cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emissions accounting and carbon tax incidence in CGE models: bottom-up versus top-down

Abstract Multisector general equilibrium models are the work-horses used to analyze the impact of carbon prices in climate policy discussions. Such models often have distinct industries to represent coal, liquid fuels, and gas production where the output over time is represented by quantity and price indexes. The industries that buy these fuels, however, do not use a common homogenous quantity (e.g., steam coal vs. metallurgical coal) and have distinct purchasing price indexes. In accounting for energy use or CO2 emissions, modelers choose to attach coefficients either bottom-up to a sector-specific input index or top-down to an average output index, and this choice has a direct bearing on the incidence of carbon taxation. We discuss how different accounting methods for the differences in prices can have a large effect on the simulated impact of carbon prices. We emphasize the importance for modelers to be explicit about their methods.
Hb F-Wentzville [Gγ24(B6)Gly→Glu; HBG2: c.74G>A, p.Gly25Glu]: An Unstable Gγ-Globin Variant Associated with Neonatal Hemolytic Anemia

A novel unstable Gγ-globin variant, Hb F-Wentzville [Gγ24(B6)Gly→Glu; HBG2: c.74G>A, (p.Gly25Glu)], was identified in a young infant who required a single transfusion of erythrocytes for hemolytic anemia. This is the first reported γ-globin variant affecting the highly conserved glycine residue at helical position B6. In the tertiary structure of hemoglobin (Hb), glycine at B6 is in close proximity to another invariant glycine residue at E8. Prior studies have shown that replacement of the B6 or E8 glycine residues with bulkier amino acids disrupts packing between the B and E helices, resulting in Hb instability. Thus, Hb F-Wentzville is analogous to the following unstable β-globin B6 variants: Hb Savannah (HBB: c.74G>T, p.Gly24Val), Hb Riverdale-Bronx (HBB: c.73G>C, p.Gly24Arg), and Hb Moscva (HBB: c.74G>A, p.Gly24Asp).
Electronic Medical Record

The electronic medical record is here and will affect every aspect of your training and ultimate practice of medicine. This chapter will inform you what you are in for, and how to embrace it and use it to your advantage and that of your patients.
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) in native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders: Frequency of IBC and impact of socioeconomic status on survival outcomes.

e19083Background: IBC is one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer, accounting for only 1-4% of all breast cancer cases while causing 8-10% of breast cancer related deaths. Previous studies...
What sets river width

One of the simplest questions in riverine science remains unanswered: "What determines the width of rivers?" While myriad environmental and geological factors have been proposed to control alluvial river size, no accepted theory exists to explain this fundamental characteristic of river systems. We combine analysis of a global dataset with a field study to support a simple hypothesis: River geometry adjusts to the threshold fluid entrainment stress of the most resistant material lining the channel. In addition, we demonstrate how changes in bank strength dictate planform morphology by exerting strong control on channel width. Our findings greatly extend the applicability of threshold channel theory, which was originally developed to explain straight gravel-bedded rivers with uniform grain size and stable banks. The parsimonious threshold-limiting channel model describes the average hydraulic state of natural rivers across a wide range of conditions and may find use in river management, stratigraphy, and planetary science.
Pleading, Discovery, and the Federal Rules: Exploring the Foundation of Modern Procedure

This Article provides a foundational structural analysis underlying the federal procedural system and explores the implications of that normative framework for the proper shaping of the federal system’s pleading and discovery rules. By analyzing and synthesizing the different elements of this underlying “litigation matrix,” the Article concludes that the Supreme Court’s “plausibility” test for pleading under Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure represents an appropriate balance of the competing deep structural elements by imposing on a defendant the risks of unnecessarily burdensome pretrial discovery processes only when the complaint includes enough facts to suggest the viability of plaintiff’s allegations of legal wrongdoing. The Article argues, however, that current methods for controlling discovery abuse are inadequate, and therefore significant alterations in the methods for controlling discovery are necessary in order to successfully implement the litigation matrix. Specifically, the costs of discovery need to be recognized, in the first instance, as appropriately attributable to the party requesting information, rather than the party responding to information requests. INTRODUCTION 846 I. EXPLORING THE DEEP STRUCTURE OF MODERN PROCEDURE: SHAPING THE LITIGATION MATRIX 851 II. PLEADING AND THE LITIGATION MATRIX 854 A. Pleading and the Risk of the Wrong Guess 854  Louis and Harriet Ancel Professor of Law and Public Policy, Northwestern University School of Law. This Article was supported by a grant from the Law & Economics Center at George Mason University School of Law. The views expressed are solely those of the author. 1 Reddish: Pleading, Discovery, and the Federal Rules: Exploring the Foundat Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2012 846 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 64 B. The Evolution of Pleading in the Federal Courts ......... 856 1. The Shift from Fact Pleading 856 2. Understanding the Pleading Standard of the Federal Rules 858 C. The Supreme Court’s Recent Pleading Decisions 863 1. Twombly 863 2. Iqbal 864 D. The Proper Interpretation of Twombly and Iqbal ......... 865 E. Reconciling the Prior Pleading Decisions 866 III. DISCOVERY AND THE LITIGATION MATRIX 870 A. Discovery and the Substantive–Procedural Balance .... 870 B. Discovery and the Remaining Elements of the Litigation Matrix 871 C. Controlling Discovery: The Alternative Models 872 1. The “Direct Interventionist” Model 872 2. The “Direct Restrictive” Model 874 3. The Prophylactic Models of Discovery Control .... 875 i. The “Interventionist Prophylactic” Model ...... 875 ii. The “Automatic Prophylactic” Model 875 4. The Cost Allocation Model and the Control of “Excessive” Discovery 875 IV. PLEADING, DISCOVERY, AND THE REVISION OF THE FEDERAL RULES 879 CONCLUSION: ASSURING THAT THE GENIUS OF 1938 SURVIVES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (WITH A LITTLE TWEAK EVERY NOW AND THEN) 882
Prevalence and cardiometabolic correlates of ketohexokinase gene variants among UK Biobank participants

