cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transporting Proteins into the Thylakoid Lumen

Thylakoid lumen proteins such as the 33 kD subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEE1) are synthesized as precursors in the cytoplasm and must transverse three distinct membranes to assemble into their functional sites. Various chimeric precursors and deletions of the OEE1 transit peptide were constructed to study how chloroplast proteins are imported and targeted to the thylakoid lumen.
Exploring the Association between Different Types of Social Support with Role Stress, Work–family Conflict, and Turnover Intent among Private Prison Staff

ABSTRACTPrivate security personnel play an important role in protecting society, including personnel who work in private prisons. Staff are critical to ensure the private prison is operated in a sa...
Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Roadway Flooding in the Hampton Roads Region, Virginia

AbstractThis study determines the most critically vulnerable major roadways in Norfolk and Virginia Beach, Virginia. Sea-level rise predictions are combined with the mean higher high water and 99% ...
Will Systems Biology Deliver Its Promise and Contribute to the Development of New or Improved Vaccines? Seeing the Forest Rather than a Few Trees

Preventing morbidity and mortality from infectious disease through the development and use of effective vaccines is one of medicine's greatest achievements and greatest frustrations. We are struggling with improving vaccine efficacy for some of the most globally widespread diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis. In an effort to gain an edge, systems biology approaches have begun to be employed to more broadly investigate the pathways leading to protective vaccine responses. As such, we are now at a critical juncture, needing to evaluate how fruitful these approaches have been. Herein we discuss the level of success achieved as compared to the original promise of systems methodologies, and conclude that while we have indeed begun to make clear inroads into understanding the immune response to vaccines, we still have much to learn and gain from the more comprehensive approach of systems-level analysis.
Sonographic-MRI Correlation After Percutaneous Sampling of Targeted Breast Ultrasound Lesions: Initial Experiences With Limited-Sequence Unenhanced MRI for Postprocedural Clip Localization.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of correlation of sonographic and MRI findings after percutaneous sampling of presumed ultrasound correlates to suspicious lesions detected on breast MRI and to describe our initial experiences with limited-sequence MRI for postprocedural clip verification. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between January 1, 2014, and March 31, 2016, a total of 1947 contrast-enhanced breast MRI examinations were performed, and 245 targeted ultrasound examinations were conducted to identify correlates to suspicious MRI findings. We retrospectively identified all lesions that underwent ultrasound-guided sampling of a presumed sonographic correlate and for which a subsequent postprocedural limited-sequence unenhanced MR image for clip localization was available. This consisted of a T1-weighted non–fat-saturated and a T2-weighted fat-saturated sequence. Frequencies of sonographic-MRI correlation were quantified. RESULTS. The study cohort consisted of 35 patients with 38...
Multi-Symplectic Clebsch Approach

Multi-symplectic formulations of Hamiltonian systems with two or more independent variables x α have been developed as a useful extension of Hamiltonian systems with one evolution variable t. This development has connections with dual variational formulations of traveling wave problems (e.g. Bridges (1992)), and is useful in numerical schemes for multisymplectic systems. Bridges and co-workers used the multi-symplectic approach to study linear and nonlinear wave propagation, generalizations of wave action, wave modulation theory, and wave stability problems (Bridges (1997a,b)). Reich (2000), and Bridges (2006) develop difference schemes. Multi-symplectic Hamiltonian systems have been studied by Marsden and Shkoller (1999) and Bridges et al. (2005). Bridges et al. (2010) shows the connection between multi-symplectic systems and the variational bi-complex.
Dysbindin-1 contributes to prefrontal cortical dendritic arbor pathology in schizophrenia

Deep layer III pyramidal cells in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder previously were shown to exhibit dendritic arbor pathology. This study sought to determine whether MARCKS, its regulatory protein dysbindin-1, and two proteins, identified using microarray data, CDC42BPA and ARHGEF6, were associated with dendritic arbor pathology in the DLPFC from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder subjects. Using western blotting, relative protein expression was assessed in the DLPFC (BA 46) grey matter from subjects with schizophrenia (n = 19), bipolar disorder (n = 17) and unaffected control subjects (n = 19). Protein expression data were then correlated with dendritic parameter data obtained previously. MARCKS and dysbindin-1a expression levels did not differ among the three groups. Dysbindin-1b expression was 26% higher in schizophrenia subjects (p = 0.01) and correlated inversely with basilar dendrite length (r = -0.31, p = 0.048) and the number of spines per basilar dendrite (r = -0.31, p = 0.048), but not with dendritic spine density (r = -0.16, p = 0.32). The protein expression of CDC42BPA was 33% higher in schizophrenia subjects (p = 0.03) but, did not correlate with any dendritic parameter (p > 0.05). ARHGEF6 87 kDa isoform expression did not differ among the groups. CDC42BPA expression was not altered in frontal cortex from rats chronically administered haloperidol or clozapine. Dysbindin-1b appears to play a role in dendritic arbor pathology observed previously in the DLPFC in schizophrenia.
Unraveling the Complexity of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Survival Prediction.

