cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Markedness, Grammar, People, and the World

In the study of markedness, there are two possible approaches to explaining markedness. On the one hand, one could simply say that markedness is a formal property of grammars, at best to be explained as part of the panhuman species-specific genetic inheritance of language users as members of the species homo sapiens. On the other hand, one could try to account for markedness in terms of other, independently verifiable properties of people, the world, or people’s conception of the world. In this paper, I shall be arguing that, at least in a large number of instances, this second approach provides a viable explanation for observed markedness facts, including crucially a number of instances where there is no formal reason to assume that the markedness facts would fall out the way they do: either the opposite distribution of markedness would be equally simple formally, or some other distribution of markedness would be considerably more simple formally.
Use of a Prescription Drug-Monitoring Program by Emergency and Surgical Prescribers: Results of a Hospital Survey:

BackgroundDrug overdoses are the leading cause of death due to injury in the USA. Currently, 49 states have prescription drug-monitoring programs (PDMPs) available to prescribers.Questions/Purposes...
Prueba de caminata de carga progresiva (Incremental Shuttle Walking Test) en niños sanos

Background: The “incremental shuttle walking test” (ISWT) is an incremental test that allows the functional evaluation of respiratory diseases. It shows a greater correlation between distance walked and the maximum O2 uptake compared to the six-minute walking test. Presently we do not have reference values in Chilean pediatric population. Objective: To know the distance walked by children in the test. Material and Method: This was a correlational descriptive study. The final sample consisted of 60 subjects (35 boys and 25 girls) randomly selected from an age range from 10 to 14 years-old. During the test, walked distance (WD) in meters, basal and final heart rate (HR), dyspnea, subjective sensation of fatigue (SSF), gender, weight (kg), height (m) and cardiac response to exercise (CRE) were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed in both series followed by a t-test to look for differences among genders. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to verify the correlation between variables. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Results: Mean of WD in all the 60 children together was 596.2 ± 178.7 m; in average WD in girls series was 531.6 ± 136.5 m and in boys series was 642.3 ± 192.4 m (p = 0.017). The average height for boys was 1.50 ± 0.08 m and for girls was 1.53 ± 0.08 m (p = 0.245). The average BMI for boys was 18.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2 and for girls was 19.3 ± 2.2 kg/m2 (p = 0.041). Pearson's correlation coefficient between the average of meters walked for all the 60 children together and CRE was 0.570 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Boys showed a greater WD than girls in ISWT. There was no influence of age, weight, height or BMI on distance walked on the ISWT A positive correlation is shown between the WD and the CRE.
Zerovalent Rhodium and Iridium Silatranes Featuring Two-Center, Three-Electron Polar σ Bonds.

Species with 2-center, 3-electron (2c/3e- ) σ bonds are of interest owing to their fascinating electronic structures and potential for interesting reactivity patterns. Report here is the synthesis and characterization of a pair of zerovalent (d9 ) trigonal pyramidal Rh and Ir complexes that feature 2c/3e- σ bonds to the Si atom of a tripodal tris(phosphine)silatrane ligand. X-ray diffraction, continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance, density-functional theory calculations, and reactivity studies have been used to characterize these electronically distinctive compounds. The data available highlight a 2c/3e- bonding framework with a σ*-SOMO of metal 4- or 5dz 2 parentage that is partially stabilized by significant mixing with Si (3pz ) and metal (5- or 6pz ) orbitals. Metal-ligand covalency thus buffers the expected destabilization of transition-metal (TM)-silyl σ*-orbitals by d-p mixing, affording well-characterized examples of TM-main group, and hence polar, 2c/3e- σ "half-bonds".
Effect of an orally active progestin on follicular dynamics in cycling and anestrous postpartum beef cows.

Although treatment of cycling cows with low concentrations of melengesterol acetate (MGA) results in formation of persistent follicles, in the absence of corpora lutea, it is not known whether persistent follicles form in anestrous cows in response to a similar treatment. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of long-term MGA treatment (14 d) on follicular dynamics and the secretion of estradiol in anestrous postpartum beef cows. Treatment groups (replicated over 2 yr) included the following: anestrous control (AC; n = 11), anestrous MGA (AM; n = 16), and cycling MGA (CM; positive control; n = 16). Angus-crossbred cows were assigned to treatment by age, cow body condition, and days postpartum. Cows were fed carrier (AC group) or 0.5 mg MGA x animal(-1) x d(-1) (AM and CM groups) for 14 d beginning approximately 38 d postpartum. Cows allotted to the CM group were injected with PGF2alpha, on the first day of MGA treatment to induce luteolysis. The preceding treatment (CM) results in formation of persistent follicles and secretion of elevated concentrations of estradiol. Ovaries of each cow were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography beginning 5 to 7 d preceding the initiation of feeding MGA or carrier and continued until ovulation or 7 d following MGA feeding. There was no difference among groups in the stage of follicular wave or diameter of the largest follicle at the start of carrier or MGA feeding. The length of the follicular wave present at the start of MGA feeding was greater (P 0.05) on the number of follicles recruited, growth rate of the dominant follicle during the first 6 d oftreatment, or growth rate to the maximum follicular diameter. In summary, MGA treatment did not increase the duration ot the follicular wave, maximum follicular diameter, or secretion of estradiol in anestrous postpartum cows, nor did MGA affect the number of follicles recruited or growth rate of dominant follicles in cycling or anestrous animals.
Connected Sets With a Finite Disconnection Property

