cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial social capital and cognitive model of innovation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the social origin of an entrepreneurial cognitive model of the innovation process.Design/methodology/approach – The specific research question is how an entrepreneur's social capital diversity influences the characteristics of his/her cognitive model of innovation – complexity and centrality. Data were collected in a survey conducted in two waves on a sample of 1,000 new ventures in the USA. Social capital is measured by the position generator method. Cognitive models are measured by the causal mapping method. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses.Findings – The results of the regression analysis support both hypotheses. The analysis shows that social capital diversity at the startup stage increases the complexity and centrality of an entrepreneurial cognitive model of innovation.Research limitations/implications – Possible limitations are: the low survey response rate; the spread of industries involved; and respondents being the sole dat...
Light weight polarized polypropylene foam for noise shielding

The high levels of noise generated during launch can destroy sensitive equipment on space craft. Passive damping systems, like acoustic blankets, work to reduce the high frequency noise but do little to the low frequency noise (<400 Hz). While wall mounted transducers can reduce the low frequency noise during a launch, they also can create areas of higher increased sound pressure in the payload fairings. Ferroelectret cellular polymer foams with high piezoelectric coupling constants are being used as new types of actuators and sensors. Further impedance control through the inverse piezoelectric effect will lead to a new "semi-active" approach that will reduce low frequency noise levels. Combining layers of conventional nonpiezoelectric foam and ferroelectret materials with a multiple loop feedback system will give a total damping effect that is adaptable over a wide band of low frequencies. This paper covers the manufacturing methods that were used to make polarized polypropylene foam, to test the foam for its polarized response and its noise shielding ability.
Smoke Reduction in Residual-Fuel-Burning Gas-Turbine Combustion System

As a result of the requirement that a gas turbine-electric locomotive operate in areas where legislation prohibits operation if the smoke in the exhaust gases exceeds a specified amount, a program was undertaken to develop a combustion system which would meet the requirements without compromising the other performance criteria. This paper describes the physical and chemical nature of smoke, the objective measurement of smoke, the effect of operating variables on smoking tendency, and finally the considerations which led to a combustion-chamber design which met the requirements as evidenced by the engine test results.© 1960 ASME
The role of thematic structures in interpretation and parsing.

Abstract This paper explores how thematic role information associated with verbs is used in language processing. We suggest that thematic roles are useful for co-ordinating different types of information in language processing because they represent aspects of conceptual/semantic representation that map directly on to syntactic form. We review some recent studies investigating the use of thematic information in syntactic ambiguity resolution and present some new evidence that thematic information can be used to eliminate completely the garden path typically associated with reduced-relative clauses. We then review some of our recent work investigating lexical structure in the processing of sentences with long-distance dependencies, and conclude that thematic structure guides the initial interpretation of these sentences. We conclude with a discussion about how thematic information might enable the processing system to make early semantic commitments that take into account relevant aspects of discourse context.
Pretense and hidden feelings in the Humane Society environment: a source of stress.

Animal death creates great stress whether in a veterinary (2, 3) or animal shelter (I) context. Daily encounters with people rehquishing healthy animals create heightened stress for shelter employees who are required to maintain a courteous demeanor with the public. In this study, 45 staff of two humane societies and 10 humane society administrators who participated in three stress workshops described their behavioral pretenses and their concealed Feelings in the workplace. Responses of staff at the two societies were similar to each other so the data were combined, while administrators' responses differed somewhat from staff. Some staff described their behavior as angry (23%) or realistic (19%). A majority described themselves as assuming a pretense of appearing happy (58%). Administrators described themselves as appearing aloof (40%). Both staff and administrators adopted pretenses of being strong (35%, 60%, respectively) and helpful despite their angry feelings (32%, 30%). Inner feelings of disgusted anger with the situation and the public (6876, 40%) and of guilt and sadness (29%, 60%) were described by both staff and administrators. Wanting to educate the public was a feeling described by administrators (50%). Participation in animal death at animal shelters requires management of emotions (1). The requirement of being courteous and concealing emotions when dealing with the public exacerbates the stress, presumably contributing to job burnout. The findings point to a need to increase sources of social support and good feelings in the publ~c arena and among the worklace staff and administrators who share similar feelings ol anger, ~uilt, and sadness.
Distance-Engineered Plasmon-Enhanced Light Harvesting in CdSe Quantum Dots

