cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate Change: A Wicked Problem: Complexity and Uncertainty at the Intersection of Science, Economics, Politics, and Human Behavior

Under one cover, Frank P. Incropera provides a comprehensive, objective and critical assessment of all issues germane to the climate change debate: science, technology options, economic ramifications, cultural and behavioural issues, the influence of special interests and public policy, geopolitics and ethical dimensions. The underlying science is treated in depth, but in an approachable and accessible manner. A strong case is made for the reality of anthropogenic climate change, while confronting the range of issues that remain uncertain and deconstructing opposing views. Incropera assesses the strengths and weaknesses of technology options for mitigating the effects of climate change, analyzes nontechnical factors - economic, cultural and political - and provides an in-depth treatment of ethical implications. This book is intended for those wishing to become fully informed about climate change and is designed to provide the reader with a firm foundation for drawing his or her own conclusions.
Language in psychiatry: a bedevilling dictionary

The language of psychiatry can be ambiguous and idiosyncratic, reflecting the elastic borders of mental illness and psychiatric disorder. This problem is not unique to psychiatry, but as the medical specialty moves closer towards a ‘spectrum view’ of mental illness, psychiatric terminology increasingly risks misappropriation and conflation with lay concepts of normal suffering. Deciding what words mean and how psychiatric disorders are defined requires ongoing consideration of the pragmatic consequences, both intended and unintended. Refining the lexicon of psychiatry with an eye towards precision and the minimisation of stigma requires that terms be revised and updated from time to time, but often suitable word replacements remain elusive.
Food swamps and food deserts in Baltimore City, MD, USA: Associations with dietary behaviours among urban adolescent girls

Objective To determine whether living in a food swamp (≥4 corner stores within 0·40 km (0·25 miles) of home) or a food desert (generally, no supermarket or access to healthy foods) is associated with consumption of snacks/desserts or fruits/vegetables, and if neighbourhood-level socio-economic status (SES) confounds relationships. Design Cross-sectional. Assessments included diet (Youth/Adolescent FFQ, skewed dietary variables normalized) and measured height/weight (BMI-for-age percentiles/Z-scores calculated). A geographic information system geocoded home addresses and mapped food deserts/food swamps. Associations examined using multiple linear regression (MLR) models adjusting for age and BMI-for-age Z-score. Setting Baltimore City, MD, USA. Subjects Early adolescent girls (6th/7th grade, n 634; mean age 12·1 years; 90·7 % African American; 52·4 % overweight/obese), recruited from twenty-two urban, low-income schools. Results Girls' consumption of fruit, vegetables and snacks/desserts: 1·2, 1·7 and 3·4 servings/d, respectively. Girls' food environment: 10·4 % food desert only, 19·1 % food swamp only, 16·1 % both food desert/swamp and 54·4 % neither food desert/swamp. Average median neighbourhood-level household income: $US 35 298. In MLR models, girls living in both food deserts/swamps consumed additional servings of snacks/desserts v. girls living in neither (β=0·13, P=0·029; 3·8 v. 3·2 servings/d). Specifically, girls living in food swamps consumed more snacks/desserts than girls who did not (β=0·16, P=0·003; 3·7 v. 3·1 servings/d), with no confounding effect of neighbourhood-level SES. No associations were identified with food deserts or consumption of fruits/vegetables. Conclusions Early adolescent girls living in food swamps consumed more snacks/desserts than girls not living in food swamps. Dietary interventions should consider the built environment/food access when addressing adolescent dietary behaviours.
90-Day complication rate in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with enhanced recovery protocol: a prospective cohort study

To report 90-day complication rates following radical cystectomy (RC) with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol. All consecutive patients who underwent open RC with ERAS protocol from 2012 to 2014 were included. The protocol includes no bowel preparation or NGT, early feeding, predominantly non-narcotic pain management and μ-opioid antagonists. Non-consenting and lost to follow-up patients were excluded. All patients were closely followed up, and 90-day complication (Clavien–Dindo grading), readmission and emergency room (ER) visits were prospectively recorded. One hundred and sixty-nine cases with a median age of 71 years were included in the study. 90-Day major and minor complication rates were 24.3 and 53.9 %, respectively. The most common complications were infectious and gastrointestinal. The 90-day ER visit rate was 37.9 %, whereas the readmission rate was 29.6 %. The most common cause of hospital readmission and ER visits was infections. Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion with enhanced recovery protocol is a morbid surgery. The most common complication, cause of ER visit and readmission is yet infections. Further studies on methods to decrease these rates are underway.
The Tunisian Records

The Protectorate archives deal with the period before and after 1881 and include a wide range of materials, among which are telegraphic communications between Paris and Tunis and correspondence from the French consular agencies and vice-consulates in the Tunisian countryside. By 1872 there were, officially, nine such posts: Bizerte, Gabes, Jerba, La Goulette, Mehdia, Monastir, Sfax, Sousse, and Kef. However, cartons for the pre-Protectorate period contain correspondence from French agents in other places (e.g., Beja, Djerid) as well.
In vitro organotypic co-culture model for the study of bronchial epithelial clonal outgrowth during multistep lung tumorigenesis.

