cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of sound speed in two types of ice with different microstructure

Measurements of sound speed were made on laboratory-grown ice samples serving as proxies for two types of sea ice with different microstructure. The first one, congelation ice, has relatively homogeneous structure typical for first-year sea ice. The second one, granular ice, with a more heterogeneous microstructure, was prepared as a proxy for retextured multi-year sea ice. Both samples had approximately equal bulk salinity (12 ppt) to isolate effects of different microstructure. Sound speed was estimated by measuring time of flight of 400 kHz pulses and was found in congelation ice to be about 10% higher than in granular ice. Error bounds were estimated to be within 1% based on same measurements made for plastic material with known sound speed. Therefore, the results confirm sensitivity of sound speed in ice to its internal microstructure and heterogeneity which are known to affect large-scale ice properties, such as strength, elasticity, permeability, air-sea exchange, habitability, and partitioning of shortwave solar radiation. This motivates future work that would include modeling and measurement of sound speed, attenuation and scattering in natural sea ice, with a goal to develop a remote acoustic sensing technique for sea-ice characterization and, in particular, discrimination between first-year and multi-year ice types. Measurements of sound speed were made on laboratory-grown ice samples serving as proxies for two types of sea ice with different microstructure. The first one, congelation ice, has relatively homogeneous structure typical for first-year sea ice. The second one, granular ice, with a more heterogeneous microstructure, was prepared as a proxy for retextured multi-year sea ice. Both samples had approximately equal bulk salinity (12 ppt) to isolate effects of different microstructure. Sound speed was estimated by measuring time of flight of 400 kHz pulses and was found in congelation ice to be about 10% higher than in granular ice. Error bounds were estimated to be within 1% based on same measurements made for plastic material with known sound speed. Therefore, the results confirm sensitivity of sound speed in ice to its internal microstructure and heterogeneity which are known to affect large-scale ice properties, such as strength, elasticity, permeability, air-sea exchange, habitability, and partitioning of ...
A New Testing Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease

The clinical investigation of patients with potential Celiac disease currently encompasses a large differential diagnosis including food allergies, medications, bacterial, viral and parasitic infection, AIDS, and Crohn9s disease. The large diagnostic selection, coupled with a vast array of serological markers as well the self-treatment of patients makes diagnosing Celiac disease difficult. A newer marker, anti-deamidated gliadin peptide, should be paired with both the total serum IgA and anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA and IgG for screening symptomatic patients on a gluten diet for best diagnosis. Those patients that test positive by deamidated gliadin peptide and/or anti-tissue transglutaminase should then be confirmed with HLA typing and/or biopsy and started on a gluten-free diet sooner, reducing the destructive effects gluten can do on the intestine. ABBREVIATIONS:CD - celiac disease, GFD - gluten free diet, AGA - anti-gliadin antibodies, TTG - anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, EMA - anti-endomysial antibodies, ARA - anti-reticulin antibodies, DGP - anti-deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies, IEL - intraepithelial lymphocytes, GALT - gut-associated lymphoid tissue, EATL - enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.
Abstract 554: FoxO Transcription Factors are Required for Hepatic HDL-Cholesterol Clearance

Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). The insulin-repressible FoxO transcription factors are potential mediators of ...
Installation aerodynamics of wing-mounted, single-rotation propfans

The installation of advanced (M = 0.8) turboprop propulsion systems on transport aircraft represents a challenging task to design engineers. The installation aerodynamics of wing-mounted, single-rotation, tractor turboprop systems have been extensively investigated by NASA Ames using a large powered semispan wind tunnel model. Two configurations have been studied: a straight under-the-wing (UTW) nacelle and a contoured over-the-wing (OTW) configuration. The installation characteristics of these two configurations are presented in terms of installed drag, wing pressure distributions, and surface oil flows. Through the use of wing leading-edge modifications, the installed drag of the UTW nacelle was reduced to less than isolated nacelle drag at the cruise condition of M = 0.8 with a wing C(L) of 0.5. At this condition, the favorable interference is attributed to the recovery of a portion of the swirl in the slipstream generated by the single rotation propeller. The OTW installation represented a much more difficult task. For the configuration tested, the installed drag was unacceptably high and demonstrated the sensitive nature of installing a nacelle/slipstream combination in the transonic flow regime.
Crystal structure of 2,3,5,6-tetra-bromo-tereph-thalo--nitrile.

