cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating automated data acquisition technologies for progress reporting of construction projects

Abstract Controlling construction projects necessitates controlling their time and cost in an effort to meet the planned targets. Management needs timely data that represent the status of the project to take corrective actions, if needed. This paper presents a control model that integrates different automated data acquisition technology to collect data from construction sites required for progress measurement purposes. Current automated data acquisition technologies are described, and their suitability for use in tracking and controlling construction activities is assessed. This includes bar coding, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, multimedia, and pen-based computers. The user can move with a tablet PC in the construction site and record, take snapshots and also hand written comments about activities on site. The proposed cost/schedule control model integrates with the automated data acquisition technologies, a planning and scheduling software system, a relational database, and AutoCAD to generate progress reports that can assist project management teams in decision making.
The application of dual fuel /JP-LH2/ for hypersonic cruise vehicles

The possibility of utilizing jet fuel (JP) stored primarily in the wings of hydrogen-fueled hypersonic cruise vehicles has been evaluated and compared to the performance of all-hydrogen-fueled aircraft. Parametric investigations of wing loading, thrust-to-weight ratio, payload size, and vehicle size are presented. Results indicate improvements in performance for a wide range of potential payload sizes, particularly when inflight refueling of the JP fuel is considered as a means of increasing range and mission flexibility.
A Comprehensive Review Of The Tourism Forecasting Literature

Major reports of tourism forecasting studies are classified by forecasting method employed, reviewed, compared, and critiqued. Apartial meta-analysis is used to attempt to gauge relative accuracy of the various approaches used in differing situations. Summary statements on the relative usefulness of the different methods in specific forecasting situa tions are provided. Some conclusions are drawn to aid future conduct and reporting of tourism forecasting reports.
Alias-free randomly timed sampling of stochastic processes

The notion of alias-free sampling is generalized to apply to random processes x(t) sampled at random times t_n ; sampling is said to be alias free relative to a family of spectra if any spectrum of the family can be recovered by a linear operation on the correlation sequence \{r(n)\} , where r(n) = E[x(l_{m+n}) \overline{x(t_m)}] . The actual sampling times t_n need not be known to effect recovery of the spectrum of x(t) . Various alternative criteria for verifying alias-free sampling are developed. It is then shown that any spectrum whatsoever can be recovered if \{t_n\} is a Poisson point process on the positive (or negative) half-axis. A second example of alias-free sampling is provided for spectra on a finite interval by periodic sampling (for t \leq t_o or t \geq t_o ) in which samples are randomly independently skipped (expunged), such that the average sampling rate is an arbitrarily small fraction of the Nyquist rate. A third example shows that randomly jittered sampling at the Nyquist rate is alias free. Certain related open questions are discussed. These concern the practical problems involved in estimating a spectrum from imperfectly known \{ r(n) \} .
Collisions of Jets of Particles from Active Galactic Nuclei with Neutralino Dark Matter

We examine the possibility that energetic Standard Model particles contained in the jets produced by active galactic nuclei (AGN) may scatter off of the dark matter halo which is expected to surround the AGN. In particular, if there are nearby states in the dark sector which can appear resonantly in the scattering, the cross section can be enhanced and a distinctive edge feature in the energy spectrum may appear. We examine bounds on supersymmetric models which may be obtained from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope observation of the nearby AGN Centaurus A.
A convenient synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted imidazoles

Abstract An efficient method for the regioselective protection of 4-alkyl-, 4-iodo, 4-vinylimidazoles has been developed via an alkylation–isomerization sequence with various imidazole-protecting groups. The initially formed mixture of 4/5-alkyl-, 4/5-iodo, and 4/5-vinylimidazoles are isomerized to the corresponding 4-isomers on treatment of a DMF solution with a small amount of RX and heating at 75 °C.
Technology emergence through entrepreneurship across multiple industries

Radical process discontinuities provide opportunities for the founding of new firms across multiple industries; however, little is known about such emergence activity. This article examines nascent technology emergence by studying patterns of related entrepreneurial activity across multiple industries based on a radical process discontinuity. Using historical and statistical methods to examine all nanotechnology firms founded before 2005, I find that during technology emergence, entrepreneurship occurs first in upstream industries. These upstream entrepreneurs provide the technological foundations that enable the founding of firms in other industries developing the technology. The results show the role of industry interaction in the development of both upstream and downstream industries. Implications for entrepreneurs and technology emergence are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
Images of the Origin of Mass

Recent years have brought considerable progress with studies of the bound-state problem in continuum QCD. A small part of that made with Dyson Schwinger equations is highlighted herein. Topics covered include: opportunities provided by precision experimental studies of the (far) valence region; and capitalising upon new data on hadron elastic and transition form factors.
Multigrid Strategies for Viscous Flow Solvers on Anisotropic Unstructured Meshes