2359 Chromosome in situ hybridization and molecular genetic analyses of bronchial biopsies of current and former smokers have demonstrated ongoing genetic instability and the presence of clonal and subclonal bronchial cell outgrowths. To better understand the cellular and molecular bases of genetic progression and preferential outgrowth by more advanced clonal epithelial populations, an organotypic co-culture model was established whereby normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) were allowed to compete for the growth surface with either premalignant, Ad12/SV40-immortalized bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS 2B) or tumorigenic 1170I cells (derived from BEAS 2B cells). To distinguish the competing cell populations, stable fluorescent populations of BEAS 2B and 1170I cells were established by transfection with GFP or YFP vectors. NHBE cells were first plated onto Transwell-clear culture filter inserts, allowed to reach confluence, and an air-liquid interface created. The center of the filter was then scraped free of NHBE cells, BEAS 2B or 1170I cells were plated onto the center, and the competing populations were monitored over time for their ability to proliferate and spatially expand. Proliferative patterns in the interacting populations were quantified spatially using BrdU, Ki67, phospho-Histone H3, and DNA staining followed by laser scanning cytometry, computer-assisted fluorescence microscopy/image analysis, and laser scanning confocal microscopy. When wounded and cultured alone, NHBE cells rapidly migrated, proliferated, filled the wound, and resumed a basal proliferation status. When NHBE and 1170I cells were co-cultured, both populations expanded rapidly and proliferated to fill the wound space. At contact, the NHBE population ceased proliferation (labeling indices of 2-5%), and the 1170I cells migrated around the interface boundary and continued to proliferate (labeling indices of 30-50%). Confocal laser microscopy demonstrated that proliferation occurred only at the basal layer in the multiplayer NHBE populations whereas proliferation occurred throughout the multilayers of the BEAS 2B and 1170I cell populations (accompanied by apoptosis). Over 20% of the anaphase cells of the BEAS 2B and 1170I cell populations showed evidence of ongoing genetic instability in the form of lagging chromosomes and chromosome bridges at anaphase whereas such events were rare (0.7%) in the co-cultured NHBE cells. These studies suggest that NHBE, immortalized, and tumorigenic bronchial epithelial cells retain distinct growth patterns in organotypic co-culture that mimic patterns observed in bronchial biopsies of current and former smokers. This model should prove useful for examining the molecular basis for genetic instability and preferential clonal outgrowth in the bronchial epithelium. Supported in part by DAMD17-02-1-0706, CA-68437, and CA70907.
CSR-Kommunikation und soziale Innovationen

Wahrend CSR in den letzten zehn bis funfzehn Jahren einen enormen Bedeutungszuwachs auf Seiten der Unternehmen und in der Forschung erfahren hat, ist die gesellschaftliche Verantwortungsubernahme von Unternehmen in der breiten Offentlichkeit immer noch ein Nischenthema. Die offentliche Kommunikation uber unternehmerische CSR-Aktivitaten ist kaum wahrnehmbar, oft nicht glaubwurdig und wird daher in der Offentlichkeit auch selten positiv aufgenommen. Die Kommunikation ihrer CSR-Aktivitaten war und ist eine der grosten Herausforderungen fur Unternehmen.
Impact of aromatics and monoterpenes on simulated tropospheric ozone and total OH reactivity

Abstract The accurate representation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in models is an important step towards the goal of understanding and predicting many changes in atmospheric constituents relevant to climate change and human health. While isoprene is the most abundant non-methane VOC, many other compounds play a large role in governing pollutant formation and the overall oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. We quantify the impacts of aromatics and monoterpenes, two classes of VOC not included in the standard gas-phase chemistry of the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem, on atmospheric composition. We find that including these compounds increases mean total summer OH reactivity by an average of 11% over the United States, Europe, and Asia. This increased reactivity results in higher simulated levels of O 3 , raising maximum daily 8-h average O 3 in the summer by up to 14 ppb at some NO x -saturated locations.
Benchmarking the operating efficiency of US regional banks

Banks, as private entities with a public purpose, strike a balance by achieving high profitability levels while managing the risks involved. Thus, understanding the factors that drive an efficiently-operating bank is an important issue. This study illustrates the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology to benchmark the operating efficiency of 34 US regional banks during the period 2009 to 2013. The study finds that only three banks out of 34 banks were 100% efficient relative to others throughout the sample period of 2009 to 2013. In addition, we also use the DEA's slack analysis to understand the factors responsible for the poor performance of a bank. Finally, we also investigate the factors contributing to the performance of the banking industry by covering a time period spanning the start of the economic crisis and the consequent passing of new laws to regulate the financial services industry.
Contacting Bodily-Felt Experiencing in Psychotherapy

