cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignition of Lean CO/H2/Air Mixtures at Elevated Pressures

Shock-tube ignition delay time experiments and chemical kinetics model calculations were performed for several fuel blends of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in air at elevated pressures. Due to the interest in coal-derived fuels, namely syngas, these data are important for characterizing the ignition and oxidation of possible fuel blends used in gas turbines and for the validation of chemical kinetics models. Three lean, CO/H2 (80/20%, 90/10%, and 95/5% by volume) fuel blends in air were studied behind reflected shock waves at temperatures between 929 and 1304 K and pressures ranging from 1.7 to 15 atm. Ignition delay times were monitored using chemiluminescence emission from excited hydroxyl radicals. Results exhibit the second-explosion limit behavior from hydrogen oxidation kinetics at low temperatures and high pressures for all mixtures. In addition, comparisons of modeling results and experimental data show good agreement for the entire temperature range at high pressure and poor agreement with the data at low temperatures in the intermediate pressure regimes. Ignition and reaction sensitivity analyses indicate that the H + O2 + M = HO2 + M termination reaction is important at all conditions herein, and the early formation of HO2 suppresses the growth of the ignition-enhancing radicals H and OH.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Interaction between toothpaste abrasivity and toothbrush filament stiffness on the development of erosive/abrasive lesions in vitro.

Objectives To investigate the loss of enamel and dentin surface caused by the interaction between abrasives in toothpaste and toothbrush filament stiffness. Methods The study followed a 2 (high-level or low-level abrasive; silica) × 3 (filament stiffness; soft, medium or hard) × 2 (cycling time; 3 or 5 days) factorial design. Polished bovine enamel and dentin specimens (n = 8 each per group) were subjected to 5 days of erosion/abrasion cycling: erosion (5 minutes, four times daily, 0.3% citric acid, pH 3.75); abrasion (15 seconds, twice daily, 45 strokes each, 150 g load, automated brushing machine); and fluoride treatment [15 seconds with abrasion and 45 seconds without abrasion; 275 p.p.m. fluoride (F−) as sodium fluoride (NaF) in abrasive slurry]. Enamel and dentin specimens were exposed to artificial saliva between erosion and abrasion/F− treatment (1 hour) and at all other times (overnight). Non-contact profilometry was used to determine surface loss (SL) after 3 and 5 days of cycling. Data were analysed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (factors: abrasive/filament stiffness/time), with separate analyses conducted for enamel and dentin. Results For enamel, only ‘cycling time’ was found to affect SL, with 5 days of cycling resulting in a greater SL than 3 days of cycling. Overall, there was little SL for enamel (range: 0.76–1.85 μm). For dentin (SL range: 1.87–5.91 μm), significantly higher SL was found for 5 days of cycling versus 3 days of cycling, with particularly large differences for hard stiffness/high-level abrasive and medium stiffness/low-level abrasive. For high-level abrasive, after 5 days of cycling hard stiffness resulted in significantly higher SL than did medium stiffness, with no other significant differences according to stiffness. Overall, high-level abrasive resulted in significantly higher SL than did low-level abrasive, with strong effects for all combinations, except medium stiffness after 5 days. Conclusion The interplay between abrasivity and filament stiffness appears to be more relevant for dentin than for enamel.
Mooney-Rivlin biomechanical modeling of lung with Inhomogeneous material

In this study, the Mooney-Rivlin material with hyperelastic strain energy was proposed for biomechanical modeling of the lung. We modeled the lung as an inhomogeneous Mooney-Rivlin material with uncoupled deviatoric and volumetric behavior. The proposed method was evaluated on the lungs of eight lung cancer patients. For each patient, the lung was segmented from the 4D-CT images and tetrahedral volume mesh of the lung in phase 50% was created by using the adaptive mesh generation toolkit. The demons deformable registration algorithm was used to extract the displacement vector fields (DVFs). The Jacobian of the deformation gradient was calculated from DVFs, and the lung strain energy function was optimized to improve the tumor center of mass (TCM) motion simulation accuracy between respiratory phase 50% and 0%. The average TCM motion simulation error for the proposed strategy is 1.95 mm for eight patients. We observed 13% improvement in the TCM position prediction compared with the homogeneous Mooney-Rivlin modeling.
Hypoalbuminemia and Renal Lesions in Experimental Hyperglobulinemia.

Summary(1) Homologous gamma globulin injected intraperitoneally elevated the level of serum globulin and depressed the albumin without inducing significant albuminuria.(2) Characteristic glomerular and tubular changes occurred in the animals in which protracted hyperglobulinemia was produced.(3) Serum protein levels reverted to normal when injections were discontinued.(4) Glomerulonephritis was not present.(5) The resemblance of the glomerular lesions to the nodular lesion of intercapillary glomerulosclerosis is noteworthy.
Inhibition of Renin Secretion by Angiotensin .II.

