cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and molecular analyses of functional epitopes and escape mutants in Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein domain III.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the vector borne causes of encephalitis found in southeastern Asia. This positive single-stranded RNA virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which notably includes dengue, tick-borne, West Nile, Zika as well as yellow fever, and transmits to humans by infected mosquitos. The main site of interactions for antibodies against this virus is the envelope protein domain III (ED3). The present report investigates the time-dependent structural and conformational changes of JEV ED3 functional epitopes and escape mutants by computer simulations. The results indicate the presence of significant structural differences between the functional epitopes and the escape mutants. Mutation-induced structural/conformational instabilities of this type can decrease the antibody neutralization activity. Among the different escape mutants studied here, Ser40Lys/Asp41Arg appear to be most unstable, while Ser40Glu/Asp41Leu exhibit the lowest structural variations. The highest level of escape mutation observed in Ser40Lys is linked to the relatively higher values of root mean square deviation/fluctuation found in the molecular dynamics simulation of this protein. Secondary-structure deviations and depletion of H bonding are other contributing factors to the protein’s increased instability. Overall, the proteins with residue 41 mutations are found to be structurally more ordered than those with residue 40 mutations. The detailed time-based structural assessment of the mutant epitopes described here may contribute to the development of novel vaccines and antiviral drugs necessary to defend against future outbreaks of JEV escape mutants.
Why Post Qualitative Inquiry

This article explains that post qualitative inquiry is not a pre-existing humanist social science research methodology with research designs, processes, methods, and practices. It cannot be accommo...
Anti-apoptotic Actions of Allopregnanolone and Ganaxolone Mediated Through Membrane Progesterone Receptors (PAQRs) in Neuronal Cells.

The neurosteroids progesterone and allopregnanolone regulate numerous neuroprotective functions in neural tissues including inhibition of epileptic seizures and cell death. Many of progesterone's actions are mediated through the nuclear progesterone receptor (PR), while allopregnanolone is widely considered to be devoid of hormonal activity and instead acts through modulation of GABA-A receptor activity. However, allopregnanolone can also exert hormonal actions in neuronal cells through binding and activating membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family. The distribution and functions of the five mPR subtypes (α, β, γ, δ, e) in neural tissues are briefly reviewed. mPRδ has the highest binding affinity for allopregnanolone and is highly expressed throughout the human brain. Low concentrations (20 nM) of allopregnanolone act through mPRδ to stimulate G protein (Gs)-dependent signaling pathways resulting in reduced cell death and apoptosis in mPRδ-transfected cells. The 3-methylated synthetic analog of allopregnanolone, ganaxolone, is currently undergoing clinical trials as a promising GABA-A receptor-selective antiepileptic drug (AED). New data show that low concentrations (20 nM) of ganaxolone also activate mPRδ signaling and exert anti-apoptotic actions through this receptor. Preliminary evidence suggests that ganaxolone can also exert neuroprotective effects by activating inhibitory G protein (Gi)-dependent signaling through mPRα and/or mPRβ in neuronal cells. The results indicate that mPRs are likely intermediaries in multiple actions of natural and synthetic neurosteroids in the brain. Potential off-target effects of ganaxolone through activation of mPRs in patients receiving long-term treatment for epilepsy and other disorders should be considered and warrant further investigation.
Numerical model for ultrashort pulse pump-probe experiment in aluminum-doped zinc oxide multilayered metamaterial

Numerical results, using the auxiliary differential equation FDTD method, show that presence of pump pulses (100-500 fs) with various amplitudes results in the dramatic change of probe pulse shape and amplitude in AZO/ZnO metamaterial.
Polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination are modulated by the DNA tumor virus KSHV and promote KSHV viral infection

Polyamines are critical metabolites involved in various cellular processes and often dysregulated in cancers. Kaposi9s sarcoma associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is a defined oncogenic virus belonging to the sub-family of human gamma-herpesviruses. KSHV infection leads to the profound alteration of host metabolic landscape to favor the development of KSHV-associated malignancies. In our studies, we identified that polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination are dynamically regulated by KSHV infection likely through the modulation of key enzymes of these pathways, such as ODC1, and that in return these metabolic pathways are required for both KSHV lytic switch from latency and de novo infection. The further analysis unraveled that translation of critical KSHV latent and lytic proteins (LANA, RTA) depends on eIF5A hypusination. We also demonstrated that KSHV infection can be efficiently and specifically suppressed by using inhibitors targeting either polyamine biosynthesis or eIF5A hypusination. Above all, our results illustrated that the dynamic and profound interaction of a DNA tumor virus (KSHV) with host polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination metabolic pathways promote viral propagation and oncogenesis, which serve as new therapeutic targets to treat KSHV-associated malignancies.
System characterization of time-resolved mesoscopic fluorescence molecular tomography

We propose a novel Time-Resolved Mesoscopic Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (TR-MFMT) system based around a supercontinuum laser across visible to NIR range and a customized Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array. The system characterization is performed within the settings of multi-spectral fluorescence imaging. Especially, the characterization is achieved with a challenging application: NIR FRET quantification. The characterization results demonstrate the utility of narrow instrument response function systems and provide the foundation for high-resolution imaging multiplexed molecular imaging in the mesoscopic regime.
Coexistent Alcohol-Related Liver Disease and Alcohol-Related Pancreatitis: Analysis of a Large Heath Care System Cohort.

