cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motion Planning with Visibility Constraints: Building Autonomous Observers

Autonomous Observers are mobile robots that cooperatively perform vision tasks. Their design raises new issues in motion planning, where visibility constraints and motion obstructions must be simultaneously taken into account. This paper presents the concept of an Autonomous Observer and its applications. It discusses three problems in motion planning with visibility constraints: model building, target finding, and target tracking.
Between the Lines: Interpreting Welfare Rights

In most important cases, judges base their interpretation not on the letter of the law, but on their reading of its history, purpose and spirit. This book explains how this type of judicial interpretation has affected welfare rights in three programmes. Aid to families with dependent children, education for the handicapped, and food stamps, and how what judges discover between the lines of statutes often has major policy consequences.
Simulative performance analysis of gossip failure detection for scalable distributed systems

Three protocols for gossip-based failure detection services in large-scale heterogeneous clusters are analyzed and compared. The basic gossip protocol provides a means by which failures can be detected in large distributed systems in an asynchronous manner without the limits associated with reliable multicasting for group communications. The hierarchical protocol leverages the underlying network topology to achieve faster failure detection. In addition to studying the effectiveness and efficiency of these two agreement protocols, we propose a third protocol that extends the hierarchical approach by piggybacking gossip information on application-generated messages. The protocols are simulated and evaluated with a fault-injection model for scalable distributed systems comprised of clusters of workstations connected by high-performance networks, such as the CPlant system at Sandia National Laboratories. The model supports permanent and transient node and link failures, with rates specified at simulation time, for processors functioning in a fail-silent fashion. Through high-fidelity, CAD-based modeling and simulation, we demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of each approach in terms of agreement time, number of gossips, and overall scalability.
Towards Feasible Approach to Plan Checking under Probabilistic Uncertainty: Interval Methods

The main problem of planning is to find a sequence of actions that an agent must perform to achieve a given objective. An important part of planning is checking whether a given plan achieves the desired objective. Historically, in AI, the planning and plan checking problems were mainly formulated and solved in a deterministic environment, when the initial state is known precisely and when the results of each action in each state is known (and uniquely determined). In this deterministic case, planning is difficult, but plan checking is straightforward. In many real-life situations, we only know the probabilities of different fluents; in such situations, even plan checking becomes computationally difficult. In this paper, we describe how methods of interval computations can be used to get a feasible approximation to plan checking under probabilistic uncertainty.The resulting method is a natural generalization of 0-approximation proposed earlier to describe planning in the case of partial knowledge. It turns out that some of the resulting probabilistic techniques coincides with heuristically proposed “fuzzy” methods. Thus, we justify these fuzzy heuristics as a reasonable feasible approximation to the (NP-hard) probabilistic problem.
Regulation of hamster α1B-adrenoceptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected to express the hamster α 1B -adrenoeceptor, and the function and agonist-induced regulation of the binding properties of these receptors were characterized. The cells expressed approximately 230 000 receptors per cell, with a K D for [ 3 H]prazosin of 140 pM. In assays of competition by epinephrine for [ 3 H]prazosin binding to receptors on intact cells, 88% of the receptors were in a low affinity form. The protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) did not further increase the fraction in the low affinity form, but the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine reduced the low affinity fraction to 51%. In sucrose density gradient centrifugation assays of receptor internalization, the percentage of receptors in the light vesicle fraction was 25% for control cells, 53% for epinephrine-pretreated cells, 44% for PMA-pretreated cells, and 53% for cells pretreated with epinephrine plus PMA. Staurosporine completely blocked PMA-induced internalization, but only partially inhibited epinephrine-induced internalization. These results suggest a relationship between low affinity binding and internalization for α 1B -adrenoceptors and the involvement of protein kinase C in both processes. Longer-term (24 h) exposure of cells to epinephrine induced an unexpected up-regulation of receptor density of approximately 2-fold that was accompanied by an increase in maximal agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover. These studies document several regulatory differences between α 1B -adrenoceptors expressed in transfected CHO cells and those natively expressed in DDT 1 MF-2 hamster smooth muscle cells, and they provide additional information on the molecular mechanisms involved in agonist-induced regulation of α 1B -adrenoceptors.
Investigation of surface plasmonic extraordinary transmission for spectral, polarimetric, and off-normal incidence

