than that of any known pulsar, with the slight broadening at 321 MHz, which is ascribed to scattering in the interstellar medium. In addition, circular polarization observations of three eclipses at 430 MHz were made in an attempt to investigate the time delay noted previously by Fruchter (1988, 1989). In plots of magnetic induction vs orbital phase, average parallel magnetic fields of about -2.7 and 0.7 gauss were found before and after the eclipse, respectively.
Regurgitant fraction measured by using the proximal isovelocity surface area method in dogs with chronic myxomatous mitral valve disease.

Previous studies have demonstrated that regurgitant fraction can be measured by using the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method. For this study, we utilized this Doppler echocardiographic method to estimate the magnitude of mitral regurgitation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Seventeen older, small dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation and no to mild myocardial failure were studied. A blinded observer judged the clinical severity of mitral regurgitation to be mild, moderate, or severe by using echocardiographic assessment of left heart size. The regurgitant fraction was calculated by using the PISA method and spectral Doppler echocardiography. The regurgitant fraction was compared to the clinical assessment of severity for each dog and to calculations of left atrial size. Five dogs had clinically mild mitral regurgitation. Four of these dogs had a regurgitant fraction between 22 and 41%, whereas 1 had a regurgitant fraction of 73%. The 3 dogs with clinical evidence of moderate mitral regurgitation had a regurgitant fraction of 46-65%. All 9 dogs with clinically severe mitral regurgitation had a regurgitant fraction greater than 75% (78-88%). The regurgitant fraction was statistically different between each group (P 75%), whereas dogs with clinically mild to moderate disease had lesser degrees of regurgitation. Good correlation was found between regurgitant fraction and left atrial size. We conclude that the major determinant of left atrial size and disease severity in dogs with mitrial regurgitation is the degree of mitral regurgitation.
A portable analyzer for pouch-actuated, immunoassay cassettes

A portable, small footprint, light, general purpose analyzer (processor) to control the flow in immunoassay cassettes and to facilitate the detection of test results is described. The durable analyzer accepts disposable cassettes that contain pouches and reaction chambers for various unit operations such as hydration of dry reagents, stirring, and incubation. The analyzer includes individually controlled, linear actuators to compress the pouches in the cassette, which facilitates the pumping and mixing of sample and reagents, and to close diaphragm-based valves for flow control. The same types of actuators are used to compress pouches and actuate valves. The analyzer also houses a compact OEM scanner/reader to excite fluorescence and detect emission from labels. The analyzer is hydraulically isolated from the cassette, reducing the possibility of cross-contamination. The analyzer facilitates programmable, automated execution of a sequence of operations such as pumping and valving in a timely fashion, reducing the level of expertise required from the operator and the possibility for errors. The analyzer's design is modular and expandable to accommodate cassettes of various complexities and additional functionalities. In this paper, the utility of the analyzer has been demonstrated with the execution of a simple, consecutive, lateral flow assay of a model biological system and the test results were detected with up converting phosphor labels that are excited at infrared frequencies and emit in the visible spectrum.
Qualitative Characterization of Corticoids Produced by Mesenteric Adrenal Autografts in the Rat

Corticoids produced by 30-day regenerated rat adrenal mesenteric autografts were isolated by paper chromatography and quantified in duplicate determinations by blue tetrazolium and ultraviolet analysis of eluates. Analyses were performed on systemic plasma, and on glands and incubation fluid following in vitro incubation in the absence or presence of ACTH. Aldosterone, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone occurred consistently in glands and incubation fluid of both intact glands and transplants. Of these, only aldosterone secretion appeared quantitatively subnormal in transplants irrespective of ACTH. Three additional unidentified steroids were isolated from incubation fluid of transplants and intact glands. Two were tentatively identified as 18-hydroxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, while the third possessed characteristics of a δ4-3- ketosteroid. Corticosterone was the major plasma corticoid in rats with transplants. Aside from aldosterone, our results indicate that fully regenerated...
Chemical structure of Wyodak coal

Abstract The chemical structure of a sub-bituminous coal from the Wyodak seam, Wyoming, has been investigated using the technique of per TFA oxidative degradation. The relative amounts of products differ markedly from those from a typical bituminous coal (Illinois No. 6 seam, Monterey mine).
A Mechanism for the Formation of Plasmoids and Kink Waves in the Heliospheric Current Sheet

