cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value choices and American public opinion

Individual preferences among core values are widely believed to be an important determinant of political attitudes. However, several theoretical perspectives suggest that people experience difficulties making choices among values. This article uses data from the 1994 Multi-Investigator Study to test for hierarchical structure in citizens' value preferences. The empirical results show that most people make transitive choices among values and that their value preferences have an impact on subsequent issue attitudes. To the extent that citizens exhibit intransitive value choices and/or apparent difficulties in the “translation process” from value preferences to issue attitudes, it is due more to low levels of political sophistication than to the existence of value conflict.
Isozymes of human and rat catalases

Abstract Catalases purified from livers of human and rats showed significant differences when compared to purified erythrocyte catalases of these species by immunoelectrophoresis and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Furthermore, rat hepatic catalase was fractionated into two components of high specific activities by chromatography through DEAE-celite-calcium phosphate gel column. These fractions designated, RHC-A and RHC-B, were shown to yield different immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Evidence for the subunit hypothesis of catalase is presented and discussed.
Internet Organ Solicitation, Explained

The growth of internet-based communications and the increasing demand for living organ donors are resulting in more use of Web sites for organ solicitation. Web resources have the capacity to improve public awareness about both organ donations and transplant outcomes. Rules for organ donation and fair allocation must follow legal principles regarding organ solicitation. Categories of internet recipient/donor matching services include "clearing house," "membership," and "individual" sites. All these raise ethical concerns related to the individual recipient/donor relationship and to the current system of organ allocation. However, a lack of rules and regulations regarding internet solicitation exists. Several pragmatic steps are proposed.
Evidence of histamine-induced myocardial ischaemia: reversal by chlorpheniramine and potentiation by atherosclerosis

The effects of histamine on coronary vasomotor tone and on myocardial blood flow distribution were studied in the anaesthetised rabbit in the absence of histamine H1-receptor blockade and calcium channel blockade. Two groups of rabbits were used, those fed a normal diet and those fed a high cholesterol diet (2%) for 8 to 12 weeks. Continuous recordings of standard limb lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were obtained, and all animals were pretreated with cimetidine, an H2-receptor blocker, to minimise the intervening systemic effects of histamine. In the absence of H1-receptor blockade, histamine produced a marked (40 to 50%) reduction in coronary blood flow without significantly affecting other cardiovascular variables. This effect was seen uniformly across the free wall of the left ventricle, ie endo-epi flow ratios did not significantly change. Concomitant with the coronary vasoconstriction were significant depressions (greater than or equal to 0.1 mV) of the ECG ST-segment and elevation of cardiac tissue lactate and lactate:pyruvate ratio. These histamine-mediated responses were independently abolished by chlorpheniramine (1.5 mg X kg-1 iv) and verapamil (0.5 mg X kg-1 iv). Atherosclerosis reduced the average dose of histamine needed to induce these ischaemic changes from 55 +/- 6 to 34 +/- 6 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 (p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that in the H2-receptor blocked rabbit coronary vascular bed histamine causes tissue ischaemia by an H1-receptor mechanism. The decrement in myocardial blood flow appears to involve activation of plasma membrane calcium channels and is sensitive to atherosclerosis.
Learning about the internal structure of categories through classification and feature inference

Previous research on category learning has found that classification tasks produce representations that are skewed toward diagnostic feature dimensions, whereas feature inference tasks lead to richer representations of within-category structure. Yet, prior studies often measure category knowledge through tasks that involve identifying only the typical features of a category. This neglects an important aspect of a category's internal structure: how typical and atypical features are distributed within a category. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that inference learning results in richer knowledge of internal category structure than classification learning. We introduced several new measures to probe learners' representations of within-category structure. Experiment 1 found that participants in the inference condition learned and used a wider range of feature dimensions than classification learners. Classification learners, however, were more sensitive to the presence of atypical features within categories. Experiment 2 provided converging evidence that classification learners were more likely to incorporate atypical features into their representations. Inference learners were less likely to encode atypical category features, even in a "partial inference" condition that focused learners' attention on the feature dimensions relevant to classification. Overall, these results are contrary to the hypothesis that inference learning produces superior knowledge of within-category structure. Although inference learning promoted representations that included a broad range of category-typical features, classification learning promoted greater sensitivity to the distribution of typical and atypical features within categories.
Nucleation during continuous cooling - application to massive transformations

Abstract A model is examined of nucleation during continuous cooling as it applies to the transformation kinetics in composition-invariant massive transformations. The resulting theory suggests that in massive transformations occurring under conditions of low undercooling the relationship between the nucleation temperature and the cooling rate is of a simple parabolic form dT/dt = K(ΔT)2, where K is a constant related to the initial shape of the nucleus, the driving force, and other properties of the material, and ΔT is the degree of undercooling. A close inspection of the available data in a number of alloy systems and in pure iron suggests that in massive transformations occurring during continuous cooling the initial thermal arrest temperature is the temperature at which nucleation first takes place. The good agreement between the proposed theory and experimental data confirms that nucleation is the rate controlling step in massive reactions.
Sample Non-response Bias and Aggregate Benefits in Contingent Valuation: an Examination of Early, Late and Non-respondents

