cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of retro- and scenario-modeling to assess effects of 100+ years river of engineering and land-cover change on Middle and Lower Mississippi River flood stages

Summary Since the 19th century, the Middle and Lower Mississippi River (MMR and LMR) have been intensively modified for flood protection and commercial navigation. In order to quantify the effects of levee expansion, channel modification, and land-cover change upon flood stages, we have developed 1-D unsteady-flow models of multiple historical reference conditions (“retro-models”) for three large study reaches (225–315 km each): one along the MMR and two reaches along the LMR. For each reference condition, four 1-D unsteady-flow models were developed. These models include a calibrated model of actual conditions and three “scenario” models: (1) a model with levees of the next time step, (2) a model with the channel geometry of the next time step, and (3) a model with floodplain roughness (i.e., land cover) of the next time step. Comparison of the model for actual conditions and the scenario models provide a quantitative assessment of levee expansion, channel modification, and land-cover change on stage. Scenario modeling suggests that the majority (38–70%) of the changes in flood stage on the LMR and MMR study reaches can be attributed to changes in channel geometry and hydraulic roughness. Levees were the next largest contributor to changes in flood stage. For time steps with significant levee expansion, these structures increase stage up to 1.0 m. Observed changes in floodplain land cover were associated with little (or none) of the increase in flood stage. These result show changes in channel geometry and roughness related to river engineering tools employed for improving navigation and flood protection are the principal drivers of historic changes in flood stages along these investigated reaches.
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy during novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection

A novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus was recently identified in Mexico. Some cases of infection with neurological complications have been reported to date. We report a case of acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with the novel H1N1 virus in a 2-year-old European girl who suddenly developed fever, seizures, and altered mental status. Brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral symmetrical lesions of the insulae, thalami, geniculate bodies, and pons tegmentum suggestive of an acute necrotizing encephalopathy. An involvement of meninges and spinal cord was observed configuring an acute necrotizing meningoencephalomyelitis.
Is dangerousness a myth? Injuries and police encounters with people with mental illnesses

Research Summary This study examined all "use-of-force" reports collected by the Portland Police Bureau in Portland, Oregon, between 2008 and 2011, to determine whether their encounters with people with mental illnesses are more likely to result in injury to officers or subjects when force is used. Although several factors significantly predicted the likelihood of injury to either subjects or officers, mental illness was not one of them. Policy Implications Police consider interactions with people with mental illnesses to be extremely dangerous (Margarita, 1980). Our results question the accuracy of this belief. As such, this "dangerousness" assertion may result in unnecessary stigmatization that may prevent people with mental illnesses from accessing needed services (cf. Corrigan et al., 2005) as witnesses or victims of crime. Policies that reduce stigma may help increase police effectiveness. Furthermore, efforts should be made to increase the availability and accuracy of data on this issue. Language: en
Spatiotemporal coupling between speech and manual motor actions

Much evidence has been found for pervasive links between the manual and speech motor systems, including evidence from infant development, deictic pointing, and repetitive tapping and speaking tasks. We expand on the last of these paradigms to look at intra- and cross-modal effects of emphatic stress, as well as the effects of coordination in the absence of explicit rhythm. In this study, subjects repeatedly tapped their finger and synchronously repeated a single spoken syllable. On each trial, subjects placed an emphatic stress on one finger tap or one spoken syllable. Results show that both movement duration and magnitude are affected by emphatic stress regardless of whether that stress is in the same domain (e.g., effects on the oral articulators when a spoken repetition is stressed) or across domains (e.g., effects on the oral articulators when a tap is stressed). Though the size of the effects differs between intra-and cross-domain emphases, the implementation of stress affects both motor domains, indicating a tight connection. This close coupling is seen even in the absence of stress, though it is highlighted under stress. The results of this study support the idea that implementation of prosody is not domain-specific but relies on general aspects of the motor system.
Feasibility of sharpening limited-angle tomography by including an orthogonal set of projections

In single photon emission nuclear medicine, computed tomography systems that employ only a limited angular range of projection data suffer from blurring in the depth (or z) direction. With simulated, data, we show that including a second set of projections taken in an orthogonal direction sharpens the image in the z direction. For heart applications, this sharpening improves the sizing of a simulated 2 cm diameter "hot" infarct by 39%. It also should improve the contrast of "cold" infarcts by eliminating blurring from other planes, but here we have found a complication, in that, with the present approximate algorithm, effects from the lack of symmetry in two-view tomography may overshadow benefits from contrast improvement. Further simulation study is called for.
A Healthy Trend: Less food used in fundraising and as rewards and incentives in Minnesota middle and high schools

Objective To assess change in the four year prevalence (2006–2009) of the use of food in school fundraising and as rewards and incentives for students, following implementation of federal legislation in the United States in 2006.
Nurses and Doulas: Complementary Roles to Provide Optimal Maternity Care

Staff in maternity‐care facilities are seeing an increase in doulas, nonmedical childbirth assistants, who are trained to provide continuous physical, emotional, and informational labor support. The long‐term medical and psychosocial benefits are well documented. In this article, misconceptions about the doula's role are corrected, and suggestions are offered on ways to improve communication between health care providers and doulas. Together, nurses and doulas can provide birthing women with a safe and satisfying birth. JOGNN , 35, 304‐311; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00041.x
Effect of CO2 concentration on phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol metabolism in surfactant and residual lung fractions.

