cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinopyroxene + liquid equilibria to 100 kbar and 2450 K

One of the most active issues in igneous petrology is the investigation of mantle melting, and subsequent differentiation. To evaluate alternative hypotheses for melting and differentiation it is essential to accurately predict clinopyroxene compositions in natural systems. Expressions have thus been derived that describe clinopyroxene-melt equilibria, and allow equilibrium clinopyroxene compositions to be calculated. These equations were constructed from least-squares regression analysis of experimental clinopyroxene-liquid pairs. The calibration database included clinopyroxenes synthesized from both natural and synthetic basalt compositions; experimental conditions ranged from 0 to 100 kbar and 1350 to 2450 K. Regression equations were based on thermodynamic functions. Empirical expressions were also derived, since such models yield more precise estimates of clinopyroxene compositions, and may be easily incorporated into existing liquid line-of-descent models. Such equations may be useful for calculation of high pressure liquid fractionation, or for constraining P-T conditions for basalts produced by partial melting of a pyroxene-bearing source. Models of mantle melting often rely on expressions involving simple element ratios. Partition coefficients (K d cpx/liq ) for the minor elements, Na and Ti, were thus also calibrated as a function of P, T and composition. K Ti cpx/liq , while sensitive to composition was relatively insensitive to P and T. In contrast, K Na cpx/liq increases substantially with increasing P, and exceeded 1 in some experiments. Since oceanic basalts show variations in Na/Ti ratios, the potential exists for partial melting depths to be inferred from K Na cpx/liq .
Evolutionary Competition in Platform Ecosystems

Intraplatform competition has received scant attention in prior studies, which predominantly study interplatform competition. We develop a middle-range theory of how complementarity between input control and a platform extension's modularization-by inducing evolution-influences its performance in a platform market. Primary and archival data spanning five years from 342 Firefox extensions show that such complementarity fosters performance by accelerating an extension's perpetual evolution.
Fractional Brownian motion and long term clinical trial recruitment

Abstract Prediction of recruitment in clinical trials has been a challenging task. Many methods have been studied, including models based on Poisson process and its large sample approximation by Brownian motion (BM); however, when the independent incremental structure is violated for BM model, we could use fractional Brownian motion to model and approximate the underlying Poisson processes with random rates. In this paper, fractional Brownian motion (FBM) is considered for such conditions and compared to BM model with illustrated examples from different trials and simulations.
Public argument and legislative debate in the rhetorical construction of public policy: The case of Florida midwifery legislation

This study elaborates on theoretical models of consent formation by examining the interaction of public argument and legislative debate in the construction of public policy regulating a contested social practice, lay midwifery and homebirth. It explores the ways in which the discourse of a representative governing body serves to explicitly represent, omit, or modify public argument in its construction of public policy; and how public policy, once enacted, serves to advance certain meanings over others in public argument, in effect re‐norming it. Lay midwifery policy instantiated more positive meanings of alternative birthing practices than those characteristic of the public consensus. This divergence indicates that legislative discourse can be generative, particularly when the crafting of local strategic accommodations leads to the privileging of intra‐legislative ideographs over public ideographs.
Effective tree scattering at L-band

This paper investigates tree scattering effects at L-band by using a first-order radiative transfer (RT) model and truck-based measurements of brightness temperature over natural conifer stands to assess the performance of the τ−ω (tau-omega) model, a zero-order RT solution, over forest canopies. The tau-omega model accounts for vegetation effects in terms of “effective” vegetation parameters (single-scattering albedo and vegetation opacity) which represent the canopy as a whole. This approach inherently ignores multiple-scattering effects and it thus has a limited validity depending on the level of scattering within the canopy. The fact that the scattering from large forest components such as branches and trunks is significant at L-band requires that retrieved vegetation parameters be evaluated (compared) with their theoretical definitions to provide better understanding of these parameters in the soil moisture (SM) retrievals over moderately to densely vegetated landscapes. In this paper, the tau-omega model is fitted to a first-order RT model with an “effective” albedo assuming that “effective” vegetation optical depth is same as the “theoretical” opacity [1]. The “effective” albedo is found to be less than half of the “theoretical” one, which is generally around 0.5–0.6 for tree canopies at L-band. The “effective” albedo differs from the albedo of a single forest canopy element and becomes a global parameter which depends on all the processes taking place within the canopy including multiple-scattering and ground reflection.
Injury, resuscitation and detection of Listeria spp. from frozen environments