Abstract In this paper we information on contingent valuation mail survey respondents and non-respondents and find non-response bias with respect to several determinants of willingness to pay. We use data from a combination phone/mail sampling and survey approach and find significant differences between early and late respondents, late and non-respondents to the mail survey and all respondents and non-respondents to the mail survey. We fail to find support for the contention that if early and late respondents are similar, respondents and non-respondents are also similar. The range of aggregate benefit estimates narrows as response rates increase and non-response bias decreases. A weighting approach is used to correct for some of the non-response bias in aggregate benefits.
Phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of Vaccinium vitis-idaea between coastal barrens and forests in Nova Scotia, Canada

Coastal barrens and forests are very different environments, making it surprising that some plant species grow in both habitats. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., common in both habitats, was studied for p...
Can isorhodopsin be produced in the living rat

Abstract This experiment is an attempt to produce isorhodopsin in the living rat by administering, to a vitamin A-deficient animal, pure 9-cis retinaldehyde. The crystalline material dissolved in soybean oil was given by stomach tube or, dissolved in ethanol, was injected subcutaneously. In both cases the visual deficiency, as monitored by the electroretinographic threshold, was repaired in a few days and visual pigment was restored to the retina. This pigment was normal rat rhodopsin without any evidence of isorhodopsin. Another isomer, 13-cis retinal, which in vitro does not combine with opsin to form a photopigment, gave the same result. The metabolic pathways whereby these two isomers lead to the production of 11-cis retinal are unknown. Some of the possibilities are pointed out of what could be done if some way were found of producing an “isorhodopsin rat”.
Distinguishing the Importance of Fullerene Phase Separation from Polymer Ordering in the Performance of Low Band Gap Polymer:Bis‐Fullerene Heterojunctions

One way to improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) of polymer based bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic cells is to increase the open circuit voltage (V oc). Replacing PCBM with bis-adduct fullerenes significantly improves V oc and the PCE in devices based on the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT). However, for the most promising low band-gap polymer (LBP) system, replacing PCBM with ICBA results in poor short-circuit current (J sc) and PCE although V oc is significantly improved. The optimization of the morphology of as-cast LBP/bis-fullerene BHJ photovoltaics is attempted by adding a co-solvent to the polymer/fullerene solution prior to film deposition. Varying the solubility of polymer and fullerene in the co-solvent, bulk heterojunctions are fabricated with no change of polymer ordering, but with changes in fullerene phase separation. The morphologies of the as-cast samples are characterized by small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry. A homogenous dispersion of ICBA in LBP is found in the samples where the co-solvent is selective to the polymer, giving poor device performance. Aggregates of ICBA are formed in samples where the co-solvent is selective to ICBA. The resultant morphology improves PCE by up to 246%. A quantitative analysis of the neutron data shows that the interfacial area between ICBA aggregates and its surrounding matrix is improved, facilitating charge transport and improving the PCE.
Why rehabilitate Stalin

J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered 1933–1938 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Pp.275; £25. Robert Conquest, Inside Stalin's Secret Police: NVKD Politics 1936–39 (London: Macmillan, 1985). Pp.222; £29.50.
Curing characteristics of particulate‐filled thermosets

A model to describe the effect of participate fillers on the heat transfer and curing characteristics of a thermosetting polymer is presented. It is assumed that the reaction kinetics are not altered by the addition of the filler and that the thermal characteristics of the composite are adequately described by the “spherical inclusion model.” The model is used to examine the effect of fillers on several important molding characteristics: time-temperature profiles, peak temperatures, extent of reaction, and gel time. Results are presented for the curing of a typical polyester resin with varying filler content and filler type (glass, calcium carbonate, and aluminum). These results indicate that: mold cycle time can be reduced at higher filler content by increasing the mold temperature without inducing thermal degradation, and the progression of cure fronts through the thickness of the mold is significantly altered with increasing filler content; at low filler content the cure front progresses from the centerline toward the wall; at higher filler content, the cure front progresses from the wall toward the centerline.
Updated bibliography on the profile of mood states in sport and exercise psychology research

Abstract Fifty-seven citations from the literature on the use of the Profile of Mood States scale in sport and exercise psychology research have been added to the 258 listed in a 1998 article by LeUnes and Burger that appeared in the Journal of Sport Behavior. Of the 57 updated references. 9 are from 1997, 19 from 1998, 21 are from 1999, and an additional 8 are in press at this time. It is anticipated that the 300+ references from the combined bibliographies will serve as valuable sources of data for researchers and practitioners interested in the Profile of Mood States in sport and exercise psychology.
Self‐tuning control of electrical machines using gradient descent optimization

This paper presents a new approach toward the design of a self-tuning proportional-integral (PI) control for induction motors. By using the method of gradient descent optimization to the parameter space, the controller gains developed in this study are adjusted automatically online. Therefore, the proposed PI control is robust to the changes of induction motor parameters and achieves the performance of global asymptotic speed tracking. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did Popper solve Hume's problem?

