cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal Human Rights Education for the Post-2015 Development Agenda

Human rights education provides a unique approach to bringing the fields of law, education and international development together to work on the most important global human rights challenge of our time, the eradication of poverty. In the Charter of the United Nations (1945) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), nations around the world committed to promote education, human rights and social progress as means to eradicate poverty and achieve global peace. Since the turn of the Millennium, human rights scholars and practitioners have advocated specifically for the integration of human rights into the framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set the international development agenda for 2001–2015. While they were largely unsuccessful in securing a human rights-based approach to the MDGs, the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which establish the 2016–2030 agenda, are more promising. In this context, this chapter proposes comprehensive universal human rights education during the compulsory years of schooling as an integral part of the SDG framework because human rights education is required by international law, it is effective in building a culture of respect for human rights and it will build bridges between law, education and international development communities toward the common aims of eradicating poverty, realizing human rights and achieving global peace.
Comments of Law and Business Scholars Submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Regarding a Proposed Update to the Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property

The authors express concern that the proposed DOJ-FTC Update to their 1995 Antitrust Guidelines for the License of Intellectual Property fail to address the substantial body of agency guidance and law that has emerged in recent years regarding the licensing of standards-essential patents (SEPs) on terms that are “fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory” (FRAND).
Quantitative Assessment of Optimal Bone Marrow Site for the Isolation of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background. One of the most plentiful sources for MSCs is the bone marrow; however, it is unknown whether MSC yield differs among different bone marrow sites. In this study, we quantified cellular yield and evaluated resident MSC population from five bone marrow sites in the porcine model. In addition, we assessed the feasibility of a commercially available platelet concentrator (Magellan® MAR01™ Arteriocyte Medical Systems, Hopkinton, MA) as a bedside stem cell concentration device. Methods. Analyses of bone marrow aspirate (BMA) and concentrated bone marrow aspirate (cBMA) included bone marrow volume, platelet and nucleated cell yield, colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) number, flow cytometry, and assessment of differentiation potential. Results. Following processing, the concentration of platelets and nucleated cells significantly increased but was not significantly different between sites. The iliac crest had significantly less bone marrow volume; however, it yielded significantly more CFUs compared to the other bone marrow sites. Culture-expanded cells from all tested sites expressed high levels of MSC surface markers and demonstrated adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. Conclusions. All anatomical bone marrow sites contained MSCs, but the iliac crest was the most abundant source of MSCs. Additionally, the Magellan can function effectively as a bedside stem cell concentrator.
A randomized trial of individual versus group-format exercise and self-management in individuals with Parkinson’s disease and comorbid depression

BACKGROUND Depression is common in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), and exercise is known to improve depression and PD. However, lack of motivation and low self-efficacy can make exercise difficult for people with PD and comorbid depression (PD-Dep). A combined group exercise and chronic disease self-management (CDSM) program may improve the likeli-hood that individuals will engage in exercise and will show a reduction in depression symptoms. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in depression in PD-Dep between individual versus group exercise plus CDSM and to examine participant adherence and perception of the interventions. METHODS Participants (N=30) were randomized to either Enhanced EXerCisE thErapy for PD (EXCEED; group CDSM and exercise) or self-guided CDSM plus exercise. Outcomes were change in depression assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), cognition, apathy, anxiety, sleep, quality of life, motor function, self-efficacy, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS Both groups showed significant improvement in MADRS (P<0.001) with no significant group difference. Individuals in EXCEED group enjoyed the group dynamics but noted difficulty with the fixed-time sessions. CONCLUSION Both group CDSM plus exercise and self-guided CDSM plus exercise can improve depression in PD-Dep. These findings suggest that development of a remotely delivered group-based CDSM format plus manualized exercise program could be useful for this population.
Stories vs Statistics: The Impact of Anecdotal Data on Managerial Decision Making

Abstract Prior research suggests that decision-makers can be biased by anecdotal data, even in the presence of more informative statistical data. A bias for anecdotal data can have significant implications for managers since judgments are often made when both statistical and anecdotal data are present. However, since much of the prior research has been conducted primarily on non-professionals engaged in unfamiliar tasks, it is unclear whether anecdotal biases will occur in managerial decision-making, where training and professional duties may reduce the effects of such a bias. Smith and Kida (1991) note, for example, that judgment biases are often mitigated or modified when trained professionals perform job-related tasks. In this study, managers and others with significant business experience were asked to make a capital budgeting decision in the presence of both statistical and anecdotal data. The results indicate that decision-makers ignored, or underweighted, statistical data in favor of anecdotal data, leading to suboptimal decisions. However, a scientific judgment orientation decision-aid did help to mitigate the effects of that bias. The implications of these results for decision-making in managerial accounting are discussed.
Rolling and pitching oscillating foil propulsion in ground effect

