cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of binaural integration deficits in children with the Competing Words Subtest: Standard score versus interaural asymmetry

The Competing Words Subtest is a commonly used dichotic listening test for assessing binaural integration in children suspected of having an auditory processing disorder. In 124 children, standard scores from the subtest suggested a binaural integration deficit in 23% of the children tested. Because standard scores are derived from the combined scores of both ears during the test, children with normal performance in one ear and weak performance in the other ear may be overlooked. For these children, a measure of interaural asymmetry may be a more sensitive indicator of a binaural integration deficit. When an age-appropriate criterion for interaural asymmetry from the Competing Words Subtest was used, the incidence of a binaural integration deficit increased to 51% of the children tested. Four typical patterns of dichotic listening performance were identified based on results from the two scoring techniques.
Transcription factors in bone: developmental and pathological aspects

The skeleton in vertebrates is composed of bone and cartilage, which contains three specific types: osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone and chondrocytes in cartilage. Like other cell types in the body, skeletal cell differentiation is controlled by multiple transcription factors at various stages of their development. Cbfa1 and Osx, a newly identified zinc-finger containing protein, are osteoblast-specific transcription factors. Loss of function of either one of them leads to absence of bone in mammals. Here, we discuss transcription factors involved in controlling the differentiation of osteoclasts, such as Pu.1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and chondrocytes, such as Sox proteins. Finally, recent progress in identifying mutations in transcription factors affecting skeletal patterning and development is also described.
Avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine with abundant reactive ossification in the soft tissue

Patients who have sustained an avulsion fracture and present clinically during the healing phase of the injury may manifest a mass that clinically and radiographically mimics a malignant neoplasm. A 15-year-old male soccer goalkeeper presented with a large ossified mass in the soft tissues overlying the right hip 6 months after experiencing a popping sensation in his hip joint during a game. Although an osteosarcoma was suspected clinically and radiographically, a Tru-Cut needle biopsy of the lesion revealed reactive bone formation. Correlation of the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings indicated an avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine with abundant reactive ossification in the soft tissues. The healing phase of an avulsion fracture may clinically and radiographically be mistaken for neoplasia. In such cases, a Tru-Cut needle biopsy may reveal the reactive nature of the process.
Asymptotics of Bayesian error probability and source super-localization in three dimensions

We present an asymptotic analysis of the minimum probability of error (MPE) in inferring the correct hypothesis in a Bayesian multi-hypothesis testing (MHT) formalism using many pixels of data that are corrupted by signal dependent shot noise, sensor read noise, and background illumination. We perform our analysis for a variety of combined noise and background statistics, including a pseudo-Gaussian distribution that can be employed to treat approximately the photon-counting statistics of signal and background as well as purely Gaussian sensor read-out noise and more general, exponentially peaked distributions. We subsequently evaluate both the exact and asymptotic MPE expressions for the problem of three-dimensional (3D) point source localization. We focus specifically on a recently proposed rotating-PSF imager and compare, using the MPE metric, its 3D localization performance with that of conventional and astigmatic imagers in the presence of background and sensor-noise fluctuations.
Preventing spread of Fusarium wilt of Hiemalis begonias in the greenhouse

Abstract To develop strategies to manage Fusarium wilt of Hiemalis begonias ( Begonia × Hiemalis ), caused by Fusarium foetens , studies were conducted to understand how the disease might be spread in the greenhouse. Inoculum density studies showed that as few as 100 conidial ml −1 were sufficient to cause significant disease indicating that shared irrigation systems need strict sanitation along with bench tops, pots, and trays. The role of fungus gnats ( Bradysia spp.) in vectoring F. foetens within a greenhouse was studied using nylon tent cages with diseased and healthy Hiemalis begonias. Fungus gnats were released into half of the cages. In cages where fungus gnats were present only healthy plants became diseased, indicating the effectiveness of fungus gnats in spreading Fusarium wilt. The pathogen was also isolated from adult fungus gnats. In vitro studies showed that two commercially available H 2 O 2 -based compounds, ZeroTol ® (2.0% peroxyacetic acid and 27.0% hydrogen peroxide), and SaniDate ® (12.0% peroxyacetic acid and 18.5% hydrogen peroxide), were effective in causing 100% spore mortality at rates that would allow their use in irrigation water. Seven cultivars of Hiemalis begonias ( Begonia × Hiemalis ) grown in soil infested with F. foetens were highly susceptible. No other Begonia species showed typical symptoms of chlorosis and wilt, but two cultivars of Rex begonia ( Begonia rex ) exhibited significant stunting in repeated trials.
Is there a new neutral lepton