How do we know the Sun will rise tomorrow? Hume's concern raises two questions: the problem of empirical inference was solved in this century by Popper; an approach to the stability of nature in time is outlined here.
High-angular-resolution sensing of gamma rays in space

Our previous studies reported on the development of directional sensors for gamma and x-rays that have an angular resolution of one second of arc and are limited only by the accuracy of our measurement of the angle. Those sensors produced response functions that looked like step functions when the detectors were rotated in the fields of gamma ray or x-ray photons generated by point sources. The sensors located point sources accurately at intensities as low as 10 photons per cm2-s in the presence of much higher intensities from other sources. Their unique ability is that they can distinguish between photons emitted by a point source that did not interact on their way from the source to the detector from those that did interact. This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a new directional scintillation sensor with a sensitivity 45X greater than previous designs. The results show that the new sensor can be used in gamma and x-ray astronomy.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Item response theory analysis of the patient satisfaction with cancer-related care measure: a psychometric investigation in a multicultural sample of 1,296 participants.

Background We developed and validated a Patient Satisfaction with Cancer-Related Care (PSCC) measure using classical test theory methods. The present study applied item response theory (IRT) analysis to determine item-level psychometric properties, facilitate development of short forms, and inform future applications for the PSCC.
Impact of lighting requirements on VLC systems

Advances in solid-state lighting (SSL) are enabling LEDs to be the dominant source for future human-made light. The adoption of LEDs is expected to significantly reduce energy consumption and facilitate precise intensity and color control of illuminated spaces. SSL also makes possible the use of visible light communications (VLC), in which data are emitted from luminaires through subtle intensity variations. This article focuses on the impact of lighting requirements on VLC systems, especially as found in indoor deployment scenarios. We also consider dimming control and its impact on color quality in the context of measured vs. perceived light levels.
Affine embeddings of Sylverter-Gallai designs

Abstract Sylvester-Gallai configurations in affine and projective spaces studied by Motzkin lead naturally to an abstraction which we call Sylvester-Gallai designs. We systematically catalog such designs of fourteen or fewer points and study their possible plane affine and projective embeddings. In addition it is shown that an SG configuration in complex projective 3-space (if such exist) must have cardinality at least 44.
Clinical Presentation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Asian-Americans Versus Non-Asian-Americans

The incidence of HCC is rising worldwide. Studies on ethnicity-based clinical presentation of HCC remain limited. The aim is to compare the clinical presentation and stage of HCC between Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans. This retrospective study assessed ethnicity-based differences in HCC presentation, including demographics, laboratory results, diagnosis of underlying liver disease, and stage of HCC. Of 276 patients, 162 were Asian-Americans and 114 were non-Asian-Americans. Compared to non-Asian-Americans, Asian-Americans had a significantly higher incidence of history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (55.0% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.001), family history of HBV infection (12.5% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.001) and HCC (15.2% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.002), but lower incidence of history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (37.5% vs. 61.6%, P < 0.001). At diagnosis of HCC, Asian-American patients had a significantly lower frequency of hepatic encephalopathy (8.9% vs. 29.3%, P = 0.001), and ascites (26.7% vs. 57.3%, P < 0.001). Asian-Americans had lower Child-Pugh scores (class A: 62.0% vs. 31.4%, P < 0.001), and MELD scores (9.2 ± 4.4 vs. 12.0 ± 6.4, P = 0.02), and presented with a lower stage of HCC by Okuda staging (I: 43.8% vs. 22.8%, P = 0.001). Asian-American patients with HCC presented with a higher incidence of history and family history of HBV infection, lower incidence of hepatic decompensation, lower Child and MELD scores, and an early stage HCC disease.
Active-passive mode-locked oscillator generating nanosecond pulses

Abstract By modifying an active-passive mode-locked oscillator described earlier we obtain stable, reproducible pulses of 1.15 ns FWHM duration. The separation between pulses is 20 ns and the streak camera records show the pulse to be free of substructures; the amplitude stability is ±4%, the pulse duration stability is ±5%, and the single pulse energy up to 0.6 mJ.
Reactions of 1-halocyclohexenes and methyl substituted 1-halocyclohexenes with potassium t-butoxide

