cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Walking Speed As a Potential Indicator of Cartilage Breakdown Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Objective To determine whether or not self-selected walking speed associates with serum biomarkers of cartilage (collagen and proteoglycan) breakdown in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) individuals. Methods Twenty individuals with a history of a primary unilateral ACLR participated in this cross-sectional study. Resting blood was collected from each participant prior to completing 5 walking gait trials at a self-selected comfortable speed. Walking speed was evaluated in a 3-dimensional motion capture laboratory and determined from the velocity of the pelvic center of mass. Sera were assessed for collagen type II cleavage product (C2C) and proteoglycan (aggrecan) concentrations using commercially available specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pearson's product-moment (r) and Spearman's (ρ) correlations were used to evaluate associations between walking speed and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown metabolism. Partial correlations were used to determine whether covariates influenced associations between walking speed and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown. Results ACLR individuals with a slower walking speed demonstrated higher concentrations of serum C2C (r = −0.52, P = 0.02), while there was no significant association between walking speed and aggrecan concentrations (ρ = −0.29, P = 0.31). After accounting for the variance associated with stance phase duration, ACLR individuals with a slower walking speed still demonstrated greater serum C2C concentrations (partial r = −0.53, P = 0.02). Conclusion ACLR individuals who habitually walk slower may experience a greater degree of collagen breakdown, suggesting that walking speed may be a future useful clinical indicator for identifying individuals with higher levels of cartilage breakdown and preradiographic osteoarthritic joint changes.
Why single-machine processing overlay error still fails: reticle interference effect and our solution on IC foundry fab

Processing two consequent layers on the same exposure tool had long time been considered to be the terminated solution for overlay control by photolithography process engineers. Such measure would take advantage of excluding Lens distortion contribution to overlay performance and lead to only mask error, alignment accuracy, stage accuracy consume the overlay main budget. But in practice, large overlay error still could be observed even single machine run on scanner that could not be tolerable by current device requirement. How come. Reticle interference effect with alignment laser beam had been demonstrated to dominate such large overlay error contribution. Solutions to control and eliminate this effect on CI foundry fab were also presented. An advanced feedforward/feedback control system would compensate such error in advance. Also ARC coating on mask quartz side that would eliminate the interference effect will be mentioned and proved to be effective way for better overlay control performance.
Proportional service differentiation in wireless LANs using spacing-based channel occupancy regulation

In this paper, we propose Spacing-based Channel Occupancy Regulation (SCORE) MAC protocol for wireless LANs that provides proportional service differentiation in terms of normalized throughput. As shown by our system model and simulation study, SCORE provides consistent, scalable and adjustable proportional differentiation for any network size, any service class distribution, any node data rate and any packet size. Compared to state-of-the-art prioritized service differentiation schemes like Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF), SCORE can quantitatively control the channel sharing between different service classes. Moreover, SCORE obtains significant performance improvements in terms of higher network throughput, higher transmission efficiency, lower medium access delay and lower delay jitter.
Tricks tumors use to escape from immune control.

Summary Tumor escape from the host immune system has been a major problem in immunotherapy of human malignancies. Human tumors are known to develop escape strategies, which might differ among tumors of the same histology. This suggests that host-tumor interactions create the tumor microenvironment that is unique for every tumor. Recent advances in cancer immunology allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms tumors use to execute immune escape and of the relationship the tumor establishes with immune cells. It is now feasible to obtain an “immune signature” of the tumor, that is to define the genetic, molecular and functional profiles of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This knowledge might be critically important for the personalized selection of available therapies and thus for clinical outcome.
l-type doubling transitions in Δ states of OCS

Abstract Molecular beam electric resonance spectroscopy has been used to measure the l -type doubling transitions in carbonyl sulfide. Transitions in J = 4 to J = 20 have been observed for the (02 2 0) vibrational state and for J = 1 and J = 2 for the (03 1 0) state. The data has been analyzed to give the v = 2 energy separation E Δ 0 - E Σ 0 = −5.7861(2) + 8.36(1) × 10 −5 J(J + 1) cm −1 , and the vibrational dependence of q to be 86.52(9)( v 2 + 1) KHz. The dipole moment of the (02 2 0) vibrational state is 0.6936(3) D.
Abstract 1113: TGFβ pathway activation limits hematopoietic recovery from chemotherapy

