cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in the pristane model of systemic lupus erythematosus

Autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have high rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects women of childbearing age and is associated with a loss of self-tolerance, autoreactive B and T lymphocytes, and the production of autoantibodies, especially to nuclear components. In this study, we hypothesized that the pristane-inducible model of SLE would develop hypertension and vascular dysfunction as the disease progressed. To test this hypothesis, female C57BL/6 mice were administered PBS or pristane. Seven months after pristane administration, mice developed various autoantibodies, including anti-dsDNA IgG, anti-ssDNA IgG, and anti-nRNP IgG, as well as hypergammaglobulinemia. Several other immunological changes, including increased circulating neutrophils and increased CD4- CD8- (double negative) thymocytes were also detected. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was elevated in pristane-treated mice when compared to PBS-treated mice. In addition, second-order mesenteric arteries from pristine-treated mice had impaired relaxation to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine compared to PBS-treated mice. These data suggest that the immune system dysfunction present in the pristane model of lupus contributes to the development of hypertension and vascular dysfunction.
Presentation and survival of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in young adults versus older patients

Abstract Background A minority of patients with gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) is diagnosed at younger age. This population-based study explores the broad clinical and pathologic features of the youngest 5% of adult patients with GEP-NETs. Methods A retrospective study of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) of patients with a primary GEP-NET was performed. Patients were stratified by age. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed. Results We identified 31,983 patients with a diagnosis of a GEP-NET and only 5% of patients were under the age of 35. Young patients were found to have greater proportions of localized, well differentiated disease. On multivariate analysis, young age, well differentiated histology, early stage, and surgical intervention were associated with lower risk of mortality. Conclusions Young patients with GEP-NETs tend to have earlier stage of presentation and well differentiated tumors, which may be most amenable to surgical intervention.
DIETARY MANIPULATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PATIENTS: PROOF OF CONCEPT

Diet is a modifiable, non-invasive, inexpensive behavior that is crucial in shaping the intestinal microbiome. A microbiome "imbalance" or dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is linked to inflammation. Here, we aim to define the impact of specific foods on bacterial species commonly depleted in patients with IBD to better inform dietary treatment. We performed a single-arm, pre-post intervention trial. After a baseline period, a dietary intervention with the IBD-Anti-Inflammatory Diet (IBD-AID) was initiated. We collected stool and blood samples and assessed dietary intake throughout the study. We applied advanced computational approaches to define and model complex interactions between the foods reported and the microbiome. A dense dataset comprising 553 dietary records and 340 stool samples was obtained from 22 participants. Consumption of prebiotics, probiotics, and beneficial foods correlated with increased abundance of Clostridia and Bacteroides, commonly depleted in IBD cohorts. We further show that the IBD-AID intervention affects the immune tone by lowering IL-8 and increasing GM-CSF with certain foods correlating with levels of those cytokines. By using robust predictive analytics, this study represents the first steps to detangle diet-microbiome interactions to inform personalized nutrition for patients suffering from dysbiosis-related IBD.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellowship Program Participation in the National Resident Matching Program Match: Trends and Implications for Recruitment.

OBJECTIVE Recruitment is one of the most important missions for the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) Caucus of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the American Association of Directors of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. A review of the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Match data is needed to inform current and future practices. METHODS The NRMP, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, and Association of American Medical College databases were queried from 1996 to 2021. RESULTS The NRMP data show that the number of programs participating in the Match has increased from 87 in 1996 to 106 in 2021 and that the percentage of programs that fill their positions in the Match is increasing and has increased from 41% in 1996 to 67% in 2021. However, each year, a percentage of programs do not fill their positions offered in the Match. The numbers indicate a surplus of positions for the number of applicants that appears to be increasing, and there are currently 49 more positions than applicants. CONCLUSIONS Trends in the CAP Match are encouraging, and importantly, more programs and applicants are using the Match. One concerning trend is the surplus of positions while there is a great need for child psychiatrists. More research is needed on the incentives for programs and applicants to participate in the Match and how to increase interest in child and adolescent psychiatry.
Urinary Concentrating and Diluting Processes

Body fluid osmolality is normally maintained within narrow bounds through the control of body water balance. Water intake is regulated to some degree by the thirst mechanism(1) However, the chief means by which body water balance is so precisely maintained is the regulation of renal water excretion.
Evil : inside human cruelty and violence

The question of evil, and the answers. Part 1 Image and reality: victims and perpetrators; the myth of pure evil. Part 2 The four roots of evil: greed, lust, ambition - evil as a means to an end; egotism and revenge; true believers and idealists; can evil be fun? the joy of hurting. Part 3 How they do it: crossing the line - how evil starts; how evil grows and spreads; dealing with guilt; ambivalence and fellow travelers. Part 4 Conclusion: why is there evil.
Addressing Multiobjective Control: Safety and Performance through Constrained Optimization

