cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The all-sky Abell Rich cluster catalogue: Preparation and uncertainties

The southern extension of the Abell Catalogue of Rich Clusters of Galaxies has been completed (Abell, Corwin and Olowin 1989, hereafter ACO) and for the most part is compatible with the survey done by Abell in 1957. The southern data have been collected from the ESO/SRC southern sky survey, using the UK 1.2-m Schmidt Telescope IIIa-J plates and films, and have been reduced to the systems defined by the northern data previously published by Abell (1958). A revised northern catalogue, including Bautz-Morgan types and redshifts where known, is also included in the new complilation. The new catalogue contains data on 4073 rich clusters of galaxies, each of which has at least 30 members within the magnitude range m3 to m3 +2, where m3 is the magnitude of the third brightest cluster member, and with each cluster having a nominal redshift less than 0.2.
Loan review, provisioning, and macroeconomic linkages

Loan review is a process routinely used by banks to assess the current value of loan portfolios. Provisioning is a technique to translate loan review results into the balance sheet. It allows for ongoing valuation of loans. Both are core elements of credit risk management and important to prudential oversight. As illustrated in this paper, valuation feeds into indicators of overall bank soundness and key macroprudential indicators. Country practices and recent moves to more forward-looking models are surveyed, Macroeconomic linkages are highlighted, including tax treatment of provisions, variables of the monetary survey, and procyclical aspects of loan valuation systems.
Interior structure of rotating black holes. II. Uncharged black holes

A solution is obtained for the interior structure of an uncharged rotating black hole that accretes a collisionless fluid. The solution is conformally stationary, axisymmetric, and conformally separable, possessing a conformal Killing tensor. The solution holds approximately if the accretion rate is small but finite, becoming more accurate as the accretion rate tends to zero. Hyper-relativistic counter-streaming between collisionless ingoing and outgoing streams drives inflation at (just above) the inner horizon, followed by collapse. As ingoing and outgoing streams approach the inner horizon, they focus into twin narrow beams directed along the ingoing and outgoing principal null directions, regardless of the initial angular motions of the streams. The radial energy-momentum of the counter-streaming beams gravitationally accelerates the streams even faster along the principal directions, leading to exponential growth in the streaming density and pressure, and in the Weyl curvature and mass function. At exponentially large density and curvature, inflation stalls, and the spacetime collapses. As the spacetime collapses, the angular motions of the freely-falling streams grow. When the angular motion has become comparable to the radial motion, which happens when the conformal factor has shrunk to an exponentially tiny scale, conformal separability breaks down, and the solution fails. The condition of conformal separability prescribes the form of the ingoing and outgoing accretion flows incident on the inner horizon. The dominant radial part of the solution holds provided that the densities of ingoing and outgoing streams incident on the inner horizon are uniform, independent of latitude; that is, the accretion flow is ``monopole.'' The subdominant angular part of the solution requires a special nonradial pattern of angular motion of streams incident on the inner horizon. The prescribed angular pattern cannot be achieved if the collisionless streams fall freely from outside the horizon, so the streams must be considered as delivered ad hoc to just above the inner horizon.
Antigenic Relationships of 14 Treponemes Demonstrated by Immunofluorescence

Immunofluorescence was used as an aid in the antigenic grouping of 14 cultivable treponemes. Antisera were prepared versus each treponemal strain, and the antiglobulins were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. A common antigen-antibody system, detected in the strains studied, was removed by absorption of each conjugate with Reiter or Borrelia vincentii treponemes. Thus, five categories based on shared group-specific antigens were revealed. Serogroup I: Reiter, English Reiter, Kazan, Kazan numbers 2, 4, 5, and 8. Serogroup II: Nichols and Noguchi. Serogroup III: three oral treponemes, MRB, FM, and N-39. Serogroup IV: B. vincentii. Serogroup V: Treponema zuelzerae. The five serogroups apparently are related by an immunofluorescent common antigen.
Single-Pulse Shock Tube Studies of the Decomposition of Ethoxy Compounds

Tetraethyl orthocarbonate (TEOC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and diethoxymethane (DEM) have been decomposed in single-pulse shock tube experiments. TEOC decomposes to give DEC, ethylene, and ethanol as organic products, while DEC results in only the latter two. In both cases the ethylene to ethanol ratio is equal to 1, and the mechanisms appear to involve molecular eliminations. The rate expressions for the initial processes are the following: k(TEOC → products) = 1013.91±0.14 exp((−27 529 ± 348)K/T) s-1, T = 1005−1180 K; k(DEC → C2H5OCO2H + C2H4) = 1013.03±0.11 exp((−23 290 ± 26 7 K/T) s-1, T = 955−1095 K. The listed uncertainties are one standard deviation. DEM decomposes more slowly than the other two compounds. For each DEM reacted, 1.2 ethylene and 0.5 ethanol are produced. Methane and ethane are also observed as products. The mechanism is postulated to involve both molecular and bond-breaking channels. It is concluded that ethanol arises only through the molecular channel, and on this basis the follo...
Using Multiple Representations to Improve Conceptions of Average Speed