SummaryIntravenous infusion of angiotensin II (6.3-200 ng/kg min) inhibited renin secretion in dogs under conditions of basal or elevated renin secretion. This inhibition was independent of changes in mean renal arterial blood pressure. We propose a negative feedback effect of circulating angiotensin on renin secretion.
Effects of proteins and polynucleotides on the activity of various hydrolases.

The effect of various macromolecules on the activity of several hydrolases was studied. Dilution of partially purified acid β-galactosidase from ileal mucosa of suckling rats resulted in a decrease of specific activity. The relationship between specific activity and dilution of the enzyme suggests a dissociation of the enzyme. This could be prevented by addition of several proteins tested. However, addition of DNA to the assay mixture for acid β-galactosidase caused an inhibition. This inhibition could be prevented by addition of proteins. Other polynucleotides and tRNA also exert an inhibitory effect that is prevented by albumin, but nucleotides have no effect. This inhibition occurs maximally at a low pH (3.0–4.0); no inhibition is observed at pH5.5. A similar pH-dependent inhibition by DNA was also found with various other acid hydrolases.
Contextual insights

In today's productivity environment, users are constantly researching topics while consuming or authoring content in applications such as e-readers, word processors, presentation programs, or social networks. However, none of these applications sufficiently enable users to do their research directly within the application. In fact, users typically have to switch to a browser and write a query on a search engine. Switching to a search engine is distracting and hurts productivity. Furthermore, the main problem is that the search engine is not aware of important user context such as the book that they are reading or the document they are authoring. To tackle this problem, we introduce the notion of contextual insights: providing users with information that is contextually relevant to the content that they are consuming or authoring. We then present Leibniz, a system that provides a solution for the contextual insights problem.
On the Objectives of Prison Enterprises

It is very important to make clear goal of prison enterprises in prison reform period.We must clear the daily operation of the prison business objectives,but also long-term development of prison enterprises,prison enterprises operating objectives include transformation and economic objectives,which is the primary objective of the transformation,the fundamental objective of economic targets are secondary,subordinate goal.Prison enterprise development objectives are : to provide offenders labor conditions of the socialist market economy,the new economic relations and the appropriate organizational arrangements,such economic relations and organizational arrangements will be specifically reflected in a special prison enterprise system,which determines the direction of reform and prison enterprise objectives.
Investigation of awareness rate of HIV/AIDS-related prevention knowledge among populations of Wuhu City in 2010

Objective To estimate the awareness rate of HIV/AIDS prevention knowledge among populations of Wuhu city,and evaluate the goals of HIV/AIDS awareness education established by 《Action project of restraint and control HIV/AIDS in China(2006-2010)》 in Wuhu.Methods A combination of multistage sampling,stratified sampling and systematic sampling was used.We choose 8 items as the basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention and control to investigate the urban and rural residents,young students and floating population.Results The average rate of HIV/AIDS among public population was 70.78%(79.51% of urban residents,62.00% of rural residents,78.55% of floating population and 66.91%of young students).There were significant differences among these groups.There were significant impacts of sex,age and education degree on awareness rate of HIV/AIDS-related prevention knowledge.There was difference in awareness rate of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge among population.Awareness rate of non-transmission ways about HIV/AIDS was lower than that of transmission ways.Conclusions There was a gap between the awareness rate of HIV/AIDS knowledge among populations and the goal established by《Action project of restraint and control HIV/AIDS in China(2006-2010)》.Health education should be further strengthened with emphasis on effective propagandistic measures,to improve the level of public knowledge about HIV/AIDS.
Three-Dimensional Evolution of Axisymmetric Jets: a Comparison Between Computations and Experiments

We analyze the three-dimensional evolution of a transitional axisymmetric jet for the two cases of an axisymmetric perturbation in the streamwise direction combined with an azimuthal corrugation and a helical perturbation, respectively. The combined analysis of flow visualization experiments and inviscid vortex dynamics simulations elucidates the processes leading to the concentration, reorientation, and stretching of the vorticity. In the first case, counterrotating pairs of streamwise vortex tubes form in the braid regions, and the cores of the vortex rings develop a wavy dislocation. The mechanism for the collapse of the streamwise braid vorticity is the same as in a plane mixing layer. For the helical perturbation, only one sign of streamwise vorticity forms in the braid, while the vortex helix represents streamwise vorticity of the opposite sign. The early stages of the flow visualization experiments show good agreement with the numerical observations, thus confirming that even at moderate values of the Reynolds number the evolution is dominated by inviscid mechanisms.
How Much Time Do Families Spend on the Health Care of Children with Diabetes

Introduction Family time caring for children with diabetes is an overlooked component of the overall burden of the condition. We document and analyze risk factors for time family members spend providing health care at home and arranging/coordinating health care for children with diabetes.
The identifiable victim effect: a meta-analytic review