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are capable of self-renewal and govern the long-term repopulation of all cell types of the blooding forming system. During normal hematopoiesis, there is a tight balance maintained between HSC self-renewal and differentiation. This balance is partially regulated through cell cycle regulators such as cyclin-dependent-kinases (CDKs) and CDK inhibitors (CKDIs); crucial positive and negative regulators of cell-cycle progression. We previously identified the CDKI p57Kip2 (Cdkn1c, p57) as an early transcriptional target of the tumor suppressor TGFβ that is required for TGFβ-induced cytostasis of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells; functions that provide a mechanistic basis for its expression being silenced in many aggressive human myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. P57 is essential during late embryogenesis, functioning in tissue-specific developmental programs to coordinate proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. We, and others, have found that p57 is highly expressed in deeply quiescent HSCs yet no role for p57 in hematopoiesis has been assigned. Utilizing a murine p57 knockout (KO) model, we studied the function of p57 in steady-state and stress hematopoiesis. Using limiting-dilution and competitive repopulation HSC assays, we found fewer long-term HSCs in the fetal liver of p57-KO animals demonstrating a role for p57 in HSCs development. In adult hematopoiesis, we found that p57 restrains the hematopoietic response to stresses imposed by serial-HSCs transplantation, hemolysis or myelotoxic chemotherapy. As a consequence, animal with p57-KO hematopoiesis tolerate higher doses of chemotherapeutics due to their more robust recovery from chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. Using phospho-specific SMAD2 antibodies we found that the TGFβ pathway is activated in immature hematopoietic cells, in vivo, following chemotherapy-induced hematopoietic stress. Normally this promotes p57-induced cytostasis but p57-KO HSCs escape this restraint. We used 9-color flow cytometry to investigate how p57 affects hematopoietic recovery in long-term HSCs (LKSCD34- Flk2-), short-term HSCs (LKSCD34+ Flk2-), multipotent progenitors (LKSCD34+ Flk2+), common myeloid progenitors (LKSca-CD34+ FcRlo), granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (LKSca- CD34+ FcR+) and megakaryocyte erythroid progenitors (LKSca- CD34- FcR-). These results show that the most deeply quiescent HSCs undergo more robust self-renewal during stress in the absence of p57. Our results suggest that myelotoxic chemotherapy blockade of TGFβ-induced cytostasis, normally mediated by p57, could be used to limit chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1113. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1113
Effectiveness of a Service Workers' Action Team (SWAT) for the Elderly*

The Service Workers Action Team (SWAT) is a three-year, community-based demonstration project for the elderly, with the primary goal of improving or maintaining psychosocial and physical functioning. With baseline scores and selected demography data as covariates, 243 experimental SWAT recipients were compared (manova) with 158 controls after six months, with respect to: 1) Hopkin's Symptom Checklist, 2) Social Participation Scale, 3) Life Satisfaction Scale, 4) Self-Esteem Scale, 5) Activities of Daily Living, and 6) four selected health-related questions. The frequency of responses for the experimental elderly were computed for program satisfaction at the time of follow-up. In terms of psychosocial functioning, the experimental group fared significantly better at six months than did the control group. In terms of health, both groups declined in functional status, as evidenced by their scores on Activities of Daily Living, though the experimental subjects still were significantly better than the controls. The majority of the experimental group found the program to be helpful, with suggestions made for program expansion.
Directed library of anilinogeranyl analogues of farnesyl diphosphate via mixed solid- and solution-phase synthesis.

A directed library of anilinogeranyl diphosphate analogues of the isoprenoid farnesyl diphosphate has been prepared by solid-phase organic synthesis using a traceless linker strategy in moderate yield in three steps: reductive amination, bromination, and treatment with ((n-Bu)4N)3HP2O7.
Nitrogen use by northern-adapted barley genotypes under no-till

(...) Eleven spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes were evaluated for N content and dry matter accumulation under direct drilling at 45 and 90 kg N ha −1 . These genotypes originated in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) or the Northern European (Nordic) countries Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. The Nordic genotypes were developed under cooler, wetter soil conditions than the PNW genotypes, and were therefore predicted to be better adapted to no-till management. Barley was drilled into stubble of spring cereals in a Palouse silt loam (fine-silty, mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) (...)
Cold acclimation in arctic lemmings.

Abstract o 1. The lemmings, Arctic rodents, show cold acclimation as measured by a number of variables: food and water consumption, liver temperature, and organ weights. 2. Cold acclimation of lemmings is apparently more rapid than that of temperate mammals. 3. The rapid cold acclimation in lemmings supports the hypothesis that compensation of a number of physiological variables is essentially complete within the first week of cold exposure as opposed to requiring months.
What Nonlinear−IR Experiments Can Tell You about Water that the IR Spectrum Cannot

Frequently, the IR spectrum of water is used to characterize the structure and strength of the associated hydrogen bond network. Here, we use nonlinear−IR spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of four aqueous systems that have very similar absorption spectra. We address the question: to what extent can the dynamics of water vary in systems with very similar absorption spectra? The results illustrate that the vibrational lifetimes and orientational relaxation time scales vary dramatically between the four samples and do not correlate with the amount of water relative to surfactant or solute in solution. Nonlinear−IR spectroscopies are therefore important for providing detailed information necessary to understand hydrogen bonded systems.
Efficient synthesis of (S,S)-ethambutol from l-methionine

Abstract Starting from readily available amino acid l -methionine, an efficient synthesis of the tuberculostatic agent ( S , S )-ethambutol has been developed. The key steps in the synthetic sequence involve: dimerization of methionine methyl ester through oxalyl diamide formation, Raney nickel desulfurization of the terminal thiomethyl groups, and a one-pot exhaustive reduction of the oxalamide and the diester functionalities to afford the desired enantiopure ( S , S )-ethambutol in good overall yield.
The Gender Gap among Teen Survey Respondents: Why are Boys more Likely to Report a Gun in the Home than Girls?

