cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Composition of Meat Animals as Flavor Precursors

This article provides an overview of fatty acids in meat, their variation among animal species, and the roles of fatty acids as flavor precursors. Animal fat mostly consists of triglycerides and phospholipids. Fats from ruminant (cattle, sheep, and goats) and monogastric (pigs and horses) animals have similar fatty acids with more saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids than polyunsaturated fatty acids. In monogastric animals, fatty acids in the muscle reflect the composition of diets, whereas ruminant fatty acids are more saturated because of biohydrogenation in the rumen. Lipid- derived flavor compounds are formed from the thermal oxidation of fatty acids during cooking, producing more desirable aromatic compounds than autoxidation. Monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid in meat produce various volatile compounds contributing to cooked meat aromas. Under most cooking conditions, lipid-derived flavor compounds are usually predominant. However, these compounds have greater thresholds than those derived from water-soluble compounds, such as the Maillard reaction products. The interactions between lipid oxidation products and Maillard compounds are more important for the development of meat flavor than originally thought. Moreover, fat-derived volatile compounds provide flavor notes indicative of species identification.
StormReactor: An open-source Python package for the integrated modeling of urban water quality and water balance

Abstract Retrofitting watersheds with sensing and control technologies promises to enable autonomous water systems, which control themselves in real-time to improve water quality. To realize this vision, there is a need to improve the degree of fidelity in the underlying representation of pollutant processes. This paper presents an open-source Python package, StormReactor, which integrates the Stormwater Management Model's water balance engine with a new water quality module. StormReactor includes a variety of predefined pollutant generation and treatment processes, while allowing users to implement additional processes on their own. To demonstrate the range of possible water quality methodologies that can be modeled, we simulated suspended solids and nitrates in a real and anonymized stormwater network. To illustrate StormReactor's real-time control capabilities, a control strategy was implemented to maximize denitrification. Case study results indicate a controlled asset can achieve the same pollutant improvements as an uncontrolled asset in a quarter of the spatial footprint.
Coping with Deception

This paper develops a game theoretic model for the optimal use of information which not only has some random error, but also has error which is under the control of the other player. Signal detection theory is applied in the context of a two-sided game to show how such partially reliable and partially deceptive information can best be used. Historical examples from international relations and military affairs are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model to problems of strategic intelligence. Specific consideration is given to additional factors which would make the model more realistic, including the use of supervised learning, standard operating procedure, and cover stories.
Evaluation of a Cmin and a normalized Cmin method for the confirmation of steady-state in bioequivalence studies.

Purpose. Two methods to confirm attainment of steady-state conditions in multiple-dose bioequivalence studies are described and evaluated: (1) the Cmin method and (2) the Area Below the Cmin plasma-concentration-versus-time-curve method (ABCM method). Methods. Cmin Method—After repetitive drug administration to presumed steady-state, successive trough, or Cmin, values are evaluated to determine if they are equal. ABCM Method—The ABCM of successive doses from dose two to presumed steady-state [ABCM(ss)] are divided by the ABCM for the first dose, ABCM(t), to give ABCM(ss)/ ABCM(t)=R, which describes the increase in ABCM(n) with successive doses. The quantity, R, is then divided by an accumulation ratio to render the value independent of intra-subject clearance differences. Monte Carlo simulations were done to test the effects of data error and slow-clearing subpopulations on the method's performance. Data from multiple-dose bioequivalence studies were evaluated using confidence intervals for both methods to determine how well each predicted steady-state for immediate-release and controlled-release drug products. Results/Conclusions. The Cmin method more accurately predicted the attainment of steady-state conditions for immediate-release formulations compared to the ABCM method. Conversely, the ABCM procedure more accurately predicted the attainment of steady-state conditions for controlled-release formulations compared to the Cmin method. The simulation results were further supported by the experimental data.
Control of Estuarine Salinities by Coastal Ocean Salinity

Shelf-estuarine exchange along the Louisiana coast is known to be dominated by barotropic, tidal and sub-tidal exchanges. Simple regression of the estuarine salinities against Mississippi River discharge and cross-spectrum analysis do not produce a successful hindcast of the observations. Parsimonious auto-regressive, moving-average predictive models of the weekly-averaged salinity data are quite skillful in hindcasting the measurements. These models are generally consistent with a conceptual model in which Mississippi River discharge alters coastal salinities and this salinity signal propagates downcoast and then up-estuary.
Phosphate transport by basolateral plasma membranes of human small intestine

