cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Relation for the Surface Potential of Phosphatidic Acid Monolayers: Its Dependence on Calcium and the Role of Double Layer Theory

The physical chemistry of the phospholipid-aqueous interface has been a subject of interest for many years. The comparative ease with which phospholipid monolayers, bilayers, and vesicles can be prepared, along with their unique properties, has made them attractive as models for biomembranes. The actual “work” that biomembranes do depends invariably on the specific nature of their integral proteins. However, these are thought to be modulated in function, to some extent, by the phospholipid backbone comprising the basic bilayer structure. The relative fluidity of the phospholipid matrix is regarded as important in this respect. Accordingly the crystal-liquid crystal phase transition of phospholipids has been much studied (e.g. Trauble and Eibl, 1974; Jacobson and Papahadjopoulos, 1975; Galla and Sackmann, 1975; MacDonald et al., 1976; Trauble et al, 1976; Disalvo, 1983). In the case of acidic phospholipids, an isothermal phase transition from the crystal to the liquid-crystal state can be induced by increasing the monovalent cation concentration, or by increasing the pH. An increase in the concentration of divalent ions has the opposite effect. Gouy-Chapman double layer theory has often been invoked to advance an explanation of these phenomena (e.g. the fluidizing effect of monovalent cations on the acidic phospholipids in the protonated state, c.f. Trauble and Eibl, 1974).
Performance patterns: automated scenario based ORB performance evaluation

The performance of CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) objects is greatly influenced by the application context and by the performance of the ORB endsystem, which consists of the middleware, the operating system and the underlying network. Application developers need to evaluate how candidate application object architectures will perform within heterogenous computing environments, but a lack of standard and user extendable performance benchmark suites exercising all aspects of the ORB endsystem under realistic application scenarios makes this difficult. This paper introduces the Performance Pattern Language and the Performance Measurement Object which address these problems by providing an automated script based framework within which extensive ORB endsystem performance benchmarks may be efficiently described and automatically executed.
A particle-and-density based evolutionary clustering method for dynamic networks

Recently, dynamic networks are attracting increasing interest due to their high potential in capturing natural and social phenomena over time. Discovery of evolutionary communities in dynamic networks has become a critical task. The previous evolutionary clustering methods usually adopt the temporal smoothness framework, which has a desirable feature of controlling the balance between temporal noise and true concept drift of communities. They, however, have some major drawbacks: (1) assuming only a fixed number of communities over time; and (2) not allowing arbitrary start/stop of community over time. The forming of new communities and dissolving of existing communities are very common phenomena in real dynamic networks. In this paper, we propose a new particle-and-density based evolutionary clustering method that efficiently discovers a variable number of communities of arbitrary forming and dissolving. We first model a dynamic network as a collection of lots of particles called nano-communities, and a community as a densely connected subset of particles, called a quasi l-clique-by-clique (shortly, l-KK). Each particle contains a small amount of information about the evolution of data or patterns, and the quasi l-KKs inherent in a given dynamic network provide us with guidance on how to find a variable number of communities of arbitrary forming and dissolving. We propose a density-based clustering method that efficiently finds temporally smoothed local clusters of high quality by using a cost embedding technique and optimal modularity. We also propose a mapping method based on information theory that makes sequences of smoothed local clusters as close as possible to data-inherent quasi l-KKs. The result of the mapping method allows us to easily identify the stage of each community among the three stages: evolving, forming, and dissolving. Experimental studies, by using various data sets, demonstrate that our method improves the clustering accuracy, and at the same time, the time performance by an order of magnitude compared with the current state-of-the art method.
Inhibition of nerve growth factor-stimulated neurite outgrowth by methylamine-modified α2-macroglobulin

alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is a rather ubiquitous protein in extracellular spaces of mammals. It is an inhibitor of endopeptidases, can be modified by aliphatic amines, and combines with a number of hormones/cytokines such as beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) [Koo PH, Stach RW (1989): J Neurosci Res 22:247]. The objective of this study is to compare the NGF-binding properties of methylamine-modified human alpha 2M (MA-alpha 2M) versus normal alpha 2M and their effects on the biological activity of NGF and neurite extension by embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglia. As determined by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and equilibrium binding studies, these two forms of alpha 2M are similar in their binding affinities, with MA-alpha 2M binding about twice as much NGF as normal alpha 2M. Both normal alpha 2M and MA-alpha 2M combine noncovalently with NGF, and prior modification of alpha 2M is unnecessary for the binding to occur. In contrast to normal alpha 2M, MA-alpha 2M potently inhibits the biological activity of NGF and exerts a dose-dependent inhibition on the NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth by embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglia in culture. The inhibitory effect of MA-alpha 2M can be overcome by higher NGF concentrations, but is irreversible at lower NGF concentrations. Trypsin-modified alpha 2M combines covalently and noncovalently with more NGF than normal alpha 2M but has very little neurite inhibitory activity. The mechanism of inhibition by MA-alpha 2M is discussed.
Early posthatch starvation induces myonuclear apoptosis in chickens.