Abstract Reactions of 1-halocyclohexenes and 1-halo-4-methylcyclohexenes with potassium t-butoxide (t-BuOK) in dimethyl sulfoxide and tetrahydrofuran have been shown to take place by three competing dehydrohalogenation mechanisms. These are: dehydrohalogenation across the C1C6 bond to give a cyclohexyne; dehydrohalogenation across the C1C6 bond to give a 1,2-cyclohexadiene: and prototropic rearrangement to the corresponding 3-halocyclohexene, followed by β-elimination to a 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The highly strained cyclohexyne and 1,2-cyclohexadiene intermediates react with t-BuOK to give 1-t-butoxycyclohexene, which is obtained in yields ranging from 5–20% in DMSO to about 60% in THF. Competitive with the substitution reaction is dimerization of 1,2-cyclohexadiene to tricyclo[6.4.0.02,7]-dodeca-2,12-diene, and 1,2- and 1,4-cycloaddition of 1,2- and 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The three dehydrohalogenation mechanisms also compete in reactions of the 1-halo-2-methylcyclohexenes and 1-halo-6-methylcyclohexenes with t-BuOK. For the reactions of 1-halo-2-methylcyclohexenes, the prototropic rearrangement—β-elimination path is dominant.
Pontine-geniculate-occipital spikes in the albino rat: Evidence for the presence of the pontine component as revealed by cerebellar lesions

Abstract The presence of pontine-geniculate-occipital (PGO) spikes in the albino rat has been questioned in recent years. Because cats with cerebellar cortical lesions exhibit either flexor or extensor limb jerks in association with PGO spikes at the transition to paradoxical sleep (PS), cerebellar cortical lesions were made in albino rats to see if similar behavioral changes, i.e., limb jerks at the transition to PS, would ensue. Limb jerks were seen in the rat at the transition to PS although at a lower frequency than that seen in the cat. Limb jerks could also be elicited by novel, external stimuli in much the same manner as in the cat. Spontaneous and elicited jerks are presumably due to activation by the pontine reticular formation of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei, which are no longer modulated by the inhibitory Purkinje cells that have been ablated. We conclude that pontine neural activity similar to that underlying the PGO spike in the cat exists in the albino rat.
Biochemical and Genetic Basis for the ETS (Enterotoxin Sensitivity) Phenotype in Mice

Evidence has been accumulating that humans are genetically predisposed to cholera gravis. Using the sealed adult mouse model, we found that certain inbred mice were also hypersensitive to cholera toxin (CT). Such mice were designated ETS + (enterotoxin sensitive), and the trait was linked to the K end of the mouse H-2 bistocompatibility complex. Cells isolated from ETS + mice bound more CT and accumulated more cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) after intoxication. Analysis of ETS + cells showed that they express lesser amounts of the non-GM1 gangliosides that block or compete for relevant CT binding sites in ETS - cells
Social Justice and Multicultural Issues: Implications for the Practice and Training of Counselors and Counseling Psychologists

The authors discuss the historical and contemporary connection to social justice issues in the fields of counseling and counseling psychology via the multicultural counseling movement. In addition, the authors present ways in which social justice issues can be addressed in counselors' and counseling psychologists' work with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds and in graduate training programs.
Magnetic characteristics of superconducting RBa2Cu3O6+y (R = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb)

Abstract Magnetic properties of superconducting RBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+y compounds ( R = Nd , Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb) have been studied by using a SQUID magnetometer in the temperature range of 3 – 400 K. The susceptibility data of most of the samples can be well described by the Curie-Weiss relation. The rare earth ions exhibit essentially the full magnetic moments expected for the R 3+ states, while the superconducting transition temperature remains in the 88 – 94 K range. The rare earth moments are generally found to interact antiferromagnetically. However, no magnetic order is observed in the temperature range studied. The Eu samples exhibited anomalous susceptibilities which we ascribe to the low-lying states of the 7 F J manifold of Eu 3+ .
Formal Alder-ene reaction of a bicyclo[1.1.0]butane in the synthesis of the tricyclic quaternary ammonium core of daphniglaucins

A tricyclic substructure of the tetracyclic nitrogen core of the daphniglaucins was formed by an oxidative activation of the allyl side chain of a bicyclo[1.1.0]butylmethylamine, a spontaneous intramolecular formal Alder-ene reaction, and a selective cyclization of a triol intermediate.
Therapeutic potential of nerve growth factors in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome which primarily affects dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra, resulting in poverty and slowness of movement, instability of gait and posture, and tremor at rest in individuals with the disease. While symptoms of the disease can be effectively managed for several years with available drugs, the syndrome is progressive and the efficacy of standard drugs wanes with time. One experimental approach to therapy is to use natural and synthetic molecules which promote survival and growth of dopaminergic neurons, so-called ‘neurotrophic factors’, to stabilise the diminishing population of dopaminergic neurons and stimulate compensation and growth in these cells. In this review, we examine the available evidence on 29 molecules with neurotrophic properties for dopaminergic neurons. The properties of these molecules provide ample reasons for optimism that a neurotrophic strategy can be developed that would provide a significant treatment option for patients with PD. While the search continues for even more specific, potent and long-lasting agents, the single greatest challenge is the development of techniques for targeted delivery of these molecules.
Map Dynamics Study of the Lorenz Equations