Unstructured multigrid techniques for relieving the stiffness associated with high-Reynolds number viscous flow simulations on extremely stretched grids are investigated. One approach consists of employing a semi-coarsening or directional-coarsening technique, based on the directions of strong coupling within the mesh, in order to construct more optimal coarse grid levels. An alternate approach is developed which employs directional implicit smoothing with regular fully coarsened multigrid levels. The directional implicit smoothing is obtained by constructing implicit lines in the unstructured mesh based on the directions of strong coupling. Both approaches yield large increases in convergence rates over the traditional explicit full-coarsening multigrid algorithm. However, maximum benefits are achieved by combining the two approaches in a coupled manner into a single algorithm. An order of magnitude increase in convergence rate over the traditional explicit full-coarsening algorithm is demonstrated, and convergence rates for high-Reynolds number viscous flows which are independent of the grid aspect ratio are obtained. Further acceleration is provided by incorporating low-Mach-number preconditioning techniques, and a Newton-GMRES strategy which employs the multigrid scheme as a preconditioner. The compounding effects of these various techniques on speed of convergence is documented through several example test cases.
Lund’s Contribution to Rotor Stability: The Indispensable and Fundamental Basis of Modern Compressor Design

In the early design of compressors and turbines, it was of importance to locate the rotor critical speeds so as to insure that a turbo rotor would not be operating at a critical speed. As compressor and turbine design became more sophisticated, a more detailed analysis of the rotor damped critical speeds and rotor log decrements was necessary. With compressors and turbines operating at higher speeds, under high power levels, and at multiples of the first critical speed, the problem of stability or self-excited whirling is of paramount importance. The onset of self-excited motion may lead to large amplitudes of motion with possible destructions of the rotor or the inability of the compressor to operate at peak power levels. Encountering this phenomenon with a compressor on an off-shore oil platform can mean millions of dollars of lost production. Self-excited whirling can be caused by fluid-film bearings, seals, Afford-type cross-coupling forces, or internal shaft friction, to name a few of the excitation mechanisms. The problem of computing the approximate values of the rotor log decrement under full speed and loading conditions requires the solution of a complex eigenvalue problem. The computation of the rotor complex roots is an order of magnitude more difficult than the problem of undamped critical speed calculations. J. W. Lund presented the first practical numerical procedure for computing turbo-rotor log decrements. The mathematical transfer matrix method pioneered by Lund has allowed industry to develop and stabilize a vast array of rotating machinery leading to the savings to industry of millions of dollars. Without the procedures of Lund, for example, it would not have been possible to resolve stability problems encountered with both the hydrogen and oxygen space shuttle pumps. This paper briefly presents some of the attributes of the Lund stability procedure and its unique characteristics.
Two-Particle Asynchronous Quantum Correlation: Wavefunction Collapse Acting as a Beamsplitter

A two-body quantum correlation is calculated for a particle reflecting from a moving mirror. Correlated interference results when the incident and reflected particle substates and their associated mirror substates overlap. Using the Copenhagen interpretation of measurement, an asynchronous joint probability density (PDF), which is a function both of the different positions and different times at which the particle and mirror are measured, is derived assuming that no interaction occurs between each measurement. Measurement of the particle first, in the correlated interference region, results in a splitting of the mirror substate into ones which have and have not reflected the particle. An analog of the interference from the Doppler effect for only measurements of the particle (a marginal PDF), in this two-body system, is shown to be a consequence of the asynchronous measurement. The simplification obtained for a microscopic particle reflecting from a mesoscopic or macroscopic mirror is used to illustrate asynchronous correlation interferometry. In this case, the small displacement between these mirror states can yield negligible environmental decoherence times. In addition, interference of these mirror states does not vanish in the limit of large mirror mass due to the small momentum exchange in reflecting a microscopic particle.
Professional legal education in Scotland

Scotland is a small jurisdiction. With a legal profession of approximately 9000 solicitors and over 450 practicing advocates serving a population of around 5 million, our legal bar is smaller in size than the legal bar of many states in the United States.1 Our solutions to problems of professional education are appropriate to our jurisdictional size, our character, and our history. However, one theme of this Article is that common educational issues exist among jurisdictions despite differences in size or in legal structure. Another theme deals with a matter of particular concern in Scotland, namely the problem of educating for practice, and in particular creating the most effective forms of program and curriculum design for training and education at the professional stage. Part I of this Article summarizes the current Scottish professional legal education program, set in the context of the legal education and the legal profession generally. Part II illustrates some aspects of the professional education program with reference to a case study, the Diploma in Legal Practice at the Glasgow Graduate School of Law. Finally, this Article outlines some of the issues or themes from the Scottish experience that might be applicable to alternatives to the United States' Bar Exam.
Globalization and Labor Protection in Oil-Poor Arab Countries Racing to the Bottom?