The effect of early posthatch starvation on myonuclear apoptosis was examined in chickens. Male broiler chickens were or were not provided feed for the first 3-d posthatch. Subsequently, all chickens were provided feed for an additional 4-d posthatch. Chickens were killed at 3- and 7-d posthatch, and the pectoralis thoracicus was harvested, fixed and embedded in paraffin. Muscle sections were labeled with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase histochemical staining technique to identify apoptotic nuclei. At 3- and 7-d posthatch, there was a significantly (P 0.05) between the starved and fed chickens killed at 7-d posthatch. It appears that apoptosis is a mechanism contributing to the smaller myofiber size observed when feed is not provided early posthatch.
Highly Reproducible Near-Field Optical Imaging with Sub-20-nm Resolution Based on Template-Stripped Gold Pyramids

With a template-stripping fabrication technique, we demonstrate the mass fabrication of high-quality, uniform, ultrasharp (10 nm) metallic probes suitable for single-molecule fluorescence imaging, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), and other near-field imaging techniques. We achieve reproducible single-molecule imaging with sub-20-nm spatial resolution and an enhancement in the detected fluorescence signal of up to 200. Similar results are obtained for TERS imaging of carbon nanotubes. We show that the large apex angle (70.5°) of our pyramidal tip is well suited to scatter the near-field optical signal into the far-field, leading to larger emission enhancement and hence to a larger quantum yield. Each gold or silver pyramidal probe is used on-demand, one at a time, and the unused tips can be stored for extended times without degradation or contamination. The high yield (>95%), reproducibility, durability, and massively parallel fabrication (1.5 million identical probes over a wafer) of the probes hol...
A Steady-State Kalman Filter for Assimilating Data from a Single Polar Orbiting Satellite

A steady-state scheme for data assimilation in the context of a single, short period (relative to a day), sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting satellite is examined. If the satellite takes observations continuously, the gains, which are the weights for blending observations and predictions together, are steady in time. For a linear system forced by random noise, the optimal steady-state gains (Wiener gains) are equivalent to those of a Kalman filter. Computing the Kalman gains increases the computational cost of the model by a large factor, but computing the Wiener gains does not. The latter are computed by iteration using prior estimates of the gains to assimilate simulated observations of one run of the model, termed “truth,” into another run termed “prediction.” At each stage, the prediction errors form the basis for the next estimate of the gains. Steady state is achieved after three or four iterations. Further simplification is achieved by making the gains depend on longitudinal distance from the observation point, not on absolute longitude. For a single-layer primitive equation model, the scheme works well even if only the mass field is observed but not the velocity field. Although the scheme was developed for Mars Observer, it should be applicable to data retrieved from Earth atmosphere satellites, for example, UARS.
Survival in cancer patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

The survival of cancer patients who undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after in-hospital cardiac arrest is poor. The survival of cancer patients who undergo CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is unknown. We sought to determine survival rates in such patients and to identify phrases in patient charts that might have prompted end-of-life discussions. We performed a retrospective review of patients who had CPR in our Emergency Center after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in 2000–2002, including an in-depth chart review of outpatient clinic visits by these patients in the 3 months preceding cardiac arrest. Of the 41 patients who had CPR in the Emergency Center, 18 (43%) had return of spontaneous circulation and were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Seven patients were subsequently discharged alive to another facility. Only two (4.9%) of the 41 patients in our series were discharged alive to their home. More than half of the study patients had at least one clinic note that mentioned “disease progression” (n = 23), 44% mentioned “poor prognosis” (n = 18), and 27% mentioned “poor response” (n = 11). Survival of cancer patients who underwent CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was poor. Medical providers should consider discussing end-of-life issues, including out-of-hospital do-not-resuscitate orders, in the outpatient clinic setting with cancer patients nearing the end of life.
Genetic analysis of parasitism in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines.