Objective: The heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) survival duration, which varies from 10 years, challenges clinical decisions and trials. Utilizing data from 801 deceased ALS patients, we: (1) assess the underlying complex relationships among common clinical ALS metrics; (2) identify which clinical ALS metrics are the "best" survival predictors and how their predictive ability changes as a function of disease progression. Methods: Analyses included examination of relationships within the raw data as well as the construction of interactive survival regression and classification models (generalized linear model and random forests model). Dimensionality reduction and feature clustering enabled decomposition of clinical variable contributions. Thirty-eight metrics were utilized, including Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle scores; respiratory function, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and FVC % predicted, oxygen saturation, negative inspiratory force (NIF); the Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and its activities of daily living (ADL) and respiratory sub-scores; body weight; onset type, onset age, gender, and height. Prognostic random forest models confirm the dominance of patient age-related parameters decline in classifying survival at thresholds of 30, 60, 90, and 180 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years. Results: Collective prognostic insight derived from the overall investigation includes: multi-dimensionality of ALSFRS-R scores suggests cautious usage for survival forecasting; upper and lower extremities independently degenerate and are autonomous from respiratory decline, with the latter associating with nearer-to-death classifications; height and weight-based metrics are auxiliary predictors for farther-from-death classifications; sex and onset site (limb, bulbar) are not independent survival predictors due to age co-correlation. Conclusion: The dimensionality and fluctuating predictors of ALS survival must be considered when developing predictive models for clinical trial development or in-clinic usage. Additional independent metrics and possible revisions to current metrics, like the ALSFRS-R, are needed to capture the underlying complexity needed for population and personalized forecasting of survival.
Symbolic flexibility during unsupervised word learning in children and adults.

Abstract Considerable debate in language acquisition concerns whether word learning is driven by domain-general (symbolically flexible) or domain-specific learning mechanisms. Prior work has shown that very young children can map objects to either words or nonlinguistic sounds, but by 20 months of age this ability narrows to only words. This suggests that although symbolically flexible mechanisms are operative early, they become more specified over development. However, such research has been conducted only with young children in ostensive teaching contexts. Thus, we investigated symbolic flexibility at later ages in more referentially ambiguous learning situations. In Experiment 1, 47 6- to 8-year-olds acquired eight symbol–object mappings in a cross-situational word learning paradigm where multiple mappings are learned based only on co-occurrence. In the word condition participants learned with novel pseudowords, whereas in the sound condition participants learned with nonlinguistic sounds (e.g., beeps). Children acquired the mappings, but performance did not differ across conditions, suggesting broad symbolic flexibility. In Experiment 2, 41 adults learned 16 mappings in a comparable design. They learned with ease in both conditions but showed a significant advantage for words. Thus, symbolic flexibility decreases with age, potentially due to repeated experiences with linguistic materials. Moreover, trial-by-trial analyses of the microstructure of both children’s and adults’ performance did not reveal any substantial differences due to condition, consistent with the hypothesis that learning mechanisms are generally employed similarly with both words and nonlinguistic sounds.
Effect of Biogeochemical, Hydrogeological, and Well Construction Factors on Riverbank Filtrate Quality

In Europe, riverbank filtration (RBF) has been the primary mode of drinking water production for many cities located along major rivers such as the Danube in Central Europe (from Austria to Black Sea), Rhine and Elbe in Germany, Lot and Seine in France, and Rhine in the Netherlands, as well as along rivers in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Spain. Many of these systems have been operating for well over a century. Lake bank filtration is also common in many European countries, including Finland, where wells are placed close to natural lakes or artificial reservoirs for drinking water production. In the United States, RBF systems are also used for drinking water production. They have been operating in many cities located along the Columbia, Missouri (including the sub-basins of Platte and North Platte), Mississippi (including the sub-basins of Des Moine, Minnesota, Cedar, and Illinois), Ohio (including the Wabash River basin), Colorado, Rio Grande, Russian, and Connecticut River basins for nearly half a century.
EFFECT OF ADENOSINE ON VASCULAR WALL TISSUE PO2

Measurements of PO 2 levels on the outer surface and in vascular wall tissue were made from the thoracic aorta and femoral artery (N = 5 dogs) with recessed oxygen electrodes. Adenosine (.25 mg/kg) caused a transient increase in the vascular wall PO 2 of the thoracic aorta by a maximum of + 23.2 ± 6.0 (SE) torr from the control level of 37.3 ± 8.3 (SE) torr (p < .025). No significant change was measured in the femoral artery. The PO2 responses indicate different vasodilatory capabilities for the vasa vasorum in the outer walls of the two vessels and may explain why some blood vessels are more susceptible to atherosclerosis.
Short chain ceramides disrupt immunoreceptor signaling by inhibiting segregation of Lo from Ld Plasma membrane components.