Essential fructosuria (EF) is a benign, asymptomatic, autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function variants in the ketohexokinase gene and characterized by intermittent appearance of fructose in the urine. Despite a basic understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of EF, relatively little is known about the long-term clinical consequences of ketohexokinase gene variants. We examined the frequency of ketohexokinase variants in the UK Biobank sample and compared the cardiometabolic profiles of groups of individuals with and without these variants alone or in combination. Study cohorts consisted of groups of participants defined based on the presence of one or more of the five ketohexokinase gene variants tested for in the Affymetrix assays used by the UK Biobank. The rs2304681:G>A (p.Val49Ile) variant was present on more than one-third (36.8%) of chromosomes; other variant alleles were rare ( A (p.Val49Ile), rs41288797 (p.Val188Met), and rs114353144 (p.Val264Ile) variants were more common in white versus non-white participants. Otherwise, few statistically or clinically significant differences were observed after adjustment for multiple comparisons. These findings reinforce the current understanding of EF as a rare, benign, autosomal recessive condition.
Spaceborne differential absorption radar water vapor retrieval capabilities in tropical and subtropical boundary layer cloud regimes

Abstract. Differential absorption radar (DAR) near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line is an emerging measurement technique for humidity profiling inside of clouds and precipitation with high vertical resolution, as well as for measuring integrated water vapor (IWV) in clear-air regions. For radar transmit frequencies on the water line flank away from the highly attenuating line center, the DAR system becomes most sensitive to water vapor in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is a region of the atmosphere that is poorly resolved in the vertical by existing spaceborne humidity and temperature profiling instruments. In this work, we present a high-fidelity, end-to-end simulation framework for notional spaceborne DAR instruments that feature realistically achievable radar performance metrics and apply this simulator to assess DAR's PBL humidity observation capabilities. Both the assumed instrument parameters and radar retrieval algorithm leverage recent technology and algorithm development for an existing airborne DAR instrument. To showcase the capabilities of DAR for humidity observations in a variety of relevant PBL settings, we implement the instrument simulator in the context of large eddy simulations (LESs) of five different cloud regimes throughout the trade-wind subtropical-to-tropical cloud transition. Three distinct DAR humidity observations are investigated: IWV between the top of the atmosphere and the first detected cloud bin or Earth's surface; in-cloud water vapor profiles with 200 meter vertical resolution; and IWV between the last detected cloud bin and the Earth's surface, which can provide a precise measurement of the sub-cloud humidity. We provide a thorough assessment of the systematic and random errors for all three measurement products for each LES case and analyze the humidity precision scaling with along-track measurement integration. While retrieval performance depends greatly on the specific cloud regime, we find generally that for a radar with cross-track scanning capability, in-cloud profiles with 200 m vertical resolution and 10 %–20 % uncertainty can be retrieved for horizontal integration distances of 100–200 km. Furthermore, column IWV can be retrieved with 10 % uncertainty for 10–20 km of horizontal integration. Finally, we provide some example science applications of the simulated DAR observations, including estimating near-surface relative humidity using the cloud-to-surface column IWV and inferring in-cloud temperature profiles from the DAR water vapor profiles by assuming a fully saturated environment.
Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Due to COVID-19, an Unusual Presentation

Although the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection mainly affects the lung, its gastrointestinal (GI) involvements are also well-known, especially hepatic involvement presenting as mild to moderate transaminitis. However, COVID-19 infection presenting with gall bladder involvement with acalculous cholecystitis is extremely rare in the medical literature. So far, only two cases have been reported, and herein, we are reporting the third case of a patient who developed COVID-19 presenting as an acute acalculous cholecystitis.
“I Didn't Know How We Were Going to Survive”: U.S. Community Newspapers’ Resilience During COVID-19

As journalists dealt with a nonstop news cycle in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of their newspapers faced a financial crisis as advertising revenue sharply declined during economi...
In-Hospital Morbidities for Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: The Impact of Defect Size and Laterality.