Abstract The ability of Listeria spp. to be reversibly freeze-injured was determined and methods for detection of freeze-injured Listeria were evaluated. Strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua tested showed no significant variation as to the extent of injury sustained during storage for 24 h at -9 to -11°C. Average 24 h injury ranged from 44-64% for L. monocytogenes strains and 41-54% for L. innocua strains. The most substantial increase in injury was seen in the first 24 h and injury remained constant or increased slightly throughout the 14 day period. Freeze injury was reversible in all Listeria strains tested when trypticase soy broth and Listeria repair broth (LRB) were used as repair media. In order to determine if nonselective pre-enrichment followed by selective enrichment using LRB, resulted in increased detection of Listeria existing naturally in processing environments, samples were obtained from two dairy and one meat processing plant. Use of nonselective pre-enrichment followed by selective enrichment using LRB did not enhance recovery of Listeria from frozen environments. This may be attributed to a limited amount of freeze-injury occurring in a naturally existing population of Listeria.
The Three-dimensional Structure of the Core Domain of Naf Y from Azotobacter vinelandii determined at 1.8-Å Resolution

Abstract The Azotobacter vinelandii NafY protein (nitrogenase accessory factor Y) is able to bind either to the iron molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) or to apodinitrogenase and is believed to facilitate the transfer of FeMo-co into apodinitrogenase. The NafY protein has two domains: an N-terminal domain (residues Met1–Leu98) and a C-terminal domain (residues Glu99–Ser232), referred here to as the “core domain.” The core domain of NafY is shown here to be capable of binding the FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase but unable to bind to apodinitrogenase in the absence of the first domain. The three-dimensional molecular structure of the core domain of NafY has been solved to 1.8-A resolution, revealing that the protein consists of a mixed five-stranded β-sheet flanked by five α-helices that belongs to the ribonuclease H superfamily. As such, this represents a new fold capable of binding FeMo-co, where the only previous example was that seen in dinitrogenase.
BRCA1, BRCA2, and DNA damage response: collision or collusion?

The striking similarities between BRCA1 and BRCA2, and the data discussed above, suggest that these two proteins may function in similar pathways. Those pathways increasingly appear to be associated with the cellular response to DNA damage. While the role of BRCA1 in these pathways remains murky, the work of Patel et al. 1998xPatel, K.J, Yu, V.P.C.C, Lee, H, Corcoran, A, Thistlethwaite, F.C, Evans, M.J, Colledge, W.H, Friedman, L.S, Ponder, B.A.J, and Venkitaraman, A.R. Mol. Cell. 1998; 1: 347–357Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all ReferencesPatel et al. 1998 and Connor et al. 1997xConnor, F, Bertwistle, D, Mee, P.J, Ross, G.M, Swift, S, Grigorieva, E, Tybulewicz, V.L.J, and Ashworth, A. Nature Genet. 1997; 17: 423–430Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesConnor et al. 1997 have clearly established an association of BRCA2 with the DNA damage response, with Patel et al. further illustrating the likelihood that this is in fact due to a role in DNA damage repair, possibly recombination-mediated, rather than through checkpoint activation or induction of apoptosis in response to damaging agents. The other intriguing finding described by Patel et al. is the spontaneous occurrence of gross chromosomal abnormalities. This observation suggests that there is a fundamental defect in chromosomal replication, repair, and/or segregation in BRCA2Tr/Tr cells.The link between BRCA1 and BRCA2 and response to DNA damage also leads to the exciting possibility that BRCA-related cancers may have differential sensitivity to specific chemotherapeutic agents and X-irradiation, which in turn may influence clinical outcome. However, while recombination-mediated repair processes and control of chromsomal segregation are obvious candidates for further studies, the molecular mechanisms by which BRCA2 exerts its influence on DNA repair remain largely unexplained. In this regard, there are a number of cellular pathways involved in replication and segregation that have yet to be evaluated, including spindle formation. Finally, while the work by Patel et al. 1998xPatel, K.J, Yu, V.P.C.C, Lee, H, Corcoran, A, Thistlethwaite, F.C, Evans, M.J, Colledge, W.H, Friedman, L.S, Ponder, B.A.J, and Venkitaraman, A.R. Mol. Cell. 1998; 1: 347–357Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all ReferencesPatel et al. 1998 is a significant advance in understanding the function of BRCA2, this extremely large gene is likely to have functions that touch multiple cellular pathways, and it is quite plausible that other functions will be ascribed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 as our knowledge of these proteins expands.‡To whom correspondence should be addressed.
On the use of stretched-exponential functions for both linear viscoelastic creep and stress relaxation

The use of the stretched-exponential function to represent both the relaxation function g(t)=(G(t)-G ∞)/(G 0-G ∞) and the retardation function r(t) = (J ∞+t/η-J(t))/(J ∞-J 0) of linear viscoelasticity for a given material is investigated. That is, if g(t) is given by exp (−(t/τ)β), can r(t) be represented as exp (−(t/λ)µ) for a linear viscoelastic fluid or solid? Here J(t) is the creep compliance, G(t) is the shear modulus, η is the viscosity (η−1 is finite for a fluid and zero for a solid), G ∞ is the equilibrium modulus G e for a solid or zero for a fluid, J ∞ is 1/G e for a solid or the steady-state recoverable compliance for a fluid, G 0= 1/J 0 is the instantaneous modulus, and t is the time. It is concluded that g(t) and r(t) cannot both exactly by stretched-exponential functions for a given material. Nevertheless, it is found that both g(t) and r(t) can be approximately represented by stretched-exponential functions for the special case of a fluid with exponents β=µ in the range 0.5 to 0.6, with the correspondence being very close with β=µ=0.5 and λ=2τ. Otherwise, the functions g(t) and r(t) differ, with the deviation being marked for solids. The possible application of a stretched-exponential to represent r(t) for a critical gel is discussed.
Spectrum-generating SU(3) and SU(4) and the leptonic decays of ρ, ω, φ, and J(ψ)

