cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p-Nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate for rabbit liver fructose diphosphatase☆

Purified rabbit liver fructose diphosphatase has been found to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, PNPP. It has been established that the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate is due to fructose diphosphatase through studies of the chromatographic properties of the enzyme, its temperature sensitivity, dependence on divalent cations and its inhibition by fructose diphosphate. The Km for PNPP is 6 × 10−3M at pH 9.2, 5 × 10−4M at pH 7.5. This substrate should facilitate studies of the kinetics and mechanism of action of fructose diphosphatase and the comparison of this enzyme with other alkaline phosphatases.
The relationships among testosterone, conditioned aggression, and dominance in male pigeons.

Abstract Pigeons lowest in their homeloft dominance hierarchies were either injected with testosterone, conditioned to peck the more dominant birds, or both, and were then returned to their homelofts. Frequency of pecks and threats received by each animal was recorded. Testosterone alone had no effect. Conditioned birds were pecked significantly fewer times after treatment. The combination of hormone treatment and conditioning produced the greatest enhancement in dominance. Differences in the patterns of fighting behavior are noted and results are discussed in a discrimination learning framework as an interaction between androgen and learned responses.
Liver X Receptor Signaling Is a Determinant of Stellate Cell Activation and Susceptibility to Fibrotic Liver Disease

Background & Aims Liver X receptors (LXRs) are lipid-activated nuclear receptors with important roles in cholesterol transport, lipogenesis, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Hepatic stellate cells activate during chronic liver injury and mediate the fibrotic response. These cells are also major repositories for lipids, but the role of lipid metabolism during stellate cell activation remains unclear. We investigated the role of LXR signaling stellate cell activation and susceptibility to fibrotic liver disease. Methods Immortalized and primary stellate cells purified from mice were treated with highly specific LXR ligands. Carbon tetrachloride and methionine/choline deficiency were used as chronic liver injury models. Reciprocal bone marrow transplants were performed to test the importance of hematopoietically derived cells to the fibrotic response. Results LXR ligands suppressed markers of fibrosis and stellate cell activation in primary mouse stellate cells. Lxr αβ −/− stellate cells produce increased levels of inflammatory mediators, and conditioned media from Lxr αβ −/− cells increases the fibrogenic program of wild-type cells. Furthermore, Lxr αβ −/− stellate cells exhibit altered lipid morphology and increased expression of fibrogenic genes, suggesting they are primed for activation. In vivo, Lxr αβ −/− mice have marked susceptibility to fibrosis in 2 injury models. Bone marrow transplants point to altered stellate cell function, rather than hematopoietic cell inflammation, as the primary basis for the Lxr αβ −/− phenotype. Conclusions These results reveal an unexpected role for LXR signaling and lipid metabolism in the modulation of hepatic stellate cell function.
Thermal reactions of coordination compounds part III. Diaquotetrammine-, anionoaquotetrammine-, and dianionotetrammine-cobalt (III) complexes

Abstract The solid—solid and gas—solid reactions of [Co(NH 3 ) 4 X 2 ]Y 3−n ( n = 1, 2) complexes with NH 4 X and HX were studied by various thermoanalytical techniques. The trans -preferred products were formed in most cases provided that NH + 4 (H + ) and NO − 3 were both present in the reaction mixtures. With an excess of NO − 3 ion present, such as HNO 3 , the completely nitrated product was obtained, according to the equation:
Customized Art Activities for Individuals with Alzheimer-Type Dementia

An individual with mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type (MMSE = 25) expressed an interest in restoring a family heirloom. She had a history of high levels of involvement in creative arts and crafts activities and was able to fully participate in this complicated arts project with assistance from the author. The primary cognitive disadvantage appeared to be associated with failures to carry out sub-goals as she painted the heirloom-which was presumably due to forgetting in short-term memory. Implications for individuals in the early stages of dementia are discussed.
Phase transitions in diatomic molecular monolayers

Orientational order-disorder transitions in simple diatomic molecular monolayers (such as N2 and O2 on different substrates) have been studied using various theoretical techniques. The nature of such a phase transition and physical mechanisms driving it are discussed for two types of systems; one with fixed centers of mass (CM) and the other where the CM-lattice structure is allowed to change at the phase transition. The latter provides a simple example of a ferroelastic phase transitions in 2 dimensions.
Human adenovirus Ad-36 induces adipogenesis via its E4 orf-1 gene.

