cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions and phase behavior of nanosized particles

As the concentration of silicotungstate particles (SiW 12 O 40 4- ) is increased at fixed background electrolyte concentration, the suspension separates into a dense, crystalline colloidal phase in equilibrium with a dilute colloidal liquid. The solubility of the particles ranges from 2.67 to 0.2 g/mL as the background 1 :1 electrolyte concentration increases from 0 to 5 M. The second virial coefficient of suspensions of silicotungstate particles is a decreasing function of electrolyte concentration and, if interpreted in terms of square well or adhesive hard sphere pair potentials, suggests the particles' feel attractions are on the order of 0-2kT at the phase boundary. Despite attractions of sufficient strength, colloidal gas/colloidal liquid phase transitions are not observed. These results are interpreted as indicating particles feel an attraction with an extent which is much smaller than the core particle diameter.
In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods

Gold nanorods excited at 830 nm on a far-field laser-scanning microscope produced strong two-photon luminescence (TPL) intensities, with a cos4 dependence on the incident polarization. The TPL excitation spectrum can be superimposed onto the longitudinal plasmon band, indicating a plasmon-enhanced two-photon absorption cross section. The TPL signal from a single nanorod is 58 times that of the two-photon fluorescence signal from a single rhodamine molecule. The application of gold nanorods as TPL imaging agents is demonstrated by in vivo imaging of single nanorods flowing in mouse ear blood vessels.
The prediction of high temperature vapor—liquid equilbiria from lower temperature heat of mixing data

Abstract A method for predicting high temperature vapor—liquid equilibria using only lower temperature heat of mixing data and pure component vapor pressure data is presented. Ten binary hydrocarbon liquid mixtures were studied. The method consists of evaluating the parameters of the LEMF equation at different temperatures from isothermal heat of mixing data of the binary pair at the respective temperatures. The parameters obtained are extrapolated as a linear function of temperature to the temperature at which the VLE data are to be calculated. The parameters are used to compute actively coefficients which in turn are used together with pure component vapor pressures to calculate VLE data. Results were also obtained when heats of mixing data for a given system were available at only two temperatures. For the systems studied, this method predicted the composition of the vapor phase with an average standard deviation of 4–5% for those systems where heat of mixing data is available at three or more temperatures and of 10–12% for those systems where only two sets of heat of mixing data are available.
Architecture and Design of a Reliable Token-Ring Network

Architecture, performance, transmission system, and wiring strategy of a token-ring local area network implemented at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory are described. In the design of the system, particular emphasis was placed on high reliability, availability, and serviceability. To ensure robustness of the token-access protocol, we employ the concept of a monitor function which is responsible for fast recovery from access-related errors. Our protocol supports asynchronous transmission of data frames concurrently with full-duplex synchronous channels, e.g., for voice services or other applications requiring guaranteed delay. The delay-throughput performance of the token ring is shown to depend very little on data rate and distance. The transmission system of the ring is fully bit synchronous and allows insertion/removal of stations in/from the ring at any time. A mixed ring/star wiring strategy is used which provides the means for both fault detection and isolation, and system reconfiguration, and allows wiring of a building systematically.
Distortion and Pulse Shaping of Short Electrical Pulses from Dispersion of Microstrip Lines

Photoconductive switches, using short optical pulses to generate or switch electrical pulses as short as a few picoseconds, are conveniently made by using gaps in microstrip transmission lines on semiconductors. The spectral width of the generated pulses is a few hundred gigahertz and the dominant, quasi-TEM mode of the microstrip is known to be dispersive over this frequency range. The pulses consequently change shape as they propagate along the strip. Calculations are made of this dispersion for a variety of dimensions and dielectrics. Gaussian pulses with picosecond widths may become seriously distorted in a few millimeters for a typical configuration. For a certain distance asymmetric pulses may become sharpened, so there is some possibility of useful pulse shaping by means of this dispersion. In addition to the dispersion arising from the geometric effects, there may be additional dispersion from conductor losses, radiation, or the dispersion in the dielectric. These last-mentioned effects are generally of second order importance for typical lines used, but calculations are made to show some of their effects upon the dispersion and pulse shaping.
Sublethal oxidant stress induces a reversible increase in intracellular calcium dependent on NAD(P)H oxidation in rat alveolar macrophages.

