cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A process perspective on regulation: Who bears the dispersed costs of regulation?

Scholars in both Austrian Economics and the Public Choice tradition intuitively understand that intervention often creates redistribution from lower income households to the middle class, but there has been little systematic inquiry into the distributional consequences of interventionism. This paper systematically applies Austrian insights to the dispersed costs side of the analysis of intervention to offer a better sense of how large those costs may be and who tends to bear them. An emergent literature on the regressive effects of regulation highlights those distributional consequences both from a theoretical and an empirical perspective.
Discourse Analysis as Potential for Re-Visioning Music Education

Discourse analysis holds great potential for re-visioning the field of music education. This paper explores works from Foucault, Blommaert, Scollon and Scollon, as well as others, to suggest a theoretical and methodological approach to analyzing discourse in settings of music transmission that takes into consideration who we are, what we do, and how we do it. Discourse is defined in this paper as meaningful, mediated language-in-place. By analyzing acts of speech as well as cultural objects (such as instruments, mallets, and bows) and concepts (such as a conducting gestures or solfege syllables) used as mediational means in situ, we can reveal how discursive sources of power dominance, inequality, and bias are initiated, perpetuated, (re)produced, and transformed in sites of music transmission. Analyzing such models may help develop a more flexible way of understanding and visioning music education—one that blurs boundaries between musics, ways of knowing music, and spaces where musicking takes place.
Resection of Brain Tumors: Intraoperative Confocal Microscopy Technology

The ability to diagnose brain tumors in vivo and reliably identify tumor margins in the course of resection are two innovations that could impact the neurosurgical oncologist’s ability to maximize resection and minimize morbidity. Recent advances in optical imaging and miniaturization have enabled the production of a hand-held intraoperative confocal microscope. We present a first-look feasibility analysis of the intraoperative confocal microscope as an adjunct for brain tumor resection. Intraoperative confocal microscopy is an emerging and practicable technology for the resection of human brain tumors. Our preliminary assessment indicates the reliability of this technique for a variety of lesions in identifying tumor cell populations, as well as the tumor-brain interface, in situ. Further refinement of this technology may depend upon the approval of tumor-specific fluorescent contrast agents for human use.
Role and function of cytokinin oxidase in plants

Cytokinin oxidase (CK oxidase) is widely distributed in plants and is the only enzyme that has been shown unequivocally to catalyze the catabolism of specific cytokinins (CKs) to inactive products that lack the N6-unsaturated side chain. Thus, the enzyme is thought to play a major role in controlling the level or species of CKs in plant tissues. However, despite its discovery more than 25 years ago, little attention has been given to the elucidation of its role and function in plant growth and development. This review seeks to bring in to context the current state of knowledge regarding the biochemical and molecular properties, regulation in undifferentiated and differentiated tissues, and recent results from studies using transgenic plants in an attempt to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the physiological significance of the enzyme in plants. Notwithstanding species, tissue and other specific differences, in general, CK oxidase appears to contribute to CK homeostasis in plants. However, complete clarity as to its function awaits purification of the protein to homogeneity and the ultimate development of requisite molecular probes.
Prime Ideals in Polynomial and Power Series Rings over Noetherian Domains

In this article we survey recent results concerning the set of prime ideals in two-dimensional Noetherian integral domains of polynomials and power series. We include a new result that is related to current work of the authors [Celikbas et al., Prime Ideals in Quotients of Mixed Polynomial-Power Series Rings; see http://www.math.unl.edu/~swiegand1 (preprint)]: Theorem 5.4 gives a general description of the prime spectra of the rings \(R[\![x,y]\!]/P,R[\![x]\!][y]/Q\) and R[y][​[x]​]∕Q′, where x and y are indeterminates over a one-dimensional Noetherian integral domain R and P, Q, and Q′ are height-one prime ideals of R[​[x, y]​], R[​[x]​][y], and R[y][​[x]​], respectively. We also include in this survey recent results of Eubanks-Turner, Luckas, and Saydam describing prime spectra of simple birational extensions R[​[x]​][f(x)∕g(x)] of R[​[x]​], where f(x) and g(x) are power series in R[​[x]​] such that f(x) ≠ 0 and is a prime ideal of R[​[x]​][y]—this is a special case of Theorem 5.4. We give some examples of prime spectra of homomorphic images of mixed power series rings when the coefficient ring R is the ring of integers \(\mathbb{Z}\) or a Henselian domain.
Joint Probabilistic Forecasts of Temperature and Solar Irradiance

In this paper, a mathematical relationship between temperature and solar irradiance is established in order to reduce the sample space and provide joint probabilistic forecasts. These forecasts can then be used for the purpose of stochastic optimization in power systems. A Volterra system type of model is derived to characterize the dependence of temperature on solar irradiance. A dataset from NOAA weather station in California is used to validate the fit of the model. Using the model, probabilistic forecasts of both temperature and irradiance are provided and the performance of the forecasting technique highlights the efficacy of the proposed approach. Results are indicative of the fact that the underlying correlation between temperature and irradiance is well captured and will therefore be useful to produce future scenarios of temperature and irradiance while approximating the underlying sample space appropriately.
Metabolic features of cancer cells.

