cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intra-articular therapy with methotrexate or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.

Background Persistent monoarthritis in otherwise well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis presents a therapeutic challenge. Intra-articular (IA) steroids are a mainstay of treatment, though some have queried whether IA disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) and biologics can be used in those who fail steroid injections. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted using four medical databases to identify randomized, controlled trials assessing IA therapies in RA patients. Included studies underwent Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 assessment for quality. Results Twelve studies were included, 6 of which examined intra-articular (IA) TNF inhibitors (TNFi), and 6 studies evaluating IA methotrexate. Of those evaluating IA TNFi, one study reported statistical improvement in TNFi therapy when compared with placebo. The remaining 5 studies compared IA TNFi therapy with steroid injections. IA TNFi had statistically improved symptom scores and clinical assessments comparable with IA steroid treatments. In the 6 studies evaluating IA methotrexate, the addition of methotrexate to steroid intra-articular therapy was not found to be beneficial, and singular methotrexate injection was not superior to the control arms (saline or triamcinolone). Risk-of-bias (ROB) assessment with the Revised Cochrane ROB tool indicated that 2 of 6 TNFi studies were at some risk or high risk for bias, compared with 5 out of 6 methotrexate studies. Conclusion For persistent monoarthritis in rheumatoid arthritis, IA methotrexate was not found to have clinical utility. Intra-articular TNFi therapy appears to have equal efficacy to IA steroids, though the optimal dose and frequency of injections is yet unknown.
Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Palestine

Unequal demographic changes in Palestine have both created and continue to reproduce the Israeli-Palestinian conflict – a conflict that has historically revolved around issues of land control and population dominance dating back to the end of the nineteenth century. The major demographic changes in Palestine could be traced to three processes: the racialized settlement project of the late 1800s, the exclusive state building project of the mid-twentieth century, and the colonial system since the late 1960s. The corresponding relationship of supremacy that emerged between European settler vs. native other, Jewish migrant vs. non-Jewish native (that is Muslim and Christian residents of Palestine), and Israeli vs. Palestinian dictated the demography of Palestine and impacted their differential migration processes and entitlements.
Biology of proinflammatory cytokines and their antagonists.

Objectives To review the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the proinflammatory cascade, with particular emphasis on the association between increased concentrations of these cytokines and the sepsis-associated shock syndrome. Data that support the role of these cytokines as proinflammatory mediators provide a rationale for specific anticytokine therapies. Data sources Information presented at the 22nd Educational and Scientific Symposium of the Society of Critical Care Medicine on June 9-13, 1993 in New York City was reviewed, along with supportive documentation from the English language literature. Study selection Controlled animal studies that elucidate the relationship between TNF-alpha and IL-1, and endotoxin-induced shock were selected for review. Data extraction This review focused on those data that described the roles of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in the induction of the inflammatory cascade. Data synthesis Information concerning the many aspects of attenuating the systemic inflammatory response was integrated into a description of emerging therapies for septic shock. Conclusions Induction of inflammation during sepsis is a complex biological cascade that may be effectively attenuated by novel anticytokine biotherapies.
The mystery of photopsias, visual hallucinations, and distortions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mystery of photopsias, visual hallucinations, and distortions. Positive spontaneous visual phenomena (PSVP) are visual events occurring in isolation, in the absence of altered consciousness, dementia, or psychosis. PSVP include phosphenes, photopsias, visual hallucinations, visual distortions, kinetopsias, palinopsia, polyopia, and visual allesthesia. Photopsias are structured images such as geometric figures or other simple pictures often recurring in a repetitive pattern. Visual hallucinations consist of complex scenes including people, animals, furniture, landscapes, vehicles that may be stationary or mobile, colored or black and white, and perceived as real. Visual hallucinations as part of PSVP are isolated without associated mental disturbances such as dementia, psychosis, or altered state of consciousness. Visual distortions refer to the abnormal perception of figures and objects. It can be further subdivided into macropsia, micropsia, pelopsia, teleopsia, and metamorphopsia. Modern neuroimaging and physiological methods shed light on the pathophysiology of these phenomena.
Model-based analysis of configuration vulnerabilities