Abstract A concentration-dependent elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and oxidation of NAD(P)H occurred in alveolar macrophages during exposure to sublethal tert-butylhydroperoxide concentrations (tBOOH) (⩽100 μ m in 1 ml with 1 × 106 cells). Oxidation of NAD(P)H preceded a rise in [Ca2+]i. The elevation of [Ca2+]i was reversible at m tBOOH exposure and the return to the steady state [Ca2+]i correlated temporally with repletion of NAD(P)H. At >50 μ m tBOOH, the changes in NAD(P)H and [Ca2+]i were sustained. The relative contributions of NADPH and NADH oxidation were examined by varying the substrates supplying reducing equivalents and by inhibiting glutathione reductase activity. The results suggested that at m tBOOH, oxidation of NADPH predominated, while at >50 μ m tBOOH, NADH oxidation predominated. A complex relationship between the relative roles of NADPH and NADH oxidation and the elevation of [Ca2+]i was revealed: (i) reversible oxidation of NADPH is associated with the initial and reversible elevation of [Ca2+]i at m tBOOH; (ii) the sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i at >50 μ m tBOOH correlates with the sustained oxidation of NADH; and (iii) the changes in [Ca2+]i did not depend on influx of extracellular Ca2+. We speculate that at low tBOOH, Ca2+ was released from the NADPH/NADP+-sensitive mitochondrial Ca2+ pool while higher tBOOH caused additional Ca2+ release from GSH/GSSG-sensitive nonmitochondrial Ca2+ pools with sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i due to decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ reuptake.
Influencing prescribing through effective communication skills

Today’s patient is exposed to an inordinate amount of direct-to-consumer advertising and health information. Moreover, prescribers are the routine targets of aggressive marketing by pharmaceutical companies and sales representatives. Although many physicians and decision makers profess that these
Plasma Density Fluctuations in a Magnetic Field

Sinusoidal electron charge density fluctuations with propagation vector k are considered for a fully ionized gas in complete thermodynamic equilibrium in a constant magnetic field. Let $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ be the ratio of the Debye length and of an electron gyroradius, respectively, to the wavelength ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A general formula is derived for the frequency spectrum of these fluctuations for arbitrary values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, and of the angle ($\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\pi}$) between k and the magnetic field. The dispersion relation implied by this expression has been obtained previously by Gross and by Bernstein, but the method of derivation is different. A very small electron-ion mass ratio $\frac{m}{M}$ is assumed.For large values of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ most of the intensity occurs at small frequencies: If $sin\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\gg}{(\frac{m}{M})}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, the main spectrum is continuous as in the absence of a magnetic field; if ${(\frac{m}{M})}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\ll}sin\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\ll}{(\frac{m}{M})}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, it consists of lines with spacing about the ion gyrofrequency; if $sin\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\ll}{(\frac{m}{M})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, it consists mainly of a line at zero frequency. Weaker spectral lines are obtained which correspond to plasma oscillations, the existence of "frequency gaps" is confirmed for small angles $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, and the intensities of the various components are evaluated. For small $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, another spectral line is obtained at a "resonance" frequency intermediate between the electron and ion gyrofrequency.
Policy sciences and the market

The most recent response of our universities to the challenge presented by the urban crisis—the domestic problems that show their dramatic symptoms in our cities—has taken the form of new graduate programs in the policy sciences. They are widely diverse in course content, teaching methods, measures to assure experiential inputs and devices for survival in the standard discipline-oriented university climate, but all have the common purpose of improving the quality and enlarging the quantity of both public policy practitioners and analysts. These pioneering activities are growing in an atmosphere of intense intellectual debate and self-examination. How best to design and conduct them with respect to these input parameters, appropriate overall roles for universities in policy science training, the nature of more “rational” decisionmaking as a process, and the roles of policy science-trained analysts and practitioners in it and in promoting it, are all under lively examination and discussion. What has thus far received relatively little attention is the nature of the decision universe in which the products of these programs, the graduates, will need to perform if they are to have impact. In this paper that universe and the relationship of the university to it are characterized in simple market terms. Doing so suggests that the most pressing problems for policy science lie on the demand, not the supply, side of the market. It will take the best efforts of policy scientists to address them successfully.
Joining prepreg composite interfaces with aligned carbon nanotubes

Abstract An interlaminar reinforcement using aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is demonstrated for prepreg unidirectional carbon tape composites. Aligned CNTs are grown at high temperature and then transfer-printed to prepreg at room temperature, maintaining CNT alignment in the through-thickness direction. In initial testing, the CNT-modified interface is observed to increase fracture toughness 1.5–2.5X in Mode I, and 3X in Mode II. Both compliant interlayer and bridging are considered as mechanisms of toughening, with evidence of CNT bridging observed in fracture micrographs. Fabrication methods are compatible with existing manufacturing processes and have the potential to enhance the structural and multifunctional properties of advanced composite laminates.
Labyrinth seal rotordynamic forces using a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code