Cancer cells uniquely reprogram their cellular activities to support their rapid proliferation and migration and to counteract metabolic and genotoxic stress during cancer progression. In this reprograming, cancer cells’ metabolism and other cellular activities are integrated and mutually regulated, and cancer cells modulate metabolic enzymes spatially and temporally so that these enzymes not only have altered metabolic activities but also have modulated subcellular localization and gain non-canonical functions. This review and several others in this issue of Cancer Communications discuss these enzymes’ newly acquired functions and the non-canonical functions of some metabolites as features of cancer cell metabolism, which play critical roles in various cellular activities, including gene expression, anabolism, catabolism, redox homeostasis, and DNA repair.
Understanding the Air-Exposure Degradation Chemistry at a Nanoscale of Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Undesired reactions between layered sodium transition-metal oxide cathodes and air impede their utilization in practical sodium-ion batteries. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of how layered oxide cathodes degrade in air is of paramount importance, but it has not been fully understood yet. Here a comprehensive study on a model material NaNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2 reveals its reaction chemistry with air and the dynamic evolution of the degradation species upon air exposure. We find that besides the extraction of Na+ ions from the crystal lattice to form NaOH, Na2CO3, and Na2CO3·H2O in contact with air, nickel ions gradually dissolve from the bulk to form NiO and accumulate on the particle surface as revealed by subnanometer surface-sensitive time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The degradation species on the surface are insulating, leading to an increase in interfacial resistance and declined electrochemical performance. We also demonstrate a feasible surface coating strategy for suppressing ...
Local residents’ views of surface mining: Perceived impacts, subjective well-being, and support for regulations in southern Appalachia

Abstract Growing public demand for cleaner technologies and alternative energy sources has challenged the sustainability of traditional industries like coal mining. Public support for mining in rural communities may depend partly on how local residents perceive its impacts on their well-being. Nonetheless, community perceptions of and attitudes toward mining have received limited empirical attention. This study surveyed long-term residents of predominantly mining counties in eastern Kentucky to assess how residents perceive environmental change and subjective well-being relative to mining activities and how the perceived impacts of mining and their confidence in reclamation influence their support for public policies regulating surface mining. While residents noted some changes in natural environment conditions over the years, mining operations were not perceived as responsible factor for those changes. We also found that surface mining currently enjoys overwhelming public support, mainly because local residents view mining as part of their community identity and are skeptical about environmental concerns relative to the benefit mining brings. Occupation in mining, perceived past impact, and future risk were all negatively related to subjective well-being. Support for regulations to stop surface mining in the region was significantly impacted by perceived risks and benefits, confidence in reclamation efforts, attitudes toward the mining industry, and trust in local institutions. Considering the ongoing policy debates surrounding cleaner technology and concerns for economic growth in rural areas, this study provides insights on community perception and acceptability of surface mining that will inform policy making and regional development planning in southern Appalachia and similar regions.
Resistance Training, Antioxidant Status, and Antioxidant Supplementation

Resistance training is known to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species. Although this can likely upregulate the natural, endogenous antioxidant defense systems, high amounts of reactive oxygen species can cause skeletal muscle damage, fatigue, and impair recovery. To prevent these, antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed along with exercise. Recently, it has been shown that these reactive oxygen species are important for the cellular adaptation process, acting as redox signaling molecules. However, most of the research regarding antioxidant status and antioxidant supplementation with exercise has focused on endurance training. In this review, the authors discuss the evidence for resistance training modulating the antioxidant status. They also highlight the effects of combining antioxidant supplementation with resistance training on training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations.
ENSO Diversity from an Atmospheric Perspective

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon exhibits considerable diversity in the amplitude, pattern, and temporal evolution. The processes causing ENSO diversity are reviewed with focus on the role of atmospheric feedback. Due to the zonal and meridional asymmetry in tropical Pacific climate, atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is highly nonlinear. This leads to diversity in the amplitude and pattern of El Nino, as well as asymmetry in the pattern and duration of El Nino and La Nina. Atmospheric convection changes associated with tropical Pacific decadal variability may modulate ENSO diversity. Furthermore, variability in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans provides additional sources of ENSO diversity through pan-tropical adjustments of atmospheric convection. The complexity of atmospheric feedback plays an important role in ENSO diversity, but is poorly represented in the Bjerknes feedback. Incorporating convective threshold in defining SST anomalies may help explain various features of ENSO diversity in a unified framework.
Implementation intentions for weight loss in college students with overweight and obesity: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial

One in three college students have overweight or obesity and are in need of brief, simple weight loss interventions. Implementation intentions, a strategy that connects a goal-aligned behavior to a cue, facilitate goal attainment of health behaviors but have not been applied as a standalone treatment for weight loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an implementation intention weight loss intervention in college students. In this three-arm, proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial, college students with overweight/obesity (N = 95) were randomized to one of three conditions: an implementation intention group (IMP), an enhanced implementation intention group (IMP+) that included text message reminders and fluency training (i.e., training for speed and accuracy), and a control goal intention group (GOL) for 4 weeks. Participants completed anthropometric and self-report assessments pretreatment and posttreatment and experience-sampling assessments during the study to assess how implementation intentions contribute to behavior change. Across the sample, IMP and IMP+ groups reported significantly more goal-congruent behaviors than the GOL group. However, no between-condition differences emerged for weight and diet outcomes. Across conditions, students lost a statistically significant amount of weight, improved diet quality, and reduced caloric intake (ps < .05). Setting implementation intentions was associated with increased behaviors consistent with weight loss goals. Moreover, participants in all groups lost a statistically significant amount of weight. Incorporating implementation intentions into weight loss interventions, and testing the efficacy of this approach on weight loss over a longer duration, may be beneficial for college students with overweight/obesity.
The Utilization of YouTube as a Resource on Hair Loss Treatments

To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the quality of videos discussing hair loss treatments YouTube was searched on December 10, 2019, using the relevance and view count filters for the following search terms: hair loss treatment, baldness, alopecia, male pattern baldness, and female pattern baldness. The DISCERN criterion for assessing consumer health information was used to evaluate each video. A score of 1 indicates a low overall video quality, whereas a 5 indicates a high-quality source of information for patients. The DISCERN treatment assessment is a validated tool to assess the quality of patient information about treatment choices. Two-sample t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to determine significance. We analyzed 90 videos receiving a total of 108,240,496 views with a mean view count of 1,202,672 views per video (Table 1). Pharmaceuticals including minoxidil and finasteride were the most commonly mentioned treatment (30% of videos) followed by nutraceuticals (20%). YouTube influencers (Table 2) represented 37.8% of authors followed by companies/advertisers (15.6%). Seventeen videos (18.9%) included board-certified dermatologists. The mean DS overall was 2.66, and the mean DS for bias was 2.98. Our data demonstrate the extensive use of YouTube for hair loss treatment information. While YouTube can be a valuable resource for patients, videos are often biased and can misinform patients. Moreover, the lack of a central review process or governing body to validate claims made in videos can be a safety concern. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Patterns of Misidentified Vowels in Individuals With Dysarthria Secondary to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Purpose The current study examines the pattern of misidentified vowels produced by individuals with dysarthria secondary to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Method Twenty-three individuals with...
Polyphosphoric Acid's synergy with bio-modified bituminous composites

Abstract Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) is among the most common modifiers used to increase bitumen's elasticity, improve bitumen's performance grade, and widen bitumen's operative temperature range. Recently, attention has been directed toward significant variations in PPA effectiveness when used in different bituminous composites. In other words, the same exact dosage of PPA affects various bitumens differently. The latter has been attributed to unexpected synergitic or antagonistic interplay between PPA and bitumen components. Considering the increasing use of bio-modifiers in asphalt industry, understanding such interplay is critical in design and engineering of bituminous composites. Here, we use the laboratory experiments and computational modeling, using density functional theory (DFT), to examine and compare the synergistic effects between PPA and each of five bio-modifiers (derived from wood pellet, miscanthus, castor oil, corn stover, or waste vegetable oil) to promote the durability and sustainability of bituminous composites while enhancing resource conservation and biowaste valorization. Based on the results, the bio-modifier made from wood pellets has the highest synergy with PPA (leading to the best dosage efficiency for PPA), followed by bio-modifiers made from miscanthus, castor oil, and corn stover. The bio-modifier made from waste vegetable oil shows the least synergy with PPA. The DFT results show the strong non-covalent interactions between PPA oligomers and the lignin units of the wood-based bio-modifier. In addition, due to the higher polarity of the wood-based bio-modifier compared to the bio-modifier from waste vegetable oil, a higher phosphorylation is expected to occur in the wood-based bio-modifier when exposed to PPA.
Anthropometric Analysis to Build Ergonomic Equipment

Body dimensions such as hip breadth, knee height, and chest circumference are important measurements required to build items such as car seats and toilets. However, recent studies strongly point to...
Beyond the Bottom Line: Don’t Forget to Consider the Role of the Family

Our work investigates the influence of supervisor bottom-line mentality (SBLM) (i.e., a one-dimensional focus on bottom-line outcomes to the exclusion of other organizational priorities) on employe...
Provide a simple model of the Comprehensive Electric Power Controller

