cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity of pyramidal I and II slip in Mg alloys as revealed by texture development

Abstract Due to the geometry of the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattice, there are two types of pyramidal slip modes: { 10 1 ¯ 1 } 〈 11 2 ¯ 3 ¯ 〉 or type I and { 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 22 } 〈 11 2 ¯ 3 〉 or type II in HCP crystalline materials. Here we use crystal plasticity to examine the importance of crystallographic slip by pyramidal type I and type II on texture evolution. The study is applied to an Mg-4%Li alloy. An elastic-plastic polycrystal model is employed to elucidate the reorientation tendencies of these two slip modes in rolling of a textured polycrystal. Comparisons with experimental texture measurements indicate that both pyramidal I and II type slip were active during rolling deformation, with pyramidal I being the dominant mode. A single-slip-mode analysis is used to identify the orientations that prefer pyramidal I vs. II type slip when acting alone in a crystal. The analysis applies not only to Mg-4%Li, but identifies the key texture components in HCP crystals that would help distinguish the activity of pyramidal I from pyramidal II slip in rolling deformation.
Fluid origin and evolution of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization in rhyolite breccias in the Lón area, southeastern Iceland

Abstract Iceland, the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, hosts dilute, predominantly meteoric hydrothermal systems that rarely form base metal (Cu-Pb-Zn) mineralization. One occurrence of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization in intrusive rhyolitic breccias is in the Lon area of southeastern Iceland. Petrographic, electron-probe, fluid inclusion, stable isotope, and U-Pb zircon dating analyses on samples from Lon constrain the conditions and timing of sulfide mineral formation. Observations of outcrops and hand samples suggest that hydrothermal fluids precipitated chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, quartz, epidote, chlorite and calcite in rhyolitic breccia pipes and adjacent basalt flows. The mean salinity of liquid-dominated, multi-phase fluid inclusions in quartz coeval with chalcopyrite inclusions in quartz is 4.2 wt% NaCl, and the mean trapping temperature is 332 °C, which is consistent with the results of δ34S geothermometry of coexisting galena and chalcopyrite. Calculated δ18O and δD values of fluids in equilibrium with epidote coeval with chalcopyrite range from − 5.2 to − 2.7 ± 0.1‰ and from − 35.9 to − 27.7 ± 0.1‰, respectively. The δ18O values of fluids in equilibrium with quartz coeval with chalcopyrite are up to 5‰ larger than those of fluids in equilibrium with late stage quartz precipitated after chalcopyrite. The U-Pb crystallization age of magmatic zircons in the rhyolite breccia is 2.6 ± 0.1 Ma, significantly younger than the proximal 3.7 to 7.3 Ma silicic intrusions of southeastern Iceland. Our results indicate that early-stage, mineralizing fluids derived from a mixture of meteoric water, seawater, and a minor magmatic water component exsolved from an evolved anatexis-produced melt. Late-stage fluids were derived exclusively from meteoric waters. Although anatectic dehydration melting of altered basalt produced millions of years of felsic magmatism in southeastern Iceland, only hydrothermal fluids that derived from a mixture of meteoric water, seawater, and brine exsolved from a highly evolved melt concentrated base metals in significant quantity to produce base metal sulfide mineralization.
Sensitivity of the Hermite rank

Abstract The Hermite rank appears in limit theorems involving long memory. We show that a Hermite rank higher than one is unstable when the data is slightly perturbed by transformations such as shift and scaling. We carry out a “near higher order rank analysis” to illustrate how the limit theorems are affected by a shift perturbation that is decreasing in size. We also consider the case where the deterministic shift is replaced by centering with respect to the sample mean. The paper is a companion of Bai and Taqqu (2017) which discusses the instability of the Hermite rank in the statistical context.
Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project.

