cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress Analysis of the Integrity of Casing-Cement Ring-Structural Consolidation Body by Volume Fracturing

For unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, the main body at home and abroad adopts segmented fracturing technology for cemented well completion bridge plugs, and the application ratio accounts for more than 85%. In order to improve the development effect of the tight oil and gas reservoirs in the Ordos Basin and increase the output of single wells, the horizontal wells in the Sulige tight gas reservoir adopt casing cementing well completion + bridge plug fracturing. The integrity between the casing-cement ring and the formation consolidation body is the precondition for ensuring the effectiveness of the segmented fracturing closure and the transformation effect. In this paper, the wellbore is subjected to alternating pressure when the volume of horizontal wells is compressed. By analyzing the force of the casing-cement-soil consolidated body and the temperature and casing internal pressure, the calculated relationship between the force of the consolidated body and the displacement of the first and second cemented surfaces was obtained. It provides an important reference for guiding the on-site construction design and follow-up research.
Depression, ART Adherence, and Receipt of Case Management Services by Adults with HIV in North Carolina, Medical Monitoring Project, 2009–2013

Depression among persons with HIV is associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption and discontinuation, virological failure, and poor clinical and survival outcomes. Case management services can address needs for emotional counseling and other supportive services to facilitate HIV care engagement. Using 2009–2013 North Carolina Medical Monitoring Project data from 910 persons engaged in HIV care, we estimated associations of case management utilization with “probable current depression” and with 100% ART dose adherence. After weighting, 53.2% of patients reported receiving case management, 21.7% reported depression, and 87.0% reported ART adherence. Depression prevalence was higher among those reporting case management (24.9%) than among other patients (17.6%) (p < 0.01). Case management was associated with depression among patients living above the poverty level [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR), 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–3.36], and not among other patients (aPR, 1.01; 95% CI 0.72–1.43). Receipt of case management was not associated with ART adherence (aPR, 1.00; 95% CI 0.95–1.05). Our analysis indicates a need for more effective depression treatment, even among persons receiving case management services. Self-reported ART adherence was high overall, though lower among persons experiencing depression (unadjusted prevalence ratio, 0.92; 95% CI 0.86–0.99). Optimal HIV clinical and prevention outcomes require addressing psychological wellbeing, monitoring of ART adherence, and effective case management services.
Spherical Cocrystallization—An Enabling Technology for the Development of High Dose Direct Compression Tablets of Poorly Soluble Drugs

Spherical cocrystallization (SCC), an integrated crystal and particle engineering approach, was successfully applied to generate spherical cocrystal agglomerates (SCA) between a poorly soluble drug...
Landscape-freestyle: restyling site plans for landscape architecture with machine learning

A landscape site plan is a graphic representation to show the arrangement of landscape items(like trees, buildings, and paths) from a top view. Restyling a site plan includes adjusting the colors, textures and other artistic customization, which is the task that landscape architects spend more time to work on nowadays. Landscape-freestyle shows the potential of using machine learning for automatically restyling landscape site plans. Landscape-freestyle recognizes the features (locations and sizes) of each item (trees, buildings, and paths) by an object-recognition algorithm on a styled site plan or by reading data directly on an AutoCAD file site plan. The user can choose to upload a template image offered by themselves or a preset style template offered by Landscape-freestyle for restyling. If they upload templates themselves, a style-recognition algorithm is used to identify the items and their artistic customization from the template image and use it for styling. This work presents our first approach to restyle site plans: recognize tree images on site plans, extract tree features and redraw them with other style templates. This research aims to expose the importance of machine learning to benefit a traditional working flow in the design field in a friendly and fast way.
Toward a General Theory of Real Options

This chapter reviews history of financial option from its origin with Bachelier and continuing with the contributions of Black–Scholes and Merton. The origin of the concept of real option (S. Myers) is also discussed. The relation (conceptual and mathematical) between financial and real option, as well as the concept of risk neutrality and its relevance for real options, is discussed ad nauseam. In the process, a mathematical framework for real option analysis (ROA) is developed. This chapter is somewhat math-intensive. Of particular importance for the rest of the book are the discussions of first-degree homogeneity and risk neutrality and their mathematical implications.
Brewing Inequalities: Kenya’s Smallholder Tea Farmers and the Developmentalist State in the Late-Colonial and Early-Independence Era

Saeteurn’s historical analysis explores the emergence of the smallholder tea farmer class in Kenya during the late-colonial and early-independence era. Particularly, Saeteurn’s case study shows how rural Kenyans successfully navigated the unfair policies and strict regulations imposed on them by the Kenyan government and its cooperate allies who were intent on maintaining control. While Kenyan farmers were subjected to inequalities that placed them at a disadvantage when it came to having access to the market and acquiring resources to expand their enterprises, they hardly refrained from cultivating tea. Rather, they took advantage of opportunities afforded them as a result of the changing political climate that would enable them to displace the large tea plantation estates as the leading producers and exporters of tea in present-day Africa.
Macroeconomics Post-GFC

