cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interview With the 2021 IMS Women in Microwaves Event Chair [Women in Microwaves]

In this article, Sherry Hess, an IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) Administrative Committee member and chair of the Women in Microwaves (WIM) Subcommittee, discusses the 2021 annual WIM event at the IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS2021) with the new event chair, Dr. Rhonda Franklin, a professor at the University of Minnesota (UMN).
Does an Employer Commit a Prohibited Transaction When it Contributes Property in Lieu of Cash to a Pension Plan (91-1677)

In 1974, Congress enacted the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), a broad-reaching statute substantially increasing federal regulation of pension and other employee benefit plans. Among the congressional concerns motivating passage of ERISA were three that are relevant to this case: (1) improving the funding levels of defined benefit plans; (2) curbing the misuse of pension plan assets by employers (and others); and (3) ensuring that employees who participate in defined benefit plans are paid benefits if their plan terminates with insufficient assets to meet its benefit commitments.
Development of Novel Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Models to Study Distal Lung Biology and Disease

Many acute and chronic lung diseases affect the distal lung alveoli. Although airway-derived human cell lines exist, alveolar epithelial cell (AEC)-derived lines are needed to better model these diseases. By first expanding human primary AECs in medium containing ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, then transducing with lentivirus carrying Simian virus 40 Large T antigen (SV40 LgT), we have generated and characterized three novel immortalized cell lines from separate lung donors. These cell lines grow as epithelial monolayers expressing lung progenitor markers SOX9 and SOX2, with little to no expression of mature AEC markers. Co-cultured in three-dimensions (3D) with lung fibroblasts, the cells form NKX2-1+ organoids expressing mature AEC markers AQP5 and GPRC5A. Single cell RNA-sequencing of an AEC line in 2D versus 3D revealed increased cellular heterogeneity and induction of cytokine and lipoprotein signaling, consistent with organoid formation. Activating WNT and FGF pathways resulted in larger organoids. Our approach appears to yield lung progenitor lines that retain a genetic and structural memory of their alveolar cell lineage despite long-term expansion and whose differentiation may be modulated under various 3D conditions. These cell lines provide a valuable new system to model the distal lung in vitro.
Loop-seq: A high-throughput technique to measure the mesoscale mechanical properties of DNA.

Abstract The local mechanical properties of the DNA polymer influence molecular processes in biology that require mechanical deformations of DNA. Lack of suitable high-throughput experimental techniques had precluded measuring how these properties might vary with sequence along the vast lengths of genomes. Here, we present a detailed protocol for a recently developed experimental technique called loop-seq, which measures at least one local mechanical property of DNA—its propensity to cyclize—in genome-scale throughput. Loop-seq has been used to obtain experimentally derived genome-wide maps of a physical property of DNA. Such measurements have revealed that diverse DNA-deforming processes involved in chromatin organization at various genomic loci are regulated by the genetically encoded, sequence-dependent variations in the mechanical properties of DNA.
Acute Pulmonary Edema

Fluid movement from the pulmonary capillaries into the interstitial space occurs continuously and is drained by the lymphatics. With increased leakage or decreased clearance, excessive extravascular lung water accumulates, initially as interstitial edema and subsequently as alveolar edema. The most common cause of pulmonary edema is an increase in microvascular hydrostatic pressure. An increased permeability of the capillaries is the other mechanism of production of pulmonary edema. An acute, critical reduction in colloid osmotic pressure may play a contributory role in pulmonary edema even at normal hydrostatic pressures. Dyspnea, diaphoresis, and anxiety characterize the clinical picture. A history of heart disease and congestive heart failure may be present in CPE, whereas evidence of an inciting event or disease process suggests NCPE. Hypoxia, decreased lung compliance, and increased shunt fraction are seen in both types of pulmonary edema, but the duration of pulmonary edema tends to be more severe and prolonged in NCPE. Evidence of increased permeability in NCPE distinguishes it from CPE. Clinically, this is assumed when pulmonary edema is demonstrated at normal PCWP and when edema fluid protein concentration and COP are close to those of plasma. The management of pulmonary edema consists of the improvement of gas exchange by methods that range from supplemental oxygen administration to mechanical ventilatory support with PEEP, depending on the severity of the disturbance in lung function. Improvement in myocardial function and a decrease in pulmonary congestion are accomplished with diuretics and morphine; in those patients who do not respond to this therapy, manipulation of preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility by vasodilators and inotropic agents may be required. In acute pulmonary edema, intravenously administered agents with a short half-life and rapid onset of action are preferred. The role of colloids in the treatment of pulmonary edema is controversial. The indications for the use of corticosteroids in ARDS are controversial, and an optimum dose has not been determined. Many clinicians tend to choose steroids to treat these patients, but the value of these agents in this setting awaits the results of controlled trials now under way.
Who Plays the Lottery? Findings from New Jersey Lottery Sales

