cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composition Tuning the Upconversion Emission in NaYF4:Yb/ Tm Hexaplate Nanocrystals

Single crystal hexagonal NaYF4:Yb/Tm nanocrystals have been synthesized with uniform size, morphology and controlled chemical composition. Spectroscopic studies show that these nanocrystals exhibit strong energy upconversion emission when excited with a 980 nm diode laser, with two primary emission peaks centered around 452 nm and 476 nm. Importantly, the overall and relative emission intensity at these wavelengths can be readily tuned by controlling the concentration of the trivalent rare earth element dopants at the beginning of the synthesis which has been confirmed by EDX for the first time. Through systematic studies, the optimum rare earth ion doping concentration can be determined for the strongest emission intensity at the selected peak(s). Confocal microscopy studies show that the upconversion emission from individual NCs can be readily visualized. These studies demonstrate a rational approach for fine tuning the upconversion properties in rare-earth doped nanostructures and can broadly impact areas ranging from energy harvesting, energy conversion to biomedical imaging and therapeutics.
Statistical approaches to estimating mean water quality concentrations with detection limits.

We review statistical methodology for estimating mean concentrations of potentially toxic pollutants in water, for small samples that are not normally distributed and often contain substantial numb...
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor inhibits class II major histocompatibility complex expression and antigen presentation by microglia.

Abstract Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) modulates various functions of monocytes/ macrophages including antigen-presenting capacity. Recently it was found that astrocytes produce GM-CSF in the central nervous system (CNS) and that GM-CSF can induce proliferation and morphological changes of microglia. Here we show that GM-CSF can down regulate the interferon-γ-mediated induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens in microglia, but not in astrocytes. GM-CSF pretreatment completely prevents myelin basic protein-specific T cell proliferation induced by microglia but not astrocytes. GM-CSF did not affect the cell surface expression on microglia of either MHC class I or cell adhesion molecules. The inhibition of microglial MHC class II expression and antigen-presenting function is specific for GM-CSF, as treatment with a different CSF (interleukin-3) did not modulate microglial phenotype or functional capacity. These data suggest that GM-CSF might be involved in the regulation of immune responses within the central nervous system.
The Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Focal Adhesion Dynamics

Background We consider a focal adhesion to be made up of molecular complexes, each consisting of a ligand, an integrin molecule, and associated plaque proteins. Free energy changes drive the binding and unbinding of these complexes and thereby controls the focal adhesion's dynamic modes of growth, treadmilling and resorption. Principal Findings We have identified a competition among four thermodynamic driving forces for focal adhesion dynamics: (i) the work done during the addition of a single molecular complex of a certain size, (ii) the chemical free energy change associated with the addition of a molecular complex, (iii) the elastic free energy change associated with deformation of focal adhesions and the cell membrane, and (iv) the work done on a molecular conformational change. We have developed a theoretical treatment of focal adhesion dynamics as a nonlinear rate process governed by a classical kinetic model. We also express the rates as being driven by out-of-equilibrium thermodynamic driving forces, and modulated by kinetics. The mechanisms governed by the above four effects allow focal adhesions to exhibit a rich variety of behavior without the need to introduce special constitutive assumptions for their response. For the reaction-limited case growth, treadmilling and resorption are all predicted by a very simple chemo-mechanical model. Treadmilling requires symmetry breaking between the ends of the focal adhesion, and is achieved by driving force (i) above. In contrast, depending on its numerical value (ii) causes symmetric growth, resorption or is neutral, (iii) causes symmetric resorption, and (iv) causes symmetric growth. These findings hold for a range of conditions: temporally-constant force or stress, and for spatially-uniform and non-uniform stress distribution over the FA. The symmetric growth mode dominates for temporally-constant stress, with a reduced treadmilling regime. Significance In addition to explaining focal adhesion dynamics, this treatment can be coupled with models of cytoskeleton dynamics and contribute to the understanding of cell motility.
Barriers to nurse entrepreneurship: a study of the process model of entrepreneurship.

Purpose: The potential for nurse entrepreneurship to contribute to the effectiveness of healthcare delivery is well acknowledged, yet it has not been fully realized. Using the process model of entrepreneurship, we attempted to glean information from nursing professionals through focus groups on the barriers to starting a business. Data sources: Two focus groups were used and expert moderators conducted these exercises. The first focus group included two hospital administrators, a nurse entrepreneur, an ophthalmology entrepreneur, and a dean of the nursing school familiar with nurse entrepreneurship. The second focus group used 20 students in a nurse practitioner program. Conclusions: The study findings indicate nurse practitioners and other nursing professionals do recognize the potential of nurse entrepreneurship. However, several barriers prevent them from exploiting the identified opportunity. Implications for practice: While the barriers are significant, we believe they can be overcome with coordinated action by individual nurses, professional associations, and public policy initiatives. Several suggestions are offered to nurses seeking to become nurse entrepreneurs.
Evolution of viviparity in horned lizards (Phrynosoma): testing the cold‐climate hypothesis