Abstract The characteristics of phosphate transport across the human intestinal basolateral membrane were determined using an enriched preparation in which uphill Na + -dependent d-glucose transport could not be demonstrated but adenosine triphosphate-dependent calcium transport was present. The human basolateral membrane vesicles were oriented as follows: 64% inside-out vesicles and 36% rightside-out vesicles or sheets, or both. Phosphate transport showed a 3.4-fold transient "overshoot" phenomena in the presence of an inwardly directed sodium gradient. Computerized Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the net active transport component indicated a V max of 65 ± 5 pmol/mg protein per 8 s and a K m of 93 ± 15 μM. The transport process was electroneutral. Gramicidin D and transstimulation studies confirmed the presence of a Na + -phosphate carrier at the basolateral membrane. Adenosine triphosphate enhanced phosphate uptake, indicating an adenosine triphosphate-dependent phosphate transport process. These studies are the first to determine the presence of a phosphate carrier in human intestinal basolateral membrane.
Managing large graphs on multi-cores with graph awareness

Grace is a graph-aware, in-memory, transactional graph management system, specifically built for real-time queries and fast iterative computations. It is designed to run on large multi-cores, taking advantage of the inherent parallelism to improve its performance. Grace contains a number of graph-specific and multi-core-specific optimizations including graph partitioning, careful in-memory vertex ordering, updates batching, and load-balancing. It supports queries, searches, iterative computations, and transactional updates. Grace scales to large graphs (e.g., a Hotmail graph with 320 million vertices) and performs up to two orders of magnitude faster than commercial key-value stores and graph databases.
Managing the Risk of Learning: Psychological Safety in Work Teams

This social psychological analysis explores themes of trust and collective learning in teams. I describe interpersonal risks that can inhibit collective learning, distinguish psychological safety from trust, and explain why psychological safety mitigates interpersonal risks and facilitates a structured learning process in teams. Examples from field studies in several organizational settings are used to support a new theoretical model and show how leaders can help their teams manage the risks of learning.
Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum

Abstract Cryptosporidium is a parasite of the human gastrointestinal tract that can cause life-threatening diarrhea in immunodeficient patients. Although more than 80 agents have been tried with occasional anecdotal success, treatment remains primarily limited to hydration. A 38-yr-old homosexual man with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus and Cryptosporidium-related diarrhea is described. The patient excreted 6–12 L of stool per day for at least 3 mo, 2 of them spent in the hospital. Trials with more than 6 antidiarrheal medications were ineffective. The patient received bovine colostrum hyperimmune to Cryptosporidium by direct duodenal infusion. During infusion, the patient's fecal output decreased to less than 2 L per day, and 48 h after treatment, stools were formed and oocysts to Cryptosporidium were absent. The patient remained asymptomatic for 3 mo. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum offers an exciting new therapy for cryptosporidiosis; controlled trials to establish efficacy should be undertaken and the active factor(s) characterized.
Dynamic Strategies for Net Income Generation in a Low Interest Rate Environment

Abstract This paper explores some dynamic investment strategies based on interest rate derivatives to generate income. The low interest rate environment makes this question critical to public institutional investors and potentially their asset-liability management. There exists a trade-off between the potential level income generated for the medium/long term on one side, and, the uncertainty of this income and its associated mark-to-market volatility through time, on the other side. First, we develop the foundations of the Libor market model (LMM) initially calibrated using data from swaptions for USD and EUR markets. Then different types of eligible strategies for the stabilization of the net income are provided. The strategies are mostly based on interest rate derivatives – swaps, caps, floors and swaptions –, and they may be partially rule-based and/or self-financed and may allow for tactical decision. Finally, the importance of the institutional framework and the role of the governance are discussed, e.g. the impact of mark-to-market based investment rules on the degree of path-dependency of the implemented strategies.
Epidemiologic variations in childhood sexual abuse

We retrospectively reviewed records of 566 children ranging from 6 months to 16 years of age who presented to a sexual assault crisis center. They represented 33.2% of all alleged sexual assault victims seen over a 36 month period. There were 103 males (18.2%) and 463 females (81.8%). Significant differences in presentation were demonstrated with respect to the victim's age, sex, and race, but the major factor influencing the variation is the victim/assailant relationship. Younger children were more likely than older children to present with histories of multiple assaults (p less than .0005), by known assailants (p less than .0005), occurring in the child's or assailant's home (p less than .001) and to report less violence (p less than .05). More risk of violence (p less than .0005) or evidence of trauma (p less than .0005) and less reporting of home assaults (p less than .0005) or multiple assault episodes (p less than .0005) were found in assaults by strangers when compared with non-stranger assaults. A lower frequency of reporting was found in females between 7 and 11 years of age. The dynamics of childhood sexual abuse are discussed in relationship to these findings. A number of victim and assailant related factors determine reporting patterns of childhood sexual abuse. Language: en
Seasonal changes in the standing crop and chlorophyll content of Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König and its epiphytes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The seasonal cycles for standing crop and chlorophyll content of Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig and its epiphytes are described from monitoring data collected at a study site in Santa Rosa Sound, northwestern Florida, from December 1983 through March 1987. Water temperature correlated more highly with standing crop and chlorophyll measurements than did salinity or incident light. The seasonal cycle described for Thalassia was positively correlated with temperature, whereas epiphyte standing crop was negatively correlated with water temperature.
Design and analysis of nonlinear hierarchical controllers for electric utility industry