AbstractThe identifiable victim effect (IVE) refers to individuals’ tendency to offer greater help to specific, identifiable victims than to anonymous, statistical victims. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to determine the overall weighted effect of IVE. Overall, 41 studies were included. Results indicated an overall significant yet modest IVE (r = .05). In addition, findings showed that IVE appears reliable mainly when there is a single identified or a single unidentified victim, and/or when study characteristics include elements of the following: a photographed child suffering from poverty, bearing little responsibility for the need, and/or associated with monetary requests. The implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
An Attribute-Based Protection Model for JSON Documents

There has been considerable research in specifying authorization policies for XML documents. Most of these approaches consider only hierarchical structure of underlying data. They define authorization policies by directly identifying XML nodes in the policies. These approaches work well for hierarchical structure but are not suitable for other required characteristics we identify in this paper as semantical association and scatteredness.
State and Resistance Estimation in Sensorless FOC Induction Motor Drive Using a Reduced Order Unscented Kalman Filter

In this paper, an unscented Kalman filter is proposed for state and parameter estimation on a speed sensor less field-oriented control of an induction motor. The stator resistance is estimated as part of the state to improve the robutness of the flux estimate, at the expense of leading to a highly nonlinear model. Additionally to reduce the computational load the filter is implemented as a reduced order observer, estimating only the non-measured state variables.
Urinary Uromodulin and Risk of Urinary Tract Infections: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Background Laboratory studies suggest that urinary uromodulin, the most common protein in the urine of healthy adults, may protect against urinary tract infection (UTI). Epidemiologic studies evaluating this relationship in humans are lacking. Study Design Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting & Participants 953 participants enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Predictor Uromodulin assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in spot urine samples. Outcomes Composite of outpatient UTI events or UTI-related hospitalizations and each of them individually identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision ( ICD-9 ) codes using negative binomial regression with robust standard errors adjusted for age, race, sex, body mass index, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urinary albumin and urinary creatinine excretion. Results Median uromodulin level was 25.9 (IQR, 17.3-38.9) μg/mL, mean age of participants was 78 years, 61% were women, and 15% were black. There were 331 outpatient UTI events and 87 UTI-related hospitalizations among 186 participants during a median 9.9 years of follow-up. Persons in the highest quartile (>38.93μg/mL) of uromodulin concentration had a significantly lower risk for the composite outcome (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.79) compared with those in the lowest quartile (≤17.26μg/mL). This association remained significant for outpatient UTI events (highest vs lowest quartile even after excluding those with prior UTI: IRR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.77). The direction of association with UTI hospitalization was similar, but not statistically significant (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.39-1.58). Limitations Use of ICD-9 codes to identify outcomes and lack of generalizability to younger populations. Conclusions High urinary uromodulin levels are associated with lower risk for UTI in older community-dwelling adults independent of traditional UTI risk factors. This finding supports prior laboratory data indicating a protective role of uromodulin against UTI. Further research is needed to understand if this may lead to new treatments to prevent or treat UTI.
The Relationship Between Apolipoprotein ε4 Carrier Status and Sleep Characteristics in Cognitively Normal Older Adults.

The apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 allele, a well-described genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), is associated with sleep disturbances even in cognitively normal older adults, altho...
Children's food and satiety responsiveness in association with post‐prandial glucose following a standardized liquid meal

Children's responsiveness to food cues and satiety may put them at greater risk for obesity; however, little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying children's responsiveness to food and satiety. The objective of this study was to examine the association between children's post-prandial glucose responses and maternal report of their eating behaviours. A secondary data analysis was conducted using partial correlation analyses adjusted for gender in a sample of children aged 5-10 years and their mothers (N = 28 dyads). Standardized liquid meal tests were administered to children and blood samples were obtained over the following 4 h. Mothers completed the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. An earlier post-prandial peak glucose concentration was associated with greater food responsiveness (r = -0.39, P = 0.04) but not satiety responsiveness. The percent increase in glucose from fasting to peak also tended to be inversely associated with greater food responsiveness (r = -0.38, P = 0.05). Results suggest that earlier and smaller post-prandial glucose excursions may be related to children's response to food cues. Future research should use objective methods to examine whether the association of post-prandial glucose with food responsiveness prospectively contributes to weight gain.
Performance Optimization of a New Air Table and Flip-flow Screen for Fine Particle Dry Separation

The mining industry has seen increased efforts toward achieving dry mineral separation owing to current and projected water scarcity and environmental problems associated with conventional wet proc...
Evolutionary divergence of the sex-determining gene MID uncoupled from the transition to anisogamy in volvocine algae