The cold-climate hypothesis for evolution of viviparity in squamates predicts a correlation between reproductive mode, altitude and latitude. I tested this prediction in horned lizards within a phylogenetic context. I first determined whether all viviparous species were monophyletic using Monte Carlo simulations. Secondly, I tested for presence of phylogenetic signal using randomization tests. Thirdly, I analysed relationships between reproductive mode and minimum, midpoint, and maximum altitudes and latitudes by computing conventional correlations and phylogenetically independent contrasts. Viviparous species do not form a monophyletic group suggesting viviparity evolved twice in the genus. Viviparity and altitude showed strong phylogenetic signal based on randomization tests and were significantly correlated, while latitude was not correlated with reproductive mode. This study partially supports the cold-climate model, but also suggests that altitude either may be a better predictor of cold temperatures or may be a surrogate for other selective factors important in the evolution of viviparity.
Erythropoietin-stimulated proliferation of human red cell precursors in vitro.

Summary. A liquid culture system is described that supports human erythropoiesis in vitro. Replication and maturation of red cell precursors in bone marrow from normal subjects and from patients with various disturbances of haemopoiesis were sustained in culture for periods up to 2 weeks. Added erythropoietin stimulated erythroid precursor DNA synthesis and cell replication. The erythropoietin effect was inhibited by a rabbit antibody to human erythropoietin. The culture system provides a means to study directly normal and abnormal human erythropoiesis in vitro.
Nutrition-related issues for the breast cancer survivor

Nutritional status and dietary intake play a significant role in the prognosis of breast cancer patients and may modify the progression of disease, as well as influence risk for comorbid conditions, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of relevant clinical and epidemiological studies identified through MEDLINE and CINAHL searches was undertaken to provide the clinician with a summary of evidence that could form the appropriate guidance of women diagnosed with breast cancer who seek to reduce their risk of progressive or recurrent disease, and improve their overall health. Currently, healthy weight control with an emphasis on exercise to preserve or increase both lean body and bone masses, and plant-based diets that include ample amounts of nutrient-dense, low-energy density foods, particularly vegetables, can be recommended. Furthermore, diets high in vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and low-fat dairy foods, and low in saturated fat, may help to lower overall disease risk in this population.
Inflammatory ROS promote and cooperate with the Fanconi anemia mutation for hematopoietic senescence

The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibits hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion, interferes with HSC self-renewal and compromises the ability of HSC to reconstitute hematopoiesis. We have investigated mechanisms by which TNFα suppresses hematopoiesis using the genomic instability syndrome Fanconi anemia mouse model deficient for the complementation-group-C gene (Fancc). Examination of senescence makers, such as senescence-associated β-galactosidase, HP1-γ, p53 and p16INK4A shows that TNFα induces premature senescence in bone marrow HSCs and progenitor cells as well as other tissues of Fancc–/– mice. TNFα-induced senescence correlates with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage. Neutralization of TNFα or deletion of the TNF receptor in Fancc–/– mice (Fancc–/–;Tnfr1–/–) prevents excessive ROS production and hematopoietic senescence. Pretreatment of TNFα-injected Fancc–/– mice with a ROS scavenger significantly reduces oxidative base damage, DNA strand breaks and senescence. Furthermore, HSCs and progenitor cells from TNFα-treated Fancc–/– mice show increased chromosomal aberrations and have an impaired oxidative DNA-damage repair. These results indicate an intimate link between inflammatory reactive oxygen species and DNA-damage-induced premature senescence in HSCs and progenitor cells, which may play an important role in aging and anemia.
Connotative meaning of time in therapists' conceptualization of psychotherapeutic interventions

This study examined the connotative meaning which beginner (n = 15), intermediate (n = 14), and advanced (n = 15) therapists assigned to time in psychotherapy and their perception of time as a factor in designing therapeutic interventions. Therapists' conceptualization of the subjective experience of time as a component of psychotherapeutic interventions was assessed by examining their selection of metaphors for time, their semantic differential assessments of past, present, and future perspectives, and through their responses to a semistructured interview. Therapists at all three levels of experience appeared to view time for their clients as moving slowly, promoting growth, and allowing progress, with an emphasis on the importance of future time-based interventions for growth while the clients' past was viewed as reflective of distress. Responses appeared to be atheoretical and idiosyncratic, showing lack of clear integration of time with specific treatment interventions.
WATER FLOW IN SOIL MACROPORES I. AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Summary A method is proposed by which the volume of the macropore system and its effect on the infiltration capacity can be estimated using a soil water potential concept. The macropore systems of two large and undisturbed soil samples were investigated. The volumes of macropores were 0.01 and 0.045 of the sample volumes, respectively. When the samples were drained from full saturation to the point where it may be assumed that there was no more water in the macropore system, the hydraulic conductivity decreased by factors of 18 and 4.3 respectively.
A Wall Effect in the Photothermal Beam Deflection Response of Infrared-Absorbing Gases