A finite difference method for determining rotor dynamic forces on an eccentric whirling labyrinth cavity has been developed. A coordinate-transformation was applied to the Reynolds time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in order to use the modified bipolar coordinate system. The SIMPLER algorithm with QUICK differencing and the high Reynolds number k-e turbulence model are used to compute the complex turbulent flow field. A circular whirl orbit about the geometric center of the housing was specified for simplicity. The new model was tested against the rotordynamic force measurements, and close agreement was found
Microvascular Cell Death in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats During Experimental Inflammation

Objective:Chronic hypertension is associated with an increased risk for tissue injury that may be mediated in part by endothelium and inflammatory cells. To clarify a possible underlying mechanisms...
Williamson on Gettier Cases and Epistemic Logic

Abstract Timothy Williamson has fruitfully exploited formal resources to shed considerable light on the nature of knowledge. In the paper under examination, Williamson turns his attention to Gettier cases, showing how they can be motivated formally. At the same time, he disparages the kind of justification he thinks gives rise to these cases. He favors instead his own notion of justification for which Gettier cases cannot arise. We take issue both with his disparagement of the kind of justification that figures in Gettier cases and the specifics of the formal motivation.
Delay-throughput tradeoff for streaming over blockage channels with delayed feedback

We focus on the problem of real-time streaming over a blockage channel with long feedback delay, as arises in real-time satellite communication from a comm-on-the-move (COTM) terminal. For this problem, we introduce a definition of delay that captures the real-time nature of the problem, which we show grows at least as fast as O(log(k)) for memoryless channels, where k corresponds to the number of packets in the transmission. Moreover, we show that a tradeoff exists between this delay and a natural notion of throughput that captures the bandwidth requirements of the communication. We develop and analyze an efficient “multi-burst” transmission protocol for achieving good delay-throughput tradeoffs within this framework, which we show can be augmented with coding for additional performance gains. Simulations validate the new protocols on channels with and without memory.
Soft Power and Hard Measures: Large-Scale Assessment, Citizenship and the European Union

This article explores the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) with particular emphasis on the European Union's (EU's) involvement in the regional portion. Using the ICCS, the EU actively combines hard measures with soft power, allowing the EU to define and steer cross-national rankings of values of EU citizenship. The authors contend that once hard measures of citizenship are produced, they become an efficient 'truth' that can be legitimated through evaluation and ranking. As measures are represented in comparative tables, the conversation shifts to 'Why are we ranked here?' rather than 'How/why were we ranked?' This shift requires critical discussion, one which is often difficult, given the politics of agreement and funding patterns underlying assessment. International large-scale assessment continues to dominate national preoccupations related to educational questions of 'how we are doing' compared to others. The more prevalent assessments include the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's (IEA's) assessments, the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), and subsequent international assessments such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD's) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Although both the IEA's and OECD's education assessments hold a number of significant similarities, IEA studies claim to have a curriculum focus and the OECD's PISA seeks to measure workforce knowledge. Regardless of a particular study's focus, the results of all three have made waves in educational and policy circles. These assessments are regarded as particularly useful for providing an objective comparison of student achievement in countries around the world, and consequently in guiding policy makers and government officials in their decision making about education. Yet, assessment results have sparked much debate, including the extent to which these assessments can, in fact, yield accurate comparisons (cf. Rotberg, 1998). There are also debates surrounding the tests' emphasis on rote learning through the use of multiple-choice questions. Nonetheless, a growing number of countries agree to participate in a whole range of these international large-scale assessments. This article focuses on the shifting world of international large-scale assessment, as it moves beyond international studies such as PIRLS, PISA and TIMSS, to include studies such as the Civics Education Study (CivEd) and the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS). There are a number of interesting developments emerging in these shifts - for example, the implications of developing hard measurements of citizenship. Moreover, these shifts demonstrate the formation of new multilateral partnerships, as organizations, such as the OECD and the IEA,
Expanding ERP Application Software: Buy, Lease, Outsource, or Write Your Own?

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software is very popular. But it can be complex and expensive. Some companies develop their own, in-house. Others buy, lease, or outsource custom-designed solutions. Which choice is right for your company? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mitomycin C for prevention of postoperative haze following excimer laser surface ablation in moderate to high myopia

Reason for withdrawal from publication The protocol is out of date and does not meet the current methodological standards of Cochrane.
Collisionless solar wind, 2, Variable electron temperature

Examination of a two-component ?model' for the solar wind, in which the protons become collisionless beyond a distance from the solar center equal to or greater than 10 solar radii, where they are already highly supersonic. The proton temperatures are found from the double adiabatic equation of state. The electrons are highly subsonic, and their temperature profile is prescribed ad hoc. The momentum equations for the electrons and protons are solved subject to the conditions of quasi-neutrality and zero charge efflux from the sun. Some of the principal results are: (1) the proton thermal anisotropy is substantially reduced when solar rotation is considered; (2) solar rotation leads to significantly lower mean proton temperatures; and (3) the electron temperature profile in the supersonic region is the primary parameter determining flow acceleration there.
Abstract Hilbertian deductive systems, infon logic, and Datalog

