cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serious Toxicities Associated With Chemotherapy

C ANCER CHEMOTHERAPY is ideally directed to the selective destruction of neoplastic cells. Unfortunately, the selectivity factor is imperfect and with currently available drugs, damage to normal tissues does occur. All chemotherapeutic agents cause significant toxicity whether or not they have any concurrent benefit, and medical oncologists and their patients recognize this unfortunate fact. An evaluation of the worth of any chemotherapeutic regimen must be analyzed as cost versus benefit, in which the benefit is tumor regression and the cost is host toxicity. Currently, more than thirty drugs that are effective in treating at least one kind of human malignancy are available to the clinical oncologist. All of these drugs have some degree of toxic potential for normal cells; just as there is a unique spectrum of tumors responsive to each drug, so each drug has its unique range of toxic potential. Since cancer chemotherapy is predicated on the cell-kill hypothesis and the concept of the first order kinetics of tumor cell kill, these drugs are usually given at the highest dosages patients can possibly tolerate. It is assumed that the higher the dose, the higher the fraction of tumor cells that will be destroyed and the closer the patient will be to having the tumor completely eradicated. Even when properly administered, all cancer drugs must by definition cause some degree of toxicity. The experienced oncologist learns to titrate his drug doses to achieve both maximal tumor cell kill and tolerable toxicity. Because of the increase in both the number of chemotherapeutic drugs and of patients being treated, the literature dealing with clinical drug toxicity has grown. Many possible ways of classifying and describing the panoply of toxicities have emerged. We have found it convenient and useful to classify these toxicities by two criteria: (1) predictability, and (2) frequency of occurrence. Some toxicities occur commonly and frequently and will consistently increase in specific situations; e.g., in combination with certain drugs or in patients having determinate preexisting conditions. Other toxicities occur uncommonly and unexpect-
OSHA STANDARDS: HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH NEEDS FOR FALL HAZARD WARNING SYSTEMS.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is turning to human factors research to provide support in the development and evaluation of performance and design standards. A review of current standards for the design of fall warning systems reveals several areas where human factors research can substantially contribute to the development of safety standards. The review provides a conceptual framework for future research efforts and describes research needs in the development and validation of visual, auditory and tactile warning systems. Language: en
Herding Behavior: Explanations and Implications

This paper empirically tests theoretical explanations for herding behavior in an earnings forecast context. An experimental setting was utilized to capture the complex dynamics forecasters generally experience and isolate the herding behavior phenomenon. This approach is uniquely suited to study herding behavior as it allows the amount and type of information to be controlled, making it possible to distinguish between herding behavior and alternative explanations for a correlation among observed forecasts. Three variables, reputation concern, consensus forecast credibility, and forecast ability affected herding behavior. Subjects with greater concerns about their reputations and consensus forecast credibility exhibited higher levels of herding behavior. Forecast ability was inversely related to the level of herding behavior. In addition to the insights this study offers into earnings forecast behaviors, implications are derived for aggregate market behavior, such as, the forecast bias observed in archival studies.
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons/orthopaedic Trauma Associations/pediatric Orthopaedic Association Disaster Response and Preparedness Course

A disaster is a catastrophic event that disrupts normal infrastructure to such a degree that normal response mechanisms and capabilities cannot manage what is required to respond appropriately to the event. Launched after the largest urban disaster in modern history--the 2010 Haiti Earthquake--the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons/Orthopaedic Trauma Association/Pediatric Orthopaedic Association of North America (AAOS/SOMOS/OTA/POSNA) Disaster Response Course (DRC) is designed to prepare orthopaedic surgeons for service in disaster response and humanitarian assistance efforts in both the acute phases as well as in the recovery and reconstructions phases. To date, 395 orthopaedic surgeons have completed the DRC and 286 (72.4%) have opted to become registered disaster responders.
Hyperspheric Integer Programming

This paper develops an efficient method for finding the optimal solution to linear mathematical programs on 0–1 variables. It is shown that the lattice (0–1) points satisfying some linear constraint of dimension n can equally be represented by those lying in a hypersphere of the same dimension. The lattice points satisfying two linear constraints can be represented by a hypersphere which contains the intersection of the hyperspheres of the two constraints. The method for finding the optimal solution consists of enumerating lattice points which are close to the center of the hypersphere corresponding to the constraints. As soon as a better value of the objective function has been found, than some lower bound, we find a new hypersphere which contains the lattice points of the constraints at which the objective function remains higher than the best known value. We continue in this manner until we have at some stage enumerated all lattice points within a given hypersphere and found none which give a better value.
The Voucher System in Georgia

During the last two decades, the Georgian school system has undergone profound changes. After the fall of the centralized Soviet system, arrangements have yielded to more open, market-driven, competition. Georgia has borrowed the pervasive notions of globalization from the West, such as school choice, vouchers, school autonomy, and parent involvement in school-based decision making. At first, after the Rose Revolution in 2003, experimental market-driven secondary education became part of the systemic arrangements, also including the implementation of conceptual approaches related to new financial, administrative, and political problems. This chapter examines the voucher system and school choice in Georgia.
Importance of excitonic effect in charge separation at quantum-dot/organic interface: first-principles many-body calculations.

