cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economical extremal hypergraphs for the Erdźs-Selfridgeźtheorem

A positional game is essentially a generalization of tic-tac-toeźplayed on a hypergraph ( V , H ) . A pivotal result in the study of positional games is the Erdźs-Selfridgeźtheorem, which gives a simple criterion for the existence of a Breaker's winning strategy on a finite hypergraph H . It has been shown that the bound in the Erdźs-Selfridgeźtheorem can be tight and that numerous extremal hypergraphs exist that demonstrate the tightness of the bound. We call an extremal hypergraph economical if it is n -uniform and Makerźhas an n -turn winning strategy on that hypergraph. While characterizing all extremal hypergraphs for the Erdźs-Selfridgeźtheorem is still an open problem, we make progress on this problem by giving two distinct characterizations of the economical extremal hypergraphs for the Erdźs-Selfridgeźtheorem: one of a theoretical nature, and one of a more practical nature.
The Improvisation of Musical Dialogue: Between Composition and Performance

Suppose that someone has improvised on the organ. And suppose that he then goes home and scores a work of such a sort that his improvisation, judged by the requirements for correctness specified in the score, is at all points correct. In spite of that, the composer did not compose his work in performing his improvisation. In all likelihood, he did not even compose it while improvising. For in all likelihood he did not, during his improvising, finish selecting that particular set of requirements for correctness of occurrence to be found in the score. S o at what point is a composer finished ? I f a musical work does not (quite) exist while it is being improvised, what further steps are required to bring it into being and to solidify and define its being so that it may be pronounced “done?” Moreover, assuming that Wolterstorff is right in maintaining that composing is the act of selecting the properties that are to form the work, how does such selection take place and when does that decision process come to an end? Furthermore, what exactly is the line that separates composing and performing? Is there a clear line of demarcation, or are what we call “composing” and “performing” better understood as two facets of one activity? And, if performing is to be defined in terms of following the rules of correctness that the composer has set down, what does it mean to follow those rules?
Digital matched filter ASIC

The architecture of a digital matched filter (DMF) and the selected technology used is described. The characteristics of the DMF ASIC are summarized in tabular form. Three architectures are considered for the implementation of a DMF ASIC. First, there is the conventional trapped delay line architecture which requires a large adder tree. The second architecture is the systolic array DMF which consists of a number of identical stages cascaded together. The third architecture is the bank-of-correlators DMF, in which the reference code is recirculated around through the delay line. Since the objective is to maximize the length of the DMF, the tapped delay line architecture is selected. The tapped delay form is designed to support BPSK, QPSK, and OQPSK chip modulation. Matched filter lengths of up to 256 chips can be supported by cascading 4 ASICs. The DMF is designed as a gate array using an advanced double metal, 1.5 mu m CMOS process. The regularity of FIR filter architecture allows the core of the device to be laid out very compactly resulting in efficient usage of the gate array. >
Using Demonstrations Involving Combustion and Acid–Base Chemistry To Show Hydration of Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Magnesium Oxide and Their Relevance for Environmental Climate Science

The nature of acidic and basic (alkaline) oxides can be easily illustrated via a series of three straightforward classroom demonstrations for high school and general chemistry courses. Properties of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and magnesium oxide are revealed inexpensively and safely. Additionally, the very different kinetics of hydration of SO2 (rapid) and CO2 (slow) are evident. The pH changes observed by use of universal indicator provide striking visual evidence that makes the concepts of acidic and basic oxides less abstract and more concrete than verbal or written descriptions alone. By using the MgO solution for the SO2 hydration reaction, one can mimic environmental interactions that lead to the neutralization of alkaline and acidic species. Interestingly, the SO2 and CO2 demonstrations can easily be adapted to environmental chemistry courses and especially the very relevant realm of climate change science. The difference in hydration rates explains why CO2 is a greenhouse gas, but SO2 is not ...
Phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of Maya nut (Brosimum alicastrum): Comparison with commercial nuts

ABSTRACTThe goal of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of Maya nut (Brosimum alicastrum) in comparison with commercially available nuts (i.e. walnut, almond, and peanut). Results indicated that Maya nut had the highest TPCs among these nuts. Maya nut also possessed strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2.2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (p < 0.05) as compared to walnut, almond, and peanut. Five phenolic acids (gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid) and one flavonoid ((-)-epicatechin) were identified and the phenolic content ranged from 6.5 to 326.2 µg/g.
Entrepreneurship and economic freedom: cross-country evidence from formal and informal sectors

AbstractThe paper empirically examines the effect of economic freedom on the average prevalence of formal and informal entrepreneurship. Whereas the formal entrepreneurship and economic freedom nexus has been studied, the influence of economic freedom on informal entrepreneurship is less forthcoming. The results, based on cross-country data and after accounting for possible reverse causality, show that economic freedom promotes formal entrepreneurship and inhibits informal entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the return from economic freedom is greatest in countries with a relatively higher prevalence of formal and informal entrepreneurship.
Mutagenic Replication of N2-Deoxyguanosine Benzo[a]pyrene Adducts by Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase I and Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA Polymerase IV.

