cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive and phylogenetic divergence of tidepool copepod populations across a narrow geographical boundary in Baja California

Aim Previous work on the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus revealed a curious case of incipient speciation at the southern end of the species' range in Baja California, Mexico. The present study expands on the geography of this pattern and tests for congruence between reproductive and phylogenetic patterns. Location The Pacific coast of North America, from central Baja California to south-eastern Alaska (27–57° N), including the full range of T. californicus. Methods Primary techniques included mating experiments (> 4000 crosses), phylogeny reconstruction (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and screening of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, 42 loci). Analyses used > 8000 copepods for the mating experiments, 86 copepods for the phylogeny and 41 copepods for the SNP assays. Phylogenies were constructed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. Results Populations were found to fall into three reproductive groups: northern and southern groups that were reproductively isolated from each other, and an intermediate group that could serve as a conduit for gene flow. The northern and intermediate populations fell into one clade while all southern populations fell into a second clade. These two clades are now separated by less than 12 km at latitude 29.35° N. Nuclear SNP data for a subset of locations confirmed striking divergence between populations on either side of this boundary. The second (southern) clade was further subdivided into two clades separated by the lagoon region of Guerrero Negro (latitude 28° N). Main conclusions Reproductive assays and molecular data (both mitochondrial and nuclear) reveal a sharp break at 29.35° N, a region with no obvious barriers to dispersal, with no evidence for mixing across this narrow transition zone. Results also showed a milder break at the Guerrero Negro Lagoon (28° N), a location where breaks have been reported for other taxa.
Partisan Efficiency in an Open-Rule Setting: The Amending Process in the U.S. Senate, 1865-1946

Although amendments can fundamentally alter the substantive content of legislative proposals in Congress, we know surprisingly little about their use relative to final passage and rules votes. This is especially important in the U.S. Senate given the historically open amending process in the upper chamber. Utilizing a new data set consisting of all amendments receiving recorded roll call votes in the Senate from 1865-1946, we examine amending activity and draw several conclusions. First, majority leaders appear to be successful at reigning in party extremists from offering divisive amendments on the floor despite not having control over the agenda. Second, amendments proposed by majority party senators are more likely to be adopted relative to their counterparts in the minority. However, chamber majorities cannot restrict minority party members from offering numerous amendments designed to force them to cast uncomfortable votes and delay the legislative process. Finally, moderates within the minority party still enjoy considerable success in getting their amendments adopted.
Continuous dependence and error estimation for viscosity methods

In this paper, we review some ideas on continuous dependence results for the entropy solution of hyperbolic scalar conservation laws. They lead to a complete L^\infty(L^1)-approximation theory with which error estimates for numerical methods for this type of equation can be obtained. The approach we consider consists in obtaining continuous dependence results for the solutions of parabolic conservation laws and deducing from them the corresponding results for the entropy solution. This is a natural approach, as the entropy solution is nothing but the limit of solutions of parabolic scalar conservation laws as the viscosity coefficient goes to zero.
X-ray absorption near-edge structure study of Bi2−xPbxSr2(Sm0.85Ce0.15)2Cu2O10+y

Abstract Near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy results of Ce L 3 -, Pb L 3 -, Bi L 3 -, and Cu K-edge for Bi 2− x Pb x Sr 2 (Sm 0.85 Ce 0.15 ) 2 Cu 2 O 10+ y (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) series are presented. Ce in this series is found to be in a valence state similar to that in CeO 2 . The lack of the 2p → 6s transition feature in both the Bi and Pb L 3 -edge spectra indicates that Bi and Pb have valence values close to +3 and +2, respectively. With the Pb substitution level x increasing from 0.0 to 0.6, the Cu valence v K increases from 2.20 to 2.34, indicating that the substitution of Bi 3+ by Pb 2+ draws electronic charge out of the CuO 2 layers, increasing the oxygen hole concentration as well as the superconducting transition temperature T c . We also found that for 0.0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.6, the Cu valence determined from mean characteristic energy of the Cu K-edge spectra is very close to the formal Cu valence estimated by charge neutrality consideration. The decrease of Cu valence with increase of x for samples with x > 0.6 could be due to the formation of a second phase in these samples.
DE‐1 observations of lower hybrid waves excited by VLF whistler mode waves

Recent satellite data show high amplitude lower hybrid (LH) waves excited by electromagnetic (EM) whistler mode waves throughout magnetospheric regions where small scale magnetic-field-aligned plasma density irregularities exist. One important consequence in the auroral acceleration region is the heating of suprathermal ions by the excited LH waves. To evaluate such heating it is necessary to know the wavelength (λ) range of the waves, information not previously available since most past observations were made with long (l ≥ 75; l=antenna length) electric dipole antennas which have very poor response for λ < l. New observations using the short 9 m electric dipole antenna on the DE-1 spacecraft show that LH waves with λ ≤ 10 m are excited by EM input waves from ground-based VLF transmitters. Sequential observations on the short (9 m) and long (200 m) dipole antennas show that the long antenna generally has no measurable response to LH waves with λ ≤ 26 m. Since most previous correlative observations of LH waves and ion conics in the low altitude auroral acceleration region have involved long electric antennas, it is suggested that the intensity of the LH waves in this region may have been seriously underestimated.
Characterization of Distance-Dependent Damping in Tapping-Mode Atomic Force Microscopy Force Measurements in Liquid

