cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A TATA binding protein mutant with increased affinity for DNA directs transcription from a reversed TATA sequence in vivo

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) nucleates the assembly and determines the position of the preinitiation complex at RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes. We investigated the importance of two conserved residues on the DNA binding surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TBP to DNA binding and sequence discrimination. Because they define a significant break in the twofold symmetry of the TBP-TATA interface, Ala100 and Pro191 have been proposed to be key determinants of TBP binding orientation and transcription directionality. In contrast to previous predictions, we found that substitution of an alanine for Pro191 did not allow recognition of a reversed TATA box in vivo; however, the reciprocal change, Ala100 to proline, resulted in efficient utilization of this and other variant TATA sequences. In vitro assays demonstrated that TBP mutants with the A100P and P191A substitutions have increased and decreased affinity for DNA, respectively. The TATA binding defect of TBP with the P191A mutation could be intragenically suppressed by the A100P substitution. Our results suggest that Ala100 and Pro191 are important for DNA binding and sequence recognition by TBP, that the naturally occurring asymmetry of Ala100 and Pro191 is not essential for function, and that a single amino acid change in TBP can lead to elevated DNA binding affinity and recognition of a reversed TATA sequence.
Age Differences in Memory for Arousing and Nonarousing Emotional Words

Older adults sometimes demonstrate a mnemonic "positivity effect," remembering more positive than negative information. The present study examined whether this effect would occur for arousing words (elation vs slaughter) or for nonarousing ones (serenity vs sorrow). The results revealed no positivity effect for arousing words: Young and older adults remembered negative and positive arousing words equally well and more often than neutral words. However, a positivity effect emerged for nonarousing words. Young adults remembered negative nonarousing words better than positive nonarousing items. Older adults remembered positive nonarousing words better than negative nonarousing words and showed no mnemonic benefit for negative nonarousing words as compared with neutral words. These findings suggest that aging preserves responses to arousing information while altering the processing of nonarousing information.
The Long Isoform of Cellular FLIP Is Essential for T Lymphocyte Proliferation through an NF-κB-Independent Pathway

Although the long isoform of cellular FLIP (c-FLIP(L)) has been implicated in TCR-mediated signaling, its role in T cell proliferation remains controversial. Some studies have demonstrated that overexpression of c-FLIP(L) promotes T cell proliferation and NF-kappaB activation, whereas others have reported that c-FLIP(L) overexpression has no effect or even inhibits T cell proliferation. To establish the role of c-FLIP(L) in T lymphocyte proliferation, we have generated a conditional knockout mouse strain specifically lacking c-FLIP(L) in T lymphocytes. c-FLIP(L)(-/-) mice exhibit severely impaired effector T cell development after Listeria monocytogenes infection in vivo and c-FLIP(L)-deficient T cells display defective TCR-mediated proliferation in vitro. However, c-FLIP(L)(-/-) T cells exhibit normal NF-kappaB activity upon TCR stimulation. These results demonstrate that c-FLIP(L) is essential for T lymphocyte proliferation through an NF-kappaB-independent pathway.
Combining blink, pupil, and response time measures in a concealed knowledge test.

The response time (RT) based Concealed Knowledge Test (CKT) has been shown to accurately detect participants’ knowledge of mock-crime related information. Tests based on ocular measures such as pupil size and blink rate have sometimes resulted in poor classification, or lacked detailed classification analyses. The present study examines the fitness of multiple pupil and blink related responses in the CKT paradigm. To maximize classification efficiency, participants’ concealed knowledge was assessed using both individual test measures and combinations of test measures. Results show that individual pupil-size, pupil-slope, and pre-response blink-rate measures produce efficient classifications. Combining pupil and blink measures yielded more accuracy classifications than individual ocular measures. Although RT-based tests proved efficient, combining RT with ocular measures had little incremental benefit. It is argued that covertly assessing ocular measures during RT-based tests may guard against effective countermeasure use in applied settings. A compound classification procedure was used to categorize individual participants and yielded high hit rates and low false-alarm rates without the need for adjustments between test paradigms or subject populations. We conclude that with appropriate test paradigms and classification analyses, ocular measures may prove as effective as other indices, though additional research is needed.
Site specificity of lignocellulosic waste

Abstract This study was initiated to determine the availabilities of major categories of lignocellulosic wastes for use as energy resources. Lignocellulosic wastes were divided into municipal solid waste as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), pulp mill waste (PMW), and agricultural crop waste (ACW) for the survey and evaluated for their physical and chemical characteristics. Each category was then evaluated for its respective value as a renewable resource. The evaluation considered competition for renewable resources, type of lignocellulosic waste, and environmental impact. These categories were then used to assign relative values to RDF, PMW, and ACW with cost considerations addressed for each case. Potential sites for use of lignocellulosic wastes as a resource were identified within each of the three categories for the contiguous 48 states. Based upon a combination of these considerations, an ideal site for using lignocellulosic wastes as a renewable resource is described.
P-channel GaN/AlGaN heterostructure junction field effect transistor