The core model of macroeconomics we teach in colleges and universities uses incredible assumptions to reach absurd conclusions. Among those assumptions are, no financial frictions such as credit rationing, individuals had rational expectations or acted as if they did, and representative agent to represent an aggregation of firm or household sector whose optimizing behaviors are micro-founded. With no financial frictions, the model fails to explain a major event such as the 2008 GFC. Why small shocks can have very large effects (amplification) that last so long (persistence), and why deep downturns can occur repeatedly with powerful spillovers and contagion effects? Constructed for analyzing only small fluctuations, the current core model is likely to provide little guidance as to what should be done in response. In this paper, I argue that the key problem with the current macroeconomics is the superficiality of its treatment towards financial sector. It is shown that financial frictions played a significant role in capital flows fluctuations, external shocks created channels of spillover and contagion across countries and across asset classes, capital flows with the presence of financial frictions made monetary policy more challenging, and they could be detrimental to financial stability and the distribution of income. Corrections and adjustments to existing core macroeconomic model should be based on empirical evidence and how the economy works, not on the esthetic riddles of established paradigm.
The Crisis of Liberty in the West

The West faces a deep crisis of liberty. Full human flourishing is hindered by the dawning collapse of civil society and by crony capitalism and cultural cronyism. Natural law arguments, with their appreciation of rights and duties, provide a better framework than natural rights or utilitarian arguments for understanding economic liberty; a natural law conception of social justice recognizes the state’s role in economic justice but also requires respect for the proper authority of society. Globalization and new technologies are only a part of the problem. The solution to the crisis requires a better intellectual foundation for freedom and a renewed common understanding of what human flourishing looks like. This lecture was delivered as the annual Calihan Lecture on December 1, 2016, in London, England, at a conference sponsored by the Acton Institute on “The Crisis of Liberty in the West” at which Dr. Anderson received the Michael Novak Award for “outstanding scholarly research concerning the relationship between religion, economic freedom, and the free and virtuous society.”
An Update on Systemic Sclerosis and its Perioperative Management

Systemic sclerosis or scleroderma (SSc) is a systemic, immune-mediated disease characterized by abnormal cutaneous and organ-based fibrosis that results in progressive end-organ dysfunction and decreased survival. SSc results in significant challenges for the practicing anesthesiologist due to its rarity, multi-system involvement, and limited evidence-based guidance for optimal perioperative care. In this update, we briefly discuss the recent evidence on the pathophysiology and current management of SSc, review the anesthesia-related literature, and extrapolate these observations into an optimal perioperative strategy for the care of SSc patients. Evidence shows that patients with SSc demonstrate an increased risk for perioperative myocardial infarction, high rates of interstitial lung disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, neurological disease, gastric dysmotility disorders, and challenging airway management, all findings that may result in suboptimal perioperative outcomes. Advances in SSc medical management have resulted in improved survival, likely increasing the number of patients who will be exposed to perioperative care. Optimal perioperative management and risk stratification should expand beyond the well-described airway challenges and consider numerous systemic manifestations of systemic sclerosis such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, interstitial lung disease, and cardiac sequelae.
Predictive assays for tumor response to single and multiple fractions of hyperthermia.

Local regional hyperthermia is currently being tested clinically in combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. The results of several clinical trials show that for superficial tumors, hyperthermia used in conjunction with radiotherapy improves the response rate over radiotherapy alone (Overgaard 1985).
Dreamscape: Using AI to Create Speculative VR Environments

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more accessible and widespread in its implementation the opportunities it poses are ever-expanding. This paper explores machine learning tools such as generative adversarial networks, and their ability to speculate unseen Dreamscapes, using data from the real world. The research leverages creative AI as a generating agent to speculate cityscapes and visualize them within an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment. Leading to the creation of “Dreamscape AI”, a tool for architectural investigation. Culminating in an exploration within the future of video games design wherein AI leads to self-generative gamespaces and their graphics being user-driven.
Disrupted Surfaces of Porous Membranes Reduce Nuclear YAP Localization through Diminished Cell Spreading and Enhance Adipogenesis

Downstream effects of cell-substrate interactions due to porous membranes are not fully understood. Consistent with previous studies using other types of discontinuous or disrupted substrates, we show adipose-derived stromal cells cultured on porous membranes have reduced spreading and nuclear YAP localization as well as an increased propensity towards adipogenesis.
Coherence and the merging of relational classes in self-organizing networks: Extending Relational Density Theory

