cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Models for Forensic Analysis

The existing solutions in the field of computer forensics are largely ad hoc. This paper discusses the need for a rigorous model of forensics and outlines qualities that such a model should possess. It presents an overview of a forensic model and an example of how to apply the model to a real-world, multi-stage attack. We show how using the model can result in forensic analysis requiring a much smaller amount of carefully selected, highly useful data than without the model
Friction coefficients in a longitudinal direction between the finger pad and selected materials for different normal forces and curvatures

This study investigated the effect of object curvature, normal force and material on skin friction coefficient. Twelve subjects slid their middle fingertip pad against a test object with small (11 mm), medium (18, 21 mm) or large (flat object) radii of curvature, while maintaining a normal force of 1, 10 or 20 N. Tested materials were aluminium and four rubber hoses. The average friction coefficient was 0.6 for aluminium and 0.9 for the rubber hoses. As normal force increased from 1 to 20 N, the average friction coefficient decreased 46%. Friction coefficient did not vary significantly with object curvature. The citation of friction coefficient data requires careful attention to normal force levels with which they are measured, but not so much to object curvature between 11 mm and infinity. This study provides skin friction coefficient data that are needed for design of objects that are manipulated with the hands. The investigation of the effect of object curvature on skin friction coefficient has important implications to ergonomics practices as many objects handled in everyday activities have curved surfaces.
Application of the K Measure with Severe Marginal Constraints

Stavig and Acock's recent attempt to extend the K statistic under the special condition when N is small was found to contain a number of basic errors. This paper corrects these errors, and reidentifies the problem as centering around the number of possible cell configurations in a contingency table given fixed marginals, and not small N as they declare. In addition, procedures are provided for determining exact one-sided probabilities for K when the number of possible cell configurations is small. In a recent issue of this journal, Stavig and Acock presented six observations on the K measure of association. Five of these observations variously contribute to a broader understanding of the K statistic: including a simplified computational procedure, an alternative proportional reduction in variation interpretation based on K2, a reiteration of the contribution of marginal distributions affecting K, the absence of invariance in K, and the generalization of K to tables larger than 2 x 2. In contrast to the above, their sixth observation concerning expected values of K contains a series of logical errors leading them to seriously misconstrue the behavior of the K statistic when N is small. An examination and correction of each of these errors follows. Finally a procedure for obtaining exact one-sided probabilities for K under special conditions (e.g., when N is small) is provided.
Implicit Theories of Marriage and Evaluations of Marriage on Television

This study integrated social-cognitive and interpersonal frameworks in the mass communication setting. Although television presents a fairly consistent view of marriage as conventional and happy, we proposed that college students’ marital schemata, or implicit theories about marriage, would influence their evaluations of television couples’ marital satisfaction. College students (N = 358) completed two waves of questionnaires that used Fitzpatrick's (2988) Relational Dimensions Instrument to assess marital schemata and perceptions of married couples on television. Partial correlations revealed that greater similarity between marital schemata and ratings of television couples’ marriage type was associated with higher ratings of perceived television marital satisfaction. Analysis of covariance indicated that this effect held only for the Traditional schema type. The discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for media effects and marital communication research.
Michaelis-Menten equation for an enzyme in an oscillating electric field

The electric charges on an enzyme may move concomitantly with a conformational change. Such an enzyme will absorb energy from an oscillating electric field. If in addition the enzyme has a larger association constant for substrate than for product, as is often true, it can use this energy to drive the catalyzed reaction away from equilibrium. Approximate analytical expressions are given for the field-driven flux, electrical power absorbed, free-energy produced per unit time, thermodynamic efficiency, and zero-flux concentrations. The field-driven flux is written as a generalized Michaelis-Menten equation.
Varieties of Electioneering: Success Contagion and Presidential Campaigns in Latin America

Existing theories of change in campaign strategies predict cross-national convergence in candidates' linkages to voters and the degree of policy focus and cleavage priming in their appeals. However, the prevailing national patterns of electioneering in Chile, Brazil, and Peru have actually diverged from one another since their transitions from authoritarian rule. Based upon content analysis of television advertising, interviews with campaign staff, and case studies of specific elections in these three countries, this article develops a theory of success contagion that can explain the evolution of presidential campaign strategy in third-wave democracies. The author argues that the first politician to combine a victorious campaign with a successful term as president establishes a model of electioneering that candidates across the ideological spectrum are likely to adopt in the future. Such contagion can occur directly, through politicians' imitation of each other's strategies, or indirectly, with communities of campaign professionals playing an intermediary role. Strategic convergence is less likely in cases of repeatedly poor governing performance. Instead, candidates tend to choose strategies through an inward-oriented process of reacting against previous errors. Initial testing suggests the theory is generalizable to other new democracies with at least moderate organizational continuity across elections.
Biochemistry of Altered Brain Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease

In contrast to other unsolved diseases of the human brain, Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents features that make it particularly amenable to studies of pathogenesis at the molecular level. The progressive dysfunction of limbic and association cortices in patients with AD is accompanied by the formation of unusual intraneuronal and extracellular proteinaceous filaments. These striking structural changes of neurons, their processes, and adjacent cerebral microvessels provide a cytopathological signature of the disease, a feature often lacking in other neurodegenerative disorders. The filamentous lesions have served as a starting point for much of the recent progress in deciphering macromolecular alterations in AD. The density and distribution of these lesions correlate to a considerable but not complete degree with several phenotypic features of AD, including degree of intellectual impairment, extent of neuronal loss in hippocampus and certain other brain regions, and decline of neurotransmitter markers, particularly cortical choline acetyltransferase activity. Alzheimer's disease also shares certain phenotypic characteristics with a common chromosomal abnormality, Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). The fact that the characteristic cerebral lesions of AD accumulate in highly similar fashion in the brains of virtually all Down's syndrome subjccts at an early age has provided valuable clues to the pathogenesis of AD. Another advantage, not yet fully exploited, that accrues from the study of Alzheimer's disease is the fact that similar structural changes in the cortical neuropil and micro vessels occur spontaneously and progressively during
Multicriterion Market Segmentation: A New Model, Implementation, and Evaluation

Market segmentation is inherently a multicriterion problem even though it has often been modeled as a single-criterion problem in the traditional marketing literature and in practice. This paper discusses the multicriterion nature of market segmentation and develops a new mathematical model that addresses this issue. A new method for market segmentation based on multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, called MMSEA, is developed. It complements existing segmentation methods by optimizing multiple objectives simultaneously, searching for globally optimal solutions, and approximating a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. We have applied and evaluated this method in two empirical studies for two firms from distinct industries: descriptive segmentation of the cell phone service market from a dual-value creation perspective and predictive segmentation of retail customers based on profit and customer sociodemographic attributes. The results provide decision makers with compelling alternatives and enhanced flexibility currently missing in existing market segmentation methods.
Limitations on the adage "eat a variety of foods"?

benefit for meeting nutrient requirements up to a certain level of variety in food groups beyond which the meeting of nutrient requirements was not improved. In exploring issues of dietary quality and variety in a French population, Drewnowski et al (5) found that dietary variety scores correlated inversely with a dietary quality index, indicating that a good diet may be achieved at the expense of variety. In their study, dietary quality was largely based on total fat and saturated fat intakes. When they applied a dietary diversity score based on the number of food groups consumed per day, they found that low diversity scores were associated with low energy intakes. When Drewnowski et al examined dietary variety based on numbers of foods eaten, not classified within food groups, they found no increase in energy intake with increasing variety. In fact, they found improved dietary quality scores with increased variety. However, unlike the current study, the ranges of total energy intake were within 300 kcal (1.2 MJ) (6).
Agrarian Structure and Agricultural Practice: Typology and Application to Western Sudan

A typology of models that explain patterns of variation in farm endowments and farm practices and yields shows that insecurity in renting land, financing constraints, and the absence of insurance generate patterns of factor use quite different from the famous “inverse relationship” caused by labor supervision problems. One might expect to observe positive relationships between wealth and yields. Village-level data from western Sudan confirm that such positive relationships are not a theoretical curiosity. Wealthy farmers have higher levels of output per hectare because they use more labor per hectare. Insurance and financing constraints appear to be the crucial market failures.
Exploring patient and provider level variables that may impact depression outcomes among African American adolescents.

TOPIC: Optimizing development outcomes among African American adolescents with depression. PURPOSE: This paper aims to explore patient and/or provider level variables that may impact the assessment, detection, and diagnosis of depression among African American adolescents. SOURCES: Multidisciplinary literature specific to depression among African American adolescents and clinical experience. CONCLUSION: Nurses are in a position to advocate for the appropriate detection of depression among African American adolescents. Both patient- and provider-level variables (i.e., potential attitudes toward mental health care, ethnocultural variations in the manifestation of depression, and individual provider biases) must be sensitively addressed to affect much needed change and minimize disparate health outcomes.
Psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality, and in-home firearm access among a nationally representative sample of adolescents.