The Lorenz equations [Lorenz, 1963], in addition to a strange attractor, display sequences of periodic and aperiodic orbits. Approximate one-dimensional map solutions are heuristically constructed, supplementing previous symbolic dynamics studies, which closely reproduce these sequences. A relatively simple solution reproduces the sequence topology to good accuracy. A second more refined solution reproduces to higher accuracy both the topology and scale of the attractor. The second solution is sufficiently accurate to predict periodic orbits not previously observed and difficult to extract directly from computer solution of the Lorenz equations.
POSITIVE CONTRAST RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY: A USEFUL PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING URETHRAL DISORDERS IN THE DOG

Positive contrast retrograde urethrography proved to be a useful and relatively simple technic for the evaluation of lower urinary tract disorders in the dog. The case histories of 12 dogs with such disorders were used to illustrate the role of positive contrast retrograde urethrography in the evaluation of urethral and urinary bladder integrity after caudal abdominal and pelvic trauma, and in the investigation of incontinence, stranguria, dysuria, and hematuria.
Differential substrate selectivity of murine hepatic cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolases.

Abstract The initial rates of hydration of sixteen epoxides in the presence of cytosolic and microsomal fractions of mouse liver were determined. 1,2-Disubstituted trans -epoxides were found to be excellent, selective substrates for the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, while 1,2- cis -epoxides were poorly hydrated when one or more substituents was a phenyl moiety. Epoxides of cyclic systems including benzo[ a ]pyrene 4,5-oxide, and two cyclodiene analogs were hydrated almost exclusively by the microsomal epoxide hydrolase while monosubstituted epoxides were hydrated by both systems. Some epoxides which were mediocre substrates proved to be reasonable inhibitors of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, indicating that the structural requirements for substrate binding and turnover are different. Some reagents known to interact with sulfhydryl groups, including styrene oxide, proved to be good inhibitors. This work facilitates the design of radiochemical and spectrophotometric assays for both major forms of epoxide hydrolase as well as prediction of potential intrinsic substrates. Also such data may be meaningful in assessing the risk involved in human exposure to epoxidized xenobiotics.
Development and postnatal regulation of adult myoblasts

The myogenic precursor cells of postnatal and adult skeletal muscle are situated underneath the basement membrane of the myofibers. It is because of their unique positions that these precursor cells are often referred to as satellite cells. Such defined satellite cells can first be detected following the formation of a distinct basement membrane around the fiber, which takes place in late stages of embryogenesis. Like myoblasts found during development, satellite cells can proliferate, differentiate, and fuse into myofibers. However, in the normal, uninjured adult muscle, satellite cells are mitotically quiescent. In recent years several important questions concerning the biology of satellite cells have been asked. One aspect has been the relationship between satellite cells and myoblasts found in the developing muscle: are these myogenic populations identical or different? Another aspect has been the physiological cues that control the quiescent, proliferative, and differentiative states of these myogenic precursors: what are the growth regulators and how do they function? These issues are discussed, referring to previous work by others and further emphasizing our own studies on avian and rodent satellite cells. Collectively, the studies presented indicate that satellite cells represent a distinct myogenic population that becomes dominant in late stages of embryogenesis. Moreover, although satellite cells are already destined to be myogenic precursors, they do not express any of the four known myogenic regulatory genes unless their activation is induced in the animal or in culture. Furthermore, multiple growth factors are important regulators of satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Our work on the role of one of these growth factors [platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)] during proliferation of adult myoblasts is further discussed with greater detail and the possibility that PDGF is involved in the transition from fetal to adult myoblasts in late embryogenesis is brought forward.
Regional Impact on Technological Change: The Evolution and Development of the Twin-Wire Paper Machine from 1950 to 1988:

In this paper the impact of regions on the evolution and development of technology is examined via a new paper-making technology (the twin-wire machine) as a case study. In particular, differences in raw material and physical environmental conditions, consumer tastes and preferences, and industrial organization and corporate strategies between the two regions, North America and Europe, provided different demand and supply conditions for the development of the twin-wire technology. These conditions initially influenced the development of different twin-wire trajectories in North America and Europe. Later on, these trajectories began to converge as the supply and demand conditions, which had established them, began to change.
Identifying Voucher Plans without Welfare Losses.

(1999). Identifying Voucher Plans without Welfare Losses. The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 175-183.
Roles of in vitro- and in vivo-administered histamine and serotonin in compound 48/80-induced gastric acid secretion in isolated, perfused rat stomach.