Benzo[a]pyrene, a potent human carcinogen, is metabolized in vivo to a diol epoxide that reacts with the N2-position of guanine to produce N2-BP-dG adducts. These adducts are mutagenic causing G to T transversions. These adducts block replicative polymerases but can be bypassed by the Y-family translesion synthesis polymerases. The mechanisms by which mutagenic bypass occurs is not well-known. We have evaluated base pairing structures using atomic substitution of the dNTP with two stereoisomers, 2′-deoxy-N-[(7R,8S,9R,10S)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-7,8,9-trihydroxybenzo[a]pyren-10-yl]guanosine and 2′-deoxy-N-[(7S,8R,9S,10R)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-7,8,9-trihydroxybenzo[a]pyren-10-yl]guanosine. We have examined the kinetics of incorporation of 1-deaza-dATP, 7-deaza-dATP, 2′-deoxyinosine triphosphate, and 7-deaza-dGTP, analogues of dATP and dGTP in which single atoms are changed. Changes in rate will occur if that atom provided a critical interaction in the transition state of the reaction. We examined two polymerases...
Real-time anomaly detection for streaming data using burst code on a neurosynaptic processor

Real-time anomaly detection for streaming data is a desirable feature for mobile devices or unmanned systems. The key challenge is how to deliver required performance under the stringent power constraint. To address the paradox between performance and power consumption, brain-inspired hardware, such as the IBM Neurosynaptic System, has been developed to enable low power implementation of large-scale neural models. Meanwhile, inspired by the operation and the massive parallel structure of human brain, carefully structured inference model has been demonstrated to give superior detection quality than many traditional models while facilitates neuromorphic implementation. Implementing inference based anomaly detection on the neurosynaptic processor is not straightforward due to hardware limitations. This work presents a design flow and component library that flexibly maps learned detection network to the TrueNorth architecture. Instead of traditional rate code, burst code is adopted in the design, which represents numerical value using the phase of a burst of spike trains. This does not only reduce the hardware complexity, but also increases the results accuracy. A Corelet library, NeoInfer-TN, is developed for basic operations in burst code and two-phase pipelines are constructed based on the library components. The design can be configured for different tradeoffs between detection accuracy and throughput/energy. We evaluate the system using intrusion detection data streams. The results show higher detection rate than some conventional approaches and real-time performance, with only 50mW power consumption. Overall, it achieves 108 operations per watt-second.
Evaluation of the Angus ICD9-CM Sepsis Abstraction Criteria

Objective: Validate the infection component of the Angus International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD9-CM) sepsis abstraction criteria Design: Observational cohort study Setting: 55,000 visits/year Adult Emergency Department (ED) Patients: All consecutive ED patient visits between 12/16/2011 and 08/13/2012 were included in the study. Patients were excluded if there was a missing outcome measure. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The primary outcome measure was suspected infection at conclusion of the ED work-up as judged by the physician. There were 34,796 patients who presented to the ED between 12/16/11 and 8/13/12, of which 31,755 (91%) patients were included and analyzed. The original Angus sepsis abstraction criteria had a sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 97%, PPV of 82%, NPV of 88%, accuracy of 87%, and a F1 score of 0.66. The modified Angus sepsis abstraction criteria which includes codes added after the original publication had a sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 96%, PPV of 81%, NPV of 91%, accuracy of 89%, and F1 score of 0.72. Conclusions: In our study, the Angus abstraction criteria have high specificity (97%), but moderate sensitivity (55%) in identifying patients with suspected infection as defined by physician at the time of disposition from the emergency department. Given these findings, it is likely that we are underestimating the true incidence of sepsis in the United States and worldwide.
History and Methodology of Modelling the Circulation of the World Ocean

This paper recounts the historical development of numerical models of the world ocean circulation and describes the methodology of constructing a global ocean model by means of judicious numerical choices. The choices deal with a variety of considerations such as numerical stability and accuracy, computational efficiency, treatment of irregular geometry, and values of physical parameters.
Fiduciary Principles and Delaware Corporation Law: Searching for the Optimal Balance by Understanding that the World is Not