A genetic analysis of parasitic ability in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines was performed. To identify and characterize genes involved in parasitism, we developed three highly inbred H. glycines lines, OP20, OP25 and OP50, for use as parents for controlled crosses. Through these crosses, we have identified genes in the inbred parents that control reproduction of the nematode on hosts that carry resistance genes. These genes, designated as ror-* for reproduction on a resistant host, segregate in a normal Mendelian fashion as independent loci. Host range tests of F(1) generation progeny indicated that at least one parasitism gene in both the OP20 and OP50 lines for host PI 88788 was dominant. Parasitism genes in OP50 for hosts ``Peking'' and PI 90763 are recessive. Two types of single female descent populations, a single backcrossed BC(1)F(2)-derived and a double backcrossed BC(2)F(1)-derived, were established on the susceptible soybean cultivar ``Lee 68.'' Host range tests for parasitism in these lines demonstrated the presence of two independent genes in OP50, one for host PI 88788 designated ror-1 and one for host PI 90763 designated ror-2. OP20 carries two independent genes for parasitism on PI 88788, designated as alleles kr3 and kr4.
A novel 100 watt High Intensity Focused Ultrasound driving system

Ultrasound B-Mode imaging systems are often used to image tissues to which High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is being applied. Since HIFU operates at frequencies in the same range as a B-mode imager, the two technologies interfere when they are simultaneously applied to the patient. This causes the imaging window to “whiteout” and obscure the target region, thus defeating the purpose of using the ultrasonic imager in the first place. The system in this paper controls the interference window by pulsing the HIFU at a frame rate synchronized to the ultrasonic imager. The frame rate is either approximated by using an on-board oscillator, or it is captured from stray electromagnetic waves received from the ultrasound transducer. The system is capable of delivering 100 W of peak electrical output power to a HIFU transducer. It is controlled by a custom software application, and synchronizes with B-Mode imaging systems with frame rates from 10–100 Hz. An on-board Direct Digital Synthesizer generates HIFU RF from 1–5MHz. The complete system provides precision positioning of the interference window in a small and portable desktop package.
Abbreviated cognitive test for delirium

The cognitive test for delirium (CTD) was recently developed to identify delirium in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Stepwise discriminant analyses using the original validation sample indicated that a total score formed by summing only two of the nine content scores (visual attention span and recognition memory for pictures) maintained good reliability (coefficient alpha=0.79) and the ability to discriminate delirium from dementia, schizophrenia, and depression (p<0.0001) and delirium from moderate to severe dementia (p<0.0002). This abbreviated version of the CTD is more practical for use by ICU clinicians.
Scaling Writing Ability A Corpus-Driven Inquiry

This analysis of 83 scoring rubrics and grade definitions from writing programs at U.S. public research universities captures the current state of the struggle to define and measure specific writin...
Interpretation of genetic variants

Sequencing of the human genome and introduction of clinical next-generation sequencing enable discovery of all DNA variants carried by an individual. Variants may be solely responsible for disease, may contribute to disease, or may have no influence on the development of disease. Interpreting the effect of these variants upon disease is a major challenge for medicine. Although the process is still evolving, certain methods are useful in discriminating the effect of variants upon phenotype. These methods have been employed to the greatest extent in Mendelian disorders where deleterious changes in one gene can cause disease. Here, we briefly review the relative merits of these methods, with emphasis on using a comprehensive approach modelled after the analysis of variants that causes cystic fibrosis.
High Capacity Silicon Electrodes with Nafion as Binders for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon is capable of delivering a high theoretical specific capacity of 3579 mAh g−1 which is about 10 times higher than that of the state-of-the-art graphite based negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, the poor cycle life of silicon electrodes, caused by the large volumetric strain during cycling, limits the commercialization of silicon electrodes. As one of the essential components, the polymeric binder is critical to the performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries as it keeps the integrity of electrodes, maintains conductive path and must be stable in the electrolyte. In this work, we demonstrate that electrodes consisting of silicon nanoparticles mixed with commercially available Nafion and ion-exchanged Nafion can maintain a high specific capacity over 2000 mAh g−1 cycled between 1.0 V and 0.01 V. For comparison, the capacity of electrodes made of the same silicon nanoparticles mixed with a traditional binder, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fades rapidly. In addition, stable cycling at 1C rate for more than 500 cycles is achieved by limiting the lithiation capacity to 1200 mAh g−1.
Luteal Phase Defects

A luteal phase defect is characterized by low levels of circulating progesterone that are inadequate to maintain pregnancy. In non-pregnant women, the length of the menstrual cycle may be shortened. Thus, repetitive short cycles and inability to maintain a pregnancy are common signs. Treatment may consist of restoring progesterone to levels that sustain a pregnancy.
At the Systemic Edge: Expulsions