We have used a spectral analysis method to characterize changes in the local damping coefficient for an acoustically driven cantilever as it approaches a hard surface in liquid. We show a significant distance dependence of the damping coefficient (and associated quality factor) that must be accounted for to achieve successful theoretical reproduction of experimental tapping-mode force curves. We model the cantilever dynamics using a forced damped harmonic oscillator model and solve the equation of motion using the method of finite differences. Experiments in solutions of differing viscosities show that bulk viscous damping is not the source of the system dissipation, while simulations of the cantilever dynamics including adhesion hysteresis also eliminate this as the origin of the dissipation. We conclude that frictional dissipation that occurs with the intermittent contact is the likely source of dissipation in the system. Our results identify a semiquantitative means of interpreting tapping-mode force curves on nondeformable surfaces in liquid.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 105

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 105 has been revised based on data received before November 1973. All literature containing nuclear structure data pertaining to A = 105 has been reviewed and evaluated, resulting in the use of over 100 references. Nine nuclei, Nb(?), Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, and In, are assigned as members of the mass chain.
Mother and Child Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Spina Bifida: Additive, Moderator, and Mediator Models.

The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which parenting behaviors influence the relation between maternal and child depressive symptoms in youth with spina bifida and a comparison sample. Previous research has found that maternal depression not only negatively impacts the mother–child relationship, but also places the child at risk for developing depressive symptoms. However, certain parenting behaviors might buffer the association between maternal and youth depression. The influence of maternal depressive symptoms and parenting behavior (i.e., acceptance, behavioral control, psychological control) on youth depressive symptoms were examined in the context of three models: (1) an additive/cumulative risk model, (2) a moderator model, and (3) a mediator model. Data were examined longitudinally at five time points when youth were 8–9 through 16–17 years of age. Results supported an additive/cumulative risk model, but did not support the moderator or mediator models. Low maternal acceptance, high behavioral control, and high psychological control were risk factors for child depressive symptoms at several time points, with maternal depressive symptoms exerting an additional risk at later time points. A group difference between the spina bifida and comparison youth was not supported. Findings indicate that in general, maternal parenting behavior is salient throughout childhood and early adolescence, but maternal depressive symptoms do not exert an influence until mid-adolescence. Family interventions should aim to promote maternal mental health and maternal parenting behaviors to reduce the risk of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence.
Multiple Trans-Sensing Interactions Affect Meiotically Heritable Epigenetic States at the Maize pl1 Locus

Interactions between specific maize purple plant1 (pl1) alleles result in heritable changes of gene regulation that are manifested as differences in anthocyanin pigmentation. Transcriptionally repressed states of Pl1-Rhoades alleles (termed Pl′) are remarkably stable and invariably facilitate heritable changes of highly expressed states (termed Pl-Rh) in Pl′/Pl-Rh plants. However, Pl′ can revert to Pl-Rh when hemizygous, when heterozygous with pl1 alleles other than Pl1-Rhoades, or in the absence of trans-acting factors required to maintain repressed states. Cis-linked features of Pl1-Rhoades responsible for these trans-sensing behaviors remain unknown. Here, genetic tests of a pl1 allelic series identify two potentially separate cis-linked features: one facilitating repression of Pl-Rh and another stabilizing Pl′ in trans. Neither function is affected in ethyl-methanesulfonate-induced Pl1-Rhoades derivatives that produce truncated PL1 peptides, indicating that PL1 is unlikely to mediate trans interactions. Both functions, however, are impaired in a spontaneous Pl1-Rhoades derivative that fails to produce detectable pl1 RNA. Pl′-like states can also repress expression of a pl1-W22 allele, but this repression is not meiotically heritable. As the Pl′ state is not associated with unique small RNA species representing the pl1-coding region, the available data suggest that interactions between elements required for transcription underlie Pl1-Rhoades epigenetic behaviors.
An empirical evaluation of descriptive models of ambiguity reactions in choice situations