Understanding the regulation of adipocyte differentiation by cellular and extracellular factors is crucial for better management of chronic conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance and lipodystrophy. Experimental infection of rats with a human adenovirus type 36 (Ad-36) improves insulin sensitivity and promotes adipogenesis, reminiscent of the effect of thiozolinediones. Therefore, we investigated the role of Ad-36 as a novel regulator of the adipogenic process. Even in the absence of adipogenic inducers, infection of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) by Ad-36, but not Ad-2 that is another human adenovirus, modulated regulatory points that spanned the entire adipogenic cascade ranging from the upregulation of cAMP, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p38 signaling pathways, downregulation of Wnt10b expression, and increased expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 and consequential lipid accumulation. Next, we identified that E4 open reading frame (orf)-1 gene of the virus is necessary and sufficient for Ad-36-induced adipogenesis. Selective knockdown of E4 orf-1 by RNAi abrogated Ad-36-induced adipogenic signaling cascade in 3T3-L1 cells and hASC. Compared to the null vector, selective expression of Ad-36 E4 orf-1 in 3T3-L1 induced adipogenesis, which was abrogated when the PDZ-binding domain of the protein was deleted. Thus, Ad-36 E4 orf-1 is a novel inducer of rodent and human adipocyte differentiation process.
Interindividual variation and organ-specific patterns of glutathione S-transferase alpha, mu, and pi expression in gastrointestinal tract mucosa of normal individuals.

Abstract Glutathione S-transferase (GST) protein in gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of 16 organ donors, from whom all or substantial portions of the GI tract (stomach–colon) were available, was quantitated by HPLC and examined for interindividual variability/consistency of organ-specific patterns of expression. GSTP1, GSTA1, and GSTA2 were major components, and GSTM1 and GSTM3 were minor components. Consistent patterns of organ-specific expression were evident despite a high degree of interindividual variation of expression. GSTP1 was expressed throughout the GI tract and showed a decrease of expression from stomach to colon. GSTA1 and GSTA2 were expressed at high levels in duodenum and small intestine and expression decreased from proximal to distal small intestine. In contrast, GSTA1 and GSTA2 expression in colon and stomach of all subjects was low, particularly for colon where GSTA1 expression was 20- to 800-fold lower than that in corresponding small intestine. These consistent patterns of expression would suggest that compared to duodenum and small intestine, colon and to a lesser extent stomach always have low potential for GST-dependent detoxification of chemical carcinogens and are therefore at greater risk of genotoxic effects, particularly via substrates that are specific for GSTA1. This may be a factor in the greater susceptibility of stomach and colon to cancers compared to duodenum/small intestine.
Thermal denaturation of subchromosomal particles.

Summary Monomer chromatin subunits prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion showed a monophasic thermal denaturation transition with a Tm of about 77°C. By contrast, dimers and higher oligomers gave a biphasic melting profile, with Tms at 45–55°C and 77°C. The data support the hypothesis that about 2/3rds of the DNA within the subunit is tightly complexed with histones, and nuclease-resistant, while the remainder is bound more loosely, and is more susceptible to nuclease attack.
The Goodbye Brochure: Helping Students to Cope With Transition and Loss

This article describes a brochure that has been used by various college personnel in their attempts to help students in coping with transition and loss. The brochure's content is presented, and its development, use, merits, and limitations are discussed.
Blueberry fruit detection by Bayesian classifier and support vector machine based on visible to near-infrared multispectral imaging

Early yield estimation based on computer vision enables better labor deployment and lower harvest expense in a large scale blueberry field. In this study, ninety multispectral images with near-infrared (NIR), red(R) and green(G) bands were collected from southern Highbush blueberry variety ‘Sweetcrisp’ from a commercial blueberry field in Waldo, Florida, during 20 April 2011 and 15 May 2011. Five thousand pure fruit pixels and 5000 background pixels were collected from the images. 66% of them were in a calibration set and the other 34% were used as a validation set. Various representations of the multispectral color models (MHSI, MYIQ, MYCbCr) originated from the NIR-R-G color model were used as the features. Bayesian classifier and support vector machine were applied for the classification of the fruit and background classes. Principle component analysis was applied before Bayesian classification for the optimized use of the features. Results show that support vector machine outperformed the Bayesian classifier with higher true positive rate (84% for fruit class and 73% for background class) and lower false positive rate (27% for fruit class and 16% for background class) in the fruit/background classification. In addition, 1000 pixels of each of eight classes (mature fruit, mid-mature fruit, young fruit, leaf, branch, soil, sky and reference board, which were found in most images) were also classified by using the two classification techniques. The true positive rates for mid-mature fruit and young fruit class were around 50%, which indicates that the color spaces were not useful for the classification of different fruit stages.
A critical role for ATP in the stimulation of retinal guanylyl cyclase by guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins.