I use the term ‘expelled’ to describe a diversity of conditions. They include the growing numbers of the abjectly poor, of the displaced in poor countries who are warehoused in formal and informal refugee camps, of the minoritized and persecuted in rich countries who are warehoused in prisons, of workers whose bodies are destroyed on the job and rendered useless at far too young an age, of able-bodied surplus populations warehoused in ghettoes and slums. But I also include the fact that pieces of the biosphere are being expelled from their life space – and I insist that the tame language of climate change does not quite capture the fact, at ground level, of vast expanses of dead land and dead water. My argument is that this massive and very diverse set of expulsions is actually signaling a deeper systemic transformation, one documented in bits and pieces in multiple specialized studies but not quite narrated as an overarching dynamic that is taking us into a new phase of global capitalism – and global destruction. As an analytic category, expulsion is to be distinguished from the more common ‘social exclusion’: the latter happens inside a system and in that sense can be reduced, ameliorated, and even eliminated. As I conceive of them,1 expulsions happen at the systemic edge. At this time, I see the proliferation of such systemic edges deep inside national territories as more significant than the borders of the interstate system – which are open for some and closed for others. In brief, the types of complex systems that are the focus of the larger research project of which the present article forms a part contain multiple systemic edges: they partly reflect the multiplying of negative conditions in the diverse domains contained in such systems, from prisons and refugee camps to financial exploitations and environmental destructions. None of this is new, but the sharp escalation towards negative outcomes since the 1980s in much of the world does invite a question as to the sustainability of it all.
Lessons and Implications from the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

﻿The European sovereign debt crisis entered into the stage of contagion in the late 2010 as it spread first from Greece to Ireland, and then to Portugal and Spain. The European sovereign debt crisis truly resulted from a combination of various factors, some as more precipitating causes while others as more fundamental or deep-rooted causes. They include easy credit expansion during the 2003-2007 period, the global financial crisis and subsequent global recession of 2008-2012, fiscal and trade imbalances of the European countries involved in the crisis, and inherent structural problem of the EMU. From the experience of the European sovereign debt crisis, we could confirm some early warning indicators of a crisis such growth of domestic private credit and public borrowing, worsening government balances as well as external balances. Long-term interest rate spreads and an increase in fees charged by investment banks for bond issuance would be precipitating or concurrent warning indicators for a crisis. Implication from the European sovereign debt crisis for the euro area or potential economic and financial integration of East Asia is not necessarily to disband, break up or abandon a monetary union. Instead, a better alternative is to remedy problems and shortcomings exposed by the current crisis and to move toward a deeper integration.
The Surface Chemistry of CdTe MOCVD

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies in ultra high vacuum revealed that diethyltellurium (DETe) and dimethylcadmium (DMCd) adsorb weakly on clean Si(100) and desorb upon heating without decomposing. These precursors adsorb both weakly and strongly on CdTe(111)A, with DMCd exhibiting the stronger interaction with the surface than DETe. Dimethylcadmium partially decomposes to produce Cd adatoms; a large fraction of the excess Cd atoms desorb upon heating. In contrast, DETe desorbs without decomposing, suggesting that the rate limiting step in CdTe MOCVD on CdTe(111)A is surface decomposition of the tellurium alkyl.
Visibility of Digital Video Artifacts in Stereoscopic 3D and Comparison to 2D

Georgia Tech has developed at testbed to explore new encoding techniques and other enhancements to stereoscopic 3DTV. A methodical subjective testing program is important in evaluating new approaches, so the testbed has been designed to explore issues such as 1) whether typical compression and network artifacts are more or less visible in stereoscopic 3DTV and under what conditions, 2) what new artifacts specific to stereoscopic 3DTV exist and what the taxonomy of these artifacts should be relative to the tolerance of humans to them, and 3) how stereoscopic 3DTV artifacts vary in visibility depending on the codec used, the bit rate, the transport method (e.g., Frame Compatible transport), and any enhancements applied to stereoscopic 3DTV. This presentation will outline the program overall, provide initial results of subjective testing using artifacted stereoscopic 3DTV video using both active shutter and passive polarization displays, and discuss next steps in the research program. — Initial subjective results from the work thus far show that 1) compared to passive polarization, the active shutter display gave a better experience in full 3D, more visibility of artifacts, and better viewing of two independent channels by multiple viewers, 2) subjects did not see a significant difference in Frame Compatible format vs. full 3D format; 3) subjects were evenly split on whether compression and network artifacts were more or less visible in 3D vs 2D, and 4) the isolation between left and right eye in both active shutter and passive polarization glasses is currently insufficient to support independent channel viewing using 3D technology.
Infections following surgery for head and neck cancer.

