cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Modeling Finds Diels−Alder Reactions Are Accelerated Less on the Surface of Water Than in Water

Quantum and molecular mechanics calculations for the Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with 1,4-naphthoquinone, methyl vinyl ketone, and acrylonitrile have been carried out at the vacuum-water interface and in the gas phase. In conjunction with previous studies of these cycloadditions in dilute solution, a more complete picture of aqueous environmental effects emerges with implications for the origin of observed rate accelerations using heterogeneous aqueous suspensions, "on water" conditions. The pure TIP4P water slab maintains the bulk density and hydrogen-bonding properties in central water layers. The bulk region merges to vacuum over a ca. 5 A band with progressive diminution of the density and hydrogen bonding. The relative free energies of activation and transition structures for the reactions at the interface are found to be intermediate between those calculated in the gas phase and in bulk water; i.e., for the reaction with 1,4-naphthoquinone, the DeltaDeltaG(++) values relative to the gas phase are -3.6 and -7.3 kcal/mol at the interface and in bulk water, respectively. Thus, the results do not support the notion that a water surface is more effective than bulk water for catalysis of such pericyclic reactions. The trend is in qualitative agreement with expectations based on density considerations and estimates of experimental rate constants for the gas phase, a heterogeneous aqueous suspension, and a dilute aqueous solution for the reaction of cyclopentadiene with methyl vinyl ketone. Computed energy pair distributions reveal a uniform loss of 0.5-1.0 hydrogen bond for the reactants and transition states in progressing from bulk water to the vacuum-water interface. Orientational effects are apparent at the surface; e.g., the carbonyl group in the methyl vinyl ketone transition structure is preferentially oriented into the surface. Also, the transition structure for the 1,4-naphthoquinone case is buried more in the surface, and the free energy of activation for this reaction is most similar to the result in bulk water.
Patient values regarding overlapping surgery: Identification of distinct patient subgroups

Objectives/hypothesis To explore patient values associated with their comfort level with surgical trainees and attending surgeon absence from the operating room. Study design Qualitative interviews with general medical patients. Methods We analyzed data from qualitative interviews with patients that included a quantitative rating on a visual analog scale (VAS) of comfort consenting to three surgical scenarios, including overlapping surgery, to identify subgroups of patients based on comfort level. After identifying subgroups, we compared qualitative responses from participants who were generally comfortable with overlapping surgery to those who were uncomfortable to identify themes associated with these perceptions. Results We identified three subgroups of patients based on the patterns of VAS responses. Participants who were comfortable with overlapping surgery expressed trust in the surgeon and delegation process. Those who were most uncomfortable expressed a strong desire to know who was operating on them, and a desire for control over their surgical process. Subjects uncomfortable with overlapping surgery were also generally not sensitive to tradeoffs (cost, timing). Conclusions We identified distinct subgroups of patients based on their comfort level with trainee independence and primary attending availability. By examining the predominant values in these subgroups, we identified potential explanations for patient discomfort with attending absence. Strategies to enhance patients' knowledge about the process of surgery and a sense of control over their own care may improve comfort with trainee participation and overlapping surgery. Level of evidence 6 Laryngoscope, 2019.
Simple methods to remove microbes from leaf surfaces

Endophytes have been defined as microorganisms living inside plant tissues without causing negative effects on their hosts. Endophytic microbes have been extensively studied for their plant growth-promoting traits. However, analyses of endophytes require complete removal of epiphytic microorganisms. We found that the established tests to evaluate surface sterility, polymerase chain reaction, and leaf imprints, are unreliable. Therefore, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an additional assessment of epiphyte removal. We used a diverse suite of sterilization protocols to remove epiphytic microorganisms from the leaves of a gymnosperm and an angiosperm tree to test the influence of leaf morphology on the efficacy of these methods. Additionally, leaf tissue damage was also evaluated by SEM, as damaging the leaves might have an impact on endophytes and could lead to inaccurate assessment of endophytic communities. Our study indicates, that complete removal of the leaf cuticle by the sterilization technique assures loss of epiphytic microbes, and that leaves of different tree species may require different sterilization protocols. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the importance of choosing the appropriate sterilization protocol to prevent erroneous interpretation of host-endophyte interactions. Moreover, it shows the utility of SEM for evaluating the effectiveness of surface sterilization methods and their impact on leaf tissue integrity.
Urethra Sparing Robot-Assisted Simple Prostatectomy: Modified Madigan Technique

Introduction and Objectives: Bladder neck contracture and sexual dysfunction are associated with transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Removing the obstruc...
Directly probing polymer thin film chemistry and counterions influence on water sorption