This paper suggests a control strategy of coordinating multiple dynamic-braking units during the transients ensuing major disturbances. The control strategy considered in this study is a two-level hierarchy. The proposed two-level structure results from the decomposition of the overall problem into parallel sub-problems. This allows the retention of the closed-loop controls associated with each subsystem, which together constitute the lower level (Level I). The central coordinating controller forms the upper level (Level II). The coordination of the local controllers by the central controller, accounts for nonlinear terms and interconnections, and yields the global optimization of the overall system transient performance. The local controllers are not dependent on one another and are robust to any changes in the network configuration, due to the feedback or closed-loop control formulation inherent in the proposed strategy. To ensure physical realizability of the local controllers, the input was restricted to locally measurable signals. The methodology was implemented into a prototype software program, which was tested on a single machine connected to a very large network approximated by an infinite bus, and then on the IEEE four-generator test system. These studies considered fault clearing times greater that the critical, assuring an unstable condition. The well-damped optimal state and control trajectories illustrate the successful solution of the problem, indicating that the technique is a valuable tool dealing with transient control problems for large-scale systems.
5-HT3 receptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and female sexual behavior

Abstract Within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), serotonin exerts a dual role in the control of female rat lordosis behavior. Most emphasis has been placed on 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2 receptors, which inhibit and facilitate the behavior, respectively. In the current experiment, a potential role for VMN 5-HT 3 receptors in the control of lordosis behavior was examined. Ovariectomized rats, hormonally primed with 25 μg estradiol benzoate and 500 μg progesterone, received bilateral VMN infusions with 100 ng, 250 ng or 500 ng of the 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron. In these rats, there was a dose-dependent decline in both the lordosis to mount (L/M) ratio and in the quality of the lordosis reflex with 500 ng tropisetron producing the most consistent change in lordosis behavior. Relative to hormone-primed, ovariectomized rats, lordosis behavior of proestrous females was less affected by VMN infusions with the 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist. The 5-HT 3 receptor agonist, m -chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG), attenuated the effect of tropisetron; of the three mCPBG doses (500 ng, 1000 ng, 1500 ng) examined, 1000 ng was the most effective, perhaps because, alone, 1500 ng mCPBG slightly reduced lordosis behavior. These observations emphasize the potential role for VMN 5-HT 3 receptors in the control of lordosis behavior.
Molecular diffusion in a ternary liquid system with the diffusing component dilute

Abstract Experimental molecular diffusivity data were obtained for two ternary liquid systems with a dilute solute diffusing in a very non-ideal solvent mixture and a second dilute solute in a viscous solvent mixture using the diaphragm-cell method. Using only the diffusion data of the solute in each of the two pure solvents and viscosity data of the mixtures, a modified equation was shown to predict the diffusion data over the entire solvent mixture concentration range. A modified Wilke-Chang type equation was also used.
Corticosteroid supplementation during cardiac arrest in rats

Abstract Hypothesis: Corticosteroids will improve the rate of resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Design: Prospective blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Intervention: An 8-min cardiac arrest was induced by KCl infusion and chest restriction in 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats with continuous EKG and arterial blood pressure monitoring. At the start of CPR the rats received one of three study drugs: normal saline (placebo), 0.05 mg hydrocortisone (Group A) and 0.25 mg hydrocortisone (Group B). Mechanical ventilation, chest compressions and ACLS drug administration were provided following a standardized algorithm. Results : The resuscitation rate was significantly higher ( P P = 0.15 and P = 0.21). Conclusion: Hydrocortisone significantly increased the rate of ROSC from cardiac arrest. There also appears to be a trend of decreasing duration of CPR and epinephrine requirements with hydrocortisone. Further studies evaluating the mechanism of action and long term effects of hydrocortisone in cardiac arrest need to be conducted.
Disarticulation patterns in Ordovician crinoids: Implications for the evolutionary history of connective tissue in the Crinoidea