Lipid phase heterogeneity in plasma membranes is thought to play a key role in targeting cellular signaling, but efforts to test lipid raft and related hypotheses are limited by the spatially dynamic nature of these phase-based structures in cells and by experimental characterization tools. We suggest that perturbation of plasma membrane structure by lipid derivatives offers a general method for assessing functional roles for ordered lipid regions in membrane and cell biology. We previously reported that short chain ceramides with either C2 or C6 acyl chains inhibit antigen-stimulated Ca 2+ mobilization (Gidwani et al., 2003). We now show that these short chain ceramides inhibit liquid order (Lo)-liquid disorder (Ld) phase separation in giant plasma membrane vesicles that normally occurs at low temperatures. Furthermore, they are effective inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by antigen, as well as store-operated Ca 2+ entry. In Jurkat T cells, C6-ceramide is also effective at inhibiting Ca 2+ mobilization stimulated by either anti-TCR or thapsigargin, consistent with the view that these short chain ceramides effectively interfere with functional responses that depend on ordered lipid regions in the plasma membrane.
Gender Wage and Productivity Gaps in the Manufacturing Industry. The Case of Ghana

The paper uses a panel of Ghanaian manufacturing data to examine the existence or nonexistence of labour market gender discrimination by comparing gender wage and productivity gaps for the period 1992–2003. In addition, the study investigates factors that affect the share of female employment. Results suggest that gender wage and productivity gaps exist in the manufacturing sector of Ghana. We also find no evidence of within‐firm gender wage discrimination, suggesting that the gender wage gap can be attributed largely to between‐firm wage inequalities and sorting of female workers to low productivity and low wage firms in the sector. Besides, our findings support the argument that globalisation and firm‐age are important in encouraging female employment which serves to reduce gender discrimination. Contrary, skill‐ and capital‐intensive firms have a lower share of female employees.
Changes in cerebral activation in individuals with and without visual vertigo during optic flow: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Abstract Background and purpose Individuals with visual vertigo (VV) describe symptoms of dizziness, disorientation, and/or impaired balance in environments with conflicting visual and vestibular information or complex visual stimuli. Physical therapists often prescribe habituation exercises using optic flow to treat these symptoms, but it is not known how individuals with VV process the visual stimuli. The primary purpose of this study was to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine if individuals with VV have different cerebral activation during optic flow compared with control subjects. Methods Fifteen individuals (5 males and 10 females in each group) with VV seeking care for dizziness and 15 healthy controls (CON) stood in a virtual reality environment and viewed anterior-posterior optic flow. The support surface was either fixed or sway-referenced. Changes in cerebral activation were recorded using fNIRS during periods of optic flow relative to a stationary visual environment. Postural sway of the head and center of mass was recorded using an electromagnetic tracker. Results Compared with CON, the VV group displayed decreased activation in the bilateral middle frontal regions when viewing optic flow while standing on a fixed platform. Despite both groups having significantly increased activation in most regions while viewing optic flow on a sway-referenced surface, the VV group did not have as much of an increase in the right middle frontal region when viewing unpredictable optic flow in comparison with the CON group. Discussion and conclusions Individuals with VV produced a pattern of reduced middle frontal cerebral activation when viewing optic flow compared with CON. Decreased activation in the middle frontal regions of the cerebral cortex may represent an alteration in control over the normal reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction in visually dependent individuals. Although preliminary, these findings add to a growing body of literature using functional brain imaging to explore changes in cerebral activation in individuals with complaints of dizziness, disorientation, and unsteadiness. Future studies in larger samples should explore if this decreased activation is modified following a rehabilitation regimen consisting of visual habituation exercises.
The Role of AMPK in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Size, Hypertrophy, and Regeneration.