Although coexistence of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and pancreatitis (ALP) is seen in clinical practice, a clear understanding of the overlap between these diseases is lacking. Moreover, the relative risks for certain population groups have not been studied. We determined the prevalence and coexistence of ALD and ALP in patients with an alcohol use disorder using retrospective analysis of a large patient cohort from Western Pennsylvania. We specifically emphasized the analysis of underrepresented populations, including women and blacks. We identified all unique patients who received care in UPMC health system during 2006–2017 with at least one International Classification of Diseases versions 9 and/or 10 codes for alcohol misuse, ALD and pancreatitis. We noted their sex, race and age of first diagnosis and duration of contact. Among 89,774 patients that fit our criteria, the prevalence of ALD, ALP and coexistent ALD and ALP in patients with alcohol misuse was 11.7%, 7.4% and 2.5%, respectively. Prevalence of ALP in ALD was 16.4%, and ALD in ALP was 33.1%. Prevalence of ALP in ALD was slightly more prevalent in women (18.6% vs. 15.6%, p < 0.001). Prevalence of ALP in ALD was 2–4 folds greater in blacks than other races. A sizeable fraction of patients with ALD or ALP has coexistent disease. This is the first study to identify that blacks are at a higher risk for ALP in the presence of ALD. Future studies should define the clinical impact of coexistent disease on clinical presentation and short- and long-term outcomes.
Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for life-threatening complications of percutaneous coronary and structural heart interventions.

Abstract Percutaneous coronary or structural heart interventions may lead to complications, such as perforation and acute vessel closure that may in turn lead to cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock. Moreover, acute coronary syndrome patients presenting with cardiogenic shock can be challenging to treat due to hemodynamic instability. In such cases, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) can provide hemodynamic stabilization and oxygenation allowing successful treatment of the complication or culprit lesion in acute coronary syndrome patients. We present 3 cases illustrating successful emergent use of V-A ECMO in the cardiac catheterization laboratory in the setting of acute left main dissection during a chronic total occlusion intervention, cardiogenic shock in the setting of non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease, and aortic annular rupture during transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Characterization of Primary Progressive Aphasia and Prediction of Naming Decline by Multi-Modality MRI (N1.002)

Objective: To characterize, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA), by multi-modality brain MRI, and to look for potential prognostic markers of later decline in naming. Background: Although naming decline is a common denominator in PPA, the prediction of its course is not straightforward. Brain atrophy is a marker of PPA and its variants, indicating the potential of imaging for phenotypical characterization and prognosis Design/Methods: We scanned 23 patients, enrolled in a treatment study, at baseline, and after 9 and 21 months; and 11 controls at baseline and 12 months later. We analyzed T1-WI, DTI, and resting-state fMRI, in an atlas-structure-based integrative approach. The whole brain was automatically segmented and post-processed in MRICloud. Group comparisons in imaging were performed: 1) In patients versus controls, at baseline; 2) Between baseline and 9 months, in patients; 3) In changes between the baseline and follow-up, in patients versus controls. We tested for baseline imaging correlates of later performance on the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Results: Patients and controls differed by the volumes of temporal and frontal sulci (reflecting the atrophy of these lobes) and by rfMRI correlations among frontal, temporal, insula, postCentral, and supraMarginal. Overtime, patients showed atrophy in insula and limbic areas, and changes in connectivity between frontal, temporal, postcentral, precuneus, and cingullum. The time course of rfMRI correlations between frontal, temporal, postcentral, cingullum, thalamus, angular, and precuneus differed between patients and controls. Baseline rfMRI correlations among frontal, temporal, fusiform, insula, and basal ganglia (but not baseline structural imaging) added significant value to predicting the 21 month BNT scores Conclusions: Multi-modality analysis of brain MRI reveals differences in brain structure and function between PPA and controls and is potentially useful for refining prediction of later performance Study Supported by: NIH-NINDS R01DC011317, R01 NS047691 Disclosure: Dr. Faria has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meyer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tippett has nothing to disclose. Dr. Friedman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hillis has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for American Heart Association for serving as Associate Editor of Stroke and Elsevier for serving as Associate Editor of Practice Update Neurology.
ProbIN: Probabilistic Infrastructureless Navigation

With the increasing popularity of smart phones, knowing the accurate position of a user has become critical to many context-aware applications. In outdoor environments, standardized Global Positioning System (GPS) is often used. However, for indoor environments such as airports, hospitals or shopping malls GPS signals are usually unavailable or unreliable. Most of the existing indoor positioning solutions try to address this problem by utilizing existing infrastructures such as Wi-Fi access points or Bluetooth beacons.
Student Consistency and Implications for Feedback in Online Assessment Systems.