We evaluated a computer-based learning environment that uses multiple representations to improve students' conception of the average speed of a round trip. The instruction explained that average speed is a weighted average of the component speeds in which the weights reflect the amount of time spent traveling at each speed. Students then improved their estimates of average speed by using visual feedback provided by a simulation. Correct answers and estimates were plotted on a graph to encourage students to discover the principle that average speed cannot be greater than twice the slower speed. A conceptual explanation (average speed as the ratio of total distance to total time) and an algebraic explanation (the limit of a function) helped integrate the multiple representations of the concept. Students' responses during the instruction and to a questionnaire provided useful information for improving the program, which was then reevaluated in a second study. The concluding discussion summarizes how the mult...
Air Embolism in Artificial Pneumothorax: Report of 3 Cases

SUMMARY Three cases of air embolism complicating artificial pneumothorax are reported to illustrate the common variations in the syndrome when fatality does not occur. These are the mild psychic manifestations, the moderately severe sensory-motor symptoms and the extremely severe motor type with signs markedly similar to those of cerebral lesions. Since these syndromes are due to entrance of air into a pulmonary vein, usually because the pulmonary parenchyma is ruptured by the pneumothorax needle, the use of a meticulous technic is the best safeguard against this complication. Nonetheless, even under the most carefully controlled of circumstances, such accidents will occasionally happen. The number of fatalities accordingly produced is definitely too small to justify any curtailment of a collapse therapy program or to justify any physicians from withholding the benefits of artificial pneumothorax from any patient whose pulmonary tuberculosis may conceivably be controlled by this form of therapy.
Nucleoside transport in normal and neoplastic cells

The permeation of nucleosides across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells is complex and mediated by at least five distinct transporters that differ in their sensitivity to inhibitors and in their specificity for nucleosides. The basic properties and permeant specificity of these transporters are summarized in Table 3. It appears that there may be differences in the distribution of these transporters in tumors and normal tissues that might be exploited for chemotherapeutic purposes. The human tumor cell lines examined express predominantly the NBMPR-sensitive equilibrative transporter es which can be blocked by low concentrations of NBMPR and dipyridamole. It is reasonable to expect that tumors with transport properties similar to the CCRF-CEM and Rh28 cell lines (Table 1) that have no detectable NBMPR-insensitive transport activity will be highly susceptible to the therapeutic approach of combining a transport inhibitor such as dipyridamole or NBMPR with an inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. On the other hand, this approach to therapy is unlikely to succeed against tumors with transport phenotypes similar to the WI-L2 cell line that may permit the salvage nucleosides in the presence of these inhibitors. The majority of tumor cells examined, however, fall between these extremes, and it is not yet known what level of NBMPR-insensitive transport activity can be tolerated without seriously compromising this therapeutic approach. With respect to normal tissues, the mature absorptive cells of the intestine have predominantly Na(+)-dependent nucleoside transporters that are insensitive to NBMPR and dipyridamole. The proliferating crypt cells also appear to have Na(+)-dependent nucleoside transport, although they may also have an NBMPR-sensitive component of transport (Belt, unpublished data). Bone marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells also appear to have one or more concentrative nucleoside transporters. Thus these tissues, which are most vulnerable to the toxicity of antimetabolites, may be able to salvage nucleosides in the presence of inhibitors of equilibrative transport and be protected from the toxicity of de novo synthesis inhibitors. It is likely, however, that a successful application of this therapeutic approach will require the analysis of the nucleoside transport phenotype of individual tumors in order to identify those patients that may benefit from such therapy. Since the development of antibodies and cDNA probes for the various nucleoside transporters is currently underway in several laboratories, it is likely that analysis of the nucleoside transport phenotype of tumors from biopsy material will be feasible in the future.
South Africa’s Project Coast: “Death Squads,” Covert State-Sponsored Poisonings, and the Dangers of CBW Proliferation

On 11 April 2002, approximately seven months after the devastating terrorist attack launched by al-Qāida operatives on United States soil, a South African judge acquitted Dr. Wouter Basson, the Pro...
Chemistry of the Solar System Revealed in the Interiors of the Giant Planets

The giant planets of our solar system contain a record of elemental and isotopic ratios of keen interest for what they tell us about the origin of the planets and in particular the volatile compositions of the solid phases. In situ measurements of the Jovian atmosphere performed by the Galileo Probe during its descent in 1995 demonstrate the unique value of such a record, but limited currently by the unknown abundance of oxygen in the interior of Jupiter–a gap planned to be filled by the Juno mission set to arrive at Jupiter in July of 2016. Our lack of knowledge of the oxygen abundance allows for a number of models for the Jovian interior with a range of C/O ratios. The implications for the origin of terrestrial water are briefly discussed. The complementary data sets for Saturn may be obtained by a series of very close, nearly polar orbits, at the end of the Cassini-Huygens mission in 2016-2017, and the proposed Saturn Probe. This set can only obtain what we have for Jupiter if the Saturn Probe mission carries a microwave radiometer.
Cost modeling of response actions for automated response and recovery in AMI