Improvement of light harvesting in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is essential for the development of efficient QD-based solar energy conversion systems. In this study, plasmon-enhanced light absorption in CdSe QDs sensitized on silver (Ag) nanoparticle (NP) films was examined as a function of interparticle (QD to Ag NP) distance. Up to 24-fold plasmonic enhancement of fluorescence from QDs was observed when the particle separation distance was ≥5 nm. The enhancement effect was observed to largely sustain the exciton lifetimes in QDs and to strongly depend on the incident photon wavelength following the plasmon resonant strength of Ag NPs, confirming that the enhanced photoluminescence was mainly due to the enhancement in photoabsorption in CdSe QDs by the plasmon of Ag NPs. This study suggests applications of Ag NPs in QD-based solar energy conversion for significantly improving light harvesting in QDs.
Low shear viscometry in relation to brushing

The flow of decorative paints should be capable of prediction from a rheological study of the paint. By taking into consideration the loss of solvent from a film during the early drying stages, a good estimation of its flow properties in relatively high film thicknesses can be obtained.
Bilateralism and Multilateralism in the Soviet Bloc

The Soviet bloc is an international subsystem which has undergone substantial change since its inception, partly as a result of factors external to it and partly because of internal change. The actors in the subsystem are the Communist parties, which are the effective powerholders in the bloc countries. The party-regimes together constitute the subsystem. Within the subsystem there is one Great Power, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which desires 'that other members recognize Soviet ideological and political primacy and emulate Soviet policies. Until Stalin's death this objective was mainly realized, thereafter there was increasing disharmony within the subsystem.
Collisional Breakup in a Quantum System of Three Charged Particles

Since the invention of quantum mechanics, even the simplest example of the collisional breakup of a system of charged particles, e(-) + H --> H(+) + e(-) + e(-) (where e(-) is an electron and H is hydrogen), has resisted solution and is now one of the last unsolved fundamental problems in atomic physics. A complete solution requires calculation of the energies and directions for a final state in which all three particles are moving away from each other. Even with supercomputers, the correct mathematical description of this state has proved difficult to apply. A framework for solving ionization problems in many areas of chemistry and physics is finally provided by a mathematical transformation of the Schrodinger equation that makes the final state tractable, providing the key to a numerical solution of this problem that reveals its full dynamics.
Assessing feed intake, growth performance, organ growth, and carcass characteristics of purebred Boer and Kiko male kids fed high concentrate diet

Abstract Twelve purebred Boer and Kiko male goat kids (n = 6) were randomly selected from a group of 24 counterparts for each breed to determine intake of forage vs. concentrate, growth performance, feed efficiency, different organ growths, and carcass quality. Three sire lines represented each breed group. Goat kids were weaned at 3 months of age and had average body weight (BW) of 24.6 and 22.8 ± 1.34 kg for Boer and Kiko kids, respectively. Goats were offered a commercial concentrate mix and bermudagrass hay at 80:20 ratio, respectively. Feed intake and growth performance were monitored for 85 days. At the end of the study goats were transported about 370 km to Mississippi State University Meat Lab and were slaughtered according to USDA guideline. Upon slaughter, carcasses were evaluated and different organ weights were recorded. There was no difference (P = 0.37) in initial BW for two breeds; however, final BW (P = 0.09) and average daily gain (P = 0.06) of Boer kids tended to be higher than Kiko kids. Although there was no difference in total dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.48), given a choice, concentrate intake tended to be higher (P = 0.07) for Boer kids and hay intake was higher (P = 0.05) for Kiko kids. Gain efficiency (gain:feed intake) tended to be higher (P = 0.06) for Boer kids. Boer kids preferred less hay (23.1% vs. 31.5% DMI; P = 0.004) and more grain (76.9% vs. 68.5% DMI; P = 0.004) in their diet. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in dressing percentage and carcass characteristics between two breeds, except Boer kids had higher fat thickness over 12th rib (P = 0.04), higher total % fat (P = 0.001), and lower total % bone mass (P = 0.05) in carcass, with no difference in muscle mass (P = 0.22) between breeds. All the body organs as a % of fasted BW were similar between two breeds, except Boer kids tended to have heavier head and scrotum (P = 0.05). In conclusion, Boer kids preferred and consumed more grain and tended to have higher ADG than Kiko kids; however, they gained more fat, and less bone mass.
Oncogenic β-Catenin Is Required for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Expression in Human Cancer Cells

Somatic cell gene targeting was used to create an isogenic set of human colon cancer cells that differs only in the presence or absence of their endogenous activated -catenin oncogene. Affymetrix Genechip expression profiling of parental cells and gene-targeted derivatives identified numerous novel genes whose expression was dependent on the presence of oncogenic -catenin. The transforming growth factor- family member bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), whose receptor is mutated in a rare inherited gastrointestinal cancer predisposition syndrome, was the most highly differentially expressed gene. Additional experiments revealed that the oncogenic allele of -catenin specifically is absolutely required for BMP4 expression and secretion by human cancer cells and that BMP4 is overexpressed and secreted by human colon cancer cells with mutant adenomatous polyposis coli genes. These data identify the presence of regulatory interactions between the Wnt and BMP signaling pathways in cancer pathogenesis, providing an intriguing connection between the sporadic and inherited forms of a common human malignancy.
Image analysis and partitioning for FPGA implementation of image restoration