Objective To determine in-hospital morbidities for neonates with right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (R-CDH) compared with those with left-sided defects (L-CDH) and to examine the differential effect of laterality and defect size on morbidities. Study design This retrospective, multicenter, cohort study from the international Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group registry collected data from neonates with CDH surviving until hospital discharge from 90 neonatal intensive care units between January 1, 2007, and July 31, 2020. Major pulmonary, cardiac, neurologic, and gastrointestinal morbidities were compared between neonates with L-CDH and R-CDH, adjusted for prenatal and postnatal factors using logistic regression. Results Of 4123 survivors with CDH, those with R-CDH (n = 598 [15%]) compared with those with L-CDH (n = 3525 [85%]) had an increased odds of pulmonary (1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2, P Conclusions Neonates with R-CDH and a larger defect size are at an increased risk for in-hospital morbidities. Counseling and clinical strategies should incorporate knowledge of these risks, and approach to neonatal R-CDH should be distinct from current practices targeted to L-CDH.
1-Indanone and 1,3-indandione Derivatives as Ligands for Misfolded α-Synuclein Aggregates.

The development of imaging agents for in vivo detection of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathologies faces several challenges. A major gap in the field is the lack of diverse molecular scaffolds with high affinity and selectivity to α-syn fibrils for in vitro screening assays. Better in vitro scaffolds can instruct the discovery of better in vivo agents. We report the rational design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a series of novel 1-indanone and 1,3-indandione derivatives from a Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) study centered on some existing α-syn fibril binding ligands. Our results from fibril saturation binding experiments show that two of the lead candidates bind α-syn fibrils with binding constants (K d ) of 9.0 and 18.8 nM, respectively, and selectivity of greater than 10x for α-syn fibrils compared with amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils. Our results demonstrate that the lead ligands avidly label all forms of α-syn on PD brain tissue sections, but only the dense core of senile plaques in AD brain tissue, respectively. These results are corroborated by ligand-antibody colocalization data from Syn211, which shows immunoreactivity towards all forms of α-syn aggregates, and Syn303, which displays preferential reactivity towards mature Lewy pathology. Our results reveal that 1-indanone derivatives have desirable properties for the biological evaluation of α-synucleinopathies.
Hurricane Katrina, Family Trouble, and the Micro-politics of Suffering

This chapter examines a set of intellectual and ethical dilemmas that characterize the study of suffering. Drawing from two separate studies, one on the survivors of Hurricane Katrina and the other on middle-class parents whose children have an array of problems, we highlight the gap between sociological and self-referential claims to suffering. How do we conceptualize the experiences of people who appear to suffer but are reluctant to identify themselves as suffering? Should studies of suffering include the experiences of privileged people whose hardships seem comparatively trivial? By addressing these questions, we call attention to what we call “the micro-politics of suffering” and simultaneously address the interactional nature of suffering and scholars’ participation in the construction of what constitutes “legitimate” distress. We also consider what scholars might gain from comparing the lived experiences of seemingly disparate groups of sufferers.
Yet another new cosmological argument

I argue that the existence of a necessary concrete being can be derived from an exceedingly weak causal principle coupled with two contingent truths one of which falls out of very popular positions in contemporary analytic metaphysics. I then show that the argument resists a great many objections commonly lodged against natural theological arguments of the cosmological variety.
A Map with a Scale: The Las Campanas Redshift Survey

New techniques for measuring galaxy redshifts and new approaches to measuring the Hubble Constant make it possible to map the spatial distribution of galaxies on very large scales. At the Las Campanas Observatory, a fiber-fed spectrograph on the 2.5 m telescope gathers large samples of galaxy redshifts. A sketch of the technique and preliminary results are reported here. We have spectra for over 20 000 galaxies, at a typical redshift near 30 000kms-1, with velocity accuracy of about 75kms-1. The redshift distribution of these galaxies suggests that the pattern of voids and filaments seen in nearby samples such as the CfA survey is repeated with the same scale even though this survey could see structures which are 5 times larger. Perhaps we have begun to probe deeply enough to see the end of large scale structure and the onset of homogeneity. While the patterns are determined by redshift measurements, the scale of these redshift maps is not determined without knowledge of the Hubble constant, where Supernovae have opened some new approaches. New work on geometric measurement of the circumstellar ring of SN 1987A using IUE spectra and HST images provides an independent test of the Cepheid distance scale to the Large Magellanic Cloud. HST Calibration of the SN Ia standard candle has been carried out by Sandage et al. who observed Cepheids in galaxies with well-observed supernovae. The Expanding Photosphere Method (EPM) allows direct measurement to each type II supernova that has adequate photometry and spectroscopy. There are now 18 such objects. The sample of EPM distances from 4.5 Mpc to 180 Mpc indicates H 0 = 73 ± 6(statistical) ± 7(systematic) krns-1 Mpc-1. With both redshift maps and a determination of the Hubble constant, we can begin to learn the true spatial distribution of galaxies.
Construction, Theory, and Practical Considerations for using Self-referencing of Ca2+-Selective Microelectrodes for Monitoring Extracellular Ca2+ Gradients