The smart grid is creating new security vulnerabilities due to the deployment of networked devices into the traditional grid. A core component of the smart grid is the advanced metering infrastructures (AMIs), which increase the attack surface due to smart devices deployed at households. Manual management of security incidents in such a large and complex system is impractical, and the need for automated response and recovery to attacks is critical. This paper addresses that challenge through two main contributions. First, we introduce and classify an extended set of AMI-specific cyber incident response actions. Second, we define a cost model and an approach to translate security properties into monetary costs. The cost model is a key element in enabling an automated response engine to make optimal decisions and mitigate cyber incidents.
A Note on Electrical Engineers Trained during the War

The decline in the number of electrical engineers trained during the war and the somewhat compensating effect of the government training programs are discussed. The large number of of technicians trained by the government is tabulated.
Transient response of high-speed p-i-n photodiodes including diffusion effects

Abstract In top-illuminated, vertical p-i-n photodiodes where one or more of the interfaces is a homojunction, significant absorption can take place outside the high-field i-region, leading to diffusion currents which can have a significantly slower response than currents due to absorption in the i region. In this paper, we derive the transient response of a p-i-n photodiode (including the effects of diffusion currents) for photogeneration in thin p, i and n regions, for the cases of analog, impulse and step optical inputs. An exact solution is obtained, which may be used to optimize the speed and responsivity of these photodiodes, and in simulation studies. Design strategies to improve the performance of these devices are discussed.
Inapparent infection ofDiatraea grandiosella byHeliothis virescens cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus

The terminal stage of infection with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) is formation of crystal-like inclusion bodies (polyhedra) in host insects. The degree of susceptibility of larvae to CPV, based on light microscopy and presence of polyhedra, varies with the host species.Heliothis virescens (F.) andSpodoptera exigua (Hubner) are highly susceptible to CPV. In CPV treatedDiatraea grandiosella (Dyar), polyhedra were absent in all 400 + insects examined with light and electron microscopy. However,H. virescens larvae became infected when fed haemolymph ofD. grandiosella larvae or pupae (36±10 days post treatment) developed from CPV-treated larvae. No difference in pathology was observed betweenH. virescens larvae infected with CPV polyhedra and haemolymph fromD. grandiosella.
Analysis of Recent Papers in Hypertension Treatment of Hypertension in the Setting of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Still No Clear Answer on the Best BP Level to Intervene or What BP Goal to Achieve

Whether or not and how aggressively to treat elevated blood pressure (BP) in the face of acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have been questions stroke neurologists and hypertension experts have been debating for decades. Even in patients without a known history of hypertension, BP tends to elevate after ICH. This effect is thought to be primarily an adaptive response to increased intracerebral pressure (ICP), although other mechanisms may also be involved. Whether elevated BP after acute ICH is simply a marker of increased ICP and a poor prognosis or is a potential target for intervention is unknown. Certainly, increased BP might lead to a greater risk of hematoma expansion and poor outcome, but lowering BP with antihypertensive medication in the face of increased ICP might also be associated with decreased cerebral perfusion and a greater likelihood of ischemia. Current guidelines from the American Stroke Association (ASA) published in 2010 1 suggest aggressively treating BP in patients with acute ICH with intravenous antihypertensive agents if:
Concomitants of HIV/STD risk behaviours and intention to engage in risk behaviours in adolescents in India.

Abstract A total of 1230 year 11 and 12 anglophone college students, modal age 16 and 17, in three colleges in Mumbai (Bombay), India, were studied with regard to sexual behaviours or risk of sexual behaviours, beliefs about sex, HIV/STD knowledge, and perceived norms regarding sexual behaviours. Data indicated that 8% of males and 1% of females had had sexual experience, but over one-third were not sure at all of being able to abstain from sexual activity with either steady or casual partners. However, perceived norms were slanted toward sexual abstinence for the majority of the sample. Knowledge of the protective effects of condoms was high, although half of those who had had sex did not use condoms. Logistic regression showed that knowledge was higher among males, those who believed it was OK to have sex with a steady partner and that they should not wait until they were older, those who believed that condoms should be used even if the partner is known, and those who believed it was acceptable to have ...
HIV Counselling in the 1990s and Beyond.