Despite the very unfavorable odd, many people play the game all over the world and the number of participants appears to be growing. Researchers have performed empirical tests relating lottery sales to variables such as income, education, age, ethnicity, among others. However, there is no clear consensus on who these players are. In this paper, we attempt to provide a clearer profile of lottery players. In addition, we are also interested in learning who is driving the growth in lottery sales. According to our preliminary results, we find the following very interesting and insightful results. First, it appears that female tends to purchase lotteries than their male counterpart, especially younger and older segments of the population. Second, families living with below average income level appear to purchase more lottery tickets while families at the top of income level do the opposite. In addition, as the family income level rises from below average to a high level, lottery sales decline. Third, increases in the proportion of non-White population in the area leads to a greater increase in lottery sales. The greatest impact comes from the Black population. Lastly, as residents’ education level increases, from HS degree to graduate degree, his/her demand for lottery games decline.
Studies of the metastable decay of met-cars: The vanadium and niobium systems

Abstract The decay fractions and metastable decomposition channels were measured for VmC+n and NbmC+n clusters using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. These measurements for the VmC+n clusters reveal stable (8, 12) and (8, 13) met-car species. However, under the present experimental conditions, the NbmC+n clusters display dominantly cubic structures, but the decay fraction and metastable decomposition measurements also show the presence of a stable (8, 12) species in the parent cluster spectrum. This evidence indicates that cubic structures and met-cars are being formed simultaneously for the niobium system.
Genetic and Phenotypic Consequences of Introgression Between Humans and Neanderthals

Strong evidence for introgression of Neanderthal genes into parts of the modern human gene pool has recently emerged. The evidence indicates that some populations of modern humans have received infusions of genes from two different groups of Neanderthals. One of these Neanderthal groups lived in the Middle East and Central Europe and the other group (the Denisovans) is known to have lived in Central Asia and was probably more widespread. This review examines two questions. First, how were these introgressions detected and what does the genetic evidence tell us about their nature and extent? We will see that an unknown but possibly large fraction of the entire Neanderthal gene complement may have survived in modern humans. Even though each modern European and Asian carries only a few percent of genes that can be traced back to Neanderthals, different individuals carry different subgroups of these introgressed genes. Second, what is the likelihood that this Neanderthal genetic legacy has had phenotypic effects on modern humans? We examine evidence for and against the possibility that some of the surviving fragments of Neanderthal genomes have been preserved by natural selection, and we explore the ways in which more evidence bearing on this question will become available in the future.
Scaled CFS-PML: it is more robust, more accurate, more efficient, and simple to implement. Why aren't you using it?

An efficient scaling strategy of the complex-frequency shifted (CFS) form of the perfectly matched layer (PML) media is presented for the termination of FDTD lattices. It is found that the proposed formulation accurately absorbs both evanescent and propagating waves, can be placed extremely close to edge discontinuities, and can lead to a significant reduction in PML layer thickness as compared to existing PML formulations. The formulation is also posed in a material independent form for the termination of domains composed of general homogeneous or inhomogeneous media.
Protein Folding: Detailed Models

Proteins play a fundamental role in biology. With their ability to perform numerous biological roles, including acting as catalysts, antibodies, and molecular signals, proteins today realize many of the goals that modern nanotechnology aspires to. However, before proteins can carry out these remarkable molecular functions, they must perform another amazing feat — they must assemble themselves. This process of protein self-assembly into a particular shape, or “fold” is called protein folding. Due to the importance of the folded state in the biological activity of proteins, recent interest from misfolding related diseases [1], as well as a fascination of just how this process occurs [2, 3, 4], there has been much work performed in order to unravel the mechanism of protein folding [5].
Optimal control of a single link flexible manipulator

An exact state-space dynamic model for manipulator with flexible links is considered. The Bernoulli-Euler beam equations are used to derive a frequency domain matrix transfer function. This transfer function is then used to computer the Laplace transform of the state vector as a function of lateral position along a single link manipulator. The problem of optimal end-point control of the beam is addressed. A sixth-order state-space model is derived for the manipulator and the controller is based on this model. Several control laws are studied for this model. The manipulator is modeled as eighth-order, but the control law based on the sixth-order model is retained. The six states are estimated from the output of the eighth-order model. These states are fed back to the controller to derive the control torque used to drive the manipulator. A filter is introduced to compensate for spillover. The results are satisfactory, and are illustrated by simulated case studies. >
Data representation and lexical calculi