Abstract We discuss conservation laws of lepton flavors within the context of unified weak and electromagnetic gauge theories. We show that the present upper limit on the new (U) lepton-number violating processes U→3 charged leptons already requires the presence of a neutral lepton in the SU(2) ⊗ U(1) theory. We discuss some of the possibilities and point out the constraints implied by lowering the bounds on μ →e γ and U→3 charged leptons.
A Literature Review of How Videogames Are Assessed in Library and Information Science and Beyond

Abstract In this paper the author explores how videogames and gaming are assessed in Library and Information Science (LIS) and in other fields. The author concludes with a discussion of some potential future directions for assessment practices of videogames and gaming in LIS.
Black, magnetic spherules from Pleistocene and recent beach sands

Black magnetic spherules in Pleistocene and recent beach sands, investigating origin by electron microscopy
Writing to Read and Reading to Write: Teaching Literature in the Foreign Language Classroom

ABSTRACT In the literature classroom we are often faced with a wide range of L2 skills that can make inclusive discussion a great challenge. Through writing assignments we can improve the capacity of our literature students to read and analyze assigned texts. Students are given open questions about the text to prepare for the class discussion. These questions are then reformulated as topics for short essays assigned at frequent intervals throughout the semester. The essays are then rewritten for a final grade and evaluation. This approach provides a higher level of motivation for self-correction that will enable students to overcome, rather than fossilize, their errors.
Building bridges for spinal cord repair.

For nearly a century, neuroscientists have sought to restore neurological function across spinal cord lesions. Lu et al. now present significant progress toward this goal, showing in rats that transplanted neural stem cells establish a functional bridge across completely transected spinal cords.
A highly destabilizing mutation, G37A, of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor retains the average native conformation but greatly increases local flexibility

A point mutation, G37A, on the surface of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) destabilizes the protein by ∼5 kcal/mol, which is very high for addition of one methyl group. In wild-type (WT) BPTI, Gly 37 HN is in an unusual NH−aromatic−NH network of interactions with the ring of Tyr 35 and the side chain HN of Asn 44. G37A was designed to disrupt this interaction, since the φ and ψ backbone angles of G37 are not favorable for an amino acid containing a β-carbon. Investigations of the structure and dynamics by NMR methods show that G37A retains the average WT structure. The NH−aromatic−NH interactions remain intact, as indicated by NOEs and the large upfield ring current shift (∼4 ppm) of A37 HN. The NMR structure, confirmed by molecular modeling calculations, requires φ and ψ backbone angles that are highly destabilizing when alanine is in position 37. Although the average structure is essentially unchanged, the dynamics are altered dramatically. Many residues in the region of the mutation have incr...
Validity of Parallel Measures of Vocational Interests and Confidence

The basic confidence scales of the Expanded Skills Confidence Inventory were evaluated using 715 college students. The scales were correlated as predicted with confidence for Holland's six vocational themes and with the basic interest scales of the Strong Interest Inventory. Discriminant analyses using educational aspirations and major and career preferences job families as dependent variables indicated that using both interests and confidence measures led to additional predictive power over either one alone. The more specific sets of scales accounted for the most variance. Data supported the hypothesis of more frequent occurrence of score patterns of higher interest but lower confidence relative to gender-nonstereotypic domains (e.g., mechanical for women and helping for men), thus suggesting the utility of efficacy theory-based interventions to broaden the range of career options. It is hoped that these findings will facilitate the use of parallel measures of interests and self-efficacy in research and ...
Untreated rats develop "pathological" aggression when paired with a mescaline-treated rat in a shock-elicited aggression situation

The species-typical aggressive repertoire of a pair of rats in a shock-elicited aggression situation consists of both rats assuming upright “boxing” postures and striking each other with their forepaws when electric shock is delivered. Aggressive behavior whose severity significantly exceeds this repertoire can be operationally defined as “pathological.” When mescaline hydrochloride is administered to a pair of rats in this situation, their aggressive behavior appears to qualify as pathological, since they will engage in vicious biting attacks that often result in death. In the present study the drug was given to only one member of the pair prior to placing both in a shock-elicited aggression situation. This was sufficient to cause the untreated member of the pair to bite viciously its mescaline-treated opponent, even though the latter generally remained passive or adopted submissive postures toward the untreated rat. The severity of viciousness was found to be significantly greater when both rats received the drug, indicating that the mescaline produces pathological aggression in rats in a shock-elicited aggression situation by altering the behavior of both the victim and attacker. It is hypothesized that pathological aggression in rats is due to mescaline's disruption of social signals that regulate the severity of aggressive behavior.
Physical Activity Among Persons Aging with Mobility Disabilities: Shaping a Research Agenda

