cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Submillimeter Spectrum of Glycolaldehyde

Glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO) is a sugar-related interstellar prebiotic molecule that has been detected in two star-forming regions, Sgr B2(N) and G31.41+0.31. Glycolaldehyde is suspected to form from photodissociation-driven ice chemistry, and therefore can be used to trace complex organic chemistry in interstellar environments. The relative abundance of glycolaldehyde to its structural isomers, methyl formate (HCOOCH3) and acetic acid (CH3COOH), can be used to constrain astrochemical models. Given its central role in the complex chemistry of the interstellar medium, glycolaldehyde has been suggested as a prime molecular target for upcoming high-frequency molecular line searches using new far-infrared observatories. In particular, glycolaldehyde is a target for the Herschel Space Observatory HEXOS Key Program, which is conducting spectral line surveys of the Sgr B2(N) and Orion KL star-forming regions across the entire HIFI band. Laboratory investigation of glycolaldehyde in the HIFI frequency range is required before its lines can be identified in these spectra. We have therefore acquired the laboratory spectrum of glycolaldehyde in selected frequency ranges across the submillimeter range. We present here the laboratory spectral analysis of the ground vibrational state of glycolaldehyde up to 1.2 THz.
Wavelet transform adaptive filtering

An LMS adaptive filtering algorithm is presented utilizing wavelet transforms. Its performance is compared to DCT and Walsh-Hadamard transform-based adaptive filtering. The experimental analysis is performed in the case of the system identification of an unknown system or filter for stationary input signals. The results show some improvement in the weight modelling of the filter with comparable convergence rates. A new performance criteria, the diagonality factor, is introduced in order to show the specific effect of the wavelet transform on a signal. A Mean Average Difference is also utilized to compare the weight modelling performance of the various transform-based LMS adaptive filterings studied in this paper.
Population trends in Internet sports gambling

The Internet is a controversial new medium for gambling. This study presents the first longitudinal analysis of online gambling participation and activity among a population of newly subscribed Internet bettors. Our analyses indicate that this population of gamblers adapted to the new subscription service rapidly, as evidenced by quickly developing declines in population participation, number of bets, and size of stakes. Adaptation was not uniformly evident in our population. Among subgroups of heavily involved bettors, adaptation was generally slower or not apparent. Rather than adapt, involved bettors often maintained the high level of betting they escalated to in the days following subscription. This was particularly evident for one type of game: live-action betting. These involved individuals and the effect of live-action play require close scrutiny and ongoing examination.
A network of heterogeneous hydrogen bonds in GNRA tetraloops.

Abstract RNA hairpin loops containing a GNRA consensus sequence are the most frequently occurring hairpins in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNAs. These tetraloops play important functional roles in RNA folding, in RNA – RNA tertiary interactions and as protein binding sites. Homo and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy have been used to determine the structures of the most abundant members of the GNRA tetraloop family: the GAGA, GCAA and GAAA loops closed by a C-G base pair. Analysis of the structures of these three hairpin loops reveals a network of heterogeneous hydrogen bonds. The loops contain a G-A base pair, a G base-phosphate hydrogen bond and several 2′ OH-base hydrogen bonds. These intramolecular interactions and the extensive base stacking in the loop help explain the high thermodynamic stability and give insight into the diverse biological roles of the GNRA RNA hairpins.
Indicative bidding: An experimental analysis

Indicative bidding is a practice commonly used in sales of complex and very expensive assets. Theoretical analysis shows that efficient entry is not guaranteed under indicative bidding, since there is no equilibrium in which more qualified bidders are more likely to be selected for the final sale. Furthermore, there exist alternative bid procedures that, in theory at least, guarantee 100% efficiency and higher revenue for the seller. We employ experiments to compare actual performance between indicative bidding and one of these alternative procedures. The data shows that indicative bidding performs as well as the alternative procedure in terms of entry efficiency, while having other characteristics that favor it over the alternative procedure. Our results provide an explanation for the widespread use of indicative bidding despite the potential problem identified in the equilibrium analysis.
A tunable narrowband optical filter via phase conjugation by nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a doppler-broadened resonant medium

Abstract The formulation of phase conjugation via nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a Doppler-broadened resonant medium is generalized to include nondegenerate pump frequencies. This process is shown capable of yielding a tunable optical band-pass filter whose central frequency can be tuned over the entire Doppler profile with only a small degradation of the filter efficiency while still maintaining a bandwidth limited by the homogeneous linewidth.
Expressomal approach for comprehensive analysis and visualization of ligand sensitivities of xenoestrogen responsive genes.