The staggered alignment of quasiparticle energy levels is widely regarded to be the key criterion necessary for electron–hole charge separation to occur at heterogeneous material interfaces. However, staggered energy levels at nanoscale interfaces, such as those between organic molecules and inorganic quantum dots, do not necessarily imply charge separation across the interface because the excitonic effect is often significant. Using quantum Monte Carlo calculations, we perform a detailed study of the role of the excitonic effects on charge separation across a representative set of interfaces between organic molecules and quantum dots. We find that the exciton binding energy of charge transfer excitons is significantly larger than would be estimated from a simple Coulombic analysis and, at these nanoscale interfaces, can be as significant as that of Frenkel excitons. This implies that charge transfer excitons can act as trap states and facilitate electron−hole recombination instead of charge separation. W...
Expressing and reasoning about conflicting norms in cybersecurity: poster

Secure collaboration requires the collaborating parties to apply the right policies for their interaction. We adopt a notion of conditional, directed norms as a way to capture the standards of correctness for a collaboration. How can we handle conflicting norms? We describe an approach based on knowledge of what norm dominates what norm in what situation. Our approach adapts answer-set programming to compute stable sets of norms with respect to their computed conflicts and dominance. It assesses agent compliance with respect to those stable sets. We demonstrate our approach on a healthcare scenario.
Protein-Pacing from Food or Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Overweight Men and Women: The PRISE 2 Study

We recently reported that protein-pacing (P; six meals/day @ 1.4 g/kg body weight (BW), three of which included whey protein (WP) supplementation) combined with a multi-mode fitness program consisting of resistance, interval sprint, stretching, and endurance exercise training (RISE) improves body composition in overweight individuals. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings and determine whether protein-pacing with only food protein (FP) is comparable to WP supplementation during RISE training on physical performance outcomes in overweight/obese individuals. Thirty weight-matched volunteers were prescribed RISE training and a P diet derived from either whey protein supplementation (WP, n = 15) or food protein sources (FP, n = 15) for 16 weeks. Twenty-one participants completed the intervention (WP, n = 9; FP, n = 12). Measures of body composition and physical performance were significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.05), with no effect of protein source. Likewise, markers of cardiometabolic disease risk (e.g., LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, systolic blood pressure) were significantly improved (p < 0.05) to a similar extent in both groups. These results demonstrate that both whey protein and food protein sources combined with multimodal RISE training are equally effective at improving physical performance and cardiometabolic health in obese individuals.
Research on Motion LOD Technique Based on Motion Capture Data

The motion capture technology by which can obtain perfect reality animation is applied in computer human animation widely,but the number of animation characters is limited because of large data came with motion capture technology. So the goal of simplify of characters in virtual environment is to reduce the cost of rending the characters but not affect the vision representation. Introduced LOD to character animation,classified the motion LOD,presented frame distance which compute with the rotation channels of joints to generate and control different motion LOD models,and analyzed the criterions of LOD model choosing for different motion behavior,our methods achieved good effect both in disperse LOD and progress LOD,motion LOD is the effective method for improving the rending speed and increasing the number of characters.
Hybrid real-time simulation technology for MMC-HVDC

A hybrid real-time simulation platform with digital and physical subsystems is proposed for the MMC-HVDC(Modular Multilevel Converter based HVDC).Its system structure,equivalent principle and simulation ratio calculation are introduced,as well as its first application in engineering development.Composed of the digital system model,49-level MMC physical simulation device,digital-analog communication interface,it carries out the total functional simulation in real time to verify the actual VBC(Valve Based Controller) and converter PCP(Pole Control Protection) system.It is applied to the fault state simulation of Shanghai Nanhui HVDC pilot project and the simulative results are compared with the test results by PSCAD,which proves the effectiveness of the introduced platform in the online real-time verification of the dynamic performance and control-protection platform of MMC-HVDC.
Export Promotion Services in the United States: Is it Time for a Serious Soul Searching?