An investigation of the effect of change of total COP concentration from 7 to 43 mM at pH 7.35 in the medium perfusing isolated rat lungs on (U-I4C)- glucose incorporation into lung phospholipids has been carried out. The incorporation of (U-14C)glucose into phos- phatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol of the surfactant fraction and of the remaining lung tissue (residual frac- tion) was observed. Increased CO, concentration increased (U-14C)glucose incorporation into phosphatidylcholine of the surfactant fraction and residual fraction by 43 and 50%, respectively, during a 2 hr perfusion. Likewise, incorporation of (U-14C)glucose into phosphatidylglycerol was increased 22 and 34% into the surfactant and residual fractions, respectively. The percentage of (U-14C)glucose incorporated into the fatty acid moieties of phosphatidyl- choline of both fractions increased as a result of in- creased CO, concentration. The increase in the incorpora- tion of (U-14C)glucose into the fatty acid moieties of phosphatidylcholine was confirmed by an average increase of 56 and 77% in the specific activity of palmitic acid isolated from phosphatidylcholine of the surfactant and residual fraction, respectively, as a result of increased CO, concentration. The results suggest that alteration in extracellular CO, concentration affects the de novo syn- thesis from glucose of phosphatidylcholine and phospha- tidylglycerol of the surfactant-lipoprotein fraction of lung.
Corrosion detection and control

Considers briefly the history of corrosion in metallic aircraft. Summarizes the different types of corrosion which affect aircraft and the methods for monitoring and measuring this corrosion. Presents an alternative approach called “controlled search peening” where the induced surface compressive stresses stretch and yield the outer material surface and induce visible blistering and flaking at the surface, indicating the existence of exfoliation corrosion.
A Function for the Integrin α6β4 in the Invasive Properties of Colorectal Carcinoma Cells

Abstract Expression of the integrin α 6 β 4 , a receptor for the laminin family of matrix proteins, has been correlated with the progression and metastatic potential of several different tumors, including colorectal carcinoma. For this reason, defining the mechanistic contribution of α 6 β 4 to the aggressive behavior of colorectal and other carcinoma cells is an issue of timely importance for cancer biology. In the present study, we sought to gain insight into the function of α 6 β 4 in colorectal carcinoma cells by studying the behavior of clone A cells, which express high surface levels of this integrin, and by restoring α 6 β 4 expression in RKO cells, a β 4 -deficient rectal carcinoma cell line. The data obtained reveal that α 6 β 4 expression increases the adhesive strength of these cells on laminin-1 matrices, although it does not increase their ability to migrate on such matrices. The RKO/β 4 transfectants were considerably more spread on Matrigel, laminin-1, and collagen I than the mock transfectants and displayed numerous extensions suggestive of pseudopodia. More importantly, we discovered that expression of α 6 β 4 facilitates the ability of colorectal carcinoma cells to invade both Matrigel and collagen I matrices. The α 6 β 4 -dependent increases in adhesion and invasion, as well as the observed morphological changes, required an intact β4 cytoplasmic domain. These data argue for a ligand-independent role for α 6 β 4 in promoting cell invasion, and they have important implications for the involvement of this integrin in colorectal carcinoma progression.
Spatial Dispersion of Retail Margins

Farm prices are dispersed across locations within a country more than twice compared to retail prices at the individual good level. This paper shows that this observation, which is against the classical dichotomy, can be explained by a trade model featuring variable retail markups where retailers search for the minimum farm price across locations (subject to transportation costs) to combine them with other local inputs. Local input costs are shown to contribute the most to dispersion of retail prices across locations, on average across goods, followed by variable retail markups; the contribution of traded-input prices are relatively small. One third of the consumer welfare dispersion across locations is shown to be accounted for by retail margins which also explain more than half of the consumer welfare dispersion across products.
Territorial Claims in the Domain of Accident Law: Conflicting Conceptions of Tort Preemption