Most of the emphasis on mining online assessment logs has been to identify content- specific errors. However, the pattern of general "consistency" is domain independent, strongly related to performance, and can itself be a target of educational data mining. We demonstrate that simple consistency indicators are related to student outcomes, and suggest how consistency might be used in an online assessment framework to provide scaffolding to help students in need.
Clustering services for services intergration: An empirical approach

This paper demonstrates an empirical method for clustering human services into more general categories. Nine clusters of services are obtained by factor analyzing 66 human services provided by the agencies in urban and rural counties in New York State. The structure of the particular nine clusters is then examined as a means of understanding how services "naturally" combine and cluster. The particular groupings suggest several characteristics about the organization of services that may assist in planning for service delivery. Regardless of whether nine clusters are the right number to describe service networks, the application of factor analysis to services data shows the usefulness of empirical clustering techniques in the study of service delivery networks and in the development of services integration plans.
Implementation of exon arrays: alternative splicing during T-cell proliferation as determined by whole genome analysis

The contribution of alternative splicing and isoform expression to cellular response is emerging as an area of considerable interest, and the newly developed exon arrays allow for systematic study of these processes. We use this pilot study to report on the feasibility of exon array implementation looking to replace the 3' in vitro transcription expression arrays in our laboratory. One of the most widely studied models of cellular response is T-cell activation from exogenous stimulation. Microarray studies have contributed to our understanding of key pathways activated during T-cell stimulation. We use this system to examine whole genome transcription and alternate exon usage events that are regulated during lymphocyte proliferation in an attempt to evaluate the exon arrays. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells form healthy donors were activated using phytohemagglutinin, IL2 and ionomycin and harvested at 5 points over a 7 day period. Flow cytometry measured cell cycle events and the Affymetrix exon array platform was used to identify the gene expression and alternate exon usage changes. Gene expression changes were noted in a total of 2105 transcripts, and alternate exon usage identified in 472 transcript clusters. There was an overlap of 263 transcripts which showed both differential expression and alternate exon usage over time. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed a broader range of biological changes in biological processes for the differentially expressed genes, which include cell cycle, cell division, cell proliferation, chromosome segregation, cell death, component organization and biogenesis and metabolic process ontologies. The alternate exon usage ontological enrichments are in metabolism and component organization and biogenesis. We focus on alternate exon usage changes in the transcripts of the spliceosome complex. The real-time PCR validation rates were 86% for transcript expression and 71% for alternate exon usage. This study illustrates that the Exon array technology has the potential to provide information on both transcript expression and isoform usage, with very little increase in expense.
Learning to Notice: Scaffolding New Teachers’ Interpretations of Classroom Interactions

Mathematics and science education reforms encourage teachers to base their instruction in part on the lesson as it unfolds in the classroom, paying particular attention to the ideas that students raise. This ability to adapt instruction in the moment requires that teachers be able to notice and interpret aspects of classroom interactions that are key to reform teaching. This paper defines what it means to “notice” in the context of reform and describes a multimedia tool designed to help teachers learn to do so. The authors then report on a study in which six mathematics and science teachers seeking secondary teaching certification used the software to examine teaching. The results suggest that use of the software helped the teachers to develop new ways to analyze instruction. Specifically, the teachers began to identify particular events in their classroom interactions as noteworthy, to more frequently use specific evidence to discuss these events, and to provide their own interpretations of these events. This research adds to our understanding of teacher cognition and also has implications for those who are designing and implementing teacher education in the context of reform. A key tenet of mathematics and science education reform is the creation of classroom environments in which teachers make pedagogical decisions in the midst of instruction. In the mathematics classroom, teachers and students are expected to listen carefully to one another’s ideas, with teachers adapting
Design, performance and status of the CLEO III silicon detector

Abstract The CLEO III silicon detector is part of a general upgrade of the CLEO detector to allow for operation at a luminosity of 2×10 33 cm −2 s −1 , which will be provided by the Cornell Electron–Positron Storage Ring (CESR) beginning in 1999. The silicon detector is a four-layer barrel design covering radii from 2.5 to 10.2 cm with 93% solid angle coverage. The silicon sensors are DC-coupled and double-sided with double-metal readout on the p-side. The n-type strips measure φ , with 50 μ m pitch while the p-type strips measure z , the coordinate along the beam axis, with 100 μ m pitch. The readout electronics are mounted on BeO hybrids attached to the conical support structure and connected to the silicon sensors via a thin kapton flex cable. The electronics consist of an R / C chip with bias resistors and decoupling capacitors, a low-noise preamp/shaper chip and a digitizer/sparsifier chip. Readout is done using VME-based sequencer boards. Production of all detector components is nearing completion and installation of the detector will take place in early 1999.
Deoxyribonucleotide metabolism in Herpes simplex virus infected HeLa cells.

