cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody Responses to Clostridial Infection in Humans

Serum antibody responses to the major toxins produced by Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium botulinum have been documented following infection. Effective toxoid vaccines for tetanus and enteritis necroticans due to C. perfringens type C demonstrate the potential of antitoxin responses. Although individual serum and mucosal antibody responses to C. difficile enterotoxin (toxin A) vary, one-third of patients with C. difficile diarrhea develop neutralizing serum antibodies. IgA in the serum, not IgG, is typically responsible for this neutralization, suggesting a unique role for serum IgA in response to C. difficile infection, an infection that is usually limited to the intestinal mucosa. The relationship of naturally occurring antitoxin antibodies to the clinical course of C. difficile infection is controversial. However, patients with chronic relapsing C. difficile diarrhea and low levels of IgG to toxin A have shown clinical responses following intravenous therapy with immune globulin. Antibody responses to non-toxin C. difficile proteins also occur, but their significance is only partially known.
Integration of perched water and chloride data in modeling flow processes within the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada

This paper presents a modeling study incorporating field-measured perched water and chloride data into a three-dimensional (3-D) large-scale unsaturated zone (UZ) model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential underground nuclear waste repository site. This study integrates field measured perched water and pore-water chloride data into a single 3-D flow and transport model through model calibration. Using these field data in model calibration is intended to improve the model's capability to evaluate current conditions and predict future conditions of the unsaturated zone, so as to aid in the performance assessment of the proposed repository system. The calibration results show that the large-scale UZ flow and transport model may be able to predict both moisture and chloride geochemical conditions at the site.
Determinants of Black Suburbanization: Regional and Suburban Size Category Patterns*

This study analyzes the movement of blacks to the suburbs of American metropolitan areas using the framework developed by Taeuber and Taeuber (1965) for the analysis of racial transition in inner city neighborhoods. The data are consistent with their model and suggest that the rate of black population growth is a function not only of the characteristics of individual suburbs themselves but also of the central cities of the metropolitan areas within which they are located. The units of annlysis are all suburbs with populations of 10000 or more in 1960 and 1970. Suburban size is a key characteristic because the independent variables affect black population growth quite differently in different size categories. While there are clear differences between southern and nonsouthern suburbs in average levels of the push and pull variables as well as the rate at which the black suburban population grew in the 1960s the effects of these variables on black suburban growth were the same in both regions. (authors)
Preparation of chick brain synaptosomes and synaptosomal membranes.

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of synaptosomes and synaptosomal membranes from chicken brain. Procedures for isolating rat synaptosomal membranes could not be used directly; several modifications of existing procedures are reported. Purity of the subcellular and subsynaptosomal fractions was monitored by electron microscopy and measurements of ferrocytochrome c : oxygen oxidoreductase (EC 1.9.3.1.), monoamine: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (EC 1.4.3.4), rotenoneinsensitive NADH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.3), NADPH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.1), orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.2), ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.4), and levels of RNA. Microsomes are the main contaminant of the synaptosomal membrane fraction. Mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes occur in lesser amounts. No myelin contamination was observed. Marker enzymes for contaminants suggest that these synaptosomal membranes are as pure as membranes described by others, and the specific activity of a neuronal membrane marker, ( Na + − K + )- activated ATPase, is as high as other preparations. Levels of this enzyme in the membrane fraction are enriched 13-fold over homogenate ATPase levels.
Mathematical instrumentalism meets the conjunction objection

Scientific realists often appeal to some version of the conjunction objection to argue that scientific instrumentalism fails to do justice to the full empirical import of scientific theories. Whereas the conjunction objection provides a powerful critique of scientific instrumentalism, I will show that mathematical instrumentalism escapes the conjunction objection unscathed.
The relationship between factorial composition of test items and measures of test reliability

For continuous distributions associated with dichotomous item scores, the proportion of common-factor variance in the test,H2, may be expressed as a function of intercorrelations among items.H2 is somewhat larger than the coefficienta except when the items have only one common factor and its loadings are restricted in value. The dichotomous item scores themselves are shown not to have a factor structure, precluding direct interpretation of the Kuder-Richardson coefficient,rK-R, in terms of factorial properties. The value ofrK-R is equal to that of a coefficient of equivalence,H2Φ, when the mean item variance associated with common factors equals the mean interitem covariance. An empirical study with synthetic test data from populations of varying factorial structure showed that the four parameters mentioned may be adequately estimated from dichotomous data.
Design Principles for the Conceptual Design of Low-Cost Prosthetic Knee