In the first part of the paper, we discuss abstract Hilbertian deductive systems; these are systems defined by abstract notions of formula, axiom, and inference rule. We use these systems to develop a general method for converting derivability problems, from a broad range of deductive systems, into the derivability problem in a quite specific system, namely the Datalog fragment of universal Horn logic. In this generality, the derivability problems may not be recursively solvable, let alone feasible; in particular, we may get Datalog ''programs'' with infinitely many rules. We then discuss what would be needed to obtain computationally useful results from this method. In the second part of the paper, we analyze a particular deductive system, primal infon logic with variables, which arose in the development of the authorization language DKAL. A consequence of our analysis of primal infon logic with variables is that its derivability problems can be translated into Datalog with only a quadratic increase of size.
Linearity Improvement of HBT-based Doherty Power Amplifiers Based on a Simple Analytical Model

A simple analytical model is proposed and shown to be effective in predicting the nonlinear behavior of single-ended amplifiers, as well as Doherty amplifiers implemented with GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) for handset applications. The analytical model is based on linear and nonlinear components extracted from a vertical bipolar inter-company model for Skyworks Solutions Inc.'s InGaP/GaAs HBT devices. Equations derived from the model provide insights into effects of individual components on the gain and phase of both the single-ended and Doherty amplifiers. The model indicates that tuning the phase delay inserted in front of the auxiliary power amplifier (PA) within the Doherty can improve linearity at a high input power. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated by experimental results in which, for a Doherty PA with a tuned phase delay at the auxiliary PA side, the measured gain and phase agree with the simulation results. Furthermore, the third-order intermodulation distortion performance is improved as much as 8 dB when compared with a Doherty PA without phase delay tuning
Feeling Disrespected: An Exploration of the Extant Literature

In this article, a comprehensive exploration of the literature on feeling disrespected is presented. Literature is reviewed from philosophy, sociology, psychology, education, business, and nursing. Four over-arching themes concerning feeling disrespected are identified.
Bacillus Strains Most Closely Related to Bacillus nealsonii Are Not Effectively Circumscribed within the Taxonomic Species Definition

Bacillus strains with >99.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were characterized with DNA:DNA hybridization, cellular fatty acid (CFA) analysis, and testing of 100 phenotypic traits. When paired with the most closely related type strain, percent DNA:DNA similarities (% <path id="x1D446" d="M457 488l-30 -3q-17 148 -131 148q-53 0 -84.5 -34.5t-31.5 -82.5q0 -42 25.5 -72t74.5 -62l33 -22q63 -42 95 -85t32 -102q0 -84 -67 -137t-163 -53q-58 0 -113 22t-70 43l-4 152l27 4q4 -32 15 -62.5t31 -59.5t53.5 -47t76.5 -18q56 0 92 35t36 96q0 39 -25 70t-78 68 l-31 22q-32 23 -53.5 41.5t-45 57t-23.5 77.5q0 82 58 132.5t156 50.5q46 0 101 -17l18.5 -6t17 -6t8.5 -3q-4 -55 0 -147z" /> ) for six Bacillus strains were all far below the recommended 70% threshold value for species circumscription with Bacillus nealsonii. An apparent genomic group of four Bacillus strain pairings with 94%–70% was contradicted by the failure of the strains to cluster in CFA- and phenotype-based dendrograms as well as by their differentiation with 9–13 species level discriminators such as nitrate reduction, temperature range, and acid production from carbohydrates. The novel Bacillus strains were monophyletic and very closely related based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Coherent genomic groups were not however supported by similarly organized phenotypic clusters. Therefore, the strains were not effectively circumscribed within the taxonomic species definition.
A Center-Based Program for Exercise Change among Black-American Families

A center-based program was designed and implemented to promote aerobic physical activity among healthy Black-American families with children in the fifth through seventh grades. Ninety-four Black-American families were actively recruited and randomly as signed to an experimental or control group. Families in the experimental group were encouraged to participate in a program with the following features: one education and two fitness sessions per week for 14 weeks; educational sessions that included individual counseling, small group education, aerobic activity, and snack components; located in a convenient building cherished by the community; aerobic activity sessions in a fitness center outfitted and staffed according to modern characteristics; a variety of incentives including free transportation and babysitting and reminders to promote attendance. Per cent participation was low, with about 20% participating in the desired fitness center sessions by the end of the program. As a result of low participatio...
Synthesizing Concurrent Synchronous Computing Machines from Interrupt-Driven Binaries