The title crystal (systematic name: 2,3,5,6-tetra­bromo­benzene-1,4-dicarbonitrile), C8Br4N2, is the first bromo analog in a study of cyano-halo (C≡N⋯X) non-bonded contacts in crystals of halogenated di­cyano­benzenes. The complete mol­ecule is generated by a crystallographic center of symmetry. In the extended structure, each Br atom accepts one C≡N⋯Br inter­action, and each N atom is bis­ected by two. This contact network forms a nearly planar sheet structure propagating in the (\overline{1}01) plane, similar to that reported in hexa­methyl­benzene co-crystals of the tetra­chloro analog.
Geriatric forensic report writing and testimony

Abstract Chapter 6 reviews best practices, problems, and pitfalls for geriatric forensic report writing and testimony. These expert communications can help the judge and/or jury arrive at a legal conclusion.
Thirty-day Emergency Department Utilization after Distal Radius Fracture Treatment: Identifying Predictors and Variation.

Unplanned hospital visits are costly and may indicate reduced care quality. In this analysis, we aim to investigate the emergency department (ED) utilization for patients 30 days after treatment for a distal radius fracture (DRF) with an emphasis on DRF-related diagnoses of complications and examine nationwide variation in returns to the ED after treatment. Methods In this population-based analysis, we used the Truven MarketScan database to identify adult patients who underwent treatment for their DRF. We examined primary diagnoses upon ED visits to assess for relation to treatment. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the risk of DRF-related ED visits and pain-related diagnoses. Results Of the patients who underwent treatment for a DRF, 2% of surgical patients and 4% of nonsurgical patients visited the ED within 30 days after treatment with a DRF-related diagnosis. The most common diagnoses for all patients were pain-related diagnoses. Patients receiving internal fixation were less likely to experience a DRF-related visit compared with patients receiving other surgical treatments most likely because of no exposed hardware. In addition, patients receiving surgical in the South were more likely to visit the ED with a pain-related diagnosis compared with any other region. Conclusions Policy makers should include ED visits after treatment for outpatient hand conditions as indicators of care quality. Given the geographic differences in the ED utilization for this patient population, collaborative initiatives and institutional-level policy may help reduce variation in care for patients after treatment for their fracture care.
Understanding individualistic response patterns when assessing expert operators on nuclear power plant control tasks

We evaluated the performance of three highly practiced participants on three task types that comprised a simulated nuclear power plant control operation. Multiple subjective, physiological, and obj...
Preservice Teachers' Lesson Plan Adaptation for Emergent Bilinguals.

Despite their increasing population, many teacher preparation programs have yet to provide adequate preparation for teaching Emergent Bilinguals (EBs). To respond to this situation and to the high ...
Gage-length errors in the resolution of dispersive stress waves

The effect of measuring the time history of a passing dispersive wave with a finite-length gage is to introduce time and amplitude errors between the actual values and the measured values of the wave function. In this paper, mathematical expressions relating the size of these errors to the gage length, properties of the material, and spectral content of the incident wave are derived. These expressions are used to predict the response of a long, resistance strain gage, attached in the longitudinal direction on the lateral surface of a long slender rod of a linear viscoelastic material (Lexan), to a short pulse. The shape of the pulse just before and just after the region of the long gage was measured by means of very short gages. The dispersion and attenuation properties of the material were obtained from the short-gage data. This information and the previously derived mathematical-correction equations were used to predict the response of the long gage. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted and measured values of the response of the long gage. In addition, the correction equations and the response of the long gage were used to predict the incident pulse. Good agreement with the known experimental values was obtained.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Fuel for the Corticofugal Feud

This commentary provides perspective on the report by Burg et al. that corticospinal motor neurons provoke corticofugal spread of motor neuron degeneration in ALS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
An alternate workflow for preparing Precision ID Ancestry and Identity Panel libraries for Illumina sequencing

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are well-established for forensic applications. Although they are not compatible with existing criminal databases, they offer some advantages over short tandem repeat (STR) markers including smaller amplicons, no stutter artifacts, and biogeographic ancestry and phenotype predictions. The Precision ID NGS System, a commercial workflow by Thermo Fisher Scientific, offers a streamlined solution for genotyping forensically relevant SNPs using next-generation sequencing. The Precision ID Ancestry and Identity Panels combined target 289 SNPs, and their sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy have been evaluated by the forensic community. The aim of this study was to develop an alternative workflow to genotype these SNP panels using Illumina chemistry. Commercial genomic DNAs (gDNAs) (n, 3) were amplified using three uracil-tolerant polymerase master mixes. Resulting amplicons were prepared into libraries using the KAPA Hyper Prep Kit (KAPA Biosystems) and sequenced via Illumina's MiniSeq. Reads were analyzed using a published analysis pipeline to compile final genotypes with read depth information. Phusion U Multiplex PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) statistically outperformed the other master mixes tested (P <0.0001), with respect to the number of SNPs genotyped. To ensure a workflow using Phusion U would be compatible across diverse samples, we optimized PCR cycle number using the same commercial gDNAs (n, 3), reference buccal swabs (n, 3), and environmental (household dust) samples (n, 6). Using the developed workflow, 93.9% of all SNPs were successfully genotyped across sample types. Implementation of the developed workflow should be straightforward for forensic laboratories and suitable for processing reference and casework samples.
JUDGE BORK’S REMARKABLE ADHERENCE TO UNREMARKABLE PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW

The late Judge Robert H. Bork is usually remembered as an eminent jurist and scholar in the fields of antitrust law and constitutional law. His judicial opinions and his writings, especially The Antitrust Paradox and The Tempting of America, are certainly standards in these areas. Judge Bork, however, also deserves acclaim for his contributions to other fields of law. One extremely important subject, in which Judge Bork’s judicial work has received little attention, is the law pertaining to national security and U.S. foreign relations. This essay discusses Judge Bork’s opinions in four important D.C. Circuit cases: Demjanjuk v. Meese, Persinger v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Finzer v. Barry, and Tel-Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic. In these cases, Judge Bork identified and followed nine very traditional principles of law concerning national security and foreign relations. These principles were so clear and well-established that at the time they seemed unremarkable. Indeed, while scrutinizing nearly every other aspect of Judge Bork’s records, proponents and opponents of his nomination to the Supreme Court said very little about his opinions in these cases. How Judge Bork addressed the law in the area of national security and U.S. foreign relations is a subject that deserves a fresh look in light of important Supreme Court litigation arising out of the War on Terror. In a series of cases, often decided by the narrowest of margins, Justices of the Supreme Court have effectively rejected each of the nine traditional principles that Judge Bork applied in his D.C. Circuit opinions. Contrasting the Supreme Court’s controversial decisions in these cases to Judge Bork’s very different and more restrained approach reveals another aspect of what was lost when the Senate failed to confirm Judge Bork’s nomination to the Supreme Court in 1987.
A Comparison of the U.S. Census Summary Tape Files 1A and 3A in Measuring Residential Segregation

This paper examines the difference in results obtained from using Summary Tape Files 1A...and 3A...in measuring residential segregation. The 1A file contains data for the whole population while the 3A file is based on estimates derived from a sample of the 1990 census. Computation of segregation indexes for the 45 largest metropolitan areas (MSA/PMSA) in the United States using both files revealed large differences. The differences were found to be correlated negatively with the percentage of the minority group population in the metropolitan area. (EXCERPT)
Characterization of transport properties of breast cancer resistance protein

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 607 Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of protein transports a large variety of structurally unrelated chemotherapeutic drugs. To characterize the efflux properties of BCRP, we transiently transfected U2-OS cells (an osteosarcoma cell line that is BCRP-null) with increasing concentrations (1 μg to 8 μg) of pcDNA3.2-BCRP vector. Increasing concentrations of cDNA led to a corresponding increase in efflux function and protein expression (confirmed by western blotting). By comparing the amount of Hoechst 33342 (Ho342, an established BCRP substrate) accumulated in BCRP-null cells with the amount accumulated in BCRP-expressing cells at steady-state, we measured the efflux transport capacity of cells expressing different levels of BCRP. The efflux transport capacity was evaluated 24-48 hours after transfection, and ranged from 0.132 ± 0.086 x 109 to 1.18 ± 0.18 x 109 (molecules/cell)/(μM Ho342) with increasing levels of vector applied. To investigate whether BCRP efflux is mediated from the inner plasma membrane leaflet or outer leaflet, we utilized a lipid analogue, 1-[4-(trimethylamino) phenyl]-6-phenylhexa-1, 3,5-triene (TMA-DPH), that is fluorescent only in the plasma membrane and that diffuses very slowly from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet. Using on-line spectrofluormetric measurements in U2-OS, we demonstrated that BCRP-expressing cells accumulate significantly lower levels of TMA-DPH in comparison to the parent cell line, suggesting that TMA-DPH is a substrate for BCRP. The unique properties of this dye are being currently utilized to investigate whether efflux mediated by BCRP is initiated at the inner or outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Quantitative information about efflux transport capacities of BCRP and delineation of molecular mechanisms of BCRP-mediated efflux may help in designing improved therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
A single-cell analysis of early retinal ganglion cell differentiation in Xenopus: from soma to axon tip

Intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow (LY) were made into the cell bodies of Xenopus retinal ganglion cells from the earliest stages of axonogenesis to the beginning of target innervation. Embryos were intact during the injection so that the entire cell (cell body, dendrites, axon, and growth cone) could be visualized. The purpose of the study was 3-fold: (1) to characterize the early steps in retinal ganglion cell differentiation before the axon reaches its target; (2) to determine whether guidepost cells exist as possible navigation cues in the vertebrate optic pathway; and (3) to investigate whether the morphology of early retinal ganglion cell growth cones varies in a position-dependent manner along the primordial optic pathway. Axons were generally initiated before dendrites and followed a well-defined course along the primordial optic pathway without branching. Surprisingly, at least 5% of the retinal ganglion cells sent more than one axon into the optic pathway. Sister axons from the same parent cell traveled separately in the pathway, indicating that their growth cones navigated independently. Examination of dendrite genesis showed that dendrites usually begin to emerge from the cell body well before the axon tip reaches the target. This observation argues against the possibility that target contact influences dendrite initiation. Nascent dendrites were commonly tipped with pronounced varicosities that did not resemble axon growth cones. Their number and branching correlated well with axon length, indicating that the age of the retinal ganglion cell itself, rather than the age of its presynaptic cells or local environment, is the strongest influence on dendrite genesis. Examination of LY-filled growth cones at varying points in the pathway showed no evidence of dye transfer to adjacent cells. This indicates that gap junctional contacts probably do not form during axonal pathfinding and suggests that direct intercellular communication between growing axons and other cells in the pathway does not play a major role in axon guidance. Growth cone morphology was analyzed quantitatively and found to vary at different positions along the pathway. Growth cones entering the optic nerve head were the largest and most complex; those on the retinal surface were the smallest and showed a simple morphology. Growth cones in the chiasm and optic tract showed a degree of complexity similar to those in the optic nerve head but were smaller.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Predictability of the distressed term infant

The delivery of a distressed term infant is infrequent but often requires intensive therapy. This study investigates the primary causes for such distress and the period (antepartum intrapartum, neonatal) when each complication was initially recognized. During a 1-year period, 168 term infants (8% of 2,057 term deliveries) required admission to the newborn intensive care unit. The primary disorders were similar to those of 228 infants transported from community hospitals and involved suspected sepsis, metabolic problems, major anomalies, birth asphyxia, and respiratory distress. Only one third (59 cases, 35%) of the subsequently distressed infants was anticipated during the antepartum period. The term infant who requires more than routine nursery care cannot necessarily be predicted until labor or delivery.
Mapping a Single Assignment Programming Language to Reconfigurable Systems

This paper presents the high level, machine independent, algorithmic, single-assignment programming language SA-C and its optimizing compiler targeting reconfigurable systems. SA-C is intended for Image Processing applications. Language features are introduced and discussed. The intermediate forms DDCF, DFG and AHA, used in the optimization and code-generation phases, are described. Conventional and reconfigurable system specific optimizations are introduced. The code generation process is described. The performance for these systems is analyzed, using a range of applications from simple Image Processing Library functions to more comprehensive applications, such as the ARAGTAP target acquisition prescreener.
Does the use of large ventilator tidal volume increase the incidence of postoperative complications

The use of large tidal volumes (LTV) (10–15 ml/kg) for mechanical ventilation (MV) of patients with ARDS has been shown to be detrimental. Whether or not the use of LTV for postoperative mechanical ventilation increases the risk of pulmonary complications, pneumonia, and consequent mortality from pulmonary causes is unknown. We performed this study with the hypothesis that postoperative patients receiving MV with large tidal volume would have an increased incidence of pulmonary complications and mortality. Postoperative abdominal and thoracic surgical patients receiving either 9 ml/kg or 14 ml/kg tidal volumes for mechanical ventilation were studied. Those with pre-existing atelectasis, pneumonia or ARDS were excluded. The patients were managed in the SICU and were weaned and extubated according to standard practice. Extubated patients who later required reintubation were not placed on study tidal volumes. Data collection included patient demographics, surgical diagnoses, operations, preoperative chest X-ray results, the size of tidal volume, duration of MV, incidence of pulmonary complications, and patient outcome. The data was analyzed using SPSS statistical soft ware. One hundred and two patients were studied: 52 males and 50 females. Their mean age was 55.4 years. The operative procedures included major elective abdominal surgery, aortic reconstruction, emergency abdominal surgery, and esophageal resections. Eighty patients had normal preoperative chest X-ray. Twenty-two patients had COPD or other chronic pulmonary conditions. Sixty-nine patients had no postoperative pulmonary complications. Pneumonia developed in 31(30.4%) patients, pulmonary edema in one, and pleural effusion in another. Thirteen of 102 patients (12.7%) died. Fifty-eight patients received 9 ml/kg and 44 received 14 ml/kg tidal volume. Their characteristics are shown in the Table. Table Two patients in the 9 ml/kg group and one patient in the 14 ml/kg group died from pneumonia. One of eight patients in the 9 ml/kg group and four of seven patients in the 14 ml/kg group died from septic shock due to gangrene or perforation of the GI tract with peritonitis.
MKL for Robust Multi-modality AD Classification

