cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Teaching Green School Building: a framework for linking architecture and environmental education

The ‘Teaching Green School Building’ is an emergent type of school building that attempts to engage building users with environmental issues in buildings. Architectural interventions in these buildings range from signage to interactive touch screens to gardens and demonstration kitchens that foster educational programmes about sustainable food. The result can be a building that offers informal education, support for formal environmental education, and, overall, a chance for students to embody sustainable living in their daily lives at school. To date, this type of building has been weakly theorized, and the relationship between architectural interventions and environmental education largely unexplored in the literature. This literature review weaves together theories that connect the physical environment with human factors. In particular, research in environmental education, museum studies, conservation psychology and architecture illuminates ways in which buildings can support environmental education and...
Higher-order behavior classes: Contingencies, beliefs, and verbal behavior

The concepts of reinforcement and of higher-order classes of behavior are reviewed and applied to analyses of self-reinforcement, self-efficacy, the causal status of private events, and the role of verbal behavior in human action. The analyses support the case that Bandura's criticisms of behavior analytic thought rest upon several misunderstandings, the most important of which are the distinctions between theories and phenomena and a neglect of the process of ontogenic selection. Bandura's persistence in promoting these misunderstandings is puzzling, because over a period of at least two decades he has repeated without substantial correction arguments that were refuted at the time he first made them. Bandura's views on these concepts can be interpreted as a contemporary variety of creationism in behavioral science.
Reciprocity Between Reading and Writing: Strategic Processing as Common Ground

Connecting reading and writing has important implications for all readers, but particularly for those who struggle in learning to read and write. Reading and writing is discussed from the perspective of strategic processing and reciprocity and explicit language for teachers to help children build common ground between reading and writing is described.
Insulin-Stimulated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Cα: Evidence for Direct Interaction of the Insulin Receptor and Protein Kinase C in Cells

Insulin, in the presence of phorbol esters, was observed to stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of a major 80 kDa protein by immunoblotting with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the insulin receptor and protein kinase C alpha. The protein was specifically immunoprecipitated by antibodies to protein kinase C and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies were capable of immunoprecipitating protein kinase C enzymatic activity from these cells. When this tyrosine phosphorylated protein kinase C was treated with a tyrosine-specific phosphatase, a 35% decrease in its enzymatic activity was observed and this inhibition was blocked by inclusion of a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate, in the reaction mixture. These results indicate that under certain conditions insulin can stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C and this phosphorylation can affect its enzymatic activity.
Collision Cross Section and Energy Loss of Slow Electrons in Hydrogen

Values for the collision cross section for momentum transfer and the fractional energy lost by an electron on collision with a hydrogen molecule were obtained from measurements of the microwave conductivity of a gaseous plasma. The experiments were made in the afterglow of a pulsed discharge in a cavity resonating at a wavelength of 10 cm. The mean electron energy was varied from 0.04 ev (room temperature) to 0.08 ev by heating the gas, and from 0.04 ev to 1.6 ev by microwave agitation of the electrons alone. The collision probability in molecular hydrogen at electron energies in the neighborhood of 0.04 ev is found to be $28.5{(\frac{v}{{v}_{0}})}^{0.55} {(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{g})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%$, where $v$ is the electron velocity, and ${v}_{0}$ the most probable velocity at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Measurements in deuterium gas gave the same result. The collision probability in hydrogen increases to a peak value of 64 ${(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{g})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7% at an electron energy of approximately 1.4 ev. The energy loss of electrons near room temperature was found by comparing the conductivity measurements obtained by thermal agitation with those obtained by microwave agitation of the electrons. The fraction of the excess electron energy lost on collision with the hydrogen molecule is (3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. In the higher energy range, the loss and the collision probability were computed from a comparison between microwave conductivity measurements and electron drift velocity and diffusion experiments.
Integrated metrology systems

Abstract The integration of quality into future manufacturing planning is an essential part of the factory of the future, one specific area of quality assurance — metrology or dimensional inspection — plays a key role in guiding, coordinating, and approving manufacturing efforts. The advances in modern industrial production towards greater precision and more reliable function of products have created the need for a continuing, parallel improvement in dimensional measurement and inspection technologies. Selecting, justifying, and integrating these technologies into manufacturing operations requires careful planning and the consideration of alternative approaches for implementation. An overview is presented of a programme recently completed for the US Army Tank and Automotive Command (TACOM) with the purpose of assisting TACOM vendors in the integration of metrology into future operations to improve quality and reduce overall costs.
Spin-echo RYDMR. A theoretical examination

