cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical properties of plasticized polyelectrolytes

Previous work on polymeric systems containing dissolved electrolytes (R. M. Fuoss, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 61, 2329 (1939); D. J. Mead and R. M. Fuoss, ibid., 67, 1566 (1945): W. N. Maclay and R. M. Fuoss, ibid., 73, 4065 (1951)) has shown that such systems, as usually measured, exhibit an ionic conductance which depends on the voltage used, in the measurements and on the duration of the test. Furthermore, the dielectric constant is unexpectedly high and the total a.c. loss factor is much greater than that caluclated from the d.c. ionic conductance. Our present work shows that much of the variation in d.c. conductance can be ascribed to electrode polarization. By partially quaternizing poly-4-vinylpyridine with methyl bromide, plastic electrolytes were obtained in which only the halide ion is mobile. By addition of dibutyl tartrate as a plasticizer, it was possible to vary the internal viscosity and hence the conductance for a given electrolyte content. When measured between colloidal graphite or tin foil — vaseline contacts, these materials show the familiar variation of d.c. conductance with voltage and time. But if they are measured between bromidized silver electrodes (which are reversible to bromide ion), steady d.c. conductances are obtained., which, incidentally, are as much as ten times the maximum obtained with conventional electrodes. It is therefore to be concluded that much of the variation observed in insulation resistance measurements is due to surface effects rather than to volume properties of the insulation compound itself. With the reversible electrodes, the a.c. properties also showed a more normal behavior: the dielectric constant and loss factor of the plastics containing ions were indeed greater than the constants for non-electrolytic plastics, but the enormous anomalous values no longer appear. With surface effects eliminated by the use of reversible electrodes, the residual ionic effect on volume properties can now be studied. It shows a dispersion which may be due to ionic acceleration during each half cycle: an out-of-phase component in conductance would naturally appear as a capacitance tern in the equivalent parallel R — C circuit.
Reflux into the Unused Ureter

AbstractReflux occurs into unused ureters in patients with urinary diversion and renal tranplantation, and into the ipsilateral ureter in patients with renal agenesis or dysplasia. Efflux may prevent reflux in patients with normal ureterovesical anatomy. If urine begins to flow down the ureter again the reflux may cease. Thus, in patients undergoing urinary tract reconstruction, undiversion should be done before an antireflux operation is performed. Reimplantation can be done after undiversion on a normal capacity bladder if the reflux persists.
Folate receptor alpha is more than just a folate transporter

Until recently folate receptor alpha (FRα) has only been considered as a folate transporter. However, a novel role of FRα as a transcription factor was reported by our lab. More recently our lab showed a novel pleiotropic role of FRα: (a) direct transcriptional activation of Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 genes; and (b) repression of biogenesis of miRNAs that target these genes or their effector molecules. These observations beg a question: "Can a simple molecule such as folate be used to manipulate the production and/or differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs), which may hold promise for future therapies?" Conditions such as spinal cord injury, motor neuron diseases, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis may benefit from increasing stem cell pool and promoting specific pathways of differentiation. On the flip-side, these NSCs may also contribute to some CNS tumors therefore promoting differentiation could prove more beneficial. FRα may hold promises for both since it has the potential to remodel chromatin in a context dependent manner. In this commentary we discuss our previous data and new questions arising in the context of the new role for FRα.
III–V Compound Semiconductor Nanopillars Monolithically Integrated to Silicon Photonics

We propose a platform based on III−V compound semiconductor nanopillars monolithically integrated with silicon photonics. Nanopillars were grown in a process free of metal catalysts onto silicon at low temperature, and a bottom-up process was applied to define the photonic integrated circuit. Stimulated and spontaneous emissions from the nanopillars are direct coupled to silicon waveguides.
Hormonal responses to the stress of exercise.

Muscular activity is a component of the “fight or flight” response. Hormones which play an important role in the preservation of homeostasis are activated in response to acute exercise (1–9). Physical training appears to lead to a reduction in the “stress response” to a given workload (8,9). What role, this modulation of the “stress response” plays in the improved performance of trained athletes remains an intriguing question. We report in this brief review the response of several pituitary and adrenal hormones to various intensities of acute treadmill exercise stress. The effect of physical training on these hormonal responses was studied by comparing the responses of sedentary, untrained subjects to the responses of two groups of runners with different degrees of fitness (8).
Political and Racial Attitudes: Black Versus White

Efforts to alleviate the conditions of racial inequality in the last fifteen years have produced some considerable progress, especially in voting and public accommodations. In education, employment, and particularly housing, progress has been more modest. While many black Americans have gained substantially from civil rights efforts, the lives of millions of blacks-particularly those living in urban ghettos and rural areas-have probably been affected very little by the limited sweep of this struggle. Additionally, the full promise of change that many blacks perceived in the civil rights bills of the early and mid-1960s, and in the oration of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson and other national leaders, have not been realized by most black Americans. The purpose of this paper is to assess some of the political and social implications of the extent of progress in this area. First, we will attempt to determine how the attitudes of black Americans have been affected by progress and failure in civil rights. Do black Americans evaluate favorably or unfavorably the amount of change in civil rights, and what
The impact of foreign fighters on civil conflict outcomes