In this paper, we investigate the effect of operating near a solid boundary on the forces produced by harmonically oscillating thrust-generating foils. A rolling and pitching foil was towed in a freshwater tank in a series of experiments with varying kinematics. Hydrodynamic forces and torques were measured in the freestream and at varying distances from a solid boundary, and changes in mean lift and thrust were found when the foil approached the boundary. The magnitude of this ground effect exhibited a strong nonlinear dependence on the distance between the foil and the boundary. Significant effects were found within three chord lengths of the boundary, and ground effect can be induced at greater distances from the boundary by biasing the tip of the foil toward the boundary. Lift coefficients changed by as much as [Formula: see text] at the closest approach to the ground, with changes [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] for all cases across Strouhal numbers ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], and nominal maximum angle of attack ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. The ubiquity of the ground effect in high thrust kinematics suggests that the ground effect can provide a passive obstacle avoidance capability for foil propelled vehicles. By comparison with previous experimental work, we find that the ground effect experienced by a high-aspect ratio rolling and pitching foil is a fully three-dimensional phenomenon, as it is not accurately predicted when two-dimensional flow and/or two-dimensional kinematics are enforced. While two-dimensional foil kinematics are more easily modeled for numerical studies, three-dimensional foil kinematics may be more practical for real world implementation in underwater vehicles.
Housing Market Spillovers in a System of Cities

It is well-documented that housing leads the business cycle at the national level. Dating back as far as the great depression, nearly every recession or boom has been preceded by a respective drop or rise in residential investment (Green, 1997; Leamer, 2007). However, neither the business cycle nor the housing cycle is truly national in their nature. Historically, the severity and timing of both vary greatly across cities. This has been acknowledged in the literature (Ghent and Owyang, 2010), but the possibility that different cities housing markets and economies could be interacting and spilling over amongst one another has not yet been considered. I use a Global Vector Autoregression to model building permits and employment at the metro level for 78 cities in the U.S from 1990-2015, then link these models together in a system of cities. The model reveals several results of interest. First, the status of residential investment as a leading indicator for the business cycle is questionable at the metro level, and is found to be true in only 47 of 78 cities. Second, shocks to housing in cities do spill over into other cities. In fact, in many cases the responses to shocks are larger in other cities than in those where the shocks originated. Thus, the national relationship between housing and the economy appears to be created by a collection of cities housing markets spilling over into other cities. Third, the largest spillovers are often not found in adjacent cities to those where the shock occurred. This indicates that factors other than physical distance, particularly trade, are the channels shocks are transmitted through. Overall, the results suggest a role for place-based policy, where stabilizing new housing development in particular cities could result in some stabilization of the national business cycle.
The paradox of water and the Flint crisis.

Image courtesy of FlintWaterStudy.orgPeople in the United States have grown up believing two assumptions about tap water, assumptions that appear so basic they hardly need to be stated: (1) that th...
An iterative correction approach used to retrieve the refractive index of squid pigment aerosols

Pigments localized within cephalopod chromatophores are important for dermal coloration. When isolated and used as materials outside of the animal, the pigments can be processed as aerosols, illustrating a potential application for spray-on-coatings. The optical features of the pigment aerosols are difficult to analyze and require a method to correct for the particle charging and solvent effects accumulated during the aerosolizing process. We describe a method to account for these effects using an innovative iterative approach tied to retrieved refractive index (RI) values. RI retrievals were obtained via the best fit between the corrected, experimentally observed extinction efficiencies compared to those calculated by Mie theory for a specific RI at selected sizes. In addition to these retrievals, the impact of solvent on the particles' optical properties was also examined via the Maxwell–Garnett mixing rule. Ultimately, we obtained a pigment RI with a real portion (n) of 1.66 (±0.05) representing a lower limit and an imaginary portion (k) of 0.13 (±0.08)i representing an upper limit for the generated aerosols. Combined, this approach advances techniques used to retrieve RI values that benefits both atmospheric chemistry and bio-inspired materials.
Development and evaluation of an elective course that incorporates a standard medication therapy management certificate program