Abstract FTIR photothermal beam deflection (PBD) spectroscopy was used to record PBD spectra of IR-absorbing gases in presence of IR-absorbing and non-absorbing solids. The presence of the solid, IR-absorbing or not, causes asymmetry at the juncture of the IR and probe laser
Structural Determinants of Trust in Public Institutions : Cross-National Differentiation

The aim of this article is to present the structural determinants of prodemocratic attitudes expressed through trust in democratic institutions: political parties, parliament, and the judiciary system. We present statistical analyses in which trust is regressed on the social stratification position measured by education, occupation, and income. These analyses are based on data from the European Social Survey (Round 3, 2006). The context for the relationship among individual-level variables is provided by "objective" assessment of the democracy level grasping its different aspects, and defined on the country level. The main result of this study is that the impact of social stratification position on trust in democratic institutions is greater in "old democracies" of Western Europe than in the postcommunist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It also establishes that the higher the country's level of economic development the stronger the impact of the stratification position on prodemocratic attitudes.
The Need for More Effective Father Involvement in Early Autism Intervention: A Systematic Review and Recommendations.

Fathers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are underrepresented in both early intervention and research. However, fathers have unique interaction styles that make important contributions to the language and symbolic play development of typically developing children. Fathers may make similar contributions to the development of their children with ASD, who struggle with social-communicative deficits, particularly in the areas of language and symbolic play. This article provides a theoretical rationale for enhancing father—child involvement in early autism intervention that may lead to improved outcomes in child communication and symbolic play and have cascading benefits for families in reducing stress and enhancing coping mechanisms. To support this rationale, systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to (a) identify the extent of father involvement in parent training programs for children with autism, (b) identify the contributions of parents to the symbolic play outcomes of their c...
Cardiovascular regulation and expressions of NO synthase-tyrosine hydroxylase in nucleus tractus solitarius of ovine fetus

The purpose of this study was to examine cardiovascular responses to fourth cerebral ventricle (4V) administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) or an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) in the ...
Social networking in surgery: The residency program director’s view

Social networking, once primarily done in person, has expanded far beyond face-to-face interaction. Online social networking is currency in today’s world, and it really is no longer possible or judicious to separate the use of social networking from the teaching of surgery residents. Those of us involved in graduate surgical education ignore the ubiquitous use of social networking among our trainees at our---and their---peril. Medical centers have taken different views on the limitation of social networking within their walls, as it can be messy, uncontrollable, and potentially embarrassing to the institution if not well managed. Institutional attitudes range from the provision of free access to any and all websites to the tight regulation of Internet content, with most hospitals holding a point of view somewhere between those two ends of the spectrum. Indeed, many medical institutions---seeking to enjoy the benefits of the technology while minimizing the risk to programs or institutions---have set forth guidelines to assist in detailing what is and is not appropriate content for social networking. In my own residency program, I have codified social networking guidelines into part of the policy and procedure on patient confidentiality, HIPAA, and professionalism. Adapted from my institution’s guidelines for using the Internet by employees, the resident policy, in part, states that users must ‘‘make it clear that they are expressing their own personal views, and that they do not speak for the Medical Center (including a written disclaimer where appropriate),’’ and that they must ‘‘never publicly make comments regarding care of a specific patient.’’ Furthermore, these modified guidelines remind us that ‘‘information disseminated through the Internet and social networking and/or social media sites is subject to all [institutional] policies.’’ Clarifying expectations clearly and distinctly does not avoid all potential risk of poor behavior, but it does significantly minimize risk, and emphasize to trainees that Internet networking requires a higher level of decorum than might be acceptable in one’s private social interactions. The arc of social networking is long, and has integrated itself into multiple levels of my daily
Constructal theory of pattern formation

Abstract. This review article shows that the occurrence of macroscopic flow configuration is a universal natural phenomenon that can be explained and predicted on the basis of a principle of physics (the constructal law): "For a flow system to persist in time (to survive) it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier and easier access to the currents that flow through it". The examples given in this article come from natural inanimate flow systems with configuration: duct cross-sections, open channel cross-sections, tree-shaped flow architectures, and turbulent flow structure (e.g., eddies, laminar lengths before transition). Other examples that are treated in the literature, and which support the constructal law, are the wedge-shape of turbulent shear layers, jets and plumes, the frequency of vortex shedding, Benard convection in fluids and fluid-saturated porous media, dendritic solidification, the coalescence of solid parcels suspended in a flow, global atmospheric and oceanic circulation and climate, and virtually all architectural features of animal design. The constructal law stresses the importance of reserving a place for pure theory in research, and for constantly searching for new physics – new summarizing principles that are general, hence useful.
Bollards, Bunkers, and Barriers: Securing the National Mall in Washington, DC:

In this paper I examine the paradox of democracy and hypersecurity in one of the most significant urban public spaces in the USA, the National Mall in Washington, DC. I explore the 2002 comprehensive security plan for the National Mall. The security plan has generated heated public debate over how to improve security in a post-September 11 world, and protect highly symbolic space, while also preserving the open character of the USA's most visible and used public spaces. I conclude that so far issues of terrorism and national security have trumped concerns about public access on the National Mall. As a result this could both change the symbolic landscape as well as impede active forms of political protest, marches, and demonstrations. These changes are significant, yet have occurred without genuine public debate and participation in the planning process.
Parameter Identification in Continuum Models

We discuss approximation techniques for use in numerical schemes for estimating spatially varying coefficients in continuum models such as those for Euler-Bernoulli beams. The techniques are based on quintic spline state approximations and cubic spline parameter approximations. Both theoretical and numerical results are presented.
A Methodology to Compare Policies for Exploring the Solar System

This paper describes procedures to process part of the information affecting decisions about unmanned exploration of the solar system. Since direct iteration between analysts and several levels of decision makers is, at best, a slow process, we have attempted to design the results of the analysis so that such iteration will not be necessary. In particular, we have avoided attempting to encode decision makers' judgments of probabilities or relative worths, relying instead on the technical judgments of technical experts in their areas of competence. Specifically, the contributions of proposed sequences of unmanned missions toward achieving the primary scientific objectives of exploring the solar system are determined. Consideration of the relative worths of these objectives, however, is left to the decision makers. Risks and uncertainties are explicitly considered, and results are depicted by probability contours. The utilization of resources-funding and manpower-is estimated and displayed. However, decisions cannot be made solely on the basis of the information processed with these procedures. Hence, mission sequences that the procedures indicate are less than optimal are retained. Since portions of the scientific objectives may be fulfilled or preempted by the space exploration programs of other nations, several foreign space programs are assumed as background to provide further insight into the wisdom of alternative decisions.
‘Get Some Secured Credit Cards Homey’: Hip Hop Discourse, Financial Literacy and the Design of Digital Media Learning Environments

In the midst of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, there exists a deficit of compelling financial education curricula in urban schools that serve financially vulnerable working-class students. Part of a design-based research investigation aimed at creating culturally-relevant financial literacy learning environments, this study is a Discourse analysis of a discussion of personal finance on a web-based fan forum dedicated to hip hop music and culture. In this analysis the author claims that the discourse strategies and participant roles present in this discussion are an example of the organic production of what has been called a borderlands Discourse that bridges school-based knowledge of financial literacy with the youth culture of hip hop. The analysis presented here highlights the complex and overlapping ways that discursive hybridity in both representational practices and textual performances of identity figure importantly in the financial literacy practices of community participants...
Performance of MIP/WLAN in Rapid Mobility Environments

In this paper, the performance of Mobile IP (MIP) over Wireless LAN is evaluated using a testbed at different vehecular speeds. The result shows that current MIP protocol is not suitable for rapidly moving environments. Through careful analysis of the relationship between performance and speed, and through a breaking down analysis of the handoff latency of MIP/WLAN, we propose a speed adaptive MIP protocol extension. In this protocol extension, a concept, handoff rate, is defined and is used to extend the MIP protocol. An evaluation of the speed adaptive MIP shows that it greatly improves the performance of MIP/WLAN in rapid moving environments.
Technology, Organizations, and Contingency

Development of organization theory toward contingent models has been paralleled by increasing elaboration of the concepts of environment and technology. A multiple-environment, multiple-technology model of the firm is proposed. Intervening technologies and elaborated structure protect the core technology and mediate fit among organization parts and between the organization and its environment.
Experiments in behavioral economics: Siegel and fouraker revisited