Ambiguity is uncertainty about an option’s outcome-generating process, and is characterized as uncertainty about an option’s outcome probabilities. Subjects, in choice tasks, typically have avoided ambiguous options. Descriptive models are identified and tested in two studies which had subjects rank monetary lotteries according to preference. In Study 1, lotteries involved receiving a positive amount or nothing, where P denotes the probability of receiving the nonzero amount. Subjects were willing to forego expected winnings to avoid ambiguity near P = SO and P = .75. Near P = .25, a significant percentage of subjects exhibited ambiguity seeking, with subjects, on average, willing to forego expected winnings to have the more ambiguous option. The observed behavior contradicts the viability of a proposed lexicographic model. Study 2 tested four polynomial models using diagnostic properties in the context of conjoint measurement theory. The results supported a sign dependence of ambiguity with respect to the probability level P, such that subjects’ preference orderings over ambiguity reversed with changes in P. This behavior was inconsistent with all the three-factor polynomial models investigated. Further analyses failed to support a variant of portfolio theory, as well. The implications of these results for the descriptive modeling of choice under ambiguity are discussed. 0 1989 Academic Press, Inc. Suppose you feel stiffness and pain in your legs after walking several blocks. At the clinic, you are informed of two available treatments, Treatment A and Treatment B. You describe your choice, as to which treatment to accept, if either, by the tree structure shown in Fig. 1. The structure captures your beliefs that the possible outcomes at least partly depend upon your choice, and that the outcomes are uncertain. These features are components of most decision models under uncertainty that have been proposed. Your next step could be to use probabilities, indicated on the tree in Fig. 1, as subjective measures of your uncertainty about the chances that each treatment will be successful. A decision analysis would proceed in this fashion (Weinstein
On global solution to a class of smart building-grid energy management models

This paper presents a convex relaxation of a class of smart building-grid energy management models using a semi-definite programming approach. A smart building-grid energy system is roughly defined as an interconnection of buildings and electric power grid energy resources within a clearly defined boundary, here called a smart site. A smart site is a strategic or self-interested entity that seeks to maximize some utility function subject to all applicable technical and budget constraints. The utility function is here a measure of energy efficiency. A smart site may purchase energy from or sell energy to its external environment. On one hand, traditional building energy management systems have focused on meeting the energy requirements of one or more buildings assuming that the buildings are connected to a strong or infinite-capacity utility grid. On the other hand, electric grid management systems have traditionally modeled relatively large sites as single grid nodes with simple lump load models. The contribution of the present paper is two-fold: to provide a general model that integrates and extends building and energy management models, and (b) to develop a convex relaxation of the ensuing model a solution of which yields a global lower bound. The proposed approach also provides a means to test whether any solution, for example, obtained using a heuristic method, is global, and the corresponding optimality gap.
Vibrotactile intensity and frequency information in the Pacinian system: A psychophysical model

The objective of the study was to characterize the Pacinian representation of stimulus waveform. Subjects were presented with pairs of high-frequency vibrotactile stimuli that varied in intensity and/or frequency content and madesame—different judgments under conditions of low-frequency adaptation designed to minimize the contribution of the RA system. We wished to infer the nature of the information conveyed by the Pacinian system about the stimuli from measured sensitivity (d′) to stimulus differences. We first tested the hypothesis that the Pacinian system conveys only intensive information about vibratory stimuli and found that intensive cues could not account for much of the variance in the discrimination data. We then proposed a model characterizing the Pacinian-mediated representation of an arbitrary stimulus as a pattern of activation in a set of frequency-tuned minichannels. The model was shown to predict the discriminability of the stimulus pairs presented in the psychophysical experiments. Furthermore, the model parameters, optimized to fit the discrimination data, were compatible with analogous values obtained in other experimental contexts. One of the assumptions underlying the model is that information about individual spectral components is conveyed in parallel and quasi-independently. By simulating the response of a population of Pacinian afferents to a polyharmonic stimulus, we demonstrated that such a population can simultaneously convey information about multiple frequency components, despite having a homogeneous spectral profile.
Hyperglycemic comas in children: new insights into pathophysiology and management.

The hyperglycemic comas in pediatric patients, ketoacidosis (DKA), occurring with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), which occurs almost exclusively with type 2 diabetes, account for most of the diabetes related morbidity and mortality in childhood. DKA is defined as acidosis measured as venous pH 11 mmol/L. This is typically associated with glucosuria, ketonuria, and ketonemia. Near normal circulating glucose concentrations may occur rarely in DKA with partial treatment or with pregnancy [1]. HHS was formerly referred to as hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic state, but the nomenclature was changed to recognize the frequent presence of mild ketosis. Indeed, diabetic comas can be viewed as a continuum from DKA with normal osmolality to HHS without ketosis [2]. The emergence of type 2 diabetes in childhood, accounting for as much as 50% of newly-diagnosed diabetes in the 10–19 year age group, depending on socioeconomic and ethnic composition of the population, has resulted in an appreciation of HHS as no longer a condition seen rarely outside of elderly populations [3,4]. The criteria for HHS include plasma glucose concentration >33.3 mmol/L, serum bicarbonate concentration >15 mmol/L, no or small ketonuria, absent to small ketonemia, effective serum osmolality greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and stupor or coma [2].
The Bang-Soak Theory of Missile Attack and Terminal Defense

