cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivesicular Bodies and Multivesicular Endosomes: The "Ins and Outs" of Endosomal Traffic

Multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) are complex intracellular organelles that function in endocytosis. A major function of the endocytic pathway is to sort internalized macromolecules and membrane proteins. Appropriately sorted proteins, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), are incorporated into MVEs before transport to the lysosomal compartment, where degradation occurs. Thus, MVEs operate in the endosome-to-lysosome portion of the pathway. In yeast cells, where MVE formation has been extensively studied, the pathway terminates in the yeast vacuole, which is equivalent to the vertebrate lysosome. MVEs arise by invagination of the limiting membrane of an endosomal vesicle such that many small internal vesicles are formed, hence the term "multivesicular endosome." In part, the internalization and targeting of membrane proteins to the MVE involves ubiquitin, a small protein associated with protein degradation. In reticulocytes and certain antigen-presenting cells, MVEs are routed to the plasma membrane rather than the lysosome, releasing small vesicles called "exosomes" back into the extracellular space.
Reflections on infant intervention programs: what have we learned?

Abstract Clinical appraisal of model infant intervention projects can inform public policy toward improvement of intervention efforts. Examples of model programs are given; problems that arose are described. Tutorial models focussed on the infant may not impel parents to model the tutorial role. Direct work with parents may not be successful unless tutors are highly skilled. Intensive and extensive therapeutic work with families may be required when an infant is at risk for mental health disturbance. Toddlers in group care behave more aggressively unless prosocial teaching is a prominent curriculum component. Responsive caregiving with infants and strong pride in work enhance staff effectiveness.
Intestinal absorption and excretion of octapeptides composed of D amino acids.

Abstract Octapeptides synthesized from D amino acids were absorbed from the intestine and excreted in urine of normal rats drinking 5% glucose/1% creatinine containing the 125I-labeled peptides at 0.1-25 mg/dl. The rats ingested fluid at the rate of about 20 ml/hr and produced urine at 15 ml/hr for several hours during the nocturnal feeding period. Sixty-one +/- 4% of the ingested creatinine and 50 +/- 3% of a lipid-insoluble D octapeptide (EASASYSA, 784 Da) were excreted intact in the urine. The steady-state molar rate of absorption-excretion of creatinine equaled or exceeded the maximum rate of carrier-mediated intestinal transport of glucose, suggesting that both the creatinine and the D octapeptide were transported paracellularly by solvent drag through absorptive cell junctions that were dilated by the glucose. More than 70% of the ingested glucose was also absorbed paracellularly. The results demonstrate that intact oligopeptides can be absorbed efficiently from the intestine when they are not hydrolyzed by membrane-bound peptidases of the brush border. The results also provide support for recent theories proposing that coupling of membrane digestion with paracellular solvent drag accounts for a major fraction of normal intestinal absorption of nutrients.
Epinephrine and the Blood Sugar Level

Summary1. 1000 observations were made at 5, 15, 30, 45 minutes, 1, 1½, 2 and 3 hours after given doses of epinephrine. 2. The blood sugar reaches its highest level in 1½ hours and has not returned to normal in 4 hours. 3. With doses varying from ⅛ to the full dose, the blood sugar increases proportionately with the dosage until ½ the (lose, where the curve flattens out. 4. The smallest deviations are obtained after the shortest interval after the injection, or, after the smallest dose.
Acid-free sol-gel fabrication of quantum-dot thin films for ultrafast nanophotonics research

We demonstrate a method of fabricating silica glass thin films embedded with CdSe quantum dots (QDs). Unlike the conventional sol-gel process, no acid is used to catalyze the gelformation and hence the QDs are preserved.
Keeping Track of Anthrax: The Case for a Biosecurity Convention:

(2002). Keeping track of anthrax: The case for a biosecurity convention. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 57-62.
Polaritons: the electromagnetic modes of media

A detailed discussion of the properties of bulk polaritons in an isotropic dielectric, with a single infrared active optical phonon is given. The phonon and photon strength functions, which provide a useful means of characterizing the polariton are introduced, and polaritons examined in magnetic crystals, anisotropic dielectrics, materials in which spatial dispersion effects and absorption are important. Experimental methods of studying polaritons are reviewed, with emphasis on Raman scattering, non-linear interactions between polaritons and recent experimental studies of non-linear optical phenomena where polaritons in the intermediate state play an important role. The properties of surface polaritons at the interfaces of the isotropic dielectric, anisotropic dielectrics and magnetic media, and experimental methods for the study of surface polaritons are also discussed. The paper concludes with the comparison between the properties of coupled magnon-phonon modes in magnetic crystals and polaritons.
Inverse Molecular Dynamics Modeling Performance on GPU Architectures for a Problem of Fracture