Abstract It is shown theoretically that a sequence of two identical microwave pulses with a time delay Δt and a phase difference φ between them generates a RYDMR signal which oscillates as cos φ in the phase domain and as a periodic function of Δt in the time domain. A striking similarity of this behaviour to electron spin-echo envelope modulation suggests regarding this phenomenon as a generation of RYDMR echo.
A Selectivity Model of Household Food Marketing Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa

The agricultural household's discrete decision of whether to participate in coarse grain markets is separated here from the continuous decision of how much to sell or buy, conditional on participation. Failure to participate in markets results from high fixed transactions costs. A selectivity model endogenously switches households into alternative market participation states, correcting for bias caused by the exclusion of unobservable variables affecting both discrete and continuous decisions. Improved market information increases the probability of participation by sellers, while access to cereals-processing technology increases quantities transacted by both sellers and buyers, conditional on participation.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS : II. STIMULATIVE ACTION ON THE LYMPHOCYTES.

This study consists of blood counts on nine rabbits after an exposure to x-rays of a 7/8 inch spark-gap, milliamperage 25, distance from the target 8 inches, and time of exposure 20 minutes. In seven of the nine animals there resulted an increase of the circulating lymphocytes. In five of these the increase was marked and in two others definite but not striking. Of the two animals which showed no stimulation one showed marked fluctuation of counts both before and after x-rays and the other little or no change. The higher penetrating dose (6 inch spark-gap, milliamperage 5, distance from the target 10 inches, time 26 minutes and 57 seconds) given to two animals produced no appreciable stimulation.
Human Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma (Anaplasmataceae). Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the United States. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir and tick populations are high. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), is an emerging zoonosis that causes clinical manifestations ranging from a mild febrile illness to a fulminant disease characterized by multiorgan system failure. Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA), previously known as human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of ehrlichial diseases related to microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, and treatment of the 2 prevalent tick-borne diseases found in the United States, HME and HGA.
A stochastic parser based on an SLM with arboreal context trees

In this paper, we present a parser based on a stochastic structured language model (SLM) with a flexible history reference mechanism. An SLM is an alternative to an n-gram model as a language model for a speech recognizer. The advantage of an SLM against an n-gram model is the ability to return the structure of a given sentence. Thus SLMs are expected to play an important part in spoken language understanding systems. The current SLMs refer to a fixed part of the history for prediction just like an n-gram model. We introduce a flexible history reference mechanism called an ACT (arboreal context tree; an extension of the context tree to tree-shaped histories) and describe a parser based on an SLM with ACTs. In the experiment, we built an SLM-based parser with a fixed history and one with ACTs, and compared their parsing accuracies. The accuracy of our parser was 92.8%, which was higher than that for the parser with the fixed history (89.8%). This result shows that the flexible history reference mechanism improves the parsing ability of an SLM, which has great importance for language understanding.
Synthesis and properties of the semi‐interpenetrating polymer network–like, thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel

A new strategy was used to prepare a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN)–like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) polymeric hydrogel, consisting of either low (2300) or high (33,000) molecular weight linear PNIPAAm chains and the crosslinked PNIPAAm network. The properties of the resulting PNIPAAm hydrogels were characterized by DSC and SEM as well as their swelling ratios at various temperatures, the deswelling in hot water (48°C), and the oscillating shrinking–swelling properties within small temperature cycles. It was found that the deswelling rate of these semi-IPN–like PNIPAAm hydrogels was improved if the molecular weight and/or composition of the linear PNIPAAm chains within the semi-IPN–like PNIPAAm hydrogels were increased. This improved deswelling rate was attributed to the fast response nature of the linear PNIPAAm chains and the increased pore number in the matrix network, which provided numerous water channels for the water to diffuse out during the deswelling process at a temperature above the lower critical solution temperature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1935–1941, 2003
P04.34. Should Medicare expand allowable chiropractic services

Purpose Chiropractic care is covered under Medicare, but the scope of services is restricted. The Demonstration of Expanded Coverage of Chiropractic Services under Medicare projected that expanded services would cost Medicare up to $1.15 billion annually. The potential expansion of chiropractic services under Medicare remains controversial. Advocates for expansion cite clinical effectiveness and high patient satisfaction, while critics point to compliance issues and projected cost increases.
Altered K + movement in liver mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats

Potassium movements were monitored in liver mitochondria from control and alloxan diabetic rats with a cationic electrode. There was net accumulation of K+ after Ca2+ addition to the mitochondria with the diabetic but not with the control.
Route-choice models reflecting the use of travel navigation information in a vehicle-based microscopic simulation system