This paper reports on a replication and elaboration of the Siegel and Fouraker laboratory experiments in bilateral monopoly and duopoly, confirming the general Siegel-Fouraker findings and exploring the interrelationships of sociocultural and economic variables as they influence business decision making. Career aspiration is apparent as a significant factor bearing upon bargaining behavior. Graduate business, law, and theology participants in bilateral monopolistic situations, while not uniform in their behavior, showed more awareness of the cultural prominence of equal-split payoffs than did general participant groups. Markedly different results with theology and graduate business sellers in duopoly, the former acting in a “cut-throat” manner and the latter “cooperatively,” indicate that perception of the possibilities of tacit or spontaneous collusion is a crucial variable. An affirmative answer to the question, “Do individuals seeking business careers have measurably different motivational orientations from law and theology students?” is given through the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey values instrument. Laboratory demonstrations of the analytical concepts of tacit collusion, cultural prominence of particular solutions, selective perception, and aspiration-level framework of decision making, and of the Cyert-Lave theory of collusion are described.
DPH5, a methyltransferase gene required for diphthamide biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferase step of diphthamide biosynthesis was selected by intracellular expression of the F2 fragment of diphtheria toxin (DT) and shown to belong to complementation group DPH5. The DPH5 gene was cloned, sequenced, and found to encode a 300-residue protein with sequence similarity to bacterial AdoMet:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferases, enzymes involved in cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis. Both DPH5 and AdoMet:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferases lack sequence motifs commonly found in other methyltransferases and may represent a new family of AdoMet:methyltransferases. The DPH5 protein was produced in Escherichia coli and shown to be active in methylation of elongation factor 2 partially purified from the dph5 mutant. A null mutation of the chromosomal DPH5 gene did not affect cell viability, in agreement with other studies indicating that diphthamide is not required for cell survival. The dph5 null mutant survived expression of three enzymically attenuated DT fragments but was killed by expression of fully active DT fragment A. Consistent with these results, elongation factor 2 from the dph5 null mutant was found to have weak ADP-ribosyl acceptor activity, which was detectable only in the presence of high concentrations of fragment A.
Development of an equation of state for gases

More than a hundred equations of state relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases have been proposed according to Dodge ( 7 ) , but only a very few of them have attained any practical importance as the majority do not represent the data with sufficient accuracy. In this work the significant pressure-volume-temperature (hereafter referred to as P V T ) characteristics of pure gases have been examined in detail, and an equation has been developed to fit precisely the characteristics common t o different gases. PVT data may be plotted on different types of graphs, of which probably the oldest is that of pressure vs. volume with temperature as a parameter, as shown in Figure 1. From this graph van der Waals deduced two properties of the critical isotherm namely, that at the critical point the slope is zero and an inflection occurs.' Van der Waals expressed these two properties algebraically in the following well-known manner :
Advising beginning psychology majors for graduate school.

The 539 American graduate programs listed in Graduate Study in Psychology 1983-1984 were surveyed in order to provide more information for advising psychology majors, particularly beginning majors. Undergraduate course preferences and ratings of five nonobjective criteria were tabulated in relation to the program's training specialty and type of degree offered. Program were classified as offering one of four types of training-clinical/counseling, experimental, both clinical/counseling and experimental, or educational. The type of training was significantly related to preferred courses and ratings of nonobjective criteria, whereas type of degree was relatively unimportant. Results indicated a high preference for a course in statistics, a high rating for letters of recommendation, and a low rating for extracurricular activity. The data are discussed for each of the four program types, because each requires different advising.
Population structure of the pumpkin fruit fly Bactrocera depressa (Tephritidae) in Korea and Japan: Pliocene allopatry or recent invasion?

Because of their widespread agricultural impact and rapid range expansions, true fruit flies (Tephritidae) are the subject of quarantine and control efforts worldwide. Among these flies, the pumpkin fruit fly Bactrocera depressa, which infests squash and other cucurbitaceous plants in Korea, Japan and Taiwan, was recently isolated from produce shipments entering Japan and identified as a regulatory target. This species was described in 1933 from collections in Japan and discovered in 1974 in Korea, suggesting that it may have recently invaded mainland Asia. We analysed the genetic structure of Asian populations of B. depressa using sequence variation for mitochondrial gene cytochrome-oxidase I and three nuclear loci: elongation factor 1α , tubulin β 1 and tubulin β 3, using frequency-based approaches, nested clade analysis and assignment tests. Contrary to the hypothesis of recent invasion, high levels of genetic subdivision were found among five Korean and three Japanese populations. Nested clade analysis suggested a variety of processes operating over different time scales, including ancient isolation between Korea and Japan and more recent range expansions within each country. Contrary to a priori expectations, the results also suggested the recent introduction of a mitochondrial haplotype into Yokohama, Japan that is related closely to a widespread haplotype found throughout Korea. Assignment tests also supported these conclusions. The combination of a genealogical approach and probabilistic assignments of individuals to populations of origin was able to provide statistical support for the identification of cryptic introductions within an otherwise widespread indigenous species.
Community trends in CPR training and use: the Minnesota Heart Survey.