The ‘compensation hypothesis’ holds that voter pressures have prevented democratic governments from repealing popular forms of social protection during globalization. Can a similar dynamic shield workers in globalizing authoritarian countries from increasing economic insecurity? This article examines four authoritarian countries undergoing structural adjustment: Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco and Jordan. In each, the government sector has provided the bulk of formal-sector employment, while populist labor laws ensured that these jobs remained secure through retirement. I examine the consequences of privatization for public sector workers, and review corresponding efforts to achieve labor market flexibility through revisions to labor codes. The findings indicate that authoritarian rulers have been constrained from implementing market reforms as extensively and rapidly as multilateral lenders have sought. Nevertheless, there is reason for normative concern, as stable privatesector employment opportunities have pro...
Systematic Structural Testing of Firewall Policies

Firewalls are the mainstay of enterprise security and the most widely adopted technology for protecting private networks. As the quality of protection provided by a firewall directly depends on the quality of its policy (i.e., configuration), ensuring the correctness of firewall policies is important and yet difficult. To help ensure the correctness, we propose a systematic structural testing approach for firewall policies. We define structural coverage (based on coverage criteria of rules, predicates, and clauses) on the firewall policy under test. To achieve high structural coverage effectively, we have developed four automated packet generation techniques: the random packet generation, the one based on local constraint solving (considering individual rules locally in a policy), the one based on global constraint solving (considering multiple rules globally in a policy), and the one based on boundary values. We have conducted an experiment on a set of real policies and a set of faulty policies to detect faults with generated packet sets. Generally, our experimental results show that a packet set with higher structural coverage has higher fault-detection capability (i.e., detecting more injected faults). Our experimental results show that a reduced packet set (maintaining the same level of structural coverage with the corresponding original packet set) maintains similar fault-detection capability with the original set.
Capital Taxation and External Accounts in a Small Growing Economy

The effects of capital taxation on external accounts depend on how government allocates the tax revenue. With government debt being endogenous, an increase in either the residential or territorial capital tax rate may decrease net foreign asset holdings. With intergenerational transfers being endogenous, an increase in either the residential or territorial capital tax rate may increase net foreign asset holdings. With government spending being endogenous, an increase in the residential capital tax rate may either deteriorate or have no effect on the external accounts.
Root signals of rank order processors

A rank order processor (ROP) is a signal processor that operates purely by making rank determination on input values, and includes as special cases 'median filters' and 'rank order filters'. It is shown how the methods of automata theory can be used to show the existence of root signal (i.e., fixed point) sets of input sequences, and to determine them for specific ROPs, in either algebraic or graphical form. Observations on graph/subgraph relationships are made. It is shown how certain earlier methods of determining root signals can be improved and extended to the general case. Remarks on the synthesis problem are made. >
Toward an Ecological Economics

Conventional economic analysis is inadequate to the challenges posed by ecological economics. It is not denied that conventional economics contains much that is necessary and important to ecology. The contention here is only that conventional, economic analysis cannot foot the whole bill and must therefore be supplemented with an economics of a different scope and method. The concern is, in short, the adjustment at the margin of the allocation of the human capital resources of the economics profession.
Quantum physics in America between the wars

This is a historical review of some of the developments of the quantum theory of atoms, molecules, and solids during the period 1920–1940, with particular references to the work of the author during this period, and to other work in the United States.
Bayesian estimation of discrete games of complete information

Estimation of discrete games of complete information, which have been applied to a variety of contexts such as market entry, technology adoption and peer effects, is challenging due to the presence of multiple equilibria. In this paper, we take a Bayesian MCMC approach to this problem, specifying a prior over multiple equilibrium selection mechanisms reflecting the analysts uncertainty over them. We develop a sampler, using the reversible jump algorithm to generate draws from the posterior distribution of parameters across these equilibrium selection rules. The algorithm is flexible in that it can be used both in situations where the equilibrium selection rule is identified and when it is not, and accommodates heterogeneity in equilibrium selection. We explore the methodology using both simulated data and two empirical applications, one in the context of joint consumption, using a dataset of casino visit decisions by married couples, and the second in the context of market entry by competing chains in the retail stationery market. We demonstrate the importance of accounting for multiple equilibrium selection rules in these applications and show that taking an empirical approach to the issue, such as the one we have demonstrated, can be useful.
Single electron transfer in the addition of chiral dipole-stabilized organolithiums to carbonyls. Stereochemistry of a chiral nucleophile as a mechanistic probe