Satellite observations of the heliospheric current sheet indicate that the plasma flow velocity is low at the center of the current sheet and high on the two sides of current sheet. In this paper, we investigate the growth rates and eigenmodes of the sausage, kink, and tearing instabilities in the heliospheric current sheet with the observed sheared flow. These instabilities may lead to the formation of the plasmoids and kink waves in the solar wind. The results show that both the sausage and kink modes can be excited in the heliospheric current sheet with a growth time about 0.05-5 day. Therefore, these modes can grow during the transit of the solar wind from the Sun to the Earth. The sausage mode grows faster than the kink mode for beta at infinity 1.5. Here beta at infinity is the ratio between the plasma and magnetic pressures away from the current layer. If a finite resistivity is considered, the streaming sausage mode evolves into the streaming tearing mode with the formation of magnetic islands. We suggest that some of the magnetic clouds and plasmoids observedmore » in the solar wind may be associated with the streaming sausage instability. Furthermore, it is found that a large-scale kink wave may develop in the region with a radial distance greater than 0.5-1.5 AU.« less
There's always a villain to punish: group processes contributing to violence and its remediation

AbstractThis paper considers the widespread use of violent metaphors, such as “combat” and “war,” to represent the current social, psychological, and political problems within the United States. I apply Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) thesis that metaphor shapes thought, policy, and behavior. I examine how use of such metaphors inclines the national consciousness toward violence and punishment for it. In addition, I discuss shame and humiliation as psychological precursors of violence, particularly as these play out in the exclusion and extrusion via group scapegoating of individuals and whole groups from active participation in an esteemed or powerful other group. Included within the concept of “violence” are those harmful social policies that invalidate the experiences of disempowered people within the United States. I consider the role of group processes in resolving the injuries wrought by violence, particularly as these operate within such restorative justice projects as the Glencree Ex-Combatants Progra...
Measurement of the 6d 2DJ hyperfine structure of cesium using resonant two-photon sub-Doppler spectroscopy

We report the hyperfine coupling constants for the $6d\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{J}$ states of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ using two-color absorption spectroscopy with sub-Doppler resolution. Two single-mode diode lasers resonantly excite cesium in a low-pressure vapor cell. The frequency scale is directly referenced to the ground hyperfine interval of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ using a radio-frequency modulation technique. The $6d\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{5∕2}$ coupling constants are measured as $A=\ensuremath{-}4.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ and $B=0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, agreeing with the literature. The $6d\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{3∕2}$ coupling constants are measured as $A=16.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ and $B=\ensuremath{-}0.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, which significantly improve the precision of previous measurements.
Relaxation of optically pumped Na on impact with LiF

Abstract A high resolution dye laser is used to prepare a beam of atomic Na in distributions of hyperfine states that are far from thermal equilibrium. Relaxation of the population distributions on scattering from a LiF surface is found to be strongly dependent upon surface temperature in the range 350–600 K.
Numerical simulation of the flow in wire-wrapped pin bundles: effect of pin-wire contact modeling.

Abstract The rapid advancement of numerical techniques and the availability of increasingly powerful supercomputers recently enabled scientists to use large eddy simulation (LES) to simulate numerically the flow in a full subassembly composed of wire-wrapped pins. Because of the extreme computational cost of such simulations, it was not possible to conduct a sensitivity case on the pin-wire interface modeling. Since such calculations are likely to be extended to conjugate heat transfer, however, a sensitivity study is necessary to assess the reliability of the numerical results. It is well known, for example, that conjugate heat-transfer results are often strongly influenced by near-wall modeling. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of pin-wire contact modeling from the point of view of both the hydraulics and the heat transfer characteristics. In particular, the focus is on the prediction of the hot spot in conjugate heat-transfer calculations. The primary test case is the simplified geometry recently proposed by Ranjan et al., which consists of a simple channel flow with a wire embedded in one of the walls. After reproducing the results using the LES code Nek5000, we examined several other choices for the wire-pin interface modeling, including the introduction of a nominal gap between the wire and wall. The results shed light on the sensitivity of CFD calculations results to the modeling of the interface region between wires and pins.
Characterization of indoor air pollution

Abstract This is a review paper addressing the current state-of-the-art. Concerns that motivate studies of the indoor environment are reviewed in the introduction. The source and typical diurnal variations of the concentration of several air contaminants are discussed in the section on characterization. A dynamic model is described in the section on indoor air quality modeling. Indoor air pollution control techniques are addressed in the last section.
Dependence relation in pregeometries