Abstract It has been believed that retinal guanylyl cyclase (retGC), a key enzyme in the cGMP recovery to the dark state, is solely activated by guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs) in a Ca2+-sensitive manner. However, a question has arisen as to whether the observed GCAP stimulation of retGC is sufficient to account for the cGMP recovery because the stimulated activity measured in vitro is less than the light/GTP-activated cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. Here we report that the retGC activation by GCAPs is larger than previously reported and that a preincubation with adenine nucleotide is essential for the large activation. Under certain conditions, ATP is two times more effective than adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), a hydrolysis-resistant ATP analog; however, this study mainly used AMP-PNP to focus on the role of adenine nucleotide binding to retGC. When photoreceptor outer segment homogenates are preincubated with AMP-PNP (EC50 = 0.65 ± 0.20 mm), GCAP2 enhanced the retGC activity 10–13 times over the control rate. Without AMP-PNP, GCAP2 stimulated the control activity only 3–4-fold as in previous reports. The large activation is due to a GCAP2-dependent increase in Vmax without an alteration of retGC affinity for GCAP2 (EC50 = 47.9 ± 2.7 nm). GCAP1 stimulated retGC activity in a similar fashion but with lower affinity (EC50 = 308 nm). In the AMP-PNP preincubation, low Ca2+ concentrations are not required, and retGC exists as a monomeric form. This large activation is accomplished through enhanced action of GCAPs as shown by Ca2+ inhibition of the activity (IC50 = 178 nm). We propose that retGC is activated by a two-step mechanism: a conformational change by ATP binding to its kinase homology domain under high Ca2+ concentrations that allows large enhancement of GCAP activation under low Ca2+ concentrations.
Atmospheric Gravity Waves from Winds and Storms

Abstract Atmospheric gravity waves were explored on the leeward side of the north-south trending Continental Divide in Colorado by using an array of electronic microbarographs and recording anemometers. Observations of low-velocity gravity waves in a two-to-three octave region for wave periods of 3–24 min were made. These waves are apparently caused by locally generated signals from upper tropospheric winds, jet streams, weather fronts, thunderstorms, and severe weather, with shear the principal mechanism. Lee waves and moderate-to-severe turbulence were frequently observed in conjunction with the appearance of gravity waves generated at mountain-top level. A unique wave source is identified due to the interaction of down-slope winds on the leeward side of a mountain and an inversion-layer boundary. Weather fronts on some occasions seem to provide a passive boundary layer for the production of waves, but in other cases they may actively generate waves. Readings on summer thunderstorms indicate that an ear...
Survey Of Concurrent-Processors For Signal Processing Applications

This paper summarizes a survey of concurrent-processing computer systems, particularly their descriptive differences and performance. The motivation is the high data processing rates required by ever-larger applications of infrared sensors and radar for data accumula-tion and the speed constraints of technology. The scope of the application and the technological limitations have caused consideration of alternative computer systems architectures for signal processing. In support of this, a survey was done of installations which are built and functioning, first to assess the architecture's application to signal processing, and second, to understand the difficulties inherent in developing an operational concurrent-processing computer system. The surveyed systems include C.mmp, Cm*, PLURIBUS, S-1, ILLIAC IV, STARAN, PEPE, CDC *100, TIASC, CRI - CR1, and the fault tolerant systems JPL-STAR and SRI-Sift. Some systems have been excluded from this paper because they either are not completed to an operational stage or are classified. In this investigation of system architectural issues for signal processing applications, it became evident that no effective systems characterizations for concurrent processors exist. Furthermore, performance measures for these systems are awkward and poorly related to the characterizations. The performance mea-sures thus need refinement. A descriptor is proposed which contains the elements of data flow, control and reliability and to which the performance measures can be properly related.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acetylcholinesterase localization in cat retina: a comparison with choline acetyltransferase.

Cytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in cat retina showed reactivity in at least two types of amacrine cell and in essentially all of the cells in the ganglion-cell layer. Reaction product was present throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with heavier accumulations forming bands at 0–6% and 64–78% depth levels. All of the reactivity was abolished by incubation with BW 284c51, a specific inhibitor of AChE. After pretreatment of animals with diisopropylfluorophosphate, new enzyme was synthesized by both amacrine and ganglion cells. In contrast, choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity was limited to matching subpopulations of amacrine (A14) and displaced amacrine (dA14) cells, ramifying narrowly at 20% and 49% depth levels within the IPL. Combined localization of both enzymes in the same tissue confirmed the presence of AChE in cholinergic cells. However, the greatest concentration of AChE in the IPL was in strata not receiving direct cholinergic input. These findings affirm that AChE is not a reliable marker for either cholinergic or cholinoceptive neurons. The distribution of AChE in the cat retina suggests that this enzyme may participate in functions not directly related to cholinergic neurotransmission.
Infant colic: Is there anything new?