It is a reliable though unexplained feature of national surveys that include items on gun ownership that wives are less likely to report a gun in the home than husbands. In this article we extend the inquiry regarding this gender gap in reporting of household guns to include adolescent children (age 12–17 years). The California Health Interview Survey of 2001, the largest-ever state survey of its kind, includes over 4000 marital households in which both a parent and adolescent child were interviewed and asked whether there was a gun in the home. There is little “age gap” in reporting—California teens are almost as likely to say that there is a gun as are their parents—but there is a gender gap among both the teens and their parents. We also find a large gap in personal experience with guns—boys are three times as likely to report hunting or shooting with a family member than girls. This difference in experience fully accounts for the gender gap in reporting. The relevance of these findings for the interpretation of survey data is clear. Whether there is a gun reported in a home depends to a remarkable extent on which member of the household is asked the question. Hence, the method of selection of respondent(s) from within a household will affect estimates of the patterns and prevalence of gun ownership, and, potentially, the accuracy of case–control studies that use self-report information about guns in the home.
The Utility Assessment Method Order Influences Measurement of Parents' Risk Attitude

Abstract Background Standard gamble (SG) and time trade-off (TTO) are two methods used for obtaining health utility values (utilities). Whether the order in which the methods are applied alters the relative utilities obtained by each method is unknown. Objective We sought to determine whether the order in which SG and TTO utilities were obtained affects the relative values of the utilities obtained by each technique. Methods Utilities were assessed for 29 health states from 4016 parents by using SG and TTO. The assessment order was randomized by respondent. For analysis by health state, we calculated (SG –TTO) for each assessment and tested whether the SG – TTO difference was significantly different between the two groups (SG first and TTO first). For analysis by individual, we calculated a risk-posture coefficient, γ , defined by the utility curve, SG=TTO γ . We predicted γ through regression analysis with the covariates: child age, child sex, birth order, respondent age, respondent education level, and assessment method order. Results In 19 of 29 health states, the SG − TTO difference was significantly greater (more risk averse) when TTO was assessed first. In the regression analysis, "child age" and "assessment method order" were significant predictors of risk attitude. The risk posture coefficient γ was higher (more risk-seeking) with increasing child age and in the SG-first respondents. Conclusion The order in which the SG versus TTO method is used strongly influences the relative values of the utilities obtained.
Solenoid and sextupole optics of ultra-cold atomic hydrogen beams

Abstract Analytic calculations and particle tracking simulations are presented for a polarized atomic hydrogen beam produced by extraction from a superfluid helium coated cell in a large solenoidal magnetic field. Compression of the beam by the solenoidal field and subsequent focusing by a sextupole are considered.
Short-Cycle Higher Education: Purposes and Issues.

This article deals with a worldwide movement called short-cycle higher education - a level of education placed between post-compulsory/post-secondary education and university degree completion. Three types of short-cycle institutions are examined and evaluated: (1) extensions of secondary education, (2) expansions of universities and other senior institutions, and (3) units separated from existing schools.
Relationship between Motor Symptoms, Cognition, and Demographic Characteristics in Treated Mild/Moderate Parkinson's Disease.

Background Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by motor symptoms, PD patients, at all stages of the disease, can experience cognitive dysfunction. However, the relationships between cognitive and motor symptoms and specific demographic characteristics are not well defined, particularly for patients who have progressed to requiring dopaminergic medication.
Overweight children habituate slower than non-overweight children to food.

We have shown that physiological and behavioral responses habituate to food stimuli and recover when novel stimuli are presented. In addition, physiological responses in obese adults habituate slower to repeated food stimuli than those in non-obese individuals, which is related to greater energy intake. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that instrumental responding in overweight children habituates slower to food cues than in their non-overweight peers. Children were provided the opportunity to work for access to cheeseburger for 10 2-min trials, followed by French fries for 3 2-min trials. Results showed that children who had a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th BMI percentile (at risk for overweight; n = 17) habituated slower than those with a BMI percentile less than the 85th BMI percentile (non-overweight; n = 17). Response recovery to French fries did not differ between groups. Overweight children consumed significantly more grams of food and more energy than non-overweight children. When taken together, these data show that habituation may be an important individual difference characteristic that differentiates overweight from non-overweight children. Implications of this for prevention and treatment of obesity are discussed.
Histone acetylation is associated with differential gene expression in the rapid and robust memory CD8+ T-cell response