There has been a great deal of discussion about the large volumes of foreign fighters involved in civil conflicts in Syria and Iraq over recent years. Yet, there remains little systematic evidence ...
Nasotracheal intubation over a bougie vs. non-bougie intubation: a prospective randomised, controlled trial in older children and adults using videolaryngoscopy†

Conventionally, nasotracheal intubation has consisted of blind nasal passage and external manipulation of the tube through the glottis ('conventional technique'), a technique associated with a high incidence of nasal trauma. We evaluated a novel technique for routine asleep (i.e. post-induction) nasotracheal intubation using a bougie ('bougie technique'), which uses a nasopharyngeal airway to guide a paediatric bougie nasotracheally for use as a Seldinger tracheal intubation guide. Two hundred and fifty-seven older children (> 8 years) and adults were randomly assigned to videolaryngoscopy-assisted nasotracheal intubation using either the conventional or the bougie technique. The hypothesis was that the bougie technique would result in less nasopharyngeal trauma. The bougie technique was associated with significantly less nasopharyngeal bleeding than the conventional technique at both 60-90 s (55% vs. 68%; p = 0.033) and 5 min (51% vs. 70%; p = 0.002). The severity of bleeding was also significantly less with the bougie technique, with an OR for active bleeding of 0.42 (95%CI 0.20-0.87; p = 0.020) at 60-90 s and 0.15 (95%CI 0.06-0.37; p < 0.0001) at 5 min. Magill forceps were needed significantly less often with the bougie technique (9% vs. 28%, p = 0.0001) and there was no difference in first attempt and overall success rates between the two techniques (p = 0.133 and p = 0.750, respectively). Not only is nasal intubation over a bougie as successful as the conventional technique, it also significantly decreases both the incidence and severity of nasopharyngeal trauma, as well as the need for the use of Magill forceps.
Refined structure of (√3 × √3)

Abstract Refined structure of (√3 × √3) surface reconstruction induced by Sb adsorbed on Si(111) was obtained from X-ray diffraction, using a Patterson function and a least-squares fit. A wide range of reciprocal space was probed to get information for the lateral and the vertical displacements of adsorbate and the top layers of Si. The Patterson function confirms the “milk stool” trimer model, which, according to a least-squares fit, is centered on the T 4 site. The thermal vibration amplitudes of Sb ad-atoms and those of surface layers of Si were obtained and comparison with the values in other surfaces are made.
Shear forces, root rotations, phase angles and delamination of layered materials

Abstract In this paper, the concepts of root rotations and phase angles in laminated structures are reviewed, with particular reference to how the presence of a shear force affects the fracture mechanics of an interface. It is shown that it is possible to combine all the effects of shear into an effective root rotation, rather than the usual approach of invoking root rotation as a correction to a clamped Timoshenko beam. This simplifies the mechanics of the phenomenon, as root rotation is a general concept for interface cracks, and is not unique to shear loading. The root rotations enter into expressions for the energy-release rate associated with shear, and give rise to the crack-tip phase angles that provide a measure of how other modes of loading interact with shear loading. Additionally, the present analysis identifies the concept of a root displacement as an additional measure of the deformation at a crack tip. This is required to provide consistency with compliance-based approaches to the fracture mechanics of a double-cantilever beam, and allows one to make a direct connection to classical elastic-foundation models of that geometry.
Cataract Associated with Intraocular Tumors

Cataracts are cloudy or opaque areas in the lens that should otherwise be clear. They result in changes that can impair vision. Cataracts can be secondary to age and mechanical, chemical, or radiation trauma. They are the single largest cause of blindness in the world accounting for over 47 % of blindness worldwide. Intraocular tumors are a rare but important cause of cataract, and the presence of intraocular tumor as an underlying cause should be excluded when the cataract is unilateral, total, sectoral, or posterior subcapsular without obvious cause such as trauma, inflammation, or steroid use. The cataract may be caused by the tumor itself or by previous interventions to diagnose (biopsy) or treat (steroids, excision, radiation, chemotherapy) the intraocular tumor. In the case of a poor view on funduscopy, the clinician must rely on thorough examination techniques and ancillary tests such as ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy to determine the presence and extent of an intraocular tumor. It is important to remember that the management of patients with intraocular tumors is complex, sometimes controversial, and in some instances the tumor may have been treated with unfamiliar techniques. In this chapter we will discuss the various treatment-related causes of cataracts, specific tumor entities associated with cataracts, and special considerations for the management of cataracts in patients with intraocular tumors.
Benefit cost analysis for environmental decision making: using discounting to compare benefits and costs that occur at different points in time

Abstract: This chapter discusses the role of discounting in economic benefit cost comparisons and the resulting controversy over the choice of the discount rate used to compare current and future values. The chapter first reviews the rationale for discounting, then continues into the effect of discounting across long time horizons. The chapter provides a detailed description of the approaches to discounting used in the Stern review, by Nordhaus and in other economic treatments of climate change.
Measuring sustainability of a grassroots program in a large integrated health care delivery system: the Warrior to Soul Mate Program.