Soft processors are increasingly being used to host embedded systems applications on reconfigurable computing platforms such as the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Soft processors are sequential, synchronous devices that are not capable of exploiting the concurrency available on FPGAs. We present a method for automatically synthesizing interrupt-driven binaries into custom, self-contained, circuitizable finite-state machine with data path (FSMD) descriptions that are capable of leveraging the concurrency of the FPGA. We show how this method increases the computational density of interrupt-driven applications while decreasing interrupt servicing latencies, mitigating live lock, and eliminating overhead associated with interrupt context switching. We discuss implications and limitations of this method, and describe a prototype which implements the method for programs targeted for the Intel 8051.
Chinese and European American Mothers' Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Children's School Success

In a cross-cultural comparison of parental beliefs, this study asked a sample of 48 immigrant Chinese and 50 European American mothers of preschool-aged children their perspectives regarding the role of parenting in their children's school success. In their responses, the Chinese mothers conveyed (a) the great degree of value they place on education, (b) the high investment and sacrifice they feel they need to offer, (c) the more direct intervention approach to their children's schooling and learning, and (d) a belief that they can play a significant role in the school success of their children. On the other hand, European American mothers primarily expressed (a) a negation of the importance of academics or academic skills (instead emphasizing the importance of social skills), (b) a less "directive" approach to learning explained under the "facilitative" model, and (c) a concern for building their children's self-esteem.
Comparison of the effects of estradiol and progesterone on serotonergic function.

Background Ovarian hormones may contribute to the vulnerability to depression, as well as to the response to antidepressants (ADs). Previously, we reported that acute systemic treatment with estradiol or progesterone blocked the ability of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluvoxamine, to inhibit serotonin transporter function in ovariectomized rats. In this study, behavioral consequences, as well as receptor mechanisms underlying these hormonal effects, were investigated. Methods Using the forced swimming test, the acute effect of estradiol and/or progesterone on fluvoxamine's AD-like effects was investigated. Using in vivo chronoamperometry, the effect of local application of estradiol or progesterone into the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats on serotonin (5-HT) clearance, as well as on the ability of fluvoxamine to slow 5-HT clearance, were investigated. Results The decreased immobility and increased swimming caused by fluvoxamine in the forced swimming test was blocked in rats treated with estradiol and/or progesterone. Local application of estradiol, but not progesterone, slowed 5-HT clearance and both hormones blocked the ability of fluvoxamine to slow 5-HT clearance. Use of hormone receptor agonists and antagonists, revealed that the effects of estradiol are mediated by activation of membrane, as well as nuclear estrogen receptors (ER). The AD-like effect of estradiol involved ER beta and G-protein coupled receptor 30, whereas its blockade of fluvoxamine's effects was ER alpha-mediated. The effects of progesterone occurred solely by activation of intracellular progesterone receptors. Conclusions Targeting of ER beta or G-protein coupled receptor 30 might reveal a strategy to permit beneficial effects of estrogen without its deleterious effect on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy.
Discovery Channel Telescope: progress and status

The Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) is a 4.2-m telescope being built at a new site near Happy Jack, in northern Arizona. The DCT features a 2-degree-diameter field of view at prime focus and a Ritchey-Chretien (RC) configuration with Cassegrain and Nasmyth focus capability for optical/IR imaging and spectroscopy. Formal groundbreaking at the Happy Jack site for the DCT occurred on 12 July 2005, with construction of major facility elements underway.
Multiplexed Screening of Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles Using Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly promising candidates as drug delivery agents into cells of interest. We describe for the first time the multiplexed analysis of nanoparticle uptake by cells using mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that the cellular uptake of functionalized gold nanoparticles with cationic or neutral surface ligands can be readily determined using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of cell lysates. The surface ligands have “mass barcodes” that allow different nanoparticles to be simultaneously identified and quantified at levels as low as 30 pmol. Using this method, we find that subtle changes to AuNP surface functionalities can lead to measurable changes in cellular uptake propensities.
Energy storage systems considerations for grid-charged hybrid electric vehicles

This paper discusses battery power and energy requirements for grid-charged parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with different operating strategies. First, it considers the traditional all-electric-range-based operating concept and shows that this strategy can require a larger, more expensive battery due to the simultaneous requirement for high energy and power. It then proposes an alternative "electric-assist" operating concept for grid-charged HEVs to enable the use of a smaller, less costly battery. However, this strategy is expected to reduce the vehicle efficiency during both charge-depleting and-sustaining operation. The paper concludes by identifying several key questions for future research.
Prognostic Significance of p16 Protein Levels in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Cancer