The variety, number, and pathogenic potential of the flora of the human mouth exceed all other areas and significantly increase the threat of infection in a patient undergoing surgery for oropharyngeal cancer. The question is not whether infection is a common complication in this area, but why it is not inevitable. To prevent the invasion and growth of bacteria in these patients, the author urges an understanding of the local and systemic defense mechanisms of the patient and an awareness of the alterations in these defenses that can be caused even by aspects of the treatment, such as radiation.
Social Sciences Integration Model Deployment

The conceptual and operational aspects of the “Social Sciences Integration Model” have been described in the preceding chapters of this study. The purpose of this chapter is to present a case-study of a business organization’s use and deployment of this model in its search for beter environmental adjustment and increased profit potential. The case-study describes the experiences of the management considering its objectives and introduces a number of strategic applications of the model. The case study is drawn from an action-centered experience of a major American business enterprise. It may be noted here that although the case describes a unique experience for the firm and its officials, the situation which is described in this study, is by no means a unique one and any modern corporation can experience this phenomenon in the present age.
Informed consent in the changing landscape of research

The history of informed consent dates back as early as the 16th century (Selek, 2010). The current tenets of informed consent pertaining to the ethical conduct of research on human participants predominately stems from the 1947 Nuremberg Code (National Institutes of Health, 2016), which was created following the Nuremberg trials at the end of World War II. The unethical conduct of research on human participants during the Holocaust, coupled with experiments (e.g., the Tuskegee syphilis study), prompted a more formalized structure for ensuring the well-being and autonomy of human participants in research studies. The World Medical Association (2013) created the Declaration of Geneva in 1948 (Fischer, 2006), followed by the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964, to apply ethical principles to medical research involving human participants (Fischer, 2006; Rickham, 1964). A decade later, on July 12, 1974, the National Research Act was signed into law (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 1979). Through this act, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was formed and charged with developing guidelines for the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research. The guidelines were established in the Belmont Report (HHS, 1979; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979), which continues to be periodically updated. The Belmont Report describes the general principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, and it outlines the process of obtaining informed consent to ensure that these principles are followed (HHS, 1979). In 1998, an informed consent checklist was instituted (HHS, 1998). Although clearly outlined, defined, and described in consent forms, it is beneficial to revisit how informed participants are when they enter research studies, particularly for patients undergoing treatment for cancer. This article will provide an overview of several areas for consideration. .
Intraseasonal variability of low-level moisture transport over West Africa

The vertically integrated surface-850 hPa atmospheric water vapor flux is investigated, to account for the total low-level moisture flux contribution to rainfall over West Africa (WA), based on NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. The focus is the contributions to total moisture transport and convergence by the mean circulation, the synoptic ( 10 day) scale anomalies. For WA, the time-mean flow and climate anomalies are comparable. Similarly, for meridional and zonal components, transports by the time-mean and climate anomalies are the largest contributors to mean meridional and zonal moisture transport. While the climate anomalies are responsible for driving moisture poleward from the Atlantic Ocean to the Guinea coast, and westward from the western Atlantic Ocean into the Sahel, the synoptic anomalies contribute to transporting moisture zonally out of the Sahel. Moreover, the spatial distribution of moisture flux convergence reveals a close similarity to the observed 2005 relatively wet and 2006 relatively dry accumulative rainfall. Convergence in WA is mainly the result of moisture transport by the mean flow. An enhanced (weak) flux convergence by the mean flow is characteristic of wet (dry) Sahel rainfall seasons. During wet April-June rainy seasons in the Guinea coast, enhanced convergence due to synoptic anomalies is observed in the region, whereas it is suppressed during dry April-June seasons. In the Sahel, however, during the dry rainy seasons, the convergence region due to synoptic anomalies is displaced southward.
Residual Stress Measurement of Full-Scale Jet-Engine Bearing Elements Using the Contour Method

Compressive residual stresses provide a well-known advantage to the fatigue life of bearing materials under rolling contact fatigue (RCF), but the stresses change under fatigue loading and may later contribute to failures. Previous measurements of the depth-wise distribution of residual stresses in post-fatigue bearings with X-rays involved the time consuming process of etching to determine subsurface stresses and only in limited locations. By contrast, the contour method determines the 2D residual stress map over a full cross section. The method involves the sectioning of the part using Electrical Discharge Machining, measuring the out of plane displacements of the exposed cross section, and using the afforded field as boundary conditions on a finite element model of the component to back calculate the causative residual stress. For this investigation, the residual hoop stresses in the split inner rings of the main shaft bearing assembly of an aircraft jet engine was mapped using the contour method. Prior to measurement, the full-scale bearing made of hardened AISI M50 was subjected to RCF during engine operation. In this talk, the unique challenges of the particular measurements are discussed. The tested bearings showed effectively no residual stresses induced by the RCF, probably because they were conservatively removed from service prior to sufficient cyclic loading. A more highly loaded bearing will be measured in future work.
Factors influencing the fabrication of albumin-bound drug nanoparticles (ABDns): part I. Albumin-bound betulinic acid nanoparticles (ABBns).