Abstract Notational systems familiar from the elements of discrete mathematical structures are reviewed, extended, and compared for effectiveness in human and mechanical pragmatics. They include representations of labelled trees, simple- and multi-graphs, such as are applied in discussions of data structures, linguistic expressions, state diagrams and flow charts, and the variety of meta-languages for specifying automata, finite state and context-free languages. The algebraic and other structures implied by these notations are discussed, and their use in calculi providing efficient algorithms are illustrated. Examples include: (1) path-naming notations and the calculus of paths, with applications to addressing systems in trees, finite and infinite, and their homomorphic mapping onto graphs; (2) the extension and use of these notations in computing regular expressions from state-diagrams and parsing ambiguities in context-free languages; (3) the use of the resulting calculi in computing unification conditions and equivalence classes of expressions when the representation languages are extended by “monogenic” and “polygenic” systems of explicit definitions.
NADPD isotope effect on activity of emodin deoxygenase

Abstract Thermoanaerobium brokii alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed the transfer of the pro 4H s hydrogen of NADPH. The effect of 4-deuteration of NADPH on
The Economic History of the Ganges To the End of Gupta Times

North of Kedarnath, and about i8 miles from Gangotri, the Bhagirathi River gathers in the central Himilayas and flows from a cave in Gowmukh, beginning its 15oo mile journey to the Bay of Bengal. Literally the mouth of the cow, Gowmukh is at 13,500 feet, deep in the Gangotri glacier. From here the river descends to Gangotri, a small town of pandas, yogis, and priests. At Deoprayag, 90 miles to the south, it joins with the Alakananda and becomes the Ganges, the most sacred river in India.
Early and late outcome of cardiac surgery in dialysis-dependent patients: single-center experience with 245 consecutive patients.

Objective Previous studies on outcome of cardiac surgery and its predictors in patients with preoperative kidney failure requiring dialysis have included small numbers of patients with limited follow-up. In addition, predictors of long-term outcome are not well characterized. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for 6694 patients, including 245 (3.7%) patients with end-stage kidney failure requiring dialysis who underwent cardiac surgery between January 1998 and September 2006. Potential predictors of hospital mortality, complications, and late survival were retrospectively analyzed by using multivariate regression models. Results Patients with end-stage kidney failure requiring dialysis had a 3.9-times higher hospital mortality rate compared with other cardiac surgery patients (12.7% vs 3.6%, P Conclusions Preoperative renal failure requiring dialysis is associated with a significant increase in hospital mortality, postoperative sepsis, and respiratory failure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In these patients long-term survival is particularly reduced in the presence of advanced atherosclerotic disease.
Ecological depth perception: Ducklings tested together and alone

Ducklings were placed either singly or in pairs on a platform at two different heights. Both height and pairing influenced performance: More ducklings descended from the platform at low heights, and more single ducklings descended than paired ducklings. The social factor, pairing, made behavior more cautious and decreased the number of distress calls. A similar trend for pairing to influence performance was shown on the visual cliff. Without its peers, the duckling is a distressed animal. Previous careless behavior by ducklings on the visual cliff may be ascribed to testing the ducklings outside their normal social environment.
EEG abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder.

Abstract Forty-six patients with bipolar illness were evaluated with scalp-recorded electroencephalograms. Familial pattern of psychopathology was evaluated between groups with clinically normal and abnormal EEG tracings. Those with abnormal EEGs were noted to have a significantly negative family history of effective disorder when compared to the EEG normal group. These results may support the concept of some patients with mania having an acquired illness which occurs independent from its genetic loading.
Nutritional status and insecticide tolerance in German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae).

The interrelationship of two extrinsic factors-nutrition and pesticide exposure— was studied in German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). Amount of dietary protein had no effect on susceptibility of male German cockroaches to propoxur and chlorpyrifos; however, the source of protein produced significant changes in insecticide susceptibility. Increased total body lipids, carbohydrates, and uric acid may have resulted in increased tolerance to these insecticides. Three days of food or water deprivation (or both) caused significant differences in susceptibility to chlorpyrifos and propoxur.
Cloud mobile gaming: modeling and measuring user experience in mobile wireless networks

With the evolution of mobile devices and networks, and the growing trend of mobile Internet access, rich multi-player gaming using mobile devices, similar to PC-based Internet games, has tremendous potential and interest. However, the current client-server architecture for PC-based Internet games, where most of the storage and computational burden of the game lies with the client device, does not work with mobile devices, constraining mobile gaming to either downloadable, single player games, or very light non-interactive versions of the rich multi-player Internet games. In this article, we study a cloud server based mobile gaming approach, termed Cloud Mobile Gaming (CMG), where the burden of executing the gaming engine is put on cloud servers, and the mobile devices just communicate the users' gaming commands to the servers. We analyze the factors affecting the Quality of user Experience (QoE) using the CMG approach, including the game genres, video settings, the conditions of server and client, and the conditions of the wireless network. A Mobile Gaming User Experience (MGUE) model is developed and validated through controlled subjective testing. We also develop a prototype for in-service measuring MGUE, and then use it to characterize user experience achievable using the CMG approach in a mobile cellular network. The MGUE model developed and validated in this article will be helpful for researchers and service providers to develop and assess the performance of future cloud mobile gaming techniques and services.
Variability in cigarette smoking within and between adolescent friendship cliques.