In the center of our work lies an FPGA implementation of an iterative image restoration algorithm. Our work presents an initial analysis of the algorithm as well as modifications made on the algorithm during the adaptation onto a reconfigurable platform. We present our hardware design for the image restoration algorithm and our estimations on the performance of the FPGA implementation. Our results show that the speedup gained for practical systems varies between 6.5 and 10.2 for different images. We also propose and evaluate a statistical method for analysis of images subject to restoration to gain an insight into the convergence time of the restoration algorithm. Based on this we explore a image partitioning strategy using this statistical analysis.
Evaporation and phase explosion during laser-induced forward transfer of aluminum

Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) of aluminum films was performed using a 7 ns Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm. Aluminum films of 200 nm and 1 micron thickness were supported on glass substrates prior to transfer. Films were irradiated at the interface between the film and donor substrate using contact and non-contact configurations. Direct contact occurred between film and acceptor in contact mode, and non-contact mode used a gap of the order of tens of micrometers. Three transfer regimes were observed in contact mode- 1) single droplets or a ring-like structure with dimensions similar to or smaller than the laser spot size at low fluences, and 2) localized material transfer near the center of the laser spot above a threshold value of laser fluence, and 3) spattered material spreading outside of the laser spot. In non-contact mode at fluences below the contact mode spatter threshold, the transferred spot consisted of small droplets until reaching the spatter regime. The ring structure in contact mode is interpreted in terms of flow of molten aluminum resulting from Marangoni flow. The LIFT process observed in non-contact mode is interpreted in terms of evaporation at low fluences and phase explosion at high fluences.
Microarchitectural mechanisms to exploit value structure in SIMT architectures

SIMT architectures improve performance and efficiency by exploiting control and memory-access structure across data-parallel threads. Value structure occurs when multiple threads operate on values that can be compactly encoded, e.g., by using a simple function of the thread index. We characterize the availability of control, memory-access, and value structure in typical kernels and observe ample amounts of value structure that is largely ignored by current SIMT architectures. We propose three microarchitectural mechanisms to exploit value structure based on compact affine execution of arithmetic, branch, and memory instructions. We explore these mechanisms within the context of traditional SIMT microarchitectures (GP-SIMT), found in general-purpose graphics processing units, as well as fine-grain SIMT microarchitectures (FG-SIMT), a SIMT variant appropriate for compute-focused data-parallel accelerators. Cycle-level modeling of a modern GP-SIMT system and a VLSI implementation of an eight-lane FG-SIMT execution engine are used to evaluate a range of application kernels. When compared to a baseline without compact affine execution, our approach can improve GP-SIMT cycle-level performance by 4-17% and can improve FG-SIMT absolute performance by 20-65% and energy efficiency up to 30% for a majority of the kernels.
αB-Crystallin Protects Retinal Tissue during Staphylococcus aureus- Induced Endophthalmitis

Bacterial infections of the eye highlight a dilemma that is central to all immune-privileged sites. On the one hand, immune privilege limits inflammation to prevent bystander destruction of normal tissue and loss of vision. On the other hand, bacterial infections require a robust inflammatory response for rapid clearance of the pathogen. We demonstrate that the retina handles this dilemma, in part, by activation of a protective heat shock protein. During Staphylococcus aureus-induced endophthalmitis, the small heat shock protein αB-crystallin is upregulated in the retina and prevents apoptosis during immune clearance of the bacteria. In the absence of αB-crystallin, mice display increased retinal apoptosis and retinal damage. We found that S. aureus produces a protease capable of cleaving αB-crystallin to a form that coincides with increased retinal apoptosis and tissue destruction. We conclude that αB-crystallin is important in protecting sensitive retinal tissue during destructive inflammation that occurs during bacterial endophthalmitis.
Probing cell surface interactions using atomic force microscope cantilevers functionalized for quantum dot-enabled Forster resonance energy transfer.

