cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hewlett-Packard's new multimedia enabled PA-RISC workstations

This paper describes the HP9000 Series 700 Model 712, a highly integrated workstation developed by the Hewlett-Packard Company. Three VLSI chips were developed for this system: a processor, a graphics chip, and an I/O chip. These chips where developed as a set, which allowed the cost and performance to be optimized. An overview of the system is given and some details on how the chips interact. The goal of the program was to greatly reduce cost while maintaining high performance. >
Tinkering with Teachers: The Case for 3D Printing in the Education Library

Opportunities to utilize 3D printing in the K-12 classroom are growing every day. This paper describes the process of implementing a 3D printing service in the Education Library of The University of Florida, Gainesville, a large, doctoral-degree granting, research university. Included are examples of lesson plans featuring 3D printing, creation of 3D models, how to find existing models, and examples of how to integrate 3D printing into the K-12 curriculum. The author addresses the benefits and challenges of this process for library staff and patrons as well as potential uses for the future.
Specific Infectious Organisms Associated With Poor Outcomes in Treatment for Hip Periprosthetic Infection

Abstract Background Periprosthetic hip infection treatment remains a significant challenge for orthopedics. Some studies have suggested that methicillin resistance and gram-negative organism type are associated with increased treatment failure. The aim of this research is to determine if specific organisms were associated with poor outcomes in treatment for hip periprosthetic infection. Methods Records were reviewed of all patients between 2005 and 2015 who underwent treatment for infected partial or total hip arthroplasty. Characteristics of each patient's treatment course were determined including baseline characteristics, infecting organism(s), infection status at final follow-up, surgeries for infection, and time in hospital. Baseline characteristics and organisms that were associated with clinical outcomes in univariate analysis were incorporated into multivariable outcomes models. Results When compared with patients infected with other organism(s), patients infected with the following organisms had significantly decreased infection-free rates: Pseudomonas, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Proteus. Infection with certain organisms was associated with 1.13-2.58 additional surgeries: methicillin-sensitive S aureus , coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, MRSA, Pseudomonas, Peptostreptococcus, Klebsiella, Candida, diphtheroids, Propionibacterium acnes , and Proteus species. Specific organisms were associated with 8.56-24.54 additional days in hospital for infection: methicillin-sensitive S aureus , coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Proteus, MRSA, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, and diphtheroids. Higher comorbidity score was also associated with greater length of hospitalization. Conclusion MRSA, Pseudomonas, and Proteus were associated with all 3 outcomes of lower infection-free rate, more surgery, and more time in hospital in treatment for hip periprosthetic infection. Organism-specific outcome information may help individualize patient-physician discussions about the expected course of treatment for hip periprosthetic infection.
Low Dose Cadmium Stimulates Myofibroblast Differentiation and Lung Fibrosis by Activation of SMAD and Nuclear Thioredoxin-1

Background Toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) from cigarette smoke and occupational sources are well studied, yet low-level Cd also occurs in human diet. Cd accumulates in vivo due to a twenty-year biological half-life. Increasing evidence suggests that exposure to dietary Cd can impact human health by potentiating inflammatory mechanism. Submicromolar Cd can alter cellular redox control mechanism, contributing to stimulation of pulmonary diseases. The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis involves excessive myofibroblast activation which leads to increased contractures in lung. Substantial evidence supports that myofibroblast differentiation is associated with disruption of redox homeostasis, yet the mechanistic effects of exogenous exposure remains unknown. Objectives To test our hypothesis that low dietary levels of Cd stimulate pulmonary fibrosis via activation of SMAD transcription factor and stimulation of myofibroblast differentiation. Results Using human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFLF), we found that two differentiation markers, α-Smooth-Muscle-actin (α-SM-actin) and Extra-Domain-A-containing fibronectin (ED-A FN), were significantly elevated in transcriptional and translational levels by low-dose Cd (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μM). Under the same Cd treatment, an increased formation of stress fibers was observed in HFLF. To examine the effects of low-dose Cd on SMAD activation and redox regulatory mechanism, HFLF was transfected with nuclear exporting or nuclear localized signal conjugated thioredoxin (Trx)-1 to express in cytoplasm or nucleus, respectively. The results show that Cd increased SMAD activity by 3 fold and stimulated translocation of Trx1 from cytoplasm to nucleus. Overexpression of Trx1 in cytoplasm diminished Cd induced SMAD activation, while overexpression of Trx1 in nuclei mimicked the Cd effect. This suggests that low-dose Cd stimulates differentiation of HFLF to myofibroblast by mechanism involving nuclear translocation of Trx1 followed by activation of SMAD and subsequent gene expression of α-SM-actin and ED-A FN for differentiation and fibrosis. Conclusion Low dietary exposure to Cd presents a potential risk for pulmonary fibrosis by affecting redox signaling mechanism. The improved understanding of redox regulation mechanism in differentiation and fibrosis can provide therapeutic targets to maintain pulmonary health.
Abstract 3: Angiotensin II Affects Hematopoietic Stem/progenitor Cell Engraftment and Mobilization