Vulnerability analysis is concerned with the problem of identifying weaknesses in computer systems that can be exploited to compromise their security. In this paper we describe a new approach to vulnerability analysis based on model checking. Our approach involves: • Formal specification of desired security properties. An example of such a property is "no ordinary user can overwrite system log files". • An abstract model of the system that captures its security-related behaviors. This model is obtained by composing models of system components such as the file system, privileged processes, etc. • A verification procedure that checks whether the abstract model satisfies the security properties, and if not, produces execution sequences (also called exploit scenarios) that lead to a violation of these properties. An important benefit of a model-based approach is that it can be used to detect known and as-yet-unknown vulnerabilities. This capability contrasts with previous approaches (such as those used in COPS and SATAN) which mainly address known vulnerabilities.This paper demonstrates our approach by modelling a simplified version of a UNIX-based system, and analyzing this system using model-checking techniques to identify nontrivial Vulnerabilities. A key contribution of this paper is to show that such an automated analysis is feasible in spite of the fact that the system models are infinite-state systems. Our techniques exploit some of the latest techniques in model-checking, such as constraint-based (implicit) representation of state-space, together with domain-specific optimizations that are appropriate in the context of vulnerability analysis.Clearly, a realistic UNIX system is much more complex than the one that we have modelled in this paper. Nevertheless, we believe that our results show automated and systematic vulnerability analysis of realistic systems to be feasible in the near future, as model-checking techniques continue to improve.
Skill Acquisition by Two Body Parts with Concurrent Practice.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate in young adult women the relationship between rate and amount of skill acquired by two body parts, the foot and hand, respectively, when a similar motor task was practiced for 18 sessions over a 6-week period. The basic hypothesis was that if a general motor ability factor existed, some degree of correlation would be observed in the rate at which and degree to which the skill was acquired with the two body segments. Subjects were 26 undergraduate women college students. The task consisted of pushing a 3-in. disc onto a horizontally located, concentric-ringed target, located 10 ft. away. Each subject was permitted 25 trials with both her foot and her hand, respectively, during a practice session. There was no relationship between the rate or degree of improvement in the performance of the selected motor skill in the two body segments, thereby supporting the theory of specificity as opposed to generality of motor ability. Performance of the skill with th...
Food Consumption in Jamaica: A Household and Social Behavior

This paper explores household food consumption in Jamaica and estimates the effects of related variables on the intensity of consumption. Use of data from the 2001 Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions permits estimation of an Engel curve that reflects the relationship between household food consumption and related variables. As a means to investigate a possible neighborhood effect on food consumption, spatial correlations pertaining to neighborhood food consumption were tested and estimated. The estimated results can be used to help formulate policies that may produce more effective food support distribution programs.
Reexamining the evidence for proton transfers in ethylene polymerization

Delley et al. (1) propose a new proton transfer mechanism to explain the mysterious initiation mechanism (2) of the Phillips polymerization catalyst. The authors’ mechanism invokes dormant (D) sites and active Si(OH)CrR sites, as summarized in Fig. 1.
Why Do Children Become Vitamin A Deficient

Vitamin A deficiency is very prevalent and contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. We identify and quantify three causes of vitamin A deficiency in young children based on data available in the literature: maternal vitamin A deficiency resulting in low concentrations of vitamin A in breast milk, inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A during and after weaning and prevalent illness. We developed a set of recursive equations to estimate the amount of vitamin A in the liver as a function of age over the first 2 y of life. To apply the equations, we selected a best estimate value for each input parameter as the most representative of a typical child in a developing country. Because of the great variability that exists for each variable, we also carried out sensitivity analyses, substituting more extreme values for input parameters. We then estimated stores, assuming a child in a developing country also receives the newly revised vitamin A supplementation regimen recommended by the World Health Organization. Without supplementation, a typical child in a developing country is not able to attain and maintain "minimally adequate" liver vitamin A stores. To overcome this deficit by eating fruits and vegetables alone, the child would need to increase portion sizes about 10-fold. If the child receives the new supplementation regimen, his or her liver stores will still be far short of the average American child (i.e., exceedingly far from toxic levels). However, our estimates indicate that the new supplementation regimen will permit a typical child in a developing country setting to attain minimally adequate vitamin A stores during the first 2 y of life.
Force-Field Development and Molecular Dynamics of [NiFe] Hydrogenase.

Classical molecular force-field parameters describing the structure and motion of metal clusters in [NiFe] hydrogenase enzymes can be used to compare the dynamics and thermodynamics of [NiFe] under different oxidation, protonation, and ligation circumstances. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations of small model clusters representative of the active site and the proximal, medial, and distal Fe/S metal centers and their attached protein side chains, we have calculated classical force-field parameters for [NiFe] in reduced and oxidized states, including internal coordinates, force constants, and atom-centered charges. Derived force constants revealed that cysteinate ligands bound to the metal ions are more flexible in the Ni–B active site, which has a bridging hydroxide ligand, than in the Ni–C active site, which has a bridging hydride. Ten nanosecond all-atom, explicit-solvent MD simulations of [NiFe] hydrogenase in oxidized and reduced catalytic states established the stability of the derived ...
Respiratory Muscle Function in Health and Disease

JI he muscles of respiration comprise three groups: the diaphragm, the intercostal and accessory muscles, and the muscles of the abdomen (Fig 1). All three groups have inspiratory and expiratory function and work together in intricate ways. This article reviews respiratory muscle action and interaction. We also discuss respiratory muscle dysfunction and its treatment in several disease states, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chest wall deformity, obesity, generalized neuromuscular disorders, cervical cord injury, and unilateral and bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. We conclude with a discussion of how training may influence respiratory muscle fatigue. Other issues, including central nervous system control of the respiratory muscles, are covered by Derenne and colleagues.1 Their article contains an extensive bibliography.
The determinants of fertility in rural Peru: program effects in the early years of the National Family Planning Program.