Abstract Coping with a colicky infant presents a challenge under the best of circumstances. However, when parents are stressed by life events that compromise their coping mechanisms, they may be unable to interpret and respond appropriately to their infants' cues. Their self-esteem, marital relationship, and attachment to their infant may be at risk. Health care providers can facilitate parents' understanding of colicky behavior, provide suggestions for relief of the infant's symptoms, and offer emotional support to parents. Consequently parents may be able to develop confidence in their caretaking capabilities and have positive family interactions.
Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome

AbstractLiterature pertaining to anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome is reviewed. The regulatory implications of the data for anticonvulsants in particular and also drug products in general are discussed.
Gonadotrope-Specific Expression and Regulation of Ovine Follicle Stimulating Hormone Beta: Transgenic and Adenoviral Approaches Using Primary Murine Gonadotropes

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone (FSHB) is expressed specifically in pituitary gonadotropes in vertebrates. Transgenic mouse studies have shown that enhancers in the proximal promoter between −172/−1 bp of the ovine FSHB gene are required for gonadotrope expression of ovine FSHB. These enhancers are associated with regulation by activins and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Additional distal promoter sequence between −4741/−750 bp is also required for expression. New transgenic studies presented here focus on this distal region and narrow it to 1116 bp between −1866/−750 bp. In addition, adenoviral constructs were produced to identify these critical distal sequences using purified primary mouse gonadotropes as an in vitro model system. The adenoviral constructs contained −2871 bp, −750 bp or −232 bp of the ovine FSHB promoter. They all showed gonadotrope-specific regulation since they were induced only in purified primary gonadotropes by activin A (50 ng/ml) and inhibited by GnRH (100 nM) in the presence of activin (except −232FSHBLuc). However, basal expression of all three viral constructs (in the presence of follistatin to block cellular induction by activin) was relatively high in pituitary non-gonadotropes as well as gonadotropes. Thus, gonadotrope-specific regulation associated with the proximal promoter was observed as expected, but the model was blind to distal promoter elements between −2871/−750 necessary for gonadotrope-specific expression of ovine FSHB in vivo. The new adenoviral-based in vitro technique did detect, however, a novel GnRH response element between −750 bp and −232 bp of the ovine FSHB promoter. We conclude that adenoviral-based studies in primary gonadotropes can adequately recognize regulatory elements on the ovine FSHB promoter associated with gonadotrope-specific regulation/expression, but that more physiologically based techniques, such as transgenic studies, will be needed to identify sequences between −1866/−750 bp of the ovine FSHB promoter that are also required for tissue/cell specific expression in vivo.
Alienated targets military discourse and the disempowerment of indigenous Amazonian peoples in Venezuela

In June through August of 1984, a dispute over land tenure between the Piaroa, an indigenous Amazonian people, and a wealthy Venezuelan colonist escalated from a local conflict into a national controversy over military security and its alleged absence in the Federal Amazon Territory. In the process, high‐ranking government officials and members of the economic elite accused the supporters of Piaroa land rights of participating in an international conspiracy to dismember Venezuelan national sovereignty. These specific processes of disempowerment are not isolated phenomena but part of a long‐term historical process of nation‐state formation in Venezuela that has, in turn, become enmeshed in a broader, hemispheric process of military discourse. Indigenous peoples, organizations and scholars including anthropologists who advocate indigenous rights, and a variety of reformist groups in Latin America have been transformed into alienated targets.
Modeling of Commercial Turbofan Engine with Ice Crystal Ingestion; Follow-On

The occurrence of ice accretion within commercial high bypass aircraft turbine engines has been reported under certain atmospheric conditions. Engine anomalies have taken place at high altitudes that have been attributed to ice crystal ingestion, partially melting, and ice accretion on the compression system components. The result was degraded engine performance, and one or more of the following: loss of thrust control (roll back), compressor surge or stall, and flameout of the combustor. As ice crystals are ingested into the fan and low pressure compression system, the increase in air temperature causes a portion of the ice crystals to melt. It is hypothesized that this allows the ice-water mixture to cover the metal surfaces of the compressor stationary components which leads to ice accretion through evaporative cooling. Ice accretion causes a blockage which subsequently results in the deterioration in performance of the compressor and engine. The focus of this research is to apply an engine icing computational tool to simulate the flow through a turbofan engine and assess the risk of ice accretion. The tool is comprised of an engine system thermodynamic cycle code, a compressor flow analysis code, and an ice particle melt code that has the capability of determining the rate of sublimation, melting, and evaporation through the compressor flow path, without modeling the actual ice accretion. A commercial turbofan engine which has previously experienced icing events during operation in a high altitude ice crystal environment has been tested in the Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL) altitude test facility at NASA Glenn Research Center. The PSL has the capability to produce a continuous ice cloud which is ingested by the engine during operation over a range of altitude conditions. The PSL test results confirmed that there was ice accretion in the engine due to ice crystal ingestion, at the same simulated altitude operating conditions as experienced previously in flight. The computational tool was utilized to help guide a portion of the PSL testing, and was used to predict ice accretion could also occur at significantly lower altitudes. The predictions were qualitatively verified by subsequent testing of the engine in the PSL. In a previous study, analysis of select PSL test data points helped to calibrate the engine icing computational tool to assess the risk of ice accretion. This current study is a continuation of that data analysis effort. The study focused on tracking the variations in wet bulb temperature and ice particle melt ratio through the engine core flow path. The results from this study have identified trends, while also identifying gaps in understanding as to how the local wet bulb temperature and melt ratio affects the risk of ice accretion and subsequent engine behavior.
Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2