With the aging of the baby boomer population and their accompanying burden of disease, future disability rates are expected to increase. This paper summarizes the state of the evidence regarding physical activity and aging for individuals with mobility disability and proposes a healthy aging research agenda for this population. Using a previously published framework, we present evidence in order to compile research recommendations in four areas focusing on older adults with mobility disability: (1) prevalence of physical activity, (2) health benefits of physical activity, (3) correlates of physical activity participation, and, (4) promising physical activity intervention strategies. Overall, findings show a dearth of research examining physical activity health benefits, correlates (demographic, psychological, social, and built environment), and interventions among persons aging with mobility disability. Further research is warranted.
An exploratory investigation of the theorized levels of consumer fanaticism

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for the behaviors of consumers engaged in fan activity and test to see if that model simulates the movement of consumers among the proposed levels of fan behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – Support for the proposed model is examined through the literature, a series of structured interviews with fans are evaluated using first qualitative, then quantitative methodologies for evidence of the hypothesized model.Findings – The research indicates moderate support for the three‐level model first proposed by Hill et al.Research/limitations/implications – Given the moderate support found for the model, further research could serve to offer stronger evidence, as well as to examine the extinguishing process by which a fan exits the subculture.Practical implications – The research identifies members and levels of the fan subculture that marketing professionals should target when offering products and services aimed at those segments.Originality/value – Thi...
On the Impossibility of (Some) Critical Pedagogies: Critical Positionalities within a Binary

In teaching, our teacherly bodies are always available for the interpretation and evaluation of others. Indeed, it was a first lesson for many: entering the classroom the first time and feeling tho...
Anomalous rotatory dispersion of metachromatic mucopolysaccharide-dye complexes. I. Heparin

Optical rotatory dispersion measurements on metachromatic heparin:dye complexes have revealed Cotton effects in the absorption region of the hound dye which are dependent upon the “native” integrity of the heparin molecule and upon the dye to site ratio, that is, the dye array. According to the recent ideas concerning induced Cotton effects in external chromophores hound to helical polymers, heparin, a mucopolysaccharide, appears to exhibit helical secondary structure.
Immobilization of Zinc Fertilizer in Flooded Soils Monitored by Adapted DTPA Soil Test

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a persistent problem in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Severe Zn deficiency causes loss of grain yield, and rice grains with low Zn content contribute to human nutritional Zn deficiencies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction method for use with reduced soils and to assess differences in plant availability of native and fertilizer Zn from oxidized and reduced soils. The DTPA‐extractable Zn decreased by 60% through time after flooding when the extraction was done on field‐moist soil but remained at original levels when air‐dried prior to extraction. In a pot experiment with one calcareous and one noncalcareous soil, moist‐soil DTPA‐extractable Zn and plant Zn uptake both decreased after flooding compared with the oxidized soil treatment for both soils. In the flooded treatment of the calcareous soil, both plant and soil Zn concentrations were equal to or less than critical deficiency levels even after fertilization w...
Perspective volume rendering on Parallel Algebraic Logic (PAL) computer

We propose a perspective volume graphics rendering algorithm on SIMD mesh-connected computers and implement the algorithm on the Parallel Algebraic Logic computer. The algorithm is a parallel ray casting algorithm. It decomposes the 3D perspective projection into two transformations that can be implemented in the SIMD fashion to solve the data redistribution problem caused by non-regular data access patterns in the perspective projection.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide can excite gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in a manner dependent on estradiol and gated by time of day

A surge of GnRH release signals the LH surge that triggers ovulation. The GnRH surge is dependent on a switch in estradiol feedback from negative to positive and, in rodents, a daily neural signal, likely from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) may be involved in suprachiasmatic nuclei-GnRH neuron communication. Here we assessed the effects of acute VIP (5 min treatment) on GnRH neuron function using targeted extracellular recordings of firing activity of GnRH neurons in brain slices. We examined the effect of VIP on firing rate at different times of day using an established ovariectomized, estradiol-treated (OVX+E) mouse model that exhibits daily LH surges timed to the late afternoon. Cells from OVX animals (no estradiol) did not respond to VIP, regardless of time of day. With estradiol, the effect of VIP on GnRH neurons was dependent on the time of recording. During negative feedback, OVX+E cells did not respond. VIP increased firing in cells recorded during surge onset, but this excitatory response was reduced at surge peak. Acute treatment of OVX+E cells during surge peak with a VIP receptor antagonist decreased GnRH neuron firing. This suggests endogenous VIP may both increase GnRH neuron firing during the surge and occlude response to exogenous VIP. These data provide functional evidence for VIP effects on GnRH neurons and indicate that both estradiol and time of day gate the GnRH neuron response to this peptide. VIP may provide an excitatory signal from the circadian clock that helps time the GnRH surge.
One-dimensional-turbulence simulation of flame extinction and reignition in planar ethylene jet flames