Although biological effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are often observed at unexpectedly low doses with occasional nonmonotonic dose–response characteristics, transcriptome-wide profiles of sensitivities or dose-dependent behaviors of the EDC responsive genes have remained unexplored. Here, we describe expressome analysis for the comprehensive examination of dose-dependent gene responses and its applications to characterize estrogen responsive genes in MCF-7 cells. Transcriptomes of MCF-7 cells exposed to varying concentrations of representative natural and xenobiotic estrogens for 48 h were determined by microarray and used for computational calculation of interpolated approximations of estimated transcriptomes for 300 doses uniformly distributed in log space for each chemical. The entire collection of these estimated transcriptomes, designated as the expressome, has provided unique opportunities to profile chemical-specific distributions of ligand sensitivities for large numbers of estrogen responsive genes, revealing that at low concentrations estrogens generally tended to suppress rather than to activate transcription. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated distinct functional enrichment between high- and low-sensitivity estrogen responsive genes, supporting the notion that a single EDC chemical can cause qualitatively distinct biological responses at different doses. Expressomal heatmap visualization of dose-dependent induction of Bisphenol A inducible genes showed a weak gene activation peak at a very low concentration range (ca. 0.1 nM) in addition to the main, strong gene activation peak at and above 100 nM. Thus, expressome analysis is a powerful approach to understanding the EDC dose-dependent dynamic changes in gene expression at the transcriptomal level, providing important information on the overall profiles of ligand sensitivities and nonmonotonic responses.
Price, Placebo, and the Brain

In a series of experiments, Shiv, Carmon, and Ariely (2005) show that the price consumers pay for a beverage not only affects the perceived benefit from the product but also extends to actual performance on puzzle-solving tasks. Placebo effects that manifest as changes in subjective state (e.g., mood, aesthetic ratings) are one thing, but when the effect extends to behavior, the placebo passes out of the realm of being “all in the head” and into something real and measurable. An examination of Shiv, Carmon, and Ariely’s experiments sheds some light on the nature of these changes but also raises a host of questions about the very nature of the placebo effect and where it comes from. The idea behind Shiv, Carmon, and Ariely’s experiment is simple: The more a person pays for a beverage advertised to increase mental acuity, the bigger the performanceenhancing effect should be. However, paying more for the beverage did not improve mental performance so much as paying discounted prices impaired performance. Such a result suggests that the product marketing can establish a placebo effect in terms of its efficacy that precedes the price effect. Indeed, when participants’ attention was deliberately drawn to the price, the price effect was weakened, suggesting that by whatever mechanism the price effect operates, it is probably nonconscious. The only way that performance was actually enhanced beyond baseline was by drawing attention to the marketing claims surrounding the product. Only in this circumstance did paying more for the product enhance performance. As Shiv, Carmon, and Ariely suggest, the price of the product affects performance through the commonly known placebo effect. Indeed, there is no reason to doubt this, but from where does the placebo effect come? More specifically, where in the brain do placebos operate, and is it possible that price effects operate differently? Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is beginning to provide a window into how these processes function in the brain. At its core, fMRI depends on the empirical observation that blood flow increases to active parts of the brain. Although the exact mechanism by which this happens is not fully understood, because it does happen, activity states in the brain can be inferred on a fairly small spatial scale (a few millimeters) and moderate time scale (5‐10 seconds).
Explicit Separation of Growth and Motility in a New Tumor Cord Model

We investigate a new model of tumor growth in which cell motility is considered an explicitly separate process from growth. Bulk tumor expansion is modeled by individual cell motility in a density-dependent diffusion process. This model is implemented in the context of an in vivo system, the tumor cord. We investigate numerically microscale density distributions of different cell classes and macroscale whole tumor growth rates as functions of the strength of transitions between classes. Our results indicate that the total tumor growth follows a classical von Bertalanffy growth profile, as many in vivo tumors are observed to do. This provides a quick validation for the model hypotheses. The microscale and macroscale properties are both sensitive to fluctuations in the transition parameters, and grossly adopt one of two phenotypic profiles based on their parameter regime. We analyze these profiles and use the observations to classify parameter regimes by their phenotypes. This classification yields a novel hypothesis for the early evolutionary selection of the metastatic phenotype by selecting against less motile cells which grow to higher densities and may therefore induce local collapse of the vascular network.
1.3.2 Behavioral Economics and the Design of Systems Engineering Measures