Abstract Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2, also referred to as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cells were permanently transfected with a COX-2 expression vector oriented in the sense (RIE-S) or antisense (RIE-AS) direction. The RIE-S cells expressed elevated COX-2 protein levels and demonstrated increased adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. E-cadherin was undetectable in RIE-S cells, but was elevated in parental RIE (RIE-P) and RIE-AS cells. RIE-S cells were resistant to butyrate-induced apoptosis, had elevated BCL2 protein expression, and reduced transforming growth factor β2 receptor levels. The phenotypic changes involving both increased adhesion to ECM and inhibition of apoptosis were reversed by sulindac sulfide (a COX inhibitor). These studies demonstrate that overexpression of COX-2 leads to phenotypic changes in intestinal epithelial cells that could enhance their tumorigenic potential.
Quantifying the relative impact of climate and human activities on streamflow

Summary The objective of this study is to quantify the role of climate and human impacts on streamflow conditions by using historical streamflow records, in conjunction with trend analysis and hydrologic modeling. Four U.S. states, including Indiana, New York, Arizona and Georgia area used to represent various level of human activity based on population change and diverse climate conditions. The Mann–Kendall trend analysis is first used to examine the magnitude changes in precipitation, streamflow and potential evapotranspiration for the four states. Four hydrologic modeling methods, including linear regression, hydrologic simulation, annual balance, and Budyko analysis are then used to quantify the amount of climate and human impacts on streamflow. All four methods show that the human impact is higher on streamflow at most gauging stations in all four states compared to climate impact. Among the four methods used, the linear regression approach produced the best hydrologic output in terms of higher Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient. The methodology used in this study is also able to correctly highlight the areas with higher human impact such as the modified channelized reaches in the northwestern part of Indiana. The results from this study show that population alone cannot capture all the changes caused by human activities in a region. However, this approach provides a starting point towards understanding the role of individual human activities on streamflow changes.
Spray atomization and combustion

New theoretical and experimental methods for studying sprays are reviewed. Common methods to analyze dilute sprays are described and used to interpret recent measurements of the structure of dilute sprays and related dispersed turbulent jets. Particle-laden jets, nonevaporating, evaporating, and combusting sprays, and noncondensing and condensing bubbly jets are examined and used to initially evaluate current analytical methods for a wide range of conditions. Dense sprays are briefly discussed.
Relation of callosal and striate-extrastriate cortical connections in the rat: Morphological definition of extrastriate visual areas

The main purpose of this study was to correlate the tangential distributions of visual callosal and striate-extrastriate connections in the rat. Cells of origin and terminations of the visual callosal pathway of one hemisphere were labeled by the anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after multiple injections of this enzyme in the contralateral hemisphere, while ipsilateral striate-extrastriate projection fields were revealed by using the autoradiographic method following single injections of 3H-proline in striate cortex. A remarkable complementarity in the distribution of both cortico-cortical pathways was revealed by superimposing in a camera lucida the patterns of callosal and striate-extrastriate projections from consecutive tangential sections processed for HRP and autoradiography, respectively. Projections from striate cortex are distributed into multiple extrastriate fields which are partially or totally surrounded by cortical strips containing dense and overlapping accumulations of labeled callosal cells and terminations. In addition to projections to the following striate recipient areas described in previous reports: posterior (P), posterolateral (PL), lateromedial (LM), laterolateral (LL), anterolateral (AL) and anteromedial (AM); projections to laterointermediate (LI), laterolateral anterior (LLa), anterior (A), medial (M) and pararhinal (PR) areas were defined in the present study. Striate-extrastriate projection fields occupy only a portion of the acallosal islands that contain them, and the location of the fields within these islands correlates with the retinotopic location of the isotope injection in striate cortex. When compared to previous physiological and anatomical maps of extrastriate visual areas in the rat, the present results indicate that the distribution of callosal connections correlates with the borders of extrastriate visual areas, and that the projection from striate cortex into these areas is retinotopically organized. Surprisingly, a direct projection from striate cortex to the head representation region in somatosensory cortex was labeled, a finding that challenges the view that primary sensory areas do not connect directly.
XeF* (C1/2) radiative lifetime measurement