The recent growth of General Purpose Graphic Processor Units (GPGPUs) technologies as well as the ongoing need for linking usability performance with structural materials processing and design across many length and time scales have motivated the present work. The inverse problem of determining the Lennard-Jones potential governing the fracture dynamics of atoms comprising a sheet of metal under tension, is used to examine the feasibility of utilizing efficiently GPGPU architectures. The implementation of this inverse problem under a molecular dynamics framework verifies the ability of this methodology to deliver the intended results. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis is performed on GPGPU-enabled hardware to examine the effect of the size of the problem under consideration on the efficiency of various combinations of GPGPU and Central Processing Unit (CPU) cores. Speedup factors are determined relative to a single core CPU of a quad core processor.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Diffractive and spectroscopic observation of the reversible formation of a surface alloy

Abstract Photoelectron diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy have been used to observe the changes in the geometrical and electronic structure of Au/Cu(001) caused by the variation of temperature and Au surface concentration. We have followed the formation and elimination of a surface alloy and probed the phase transformation between overlayer and surface alloy. This reversible reaction, in which the Au is first substituted into a Cu surface lattice and then extracted with additional Au, was monitored with the above techniques in an angle-resolving mode, utilizing synchrotron radiation and resonance lamp emission. Our measurements include observing variations in the energies, widths and intensities of the alloy surface state and Au 4f core level, incorporating high resolution binding energy shifts as well as photoelectron diffraction. An almost complete segregation of the Au and Cu is achieved in the deformation of the alloy, despite its reputed stability and strong resemblance to Cu3Au(001).
The making of the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting

The authors, who jointly serve as the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) executive, reflect on the three‐year history of the OAI. Three years of technical work recently culminated in the release of a stable production version 2 of the OAI Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI‐PMH). This technical product, the work that led up to it, and the process that made it possible have attracted some favor from the digital library and information community. The paper explores a number of factors in the history of the OAI that the authors believe have contributed to this positive response. The factors include focus on a defined problem statement, an operational model in which strong leadership is balanced with solicited participation, a healthy dose of community building and support, and sensible technical decisions.
A method of determining the slag-resistance of refractories

Presentation d'un appareillage et d'une methode pour la mesure de la resistance aux scories d'echantillons de refractaires
A Characterization of Some Graph Classes with No Long Holes

We give a characterization of a hierarchy of graph classes with no long holes in which each class excludes some long antiholes. Al one end of the hierarchy is the class of graphs with no long holes. At the other end is the class of weakly triangulated graphs. The characterization has the flavor of that for triangulated graphs: G is a triangulated graph if and only if every induced subgraph H of G is either a clique or has two nonadjacent simplicial vertices of H.
Isolation and characterization of the nuclear acceptor that binds the progesterone-receptor complex in hen oviduct.

Progesterone binds to the nuclear chromatin of hen oviduct cells within minutes after its administration. This is followed by alterations in the RNA polymerase activities (15–30 min after treatment) and the appearance of specific messenger RNA (2 hr after treatment). It appears that the first nuclear event resulting in changes in gene expression represents the chromatin binding. Further characterization of this nuclear interaction, involving the administration of multiple doses of progesterone to estrogen‐treated immature chicks, revealed the presence of several classes of nuclear binding sites in the oviduct. Comparisons of serum progesterone levels and responses of RNA polymerase I and II activities with the nuclear binding indicated that the highest‐affinity classes of sites (∼ 10,000 sites per cell) are the biologically important ones. Binding studies in vitro, using isolated progesterone‐receptor complex, also reveal the presence of these multiple classes of sites. The highest‐affinity class of nucle...
Happy Doing Good? How Workers' Career Orientations and Job Satisfaction Relate in Grassroots Human Services

Job satisfaction has long been a focus of human services managers and researchers. Yet recent trends in what workers want from their jobs and careers may challenge the current understanding of this...
Partial characterization of the highly complex fucolipids from gastric mucosa

Abstract Six highly complex fucolipids containing 18, 20–21, 24, 28, 32, and 35–36 sugar residues, respectively, have been isolated from hog gastric mucosa. All six compounds exhibited blood-group (A+H) activities, and were different from each other with respect to the number of fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine residues. Based on the results of chemical, immunological and enzymatic analyses, we suggest that the carbohydrate chains of these glycolipids are highly branched. The branches, number of which is proportional to the degree of molecular complexity, are terminated by GalNAcα1→3(Fucα1→2)Gal, Fucα1→2Gal, Galβ→GlcNAc and βGlcNAc.
Development of the Brain Stem in the Rat. I. Thymidine-Radiographic Study of the Time of Origin of Neurons of the Lower Medulla

Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12+13) until the day before birth (E21+22). In adult progeny of the injected rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific days was determined quantitatively in the major nuclei of the lower medulla. The earliest generated cells form two motor nuclei: the hypoglossal and dorsal vagal nuclei. The bulk of hypoglossal neurons are produced on day E12, with a small proportion earlier; the bulk of dorsal vagal neurons are produced, likewise, on day E12, with a small proportion on day E13. The neurons of the third motor nucleus of the region, the ambiguus, are generated later, with a peak on day E15. Neurons of the sensory relay nuclei, the gracilis, cuneatus, and solitarius are produced over a more extended period, with peaks on day E13; the exception was the external cuneate nucleus in which peak generation time was on day E15. In the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal complex, neurons of the subnucleus magnocellularis arise earliest, with a peak on day E14, and those of the subnucleus marginalis last, with a peak on day E15, and extending into day E16. The neurons of the nuclei raphe pallidus and obscurus, and of the dorsal and ventral portions of the caudal medullary reticular formation, are produced between days E12 and E15, without any obvious peaks. The neurons of the nucleus parasolitarius and the nucleus of Roller are produced relatively late, and the area postrema contains a germinal cell population throughout the embryonic period, presumably supplying cells to the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. On the basis of absolute datings, duration of neuron production, intranuclear and internuclear gradients, and other criteria, it is postulated that the neurons of the lower medulla are derived from at least eight different cytogenetic zones.
Laboratory study of nitrogen and phosphorus remineralization during the decomposition of coastal plankton and seston

The decomposition of cultured marine phytoplankton (Skeletonema costatum) and natural estuarine seston from Narragansett Bay, RI, was studied at two temperatures (8°C and 18°C) in bottles containing sterile bay-water (30‰) and in bay-water with micro-organisms small enough to pass through a glass fibre filter (nominally < 1μ). About 50% of the particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and particulate phosphorus (PP) was immediately released to the water in dissolved organic forms from both types of organic matter. Comparison of changes in the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) fraction in the sterile and non-sterile systems indicated that nearly all of the DON initially released was subsequently remineralized. Ammonification proceeded only in non-sterile bay-water. 20–25% of the PP was converted to dissolved inorganic-P (DIP) fraction after only 7 h in both sterile and non-sterile bay-water. Following autolytic releases of DON, DOP and DIP the initial rates of N and P remineralization were temperature dependent: Q10 values for PON and PP decay during first phase of microbially mediated decomposition ranged from 1·3 to 6·4. Rates of remineralization then slowed so that about equal amounts of nutrients were remineralized (45–50% of the N and 57–60% of the P in the phytoplankton and 60–63% of the N and 36–60% of the P in the natural seston) after 30 days storage at either temperature. During 30 days of decomposition in non-sterile seawater the NP ratios in the dissolved inorganic fractions converged on the ratios of total-N/total-P initially present in the bottles. Kinetic analysis of the decay of total organic-N (TON) and total organic-P (TOP) in the non-sterile systems and analysis of similar sets found in the literature showed that the initial stages of the decomposition of N and P from planktonic POM in vitro could be modelled as the sequential decay, at first-order rates, of two particulate fractions. The first, more labile, fraction comprised about 60% of the particulate N and P. First-order rate constants (−k, base e) for decomposition during the 1st and 2nd phases were 0·02 to 0·2 day−1 and 0·003 to 0·02 day−1, respectively. The decay rates are far too slow to account for the ‘rapid in situ recycling’ of nutrients needed to support phytoplankton production when other means of nutrient resupply (by advection, fixation, rainfall, etc.) are very low.
Induction of genes during apoptosis: examples from the immune system

The immune system provides many examples of cell populations that are susceptible to the induction of apoptosis. Self-reactive immature cells are deleted by triggering apoptosis. Additionally, mature peripheral lymphocytes are induced to undergo apoptosis, particularly when hyperactivated. In the past few years, several genes have been linked to cell death in lymphoid cells. However, only a handful of these genes has been shown to be required for cell death to occur in the immune system. This review focuses on signals known to mediate apoptosis in the immune system and those genes demonstrated to be required for the induction of cell death.
Ocean nutrient distribution and oxygenation: limits on the formation of warm saline bottom water over the past 91 m.y.

It has been proposed that deep-water formation in the oceans would be quite different during geologic intervals with reduced equator to pole temperature gradients. Salinity, rather than temperature, differences might drive the deep-ocean circulation. Saline water would tend to form at subtropical latitudes where evaporation exceeds precipitation. We point out a likely consequence of warm saline bottom-water formation on ocean chemistry—the tendency to drive the ocean toward anoxia. This effect is not due to the previously noted lower oxygen solubility with increasing ocean temperature, but rather to the increased efficiency with which plankton will extract nutrients from convecting waters at low latitudes. The present ocean nutrient content is sufficient to induce deep-water anoxia if circulation were to change, yet anoxia is rare in the paleoceanographic record. A simple ocean chemical model makes explicit the tradeoffs between mean ocean nutrient content and circulation parameters that will satisfy the geologic observations of an oxygenated ocean since the mid-Cretaceous. Barring decreases of ocean phosphate on the order of 30%-50%', deep-water formation at high latitudes was a major source of ocean ventilation in the warmer past.
How Well Does the U.S. Social Insurance System Provide Social Insurance