AMPK (5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) is heavily involved in skeletal muscle metabolic control through its regulation of many downstream targets. Because of their effects on anabolic and catabolic cellular processes, AMPK plays an important role in the control of skeletal muscle development and growth. In this review, the effects of AMPK signaling, and those of its upstream activator, liver kinase B1 (LKB1), on skeletal muscle growth and atrophy are reviewed. The effect of AMPK activity on satellite cell-mediated muscle growth and regeneration after injury is also reviewed. Together, the current data indicate that AMPK does play an important role in regulating muscle mass and regeneration, with AMPKα1 playing a prominent role in stimulating anabolism and in regulating satellite cell dynamics during regeneration, and AMPKα2 playing a potentially more important role in regulating muscle degradation during atrophy.
Life's Simple 7 and Peripheral Artery Disease Risk: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Introduction The American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 includes seven metrics of ideal cardiovascular health to target for cardiovascular disease prevention. This study determined the relationship between Life's Simple 7 and incident peripheral artery disease in a biracial cohort of middle- and older-aged adults. Methods This analysis included 12,865 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study recruited between 1987 and 1989 (mean age=54years, 55% women, 25% black) and free of peripheral artery disease or other cardiovascular disease at baseline. Overall, Life's Simple 7 score was calculated as the sum of the Life's Simple 7 component scores (two points if ideal, one point if intermediate, and zero if poor) and classified as inadequate (zero to four), average (five to nine), or optimal (ten to 14) cardiovascular health and linked to incident peripheral artery disease identified by hospital discharge diagnosis and leg revascularization. Analysis was conducted in 2017. Results A total of 434 incident peripheral artery disease cases occurred over a median follow-up of 24.4years. Compared with the inadequate category (n=1,008), participants in the average (n=8,395) and optimal (n=3,462) categories each had a substantially lower risk of developing peripheral artery disease in a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for potential confounders (hazard ratio=0.36, 95% CI=0.28, 0.46 for average, and hazard ratio=0.09, 95% CI=0.06, 0.15 for optimal). In a similar model, a one-point higher Life's Simple 7 score was associated with a 25% lower risk of incident peripheral artery disease (hazard ratio=0.75, 95% CI=0.72, 0.79). Conclusions Better cardiovascular health, as defined by higher Life's Simple 7 score, is associated with a substantially lower risk of peripheral artery disease.
I am a “Pure Goan” but there is No Such Thing: An Interview with Peter Nazareth

Conducted between February and April, 2017, this e-conversation with writer, literary critic, and professor Peter Nazareth engages him in topics of the Goan diaspora, Goan literature, as well as his own writing and criticism. As a writer of novels, radio plays, and short stories, and as a critic of multiple literatures, Nazareth is asked to reflect upon historical, personal, and other influences on his work, as well as the reception of it. In his responses, Nazareth draws from familial and personal history as a writer whose lived connections include East Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the West. Additionally, his perspective covers such moments of import as the end of colonialism in East Africa and the Asian expulsion from Idi Amin’s Uganda. He is also asked to comment upon the trajectory of twentieth and twenty-first century Goan literature as an early anthologist of writing by those of Goan origins in various parts of the world. In so doing, Nazareth recalls how he came to the work of writers Leslie de Noronha and Violet Dias Lannoy, the latter an author whose novel was published posthumously. Further, the gamut of issues covered include inter-communal socialities and antagonisms, literature and identity diversity, and the fraught terrain of claims to authenticity.
Chronic high-fat diet decreased detrusor mitochondrial respiration and increased nerve-mediated contractions.

Aims To assess the impact of chronic high-fat diet (HFD) on behavioral voiding patterns, detrusor contractility, and smooth muscle mitochondrial function in male mice. Materials and methods Male C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks) were fed a control or HFD for 20 weeks. Bladder function was assessed by void spot assays. Bladders were collected and detrusor contractility to carbachol (10-9 -10-5 M), and electrical field stimulation (EFS, 0.5-32 Hz) in the presence and absence of atropine was measured. Homogenized detrusor samples were placed in oxygraphs to assess the rate of oxygen consumption of the mitochondria within the detrusor in the presence of different substrates. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) emission was measured fluorometrically. Detrusor citrate synthase activity was measured via enzyme activity kit and Western blots assessed the electron transport chain (ETC) protein content. Results HFD significantly increased body weight, adiposity, and blood glucose levels. HFD mice demonstrated increased voiding frequency and increased EFS-induced detrusor contractility. There were no changes in detrusor relaxation or cholinergic-medicated contraction. Mitochondrial respiration was decreased with HFD and H2 O 2 emission was increased. The relative amount of mitochondria in the detrusor was similar between groups. However, ETC complexes V and III were increased following HFD. Conclusions Chronic HFD increased adiposity, lead to more frequent voiding, and enhanced EFS-mediated detrusor contractions. Mitochondrial respiration was decreased and H2 O 2 emission increased following HFD. Further research is required to determine if alterations in mitochondrial function could play a role in the development of HFD-induced bladder dysfunction.
Ionic Environment Affects Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Packing and Function.