Abstract We extended prior work on Relational Density Theory (Belisle & Dixon, 2020a,b) by evaluating the role of pre-experimental coherence among relational classes on the development of merged classes. Distance was modelled geometrically using a multidimensional scaling procedure. Phases 1 and 2 were identical across the participants and Phase 3 differed based on group assignment. In phase 1, we examined the pre-experimental relatedness of 12 arbitrary symbols and 4 known textual words (SALT, PEPPER, KING, QUEEN). Non-coherence was observed between the arbitrary symbols and coherence between the known words (SALT=PEPPER, KING=QUEEN). In phase 2, we established 4, 4-member equivalence classes using a linear training arrangement, where each class included 3 arbitrary symbols and 1 known word. Separation of the classes within the geometric space was observed. In Phase 3, for half of the participants, we attempted to establish a class merger between 2 members of each coherent class (Coherence condition; salt = pepper and king = queen). For the other participants, we attempted to establish a class merger between 2 members of each non-coherent class (Non-coherence condition; king = pepper and queen = salt). Results support the successful merger of the merged coherence class but not the merged non-coherence class. Results have implications for relational self-organization in the establishment of complex combined networks.
Well-Being and Cooking Behavior: Using the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) Model as a Theoretical Framework

The prevalence of psychosocial distress is increasing in the United States. At the same time, the American default lifestyle has steadily displaced household food production with industrial food production, despite increased cultural interest in cooking. An important focus of cooking research to date has been on cooking's association with nutrition and dietary quality. Less focus has been placed on how cooking might foster the qualities that allow for mitigation of psychosocial distress and promote well-being. Rooted in its evolutionary role in the human experience, cooking requires skills and knowledge that have the capacity to encourage aspects of well-being as described by Seligman as flourishing. Evidence for a beneficial role of cooking in psychosocial health exists, but the exploration is limited, potentially due to lack of a theoretical context to explain these benefits. From this perspective, we review the current literature showing the application of Seligman's prominent well-being model, Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA), to cooking, defined as the activity related to the preparation of food or a meal. We propose that the PERMA model as applied to cooking may function as a theoretical framework to explore psychosocial outcomes associated with cooking. Broader application of this approach may also help to further the application of positive psychology in the developing literature around psychosocial health and nutrition-related chronic diseases.
Integral Representation of Hydraulic Permeability

In this paper, we show that the permeability of porous media and that of a bubbly fluid are limiting cases of the complexified version of the two-fluid models posed in the 1990 paper by Lipton and Avellaneda. We assume the viscosity of the inclusion fluid is $z\mu_1$ and the viscosity of the hosting fluid is $\mu_1$, $z\in\mathbb{C}$. The proof is carried out by construction of solutions for large $|z|$ and small $|z|$ by an iteration process similar with the one used in the 1993 paper by Bruno and Leo. Moreover, we also show that for a fixed microstructure, the permeabilities of these three cases share the same integral representation formula (IRF) with different values of $s'$, as long as the 'contrast parameter' $s':=\frac{1}{z-1}$ is not in the interval $[-\frac{2E_2^2}{1+2E_2^2},-\frac{1}{1+2E_1^2}]$, where the constants $E_1$ and $E_2$ are the extension constants that depend on the geometry of $Q_1$, $Q_2$ and $Q$.
The Preoperative Electroclinical Evaluation Determines Postoperative Seizure Control after Temporal Lobectomy

We have tested the hypothesis that the outcome of temporal corticectomy for seizure control is a function of the clinical and electrophysiological methodology employed in case selection in 25 consecutive cases of temporolimbic seizures from a study population of 68 sequential patients with medically intractable epilepsy who had received complete in-hospital neurological, neuropsychiatry, radiological, extracranial EEG, and stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) assessment. The relatively low published rates of complete seizure control (30%–40% seizure-free) after temporal lobectomy (Jensen 1975; Rasmussen 1975) indicate the limitations of seizure control consequent to reliance on interictal extracranial EEG recording for selection of surgical candidates. Our methodology comprised three aspects: surgical philosophy, surgical selection criteria, and indications for SEEG.
Fünfte wissenschaftliche Sitzung

Vier postnatal entstandene Netzhautveranderungen werden demonstriert, die mit der echten Ablatio falciformis congenita (Weve) Ahnlichkeiten aufweisen. Diese „Falciformis-Kopien“ sind: 1. Die forme fruste der retrolentalen Fibroplasie, die man rein morphologisch nicht immer von angeborenen Netzhautfalten trennen kann. 2. Seltene Falle von Netzhautfalten nach Ablatio retinae. 3. Coats-ahnliche Gefasveranderungen, die uber die Bildung von Pseudotumoren zu erheblicher Verziehung der zentralen Netzhaut fuhren konnen. 4. Diagnostisch bisher nicht eingeordnete Veranderungen der zentralen Netzhaut, moglicherweise zentrale Retinoschisis. Im Sinne Weves sollte der Name Ablatio falciformis den konnatalen Netzhautfalten vorbehalten bleiben.
Neural networks in antenna engineering - beyond black-box modeling