Background The Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project are both ongoing longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort studies of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objectives To summarize progress over the past five years and its implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Participants in both studies are older adults who enroll without dementia and agree to detailed longitudinal clinical evaluations and organ donation. The last review summarized findings through the end of 2011. Here we summarize progress and study findings over the past five years and discuss new directions for how these studies can inform on aging and AD in the future. Results We summarize 1) findings on the relation of neurobiology to clinical AD; 2) neurobiologic pathways linking risk factors to clinical AD; 3) non-cognitive AD phenotypes including motor function and decision making; 4) the development of a novel drug discovery platform. Conclusion Complexity at multiple levels needs to be understood and overcome to develop effective treatments and preventions for cognitive decline and AD dementia.
The 3.2–3.6 μm emission features in comet P/Halley: spectral identifications and similarities

Ground-based spectroscopic observations of emission features near 3.3 μm in comet Halley are reported. At a resolution of ∆λ/λ) = 0.012 the emissions consist of several components between 3.2 μm and 3.6 μm, probably superpositions of C—H group bands. The grains responsible for the 3–20 μm thermal emission do not appear to be the site of the band emitter, but either molecular or small particle emission is possible. The band shape differs from those of interstellar emitting substances in having strong features longward of 3.3 μm bands. This extra structure may be due to alkyl side-chains or to compounds characteristic of low formation temperatures. Emission at 3.52 ±.02 μm could be evidence for oxygen containing molecules, possibly formaldehyde.
The pseudogap regime in the unitary Fermi gas

We discuss the pseudogap regime in the unitary Fermi gas (UFG), with a particular emphasis on the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFMC) approach. We discuss possible signatures of the pseudogap, review experimental results, and survey analytic and quantum Monte Carlo techniques before focusing on AFMC calculations in the canonical ensemble. For the latter method, we discuss results for the heat capacity, condensate fraction, energy-staggering pairing gap, and spin susceptibility, and compare to experiment and results of other theoretical methods.
Forward-Complete Systems

As we have seen in Chapter 10, the predictor feedback has no chance of achieving global stability for systems that are prone to finite escape in an open loop, which is due to the absence of control during the actuator’s “dead time”. For this reason, in this chapter we focus on the class of forward-complete systems, which are guaranteed to have solutions that remain bounded (despite a possible exponential instability) for all finite time, as long as the input remains finite. This is not a small class of systems. It includes all linear systems–both stable and unstable. It also includes various nonlinear systems that have linearly bounded nonlinearities, such as systems in mechanics that contain trigonometric nonlinearities, as a result of rotational motions.
Isogeometric Method for the Elliptic Monge-Ampère Equation

We discuss the application of isogeometric analysis to the fully nonlinear elliptic Monge-Ampere equation, an equation nonlinear in the highest order derivatives. The construction of smooth discrete spaces renders isogeometric analysis a natural choice for the discretization of the equation.
Abstract 3119: Long-term Safety of Cilostazol in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, is indicated to treat the symptoms of claudication in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). At the time of approval the FDA required an additional long-term safety study to evaluate cilostazol’s effect on mortality. Subjects (n=1899) with a clinical diagnosis of PAD and symptoms of claudication were screened for a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled safety study of cilostazol. The modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population (n=1435) included all randomized patients who received at least one dose of study medication and includes follow up of more than 30 days after discontinuation of study drug. A total of 717 patients received cilostazol and 718 received placebo. Cilostazol was administered at a primary dose of 100 mg twice daily. Long-term adherence to study medication was poor with over 60% of participants discontinuing therapy by 36 months. Therefore the mortality analysis focused on deaths during the period on-treatment defined as the period during which study drug was taken plus a 30-day post-dosing follow up period. Total patient-years exposure on-treatment for cilostazol was 1046 and on placebo was 1090. On-treatment there were 18 deaths on cilostazol and 19 deaths on placebo for a hazard ratio of 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.52 to 1.88). Cardiovascular deaths on-treatment occurred in 14 patients on cilostazol and 14 on placebo. In the full mITT population at 36 months, there were 101 deaths, 49 on cilostazol and 52 on placebo with hazard ratio of 0.94 (0.64 –1.39). Thus most deaths occurred more than 30 days after study drug discontinuation. Serious bleeding events affected 18 patients on cilostazol and 22 on placebo in the on-treatment population. Bleeding events were similar in patients also taking aspirin, aspirin plus clopidogrel or anticoagulants over the course of the study. This long-term study demonstrated no safety signal for cilostazol on all cause or cardiovascular mortality. However the study was under-powered to detect a small adverse impact of cilostazol on mortality (hazard ratio upper bound of the 95% confidence interval 1.88 in the on-treatment population). Serious bleeding events appeared not to be increased by cilostazol.
Resident Toward Intern Barriers and Bias