The interaction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with metal cations strongly affects the stability and function of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. The sensitivity of deep rough (Re) LPS pac...
Ableism in the Academy: A Series About Disability Oppression and Resistance in Higher Education

This special series offers the readers of Critical Education groundbreaking work by scholars who explore a myriad of issues related to how ableism manifests and is resisted in higher education. Ableism is defined as the idea that able-bodiedness/mindedness is a preferred way of being in society. In this series introduction we, the editors, recount our own orientations to the themes that are brought forth in the special issue. Subsequently, we synthesize the innovative themes that have emerged in the eight manuscripts that are a part of this special issue, including: 1) Asking: from whose perspective should we learn about disability experiences in higher education?; 2) Describing the critically-oriented theoretical perspective employed across the manuscripts, all of which align to a disability studies perspective; 3) Questioning who is invited to participate and thrive in the academy; and 4) Exploring tactics used to create change and breakdown ableist structures that persist in the academy. Ultimately, we feel the implications of the work undertaken by the authors in this special issue are far-reaching and encourage the increased citizenry of disabled people, elevate the social positioning of disabled people in higher education settings, and ultimately reframe what it means to be labeled as disabled.
Variability and consistency in the analysis of behavior

Abstract Analysis of personality processes requires attention to persons and situations. However, the analytic traditions in studying persons differ from those in studying situations, and this disconnect may slow research intended to integrate persons and situations. This chapter examines a common analytic framework (ANOVA), revealing that many core concepts blend consistency (core to personality traditions) and the magnitude of variability (core to situation-oriented traditions). That is, key results reflect consistency, in terms of the degree to which the pattern of differences between people (i.e., the rank order of people) is consistent across situations, or the degree to which the pattern of differences between situations (i.e., the rank order of situations) is consistent across people. Results also reflect degree of variability, in terms of the magnitude of differences between people within a situation or the degree to which different situations elicit different behavior from a person. These insights demonstrate that common analytic concepts reflect both personality-oriented and situation-oriented traditions, and they may facilitate the impact of frameworks based upon such concepts.
Behavior of Neural Cells Post Manufacturing and After Prolonged Encapsulation within Conductive Graphene-Laden Alginate Microfibers

Engineering conductive 3D cell scaffoldings offer advantages toward the creation of physiologically relevant platforms with integrated real-time sensing capabilities. Dopaminergic neural cells are encapsulated into graphene-laden alginate microfibers using a microfluidic approach, which is unmatched for creating highly-tunable microfibers. Incorporating graphene increases the conductivity of the alginate microfibers by 148%, creating a similar conductivity to native brain tissue. The cell encapsulation procedure has an efficiency of 50%, and of those cells, ≈30% remain for the entire 6-day observation period. To understand how the microfluidic encapsulation affects cell genetics, tyrosine hydroxylase, tubulin beta 3 class 3, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alfa are analyzed primarily with real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and secondarily with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immediately after manufacturing, after encapsulation in polymer matrix for 6 days, and after encapsulation in the graphene-polymer composite for 6 days. Preliminary data shows that the manufacturing process and combination with alginate matrix affect the expression of the studied genes immediately after manufacturing. In addition, the introduction of graphene further changes gene expressions. Long-term encapsulation of neural cells in alginate and 6-day exposure to graphene also leads to changes in gene expressions.
Carbon and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites

Abstract Over the past four decades, carbon fiber reinforced composites have been used primarily in high-performance aerospace, aircraft, and military applications, whereas glass fiber-based composites have been used in high-volume marine, automotive, and industrial applications. Because of ease of processing and moderate-to-excellent properties, thermosets have been used primarily for structural or semi-structural composites, whereas thermoplastic matrices have been used mostly as lower performance composites. However, there is a renewed interest in the use of thermoplastic matrices in high performance applications because such composites can be recycled after a product has served its useful life. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is on such thermoplastic matrix-based composites that deliver moderate (polyamides and polyesters) to high performance (polyetherimides and polyetheretherketone), rather than fiber-reinforced plastics. Emphasis is given to production techniques that provide processing efficiency. Thus, long discontinuous fiber-based composites are discussed as a path towards rapid/cost-effective production route while simultaneously providing ultrahigh strength and stiffness approaching that of continuous fiber counterparts.
Framing Indigenous Identity Inclusion in Positive Youth Development: Proclaimed Ignorance, Partial Vacuum, and the Peoplehood Model

Indigenous youth are systemically underserved by 4-H and other positive youth development (PYD) organizations. Many underserved First Nation communities in the United States could greatly benefit from programs that foster youth thriving; however, these programs tend to be ineffective in creating culturally reflective spaces for Indigenous participants. In this article, we argue that the Peoplehood Model should serve as a unifying model for the inclusion of Indigenous identity in programming, and that cultural humility should be firmly integrated into program design and assessment. We also propose that, to support Indigenous youth thriving, PYD practitioners must intentionally create a “partial vacuum” that supports youth creating program context and thriving.
Set-regression with applications to subgroup analysis.