Extraordinary transmission of surface plasmonic (SP) structures has been widely studied but lacking is a focus on the off-normal dependency of the resonant modes and how this affects the transmission spectrum. The measurements of offnormal spectral transmission for a SP structure were compared to finite-difference time-domain simulations. The SP sample is a gold/titanium thin film (50 nm) with a 2D square array of circular holes deposited on 1 μm of highly ndoped, n =2e18cm -3 , gallium-arsenide (GaAs) upon a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Spectral transmission measurements were taken for wavelengths from 2-12μm, incident elevation and azimuthal angles of θ=0°, 20° and 40°, and φ=0° and 45°, respectively, with linearly polarized and un-polarized light. The first and second-order surface plasmon modes and their dependency on θ, φ, polarization and the grating momentum vector were identified. The measurements and simulations corroborate the theoretical analysis, giving a closed-form solution to the spectral location of lower-order modes. For off-normal incidence in a plane parallel to the array periodicity (φ=0°), the (1,0) mode as defined for p-polarization splits while the (0,1) mode as defined for s-polarization, remains essentially un-changed for all θ. For φ=45° incidence, both polarizations split the modes. Full polarimetric spectral transmission was both measured and simulated, giving a Mueller matrix representation of the spectral transmission of the SP structure at θ=0° and 20° and φ=0° and 45°, demonstrating that this structure is moderately depolarizing when resonant. The results show the dependence on incident angle and polarization of the extraordinary transmission of SP structures.
The Ideology of the Eunuch Priest

Roller explores the evidence for eunuch priests who castrated themselves to honour the Great Mother Goddess Cybele. While the custom of sacred eunuchism originated in Phrygia (in central Turkey), such priests are best attested in Greek and Roman society, where they were viewed with disgust and loathing because of their asexual condition and because they adopted the dress, hairstyles and mannerisms of women. The negative reactions to the eunuch priest rest on an unspoken assumption of the superiority of masculine appearance and of the inviolability of appropriate gender roles for men and women.
Pressure effects on the vibrational spectra of amorphous polystyrene. II. Grüneisen parameters

Abstract Mode Gruneisen parameters (γi) of an amorphous polystyrene were determined by measuring the shift of IR absorption frequencies as a function of pressure. It is found that values of γi not only depend on the specific frequency, but also on the volume at which it is determined. Literature data obtained at acoustic frequencies were found to be two orders of magnitude greater than those obtained in this study at IR frequencies. Gruneisen constant γ defined by the macroscopic definition were an order of magnitude greater. It is suggested that there can be many Gruneisen parameters for a given polymer, and that their values depend on the methods of definition and measurement.
Effect of crumb rubber characteristics on crumb rubber modified (CRM) binder viscosity

Abstract Asphalt binder viscosity is of great importance during the production process of hot mix asphalt mixture as typically asphalt plants will store binders between 149 °C and 177 °C. SHRP guidelines state that asphalt binder viscosity must not exceed 3 Pa s. Therefore, given the documented increases in asphalt viscosity when modified with crumb rubber modifier (CRM) it is necessary to produce asphalt binder that fulfills the SHRP criteria while not exceeding plant mixing and storing requirements. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the importance of CRM properties on viscosity of CRM binder. Two binder sources were modified at four concentration levels using four different crumb rubber sources; the viscosities of the produced binders were evaluated by AASHTO T 316. Crumb rubber properties were evaluated by elemental analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by determination of glass transition temperature ( T g ) using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In general, results indicate that processing procedure and tire type plays an important role in the determination of CRM binder viscosity.
DEFENSIVE EXTERNALITY AND VULNERABILITY TO LIFE STRESS

Research ( 2 ) suggests an external locus of control is less effective in helping one deal with stressful life events. Hochreich ( 1 ) has identified two subgroups of externally oriented subjects: defensive external persons, whose externality is presumed to reflect primarily a verbal technique of defense, and congruent external ones, whose externality reflects a more genuine belief that most outcomes are determined by forces beyond their personal control. She sees those with a defensive external orientation as ambitious, achievement-oriented individuals who are more responsive to failure than congruent external persons. The present study sought to determine whether it is the defensive external persons who are least effective in dealing with stressful life events. Subjects were 91 male students in introductory psychology. Using a score of 11 for Rotter's I-E scale, subjeccs were assigned to groups as having internal or external loci of control. Using Hochreich's procedure, subjects mith scores below the median on Rotter's ( 3 ) Interpersonal Trust Scale were identified as defensive and those above the median as congruent. Subjects also completed the Life Experiences Survey ( 4 ) which indicated the number of stressful life events experienced in the previous year and their impact and the Cornell Index ( 5 ) . a screening rest which assesses one's current degree of psychological and somatic distress. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between impact of negative life-change scores and Cornell Index scores for 30 defensive external scorers .57 ( p .05), and 23 congruent internal scorers . I 7 ( P > .05). These correlations suggest only the defensive external scorers were vulnerable to stress. For congruent external scorers, those with high stress scores actually had lower Cornell Index scores. Apparently, the defensive pattern of blame projection and mistrust employed by defensive external scorers isolates them from potential sources of support in their environment and enhances their vulnerability to stress. The capacity of congruent external persons to attribute misfortune to 'fate but still trust and seek support from others gives them a significant advantage in coping mith stress. These results support Hochreich's suggestion that at least two subgroups of external persons can be identified.
Trade Creation, Trade Diversion effects of NAFTA on vegetable and fruit trade flows