Abstract Background and purpose To describe the development and evaluation of a medication therapy management (MTM) elective that incorporates a nationally recognized certificate training program (CTP) by assessing changes in perceived abilities and values among student pharmacists, knowledge of course material, and performance conducting MTM services. Student satisfaction with course content and delivery model was also evaluated. Educational activity and setting University faculty developed a didactic elective course to provide third-professional year student pharmacists with the opportunity to meet the learning objectives of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) “Delivering Medication Therapy Management Services” CTP. Additional learning activities developed by course faculty included supplemental didactic content, reinforcement exercises, simulated patient interactions, self-reflections, and detailed faculty assessment and feedback. Pre- and post-course surveys collected information about student perceptions and values. Course grades for quizzes, midterm, follow-up, and final comprehensive medication review (CMR) assessments were retrospectively analyzed to assess student performance. Student satisfaction with course content and delivery methods was assessed via a survey. Findings and discussion Student-reported perceived abilities improved across all survey items and there was high baseline agreement with MTM value statements. Quiz results suggested student achievement of course objectives. Student performance improved in most grading domains from the midterm to final assessment. A majority of students were satisfied with the course content and delivery methods. Summary Evaluation of student perceived abilities and values, performance, and satisfaction support the successful incorporation of the MTM CTP along with faculty-developed supplemental content and activities into a longitudinal elective course in the pharmacy curriculum.
Jean Tirole's Enduring Influence on Energy Policy Analysis

Jean Tirole, the recipient of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Economics, has made lasting contributions to many fields of economic analysis and policy. The present paper highlights the most important components of his contributions and their impact on developing new frontiers in energy policy analysis. We review the implications of his research in areas such as utilities regulation, environmental regulation and climate change, entry to upstream markets and energy markets, as well as the process of financing new energy projects. The paper ends by commenting on the impact of his recognition by the Nobel Prize Committee and how the future will not be the same.
Modules of Differentials

In this chapter we shall study objects that play roles in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry analogous to those of the tangent and cotangent bundles in the geometry of manifolds.
Learning lexical features of programming languages from imagery using convolutional neural networks

We demonstrate the ability of deep architectures, specifically convolutional neural networks, to learn and differentiate the lexical features of different programming languages presented in coding video tutorials found on the Internet. We analyze over 17,000 video frames containing examples of Java, Python, and other textual and non-textual objects. Our results indicate that not only can computer vision models based on deep architectures be taught to differentiate among programming languages with over 98% accuracy, but can learn language-specific lexical features in the process. This provides a powerful mechanism for carrying out program comprehension research on repositories where source code is represented with imagery rather than text, while simultaneously avoiding the computational overhead of optical character recognition.
Information Structure and Reference Systems: Toward a Non-Aprioristic Typology: Reading Fernandez-Vest and

The present article proposes a non-aprioristic approach to analyzing the domains of information structure and reference systems. The article is inspired by the papers in Information structuring of spoken language from a cross-linguistic perspective (Fernandez-Vest and Van Valin (eds.), 2016), and from my own research on languages for which only spoken data exist. As an outcome of this study it may turn out that ‘information structure’ and ‘reference system’ each constitute a distinct functional domain in some languages. The study addresses some of the most interesting findings in languages discussed in the volume, supplemented by my own findings on a variety of languages.
Evolution of cooperation on large networks with community structure.

Cooperation is a major factor in the evolution of human societies. The structure of social networks, which affects the dynamics of cooperation and other interpersonal phenomena, have common structu...
Does Chemical Engineering Research Have a Reproducibility Problem

Concerns have been raised in multiple scientific fields in recent years about the reproducibility of published results. Systematic efforts to examine this issue have been undertaken in biomedicine and psychology, but less is known about this important issue in the materials-oriented research that underpins much of modern chemical engineering. Here, we relate a dramatic historical episode from our own institution to illustrate the implications of performing reproducible research and describe two case studies based on literature analysis to provide concrete information on the reproducibility of modern materials-oriented research. The two case studies deal with the properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of materials that have generated tens of thousands of papers. We do not claim that research on MOFs is less (or more) reproducible than other subfields; rather, we argue that the characteristics of this subfield are common to many areas of materials-oriented research. We conclude with specific recommendations for action by individual researchers, journal editors, publishers, and research communities.
On an Interpolation Problem for Generalized Schur Functions

The nondegenerate Nevanlinna-Pick-Caratheodory-Fejer interpolation problem with finitely many interpolation conditions always has infinitely many solutions in a generalized Schur class \( \mathcal{S}_\kappa \) for every κ≥κ min where the integer κ min equals the number of negative eigenvalues of the Pick matrix associated to the problem and completely determined by interpolation data. A linear fractional description of all \( \mathcal{S}_{\kappa _{min} } \) solutions of the (nondegenerate) problem is well known. In this paper, we present a similar result for an arbitrary κ≥κ min.
Vectorized Capsid Generation in the Browser with Capsid.js