Abstract Research has consistency shown that adolescent smoking is related to friends' smoking, yet smoking in the context of adolescent peer groups (friendship cliques) has been little studied. Formal network analysis was used to identify 87 adolescent friendship cliques in a sample of 1,092 ninth graders at five schools. There was intraclique homogeneity and interlicque heterogeneity in current cigarette smoking, conforming that smokers tend to be in cliques with smokers and nonsmokers tend to be with nonsmokers. Most cliques were comprised entirely or mostly of nonsmokers, suggesting that friendship cliques may contribute mopre to the maintenace of smoking than to the onset and maintenace of smoking. Prevention and research implications are discussed.
Neutralizing antibodies take a swipe at HIV in vivo.

Developing an effective AIDS vaccine may hinge on understanding how to elicit antibodies that recognize and disable the HIV virus—but first, experiments in people must show that such antibodies are even useful in controlling infection. Information from a recent human trial provides hope that controlling the virus by neutralizing antibodies might be possible. And another study examines why the antibodies are so difficult to elicit ( pages 615–622 ).
High Speed Striation Pattern Recognition In Contracting Cardiac Myocytes

The understanding of muscle contraction and relaxation requires the quantitation of movement at the sub-micron level in living cells. Two complementary non-RS-170 imaging systems used for authentic real time measurement of contractile dynamics are described and compared. Images from isolated skeletal or cardiac muscle cells are projected by an optical microscope onto single line or area charge-coupled device (CCD) photodiode arrays. These data are digitized and stored for subsequent image processing and analysis. The inherently low contrast muscle striation patterns are enhanced and their rapid movement measured with an accuracy at least an order of magnitude greater than traditional limits of optical resolution. The features of each image format are complementary and when combined provide the maximum overall information in time and space.
Mutational and clinical predictors of pathologic complete response in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.

Purpose Preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma achieves pathologic complete response (pCR) in 8–20 % of patients. Mutations in critical cancer genes may contribute to lack of pCR. We retrospectively evaluated our institutional experience to determine potential mutational and clinical predictors of pCR in patients treated with CRT.
Flow processes in the dry regime : the effect on capillary barrier performance

Engineered capillary barriers typically consist of two layers of granular materials designed so that the contrast in material hydraulic properties and sloping interface retains infiltrating water in the upper layer. We report here on the results of two bench-top capillary barrier experiments, interpretation, and numerical modeling. We measured hydraulic parameters for two coarse materials using standard methods and found that the materials had similar hydraulic properties despite being morphologically different (round vs. angular). The round sand provided a better functioning capillary barrier than the angular sand, but neither experiment could be characterized as a perfectly working capillary barrier. In both cases, more than 93% of the infiltrating water was successfully diverted from the lower layer, however, infiltration into the underlying layer was observed in both systems. Based on this work, we believe that non-continuum processes such as vapor diffusion and film flow contribute to the observed phenomena and are important aspects to consider with respect to capillary barrier design, as well as dry vadose zone processes in general. Using a theoretical film flow equation that incorporates the surface geometry of the porous material we found that infiltration into the coarse underlying sand layer appeared to be dominated by water filmmore » flow. The NUFT (Non-isothermal Unsaturated-saturated Flow and Transport) model was used for qualitative comparison simulations. We were able to reproduce the barrier breach observed in the experiments using targeted parameter adjustment, by which pseudo-film flow was successfully simulated.« less
Overlapping Shockley/Frank Faults in 4H-SiC PiN Diodes

Using light emission imaging (LEI), we have determined that not all planar defects in 4H-SiC PiN diodes expand in response to bias. Accordingly, plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of these diodes indicate that these static planar defects are different in structure from the mobile stacking faults (SFs) that have been previously observed in 4H-SiC PiN diodes. Bright and dark field TEM observations reveal that such planar defects are bounded by partial dislocations, and that the SFs associated with these partials display both Frank and Shockley character. That is, the Burgers vector of such partial dislocations is 1/12. For sessile Frank partial dislocations, glide is severely constrained by the need to inject either atoms or vacancies into the expanding faulted layer. Furthermore, these overlapping SFs are seen to be fundamentally different from other planar defects found in 4H-SiC.
Linkage mapping of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene to 1p36.2 using the single-strand conformation polymorphism technique.