This chapter discusses connected sets with a finite disconnection property. A topological space S has property θ and is called a θ-space if S is connected and the complement of every closed connected subset of S has at most a finite number of components; S has property θ n and is called a θ n -space, where n is a natural number, if S is connected and the complement of every closed connected subset of S has at most n components. A space S is a hereditary θ-space (hereditary θ n -space) if S is connected and every closed connected subset of S is a θ-space (θ n -space). This chapter discusses the question for what class of connected sets does property θ imply, for some n, property θ n and is every θ-space a θ n -space.
Epidemiological evidence linking stress and depression with CVD

Abstract Epidemiological research represents arguably the largest source of evidence supporting relationships between stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Measured in various formats, stress and depression predict both CVD onset and CVD progression in epidemiological research. These relationships replicate across decades of research, manifest over shorter-term and longer-term follow-up periods, and remain stable across different countries as well as ethnic and gender groups. Finally, stress and depression relationships with CVD in epidemiological research are evident across different clinical definitions of CVD—e.g., fatal and non-fatal outcomes, acute and long-term CVD events, CAD progression, cardiac readmissions and healthcare costs, CVD treatment adherence and behavioral CVD risk factors—that increase the plausibility of the relationships. This chapter summarizes the epidemiological literature describing stress, depression, and CVD associations. Areas of emphasis include the varied definitions of stress and depression, relative merits of the epidemiological evidence, and directions for future epidemiological research likely to yield the greatest value.
Predator richness predicts pest suppression within organic and conventional summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae)

Abstract The biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) hypothesis predicts that increased richness within a trophic level supports greater resource capture. However, higher predator richness commonly found within organic compared to conventional agroecosystems does not always result in enhanced pest suppression. The striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), causes damage via direct feeding and pathogen transmission to crops in the family Cucurbitaceae. The aims of this study were to: 1) identify the predators that contribute to A. vittatum suppression using molecular gut content analysis, 2) determine if the richness of predators testing positive for A. vittatum DNA was negatively correlated with prey abundance, and 3) examine how organic versus conventional cucurbit production influenced these relationships. Using a species-specific primer for A. vittatum, we found that a diverse community of predators feed on this pest, including Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Henicopidae, Opiliones, Lycosidae, and Staphylinidae. The richness of predators testing positive for A. vittatum DNA within a cucurbit field was negatively correlated with pest abundance, supporting the BEF hypothesis. We found no effect of farm management on the proportion or richness of predators testing positive for pest DNA, despite a 43.4% greater pitfall trap catch of predatory taxa within organic fields. This illustrates that using traps to measure predator richness and abundance may not accurately predict the strength of biological control service provided by a guild of natural enemies. Application of molecular gut content analysis proves a useful tool in advancing both the theory and practice of conservation biological control.
Depth Transitions of the Frontal Branch of the Facial Nerve: Implications in SMAS rhytidectomy

Abstract Background Anatomy of the frontal branch of the facial nerve relative to the zygomatic arch and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) has been well described. The variability centers on the location where the frontal branch traverses from a deeper to more superficial plane in the SMAS. The goal of this study is to examine the depth transition of the frontal branch of the facial nerve relative to the zygomatic arch with hopes of pinpointing a caution zone for dissection to avoid nerve injury. Methods The frontal branch of the facial nerve was dissected in 36 hemifacial fresh cadaver specimens. Pitanguy's line, the zygomatic arch, and temporal crest were marked. Measurements were taken from the zygomatic arch to the location where the frontal branch pierced the temporoparietal fascia. Locations of the superficial temporal artery (STA), the frontal branch cross relative to the lateral orbital rim and frontalis muscle were also measured. Results In 94.4% (n = 36) of the specimens, the frontal branch was found to transition to an intra-SMAS plane approximately 9.6 mm above the zygomatic arch. In all specimens, the frontal branch transitioned to an intra-SMAS plane approximately 12.2 mm posterior to Pitanguy's line. Conclusions This study describes a surgical "caution zone" centered on a point 9.6 mm above the arch and 12.2 mm posterior to Pitanguy's line, and related to the anterior branch of the STA. We hope this anatomical detail will help to decrease the likelihood of intraoperative injury to the frontal branch of the facial nerve.
A One-Year Follow-Up Study on Community Dwelling Multiple Stroke Survivors with Spatial Neglect.