Water interactions with polymers play an important role in nearly all aspects of life. Yet the precise understanding and quantifying of such interactions at the molecular level is incomplete due to...
The impact of scaling the production of a new interface for musical expression on its design: a story of L2Orkmotes

The innovation in the new musical interfaces is largely driven by the ground up endeavors that introduce a level of redundancy. Inspired by the successes of iPhone and other industry innovations that were driven by iteration, consolidation, and scalability, we present a new interface for musical expression and discuss key elements of its implementation and integration into an existing and established laptop ensemble. In 2019, the Linux Laptop Orchestra of Virginia Tech (L2Ork) introduced the L2Orkmote, a custom reverse engineered variant of the Wii Remote and Nunchuk controller that reorganizes sensors and buttons using an additively manufactured housing. The goal was to equip each orchestra member with two of the newly designed L2Orkmotes, which resulted to the production of 40 L2Orkmotes. This large-scale production mandated software improvements, including the development of a robust API that can support such a large number of concurrently connected Bluetooth devices. Considering that new musical interfaces for musical expression (NIMEs) are rarely designed to scale, we report on the design. Additionally, we share the large-scale real-world deployment concurrently utilizing 28 L2Orkmotes, the supporting usability evaluation, and discuss the impact of scaling NIME production on its design.
Local density approximation description of electronic properties of wurtzite cadmium sulfide (w-CdS)

We present calculated, electronic, and related properties of wurtzite cadmium sulfide (w-CdS). Our ab initio, nonrelativistic calculations employ a local density functional approximation (LDA) pote...
Climate and health concerns of Montana's public and environmental health professionals: a cross-sectional study.

Rural health professionals stand at the forefront of community response to climate change, but few studies have assessed their perceptions of the threat. Further, no previous study has compared the opinions of environmental to public health professionals or extensively analyzed the factors related to these experts’ climate beliefs, risk perceptions, and issue prioritization. In conjunction with the Montana Climate Assessment’s 2021 Special Report on Climate Change and Human Health, the 479 members of the Montana Public Health Association and Montana Environmental Health Association were surveyed during September–October 2019, with 39% completing the survey. We summarized descriptive data about their perceptions of local climate-related changes and their beliefs that global warming is happening, is mostly human-caused, is a risk to human health, and that their offices and others should take action. We also evaluated which sociodemographic and risk perception factors related to these climate beliefs, risk perceptions, and workplace issue prioritization. Health professionals in Montana, a politically conservative state, demonstrated high levels of awareness that global warming is happening, human-caused, and a threat to human health, well above reported rates of public concern. Eighty-eight percent said that global warming is occurring and 69% that it is mostly anthropogenic. Sixty-nine percent said that their own health was already affected by climate, and 86% said they were already seeing at least one climate change-related event in their communities. Seventy-two percent said that their departments should be preparing to deal with climate change’s health effects, but just 30% said that it is currently happening. We found no statistically significant differences between Montana environmental health and public health professionals in regression models predicting climate beliefs, risk perception, and prioritization. As in studies of the public, political ideology and the observation of local climate-related changes were the strongest factors. Montana environmental and public health officials said that departmental action was needed on climate change, indicating the readiness of rural health professionals to take action. Further studies of health professionals in rural regions are warranted.
Female Sexual Dysfunction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a complex set of conditions associated with multiple anatomical, physiological, biological, medical, and psychological factors. It can be age-related and appears to be highly prevalent, affecting 20 to 50% of women (1). Data from the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), a large representative sample of US women, reported that one-third of women experienced loss of sexual interest, and nearly one-fourth reported lack of orgasm during the past year (2). Sexual dysfunctions are associated with problems of mood, self-esteem, quality of life, emotional distress, and relationship difficulties (1).
Expansion of organic agriculture

Current global nutrient availability poses a barrier to the complete shift from conventional to organic food production. Policies must be developed to overcome nutrient limitation and increase grower experience with organic production methods.
Unravelling electricity theft whistleblowing antecedents using the theory of planned behavior and norm activation model

Abstract Electricity theft is a challenge for developing countries including Ghana. Given its detrimental impacts on utility companies’ fiscal outlook and investment attractiveness, countervailing measures have been instituted. However, these have yielded suboptimal outcomes and thus excited whistleblowing discourses. Therefore, the current study engages a behavior paradigm to probe individual electricity theft whistleblowing intention behavior. With 471 responses, the results from structural equation modelling affirmed a positive relationship between awareness of consequences and attitude. Also, a positive relationship between awareness of consequences and subjective norm was confirmed. Moreover, whereas the positive relationship between subjective norm and attitude was verified, the positive relationships between perceived behavior control and personal norm was established. Attitude was also certified to be positively related to whistleblowing intention. In addition, perceived behavior control and personal norm were confirmed to be positively related to intention. Ascription of consequences was also revealed to be significantly related to personal norm. Similarly, ascription of responsibility was confirmed to moderate the relationships between attitude and intention, and personal norm and intention. In addition to demonstrating the appropriateness, applicability and efficacy of the proposed model in predicting electricity theft whistleblowing intention, the study outcomes form grounds for instituting anti-theft policy interventions.
MODELING PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS

A highway performance prediction model predicts the performance of highway pavements as a function of explanatory variables such as pavement characteristics, ambient climate, usage of the system, and so on. However, there is no unambiguous approach that can be used to directly measure the performance of the highway pavement. Performance is considered to be unobservable (latent). The problems with developing performance deterioration models include the definition of the aforementioned unobservable performance in terms of the observed or measurable distress measures of the system and simultaneously relating the performance to the explanatory variables. Previous research is extended by exploring the existence of a two-component performance measure for highway pavements: a latent variable to represent functional performance and another variable to represent the structural integrity or structural performance of the pavement. A case study is conducted on a data set from Brazil compiled by the World Bank.
Photochemical Reactions with Metal Carbonyl Trifluorophosphine Complexes

It is not really necessary to point out the importance of homogeneous catalysis to chemistry. Photocatalysis is also beginning to play an increasingly significant role in the general field of catalysis. Systems that are not catalytically active under mild conditions can sometimes be made to become active through the use of light. The catalytically active species produced photochemically, can be thermally active and if so, it can yield multiple turnovers before the catalyst is deactivated by some poisoning step. If it can be arranged so that the absorption of light will cause the transformed substrate to be at a higher energy than the starting material, the process has obvious solar energy implications. In addition, photochemical studies have the potential of allowing one to gain mechanistic insight into catalytic systems. In a catalytic system that runs rapidly in a closed cycle, it is quite difficult to obtain information concerning the various coordinately saturated species, let alone identify the coordinately unsaturated species. However, in a system that proceeds slowly around a closed cycle, it is quite possible that light can be used to move the reactions “step-wise” around the cycle yielding very valuable information.
Cerebellar models of associative memory: Three papers from IEEE COMPCON spring 1989

Three papers are presented on the following topics: (1) a cerebellar-model associative memory as a generalized random-access memory; (2) theories of the cerebellum - two early models of associative memory; and (3) intelligent network management and functional cerebellum synthesis.
Liver injury correlates with biomarkers of autoimmunity and disease activity and represents an organ system involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Liver disease (LD), defined as ≥ 2-fold elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), was examined in a longitudinal study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Among 435 patients, 90 (20.7%) had LD with a greater prevalence in males (15/39; 38.5%) than females (75/396; 18.9%; p = 0.01). SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) was greater in LD patients (7.8 ± 0.7) relative to those without (5.8 ± 0.3; p = 0.0025). Anti-smooth muscle antibodies, anti-DNA antibodies, hypocomplementemia, proteinuria, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anti-phospholipid syndrome were increased in LD. An absence of LD was noted in patients receiving rapamycin relative to azathioprine, cyclosporine A, or cyclophosphamide. An absence of LD was also noted in patients treated with N-acetylcysteine. LFTs were normalized and SLEDAI was diminished with increased prednisone use in 76/90 LD patients over 12.1 ± 2.6 months. Thus, LD is attributed to autoimmunity and disease activity, it responds to prednisone, and it is potentially preventable by rapamycin or N-acetylcysteine treatment.
Computer-Aided Process Planning for the Layered Fabrication of Porous Scaffold Matrices

Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology promises to have a tremendous impact on the design and fabrication of porous tissue replacement structures for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The layer-by-layer fabrication technology enables the design of patient-specific medical implants and complex structures for diseased tissue replacement strategies. Combined with advancements in imaging modalities and bio-modeling software, physicians can engage themselves in advanced solutions for craniofacial and mandibular reconstruction. For example, prior to the advancement of RP technologies, solid titanium parts used as implants for mandibular reconstruction were fashioned out of molding or CNC-based machining processes (Fig. 3.1). Titanium implants built using this process are often heavy, leading to increased patient discomfort. In addition, the Young’s modulus of titanium is almost five times that of healthy cortical bone resulting in stress shielding effects [1,2]. With the advent of CAD/CAM-based tools, the virtual reconstruction of the implants has resulted in significant design improvements. The new generation of implants can be porous, enabling the in-growth of healthy bone tissue for additional implant fixation and stabilization. Newer implants would conform to the external shape of the defect site that is intended to be filled in. More importantly, the effective elastic modulus of the implant can be designed to match that of surrounding tissue. Ideally, the weight of the implant can be designed to equal the weight of the tissue that is being replaced resulting in increased patient comfort. Currently, such porous structures for reconstruction can only be fabricated using RP-based metal fabrication technologies such as Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS®), and 3D™ Printing processes.
What if Web site editorial content and ads are in two different languages? A study of bilingual consumers' online information processing