Recently neural networks have been applied in antenna modeling where the role of the network is not just for black-box modeling. This paper highlights that aspect of neural networks from the antenna engineering application point of view.
A voting approach to learn affinity matrix for robust clustering

The affinity matrix plays the central role in similarity based clustering algorithm. A recent study has shown that, conventional affinity matrices constructed using local neighborhood information are deficient to represent the overall structure of the dataset. In this paper, we propose a novel similarity measure between two points that captures the global setting of the dataset. The proposed affinity measure between two samples is essentially a likelihood that the two samples should fall into the same cluster. To calculate this, we first calculate a pairwise similarity value given a small subset of the data. The distances from a (randomly selected) subset of datapoints to all observations were utilized to produce an intermediate bipartition of the dataset. The outcomes of these bi-partitions provide the subset dependent ‘vote’ in favor of two samples to belong to the same group. These votes are later marginalized to determine the final pairwise similarity values. We achieved better clustering results both synthetic and real images show using affinity matrices learned by proposed voting method than results using the traditional affinity matrices.
Molecular and cellular biology of osteopontin: Potential role in cardiovascular disease

Molecular biology has greatly enhanced our ability to identify molecules expressed as a part of the vascular response to injury. Among these, osteopontin is of particular interest. Osteopontin is a multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein implicated in the pathogenesis of a growing number of cardiovascular lesions, including restenosis, atherosclerosis, aortic valve calcification, and repair of myocardial wounds. In this review, we focus on structural, functional, and regulatory properties of osteopontin, which might be particularly relevant to cardiovascular lesion development.
Intersexuality and the Law: Why Sex Matters (Introduction)

The term "intersex" evokes diverse images, typically of people who are both male and female or neither male nor female. Neither vision is accurate. The millions of people with an intersex condition, or a DSD (difference/disorder of sex development), are men and women whose sex chromosomes, gonads, or sex anatomy do not fit clearly into the male/female binary norm. Until recently, intersex conditions were shrouded in shame and secrecy; many adults were unaware that they had been born with an intersex condition and those who did know were advised to hide the truth. Current medical protocols and societal treatment of people with a DSD are based on false stereotypes about sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability, which create unique challenges to framing effective legal claims and building a strong cohesive movement.In "Intersexuality and the Law: Why Sex Matters," Professor Julie A. Greenberg examines the role that legal institutions can play in protecting the rights of people with an intersex condition. She also explores the relationship between the intersex movement and other social justice movements that have effectively used legal strategies to challenge similar discriminatory practices. In addition, she discusses the feasibility of forming effective alliances and developing mutually beneficial legal arguments with feminists, LGBT organizations, and disability rights advocates to eradicate the discrimination suffered by these marginalized groups.
Using Answer Set Programming for Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Future Directions

Since the proposal of the stable model semantics [1] of logic programs there has been a lot of developments that make answer set programs a suitable language for various kinds of knowledge representation. The building blocks that make answer set programming a suitable knowledge representation language include theoretical results, implementation and applications. The book [2] compiles most of the results that were available until 2002. Since then many additional results have been developed. However, many challenges and issues need to be further addressed before knowledge based intelligent systems become more prevalent.
Engaging the Third Sovereign: The Nature, Reach, and Sources of Tribal Law

This article attempts to clarify some of the confusion surrounding tribal law, which, notably, is distinct from federal Indian law. Whereas federal Indian law concerns the relationship between federal, state, and tribal governments, tribal law is the law tribes develop and apply to their members and territories. This article explores the nature of tribal government, reviews tribes' complex relationships with federal and state governments, examines the reach of tribal law, and highlights available sources of tribal law.
Cutting Edge: Alloimmune Responses Against Major and Minor Histocompatibility Antigens: Distinct Division Kinetics and Requirement for CD28 Costimulation

Comparative study of alloimmune responses against major and minor histocompatibility Ags has been limited by the lack of suitable assays. Here, we use a bioassay that permits tracking of alloreactive CD4+ T cell populations as they proliferate in response to major or minor histocompatibility Ags in vivo. Division of alloreactive CD4+ T cells proceeded more rapidly in response to major histocompatibility Ags than minor Ags, although CD4+ T cells alloreactive to minor Ags had a similar capacity to divide successively up to eight times after stimulation. Allorecognition of minor histocompatibility Ags was highly dependent on CD28 costimulation, with the frequency of CD4+ T cells proliferating in response to minor Ags in the absence of CD28 costimulation reduced up to 20-fold. These findings highlight differences in signaling processes that lead to allorecognition of major and minor histocompatibility Ags and have implications on the design of interventions aimed at abrogating these responses.
Consumer response to media information: the case of grapefruit-medicine interaction