AbstractThis study assessed nine participants, who sustained multiple strokes and had spatial neglect, one year after participation in a prior trial on whether Prism Adaptation Treatment (PAT) was ...
Other Estimation Methods

Suppose that we have sample data x 1, x 2, …, x n assumed to be observed values of independent random variables each having the same distribution function F where $$\displaystyle{F(x) = \mathbb{P}(X \leq x)}$$ Define new random variables Z i as the indicator functions of the interval (−∞, x], i.e., $$\displaystyle{Z_{i}(x) = \left \{\begin{array}{rl} 1&X_{i} \leq x\\ 0 &\mbox{ otherwise} \end{array} \right.}$$
Bilirubin Metabolism in the Fœtus

IT has been shown that in fœtal liver the enzymatic mechanism for glucuronide formation is poorly developed, while a rapid increase in enzymatic activity occurs during the early neonatal period1. The transient hyperbilirubinaemia observed during the first few days of life is believed to be related to this inadequate development of the hepatic conjugating system1. Since a significant increase in serum bilirubin concentration usually occurs only after the cord is severed, it has been assumed that during gestation the placenta is responsible for the removal of fœtal bilirubin. It has not been determined, however, whether the placenta has the ability to conjugate the fœtal pigment or whether placental transfer of unconjugated bilirubin occurs from the fœtal to the maternal circulation.
Increasing Resident Physician Well-Being through a Motivational Fitness Curriculum: A Pilot Study.

Introduction. Healthcare professionals who participate in regular exercise better manage job related stressors, utilize fewer sick days, and discuss fitness with patients at increased rates. Although resident physicians are aware of the health benefits of exercise their rates of exercise are much lower than among medical trainees and practicing physicians. Resident physicians have reported lack of time for traditional structured workouts as one of the greatest barriers to fitness. This study sought to increase resident physician well-being by providing brief workouts through a motivational fitness curriculum. Methods. This pilot study utilized a nonexperimental design; a pre-/post-intervention consisted of a 10-month motivational fitness curriculum. Thirteen family medicine residents at a training program in the midwestern United States participated in this study. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-9) were used to measure the participants’ well-being, pre- and post-curriculum. Standard descriptive statistics and paired samples t-test were used to analyze the data. Results. Twenty-eight percent (13/36) of eligible first-year and second-year family medicine resident physicians participated in the study. On the DASS-21, study participants displayed an improvement in depression, anxiety, and stress scores post-curriculum. On the MBI-9, the participants reported decreased score in emotional exhaustion, but there were no changes in depersonalization and personal accomplishment scores over time.Conclusion. A motivational fitness curriculum may be a convenient way to support well-being among resident physicians. These findings were salient, as graduate medical education programs can implement similar initiatives to support resident physicians’ psychological and physical well-being.
Fostering Art and Cultural Entrepreneurship in Underserved Communities: A Case of Newark, NJ:

Policymakers worldwide have invested in art and cultural industries (ACIs) as important vehicles for economic development. However, the issues of race, ethnicity, gender, and inequality have not be...
Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations of Light Nuclei

▪ Abstract Accurate quantum Monte Carlo calculations of ground states and low-lying excited states of light p-shell nuclei are now possible for realistic nuclear Hamiltonians that fit nucleon-nucleon scattering data. Results for more than 30 different (Jπ;T) states, plus isobaric analogs, in A ≤ 8 nuclei have been obtained with an excellent reproduction of the experimental energy spectrum. These microscopic calculations show that nuclear structure, including both single-particle and clustering aspects, can be explained starting from elementary two- and three-nucleon interactions. Various density and momentum distributions, electromagnetic form factors, and spectroscopic factors have also been computed, as well as electroweak capture reactions of astrophysical interest.
Neighborhood poverty, allostatic load, and changes in cellular aging in African American young adults: the moderating role of attachment.

Attachment experiences are thought to contribute to physical health across the lifespan. Evidence suggests that attachment style may serve as a protective factor for individuals’ physical health by...
Disordered Eating Behaviors Among College Students: Does Nutrition Major Matter?