The objective of this paper is to document design lessons learned in the development of low-cost lower-limb prosthetic devices. Four design principles are introduced based on the authors′ experience redesigning a low-cost prosthetic knee mechanism. These design principles are valuable sources to complete the conceptual design of the knee mechanism in the absence of a unique or exact methodology that comprises all the aspects concerning engineering design.The paper defines the motivation to improve life quality by restoring knee functionality in terms of mobility and stability. Subsequent sections explore the state of the art, design constraints, gait analysis, and 3-D modeling using CAD. The model is validated using kinematic and structural simulation in NX 7.5™ covering basic geometric parameters and motion assumptions. The four conceptual design principles are: Hybrid Design Model, Simultaneous Modeling, Multidisciplinary Pulses, and Built-in and Post-design Optimization. Each principle is presented to exemplify its contribution in the knee mechanism redesign. Finally, the design principles are intended to assist the designer with empirical guidelines in the development of prosthetic devices.© 2013 ASME
Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Chloride with N,N′-Bis(3-Aminopropyl)Ethylenediamine. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of [C12Al-C8H2ON4][A1(C4H9)2]

Abstract Reaction of diisobutylaluminum chloride with the tetradentate open-chain amine N,N′-bis(3-amino-propyl)ethylenediamine in a pentane-methylene chloride solution affords the crystalline organoaluminum complex [C12Al-C8H20N4][A1(C4H9)2]. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell parameters a = 10.722(2), b = 22.292(4), c = 9.810(3) A, β= 101.26(2)[ddot], V = 2299.6(8) A3, and p = 1.19 g/cm3 for Z = 4. Full-matrix least-squares refinement based on 2465 observed reflections with intensities (I > 3σ(I)) in the range 3.50 < 2θ < 45.0° converged at R = 0.048, R w = 0.069. The terminal primary amine units of the Iigand are bridged by a dichloroaluminum unit and a diisobutylaluminum unit thus constituting an Al2N2 four-membered ring. The Al ··· Al contact of 2.808(2) A does not suggest significant metal-metal interaction. The mean Al-Cl bond distance is 2.380(3) A while the mean Al-N bond distance is 1.973(4) A. The central aluminum atom of the title compound is six...
Factorial Tests on Process Operating Conditions and Bed Fines on the Circulating Fluid Bed Performance

A cold-flow circulating fluid bed (CFB) was operated using coke breeze with a packed-bed standpipe over a range of riser and standpipe air flows. The bed materials were selected to simulate solids flow in a CFB gasifier (carbonizer) but are generally relevant to most CFB processes. CFB tests were conducted primarily in the transport mode with sufficient gas velocity to achieve a uniform axial riser pressure profiles over most of the riser height. The independent variables tested included the riser gas velocity, aeration at the base of the standpipe, and concentration of fines (average particle size). The solids inventory and riser outlet pressure were maintained constant. Factorial tests were conducted in randomized order and in duplicate to provide and an unbiased estimate of the error. Fines were tested as a blocked variable. The gas velocity, standpipe aeration, and relative amount of fine particles were all found to be significant factors affecting both the riser solids holdup and solids flux. The riser pressure drop and mass circulation increased at the higher level of fines contrary to some earlier reports in the literature. The riser pressure drop was fitted using the general linear model (GLM), which explained more than 98% of themore » variation within the data, while a GLM for the mass circulation rate explained over 90%. The uncertainty of process operating variables was characterized independently through a series of duplicated flow proving experiments.« less
Animal and cell-culture models for the study of mycobacterial infections and treatment.

Emerging problems with the treatment of infections caused byMycobacterium avium andMycobacterium tuberculosis require the development of new models, both in vitro and in vivo, in which new chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic approaches can be tested. In this brief review, the use of cell culture models, in which drugs can be tested for their capacity to inhibit mycobacterial growth within the infected host macrophage, and new models in vivo in which drugs and/or cytokines can be tested in infected mice are discussed. In this latter case, new emerging mouse models include animals with engineered gene disruptions, in which severely disseminated infections can be produced, thus mimicking events in severely immunocompromised human patients.
The effects of temperature on the psychophysical and electroretinographic spectral sensitivity of the chromatically-adapted goldfish.