Abstract : Analyses of the terminal defense of a set of targets by anti-ballistic missiles are generally conducted under the assumption that all attacking reentry vehicles are identical. This paper generalizes to the case where the attacking arsenal is mixed, the main motivation being that a mixed attacking arsenal can contain decoys that are harmless to targets, but which can still "soak up" defenders. All defenders are assumed to be perfect, and the main focus of the paper is on cases where the attack is comparatively weak. A kind of Prim-Read defense results. A simple method for deriving an upper bound on damage is described and illustrated.
Estimating inelastic response spectra from elastic spectra

Inelastic displacement response spectra are determined for a broad class of single-degree-of-freedom hysteretic structures. Based on these spectra, effective linear period and damping parameters are defined as a function of ductility. A simple empirical formula is derived which may be used to estimate the mid-period range inelastic response spectrum of a general hysteretic structure given the linear response spectrum of the excitation. The estimates obtained from this formula are compared with those obtained by the Newmark-Hall method, the substitute–structure method and the ATC–3 tentative procedure. It is found that the empirical formula not only gives good estimates of the average behaviour of the inelastic spectrum, but also reproduces some of the details of the spectrum.
Outcomes of emergency or physical examination-indicated cerclage in twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies

Abstract Objective To report the obstetrical outcomes in patients with twin pregnancies who underwent an emergency/physical exam-indicated cerclage and to compare them to patients with singleton pregnancies undergoing the same procedure. Study design Patients who underwent emergency/physical exam-indicated cerclage in the second trimester in one maternal-fetal medicine practice from July 1997 to March 2012 were reviewed. We defined an emergency/physical exam-indicated cerclage as any cerclage placed in a patient with a dilated cervix on examination or membranes visible at the external cervical os on speculum examination. We compared outcomes between patients with singleton and twin pregnancies using non-parametric testing. Results There were 43 patients (12 twin and 31 singleton pregnancies) who underwent emergency/physical exam-indicated cerclage placement. The median gestational age at cerclage placement, cervical dilation, maternal age, and cerclage type were similar between the groups. Comparing twins to singletons, the median time from cerclage placement to delivery was similar (92 vs. 106 days, p =0.330), as was the median gestational age at delivery (33.5 vs. 35.0 weeks, p =0.244). The likelihood of delivery at >32 weeks (75.0% vs. 71.0%, p >0.999) and the likelihood of neonatal survival to discharge (83.3% vs. 83.9%, p >0.999) were also similar. Conclusions Emergency/physical exam-indicated cerclage in twin pregnancies can be associated with favorable outcomes, including a high likelihood of delivery at >32 weeks and a high likelihood of survival. Their outcomes appear similar to singleton pregnancies. Cerclage should be considered an option for patients with twin pregnancies and a dilated cervix in the second trimester.
Upper Limits on the Neutrino Mass from the Tritium Beta Spectrum

The shape of the tritium beta spectrum near the end point has been investigated in a spherical electrostatic integral spectrograph with particular reference to the possible effects of a nonzero neutrino mass. It is shown that the source thickness of 100 micrograms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ may be satisfactorily taken into account in the last kilovolt of the spectrum, upon which the results are based. An upper limit to the neutrino mass of 500, 250, and 150 electron volts is found for the Dirac, Majorana, and Fermi forms, respectively, of the beta interaction.
Activity during prior shock determines subsequent shock-elicited fighting in the rat

Two experiments investigated the relationship between activity during shock and the magnitude of subsequent impairment of shock-elicited fighting in the rat. Different levels of intra-shock activity were engendered in two ways. In Experiment 1, differing temporal forms of inescapable shock were employed to produce markedly different levels of activity. In Experiment 2, a passive-escape procedure was used to explicitly reinforce nonmovement during shock relative to a yoked, inescapable shock control. Results indicated that relative to the performance of subjects not previously shocked, fighting impairment was produced only by those prior treatments that promoted reduced intrashock activity. Since one of the prior shock treatments involved inescapable shock but the other did not, these findings may be viewed as strong support for the notion that behavior during shock, rather than uncontrollability, is the critical determinant of the observed impairment effects. There was some suggestion in both studies that shock treatments that resulted in sustained or increased intrashock activity tended to produce augmentation of fighting. Both inhibitory and facilitative effects of prior shock exposure are discussed in terms of an interacting response theory of shock treatment effects.
27.3: The 300ppi Mobile Display using CG Silicon Technology

We developed the high resolution liquid crystal panel pertinent to the ubiquitous network era. It is the world's first cellular-phone size VGA system liquid crystal panel. Our newly developed fine patterning process technologies and high performance TFT technologies enabled the realization of world first 300ppi panel with 50% aperture ratio.
Nursing in the sandbox: a lived experience.