Beginning in 1992, with the landmark decision in Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court has decided a burgeoning number of preemption cases, squarely challenging the continuing vitality of tort in many domains of accident law. Cipollone addressed the preemption question in an atypical context. The case did not involve competing claims to territorial authority between a regulatory regime and state tort law. Rather, Cipollone involved a challenge to the continuing viability of tort in the face of statutory directives mandating explicit industry conduct; more specifically, the explicit warnings required in the 1969 version of the cigarette labeling act.In this article, I begin by revisiting Cipollone to reassess what it has to offer as a foundation for setting the boundaries of regulatory containment of the tort system. Next, I discuss three leading cases from the series of efforts by the Supreme Court to grapple with express preemption clauses in a variety of regulatory schemes. Against this backdrop, I then explore the circumstances under which it might be justified to imply preemption despite the absence of an express provision, with particular reference to the recent Supreme Court decision in Wyeth v. Levine, addressing preemption in the context of FDA regulation of prescription drugs. A concluding note ties the strands together.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Highly Excited trans-Stilbene: A Different Twist

Using femtosecond time-resolved resonant two-photon ionization coupled with photoelectron spectroscopy, we have explored the structural dynamics of a previously uncharted, highly excited state of trans-stilbene. The molecule responds to excitation to the S5 surface by twisting its phenyl groups about the carbon−carbon bonds. The motion of the coherent wave packet is reflected in the time-dependent spectrum, yielding an oscillatory frequency of 6.7 cm−1. This structural oscillation competes with a transition to a lower surface with a time constant of 280 (±30) fs. The dynamical motions are intriguingly different from those that have previously been observed in lower excited states, revealing a structural dynamics that strongly depends on the electronic surface.
Survey of attitude to HIV test and HIV infection status in men who have sex with men in Ningbo,Zhejiang

Objective To understand the attitude to HIV test and early anti retroviral therapy in men who have sex with men( MSM) in Ningbo,Zhejiang province,and provide evidence for the early HIV test and HIV infection prevention and control among MSM. Methods Ten"seed"MSM were selected based on related standard for field interview and test,and MSM were recruited by respondent driven sampling( RDS). Questionnaire survey and HIV / syphilis test were conducted among the recruited MSM from January to May 2014,the questionnaire was about MSM's sexual behavior characteristics,HIV test history and related attitude. Results The average age of 126 MSM recruited to have first homosexual behavior was( 22. 43 ± 5. 6) years,In term of sexual orientation,53. 17% of MSM identified themselves as homosexuality and44. 44% identified themselves as bisexuality. During the past 6 months,88. 89% of MSM had anal homosex,74. 60% had oral homosex,42. 06% had heterosex,and 57. 44% and 69. 81% of MSM used condoms in anal homosex with regular and temporary sex partners during the past 6 months. A total of 70. 02% of the MSM had received HIV test,63. 04% had received regular HIV test,60. 32% received HIV test during past 1 years,84. 13% were willing to receive regular HIV test and 87. 30% believed that it necessary to receive early anti retroviral therapy. The HIV positive rate was 6. 35% and the prevalence of syphilis was 7. 94% in the MSM. Conclusion Risk sexual behaviors are prevalent in the MSM. Most of them were willing to receive HIV test,but HIV test rate was low,and the awareness of early anti retroviral therapy was high among the MSM,but the awareness of related effects and adverse reaction was low. It is necessary to conduct targeted intervention.
Determination of Baicalin in Hongxing Cough Mixture by HPLC

Objective To establish an HPLC method for the determination of baicalin in Hongxing Cough Mixture.Methods Shim-pack VP-ODS column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used;The mobile phase was methanol-15% glacial acetic acid(47∶ 55) with the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1;The detection wavelength was 274 nm and the column temperature was 40 ℃.Results The linear range of baicalin was 0.061 0~2.440 μg(r=1.000).The average recovery was 99.34%,RSD=1.5%(n=6).Conclusion The method was simple and accurate,and it can be used for the quality control of Hongxing Cough Mixture.
Pitfalls of mass chemical screening. 1.

Chemical screening of large populations has serious limitations that are related to statistical properties of such groups and to commonly used methods. Among the pitfalls are low disease prevalence, extrapolating research data to screening practice, laboratory variation, ill-defined limits, unselected specimens, and screening for unbeatable diseases. Unless these limitations are understood, screening can be useless and costly.
Financial Issues of Hispanic Americans

In a number of household finance matters, Hispanic Americans appear to constitute a vulnerable population. Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics are disproportionately unbanked, less likely to hold stocks or mutual funds and score lower in financial literacy tests. Hispanic homeownership is still lower than the national average and this group has been one of the most affected by the recent financial crisis and current sluggish economy. In the long run, Hispanic households also accumulate fewer assets and have a lower net worth than White Americans, despite recent gains on income gaps. All these factors suggest that this group lacks the necessary financial capability to achieve financial freedom. This chapter provides a synthesis of the current state of Hispanic American household finances by reviewing three areas where this population financial needs and behaviors differ from the overall population: financial capability, use of financial services, and asset building.
Feasibility of a computer-assisted social network motivational interviewing intervention for substance use and HIV risk behaviors for housing first residents.