Abstract Spectroscopic and stereochemical evidence is provided which suggests that single electron transfer (SET) accounts for the difference in selectivity observed in the reaction of metalated pivalamides and oxazolines with carbonyls.
The living conditions of children

This paper summarizes the socioeconomic conditions of children around the world. It explores solutions to the main problems, along with a summary of the costs and benefits of some of the solutions. Emphasis is on the results from rigorous studies, impact evaluations, and randomized experiments. Although the cost-evidence literature is scarce, a good case for early interventions and key quality-enhancing education interventions exists.
Does the Jack of All Trades Hold the Winning Hand? Comparing the Role of Specialized versus General Skills in the Returns to an Agricultural Degree

This paper examines the roles of specialized versus general skills in explaining variation in the returns to an agriculture degree among graduates working both inside and outside the agricultural industry. The focus on returns by sector of employment is motivated by our finding that most agricultural graduates are employed in non-agricultural jobs. In that study, a sample of alumni graduating from a large Midwestern public university between 1982 and 2006 shows that alumni with majors more specialized in agriculture earned a premium from working in the agriculture industry, but this advantage has diminished over time. Agricultural graduates with more general training earn more outside than inside agriculture. Higher-ability graduates in more industry-focused curricula tend to sort into the agricultural industry, while higher-ability graduates in broader curricula tend to choose jobs outside of agriculture. All graduates are more likely to accept agricultural employment when the farm economy is strong, but agricultural graduates who enter agricultural jobs when the farm economy is weak suffer lifetime earnings reductions. These findings suggest that greater levels of specialization may limit a graduate's ability to adjust to changing economic circumstances. Agriculture degree programs could benefit from curriculum innovations that focus on developing more generalized skills.
CEO Pay, Managerial Power, and SFAS 123(R)

ABSTRACT: This study presents evidence that option expensing, whether voluntary under SFAS 123 or mandatory under SFAS 123(R), is associated with changes in CEO compensation that are beneficial to shareholders. I find that the reporting benefits of aggregate-employee option grants under SFAS 123 are associated with the change in the mix of CEO option grants and stock grants that occurs after SFAS 123(R), suggesting that reporting benefits of option grants may have influenced some CEO compensation decisions. Additionally, I find that the reduction in CEO pay after SFAS 123(R) is greater when shareholders have more power to act in their own best interest and when there is evidence of pre-expensing CEO compensation rents. The findings suggest that SFAS 123 may have encouraged inefficient, CEO-preferential pay practices and that SFAS 123(R) may have contributed to a reduction in CEO compensation inefficiencies. Data Availability: All data are publicly available.
Fabrication of Mullite Body Using Superplastic Transient Phase

Mullite, an extremely creep-resistant ceramic, has been fabricated using a novel processing/forming approach taking advantage of superplastic transitional phases. Starting with a mixture of alumina, silica, and a small amount of lithia additive (0.8 wt%), a processing window of about 50°C around 1350°C has been found within which the material can be densified and superplastically deformed with negligible mullitization. The lithia additive promotes a transient lithium aluminosilicate glassy phase that greatly enhances sintering and deformation. The superplastic premullite maintains a nearly constant grain size during deformation between 1250° and 1400°C, over a strain rate from 6 × 10−7 to 10−1 s−1, and has unusually high activation energy values in the range of 1150 to 2086 kJ/mol. An increase in the transient glassy phase content due to the increased matrix dissolution at higher temperatures contributes in part to this anomaly. The mullite work pieces thus shaped become creep resistant again after a postforming annealing/mullitization treatment which decreases the creep rate by 6 orders of magnitude. The mechanical properties (hardness, toughness, and strength) of the finished mullite are compared to those of conventionally processed mullite.
Minimal gaugomaly mediation

Mixed anomaly and gauge mediation (“gaugomaly” mediation) gives a natural solution to the SUSY flavor problem with a conventional LSP dark matter candidate. We present a minimal version of gaugomaly mediation where the messenger masses arise directly from anomaly mediation, automatically generating a messenger scale of order 50 TeV. We also describe a simple relaxation mechanism that gives rise to realistic μ and Bμ terms. B is naturally dominated by the anomaly-mediated contribution from top loops, so the μ-Bμ sector only depends on a single new parameter. In the minimal version of this scenario the full SUSY spectrum is determined by two continuous parameters (the anomaly-and gauge-mediated SUSY breaking masses) and one discrete parameter (the number of messengers). We show that these simple models can give realistic spectra with viable dark matter.
Tachyons and Black Hole Horizons in Gauge Theory