Experiential Movement Psychotherapy (which integrates improvisational movement, imagery and verbalization in one process) facilitates bodily-felt level experiencing in receptive and action modes. The bodily-felt sense of ourselves provides us with direct feedback concerning our feelings, needs and direction for future action. How meaning may be attained through kinesthetic-movement and through bodily-derived hypnogogic imagery is discussed and demonstrated through clinical examples.
The bleak future of NAND flash memory

In recent years, flash-based SSDs have grown enormously both in capacity and popularity. In high-performance enterprise storage applications, accelerating adoption of SSDs is predicated on the ability of manufacturers to deliver performance that far exceeds disks while closing the gap in cost per gigabyte. However, while flash density continues to improve, other metrics such as a reliability, endurance, and performance are all declining. As a result, building larger-capacity flash-based SSDs that are reliable enough to be useful in enterprise settings and high-performance enough to justify their cost will become challenging.In this work, we present our empirical data collected from 45 flash chips from 6 manufacturers and examine the performance trends for these raw flash devices as flash scales down in feature size. We use this analysis to predict the performance and cost characteristics of future SSDs. We show that future gains in density will come at significant drops in performance and reliability. As a result, SSD manufacturers and users will face a tough choice in trading off between cost, performance, capacity and reliability.
The Legacy of Michelle Obama Will Live on

Duster recounts the disappointment that followed the 2016 election and how African Americans reminded themselves of what they had already overcome in order to preserve a sense of hope for how they would survive the future. The idea that Michelle Obama had overcome many obstacles and criticisms on her journey and during her tenure as First Lady served as an example and model for how to strive for excellence and stay true to oneself. Her legacy will not be erased or forgotten.
Novel learning framework (knockoff technique) to evaluate metric ranking algorithms to describe human response to injury.

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study is to present a novel framework, termed the knockoff technique, to evaluate different metric ranking algorithms to better describe human response to i...
Response to Intervention in High School Mathematics: One School's Implementation.

Response to Intervention (RtI) is a multitiered system of support, designed to improve student learning outcomes and early identification of struggling students. Much attention has been paid to RtI...
Non-cardiac Ultrasound Signs in Shock

This chapter reviews non-cardiac ultrasonography findings that are relevant to the management of shock in both trauma and non-trauma patients. These include assessment for occult hemorrhage and source of sepsis.
Explorations into the Use of Word Embedding in Math Search and Math Semantics

Word embedding, which represents individual words with semantically rich numerical vectors, has made it possible to successfully apply deep learning to NLP tasks such as semantic role modeling, question answering, and machine translation. As math text consists of natural text as well as math expressions that similarly exhibit linear correlation and contextual characteristics, word embedding can be applied to math documents as well. On the other hand, math terms also show characteristics (e.g., abstractions) that are different from textual words. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to explore the use and effectiveness of word embedding in math language processing and MKM.
Psychometrics and Validity of the Survey of Memory-Related Quality of Life in HIV Disease.

OBJECTIVE Retrospective and prospective memory deficits are associated with lower quality of life (QoL); however, there are no validated measures that comprehensively and directly assess the impact of memory problems on QoL. The Survey of Memory-Related Quality of Life (SMRQoL) was developed as a 30-item questionnaire to measure memory-related QoL. METHOD Both HIV+ (n = 195) and HIV- (n = 146) participants completed the SMRQoL, a neurocognitive research battery, and validated self-report questionnaires of memory, QoL, and mood. Participants were recruited into younger (age ≤ 40 years) and older (age ≥ 50 years) groups per the parent study design. RESULTS The SMRQoL had a unidimensional factor structure and demonstrated measurement invariance across the HIV+ and HIV- participants. Analyses of 111 clinically stable participants (e.g., persons with no incident or remitting central nervous system disorders) who returned for a 14-month follow-up visit indicated that the SMRQoL had adequate test-retest stability. There was a significant interaction of age and HIV status on the SMRQoL, such that older HIV+ participants reported the lowest memory-related QoL. SMRQoL scores were associated with validated measures of mental and physical QoL, self-reported memory and cognitive symptoms, and performance-based memory and executive functions. CONCLUSIONS The SMRQoL shows evidence of reliability and validity as a measure of memory-related QoL that can be used to assess the impact of memory problems on everyday life, but future work is needed to demonstrate the measure's incremental value in the context of diagnosis and treatment.
Dense garnet-type electrolyte with coarse grains for improved air stability and ionic conductivity