This study examined the awareness and utilization of several federal and state governments’ export support services among a random sample of exporters in New York. Results from 159 completed surveys show significant ignorance among companies in this regard. In light of findings of this and similar studies, a number of specific policy recommendations are made to improve the efficacy of export promotion programs.
Why the Phenomenology of Spirit

The problem of the Phenomenology The 1807 Phenomenology of Spirit is one of Hegel's most read, best known and least understood works. It has an air of mystery about it: at once profound yet obscure, detailed, important but only available to the initiated. It is written in an unmistakable style that identifies it as “Hegelian” both to its admirers and detractors. Even the tales of its creation have a bit of romance to them, with one story having Hegel supposedly writing the final parts on the night that the city in which he is living, Jena, is being shelled by Napoleon's troops in one of the climactic battles of the old regime in Europe. In one of the most celebrated interpretations of the Phenomenology , the Russian emigre to France, Alexandre Kojeve, interpreted the book as giving philosophical voice to the “end of history” that was being given political voice by Napoleon's soldiers. Hegel himself was in dire straits at the time, having only recently entered academic life and having a job that seemed to be without a future. Had Hegel been hit by the proverbial horse cart at this point in his life, he would have been remembered (if at all) as one of the very minor figures in German idealism, a commentator on Schelling and Fichte.
Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of the Ã2A1 ← X̃2B1 system of jet-cooled NH2 in the region 2900-4300 Å

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectrum of the NH2 A 2 A 1 ← X 2 B 1 system in the region 2900–4300 A has been measured under jet-cooled conditions using a pulsed discharge source. A total of fourteen bands involving the pure bending states (0,υ2′,0) were observed and analyzed, including 10 bands not previously measured to our knowledge. The spectra are largely free from rotational perturbations at the low N values accessed in this experiment, and the molecular constants were obtained from a least squares fit to the determined spin–rovibronic term values. The derived constants are in good agreement with theoretical predictions incorporating the effects of orbital angular momentum on the spin–rotational fine structure.
Neighborhoods, Family Functioning, and Mothers’ Mental Health for Families with a Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) typically report lower overall family functioning and worse mental health. Neighborhood conditions are found to positively influence family functioning and mental health in the general population. Employing a process-person-context model, this study extends these literatures to examine whether various neighborhood conditions – both positive and negative – affect mothers’ mental health and the overall functioning of families with a child with an ASD. Simultaneous equation path analysis of a nationally representative sample of children in the US finds neighborhood support to be positively and significantly associated with mothers’ mental health and the overall functioning of families with a child with an ASD. However, neighborhood amenities and neighborhood deficiencies were not significantly associated with either mothers’ mental health or family functioning. Neighborhood support can play a vital role in improved subjective quality of life for mothers with a child on the autism spectrum.
Inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using heated water

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a very contagious swine pathogen that spreads easily via the fecal-oral route, notably from contaminated fomites. The present study investigated heated water as a method for rapid thermal inactivation of PEDV. Cell-culture adapted PEDV was treated with water at varying temperatures and viral titers were measured at multiple time points post-treatment. Viable PEDV was not recovered after a ten second or longer treatment with water heated to ≥76 °C; however, PEDV nucleic acid was detected in all samples regardless of treatment. Hot water decontamination could be considered in settings where chemical disinfection is impractical.
Strain effects on anisotropic magnetoresistance in a nanowire spin valve

The longitudinal magnetoresistance of a copper nanowire contacted by two cobalt contacts shows broad spin-valve peaks at room temperature. However, when the contacts are slightly heated, the peaks change into troughs which are signature of anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). Under heating, the differential thermal expansion of the contacts and the substrate generates a small strain in the cobalt contacts which enhances the AMR effect sufficiently to change the peak into a trough. This shows the extreme sensitivity of AMR to strain. The change in the AMR resistivity coefficient due to strain is estimated to be a few m-m/microstrain.
A Source of Legitimacy: Evangelical Christians and Jews

Evangelical Christians have derived a great amount of reassurance from what they have considered to be stepping stones on the way to the kingdom of God on earth. This article tracks the mutual dependency of Jewish and evangelical Zionists, from the beginnings of political Zionism up to present-day Israel. It demonstrates that the encounter between evangelicals and Jews involved more than political support and the exchanges offered legitimacy in cultural and spiritual realms as well. It shows how the developments in the life of the Jewish people, in particular the rise of the Zionist movement, the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the Israeli successes during the 1967 war, have worked to offer validation of their faith and their reading of scriptures, their understanding of history, and, by extension, their worldview.
Genetic association and epistatic interaction of the interleukin-10 signaling pathway in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

Genetic association and epistatic interaction of the interleukin-10 signaling pathway in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Short-term stem mortality of 10 deciduous broadleaved species following prescribed burning in upland forests of the southern US