The aim of this paper is to set a foundation to separate geometric model theory from model theory. Our goal is to explore the possibility to extend results from geometric model theory to non first order logic (e.g. $L_{\omega_1,\omega}$ ). We introduce a dependence relation between subsets of a pregeometry and show that it satisfies all the formal properties that forking satisfies in simple first order theories. This happens when one is trying to lift forking to nonelementary classes, in contexts where there exist pregeometries but not necessarily a well-behaved dependence relation (see for example [HySh]). We use these to reproduce S. Buechler's characterization of local modularity in general. These results are used by Lessmann to prove an abstract group configuration theorem in [Le2].
Recruitment of Dynein to late endosomes and Lysosomes through light intermediate chains

Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, but how it is regulated and how it recognizes an extremely wide range of cargo are incompletely understood. The dynein light intermediate chains, LIC1 and LIC2 (DYNC1LI1 and DYNC1LI2, respectively), have been implicated in cargo binding, but their full range of functions is unknown. Using LIC isoform-specific antibodies, we report the first characterization of their subcellular distribution and identify a specific association with elements of the late endocytic pathway, but not other vesicular compartments. LIC1 and LIC2 RNA interference (RNAi) each specifically disrupts the distribution of lysosomes and late endosomes. Stimulation of dynein-mediated late-endosomal transport by the Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP) is reversed by LIC1 RNAi, which displaces dynein, but not dynactin, from these structures. Conversely, expression of ΔN-RILP or the dynactin subunit dynamitin each fails to displace dynein, but not dynactin. Thus, using a variety of complementary approaches, our results indicate a novel specific role for the LICs in dynein recruitment to components of the late endocytic pathway.
The rates of exchange of water molecules from Al(III)-methylmalonate complexes: The effect of chelate ring size

Abstract Rate coefficients are reported for exchange of hydration waters in the inner-coordination-sphere of Al(III)-methylmalonate complexes with bulk solution as determined via 17O-NMR. Surprisingly, water molecules in the thermodynamically less-stable complexes containing six-membered chelates are much more labile than those in five-membered oxalate-Al(III) complexes. The rate parameters for the Al(mMal)+ complex are: k ex 298 =6.6·10 2 s −1 ,ΔH ‡ =66(±1) kJ mol −1 ;ΔS ‡ =30.6(±2) J mol −1 K −1 and for the Al(mMal)2− complex are k ex 298 =6.9·10 3 s −1 ,ΔH ‡ =55(±3) kJ mol −1 ;ΔS ‡ =12.8(±11) J mol −1 K −1 The surprising trend in reactivity is attributable either to differences in the Lewis basicities of oxygens in bidentate oxalate and methylmalonate ligands, or to rapid dissociation/reassociation of one of the acetate groups to the metal center. These results identify a useful case where trends in the apparent labilities of dissolved and presumed surface complexes deviate sharply. This deviation could be usefully exploited to probe surfaces if ligand-promoted dissolution rates could be compared at conditions where inner-sphere and outer-sphere chelate complexes could be distinguished spectroscopically. We expect inner-sphere oxalate to have a smaller labilizing effect than malonate or methylmalonate. A contrary result would indicate structural dissimilarity between complexes on the surface and in solution, or perhaps steric hindrance.
Hydrolysis of aminoacetonitrile: Peptide formation

Neutrale oder alkalische Hydrolyse von Aminoacetonitril gibt mindestens 6α-Aminosauren neben Glycin, welches das einzige Produkt bei saurer Hydrolyse ist. Die anderenα-Aminosauren entstehen durch die Hydrolyse der peptidahnlichen Polymere, welche durch die Polymerisierung des aus dem Aminoacetonitril gebildeten Cyanwasserstoffes mit basischen Katalysatoren gebildet werden. Im Zusammenhang mit der chemischen Evolutionstheorie weisen diese Resultate darauf hin, dassα-Aminonitrile nur eine kleine oder gar keine direkte Rolle in der Aufeinanderfolge der Reaktionen gespielt haben, welche zur vorbiologischen Synthese von Polypeptiden und Proteinen fuhrten.
Improving patient cooperation with arthritis treatment regimens