Study objective: To examine community changes in self-reported CPR training and use from 1980–82 to 1985–87 using data obtained from the Minnesota Heart Survey. A comparative investigation of CPR training among blacks and whites in 1985–86 also was completed. Design: Data were obtained in 1980–81 1981–82 1985–86, and 1986–87 from four population-based samples drawn from the seven-county Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area. To increase sample sizes and to compare prevalences of CPR training and use in the early 1980s with prevalences in the mid-1980s, the four Minnesota Heart Survey surveys were combined into two time periods 1980–82 and 1985–87. A separate survey of black individuals was conducted in 1985, and these data were used in the comparisons between blacks and whites in 1985–86. Results: The prevalence of whites trained in CPR increased significantly between 1980–82 and 1985–87 in both nonhealth professionals (18.5% vs 30.9%) and health professionals (71.9% vs 86.8%). No significant change was observed between the two periods in the percentage of nonhealth professionals who had ever used their CPR skills (9.7% vs 10.7%), whereas use among health professionals increased significantly (40.2% vs 53.4%). Training within the prior two or three years decreased from 1980–82 to 1985–87 among nonhealth professionals, but increases in recent training were observed among health professionals. There were no significant differences between black and white nonhealth professionals in the prevalence of CPR training. Black trainees, however, reported a higher percentage of ever using CPR skills than white trainees (15.4% vs 9.8%, respectively). Black trainees also had higher rates of recent CPR training than white trainees. No differences were observed between black and white health professionals regarding CPR training and use, or recency of certification. Conclusion: These results suggest that the percentage of individuals trained in CPR is increasing. Improvement is needed, however, in the rates of recent certification among nonhealth professionals.
Adaptive small-animal SPECT/CT

We are exploring the concept of adaptive multimodality imaging, a form of non-linear optimization where the imaging configuration is automatically adjusted in response to the object. Preliminary studies suggest that substantial improvement in objective, task-based measures of image quality can result. We describe here our work to add motorized adjustment capabilities and a matching CT to our existing FastSPECT II system to form an adaptive small- animal SPECT/CT.
Short-term evaluation of visible implant alpha tags in juveniles of three fish species under laboratory conditions.

Visible implant alpha (VI alpha) tag-induced changes in mortality and condition, as well as tag retention and readability, were examined during a 4-week period for juveniles of three fish species: tiger muskellunge Esox masquinongy × Esox lucius (91 ± 7 mm total length, L(T), mean ± s.d.), Snake River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki behnkei (84 ± 8 mm) and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (85 ± 5 mm). Mortality and condition did not differ between tagged fish and control fish for any species and overall tag retention rates were high (92% for E. masquinongy × E. lucius, 91% for O. c. behnkei and 100% for O. mykiss). Short-term readability of VI alpha tags was low in juvenile E. masquinongy × E. lucius and juvenile O. c. behnkei. Therefore, it is not recommend to use VI alpha tags in juvenile E. masquinongy × E. lucius or juvenile O. c. behnkei for periods >2 weeks, but VI alpha tags seem to be suitable for juvenile O. mykiss for a period of at least 4 weeks.
Late-Twentieth-Century Climatology and Trends of Surface Humidity and Temperature in China

Abstract Climatological surface temperature and humidity variables for China are presented based on 6-hourly data from 196 stations for the period of 1961–90. Seasonal and annual means for daytime, nighttime, and the full day are shown. The seasonal cycle of moisture is primarily controlled by the east Asia monsoon system, with dominant factors of temperature change in northern and western China and of moisture advection associated with monsoon circulations in the southeast. Trends during 1951–94 are estimated for each station and for four regions of the country, with attention paid to the effects of changes in instrumentation, observing time, and station locations. The data show evidence of increases in both temperature and atmospheric moisture content. Temperature and specific humidity trends are larger at nighttime than daytime and larger in winter than summer. Moisture increases are observed over most of China. The increases are several percent per decade for specific humidity, and several tenths of a...
Developing And Delivering The Virtual MBA Course

The use of the Internet offers a unique opportunity to bring together individuals in an interactive setting for social and educational purposes. Colleges and universities have augmented their brick and mortar classes with virtual course offerings using the Internet for distance education. This paper will examine the origins of distance education and offer insights and recommendations for developing and delivering an on-line MBA course in Privacy and Information Security.
Development and phenotypic variability of genetically identical half mouse embryos