The present study empirically estimates and evaluates the impact of NAFTA in the vegetable and fruit trade between the USA and Mexico. The import price elasticities suggest that imports are not sensitive to price changes. However, the income elasticities of import demand vary by commodities. As expected, the vegetables and fruits exhibit strong seasonality while the import dynamics are commodity-specific. The amount of trade expansion is estimated using import price elasticities from a dynamic import demand model for the commodities. This study demonstrates that there is trade expansion attributable to NAFA in the vegetable and fruit trade. The amount of Trade Creation (TC) is greater than the amount of Trade Diversion (TD) in most commodities examined.
Oligomeric ethylene glycols as sorting tags for parallel and combinatorial mixture synthesis

Sorting tags for chromatography allow mixtures of substrates to be carried through parallel chemical processes and then separated. The first sorting tags were fluorocarbons. An enabling characteristic of fluorous sorting tags is the predictable incremental increase in retention time with increasing fluorocarbon chain length. Here we describe a general approach to sorting tags and report our discovery of a second class of chromatographic tags. The new tags are oligomeric ethylene glycol (OEG) derivatives.
Distinguishing universal and language-dependent levels of speech perception: evidence from Japanese listeners' perception of English "l" and "r".

Abstract Native speakers of Japanese may be unable to correctly identify the phonemes /l/ and /r/ in spoken English. Nevertheless, in perceiving English utterances, they, like native speakers of English, respond to the different acoustic patterns which convey /l/ and /r/ as if they are sensitive to differences in the vocal tract movements that convey /l/ and /r/. Support for this conclusion is provided by a study in which native speakers of Japanese and native speakers of English labelled stimuli along a synthetic /da/-/ga/ continuum when the stimuli were preceded by natural tokens of /s/ or /∫/, /al/ or /ar/. Each pair of precursors had contrasting effects on the location of the category boundary between /da/ and /ga/, and neither the direction nor the extent of contrast depended on native language experience. Significantly, /al/ gave rise to more /ga/ percepts than /ar/ for Japanese and English speakers alike, regardless of their ability to identify /al/ and /ar/, as such. Interpretation of these results rests on previous observations that the contrasting perceptual effects of /al/ vs. /ar/ and /s/ vs. /∫/ find parallels in the acoustic structure of natural utterances of /al-da/, /ar-da/ etc., due to coarticulation of the vocal tract movements that convey the preceding consonant and those that convey the following /da/ or /ga/. Apparently, native speakers of Japanese can be sensitive to the acoustic consequences of coarticulating /l/ or /r/ with /d/ or /g/ while being unable to categorize /l/ and /r/ as different phonemes. Preceding a language-specific level of perception where speech sounds are represented in accordance with the constraints of a given phonological system, there may exist a universally-shared level where the representation of speech sounds more closely corresponds to the articulatory gestures that give rise to the speech signal.
Marine sterols from some gorgonians

Abstract The sterol composition from three animals of the cnidarian class Anthozoa is reported. Cholesterol was the predominant sterol in three species from the family Gorgoniidae. The cyclopropane-containing sterol, gorgosterol, when present, was the second most plentiful component.
Alterations in GABAA receptor binding in the prefrontal cortex following exposure to chronic stress

The present study was designed to examine the effects of chronic stress on GABAA receptor binding. Animals were randomly assigned to either a control, acute, or chronic stress condition and changes in specific binding were assessed using the GABAA receptor antagonist [3H]SR 95531. Exposure to chronic restraint stress led to a significant reduction in GABAA receptor binding in the prefrontal cortex. Alterations in specific binding were not observed in the cerebellum, caudate-putamen, hippocampus, or cingulate cortex however, suggesting that the effects of chronic stress may be regionally specific. Exposure to acute restraint did not lead to a significant alteration in [3H]SR 95531 binding in any brain region examined.
Investigations of Stochastic Layers in Nonlinear Dynamics

The onset of a new resonance in the stochastic layer is predicted numerically through the maximum and minimum energy spectra when the energy jump in the spectra occurs. The incremental energy approach among all the established, analytic approaches gives the best prediction of the onset of resonance in the stochastic layer compared to numerical investigation. The stochastic layers in the periodically-driven pendulum are discussed as another example. Illustrations of stochastic layers in the twin-well Duffing oscillator and the periodically-driven pendulum are given through the Poincare mapping sections.
Anisotropic x-ray absorption in layered compounds