Volvocine algae constitute a unique comparative model for investigating the evolution of oogamy from isogamous mating types. The sex- or mating type-determining gene MID encodes a conserved RWP-RK transcription factor found in either the MT- or male mating locus of dioecious volvocine species. We previously found that MID from the isogamous species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrMID) could not induce ectopic spermatogenesis when expressed heterologously in Volvox carteri females, suggesting coevolution of Mid function with gamete dimorphism. Here we found that ectopic expression of MID from the anisogamous species Pleodorina starrii (PsMID) could efficiently induce spermatogenesis when expressed in V. carteri females and, unexpectedly, that GpMID from the isogamous species Gonium pectorale was also able to induce V. carteri spermatogenesis. Neither VcMID nor GpMID could complement a C. reinhardtii mid mutant, at least partly owing to instability of heterologous Mid proteins. Our data show that Mid divergence was not a major contributor to the transition between isogamy and anisogamy/oogamy in volvocine algae, and instead implicate changes in cis-regulatory interactions and/or trans-acting factors of the Mid network in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Drawing the Big Picture: Temporal Visualization of Dynamic Collaboration Graphs of OSS Software Forks

How can we understand FOSS collaboration better? Can social issues that emerge be identified and addressed as they happen? Can the community heal itself, become more transparent and inclusive, and promote diversity? We propose a technique to address these issues by quantitative analysis and temporal visualization of social dynamics in FOSS communities. We used social network analysis metrics to identify growth patterns and unhealthy dynamics; This gives the community a heads-up when they can still take action to ensure the sustainability of the project.
Weeds/weed seedbank and soil fungi responses to tillage and cropping systems

The influences of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management regimes on the weed seedbank in land previously under CRP were determined from 1994 through 1997. The study followed a split-plot design with four replications, two tillage, two cropping systems, and three weed management regimes. Eleven weed species were recorded in 1994 and 1995, and 13 in 1996 and 1997. The seedbank was dominated by broadleaf species throughout the duration of the study. In the first year out of CRP, the seedbanks for common lambsquarters and pigweeds were 10,365 and 31,925 seeds m'^, respectively. The pigweed seedbank increased over time and climaxed at 51,670 seeds m'^ in 1996. The seedbank for foxtail species was only 417 seeds m'^ m 1994, but increased to 7,820 seeds m'^ in 1997. The dramatic buildup of foxtail species seedbank over the 4 yr period was mainly due to a large population increase in the no herbicide weed management regime. Band and broadcast herbicides had similar effects on the weed seedbank. Tillage and crop rotation did not influence the weed seedbank or Shannon's diversity index, nor did they interact with the ' Received for publication . Accepted for publication . Journal Paper no. of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station Ames, Iowa. Project no. , and supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa. 37 weed management regimes in any of the years. The weed seedbank varied with years and time of soil sampling. Fall sampling tended to have a larger seedbank which declined significantly by the spring sampling. The no herbicide treatment also tended to have a more diverse weed seedbank compared to the weed seedbank from band and broadcast weed management regimes. There was an average of one grass and three broadleaf weed species in the three weed management regimes. The use of band and broadcast herbicides reduced the weed seedbank density but did not affect the ntmiber of broadleaf weed species. Nomenclature: Conmion lambsquaters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; pigweed species, Amaranthus spp; foxtail species, Setaria spp.
Effect of ouabain on aqueous humor formation rate in cats

The effect of intravenous and intracameral ouabain on aqueous humor (AH) formation rates was measured in cats. AH formation rate was determined with continuous, posteroanterior chamber perfusion with an AH-like buffer containing trace quantities of inulin-C JJ> . After intravenous injection of 67 fig of ouabain per kilogram, there was a 40 per cent reduction in AH formation rate, while 34 fig per kilogram caused a 26 per cent reduction. There was no change after 10 fig of intravenous ouabain per kilogram. In other experiments, ouabain-containing buffer was substituted for the control buffer after a control period. No change in AH formation rates was noted after intracameral perfusion with 10-*M, 10~ 6 M, or 10~ s M ouabain. It is concluded that high doses of intravenous ouabain significantly decrease AH formation rates, probably by inhibition of ciliary body Na-K activated adenosine triphosphatase. There is no effect on AH formation rates by high and low doses of intracameral ouabain.
Inter-satellite omnidirectional optical communicator for remote sensing

We are developing an inter-satellite omnidirectional optical communicator (ISOC) that will enable gigabit per second data rates over distances up to 1000 km in free space. Key features of the ISOC include its high data rates and its ability to maintain multiple simultaneous links with other spacecraft. In this paper we present design considerations for the ISOC, including selection of the mission-appropriate geometry, telescope design, receiver design, as well as beam pointing considerations. We also present experimental results obtained with the ISOC prototype. In addition, we present design considerations for a low-Earth-Orbit mission where four ISOC-furnished CubeSats form a swarm suitable for remote sensing. We believe the ISOC could be a technology enabler for future constellation and formation flying CubeSat missions for Remote Sensing.
Perceived Fatigue in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Pilot Study.