We identified two informative polymorphisms in the transcribed 3′ untranslated region of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene using the poly-merase chain reaction (PCR) with the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. These poly-morphisms demonstrated Mendelian inheritance and were useful for linkage analysis. TNFR2 was very closely linked to the pronatriodilatin gene (PND), and the TNFR2 SSCP polymorphisms were much more informative than the restriction fragment length polymorphisms currently available for the PND locus. In addition, we have demonstrated that genotyping could be performed with DNA obtained from paraffin-embedded tissue.
Localization of lipoprotein-delivered benzoporphyrin derivative in the rabbit eye

PURPOSE. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD-MA or verteporfin®) is currently under investigation for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization. We investigated the localization of this photosensitizer using fluorescence microscopy and quantified its presence in ocular tissues after porphyrin extraction using fluorescence spectroscopy. METHODS. Albino rabbits were administered 2mg/kg BPD-MA pre-complexed with low density lipoprotein (LDL) intravenously, or given no treatment. The eyes were enucleated at intervals between 5 minutes and 24 hours after dye injection and were studied with light and fluorescence microscopy, or dissected for porphyrin extraction. RESULTS. At 5 minutes after dye injection, there was bright fluorescence from the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with trace retinal outer segment fluorescence. After 20 minutes, there was increased photoreceptor outer segment and RPE fluorescence but decreased choroidal fluoresc...
Natural gas internal combustion engine hybrid passenger vehicle

The implementation of hybrid electric vehicles powered with alternative fuels is critical in reducing national dependence on imported crude oil, addressing the detrimental environmental impact of increasing petroleum usage worldwide, and sustaining the national economy. The question is not whether changes should be made, but instead centers on identifying pathways that will lead to the greatest environmental and economic benefits. To avoid misuse of limited infrastructure investment, the objective of this research is to consider a broad range of relevant factors to determine desirable power plant–fuel combinations for hybrid electric vehicles. In the long term, fuel cells may dominate this application, but at least in the short term, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) will not likely offer immediate substantial benefit over internal combustion (IC) engines. Environmentally friendly operation of the PEMFC results partly due to low-temperature operation but primarily due to the requirement of a clean fuel, hydrogen. In addition, the differential benefits from power plant choice can be overshadowed by the advantages obtained from hybrid electric vehicle technology and alternative fuels. Consequently, the fuel flexibility of IC engines provides an advantage over the relatively fuel inflexible PEMFC. The methane/hythane IC engine hybrid option, as developed and presented here, is a promising pathway that avoids the barriers encountered with conventional non-hybrid natural gas vehicles, namely range, power and fueling infrastructure difficulties. Dynamometer testing of the natural gas hybrid prototype on the certification FTP-72 duty cycle revealed very low emissions and mileage greater than 33 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent. This hybrid option utilizes a domestic, cost-effective fuel with renewable sources. With multi-fuel capability (methane, hythane and gasoline) it is also designed for use within the emerging hydrogen market. This hybrid option offers reliability and cost-effective technology with immediate wide spread market availability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase and frequency controlled femtosecond laser for metrology and single-cycle nonlinear optics

We stabilize the spacing and position of the frequency-domain modes of a femtosecond laser to 2.5 mHz and 2 kHz (in 1 s), respectively.
The L-type channel antagonist isradipine is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are due to the progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Nothing is known to slow the progression of the disease, making the identification of potential neuroprotective agents of great clinical importance. Previous studies using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have shown that antagonism of L-type Ca2+ channels protects SNc DA neurons. However, this was not true in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model. One potential explanation for this discrepancy is that protection in the 6-OHDA model requires greater antagonism of Cav1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels thought to underlie vulnerability and this was not achievable with the low affinity dihydropyridine (DHP) antagonist used. To test this hypothesis, the DHP with the highest affinity for Cav1.3L-type channels-isradipine-was systemically administered and then the DA toxin 6-OHDA injected intrastriatally. Twenty-five days later, neuroprotection and plasma concentration of isradipine were determined. This analysis revealed that isradipine produced a dose-dependent sparing of DA fibers and cell bodies at concentrations achievable in humans, suggesting that isradipine is a potentially viable neuroprotective agent for PD.
The spectrum of cytologic features in nonproliferative breast lesions.

BACKGROUND The reliability of cytologic criteria to classify nonproliferative breast lesions (NPBL) is still debated. Sampling error and heterogeneity of breast lesions complicates the histologic correlation of fine-needle aspiration results further. METHODS To provide optimal cytohistologic correlation, two smears (one that was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and one that was stained with Diff-Quik [American Scientific Products, McGraw Park, IL]) were prepared from specific tissue sections from breast biopsies without mass lesions. The 42 cases classified as NPBL histologically were included in the current study. The cytologic features of the smears were evaluated. RESULTS Cellularity ranged from low (40% of cases) to moderate (50% of cases) to high (7% of cases). The cells were arranged in small clusters in 79% of cases, were mixed with large sheets in 17% of cases, and were in large sheets in 2% of cases. Intact lobules were noted in 31%. The configuration of the epithelial groups was complex in 62% of cases. Myoepithelial cells in the background and within the epithelial groups were noted in all the specimens. The percentage of single epithelial cells was < 10 in 38% of cases, 10–20 in 41%, and 20–30 in 19%. Mild nuclear enlargement and overlap, micronucleoli, and mild chromatin clumping were noted in a significant number of cases. CONCLUSIONS NPBL have been found to have a wide spectrum of cytologic appearances. At one end of the spectrum, smears are cellular with up to 30% single cells and large sheets in a complex configuration and exhibit nuclear enlargement and overlap and prominent nucleoli, features that overlap with those described in proliferative breast lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:140–145. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Cyclic estradiol replacement increases the satiety effect of CCK-8 in ovariectomized rats