A study is presented of anisotropy effects in x-ray absorption in the layered compounds of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and $1T\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. In the measurements it was essential to separate the thickness effect from the true anisotropy effect which is dependent on the angle between the x-ray polarization and the crystal axes. The Se $K$ edge and the W and Ta $L$ edges were measured. Anisotropy in the white line of Se was found but no anisotropy was discerned in the W and Ta white lines. It is pointed out that x-ray absorption in general, and the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) in particular, have the anisotropy dependence of a second-order tensor and the theoretical expression for the EXAFS anisotropy at the ${L}_{2,3}$ edges is explicitly displayed. The anisotropy of the EXAFS in the Se and W absorption was measured and a good agreement with theory is found. The anisotropy of EXAFS at the ${L}_{2,3}$ edges has the new feature of a cross term between the final $s$ and $d$ states, which permits a determination from the measurements that the average contributions of the final $s$ state is 0.02 of that of the final $d$ states to the total absorption of the W ${L}_{3}$ edge. Finally, only qualitative agreement is obtained between band calculations and the near edge x-ray absorption structure, as expected theoretically.
INFLATION MEASUREMENT, INFLATION RISK, AND THE PRICING OF TREASURY BILLS

One explanation for the high real interest rates on Treasury bills during the period from 1980 to 1985 is that the risk premium had risen. A procedure for testing this hypothesis is to apply the Black version of the capital asset pricing model to real Treasury bill returns. This paper examines that procedure in detail. The main conclusion is that nonstationarity and measurement error, which are always impediments to empirical implementation of the CAPM, are particularly difficult to handle when estimating changes in Treasury bill risk premiums. Furthermore, the behavior of the premium depends on the index used to measure inflation.
A study of the nuclear response function

Abstract We examine the excitation properties of spherical nuclei in the Random Phase Approximation using the Green's function method. The calculations are done with interactions of the Skyrme type for nuclei from 16 O to 208 Pb. Different Skyrme interactions can have the same predictions for ground state Hartree-Fock properties, but give quite different predictions for the dynamic response. Our calculations favor a mild velocity-dependence in the interaction, such as given by Skyrme I. The level of agreement with empirical properties is as follows: energies of low-lying states, ≈25%; positions of giant resonances, ≈10%; transition rates of low states, factor of 2 typical. Inelastic scattering of electrons is reasonably accounted for by the model, but nucleon inelastic scattering has difficulties with the noncollective strength.
THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF ORGANOMETALLIC VPE

Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) is a new crystal growth technique which is rapidly gaining popularity due to its simplicity, flexibility and proven ability to grow excellent quality III/V compounds and alloys for device, applications.
Weight loss and sweetness preferences: the effects of recent versus past weight loss.

Abstract The present study examined the effects of weight loss, recent and past, on perceptions of pleasantness and sweetness intensity of sucrose solutions. Subjects high or low in current weight loss, and high or low in past weight loss (weight suppression) rated sucrose solutions before and after the ingestion of a glucose solution. Current weight loss was total weight loss over the 3 months prior to the study; past weight loss was defined in terms of the difference between maximal and current weight. Subjects were 40 women, all of whom reported that they were dieting. After a 12-hour overnight fast, each subject tasted and rated five concentrations of sucrose solutions (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0) for pleasantness and sweetness. High weight suppressors rated the sucrose solutions, before and after the glucose load, as significantly less pleasant than did low weight suppresors. High recent weight losers rated the sucrose solutions as significantly more pleasant than did low current weight losers following, but not prior to, the glucose load. These results were inconsistent with setpoint theory. High weight suppressors did not show an increase in sweetness prefernce as predicted by this theory. It was suggested that while weight loss affects taste hedonics, the nature of this relationship depends on the recency of the weight loss.
Some applications of differential scanning calorimetry for the analysis of polymers

Abstract Applications of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have continued to grow in many diverse areas. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss some of the newer applications of DSC for the analysis of polymers. Applications include: heat-sealing characteristics of polyethylene, determination of additives, the cross-linking of polyethylene by peroxides and the analysis of impact polystyrene.
Surgical and Visual Outcomes of the Type I Boston Keratoprosthesis for the Management of Aniridic Fibrosis Syndrome in Congenital Aniridia

Purpose To report the clinical features and surgical management of aniridic fibrosis syndrome using the type I Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro). Design Interventional case series. Methods Retrospective chart review of 9 eyes in 9 patients with congenital aniridia that developed aniridic fibrosis syndrome. Results All patients had clinical diagnosis of congenital aniridia. Previously, all patients had undergone cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and 7 patients had existing tube shunts. In all cases, fibrosis presented as progressive retrocorneal and retrolenticular membrane formation causing displacement of the IOL and secondary corneal decompensation. Two eyes had tractional folds in the retina with posterior extension of the membrane. The management included IOL explantation in 7 of 9 cases, removal of fibrosis with pars plana vitrectomy in all 9 patients, and implantation of a type I Boston KPro in all eyes. At a mean final follow-up of 26.1 months (range 6 to 48 months), vision remained improved in all patients. No patient had recurrence of the fibrotic membrane after KPro implantation. Conclusion This study represents another case series describing aniridic fibrosis syndrome and the largest study to report utilization of the type I Boston KPro in such patients. As the fibrosis can cause IOL dislocation, corneal decompensation, hypotony, and retinal detachment, monitoring for aniridic fibrosis syndrome in congenital aniridia with early surgical intervention is recommended. Type I Boston KPro may be considered in the surgical treatment of this condition.
Effects of Sitosterol on the Cholesterol Concentration in Serum and Liver in Hypothyroidism