SU(3) and SU(4) are considered as spectrum-generating groups and applied to the decays rho ..-->.. e anti e, ..omega.. ..-->.. e anti e, phi ..-->.. e anti e, and J(psi) ..-->.. ee. The results are compared with the experimental data, which comparison leads to predictions of the form of the electromagnetic transition operator (currents). (AIP)
Alternative/complementary therapies used by persons with HIV disease.

The authors examined the kind of alternative and complementary therapies used by persons with HIV disease. A convenience sample of 145 persons with HIV disease who were receiving health care in either New York City ( n =72) or Boston ( n =73) completed the Alternative Therapies Check List. This instrument consists of 55 alternative or complementary therapies; respondents were asked to identify whether they knew the therapy and how often they used it. Frequencies were computed, demonstrating that all of the identified alternative or complementary therapies were used by at least one person with HIV disease. The different therapies were ranked according to their mean or average use. Findings showed that vitamins were the most commonly used and trigger was the least commonly used alternative/complementary therapy.
The rape of the lock revisited

After a review of the significance of hair in history and legend, the author considers the impulses which lead young American males to wear long hair. He is more interested, however, in the reaction of adults and concludes that the projective response to long hair on an adolescent male is “the result of an intensive challenge to the success of repression by an adult of his own primitive drives, both aggressive and sexual.”
The enthalpy of sodium silicate glasses and liquids

Abstract The enthalpy data of Hummel and Schwiete (1) for sodium silicate glasses at 298.15 K have been fitted by power series in the mole fraction. It is shown that four coefficients provide an excellent fit of the data (X1 = .1818 to .6667) but five are required for a reasonable extrapolation to pure NaO.5(X1 = 1). If estimates for the partial molal enthalpy of SiO2 are included in the least squares, the equation also extrapolates well to pure SiO2. Combining these values with the expressions for the excess heat capacity of mixing (2) and known solubility data (3,4) for the binary system, one obtains a consistent set of coefficients for the calculation of enthalpies and activities at any temperature and composition. The NaO.5-SiO2 phase diagram calculated from these values is shown.
Particle production by polymer pyrolysis: Mass‐spectrometric investigation

Mass-spectrometric techniques were applied to elucidate the mechanism by which polymers release condensation nuclei during pyrolysis.
Congenital micropenis: long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual follow-up of individuals raised male or female.

Objectives: to document long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual outcome of individuals with congenital micropenis (13 males, 5 females). Methods: Physical me
Close-Loop Cost Equation for Objects Manufactured by Milling

One of the major drawbacks of present cost estimation models is their incapability of embracing effectively complete product development stage. Parametric estimation works well in early design stage, but when it comes to detail design stage, a more complete estimation is provided by process model based and detail estimation techniques. A major paradigm shift is proposed in this paper whereby Cost is to be considered as a design parameter from scientific perspective and it is to be treated as a design consequence rather than as an operational outcome. A comprehensive framework using System Analysis fundamentals is designed to study Process Cost aspects of a part or a design. The paper gives detailed implementation of this new approach for objects manufactured largely by milling operation. The paper also suggests a methodology to extend this approach to other manufacturing processes. The proposed Generic Cost Estimation Model shows good agreement with cost estimation by commercial estimation software when applied to the objects manufactured by milling process. It also promises integration of Cost with other disciplines in Multidisciplinary Optimization and Collaborative Engineering. The integration is achievable through new information technology interface tools.
Comparison of the effects of scopolamine and methylscopolamine on the performance of a fixed-ratio discrimination in squirrel monkeys

In the presence of a stimulus behind the center key, squirrel monkeys were required to complete one of two fixed ratios (FRs) on the center key (FR 30 or FR 25). Completion of the ratio turned off the center-key stimulus and produced a stimulus behind each of the two side keys. If the completed ratio was high (e.g., FR 30), a response on the left key produced a food pellet. If the ratio was low (e.g., FR 25) a response on the right key produced food. Errors produced a brief timeout. Dose-effect curves for scopolamine (0.001-0.18 mg/kg) and methscopolamine (0.0032-5.6 mg/kg) were determined under a FR 30 vs. FR 25 discrimination, which controlled both moderate levels of accuracy and high rates of responding. Scopolamine produced a dose-related decrease in overall response rates and increase in percent errors. Methscopolamine decreased response rates and increased percent errors in a dose-related manner much like scopolamine. However, scopolamine was found to be about 10 times more potent on a mg/kg basis than methscopolamine. Scopolamine is in general considered to be centrally acting due in part to its lipid solubility. The results from these studies suggest that methscopolamine, in general considered to be peripherally acting, may also cross the squirrel monkey blood-brain barrier at high doses and produce behavioral effects comparable to those of scopolamine.
IMAGING OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY MYCOSIS

