cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raptor abundance in south-central Kenya in relation to land-use patterns

Summary We conducted nine road surveys for birds of prey from 12 January to 17 March 1990 in Nairobi National Park and in an adjacent area dominated by subsistence agriculture and livestock grazing in southern Kenya. We observed an average of 4–27 raptors/km inside the park and 040 raptors/km outside the park (P<0–005). Excluding very abundant species [lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni) and vultures; 72-6% of all observations] and species associated with human settlements [black kites (Milvus migrans); 8.9% of all observations], raptors were observed more frequently in the park (0–47 raptors/km) than outside the park (0–23 raptors/km) (P<001). Although species richness was similar inside (18 species) and outside (22 species) the park, eagles, vultures, and lesser kestrels were seen more frequently inside the park and some infrequently observed species were only seen either inside or outside the park. These results reflect the differences in land-use practices inside and outside of the park, and suggest significant changes in raptor community structure (species richness, density, and species identity) related to human land use. Resume Nous avons mene par la route neuf comptages des oiseaux de proie, du 12 Janvier au 17 mars 1990, dans le Parc National de Nairobi et dans une zone adjacente ou l'on pratique une agriculture de subsistance et l'elevage de betail, dans le sud du Kenya. Nous avons observe une moyenne de 4,27 rapaces/km a l'interieur du pare et 0,40 rapaces/km a l'exterieur du pare (P<0,005). En excluant les especes tres abondantes (le faucon crecerellette, Falco naumanni, et les vautours, 72,6% de toutes les observations) et les especes associees aux installations humaines (le milan noir, Milvus migrans, 8,9% de toutes les observations), on a observe les oiseaux de proie plus souvent dans le pare (0,47 rapaces/km) qu'en dehors (0,23 rapaces/km) (P<0,01). Bien que la richesse en especes soit comparable dans (18 especes) et en dehors du pare (22 especes), les aigles, les vautours et les faucons crecerellettes se rencontrent plus souvent dans le pare, et quelques especes rarement observees ne se trouvaient que soit dans, soit hors du pare. Ces resultats refletent les differences entre les pratiques d'utilisation du sol dans et en dehors du pare et suggerent des changements significatifs dans la structure de la communaute des rapaces (richesse en especes, densite et identite des especes) lies a l'utilisation humaine du sol.
Evidence for nucleation in the folding of reduced hen egg lysozyme

Abstract We have examined the early intermediate products of the regeneration of lysozyme by acidifying the regeneration solution containing the partially folded products, alkylating the free sulfhydryls and digesting the proteins sequentially with pepsin and chymotrypsin. Peptide maps were produced. Results indicate that a limited number of different disulfide bonds is formed early in the regeneration. From this we conclude that a limited number of 3-dimensional structures is formed in the early stages of the refolding process, and the process is not a random search.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Impact on tomato spotted wilt intensity in peanut and the implication on yield

Abstract The impact of El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on weather patterns could have cascading effects on several diseases of important crops in the southeastern United States. One such disease is spotted wilt of peanut caused by the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Significant economic losses have been recorded by peanut growers in the southeastern United States since the disease was first reported in 1986. The virus is transmitted by western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca . The objective of this study was to examine the influence of El Nino – Southern Oscillation on spotted wilt intensity and peanut yield. Our analysis was based on field trials conducted between 1994 and 2005 at field locations in Georgia and Florida in the United States. The spotted wilt intensity (%) in two peanut genotypes and the corresponding yield were recorded and evaluated. Each season was categorized by ENSO (El Nino, Neutral or La Nina) based on the NOAA Climate Prediction Center classification scheme. Results showed that the interaction between ENSO and peanut genotypes significantly affected spotted wilt intensity. Spotted wilt intensity was significantly lower during La Nina when compared to El Nino or Neutral years. The results also showed a significant correlation between spotted wilt intensity and peanut yield. Incorporating findings from this study into the existing TWSV risk index could aid peanut producers in making management decisions for reducing spotted wilt.
The week-of-the-month effect in stock returns: The evidence from the S&P Composite Index

Theweekend effect and theyearend effect are some of the seasonal anomalies in financial markets that have been widely discussed in the finance literature. In this paper, using weekly observations of the S&P Composite Index over the period from July 1962 through June 1990, plus several subperiods, the authors identify the presence of a thus far unknown seasonal anomaly in the form of aweek-of-the-month return pattern in the stock market. The results suggest the existence of a statistically different weekly return pattern for different weeks of a month. Specifically, the returns during the first week of a month tend to be significantly positive while the returns during the other weeks of a month are statistically indistinguishable from zero.
The connections of cortical somatosensory areas I and II with separate nuclei in the ventroposterior thalamus in the raccoon.