This chapter contains a case study involving racial bias directed toward an intern by a resident. The impact of the biased behavior on the intern and the training program are explored.
A Machine Learning Approach for Compliance Checking-Specific Semantic Role Labeling of Building Code Sentences

Existing automated building code checking systems/software highly rely on human interpretation of the code. Different methods have been proposed and implemented to make building codes automatically analyzable and interpretable by computers. These methods have achieved different levels of automation in rule formalization, but they all require some level of human involvement to capture the compliance checking-related semantic information in the natural language building code sentences. For example, the state-of-the art approaches require human annotation or require human effort to develop annotation and/or extraction rules. To reduce the human effort in automated code interpretation, this paper proposes a machine learning-based approach to automatically label the semantic roles in building code sentences for supporting code compliance checking. The proposed method consists of three primary elements: (1) capturing the syntactic and semantic features of the building code sentences using natural language processing techniques; (2) adapting out-of-domain training data to the task at hand based on data similarity; and (3) performing semantic role labeling using a conditional random field (CRF) model. The proposed approach was tested on a corpus of annotated text from the International Building Code, and achieved promising global precision.
Digest: Species collapse from disturbance occurs quickly, and recovery is slow*

In certain conditions, newly-formed species pairs may revert to one species. Zhang et al. modeled the impact of disturbance on incipient species in a predator-prey model and found that species collapse may occur rapidly following disturbance. A distinct species pair can sometimes be re-established if previous conditions are restored, but this depends on the type of disturbance as well as the amount of time that passes after a collapse.
Current Issues in the Practice of Integrative Couple and Family Therapy.

This paper provides an overview of current issues in integration in couple and family therapy. It summarizes the evolution of integration in couple and family therapy, the various traditions in integration, the strengths of integrative approach, and the possible pitfalls involved. It highlights the extent to which most couple and family therapy is now integrative practice. It concludes with a consideration of an emerging trend toward methods of practice centered on modules of intervention that have been identified as effective with certain presenting phenomena. The example of therapy for high conflict divorce is utilized to illustrate how various components can be brought together to create a maximally effective intervention.
Intentional Practice for Museums: A Guide for Maximizing Impact

The pursuit of excellence is part and parcel of the work of museum professionals. Examples of outstanding scholarship, collections, exhibition design, publications, programming, and the like are no...
Design, Analysis and Experimental Study of Metal-3D Printed Conformal Cooling Plastic Injection Mold