Several groups have demonstrated AlGaN/GaN based heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) with record high saturation current in excess of 2 A/mm and RF output power levels of 5-12 W/mm (M. Asif Khan et al., in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Elsevier Science, pp. 2616-2631, 2001). However, to date p-channel transistors could not be fabricated due to poor doping of the AlGaN or GaN layers. In past, we have proposed hole accumulation layers that can be created at an AlGaN/GaN interface by using large bandgap offsets and the effect of piezo-doping in nitride based materials (M. Asif Khan et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, p. 2806, 1999; M.S. Shur et al., ibid., vol. 76, p. 3061, 2000). In this paper we for the first time report on a p-channel HJFET with the threshold voltage of around 8-10 V, which is close to that of typical n-channel HFETs. The AlGaN/GaN heterostructures were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a basal plane of sapphire substrate.
Trace driven logic synthesis—application to power minimization

A trace driven methodology for logic synthesis and optimization is proposed. Given a logic description of a digital circuit C and an expected trace of input vectors T an implementation of C that optimizes a cost function under application of T is derived. This approach is effective in capturing and utilizing the correlations that exist between input signals on an application specific design. The idea is novel since it propose synthesis and optimization at the logic level where the goal is to optimize the average case rather than the worst case for a chosen cost metric. This paper focuses on the development of algorithms for trace driven optimization to minimize the switching power in multi-level networks. The average net power reduction (internal plus I/O power) obtained on a set of benchmark FSMs is 14%, while the average reduction in internal power is 25%. We also demonstrate that the I/O transition activity provides an upper bound on the power reduction that can be achieved by combinational logic synthesis.
Applying NiTi Shape-Memory Thin Films to Thermomechanical Data Storage Technology

As the data storage density in cutting edge microelectronic devices continues to increase, the superparamagnetic effect poses a problem for magnetic data storage media. One strategy for overcoming this obstacle is the use of thermomechanical data storage technology. In this approach, data is written by a nanoscale mechanical probe as an indentation on a surface, read by a transducer built into the probe, and then erased by the application of heat. An example of such a device is the IBM millipede, which uses a polymer thin film as the data storage medium. It is also possible, however, to use other kinds of media for thermomechanical data storage, and in the following work, we explore the possibility of using thin film Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (SMA). Previous work has shown that nanometer-scale indentations made in martensite phase Ni-Ti SMA thin films recover substantially upon heating. Issues such as repeated thermomechanical cycling of indentations, indent proximity, and film thickness impact the practicability of this technique. While there are still problems to be solved, the experimental evidence and theoretical predictions show SMA thin films are an appropriate medium for thermomechanical data storage.
Creep of duplex microstructures

The tensile creep behavior of two ceramic composite systems exhibiting duplex microstructures was studied relative to their single-phase constituents in the temperature and stress ranges of 1,100--1,350 C and 35--75 MPa. The equi-volumetric compositions in the Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]:c-ZrO[sub 2] (8 mol% Y[sub 2]O[sub 3]) and Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]:Y[sub 3]Al[sub 5]O[sub 12] systems both exhibit lower creep rates than either of their single-phase constituents. This effect is attributed to Y[sup 3+] (and possibly Zr[sup 4+]) present in the Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] as a segregant which lowers the creep rate by [approximately]2 orders of magnitude. It is believed that the segregation of Y[sup 3+] to the Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] grain boundaries hinders the interface reaction believed to control the creep. If one of the single-phase constituents is taken to be the Y[sup 3+]-doped Al[sub 2]O[sub 3], the creep of the duplex microstructures can be modeled using standard composite theory applied to flow.
Ferrets as a Model System for Renal Disease Secondary to Intestinal Infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli

Ferrets were evaluated as a possible small animal model for the development of colitis and/or signs of the hemolytic uremic syndrome after oral infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 or other Shiga toxin--producing E. coli (STEC). Ferrets treated with streptomycin (Stm) had higher counts of E. coli O157:H7 strain 86-24 Stm-resistant (Stm(r)) or O91:H21 strain B2F1 Stm(r) in their stools than non--Stm-treated animals. None of the animals displayed evidence of colitis, but Stm-treated animals fed strain 86-24 Stm(r) exhibited weight loss significantly greater than that exhibited by ferrets fed an isogenic mutant negative for the adhesin intimin. Moreover, 11 (23%) of the 47 Stm-treated ferrets inoculated with 86-24 Stm(r) or B2F1 Stm(r) developed hematuria and/or histological damage to glomeruli or thrombocytopenia, compared with 0 of 14 uninfected control animals receiving Stm in water. Thus, the ferret may serve as a model for renal disease secondary to intestinal infection with STEC.
Managerial Necessity and the Art of Creating Surpluses: The Budget‐Execution Process in West Virginia Cities