We address systems which have multiple objectives: broadly speaking, these objectives can be thought of as safety and performance goals. Guaranteeing safety is our first priority, satisfying performance criteria our second. In this paper, we compute the system's safe operating space and represent it in closed form, and then, within this space, we compute solutions which optimize a given performance criterion. We describe the methodology and illustrate it with two examples of systems in which safety is paramount: a two-aircraft collision avoidance scenario and the flight management system of a VSTOL aircraft. In these examples, performance criteria are met using mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) and nonlinear programming (NLP), respectively. Optimized trajectories for both systems demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology on systems whose safety is critical.
Selective internalization of the apical plasma membrane and rapid redistribution of lysosomal enzymes and mannose 6-phosphate receptors during osteoclast inactivation by calcitonin

The effects of inhibition of bone resorption by the peptide hormone calcitonin have been studied at the level of the osteoclast. Although not epithelial, the osteoclast is polarized with the secretion of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes and of acid occurring specifically at the apical pole, facing the bone compartment. The membranes composing the apical (ruffled-border) and basolateral domains contain topologically restricted antigens, a 100 x 10(3) Mr lysosomal membrane protein and the Na+,K(+)-ATPase, respectively. It was found that calcitonin induces a rapid (15-60 min) redistribution of the apical marker as well as of markers of the secretory compartment of the osteoclast (arylsulfatase and cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (Man6P) receptors). The apical plasma membrane, in contrast to the basolateral membrane, is selectively internalized. This internalization leads to the disappearance of the ruffled border. The vesicular translocation of apical membranes is reminiscent of the events occurring in gastric oxyntic cells and in kidney tubule intercalated cells during the regulation of acid secretion. In parallel, the synthesis of both the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase and Man6P receptors is arrested. The products that were already present in the secretory pathway seem to be rerouted to intracellular vacuoles instead of being targeted to the plasma membrane, leading to marked accumulation of enzymes in the inhibited cells. These results suggest that the rapid inhibition of bone resorption by calcitonin involves the vesicular translocation of the apical membranes and the rapid arrest in the synthesis and secretion of lysosomal enzymes in osteoclasts.
Neuronal Stem Cells Biology and Plasticity

Recent studies have suggested that stem cells are able to cross primordial tissue barriers. Their ability to respond to unrelated microenvironmental signals strongly suggest that they have greater potential than previously imagined especially for their future clinical use for the regeneration of tissues or even perhaps organ systems. In particular there is an intriguing reciprocal relationship between the hematopoietic and neuronal stem cell systems. Both stem cell pools appear to respond to microenvironmental signals that are not developmental related. These intriguing observations have led to a number of studies that have attempted to explore this apparent phenomenon of plasticity associated with both hematopoietic and neuronal stem cell populations.
Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative enteric pathogen. This unit includes protocols for the growth and maintenance of V. cholerae in the laboratory. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 17:6A.1.1-6A.1.7. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: Vibrio cholerae; laboratory growth; cholera
Shooting the Messenger: Explaining Public Discontent with the News Media

More and more Americans are disgruntled with the news media—a troubling problem in a democracy that depends so much on news organizations to inform its citizens. This study offers and tests a set of explanations for declining satisfaction with news providers. Much of the existing content-based research might suggest that the public is growing weary of the media s aggressive style, their preoccupation with scandal and the personal lives of politicians, and other tendencies. This study, however, explores the extent to which the media are suffering from the same sense of general discontent that has affected all political institutions. It also examines the role of partisanship and ideology, in particular the widely reported view among conservative Republicans that the media are biased against them. How much of the public s dissatisfaction with the media may be explained by general political discontent and perceptions of bias? To explore these questions, this study analyzes national survey data provided by Pew Research Center for the People and the Press that include several indicators measuring public perceptions of the media.
A role for the redox site in the modulation of the NMDA receptor by light

Light has been shown to modulate NMDA receptor function. In this study, we have performed experiments aimed at elucidating the putative site of action of light within the receptor structure. Whole-cell recordings were performed in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing various combinations of NMDA receptor subunits. Although there was no apparent difference in the actions of light between wild-type NR1-NR2A and NR1-NR2B subunit configurations, the light enhancement of NMDA-induced currents was either completely abolished or substantially diminished in the redox site mutants NR1a (C744A, C798A)-NR2B and NR1a (C744A, C798A)-NR2A. Further studies demonstrated that chemical reduction of NR1a-NR2B NMDA receptors decreased its sensitivity to light. In addition, sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl) methanethiosulfonate (MTSES), used to irreversibly bind free sulfhydryl groups and inactivate the redox site, abolished the effects of light on wild-type receptors. In contrast, no free sulfhydryls were available for MTSES following light stimulation, suggesting that light itself could not reduce the redox modulatory site. Our results suggest that a functionally intact, oxidized redox site is necessary for light-induced potentiation. Hence, light and redox modulation of the NMDA receptor may share a common intramolecular pathway for altering the function of this ion channel.
On the inverse scattering problem in the acoustic environment