This study measured the effect of media exposure on grapefruit/grapefruit juice consumption changes, in particular grapefruit-medicine interaction. Respondents’ attitudes about health news on television and the internet were measured to account for consumers exposed versus not exposed to such information. Results of a sample selection model show that consumer attitudes toward health news were significantly related to exposure to media information. Also, news exposure about grapefruit-medicine interaction has a tendency to result in reduced grapefruit consumption. Consumers who are directly affected by the medication interaction significantly react to the news, and the effect varies by age. Even though consumer’s age was positively related to the probability of increased grapefruit consumption, when consumers took the medication, consumer’s age was negatively related to the probability of increased grapefruit consumption.
Reconsidering the Sonderweg of German Science: Biology and Culture in the Nineteenth Century

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, Vol. 40, Number 1, pps. 136–147. ISSN 1939-1811, electronic ISSN 1939-182X. © 2010 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintinfo. asp. DOI: 10.1525/hsns.2010.40.1.136. Reconsidering the Sonderweg of German Science: Biology and Culture in the Nineteenth Century
The effects of tuition and financial aid on the enrollment decision at a state university

Students admitted to more than one institution of higher education face one of the most difficult decisions of their lives. The determinants of these enrollment decisions are crucially important to the yield of qualified students from the number admitted to colleges and universities. This paper specifies an empirical model of the enrollment decision for students admitted both to Rutgers University and to at least one alternate college. Our estimates of the parameters of the model with a binary choice multiple regression equation show that students base their enrollment decision on the relative quality of the schools, their own abilities and family resources, and the net costs of the schools. The results are relevant to university tuition and financial aid policies. The general methodology is replicable by other institutions seeking information on the determinants of the enrollment decision.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bovine β‐lactoglobulin genomic sequences and identification of genetic variants by RFLP analysis

Abstract Genetic variants A and B of the bovine β‐lactoglobulin are common in all breeds of cattle and β‐lactoglobulin is an important factor in protein recovery and cheese yield from milk. Early and accurate identification of β‐lactoglobulin genotypes in animals of both sexes could have a direct impact on the genetic improvement of milk composition. We report a rapid method for differentiating bovine β‐lactoglobulin AA, AB or BB genotypes by using the polyrnerase chain reaction technique and restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Green’s functions and boundary element method formulation for 3D anisotropic media

Abstract The implementation of Wang’s theoretical solution is presented for elastostatic displacement Green’s function for three-dimensional solids of general anisotropy. Excerpts from the authors’ fortran code are included. A numerical algorithm for the calculation of the derivatives of the Green’s displacements and stresses is also introduced. These implementations have been incorporated into a boundary element method (BEM) code developed by the authors. The numerical results of Green’s displacements, stresses and stress derivatives are in perfect agreement with closed-form solutions for transversely isotropic solids. The BEM code results are also in very close agreement with both exact solutions and other BEM formulations, even if coarse mesh discretizations are used.
A new insulated gate tetrode with high drain breakdown potential and low miller feedback capacitance

Insulated gate field effect transistors (IGFET's) with the gate offset from the drain electrode exhibit high drain breakdown potential and very low Miller feedback capacitance. The new insulated gate tetrode (IGT) described in this paper utilizes a second stacked gate to create the offset channel. The main advantage is the possibility of optimizing the device performance, especially the drain breakdown potential for both P -and N -channel devices. Considered in the paper are design and fabrication problems, V-I characteristics, drain breakdown potential, dynamic drain resistance, small-signal equivalent circuit, and large-signal limitations. P -channel IGT's with drain breakdown potentials up to 300 V have been built. The design of the IGT depends mainly on the tradeoff between drain breakdown potential and the limited frequency response caused by the time constant of the offset channel. The results to date indicate that the IGT has a large drain voltage range and an extremely low Miller feedback capacitance and is adaptable to different operating conditions. The IGT appears very promising for use in power amplifiers and switching applications.
Ethics of maternal-fetal surgery.