Abstract A series of three simulations of temporally evolving, planar, nonpremixed ethylene jet flames are performed using the one-dimensional-turbulence (ODT) model. The simulations are performed at a fixed Reynolds number, but varying Damkohler numbers, under conditions that result in significant flame extinction and reignition. Results are compared to corresponding direct numerical simulations (DNSs), which exhibit 40, 70, and nearly 100% peak flame extinction among the three cases. The planar, temporal configuration is ideal for comparison and validation of the ODT model, and identical thermodynamic, transport, and kinetic models were used. The ODT model captures the jet evolution and heat release effects. Line of sight profiles are qualitatively similar between the ODT and DNS. Good agreement is found for scalar dissipation statistics. While ODT captures the flame extinction process, the level of flame reignition is underpredicted, and conditional mean temperature profiles are depressed during reignition compared to the DNS. This is in contrast to previous ODT studies using CO/H2 mixtures (syngas). As a one-dimensional model, ODT is unable to capture multi-dimensional edge flame propagation during reignition, but is able to capture reignition via flame folding. Given the fidelity of the fine-scale transport and reaction processes built into ODT, and good flow modeling observed, more reduced combustion models will be challenged to capture nonpremixed flame reignition.
Synergistic Signaling of Tumor Cell Invasiveness by Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Hypoxia

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling promotes tumor invasiveness in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and other cancers. In clear cell RCC, VHL loss generates pseudohypoxia that exacerbates HGF-driven invasion through β-catenin deregulation. Hypoxia also enhances HGF-driven invasiveness by papillary RCC cells, but in the absence of VHL, loss signaling integration involves three parallel routes: 1) hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species production and decreased DUSP2 expression, leading to enhanced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade activation; 2) reactive oxygen species-induced diacylglycerol production by phospholipase Cγ, leading to protein kinase C activation and increased protein phosphatase-2A activity, thereby suppressing HGF-induced Akt activation; and 3) a profound shift from HGF-enhanced, proliferation-oriented metabolism to autophagy-dependent invasion and suppression of proliferation. This tripartite signaling integration was not unique to RCC or HGF; in RCC cells, invasive synergy induced by the combination of hypoxia and epidermal growth factor occurred through the same mechanism, and in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, this mechanism was suppressed in the absence of estrogen. These results define the molecular basis of growth factor and hypoxia invasive synergy in VHL-competent papillary RCC cells, illustrate the plasticity of invasive and proliferative tumor cell states, and provide signaling profiles by which they may be predicted.
A Qualitative Assessment of Culinary Science Competencies Defined by the Research Chefs Association

The Research Chefs Association (RCA), a professional association for Culinology® (i.e., culinary science), has created core competencies for practicing Culinologists. This qualitative study was performed to gain insight into perceptions of RCA members about the Culinology core competencies. In focus groups conducted at the 2008 RCA Annual Conference, members expressed confusion about the self-selected membership process but agreed that there is a benefit to a competency assessment of the RCA membership. Participants were confident that results of a competency assessment may improve the knowledge, skills, and abilities of RCA members, to the benefit of members, employers, and the entire industry.
Phage sensitivity and virulence relationships in Xanthomonas pruni

Variants of Xanthomonas pruni selected after exposure to an excess of phage were less virulent on “Sunhigh” peach seedlings than the parent isolates. The variants were further characterized by markedly reduced capacity to adsorb phage irreversibly. None of the X. pruni variants were lysed by any of eight phage selections from morphologically distinct plaques at routine test dilution, even though some of the variants adsorbed up to 50% of the plaque-forming units in a mixture of the phage selections. In log-dose/probit-response analyses of infectivity titrations, the slope values for all the X. pruni variants ranged from b = 1·06 to b = 2·70. These values are consistent with plant responses produced in compatible host-pathogen combinations by the cells acting independently. Generally, colonies of the X. pruni variants were smaller than those of the parent isolates and low convex or slightly concave in the center. Selection for and survival of phage-resistant, virulent X. pruni variants under natural conditions remains to be determined.
The Statistical Efficiency of Sample Plot Size and Shape in Forest Ecology

"The need for quantitative records [of vegetation] has made it necessary to give serious consideration to methods of sampling. Usually the members of an entire community cannot be counted or meastured, and even if this were done, the information would be no more useful or significant than an adequate set of data acquired by proper sampling. Since this is true, it becomes of prime importance to determine what constitutes an adequate sample in terms of the community as a whole and how to obtain such a sample with a minimum of effort" (Oosting 1948). The recognition of this need for adequate sampling has led to much discussion of sampling techniques in the literature of ecology. But in spite of this, actual attempts to determine what constittutes an adequate sample have been limited to a few techniques. This determination in forest ecology has been based largely on the species-area curve (Cain 1938) or on wholly empirical methods. The importance of information obtained by either of these methods cannot be evaluated statistically. The former because, according to Ashby (1936), the requisite procedure for verifying the species-area equations is to take the readings of the number of species in plots of different sizes laid at random over the community. It is not legitimate to compose the readings for larger plots by combining the data from smaller ones, for this treatment cancels out any inequalities in distributions. Since most of the data purporting to verify these equations have been collected in this statistically erroneous way, it is impossible at this time, to evaluate the equations statistically. Empirical methods, including the systematic sample, cannot be evaluated or interpreted statistically because the random sample is the only safe basis for statistical calculation. Some application of statistical method (in the sense of the statistician) has been made to the problems of ecological sampling (Clapham 1932. Ashby 1935 and 1936. Pechanec and Stewart 1940, Penfound 1945. and others). Although most applications have dealt with non-forest vegetation, foresters of the U. S. Forest Service have employed statistical methods to determine the size and number of plots necessary for the purposes of timber cruising and for estimating forest tree reproduction.
Plasmoid impacts on neutron stars and highest energy cosmic rays.