This review of the literature on patient cooperation with arthritis treatment recommendations is categorized into 2 sections--involuntary and voluntary lack of cooperation. Extrapolating primarily from investigations of patients with other chronic diseases, 5 strategies for reducing involuntary patient noncooperation and 4 recommendations for improving voluntary patient cooperation are discussed. Although much remains to be learned about factors that influence patient cooperation with arthritis treatment recommendations, the application of existing knowledge can improve current levels. Determined efforts by health professionals are necessary if the excessive waste resulting from patient noncooperation is to be reduced. Shortcomings of past research and fruitful avenues for future empirical work in this important area are discussed.
Modeling and global optimization of DNA separation

We develop a non-convex non-linear programming problem that determines the minimum run time to resolve different lengths of DNA using a gel-free micelle end-labeled free solution electrophoresis separation method. Our optimization framework allows for efficient determination of the utility of different DNA separation platforms and enables the identification of the optimal operating conditions for these DNA separation devices. The non-linear programming problem requires a model for signal spacing and signal width, which is known for many DNA separation methods. As a case study, we show how our approach is used to determine the optimal run conditions for micelle end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis and examine the trade-offs between a single capillary system and a parallel capillary system. Parallel capillaries are shown to only be beneficial for DNA lengths above 230 bases using a polydisperse micelle end-label otherwise single capillaries produce faster separations.
Expression of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Midgestation Mouse Yolk Sac and Mouse Visceral Yolk Sac Carcinoma Cells

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) is a crucial enzyme for the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous mediators of biological functions (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and hepoxillins). Yet little is known about its potential role during development. It is a single copy gene expressed from at least seven promoters. Using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry we demonstrate that gamma GT first appears in the midgestational yolk sacs of mouse embryos. Established cell lines with phenotypic features of yolk sac endoderm (JC-44) or embryonic stem cells were also assayed for the expression of gamma GT. Significant levels were detected in JC-44 cells and higher levels were found in JC-44-derived embryoid bodies. Because this cell line appears to be a good in vitro counterpart of yolk sac differentiation, we characterized the gamma GT mRNA types expressed in JC-44 cells. By ribonuclease protection analysis, gamma GT RNA types IV and VI represent about 80% of the total gamma GT RNA in JC-44 embryoid bodies. Reverse transcription-mediated polymerase chain reaction detected low amounts of gamma GT RNA types I, III, and V. Expression of gamma GT in yolk sac follows a pattern seen in many tissues in which one or two gamma GT RNA types dominate the expression profile; however, the reason for this tissue specificity is unknown.
A dermatitis-eosinophilia syndrome. Treatment with methylprednisolone pulse therapy.

• A 47-year-old man had a generalized, eczematous erythroderma and eosinophilia one week after a wasp sting. These changes persisted for four months despite intensive topical therapy and oral corticosteroids. He was then given corticosteroid pulse therapy with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (2 g, intravenously). One week later, a second pulse treatment was administered. This therapy was followed by permanent resolution of the dermatitis within two weeks. (Arch Dermatol1984;120:1595-1597)
Outcomes by Race and Etiology of Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Previous studies have shown that blacks have worse long-term outcomes than whites who have systolic heart failure. The reasons for these racial differences remain unclear. We investigated the effect of race and etiology of heart failure on outcomes of patients who had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. We studied records of 1,977 patients (27% black) who underwent cardiac catheterization who had New York Heart Association class II to IV symptoms and a LV ejection fraction
An exploration of Latino smokers and the use of pharmaceutical aids.

Background Latino smokers are less likely than white non-Latino smokers to use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or bupropion when trying to quit smoking. The current study explored sociocultural and psychosocial factors related to nonuse of smoking-cessation medications among Latino smokers. Methods Structured discussions were held with six separate focus groups of current smokers ( n =49) who self-identified as Latino, had attempted to quit in the past 12 months, and were aged 35 to 64 years. Participants were recruited from Latino-serving health clinics, community events, and community organizations. Session recordings were transcribed, and content analysis was used to organize themes into categories. Results Six thematic categories emerged across most or all discussion groups: (1) smoking is a weakness rather than an illness, (2) pharmaceuticals are generally avoided, (3) NRT is mistrusted, (4) bupropion is widely rejected, (5) views are mixed regarding ethnic dimensions of smoking and quitting, and (6) misconceptions are common regarding smoking and cessation. Conclusions Cognitive reframing strategies should be developed and tested for Latino smokers who decline pharmacologic smoking-cessation assistance for reasons other than well-informed autonomous choice.
The Effects of Wellness Education on the Body Image of College Students