Summary The transition from innovation to standard of care for maternal–fetal surgery should be guided by ethical as well as scientific considerations. This chapter provides an ethical framework that identifies criteria for the investigation of maternal–fetal surgery. Using this framework, physicians should address the initiation and assessment of clinical trials to determine whether they establish a standard of care, use an appropriately informed consent process to recruit and enroll subjects, consider whether selection criteria should include the abortion preferences of the pregnant woman, and consider whether physicians have an obligation to offer referral to such investigation. This ethical framework, in a clinically comprehensive fashion, takes account of the physician's obligations to the fetal patient, the pregnant woman, and future fetal and pregnant patients. The ethical framework is illustrated by the example of fetal surgery for spina bifida.
A Multi-Stage Approach to Time-Cost Trade-Off Analysis using Mathematical Programming

AbstractTime-cost trade-offs are a critical construction planning issue, which have received significant amount of research. Many existing solutions are based on evolutionary algorithms, which are search-based and ignore the structure of time-cost trade-off problems. Mathematical programming methods were applied previously but their computational limitations have been widely recognized. This study proposed a multi-stage approach based on linear programming and integer programming to improve the efficiency of time-cost trade-off analysis using mathematical programming. Three models are used in this approach- a normal duration model, a reduction time model, and an adjustment model. The normal duration model finds the normal project duration. The reduction time model seeks optimum solutions to minimize the total cost subject to a project deadline by assuming all crash-able activities are linear-continuous (LC). The adjustment model finds feasible solution for non-linear-continuous (NLC) activities whose redu...
The impact of acute care medications on rehabilitation outcome after traumatic brain injury.

Objectives: To examine the impact of medications with known central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms of action, given during the acute care stages after traumatic brain injury (TBI), on the extent of cognitive and motor recovery during inpatient rehabilitation.Design: Retrospective extraction of data utilizing an inception cohort of moderate and severe TBI survivors.Methods: The records of 182 consecutive moderate and severe TBI survivors admitted to a single, large, Midwestern level I trauma centre and subsequently transferred for acute inpatient rehabilitation were abstracted for the presence of 11 categories of medication, three measures of injury severity (worst 24 hour Glasgow Coma Scale, worst pupillary response, intra-cranial hypertension), three measures of outcome (Function Independence Measure (FIM) Motor and Cognitive scores at both rehabilitation admission and discharge and duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)).Main outcome and results: The narcotics, benzodiazepines and neuroleptics were t...
Design of an Optical Photon Counting Array Receiver System for Deep-Space Communications

Demand for increased capacity in deep-space to Earth communications systems continues to rise as sensor data rates climb and mission requirements expand. Optical free-space laser communications systems offer the potential for operating at data rates 10 to 1000 times that of current radio-frequency systems. A key element in an optical communications system is the Earth receiver. This paper reviews the design of a distributed photon-counting receiver array composed of four meter-class telescopes, developed as a part of the mars laser communications demonstration (MLCD) project. This design offers a cost-effective and adaptable alternative approach to traditional large, single-aperture receive elements while preserving the expected improvement in data rates enabled by free-space laser communications systems. Key challenges in developing distributed receivers and details of the MLCD design are discussed.
Testing the Theory of Reasoned Action in Explaining Sexual Behavior Among African American Young Teen Girls

This study tested the Theory of Reasoned Action to examine the prediction of early sexual behavior among African American young teen girls. Baseline data from a longitudinal randomized clinical trial were used. Between 2001 and 2005, 198 middle-school girls aged 11 to 14 years were recruited. As girls aged, they held more permissive attitudes toward engaging in early sexual behavior and had a higher intention to engage in early sexual behavior. Intention was a significant predictor to explain sexual behavior among the girls. There is a need to develop strategies that promote intention related to delay and prevention of early sexual behavior.
MR imaging of iron depositional disease

This article discusses the physiology of iron metabolism in humans. The pathophysiology and MR imaging findings of disorders that result in iron deposition in the liver are described. Emphasis is placed on genetic, clinical, and imaging findings of hemochromatosis. Radiologists should familiarize themselves with the patterns of iron deposition on MR images in order to suggest a potential etiology, which may not be known at the time of imaging.
MAJOR ROLE FOR ACTIVE EXTENSION IN THE FORMATION OF PROCESSES BY RAS-TRANSFORMED FIBROBLASTS

Expression of constitutively active Ras protein in fibroblasts results in enhanced cell motility, invasion competence and morphological changes including the formation of elongate cellular processes. These processes have been shown to resemble retraction tails formed passively behind nontransformed cells by movement relative to sites of cell-substrate attachment. However, analysis presented here reveals that active extension mechanisms also play a role in the formation of these processes. Extension of distal process ends occurs at 0.42 6 0.44 µm/min in ras-transformed fibroblasts and accounts for 63.6 6 27.5% of observed process lengths. Active process extension by ras-transformed fibroblasts also persists in the presence of cell-cell contacts. Studies conducted using actin or microtubule antagonists, and correlation of process behavior followed by fixation and immunostaining reveal that process extension requires intact actin and microtubule networks. Other analyses reveal that active extension plays a significantly smaller role in the formation of processes by non-transformed control fibroblasts. These observations demonstrate that constitutively active Ras enhances process extension in fibroblasts and is a causal factor in process extension by fibroblasts in the presence of cell-cell contacts. Moreover, these studies demonstrate that process extension by ras-transformed fibroblasts is accomplished through mechanisms similar to those thought to drive active extension of processes by other cell types including neurons. These findings suggest that extension of cellular processes could play an important role in the metastatic behavior of ras-transformed fibroblasts as well as the response of untransformed fibroblasts to receptor mediated signal transduction events. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 42:12‐26, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The performance of a position sensitive wire chamber in the presence of a magnetic field