Objective: The evidence of whether nutrition professionals are free from food-related issues or at higher risk for disordered eating behaviors (e.g. dieting, emotional eating, and lack of oral cont...
Cell Culture Contamination

Cell cultures are valuable models of health and disease, especially in translational research. Cell culture is important for genome editing, stem cell technologies, cancer research, investigating the basic mechanisms involved in development and differentiation, elucidating the role of genetic alterations in normal and abnormal cellular behaviour and developing and testing therapeutics. The clinically important field of classical cytogenetics requires cell culture to obtain metaphase chromosomes from dividing cells at the mitotic stage of the cell cycle when the chromosomes are most compact and visible as distinct entities. Further, culture in vitro facilitates analysis of cells in a controlled environment; minimises morbidity and mortality of human, animal or plant subjects and enables replicate studies over long periods of time. Cell lines are essential models for testing therapeutic efficacy, including drug screening and sensitivity studies. The main difficulty with cell cultures in the clinical or research laboratory is their propensity to contamination, whether by microbes or stray cells from other cultures. It is imperative to verify the authenticity of (authenticate) cell lines and rule out microbial contamination of cell cultures before initiating a series of experiments, at regular intervals during each experimental study and at the end of the study to assure the quality and validity of experimental results. Key Concepts Cell cultures are valuable models in biomedical research. Cell cultures have a propensity to become contaminated by microbes. Intra- or interspecies cross-contamination of cell lines by mislabelling or stray cells from other cell lines results in misidentified cell cultures. High-quality research results rely on (1) cell line authentication to rule out cross-contamination and (2) testing cell cultures for and avoiding microbial contamination, at the beginning, at regular intervals during and at the end of a research study. Contaminated or misidentified cell cultures waste both time and money and produce invalid research results. Keywords: cell culture; tissue culture; aseptic technique; contamination; microbial; cross-contamination; authentication
Generalized phase-space distributions associated with a pseudo-oscillator

The problem of mapping the operator functions of $$\hat b$$ and $$\hat b^\dag $$ , which are the annihilation and creation operators associated with a pseudo-oscillator, onto thec-number functions is studied from a unified point of view. The approach is similar to the one recently developed by Agarwal and Wolf for the case of the ordinary oscillator. The results are illustrated by means of a number of examples. The phase-space distributions corresponding to Weyl’s, normal and antinormal orderings are studied in detail and the explicit representations for them in terms of coherentstate matrix elements are given. The connection with the so-called semiclassical description is also established.
Analogy-Making as Perception: A Computer Model

The psychologist William James observed that "a native talent for perceiving analogies is ...the leading fact in genius of every order." The centrality and the ubiquity of analogy in creative thought have been noted again and again by scientists, artists, and writers, and understanding and modeling analogical thought have emerged as two of the most important challenges for cognitive science. Analogy-Making as Perception is based on the premise that analogy-making is fundamentally a high-level perceptual process in which the interaction of perception and concepts gives rise to "conceptual slippages" which allow analogies to be made. It describes Copycat - a computer model of analogymaking, developed by the author with Douglas Hofstadter, that models the complex, subconscious interaction between perception and concepts that underlies the creation of analogies. In Copycat, both concepts and high-level perception are emergent phenomena, arising from large numbers of low-level, parallel, non-deterministic activities. In the spectrum of cognitive modeling approaches, Copycat occupies a unique intermediate position between symbolic systems and connectionist systems a position that is at present the most useful one for understanding the fluidity of concepts and high-level perception. On one level the work described here is about analogy-making, but on another level it is about cognition in general. It explores such issues as the nature of concepts and perception and the emergence of highly flexible concepts from a lower-level "subcognitive" substrate. Melanie Mitchell, Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, is a Fellow of the Michigan Society of Fellows. She is also Director of the Adaptive Computation Program at the Santa Fe Institute.
Visual stabilization of posture in persons with central visual field loss.

Purpose To determine whether people with central visual field loss (CFL) show a smaller visual contribution to posture stabilization than people with normal vision and to determine the visual factors that predict the magnitude of visual stabilization in people with central visual field loss. Methods Posture information was recorded in 19 subjects with CFL and in 20 subjects with normal vision. Data were collected as the subject stood in a dark environment and also as he or she viewed a stationary visual display. In both conditions, somatosensory feedback was concurrently altered. The central visual fields of the subjects with CFL were measured by static perimetry with the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Binocular visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured on all subjects using the ETDRS and Pelli-Robson charts, respectively. Image-displacement thresholds were measured in a subset of the subjects. Results On average, subjects with central field loss showed a smaller visual contribution to posture stabilization than subjects with normal vision. The reduction in sway caused by visual stimuli was only 29% for the subjects with CFL compared to 41% for the subjects with normal vision. Displacement thresholds accounted for 45% of the variance in the visual stabilization magnitude of the subjects with CFL. No other visual factor significantly increased the coefficient of determination. Conclusions The visual self-motion cues generated by small body oscillations may be undetectable and, thus, unusable as cues to postural sway by people with central field loss.
The effect of therapeutic touch on behavioral symptoms of persons with dementia.