The UPFC in Power Systems controls the line parameters and the power flow of the lines. On the other hand, controlling the power flow and lines parameters in transmission lines, maximizes the capacity of power transmission lines, increases network reliability, reduces line losses, increases power system efficiency, reduces energy loss and consumption management. Therefore, presenting a simple model of UPFC in power systems analysis is of interest to experts. In this paper, a simple model of upfc in steady state is presented. In the proposed model, the converter of upfc series is modeled with circuit elements. The proposed model will be included in the load distribution program without changing the dimensions of the Jacobine network matrix. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model, the standard 14 bus are simulated
Oncoplastic Split Reduction with Intraoperative Radiation Therapy

A standard Wise-pattern reduction can be used to excise a breast cancer that falls within the Wise pattern.1 When the tumor is located outside the Wise pattern, it can be removed by tunneling and pulling the lesion through the Wise-pattern incision. When it is necessary to take skin overlying the tumor, the Wise pattern can be reconfigured by moving either the lower inner or lower outer quadrant triangles, which are a normal part of the standard Wise pattern, to a position over the tumor. This change must be accompanied by splitting the vertical limb of the reduction to accommodate the repositioning of the triangle, a technique known as split reduction.2 This alteration in the Wise pattern removes the skin directly over the tumor and guarantees that the anterior margin will be clear. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is a technique used for administering a single dose of radiation therapy given during a ‘lumpectomy’ procedure. Two prospective, randomized trials have shown that, in selected low-risk patients, IORT may be adequate as the entire course of radiation therapy.3,4 In this video, we combined IORT with a split reduction tumor excision.
The Changed Name of God

SUDDENLY SNOW, a blanching of air, the nearly weightless bodies, blown high in crosswinds or riding dreary, dreamy paths to the ice-rutted, brown-thatched, mudslicked ground, changing the gray scene, the woolen sky, folded mountains, and endless, herringbone thickets of leafless hard woods to the white of swirled sheets, and plunging the world into brightness. Before the snow, I had crunched down the gravel path from my house in a sour mood, hoping to tramp away sullenness. Determined and undi rected, I trudged beyond my neighbor's upturned wheelbarrow, the handles pointed with abstract and unfocused deliberateness at nothing overhead. Crossing a culvert, I left behind, or tried to leave behind, news reports of chemical warfare and laser-guided weapons ripping into ex hausted and wretched bodies. I trudged on, head down. "Here endless walks circle about around bottomless dams," the Swedish poet Gunnar Ekeloef wrote, describing the deadness of spirit that we do not walk away from. "Here the days all reflect one monotonous day." I tramped through the grass to a dry hump of land at the lake's margin where I stopped and looked long at the uniformly dimpled surface, the windblown waves, the agitated water shirring at my feet. Less, the water said gathering into waves, less, and less. Then, suddenly, snow. The flakes, tiny at first but turning heavy and wet, rode strong currents the length of open fields in a dizzying, silver buckshot rush, mounted and scattered in the counterwinds, and settled at last among gray-shafted oaks and shaggy, green-skirted pines, covering, surely, silently, the mulch of the wood's floor and the mud along the roads.
Lithium tert-Butoxide

[1907-33-1] C4H9LiO (MW 80.07) InChI = 1S/C4H9O.Li/c1-4(2,3)5;/h1-3H3;/q-1;+1 InChIKey = LZWQNOHZMQIFBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (weakly basic and nucleophilic metal alkoxide)1 Physical Data: crystalline solid, subl over 170–205 °C/760 mmHg; dec above 250 °C.2 Form Supplied in: commercially available as a white powder. Preparative Methods: the crystalline material is prepared using a Schlenk apparatus by reaction of t-BuOH with a small excess of Lithium sand in PhMe at rt for 24 h;2 the excess metal is removed by filtration and the solvent is removed in vacuo; the remaining solid is sublimed at 110–120 °C/0.01 mmHg. In situ preparation is accomplished by adding a solution of anhyd t-BuOH in THF to 1.6 M n-Butyllithium in hexane,1a or by slowly adding a 1.55 M solution of n-BuLi in hexane to an excess of the anhyd alcohol under N2;1b the reaction is exothermic, and a water bath should be used to keep the temperature of the mixture near rt. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: use same procedure as for Potassium tert-Butoxide, i.e. handle and conduct reactions in a fume hood under an inert atmosphere; for critical experiments, it is recommended that the reagent be freshly prepared.
Cloning and sequencing of agaA, a unique agarase 0107 gene from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain JT0107.