The design of measures is an art and a science. Taking a systems thinking perspective in designing a measure requires considering how the measure will be used, what it means, what kind of behavior it will produce, and the results of that behavior. Treating the implementation of a measure as a move in a game can give new insights into what will happen when the measure is introduced. Measures may be ignored if it is not clear what they mean, or if there are no standards or goals for the measure. Measures that are published, evaluated and used to determine performance levels of people and groups, and which have standards, norms and goals, in turn affect behavior and are subject to gaming. It is these measures which must be analyzed for unintended, or worse yet, adverse consequences. Short of finding perfect measures, the practice of balancing measures can be used to mitigate such consequences. In theory there is no difference between theory and practice. In practice there is. (Yogi Berra) In pursuing a comprehensive approach to the measurement of systems engineering and systems development work, we must face difficulties in both theory and practice. The central questions we must answer are, What should we measure? How should we measure it? What does it mean? How will measuring this affect behavior? Most work in the area of measures focuses on the first two questions. The field of data analytics and interpretation focuses on the third, and the field of behavioral economics is interested in the fourth. This paper will present some key ideas about how measures can be designed and conducted, applying some insights from these diverse fields. Part I will focus on current practice, as assessed in a series of informal interviews conducted by the author in 2011–2012 with several active, senior practitioners in systems engineering measurement, mostly in the aerospace and defense industry. The goal was to understand how systems engineering is measured in current practice and how those measures are used. Part II looks at the question of how measures are designed, their component parts and how meaning for measures can be determined. In Part III the focus is on unintended consequences of applying measures—the behavioral economics perspective. Some guidelines will be suggested for the successful design of measures that avoid or minimize unintended consequences. This paper aims at suggesting a new way of thinking about and designing measures and does not claim to present an explicit solution to any or all measurements needs. In fact, it is likely that the topic of measurement will appear more problematic after understanding what follows, than before.
Computational Models for Ultrametric Spaces

Abstract For every ultrametric space, the set of closed balls of radius 0 or 2 - n for some n , form an algebraic poset under reverse inclusion. If the ultrametric space is complete separable, then they form a Scott computational model for it. Conversely, every topological space with an algebraic computational model is a complete separable ultrametrizable space.
NMO‐velocity surfaces and Dix‐type formulas in anisotropic heterogeneous media

Reflection moveout of pure modes recorded on conventional‐length spreads is described by a normal‐moveout (NMO) velocity that depends on the orientation of the common‐midpoint (CMP) line. Here, we introduce the concept of NMO‐velocity surfaces, which are obtained by plotting the NMO velocity as the radius‐vector along all possible directions in 3‐D space, and use it to develop Dix‐type averaging and differentiation algorithms in anisotropic heterogeneous media.The intersection of the NMO‐velocity surface with the horizontal plane represents the NMO ellipse that can be estimated from wide‐azimuth reflection data. We demonstrate that the NMO ellipse and conventional‐spread moveout as a whole can be modeled by Dix‐type averaging of specifically oriented cross‐sections of the NMO‐velocity surfaces along the zero‐offset reflection raypath. This formalism is particularly simple to implement for a stack of homogeneous anisotropic layers separated by plane dipping boundaries. Since our method involves computing j...
Adult acute lymphocytic leukemia: Critical review of current knowledge

Abstract purpose: To analyze recent study results on adult acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and discuss (1) controversies related to the optimal treatment for remission induction, maintenance, consolidation-intensification, and central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis and (2) the role of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT). design: Review of the English-language literature concerning studies on adult ALL and comparisons with the pediatric ALL results when appropriate. results: Induction chemotherapy with a triple-drug regimen, including vincristine, anthra-cyclines, and steroids, yields the most favorable therapeutic-to-toxic ratio results. The addition of cyclophosphamide, asparaginase, or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) to remission induction has not improved outcome. Consolidation-intensification therapy is beneficial in pediatric ALL and has been associated with increased cure rates in adult ALL, although the value of the individual components of therapy is difficult to assess. Based on the pediatric experience, future investigations in adult ALL should utilize higher dose-schedules of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate, and asparaginase for consolidation-intensification therapy. The role of high-dose ara-C consolidation is not proven. Maintenance therapy with 6-MP and methotrexate is suggested based on the worse results in patients not receiving such maintenance. Allogeneic BMT is indicated in first remission in patients with high-risk for relapse (eg, Philadelphia-chromosome-positive [Ph-positive] ALL), while autologous BMT in first remission remains investigational. Mature B-cell ALL requires short-term/dose-intensive therapy with alternating hyperfractionated doses of cyclophosphamide and high doses of ara-C and methotrexate. T-cell ALL may benefit from ara-C plus cyclophosphamide consolidations. Based on certain risk features (ie, older age, high presenting white blood cell count, non-T-cell immunophenotype, Ph-positive karyotype, longer time to achieve remission), a high-risk group for systemic relapse (60% to 70% of patients) is identified with an expected cure rate of 20% to 25%; low-risk patients have an expected cure rate of 60% to 70%. Intrathecal chemotherapy may be sufficient as CNS prophylaxis, and its duration based on the expected risk of CNS relapse. conclusion: Improvement in adult ALL prognosis has been modest. Future strategies may investigate increasing the dose-intensity of induction and consolidation-intensification therapy, incorporating new anti-ALL agents into the regimens, improving autologous BMT results (eg, purging, conditioning regimens), and appropriately using risk-oriented investigational strategies.
A Smac Mimetic Reduces TNF Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-Induced Invasion and Metastasis of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells paradoxically express tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a death ligand that, failing to kill CCA cells, instead promotes their tumorigenicity and especially the metastatic behaviors of cell migration and invasion. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (smac) mimetics are promising cancer therapeutic agents that enhance proapoptotic death receptor signaling by causing cellular degradation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Our aim was to examine the in vitro and in vivo effects of the smac mimetic JP1584 in CCA. Despite JP1584-mediated loss of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (cIAP-1) and cIAP-2, TRAIL failed to induce apoptosis in KMCH-1, TFK-1, and BDEneu CCA cells; a finding consistent with a downstream block in death signaling. Because cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 also promote nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation by the canonical pathway, the effect of JP1584 on this signaling pathway was examined. Treatment with JP1584 inhibited TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation as well as TRAIL-mediated up-regulation of the NF-κB target gene, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). JP1584 also reduced TRAIL-mediated CCA cell migration and invasion in vitro. Finally, in a syngeneic rat orthotopic CCA model, JP1584 administration reduced MMP7 messenger RNA levels and extrahepatic metastases. Conclusion: Although the smac mimetic JP1584 does not sensitize cells to apoptosis, it reduces TRAIL-induced CCA cell metastatic behavior. These data support the emerging concept that IAPs are prometastatic and represent targets for antimetastatic therapies. Hepatology 2010
Shrinkage Estimators for Robust and Efficient Inference in Haplotype-Based Case-Control Studies