To understand the molecular basis for the rapid and robust memory T-cell responses, we examined gene expression and chromatin modification by histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation in resting and activated human naive and memory CD8+ T cells. We found that, although overall gene expression patterns were similar, a number of genes are differentially expressed in either memory or naive cells in their resting and activated states. To further elucidate the basis for differential gene expression, we assessed the role of histone H3K9 acetylation in differential gene expression. Strikingly, higher H3K9 acetylation levels were detected in resting memory cells, prior to their activation, for those genes that were differentially expressed following activation, indicating that hyperacetylation of histone H3K9 may play a role in selective and rapid gene expression of memory CD8+ T cells. Consistent with this model, we showed that inducing high levels of H3K9 acetylation resulted in an increased expression in naive cells of those genes that are normally expressed differentially in memory cells. Together, these findings suggest that differential gene expression mediated at least in part by histone H3K9 hyperacetylation may be responsible for the rapid and robust memory CD8+ T-cell response.
Radon transform and bandwidth compression

A bandwidth-compression scheme for two-dimensional data is presented that incorporates the Radon transform. There are three advantages to this approach: only one-dimensional operations are required, the dynamic range requirements of the compression are reduced by a filtering step associated with the inverse Radon transform, and the technique is readily adaptive to the data structure. A rectilinear object is compressed to demonstrate the algorithm.
CRY ANALYSIS IN INFANTS OF NARCOTIC ADDICTED MOTHERS

Infants born to narcotic addicted mothers exhibit a withdrawal syndrome characterized by signs of CNS irritability including a high pitched cry. Previous studies suggest that acoustical cry features reflect CNS function. To test the hypothesis that cry analysis may provide a measure of CNS irritability, we analyzed 90 cries from 24 infants of addicted mothers and 32 cries from matched controls. A clinical abstinence score was also determined Just prior to each cry. All cries were recorded for 30 seconds following a painful stimulus and were analyzed by computer to determine 4 types of cry variables: fundamental frequency (f0), 1st formant (F1), timing and mode. Although infants of narcotic abusers only exhibited a trend toward higher f0 values (which correlates with pitch) when values were compared during the typical cry mode (437 vs 387 Hz p=.08), withdrawing infants had significantly increased “falsetto” mode crying (16% vs 4% p=.015). Falsetto mode f0 is 4-5X that seen in the usual mode (i.e. higher pitch). Withdrawing infants also had more short cry utterances (<.05 sec) during the 30 sec. cry (21 vs 12 p=.02), however the duration of the 1st normal cry utterance was positively correlated with the clinical abstinence score (r=.30, p=.005). These data indicate that withdrawing infants have difficulty achieving stable vocalization. These findings are consistent with abnormal CNS control of the larynx and suggest that cry is an objective measure which may be useful in assessing CNS function.
Absorption spectroscopy at liquid interfaces by resonant surface second harmonic generation

We have measured the absorption spectrum of the laser dye IR125 (also known as indocyanine green) at the water/air interface using resonant enhanced surface second harmonic generation. The spectra of the dye molecules at the interface are extremely sensitive to the bulk concentration. All the surface spectra reflect aggregation of the dye at the interface, even at the smallest concentrations detectable, below 1 (mu) M. Resonant enhanced second harmonic generation appears to be a good technique for measuring spectra at liquid interfaces.
Physical symmetry and lattice symmetry in the lattice Boltzmann method

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is regarded as a specific finite difference discretization for the kinetic equation of the discrete velocity distribution function. We argue that for finite sets of discrete velocity models, such as LBM, the physical symmetry is necessary for obtaining the correct macroscopic Navier-Stokes equations. In contrast, the lattice symmetry and the Lagrangian nature of the scheme, which is often used in the lattice gas automaton method and the existing lattice Boltzmann methods and directly associated with the property of particle dynamics, is not necessary for recovering the correct macroscopic dynamics. By relaxing the lattice symmetry constraint and introducing other numerical discretization, one can also obtain correct hydrodynamics. In addition, numerical simulations for applications, such as nonuniform meshes and thermohydrodynamics can be easily carried out and numerical stability can be ensured by the Courant-Friedricks-Lewey condition and using the semi-implicit collision scheme. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Proteolytic digestion of histones indicates that the nucleosomes of nuclei and of sheared chromatin are similar

Abstract Calf thymus nuclei were treated with trypsin, chymotrypsin or Pronase, and the rate of digestion of the various histone fractions was determined. The results differed from those obtained by digestion of DNA-free histones with the same set of enzymes but were identical to those obtained by digestion of calf thymus chromatin. Because these enzymes have such different specificities, the results of these digestions indicate that the histone fractions have similar locations in the chromosomal substructures of nuclei and chromatin, i.e. that the structure of the nucleosomes which exist within nuclei is not changed markedly when chromatin is isolated from nuclei by a method which involves shearing.
Easily Synthesized Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Diimide Semiconductors with High Electron Mobility in Air