Purpose: Functional inactivation of p16 is an early and frequent event in head and neck squamous cell cancers. In this study, we sought to determine whether p16 expression is of prognostic importance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Experimental Design: p16 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray composed of 123 oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers with a mean patient follow-up time of 33 months. Results: p16 overexpression was associated with more advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage and higher histologic grade. Despite this association with unfavorable features, p16 overexpression was associated with decreased 5-year local recurrence rates (11 versus 53%) and increased 5-year disease-free survival (62 versus 19%) and overall survival (60 versus 21%). In multivariate analysis, p16 expression status remained an independent prognostic factor for local recurrence, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Conclusions: In patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression of p16 as determined by immunohistochemistry is associated with significantly improved prognosis and lower local recurrence rates.
AUTO-MUTE 2.0: A Portable Framework with Enhanced Capabilities for Predicting Protein Functional Consequences upon Mutation.

The AUTO-MUTE 2.0 stand-alone software package includes a collection of programs for predicting functional changes to proteins upon single residue substitutions, developed by combining structure-based features with trained statistical learning models. Three of the predictors evaluate changes to protein stability upon mutation, each complementing a distinct experimental approach. Two additional classifiers are available, one for predicting activity changes due to residue replacements and the other for determining the disease potential of mutations associated with nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in human proteins. These five command-line driven tools, as well as all the supporting programs, complement those that run our AUTO-MUTE web-based server. Nevertheless, all the codes have been rewritten and substantially altered for the new portable software, and they incorporate several new features based on user feedback. Included among these upgrades is the ability to perform three highly requested tasks: to run “big data” batch jobs; to generate predictions using modified protein data bank (PDB) structures, and unpublished personal models prepared using standard PDB file formatting; and to utilize NMR structure files that contain multiple models.
Randomized path planning with deceptive strategies

In this paper we study a non-cooperative zero-sum game where one player performs reconnaissance while the second player constantly observes the first. This game has implications for teams of UAVs operating within aural and visual detection range of threat forces. In particular, the threat can potentially react dynamically to UAV observations and endanger future movements. We propose a specific behavior essential to an optimal policy for a team of agents, and create a randomized algorithm inspired by these heuristics. Implementation of this path planner onto a team of autonomous helicopters demonstrated the utility of the algorithm in real time applications.
Have we seen all structures corresponding to short protein fragments in the Protein Data Bank? An update.

Assembling short fragments from known structures has been a widely used approach to construct novel protein structures. To what extent there exist structurally similar fragments in the database of known structures for short fragments of a novel protein is a question that is fundamental to this approach. This work addresses that question for seven-, nine- and 15-residue fragments. For each fragment size, two databases, a query database and a template database of fragments from high-quality protein structures in SCOP20 and SCOP90, respectively, were constructed. For each fragment in the query database, the template database was scanned to find the lowest r.m.s.d. fragment among non-homologous structures. For seven-residue fragments, there is a 99% probability that there exists such a fragment within 0.7 A r.m.s.d. for each loop fragment. For nine-residue fragments there is a 96% probability of a fragment within 1 A r.m.s.d., while for 15-residue fragments there is a 91% probability of a fragment within 2 A r.m.s.d.. These results, which update previous studies, show that there exists sufficient coverage to model even a novel fold using fragments from the Protein Data Bank, as the current database of known structures has increased enormously in the last few years. We have also explored the use of a grid search method for loop homology modeling and make some observations about the use of a grid search compared with a database search for the loop modeling problem.
Photoinduced Aggregation of Polythiophenes

This letter describes thiophene-based materials that undergo photoinduced aggregation or precipitation upon irradiation with UV light. The only solubilizing side chains on these materials are photocleavable by connection through photolabile nitrobenzyl esters. While quaterthiophene oligomers yield diacids that remain soluble in dichloromethane at micromolar concentrations upon exposure to ultraviolet light, the polymeric analog shows both red-shifted absorbance and heavily quenched fluorescence, consistent with aggregation due to photochemical cleavage of solubilizing alkyl chains. Thin films of this polymer also resisted dissolution in organic solvent upon irradiation, suggesting applicability in the construction of multilayer solid-state devices.
Correction of cut slope on Zhanglong Expressway

By the example of the rectification of cut slopes at K67+955～K68+005section on Zhanglong Expressway,through the monitoring of surface displacement and the detailed geological prospecting in the stage of slope slipe development,the nature of the slide of cut slope,the reason of generation and the position of the sliding surface were found out and stability analysis of fragmental high rock slope and calculating methods of the rectification design were presented.The successful practice shows that the measures are safe,reliable,economic as well as rational in slide synthetic rectification.
Obesity: Etiology and Pathogenesis