Background Approximately 80% of nursing home residents who suffer from Alzheimer's disease and related dementia develop behavioral symptoms of dementia. Given the deleterious side effects of pharmacologic therapy in this population there is an urgent need for clinical trials of nonpharmacologic interventions. Objective To examine the effect of therapeutic touch on the frequency and intensity of behavioral symptoms of dementia. Method A randomized, double-blind, three-group experimental study: experimental (therapeutic touch), placebo (placebo therapeutic touch), and control (usual care). Fifty-seven residents, aged 67 to 93 years, exhibiting behavioral symptoms of dementia, were randomized to one of the three groups within each of three Special Care Units within three Long-Term Care facilities in a western Canadian province. Behavioral observation was completed every 20 minutes from 8:00AM to 6:00PM for three days pre-intervention and for three days post-intervention by trained observers who were blind to group assignment. The intervention consisted of therapeutic touch given twice daily for 5-7 minutes for three days between 10:00AM and 11:30PM and between 3:00PM and 4:30PM (N = 57). The main outcome variable was overall behavioral symptoms of dementia, consisting of six categories of behaviors: manual manipulation (restlessness), escape restraints, searching and wandering, tapping and banging, pacing and walking, and vocalization. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) (F = 3.331, P = .033) and the Kruskal-Wallis test (chi2 = 6.661, P = .036) indicated a significant difference in overall behavioral symptoms of dementia, manual manipulation and vocalization when the experimental group was compared to the placebo and control groups. The experimental (significant) was more effective in decreasing behavioral symptoms of dementia than usual care, while the placebo group indicated a decreasing trend in behavioral symptoms of dementia compared to usual care. Conclusions Therapeutic touch offers a nonpharmacological, clinically relevant modality that could be used to decrease behavioral symptoms of dementia, specifically manual manipulation (restlessness) and vocalization, two prevalent behaviors.
Sequential Logic Optimization with Implicit Retiming and Resynthesis

This paper* introduces a new logic transformation that integrates retiming with algebraic and Boolean transformations at the technology-independent level. It offers an additional degree of freedom in sequential network optimization resulting from implicit retiming across logic blocks and fanout stems. The application of this transformation to sequential network synthesis results in the optimization of logic across register boundaries. We have implemented our new technique within the SIS framework and demonstrated its effectiveness in terms of cycle-time minimization on a set of sequential benchmark circuits.
Accumulation of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays following cold stress

Zeatin O-glycosides have been reported as inactive and stable storage forms of cytokinins whose concentrations increase in cold stressed plants. Zeatin O-glycosides accumulation in developing bean seeds has been correlated with an increase of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase , which is specific to trans-zeatin, and catalyzes the conjugation of zeatin O-glycosides. When Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays seedlings were grown for 3 days at 25 and then incubated at 4 or 10 for 6 days no further growth was observed in roots. Hypertrophy was observed in the root tips of both species. In shoot-hypocotyl complexes, in contrast, growth occurred when seedlings were incubated at 10 . Western analysis, with Mabs specific to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase, detected antigenically related proteins in roots, shoot tips and cotyledons after seedlings were cold stressed for 1–6 days at 4 or 10 . Immunolocalization, of both maize and bean root sections grown at 25 revealed antigenically related proteins that were detected at low levels in cortical cells. The signal intensified upon cold stress. The localization of zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in Z. mays root tips was directly comparable to the distribution of the zeatin O-glycosides. The enzyme was detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and closely associated with the plasma membrane and in the cell wall of Z. mays root cells. Southern analysis suggested that more than one gene in Z. mays that were homologous to zeatin O-glycosyltransferase in P. vulgaris. Zeatin O-glycosyltransferase may be involved in modulation of cytokinins under cold stress.
Evaluation of alternate messages on an electronic message strip to recruit subjects to a smoking‐cessation program

Abstract The authors previously published details of a method to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic message strips in recruiting subjects to a smoking‐cessation program. They now report data suggesting that a shorter, more negative message yields better results than a longer, more positive message. The data also show that this approach increases the number of subjects who enroll in a smoking‐cessation program and the number of subjects who actually quit smoking.
Application of a Square Function Heat Pulse to Forced Flow He II

The present is the third report on a series of experiments involving forced convection heat transfer in He II. A square function heat pulse is applied to the middle of a copper flow tube, 3 mm in diameter and 2 m long, containing He II. The width and amplitude of the pulse are varied in the different experimental runs. The bath temperature is set at three values of 1.65 K, 1.80 K and 1.95 K. The bath pressure is kept under the saturation vapor pressure. The He II flow velocity is varied between zero and 80 cm/s. The fluid temperature is monitored at eight locations along the flow tube. Experimental temperature profiles are then compared with a numerical solution to the He II energy equation.
Abstract P5-03-01: Breast cancer biology varies dramatically by method of detection and may account for overdiagnosis