Any probe which crosses the horizon of a black hole should be absorbed. In M(atrix) theory, for 0-brane probes of Schwarzschild black holes, we argue that the relevant absorption mechanism is a tachyon instability which sets in at the horizon. We give qualitative arguments, and some quantitative large-N calculations, in support of this claim. The tachyon instability provides an attractive mechanism for infalling matter to be captured and thermalized by a Schwarzschild black hole.
The Economic Effects of Purity Standards in Biotech Labeling Laws

This paper develops a model of heterogeneous consumer preferences and imperfectly competitive suppliers to analyze the market and welfare effects of purity standards for non-GM food products. Analytical results show that purity standards affect the equilibrium prices and quantities of both the GM and non-GM products as well as the welfare of the groups involved. A change in purity standards is shown to create winners and losers among the consumers and the suppliers of the GM and non-GM products. Our analysis provides insights on labeling policies and the position of interest groups in countries with different adoption of, and attitudes towards genetically modified products.
Pneumonia in the Pregnant Patient

Community acquired pneumonia is a common illness, and pneumonia and influenza serve as the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. In the pregnant patient, pneumonia is the most common cause of fatal non-obstetric infection (1–3). Pneumonia can have adverse consequences for both the mother and her fetus, with certain infections (particularly viral and fungal) assuming greater virulence and mortality than in non-pregnant women of similar age (2, 3). Pneumonia is a relatively common cause of respiratory failure in pregnant patients, but in contrast to older studies, newer data suggest that not all pneumonias are more common or more serious in pregnant women than in other populations. However, because pneumonia can impact both the mother and fetus, it may lead to an increased likelihood of complicated preterm delivery, compared to pregnancies in which infection is absent. The pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are similar in pregnant and non-pregnant patients, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and influenza A accounting for the majority of cases (2–4). However, reduction in cell-mediated immunity associated with pregnancy (especially during the third trimester) places women at an increased risk of more severe forms of pneumonia and disseminated diseases from pathogens normally contained by this type of immune response, including herpes virus, influenza, varicella, and coccidioidomycosis (3, 5–7). In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, maternal and fetal impact of pneumonia, microbiology, clinical features, and management of pneumonia in pregnancy. Tuberculosis in pregnancy was discussed in Chapter 12.
Nanocarbon-based photovoltaics.

Carbon materials are excellent candidates for photovoltaic solar cells: they are Earth-abundant, possess high optical absorption, and maintain superior thermal and photostability. Here we report on solar cells with active layers made solely of carbon nanomaterials that present the same advantages of conjugated polymer-based solar cells, namely, solution processable, potentially flexible, and chemically tunable, but with increased photostability and the possibility to revert photodegradation. The device active layer composition is optimized using ab initio density functional theory calculations to predict type-II band alignment and Schottky barrier formation. The best device fabricated is composed of PC70BM fullerene, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, and reduced graphene oxide. This active-layer composition achieves a power conversion efficiency of 1.3%—a record for solar cells based on carbon as the active material—and we calculate efficiency limits of up to 13% for the devices fabricated in...
Heavy-Quark Symmetry and the Electromagnetic Decays of Excited Charmed Strange Mesons

Heavy-hadron chiral perturbation theory ($\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{T}$) is applied to the decays of the even-parity charmed strange mesons, ${D}_{s0}(2317)$ and ${D}_{s1}(2460)$. Heavy-quark spin-symmetry predicts the branching fractions for the three electromagnetic decays of these states to the ground states ${D}_{s}$ and ${D}_{s}^{*}$ in terms of a single parameter. The resulting predictions for two of the branching fractions are significantly higher than current upper limits from the CLEO experiment. Leading corrections to the branching ratios from chiral loop diagrams and spin-symmetry violating operators in the $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\chi}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{T}$ Lagrangian can naturally account for this discrepancy. Finally the proposal that the ${D}_{s0}(2317)$ (${D}_{s1}(2460)$) is a hadronic bound state of a $D({D}^{*})$ meson and a kaon is considered. Leading order predictions for electromagnetic branching ratios in this molecular scenario are in very poor agreement with existing data.
Data management challenges for computational transportation

Computational Transportation is an emerging discipline that poses many data management challenges. Computational transportation is characterized by the existence of a massive number of moving objects, moving sensors, and moving queries. This paper highlights important data management challenges for computational transportation and promising approaches towards addressing them.
Aggregate consumption spending, the stock market and asymmetric error correction