Evidence indicates that Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces proliferation of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the mechanism of its action in vivo at the level of bone marrow (BM) remains poorly understood. In the present study, we have used an innovative in vivo imaging technique to visualize mouse tibia bone so that we can elucidate the effect of Ang II on HSPC in the BM. Sca-1+, c-Kit+, Lin- (SKL) HSPCs from GFP mice were isolated and 6-10X10^3 SKL cells were injected into the lethally irradiated C57BL6 mice. SKL cells engrafted in the tibia bone were visualized in real time with the use of tibia window technique. The effect of Ang II on GFP+ SKL cells was studied by chronic infusion of Ang II osmotic minipumps (1000ng/kg/min). We observed a significant delay in the homing of GFP+ SKL cells by Ang II infusion for 7 days. In addition, the SKL cells failed to efficiently engraft to the osteoblastic niche. Consistent with this observation, colony formation unit-Spleen (CFU-S) analysis showed that extramedullary hematopoiesis was drastically reduced in Ang II treated mice. Furthermore, CX3CR1+/Gr-1+ inflammatory monocytes in the peripheral blood were increased by 47% following 2 weeks of Ang II infusion. This was associated with the significant increase of Sca-1+ CX3CR1+ cells in the BM indicating that Ang II also affects monocyte progenitor cells in the BM. Finally, we observed an increased number of BM derived monocytes in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in Ang II treated mice. These data demonstrate that chronic Ang II infusion inhibits homing of HSPC, prevents their engraftment into the functional BM niche and increases mobilization of monocyte progenitors into the PVN. They suggest that monocyte progenitors derived from the BM may contribute to an increase in the number of activated microglia in the PVN of hypertensive animals.
Screening for Osteoporosis in Older Men: Operating Characteristics of Proposed Strategies for Selecting Men for BMD Testing.

The optimal approach for selecting men for bone mineral density (BMD) testing to screen for osteoporosis is uncertain. To compare strategies for selecting older men for screening BMD testing. Prospective cohort study. A total of 4043 community-dwelling men aged ≥70 years at four US sites. BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) without BMD to discriminate between those with and without osteoporosis as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria, and between those recommended and not recommended for pharmacologic therapy based on the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines. Among the cohort, 216 (5.3%) had a BMD T-score ≤ −2.5 at the femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine, and 1184 (29.2%) met criteria for consideration of pharmacologic therapy according to NOF guidelines. The OST had better discrimination (AUC 0.68) than the FRAX (AUC 0.62; p = 0.004) for identifying T-score-defined osteoporosis. Use of an OST threshold of <2 resulted in sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.36 for the identification of osteoporosis, compared to sensitivity of 0.59 and specificity of 0.59 for the use of FRAX with a cutoff of 9.3% 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture. The OST performs modestly better than the more complex FRAX in selecting older men for BMD testing to screen for osteoporosis; the use of either tool substantially reduces the proportion of men referred for BMD testing compared to universal screening. Of 1000 men aged 70 and older in this community-based cohort, the use of an OST cutoff of <2 to select men for BMD testing would result in 654 men referred for BMD testing, of whom 44 would be identified as having osteoporosis, and nine with osteoporosis would be missed.
On the scattering of β-rays

The scattering of β -rays by thin sheets of matter has been the subject of a number of experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. J. A. Crowther and B. F. Schonland give a good summary of the principal results so far obtained, together with an account of a new series of measurements. Crowther and Schonland regard their experiments as decisively in favour of the theory of “single scattering,” which was shown by Rutherford to account for the scattering of α -rays by thin plates in a thoroughly satisfactory way. In the case of α -rays the fraction of the rays scattered through considerable angles is very small, and it is on this that the success of the theory depends. In the case of β -rays the fraction scattered is very much larger, and it is difficult to believe that “multiple scattering” can be neglected.
An energy-aware collaborative multi-agent system for autonomous underwater vehicles

Underwater vehicles most of the time operate in environments that normally are inaccessible to humans. They can operate in the depth of the ocean where they have challenging conditions such as: pressure, light and visibility, among others. Collaborative autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) systems provide a possibility to create groups to work as a team and do some specific tasks that generally cannot be done by only one vehicle, saving time and energy in the network. Collaborative approaches aim to improve the response time of the task and save the energy on the network. This paper compares the efficacy and efficiency of three different approaches that use multi-agent systems. All approaches use different zones or clusters of vehicles. The first approach uses a leader AUV responsible for the message propagation, the second uses cluster heads and the third one uses a BDI model (Belief, Desire and Intention) to allow the agents to have a simple human behavior. The results show that the second and third approaches reduce the energy consumed in the network compared with the first approach (leader).
Interferon epsilon in the reproductive tract of healthy and genital herpes simplex virus-infected pregnant women: Results of a pilot study.