(1959). Obesity: Etiology and Pathogenesis. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 25, Cardiovascular Diseases, pp. 623-634.
Sustainable glucose-based block copolymers exhibit elastomeric and adhesive behavior

Herein, we present the direct modification of glucose, an abundant and inexpensive sugar molecule, to produce new sustainable and functional polymers. Glucose-6-acrylate-1,2,3,4-tetraacetate (GATA) has been synthesized and shown to provide a useful glassy component for developing an innovative family of elastomeric and adhesive materials. A series of diblock and triblock copolymers of GATA and n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) were created via Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Initially, poly(GATA)-b-poly(n-BA) copolymers were prepared using 4-cyano-4-[(ethylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CEP) as a chain transfer agent (CTA). These diblock copolymers demonstrated decomposition temperatures of 275 °C or greater and two glass transition temperatures (Tg) around −45 °C and 100 °C corresponding to the PnBA and PGATA domains, respectively, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Triblock copolymers of GATA and n-BA, with moderate dispersities (Đ = 1.15–1.29), were successfully synthesized when S,S-dibenzyl trithiocarbonate (DTC) was employed as the CTA. Poly(GATA)-b-poly(nBA)-b-poly(GATA) copolymers with 14–58 wt% GATA were prepared and demonstrated excellent thermomechanical properties (Td ≥ 279 °C). Two well-separated glass transitions near the values for homopolymers of n-BA and GATA (∼−45 °C and ∼100 °C, respectively) were measured by DSC. The triblock with 14% GATA exhibited peel adhesion of 2.31 N cm−1 (when mixed with 30 wt% tackifier) that is superior to many commercial pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Use of 3,5-bis(2-dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio-1oxopropoxy)benzoic acid (BTCBA) as the CTA provided a more efficient route to copolymerize GATA and n-BA. Using BTCBA, poly(GATA)-b-poly(nBA)-b-poly(GATA) triblock copolymers containing 12–25 wt% GATA, with very narrow molar mass distributions (Đ ≤ 1.08), were prepared. The latter series of triblock copolymers showed excellent thermal stability with Td ≥ 275 °C. Only the Tg for the PnBA block was observed by DSC (∼−45 °C), however, phase-separation was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for all of these triblock copolymers. The mechanical behavior of the polymers was investigated by tensile experiments and the triblock with 25% GATA content demonstrated moderate elastomeric properties, 573 kPa stress at break and 171% elongation. This study introduces a new family of glucose-based ABA-type copolymers and demonstrates functionality of a glucose-based feedstock for developing green polymeric materials.
Comparisons of bone properties and keel deformities between strains and housing systems in end-of-lay hens

Susceptibility of caged layers to osteoporosis and cage layer fatigue has generated interest in newer housing systems that favor increased load-bearing activities. However, high incidences of fractures incurred during lay period have been reported in these newer systems. This study is aimed at determining the housing and strain effects on bone properties: dry weight, percentage ash content, cortical density (CBD), cortical thickness (CBT), and keel bone deformities. Tibia, femur, and keel from Hy-Line Brown (HB), Hy-Line Silver Brown (SB), and Barred Plymouth Rock (BR) hens housed in conventional cages (CC), cage-free (CF), and cage-free with range (outdoor access; R) were studied. At 78 wk, 60 hens from each strain and housing system combination were euthanized and bones were excised for analysis. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to measure CBD and CBT in each bone. Three-dimensional images of keels were generated from software using QCT scans to analyze the deformities. Tibiae CBT was greater (P 90%) of keel deformities and the housing and genotype influenced the type of deformity. These findings indicate that range and cage-free housing may have beneficial impact on tibia and keel bone integrity compared to conventional cages but the improvement may not be sufficient to prevent fractures or deformities of keel.
Reconciling the Dualism of Practical Reason

The last theoretical problem we will deal with in this book is Sidgwick’s dualism of practical reason, or the fundamental conflict between egoism and utilitarianism. According to Sidgwick, utilitarianism and egoism have equally solid theoretical bases; and yet completely different, and possibly conflicting, courses of action can be prescribed by these two different views.
Abstract IA12: Stromal cells in the targeting and transport of tumor-penetrating peptides