We analyze the insurance provided by the U.S. social security and income tax system within a model in which agents receive idiosyncratic, wage rate shocks that are privately observed. We consider two reforms: a piecemeal reform that optimally chooses the social security benefit function and a radical reform that eliminates the entire social insurance system and replaces it with an optimal tax on lifetime earnings. The radical reform outperforms the piecemeal reform and achieves nearly all of the maximum possible welfare gain when wages differ permanently over the lifetime. When wage shocks match properties in U.S. data, the piecemeal reform outperforms the radical reform.
Effects of clonidine in the locus coeruleus on prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent measures of attention and memory in the rat.

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the source of norepinephrine (NE) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus and may influence cognitive functions of these areas. Chronic effects of LC-NE lesions do not correspond consistently with acute effects of systemic or intracortical injections of adrenergic agents. These studies aim to manipulate LC activity pharmacologically and study acute effects on measures of attention and memory that depend on the PFC and hippocampus. Rats were trained to criterion for one of three tasks: visuospatial reaction time (VSRT), a measure of attention sensitive to PFC lesions, delayed matching trained with retractable levers (DM-RL), and delayed nonmatching trained in radial mazes (DNM-RM), measures of spatial working memory sensitive to PFC and hippocampal lesions, respectively. LC activity was manipulated with bilateral 0.5-μl injections of the alpha-2 agonist clonidine (0, 1.1, 4.5, and 18 nmol). Clonidine produced significant dose-dependent impairments of VSRT, affecting choice response time at the 18-nmol dose and choice accuracy at the 4.5- and 18-nmol doses. Clonidine had no effect on DMRL or DNM-RM at any of the doses tested. Reversible reduction of LC-NE activity by clonidine impaired measures of visuospatial attention sensitive to PFC lesions but were insufficient to affect PFC- or hippocampal-dependent measures of spatial working memory. These results are consistent with reports that LC-NE lesions produce chronic deficits in attention with little or no effect on measures of working memory.
Detection of hazardous chemicals using field-portable Raman spectroscopy

A major challenge confronting emergency response, border control, and other security-related functions is the accurate, rapid, and safe identification of potentially hazardous chemicals outside a laboratory environment. Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, non-intrusive technique that can be used to confidently identify many classes of hazardous and potentially explosive compounds based on molecular vibration information. Advances in instrumentation now allow reliable field - portable measurements to be made. Before the Raman technique can be effectively applied and be accepted within the scientific community, realistic studies must be performed to develop methods, define limitations, and rigorously evaluate its effectiveness. Examples of a variety of chemicals (including neat and diluted chemical warfare [CW] agents, a CW agent precursor, a biological warfare (BW)-related compound, an illicit drug, and explosives) identified using Raman spectroscopy in various types of containers and on surfaces are given, as well as results from a blind field test of 29 unknown samples which included CW agent precursors and/or degradation products, solvents associated with CW agent production, pesticides, explosives, and BW toxins (mostly mycotoxins). Additionally, results of experimental studies to evaluate the analysis of flammable organic solvents, propellants, military explosives, mixtures containing military explosives, shock-sensitive explosives, and gun powders are described with safety guidelines. Spectral masks for screening unknown samples for explosives and nerve agents are given.
Equivalence training for non-EEA dentists: a way forward?

In order for a qualified overseas dentist from outside the European Economic Area (EEA) to work in the NHS they must undergo a period of supervised practice and acquire the knowledge equivalent to ...
Numerical computation of rectangular bivariate and trivariate normal and t probabilities

Algorithms for the computation of bivariate and trivariate normal and t probabilities for rectangles are reviewed. The algorithms use numerical integration to approximate transformed probability distribution integrals. A generalization of Plackett's formula is derived for bivariate and trivariate t probabilities. New methods are described for the numerical computation of bivariate and trivariate t probabilities. Test results are provided, along with recommendations for the most efficient algorithms for single and double precision computations.
Anticipation of future interaction and the bystander effect

Abstract Previous research suggests that people are slower to offer help in an emergency when there are other witnesses than when there are not. This finding has come to be known as the bystander effect. In research that has demonstrated this effect, however, the other witnesses were invariably anonymous others who had no relationship with the subject and with whom the subject probably did not expect to interact again. The present research examined the hypothesis that the expectation of participating in subsequent face-to-face interaction with other bystanders would cause the bystander effect to be minimized. Female college students were led to believe either that they would have no personal contact with the other participants in an ostensible group discussion, or that the participants would be involved in a later face-to-face discussion session. Each subject then participated in what she believed to be an anonymous discussion via intercoms, involving either one person or five persons beside herself. During this period, an ostensible co-subject experienced a choking fit. Help was offered more quickly among subjects who expected future interaction than among those who did not. In the no future interaction condition, latencies to help were longer in six-member than in two-member groups, but the comparable difference, although in the same direction, was not reliable among subjects who expected interaction. Presence of male “co-subjects” in an exploratory condition failed to inhibit helping. Discussion centers on the broader implications of the findings.
Academic Freedom Issues for Academic Librarians