New N,N′-substituted 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NTCDIs) were synthesized in one step reactions, resulting in excellent electron mobilities in air as measured in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Two perfluoroalkyl-benzyl N,N′ substituents were used, differing in the length of the perfluoroalkyl moieties on the benzyl portion of the molecule. Single crystals of the short chain compound 2 were successfully grown by horizontal vapor deposition, and crystal structures were obtained and analyzed. Devices from both compounds were fabricated on untreated and silane treated Si/SiO2 substrates. The longer chain compound 1 gives the largest field effect mobility, reaching 0.57 cm2/(V s) in air. This is competitive with the best air stable n-channel materials to date. In contrast to previously studied high mobility materials, 1 achieved mobilities near 0.4 cm2/(V s) without the use of dielectric substrate treatments. Additionally, 1 displays exemplary ordering regardless of surface treatme...
Dramatic and sustained responsiveness of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis- associated pulmonary hypertension to vasodilator therapy

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is an uncommon diffuse lung disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of Langerhans' cells around small airways and other distal lung compartments. Although pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of PLCH, the role of advanced PH therapies for PLCH-related PH is not well-established. We describe a PLCH patient with severe, disease-related PH that responded unexpectedly well to advanced PH therapy with sustained improvement over a 10 year follow-up period. This case indicates that PLCH-associated PH may, in certain instances, be highly responsive to advanced PH therapies and emphasizes the importance of trialing these therapies among patients with PLCH-related PH.
Shock source and intensity: Variables in shock-induced fighting*

Alternating current, direct current, and rectified alternating current shock were compared at four shock intensities to assess differential influences on shock-induced fighting in rats. At higher shock intensities, the data paralleled the Campbell and Masterson (1969) equal aversion function, but at lower shock intensities, differences among shock types with respect to frequencies of shock-induced fighting were obtained. These results suggested that, at lower shock intensities, shock type is a variable in shock-induced aggression research with rats.
Separation of agonist-stimulated arachidonate mobilization from subsequent leukotriene B4 synthesis in human neutrophils: different effects of oleoylacetylglycerol and phorbol myristate acetate as priming agents.

Preincubation of human neutrophils with phorbol esters or soluble diglycerides enhances subsequent f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-stimulated arachidonate mobilization and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis. We have recently reported that 1,3-dioctanoylglycerol (1,3-diC8) is equipotent with 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol (1,2-diC8) as a priming agent, thus suggesting that the priming effects of diacylglycerols are protein kinase C (PKC) independent (Rosenthal et al., 1993, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1177:79–86). In order to further investigate this question, the present study has directly compared the effects of oleoylacetylglycerol (OAG) and the PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), on agonist-stimulated lipid metabolism. The results indicate that both OAG and PMA dose dependently enhance f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-stimulated release of [3H]arachidonate. Optimal concentrations of OAG (5 μm) and PMA (10 nM) are equipotent in increasing fMLP-stimulated arachidonate mobilization as quantitated either with total radioactivity or by mass measurements of free arachidonate. By contrast OAG is sixfold more effective than PMA in enhancing synthesis of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolites by mass and two to threefold more effective than PMA in enhancing synthesis of [3H]eicosanoids. Furthermore, OAG, but not PMA, enhances fMLP-stimulated synthesis of platelet-activating factor. By contrast, PMA directly stimulates [3H]arachidonate mobilization, while OAG (20 μM) does not; despite these differences, the combined effects of PMA + OAG on subsequent agonist-stimulated arachidonate release are not greater than those of PMA alone. In cells challenged with subthreshold concentrations (<0.1 μM) of the calcium ionophore A23187, both OAG and PMA stimulate [3H]arachidonate release but not [3H]LTB4 synthesis. These findings suggest that OAG does not directly activate 5-LO, but instead couples arachidonate mobilization to leukotriene synthesis in a PKC-independent manner. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The compromise of embedded liberalism, American trade remedy law, and Canadian softwood lumber: Can't we all just get along?

The long‐running U.S.‐Canada softwood lumber dispute has always involved basic disagreements over forest policy, the protectionist impulses of a disgruntled U.S. forest sector, and the perceived vindictiveness of U.S. trade law applied to one of America's closest allies and its largest trading partner. The public debate about this dispute has tended to characterize it as an anomaly in an increasingly integrated and liberalized North American marketplace. However, the softwood dispute is much more than a single, seemingly intractable, trade irritant. Softwood is also a microcosm of the broader debate over public policy in an age of globalization. At the heart of this debate is the so‐called “compromise of embedded liberalism” whereby public policy has been shaped to help alleviate some of the negative effects of trade and capital market liberalization. Preserving this “compromise” has become increasingly problematic for the development of public policy and for maintaining support for additional liberalizat...
Hepatic venous outflow obstruction in pediatric liver transplantation: technical considerations in prevention, diagnosis, and management.