Particle acceleration by electrostatic polarization fields that arise in plasmas streaming across magnetic fields is discussed as a possible acceleration mechanism of highest energy $(\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{20}\mathrm{eV})$ cosmic rays. Specifically, plasmoids arising in planetoid impacts onto neutron star magnetospheres are considered. We find that such impacts at plausible rates may account for the observed flux and energy spectrum of the highest energy cosmic rays.
Sorbent Wicking Device for Sampling Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Unsaturated Soil Pore Water. II: Chemical Capture, Recovery, and Analysis

Experiments investigated the chemical capture and quantitative recovery of chlorinated hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) sampled from the pore-water of unsaturated soils with a new in situ sorbent wicking device. The sampling device is comprised of an annular porous stainless-steel interface encasing granular-activated carbon and a fiberglass wick. Laboratory column studies using Ottawa sand spiked with tri- and tetrachlorobenzenes evaluated the accuracy of the sampling device in assessing average pore-water concentrations. The findings from these experiments showed that the sorbent-wick sampler provided reliable and repeatable estimates of the pore-water concentrations of the chlorobenzenes in the unsaturated soil columns at pore-water concentrations as low as several parts per billion. Field trials were conducted in a land biotreatment unit containing industrial soil/sludge materials to assess the availability of trace levels of aqueous-phase polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The land treatment unit had undergone 5 years of intrinsic remediation and the test results indicated that the samplers were able to replicate the aqueous-phase PCB homolog pattern measured in ex situ aqueous extraction tests. Orthosubstituted PCBs were dominant in sorbent-wick samples and aqueous extracts; these PCBs appear relatively recalcitrant in land biotreatment units. The sorbent-wicking device offers the ability to obtain time-averaged mass and volumetric flux rates of HOCs in land treatment units.
A Virtual Mission Operations Center: Collaborative Environment

The Virtual Mission Operations Center - Collaborative Environment (VMOC-CE) intent is to have a central access point for all the resources used in a collaborative mission operations environment to assist mission operators in communicating on-site and off-site in the investigation and resolution of anomalies. It is a framework that as a minimum incorporates online chat, realtime file sharing and remote application sharing components in one central location. The use of a collaborative environment in mission operations opens up the possibilities for a central framework for other project members to access and interact with mission operations staff remotely. The goal of the Virtual Mission Operations Center (VMOC) Project is to identify, develop, and infuse technology to enable mission control by on-call personnel in geographically dispersed locations. In order to achieve this goal, the following capabilities are needed: Autonomous mission control systems Automated systems to contact on-call personnel Synthesis and presentation of mission control status and history information Desktop tools for data and situation analysis Secure mechanism for remote collaboration commanding Collaborative environment for remote cooperative work The VMOC-CE is a collaborative environment that facilitates remote cooperative work. It is an application instance of the Virtual System Design Environment (VSDE), developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's (GSFC) Systems Engineering Services & Advanced Concepts (SESAC) Branch. The VSDE is a web-based portal that includes a knowledge repository and collaborative environment to serve science and engineering teams in product development. It is a "one stop shop" for product design, providing users real-time access to product development data, engineering and management tools, and relevant design specifications and resources through the Internet. The initial focus of the VSDE has been to serve teams working in the early portion of the system/product lifecycle - concept development, proposal preparation, and formulation. The VMOC-CE expands the application of the VSDE into the operations portion of the system lifecycle. It will enable meaningful and real-time collaboration regardless of the geographical distribution of project team members. Team members will be able to interact in satellite operations, specifically for resolving anomalies, through access to a desktop computer and the Internet. Mission Operations Management will be able to participate and monitor up to the minute status of anomalies or other mission operations issues. In this paper we present the VMOC-CE project, system capabilities, and technologies.
Vibration Studies of Cylindrical Thick Shells Using 3D Elasticity and Finite Elements