This Chapter, forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law, examines the principles that animate Delaware’s regulation of corporate fiduciaries. Distilled to their core, these principles are to: give fiduciaries the authority to be creative, take chances, and make mistakes so long as their interests are aligned with those who elect them; but, when there is a suspicion that there might be a conflict of interest, use a variety of accountability tools that draw on our traditions of republican democracy and equity to ensure that the stockholder electorate is protected from unfair exploitation. After reviewing the evolution and institutional setting of the pertinent Delaware case law, the Chapter details how these principles have emerged in several high-salience contexts (the business judgment rule, controller freeze-outs, takeovers, and stockholder elections), and demonstrates that the identified principles aim to preserve the benefits of profit-increasing activities in a complex business world where purity is by necessity impossible. Further, the Chapter demonstrates that, even when a stricter approach to fiduciary regulation is warranted because of the potential for abuse, these principles hew to our nation’s republican origins and commitment to freedom in another way: when possible to do so, regulation of fiduciary behavior that might involve a conflict of interest should involve not after-the-fact governmental review, but before-the-fact oversight by the fiduciaries of the corporation who are impartial and, most importantly, by the disinterested stockholders themselves.
Abstract 55: An Integrated Stroke Practice Unit Model Can Impact Blood Pressure Management Post-Stroke

Introduction: Stroke care involves multiple mechanisms and high risk and cost. Even when initial acute events are managed successfully, patient risk remains high for stroke recurrence and readmission for stroke-related causes that negatively impact recovery. Hypertension, the main modifiable risk factor for stroke, accounts for ≤50% of recurrent strokes. Blood pressure (BP) management for stroke post-discharge often combines risk education, lifestyle modification, and medication compliance, but insufficient evidence has complicated provider response. Methods: An Integrated Stroke Practice Unit (ISPU) Model was implemented in New Orleans (2012-2015) that combines integrated technology and real time response to improve care coordination from symptom onset through 12-months post-discharge. Stroke Central included patients hospitalized with suspected stroke symptoms, and Stroke Mobile included patients discharged with a stroke diagnosis residing in St. Tammany or Jefferson Parishes. Stroke Mobile patients were followed at home monthly to assess recovery, manage comorbidities, and provide risk/recovery/recurrence education and caregiver/family support; comprehensive BP management and education were key goals. BP at goal was defined as 140/90 and was measured at each visit (12 total); BP issues were proactively followed and resolved. Results: From February 2013-December 2015, 558 patients were seen at least one time in Stroke Mobile, and 192 patients completed 12 visits. Of those who completed the program, patients whose blood pressure was controlled at each visit ranged from 78.2%-93.2%, which is higher than in previously reported studies. Overall, increased control was seen overtime from visits 1-12; additional analyses will examine this in more detail. Conclusions: A comprehensive ISPU approach, combined with targeted education and caregiver/family focus, can be effective for managing BP post-stroke.
An Evaluation of the Gray Cricket, Acheta domestica, as a Source of Oxyurids for Reptiles

ABSTRACT Lay publications and internet forums have anecdotally suggested that commercially-bred gray crickets, Acheta domestica, are a source of oxyurids for insectivorous reptiles. This study was designed to determine if commercially bred crickets harbor oxyurids. Two-thousand five hundred gray crickets purchased from five different commercial insect breeders were evaluated for the presence of oxyurids. Attempts to isolate oxyurid eggs from the crickets were achieved by passage of homogenized crickets through a series of sieves and interpretation by flotation in a sucrose solution. No pinworm eggs were identified. These findings suggest that commercially bred crickets do not serve as a source of oxyurids for captive reptiles.
Treatment Options for Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Current Recommendations and Unmet Needs.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common, often seen in primary care daily practice, and places a substantial burden on patients, their families, and society.[1][1]–[4][2] Although dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and/or sputum production are typical symptoms of COPD, some
Social Relationship Quality Among Patients With Chronic Pain: A Population-Based Sample.

Objective:Chronic daily pain is experienced by 11.2% of United States adults and psychosocial factors have significant impact on self-reported pain. Most research in this area has focused on pain-r...
Three-dimensional electroconvective vortices in cross flow

This study focuses on the three-dimensional (3D) electrohydrodynamic flow instability between two parallel electrodes driven by unipolar charge injection with and without cross flow. Lattice Boltzmann method with a two-relaxation time model is used to compute flow patterns. In the absence of cross flow, the base-state solution is hydrostatic, and the electric field is one-dimensional. With strong charge injection and high electrical Rayleigh number, the system exhibits electroconvective vortices. Disturbed by perturbation patterns, such as rolling pattern, square pattern, and hexagon pattern, the flow develops corresponding to the most unstable mode. The growth rate and pattern transitions are studied using dynamic mode decomposition of the transient numerical solutions. The interactions between cross flow and electroconvective vortices lead to suppression and disappearance of structures with velocity components in the direction of cross flow, while the other components are not affected. Surprisingly, the transition from a 3D to a 2D flow pattern enhances the convective charge transport, marked by an increase in the electric Nusselt number. Hysteresis in the 3D to 2D transition is characterized by the nondimensional parameter Y, a ratio of the electrical force term to the viscous term in the momentum equation.
Implementation of Deep-Learning-based Edge Computing for Preventing Drowning