Despite an extensive career in military nursing, the author's deployment to Iraq included experiences for which no amount of education could have prepared her: the extreme living conditions, harrowing battlefi eld injuries, and ethical dilemmas she confronted.
Race, Status, and Japanese Revisionism in the Early 1930s

This paper develops and illustrates a novel theoretical explanation for maximal revisionist challenges to the status quo. I argue that some rising great powers become dissatisfied with the normative and constitutive structure of the status quo and therefore incapable of or unwilling to orient themselves toward reassurance, not because of increasing capabilities but rather due to the domestic political effects produced by perceptions of status immobility—the idea that the status quo is unable to accommodate the rising state's claims to increased status and prestige. I illustrate the argument by showing that Japan's increasing revisionism after 1931 can in large part be explained by widespread perceptions of status immobility linked to Japanese understandings of the role of race in the maintenance of the Western-dominated status hierarchy.
A New Rat Model of Thrombotic Focal Cerebral Ischemia

We developed a fibrin-rich thrombotic focal cerebral ischemic model with reproducible and predictable infarct volume in rats. In male Wistar rats (n = 77), a thrombus was induced at the origin of t...
The Price Effects of Cash versus Mortgage Transactions

This paper investigates the price effects of cash versus mortgage transactions. Our hypothesis that home sales involving all-cash transactions will sell at discount is borne out by the results of this study. Analyzing a sample of comparable row home dwelling units, we find that all-cash transactions are associated with roughly a 13% price discount relative to transactions involving financing terms that are typical of the market. Cash is King. The findings are consistent with theories regarding buyer—seller behavior.
InP-based self-aligned normally-off superlattice-insulated-gate field-effect transistor

An InP-based normally-off superlattice-insulated gate field-effect transistor (SIGFET) is developed using a self-aligned implant process. The new gate structure reduces the gate current significantly and yields a sharp pinch off. A SIGFET with 0.7 /spl mu/m gate length delivers more than 800 mA/mm of drain current at 2 V of forward gate bias and yields an f/sub T/ as high as 42 GHz. An explanation for a new kink effect is also proposed.
Influence of orbital parameters on Pleistocene loess deposition in central Alaska

Few long proxy climatic records are available from terrestrial locations. The isotope records of Pleistocene climate change found in marine cores reflect worldwide ice-volume and temperature changes forced by variations in the Earth's orbital geometry. Comparable terrestrial records are rare. Loess (wind-deposited silt) is perhaps the closest terrestrial analogue to marine sediments in that both result from more-or-less continuous deposition of fine-grained sediment. Here we examine the hypothesis that mag-netic susceptibility variations through loess sections reflect climate forcing. We statistically tested cross-correlations between high-precision, orbitally tuned marine oxygen isotope curves recording the past 250,000 yr BP, and magnetic susceptibility profiles through a thick loess section in central Alaska. Highly significant (P> 0.0001) correlations indicate strong, thick palaeosols formed in Arctic loess during early parts of interglacial periods correspond-ing to isotope stages 7 and 5. Thinner soils formed during interstadial events corresponding to early stage 7 and stage 3. Autocorrelation and time-series analysis of the loess data show spectral peaks at 125,000, 41,000 and 23,000 yr BP, showing for the first time that terrestrial orbital periodicities influenced and are recorded in proxy climatic data from terrestrial aeolian deposits at high latitudes.
Breastfeeding and trajectories of children's cognitive development

The aim of this study was to examine the association of breastfeeding practices with the growth trajectories of children's cognitive development. We used data from the Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) with variables on presence and duration of breastfeeding and standardized test scores obtained during three different panel waves (N = 2681). After adjusting for covariates we found that breastfed children had higher test scores but that breastfed and non-breastfed children had similar growth trajectories in test scores over time. The results indicate that breastfeeding has an important association with test scores, and that subsequent schooling and other experiences during adolescence do not eliminate the breastfeeding gap that appears in very early childhood.
The liquid hydrogen moderator on the ZING-P′ pulsed spallation neutron source☆

Abstract We describe the liquid hydrogen moderator on the ZING-P′ pulsed spallation neutron source and present results of measurements to assess its performance in several configurations. Measurements were made with the moderator surrounded by a beryllium reflector, with and without a gadolinium decoupler, and also with a room temperature beryllium reflector-filter immediately downstream from the moderator. Results described include neutron beam spectra, pulse widths as a function of neutron energy, absolute neutron beam currents, and the nuclear heating rate. We compare our results with calculations and previous results of others.
Effects of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Metoclopramide in Patients with Phenothiazine-Induced Hyperprolactinemia*