Social networks play positive and negative roles in the lives of homeless people influencing their alcohol and/or other drug (AOD) and HIV risk behaviors. We developed a four-session computer-assisted social network motivational interviewing intervention for homeless adults transitioning into housing. We examined the acceptability of the intervention among staff and residents at an organization that provides permanent supportive housing through iterative rounds of beta testing. Staff were 3 men and 3 women who were residential support staff (i.e., case managers and administrators). Residents were 8 men (7 African American, 1 Hispanic) and 3 women (2 African American, 1 Hispanic) who had histories of AOD and HIV risk behaviors. We conducted a focus group with staff who gave input on how to improve the delivery of the intervention to enhance understanding and receptivity among new residents. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews and collected self-report satisfaction data from residents. Three themes emerged over the course of the resident interviews. Residents reported that the intervention was helpful in discussing their social network, that seeing the visualizations was more impactful than just talking about their network, and that the intervention prompted thoughts about changing their AOD use and HIV risk networks. This study is the first of its kind that has developed, with input from Housing First staff and residents, a motivational interviewing intervention that targets both the structure and composition of one’s social network. These results suggest that providing visual network feedback with a guided motivational interviewing discussion is a promising approach to supporting network change. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02140359
The Environment of the Hair Follicles

The perifollicular environment can be divided into two parts: (a) connective tissue components and (b) the blood vessels and nerve endings.
Laparoscopic fundoplication in neonates and young infants: Failure rate and need for redo at a high-volume center.

Abstract Aim of the study Present the outcomes of patients younger than 2 years who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication, highlighting the failure rate and need for redo fundoplication. Methods Retrospective review of patients Main results 458 infants younger than 2 years underwent laparoscopic fundoplication in the 6-year period (360 Nissen, 77 Toupet and 21 Thal fundoplications). Median age at surgery was 5 (1–23) months. Median follow-up was 3 (1–6) years. The conversion rate was 0.87% (4 of 458 cases). Patients did not undergo routine studies to assess the incidence of postoperative GER but were instead followed clinically. Failure of the fundoplication was determined when a patient was unable to gain weight and/or protect the airway while receiving gastric feedings because of GER. The failure rate in our experience was 2.6% (12 redo out of 458 cases [11/360 Nissen, 1/77 Toupet and 0/21 Thal]). All failed cases occurred because of migration of the fundoplication, confirmed preoperatively by a contrast study. Median time between the initial fundoplication and the redo was 13 (5–27) months. There were no failures within a contemporaneous group of 101 patients Conclusion The need for a redo fundoplication after a laparoscopic fundoplication was an uncommon event in our experience (12 of 458 cases). Our results contrast with published studies that report higher failure rates. Case volume per surgeon may explain in part the dissimilar results among studies. Level of evidence III.
Depression during the menopause transition: impact on quality of life, social adjustment, and disability

The impact of depression on quality of life (QOL) and social support has neither been well characterized in clinical samples of women with perimenopausal depression (PMD) nor have the relative contributions of depression and other menopausal symptoms (e.g., hot flushes) to declining QOL been clarified. In this study, we compared QOL measures, social support, and functional disability in PMD and non-depressed perimenopausal women. We evaluated women aged 40-60 years who presented with menstrual cycle irregularity, elevated plasma FSH levels, and met criteria for perimenopause. A structured clinical interview was administered to determine the presence or absence of major and minor depression. Outcome measures included the Quality of Life Enjoyment Scale Questionnaire, the Sheehan Disability Scale, the Global Assessment of Functioning, the Social Adjustment Scale, and the Duke Social Support Index. Kruskal-Wallis tests and ANOVAs were used to compare outcome measures. Ninety women with PMD and 51 control women participated in this study. Women with PMD reported significantly decreased QOL, social support, and adjustment and increased disability compared with non-depressed perimenopausal women. Neither perimenopausal reproductive status alone nor the presence of hot flushes had a significant negative impact on QOL measures. PMD is accompanied by significant reductions in QOL, social support, and disability similar to depression in women at other stages of life. PMD may also contribute to decreased QOL in community- or clinic-based samples of perimenopausal women. It remains unclear whether the clinical characteristics we identified reflect pre-existing risk factors for depression during the perimenopause or the effects of a current depression. Future clinical and treatment studies in perimenopausal women should distinguish depressed women when outcome measures include QOL.
A longitudinal and experimental study of the impact of knowledge on the bases of institutional trust.