Abstract Psychophysical and electroretinographic spectral sensitivity curves were determined for goldfish acclimated to 15°C or 25°C and chromatically-adapted to Wratten 26 or Wratten 79. At 25°C long-wavelength sensitivity was lower with Wratten 26 adaptation, whereas midspectral sensitivity was lower with Wratten 79 adaptation, for both measures. At 15°C the psychophysical threshold was elevated throughout the spectrum and the selective effect of chromatic adaptation was exaggerated. The spectral sensitivity of the b-wave , however, was relatively uninfluenced by acclimation to 15°C, in both the chromatically-adapted and darkadapted state. Neither temperature nor chromatic adaptation affected the a-wave .
The applications of warehouse management systems: an exploratory study

With the increasing demand for impeccable customer service, today's warehouses are pressured to raise their goals for inventory accuracy, timely delivery service, individualised order fulfilment, flexible value-added service and responsiveness to special customer requests. To meet these high performance goals, a way needs to be found to eliminate any waste from the warehouse, to streamline its operations, and improve efficiency in every aspect of warehousing activities. One of the most proactive ways of doing so is the use of a warehouse management system (WMS) that is designed to speed up order turnaround time, improve inventory accuracy, provide instant order status information, manage warehouse space and enhance labour productivity. This paper aims to help firms assess the extent of the WMS benefits for warehouse operations and their impact on competitiveness, while developing practical guidelines for successful WMS implementation based on the findings of our exploratory study of selected US firms. The...
On estimating a relative safety loading for structures

Abstract This paper considers the reliability of a structure for earthquake load assuming that the number of earthquakes over a period [0, T ] follows a truncated non-homogeneous Poisson process. It models the damage distribution along the line of a mixture of two distributions and derives an expression for the failure probability. It also estimates the value of a ‘relative safety loading’ that makes the failure probability as zero and investigates its asymptotic properties both theoretically and numerically.
Why Do Children with Specific Language Impairment Name Pictures More Slowly Than Their Peers

To examine the role of different cognitive processes in accounting for the slower naming times of children with specific language impairment (SLI) relative to peers with no language impairment (NLI...
Microfabricated Cavities for Adhesive Capture of Stem Cells Under Flow

In previous work, we have described the adhesive capture of circulating stem cells to surfaces coated with adhesive selectin protein, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe PDMS surfaces microfabricated to contain an array of square 80 × 80 × 80 micron cavities. These cavities are intended to provide a local bioreactor environment to culture stem cells over extended periods of time, while sheltered from the higher shear stresses of the surrounding blood flow external of the cavities. In this paper we present in vitro flow experiments with polymeric, blood cell-sized microspheres, showing the creation of stable vortices within the microscale cavities. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was performed to predict the velocity field within the cavity, and for comparison with experimentally determined microsphere velocities. Future work will establish the ability to place local chemoattract molecules within the cavity interior, and the ability to accumulate viable stem cells within these cavities.© 2007 ASME
Effects of posttraumatic stress disorder on pregnancy outcomes

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diagnosed prospectively during pregnancy, and the risk of delivering a low birth weight ( Methods Pregnant women were recruited from obstetrics clinics and screened for major and minor depressive disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, and substance use. Current episodes of PTSD were diagnosed according to the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from hospital records. Results Among the 1100 women included in analysis, 31 (3%) were in episode for PTSD during pregnancy. Substance use in pregnancy, panic disorder, major and minor depressive disorder, and prior preterm delivery were significantly associated with a diagnosis of PTSD. Preterm delivery was non-significantly higher in pregnant women with (16.1%) compared to those without (7.0%) PTSD (OR = 2.82, 95% C.I. 0.95, 8.38). Low birth weight (LBW) was present in 6.5% of women and was not significantly associated with a diagnosis of PTSD in pregnancy after adjusting for potential confounders. However, LBW was significantly associated with minor depressive disorder (OR = 1.82, 95% C.I. 1.01, 3.29). Limitations There was a low prevalence of PTSD in this cohort, resulting in limited power. Conclusions These data suggest a possible association between PTSD and preterm delivery. Coupled with the association found between LBW and a depressive disorder, these results support the utility of screening for mental health disorders in pregnancy.
Modeling the response of illicit drug markets to local enforcement

Abstract Local-level enforcement has been cited as an effective drug enforcement strategy by some policy makers and experts. A more intensive tactic, with focus on a specific target area and referred to as “crackdowns”, has been implemented in some cities. In this paper, we analyze a mathematical model due to Caulkins, to study the effect of focussed enforcement on drug markets. Specifically, we consider both fixed and dynamic enforcement policies. Our analysis suggests that drug dealing can be effectively controlled only if enforcement resources exceed a certain threshold level, and that the success of a crackdown operation may be lost fairly quickly if care is not taken to prevent the market from returning. This should provide enforcement officials with analytically derived “rules of thumb” to help make improved policy decisions.
Effects of a virtual writing club in a college of pharmacy