The influence of cyclic ovarian hormone replacement therapy on the satiety effect of exogenous CCK-8 was determined to investigate the mechanism mediating the preestrous decrease in meal size in female rats. Once weekly, food-deprived ovariectomized rats were IP injected with 0.5-4 micrograms/kg CCK-8 and offered 0.4-0.8 M sucrose 52 h after the second of two daily SC injections of 2.5 or 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate or vehicle and 4 h after 500 mg progesterone or vehicle. In each of three tests, estradiol significantly increased CCK-8's inhibitory effect on sucrose intake. In contrast, progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol did not consistently influence the satiating potency of CCK-8. The interaction of estradiol and CCK-8 was clearest for the dose of 4 micrograms/kg CCK-8. The interaction occurred during diurnal tests and during dark-onset tests in which estradiol did not decrease baseline sucrose intake. These results demonstrate that a cyclic regimen of estradiol replacement in ovariectomized rats is sufficient to enhance the satiating effect of exogenous CCK-8 and that simultaneous progesterone treatment does not influence this effect. Potentiation of the satiating effect of CCK released from the small intestine by ingested food may be one of the mechanisms by which food intake decreases during the period of high estrogen concentration in the estrus cycle.
A Review of Effectiveness of Group Work with Children of Divorce

This article reviews the published studies of the effectiveness of major group work programs, mainly implemented in schools, which address the stressful impact of parental divorce on children. Focused short-term program group work has shown to be modestly effective in helping children of divorce. However, methodological issues exist in regard to the evaluation studies, related to research design, program fidelity, biased ratings, and the overreliance on measures that focus on psychopathology and ignore coping and adaptation.
Dispositional and contextual perspectives on coping: toward an integrative framework.

The clinical disciplines have witnessed a rapidly growing literature on the conceptualization and measurement of coping and on the role of coping in confronting stressful life circumstances and maintaining adaptive functioning. This literature has spawned a diversity of concepts and contrasting perspectives on the determinants and effects of coping. To address this complexity, we comment on dispositional and contextual perspectives on the coping process, describe the domains of coping styles and coping skills, and review some measures of these constructs. Next, we present a conceptual framework that integrates key aspects of these constructs and use the framework to guide a selective review of the linkages between personal and social resources, coping skills, and adaptive functioning. We then consider applications of the framework to clinical practice.
“What problems do you confront?” an approach to doing qualitative research

Social life is filled with problems — situations that are perceived and defined as problems by individuals as they interact with each other. As such, these problems are often of more concern to those individuals than are other matters. The sociologist can gain insight into the structure of social relations by focusing the investigation on those problems rather than directly on the underlying structure. That is, the discussion of the problems that those being studied see in their situation or setting is revealing of the structured relations in those settings. This approach to doing social research is illustrated by two of the author's studies — one a study of an emergency department, and the second a study of how commercial art galleries affect the production and consumption of art.
FOIA, federal information policy, and information availability in a post-9/11 world

Abstract Access to government records is increasingly shifting to a nether world-governed neither by the FOIA and the Privacy Act, nor by an executive order on classification. Instead, new categories of records, labeled “sensitive but unclassified,” “for official use only,” or “critical infrastructure information,” are being created in a variety of agencies, and are governed by agency regulations. Statutory authority is found in a number of separate laws, such as the Homeland Security Act and the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. These categories can be assigned by agency officials, contractors, or those in the private sector who originated the records; many records categorized this way are not subject to appeal or review by agencies or the courts, or to any automatic “declassification” process that has applied to documents withheld under the FOIA or subject to classification. Trends toward increased secrecy at all levels of government have become sufficiently alarming that individuals across the political spectrum have begun to speak out, and members of the access community (e.g., newspaper editors and public interest groups) have formed coalitions to focus debate on the need to rethink the balance of access with privacy and records protection, and to lobby actively for reinstatement of principles of access that have governed records policy for the past 35 years.
Assessing the influence of different cation chemistries on ionic conductivity and alkaline stability of anion exchange membranes