HVOO creates significant diagnostic and management dilemmas in pediatric liver transplant recipients, particularly with TVGs (split or reduced-size grafts). Numerous technical variations for the hepatic vein to IVC anastomosis have been described to minimize the incidence of this complication, but no consensus for an optimal anastomotic technique exists. One hundred and thirty-four liver transplants (70 TVGs) were performed in 124 patients between 1994 and 2011. These were divided into two cohorts. Group 1 (95 transplants, 41 TVGs) utilized a continuous running anastomosis. Group 2 (39 transplants, 29 TVGs) implemented a triangulated (three-stitch) anastomosis. All were reviewed for demographics, diagnostics, interventions, and outcome. The overall HVOO incidence was seven of 134 transplants (5.2%) and six of 70 transplants utilizing TVGs (8.6%). Group 1 incidence was five of 41 (12.2%) compared with one of 29 (3.4%; p = 0.20, OR 3.89) in Group 2. Liver Doppler was employed in all patients, and only three suggested HVOO. All patients with HVOO underwent venogram, at a median of 81 days post-transplant. All underwent percutaneous venoplasty and required 1-6 treatments, all resulting in HVOO resolution. Incidence of HVOO has improved since adopting the triangulated anastomosis, although not to a level of statistical significance. US is not adequately sensitive to exclude HVOO. Venogram is recommended in patients with prolonged ascites, and venoplasty has been highly successful in HVOO treatment.
Delayed response deficits in neonatally asphyxiated rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys, asphyxiated at the time of birth and tested at 10 months of age, were unable to perform a 5-sec delayed response task. They did as well as normal animals of the same age when no delay was introduced and could solve a black-white discrimination. It was concluded that the deficit was not of a cognitive nature, nor due to any sensory incapacity, but was truly one of short-term memory.
REACTANT-PRODUCT DECOUPLING FOR STATE-TO-STATE REACTIVE SCATTERING : FURTHER PARTITIONING IN THE PRODUCT ARRANGEMENTS

Recently, Peng and Zhang have derived a new time-dependent wavepacket “divide and conquer” formalism for decoupling the reactant and product pieces of the wavepacket. The approach makes it possible to treat the initial and product arrangement dynamics separately while still permitting the determination of quantitatively accurate S-matrix elements. In this paper we show how this procedure can be employed (using suitably defined partitioning potentials) to separate various types of inelastic scattering within any (or all) of the arrangements, both in reactions and photodissociation.
Difficult airway consultation service for children: steps to implement and preliminary results

SummaryBackground Failed airway management remains one of the most common causes of cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric population. Practice guidelines addressing the difficult airway (DAW) in adults provide anesthesiologists a framework for managing the airway during the perioperative period; however, similar consensus guidelines are lacking in the pediatric population. Many of the adverse events associated with difficult pediatric airway management occur outside the perioperative setting and often result in worse outcomes. The lower frequency of DAW management required in children, lesser awareness of pediatric health care professionals about DAW management, and the need for guiding principles led us to develop a DAW consultative service. This report outlines the steps to establish the Difficult Airway Service (DAS) and the initial experiences with this new consultation service. Methods The mission of the DAS is to identify children with known or anticipated DAWs, communicate the diagnosis and collaborate with referring medical and surgical services, and to manage children in those settings that airway management might be required in the context of the patient's ongoing medical care. Results The initial 3-month experience confirmed that a majority of pediatric DAW events are associated with congenital or acquired abnormalities. Through appropriate consultation and leadership, the DAS was able to physically and electronically identify pediatric patients with a DAW and provide management. Hospital-wide participation was instrumental in the success and exponential growth of DAS: planned preoperative tracheostomy in complicated posterior spinal fusion candidates, participation in EXIT procedures, standardization of airway carts, and implementation of education forums. Conclusion In developing the DAS, our goal was to provide a more comprehensive approach to caring for a child with a DAW that included their entire hospital stay and follow-up care. We believe this approach has improved health care professional awareness as well as the safe management of routine and difficult pediatric airway. Additional studies are needed to determine whether measurable changes in morbidity and mortality are observed over time.
Scattering by anisotropic models of composite rough surfaces--Full wave solution

Expressions for the scattering cross sections of anisotropic models of composite random rough surfaces are derived using the full wave approach that accounts for specular point scattering and Bragg scattering in a self-consistent manner. Backscatter cross sections are evaluated for vertically and horizontally polarized waves as a function of angle of incidence for cross wind, up wind, and down wind directions. The cross sections are most sensitive to wind direction for angles of incidence around 40\deg .
Elasto-plastic response of a multi-layered spherical vessel to internal blast loading