AbstractThough there are many albumin-based drug delivery systems (ABDDS) in the market, it is not known whether ABDDS can be applied across all chemical classes. In this study, we applied ABDDS to a poorly water-soluble drug betulinic acid (BA) to improve its aqueous solubility. Monomeric albumin-bound BA (ABBns) nanoparticles can be fabricated in the range of 10–20 nm. BA self-assembled with HSA at 0.1:1 to 2:1 molar ratio within 0.5 h in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and 8.4. Approximately, 85–90% BA could be loaded onto HSA in the presence of Tween 20 (T20) and sodium cholate (NaC). The release of BA from ABBns was linear over 5 days. In conclusion, for poorly water-soluble acidic drugs, a suitable solubiliser can release the drug from HSA binding site, depending on the aggregation number and affinity of the solubiliser for the HSA binding site.
Language Learner Language A Case of Seventh Semester Students of the English Department, Faculty of Education, Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta

This paper describes the language of the language learners-language learner language - especially the pronunciation of the seventh semester students of the English department, Faculty of Education, Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta. Four major sub-topics are discussed in this paper which include the definition of interlanguage, the factors affecting interlanguage, some research findings on inter-language, the result of observation, and the conclusion and suggestion. On the basis of the theoretical background and the result of the observation, it is concluded that: (I) the inaccurate pronunciation of the English of the learners is a natural one from the point of view of SLA, (2) L2 learning differs from first language acquisition in that it is seldom successful, (3) the incorrect pronunciation of the learners should not be considered as something that is not allowed to occur but should be realized as something natural, and (4) the pronunciation specific of the learners is mostly as a result of overgeneralization of the kind of rules of pronouncing the words.
Cancer Pain: Pharmacological Treatment

Pain is a significant concern for most cancer patients, as it is estimated that up to 50 % of patients in active treatment and 90 % of patients with advanced disease will experience pain [1]. Fortunately, with appropriate pharmacologic therapy, the majority of cancer pain (up to 95 % of patients) can be adequately managed [2]. The remaining 5–10 % of cancer patients may require interventional procedures to relieve pain and improve quality of life; these procedures are discussed elsewhere in the text.
Exponential Random Graph Models

Let \(\mathcal{G}_{n}\) be the space of all simple graphs on n labeled vertices. A variety of probability models on this space can be presented in exponential form $$\displaystyle{ p_{\beta }(G) =\exp {\biggl (\sum _{ i=1}^{k}\beta _{ i}T_{i}(G) -\psi (\beta )\biggr )} }$$ where β = (β 1, …, β k ) is a vector of real parameters, T 1, T 2, …, T k are real-valued functions on \(\mathcal{G}_{n}\), and ψ(β) is the normalizing constant. Usually, T i are taken to be counts of various subgraphs, for example T 1(G) = number of edges in G, T 2(G) = number of triangles in G, etc. These are known as exponential random graph models (ERGM). Our goal in this chapter will be to understand the behavior of random graphs drawn from this class of models, and to calculate the asymptotic values of the normalizing constants.
Who wrote this code? identifying the authors of program binaries

Program authorship attribution--identifying a programmer based on stylistic characteristics of code--has practical implications for detecting software theft, digital forensics, and malware analysis. Authorship attribution is challenging in these domains where usually only binary code is available; existing source code-based approaches to attribution have left unclear whether and to what extent programmer style survives the compilation process. Casting authorship attribution as a machine learning problem, we present a novel program representation and techniques that automatically detect the stylistic features of binary code. We apply these techniques to two attribution problems: identifying the precise author of a program, and finding stylistic similarities between programs by unknown authors. Our experiments provide strong evidence that programmer style is preserved in program binaries.
Direct oral anticoagulants: A retrospective study of bleeding, behavior, and documentation.

Objective To examine the effects of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) on bleeding complications following dental surgeries. Subjects and methods This 6-year retrospective study collected data from records of patients undergoing oral surgical procedures within a university setting. An electronic health record database was searched using current procedural terminology codes for oral surgical procedures. Information regarding patient, procedural factors, and postoperative complications were extracted. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Results Of patients who had a procedural code associated with oral surgery, only 0.11% (12/11,320) took a DOAC. Twelve patients (10 males, age ranging from 44 to 90 years) underwent 17 surgeries by nine different practitioners involving 98 extractions, 14 alveoloplasties, two tuberosity reductions, and two tori removals. In nine cases, the DOAC was discontinued a mean of 52.5 hrs prior to surgery (range 12-120 hrs). Bleeding complications were not reported for patients whose drug was discontinued or continued. Documentation of drug continuation/discontinuation was poor. Conclusions Bleeding was not observed with direct oral anticoagulation use in this oral surgery cohort. Drug discontinuation/continuation was not a factor in bleeding outcomes, and direct oral anticoagulation interruption was variable and poorly documented.
The feminist critique