This study examined banner ads' communication effects when they were written in the same or different language from the editorial content of a Web site. A total of 60 bilingual consumers who spoke both Chinese (as their first language) and English (as their second language) participated in an experiment, in which they viewed a designated news story Web site. The editorial content of the Web site and the banner ads on it were written in either Chinese or English. It was found that the participants considered the Chinese Web sites to be more readable. However, they generated higher recalls and purchase intentions for the ads on the English Web sites. Moreover, they revealed more favorable attitudes toward the brands when the ads were written in English than in Chinese. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of free trial acceptance on demand for alternative nicotine products: evidence from experimental auctions

This study explored the relationship between product trials and consumer demand for alternative nicotine products (ANP). An experimental auction was conducted with 258 adult smokers, wherein participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. The participants received the opportunity to try, but did not have to accept, one of three relatively novel ST products (i.e., snus, dissolvable tobacco, or medicinal nicotine), or they were placed into a control group (i.e., no trial). All the participants then bid on all three of these products, as well as on cigarettes. We assessed interest in using ANP based on both trial of the product and bids placed for the products in the experimental auction. Fewer smokers were willing to try snus (44 %) than dissolvable tobacco (64 %) or medicine nicotine (68 %). For snus, we find modest evidence suggesting that willingness to try is associated with greater demand for the product. For dissolvable tobacco or medicinal nicotine, we find no evidence that those who accept the product trial have higher demand for the product. Free trials of a novel ANP were not strongly associated with product demand, as assessed by willingness to pay. Given the debate over the potential for ANP to reduce the harm from smoking, these results are important in understanding the impact of free trial offers on adoption of ST product as a strategy to reduce harm from tobacco use.
Stability of sex chromosome mosaicism

Abstract In individuals with sex chromosome mosaicism the proportions of cell lines have been reported to change over time; however, purported changes have failed to show a consistent decrease or increase in any given cell line, normal or abnormal. We, therefore, investigated three mosaic individuals: two 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) and one 45,X/46,XX. We first initiated studies which verified that the proportion of various cell lines can be reliably (reproducibly) quantitated in lymphocytes of mosaic individuals, data which surprisingly were heretofore unavailable. Having established the ability to quantitate sex chromosome mosaicism, we initiated longitudinal studies. No significant differences in proportions of mosaic cell lines were observed in the three individuals studied over various time intervals. This stability was observed in individuals with high as well as lower proportions of 45,X cells. Further studies over longer periods and with other subjects are continuing, but our preliminary studies suggest mosaicism shows longitudinal stability, at least in adults. The practical clinical significance is that mosaicism can be reproducibly quantitated from a single lymphocyte culture, indicating that a single blood sample will generally suffice for most clinical studies.
On the Maximum Value of a Quadratic form over Binary Sequences

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the maximum value of a quadratic form over binary sequences.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATIONS OF EFFICIENT TAX POLICIES FOR LUCAS' SUPPLY SIDE MODELS

Robert Lucas's recent paper on supply-side economics (1990) finds a large welfare loss from taxation of interest income in the U.S. economy. The present work extends the analysis of steady-state equilibria to cover the transition paths that accompany tax reform. Calculations then show a 25 percent reduction in taxes on capital's income, instituted through a carefully designed sequence of steps, yielding a 1-1.5 percent welfare gain. The analysis also considers government debt and an investment tax credit. In addition, it reveals a potential problem with one aspect of the model's stability properties, when growth is purely endogenous. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.
REESCRIBIENDO LA GESTION DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN LA REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA

La Real Academia Espanola (RAE en adelante) esta experimentando un profundo cambio de paradigma. El siglo XXI ha provocado unos cambios en la sociedad sin precedentes y son estas transformaciones las que han llevado a una institucion con una historia de mas de 300 anos a querer estar en la vanguardia, aportando un nuevo enfoque en el que su mayor tesoro perdure y siga inspirando a las generaciones futuras, es una nueva vision a traves del compromiso de las personas que lideran el proyecto, y de los valores que aportan a nuestra sociedad, donde gestionar el conocimiento es no solo un reto si no tambien nuestro deber. The Royal Spanish Academy (RAE from this point forward) has undergone a deep change of paradigm. XXI Century has lead unprecendented changes on society and this transformations bring to an Institution with over 300 years of history to the cutting edge, providing a new scope for project leaders commitment, the principles provided to our society, where to managed knowledge is not only a challenge but also our duty.
The Presence of Multinational Banks and the Supply and Quality of Credit in Emerging Economies