We have built a position sensitive wire chamber and tested it with X-rays and cosmic ray muons. Using a fill gas of 62% CF4 and 38% CO2, we have achieved resolutions of 38 μm for 1 keV X-rays, 42 μm for normally incident cosmic ray muons in the absence of a magnetic field, and 46 μm for cosmic rays incident at the gas's Lorentz angle for a 0.8 T magnetic field. For throughgoing charged particles, the degradation in position resolution with angle away from the optimum incident angle has been found to be 11 μm/° (added in quadrature).
Characteristics of androgynous, undifferentiated, masculine, and feminine middle-class women

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory was given to a random sample of 369 middle-class, 20–59-year-old women during the second year of a panel study. A median split on the masculine and feminine scores was used to define feminine (47%), androgynous (24%), masculine (10%), and undifferentiated (19%) women. The four groups were compared using analysis of variance and multiple regression techniques on a variety of demographic, attitudinal, time utilization, personality, and health characteristics to investigate the relationships among sex-typing, attitudes, and behavior. Significant demographic, time utilization, personality, and attitudinal differences were generally consistent with sex-typing, but differences in health were not found.
The V108M mutation decreases the structural stability of catechol O-methyltransferase.

Abstract The human gene for catechol O-methyltransferase has a common single-nucleotide polymorphism that results in substitution of methionine (M) for valine (V) 108 in the soluble form of the enzyme (s-COMT). 108M s-COMT loses enzymatic activity more rapidly than 108V s-COMT at physiological temperature, and the 108M allele has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer and several neuropsychiatric disorders. We used circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy to examine how the 108V/M polymorphism affects the stability of the purified, recombinant protein to heat and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). COMT contains two tryptophan residues, W143 and W38Y, which are located in loops that border the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and catechol binding sites. We therefore also studied the single-tryptophan mutants W38Y and W143Y in order to dissect the contributions of the individual tryptophans to the fluorescence signals. The 108V and 108M proteins differed in the stability of both the tertiary structure surrounding the active site, as probed by the fluorescence yields and emission spectra, and their global secondary structure as reflected by CD. With either probe, the midpoint of the thermal transition of 108M s-COMT was 5 to 7 °C lower than that of 108V s-COMT, and the free energy of unfolding at 25 °C was smaller by about 0.4 kcal/mol. 108M s-COMT also was more prone to aggregation or partial unfolding to a form with an increased radius of hydration at 37 °C. The co-substrate SAM stabilized the secondary structure of both 108V and 108M s-COMT. W143 dominates the tryptophan fluorescence of the folded protein and accounts for most of the decrease in fluorescence that accompanies unfolding by GuHCl. While replacing either tryptophan by tyrosine was mildly destabilizing, the lower stability of the 108M variant was retained in all cases.
The Influence of Marination, Weight, and Cooking Technique on Tenderness of Broilers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect of cooking methods, weight of broiler, and marination on tenderness and cooked yield of breasts and thighs. In the first experiment, broilers without giblets (WOGS) weighing 750 to 825 g were compared to WOGS weighing 1350 to 1700 g and cooked by two methods. In the second experiment, WOGS were aged 3 or 16 hr before being subjected to a marination treatment. Marination treatments consisted of injection with 5% phosphate solution or soaking in a solution containing 4% monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 4% salt (NaCl). Nonmarinated WOGS were aged 3 to 16 hr before cooking. Breast and thigh parts were cooked to an internal temperature of 82 C before freezing with carbon dioxide. Breaded and steamed broiler parts had lower values and higher cooked yields than corresponding parts cooked in water. Smaller WOGS (750 to 825 g) had the lowest shear values for thighs but the highest values for the breast. Broilers aged 16 hr prior to marination had the most tender breast and thighs and the highest percent cooked yield. Aging for only 3 hr produced the highest shear value, which indicated that these parts were the least tender. Marination of breasts and thighs for 3 hr yielded shear values equal to those from parts aged for 16 hr, but not marinated. These data suggest marination of broiler parts is one method of reducing the aging time required to achieve tenderness in breast and thigh muscles.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity in vitro of ten root canal sealers on Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract The antimicrobial activity of ten root canal sealers was studied on Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutant. One hundred plates of trypticase soy agar-sheep red blood cell (10%), each with four distinct 3 mm diameter wells, were divided into two groups of 50 by means of the Lawn technique; one group was inoculated with S. sanguis and the other with S. mutans. Four milligrams of each root canal sealer was placed in each of three wells in 10 plates (five plates of each inoculant); the fourth well was left empty as a control site. Plateswere incubated at 37° C and checked after 2, 7, and 14 days. All root canal sealers inhibited growth of both organisms. The inhibitory zones for S. sanguis were larger than inhibitory zones for S. mutans for all tested sealers, except Diaket. Dentinol, Kerr, and Tubliseal had significantly more inhibitory effect on S. sanguis than did other tested sealers (p
Mechanical and geological effects of impact cratering on Ida