Abstract Background A Writing Club was established to provide internal peer review before external submission of written documents, such as manuscripts and abstracts. The Writing Club initially met face-to-face once a month for two hours to review submitted documents. It was labor-intensive to organize, and submissions could only occur once a month and therefore participation was inconsistent. Because of these limitations, the Writing Club was replaced by the Virtual Writing Club (VWC) as a more efficient, email-based service and has been offered since May 2006. Objective To describe and assess the outcomes of the VWC. Methods A retrospective review of all the VWC submissions (May 2006 to March 2009) was conducted. The following information was collected from the VWC database: type of submission, category of author(s), and outcome of submission. In addition, investigators surveyed all registered VWC reviewers ( n = 20). Results Nearly half (48%) of the 54 VWC submissions were manuscripts. Of these, a majority of submissions (73.1%) were accepted for publication or were in the process of review at the time of analysis. All abstract submissions were accepted. A 70% response rate ( n = 14) was achieved for the survey. The majority of respondents ( n = 9, 64.3%) indicated that participation in the VWC as a reviewer has improved their personal writing skills. Conclusion A noncompetitive peer-review group, such as the VWC, may be an effective way to involve an entire department in the stimulation and facilitation of scholarship.
Behavioral Counseling Content for Optimizing the Use of Buprenorphine for Treatment of Opioid Dependence in Community-Based Settings: A Review of the Empirical Evidence

There is growing empirical evidence of buprenorphine's effectiveness in treating opioid dependence in community-based settings in the U.S. Decades of research indicates that in order for buprenorphine to have a sizable effect, it must be appropriately supported by behavioral counseling. Studies to date have not established the optimal behavioral counseling content for supporting buprenorphine treatment. The objective of this article is: 1) to review evidence of the key treatment-relevant issues posed by opioid-dependent patients in community-based settings in the U.S.; and 2) to review behavioral counseling content that may optimize the use of buprenorphine for treating opioid dependence in such settings. Evidence points toward the use of behavioral counseling aimed at enhancing patients' motivation during treatment entry followed by an emphasis on improving coping/relapse prevention skills during the primary phase of treatment.
Testing the Mediating Processes between Work Stressors and Subjective Well-Being

Abstract This study developed and tested a multivariate model of the process through which work stressors and social support affect subjective well-being. The model was derived from previous theory and empirical research. Two hundred eighteen employees were surveyed 1 year after their organization was acquired. Covariance structure analysis was used to evaluate goodness of fit and to compare the model to alternative measurement and structural representations. Results supported the operationalizations of modeled constructs. Structural linkages within the model were generally supported. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Progressive image transmission with genetic algorithm–based optimization and multiple cyclic redundancy check structure

We consider the transmission of progressive image data over noisy channels when the coded packet size is fixed. The concatenated cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes and ratecompatible punctured turbo codes are used for error control and detection. In such an application, the distortion-based optimal channel rate allocation for unequal error protection is complex. We first propose a suboptimal genetic algorithm–based method that not only largely reduces the optimization complexity but also obtains performance approaching to the results of a brute force search. In addition, because a large packet size is usually applied when turbo codes are used due to the fact that the coding gain is proportional to the packet size for a given code rate, a single remaining bit error after channel decoding may result in CRC failure and hence the discard of the entire packet. Therefore, we further propose a multiple-CRC structure for certain data packets so that more correctly decoded data could be used in source decoding. The promising performance of the proposed scheme has been demonstrated through simulation.
Solid-state photodecarbonylation of diphenylcyclopropenone: a quantum chain process made possible by ultrafast energy transfer.

It has been reported that electronic excitation of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) into the second excited state (S2) results in an adiabatic ring-opening process within 200 fs to give an excited product with a lifetime of ca. 8 ps in S2. Knowing that energy transfer in crystals may occur within 1−2 ps, we recognized that the conditions could be right for a quantum chain process with the excited-state product sensitizing a neighboring ground-state reactant to set up a domino effect. In agreement with that, we discovered that excitation or macroscopic crystals result in a remarkably efficient reaction to give diphenylacetylene as a polycrystalline powder by a process that releases a great deal of mechanical energy. By taking advantage of nanocrystalline suspensions and using dicumyl ketone as an internal actinometer and after accounting for differences in absorbance at the irradiation wavelength, we were able to establish that the quantum yield of the reaction for DPCP was ΦDPCP = 3.30 ± 0.35, which is well ...
Reference pressure changes and available potential energy in isobaric coordinates

Previous isobaric formulations of the exact available potential energy equation have included a term involving the rate of change of reference pressure (the areal mean pressure on an isentropic surface). A revised formulation in which this term is rewritten and combined with ωα clarifies the role of mechanical work and boundary work in altering the available potential energy of an open region. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00267.x
Breathing during Sleep in Stable Asthmatic Subjects: Influence of Inhaled Bronchodilators