Background Fatigue is a common complaint in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Fatigability is well described in ambulatory SMA but the relationship to perceived fatigue has not been evaluated. Understanding this relationship has proven challenging for most disorders. Objective To assess the relationship of perceived fatigue to fatigability, function, and quality of life in SMA. Methods Thirty-two participants with SMA (21.9% type 2, 78.1% type 3) were recruited. Perceived fatigue and fatigability, function, and quality of life were assessed using standardized questionnaires and assessments. Associations were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients (p = 0.05). Also, the effects of age, type, and ambulatory status were determined on perceived fatigue. Results All SMA participants reported fatigue. Perceived fatigue was not associated with function, quality of life, or fatigability in ambulatory SMA patients. Neither age, type, nor ambulatory status influenced perceived fatigue. Conclusions Perceived fatigue can be quantified in SMA. Interestingly, perceived fatigue did not correlate with fatigability or function, suggesting that cognitive, homeostatic, or psychologic factors may be more relevant as co-morbid factors. Clinical trials targeting perceived fatigue in SMA should focus on these patient-reported assessments. A multilevel approach is required to separate the various mechanisms involved in perceived fatigue.
Maintenance of MYC expression promotes de novo resistance to BET bromodomain inhibition in castration-resistant prostate cancer

The BET bromodomain protein BRD4 is a chromatin reader that regulates transcription, including in cancer. In prostate cancer, specifically, the anti-tumor activity of BET bromodomain inhibition has been principally linked to suppression of androgen receptor (AR) function. MYC is a well-described BRD4 target gene in multiple cancer types, and prior work demonstrates that MYC plays an important role in promoting prostate cancer cell survival. Importantly, several BET bromodomain clinical trials are ongoing, including in prostate cancer. However, there is limited information about pharmacodynamic markers of response or mediators of de novo resistance. Using a panel of prostate cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that MYC suppression—rather than AR suppression—is a key determinant of BET bromodomain inhibitor sensitivity. Importantly, we determined that BRD4 was dispensable for MYC expression in the most resistant cell lines and that MYC RNAi + BET bromodomain inhibition led to additive anti-tumor activity in the most resistant cell lines. Our findings demonstrate that MYC suppression is an important pharmacodynamic marker of BET bromodomain inhibitor response and suggest that targeting MYC may be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome de novo BET bromodomain inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer.
Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Modulation

Neurotransmitters in the dorsal horn may mediate fast synaptic transmission (e.g., glutamate, GABA), or may be slower modulators of neural activity. The latter include peptides like Substance P acting on NK1 receptors, and opioid peptides like enkephalin acting on opioid receptors. The combination of multiple transmitters and complex neuronal circuits makes nociceptive transmission in the dorsal horn heavily modulated.
Does Choosing the Concept on Which to Solve Each Practice Problem in an Adaptive Tutor Affect Learning

We conducted a controlled study to investigate whether having students choose the concept on which to solve each practice problem in an adaptive tutor helped improve learning. We analyzed data from an adaptive tutor used by introductory programming students over three semesters. The tutor presented code-tracing problems, used pretest-practice-post-test protocol, and presented line-by-line explanation of the correct solution as feedback. We found that choice did not increase the amount of learning or pace of learning. But, it resulted in greater improvement in score on learned concepts, and the effect size was medium.
Anterior uveitis in patients with spondyloarthropathies in a single US academic center: a retrospective study

Uveitis may represent an opportunity to diagnose spondyloarthropathies (SpA) earlier and influence treatment decisions. We describe the percentage of acute anterior uveitis (AAU) in a diverse group of SpA patients seen at one academic setting and compare demographic and clinical characteristics according to the presence of uveitis. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with SpA and AAU (January 2016–June 2017). Patients were identified using ICD-10 and administrative claim codes, diagnoses were confirmed through chart review. Extracted data included demographics, laboratory, clinical data, treatment and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) scores based on Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ). Baseline description and comparison between the two groups were performed. We included 190 patients, mostly men (59.5%), with a mean age of 45.9 years: 48% with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 26% with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 22% with undifferentiated SpA, and 4% with SpA associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Uveitis was identified in 17% of patients, ranging from 25% in AS to 4% in PsA. Time from symptom onset to SpA diagnosis was longer in patients with uveitis (10.9 versus 5.9 years, p < 0.001). A higher percentage of patients with uveitis were HLA-B27 positive (85% versus 67%, p = 0.02). The prevalence of uveitis in our population was 17%, slightly lower than previously reported in the literature. There was a diagnostic delay of about 7 years, significantly longer in patients with uveitis. New screening strategies in collaboration with ophthalmology may lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
Rice Bunny and #WoYeShi: Online Reactions of Overseas Chinese to the #MeToo Movements in China and the West

Since October of 2017, the “Me Too” movement shook the United States, led to the resignation of powerful men, and quickly spread to the rest of the world. The Me Too movement became a heated topic ...
Auditory Systems in Insects