PROBLEM Recently characterized interferon epsilon (IFNe) protects against sexually transmitted infections, including genital herpes simplex virus (HSV), in animal models. There are no reports of IFNe in genital tract secretions of pregnant women, and data on IFNe in non-pregnant women are limited. This pilot study is the first to measure concentrations of IFNe in vaginal and cervical secretions during pregnancy and compare values between healthy and genital HSV-infected women. METHOD OF STUDY Vaginal or cervical specimens from 30 pregnant women were obtained from the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS) repository. Cervical samples were collected during the first trimester and vaginal samples across pregnancy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay determined concentrations of IFNe (pg/mL). Data for IFNe were log-transformed and compared by maternal demographics, clinical variables, and HSV status using t tests and linear regression. Repeated measures analysis explored trends across pregnancy. RESULTS Among the entire cohort, first trimester concentrations of IFNe in vaginal or cervical secretions decreased as body mass index increased (β = -0.14, P = .0466). Concentrations of vaginal IFNe increased across pregnancy in HSV-infected and healthy women (P = .009). Average vaginal IFNe across pregnancy was lower in women with HSV compared to healthy women (P = .0009). CONCLUSION Interferon epsilon increased across pregnancy, but was less abundant in women with HSV. This pilot investigation cannot make any definitive conclusions. However, animal models suggest that IFNe may protect against STIs. Thus, larger studies are required to validate expression of IFNe in the reproductive tract of pregnant women with and without genital infections.
Is the Taylor Rule Missing? A Statistical Investigation

We conduct a fairly thorough statistical analysis of the empirical foundations for the existence of a Taylor rule. Inflation, the output gap and the federal funds rate appear to be non-stationary variables that are not cointegrated. Although this lack of cointegration could be caused by missing variables or structural breaks, we are unable to 'salvage' the rule using several plausible candidate variables and break dates. We also investigate the possibility that the Taylor rule should be modeled as a non-linear relationship. We find that a simple threshold model makes significant progress towards rectifying some of the shortcomings of the standard model.
Data fusion in predicting internal heat gains for office buildings through a deep learning approach

Abstract Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is a major energy consumer in buildings. The predictive control has demonstrated a potential to reduce HVAC energy use. To facilitate predictive HVAC control, internal heat gains prediction is required. In this study, we applied Long Short-Term Memory Networks, a special form of deep neural network, to predict miscellaneous electric loads, lighting loads, occupant counts and internal heat gains in two United States office buildings. Compared with the predetermined schedules used in American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 90.1, the Long Short-Term Memory Networks method could reduce the prediction errors of internal heat gains from 12% to 8% in Building A, and from 26% to 16% in Building B. It was also found that for internal heat gains prediction, miscellaneous electric loads is a more important feature than occupant counts for two reasons. First, miscellaneous electric loads is the best proxy variable for internal heat gains, as it is the major component of and has the highest correlation coefficient with the internal heat gains. Second, miscellaneous electric loads contain valuable information to predict occupant count, while occupant count could not help improve miscellaneous electric loads prediction. These findings could help researchers and practitioners select the most relevant features to more accurately predict internal heat gains for the implementation of predictive HVAC control in buildings.
Modeling River Connectivity Using the Barrier Assessment Tool and Available Data on Registered Dams in the Guadalupe–San Antonio River System, Texas

The rate of dam building has declined in the United States, but dam building is still considered an integral part of water supply management, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Understandin...
Influence of Preweaning and B-Vitamin Supplementation of The Feedlot Receiving Diet on Calves Subjected to Marketing and Transit Stress

Summary The effects of preweaning and posttransit B-vitamin supplementation on calf health, performanee and blood components were studied with 186 feeder steer calves from eight Tennessee farms. At each farm, one-half of the calves were weaned and fed a 50% concentrate diet for 30 d before being moved to an auction barn (PW). The remaining calves stayed with their dams until the day they were moved to the auction barn. All calves went through the same auction barn-orderbuyer barn conditions before transport to Texas. At the feedlot, calves were fed a B-vitamin supplement at one of three levels (none, medium and high). PW calves gained 5 kg (P<.05) more than the control calves at the farm of origin. Total marketing and transit weight losses were similar for both groups. During the first month in the feedlot, PW calves consumed more feed (P<.05), gained more slowly (P<.10) and had poorer feed conversions (P<.05) than control calves. After 2 mo in the feedlot performance was similar for both groups. Calves fed the medium B-vitamin level had poorer feed conversions (P<.05) after 2 mo in the feedlot than control calves or calves fed the high B-vitamin level. Morbidity and mortality rates were not significantly affected by treatments, although PW calves
Molecular dynamics of four-coordinate carbene-Cu(I) complexes employing tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands

Abstract A series of three- and four-coordinate Cu(I) complexes was prepared employing a N-heterocyclic carbene and various scorpionate trispyrazolylborate (Tp) ligands. The NMR spectra of the four-coordinated complexes suggest C3 symmetry for the Tp ligands despite the asymmetric scorpionate η3-binding fashion observed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Variable temperature (VT) 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate the dynamic process that equilibrates the different structural isomers. We report that the rapid exchange of the pyrazoles in the Tp ligand was hampered but not fully inhibited at −88 °C. Lastly, we show how the electrophilicity of the carbene and the hapticity of the Tp moiety both control the photophysics: more electrophilic carbenes red-shift the luminescence and bulkier Tp suppress modes of nonradiative decay (knr).
A new chaos based color image encryption algorithm using permutation substitution and Boolean operation

A new color image encryption algorithm is proposed by using chaotic maps. Cipher image is constructed in three phases. In the first phase permutation of digital image is performed with the help of a chaotic map. The second phase uses chaotic substitution box for pixel substitution and finally in the third phase a Boolean operator XOR is used for mixing chaotic logistic based random sequence. Chaotic maps have main role in this encryption. Chaos theory, due to its randomness and unpredictable behaviors, is known as favorite for the purpose of image encryption. The RGB components of image scrambled by permutation-substitution and Boolean operation, show good results for security and performance analysis. Different tests of security analysis like key space, key sensitivity, correlation analysis, entropy, histogram analysis, number of pixel change rate (NPCR) and unified average changing intensity (UACI) tests are employed on the proposed scheme. On the basis of these tests, we believe that proposed scheme is well suited for practical applications.
The mechanistic aspects of microbial transport in porous media

Abstract A mechanistic model is constructed to account for colloidal filtration by incorporating fundamental intersurface forces between individual particle and collector, geometry and elastic properties of bacteria / particles, and flowrate of the electrolytic medium. Particle adhesion on the collector surface is derived from the DLVO theory based on electrostatic double layers and van der Waals attraction, while particle detachment depends on the hydrodynamic shear. Filtration efficiency, α, of a conventional packed column is estimated by numerically solving the governing convection-diffusion equation, and is shown experimentally dependent on both ionic concentration and flowrate of the electrolyte contrasting the classical colloid filtration theory. Model bacterial strains of Aeromonas punctata and Raoultella ornithinolytica were investigated using a conventional packed column test and a homemade microfluidic device. Their behavior were shown to be consistent with the model.
When Learning as Movement meets Learning on the Move

Considering the special issue on learning-on-the move in light of earlier work on learning as movement, this commentary reflects on how the articles in the special issue expand the field’s theoreti...
Establishing an Office-Based Framework for Resuming Otolaryngology Care in Academic Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 health crisis abruptly disrupted the practice of otolaryngology. This article aims to define the changes needed to operate an academic otolaryngology practice safely and effic...
Use time series NDVI and EVI to develop dynamic crop growth metrics for yield modeling

Abstract The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery are widely used for crop yield analysis. However, the growth metrics derived from the MODIS NDVI or EVI have so far not been explored and applied to crop yield yet. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to design NDVI- and EVI-based crop growth metrics, which biometrically capture the status and trend of crop growth and thus could be more powerful for growth yield management. We developed 19 NDVI- and EVI-based growth metrics, respectively, to monitor crop growth and yield, which is based on a time series of MODIS Terra 16-day 250 m data product from 2000 to 2018. Among the NDVI- and EVI-based vegetation growth metrics (VGM), the maximum (VGMmax), the integrated (VGMinteg), the sum of green-up (VGMsumgrn), the 70 days growth stage (VGM70), 85 days growth stage (VGM85), and 98 days growth stage (VGM98), the sum of 85 days growth stage (VGM85total), and the sum of 98 days growth stage (VGM98total) are mentionable. In this study, we implemented these crop growth metrics for soybean crop yield modeling at Mississippi Delta, Mississippi, USA. Soybean is a major crop cultivated in this region that is consisted of a total of 18 counties with similar agricultural cropping patterns. We observed that NDVI- and EVI-based VGMmax, VGM70, VGM85, VGM98total fitted models best with R-Square about 0.95. Using cross-validation of 80% train and 20% test size, we found NDVI-based VGM85 (e.g., normalized mean prediction error (NMPE) = 0.034) and EVI-based VGMmax (NMPE = 0.033) were the best fit linear yield models for this region. Designing novel crop growth indices based on crop phenological and ecological characteristics, this study further showed NDVI- and EVI-based growth metrics for crop growth monitoring and yield modeling. These growth metrics can be applied to other types of crop monitoring in different climate zones.
Role of Chemistry and Crystal Structure on the Electronic Defect States in Cs-Based Halide Perovskites.