The bronchoconstriction of asthma displays a circadian rhythm with exacerbations often occurring in the early morning hours. Gas exchange abnormalities during sleep in patients with severe asthma have been documented; however, the influence of sleep on gas exchange in the asthmatic with few or no daytime or nocturnal symptoms is poorly understood. To determine if abnormalities in oxygenation might occur during sleep, we studied 12 stable adult asthmatic patients with reversible airflow obstruction during sleep on three consecutive nights, with night 1 being for acclimatization. On test nights 2 and 3, the subjects received, in random double-blind fashion, either inhaled fenoterol or its placebo. Spirometry was performed before and after bronchodilator treatment and on the next morning. The mean FEV1 was 63 percent predicted before treatment. There was significant (p
Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system and gluconeogenesis in rat renal cortical slices

Abstract Prostaglandin E 1 was found to increase the formation of cyclic adenosine 3t,5t-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) by renal cortical slices. This increased release of cyclic AMP was not influenced by the absence of Ca 2+ in the incubating media. The enhanced production of cyclic AMP was probably mediated by stimulation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase activity. An increase in adenyl cyclase activity was observed with increasing concentrations of prostaglandin E 1 . Furthermore, prostaglandin E 1 augmented glucose production from α-ketoglutarate. This effect on gluconeogenesis was abolished by the removal of Ca 2+ from the incubating medium. These effects are similar to those described for parathyroid hormone and suggest that the renal cortex is a prostaglandin-dependent system. Prostaglandin E 1 decreased cyclic AMP production and glucose production (from α-ketoglutarate) in response to submaximal doses of parathyroid hormone, suggesting that prostaglandin may be important in modulating the intracellular action of parathyroid hormone in the kidney cortex.
Strategies for Reliable, Cloud-Based Distributed Real-Time and Embedded Systems

Cloud computing enables elastic and dynamic resource provisioning while providing cost-effective computing solutions. However, while cloud computing provides customers access to scalable and elastic resources, it does not guarantee the user's expectations of Quality of Service (QoS). This is because a number of customers share resources in the cloud infrastructure simultaneously: compute-intensive processes and network traffic associated with one customer often impact the performance of other applications operated on the same infrastructure in unexpected ways. The inability of the cloud to enforce QoS and provide execution guarantees prevents cloud computing from becoming useful for distributed, real-time and embedded (DRE) systems. Providing the required levels of service to support DRE systems in the cloud is complicated for a variety of reasons: (1) lack of effective monitoring that prevents timely auto-scaling needed for DRE systems, (2) hyper visors and data-center networks that do not support real-time scheduling of resources, and (3) absence of efficient and predictable fault tolerant mechanisms with acceptable overhead and consistency. This paper describes ongoing and proposed doctoral research to address these challenges.
APP knockout attenuates microglial activation and enhances neuron survival in substantia nigra compacta after axotomy.

Focal microglial activation and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra compacta (SNc) have characterized Parkinson's disease (PD). We have hypothesized that the microglial response may be provoked by molecular signals from chronically stressed SNc neurons. To test whether amyloid precursor protein (APP) could serve as such a signal, we evaluated microglial activation in SN after unilateral transection of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in mice either wild-type (WT) or null (KO) for APP. WT and KO mice displayed comparable microglial response at the MFB transection site. In WT mice microglial activation was first apparent in the ipsilateral SN at 3 days postlesion (dpl), marked by morphological change and increased isolectin immunoreactivity. The microglial response intensified at 7 dpl and persisted in the medial nigra through 14 dpl. In contrast, in KO mice activated microglia appeared predominantly at 7 dpl, with little activation at 3 dpl and none at 14 dpl. Neuron number in affected WT SNc at 14 dpl was significantly reduced compared with loss in affected KO SNc. The delayed and limited local microglial activation and increased neuron survival in response to distal axotomy of SNc neurons in APP KO mice are consistent with the important role APP in neuronal stress responses in vivo.
Chronic social instability induces anxiety and defective social interactions across generations.

Background Chronic social instability during adolescence and early adulthood is known to produce a variety of long-lasting effects that may contribute to future psychiatric disorders. However, its potential to affect future generations has not been tested. Methods Female and male mice were exposed to chronic social stress involving social instability and disruption of social hierarchy from postnatal day 27 to 76. After treatment, a group of animals was used to evaluate long-term behavioral effects of the stress exposure, and other mice were used to generate F1, F2, and F3 offspring, to test for behavioral effects across generations. Results Chronic social instability during adolescence and early adulthood induces persistent behavioral alterations, including enhanced anxiety and social deficits that are transmitted predominantly to females across at least three generations. Both mothers and fathers can transmit all of these altered behaviors to their F1 offspring. However, only F1 fathers transmit all of them to their F2 and F3 daughters. In the F1 generation, enhanced anxiety and social deficits are associated with elevated serum corticosterone levels; however, in the F2 and F3 generations, they are not. Conclusions These findings support the idea that individual risk for psychiatric disorders that involve enhanced anxiety and/or social dysfunction may be dependent not only on the specific alleles of genes that are inherited from one's parents and on one's own experiences, but also on the experiences of one's parents when they were young.
An Evaluation of Soundings, Analyses and Model Forecasts Derived from TIROS-N and NOAA-6 Satellite Data