Budget execution traditionally has been defined as a straightforward process of implementing the budget as approved. Research into the process has been limited, particularly with regard to local government budgets. This article examines the rebudgeting process using a case study of 15 West Virginia cities. Rebudgeting displayed a consistent pattern for the various budget categories—personnel, contracts, commodities, capital, and contributions—closely resembling the “increase-then-decrease” pattern seen in the overall budget. Empirical data on budgetary adjustments and structured interviews with city finance officials helped to describe budget changes and explain probable causes and effects of behavior during budget execution for these smaller cities. Budget changes were found to be the result of managerial necessity and the exercise of discretion to generate and distribute surpluses.
Innovative Ideas in Privacy Research (Keynote Talk)

Privacy is fundamental to trusted collaboration and interactions to protect against malicious users and fraudulent activities. It is difficult to even impossible to preserve privacy in peer to peer large distributed system. In such networks, privacy is needed to protect the source of information, the destination (end user) of information, the route of information transmission and dissemination, and information content itself. Privacy is an illusive subject. The semantic of information itself changes with time, context, and interpretation by humans. Exact replica of private information is not available. Even the original source of the information can not present a coherent interpretation if asked to present the information twice. It may be true for numerical data but the context in which the data needs to be used may change with time. It is hard to specify the policies for privacy preservation in a legal, precise, and correct manner. It is even harder to enforce the privacy policies.
ANIT-Induced Intrahepatic Cholestasis Alters Hepatobiliary Transporter Expression via Nrf2-Dependent and Independent Signaling

Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) causes intrahepatic cholestasis by injuring biliary epithelial cells. Adaptive regulation of hepatobiliary transporter expression has been proposed to reduce liver injury during cholestasis. Recently, the oxidative stress transcription factor Nrf2 (nf-e2-related factor 2) was shown to regulate expression of hepatobiliary transporters. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity and regulation of hepatobiliary transporters are altered in the absence of Nrf2. For this purpose, wild-type and Nrf2-null mice were administered ANIT (75 mg/kg po). Surprisingly, ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity was similar in both genotypes at 48 h. Accumulation of bile acids in serum and liver was lower in Nrf2-null mice compared with wild-types treated with ANIT. Transporter mRNA profiles differed between wild-type and Nrf2-null mice after ANIT. Bsep (bile salt export pump), Mdr2 (multidrug resistance gene), and Mrp3 (multidrug resistance-associated protein) efflux transporters were increased by ANIT in wild-type, but not in Nrf2-null mice. In contrast, mRNA expression of two hepatic uptake transporters, Ntcp (sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide) and Oatp1b2 (organic anion transporting peptide), were decreased in both genotypes after ANIT, with larger declines in Nrf2-null mice. mRNA expression of the transcriptional repressor of Ntcp, small heterodimeric partner (SHP), was increased in Nrf2-null mice after ANIT. Furthermore, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha), which regulates Oatp1b2, was downregulated in ANIT-treated Nrf2-null mice. Preferential upregulation of SHP and downregulation of HNF1alpha and uptake transporters likely explains why Nrf2-null mice exhibited similar injury to wild-types after ANIT. A subsequent study revealed that treatment of mice with the Nrf2 activator oltipraz protects against ANIT-induced histological injury. Despite compensatory changes in Nrf2-null mice to limit ANIT toxicity, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 may represent a therapeutic option for intrahepatic cholestasis.
The Dynamics of the UMDL Service Market Society

One of our goals when building the University of Michigan Digital Library (UMDL) has been to prototype an architecture that can continually reconfigure itself as users, contents, and services come and go. We have worked toward this goal by developing a multi-agent infrastructure with agents that buy and sell services from each other using our commerce and communication protocols. We refer to the services and protocols offered by this infrastructure as the Service Market Society (SMS). Within the SMS, agents are able to find, work with, and even try to outsmart each other, as each agent attempts to accomplish the tasks for which it was created. When we open the door to decentralized decision-making among self-interested agents, there is a risk that the system will degenerate into chaos. In this paper, we describe the protocols, services, and agent abilities embedded in the SMS infrastructure that combat such chaos while permitting flexibility, extensibility, and scalability of the system.
Geolocation-aware resource management in cloud computing-based cognitive radio networks