In upland forests of the Southern US, management is increasingly focussed on the restoration and maintenance of resilient structures and species compositions, with prescribed burning being the primary tool used to achieve these goals and objectives. In this study, we utilised an extensive dataset comprising 91 burn units and 210 plots across 13 National Park Service lands to examine the relationships between the probability of stem mortality (P(m)) 2 years after prescribed fire and stem size and direct fire effects for 10 common deciduous broadleaved species. Post-fire stem mortality ranged from 6.9% for Quercus alba to 58.9% for Sassafras albidum. The probability of stem mortality was positively associated with maximum bole char height (CHAR) and inversely related to diameter at breast height (DBH) for all 10 deciduous broadleaved species. Model goodness-of-fit varied, with the poorest fit generally associated with fire-tolerant species and best fit generally associated with fire sensitive species. The information presented contributes to our understanding of post-fire stem mortality and may contribute to the development of fire-related stem mortality models following prescribed burning for eastern tree species. Models should be validated with independent datasets across upland forests types to test for spatial relationships before widespread application.
Undermining the ACA through the executive branch and federalism: what the Trump administration’s approach to health reform means for older Americans

The ACA has survived multiple existential threats in the legislative and judicial branches, including dozens of congressional attempts at repeal and two major Supreme Court cases. Even as it seems that the ACA is here to stay, what the law accomplishes is far from settled. The Trump administration is using executive powers to weaken the law, in many cases using the same powers that President Obama used to strengthen the effects of the reform. States have responded by seeking flexibility to pursue reforms, such as work requirements, that could not pass Congress and that were not allowed by the Obama administration. There is no indication that the ACA is imploding as President Trump has predicted and seems to desire, although these changes have a real and substantial impact on the lives of many Americans, including the near-elderly in unique ways.
THE ROLE OF WATER VAPOR IN THE ION CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Water vapor plays a central role in the ion chemistry of the atmosphere below 80 km. The hydronium ions H 3 O + ·nH 2 O, are among the most stable atmospheric positive ions. The paths that convert O 2 + and NO + to hydronium ions are well understood. Water vapor also plays an important role in determining the composition of the sodium-ion clusters that are believed to be the dominant ions in the stratosphere below 40 km. Water vapor clusters to the dominant negative ions in the mesosphere and stratosphere, NO 3 − and HSO 4 − , and acts to increase the stability of these negative ions. The important processes involving water vapor in the ion chemistry of the atmosphere below 80 km are described and the influence of this ion chemistry on the neutral composition of the atmosphere is discussed.
Voice and power: Feminist governance as transnational justice in the globalized value chain

Women constitute the majority of workers in global value chains (GVCs), yet few GVC scholars focus on the governance of gender. Based on an investigation (2013–2017) started after the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh, this article presents “voice to the subordinate strata” as the first principle of feminist governance in the GVC. Findings reveal the matrix of power, which includes the International Labour Organization and the state that underpins the political economy of the Southern factory. This study provides a transformative model of feminist governance as transnational justice. As the relational ethic that links justice in the workplace to the quality of a woman's life, feminist governance is also the moral economy of the GVC wherein the woman worker is valued as a citizen in the global economy.
"I'm a man of this time": Categories of Sin and the Shadow of Dante in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men

Criticism on the nature of evil in Cormac McCarthy’s No Country for Old Men (2005) has acknowledged the precarious moral position of Sheriff Bell, often creating sympathy for the character who resi...
A Note on Associations Observed between Sharks and Teleosts