Abstract Dynamic response of a multi-layered spherical vessel subjected to intermittent internal blast loading is analysed. The vessel is composed of N concentric unsupported spherical shells of identical material and of the same thickness, separated by evacuated gaps of equal thickness. The wall material is assumed to be elasto-plastic obeying the bilinear stress-strain law. Taking into account of the wave interactions induced by inter-laminar impacts, response of the vessel system was calculated up to five cycles of vibration and the results are presented for several gap sizes.
Abstract 2556: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and gemcitabine as potential combinatorial therapy in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis, mainly due to lack of effective therapies. The use of non-toxic dietary agents in combination with standard treatment is showing promise in several highly deadly cancers. This study demonstrated the ability of dietary agent, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), to lower the LD50 of gemcitabine (Gemzar) and significantly decrease the growth of both male (MiaPaca2) and female (SU86.86) pancreatic cancer cells. In the male cell line (MiaPaca2) I3C enhanced the anti-proliferative effect at lower doses, decreasing gemcitabine IC50 from 30nM alone to 3nM in combination, a ten-fold decrease in the amount of gemcitabine needed to kill a significant number of cancer cells. Sex difference in response to gemcitabine was also demonstrated. Pancreatic cancer cells from the female cell line (SU86.86) were highly resistant to gemcitabine alone and growth was not affected even at doses as high as 500 μM compared to another powerful anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin (IC50=2.47 µM). However, I3C in combination with gemcitabine exerted powerful anti-cancer effects. The IC50 with 200 µM I3C was 0.388 µM and 1.13 µM with 100 µM I3C, which were lower than that of doxorubicin. Gemcitabine is the current FDA approved single agent for first-line treatment for patients with stage II, III and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. This study demonstrated the potential of I3C, a possible non-toxic hypomethylating agent, combined with the anti-cancer agent, gemcitabine, to be a powerful strategy for treating pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2556. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2556
Mr.KNN: soft relevance for multi-label classification

Multi-label classification refers to learning tasks with each instance belonging to one or more classes simultaneously. It arose from real-world applications such as information retrieval, text categorization and functional genomics. Currently, most of the multi-label learning methods use the strategy called binary relevance, which constructs a classifier for each unique label by grouping data into positives (examples with this label) and negatives (examples without this label). With binary relevance, an example with multiple labels is considered as a positive data for each label it belongs to. For some classes, this data point may behave like an outlier confusing classifiers, especially in the cases of well-separated classes. In this paper, we first introduce a new strategy called soft relevance, where each multi-label example is assigned a relevance score to the labels it belongs to. This soft relevance is then employed in a voting function used in a k nearest neighbor classifier. Furthermore, a voting-margin ratio is introduced to the k nearest neighbor classifier for better performance. We compare the proposed method to other multi-label learning methods over three multi-label datasets and demonstrate that the proposed method provides an effective way to multi-label learning.
Problem behaviors rated for inpatients using Cautela and Upper's behavioral coding system

Abstract This report describes problem behaviors rated by the Behavioral Coding System (BCS), psychiatric diagnoses, and problems on the Problem Oriented Record (POR) problem lists for 20 psychiatric inpatients. The BCS problem behaviors show face validity and provide much more treatment relevant information than the psychiatric diagnoses. All of the BCS but only 44% of the POR problems were potential targets for change; the remaining POR entries were medical problems, diagnoses, administrative issues, and historical events. When compared with the POR for the present sample, the BCS provides more precise, more detailed and more comprehensive descriptions of patients' problems.
Pharmacology and therapeutics

This review discusses recent research on agents likely to be used by dentists in their practice.
Nucleation of bulk phases in the HCl/H2O system

We report experimental results on the low-temperature uptake of HCl on H2O ice (ice). HCl was deposited on the surface at greater than monolayer amounts at 85 K, and the ice substrate was heated. The temperature dependence of the HCl vapor pressure from this phase was measured from 110 to 150 K, with the nucleation of a bulk hydrate phase observed at 150 K. Measurements were conducted in a closed system by simultaneous application of gas phase mass spectrometry and surface spectroscopy to characterize vapor/solid equilibrium and the nucleation of bulk hydrate phases. Combining the nucleation data reported here with data we reported previously (180 to 200 K) and data from two other laboratories (165 and 170 K), the thermodynamic boundaries for the nucleation of both the metastable bulk solution and bulk hydrate phases subsequent to monolayer adsorption of HCl have been determined. The nucleation of the metastable bulk solution phase occurs promptly at monolayer coverage at the ice/liquid coexistence bounda...
Facilitating technology transfer in education via paradigms for planned change

The technology (product) in education is knowledge. Therefore, one would expect that disseminators of knowledge (educators) would be on the forefront of change (creators and distributors of new knowledge). There is little evidence to show that the education system in the United States is receptive to future-oriented knowledge and methods. Therefore, this paper presents models to facilitate a receptive mind-set to the creation and transfer of technology in education.
Cytotoxicity in feline leukemia virus subgroup-C infected fibroblasts is mediated by adherent bone marrow mononuclear cells