With the rapid development of cognitive radios, spectrum efficiency in cognitive radio networks (CRN) has increased by secondary users (SU) accessing the licensed spectrum dynamically and opportunistically without creating harmful interference to primary users. However, the performance and security of CRN is considerably constrained by its limited power, memory and computational capacity. Fortunately, the advent of cloud computing has the potential to mitigate these constraints due its vast storage and computational capacity. In this paper, we propose geolocation-aware radio resource management algorithm for CRN where distributed storage and computing resource in cloud computing platform and geolocation of secondary users are leveraged to store spectrum occupancy information of heterogeneous wireless networks and facilitates the access of spectrum opportunities for secondary users (SU). The proposed algorithm leverages the geolocation of secondary users and idle licensed bands to facilitate efficient allocation of radio resources to SU. Furthermore, the secondary users who provide high benefit are admitted while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirement of secondary users in terms of data rate and service time. We also propose a scalable mapping method using storm, a real-time distributed processing model in cloud computing platform to dynamically partition the geographical area according to the SU density. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed geolocation-aware radio resource management algorithm.
Development and characterization of 33 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the brown tree snake Boiga irregularis

Boiga irregularis is a widespread invasive species on Guam and has led to extirpation of most of the island’s native avifauna. There are presently no microsatellite markers for this invasive species, hence we developed highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to allow for robust population genetic studies on Guam. We isolated and characterized 33 microsatellite loci for the brown tree snake, B. irregularis. The loci were screened across 32 individuals from Guam. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to ten, with an average of 4.62. The expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.294 to 0.856 and from 0.031 to 0.813, with an average of 0.648 and 0.524, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected at seven loci after Bonferoni correction. Probability of identity values ranged from 0.043 to 0.539. These genetic markers are useful for understanding a suite of post-invasion population genetic parameters, sources of invasions, and effectiveness of management strategies for this invasive species.
Sequential Search Beats a Two-Parameter Search

Abstract A search strategy is introduced that combines features of both the sequential and best-of-N search strategies. This hybrid search strategy has two parameters, an acceptance threshold T and a maximum search length N. It is shown that the optimized sequential search strategy nonetheless dominates the hybrid strategy for all values of T and N and for all underlying distributions, assuming a fixed cost per prospect.
A Robust B-Splines-Based Point Match Method for Non-Rigid Surface Registration

Small animal imaging provides a powerful tool to study cancer in animal models. To monitor therapeutic response, serial in vivo images are acquired at different time points. Accurate image registration is needed to improve the quantification of changes over time. However, mouse body is extremely flexible and deformable, mouse image registration is challenging. In this paper, we present a deformable image registration method for the whole mouse body. A non-rigid point matching method has been developed to align mouse bones which represent the posture of a mouse body. Deformation is modeled as a global affine transformation followed by a local B-splines deformation. The robust point matching method simultaneously estimates point correspondence and surface deformation. It does not need to identify and label feature correspondences. The method can handle complex three-dimensional surfaces with a large amount of points and has achieved a high computational efficiency. The method was tested on mouse microCT images acquired at different positions. The distance between the anatomical feature point pairs has decreased from 3.8plusmn1.0 mm for manually rigid-body registration to 0.9plusmn0.4 mm for non-rigid surface registration. We also demonstrated the surface matching method for tumor magnetic resonance images that were acquired in different phases of treatment. The non-rigid surface registration method works well for both bone and soft tissues. The registration method can be applied to not only small animal images but also human images in clinical applications.
The Tubero-Infundibular Region of the Hypothalamus: A Focus of Testosterone Sensitivity in Male Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea)

The tubero-infundibular region of the mammalian hypothalamus, implicated in the control of pituitary gonadotropin secretion by ablative and implantation techniques (Halasz et al., 1962, 1965; Szentagothai et al., 1962; Davidson, 1966; Donovan, 1966; Everett, 1969) and shown by bioassay to have FSH-releasing activity (Watanabe and McCann, 1968), appears capable of reducing gonadotropic function in response to increased local concentrations of sex steroid hormones (Lisk, 1960, 1962; Davidson and Sawyer, 1961 ; Davidson and Smith, 1967). Although several studies suggest the existence of negative feedback relations between gonadal steroids and pituitary gonadotropin(s) in birds (Kobayashi, 1954; Hohlweg and Daume, 1959; Benoit, 1961; Lofts, 1962, 1968; Tixier-Vidal et al., 1962, 1968; Uemura and Kobayashi, 1963; Gogan and Kordon, 1964; Uemura, 1964; Kobayashi and Farner, 1966; Matsuo et al., 1969; Mikami et al., 1969), evidence for the central nervous system as intermediary is, for the most part, fragmentary and inconclusive. Recently, however, testosterone sensitivity of neural substrates, as revealed by reduced pituitary gonadotropic function, has been demonstrated in the domestic mallard (Kordon and Gogan, 1964; Gogan, 1968).
Does Early Versus Delayed Active Range of Motion Affect Rotator Cuff Healing After Surgical Repair? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background:The timing of passive range of motion (ROM) after surgical repair of the rotator cuff (RC) has been shown to affect healing. However, it is unknown if early or delayed active ROM affects healing.Purpose:To determine whether early versus delayed active ROM affects structural results of RC repair surgery.Study Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods:A systematic review of articles published between January 2004 and April 2014 was conducted. Structural results were compared for early (<6 weeks after surgery) versus delayed (≥6 weeks after surgery) active ROM using chi-square and Fisher exact tests, as well as relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs. The analyses were stratified by tear size and repair method.Results:A total of 37 studies (2251 repairs) were included in the analysis, with 10 (649 repairs) in the early group and 27 (1602 repairs) in the delayed group. For tears ≤3 cm, the risk of a structural tendon defect was higher in the early versus delayed group for transosseous plus single...
BOTTOM BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESSES ON A MODEL BEACH