Abstract Barriers to entry for multinational banks (MNBs) have been reduced in many countries. This paper studies the effect of the presence of MNBs on the supply and quality of credit in emerging economies. This study uses data from the Bank for International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund. The results indicate that the credit supply declines in response to increased competition from MNBs. However, the adverse effect of MNBs on the credit supply is less pronounced when the presence of MNBs is larger. The paper also provides some tentative results on the effect of MNBs on the quality of loans. The results suggest that banks shift their portfolios away from loans as a result of increased international financial competition, thereby reducing default risk, which is also reflected in a negative relationship between MNB presence and the chance of a banking crisis occurring.
Assessing the Importance of Temporary Storage Volume Occupied by Emergent Vegetation in Constructed Storm Water Wetlands

AbstractVegetation in a constructed storm water wetland (CSW) is essential for nutrient removal and thermal pollution reduction. However, a portion of the storage volume designed to retain the water quality event is occupied by vegetation, which may result in the CSW being undersized from a hydrologic perspective. The fraction of the volume associated with vegetation mass was unknown and designers have been unsure as to (1) how they should account for volume occupied by vegetation and (2) whether this was a significant design issue. Twelve storm water wetlands and one hybrid wet pond in North Carolina were sampled to assess their percent vegetative occupancy by volume. Vegetation was harvested from randomly selected 0.1 m2 grids at the normal pool elevation, and displacement tests were used to calculate the volume added by vegetation at elevations of 30 and 45 cm. Combining these data with observed vegetative cover, a water quality volume factor of safety accounting for vegetative occupancy was calculate...
Colchicine-binding properties of the hepatic tubulin/microtubule system.

Abstract Colchicine-binding properties of the total cytoplasmic pool of tubulin from rat liver were evaluated in tubulin-stabilizing (TS) supernates. Microtubules were separated from free tubulin using a microtubule-stabilizing solution (MTS) and ultracentrifugation. [3H]Colchicine-binding properties of microtubule-derived tubulin were investigated in supernates prepared after resuspension of MTS pellets in TS. In TS buffer at 37 °C the colchicine-binding activity of the total cytoplasmic pool of tubulin decayed with T 1 2 of 3.39 h. Resuspended pellet tubulin decayed much more rapidly under the same conditions with a T 1 2 of 0.72 h. This rapid time decay of microtubule-derived tubulin was found to be at least partially attributable to prior microtubule-stabilizing solution exposure. Since tartrate has been reported to increase the rate of colchicine binding to tubulin, sodium tartrate (150 m m ) was added to our colchicine-binding system. This addition increased the detectable [3H]colchicine binding by 10% in the total cytoplasmic preparation and by 85% in the resuspended pellet preparation. Addition of tartrate (150 m m ) also resulted in a 105% increase in the T 1 2 for total cytoplasmic tubulin and a 412% increase for microtubule derived tubulin. Total cytoplasmic supernates of liver bound [3H]colchicine linearly over a wide range of tissue concentrations. However, resuspended microtubule-stabilizing solution pellet supernates in tubulin-stabilizing solution showed some increase in colchicine binding per tissue weight in the more dilute samples. Our data which demonstrate differences in colchicine-binding properties for total cytoplasmic and microtubule-derived pools of tubulin suggest that present assays for hepatic tubulin polymerization which assume identical binding properties should be interpreted with caution.
On the Generality of the PERT Average Time Formula

It is well known that the PERT average time formula approximation is related to the Beta distribution assumption. In this note, it is shown that if the formula is modified to use the median instead of the mode, then it becomes a good approximation regardless of distribution assumptions. Applications of the formula beyond project management are highlighted.
d-Amino Acids Enhance the Activity of Antimicrobials against Biofilms of Clinical Wound Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Within wounds, microorganisms predominantly exist as biofilms. Biofilms are associated with chronic infections and represent a tremendous clinical challenge. As antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilms, use of dispersal agents as adjunctive, topical therapies for the treatment of wound infections involving biofilms has gained interest. We evaluated in vitro the dispersive activity of d-amino acids (d-AAs) on biofilms from clinical wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; moreover, we determined whether combinations of d-AAs and antibiotics (clindamycin, cefazolin, oxacillin, rifampin, and vancomycin for S. aureus and amikacin, colistin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and ceftazidime for P. aeruginosa) enhance activity against biofilms. d-Met, d-Phe, and d-Trp at concentrations of ≥5 mM effectively dispersed preformed biofilms of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, an effect that was enhanced when they were combined as an equimolar mixture (d-Met/d-Phe/d-Trp). When combined with d-AAs, the activity of rifampin was significantly enhanced against biofilms of clinical isolates of S. aureus, as indicated by a reduction in the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) (from 32 to 8 μg/ml) and a >2-log reduction of viable biofilm bacteria compared to treatment with antibiotic alone. The addition of d-AAs was also observed to enhance the activity of colistin and ciprofloxacin against biofilms of P. aeruginosa, reducing the observed MBIC and the number of viable bacteria by >2 logs and 1 log at 64 and 32 μg/ml in contrast to antibiotics alone. These findings indicate that the biofilm dispersal activity of d-AAs may represent an effective strategy, in combination with antimicrobials, to release bacteria from biofilms, subsequently enhancing antimicrobial activity.
A New Vision for Public Art and Functional Landscape Design