We study the problem of classifying mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects from healthy individuals (controls) using multi-modal image data, to facilitate early identification of AD related pathologies. Several recent papers have demonstrated that such classification is possible with MR or PET images, using machine learning methods such as SVM and boosting. These algorithms learn the classifier using one type of image data. However, AD is not well characterized by one imaging modality alone, and analysis is typically performed using several image types --- each measuring a different type of structural/functional characteristic. This paper explores the AD classification problem using multiple modalities simultaneously . The difficulty here is to assess the relevance of each modality (which cannot be assumed a priori), as well as to optimize the classifier. To tackle this problem, we utilize and adapt a recently developed idea called Multi-Kernel learning (MKL). Briefly, each imaging modality spawns one (or more kernels) and we simultaneously solve for the kernel weights and a maximum margin classifier. To make the model robust, we propose strategies to suppress the influence of a small subset of outliers on the classifier --- this yields an alternative minimization based algorithm for robust MKL. We present promising multi-modal classification experiments on a large dataset of images from the ADNI project.
Exports of Another Type: The Determinants of Interstate Transmission of Terrorism

While the majority of quantitative terrorism research has emerged since September 11th (Silke 2004), one area that has long been the subject of quantitative analysis is international or transnational terrorism (Silke 2004) (Plumper and Neumayer 2010) (Enders and Sandler 2006). While there has been a great deal of work examining where transnational terrorism is likely to happen (Krieger and Meierrieks 2011) and some work on why some countries are targeted and where terrorism is likely to originate, “ there has been very little work on the patterns of international terrorism of links between the terrorists’ home country and the victims’ country” (Plumper and Neumayer 2010, 75) with the notable exception of work by Plumper and Neumayer (2010). Plumper and Neumayer (2010) improve upon much of the existing work by using a dyadic design and find that attacking allies - particularly stronger allies that are more democratic helps to explain the export and import of terrorism between countries. This paper broadens and improves on the dyadic approach by using a stochastic approach - specifically an exponential random graph model (ERGM) - to model patterns of import and export of terrorism. ERGMs and other stochastic approaches to social network analysis are useful because they allows us to properly control for the dependencies inherent in the data. Standard statistical approaches assume independence between the observations, which obviously does not obtain in the context of network data. Our approach also allows us to search for structural regularities in the pattern of interconnections that may help to explain what is observed - for instance, a tendency for import/export patterns to be transitive in nature or to form core-periphery structures. Controlling for these tendencies more carefully allows us to better isolate other factors as drivers of import/export behavior. To conduct this study, we use data from the Global Terrorism Database (LaFree and Dugan 2007) for the years 1998-2006 as well as country-level co-variates from the Quality of Government database (Teorell, Holmberg, and Rothstein 2008) and data on dyadic relationships between states from the Correlates of War datasets. We argue that the factors that are most likely to trump others when it comes to the export and import of terrorism are contiguity militarized interstate disputes. In addition we explore the impact of the political situation and regime within a given country, the nature of religious and ethnic affiliations, economic and development factors, and experience with conflict and civil strife.
Rilonacept pharmacokinetics in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a disease characterized by arthritis in children <16 years of age. JIA occurs in approximately 11/100,000 children annually in Europe and the United States, with systemic onset in 6–11%.1,2 sJIA is associated with serious complications including growth failure, osteoporosis, and musculoskeletal deformities; the main causes of sJIA-related deaths are infection and macrophage activation syndrome.3–5 Because interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key mediator of the inflammatory cascade contributing to sJIA pathogenesis,6,7 this pro-inflammatory cytokine represents a therapeutic target. Rilonacept (IL-1 Trap) is an IL-1 neutralizer incorporating into 1 molecule the extra-cellular domain of 2 human cytokine receptors required for IL-1 signaling, combined with the Fc portion of human IgG1.8 Rilonacept binds to IL-1β with high affinity and specificity, and blocks inflammation caused by overproduction of IL-1. This novel therapeutic molecule is therefore hypothesized to be effective against auto-immune diseases such as sJIA. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of rilonacept have been evaluated in adults and children in a small study. In adults, the terminal apparent elimination half-life (T1/2) was approximately 1 week (154–184 hours) irrespective of dose, route of administration, or disease status.8 In children, a mean apparent T1/2 of 151 hours was observed.8 Rilonacept PK is not affected by renal failure as evidenced by similar PK observed in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.9 Three clinical trials evaluating rilonacept in adults with rheumatoid arthritis have been completed: 2 phase I studies (combined N=137 patients) and 1 phase II trial (N=201). In both, rilonacept was generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse event was injection site reaction, and no serious adverse events were felt to be drug-related. These studies suggested the best dose for children is 2–4 mg/kg/week subcutaneously (SC). Recently, the Randomized, Placebo Phase Study of Rilonacept in sJIA (RAPPORT) study evaluated the efficacy and safety of rilonacept in children with sJIA.10 Dosing data in this trial were informed by review of data from the Regeneron pilot study, where there was no difference in efficacy in children who received a 4.4mg/kg loading dose/2.2mg/kg maintenance dose vs a loading dose of 8.8mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 4.4mg/kg.11 The current report presents the PK analysis of rilonacept conducted in this study.
Copyright and Personhood Revisited