Introduction: Veterans experience many physical and psychosocial adjustment problems that challenge personal relationships, social functioning, and successful social reintegration. The Warrior to S...
Timing of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement as supportive care in HNSCC patients (Pts) receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

e17571Background: Concurrent CRT with curative intent is the standard of care treatment for Pts with locally advanced or local recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The CRT is as...
Voices of Ambivalence: White Teachers’ Reflections on Race Talk

This research explores White teachers’ reflections around race talk, surfacing their interests in engaging students in conversations about race as well as their hesitations. The five participating teachers had volunteered for a unique program that connected classrooms in urban de facto segregated schools for the enactment of common projects. Race talk can be an important component of such multiracial programs, yet the participating teachers expressed ambivalence, or conflicting ideas, about the value of race talk and how to engage all of their students in it. The paper analyzes their ambivalence and concludes with recommendations for teacher educators.
The Role and Limits of the International Court of Justice in International Environmental Law

The contribution of the International Court of Justice to international environmental law has been comparatively modest. Since it first emerged in the early 20th century, international environmental law has developed primarily through negotiations among States rather than judicial decisions. Although the increasing judicialization of international law in recent decades has included an uptick in environmental litigation, most of this litigation has taken place in specialized tribunals such as the regional human rights courts, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism, not the International Court of Justice. Today, even on the most generous accounting, the ‘environmental’ decisions of the Court still number in the single digits and, for the most part, have taken a rather conservative approach, lending the Court’s authority to well-established principles rather than breaking new ground. This chapter reviews the substantive contributions of the ICJ to international environmental law, and assesses its role and limits as an actor in the international environmental process.
Genetic Circuit Dynamics: Hazard and Glitch Analysis

Multiple input changes can cause unwanted switching variations, or glitches, in the output of genetic combinational circuits. These glitches can have drastic effects if the output of the circuit causes irreversible changes within or with other cells such as a cascade of responses, apoptosis, or the release of a pharmaceutical in an off-target tissue. Therefore, avoiding unwanted variation of a circuit's output can be crucial for the safe operation of a genetic circuit. This paper investigates what causes unwanted switching variations in combinational genetic circuits using hazard analysis and a new dynamic model generator. The analysis is done in previously built and modeled genetic circuits with known glitching behavior. The dynamic models generated not only predict the same steady states as previous models but can also predict the unwanted switching variations that have been observed experimentally. Multiple input changes may cause glitches due to propagation delays within the circuit. Modifying the circuit's layout to alter these delays may change the likelihood of certain glitches, but it cannot eliminate the possibility that the glitch may occur. In other words, function hazards cannot be eliminated. Instead, they must be avoided by restricting the allowed input changes to the system. Logic hazards, on the other hand, can be avoided using hazard-free logic synthesis. This paper demonstrates this by showing how a circuit designed using a popular genetic design automation tool can be redesigned to eliminate logic hazards.
Genetic Algorithm Based Reconstruction of Near Field Coherent Synthesis Parameters

We present a method for reconstruction of intensity profiles, and the related near field parameters, generated by coherent synthesis systems using globally optimizing genetic algorithm based on Fourier propagation methods.
Semi-Supervised Statistical Inference for High-Dimensional Linear Regression with Blockwise Missing Data

Blockwise missing data occurs frequently when we integrate multisource or multimodality data where different sources or modalities contain complementary information. In this paper, we consider a high-dimensional linear regression model with blockwise missing covariates and a partially observed response variable. Under this semi-supervised framework, we propose a computationally efficient estimator for the regression coefficient vector based on carefully constructed unbiased estimating equations and a multiple blockwise imputation procedure, and obtain its rates of convergence. Furthermore, building upon an innovative semi-supervised projected estimating equation technique that intrinsically achieves bias-correction of the initial estimator, we propose nearly unbiased estimators for the individual regression coefficients that are asymptotically normally distributed under mild conditions. By carefully analyzing these debiased estimators, asymptotically valid confidence intervals and statistical tests about each regression coefficient are constructed. Numerical studies and application analysis of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data show that the proposed method performs better and benefits more from unsupervised samples than existing methods.
Dynamics of transcription elongation are finely tuned by dozens of regulatory factors