This article explores how Johanson's ecological public art and landscape design addresses current social issues and community necessities. It also examines how her designs may serve as a communication tool for the surrounding society, and how her public art may provide new perspectives for community members, scientists, artists, engineers, architects and government officials in shaping the future of their communities. The purpose of this study was to inspire art and design students in thinking about their future projects. This phenomenological case study highlights Johanson's works as a model for these students. Furthermore, it discusses some educational implications as seen among university students who first studied Johanson's works and then designed their own public art projects.
Further morphologic studies on hearts with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum

Atresia of the outflow tract of the right ventricle in the presence of an intact ventricular septum poses major problems for surgical management. In the light of known problems, 43 autopsied hearts with this congenital abnormality were evaluated to note the arrangement of the myocardium and the cavity of the right ventricle, the state of the tricuspid valve, the precise substrate for pulmonary atresia, and the presence offistulous communications between the ventricular cavity and the coronary arteries. The specimens could be divided into two groups. The first group (38 hearts) had hypoplasia of the cavity of the right ventricle with mural hypertrophy while the second group (5 hearts) had a dilated right ventricular cavity with thinning of the wall. The larger group could be divided into two subgroups on the basis of the substrate for pulmonary atresia. Twenty hearts had muscular atresia of the right ventricular outflow tract and 18 had a potentially patent outflow tract blocked by an imperforate pulmonary valve. A comparison of these two subgroups revealed that mural hypertrophy and cavitary hypoplasia were more severe in hearts with muscular atresia. The tricuspid valve was hypoplastic and its leaflets were not dysplastic in this group but the leaflets were dysplastic in hearts with valvar pulmonary atresia. Fistulous communications between the ventricular cavity and the coronary arteries were only seen in the cases with muscular atresia. In this series, recognition of muscular pulmonary atresia would have identified those patients with the worst surgical prognosis.
Projections of the cochlear nuclei and nucleus laminaris to the inferior colliculus of the barn owl.

The barn owl determines the directions from which sounds emanate by computing the interaural differences in the timing and intensity of sounds. These cues for sound localization are processed in independent channels originating at nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus angularis (NA), the cochlear nuclei. The cells of NM are specialized for encoding the phase of sounds in the ipsilateral ear. The cells of NA are specialized for encoding the intensity of sounds in the ipsilateral ear. NM projects solely, bilaterally, and tonotopically to nucleus laminaris (NL). NL and NA project to largely nonoverlapping zones in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc), thus forming hodological subdivisions in which time and intensity information may be processed. The terminal field of NL occupies a discrete zone in the rostromedial portion of the contralateral ICc, which we have termed the “core” of ICc. The terminal field of NA surrounds the core of ICc and thus forms a “shell” around it. The projection from NL to the core conserves tonotopy. Low-frequency regions of NL project to the dorsal portions of the core whereas higher-frequency regions project to more ventral portions. This innervation pattern is consistent with earlier physiological studies of tonotopy. Physiological studies have also suggested that NL and the core of ICc contain a representation of the location of a sound source along the horizontal axis. Our data suggest that the projection from NL to the core preserves spatiotopy. Thus, the dorsal portion of NL on the left, which contains a representation of eccentric loci in the right hemifield, innervates the area of the right ICc core that represents eccentric right loci. The more ventral portion of the left NL, which represents loci close to the vertical meridian, innervates the more rostral portions of the right core, which also represents loci near the vertical meridian.
Effect of host response (incorporation, encapsulation, mixed incorporation and encapsulation, or resorption) on the tensile strength of graft-reinforced repair in the rat ventral hernia model.