To evaluate the impacts of traveller information through microscopic simulation, it is essential and critical to build route-choice models that are expected to correctly represent the use of traveller information by various categories of drivers. Urban commuters' route choices are usually based on the perceived delay between actual arrival time and preferred arrival time (indifference band of route delay). In this study, a fuzzy set is used to represent the effect of an indifference band of route delay on the tendency for a specific category of drivers to change routes. Fuzzy sets are used to describe the reactions of drivers to traveller information with respect to their tendency to change routes. This methodology shows potential to more realistically represent the effects of real-time information on route choice than can be accomplished using binary choice models.
Early Mammalian Embryonic Imaging at Different Developmental Stages with Optical Coherence Tomography

Live imaging of mammalian embryos is important for many biomedical applications including early assessment of cardiovascular abnormalities. Here we demonstrate capability of OCT for high-resolution structural imaging of live mouse embryos at different developmental stages.
A molybdopterin-free form of xanthine oxidase

A previously unidentified fraction lacking xanthine:O2 activity has been isolated during affinity chromatography of bovine milk xanthine oxidase preparations on Sepharose 4B/folate gel. Unlike active, desulfo, or demolybdo forms of xanthine oxidase, this form, which typically comprises about 5% of an unfractionated enzyme solution, passes through the affinity column without binding to it, and is thus easily separated from the other species. The absorption spectrum of this fraction is very similar to that of the active form, but has a 7% lower extinction at 450 nm. Analysis of the fraction has shown that it is a dimer of normal size, but that it does not contain molybdenum or molybdopterin (MPT). The "MPT-free" xanthine oxidase contains 90-96% of the Fe found in active xanthine oxidase, and 100% of the expected sulfide. EPR and absorption difference spectroscopy indicate that the MPT-free fraction is missing approximately half of its Fe/S I centers. The presence of a new EPR signal suggests that an altered Fe/S center may account for the nearly normal Fe and sulfide content. Microwave power saturation parameters for the Fe/S II and Fe/S I centers in the MPT-free fraction are normal, with P1/2 equal to 1000 and 60 mW, respectively. The new EPR signal shows intermediate saturation behavior with a P1/2 = 200 mW. The circular dichroism spectrum of the MPT-free fraction shows distinct differences from that of active enzyme. The NADH:methylene blue activity of the MPT-free fraction is the same as that of active xanthine oxidase which exhibits xanthine:O2 activity, but NADH:cytochrome c and NADH:DCIP activities are diminished by 54 and 37%, respectively.
CTLs specific for bcr-abl joining region segment peptides fail to lyse leukemia cells expressing p210 bcr-abl protein.

The aim of the current study was to determine whether immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to the joining region segment of p210 bcr-abl chimeric protein can elicit CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) capable of specifically lysing leukemia cells. BALB/c mice were immunized with peptides identical to the joining region segment of p210 bcr-abl protein. Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted bcr-abl peptide-specific CD8 + CTLs were elicited. The CTL clones were H-2 K d restricted and specifically recognized a nonamer peptide of the combined sequence of bcr-abl amino acids but neither bcr nor abl amino acid sequence alone. Despite specificity and substantial lytic potential against syngeneic cell line incubated with exogenously supplied peptides, the bcr-abl peptide-specific CTLs failed to lyse syngeneic murine leukemia cells expressing human p210 bcr-abl protein containing the same bcr-abl joining region peptide sequence. Similarly. the bcr-abl peptide-specific CTLs did not lyse human bcr-abl-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia cells expressing murine class I MHC antigen (i.e.. K562 cells infected with vaccinia virus expressing H-2 K d ). The appropriateness of the joining region segment of bcr-abl protein to serve as a T cell target depends upon whether that segment is presented by class I MHC in a concentration high enough to stimulate CTLs. The current experiments using murine peptide-specific CTLs could not establish that the joining region of bcr-abl protein is processed and presented by class I MHC antigen-processing pathway, but the possibility was not ruled out. Alternative models and/or strategies are necessary.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chlorothiazide and Hydrochlorothiazide Diuretic Drugs in Bovine Milk

A liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure was developed for the determination of chlorothiazide (CTZ) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in bovine milk. Whole milk was defatted by centrifugation at 4 °C. The top layer was treated with lead acetate and acetonitrile, mixed, and centrifuged. The supernatant was extracted with ethyl acetate to remove acetonitrile. The solvent mixture was further treated with sodium tungstate and mixed. The top layer was removed and evaporated to dryness, the residue was dissolved in the mobile phase, and the final extract was analyzed by LC. The LC employed a polymer column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran in phosphate buffer, and a UV detector. The average recoveries of CTZ from milk fortified at 35, 70, and 140 ppb were 97, 96, and 99%, respectively, with corresponding coefficients of variation (CVs) of 8, 5, and 5%. The average recoveries of HCTZ at 35, 70, and 140 ppb were 87, 91, and 90%, respectively, with CVs of 5, 6, and 5%. The method was validated by assayi...
DNA synthesis on UV irradiated model templates using human DNA polymerases α and β: Primer slippage to account for evident transdimer continuity in product