An agarase gene (agaA) was cloned from genomic DNA of Vibrio sp. strain JT0107. An open reading frame of 2,985 nucleotides gave a primary translation product composed of the mature protein, agarase 0107 (975 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight of 105,271) and a signal peptide of 20 amino acid residues at the N terminus. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of agarase 0107 with those of Streptomyces coelicolor and Pseudomonas atlantica suggests that these enzymes share two regions in common. The AgaA protein which was expressed in Escherichia coli had the agarase activity. Agarase 0107 hydrolyzes not only agarose but also neoagarotetraose [O-3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl (1-->3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->4)-O-3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galact opy ranosyl (1-->3)-D-galactose] to yield neoagarobiose [O-3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl(1-->3)-D-galactose]. This is a quite unique characteristic for a beta-agarase. Images
Installation and operation of the 400 kW 140 GHz gyrotron on the MTX experiment

The authors describe the installation and operation of the 400 kW 140 GHz gyrotron used for plasma heating on the Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX). The gyrotron system comprises a high-voltage (80 kV) modulated power supply, a multistation CAMAC computer control, a 5 T superconducting magnet, a series of conventional copper magnets, a circulating fluorinert (FC75) window cooling system, a circulating oil cooling system, a water cooling system, and microwave frequency and power diagnostics. The microwave power measured at the MTX tokamak input is typically 200 kW for a gyrotron output of approximately 400 kW. Losses in the system arise from power in modes other than the desired TE 15,2 mode, transport losses in the Vlasov sidelobes, small waveguide losses to the Vlasov, and small losses in the quasi-optical beamline. Individual MTX shots with the gyrotron have shown a stored energy increase of 1 kJ in the plasma in high density plasmas, and central electron temperature increases of up to 800 eV have been obtained. Even larger temperature increases have been observed recently in low density plasmas. >
A component-based approach for manufacturing simulation

Manufacturing systems can be very complex and are often costly to develop and operate. Simulation technology has been shown to be an effective tool for optimizing manufacturing system design, operations, and maintenance procedures. However, each manufacturing simulation is usually developed to address a specific set of industrial issues, and may only apply to a small portion of a complex manufacturing system. To enable manufacturers to more easily use simulation technology to solve complex manufacturing issues, this paper defines a reference architecture for component-based simulation (RACS). With the architecture, complex manufacturing systems are functionally partitioned into smaller interacting subsystems, and simulations of those subsystems are combined to form a federated simulation of the overall manufacturing system. This enables the simultaneous analysis of different aspects of each of the simulated subsystems and the overall manufacturing system.
Combining historical and process perspectives to infer ranges of geomorphic variability and inform river restoration in a wandering gravel-bed river

Restoration approaches such as dam removal and channel reconstruction have moved beyond the realm of small streams and are being applied to larger rivers. This development has substantial economic and ecological implications but may test gaps in our understanding of larger river systems and of restoration science. We examine how information about historical ranges of geomorphic variability can inform stream restoration in the context of the Clark Fork River, Montana, focusing on a study reach where one of the largest restoration projects to date was implemented, upstream of the recently removed Milltown Dam. Analysis of historical sources and aerial photographs of the Clark Fork River's pre-mining, mining, and more recent history suggest that a wandering channel pattern has persisted despite variations in sediment supply and transport capacity. Predictive metrics for channel pattern also suggest a wandering pattern, transitional between braided and meandering, in this geomorphic setting. These analyses suggest that the creation of a single-thread meandering channel, which incorporates structures to limit erosion and channel movement, is inconsistent with the historical range of variability in this reach. The perils of restoring channels to a condition different than the historical range of variability for their geomorphic setting were illustrated on the Clark Fork by flood-induced avulsions of the restored channel that occurred soon after project construction. Application of an experimental approach to restoration, founded on the method of multiple working hypotheses, provides a means for embracing uncertainty, can maximize the potential for site-specific restoration success, and can foster advances in restoration science. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TcPho91 is a contractile vacuole phosphate sodium symporter that regulates phosphate and polyphosphate metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi

Summary We have identified a phosphate transporter (TcPho91) localized to the bladder of the contractile vacuole complex (CVC) of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. TcPho91 has 12 transmembrane domains, an N-terminal regulatory SPX (named after SYG1, Pho81 and XPR1) domain and an anion permease domain. Functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by two-electrode voltage clamp showed that TcPho91 is a low-affinity transporter with a Km for Pi in the millimolar range, and sodium-dependency. Epimastigotes overexpressing TcPho91-green fluorescent protein have significantly higher levels of pyrophosphate (PPi) and short-chain polyphosphate (polyP), suggesting accumulation of Pi in these cells. Moreover, when overexpressing parasites were maintained in a medium with low Pi, they grew at higher rates than control parasites. Only one allele of TcPho91 in the CL strain encodes for the complete open reading frame, while the other one is truncated encoding for only the N-terminal domain. Taking advantage of this characteristic, knockdown experiments were performed resulting in cells with reduced growth rate as well as a reduction in PPi and short-chain polyP levels. Our results indicate that TcPho91 is a phosphate sodium symporter involved in Pi homeostasis in T. cruzi.
Terminal body weights of hyperthyroid tumor bearing mice

