cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An atomic-scale modeling and experimental study of 〈c+a〉 dislocations in Mg

Abstract We study pyramidal I and pyramidal II edge (and mixed) dislocations in Mg using a combination of experiment, dislocation theory, and atomic-scale modeling. With high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) of a deformed Mg sample, a single 1 6 [ 11 2 ¯ 3 ] partial dislocation on the ( 11 2 ¯ 2 ) plane emanating from a { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twin boundary is observed, suggesting the possibility of a dissociation of a 〈 c + a 〉 dislocation into two 1 2 〈 c + a 〉 partials on the ( 11 2 ¯ 2 ) plane. Using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we find that achieving this dissociation requires additional relaxations in the atomic positions normal to the slip direction. With molecular statics (MS) simulations, employing a modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential, the full pyramidal-II 〈 c + a 〉 edge dislocation is shown under no stress to split into two equal value partials 1 6 [ 11 2 ¯ 3 ] + 1 6 [ 11 2 ¯ 3 ] . When a resolved shear stress is applied, dislocations of edge and mixed character are glissile and the stacking fault in-between them narrows or widens depending on the sense of shear. With further analysis of this model, we show that the HR-TEM observation can be explained if one of the partials is pinned at the twin boundary. Last, with these atomic scale methods, we show for the first time that the full edge pyramidal-I 〈 c + a 〉 dislocation dissociates into two equal value partials of 1 6 [ 20 2 ¯ 3 ] and 1 6 [ 02 2 ¯ 3 ] Burgers vectors consistent with recent experimental observations. In contrast to the extended pyramidal-II dislocation, the extended pyramidal-I dislocations of similar edge or mixed character cannot move under an applied resolved shear since only one of the two partials is glissile.
Properties of applied objects in Kiswahili and Kindendeule

This paper examines objects which are licensed by the applicative affix in the Bantu languages of Kindendeule and Kiswahili. The data show that all verbs can take the applicative suffix deriving transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, and ditransitive verbs from transitive verbs. The applied objects can be interpreted as beneficiary, maleficiary, goal, instrument, reason, motive, ingredient, location, or theme. Only the agent role cannot be licensed by the applicative suffix. On the basis of object order, object marking, passivization, reciprocalization and reflexivization, the objects are classified into: (a) the benefactive type, (b) instrumental type, and (c) locative type.
δ-Polymorph of Manganese Phosphate

A fourth polymorph of manganese phosphate, δ-Mn3(PO4)2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with lattice parameters a = 8.9234(6) A, b = 9.1526(6) A, c = 8.6587(5) A, β = 111.6670(10)°, V = 657.21(7) A3, and Z = 4. Its structure features planes of [MnO5] pentahedra edge- and corner-shared with [PO4] tetrahedra, resulting in a three-dimensional framework containing sub-nanometer channels. Both hydrothermal and solid-state synthesis routes can yield δ-Mn3(PO4)2. In one method, the hydrothermal treatment of Mn5(PO4)2(PO3OH)2·4H2O (hureaulite) at 250 °C for 1–6 h yields δ-Mn3(PO4)2 microcrystals; changing the precursor to Mn3(PO4)2·3H2O nanosheets leads to δ-Mn3(PO4)2 nanoplates. A time study of δ-Mn3(PO4)2 formation under hydrothermal conditions suggests a dissolution–nucleation mechanism. Alternatively, the solid state reaction of LiMnPO4 and β′-Mn3(PO4)2 in a 1:2 molar ratio under air-free conditions at 1000 °C produces δ-Mn3(PO4)2. Differential scanning calorimetry and variable temperature X-...
A commercialization strategy for carbon-negative energy

Climate change mitigation requires gigatonne-scale CO2 removal technologies, yet few examples exist beyond niche markets. The flexibility of thermochemical conversion of biomass and fossil energy, coupled with carbon capture and storage, offers a route to commercializing carbon-negative energy.
Increasing disparity in knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and risk-reduction strategies by socioeconomic status: implications for policymakers.

During the 1980s extensive local and national cardiovascular health promotion campaigns were implemented to improve knowledge of risk reduction. This study analyzed changes from 1980 to 1990 in knowledge of acquired cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., actual, objective knowledge of adverse lifestyle factors affecting cardiovascular health); perceived knowledge of risk-reduction strategies (i.e., subjective knowledge about how to reduce the likelihood of cardiovascular disease); and interest in risk modification (i.e., interest in changing risk-factor habits) by socioeconomic status using level of education. The study population included 2,455 women and men 25–74 years of age from three population-based cross-sectional surveys in two northern California cities. We found significant differentials in baseline knowledge that widened over the 10-year study period, resulting in larger disparities across educational groups at the final survey in 1990 (P
Plasmablastic Lymphoma: Case Report of Prolonged Survival of an Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Patient and Literature Review

Clinical Practice Points. Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and highly aggressive variant of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with median survival of advanced stage patients varying between 6 and 15 months in previous reports. We report here a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient surviving over 12 years following treatment for advanced PBL with EPOCH chemotherapy and intrathecal therapy. This case highlights the potential for improved survival in PBL with intensive chemotherapy. Further, literature review suggests promising prospects utilizing novel targeted therapies to increase the rate of prolonged responses.
Validity of a single PTSD checklist item to screen for insomnia in survivors of critical illness.

Abstract Background There is no insomnia screening tool validated in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Objectives To examine the validity of a single item from the PTSD checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) to detect insomnia by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data from a longitudinal investigation in 120 medical-surgical ICU survivors. At 1 year post-ICU, patients completed ISI, PCL-C, and Medical Short-Form 12 (SF-12) by telephone. A single PCL-C item rates difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep over the past month. We compared performance characteristics of this PCL-C item to ISI-defined insomnia (ISI ≥15). Results A score of ≥3 on the PCL-C sleep item exhibited 91% sensitivity and 67% specificity for ISI-defined insomnia (ISI ≥ 15), and it demonstrated construct validity by correlation to related QOL indices. Conclusions A single PCL-C sleep item score ≥ 3 is a reasonable screen to identify insomnia symptoms in ICU survivors.
Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy versus leptomeningeal disease following Ipilimumab

Ipilimumab is an FDA-approved anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody used in treatment of metastatic melanoma. We present an unusual neurological complication of Ipilimumab therapy and the diagnostic dilemma it caused. A 42 year old male with Stage IV metastatic melanoma developed lower extremity weakness and sensory neuropathy following three doses of Ipilimumab. MRI of the lumbar spine was initially interpreted as diffuse leptomeningeal disease, and patient began Dexamethasone and radiation with improvement in symptoms. However, subsequent completion imaging revealed smooth nerve root involvement with sparing of the spinal cord, findings more compatible with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. The absence of malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nerve conduction study (NCS) showing lumbar polyradiculoneuropathy with axonal involvement and demyelinating features supported the diagnosis of inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Later in the course of his disease, the patient developed frank leptomeningeal melanoma. Ipilimumab immune-related toxicity presented as inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, which was difficult to distinguish from leptomeningeal disease, a common complication of melanoma.
Investigating the impact of online browsing dynamics on promotion effectiveness

This paper develops a model of airline customers' online browsing dynamics using page-by-page clickstream data collected from a website for a low cost carrier's promotional products. A new model based on Markov-methods that incorporates reference price effects is proposed to capture the dynamics of online browsing of the leisure travelers. Empirical results show that higher search intensities and purchase conversions occur as the relative discounts increase. Simulations are used to illustrate how these highly predictable browsing dynamics can be integrated back into online promotions, effectively enabling firms to control conversion rates and the relative discount rate ranges offered in the market, thereby maximizing incremental revenue.
Arrhythmias in pediatric heart transplant recipients: prevalence and association with death, coronary artery disease, and rejection

To ascertain the prevalence and types of arrhythmias occurring after heart transplantation in children, all available 24-hour ambulatory ECGs (mean, 1.5/patient), and 12-lead surface ECGs (mean, 27/patient) obtained from 59 orthotopic pediatric heart transplant recipients (mean age, 9.7 +/- 5.9 years) were examined. Correlation of the appearance of arrhythmias with the occurrence of rejection, coronary artery disease, or death was investigated. Of the 59 patients, 24 (41%) were found to have arrhythmias including chronic sinus tachycardia (eight patients), sinus bradycardia (four patients), supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (nine patients), significant ventricular premature depolarization (seven patients), and nonsustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias (seven patients). The occurrence of arrhythmias was not significantly associated with the number of rejections per patient month of survival. However, a significant proportion of patients with supraventricular (seven of nine patients; p = 0.006) and ventricular (six of seven patients; p = 0.02) tachyarrhythmias experienced a rejection episode in association with the onset of the rhythm abnormality. The presence of coronary artery disease was significantly associated with the presence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (p = 0.03). Graft survival was significantly lower in those patients with arrhythmias as compared with the arrhythmia-free group (58% versus 86%, p = 0.02). The results suggest that the appearance of arrhythmias in a pediatric heart transplant recipient should prompt a search for the presence of rejection and/or coronary artery disease.
Orbital Implants: Classification and Outcomes

Orbital implants are placed during or after eye removal surgeries. Implants support the orbital tissues, add volume to the eye socket, and support movement of an ocular prosthetic. Modern implants are made of either porous or nonporous materials. There are a variety of pros and cons to each material type with the ultimate ideal implant being well-tolerated and affordable as well as resistant to infection, exposure, migration, and extrusion. Porous materials allow fibrovascular ingrowth and as such can tolerate placement of a motility peg. The potential benefits of each implant material are reviewed as well as common problems and management solutions after implant placement.
Catalanidad in the Kitchen: Tourism, Gastronomy and Identity in Modern and Contemporary Barcelona

Catalonia has, from the nineteenth century to the present day, promoted a distinct culinary tourism. Travel and tourism practices have, as early as the eighteenth century, worked as powerful agents...
Polymorphisms in Selenoprotein Genes and Cancer

Human selenoproteins comprise a diverse group of peptides whose role in cancer etiology might be presumed from what is currently known about their functions. For a subset of these, genetic data (1) demonstrating allelic loss during cancer development and/or (2) revealing an association between specific polymorphisms in selenoprotein genes and either cancer risk or survival have provided support for this association. Additional factors such as lifestyle, diet, gender, and interactions with polymorphisms in other genes may modify this level of risk. These data provide useful information that may eventually be used to identify individuals at increased risk of cancer and aid in the design and development of novel strategies to prevent and treat some of the more common cancer types.
Distributing Points on the Torus via Modular Inverses

We study various statistics regarding the distribution of the points \[\left\{\left(\frac{d}{q},\frac{\overline{d}}{q}\right) \in \mathbb{T}^2 : d \in (\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z})^{\times}\right\}\] as $q$ tends to infinity. Due to nontrivial bounds for Kloosterman sums, it is known that these points equidistribute on the torus. We prove refinements of this result, including bounds for the discrepancy, small scale equidistribution, bounds for the covering exponent associated to these points, sparse equidistribution, and mixing. A key tool in several of the proofs is an auxiliary result that gives an asymptotic for the variance of the number of points in a random ball on the torus of arbitrarily small size, which is asymptotically identical to such a variance associated to randomly distributed points on the torus.
Kidney Function and Injury After Nephrectomy for Kidney Cancer

Radical nephrectomy (RN) is an established standard in the treatment of renal cell cancer. Surgical innovation has focused on preservation of residual renal function by way of partial nephrectomy (PN) in selected patients while reducing surgical invasiveness and preserving oncological efficacy. Yet, 25 % of patients undergoing kidney cancer surgery experience immediate postoperative complications, and the risk is higher in patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease (CKD). Key intraoperative risk factors of kidney injury include warm/cold ischemia, blood loss, effects of pneumoperitoneum, risk of rhabdomyolysis, and direct loss of nephron mass. Current standards of the biochemical assessment of residual renal function are suboptimal, as they do not allow direct assessment of remnant kidney function. Renal scintigraphic techniques may provide one method of assessing differential damage to each kidney, and tissue-specific biomarkers of ischemic kidney injury offer hope to add to the diagnostic and prognostic value to current methods.
Abstract 15826: SCUBE1 Controls BMPR2-relevant Pulmonary Endothelial Function: Implications for Diagnostic Marker Development in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a morbid vascular disease where mutations of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) control pulmonary endothelial pathophenotypes. Tran...
A universal deep learning strategy for designing high-quality-factor photonic resonances

Resonance is instrumental in modern optics and photonics for novel phenomena such as cavity quantum electrodynamics and electric-field-induced transparency. While one can use numerical simulations to sweep geometric and material parameters of optical structures, these simulations usually require considerably long calculation time (spanning from several hours to several weeks) and substantial computational resources. Such requirements significantly limit their applicability in understanding and inverse designing structures with desired resonance performances. Recently, the introduction of artificial intelligence allows for faster predictions of resonance with less demanding computational requirements. However, current end-to-end deep learning approaches generally fail to predict resonances with high quality-factors (Q-factor). Here, we introduce a universal deep learning strategy that can predict ultra-high Q-factor resonances by decomposing spectra with an adaptive data acquisition (ADA) method while incorporating resonance information. We exploit bound states in the continuum (BICs) with an infinite Q-factor to testify this resonance-informed deep learning (RIDL) strategy. The trained RIDL strategy achieves high-accuracy prediction of reflection spectra and photonic band structures while using a considerably small training dataset. We further develop an inverse design algorithm based on the RIDL strategy for a symmetry-protected BIC on a suspended silicon nitride photonic crystal (PhC) slab. The predicted and measured angle-resolved band structures show minimum differences. We expect the RIDL strategy to apply to many other physical phenomena which exhibit Gaussian, Lorentzian, and Fano resonances.
Information seeking behaviour differences indicate which US population groups lack information about human papilloma virus and associated cancer risks.

BACKGROUND The majority of the US population have poor knowledge of cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV). Identifying best sources for communicating this information can guide strategies to promote HPV vaccination. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between sources of health information and individuals' knowledge of HPV-related cervical and oropharyngeal cancer. METHODS This study conducts logistic regression on the most recent wave (2019) of the Health Information National Trends Survey. Dependent variables are indicators for self-reported awareness that HPV causes (a) cervical cancer and (b) oropharyngeal cancer. The primary indicator is a variable for different sources of health information: The Internet, professional sources, print materials, friends/family and never looked for health information. RESULTS Being female, young, non-Hispanic White and having college education is associated with higher odds of knowing about HPV-related cervical cancer. Controlling for demographic factors, individuals using professionals and the Internet are more likely to know that HPV causes cervical cancer (aOR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.25; aOR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.75, 3.50, respectively) compared to those who have never looked for health information. Similar results were found for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. CONCLUSION Findings provide implications for targeted messaging through effective channels to improve HPV vaccination uptake.
Meta-analysis of factors associated with survival of neonatal hepatic abscess

Neonatal hepatic abscess is a rare, but serious complication of umbilical line catheterization, conferring a high level of mortality. Given the infrequency of this condition, no evidenced-based data exists on treatment. To assess factors correlated with increased survival of published cases of neonatal hepatic abscess and discern implications for treatment. A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe, Biological Abstracts, BioMed Central and the Institute for Scientific Improvement’s Web of Knowledge and Web of Science bibliographies was performed to identify reports, case reviews and studies of neonatal hepatic abscess. Post-surgical incidences of hepatic abscess were excluded. A dataset of cases, which met inclusion criteria, was constructed including year of publication, cultured organisms in abscess, treatment (antibiotics or antibiotics plus surgical drainage), gestational age and outcome. Fisher’s exact test in bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with survival. From 1967 to 2007, 41 cases of non-surgical neonatal hepatic abscess were identified with an overall mortality of 58.5%. A sharp decline in mortality (82.6% to 27.8%) after 1990 was noted. Use of vancomycin, single infectious organism and use of surgical drainage in conjunction with antibiotics were associated with survival in bivariate analysis. Using logistic regression, Gram-negative infection was associated with increased mortality and the use of vancomycin showed a trend toward improved survival. Neonatal hepatic abscess is a rare, highly lethal condition. Increased morbidity is seen in patients with Gram-negative infection. Based on the statistical review of published cases, use of vancomycin (regardless of organism) and use of surgical drainage in the treatment regimen may improve survival.
Multiscale Biofabrication of Articular Cartilage: Bioinspired and Biomimetic Approaches

Articular cartilage is the load-bearing tissue found inside all articulating joints of the body. It vastly reduces friction and allows for smooth gliding between contacting surfaces. The structure of articular cartilage matrix and cellular composition is zonal and is important for its mechanical properties. When cartilage becomes injured through trauma or disease, it has poor intrinsic healing capabilities. The spectrum of cartilage injury ranges from isolated areas of the joint to diffuse breakdown and the clinical appearance of osteoarthritis. Current clinical treatment options remain limited in their ability to restore cartilage to its normal functional state. This review focuses on the evolution of biomaterial scaffolds that have been used for functional cartilage tissue engineering. In particular, we highlight recent developments in multiscale biofabrication approaches attempting to recapitulate the complex 3D matrix of native articular cartilage tissue. Additionally, we focus on the application of these methods to engineering each zone of cartilage and engineering full-thickness osteochondral tissues for improved clinical implantation. These methods have shown the potential to control individual cell-to-scaffold interactions and drive progenitor cell differentiation into a chondrocyte lineage. The use of these bioinspired nanoengineered scaffolds hold promise for recreation of structure and function on the whole tissue level and may represent exciting new developments for future clinical applications for cartilage injury and restoration.
Capital Allocation by Private and Public Firms

We compare investment policies across public and private firms in different institutional settings. Using a large cross-country dataset, we find that public listed firms are better positioned to take advantage of growth opportunities than private firms. Specifically, public listed firms exhibit higher investment sensitivity to growth opportunities than private firms. This differential, however, only exists in countries with well-developed stock markets. Further, the relative advantage public firms have at allocating capital depends on the degree of agency costs and reliance on external equity.
Corporate Fixed Income Securities

To obtain financing, a corporation can rely on several sources of funds. In general, the sources of financing can be classified as equity and debt. Equity financing includes the sale of common stock and preferred stock. Because of the investment attributes of preferred stock, it is classified in the financial market as a fixed income security. Debt can be obtained by either borrowing funds from a bank or issuing debt obligations in the nonbank market. The latter includes corporate bonds, medium-term notes, asset-backed securities, and commercial paper. These debt instruments can be issued in the public market or privately placed. Corporate debt obligations are referred to as fixed income securities. Keywords: term bonds; bonds; serial bonds; indenture; mortgage debt; open-end mortgage; after-acquired property clause; release and substitution of property clause; first mortgage bonds; first refunding bonds; general and refunding mortgage bonds; collateral trust bonds; equipment trust certificates (ETCs); negative pledge clause; make-whole premium provision; yield-maintenance premium provision; make-whole redemption price; currently callable issue; noncallable; nonrefundable; bullet bonds; sinking-fund provision; balloon maturity; mandatory sinking fund; nonmandatory sinking-fund provision; specific sinking fund; nonspecific sinking fund; accelerated sinking-fund provision; speculative-grade bond; high-yield bond; junk bonds; deferred-interest bonds; step-up bonds; payment-in-kind; extendible reset bond; Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE); interdealer platforms; dealer-to-customer platforms; multiple dealer-to-customer platforms; single dealer-to-customer platforms; private-placement market; Rule 144A private placement; traditional private-placement market; non-144A securities; 144A securities; medium-term note (MTN); rate offering schedule; structured notes; reverse inquiry; preferred stock; fixed-rate preferred stock; nonparticipating preferred stock; participating preferred stock; prior preferred stock; preference preferred stock; cumulative preferred stock; noncumulative preferred stock; convertible preferred stock; perpetual preferred stock; adjustable-rate preferred stock; auction preferred stock; remarketed preferred stock; intercorporate tax dividend exclusion
Mitochondrial Assembly in Respiration-deficient Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae III. A NUCLEAR MUTANT LACKING MITOCHONDRIAL ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE

Abstract A respiration-deficient nuclear mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated that lacked mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (F1). The absence of this enzyme was established by adenosine triphosphatase assays, by antibody-binding studies, and by radioimmunochemical tests for F1 subunits. The mutant also lacked mitochondrial 32Pi-ATP exchange activity and exhibited greatly reduced amounts of cytochromes aa3, b, and c1. It possessed a mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system, but several products of this system were either abnormal or missing. Thus, the level of the three mitochondrially synthesized subunits of cytochrome c oxidase was at least 10 times lower than in the wild type. The mutant was unable to grow anaerobically even if the growth medium contained a fermentable substrate and unsaturated lipids. This property has not yet been reported for any S. cerevisiae strain. The mutant had a great tendency to lose its mitochondrial genome. The conversion to the double mutant state decreased the growth rate by a factor of 20 to 30. These results suggest that mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase has an essential function even in nonrespiring cells. The mutant described here offers new possibilities for studying the assembly of F1 from its subunits and the role of F1 in mitochondrial biogenesis.
CONGENITAL ANKYLOGLOSSIA (TONGUE-TIE) ASSOCIATED WITH GLOSSOPTOSIS (RETRUDED MANDIBLE) AND PALATUM FISSUM (CLEFT PALATE)

A case of congenital ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) associated with retruded mandible, glossoptosis, and cleft palate is presented. A surgical procedure is outlined for reconstruction of the tongue-tie condition and complications and their management are discussed.
Subcellular localization and immunological detection of proteins encoded by the vir locus of Bordetella pertussis.

The DNA sequence of the central regulatory locus vir of Bordetella pertussis predicts that three gene products, BvgA, BvgB, and BvgC, are encoded. Features of the predicted primary structures of these proteins and their homology to other two-component systems suggest that BvgA is located in the cytoplasm, BvgB is located in the periplasm, and BvgC spans the inner membrane. We have used gene fusions to the phoA and lacZ genes of Escherichia coli to investigate the subcellular localization and membrane topology of these proteins. PhoA fusion proteins were also purified and used to raise antibodies that allowed visualization of the vir-encoded polypeptides by Western immunoblotting. Our results have largely confirmed the predictions of the DNA sequence, with the exception that BvgB and BvgC were found to constitute one larger protein that was homologous to the sensor class of two-component systems. We propose that this protein be named BvgS (for sensor) and that its gene be named bvgS. Images
Neural networks and machine learning: towards fully automated learning

Neural networks and machine learning algorithms (hereafter NN) represent a dramatic departure from conventional programming techniques. Rather than explicitly build a program to solve a problem, one presents examples (training set) of a particular application to the NN and the NN adjusts itself in a self-organizing fashion to solve the training set. It can then be presented new examples on which it was not trained (test set) and the NN will generalize to give a good answer. For example, a doctor goes through years of training to learn to diagnose disease on the basis of a set of symptoms. An NN would solve this problem by first learning a training set made up of symptoms with the correct diagnoses, and then generalizing to a diagnosis when presented with new symptoms on which it was not trained. For many tasks the NN approaches outperform human experts and other automated techniques. This general approach is amenable to many difficult problems being faced today. This talk will review basic approaches in machine learning algorithms and then discuss latest challenges and goals. In particular, I will discuss the challenge of fully automated learning which allows minimal input from a user and requires the machine learning model to automatically discover how best to learn the problem. This includes not only deciding on features and learning parameters, but also the automatic selection of an inductive bias which will allow the learning model to achieve the highest possible accuracy.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed syn‐1,4‐Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Cyclopentadiene Monoepoxide: cis‐3‐Acetoxy‐5‐Hydroxycyclopent‐1‐Ene

Palladium(0)-catalyzed syn-1,4-addition of carboxylic acids to cyclopentadiene monoepoxide: cis-3-acetoxy-5-hydroxycyclopent-1-ene product: cis-3-acetoxy-5-hydroxycyclopent-1-ene product: 4-Acetoxy-2-cyclopentenone Keywords: addition, to CC; metal-catalyzed reactions, palladium; oxidation, CHOH CO; assay methods, for 3-cyclopentenone in cyclopentadiene monoepoxide; cyclopentadiene monoepoxide; tetrahydrofuran; benzene
Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

This book is concerned with religious activity in 18th century America. Contrary to most views, Bonomi shows that religion became if anything more pervasive in American society in this century. This was partly due to the religious fervour of the Great Awakening, but even more to the centrality in American life that established religion maintained through the Revolution. Professor Bonomi focuses not only on religious issues and ideas, but on the careers and daily routines of clergy and the composition and attitudes of their congregations.
All-Inorganic Spin-Cast Nanoparticle Solar Cells with Non-Selective Electrodes

Spin-cast all-inorganic nanoparticle solutions have been used to make a CdTe/CdSe solar cell with an efficiency of up to 1.9%. The non-selective nature of the contacts made to these devices is explored.
A Ge(Li)Ge(Li) study of the decay of 2.4 h 66Ge

Abstract The level structure of 66Ga was investigated from decay of the 2.4 h 66Ge. From singles γ-ray energy and intensity measurements employing a high resolution Ge(Li) detector, from coincidence relationships determined in γ-γ coincidence measurements employing two Ge(Li) detectors, and from β+—γ coincidence measurements, it was established that levels at 43.5, 108.9, 233.9, 290.8, 381.7, 422.8, 514.3, 536.5, 706.3 and 866.1 keV are populated in the decay of 2.4 h 66Ge. A possible level at 639.9 is also considered. From present log f values and relative γ-ray intensities many Jπ values were assigned.
Lactate is a better predictor than systolic blood pressure for determining blood requirement and mortality: could prehospital measures improve trauma triage?

Background Standard hemodynamic evaluation of patients in shock may underestimate severity of hemorrhage given physiologic compensation. Blood lactate (BL) is an important adjunct in characterizing shock, and point-of-care devices are currently available for use in the prehospital (PH) setting. The objective of this study was to determine if BL levels have better predictive value when compared with systolic blood pressure (SBP) for identifying patients with an elevated risk of significant transfusion and mortality in a hemodynamically indeterminant cohort. Study Design We selected trauma patients admitted to a level I trauma center over a 9-year period with SBP between 90 and 110 mmHg. The predictive capability of initial emergency department (ED) BL for needing ≥6 units packed RBCs within 24 hours postinjury and mortality was compared with PH-SBP and ED-SBP by comparing estimated area under the receiver operator curve (AUC). Results We identified 2,413 patients with ED-SBP and 787 patients with PH-SBP and ED-BL. ED-BL was statistically better than PH-SBP (p = 0.0025) and ED-SBP (p Conclusions ED-BL is a better predictor than SBP in identifying patients requiring significant transfusion and mortality in this cohort with indeterminant SBP. These findings suggest that point-of-care BL measurements could improve trauma triage and better identify patients for enrollment in interventional trials. Further studies using BL measurement in the PH environment are warranted.
Correlations between DTI and FLAIR images reveal the relationships of microscopic and macroscopic white matter degeneration in elderly subjects

Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) detects the T2 prolongation in whiter matter lesions (WML) measured on a macroscopic scale, whereas diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) more specifically detects the white matter (WM) integrity alterations as measured by water diffusion on a microscopic scale. Both techniques have been widely used to evaluate WM changes associated with aging, dementia and cerebral vascular disease, however, the relationship between white matter lesions (FLAIR) and changes of DTI remains largely unknown. We addressed this issue using a voxel based correlation analysis between DTI and FLAIR images acq uired from 33 elderly subjects at 4T. The WML volume and intensity were correlated the fraction anis otropy (FA) or mean diffusivity (MD) across all the subjects on a voxelwise basis. Our results revealed that significant DTI-WML correlations occur at regions overlapping the major WML distributions with moderate intensity, and that no significan t correlations were detected in periventricular regions where the FLAIR intensities are particularly high. We investigated WM degeneration as a continuum from normal WM to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using a two-compartment WM model. The simulation results indicated that the FLAIR intensity of WML reaches a maximum when the lesion severity is around 0.7, which is the same point where correlations between DTI and WML disappear. Based on these findings, WM degeneration in elderly subjects may be better characterized by using regional DTI-WML correlations in different stages of WM degeneration. DTI and FLAIR, taken together improve specificity for characterization of WM degeneration than each measure alone. Keywords: correlation analysis; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR); white matter degeneration; white matter lesion (WML).
A Model for Contaminant Transport in Lubricated Contact of Rough Surfaces

Effective prediction of lubricated contact poses an especially challenging problem. On the one hand surfaces are non-smooth at micron-scale while, on the other hand, a lubricant contains varying degrees of impurities in the form of particle contaminants. An accurate model for lubricated contact, therefore, must be able to account for the various interactions that include particle-fluid, particle-particle, fluid-rough surface, particle-rough surface and rough surface-rough surface interactions. In the current study we propose the use of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and JKR theory for elasto-adhesive contact to simulate the particle transport processes in a lubricant flow between two rough surfaces. A particle dynamics simulation method is proposed to predict the interaction of a group of particles. The particle-particle and particle-boundary interactions are modeled by an extension of the JKR theory in which viscoelastic interactions are included through the implementation of the Kelvin-Voigt stress-strain relations. The particle-fluid interaction is calculated from the LBM simulation. Time scale relations between LBM and particle dynamics are characterized. Simulation results show the effects of particle density and surface roughness on frequencies of particle-particle and particle-boundary impacts, particle deposition rate, particle cluster forming and fluid boundary pressure changes due to particle deposition. A parametric study is performed to elucidate the effect of rough surface geometry and the relative velocity of the surfaces on friction and lift. The results provide fundamental insight on the contamination effects on wear and life of lubricated surfaces.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Operative treatment of two-part, displaced surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus

Abstract Operative treatment of two-part, displaced surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus is used when satisfactory closed reduction cannot be achieved or maintained. Percutaneous pin stabilization is a reasonable option for unstable but reducible surgical neck fractures. When required, internal fixation is most reliably achieved with minimal hardware fixation, using heavy, nonabsorbable sutures or wire that incorporate the rotator cuff tendons, which are often stronger than the soft, osteoporotic bone. In cases with significant surgical neck comminution, humeral Enders nails may be incorporated into a tension-band construct for added longitudinal stability.
Avoiding type III, IV, and V errors through collaborative research.

Major types of empirical errors reviewed by a number of leading research textbooks include discussions of Type I and Type II errors. However, applied human service researchers can commit other types of errors that should be avoided. The potential benefits of the applied, collaborative research (in contrast to traditional participatory research) include an assurance that the study begins with the “right” questions that are important for community residents. Such research practice also helps generate useful research findings for decisions regarding redistribution of resources and resolving community issues. The aim of collaborative research is not merely to advance scientific understanding, but also to produce empirical findings that are usable for addressing priority needs and problems of distressed communities. A review of a case example (Garfield Community Assessment Study) illustrates the principles and practices of collaborative research.
On the influence of near zero gravity on the Rosensweig instability in magnetic fluids

Abstract We investigate how an enhanced (1.8 g ) and reduced (10 -2 g ) gravitational force influences the instability threshold and the pattern formed for the Rosensweig instability in ferrofluids. From the results of our parabolic flights it emerges that we can confirm quantitatively the predictions from the ferrohydrodynamic equations for the scaling with gravity of the critical values of the wavelength and the magnetic field for enhanced gravity. For reduced gravity we observe above threshold qualitatively new patterns that have not been predicted and we give a qualitative explanation.
Cultural impediments to recovery: PTSD in contemporary America

Culture affects and determines how individual members cope with experiences encountered during the life cycle. Contemporary American culture is currently experiencing a historical transition which affects cultural standards, archetypes, and institutions such as marriage and families. This paper suggests that there is an increase in psychic numbing, alienation, isolation, and difficulties with intimacy for the general population during the present historical moment. For victims of traumatic events this current cultural stress overlaps their post-traumatic experience since many trauma victims also experience these phenomena. Trauma victims are therefore affected by rapid cultural transition through increased vulnerability to developing traumatic stress reactions as well as increased length of the healing process.
k-Neighborhood decentralization: A comprehensive solution to index the UMLS for large scale knowledge discovery

The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is the largest thesaurus in the biomedical informatics domain. Previous works have shown that knowledge constructs comprised of transitively-associated UMLS concepts are effective for discovering potentially novel biomedical hypotheses. However, the extremely large size of the UMLS becomes a major challenge for these applications. To address this problem, we designed a k-neighborhood Decentralization Labeling Scheme (kDLS) for the UMLS, and the corresponding method to effectively evaluate the kDLS indexing results. kDLS provides a comprehensive solution for indexing the UMLS for very efficient large scale knowledge discovery. We demonstrated that it is highly effective to use kDLS paths to prioritize disease-gene relations across the whole genome, with extremely high fold-enrichment values. To our knowledge, this is the first indexing scheme capable of supporting efficient large scale knowledge discovery on the UMLS as a whole. Our expectation is that kDLS will become a vital engine for retrieving information and generating hypotheses from the UMLS for future medical informatics applications.
Genome-wide analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human expressed sequences

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been explored as a high-resolution marker set for accelerating the mapping of disease genes. Here we report 48,196 candidate SNPs detected by statistical analysis of human expressed sequence tags (ESTs), associated primarily with coding regions of genes. We used Bayesian inference to weigh evidence for true polymorphism versus sequencing error, misalignment or ambiguity, misclustering or chimaeric EST sequences, assessing data such as raw chromatogram height, sharpness, overlap and spacing, sequencing error rates, context-sensitivity and cDNA library origin. Three separate validations-comparison with 54 genes screened for SNPs independently, verification of HLA-A polymorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) testing-verified 70%, 89% and 71% of our predicted SNPs, respectively. Our method detects tenfold more true HLA-A SNPs than previous analyses of the EST data. We found SNPs in a large fraction of known disease genes, including some disease-causing mutations (for example, the HbS sickle-cell mutation). Our comprehensive analysis of human coding region polymorphism provides a public resource for mapping of disease genes (available at http://www.bioinformatics.ucla.edu/snp).
The interaction of Trolox C, a water-soluble vitamin E analog, with ferrylmyoglobin: Reduction of the oxoferryl moiety

The oxidation of the heme iron of metmyoglobin by H2O2 yields an oxo ferryl complex (FeIV = O), similar to Compound II of peroxidases, as well as a protein radical; this high oxidation state of myoglobin is known as ferrylmyoglobin. The interaction of Trolox, a water-soluble vitamin E analog, with ferrylmyoglobin entailed two sequential one-electron oxidations of the phenolic antioxidant with intermediate formation of a phenoxyl radical and accumulation of a quinone end product. These oxidation reactions were linked to individual reductions of ferrylmyoglobin to metmyoglobin, as indicated by the value of the relationship [metmyoglobin]formed/[Trolox]consumed: 1.92 +/- 0.28. The Trolox-mediated reduction of ferrylmyoglobin to metmyoglobin could proceed directly, i.e., electron transfer from the phenolic-OH group in Trolox to the oxoferryl moiety, or indirectly, i.e., sequential electron transfer from Trolox to a protein radical to the oxoferryl moiety. The former mechanism is supported by the finding that the high oxidation heme iron is reduced under conditions where the tyrosyl residues are blocked by o-acetylation and when hemin is substituted for myoglobin. The latter mechanism is consistent with the following observations: (a) the EPR signal ascribed to the protein radical is suppressed by Trolox, with the concomitant appearance of the EPR spectrum of the Trolox phenoxyl radical and (b) the rate of ferrylmyoglobin reduction by Trolox is decreased with increasing number of tyrosyl residues in the proteins of horse myoglobin (titrated by o-acetylation) and sperm whale myoglobin. The apparent discrepancy between these observations can be reconciled by considering that both electrophilic centers in ferrylmyoglobin--the oxoferryl heme moiety and the protein radical--function independently of each other and that recovery of ferrylmyoglobin by Trolox could be effected through the tyrosyl residues, albeit at slower rates. The mechanistic aspects of these results are discussed in terms of the two main redox transitions in the myoglobin molecule encompassing valence changes of the heme iron and electron transfer of the tyrosyl residue in the protein and linked to the two sequential one-electron oxidations of Trolox.
Surface photochemical determination of the mean free path of subvacuum electrons in adsorbate films

Abstract Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) of adsorbates was used to detect photoexcited substrate electrons with energies below the vacuum level. When adsorbate layers of variable thickness were deposited on a Pt(111) surface and capped with a topmost, DEA active, detector layer of CH 3 Br the mean free path of substrate derived electrons could be measured. The averaged electron scattering cross section through solid Xe at 25 K was σ s = 4.7 +0.7 −0 A 2 for electrons of energy −0.6 ⩽ E v ⩽ −0.27 eV with respect to the vacuum level. The cross section in solid CH 3 Br at 25 K was σ s ⩾ 4.7 A 2 averaged over an approximately 0.4 eV FWHM range of electron energies centred at E v = −0.7 eV.
Proton NMR study of a non-covalent complex formed between cytochrome c peroxidase-cyanide and tuna ferricytochrome c

A non-covalent complex of cyanide-ligated cytochrome c peroxidase (CcPCN) with tuna ferricytochrome c, formed in low-concentration KNO3 solutions, was studied by proton NMR spectroscopy. Complex formation affects the ferricytochrome c spectrum similarly to the spectral changes previously observed for the corresponding complex formed using resting state cytochrome c peroxidase. The CcPCN-tuna ferricytochrome c complex studied here is also similar to the previously studied CcPCN complexes with both horse and yeast iso-1 ferricytochromes c. For this complex both proteins are in the low-spin iron(III) form, which make them both paramagnetic and causes severe overlap in the proton hyperfine resonance shift region. Two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy has been used to resolve this overlap and make proton resonance assignments. These results complete the set of experiments carried out on the complexes of CcPCN with three species of ferricytochrome c (hores, yeast and tuna) and reveal that as for the similar complexes of these ferricytochromes c with the resting-state, high-spin form of the peroxidase, the tuna results closely follow those of the horse ferricytochrome c complex. These results also extend preliminary work that revealed for the first time that cytochrome c binding was reflected in hyperfine resonance shifts of protons in the peroxidase heme pocket.
Synthesis, Chemistry, and Anodic Oxidation of 1,2-Bis(Trialkylsilyl)Ethanes

1,2-Bis[trialkyl-l,2-diarylethanes can be prepared by cathodic dimerization of alpha-trialkylsilyl benzyl bromides and metal-induced (Mg, HMPA; Li, THF) bis-silylation of substituted stilbenes. These substances are synthetic equivalents of both vicinal cations (by anodic oxidation in the presence of nucleophiles) and vicinal dianions (by fluoride-induced cleavage in the presence of electrophiles). A variety of experiments exploring the scope and limitations of this principle are described.