We have studied the comparative behavior of human DNA polymerases alpha and beta on a polynucleotide template of dT100 with dA15 covalently attached at the 3' end to serve as primer when defined numbers of pyrimidine dimers are introduced by UV (254 nm) irradiation. We have obtained the surprising result that with both alpha and beta polymerases the incorporation of labelled dATP is enhanced when the template has been irradiated (maximum value at 1000 J/m2 UV incident dose). In the presence of Mn2+, DNA polymerase beta produces a product size corresponding to full copying of the template whether irradiated or not. In marked contrast DNA polymerase alpha produces only short products on unirradiated strands but full copying of irradiated templates. Evidently both polymerases utilize a much larger fraction of the template pool following UV irradiation.
A small-scale plasmoid formed during the May 13, 1985, AMPTE magnetotail barium release

Plasmoids are closed magnetic-loop structures with entrained hot plasma which are inferred to occur on large spatial scales in space plasma systems. A model is proposed here to explain the brightening and rapid tailward movement of the barium cloud released by the AMPTE IRM spacecraft on May 13, 1985. The model suggests that a small-scale plasmoid was formed due to a predicted development of heavy-ion-induced tearing in the thinned near-tail plasma sheet. Thus, a plasmoid may actually have been imaged due to the emissions of the entrained plasma ions within the plasma bubble.
Future dimensions: Where do we go from here?

Abstract The future of government information depends on national priorities. Economic considerations seem to be the number one priority at this time. Kadec summarizes and discusses important information actions in the last few years: the Paperwork Reduction Act, OMB circular A-76, and the Grace Commission. More and more agencies will move to electronic production and dissemination. Whether the GPO is organized to make use of electronic technology and benefit depository libraries will depend in large part on the cooperation of the libraries.
Involvement of urine in epithelial-stromal interactions in urinary bladder carcinogenesis

Abstract The role of urine in epithelial-stromal interactions in urinary bladder carcinogenesis was investigated using the ‘Stroma’ bladder model established in our laboratory. Rats treated with 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BHBN) in drinking water for 4 weeks or age-matched untreated rats served as donors of bladders with denuded epithelium (‘stroma’ bladders), which were resurfaced 4 days later with urothelial cells from rats treated with 0.05% BHBN for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the transplants received weekly injections of normal rat urine or saline. In the urine-free environment, cell implants developed hyperplastic changes but few tumor formations with no significant difference between the two types of ‘stroma’ bladder. In contrast, urine instillation stimulated neoplastic growth, and tumor-enhancing effect was significantly accelerated in the BHBN-treated ‘stroma’ bladder group as compared to the control group. These results suggest that epithelial-stromal interactions are altered in such a way that bladder carcinogenesis is enhanced by prior exposure of the bladder stroma to carcinogen and subsequent urine contact.
An estimating equations approach for the LISCOMP model

Maximum likelihood estimation is computationally infeasible for latent variable models involving multivariate categorical responses, in particular for the LISCOMP model. A three-stage generalized least squares approach introduced by Muthen (1983, 1984) can experience problems of instability, bias, non-convergence, and non-positive definiteness of weight matrices in situations of low prevalence, small sample size and large numbers of observed indicator variables. We propose a quadratic estimating equations approach that only requires specification of the first two moments. By performing simultaneous estimation of parameters, this method does not encounter the problems mentioned above and experiences gains in efficiency. Methods are compared through a numerical study and an application to a study of life-events and neurotic illness.
A self‐tuning controller for mimo non‐linear systems

A new self-tuning control (STC) strategy for non-linear, multi-input/multi-output control problems is proposed. This strategy is applicable to a broad class of non-linear systems, which can include any nonlinear functions of the old inputs and outputs as well as the products of these functions and any powers of the most recent inputs. Simulation results for a two-link robot manipulator demonstrate that the new non-linear STC strategy provides significant improvement over conventional STCs based on linear models.
Attachment and caregiving in adult close relationships: normative processes and individual differences.