Abstract 1. Body weights of young adult hyperthyroid mice carrying S180 or C755 are significantly greater at time of sacrifice (10 to 13 days after implanting) than controls. 2. The same hyperthyroid mice, when compared with controls on a Purina diet, produced smaller tumors. This effect may be due to the induced hyperthyroidism.
Isolation and induction of adult neural progenitor cells

Abstract Neural precursor cells are dispersed widely throughout the adult brain. A population of multipotential progenitor cells, capable of giving rise to both neurons and glia, lines the cerebral ventricles of all adult animals, including humans. In addition, glial progenitor cells, which also have the capacity to generate multiple cell types, are dispersed throughout the subcortical white matter and cortex. Each of these categories of progenitor cells exists in, and has been isolated from, the adult human brain. We have begun to ask how these cells might be used therapeutically. We report here examples of two potential strategies for their use: (1) transplantation of phenotypically restricted progenitors, in which purified isolates of defined human precursor cells are implanted into disease sites, and (2) induction in vivo, in which resident progenitor cells are stimulated by delivered growth factors. We find that each of these strategies has potential therapeutic efficacy, and discuss the most likely and feasible clinical targets for their clinical application.
Understanding the craft of philanthropy: do we make something that should be simple too complex?

This Perspective considers two key questions raised by John Billings: First, do philanthropies adequately evaluate their approaches to grant making when working to encourage social change? Second, could philanthropies better test ideas if they used less “merit-based” approaches to selecting grantees for demonstration projects?
Crude Oil Polar Chemical Composition Derived from FT−ICR Mass Spectrometry Accounts for Asphaltene Inhibitor Specificity

We examine oil-specific asphaltene inhibitor chemistry of two chemically distinct asphaltene inhibitors. Laboratory and field tests show oil-specific asphaltene inhibitor performance for two geographically distinct crude oils. The crude oils and their corresponding asphaltenes were characterized by total acid number (TAN), elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT−ICR MS). ESI FT−ICR MS reveals differences in the relative abundance of heteroatom-containing compound classes in the two crude oils and the two asphaltenes. We identify acidic and/or basic species that may be responsible for the observed differences in inhibitor chemistry. Asphaltene inhibitor specificity can be explained by acid−base-type interactions between the inhibitor and polar species in the crude oils or asphaltene fractions. ESI FT−ICR MS provides the first evidence for inhibitor effectiveness related to heteroatom ...
Adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Clinical findings and response to therapy

Abstract Sixty-two adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were seen from 1971 to 1979. All were >16 years old, with 150,000/μl). In 75 percent of the patients, complete remission was achieved by six weeks. Only 29 percent of those with a complete remission (complete responders) are projected to be in a continuing remission after 48 months. The majority of relapses occurred during the first two years of remission. A symptom duration of
One-day behavioral treatment for patients with comorbid depression and migraine: a pilot study.

Background Migraine is a common and disabling disorder that is highly comorbid with depression. The comorbidity of depression and migraine is a major health concern as it results in poorer prognosis and quality of life. Yet, effective treatments have rarely been investigated.
Amorphous structure heat: Heats of solution versus temperature for polysulfone in o-dichlorobenzene

Abstract The data presented for polysulfone in o-dichlorobenzene support previous observations on other systems in which the heats of solution decrease linearly with increasing temperature of measurement. Consistent with similar measurements on polycarbonate and polyphenylene oxide, a dramatic slope change from 0.078 cal/g-C° below 120°C to 0.019 cal/g-C° above 120°C occur for the data on polysulfone. The source of these heats is due primarily to the enthalpy difference between the solid polymer and its corresponding liquid amorphous state at the measurement temperature since the heats of mixing are rationalized to be small.
Strategies for discourse cohesion: Because in ESL writing

This article compares the frequency with which ESL and non-ESL writers use because clauses for three different discourse-pragmatic functions: to enhance a sentence with information relevant only to that sentence, to make a cohesive link with prior discourse, or to introduce new information which becomes the discourse topic. The ESL writers in this study use significantly more because clauses than non-ESL writers, especially locally relevant because clauses. Non-ESL writers typically create cohesive ties with prior or subsequent discourse when they use because. The article suggests reasons for these differences and draws pedagogical implications. This research affirms the importance in language acquisition studies of examining the functional distribution of syntactic structures and their relevance to global dimensions of text. As this study shows, language learners employ because clauses where more proficient writers use other constructions, making the distribution of because clauses significantly different in ESL and non-ESL writing.
Effects of magnesium and chloride ions on light-induced electron transport in membrane fragments from a blue-green alga.