Many insects can detect acoustic signals. Insect hearing operates using either of two kinds of ears: tympanal or flagellar. These ears can be found in a wide variety of body locations. Insect ears, in conjunction with a simple but elegant auditory nervous system, can process the frequency, intensity, temporal patterns, and location of biologically relevant sound stimuli. These auditory abilities serve many important functions such as mate finding and predator avoidance. This article presents an overview of the physical properties of insect ears and the mechanism of sound processing in insect auditory systems.
Membrane-Free Zn/MnO2 Flow Battery for Large-Scale Energy Storage

The traditional Zn/MnO2 battery has attracted great interest due to its low cost, high safety, high output voltage, and environmental friendliness. However, it remains a big challenge to achieve long‐term stability, mainly owing to the poor reversibility of the cathode reaction. Different from previous studies where the cathode redox reaction of MnO2/MnOOH is in solid state with limited reversibility, here a new aqueous rechargeable Zn/MnO2 flow battery is constructed with dissolution–precipitation reactions in both cathodes (Mn2+/MnO2) and anodes (Zn2+/Zn), which allow mixing of anolyte and catholyte into only one electrolyte and remove the requirement for an ion selective membrane for cost reduction. Impressively, this new battery exhibits a high discharge voltage of ≈1.78 V, good rate capability (10C discharge), and excellent cycling stability (1000 cycles without decay) at the areal capacity ranging from 0.5 to 2 mAh cm‐2. More importantly, this battery can be readily enlarged to a bench scale flow cell of 1.2 Ah with good capacity retention of 89.7% at the 500th cycle, displaying great potential for large‐scale energy storage.
The Characterisation of Leaf Messenger RNAs and their Use in the Synthesis of Complementary DNAs

The major products of cytoplasmic protein synthesis in pea leaves correspond to polypeptide components of two chloroplast proteins. These polypeptides are the small subunit of ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase and the constituent polypeptides of the chlorophyll-protein complex II (CPII) or light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (Cashmore, 1976 and Schmidt et al., this volume). Both the small subunit and the CPII polypeptides are synthesized, on free cytoplasmic polyribosomes, as soluble precursors which function in the post-translational transport of the polypeptides from their site of synthesis into the chloroplast (Dobberstein et al., 1977; Cashmore et al., 1978; Highfield and Ellis, 1978; Apel and Kloppstech, 1978; Chua and Schmidt, 1978; Schmidt et al., this volume). From studies on the mode of inheritance of peptide variants it appears that these cytoplasmically synthesized polypeptides are encoded by nuclear genes (Kawashima and Wildman, 1972; Kung et al., 1972). In contrast, the large subunit of RuBP carboxylase is translated on chloroplast ribosomes (Blair and Ellis, 1973) and is encoded by the chloroplast genome (Coen et al., 1977).
Permission to hustle: Igniting entrepreneurship in an organization

Abstract Perceived institutional barriers, especially in existing organizations, often impede entrepreneurial action in the face of crisis and uncertainty. Understanding how collective entrepreneurial action occurs despite deeply institutionalized mindsets is important to advance entrepreneurship theory. We report on an autoethnographic account of an entrepreneurship professor and several colleagues who gave themselves permission to hustle to overcome perceived institutional barriers to entrepreneurial action. As the findings reveal, a permission to hustle mindset provided a platform for the group of professors to act entrepreneurially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a matter of several days, the group acted under uncertainty to create a new “idea blitz” program which attracted over 150 participants from around the world. We argue that permission to hustle is an important sense-breaking device that ignites and sustains entrepreneurial action by breaking taken-for-granted assumptions about institutionalized practices and redirecting attention toward urgent and creative action, especially in existing organizations where institutional barriers are perceived to impede such action.
Warming and microbial uptake influence the fate of added soil carbon across a Hawai'ian weathering gradient

Abstract Tropical forest soils contain some of the largest carbon (C) stocks on Earth, yet the effects of warming on the fate of fresh C entering tropical soils are still poorly understood. This research sought to understand how the fate of fresh C entering soils is influenced by warming, soil weathering status, and C chemistry. We hypothesized that compounds that are quickly incorporated into microbial biomass (i.e., greater C use efficiency [CUE]) subsequently have longer-term (255 days) retention in soil. We also hypothesized that relatively weathered soils with greater sorptive capacity also retain more fresh C in the short and longer-terms, and that C in these soils is more resistant to weathering loss compared with less weathered soils. We tested these hypotheses by adding two 13C-labeled compounds (glucose and glycine) to three tropical forest soils from a weathering gradient in Hawai'i, and then incubating soils at ambient (16 °C), +5 °C, and +10 °C for 255 days. We found that 255-day 13C retention in mineral soil across sites and temperatures was best predicted by two factors: initial retention of 13C in mineral soil and initial microbial 13CUE (Adjusted R2 = 0.78). Carbon compound type influenced 13C initial retention, with greater glucose-13C retention versus glycine-13C retention in mineral soils and microbial biomass, corresponding to greater glucose-13C retention in soil at 255 days. Warming had a negative longer-term effect on the retention of 13C only in the least-weathered soil, supporting our hypothesis. These results show that initial retention of fresh C in soils via mineral sorption and microbial uptake is a strong predictor of longer-term retention, indicating that immediate C losses are a major hurdle for soil C storage. Also, retention of fresh C appears most sensitive to warming in less-weathered tropical soils, supporting the idea that mineral sorption may provide some protections against warming. Understanding the interaction between soil sorptive properties and warming for C cycling could improve predictions of forest-climate feedbacks for tropical regions.
Adolescent emergency contraception usage, knowledge, and perception.