Using data from the 1991 Peru Demographic Health Survey, a linked Situation Analysis, and a unique region-level data set, this paper examines the determinants of fertility in rural Peru before and after the 1985 enactment of its National Policy on Population. The empirical framework combines a model of the timing and spacing of conceptions with a model of the timing of the placement of family planning services in communities in order to control for non-random placement of services. Results show the program helped reduce fertility post 1985. The magnitude of the effects is quantified with simulations.
Ketone body and acetate formation from oleate by isolated rat testicular cells

Abstract Isolated rat testicular cells oxidize oleate to CO2, acetate, ketone bodies, and other compounds. Carnitine inhibited acetate, but not CO2 and ketone body, production from oleate by isolated adult rat testicular cells. Lactate inhibited ketone body production with glucose as substrate in the absence, but not the presence, of added oleate. The effects of 2-chloropropionate and dichloroacetate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in these cells were not consistent with significant activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Rates of oleate oxidation to CO2 were greater in cells prepared from immature rats than in cells from adults. Compared to cells from adults, cells from young rats oxidized 3-hydroxybutyrate more rapidly and accumulated less acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate. In cells from young, but not adult rats, oleate inhibited oxidation of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2. Although the role of lipid as a fuel for adult rat testes is uncertain, lipid may well be an important source of energy for the prepubertal rat testis.
Temperature Dependence of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assembly

The thicknesses of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films (PEMs) are reported as a function of deposition temperature and ionic strength. PEMs fabricated at high salt and elevated temperatures are significantly thicker than similar films deposited at room temperature. These trends in the multilayer films are not observed in single-layer films of PDDA directly deposited onto Si substrates. Based on the results of this study, a new mechanism is proposed to explain the dependence of PEM thickness on temperature. It is believed that elevated temperature swells the existing film and allows for increased trapping of solution-phase polymer within the already-existing layers. The results and interpretation have bearing on the present understanding of PEM film deposition and also on the ability to control interpenetration between individual polymer layers.
Personality and non-suicidal deliberate self-harm: Trait differences among a non-clinical population

Limited information is available on understanding why particular individuals engage in non-suicidal deliberate self-harm (DSH), especially among non-clinical populations. An array of personality traits, such as those included in the five-factor model of personality, may further an understanding of DSH. The purpose of this study was to examine personality traits among non-clinical groups with or without a history of DSH. College students (N=238) completed self-report measures of DSH and personality. Both multivariate (MANOVA, discriminant analysis) and univariate (ANOVA) statistical procedures supported the hypothesis that those with a history of DSH (n=59) had significantly higher levels of neuroticism and openness to experience, and significantly lower levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Contrary to expectations, there were no differences in extraversion between the two groups. These results indicate personality differences among those with a history of DSH, which with additional research, may prove to be risk factors or targets of intervention for future DSH or collateral problems.
Tuning the Selectivity of the Oxetane and CO2 Coupling Process Catalyzed by (Salen)CrCl/n-Bu4NX: Cyclic Carbonate Formation vs Aliphatic Polycarbonate Production

The (salen)CrIIICl complex 1, (1,2-cyclohexanediamino-N,N′-bis(3,5-ditert-butylsalicylidene)chromium(III) chloride), in the presence of n-Bu4NX (X = Br, I, Cl, N3, NCO) as cocatalyst has been shown to be an effective catalytic system for the coupling of oxetane and CO2 providing the corresponding aliphatic polycarbonate with small quantities of ether linkages at 110 °C. The selectivity of the oxetane and CO2 coupling process has been effectively tuned for the formation of polycarbonate produced directly from the homopolymerization of preformed trimethylene carbonate (TMC), in the presence of complex 1 along with n-Bu4NBr as cocatalyst, at temperatures lower than 80 °C. Notably, under these conditions the amount of carbonate linkages obtained was remarkably high (>99%). An investigation of the initial catalytic species involved in the coupling reaction was performed by ESI mass spectral analysis, revealing a Schlenk (ligand redistribution) equilibrium of the three possible anions formed after treatment of ...
The respiratory advantage of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