Case-control association studies often aim to investigate the role of genes and gene-environment interactions in terms of the underlying haplotypes (i.e., the combinations of alleles at multiple genetic loci along chromosomal regions). The goal of this article is to develop robust but efficient approaches to the estimation of disease odds-ratio parameters associated with haplotypes and haplotype-environment interactions. We consider “shrinkage” estimation techniques that can adaptively relax the model assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium and gene-environment independence required by recently proposed efficient “retrospective” methods. Our proposal involves first development of a novel retrospective approach to the analysis of case-control data, one that is robust to the nature of the gene-environment distribution in the underlying population. Next, it involves shrinkage of the robust retrospective estimator toward a more precise, but model-dependent, retrospective estimator using novel empirical Baye...
Alkyl phospholipid perifosine induces myeloid hyperplasia in a murine myeloma model.

Objectives Alkyl-lysophospholipids are a novel class of antitumor agents. Perifosine is a novel alkyl-lysophospholipid that can induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) tumor cells, both in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the effects of perifosine on the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen of mice inoculated with subcutaneous plasmacytomas. Methods Immunocompromised mice were inoculated with myeloma cell lines and treated with oral perifosine in either a daily or weekly schedule, or with vehicle only. When plasmacytomas reached 2 cm, mice were sacrificed. Terminal blood was analyzed with a Coulter counter, and counts were confirmed by light microscopy. Marrow and spleen were also analyzed by light microscopy. Results In control mice, mean hemoglobin was 12 g/dL, white blood cell (WBC) count 7 × 10 9 /L, and mean platelet count was 292 × 10 9 /L. In contrast, the respective values for mice treated with perifosine weekly were 11 g/dL, 9 × 10 9 /L, and 944 × 10 9 /L; and for mice treated with perifosine daily were 10 g/dL, 11 × 10 9 /L, and 752 × 10 9 /L. The increase in WBCs was due, predominantly, to a neutrophilia. Compared to control mice, perifosine treatment induced marrow hypercellularity and splenic white pulp expansion. Conclusions These findings have clinical relevance because myeloid suppression is a dose-limiting toxicity of many cytotoxic agents, and myeloid hyperplasia is usually only observed in the setting of growth factor stimulation. Coupled with its remarkable in vitro MM cytotoxicity, these results strongly support the use of perifosine in clinical trials for patients with MM.
Self-pituitary grafts are not rejected by frogs deprived of their pituitary anlagen as embryos

In the present study, we have adopted the model of Triplett1 to reinvestigate the timing of development of immunological tolerance to self-organ-specific antigens. We have removed pituitary or eye2 anlagen from frog embryos before development of the immune system and returned them at a later time as differentiated organ implants to their now immunocompetent larval or adult original owners. If immunological tolerance to these putative organ-specific self-antigens occurs at an early and fixed time period, then organ-deprived hosts, lacking the opportunity to become tolerant, would be expected to reject such implants1. Our results show that self-implants were never rejected whereas control allogeneic implants were usually rejected by larval hosts and were always rejected by adult hosts. These data, which contrast with those reported by Triplett, suggest that frogs, and perhaps other higher vertebrates, can become tolerant to self-organ-specific antigens throughout life.
Will the genetic individualization of disease farce a new paradigm