By monitoring the spontaneous emission from electron‐beam‐excited xenon difluoride (XeF2) plasmas, the radiative lifetime of XeF* [C (1/2)] has been determined. Excited XeF was formed directly through electron‐impact dissociative excitation of XeF2. The time behavior of the subsequent 351‐nm fluorescence displayed two distinct exponential decay regions. The first was characterized by a pressure‐independent decay constant of 16.5±5 ns, the radiative lifetime of XeF* [C (1/2)]. The time constant of the second region was linearly dependent on XeF2 pressure, indicating that C‐state XeF molecules are, in the late afterglow, formed by a two‐body collision process exhibiting a large rate constant (∼3×10−10 cm3 sec−1).
Angular distribution of debris from CO 2 and YAG laser-produced tin plasmas

We investigated the angular dependence of atomic and ionic debris from CO 2 and YAG laser-produced tin plasmas. Several diagnostic techniques were employed for this study including a Faraday cup, witness plates and subsequent x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, optical emission spectroscopy etc. It was found that the debris emission from the Nd:YAG laser-produced plasmas fell sharply from the target normal. In contrast, the debris emission from the CO 2 laser-produced plasmas was almost constant at short angles from the target normal. Our results also indicated that the plasma produced by the CO 2 laser emitted less atomic and ionic debris compared to a plasma produced by Nd:YAG laser.
Further characterization of the outer membrane ofSerratia marcescens and an oxacilline-sensitive mutant: Surface carbohydrates and outer membrane lipid composition

Whole cells and isolated outer membranes ofSerratia marcescens and an oxacilline-sensitive mutant could be agglutinated only with concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. Different amounts of carbohydrates were accessible to the lectins in the two strains, and different amounts of carbohydrate seemed to be exposed at the outer cell surface and the inner side of the outer membrane. The fatty acid composition of the isolated outer membrane revealed small but significant quantitative difference. The increased sensitivity towards various antibacterial agents was thought to be the result of an altered hydrophobic-hydrophilic interaction of the outer membrane components.
Olfactory and aggregation responses of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) to extracts from oats

Abstract Rolled oats and pentane extracts of rolled oats were attractive to the adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) when tested in a Y-tube olfactometer. Pentane and ether extracts of rolled oats caused aggregation of these beetles when tested in a two-choice petri dish bioassay. Responses to crude extracts obtained by 3 different extraction methods were not significantly different, but responses to various concentrations of these extracts differed significantly. When beetles were starved for periods of 4–7 days, responses were significantly higher than for those starved 1–3 days. Differences in lighting (subdued lighting compared to darkness) did not affect results significantly, nor did variations in the time of day between 0900 and 1700 hr. Fraction-ation of oat extract by column chromatography yielded a number of active fractions whose activity was enhanced by subfractionation. The nature of active constituents from oats are discussed in terms of whether they are attractants or arrestants.
Land tenure and salmon habitat management in Alaska's Copper River Watershed

Abstract The resources of the Copper River Watershed (CRW) are accessed by a variety of users and managed by diverse agencies representing the interests of the nation, the State of Alaska, and Alaska Native organizations. This paper will present findings from a study conducted to identify the challenges of balancing user interests with the protection of salmon habitat. It will answer the question: what are the economic, political, and social impediments to the immediate and long-term effective management of salmon habitat within the CRW from the perspective of watershed managers? It will discuss how managers view commercial recreation and development activities posing a threat to salmon habitat, the impact of the federal legislation on land management, and the way ‘organizational values’ influence how both land and salmon habitat are managed. In conclusion, this paper will also address possible future watershed co-management.
Age‐related growth and reproduction in Diapensia lapponica, an arctic‐alpine cushion plant

Growth and flowering in an evergreen, cushion-forming, circumpolar, arctic-alpine plant, Diapensia lapponica, was followed for five years, 1990–1994, at the Latnjajaure Field Station, northern Swedish Lapland. This species is unusually suitable for age determination since plants grow radially from a central point of initiation. During the study period, the radial annual radial growth of cushions averaged 0.6 mm. The species exhibited a sigmoid pattern of growth in relation to the estimated age of cushions, and at least 400–year old plant individuals are present within the study area. Plants of Diapensia become reproductive at an average age of about 18 years, and may continue to flower for centuries. Recruitment to the seedling population takes place during cold periods (sequences of cold summers), and there is a negative correlation between recruitment and mean annual temperature in the Abisko area since 1913. The oldest stock of the present population at Latnjajaure was recruited during the Little Ice Age.
Spin coherence in crystalline complexes. Naphthalene: 2(1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene)

Abstract The weak crystalline complex of naphthalene : 2(1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene), which exhibits naphthalene phosphorescence with a lifetime in milliseconds, is conveniently investigated by a combination of conventional and pulse techniques of optically detected magnetic resonance. The D + E and D − E resonances, investigated here, reveal no transferred hyperfine interaction, but increased D and E values because of the external spin-orbit coupling which is found to be anisotropic. Measurements are made of T 2 , T 2 *, and T 2 ϱ for this complex. This coherence study finds T 2 to be similar in magnitude to what has been observed for mixed organic crystals. T 2 *, when compared with T 2 , confirms the earlier suggestion that the crystalline complex is highly ordered. T 2ϱ measurement suggests interaction with the nuclear spins of C 6 I 2 F 4 .
Development of the marginal zone in the rhombenecephalon of Xenopus laevis.