ABSTRACT Understanding the complex network and dynamics that regulate transcription elongation requires the quantitative analysis of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity in a wide variety of regulatory environments. We performed native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq) in 41 strains of S. cerevisiae lacking known elongation regulators, including RNA processing factors, transcription elongation factors, chromatin modifiers, and remodelers. We found that the opposing effects of these factors balance transcription elongation dynamics. Different sets of factors tightly regulate Pol II progression across gene bodies so that Pol II density peaks at key points of RNA processing. These regulators control where Pol II pauses with each obscuring large numbers of potential pause sites that are primarily determined by DNA sequence and shape. Genes that are sensitive to disruptions in transcription elongation tend to couple changes in Pol II pausing and antisense transcription to transcription output. Our findings collectively show that the regulation of transcription elongation by a diverse array of factors affects gene expression levels and co-transcriptional processing by precisely balancing Pol II activity.
Cybersecurity Due Diligence in Mergers & Acquisitions Transactions

This Article is a reviewed version of the original Article which was published on Thenigerialawyer. It contains more relevant information and is updated with recent developments in the cybersecurity space. Cybersecurity is a major issue in today’s business world. It requires business owners and intending business owners to accord it priority attention, as failing to do so will work against the business. In this piece, I will take a critical look at cases within the cybersecurity landscape, especially as they relate to Mergers & Acquisitions(M&A). I also gave few examples of cases of cybersecurity breaches and their effects on companies that neglected to ask key (cybersecurity) questions whilst engaging in an M&A. However, I will also provide a step-by-step guideline on key cybersecurity due diligence questions that must be raised at the ensuing phase of an M&A, and I believe that if they are fully adapted by companies, they will save companies from millions of dollars’ loss.
UCAR-NCAR Responsibilities

My associations with UCAR and NCAR extended over more than 30 years, from the 1958 meeting of university representatives that established the University Committee on Atmospheric Research, described in chapter 4, to the UCAR Committee on Membership that I chaired from 1986 to 1989. While at OST in the early 1960s, described in chapter 5, I had been an outside observer, critic, and defender of NCAR. From 1964 to the late 1980s I was involved in governance of UCAR. Over the years seven of my former graduate students have served on the NCAR research staff.
Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Human Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which arises from the epithelial cells of the renal nephron, primarily from its proximal and distal segments, and which are by far, the most predominant class of kidney tumors seen in adults. RCC is an adult onset epithelial malignancy, most cases of which occur in the fourth to sixth decades of life, with the peak incidence in the sixth decade. These tumors have a very poor prognosis, due in large part to the fact that nearly 30% of all patients exhibit metastatic disease at the time of initial presentation. In patients with apparently localized disease, 50% ultimately develop distant metastases after removal of the primary tumor. It is one of the few malignancies for which spontaneous regression is well documented and the 5-year survival for patients with solitary metastases is shown in several series to range from 5 to 50%. These tumors display a strong sex bias, being nearly twice as frequent in men as women. Cigarette smoking is an exogenous risk factor, with a well-documented association with RCC, with an increased relative risk of 1.5 to 2.5 in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Analgesic abuse is associated with a two- to three­-­fold increased relative risk for RCC, and a similar increased relative risk in women is reported to be associated with the use of diuretics. Dietary factors such as high protein and fat consumption and obesity are also associated with an increased risk for RCC.
Chapter 4 Induction of Synchronous Encystment (Differentiation) in Acanthamoeba sp.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights simple methods of inducing synchronous encystment in axenic cultures. Limitations of the methods are also presented. The formation of a cyst wall by amebae is commonly called “encystment,” which is an example of protozoan differentiation. The primary stimulus inducing encystment in Acanthamoeba is removal of food. Cells exposed to starvation conditions eventually encyst. In experimentally induced encystment, food is removed from all cells rapidly and simultaneously by washing them free of growth medium. This rapid food removal is largely responsible for the synchronous encystment, which follows. In Acanthamoeba sp. the end product of differentiation is the cyst. The stages and end products of encystment are the same in induced or naturally occurring encystment. The significant difference is that induced cultures yield masses of cells that are largely in phase in all stages of the encystment process, whereas naturally encysting cultures are largely out of phase. The Acanthamoeba system may serve as a simple model for understanding more complex embryonic systems.
Guesswork and Variation Distance as Measures of Cipher Security

Absolute lower limits to the cost of cryptanalytic attacks are quantified, via a theory of guesswork. Conditional guesswork naturally expresses limits to known and chosen plaintext attacks. New inequalities are derived between various forms of guesswork and variation distance. The machinery thus offers a new technique for establishing the security of a cipher: When the work-factor of the optimal known or chosen plaintext attack against a cipher is bounded below by a prohibitively large number, then no practical attack against the cipher can succeed. As an example, we apply the technique to iterated cryptosystems, as the Markov property which results from an independent subkey assumption makes them particularly amenable to analysis.
Brownian Motion and the PWB Method