In this paper, the three dimensional (3D) elasticity theory is used to investigate the accuracy of shell and solid elements of typical commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software packages. This is done with thick cylindrical shells in mind. The FEA software ABAQUS® is used in modeling. A First order shear deformation thick shell theory is used as well to show that if an improved shell theory is used the accuracy of shell elements can be improved.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Bottleneck scheduling for an unlimited number of products

Abstract This paper demonstrates a generalized solution for multiple product constrained production processes. It builds the solution by expanding the basic unconstrained and constrained Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model. This model is then generalized using geometric programming to build towards a solution. This paper also gives a case example of the use of this generalized solution in a petroleum generation and storage facility. This example demonstrates the savings gained by using the new model instead of using old approximations to the model.
New Active Traffic Management Approach for Metropolitan Freeway Networks

A new active traffic management approach that could be implemented in the near term is illustrated for two of the most congested U.S. metropolitan areas using a sketch-planning tool. The approach involves converting existing freeways into premium service, free-flowing highways that provide fast, frequent, and inexpensive express bus service, while charging all private vehicles a variable toll, except for authorized buses and certified ridesharing vehicles. Public concerns about having a free travel choice are addressed by creating a toll-free bypass lane in advance of toll gantries placed across the freeway where those not wanting to pay for premium congestion-free services may wait in a queue. The monetary value of the wait time in the queue would be in equilibrium with the toll rate in effect. The toll would vary by level of demand and would be set high enough to guarantee that excessive demand would not cause a breakdown of traffic flow. Implementing the concept in Los Angeles, California, could reduce...
Civil disobedience: Reclaiming nursing education

A group of colleagues were talking recently, and as usual, the conversation quickly turned to our shared mission and passion: nursing education. In the midst of revealing insights, successes, and, of course war stories, we began to lament about the “good old days.” What we discovered was that we shared a common concern about the state of nursing education and our own passive descent into acceptance, compliance, and safety. What was discovered was the need to reassert our courage, reclaim our curricula, restore our influence, and respond with civil disobedience. Thoreau, in his essay Resistance to Civil Government (1849), wrote, “If unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them...” (Glick, 1973). We have decided to “endeavor to amend” the injustices facing many of us in nursing education today (retrieved from Glick, 1973). The areas our group identified as requiring an immediate response are reasserting teaching as our prime directive, restoring society as our customer, and reclaiming a broader definition of scholarship. Our first act of civil disobedience addresses the often stated but seldom rewarded belief that in our respective universities, teaching “is the prime directive.” For all of us, teaching is an obsession, it is our prime directive; however, none of us received tenure on our outstanding teaching efforts, nor had any of us received merit in the most recent round of pay raises based on our exceptional teaching. Thank goodness we have all experienced accolades for our
catena‐Poly[silver(I)‐μ‐1,4‐di‐3‐pyridyl‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene hexafluoridophosphate–acetonitrile (1/1)]

The asymmetric unit in the polymeric title compound, [Ag(C12H10N4)]n·nPF6·nC2H3N, comprises an Ag cation, two half 3-pyridine­aldazine (3-PA) mol­ecules, each disposed about a centre of inversion, a hexa­fluoridophosphate anion and an acetonitrile solvent mol­ecule. The Ag atoms bond to two N atoms and the bridging 3-PA ligands lead to the formation of zigzag chains that are linked into a layer structure via weakly bridging acetonitrile mol­ecules and argentophilic inter­actions [Ag⋯Ag = 3.2590 (15) A]. The layers stack along the b axis and are inter­spersed by layers of hexa­fluoridophosphate anions. Various C—H⋯F and C—H⋯N inter­actions help to consolidate the structure.
Order-dependent coincidence detection in cerebellar Purkinje neurons at the inositol trisphosphate receptor.

Associative long-term depression (LTD) at cerebellar parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses is sensitive to the temporal order in which the parallel fiber is coactivated with the climbing fiber input, but how order sensitivity is achieved is unknown. Here we show that the cerebellar inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, whose activation is required for LTD induction, is sensitive in situ to the order of presentation of its coagonists, IP3 and cytoplasmic calcium. By focally photolyzing a novel caged IP3 compound in dendritic spines, we find that pairing IP3 with climbing fiber-mediated calcium entry leads to a large calcium release transient if the climbing fiber is activated up to 100 ms before or up to 500 ms after IP3 uncaging. This asymmetric timing window for coactivation follows the kinetics of calcium removal and IP3 unbinding from the receptor and is not limited by IP3 metabolism. IP3 receptor binding thus acts as an eligibility trace that can drive temporal order-dependent calcium release and LTD induction in Purkinje cells and event order-dependent sensory plasticity in the whole animal.
Estimation in the restricted general linear model with a positive semidefinite covariance matrix

It is well known that the linear model y=XY+∊, with Y restricted by a set of linear constraints, may be expressed as an unrestricted model with a singular covariance matrix. The problem of estimation in the general linear model y = XY + ∊ has received recent attention in the literature when the covariance matrix of ∊ is assumed to be of arbitrary rank. One approach to this problem is to perform a linear transformation to obtain a linear model of smaller dimensions with full rank covariance matrix and then estimate the parameters using the “smaller” model. More recently, Ahlers and Lewis (1972) showed that in the unrestricted general linear model, estimators may be calculated directly without the need of this linear transformation. In this paper, their result is extended to obtain a minimum variance estimate of γ with γ restricted by linear restrictions which, at most, are assumed to be consistent, and with the covariance matrix of ∊ assumed to be of arbitrary rank.
Tracking down the molecular substrates of stress: new roles for p38α MAPK and kappa-opioid receptors.