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between quantum dot (QD) donors and red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged integrin acceptors in live cells is reported for the first time. A silica microsphere was coated with CdSe/ZnS QDs and mounted to the cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The QD microsphere is then conjugated with fibronectin to bind with RFP-v integrins expressed on the surface of HeLa cells. Following AFM-controlled cell contact with the QD-microsphere structure, FRET is observed between the QD-RFP pair using a photobleaching measurement technique. This FRET probe technique provides a novel tool for studying the cell surface receptor-ligand interactions in biomedical and biological research.
Simulating construction operations of precast-concrete parking structures

Modern construction operations involve many different resources such as labor, equipment, and materials. The interactions among these resources can be realistically modeled and analyzed using discrete-event simulation. During construction planning, it is necessary to model and simulate construction operations and develop a work plan that minimizes idleness, eliminates bottlenecks, increases productivity, and reduces costs. Among the various applications in the construction industry, discrete-event simulation has been successfully used in modeling the construction of precast-concrete parking structures. The paper presents the application of discrete-event simulation to model and analyze the erection process of a precast concrete parking structure. Simulation is conducted by using a graphical discrete-event simulation system named COOPS. Construction equipment, labor, concrete members, erection times, and operating strategy are modeled and simulated to investigate the productivity, resource utilization, and unit costs.
Inverse kinematic algorithms for redundant systems

An iterative method of computing the solution of the inverse kinematic problem is developed for redundant systems using the transpose of the Jacobian matrix instead of the pseudoinverse. The solutions may be optimized on a criterion function or on physical constraints, such as obstacle avoidance. Stability and convergence of the method are shown. Although its convergence rate is only about half that of Newton's method, the advantage of the method is that it remains easily tractable close to the singular configurations of the manipulator. A hybrid method combining the Jacobian transpose and Newton's methods is proposed. Results of the application of the method on a 10-link manipulator in 2-D space are shown. >
PREFERRED ORIENTATION OF PHYLLOSILICATES IN GULF COAST MUDSTONES AND RELATION TO THE SMECTITE-ILLITE TRANSITION

Develo pment of preferred orientations of illite-smectite (I-S) has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) texture goniometry to produce pole figures for clay minerals of a suite of 16 mudstone samples from a core from the Gulf Coast. Samples represent a compaction-loading environment in which the smectite-to-illite (S-I) transition occurs. In five shallow, pre-transition samples, there is no significant preferred orientation for smectite rich I-S. Development of preferred orientation of I-S, although weak, was first detected at depths slightly less than that of the S-I transition. The degree of preferred orientation, which is always bedding-parallel, increases rather abruptly, but continuously, over a narrow interval corresponding to the onset of the S-I transition, then continues to strengthen only slightly with increasing depth. The degree of post-transition preferred orientation is also dependent on lithology, where the pre- ferred orientation is less well-defined for quartz-rich samples. Previously obtained transmission electron microscope (TEM) data define textures consistent with the change in orientation over many crystallites. The smectite in pre-transition rocks consists largely of anastomosing, "wavy" layers with variable orientation and whose mean orientation is parallel to bedding, but which deviate continuously from that orientation. This results in broad, poorly defined peaks in pole figures. Post-transition illite, by contrast, consists of thin, straight packets, with most individual crystallites being parallel or nearly parallel to bedding. This results in pole figures with sharply defined maxima. By analogy with development of slaty cleavage in response to tectonic stress during metamorphism, the S-I transition is marked by dissolution of smectite and neocrystallization of illite or I-S locally within the continuous "megacrystals" of smectite. The transition is inferred to have some component of mechanical rotation of coherent illite crystals within a pliant matrix of smectite. The data suggest that change in orientation and coalescence of clay packets plays an important role in the formation of the hydraulic seal required for over-pressure generation.
Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy

The trustee/delegate problem purportedly expresses how closely a representative's votes in the legislature should correspond to their constituents' preferences. In this article, I argue that the usual formulation of this debate collapses three distinctions—aims, source of judgment, and responsiveness—and thus obscures the underlying complexity of the phenomenon. Given its tripartite formulation, the collapse of these distinctions into a binary “trustee/delegate” formulation obscures a more complex political landscape with eight—rather than two—ideal types. Furthermore, once unpacked, we can see that the distinctions operate entirely independent of the location of authority, leading to the seemingly paradoxical instructed trustees and independent delegates. I also claim that the three distinctions apply to any decision maker, and thus, the attribution of this problem as distinctive of democratic political representation is an important overstatement. The article thus contributes to a more general theory of political representation that can be applied in nonelectoral and nondemocratic contexts increasingly relevant to global politics.
A parallel algorithm for fault simulation on the Connection Machine

A fast algorithm for fault simulation, using data-level parallelism, is presented for the Connection Machine. The algorithm is of the parallel pattern single-fault-propagation type. An implementation in C language has been completed and results are presented. >
REGULATION OF ASPERGILLUS MYCOTOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS

The genus Aspergillus produces a number of mycotoxins that pose adverse economic and health impacts on humans and animals. These include the toxic and carcinogenic polyketide-derived mycotoxin, sterigmatocystin, and aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Studies have identified the gene clusters that are responsible for the synthesis of these toxins; however, there is still much to be elucidated regarding the signal transduction pathways and globally acting regulators that control production of these toxins during fungal contamination of crops. In many cases, the mechanisms by which the fungus responds to environmental and plant-based factors have been found to not only control toxin production but also fungal growth and development.
The Mesobuthus martensii genome reveals the molecular diversity of scorpion toxins

Recent complete sequencing of the genome of the Asian scorpion, Mesobuthus martensii, highlights the molecular diversity of its venom neurotoxin/defensin genes and interesting features of their evolution.
Effective Conductivity of a Two-Dimensional Medium Containing Elliptical Inhomogeneities

Two effective medium theories, the Maxwell method and the differential method, are used to estimate the effective conductivity of a two-dimensional medium consisting of a random distribution of elliptical inclusions in an otherwise homogeneous matrix. Results are found for arbitrary values of the matrix/inclusion conductivity ratio, and arbitrary values of the inclusion aspect ratio. Both predictions are shown to satisfy Keller’s reciprocity relation. The differential prediction is found always to lie within the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, whereas the Maxwell prediction typically violates the bounds for sufficiently large inclusion concentrations. Comparison with three sets of experimental/numerical data shows that both theories offer an improvement over the first-order dilute-concentration results; however, it does not seem that either method is superior to the other, in general. Furthermore, neither method is reliable near the percolation limit.
Improving distillation column design using thermodynamic availability analysis

This is a comprehensive availability analysis of conventional, vapor recompression and SRV (secondary reflux and vaporization) distillation. The physical significance of different availability losses is interpreted, and the magnitude and distribution of these losses in an ethyleneethane separation are shown. Also discussed is how they may be reduced by design modifications.
MAGNESIUM ION EFFECTS ON CHLOROPLAST PHOTOSYSTEM II FLUORESCENCE AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY

. –Although there have been several reports that divalent cations, especially Mg2+, can significantly affect chloroplast photoprocesses, the molecular mechanism of cation interaction is not well understood. We have investigated the interaction of Mg2+with Photosystem II photoprocesses by studying cation effects on chloroplast fluorescence and the Hill reaction. Our results are summarized as follows. 1. Mg2+stimulation of background fluorescence (20–30%) saturates at about 0.5 mM Mg2+, while Mg2+stimulation of variable fluorescence (250%) saturates at about 2.5 mM Mg2+. 2. Addition of Mg2+to chloroplasts treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or dithionite causes a doubling in the amount of total (background + variable) fluorescence. 3. Studies on chloroplasts in the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol indicate that Mg2doubles the relative yield of variable fluorescence under light-limiting conditions. 4. Mg2causes large (70–120%) increases in the light-limited rate of the DCIP Hill reaction. We interpret these results in terms of a model involving two components of chloroplast emission. Our analysis indicates that Mg2+increases the effective absorption cross section (size) of the pigment array associated with Photosystem II photochemistry.
Guilt by Rewiring: Gene Prioritization through Network Rewiring in Genome Wide Association Studies

Although Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified many susceptibility loci for common diseases, they only explain a small portion of heritability. It is challenging to identify the remaining disease loci because their association signals are likely weak and difficult to identify among millions of candidates. One potentially useful direction to increase statistical power is to incorporate functional genomics information, especially gene expression networks, to prioritize GWAS signals. Most current methods utilizing network information to prioritize disease genes are based on the ‘guilt by association’ principle, in which networks are treated as static, and disease-associated genes are assumed to locate closer with each other than random pairs in the network. In contrast, we propose a novel ‘guilt by rewiring’ principle. Studying the dynamics of gene networks between controls and patients, this principle assumes that disease genes more likely undergo rewiring in patients, whereas most of the network remains unaffected in disease condition. To demonstrate this principle, we consider the changes of co-expression networks in Crohn's disease patients and controls, and how network dynamics reveals information on disease associations. Our results demonstrate that network rewiring is abundant in the immune system, and disease-associated genes are more likely to be rewired in patients. To integrate this network rewiring feature and GWAS signals, we propose to use the Markov random field framework to integrate network information to prioritize genes. Applications in Crohn's disease and Parkinson's disease show that this framework leads to more replicable results, and implicates potentially disease-associated pathways.
Teaching Psychology's History Through a Comparative Analysis of Introductory Psychology Texts

