cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
☆Personality, time-of-day preference, and eating behavior: The mediational role of morning-eveningness

Although prior research has established that eating behaviors are related to both the Big Five personality traits and time-of-day preference, no research has directly examined if time-of-day preference mediates personality differences in eating behavior. We directly tested this model by assessing participants’ (N = 279) Big Five personality traits, time-of-day preference, and three-factors of eating (i.e., restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating) using validated questionnaires. Mediation analyses revealed that time-of-day preference partially mediated the relationship between the personality factors (conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion) and eating behavior, primarily uncontrolled eating. These results indicate that time-of-day preference, in part, accounts for personality differences in eating behavior. This emphasizes the need to assess time-of-day preference when examining the relationship between personality and health-related behaviors.
622 DEVELOPMENT OF JEJUNAL NA-K ATPASE ACTIVITY

We studied effects of weaning on Na-K ATPase activity (which establishes the electrochemical gradient for active transport) in rat jejunal homogenates. Normal weaning (Day 21) led to an increase in enzyme activity after 24 hrs (4.26±.18 μmol Pi/mg/hr vs 2.31±.08 μmol Pi/mg/hr in suckling control littermates) (p<.05). Effect of Precocious Weaning (Day 16) (Activity μmol Pi/mg/hr) Effect of Artificially Delayed Weaning (Pups weaned on Day 25) These data indicate: 1) that weaning on Day 21 leads to an increase in Na-K ATPase activity in 24 hrs suggesting activation of preformed enzyme, 2) precocious weaning leads to a gradual increase in enzyme activity suggesting synthesis of new enzyme, and 3) no increase in activity occurs until weaning when weaning is artificially delayed suggesting that Na-K ATPase activity is not induced by endogenous free corticosterone which increases on Days 16-19 of age, which induces other intestinal enzymes.
On B2k-Sequences

Abstract A set A of nonnegative integers is called a B h - sequence if all sums x 1 + · · · + x h with x i ∈ A and x 1 ≤ · · · ≤ x h are distinct. Some results concerning the growth of the counting function of B 2 k -sequences are proved in the paper, including the following result: For any B 2 k -sequence A , lim inf n → ∞ A ( n )[formula] A ( n 2 ) ⪡ A ( n ) 2 for all n sufficiently large, where A ( n ) is the number of positive elements ≤ n in A .
Reduction of the guessing pool in paired-associate learning

The Ss learned two 12-item paired-associate lists under self-paced conditions where the response pool was available. Analysis focused on S’s precriterion responses. Responses learned to items tended not to be made as guesses on other items, but this type of response-pool reduction was not sufficient to account for nonstationarity of the precriterion learning curve. Other sources of response-pool reduction such as partial learning of the correct response or stimulus generalization errors seem capable of accounting for the observed amount of nonstationarity.
Slack Channels are Sensitive to External Sodium

The potassium channels formed by Slack (Slo2.2) subunits are activated by intracellular Na+. In cell-free patch recordings from channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes we observe that the K1/2 for activation by intracellular Na+ decreases from about 80 to 35 mM when extracellular Na+ is raised from 15 to 145 mM. This suggests several possibilities: that Na+ sensing is influenced by extracellular sites on the channel; sensing involves the selectivity filter; or that Na+ permeation leads to binding to the intracellular Na+-sensor. Favoring the last possibility is the further observation of a “latch state” in which channels are irreversibly opened when intracellular K+ is replaced entirely by Na+.
Disability: An Agenda for Bioethics

Contemporary bioethics has been somewhat skewed by its focus on high-tech medicine and the resulting development of ethical frameworks based on an acute-care model of healthcare. Research and scholarship in bioethics have payed only cursory attention to ethical issues related to disability. I argue that bioethics should concern itself with the full range of theoretical and practical issues related to disability. This encounter with the disability community will enrich bioethics and, potentially, society as well. I suggest a number of items that the bioethics agenda should include, such as the development of a casuistry of the right to healthcare and to community integration and an advocacy role in fostering an understanding among the public and policy makers of the need to reform research and treatment related to disability.
Flux and fate of fluvial sediments leaving large islands in the East Indies

Because of their generally small drainage basin areas, high topographic relief, relatively young and erodible rocks, and heavy rainfall, rivers draining the high-standing islands of the East Indies transport a disproportionately large amount of sediment to the ocean. Rivers on the islands of Sumatera (Sumatra), Jawa (Java), Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Timor and New Guinea are calculated to discharge about 4.2×109 t of sediment annually. Although these six islands only account for about 2% of the land area draining into the global ocean, they may be responsible for as much as 20 to 25% of the sediment export. Fluvial sediment leaving these islands is discharged into several distinctly different provinces: shallow epicontinental seas such as the Sunda Shelf, Gulf of Papua and Sea of Arafura; and narrow-shelf, active margins along the western and southern sides of Sumatra and Java, and the north coast of New Guinea. High-resolution seismic profiles in the Gulf of Papua (New Guinea) show a clinoform sequence of Holocene sediments pinching out on the mid- to outer shelf, with sediment thickness locally greater than 40 m near the coast; some — but perhaps not much — sediment escapes to the outer shelf and the deeper Papua Trough beyond. In contrast, seismic profiles off northern New Guinea show river-derived sediment prograding over and by-passing a narrow shelf that locally has buried a relict barrier reef. A small fraction of the sediment escaping the northern shelf may be transported to the eastern equatorial Pacific by way of the Equatorial Counter Current, where it may help fertilize equatorial upwelling.
Comparison of the drug delivery properties of different biocompatible polymer–matrix materials with potential as intra-oral devices