Abstract The thalamocortical afferents to cortical somatosensory areas I (SI) and II (SII) were investigated in the raccoon using the horseradish peroxidase technique. The purpose of this study was to determine if the cell bodies of origin for thalamocortical afferents to these cortical regions were localized in the same or different nuclei in the ventroposterior region of the thalamus. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into subdivisions of SI or SII and after post-injection survival periods of 12–72 hours the horseradish peroxidase in the tissue was reacted with the chromogens dihydrochlorobenzidine or tetramethylbenzidine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The results show that SI and SII receive projections from neurons in separate and distinct nuclei in the ventroposterior thalamus. Following injections into subdivisions of area I, a topographical distribution of retrogradely-labelled cell bodies was observed in the ventrobasal complex. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into subdivisions of area II, a topographical distribution of labelled cell bodies was observed in the ventroposterior inferior nucleus. No labelled cell bodies were observed in the ventrobasal complex. The thalamocortical connections of somatosensory cortices I and II in raccoon are compared with those in other animals and it is suggested that these two cortical areas may be involved in differential processing of tactile information.
Age-related decline in the activitities of erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase and protein kinase

Abstract Erythrocytes from normal male CD rats were separated into four age groups by centrifugation on discontinuous Stractan (a polyarabinogalactan, 30,000 molecular weight) gradients. Age separation was confirmed by the measurement of resistance to osmotic lysis in each group. As the cell density increased, their resistance to lysis decreased. Reticulocyte counts in the four fractions were 9.2, 3.5, 1.6, and 0.4%, the youngest (lightest) to oldest cells, respectively. Membranes from cells in each age group were prepared by hypotonic lysis and washing out of hemoglobin. Basal level of erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase activity decreased with increasing cell age from 7.05 ± 0.64 pmol cAMP/mg membrane protein/10 min in the youngest to 0.34 ± 0.31 in the oldest cells. Fluoride-stimulated activity (10 m m F − ) also decreased with increasing cell age from 347 ± 39 to 63 ± 3. The ratio of F − -stimulated to basal activity did not change as a function of cell age, indicating that these two activities decreased at a similar rate. Isoproterenol (10 −4 m , Iso)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity decreased from 683 ± 45 to 179 ± 13. In contrast to F − -stimulated/basal activity, the ratio of Iso-stimulated to basal activity decreased as a function of cell age. Thus, hormone sensitivity changes at a different rate than basal and F − -stimulated activity of erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase. This suggests that either the number of Iso receptors on the erythrocyte surface or the coupling of receptors to the enzyme changes with cell age. Protein kinase activity in membranes prepared from age-separated erythrocytes decreased with increasing cell age from 690 ± 25 to 284 ± 44 pmol/mg membrane protein/5 min. Stimulation of this enzyme by exogenous cAMP could not be demonstrated, probably due to a significant level of endogenous cAMP production. In addition to showing a decrease in adenylate cyclase and protein kinase activities with cell age, we have developed a relatively simple method for obtaining a highly hormone sensitive mammalian erythrocyte system.
Continent urinary diversion with a urachal remnant

The Mitrofanoff procedure, first described in 1980, has been widely adopted for pediatric continent urinary diversion to increase patient independence and continence, decrease morbidity and infections, and preserve renal function. Although this principle employs the appendix primarily, numerous other tissue conduits have been described. We report a unique use of a urachal remnant as a continent conduit resulting in less morbidity by maintaining the integrity of the native urinary bladder, while maintaining patient continence and allowing easy and successful catheterization.
Echoic responses of standard English features by culturally deprived black and white children.

Sunnzary.-Children's echoic responses of sentences, each containing a critical feature of the standard English language, were investigated. Ss were 20 black and 20 white, lower socio-economic level, children randomly selected from each of Grades 1, 3, and 5 of two southern public schools with 5-yr. histories of stability and equaliry of racial composition. The performance of white children was significantly superior to that of black children. Grade level was also crirical. Both groups of children improved in their echoic performance with advancing age and/or education. The now well known investigation by Fraser, Bellugi, and Brown (1963) of the developmental order of imitation, comprehension, and production of language was reported a decade ago. Since that time, imitative control of various elements of the standard English language has become of interest to investigators concerned with linguistic differences in populations of black children and/or children developing their mastery of language in conditions of economic deprivation. Osser, Wang, and Zaid (1969) found that middle-class white children were superior to lower-class black children when imitated sentences were scored for the presence or absence of specific syntactic structures. Schutz and Keislar (1972) obtained the same results for the imitation of non-sentential words grouped by word class in a sample of middle-class (not controlled by race, but primarily white) and lower-class (primarily black) children. Jordan and Robinson (1972) used sentences containing correct and incorrect verb forms and found rhat both lower and middle-class children cend to convert the verb form to conform with that generally used in their environments. Nurss and Day ( 1971) controlled for both race and economic level in a study using the Brown, Fraser, and Bellugi test of grammatical contrasts. Middle-class white children were superior to both lower-class black and white children in the echoing of correct responses. Interestingly, lower-class black children were superior to lower-class whites. The ages of the children involved in the foregoing studies ranged from 4 yr. to 6 yr. without any focus on change occurring with maturity and/or education or intelligence independently assessed. Rystrom (1969) reported on the construction of an echoic response test, delineating the steps taken in the preparation of stimulus sentences. This test differed from the materials used in the previously mentioned studies in its focus on one critical feature, a phonemic element, wichin each sentence. Task instrumentation and application were omitted from the report. A limited sample
A C9 related channel forming protein in the cytoplasmic granules of human large granular lymphocytes

Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) from human blood main-tained in culture for 2 to 6 weeks with IL-2 were found positive in the K562 cell killing assay. The cytoplasmic granules of the LGL were isolated, lysed and the soluble proteins were passed over a Sepharose-anti-C9 column. The retained protein was eluted with NaC1 and found to consist by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of essentially one component with a molecular weight of approximately 70 000. The protein did not give a positive precipitation test with anti-human C9 by Ouchterlony analysis, but it reacted reproducibly with anti-human C9 by Western blot analysis. By ELISA the cross reaction with human C9 was less than 1%. The C9 related lymphocyte protein lacked C9 hemolytic activity, but it formed functional pores in liposomes in presence of Ca++ . These results suggest that the cytoplasmic granules of human LGL that are capable of killing NK target cells contain C9 related protein which is involved in the cellular cytotoxicity reaction.
Family functioning and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients with mood disorders.

Abstract Objective This study was designed to identify family and parental characteristics associated with suicidal behavior (active intent, gesture, attempt) among adolescent inpatients with mood disorders. Method Subjects were 32 suicidal adolescent inpatients with mood disorders, 32 nonsuicidal adolescent inpatients with mood disorders, and 38 normal comparison adolescents. A group comparison design was used. Adolescent measures were the Family Assessment Device and two semistructured interviews (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents). Parent measures were the Symptom Checklist-90 and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report. Results Fathers of suicidal adolescents reported more depression and family unit problems than did fathers of nonsuicidal and normal comparison adolescents, even after controlling for adolescents' depression severity. Suicidal adolescents, in turn, reported less active and communicative relationships with fathers. Differences among suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents' perceptions of general family functioning were not significant after controlling for adolescents' depression severity. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of treating the depressed and potentially suicidal adolescent within the family system and attending to the nature and quality of adolescents' relationships with fathers as well as with mothers. Findings also highlight interactions between suicidal adolescents' depression severity and their negative perceptions of family functioning. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 6:1198–1206.
Salinity and sodicity induced changes in dispersible clay and saturated hydraulic conductivity in sulfatic soils

Abstract Irrigation is becoming a more commonly used practice on glacially derived soils of the Northern Great Plains. Threshold salinity and sodicity water quality criteria for soil‐water compatibility in these sulfatic soils are not well defined. This study was conducted to relate soil salinity and sodicity to clay dispersion and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) in four representative soils. Soil salinity (EC treatment levels of 0.1 and 0.4 S m‐1) and sodicity (SAR treatment levels of 3, 9, and 15) levels were established to produce a range of conditions similar to those that might be found under irrigation. The response of each soil to changes in salinity and sodicity was unique. In general, as sodicity increased clay dispersion also increase, but the magnitude of the increase varied among the soils. In two of the soils, clay dispersion across a range of sodicity levels was lower under the 0.4 S m‐1 treatment than under the 0.1 S m‐1 treatment and in the other two soils, clay dispersion across a...
Simple Versus Elaborate Feedback in a Nursing Science Course

Feedback techniques, including computer-assisted feedback, have had mixed results in improving student learning outcomes. This project addresses the effect of type of feedback, simple or elaborate, for both short-term comprehension and long-term outcomes. A sample of 75 graduate nursing students was given a total of ten examinations. Four examinations provided tutorials in which the students received one of two types of feedback, simple or elaborate. Five examinations provided tutorials with no feedback. A comprehensive final examination compared initial content and final scores. This study found no significant differences between the types of feedback the students received. The mean scores were significantly higher on the four examinations where the students received feedback than on the five examinations with no feedback on tutorials. The comparison between the individual examinations and the similar content portion of the final examination indicated a significant drop in each of the four examinations where feedback was given and a significant improvement in four of the five examinations where no feedback was given.
The origin of universal shadow education: what the supplemental education phenomenon tells us about the postmodern institution of education

Prodigious growth in out-of-school, private educational activities meant to supplement formal schooling is observed worldwide. Why has shadow education expanded, and what does it mean for the future of education in postmodern society? Illustrated by the historical development and recent changes in the Japanese shadow education industry, it is suggested that shadow education follows the institutional logic of formal education. And as this logic has become more homogenized and expansive globally, so have the forms and goals of shadow education. Because of its focus on learning and achievement, which are central to formal education, it is predicted that shadow education will be increasingly incorporated into the broader culture of education.
N staging of lung cancer patients with PET/MRI using a three-segment model attenuation correction algorithm: initial experience.