Professors Danner and Bintliff argue that understanding academic freedom and faculty tenure is important for academic librarians, both to gain better perspective on the concerns of faculty researchers and teachers, and to highlight matters of common concern to librarians and faculty. The authors discuss the basic tenets of academic freedom and tenure, then compare academic freedom with the intellectual freedom concerns of librarians. The article concludes by introducing several current issues of importance to librarians, faculty, and everyone concerned with academic freedom on university campuses.
A unified approach to evolving plasticity and neural geometry

An ambitious long-term goal for neuroevolution, which studies how artificial evolutionary processes can be driven to produce brain-like structures, is to evolve neurocontrollers with a high density of neurons and connections that can adapt and learn from past experience. Yet while neuroevolution has produced successful results in a variety of domains, the scale of natural brains remains far beyond reach. This paper unifies a set of advanced neuroevolution techniques into a new method called adaptive evolvable-substrate HyperNEAT, which is a step toward more biologically-plausible artificial neural networks (ANNs). The combined approach is able to fully determine the geometry, density, and plasticity of an evolving neuromodulated ANN. These complementary capabilities are demonstrated in a maze-learning task based on similar experiments with animals. The most interesting aspect of this investigation is that the emergent neural structures are beginning to acquire more natural properties, which means that neuroevolution can begin to pose new problems and answer deeper questions about how brains evolved that are ultimately relevant to the field of AI as a whole.
Dermatitis por contacto en Pediatría: revisión de opiniones actuales

Resumen En un pasado no muy distante, en los Estados Unidos de America se consideraba la dermatitis por contacto una entidad que afectaba principalmente a la poblacion adulta. Este diagnostico era distintivamente menos habitual entre ninos, comparado con adultos, principalmente debido a la creencia de que en los ninos, el sistema inmune era inmaduro y que en general estaban expuestos a una menor cantidad de alergenos. Con esto en mente, la baja prevalencia comunicada en el pasado se debe tambien en parte a que la mayoria de los ninos afectados no fueron, y aun no son, apropiadamente evaluados por medio de pruebas epicutaneas. Mientras que la prueba del parche en ninos requiere ciertas modificaciones de la tecnica, la informacion internacional de la ultima decada, y los datos estadounidenses comunicados en el ultimo ano, indican que la dermatitis por contacto en la poblacion pediatrica es una condicion comun e igualmente prevalente en ninos que en adultos.
Osteopetrosis, Hypophosphatemia, and Phosphaturia in a Young Man: A Case Presentation and Differential Diagnosis

We report the case of a 30-year-old African-American male with osteopetrosis and hypophosphatemia, presenting with diffuse myalgias. Laboratory evaluation performed revealed a low serum phosphorus level with urinary phosphate wasting, low calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, as well as elevated alkaline phosphatase. Skull and pelvic radiographs revealed high bone density consistent with high bone mass found on bone mineral density reports. PHEX gene mutation analysis was negative. Patient was started on calcium and phosphorus replacement, and he clinically improved. This paper will review the different subtypes of osteopetrosis, and the evaluation of hypophosphatemia.
Do Children Read the Children’s Literature Adults Recommend? A Comparison of Adults’ and Children’s Annual “Best” Lists in the United States 1975–2005

A content analysis of two annual lists of the “best” children’s books in the United States was conducted to discover whether adults’ and children’s views overlap or diverge. All the children’s books on two prominent lists were included for the years 1975 to 2005 (for books published from 1974 to 2004): the American Library Association’s Notable Children’s Books (chosen by a committee of librarians) and the International Reading Association’s Children’s Choices (chosen by children). Analyses reveal that instead of an expected 50% overlap of titles (chosen to offer each perspective equal status), there is only a 4.36% overlap averaged for a thirty year period. Using a test of proportions, the difference is significant for each year and overall at the p < .01 level. The results suggest a significant divergence between the providers and consumers of children’s literature. Relatively few authors were appreciated by both groups, most being preferred by one and not the other. Award winning books prominent on the...
RN-BSN completion programs: equipping nurses for the future