The effects of a wellness education presentation on body image were investigated. Fifty-seven college men and women completed two questionnaires on body image; one before and one after undergoing skinfold measurement. The participants were divided into two groups: (a) receiving a wellness education program after being assessed, and (b) not receiving a wellness education program after being assessed. The data were analyzed with a multifactor randomized ANOVA. The body-image scores of noneducation group decreased significantly, with no difference between the sexes. The body-image scores of the education group did not decrease significantly for either gender. This study indicated that wellness education incorporated into body composition testing could minimize the negative effects of body composition knowledge on body image.
Application of Magnetic Susceptibility for Wetlands Delineation

Wetlands are natural resources that are protected under federal regulations; therefore, the delineation of wetlands is necessary to ensure their protection. Standard methods used for delineating wetlands can be time consuming, or a wetland could be problematic, i.e., lacking hydrophytic vegetation or hydric soil indicators, or periodically lacking hydrologic indicators. A magnetic susceptibility study could be an additional technique used to aid in the delineation process. A study using magnetic susceptibility was undertaken in central Mississippi to identify the transitional zone or boundary between non-hydric (uplands) and hydric (wetlands) soils. The soils were silt loam with a minor percentage of sand. A survey line that traversed the transitional zone between wetland and upland on each end of the transect was revisited four times during a single year and once two years later. One survey was conducted a few weeks after the winter inundation (moderately wet soil conditions), one was conducted several m...
Nuclear terrorism: health and environmental hazards and threats from ionizing and nuclear radiation

After the atrocities of September 11, 2001, Jordan, which has an established reputation for moderation and stability and has itself been a target for terrorism, immediately condemned the attacks against innocent people and confirmed its support for the international coalition against terrorism. His Majesty King Abdullah II has been vocal in denouncing terrorism on the international scene and moved swiftly to join the fight against this phenomenon. King Abdullah II was the first Arab and Muslim leader to foresee that the world’s realities had changed after September 11. He launched a campaign to highlight the true face of Islam in the wake of the terrorist attacks and was adamant in conveying the genuine religious principles of Islam, pointing out that this monotheistic religion of peace, tolerance, and equality had been “hijacked” by the perpetrators of the September 11th events. In its international humanitarian efforts of peacekeeping around the world, Jordan was the first and only Arab and Islamic country to deploy a medical mission to Mazzar Al Sharif in Afghanistan. Over a period of 6 months, the Jordanian Armed Forces Medical Services team, composed of 400 army personnel of physicians, nurses, and medical technicians, treated almost 48,000 patients. A state-of-the-art field hospital containing 70 beds, equipped with two operating rooms, and having intensive-care units was established. It also contains sections for men, women, pediatrics, maternity, and various specialties, including dermatology, with a capacity of 10 surgeries and 500 outpatient visits daily. At the same time the hospital runs a training program for doctors, nursing staff, and technicians. This mission is indicative of Jordan’s commitment to help and assist all people who suffered from and were victims to the scourge of terrorism. Jordan has been and will cotinue to be a moderating and trusted force in the search for global peace.
Dual Models for Non-Hadrons

Abstract The possibility of describing particles other than hadrons (leptons, photons, gauge bosons, gravitons, etc.) by a dual model is explored. The Virasoro-Shapiro model is studied first, interpreting the massless spin-two state of the model as a graviton. We prove that in the limit of zero slope (with gvs2α′ held fixed) one obtains the Einstein theory of gravitation accompanied by a massless scalar field. Next, the Veneziano model is studied for small slope as an expansion in powers of α′. It is known from previous work that the zeroth order term is precisely the Yang-Mills theory of a multiplet of massless vector bosons. We show that there are order α′ terms arising both from the dual tree and loop graphs. The former constitutes a relatively unimportant modification of the Yang-Mills theory, whereas the latter involves the coupling of the massless scalar and graviton states of the Virasoro-Shapiro model. Thus one may take the point of view that gravity arises as a unitarization effect in a dual unified theory of electromagnetism and weak interactions. In order to obtain the correct values for the electric charge and Newton's constant it is necessary that α′ − 10−34 GeV−2 The coupling of massless scalar states is also studied.
DETERMINATION OF FIBRE-MATRIX INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES IN CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES BY A FIBRE PUSH-OUT TECHNIQUE