Abstract Objective We sought to describe the current usage patterns, knowledge regarding, and perception of emergency contraception in adolescent patients. Study design We surveyed female patients ages 14 to 21 seen at the Pediatric and Gynecology Clinic regarding emergency contraception. We posed questions to understand adolescent awareness, personal usage, and means of obtaining emergency contraception. We also explored respondent knowledge of emergency contraception and potential barriers to access. Results Of 261 patients approached, 253 completed the survey with a mean age of 16.7 ± 1.7 years. The majority of respondents (80.2%) had heard of oral emergency contraceptive pills. Among sexually active adolescents, 25.6 % reported personal use. Older adolescents (≥18 years) were more likely to have heard of emergency contraceptive pills, to know someone who used them, and to have used it themselves compared to younger adolescents (all p Conclusions Though adolescents in our population were aware of emergency contraception, only a small portion had used it themselves. Misunderstandings regarding the availability and safety of emergency contraception were common in our population. Implications Educating adolescents on the availability, safety, and mechanism of action of LNG EC may improve utilization of LNG EC in this population.
The Radical-Incremental Change Debate, Racial Justice, and the Political Economy of Teachers' Choice

Radical or incremental change? In this profound moment of racial reckoning, that is the fundamental question that divides those within the growing movement for racial justice. Given the dire need for radical change—and yet incrementalism’s greater achievability—which path should we pursue? This essay has two aims. The first is to shed a small bit of light on the debate over radical and incremental change through the lens of America’s tragic legacy of racial inequality in K-12 public education. Whether reformers should settle for less than our full-on demands, the essay suggests, may be less a function of some idealized vision of successful change and more a function of what the something less is. The essay’s second goal is to make a case for a particular kind of “something less” in K-12 education reform: a policy intervention I’ll call “teachers’ choice,” or the offering of financial incentives to high-performing teachers to transfer to schools predominantly serving children of color. Like America’s short-lived experience with all-out school desegregation, teachers’ choice works in the sense that it narrows the academic achievement gap. Unlike desegregation, however, teachers’ choice triggers little political opposition from suburban parents—for surprising reasons described in the essay. This striking difference in political economy matters. For it creates the possibility that teachers’ choice may be just the sort of “something less” that educational equity advocates should pursue in this rare moment of racial awareness.
Cortical autonomic network connectivity predicts symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).

Abstract Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) represents a significant public health challenge given the presence of many unexplained patient symptoms. Research has shown that many features in ME/CFS may result from a dysfunctional autonomic nervous system (ANS). We explored the role of the cortical autonomic network (CAN) involved in higher-order control of ANS functioning in 34 patients with ME/CFS and 34 healthy controls under task-free conditions. All participants underwent resting-state quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) scalp recordings during an eyes-closed condition. Source analysis was performed using exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), and lagged coherence was used to estimate intrinsic functional connectivity between each node across 7 frequency bands: delta (1–3 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), alpha-1 (8–10 Hz), alpha-2 (10–12 Hz), beta-1 (13–18 Hz), beta-2 (19–21 Hz), and beta-3 (22–30 Hz). Symptom ratings were measured using the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire and the Short Form (SF-36) health survey. Graph theoretical analysis of weighted, undirected connections revealed significant group differences in baseline CAN organization. Regression results showed that cognitive, affective, and somatomotor symptom cluster ratings were associated with alteration to CAN topology in patients, depending on the frequency band. These findings provide evidence for reduced higher-order homeostatic regulation and adaptability in ME/CFS. If confirmed, these findings address the CAN as a potential therapeutic target for managing patient symptoms.
Die Eignung für menschenorientierte Führung im Management

Die Frage, wie man die verschiedenen Verhaltensweisen von Managern erklaren kann, interessiert sowohl aktive Fuhrungskrafte, als auch Sozialwissenschaftler. Beobachtungen aus der Praxis lassen darauf schliesen, das die Verhaltensarten und zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen unter Fuhrungskraften genauso unterschiedlich wie unter Menschen anderer Berufe sind. Welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen den verschiedenen Arten zwischenmenschlicher Kontaktpflege und der Berufskarriere eines Menschen? Kann ein gewisser Fuhrungsstil alen anderen uberlegen sein? Wenn ja, nach welchen Kriterien werden solche Bewertungen vorgenommen? Kann man z. B. nachweisen, das eine gewisse Verhaltensweise mit einer groseren organisatorischen Wirksamkeit verbunden ist? Oder ist es moglich, das das Fuhrungsverhalten einen viel geringeren Einflus auf die Ergebnisse der Organisation hat, als man auf den ersten Blick vielleicht glauben konnte?
Electron Emission from Ion Bombarded Solid Argon