We report herein on novel observations of associations between 2 teleost species and a variety of shark species in the Gulf of Mexico. Using underwater video, we observed Decapterus punctatus (Round Scad) and Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Atlantic Bumper) associating with both Carcharhinus limbatus (Blacktip Shark) and Carcharhinus brevipinna (Spinner Shark). We also observed Round Scad associating with Carcharhinus acronotus (Blacknose Shark). Both Round Scad and Atlantic Bumpers schooled around and followed these sharks. We observed Round Scad in schools averaging 54 individuals that tended to stay posterior to the pectoral fins of the shark. These observations prompted a novel on-line image survey wherein we found that Round Scad were associated with 3 additional shark species. Online media platforms have not been commonly utilized for data collection, and to our knowledge, this is the first study to conduct a Google Image survey to obtain data supporting interspecific associations. This paper is also the first report of an apparent symbiosis between various shark species with Round Scad and with Atlantic Bumpers. There are few reports of associations with sharks aside from well-known examples, such as Echeneis naucrates (Sharksucker), Naucrates ductor (Pilotfish), and Labroides spp. (cleaner wrasses). These results provide additional information to the body of literature about symbioses between top predators, such as sharks, and teleosts.
AID Phosphorylation Regulates Mismatch Repair-Dependent Class Switch Recombination and Affinity Maturation.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) generates U:G mismatches in Ig genes that can be converted into untemplated mutations during somatic hypermutation or DNA double-strand breaks during class switch recombination (CSR). Null mutations in UNG and MSH2 demonstrate the complementary roles of the base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair pathways, respectively, in CSR. Phosphorylation of AID at serine 38 was previously hypothesized to regulate BER during CSR, as the AID phosphorylation mutant, AID(S38A), cannot interact with APE1, a BER protein. Consistent with these findings, we observe a complete block in CSR in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2-/- mouse B cells that correlates with an impaired mutation frequency at 5'Sμ. Similarly, somatic hypermutation is almost negligible at the JH4 intron in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2-/- mouse B cells, and, consistent with this, NP-specific affinity maturation in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2-/- mice is not significantly elevated in response to NP-CGG immunization. Surprisingly, AIDS38A/S38AUNG-/- mouse B cells also cannot complete CSR or affinity maturation despite accumulating significant mutations in 5'Sμ as well as the JH4 intron. These data identify a novel role for phosphorylation of AID at serine 38 in mismatch repair-dependent CSR and affinity maturation.
Evolution in Surgical Management of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience.

Lymphedema is a lifelong, debilitating condition that plagues a large portion of patients who have undergone multimodality therapy for breast cancer. With the increasing experience in supermicrosurgical treatment of lymphedema, reconstructive surgeons have made a tremendous impact in improving the quality of life of patients suffering from breast cancer related lymphedema. Methods Historical review of our evolution in treatment and management of breast cancer related lymphedema and implementation of our new algorithm. Retrospective review of patients who have undergone both the lymphovenous bypass and vascularized lymph node transfer with autologous breast reconstruction. Results The combined Breast Reconstruction Including Lymphovenous bypass and Inguinal to Axillary Node Transfer (BRILIANT) demonstrates promising outcomes. Thirty-eight patients (average age: 52.9 years, average BMI: 32.6 kg/m2) who have undergone the BRILIANT approach have all demonstrated improvements in their lymphedema. With an average follow-up of 19.1 months, no patients suffered a post-operative cellulitis, and 81.6% of patients also demonstrated a volume reduction. Conclusion Our new algorithm combining breast reconstruction with lymphedema surgery represents an evolution in our approach to treatment of breast cancer related lymphedema has demonstrated promising results with long-term outcomes.
Habitual sleep duration affects recovery from acute sleep deprivation: A modeling study

Abstract Adult humans exhibit high interindividual variation in habitual sleep durations, with short sleepers typically sleeping less than 6 h per night and long sleepers typically sleeping more than 9 h per night. Analysis of the time course of homeostatic sleep drive in habitual short and long sleepers has not identified differences between these groups, leading to the hypothesis that habitual short sleep results from increased tolerance to high levels of homeostatic sleep drive. Using a physiologically-based mathematical model of the sleep-wake regulatory network, we investigate responses to acute sleep deprivation in simulated populations of habitual long, regular and short sleepers that differ in daily levels of homeostatic sleep drive. The model predicts timing and durations of wake, rapid eye movement (REM), and non-REM (NREM) sleep episodes as modulated by the homeostatic sleep drive and the circadian rhythm, which is entrained to an external light cycle. Model parameters are fit to experimental measures of baseline sleep durations to construct simulated populations of individuals of each sleeper type. The simulated populations are validated against data for responses to specific acute sleep deprivation protocols. We use the model to predict responses to a wide range of sleep deprivation durations for each sleeper type. Model results predict that all sleeper types exhibit shorter sleep durations during recovery sleep that occurs in the morning, but, for recovery sleep times occurring later in the day, long and regular sleepers show longer and more variable sleep durations, and can suffer longer lasting disruption of daily sleep patterns compared to short sleepers. Additionally, short sleepers showed more resilience to sleep deprivation with longer durations of waking episodes following recovery sleep. These results support the hypothesis that differential responses to sleep deprivation between short and long sleepers result from differences in the tolerance for homeostatic sleep pressure.
Cannabis sativa Terpenes are Cannabimimetic and Provide Support for the Entourage Effect Hypothesis