We discuss the important role of the feminist critique in bringing awareness to gender, childhood, and identity research, and in giving voice to the perspectives of underrepresented groups. As a case study of ancient social lives and gender, we discuss a range of Marajoara identity markers interpreted through the study of ceramic tangas (female pubic coverings) from Marajo Island in the Brazilian Amazon (A.D. 400-1400). There, tangas were made and used by women as a material representation of social position, gender, and individual identity. We argue that identity constitutes a fundamentally important aspect of archaeological research, and that the strongest case studies in identity are those that encompass a variety of gendered inferences to understand social lives of the past.
Bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene) Dinitrate: A High-Energy Melt-Castable Explosive and Energetic Propellant Plasticizing Ingredient

Discussed herein is the synthesis of bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene) dinitrate, determination of its crystal structure by X-ray diffractometry, calculations of its explosive performance, and sensitivity measurements. Steps taken to optimize the synthesis process and to improve yields of the dinitrate are also discussed. Bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene) dinitrate has a calculated detonation pressure 50% higher than that of TNT. The dinitrate compound exhibits a relatively high decomposition temperature that is rarely observed for nitrate-based compounds. The dinitrate was found to have lower sensitivities to impact and friction compared with RDX. It is believed that intramolecular hydrogen bonding observed in the crystal lattice assists in the relatively high thermal stability and relatively low sensitivity of the material.
Convolutional neural networks for whole slide image superresolution

We present a computational approach for improving the quality of the resolution of images acquired from commonly available low magnification commercial slide scanners. Images from such scanners can be acquired cheaply and are efficient in terms of storage and data transfer. However, they are generally of poorer quality than images from high-resolution scanners and microscopes and do not have the necessary resolution needed in diagnostic or clinical environments, and hence are not used in such settings. The driving question of this presented research is whether the resolution of these images could be enhanced such that it would serve the same diagnostic purpose as high-resolution images from expensive scanners or microscopes. This need is generally known as the image super-resolution (SR) problem in image processing, and it has been studied extensively. Even so, none of the existing methods directly work for the slide scanner images, due to the unique challenges posed by this modality. Here, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based approach, which is specifically trained to take low-resolution slide scanner images of cancer data and convert it into a high-resolution image. We validate these resolution improvements with computational analysis to show the enhanced images offer the same quantitative results. In summary, our extensive experiments demonstrate that this method indeed produces images that are similar to images from high-resolution scanners, both in quality and quantitative measures. This approach opens up new application possibilities for using low-resolution scanners, not only in terms of cost but also in access and speed of scanning for both research and possible clinical use.
The Practical and Experiential Reality of Racism: Carter’s and Corlett’s Realism About Race and Racism

This paper examines the practical reality and experience of racism from the “internal point of view” of blacks who suffer racism and white racists. It uses this point of view to critically examine Carter’s and Corlett’s views regarding realism about race and racism. They suggest that theories must inquire about race and racism as categories for understanding the way-things-really-are. I argue that a plausible idea of racism, as a thick concept, must not be subservient to public policy. Rather, public policy must reflect experiential reality of racism. I argue that the views of Corlett and Carter, which tie racism to human agency, have heuristic value. However, they are too narrow; they have problematic implications, and do not sufficiently capture many putative cases and common usage of race and experience of racism.
Rhetoric, risk, and hydraulic fracturing: one landowner's perspective

Claims for America's potential for energy independence are substantiated largely thanks to advancements in an extraction process known as hydraulic fracturing or "fracking." This article focuses on the negotiations among individual landowners and oil and gas companies as they enter into leasing agreements to permit fracking. The author draws on his own experiences as a landowner in the Marcellus and Utica shale region. Of primary concern is how landowners construct their own understanding of risk amidst a network of local, regional, and global actors. Landowner and oil and gas company relationships are analyzed using theories of rhetoric and risk communication.
Quantum interference and correlation control of frequency-bin qubits

Frequency-bin quantum information encoding offers an intriguing synergy with classical optical networks, with the ability to support many qubits in a single fiber. Yet, coherent quantum frequency operations prove extremely challenging due to the difficulties in mixing frequencies arbitrarily and with low noise. In this paper, we address such challenges and implement distinct quantum gates in parallel on two entangled frequency-bin qubits in the same optical fiber. Our basic quantum operation controls the spectral overlap between adjacent spectral bins, allowing us to observe frequency-bin Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with a visibility of 0.971±0.007. By integrating this tunability with frequency parallelization, we synthesize independent gates on entangled qubits and flip their spectral correlations, allowing us to observe strong violation of the separability bound. Our realization of closed, user-defined gates on frequency-bin qubits in parallel should find application in the development of fiber-compatible quantum information processing and quantum networks.
Environmental correlates of physical activity: implications for campus recreation practitioners.