Personhood theory is almost invariably cited as one of the primary theoretical bases for copyright. The conventional wisdom, which typically invokes the work of Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel as its philosophical foundation, views creative works as the embodiment of their creator’s personality. This unique connection between authors and their works justifies giving authors property interests in the results of their creative efforts.This Essay argues that the conventional wisdom is fundamentally flawed. It is inconsistent both with Kant’s and Hegel’s theories about the relationship between property and personality and with their specific writings about the unauthorized copying of books. It also adopts too narrow a vision of the ways that creativity can develop personality by focusing exclusively on the products of the creative process and ignoring the self-actualizing benefits of the creative process itself. German aesthetic theory broadens the understanding of the interactions between creativity and personality. Psychologists, aestheticians, and philosophers have underscored how originating creative works can play an important role in self-actualization. When combined with the insight creative works frequently borrow from the corpus of existing works, this insight provides a basis for this insight provides a basis for broadening fair use rights. Moreover, to the extent that works must be shared with audiences or a community of like-minded people in order to be meaningful, it arguably supports a right of dissemination.The result is a theory that values the creative process for the process itself and not just for the artifacts it creates, takes the interests of follow-on authors seriously, and provides an affirmative theory of the public domain. The internal logic of this approach carries with it a number of limitations, specifically that any access rights be limited to uses that are noncommercial and educational and extend no farther than the amount needed to promote self-actualization.
Cardiac antibody-mediated rejection.

Chin C. Cardiac antibody–mediated rejection. Abstract: Many factors limit short- and long-term survival after pediatric heart transplantation. Historically, attention had been directed toward T-cell responses and acute cellular rejection. Presence of pretransplant antibodies against HLA is associated with increased donor wait times and poor post-transplant outcomes. Therapies aimed to mitigate circulating antibodies include plasmapheresis, protein A immunoadsorption columns, intravenous immune globulin, rituximab, and bortezomib. The negative effects of B cells, HLA antibodies, and AMR and potential interventions are the focus of this review article.
Meta-waves and meta-structures

Metastructures, when properly designed, can manipulate electromagnetic signals (meta-waves) in unprecedented ways. I discuss some of the recent developments in the field of metamaterials and plasmonic electromagnetics.
Spinal intradural clear cell meningioma following resection of a suprasellar clear cell meningioma: Case report and recommendations for management

The authors report on 32-year-old woman with a history of a previously resected suprasellar clear cell meningioma (CCM), who returned to their institution after 3 years suffering from progressively worsening leg and back pain associated with leg weakness and bowel and bladder dysfunction. A magnetic resonance image of the thoracic and lumbar spine demonstrated a homogeneously enhancing intradural mass that filled and expanded the thecal sac. The patient underwent multiple-level laminectomies for resection of the lesion. Results of pathological studies confirmed distant recurrence of a CCM. Since its initial recognition as a rare but aggressive histological variant of meningothelial tumors, the body of literature on CCMs has grown to include more than 40 cases. Nevertheless, the natural history of this neoplastic entity remains ill defined, as are the recommendations for management. Of particular concern is the treatment of patients who have undergone subtotal resection or present with recurrence. To the authors' knowledge, the present case represents the sixth distant recurrence of CCM reported in the literature. The radiographic and histological studies are reviewed along with the current literature on this subtype of meningioma. Recommendations for surveillance and treatment are made.
Chemical modification and design of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides

Antisense techniques have been employed for over 30 years to suppress expression of target RNAs. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a new class of small, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules that widely impact gene regulation, differentiation and disease states in both plants and animals. Antisense techniques that employ synthetic oligonucleotides have been used to study miRNA function and some of these compounds may have potential as novel drug candidates to intervene in diseases where miRNAs contribute to the underlying pathophysiology. Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) appear to work primarily through a steric blocking mechanism of action; these compounds are synthetic reverse complements that tightly bind and inactivate the miRNA. A variety of chemical modifications can be used to improve the performance and potency of AMOs. In general, modifications that confer nuclease stability and increase binding affinity improve AMO performance. Chemical modifications and/or certain structural features of the AMO may also facilitate invasion into the miRNA-induced silencing complex. In particular, it is essential that the AMO binds with high affinity to the miRNA ‘seed region’, which spans bases 2–8 from the 5′-end of the miRNA.
Picture generation with a standard line printer

A method is described for producing gray-toned pictures on a line printer by utilizing the different degrees of blackness of standard print characters. Gray scales with 17, 32 and 64 levels have been devised. Scanned images of blood cells are used to display the technique.
Recombinant rabbit secretory immunoglobulin molecules: alpha chains with maternal (paternal) variable-region allotypes and paternal (maternal) constant-region allotypes.