The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in the application of attachment theory to adult close relationships. Social, developmental, and clinical psychologists have made important advances ...
Imaging of oxide dielectrics by near-field microwave microscopy

Abstract Scanning near-field microwave microscopy was used to image LaAlO 3 and TiO 2 single crystals and bulk yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) polycrystalline ceramic microstructures. The effect of microstructural features including grain boundaries, twins, surface roughness, and oxygen content variations on the local dielectric constant, and the resulting microscope image quality are discussed.
X-ray scattering study of the Ge(001): Te(1X1) surface structure

The 1x1 surface structure of Te adsorbed on Ge(001) was studied by analyzing the x-ray scattered intensity along several surface crystal truncation rods (CTR). The results were compared to simulations corresponding to the bridge, top, antibridge, and hollow site models. Te at the bridge site was in best agreement. More complex surface models based on modifications of Te at the bridge site were then compared to the data with the missing-row model being in better agreement than the zigzag model. Finally, the CTR data were used to refine the structural parameters of the missing row model. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
On Lang's Conjecture for Surfaces of General Type

Abstract Let m be a nonnegative integer. We explicitly bound the number of rational curves with arithmetic genus no greater than m on a surface of general type by geometric invariants of the surface. We also briefly discuss the possibility of bounding all rational curves lying on a surface of general type in ℙ3.
Effect of chlorpromazine on cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral oxygen metabolism in man.

Cerebral blood flow frequently decreases following the intravenous administration of chlorpromazine, apparently a result of the reduction in arterial blood pressure. If arterial blood pressure does not decrease, cerebral blood flow is not altered. Chlorpromazine does not exert a depressant effect on cerebral oxygen consumption as morphine does.
Effects of phonetically-cued talker variation on semantic encoding

This study reports equivalence in recognition for variable productions of spoken words that differ greatly in frequency. General American (GA) listeners participated in either a semantic priming or a false-memory task, each with three talkers with different accents: GA, New York City (NYC), and Southern Standard British English (BE). GA/BE induced strong semantic priming and low false recall rates. NYC induced no semantic priming but high false recall rates. These results challenge current theory and illuminate encoding-based differences sensitive to phonetically-cued talker variation. The findings highlight the central role of phonetic variation in the spoken word recognition process.
Tools for Guiding Clinical Practice From the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology What Are They and How Should Clinicians Use Them

Every day, clinicians face difficult decisions on how best to manage a given patient. Important decisions include selection of the appropriate diagnostic tests, procedures, and/or treatments to improve a patient’s outcomes. Ideally, these decisions should be informed and guided by the best medical evidence. In reality, however, clinical practice tends to be highly variable.1 Concerned that a lack of standards for pacemaker implantation was leading to potential overutilization, governmental regulators asked the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) in 1984 to evaluate the available evidence and develop recommendations for practice. This led to what became their first clinical practice guideline (CPG).2 Since then, the work of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines has expanded markedly, currently monitoring ≈17 CPG areas (with a major focus on disease management) and determining when revisions or updates are needed to accurately reflect the evolution of evidence in cardiovascular care. Article p 1330 The process for developing CPGs was outlined in 2003.3,4 The core focus of CPG writing committees is to review and summarize the evidence in the medical literature, relying heavily on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and when these are not available to turn to other data sources including other forms of trials, meta-analyses, and registry data. The recommendations put forth in a CPG are rigorously classified according to whether a test, procedure, or other treatment is “useful and effective” in a given setting, as well according to the level of evidence supporting this view.3 A notable example of the effort of the Task Force on Practice Guidelines to provide timely responses to a rapidly changing evidence base has been the development of focused updates, the first 3 of which dealt with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and chronic stable angina, responding to the …
1,3,5‐Trinitroso‐ and 1,3,5‐trinitrohexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2H6

Perdeuteration of 1,3,5-trinitrosohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine was brought about by treatment with potassium alkoxide in CH3O2H(99.5%). The important high energy compound, 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX), was obtained in its perdeuterated modification (>99% 2H) by oxidation of the perdeuterated trinitrosamine with a mixture of nitric acid (100%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%).
Predictions of vertical uplift caused by changing polar ice volumes on a viscoelastic earth

Measurements of crustal uplift from bedrock around the edges of Antarctica or Greenland could help constrain the mass balance of those ice caps. Present-day changes in ice could cause vertical displacement rates of several mm/yr around Antarctica and up to 10-15 mm/yr around Greenland. Horizontal displacement rates are likely to be about 1/3 the vertical rates. The viscoelastic response of the earth to past changes in ice could cause uplift rates that are several times larger. By measuring both gravity and vertical displacements, it is possible to remove the viscoelastic effects, so that the observations can be used to constrain present-day thickness changes.
Dietary (n-6) PUFA and Intestinal Tumorigenesis

