cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin and IGF-I prevent brain atrophy and DNA loss in diabetes

The aim of this study was to identify factors that regulate the bulk of adult brain mass, and test the hypothesis that concomitantly reduced insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) levels are pathogenic for brain atrophy associated with impaired learning and memory in diabetes. Doses of insulin, or insulin plus IGF-I that were too small to prevent hyperglycemia were infused for 12 weeks into the brain lateral ventricles of streptozotocin-diabetic adult rats. Brain wet, water and dry weights were significantly decreased in diabetic rats; insulin prevented these decreases. The decrease in brain DNA and protein contents in diabetic rats was prevented by the combination treatment, but not by insulin alone. Levels of several glia- and neuron-associated proteins were reduced in diabetes; these reductions were also prevented by the combination treatment. Although hyperglycemia was not prevented in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid, insulin prevented brain atrophy but not bulk DNA loss in diabetes, whereas the combination prevented both. Insulin actively prevented the loss of brain water content as well. Brain atrophy is associated with concomitantly reduced levels of insulin and IGF in other disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Chemistry and material science at the cell surface

Cell surfaces are fertile ground for chemists and material scientists to manipulate or augment cell functions and phenotypes. This not only helps to answer basic biology questions but also has diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the engineering of the cell surface. In particular, we focus on the potential applications of surface engineered cells for 1) targeting cells to desirable sites in cell therapy, 2) programming assembly of cells for tissue engineering, 3) bioimaging and sensing, and ultimately 4) manipulating cell biology.
Micro/nano-scale differential wear of multiphase materials: pole tip recession in magnetic-tape heads

Abstract Wear of multiphase materials at the micro/nano-scale is important in devices such as magnetic tape and disk drives, where the read-write heads are multiphase. Differential wear, which is caused by differences in wear resistance among the heads’ phases, causes the thin-film poles to recede from the bearing surface; this is called pole tip recession (PTR). It is a problem because it increases spacing between the poles and medium, resulting in lower readback amplitude. Here, PTR in tape heads is studied to understand micro/nano-scale differential wear. Test results suggest that three-body abrasion, which leads to primarily plastic wear, is the operative wear mode. Most of the three-body abrasive particles originate from the tape surface; the alumina head-cleaning agents (HCAs) in the tape, which function as load bearing particles at the interface, are believed to be the primary abrasives. Some of the particles originate from the head. These are important if the substrate material is relatively soft. Differential wear can be reduced by choosing a substrate that is harder than the tape’s HCAs, choosing a pole material that is as close as possible to the hardness of the substrate, and lowering the thickness of the head’s thin-film region. Material hardness matching will not reduce differential wear if a substrate is chosen that is less hard than the HCAs. An analytical model that accounts for the observed wear is presented. The model shows that each of the following leads to higher differential wear: increasing the thickness of three-body particles, increasing tension, decreasing thin-film hardness, and increasing the thin-film wear coefficient. An increase in thin-film wear coefficient can be caused by an increase in thin-film thickness or an increase in the number of particles at the interface.
An Overview of the Working Classes in British Feature Film from the 1960s to the 1980s: From Class Consciousness to Marginalization

The portrayal of the working classes has always been an element of British popular film from the comic music hall stereotypes in the era of Gracie Fields and George Formby in the 1930s to the more gritty realism of the “Angry Young Man” films that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Curiously, in the last thirty years, the portrayal of the working classes in popular film has become somewhat less sharply drawn and more indistinct. In an odd way, these changes may parallel criticisms directed toward politicians about a declining sense of working-class unity and purpose in the wake of the Margaret Thatcher and post-Thatcher eras.
From Epoxomicin to Carfilzomib: Chemistry, Biology, and Medical Outcomes

Covering: 1992 to 2012 The initial enthusiasm following the discovery of a pharmacologically active natural product is often fleeting due to the poor prospects for its ultimate clinical application. Despite this, the ever-changing landscape of modern biology has a constant need for molecular probes that can aid in our understanding of biological processes. After its initial discovery by Bristol-Myers Squibb as a microbial anti-tumor natural product, epoxomicin was deemed unfit for development due to its peptide structure and potentially labile epoxyketone pharmacophore. Despite its drawbacks, epoxomicin's pharmacophore was found to provide unprecedented selectivity for the proteasome. Epoxomicin also served as a scaffold for the generation of a synthetic tetrapeptide epoxyketone with improved activity, YU-101, which became the parent lead compound of carfilzomib (Kyprolis™), the recently approved therapeutic agent for multiple myeloma. In this era of rational drug design and high-throughput screening, the prospects for turning an active natural product into an approved therapy are often slim. However, by understanding the journey that began with the discovery of epoxomicin and ended with the successful use of carfilzomib in the clinic, we may find new insights into the keys for success in natural product-based drug discovery.
Student Teaching as Initiation into the Teaching Profession

In this research project an ethnographic study of participants in student teaching seminars was undertaken. The results of the study are described and then analyzed in terms of attributes of initiation rites from a wide range of anthropological literature. It is concluded that, although student teaching seminars are not currently organized to maximize the processes inherent in initiation rites and rites of passage, application of these concepts has the potential to improve student teacher education.
A state-space approach to adaptive RLS filtering

Adaptive filtering algorithms fall into four main groups: recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms and the corresponding fast versions; QR- and inverse QR-least squares algorithms; least squares lattice (LSL) and QR decomposition-based least squares lattice (QRD-LSL) algorithms; and gradient-based algorithms such as the least-mean square (LMS) algorithm. Our purpose in this article is to present yet another approach, for the sake of achieving two important goals. The first one is to show how several different variants of the recursive least-squares algorithm can be directly related to the widely studied Kalman filtering problem of estimation and control. Our second important goal is to present all the different versions of the RLS algorithm in computationally convenient square-root forms: a prearray of numbers has to be triangularized by a rotation, or a sequence of elementary rotations, in order to yield a postarray of numbers. The quantities needed to form the next prearray can then be read off from the entries of the postarray, and the procedure can be repeated; the explicit forms of the rotation matrices are not needed in most cases. >
Maximize a team-based learning gallery walk experience: herding cats is easier than you think.

team-based learning (TBL) is an instructional strategy that promotes small group learning and peer instruction in a large class environment ([5][1]). TBL is structured to include the following steps: 1 ) student preparation, e.g., reading/reviewing course lectures, and 2 ) readiness assurance
Novel Cytotoxic Agents in Combination with Radiation in the Management of Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Focus on Pemetrexed and Nab-Paclitaxel [Abraxane]

The treatment of locally advanced, unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains challenging. Radiation therapy (RT) combined with chemotherapy is more effective than RT alone, and concomitant chemoradiation has yielded improved survival compared to sequential chemotherapy and RT, but at the cost of heightened toxicity, especially esophagitis. The majority of randomized chemoradiation trials have featured cisplatin or carboplatin based chemotherapy, usually in combination with either etoposide or paclitaxel, with median survival times of 16–18 months, and 5 year survival rates of 15 to 20% at best. In this chapter, we describe recent studies employing pemetrexed and nab-paclitaxel, each of which has been extensively investigated in advanced disease, the former yielding improved progression-free and overall survival in adenocarcinoma both in the frontline and maintenance setting, the latter yielding superior response rates in squamous cell carcinoma compared to conventional paclitaxel in chemo-naive patients. Both agents have demonstrated safety and efficacy in LA-NSCLC in conjunction with RT. Whether these agents will ever prove superior to either etoposide or paclitaxel in this setting will require careful, phase III testing.
Gender Differences in First Sexual Fantasies

Gender differences were examined in self-reported first sexual fantasies. Subjects wrote two of the earliest fantasies they could recall and two current fantasies. Males reported having their first fantasies at an earlier age, wrote more explicit and shorter fantasies, and rated themselves as having more positive and fewer negative emotional responses to their first sexual fantasies. The event leading up to the first fantasy involved a relationship for females, whereas for males a visual cue was more often reported. First fantasies involved themes such as sex with movie stars or adults the subjects knew, such as teachers. The results were interpreted as reflecting different patterns of sex role socialization for males and females.
Crack Growth in Twisted Rubber Disks. Part 3. Effects of Crack Depth and Location

Abstract A simple analysis of the fracture energy for a shallow ring crack in a twisted rubber disk is presented and compared to a linear fracture mechanics solution for a similar crack in an infinitely long cylinder. The analysis predicts that the fracture energy increases linearly with crack depth. Since a previous analysis shows that the fracture energy subsequently decreases with crack depth when the crack is deep, it follows that the fracture energy passes through a peak as it transitions from shallow crack to deep crack behavior. The transition occurs when the crack depth becomes comparable to a fraction of the disk height. The analysis is supported by the results of finite element analysis. In addition, the effects of disk size, crack location (in the middle of the cylinder vs. at the bonded ends) and material properties are also considered.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat lens epithelial cells induced by alkylating agents.

SummaryTwo alkylating agents, HN2 and 4-NQO were found to induce repair synthesis of DNA in rat lens epithelial cells. HN2 is known to produce cataracts similar to radiation cataracts. A mechanism by which radiomimetics may produce cataracts is proposed.
OPEN LOOP CONTROL OF SEVERE COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES BY FUEL FLOW MODULATION AT NON RESONANT FREQUENCIES

This paper describes a study of open loop control of combustion instability employing harmonic fuel injection rate modulation at a non-resonant frequency. It’s shown that this approach can effectively damp severe instabilities whose amplitude equal up to 30% of the mean combustor pressure in high pressure (i.e., Pc,max=580psi). The investigated control approach was also studied using a low order electronic simulator (LOES) in an effort to understand the effect of nonlinearities upon the open loop control approach. Initially, open loop control was applied to an unstable combustor operating at 20% of full power output to determine the dependence of the combustor’s response upon the control frequency. The fuel injection modulation frequency was varied between 50 and 500 Hz while the frequency of instability was around 400 Hz. These tests revealed that when the control frequency was in the 330-250Hz range, the controller completely damped the instability, apparently by “destroying” the feedback-like mechanism(s) that drives the instability. This study also revealed that when the ratio of the amplitude of the pressure oscillations and mean pressure was high, nonlinear effects severely distorted the instability waveform and hindered the effectiveness of the open loop control approach. Some of the initial tests were repeated with the combustor operating at full power. These also showed that modulating the fuel injection rate at specific, nonresonant, frequencies can completely damp severe instabilities. In fact, modulating the fuel injection rate at 336Hz damped 100psi peak to peak 386Hz oscillations within 0.15 seconds (~50 periods of the fundamental mode). Finally, we performed computer simulations of open loop control of the LOES to study the processes that control the effectiveness of the investigated open loop control approach. The developed LOES consisted a resonator with “damping” boundary conditions and an oscillating energy source. The resonator was modeled by two arrays of L-C elements and the boundary conditions simulated the fuel-air pre-mixer and nozzle. The energy source simulated the feedback interactions between the combustion process heat release and resonator flow oscillations. With proper choice of parameters, the LOES was able to reproduce the instability waveforms and relative amplitudes in the uncontrolled combustor. This study also revealed that severe waveform distortion, occurring when the ratio of the amplitude of the oscillations and the mean pressure is high, severely hinders the effectiveness of the open loop control approach.
Nonequilibrium X-Ray Study of the Nematic to Smectic-a Transition Under Shear Flow

We report on synchrotron x-ray scattering studies of the microscopic structure of the nematic (N) and the smectic-A (SmA) phases in the liquid crystal 8CB under dynamic “steady state” shear flow conditions carried out in an x-ray Couette cell. These measurements directly probe length scales less than 100 A and as large as 104 A in the vicinity of the N-SmA phase transition away from equilibrium. The N-SmA transition corresponds to the onset of a one-dimensional mass density wave. In the nematic phase close to the smectic-A phase, there are very large pretransitional smectic-A fluctuations because the transition is almost second order. Under shear flow, we find that the nematic director undergoes a series of abrupt transitions between different orientational states of the director. We discuss the stability regimes of these orientational states by considering the fluctuation induced renormalization of one of the nematic shear viscosities and the fluctuation induced torque on the nematic director.
Parathyroid hormone: evolving therapeutic concepts

Purpose of reviewOsteoporosis results from a loss of bone mass and structure such that bones break with very little trauma. To reduce bone loss and improve strength, antiresorptive agents have been instituted. Just more than a year ago, a 34-amino acid fragment of parathyroid hormone (recombinant hu
The American Reaper: Harvesting Networks and Technology, 1830–1910

Gordon M. Winder. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. ix and 257 pp., maps, tables, illustrations, bibliography, index. $119.95 cloth (ISBN 9781409424611); $119.95 electronic (ISBN 9781409424628).In thi...
Current Computational Approaches to Support Pharmaceutical Solid Form Selection

This contribution reviews current computational approaches to complement polymorph screening in the pharmaceutical industry by facilitating an assessment of the likelihood of a missed stable form. The focus is given to such methods as crystal structure prediction, hydrogen bonding propensity analyses, and rational solvent selection for stable form screening. Special consideration is given to the advantages and limitations of each method. It is suggested that, due to the outlined limitations, an in silico risk assessment of solid form selection in the pharmaceutical industry should be based on a combination of all of these approaches. A detailed application of these computational tools in the pharmaceutical industry is illustrated on a selective dual ALK and c-MET inhibitor crizotinib (trade name Xalkori) and on a VEGF inhibitor axitinib (trade name Inlyta).
New algorithm of hidden Markov model-based part-of-speech tagging for Chinese texts

One piece of primary work in hidden Markov model is calculating parameter which is often premised for part-of-speech tagging by using Viterbi algorithm.In this paper,the authors presents a new corpus training algorithm,combined with training data on binary model search using the forward and reverse bi-directional scanning method,in order to complete the expansion of the training corpus,and put forward the improvement of Viterbi algorithm.The authors adopt training corpus of different scale to test,compare and analyze testing corpus of same scale based on the result of the work in training corpus,the results show that the algorithm is feasible.
Investigation oncryptosporidium infection of children in rural area of Chibi city,Hubei

Objective To investigate the infection status and influencing factors in order to provide basis for cryptosporidiosis prevention and treatment. Methods Cluster sampling method was employed in respondents' selection.Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool specimens from children were tested by auramine-phenol and modified acid-fast staining method. Demographic information,lifestyle and sanitation were investigated by questionnaire. Results 1128 children were investigated in this rural area. The total infection rate of cryptosporidium was 3. 19%( 36 /1128). The cryptosporidium infection rate in pupils and kindergarten children were 3. 33% and 3. 02% respectively,male and female was 3. 42% and 2. 89% respectively. Watery diarrhea was the main clinical feature in children with infection. Parasitic infection of family members in the past year( OR = 35. 124,95% CI: 11. 379-108. 422),and family members suffering from diarrhea or dysentery in the past 3 months( OR = 13. 586,95% CI: 5. 359-34. 447) were the risk factors for cryptosporidium infection. Conclusion Cryptosporidium infection was found in this part of rural area,Chibi city. Health education and hygiene promotion should be strengthened to prevent cryptosporidium infection.
Food and Drug Administration Proposed Testing Guidelines for Reproduction Studies

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the agency responsible for ensuring that the direct food additives and color additives used in food are safe for all consumers. In order to determine the safety of these additives for consumption, appropriate information and results from a series of tests must be made available to the agency. In 1982, in an effort to provide guidance to the food industry concerning the appropriate tests for the determination of safety, the FDA issued the Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Foods, commonly referred to as the Redbook. In 1993, based on the expansion of technology and the use of food additives, as well as the refinement of the scientific criteria for establishing safety, the FDA updated its guidelines and issued the draft Redbook II. Since Redbook II was issued, additional refinements have been made in the procedures for the multigeneration reproduction study and for the assessment of effects on male reproduction. The latest proposed guidelines for multigeneration studies are provided here.
Effects of hemoglobin concentration on deformability of individual sickle cells after deoxygenation

To assess the role of intracellular hemoglobin concentration in the deformability of sickle (HbSS) cells after deoxygenation, rheologic coefficients (static rigidity E and dynamic rigidity eta) of density-fractionated individual sickle erythrocytes (SS cells) were determined as a function of oxygen tension (pO2) using the micropipette technique in a newly developed experimental chamber. With stepwise deoxygenation, E and eta values showed no significant increase before morphologic sickling but rose sharply after sickling. In denser cells, continued deoxygenation led to steep rises of E and eta toward infinity, as the cell behaved as a solid. The pO2 levels at which rheologic and morphologic changes occurred for individual SS cells during deoxygenation varied directly with the cell density. The extent of recovery in E and eta during reoxygenation varied inversely with the cell density. These results provide direct evidence that the intracellular sickle hemoglobin (HbS) concentration of SS cells plays an important role in their rheologic heterogeneity in deoxygenation and reoxygenation. The elevations of eta during pO2 alteration were greater than those of E, especially for the denser cells, suggesting the importance of the elevated dynamic rigidity in initiating microcirculatory disturbances in sickle cell disease.
Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research

Substance use disorders are widely recognized as one of the most pressing global public health problems, and recent research indicates that environmental factors, including access and exposure to substances of abuse, neighborhood disadvantage and disorder, and environmental barriers to treatment, influence substance use behaviors. Racial and socioeconomic inequities in the factors that create risky substance use environments may engender disparities in rates of substance use disorders and treatment outcomes. Environmental justice researchers, with substantial experience in addressing racial and ethnic inequities in environmental risk from technological and other hazards, should consider similar inequities in risky substance use environments as an environmental justice issue. Research should aim at illustrating where, why, and how such inequities in risky substance use environments occur, the implications of such inequities for disparities in substance use disorders and treatment outcomes, and the implications for tobacco, alcohol, and drug policies and prevention and treatment programs.
Testing the Quality Health Outcomes Model Applied to Infection Prevention in Hospitals.

OBJECTIVE To test the Quality Health Outcomes Model to investigate the relationship between health care-associated infection (HAI) prevention interventions, organizational context, and HAI outcomes using structural equation modeling. METHODS Variables for adherence to the central line bundle, organizational context, and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) were selected for this secondary data analysis from 614 US hospitals that participated in the Prevention of Nosocomial Infection and Cost-effectiveness-Refined study. One half of the dataset was used for exploration of the concepts, the second half for confirmation of the measurement models and testing of the structural model. RESULTS The final model resulted in a good fit to the data (χ (1215) = 1906.86, P < .00; comparative fit index = 0.94; root mean square of error of approximation = 0.04). A significant relationship was noted between adherence to the central line bundle interventions and organizational context (β = 0.23, P < .01), whereas the relationship between context and CLABSIs was not significant (β = -0.20, P = .78). CONCLUSIONS This study supports a relationship between greater adherence to HAI interventions and higher levels of organizational context and highlights the complexity of measuring organizational context. Given the importance of preventing HAIs, ongoing research is needed to reveal the exact aspects of context that influence interventions and outcomes.
The Shift to Modernism

Restless at dusk they turn from the Beach and the sea’s churning. They do not look to the sea. They are silent: their mouths move secretly.
Staying Current with Gay and Lesbian Research and Practice Knowledge

Abstract The field of gay and lesbian psychotherapy has grown dramatically over the last two decades. Indeed, there is an increasing number of professional journals and books, which makes staying current in any area of mental health a full-time job. Many clinicians can feel daunted by having to remain up-to-date in their subspecialty, as well as in the mental health field in general. In addition, there are many allied fields of medicine, sociology, biology, and gerontology which contribute to the richness and complexity. We are a heterogeneous community, mixed by gender, race, ethnicity, class, religion, and other demographics, each of which has special characteristics for us to know and understand. Being current and remaining current are two distinct and formidable tasks. This paper will focus upon how clinicians in private practice stay current in the field of research and practice knowledge while working in the gay and lesbian community. While hoping to provide some sources of information, this paper o...
Novel, direct observations of ice on Lake Superior during the high ice coverage of winter 2013–2014

Abstract During the 2013–2014 winter, the Lake Superior basin experienced record-low air temperatures and record-high ice cover. We present observations from three subsurface moorings which provided a novel view of the ice cover during this extreme winter. Each mooring carried a set of thermistors, and two sites had ADCPs, providing a rare glimpse into the subsurface characteristics and behavior of a large, partially ice-covered lake, including ice drift velocity, keel size and abundance, surface gravity wave suppression, and passive acoustics below the ice sheet. Ice drift velocities were well correlated with nearby wind velocities, with ice speeds approximately 4% of the wind speed and 20° to the right of the wind direction. Passing ice keels displaced the top subsurface float at the western mooring to depths of 6 m on a regular basis, and up to 11 m during one event. Anomalously large signal return strength at two ADCPs occurred sporadically at roughly the same time at two geographically separate locations, but only during periods of ice cover. The distribution of signal strength with depth suggests that these events are actually sounds from the ice cover itself, rather than reflectors in the water. Broadly speaking, ice cover on Lake Superior has more in common with oceanic ice cover than with ice cover on small lakes.
Development of novel microsatellite markers for the Northern Goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ) and their utility in cross-species amplification

The Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) is a large forest raptor with a Holarctic distribution and, in some portions of its range, a species of conservation concern. To augment previously reporte...
Activation of mosquito complement antiplasmodial response requires cellular immunity

The mosquito complement-like system is a major defense mechanism that limits Plasmodium infection. Ookinete midgut invasion results in irreversible damage to invaded cells and triggers epithelial nitration and complement activation. Several lines of evidence suggest that hemocytes participate in early antiplasmodial responses that target ookinetes, but their role remains unclear. The fate of hemocytes in response to Plasmodium infection was investigated by labeling this cell population in vivo. We found that midgut nitration triggers the local release of hemocyte-derived microvesicles (HdMv) into the basal labyrinth of the midgut. Several different strategies, such as gene silencing, immune priming, or systemic injection of polystyrene beads, were used to either enhance or reduce HdMv release. We provide direct experimental evidence that contact of hemocytes with the nitrated midgut basal surface triggers HdMv release and that this response is necessary for effective activation of mosquito complement. Our studies suggest that hemocyte-derived microvesicles may deliver some critical factor(s) that promote activation of thioester-containing protein 1, a key effector of the mosquito antiplasmodial immunity.
RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage

Since the first issue of RBML rolled off the presses more than 13 years ago, the world of rare books and manuscripts has undergone a series of upheavals that can best be described as tectonic. The contemplative reading rooms originally fitted out with mahogany bookcases, leather wing-back chairs, and Old Master prints where bibliographers, textual editors, and other scholars poured over the treasures of Western culture have yielded to undergraduate students working on the history of gender in photography, faculty contextualizing racial stereotyping by examining Victorian book design, and private researchers mining film archives for the next important video documentary.
Tuning the Magnitude and the Polarity of the Piezoresistive Response of Polyaniline through Structural Control

We demonstrate the tunability of both the polarity and the magnitude of the piezoresistive response of polyaniline that is template-synthesized on poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), PANI–PAAMPSA, by altering the template molecular weight. Piezoresistivity is quantified by gauge factor, a unitless parameter that relates changes in electrical resistance to applied strain. The gauge factor of PANI–PAAMPSA decreases linearly and becomes negative with decreasing PAAMPSA molecular weight. The polarity of PANI–PAAMPSA’s gauge factor is determined by macroscopic connectivity across thin films. PANI–PAAMPSA thin films comprise electrostatically stabilized particles whose size is determined at the onset of synthesis. An increase in the interparticle spacing with applied strain results in a positive gauge factor. The presence of PANI crystallites increases connectivity between particles; these samples instead exhibit a negative gauge factor whereby the resistance decreases with increasing strain. Th...
Conversion of failed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: outcomes of 9 case series.

Abstract Introduction Weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a frustrating long-term complication in some patients. Revision of RYGB to biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) is an appealing option. There is a paucity of information in literature regarding this type of conversion. Setting Regional referral center and teaching hospital, Pennsylvania, United States; nonprofit. Methods Between 2013 and 2016, a retrospective chart review was performed on all our revision cases. Patients who underwent conversion from RYGB to BPD-DS were selected and analyzed. Results Conversion from RYGB to BPD-DS was performed on 9 patients (8 females, 1 male; mean age: 49.2±7.6 [36–61] years). The mean body mass index (BMI) before the initial RYGB was 54.2±14.2 (36.2–79) kg/m 2 . The lowest mean BMI reached before conversion was 33.9±6.2 (27.9–43.3) kg/m 2 before it increased to 45.6±8.7 (28.8–60.2) corresponding to excess weight loss (EWL) of 33.1%±17.7% (10.6%–68.1%), before conversion. The average operative time was 402.6±65.8 (328–515) minutes for 1-stage conversions. No morbidities, reoperation, or readmission over 30 days postoperatively were reported. No leaks or mortalities were identified. The mean duration of follow-up postconversion is 16.3±13.6 (3–42) months. After conversion surgery, the mean BMI was 35.8±8.2 (27.6–49.5) kg/m 2 , while mean EWL loss was 64.1%±18.8% (45.9%–88.7%). The BMI of the cohort decreased by a mean of 9.8±5.1 (0.5–16.8) and the EWL increased by 31%±23.1% (4%–76.6%). Conclusion Our results indicate that conversion of failed RYGB to BPD-DS is laparoscopically or robotically safe and effective. A large cohort study with long-term follow-up is necessary to further assess the safety and efficacy of this method.
Ideology and the maintenance of group inequality

This article discusses the role that ideology plays in justifying and perpetuating group-based inequality. We begin by defining and describing status ideologies and their characteristics. We then review research illustrating how endorsing or rejecting status-legitimizing ideologies influences group stereotyping, group differences in perceived entitlement, and perceptions of discrimination. We next discuss how people respond to threats to their status ideology, affectively, cognitively, physiologically, and behaviorally. We close by considering the role of ideology in how high status groups respond to changes in the status hierarchy.
The social hippocampus

The concept of cognitive map has been proposed as a way to organize our experiences and guide behavior across all domains of cognition. The hippocampus has been identified as the neural substrate supporting cognitive maps for navigating physical space. Recent evidence is broadening the role of the hippocampus into mapping other manner of spaces. Here we focus on the case of social space as a candidate for hippocampal representation because it combines multiple continuous dimensions and requires dynamic navigation through social contexts. We present evidence for the role of the hippocampus in (1) supporting social memory, (2) representing different dimensions of social space, (3) tracking dynamic social behavior, (4) maintaining a flexible map allowing adaptation to new social contexts, and (5) maladaptive social behavior across psychiatric disorders. To do so, we explore evidence across species including birds, rodents, nonhuman primates and humans, indicating hippocampal involvement in a range of social processes. Review of previous findings in a manner predicted by the cognitive map supports the existence of systematic mapping of social space by the hippocampus. Evidence for hippocampal social maps complements findings from other abstract domains, such as auditory, temporal and conceptual, allowing successful navigation through many domains of everyday life.
P045 Complement binding to single antigen beads is not directly related to antibody strength as determined in pairwise comparative studies

Aim Optical bead microarrays using Luminex have largely replaced anti-HLA antibody screening tests using cell based complement dependent cytotoxicity assays. One unintended consequence of this technologic development was the loss of the ability to distinguish between antibodies that fix complement from those that do not. This situation may have been addressed by the introduction of several assays that use the bead microarrays in conjunction with a reagent that detects whether components of the complement cascade are bound to the anti-HLA antibody – HLA complex on a reactive bead. One controversy centering on this technology has been the suggestion that the binding of complement in bead assays is dependent to a greater extend on the strength of the anti-HLA antibody rather than its complement binding activity. To address this issue we examined complement binding in single antigen bead (SAB) assays in sera that had multiple epitope specificities of different strengths. Methods Patient sera and sera from proficiency surveys were used. SAB assays of these sera were compared to C1q/C3d – SAB assays. The bead with the highest net MFI for each identified epitope in the microarray was recorded and compared to the same bead in C1q/C3d – SAB assays. Results We detected both strong and weak anti-HLA antibodies in SAB assay that were detected in C1q/C3d – SAB assays. In some sera complement bound to one set of epitope reactive SABs but not to another epitope set of SABs. Importantly, this was not dependent on the strength of the antibody. For example, in one patient’s sera, an epitope defined antigen bead, B∗42:01 (epitope 65GK), had an MFI of 12,989 (normalized score) in the SAB assay but only 99 MFI in the C1q – SAB assay. In the same serum another epitope defined bead (80 N), A∗23:01 with an MFI of 10,445 in the SAB assay exhibited an MFI of 9,162 in the C1q – SAB assay. We also observed the latter finding for HLA class 2 SABs and with the C3d assay. Conclusions Complement binding to SABs is not directly related to strength of the antibody as determined in pairwise comparative studies using sera that contained antibodies with different epitope specificities. C1q/C3d - SAB assays are therefore useful in evaluating the complement binding properties of pretransplant and post transplant anti-HLA antibodies.
High-pressure laser spectroscopy of Cr 3 + : Gd 3 Sc 2 Ga 3 O 12 and Cr 3 + : Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12

We report on the effect of high pressure on the room-temperature emission spectra and lifetimes of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:GSGG (${\mathrm{Gd}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$) and ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:GGG (${\mathrm{Gd}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$). In both systems we observed a dramatic change of the overall emission band shape upon increasing pressure, from a nearly structureless broadband ${(}^{4}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$) to a highly structured narrow band ${(}^{2}$E${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$). From the peak energy of the broadband emission, we estimated the pressure-induced blueshift of the $^{4}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$ transition to be 10 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$/kbar. High-resolution measurements in the R-line region (\ensuremath{\sim}700 nm) revealed that the $^{2}$E${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{4}$${\mathit{A}}_{2}$ transition hardly shifts at low pressures (40 kbar), whereas at higher pressures (g60 kbar) a nearly linear redshift of 0.65 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$/kbar is observed. Besides pressure-induced spectral changes, an enormous increase in the emission lifetime with increasing pressure was found for both systems. In the case of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:GSGG, the lifetime changed from 110 \ensuremath{\mu}s at ambient pressure to 4.4 ms at 125 kbar. For ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:GGG, the lifetime increased from 168 \ensuremath{\mu}s to 7.3 ms for the same pressure range. The pressure-induced spectral and lifetime changes are described by a single configurational coordinate model that considers the effect of pressure on the thermal and spin-orbit coupling of the $^{2}$E and $^{4}$${\mathit{T}}_{2}$ states. A previously reported pressure-induced R-line-shift reversal in ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:GSGG and the effect of high pressure on the lifetime in ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$:YAG are also discussed within the same framework.
Dynamic Indentation Hardness of Metals

An experimental technique for determining the dynamic indentation hardness of materials is described. Unlike the traditional static hardness measurements, the dynamic hardness measurements can capture the inherent rate dependent material response that is germane to high strain rate deformation processes such as high speed machining and impact. The dynamic hardness of several commonly used engineering materials is found to be greater than the static hardness. The percentage increase in hardness is found to be strongly dependent on the crystal structure of the materials used in this study. Microstructural analysis of static and dynamic indentations on metals with FCC, BCC, and HCP crystal structures revealed that the indentation volume size is a function of plastic properties under static and dynamic conditions. Finite element simulations of the dynamic indentation event indicated that an increase in yield stress and work hardening rate decrease the size of the developed plastic zone beneath the indenter.
Aqueous Chemistry and Catalytic Activity of Organometallic Iridium Complexes

Moving catalytic processes from organic solvents into water may have significant advantages: not only is water more environmentally benign, but product separation may be accomplished more readily. The bulk of the activity directed toward developing water-soluble catalysts centers around modifying currently used ligands, such as triphenylphosphine, to make them water soluble1. In turn, attachment of these now water-soluble ligands imparts water solubility to the metal complex catalyst.
The stratigraphy of the Gault and Upper Greensand Formations (Albian stage, Cretaceous) of the Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site, U.K.

Abstract The Upper Greensand Formation, in part mainly underlain by the Gault Formation and overlain by the Chalk Group, has extensive cliff outcrops in the Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site (WHS). The argillaceous Gault, up to 20 m thick in the Isle of Purbeck, is poorly exposed due to its involvement in extensive landslides, but the exposures of Upper Greensand are the most complete in England. The Gault (Middle Albian) rests unconformably on progressively older Jurassic and Triassic strata when traced westwards and becomes more arenaceous in the same direction. On the east Devon coast, the Upper Greensand comprises up to 55 m of sandstones and calcarenites that were deposited in fully marine, shallow-water environments. The formation is divided into three members there (Foxmould, Whitecliff Chert and Bindon Sandstone) each bounded by a prominent erosion surface. The full thickness of the Upper Greensand, up to 60 m, was formerly exposed in cliffs in the Isle of Purbeck in and adjacent to the steeply dipping limb of the Purbeck Monocline. The lower (Foxmould) part of the succession is similar to that in east Devon, but the upper part (White Nothe Member) is lithologically different and probably the correlative of only the Bindon Sandstone. Much of the fauna of the Gault and Upper Greensand of the WHS is not age-diagnostic with the result that the ages of parts of the succession are still poorly known. However, diverse ammonite assemblages recorded from a few thin beds in the lower and highest parts of the succession show that all except one of the Albian ammonite zones is present.
A Framework for Comparing the Economic Performance and Associated Emissions of Grid-connected Battery Storage Systems in Existing Building Stock: a NYISO Case Study

Ahstract- This study develops a framework for assessing the potential economic and environmental feasibility of simulated distributed energy resource (DER) installations as peak shaving demand response (DR) assets in existing residential and commercial building stock. We simulate the use of lithium-ion (Li-ion), lead-acid (Pb-a), sodium-sulfur (NaS), and vanadium redox flow (VRF) energy storage systems (ESS) with on-site photovoltaics (PV), and model the buildings as connected to the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) grid. We generate performance curves in terms of normalized cost / profit and equivalent carbon dioxide (C0 2 eq) emissions using New York City irradiation levels and utility rate structures. These show the spread of potential economic and environmental value that each building can accrue as a decentralized DR resource. Our findings show net emission decreases up to -0.31 kg CO 2 eq per kWh of energy delivered by the PV-ESS system, and normalized profits up to $0.0l/kWh, when reducing peak demand up to 75% in an office building; up to -0.31 kg CO 2 eq/kWh at a cost of $0.08/kWh when reducing up to 65% of peak loads in an apartment complex and supermarket; and, in a hospital, up to -0.34kgC0 2 eq/kWh at a cost of $0.08/kWh for peak load reduction up to 40%. Our results show qualitatively similar performance curves across ESS types, though VRF tends to outperform the others economically. We find that only a small number of simulations (<1 %) result in profitable outcomes, though reducing low estimates of ESS and PV costs by 20% (to an average of $419/kWh and $1792/kWp, respectively) is sufficient to produce profitable peak shaving in the office building. Substantially greater reductions of 75%, 80%, and 90% are required to achieve the same in the supermarket, apartments, and hospital, respectively. Simultaneous ESS applications in addition to peak shaving, and DER value streams beyond the conventional utility rates considered here, would improve the economic viability of these building-level systems.
Convolutional neural networks as aid in core lithofacies classification

AbstractArtificial intelligence methods have a very wide range of applications. From speech recognition to self-driving cars, the development of modern deep-learning architectures is helping resear...
Teaching Design Thinking in Business Schools

Abstract Incorporating design thinking in the business curriculum can provide students and instructors with a framework for dealing with unstructured problems and for managing the innovation process. However, many business students, like many business professionals, experience confusion and frustration when engaging in design thinking projects for the first time. This paper provides guidance for faculty who are considering incorporating design thinking projects into their business classes. For such projects, the complex, iterative process of design thinking is structured to include six phases: problem finding, observation, visualization and sense making, ideation, prototyping and testing, and the design of a business model enacting the innovation. Guidance is provided to the instructor for managing the activities and challenges faced in each of these phases. The Appendix summarizes this information in a practical format for the instructor.
The Mapping Crowd: Macrotask Crowdsourcing in Disaster Response

Large-scale citizen involvement in disaster mapping is relatively recent yet impactful. Humanitarian OpenStreetMap (HOT) and Public Lab, two particular communities at the forefront of this shift, formed in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2010 BP Oil Spill, respectively. This chapter compares and contrasts how these online communities employ crowdsourcing to aid in disaster response efforts. I employ OpenStreetMap (OSM) Analytics; Social Network Analysis; interviews with members from both mapping communities; my own experiences contributing via participant observation; and insights from OSM Users’ Diaries and Public Lab research notes to do so. I also analyze community strategies and interface logistics involved in the work of both groups. Both communities are the result of ecologies of mobile applications, commercial imagery sets, government agencies, NGOs, and concerned citizens. The campaigns that result from these ecologies are branded as more efficient, cost-effective, and resonant with current political, economic, and social transformations. To help identify these changes, I overview imagined public uses of GPS explored within President Bill Clinton’s and President George W. Bush’s administrations. While the disaster response application fits within these intended uses on various levels, the scale of crowdsourcing applications demonstrated through these projects was largely unanticipated. In taking a historical perspective to the public use of GPS, I discuss how the rise of crowdsourced approaches correlates with an increased public unease with more traditional government responses to natural disasters that undergirds these communities.