Abstract It is 15 years since AIDS was first described in the medical literature. Reports of immune system disorders among gay men in large cities in the USA in 1981 signalled the start of what has now become a pandemic affecting millions of people. The psychological impact of HIV infection has been well-documented and it is widely reported that psychological treatment is mosdy provided for the treatment of adjustment reactions. Counselling for HIV prevention and HIV antibody testing has also been at the forefront of psychological support services. More recenuy, there has been a determined effort among counsellors to develop a range of psychotherapeutic approaches to help people to cope with and adjust to living with terminal illness. Most research published in the 1980s on the psychological impact of HIV addressed the infected individual. This symposium introduces a growing interest in the field for counselling those who are affected by HIV, including families, health-care workers and communities. This t...
Assessment of Potential Environmental Health Risks of Residue of High‐Explosive Munitions on Military Test Ranges—Comparison in a Humid and Arid Climate

The U.S. Army Developmental Test Command (DTC) manages active ranges in a wide variety of environmental settings where personnel fire munitions of all calibers. Over time, physical, chemical, and biological processes may distribute munition fragments and residue on the range. Estimating the human health and ecological risks of these residues is a challenge because little information exists for evaluating the health effects of military-unique releases. A human health and ecological risk assessment at two DTC munition ranges (one in a humid, temperate climate (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland), and one in a hot, arid climate (Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona) has been completed. The objective was to estimate health risks associated with exposure to munition residues. The scope included identifying the nature and extent of munition residue at firing points and in impact areas from firing munitions, analyzing exposure pathways, estimating the dose to living organisms and the response to the dose, and estimating risk from exposure. Where appropriate, water, soil, sediment, air, and biota samples were collected from the range area and reference areas. Samples were tested for explosives and metals. Risk to humans and ecosystem species was modeled. Results show that munition residue is not getting into the food chain or being transmitted by direct or indirect exposure in either climate despite low-level detections in some media. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Symmetry Breaking: Scaffold Plays Matchmaker for Polarity Signaling Proteins

Many cell types can spontaneously polarize even in the absence of specific positional cues. In budding yeast, this symmetry-breaking polarization depends on a scaffold protein called Bem1p. A recent study defines Bem1p's molecular function during symmetry breaking.
Machine-Learning Methods for Earthquake Ground Motion Analysis and Simulation

This paper presents a novel method of data-based probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) and ground motion simulation, verified using previously recorded strong-motion data and machine-learning techniques. The procedure consists of three parts: (1) selection of an orthonormal set of basis vectors called eigenquakes to represent characteristic earthquake records; (2) estimation of response spectra for the anticipated level of shaking for a scenario earthquake at a site using Gaussian process regression; and (3) optimal combination of the eigenquakes to generate time series of ground acceleration consistent with the response spectral ordinates obtained in the second part. The paper discusses the benefits of applying such machine-learning methods to strong-motion databases for PSHA and ground motion simulation, particularly in large urban areas where dense instrumentation is available or expected. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is exhibited using four scenario examples for downtown Los Angeles. Advantages, disadvantages, and future research needs for this machine-learning approach to PSHA are discussed.
The potential of diet to alter disease processes

Abstract Diet is a strong factor in the control of atherosclerosis relating to general vascular disease, coronary heart disease and stroke. The interrelated disorders in atherosclerosis of hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension are strongly subject to dietary influence. The type of dietary protein, animal versus plant, appears to be as important as the type of lipid, animal versus plant, in atherosclerosis. Dietary protein type, with its differing amino acid ratios, appears to be a major secretagogue of insulin. Diabetes mellitus, or Type II, diabetes is a related disease where diet is a possible causal or at least a strong contributing factor. Diet is the beginning and continuing basis for the control of Type II diabetes. Interestingly, diabetics have a high incidence of atherosclerosis. Renal failure has a long history of treatment with protein-restricted diets. Dietary plant protein is a possible therapy mechanism for the treatment of chronic and acute renal failure. Patients with rheumatic arthritis appear to be helped by specialized dietary approaches. A few examples of the use of vegetarian diets look very promising. Individual arthritic sensitivities or reactivities to certain foods appear to warrant more study. Osteoporosis is a disease or metabolic disturbance, particularly in postmenopausal women, that shows a need for very high dietary calcium intake. High calcium requirements appear to be related to the very high protein intake of the modern Western diet. A decreased protein intake, as can be obtained on a total vegetarian (vegan) diet, can allow for calcium balance, in a variety of age groups, from one-third to one-fifth the amount of daily calcium required on the Western diet. Cancer of the breast, colon and prostate appears to have a strong dietary relationship. The incidence of cancer is significantly greater on the modern Western diet than on a vegetarian or vegan diet. The greater antioxidant vitamin content, higher fiber level, higher complex carbohydrate, more unsaturated and less saturated fat, along with a variety of anticancer like compounds in vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and fruits are all dietary factors that appear to reduce the risk of cancer.
Does a targeting ligand influence nanoparticle tumor localization or uptake

Inclusion of a tumor-targeting molecule in nanosized delivery systems increases their in vivo efficacy. However, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the uptake of such particles have not yet been well addressed. Several recent papers have suggested that tumor-targeting ligands function primarily to increase intracellular uptake of the nanocomplex and do not influence tumor localization. However, other reports indicate that they do play a role in the accumulation in the tumor. One difference might be the presence or absence of poly-[ethylene glycol] (PEG) in the complex and its impact on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Further studies are clearly needed to more fully elucidate the influence of composition on tumor-targeted, systemic delivery of nanoparticles.
Electroweak interactions with the nucleon and tests of the standard model