The effects of the administration of the plant sterol, β-sitosterol, on the elevated serum lipids of hypothyroidism and on the cholesterol content of the liver have been investigated. In patients with hypothyroidism sitosterol administration, without dietary restriction, resulted in a reduction of serum cholesterol and other lipids. In the hypothyroid rat the addition of sitosterol to the diet prevented the increase in serum lipids and in the cholesterol content of the liver which otherwise occurs on a high-cholesterol diet.
Evidence that the type 1/type 2 dichotomy in alcoholism must be re-examined.

Studies supporting Coloninger's original Type 1/Type 2 hypothesis for classifying the generic transmission of alcoholism have sometimes failed to control for important sources of potential bias. First, the environmental effects of parental alcoholism must be distinguished from the genetic effects of parental alcoholism. Secondly, antisocial personality disorder must be distinguished from alcohol dependence. Thirdly, to control for developmental effects a cohort of alcoholics should be followed into late mid-life. The present report, a 50-year prospective study of the development of alcoholism in two community samples of 456 disadvantaged youth and 204 Harvard graduates, addresses these three, potential sources of bias. In this report the age of onset of alcoholism and the degree of antisocial symptomatology was correlated with disturbed family environment but was quite independent of the presence or absence of a heredity positive far alcoholism. The reasons why such findings threaten the validity of the Type 1/Type 2 hypothesis are discussed.
New combinations for Panicum subgenus Panicum and subgenus Dichanthelium (Poaceae) of the Southeastern United States

Twenty-two new varietal combinations are made for the treatment of the genusPanicum of the Southeastern United States. The following 3 new combinations are made in the subgenusPanicum:Panicum rigidulum var.elongatum, P. rigidulum var.pubescens, P. rigidulum var.combsii. The following 19 new combinations are made in the subgenusDichanthelium:P. strigosum var.glabrescens P. strigosum var.leucoblepharis, P. dichotomum var.roanokense, P. dichotomum var.lucidum, P. dichotomum var.ramulosum, p. dichotomum var.mattamuskeetense, P. dichotomum var.yadkinense, P. ensifolium var.curtifolium, P. chamaelonche var.breve, P. portoricense var.nashianum, P. acuminatum var.fasciculatum, P. acuminatum var.unciphyllum, P. acuminatum var.columbianum, P. acuminatum var.lindheimeri, P. acuminatum var.densiflorum, P. acuminatum varlongiligulatum, P. acuminatum var.leucothrix, P. ovale var.pseudopubescens, andP. ovale var.villosum.
Violent Times: A Case Study of the Ybor City Historic District

This case analysis of an urban historic district tracks the demographic, economic, and public policy trends that influenced its violent crime volumes. Constructs from routine activities theory and environmental criminology are used to explain these crime trends. Findings are (a) macrostructural forces influenced crime volumes; (b) populations drawn to the area’s nightlife had an impact on crime; (c) considering the number of people who visited the area, the victimization risks there were greater than was average for all of Tampa; (d) the demographics of the areas surrounding the district had less impact on crime there than has been assumed; and (e) the high density of bars facilitated the occurrence of violent crime beyond what would have been generated with other land uses. Recommendations are presented for guiding the formation of public policy that will affect the future crime trends in the district and may also be generalized to similar areas undergoing economic revitalization.
Investigation of Tank Pressurization and Pressure Control—Part II: Numerical Modeling

A multizone model is used to predict both the self-pressurization and pressure control behavior of a ground-based experiment. The multizone model couples a finite element heat conduction model of the tank wall to the bulk conservation equations in the ullage and the liquid. Comparisons are made to the experimental data presented in a companion paper. Results suggest that the multizone model can predict self-pressurization behavior over a variety of test conditions. The model is also used to predict the pressure control behavior when a subcooled axial mixing jet is used to thermally destratify and cool the bulk liquid. For fast jet speeds, the multizone model does a reasonably predict the pressure collapse behavior. Comparisons were also made between the data and a homogeneous thermodynamic model. These comparisons highlight the deficiencies of the homogeneous modeling approach.
An Algorithm for Enhancing Spreadsheet Regression with Out-of-Sample Statistics

An innovative algorithm is developed for obtaining spreadsheet regression measures used in computing out-of-sample statistics. This algorithm alleviates the leave-one-out computational simulation complexity and memory size problems perceived in computing these statistics. Hence, the purpose of this article is to describe a computationally enhanced algorithm that gives spreadsheet users advanced regression capabilities thereby adding a new dimension to spreadsheet regression operations. These statistics include diagonals of the hat matrix, legitimate forecasting intervals, and PRESS residuals. These computational innovations promote learning while eliminating spreadsheet inadequacies thereby making spreadsheet regression attractive to academicians in teaching and practitioners in acquiring further application competence.
SHOULD THE LIMITS OF LIABILITY BE CHANGED?1