This study examined a knowledge-centered theory of institutional trust development. In the context of trust in water regulatory institutions, the moderating impact of knowledge was tested to determine if there were longitudinal changes in the bases of institutional trust as a function of increases in knowledge about a target institution. We hypothesized that as people learn about an institution with which they were previously unfamiliar, they begin to form more nuanced perceptions, distinguishing the new institution from other institutions and relying less upon their generalized trust to estimate their trust in that institution. Prior to having specific, differential information about a new institution, we expected institutional trust to be a function of generalized trust variables such as dispositional trust and trust in government. The longitudinal experiment involved 185 college students randomly assigned to one of three information conditions. Every 3 months for 15 months, participants read information about water regulatory institutions or a control institution. At each time point, participants reported their trust in and perceptions of the trust- and distrust-worthiness of the water regulatory institutions. Participants also completed measures of knowledge of water regulatory institutions, dispositional trust, and governmental trust. Our manipulation check indicated that, as expected, those in the experimental group increased in subjective knowledge of water regulatory institutions to a greater extent than those in the control condition. Consistent with our hypotheses, there was some evidence that, compared to the control group, the experimental group relied less on their general trust in government as a basis for their trust in water regulatory institutions. However, contrary to our hypotheses, there was no evidence the experimental group relied less on dispositional trust as a basis for institutional trust. There also was some evidence the experimental group’s trust in water regulatory institutions was less affected by fluctuations of trustworthiness (but not distrustworthiness) perceptions over time. This suggests that knowledge results in the development of more stable institutional trust attitudes, but that trustworthiness and distrustworthiness perceptions may operate somewhat differently when impacting trust in specific institutions.
Why Elites Love Authentic Lowbrow Culture: Overcoming High-Status Denigration with Outsider Art

We develop and test the idea that public appreciation for authentic lowbrow culture affords an effective way for certain elites to address feelings of authenticity-insecurity arising from “high status denigration” (Hahl and Zuckerman 2014). This argument, which builds on recent sociological research on the “search for authenticity” (e.g., Grazian 2005) and on Bourdieu’s (1993) notion of artistic “disinterestedness,” is validated through experiments with U.S. subjects in the context of “outsider” art (Fine 2004). The first study demonstrates that preference for lowbrow culture perceived to be authentic is higher when individuals feel insecure in their authenticity because they attained status in a context where extrinsic incentives are salient. The second study demonstrates that audiences perceive the members of erstwhile denigrated high-status categories to be more authentic if they consume lowbrow culture, but only if the cultural producer is perceived as authentic. We conclude by noting how this “authen...
Assessment of Urban Aerial Taxi with Cryogenic Components Under Design Environment for Novel Vertical Lift Vehicles (DELIVER)

Assessing the potential to bring 100 years of aeronautics knowledge to the entrepreneurs desktop to enable a design environment for emerging vertical lift vehicles is one goal for the NASA's Design Environment for Novel Vertical Lift Vehicles (DELIVER). As part of this effort, a system study was performed using a notional, urban aerial taxi system to better understand vehicle requirements along with the tools and methods capability to assess these vehicles and their subsystems using cryogenic cooled components. The baseline was a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, with all-electric propulsion system assuming 15 year technology performance levels and its capability limited to a pilot with one or two people and cargo. Hydrocarbon-fueled hybrid concepts were developed to improve mission capabilities. The hybrid systems resulted in significant improvements in maximum range and number of on demand mobility (ODM) missions that could be completed before refuel or recharge. An important consideration was thermal management, including the choice for air-cooled or cryogenic cooling using liquid natural gas (LNG) fuel. Cryogenic cooling for critical components can have important implications on component performance and size. Thermal loads were also estimated, subsequent effort will be required to verify feasibility for cooling airflow and packaging. LNG cryogenic cooling of selected components further improved vehicle range and reduced thermal loads, but the same concerns for airflow and packaging still need to be addressed. The use of the NASA Design and Analysis of Rotorcraft (NDARC) tool for vehicle sizing and mission analysis appears to be capable of supporting analyses for present and future types of vehicles, missions, propulsion, and energy sources. Further efforts are required to develop verified models for these new types of propulsion and energy sources in the size and use envisioned for these emerging vehicle and mission classes.
Runaway and Homeless Youths

The number of youths who run away or are forced from their homes and become homeless is a growing and significant problem. Many of these young people have left or been forced from dysfunctional or abusive families only to face a life on the streets that can bring a variety of negative outcomes: poverty, substance abuse, physical and sexual assault, pregnancy, injury or illness, HIV infection, psychological and emotional problems, and suicide (Kennedy, 1991; Rotheram-Borus, Rosario, & Koopman, 1991; Rotheram-Borus & McDermott, 1995). Furthermore, their prospects for a healthy and productive adulthood are reduced by the health risks they face and the lack of educational and employment opportunities for homeless youths. Over the last 10 years, researchers have documented the breadth of these problems. The goals of this chapter are: to examine the extent and course of homelessness; to describe the health status of homeless youths; to identify the risk factors and potential strategies for prevention of the consequences of homelessness; to describe a model program for homeless youths; and to identify structural barriers to effective implementation of health care for homeless youths.
Communicating about Health Risks Associated with Food