The growth and development of three groups of genetically identical F1 C57BL/6J female x SJL/J male mice were compared to examine whether embryo manipulation affects subsequent postnatal growth and development of mammalian embryos: (1) controls--the natural offspring of timed matings, (2) transferred controls--offspring from 2-cell embryos transferred to recipients 1 day asynchronous, and (3) transferred half embryos--offspring developing from one blastomere from the 2-cell stage transferred to recipients 1 day asynchronous. The recipients were C57BL/6J females. No differences were found in the age at eye opening and vaginal opening. At 5 days after birth the median body weights of the controls were lower than the weights of the transferred groups. This result could be explained by the larger litter size in the control group. The overall variances of the body weights did not differ between the groups. By the second week after birth a marked increase in overall variances of body weights of the transferred groups, compared with the control group, was observed. At 5 days after birth, the median tail lengths did not differ between groups, and overall variances were the same. By the second week, the overall variances of the tail lengths of the transferred groups were significantly greater than that of the control group. Possibly the increased overall variances of the body weight and the tail length of the transferred groups are related to the smaller litter size in these groups which affects competition for food and the ambient temperature in the nest. The overall results suggest newborn mice that have developed from half embryos have compensated for their initial deficiency. The intraclass correlation coefficients for body weight and tail length are approximately the same in all groups. Thus, producing artificial identical twins by embryo bisection may not affect their potential usefulness in the design of experiments.
Does Medical Malpractice Deter? The Impact of Tort Reforms and Malpractice Standard Reforms on Healthcare Quality

Despite the fundamental role of deterrence in the theoretical justification for medical malpractice law, surprisingly little evidence has been put forth to date bearing on its existence and scope. Using data from the 1979 to 2005 National Hospital Discharge Surveys and drawing on an extensive set of variations in various tort measures (e.g., damage caps) and malpractice standard-of-care rules (Frakes 2012a), I estimate a small and statistically insignificant relationship between malpractice forces and two metrics of healthcare quality emphasized by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: avoidable hospitalization rates (reflective of outpatient quality) and inpatient mortality rates for selected medical conditions. At most, the evidence implies an arguably modest degree of malpractice-induced deterrence. For instance, at one end of the 95% confidence interval, the lack of a non-economic damages cap (indicative of higher malpractice pressure) is associated with only a 4% decrease in avoidable hospitalizations.
Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716–1818: Janet Schaw and the aesthetics of colonialism

Antigua is beautiful. Antigua is too beautiful. Sometimes the beauty of it seems unreal. Janet Schaw traveled and wrote more than half a century after Montagu's trip to Turkey, though just a decade after the publication of her letters. The circumstances of the two women's journeys were quite disparate. While Montagu went to Turkey as a member of a diplomatic mission between Occidental and Oriental world powers, Schaw paid a private visit to British colonists, her friends and fellow Scots, the owners of sugar plantations dependent on slave labor. Montagu sets the language of aesthetics against Orientalism to dignify Turkish women; Schaw, on the other hand, aligns aesthetics with discourses of race to beautify colonial slavery. Despite these differences, the two women's writings yield complementary insights into the social logic of aesthetics. Writing the language of aesthetics in the contact zone, using it to work through encounters with non-European Others, both expose (intentionally or not) the tension between the putative disinterestedness of the aesthetic gaze and its actual implication in hierarchies of social power. Positioning themselves as aesthetic subjects, both display a mistrust of woman's conventional status as spectacle. Their appropriations of aesthetics differently exemplify women's multiply determined, conflicted relation to the powerful languages of the dominant culture. Schaw was a single, middle-aged woman from a well-to-do Scottish family who traveled to the islands of Antigua and St. Kitts in the British West Indies in 1774 and 1775.
P1-S4.11 The use of the historical limits method of outbreak surveillance to retrospectively detect a syphilis outbreak among American Indians in Arizona

Background In April 2007, an Indian Nation located in Southern Arizona declared an outbreak of syphilis among its tribe members. The Arizona Department of Health Services Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control Program (ADHS STDCP) was first alerted by the tribe about the increase in syphilis cases during January 2007, 6 months after the occurrence of the first case in the outbreak. At the time, the ADHS STDCP did not have a method in place to monitor surveillance data for the detection of an outbreak of any sexually transmitted disease occurring within the state. Methods In January 2009, the Arizona Department of Health Services STD Control Program developed a syphilis outbreak detection system based upon a Historical Limits Comparison Method (HLCM) to monitor reported syphilis-related labs. The Southern Arizona Indian Nation outbreak was then retrospectively evaluated using the state surveillance database and the HLCM outbreak detection system. Results Retrospective analysis of the HLCM system of the syphilis outbreak in Arizona indicates that, had this system been in place at the outset of the outbreak, the ADHS STDCP would have been alerted to the increase in syphilis-related labs reported from the tribal Indian Health Service centers between 10 and 12 weeks earlier. Conclusions The use of the HLCM system of syphilis outbreak detection in Arizona would have alerted the state health department earlier to an increase in syphilis cases occurring on the tribal lands in Southern Arizona. Earlier awareness of the increase in cases would have allowed for earlier intervention and collaboration with the tribe to control the outbreak. The ADHS STDCP has since instituted this method of outbreak detection among identified high morbidity or high risk surveillance sites for both syphilis and gonorrhoea.
Interpreting the Energy-Dependent Anisotropy of Colloidal Nanorods Using Ensemble and Single-Particle Spectroscopy