Abstract The marginal zone is the most superficial component of the developing central nervous system. In this study we describe the pattern of formation of the marginal zone in Xenopus laevis as seen with the light microscope and correlate its appearance with developing axon bundles seen with the electron microscope. The marginal zone was first identified at stage 26 on the ventrolateral aspects of the neural tube in restrictive foci throughout the medulla. By stage 28 this presumptive fiber area had expanded to occupy a longitudinal zone along the ventrolateral aspect of the rhombencephalon. The marginal zone continued expanding rostrocaudally, mediolaterally, and dorsoventrally coming to occupy a substantial area along the periphery of the central nervous system by the time of hatching (stage 36). Electron microscopic (EM) observations allowed us to identify axons and growth cones on the lateral borders of the neural tube at stage 22. Foci of marginal zones identified in the caudal medulla at stage 24 consisted of several fascicles grouped together on the ventrolateral surface. These fascicles, separated and surrounded by ependymal processes contained axons and growth cones. The pattern of marginal zone development reflected the addition of axons within fascicles and also the addition of new fascicles of axons.
Finite-size behavior of the Ising square lattice

An importance-sampling Monte Carlo method is used to study $N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N$ Ising square lattices with nearest-neighbor interactions and either free edges or periodic boundary conditions. The internal energy, specific heat, order parameter, susceptibility, and near-neighbor spin-spin correlation functions of the finite lattices are determined as a function of $N$ and extrapolated to the corresponding infinite-system values. The effect of finite size is greater for free edges in all cases. The results agree well with predictions of finite size scaling theory and the shape functions as well as amplitudes of surface contribution terms are determined.
Extraction of light hydrocarbons from soil

The recovery of light hydrocarbon constituents from three soils using three kinds of extraction methods, conducted in duplicates, was evaluated. Higher molecular weight compounds were recovered at greater than 80% whereas the recoveries of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were generally less than 50%. Using the most efficient extraction procedure, the average recovery of light hydrocarbon from a soil, was 78%. Increased soil moisture content decreased the extent of recovery. Methanol and 2-propanol showed similar extracting potential for light hydrocarbon from soil. The rate of hydrocarbon removal was faster when methanol was used as a solvent, but its efficiency was similar to 2-propanol. The batch and column extraction methods gave very similar results for both solvents. However, column extraction offered an advantage over the soxhlet and batch procedures by reaching equilibrium faster.
SARS: a timely reminder

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a disease caused by a novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV), first emerged 10 years ago and shortly evolved into a global epidemic. During the 2003 outbreak, there were 8096 people with reported probable SARS worldwide and a total of 774 associated mortalities.1 If not for immediate and concerted efforts worldwide to control the outbreak the numbers could have been even higher. In light of the current emergence of a SARS-like virus2 coinciding with the 10-year anniversary of the outbreak, and as the author of the original paper which found SARS-CoV in tears,3 it would seem timely to remind ophthalmologists and physicians to be on constant alert and adhere to infection control practices. SARS causes …
The Employment of Philosophical Analysis to Supplement Administrative Theory and Research

Sound administrative theory and research may ultimately provide the knowledge whereby administrative leaders in education can function most effectively. Such knowledge will never tell us, however, whether it is desirable to take a particular administrative action in any society at any time. Thus, an administrator should understand his personal philosophical foundations and value system, and do his best to construct a philosophical position that is as consistent and logical as possible. Five such positions, reconstructionism, experimentalism, idealism, realism, and existentialism, can serve as guidelines. Each position, whether it is basically progressivistic or essentialistic, has a reasonably distinct approach to the nature of reality, educational aims and objectives, and the educative process. The development of language analysis as philosophy's most important contribution to man is discussed briefly. A self‐evaluation check list has been developed, which may be employed by an administrator to assess his present philosophy of educational administration.
Effects of turgor potentials of epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells on stomatal opening in detached leaf epidermis and intact leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean)

Leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean) were used to determine whether the mechanical forces resulting from the turgor potentials psi(p) of the larger epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture. When psi(p) of epidermis and psi(p) of bulk leaflet tissue were compared at midday, psi(p) of epidermis were only 15-25% those of bulk leaflet tissue at all but the most negative leaflet water potentials (psi). When plants were bagged to increase psi by reducing vapour pressure differences between leaflets and air, psi(p) of bulk leaflet tissue increased to predawn values, but psi(p) of epidermis increased to only approximately 20% of predawn values and stomata opened to their widest apertures. Stomatal apertures were positively correlated with psi(p) of bulk leaflet tissue but they were not correlated with psi(p) of epidermis. Reductions in epidermal psi(p) began predawn, before stomata were open, and reached minimum values at midday, when stomata were open. We conclude that, in Vicia faba, (1) reduction of psi(p) of epidermal cells begins predawn, reducing the counterforce to stomatal opening that would exist if full epidermal turgor were maintained throughout the day, and (2) changes in psi(p) of leaf epidermal cells do not play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture.
Evidence on the Accuracy of Merger Simulations

This paper evaluates the efficacy of a structural model of oligopoly used for merger review. Using premerger data, we estimate several demand systems and use a static Bertrand model to simulate the price effects of two mergers. Using pre- and postmerger data, we directly estimate the price effects. The direct estimates imply that one merger resulted in moderate price increases, while the second left prices essentially unchanged. While some simulations are similar to the directly estimated price effects, overall simulations overstate the price effects in one case and understate them in the other. Explanations for the discrepancies are explored.
Social and Cognitive Influences in Group Brainstorming: Predicting Production Gains and Losses

The creation of novel ideas often takes place in social contexts. Past research on brainstorming and other types of group tasks have shown that groups often perform poorly in comparison to conditions in which tasks are done individually. Past reviews have evaluated various factors that may be responsible for the production losses in group brainstorming (Diehl & Stroebe, 1987; Mullen, Johnson, & Salas, 1991; Stroebe & Diehl, 1994). We re-evaluate these factors in light of subsequent research in our laboratory and demonstrate conditions under which groups can perform quite well in comparison to similar groups of individuals (nominal groups). We present a comprehensive model for predicting production gains and losses. Research on cognitive and social factors that may enhance brainstorming in groups is summarized.
Theory and Criticism: The Cognitive Science of Religion

After describing what the author regards as important and commendable characteristics of the current cognitive science of religion, the author contends that future theorizing ought to take account of mounting criticisms of cognitive-evolutionary theories of religion. That is especially so when criticism recognizes the great complexity of what we conventionally mean by the term “religion” and when it suggests that monochromatic theorizing is likely to prove inadequate for explaining the existence of polychromatic phenomena. Indeed, monochromatic perspectives tend to confine or impoverish our understandings of religion. Future theorizing about religion should aim for theories that better reflect the complexity of the phenomena that they purport to explain. One possibility, based on an analogy to epigenetic theorizing, is described by way of providing an example.
Plaques, Tangles, and Memory Loss in Mouse Models of Neurodegeneration

Within the past decade, our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has dramatically advanced because of the development of transgenic mouse models that recapitulate the key pathological and behavioral phenotypes of the disease. These mouse models have allowed investigators to test detailed questions about how pathology develops and to evaluate potential therapeutic approaches that could slow down the development of this disease. In this review, we discuss the status of transgenic mouse models and review the complex relationship between pathology and behavior in the development of neuropathological syndromes in AD.
GROWTH OF MULTICOMPONENT GAS BUBBLES

The growth of an isolated, stationary gas bubble in a glassmelt is analyzed accounting for the motion of the boundary and the motion of the liquid. The growth of a gas bubble which initally consists of carbon dioxide is studied in a glassmelt whose gaseous composition consists of water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfide, oxygen and nitrogen. Results obtained by means of a finite difference formulation are presented for the bubble radius, and pressure and composition as a function of time. It is shown that at large times the bubble radius is a linear function of time, and that the bubble pressure is a monotonically decreasing function of time. The distribution of the gaseous species in the glassmelt is also presented as a function of the distance from the bubble surface and of time. It is shown that carbon dioxide and nitrogen diffuse from and to the bubble, respectively, while the other species do not play an important role in the bubble growth. Comparisons between a quasi-stationary approximation and the ful...
Glial Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Central Nervous System Infection and Autoimmunity

Innate immunity in the CNS depends primarily on the functions of glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, which are important for the early control of pathogen replication and direct the recruitment and activation of cells of the adaptive immune system required for pathogen clearance. Efficient immune responses are required for clearance of an invading pathogen, but dysregulation of a pro-inflammatory response in the CNS could lead to the development of autoimmunity. This review summarizes the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on glial cells and the functional outcome of these interactions for CNS health and disease which depends on a delicate balance of the protective and toxic effects of molecules induced in the CNS following TLR ligation.