The application of polymers as the drug delivery systems for treating oral infections is a relatively new area of research. The present study was to test and compare the drug release properties of several biocompatible polymeric materials such as EVA copolymer, methacrylate copolymers (poly(EMA-co-HMA)) and polymer blends of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA). The effects of polymer composition, drug loading and solubilizing surfactants on the release of the antibacterial drug chlorhexidine diacetate (CHDA), the antifungal drug, nystatin (NYS), and the antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACY), have been studied. Measurements of the in vitro rate of drug release showed a sustained release of drug over extended periods of time. Different polymers showed different drug release rates and EVA copolymer gave the highest rate. Drug release rates increased steadily with increasing drug load and with the addition of surfactants. This study demonstrates that the three therapeutic agents ex...
Preventive War and North Korea

This paper benefited from presentations at the Naval Postgraduate School and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Thanks to John Arquilla, Aaron Belkin, Bruce Cumings, Benjamin Frankel, Elizabeth Kier, Peter Lavoy, Michael Sinatra, David Stuligross, and an anonymous referee for their comments.
Changes in the ductus venosus in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction during maternal hyperoxygenation

RESTRICTION DURING MATERNAL HYPEROXYGENATION JOHN VISINTINE, DENNIS WOOD, ATHITA CHANTHASENONT, JASON BAXTER, STUART WEINER, VINCENZO BERGHELLA, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the changes of the ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index (PI) and diameter in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses after maternal hyperoxygenation. STUDY DESIGN: Patients identified with an IUGR fetus (!10%) and absent or reversed end diastolic (ARED) flow umbilical artery (UA) were evaluated before and after maternal hyperoxygenation (60% oxygen via face mask). Fetuses with structural heart disease or aneuploidy were excluded. Measurements included the cardiac circumference to thoracic circumference ratio, mmode measurements of the fetal heart, and peripheral pulmonary, umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery PI. The PI and diameter of the DV were measured and compared to a standard nomogram previously developed at our institution. All measurements were performed during fetal quiescence. RESULTS: Nine fetuses were identified, gestational age range from 23-34 weeks. The DV size decreased from an average of 3.2 to 1.8 mm, while MCA PI, which had been abnormal in room air, normalized in 5 of 9 fetuses. Two IUGR fetuses with abnormal DV PI in room air normalized during maternal hyperoxygenation. PI in the umbilical artery improved in 6 of the 9 fetuses. PI of the distal pulmonary artery did not change with maternal hyperoxygen. CONCLUSION: The diameter of the DV changes with maternal hyperoxygenation. Maternal hyperoxygenation may be used to discriminate between compromised fetuses who would benefit from long term oxygen therapy and those who would not. Maternal hyperoxygenation therapy may be useful in postponing delivery in fetuses with IUGR and ARED.
Transmitter-evoked channels in mammalian central neurons

Two recent reports in Nature illustrate the power and precision of the new patchclamp techniques for characterizing ion channels activated by transmitter molecules 1,2. The transmitters involved, GABA, glycine and glutamate, are thought to be among the most important of those used in the mammalian CNS. The inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine were already known to act by increasing membrane chloride permeability 3, and some of the properties of the channels they open had been inferred using noise analysis 4,5. However, the new studies in Bert Sakmann's laboratory raise the possibility that both of these transmitters activate the same type of channel, albeit in different and complicated ways. The channels acted upon by the excitatory transmitter glutamate had previously only been clearly described in invertebrate muscle preparations 6,7, and there has been little agreement even as to the nature of the ion permeability changes induced by glutamate in mammalian central neurons 80. Philippe Ascher and his collaborators have now shown that much of the confusion may be due to a physiological blocking action of magnesium ions.
Multi-facet Learning using Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Person-Related Categories in Photos

This paper proposes to leverage multiple facets of person photos to improve the training of deep neural networks. Existing studies usually require a lot of labeled images to train deep convolutional networks. Our study suggests exploring multiple datasets and learning effective representation to learn related visual concepts. The practice of learning from multiple facets implicitly enforces to share features for image recognition. We show deep neural network benefits from the learning of multiple person-related categories in photos. Faceted classification systems learn from multiple resources, and alleviate the overfitting problems in deep learning. Moreover, by exploring multiple taxonomies of an object, it provides a finer annotation for the query images.
Neutrally stable traveling wave solutions of nerve conduction equations