Students in a history of psychology course participated in a classroom exercise designed to encourage active learning while minimizing the importance of a testing-lecture format. Teams of students received an introductory psychology text from a different decade spanning the 1880s to 1970s. They also each received a 1990s introductory psychology text. Each team assumed responsibility for two class presentations in which they compared and contrasted the historical text with the contemporary text. Students' evaluations of the exercise suggested that it facilitated their overall understanding of the history of psychology and enhanced their abilities to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information pertaining to psychology's development as a scientific discipline.
Perceptual integration of piloting and navigation

The crucial issues of modularization and communication using the idea of perception as an integration and communication mechanism for robotic systems are addressed. A paradigm for integrating robotic systems by focusing attention on perception is described. The main problem with heavily modularized systems with distributed knowledge is intermodular communication, which requires translation between often vastly different representation languages. The author proposes that perceptual tokens may form a common substrate for the different languages, since all languages must refer to the real world ('perceptual grounding'). This approach is demonstrated in the design of a robotic pilot. The perceptual integration paradigm simplifies the task of designing integrated modular systems. >
Distribution of Grape Berry Moth, Endopiza viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Natural and Cultivated Habitats

Abstract The relative abundance of male grape berry moths, Endopiza viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was studied within Michigan grape agroecosystems during 1999–2001. Distribution within and between habitats was determined using pheromone traps placed at different heights between the interior of deciduous woods and interior of adjacent vineyards. Comparisons of relative moth abundance across habitats using traps at the standard 1.5 m sampling height confirmed that moths are more abundant in the woods in spring and in the vineyard later in the season. Traps placed at 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 m above ground level in woods and vineyards revealed that moth relative abundance increases with height in woods, whereas 90.0% of moths caught in vineyards were at 1.5 m above ground level. Sampling inside the woods up to 15.2 m revealed that 76.1% of moths were found at or above 9.0 m. Relatively few moths were trapped in the interface between these habitats, where grapevines are not present. The results of...
Polysilicon integrated microsystems: technologies and applications

Abstract Co-fabrication of polysilicon microstructures with CMOS electronics enables monolithic inertial sensors to be fabricated. Correlations are well established between the deposition, doping, and annealing conditions of LPCVD polysilicon and its mechanical properties, such as residual strain, strain gradient, and Young's modulus. Surface passivations for alleviating stiction have been demonstrated recently that greatly reduce the tendency for polysilicon microstructures to adhere to adjacent surfaces when dried after release by wet etching and rinsing, or when brought into contact due to mechanical shock during use. Sigma-delta control strategies are attractive for linearizing closed-loop sensors and are well suited to implementation in CMOS. Basic design principles for sense elements and electromechanical actuation in a single structural layer of polysilicon have emerged rapidly in the past several years. Monolithic polysilicon integrated sensors for the X, Y, and Z components of linear acceleration, angular rate, and angular acceleration have been demonstrated using the BiMEMS process of Analog Devices, Inc. Mechanical suspensions, electrostatic actuators and capacitive pickoffs, and interface- and control-circuit building blocks are all portable to alternative integrated technologies that share the basic characteristics of thin, laminar suspended microstructures.
Why did poverty decline in India ? a nonparametric decomposition exercise

This paper uses panel data to analyze factors that contributed to the rapid decline in poverty in India between 2005 and 2012. The analysis employs a nonparametric decomposition method that measures the relative contributions of different components of household livelihoods to observed changes in poverty. The results show that poverty decline is associated with a significant increase in labor earnings, explained in turn by a steep rise in wages for unskilled labor, and diversification from farm to nonfarm sources of income in rural areas. Transfers, in the form of remittances and social programs, have contributed but are not the primary drivers of poverty decline over this period. The pattern of changes is consistent with processes associated with structural transformation, which add up to a highly pro-poor pattern of income growth over the initial distribution of income and consumption. However, certain social groups (Adivasis and Dalits) are found to be more likely to stay in or fall into poverty and less likely to move out of poverty. And even as poverty has reduced dramatically, the share of vulnerable population has not.
Donor preoperative oxygen delivery and post-extubation hypoxia impact donation after circulatory death hypoxic cholangiopathy.