A population of IgA molecules having heavy chains coded by two parental chromosomes in trans position has been identified in rabbits heterozygous at both the V(H)a locus, which controls allotypic specificities on the variable part of heavy chains, and the C(alpha)g locus, which controls allotypic specificities on the constant part of alpha chains. These recombinant molecules have alpha-chain allotypic specificities controlled by both the maternal V(H)a gene and the paternal C(alpha)g gene or conversely, the paternal V(H)a gene and the maternal C(alpha)g gene. These recombinant molecules were found in F(ab)(2alpha) fractions obtained after passage of F(ab)(2alpha) preparations through immunosorbent columns designed to remove one population of F(ab)(2alpha) molecules, i.e., g74- or g75-type molecules. The effluent F(ab)(2alpha) fractions were then examined by radioprecipitation methods for allotypic specificities controlled by the V(H)a and C(alpha)g loci. About 40% of the g75 F(ab)(2alpha) molecules from each of three rabbits with the a(1)g(74) and a(2)g(75) allogroups were alg75 recombinants. These alg75 recombinant molecules represented from 2.5-5.6% of the total unfractionated F(ab)(2alpha) sample. The F(ab)(2alpha) fractions from two rabbits with the a(1)g(75) and a(3)g(74) allogroups had from 1.8-8.2% recombinant molecules: some were alg74 recombinants and some were a3g75 recombinants. Somatic recombination as a mechanism responsible for the synthesis of polypeptide chains in which part of the information is obtained from one chromosome and part from the homologous chromosome is discussed.
Integrating development, alumni relations, and marketing for fundraising success

This chapter describes practical steps that universities can take to more fully integrate their advancement offices to increase fundraising success. The author suggests using the for-profit integration of sales and marketing offices as a model for university action.
Multiple-bag-fiber muscle spindles in tenuissimus muscles of the cat

Over 300 complete and incomplete cat muscle spindles were examined in serial transverse sections of tenuissimus muscles in search of spindles with more than two nuclear bag intrafusal muscle fibers. Several histochemical and histological stains were used to identify the intrafusal fibers and assess their motor and sensory innervation. About 13% of the spindles contained either three or four bag fibers rather than the usual two. Every multiple-bag-fiber spindle possessed at least one nuclear bag1 and one nuclear bag2 fiber. The supernumerary bag fibers were either another bag1 and/or bag2 fiber, or a mixed bag fiber. The extra bag fibers had the usual morphologic and histochemical properties of cat nuclear bag fibers. All multiple-bag spindles received primary sensory innervation, and most had secondary sensory endings in addition. Their motor pattern was similar in the number, appearance and disposition of intrafusal motor endings to that of the usual two-bag-fiber spindles. Bag fibers of the same kind shared motor nerve supply in three multiple-bag spindles in which tracings of individual motor axons were obtained histologically. It is unclear whether any functional advantage is conveyed to a muscle spindle by its having more than one bag1 and one bag2 fiber.
Individual Differences in Multimodal Waypoint Navigation

Waypoint navigation is a critical task for dismounted soldiers, especially when navigating through novel environments with potential threats. In these dangerous environments, the soldiers should have their “eyes-up” and “ears-out” scanning the environment for critical signals. Current practices for dismounted soldiers include the use of a compass and map or small wearable computer in order to navigate. In this experiment, we compared several modalities and multiple combinations of these modalities in waypoint navigation performance. These modalities include two visual (an egocentric and a geocentric map), 3D spatialized audio, tactile, and the multimodal combinations of each. We also examined individual differences in sense of direction as a potential moderator of display usage. Results provide preliminary evidence that localized 3D audio and haptics navigation aids are an intuitive, efficient, and effective means of waypoint navigation, regardless of sense of direction.
A systems analysis of the behaviors of schooling.

Thus, the existing nonsystematic system, and the various vested interests associated with it, targets groups of students rather than individuals. Prior to the advent of a science of schooling, the tutorial approach associated with the privileged or ruling classes did not seem feasible for educating the masses, simply because there was no adequate science of behavior for the individual. Even after that science showed promise for pedagogy, there was still no systems-wide science for applying what was known to groups and organizations in which the individual was pivotal. In order to determine whether behavioral conceptions of schooling work on a larger scale, we must experimentally test whether or not thoroughgoing applications are feasible to educate the masses individually. Findings from 8this research can be used to design and modify systems of schooling that are measurably effective, workable year in and year out, automatically self-correcting, and beneficial to all of the parties involved. CABAS has demonstrated how such a system can work on a small scale; other attempts may show us how to make a large scale system work. “We have not yet seen what man can make of man” (Skinner, 1971, p. 215).
Metaphit amplifies long-term potentiation (LTP) in the mouse hippocampus