The equations studied by Hodgkin and Huxley, FitzHugh, Nagumo, and others belong to a general class of nerve conduction equations. Each has a family of periodic traveling wave solutions and typically more than one solitary pulse wave solution. Instability has been conjectured for certain of these solutions. Here stability is studied formally and neutral stability transitions are characterized parametrically. Two notions of linear stability are formulated. For initial value problems, temporal stability is applicable. Spatial stability is appropriate for boundary value problems like signal transmission along a nerve in response to a spatially localized time-dependent stimulus. Here it is shown that periodic wave trains with maximum or minimum frequency have neutral spatial stability. For solitary pulse solutions, propagation speed versus a typical parameter usually describes a double branched curve. It is shown that the speed curve knee corresponds to neutral spatial and temporal stability.
The Role of Somatostatins in the Regulation of Growth in Fish

Somatostatins (SS) are a structurally diverse family of peptide hormones that affect various aspects of growth, development and metabolism in vertebrates. Fish have proved to be useful models for understanding the role(s) of SS in the regulation of growth. Organismal growth is inhibited by SS and fish with impaired growth (caused by fasting or premature transfer to seawater of anadromous species) display enhanced SS production and elevated plasma levels of the hormone. Somatostatins modulate growth at the level of the pituitary through the inhibition of growth hormone (GH) synthesis and secretion. There are, however, significant structure-function relationships with regard to GH inhibition. For example, while SS-14 is a potent inhibitor of GH secretion, catfish SS-22 and salmonid SS-25 appear not to have GH secretotropic effects. Somatostatins also have extra-pituitary effects on growth. For example, SS reduce GH binding capacity and inhibit IGF-I mRNA expression in the liver. In addition, SS inhibit insulin, another factor essential to organismal growth. Finally, SS interact with a variety of reproductive and metabolic processes - actions which suggest that SS help modulate energy partitioning among biological processes.
Remote Rural Women's Ideologies, Spaces and Networks: Country Women's Association of New South Wales, 1922-1992:

The Country Women's Association is one of Australia's oldest and biggest service organisations. The Country Women's Association of New South Wales is an organisation with its origins in the remote ...
Investigations Into the Design of a Compact Battery-Powered Rep-Rate Capacitor Charger

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory is developing a battery-powered rep-rate charger for a 60-kJ capacitor bank. The goal is to charge a 4800-μF capacitor to 5 kV in for a 50-shot burst at 10 shots/min. A bank of LiFePO4 batteries is used with a full H-bridge converter, a transformer, and a rectifier to transform the 600 V battery voltage to 5-kV secondary voltage. There are two major aspects to the charger design: battery energy store and the dc-dc converter. A stable battery pack requires active cooling, management, and feedback for proper and safe operation. A design study has been performed to identify an appropriate dc-dc converter that can minimize the weight and volume of the system while maintaining high electrical efficiency. An LLC is being evaluated, as it has the possibility of eliminating a discrete inductor using the magnetizing inductance of the transformer in the resonant circuit. Work has also been performed in the design and evaluation of a battery pack, specifically on characterizing the operational parameters of the pack as applied to the desired load. This paper will present simulation data and results from the experiments.
The ability of intra-operative perfusion mapping with laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography to predict mastectomy flap necrosis in breast reconstruction: A prospective trial

Mastectomy skin flap ischaemia leading to necrosis is a common occurrence. Laser-assisted indocyanine green (ICG) angiography can assist to locate these poorly perfused areas intra-operatively. Our study aims to identify specific perfusion values produced by ICG angiography that accurately predict mastectomy flap necrosis. A total of 42 patients undergoing autologous or implant-based breast reconstruction had mastectomy flaps imaged using laser-assisted ICG angiography at the completion of reconstruction. Intra-operative perfusion values were correlated with postoperative skin flap outcomes. Risk factors for abnormal perfusion were recorded and analysed. A total of 62 breast reconstructions were imaged, including 48 tissue expander reconstructions, six transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps, six deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps and two direct-to-implant reconstructions. Eight cases (13%) of full-thickness skin necrosis were identified postoperatively. A SPY Elite(®) value of ≤ 7 accurately predicted the development of flap necrosis at 88% sensitivity and 83% specificity. False-positive cases (those with perfusion values ≤ 7 which did not develop necrosis) were more likely to have a smoking history and/or to have had an epinephrine-containing tumescent solution used during mastectomy. Excluding patients with smoking or epinephrine use, a SPY value of ≤ 7 predicted flap necrosis with a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 97%. Thus, these data suggest that laser-assisted ICG angiography predicts postoperative outcomes with high accuracy. In our series, a SPY value of ≤ 7 correlated well with mastectomy flap necrosis. Furthermore, smoking and intra-operative injections containing epinephrine should be considered when evaluating low perfusion values as they can lead to false-positive test results.
Reduced crack growth ductility due to asymmetric configurations