Asthma is the most common disease of the lungs, and one that poses specific challenges for the radiologist. This article reviews for the radiologist the clinical diagnosis, radiologic features, and differential diagnosis of asthma, and outlines the radiologic features of the complications of asthma, particularly allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA).
A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Smoking and Age-Related Changes in Human Nasal Epithelium

The nose is known to undergo dysfunctional changes as people age, probably due to exposure to agents such as smoking, environmental pollutants, and microbes. A morphologic expression of these insults might be a change in the number of ciliated cells present in the nasal mucosa. This study revealed that smoking and age were not related to a reduction in the number of ciliated cells of the inferior turbinate. Other factors, such as changes in the viscoelastic properties of mucus, may be the cause of senescent nasal symptoms such as drying and crusting.
An Economic-Linear Programming Model of the U.S. Petroleum Refining Industry

Abstract The linking of statistically estimated relationships with an engineering linear programming model offers important potentials for simulation and forecasting models of industries. This article describes such a model of the U.S. petroleum refining industry. Econometric techniques are used to specify product demands, prices, and some technical adjustments. A linear programming specification of the production function, assuming cost minimization, determines crude oil input requirements, the output of by-products, and the utilization of capacity. As applications of the model, a sample period calculation and a five-year forecast are presented along with a discussion of alternative cases and forecast error.
Historical Perspective and Current Status of the Physical Education Graduation Requirement at American 4-Year Colleges and Universities

This study gives an overview of the history of required physical education in America's 4-year colleges and universities and provides an update on the requirement status. After randomly identifying 354 institutions, we searched their respective websites to determine whether physical education was a requirement to earn a baccalaureate degree. The major finding was that the physical education requirement declined from an all-time high of 97% in the 1920s and 1930s to an all-time low of 39.55% in 2010. Given society's ongoing health challenges and the important role of physical activity in maintaining health, this seems counterintuitive. It is also inconsistent with the National Physical Activity Plan (2010).
Differential effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril versus the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker atenolol on hemodynamics and left ventricular contractile function in experimental mitral regurgitation.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in experimental chronic mitral regurgitation (MR), gaining knowledge using methods difficult to apply in humans. Background Both ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers are cornerstones in the treatment of human congestive heart failure. However, the roles of these treatments for chronic MR is unclear. Methods Mitral regurgitation was created in 11 closed-chest dogs. Three months after the creation, the ACE inhibitor lisinopril 20 mg was given orally daily. After three months of lisinopril therapy, the beta-blocker atenolol was added to lisinopril for another three months. Atenolol was begun at a dose of 12.5 mg daily and increased gradually to 100 mg daily. Hemodynamics and left ventricular (LV) function were assessed throughout the study. Results Regurgitant fraction was consistently >50% over the course of this study. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and LV end-diastolic pressure were significantly increased after three months of MR and decreased during both lisinopril and the combined therapy in which it was not different from baseline. Left ventricular contractility measured by the end-systolic stiffness constant was depressed from 3.66 ± 0.20 to 2.65 ± 0.12 (p Conclusions Although lisinopril significantly reduced preload, its effect on LV contractility was insignificant in experimental MR. Conversely, atenolol, when added to lisinopril, achieved maximum hemodynamic benefit and also restored LV contractility.
WE‐C‐T‐617‐05: The Effects of Aperture Size On Low‐Energy Brachytherapy Sk Measurements

Purpose: To experimentally determine the angular dependence of 125 I and 103 Pd interstitial brachytherapy seed air‐kerma strength measurements with a large‐volume ionization chamber and compare with Monte Carlo calculations. Method and Materials: A Variable Aperture Free Air Chamber (VAFAC) has been constructed for making air‐kerma rate measurements of low‐energy photon emitting sources with photon energies up to 70 keV. Its underlying principle is that the air‐kerma rate at a given point is proportional to the increment of ionization per increment of chamber volume at chamber depths greater than the range of secondary electrons originating in the entrance electrode. A unique feature of the VAFAC is its variable aperture stand, which accommodates five apertures with half angles ranging from 4 to 18 degrees. The US primary air‐kerma strength standard is the National Institute of Standards and Technology Wide Angle Free Air Chamber (NIST WAFAC), which has a single fixed aperture size corresponding to a half‐angle of 7.6 degrees. Relative air‐kerma rate measurements have been completed for one seed type with all five aperture sizes. Additionally, MCNP5 particle transport has been used to theoretically determine the expected relative ionization with these aperture sizes. Results: It is shown that the new VAFAC is capable of making air‐kerma rate measurements for low‐energy brachytherapy sources with a noise floor of 1–2 fA. The results from the first seed type indicate that varying the angle from 4 to 18 degrees yields up to a 5% change in the final air‐kerma strength determination. Conclusion: This work shows the capability of the VAFAC to experimentally measure the effects of 125 I and 103 Pd interstitial brachytherapy seed in‐air anisotropy on a large angular measurement.
Stack-Up Forces for Normal and Abnormal Operating Conditions in a Railroad Roller Bearing Assembly