Abstract Public perceptions of health risks related to food and expectations for communication were explored using a qualitative research design. Eighty-one, 19–61 year old female household food managers (HFM's) from rural and urban areas of upstate New York were recruited through purposeful sampling. Potential health risks related to food included pesticides, food additives, and dietary constituents such as caffeine and cholesterol. Fifty-one HFM's participated in one of six focus group interviews, and 30 HFM's participated in individual interviews. The mean age of the sample was 37 years; 92 % were Caucasian; 41% were homemakers/mothers; and 87% completed high school. Focus group and interview data were recorded on audio-cassette tapes and transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method to discover grounded theory. Seven heuristics influencing HFMs' perceptions of health risks related to food were generated. Judgment rules included personal experiences and whether or not HFM's believed: risks were controllable, "natural," certain, necessary and harmful or whether benefits of accepting risk outweighed perceived costs. How HFM's responded to food-related risks depended on an appraisal process of the nature of the risk, influenced by judgment rules of both the risk situation and the presence of children in the household, and the abilities of the individual to manage the risk situation. Assessment of these abilities was influenced by time and money. The above findings demonstrate that scientific data has little to do with public perceptions of and responses to health risks related to food. Nutrition educators need to understand the bases for these non-scientific factors and promote dialogue with the public when communicating about health risks related to food.
Reading aloud in an era of common core: An exploratory study of the perspectives of primary teachers serving African American children in low-income communities:

Within the last decade, two large reading reform efforts have directed state and local state school reading instruction, the Reading First Initiative (2002) and the Common Core State Standards for ...
Alcohol and drug use among deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals: A secondary analysis of NHANES 2013-2014.

Background: Within the field of behavioral health research, one of the most understudied populations is the US deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) population—a diverse group of individuals with hearing...
Pyramiding for Resistance Durability: Theory and Practice

Durable disease resistance is a key component of global food security, and combining resistance genes into "pyramids" is an important way to increase durability of resistance. The mechanisms by which pyramids impart durability are not well known. The traditional view of resistance pyramids considers the use of major resistance gene (R-gene) combinations deployed against pathogens that are primarily asexual. Interestingly, published examples of the successful use of pyramids in the traditional sense are rare. In contrast, most published descriptions of durable pyramids in practice are for cereal rusts, and tend to indicate an association between durability and cultivars combining major R-genes with incompletely expressed, adult plant resistance genes. Pyramids have been investigated experimentally for a diversity of pathogens, and many reduce disease levels below that of the single best gene. Resistance gene combinations have been identified through phenotypic reactions, molecular markers, and challenge against effector genes. As resistance genes do not express equally in all genetic backgrounds, however, a combination of genetic information and phenotypic analyses provide the ideal scenario for testing of putative pyramids. Not all resistance genes contribute equally to pyramids, and approaches have been suggested to identify the best genes and combinations of genes for inclusion. Combining multiple resistance genes into a single plant genotype quickly is a challenge that is being addressed through alternative breeding approaches, as well as through genomics tools such as resistance gene cassettes and gene editing. Experimental and modeling tests of pyramid durability are in their infancy, but have promise to help direct future studies of pyramids. Several areas for further work on resistance gene pyramids are suggested.
HEPATIC REGULATION OF CYSTEINE UTILIZATION FOR TAURINE SYNTHESIS

Like most other proteinogenic amino acids, cysteine is required both for synthesis of proteins and for synthesis of several other essential organic compounds, which in the case of cysteine include glutathione, taurine and coenzyme A. In addition, cysteine is important as a precursor of inorganic sulfur, both as sulfide and as sulfate. When the sulfur is cleaved from the carbon chain, the carbons enter central pathways of energy metabolism or gluconeogenesis as pyruvate and the nitrogen must be excreted.
Stabilizing Fast Waves

The atmosphere transmits wavelike signals at a wide range of speeds. Rapidly moving, physically insignificant waves can impose very strict time-step limitations on numerical methods in order to ensure the integrations remain stable. Sound waves, for example, travel very rapidly but are of essentially no meteorological significance, and it is not practical to simulate most atmospheric circulations using the very short time steps required for the accurate and stable integration of the sound waves. This chapter reviews techniques for circumventing such time step restrictions, thereby allowing the step size to be chosen to ensure the accuracy and stability of the physically significant components of the solution.
Physical and Mathematical Geometry

English translation of Moritz Pasch,“Physikalische und mathematische Geometrie,” Annalen der Philosophie mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Probleme der Als-Ob-Betrachtung 3 (1922), pp. 362–374. Pasch discusses “the fundamental differences that separate physical from mathematical geometry.” In the former, points are understood to be physical objects. In the latter, the term “point” is an undefined expression in a system of axioms. Physical points can move. Mathematical points cannot, although, in mathematical geometry, “intuitive” motions have “purely intellectual” counterparts: transformations. Because our instruments are not infinitely precise, one physical point can be represented equally well by distinct coordinates. In mathematical geometry, distinct coordinates always represent distinct points.
Comparison of Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide Activity Toward Wild-Type and Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Ryanodine Receptors and Heat Stress Intolerance.