Abstract The effects of magnesium and chloride ions on photosynthetic electron transport were investigated in membrane fragments of a blue-green alga, Nostoc muscorum (Strain 7119), noted for their stability and high rates of electron transport from water or reduced dichlorophenolindophenol to NADP + . Magnesium ions were required not only for light-induced electron transport from water to NADP + but also for protection in the dark of the integrity of the water-photooxidizing system (Photosystem II). Membrane fragments suspended in the dark in a medium lacking Mg 2+ lost the capacity to photoreduce NADP + with water on subsequent illumination. Chloride ions could substitute, but less effectively, for each of these two effects of magnesium ions. By contrast, the photoreduction of NADP + by DCIPH 2 was independent of Mg 2+ (or Cl − ) for the protection of the electron transport system in the dark or during the light reaction proper. Furthermore, high concentrations of MgCl 2 produced a strong inhibition of NADP + photoreduction with DCIPH 2 without significantly affecting the rate of NADP + photoreduction with water. The implications of these findings for the differential involvement of Photosystem I and Photosystem II in the photoreduction of NADP + with different electron donors are discussed.
Monoclonal Antibodies to HPV-6 L1 Virus-like Particles Identify Conformational and Linear Neutralizing Epitopes on HPV-11 in Addition to Type-Specific Epitopes on HPV-6

A set of 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was generated against HPV-6 L1 virus-like particles (VLPs), screened for reactivity to HPV-6 and HPV-11 L1 VLPs by ELISA, and tested for neutralization of HPV-11 infection. Both cross-reactive and type-specific epitopes were detected such that 4 of 13 MAbs reacted to surface conformational sites on HPV-6 L1 VLPs and the remaining 9 MAbs were cross-reactive to both HPV-6 and HPV-11 L1 VLPs. four of the 9 cross-reactive MAbs were able to neutralize HPV-11 infectivity, and 3 of 4 of these neutralizing MAbs (N-MAbs) identified shared surface conformational sites. One N-MAb therefore recognized a surface linear epitope as judged by positive binding to L1 in a Western blot assay. The neutralization status of these cross-reactive MAbs with regard to HPV-6 could not be assayed. These results demonstrated that the closely related HPV types 6 and 11 contain both type-specific and shared neutralizing epitopes.
Thermal stability, mechanical and electrical properties of nanocrystalline Cu3Ge

Abstract The intermetallic ɛ1 compound Cu3Ge was produced through a mechanical alloying procedure that enables the formation of a nanograined microstructure. There is a dependence of grain size (20–11 nm) on milling conditions. The microstructure remained very stable even at temperatures up to 500 °C for 5 h which is a minimum of 76% of the melting temperature. The materials produced by these methods were in the form of powders with particle size ranging from 200 nm to 10 μm. The morphology of the particles varied with the largest being rough and irregular and the smallest being spherical. Preliminary resistivity measurements showed low resistivity, 8.8 μΩ cm, which is comparable to that previously reported for thin films with grain sizes thousands of times larger. Nanoindentation was also performed, yielding an elastic modulus of ∼110 GPa.
Function and structure in the paired fins of scorpaeniform fishes

The paired fins of the basic, ancestral type of free-swimming acanthopterygian teleost serve primarily in guiding the forward course of movement and in maneuvering within the water column. In various scorpaeniform fishes the paired fins have taken on a number of other functions associated with a bottom-living mode of life. Among these are: defense against predation, probing for food items, propping the forward part of the body away from the bottom, progressing over it, digging into it, and the development of a suction disc for attachment to it. The relationship between these developments and paired-fin structure is the subject of the paper.
Cellular mechanisms of glucocorticoid immunosuppression in salmon

Limiting dilution analysis was employed to determine the effect of cortisol and conditioned media on precursor frequency and clone size of antibody-producing cells sensitive to trinitrophenylated-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS). This analysis demonstrated that the restoration of the cortisol-suppressed antibody response by conditioned media occurs through the activation of previously inhibited B cell precursors to that antigen, and not by the recruitment of other antigen-insensitive B cell precursors.
Analytical and experimental thermal analysis of multiple heat sources in integrated semiconductor chips

Because of the complexity and interconnection density of today's integrated circuit chips, experimental measurement of individual transistor or diode junction temperatures under typical powered conditions has become increasingly difficult. In order to provide meaningful thermal data, other approaches have had to be devised. In the work described by this paper, an analytical model has been used to determine the steady state junction temperature rise on an integrated circuit chip. The effect on junction temperature of heat source size, geometry, and number of adjacent heat sources has been studied. Experimental testing on specially prepared chips has verified the analytical results.
Potential Growth of the U.S. Economy: Will the Productivity Resurgence Continue?