The electronic structure of a series perovskites ABX3 (A = Cs; B = Ca, Sr, and Ba; X = F, Cl, Br, and I) in the presence and absence of antisite defect XB were systematically investigated based on density-functional-theory calculations. Both cubic and orthorhombic perovskites were considered. It was observed that for certain perovskite compositions and crystal structure, presence of antisite point defect leads to the formation of electronic defect state(s) within the band gap. We showed that both the type of electronic defect states and their individual energy level location within the bandgap can be predicted based on easily available intrinsic properties of the constituent elements, such as the bond-dissociation energy of the B–X and X–X bond, the X–X covalent bond length, and the atomic size of halide (X) as well as structural characteristic such as B–X–B bond angle. Overall, this work provides a science-based generic principle to design the electronic states within the band structure in Cs-based perovskites in presence of point defects such as antisite defect.
Driving digitization at Audi: teaching case

In 2016, German car manufacturer the Audi Group (AUDI AG) was working on an expanding array of digital innovations. The goals of these innovations varied, and included strengthening customer- and employee-facing processes, digitally enhancing existing products, and developing new, potentially disruptive business models. Audi’s IT unit was critical to each of these efforts. Based on personal interviews with 11 IT- and non-IT executives at Audi, this case examines the different ways in which digitization can help to enhance and transform an organization’s processes, products, and business models. The case also highlights the challenges that arise as large companies “digitize.”
Comparison of STERIPLEX™ HC and Sodium Hypochlorite Cytotoxicity on Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts

COMPARISON OF STERIPLEXTM HC AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE CYTOTOXICITY ON PRIMARY HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS By Jesse Bluford Harris, DDS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Director: Karan J. Replogle, DDS, MS Department Chair, Department of Endodontics This study examined the cytotoxic effects of STERIPLEXTM HC (sBioMed, Orem, UT) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on human fibroblast cells in vitro. Fibroblasts exposed to various concentrations of NaOCl or STERIPLEXTM HC were visualized via light microscopy. Dilutions of either NaOCl or STERIPLEXTM HC that did not appear to disrupt the integrity of the cells were recorded for further analysis. Cells were then cultured and grown to confluence in five separate plates. A void was created down the middle of each plate. If the cells were viable, cellular confluence was seen. If nonviable, confluence of the cells did not occur. Both disinfectants showed absolute kill at all concentrations above 1%. The cells treated with 0.1% NaOCl were found to be nonviable. However, at 0.1% STERIPLEXTM HC, the cells were viable and able to replicate, filling the void and returning to confluence.
Developing Successful School Leaders

In education’s inconstant environment throughout the world, schools are under tremendous pressure to respond to the diverse (and changing) needs of their students and to assure a variety of outcomes demanded by their patrons. School leadership becomes a major focus of attention under these circumstances. School leaders are identified as one important element of successful schools (Leithwood, Begley & Cousins, 1992; Murphy, 1992; Weindling, Earley & Baker, 1991). Securing effective leaders for schools involves many steps, including preparation, recruitment, selection, and ongoing development.
A novel role for CD28 in thymic selection: elimination of CD28/B7 interactions increases positive selection

While the importance of the CD28/B7 costimulation pathway is well established for mature T cells, the role of CD28 in thymocyte selection is less well defined. The role of CD28 in both negative and positive selection was assessed using H-Y-specific TCR-transgenic (Tg) RAG-2-deficient (H-Yrag) mice. Negative selection in male H-Yrag mice was not affected by deficiency in CD28 or B7. Surprisingly, absence of CD28 or B7 in H-Yrag females resulted in increased numbers of CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes. The CD8 SP thymocytes found in these females were mature and functionally competent. Furthermore, double-positive (DP) thymocytes from CD28-knockout (CD28KO) or B7.1/B7.2 double-KO (B7DKO) females had higher levels of both CD5 and TCR than those from WT females, consistent with a stronger selecting signal. CD28KO H-Yrag fetal thymic organ cultures also had elevated numbers of thymic CD8 SP cells, reflecting increased thymic differentiation and not recirculation of peripheral T cells. Finally, increased selection of mature CD4 and CD8 SP T cells was observed in non-TCR-Tg CD28KO and B7DKO mice, indicating that this function of CD28-B7 interaction is not unique to a TCR-Tg model. Together these findings demonstrate a novel negative regulatory role for CD28 in inhibiting differentiation of SP thymocytes, probably through inhibition of thymic selection.
Genetic studies in an exotic population of corn (Zea mays L.) grown under two plant densities : I. Estimates of genetic parameters.