Polysulfone (PSF) backbones were functionalized with reactive chloromethyl groups for preparing thin film anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with fixed benzyl quaternary cations. Three different cation chemistries of varying basicity were evaluated: 1,4-dimethylpiperazinium (DMP+), trimethylammonium (TMA+), and trimethylphosphonium (TMP+). The water uptake, ionic conductivity, and stability in alkaline media of these AEMs were assessed with both chloride and hydroxide counteranions. The results obtained revealed that the basicity value of the free base conjugate of the functionalized quaternary cations correlated well with gains in ionic conductivity. Cation basicity also correlated well with the alkaline stability of cations with the same inorganic atom, but was not an appropriate heuristic for comparing alkaline stability across cations with different inorganic atoms. The alkaline stability studies indicated that the primal degradation pathway of the TMA+ cation differed from that of the TMP+ cation (direct nucleophilic attack versus ylide formation). PSF with TMA+ and DMP+ cations were demonstrated to show alkaline fuel cell performance that reflected their respective ionic conductivity values.
Pepsin as a causal agent of inflammation during nonacidic reflux.

Abstract Objective To investigate the contribution of pepsin to inflammation attributed to nonacidic gastric reflux via analysis of inflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor gene expression in pepsin-treated human hypopharyngeal epithelial cells in vitro. Study Design Translational research. Setting This study was performed in an academic research laboratory. Subjects and Methods Human hypopharyngeal epithelial cells were incubated with or without pepsin (0.1 mg/mL) at pH 7.4, 37°C, overnight. Expression of 84 inflammatory cytokines and cytokine receptors was analyzed via RT2 qPCR array. Results Expression of a number of inflammatory cytokines and receptors was altered in human hypopharyngeal epithelial cells following overnight treatment with pepsin at neutral pH. Greater than 1.5-fold change in gene expression was detected for CCL20, CCL26, IL8, IL1F10, IL1A, IL5, BCL6, CCR6, and CXCL14 (P Conclusion Exposure of hypopharyngeal cells to pepsin in a nonacidic environment induces the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptors, including those known to be involved in inflammation of esophageal epithelium in response to reflux and which contribute to the pathophysiology of reflux esophagitis. These data indicate that refluxed pepsin may contribute to laryngeal inflammation associated with nonacidic gastric reflux, including that experienced by patients despite maximal acid suppression therapy.
E-cadherin is a WT1 target gene.

The WT1 tumor suppressor gene encodes a transcription factor that can activate and repress gene expression. Transcriptional targets relevant for the growth suppression functions of WT1 are poorly understood. We found that mesenchymal NIH 3T3 fibroblasts stably expressing WT1 exhibit growth suppression and features of epithelial differentiation including up-regulation of E-cadherin mRNA. Acute expression of WT1 in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts after retroviral infection induced murine E-cadherin expression. In transient transfection experiments, the human and murine E-cadherin promoters were activated by co-expression of WT1. E-cadherin promoter activity was increased in cells overexpressing WT1 and was blocked by a dominant negative form of WT1. WT1 activated the murine E-cadherin promoter through a conserved GC-rich sequence similar to an EGR-1 binding site as well as through a CAAT box sequence. WT1 producedin vitro or derived from nuclear extracts bound to the WT1-response element within the murine E-cadherin promoter, but not the CAAT box. E-cadherin, a gene important in epithelial differentiation and neoplastic transformation, represents a downstream target gene that links the roles of the WT1 in differentiation and growth control.
Hemoglobin redux: combining neutron and X-ray diffraction with mass spectrometry to analyse the quaternary state of oxidized hemoglobins.

Improvements in neutron diffraction instrumentation are affording the opportunity to re-examine the structures of vertebrate hemoglobins and to interrogate proton and solvent position changes between the different quaternary states of the protein. For hemoglobins of unknown primary sequence, structural studies of cyanomethemoglobin (CNmetHb) are being used to help to resolve sequence ambiguity in the mass spectra. These studies have also provided additional structural evidence for the involvement of oxidized hemoglobin in the process of erythrocyte senescence. X-ray crystal studies of Tibetan snow leopard CNmetHb have shown that this protein crystallizes in the B state, a structure with a more open dyad, which possibly has relevance to RBC band 3 protein binding and erythrocyte senescence. R-state equine CNmetHb crystal studies elaborate the solvent differences in the switch and hinge region compared with a human deoxyhemoglobin T-­state neutron structure. Lastly, comparison of histidine protonation between the T and R state should enumerate the Bohr-effect protons.
Corn Response to Starter Fertilizer and Tillage across and within Fields Having No-Till Management Histories