Fully plastic structures are desirable to help detect impending failure. For stability, the displacement per unit drop in load due to any crack growth must be less than the compliance of the surrounding structure. The corresponding crack growth ductility is less with asymmetric configurations, than with the symmetric ones usually studied. Examples are given of face-grooved plates with unequal flank angles, staggered cracks, and single cracks near welds in joints under tension or bending. Further examples are the tendency of cracks on a microscopic scale to become rough, to zig-zag, or even to spiral (in round bars).
Hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear element-1 in hepatocellular carcinomas

Recent studies have revealed the epigenetic alterations are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the function of long interspersed nuclear element-1 hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinomas, and relationship among other clinicopathologic features, and genetic and epigenetic alterations, including CpG island hypermethylation, have not been studied. We determined long interspersed nuclear element-1 methylation, a marker of global methylation, in 57 tumor and nonneoplastic samples, including 24 from high-risk and 33 from low-risk countries. We compared methylation levels of long interspersed nuclear element-1 with eight CpG islands including p16, cyclooxygenase-2, T-type calcium channel, and estrogen receptor genes, and MINT31, MINT1, MINT2, and MINT27, as well as CpG island methylator phenotype and p53 gene mutation. Most hepatocellular carcinomas samples (88%) showed hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear element-1, with a mean level of global methylation of 58+/-14 compared to 77+/-6 in nonneoplastic hepatic tissue (P<0.001). Levels of long interspersed nuclear element-1 hypomethylation differed depending on geographic location (P=0.02), status of hepatitis (P=0.01), hypermethylation of p16, estrogen receptor and MINT2 (P=0.01, 0.002, and 0.045, respectively), CpG island methylator phenotype-positive status (P=0.006), and p53 gene mutation (P=0.04). In conclusion, environmental factors such as geographic location and hepatitis status contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis through global hypomethylation. In hepatocellular carcinomas, hypermethylation of CpG islands, and CpG island methylator phenotype status seems to correlate with levels of long interspersed nuclear element-1 hypomethylation.
In vivo phosphorylation of isocitrate lyase inEscherichia coli andAcinetobacter calcoaceticus

Isocitrate lyase inEscherichia coli and inAcinetobacter calcoaceticus is phosphorylated when the cells are grown with acetate as the sole carbon source in low-phosphate mineral salts medium containing32P inorganic phosphate. The level of32P incorporation into the enzyme in both microorganisms appears to be constant throughout the entire growth cycle. Further, theresults of immunoblots and rocket immunoelectrophoresis suggest that the amount of isocitrate lyase protein, although at different levels in each microorganism, also remains constant throughout the growth cycle.
Modeling of Convective Cooling of a Rotating Disk by Partially Confined Liquid Jet Impingement

This paper presents the results of the numerical simulation of conjugate heat transfer during a semiconfined liquid jet impingement on a uniformly heated spinning solid disk of finite thickness and radius. This study considered various disk materials, namely, aluminum, copper, silver, Constantan, and silicon; covering a range of Reynolds number (220-900), Ekman number (7.08X10 -5 -∞), nozzle-to-target spacing (β= 0.25-1.0), disk thicknesses to nozzle diameter ratio (b/d n =0.25-1.67), and Prandtl number (1.29-124.44) using ammonia (NH 3 ), water (H 2 O), flouroinert (FC-77), and oil (MIL-7808) as working fluids. The solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio was 36.91-2222. A higher thermal conductivity plate material maintained a more uniform interface temperature distribution. A higher Reynolds number increased the local heat transfer coefficient. The rotational rate also increased the local heat transfer coefficient under most conditions.
Transient Thermo-fluid Model of Meniscus Behavior and Slag Consumption in Steel Continuous Casting

The behavior of the slag layer between the oscillating mold wall, the slag rim, the slag/liquid steel interface, and the solidifying steel shell, is of immense importance for the surface quality of continuous-cast steel. A computational model of the meniscus region has been developed, that includes transient heat transfer, multi-phase fluid flow, solidification of the slag, and movement of the mold during an oscillation cycle. First, the model is applied to a lab experiment done with a “mold simulator” to verify the transient temperature-field predictions. Next, the model is verified by matching with available literature and plant measurements of slag consumption. A reasonable agreement has been observed for both temperature and flow-field. The predictions show that transient temperature behavior depends on the location of the thermocouple during the oscillation relative to the meniscus. During an oscillation cycle, heat transfer variations in a laboratory frame of reference are more severe than experienced by the moving mold thermocouples, and the local heat transfer rate is increased greatly when steel overflows the meniscus. Finally, the model is applied to conduct a parametric study on the effect of casting speed, stroke, frequency, and modification ratio on slag consumption. Slag consumption per unit area increases with increase of stroke and modification ratio, and decreases with increase of casting speed while the relation with frequency is not straightforward. The match between model predictions and literature trends suggests that this methodology can be used for further investigations.
Human immunodeficiency virus therapy and potential anesthetic interactions