TRH and metoclopramide tests were performed in 10 female patients with presumed phenothiazine-induced hyperprolactinemia to define the serum PRL response to these agents. Our results show that the serum PRL response to metoclopramide is blunted in most patients with phenothiazineinduced hyperprolactinemia, and the serum PRL response to TRH is exaggerated in most patients during and 3 weeks after stopping phenothiazines.
Maternal teaching of preschool children in minority and low-status families: A critical review

This article critically examines the comparative research on maternal teaching behaviors of minority and low-status families. The article examines the conceptual and methodological foundations of the research and focuses on some conflicting aspects of the area. The article offers an alternative perspective for the study of maternal instruction that may be particularly useful in making cross-cultural and socioeconomic comparisons. Additionally, the article offers some exploratory data that reexamines the verbal teaching behavior of Chicana- and Anglo-American mothers while instructing their preschool-aged children to tie their shoelaces. Contrary to earlier studies, the findings suggest that ethnic differences in instruction may persist despite the level of schooling achieved by the mother. Specifically, Anglo mothers utilize significantly more perceptual questions in their instruction. Perceptual questions have been associated elsewhere with more controlling teaching strategies. Although it has been argued elsewhere that Chicana mothers are more controlling when compared to Anglo mothers, it appears that these groups may differ only in the mode by which they control their children.
Hippocampal stimulation rebound effects in hamsters

Abstract Bar-pressing for solid food on a variable interval schedule was severely disrupted during and following electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral hippocampus in female hamsters, the disruption of bar-pressing for liquid food was substantially less. With experimenter delivered stimulation rebound eating of solid food and grooming were found to increase while time spent drinking liquid food did not. Other observations indicated that neither drinking water nor manipulating nest materials increased during or after hippocampal stimulation. Self-stimulation behavior was supported by dorsolateral hippocampal stimulation.
Imidazole Rescue of a Cytosine Mutation in a Self-Cleaving Ribozyme

Ribozymes use a number of the same catalytic strategies as protein enzymes. However, general base catalysis by a ribozyme has not been demonstrated. In the hepatitis delta virus antigenomic ribozyme, imidazole buffer rescued activity of a mutant with a cytosine-76 (C76) to uracil substitution. In addition, a C76 to adenine substitution reduced the apparent p K a (where K a is the acid constant) of the self-cleavage reaction by an amount consistent with differences in the p K a values of these two side chains. These results suggest that, in the wild-type ribozyme, C76 acts as a general base. This finding has implications for potential catalytic functions of conserved cytosines and adenines in other ribozymes and in ribonuclear proteins with enzymatic activity.
Survival and functional outcomes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the intensive care unit

Abstract Purpose Comparatively less is known about the outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) compared with those not in an ICU. In this study, we evaluated survival rates, functional status, and predictors of good outcomes after in-ICU CPR. Methods We used the Project IMPACT (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo) database to conduct a retrospective cohort study of adults who underwent in-ICU CPR in the United States from 2001 to 2008. We characterized survival rates and functional outcomes and identified predictors of better prognosis using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Of 362 074 ICU admissions, 6518 (1.8%) received in-ICU CPR with 15.7% (n = 1025) surviving to hospital discharge. Survival decreased with age, more comorbidities, and for certain admitting diagnoses, such as sepsis. Patients who survived incurred significant functional morbidity. Of survivors, only 33.6% were discharged home, and only 20.1% were functionally independent on hospital discharge. A total of 63.4% had a decrease in functional status compared with admission. Only 3.3% of all patients (21.7% of survivors) were both functionally independent and discharged home (“optimal” functional outcome). Among survivors, the risk-adjusted odds of having an optimal functional outcome decreased with age ( P ≤ .022) and with failure of 3 or more organs during ICU stay ( P = .006). Conclusions Only 1 of 6 adults receiving in-ICU CPR survives to hospital discharge, and less than 5% are discharged home with independent function. Among survivors, most show large decreases in functional status compared with hospital admission.
Transient analysis of bipolar transistors including built-in field and recombination in quasi-neutral base

Transient analysis of bipolar transistors including built-in field and recombination in the base is derived. For the bipolar transistor switching from the saturation to cutoff, minority carriers in the neutral base are mainly removed through the collector terminal, especially for the BJT with large base grading. The charge partitioning between the emitter and collector is a strong function of the strength of aiding field and boundary conditions for switching.
The concurrent induction of hepatic α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase by thyroid hormone

Abstract 1. 1. The 8–10-fold increase in hepatic L -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase ( L -glycerol-3-phostphate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.2.1) and soluble malate dehydrogenase ( L -malate: TPNH oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.40) which occurs as a result of thyroid hormone administration, is inhibited by ethionine, actinomycin D and cycloheximide. This suggests that thyroid hormone induces the synthesis de novo of these enzymes. 2. 2. The half-life of the malate dehydrogenase and L -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the hyperthyroid state has been estimated to be 4 days. 3. 3. 5-Fluorouracil had no effect on the calorigenic response or the thyroid hormone-induced increase in malate dehydrogenase or L -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in normal or partially hepatectomized rats. 4. 4. The induction of malate dehydrogenase by thyroid hormone was highly dependent upon the type and amount of dietary carbohydrate, whereas the induction of L -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was affected by the protein content of the diet. 5. 5. Starvation decreased the normal levels of both malate dehydrogenase and L -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, but did not affect the L -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase response to thyroid hormone; fastomg partially prevented the induction of malate dehydrogenase by thyroid hormone.
Modulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal activity as evidenced by uptake of fluorogold from the vasculature.