Abstract The effect of Rolly No. 11 strain herpes simplex virus infection of HeLa cells in culture on deoxynucleotide metabolism and the level of various enzymes concerned with the biosynthesis of DNA has been investigated. Of 18 enzyme activities studied, thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase and deoxyribonuclease were markedly augmented, a finding in agreement with previous reports. Deoxycytidine kinase, ribonucleotide reductase, thymidylate kinase and deoxycytidylate deaminase activities, in contrast with previous reports, did not increase; the activities of the other enzymes studied, also did not increase. Whereas most of the radioactivity derived from [1 4C]thymidine in the acidsoluble fraction of the uninfected cells was present as deoxythymidine triphosphate, that present in the infected cells was primarily in the form of deoxythymidine monophosphate. Thus, in the infected cell deoxythymidylate kinase is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine triphosphate. A marked increase in the pools of the four naturally occurring deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dTTP, dCTP, dATP, dGTP) was found. The rate of formation of the virus-induced enzymes was determined, as were the various nucleoside triphosphate pools and the other phosphorylated derivatives of thymidine; a maximum was reached for all these components between 6 to 8 h post infection. Although an apparent greater synthesis of DNA occurred in the uninfected cells, when the specific activity of the radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate was taken into account, there was actually a greater rate of DNA synthesis in the infected cells, with the peak at 8 h post infection.
Catecholamines and phosphate excretion by the remnant kidney

Catecholamines and phosphate excretion by the remnant kidney. The remnant kidney (RK) exhibits an enhanced fractional excretion of phosphate (FE Pi ) even in the absence of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Thus, factors other than PTH contribute to this adaptive phosphaturia. Dopamine (DA) infusion is phosphaturic, whereas stimulation of adrenoreceptors is antiphosphaturic. Therefore, the hypothesis that alterations in catecholamines by the RK may be associated with the phosphaturia exhibited by this model was tested. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and surgical ablation of the left renal poles. Four weeks later rats with a RK (N = 10) and control rats with intact kidneys (N = 9) were anesthetized and thyroparathy-roidectomized (TPTX). Two hours after TPTX, urine samples were collected for measurements of urinary free DA excretion. Subsequently, 3% inulin in saline was infused for one hour and a 30 minute clearance was taken. The kidneys were then removed and frozen for determination of tissue norepinephrine (NE) and DA concentrations. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in rats with a RK than in controls (0.57 ± 0.07 vs. 0.83 ± 0.08 ml/min/g kidney wt), whereas fractional excretion of phosphate (FE Pi ) was significantly higher (29.4 ± 4.7 vs. 8.3 ± 3.4%). Tissue NE concentration was significantly lower in the RK than in the control intact kidney (85.10 ± 4.95 vs. 129.60 ± 7.20 ng/g), whereas urinary DA excretion per nephron was significantly higher in the RK (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 0.04 ± 0.006 pg/min). Infusion of the specific DA-1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23390) in rats with a RK significantly decreased the FE Pi when compared to the saline infused control group (Δ-5.2 ± 4.3 vs. +9.5 ± 5.2%), however, urinary c-AMP excretions were not different. We conclude that decreased renal sympathetic nerve tone, unchanged tissue DA levels, and an increased DA synthesis per residual nephron are associated with the enhanced FE Pi exhibited by the RK.
Understanding Angler Preferences for Species and Water Bodies: Importance for New York's Future Fisheries Management

Classifications of recreational anglers have focused on factors that may not be easily influenced by fishery managers, such as fishing specialization, desired experiences, and fishing conditions. T...
The Averaging Process in Permeability Estimation From Well-Test Data

Permeability estimates from the pressure derivative or the slope of the semilog plot usually are considered to be averages of some large ill-defined reservoir volume. This paper presents results of a study of the averaging process, including identification of the region of the reservoir that influences permeability estimates, and a specification of the relative contribution of the permeability of various regions to the estimate of average permeability. The diffusion equation for the pressure response of a well situated in an infinite reservoir where permeability is an arbitrary function of position was solved for the case of small variations from a mean value. Permeability estimates from the slope of the plot of pressure vs. the logarithm of drawdown time are shown to be weighted averages of the permeabilities within an inner and outer radius of investigation.
A Review of Studies of Psychiatric Factors in Crohn's Disease: Etiologic Implications