Abstract Limited evidence has suggested that terpenes found in Cannabis sativa are analgesic, and could produce an “entourage effect” whereby they modulate cannabinoids to result in improved outcomes. However this hypothesis is controversial, with limited evidence. We thus investigated Cannabis sativa terpenes alone and with the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212 using in vitro and in vivo approaches. We found that the terpenes α-humulene, geraniol, linalool, and β-pinene produced cannabinoid tetrad behaviors in mice, suggesting cannabimimetic activity. Some behaviors could be blocked by cannabinoid or adenosine receptor antagonists, suggesting a mixed mechanism of action. These behavioral effects were additive with WIN55,212, providing support for a terpene “entourage effect.” In vitro experiments showed that all terpenes activated the CB1R, while some activated other targets. Our findings suggest that these Cannabis terpenes are multifunctional cannabimimetic ligands that provide support for the entourage effect hypothesis and could be used to enhance the therapeutic properties of cannabinoids.
Creative learning challenge Brazil: a constructionism approach to educational leadership development

The Creative Learning Challenge Brazil is a fellowship program of the Lifelong Kindergarten group of the MIT Media Lab in partnership with the Lemann Foundation. Each year the fellowship selects approximately 10 innovative educators, the “Creative Learning fellows”, dedicated to making Brazilian education more hands-on, relevant, playful and collaborative for all. Based upon the documentation of reflective practices, as well as materials produced by the program and its participants, this paper analyzes the fellows’ development through the lens of Constructionism theory of Seymour Papert. Constructionism based practices are revealed at multiple levels of the program, including the selection process, project development, and fellowship design, thereby providing a robust immersive learning and leadership development experience.
Cultural Diversity Broadens Social Networks

Migration and mobility increase cultural diversity. Does this diversity have consequences for how a culture’s members interact, even in a new community? We hypothesized that people from regions with greater present-day and historical cultural diversity would forge more diversified social ties in a newly formed community, connecting otherwise unconnected groups. In other words, that they would become social brokers. We tested this prediction by characterizing the social networks of eight Master of Business Administration cohorts (N=2,250). Here we show that international students (N=776) from populations with diverse long-history migration were more likely to become social brokers than international students from less ancestrally diverse nations. American students’ (N = 1,464) brokerage scores were also positively related to their home counties’ indices of international connectivity (calculated from aggregate Facebook data). The results of this study suggest that more culturally diverse social environments — defined here at multiple geographic and temporal scales — endow people with socially adaptable behaviors that help them connect to new, heterogeneous communities.
Learning Analytics and Privacy: A Library Perspective

Article originally published in Internet Reference Services Quarterly at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10875301.2021.1946456
Population size and taxonomic diversity in geologic time: a brief look at two density-dependent models

Density-dependent models of changes in the population size of a fossil species in geologic time, or the taxonomic diversity of a fossil group in geologic time, can be formulated using (1) the logistic equation model or (2) a piecewise linear/stochastic model ofGrenfell et al. One may test (or at least get an indication) whether or not one of the two types of models holds for a particular estimate of population size (or taxonomic diversity) Xt by plotting the value of the estimate as a function of time plus a scattergram of Xt+1 versus Xt for all pairs of estimates of population size (or taxonomic diversity) {Xt, Xt+1} successive in time.
On a Family of Hyperplane Arrangements Related to the Affine Weyl Groups

Let \Phi be an irreducible crystallographic root system in a Euclidean space V, with \Phi^+ the set of positive roots. For \alpha \in \Phi, k \in {\bi Z}, let H(\alpha, k) be the hyperplane \{ v \in V : \langle \alpha, v \rangle = k \}. We define a set of hyperplanes {\cal H} = \{ H(\delta,1) : \delta \in \Phi^+ \} \cup \{ H(\delta,0) : \delta \in \Phi^+ \} . This hyperplane arrangement is significant in the study of the affine Weyl groups. In this paper it is shown that the Poincare polynomial of {\cal H} is(1+ht)^n , where n is the rank of\Phi and h is the Coxeter number of the finite Coxeter group corresponding to \Phi.
Probing local wind and temperature structure using infrasound from Volcan Villarrica (Chile)

[1] We use the continuous and intense (∼107W) infrasound produced by Volcan Villarrica (Chile) to invert for the local dynamic wind and temperature structure of the atmosphere. Infrasound arrays deployed in March 2011 at the summit (2826 m) and on the NNW flank (∼8 km distant at 825 m) were used to track infrasound propagation times and signal power. We model an atmosphere with vertically varying temperature and horizontal winds and use propagation times (ranging from 23 to 24 s) to invert for horizontal slowness (2.75–2.94 s/km) and average effective sound speeds (328–346 m/s) for NNW propagating infrasound. The corresponding ratio of recorded acoustic power at proximal versus distal arrays was also variable (ranging between 0.15 to 1.5 for the peak 0.33–1 Hz infrasound band). Through application of geometrical ray theory in a uniform gradient atmosphere, these ‘amplification factors’ are modeled by effective sound speed lapse rates ranging from −15 to +4 m/s per km. NNW-projected wind speeds ranging from −20 m/s to +20 m/s at 2826 m and wind gradients ranging from −11 to +10 m/s per km are inferred from the difference between effective sound speed profiles and adiabatic sound speeds derived from local temperature observations. The sense of these winds is in general agreement with regional meteorological observations recorded with radiosondes. We suggest that infrasound probing can provide useful spatially averaged estimates of atmospheric wind structure that has application for both meteorological observation and volcanological plume dispersal modeling.
Imaging of monoaminergic and cholinergic vesicular transporters in the brain.