Taphonomic information is examined to evaluate the early history of connective tissues in the Crinoidea. The pattern of stalk segmentation of Middle and Late Ordovician crinoids is consistent with the two-ligament (intercolumnal and through-going ligaments) pattern present in living isocrinid crinoids and interpreted for fossil isocrinids, holocrinids, and Lower Mississippian crinoids. A single rhombiferan was also examined; its taphonomic pattern is also indicative of this style of tissue organization. Furthermore, the taphonomy of all Middle and Late Ordovician crinoids may reflect that they lacked discretely organized muscles between arm brachials, which is consistent with the hypothesis that muscles evolved as a connective tissue between plates only once within the Crinoidea, during the Early Devonian. These data indicate that the two-ligament organization of the stalk is a primitive feature among the Crinoidea and perhaps even among stalked echinoderms. Therefore, the autotomy function of this column-tissue organization among living crinoids is an exaptation. On the other hand, discretely organized muscles as connective tissue in crinoid arms is a derived trait that first appeared during the middle Paleozoic; this adaptation proved very successful for the advanced cladid crinoids.
Influence of thread design on bioabsorbable interference screw insertion torque during retrograde fixation of a soft-tissue graft in synthetic bone.

Purpose: Bioabsorbable interference screw design may influence biomechanical characteristics. This study compared the insertion torque and load at failure characteristics of 2 types of screws during retrograde fixation of a soft-tissue graft. Type of Study: Biomechanical study. Methods: Eight matched pairs of doubled 100-mm long tibialis anterior allografts were prepared and fixed in appropriately sized tunnels created in 10 lb/ft 3 (0.16 g/cm 3 ) dense synthetic bone blocks using screws of similar length and root and thread diameter designed with either a large buttress thread with a smaller taper or small buttress thread with a larger taper. Insertion torque was measured at one-third, two-thirds, and full screw insertion. After the graft fixation constructs were mounted in a servohydraulic-testing device with the loading axis aligned directly with the tunnel and preloaded to 25 N, they were cycled 3 times from 0 to 50 N, and then subjected to a 20 mm/minute traction force to failure. Results: All constructs failed by graft slippage past the screw. Mean maximum load at failure (360.5 ± 68 N v 341.6 ± 58 N, P = .2) and stiffness (63.6 ± 16 N/mm 2 v 66.4 ± 14 N/mm 2 , P = .89) was similar between constructs fixed with a large buttress thread small-taper screw and small buttress thread large-taper screw, respectively. The small buttress thread screw with a large taper displayed greater mean insertion torque at one-third insertion (4.1 ± 0.57 in-lb v 3.2 ± 0.49 in-lb, P = .03), whereas the large buttress thread screw with a small taper displayed greater mean insertion torque at full insertion (11.1 ± 0.74 in-lb v 9.4 ± 1.3 in-lb, P = .012). Mean differences were not observed at two-thirds screw insertion ( P = .12). Conclusions: Large buttress thread small-taper screws displayed biomechanical fixation characteristics comparable to small buttress thread large-taper screws. Clinical Relevance: Given reports of superior screw-graft–bone tunnel contact area, these biomechanical results suggest that use of a large buttress screw with a small taper may be preferable for retrograde soft-tissue graft fixation.
Submucosal Bladder Neck Injections of Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Bovine Collagen for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Patients with the Exstrophy/Epispadias Complex

During the last 7 years 19 patients underwent 33 transurethral injections of glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen into the bladder neck for stress incontinence. Of the 15 patients 14 have classic bladder exstrophy, 3 have complete male epispadias and 2 have cloacal exstrophy. The procedure was performed after a Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck reconstruction in 15 patients and before it in 4. Injections were repeated in 10 patients after a mean of 12 months. After a mean followup of 26 months (range 9 to 84) improvement of continence was noted in 10 of 19 patients (53%) of whom 4 have significant improvement. Of the 8 patients whose condition failed to improve after collagen injections 6 underwent additional successful surgery to achieve urinary continence. Of the 10 patients who underwent repeated collagen injections 9 (90%) had additional improvement. Although there were no complications related to the injected collagen itself, postoperative complications developed in 2 patients. Submucosal injection of collagen to the bladder neck is simple and safe, and has a reasonable success rate. Thus, it may be used to improve continence in patients with the exstrophy/epispadias complex who lack full control after appropriate reconstructive surgery.
Local environment effects in the vibrational properties of disordered alloys: An embedded-atom method study of Ni3Al and Cu3Au

Local environment effects are important for providing a framework for understanding the changes in vibrational properties that result from disordering. In the present work the effects of local environments on thermodynamic quantities are examined using the embedded-atom method (EAM) for Ni3Al and Cu3Au. Projections of the density of states onto different local environments are performed, and a local cluster expansion is calculated. It is found that the contribution to the entropy from a given atom is primarily determined by the atom and its first few neighbor shells. Relaxations are seen to qualitatively change the dependence of the entropy on local environment, changing the sign of the dominant interactions. Also, relaxations are found to extend the range of point and pair interactions and to increase the importance of multisite interactions. These results suggest that a special quasi-random structure (SQS), a small supercell constructed to approximate the local environments of the disordered phase, might be able to reproduce the disordered phase vibrational thermodynamics. It is found that an eight-atom SQS can accurately represent the vibrational thermodynamic properties of the disordered phase, implying that it could be a powerful tool for firstprinciples vibrational studies.
Cooperative student activities as learning devices

Learning needs to be conceived of as something a learner does, not something that is done to a learner.
A NOVEL LAYERED ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE Zr2O3(HPO4). SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPERTIES.