Corn (Zea mays L.) early growth often is slower in no-tilled than tilled soils. Starter fertilization usually increases early plant growth but has inconsistent effects on grain yield. This study assessed (i) starter and tillage effects on corn grain yield, dry weight (DW), and N, P, and K uptake at the V5-V6 stage and (ii) the within-field variation of responses. Seven replicated strip trials were conducted on fields previously managed with no-tillage using yield monitors and global positioning systems (GPS). Treatments were no-starter and liquid starter with or without tillage and were applied in addition to farmers' normal broadcast NPK rates. Starter applied 3.9 to 27.2 kg N ha -1 , 5.2 to 24.2 kg P ha -1 , and 0 to 4.1 kg K ha -1 across fields. The tillage treatment was spring disking or strip tillage. Tillage increased (P ≤ 0.05) yield in four fields (210-500 kg ha -1 ), starter increased yield in three fields (93-522 kg ha -1 ), and both treatments usually increased DW and nutrient uptake. There were no treatment interactions. Tillage and starter fertilization did not influence yield variability but increased DW and nutrient uptake variability. Soil test results (P, K, pH, and organic matter) or soil series could not always identify fields where starter would increase yield. However, in two fields, starter increased yield only in areas with Bray-1 soil P < 16 mg P kg -1 . On average, tillage increased yield 2.5%, starter increased yield 1.1%, and DW or nutrient uptake responses to either treatment were 20 to 30%. Large DW and nutrient uptake responses to starter did not translate into large or frequent yield responses.
Computational studies of gas phase reactions of carbon chain anions with N and O atoms

Experimental studies of gas phase reactions of carbanions with N and O atoms have been reported previously to understand ion chemistry relevant to the interstellar medium. In all cases reactions of anions with O atoms exhibit larger reaction rate constants compared to the corresponding N atom reactions. In addition, the open-shell carbon chain anions exhibit higher reactivities than the corresponding closed-shell species in N atom reactions, whereas similar reactivities were observed for both open and closed-shell anions in O atom reactions. These trends are investigated by the current theoretical study of the reactions of HCn−(n = 2, 4, and 6) and Cn− (n = 2, 4–7) with N and O atoms. Our results indicate that spin-forbidden processes are the probable pathways in reactions of closed-shell anions HCn− with N atoms, and spin conversion limits the reaction efficiency. In reactions of open-shell anions Cn− with N atoms, about 50% of the collisions may proceed through spin-allowed barrierless pathways, which results in relatively higher reaction efficiencies than for the closed-shell reactions. For reactions of all anions with O atoms, the spin-allowed barrierless pathways are the only channels, such that all reactions occur with very high efficiencies. This work provides a greater understanding of the influence of spin effects on the reactivities of anion reactions involving N and O atoms that may be important in the interstellar medium.
Ultrastructural and time-lapse studies on the replication cycle of the blue-green algal virus LPP-1

Abstract The progress of lysis along the filaments of virus-infected algae, Plectonema boryanum , has been followed by means of time-lapse photography using phase optics. The period of time required to lyse cells is approximately 45 seconds. It is suggested that viral DNA is formed in the nucleoplasm. From there it is thought to move into spaces between the photosynthetic lamellae, where comparatively large helices measuring 180 A in diameter begin to develop. These in turn move into the virogenic stroma where the helix receives its protein coat and is compressed into the shape of the mature particle. The conformation and nature of the helix are discussed.
Fcc breathing instability in BaBiO 3 from first principles

We present first-principles density-functional calculations using the local density approximation to investigate the structural instability of cubic perovskite ${\mathrm{BaBiO}}_{3}$. This material might exhibit charge disproportionation and some evidence thereof has been linked to the appearance of an additional fourth peak in the experimental IR spectrum. However, our results suggest that the origin of this additional peak can be understood within the picture of a simple structural instability. While the true instability consists of an oxygen-octahedra breathing distortion and a small octahedra rotation, we find that the breathing alone in a fcc-type cell doubling is sufficient to explain the fourth peak in the IR spectrum. Our results show that the oscillator strength of this particular mode is of the same order of magnitude as the other three modes, in agreement with experiment.
Physiological and genomic consequences of adrenergic deficiency during embryonic/fetal development in mice: impact on retinoic acid metabolism

Adrenergic hormones are essential for early heart development. To gain insight into understanding how these hormones influence heart development, we evaluated genomic expression changes in embryoni...
Women's Resistance Strategies to Different Rapist Types

Women's resistance strategies to rape were examined using police reports and the court testimonies of 147 women who either had avoided rape or were raped by subsequently incarcerated rapists. Analyses examined whether particular resistance strategies used by women were differentially effective in response to attacks by different types of rapists. The results provided little evidence that the type of rapist influenced the efficacy of women's resistance strategies for avoiding rape and physical injury. This overall lack of significance suggests that previous findings showing that women's use of forceful resistance strategies enhances their ability to avoid rape without increasing their physical injury are accurate and do not need to be qualified based on the type of rapist committing the assault.