Abstract Background/purpose Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is replacing the open approach in the treatment of children with gastroesophageal reflux. The postoperative respiratory advantages seem obvious but remain unproven. The authors hypothesized that laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication provides postoperative respiratory advantages in neurologically normal children as well as those with mental retardation or profound neurologic impairment. Methods The charts of all laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications over a 4-year period were reviewed. Sixty-one laparoscopic procedures were compared with the most recent 61 consecutive open Nissen fundoplications. The following variables were reviewed: age, weight, gender, preexisting comorbidities, operating time, postoperative pulmonary complications, and length of stay. Categorical data were compared for significance utilizing χ 2 cross tabulation. Variables representing numerical data were compared by t test. Results Although there appeared to be a trend toward sicker patients in the open group, the laparoscopic group showed significantly improved rates of extubation, shorter recovery room stays, shorter durations of chest physiotherapy, fewer intensive care unit admissions, more rapid resumption of baseline feedings, and overall decreased length of stay ( P Conclusions Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication confers a definable benefit with a significant pulmonary advantage in both neurologically normal children and those with neurologic impairment.
Subsurface correlations in the d-wave Josephson junction.

A prediction is made for the Josephson vortex structure in the {ital d}-wave Josephson junction (JJ) for those (special) orientations of the JJ insulating plane when the critical current is expected to be suppressed significantly (or zero) in accordance with the {ital d}{sub {ital x}}{sup 2}{minus}{ital y}{sup 2} symmetry. It is shown that a spontaneous admixture of the {ital d}{sub {ital x}{ital y}} wave function in the vicinity of the JJ insulating plane makes the critical current be finite. A conventional magnetic vortex in such a {ital d}-wave uniform and plane JJ, demonstrating no time-reversal symmetry breaking, splits into two parts, each carrying half of the magnetic flux. The explicit solution for such a pair as well as the lower critical field are obtained. The pair size diverges logarithmically as soon as the JJ orientation approaches the special one. Possible ways of experimental observation of this effect are discussed.
Interpolating and integrating three-point correlation functions on a lattice

Abstract Various methods of estimating effective properties of composite materials require information about microgeometry contained in the statistical three-point correlation functions. If these three-point correlation functions are measured using digital image processing techniques, the values are computed for a discrete set of admissible triangular arguments corresponding to triangles whose vertices are commensurate with a square lattice. To extract the desired geometrical information from the correlation functions, methods of interpolating and integrating between these lattice-based correlation function values must be developed. In previous work, a minimal subset of the lattice-commensurate triangles was proposed as the primary data set. However, to obtain sufficient accuracy in the interpolations, it has been found necessary to expand the primary set of lattice-commensurate triangles to include other triangles. The size of the new set of triangles is less than a factor of two larger than that of the previous set; yet this set has the distinct advantage that a sorting and storing algorithm mapping the triangular arguments onto a compact one-dimensional array depends on formulas known in closed form. The spline interpolation algorithm maintains the shape of the argument triangle while (1) scaling its longest side to an integer number of pixel widths, (2) following with either bilinear or biquadratic interpolation through lattice points surrounding the third vertex, and finally (3) completing the estimate with a quadratic Newton forward-difference interpolation in the triangle scale size. Statistical comparison with exact values for the penetrable sphere model shows that this interpolation scheme provides accurate estimates of S 3 off the grid points; better than ±0.02% accuracy is typical for a quadratic interpolation scheme. These interpolated values are subsequently used in a Monte Carlo integration scheme developed previously for various 3D integrals of S 3 and the results are comparable to those obtained with the exact S3 for penetrable spheres.
Loss of differentiative potential of the mammary gland in ovariectomized mice: Altered estrogen responsiveness in parous mice

Previously, estrogen had been shown to be essential for the maintenance of differentiative potential in the mammary gland of virgin mice; the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of these steroids in nonpregnant, nonlactating parous mice. To this end, parous mice were either ovariectomized or adrenalectomized and ovariectomized for 4-6 weeks before hormonally induced differentiation was attempted in culture. Although mammary glands from virgin mice lose their differentiative potential in vitro following ovariectomy, tissue from castrated parous mice exhibit only a partial loss of activity. Since combined adrenalectomy and ovariectomy in parous animals virtually abolished differentiation and since exogenous estradiol preserved it, it would appear that mammary gland differentiation in parous mice, as in virgins, requires estrogens, but that tissue from the former is more sensitive. This difference between virgins and parous mice is not related to differences in either the capacity or affinity of the cytosol estrogen receptor, as these parameters are identical in all experimental groups.
Thin basement membrane nephropathy cannot be diagnosed reliably in deparaffinized, formalin-fixed tissue