URING the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in the treatment of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pharmacologic arsenal used to combat HIV and its effects on the immune system has allowed many patients to lead longer and more meaningful lives, l Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are similar, in many respects, to other patients with chronic medical illnesses, such as renal failure or cardiac disease. In addition, patients with HIV may manifest an array of secondary medical conditions associated with AIDS. Patients with AIDS are treated with a variety of pharmacologic agents that may cause secondary organ changes or dysfunction. Three major classes of drugs have emerged for use in the primary treatment of AIDS: nucleoside analogs, nonnucleoside analogs, and protease inhibitors (Table 1). 2 These drugs are clearly effective in short-term studies, but their long-term efficacy has not yet been reported. However, regardless of the positive impact these agents have made on the lives of individuals with HIV, the chemotherapeutic agents are beset with side effects and untoward drug interactions. Despite the negative effects of therapy, sophisticated anti-HIV therapeutic regimens have allowed patients with HIV to experience an increased life expectancy. Before the institution of combination therapy with reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, it was extremely unusual for patients with AIDS to undergo any surgical procedures other than those directly related to their immune dysfunction. Because of this increased survival time, patients with AIDS may now present to the operating room for virtually any type of surgical procedure. Not only do patients with HIV undergo common procedures, some medical centers are even including AIDS patients as organ transplant recipients? The complexities of caring for patients with HIV has forced many physicians in the medical community to question whether the medical and surgical management of these patients resides with general practitioners or specialist providers. 4's At the forefront of providing care to every patient presenting to the operating room is the anesthesiologist. As a central member of the perioperative care team, the anesthesiologist must be familiar with the medical needs and considerations that are specific to the patient with AIDS. Specifically, the goal of every anesthesiologist managing patients with AIDS must be to understand the types of drugs commonly used in eradicating the virus that causes AIDS, their pharmacokinetic effects, and the potential interactions of these drugs with anesthetic agents.
On the Relationship Between the Ratio of Crack-Length to Plate-Width and the Stress Intensity Factor of a Plate Containing a Single Through-the-Thickness Edge Crack

Failure characterization of fracture toughness of a plate containing a single through-the-thickness edge crack and subjected to a tensile stress is investigated. The relationship between the varying ratio of crack length to plate width and the stress intensity factor is examined and compared for elastic, elastic-plastic and nonlinear conditions. Using a numerical illustration, it was found that an increasing ratio increases the stress intensity factor and a decreasing ratio decreases the stress intensity factor regardless of the condition. Hence, the ratio of crack length to plate width can be used as a design parameter that affects the fracture toughness and as a tool of predicting condition for failure.© 2007 ASME
Profile of estrogen-responsive genes in an estrogen-specific mammary gland outgrowth model

Both ovarian and pituitary hormones are required for the pubertal development of the mouse mammary gland. Estradiol directs ductal elongation and branching, while progesterone leads to tertiary branching and alveolar development. The purpose of this investigation was to identify estrogen-responsive genes associated with pubertal ductal growth in the mouse mammary gland in the absence of other ovarian hormones and at different stages of development. We hypothesized that the estrogen-induced genes and their associated functions at early stages of ductal elongation would be distinct from those induced after significant ductal elongation had occurred. Therefore, ovariectomized prepubertal mice were exposed to 17β-estradiol from two to twenty-eight days, and mammary gland global gene expression analyzed by microarray analysis at various times during this period. We found that: a) gene expression changes in our estrogen-only model mimic those changes that occur in normal pubertal development in intact mice, and b) both distinct and overlapping gene profiles were observed at varying extents of ductal elongation, and c) cell proliferation, the immune response, and metabolism/catabolism were the most common functional categories associated with mammary ductal growth. Particularly striking was the novel observation that genes active during carbohydrate metabolism were rapidly and robustly decreased in response to estradiol. Lastly, we identified mammary estradiol-responsive genes that are also co-expressed with Estrogen Receptor α in human breast cancer. In conclusion, our genomic data support the physiological observation that estradiol is one of the primary hormonal signals driving ductal elongation during pubertal mammary development.
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition of Binary Fuel Blends