With the increasing popularity of computer vision and ocean engineering, maritime visual surveillance has emerged as an important area of study. Despite the development of various detection or surveillance techniques for maritime locations, maritime visual surveillance remains a challenge owing to the complex, unconstrained, and diverse nature of such places. In addition, only a few studies have investigated edge computing in actively preventing people from drowning. Considering several people lose their lives due to drowning, the flourishing technologies of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning have been used for our study. In this paper, an implementation of deep-learning-based edge computing to prevent drowning with the use of NVIDIA Jetson Nano is proposed.
Seismic settlement of a strip foundation resting on a dry sand

Seismic settlement of shallow foundations constructed in seismic active areas should be considered for a reasonable estimation of the total settlement. However, the trend of the seismic settlement of shallow foundation constructed on a sandy soil is not clearly understood and it is estimated by designer using simple analytical methods. These methods do not consider the effect of the soil–structure interaction. This research, therefore, reports the results of 105 robust finite element models developed to investigate the seismic settlement of a shallow foundation constructed on a dry sand. The influence of the load applied on the foundation, relative density of sand, foundation embedment, peak ground acceleration of the earthquake shake, thickness of the sandy soil, and the dominant frequency of the earthquake shake have been examined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the parameters influencing the seismic settlement. The results of the analyses showed that increasing the load applied on the foundation or the peak ground acceleration remarkably increases the seismic settlement, while increasing the embedment depth remarkably reduces the seismic settlement. In addition, the relationship between the thickness of the sandy layer and the seismic settlement is found to be very complex and noticeably influenced by the relative density of the sand. More importantly, it was found that the seismic settlement dramatically increases when the dominant frequency of the earthquake approaches the natural frequency of the system. Thus, all these parameters are important and should be considered by designers for a reasonable estimation of the seismic settlement. The conclusions drawn from this paper will aid the development of a good analytical method in future, and the results reported in this paper also provide useful and novel database to designers and practitioners.
Healthy rabbits and communicating with owners

Rabbits need species-specific care, in order to meet their health, welfare and behavioural needs. Preventative health care is imperative to help keep rabbits healthy. Advice needs to be given to ow...
The Irrelevance of Origins: Dementia, Advance Directives, and the Capacity for Preferences.

We agree with Emily Walsh (2020) that the current preferences of patients with dementia should sometimes supersede those patients’ advance directives. We also agree that consensus clinical ethics g...
Sedation for Rapid Sequence Induction and Intubation of Neurologically Injured Patients

There are subtle physiologic and pharmacologic principles that should be understood for patients with neurologic injuries. These principles are especially true for managing patients with traumatic brain injuries. Prevention of hypotension and hypoxemia are major goals in the management of these patients. This article discusses the physiology, pitfalls, and pharmacology necessary to skillfully care for this subset of patients with trauma. The principles endorsed in this article are applicable both for patients with traumatic brain injury and those with spinal cord injuries.
DUSP11-mediated control of 5′-triphosphate RNA regulates RIG-I sensitivity

Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of pathogen recognition receptors is imperative to understanding infection and inflammation. Here we demonstrate that the RNA triphosphatase dual-specificity phosphatase 11 (DUSP11) acts on both host and virus-derived 5'-triphosphate RNAs rendering them less active in inducing a RIG-I-mediated immune response. Reducing DUSP11 levels alters host triphosphate RNA packaged in extracellular vesicles and induces enhanced RIG-I activation in cells exposed to extracellular vesicles. Virus infection of cells lacking DUSP11 results in a higher proportion of triphosphorylated viral transcripts and attenuated virus replication, which is rescued by reducing RIG-I expression. Consistent with the activity of DUSP11 in the cellular RIG-I response, mice lacking DUSP11 display lower viral loads, greater sensitivity to triphosphorylated RNA, and a signature of enhanced interferon activity in select tissues. Our results reveal the importance of controlling 5'-triphosphate RNA levels to prevent aberrant RIG-I signaling and demonstrate DUSP11 as a key effector of this mechanism.
THE γ -RAY BACKGROUND CONSTRAINS THE ORIGINS OF THE RADIO AND X-RAY BACKGROUNDS

Cosmic ray protons generate γ-rays, neutrinos, and secondary electrons and positrons (e ±) through pion-producing collisions with gas atoms. Any synchrotron or inverse Compton (IC) radiation from secondary e ± is therefore accompanied by pionic γ-rays. Using the extragalactic γ-ray background, we constrain the contribution of secondary e ± to the cosmic radio, X-ray, and soft γ-ray backgrounds. These bounds depend on the unknown hadronic contribution to the γ-ray background and the backgrounds' source redshifts. With our assumptions, we find that IC-upscattered light from secondaries is 1/4 of the MeV-GeV γ-ray background and 10% of the 0.5 keV-1 MeV background (for sources at a redshift z 10). The low intensity of the observed γ-ray background is marginally inconsistent with a secondary e ± origin for the radio background reported by ARCADE at ~3 GHz, unless the magnetic field strength in their sources is milligauss or greater. These limits on the magnetic field strength are sensitive to uncertainties. However, any contribution to the γ-ray background from sources not responsible for the ARCADE excess increases the inconsistency.
Chinese International Student Sexual Harassment on U.S. College Campuses