IMPORTANCE: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among US adolescents, and in-home firearm access is an independent risk factor for suicide. Given recommendations to limit firearm access by those with mental health risk factors for suicide, we hypothesized that adolescents with such risk factors would be less likely to report in-home firearm access. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported in-home firearm access among US adolescents, to quantify the lifetime prevalence of mental illness and suicidality (ie, suicidal ideation, planning, or attempt) among adolescents living with a firearm in the home, and to compare the prevalence of in-home firearm access between adolescents with and without specific mental health risk factors for suicide. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, a nationally representative survey of 10 DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: 123 US adolescents (age range, 13-18 years) who were interviewed between February 2001 and January 2004 (response rate 82.9%). EXPOSURES: Risk factors for suicide, including a history of any mental health disorder, suicidality, or any combination of the 2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Self-reported access to a firearm in the home. RESULTS: One in three respondents (2778 [29.1%]) of the weighted survey sample reported living in a home with a firearm and responded to a question about firearm access; 1089 (40.9%) of those adolescents reported easy access to and the ability to shoot that firearm. Among adolescents with a firearm in home, those with access were significantly more likely to be older (15.6 vs 15.1 years), male (70.1% vs 50.9%), of non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity (86.6% vs 78.3%), and living in high-income households (40.0% vs 31.8%), and in rural areas (28.1% vs 22.6%) (P RESULTS: RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Adolescents with risk factors for suicide were just as likely to report in-home firearm access as those without such risk factors. Given that firearms are the second most common means of suicide among adolescents, further attention to developing and implementing evidence-based strategies to decrease firearm access in this age group is warranted. Language: en
The failure of eco-efficiency to guarantee sustainability: Future challenges for industrial ecology

Western industrialized societies are inherently unsustainable in their present form because they depend almost exclusively on a finite supply of nonrenewable minerals and fossil fuels. In addition, the resulting wastes cause various environmental problems ranging from widespread ecosystem disruptions to global warming. The most common response to these problems has been to promote technological improvements in eco-efficiency, which Welford defined as “adding maximum value with minimum resource use and minimum pollution.” Although constructive, improvements in eco-efficiency alone will not guarantee sustainability of industrialized societies because the limited supplies of nonrenewable minerals cannot be extended indefinitely by recycling and substitution, and a transition to renewable and nuclear energy sources would result in significant negative environmental impacts, particularly if deployed on a large scale. In addition, according to the second law of thermodynamics, industrial production technologies have inherently unavoidable environmental impacts. Finally, any hard-won improvements in eco-efficiency will soon be negated if growth in population and consumption is allowed to continue. Consequently, long-term industrial sustainability can be achieved only through a transition to a steady-state economy where the total throughput of matter–energy is kept at a constant and sustainable level. This requires not only improvements in eco-efficiency but also a reassessment of fundamental societal values that erroneously equate material consumption and economic growth with well-being and happiness. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Malpractice Suits Against Radiologists

I wish to bring to your attention information we have accumulated and analyzed from the malpractice data I have been fortunate to have gained access to in my capacity as director of credentialing for One Call Medical, Inc., a broker for workman’s compensation cases which, at present, has over 9,000 active American radiologists on its panel of image interpreters. That is more than one quarter of all the radiologists in the country and I would imagine includes many of you.
Cavitation in Hydraulic Structures: Scale Effects Involved in Cavitation Experiments

The general nature and purpose of experimental studies of cavitation-susceptible hydraulic structures is reviewed. Scale effects are defined as deviations in the cavitation occurrences from the simple concept of cavitation in a liquid of given density and vapor pressure, resulting from other fluid properties and occurrences.
Familial Arrhythmias in the Reynolds Family: A Study of Queer Kinship Relations on FX's ‘It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia'

This research critically examines the lives of Dennis, Frank and Deandra “Sweet” Dee Reynolds on the popular cult comedy “It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia” as a means to interrogate the complex ways in which the repronormative discourses of “family” are enacted and communicated to American society. This research argues it’s precisely the dysfunctionality of these character’s familial relationships that focuses viewer’s attention on society’s hegemonic familial power structures, thereby challenge the normative functions of how familial consanguinity is linguistically deployed and socially implemented. I further argue the series success in rejecting familial consanguinity in favor of queer kinship bonds is successful only because of the its heavy reliance on the ability of the comedic tradition to immunize itself from critique, and in so doing, render its counter-hegemonic messages as communicatively nonthreatening. This research utilizes both textual analysis and queer reading as a methodology to effectively identify, successfully decode and accurately interpret the complex meanings and messages communicated to the “It’s Always Sunny” target audiences.
Law Libraries as Publishers: Counting Things, with Citations and Downloads

Download counts and citations are often used to evaluate the value of scholarly works. These numbers can be useful, but with some caveats.
Transmastoid Repair of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks.