Publisher Summary Studies of neurons may offer important neurochemical perspectives on normal aging and on age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Conditions may be defined by pathologic losses of neurons and synapses in specific brain regions. In vivo investigations conducted assist determining the neurochemical alterations. Furthermore, in vivo neurochemical measures may have the potential to distinguish disease-modifying from symptomatic therapies. In this instance, objective, quantitative markers of neuronal or synaptic integrity, targeting the involved cell types and brain regions, help considerably in tracking the course and progression of neuropathology. Laboratories have focused on the development of in vivo imaging markers of the dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons and synapses of the human brain, employing positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) of radiolabeled neurochemical tracers. Among the possible biochemical markers of specific neurons and synapses, including neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes, plasma membrane uptake transporters, and neurotransmitter receptors, a quantitative relationship between neuron or synapse integrity and the level of marker expression in macroscopic tissue samples is difficult to establish. The activities and expressed protein levels of these markers are well recognized to undergo compensatory regulation in response to therapeutic drugs and in response to disease conditions. Although neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles is a regulated process, it has been suggested that a major aspect of this regulation may reside in the partitioning of vesicles between active (cycling) and reserve (bound) pools in nerve terminals. In vitro studies identified specific VMAT2 binding either with [3H] methoxy-tetrabenazine or with stereochemically resolved (+)-[3H] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ). Binding of both ligands was saturable, reversible, and of high affinity (Kds 4 nM and 1.5 nM, respectively) to an apparently homogeneous population of binding sites on intact, slide-mounted brain sections. The brain regional pattern of binding was consistent with the known distributions of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons and their projections.
Berufsperspektiven des Informatikers

Das Berufsbild des Informatikers kann nur im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung der Berufe und der Taetigkeiten im Bereich der Datenverarbeitung gesehen werden.
Hydrogen atoms in KH 2 PO 4 crystals

Hydrogen atoms have been produced at 77 K in single crystals of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (${\mathrm{KH}}_{2}{\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ or KDP) using either 60-kV x rays or the fourth harmonic (266 nm) of a pulsed Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser. The electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectrum from these hydrogen atoms exhibits a characteristic 500-G hyperfine splitting and is easily saturated with microwave power. These atoms occupy interstitial sites and are electron traps. The corresponding hole trap is the well-known $({\mathrm{HPO}}_{4}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ hole center identified by its 31-G phosphorus hyperfine splitting. Both the hydrogen atoms and the hole centers thermally decay in the temperature range between 80 and 200 K. The observed displacement of protons by 266-nm photons provides direct evidence in support of the proton-transport mechanism recently proposed by Davis, Hughes, and Lee [Chem. Phys. Lett. 207, 540 (1993)] to explain laser-induced transient optical absorption at room temperature in KDP.
Hepatic Organelle Interaction: I. Spectral Investigation During Drug Biotransformation

A technique which permits the measurement of levels of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pigments in the hepatocyte, the examination of changes in the oxidation-reduction states of these pigments, and the study of interactons between the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum electron transport chains is described. The content of cytochrome P-450 was about 30 nmoles/g of liver, wet weight. Based on the microsomal concentration of cytochrome P-450, the microsomal protein content ranged from 50 to 70 mg/g of liver. The total mitochondrial pigment concentration was 83 nmoles/g of liver, wet weight, and 1.16 nmoles/mg of mitochondrial protein. Based on these figures there were about 75 mg of mitochondrial protein per gram of liver. The rate of reduction of cytochrome P-450 in liver slices was also measured; the endogenous rate of reduction was 1.5-3.0 nmoles/g of liver per minute, and it increased to 4.5 nmoles/g/min in the presence of NADPH. The addition of 8 mM aminopyrine doubled the rate of reduction of cytochrome P-450 to 5.0-6.0 nmoles. When a Krebs cycle intermediate such as succinate was added in the presence of aminopyrine, a further doubling of the rate of reduction of cytochrome P-450 occurred (9.0-10.0 nmoles/g of liver per minute). The presence of succinate in the medium containing both aminopyrine and NADPH increased the P-450 reductase activity synergistically to 23 nmoles/g of liver per minute. These data indicate that the mitochondria may be a site of cellular control of drug biotransformation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
ANALYSIS OF A FINITE PML APPROXIMATION FOR THE THREE DIMENSIONAL TIME-HARMONIC MAXWELL AND ACOUSTIC SCATTERING PROBLEMS