TIROS-N and NOAA-6 temperature soundings over North America during three days in January 1980, and synoptic analyses and numerical-model forecasts derived from them, are compared with conventional data and analyses from NMC's limited-area fine-mesh model (LFM). The collocated sounding comparison revealed significant errors, especially near the surface and the tropopause. Satellite-derived thermal gradients were found to be weak, and thickness-analysis difference fields to propagate eastward, suggesting that sounding errors are correlated with synoptic patterns. The same pattern of anomalies is seen in the model forecasts. More detailed determinations of the correlation detected here could be used to optimize the assimilation of satellite soundings to conventional data.
INCORPORATION OF ORTHO [32P]PHOSPHATE INTO THE SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN*

The refinement of techniques for the isolation of the cytoplasmic fractions of rat brain has now made it possible to study more accurately the biochemical development and turnover of the various subcellular elements of the neuron. A previous communication (Abdel-Latif and Abood, 1964) described enzymic studies with cytoplasmic constituents prepared from embryonic and neonatal rat brains by the technique of density gradient centrifugation. It was the object of the present study to examine, with the aid of ortho [32P]phosphate, the formation and turnover of the phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and other phosphate-containing compounds of the various subcellular components of the rat brain at various stages of development. While several investigations have dealt with the incorporation of32P1 into the phospholipids of rat brain (Ansell, 1960; Davison and Dobbing, 1960; Ansell and Spanner, 1959; Rossiter, 1957; and Dziewiatkowski and Bodian, 1950) none has dealt with the incorporation into the phospholipids and phosphoproteins of the various subfractions, and very little work has been done on the turnover of well-defined phospholipids in the developing brain.
Blade-to-Blade Variability of the Pressure Associated With an Axial Compressor

This work investigates the use of statistical and time/frequency analysis of the downstream pressure signature to characterize blade-to-blade variability of both average and residual pressure associated with a single row 36 blade axial compressor. Analysis of the average pressure signatures suggests that the blade mean pressure signatures are not identical at a 90% significance level. Analysis of the residual signatures, obtained by removing the average signatures, reveals that the wake region contains approximately four times as much power as the core flow region. Time-frequency analysis shows that the strong harmonic content which persists in the residual process is temporally concentrated in the wake flow region, but that the blade-to-blade variability of this narrowband structure is sufficient to be almost eliminated upon averaging of individual blade spectra.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
High-accuracy measurement of the optical transmittance of optical bulk materials at deep-ultraviolet wavelengths

A measurement setup that is capable of measuring the internal transmittance of fused-silica prisms at 193 nm with a precision better than 0.01%/cm (3σ) is presented. Its application to materials and wavelengths other than those that were chosen here for demonstration is straightforward. A lack of any standards makes it impossible to determine the absolute accuracy (also called measurement uncertainty) experimentally; however, calculations indicate that it is almost within the same margin as the precision.
Wideband Reception and Processing for Dual-Polarization Radars with Dual Transmitters

Abstract Oversampling pulsed Doppler radar returns at a rate larger than the pulse bandwidth, whitening the range samples, and subsequent averaging has been pursued as a potential way to decrease the measured standard deviation of signal parameter estimates. It has been shown that the application of oversampling, whitening, and subsequent averaging improves the quality of reflectivity, mean velocity, and spectral width estimates in agreement with theory. Application of this procedure to a dual-polarization radar with dual transmitters is evaluated in this paper. Oversampled data collected from the Colorado State University (CSU)-University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CHILL) radar using a wideband receiver are analyzed to evaluate the performance of dual-polarization parameter estimators, such as differential reflectivity and differential phase. The negative impact of relative phase characteristics of the transmitted pulses in two polarizations on the copolar correlation, and subsequently on po...
Verification of form tolerances part II: Cylindricity and straightness of a median line