The present experimental investigation aims to understand the homogeneous combustion chemistry associated with binary blends of three surrogate components for practical fuels, including toluene, isooctane, and diisobutylene-1 (DIB-1). Specifically, high-pressure autoignition characteristics of the three neat fuel components as well as the fuel blends of toluene + isooctane and toluene + DIB-1 are studied herein. Experiments are conducted in a rapid compression machine at compressed pressures varying from 15 to 45 bar and under low to intermediate temperatures. To obtain insights into interactions among fuels, the relative proportion of the two neat fuels in the reactive mixtures is systematically varied, while the total fuel mole fraction and equivalence ratio are kept constant. Experimental results demonstrate that ignition delays for neat toluene are more than an order of magnitude longer than those for neat isooctane. Whereas DIB-1 has ignition delays shorter than those for isooctane at higher temperatures, at temperatures lower than 820 K DIB-1 shows a longer ignition delay. Although the ignition delays of binary blends lie in between the two extremes of neat components, the variation of ignition delay with the relative fuel proportion is seen to be highly nonlinear. Especially, a small addition of isooctane or DIB-1 to toluene can result in greatly enhanced reactivity. In addition, the effect of DIB-1 addition to toluene is more significant than the effect of isooctane addition. Furthermore, in the compressed temperature range from 820 to 880 K, ignition delay of the toluene + isooctane blend shows greater sensitivity to temperature than that of isooctane.
Biological Remanie: Gastropod Fossils Used by the Living Terrestrial Hermit Crab, Coenobita clypeatus, on Bermuda

Coenobita clypeatus, the purpleclawed (terrestrial) hermit crab, almost exclusively uses the extinct shells (fossil and subfossil) of the West Indian topshell, Cittarium pica in Bermuda. These coenobitid crustaceans were found to: (1) taphonomically modify the Cittarium shells, and (2) caused temporal reworking of the extinct shells within a modern community. Fossil shells inhabited by these crabs had extreme apertural modifications: missing columellar and umbilicular areas, and outer lip ridges. Additionally, almost all shells possessed a drag mark region. Modern Cittarium inhabited by hermits from the Bahamas have similar modifications, except lack the outer lip ridge. Living Cittarium have no such modifications
Improved Structural Quality and Carrier Decay Times in GaN Epitaxy on SiN and TiN Porous Network Templates

Improved structural quality and radiative efficiency were observed in GaN thin films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on in situ-formed SiN and TiN porous network templates. The room temperature carrier decay time of 1.86 ns measured for a TiN network sample is slightly longer than that for a 200 μm-thick high quality freestanding GaN (1.73 ns). The linewidth of the asymmetric X-Ray diffraction (XRD) (1012) peak decreases considerably with the use of SiN and TiN layers, indicating the reduction in threading dislocation density. However, no direct correlation is yet found between the decay times and the XRD linewidths, suggesting that point defect and impurity related nonradiative centers are the main parameters affecting the lifetime.
Control of pain in metastatic cancer.

Abstract A multiphasic approach to cancer pain control is outlined, utilizing prophylactic palliative surgery or x-ray therapy when necessary. Hormone therapy acts synergistically with local irradiation or systemic radiomimetic agents for pain relief from breast, prostate, thyroid, and ovarian neoplasms. Synthetic morphine derivatives often adequately control pain without development of excessive requirements until near the patient's death. Morphine or other opiates remain the best agents for terminal care in cases which have not become tolerant by premature resort to these drugs.
The Reach of Politics via Twitter—Can That Be Real?

If the reach of communication via Twitter is as great as it seems to be, that means a remarkable reconstruction of the public domain is in process. Until recently the public domain was the mass media and what they presented to their audiences. Now the audience has voice and is audience only in a new way. The potential consequences for the organization of politics are great. But there is the “if”. The report examines two challenges to the claim that the reach of the new media is as great as it may appear to be. One challenge is the number of individual accounts on Twitter. There seem to be too few to have the reach suggested. The other challenge is fake accounts. If the number of fake accounts is great, then the numbers for reach are a gross exaggeration. Those two challenges are examined and shown to be appropriate, but that the end result is diminishing the numbers about reach much less than would question the reconstruction of the public domain
Migration and sorption of jet fuel aliphatic vapors in unsaturated soil

Abstract Multicomponent vapor transport experiments were conducted in large (10.5 cm × 100 cm) columns packed with dry sand and wet soil to evaluate the effect of vapor phase sorption on the migration of jet fuel aliphatic components. A modified diffusion model accounting for sorption at the gas-soil and water-soil interface and vapor partitioning into the soil moisture was fitted to the experimental data of some aliphatic vapors and appeared to adequately describe their behavior. The best fi: results were used to determine an overall diffusion coefficient, D , which combines the effect of diffusion and sorption for each vapor. The two processes were isolated using the soil tortuosity, determined by model fitting of the experimental data of n -butane (used as a conservative gas tracer). Retardation factor, R , and overall linear sorption coefficients, K obs , computed from the respective D values, increased with decreasing water solubility of the aliphatic vapor for the same soil. Separation between sorption at the gas-soil and water-soil interface was possible only for wet soil but not for dry sand with the available experimental data.
Improving Localization Accuracy in Wireless Sensor Networks using Location Verification Feedback