Evaluate the performance of PET/MRI at tissue interfaces with different attenuation values for detecting lymph node (LN) metastases and for accurately measuring maximum standardised uptake values (SUVmax) in lung cancer patients. Eleven patients underwent PET/CT and PET/MRI for staging, restaging or follow-up of suspected or known lung cancer. Four experienced readers determined the N stage of the patients for each imaging method in a randomised blinded way. Concerning metastases, SUVmax of FDG-avid LNs were measured in PET/CT and PET/MRI in all patients. A standard of reference was created with a fifth experienced independent reader in combination with a chart review. Results were analysed to determine interobserver agreement, SUVmax correlation between CT and MRI (three-segment model) attenuation correction and diagnostic performance of the two techniques. Overall interobserver agreement was high (κ = 0.86) for PET/CT and substantial (κ = 0.70) for PET/MRI. SUVmax showed strong positive correlation (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.93, P 0.05). PET/MRI using three-segment model attenuation correction for LN staging in lung cancer shows a strong parallel to PET/CT in terms of SUVmax, interobserver agreement and diagnostic performance. •F18-FDG PET/MRI shows similar performance to F18-FDG PET/CT in lung cancer N staging. •PET/MRI has substantial interobserver agreement in N staging. •A three-segment model attenuation correction is reliable for assessing the mediastinum.
Recruiting and Training the Paraprofessional Cataloger: A Program for College and Undergraduate Library Supervisors.

Abstract The author provides a model training program for library supervisors who face the challenge of recruiting and training paraprofessional catalogers. Included are a sample job description, a list of general competencies based on the training program, and a bibliography of training and self-assessment aids.
Sequence of the VP7 gene of chicken rotavirus Ch2 strain of serotype 7 rotavirus

Abstract The gene that encodes the VP7 protein of the Ch2 strain of group A chicken rotavirus (serotype G7) was sequenced, and its deduced amino acid sequence analyzed. The gene is 1067 by in length and contains a single long open reading frame of 987 nt, capable of encoding a protein of 329 amino acids. Amino acid homology of the chicken rotavirus VP7 to the corresponding protein of rotaviruses representing each of the other twelve G serotypes ranged from 58 to 63%. In addition, the VP7 protein of the Ch2 strain contains a unique amino acid sequence in variable regions VR5 (A), VR7 (B), or VR8 (C), which is consistent with previous studies indicating that these three regions are involved in G serotype specificity. The VP7 protein had amino acid homology of 19 or 33% with that of groups B (ADRV) or C (Cowden) rotavirus strains, respectively. Attempts to produce reassortants in vivo or in vitro between the Ch2 strain and strains belonging to group A or C rotavirus were unsuccessful. The low level of nucleotide identity in the 5′ end noncoding region of the VP7 gene between the Ch2 and the group A or C rotaviruses may account for this failure.
Orthotopic cardiac transplantation for the treatment of progressive heart failure caused by idiopathic giant cell myocarditis

We describe a patient with idiopathic giant cell myocarditis who underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation. On triple immunosuppressive therapy including prednisone, cyclosporine and mycophenolate, the patient has not had recurrence of idiopathic giant cell myocarditis in the transplanted heart in 48 months of follow-up.
Kinetics of Reduction of Hematite with He-H2 Gas Mixtures at Moderate Temperatures

The kinetics of reduction of thin (136μm) flat hematite specimens by He-H2 gas mixtures were investigated at 310 and 377°C in a thermogravimetric apparatus. The values of the rate constant ks for the interfacial reaction were determined from the experimental weight loss data. These were combined with the previous results for reduction with pure hydrogen to obtain the following relation:log/ks=-1.484(±0.106)-3172(±72)•T-1(ks: g•atm O•cm-2•s-1•atm-1)The activation energy was found to be 60745 (±1380), J•mol-1 which is in reasonably good agreement with the published results. The reduction of hematite conformed to a first-order behavior with respect to hydrogen partial pressure. The scanning electron micrographs of reduced specimens showed “star-shaped” pore formations with the pore-sizes significantly larger than those observed in specimens reduced with pure hydrogen.
Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: Purification and characterization of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase with modified regulatory properties from Escherichia coli B mutant CL1136-504