Abstract Disease, through the ages, has been considered as a ‘Visitation’ from afar to the body or as ‘disequilibrium’ of an internal order. In practical terms, these two concepts of disease have generated a nosology, that is a classification of disease states. Genetics, in its dazzling recent advances, has opened another conceptual framework: disease is an individual event, inasmuch as our growing understanding of the genetic ‘terrain’ makes all subjects true individuals. Hence, it is time to abandon the old conceptual dichotomy for a Hegelian synthesis: there are no diseases (either as visitation or disequilibrium) only diseased individuals.
Stem Cell Origins and Animal Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor that almost always occurs within a preexisting background of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Currently, medical therapy is not effective in treating most HCC, and the only hope of cure is either resection or liver transplantation. A small minority of patients is eligible for these therapies, which entail major morbidity at the very least. In spite of immense scientific advances during the past 3 decades, patient survival has improved very little. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality from HCC, improvements in early diagnosis and development of novel local and systemic therapies for advanced disease are essential, in addition to efforts geared towards primary prevention. Studies with experimental animal models that closely mimic human disease are very valuable in understanding physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Furthermore, appropriate animal models have the potential to increase our understanding of the effects of image-guided minimally invasive therapies and thereby help to improve such therapies. In this review, we examine the evidence for stem cell origins of such tumors, critically evaluate existing models and reflect on how to develop new models for minimally invasive, image-guided treatment of HCC.
Maternal and fetal factors that contribute to the localization of T regulatory cells during pregnancy.

Problem: To determine the interplay between fetal antigenicity and local maternal factors in determining reproductive tract T regulatory (Treg) cell accumulation during pregnancy. Method of study: Examination of maternal Treg composition in the uterus, cervix, and uteroplacental interface (UPI) of murine syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies and non-pregnant controls by flow cytometry. The impact of fetal antigenicity was defined by either fetal gender in syngeneic pregnancies or by allogeneic paternity. Impact of IL-6 on local Treg composition was determined using syngeneic pregnancies in IL-6^(−/−) females. Results: An increased fraction of CD4^+ T cells in the pregnant uterine lymphocytic infiltrate and draining pelvic lymph nodes are Tregs. Maternal IL-6 decreases Treg accumulation within the uterus and to a greater extent in the cervix in syngeneic pregnancy. Fetal antigenicity is matched by accumulation of Tregs to the UPI. Treg accumulation at the UPI of non-antigenic female fetuses is determined by the intrauterine position relative to male siblings. Conclusion: Reproductive tract tissue Treg composition during pregnancy is influenced by maternal IL-6 and fetal antigenicity.
Strong repellency of the root knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita by specific inorganic ions.

Simple inorganic salts of the ions K+, NH4+, Cs+, NO3−, and Cl− are strongly repellent to infective second-stage larvae of the root knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita. Some of these salts are known to be beneficial to plant growth. The results suggest a new means of plant protection.
São Tomé das Letras e Lagoa Santa: mineração, turismo e risco ao patrimônio histórico e natural

Sao Tome das Letras se mantem atraves da mineracao, da agricultura e do turismo, e Lagoa Santa atraves de empresas mineradoras, fabricas de cimento e agricultura. A mineracao ameaca recursos naturais nas duas localidades, que possuem patrimonios distintos. Esses patrimonios impoem restricoes, criadas para garantir sua preser- vacao. Diferentes grupos locais buscam alternativas sustentaveis para a conservacao deste patrimonio. O artigo faz uma comparacao das duas realidades, procurando entender a sustentabilidade de cada ci- dade mineira atraves da analise de atividades espe- cificas como o turismo, a mineracao e as iniciativas de preservacao de patrimonios culturais. Este artigo baseia-se em dados etnograficos focados em con- fliitos sociais presentes nos dois cenarios e politicas publicas locais guiadas para o desenvolvimento de atividades economicas sustentaveis para o ambiente e patrimonio locais.
Changing market conditions and advertising strategies: theory and evidence

Using a modified continuous Lanchester model of advertising competition and following a game theoretic approach, this paper investigates analytically the sensitivity of optimal advertising to changes in model parameters in the cases of symmetric and semi-symmetric competition. The theoretical results show that non-dominant firms in both market structures behave similarly whereas the dominant firm in the latter structure behaves considerably differently. We estimate a modified Lanchester model using ready-to-eat cereal data. Based on the obtained estimated parameters, we conduct an empirical analysis to assess the robustness of the theoretical estimated results. In the reported application, we demonstrate that when the model parameters change, non-dominant competitors as well as the dominant rival behave in a manner consistent with the theoretical results related to the semi-symmetric competitive structure.
Coexistense of Creep and Transformation in High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

The actuator performance of high temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) can be significantly influenced by viscoplastic mechanisms that appear in metals under high temperature conditions. In this work we investigate experimentally and theoretically the coexistence of phase transformation and viscoplastic behavior in HTSMAs. The experimental study shows that decrease in the thermal cycling rate causes decrease in the actuation strain, as additional irrecoverable strain is generated due to creep mechanisms. The interaction between viscoplasticity and transformation is studied further using TEM. In order to simulate the material response, we propose a constitutive model based on an existing shape memory alloy model, which aims to capture the simultaneous phase transformation and viscoplastic behavior of a HTSMA. After calibration, the proposed model is used in order to identify the impact of the loading rate in the material’s response.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Aerosols generated by accidents: pressurized liquid release experiments.