Ca(2+) signaling in the extra- and intracellular domains is linked to Ca(2+) transport across the plasma membrane. Noninvasive monitoring of these resulting extracellular Ca(2+) gradients with self-referencing of Ca(2+)-selective microelectrodes is used for studying Ca(2+) signaling across Kingdoms. The quantitated Ca(2+) flux enables comparison with changes to intracellular [Ca(2+)] measured with other methods and determination of Ca(2+) transport stoichiometry. Here, we review the construction of Ca(2+)-selective microelectrodes, their physical characteristics, and their use in self-referencing mode to calculate Ca(2+) flux. We also discuss potential complications when using them to measure Ca(2+) gradients near the boundary layers of single cells and tissues.
Genetics of Adenoviruses

Since the initial discoveries of adenoviruses (Rowe et al., 1953; Hilleman and Werner, 1954), these agents have generated intense interest because of the varied clinical and cellular responses they induce. In vivo, adenoviruses produce infections which range from acute, febrile diseases to latent infections and induction of malignancy in unnatural hosts. Similarly, in cell cultures the reactions vary from acute cytopathic effects to cellular transformation. This array of host responses evolves from the nuclear infection which adenoviruses establish, and thus offers the opportunity to investigate intranuclear replication and transcription of an easily identified and manipulated species of DNA in eukaryotic cells. Since mammalian cells are so complex and contain on the order of 107 genes, it is a most difficult task to study directly the molecular reactions regulating cellular DNA synthesis, transcription of its complex genome, modification of its mRNAs, and translation of its messengers into functional gene products. Study of the smaller adenovirus genome, which contains a maximum of 50 genes and replicates in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell, offers a simpler model which should yield evidence germane to the molecular biology of mammalian cells as well as to viral biosynthesis. Investigations with bacteriophages, however, pointed to the problem that biochemical techniques alone were insufficient to reveal the controls governing many intracellular reactions. Selected deletion and conditionally lethal mutants were essential to expose the balanced mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis and assembly of bacteriophage components.
Effect of CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) on MRSA infection in subacutely burned mice (SB-mice) (MPF3P.810)

Staphylococcus aureus is frequently isolated from subacutely burned patients, and these infections easily develop into severe sepsis. M2bMϕ have been characterized as the responsible cells on the increased susceptibility of SB-mice to staphylococcal infections, and SB-mice are carriers of M2bMϕ. In this study, we tried to protect SB-mice (mice 10 to 30 days after burn injury) from a lethal dose infection of MRSA using CCL1 antisense ODN (an inhibitor of M2bMϕ). Mice, 14 days after burn injury (20% total body surface area 3rd degree burns), were infected with 2 x 10 6 CFU/mouse of MRSA. Then, these mice were treated s.c. with 10 μg/mouse of CCL1 antisense ODN twice a day for 3 days (treated mice). As control mice, SB-mice were treated with scrambled ODN. The protective effect of the ODN against MRSA infection was evaluated by a reduction in the mortality rates of treated mice as compared with that of control mice. Also, bacterial growth in various organs of treated mice was compared with those of controls. In the results, all control mice died within 7 days of MRSA infection, while all treated mice were still alive after 7 days with the same infection. Bacteria grew in the liver, spleen and kidneys of control mice. However, the pathogen did not grow significantly in these organs of treated mice. These results indicate that sepsis caused by a lethal dose of MRSA infection in SB-mice is controlled by treatment with CCL1 antisense ODN.
Differential effects of delta and epsilon protein kinase C in modulation of postischemic cerebral blood flow.