Progenies of a Design II [Comstock and Robinson (1948)] using random S1 lines from an exotic population of corn (Zea mays L.) were evaluated in a randomized incomplete block design with two replications at two plant-population densities (1 7,222 plants/ha and 68,888 plants/ha) in 1970 and 1971, at Lincoln, Nebraska. Five traits were studied i.e. grain weight, number of ears, days to flower, plant height and ear height.
The Uses of Raney Nickel

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the versatility of Raney nickel by citing the many uses to which, it can be put over and above the simple addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated function. Raney nickel is probably the most commonly used nickel catalyst. It is also the most versatile of catalysts. In one or other of its several modifications it has been used for hydrogenations over a wide range of pressures varying from high to subatmospheric, for desulfuration, for dehalogenation, and for many other reactions. Raney nickel catalyst contains hydrogen, most of which is probably bound by van der Waals forces. A good part of the hydrogen can be removed by heating. After prolonged heating of the catalyst at a temperature of 95°, some hydrogen is still held by the catalyst. Unlike ordinary nickel, Raney nickel can form an amalgam. This property can be attributed to the hydrogen, which acts as a third component.
Monitoring affect states during effortful problem solving activities

We explored the affective states that students experienced during effortful problem solving activities. We conducted a study where 41 students solved difficult analytical reasoning problems from the Law School Admission Test. Students viewed videos of their faces and screen captures and judged their emotions from a set of 14 states (basic emotions, learning-centered emotions, and neutral) at relevant points in the problem solving process (after new problem is displayed, in the midst of problem solving, after feedback is received). The results indicated that curiosity, frustration, boredom, confusion, happiness, and anxiety were the major emotions that students experienced, while contempt, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, eureka, and surprise were rare. Follow-up analyses on the temporal dynamics of the emotions, their contextual underpinnings, and relationships to problem solving outcomes supported a general characterization of the affective dimension of problem solving. Affective states differ in: (a) their probability of occurrence as regular, routine, or sporadic emotions, (b) their temporal dynamics as persistent or random emotions, (c) their characterizations as product or process related emotions, and (d) whether they were positively or negatively related to problem solving outcomes. A synthesis of our major findings, limitations, resolutions, and implications for affect-sensitive artificial learning environments are discussed.
80 Miles from the Nearest Library, with a Research Paper Due Monday: Extending Library Services to Distance Learners

Abstract This presentation reports the results of a project to extend the services and resources of Brigham Young University's Harold B. Lee Library to distance education students located in many areas of the world. Focusing on students enrolled in university-level English courses, the project team created a one-stop, integrated Web portal of library services and resources in Independent Study courses. This Library portal includes links to subscription databases, interlibrary loan, and personal reference services such as Ask a Librarian Live. The project team promoted faculty members' use of library research in the assignments for their Independent Study English courses. Finally, to ascertain the success of the project and make recommendations for further implementation and improvement, the project team tracked the students' use of library resources for their English courses and evaluated their experience with the portal. The ALA SIRSI's Leader in Library Technology Grant provided funding for the project.
Personal efficacy, attitudes towards immigrants, and voting behavior among latino and white university students

Resumen en: This study tests a model linking attitudes towards immigrants with personal efficacy and voting behavior on proposition 187 (an endorsement of an anti-im...
Recent progress in quantification of surface analysis techniques

Abstract A short review is presented of recent developments and remaining problems in the quantification of the four techniques in common use for surface analysis (Auger-electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or ESCA, secondary-ion mass spectroscopy, and ion-scattering spectroscopy). The particular topics discussed include: the homogeneity of the sample; the tradeoffs between spatial resolution, accuracy and precision, sensitivity, and beam damage to the sample; the analytical methods; the measurement of spectral intensities and corrections for interferences; the “response function” of the particular instrument; and the advantages and disadvantages of instrument computerization.
Recombinant Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccines as Platforms for Expression of Foreign Antigens

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines induce immunity against childhood chickenpox and against shingles in older adults. The safety, efficacy, and widespread use of VZV vaccines suggest that they may also be effective as recombinant vaccines against other infectious diseases that affect the young and the elderly. The generation of recombinant VZV vaccines and their evaluation in animal models are reviewed. The potential advantages and limitations of recombinant VZV vaccines are addressed.
Long-term survival after distant metastasis in patients with oropharyngeal cancer.