The maximum amplitude of shear stress in the bottom boundary layer of water waves was evaluated with a Preston probe inclined on a 1 12 5 slope beach Near bottom velocity profiles were obtained in laminar and developing turbulent flow conditions from which the experimental boundary layer thicknesses were evaluated Agreement between experimental bottom velocities and those calculated from Airy theory deteriorate with decreasing depth on the beach resulting m lower shear stress values than predicted by linear theory The measured boundary layer thickness on the slope exceeds the predicted for horizontal bottom, increasing shoreward to some critical depth outside the breaker zone from where it decreases shoreward The influence of roughness on the shear stress distribution is considerable m the "offshore" region, but becomes negligible near the breaker zone On a smooth bottom the coefficient of friction agrees with Kajiura's expression.
Combined Specialty Residency Programs

• Internal Medicine/Pediatrics • Internal Medicine/Emergency Medicine • Internal Medicine/Psychiatry • Internal Medicine/Dermatology • Psychiatry/Family Medicine • Pediatrics/Anesthesiology • Pediatrics/Emergency Medicine • Pediatrics/Physical Medicine & Rehab • Internal Medicine/Family Medicine • Internal Medicine/Anesthesiology • Internal Medicine/Neurology • Internal Medicine/Preventive Medicine • Family Medicine/Preventive Medicine • Psychiatry/Neurology • Pediatrics/Medical Genetics • Internal Medicine/Medical Genetics • Diagnostic Radiology/Nuclear Medicine • Internal Medicine/Emergency Medicine/ Critical Care • Pediatrics/Dermatology • Emergency Medicine/Family Medicine • Pediatrics/Psychology/ Child–Adolescent Psychology Combined Specialty Residency Programs Vinod E. Nambudiri, MD, MBA, clinical fellow, Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Combined Dermatology Program
Pallidotomy, editorial review.

AbstractParkinson’s disease treatment remains one of the greatest challenges in neurology. Although L-Dopa is the mainstay of treatment, in the 7990’s the role of functional surgery has been rediscovered. In the post-dopa era the profile of Parkinson’s has changed. Many patients have intolerance to high doses of L-Dopa, disabling diskynesias and on-off phenomena. This particular group of patients that failed pharmacological treatment and show severe rigidity, bradykinesia, and dyskinesia seem to benefit from ventra-postero-lateral pallidotomy. The organization as well as the afferent and efferent pathways of the basal ganglia (globus pallidus, striatuml substancia nigra, subthalamic nucleus) will be discussed. The loss of dopaminergic projections on the globus pallidus result in increased activity of the inhibitory output of the globus pallidus over the thalamus that ultimately turns back in the cortex. Thus, the fundamental goal of this stereotactic procedure is to abolish selectively the pallidal hypera...
Teachers’ self-reported knowledge regarding English learners: perspectives on culturally and linguistically inclusive instruction and intervention

ABSTRACTStudent diversity within U.S. schools has steadily increased in recent years. This trend has driven significant interest, on the part of schools and school systems, in supporting students who are English learners (ELs) and who are culturally diverse. It has also highlighted, for those schools and school systems, the importance of professional development to prepare teachers to support those students effectively. Teacher experience and knowledge regarding this population is particularly important to the cause of inclusive education, as appropriate supports, instruction and inclusion for these learners are highly dependent on teachers’ knowledge and skills. This study surveyed teachers in three highly diverse elementary schools with high percentages of ELs, students of minority backgrounds, and students receiving free and reduced-price meals. Results indicated that, despite reporting significant previous professional development on cultural and language diversity, teachers lacked familiarity with ba...
Narrowing of attention following food cue exposure in emerging adults: Does impulsivity matter?