Plastic injection molding is a versatile manufacturing process; constituting a major part of plastic manufacturing industry. Complex sizes and shapes of high-quality everyday products; as well as sophisticated industrial goods are producible with it. In this process, plastic products are manufactured inside a tooling called “mold”. Molten plastic is injected inside the mold, the mold is then closed down. After some time, the die (mold) is opened and the solidified plastic product is taken out of the die. To obtain a better-quality plastic product, the design of the injection molding tooling, specifically the design of die core and cavity is very critical. Traditionally straight holes are drilled into the solid dies to cool the hot molten plastic inside the cavity. Cooling process takes up a major portion of the production cycle, leading to high cost of production. With the rising competition worldwide in the plastic product business, it has become very important to lower the production cost, and one way of doing so is to reduce the production cycle time. Using conformal cooling channels is a good option for this purpose. The conformal cooling channels “conforms” to the shape of the final plastic product, and they have the potential to improve the performance of the molding dies in terms of uniform and fast cooling, less warping and defects. This is totally achievable by recent developments in additive manufacturing. In this paper, a comprehensive study is presented, starting from design, simulation, 3D printing process and experimental testing of an injection mold with conformal cooling channels in industrial production environment. A traditional mold model is provided by our industrial collaborator. To enhance the overall thermo-mechanical performance of the mold and improve final product quality, a redesign of this mold core is done with conformal cooling channels inside. The final design is 3D printed in pre-alloyed tool-steel powder using Truprint 3000 metal 3D printing machine. The printed core required some heat treatment and finishing processes and added features to be incorporated to make it production ready. Once all the preparation was complete, the core was tested experimentally in a multicavity injection molding machine in real industrial environment at our industrial partner’s production facility. This paper describes all the steps starting from design, analysis, die 3D printing and finally ending at final experimental testing.
The Legality of Using Employee Appearance Policies to Promote Organizational Culture

An organizational culture is a learned body of tradition consisting of the beliefs, norms, values, and premises that are held by the members of an organization, and provides the basis for behavior that satisfies the standards of group membership. Since organizational culture influences employee attitudes on commitment, motivation, morale, and satisfaction, effective management requires attempts to shape the culture in the company’s best interest. Critically important in the development of culture is an inclusionary dimension. Morality and legality require that organizations exercise special care to accommodate gender and diversity needs to help assure equality in the workplace. Therefore, the shaping of organizational culture through company policies provides an important
Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Microglia.

Microglia, once viewed as static bystanders with limited homeostatic functions, are now considered key players in the development of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial activation is a salient feature of neuroinflammation involving a dynamic process that generates multitudinous microglial phenotypes that can respond to a variety of situational cues in the central nervous system. Recently, a flurry of single cell RNA-sequencing studies have defined microglial phenotypes in unprecedented detail, and have highlighted robust changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Increased expression of genes such as Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) and Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) in microglia during development, damage, and disease, suggest that increased lipid metabolism is needed to fuel protective cellular functions such as phagocytosis. This review describes our current understanding of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in microglia, and highlights microglial lipid metabolism as a modifiable target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
DeepRacing: Parameterized Trajectories for Autonomous Racing.

We consider the challenging problem of high speed autonomous racing in a realistic Formula One environment. DeepRacing is a novel end-to-end framework, and a virtual testbed for training and evaluating algorithms for autonomous racing. The virtual testbed is implemented using the realistic F1 series of video games, developed by Codemasters, which many Formula One drivers use for training. This virtual testbed is released under an open-source license both as a standalone C++ API and as a binding to the popular Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) framework. This open-source API allows anyone to use the high fidelity physics and photo-realistic capabilities of the F1 game as a simulator, and without hacking any game engine code. We use this framework to evaluate several neural network methodologies for autonomous racing. Specifically, we consider several fully end-to-end models that directly predict steering and acceleration commands for an autonomous race car as well as a model that predicts a list of waypoints to follow in the car's local coordinate system, with the task of selecting a steering/throttle angle left to a classical control algorithm. We also present a novel method of autonomous racing by training a deep neural network to predict a parameterized representation of a trajectory rather than a list of waypoints. We evaluate these models performance in our open-source simulator and show that trajectory prediction far outperforms end-to-end driving. Additionally, we show that open-loop performance for an end-to-end model, i.e. root-mean-square error for a model's predicted control values, does not necessarily correlate with increased driving performance in the closed-loop sense, i.e. actual ability to race around a track. Finally, we show that our proposed model of parameterized trajectory prediction outperforms both end-to-end control and waypoint prediction.
P167 Feasibility of ASA-24 in Community-Based Settings