Chlorantraniliprole (CP) and flubendiamide (FD) are widely used in agriculture globally to control lepidopteran pests. Both insecticides target ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and promote Ca2+ leak from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) within insect skeletal muscle yet are purportedly devoid of activity toward mammalian RyR1 and muscle. RyRs are ion channels that regulate intracellular Ca2+ release from SR during physiological excitation-contraction coupling. Mutations in RYR1 genes confer malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS), a potentially lethal pharmacogenetic disorder in humans and animals. Compared with vehicle control, CP (10 µM) triggers a 65-fold higher rate of Ca2+ efflux from Ca2+-loaded mammalian WT-RyR1 SR vesicles, whereas FD (10 µM) produces negligible influence on Ca2+ leak. We, therefore, compared whether CP or FD differentially influence patterns of high-affinity [3H]ryanodine ([3H]Ry) binding to RyR1 isolated from muscle SR membranes prepared from adult C57BL/6J mice expressing WT, homozygous C-terminal MHS mutation T4826I, or heterozygous N-terminal MHS mutation R163C. Basal [3H]Ry binding differed among genotypes with rank order T4826I ≫R163C∼WT, regardless of [Ca2+] in the assay medium. Both CP and FD (0.01-100 µM) elicited concentration-dependent increase in [3H]Ry binding, although CP showed greater efficacy regardless of genotype or [Ca2+]. Exposure to CP (500 mg/kg; p.o) failed to shift intolerance to heat stress (38°C) characteristic of R163C and T4826I MHS mice, nor cause lethality in WT mice. Although nM-µM of either diamide is capable of differentially altering WT and MHS RyR1 conformation in vitro, human RyR1 mutations within putative diamide N- and C-terminal interaction domains do not alter heat stress intolerance (HSI) in vivo.
Identification of Resilient and At-Risk Neighborhoods for Cardiovascular Disease Among Black Residents: the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity Study

Introduction Despite the growing interest in place as a determinant of health, areas that promote rather than reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in blacks are understudied. We performed an ecologic analysis to identify areas with high levels of CVD resilience and risk among blacks from a large southern, US metropolitan area. Methods We obtained census tract-level rates of cardiovascular deaths, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations for black adults aged 35 to 64 from 2010 through 2014 for the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area. Census tracts with substantially lower rates of cardiovascular events on the basis of neighborhood socioeconomic status were identified as resilient and those with higher rates were identified as at risk. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of being classified as an at-risk versus resilient tract for differences in census-derived measures. Results We identified 106 resilient and 121 at-risk census tracts, which differed in the rates per 5,000 person years of cardiovascular outcomes (mortality, 8.13 vs 13.81; ED visits, 32.25 vs 146.3; hospitalizations, 26.69 vs 130.0), despite similarities in their median black income ($46,123 vs $45,306). Tracts with a higher percentage of residents aged 65 or older (odds ratio [OR], 2.29; 95% CI, 1.41-3.85 per 5% increment) and those with incomes less than 200% of the federal poverty level (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39 per 5% increment) and greater Gini index (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.19- 2.07 per 0.05 increment) were more likely to be classified as at risk than resilient neighborhoods. Discussion Despite matching on median income level, at-risk neighborhoods for CVD among black populations were associated with a higher prevalence of socioeconomic indicators of inequality than resilient neighborhoods.
Single-Incision Laparoscopic Approaches to Colorectal Disease

Single-incision laparoscopic colectomy may decrease parietal trauma and may offer cosmetic advantages when compared with standard laparoscopic approaches. Among the potential advantages, cosmetic is an important factor. Currently, there are no prospective randomized trials comparing single-incision laparoscopy with conventional laparoscopy, and there is little data about post-hospitalization outcomes and benefits over existing techniques. Considering this, it’s difficult to recommend widespread implementation of this technology. However, despite these limitations, we have to remember that in the beginning of conventional laparoscopic surgery, cosmetic result was the only benefit conferred. As experience grows and technology advances, this approach may become the preferred technique for surgeons in select cases.
Mechanistic Understanding of High Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy and Pressure Support with an In Vitro Infant Model