A simple concentric cylinder model is developed for the fibre push-out test in order to interpret the experimentally observed indenter load-displacement curves in ceramic-matrix composites. The fibre-matrix interface is assumed to be partially bonded and partially frictionally coupled. It is shown that a slope change in the loading curve corresponds to bonding at the fibre-matrix interface. In contrast an insignificant change in the slope is predicted for composites in which the fibre-matrix interface is frictionally coupled. This model also provides a framework for determining the interfacial debond energy and the interfacial shear strength in ceramic composites using the fibre push-out tests. The predictions of this model are compared with the push-out test results performed on zircon-SiC composites uniaxially reinforced with either uncoated or BN-coated SiC monofilaments, which suggested that the fibre-matrix interfaces in both of these composites are frictionally coupled.
Divalent metal cation chelators enhance chromatographic separation of structurally similar macromolecules: separation of human growth hormone isoforms

Human GH isoforms were separated by anion-exchange chromatography using a linear NaCl gradient in the presence and absence of EDTA and EGTA. SDS-PAGE showed that glycosylated 24-kDa hGH did not appreciably separate from other hGH variants in the absence of metal chelators. However, in the presence of metal chelators, glycosylated 24-kDa hGH separated from the bulk of the hGH isoforms. Human GH isoforms were also separated by size-exclusion chromatography in the presence and absence of metal chelators. Glycosylated 24-kDa hGH eluted with the bulk of the hGH isoforms in both separations. The inclusion of metal chelators in chromatographic buffers to alter the charge and/or size of proteins by stripping their metals may be a generally useful strategy in their fractionation.
The effect of cognitive functioning on treatment attendance and adherence in comorbid bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence.

Abstract Although bipolar disorder and substance dependence are both associated with treatment non-adherence and cognitive impairment, no studies have investigated relationships between treatment adherence and cognitive functioning in this population. As part of a clinical trial, baseline performance on two neuropsychological tests in 120 outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence was used to examine whether cognitive functioning was associated with appointment attendance, medication adherence, and return of medication bottles. This study found that higher baseline cognitive functioning measured by the Stroop Color–Word condition predicted better treatment adherence. However, this study also reports measurement sensitivity of cognition as it relates to treatment adherence when applied to this dual diagnosis population. Poorer performance in simple visual attention tasks as assessed by the Stroop Word condition was inversely associated with some measures of adherence. Future studies are warranted that include a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and advanced medication adherence measures to confirm these findings.
T cell recognition of weak ligands: roles of signaling, receptor number, and affinity

T cell recognition of antigen is a crucial aspect of the adaptive immune response. One of the most common means of pathogen immune evasion is mutation of T cell epitopes. T cell recognition of such ligands can result in a variety of outcomes including activation, apoptosis and anergy. The ability of a given T cell to respond to a specific peptide–MHC ligand is regulated by a number of factors, including the affinity, on- and off-rates and half-life of the TCR–peptide–MHC interaction. Interaction of T cells with low-potency ligands results in unique signaling patterns and requires engagement with a larger number of T cell receptors than agonist ligands. This review will address these aspects of T cell interaction with weak ligands and the ways in which these ligands have been utilized therapeutically.
On the curvature effect of thin membranes

We investigate the curvature effect of a thin, curved elastic interface that separates two subdomains and exerts a pressure due to a curvature effect. This pressure, which we refer to as interface pressure, is similar to the surface tension in fluid mechanics. It is important in some applications, such as the canopy of parachutes, biological membranes of cells, balloons, airbags, etc., as it partially balances a pressure jump between the two sides of an interface. In this paper, we show that the interface pressure is equal to the trace of the matrix product of the curvature tensor and the Cauchy stress tensor in the tangent plane. We derive the theory for interfaces in both 2-D and 3-D, and present numerical discretizations for computing the quality over triangulated surfaces.
ACCELERATION-DEPENDENT LAGRANGIANS AND EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Abstract Acceleration terms in a lagrangian are sometimes eliminated by substituting into the lagrangian the equations of motion which were obtained from the lagrangian. We show that, in general this is an incorrect procedure. In addition, we present a new correct procedure, which we call the method of the double zero .
Secondary ion mass spectroscopy studies of glass thin films prepared with sol/gel techniques