ABSTRACT Several novel crystalline layered zirconium phosphates with composition Zr2O3(HPO4)-nH2O (M=Na, K) were prepared by the partial hydrolytic decomposition of amorphous or crystalline a-zirconium phosphates in alkaline media under mild hydrothermal conditions. The corresponding Li-and Cs-forms of this phosphate were obtained by successive treatment of Na- or K-forms with LiOH or CsOH solutions. Two hydrogen forms of the novel zirconium phosphate (Ψ-ZrP) - Zr2O3(HPO4)-1.5H2O and Zr2O3(HPO4)-0.5H2O were prepared by acid treatment of the salt forms. The intercalation of n-alkylamines into the Ψ-ZrP-H from the gas phase was also studied. All the synthesized materials were characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, X-ray, IR and 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy. The data indicate that the novel zirconium phosphate is a monohydrogen phosphate. It was found also that Ψ-ZrP exhibits unexpectedly and extremely high hydrolytic stability in alkaline media; the phosphorus release in 1M NaOH being lower than 0.11 -0.13 m...
Mechanistic studies of photoinduced reactions at semiconductor surfaces

Abstract Photoinduced reactions at semiconductor surfaces and interfaces have recently come under intense study. This activity is motivated both by the potential technological importance of photoinduced device processing and by the fascinating complexity of the underlying science. The basic mechanisms by which photons can drive surface/interface reactions can be categorized into direct excitation of an ambient species, direct excitation of an adsorbed species, or indirect excitation via absorption within the substrate. We summarize the essential aspects of these basic mechanisms and then review recent studies that have focused on identifying the basic photoexcitation mechanism. The review encompasses studies of molecular desorption from, metal deposition on, and the oxidation and etching of Si and GaAs substrates.
Self-referencing, quality of argument, and persuasion

This research examines whether self-referencing and self-attention facilitate careful examination of a message, referred to as systematic processing. In Experiment 1, undergraduates (n=158) who were induced to be either high or low in self-referencing read either a strong or a weak two-sided article that discussed tuition increases. Contrary to predictions, low self-referencing participants agreed more with increasing tuition than high self-referencing participants. Participants who read strong versus weak arguments agreed more with increasing tuition. In Experiment 2 undergraduates (n=204) who were either high or low in self-attention and either high or low in self-referencing read either a strong or weak two-sided article that discussed tuition increases. Consistent with predictions, participants who were either high in self-attention or high in self-referencing were more persuaded by strong than weak arguments. Specifically, both high self-attention, low self-referencing participants and low self-attention, high self-referencing participants were significantly more persuaded by strong than weak arguments. There was a trend for high self-attention, high self-referencing participants to be more persuaded by strong than weak arguments. There were no argument quality effects for low self-attention low self-referencing participants. The results of these two studies suggest that both self-referencing and self-attention facilitate systematic processing.
Relationships between brain CT scan findings and cortisol in psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients

In this report, data are presented on pre- and postdexamethasone cortisol levels, neuropsychological testing, and computed tomography (CT) scan findings in 30 depressed patients (15 psychotic and 15 nonpsychotic). Particularly significant findings were observed when data from the unipolar subgroup (n = 22) were analyzed separately. Unipolar psychotic depressed patients had significantly larger (p < 0.05) anterior pole and cella media ventricle-to-brain ratios (VBRs) and significantly greater (p < 0.05) left and right inferior parietal brain “atrophy” than nonpsychotic depressed patients. Higher rates of Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) nonsuppression were observed in psychotic depressed patients and in patients with larger cella VBRs. Inferior parietal brain atrophv and large VBRs were also associated with greater cognitive impairment on psychometric testing. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Combined dipole-multiturn loop for vehicle-based high-frequency (HF) communications

A combined dipole-multiturn loop antenna is proposed for the use at the lower portion of the high-frequency (HF) band. Stand alone and vehicle mounted configurations are considered to determine important tradeoffs between antenna size and its electrical performance. It is also shown that the vehicle affects the input resistance based on antenna orientation.
Maximally slicing a black hole.