Abstract ADPGlucose pyrophosphorylase from E. coli B mutant strain CL1136-504 has been purified to homogeneity. The native enzyme is a tetramer of 200,000 daltons composed of four identical 50,000 M r subunits. The amino acid composition of the purified protein is presented. The subunit NH 2 -terminal and COOH-terminal are valine and arginine, respectively. Approximately 28% of the primary structure of the protein molecule has been determined by automated Edman degradation sequence analysis. Most importantly, [ 3 H]pyridoxal-5′- P was found to be covalently incorporated specifically (80%) via NaBH 4 reduction in the presence of ADPglucose and Mg 2+ into the allosteric site at lysine residue 38. The physicochemical properties of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase from E. coli B mutant CL1136-504 were compared to those from a strain of E. coli B derepressed with respect to the levels of the normal ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. The CL1136-504 enzyme exhibits greatly altered thermostability and kinetic properties. However, the native and subunit molecular weights, NH 2 -terminal, COOH-terminal, and immunological reactivities are identical for both enzymes. The NH 2 -terminal sequence of the first 49 residues, including those adjacent to the [ 3 H]pyridoxal-5′- P , are identical. In both proteins [ 3 H]pyridoxal-5′- P is covalently attached to a lysine at residue 38.
Episodic acidification and changes in fish diversity in Pennsylvania headwater streams

Abstract Current water chemistry and fish communities in 70 Pennsylvania streams were compared with historical records to determine whether fish species richness had declined and, if so, the possible role of acidification. First-, second-, and third-order streams were selected, and stream sites sampled during the 1961–1971 survey were resampled during May and June 1994 in the Appalachian Plateaus province and during June 1995 in the Valley and Ridge province. Streamflow was measured and a habitat assessment was completed at each site. Dominant bedrock types influencing the stream sampling site were determined for the Appalachian Plateaus streams. Episodic water chemistry was collected for 39 of the 50 Appalachian Plateaus streams and 14 of the 20 Valley and Ridge streams during the winter and spring of 1996. Thirty-eight (76%) streams of the Appalachian Plateaus province and 13 (65%) streams in the Valley and Ridge province had a loss of fish species since the 1961–1971 sampling period. Habitat scores wer...
High performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers and diastereomers of primaquine and its metabolites

Abstract Primaquine, which is marketed as a racemic mixture, was found to be metabolized by microorganisms to a biphenyl dimer, to a methylene linked dimer, and to a sulfur linked dimer. Using a conventional reversed-phase column, the biphenyl dimer could be resolved into three diastereomeric peaks while the methylene linked dimer and the sulfur linked dimer were each resolved into two diasteromeric peaks. Using a chiral Pirkle-1A column, primaquine could be resolved as two peaks, carboxyprimaquine as two peaks, the biphenyl dimer as six peaks, the methylene dimer as three peaks, and the sulfur dimer as three peaks.
Polyribosome metabolism in Escherichia coli treated with chloramphenicol, neomycin, spectinomycin or tetracycline.

Abstract When chloramphenicol, neomycin, spectinomycin or tetracycline is added to growing cells at levels sufficient to block nearly all protein synthesis, polyribosome formation continues: pulse-labeled mRNA still joins to ribosomes at rates comparable to that in untreated cells. The mRNA accumulates in polyribosomes until there is several-fold more than in growing cells. Ribosomes in these polyribosomes seem to be 30 s-50 s ribosome couples, each bearing two or more tRNA molecules. In control studies carried out during and after cell lysis, neither pulse-labeled cellular RNA nor f2 phage RNA joined to ribosomes efficiently in the absence of an added source of energy. Thus, the formation of polyribosomes probably takes place in drug-treated cultures and is not an artifact of lysis. We propose that the antibiotics uncouple polyribosome formation from peptide bond formation. Movement of ribosomes along mRNA could continue to be based on apposition of tRNA molecules to corresponding codons. Each successive aminoacyl-tRNA would transiently reside in the peptidyl-tRNA site of the ribosome.
Experimental Method for Laser-Driven Flyer Plates for 1-D Shocks

One‐dimensional shocks can be generated by impacting flyer plates accelerated to terminal velocities by a confined laser‐ablated plasma. Over the past few years, we have developed this capability with our facility‐size laser, TRIDENT, capable of ⩾500 Joules at multi‐microsecond pulse lengths to accelerate 1‐D flyer plates, 8‐mm diameter by 0.1–2 mm thick. Plates have been accelerated to terminal velocities of 100 to ⩾500 m/s, with full recovery of the flyer and target for post mortem metallography. By properly tailoring the laser temporal and spatial profile, the expanding confined plasma accelerates the plate away from the transparent sapphire substrate, and decouples the laser parameters from shock pressure profile resulting from the plate impact on a target. Since the flyer plate is in free flight on impact with the target, minimal collateral damage occurs to either. The experimental method to launch these plates to terminal velocity, ancillary diagnostics, and representative experimental data is prese...
In vivo testing of a non-invasive prototype device for the continuous monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype with the highest mortality rate. Hematoma expansion and re-bleeding post-ICH are common and exacerbate the initial cerebral insult. There is a need for continuous monitoring of the neurologic status of patients with an ICH injury.
Design of a simulation environment for laboratory management by robot organizations