Abstract Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to analyze thin multicomponent glass films. The films were deposited by a sol/gel process onto bare glass and silver-coated glass substrates. SIMS spectra and SIMS depth profiles were recorded for the microporous gel films as well as films densified by heat treatment. The SIMS spectra showed a dependence of the relative secondary ion yields of elemental and molecular species upon the densification heat treatment. It is suggested that this dependence reflected the effect of heat treatment upon polymerization of the film structure. This suggestion was further supported by the decrease in sputter rate which accompanied the densification heat treatments. Although the depth profiles changed significantly with heat-treatment, presumably due to interdiffusion between the film and substrate as well as oxidation of the Ag-films, the observations were difficult to interpret. It was found that quantitative analysis of microporous glass films with SIMS is a difficult task, particularly when the redistribution of atomic species between the film and a reactive substrate is of interest. This is due to simultaneous changes in the sputtering rate, film composition and ionization probabilities with heat treatment, all of which influence the measured secondary ion signals.
UV Longitudinal cell design with enhanced sensitivity for capillary electrophoresis

A UV-absorbance cell assembly for use in capillary zone electrophoresis, or in micellar electrokinetic chromatography, employing a perpendicular variable path length U-shaped cell of nl volume instead of conventional on-column detection is described. The length of the optical path can be chosen arbitrarily, regardless of capillary diameter. The extracolumn variance has been overcome through the elimination of connectors between the capillary and the detection system. The technique is demonstrated by means of micellar electrokinetic chromatography for phenols, in which path lengths of up to 4 mm can be tolerated without serious loss of separation efficiency. An efficiency of approximately 130,000 plates m−1 for a mixture of phenols using a cell of 50 μm in diameter and an optical path of 4 mm was obtained. This leads to a considerable increase in absorbance signal as compared with the usual on-column UV-absorption cell. Construction details are provided.
Field deployable TDLAS for long path atmospheric transmission

A tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) device with narrow band (~300 kHz) diode laser fiber coupled to a pair of 12.5" Ritchey-Chretien telescopes was used to study atmospheric propagation. The ruggedized system has been field deployed and tested for propagation distances of greater than 1 km. By scanning the diode laser across many free spectral ranges, many rotational absorption features are observed. Absolute laser frequency is monitored with a High Fineese wavemeter to an accuracy of 2 MHz. Phase sensitive detection is employed with absorbance of < 1% observable under field conditions. More than 50 rotational lines in the molecular oxygen A-band X-b (0,0) transition near 760 nm were observed. Temperatures were determined from the Boltzmann rotational distribution to within 1.3% (less than ±2 K). Oxygen concentration was obtained from the integrated spectral area of the absorption features to within 1.6% (less than ± 0.04 x 1018 molecules / cm3). Pressure was determined independently from the pressure broadened Voigt lineshapes to within 10%. A Fourier Transform Interferometer (FTIR) was also used to observe the absorption spectra at 1 cm-1 resolution. The TDLAS approach achieves a minimum observable absorbance of 0.2%, whereas the FTIR instrument is almost 20 times less sensitive. Applications include atmospheric characterization for high energy laser propagation and validation of monocular passive raging. The cesium Diode Pumped Alkali Laser (DPAL) operates near 894 nm, in the vicinity of atmospheric water vapor absorption lines. Water vapor concentrations are accurately retrieved from the observed spectra using the HITRAN database.
Old variables, new value: a refined IPI for DLBCL.

In this issue of Blood, Zhou and colleagues present a refined prognostic index for patients with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), addressing the need for a tool that can better separate risk groups in the rituximab era.1
The role of moisture in flavor changes of model peanut confections during storage

Abstract The effects of antioxidant, sugar, moisture, and storage time on oxidative stability were determined by peroxide value (PV), instrumental volatile, and descriptive sensory analysis. Peanut pastes with 2 g H2O/100 g and 5 g H2O/100 g added moisture had lower ‘roasted peanutty’ intensity and lower pyrazine concentrations than those samples without added moisture. Samples with 2 g H2O/100 g and 5 g H2O/100 g added moisture had lower PV as well as lower hexanal and heptanal concentrations. Significant positive correlations were observed between pyrazine concentrations and ‘roasted peanutty’ flavor.
Development of virtual assembly application with haptics, assembly modification and statistical output measures