Motivation: Few online services exist for rendering high-quality viral capsid figures compatible with common productivity software to develop effective infographics in the field of virology. Results: The capsid.js library renders class I viral capsids within an online application that parameterizes style options, perspectives, and lattice patterns with SVG export. Availability: This project is actively developed on GitHub (https://github.com/dnanto/capsid), distributed under the MIT License, hosted on GitHub Pages, and runs on modern browsers (https://dnanto.github.io/capsid/capsid.html). Supplementary Info: Supplementary data are available on GitHub.
Information and Misinformation

In our present Information Age, humans are now generating and characterizing orders of magnitude more information than in any other era of history. The quality of our decisions is based on the amount and quality of relevant information that we possess when making them. This chapter expounds upon this simple point in various settings. Specifically, we explore the efforts of Netflix and other services to predict individual movie viewing experiences given historical information about that user and like users. We also explore the use of season performance information to select and seed teams for the NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament, as well as the selective use of information by companies who seek to steer consumer decisions. It is often the case that our economic outcomes depend upon our ability to sort out and interpret complex information.
Exercise 17: Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)

Antigens in cells or in tissue sections can be identified by incubating cell smear preparations on glass slides or fixed tissue section with specific antibodies. The site of antibody interaction can be visualized directly using primary antibody conjugated with a fluorochrome i.e. fluorescent dye or indirectly by using a species specific antibody conjugated to the fluorochrome. The stained sample is washed, mounted under a coverslip with mounting fluid and sealed with clear nail polish. An anti-fluorescent quenching agent may be included in the mounting fluid to prevent fluorescent bleaching when the sample is visualized by ultraviolet microscopy. Antibodies used can be derived from a variety of species. As with Western blotting and ELISA assays, the appropriate species specific secondary antibody is required for detection in indirect assays. Protein A-conjugated to fluorochromes can also be used, and binds specifically to the Fe region ofl gG. In some cases biotin-conjugated secondary antibodies are used to bind the primary antibody-antigen complex, followed by detection with streptavidin conjugated to a fluorochrome (triple sandwich indirect method). Streptavidin binds to biotin with very high affinity. The IFA is a rapid, sensitive and practical assay that can be used to confirm the location and specificity of an antigen. The titer of specific antibodies can also be obtained using IFA. Since an ultraviolet (UV) microscope is required for visualization of stained samples, it is not a very cheap procedure. However, in most settings such as a clinical laboratory, or research laboratory UV microscopes and the more sophisticated confocal microscope, is usually available. A modified IFA is also used in the detection of antigen by cell sorting techniques using a fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACs) or by flow cytometry. The cell sorting techniques allow for the separation of fluorescent cell subpopulation, based on the intensity of stain and also by size (FACS). Two or three different antibody stained cell subpopulations can be analyzed simultaneously. Each cell population is separated and grouped based on the fluorescence emitted. The groups are displayed on an oscilloscope.
Health Care Professionals' Perspectives on Universal Screening of Social Determinants of Health: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Social determinants of health (SDH) contribute to nearly 50% of health outcomes; however, SDH data collection is inconsistent in clinical practice. This study used mixed methods to evaluate health ...
A 6.5 GHz wideband CMOS low noise amplifier for multi-band use

LNA based on a noise-cancelled common gate topology spans 0.1 to 6.5 GHz with a gain of 19 dB, a NF of 3 dB, and s11 < -10 dB. It is realized in 0.13-mum CMOS and dissipates 12 mW
Electrocardiographic algorithms to localize the origins of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias.

The ﬁrst step forapproaching the catheter ablation of VAs is todetermine the likely site of the VA origin byevaluating the surface electrocardiograms (ECGs).This process will guide one to the designfor an ablation strategy and can improve thesuccess rate and safety of the procedure. ECGalgorithms are very helpful for localizing thesites of VA origins, especially of idiopathicVAs, for several reasons. First, ECG algorithmsare more accurate for idiopathic VAs than forscar-related VAs because during idiopathic VAsthe sequence of ventricular activation usuallypropagates away from the site of initiationthrough the healthy ventricular myocardium ina predictable manner. Second, the mechanismsunderlying idiopathic VAs are simple, with mostbased on focal mechanisms (triggered activity,abnormal automaticity, and micro-reentry) andless commonly macro-reentrant mechanisms (leftfascicular ventricular tachycardias).
Electronic and magnetic properties of layered colossal magnetoresistive oxides: La1+2xSr2-2xMn2O7