Let D be an open nonempty subset of ℝ N , coupled with a boundary ∂D provided by a metric compactification. To avoid trivial complications, we shall assume that D is connected; if D is disconnected, the results are applicable to each open connected component of D. Let h be a strictly positive harmonic function on D. The PWB method of attacking the first boundary value (Dirichlet) problem for h-harmonic functions on D was detailed in Chapter VIII of Part 1. Recall that the σ algebra of \( \mu _{D}^{h} \) measurable boundary subsets is the σ algebra of boundary subsets A for which the boundary indicator function 1 A is h-resolutive and that \( \mu _{D}^{h}( \bullet ,A) = H_{{{{1}_{A}}}}^{h} \). The class of Borel boundary subsets for which l A is h-resolutive is a σ algebra, and for each point ξ of D the restriction of \( \mu _{D}^{h}(\xi , \bullet ) \) to this σ algebra, on completion, is the measure \( \mu _{D}^{h}(\xi , \bullet ) \) on the σ algebra of \( \mu _{D}^{h} \) measurable sets. The class of \( \mu _{D}^{h} \) in measurable boundary functions f which are \( \mu _{D}^{h}(\xi , \bullet ) \) integrable does not depend on ξ and is the class of h-resolutive boundary functions, and \( H_{f}^{h} = \mu _{D}^{h}( \bullet ,f) \). This class of \( \mu _{D}^{h} \) integrable boundary functions.
EVOLUTION OF THE NEW FORD LIGHT TRUCK FOUR WHEEL DRIVE INDEPENDENT FRONT SUSPENSION

A new Twin Traction Beam, independent front suspension system has been designed for 1980 Ford light duty 4x4 trucks. It was designed to provide: improved fuel economy, ride, handling and performance, while still retaining all the toughness associated with Ford's previous four-wheel drive models, which utilized the more common monobeam suspension.
Methamphetamine exposure during brain development alters the brain acetylcholine system in adolescent mice

Children exposed to methamphetamine during brain development as a result of maternal drug use have long-term hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments, but the mechanisms underlying these impairments are not understood. The acetylcholine system plays an important role in cognitive function and potential methamphetamine-induced acetylcholine alterations may be related to methamphetamine-induced cognitive impairments. In this study, we investigated the potential long-term effects of methamphetamine exposure during hippocampal development on the acetylcholine system in adolescence mice on postnatal day 30 and in adult mice on postnatal day 90. Methamphetamine exposure increased the density of acetylcholine neurons in regions of the basal forebrain and the area occupied by acetylcholine axons in the hippocampus in adolescent female mice. In contrast, methamphetamine exposure did not affect the density of GABA cells or total neurons in the basal forebrain. Methamphetamine exposure also increased the number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus of adolescent male and female mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time that methamphetamine exposure during hippocampal development affects the acetylcholine system in adolescent mice and that these changes are more profound in females than males.
Time of Enterotoxin Formation and Release During Sporulation of Clostridium perfringens Type A

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected intracellularly about 3 hr after the inoculation of vegetative cells into sporulation medium. The subsequent increase in intracellular enterotoxin concentration roughly paralleled but followed by 2.5 to 5 hr the increase in number of heat-resistant spores. The increase in biologically active toxin coincided with the increase in enterotoxin antigen. Enterotoxin was released from the sporangium with its lysis, concomitantly with the mature spore release.
Call repacking and trunk reservation

The authors investigate the benefits of call repacking when used alone and when used together with trunk reservation. They are interested in an environment that is connection-oriented and with resource reservation. They propose an analytical model and use simulations to verify their results.
Process innovativeness in technology services organizations: Roles of differentiation strategy, operational autonomy and risk‐taking propensity

Abstract This paper examines the effect of differentiation strategy on process innovativeness in technology services organization (TSOs). In addition it examines the direct and moderating effects of two organizational constructs— operational autonomy and risk-taking propensity . Analysis of data from 102 firms in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA indicates that both differentiation strategy and operational autonomy are positively related with process innovativeness, while an organization's risk-taking propensity has no such relationship. In addition, operational autonomy moderates the relationship between differentiation strategy and process innovativeness, while no evidence was found for the moderating effect of risk-taking propensity on this relationship. Further sub-group analysis shows that in TSOs with high levels of operational autonomy, risk-taking propensity has a positive moderating effect on the above relationship. Post hoc analysis also establishes positive links among process innovativeness and firm performance.
Large-Scale Chemical Similarity Networks for Target Profiling of Compounds Identified in Cell-Based Chemical Screens