In diagnostic renal pathology, electron microscopy is ideally performed on glutaraldehyde-fixed, plastic resin-embedded tissue (EM-G). When no glomeruli are present in the portion of the biopsy fixed in glutaraldehyde, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue can be reprocessed for electron microscopy (EM-F). The usefulness of this salvage technique for the diagnosis of thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) has not been studied systematically. Here we compare the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness by EM-G vs EM-F in 21 renal biopsies, including TBMN (eight patients), normals (two patients), minimal change disease (MCD) (six patients) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) (five patients). There was significant reduction of the GBM thickness by EM-F compared with EM-G across all diagnostic categories in all 21 cases. The mean percentage reduction in GBM thickness was 23% for the TBMN cases, 40% for the normal/MCD cases and 34% for the DN cases. Four patients with MCD had a mean GBM thickness by EM-F that fell below the defining threshold for diagnosis of TBMN. For the TBMN cases, the 99th percentile for GBM thickness by EM-F was 194 nm, suggesting that the diagnosis of TBMN by EM-F can be excluded with confidence if the GBM thickness is above 200 nm. No clear criteria could be established to diagnose TBMN by EM-F. Renal pathologists should be aware that reprocessing of paraffin tissue for EM causes artifactual GBM thinning that precludes accurate diagnosis of TBMN.
Scientific balloon effective radiative properties

Prediction of the flight performance of a scientific balloon is dependent on the radiative properties of the balloon. To determine its optical properties for use in performance calculations, the balloon must be viewed as a composite structure. Determination of the balloon's effective radiative properties takes into account the shape, the orientation to radiative sources, and the construction of the balloon including film properties, layers of film, and load tapes. A method for determining the effective radiative properties of a scientific balloon, that is independent of the specific constituent materials attributes, has been developed and has been applied to the standard natural shaped balloons utilized in the U.S. NASA Balloon Program. It can be applied to balloons of any size and construction for both terrestrial and planetary balloons. A commercial computer code is used to compute the total thermal radiation environment. The calculation of the effective absorptivity and effective emissivity of the balloon can now be based on the actual measured absorptivity and measured emissivity of the film and the load tapes. This new method accurately accounts for the physics and the non-uniformities of the balloon surface, and dispenses with the need for adjustments that previously required data from numerous flights. A description of the analysis approach, developed method, and results will be presented.
Towards standards for handwritten zero and oh: much ado about nothing (and a letter), or a partial dossier on distinguishing between handwritten zero and oh

The Chairman of the ACM Standards Committee, Julien Green, has charged me with making “more effective use of CACM for communication … to get grass-roots opinions from the ACM membership.” This paper is the first attempt.A partial dossier on distinguishing between handwritten zero and the letter oh is assembled here. This presentation was triggered by a request for guidance in this matter presented by the United Kingdom Delegation to ISO/TC97/SC2, Character Sets and Coding, at the meeting in Paris on 1967 March 13-16. The matter is just now in the province of USASI X3.6, to which comments might be directed.Comments will be expected within sixty days [by approximately October 1st].
Coarse cloth and clerical tailoring: negotiating Boston-Irish cultural imperatives in the Famine era

Recent calls for updated approaches to the Irish-American historical experience recommend more systematic attention to complexities inherent in Irish immigration and settlement. They also seek further contextualisation of the history of the Irish in the USA within broader North American, transatlantic and global frameworks. The need to review and potentially reappraise longstanding, essentialist perspectives on Irish arrival and assimilation is equally evident. This article expands on foundational narrative histories of the Boston Irish to re-examine Famine-era settlement and contending agendas within spheres of religious affiliation and political activism. The character and evolution of Irish-American ethnic identity, and the tragic imprint of the Famine under consideration here pave the way for new readings of traditional orthodoxies. Collectively, they reveal Boston's Irish historical terrain to be more complex than the record currently suggests.
Activation of Cannabinoid Type Two Receptors (CB2) Diminish Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages and Brain Endothelium

Chronic neuroinflammatory disorders (such as HIV associated neurodegeneration) require treatment that decreases production of inflammatory factors by activated microglia and macrophages and protection of blood brain barrier (BBB) injury secondary to activation of brain endothelium. Cannabioid type 2 receptor (CB2) is highly expressed on macrophages and brain microvasular enndothelial cells (BMVEC) and is upregulated in inflammation and HIV infection. It has been shown that CB2 activation dampened inflammatory responses in macrophages and BMVEC. In this study, we assessed by PCR array the expression of a wide range of genes increased in macrophages and BMVEC in inflammation. TNFα treatment upregulated 33 genes in primary human BMVEC, and two highly selective CB2 agonists diminished expression of 31 and 32 genes. These results were confirmed by functional assays (BBB protection after inflammatory insult and decreased migration of monocytes across BMVEC monolayers after CB2 stimulation). Similarly, CB2 stimulation in primary human macrophages led to the suppression of 35 genes out of the 50 genes upregulated by LPS. Such changes in gene expression paralleled diminished secretion of proinflammatory factors. These results indicate the potential utility of CB2 agonists for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
Cohabitating Partners and Domestic Labor in Low-Income Black Families