The ability of a node to determine its location is an important task in wireless sensor networks as users are usually interested in knowing where the measurements are taken. In this paper, we study the use of location verification as a feedback mechanism to improve the localization accuracy. We first describe the general approach used. Then, we describe several algorithms to improve the accuracy of localization schemes for various practical situations. We consider algorithms for networks where nodes can obtain several independent location estimates and networks where the node can only obtain a single location estimate. We analyze these algorithms analytically and through simulation; and show that a significant improvement in localization accuracy can be accomplished in few iterations of executing these location verification-based feedback improvement schemes.
Psycholinguistic profiling differentiates specific language impairment from typical development and from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Purpose Practitioners must have confidence in the capacity of their language measures to discriminate developmental language disorders from typical development and from other common disorders. In this study, psycholinguistic profiles were collected from 3 groups: children with specific language impairment (SLI), children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and children with typical development (TD). The capacity of different language indices to successfully discriminate SLI cases from TD and ADHD cases was examined through response operating characteristics curves, likelihood ratios, and binary logistic regression. Method The Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (Rice & Wexler, 2001a), Dollaghan and Campbell’s (1998) nonword repetition task, Redmond’s (2005) sentence recall task, and the Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004) were administered to 60 children (7–8 years of age). Results Diagnostic accuracy was high for all 4 psycholinguistic measures, although modest reductio...
A Conceptual Model of Field Behavior of Air Sparging and Its Implications for Application

The basic physics of air flow through saturated porous media are reviewed and implications arc drawn for the practical application of air sparging. A conceptual model of the detailed behavior of an air sparging system is constructed using elements of multiphase flow theory and the results of recent experimental work. Implications of the conceptual model on air sparging topics are discussed. The meaning of radius of influence in the context of air sparging is found to be ambiguous. The hydrodynamic effects of air sparging such as mounding of ground water and flow impedance are explored. Limitations on rates of remediation and operational strategics for improving sparging effectiveness are examined.
Intra-community spatial variation of size-fractionated PM mass, OC, EC, and trace elements in the Long Beach, CA area

Abstract Local traffic patterns and proximity to pollution sources are important in assessing particulate matter (PM) exposure in urban communities. This study investigated the intra-community spatial variation of PM in an urban area impacted by numerous local and regional sources. Weekly size-segregated ( 2.5 μm) PM samples were collected in the winter of 2005. During each 1-week sampling cycle, data were collected concurrently at four sites within four miles of one another in the Long Beach, CA area. Coefficients of divergence analyses for size-fractionated PM mass, organic and elemental carbon, sulfur, and 18 other metals and trace elements suggest a wide range of spatial divergence. High spatial variability was observed in the
The renal medullary endothelin system in control of sodium and water excretion and systemic blood pressure.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelin-1 is a multifunctional peptide that is produced by the kidney and may regulate a variety of renal functions. This review discusses recent developments in understanding the role of the medullary endothelin-1 system in regulating renal salt and water excretion and systemic blood pressure. RECENT FINDINGS The renal medulla is the major site of endothelin-1 synthesis and receptor expression in the kidney. Endothelin-1 in vitro can inhibit sodium or water transport in the collecting duct and thick ascending limb through autocrine pathways. Endothelin-1 also can increase medullary blood flow. These effects of endothelin-1 are partially mediated by nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase metabolites which are produced by most medullary cells. Mice with collecting duct-specific knockout of the endothelin-1 gene have impaired sodium excretion in response to sodium loading and have hypertension which worsens with high salt intake. The mice also have heightened sensitivity to vasopressin and decreased ability to excrete an acute water load. Mice with collecting duct-specific endothelin A receptor knockout have normal blood pressure and sodium excretion, but have reduced vasopressin responsiveness. Medullary endothelin-1 content is reduced in many forms of experimental hypertension. SUMMARY Medullary endothelin-1 regulates renal sodium and water transport and medullary blood flow. In particular, the medullary collecting duct is important in this process, but the medullary endothelin system involves complex interactions, through autocrine and paracrine pathways, between most cell types in the region. Medullary endothelin-1 is fundamentally important in physiologic regulation of renal sodium and water excretion and maintenance of normal systemic blood pressure.
Correlation of O4-ethyldeoxythymidine accumulation, hepatic initiation and hepatocellular carcinoma induction in rats continuously administered diethylnitrosamine.