Researchers have recently challenged long-held concepts of psychological origins to inflammatory bowel disease, in particular with ulcerative colitis. The purpose of this paper is to review published studies on psychiatric factors in Crohn's disease to determine whether available evidence points to the absence or presence of a significant relationship between Crohn's disease and stressful life events or psychiatric symptoms or disorders. Twelve articles with > or = 10 subjects on which statistical data were reported from standardized instruments of measure were found. Most reported a significant association between Crohn's disease and psychiatric factors. Many of the investigative groups reporting such an association in Crohn's disease had also studied ulcerative colitis and failed to find a similar association in that disease. Published data indicate that Crohn's disease, unlike ulcerative colitis, may be statistically associated with lifetime psychiatric disorders. This association appears to be more modest than in irritable bowel syndrome, in which far higher rates of psychiatric disorders are reported than in Crohn's disease.
Calibration Effects for Laser- Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Gaseous Sample Streams: Analyte Response of Gas-Phase Species versus Solid-Phase Species

The effects of analyte phase on the calibration response for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is investigated for a range of carbon species. Significant differences in the atomic emission signal from carbon were observed when comparing calibration streams of gas-phase and submicrometer-sized solid-phase carbon species. The resulting calibration curve slopes varied by a factor of 8 over a comparable range of atomic carbon concentrations for five different analyte sources, while the plasma electron density and temperature remained essentially constant. The current findings challenge a widely held assumption that complete dissociation of constituent species within a highly energetic laser-induced plasma results in independence of the analyte atomic emission signal on the analyte source. A physical model of the plasma−analyte interaction is proposed that provides a framework to account for the observed dependence on the physical state of the analyte.
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor TR4 Is a Vitamin A-activated Nuclear Receptor

Testicular receptors 2 and 4 (TR2/4) constitute a subgroup of orphan nuclear receptors that play important roles in spermatogenesis, lipid and lipoprotein regulation, and the development of the central nervous system. Currently, little is known about the structural features and the ligand regulation of these receptors. Here we report the crystal structure of the ligand-free TR4 ligand binding domain, which reveals an autorepressed conformation. The ligand binding pocket of TR4 is filled by the C-terminal half of helix 10, and the cofactor binding site is occupied by the AF-2 helix, thus preventing ligand-independent activation of the receptor. However, TR4 exhibits constitutive transcriptional activity on multiple promoters, which can be further potentiated by nuclear receptor coactivators. Mutations designed to disrupt cofactor binding, dimerization, or ligand binding substantially reduce the transcriptional activity of this receptor. Importantly, both retinol and retinoic acid are able to promote TR4 to recruit coactivators and to activate a TR4-regulated reporter. These findings demonstrate that TR4 is a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor and suggest that retinoids might have a much wider regulatory role via activation of orphan receptors such as TR4.
nab-Paclitaxel in combination with biologically targeted agents for early and metastatic breast cancer

Taxanes are highly active chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of early-stage and metastatic breast cancer. Novel formulations have been developed to improve efficacy and decrease toxicity associated with these cytotoxic agents. nab-Paclitaxel is a biologically interactive, solvent-free, 130-nm-sized albumin-bound paclitaxel, developed to avoid the Cremophor vehicle used in solvent-based paclitaxel. Based on a pivotal phase 3 study, nab-paclitaxel was shown to be safely infused at a significantly higher dose of paclitaxel than the doses used with standard paclitaxel therapy, and had a shorter infusion time, no premedication, and higher response rates. It is now approved in the United States for treatment of breast cancer after failure of combination chemotherapy for metastatic disease or relapse within 6 months of adjuvant therapy, and has demonstrated promising efficacy and favorable tolerability. Recently, several phase 2 and 3 studies have suggested a role for nab-paclitaxel in combination with biologically targeted agents for the treatment of early- and late-stage breast cancer. This review will discuss the findings of clinical trials evaluating nab-paclitaxel in combination with biologically targeted therapeutic agents for breast cancer in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings.
Comparisons of the field configurations of the magnetotails of Uranus and Neptune