Abstract Most inspectors measure form tolerances as the minimum zone solution, which minimizes the maximum error between the datapoints and a reference feature. Current coordinate measuring machines verification algorithms are based on the least-squares solution, which minimizes the sum of the squared errors, resulting in a possible overestimation of the form tolerance. Therefore, although coordinate measuring machines algorithms successfully reject bad parts, they may also reject some good parts. The verification algorithms developed in this set of papers compute the minimum zone solution of a set of datapoints sampled from a part. Computing the minimum zone solution is inherently a nonlinear optimization problem. This paper develops a single verification methodology that can be applied to the cylindricity and straightness of a median line problems. The final implementable formulation solves a sequence of linear programs that converge to a local optimal solution. Given adequate initial conditions, this solution will be the minimum zone solution. This methodology is also applied to the problems of computing the minimum circumscribed cylinder and the maximum inscribed cylinder. Experimental evidence that the formulations are both robust and efficient is provided.
Toward a “Hard” Metric for Educational Utility

Education is far too costly an enterprise to operate without precise indicators of the successes and consequences of educational interventions. Unfortunately, many educational economists and educators have resisted measuring the societal impacts of educational programs, options, and interventions because a reliable and valid metric did not exist for those consequences. This article explores alternatives to the metrics utilized thus far in measuring the individually oriented “preferences” used in the conceptualization of utility, and argues that a “hard” metric which would either monetize or impute monetary values for both individual and social outcomes is both possible and useful. A hard metric is one that is independently verifiable based upon values attributed to results. While any such metric will be both imperfect and controversial, we suggest that it is more desirable to attempt its development than to take the greater risk of pretending that one is not possible. Three alternative (and related) types of educational results are suggested: products, outputs, and outcomes. Possible results-oriented indicators for each are suggested. These will serve as a basis for developing a useful hard metric for educational utility.
Electroencephalography, clinical seizures, and neuronal involvement in experimental encephalitis

Abstract EEG and clinical seizures in an animal model of herpes simplex encephalitis are presented. After implantation of AM radio transmitters, designed for EEG telemetry, baseline recordings from the rabbits showed preinoculation rhythms in the alpha and beta ranges. The animals were then given a focal encephalitis by inoculation of the olfactory bulb with herpes simplex virus, type 1. Three clinical seizure types were demonstrated and consisted of syndromes analogous to human partial simple, partial complex, and generalized (tonic) seizures. EEG tracings showed that partial complex seizure patterns, manifested clinically as stereotypic circling episodes, were associated with 15-Hz beta rhythms that progressed to a 1.5-Hz delta rhythm with spikes after several circuits, and finally to even slower, polymorphic, 1-Hz delta activity that coincided with the end of the seizure. Episodes of rhythmic facial movements and bruxism were associated with different 2-Hz, high-amplitude EEG tracings. Tonic episodes (with some clonic activity occurring afterward) were characterized by 25-Hz rhythms alternating with activity in the 5–10-Hz range. Interictal tracings in animals noted to have clinical seizures showed nearly continuous rhythmic theta activity (3–8 Hz) not associated with any obvious clinical manifestations. All animals had a viral encephalitis by histologic and immunohistochemical criteria.
Crystallization of Na2OSiO2 gel and glass

The crystallization behavior of a 19 wt pct soda silica gel and gel-derived glass was compared to that of the ordinary glass of the same composition. Both bulk and ground glass samples were utilized. X-ray diffraction measurements were made to identify the crystalline phases and gauge the extent of crystallization. It was found that the gel crystallized in a distinctive manner, while the gel glass behavior was not qualitatively different from that of the ordinary glass.
Survivable spread spectrum TT&C with interplex modulation comparison to conventional SGLS and USB

Some satellite communication links for tracking, telemetry, and command (TT&C) make use of modern digital modulation and spread spectrum to survive in a stressed or interference-filled environment. As compared to the conventional tracking, telemetry, and command (TT&C) with and without subcarriers [3, 4], the TT&C with Interplex modulation which is a direct modulation on RF carrier, is more efficient, requires less RF power or has higher link margins and permits the use of spread spectrum to survive in stressed or interference environment. Examples will show that TT&C downlink with Interplex modulation performs better than conventional TT&C links in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), channel or service link margins, spur interference mitigation, bit error rate (BER) performance, and with low code cross modulation.
THE FILAMENT LATTICE OF COCKROACH THORACIC MUSCLE

The fine structure of the tergo-coxal muscle of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, has been studied with the electron microscope. This muscle differs from some other types of insect flight muscles inasmuch as the ratio of thin to thick filaments is 4 instead of the characteristic 3. The cockroach flight muscle also differs from the cockroach femoral muscle in thin to thick filament ratios and diameters and in lengths of thick filaments. A comparison of these latter three parameters in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate muscles suggests in general that the diameters and lengths of the thick filaments and thin to thick filament ratios are related.
The Liszt-Listmann Incident