Safety assessments and environmental impact statements for facilities require an estimation of airborne releases from accidents. Aerosols generated by accidents are being investigated to develop the source terms for these releases. One example of a severe accidental release event is a pressurized liquid release. Pressurized liquid release experiments performed in static air measured the mass airborne as a function of source size and containment pressure. Pressurized releases with the containment breach above the liquid level were investigated. For this configuration, only containment presure at the time of release was found to be a significant parameter. Releases in static air can be estimated using the relationships developed in this work. Weight percent of the airborne source ranged from 4×10−4 to 0.15%. All of the pressurized releases produced a significant fraction of respirable particles.
The mechanism of accelerated corrosion of copper-nickel alloys in sulphide-polluted seawater

Copper-nickel alloys are reported to suffer accelerated corrosion in sulphide-polluted seawater. In the present study, the corrosion rates of 90 : 10 Cu : Ni alloy tube specimens and the characteristics of the surface corrosion products were determined for several environmental exposure histories. Some specimens were exposed only to de-aerated, sulphide-polluted seawater, some were exposed only to aerated, unpolluted seawater, and others were exposed first to polluted then to unpolluted seawater. In addition, preliminary experiments were performed to determine the effect of pH (7.0–8.2) on the corrosion rates of both 90 : 10 Cu : Ni and 70 : 30 Cu : Ni alloys in sulphide-polluted de-aerated seawater. The results support a previous prediction that the presence of dissolved sulphide in seawater does not lead immediately to accelerated corrosion but rather that the porous cuprous sulphide corrosion product formed in the polluted water interferes with the normal growth of the protective oxide film on subsequent exposure to unpolluted seawater. This interference with the oxide growth allows the initially high corrosion rate in aerated seawater to be maintained for an abnormally long period.
WE‐G‐211‐09: X‐Ray Compton Scatter Imaging on Volumetric CT Systems

Purpose: The conventional x‐ray CTimaging does not fully utilize all the radiation events. Based on photon interaction mechanisms, many advanced techniques have been proposed to obtain more physical properties of the object. For example, photoelectric response is used to track nano‐particles and phase contrastimages are generated from Rayleigh scatter. In this work, we propose a Compton scatterimaging method to measure object electron densities. As compared to existing methods, our approach has a simple and efficient data acquisition process, and therefore is more practical and widely applicable on clinical CT systems with a conventional large‐area detector. Methods: An algorithm for calculation of the object electron density from Compton scatterphotons is derived based on photon attenuation and the Klein‐Nishina formula. A Compton scatterimaging method is then designed on a clinical cone‐beam CT system. We place a pinhole collimator in front of the detector such that the incident direction of each measuredscatter signal can be determined if single scattering is assumed. In this preliminary study, we use a pencil beam, and estimate the object electron density along the primary beam using scatter from one projection. The feasibility and performance of the proposed method is evaluated using Monte Carlo(MC) simulations. Results: The phantom contains breast gland as the background material with a 10‐cm diameter, and three lymph rods as the contrast objects. These two materials have a contrast of <0.1% and are indistinguishable in conventional CTimaging. The proposed method obtains an electron density image with a 2.6% contrast on the three rods, indicating a superior imaging capability. Conclusions: An effective Compton scatterimaging method is proposed and evaluated using MC simulations. As our method extends the x‐ray imaging capability for material decomposition and accurate dose calculation, it is attractive in advanced clinical applications.
Phenotypically altered hepatocyte populations in diethylnitrosamine-induced medaka liver carcinogenesis: Resistance, growth, and fate

Abstract A 5-week exposure of adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) to diethylnitrosamine (DEN. 50 ppm in aquarium water), followed by recovery, in clean water, results in hepatocellular carcinoma 12–16 weeks after initiation of exposure. Serial (weekly) morphometric evaluations estimated alterations within the liver. Enzyme histochemistry, marked putatively carcinogen-initiated hepatocytes in microscopic foci. Foci progressed, with time, to areas and nodules. The continued finding of hepatocyte necrosis in nonmarked populations and expansion of marked populations suggests resistance and growth of previously initiated cells. Cells marked by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found in resultant neoplusms, suggesting linkage of focal phenotypes to eventual carcinomas. Tinctorial alterations and enzymic properties were compared in individual foci, areas, nodules and tumors. Biochemical verification of enhanced activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and DT-diaphorase were obtained.
Star formation in young galaxies