Peripheral injections of the tracer fluorogold (FG) and immunocytochemistry were used to study the modulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cell secretory activity in adult mice. Intraperitoneal administration of FG would make it available to all GnRH terminals outside the blood-brain barrier. The degree of capture of the dye would be linked to exocytotic (e.g., secretory) events at the nerve terminal. Single injections of tracer were made into intact mice of both sexes, and this resulted in the retrograde labeling of two-thirds of the GnRH cell bodies. Administration of identical doses to 3 week castrate mice revealed a reduction in the percentage of GnRH cells, with detectable FG, to 40% of the total. Castration did not diminish the number of GnRH cells visualized. When castrate animals received two doses of FG, the number of GnRH cells with tracer was increased to slightly greater than intact levels. This suggests that the secretory rate of individual GnRH cells might be reduced under conditions of castration. In addition, when ovariectomized females treated with estrogen and progesterone to induce luteinizing hormone (LH) surge were injected with FG just prior to that surge, over 80% of the GnRH neurons were robustly labeled with FG. These latter data are interpreted as representing GnRH neurons at maximally synchronized activity. This study suggests that peripheral administration of FG can be used in this species to follow alterations in neurosecretory rates.
The problem of special assessments

Wise managemest and accurate accounting needed for successful operation of assessment funds.
Primary-Production measurements for the green seaweed Codium fragile in long island sound

Rates of primary production and compensation depths were determined for Codium fragile by 3 different measurements: (1) growth rate; (2) rate of 14C-fixation; (3) rate of O2 evolution. The radiocarbon assay employed liquid scintillation counting of homogeneous suspensions of seaweed tissue in gelled fluor. Maximum rates of primary production ranged between 2.6 and 3.9 mg C-fixed/g dry weight/h. The compensation depth is regulated by local turbidity, as is vertical distribution. All 3 methods for the determination of compensation depth, when used simultaneously, gave the same value. Chlorophyll levels were found to vary inversely with available light, hence depth, whereas starch levels were found to vary directly with available light.
Anti-Aging Therapy With Human Growth Hormone Associated With Metastatic Colon Cancer in a Patient With Crohn’s Colitis

Background & Aims: The nonapproved use of human growth hormone (HGH) for anti-aging has been increasing. Theoretical concerns for neoplastic potentiation by HGH have been raised, but not proven clinically. Methods: We report the case of a 68-year-old man with colonic Crohn’s disease who was found to have aggressive metastatic colon cancer. The patient had been receiving HGH therapy for anti-aging purposes for 7 years before presentation. Normal and malignant colonic tissue was examined for qualitative and quantitative molecular profiles of growth hormone (GH) and its signaling molecules, using immunohistochemistry and RNA extraction with polymerase chain reaction amplification. Results: Immunoreactivity was more robust in tumor tissue than in normal colon for insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) but not for IGF, GH, or GH receptor. RNA extraction with quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that IGF-1R and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, but not IGF-1, GH receptor, or suppressor of cytokine signaling-2, were higher in tumor than in normal colonic tissue. Conclusions: Colorectal cancer development concurrent with administration of HGH for anti-aging purposes occurred in an individual already at increased risk for colon cancer. This underscores the need for further investigation of the proneoplastic potential of GH supplementation for anti-aging.
Diary of a Political Scientist I, Spring 2006: Baseball, Blackjack, and Bill Clinton

I'm shaking hands with Bill Clinton, and about to turn him over to the coaches and players of the Rhodes College baseball team for handshakes of their own. The team has just spent two hours touring the museum part of the Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock after defeating Hendrix College 6-0 in an afternoon game in nearby Conway. Bruce Lindsey, Clinton's right hand for the past 20-plus years and a Rhodes alum, graciously arranged the meet-and-greet at my ardent request.
Status of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker and commissioning results

The main subsystems of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker were assembled together in a dedicated large clean room at CERN prior to their installation in the CMS collision hall. Following the integration of the Tracker a long commissioning period took place, during which up to 15% of the silicon modules were operated and read out simultaneously at different temperatures. Some of the achievements of the commissioning phase are discussed in details like Tracker noise performance, signal-to-noise measurements, and hit reconstruction efficiency. The Tracker was inserted in CMS in December 2007 and the commissioning of the full Tracker started. A description of the commissioning procedure followed at CMS and the actual status of the Tracker are presented.
The administration of complement component C9 augments post-ischemic cerebral infarction volume in neonatal rats