ABSTRACT The U.S. Coast Guard commissioned an evaluation of the appropriateness of adjusting the current limits of liability for oil spills from transportation-related onshore facilities, based on the requirements of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Extensive data collection and analysis revealed that the type and quality of the data needed to support recommendations for setting limits of liability for oil spills from specific categories of facilities were either not available or not reliable. Therefore, no recommendation can be made regarding a change in the limits of liability. Further, the lack of accessible data cripples decision making in the entire subject of oil spills. Recommendations are made regarding the data acquisition process and the systems needed to support it.
Duplicating the cube and other notes on constructions in the hyperbolic plane

The Euclidean classical problem ofDuplicating the Cube is investigated for the first time inhyperbolic geometry, and its partial solution presented. The other two associated problems ofTrisecting an Angle andSquaring the Circle in the hyperbolic plane were solved classically, but a few additions to these solutions are presented, along with some miscellaneous notes about straightedge and compass constructions in the hyperbolic plane.
Bias in Meaning in Life Ratings

A measure of depth of meaning in life, the Meaning in Life Depth instrument (MILD), was checked for two possible sources of bias in the depth ratings made by 113 college student-judges. The judges rated for depth of meaning 10 essays written by other individuals. The judges also indicated the categories of meaning they personally most preferred. The judges' ratings of the 10 essays were then matched with their own categories of meaning preference to see if they preferred (were biased toward) essays similar in type of meaning to theirs. This type of bias was found, and suggestions were made about dealing with this problem. Age bias, the second type of bias investigated, did not occur; that is, the judges did not systematically prefer essays written by people of their approximate age over those written by older people.
Uptake of NO3 on KI solutions: rate coefficient for the NO3 + I− reaction and gas-phase diffusion coefficients for NO3

Abstract Uptake of NO3 by KI solutions was measured at 273 ± 1 K using a wetted-wall flow tube to determine the rate coefficient for the NO3(aq) + I− reaction to be k = (4.6 ± 0.5) × 109M−1 s−1. It is suggested that the reaction of NO3 with halide ions proceeds by electron transfer. Use of high concentration of KI enabled determination of the gas-phase diffusion coefficients of NO3 in H2O vapor, He, N2 and O2 to be, respectively, DNO3 − H2O = 120 ± 15, DNO3 − He = 345 ± 25DNO3 − N2 = 80 ± 15 and DNO3 − O2 = 80 ± 15 Torr cm2s−1. These coefficients agree well with calculated values.
The clearance of glycoproteins in diabetic mice.

Abstract The clearances of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-bovine serum albumin (GlcNAc-BSA), L-fucosyl-bovine serum albumin (Fuc-BSA) and asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic mice and compared to non-diabetic litter mates. The clearances of Fuc-BSA and ASOR were identical in both groups. However, the clearance of GlcNAc-BSA was considerably slower in the diabetic animals. When GlcNAc-BSA was injected into normal mice in the presence of a blood glucose of 25 to 50 mM, competition was observed. No competition was seen with Fuc-BSA or D-galactosyl-BSA (Gal-BSA) in the presence of 50 mM glucose. In , vitro binding studies with purified receptor for GlcNAc/mannose confirm that glucose competes for binding of GlcNAc-BSA to this receptor.
False FHL: A Normal Variant Posing Risks in Posterior Hindfoot Endoscopy

Posterior hindfoot endoscopy has been more commonly used in the treatment of various pathologies by surgeons with different arthroscopic experience. The flexor hallucis longus is usually the initial and most important landmark serving as a medial boundary for the arthroscope and instruments to avoid inadvertent injury to the tibial nerve and vessels. We report 2 cases in which the presence of the peroneocalcaneus internus muscle, "false FHL," imitated the flexor hallucis longus, risking imminent neurovascular injury during the initial endoscopic exposure. Awareness of this rare anatomic variation, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies, and intraoperative differentiation techniques were found helpful to avoid devastating complications.
Vortex sheet modeling with curved higher-order panels

On presente une methode de prevision de la geometrie d'une nappe tourbillonnaire a l'arriere d'une aile portante
B 74-39 A Course in APL/360 with Applications

As APL (A Programming Language) attains its place as one of the widely used programming languages one welcomes a commensurate increase in the number of publications detailing its use and expanding the base from which to gain knowledge.
Crystal structure of the DNA polymerase processivity factor of T4 bacteriophage.