Objective Determine the efficacy of using a purely transmastoid approach for the repair of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and further elucidate the relationship of elevated body mass index (BMI) and skull base thickness in our patient population. Method We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients treated for spontaneous temporal bone CSF leaks at our tertiary care institution from the years 2006 to 2015. Cases were categorized as primary or secondary. We analyzed success rates, length of stay, use of lumbar drains, BMIs, and rates of meningitis. Skull base thickness was compared with BMI in each case. Results We identified 26 primary operations for spontaneous CSF leaks and 7 secondary operations. Twenty-three of 33 repairs were performed via the transmastoid approach alone with an 87% success rate (20/23). Of the10 repairs including a middle cranial fossa (MCF) or combined MCF-transmastoid approach, 2 failed for an 80% success rate (8/10). Five transmastoid repairs underwent placement of a lumbar drain versus all 10 repairs employing an intracranial exposure. Average length of stay for those undergoing a transmastoid approach (1.7 days) was significantly shorter than for patients undergoing a MCF repair (6.3 days). Four patients presented with meningitis. Average BMI was 35.3. No correlation was established between BMI and skull base thickness ( R 2 = 0.00011). Conclusion The transmastoid approach is effective in the majority of cases and prevents the need for an intracranial operation, resulting in lower morbidity and a shorter length of stay. We believe that this is the preferred primary approach in most patients with spontaneous CSF leaks.
The clinical outcome of prospective screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a. An 18-year experience

An important question facing physicians who care for families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a is whether prospective screening to detect early abnormalities of the thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands favorably influences the ultimate course of the disease. An 18-year study of a large family has allowed us to examine the effect of early treatment on the clinical course of the disease. Of 22 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for early C-cell abnormalities, 19 remained free of detectable medullary thyroid carcinoma according to all criteria, at a mean of 11 years after thyroidectomy. None of the 22 patients had evidence of parathyroid disease either at the time of surgery or after a mean follow-up of 10 years. Prospective screening for adrenal medullary abnormalities by means of measurement of 24-hour urinary epinephrine excretion and the ratio of urinary epinephrine to norepinephrine was predictive of pheochromocytoma in 10 of 11 patients (with a false negative result in one patient) but was not useful in diagnosing adrenal medullary hyperplasia. We conclude that regular, prospective screening and early treatment of the manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia can prevent metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma and the morbidity and mortality caused by pheochromocytoma.
Abstract A74: CXCL12 and CXCR4 are reciprocally expressed in normal pancreatic ducts and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma respectively.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be one of the most devastating forms of cancer. Despite recent studies that have unveiled the key genetic signatures of PDAC, the mechanisms behind the inherent aggressiveness of this particular form of cancer remain undefined. Chemokines and their respective chemokine receptors have been recognized has key facilitators of cellular migration in numerous other tissues and cancers. Our previous work in breast and colorectal cancer established the importance of autocrine expression of the chemokine CXCL12 in providing a checkpoint for cancer metastasis. Herein, we demonstrated in ~100 surgically resected human specimens that CXCL12 was expressed in normal pancreatic ducts, but not present in acinar and endocrine structures. CXCL12 expression was progressively silenced in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDAC cells in resected tissue. In contrast, expression of the cognate receptor CXCR4 was increased in both PanIN lesions and PDAC cells. CXCL12 was similarly silenced in a battery of pancreatic cancer cell lines, with 5 aza 2’ deoxycytidine treatment recovering CXCL12 expression in those pancreatic cancer cell lines, confirming the role of DNA hypermethylation in CXCL12 abrogation. Intriguingly, the new CXCL12 cognate receptor CXCR7 was found to be expressed in both normal ducts and PDAC cells, but downregulated in PanIN lesions. Together, these data suggest that CXCL12 silencing, in parallel with increased CXCR4 expression, plays an important role in PDAC malignancy and provides a novel avenue for studying future biomarkers and therapeutics in PDAC metastasis. Citation Format: Ishan Roy, Noah P. Zimmerman, Susan Tsai, Douglas B. Evans, Michael B. Dwinell. CXCL12 and CXCR4 are reciprocally expressed in normal pancreatic ducts and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma respectively. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A74.
End-Spurt in Addition of Numbers:

End-spurt (performance improvement as the end of a task is approached) has been previously found among those individuals who believed that the task was 90% completed in both vigilance and rotary pursuit tracking. The present experiment was carried out to determine whether this would hold true if the task involved mental activity such as the addition of numbers. The end-spurt did occur when Ss believed that the task was 90% completed. Also, significant performance decrement occurred when it was believed they were only 50% completed.
ALLOZYME AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLES DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH HOST TREE.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether mountain pine beetles utilizing different host species were differentiated for either morphological or protein variation. Genetic differentiation among host species has been reported for the southern pine beetle, the Douglas-fir beetle, the jeffrey pine beetle, and the mountain pine beetle. However, in these studies, the host trees were sampled at separate sites, and hence geographic variation and variation due to host tree were confounded. The mountain pine beetle occasionally utilizes three host trees (ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and limber pine) at single sites in Colorado. Five polymorphic enzyme loci and six morphological characters were used to describe beetles resident in different hosts. Differentiation within a site among host trees was detected at two of five polymorphic proteins, and for both size and morphological shape. The magnitude of genetic differentiation among hosts within a site was approximately equivalent to the magnitude of differentiation among sites. These data suggest that the species of host tree may be an important biotic factor associated with the genetic structure of bark beetle communities. The results are discussed in terms of their potential role in the process of speciation by host race formation.
Drainage ditches have sufficient adsorption capacity but inadequate residence time for phosphorus retention in the Everglades

Abstract Although considered a sink of nutrients, limited information exists to verify phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) retention in drainage networks such as ditches and canals. Nutrient retention within two ditches on a cattle ranch in the greater Everglades region was measured using in-situ mesocosms. Phosphorus and N concentrations of water inside the mesocosms were increased or decreased to evaluate the effect of P and N concentration on P and N flux across the sediment-water interface. Ditch sediments possess high P retention capacity which was related to aluminum and iron contents. Soluble reactive P (SRP) retention over seven days varied between 13 and 55% of the starting water column concentration, though retention was significant after one day (p = 0.035). Significant P release, although observed only at one site, does indicate the potential for the ditch to be a source of P to downstream locations. The P uptake and release were greater and more rapid in a ditch with organic sediment and emergent macrophytes compared to a ditch with a mineral substrate. P retention over time was rate-limited by diffusion and sediment pore-water exchange. Nitrogen transformation processes were unsubstantial, possibly because in warm sub-tropical Florida most nitrate is denitrified in the presence of an energy source. Several empirical P models predicted (r2 > 0.90) P retention based on the known water column SRP concentrations and hydraulic residence time. The residence time of the site (0.46 and 0.11 days for the two ditches) is not long enough to significantly reduce P loads passing through the ditches under the current drainage regime. Delaying the drainage by increased water retention as a voluntary Best Management Practice (BMP) or Payment for Environmental Services (PES) program can help increase the residence time to reduce P leaving the ranch. Although these results are derived from a cattle ranch, similar benefits can be expected for drainage ditches in other agricultural systems such as agronomic (e.g. sugarcane) or horticultural (e.g. citrus, vegetable) crops, and the models presented in this paper may be useful for basin-scale water quality management.
Teaching Principles of Marketing from a Multicultural Perspective: A Proposed Exchange Framework

Most principles of marketing courses in the United States are structured around the marketing strategy concept Use of this conceptual framework implicitly and explicitly includes some topics and excludes others. We propose structuring the principlcs course around the concept of exchange. We outline how this framework will broaden course content and give instructors more flexibility in instituting a truly multicultural curriculum.
SU-G-JeP3-07: Real-Time Image Guided Radiation Therapy for Heterotopic Ossification in Patients After Hip Replacement