Target identification is one of the most critical steps following cell-based phenotypic chemical screens aimed at identifying compounds with potential uses in cell biology and for developing novel disease therapies. Current in silico target identification methods, including chemical similarity database searches, are limited to single or sequential ligand analysis that have limited capabilities for accurate deconvolution of a large number of compounds with diverse chemical structures. Here, we present CSNAP (Chemical Similarity Network Analysis Pulldown), a new computational target identification method that utilizes chemical similarity networks for large-scale chemotype (consensus chemical pattern) recognition and drug target profiling. Our benchmark study showed that CSNAP can achieve an overall higher accuracy (>80%) of target prediction with respect to representative chemotypes in large (>200) compound sets, in comparison to the SEA approach (60–70%). Additionally, CSNAP is capable of integrating with biological knowledge-based databases (Uniprot, GO) and high-throughput biology platforms (proteomic, genetic, etc) for system-wise drug target validation. To demonstrate the utility of the CSNAP approach, we combined CSNAP's target prediction with experimental ligand evaluation to identify the major mitotic targets of hit compounds from a cell-based chemical screen and we highlight novel compounds targeting microtubules, an important cancer therapeutic target. The CSNAP method is freely available and can be accessed from the CSNAP web server (http://services.mbi.ucla.edu/CSNAP/).
Bouwsma on Wittgenstein's Philosophical Method

It is argued that Wittgenstein was a greatly misunderstood philosopher, both as regards his own philosophical views and his ideas about philosophical method. O. K. Bouwsma's interpretation of Wittgenstein is used to illustrate the most common misunderstandings.
Corrigendum to “Role of reactive oxygen species in the neurotoxicity of environmental agents implicated in Parkinson's disease” [Free Radic. Biol. Med. 44 (2008) 1873–1886]

On page 1877, MPP is inaccurately classified as a bipyridyl compound. As illustrated correctly in Fig. 1, MPP structurally consists of a pyridine and benzene ring. Therefore, it does not belong to the class of bipyridyl compounds, such as PQ, characterized by two linked pyridine rings (see Fig. 1). The sentence should correctly read as follows: “Interestingly, MPP was tested as an herbicide in the 1960s under the name of cyperquat [81].” In Fig. 1, the chemical structure of maneb is not complete. The structure shown should include a negative charge on each CS2 group, or alternatively as CS2H. An updated version of Fig. 1 is shown here.
INFLUENCE OF PINHOLE ON ACCOMMODATIVE RESPONSE

The purpose was to discover the effect of the pinhole on accommodative response of the human eye. Black-cardboard and red-filter pinholes were employed. The haploscope was used with target at various distances to measure accommodative response. The present author, in his middle twenties at the time of the experiment, served as subject. Linear equations between accommodative stimuli and responses were calculated. Results showed that when accommodation is at rest, about half a dioptre of residual accommodation exists for both the control and the pinholes. So the pinholes have very little influence, if any, on the resting accommodation. The findings also indicated that the pinholes are effective in eliminating about two-thirds of the total portion of accommodative response when accommodation is above resting state. And finally, theoretical implication of the findings was discussed.
Premalignant keratinocytic neoplasms

Premalignant keratinocytic keratoses are common, especially in pale-complected persons in whom they appear most often as an actinic keratosis. Although the actinic keratosis has a very low malignant potential, arsenic, tar, thermal, scar, reactional, and radiation keratoses may be more clinically aggressive. This article discusses these premalignant keratinocytic neoplasms.
RIGHI--LEDUC EFFECT IN INDIUM.

Measurements of the magnetic field and temperature dependence of the Righi-Leduc coefficient have been made in pure oriented single-crystal specimens of indium in the temperature range 3.5-8 K. The coefficient is observed to change from negative at low fields to positive at sufficiently large magnetic fields. The value of the crossing field, which is on the order of a few kG, increases with temperature. Analysis of the results in terms of a two-band model for the electronic carriers yields an estimate of about 1.2 for the ratio of electron-to-hole relaxation times.
Copper catalysis in the air gasification of cellulosic chars