Rare gas solids (RGS) are good model systems to study ionization effects in insulators. Their electronic states are relatively well known[l]; they are monoatomic and bound by weak Van der Waals forces which allow them to be treated as dense gases with generally negligible chemical changes. The interaction of ionizing radiation with RGS produces lattice damage and desorption by the conversion of energy deposited as electronic excitation into kinetic energy. This conversion occurs by transitions involving repulsive potential energy curves and is generally known as desorption induced by electronic transition (DIET). We are studying the DIET mechanism in solid argon as described by Johnson and Inokuti[2], which also accounts for the bright luminescence observed during bombardment with ionizing particles. Previous studies have correlated sputter yields with luminescence yields in solid argon excited by MeV ions [3], low energy electrons[4], and photons[5, 6]. In order to determine the importance of this DIET mechanism in the decay pathways of electronic excitation, however, absolute correlation must be made. Furthermore, because this mechanism begins with an ionization event, the secondary electron emission processes during bombardment must also be understood and accounted for by any model for desorption and luminescence. In this paper we look at the beginning of this DIET mechanism by focusing on the secondary electron emission from bombarded solid argon.
What Cancers Are

There are various types of cancer, each of which is defined by a different cell and organ of origin, and each with a unique impact on the life of a person. Even when different malignancies are caused by the same exposure, the mechanisms are likely to differ. Every malignancy evolves from a fundamental genetic change in the programming of the cell, usually causing the daughters of the original cell to abandon normal function and to multiply. This cell replication is temporarily undetected and undetectable in the period following the initial change. Usually, a malignancy only becomes evident after years or even decades, after invading other tissues, and the factors responsible for the initial change are hardly ever still in evidence. Moreover, the growth and development of a cancer commonly requires subsequent encouragement, such as by exposure to another chemical, by the presence of a factor that produces an abnormally rapid cell growth, or by an ineffective repair mechanism. The effects of such influences may also take time to develop, and the environmental causes of an adult's cancer may have been locked into place long before the malignancy becomes evident, even as early as childhood.
Tunable parity-time-symmetric microring lasers

Wavelength tuning in a single mode parity-time (PT) symmetric semiconductor microring laser is demonstrated. Stable continuous tuning over a spectral range of 4 nm has been obtained at telecom wavelengths by adjusting the ambient temperature.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE DESOXYPENTOSE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF THYMUS AND SPLEEN

While the early workers in this field, such as Miescher and Hopne-Seyler, appear t,o have conjectured the macromolecular and complex chaaacter of the nucleic acids that they were the first to isolate, this view soon was abandoned in favor of the chemically more attractive tetranucleotide hypothesis, and those students of nucleic acid chemistry (e.g. (1, 2)) who still felt that much remained to be discovered worked against the current of their time. In the more recent past, the development of methods for the study and the characterization of high polymers has brought about a revival of interest in the chemistry of macro molecules occurring in nature. As regards the desoxyribonucleic acid of calf thymus, the high molecular character of this extremely asymmetric compoun’d has been demonstrated repeatedly (3-6). That this nucleic acid was considered as the prototype of all desoxypentose nucleic acids is understandable, since it is the only compound of its kind readily available for a detailed chemical investigation, but the implicit assumption on the part of many workers that desoxypentose nucleic acid is a single chemical individual, regardless of the source from which it is obtained, is incorrect. A comparison of the results contained in thk present communication with those submitted in an accompanying paper (7) will be of interest in this connection. A recent study from this laboratory (8), as well as a review article (9), has provided a fuller discussion of the pertinent literature. The problem of nucleic acid specificity also has been considered repeatedly (10, 11). The great part in the activities of the living cell, ascribed at present to the desoxypentose nucleic acids, makes it imperative to perfect a foundation that will make possible the direct consideration of problems of structure, composition, and specificity. Whatever chemical changes are produced in nucleic acids in the course of cellular development or by radiations or mutagens, such as the compounds of the mustard series, will hardly be of the kind that can be revealed by the mere inspection of optical or other physical characteristics.
Constraints on the Surface Density of Gas in Outer Galaxy Disks from Stability Analyses

This paper discusses conditions under which the surface density of gas in the outer disk of a galaxy can be high enough to give the rotation curve without causing severe observational consequences. Constraints related to the presence or lack of disk instabilities include the smoothness of extended HI gas, the level of outer disk star formation, the regularity and evolution time of outer resonance rings, and the regularity of selfgravitational clumping in tidal arms. These constraints are discussed here in reference to the compelling proposals by Lequeux (1993) and Pfenniger, Combes & Martinet (1994) that significant dark matter can be in a cold gaseous form in the outer parts of galaxy disks.