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of using CBCT in a real-time image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for single fraction heterotopic ossification (HO) in patients after hip replacement. In this real-time procedure, all steps, from simulation, imaging, planning to treatment delivery, are performed at the treatment unit in one appointment time slot. This work promotes real-time treatment to create a paradigm shift in the single fraction radiation therapy. Methods: An integrated real-time IGRT for HO was developed and tested for radiation treatment of heterotopic ossification for patient after hip replacement. After CBCT images are acquired at the linac, and sent to the treatment planning system, the physician determines the field and/or draws a block. Subsequently, a simple 2D AP/PA plan with prescription of 700 cGy is created on-the-fly for physician to review. Once the physician approves the plan, the patient is treated on the same simulation position. This real-time treatment requires the team of attending physician, physicist, therapists, and dosimetrist to work in harmony to achieve all the steps in a timely manner. Results: Ten patients have been treated with this real-time treatment, having the same beams arrangement treatment plan and prescription as our clinically regular CT-based 2D plans. The average time for these procedures are 52.9 ±10.7 minutes from the time patient entered the treatment room until s/he exited, and 37.7 ±8.6 minutes from starting CBCT until last beam delivered. Conclusion: The real-time IGRT for HO treatment has been tested and implemented to be a clinically accepted procedure. This one-time appointment greatly enhances the waiting time, especially when patients in high level of pain, and provides a convenient approach for the whole clinical staff. Other disease sites will be also tested with this new technology.
Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals' neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant's level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants' brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.
Raising threshold for diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome excludes population of patients with metabolic risk

Objective To characterize the population of patients excluded from a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) when follicle number criteria are increased to 25 per ovary as suggested by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society's recent task force. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary academic center. Patient(s) A total of 259 women with PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria who were systematically examined from 2007 to 2015, with 1,100 ovulatory women participating in the Ovarian Aging (OVA) Study as controls. Intervention(s) Anthropometric measurements, serum testing, ultrasonic imaging, and comprehensive dermatologic exams. Main Outcome Measure(s) Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), serum cholesterol, fasting glucose and insulin, follicle count per ovary, biochemical hyperandrogenemia, and hirsutism. Result(s) Forty-seven of 259 women meeting the Rotterdam criteria (18.1%) were excluded from a diagnosis of PCOS when the follicle number criteria was increased to 25. These women had clinical evidence of hyperandrogenism (68.1%) and biochemical hyperandrogenemia (44.7%), although fewer reported oligoanovulation (26.8%). The excluded women had elevated total cholesterol, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) when compared with controls despite controlling for age and BMI. Conclusion(s) The women excluded from the PCOS diagnosis by raising the threshold of follicle number per ovary to ≥25 continue to show evidence of metabolic risk.
The Rise and Fall of Protein Malnutrition in Global Health

Background: From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, United Nations (UN) agencies were focused on protein malnutrition as the major worldwide nutritional problem. The goal of this review is to examine this era of protein malnutrition, the reasons for its demise, and the aftermath. Summary: The UN Protein Advisory Group was established in 1955. International conferences were largely concerned about protein malnutrition in children. By the early 1970s, UN agencies were ringing the alarm about a ‘protein gap'. In The Lancet in 1974, Donald McLaren branded these efforts as ‘The Great Protein Fiasco', declaring that the ‘protein gap' was a fallacy. The following year, John Waterlow, the scientist who led most of the efforts on protein malnutrition, admitted that a ‘protein gap' did not exist and that young children in developing countries only needed sufficient energy intake. The emphasis on protein malnutrition waned. It is recently apparent that quality protein and essential amino acids are missing in the diet and may have adverse consequences for child growth and the reduction of child stunting. Key Messages: It may be time to re-include protein and return protein malnutrition in the global health agenda using a balanced approach that includes all protective nutrients.
Branching processes in generalized autoregressive conditional environments