Abstract Garnet-type electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and chemical stability against lithium metal show promise as solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. However, a high concentration of pores and grain boundaries in air-processed polycrystalline electrolytes makes them prone to dendrite formation and reaction with atmospheric moisture, leading to electrochemical and mechanical instability. In this work, we illustrate that abnormal grain growth, an often-avoided phenomenon in conventional ceramic processing, can be employed as a unique approach to obtain extraordinarily large oligo crystals for minimal grain boundaries. Here we report a straightforward approach to develop a robust Ga-doped garnet, Li6.25Ga0.25La3Zr2O12 (LGLZO) electrolyte with conventional solid-state sintering in air. By preparing nanopowders without agglomeration through ball milling and freeze drying, we can control the microstructure of air-sintered electrolytes for desirable properties of a high density (98% of theoretical density) and an average grain size of 460 µm. The robust air-processed LGLZO electrolytes demonstrate high ionic conductivity, stability in air, and mechanical robustness relative to other garnet electrolytes offering promise as cost- and performance-competitive solid-state electrolytes for safe lithium-ion batteries.
Compliant Policy and Multiple Meanings: Conflicting Holocaust Discourses in Estonia

This chapter uses a sociocultural approach to analyse the formation and implementation of policy around Estonia’s Holocaust Day, a day of both commemoration for victims of the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity, and education about the Holocaust. It investigates both the multi-level development of the policy in light of external pressure (from foreign advocates and transnational groups including NATO and the Council of Europe) and the ways in which policy as normative discourse was constructed and its meanings negotiated between international sources, the national government, and educators. It draws attention to the multifaceted nature of discourse in a post-authoritarian context where power disparities further complicate an already complex transnational policy environment.
A role for representations in inflexible behavior

Representationalists have routinely expressed skepticism about the idea that inflexible responses to stimuli (e.g. reflexive responses like the pupillary light reflex) are to be explained in representational terms. Representations are supposed to be more than just causal mediators in the chain of events stretching from stimulus to response, and it is difficult to see how the sensory states driving reflexes are doing more than playing the role of causal intermediaries. One popular strategy for distinguishing representations from mere causal mediators is to require that representations are decoupled from specific stimulus conditions. I believe this requirement on representation is mistaken and at odds with explanatory practices in sensory ecology. Even when sensory states have the job of coordinating a specific output with a specific input, we can still find them doing the work of representations, carrying information needed for organisms to respond successfully to environmental conditions. We can uncover information at work by intervening specifically on the information conveyed by sensory states, leaving their causal role undisturbed.
The Great Recession, Its Immediate Cause and Government Intervention: The Purportedly Free Market Designed by the “Invisible” or “Hidden Hand” of the Economic Elite, Conformity to the Market Therefore as Conformity to Their Interests, and the Survival of the “Fittest” Being the Survival of Those Who Can Have the Market Best Fit Them

Quantitative Easing and Troubled Asset Relief, which were government responses to the Great Recession, are revealed as species of corporate welfare which abandon free market capitalism for an inverted socialism, which takes from the less well-off to give to the economic elite and their financial institutions. Moreover the “free” market is economically shaped and politically sanctioned to fit the interests of this elite. Consequently, so far from fostering the optimal deployment of resources, the “survival of the fittest” is the survival of those who can have the market regulations most closely fit their interests. While the injunction that the political, social, cultural, and individual conform to the dictates of the market is therefore the injunction that they serve the interests of the economic elite.
Associations between governor political affiliation and COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States.

Abstract Introduction As the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has become increasingly politicized in the United States (US), political party affiliation of state leaders may contribute to policies affecting the spread of the disease. We examined differences in COVID-19 infection and death rates stratified by governor party affiliation across the 50 US states and the District of Columbia (DC). Methods We conducted a longitudinal analysis examining daily COVID-19 incidence and death rates from March 1 through September 30, 2020, for each US state and DC. We fit a Bayesian negative binomial model to estimate adjusted daily risk ratios (RRs) and posterior intervals (PIs) comparing infection and death rates by gubernatorial (mayoral for DC) party affiliation. We adjusted for several state-level variables, including population density, age, race, poverty, and health. Results From March to early June 2020, Republican-led states had, on average, lower COVID-19 incidence rates compared to Democratic-led states. However, on June 8, the association reversed, and Republican-led states had higher per capita COVID-19 incidence rates (RR=1.15, 95% PI: 1.02, 1.25). This trend persisted until September 30 (RR=1.26, 95% PI: 0.96, 1.51). For death rates, Republican-led states had lower average rates early in the pandemic, but higher rates from July 13 (RR=1.22, 95% PI: 1.03,1.37) through September 30 (RR=1.74, 95% PI: 1.20, 2.24). Conclusion Gubernatorial party affiliation may drive policy decisions that impact COVID-19 infections and deaths across the US. As attitudes toward the pandemic become increasingly polarized, policy decisions should be guided by public health considerations rather than political ideology.
Managing Organizations to Sustain Passion for Public Service