The influence of metaphit, a phencyclidine derivative, on the amplitude of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in the mouse hippocampus was investigated. Mice (C57BL/6) of both sexes were injected with metaphit (80 mg/kg) and hippocampal slices were prepared at 3, 24, 48 hrs and 6 days following injection. The extracellular evoked potentials were recorded from the pyramidal cell layer following Schaffer collateral stimulation. The threshold value, defined as the minimum strength of the stimuli to evoke a 0.1 mV potential, was about 5 fold greater in metaphit slices than in control slices 3 hr following injection, and then declined to the control value within 6 days. The magnitude of LTP was also amplified by metaphit in a time-dependent fashion. The effect was visible three hours after injection, reached its maximum at 48 hr and then declined to a level slightly higher than control at 6 days following injection. These results demonstrate that metaphit, a compound known to induce audiogenic seizures, is able to modify synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Presented results are also in agreement with our previous data which demonstrated an interaction between the mechanisms of LTP and audiogenic seizure.
Neurotoxic responses by microglia elicited by excitotoxic injury in the mouse hippocampus

Abstract Background: Injury to the brain induces dramatic local changes in gene expression, cellular morphology and behavior. Activation of microglial cells occurs as an early event after central nervous system (CNS) injury, but it has not been determined whether such activation plays a causal role in neuronal death. We have investigated this question using an excitotoxin-mediated brain injury model system, in conjunction with an endogenous peptide factor (macrophage/microglial inhibiting factor, MIF) that ablates microglial contribution to the cascade. Results: Using MIF, we inhibited the microglial activation that normally follows excitotoxic injury. In cell culture studies, we found that such inhibition blocked the rapid release of microglia-derived tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an extracellular serine protease made by both neurons and microglia, which we had previously identified as mediating a critical step in excitotoxin-induced neuronal death. Finally, infusion of MIF into the mouse brain prior to excitotoxic insult resulted in the protection of neurons from cell death. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that microglia undertake a neurotoxic role when excitotoxic injury occurs in the CNS. They also suggest that the tPA released from microglia has a critical role in triggering neurodegeneration.
Suppression of erythropoiesis by administration of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone.

Les steroides surrenaux, deoxycorticosterone et corticosterone font diminuer l'erythropoiese chez la souris femelle. La suppression produite par le corticosterone a lieu plus tot et est plus grande que celle qui resulte du traitement au deoxycorticosterone.
Foregut Duplication Cyst Associated with Esophageal Atresia—One-Stage Neonatal Surgical Repair

Foregut duplication cysts can occur anywhere along the foregut-derived structures. Its association with esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is exceptionally rare, the majority of cases being diagnosed at an older age due to symptoms or complications. We present the third reported case in the literature, when diagnosis and treatment were done at the time of repair for EA-TEF.
The small intestine in old mice: growth, alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase activities, and deposition of amyloid.

Abstract In mice of the SWR/J strain the small intestine increases in both absolute and relative weight between 6 and 24 months. Both sexes show this trend, but the greatest weights are attaine in females. The increase in weight involves growth of the epithelium, the villi being taller in old than in young mice. Alkaline phosphatase, maltase, and sucrase specific activities in 2-year-old mice are not significantly different from those in 6-month-old mice at any point along the length of the bowel. Because of the heavier weight of the organ in the old animals, however, the total activity of all enzymes is greater in these animals, the difference being larger in females than in males. The enhancement of intestinal weight is most marked in the terminal fifth of the intestine, which is disproportionately heavy by the end of the first year. The weight increase in this region is due in part to the accumulation of amyloid in the lamina propria in a restricted area close to the ilio-colic junction.
Assessing the Value of Client-Based Group Projects in an Introductory Technical Communication Course:

This article argues for the long-term value of client-based group projects in an introductory technical communication course. Survey results are presented from 73 former technical communication students with two to seven years of workplace experience. Lasting five to six weeks, these projects are a compromise between a briefer conventional case method and a more lengthy individualized internship or cooperative education experience. The projects reinforce research, analysis, and reporting skills, such as interviewing specialists and conducting survey research, that graduates continue to value highly even after years of workplace writing. When framed as such, client-based projects also encourage students to define and debate public policy issues.
Toward the integration of knowledge for engineering modeling and computation

Recent developments in computer science, especially in the area of artificial intelligence (AI), have made possible the representation of knowledge in symbolic terms. This, in turn, has made it possible to represent and integrate a broader range of engineering knowledge so as to provide new kinds of computer support for both analysis and design. This paper presents a typology of engineering knowledge to provide a conceptual basis for its computational integration. A review of the roles of numerical, geometric, and symbolic representations is also given within the context of the knowledge typology. Illustrations are provided from the domain of structural engineering.