In this issue, Bruchas et al. (2011) uncover a novel stress-induced p38α MAPK signaling cascade within serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus that mediates depressive and drug-seeking behaviors. Their findings have potentially important implications for medication development.
DISPLACEMENT/PRESSURE BASED MIXED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATIONS FOR ACOUSTIC FLUID–STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

SUMMARY We present reliable finite element discretizations based on displacement/pressure interpolations for the analysis of acoustic fluid—structure interaction problems. The finite element interpolations are selected using the inf-sup condition, and emphasis is given to the fact that the boundary conditions must satisfy the mass and momentum conservation. We show that with our analysis procedure no spurious non-zero frequencies are encountered, as heretofore calculated with other displacement-based discretizations. ( 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key conceptual issues in the forging of "culturally competent" community health initiatives: a South African example.

Many cultural competency efforts in healthcare stress the importance of cultural diversity and difference. This emphasis is necessary and well justified. It has helped sensitize healthcare systems to the differences among people and their health-related attitudes, preferences, and behaviors. However, the emphasis on diversity and difference has, unfortunately, also detracted from serious consideration of the things that cultures have in common and the possibility that socioeconomic differences are today far more important than cultural ones in determining healthcare outcomes. This paper attempts to deepen current conceptions of cultural competency in health by exploring the twin elements of cultural commonality and socioeconomic difference. Given our background in community-based health promotion (CBHP), 1 we focus our discussion on the need for “culturally competent” CBHP. The broad aims of CBHP are similar to those of many preventive public health initiatives and rest on the perceived value of positively changing people’s health-related attitudes, preferences, and behaviors. Recent trends in CBHP emphasize community understanding and capacity over service delivery and consumption. 2 Our paper considers the case of Masidaal, a community in South Africa where we have been conducting formative research aimed ultimately at educating and mobilizing women to get screened for cervical cancer. We present data that clearly challenge stereotypes about “African culture” as markedly different and exotic when compared, for example, to European, American, and other urban cultures. Our data also illustrate how profoundly unemployment, poverty, and related socioeconomic forces affect our research community and that it is through consideration of these forces that the differences among people and their communities are revealed. Finally, we argue for conceptual balance between the similarities and differences among people and cultures in our efforts to forge culturally competent health promotion initiatives. We suggest that “class competence” deserves a place alongside “cultural competence,” and that this form of competency requires respecting the capacity of communities for self-determination and action. One useful strategy here is to conduct “participatory research,” in which community members are invited to critique and work alongside healthcare researchers. This strategy may help bridge the disparities in position, power, and access to resources between different people, communities, and countries. Future discussion will need to address other possible ways of acknowledging the effects of socioeconomics alongside those of culture.
Incidence of visually significant pseudophakic macular edema after uneventful phacoemulsification in patients treated with nepafenac

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of visually significant pseudophakic macular edema after uneventful phacoemulsification in patients treated postoperatively with topical prednisolone and those treated with topical prednisolone and nepafenac 0.1% suspension (Nevanac). SETTING: Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. METHODS: This retrospective chart review was of consecutive patients who had phacoemulsification at a single institute and were given topical prednisolone alone or topical prednisolone and nepafenac to prevent cystoid macular edema. Data collection included preexisting ocular and systemic diseases, concurrent use of ocular and systemic medications, surgical technique, intraoperative and postoperative complications, follow-up visual and ocular assessments, and postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessment for macular edema. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 240 patients were treated with prednisolone and 210 patients, with prednisolone-nepafenac. Preoperatively, the 2 groups were demographically and clinically comparable in sex distribution (P = .8400), history of diabetes (P = .7267), hypertension or cardiac disease (P = .8690), and concurrent use of oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P = .7303). Iris manipulation was done in 16 patients in the prednisolone-alone group and 10 patients in the prednisolone-nepafenac group (P = .3876). Capsule staining was done in 5 patients and 4 patients, respectively. All patients were followed for at least 1 month postoperatively. Visually significant pseudophakic macular edema was documented by OCT in 5 patients treated with prednisolone alone and in no patients treated with prednisolone and nepafenac (P = .0354). No significant intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with topical prednisolone alone had a significantly higher incidence of visually significant pseudophakic macular edema after uneventful cataract surgery than those treated with topical prednisolone and nepafenac.
Addition of magmatic volatiles into the hot spring waters of loowit canyon, Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA

Geochemical studies on cold meteoric waters, post-1980 hot spring waters, fumarole emissions from the dacite dome, and volcanic rocks at Mount St. Helens (MSH) from 1985 to 1989 show that magmatic volatiles are involved in the formation of a new hydrothermal system. Hot spring waters are enriched in δ18O by as much as 2‰ and display enrichments in δD relative to cold waters. A well-defined isotopic trend is displayed by the isotopic composition of a>400°C fumarole condensate collected from the central crater in 1980 (-33‰ δD, +6‰ δ18O), of condensate samples collected on the dome, and of cold meteoric and hot spring waters. The trend indicates that mixing occurs between local meteoric water and magmatic water degassing from the dacite dome. Between 30 and 70% magmatic water is present in the dome fumarole discharges and ≈10% magnatic water has been added to the waters of the hydrothermal system. Relations between Cl, SO4 and HCO3 indicate that the hot spring waters are immature volcanic waters formed by reaction of rocks with waters generated by absorption of acidic volcanic fluids. In addition, the B/Cl ratios of the spring waters are similar to the B/Cl ratios of the fumarole condensates (≈0.02), values of δ13C in the HCO3 of the hot springs (-9.5 to-13.5‰) are similar to the magmatic value at MSH (-10.5‰), and the 3He/4He ratio, relative to air, in a hot spring water is 5.7, suggesting a magmatic origin for this component.
formation of Crater Palimpsests on Ganymede

A model is presented for the mechanism of the formation of crater palimpsests (circular features of very little relief) on Ganymede, that resolves some of the inconsistencies present in previous hypotheses of the palimpsest formation. It is suggested that palimpsest formation may be a result of cratering during a period of vigorous convection within the satellite early in the Ganymede's history. The morphology of palimpsests is reviewed and an updated compilation of palimpsests distribution and dimensions is obtained on the basis of final Voyager data. Calculations are performed that show that palimpsest formation is expected when large impacts take place in an icy lithosphere that is underlain by a zone of warm buoyant vigorously convecting material. The implications of the model for the thermal history of Ganymede is discussed.
Unified model of femtosecond laser ionization in bulk solid dielectrics

Ionization dynamics based on various ionization and carrier-loss mechanisms is theoretically studied for bulk crystalline and amorphous solid dielectrics irradiated by ultrashort (femtosecond) laser pulses. Multi-photon ionization is found to be predominant at low laser intensities (I las ∼ 10 TW/cm 2 ) with small contribution of avalanche process, which is more significant for amorphous, rather than crystalline materials. At higher intensities - I las ~ 10 2 TW/cm 2 - ionization is considerably enhanced by transient bandgap renormalization due to ultrafast ac-Stark effect and multi-particle interactions in electron-hole plasma, but is strongly damped by Auger recombination for electron-hole plasma densities N e > 10 20 cm -3 and accompanied by microscopic damage of corresponding dielectric materials.
Finding tolerance without gluts

Weber, Colyvan, and Priest have advanced glutty (dialetheic) approaches to the sorites, on which the truth about the penumbral region of a soritical series is inconsistent. The major benefit of a glut-based approach is maintaining the truth of all sorites premisses while none the less avoiding, in a principled fashion, the absurdity of the sorites conclusion(s). I agree that this is a major virtue of the target glutty approach; however, I think that it can be had without gluts. If correct, this result weighs heavily against the proposed glutty approach, at least given the default-consistency principle that all target glutty philosophers accept: posit gluts only if there is no consistent theory that enjoys the same virtues as the would-be glutty solution.
Analysis of electrical relaxation in glasses and melts with large concentrations of mobile ions

Abstract Various analyses of or fits to electrical relaxation data for a model Li 2 OAl 2 O 3 2SiO 2 glass s were tried. These included three-parameter fits using Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) and Cole-Davidson (CD) distributions of electric field relaxation times, along with a four-parameter σ ′ ( ω n ) fit using the distribution implicitin the Jonscher expression for the frequency dependence of the real part of the complex conductivity, σ ′ = σ + Aω n . In the frequency range 10 −2 ≤ ω τ > ≤10 2 , where is the mean electric field relaxation time, the KWW firt was best, the σ ′ ( ω n ) fit second best and the CD fit the worst. Because the σ ′ ( ω n ) fit predicts qualitattively incorrect relaxation behavior at low frequencies, it is suggested that this method of data analysis not be used. It was noted that the dependence of σ ′ on ω 1 observed for ionically conducting solids at very high frequencies or very low temperatures make a nearly negligible contribution to the relaxation of the electric field.