Abstract Cellulosic chars containing copper have been prepared by four different methods. An ion-exchanged substrate was prepared from carboxymethylcellulose in the cupric form (CuCMC), ‘sorbed’ celluloses were prepared by soaking in aqueous solutions of cupric acetate (CuCF11-1) and cupric chloride (CuCF11-2) respectively, and a dry physical mixture from cellulose fibres and finely ground cupric acetate (CuCF11-3). These doped cellulosic substrates were converted at various heat treatment temperatures (HTTs) to chars that were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by gasification in air. The XRD investigation showed that the cupric ion is progressively reduced to cuprous and then to elemental copper during pyrolysis. The size of the copper crystallites, and hence the rate of gasification reaction under given conditions, are sensitive to the original mode of introduction of the cupric ions and to the HTTs. All of the chars exhibited a dramatic ‘jump’ in reactivity with increasing gasification temperatures, e.g. the initial rate of gasification may increase 350-fold for 5 °C temperature increase. This ‘jump’ is accompanied by a transition from a high activation energy region to a low activation energy region with increasing temperature. The causes of these effects are discussed. The ‘jump’ phenomenon is attributed to a sharp increase in mobility of the catalytic species at the ‘jump’ temperature.
Integration of Biomarkers Including Molecular Targeted Therapies in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck tumors comprise a wide spectrum of heterogeneous neoplasms for which biomarkers are needed to aid in earlier diagnosis, risk assessment and therapy response. The search for biomarkers includes evaluation of tumor tissues and surrogate materials by molecular, genomic and phenotypic means. Ideal biomarkers should be accurate and easy to perform, highly specific, objective, quantitative, and cost effective. Because of the heterogeneity of head and neck tumors, the integration of multiple selected markers in association with the histopathologic features is advocated for risk assessment. For targeted therapy, however, a single key molecule must be identified. Key molecules and pathways for targeted therapy include growth factor receptors, MAPk/ERk pathway, angiogenesis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Over-expression and mutations of genes in these pathways including EGFR, VEGF, HER2, BRAF and RET, contribute to tumorigenesis in head and neck cancers from squamous carcinomas, to salivary adenocarcinomas and thyroid carcinomas, both follicular and c-cell derived. Monoclonal antibodies to the EGFR receptor and oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently being studied in multiple phase II and III clinical trials to determine their efficacy in head and neck cancers and correlative studies for biomarkers are on-going.
Effect of physician and hospital experience on patient outcomes for endovascular treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease.

Objective To evaluate the effect of physician volume and specialty and hospital volume on population-level outcomes after endovascular repair of aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD). Design A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all inpatients undergoing endovascular repair of AIOD. Physician volume was classified as low ( Patients Eight hundred eighteen inpatients who underwent endovascular repair of AIOD in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from January 2003 through December 2007. Setting National hospital database. Main Outcome Measures In-hospital complications and mortality, length of stay, and cost. Results Of the 818 procedures, 59.0% of high-volume physicians were surgeons and 65.0% practiced at high-volume hospitals. Unadjusted complication rates were significantly higher for low-volume compared with high-volume physicians (18.7% vs 12.6%; P = .02); rates were not significantly different by physician specialty (P = .88) or hospital volume (P = .16). Shorter length of stay was associated with high-volume physicians (P = .001), high-volume hospitals (P = .001), and surgeon providers (P = .03), whereas decreased cost was associated with physician specialty (P = .004). On multivariate analysis, high physician volume was associated with significantly lower complications (P = .04); high hospital volume, with shorter length of stay (P = .002); and nonsurgeons, with higher costs (P = .05). Conclusions Overall, volume at the physician and hospital levels appears to be a robust predictor of patient outcomes after endovascular interventions for AIOD. Surgeons performing endovascular procedures for AIOD have a decreased associated hospital cost compared with nonsurgeons.
Laminations, or How to Build a Quantum-Logic-Valued Model of Set Theory

An explicit construction of the colimit of a filtered diagram in the category of topoi and logical morphisms is given and then used to construct a family of topoi with a fixed Boolean algebra of truth values but with varying amounts of cocompleteness. This same construction, when applied to the diagram of complete Boolean algebras in a quantum logic Q gives a partial topos, a noncategory which is a close to being a model of set theory with algebra of truth values Q as a noncategory can be.
Shear Wave Dispersion Measures Liver Steatosis

Crawling waves, which are interfering shear wave patterns, can be generated in liver tissue over a range of frequencies. Some important biomechanical properties of the liver can be determined by imaging the crawling waves using Doppler techniques and analyzing the patterns. We report that the dispersion of shear wave velocity and attenuation, that is, the frequency dependence of these parameters, are strongly correlated with the degree of steatosis in a mouse liver model, ex vivo. The results demonstrate the possibility of assessing liver steatosis using noninvasive imaging methods that are compatible with color Doppler scanners and, furthermore, suggest that liver steatosis can be separated from fibrosis by assessing the dispersion or frequency dependence of shear wave propagations.
Optical absorption by free holes in heavily doped GaAs

Optical absorption in p-type GaAs with hole concentrations between 10 exp 19 and 10 exp 20/cu cm has been measured for wavelengths between 2 and 20 microns and compared with results of theoretical calculations. In contrast to previous measurements at lower doping levels, the occupied hole states are far from the zone center, where the heavy- and light-hole bands become parallel. This gives rise to a large joint density of states for optical transitions. It is found that the overall magnitude of the observed absorption is explained correctly by the theory, with both the free-carrier (indirect) and the inter-valence-band (direct) transitions contributing significantly to the total absorption. The strength of the absorption (a about 20,000/cm for N(A) = 5 x 10 exp 19/cu cm) is attractive for long-wavelength infrared-detector applications.
Clinical Encounters with Internet Pornography

Abstract Pornography, if understood to involve the depiction of sexual activity, organs, and experiences, is perhaps as old as human civilization itself. Historically linked to various technological innovations, pornography viewing in the Internet age has reached epic proportions, with large numbers of individuals taking advantage of ease of access, affordability, and presumed anonymity to explore sexual material online. Within the mental health professions substantial research exists on the effects of viewing general pornography; however, the distinctive effects of the marriage of pornography and cyberspace is only beginning to be examined. In addition to reviewing some historical and statistical material about pornography and the relevant psychiatric and psychoanalytic literature, four detailed clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the types of problems related to Internet pornography use that are being presented to practicing psychotherapists.
Analysis of double knockout mice lacking aquaporin-1 and urea transporter UT-B. Evidence for UT-B-facilitated water transport in erythrocytes.