Despite the increased use of high flow nasal cannula therapy, little has been done to predict airway pressures for a full breath cycle. A 3-month-old infant in vitro model was developed, which included the entire upper airway and the first three bifurcations of the lungs. A breathing simulator was used to create a realistic breath pattern, and high flow was provided using a Vapotherm unit. Four cannulas of varying sizes were used to assess the effects of the inner diameter and nasal occlusion of the cannulas on airway pressures. At 8 L min−1, end expiratory pressures of 0.821–1.306 cm H2O and 0.828–1.133 cm H2O were produced in the nasopharynx and trachea, respectively. Correlations were developed to predict full breath cycle airway pressures, based on the gas flow rate delivered, cannula dimensions, as well as the breathing flow rate, for the nasopharynx and trachea. Pearson correlation coefficients for the nasopharynx and trachea correlations were 0.991 and 0.992, respectively. The developed correlations could be used to determine the flow rate necessary for a cannula to produce pressures similar to CPAP settings. The proposed correlations accurately predict the regional airway pressure up to and including 7 cm H2O of support for the entire breath cycle.
How groups persist

How do groups of people persist through time? Groups can change their members, locations, and structure. In this paper, I present puzzles of persistence applied to social groups. I first argue that four-dimensional theories better explain the context sensitivity of how groups persist. I then exploit two unique features of the social to argue for the stage theory of group persistence in particular. First, fusion and fission cases actually happen to social groups, and so cannot be marginalized as “pathological.” Second, it is implausible that groups spatially coincide pre-fission. This means that theories that depend on pre-fission spatial coincidence, such as some endurance theories and the worm (perdurance) theory, cannot explain fission cases. All things considered, the stage theory offers the best explanation of how groups persist.
Pharmacodynamic and safety considerations for influenza vaccine and adjuvant design.

A novel adjuvant evaluation system for safety and immunogenicity is needed. Vaccination is important for infection prevention, for example, from influenza viruses. Adjuvants are considered critical...
Injuries during the first hour at work in the U.S. mining industry.

BACKGROUND The first hour of a shift in a mine is characterized by a large movement of miners from incoming and outgoing shifts, in addition to safety and maintenance checks of mining equipment. These activities rely on communication to ensure a safe transition between shifts. This study aims to identify risk factors for injury among miners during the first hour of a work shift and to characterize injury outcomes. METHODS Data from U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration Part 50 reports, 1983-2015, were used to identify injuries occurring within the first hour of a shift. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of injuries occurring during the first shift-hour and to assess the outcome of these injuries. RESULTS Out of the 545,537 cases included in the analysis, 16,446 injuries occurred during the first hour of a shift. Risk factors associated with these injuries included being female, being older, working on Sunday and Monday, having an irregular shift start, working night shifts, employed in surface mining operations, and mine operations with <200 employees, and mechanisms of injury related to falls, movement of equipment and personnel, and being struck by or caught between boxes and containers. Injurious incidents occurring during the first hour of work were associated with mass injury events involving five or more workers (aOR = 3.58; 95% CI: 2.77, 4.64). CONCLUSIONS Although injury rates were substantially lower during the first hour of work compared to all other work hours, this study identified risk factors and mechanisms of injury that are highly preventable during the first hour of work.
Credit Availability and Voluntary Disclosures: Evidence from Interstate Bank Branching Deregulation

This study examines whether the increased availability of bank loans affects borrowers’ voluntary disclosures. Exploiting the staggered deregulation of interstate bank branching across states in the U.S., I find that bank-dependent firms decrease their voluntary disclosures following bank branching deregulation. This overall effect is muted for firms with higher information asymmetry in the public capital markets and higher litigation risk. Furthermore, the decline in voluntary disclosures is more pronounced among borrowers with higher proprietary information costs and stronger lending relationships with their lenders. Further analysis reveals that bank-dependent firms that stop issuing earnings guidance after branching deregulation experience decreased liquidity in the equity market. Overall, this paper sheds light on how regulatory changes in the banking sector have externalities on borrowers’ disclosure decisions.
Transparent silica aerogel slabs synthesized from nanoparticle colloidal suspensions at near ambient conditions on omniphobic liquid substrates.

Abstract This paper presents a novel sol-gel method to synthesize large and thick silica aerogel monoliths at near ambient conditions using a commercial aqueous solution of colloidal silica nanoparticles as building blocks. To achieve slabs with high visible transmittance and low thermal conductivity, the method combines the strategies of (i) synthesizing gels on an omniphobic perfluorocarbon liquid substrate, (ii) aging at temperatures above room temperature, and (iii) performing solvent exchange with a low-surface-tension organic solvent prior to ambient drying. The omniphobic liquid substrates were used to prevent cracking and ensure an optically-smooth surface, while nanoparticle building blocks were small (