Abstract The protein encoded by gene 45 of T4 bacteriophage (gene 45 protein or gp45), is responsible for tethering the catalytic subunit of T4 DNA Polymerase to DNA during high-speed replication. Also referred to as a sliding DNA clamp, gp45 is similar in its function to the processivity factors of bacterial and eukaryotic DNA polymerases, the β-clamp and PCNA, respectively. Crystallographic analysis has shown that the β-clamp and PCNA form highly symmetrical ring-shaped structures through which duplex DNA can be threaded. Gp45 shares no sequence similarity with β-clamp or PCNA, and sequence comparisons have not been able to establish whether it adopts a similar structure. We have determined the crystal structure of gp45 from T4 bacteriophage at 2.4 A resolution, using multiple isomorphous replacement. The protein forms a trimeric ring-shaped assembly with overall dimensions that are similar to those of the bacterial and eukaryotic processivity factors. Each monomer of gp45 contains two domains that are very similar in chain fold to those of β-clamp and PCNA. Despite an overall negative charge, the inner surface of the ring is in a region of positive electrostatic potential, consistent with a mechanism in which DNA is threaded through the ring.
Unusual insertion element polymorphisms in the promoter and terminator regions of the mucAB-like genes of R471a and R446b

Abstract We have previously identified umu -complementing genes on two incL/M plasmids, R471a and R446b (C. Ho et al., J. Bacteriol., 175 (1993) 5411–5419). Molecular analysis of these genes revealed that they are more structurally and functionally related to mucAB from the incN plasmid pKM101 than to other members of the previously identified Umu-like family. As a consequence, we have termed these new homologs mucAB (R471a) and mucAB (R446b) respectively. Interestingly, while the location of the mucAB -like genes is essentially the same in both R471a and R446b, the regions immediately flanking the mucAB -like genes are highly polymorphic. For example, 5′ to mucAB (R471a) we found an insert that appears to be a novel retroelement encoding a putative reverse transcriptase (RT). This RT is related to the reverse transcriptases encoded by group II introns but is embedded in a retron-like context. Immediately 3′ to the mucAB (R471a) locus is a putative insertion element of a sparsely-dispersed class not previously reported from enteric bacteria. Both the RT and insertion element are absent in R446b. These observations suggest that the mucAB -like genes from R471a and R446b are located within regions of the R-plasmids that perhaps were once (or still are) mobile genetic elements. Such observations might help explain the distribution of umu -like genes on R-plasmids and bacterial chromosomes.
Electron Microbeam Investigation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils from Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Two samples of uranium-contaminated soil from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee were investigated using electron microprobe analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The objectives of this research were to identify and characterize soil particles and rock chips with high uranium concentrations, to investigate the extent of uranium penetration into chips of parent material, and to identify solid-phase hosts for uranium in the samples. Three distinct solid-phase hosts for uranium have been identified: (1) iron oxyhydroxides, including goethite and ferrihydrite; (2) mixed Mn−Fe oxides; and (3) discrete uranium phosphates. In all three, uranium is associated with phosphorus. The ubiquitous U−P association highlights the influence of phosphate on the environmental fate of uranium. Uranium-bearing phases are found well within chips of weathered shale, as far as 900 μm from fractures and chip edges, indicating that uranium has diffused into the shale matrix.
A new method for measurement of finger-phalangeal force

Finger-phalangeal forces during maximal isometric cylinder grasping have been measured by using pressure-sensitive sheets in order to intensify the finger pressure, ball mats have been used. An image-analysis system has been used to determine the force exerted by the finger phalanges from the density of stains on the pressure-sensitive film. The variation of the finger forces with different cylinder sizes has been investigated, and the locations of the phalangeal force centers have also been obtained. The present method is useful for the analysis of finger-pulp contact with an object, and also for optimizing handle-shape design.
Homelessness and indicators of mental illness among inmates in New York City's correctional system.

Data from three cross-sectional samples of inmates in the New York City correctional system (N= 299, 236, and 151) were analyzed to determine the prevalence of homelessness among detainees. One-fourth to one-third of each sample had been homeless at some time during the two months before arrest, and 20 percent of the primary sample of 299 inmates had been homeless the night before arrest. Further analysis of the primary sample showed that homelessness was strongly associated with mental illness: 50 percent of those who had ever been homeless during the past three years responded positively to at least one mental illness screening question, compared with 25 percent of the never-homeless inmates. More than a third of the ever-homeless group had received mental health treatment, compared with a fifth of those who had never been homeless.
Speakers’ experiences and audience design: knowing when and knowing how to adjust utterances to addressees☆