Cerebral ischemia causes cerebral blood flow (CBF) derangements resulting in neuronal damage by enhanced protein kinase C delta (δPKC) levels leading to hippocampal and cortical neuronal death after ischemia. Contrarily, activation of ePKC mediates ischemic tolerance by decreasing vascular tone providing neuroprotection. However, whether part of this protection is due to the role of differential isozymes of PKCs on CBF following cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood. Rats pretreated with a δPKC specific inhibitor (δV1-1, 0.5 mg/kg) exhibited attenuation of hyperemia and latent hypoperfusion characterized by vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation of microvessels after two-vessel occlusion plus hypotension. In an asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) model, rats treated with δV1-1 (pre- and postischemia) exhibited improved perfusion after 24 h and less hippocampal CA1 and cortical neuronal death 7 days after ACA. On the contrary, ePKC-selective peptide activator, conferred neuroprotection in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus 30 min before induction of global cerebral ischemia and decreased regional CBF during the reperfusion phase. These opposing effects of δv. ePKC suggest a possible therapeutic potential by modulating CBF preventing neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia.
A decision tree cognitive routing scheme for cognitive radio mesh networks

Routing in a cognitive radio network operating in a dynamic environment is a complex decision problem. Diversity in the number of available spectrum bands and their stability, in addition to the secondary users' heterogeneities, affect the consequence of the routing decision. We use a decision theory framework to model the problem of routing under uncertainties involved in a cognitive radio network. A utility function is designed to capture the effect of spectrum measurement, fluctuation of bandwidth availability, and path quality. A node cognitively decides its best candidate among its neighbors by utilizing a decision tree. Each branch of the tree is quantified by the utility function and a posterior probability distribution that predicts the suitability of available neighbors. In decision tree cognitive routing DTCR, nodes learn their operational environment and adapt their decision-making accordingly. We compared our scheme with the optimal performance in a highly dynamic environment and local coordination-based routing and spectrum assignment protocol [1]. Our results show that the DTCR tends to perform near optimum. It easily adapts to environmental dynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maxwell Finland: Pioneer researcher in pneumococcal diseases and antibiotics (1902–1987)

Maxwell Finland (1902–1987), perhaps more than anyone else, helped define the field of “infectious diseases.” As one of its foremost pioneers, he earned international respect for his vast knowledge of the clinical and scientific problems associated with infectious disease in humans. He is remembered as a conscientous researcher, who required that every detail be considered and reported; as a great teacher and mentor, who drove home two primary precepts—to care for the patient and to record all the data and think deeply; as an ethicist, who not only had high moral and ethical standards for himself and his colleagues, but publicly demanded that the scientific community be thorough and accurate in reporting research; and, because he had no family, per se, as a “father” to the people who were his students and staff and included more than 100 physicians who worked directly with him at The Thorndike Memorial Laboratory. In the last role, he provided advice, support, entertainment, and love to those with whom he worked. When he died on October 25, 1987, at the age of 85, Maxwell Finland was George Richards Minot Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, and former director of the Harvard Medical Unit, Boston City Hospital. Among the numerous legacies and memories, Finland left several endowed professorships at Harvard Medical School, for which he provided a major part of the funding, and a three-volume history of the Harvard Medical Unit. Today, a professorship at Harvard Medical School bears his name and an annual lectureship is named in his honor by the infectious Disease Society of America. This article provides a brief history of this life and, to more accurately portray the deep respect and love his “family” had for him, comments from some of the individuals who knew him well.
Holistically Building the Cybersecurity Workforce

This article proposes a holistic approach to developing the cybersecurity workforce based on careful integration of workforce development strategies into a plan that involves educators, career professionals, employers, and policymakers. Observations of the healthcare model, along with the findings of a recent workshop on cybersecurity education, suggest some practical steps for such an approach. Computer science educators, human resources professionals, and cybersecurity practitioners should seek to attract computer science graduates to think beyond their stovepiped fields and collaborate to develop, accept, and implement holistic, integrated solutions.
Modular lazy search for Constraint Satisfaction Problems

We describe a unified, lazy, declarative framework for solving constraint satisfaction problems, an important subclass of combinatorial search problems. These problems are both practically significant and computationally hard. Finding solutions involves combining good general-purpose search algorithms with problem-specific heuristics. Conventional imperative algorithms are usually implemented and presented monolithically, which makes them hard to understand and reuse, even though new algorithms often are combinations of simpler ones. Lazy functional languages, such as Haskell, encourage modular structuring of search algorithms by separating the generation and testing of potential solutions into distinct functions communicating through an explicit, lazy intermediate data structure. But only relatively simple search algorithms have been treated this way in the past. Our framework uses a generic generation and pruning algorithm parameterized by a labeling function that annotates search trees with conflict sets. We show that many advanced imperative search algorithms, including conflict-directed backjumping, backmarking, minimal forward checking, and fail-first dynamic variable ordering, can be obtained by suitable instantiation of the labeling function. More importantly, arbitrary combinations of these algorithms can be built by simply composing their labeling functions. Our modular algorithms are as efficient as the monolithic imperative algorithms in the sense that they make the same number of consistency checks, and most of our algorithms are within a constant factor of their imperative counterparts in runtime and space usage. We believe our framework is especially well-suited for experimenting to find good combinations of algorithms for specific problems.
Textbooks, Teachers, and the SIMS Test.