In this study, we show how changes in wealth resulting from unanticipated changes in the value of equity holdings begin a process whereby households alter consumption growth in order to close the gap between actual and target spending. Because of changing uncertainty or equity price volatility over the stock market cycle, we found the time path of this adjustment to exhibit near-random walk behaviour during stock market downturns. Conversely, during ‘boom’ periods, e.g. when the value of equities held by households was greater than the threshold, the growth in consumer spending was quick to eliminate the disparity between actual and target spending.
Mathematical and Statistical Opportunities in Cyber Security

The role of mathematics in a complex system such as the Internet has yet to be deeply explored. In this paper, we summarize some of the important and pressing problems in cyber security from the viewpoint of open science environments. We start by posing the question 'What fundamental problems exist within cyber security research that can be helped by advanced mathematics and statistics'? Our first and most important assumption is that access to real-world data is necessary to understand large and complex systems like the Internet. Our second assumption is that many proposed cyber security solutions could critically damage both the openness and the productivity of scientific research. After examining a range of cyber security problems, we come to the conclusion that the field of cyber security poses a rich set of new and exciting research opportunities for the mathematical and statistical sciences.
Trust and Risk in Internet Commerce

From the Publisher: As Internet-based commerce becomes commonplace, it is important that we examine the systems used for these financial transactions. Underlying each system is a set of assumptions, particularly about trust and risk. To evaluate systems, and thus to determine one's own risks, requires an understanding of the dimensions of trust: security, privacy, and reliability. In this book Jean Camp focuses on two major yet frequently overlooked issues in the design of Internet commerce systems -- trust and risk. Trust and risk are closely linked. The level of risk can be determined by looking at who trusts whom in Internet commerce transactions. Who will pay, in terms of money and data, if trust is misplaced? When the inevitable early failures occur, who will be at risk? Who is "liable" when there is a trusted third party? Why is it necessary to trust this party? What exactly is this party trusted to do? To answer such questions requires an understanding of security, record-keeping, privacy, and reliability. The author's goal is twofold: first, to provide information on trust and risk to businesses that are developing electronic commerce systems; and second, to help consumers understand the risks in using the Internet for purchases and show them how to protect themselves.
Quantum algorithm for molecular properties and geometry optimization

Quantum computers, if available, could substantially accelerate quantum simulations. We extend this result to show that the computation of molecular properties (energy derivatives) could also be sped up using quantum computers. We provide a quantum algorithm for the numerical evaluation of molecular properties, whose time cost is a constant multiple of the time needed to compute the molecular energy, regardless of the size of the system. Molecular properties computed with the proposed approach could also be used for the optimization of molecular geometries or other properties. For that purpose, we discuss the benefits of quantum techniques for Newton’s method and Householder methods. Finally, global minima for the proposed optimizations can be found using the quantum basin hopper algorithm, which offers an additional quadratic reduction in cost over classical multi-start techniques.
Beam based alignment of the SLC final focus superconducting final triplets

The strong demagnification inherent in final focus systems requires very high gradients for the final quadrupoles. Alignment of these magnets is critical in order to minimize the dispersion at the interaction point and backgrounds in the detector due to synchrotron radiation. Reported here is a technique for aligning the final quadrupoles with respect to the beam centroid, which makes use of measurements of the beam position downstream of the quadrupoles when their fields are varied. Results for the SLC final focus final superconducting triplets are presented, where a resolution of >
Parental Guidance and Supervised Learning

We propose a simple theoretical model of supervised learning that is potentially useful to interpret a number of empirical phenomena relevant to the nature-nurture debate. The model captures a basic trade-o between sheltering the child from the consequences of his mistakes, and allowing him to learn from experience. We characterize the optimal parenting policy and its comparative-statics properties. We then show that key features of the optimal policy can be useful to interpret provocative findings from behavioral genetics.
Copper-catalyzed aryl amination in aqueous media with 2-dimethylaminoethanol ligand

Copper-catalyzed amination of aryl bromides and iodides under mild conditions has been developed with 2-dimethylaminoethanol as ligand and water as solvent. A variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic aryl halide substrates have been aminated in good yield with a variety of amino acids, amino alcohols and peptides. This method has successfully N-arylated some hydrophilic amino compounds not available by other methods.
Clustering of Color Sources and the Equation of State of the QGP

Possible phase transition of strongly interacting matter from hadron to a quark-gluon plasma state have in the past received considerable interest. It has been suggested that this problem might be treated by percolation theory. The clustering of color sources with percolation (CSPM) is used to determine the equation of state (EOS) and the transport coefficient of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) produced in central A-A collisions at RHIC and LHC energies.
Reliability of voting in fault-tolerant software systems for small output-spaces