Stack-up force distributions are obtained for normal and abnormal operating conditions in a class F (6 1/2 X 12) railroad tapered roller bearing-axle assembly for various friction coefficients, press-fits and cap screw preloads. Three conditions that affect the stack-up force distribution are considered: a steady-state normal-operating temperature distribution, a steady-state temperature distribution resulting from a stuck brake or a jammed outboard roller, and a transient temperature distribution due to multiple jammed outboard rollers. The steady-state normal or abnormal operating temperature have insignificant effects for nominal values of interference, friction and cap screw preload. However, the effect of the transient temperature due to multiple jammed outboard rollers on the stack-up system is detrimental due to localized high temperature gradients near the outboard cone area and a distortion of the original surface geometry of the cone.
Effective elution of RDX and TNT from particles of Comp B in surface soil

During live fire training exercises, large amounts of explosives are consumed. Low order detonations of high explosive payloads result in the patchy dispersal of particles of high explosive formulations over large areas of firing range soils. Dissolution of explosives from explosive formulation particles into soil pore water is a controlling factor for transport, fate, and effects of explosive compounds. We developed an empirical method to evaluate soils based on functionally defined effective dissolution rates. An automated Accelerated Solvent Extractor was used to determine the effective elution rates under controlled conditions of RDX and TNT from soil columns containing particles of Comp B. Contrived soils containing selected soil geosorbants and reactive surfaces were used to quantitatively determine the importance of these materials. Natural soils from training ranges of various soil types were also evaluated. The effects of geosorbants on effective elution rates were compound- and sorbent-specific. TNT elution was less than that of RDX and was greatly slowed by humic acid. Iron and iron-bearing clays reduced the effective elution rates of both RDX and TNT. This empirical method is a useful tool for directly generating data on the potential for explosives to leach from firing range soils, to identify general bulk soil characteristics that can be used to predict the potential, and to identify means to engineer soil treatments to mitigate potential transport.
Validation of the Interview Module for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (M-IED) in children and adolescents: A pilot study

We identified a subset of impulsive, aggressive children as having symptoms that met criteria for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) using the Interview Module for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (M-IED). The M-IED was administered to 34 children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 17. These data provide initial evidence for the M-IED as a useful instrument in the diagnosis of IED in adolescents. The M-IED displayed a high level of inter-rater reliability and adequate test-retest reliability. Construct validity was supported by the fact that the subjects with IED symptomatology had significantly more lifetime aggression, oppositionality, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared to community controls. In addition, the subjects with IED symptomatology had a significantly greater number of episodes of lifetime physical aggression and documented episodes of aggression while in residential treatment compared to psychiatric controls. The subjects with IED symptomatology had a greater number of positive screening questions for DSM-IV diagnoses using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham questionnaire (SNAP-IV), particularly those related to IED and posttraumatic stress disorder than psychiatric controls.
Comparison of the in vitro growth characteristics, viral polypeptides, and response to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies of nine isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus from Alaskan salmonids

Summary Nine isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from three different species of Alaskan salmonids were examined for in vitro growth characteristics, the molecular weight of virion polypeptides, and serologic response to four different monoclonal antibodies developed against IHNV. The results of this study suggest that, although serologically similar, three antigenic variants of IHNV may be present in Alaska. All nine viruses were neutralized by the monoclonal antibody RB/B5. However, the viruses could be divided into three sub-groups based on the ability or inability to react with the monoclonal antibodies 193–110/B4 and NR-2. The growth characteristics of all nine viruses were similar enough to suggest there was no significant difference in phenotypes among these viruses. The molecular weights of the viral polypeptides were similar in that all had a glycoprotein (G) of 66 kd, a nucleocapsid (N) protein of 42 kd, ana a polymerase (L) of 180 kd molecular weight.
Persistently poor outcomes of undetected major depression in primary care

Despite its relevance for quality care initiatives, the field of psychiatry has little scientific knowledge regarding the course of current major depression when primary care patients with the disorder remain undetected. Using statewide telephone screening, we identified and followed 98 adults with current major depression who made one or more visits to a primary care physician during the 6 months following baseline. Thirty-two percent of primary care patients with current major depression remained undetected for up to 1 year. Almost half of undetected patients developed suicidal ideation. Less than one-third of undetected patients made a visit during the month they reported their worst symptoms. Fifty-three percent of undetected patients reported five or more current symptoms at 1 year follow-up. Primary care patients with undetected major depression report persistently poor outcomes. Comparison of outcomes with detected patients suggests that quality improvement efforts directed at improving detection without improving management of detected patients may not improve outcomes.
Adsorption from solutions on synthetic hydroxyapatite: nonaqueous vs. aqueous solvents.