Almost three decades ago, James Perry created the first survey instrument to measure public service motivation. Since then, social and behavioural scientists have intensively studied the motivating power of public service. This research relating to public service motivation, altruism and prosocial motivation and behaviour has overturned widespread assumptions grounded in market-orientated perspectives and produced a critical mass of new knowledge for transforming the motivation of public employees, civil service policies and management practices. This is the first study to look systematically across the different streams of research. Furthermore, it is the first study to synthesize the research across the applied questions that public organizations and their leaders confront, including: how to recruit ethical and committed staff; how to design meaningful public work; how to create work environments that support prosocial behaviour; how to compensate employees to sustain their public service; how to socialise employees for public service missions; and how to lead employees to engage in causes greater than themselves.
Association of Chronic Acid Suppression and Social Determinants of Health with COVID-19 Infection

Acid suppressants are a widely-used class of medications previously linked to an increased risk of aerodigestive infections. However, prior studies of these medications as potentially reversible risk factors for COVID-19 have been conflicting. We performed a case-control study involving clinician-abstracted data from 900 health records across 3 US medical centers. We incorporated sociobehavioral predictors of infectious exposure using geomapping to publicly-available data. We found no evidence for an association between chronic acid suppression and incident COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI: 0.92-1.17, P=0.515). However, we identified several medical and social features as positive (Latinx ethnicity, BMI ≥ 30, dementia, public transportation use, month of the pandemic) and negative (female sex, concurrent solid tumor, alcohol use disorder) predictors of new-onset infection. These results place both medical and social factors on the same scale within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and underscore the importance of comprehensive models of disease.
Ovid and the Liberty of Speech in Shakespeare's England

The range of poetic invention that occurred in Renaissance English literature was vast, from the lyric eroticism of the late sixteenth century to the rise of libertinism in the late seventeenth century. Heather James argues that Ovid, as the poet-philosopher of literary innovation and free speech, was the galvanizing force behind this extraordinary level of poetic creativity. Moving beyond mere topicality, she identifies the ingenuity, novelty and audacity of the period's poetry as the political inverse of censorship culture. Considering Spenser, Marlowe, Shakespeare, Jonson, Milton and Wharton among many others, the book explains how free speech was extended into the growing domain of English letters, and thereby presents a new model of the relationship between early modern poetry and political philosophy.
A high-impact practice for online students: the use of a first-semester seminar course to promote self-regulation, self-direction, online learning self-efficacy

Student enrollment continues to increase in online programs, but there is concern surrounding the reportedly high rates of attrition in online classes compared to face-to-face classes. Undergraduate students are poorly prepared and lack the human agency necessary for success in the online learning environment. To address the lack of persistence of undergraduate online students, universities must create and implement interventions that prepare students for the online learning environment and help them develop as autonomous learners. This study examined whether differences in self-regulation, self-direction, and online learning self-efficacy exist between students participating in an experimental high-impact First-Semester Seminar (FSS) class and a traditional FSS class while controlling for pre-existing factors. A quantitative, quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest research design was used for this study with nonequivalent control groups, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and follow up analyses of covariances (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data. MANCOVA results revealed a statistically significant difference between groups. Follow-up ANCOVAs revealed differences between the posttest scores of the traditional FSS class and the high-impact FSS class on the measurements for self-directed learning and self-regulated learning.
Safety and Efficacy of Reproductive organ-sparing radical cystectomy in women with variant histology and advanced stage

Abstract Purpose Muscle invasive bladder cancer surgical management has been historically a radical cystoprostatectomy in males and an anterior exenteration in females. Uterine, ovarian, and vaginal preservation are utilized, but raise concerns regarding risk to oncologic control, especially in variant histopathology or advanced stage. Materials and Methods A retrospective single institutional analysis identified radical cystectomies performed in women, including those with variant histology, which were defined as reproductive organ sparing (uterine, vaginal, and ovary sparing) or non-organ sparing. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for recurrence-free (RFS) cancer specific survival (CSS) and overall (OS) survival in patients with advanced disease. Results From 2000 to 2020, 289 women were identified, 188 underwent reproductive organ-sparing cystectomy. No statistical differences were noted for clinical parameters or presence of variant histology for organ-sparing (ROS) and non-organ sparing (non-ROS). Positive margin rates did not differ for ROS and non-ROS; 4.3% vs 7.9%, p=0.19, respectively. Median RFS was not statistically significantly different for ROS vs non-ROS (26.1 vs 15.3 months) p=0.937 HR 1.024. CSS was not statistically different for ROS vs non-ROS (36.3 vs 28.6 months), p=0.755 HR 0.9. OS was not statistically different for ROS vs non-ROS (25.8 v 23.8 months), p=0.5 HR=1.178. Variant histology did not change survival (HR 1.1, p=0.643). Conclusions In this analysis, ROS in women with advanced disease did not increase positive margin rates or decrease RFS, CSS, or OS compared to non-ROS. Variant histology did not decrease survival odds. Based on preoperative assessment and intraoperative findings, ROS in patients with variant histology and advanced disease should be considered.
Teaching the nature of science: Practices and associated factors