Abstract Electroweak single-nucleon elastic scattering processes at all energies are calculated, motivated in part by possible future low and intermediate energy experiments with intense neutrino beams. We discuss means to extract nucleon form factors from a complete set of experiments. The goal is to provide model-independent tests of the standard model in the confinement regime of hadronic structure. This includes tests of the conserved vector current theorem, the presence of second-class currents, and the form of the weak neutral current. As a guide for future experiments, numerical calculations for charge-changing neutrino processes are presented using empirical form factors. Interesting low-energy (≈500 MeV) structure is found in cross sections and final lepton polarizations.
Extension of Burgess' variance theorem to autocorrelation functions and spectra

Abstract Burgess' variance theorem is extended to autocorrelation functions and spectra. The autocorrelation expression reduces to Burgess' expression for s = 0. The result is applied to mobility fluctuation 1/f noise in semiconductors and it is shown that S μ (f)/( μ ) 2 = α/f , where α is Hooge's parameter.
Can Executive Functions Explain the Relationship Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Social Adjustment

This study examined the ability of executive functions (EF) to account for the relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) status and social adjustment as indexed by parent and teacher report and by performance on a standardized observational “chat room” task. Children with the Combined subtype (ADHD-C; n = 23), the Primarily Inattentive Subtype (ADHD-I; n = 33), and non-ADHD controls (n = 36) participated. EF did not mediate the relationship between ADHD status and parent or teacher report of social adjustment. EF accounted for about 40–50% of the variance between ADHD status and the ability of children to detect subtle verbal cues as well as memory for the conversation in the chat room task, but did not mediate the relationship between ADHD and the number of prosocial, hostile, or on-topic statements that were made. Results are consistent with other recent reports, and suggest that the role of EF deficits in the production of social skill deficits in ADHD may not be as prominent as is typically assumed. The implications for the development of intervention programs designed to target core cognitive etiologic factors are discussed.
The di/dt capability of field-controlled thyristors

Abstract Limitations to the d i /d t capability of field controlled thyristors are discussed. Although the d i /d t rating of these devices is not limited by plasma spreading as in conventional thyristors, destructive d i /d t induced failure in surface gate devices has been observed. This failure has been shown to be due to non uniform turn-on in these devices due to inhomogeneities in the base region resistivity. Based upon this failure mechanism, it can be concluded that devices with higher d i /d t ratings can be fabricated by decreasing the cathode and gate finger lengths and using thicker cathode metallization. In addition an improved device structure with vertical current flow is described with which further increases in d i /d t ratings of these devices can be expected.
The origin of planets orbiting millisecond pulsars

A model for the formation of planets around millisecond pulsar which no longer have stellar companions is suggested. Detailed hydrodynamical models are presented which suggest that planet formation can occur either in a low-mass X-ray binary progenitor to a progenitor of a star-vaporizing millisecond pulsar when the neutron star is accreting material driven off its companion by X-ray irradiation or after a pulsar has formed and is vaporizing its companion. In both cases a circumbinary disk is created in which planets can form on a timescale of 10 exp 5 to 10 exp 6 yrs and the planets can survive a second phase in which the companion star moves toward the pulsar and is completely vaporized.
Mode of action of glucocorticoids III. The inhibition of amino acid incorporation by thymus subcellular fractions in vitro following administration of triamcinolone

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of the glucocorticoid triamcinolone observed within 2 to 4 h after subcutaneous injection on the incorporation of 14 C-labeled amino acids into proteins of nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes in the liver and the thymus glands of rats were studied in vitro . 2. 2. The administration of triamcinolone (350 μg per 100 g of body weight) to fed rats inhibited labeled amino acid incorporation into the proteins of isolated thymus nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes, whereas amino acid incorporation into the proteins of hepatic mitochondria and microsomes was not modified.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus as a failure of ICP homeostasis mechanism: the hidden role of Monro-Kellie doctrine in the genesis of NPH.

The theme of this paper is to outline that the genesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is governed by the intracranial pressure (ICP) homeostatic principle. The development of this new concept is based mainly on rethinking the well-known Monro–Kellie doctrine in the way that ICP homeostasis mechanism is not only a mechanism that works to prevent pathologically high ICP but also a mechanism that aims to protect from pathologically low ICP. The NPH-related literatures are reviewed and reinterpreted to generate a new paradigm for the cascade of pathophysiological events that leads to the genesis NPH, as well as the mechanism of clinical beneficial effects and complications of the shunting procedure. According to this new paradigm, the suboptimal cerebral perfusion that is associated with the impairment of the cerebral autoregulation is the initial step in the genesis of NPH. When the overall volume of blood that circulates intracranially is diminished, a chronic low ICP with episodes of pathologically low ICP occurs. Since the cranial vault is not collapsible, those episodes of low ICP are compensated by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to keep the ICP in normal ideal range. The impairment of brain toxin-flushing mechanism because of CSF pooling combined with the already-established suboptimal cerebral perfusion leads to functional disinhibition of the cerebral cortex. Recognizing the importance of ICP homeostatic mechanisms in the genesis of the NPH is a simple yet novel view that could change the way we look at NP and can give a basic and fundamental theoretical frame work to achieve better understanding of NPH.
On the implementation of disturbance analysis systems for detection and diagnosis of safety-related transients in a nuclear power plant