The electronic and magnetic properties of double-layered Roddlesdon-Popper compounds, La{sub 1+2x}Sr{sub 2-2x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} with different doping x from 0.0 to 0.2 have been calculated using the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method. The total energies, band structures, densities of states, and Fermi surfaces were investigated by means of the virtual crystal approximation. The band structure of La{sub 1+2x}Sr{sub 2-2x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} is found to be that of a half-metallic ferromagnet, in agreement with experiment. The density of states shows that La and Sr act solely as electron donors and have almost no states at or below the Fermi level, and therefore a rigid band approximation can be considered as a good approximation to describe the effects of doping. The calculated Mn magnetic moments increase from 3.09{mu}{sub B} to 3.24{mu}{sub B} when the doping increases from 0.0 to 0.2, which is in qualitative agreement with experiment. The calculated Fermi surface shows pronounced nesting features along the {Gamma}-X directions in the undoped case, which implies a possible charge- or spin-density wave instability in this material.
Single-Facility scheduling over long time horizons by logic-based benders decomposition

Logic-based Benders decomposition can combine mixed integer programming and constraint programming to solve planning and scheduling problems much faster than either method alone. We find that a similar technique can be beneficial for solving pure scheduling problems as the problem size scales up. We solve single-facility non-preemptive scheduling problems with time windows and long time horizons that are divided into segments separated by shutdown times (such as weekends). The objective is to find feasible solutions, minimize makespan, or minimize total tardiness.
6.5 GHz analog optical signal processor based on coherent integration of complementary sequences

We demonstrate broadband TTD spectral gratings using complementary sequences at 6.5 G bit/s. Comparative analysis of integration dynamics between single and pairwise complementary coding reveals 18 dB increase in dynamic range due to complementary sidelobe cancellation.
Effects of postharvest onion curing parameters on bulb rot caused by Pantoea agglomerans, Pantoea ananatis and Pantoea allii in storage

Crop loss of onion bulbs during storage carries an exceptionally high economic impact because a large portion of the production expenses has been expended before storage. Because of this, it is important to define practices that can reduce onion bulb losses caused by storage rots. This study investigates the impact of various curing parameters on disease development resulting from infection by Pantoea agglomerans, P. ananatis and P. allii on onion bulb cultivars Vaquero and Redwing, during storage. Overall, both the incidence and mean rot severity were similar amongst the bulbs under comparable conditions regardless of the species of Pantoea inoculated, although a significant difference was detected between the two onion bulb cultivars. In addition, a significant reduction of storage rot was observed when curing temperatures were ≤35°C. At temperatures >35°C, a shorter curing duration (2 days vs 14 days) decreased the severity of bulb rot due to Pantoea. This increased understanding of the inter-relationships between the parameters used for curing, and the incidence and severity of bulb rot caused by Pantoea helps provide guidance towards using the curing process as a means to reduce the level of damage resulting from post-harvest storage rot.
The Case for Flexible Retirement Planning

This paper examines the importance of the volatility of investment returns and the uncertainty of remaining lifespan in retirement planning. These factors cause the unnecessary sacrifice of higher withdrawals to reduce the probability of exhausting the retirement portfolio before death (portfolio ruin) if withdrawal rates are constant. Flexible retirement planning, characterized by withdrawal rate adjustments in response to unexpected portfolio performance or changes in expected remaining life, reduces the withdrawal rate sacrifice of probability-of-ruin protection. As Baby Boomers recognize the “preparation gap” consequence from low saving rates and longer expected life spans, flexible retirement planning will prove productive in improving the retirement lifestyle without unduly increasing the probability of ruin.
Method for differentiating left superior pulmonary vein exit conduction from pseudo-exit conduction.

Background Electrical isolation of pulmonary vein (PV) conduction from the left atrium (LA) is the cornerstone of successful atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Exit block is confirmed by the absence of LA capture during pacing from a circular mapping catheter positioned in the PV; however, far-field capture of the left atrial appendage (LAA) (pseudo-pulmonary vein exit conduction) can occur. In this study, we evaluated a methodology for identifying pseudo-exit conduction. Methods and Results A total of 135 consecutive AF patients undergoing PV isolation were studied. After circumferential ablation established PV entrance block, circumferential pacing (10 mA at 2.0 msec) was performed to assess exit block. In 16 (11.9%) patients, pacing the anterior poles of the left superior PV (LSPV) captured the LA. To differentiate true PV exit conduction from pseudo-exit conduction, the ablation catheter was positioned within the LAA during PV pacing. LAA activation preceding PV capture was consistent with far-field capture and this was confirmed by demonstrating local capture and exit block with decreasing pacing output. Using this approach, 14 patients (10.4%) were identified with pseudo-exit conduction. Conclusions Due to the close proximity between the LSPV and LAA, pseudo-exit conduction is not uncommon and may lead to the erroneous conclusion that the LSPV is not isolated. Using this method to differentiate pseudo-exit conduction from true exit conduction should prevent unnecessary ablation after achievement of complete PV isolation.
A review of the general pharmacology of ketamine and its clinical use for injectable anaesthesia in horses