This paper describes the basic concepts needed for a simulation environment capable of supporting the design of robot organizations for managing chemical, or similar, laboratories on the planned U.S. Space Station. The environment should facilitate a thorough study of the problems to be encountered in assigning the responsibility of managing a nonlife-critical, but mission valuable, process to an organized group of robots. In the first phase of the work, we seek to employ the simulation environment to develop robot cognitive systems and strategies for effective multi-robot management of chemical experiments. Later phases will explore human-robot interaction and development of robot autonomy.
Will we allow soil carbon to feed our needs

Humans need many things, but unacknowledged by many of us are the intricately critical influences that soil with high organic carbon has on our life support system. Soil is as vital to human survival as air, water and the sun; its protection and enrichment with organic carbon are needed for the future sustainability of our planet. Curiously, the growing possibility of trading carbon in a global marketplace may actually help us to better appreciate the enormous value of soil carbon on how our world functions and how we have the influence to preserve and enhance critical ecosystem functions or continue to degrade them with reckless abandonment. With the expected rise in human population and the need for even more food to be produced on already stressed landscapes, widespread adoption of conservation agricultural systems is necessary to build a more resilient global food production system that can also help to mitigate climate change and improve our relationship with nature.
Critique and evaluation of the Cal Poly/DPMA model curriculum for computer information systems

The authors have been intimate observers of a significant movement within computer education. This paper presents a history of this curriculum project and an assessment of its future influence. The forces which mandate the focus of attention in the area of data processing education are identified and the nature of the response evoked from this project is analyzed. The paper reveals the need for a better understanding of curriculum development enterprises, and the necessity to promote greater cooperation both within the academic community and within the computer industry to insure that useful curriculum materials will emerge.
THE 'ANTI-EVIDENCE' APPROACH TO TAMPER DETECTION

Tamper-indicating seals are widely used for the transport, packaging and storage of nuclear material. Most existing seals operate under the same basic principle: once the seal is opened, information that the seal has indeed been unsealed is stored in or on the seal until such time as the seal can be inspected. This stored evidence of tampering, however, is often easy to hide or erase. A better approach, discussed theoretically in this paper, is to store information when the seal is first installed that tampering has not been detected; this anti-evidence is then erased once the seal is opened. Such anti-evidence seals may provide better security. They also have a number of potentially useful attributes, including an intrinsic check on whether the seal was actually inspected for evidence of tampering ('anti-gundecking').
Fluorescence of powdered vegetable drugs with particular reference to development of a system of identification.

An introductory section includes a brief resume of previous observations on the fluorescence of crude drugs and drug products exposed to ultraviolet radiation. A key for identification of powdered vegetable drugs based on their fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation is presented. Possible application of the method and its shortcomings are discussed.
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

This report contains a summary of expression patterns for genes that are enriched in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of the midbrain. All data are derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse project. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus were compared to the values of its larger parent structure, in this case the midbrain, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The highest ranking genes were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression analysis. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. Correlations between gene expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the rest of the brain, across all genes in the coronal dataset (~4300 genes), were derived computationally. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report.
Can Bait and Switch Benefit Consumers

We present a model that leads to an equilibrium with characteristics similar to the following stylized facts observed in retail markets: a Retailers advertise only selected brands; b Often low priced advertised brands are understocked; c In-store promotions are biased towards more expensive substitute brands. Together these practices constitute illegal bait and switch. Is this phenomenon necessarily harmful to consumers and to the economy? We show that bait and switch can benefit consumers because utility is created through in-store promotions and price competition is enhanced. This suggests that the FTC investigate further its ban on bait and switch.
Increasing the efficiency of Prolog Lexical databases with N-gram Boolean cubes

PROLOG has been shown to be an effective tool for expressing the logic of many problems dealing with parsing, natural language processing, and spelling verification [1,7,8,9,12]. As a class, these problems deal with the manipulation of lexical databases as Horn clauses. Since PROLOG does not generally differentiate between program clauses and data clauses, the internal representation and manipulation of data may not be optimal for a particular application. This paper discusses an alternative method of representing and manipulating lexical databases through the use of N-gram analysis, prefiltering, and integration with another high level language.
A logic mutation approach to selective mutation for programs and queries