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether the elicited histologic response to synthetic and xenograft materials affected the tensile strength of mesh-reinforced repairs in the rat ventral hernia model. Study Design Hernias were repaired with Gynemesh, Pelvicol, Pelvisoft, or Surgisis (representing incorporation, encapsulation, mixed incorporation and encapsulation, or resorption responses) and were compared with a suture-plicated control. Six animals per group were killed at 1 and 3 months after graft implantation. Preimplantation tensile strength was also measured for each graft material and native rat abdominal wall. Results Before implantation, Pelvicol had significantly higher adjusted tensile strength when compared with the rat abdominal wall ( P P ≤ .05). However, no difference in adjusted tensile strength was observed among the groups at 1 and 3 months after implantation. Conclusion The elicited histologic response did not affect the adjusted tensile strength of xenograft or synthetic mesh-reinforced repairs when compared with suture controls.
Time Transformations for Relative Motion

Several methods of time-transformations are presented to compute the relative motion of two gravitationally non-interacting space vehicles with increased accuracy. These methods are well suited for any eccentricities of the participating space vehicles which may be located at any distance.
Short-segment Barrett's Esophagus: a prevalent complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease with malignant potential☆

The significance of finding specialized intestinal epithelium localized to the region of the gastroesophageal junction is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that short segments of specialized intestinal epithelium are a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and are premalignant. Two hundred forty-one patients with reflux symptoms underwent gastroscopy with rigorous biopsy. Barrett’s esophagus was diagnosed when specialized intestinal epithelium was present on biopsy. Patients with Barrett’s esophagus were subdivided according to the length of Barrett’s mucosa: short-segment Barrett’s (<3 cm) and extended Barrett’s (≥3 cm). Esophageal function was evaluated by manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring. In another 16 patients with small noncircumferential adenocarcinomas, the endoscopic length of Barrett’s mucosa was recorded. Thirty-three patients (14%) had short-segment Barrett’s and 37 (15%) had extended Barrett’s esophagus. Patients with short-segment Barrett’s esophagus had significantly more acid exposure than patients without specialized intestinal epithelium. Eighty-one percent of patients with short-segment Barrett’s esophagus had incresed esophageal acid exposure as did 100% of those with extended Barrett’s esophagus. All lengths of Barrett’s mucosa were associated with poor esophageal sphincter function and reduced contraction amplitudes in the distal esophagus. Twelve percent of patients with short-segment Barrett’s esophagus had dysplasia. The length of Barrett’s mucosa was ≤3 cm in 25% (4 of 16) of patients with early Barrett’s adenocarcinoma. Short-segment Barrett’s esophagus is commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Further, short segments of specialized intestinal epithelium are premalignant in nature.
Influence of Range versus Confinement Rearing on Growth, Feed Consumption, Egg Production and Livability

Abstract MANY practical poultrymen still prefer to grow pullets and breeding cockerels on range and also provide the breeding flock with pasture. They believe that laying house mortality will be less and egg production and hatchability greater when the birds have been provided with range than when kept in total confinement. Elvehjem and Sober (1943) have pointed out the nutritional significance of grass. They have shown that grasses contain appreciable amounts of many of the well known nutrients and are rich in as yet unidentified factors. Heuser, Norris and Bruckner (1945) have stated that the benefits attributed to pasture rearing as compared with confinement rearing are various and include: improved health resulting from better nutrition; in many cases more sanitary conditions; and more favorable management. Tomhave (1939), Stephenson and Bryant (1944), Heuser, Norris and Bruckner (1945) and Hoffmann (1945) have reported that rearing chickens on range resulted in no greater egg . . .
Brazilian physical activity guidelines as a strategy for health promotion

Public health actions endorsed by the federal government, for instance, health promotion initiatives, usually have greater impact at population level compared to other types of initiatives. This commentary aims to instigate debate on the importance and necessity of producing federally endorsed brazilian physical activity guidelines as a strategy for health promotion.
Production of 3H at large momentum in α−12C collisions at 2A GeV

Abstract Calculations of the longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions for 3 H production at large momentum in α− 12 C colli sions near 2 A GeV are compared to experiment. Triton exchange and final-state interactions are shown to represent large corrections to the impulse approximation for proton knockout. A method for calculating interference effects for inelastic fragmentation is discussed. Good agreement with experiment is found using a phenomenological overlap function for 3 H-p successful in describing 3 H production in pion-induced reactions. Comparisons to momentum distributions obtained through (p, 2p) and (e, ep) reactions on 4 He are made.
Basic tracking using nonlinear continuous-time dynamic models [Tutorial]

Physicists generally express the motion of objects in continuous time using differential equations, whereas the majority of target tracking algorithms use discrete-time models. This paper considers the use of general, nonlinear, continuous-time motion models for use in target tracking algorithms that perform measurements at specific, discrete times. The basics of solving/simulating deterministic/stochastic differential equations is reviewed. The difference between most direct-discrete and continuous-discrete tracking algorithms is the prediction step. Consequently, a number of continuous-time state prediction techniques are presented, focusing on derivative-free techniques. Consistent with common filtering techniques, such as the cubature Kalman filter, Gaussian approximations are used for the propagated state. Three dynamic models are considered for evaluating the performance of the algorithms: a highly nonlinear spiraling motion mode, a multidimensional geometric Brownian model, which has multiplicative noise, and an integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Track initiation is also discussed.
Relaxation Effects in Antiferromagnetic Ferrous Carbonate