The #MeToo movement has brought the issue of sexual harassment to U.S. college campuses. Most scholarly work in this area focuses on White American women with little information on international student experiences. Because sexual harassment is considered hush-hush (shi) and taboo, many Chinese international students may not question harassment behaviors they experience. For many Chinese women attending a U.S. university, their first public discussion may occur during student orientation. Thus, students come to college campuses with varying levels of awareness of sexual harassment. Given the growing number of Chinese international students, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of their experiences and perceptions of sexual harassment. The article provides recommendations for university personnel working with international students.
Effects of stomach content on the breath alcohol concentration‐transdermal alcohol concentration relationship

Introduction Wearable devices that obtain transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) could become valuable research tools for monitoring alcohol consumption levels in naturalistic environments if the TAC they produce could be converted into quantitatively-meaningful estimates of breath alcohol concentration (eBrAC). Our team has developed mathematical models to produce eBrAC from TAC, but it is not yet clear how a variety of factors affect the accuracy of the models. Stomach content is one factor that is known to affect breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), but its effect on the BrAC-TAC relationship has not yet been studied. Methods We examine the BrAC-TAC relationship by having two investigators participate in four laboratory drinking sessions with varied stomach content conditions: (i) no meal, (ii) half and (iii) full meal before drinking, and (iv) full meal after drinking. BrAC and TAC were obtained every 10 min over the BrAC curve. Results Eating before drinking lowered BrAC and TAC levels, with greater variability in TAC across person-device pairings, but the BrAC-TAC relationship was not consistently altered by stomach content. The mathematical model calibration parameters, fit indices, and eBrAC curves and summary score outputs did not consistently vary based on stomach content, indicating that our models were able to produce eBrAC from TAC with similar accuracy despite variations in the shape and magnitude of the BrAC curves under different conditions. Discussion and conclusions This study represents the first examination of how stomach content affects our ability to model estimates of BrAC from TAC and indicates it is not a major factor.
Contemporary Catheter-Based Treatment Options for Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) remains an important cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the USA and worldwide. Catheter-based therapies are emerging as a new armamentarium for improving outcomes in these patients. The purpose of this review is to familiarize the clinicians with (1) various types of catheter-based modalities available for patients with acute PE, (2) advantages, disadvantages, and appropriate patient selection for the use of these devices, and (3) evidence base and the relevance of such therapies in the COVID-19 pandemic. There are four main types of catheter-based therapies in acute PE: (1) standard catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), (2) ultrasound-assisted CDT, (3) pharmacomechanical CDT, and (4) mechanical thrombectomy without thrombolysis. Ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis is the most widely studied modality in this group; however, evidence base for other catheter-based technologies is rapidly emerging. Current use of catheter-based therapies is most suitable for patients with intermediate and high-risk acute PE. The adoption of a multidisciplinary approach like the pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) is desirable for appropriate patient selection and possibly/potentially improving patient outcomes. We discuss the current status of these therapies.
Self-paced treadmills do not allow for valid observation of linear and nonlinear gait variability outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Due to the imposed constant belt speed, motorized treadmills are known to affect linear and nonlinear gait variability outcomes. This is particularly true of patients with Parkinson’s Disease where the treadmill can act as an external pacemaker. Self-paced treadmills update the belt speed in response to the subject's walking speed and might, therefore, be a useful tool for measurement of gait variability in this patient population. This study aimed to compare gait variability during walking at self-paced and constant treadmill speeds with overground walking in individuals with PD and individuals with unimpaired gait. Methods Thirteen patients with Parkinson’s Disease and thirteen healthy controls walked under three conditions: overground, on a treadmill at a constant speed, and using three self-paced treadmill modes. Gait variability was assessed with coefficient of variation (CV), sample entropy (SampEn), and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) of stride time and length. Systematic and random error between the conditions was quantified. Results For individuals with PD, error in variability measurement was less during self-paced modes compared with constant treadmill speed for stride time but not for stride length. However, there was substantial error for stride time and length variability for all treadmill conditions. For healthy controls the error in measurement associated with treadmill walking was substantially less. Significance The large systematic and random errors between overground and treadmill walking prohibit meaningful gait variability observations in patients with Parkinson’s Disease using self-paced or constant-speed treadmills.
Investigation of Degradation in Polythiophene-Fullerene Based Solar Cells