Branching processes in random environments have been widely studied and applied to population growth systems to model the spread of epidemics, infectious diseases, cancerous tumor growth, and social network traffic. However, Ebola virus, tuberculosis infections, and avian flu grow or change at rates that vary with time—at peak rates during pandemic time periods, while at low rates when near extinction. The branching processes in generalized autoregressive conditional environments we propose provide a novel approach to branching processes that allows for such time-varying random environments and instances of peak growth and near extinction-type rates. Offspring distributions we consider to illustrate the model include the generalized Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial integer-valued GARCH models. We establish conditions on the environmental process that guarantee stationarity and ergodicity of the mean offspring number and environmental processes and provide equations from which their variances, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation functions can be deduced. Furthermore, we present results on fundamental questions of importance to these processes—the survival-extinction dichotomy, growth behavior, necessary and sufficient conditions for noncertain extinction, characterization of the phase transition between the subcritical and supercritical regimes, and survival behavior in each phase and at criticality.
Time courses of post-injury mitochondrial oxidative damage and respiratory dysfunction and neuronal cytoskeletal degradation in a rat model of focal traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in rapid reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative damage to essential brain cellular components leading to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. It is increasingly appreciated that a major player in TBI-induced oxidative damage is the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) peroxynitrite (PN) which is produced in large part in injured brain mitochondria. Once formed, PN decomposes into highly reactive free radicals that trigger membrane lipid peroxidation (LP) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. arachidonic acid) and protein nitration (3-nitrotyrosine, 3-NT) in mitochondria and other cellular membranes causing various functional impairments to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and calcium (Ca 2+ ) buffering capacity. The LP also results in the formation of neurotoxic reactive aldehyde byproducts including 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and propenal (acrolein) which exacerbates ROS/RNS production and oxidative protein damage in the injured brain. Ultimately, this results in intracellular Ca 2+ overload that activates proteolytic degradation of α-spectrin, a neuronal cytoskeletal protein. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the temporal evolution of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and cytoskeletal degradation in the brain following a severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI in young male adult rats. In mitochondria isolated from an 8 mm diameter cortical punch including the 5 mm wide impact site and their respiratory function studied ex vivo , we observed an initial decrease in complex I and II mitochondrial bioenergetics within 3 h (h). For complex I bioenergetics, this partially recovered by 12–16 h, whereas for complex II respiration the recovery was complete by 12 h. During the first 24 h, there was no evidence of an injury-induced increase in LP or protein nitration in mitochondrial or cellular homogenates. However, beginning at 24 h, there was a gradual secondary decline in complex I and II respiration that peaked at 72 h. post-TBI that coincided with progressive peroxidation of mitochondrial and cellular lipids, protein nitration and protein modification by 4-HNE and acrolein. The oxidative damage and respiratory failure paralleled an increase in Ca 2+ -induced proteolytic degradation of the neuronal cytoskeletal protein α-spectrin indicating a failure of intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis. These findings of a surprisingly delayed peak in secondary injury, suggest that the therapeutic window and needed treatment duration for certain antioxidant treatment strategies following CCI-TBI in rodents may be longer than previously believed.
Cardiac Transplantation: Current Outcomes and Contemporary Controversies.

Despite advances in pharmacologic and device treatment of chronic heart failure, long-term morbidity and mortality remain high, and many patients progress to end-stage heart failure. Over the last 5 decades, heart transplantation (HTx) has become the preferred therapy for select patients with end-stage heart disease. However, although HTx has become standard of care for the management of end-stage heart failure, challenges continue to exist. The number of patients with end-stage heart failure is increasing, whereas the number of donor organs remains constant and a limiting factor in HTx. Not only are there more potential heart transplantation candidates, but HTx candidates today are more complex: older, sensitized, and in need of mechanical circulatory support. Such candidates are at higher risk for poor outcomes including primary graft dysfunction and antibody-mediated rejection. This article focuses on current post-transplantation outcomes and recent advances in HTx that could address the current challenges. These advances include: 1) attempts to expand the donor pool; 2) proposed changes in HTx allocation policy for more equitable organ distribution; 3) a better understanding of the definition and management of primary graft dysfunction; and 4) advances in the management of sensitized HTx candidates. Developments in these areas could result in expansion and more equitable distribution of the donor pool and improved survival and quality of life for HTx recipients.
Harry F. Byrd, Jr. school of business, institute for entrepreneurship: A concept paper that became a reality

The Harry F. Byrd, Jr. School of Business at Shenandoah University engaged in an intense planning process in the fall of 2004. In addition to clarifying its mission and strategic directions, the Byrd School clearly articulated its vision: to become recognized as a provider of individualized business education driven by entrepreneurial thinking, global understanding, and ethical practice. The development of the Institute for Entrepreneurship described in this article is a critical step in actualizing this vision.
Web page visual hierarchy: Examining Faraday's guidelines for entry points