The concept of virtual assembly offers endless possibilities to a designer in a manufacturing setting. Various assembly measures such as clearance, assembly planning, force and alternate designs can be examined without the need to waste resources through manufacturing. This paper investigates the possibility of using force feedback through haptics in a virtual environment as a way of understanding the intricacy of simple assembly. This allows a designer to further understand what will, and will not, work during the design phase. The study of certain characteristics, including lubrication, is also examined to see what impact it has on the ease of assembly. A user, or designer, can then get an actual feel to see what characteristics change the likelihood for a proper fit. In addition, the creation of a virtual part run is also examined to fully understand what constitutes a defect. Statistical output is provided so a user can analyze a run of parts for quality control and be able to pinpoint possible causes for error in a process. Virtual parts can then be assembled from the run to see how each differs from the others and to emphasize the undesirability of a defect for assembly purposes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Electrical bias stress related degradation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Effects of electrical bias stress applied for an extended period of time to unpassivated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs have been studied by surface potential and drain current transient measurements. The transient magnitudes were much increased after stress, indicating a larger accumulation of surface charge under the same measurement conditions. In correlation with the increase in transient magnitudes, a permanent reduction in microwave output power of the devices, following stress, was observed.
First-principles study of the H-induced reconstruction of W(110).

We studied the hydrogen-induced reconstruction of the W(110) surface using the pseudopotential plane-wave approach. The calculations for a full monolayer of hydrogen coverage showed that the quasithreefold hollow site (distorted bridge) has the lowest energy, and that for this geometry a surface reconstruction, consisting of a small uniform shift of the W top layer in the [1{bar 1}0] direction, is energetically favorable. We also studied the surface states for clean and H-covered W(110) and investigated the effect of the reconstruction on electronic structure. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The Formation of Flakes: The Role of Platform Thickness and Exterior Platform Angle in the Production of Flake Initiations and Terminations

Abstract This paper presents the results of several controlled experiments which examined Cotterell & Kamminga's (1987, American Antiquity 52, 675–708) model of flake initiations and terminations in relation to platform thickness and exterior platform angle. The results contribute to their model by demonstrating that for a given exterior platform angle, as platform thickness was increased, predictable changes occurred in the type of initiation and terminations produced. In addition, low exterior platform angles were found to produce changes similar to those usually attributed to different indentor types. These experimental results suggest that the differences between bending and conchoidal flakes must be re-evaluated.
Application of spin labeling to drug assays. III. [15N, 2H13]2,2,5,5‐tetramethylpyrroline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐carboxylic acid coupled to phenytoin

Phorone and [2H14]phorone were cyclized with 15NH3 or 15N2H3 to [15N]- or [15N, 2H17]-4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine which were then brominated at C-3 and C-5. Ring contraction then gave 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-carboxamide, which with H2O2 gave the corresponding nitroxide. Hydrolysis in base of the doubly labeled nitroxide then gave [15N, 2H]2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-1-oxyl-3-carboxylic acid. The latter, when coupled to phenytoin, afforded a spin-labeled drug of high sensitivity for detection by ESR technique. If the synthesis was started with [2H14]phorone, negligible loss of deuterium was noted in the final product even when protiated reagents were used.
Who is Better Able to Get Protection

The title needs clarification because it suggests a broad theme concerning the relative ability of contending groups to obtain tariffs or quotas or other special devices serving to raise that industry or firm's domestic prices above their levels if trade were free. This note is intended to focus more narrowly on a particular model scenario, that of the specific factors type, in which two firms in different industries argue to the government that their firm (industry) should be the recipient of protection and / or is better able to lobby for such protection.
Boosting wisdom: distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior.

Although humans strive to be wise, they often fail to do so when reasoning over issues that have profound personal implications. Here we examine whether psychological distance enhances wise reasoning, attitudes and behavior under such circumstances. Two experiments demonstrate that cueing people to reason about personally meaningful issues (Study 1: Career prospects for the unemployed during an economic recession; Study 2: Anticipated societal changes associated with one’s chosen candidate losing the 2008 U.S. Presidential election) from a distanced perspective enhances wise reasoning (dialecticism; intellectual humility), attitudes (cooperation-related attitude assimilation), and behavior (willingness to join a bipartisan group).