Donor preoperative oxygen delivery and post-extubation hypoxia impact donation after circulatory death hypoxic cholangiopathy
Insecticide resistance of Musca domestica in Xicheng district of Beijing

Objective To survey the insecticide resistance of Musca domestica and discuss its control strategy.Methods Using the method of residual film.Rusults The resistance to Beta-cypermethrin was 125.4 folds;the resistance to propoxur was 1194.3 folds.Conclusion The resistance of Musca domestica to Beta-cypermethrin and propoxur is high in Xicheng district.It is necessary to stop using propoxur.Beta-cypermethrin should be used alternately with other insecticides.
‘Making lovely nonsense out of everything’: individuated receptions of eugenic theories of cognitive disability

AbstractThis project examines the rhetorical strategies that parents of children with cognitive disabilities use in appeals to medical authority. A close reading of four sets of letters from the Henry Herbert Goddard Papers reveals that parents were often sophisticated rhetorical agents who internalized, critiqued, and reappropriated eugenic theories and ideas. This archival project explores sites of eugenic thought’s reception, which are often overshadowed by scholarly attention to sites of production and dissemination. In an effort to increase attention to sites of reception, I outline a framework that invites future research to consider how recipients of theories of cognitive disability position themselves within professional networks of expertise in order to make claims from what might appear to be a subordinate position.
Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis and inducible nitric oxide production in pulmonary artery smooth muscle

We recently reported (Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 7: 471-476, 1992) that a mixture of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines produced a time-dependent increase in mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (RPASM). In the current study we extend observations on regulation of iNOS in RPASM by showing that de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is critical for LPS and cytokine-induced NO production. A mixture of LPS and the cytokines gamma-interferon, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased steady-state levels of mRNA of GTP-cyclohydrolase-I (GTP-CH), the rate-limiting enzyme in BH4 biosynthesis. Levels of mRNA to GTP-CH became detectable by 4 h, with further increases at 24 h by Northern blot analysis and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Total intracellular biopterin levels, undetectable under basal conditions, increased after 24 h exposure to LPS and cytokines (to 32.3 +/- 0.8 pmol/mg protein). LPS and cytokine-induced NO production, determined by nitrite concentrations in the medium, was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by the GTP-CH inhibitor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP) at 24 h. DAHP also inhibited completely the LPS- and cytokine-induced accumulation of intracellular biopterins. Sepiapterin, which supplies BH4 through a salvage pathway independent of GTP-CH, reversed the effect of DAHP on LPS and cytokine-induced NO production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Renal MR angiography.

SUMMARY Renal MR angiography is a rapidly evolving technique that continues to improve with technical refinements. It does not replace conventional radiographic angiography for evaluation of suspected renal artery stenosis, but is useful in cases when angiography is contraindicated. It is also a fast, simple, and accurate method for evaluating the renal veins. Cdenhanced renal MR arteriography is a recently developed technique that is still in an early state of development, but is already being used clinically and has shown great promise in improving renal artery visualization and clinical accuracy.
Addressing a Lack of Theoretical Integration in Corporate Social Performance

As indicated in the Introduction to Part I, the business and society field at large and corporate social performance topics in particular have been shaped by two dominant orientations, referred to here as economic-focused and duty-aligned perspectives. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the two perspectives, demonstrate their lack of integration, and identify the problems posed for integrative theory development. To preview, their lack of integration means that restraining unethical behavior by social control that is normatively undefined is emphasized to the detriment of a more forward-looking, affirmative view of business’s role in society. Practically speaking, this fuels the misperception among practicing managers that economics and ethics do not mix, as indicated by the familiar refrain that ‘business ethics is an oxymoron’ (Swanson, 2002; 2008). One goal of integration is to point managers to a holistic approach that counteracts this myth.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Health-Care Associated Infections after Hip Operation.

Abstract Background: Hip operation reduces pain and improves mobility and quality of life for more than 300,000 people annually, most of whom are more than 65 years old. Substantial increases in surgical volume are projected between 2005 and 2030 in primary total (174%) and revision (137%) procedures. This projection demands that the impact of increasing age on the relative risk of health-care associated infections (HAI) after hip surgical procedures be assessed. Our aim was to examine the incidence and risk factors of HAI among patients who underwent hip operations between 2006 and 2012. Patients and Methods: This secondary analysis included data from patients 18 years old or older and having a hip prosthesis procedure in three New York City hospitals between 2006 and 2012. Procedures were categorized as total or partial hip replacements or revision and re-surfacing procedures. Outcomes of interest were blood stream infections (BSI), urinary tract infections (UTI), or surgical site infections (SSI). Pati...
Assessing how multiple mutations affect protein stability using rigid cluster size distributions

Predicting how amino acid substitutions affect the stability of a protein has relevance to drug design and may help elucidate the mechanisms of disease-causing protein variants. Unfortunately, wet-lab experiments are time intensive, and to the best of our knowledge there are no efficient computational techniques to asses the effect of multiple mutations. In this work we present a new approach for inferring the effects of single and multiple mutations on a protein's structure. Our rMutant algorithm generates in silico mutants with single or multiple amino acid substitutions. We use a graph-theoretic rigidity analysis approach to compute the distributions of rigid cluster sizes of the wild type and mutant structures which we then analyze to infer the effect of the amino acid substitutions. We successfully predict the effects of multiple mutations for which our previous methods were unsuccessful. We validate the predictions of our computational approach against experimental ΔΔG data. To demonstrate the utility of using rigid cluster size distributions to infer the effects of mutations, we also present a Random Forest Machine Learning approach that relies on rigidity data to predict which residues are critical to the stability of a protein. We predict the destabilizing effects of a single or multiple mutations with over 86% accuracy.
Social identity uncertainty: Conceptualization, measurement, and construct validity