Summary Ketamine is the most commonly used injectable anaesthetic in horses. Combinations of ketamine have been used to produce short durations of anaesthesia or as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for longer diagnostic or surgical procedures. In recent years, ketamine has been used for pain management due to its effectiveness in producing analgesia at subanaesthetic doses. This paper provides a review of the pharmacological effects of ketamine in general and its clinical use for injectable anaesthesia and pain management in horses.
On the Modification and Characterization of Chemical Surface Properties of Activated Carbon: Microcalorimetric, Electrochemical, and Thermal Desorption Probes

Further insight into important aspects of the chemical surface properties of activated carbons is provided by rationalizing the differences in O2 adsorption and desorption behavior of hydrogen- and...
WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis.

Correlation networks are increasingly being used in bioinformatics applications. For example, weighted gene co-expression network analysis is a systems biology method for describing the correlation patterns among genes across microarray samples. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) can be used for finding clusters (modules) of highly correlated genes, for summarizing such clusters using the module eigengene or an intramodular hub gene, for relating modules to one another and to external sample traits (using eigengene network methodology), and for calculating module membership measures. Correlation networks facilitate network based gene screening methods that can be used to identify candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets. These methods have been successfully applied in various biological contexts, e.g. cancer, mouse genetics, yeast genetics, and analysis of brain imaging data. While parts of the correlation network methodology have been described in separate publications, there is a need to provide a user-friendly, comprehensive, and consistent software implementation and an accompanying tutorial. The WGCNA R software package is a comprehensive collection of R functions for performing various aspects of weighted correlation network analysis. The package includes functions for network construction, module detection, gene selection, calculations of topological properties, data simulation, visualization, and interfacing with external software. Along with the R package we also present R software tutorials. While the methods development was motivated by gene expression data, the underlying data mining approach can be applied to a variety of different settings. The WGCNA package provides R functions for weighted correlation network analysis, e.g. co-expression network analysis of gene expression data. The R package along with its source code and additional material are freely available at http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/labs/horvath/CoexpressionNetwork/Rpackages/WGCNA .
Autoimmune ovarian disease: mechanism of disease induction and prevention.

Abstract Investigation of the versatile models for autoimmunity of the ovary and other selected organs has contributed to our understanding of the following aspects of autoimmunity: the mechanism of T cell molecular mimicry; T→B epitope spreading, as a basis for autoantibody diversification, and as a link between organ-specific and systemic autoimmunity; the localization of genetic loci potentially influencing multiple autoimmune diseases; and the elucidation of regulatory T cells as a component of physiological self tolerance.
Single neuron recording from motor cortex as a possible source of signals for control of external devices.

For the severely handicapped patient, such as a quadriplegic, a large number of independent signals would be desirable to control neuromuscular stimulators that could impart movement to the paralyzed limbs. We have investigated the possibility of making long-term connections to the central nervous system with microelectrodes. Monkeys have been implanted with arrays of intracortical electrodes for periods of up to 37 months, indicating that long-term connections to the nervous system are possible. A second question investigated was whether the implanted monkeys could learn to modify the firing patterns of recorded neurons to control a device outside of their bodies. Through the use of an 8 target tracking task a monkey was able to produce an information transfer rate of 2.45 bits/sec when cortical cell signals were the monkey's output. The same task was performed having the monkey move a handle by wrist flexion and extension (i.e., using the intact motor system as the output). The information transfer rate increased to 4.48 bits/sec, or less than a twofold improvement. Thus, the direct output of cortical cells can provide information transfer only moderately less precise than the intact motor system. Our preliminary studies have been encouraging on obtaining connections to the nervous system to control external devices. However, numerous improvements are required in electrode design, fabrication, implantation, and signal processing techniques before this method of obtaining control signals would be feasible for human applications.
Continuation-based transformation for coordination languages