In this paper, we construct numerical algorithms for the solution of inverse scattering problems in layered acoustic media. Our inverse scattering schemes are based on a collection of so-called trace formulae. The speed c of propagation of sound, the density @r, and the attenuation @c are the three parameters reconstructed by the algorithm, given that all of them are laterally invariant. For a medium whose parameters c,@r, and @c have m>=1 continuous derivatives, and data measured for frequencies between 0 and a>0, the error of our scheme decays as 1/a^m^-^1 as a->~. In this respect, the algorithm is similar to the Fourier Transform. Our results are illustrated with several numerical examples.
Modification of Stereotypic Sex-Typing in Young Children

Summary The effect of a short-term home intervention program on the stereotypic sex-typing of young children was examined. Thirty boys and girls with a mean age of 62.6 months (20 experimental, 10 control) participated in a program that included two daily sessions of stories, songs, and toys. While the program showed few changes in the children's sex-role identity or knowledge of sex-role identity or knowledge of sex-roles, some principles were seen that are important for future intervention efforts.
Tuning of model predictive controllers for robust performance

Abstract This paper presents practical on/off-line tuning rules for state-space MPC controllers. Based on the frequency-domain analysis of the closed-loop behavior of MPC controllers, the effect of various tuning parameters on the closed-loop system's performance and robustness is characterized and quantitative guidelines on how these parameters are best determined are established. It is shown that the choice of tuning parameters as well as their settings play a critical role in the overall robustness of the resulting closed-loop system and the ease of design and tuning. Several examples are presented to demonstrate how the proposed tuning rules provide insights and guidelines for tuning MPC controllers so that required performance and robustness are achieved.
Enzyme Studies on Human Blood. I. Proteolytic Activity Associated with a Fraction of Plasma.

SummaryThe action of whole dried plasma and its primary fractions separated by low temperature-ethanol procedure on casein was investigated. No kinase was added and there was no previous treatment of the protein preparations with chloroform or any other agents. Proteolytic activity was demonstrated by determinations of acid soluble total nitrogen and “tyrosine.”Human plasma Fraction I contains a high degree of proteolytic activity. The enzyme is inactivated at 80°C and functions at near neutrality.
Penetration of Ions through Isolated Cuticles.

1. BENTLEY, J. A. 1961. The states of auxin in the plant. In: Handbuch d. Pflanzenphysiologie. W. Ruhland, ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. vol XIV, pp 609-19. 2. CUMMING, B. G. 1959. The control of growth and development in red clover (Trifolium patense L.). III. Endogenous diffusible auxin. Can. J. Botany 37: 1049-62. 3. MILLER, J. S. AND S. A. GORDON. 1962. Auxin relations in illuminated shoots. Plant Physiol. 37: xvi-xvii. 4. NAKAMURA, T., H. ISHII, AND T. YAMAKI. 1962. Intercellular localization of native auxin in Avena coleoptile. Plant and Cell Physiol. 3: 149-56. 5. RAADTS, E. AND H. S6DING. 1957. Chromatographische Untersuchungen iiber die Wuchsstoffe der Haferkoleoptile. Planta 49: 47-60. 6. SCOTT, T. K. AND W. R. BRIGGS. 1960. Auxin relationships in the Alaska pea (Pisum sativurm). Am. J. Botany 47: 492-99. 7. Scorr, T. K. AND W. P. JACOBS. 1962. The isolation and identification of diffusible auxin. Am. J. Botany 49: 657. 8. SHIBAOKA, H. 1961. Studies on the mechanism of the growth inhibiting effect of light. Plant and Cell Physiol. 2: 175-97. 9. SHIBAOKA, H. AND T. YAMAKI. 1959. A sensitized Avena curvature test and identification of the diffusible auxin Avena coleoptile. Botan. Mag. Tokyo. 72: 152-58. 10. SHIBAOKA, H. AND T. YAMAKI. 1959. Studies on the growth movement of sunflower plant. Sci. Papers Coll. Gen. Educ. Univ. Tokyo 9: 105-26. 11. STOWE, B. B. AND K. V. THIMANN. 1954. The paper chromatography of indole compounds and some indole-containing auxins of plant tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 51: 499-516. 12. THIMANN, K. V. 1952. Plant growth hormones. In: The Action of Hormones in Plants and Invertebrates. Academic Press. New York. 13. ZENK, M. H. 1961. 1(Indole-3-acetyl)-,/-D-glucose, a new compound in the metabolism of indole3-acetic acid in plants. Nature 191: 493-94.
Recursion relations for the overlap of a Morse continuum state with a Lanczos basis state.

In the resonant reactive scattering theory of Mundel, Berman, and Domcke (Phys. Rev. A 32, 181 (1985)), the overlap of a Morse continuum state and a Lanczos basis state appears in the expression of transition amplitude. In their study, recursion relations for Green's functions in the Lanczos basis were used for computational efficiency. In this paper we derive new recursion relations specifically for the evaluation of overlap between the Morse continuum wave and Lanczos basis state that appears in the transition amplitude of resonant scattering. They are found to be simple to use with great accuracy.
A surface‐enhanced raman signal associated with functional manganese in oxygen‐evolving photosystem II membranes

Abstract A surface-enhanced Raman signal at about 225 cm−1 was detected in oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PS II) membranes treated with 1 M CaCl2 (which removes three extrinsic proteins but does not extract Mn). The signal is not seen in Tris-treated preparations (which retain none of the three proteins nor Mn) nor in NaCl-treated preparations (which retain Mn and the 33-kDa extrinsic protein). The Raman signal is unstable and has been related kinetically, both to the disappearance of CaCl2-reconstituted O2 evolution and to the release of about half the Mn found initially in the CaCl2-treated material. Although the origin of the signal may be either a direct or indirect monitor of the unstable Mn pool, the frequency is consistent with Mn-N, Mn-O or Mn-Cl vibrations reported in the literature. From these data and previous studies we suggest a model in which the unstable pool of Mn is located between the 33-kDa extrinsic protein and the PS II membrane, probably at the site of a 34-kDa intrinsic protein. O2 evolutionManganesePhotosystem II33-kDa protein34-kDa proteinPhotosynthesis
Simultaneous oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and silicon determination in coal by proton induced gamma-ray analysis

The technique of gamma-ray analysis of light elements (GRALE) is extended to measure the concentration of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and silicon in coal samples. The composition of the sample is determined by analyzing the spectrum of gamma rays emitted following inelastic scattering of protons bombarding the target. A large volume lithium drifted germanium detector is used as a gamma-ray detector in this work. Coal samples are irradiated with 9.5 MeV protons in a helium atmosphere for 1000 sec. Results with standard coal samples indicate that the method has an accuracy of ∼5% of the concentration of each element and a precision of ∼4% for elements constituting at least 1% of the coal by weight.
Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes

Experimental studies routinely show that participants who play a violent game are more aggressive immediately following game play than participants who play a nonviolent game. The underlying assumption is that nonviolent games have no effect on aggression, whereas violent games increase it. The current studies demonstrate that, although violent game exposure increases aggression, nonviolent video game exposure decreases aggressive thoughts and feelings (Exp 1) and aggressive behavior (Exp 2). When participants assessed after a delay were compared to those measured immediately following game play, violent game players showed decreased aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior, whereas nonviolent game players showed increases in these outcomes. Experiment 3 extended these findings by showing that exposure to nonviolent puzzle-solving games with no expressly prosocial content increases prosocial thoughts, relative to both violent game exposure and, on some measures, a no-game control condition. Implications of these findings for models of media effects are discussed.
Suppressor of fused impedes Ci/Gli nuclear import by opposing Trn/Kapβ2 in Hedgehog signaling

The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs many key developmental processes by regulating Ci/Gli transcription factors at multiple levels including nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying the regulation of Ci/Gli subcellular localization by identifying and characterizing a novel nuclear localization sequence (NLS) in the N-terminal conserved domain of Ci/Gli that matches the PY-NLS consensus. We demonstrate that the PY-NLS functions in parallel with a previously identified bipartite NLS to promote nuclear localization and activity of full-length Ci. We find that Transportin (Trn), the Drosophila homolog of Kapβ2, is responsible for PY-NLS-mediated nuclear localization of Ci. Furthermore, we show that the tumor suppressor and conserved Hh pathway component Suppressor of fused (Sufu) opposes Trn-mediated Ci nuclear import by masking its PY-NLS. Finally, we provide evidence that Gli proteins also contain a functional PY-NLS and that mammal Sufu uses a similar mechanism to regulate nuclear translocation of Gli. Our study not only provides a mechanistic insight into how Sufu regulates Hh signaling and the subcellular localization of Ci/Gli, but also reveals a role for Trn/Kapβ2 in developmental regulation.
Spins in 19O from 13C(7Li, p)19O

Abstract The reaction 13 C( 7 Li, p) 19 O has been used to investigate the excitation-energy range 0–10 MeV in 19 O. Previously unreported levels were observed at E x = 4968 ± 6, 5364 ± 3, an d 6406 ± 3 keV. All 19 levels observed above 7.3 MeV are new. Several of these states and some others are excellent candidates for missing high-spin states.
Field portable mobile phone based fluorescence microscopy for detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in water samples

Giardia lamblia is a waterborne parasite that causes an intestinal infection, known as giardiasis, and it is found not only in countries with inadequate sanitation and unsafe water but also streams and lakes of developed countries. Simple, sensitive, and rapid detection of this pathogen is important for monitoring of drinking water. Here we present a cost-effective and field portable mobile-phone based fluorescence microscopy platform designed for automated detection of Giardia lamblia cysts in large volume water samples (i.e., 10 ml) to be used in low-resource field settings. This fluorescence microscope is integrated with a disposable water-sampling cassette, which is based on a flow-through porous polycarbonate membrane and provides a wide surface area for fluorescence imaging and enumeration of the captured Giardia cysts on the membrane. Water sample of interest, containing fluorescently labeled Giardia cysts, is introduced into the absorbent pads that are in contact with the membrane in the cassette by capillary action, which eliminates the need for electrically driven flow for sample processing. Our fluorescence microscope weighs ~170 grams in total and has all the components of a regular microscope, capable of detecting individual fluorescently labeled cysts under light-emitting-diode (LED) based excitation. Including all the sample preparation, labeling and imaging steps, the entire measurement takes less than one hour for a sample volume of 10 ml. This mobile phone based compact and cost-effective fluorescent imaging platform together with its machine learning based cyst counting interface is easy to use and can even work in resource limited and field settings for spatio-temporal monitoring of water quality.
Motion of solar cosmic rays in the coronal magnetic field

Trajectories of solar cosmic rays have been calculated in a static ninth-order coronal magnetic field. It is found that as a result of field curvature and gradients, protons drift across the field lines at a rate of up to 200 γβ2 deg hr−1. These drift rates are of the same order as, but somewhat smaller than, empirically derived rates. Localized enhancements of magnetic field have been inserted into the ninth-order field in order to model (in a highly idealized manner) the effects of the small-scale magnetic features which give rise to X-ray bright points. The motions of the particles in the presence of these scattering centers can be parameterized approximately by a cross-field diffusion coefficient. Our estimates of this coefficient, although crude, overlap with empirical values which have been deduced over a wide range of energies.
Intranasal deferoxamine engages multiple pathways to decrease memory loss in the APP/PS1 model of amyloid accumulation

In addition to the hallmark accumulation of amyloid and hyper-phosphorylation of tau, brain changes in Alzheimer's disease are multifactorial including inflammation, oxidative stress, and metal dysregulation. Metal chelators have been explored as a less well known approach to treatment. One chelator currently being developed is deferoxamine (DFO), administered via the intranasal (IN) route. In the current study, APP/PS1 amyloid mice were treated with a chronic, low dose of IN DFO, subjected to a rigorous battery of behavior tests, and the mechanism of action was examined. Mice were treated 3x/week with 0.24 C IN DFO for 18 weeks from 36 to 54 weeks of age, 4 weeks of behavior tests were performed that included both working and reference memory, anxiolytic and motor behaviors, and finally brain tissues were analyzed for amyloid, protein oxidation, and other proteins affected by DFO. We found that IN DFO treatment significantly decreased loss of both reference and working memory in the Morris and radial arm water mazes (p < 0.05), and also decreased soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.05). Further, IN DFO decreased activity of GSK3β, and led to decreases in oxidative stress (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that low doses of IN DFO can modify several targets along the multiple pathways implicated in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's, making it an attractive candidate for the treatment of this heterogeneous disease.
Budget Beowulfs: A Showcase of Inexpensive Clusters for Teaching PDC

In response to the shift to multicore processors, the ACM-IEEE CS2013 curriculum recommendations [1] include parallel and distributed computing (PDC) as a new core knowledge area. Some of the key concepts in PDC are the distinctions between shared-memory, distributed-memory, and heterogeneous system architectures. Most CS educators would agree that providing students with hands-on experience improves their students' learning. Given the ubiquity of multicore processors, it is quite easy to give today's students hands-on experience developing software on shared-memory architectures. By contrast, providing students with hands-on experience developing software for distributed architectures has typically required access to a Beowulf cluster, the price of which was beyond the reach of many institutions. However, hardware manufacturers have recently begun producing a variety of inexpensive --system on a board multiprocessors. Creative CS educators are using these multiprocessors to design and build inexpensive Beowulf clusters, and using them to provide students with hands-on experience with shared-memory, distributed-memory, and heterogeneous computing paradigms. In this special session, several PDC educators will bring, present, and demonstrate their innovative Beowulf clusters; each designed and built using a different inexpensive multiprocessor board.
Wind tunnel simulation requirements to assess wind loads on low-rise buildings

Abstract Observations of mean, r.m.s. and peak pressures on the roof of a 1 : 50 scale model of the experimental building at the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL) at Texas Tech University are discussed. Pressure coefficients were acquired with the model placed in turbulent shear layers developed over several different roughness configurations in the boundary-layer wind tunnel which is part of the wind load test facility at Clemson University. This investigation was performed to study the effects of the different flow parameters on the observed pressure coefficients, including the effects of horizontal turbulence intensities, integral scales and the small-scale turbulence content in the incident flow. Based on the comparison of the results from the Clemson laboratory with those obtained in the field, priority flow-simulation criteria are established for the assessment of surface pressures on low-rise structures obtained from wind tunnel model experiments.
Conceptual Approaches to Alternate Methods in Toxicological Testing

Due to public pressure, in vivo methods of toxicity testing is being attempted to be replaced by in vitro methods, such as cell and organ culture, computer modelling and modified LD50 tests using lesser number of animals. Specifically in the case of Draize eye irritancy test using rabbits, a number of refinements have been incorporated by different workers, mainly use of a local anaesthetic which will reduce animal distress without vitiating the test results. The author recommends exploration of new avenues for testing based on the advances in cell biology.
Electronic structure of cycloheptatrienyl sandwich compounds of actinides: An(eta(7)-C7H7)(2) (An = Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am)

The cycloheptatrienyl actinide sandwich compounds An(η7-C7H7)2q (An = Th−Am; q = 2−, 1−, 0, 1+) have been studied by using local and gradient-corrected density functional methods, with the inclusion of scalar (mass−velocity and Darwin) relativistic effects. It has been found that the staggered conformer of U(η7-C7H7)2- is more stable than the eclipsed one by about 0.6 kcal/mol. The fδ orbitals not only participate in the bonding with the e2‘‘ pπ orbitals of the C7H7 rings, but are as important as the dδ orbitals in stabilizing the frontier pπ orbitals of the C7H7 rings. With increasing atomic number of the actinide, the 5f manifold and ligand based frontier MOs become considerably closer in energy. As a result, the actinide 5f percentage in the frontier e2‘‘ MOs increases markedly, while the contribution by the 6d orbitals gradually decreases. The ground electron configurations, ionization energies, electron affinities, and An−C7H7 bond energies are strongly affected by these effects. The bonding analysis...
Separation Rate and Neighbor Diffusivit.

Separation rates of neighboring pieces of orange peel floating on the sea were measured under fresh breeze conditions. When Stommel9s equation for neighbor diffusivity ( F ) was applied to the data it became apparent that the F value increased by an order of magnitude whenever the time adrift increased by this amount. This is a result of the fact that the increase in spacing distance is squared while the time adrift is not. It is recommended that a standard time of 1 second be used whenever Stommel9s equation is applied in neighbor diffusivity problems. Recomputation of data from the literature showed that neighbor diffusivity varied between 0.08 and 1 cm 2 /sec while time adrift varied between 10 and 10 8 seconds. Further study of separation rates, as parameters of surface turbulence, is recommended.
Recovering multidimensional signals from their projections

Some algorithms are presented for the reconstruction of multidimensional signals from their projections. The reconstruction problem is broken into two distinct steps; first samples of the Fourier transform of the unknown signal are computed from a series of digitized projections, then the unknown is estimated from these samples of its Fourier transform. Reconstructions are considered from several sets of samples in Fourier space. In the process a particular set of samples, the concentric squares raster of samples, is developed, the reconstructions from which are often superior to those from the more traditional polar raster of samples. Furthermore for an important class of unknowns exact reconstructions can be performed from a concentric squares raster from a finite number of projections. For this class of unknowns a single projection is sufficient. A detailed treatment of the one-projection reconstruction problem is presented and the difficulties associated with its solutions are explored.
The Legacy Project Intervention to Enhance Meaningful Family Interactions : Case Examples

Manualized reminiscence and life review therapies are supported as an evidence-based, effective treatment for depression among older adults, but this therapeutic approach is usually individually ad...
Preparation and characterization of individual peptide-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Two challenges for effectively exploiting the remarkable properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are the isolation of intact individual nanotubes from the raw material and the assembly of these isolated SWNTs into useful structures. In this study, we present atomic force microscopy (AFM) evidence that we can isolate individual peptide-wrapped SWNTs, possibly connected end-to-end into long fibrillar structures, using an amphiphilic α-helical peptide, termed nano-1. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and well-resolved absorption spectral features further corroborate nano-1's ability to debundle SWNTs in aqueous solution. Peptide-assisted assembly of SWNT structures, specifically in the form of Y-, X-, and intraloop junctions, was observed in the AFM and TEM images.
Learning about the past and preparing for the future: a longitudinal investigation of a grade 7 ‘sheltered’ social studies class

Drawing on interviews, observations, and videorecorded data collected in a ‘sheltered’ grade 7 social studies class in a Mid-western US city, the current paper explores the learning opportunities provided for English language learners (ELLs) and the discursive strategies used by a teacher, consciously or unconsciously, to help her students become increasingly competent members of her class. Findings indicated that (a) learning in this class was not simply about the curriculum content, but was equally addressed to students' becoming competent participants in the classroom community and developing dispositions as responsible members of society; (b) the teacher in the study effectively used her follow-up moves to scaffold her students' learning and to give voice to their opinions. Based on these findings, I argue for the importance of a broader conceptualization of what counts as learning and for an equity stance toward the education of ELLs, as exemplified by the case-study teacher.
Symptom-based diagnosis of overactive bladder: an overview.

The current definition of overactive bladder (OAB) is “urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia in the absence of an underlying metabolic or pathologic condition.” Urgency, in turn, is defined as a “sudden, compelling desire to pass urine that is difficult to defer.” While these definitions provide the framework for making a clinical diagnosis of OAB, they rely on subjective assessment of the symptoms by the patient. As well, the symptoms of OAB can be similar to those seen in other conditions, such as urinary tract infection, benign prostatic enlargement and bladder cancer. These other potential diagnoses should be ruled out in a noninvasive manner before making a diagnosis of OAB.
Civil Defense Shelters: a State-of-the-Art Assessment

Abstract This study reviews the literature on the design, construction, testing and cost of blast and fallout shelters. The researchers found that nuclear weapon effects and shelter design are well understood; however, cost is an important barrier to the construction of permanent shelters. Single-purpose blast shelters have costs ranging from U.S. $500 to 2500, or more, per occupant (or per space), depending on size, hardness, location, and whether the shelter is part of new construction or retrofit. Multiplied by a risk area population of approximately 160 million, the cost of a blast shelter construction program would rival that of a major strategic weapon system. Options in the mid-range of expense, i.e. a few tens to a few hundreds of U.S. dollars per space, include: (1) requiring modification of limestone mining practices, where appropriate, to generate usable shelter space near cities; (2) encouraging the construction of earth-sheltered housing and other buildings; and (3) requiring and/or subsidizing the construction of dual-use basement shelter in new construction. A program using this approach would require an annual expenditure equal to approximately 1% of the annual defense budget for 10 or more years. The very low-cost (and less effective) options open to the U.S. government, with its current civil defense budget, remain as follows: (1) maintain the inventory of fallout shelters and identify space with some blast protection potential; (2) plan for “crisis upgrading” to improve existing space in a crisis; and (3) plan for construction of expedient shelters in a crisis. The crisis-implemented options require several days' warning in order to be effective. While much of the technology for protecting people against nuclear weapons effects originated in the U.S., we have not solved the political problem of allocating the resources to protect our own population.
Monetary Divergence: Domestic Political Institutions and the Monetary Autonomy—exchange Rate Stability Trade-off

Under capital mobility, governments face a political choice: hold an autonomous monetary policy with currency instability or stabilize exchange rates with the sacrifice of policy autonomy. This art...
Suicide Among Preadolescents: A Call to Action

Suicide among preadolescents is a relatively rare phenomenon. Due to the infrequency of suicide among this population, this area of study has received limited investigation relative to suicide in other age groups and populations. This article reviews research related to suicide among preadolescents, defined as children under the age of 13. The nature/extent of the problem, risks/protective factors, prevention, intervention, and postvention are discussed. The article also reports on a brief empirical investigation whereby the authors attempted to collect suicide data on preadolescents from all 50 states. Implications for suicidologists and other human service professionals are described. An argument is made for examining issues related to preadolescent suicide separately from adolescent suicide. Researchers are encouraged to expand empirical research dealing with this topic and population.
Measurement of backscatter to the monitor chamber of medical accelerators using target charge

A simple noninvasive method is described for determining the backscatter to a monitor chamber of a medical accelerator based on the measurement of charge deposited in the target. This method is compared quantitatively to the more elaborate telescopic method for photon beams of 6 MV and 15 MV on linear accelerators having mica and Kapton monitor chambers. The new target charge method gives results consistent with the telescopic method to within 0.3%.
Regulation of AP-3 function by inositides. Identification of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate as a potent ligand.

Abstract As part of the growing effort to understand the role inositol phosphates and inositol lipids play in the regulation of vesicle traffic within nerve terminals, we determined whether or not the synapse-specific clathrin assembly protein AP-3 can interact with inositol lipids. We found that soluble dioctanoyl-phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (DiC8PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) was only 7.5-fold weaker a ligand than D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in assays that measured the displacement of D-myo-[3H]inositol hexakisphosphate. In functional assays we found that both of these ligands inhibited clathrin assembly, but DiC8-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 was more potent and exhibited a larger maximal effect. We also examined the structural features of DiC8-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 that establish specificity. Dioctanoyl-phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate, which does not have a 5-phosphate, and 4,5-O-bisphosphoryl-D-myo-inosityl 1-O-(1,2-O-diundecyl)-sn-3-glycerylphosphate, which does not have a 3-phosphate, were, respectively, 2-fold and 4-fold less potent than DiC8-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 as inhibitors of clathrin assembly. Deacylation of DiC8-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 reduced its affinity for AP-3 almost 20-fold, and also dramatically lowered its ability to inhibit clathrin assembly. The deacylated products of the soluble derivatives of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate were both not significant inhibitors of clathrin assembly. It therefore appears that the interactions of inositides with AP-3 should not be considered simply in terms of electrostatic effects of the highly charged phosphate groups. Ligand specificity appears also to be mediated by hydrophobic interactions with the fatty-acyl chains of the inositol lipids.
Hydrodynamic shearing by VirTis blending conserves nucleosome structure of rat liver chromatin.

Abstract The effects of VirTis shearing on chromatin subunit structure were investigated by enzymatic digestion, thermal denaturation, and electron microscopy. While initial rates of micrococcal nuclease and DNase I digestion were greater postshearing, limit digest values were similar to those for unsheared chromatin. Fractionated chromatin digestion kinetics varied with sedimentation. Digestion of all chromatins produced monomer and dimer DNA fragment lengths, but only unsheared chromatins exhibited higher order nucleosome oligomer lengths. Mononucleosomes and core particles were resolved in digests of sheared and gradient fractions analyzed by electrophoresis. All chromatins exposed to DNase I showed discrete 10-base pair nicking patterns. The presence of nucleosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy and histone content of gradient fractions showed that nucleosome density along the chromatin axis increased in rapidly sedimenting fractions. Thermal denaturation detected no appreciable generation of protein-free DNA fragments as a result of shearing. The results indicate that VirTis blending conserves subunit structure with loss of less than 12–15% of nucleosome structure.
Service standards for the Metropolitan Oklahoma City government document depositories: The road continues

Abstract In From Red Tapes to Results , United States Vice President Albert Gore established a three-step process for the creation of service standards. This article presents the third step following this methodology, the production of the public service standards (PSS) for the Metropolitan Oklahoma City Document depositories (MetroDoc). Using the data from the previous two surveys and total quality management (TQM), PSS are devised. The creation of PSS opened up the process for future improvement based on quality patron standards for the MetroDoc collections.
Traumatic absence of the proximal urethra

Objective Traumatic absence of the proximal urethra is an obstetrical vesicovaginal fistula resulting from obstructed labors in Niger, Africa. Repair by direct reanastomosis was evaluated. Study design A prospective case series of 25 women with traumatic absence of the proximal urethra underwent a direct layered reanastomosis of the distal urethra to the urethrovesical junction. Results are based on 21 patients (84%) examined at follow-up. Results Seventeen patients (81%) had complete healing of their fistulas. After direct reanastomosis alone, 48% (10 of 21) were dry. An additional 7 patients (33%) suffered from urinary incontinence despite closure of their fistulas. Four patients (19%) had a persistent fistula. Conclusion Direct layered reanastomosis is an acceptable primary repair procedure for traumatic absence of the proximal urethras.
Forecasting the electricity consumption of the Mexican border states maquiladoras

The consumption of electricity by maquiladora industries in the Mexican border states is an important driver for determining future powerplant needs in that area. An industrial electricity forecasting model is developed for the border states' maquiladoras, and the outputs are compared with a reference forecasting model developed for the US industrial sector, for which considerably more data are available. This model enables the prediction of the effect of implementing various energy efficiency measures in the industrial sector. As an illustration, here the impact of implementing energy-efficient lighting and motors in the Mexican border states' maquiladoras was determined to be substantial. Without such energy efficiency measures, electricity consumption for these industries is predicted to rise by 64% from 2001 to 2010, but if these measures are implemented on a gradual basis over the same time period, electricity consumption is forecast to rise by only 36%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane attachment and DNA bending at the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome.

Certain proteins of Escherichia coli that are not required for in vitro initiation of DNA replication are known to interact with the replication origin of the chromosome, oriC. We count among such accessory proteins those involved in the membrane attachment of oriC and the DNA-bending IHF (integration host factor) protein. Here we discuss the possible role of these proteins and offer a suggestion for how they may be connected physiologically
Syntheses and Properties of Homoleptic Carbonyl and Trifluorophosphane Niobates: [Nb(CO)6]-, [Nb(PF3)6]- and [Nb(CO)5]3- †,1

Reductive carbonylations of NbCl4(THF)2, THF = tetrahydrofuran, mediated by sodium naphthalene in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DME, or sodium anthracene in THF, provide [Nb(CO)6]- as the tetraethylammonium salt in 60% or 70% isolated yields, respectively, the highest known for atmospheric pressure syntheses of this metal carbonyl. Corresponding reductions involving PF3 give about 40% yields of [Et4N][Nb(PF3)6], which in the past was only accessible by a photochemical route. Electrochemical data for [Nb(CO)6]- and [Nb(PF3)6]- are compared and show that the PF3 complex is almost 1 V more difficult to oxidize than the CO analogue. Protonation of [Nb(PF3)6]- by concentrated sulfuric acid yields a volatile, thermally unstable species, which has been shown by 1H NMR and mass spectral studies to be the new niobium hydride, Nb(PF3)6H. Previously unpublished 93Nb and 13C NMR studies corroborate prior claims that the sodium metal reduction of [Nb(CO)6]- in liquid ammonia affords [Nb(CO)5]3-, the only known Nb(III−) species...