iii 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Organic Solar Cells 1 1.2 Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and its properties 3 1.3 Fullerenes and their properties 5 1.4 Literature survey of degradation mechanisms in P3HT in solution 7 1.5 The degradation of P3HT-based devices 9 1.6 Modeling device degradation Accelerated Lifetime Testing 11 1.7 Preventing device degradation 13 2 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 17 2.1 Experimental Setup 17 2.1.1 Standard Cleaning Procedure 18 2.2 Experimental Parameters 19 2.3 Measurement Plan 20 2.3.1 Hole Mobility Measurements using the Space-Charge Limited Current (SCLC) Model 20 2.3.2 Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectrophotometry 22 2.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 22 2.3.4 Photovoltaic Current-Voltage Characteristics 23 3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 24 3.1 Hole mobility measurements using SCLC model 24 3.2 UV-Vis Absorption Spectrophotometry 29 3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 34 3.4 Photovoltaic Current-Voltage Characteristics 35 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39 4.1 General Conclusions 39 4.2 Recommendations for Future Work 40 5 REFERENCES 42
An upper bound on the basis number of the powers of the complete graphs

The basis number of a graph G is defined by Schmeichel to be the least integer h such that G has an h-fold basis for its cycle space. MacLane showed that a graph is planar if and only if its basis number is ≤. Schmeichel proved that the basis number of the complete graph Kn is at most 3>. We generalize the result of Schmeichel by showing that the basis number of the d-th power of Kn is at most 2d+1.
An assessment of the diet and trophic level of Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae

A re-assessment of the diet of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae was conducted to provide an update on their trophic level. Rhizoprionodon terraenovae primarily consume teleosts, but previously unreported loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta were also found in the diet. Analysis suggests that calculated trophic level may depend on diet and geographic area.
Charcoal Consumption by Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkeys: Its Function and Its Ecological and Demographic Consequences

The Zanzibar red colobus monkey is the only primate, aside from humans, known to eat charcoal in the wild. All age classes and both sexes eat charcoal, but only those groups living in perennial gardens or near human dwellings do so. The habit appears to be transmitted from mother to offspring by imitation, but how it developed in the first place is unknown. Sources of charcoal include charred stumps, logs, and branches, as well as that produced in kilns by humans. These charcoals adsorb organic materials, such as phenolics, particularly well and, as a consequence, remove these compounds, which have the potential to be toxic or interfere with digestion or both. The extreme inertness of charcoal makes it an unlikely source of minerals to the colobus. We conclude that, by eating charcoal, monkeys living in gardens with a high density of food species dominated by exotic trees — Indian almond and mango — are able to exploit this abundant food resource that is high in total phenolic content much more effectively than in the absence of charcoal. The young leaves of these exotic tree species are also very high in protein and highly digestible. The benefits of charcoal eating are most likely due to the fact that charcoal adsorbs phenolics better than proteins. This may explain in large part why the birth rates and population densities of the colobus living in the Indian almond and mango habitat adjacent to the Jozani Forest are significantly higher than those in the ground-water forest. The population density of colobus in this small area is the highest ever recorded for a nonhuman anthropoid (≥700/km 2 ). It may not, however, be a stable situation, as there are indications of higher levels of aggression, lower recruitment into the medium-juvenile size class, and overbrowsing.
IT skills in the context of BigCo.

1. ALIwlR4CT This study &he IT skills and needs of BigCo, hc, Corporate IT grcmp assesses both the present IT skill levels and the perception of skill mxds now and three years in the fnture. In the pursuit cbf data to reflect on this qwstbn9 this paper reports on a case study of the IT skills and needs at one site. This work reties on a catep-ization drawn from both academic am3 professional literature regarding skiii needs for IT professionals. In doing this work we draw on sm-veys, interviews, focus grcmps amI archival docments to build a rich and detailed perspective on skiil needs for the IET professiona& at BigCo’s Corporate IT groupFindings sbow that there is an implicit set of conceptual IT skiils that are expected of IT professiom&. The non-IT skill needs are presently very important and are expected to grow to be even more important. I%x3.liy, there are important department-level, experience, and genrEer variations in these responses that suggest that IT’ roles are growing both more numerous and more speciaiized. 1.1
Pharmacological activation of locomotor patterns in larval and adult frog spinal cords