This article is a report of a study of relationships between intended, implemented, and tested curricula of 84 classes of United States eighth-grade mathematics students in 1981-82. It is based on data from the Second International Mathematics Study (SIMS, Population A) and the SIMS test: 180 multiple-choice questions covering topics in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, measurement, and statistics.1 The study focused on three areas: (a) coverage of the SIMS test items in six nonalgebra textbooks, (b) teacher reports of whether students had the opportunity to learn the SIMS items, and (c) teacher expectations for student success on the SIMS items. Of special concern was the challenge presented to students as measured by textbook and teacher coverage of new, versus reviewed, mathematics topics.
Between Text and Context: Schumann, Liszt, and the Reception of Dedications

Although marginalized in modern editions, dedications printed before the twentieth century dominated title pages with their size and elaborate ornamentation. Examining specifically the reciprocal dedications between Robert Schumann and Franz Liszt, this study argues that such prominent paratexts functioned in the mid-nineteenth-century marketplace simultaneously as advertisements for the works involved, as allusions to composer biography, and as public gifts. Contemporary reviews, letters, biographies, and similar dedications provide the evidence for this consideration of the ways in which a peripheral element of the published score can affect the reception and dissemination of the music itself.
Pretreatment with a dopamine D1-receptor antagonist prevents metabolic activation by cocaine

The pharmacological mechanism underlying metabolic activation of the rat extrapyramidal system by acute cocaine was examined using the quantitative 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method. Pretreatment with a selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, prevented cocaine-induced metabolic activation in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that activity in striatonigral circuits is induced by stimulation of D1-like receptors by dopamine in the presence of acute cocaine.
Studies directed toward testing the “channeling” hypothesis - ribonucleotides -> DNA in leukemia L1210 cells

Experiments were carried out to test for the presence of "channeling" in L1210 cells. L1210 cells were incubated in culture in the presence of labeled cytidine and "cold" deoxycytidine and conversely, in the presence of labeled deoxycytidine and "cold" cytidine. Cytidine did not inhibit the incorporation of [14C]deoxycytidine into DNA while deoxycytidine decreased the incorporation of [14C]cytidine into DNA. Further, in L1210 cells there was not a coordinate inhibition of thymidylate synthetase when either DNA polymerase was inhibited (aphidicolin) or ribonucleotide reductase was inhibited (hydroxyurea). These data indicate that leukemia L1210 cells do not selectively channel ribonucleotides to DNA through a tightly coupled enzyme complex.
Pairwise dependence diagnostics for clustered failure-time data

Frailty and copula models specify a parametric dependence structure for multivariate failure-time data. Estimation of some joint quantities can be highly sensitive to the assumed parametric form, and hence model fit is an important issue. This paper lays out a general diagnostic framework for evaluating and selecting frailty and copula models. The approach is based on the cumulative sum of residuals that are calculated in bivariate time. The residuals reflect the difference between the observed and expected bivariate association structures. The proposed model-checking process is interpretable with a limiting distribution which can be approximated using the bootstrap. Simulations and a data example illustrate the practical application of the method.
Relationships among Social Support, Diabetes Outcomes, and Morale for Older Men and Women

The present study examined (a) whether a diabetes-specific measure of social support is more highly related to diabetes outcomes than is a general measure of social support, (b) if the relationship between social support and diabetes outcomes is different for men and women, and (c) if self-care behavior and metabolic control influences morale among older adults with diabetes. Study participants were 191 community-dwelling volunteers (81 men, 110 women) over the age of 60 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. For men, social support specific to one's regimen affected metabolic control indirectly by increasing self-care behavior. For women, neither diabetes-specific nor general support was related to self-care behavior nor was self-care behavior related to metabolic control. For women, only high levels of overall support were associated with higher levels of morale. For men, higher levels of morale were found for those who were married and perceived high levels of available support, and for those wh...
Atomic force microscopy dynamic modes: modeling and applications

This paper contains a review of the development in modeling and applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) modes. AFM is commonly used for atomic and nano-scale surface measurement. Two operational modes of AFM exist: static mode and dynamic mode. In dynamic AFM mode, a cantilever is driven to vibrate by its holder or the sample. The changes of cantilever vibration parameters due to tip–sample interaction are used to reveal surface properties of samples. Analytical and numerical models that can accurately simulate surface-coupled cantilever dynamics are essential for explaining AFM scanning images and evaluating a sample's material properties. The objective of this paper is to categorize the existing AFM dynamic modes and measurement techniques in terms of cantilever deflection and excitation mechanism, summarize AFM cantilever models presented in the literature, and demonstrate the applications of these models in AFM mode simulations. Based on the relations between cantilever responses and tip–sample interaction, methods for quantitative evaluation of a sample's mechanical parameters are described.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE LOBSTER (Homarus americanus) ALIMENTARY CANAL