Background While many valid dietary assessment methods are available for nutrition research, feasibility is a concern in community-based settings. ASA-24 is a self-guided option for collecting 24-hour dietary recalls, but its use in community-based settings is limited. Objective To determine the feasibility of utilizing ASA-24 for collecting 24-hour dietary recalls in community-based settings. Study Design, Setting, Participants A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate feasibility of ASA-24 among overweight and obese adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes participating in the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP). NDPPs were delivered in 12 Georgia counties (7 metropolitan; 5 nonmetropolitan) by Cooperative Extension. Participants were asked to complete two 24-hour recalls, 1 weekday and 1 weekend day, using ASA-24, without individual instruction. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Number and percentage of participants who completed >1 ASA-24s and mean + standard deviation Calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes were calculated. Results Of the 86 participants asked to complete 2 ASA-24s, 54 (63%) completed >1 recall. Forty-eight (56%) participants completed 1 weekday; 27 (31%) completed 1 weekend day; and 31 (36%) completed >2 days, with 20 (23%) completing 1 weekday and 1 weekend day as instructed. Mean reported Calorie intake was 1,691+1,088 kcal (range, 128-7444 kcal). Mean carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes reported were 180+109 g (range, 10-688 g), 77+47 g (range, 2-233 g), and 75+60 (range, 10-418 g), respectively. Of those who completed >1 recall, 83% were female and had at least some college education, with 100% being high school graduates and 48% college graduates. Conclusions While a majority (63%) of participants completed >1 ASA-24 recall,
Thermal Interface Materials

Increasing electronic device performance has historically been accompanied by increasing power and increasing on-chip power density both of which present a cooling challenge. Thermal Interface Material (TIM) plays a key role in reducing the package thermal resistance and the thermal resistance between the electronic device and the external cooling components. This chapter reviews the progress made in the TIM development in the past five years. Rheology based modeling and design is discussed for the widely used polymeric TIMs. The recently emerging technology of nanoparticles and nanotubes is also discussed for TIM applications. This chapter also includes TIM testing methodology and concludes with suggestion for the future TIM development directions.
Utilization of Gallium-68 Dotatate PET MRI for the Evaluation of Meningioma in a Major Tertiary Academic University Neurosurgical Center

3000 Objectives: One of the most common primary intracranial tumors are meningiomas. They are customarily treated with surgery, however subtotal resection of the tumor is common. Postoperative radiation therapy remains an additional treatment option in many cases. The gold standard for postoperative assessment is contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however MRI is limited in its capability to distinguish residual tumor from postoperative changes. Gallium-68 (Ga-68) dotatate can be a reliable imaging biomarker of meningioma because of its specific targeting of the somatostatin receptor 2A (SSTR2A) which is highly expressed in meningiomas. Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI combines complimentary targeted molecular imaging with anatomic detail to achieve optimal evaluation. Methods: A total 27 patients with preoperative clinical suspicion of meningioma or postoperative pathology proven meningioma underwent a Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI evaluation between January 2020 and January 2021 at University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center. Patients received an intravenous administration of 5 mCi Ga-68 dotatate followed by a 60 minute uptake period in a dark quiet room. PET images of the brain were then acquired along with a contemporaneous contrast enhanced MRI on a combined PET/MRI scanner. MRI sequences included Axial T2, FLAIR, DWI, gradient echo T2, and pre/post gadolinium contrast T1 weighted images. All studies were reviewed by a specialized Nuclear Medicine physician experienced in Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI interpretation. Results: Of a total of 27 patients who underwent a Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI for evaluation of meningioma, 3 of these were at initial diagnosis for delineation of tumor extent and 24 were post resection for determination of residual/recurrent tumor involvement. Of the 24 patients evaluated postoperatively, 11 demonstrated unifocal tumor residual/recurrenct tumor involvement and 13 demonstrated multifocal residual/recurrent tumor involvement. Conclusions: Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI is a novel imaging technique which allows for improved diagnostic evaluation of meningioma by combining a receptor specific targeted molecular imaging biomarker with optimal anatomic characterization. Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI allows for better detection of lesions in patients with meningioma and better delineates the extent of gross tumor involvement than does contrast-enhanced MRI alone. Equally important, Ga-68 dotatate PET/MRI better discriminates between recurrent/residual tumor and scar tissue after prior surgery, with higher sensitivity and specificity compared with MRI alone. This information is of potentially great value for patients with meningioma and can play an important role for improving preoperative and postoperative treatment planning strategy.
Issues in the Foundations of Mathematics