Abstract Considerable interest has developed in the last few years in the possible applications of a computerized disturbance analysis system (DAS) to nuclear power plant fault detection and diagnosis. The present paper, after introducing some general aspects of the DAS methodology, focuses specifically on the problems associated with its application to safety related malfunctions and transients. An approach called ‘significant event analysis’ is proposed for possible application when considerable diagnostic depth is deemed necessary from the DAS. A fairly detailed application of this approach to a particular class of disturbances potentially associated with power supply systems is then described. Finally, consideration is given to the relation between the specific types of failures actually recorded in electrical systems and the potential benefits from implementation of a DAS in those systems.
A computer method for inventory production/disposal decisions when reorder-occurrence is uncertain

Abstract A computer method is presented to determine the lowest discounted expected cost production/disposal inventory policy for items with uncertain reorder-occurrence. After explaining the method, several examples are described for slow-moving items with relatively high setup costs. The required program input parameters are presented and discussed so that others may easily determine parameter settings appropriate for their situation. Printed output for the examples is provided so that the program can be validated.
Automatic data/program partitioning using the single assignment principle

Loosely-coupled MIMD architectures do not suffer from memory contention; hence large numbers of processors may be utilized. The main problem, however, is how to partition data and programs in order to exploit the available parallelism. In this paper we show that efficient schemes for automatic data/program partitioning and synchronization may be employed if single assignment is used. Using simulations of program loops common to scientific computations (the Livermore Loops), we demonstrate that only a small fraction of data accesses are remote and thus the degradation in network performance due to multi-processing is minimal.
Real-time 3D topography by speckle image correlation

ABSTRACT A speckle image correlation method is proposed for the application to 3D topography at ultra-high speeds. With randomdensely-seeded laser speckles projected onto an object to be measured, taking snapshots from two different viewing anglesusing a pair of CCD cameras, we are able to correlate the two speckle images in real time, 30 Hz, by a sparse-arraycompressed-image correlation algorithm. As soon as the correlation is established, a fast triangulation reconstruction givesthe 3D coordinates of the speckles on the object in the global coordinate system, and thus the topography of the surface ofthe object is obtained. This method has an accuracy of pixels and a resolution equal to that of its cameras. Mostimage correlation algorithms suffer from their lack of speed. The method discussed here has overcome this barrier andmade wide applications possible. Real-time correlation enables applications in areas such as on-line inspection, non-stillobject measurement, and instant 3D model acquisition.Keywords: surface inspection, surface geometry measurement, image compression.
Human neutrophils express the prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 gene when stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Human blood neutrophils (PMN) rapidly release arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular phospholipids when stimulatedin vitrowith a variety of inflammatory agonists. Free AA is then metabolized via 5′-lipoxygenase to produce bioactive mediators such as leukotriene B4and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate. Arachidonic acid can also be metabolized via the cyclooxygenase or prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS) pathway to form prostaglandins and thromboxane. We show here that human blood PMN express the PGHS 2 gene when stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PGHS 2 mRNA increases within 30 min after LPS stimulation and PGHS 2 immunoreactive protein is detectable by 5 h. Although PGHS 1 mRNA is detectable in PMN, no immunoreactive protein is observed in either resting or LPS-stimulated cells. Following stimulation with LPS and expression of PGHS 2, PMN increase secretion of prostaglandin E2. This phenotypic change in PMN could be an important mechanism for regulating inflammation.
Two-Term Asymptotic Approximation of a Cardiac Restitution Curve

If spatial extent is neglected, ionic models of cardiac cells consist of systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which have the property of excitability, i.e., a brief stimulus produces a prolonged evolution (called an action potential in the cardiac context) before the eventual return to equilibrium. Under repeated stimulation, or pacing, cardiac tissue exhibits electrical restitution: the steady-state action potential duration (APD) at a given pacing period B shortens as B is decreased. Independent of ionic models, restitution is often modeled phenomenologically by a one-dimensional mapping of the form APDnext = f(B - APDprevious). Under some circumstances, a restitution function f can be derived as an asymptotic approximation to the behavior of an ionic model. In this paper, extending previous work, we derive the next term in such an asymptotic approximation for a particular ionic model consisting of two ODEs. The two-term approximation exhibits excellent quantitative agreement with the actual restitution curve, whereas the leading-order approximation significantly underestimates actual APD values.
Poly(A+)mRNA sequences in free mRNP and polysomes of mouse ascites cells.