We report the use of polarized excitation spectroscopy in the study of the polarized optical properties of II–VI semiconducting nanorods. This technique provides a quantitative measure for analyzing the polarization-dependent electronic structure of ensembles of semiconducting nanoparticles in colloidal solutions. We develop a procedure to quantify the anisotropy of nanorod excitations and the influence of the dielectric environment which yields results in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions of nanorod absorption properties. Excitation measurements of nanorod ensembles and single-particle excitation and emission polarization measurements are used to interpret ensemble measurements on the molecular frame. At the single-particle level, we find a large dispersion in the angles between excitation and emission polarization curves. This contrasts with the conventional picture of CdSe electronic transitions, in which the crystal axes dictate the symmetry of excitations. Such geometrically heteroge...
PM-02CONDITIONAL INACTIVATION OF SMARCB1 IN P0 PERMISSIVE MOUSE CELLS GENERATES RHABDOID TUMORS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IN THE BRAIN

Inactivation of the SMARCB1/Snf5/Ini1 tumor-suppressor gene was originally described as a hallmark of malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT), an aggressive tumor of early childhood. Recently, SMARCB1 germline mutations have been found in patients with familial or sporadic schwannomatosis, which is characterized by the onset of multiple schwannomas, benign tumors occurring during adolescence and adulthood. The mechanisms by which SMARCB1 germline mutations predispose to schwannomatosis versus MRT are still unknown. Schwannomas are benign neoplasms of the peripheral nerve sheath and are believed to have their origin in embryonic neural crest cells. We used conditional mutagenesis to investigate the role of Smarcb1 biallelic inactivation in mouse neural crest and Schwann cell lineage. In this model, Cre recombinase expression was under the control of the protein zero (P0) gene promoter. P0Cre;Smarcb1flox/flox mice showed reduced viability and at 5 months of age most of the mice presented tumors arising from different cranial nerves (olfactory, trigeminal, vestibulocochlear) or developing in the brain. Brain tumors were mostly found very close to or in contact with the meninges of the rostral part of the cortex leading to the hypothesis that these tumors would arise from the cranial neural crest cell-derived meninges. Analysis of the tumors demonstrated typical histological features of rhabdoid tumors with a histologic spectrum from a primitive neuroectodermal pattern to a more differentiated mesenchymal pattern with extensive spindle shape cell differentiation. Typical rhabdoid cells were found isolated or in nest in most of the tumors. Molecular analysis of the tumors showed derepression of cyclin D1 as found in mouse and human MRT. Altogether, our data not only establish a new model of Smarcb1-related tumorigenesis, but also provide important insight into the cell of origin of MRT.
Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations

(1965). Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 72, No. sup2, pp. 74-84.
Barrier Coatings for Thin Film Solar Cells: Final Subcontract Report, September 1, 2002 -- January 30, 2008

This program has involved investigations of the stability of CdTe and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) solar cells under damp heat conditions and effects of barrier coatings.
Systematic review and quality analysis of emerging diagnostic measures for calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease.

Objectives Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (CPPD) is common, yet prevalence and overall clinical impact remain unclear. Sensitivity and specificity of CPPD reference standards (conventional crystal analysis (CCA) and radiography (CR)) were meta-analysed by EULAR (published 2011). Since then, new diagnostic modalities are emerging. Hence, we updated 2009–2016 literature findings by systematic review and evidence grading, and assessed unmet needs. Methods We performed systematic search of full papers (PubMed, Scopus/EMBASE, Cochrane 2009–2016 databases). Search terms included CPPD, chondrocalcinosis, pseudogout, ultrasound, MRI, dual energy CT (DECT). Paper selection, data abstraction, EULAR evidence level, and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 bias and applicability grading were performed independently by 3 authors. Results We included 26 of 111 eligible papers, which showed emergence in CPPD diagnosis of ultrasound (U/S), and to lesser degree, DECT and Raman spectroscopy. U/S detected CPPD crystals in peripheral joints with sensitivity >80%, superior to CR. However, most study designs, though analytical, yielded low EULAR evidence level. DECT was marginally explored for CPPD, compared with 35 published DECT studies in gout. QUADAS-2 grading indicated strong applicability of U/S, DECT and Raman spectroscopy, but high study bias risk (in ∼30% of papers) due to non-controlled designs, and non-randomised subject selection. Conclusions Though CCA and CR remain reference standards for CPPD diagnosis, U/S, DECT and Raman spectroscopy are emerging U/S sensitivity appears to be superior to CR. We identified major unmet needs, including for randomised, blinded, controlled studies of CPPD diagnostic performance and rigorous analyses of 4 T MRI and other emerging modalities.