AbstractThe following paper establishes a measurement of social identity uncertainty. Based on uncertainty-identity theory, we propose social identity uncertainty is a unique type of self-uncertainty related to group identification. We further believe social identity uncertainty is comprised of two components: identity-uncertainty (i.e., uncertainty about one’s group identity) and membership-uncertainty (i.e., uncertainty about being a group member). Study 1 (N = 314) and Study 2 (N = 299) explored and confirmed that two subcomponents exist within social identity uncertainty. Study 3 (N = 295) developed convergent validity using various social identity-related constructs, and discriminant validity using dispositional constructs. Overall, we found (a) identity-uncertainty and membership-uncertainty are distinct constructs, and (b) our measurements have both convergent and discriminant validity.
Sacral Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Pelvic Floor Disorders

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an FDA-approved treatment option for several refractory pelvic floor disorders given its efficacy and safety profile. Over the past several years, numerous papers have been published on SNM’s long-term outcomes, emerging new indications, comparisons with other treatment options, and cost effectiveness. Therefore, we aim to review these updates to the SNM literature. A PUBMED® and MEDLINE® search was performed for scientific publications on “sacral neuromodulation” and “sacral nerve stimulation” between 2011 and 2016. Recent evidence has shown that improved objective and subjective outcomes following placement of SNM are sustained over 3–5 years in the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms and fecal incontinence with minimal adverse events. SNM has also had promising results when used in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, constipation, and neurogenic bladder although larger, prospective trials with long-term evaluation are needed to truly establish SNM as an effective intervention for these expanding indications. SNM is a well-tolerated intervention for refractory bladder and bowel dysfunction with recent long-term longitudinal studies confirming its efficacy and safety. As we gain further insight into SNM’s mechanism of action and broader therapeutic indications, we anticipate SNM will become even more widely utilized in the treatment of complex pelvic floor disorders.
Studies to improve fixation of human nerves: Part 3. Effect of osmolality of glutaraldehyde solutions on relationship of axonal area to number of myelin lamellae

When rat peroneal nerves were fixed under 5 different fixation schedules with various osmolalities (310, 410 and 900 milliosmoles), the frequency of abnormality of mitochondria in the axoplasm was lowest in myelinated fibers fixed with 6% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (900 milliosmoles). The relationship of axonal area to number of myelin lamellae was significantly different between high-osmolality fixation and low-osmolality fixation. Assuming that the number of myelin lamellae remains the same with fixation, there was a significant shrinkage in the axonal area of fibers with high-osmolality fixation. The amount of shrinkage was less in larger fibers than in smaller fibers fixed at high osmolality.
The Embodied Harm of Stereotype Threat

This chapter draws from phenomenology and social psychology to describe and explain what can happen to students of underrepresented groups in educational settings with an eye toward understanding the embodied dimension of the harms that they can suffer. It does so by describing what can happen when students experience stereotype threat (ST). ST occurs when environmental cues make salient to a person the negative stereotypes associated with their group, thereby triggering physiological and psychological processes that have detrimental consequences for their performance on certain tasks, on their behavior more generally, and on their self-understanding. The chapter makes the claim, contrary to what was originally thought within the ST literature, that the harms that result from ST don’t just cease when students leave classrooms, but rather become a background horizon against which they experience themselves in the world. This contribution begins to develop the larger negative implications that ST can have, specifically in its embodied dimension.
Local-scale Habitat Associations of Grassland Birds in Southwestern Minnesota

Abstract Conservation of obligate grassland species requires not only the protection of a sufficiently large area of habitat but also the availability of necessary vegetation characteristics for particular species. As a result land managers must understand which habitat characteristics are important for their target species. To identify the habitat associations of eight species of grassland birds, we conducted bird and vegetation surveys on 66 grassland habitat patches in southwestern Minnesota in 2013 and 2014. Species of interest included sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis), Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), dickcissel (Spiza americana), bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). We calculated correlation coefficients between vegetation variables and species density as measures of linear association. We assessed curvilinear relationships with loess plots. We found grassla...
Trust in Society

Trust in Society is the second volume on trust sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation. Whereas the first volume focused on the role of trust in good government, this second volume examines the re...