I discuss my efforts concerning 3 crucial issues in the foundations of mathematics that are deeply connected with the great work of Kurt Godel.
Understanding Videogame Cities

This paper examines the city of Steelport in Saints Row: The Third (Volition, 2011) as a real-and-imagined space that can be described using an urban framework of constitutional, representational, and experiential components. It relates mediated and physical cities through spatial arrangement, processes of representation, and the factors that contribute to a sense of place in both material and immaterial worlds.
Post-irradiation formation of Si-SiO 2 interface states in a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature

Si MOSFETs were irradiated with x-rays and then exposed to various partial pressures of H2 at either room temperature or 125 °C. The number of interface traps and the net positive oxide trapped charged were measured during the hydrogen exposure using spectroscopic charge pumping techniques. During the hydrogen exposure the gate electrode was held at a positive bias to maintain a field of 0.65 MV/cm across the gate oxide. It was found that during the room temperature hydrogen exposure the number of interface traps increased by a factor of about two. The change in the oxide trapped charge during hydrogen exposure indicated that the decrease in the number of positively charged oxide traps was approximately the same as the increase in the number of interface traps. The time evolution and bias dependence of these changes are explained by a model that we previously proposed. In this model positively charged radiation induced defects in the oxide crack the H2 to form H+. Under positive gate bias the H+ then drifts to the Si-SiO2 interface where it forms an interface state, while at the same time removing positive charge from the oxide.
Sodium periodate stimulation of human lymphocytes. A comparison between normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes.

Abstract Lymphocytes from healthy donors and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were stimulated to divide with sodium periodate. The time of maximal response of normal lymphocytes to sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ) was earlier than that observed to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but the magnitude was lower. In comparison, CLL lymphocytes responded to NaIO 4 more extensively and earlier than to PHA.
A new role for coenzyme F420 in aflatoxin reduction by soil mycobacteria.

Hepatotoxic aflatoxins have found a worthy adversary in two new families of bacterial oxidoreductases. These enzymes use the reduced coenzyme F420 to initiate the degradation of furanocoumarin compounds, including the major mycotoxin products of Aspergillus flavus. Along with pyridoxalamine 5 -phosphate oxidases and aryl nitroreductases, these proteins form a large and versatile superfamily of flavin and deazaflavin-dependent oxidoreductases. F420-dependent members of this family appear to share a common mechanism of hydride transfer from the reduced deazaflavin to the electron-deficient ring systems of their substrates.
Geographical variation of solanidane aglycone glycoalkaloids in the wild potato species Solanum chacoense Bitter.

The Colorado Potato Beetle is a serious pest of the cultivated potato. Natural resistance has been found in a few wild species, including Solanum chacoense Bitter, in which the resistance is attributed to the presence of leptine glycoalkaloids. Production and accumulation of these compounds within S. chacoense varies widely and appears to be inherited in a quantitative fashion, but high leptine-producing clones occur rarely. In the present study, 15 different accessions from various locations and altitudes of origin within central to northern Argentina and Paraguay were analyzed for foliar glycoalkaloid (leptine, leptinine, solanine, chaconine) content. The objective was to infer the frequency of leptine production in ecogeographically distinct S. chacoense accessions, and to ascertain any possible association between leptine levels/concentrations and ecogeographical location. Leptines were detected in 8 of the 15 accessions, and the amounts within each accession varied widely. Most of the leptine-containing accessions originated from western Argentina except two in province Cordoba in central Argentina. There was no relationship between elevational level and leptine, but there was a negative trend with total glycoalkaloids (TGA) and elevation, due to solanine and chaconine levels which decreased with increasing elevation. In addition, nine unidentified, putative glycoalkaloids were detected, in very high proportions in some individuals and accessions. This study raises interesting questions about glycoalkaloid distribution, helps provide direction for new avenues of leptine and glycoalkaloid research, and proposes a systematic, ecogeographically based method for bioprospecting genes controlling rare plant secondary compounds.
Primary infertility and oral contraceptive steroid use