Analytic and computer-derived solutions are presented of the problem of slicing the Schwarzschild geometry into asymptotically flat, asymptotically static, maximal spacelike hypersurfaces. The sequence of hypersurfaces advances forward in time in both halves (u greater than or equal to 0, u less than or equal to 0) of the Kruskal diagram, tending asymptotically to the hypersurface r = 3/2 M and avoiding the singularity at r = 0. Maximality is therefore a potentially useful condition to impose in obtaining computer solutions of Einstein's equations.
Depressive symptoms in lung cancer Patients and their family caregivers and the influence of family environment

Objective: This study investigated depressive symptomatology in lung cancer patients and their identified caregiver. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews and administered measures of family environment, depressive symptomatology, and the extent to which the caregiver blamed the cancer on the patient not having taken better care of him/herself to 190 patient–caregiver dyads. Multivariate two-level models were used to estimate the unique effects for each dyad member and cross-partner effects while controlling for interdependencies in the data. Results: More than half the patients (55%) were male, whereas 74% of caregivers were female. The majority (57.4%) were spouses, followed by offspring, and other family or friends. The baseline model with covariates showed that younger caregivers, spouse caregivers, and caregivers who blamed the patient for the cancer had higher depressive symptom scores. When examining the unique effect for each dyad member, with the exception of patient report of familial conflict, patient and caregiver reports of lower familial cohesion and expressiveness and higher conflict were associated with higher depression scores for patient and caregiver, respectively. When examining cross-partner effects, patient reports of lower cohesion, lower expressiveness, and greater conflict were associated with higher caregiver depression scores. Offspring caregivers reported less depression than non-offspring caregivers. Conclusion: The family environment and blaming the patient during times of illness can affect both patient and caregiver depression. Findings suggest that quality of the family dynamic is important for patients, but may be particularly influential for caregivers. Future research should aid clinicians' assessment of family environment when making treatment plans. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal treatment and the oxygen functionalities in Wyodak coal

The effects of hydrothermal treatment (liquid water) at 350 °C on Argonne-supplied Wyodak coal previously ‘dried’ at 60 °C under 1 torr for 18 h were studied. Control experiments were conducted in the absence of added water, and with n-undecane replacing water. All runs were conducted in batch reactors with quartz liners for periods of 30 min or 5 h with added N2 (500 psi cold), and product workups and all manipulations were conducted in an N2 glove bag. A tar representing 5–7% of the starting coal was deposited on the quartz walls solely for hydrothermal conditions. In all cases the coal lost oxygen, the O-losses being in the order: undecane < no added water (30 min) = added water (30 min) = no added water (5 h) < added water (5 h). Thermal gravimetric and field ionization mass spectrometer (f.i.m.s.) analyses (ambient to 500 °C at 2.5 °C min−1) showed little difference between the experiments with undecane and those with no added water. By contrast, hydrothermal treatment yielded a volatiles fraction that was at the same time more volatile and had a greater weight average molecular weight. Phenol, catechol, and their C1-, C2-, and C3-derivatives were the two most prominent families in the f.i.m.s.-volatiles spectra, and the f.i.m.s. responses showed that under added water conditions the catechols response was increased. With undecane in place of water, the precursors to the f.i.m.s.-volatile arenols engaged primarily in regressive chemistry. The exhaustive (5 h) hydrothermal treatment resulted in virtual elimination of both phenol and catechol signals, demonstrating extensive hydrolysis of the coal structure. The results are consistent with a scheme in which water promotes the production of the tar, removing it from the coal matrix. The organic medium, on the other hand, suppresses the diffusion of thermally generated fragments, and they become irreversibly reincorporated. The O-losses are due primarily to CO2- and H2O-evolution. The data suggest that the latter is largely due specifically to catechol dehydroxylation.
Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994

Abstract Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s. The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass, CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities of rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials. The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s. Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined.
Bilirubin and Serial Auditory Brainstem Responses in Premature Infants