Adult lobsters (Homarus americanus) were administered barium sulfate orally and examined by fluoroscopy and conventional X-ray techniques. Barium sulfate was observed outlining the cardiac and pyloric stomach intestine and cecum. Barium sulfate, which has a particle size of one micron, was rarely observed within the midgut gland. This probably indicated that the pyloric stomach functions as a particle filter allowing small digesta particles and solubles to move into the tubules for absorption to occur. When barium was observed in the midgut gland it was probably the result of prolonged micropulverizing of the ingesta by the gastric mill to a size that is filterable by the stomach. The stomach was observed releasing ingesta into the small intestine in pulses. Peristaltic movement was observed in the small intestine. The small particle size of one micron which would not pass into the tubules supplies evidence that particle size may be an important factor in diets that are designed for efficient utilization.
Computational Modeling of the Cathode Catalyst Layer of a PEMFC

The effect of the cathode catalyst layer’s structure and composition on the overall performance of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) is investigated numerically. The starting point of the sub-grid scale catalyst layer model is the well-known flooded agglomerate concept. The proposed model addresses the effects of Nafion loading, platinum loading, platinum/carbon ratio, agglomerate size and cathode layer thickness. The sub-grid scale model is first validated against experimental data and previously published results, and then embedded within a two-dimensional validated computational fluid dynamics code that can predict the overall performance of the fuel cell. The integrated model is used to explore a wide range of the compositional and structural parameter space, mentioned earlier. In each case, the model is able to correctly predict the trends observed by past experimental studies. The studies show that the presence of an optimal performance with varying Nafion content in the cathode is more due to the local agglomerate-level mass transport and conductivity losses in the polymer coating around the agglomerates than due to the amount of Nafion within the agglomerate. It was also found that platinum mass loading needs to be at a moderate level in order to optimize fuel cell performance. Cathode tortuosity has a significant effect on fuel cell performance at low values of agglomerate radius.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
2,4,6-trichloroanisole in broiler house litter: A further cause of musty taint in chickens

Two unknown components in extracts of broiler house litter were identified as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol; the latter compound was also found in extracts of fresh wood shavings. Experiments with pure cultures of fungi isolated from the litter demonstrated that these microorganisms were capable of methylating 2,4,6-trichlorophenol to the chloroanisole. A musty taint in broiler chickens was shown to be due to the presence of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole.
HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the North American population: the National Marrow Donor Program Donor Registry.

Background As of May 1, 1995, the National Marrow Donor Program had a donor registry consisting of over 1.35 million HLA-typed volunteers recruited from most major cities and states in the United States. This registry represents the largest single HLA-typed pool of normal individuals in the world. Methods We analyzed the HLA-A, -B, -DR locus phenotypes of the National Marrow Donor Program donors in order to estimate gene and haplotype frequencies for major racial groups of the United States: Caucasian American, Asian American, African American, Latin American, and Native American. The large size of the database allowed us to calculate the frequencies of relatively rare antigens and haplotypes with more accuracy than previous studies. Results We observed 89,522 distinguishable HLA-A, -B phenotypes in 1,351,260 HLA-A, -B-typed donors and 302,867 distinguishable HLA-A, -B, -DR phenotypes in 406,503 HLA-A, -B, -DR-typed donors. Gene and haplotype frequencies differed remarkably among the five racial groups, with African Americans and Asian Americans having a large number of haplotypes that were specific to their racial groups, whereas Caucasian Americans, Latin Americans, and Native Americans shared a number of common haplotypes. Conclusions These data represent an important resource for investigators in the fields of transplantation and population genetics. The gene and haplotype frequencies can be used to aid clinicians in advising patients about the probability of finding a match within a specific ethnic group, or to determine donor recruitment goals and strategies. The information is also a valuable resource for individuals who are interested in population genetics, selection and evolution of polymorphic human genes, and HLA-disease association.
Transscaphoid-lunate dislocation: A report of two cases

Transscaphoid-lunate dislocation is a rare carpal injury resulting in proximal and palmar dislocation of the proximal pole of the scaphoid and lunate as a unit. Treatment in two patients consisted of immediate open reduction and internal fixation. Both patients (at 2 and 4 years' follow-up) are asymptomatic.
Culvert Asset Management Practices and Deterioration Modeling

Drainage infrastructure systems and culverts constitute an important portion of highway assets that require routine inspections, maintenance, and timely repair and renewal. Variations in structural characteristics (i.e., material type, shape, and dimension), environmental exposure, and wide geospatial distribution of these infrastructure assets accompanied with strict budget restrictions pose significant challenges for transportation agency officials. Deterioration models constitute one of the most essential components of any infrastructure asset management strategy; these models provide insight on the significant factors that affect infrastructure condition states and expected behavior of infrastructure assets under different conditions. The objectives of this study are to provide a review of previous studies on factors that affect culvert performance and durability and those on culvert asset management, to present current practices of transportation agencies with regard to management of culverts, and, l...
Fluctuationless mechanism for martensitic transformations.