Background: Epidemiological and clinical trial data suggest that 20%-30% of breast cancers diagnosed by screening represent overdiagnosis; that is cancers that, if left untreated, would never present symptomatically nor cause any harm to the patient later in life. The biology and presentation of these overdiagnosed cancers, however, is not well understood. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of a prospectively collected database of breast cancers diagnosed at a tertiary academic medical center from 2004-2013. The mode of initial presentation was categorized into five separate groups according to the abnormality that first precipitated a breast workup: screening mammogram, screening MRI, screening ultrasound, self-detected masses, and physician detected masses. The relationship between tumor characteristics and mode of initial presentation was evaluated using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The table shows data for a total of 2,714 cases. As expected, screen-detected cancers were significantly smaller than cancers found by the patient or the physician, and included a higher percent of T1 cancers, whereas palpable cancers had a larger percent of T2 and T3 cancers (p Conclusion: In addition to a stage shift, screening detects cancers with a much more indolent biology and this may account for the observed rate of overdiagnosis. With the increasing use of MRI and ultrasound for screening, the rate of overdiagnosis is likely to increase further. Citation Format: Brandon Hayse, Prathima Kanumuri, Brigid K Killelea, Nina R Horowitz, Anees B Chagpar, Donald R Lannin. Breast cancer biology varies dramatically by method of detection and may account for overdiagnosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-01.
Heat Transfer in Semitransparent Solids

Publisher Summary The chapter presents an overview of the background information needed to formulate and analyze heat transfer in semitransparent materials systematically and then reviews the literature in some specific problem areas. Primary emphasis is placed on semitransparent solids, although the principles presented are general and apply to any phase. The chapter also discusses the wide variety of applications and involves nature of heat transfer phenomena in semitransparent condensed phases. The radiation characteristics of semitransparent materials are not only dependent on surface but also volume phenomenon since some of the emitted radiation originates at considerable depths. In short, the radiation characteristics depend on the spectral absorption coefficient and index of refraction, thickness, boundary conditions, and temperature distribution. The transient heating of semitransparent materials under idealized conditions in which the emission of radiation from the material is neglected is also discussed. This implies that the body is cold and the rate of emission of radiation per unit volume is negligible compared to absorption. This simplification limits the applicability of analysis and results to those early stages of heating during which temperatures have not raised high enough to render the assumption invalid. The chapter also presents an analysis to show the influence of physical parameters on the temperature field in a semitransparent solid irradiated from a high temperature source such as the sun. The results intend to aid the designer of solar collectors in selecting the optimum material by indicating physical parameters, which determine maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion in different semitransparent solids.
A Twice-Told Tale: Voices of Resistance in a Borderlands Spanish Heritage Language Class

Drawn from a two-year critical ethnography, the author explores how Mexican-origin students in a U.S. southwest charter high school resisted Spanish heritage language instruction. Resistance was rooted in students' perception that their teacher unfairly characterized their linguistic and social identities. Students also constructed their non-native Spanish teacher to be a Spanish-language learner, disqualifying her to teach their heritage language, despite her proficiency. Misunderstandings arose from teacher's and students' limited imaginings of Spanish-language discourse communities.
The structural components of the intervertebral disc. A study of their contributions to the ability of the disc to withstand compressive forces.

To determine the contributions of the various parts of the intervertebral disc to its ability to withstand compressive forces, we did a series of static tests (load versus displacement, creep, and load relaxation) on fresh autopsy specimens. The following preparations were tested: intact disc, disc injected with saline, disc punctured through anular wall, disc with nucleus removed, and anulus alone. About the same compressive stiffness was shown by all specimens (after initial readjustment of height and bulging in some preparations), indicating that the anulus is much more important for the compressive behavior of the disc than has been hitherto believed.
Entrepreneurship in the Business Curriculum.