In this investigation, an isolated, perfused rat stomach system was used to elucidate the roles of histamine, serotonin, and the action of cimetidine, methysergide, and propranolol in relation to thein vivo andin vitro administration of compound 48/80. While histamine administered bothin vivo andin vitro stimulated acid secretion in the perfused rat stomach, serotonin, addedin vitro, inhibited histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. Cimetidine, given eitherin vivo orin vitro, blocked histamine-induced acid secretion, and methysergide, but not propranolol, reversed the serotonin-induced inhibition of histamine-stimulated acid secretion. Compound 48/80, givenin vitro, caused gastric acid secretion that was blocked by pretreatment with cimetidine. Administeredin vivo, however, compound 48/80 inhibited both basal and histamine-stimulated acid secretion. This inhibition was partially reversed by pretreatment with methysergide. The absence of inhibition of acid secretion byin vitro-administered compound 48/80 may be related to the timing of the serotonin effect. When serotonin was given prior to histamine, it blocked acid secretion, whereas no inhibition occurred when serotonin was administered together with histamine. None of the other agents investigated affected basal acid secretion.
Modulation of DNA precursor pools, DNA synthesis, and ultraviolet sensitivity of a repair-dificient CHO cell line by deoxycytidine

Abstract The presence of 2 mM deoxycytidine (CdR) in growth medium substantially increased the deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and deoxuthymidine triphosphate (dTTP) pools in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line, CHO-K1, and in a radiation-sensitive mutant, xrs-5, derived from it (Jeggo et al., 1982). We observed significant differences in alkaline-sucrose gradient profiles of pulse-labeled DNA from unirradiated CHO-K1 and xrs-5 cells. For the latter cell line, a sizable fraction of the DNA synthesized during 5 or 10 min of growth subsequent to a 5-min radiolabeling period was found to co-sediment with large-chromosome DNA. This characteristics of xrs-5 was dramatically reduced by the presence of 2 mM CdR in the culture medium, and the UV resistance of the mutant increased to nearly that of the parent cell line under these culture conditions. These results show that the locus conferring UV-radiation sensitivity to xrs-5 affects DNA replication and that replicative activity and UV-radiation sensivity are jointly modulated by CdR, possibly through its impact on the size of deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools.
Origin of Low-Frequency (Intraseasonal) Oscillations in the Tropical Atmosphere. Part I: Basic Theory

Abstract A theory of the origin of intraseasonal oscillations of the tropical atmosphere is presented and tested by simple model experiments. This study forces on the validation of the basic theory against key features of the observed 40–50 day oscillation. It is shown that the observed eastward propagation of intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere arises as an intrinsic mode of oscillation resulting from an interaction of convection and dynamics via the so-called “mobile” wave-CISK mechanism. Through this mechanism, the heat source feeds on the east-west asymmetry of forced equatorial waves. As a result, Kelvin waves are selectively amplified, which in turn causes the heat source to propagate eastward. This mechanism also prevents small-scale waves from immediate destabilization, contrary to the results of traditional wave-CISK theory. The “mobile” wave-CISK establishes a new dynamics equilibrium state between convection and the wind field to form a wave packet or collective motion with rel...
Evaluation of Postinfection Control of Citrus Scab and Melanose with Benomyl, Fenbuconazole, and Azoxystrobin

Citrus scab, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, and melanose, caused by Diaporthe citri, are serious diseases of citrus in Florida that reduce the exterior quality of fruits produced for the fresh market. The availability of fungicides with postinfection activity could increase the flexibility of growers in managing these diseases. The effectiveness of benomyl at 0.96 g a.i./liter, fen-buconazole at 120 mg a.i./liter, and azoxystrobin at 235 mg a.i./liter was evaluated on rough lemon seedlings for scab and on grapefruit for melanose. Potted seedlings in the greenhouse were pruned to stimulate formation of uniform susceptible shoots, which were inoculated and kept moist for 16 h. Fungicides were applied prior to inoculation and at various intervals from 16- to 96-h postinoculation and subsequently evaluated for disease intensity. All three fungicides were effective as preinoculation sprays for scab control. Benomyl was effective if applied up to 72 h after inoculation, and fenbuconazole and azoxystrobin were effective if applied within 16 to 48 h after inoculation. For melanose, azoxystrobin was highly effective as a preventive spray but benomyl and fenbuconazole were not. None of the fungicides was very effective for melanose control as postinfection treatments. Use of postinfection sprays under field conditions appears to be promising for scab control but not for melanose control.
Technique for cultivation of transitional epithelium from mammalian urinary bladder

A technique for initiating cultures of epithelial (urothelial) cells from mammalian urinary bladder has been described. Urothelial cells obtained by this method have been used to support replication of viruses and as controls for immunological, biochemical, chromosome, and electron microscopy studies. Both light and electron microscopic studies of cultured cells suggest that they are epithelial and not a mixed culture.
Flavor and location aversions produced by ethanol.