The magnetic field configuration-states of the magnetotails of the planets Uranus and Neptune are compared. Earth's case is also briefly treated, as well as some related aspects of the other three magnetic planets. In Uranus' case, due to the large tilt (59 deg) of the planet's magnetic dipole with respect to its spin axis and the unusual obliquity of that axis, the angle of attack (alpha) of the solar wind with respect to dipole alignment goes through all possible angles, 0 deg to 180 deg, yielding a very broad spectrum of configuration-states of its tail. Cases are discussed where the planetary magnetic dipole is either aligned with the Sun-planet-line ('pole-on' state) or perpendicular to it and some intermediate states, for both Uranus and Neptune. Only Uranus experiences the pole-on state, which next occurs in November 1999 (+/- 2 months); last year (1993.2) it had the first 'perpendicular' state since Voyager encounter which resembles Earth's case. Neptune never has a pole-on configuration, but it gets as close as alpha = 14 deg from it; the next occurrence is early in 2003. At Voyager encounter Neptune's magnetotail apparently rapidly migrated through a broad spectrum of field structures with near extreme states resembling an Earth-like case on the one hand and a cylindrically symmetric one on the other. Magnetopause 'openness' should dramatically change in terms of the rapidly changing angle of attack throughout a planetary day for these two planets, and this has important implications for their magnetotails. Any future manetospheric mission plans for Uranus or Neptune should take in to consideration the allowed range of values for alpha for the epoch of interest; this is especially of concern for Uranus which has a pole-on state, and all possible alphas, around the middle of 2014, 20 years from now.
Derivational rules and the internal lexicon

This study examines two views of lexical storage and word production: a Derivational hypothesis whereby complex nouns such as GOVERNANCE and GOVERNMENT are generated by rules for combining stems and affixes separately stored in the internal lexicon, and an Independent Unit hypothesis whereby GOVERN and GOVERNMENT constitute independent lexical units which are read out directly from lexical store. To test these hypotheses subjects were presented auditorily with verbs (e.g., DECIDE) and had to produce a related noun (DECISION) as fast as possible. Reaction times and errors were related to derivational complexity, thereby supporting the Derivational rather than the Independent Unit hypothesis. A model of lexical retrieval processes incorporating derivational processes is proposed.
Quantitative assessment of regional left ventricular function with cardiac MRI: Three-dimensional centersurface method

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to provide the first in vivo validation of a three-dimensional (3D) method to quantify regional left ventricular (LV) function with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging after myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND Current cardiac methods to analyze LV function are limited by geometric assumptions and observer biases. METHODS MI was induced percutaneously by 90-min proximal left circumflex artery balloon occlusion in 25 Yucatan minipigs. Cine and contrast-enhanced (CE) CMR imaging was performed at 5 days (n = 21) and 8 weeks (n = 22) post-MI. Twelve control animals without MI were also imaged. Regional wall thickening was measured orthogonal to the myocardial wall using the centersurface method. The left ventricle was divided into 16 segments (six basal 60 degrees , six middle 60 degrees , four apical 90 degrees ). Normal ranges for segmental wall thickness and wall thickening were defined as mean +/- 2D in control hearts. Hypokinesis was defined as a segmental thickening value below the normal range. RESULTS Hypokinesis following MI was identified in the inferior, inferolateral and anterolateral segments when compared with controls and corresponded to areas of infarction by CE CMR. The aggregate wall thickening was also expressed as a percentage at 5 days (Infarct zone: 15% +/- 16% vs. NonInfarct zone 33% +/- 20%, P < 0.001) and 8 weeks (Infarct zone 20% +/- 20% vs. NonInfarct zone 32% +/- 22%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The centersurface method can quantify regional wall thickening and spatially identify regions of abnormal function in 3D after MI without relying on geometric assumptions. This method may be a valuable tool to quantify regional LV function in the assessment of myocardial viability, ischemia, infarction, and the response to therapeutic interventions.
Expression of the Menkes disease homolog in rodent neuroglial cells

We surveyed qualitative expression of the Menkes disease homolog in a variety of brain regions, and cultured neurons and glia from rat and mouse. Cultured astrocytes from adult rat cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and cerebellum all expressed the gene, as did cerebellar granule cell neurons isolated from whole cerebellum. Pulse-chase experiments with radiolabeled copper demonstrated normal copper handling by cultured adult astrocytes. We also assessed expression of the Menkes homolog in astrocytes from various earlier developmental stages (embryonic day 20, postnatal days 3 and 8), and detected expression on D3 and D8 but not in E20 astrocytes. Our data provide evidence that this copper transport gene is expressed in specific glial cells and neurons, findings that may be pertinent to treatment considerations in human patients with Menkes disease.
MEASUREMENT OF HYPOTHETICAL BURNOUT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS CAREGIVERS

Abstract. Lewiston, N., Conley, J. and Blessing-Moore, J. (Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, California) Measurement of hypothetical burnout in cystic fibrosis caregivers. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 935, 1981.-Three hypothetical phases of staff burnout were measured in a population of cystic fibrosis caregivers and a control population from other areas of specialty pediatrics. The cystic fibrosis caregivers displayed a higher level of emotional exhaustion, lower level of patient depersonalization, and an equal sense of personal accomplishment from the job compared to the controls. We conclude that hypothetical staff burnout can be measured and postulate that these values can be used to quantitate the outcome of anti-burnout programs.
Bernstein–Nikolskii and Plancherel–Polya inequalities in Lp -norms on non-compact symmetric spaces