Some theoretical and observational reasons are given for regarding star formation as an induced process that proceeds in a series of bursts triggered by dynamical events, and it is suggested that intense bursts of star formation may have been particularly important for the early evolution of elliptical galaxies.
Evaluating the Distribution of Prostate Cancer in Prostatectomy Specimens to Determine Eligibility for Focal Therapy

The bRFR was 88.7% at 5 years and 80.7% at 8 years. Five patients (18%) underwent biopsy at a median of 4.6 years (range 3.3-8.3 yr) after treatment and 2 had confirmed disease. Salvage therapy for clinical or biochemical failure included hormonal therapy (3) and salvage prostatectomy (1). Two remain on observation without treatment. The actuarial rate of grade 2 maximum late GU and GI toxicity at 5 and 8 years were 27% and 32%, respectively. Maximum late grade 3 GU and GI toxicity were 4% and 11%, respectively. One patient had grade 4 GI and GU toxicity with rectovesical fistula formation. At last follow-up 21 patients (75%) reported RTOG GU-0 and GI-0 toxicity. Persistent Grade 2 GU and GI toxicity were 10.7% and 7.1%, respectively. Most patients improved GU and GI toxicity scores with longer follow up, although one had persistent Grade 3 GU and Grade 4 GI toxicity. One patient developed metastatic disease and 3 died of causes unrelated to prostate cancer. Conclusions: Dose escalated hypofractionated radiation therapy achieved excellent biochemical control for this predominantly intermediate risk group, although a high incidence of treatment related toxicity resulted in early study termination. The PTV margin employed was generous by current standards, and future investigation of this dose-fractionation schedule should include strategies to safely reduce the PTV margin. Author Disclosure: R.Y. Huang: None. D. Vesprini: None. A.J. Bayley: None. R.G. Bristow: None. P. Chung: None. M.K. Gospodarowicz: None. C. Menard: None. M. Milosevic: None. P.R. Warde: None. C. Catton: None.
GENETIC LINKAGE STUDIES IN THE MARFAN SYNDROME

In order to define a single major gene defect which could account for the Marfan syndrome (MS) phenotype we used a high frequency EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the pro 2(I) gene of type I collagen as a marker for genetic linkage studies. The presence or absence of one EcoRI recognition site creates a two allele system observed after hybridization with a 6.75kb pro 2(I) genomic probe (Tsipouras et al. JCI 72:1262, 1983). We studied affected and unaffected individuals in three families with MS. In family A the segregation of the clinical phenotype was concordant with the segregation of the marker allele, although random cosegregation could not be excluded due to the small number of informative matings. In family B the segregation of the clinical phenotype and marker allele was discordant. Family C was not informative due to lack of heterozygosity for the marker allele. Our data suggest the some variants of MS may be linked to mutations in or near the pro 2(I) collagen gene. This is in agreement with the observation that a structural alteration in the pro 2(I) chain of type I collagen results in the MS in one patient (PNAS 78:7745, 1981). Our data further suggest that MS is biochemically heterogeneous and that defects in more than one gene may result in the phenotype.
A Brief Taxonomy of Sports that Were Not Quite American National Pastimes: Fads and Flashes-in-the-Pan, Nationwide and Regional Pastimes, the Pastimes of Other Nations, and Pan-National Pastimes

Several sports have served as American national pastimes over the course of the nation's history. Horse racing, hunting, prize fighting, baseball, football, and basketball have waxed and waned in a long series of debates over what constitutes ‘true' national pastimes. Unlike some nations that have declared national pastimes by governmental fiat, US national games emerge from organic and sometimes chaotic cultural processes. An alternative history of sports that have become popular and widespread national habits but have not quite become national pastimes sheds important light on what national pastimes are and how they have developed in American history. A variety of pretenders to the title of national pastime have come and gone. These challengers can be categorised as fads and flashes-in-the-pan, nationwide and regional pastimes, the pastimes of other nations, and pan-national pastimes. An examination of why they have failed to become US national pastimes reveals important clues about why other sports hav...
Time-Domain Simulation of Riser VIV in Sheared Current

Riser vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) have attracted significant attentions in recent years in offshore oil and gas industry. There is an increasing interest in using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach for deepwater riser VIV time-domain simulations. Our previous study has demonstrated that the long riser (L/D = 1400) VIV response in uniform current can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by time domain simulations with Chimera over-set data grid technique. This paper is to further that study and investigate the riser VIV in sheared current profiles. The riser studied in this paper is a long marine riser with constant tension distribution. Its prototype has an outer diameter (OD) of 0.027m and a mass ratio of 1.6. The fluid domain is discretised using approximately one million elements. A linearly sheared current is imposed in perpendicular to the riser, and the flow field is calculated using an unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical method in conjunction with a Chimera domain decomposition approach with overset grids. The critical parameters including riser VIV root-mean-square (rms) a/D, vorticity, drag and lift coefficients are processed, and compared to those of uniform current and experimental data. The simulation results show that the riser VIV under sheared current behaves differently from uniform current. It is also shown that the presented CFD approach provides reasonable results and is suitable for long riser VIV evaluation in deepwater and complex current conditions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Modification of the Grass 7P4 tachograph preamplifier for more reliable triggering.