The poly(A+)RNA of the free mRNP of mouse Taper ascites cell contains a very reduced number of different mRNA sequences compared to the polysome poly(A+)RNA. By the technique of mRNA:cDNA hybridization we have determined that the free mRNP contains approximately 400 different mRNA sequences while the polysomes contain about 9000 different mRNAs. The free mRNP poly(A+)RNA sequences are present in two abundance classes, the abundant free mRNP class containing 15 different mRNA sequences and the less abundant free mRNP class containing 400 different mRNAs. The polysome poly(A+)RNA consists of three abundance classes of 25, 500 and 8500 different mRNA sequences.
Factors Influencing Parental Use of Booster Seats for Their Children

Given that injuries sustained in motor vehicle crashes are the primary health threat to children today and children between the ages of four and eight years are the most susceptible to injury because they are the least likely to be restrained appropriately, the purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with booster seat use using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a model. Results demonstrated that intention to use booster seats significantly predicted self-reported use of booster seats, and attitudes, but not subjective norms or perceived control, predicted the intention to use booster seats. The present study was an initial attempt to add to a limited body of research in the area of child passenger safety. Further research is needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the factors associated with booster seat use in order to reduce injury in this vulnerable age group.
Another tool in the party toolbox? Tracing the strategic expansion of committee size in the US House, 1947–2010

We consider whether the manipulation of committee sizes can serve as a strategic tool of the majority party to further its influence over policy outcomes in the US House. Previous research notes the influence of the majority party’s preferences on the composition of committees but takes the size of committees as exogenous. We argue that the determination of sizes is an important first step and potential tool to shape committee composition, given vacancy constraints like the property rights norm. Using assignment and revealed legislator ideology data from the 80th to 111th Congresses, our results support this view of strategic expansion as a majority party strategy particularly for “prestige committees,” which are most central to a party’s agenda. Expansion indeed results in committees that are ideologically closer to the majority caucus median.
Silicified layers within the Paleogene volcaniclastic Brian Head Formation, southern Utah: Insights into the origin of silicified beds in nonmarine strata

The Brian Head Formation represents the first widespread volcanism in the Tertiary of southwestern Utah. In the Casto Canyon area, about 20 km north of Bryce Canyon National Park, silicified beds are found within the upper part of the formation, an ∼200-m-thick sequence of volcaniclastic sandstone, bentonitic mudstone, and thin discontinuous micrite limestone beds. The sequence is primarily of fluvial origin, and the limestones were deposited in associated freshwater wetland environments. Silicified layers are typically associated with the limestone beds. Three types of silicified beds were recognized: thin (mm–cm scale), thick (up to 1.3 m thick), and silicified root mats. Petrographic analyses revealed a paragenetic sequence that consists of: (1) microcrystalline calcite (micrite); (2) spar calcite, locally replacing micrite; (3) non-fibrous microcrystalline quartz, including widespread replacement of spar and micrite; and (4) chalcedony. Stable isotopic ratios of carbon (δ 13 C from 0 to −2 per mille [‰]) and oxygen (δ 18 O from 25 to 33‰) in the calcite indicate precipitation in meteoric water. Calcite precipitation likely occurred in a palustrine setting shortly after burial, possibly in a semiarid climate. Isotope ratios of oxygen (δ 18 O from 12.7 to 29.3‰) in the microcrystalline quartz are compatible with precipitation by 80–150°C microcrystalline quartz-bearing fluids. Because the petrographic data indicate that the microcrystalline quartz mineralization post-dates the calcite, it follows that elevated-temperature fluids were also of groundwater origin. Subsurface elevated-temperature fluids, possibly associated with volcanism of the Marysvale volcanic complex, dissolved microcrystalline quartz from abundant glass shards in the volcaniclastic unit. Subsequent cooling of fluids caused dissolution of spar and micrite within limestone beds and the precipitation of microcrystalline quartz, thus forming the silicified layers of the Brian Head Formation.
Hybrid laser-arc welding of advanced high-strength steel

Abstract This study investigated the synergetic effect between laser beam and electrical arc during hybrid welding by using a spectral diagnostic technique. The synergetic effect increased the energy density in the keyhole and deepened the weld penetration, resulting in a lower plasma electron temperature. The metal transfer mode was a globular one at a small offset distance while a spray mode was achieved with an increase in the offset distance. The decrease in the arc voltage and arc current due to the synergetic effect caused this transition from spray to globular modes. Globular transfer mode destabilized the molten pool and keyhole with the large droplet impingement, leading to the formation of porosity in the corresponding weld bead. The presence of porosity was on-line detected by identifying serious fluctuations in the Fe I electron temperature signals based on the fact that the instability of the molten pool and keyhole is strongly related to the signals coming from the plasma.
Optimale Reaktoren für Reaktionen erster Ordnung