This article examines the division of domestic labor in low-income cohabiting Black stepfamilies. We analyze survey data collected from 136 such families in order to understand how stepparent gender and relationship length impact the distribution of domestic labor. We hypothesize that women do more domestic work than men across all three family types, and that stepfathers are more involved in domestic labor in established relationships compared to new relationships. Findings indicate that cohabiting stepfathers in both new and established cohabiting Black stepfamilies make substantial contributions to domestic labor. These families demonstrate a division of labor consistent with traditional gender roles, though both partners agree on how much work each does. Parents, regardless of gender, are more involved in domestic labor than stepparents.
Preparation and properties of triosmium propyl and propylidene complexes

Abstract Treatment of HOs 3 (CO) 10 (CHCHCH 3 ) in THF with LiBHEt 3 gave [HOs 3 (CO) 10 (CHCH 2 CH 3 )] − , isolated as the NEt 4 + or NMe 4 + salt. Protonation at −70 °C with HBF 4 formed HOs 3 (CO) 10 (CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), which was isolated as a yellow solid stable only at low temperatures. The kinetics of both its equilibration with H 2 Os 3 (CO) 10 (CHCH 2 CH 3 ) at −25 °C and of its decomposition to H 2 Os 3 (CO) 10 and propene at 19 °C have been determined. Treatment of HOs 3 (CO) 10 (CHCH 2 ) with CH 2 PPh 3 in THF gave the zwitterionic complex HOs 3 (CO) 10 (CHCH 2 CH 2 PPh 3 ), isolated in 60% yield as a yellow solid. Protonation with HX (X=BF 4 − , CF 3 SO 3 − , CF 3 CO 2 − ) at −78 °C in dichloromethane occurred at an osmiumcarbon bond to yield [HOs 3 (CO) 10 (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 PPh 3 )] + , containing a bridging alkyl with one C⋯H⋯Os agostic interaction. At approximately −50 °C partial (X=CF 3 SO 3 − ) or complete (CF 3 CO 2 − ) isomerization to a terminal alkyl form with coordination of the anion was observed. When the bridging alkyl was the major form, β-elimination occurred readily above −25 °C with formation of [PPh 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 ] + and H 2 Os 3 (CO) 10 . The terminal alkyl complex was found to be more stable thermally, and in the case of HOs 3 (CO) 10 (O 2 CCF 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 PPh 3 ), the primary path of decomposition at 10 °C was reductive elimination to form [PPh 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ] + and HOs 3 (CO) 10 (O 2 CCF 3 ).
Psychoanalytic notes on T-groups at the human relations laboratory, Bethel, Maine

Summary The T-group is an educational and psychotherapeutic invention that merits more serious attention from psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, and behavioral scientists. In my opinion, it is a procedure and situation which should be studied more carefully, for it appears capable of inducing personality changes of at least brief duration and perhaps longer. Its application to the remedy of social and psychological problems, however, should be more strictly limited, and both its participants and trainers should be more carefully selected.
The Use of Pseudocapacitance Measurements for Estimating the Corroding Surface Area on Underground Steel Structures

Abstract The use of interfacial capacitance to determine the surface area of actively corroding underground steel structures has been investigated. Some estimate of the active area is necessary for quantification of the corrosion rate. The behavior of steel corroding in two different soils over a range of moisture levels has been investigated using a novel cell design. Values of the specific interfacial capacitance as a function of moisture level, soil type and exposure time have been determined. These specific capacitance values, obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques,were found to range from 171 to 525 µF/cm2 for all the test conditions investigated. These capacitance values are attributed to the existence of an adsorption pseudocapacitance. A decrease in the oxygen concentration with time in the soil cells used in this study results in impedances that interfere with the interpretation of the pseudocapacitance. While discussed for steel/soil corrosion, the methodology presented...
Algorithmic problems in power management

We survey recent research that has appeared in the theoretical computer science literature on algorithmic problems related to power management. We will try to highlight some open problem that we feel are interesting. This survey places more concentration on lines of research of the authors: managing power using the techniques of speed scaling and power-down which are also currently the dominant techniques in practice.
La démarche qualité en psychiatrie : poser les bonnes questions

Resume Plusieurs obstacles affaiblissent la confiance dans la demarche qualite. Une esquisse de typologie est proposee pour decrire les demarches qualite. Le premier axe montre l’importance relative de la description de la prescription. Le second, l’importance relative du jeu des acteurs et de la gestion des ressources. La question pertinente centrale est : dans une situation donnee, quel equilibre voulons-nous entre description et prescription, entre le jeu des acteurs et la gestion des ressources par les experts ?
Ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in glioma patients on antiangiogenic therapy

Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), recently received FDA approval for recurrent glioblastoma. Additionally, several VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have entered trials for recurrent glioma. Phase II studies of bevacizumab for recurrent GBM have reported incidents of ischemic stroke (IS) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH); however, their clinical features and outcomes were not described in detail. We conducted a retrospective study of recurrent malignant glioma patients with radiographically-confirmed IS or ICH while on antiangiogenic therapy. The study population included patients treated between 2005 and 2010 at the National Cancer Institute on four different phase I and II trials of antiangiogenic agents for recurrent malignant glioma, as well as patients receiving bevacizumab off clinical trial during this same period. Eight patients developed IS (50% lacunar) and 14 experienced ICH (79% intratumoral) while on antiangiogenic therapy for malignant glioma recurrence. The median age was 53 years, 17 patients (77%) were men, and 59% had glioblastoma. The frequencies of IS and ICH were 1.9% and 1.9% in bevacizumab trials. None of the patients on VEGFR TKI trials developed IS, while 3.8% experienced ICH. Patients with IS were treated with antiangiogenic agents longer than those with ICH (median, 16.2 vs. 2.6 months, P = 0.001). Median survival was 7.8 months after IS and 2.6 months after ICH. The most common IS subtype was lacunar, while most ICHs were asymptomatic and intratumoral. Overall, IS seems to be a complication of prolonged antiangiogenic therapy, while intratumoral bleeds often occur in the setting of tumor progression.
Erratum to: Theory is as Theory Does: Scientific Practice and Theory Structure in Biology

During production of the above mentioned article two errors were introduced in the final version of the online published article. The bookmark for the first section should read: Theory is as Theory does... The last sentence in footnote 14 should read: If so, standards for goals may need to be compared and reconciled before legitimacy can be evaluated, and this task harbors its own set of difficulties.
The Exchange Of Information Between the Purchaser and Supplier of Radiologic Imaging Equipment

As radiologic imaging systems continue to increase in sophistication and cost, and as the complexity and diversity of procedures performed with the systems continue to expand, both the purchaser and supplier of radiologic equipment find themselves in a quandry. How can these individuals he sure a given piece of enuipment will fulfill the demands made of it in the clinical environment? All too frenuently, a lack of understanding of technical equipment specifications by the purchaser, and an unfamiliarity with specific imaging requirements hy the supplier, combine to produce overexpenditures for radiologic equipment and unfulfilled expectations of eguipment performance. To reduce the frequency of these undesirable results, an extensive interchange of information is required between the purchaser and the supplier of radiologic equipment.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incidence of fracture in adjacent levels in patients treated with balloon kyphoplasty: a review of the literature

The available evidence suggests that the treatment of painful vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) secondary to osteoporosis or multiple myeloma, by cement augmentation with balloon kyphoplasty (BK), is both safe and effective. However, there is uncertainty in the literature concerning the potential of the procedure to influence the risk for adjacent segment fracture. The aim of this article is to review the available peer-reviewed literature, regarding adjacent vertebral body fractures after kyphoplasty augmentation.
Explaining insurance-related and racial disparities in the surgical management of patients with acute appendicitis

Abstract Background Race and insurance status influence the likelihood of undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) versus open appendectomy for the treatment of acute appendicitis. We hypothesized that these disparities are caused by presenting hospitals' use of LA. Methods The analysis included 26,104 appendectomies for acute appendicitis in New York State during 2003 and 2004. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors for undergoing LA versus open appendectomy. Results Before adjustment for individual hospital use of LA, both white patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–1.36; P P P = .04) for white patients and to 1.22 (95% CI 1.15–1.31; P Conclusions Differences in presenting hospitals' use of LA maintain racial and, to a lesser extent, insurance-related disparities in the surgical management of patients with acute appendicitis.
Accountability in Family Therapy Involving Children

Summary This paper presents an approach to working with families of young children with behavior problems that emphasizes accountability as a way of clarifying the roles of therapist, parents, and, most importantly, children. The concept of accountability in relational ethics is presented and examined in clinical situations involving families with young children. Several examples are presented to illustrate how the concept of accountability clarifies the problems to be solved, what steps should be taken, and who should take them.
Scheduling flows with unknown sizes: approximate analysis

Previous job scheduling studies indicate that providing rapid response to interactive jobs which place frequent but small demands, can reduce the overall system average response time [1], especially when the job size distribution is skewed (see [2] and references therein). Since the distribution of Internet flows is skewed, it is natural to design a network system that favors short file transfers through service differentiation. However, to maintain system scalability, detailed per-flow state such as flow length is generally not available inside the network. As a result, we usually resort to a threshold-based heuristic to identify and give preference to short flows. Specifically, packets from a new flow are always given the highest priority. However, the priority is reduced once the flow has transferred a certain amount of packets.In this paper, we use the MultiLevel (ML) feedback queue [3] to characterize this discriminatory system. However, the solution given in [3] is in the form of an integral equation, and to date the equation has been solved only for job size distribution that has the form of mixed exponential functions. We adopt an alternative approach, namely using a conservation law by Kleinrock [1], to solve for the average response time in such system. To that end, we approximate the average response time of jobs by a linear function in the job size and solve for the stretch (service slowdown) factors. We show by simulation that such approximation works well for job (flow) size distributions that possess the heavy-tailed property [2], although it does not work so well for exponential distributions.Due to the limited space available, in Section 2 we briefly describe the queueing model and summarize our approximation approach to solving for the average response time of the M/G/1/ML queueing system. We conclude our paper in Section 3.
Analytical methodology for uranium exploration — retrospective and prospective