The Institute of Medicine has outlined important components needed in nursing education to prepare the nursing workforce of the future. Previously published work on RN to BSN education has focused mainly on mode of delivery. The purpose of this paper is to examine RN to BSN program components for the facilitation of academic progression, innovative mechanisms of student engagement, and the curricular components that prepare graduates to meet future nursing challenges. Academic progression factors discussed include those relevant to recruiting RNs to BSN completion programs and factors important to retaining them through graduation. Recommendations for student engagement include the creation of honors programs, ethics teams, and practicum and service learning experiences. Suggestions for curriculum possibilities specifically address meeting the call of the Institute of Medicine report including content in community/public health, informatics, evidence-based practice, ethics, and health policy.
Reconstruction of nuclear charged fragment trajectories from a large-gap sweeper magnet

A new method to reconstruct charged fragment four-momentum vectors from measured trajectories behind an open, large gap, magnetic dispersion element (a sweeper magnet) has been developed. In addition to the position and angle behind the magnet it includes the position measurement in the dispersive direction at the target. The method improves the energy and angle resolution of the reconstruction significantly for experiments with fast rare isotopes, where the beam size at the target position is large.
Rate measurement of reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals with nitrogen dioxide

Abstract The kinetics of CF3 radicals with NO2 have been investigated. CF3 radicals were generated by infrared multiphoton dissociation of CF3I in the presence of NO2. The absolute reaction rate constant was measured at 300±4 K as (2.5±0.4)×10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 from monitoring the rise time of CF2O time-resolved vibrational fluorescence.
Binding of bovine factor Va to phosphatidylcholine membranes

The interaction of bovine factor Va with phosphatidylcholine membranes was examined using four different fluorescence techniques: 1) changes in the fluorescence anisotropy of the fluorescent membrane probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) to monitor the interaction of factor Va with 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), 2) changes in the fluorescence anisotropy of N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) diacyl phosphati-dylethanolamine (Rh-PE) incorporated into SUVs prepared from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), 3) changes in the fluorescence anisotropy of fluorescein-labeled factor Va (labeled in the heavy chain) upon interaction with POPC SUVs, 4) fluorescence energy transfer from fluorescein-labeled factor Va to rhodamine-labeled POPC SUVs. In the first two sets of experiments, labeled lipid vesicles were titrated with unlabeled protein, whereas, in the latter two types of experiments, labeled factor Va was titrated with vesicles. For the weak binding observed here, it was impossible from any one binding experiment to obtain precise estimates of the three parameters involved in modeling the lipid-protein interaction, namely, the dissociation constant Kd, the stoichiometry of binding i, and the saturation value of the observable Rmax from any one experiment. However, a global analysis of the four data sets involving POPC SUVs yielded a stable estimate of the binding parameters (Kd of approximately 3.0 microM and a stoichiometry of approximately 200 lipids per bound factor Va). Binding to DMPC SUVs may be of slightly higher affinity. These observations support the contention that association of factor Va with a membrane involves a significant acidic-lipid-independent interaction along with the more commonly accepted acidic-lipid-dependent component of the total binding free energy.
Therapeutic plasma exchange and cytapheresis in pediatric patients.

Abstract Pediatric therapeutic apheresis is reviewed including what it is, how it is performed and indications for its use. Pediatric patients are special, and the unique needs for replacement fluids and attention to access, anticoagulation, volume shifts and hypothermia are stressed. While all indications cannot be addressed, the procedures most commonly performed are reviewed. These include erythrocytaphereses, leukaphereses and plasma exchanges. A table details the strength of evidence supporting the use of apheresis procedures for many of these indications.
Tensile fracture and shear localization under high loading rate in tungsten alloys

The influence of loading rate and microstructure on the tensile and compressive failure properties of three microstructurally dissimilar tungsten alloys has been investigated. Dynamic tensile fracture properties were characterized through fracture toughness tests performed at a stress intensity loading rate of 106 MPa $\sqrt{{\rm m}}$ s-1, and by tensile testing at a strain rate of 103 s-1. Shear banding phenomena were investigated by means of compression tests performed at strain rates of 5 ×103 s-1. Under rapid loading conditions, nickel-cobalt-tungsten alloys were found to be tougher than nickel-iron-tungsten alloys ; the tungsten/tungsten interface was identified as the governing microstructural factor. Quantitative micromodeling using simple fracture models was found to provide a mean of correlating toughness with microstructures. Compression-induced shear localization was found to be facilitated within systems characterized by either elongated tungsten particles or an adiabatic shear-prone matrix. The shear band width was observed to be proportional to tungsten particle size.
Hysterectomy: Patient oriented perspectives