Objective To determine the association between combined monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) use and primary infertility. Design Case-control. Setting Women serving as controls of the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Participants Women were 19 to 40 years of age at first conception or infertility diagnosis. Based on 24 consecutive months of unprotected intercourse without a recognized conception, 419 nulligravid women had primary infertility; controls were 2,120 fertile women. A calendar of each woman's reproductive history was used to determine fertility status and contraceptive use before infertility diagnosis or first conception. Main Outcome Measure Primary infertility. Results Combined monophasic OC use was associated with a lower frequency of primary infertility, particularly among younger (age 20 years) compared with older women (age 30 years) after adjusting for barrier method use and education. A similar association was found for duration of OC use. When adjusted for age at first conception or infertility and barrier method, both higher (>50 μ g) and lower (≤550 μ g) estrogen dose use were associated with decreased risk of primary infertility. Conclusion Combined monophasic OC use was associated with a lower frequency of primary infertility.
Coral Reefs of Central America, Dimethylsulphide Seascapes, Open Access Data, GIS, and Machine Learning Predictions: Another Application of the New Megascience for Global Sustainability

The coral reefs of Central America, specifically of the Caribbean have received global fame and study. Coral reefs guarantee international tourism and a thriving fishing industry. They have also been an essential life-support system for humans over thousands of years. Perhaps they are the cradle of marine biodiversity?
Background on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework

This article provides an overview of the structure and evolution of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and a short introduction to its use by scholars to analyze a diversity of puzzles. It then addresses the relationship of IAD to a more complex framework for the analysis of social-ecological systems and concludes with a short discussion of future challenges facing IAD scholars.
Environmental covariates of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria ) and Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) recruitment in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract The sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) and Pacific ocean perch (POP; Sebastes alutus) fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) are both highly lucrative and variable. Determining environmental factors that drive variability in their recruitment may improve our understanding of forces affecting their early life survival, which may be helpful when evaluating management strategies. Here we examine relationships between sablefish and POP recruitment and multiple environmental indices associated with circulation in the GOA. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to determine spatially and seasonally relevant scales for analyzing these relationships. We then used structural equation modeling to examine sequential relationships between large-scale climate variables, regional (eastern and western GOA) environmental variables, and recruitment using both hypothesis-testing and exploratory approaches. Exploratory analyses revealed that sablefish recruitment was positively related to July upwelling-favorable winds and negatively related to late winter freshwater discharge in the eastern GOA during age 1. POP recruitment was negatively related to June upwelling-favorable winds in both regions during ages 0 and 1 and positively related to late spring freshwater discharge throughout the GOA during age 1. These results suggest that upwelling-favorable winds and freshwater discharge may affect recruitment of both species through productivity-related mechanisms, and may additionally affect POP recruitment through advection-related mechanisms. Targeted studies at the appropriate scales are needed to provide greater certainty in the potential mechanisms behind these relationships.
The Effect of Nucleic Acid Geometry on Counterion Association

The very high axial charge density of nucleic acids is a physical characteristic that substantially influences the thermodynamics of virtually all processes in which they are involved. This arises from long range electrostatic interacts between nucleic acids and the counter- and co-ions in solution so that salt concentration dramatically effects the activities of both reactants and products. A significant contributor to the resulting salt dependence for processes involving nucleic acids (e.g. ligand binding to a choice of nucleic acid substrates or a structural change), is the difference in arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbone of competing structures. This article reviews the results of a set of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations that explores the effect of nucleic acid geometry, varied as a function of oligomer length and four-way junction branch length, on counterion association and therefore many nucleic acid processes. These GCMC simulations, which utilize a "primitive" model description of the nucleic acid, are complemented by a number of simulations which numerically solve the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation utilizing detailed models for nucleic acids and proteins. Simulations of this kind are particularly useful for the study of systems that have been well characterized structurally, as well as thermodynamically. What is sought in the current article is insight into how an extremely general feature of DNA, namely the geometric arrangement of its phosphate charges surrounded by an exclusion surface, might play a role in determining nucleic acid processes.
Interlayer shear slip theory for cross-ply laminates with nonrigid interfaces