Abstract Conventional fluorometric and delayed-neutron counting techniques are those most widely used in geochemical exploration for uranium. Other techniques such as those based on X-ray fluorescence, laser-induced fluorescence and nuclear-fission track measurements are used to a lesser extent, but all have unique capabilities and may indeed experience greater use depending on sensitivity required, sample media, chemical form of uranium or associated daughter products, turnaround time, and initial costs of equipment. With solid materials, the sensitivities achieved by fluorometric method are of the order of 0.1–0.2 ppm; with liquid materials, the sensitivity of the laser-induced fluorometric method is of the order of 0.02–0.05 ppb, and that of the nuclear-fission track measurement technique is near 0.01 ppb. Techniques have been developed for rapid, automated, neutron activation analysis (NAA) of sediment and water samples for uranium and as many as 20 other elements. Uranium in water samples is extracted in the field onto ion exchange resin which is later analyzed by NAA. Tests show nearly complete removal of dissolved materials in most waters and selective removal of uranium even from high-conductivity waters. Detection limit for U varies with irradiation conditions but is normally about 0.02 ppb for water (on resin) and better than 1 ppm for sediment under Savannah River Laboratory routine operating conditions. Amid the overwhelming proliferation of instruments controlled by microprocessors for determining uranium in geologic materials, problems and limitations remain and when the instruments fail, a skilled analyst'can use one of several analytical procedures, albeit at a reduced output and greater expense.
Acquired Glanzmann Thrombasthenia Associated With Hodgkin Lymphoma: Rapid Reversal of Functional Platelet Defect With ABVD (Adriamycin/Bleomycin/Vinblastine/Dacarbazine) Chemotherapy

� Acquired Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare hemorrhagic disorder characterized by the impairment of platelet function caused by inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb/IIIa) signaling, often by an autoantibody. This disorder has been associated with lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease. � This report presents a case of a 44-year-old man with severe spontaneous bleeding associated with an antibody-mediated platelet aggregation defect in the setting of a newly diagnosed stage IVB classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding resolved immediately after ABVD (Adriamycin [doxorubicin]/bleomycin/ vinblastine/dacarbazine) chemotherapy with normalization of platelet aggregation studies. No steroids or other immunosuppressive therapies directed at the antiplatelet antibody were required. � This case shows that chemotherapy directed at underlying Hodgkin lymphoma can promptly resolve bleeding diathesis in acquired GT, although the antiplatelet antibody may persist.
Advances in sapphire optical fiber sensors

We describe the development and testing of two sapphire fiber sensor designs intended for use in high temperature environments. The first is a birefringence-balanced polarimetric sapphire fiber sensor. In this sensor, two single crystal sapphire rods, acting as the birefringence sensing element, are connected to each other in such a way that the slow axis of the first rod is aligned along with the fast axis of the second rod, and the fast axis of the first rod is along the slow axis of the second rod. This sensor has been demonstrated for measurement of temperature up to 1500 C. The second is a sapphire-fiber-based intrinsic interferometric sensor. In this sensor, a length of uncoated, unclad, structural-graded multimode sapphire fiber is fusion spliced to a singlemode silica fiber to form a Fabry-Perot cavity. The reflections from the silica-to-sapphire fiber splice and the free endface of the sapphire fiber give rise to the interfering fringe output. This sensor has been demonstrated for the measurement of temperature above 1510 C, and a resolution of 0.1 C has been obtained.
Effect of Sizing and Loading Levels on the Cure Kinetics of Carbon Fiber Vinylester Composites

The cure behavior of elastomer modified, reactive vinylester resin based carbon fiber reinforced composites is characterized through the use of DSC analysis. It is shown that both fiber loading level and percentage of sizing used on the fiber have a significant effect on factors such as cure rate, degree of cure, time to maximum cure rate, rate constant and exponent of the auto-catalytic equation. Increases in sizing levels are shown to result in changes of cure rates and peak temperatures resulting from possible changes in curing mechanisms in the vinylester system under consideration. The effects have special significance as related to the use of carbon-vinylester composites for the fabrication of large scale primary structural components through processes such as RTM, Resin Infusion and Pultrusion.