Asteroids respond to impact stresses differently from either laboratory specimens or large planets. Gravity is typically so small that seismic disturbances of a few cm s−1can devastate unconsolidated topography. Yet the presence of regolith and the likelihood that many asteroids are gravitational assemblages tell us that gravity cannot generally be ignored. We use numerical models for impact fracture in solids to examine the initial stage of crater formation on asteroid 243 Ida, up to the cessation of fracture and the establishment of the cratering flow; at this stage we can infer final crater diameters but not profiles. We find that a modified strength scaling applies for craters up to a few 100 m in diameter forming in rock subject to Ida's gravity, and that gravity controls all craters larger than ∼1 km. “Bright annuli” around a number of intermediate craters may be the result of low-velocity surface disturbances, rather than bright proximal ejecta deposits. We also consider large impactors, to which Ida presents a curved, finite target surface with irregular gravity. These can excavate asymmetrical concavities. Stresses from large events can refocus and cause fracture far from the crater; using the shape of Ida as a basis for 3D hydrocode simulations, we show that impact genesis of the Vienna Regio concavity can cause fracture in Pola Regio, where grooves are observed in spacecraft images. Other simulations indicate that the formation of the ∼10 km crater Azzurra might have reopened these fractures, which may account for their fresh appearance. This mechanism of groove formation requires an interior which coherently transmits elastic stress. While this precludes a classic “rubble pile” asteroid, it does allow well-joined fault planes, and welded blocks or pores smaller than the stress pulse.
Variability in B-mode ultrasound measurements in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study is a multicenter, long-term epidemiologic study that uses B-mode ultrasound primarily to measure carotid arterial intima-media wall thickness. To assess the reliability of the measurement process of this application of B-mode technology to population-based research, 36 volunteers from four centers were scanned at three visits, 7-14 days apart. Estimates of the components of variation in the B-mode measurements of artery wall thickness from between-person, between-sonographer, within-sonographer, between-reader and within-reader variation are presented, along with estimates of the correlation R between measures made at repeat visits by different sonographers and read by different readers. The estimates of R for mean intima-media thickness are 0.69, 0.60, 0.54 and 0.66 for the carotid bifurcation, internal carotid, common carotid, and three-segment overall carotid mean, respectively. When these are adjusted to account for differences in between-person variance between the ancillary study and the main ARIC study, the estimated site-specific reliability coefficients appropriate to the ARIC study population are 0.77, 0.73 and 0.70 for mean carotid far-wall intima-media thickness at the carotid bifurcation and the internal and common carotid arteries.
A new convenient method for estimation of total cystine-cysteine in proteins☆

Abstract Hydrolysis of proteins in 6 N HCl containing 0.2–0.3 M dimethyl sulfoxide leads to quantitative oxidation of cystine and cysteine to cysteic acid, which can be determined by direct amino analysis. Because of alteration of several other amino acids under these hydrolysis conditions, the rest of the amino acids must be determined from parallel hydrolyzates carried out in the conventional manner in the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide.
Anthropology's Epiphanies: Some Things I Learned from James Fernandez

During the course of this decade, I have been traveling incessantly to Cuba, the place of my birth and earliest childhood. One truth that stays with me is the belief, enunciated frequently by babalawos, leaders of the Afro-Cuban Santeria religion, that nothing in this world happens by chance. I believe it is not by chance, but rather by the ineffable wisdom that guides us on our life's journey that I have had the good fortune to be associated with James Fernandez for the past 22 years. I know that after I received my Ph.D. and became an anthropologist in my own right, Jim and I became colleagues, but I will always be his student and always his ahijada, a goddaughter to this quite powerful babalawo of anthropology, who initiated me into the rituals of our profession. It is impossible for me to speak of Jim impersonally, as James Fernandez, or even simply textually, by citing his work, because the things I have learned from him have come to me from knowing the man and knowing the work, and the two are as inseparable as fingernail and flesh, "como una y carne," to use a popular Spanish metaphor. I consider my article a quest to understand the meaning of mentorship—of how it is that we learn from our teachers and are given the tools to become teachers ourselves.