The pathogenesis of retrovirus-induced erythroid aplasia in cats is unknown. In studies to define mechanisms of cytotoxicity associated with retroviral infections, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) from healthy specific pathogenfree cats were co-cultured with uninfected feline embryonic fibroblasts (FEA cells) and FEA cells infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) of subgroup A (FEA-A) or subgroup C (FEA-C). Moderate to marked cytotoxicity (CPE) developed in co-cultures of BMMC and FEA-C cells on Days 5 to 7 of incubation but not in co-cultures of BMMC and FEA-A or BMMC and uninfected cells (FEA-CT). Cytotoxicity was associated with adherent cells of light density (1.056) from bone marrow and peripheral blood, which were positive for alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase activity. Stimulation of adherent cells with phorbol ester or addition of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF-α) caused similar CPE in FEA-CT cells. The TNF-α concentrations in the culture supernatants of BMMC+FEA-C were higher than those of BMMC+FEA-A or BMMC+FEA-CT, and addition of anti-TNF antibodies to the cultures blocked the CPE. These data support the hypothesis that macrophages exposed to FeLV-C cause CPE in co-cultures of BMMC and FEA cells by a mechanism involving TNF-α. It is suggested that TNF-α may be involved in the suppression of hematopoiesis in cats which develop FeLV-C induced erythroid aplasia.
Structure/property relationships for a series of crosslinked aromatic/aliphatic epoxy mixtures

Nine thermoset networks consisting of an aromatic epoxy novolac and an aliphatic epoxy, crosslinked with an imidazole catalyst, were investigated with the aim of correlating macroscopic behaviour and structure as network composition varied. The networks had properties ranging from the two extremes of the brittle, highly crosslinked aromatic, to the rubbery, less crosslinked aliphatic epoxy. The relationships between crosslink density, a measure of network microstructure, and both primary (Tg) and secondary (Tβ) thermal transitions were investigated. These properties were also correlated with tensile toughness (stress/strain behaviour), strength and modulus. It was found that Tg varied linearly with crosslink density whereas Tβ depended on the chemical composition of the network. Although no dependence of the room temperature modulus on crosslink density was found, both tensile strength and toughness were shown to change with crosslink density. Tensile toughness also exhibited a dependence on the temperature and frequency of the β-transition.
A General Formulation and Solution Scheme for Fractional Optimal Control Problems

Accurate modeling of many dynamic systems leads to a set of Fractional Differential Equations (FDEs). This paper presents a general formulation and a solution scheme for a class of Fractional Optimal Control Problems (FOCPs) for those systems. The fractional derivative is described in the Riemann–Liouville sense. The performance index of a FOCP is considered as a function of both the state and the control variables, and the dynamic constraints are expressed by a set of FDEs. The Calculus of Variations, the Lagrange multiplier, and the formula for fractional integration by parts are used to obtain Euler–Lagrange equations for the FOCP. The formulation presented and the resulting equations are very similar to those that appear in the classical optimal control theory. Thus, the present formulation essentially extends the classical control theory to fractional dynamic system. The formulation is used to derive the control equations for a quadratic linear fractional control problem. An approach similar to a variational virtual work coupled with the Lagrange multiplier technique is presented to find the approximate numerical solution of the resulting equations. Numerical solutions for two fractional systems, a time-invariant and a time-varying, are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. It is shown that (1) the solutions converge as the number of approximating terms increase, and (2) the solutions approach to classical solutions as the order of the fractional derivatives approach to 1. The formulation presented is simple and can be extended to other FOCPs. It is hoped that the simplicity of this formulation will initiate a new interest in the area of optimal control of fractional systems.
MODELING OF SHEAR INSTABILITIES OBSERVED IN CYLINDER COLLAPSE EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED ON CERAMIC POWDERS

Abstract Brittle materials fail by microcracking and fragmentation when subjected to multiaxial loading. In some cases full comminution occurs and the material behavior becomes governed by the flow of particles. In this work a granular model developed by Anand and co-workers, based on a two-mechanism elastoplastic formulation, is extended to include rate effects and incompressibility at zero void ratio. The model parameters for Alumina and Silicon Carbide ceramic powders are identified using stress histories obtained by means of pressure-shear plate impact experiments. The model is then used to simulate the shear banding mechanism experimentally observed in thick-wall cylinder collapse experiments performed on ceramic powders (Nesterenko and co-workers). The proposed model captures the main physics of the problem and provides valuable insight in the deformation process. Initiation site and speed of propagating instabilities are obtained from the simulations.
A new role for cisplatin: probing ribosomal RNA structure

In this study, cisplatin, the well-known anticancer drug, was used to probe accessible purine residues in E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), free or in the context of 30S subunits or 70S ribosomes, both in vitro and in vivo.