Recent experiments have demonstrated that O6-ethyldeoxyguanosine (O6-EtdG) is efficiently repaired while O4-ethyldeoxythymidine (O4-EtdT) accumulates in hepatocyte DNA of 8-week-old F-344 rats during continuous diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration. To determine if O4-EtdT accumulation correlates with hepatic initiation, we have quantitated O4-EtdT concentrations, and the incidence of gamma-glutamyl transferase positive (GGT+) foci and hepatocellular carcinoma induced by increasing duration of exposure to DEN in the drinking water (40 p.p.m.). In 8-week-old F-344 rats the number of GGT+ foci increased non-linearly with duration of exposure and reached a maximum of approximately 500 foci/cm3 after 10 weeks. Administration of DEN to 8-week-old F-344 rats for 6 weeks followed by a 15-week administration of 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) in the diet did not result in the induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. Exposure of 4-week-old F-344 rats to DEN for up to 10 weeks produced an O4-EtdT steady-state concentration (approximately 7-10 X 10(-6) mol O4-EtdT/mol dT) similar to that previously observed after administration of DEN to 8-week-old F-344 rats. However, the maximal concentration of O4-EtdT was detectable after a shorter period of DEN administration in the younger rats. The incidence of GGT+ foci also increased more rapidly in 4-week-old rats, but again plateaued at approximately 500 foci/cm3 after 4, 6 or 8 weeks of DEN administration. A 100% incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in 4-week-old rats administered DEN for 6, 8 or 10 weeks, followed by promotion with 0.05% PB in the diet until week 22 of the study. Lower incidences of hepato-cellular carcinoma (89 and 6%) were observed following PB-promotion of rats administered DEN for 4 and 2 weeks, respectively. The influence of age on DEN-induced hepatic initiation was examined further by quantitating GGT+ foci induced by 4 weeks of DEN administration in groups of rats which were 4-14 weeks old at the start of the carcinogen exposure. The results demonstrated that the younger rats were 15-fold more susceptible than the older rats to the initiating effects of DEN. This growth-dependent effect on hepatic initiation in the presence of nearly equivalent amounts of pro-mutagenic DNA damage further implicates the necessity of replication for hepatic initiation.
Photoabsorption spectra of Xe atoms encapsulated inside fullerenes

The photoabsorption spectra of Xe atoms encapsulated inside the C180 and C240 have been investigated using the time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) and compared with the result of our short range spherical well. The calculations are performed in the energy region of the Xe 4d giant resonance and assumed the central location of the Xe atom inside the fullerenes. The Xe-C180 and Xe-C240 binding energies along the high symmetry direction, the z axis have been evaluated as well. The obtained curves show the possibility of other Xe positions. The main features of the confinement resonances for the Xe atoms in the center of the C180 and C240 may be estimated by the formula E(eV) = 67.55 + (12.25n/2r)2, where r is the radius in A of the fullerene, n is the integer number 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., and E (eV) is the location of a confinement peak. The calculations indicate that if the radius of a fullerene equals an integer (≥2) × the half wave length of the photoelectron, then at this photon energy we may observe a confinement peak. The photoabsorption spectra of Xe atoms encaged in the center of the C58, C56 and C54 have also been studied. The results demonstrate that, except for the Xe atom inside C58, which has similar confinement resonances as those of the Xe atom inside C60, the Xe atoms inside C54 and C56 have completely different spectra. It is concluded that the quantum confinement resonances will be destroyed if the shape of the fullerene is deformed significantly from a sphere.
Cerebellar functional abnormalities inSchizophrenia are suggested by classical eyeblink conditioning

Abstract Background: Previous research suggests that schizophrenia may result from disruptions in a cortico–cerebellar–thalamic–cortical circuit (CCTCC) producing a mental incoordination or “cognitive dysmetria.” To further evaluate the cerebellar contribution to this disrupted circuitry, medication-free patients with schizophrenia completed classical eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellar-mediated learning task. Methods: For classical eyeblink conditioning, 70 trials with a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and air puff unconditioned stimulus (US) were presented to 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy control subjects. Acquisition rate for the conditioned response (CR) and response timing were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients with schizophrenia displayed facilitated conditioning compared to control subjects based on a greater number of CRs during the session and a faster acquisition of the learned response. Conclusions: Facilitated conditioning suggests that an enhanced excitability in the cerebellum occurs as part of a disrupted CCTCC in schizophrenia. The enhanced cerebellar-mediated associative learning may be maladaptive in the context of normal cerebro–cerebellar interactions, leading to the characteristic motor and mental incoordination of the disorder. Classical eyeblink conditioning may provide a useful model system for studying cerebellar involvement in the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia.
Increased renal sodium reabsorption after depletion of the extracellular or intravascular fluid volumes

Summary Renal clearances of inulin, p -aminohippurate, and solute and excretion of sodium and potassium were studied during successive solute diureses in anesthetized dogs before and after no treatment, depletion of extracellular fluid volume by pertioneal dialysis, and depletion of intravascular volume by hemorrhage. External sodium balance and plasma sodium concentration were maintained. Control studies revealed no significant changes in the renal handling of sodium, potassium, or water during the two solute diureses. In contrast, sodium excretion, potassium excretion, and concentrating ability all decreased after contraction of the extracellular or intravascular volumes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in some function of the intravascular volume lead to enhanced reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule. This mechanism may be involved in the retention of sodium by postoperative patients.
Difference Bands in the Raman Spectrum of Carbon Tetrachloride

The difference bands of carbon tetrachloride are analyzed and it is found that, in the Raman spectrum at room temperature, the complex at 775 K is essentially all difference bands. This band has been previously assigned as the fundamental ν3, ν1+ν4 with a spacing of 28 K; the fundamental is present in the complex but its spacing is 15 K and it is weak. The difference bands of titanium tetrachloride are mentioned briefly.