Under a voting strategy in a fault-tolerant software system there is a difference between correctness and agreement. An independent N-version programming reliability model which distinguishes between correctness and agreement is proposed for treating small output spaces. An alternative voting strategy, consensus voting, is used to treat cases when there can be agreement among incorrect outputs, a case which can occur with small output spaces. The consensus voting strategy automatically adapts the voting to various version reliability and output-space cardinality characteristics. The majority-voting strategy provides reliability which is a lower bound, and the 2-out-of-n voting strategy provides reliability which is an upper bound, on the reliability by consensus voting. The reciprocal of the cardinality of output space is a lower bound on the average reliability of fault-tolerant system versions below which the system reliability begins to deteriorate as more versions are added. >
Supergravity Flows and D-brane Stability

We investigate the correspondence between existence/stability of BPS states in type-II string theory compactified on a Calabi-Yau manifold and BPS solutions of four-dimensional N = 2 supergravity. Some paradoxes emerge, and we propose a resolution by considering composite configurations. This in turn gives a smooth effective field theory description of decay at marginal stability. We also discuss the connection with 3-pronged strings, the Joyce transition of special lagrangian submanifolds, and Π-stability.
Neighborhoods in stratified spaces with two strata

We develop a theory of tubular neighborhoods for the lower strata in manifold strati"ed spaces with two strata. In these topologically strati"ed spaces, manifold approximate "brations and teardrops play the role that "bre bundles and mapping cylinders play in smoothly strati"ed spaces. Applications include the classi"cation of neighborhood germs, a multiparameter isotopy extension theorem and an h-cobordism extension theorem. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. MSC: primary 57N80; 57N40; 57R80; secondary 19J99; 55R65; 57N40
Organizational Neuroscience: Taking Organizational Theory Inside the Neural Black Box

This article introduces the reader to organizational neuroscience, an emerging area of scholarly dialogue that explores the implications of brain science for workplace behavior. The authors begin by discussing how going inside the brain adds new levels of analysis that can advance and connect theories of organizational behavior. They then present three concrete examples of what an organizational neuroscience perspective can achieve by extending current theory, providing new research directions, and resolving ongoing theoretical debates. Last, the authors address a number of deeper metatheoretical questions raised by neuroscience, concluding that it brings new insights that will force scholars to rethink their concept of human nature.
Protonation activates anion binding and alters binding selectivity in new inherently fluorescent 2,6-bis(2-anilinoethynyl)pyridine bisureas

A new class of 2,6-bis(2-anilinoethynyl)pyridine-based bisureas forms 1 : 1 complexes with halides; protonation enhances binding by over one order of magnitude, alters the binding selectivity, and provides a colorimetric indication of anion binding.
Do Higher Tobacco Taxes Reduce Adult Smoking? New Evidence of the Effect of Recent Cigarette Tax Increases on Adult Smoking

There is a general consensus among policymakers that raising tobacco taxes reduces cigarette consumption. However, evidence that tobacco taxes reduce adult smoking is relatively sparse. In this paper, we extend the literature in two ways: using data from the Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplements we focus on recent, large tax changes, which provide the best opportunity to empirically observe a response in cigarette consumption, and employ a novel paired difference-in-differences technique to estimate the association between tax increases and cigarette consumption. Estimates indicate that, for adults, the association between cigarette taxes and either smoking participation or smoking intensity is negative, small, and not usually statistically significant. Our evidence suggests that increases in cigarette taxes are associated with small decreases in cigarette consumption and that it will take sizable tax increases, on the order of 100%, to decrease smoking by as much as 5%. (JEL I18, I12)
Punctured super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes

In this paper, we propose punctured super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes. First, considering a system with two transmit antennas, we present the basic design criteria for the punctured super-orthogonal codes. Then, staged decoding, a sub-optimal decoding technique used in single-input single-output systems, is extended to the proposed punctured codes. To reduce the complexity of staged decoding, we propose two complementary design rules of the punctured super-orthogonal codes. After that, we discuss the constraints under which the punctured codes can be designed without metric distortion. Compared with the conventional codes, the punctured super-orthogonal codes can provide lower decoding complexity. Also, they allow an easy implementation of various spectral efficiencies with a single encoder/decoder. Furthermore, the puncturing scheme can be generalized to the case of more than two transmit antennas. In addition, we implement differential modulation schemes based on the punctured codes. Such implementations do not require channel estimation at the transmitter and the receiver. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the punctured super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes is close to that of the corresponding conventional codes in the literature.
Surface Science Investigations of Thin Metal Films on Metal and Metal Oxide Supports