Abstract Obesity has reached epidemic proportions over the past few decades and research is beginning to focus on the behavioral and cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to the rise of obesity in youth and emerging adults. Based on previous models of obesity and current research on the activation of approach motivational states, we predicted that impulsive individuals and individuals with high body dissatisfaction would demonstrate a narrowing of attentional focus in response to food-cue exposure. Participants ( n = 101) completed a task assessing attentional breadth in response to food and non-food cues, followed by measures of eating behaviors and delay discounting (a measure of impulsive decision making). The findings revealed that delay discounting and the interaction between BMI and body dissatisfaction predicted narrowing of attentional scope following the presentation of food cues. Implications for how these findings might account for the link between impulsivity, body dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating are discussed.
The Energy Landscape of Human Chromosomes

In vivo, the human genome folds into a characteristic ensemble of three-dimensional structures. The mechanism driving the folding process remains unknown. We report a theoretical model for chromatin (Minimal Chromatin Model) that explains the folding of interphase chromosomes and generates chromosome conformations consistent with experimental data. The energy landscape of the model was derived by using the maximum entropy principle and relies on two inputs: a classification of loci into chromatin types and a catalog of the positions of CTCF-mediated chromatin loops.
Creatine Kinase Elevation and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme released into serum in response to muscle injury. The prevalence and extent of CK elevation depends on the underlying cause.
Sovereign Bankruptcy Hydraulics

Sovereignty and sovereign immunity occur along a continuum. The kings and queens of old at one end; the North Hudson Sewerage Authority and its ilk at another. The need for a bankruptcy system to address financial distress varies inversely with a sovereign’s place on the continuum. Queens and kings have no need for bankruptcy. They will pay or rework their debts only if larger political or economic considerations induce them to do so. A bankruptcy judge, operating under a bankruptcy law, has little to add to such discussions. A municipal power company, on the other hand, is not readily liquidated or turned over to creditors to do as they see fit – turning off the power to any part of a nation these days seems incredible. Yet the power company has no sovereign immunity to hide behind. It needs a bankruptcy procedure to coral its creditors into an equitable solution, while keeping public assets out of private hands. In short, pushing against sovereignty increases the need for a governmental entity to have access to sovereign bankruptcy. This insight has several important implications, which are addressed in this short paper.
ECB Monetary Policy Actions and the Economic Conditions of a Non-Euro Member: The Case of Croatia

This paper analyses the importance of ECB monetary policy shocks in the domestic activities of a non-EMU member, Croatia, with the main focus on the inflation rate. Using a Vector Autoregressive Model with an exogenous variable specification, it is found that the contraction of foreign monetary shocks have a significant positive impact on the local inflation rate and output. Interestingly, the interest rate gap exerts a statistically significant effect on the economic activities of Croatia, suggesting that targeting exchange rate stability does not eliminate the significance of ECB’s monetary policy changes.
Transmission of Arterial Signals, Venous Nonlinearity, and Body Movement

Arteries are shown to serve at least four different functions. First, they provide functional pressure reservoirs, which furnish blood supplies far steadier in time than the intermittent pumping of the ventricle. Second, they generate companion pressure and flow waves that deliver pulsatile pressure and flow to most of the peripheral organs. Third, the interplay between outgoing and reflected pressure and flow waves is such as to reduce strongly the input impedance as seen by the ventricle for all but the lowest frequency components, which significantly reduces the amount of physical work required from the ventricle to generate stroke volume. Fourth, they accommodate changing demands by the peripheral organs for oxygen supply, carbon dioxide washout, metabolic supply, etc. by regional alteration of peripheral resistance, primarily through adjustment of arteriolar diameters. As a feature of great practical value, the elaborate array of arteries, formulated mathematically, is amenable to reduction in size under certain circumstances. A canon is developed for the description and analysis of pressure and flow phenomena that is to be used in several subsequent chapters until, in Chap. 8, it is adapted to accommodate the generalization of Harvey’s teaching. The canon promotes the careful balancing of compromises in selecting approximations.
Monoanionic, Bis(pyrazolyl)methylborate [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]- as a Supporting Ligand for Copper(I)-ethylene, cis-2-Butene, and Carbonyl Complexes.

The monoanionic bidentate ligand [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]− has been prepared from lithium bis(pyrazolyl)methanide and triphenylborane. This useful new ligand is closely related to the well-established bis(pyrazolyl)borate and bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands but has key differences to both analogues as well. The ethylene, cis-2-butene, and carbon monoxide adducts [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2]Cu(L) (where L = C2H4, cis-CH3HC═CHCH3, and CO) have been prepared from [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Li(THF), copper(I) triflate, and the corresponding coligand. These complexes have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In all cases the bis(pyrazolyl) moiety is bound in κ2N fashion with the BPh3 group rotated to sit over the metal center, sometimes coordinating to the metal via phenyl carbons as in [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Li(THF) and [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2]Cu(CO) or simply hovering above the metal site as in [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Cu(C2H4) and [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Cu(cis-CH3HC═CHCH3). ...
Model of Illusions and Virtual Reality.