The problem of reliably triggering the Crass 7F4 Tachograph is explained and a solution is proposed. Modifications to the 7P4 and the addition of an amplifier/pulse shaper are described, and an adjustment procedure is given.
Don’t Forget About the Body: Exploring the Curricular Possibilities of Embodied Pedagogy

Traditional pedagogy divides mind and body into a dichotomy that regards the body as little more than a subordinate instrument in service to the mind. Embodied pedagogy joins body and mind in a physical and mental act of knowledge construction. In this article we offer an integration of extant literature analyzing isolated applications of embodied pedagogy into a holistic curricular vision. We employ a constructivist lens informed by the socially situated perspectives of critical pedagogy. Our exploration reveals shared salient characteristics that bridge disparate disciplines in the implementation of embodied pedagogy. Based on our analysis of these characteristics, we offer actionable steps to realize a curriculum integrating embodied pedagogy.
Determination of hemoglobin expression patterns in erythroid cells of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles

Abstract 1. 1. Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles are heterogeneous in the relative amounts of four major tadpole hemoglobins (Hbs), as well as in the relative amounts of two tadpole red blood cell types in the peripheral blood. 2. 2. Previous work has shown that this heterogeneity is present at all stages of larval development and growth. 3. 3. Although some tadpoles lack one of the Hbs in their peripheral blood (i.e. the electrophoretically slowest form, Td-4), the missing Hb can be found in the erythropoietic organ from which it emanates (the kidneys), indicating that the heterogeneity results from quantitative differences in gene expression. 4. 4. We wished to know whether this in vivo regulation is subject to external environmental perturbation and report that tadpoles of known Hb phenotypes regenerate precisely the pre-anemia Hb profile during early as well as late stages of recovery from phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. 5. 5. These and other results indicate that the in vivo mechanism for regulating the pattern of Hb expression has become firmly determined in the erythropoietic system by the earliest larval stage of development.
Estimating Gender Wage Gaps.

Course research projects that use easy-to-access real-world data and that generate findings with which undergraduate students can readily identify are hard to find. The authors describe a project that requires students to estimate the current female-male earnings gap for new college graduates. The project also enables students to see to what extent female-male differences in college majors and types of first jobs affect the gender earnings gap. The data set is the annual salary survey reports of the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) and is available in many colleges’ career placement offices. Moreover, the estimation procedure requires only basic Excel calculations.
Base surge in recent volcanic eruptions

A base surge, first identified at the Bikini thermonuclear undersea explosion, is a ring-shaped basal cloud that sweeps outward as a density flow from the base of a vertical explosion column. Base surges are also common in shallow underground test explosions and are formed by expanding gases which first vent vertically and then with continued expansion rush over the crater lip (represented by a large solitary wave in an underwater explosion), tear ejecta from it, and feed a gas-charged density flow, which is the surge cloud. This horizontally moving cloud commonly has an initial velocity of more than 50 meters per second and can carry clastic material many kilometers. Base surges are a common feature of many recent shallow, submarine and phreatic volcanic eruptions. They transport ash, mud, lapilli, and blocks with great velocity and commonly sandblast and knock down trees and houses, coat the blast side with mud, and deposit ejecta at distances beyond the limits of throw-out trajectories. Close to the eruption center, the base surge can erode radial channels and deposit material with dune-type bedding.
Doubly Charged Higgsinos and the EDM of the Electron

We study the contribution of the doubly charged higgsino to the electric dipole moment of the electron in a left–right extension of the standard supersymmetric model. The CP violation comes from the trilinear scalar interaction terms in the selectron mixing matrix. We find that this contribution can be quite large, of the same order of magnitude as the electric dipole moment of the electron in the MSSM, and reachable by future experiments.
The Impact of Homeowners Associations on Residential Water Demand Management in Phoenix, Arizona

In regulating residential landscaping and maintenance practices, homeowner associations (HOAs) are potentially important institutional actors in urban climate adaptation and water demand management. One view posits that HOAs will use outdoor landscaping and scarce water resources to maintain the aesthetic appearance and hence property values of homes in their domain. An alternative view from commons theory suggests that they will behave in a variety of ways and have diverse environmental resource management outcomes. This research compares water consumption in single-family residential communities with and without HOAs in Phoenix, Arizona. Findings reveal there is not a significant correlation between water consumption and presence or absence of HOAs, after accounting for other relevant variables. HOAs did not co-opt a disproportionate share of urban water use, lending credence to the claims of commons theory that similar institutional types may result in diverse resource outcomes, depending upon geograph...