M\"ossbauer studies of antiferromagnetic FeC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ below and above the N\'eel temperature show an asymmetric line broadening, and a constant value of 184 kOe of the magnetic hyperfine field from $0 \mathrm{to} \frac{1}{2}{T}_{N}$. These phenomena are explained using an Ising model with slow electron relaxation. The relaxation rate decreases with decreasing temperature, suggesting a spin-lattice relaxation. The N\'eel temperature was found to be (38.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, which is 3.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K higher than that measured by neutron diffraction.
Translocations involving chromosomes 2 and 13 in benign and malignant cartilaginous neoplasms

Abstract Cytogenetic analysis of a chondromyxoid fibroma of bone and an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma revealed clonal chromosomal rearrangements involving chromosomes 2 and 13. The significance of these findings in these neoplasms of cartilaginous origin, one benign and one malignant, is discussed.
A Solid Past, A Vital Future

The new Editor in Chief of IEEE Micro introduces himself and the first issue of 2011. He thanks the outgoing Editor in Chief, David Albonesi, for his outstanding work during his tenure. He discusses developments to the magazine and future issues, and asks readers for their suggestions on topics the magazine should cover in coming issues.
Chapter 7 Sexual Abuse of Older Women Living in Nursing Homes

Abstract Aggregated data from APS case files of sexually abused older women between the agesof70 and 89living in nursing homes were collected over a five-year period, yielding a total of 50 substantiated cases. The most common types of sexual abuse involved instances of sexualized kissing and fondling and unwelcome sexual interest in the women's body. All alleged perpetrators were male; they typically were 70 years of age and older and residents in the nursing home. In only three cases was the alleged offender prosecuted in court and only one of these cases was the offender convicted. Implications of these data for future practice and research are discussed.
Typical Institutional Research Studies on Students: Perspective and Examples.

Institutional research can enhance an institution’s competitive advantage through admission research by comparing the characteristics of inquirers who apply with those who do not; by documenting trends in the characteristics of applicants; and by conducting studies of accepted students, comparing those who matriculate with those who do not. Retention studies are an opportunity to link admission criteria to student performance in college. Studies on current students offer a basis for evaluating the academic program and student life. Finally, alumni studies present a unique chance to elicit graduates’ evaluation of their education from the perspective of their postgraduate life and work experience.
Translating across scales: Simulating species distributions as the aggregate response of individuals to heterogeneity

Abstract The mechanistic linkage between movement responses of animals to heterogeneity and distribution of populations provides a useful framework for investigating the extent to which fine-scale ecological information can be extrapolated across scales to explain broad-scale phenomena. We developed a simple, spatially explicit simulation model to explore whether patterns of species distributions across landscapes emerge as the aggregate response of individuals to fine-scale heterogeneity. As an empirical basis for this modelling exercise, we studied two species of acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the shortgrass prairie in northcentral Colorado, USA. Grasshopper distributions were sampled in two pastures that had been subjected to different intensities of cattle grazing. A large species, Xanthippus corallipes (Haldeman) was patchily distributed across this grassland, whereas the smaller Psoloessa delicatula (Scudder) occurred as a random distribution in both pastures. We produced a grid map of each pasture, in which each grid cell was classified according to 3 habitat types representing a gradient of forage abundance for grasshoppers. During model simulations, individuals were randomly distributed across the pasture maps and allowed to redistribute according to habitat-specific movement probabilities — the rate that an individual would leave a particular cell (habitat) type. Movement probabilities were extrapolated from observed movement rates of each species within habitats. We were initially unable to simulate realistic levels of aggregation for the two grasshopper species when extrapolated rates of movement were applied to the model. Species distributions thus do not emerge as a linear function of fine-scale movement rates, presumably because movement is constrained by different processes operating at different scales. Fine-scale movement responses to heterogeneity can be used to provide qualitative predictions of species' distributional patterns in different landscapes, however. For example, P. delicatula exhibited faster rates of movement through habitats comprising 92% of one pasture; such a high rate of turnover should lead to a random distribution, which is what we observed for this species in this system. Xanthippus corallipes had reduced movement in 35% of this same landscape, but was able to move rapidly across the remainder. This may enable individuals to aggregate within a minor component of the landscape and produce the clumped distributions we observed. While the general pattern of distribution can be determined from individual movement responses to heterogeneity, such information is too coarse to quantify the exact location of individuals and other statistical properties of population distributions (e.g., density).