Abstract Designers want to avoid creating “flat” visual experiences that do not communicate importance within an interface. Faraday's visual hierarchy model is often employed to predict the deployment of attention within web page interfaces (i.e., provide an importance ranking). However, only limited empirical evidence is available to validate its use. Across two studies, the model's predictive ability to determine entry points, as determined by the initial search phase, was examined. In Study 1, simple web pages were artificially manipulated to offer entry points as predicted by the model. In Study 2, current web pages containing greater complexity were coded for entry points. Across both studies, fixations were recorded while participants viewed the web pages. It was discovered that the model does a poor job predicting entry points. Moreover, it demonstrated a lack of sophistication by mainly selecting entry points on element size alone. It was found that both spatial position and distinctiveness can predict earlier attention engagement. Therefore, any updated visual hierarchy model ought to consider user expectations and visual salience. Critically, designers ought to stop employing this visual hierarchy model as its predictions can be misleading.
Climate Change and Mountaintop-Removal Mining: A MaxEnt Assessment of the Potential Threat to West Virginian Fishes

Accounts of species' range shifts in response to climate change are rapidly accumulating. These range shifts are often attributed to species tracking their thermal niches as temperatures in their native ranges increase. Our objective was to estimate the degree to which shifts in water temperature driven by climate change may increase the exposure of West Virginia's native freshwater fishes to mountaintop-removal surface coal mining. We projected midcentury shifts in habitat suitability for 9 non-game West Virginian fishes via maximum entropy species distribution modeling, using a combination of physical habitat, historical climate conditions, and future climate data. Modeling projections for a high-emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) predict that habitat suitability will increase in high-elevation streams near mountaintop mining sites for 8 of 9 species, with increases in habitat suitability varying from 46% to 418%. We conclude that many West Virginian fishes will be at risk of increased exposure to mountaintop mining if climate change continues at a rapid pace.
A somatic evolutionary model of the dynamics of aneuploid cells during hematopoietic reconstitution

Aneuploidy is associated with many cancers. Recent studies demonstrate that in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment aneuploid cells have reduced fitness and are efficiently purged from the bone marrow. However, early phases of hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation provide a window of opportunity whereby aneuploid cells rise in frequency, only to decline to basal levels thereafter. Here we demonstrate by Monte Carlo modeling that two mechanisms could underlie this aneuploidy peak: rapid expansion of the engrafted HSPC population and bone marrow microenvironment degradation caused by pre-transplantation radiation treatment. Both mechanisms reduce the strength of purifying selection acting in early post-transplantation bone marrow. We explore the contribution of other factors such as alterations in cell division rates that affect the strength of purifying selection, the balance of drift and selection imposed by the HSPC population size, and the mutation-selection balance dependent on the rate of aneuploidy generation per cell division. We propose a somatic evolutionary model for the dynamics of cells with aneuploidy or other fitness-reducing mutations during hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation.
Abstract P24: Perfluorocarbon-Induced Intra-Arrest Hypothermia Does Not Improve Survival in a Swine Model of Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest/Pulseless Electrical Activity

Background Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is an important cause of cardiac arrest in pediatric and adult populations. Induction of rapid intra-arrest hypothermia improves resuscitation success in experimental models of ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest. Our purpose was to determine if rapid induction of hypothermia with a cold perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based total liquid ventilation (TLV) system would also improve resuscitation in a swine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest/PEA. Methods Twenty swine were randomly assigned to control (C, no ventilation, n=11) or TLV with precooled (2°C) PFC (n=9) groups. Asphyxia was induced by insertion of a rubber stopper into the endotracheal tube (ET). The asphyxial phase was continued in both groups until the loss of aortic pulsations (LOAP) was reached, defined as a pulse pressure less than 2mmHg. The TLV animals underwent asphyxial arrest for an additional 2 minutes after LOAP, followed by 3 minutes of PFC induced hypothermia, prior to starting CPR. The cold PFCs were preoxygenated for 2 minutes. The C animals underwent 5 minutes of post-LOAP asphyxia. Both groups then underwent CPR for at least 11 minutes or until success improbable. The endpoint of resuscitation was the resumption of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), defined as an unassisted peak systolic arterial pressure > 60 mmHg maintained for 10 minutes. Results All 20 animals demonstrated PEA at the end of the asphyxial phase. Seven of 9 animals achieved ROSC in the TLV group vs. 5 of 11 in the C group (p=0.2). The mean pulmonary arterial (PA) temperature was lower in TLV animals starting 4 minutes after induction of hypothermia (TLV 36.3 ± SE 0.18 vs. C 38.1±0.16°C, p Conclusion Induction of moderate hypothermia using PFC-based TLV did not improve ROSC success in this swine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest/PEA, unlike prior VF arrest models. Greater depth and/or duration of hypothermia might yield better results.