Objectives. To determine the usefulness of the bilirubin-albumin (B:A) molar ratio (MR) and unbound bilirubin (UB) as compared with serum total bilirubin (TB) in predicting bilirubin encephalopathy as assessed by auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in infants of 28 to 32 weeks9 gestational age. Study Design. During a 2-year period, serial ABRs were obtained on 143 infants of 28 to 32 weeks9 gestational age during the first postnatal week. Waveforms were categorized on the basis of response replicability and the presence of waves III and V. Wave V latencies were also serially analyzed when measurable for individual infants. Maturation of the ABR was defined as abnormal when the waveform category worsened and/or latency increased during the study interval. Serum albumin was analyzed at 48 to 72 hours of age in all patients. Serum TB was analyzed as clinically indicated. Aliquots of the same samples were also analyzed for UB in a subset of infants. Results. The mean peak TB concentration (10.1 ± 1.7 mg/dL) for the 71 infants with normal ABR maturation was not significantly different from the mean peak TB (10.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL) in the 24-hour period preceding the ABR9s first showing abnormal maturation in the other 55 infants. However, in infants with UB analyzed, the mean peak UB (0.62 ± 0.20 vs 0.40 ± 0.15 μg/dL) was significantly higher in the infants with abnormal maturation (n = 25) than in infants with normal maturation (n = 20). The B:A MR results were equivocal. In the entire study population, there was no difference in B:A MR between infants with normal versus abnormal ABR maturation. However, in the subset of infants in whom UB was measured, although TB was not different, there was a significant difference in B:A MR. Based on receiver-operating characteristic curves, a UB level of 0.5 μg/dL was the best discriminator with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 75%. The proportion of infants who had UB >0.5 μg/dL and UB ≤0.5 μg/dL and who had abnormal ABR, maturation was 0.81 and 0.33, respectively, with a significant difference in the incidence of transient bilirubin encephalopathy among these 2 groups. The relative risk of abnormal ABR maturation with UB >0.5 μg/dL compared with UB ≤0.05 μg/dL was 2.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.33–4.49). Conclusions. UB is a more sensitive predictor than either serum bilirubin or B:A MR of abnormal ABR maturation, and hence transient bilirubin encephalopathy in premature newborns with hyperbilirubinemia.
Hydrophobic Versus Hydrophilic Drugs For PDT

In recent years, a number of new photosensitizers have been developed for the photo-dynamic treatment of cancer. These new drugs include tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines, tetra(hydroxypheny1) porphyrins, chlorins and purpurins which are water soluble, and phthalocyanines, chlorins, purpurins and verdins which are water insoluble. In vivo or in vitro data are available to assess the relative photodynamic efficiency of either hydrophobic or hydrophilic sensitizers. Hydrophobic drugs require a more complex delivery system in order to overcome their water insolubility. In this paper, we report the suitability of both oil-based emulsions and unilamellar liposomes for in vivo delivery of three different photosensitizers (a purpurin, a verdin and a chlorin).
On nonparametric estimation of nonlinear dynamic systems by the Fourier series estimate

Abstract The paper deals with estimation of block oriented systems by the Fourier series estimate. Three types of systems are considered: cascade of nonlinear memoryless systems, Hammerstein system and Wiener system. The optimal model of memoryless cascade system is derived and estimated by the Fourier series regression estimate. Nonlinear dynamical systems of Hammerstein and Wiener type with arbitrary nonlinearities are estimated by means of nonparametric techniques. Convergence and the rates of estimation procedures are investigated. Convergence results are verified in computer experiments.
The Meaning Behind Popular Myths About Suicide.

The realization that another person chooses to end his life is both horrifying and mysterious to most human beings, because suicide defies the prime law of nature (i.e., survival) and raises doubts about the worth of living. In order to reduce psychological perturbation, we develop a set of myths (or false beliefs) about suicide which serve to deflect us from facing basic issues about life and death and thus maintain a sense of inner comfort. Several common human-serving fallacies about suicide are examined as to their validity and are discussed in terms of how they operate to reduce anxiety about questions of life and death.
The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude.

Decreased physical performance is a well-known consequence of rapid ascent to high altitude. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) potentially limits cardiac output and systemic blood flow, thus...
Exploring microbial diversity and taxonomy using SSU rRNA hypervariable tag sequencing.

Massively parallel pyrosequencing of hypervariable regions from small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes can sample a microbial community two or three orders of magnitude more deeply per dollar and per hour than capillary sequencing of full-length SSU rRNA. As with full-length rRNA surveys, each sequence read is a tag surrogate for a single microbe. However, rather than assigning taxonomy by creating gene trees de novo that include all experimental sequences and certain reference taxa, we compare the hypervariable region tags to an extensive database of rRNA sequences and assign taxonomy based on the best match in a Global Alignment for Sequence Taxonomy (GAST) process. The resulting taxonomic census provides information on both composition and diversity of the microbial community. To determine the effectiveness of using only hypervariable region tags for assessing microbial community membership, we compared the taxonomy assigned to the V3 and V6 hypervariable regions with the taxonomy assigned to full-length SSU rRNA sequences isolated from both the human gut and a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. The hypervariable region tags and full-length rRNA sequences provided equivalent taxonomy and measures of relative abundance of microbial communities, even for tags up to 15% divergent from their nearest reference match. The greater sampling depth per dollar afforded by massively parallel pyrosequencing reveals many more members of the “rare biosphere” than does capillary sequencing of the full-length gene. In addition, tag sequencing eliminates cloning bias and the sequences are short enough to be completely sequenced in a single read, maximizing the number of organisms sampled in a run while minimizing chimera formation. This technique allows the cost-effective exploration of changes in microbial community structure, including the rare biosphere, over space and time and can be applied immediately to initiatives, such as the Human Microbiome Project.
Developing Reading Comprehension Skills in High-Functioning Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Research, 1990–2012

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to describe a structured literature review that was completed to determine how reading comprehension instruction has been studied with high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and (b) to provide insight into the reading strategies that teachers might use to support these children. It addresses the following research questions: What reading comprehension studies with high-functioning children with ASD were completed between 1990 and 2012? And which teaching methods or strategies were tested between 1990 and 2012 to improve the reading comprehension skills of high-functioning children with ASD? The U. S. Department of Education reports that much research has been conducted over the past 20 years that addresses ways to remediate reading difficulties, but little research has been completed with high-functioning children with ASD. There is a gap in the research. Studies that test reading strategies are especially important because the number of c...
Self-actualization and value structure: an empirical investigation.

The present study investigated Maslow's assertion that there exists a cluster of values characteristic of self-actualizing persons. A total of 84 college students, 35 male and 49 female, completed ...
The release of antimicrobial agents from solutions of surface-active agents

Surface-active agents modify biological results, but their effect can be related to wellknown thermodynamic quantities. New data are presented, and the results of earlier studies are reviewed and explained in terms of the fundamental driving forces behind the availability of antimicrobial agents in such systems.
The carotid sinus reflexes

Abstract Forty years have elapsed since Hering defined the carotid sinus reflex. Present theory indicates that the reflexes act by “buffering” the outflow from the brain of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity. Through changes in this autonomic nervous system outflow, decreases in systemic arterial pressure would be opposed by (a) decreases in the distensibility and volume of the systemic postarteriolar capacity vessels, (b) increases in cardiac work, and (c) increases in total peripheral resistance. Conversely, increases in arterial pressure would be opposed by effects in the opposite direction. Until the last decade, baroreceptor experimental neurogenic hypertension was produced by bilateral carotid sinus denervation and partial vagotomy. The hypertension so caused was singularly unlike essential hypertension. It was very labile, and the increase in arterial pressure was associated with tachycardia and an elevation of cardiac output. However, since 1954, it has been clearly demonstrated that permanent, stable hypertension without tachycardia can readily be produced in dogs by bilaterally interfering with the carotid sinus reflexes alone (vagi intact). Furthermore, it has been shown that the carotid sinus reflexes may be of significance in the production of renal hypertension. Also, carotid sinus pacemakers have recently been shown to be capable of reducing blood pressure in hypertensive dogs and man. It has been held for more than 30 years that spontaneous syncopal attacks are caused by stimulation of the carotid sinus reflexes. Nevertheless, in the great majority of patients with a diagnosis of carotid sinus syndrome, spontaneous syncope is not associated with an immediately apparent stimulation of the carotid sinus, such as direct pressure, a tight collar, shaving, or scratching. It is argued in the present communication that in those cases without apparent stimulation of the carotid sinus the diagnosis of carotid sinus syndrome cannot be made or classified by the tests presently employed. Even the results of surgical denervation cannot prove the existence of the carotid sinus syndrome in most cases.
Mental Accounting and Saving Behavior

This study examines the validity of the mental-accounting concept. Three hierarchical mental accounts are conceptually identified, representing a continuum from most basic (ACCT1) to least basic (ACCT3) needs, and empirically formed. Families are hypothesized to have different marginal propensities to consume from different mental accounts, and two related hypotheses are developed. Using data from 1983 and 1986 Surveys of Consumer Finances, estimates of stock adjustment models indicate that all families at low-, middle-, and high-income level adjusted their savings from real stocks to desirable stocks fastest in ACCT3 and slowest in ACCT1. In the middle-income sample, results showed that savings in ACCT1 at the end of the previous period had the largest negative influence on changes in ACCT2 and ACCT3, and savings in ACCT3 had the least influence on changes in the other two accounts, over one period of time. These findings supported the hypotheses derived from the mental-accounting assumption.
Lending relationships, auditor quality and debt costs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the circumstances under which high quality audits reduce a firm's cost of debt. The paper extends previous research by Pittman and Fortin by considering how auditor quality relates to the capital cycle and industry of the firm.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a sample of US initial public offerings (IPOs) from 1986 to 1998 to analyze a firm's debt costs for the five years following the IPO. The paper uses a firm's private age as a proxy for its capital cycle and existing banking relationships to capture the likely extent of debt dependence prior to IPO. The authors separately analyze technology firms from other firms.Findings – Consistent with prior literature, it is found that firms that are young at the time of an IPO pay higher interest rates and auditor quality plays a significant role in lowering the cost of debt financing. Consistent with the hypotheses made, the authors also observe that the effect of auditor quality is larger for firms ...