It is useful in restorative dentistry and etiology of bone diseases to know that certain general rules may be derived from a priori considerations of the adsorption of chemicals to synthetic hydroxyapatite (which is the structural prototype of tooth and bone mineral). This article systematically synthesizes the extensive studies on the subject by the author, and rationalizes and extends these rules. Though not a review article, the work of some researchers may not have found an adequate representation here, because they did not determine, in the case of nonaqueous solvents, the reversibility of adsorption; or, in the case of aqueous solvents, the concentration of all constituent ions of the system, thus missing the occurrence of processes other than adsorption. The adsorption of solutes from nonaqueous solvents on hydroxyapatite is mainly regulated by the interplay of hydrogen bonding between adsorbate, adsorbent, and solvent. It does not involve any significant role of ionic nature of the apatite surface, because it is masked by the chemisorbed and physisorbed water. This interplay of hydrogen bonding in conjunction with chemical and structural characteristics of the adsorbed molecules controls their reversibility and the orientation of the adsorbates on the surface. In general, the process may be considered as true adsorption, because no other material exchange process is involved. The "adsorption" of solutes from aqueous solutions generally involves ion-exchange with the apatite surface, and may be affected by the concentrations of potential determining ions (Ca(2+), phosphates, H(+), etc.) in the solution. The solute in aqueous solution may be removed by two other mechanisms, either by formation of a surface complex or by chemically reacting with calcium or phosphate ions to form a new phase that precipitates out of solution. Therefore, the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in solution should also be monitored to elucidate the mechanism of the process. Adsorption of polymers seems to be determined primarily by their multiple hydrogen bonding, their relative molar mass, and their ability to self-associate. The hydrogen ion concentration plays a decisive role in each one of the above mechanisms.
Altered and Unstable: Wet Beriberi, a Clinical Review

Abstract Background Undifferentiated altered mental status and hemodynamic instability are common presenting complaints in the Emergency Department (ED). Emergency practitioners do not have the luxury of time to perform sequential examination, history, testing, diagnosis, and treatment. Rather, we do all of these things at once to save lives and decrease morbidity. An important diagnosis to consider and upon which we can easily intervene is that of thiamine deficiency. Objectives We present a case of an altered and unstable woman who presented to our busy ED and had rapid improvement after the administration of vitamin B1. We discuss the presentation, pathophysiology, consequences of missed diagnosis, and management of this disease process. Case Report A middle-aged woman presented to our ED with unstable vital signs and an alteration in her mental status. She was unable to provide a history. Empiric treatment with thiamine resulted in the resolution of her hemodynamic instability and improvement in her mental status. Conclusion Our patient benefited from the swift administration of thiamine and illustrates the importance of thiamine administration in the altered or hemodynamically unstable emergency patient with an elevated lactate.
Quantifying competitive swim training using accelerometer-based activity monitors

Recent advances in miniaturized waterproof accelerometers have allowed their use as a tool in examining swim stroke characteristics (Ohgi et al. JPSE Int J 45:960–966, 2002; Sports Eng 6:113–123, 2003). A better use for this technology, however, might be to quantify characteristics of competitive swim training. The purpose of this study was thus to examine commercial accelerometers’ ability to track and quantify swim training variables common to all swim training programs: speed and distance. Swimmers (n = 43) were fitted with two accelerometer monitors on their right wrist and ankle. From this output, regression analyses were performed as a means to describe swim distance and speed. Ten additional swimmers (experimental group, n = 10) were then utilized to cross validate these equations as being useful to predict swim distance and speed. The results demonstrated a positive, significant relationship between activity counts and actual swim distance (r = 0.90, p < 0.05), actual swim speed (r = 0.80; p < 0.05), and cross validation confirmed the accuracy of the prediction equations. The findings of the present study suggest that commercial accelerometer-based activity monitors have the ability to quantify important characteristics of competitive swim training.
Discourses of prostitution/discourses of sexuality

This essay addresses the problem of the representation of prostitutes as “others”; through discourses of sexuality in contemporary media. It has been argued that feminism has changed women's images and, in particular, the prostitute's image, from sensationalized, deviant, and/or disordered actor to working woman. This essay challenges both contentions: first, by examining traditional representations of prostitutes; second, by analyzing the extent to which contemporary representations of prostitution, particularly on television, challenge former representations; third, by arguing that feminist voices within television texts do not effectively challenge the normalizing effects of representation; and, finally, by examining the identity politics that impede feminist influence on images of prostitutes and all women.
Expression of AP-2α in SV40 immortalized human lung fibroblasts is associated with a distinct pattern of cytosine methylation in the AP-2α promoter