This laboratory studies tissue-specific vascular markers, “vascular zip codes”, and their use in selective targeting of drugs to diseased tissues. Screening of phage libraries in live mice identifies peptides that direct phage homing to a specific target in the body. When the libraries are injected into the circulation, tissue-specific or tumor-specific differences in endothelial cells are primarily targeted. The endothelial target molecules are frequently also expressed by other tumor stromal cells and tumor cells, but not cells in normal tissues. Recently discovered tumor-penetrating peptides, through a complex mechanism that involves a proteolytic cleavage and binding to a second receptor, activate an endocytic transport pathway related to but distinct from macropinocytosis. This trans-tissue pathway, dubbed the CendR pathway, mediates the exit of payloads ranging from small molecule drugs to nanoparticles from the blood vessels and transport through extravascular tumor tissue. The CendR technology provides a solution to a major problem in tumor therapy, poor penetration of drugs into tumors. The tumor-penetrating peptides are capable of taking a drug, antibody, or nanoparticle payload deep into tumor tissue in mice, and they also penetrate into human tumors ex vivo. Remarkably the payload does not have to be coupled to the peptide; the peptide activates a bulk transport system that sweeps along any compound that is present in the blood. Treatment studies in mice show improved anti-tumor efficacy and less damage to normal tissues. Citation Format: Erkki Ruoslahti, Erkki Ruoslahti. Stromal cells in the targeting and transport of tumor-penetrating peptides. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr IA12.
Application of the CUDA® toolkit multi-GPU libraries to an out-of-core MoM solver

In this work the latest multi-graphical-processing unit (multi-GPU) libraries included with the NVIDIA® CUDA® toolkit are used to accelerate the simulation of the radar cross section (RCS) of a target discretized to 125,913 unknowns. On a system with four NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPU cards, the total runtime of a full-wave out-of-core method of moments (MoM) solver was reduced from about 4 days to about 5 hours.
Slack-Water Deposits: A Geomorphic Technique for the Interpretation of Fluvial Paleohydrology

During large floods overbank sedimentation is greatest in slack-water areas associated with channel expansions and the mouths of tributaries which are either back-flooded or hydraulically dammed. Slack-water deposits in eastern Washington and central and west Texas provide information on the magnitude, frequency and areal extent of past floods. The distribution of the slack-water facies of the Pleistocene Lake Missoula Flood deposits throughout the Channeled Scabland of eastern Washington defines the area covered by those floods. The sediments accumulated in basins created by downstream flow constrictions and in back-flooded valleys adjacent to the major channelways. The rhytmically layered slack-water sediments, in many ways analogous to turbidity current deposits, probably resulted from discharge surges during a few great floods. The lack of soil-profile development on central Texas slack-water deposits is evidence that the accumulation of alluvium at these sites is related to the present hydrologic regimes of the streams. The elevations of the deposits were used to estimate the maximum stage of flooding. The discharge values calculated from the stage estimates approximately agree with the maximum flood of record on these streams. Tributary canyons of the Pecos and Devils rivers in west Texas are filled with slack-water deposits. The Pecos River deposits are composed of sediment deposited during flooding back up the tributaries from the main stream. In contrast, slack-water deposits in the adjacent Devils River basin are silts deposited during flood surges up the tributaries, interbedded with gravel deposited during floods down the tributary canyons. The more complex hydrologic record in the Devils River slack-water deposits is probably the result of the greater drainage efficiency of its tributary canyons. The paleohydrologic record derived from studies of slack-water alluvial stratigraphy is useful in assessing the rates of geomorphic change in river226 channels that result from infrequent processes that cannot be measured directly.
Some Comments on Plankton Patches

The title of this volume mentions only the spatial patterns of plankton, but the populations we are concerned with have other types of variation which cannot be ignored. They have different life spans which must have an effect on their spatial distributions. Also, we must consider the food chain relations between organisms as a factor affecting spatial structure and this involves aspects such as the size distribution of the plants and animals and the numbers of different species within each trophic grouping.
Abstract 536: Metformin Accumulation and Accentuated Ampk Phosphorylation Contribute to Sustained Inhibition of Agonist-Induced Contractility in Endothelium-Denuded Rat Aorta

Objective Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has been shown to exert protective effects in the vasculature by improving endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, the beneficial effect of metformin toward smooth muscle contraction and the molecular events involved in this process remain unclear. Using endothelium-denuded aorta, the present study has therefore examined the extent of metformin accumulation and the likely changes in AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation during smooth muscle contraction induced by G-protein coupled receptor agonists, including phenylephrine (PE) and serotonin (5-HT). Methods Endothelium-denuded rat aortic ring preparations were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension measurements. The contractile responses to cumulative concentrations of PE or 5-HT were determined before and after pretreatments with metformin or AICAR (a direct AMPK activator). The changes in AMPK phosphorylation were determined by immunoblot analysis. Metformin accumulation was determined by LC-MS/MS. Results Concentration dependency studies revealed that pretreatment with 3 mM metformin resulted in significant inhibition of PE- or 5-HT-induced contractility (p Conclusion In conclusion, metformin accumulation contributes to sustained inhibition of arterial smooth muscle contractility via activation of AMPK. The present findings suggest that metformin has the potential to ameliorate chronic hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes.