cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law and the Individual Among the Tibetan Nomads1

PRIOR to the communist Chinese take-over of Tibet in 1959, the body of law, or custom, by which anti-social behavior was controlled among the Tibetans, was an amalgam system, compounded of three different kinds of law: canon law, royal law, and the law of tradition or custom. Tibetan thinking is quite clear as to the origins of the first two: canon law originated in the "word of the Buddha"2 and royal law came into being by the "pronouncement of the ruler"-king or whatever else he was called. There is more uncertainty, however, as to the origin of the law of tradition, but it is described as "the pattern manner of the Tibetans," and defined as "country law" or "epic law." There are reasonably definite dates for the appearance of canon law and royal law in Tibet. The basic ethic of Buddhism and the rules of conduct for the monks became known when Buddhism was officially introduced in the seventh century, although it was about two centuries before it was firmly established as the religion of the Tibetans. This religious code and this system of ethics were known to the rulers of that time, the so-called "kings of religion" of the nascent and expanding Tibetan empire, and they exerted a marked influence on the formulation of royal law: codified as the Thirteen Pronouncements (Tharchin 1956:217-234); traditionally ascribed to "Srong bTSan sGam Po the King of Religion"; and venerated since the time of the kings as the basic law of the land. There are, however, no dates for the origin of "the pattern manner of the Tibetans" or "epic law" but long prior to the time of the "kings of religion," or the coming of Buddhism, it was the system by which anti-social behavior was controlled. As exemplified in the violence-charged episodes of the epics of the land-notably those of the Gesar cycle (David-Neel 1931; Stein 1956)-its earliest form was the law of reprisal. Two aspects, one of concept and one resulting from application, marked this primal law of reprisal. It was based on the concept that antisocial behavior, in its varied manifestations, consisted of offenses against individuals and families, and not crimes against society as a corporate whole or against any abstract legal code. Whenever it was applied, moreover, it effected reversal of the roles of victim and aggressor. In counter reprisal, these basic roles were again reversed and reversal might continue, throughout much action and counter action, until the labels of aggressor and victim belonged with equal validity to both parties. Reprisal, characterized by retaliation in kind, took many forms. In homicide it became the blood feud with its chain-reaction killings; in cases of theft it resulted in the seizure by force of wealth in convenient form as a substitute for restitution, or the taking and holding of hostages as a way of exerting pressure to extract full restitution with additional and appropriate tokens of apology; in instances of personal assault it took the form of violent action-the matching
Investigation of Gelation Processes and Gel Structures by Means of Mechanical Property Measurements

There are a variety of gels (highly swollen solids) that are of considerable interest to polymer scientists, materials scientists, and ceramists.1–42 One type consists of typical organic polymers such as polyethylene or polystyrene, in networks which are formed by means of physical cross links, such as crystallites or physical aggregates. Such gels are thermoreversible in that liquefaction occurs upon heating. Another type consists of chain-like structures permanently bonded into covalent networks. These permanently branched and cross-linked chains can be either inorganic [silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), zirconia (ZrO2), etc.] or organic (phenol-formaldehyde resins, epoxies, etc.). Both the inorganic and iorganic covalent types have been used to prepare aerogels, and the inorganic ones are now much used to prepare high-tech ceramics by the new sol-gel route.
Associative Clustering in the Recall of Words of Different Taxonomic Frequencies of Occurrence

Associative clustering may be defined as the occurrence of sequences of related words in the recall of a randomized stimulus word list. As indicated in an earlier study ( 3 ) , the operations for inducing and measuring clustering have typically involved the following steps: (a) the compiling of two or more sub-lists of equal lengths, of words with each sub-list representing words in a different taxonomic category; (b) the randomization of all the words thus chosen to form a stimulus list; (c) the presentation of the stimulus list for learning; (d) the obtaining of free recall; (e) the analysis of the recalled words to determine the incidence of clusters of two or more words falling in the same taxonomic category. The unit for the measurement of clustering is a repetition which is defined as a sequence of two words in the same operational category. In applying this measure, the number of repetitions in a cluster is designated as one less than the number of words in the cluster. The convention established in the original study of clustering ( I) was to rely upon E's judgment for the choice of words in the operational categories. To equate the response strengths of the words in the specified categories use was made of the Thorndike-Lorge (7) frequencies of usage. It was assumed that both the mean and the range of the frequencies of the words in each category should be similar. The feasibility of these operations was demonstrated in a study (2) employing two stimulus lists with the same categories in each. One comprised words with relatively high Thorndike-Lorge frequen.ties and the other words with relatively low Thorndike-Lorge frequencies. The data indicated a significant difference in both clustering and the number of words recalled in favor of the list with the higher frequencies. The present study was based on the choice of words selected from the
Studies in the Ketosis of Fasting

Summary. A series of experiments was performed during the induction of starvation ketosis and in the acute reversal of the ketotic state. In contrast to the predictions of two widely held theories of ketogenesis, control of acetoacetate production by the liver appeared to be unrelated to changes in fatty acid mobilization from the periphery, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, or the acetyl coenzyme A concentration in the liver. Ketosis of fasting was shown to be reversible within 5 minutes by the injection of glucose or insulin. This effect was due to a prompt cessation of acetoacetate production by the liver. The possibility is raised that the ketosis of fasting is due to a direct activation of acetoacetate-synthesizing enzymes secondary to a starvation-induced depression of insulin secretion by the pancreas.
Algorithm for backrub motions in protein design

Motivation: The Backrub is a small but kinematically efficient side-chain-coupled local backbone motion frequently observed in atomic-resolution crystal structures of proteins. A backrub shifts the Cα–Cβ orientation of a given side-chain by rigid-body dipeptide rotation plus smaller individual rotations of the two peptides, with virtually no change in the rest of the protein. Backrubs can therefore provide a biophysically realistic model of local backbone flexibility for structure-based protein design. Previously, however, backrub motions were applied via manual interactive model-building, so their incorporation into a protein design algorithm (a simultaneous search over mutation and backbone/side-chain conformation space) was infeasible. Results: We present a combinatorial search algorithm for protein design that incorporates an automated procedure for local backbone flexibility via backrub motions. We further derive a dead-end elimination (DEE)-based criterion for pruning candidate rotamers that, in contrast to previous DEE algorithms, is provably accurate with backrub motions. Our backrub-based algorithm successfully predicts alternate side-chain conformations from ≤0.9 A resolution structures, confirming the suitability of the automated backrub procedure. Finally, the application of our algorithm to redesign two different proteins is shown to identify a large number of lower-energy conformations and mutation sequences that would have been ignored by a rigid-backbone model. Availability: Contact authors for source code. Contact: brd+ismb08@cs.duke.edu
Rodent bladder tumors do not always predict for humans

Dr. David Clayson, 20 years ago, suggested that chemicals which lead to the formation of calculi in rodents might pose an artifact with respect to extrapolation to potential carcinogenic risk to humans. We reviewed what has been learned about the role of calculi in urinary bladder carcinogenesis in the ensuing 20 years, along with several examples. Formation of microcrystalluria and amorphous precipitate also poses problems in interpretation and examples are described. The chemicals producing these solid urinary materials are non-genotoxic, with marked increase in cell proliferation being the mode of action by which they are able to produce cancer in long-term rodent bioassays.
An Evidence-Based Review of Alternating Electric Fields Therapy for Malignant Gliomas

Glioblastoma is a deadly disease and even aggressive neurosurgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy only extends patient survival to a median of 1.5 years. The challenge in treating this type of tumor stems from the rapid proliferation of the malignant glioma cells, the diffuse infiltrative nature of the disease, multiple activated signal transduction pathways within the tumor, development of resistant clones during treatment, the blood brain barrier that limits the delivery of drugs into the central nervous system, and the sensitivity of the brain to treatment effect. Therefore, new therapies that possess a unique mechanism of action are needed to treat this tumor. Recently, alternating electric fields, also known as tumor treating fields (TTFields), have been developed for the treatment of glioblastoma. TTFields use electromagnetic energy at an intermediate frequency of 200 kHz as a locoregional intervention and act to disrupt tumor cells as they undergo mitosis. In a phase III clinical trial for recurrent glioblastoma, TTFields were shown to have equivalent efficacy when compared to conventional chemotherapies, while lacking the typical side effects associated with chemotherapies. Furthermore, an interim analysis of a recent clinical trial in the upfront setting demonstrated superiority to standard of care cytotoxic chemotherapy, most likely because the subjects’ tumors were at an earlier stage of clonal evolution, possessed less tumor-induced immunosuppression, or both. Therefore, it is likely that the efficacy of TTFields can be increased by combining it with other anti-cancer treatment modalities.
Elevated temperature mechanical properties and residual tensile properties of two cast superalloys and several nickel-base oxide dispersion strengthened alloys

The elevated temperature tensile, stress-rupture and creep properties and residual tensile properties after creep straining have been determined for two cast superalloys and several wrought Ni-16Cr-4Al-yttria oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys. The creep behavior of the ODS alloys is similar to that of previously studied ODS nickel alloys. In general, the longitudinal direction is stronger than the long transverse direction, and creep is at least partially due to a diffusional creep mechanism as dispersoid-free zones were observed after creep-rupture testing. The tensile properties of the nickel-base superalloy B-1900 and cobalt-base superalloy MAR-M509 are not degraded by prior elevated temperature creep straining (at least up to 1 pct) between 1144 and 1366 K. On the other hand, the room temperature tensile properties of ODS nickel-base alloys can be reduced by prior creep strains of 0.5 pct or less between 1144 and 1477 K, with the long transverse direction being more susceptible to degradation than the longitudinal direction.
Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer.

Purpose: Men with prostate cancer are often advised to make changes in diet and lifestyle, although the impact of these changes has not been well documented. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of comprehensive lifestyle changes on prostate specific antigen (PSA), treatment trends and serum stimulated LNCaP cell growth in men with early, biopsy proven prostate cancer after 1 year. Materials and Methods: Patient recruitment was limited to men who had chosen not to undergo any conventional treatment, which provided an unusual opportunity to have a nonintervention randomized control group to avoid the confounding effects of interventions such as radiation, surgery or androgen deprivation therapy. A total of 93 volunteers with serum PSA 4 to 10 ng/ml and cancer Gleason scores less than 7 were randomly assigned to an experimental group that was asked to make comprehensive lifestyle changes or to a usual care control group. Results: None of the experimental group patients but 6 control patients underwent conventional treatment due to an increase in PSA and/or progression of disease on magnetic resonance imaging. PSA decreased 4% in the experimental group but increased 6% in the control group (p 0.016). The growth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia) was inhibited almost 8 times more by serum from the experimental than from the control group (70% vs 9%, p 0.001). Changes in serum PSA and also in LNCaP cell growth were significantly associated with the degree of change in diet and lifestyle. Conclusions: Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of early, low grade prostate cancer in men. Further studies and longer term followup are warranted.
Creating Sustainable Value: A Framework for IS Value Sustainability

More than two decades of research on information systems (IS) value still leaves the issue of IS value in an organization a less understood concept. Considering that information systems require significant investments and commitment, the compelling issue for organizations, from a strategic perspective, is to sustain and prolong the value accorded by IS to the firm. In this study, we propose a framework, grounded in the resource-based and dynamic capabilities views of the firm, that integrates IS value creation capabilities and IS value appropriation capabilities. The premise of this study is that creation of IS value is necessary but not sufficient to sustain it. To sustain IS value, an organization should be able to appropriate the value that it creates during the value creation process. We expect to contribute to IS value research by providing insights into capabilities that help organizations to sustain IS value.
LINKING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA

Recent research has suggested that some persons more strongly link attitudes with behavioral criteria than others. Specifically, research indicates that some persons rely more extensively on a “principle of evaluative consistency” (persons low in construct differentiation) and that some people place greater reliance on internal cues, such as attitudes, in guiding their behavioral choices (persons low in self-monitoring) than others. This investigation considered these individual differences as it examined the influence an external prescription of attitude relevance had on persons' attitude-behavioral intention relations. Results indicated that the external prescription of relevance greatly enhanced attitude behavioral intention consistency only for individuals who were both low in construct differentiation and high in self-monitoring. It is hypothesized that these results obtain because such individuals rely on a principle of evaluative consistency, but apply it only when the situation prescribes such consistency.
Encouraging Responsibility, Active Participation, and Critical Thinking in General Psychology Students

Changes in the teaching methodology of an undergraduate psychology course are described. The goals were to increase student responsibility for and participation in the course and to promote critical thinking systematically. Responsibility was increased by having students write their own essay questions for exams. Active participation during class meetings was encouraged by using the technique of Socratic dialogue. Critical thinking was promoted by utilizing Bloom's taxonomy. Student responses on course evaluation forms indicated a high degree of satisfaction with these methods.
Topological invariants for the Fermi surface of a time-reversal-invariant superconductor

A time-reversal-invariant (TRI) topological superconductor has a full pairing gap in the bulk and topologically protected gapless states on the surface or at the edge. In this paper, we show that in the weak pairing limit, the topological quantum number of a TRI superconductor can be completely determined by the Fermi-surface properties and is independent of the electronic structure away from the Fermi surface. In three dimensions, the integer topological quantum number in a TRI superconductor is determined by the sign of the pairing order parameter and the first Chern number of the Berry phase gauge field on the Fermi surfaces. In two dimensions and one dimension, the ${Z}_{2}$ topological quantum number of a TRI superconductor is determined simply by the sign of the pairing order parameter on the Fermi surfaces. Our results could directly aid the search for topological superconductors in real materials.
Efficient speaker verification system using speaker model clustering for T and Z normalizations

In speaker verification (SV) systems based on Gaussian mixture model-universal background model (GMM-UBM), normalization is an important component in the decision stage. Many normalization methods including the T- and Z-norms, have been proposed and investigated and these have contributed to state-of-the-art SV systems which have extremely low equal-error rates (EERs). In this paper, we consider application of both T- and Z-norms to a carefully selected subset of speakers using a data driven approach which can significantly reduce computation resulting in faster SV decisions and lower EER. Unfortunately, selection of the subset is critical and must be representative of the entire speaker model space otherwise error rates will increase. In order to properly select the subset of speakers for the normalizations, we propose a novel method which first clusters the speaker models using the K-means algorithm and the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and then selects a set of speakers within the cluster. We evaluate the approach using both the TIMIT, NTIMIT and NIST-2002 corpora and compare against standard T- and Z-normalizations.
Characterization of Rabbit UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A7: Tertiary Amine Glucuronidation Is Catalyzed by UGT1A7 and UGT1A4

Abstract A rabbit liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA that is related to human and rat UGT1A7 has been identified. The predicted amino acid sequence of the UGT1A7l displays 80% similarity to that encoded by human HP4 (UGT1A9), but 81% to that predicted for human UGT1A7 and 77% to the rat UGT1A7 (UGTA2). The exons encoding human UGT1A7 and rat UGTA2 are the seventh of the series of cassette exons that flank the 3′ common exon series of theUGT1Alocus. Southern blot analysis demonstrates that the exon sequence encoding UGT1A7l is part of a larger cluster of highly related genes. The UGT1A7l RNA is expressed in both neonatal and adult liver, and unlike rat UGT1A2 which is inducible with Ah receptor ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, rabbit UGT1A7l is not regulated when animals are exposed to these inducers. Following expression of UGT1A7l in COS-1 cells, glucuronidation activity was identified for small phenolic molecules like 4-nitrophenol, bulky phenols as represented by 4-hydroxybiphenol and octylgallate, as well as 4-hydroxyestrone. In addition, UGT1A7l possesses catalytic activity toward tertiary amines like the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. The pattern of UGT1A7l glucuronidation is similar to that observed for human UGT1A9, except tertiary amines are not subject to glucuronidation by human UGT1A9. Glucuronidation of tertiary amines is catalyzed principally by human UGT1A4 as well as rabbit UGT1A4. Although rabbit UGT1A7l catalyzes the formation of quarternary ammonium glucuronides, theVmaxis considerably less than that observed for rabbit UGT1A4. Overall, the characterization of rabbit UGT1A7l suggests that this protein represents the ortholog of the human UGT1A7, which to date has not been identified.
AT-27CHALLENGES OF RETROSPECTIVELY DETERMINING THE EQUIVALENCE OF PCV VERSUS TEMOZOLOMIDE IN PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED 1p/19q CO-DELETED ANAPLASTIC OLIGODENDROGLIOMAS

BACKGROUND: For many years, patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AO) have been treated with radiation and temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide (RT/TMZ). Two randomized studies, RTOG 9402 and EORTC 26951 recently showed significantly improved survival in patients with 1p/19q co-deleted AO treated with radiation plus PCV (RT/PCV) versus radiation alone. A randomized controlled study comparing RT/PCV with RT/TMZ is underway, but obtaining definitive answers takes long as AO are rare and survival is long. Our goal was to assess the feasibility of a retrospective analysis to compare RT/TMZ and RT/PCV. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single institution analysis of co-deleted AO treated with RT/TMZ at Johns Hopkins between 2004 and 2012, meeting selection criteria for the subgroup analysis of RTOG 9402 and EORTC 26951: AO or AOA, co-deletion of 1p/19q, age ≥ 18, no prior therapy except surgery. An initial screen of the cancer center database used broad search terms to assure capture of all cases. RESULTS: Of 544 potential patients filtered with the initial screen, only 12 conformed to all eligibility criteria of the subgroup analysis of RTOG 9402 and EORTC 26951. The reasons for exclusion included: Not AO, not co-deleted, 1p/19q co-deletion testing not performed, patients received prior or other therapies or treatment elsewhere. Median age of the 12 patients: 37 (range: 34-73), 50% female. Median follow-up time: 6.2 years for OS (range: 1.5-8.3), 5.3 years for PFS (range: 1.0-7.0). 2 patients progressed, 1 died of disease. Median OS and PFS: Not yet reached. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory analysis from an active tertiary referral center highlights limitations of a retrospective analysis of patients with co-deleted AO treated with RT/TMZ in an effort to determine how RT/TMZ compares with RT/PCV. Only a prospective randomized controlled trial, such as the CODEL study, will define optimal treatment for these patients.
Students' understanding of alkyl halide reactions in undergraduate organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is an essential subject for many undergraduate students completing degrees in science, engineering, and pre-professional programs. However, students often struggle with the concepts and skills required to successfully solve organic chemistry exercises. Since alkyl halides are traditionally the first functional group that is studied in undergraduate organic chemistry courses, establishing a robust understanding of the concepts and reactions related to them can be beneficial in assuring students' success in organic chemistry courses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate and describe students' understanding of alkyl halide reactions in an undergraduate organic chemistry course. Participants were interviewed using a think-aloud protocol in which they were given a set of questions dealing with reactions and mechanisms of alkyl halide molecules in order to shed light on the students' understanding of these reactions and elucidate any gaps in understanding and incorrect warrants that may be present. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a qualitative inquiry approach and a modified Toulmin scheme. In general, the findings from this study show that the students exhibited gaps in understanding and incorrect warrants dealing with: (1) classifying substances as bases and/or nucleophiles, (2) assessing the basic or nucleophilic strength of substances, and (3) accurately describing the steps that take place and reactive intermediates that form during alkyl halide reaction mechanisms. In addition, implications for teaching and future research are discussed.
Arbitrarily wide-angle wave equations for complex media

By combining various ideas related to one-way wave equations (OWWEs), half-space stiffness relation, special finite-element discretization, and complex coordinate stretching, a systematic procedure is developed for deriving a series of highly accurate space-domain versions of OWWEs. The resulting procedure is applicable to complex media where the governing equation (full wave equation) is a second order differential system, making the procedure applicable for general heterogeneous, anisotropic, porous, viscoelastic media. Owing to their high accuracy in representing waves propagating in an arbitrarily wide range of angles, the resulting equations are named Arbitrarily Wide-angle Wave Equations (AWWEs). In order to illustrate the proposed procedure, AWWEs are derived for one-way propagation in acoustic as well as elastic media. While acoustic AWWEs can be considered as modified versions of well-known space-domain OWWEs based on rational approximations of the square root operator, the elastic AWWEs are significantly different from the existing elastic OWWEs. Unlike the existing elastic OWWEs, elastic AWWEs are displacement-based and are applicable to general anisotropic media. Furthermore, AWWEs are simple in their form, and appear amenable to easy numerical implementation.
Las estadisticas comerciales de Puerto Rico: aplicacion y precision. 1828–1870

Hace cuarenta anos ya que V. Andres Alvarez publico una critica de las estadisticas comerciales de Espana que ponia en duda su valor como instrumento de investigacion historica, afirmando que los cambios anuales que desde 1869 se hacian en el valor unitario de las mercancias respondian a presiones politicas; las distorsiones producidas reducirian su utilidad. Desde entonces, Gabriel Tortella y sus colaboradores, seguidos por Leandro Prados de la Escosura, han publicado series de importacion y exportacion de los renglones mas importantes, formados a base de precios corrientes en la prensa comercial de la epoca. Su conclusion fue que, generalmente, las importaciones estaban sobrevaloradas y las exportaciones tasadas en menos de su valor real de 1850 hasta 1913. A diferencia de Andres Alvarez, sin embargo, no creen que la discrepancia llegue a invalidar las estadisticas. Ninguno de los estudios mencionados examinan si las cantidades son fiables, ni tocan al problema del destino final de las exportaciones.
On the Computational Modeling of Human Vision

The effectiveness of biological vision may be due to its use of multiple information sources, multiple representations, and multiple processes. The role of these factors in human vision is examined, with particular attention to lightness perception, visual segregation, and the perception of transparency.
The Reef Fish Assemblage of the Outer Los Angeles Federal Breakwater, 2002–2003

Abstract The conspicuous and cryptic fish assemblage of the Los Angeles Federal Breakwater was assessed from 2002 to 2003. Thirty-five species were observed or collected during the study period. The assemblage of cryptic fishes was composed primarily of a mix of Oregonian and San Diegan, species including snubnose sculpin (Orthonopias triacis), coralline sculpin (Artedius corallinus) and blackeye goby (Rhinogobiops nicholsii). The species composition of conspicuous fishes was approximately equal between taxa from these two provinces. Blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), black perch (Embiotoca jacksoni) and kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus) dominated the assemblage of conspicuous fishes. Species composition reflects the localized cool temperature regime of the area and the high relief kelp forest habitat.
EntEXPO: An Interactive Search System for Entity-Bearing Queries

The paper presents EntEXPO, a search system that aims to improve the search experience for entity-bearing queries. In particular, the system exploits the entities and their relations in the context of query to identify a list of related entities and leverage them in an entity-centric query expansion method to generate more effective search results. Moreover, EntEXPOi¾?displays the related entities along with the search results to allow search users explore entity relationship to further refine the query through an interactive interface.
Modeling Biomolecular Transport at the Nanoscale

Biomolecular transport devices are now being used for drug development and delivery, single molecule manipulation, detection and transport and rapid molecular analysis. Many of these processes are illustrated by natural ion channels which are ion-selective nanoscale conduits in the body which allow nutrients in and waste products out. In this chapter we review the state of the art of modeling and computation of biomolecular transport in what we term synthetic ion nanochannels consisting of rectangular silicon channels for which the walls are negatively charged; we also consider the case where the walls are not charged.We consider computational techniques ranging from continuum models utilizing the Poisson- Nernst-Planck system to molecular dynamic simulations that allow tracking of individual molecules. Biomolecular transport can be modeled by incorporating hindered diffusion concepts and the methods are employed to predict the transport of albumin and glucose in silicon nanochannels. Brownian Dynamics and Molecular Dynamics methods represent techniques that must be used when continuum methods break down and these methods are also reviewed. It should be noted that the exact boundary between continuum methods and molecular simulation methods is not always clear.
Vagal Nerve Stimulation in Autonomic Dysfunction - A Case Study

Background: Autonomic nervous system function is influenced by the balance of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. Management for imbalance of these components causing dysfunction is largely focused on medications primarily improving cardiovascular tone. However, there appears to be an opportunity for therapy by modulating neurotransmission. Methods: Our patient is a nine year old female with history of intractable epilepsy and developmental delay related to confirmed genetic abnormalities and also complaints of episodic pallor, fatigue, light-headedness and headaches concerning for dysautonomia. Results: Our patient underwent vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation for treatment of epilepsy and showed improvement of these symptoms at typical settings. Headup tilt test (HUTT) was subsequently performed and revealed normal findings and no subjective symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. A repeat HUTT was performed five months later with VNS output currents set to zero and revealed cardiovascular changes and clinical symptoms consistent with dysautonomia. With resumption of previous VNS settings, clinical symptoms resolved. Conclusions: Neurotransmission fromvagal afferents to brainstemnuclei is increased during VNS affecting multiple brainstem areas and the cerebral cortex, including regions controlling autonomic function. Studies have suggested a role for VNS in patients with clinical signs of autonomic dysfunction showing improvement in sympathovagal balance after VNS implantation. In our patient, we observed subjective and objective improvement in autonomic function. This initial case demonstrates a phenomenon that requires further study, may lead to improved understanding of autonomic function and the response to vagal nerve stimulation, and possibly a new indication for VNS therapy.
PARENTAL CARE AND MODE OF FERTILIZATION IN ECTOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES.

Why is parental care performed by the female in some species and the male in others? Several answers have been proposed by theoretical studies (Trivers, 1972; Williams, 1975; Dawkins and Carlisle, 1976; Maynard Smith, 1977, 1978; Perrone and Zaret, 1979), but there have been few efforts to test alternative hypotheses against observed patterns of vertebrate parental behavior. The present paper attempts to (1) derive specific predictions from three alternative hypotheses which deal with mode of fertilization (internal versus external) and parental care evolution, and (2) test these predictions using a compilation of published data on occurrence and correlates of parental care in amphibians and teleost fishes. In a recent review of species with male parental care, Ridley (1978) concluded: "The data implicate the mode of fertilization as the most important variable determining which parent is selected to care. Parental care usually correlates with external fertilization. There exists two hypotheses to explain this: certainty of paternity and order of gamete release. It is likely that each is the final (evolutionary) cause in different phylogenetic lineages." The "certainty of paternity" hypothesis stems from the assumption that a male is unlikely to care for offspring if those offspring are not his own genetic progeny (Alexander, 1974). Trivers (1972) hypothesized that reliability of paternity will be affected by mode of fertilization-since external fertilization is without oviposition delay, reliability of paternity may be greater than with internal fertilization.
A previously unrecognized laboratory hazard: hepatitis B antigen-positive control and diagnostic sera.

Typing and control sera routinely used in the clinical laboratory were tested for the presence of hepatitis B antigen by a radioimmunoassay technic. Of the 135 samples tested, 33.3% contained demonstrable HBAg. The antigen was demonstrated in nearly two thirds of the chemistry control sera, as well as typing and control sera used in the hematology, serology, and microbiology sections (40%, 24%, and 6%, respectively). It was concluded: (1) that commercial and noncommercial typing sera and serum controls present a serious hazard of serum hepatitis for all laboratory workers; (2) that stringent, strictly enforced, safety precautions should be instituted in all clinical laboratories to minimize exposure to the agent of serum hepatitis; (3) that manufacturers of such sera, as well as appropriate governmental agencies, should attempt to minimize the potential health hazard of these products.
Exploratory Study of Interoperability Between Tactical and Strategic Separation Assurance Functions

This paper evaluates the interoperability of two elements of the ground-based Advanced Airspace Concept (AAC) separation assurance system: Tactical Separation-Assured Flight Environment (TSAFE) and Autoresolver. Even though they are intended to be independent safety layers of AAC, they still need to work well together to keep aircraft safely separated. However, their interoperability has not been investigated thoroughly. Among other desired behavior, it would be ideal if no maneuver by either system were followed up by a conflict prediction and resolution by the other. Unfortunately, this is not the case because each uses its own distinct trajectory predictor and conflict detection algorithm with time frames that overlap. In fast-time simulations, TSAFE made a conflict prediction after an Autoresolver resolution for the same flight pair about 1 percent of the time and for the maneuvered flight about 2 percent of the time. Extending the threshold for predicted time to loss of separation at which Autoresolver could issue maneuvers from the baseline of 8 minutes to 12 minutes reduced the frequency of these cases by at least half with fewer resolutions and less delay and fuel burn while maintaining zero losses of separation. By comparison, increasing the horizontal separation standard for Autoresolver maneuvers from 7 nautical miles to 10 and 12 nautical miles had little to no effect.
On Cores and Prime Implicants of Truth Functions

What is called a truth-functional formula in (alternational) normal form is built up of sentence letters 'p', 'q', etc., or their negations 'i', 'a', etc., or both, by using only the notations of conjunction and alternation, and in such a way as to subject alternations never to conjunction but only vice versa: thus 'pq v firs v f'. This paper is concerned with the problem of reducing an arbitrary truth-functional formula to a shortest equivalent in normal form. Part of the content of my last previous paper on the subject* will be presented anew in an improved way, and a further theorem will be established. I shall not assume familiarity with my previous papers. Let us sharpen our terminology. Sentence letters and their negations are called literals. Literals and conjunctions of them are called fundamentalformulas, provided that none contains the same letter twice. Fundamental formulas and alternations of them are called normal, and are said to have those fundamental formulas as their clauses. On these definitions, a formula is convertible to nornal form only if it is not self-contradictory; but there is no serious loss in setting aside the self-contradictory cases. A prime implicant of a formula 4) is a fundamental formula that logically implies 4 but ceases to when deprived of any one literal. A normal formula will be called uniliterally redundant if it is equivalent to what remains of itself on dropping some one occurrence of a literal. Obviously then a normal formula is uniliterally redundant if and only if not all its clauses are prime implicants of it. Consequently, in particular,
The Houma Indians’ battle against the ocean

– The Houma Indians reside in the backwaters of the Mississippi Delta, a coastal area that is disappearing due to natural subsidence, sea-level rise, and mismanagements of the ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the causes of this ecocide and the responses addressing such environmental challenges, including scientific strategies, political non-intervention, and the United Houma Nation’s plans for preserving a sense of place and togetherness as a prerequisite for its cultural survival. , – This ethnographic investigation relies on participant observation, and interviews with tribal leaders, fishermen, trappers, as well as scientists and local politicians. In order to grasp the emic perspective, most interviews were conducted in the Houma French dialect. , – The Mississippi Delta epitomizes issues that will shape tomorrow’s world, namely, the vulnerability of coastal areas and the flows of environmental refugees. As shown by this study, coastal residents do not make a passive flux of evacuees responding to state/NGO-run plans. Actually, they are chief agents who either develop resilient strategies or proactive relocation stratagems to avoid ethnocide. Their pragmatic methodologies provide valuable data for any crisis management efforts. , – This research gives a voice to the voiceless, and conveys their existential struggles from within – unlike most studies of endangered communities relying on outsiders’ viewpoints. This perspective depicts the Houmas as actors of their survival who implement diverse tribal strategies for coping with environmental change.
Micro and Nano Material Carriers for Immunomodulation

Modulation of the immune system through the use of micro and nano carriers offers opportunities in transplant tolerance, autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer. In particular, polymeric, lipid, and inorganic materials have been used as carriers of proteins, nucleic acids, and small drug molecules to direct the immune system toward either suppressive or stimulatory states. Current technologies have focused on the use of particulates or scaffolds, the modulation of materials properties, and the delivery of biologics or small drug molecules to achieve a desired response. Discussed are relevant immunology concepts, the types of biomaterial carriers used for immunomodulation highlighting their benefits and drawbacks, the material properties influencing immune responses, and recent examples in the field of transplant tolerance.
Demographics and the charitable estate planning marketplace. Part 1--The changing landscape of planned giving.

This award-winning article will appear in two parts. Part 1 examines demographic changes among older Americans and how such changes will, and should, affect planned giving programs. Part 2, which will appear n in the AHP Fall Journal, will more closely examine the various subgroups within the "mature market."
Results from a Survey of Faculty Adoption of Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) in Computer Science

This paper presents an analysis of CS faculty perceptions of the benefits of POGIL, the obstacles to POGIL adoption, and opportunities for professional development. Participants strongly agreed that with POGIL, students are more engaged and active, develop communication and teamwork skills, and have better learning outcomes. The largest perceived obstacle was lack of preparation time; other obstacles included availability of relevant POGIL activities and pressure to cover more content. Participants expressed a desire for further training and mentoring beyond workshops. Our data analysis also considers bivariate associations and interactions. The results should help to improve professional development for CS faculty adopting evidence-based strategies, and thereby help more CS students to be successful.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors act in synergy to facilitate learning and memory

Understanding how episodic memories are formed and retrieved is necessary if we are to treat disorders in which they malfunction. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in the hippocampus and cortex underlie memory formation, but there is conflicting evidence regarding their role in memory retrieval. Additionally, there is no consensus on which mAChR subtypes are critical for memory processing. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that (1) encoding and retrieval of contextual memory requires mAChR in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC), (2) memory formation requires hippocampal M3 and cooperative activity of RSC M1 and M3, and (3) memory retrieval is more impaired by inactivation of multiple M1-M4 mAChR in DH or RSC than inactivation of individual receptor subtypes. Contrary to the view that acetylcholine supports learning but is detrimental to memory retrieval, we found that coactivation of multiple mAChR is required for retrieval of both recently and remotely acquired context memories. Manipulations with higher receptor specificity were generally less potent than manipulations targeting multiple receptor subtypes, suggesting that mAChR act in synergy to regulate memory processes. These findings provide unique insight into the development of therapies for amnestic symptoms, suggesting that broadly acting, rather than receptor-specific, mAchR agonists and positive allosteric modulators may be the most effective therapeutic approach.
Which Public? Whose Goods? What We Know (and What We Don't) About Public Goods in Rural China

What have we learned from a decade of research on the provision of public goods in the Chinese countryside? This review article surveys the literature in political science, economics and Chinese area studies. It describes the three dominant types of explanations for variation in the quality of public goods: local elections, social sanctioning and economic policies. It then argues that these findings are plagued by a set of common problems. Scholars mean different things when they use the term “public goods,” making their findings difficult to compare. Furthermore, the most common measures of public goods ignore the ways in which local officials manipulate statistics to enhance their career prospects and the interconnected nature of geographic-administrative units in the Chinese state. I suggest some ways to address these problems, and make recommendations for new directions in research on the topic.
Self-Organizing and Error Driven (SOED) artificial neural network for smarter classifications

Abstract Classification tasks are an integral part of science, industry, business, and health care systems; being such a pervasive technique, its smallest improvement is valuable. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the strongest techniques used in many disciplines for classification. The ANN technique suffers from drawbacks such as intransparency in spite of its high prediction power. In this paper, motivated by learning styles in human brains, ANN’s shortcomings are assuaged and its prediction power is improved. Self-Organizing Map (SOM), an ANN variation which has strong unsupervised power, and Feedforward ANN, traditionally used for classification tasks, are hybridized to solidify their benefits and help remove their limitations. The proposed method, which we name Self-Organizing Error-Driven (SOED) Artificial Neural Network, shows significant improvements in comparison with usual ANNs. We show SOED is a more accurate, more reliable, and more transparent technique through experimentation with five different datasets.
Analytic and algebraic geometry : common problems, different methods

Analytic and algebraic geometers often study the same geometric structures but bring different methods to bear on them. While this dual approach has been spectacularly successful at solving problems, the language differences between algebra and analysis also represent a difficulty for students and researchers in geometry, particularly complex geometry. The PCMI program was designed to partially address this language gulf, by presenting some of the active developments in algebraic and analytic geometry in a form suitable for students on the ""other side"" of the analysis-algebra language divide. One focal point of the summer school was multiplier ideals, a subject of wide current interest in both subjects. The present volume is based on a series of lectures at the PCMI summer school on analytic and algebraic geometry. The series is designed to give a high-level introduction to the advanced techniques behind some recent developments in algebraic and analytic geometry. The lectures contain many illustrative examples, detailed computations, and new perspectives on the topics presented, in order to enhance access of this material to non-specialists. Titles in this series are co-published with the Institute for Advanced Study/Park City Mathematics Institute.|Analytic and algebraic geometers often study the same geometric structures but bring different methods to bear on them. While this dual approach has been spectacularly successful at solving problems, the language differences between algebra and analysis also represent a difficulty for students and researchers in geometry, particularly complex geometry. The PCMI program was designed to partially address this language gulf, by presenting some of the active developments in algebraic and analytic geometry in a form suitable for students on the ""other side"" of the analysis-algebra language divide. One focal point of the summer school was multiplier ideals, a subject of wide current interest in both subjects. The present volume is based on a series of lectures at the PCMI summer school on analytic and algebraic geometry. The series is designed to give a high-level introduction to the advanced techniques behind some recent developments in algebraic and analytic geometry. The lectures contain many illustrative examples, detailed computations, and new perspectives on the topics presented, in order to enhance access of this material to non-specialists. Titles in this series are co-published with the Institute for Advanced Study/Park City Mathematics Institute.
Issues and Strategies for Improving Measurement Uncertainties for Solid-State Lighting

Abstract:The use of solid-state lighting (SSL), such as light-emitting-diode (LED) products for general lighting and display applications, has increased dramatically over the past decade. However, ...