Though the word entrepreneurship is appearing with increasing frequency in popular books, academic texts, and scholarly journals, an alarming number of these uses seem to miss the essence of the en...
Regional Variation in Quality of Prostate Cancer Care

Purpose: Despite the endorsement of several quality measures for prostate cancer by the National Quality Forum and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement, how consistently physicians adhere to these measures has not been examined. We evaluated regional variation in adherence to these quality measures to identify targets for future quality improvement.Materials and Methods: For this retrospective cohort study we used SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results)-Medicare data for 2001 to 2007 to identify 53,614 patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Patients were assigned to 661 regions (Hospital Service Areas). Hierarchical generalized linear models were used to examine reliability adjusted regional adherence to the endorsed quality measures.Results: Adherence at the patient level was highly variable, ranging from 33% for treatment by a high volume provider to 76% for receipt of adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy while undergoing radiotherapy for high risk cancer. In addition...
Low‐contrast focal lesion detectability phantom for 1H MR imaging

A phantom made from tissue-mimicking materials is reported for testing 1H MRI systems regarding their ability to detect small low-contrast focal lesions and to delineate the boundaries of larger lesions. Two sets of seven spherical simulated lesions with diameters of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.3, 7.9, and 9.5 mm have T1 and T2 values somewhat higher than the corresponding values in the surrounding simulated normal tissue. Relaxometer determinations of T1 and T2 for the simulated normal tissue yielded 955 and 106 ms, respectively, at 22 degrees C and 1 T. The corresponding values in set #1 of the simulated lesions were 1017 and 175 ms and in set #2 were 1002 and 127 ms. These T1 and T2 values are similar to those for brain and brain lesions but are too high to represent soft tissue such as liver and muscle. The centers of the 14 lesions are coplanar, and eight alignment devices surround them facilitating superposition of the scan plane and the plane containing the centers of the lesions. Illustrative images made with a 1.5-T system are shown. All simulated lesions are detectable in T2-weighted head coil images. Corresponding T1-weighted images are also shown, the 2- and 3-mm lesions of set #2 and the 2-mm lesion of set #1 not being detectable. The phantoms could be useful for performance or acceptance testing and perhaps for quality assurance testing.
Tips for giving a memorable presentation, Part I: The speaker as an educator.

AbstractGiving an excellent presentation is critical for the success of many people, including leaders, managers, team members, business people, those in nonprofit societies, coaches, and educators. The audience may vary from a few people to thousands of people, but many of the principles are the sa
Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Lung Transplantation in Cystic Fibrosis: Pilot Evaluation of Perioperative Outcome

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) reduces the incidence of perioperative graft infection after lung transplantation in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Design: Retrospective and observational. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Adults with CF who underwent lung transplantation (1998-2003). Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Cohort size was 26: group A (n = 10) who underwent CPB for implantation of both lungs, group B (n = 8) who underwent CPB only for implantation of the second lung, and group C (n = 8) who did not undergo CPB. The 3 cohort subgroups were similar (p > 0.05) in demographics, preoperative lung function, and anesthetic management. Group A had a lower incidence of perioperative pneumonia (p = 0.02). CPB exposure increased transfusion (B > A > C) of fresh frozen plasma and platelets but not packed red blood cells. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in clinical outcome as reflected by duration of mechanical ventilation, tracheal re-intubation, re-exploration for bleeding, sepsis, primary graft dysfunction, renal dysfunction, length of stay, and mortality. Conclusions: CPB is associated with decreased incidence of early graft infection after lung transplantation for adult CF when used for implantation of both lungs. This may be because of improved decontamination of the operative field before graft implantation.
Stereoselectivity in mammalian chemical communication: male mouse pheromones.

Two male mouse pheromones, 3,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin (DHB) and 2-sec-butyldihydrothiazole (SBT), are chiral molecules which were previously tested in their respective bioasays as racemic mixtures. The focus of this study has been to determine the absolute configuration of their natural forms and its relation to stereospecific biological action. DHB was established as the R,R-enantiomer possessing biological activity. Due to an extremely easy racemization of SBT under very mild conditions, enantioselectivity of its transmission and its action at the receptor site appear to be of secondary importance.
Effects of adding gamma-irradiated green beans or fruit compote to the diet of dogs.

Abstract Irradiated and nonirradiated green beans and fruit compote have been added to the diet of pure-bred beagle dogs in amount equal to 35% of the dry solids fed for a period of two years. No effects attributable to irradiated food were apparent as regards growth, food efficiency, reproduction, hematology, or histopathology. A possible exception of unknown biologic significance was a trend toward increased spleen weights in animals receiving the irradiated food.
Administration of Digoxin

1969;56;56-60 Dis Chest Roger W. Jelliffe Administration of Digoxin http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/56/1/56 can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0096-0217 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. distributed rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1969by the American is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It Dis Chest
Point-to-point ligand–receptor interactions across the subunit interface modulate the induction and stabilization of conformational states of alpha7 nAChR by benzylidene anabaseines☆