A fluctuationless mechanism for martensitic transformations consisting of the appearance and development of a lattice instability triggered by defects is presented. A number of properties associated with martensitic transformations are qualitatively explained. As a quantitative example, the theory of the displacive \ensuremath{\beta}-\ensuremath{\omega} transformation is constructed. It is argued that this transformation is triggered by interstitial impurities (O,N,C).
Ideology and Planned Social Change: A Critique of Two Popular Change Strategies

Social psychology has been a major contributor to the planned social change industry which increasingly influ ences all levels of society from families to corporations. This paper introduces a critique of the technological ethos of the change industry by scrutinizing two popular strategies: Beck hard's organizational development with "enterprise managers" as clients, and Alinsky's community organizing among "have-not" clients. After elaborating a conceptual model for classifying theories of society and social change, the model is applied to the practice of each theorist and each is critiqued. Beck hard is shown to follow a consensus paradigm in his basic as sumptions about individuals and society. Alinsky, on the other hand, is shown to work according to a conflict paradigm, which assumes that conflict is both normal and even desirable. In concluding, the conflict/consensus distinction is critiqued as a false dichotomy, and it is argued that the important ques tion is not which model works better (a techn...
Outbreak of Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas cucurbitae) in Pumpkin Fields in Illinois.

About 10,000 ha of pumpkins [Cucurbita pepo L. and Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Duchesne ex Poir] are produced annually in Illinois. In 2010 and 2011, severe leaf and fruit symptoms typical of bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae (ex Bryan) Vauterin et al. were observed in pumpkin fields in Illinois, resulting in estimated yield losses of 3 to 90%. Leaf infection was observed from the time of spreading vines until harvest, and infection of fruit occurred from when fruit weights were 0.25 kg until harvest. Leaves had small (2 to 4 mm), angular, yellow spots (1). Fruit had small (1 to 3 mm in diameter), slightly sunken, circular spots, each with a beige center and dark brown halo (1). A survey in 2010 showed that bacterial spot occurred in 40 of 50 pumpkin fields with symptoms on 3 to 94% of fruit in a field (average 34%). A survey in 2011 showed fruit with bacterial spot symptoms in 57 of 65 pumpkin fields, with lesions on 3 to 87% of the fruit in a field (average 24%). Six to twelve symptomati...
On the energetics and nonhydrostatic aspects of symmetric baroclinic instability

Dry symmetric baroclinic instability is studied using numerical analysis at the critical Richardson number (Ri) for varying thermal Rossby (Ro), Prandtl (Pr), and Ekman numbers. For small enough Ro, dissipation results in a lowering of the critical Ri as Ro decreases, and the critical wavelength is not proportional to Ro. For Pr = 1, the energy conversion is via both inertial and convective mechanisms.
Generating all linear transformations

Abstract For an n×n Boolean matrix R, let AR={n×n matrices A over a field F such that if rij=0 then aij=0}. We show that a collection AR〈1〉,…,AR〈k〉 generates all n×n matrices over F if and only if the matrix J all of whose entries are 1 can be expressed as a Boolean product of Hall matrices from the set {R〈1〉,…,R〈k〉}. We show that J can be expressed as a product of Hall matrices R〈i〉 if and only if ΣR〈i〉⊗R〈i〉 is primitive.
American Indians After A.D. 1492: A Case Study of Forced Culture Change

Perfect counterimages were created when Europeans and American Indians met for the first time in the late 15th century. Unfortunately, historic documents have preserved only one-half of the image. How did the survivors of epidemics, enslavements, and brutalities react to the disruptions in their lives brought about by trespassers from another continent? In this article I examine the historic and archeological evidence for migration into Florida as one of the strategies employed by the displaced people from the Caribbean Islands. The existing records are enhanced by archeological investigations at wet sites, such as Hontoon Island, where surviving biological materials offer information about environment, human skeletons, diet, technologies, and artistic creations in bone and wood that usually perish on dryland sites. At Hoonton Island, water-saturated strata that were not trampled or compressed after deposition revealed that the midden was composed of a prehistoric and an early historic component. The presence of a number of European artifacts led to the conclusion that the extensive changes documented in six of the seven categories of recovered material items resulted either from direct or indirect contact with Europeans or with Indians fleeing the Europeans. New designs on bone objects occur in the early historic period. I attempt to trace the source of one of these designs in an effort to determine the direction of flow for the changes. The use of trait lists to establish relationships is not popular but, in this instance, the investigation of a specific design is enlightening.