In Virtual Reality (VR) it is possible to induce illusions in which users report and behave as if they have entered into altered situations and identities. The effect can be robust enough for participants to respond “realistically”, meaning behaviors are altered as if subjects had been exposed to the scenarios in reality. The circumstances in which such VR illusions take place were first introduced in the 80’s. Since then, rigorous empirical evidence has explored a wide set of illusory experiences in VR. Here we compile this research and propose a neuroscientific model explaining the underlying perceptual and cognitive mechanisms that enable illusions in VR. Furthermore, we describe the minimum instrumentation requirements to support illusory experiences in VR, and discuss the importance and shortcomings of the generic model.
Effects of Cytokines on Cerebral Neurotransmission and Potential Relationships to Function

A relationship between immune function and neurotransmission in the brain has been suspected for some time. In 1972, Pohorecky et al reported that endotoxin (Hpopolysaccharide, LPS) increased the turnover of norepinephrine (NE), but not serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the brain (1). Although LPS is a powerful stimulator of the immune system, it has many non-immune effects. A decade later, Besedovsky et al showed that administration of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to rats altered the turnover of NE in the hypothalamus (assessed by their disappearance following inhibition of synthesis) and that this response correlated with the presence of an immune response (2). Subsequently SRBC administration was shown to decrease the NE content of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the 5-HT content of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, but no changes were observed in the other hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic regions studied (3). These changes occurred only at the peak of the immune response to SRBC. The mechanism of these responses was unknown, but because immune activation was known to result in the synthesis and secretion of cytokines, it was postulated that they may function as immune cell-to-brain messengers.
Light detection and ranging (LIDAR): an emerging tool for multiple resource inventory.

Airborne laser scanning of forests has been shown to provide accurate terrain models and, at the some time, estimates of multiple resource inventory variables through active sensing of three-dimensional (3D) forest vegetation. Brief overviews of airborne laser scanning technology [often referred to as "light detection and ranging" (LIDAR)] and research findings on its use in forest measurement and monitoring are presented. Currently, many airborne laser scanning missions are flown with specifications designed for terrain mapping, often resulting in data sets that do not contain key information needed for vegetation measurement. Therefore, standards and specifications for airborne laser scanning missions are needed to insure their usefulness for vegetation measurement and monitoring, rather than simply terrain mapping (e.g., delivery of all return data with reflection intensity). Five simple, easily understood LIDAR-derived forest data products are identified that would help insure that forestry needs are considered when multiresource LIDAR missions are flown. Once standards are developed, there is an opportunity to maximize the value of permanent ground plot remeasurements by also collecting airborne laser data over a limited number of plots each year.
Lineage-Determining Transcription Factor TCF-1 Initiates the Epigenetic Identity of T Cells

Summary T cell development is orchestrated by transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes initially buried within inaccessible chromatin, but the transcription factors that establish the regulatory landscape of the T cell lineage remain unknown. Profiling chromatin accessibility at eight stages of T cell development revealed the selective enrichment of TCF-1 at genomic regions that became accessible at the earliest stages of development. TCF-1 was further required for the accessibility of these regulatory elements and at the single-cell level, it dictated a coordinate opening of chromatin in T cells. TCF-1 expression in fibroblasts generated de novo chromatin accessibility even at chromatin regions with repressive marks, inducing the expression of T cell-restricted genes. These results indicate that a mechanism by which TCF-1 controls T cell fate is through its widespread ability to target silent chromatin and establish the epigenetic identity of T cells.
The Gendered Literary Landscapes of Elizabeth Jolley

The article argues that Jolley's literary landscapes are gendered and her female and male characters are generally located in specific types of landscapes or settings, with reference to Foxybaby and The Well .
Semantically Equivalent Adversarial Rules for Debugging NLP models

Complex machine learning models for NLP are often brittle, making different predictions for input instances that are extremely similar semantically. To automatically detect this behavior for individual instances, we present semantically equivalent adversaries (SEAs) – semantic-preserving perturbations that induce changes in the model’s predictions. We generalize these adversaries into semantically equivalent adversarial rules (SEARs) – simple, universal replacement rules that induce adversaries on many instances. We demonstrate the usefulness and flexibility of SEAs and SEARs by detecting bugs in black-box state-of-the-art models for three domains: machine comprehension, visual question-answering, and sentiment analysis. Via user studies, we demonstrate that we generate high-quality local adversaries for more instances than humans, and that SEARs induce four times as many mistakes as the bugs discovered by human experts. SEARs are also actionable: retraining models using data augmentation significantly reduces bugs, while maintaining accuracy.
Finding the suitable drag-free acceleration noise level for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking geodesy missions