This exploratory study investigated the extent and manner that former ISU-STEP students implemented the nature of science (NOS), and potential factors associated with their varying levels of NOS implementation. Thirteen teachers from the ISU-STEP participated in this study. All of the participants completed the nature of science in science education course at ISU, and were in at least in their second year of professional practice. A naturalistic inquiry approach was employed in this study and data sources included teaching observations, classroom artifacts, questionnaires, and interviews. Evidence from this study indicates factors associated with teachers‘ NOS implementation levels include their implementation of reform-based practices, self reflection abilities, considerations of how people learn, understanding of NOS teaching, perceived utility value for NOS teaching, level of responsibility to implement reform-based and NOS teaching practices, and coping strategies in response to teaching constraints. Furthermore, teachers who implemented the NOS at moderate or high levels interacted with one another forming a kind of informal support network which resulted in a higher level of responsibility to accurately and effectively teach the NOS. Recommendations for pre and inservice science teacher professional development include: (1) ensuring sufficient opportunities to understand and reflect upon the NOS and effective NOS teaching through focused coursework and practical experiences; (2) facilitating the internalization of the importance and utility value of NOS instruction; (3) explicitly addressing how to effectively cope with teaching constrains; and (4) facilitating the development of support networks and co-generated responsibility to teach the NOS.
Protein Synthesis in Cell-Free Extracts of Streptococcus faecalis

If a cell-free extract of Streptococcus faecalis is fractionated by way of a 10 to 70% sucrose gradient, at least three areas are found capable of protein synthesis having a density greater than can be accounted for by association of individual ribosomes. These areas represent distinct “polysome” peaks rather than random distribution of polymers of varied length. They appear to be membrane subunits. In addition there is a further particle with a density of about 150 S , incapable of protein synthesis but which is capable of stimulating protein synthesis in some of the larger fractions found by gradient centrifugation.
Optimization of Memory Usage Requirement for a Class of Loops Implementing Multi-dimensional Integrals

Multi-dimensional integrals of products of several arrays arise in certain scientific computations. In the context of these integral calculations, this paper addresses a memory usage minimization problem. Based on a framework that models the relationship between loop fusion and memory usage, we propose an algorithm for finding a loop fusion configuration that minimizes memory usage. A practical example shows the performance improvement obtained by our algorithm on an electronic structure computation.
Scalable Grounded Conjunctive Query Evaluation over Large and Expressive Knowledge Bases

Grounded conjunctive query answering over OWL-DL ontologies is intractable in the worst case, but we present novel techniques which allow for efficient querying of large expressive knowledge bases in secondary storage. In particular, we show that we can effectively answer grounded conjunctive queries without building a full completion forest for a large Abox (unlike state of the art tableau reasoners). Instead we rely on the completion forest of a dramatically reduced summary of the Abox. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in Aboxes with up to 45 million assertions.
Conditioned vestibular sway as a function of CS-UCS interval

Three groups of 18 human male Ss received vestibular sway conditioning at CS-UCS intervals of .02, .5, or 2 sec. The two shorter ISIs were most effective in combating various sources of CS-inhibition in the situation, but extinction in these groups was rapid.
Deformation mechanisms in negative Poisson's ratio materials : structural aspects

Poisson's ratio in materials is governed by the following aspects of the microstructure: the presence of rotational degrees of freedom, non-affine deformation kinematics, or anisotropic structure. Several structural models are examined. The non-affine kinematics are seen to be essential for the production of negative Poisson's ratios for isotropic materials containing central force linkages of positive stiffness. Non-central forces combined with pre-load can also give rise to a negative Poisson's ratio in isotropic materials. A chiral microstructure with noncentral force interaction or non-affine deformation can also exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio. Toughness and damage resistance in these materials may be affected by the Poisson's ratio itself, as well as by generalized continuum aspects associated with the microstructure.
A divergent route to diversity in macromolecules.