Before ending his performance career by concerts in Odessa and Elizabethgrad in 1847, Franz Liszt visited Istanbul, gave a number of public concerts and performed twice for Sultan Abdul-Medgid in t...
InGaAs/GaAs MQWs: Correlation of crystal and physical properties

InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum well structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with a variation in deposition temperature among the samples to change crystal and physical properties. High resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to probe crystal properties, whereas photoluminescence spectroscopy evaluated optical response. An optimal growth temperature T dep = 505°C was found for 20% In composition. The density of 60° dislocation loops increased continuously at lower growth temperatures and reduced crystal perfection. Elevated deposition temperatures led to In decay in the structures and manifested in different crystalline defects with a rather isotropic distribution and no lateral ordering, as well as a growth surface instability against perturbations.
Mantle structure ideas challenged

The transition of olivine to a spinel structure in the earth's mantle has been long believed to account for a discontinuity in seismic waves some 400 km below the earth's surface. However, the time may have come to look for alternate explanations for the “400-km discontinuity,” according to a paper to be presented on May 19, 1987, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. In the paper, Hideyuki Fujisawa of the Earthquake Research Institute at the University of Tokyo (Tokyo) questions whether olivine is anywhere near as abundant in the earth's mantle as has been thought for decades.
An analysis of the can effect in an isostatic pressing of copper powder

Abstract Based on an elastic-plastic analysis of the can deformation, experimental data from Wadley et al. (1991, Acta Metall. Mater.39, 979) are used to evaluate the shielding effect of the can in an isostatic pressing of copper powder. The calculation indicates that the consolidation of the powder compact is preceded by a stage of powder rearrangement. Thereafter, during consolidation, it is found that in this particular case, compressive stresses in the powder are about 20 MPa less than the pressure applied to the exterior of the can. Furthermore, the powder is not in a state of hydrostatic pressure. The axial compressive stress in the powder is less than the transverse compressive stress. This effect is due to the can which supports a larger load in the axial direction compared to the radial direction during plastic deformation. A model for the nonisostatic yielding of metal powder is compared to the data. It is found that strain hardening must be allowed for to get agreement between the model and the experiment for cold pressing.
Analysis of virus replication in ageing human fibroblast cultures.

SINCE Swim and Parker1 and Hayflick and Moorhead2 documented the limited life span of diploid human fibroblasts in cell culture, many investigators have used these cells as possible models of cellular senescence. Most normal human fibroblasts exhibit marked cellular changes and eventually cease growth after fifty to seventy cell divisions. Hayflick3 and Martin et al.4 demonstrated an inverse relationship between the life span of cultured human diploid fibroblasts and the age of the donor. Furthermore, fibroblasts from children with premature ageing diseases have a markedly reduced potential for cell division4. Many investigators have studied human fibroblasts to determine whether their finite life span is related to ageing, and to determine the mechanism of ‘senescence’ in these cells5. There is no firm evidence, however, that fibroblast ‘ageing’ or limited fibroblast division potential is necessarily involved in the tissue and organ changes associated with ageing of individuals. Many types of cells which are obviously important in ageing of the whole organism undergo little or no division in adults (for example, neurones), and others which divide rapidly (for example, intestinal epithelium) have not been shown to behave as fibroblasts do, either in culture or in the organism.
External Ventricular Drainage for Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for only 10% to 15% of all strokes; however, it is associated with devastating outcomes. Extension of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) into the ventricles or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has been consistently demonstrated as an independent predictor of poor outcome. In most circumstances the increased intracranial pressure and acute hydrocephalus caused by ICH is managed by placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD). We present a systematic review of the literature on the topic of EVD in the setting of IVH hemorrhage, articulating the scope of the problem and prognostic factors, clinical indications, surgical adjuncts, and other management issues.
Rethinking the role of superoxide in the ageing skeletal muscle vasculature.

Ageing is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The age-related decline in endothelial function has been proposed to limit vasodilator responses in the skeletal muscle vasculature and contribute to impaired muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery during exercise (Kirby et al. 2009). Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability appears to be an important mechanism for age-related endothelial dysfunction.
Lost in Translation: Professional Communication Competencies in Global Training Contexts

Based on a case study of a global training team, this article focuses on an important ability for professional communicators: collaborating with translators. The study confirms the value of approaching translation as a collaborative recreation rather than mere information transfer and suggests the need to integrate translation with localization and to develop team rapport. Relevant abilities include understanding cultural and professional context, using bicultural vision, and building team relationships. Pursuit of these abilities should draw from translation studies and intercultural communication literature and be informed by diverse rhetorical traditions. Global educational and research partnerships are an ideal way to pursue these goals. Such collaboration can improve research methodology and challenge culturally based assumptions about translation-related communication roles and competencies.