Abstract The effects of amino acids, catecholamines, and their agonists shown to elicit locomotor activity in several vertebrate species were examined in spinal animals and isolated nervous systems of developing tadpoles (Rana catesbiana) and adult frogs (R. catesbiana and pipiens). Elicited activity was correlated in spinal animals by video and electromyographic analysis, and in vitro spinal cords by recording of tail and hindlimb motor activity. Of the agents tested, only N-methyl- dl -aspartate (NMA), an amino acid agonist, was effective in eliciting motor activity in spinal animals. In isolated nervous systems, both NMA and d -glutamate added to the bath activated locomotor activity. NMA injected i.p. into tadpoles with high spinal cord transections elicited coordinated swimming motor activity in axial and hindlimb muscles that was roughly typical for the stage of development of the animal. In late stage tadpoles (st. XX), NMA also elicited wiping and alternating or synchronous (i.e. kicking or jumping) hindlimb movements. Addition of NMA or glutamate to a bath containing an in vitro tadpole spinal cord preparation elicited ventral root motor activity characteristic of swimming, but without a rostrocaudal phase lag. Rhythmic activity thought to underlie stepping and kicking was seen in lateral ventral rootlets innervating the hindlimbs. In adult frogs with high spinal cord transections, injection of NMA elicited a general sequence of spontaneous hindlimb motor functions: reflex wiping, stepping, and kicking or jumping. Isolated frog spinal cords were not responsive to bath applied NMA, under the present conditions. The activation by amino acids or their aonists of different motor functions in both larval and adult frogs, as well as in higher and lower vertebrates, suggests a general significance of amino acid-activated receptors in the neural networks controlling locomotor function.
Turbulent transition and maintenance of turbulence; implication to heat transfer augmentation

Abstract In this communication we present formulation of a criterion for (turbulent) transition for wall bounded flows. In addition, we discuss the implication of the findings to heat transfer augmentation. The presentation has three parts. First, we argue that transition to turbulence should be interpreted solely in the context of the system's capacity to maintain turbulent motions. Second, we propose a model that links maintenance of turbulence to the intermittent transfer of vorticity from the wall region (the demarcation of transition follows directly from the model: it is simply a limiting case of the conditions for maintenance). Third, we apply the findings to estimate heat transfer in the transition region. Experimental results show a good agreement with the proposed criterion; they show a strong cause-effect coherency between vorticity production and the system capacity to maintain turbulence (a correspondence implied by the proposed model). It was also found that the heat transfer coefficient in the transition region is significantly increased when the transition Reynolds number is lowered through deployment of suitable augmentation schemes.
Dominance of the Southern Ocean in Anthropogenic Carbon and Heat Uptake in CMIP5 Models

The authors assess the uptake, transport, and storage of oceanic anthropogenic carbon and heat over the period1861‐2005inanewset ofcoupledcarbon‐climateEarthsystemmodelsconductedforthefifthphaseof the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), with a particular focus on the Southern Ocean. Simulations show that the Southern Ocean south of 308S, occupying 30% of global surface ocean area, accounts for 43%63% (4265PgC) of anthropogenic CO2and 75%622% (2369 310 22 J) of heat uptake by the ocean over the historical period. Northward transport out of the Southern Ocean is vigorous, reducing the storage to 33 6 6Pg anthropogenic carbon and 12 6 7 3 10 22 J heat in the region. The CMIP5 models, as a class, tend to underestimate the observation-based global anthropogenic carbon storage but simulate trends inglobaloceanheatstorageoverthelast50yearswithinuncertaintiesofobservation-basedestimates.CMIP5 models suggest global and Southern Ocean CO2 uptake have been largely unaffected by recent climate variability and change. Anthropogenic carbon and heat storage show a common broad-scale pattern of change, but ocean heat storage is more structured than ocean carbon storage. The results highlight the significance of the Southern Ocean for the global climate and as the region where models differ the most in representation of anthropogenic CO2 and, in particular, heat uptake.
Role Based Access Control for UDDI Inquiries

Web services are commonly used by organizations for B2B integration and enterprise application integration. UDDI registries are widely used as mechanisms for businesses to list and discover available services. Businesses may want to limit the information of their services to certain users and businesses. However, UDDI provides no mechanisms to limit data inquiries to a particular subset of requesters. This paper presents a role-based access control implementation of UDDI so businesses may safely publish data and limit the organizations who may perform inquiries against their information.
DOES FAILING A PLACEMENT EXAM DISCOURAGE UNDERPREPARED STUDENTS FROM GOING TO COLLEGE

AbstractAbout one third of college students are required to take remedial courses. Assignment to remediation is generally made on the basis of performance on a placement exam. When students are required to take a placement exam prior to enrolling in college-level courses, assignment to remediation may dissuade students from actually going to college. This is because remediation could increase the time required to complete a degree (because remedial courses do not count toward academic degrees), and also because being identified as needing remediation might have stigma effects or provide students with new information about their unsuitability for college. This paper examines this issue empirically using administrative data from Texas. Using regression discontinuity methods, we find that students whose placement exam scores would require them to be in remediation are no less likely to enroll in college than are students who score just above the remediation placement cutoff.
Effect of sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel, dietary vitamin-mineral level, and brooding temperature on growth and intestinal bacterial populations of broiler chickens