By using Bernstein-type inequality we define analogs of spaces of entire functions of exponential type in Lp (X), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where X is a symmetric space of non-compact. We give estimates of Lp -norms, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, of such functions (the Nikolskii-type inequalities) and also prove the Lp -Plancherel–Polya inequalities which imply that our functions of exponential type are uniquely determined by their inner products with certain countable sets of measures with compact supports and can be reconstructed from such sets of “measurements” in a stable way (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The software bus: A vision for scientific software development

Abstract We describe a new initiative at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to provide a software development framework for a broad range of scientific problems. The initiative will use object oriented-programming to produce interoperable software components. These will include user interfaces and common graphics as well as scientific program modules. A standard interoperation protocol, the software bus, will be used to allow the modules to communicate with each other in much the same way that a backplane or network allows separate hardware module to cooperate.
Implant delivery system: intralesional delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of spontaneous skin tumors in veterinary patients.

Abstract Anew approach to targeted drug administration using intralesional chemotherapy delivered via therapeutic implant (TI) technology was evaluated in a wide variety of spontaneously occurring skin and subcutaneous tumors in veterinary patients. Many of these animal tumors show similarities in histology and biologic behavior to human epitheliomas and neoplasms and, therefore, serve as appropriate preclinical models for human studies. These animal studies provided valuable insight into this method of local chemotherapy which is now under evaluation with 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and cisplatin for treatment of human skin diseases as well as cancer. Administration of free drugs directly into tumors has met with some success in the treatment of superficial lesions including keratoacanthoma, 1 basal cell carcinoma, 2,3 verruca plantaris, 4–6 condyloma acuminatum, 6–8 and Kaposi's sarcoma. 9 In an effort to improve the response to local chemotherapy we used the therapeutic implant to increase the dose and duration of exposure of selected drugs to tumors, thereby maximizing the therapeutic response while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue.
Glassy states of adsorbed flexible polymers and spread polymer monolayers

In this letter we conjecture a possible mechanism for the dynamics of irreversibly adsorbed polymers. We argue that glass-like states can exist near the surface. Subsequently, we discuss this in reference to the properties of polymers spread on a liquid air interface.
Appropriateness Criteria and Elective Procedures — Total Joint Arthroplasty

The implementation of appropriateness criteria that help to identify the patients likely to benefit most from a given procedure could help to combat increasing health care costs while enhancing access and quality. Total joint arthroplasty offers a prime example.
Digital video quality metric based on human vision

The growth of digital video has given rise to a need for computational methods for evaluating the visual quality of digital video. We have developed a new digital video quality metric, which we call DVQ (digital video quality) (A. B. Watson, in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display VIII, Proc. SPIE 3299, 139- 147 (1998)). Here, we provide a brief description of the metric, and give a preliminary report on its performance. DVQ accepts a pair of digital video sequences, and computes a measure of the magnitude of the visible difference between them. The metric is based on the discrete cosine transform. It incorporates aspects of early visual pro- cessing, including light adaptation, luminance, and chromatic chan- nels; spatial and temporal filtering; spatial frequency channels; con- trast masking; and probability summation. It also includes primitive dynamics of light adaptation and contrast masking. We have applied the metric to digital video sequences corrupted by various typical compression artifacts, and compared the results to quality ratings made by human observers. © 2001 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1329896)
Highly sensitive, single-shot characterization for pulse widths from 0.4 to 85 ps using electro-optic shearing interferometry.

Single-shot characterization using electro-optic shearing interferometry (EOSI) is shown for pulse widths ranging from their transform limit (0.4 ps) to 200× their limit (85 ps). In EOSI, the spectral phase is reconstructed by interfering two spectrally sheared replicas of the pulse under test, where the shear is produced by applying linear temporal-phase modulation. We present a new reconstruction algorithm for accurately characterizing chirped pulses, even if the pulse extends beyond the linear region of the phase modulation. Furthermore, since EOSI does not rely on nonlinear optical processes, it requires only 1 nJ pulse energies for all pulse widths, corresponding to a single-shot sensitivity 1000× higher than previously demonstrated.
A Widening Gap between the U.S. Military and Civilian Society?: Some Evidence, 1976-96

~ Although civilian-military relations are central to democratic governance, American interest in the issue has waxed and waned. Until 1945 the United Sates’ favorable geographic position permitted it to demobilize rapidly after each war. The onset of the Cold War almost before the guns of World War I1 had cooled ensured that the United States would maintain a large military establishment. The unprecedented threats arising from the Cold War and the inception of nuclear weapons heightened concerns about relations between the military and civilian society. They also triggered a flurry of important studies on civilian-military relations,’ as well as a warning from retiring President Dwight D. Eisenhower on the
The cognitive unconscious