Regression is a commonly used statistical model. It is the conditional mean of the response given covariates μ(x)=E(Y|X=x) . However, in some practical problems, the interest is the conditional mean of the response given the covariates belonging to some set A. Notably, in precision medicine and subgroup analysis in clinical trials, the aim is to identify subjects who benefit the most from the treatment, or identify an optimal set in the covariate space which manifests treatment favoritism if a subject's covariates fall in this set and the subject is classified to the favorable treatment subgroup. Existing methods for subgroup analysis achieve this indirectly by using classical regression. This motivates us to develop a new type of regression: set-regression, defined as μ(A)=E(Y|X∈A) which directly addresses the subgroup analysis problem. This extends not only the classical regression model but also improves recursive partitioning and support vector machine approaches, and is particularly suitable for objectives involving optimization of the regression over sets, such as subgroup analysis. We show that the new versatile set-regression identifies the subgroup with increased accuracy. It is easy to use. Simulation studies also show superior performance of the proposed method in finite samples.
Compactness: General Case

So far our pursuit of compactness has dwelt on geometric issues associated with univalent inducing maps (cf. Chapters 3, 4, and 9). In this chapter we abandon univalence, and attack the compactness problem for composition operators induced by arbitrary holomorphic self-maps of the disc. As you might guess, the solution involves not only the geometry of the inducing map’s image, but its “affinity” for each of the points in this image.
Studies on the Thermal Enzyme Probe

The coupling of calorimetry with enzymes as a generalized analytical technique has previously been described by us (1) and others (2–4). Here we describe recent work with immobilized enzymes to produce substrate or cofactor specificity in the thermal enzyme probe (TEP). This device employs an enzyme immobilized to one of two thermal sensors which jointly comprise a differential thermometer. Presently the thermal sensors are thermistors connected into a high-precision Wheatstone bridge circuit. When a substrate(s) or cofactor to be detected participates in the enzyme catalyzed reaction, the local release of heat (the enthalpy change associated with all the reactions including protonization) causes a temperature difference between the two sensors of the differential thermometer.
Culture studies in the genera Pleospora, Clathrospora, and Leptosphaeria.

1. Isolations were attempted with ascospores from perithecia of 43 collections of species of Pleospora, Clathrospora, and Leptosphaeria. a. Three of 12 isolates which became established in culture ...
Absence of adverse outcomes in hyperkalemic patients undergoing vascular access surgery

Purpose The decision to cancel vascular access surgery because of hyperkalemia requires knowledge of the risks vs benefits. This study sought to identify and characterize cases where surgery had been performed in patients with uncorrected hyperkalemia.
Real-Time Image-Based Motion Detection Using Color and Structure

In this paper we propose a method for automating the process of detecting regions of motion in a video sequence in real time. The main idea of this work is to detect motion based on both structure and color. The detection using structure is carried out with the aid of information gathered from the Census Transform computed on gradient images based on Sobel operators. The Census Transform characterizes local intensity patterns in an image region. Color-based detection is done using color histograms, which allow efficient characterization without prior assumptions about color distribution in the scene. The probabilities obtained from the gradient-based Census Transform and from Color Histograms are combined in a robust way to detect the zones of active motion. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
National Standards for Computer/Technology Teacher Preparation: A Catalyst for Change in American Education.

The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) has developed standards for preparing teachers in the specialty area of educational computing and information technologies. These guidelines were adopted by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), the only agency officially sanctioned to accredit professional teacher preparation programs in the United States. ISTE’s association with NCATE has already resulted in a significant impact on the way computer and technology education is viewed in the United States. Educators are now reporting instances where the combined power of the ISTE standards and NCATE accreditation process have contributed to successful efforts to develop programs and promote change within the educational structure. This paper explores the guidelines and presents documented instances where these standards have contributed to successful efforts to develop programs and promote change within the educational structure.
Jumping Performance of Frogs (Rana Pipiens) as a Function of Muscle Temperature

This study was performed to determine whether or not the power generated by frog muscles during maximal jumps increases two- to three-fold with a 10°C increase in temperature as it does in isolated preparations. We found that peak power increased 2.7-fold between 14 and 25°C, and then remained constant to 30°C. During jumps at 14 and 25°C, the extensor muscles of the legs appeared to generate the same power as the maximum power output found in isolated frog muscle preparations, thus suggesting that the total cross section of the extensors is active during maximal jumps. We also found that jump distance was linearly related to peak power generation.
Opioid Receptor Assays