Abstract Activator protein-2α (AP-2α) is a cell type-specific, developmentally regulated, transcription factor that has been implicated as a critical regulator of gene expression during vertebrate development and carcinogenesis. We found that AP-2α was differentially expressed in the normal human lung fibroblast cell strains WI38, MRC-5 and their respective SV40-transformed cell counterparts WI38-VA, MRC-5VA. Since CpG methylation within genetic regulatory regions has been implicated as a mechanism of gene regulation, we investigated the CpG methylation status of the AP-2α gene promoter in these cells. High resolution mapping of methylated cytosines revealed that differential expression of the AP-2α gene in normal human lung fibroblasts and their SV40-transformed counterparts was associated with distinct patterns of cytosine methylation in the AP-2α promoter just 5′ to the transcription initiation site. Site-specific methylation was positively correlated with increased AP-2α gene expression in both transformed cell lines investigated. Interestingly, one of the two major centers of hypermethylation in the transformed cells encompassed the cis-element for the AP-2 repressing transcription factor AP-2rep (KLF12). Finally, a sequence variation in human lung fibroblasts relative to the published sequence revealed a previously unidentified AP-2 binding site at position −528 with respect to the transcription initiation site that overlapped the AP-2rep site. Our results suggest that transcriptional activation of AP-2α in the SV40-transformed cells is mediated, at least in part, by site-specific methylation of a negative regulatory cis-element in the AP-2α promoter.
Synthesis of MoSi2 single crystals

Abstract A survey of a number of different techniques including electron beam float zone, inductively coupled plasma pedestal growth, and induction float zone in atmospheric and pressurized chambers was conducted for the synthesis of MoSi 2 single crystals. These techniques were evaluated as to their suitability for growth of MoSi 2 . Of concern is the high vapor pressure of silicon at the melting point which can result in silicon loss and the formation of Mo 5 Si 3 . Of the techniques surveyed, pressurized induction float zone offers the best potential for compositional control during crystal growth. Some success is demonstrated using induction float zone techniques but, unfortunately, in order to maintain a stable liquid zone, crystal growth rates 3–5 times faster than typical float zone growth rates are necessary. As a result, the size of crystals prepared thus far is limited to approximately 3 mm in diameter.
High-energy and thermal-neutron imaging and modeling with an amorphous silicon flat-panel detector

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) operates two spallation neutron sources dedicated to research in materials science, condensed-matter physics, and fundamental and applied nuclear physics. Prior to 1995, all thermal neutron radiography at Los Alamos was done on a beam port attached to the Omega West reactor, a small 8MW research reactor used primarily for radioisotope production and prompt and delayed neutron activation analysis. After the closure of this facility, two largely independent radiography development efforts were begun at LANSCE using moderated cold and thermal neutrons from the Target-1 source and high-energy neutrons from the Target-4 source. Investigations with cold and thermal neutrons employed a neutron converter and film, a scintillation screen and CCD camera system, and a new high-resolution amorphous silicon (a-Si) flat-panel detector system. Recent work with high-energy neutrons (En > 1 MeV) has involved storage-phosphor image plates. Some comparison high-energy images were obtained with both image plates and the a-Si panel and showed equivalent image quality for approximately equal exposure times.
Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Semidilute and Entangled Polymer Solutions

We studied the diffusion of gold nanoparticles in semidilute and entangled solutions of polystyrene (PS) in toluene using fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The polymer concentration was varied from ∼6c* to 20c*, where c* is the overlap concentration. In our experiments, the particle radius (R ≈ 2.5 nm) was much smaller compared to the radius of gyration (Rg ≈ 18 nm) of the chain but comparable to the average mesh size (ξ) of the fluctuating polymer network. The diffusion coefficient (D) of the particles decreased monotonically with polymer concentration and it can be fitted with a stretched exponential function, D = D0 exp(−μcν), with the value of the scaling parameter, ν ≈ 0.9. At high concentration of the polymer, a clear subdiffusive motion of the particles was observed. The results were compared with the diffusion of free dyes (coumarin 480), which showed normal diffusive behavior for all concentrations.
Fas‐induced apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes is dependent on C/EBPβ