Contemporary research in cognitive psychology reveals the impact of nonconscious mental structures and processes on the individual's conscious experience, thought, and action. Research on perceptual-cognitive and motoric skills indicates that they are automatized through experience, and thus rendered unconscious. In addition, research on subliminal perception, implicit memory, and hypnosis indicates that events can affect mental functions even though they cannot be consciously perceived or remembered. These findings suggest a tripartite division of the cognitive unconscious into truly unconscious mental processes operating on knowledge structures that may themselves be preconscious or subconscious.
The probability of intersection of independent random walks in four dimensions

LetS 1 andS 2 be independent simple random walks of lengthn inZ 4 starting at 0 andx 0 respectively. If |x 0|2≈n, it is shown that the probability that the paths intersect is of order (logn)−1. Ifx 0=0, it is shown that the probability of no intersection of the paths decays no faster than (logn)−1 and no slower than (logn)−1/2. It is conjectured that (logn)−1/2 is the actual decay rate.
An In Vitro Comparison of Torsional Stress and Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of ProFile GT and ProFile GT Series X Rotary Nickel-Titanium Files

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the torsional stress and cyclic fatigue characteristics of ProFile GT (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) and ProFile GT Series X (Dentsply Tulsa Dental). Files of 0.04 and 0.06 taper, 25 mm in length, and ISO sizes of 20 and 30 tips were compared (n = 25 per test group). Torque stress resistance was evaluated by measuring the torque in gram-centimeters (g-cm) and angle of deflection (degrees of rotation) required for instrument separation with use of a torsiometer instrument. Cyclic fatigue was determined by recording the time until breakage of a file rotating in a simulated canal with an applied 45 degrees or 60 degrees curve. The files were operated in a cyclic fatigue instrument that simulated clinical rotary file usage with a constant cyclical axial motion. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) when comparing the torque (g-cm) required to induce a torsional failure of ProFile GT and ProFile GT Series X files of identical file sizes. The angle of deflection (degrees of rotation) of ProFile GT was significantly greater (p 0.05). There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in cyclic fatigue failure for ProFile GT and ProFile GT Series X in a canal with a curvature of 45 degrees . In the 60 degrees canal curvature, ProFile GT was found to be significantly more resistant (p = 0.005) to fracture because of cyclic fatigue than ProFile GT Series X for file size 30/.06 and significant (p 0.05) in cyclic fatigue resistance in the 60 degrees canal for ProFile GT and ProFile GT Series X for file size 20/.04.
An Overview of Chemical Processes That Damage Cellular DNA: Spontaneous Hydrolysis, Alkylation, and Reactions with Radicals

The sequence of heterocyclic bases on the interior of the DNA double helix constitutes the genetic code that drives the operation of all living organisms. With this said, it is not surprising that chemical modification of cellular DNA can have profound biological consequences. Therefore, the organic chemistry of DNA damage is fundamentally important to diverse fields including medicinal chemistry, toxicology, and biotechnology. This review is designed to provide a brief overview of the common types of chemical reactions that lead to DNA damage under physiological conditions.
Semantic matching across heterogeneous data sources

Discovering semantic correspondences is the key to semantic integration of data sources and ultimately to data integration across disparate databases.
Pressure recovery distal to a stenosis: Potential cause of gradient “verestimation” by Doppler echocardiography

Doppler ultrasound is currently being widely applied to measure intracardiac pressure gradients noninvasively. In comparative invasive studies, it is generally assumed that pressure is effectively uniform distal to the stenosis. As the poststenotic jet expands, however, its velocity decreases, and pressure is recovered to the extent permitted by turbulence, so that the measured gradient will be lower if the distal catheter is positioned downstream from the vena contracta. This can lead to apparent Doppler "overestimation" of the pressure gradient because of this phenomenon of pressure recovery. This study demonstrates that pressure recovery can be important in a variety of clinical settings studied by in vitro models. Although most prominent in streamlined tunnels modeled after the obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, these effects are important even for central stenoses at physiologic flow rates. Because precise catheter position is not always known or controlled, these findings suggest an important advantage for Doppler gradient estimation, because it provides the maximal gradient at the vena contracta, which determines the load on the proximal chamber.
U.S. student-run agencies: Organization, attributes and adviser perceptions of student learning outcomes

Abstract Student-run communications agencies mimic professional public relations and advertising agencies by providing students with a professional environment in which to work on real projects for real clients. This study involved a survey of agency advisers at AEJMC universities and ACEJMC-accredited universities to evaluate the attributes, structure, and perceived student learning outcomes of agencies in the U.S. Though agencies vary greatly in how they are structured and managed, this study suggests student agencies in general are indeed beneficial to student learning, particularly in the areas of skills application and professionalism. Despite the benefit to students, agencies receive little funding relative to other campus media and agency advisers often receive limited support for the required time commitment. Agency organization, adviser time commitment, and agency facilities are examined in regard to their impact on agency protocols and perceptions of student learning.