Opioid receptors mediate the pharmacologic actions of morphine-like analgesics, a class of drugs that are important clinical agents which are also widely abused socially as a result of their euphorogenic and addictive properties. Cloning of the opioid receptors has confirmed the original postulate that there are only three classes of opioid receptors: µ, δ, and κ. The most commonly used isolated tissue preparations for measuring activity at these receptors are the guinea pig ileum and the mouse vas deferens. This unit describes preparation of these tissues to measure agonist and antagonist properties of test compounds at the µ- and κ-opioid receptors in guinea pig ileum and the d-opioid receptor in mouse vas deferens.
Disgust Talked About

Disgust, the emotion of rotting carcasses and slimy animalitos, finds itself at the center of several critical questions about human culture and cognition. This article summarizes recent developments, identify active points of debate, and provide an account of where the field is heading next.
UWB arrays with tunable band rejection

A mechanism for tunable band rejection within an ultra-wide bandwidth, 0.6–4GHz (6.7∶1), of a tightly-coupled array (TCA) is presented. Specifically, a variable capacitor, placed in the folded Marchand balun, feeding the array, is used to create a tunable mismatch resonance. Both the center frequency and the bandwidth of the resonance can be controlled via the capacitor value and position, respectively. The proposed scheme achieves >15dB rejection and operates unhindered as the array scans ±60° from boresight in all directions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reconfigurable array to be presented for tunable band rejection. The validity of the concept is verified via fabrication and measurement of isolated baluns with fixed capacitance values, which achieve the expected rejection. A reconfigurable 8×8 array with varactor diodes, as tunable capacitors, is being fabricated with test results to be presented at the symposium. The proposed array enables realization of practical UWB systems by reducing interference risk. This is achieved via continuous, dynamic tuning without additional loss. The proposed method does not entail any theoretical limitations and can be applied to other types of antennas or output loads.
Regenerative Stromal Cell Therapy in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Current Impact and Future Directions

Regenerative stromal cell therapy (RSCT) has the potential to become a novel therapy for preventing and treating acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipient. However, enthusiasm for using RSCT in allogeneic HSCT has been tempered by limited clinical data and poorly defined in vivo mechanisms of action. As a result, the full clinical potential of RSCT in supporting hematopoietic reconstitution and as treatment for GVHD remains to be determined. This manuscript reviews the immunomodulatory activity of regenerative stromal cells in preclinical models of allogeneic HSCT, and emphasizes an emerging literature suggesting that microenvironment influences RSC activation and function. Understanding this key finding may ultimately define the proper niche for RSCT in allogeneic HSCT. In particular, mechanistic studies are needed to delineate the in vivo effects of RSCT in response to inflammation and injury associated with allogeneic HSCT, and to define the relevant sites of RSC interaction with immune cells in the transplant recipient. Furthermore, development of in vivo imaging technology to correlate biodistribution patterns, desired RSC effect, and clinical outcome will be crucial to establishing dose-response effects and minimal biologic dose thresholds needed to advance translational treatment strategies for complications like GVHD.
The changing face of HIV care: common things really are common.

In this issue, Sackoff and colleagues report that among those with HIV infection in New York City, deaths due to non–HIV-related conditions, such as substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, and age...
Landmine detection using mixture of discrete hidden Markov models

We propose a landmine detection algorithm that uses a mixture of discrete hidden Markov models. We hypothesize that the data are generated by K models. These different models reflect the fact that mines and clutter objects have different characteristics depending on the mine type, soil and weather conditions, and burial depth. Model identification could be achieved through clustering in the parameters space or in the feature space. However, this approach is inappropriate as it is not trivial to define a meaningful distance metric for model parameters or sequence comparison. Our proposed approach is based on clustering in the log-likelihood space, and has two main steps. First, one HMM is fit to each of the R individual sequence. For each fitted model, we evaluate the log-likelihood of each sequence. This will result in an R×R log-likelihood distance matrix that will be partitioned into K groups using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. In the second step, we pool the sequences, according to which cluster they belong, into K groups, and we fit one HMM to each group. The mixture of these K HMMs would be used to build a descriptive model of the data. An artificial neural networks is then used to fuse the output of the K models. Results on large and diverse Ground Penetrating Radar data collections show that the proposed method can identify meaningful and coherent HMM models that describe different properties of the data. Each HMM models a group of alarm signatures that share common attributes such as clutter, mine type, and burial depth. Our initial experiments have also indicated that the proposed mixture model outperform the baseline HMM that uses one model for the mine and one model for the background.
Is the All-arthroscopic Tibial Inlay Double-bundle PCL Reconstruction a Viable Option in Multiligament Knee Injuries?