A synthetic route for obtaining functional group diversity in macromolecules is described. The route relies on the differential reactivity of substituted dichlorotriazines. Treatment of a triamine core with substituted dichlorotriazines cleanly yields tris(monochlorotriazines). Subsequent SNAr reactions with amine nucleophiles bearing the functional group of interest yield diversity. If the substituent on the dichlorotriazine is a protected nucleophile, deprotection of the functionalized core allows for iterative reactions and the synthesis of star, dendritic, and hybrid macromolecules.
Wilms' tumor-1: a riddle wrapped in a mystery, inside a kidney

After more than 15 years of intense study, WT1 remains a complex protein with multiple functions and targets. This Commentary discusses new developments and puts past results in perspective.
Eigenvalues of graphs with twofold symmetry

There are many cases in which the spectrum of a graph contains the complete spectrum of a smaller graph. The larger (composite) graph and the smaller (component) graph are said to be subspectral. It is shown here that whenever a composite graph G has a twofold symmetry operation which defines two equivalent sets of vertices r and s, it is possible to construct two subspectral components G + and G -, whose eigenvalues, taken jointly, comprise the full spectrum of G. The following rules are given for constructing the components. (1) Draw the r set of vertices and all the edges connecting the members of the set. Then examine in G the vertices through which r and s are connected (the so-called bridging vertices). (2) If a bridging vertex r 1 is connected to its symmetry-equivalent partner s 1, then r 1 is weighted +1 in G + and -1 in G -. (3) If r 1 is connected to a vertex s 2 which is symmetry-equivalent to a second bridging vertex r 2 in r, then the weight of the edge between r 1 and r 2 in G (+1 if they a...
Effect of ac field on the phase conjugate signal in BSO

Abstract This paper presents results on the dependence of a phase conjugate signal in Bi 12 SiO 20 (BSO) crystal on the frequency of an applied sinusoidal ac electric field. Large enhancement in the phase conjugate signal is observed for the ac field compared to that produced by the equivalent dc field. The conjugate signal shows a strong dependence on the ac field frequency. In addition, the variation of the diffraction grating signal with the ac field frequency is studied.
Electrical properties of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from normal and trisomy 21 human fetal tissue

Abstract Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, in 22 °C tissue culture containing nerve growth factor, taken from normal and trisomy 21 human fetal tissues, were subjected to current and voltage clamp measurements using a tight-seal whole-cell recording technique. Measurements were made between 1 and 2 weeks in culture, when the electrical properties of both neuron groups were shown to be constant and when mean values for passive electrical parameters did not differ significantly between groups. The duration of the action potential was significantly less in trisomic than in control neurons, and both depolirization and repolarization were accelerated. Tetraethylammonium (5 mM), which partially blocked outward currents, prolonged the rate of repolarization of the action potential in both neuron groups, and abolished the difference in the rate between the groups. Furthermore, the activation rate constants of two model-defined outward potassium currents were significantly higher in trisomic than in control neurons, suggesting that acceleration of repolarization of the action potential in trisomic neurons was due to shorter activation time-constants of outward potassium currents.
Toward a better understanding of the perception of self-produced speech.

Abstract The subject of how humans hear their own voices while speaking has received sporadic attention. Previous investigations suggest that the voice is heard substantially via bone conduction, implying a different transfer function to the ear—perhaps a low-pass filter—than for purely air-conducted vocalizations. Determining the characteristics of the transfer function of self-produced speech might contribute to a better understanding of self-perception. Such information may have important implications for treating articulation disorders. The efficacy of training discrimination during the remediation of articulation disorders remains unclear, perhaps because clients are asked to discriminate either speech of others or recorded self-speech samples not readily recognized as their own. This study was conducted to determine preference for filtered self-monitored speech in a delayed feedback paradigm. Participants made immediate comparisons of their real-time speech to delayed-recorded filtered self-speech samples. Participants demonstrated a clear preference for low-pass filtered speech, supporting earlier findings, but we were unable to determine the transfer function itself. Learning outcomes As a result of this activity, the learner will be able to describe some reasons why an individual’s tape recorded speech typically sounds different to him/her from his/her own, live speech. As a result of this activity, the learner will be able to describe some potential applications for an accurately-characterized transfer function for self-produced speech.
Torsion of the gallbladder: A rare cause of acute cholecystitis

We present a case of acute torsion of the gallbladder in a young woman. Approximately 400 cases have been reported since 1898, mostly in elderly women, and the incidence appears to be increasing. The anatomy and pathophysiology that predispose patients to this rare surgical emergency are discussed. Several clinical and imaging findings can be used to distinguish gallbladder torsion from typical acute cholecystitis. By recognizing and treating gallbladder torsion early in its course, a low surgical morbidity and mortality can be achieved. The case presented highlights for emergency physicians some of the considerations in identification of patients with acute cholecystitis who are at highest risk of gangrene and perforation, their emergency treatment, and the timing of surgery.
Heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the rectangular offset strip fin compact heat exchanger

Abstract The development of thermal-hydraulic design tools for rectangular offset strip fin compact heat exchangers and the associated convection process are delineated. On the basis of current understanding of the physical phenomena and enhancement mechanisms, existing empirical f and j data for actual cores are reanalyzed. The asymptotic behavior of the data in the deep laminar and fully turbulent flow regimes is identified. The respective asymptotes for f and j are shown to be correlated by power law expressions in terms of Re and the dimensionless geometric parameters α, δ, and γ. Finally, rational design equations for f and j are presented in the form of single continuous expressions covering the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes.
Recognition of Hyaluronan Released in Sterile Injury Involves a Unique Receptor Complex Dependent on Toll-like Receptor 4, CD44, and MD-2