Abstract This paper evaluates the impact of residual acceleration noise on the estimation of the Earth’s time-varying gravity field for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking missions. The goal is to determine the maximum level of residual acceleration noise that does not adversely affect the estimation error. The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided monthly average gravity field solutions in spherical harmonic coefficients for more than a decade. It provides information about land and ocean mass variations with a spatial resolution of ∼350 km and with an accuracy within 2 cm throughout the entire Earth. GRACE Follow-on was launched in May 2018 to advance the work of GRACE and to test a new laser ranging interferometer, which measures the range between the two satellites with higher precision than the K-Band ranging system used in GRACE. Moreover, there have been simulation studies that show, an additional pair of satellites in an inclined orbit increases the sampling frequency and reduces temporal aliasing errors. Given the fact that future missions will likely continue to use the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking formation with laser ranging interferometry, it is expected that the residual acceleration noise will become one of the largest error contributor for the time-variable gravity field solution. We evaluate three different levels of residual acceleration noise based on demonstrated drag-free systems to find a suitable drag-free performance target for upcoming geodesy missions. We analyze both a single collinear polar pair and the optimal double collinear pair of drag-free satellites and assume the use of a laser ranging interferometer. A partitioned best linear unbiased estimator that was developed, incorporating several novel features from the ground up is used to compute the solutions in terms of spherical harmonics. It was found that the suitable residual acceleration noise level is around 2 × 10−12 ms−2 Hz−1/2. Decreasing the acceleration noise below this level did not result in more accurate gravity field solutions for the chosen mission architecture.
Human Factors Regarding Age in Single Pilot Transitions to Technologically Advanced Aircraft

The purpose of this research is investigating the relationship between computer simulated instruction and pilot performance in the transition to technologically advanced aircraft. With the advent of computerized glass cockpits in modern aircraft a problem has arisen of the ability of aging pilots and the human factors involved. These pilots for many years have received training on the round instrument gauges and the question is, can they now safely make the transfer to the new cockpit technologies? Studies show a cognitive deficit with pilot's age 40 years and older making transitions to these advanced cockpits. SPSS statistical software will be used to analyze data looking at specifically Spearman's Rank Order Correlation. This non-parametric statistic will be used to compare one group of under age 40 pilots and one group over age 40 pilots and their ability to transfer to more technologically advanced aircraft.
Working U.S. Adults without Paid Sick Leave Report more Worries about Finances

Using the National Health Interview Survey 2015 data release, an analytic sample of 17,897 working U.S. adults in current paid employment were examined to determine if there was a relationship betw...
Lebensqualität bei Epilepsie: Ein Überblick zum Forschungsstand – Teil 2: Vergleiche mit Referenzgruppen, Interventionsstudien

Seit den 1990er-Jahren ist in der Epileptologie Lebensqualitat (Quality of Life: QOL) bzw. gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualitat Gegenstand der klinischen Forschung. Dabei wird in einzelnen Studien meist nicht explizit erlautert, von welchem QOL-Konzept bzw. -Verstandnis ausgegangen wird. In einem Uberblick sollen die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Forschung zur QOL bei Epilepsie aufgezeigt werden. In diesem 2. Teil werden die Forschungsschwerpunkte „QOL-Vergleiche mit Referenzgruppen“ und „Interventionen mit QOL als Outcome-Parameter“ behandelt. Die Archive der einschlagigen Fachzeitschriften Epilepsia, Epilepsy & Behavior sowie Seizure seit Beginn der 1990er-Jahre wurden daraufhin untersucht, ob in Publikationen QOL thematisiert oder QOL-Daten erhoben worden waren. Auf reprasentative Studien wird verwiesen. Zu Vergleichen der QOL von Epilepsiepatienten mit Referenzgruppen ist festzuhalten: Insgesamt ist die QOL von Patienten mit Epilepsie gegenuber gesunden Personen reduziert, entspricht bei Anfallsfreiheit aber in der Regel weitgehend der QOL gesunder Personen. Mit Bezug auf QOL als Zielparameter von Interventionen hat sich gezeigt: Die QOL bei Epilepsie scheint relativ unabhangig von spezifischen Interventionen dann verbessert zu werden, wenn Anfallsfreiheit erreicht oder die Anfallsfrequenz deutlich reduziert wird. QOL hat sich in Outcome-Studien als wichtiges Zielkriterium neben Anfallskontrolle etabliert. Damit erhielt die subjektive Perspektive der Epilepsiepatienten groseres Gewicht. Auf die klinische Praxis scheint sich die Beschaftigung mit QOL bislang eher wenig ausgewirkt zu haben, zumindest nicht in systematischer und uberprufbarer Weise.