Background All-arthroscopic tibial inlay double-bundle (DB) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction avoids an open dissection and the “killer turn” while maintaining the advantage of an anatomic graft. However, clinical data on the viability of this surgical technique in multiligamentous knee injuries are lacking.
Casinos and the Digitization of the Slot Machine, 1950&#x2013;1989

The last 30 years marked the unprecedented expansion of the casino industry and advances in gambling technology, particularly the slot machine. The development of the digital slot machine demonstrates the ways in which the culture of the casino floor and the specifics of the mechanical machine shaped the evolution of its digital successor.
Influence of ultraviolet radiation, copper, and zinc on microcystin content in Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria)

Abstract Cyanobacterial toxin production is allied to some unknown trigger resulting in the production of toxins such as microcystin. We hypothesize that microcystins serve as metal ligands to control bioavailability and toxicity of ambient metals. Since ultraviolet radiation (UVR) promotes photo-oxidation of organic metal ligands and influences trace metal bioavailability, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of UVR, Cu, and Zn on specific growth rates, biomass, photosynthetic capacity, and microcystin content in Microcystis aeruginosa . Two toxigenic strains of Microcystis were cultivated using either Lake Erie filtered water or a chemically defined medium, with realistic concentrations of Cu and Zn combined with natural or artificial UVR exposure. Cu was more toxic than Zn on the basis of free ion concentration of trace metals in synthetic medium, although in Lake Erie water total added Zn (10 nM) or Zn plus Cu (10 nM) had a more detrimental effect on biomass and specific growth rate. Natural UVR delivered at 25% ambient levels caused no decrease on the parameters measured (chlorophyll- a , photosynthetic rate), yet artificial levels of UVR (up to 5.9 μmol UVB photons m −2 s −1 ) negatively affected biomass and specific growth rate. Cellular levels of microcystin (per unit chlorophyll- a ) were concomitant with specific growth rather than being triggered in response either of these stressors (UVR, Zn, and Cu) alone or in combination, in agreement with a purported constitutive production of microcystins.
Producing a Modern Agricultural Frontier: Firms and Cooperatives in Eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil

AbstractIn economic geography, explanations of emerging agricultural frontier regions are dominated by two theoretical perspectives: land-rent theory and political economy. This article advances current research by applying concepts from new institutional economics to reconcile these models. Drawing from a case of frontier expansion in eastern Mato Grosso state, I focus the debate on an institutional perspective. Two organizations, a colonization firm and an agricultural cooperative, are examined. The combined activities of cooperatives and firms reduced the overall costs of production in regions that are defined by high transactions costs (for example, land-tenure insecurity, poor links to the market, and imperfect information) and risk. Each organization linked individual farmers to necessary resources for commercial farming (for instance, land, capital, technology, and markets) and provided an organizational context for farmers to respond to land-tenure conflict and land degradation. The consequence wa...
Pressure tuning and electronic phenomena

Abstract The principles involved in pressure tuning spectroscopy of electronic energy levels are briefly reviewed. To illustrate the power and versatility of this tool two examples each of characterization of electronic excitations and processes, critical tests of theories, and electronic transitions are presented. The examples are selected to illustrate the breadth of applicability of the technique.
Contrast effects between communicators

Abstract Sixty-five college males read two communications. After each, they rated the source on ten personality traits and responded to eight opinion items on the topic of the communication. The type of first communicator (two types of emotional communicator and one rational communicator) and extremity of the second communicator position (three levels) were manipulated in a 3 × 3 factorial design. The first communication was on one of three different topics, whereas the second always argued for lowering school-teacher's salaries to improve education. The three versions differed only in the extremity of the proposed solution: lower a bit, cut in half, eliminate. As predicted, strong contrast effects were found on evaluations of the second communicator. Evaluations were more favorable when preceded by an emotional (disliked) communicator as opposed to a rational (liked) communicator (p
Assessment of the association between measles vaccine response and asthma status

Abstract Rationale Both T-helper 1 cell (Th1) and T-helper 2 cells (Th2) play a role in determining humoral immune response. Asthmatics have been found to have a Th2 predominant milieu. However, it is not known whether there is a difference in humoral immune response between asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Thus, we determined whether humoral immune response in asthmatics differs from that in non-asthmatics. Methods Our previous study determined the seroprevalence of measles antibody at ages 5 to 12 years in a convenience sample of 876 schoolchildren in Rochester, MN, who had been immunized with MMR vaccine at 15 months of age. Circulating measles virus-specific IgG antibody levels in the subjects' sera were determined by an IgG whole virus-specific EIA (BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD). For a group of 558 children from the original sample, we conducted medical record reviews to determine asthma status by applying pre-determined asthma criteria with documented reliability. The antibody levels were compared between asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Results There was no difference in humoral immune response between asthmatics (1.75 ± 0.85) and non-asthmatics (1.78 ± 0.73) (p=0.61). Conclusions We found that asthmatics had similar humoral immune response to non-asthmatics. Our data suggest no significant association between Th2 predominant milieu and humoral immune responses and reassure that asthmatics have normal humoral immunity.