To test the possibility that ethanol might “simultaneously” be rewarding and punishing, male albino rats received five conditioning trials wherein access to saccharin was followed by injection of ethanol (1.5 g/kg) and placement in a distinctive compartment for 30 min. On alternate days, they were exposed to a second compartment without injection. Control rats received a similar treatment except that access to saccharin never preceded ethanol injection. Aversions were established to both flavor and location, and flavor did not interfere with conditioning of location aversion. Thus, ethanol appeared to have a uniformly negative effect.
Double gate MOSFET subthreshold logic for ultra-low power applications

In this paper, we show that double gate MOSFET is a promising device for subthreshold operations due to its (1) steep subthreshold slope (s) and (2) small gate capacitance in the subthreshold region. It is also shown that long channel DG MOSFET is better than short channel DG MOSFET for subthreshold operations in terms of performance and tolerance to process variation.
Nevus sebaceous syndrome.

A 10-day-old boy presented with an 11-cm × 7-cm asymptomatic well-demarcated alopecic verrucous yellowish plaque on the right temporoparietal area, a 5-cm × 3-cm verrucous yellowish plaque on the forehead, and a linear plaque extending from the forehead to the nose ridge present since birth. He also had a 2-cm pedunculated mass from the right bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva ( Fig. 1). The gestational age was 39 weeks and 5 days and he weighed 4.04 kg at birth. No abnormalities were observed upon physical examination except for the cutaneous and optical findings. An examination of the fundus revealed macular agenesis and peripapillary atrophy ( Fig. 2). No family history was revealed. The results of laboratory tests, including complete blood count, blood chemistry, immunochemical study, screening test for inborn metabolic disorders (methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, galactose, thyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone), and antibody tests to TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes virus), were normal. The results from the chromosomal study, brainstem auditory evoked potential, and visual evoked potential were normal. Chest and skull X-ray did not show any abnormal signs. Orbit and brain magnetic resonance images showed findings suggesting a lipodermoid cyst from the right eyeball and subdural hygroma or arachnoid cysts in both of the frontal and both of the temporal areas ( Fig. 3). The histopathologic examination of a lesional biopsy specimen revealed hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis in the epidermis, large numbers of sebaceous glands of various sizes, and immature hair structures in the dermis. Figure 1. Asymptomatic verrucous yellowish alopecic plaque on the right frontal temporoparietal area and linear verrucous yellowish plaque on the nose. Solitary 2-cm pedunculated mass from right tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Fundus photograph reveals macular agenesis and peripapillary atrophy Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 3. Widening of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space is noted at the bilateral anterior temporal fossa and bilateral frontal area, suggesting subdural hygroma or arachnoid cyst Download figure to PowerPoint
Fewer S-alleles are maintained in plant populations with sporophytic as opposed to gametophytic self-incompatibility

Plants use self-incompatibility to reject pollen bearing alleles in common at the S-locus. These systems are classified as gametophytic (GSI) if recognition involves haploid pollen or sporophytic (SSI) if recognition involves diploid paternal genotypes. Dominance in SSI systems reduces the number of S-alleles, but it has not been clear which system should maintain greater diversity when all else is equal. We simulated finite populations to compare the equilibrium number of S-alleles in populations with either GSI or a co-dominant SSI system. When population size was constant, SSI systems maintained more S-alleles than GSI systems. When populations fluctuated in response to an S-Allee effect, fewer S-alleles were observed in SSI systems when S-allele diversity was low, and SSI populations were vulnerable to extinction over a broader range of parameters. Turnover rates at the S-locus were also faster in SSI populations experiencing strong S-Allee effects. Given the variable expectations concerning S-allele diversity in these systems, we reviewed published estimates of S-allele diversity. GSI populations have significantly more S-alleles on average than SSI populations (GSI = 25.70 and SSI = 16.80). Dominance likely contributes to this pattern, although the demographic consequences of the S-Allee effect may be important in populations with fewer than 10 S-alleles.
The Archaeology of Death: Mortuary Archaeology in the United States and Europe 1990–2013

Mortuary archaeology has always been viewed as one of the most richly evocative sources of evidence for past social systems, particularly those without writing. However, the political context within which archaeology developed as a discipline, especially in countries with a colonial past, has made it difficult or impossible for the burial record to be utilized to its full potential. Ironically, this moratorium on the use of human remains for research purposes has been accompanied by the development of new analytical techniques, including ancient DNA (aDNA) and chemical analysis of skeletal material, which provide powerful tools for understanding complex social relationships and mobility within and between ancient populations. This review focuses on the United States and Europe because of the close relationship between their scholarly communities, as a result of which the limits placed on mortuary archaeology in the United States has had and continues to have a direct impact on the development of the disci...
Fréchet sensitivity analysis for partial differential equations with distributed parameters