Abstract In this paper, we develop an account of the types of experiences through which speakers learn to design their utterances for particular addressees. We argue that there are two important aspects of conversational situations relevant to considerations of audience design. First, speakers must become aware that audience design is necessary in the current setting. Second, they must frequently overcome other tendencies toward consistency and brevity of expression. To assess the impact of both of these factors, we conducted a referential communication experiment in which Directors described arrays of picture cards for two independent Matchers. In the early rounds, both Matchers were present and each possessed a different subset of the Directors’ cards. In later rounds, only one of the two Matchers was present at a time and worked with the entire set of cards. We evaluated the degree to which Directors’ descriptions showed evidence of audience design by focusing on critical rounds when the Directors described cards that the current Matcher had not previously shared. Directors generally appeared sensitive to the distinction between shared and nonshared items. Additionally, there was more evidence of adjustment at the second partner change, suggesting that the Directors had learned something about the kinds of descriptions required in this situation. Our results suggest that it is important to consider the nature of speakers’ experiences of interacting in a particular situation when making claims about the presence or absence of audience design.
The instinct concept of the early Konrad Lorenz

Peculiar to Konrad Lorenz’s view of instinctive behavior is his strong innate-learned dichotomy. He claimed that there are neither ontogenetic nor phylogenetic transitions between instinctive and experience-based behavior components, thus contradicting all former accounts of instinct. The present study discusses how Lorenz came to hold this controversial position by examining the history of Lorenz’s early theoretical development in the crucial period from 1931 to 1937, taking relevant influences into account. Lorenz’s intellectual development is viewed as being guided by four theoretical and practical commitments as to how to study and explain behavior. These four factors, which were part of the general approach of Lorenz but not of other animal psychologists, were crucial in bringing about his specific position on instinctive behavior.
Calculation of the Free Energy and Cooperativity of Protein Folding

Calculation of the free energy of protein folding and delineation of its pre-organization are of foremost importance for understanding, predicting and designing biological macromolecules. Here, we introduce an energy smoothing variant of parallel tempering replica exchange Monte Carlo (REMS) that allows for efficient configurational sampling of flexible solutes under the conditions of molecular hydration. Its usage to calculate the thermal stability of a model globular protein, Trp cage TC5b, achieves excellent agreement with experimental measurements. We find that the stability of TC5b is attained through the coupled formation of local and non-local interactions. Remarkably, many of these structures persist at high temperature, concomitant with the origin of native-like configurations and mesostates in an otherwise macroscopically disordered unfolded state. Graph manifold learning reveals that the conversion of these mesostates to the native state is structurally heterogeneous, and that the cooperativity of their formation is encoded largely by the unfolded state ensemble. In all, these studies establish the extent of thermodynamic and structural pre-organization of folding of this model globular protein, and achieve the calculation of macromolecular stability ab initio, as required for ab initio structure prediction, genome annotation, and drug design.
Decruitment and the growth of loudness in the ears of brain-damaged adults.

Summary The inability of temporal lobe damaged patients to perform the ABLB and satisfactorily balance tones of equal intensity has been called “decruitment”. Poor performance has been attributed to an abnormally slow growth of loudness in the ear contralateral to the lesion. Seven patients with temporal lobe damage, seven with brain damage exclusive of the auditory system, and seven normals were asked to match loudness (ABLB) and to build a Sone scale by halving and doubling the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone. The normals performed all tasks well. The braindamaged (non-auditory system) showed slight variation on the ABLB, and normal Sone scales. The temporal lobe group evidenced decruitment on the ABU, but produced normal Sone scales. Decruitment is apparently not an abnormal growth of loudness, but rather the inability to integrate and relate auditory tasks presented dichotically.
Break-even analysis for multiple product firms

Abstract The object of the paper is to present a method to compute break-even values of production for multiple product firms that produce under conditions of joint fixed costs and product interdependence, without assuming that the ratio of the variable costs of each output to the total variable costs of the firm remain constant. The result obtained with the methods proposed are compared with those obtained using other methods, and the implications for managerial decision-making are analyzed.
Membrane binding of the colicin E1 channel: activity requires an electrostatic interaction of intermediate magnitude

In vitro channel activity of the C-terminal colicin E1 channel polypeptide under conditions of variable electrostatic interaction with synthetic lipid membranes showed distinct maxima with respect to pH and membrane surface potential. The membrane binding energy was determined from fluorescence quenching of the intrinsic tryptophans of the channel polypeptide by liposomes containing N-trinitrophenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. Maximum in vitro colicin channel activity correlated with an intermediate magnitude of the electrostatic interaction. For conditions associated with maximum activity (40% anionic lipid, I = 0.12 M, pH 4.0), the free energy of binding was delta G approximately -9 kcal/mol, with nonelectrostatic and electrostatic components, delta Gnel approximately -5 kcal/mol and delta Gel approximately -4 kcal/mol, and an effective binding charge of +7 at pH 4.0. Binding of the channel polypeptide to negative membranes at pH 8 is minimal, whereas initial binding at pH 4 followed by a shift to pH 8 causes only 3–10% reversal of binding, implying that it is kinetically trapped, probably by a hydrophobic interaction. It was inferred that membrane binding and insertion involves an initial electrostatic interaction responsible for concentration and binding to the membrane surface. This is followed by insertion into the bilayer driven by hydrophobic forces, which are countered in the case of excessive electrostatic binding.