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and mortality due to colorectal cancer is only surpassed by lung cancer. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that dietary polyunsaturated fats can have a profound effect on colorectal cancer risk. Experimental data indicate that modulation of cellular (n-6) PUFA metabolism can affect the progression of the disease. This paper discusses the role (n-6) PUFA play in promoting intestinal tumorigenesis and how dietary PUFA from different families interact to modify the neoplastic process. Dietary PUFA that attenuate arachidonic acid metabolism [such as (n-3) PUFA] have antineoplastic properties, whereas those that augment arachidonic acid metabolism, such as linoleic, gamma-linolenic, and arachidonic acids do not appear to enhance tumorigenesis when added to the Western diet but may diminish the beneficial effects of other dietary lipids. It is the relative contributions of the different dietary PUFA that may determine overall risk for and progression of the disease.
The Marshall M. Parks Memorial Lecture Making Sense of Early-Onset Childhood Retinal Dystrophies – The Clinical Phenotype of Leber Congenital Amaurosis

A correct diagnosis of the early-onset childhood retinal dystrophies requires careful clinical evaluation, the detection of suggestive or pathognomonic ophthalmoscopic clues, the use of electrophysiology to document characteristic electroretinographic findings and, in some cases, the utilisation of newer diagnostic modalities such as optical coherence tomography. Molecular diagnosis confirms the clinical diagnosis and provides the basis for possible future gene therapy. A strict definition of early-onset childhood retinal dystrophies (EOCRDs) does not exist, but inherited retinal dystrophies that are diagnosed in the first few years of life could be included under this umbrella terminology. The clinical ophthalmological manifestations of these diseases may or may not be detected at birth, and include the triad of severe vision loss, sensory nystagmus and electroretinographic abnormalities. Their clinical manifestations are light sensitivity, night blindness, fundus pigmentary changes and other psychophysical and retinal anatomic abnormalities. Diseases that could be included in the EOCRDs are Leber congenital amaurosis, achromatopsia, congenital stationary night blindness, X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, Goldmann-Favre disease and other NR2E3-related disorders, and possibly some very early-onset forms of Stargardt disease and juvenile retinitis pigmentosa. In this paper, phenotypic clues to the diagnosis of the underlying molecular defect in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis are discussed and an overview of the clinical workup of the child with a retinal dystrophy is presented. An accurate diagnosis of individual EOCRD allows a better prediction of the clinical course and the planning of possible and emerging therapies.
Floodplain Ecosystems of the Southeast: Linkages Between Forests and People

Floodplain forests are critically linked to society’s welfare and will rise immensely in value as water related issues become increasingly important. Although progress has been made in promoting the importance of floodplain wetlands to the public and in successfully manipulating wetland systems toward particular goals, we are still quick to generalize and may neglect some of the complexities of these systems during our research, management, and restoration efforts. Within the Southeast, floodplain inundation varies from near constant to none, and forest net primary productivity (NPP) ranges from near the highest of the temperate zone to among the lowest. The complex entanglements of hydroperiod and all other floodplain forest processes and traits are daunting. Our greatest challenge may be to understand and base actions on societal influences and landscape evolution within watersheds and floodplains. It will become increasingly less relevant to study, manage, or try to restore portions of floodplains without due consideration of past, current, and future socioeconomic drivers and land use trends within basins and watersheds. The human footprint on these critical systems has been very distinct for the last 200–300 years; now, it is becoming enormous and must be fully taken into account if we are to be successful in maintaining significant amounts of floodplain forests in the Southeast.
Directional duality theory Directional duality theory

In this paper we introduce a complete duality theory based on directional distance functions. This duality theory parallels the duality theory based on radial distance functions in Fare and Primont (1995).
Optimized homomorphic unsharp masking for MR grayscale inhomogeneity correction

Grayscale inhomogeneities in magnetic resonance (MR) images confound quantitative analysis of these images. Homomorphic unsharp masking and its variations have been commonly used as a post-processing method to remove inhomogeneities in MR images, However, little data is available in the literature assessing the relative effectiveness of these algorithms to remove inhomogeneities, or describing how these algorithms can affect image data. In this study, the authors address these questions quantitatively using simulated images with artificially constructed and empirically measured bias fields. The authors' results show that mean-based filtering is consistently more effective than median-based algorithms for removing inhomogeneities in MR images, and that artifacts are frequently introduced into images at the most commonly used window sizes. The authors' results demonstrate dramatic improvement in the effectiveness of the algorithms with significantly larger windows than are commonly used.
Theorem-based, data-driven, cyber event detection