Summary Objectives For patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), especially for those with HPV-positive tumors, locoregional control is excellent. Distant metastasis, however, remains a substantial problem. The purpose of our study was to evaluate outcomes and predictors of survival after distant metastasis in OPSCC. Materials and methods Between June 2002 and January 2011, 25 OPSCC patients treated with curative intent subsequently developed distant metastasis. The primary end-points evaluated were time-to-distant metastasis and overall survival after development of distant metastasis. Predictors of outcome were evaluated with median regression analysis or Cox regression. Best subset models were chosen to minimize the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). A prognostic index for survival after distant failure was created based on the selected model. Results Median time-to-distant metastasis after completion of radiation was 7.9 months (range, 1.6–25.4). Median overall survival from distant metastasis was 18.3 months (95% CI, 14.3–39.8). The overall survival rates at 1- and 2-year after development of distant metastasis were 72.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53.4–89.6) and 40.8% (95% CI, 20.6–61.0), respectively. In multivariate analysis, Karnofsky Performance Status score (KPS) ⩾ 80 (p = 0.01, hazard ratio [HR] 0.15, 95% CI, 0.04–0.52) and limited, single-organ disease (p = 0.003, HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03–0.61) predicted for increased survival from distant metastasis. Patients with both limited disease and good KPS formed the most favorable risk group with a 2-year survival of 100%. Two patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive tumors were alive without any evidence of disease at 64.6 and 60.4 months, respectively, after aggressive local treatment of solitary metastasis. Conclusion For OPSCC patients with limited, single-organ disease and good KPS, long-term survival can be achieved.
Vector and parallel computing for matrix balancing

Estimating the entries of a large matrix to satisfy a set of internal consistency relations is a problem with several applications in economics, urban and regional planning, transportation, statistics and other areas. It is known as theMatrix Balancing Problem. Matrix balancing applications arising from the estimation of telecommunication or transportation traffic and from multi-regional trade flows give rise to huge optimization problems. In this report, we show that the RAS algorithm can be specialized for vector and parallel computing and used for the solution of very large problems. The algorithm is specialized for vector computations on a CRAY X-MP and is parallelized on an Alliant FX/8. A variant of the algorithm — developed here for its potential parallelism — turns out to be more efficient than the original algorithm even when implemented serially. We use the algorithms to estimate disaggregated input/output tables and a multi-regional trade flow table of the U.S. The larger problem solved has approximately 12 000 constraints and over 370 000 nonlinear variables. This is the first of two papers that aim at the solution of very large matrix balancing problems. Zenios [20] is using the same algorithm for the same models on a massively parallel Connection Machine CM-2.
The Morgan pedigree

In looking through a back-issue of Current Biology, I came across the Pedigree [1xThe Morgan lineage. Winchester, G. Curr Biol. 1996; 6: 100–101Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDFSee all References[1] showing the development of the Drosophila community founded by Thomas Hunt Morgan and the Columbia Fly Room. It may interest your readers to know that I, too, am in this pedigree. I got a PhD with Morgan's first Caltech PhD, Albert Tyler, at Caltech in 1954. Now, more than 40 years later, I’ve turned back to Drosophila, and am studying free calcium patterns in the fly egg chamber and embryo.
Gas solubility in glasses – principles and structural implications

Abstract Gas solubility in a variety of glasses is an integral part of the overall mechanism of gas transport in these materials. There are numerous practical aspects of this problem with substantial commercial implications, e.g., gas separation and the outgassing and leak testing of vacuum systems. The statistical thermodynamics of gas solubility can be analyzed in regard to the interstitial structure of the glass. The gas atoms or molecules serve as structural probes. In turn, the structural analysis gives a basic understanding of the mechanisms of gas solution, diffusion, and permeation. For example, noble gas solubility in vitreous silica indicates the distribution of interstitial size is log-normal. This result has been confirmed by analysis of computer-generated models and, in turn, has consequences for the transport of molecular species such as oxygen and water during the thermal oxidation of silicon. Although this paper considers gas solubility in rigid glasses below the glass transition temperature, there are implications for the related problem of gas solubility in glass liquids, another problem of substantial commercial interest. Recently, the understanding of gas solubility has had an effect on models of geological importance, such as volcanic eruptions and formation of the Earth’s atmosphere.
WDM module research within the Canadian Solid State Optoelectronics Consortium

We report on the design, growth, fabrication, and characterization of monolithic wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) modules produced within the Canadian Solid State Optoelectronics Consortium. The transmitter module includes multiple, discrete wavelength, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diodes monolithically integrated with waveguide combiners fabricated using an InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. The wavelength demultiplexer unit is based on a Rowland circle grating spectrometer monolithically integrated with a metal- semiconductor-metal (MSM) detector array fabricated on an InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. The epitaxial layer wafers for both transmitter and receiver modules were grown in single molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) runs.
Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Infants and Children

Infants and children are susceptible to the profound metabolic effects of critical illness. In addition, preexisting malnutrition and obesity have adverse consequences during the intensive care unit stay. Early enteral and parenteral feeding can improve nutrition deficits, but neither has been sufficiently studied to show an effect on clinical outcomes in pediatric critical care. Indirect calorimetry is a useful technique that identifies patients receiving inadequate or excessive nutrition, but this technique is underused.
Pharmacoeconomics in anaesthesia: what are the issues?