Context Program mutation testing is a technique for measuring and generating high quality test data. However, traditional mutation operators are not necessarily efficient or effective. We address three specific issues. One, test data that kills all mutants generated by current mutation tools can still miss detection of some common logic faults because such tools lack appropriate logic mutation operators. Two, the number of mutants generated is often unnecessarily large. Three, many equivalent mutants can be generated and these can be difficult to eliminate. Objective This paper explores the idea of addressing these issues by selectively generating only specially engineered subsuming higher order logic mutants. However, such an approach is only useful if a test set that kills all such mutants also kills a high percentage of general mutants. Method An empirical study was conducted using a tool that generates only subsuming higher order logic mutants and tools that generate general mutants. Both Java code and SQL were used as the source under test. Results and conclusions For both the software and queries, tests killing all the subsuming higher order mutants killed a high percentage of general mutants while reducing both the number of mutants and the number of equivalent mutants. The conclusion is that, for the test subjects studied, subsuming higher order logic mutation is an effective approach to selective mutation for programs and queries.
A comparison of Salmonella dublin infection in normal and endotoxin-tolerant mice.

Abstract Development of S. dublin infection in normal and endotoxin-tolerant mice was studied over a 3 week period. Two strains of mice were investigated, BSVS white and CBA brown. In both strains the endotoxin-tolerant animals showed a greater resistance to S. dublin infection as demonstrated by viable bacterial counts in tissues. The CBA strain of mice showed a better response after endotoxin administration.
The use of discounted least squares in technological forecasting

Abstract The use of growth curves in technological forecasting usually employs an equal weighting of all data points in the time series. This paper considers the benefits of weighting recent information more heavily through the utilization of discounted least squares. The method is used to model the growth of the percentage of households with CATV; discounting gives better results for short-term forecasting.
Acute endovascular recanalization therapy in wake-up stroke.

Abstract Background and Purpose Up to 15–25% of patients with ischemic stroke wake up with their deficits. Because of the uncertainty about the time of onset, these patients are generally not offered thrombolytic therapy. Some of these wake-up stroke patients may be eligible for acute endovascular stroke therapy based on hyperacute CT or MR imaging independent of the time window. Report We report two patients with acute ischemic stroke whose symptoms were present upon awakening and who were successfully treated with endovascular interventions. Results The first patient was discharged with complete neurological recovery on second day after endovascular intervention. The second patient went home on fifth day with a mild left facial paresis and left arm drift. Both these patients did not have any neurological deficit on 18-month follow up. Conclusions Some patients who present with stroke on awakening may be candidates for thrombolytic therapy or recanalization techniques irrespective of mode of therapy (intravenous, intravenous + intra-arterial or intra-arterial tPA alone). Further randomized, controlled studies are warranted to safely identify those candidates who would benefit from thrombolysis and endovascular interventions in ischemic wake-up strokes.
An Example of Parasitism among Polychætes

I HAVE observed a case in which the young of one polychsete annelid, Arabella—probably A. iricolor (Montagu), the cosmopolitan species which is common to the Woods Hole area—parasitizes another polychaete, namely, Diopatra cuprea (Bosc). On August 24, I recovered fifty-three complete worms of the genus Arabella, and the parts of approximately ten others from one adult Diopatra. The segment from which the parasites were recovered was approximately one and a half inches in length. The Arabella ranged in size from small worms of approximately thirty segments without eyes or setse to large worms with four eyes (arranged in the transverse row typical for the genus) and with numerous segments (up to approximately 180), some of which contained setae. The largest parasite was approximately 5 cm. in length, as compared with the adult Arabella, which ranged in size from 50 cm. to 60 cm. in length1. The larger parasitic Arabella appeared to lie free in the cœlom, whereas the smaller ones were held in place by the small parietal blood vessels in the body-wall of Diopatra.
A New FFT-Based Digital Frequency Relay for Load Shedding

A power system disturbance, or operating abnormality, can produce a severe generation and load imbalance, resulting in a rapid frequency decline. The possibility of such a disturbance has led to increased interest in the application of automatic under-frequency protection schemes to restore load/generation balance and to prevent equipment damage. In this paper a new method for detecting changes in the power system frequency, by relating it to a leakage coefficient in the FFT, is presented. The algorithm computes the deviation of the power system frequency from the fundamental component and the best estimate of its rate of change. The algorithm then predicts the percentage generation and load imbalance, and finally trips the appropriate amounts of load at the appropriate time delays.
Harmful algal blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea

From 60 to 80 species of phytoplankton have been reported to be harmful; of these, 90% are flagellates, notably dinoflagellates. The effects of turbulence on harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxa, their photoadaptive strategies, growth rate, and nutrient uptake affinity (Ks) are considered. Flagellates, including HAB taxa, collectively have a lower nutrient uptake affinity than diatoms. Four major adaptations are suggested to have been evolved to offset the ecological disadvantages of their low nutrient affinity: nutrient retrieval migrations; mixotrophic tendencies; alle-lelochemically enhanced interspecific competition; and allelopathic, antipredation defense mechanisms. Motility-based behavioral features of flagellates contributing to their blooms include: phototaxis, vertical migration, pattern swimming, and aggregation, which facilitate nutrient retrieval, trace metal detoxification, antipredation, depth-keeping, and turbulence avoidance. Neither a general physiological syndrome nor distinctive physiological profile distinguishes harmful flagellate species from nonharmful taxa. However, HAB flagellates exhibit significant ecophysiological differences when compared to diatoms, including greater biophysical vulnerability to turbulence, greater bloom dependence on water-mass stratification, greater nutritional diversity involving mixotrophic tendencies, greater potential use of allelochemical mechanisms in interspecific competition and antipredation defenses, and unique behaviorial consequences of their motility. Flagellates use a “swim” strategy; diatoms a “sink” strategy.
Managing Creative People: Strategies and Tactics for Innovation

Abstract With rapid changes in technology, and global competition, the success of many organizations has become progressively more dependent on their ability to bring innovative products to market. Ultimately, however, innovation depends on the generation of creative, new ideas. Accordingly, the literature bearing on the nature of creativity is reviewed to identify the conditions that influence innovation. Observations about the nature of creativity are used to draw conclusions about the kind of human resource management strategies that might enhance creativity. It is argued that organizations should consider multiple interventions that take into account the individual, the group, the organization, and the strategic environment when selecting interventions intended to enhance creativity.
Effects of temperature, irradiance, and salinity on photosynthesis, growth rates, total toxicity, and toxin composition for Alexandrium fundyense isolates from the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of temperature, irradiance, and salinity on photosynthesis, growth rate, total toxicity, and toxin composition for two Alexandrium fundyense isolates in the laboratory. The A. fundyense cultures studied were isolated from coastal waters off Monhegan Island (MI) in the GoM and the Bay of Fundy (BoF). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that temperature exerted the greatest impact on chlorophyll-specific maximal photosynthetic rates with negligible effects by light or salinity. Temperature and irradiance exerted the greatest influence on species-specific growth rates, with the MI isolate exhibiting greater maximal growth rates. The BoF isolate was generally more toxic, with temperature inducing the greatest change in cellular toxicity, followed by irradiance and salinity. Variations in toxicity were due to changes in toxin concentration, the relative toxin composition, or both depending on the isolate and experimental condition. The lack of a clear relationship between photosynthesis or growth and toxicity suggests that toxicity is, at least in part, driven directly by environmental conditions. Isolate-specific A. fundyense responses to the environment incorporated into modeling efforts may ultimately enhance predictive and monitoring capabilities for PSP outbreaks.
Kinetics of Calcium Carbonate Neutralization: First-Order Case of the Cube-Root Law

The rate of neutralization of HCl by dispersed calcium carbonate powder has been studied as a function of pH, temperature, and particle size. The results can be explained using the Hixon-Crowell cube-root law under the limiting condition of constant hydrogen-ion concentration. The process is first order throughout the whole of the reaction at pH 2.8, whereas only 50 per cent of the reaction is first order at pH 5.1. The apparent first-order rate constant is directly proportional to hydrogen-ion concentration. The first-order rate constant, k , for a sample of mixed particle sizes can be described by k = Σ k i ƒ i , where k i is the individual rate constant for an isolated particle size, and ƒ i is its fraction by weight of the original sample.
DNA Duplex Stability: The Role of Preorganized Electrostatics

The insertion of a DNA base moiety at the end of a DNA duplex to form a Watson−Crick or wobble pair during DNA annealing or replication is a step of fundamental biological importance. Therefore, we investigated the energetics of a formation of the terminal G·C, G·T, and G·A base pairs in DNA containing a 5′-dangling G adjacent to the base insertion point using differential scanning calorimetry and computer simulations. The energies calculated along classical molecular dynamics trajectories in aqueous solution were analyzed in the framework of linear-response approximation (LRA) to obtain relative free energies for the base insertion and their electrostatic, van der Waals, and preorganization components. Using the generic set of LRA parameters, the calculated free energies disfavored the mispair formation by 2.5 (G·C → G·T) and 1.7 (G·C → G·A) kcal/mol, in reasonable agreement with the experimental free energy differences of 1.8 and 1.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The calculated preorganization components of t...
New tools for governing international watercourses

Abstract The last decade has seen the scholarly and institutional debate turn from whether public involvement in international watercourse management is necessary to how it should be realised. Experiences in various contexts present options for further development. These options include providing public access information on the status of watercourses, factors that could affect the watercourse, and decisionmaking processes; participation in decisions regarding proposed projects (through environmental impact assessment or EIA) and policies; and access to mechanisms for redress of grievances. Emerging tools, such as transboundary EIA and Internet-based tools, offer prospects for improving public involvement in international watercourse management.