Inflammation under sterile conditions is not well understood despite its importance in trauma and autoimmune disease. To investigate this process we established mouse models of sterile injury and explored the role of hyaluronan in mediating inflammation following injury. The response of cultured monocytes to hyaluronan was different than the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) despite both being dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Cultured cells exposed to hyaluronan showed a pattern of gene induction that mimics the response seen in mouse skin after sterile injury with an increase in molecules such as transforming growth factor-β2 and matrix metalloproteinase-13. These factors were not induced by LPS despite the mutual dependence of both hyaluronan and LPS on TLR4. Explanation for the unique response to hyaluronan was provided by observations that a lack of TLR4 or CD44 in mice diminished the response to sterile injury, and together with MD-2, was required for responsiveness to hyaluronan in vitro. Thus, a unique complex of TLR4, MD-2, and CD44 recognizes hyaluronan. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the physical association of TLR4 and CD44. Taken together, our results define a previously unknown mechanism for initiation of sterile inflammation that involves recognition of released hyaluronan fragments as an endogenous signal of tissue injury.
Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination

The recent observation of a surge in human monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) prompts the question of whether cessation of smallpox vaccination is driving the phenomenon, and if so, why is re-emergence not universal throughout the historic geographic range of the virus? Research addressing the virus's mechanisms for immune evasion and induction, as well as that directed at elucidating the genes involved in pathogenesis in different viral lineages (West African vs Congo Basin), provide insights to help explain why emergence appears to be geographically limited. Novel vaccines offer one solution to curtail the spread of this disease.
Activating lay health influencers to promote tobacco cessation.

Despite decades of tobacco control efforts, tobacco use remains a pressing public health problem with nearly one in 5 Americans smoking.1 Effective tobacco dependence treatments, both behavioral and pharmaceutical, are more numerous and available than ever before, but continue to be underutilized. Nearly 80% of smokers in the U.S. still attempt to quit without assistance,1 though there is robust evidence that guideline recommended approaches significantly improve a tobacco users’ likelihood of quitting compared with unaided quit attempts.2 Approximately 80% of the U.S. population who are not current tobacco users, but may know or be concerned about someone who does smoke or dip. A community-based social network approach that engages this target audience in providing tobacco cessation brief interventions could provide a complementary and powerful addition to clinical interventions, encouraging more quit attempts and use of effective treatments for greater public health impact.
A Role for Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) Glycoprotein E (gE) Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Replication of BHV-1 Wild-Type Virus but Not BHV-1 gE Deletion Mutant Virus

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), an alphaherpesvirus, is a major pathogen that causes respiratory and reproductive infections. We observed tyrosine phosphorylation of a 95-kDa viral protein and dephosphorylation of 55- and 103-kDa cellular proteins during the course of BHV-1 infection. We demonstrated BHV-1 glycoprotein E (gE) to be the tyrosine phosphorylated viral protein by immunoprecipitation. Inhibition of phosphorylation of BHV-1 gE by tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin AG1478 substantially lowered the viral titer in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The decrease in viral titer was directly proportional to the decrease in phosphorylation of the BHV-1 gE. Interestingly, these kinase inhibitors did not inhibit the replication of the BHV-1 gE deletion mutant virion (BHV-1gEDelta3.1). Our findings suggest that the wild-type BHV-1, with a functional gE protein, uses a different pathway of signaling events than the BHV-1 gE deletion mutant in replication. Our results indicate that the tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of BHV-1 gE is an important post-translational modification of the functional protein. An application of this study may be the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in controlling the BHV-1 infection.
Coevolution of Pathogens and Cultural Practices: A New Look at Behavioral Heterogeneity in Epidemics

The effect of heterogeneity within populations on the spread of infectious diseases has been a recent focus of research. Such heterogeneity may be, for example, spatial, temporal or behavioral in form. Generally, models that include population subdivision have assumed that individuals are permanently assigned to given behavioral states represented by the subpopulations. We consider a simple epidemic model in which a behavioral trait affects disease transmission, and this trait may be transferred among hosts as a consequence of social interaction. This creates a situation where the frequencies of different behavioral traits and disease states as well as their associations may change over time. We consider the impact of the culturally transmitted trait on the criterion for initial spread of the disease. We also explore the evolution of cultural traits in response to pathogen dynamics and show some conditions under which behavioral traits that reduce transmission evolve. We find that behaviors increasing the risk of infection can also evolve when they are inherently favored or when there is sufficient clustering of contacts between like behaviors.