Newer anaesthetic agents provide a faster onset, easier titration and a more rapid recovery than the older agents, but are more expensive. In assessing the financial consequences associated with their use, it is important to examine the total costs (including personnel costs) and not just the acquisition costs of new drugs. Claims of cost savings from new drugs should be subjected to close scrutiny, with studies designed to demonstrate that the preferential use of the newer drug is associated with actual decreased payments for personnel, an earlier return to normal activities by the patient and/or their caretakers, or the completion of an additional case in the same operating session. It may be necessary to alter work patterns to obtain the full benefits of the new drugs (e.g. bypass of the labour-intensive [phase I] postanaesthetic care unit). Finally, greater cost savings in the operating room can be achieved by increasing efficiency in resource utilization. A delay in starting a case, or a prolonged turnover time between cases, can negate any cost savings related to the anaesthetist's choice of drugs.
Varying the Un-Variable Social Structure, Electoral Formulae, and Election Quality

This paper assesses the hypothesis that election quality is worse under plurality voting systems than under proportional representation (PR). We use a two-pronged research design that permits us to...
CXTFIT/Excel-A modular adaptable code for parameter estimation, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis for laboratory or field tracer experiments

We implemented the widely used CXTFIT code in Excel to provide flexibility and added sensitivity and uncertainty analysis functions to improve transport parameter estimation and to facilitate model discrimination for multi-tracer experiments on structured soils. Analytical solutions for one-dimensional equilibrium and nonequilibrium convection dispersion equations were coded as VBA functions so that they could be used as ordinary math functions in Excel for forward predictions. Macros with user-friendly interfaces were developed for optimization, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty analysis, error propagation, response surface calculation, and Monte Carlo analysis. As a result, any parameter with transformations (e.g., dimensionless, log-transformed, species-dependent reactions, etc.) could be estimated with uncertainty and sensitivity quantification for multiple tracer data at multiple locations and times. Prior information and observation errors could be incorporated into the weighted nonlinear least squares method with a penalty function. Users are able to change selected parameter values and view the results via embedded graphics, resulting in a flexible tool applicable to modeling transport processes and to teaching students about parameter estimation. The code was verified by comparing to a number of benchmarks with CXTFIT 2.0. It was applied to improve parameter estimation for four typical tracer experiment data sets in the literature using multi-model evaluation and comparison. Additional examples were included to illustrate the flexibilities and advantages of CXTFIT/Excel. The VBA macros were designed for general purpose and could be used for any parameter estimation/model calibration when the forward solution is implemented in Excel. A step-by-step tutorial, example Excel files and the code are provided as supplemental material.
Linear‐mode operation of the quantum‐dot avalanche photodiode (QDAP)

We report new results on the design, fabrication and characterization of a novel midinfrared sensor called quantum dot avalanche photodiode (QDAP). The QDAP consists of a quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) detector coupled with an avalanche photodiode (APD) through a tunnel barrier. In the QDAP, the photons are absorbed in the DWELL active region while the APD section provides gain. Photocurrent and noise measurements at 77 K were taken to characterize the response of the device. The nonlinear increase in the photocurrent as the APD voltage increases support theoretical predictions about the QDAP capability to work in applications with low photon flux levels. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A 2006 Survey of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHSV) Virus type IVb in New York State Waters

Abstract From 8 August to 5 December 2006, 1011 individual fish representing twenty species from nineteen different bodies of water throughout New York State were collected and tested by conventional cell culture and viral identification techniques for the presence of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV). All samples were also tested using a newly developed quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. The sampling took place in bodies of water identified by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) as “priority bodies of water” due to the potentially high impact an outbreak of VHSV would have in these waters. Conventional methods returned positive results for two of the twenty fish species: bluntnose minnows ( Pimephales notatus ) and emerald shiners ( Notropis artherinoides ) from three of the nineteen bodies of water. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detected VHSV in eight species from eleven bodies of water suggesting greater sensitivity in detecting this pathogen.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Opuntia lindheimeri Englem in a diabetic pig model.

The hypoglycaemic activity of Opuntia lindheimeri Englem. was investigated in non-diabetic (control pigs) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs using an enteral (oral) route of administration. Following the administration of O. lindheimeri extract (0, 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight), blood glucose concentrations in control pigs fluctuated around initial baseline concentrations, but were not consistently affected by either the dose of O. lindheimeri or by the time following administration. In contrast, administration of O. lindheimeri extract to STZ-treated pigs resulted in both a dose- (p < 0.001) and time-dependent (p < 0.001) decrease in blood glucose concentrations. The hypoglycaemic effect of the extract was apparent within 1 h of administration, with maximal effects occurring at 4 h after administration. These results confirm the hypoglycaemic effect of O. lindheimeri extract in a diabetic pig model. In addition, given the physiological similarities of the pig to humans, this model will be of tremendous use in assessing the long-term effects of Opuntia administration on the secondary problems associated with diabetes.