We reported increased water permeability and a low urea reflection coefficient in Xenopus oocytes expressing urea transporter UT-B (former name UT3), suggesting that water and urea share a common aqueous pathway (Yang, B., and Verkman, A. S. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 9369–9372). Although increased water permeability was confirmed in theXenopus oocyte expression system, it has been argued (Sidoux-Walter, F., Lucien, N., Olives, B., Gobin, R., Rousselet, G., Kamsteeg, E. J., Ripoche, P., Deen, P. M., Cartron, J. P., and Bailly, P. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 30228–30235) that UT-B does not transport water when expressed at normal levels in mammalian cells such as erythrocytes. To quantify UT-B-mediated water transport, we generated double knockout mice lacking UT-B and the major erythrocyte water channel, aquaporin-1 (AQP1). The mice had reduced survival, retarded growth, and defective urinary concentrating ability. However, erythrocyte size and morphology were not affected. Stopped-flow light scattering measurements indicated erythrocyte osmotic water permeabilities (in cm/s × 0.01, 10 °C): 2.1 ± 0.2 (wild-type mice), 2.1 ± 0.05 (UT-B null), 0.19 ± 0.02 (AQP1 null), and 0.045 ± 0.009 (AQP1/UT-B null). The low water permeability found in AQP1/UT-B null erythrocytes was also seen after HgCl2 treatment of UT-B null erythrocytes or phloretin treatment of AQP1 null erythrocytes. The apparent activation energy for UT-B-mediated water transport was low,
Feminization of hepatic S metabolism in male rats with a transplanted (MtT/F4)

Abstract After transplantation of MIT/F 4 pituitary tumor cells to male rats of the Fisher strain, the masculine type of hepatic steroid metabolism was changed into a feminine pattern of enzyme activities. Liver metabolism of steroid hormones in female rats was relatively unaffected following transplantation of pituitary tumor cells. Furthermore, extract from MIT/F 4 tumors and "autonomous" pituitary tissue increased the 5α-reductase activity of hepatoma cells in the culture (HTC cells) at subsaturation concentrations of the substrate 4-androstene-3, 17-dione by decreasing the apparent K m of the enzyme. It is concluded that the pituitary tumor (in accord with the secretion from an "autonomous" pituitary gland) secretes "feminotropin," a novel hypophyseal principle that probably is an important regulator of hepatic steroid metabolism. It is suggested that pituitary tumor tissue of the MtT/F 4 type could be used as source of feminotropin in purification studies.
Logistics Service Quality as a Segment-Customized Process

Abstract Logistics excellence has become a powerful source of competitive differentiation within diverse marketing offerings of world-class firms. Although researchers have suggested that logistics competencies complement marketing efforts, empirical evidence is lacking on what logistics service quality means to customers and whether it has different meanings for separate customer segments. The authors present empirical support for nine related logistics service quality constructs; demonstrate their unidimensionality, validity, and reliability across four customer segments of a large logistics organization; and provide empirical support for a logistics service quality process. Although structural equation modeling offers support for the logistics service quality process across customer segments, the authors find that the relative parameter estimates differ for each segment, which suggests that firms ought to customize their logistics services by customer segments.
Speaker recognition using the neural tree network

An evaluation of various classifiers for text-independent speaker recognition is presented. In addition, a new classifier is examined for this application. The new classifier is called the modified neural tree network.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Supervision and training in child care: Does reflective supervision foster caregiver insightfulness?†

The goal of this study was to explore the effects of reflective and traditional supervision and training on caregiver insightfulness. Caregiver insightfulness, or caregiver ability to understand “motives underlying the child's behavior in a complete, open, and accepting way” (D. Oppenheim, D. Goldsmith, & N. Koren-Karie, 2004, p. 352) was assessed at two time points with 21 new caregivers at two university-based childcare sites. Trends suggest that caregiver insightfulness was relatively stable while increased levels of components of caregiver insightfulness over a period of approximately 2.5 months were positively associated with reflective supervision and training. These findings suggest that encouraging caregivers to reflect on their interactions with the children in their care fosters caregivers' ability to see from the child's perspective in an open and accepting way.