Abstract Hysterectomy is the second most common surgical procedure performed on women, the most common being cesarean section. Women often undergo hysterectomies to improve their quality of life. Under these circumstances, the gain from the procedure must justify the potential risks. Indications for surgery include symptomatic leiomyomas, chronic pelvic pain, endometriosis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, genital prolapse, infection, obstetrical indications, and cancer. Techniques involve the abdominal, vaginal, or combined laparoscopic approaches, with the latter two being more desirable because recovery time is considerably shorter. Medical complications include urinary, gastrointestinal, infectious, hemorrhagic, and those concerning anesthesia. Postoperative deep venous thrombosis and complications from preexisting conditions are also concerns. Psychosexual complications involve sexual dysfunction and depression. Preoperative counseling and postoperative estrogen replacement therapy may be helpful. Additional concerns include the issues of ovarian conservation and hormone replacement therapy relating to cardiovascular and osteoporotic risk, as well as to overall psychosexual function.
Interaction of an unstable planar jet with an oscillating leading edge

An inherently unstable jet impinges upon a leading edge oscillating at controlled frequency and displacement amplitude, giving rise to two coexisting instability waves in the jet: one at the self-excited frequency of the jet; and the other at the controlled frequency of the edge displacement. Correspondingly there is an unsteady loading of the edge at these two frequencies. Simultaneous edge pressure and jet velocity measurements allow insight into the upstream influence, arising from the edge loading, on the jet oscillations. This upstream influence initially distorts the jet at the nozzle exit and causes non-homogeneous phase variations along the streamwise extent of the jet. A simple superposition model which includes upstream-induced velocities and instability-wave velocities effectively simulates these distortions. The jet oscillations synchronize with the frequency of the controlled edge oscillations for excitation frequencies close to those of the natural jet oscillations. Measurement of the pressure amplitudes on the edge surface shows resonance of the component at the excitation frequency within the synchronization range, and attenuation of the component at the self-excited frequency close to the synchronization range. Depending on the amplitude of edge displacement, synchronization is achieved either by quenching of the self-excited component or by phaselocking of the self-excited component to the excitation frequency. Phase measurements between edge displacement and surface pressure fluctuation allow determination of the direction of energy transfer between the flow and the edge. Flow-visualization performed simultaneously with pressure measurements gives insight into the relation between impinging vortical structures and pressure fluctuations. Time-sequence photographs allow analysis of the modulation of the flow structure due to coexistence of the self-excited and the externally excited jet instabilities. Vortex coalescence involving vortices of like sense, as well as typical formations of pairs of counter-rotating vortices, are observed. Retardation of the development of the jet vortex pattern occurs when the energy transfer from the flow to the edge is a maximum. At high excitation frequency, the large-scale jet structure recovers to that occurring in absence of edge oscillations.
Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA and Allozyme Evolution in the Avian Genus Ammodramus

Analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and allozymes were used to estimate phylogenetic patterns in the avian genus Ammodramus. Levels of interspecific genetic differen- tiation were greater than most previous estimates for other congeneric avian taxa. Phenetic and phylogenetic patterns were highly concordant for these two genetically independent data sets, suggesting a robust estimate of the evolutionary history of these sparrows. However, the genetic pattern was not concordant with an estimate of variation in skeletal morphometrics produced by Robins and Schnell (1971); we suggest that ecological pressures effect convergence in skeletal morphology. Independent calibrations of mtDNA and allozyme distances suggest times of di- vergence that differ by a factor of two among the species assayed. (Phylogeny reconstruction; mitochondrial DNA; allozymes; cladistics; phenetics.)
Where in the string landscape is quintessence

We argue that quintessence may reside in certain corners of the string landscape. It arises as a linear combination of internal space components of higher-rank forms, which are axionlike at low energies, and may mix with 4-forms after compactification of the Chern-Simons terms to 4D due to internal space fluxes. The mixing induces an effective mass term, with an action which preserves the axion shift symmetry, breaking it spontaneously after the background selection. With several axions, several 4-forms, and a low string scale, as in one of the setups already invoked for dynamically explaining a tiny residual vacuum energy in string theory, the 4D mass matrix generated by random fluxes may have ultralight eigenmodes over the landscape, which are quintessence. We illustrate how this works in the simplest cases, and outline how to get the lightest mass to be comparable to the Hubble scale now, ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}33}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. The shift symmetry protects the smallest mass from perturbative corrections in field theory. Further, if the ultralight eigenmode does not couple directly to any sector strongly coupled at a high scale, the nonperturbative field theory corrections to its potential will also be suppressed. Finally, if the compactification length is larger than the string length by more than an order of magnitude, the gravitational corrections may remain small too, even when the field value approaches ${M}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$.
Fractional Quantization of the Hall Effect: A Hierarchy of Incompressible Quantum Fluid States

With use of spherical geometry, a translationally invariant version of Laughlin's proposed "incompressible quantum fluid" state of the two-dimensional electron gas is formulated, and extended to a hierarchy of continued-fraction Landau-level filling factors $\ensuremath{\nu}$. Observed anomalies at $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{2}{5},\frac{2}{7}$ are explained by fluids deriving from a $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{3}$ parent.
UAV-borne X-band radar for collision avoidance

The increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is coincidentally accompanied by a notable lack of sensors suitable for enabling further improvement in levels of autonomy and, consequently, integration into the National Airspace System (NAS). The majority of available sensors suitable for UAV integration into the NAS are based on infrared detectors, focal plane arrays, optical and ultrasonic rangefinders, etc. These sensors are generally not able to detect or identify other UAV-sized targets and, when detection is possible, considerable computational power is typically required for successful identification. Furthermore, the performance of visual-range optical sensor systems may suffer when operating under conditions that are typically encountered during search and rescue, surveillance, combat, and most other common UAV applications. However, the addition of a miniature RADAR sensor can, in consort with other sensors, provide comprehensive target detection and identification capabilities for UAVs. This trend is observed in manned aviation where RADAR sensors are the primary on-board detection and identification sensors. In this paper, a miniature, lightweight X-band RADAR sensor for use on a miniature (710-mm rotor diameter) rotorcraft is described. We present an analysis of the performance of the RADAR sensor in a realistic scenario with two UAVs. Additionally, an analysis of UAV navigation and collision avoidance behaviors is performed to determine the effect of integrating RADAR sensors into UAVs. Further study is also performed to demonstrate the scalability of the RADAR for use with larger UAV classes.
Ocean Preconditioning of Cyclone Nargis in the Bay of Bengal: Interaction between Rossby Waves, Surface Fresh Waters, and Sea Surface Temperatures*

An in-depth data analysis was conducted to understand the occurrence of a strong sea surface temperature (SST)frontinthecentralBayofBengalbeforetheformationofCycloneNargisinApril2008.Nargischanged itscourseafterencounteringthefrontandtrackedalongthefrontuntilmakinglandfall.Oneuniquefeatureof this SST front was its coupling with high sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs), which is unusual for a basin where SST is normally uncorrelated with SSHA. The high SSHAs were associated with downwelling Rossby waves, and theinteraction betweendownwelling andsurface fresh waterswas a key mechanismto accountfor the observed SST‐SSHA coupling. The near-surface salinity field in the bay is characterized by strong stratification and a pronounced horizontal gradient, with low salinity in the northeast. During the passage of downwelling Rossby waves, freshening of the surface layer was observed when surface velocities were southwestward. Horizontal convergence of freshwater associated with downwelling Rossby waves increased the buoyancy of the upper layer and causedthemixedlayertoshoaltowithinafewmetersofthesurface.Surfaceheatingtrappedinthethinmixed layer caused the fresh layer to warm, whereas the increase in buoyancy from low-salinity waters enhanced the high SSHA associated with Rossby waves. Thus, high SST coincided with high SSHA. The dominant role of salinity in controlling high SSHA suggests that caution should be exercised when computing hurricane heat potential in the bay from SSHA. This situation is different from most tropical oceans, where temperature has the dominant effect on SSHA.
Optimal robust path planning in general environments

We address robust path planning for a mobile agent in a general environment by finding minimum cost source-destination paths having prescribed widths. The main result is a new approach that optimally solves the robust path planning problem using an efficient network flow formulation. Our algorithm represents a significant departure from conventional shortest-path or graph search based methods; it not only handles environments with solid polygonal obstacles, but also generalizes to arbitrary cost maps that may arise in modeling incomplete or uncertain knowledge of the environment. Simple extensions allow us to address higher dimensional problem instances and minimum-surface computations; the latter is a result of independent interest. We use an efficient implementation to exhibit optimal path-planning solutions for a variety of test problems. The paper concludes with open issues and directions for future work. >
Non-hierarchical logistic models and case-only designs for assessing susceptibility in population-based case-control studies

This article describes how genetic components of disease susceptibility can be evaluated in case-control studies, where cases and controls are sampled independently from the population at large. Subjects are assumed unrelated, in contrast to studies of familial aggregation and linkage. The logistic model can be used to test collapsibility over phenotypes or genotypes, and to estimate interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Such interactions provide an example of a context where non-hierarchical models make sense biologically. Also, if the exposure and genetic categories occur independently and the disease is rare, then analyses based only on cases are valid, and offer better precision for estimating gene-environment interactions than those based on the full data.
Effectiveness of a Cloning and Sequencing Exercise on Student Learning with Subsequent Publication in the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank

With rapid advances in biotechnology and molecular biology, instructors are challenged to not only provide undergraduate students with hands-on experiences in these disciplines but also to engage t...
Frequency control of hydrogen masers using high accuracy calibrations

We apply a method for calculating standard uncertainty and optimize frequency control of a hydrogen maser which is calibrated from time to time against a cesium fountain primary frequency standard having a very small uncertainty. Realistic noise models for two types of maser are used. We compare the uncertainty resulting from different fitting procedures during the calibration runs, compare causal and acausal frequency control, and find optimum weights for a series of calibration runs. >