Recent research has illustrated that young people tend to develop poor physical activity behaviors before the college years and maintain poor behaviors throughout the college experience. The underg...
Innovative Robotic System for Transvaginal Surgical Procedures

Study Objective Determine the feasibility of a transvaginal single-port robotic system for gynecologic surgical procedures Design Three-stage trials using animal, cadaveric, and human models. Setting The animal trials were performed in a certified animal center. Cadaveric procedures were carried out in a cadaver laboratory. Surgery on humans were performed in hospitals. Patients or Participants Human patients who required a gynecologic procedure were given the option of traditional laparoscopy or single-port transvaginal surgery. Twenty-two patients were enrolled in the study and all 22 completed it. There were 10 adnexal procedures, ranging from salpingectomy to ovarian cystectomy to salpingo-oophorectomy, and 12 total hysterectomies. Interventions A new robotic system was inserted through the posterior vaginal fornix, first in a sheep model, where 17 oophorectomies, 17 salpingectomies, 18 tubal sterilizations and 15 hysterectomies were performed for a total of 67 procedures. Next, cadavers were utilized to perform 15 transvaginal oophorectomies, 15 salpingectomies, 18 sterilization procedures, and 12 total hysterectomies. Finally, single-incision, transvaginal surgery was performed on 22 human subjects - 10 adnexectomies and 12 vaginal hysterectomies. Immediate postoperative course as well as three-month follow-up was carried out in the human participants. Measurements and Main Results The patients were assessed for standard intraoperative as well as postoperative parameters, including operative time, blood loss, and complications. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications, nor any significant problems encountered at the three-month follow-up. Conclusion Vaginal surgery is recommended as the surgical approach of choice for hysterectomy by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. However, it remains the route least utilized by practitioners because of technical challenges, ranging from difficulty in accessing the peritoneal cavity to a restricted visualization of abdominal and pelvic contents. A new robotic system has been developed that facilitates entry through a single vaginal incision under direct vision, and then allows 360 degree optics of the entire abdomen and pelvis.
The NBN Futures Project

Over the past 20 years the provision of broadband services in Australia has become a matter of contention. The National Broadband Network (NBN) and longer-term plans for the way in which it will be structured and operate into the future have been caught up in this. The potential sale by the government of NBN Co, the developer of the NBN, in the next few years has brought greater urgency to considering the longer-term future of the NBN. An NBN Futures Project, whose aims are explained in this article, is promoting public and policy discussion through TelSoc (the Telecommunications Association) on the NBN and its future, with the aim of building consensus and common ground as a basis for developing public policy for the future. TelSoc’s role is not to advocate particular policy positions, but to provide media and forums for ensuring that critical analysis and discussion does occur and is shared as widely as possible. The Project promotes articles in the Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, together with forums, talks and other events. This article describes the NBN Futures Project and how it envisages that it will make a difference.
Barriers to Bachelor's Degree Completion among College Students with a Disability.

One of the fastest growing groups on college campuses is students with disabilities, but their rates of bachelor’s degree completion remain low. We build on research about barriers to degree comple...
A Wide Latitiude CO Survey of Molecular Clouds in the Northern Milky Way

It is now well established that molecular clouds are an important part of the interstellar medium, containing much or most of the dense, cold component of the gas, and producing the massive stars and supernovae responsible for the diffuse, hot component. It would therefore appear essential in formulating a complete picture of the local interstellar medium to have some knowledge of the distribution and properties of nearly molecular clouds. The Goddard-Columbia 1.2 meter telescope was used to carry out a wide latitude, low angular resolution survey of CO along most of the first galactic quadrant and a small part of the second. A plane-of-the-sky map, which resulted from numerically integrating the survey over radial velocity, is presented. The Great Rift and the Aquila Rift molecular clouds of the Milky Way are discussed.
Synthesizing Engaging Music Using Dynamic Models of Statistical Surprisal

Synthesis of music content generally leverages the underlying statistical structure of music to develop generative models, able to create new musical expressions within the same genre. In this work, we explore the statistical structure of a musical corpus and its effect on modulating the attention of listeners. The study specifically explores listeners' engagement to newly synthesized music and tests the hypothesis that maximizing statistical surprisal would result in increased auditory salience. The study employs a dynamical statistical model to estimate melodic line surprisal and develops an optimization procedure using parametrized codebooks to synthesize musical segments that maximize statistical surprisal. A behavioral experiment with a dichotic listening task is designed to probe salience of the synthesized melodies against original melodies by measuring listeners' engagement in a continuous-fashion. Results indicate that we can control the salience of sounds by manipulating the statistical surprisal, guided by the complexity of the temporal structure of the musical corpus. This work suggests that future work in automated music synthesis could leverage statistical models of music beyond musical aesthetics to also manipulate the degree of engagement.