Nonlinear dynamics and graph theory may provide a theorem-based path to improve design security and aid detection of anomalous events in cyber applications. Using side-channel information such as power taken from underlying computer components and analyzing noisy data such as timing, we ask the question of whether such data can reveal anomalous activity or verify the changing dynamics of an underlying computer system. Takens' theorem in nonlinear dynamics allows reconstruction of topologically invariant, time-delay-embedding states from the computer dynamics in a sufficiently high-dimensional space. The resultant dynamical states are vertices, and the state-to-state transitions are edges in a graph. Graph theorems guarantee topologically invariant measures to quantify the dynamical changes, based on the applications that are executing. This paper highlights recent applications of the phase-space analysis technique in the non-cyber realm (forewarning of biomedical events and equipment failures), and proposes new applications that would bolster cyber event detection.
Inhibitory Effect of Galanin on Basal and Pentagastrin-Stimulated Gastric Acid Secretion in Rats

The dose-dependent effects of galanin on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were examined. Intravenous infusion of galanin at doses of 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 1.87, 3.11, and 6.22 nmol/kg-1/h-1 into pentagastrin-stimulated rats produced a diminution in gastric acid secretion which was maximal (54.7%) at the level of the 1.87 nmol/kg-1/h-1 dose. Furthermore, the effect was biphasic, since both lower and higher doses of peptide were less effective. At the optimum concentration of 1.87 nmol/kg-1/h-1 galanin also inhibited basal gastric acid secretion. We conclude that endogenous galanin might be involved in the physiologic regulation of gastric acid secretion.
Survival of maize (Zea mays) pollen exposed in the atmosphere

The ability of maize pollen to remain viable during exposure in the atmosphere can potentially have an overriding effect on outcrossing distances in maize. The survival of maize pollen was determined for various lengths of exposure to atmospheric conditions outdoors. Maize pollen was freshly collected from dehiscing anthers of maize plants and immediately exposed to direct sunlight and to the air. Pollen viability was assessed using in vitro germination tests. The length of exposure time required for pollen germination to be reduced by 50% ranged from 60 to 240 min, depending on environmental conditions. Pollen viability was found to be relatively insensitive to solar radiation and was affected most by loss of moisture, which depended on the energy input from the sun and on the vapor pressure deficit of the ambient air. Maize pollen germination was described well for a wide range of environmental conditions by the integral over time of the vapor pressure deficit of the air. These findings were combined with previously determined values for the water vapor conductance of pollen walls and with a relationship for pollen germination as a function of pollen relative water content to arrive at an equation for predicting the dynamics of pollen survival as a function of exposure to the environment. This model successfully predicted germination percentage over at least a two-decade range for maize pollen freshly collected from anthers.
Review of attrition and adherence in exercise studies following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract Purpose Implementing exercise programs in people receiving high-dose chemotherapy followed by bone marrow (BMT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) presents unique challenges. This review examines subject attrition rates and reasons for attrition as well as adherence to exercise interventions following BMT/SCT. Methods Studies published between January 1985 and December 2012 that prospectively tested an exercise intervention following BMT or SCT were included in the review. Evaluation criteria included: (1) exercise modality; (2) the amount of supervision required to implement the intervention; (3) timing of the intervention; (4) subject attrition rates and reasons for attrition; and (5) exercise adherence rates. Results Of the 20 studies reviewed, most tested an aerobic exercise intervention or a combination of aerobic and strength training. Supervised exercise sessions were more commonly used than unsupervised sessions. The overall attrition rate was 18% for the 998 subjects enrolled in the studies. Major reasons for attrition included death, change in health status, protocol issues, personal issues with subjects, and lost to follow-up/no reason provided. Authors of supervised exercise programs rarely published exercise adherence information. Unsupervised exercise programs relied mainly on self-report to document adherence. Conclusion Exercise research following BMT/SCT is becoming more sophisticated as researchers build upon the expanding literature base. Questions regarding subject attrition and adherence to exercise interventions must be addressed to identify interventions that are likely to be successful when translated into clinical practice. Subject attrition from exercise studies following BMT/SCT is relatively low. Adherence information for exercise interventions needs to be regularly addressed.
Accounting for change in national systems of innovation: A friendly critique based on the U.S. case

Abstract This paper advances a friendly critique of the national systems of innovation approach and offers some suggestions for its future development. I argue that the approach has difficulty accounting for bounded change in national systems. I review three recent changes in the U.S. innovation system – the Internet boom and bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s, the response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the acceleration of productivity growth since the mid-1990s – in order to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the framework in this respect. Future research might be enriched, at least in the case of large national innovation systems, by absorbing concepts developed in other strands of institutionalist literature, such as “intercurrence” and “embeddedness”.
Depth effect on lightness revisited: The role of articulation, proximity and fields of illumination