Abstract Coordination languages for parallel and distributed systems specify mechanisms for creating tasks and communicating data among them. These languages typically assume that (a) once a task begins execution on some processor, it will remain resident on that processor throughout its lifetime, and (b) communicating shared data among tasks is through some form of message-passing and data migration. In this paper, we investigate an alternative approach to understanding coordination. Communication-passing style (CmPS) refers to a coordination semantics in which data communication is always undertaken by migrating the continuation of the task requiring the data to the processor where the data resides. Communication-passing style is closely related to continuation-passing style (CPS), a useful transformation for compiling functional languages. Just as CPS eliminates implicit call-return sequences, CmPS eliminates implicit inter-processor data communication and synchronization requests. In a CmPS-transformed program, only continuations (i.e., control contexts) are transmitted across machines; all synchronization and data communication occurs locally. Besides providing significant optimization opportunities, CmPS is a natural representation for implementations on networks of workstations. This paper presents several operational semantics for a coordination language that supports first-class (shared) distributed data repositories. The computation sub-language considered is an untyped call-by-value functional language similar to pure scheme. The first semantics describes a conventional synchronous message-passing implementation; the second is a formulation of a CmPS implementation; and, the third refines this implementation to support computation migration, a technique to lazily migrate control state. Using computation migration, an implementation “distributes” a continuation among multiple machines reducing bandwidth requirements needed to support thread mobility. We prove the equivalence of all three systems and describe optimizations and implementation issues that arise from using a CmPS-driven coordination language.
Skinput: appropriating the skin as an interactive canvas

Skinput is a technology that appropriates the skin as an input surface by analyzing mechanical vibrations that propagate through the body. Specifically, we resolve the location of finger taps on the arm and hand using a novel sensor array, worn as an armband. This approach provides an on-body finger input system that is always available, naturally portable, and minimally invasive. When coupled with a pico-projector, a fully interactive graphical interface can be rendered directly on the body. To view video of Skinput, visit http://cacm.acm.org.
Development of Fuel Droplet Vaporization Rate Measurement Techniques for Realistic Burning Spray Applications

Technology to support design for the next generation of aircraft fuel injectors is being developed by NASA’s Fundamental Aeronautics Program to reduce emissions, increase efficiency, and enable fuel flexible aircraft. The design of these fuel injectors can be aided by measuring the vaporization rates of jet fuel droplets in realistic, burning sprays. Currently, in this environment, no instantaneous vaporization rate measurement techniques have been applied. After surveying techniques for potential development for this application, two techniques were identified: stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and droplet lasing spectroscopy (DLS). Plans were developed for the modification of these techniques for this specific application. Developments of the SRS technique were tested including measurement of a water droplet diameter change rate. SRS spectra were also collected from jet fuel droplets.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
MODELING THE RESPONSE OF PYROPHYLLITE INTERLAYER TO APPLIED STRESS USING STEERED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS

Pyrophyllite is the precursor to other smectite-group minerals which exhibit swelling. The mineral structure of pyrophyllite can lead to other minerals in the smectite group, including montmorillonite, through appropriate isomorphous substitutions. In this work, an atomic model of the pyrophyllite interlayer was constructed. The response of the interlayer was evaluated using steered molecular dynamics simulations. In steered molecular dynamics, external forces were applied to individual atoms to study the response of the model to applied forces. In this work, forces are applied to the surface clay atoms to evaluate the displacement vs. applied stress in the interlayer between clay layers. This paper describes the construction of the model, the simulation procedure, and the results of the simulations which show that under the applied loading, deformation occurs mainly in the interlayer. The clay layers show relatively little deformation. The results show that the relationship between applied stress and displacement of the interlayer is linear. The stress-deformation relationship for the interlayer is presented.
Characteristics of nuclepore filters with large pore size—I. Physical properties

Abstract Measurements of pore diameter, pore density and filter thickness have been made on Nuclepore filters of 5, 8 and 12 μm pore size. The areal distribution of the pores is random, as verified by total hole counts and by counts of overlapping holes. Filter thicknesses decrease with increasing pore diameter. The Hagen-Poiseuille formula accounts for less than half of the measured pressure drop across 12 μm pore size filters. A new calculation, including a term for the pressure drop external to the filter, accounts quantitatively for the observations. There are sufficient variations among filter batches to require knowledge of the filter parameters for each batch to ensure accurate measurements using these filters.
Figure-background color differences and transfer of discrimination from objects to line drawings with pigeons

The effect of varying the color of the background behind two solid object discriminanda on transfer to line drawings was tested with pigeons. In Experiment 1, objects were placed in front of either a white or gray background for initial discrimination training, then, in transfer tests in extinction, the display background colors were either the same or switched, or the display was a line drawing of the objects. The switch from gray to white disrupted performance about as much as the switch to the line drawing. The switch from white to gray did not disrupt performance as much, but, again, no transfer to the line drawing was seen. In Experiment 2, the background color behind the objects was changed every day, the intention being to make background color irrelevant. No transfer to line drawings following this training was seen.
Managing pain after shingles: a nursing perspective

Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the neuropathic pain syndrome that may develop following an attack of shingles. While for many the symptoms subside, there can be long-term pain problems for up to 40% of those affected with PHN, and for 3% of these, symptoms can be severe (Dworkin and Portenoy, 1996). Knowledge and understanding of the symptoms and various treatments and approaches available is important to enable nurses and patients to work together in partnership to achieve the best outcomes. Realizing that more than one approach may be needed can allow for treatments which are complementary and for optimization of both biomedical and self-care approaches.
Some charge exchange reactions involving H2O

Abstract Charge exchange cross sections for the reaction of O + , N + , and N + 2 with H 2 O have been measured over the energy range 0.2–10 eV in the center-of-mass system. The implications of these measurements for recent space experiments are discussed briefly.
Electrorheological behavior of side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxanes in nematic solvents

The electrorheological properties of well-characterized side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxanes with different backbone and spacer lengths were studied in two nematic solvents: 4‘-(pentyloxy)-...
Modulated Piezoreflectance in Bismuth

Piezoreflectance has been measured in single crystals of bismuth with light polarized in the basal plane of the crystal for photon energies in the range 0.6 to 4.5 eV. The stress modulation of the optical reflectance was achieved by cementing a nearly circular disk of bismuth onto a lead-zirconate-titanate disk set into radial oscillations at 22 kcps. Using the Kramers-Kronig analysis, the induced changes in the imaginary part of the basal component of the dielectric tensor ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{i}j}$ have been computed from the piezoreflectance data. The energy dependence of the piezoreflectance ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R)}}_{11}$, as well as the computed changes in the dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{11}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$, show an enhancement of the structure observed earlier by Cardona and Greenaway in the reflectivity spectrum. An assignment of the optical structure to direct interband transitions has been possible with the help of a comparison of the data with Golin's band-structure calculations.
Trade, investment, and labor: The case of Indonesia

Abstract Rapid industrialization and urbanization spurred on by a surge in foreign investment is often considered typical of newly industrializing countries (NICs). But in Indonesia, the combination of late development and an authoritarian state has created a particularly potent mix, one that has raised more questions than usual about the effects of growth, trade, and investment on labor conditions and local standards of living. The basic motives of foreign direct investment (FDI) are said to create a pattern that is inherently ripe for exploitation, since the capital, technology and market access all rest with the foreign investor. The author uses the Indonesian case to explore factors that might reduce exploitation. While conceding that foreign investment is likely to affect labor conditions in the host economy, especially in times of rapid growth, she cautions against presuming that the consequences will be mainly negative with respect to the living standards and basic human rights of the local population.
Adult-onset nemaline myopathy: Another cause of dropped head.

A 59-year-old man with severe neck extensor weakness had findings diagnostic of nemaline myopathy on muscle biopsy. Review of the literature shows that dropped head occurs in nearly half of the patients with adult-onset nemaline myopathy. Other leading causes of dropped head syndrome are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and isolated neck extensor myopathy.
The sampling grid scintillator: A new absolutely calibrated intensity monitor for intense high energy charged particle beams

Abstract We have developed and tested a novel detector to accurately measure the absolute flux of charged particles in an intense high energy charged particle beam. The detector consists of a square grid of small scintillation fibers, embedded in a transparent acrylic matrix, coupled to two photomultiplier tubes. When charged particles traverse the detector, a well defined fraction of them produce counts. The regular spatial sampling grid makes the corresponding sampling error extremely small. We have demonstrated that this detector can measure the absolute intensity of a beam 35 times too intense for an equivalent solid scintillator, and can readily yield 1% accuracy with only routine effort.
Intravascular Radiocontrast Iodixanol Increases Permeability of Proximal Tubule Epithelium A Possible Mechanism of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Purpose:To investigate the effect of Iodixanol on kidney proximal tubular cell line human kidney 2 (HK-2).Methods:The HK-2 cells were treated with Iodixanol. A Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to evaluate apoptosis. Cell viability was measured by proliferation assay kit. Cell permeability changes were assessed by transwell assay and intercellular gaps measurement. Expression of claudin-2 was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot.Results:Iodixanol reduced tubule cell viability (P < .01) but did not cause apoptosis. The intercellular gap formation (P < .01) and transwell (P < .05) assays revealed that cell permeability significantly increased after Iodixanol treatment of monolayer cells. Western blot and qRT-PCR showed significant upregulation of claudin-2 protein (P < .05) and messenger RNA expression (P < .01).Conclusions:Our in vitro data do not support the hypothesis that direct kidney cell d...