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel (STOC) and dietary vitamin-mineral (V/M) level on growth performance and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, Peterson x Arbor Acres male broilers (n = 384) were randomly allocated into four groups that were fed either the control diet or diets containing the antibiotic virginiamycin (11 mg/kg), 3.7% STOC or 7.5% STOC for 4 wk at brooding temperatures of 32 to 29.7 C. Weight gains for broilers in Experiment 1 were greater (P
Development of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Inhibitors and Their Application in Personalized Therapy for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a common disease with more than 1.6 million new cases diagnosed worldwide in 2008. Treatments for patients with advanced disease are rarely curative, and responses to therapy are often followed by relapse, which highlights the large unmet need for novel therapies. Recent advances in cancer treatment have focused on personalized therapy, whereby patients are treated with agents that best target the molecular drivers of their disease. Thus, a better understanding of the pathways that drive cancer or drug resistance is of critical importance. One such example is the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is activated in many lung cancer patients and represents a target for therapy. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation has also been observed in tumors resistant to agents targeting upstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Agents that target this pathway have the potential to shut down survival pathways, and are being explored both in the setting of pathway-activating mutations and for their ability to restore sensitivity to upstream signaling targeted agents. Here, we examine the frequency of mutations activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, review the novel agents being explored to target this pathway, and explore the potential role of the inhibition of this pathway in the clinical development of these agents.
Abundance of the Multiheme c-Type Cytochrome OmcB Increases in Outer Biofilm Layers of Electrode-Grown Geobacter sulfurreducens

When Geobacter sulfurreducens utilizes an electrode as its electron acceptor, cells embed themselves in a conductive biofilm tens of microns thick. While environmental conditions such as pH or redox potential have been shown to change close to the electrode, less is known about the response of G. sulfurreducens to growth in this biofilm environment. To investigate whether respiratory protein abundance varies with distance from the electrode, antibodies against an outer membrane multiheme cytochrome (OmcB) and cytoplasmic acetate kinase (AckA) were used to determine protein localization in slices spanning ∼25 µm-thick G. sulfurreducens biofilms growing on polished electrodes poised at +0.24 V (vs. Standard Hydrogen Electrode). Slices were immunogold labeled post-fixing, imaged via transmission electron microscopy, and digitally reassembled to create continuous images allowing subcellular location and abundance per cell to be quantified across an entire biofilm. OmcB was predominantly localized on cell membranes, and 3.6-fold more OmcB was detected on cells 10–20 µm distant from the electrode surface compared to inner layers (0–10 µm). In contrast, acetate kinase remained constant throughout the biofilm, and was always associated with the cell interior. This method for detecting proteins in intact conductive biofilms supports a model where the utilization of redox proteins changes with depth.
Biologically active antibodies to histamine.

IT has been known for some time that peptides, aminoacids and proteins containing the substituents COOH and NH2 can be linked together by the use of water soluble basic carbodiimides1. Goodfriend et al.2 showed that linking the polypeptides of bradykinin and angiotensin with rabbit serum albumin (RSA) by the use of carbodiimides produced a complex which was highly antigenic. Subsequently Davis et al.3 showed that the antibodies induced by the bradykinin–RSA complex were protective against the biological effects of bradykinin, and Oken et al.4 obtained similar results with angiotensin. So far the use of carbodiimides has been confined to protein and peptide syntheses.
Detection of Periodic Autocorrelation in Time Series Data via Zero‐Crossings

A statistical procedure for detection of periodic autocorrelation in time series data is presented. Intuitively, the probability of a zero-crossing at time t should be inversely related to the correlation between observations at times t and t− 1. Explicit formulas displaying this inverse relationship are given for mean-zero periodically correlated time series with certain distributional structures. A test statistic based on this relationship is developed. This testing method provides a robust approach to detection of periodic autocorrelation. Analysis of simulated and actual data sets illustrates the usefulness of the proposed method.
Correlation between shelf sediments near cape farewell and a numerical simulation of the Westland current

Abstract The sediments on the north‐west shelf of the South Island, New Zealand, were mapped by van der Linden (1979: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 12). He found that the underlying rocks of the Kahurangi Shoals date back at least 65 million years, but the sediments are generally in equilibrium with the present hydrological regime. The sediments are generally sand, although a belt of coarse elastics extends north‐east of the shoals which van der Linden suggested is associated with high currents. We have applied a numerical model to the north‐west shelf to simulate a mean Westland Current driven by shelf scale pressure gradients. No current‐meter data were available for this model and it was calibrated with limited drifter measurements. The isotachs derived from the model are very similar in shape to the contours of sediment mean grain size given by van der Linden (1979). Over the Kahurangi Shoals, the currents are high and grain size is also high. Conversely, a lobe of low grain size over ...
Anesthesia implications of waterpipe use

The waterpipe is an ancient Middle Eastern tobacco delivery system, which is also known as hookah, shisha, or narghile, and it is gaining widespread use. Waterpipes are often perceived as less dangerous than cigarettes. The amount of smoke inhaled in a waterpipe session may equal that produced by more than 100 cigarettes with high nicotine, carbon monoxide, and carcinogen intake. A case of significantly elevated intraoperative carboxyhemoglobin level and decreased oxyhemoglobin saturation in a patient with recent waterpipe use is presented.