We consider the approximation of the frequency domain three-dimensional Maxwell scattering problem using a truncated domain perfectly matched layer (PML). We also treat the time-harmonic PML approximation to the acoustic scattering problem. Following work of Lassas and Somersalo in 1998, a transitional layer based on spherical geometry is defined, which results in a constant coefficient problem outside the transition. A truncated (computational) domain is then defined, which covers the transition region. The truncated domain need only have a minimally smooth outer boundary (e.g., Lipschitz continuous). We consider the truncated PML problem which results when a perfectly conducting boundary condition is imposed on the outer boundary of the truncated domain. The existence and uniqueness of solutions to the truncated PML problem will be shown provided that the truncated domain is sufficiently large, e.g., contains a sphere of radius R t . We also show exponential (in the parameter R t ) convergence of the truncated PML solution to the solution of the original scattering problem inside the transition layer. Our results are important in that they are the first to show that the truncated PML problem can be posed on a domain with nonsmooth outer boundary. This allows the use of approximation based on polygonal meshes. In addition, even though the transition coefficients depend on spherical geometry, they can be made arbitrarily smooth and hence the resulting problems are amenable to numerical quadrature. Approximation schemes based on our analysis are the focus of future research.
Robot‐assisted sialolithotomy with sialendoscopy for the management of large submandibular gland stones

Objectives/Hypothesis The objectives of this study were to describe robot-assisted sialolithotomy with sialendoscopy (RASS) for the management of large palpable hilar submandibular gland (SMG) stones and analyze procedural success and lingual nerve damage following RASS in comparison to the combined transoral sialendoscopic approach. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with large palpable hilar SMG stones managed with RASS following institutional review board approval. Large stones were defined as ≥5 mm, the upper limit that can be removed via sialendoscopy. Twenty-two patients between January 2012 and June 2014, with mean stone size of 12.3 mm, were identified. Data collected included symptoms of recurrence, postoperative lingual nerve function, and patient satisfaction at a mean follow-up of 14 months. Procedural success was defined as absence of symptom recurrence in conjunction with gland preservation. These measures were compared with the combined approach (CA) outcomes reported in the English literature. Results Procedural success was 100% (22/22) for our cohort. No patients reported symptoms of lingual nerve damage at follow-up, whereas four patients reported transient lingual nerve paresthesia (mean duration, 2.5 weeks). Mean patient satisfaction was 9.9 out of 10. Literature review identified 135 patients in the CA cohort. Procedural success rate for these patients was 75%, and lingual nerve damage was reported in 2% of patients. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of RASS in the management of large SMG sialoliths. We attribute this preliminary success of RASS to the enhanced visualization, magnification, and technical advantages of the procedure. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2015
Growth of epitaxial doped strontium sulfide thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Epitaxial luminescent thin films of doped strontium sulfide (SrS) have been grown using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). SrS films double doped with Eu and Sm, Ce and Sm and Cu and Ge were deposited with thicknesses ranging from 0.05 to 2 μm on MgO(001) substrates. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis were used to study the films’ surface morphology. The PLD-grown films were highly oriented as determined by their X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and showed signs of little or no strain, and very low lattice mismatch when deposited on MgO. The best results were obtained for films deposited between 750 and 800°C and under H 2 S background pressures ranging from 10 to 20 mtorr. The thermally-stimulated luminescence properties of these films were evaluated as well. The data indicate that these films would be well-suited for display applications.
Novel strand exchanges in V(D)J recombination

We describe novel products of V(D)J recombination in which signal sequences become joined to coding elements, in contrast to the standard reaction whose products are junctions of two signal sequences or two coding elements. In this variant reaction, the recombination machinery evidently recognizes signal sequences and introduces strand breaks at the normal positions, but then connects the elements in unusual combinations. The lack of fixed directionality indicates that recombination sites are not uniquely aligned when strand exchange occurs. The discovery of these variant junctions suggests a model for the evolution of the antigen receptor loci.
A rapid automatic method for determining shock sensitivities of mice

Abstract An instrumental technique is described which permits rapid blind determination of shock sensitivities of mice. The measured parameter of shock sensitivity was not affected by increased activity of the subjects. Morphine was found to decrease the shock sensitivity as a function of dose.