To determine whether ischemic cerebral infarction is mediated in part by complement component C9, C9-deficient neonatal rats were subjected to unilateral cerebral ischemia. Brains were harvested 24 h later, stained with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, and cerebral infarct volumes were quantified by computer-based planimetry. Compared with buffer, prophylactic intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the complement inhibitors soluble complement receptor type 1 (sCR1), a molecular hybrid of sCR1 and the selectin inhibitor sialyl Lewis x (sCR1-sLex), or cobra venom factor did not affect the cerebral infarct volume. In contrast, i.p. human C9 (75 microg/g body weight) significantly increased the volume of infarct located 6 through 10 mm posterior to the frontal pole. Therefore, in the post-ischemic brain, C9 was neurotoxic and augmented the focal cerebral infarct volume.
An Exploration of the Pay Levels Needed to Attract Students with Mathematics, Science and Technology Skills to a Career in K-12 Teaching

In an exploratory study (Note 1) of the role of salary level and other factors in motivating undergraduate math, science, and technology majors to consider a career as a K-12 teacher, the salary level students said would motivate them to consider a career in teaching was related to the salary expected in their chosen non-teaching occupation, but not to three of the Big 5 personality dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, and openness, nor concern for others or career risk aversion. An annual starting salary 45% above the local average would attract 48% of the sophomore students and 37% of the juniors. Focus group results suggested that low pay was an important reason for not considering K-12 teaching, but that perceived job demands and abilities and interests were also important reasons for not being attracted to a teaching career.
Upper Limits on Galactic Cosmic Ray Antiproton Intensities

KNOWLEDGE of the abundance of antiprotons in cosmic rays and in interstellar space could have important implications for cosmic ray theory, γ-ray astronomy and certain cosmological theories. For these reasons, attempts have been made both experimentally to measure the intensity of antiprotons in cosmic radiation and theoretically to estimate what antiproton densities might be expected in space. A recent communication1 by Brooke and Wolfendale, which stimulated the calculation presented in this communication, has placed an experimental upper limit of about 5 per cent on the concentration of antiprotons (p) in the primary cosmic radiation near the Earth with energies of the order of 1,000 GeV.
Hedonic Utility, Loss Aversion and Moral Hazard

1.Introduction. 2. Hedonic Utility: A Primer. 3. Hedonic Utility and Moral Hazard: Optimal Incentive Provision. 4. Discussion. 5. References. 6. Appendix.
Dynamical correlations and the direct summation method of evaluating infinite continued fractions.

The Mori-Lee formalism for solving the Liouville (or Heisenberg) equation of motion for Hermitian systems demonstrates that the Laplace-transformed dynamical correlations in canonical ensembles can be written as (in)finite continued fractions. We show that a model-independent direct summation method allows accurate numerical evaluation of all known classes of these (in)finite continued fractions that arise in dynamics problems and thus provides a powerful technique to study the dynamics of many-body and few-body systems. Some studies on dynamical correlations in s=1/2 quantum spin chains are cited as applications of the method presented.
Improved parameters for the prediction of RNA hairpin stability.

Thermodynamic parameters are reported for hairpin formation in 1 M NaCl by RNA sequences of the type where XY is the set of four Watson−Crick base pairs and the underlined loop sequences are three ...
The role of postoperative radiotherapy after resection of single brain metastases.

To assess the value of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) after complete resection of a single brain metastasis we reviewed the records of 98 patients who had elective craniotomy between 1978 and 1985. Seventy-nine patients received postoperative WBRT (Group A) and 19 patients no radiotherapy (RT) (Group B). Neurological relapse was designated as local (i.e., at the site of the original metastasis) or distant (i.e., elsewhere in the brain). Postoperative WBRT significantly prolonged the time to any neurological relapse (P = 0.034) with a 1-year recurrence rate of 22% in Group A and 46% in Group B patients; however, it did not specifically control either local or distant cerebral recurrence. Recurrence of metastatic brain disease was not affected by location of the original lesion; however, meningeal relapse occurred in 38% of cerebellar lesions, but only in 4.7% of supratentorial metastases (P = 0.003). The total radiation dose or fractionation scheme of RT did not affect survival nor time to neurological relapse. The median survival was 20.6 and 14.4 months for Groups A and B, respectively (not statistically different). Forty-eight percent of Group A and 47% of Group B patients survived for 1 year or longer; however, 11% of patients who had received RT and survived 1 year developed severe radiation-induced dementia. All patients with radiation-related cerebral damage received hypo-fractionated RT with high daily fractions as commonly designed for rapid palliation of macroscopic brain metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)