This paper reviews Frechet sensitivity analysis for partial differential equations with variations in distributed parameters. The Frechet derivative provides a linear map between parametric variations and the linearized response of the solution. We propose a methodology based on representations of the Frechet derivative operator to find those variations that lead to the largest changes to the solution (the most significant variations). This includes an algorithm for computing these variations that only requires the action of the Frechet operator on a given direction (the Gateaux derivative) and its adjoint. This algorithm is applicable since it does not require an approximation of the entire Frechet operator, but only typical sensitivity analysis software for partial differential equations. The proposed methodology can be utilized to find worst case distributed disturbances and is thus applicable to uncertainty quantification and the optimal placement of sensors and actuators.
Non-Invasive Flow Measurement of a Rotary Pump Ventricular Assist Device Using Quantitative Contrast Echocardiography

Background Many implantable ventricular assist devices (VADs) have no direct measurement of pump output. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that quantitative contrast echocardiography can be used to measure VAD output. Methods Contrast-enhanced Doppler velocity-time integral (VTI) was measured in the VAD inlet and outlet cannulae. Doppler flow (Doppler Q = Doppler VTI × cannula area) was compared with measured flow ( Q ). A total of 130 flow measurements were made (at 6400 and 12,000 rpm). Results Doppler Q in the outflow and inflow cannulae showed an excellent correlation with measured Q (outlet Doppler Q = 1.0052 × Q + 0.048, R 2 = 0.9865; inlet Doppler Q = 1.5043 × Q + 0.003, R 2 = 0.9904), but inlet Doppler Q was 50% higher. Correcting for the flow profile of the conical inlet tube yielded excellent correlation (inlet Doppler Q = 1.0029 × Q + 0.002, R 2 = 0.9904). Conclusion Noninvasive Doppler flow techniques can be used to accurately measure VAD flow, but the flow profile in the cannula needs to be taken into account.
Cosmetic Dermatology: Legal Issues

Laser and light-based procedures, fillers, toxins and various peels have revolutionized the field of cosmetic dermatology. With an increasing number of physicians and nonphysicians performing these procedures, and with the availability of a seemingly unlimited array of cosmetic dermatology procedures, the potential for problems and their legal consequences continue to increase. This article will discuss the concept of negligence and the potential for medical malpractice, including the associated problems that may arise when these procedures are performed by physician extenders. The impact of the physician and physician extender relationship, and the legal issues that arise, are also discussed. The article concludes with the legal and ethical issues associated with the promotion of cosmeceutical agents in the field of cosmetic dermatology.
The ongoing legitimacy project: corporate philanthropy as protective strategy

Combining insights from institutional theory and resource dependence theory, this paper suggests that legitimacy is a scarce intangible resource that is always contested. Legitimacy, as a socially defined resource, represents relational power within a community. The various members of an organizational field, therefore, seek to gain, maintain, defend, and deny to others, access to the legitimacy resource. The author looks to the issue of healthcare-related employment benefits, and notes that organizations deny such benefits in communities containing strong labor movements, substituting less expensive corporate philanthropic practices in order to demonstrate commitment to the social contract and norms of legitimacy while simultaneously denying the legitimacy of organized labor's agenda. In communities without strong labor movements, however, corporations are less encumbered in providing healthcare benefits because in such communities they do not need to work to deny the legitimacy of organized labor.
Differential recognition of glycoprotein acceptors by terminal glycosyltransferases

The factors regulating modifications of terminal beta-Gal residues in lactosaminyl (Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta-->R) units in intact glycoproteins are not well understood. To examine these factors, rat liver alpha 2,3 sialyltransferase (alpha 2,3ST) and alpha 2,6 sialyltransferase (alpha 2,6ST) and the murine alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase (alpha 1,3GT) were incubated with a variety of well-defined desialylated glycoproteins and with glycoproteins in extracts of the Lec2 mutant CHO cells. Lec2 cells constitutively synthesize nonsialylated glycoproteins with terminal lactosaminyl sequences. The results demonstrate that each enzyme displays preferences for glycoprotein acceptors and in the types of N-glycans recognized. The alpha 2,3ST, in contrast to the alpha 2,6ST and alpha 1,3GT, prefers more branched N-glycans compared to diantennary N-glycans. However, only the alpha 1,3GT is able to efficiently modify polylactosamines (3Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->)n in N-glycans. Glycopeptides were also prepared by proteolysis of Lec2 glycoproteins and tested as acceptors compared to intact Lec2 glycoproteins. The alpha 2,6ST and alpha 1,3GT utilized intact glycoproteins and glycopeptides with a 2-fold preference for the former over the latter. In contrast, the alpha 2,3ST showed a 20-fold preference for intact glycoproteins over glycopeptides. These results demonstrate that each of these terminal glycosyltransferases differentially recognizes glycans and glycoprotein acceptors, and that the alpha 2,3ST requires peptide features for efficient utilization of branched N-glycan acceptors.