Apoptotic cell death in the liver in response to activation of the Fas pathway has been implicated in human disease states as well as liver remodeling and tissue repair. C/EBPbeta, a member of the CCAAT enhancer binding protein family of bZIP transcription factors has been linked to both growth response and apoptotic targets in the liver, and, therefore, is a likely candidate for the regulation of apoptotic liver injury. We investigated differences in apoptotic cell death in the livers of C/EBPbeta-null mice using the Jo-2 agonistic anti-Fas antibody. Apoptotic injury was dramatically reduced in C/EBPbeta -/- livers as shown by a nearly 20-fold reduction in apoptotic hepatocytes 6 hours post-Jo-2 treatment in C/EBPbeta -/- hepatocytes compared with controls (P < .04) and reduced activation of caspase 3. Bid cleavage occurred in Jo-2 treated C/EBPbeta -/- livers indicating a block of Fas-induced injury distal to the death-inducing signaling complex. The level of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-x(L) was increased greater than tenfold in the mutant animals (P < .04), which can, at least in part, account for the protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, bcl-x(L) mRNA levels were unchanged. These observations link C/EBPbeta to Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through a mechanism that likely involves translational or posttranslational regulation of bcl-x(L).
Constraint specification and processing in Web services publication and discovery

Much effort is being made by the IT industry towards the establishment of a Web services infrastructure and the refinement of its component technologies to enable the sharing of heterogeneous application resources. Traditional roles of the service provider, service requestor and service broker and their interactions are now being improved upon to enable more effective services. The implementation of the Web service broker is currently limited to being an interface to the service repository for service registration, browsing and/or programmatic access. In this work, we have extended the functionality of the Web services broker to include constraint specification and processing, which enables the broker to find a good match between a service provider's capabilities and a service requestor's requirements. This paper presents the extension made to the Web Services Description Language to include constraint specifications in service descriptions and requests, the architecture of a constraint-based broker, the constraint matching technique, some implementation details, and preliminary evaluation results.
Factors mediating the impact of chronic pruritus on quality of life.

Importance Chronic pruritus is a common problem with a deleterious effect on quality of life. The factors mediating the relationship between chronic pruritus and quality of life are poorly understood. Objective To determine the factors that mediate the impact of chronic pruritus on quality of life. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study based on a nationwide telephone survey of US military veterans sampled from the Veterans Hospital Patient Database. Participants were veterans who agreed to participate and were found to have chronic pruritus. Main Outcomes and Measures Statistical significance of predictor variables (characteristics of patients and their chronic pruritus) in multivariate analysis using ItchyQoL scores as response variables. Results Of 6000 veterans telephoned, 1075 consented to participate; 405 of these had chronic pruritus. Factors that mediated the impact of chronic pruritus on quality of life were demographic characteristics (age [ P = .007], race [ P = .05], marital status [ P = .04]), personality (extroversion [ P = .03], neuroticism [ P = .01]), pruritus characteristics (severity [ P P = .01], frequency [ P P = .005]), and possible etiology (cutaneous vs systemic [ P = .03]). Notable factors not found significant include sex ( P = .98) and socioeconomic variables (education level [ P > .99], employment status [ P = .53], income [ P = .62]). Conclusions and Relevance The multitude of factors that significantly influence the impact of chronic pruritus on quality of life demonstrates the complex nature of this relationship. A better appreciation of these factors will improve the clinical evaluation and treatment of chronic pruritus.
Mating type differentiation in tetrahymena thermophila: Characterization of the delayed refeeding effect and its implications concerning intranuclear coordination

Mating type determination in Tetrahymena thermophila involves developmentally programmed, heritable alterations of the macronucleus, localized to the mtd locus. This determination can be predictably controlled by the environmental conditions during macronuclear development, eg, temperature and time of refeeding. In this article we have further characterized the effects of delayed refeeding on mating type determination, as revealed by the frequency of mating types among the progeny of a cross. Our results show that 1) the magnitude of this starvation effect decreases with temperature of conjugation and becomes undetectable at 18°C; 2) starvation during the interval 14 to 22 hr (after conjugation is induced at 30°C) is a necessary and sufficient condition for the induction of starvation effects; 3) relative mating type frequencies vary monotonically with nutrient concentration present during this critical period; and 4) sister macronuclei, developing under starvation conditions in the same cytoplasm, differentiate majority mating types characteristic of early or late refeeding; sister macronuclei show no apparent correlation with each other. On the basis of our observations on early and late refed cells, we propose that the composition of the newly developed macronucleus is the outcome of two key events: 1) mating type determination at the mtd locus and 2) differential molecular cloning of generally one or two autonomously replicating fragments (ARFs) of the macronuclear DNA bearing the mtd locus.
Characteristics of chromosomes in polarized normal human bronchial cells provide a blueprint for nuclear organization.

Abstract. In normal human terminally differentiated and polarized bronchial cells, the fluorescent “painting” technique (FISH) for all chromosomes (except Y) documented that each homologu
Integrated Optical Architectures For Matrix Multiplication

Optical systems are particularly adept at performing high speed multiplication and division, which are the operations required for matrix multiplication. Implementing these operations in an integrated optical circuit (IOC) has the additional advantage of compactness and manufacturability. In this paper it is shown how analog integrated optical components can be assembled to design compact 10Cs for implementing both analog and digital algorithms for carrying out matrix multiplication.