Abstract The homomeric α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a well-studied therapeutic target, though its characteristically rapid desensitization complicates the development of drugs with specific agonist effects. Moreover, some experimental compounds such as GTS-21 (2,4diMeOBA), a derivative of the α7-selective partial agonist benzylidene anabaseine (BA), produce a prolonged residual desensitization (RD) in which the receptor remains non-activatable long after the drug has been removed from extracellular solution. In contrast, the desensitization caused by GTS-21's dihydroxy metabolite (2,4diOHBA) is relatively short-lived. RD is hypothetically due to stable binding of the ligand to the receptor in its desensitized state. We can attribute the reduction in RD to a single BA hydroxyl group on the 4′ benzylidene position. Computational prediction derived from homology modeling showed the serine36 (S36) residue of α7 as a reasonable candidate for point-to-point interaction between BA compounds and the receptor. Through evaluating the activity of BA and simple derivatives on wild-type and mutant α7 receptors, it was observed that the drug–receptor pairs which were capable of hydrogen bonding at residue 36 exhibited significantly less stable desensitization. Further experiments involving the type II positive allosteric modulator (PAM) PNU-120596 showed that the various BA compounds’ preference to induce either a PAM-sensitive (Ds) or PAM-insensitive (Di) desensitized state is concentration dependent and suggested that both states are destabilized by S36 H-bonding. These results indicate that the fine-tuning of agonists for specific interaction with S36 can facilitate the development of therapeutics with targeted effects on ion channel desensitization properties and conformational state stability.
Erzeugung und Reaktionen von α‐Li‐N.N‐Dimethyl‐acetamid und ‐propionamid und von α‐Li‐Acetonitril

Die Herstellung von Losungen der synthetisch interessanten Titelverbindungen in Tetrahydrofuran wird beschrieben. Alkylierung und Hydroxyalkylierung (Carbonyladdition) fuhren zu hoher substituierten Amiden und Nitrilen. Die Moglichkeit der gezielten Aldolsynthese mit Amiden als methylenaktiven Komponenten wird aufgezeigt. Anwendungsbreite und Grenzen der Reaktivitat werden an einigen Beispielen demonstriert.
Bilateral differences in gait mechanics following total ankle replacement: A two year longitudinal study☆

Abstract Background Following total ankle replacement (TAR) patients demonstrate improvements in gait. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in gait symmetry from a pre-operative assessment through two years following TAR. Methods Seventy-eight patients who received a primary TAR and had no contralateral pain were examined. Three-dimensional joint mechanics and ground reaction forces were collected during seven walking trials pre-operatively, and 1 and 2-years post-operatively. Data was analyzed using a 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA to determine significant differences between limbs and across time points (α = 0.05). Findings Walking speed improved from pre-operative to each post-operative time point (P Interpretation The results of the study indicate that the patients are able to walk faster and demonstrate an improvement in gait symmetry; however, this improvement does not return the patient to a symmetric walking pattern by 2 years post-TAR.
Nitrate assimilation and partitioning in detached culms of wheat

Abstract Detached wheat culms ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Doublecrop) collected from field-grown plants 16 days after anthesis were cultured for 5 days with nutrient solution containing glutamine (7.5 mM), K 15 NO 3 (15 mM), or glutamine (7.5 mM) plus K 15 NO 3 (15 mM). Kernel growth rate of cultured culms equaled or exceeded that of intact field-grown plants (1.46 mg kernel −1 day −1 ). Net mobilization of reduced N from the peduncle occured, but this accounted for less than 23% of the net increase in grain N after 5th day of culture, regardless of N source. Glutamine had no effect on the assimilation of [ 15 N]nitrate or the partitioning of reduced [ 15 N]-labelled products. Peduncles contained less than 4–8% of total reduced[ 15 N] excess recovered in all plant parts. Grain accumulation of reduced [ 15 N] was linear,as was solution depletion, and accounted for an increasing proportion of the total reduced[ 15 N] excess in all culm parts. These results provide direct evidence for nitrate assimilation by spike components.
Performance of UWB Receiver with Cognitive Channel Allocation and Rake Optimization

The design of a UWB receiver for increasing data rate applications has created challenging interest in the research community. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is used as a multiple access technique in our UWB receiver architecture based on the assignment of different spreading codes to a singe user. Since UWB signals are multipath rich, we have used Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-UWB. OFDM provides better multipath resolution than the single carrier UWB. The addition of iterative Turbo decoding further improves the performance of the receiver in such scenario. Our research work is focused on the performance evaluation of UWB receivers. Thus, rake filtering is also included for optimal multipath diversity which improves the overall performance. Cognitive Radio (CR) plays a vital role in our cross-layer UWB receiver architecture where it exchanges information with the physical layer for probable channel conditions before allocating links dynamically for its data transmission. The receiver performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER) in severe multipath faded channels with exponential power delay profile. The joint optimization of a strategic selection of propagation paths for the Rake receiver is analyzed using mixed integer programming and simulated using the GLPK tool.