Chemisorption and catalysis on overlayer metals and metal oxides is rich and complex. Thin film model systems, suitable for UHV surface science, are attractive candidates for studying the fundamental interactions involved. In this paper, we discuss three examples: (1) O2 and N2O dissociative adsorption on Cu-covered Ru(0001), (2) molecular CO chemisorption on K-covered Ag(111), and (3) CO, H2 and NO chemisorption on clean and TiOX– covered Pt and Rh. In each of these cases, evidence is presented for significant chemical interactions between the two substrate materials.
Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries and Metallicity Dependence: Story of Failures

Observations of Galactic and extragalactic globular clusters have shown that, on average, metal-rich clusters are ~3 times more likely to contain a bright X-ray source than their metal-poor counterparts. We propose that this can be explained by taking into account the difference in the stellar structure of main-sequence donors with masses between ~0.85 and ~1.25 M☉ at different metallicities. Metal-poor main-sequence stars in this mass range do not have an outer convective zone, while metal-rich stars do. The absence of this zone turns off magnetic braking, a powerful mechanism of orbital shrinkage, leading to the failure of dynamically formed main-sequence-neutron star binaries to start mass transfer or appear as bright, low-mass X-ray binaries.
Why Are Bad Products So Hard to Kill

It is puzzling that firms often continue to invest in product development projects when they should know that demand will be low. We argue that bad products are hard to kill because firms face an inherent conflict when designing managers' incentives. Rewarding success encourages managers to forge ahead even when demand is low. To avoid investing in low-demand products, the firm must also reward decisions to kill products. However, rewarding managers for killing products effectively undermines the rewards for success. The inability to resolve this tension forces the firm to choose between paying an even larger bonus for success and accepting continued investment in low-demand products. We explore the boundaries of this argument by analyzing how the timing of demand information affects product investment decisions.
Computation of Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer Over an Enclosed Rotating Disk With and Without Jet Impingement

Convection heat transfer phenomena on rotating disks are of general interest in relation to turbomachineray design. In gas turbine engines, for example, knowledge of the temperature distribution on turbine disks that are bounded by a fluid cavity is required to predict stresses and durability. Cooling air is generally provided by the compressor section and routed to the turbine disk cavities where it is utilized for cooling both the rotating and stationary components
Turning Points in China's AIDS Response

China's AIDS response has evolved from one of denial and inaction to an aggressive and humanitarian policy based on international best practices. This article analyzes the events both internal and external that led to the policy shifts, highlighting key turning points in attitudes and action. A combination of domestic advocacy, international pressure, changing epidemic dynamics and fall-out from the SARS epidemic coaxed the government to greater transparency and deliberate action on prevention and treatment. However, a number of important challenges remain which will influence the ultimate success of China's much improved AIDS response.
Surface resistivity tailoring of ceramic accelerator components

Metal plasma deposition and metal ion implantation techniques have been developed that could provide a good tool for the surface modification of insulating materials for accelerator applications such as ceramics and that could provide a method for tailoring the surface resistivity over a range of many orders of magnitude. The methods make use of the metal plasma that is produced by the cathodic arc discharge; the plasma itself can be deposited onto the surface at an energy of the order of 100 eV so as to form an adherent thin film, or an energetic metal ion beam can be formed for deep implantation of the metal species below the surface so as to incorporate a controllable amount of metal into the ceramic. >
Probability measures on solenoids corresponding to fractal wavelets

The measure on generalized solenoids constructed using filters by Dutkay and Jorgensen in (12) is analyzed further by writing the solenoid as the product of a torus and a Cantor set. Using this decomposition, key differences are revealed between solenoid measures associated with classical filters in R d and those associated with filters on inflated fractal sets. In particular, it is shown that the classical case produces atomic fiber measures, and as a result supports both suitably defined solenoid MSF wavelets and systems of imprimitivity for the corresponding wavelet representation of the generalized Baumslag-Solitar group. In contrast, the fiber measures for filters on inflated fractal spaces cannot be atomic, and thus can support neither MSF wavelets nor systems of imprimitivity.
Aging management of containment structures in nuclear power plants

Research is being conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory under US Nuclear Regulatory commission (USNRC) sponsorship to address aging management of nuclear power plant containment and other safety-related structures. Documentation is being prepared to provide the USNRC with potential structural safety issues and acceptance criteria for use in continued service evaluations of nuclear power plants. Accomplishments include development of a Structural Materials Information Center containing data and information on the time variation of 144 material properties under the influence of pertinent environmental stressors or aging factors, evaluation of models for potential concrete containment degradation factors, development of a procedure to identify critical structures and degradation factors important to aging management, evaluations of non-destructive evaluation techniques, assessments of European and North American repair practices for concrete, review of parameters affecting corrosion of metals embedded in concrete, and development of methodologies for making current condition assessments and service life predictions of new or existing reinforced concrete structures in nuclear power plants.