This paper analyzes the sources of U.S. productivity growth through 2004 and presents medium-term projections for the U.S. economy. We attribute a substantial portion of productivity gains over the past decade to production and use of information technology equipment and software. In the most recent years, we also identify a growing contribution from sources outside the technology-producing sectors. Our base-case projection for the GDP growth rate is almost exactly three percent. We emphasize the substantial range of uncertainty by presenting an optimistic projection of 3.5 percent and a pessimistic projection of only 1.9 percent.
Association between essential tremor and other neurodegenerative diseases: what is the epidemiological evidence?

Background: The possible links between essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) and, more recently, between ET and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been of great interest, particularly with the emergence of postmortem data suggesting that ET itself may be a neurodegenerative disease. Given the very high population prevalence of ET, its possible role as a risk factor for PD and AD is of special significance. At the center of this debate is the burgeoning evidence from epidemiological studies, examining whether there is an increased co-occurrence of these conditions within the same individuals or within families. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search from 1966 to March 2011 and reviewed the epidemiological evidence, restricting our analyses to studies that generated quantifiable measures of association (odds ratios or relative risks), thereby being able to assess the role of chance. Results: The most robust evidence, from case-control, prospective and familial aggregation studies, indicates that ET is associated with increased odds and increased risks of both PD and AD. Conclusions: There is reasonable epidemiological evidence to support a link between ET and these neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are needed to corroborate the current results, provide additional estimates of effect and begin to explore the mechanistic underpinnings for these intriguing associations.
Seeking to Understand Faculty-Student Interaction at Community Colleges.

One fundamental aspect of engagement in higher education is faculty-student interaction (FSI). FSI has been associated with student success and persistence in both four- and two-year institutions. Due to limited research concerning diverse students, understanding student engagement in higher education is based on White, traditional-age students who attend four-year institutions. Community colleges enroll almost half of United States undergraduates, and these students are considered nontraditional. Community college students’ primary involvement or interaction typically occurs inside the classroom due to students’ part-time status, employment responsibilities, limited involvement in student activities, and attendance at nonresidential campuses. Examining FSI is a possible approach to understand and support community college students in their educational endeavors. The purpose of this study was to explore the variables that predict FSI of community college students. This research project was guided by two t...
Adult-onset dysphagia lusoria secondary to a dissecting aberrant right subclavian artery associated with type B acute aortic dissection

The case of a 78-year-old African American woman who presented at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (Chicago, USA) with excruciating backache is presented. Computed tomography of the chest at the time of admission showed dissection of the aortic arch, descending aorta and dissection of an aberrant right subclavian artery. She was managed medically for Stanford type B acute aortic dissection. The patient was asymptomatic at presentation, but started complaining of new-onset dysphagia during her stay in the hospital. An esophagogram was performed and suggested posterior impingement of the esophagus, a classic sign of an aberrant right subclavian artery. Because the patient had multiple underlying comorbidities and the dysphagia was mild and intermittent, surgery was deferred. The patient was discharged home after complete stabilization and was scheduled for a follow-up appointment.
TU-E-210A-04: Dual Energy CT Image Reconstruction Algorithms and Performance

Dual energy X‐ray computed tomography(CT) is becoming more important, in part due to the availability of multi‐row scanners that collect data using two source energy spectra. An X‐ray source emits a spectrum of energies for each setting of the source. The energy dependence of Beer's Law leads to the relationship between the overall attenuation function and the mean measured data; the statistics of the data given the mean data determine a more accurate model. In many approaches, linear approximations to these inherently nonlinear phenomena are used to derive algorithms. The data can be used to form two attenuation images that can be interpreted as coefficients corresponding to component attenuation spectra; given additional constraints such as nonnegative attenuation and a sum of fractional contributions equal to one, a third attenuation image can be recovered. Component attenuation spectra may correspond to physical processes (photoelectric and Compton effects), to known materials (for example, fat and bone), or to spectra that nearly span the set of spectra (for example, computed using a singular value decomposition). Three classes of dual‐energy algorithms are discussed: prereconstruction, postreconstruction, and statistical iterative reconstruction (SIR), the latter recovering multiple images simultaneously using all data. The tradeoffs in performance of these algorithms are discussed. Analytical techniques for bounding achievable performance based on data models may be used in system analysis and design. Performance in actual systems may vary somewhat from the analytical predictions, due to inevitable differences between the model used for computing reconstructions and the clinical devices. This discrepancy in actual and predicted performance can be quantified in many situations. The approaches described extend in a straightforward fashion to data acquisitions using three or more energy bands. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the assumptions underlying dual‐energy image reconstructions. 2. Understand the centrality of the nonlinear data model in dual‐energy CT. 3. Understand the different methods that may be used to compute the image reconstructions. 4. Understand the role of image performance prediction and limitations of performance prediction.