Es werden die Bedingungen angegeben, unter denen bei linearer Kinetik ein Rohrreaktor anderen Reaktortypen uberlegen ist. Eine optimale Kaskade hat auch bei linearer Kinetik nicht notwendigerweise gleich grose Kessel. Diese Bedingung ist nur fur spezielle Klassen von Reaktionssystemen und Zielfunktionen notwendig.
The ultrastructure of the freshwater, colorless dinoflagellate Peridiniopsis berolinense (Lemm.) Bourrelly (Mastigophora, Dinoflagellida)

The ultrastructure of the freshwater, heterotrophic dinoflagellate Peridiniopsis berolinense (Lemm.) Bourrelly resembles other dinoflagellates in the structure of its nucleus, theca, flagella, and mitochondria. Other features less frequently reported in related organisms include fine sub-sulcal fibers, collared pits in the flagellar base region, and unusual structures herein termed fibrillar lamellae. Numerous vesicles are present, some of whose contents are distinctly crystalline, while others contain what appears to be membranous material arranged in either whorls or parallel stacks; still other vesicles contain electron-dense, granular spheres. Of particular interest is the transitional helix present in the longitudinal flagellum, this being the first report of such a structure among the dinoflagellates. Plastids of any kind are lacking, and a peduncle is present and is used during phagotrophy.
Unequal Property and Subjective Personality in Liberal Theories

A conception of the person as a subjective being plays a crucial, though frequently overlooked, role in the justification of unequal property in liberal theories. Unger's ascription of individualism to general liberal legal theory can be concretely defended with respect to liberal theories of property. Identifying a common fundamental structure calls in question the conventional view that the liberal legal theories rest on an ensemble of different moral foundations. So important is subjective personality to the moral basis for highly unequal property that such property looks to be morally untenable if this concept of the person is invalid. The analysis points to social theory of personality as a major direction for research into an alternative theory of egalitarian property right.
Postmortem pH, Muscle, and Refrigerated Storage Effects on Ability of Vacuum-Packaged Pork to Bloom

Effects of pH, muscle, and storage time on the ability of vacuum-packaged pork chops to bloom were investigated. Low pH samples exhibited more change in color measures during the 30 min blooming period than did the medium and high pH samples. The low pH sample bloomed more rapidly and to a greater extent than medium and high pH samples. Among the 3 muscles, Longissimus had the highest, while Semimembranosus had the lowest a * value and hue angle changes. Overall, refrigerated storage of vacuum packaged pork for 7 d or more resulted in more efficient blooming when pH was low. The ability of vacuum-packaged pork to rebloom is necessary for the meat to regain the consumer-expected pink-red color after opening the vacuom bag. La couleur rose brillante de la viande de porc, engendree par l'oxygenation de la desoxymyoglobine en oxymyoglobine, est appreciee par le consommateur. Dans cette etude, des cotes de porc emballees sous vide sont entreposees a 4°C pendant 28 jours. Les effets du pH, du muscle et de la duree du stockage sur la capacite de la viande a reprendre une couleur rose apres ouverture de l'emballage sont evalues. La viande entreposee pendant 7 jours ou plus a une meilleure capacite de recoloration a pH faible.
Nuclear diffuseness as a degree of freedom

The response of the nuclear energy to changes in neutron and proton surface diffusenesses is investigated using the Thomas-Fermi model. Algebraic expressions are provided for the energy cost of changing the two diffusenesses away from their equilibrium values. This will make it possible to generalize the macroscopic-microscopic calculations of nuclear masses and deformation energies by the inclusion of the neutron and proton diffusenesses as degrees of freedom (to be varied along with the shape degrees of freedom). One result, which is suggested by the relatively low cost in macroscopic energy of increasing the diffuseness of a heavy nucleus by 10% (about 4 MeV), is that superheavy nuclei near $Z=126, N=184$ may have a fair chance of becoming stabilized by shell effects. An appendix introduces an improved measure of surface diffuseness, with certain advantages over the conventional S\"ussmann width b.
Inversion and uncertainty estimation of gravity data using simulated annealing: An application over Lake Vostok, East Antarctica

Interpretation of gravity data warrants uncertainty estimation because of its inherent nonuniqueness. Although the uncertainties in model parameters cannot be completely reduced, they can aid in the meaningful interpretation of results. Here we have employed a simulated annealing (SA)–based technique in the inversion of gravity data to derive multilayered earth models consisting of two and three dimensional bodies. In our approach, we assume that the density contrast is known, and we solve for the coordinates or shapes of the causative bodies, resulting in a nonlinear inverse problem. We attempt to sample the model space extensively so as to estimate several equally likely models. We then use all the models sampled by SA to construct an approximate, marginal posterior probability density function (PPD) in model space and several orders of moments. The correlation matrix clearly shows the interdependence of different model parameters and the corresponding trade-offs. Such correlation plots are used to stud...