The coplanar ratio principle proposes that when the luminance range in an image is larger than the canonical reflectance range of 30:1, the lightness of a target surface depends on the luminance ratio between that target and its adjacent coplanar neighbor (Gilchrist, 1980). This conclusion is based on experiments in which changes in the perceived target depth produced large changes in its perceived lightness without significantly altering the observers' retinal image. Using the same paradigm, we explored how this depth effect on lightness depends on display complexity (articulation), proximity of the target to its highest coplanar luminance and spatial distribution of fields of illumination. Importantly, our experiments allowed us to test differing predictions made by the anchoring theory (Gilchrist et al., 1999), the coplanar ratio principle, as well as other models. We report three main findings, generally consistent with anchoring theory predictions: (1) Articulation can substantially increase the depth effect. (2) Target lightness depends not on the adjacent luminance but on the highest coplanar luminance, irrespective of its position relative to the target. (3) When a plane contains multiple fields of illumination, target lightness depends on the highest luminance in its field of illumination, not on the highest coplanar luminance.
Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of port-wine stain clearance after laser treatments.

Background and Objectives Outcomes analysis of laser treatment for port-wine stains (PWS) has been hampered by the lack of an objective measure of surface area and volume; moreover, treatment success is often gauged by clinician subjective assessment. Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging has been applied in several medical disciplines to quantify surface changes, with promising results. We hypothesized that 3D surface imaging could be used to objectively measure changes in area and volume of PWS following laser treatment. Study Design/Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients with PWS treated over a 20-month time period. Area and volume of the lesions were measured using 3dMD photogrammetric software (3dMD; Atlanta, GA) before and after a series of sequential pulsed dye laser and/or alexandrite laser treatments. Results Fifty-five patients with 59 PWS were included in the study. The initial average measured area was 45.6 cm2; final average measured area decreased to 34.6 cm2 (P < 0.001). The average volume change was 1.20 ml for all PWS included in the study and 1.90 ml for lesions that received at least five laser treatments within the study period. Conclusion Three-dimensional photography demonstrated area and volume changes in patients with PWS after laser treatments. Future studies to determine if statistically significant changes correlate with clinically appreciable changes are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:633–638, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacology of flavor preference conditioning in sham-feeding rats: effects of dopamine receptor antagonists.

YU, W.-Z., R. M. SILVA, A. SCLAFANI, A. R. DELAMATER AND R. J. BODNAR. Pharmacology of flavor preference conditioning in sham-feeding rats: Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 65(4) 635–647, 2000.—Opioid and dopamine systems are both implicated in the response to sweet solutions. Our laboratory previously reported that the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, reduced the intake of sweet solutions, yet had little or no effect on sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in sham-feeding rats. The present study examined the role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the expression of flavor preferences conditioned by the sweet taste of sucrose. All sessions were conducted under sham-feeding conditions to minimize postingestive influences. Training was accomplished by adding a novel flavor (CS+) to a 16% sucrose solution, a different flavor (CS−) to a less-preferred 0.2% saccharin solution in alternating, one-bottle sessions. Preferences were assessed in two-bottle tests with the CS+ and CS− flavors presented in mixed sucrose (8%)–saccharin (0.1%) solutions following systemic doses of 0, 50, 200, 400, or 800 nmol/kg of the D2 antagonist, raclopride (Experiment 1) or the D1 antagonist, SCH23390 (Experiment 2) under either food-restricted or unrestricted conditions. Rats significantly preferred the CS+ solutions in vehicle tests, and displayed equipotent and dose-dependent reductions in total intake and CS+ preference following either D1 or D2 receptor antagonism. Similar results were obtained with SCH23390 and raclopride in Experiment 3 conducted with water-restricted rats. These data indicate that dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors play pivotal and functionally equivalent roles in the expression of flavor preferences conditioned by the sweet taste of sucrose.
Brief paper: Quadraticity and neutrality in discrete time stochastic linear quadratic control

A general discrete-time stochastic linear model with a quadratic objective function is analyzed with regard to its neutrality and a rarely-discussed property called quadraticity. Such a problem having quadraticity is relatively easily solved, and most variations of the linear quadratic control problem for which exact solutions are known possess this property. A generally less tractable set of problems is that consisting of nonneutral models, those in which it is possible to learn about system unknowns through experimentation. It is shown that quadraticity and neutrality apparently neither imply nor preclude one another within the class of linear quadratic models.
Risk Management for Derivatives

This technical note addresses the basics of risk measure for options. It introduces the different risk measures for options: Delta, Gamma, Vega, Rho, and Theta. Although the note focuses primarily on price risk (Delta) and the Delta risk (Gamma), it does address volatility risk (Vega), interest-rate risk (Rho), and time decay (Theta). In addition to providing derivations and basic calculations, the note provides a full description of Delta hedging.