In the conventional analysis for laminated composite materials, the composite interface is always assumed to be rigidly bonded. However, due to the low shear modulus and poor bonding, the composite interface can be nonrigid. Based on the previously developed inter laminar shear stress continuity theory and a linear shear slip law, this study presents a so-called interlayer shear slip theory to investigate the effect of the interfacial bonding on the behavior of cross-ply laminates. Closed-form solutions for the cases of the cylindrical bending of long composite strips with [0/0] and [0/90] sequences are obtained. Numerical results for the laminates with different length-to-thickness ratios are presented. They reveal that the interlayer shear slip theory is valid for cross-ply laminates with rigid and nonrigid interfaces. It is also concluded from this study that at some special locations, namely, singular points, the transverse shear stress or in-plane normal stress remains insensitive to the condition of interfacial bonding.
Mosquito Engorgement on Normally Defensive Hosts Depends on Host Activity Patterns

Adult mosquitoes of 5 species ( Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles stephensi, Culex nigripalpus and Culex quinquefasciatus ) were offered hosts of 4 species ( Mus musculus var. albino and wild, Peromyscus maniculatus , laboratory strain of the Golden Hamster, and chicken) at peak feeding periods for the individual mosquito species. Blood-feeding success on restrained and unrestrained hosts was monitored. Mosquito mortality was also recorded in each of the unrestrained host tests. Similarly, blood-feeding success of 3 strains of Cx. nigripalpus (field caught, P1, and colonized) exposed to the above vertebrates was monitored. Mosquitoes fed most readily on animals that were inactive during the primary flight periods. For example, Cx. quinquefasciatus fed on chicks (inactive during the nocturnal feeding period of this mosquito) but not on rodents (active at night). Vertebrates whose activity periods coincided with mosquito flight periods tended to inflict high mortality on host-seeking mosquitoes. All 3 strains of Cx. nigripalpus showed similar blood-feeding behavior. However, the colonized strain was more likely to be captured and eaten by active host animals.
Unintentional opioid overdose deaths in New York City, 2005-2010: a place-based approach to reduce risk.

Abstract Background Drug poisoning is the leading cause of death from injuries in the United States. In New York City (NYC), unintentional drug poisoning death is the third leading cause of premature death, and opioids are the most commonly occurring class of drugs. Opioid overdose prevention efforts aim to decrease the number of people at risk for overdose and to decrease fatality rates among those using opioids by improving overdose response. These strategies can be enhanced with a comprehensive understanding of the settings in which overdoses occur. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of unintentional opioid poisoning deaths in NYC from 2005 to 2010 ( n =2649). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with settings of fatal opioid overdose. Results Three-quarters of the sample overdosed in a home; one-tenth in an institution, and the remaining in a public indoor setting, the outdoors or another non-home setting. Factors associated with overdosing at home include female gender, college degree, residence in the borough of Staten Island, and combined use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines. Factors associated with overdosing outside of the home include ages 35–64, residence in Manhattan, and use of heroin. Conclusion The sample represents a near census of unintentional opioid overdose deaths in NYC during the study period, and allows for the identification of demographic and drug-using patterns by setting of overdose. Because most opioid overdoses occur inside the home, opioid overdose response programs can most efficiently address the epidemic by both reducing the risk of overdose in the home and targeting those who may be in the home at the time of an overdose for overdose response training. Approaches include minimizing risk of misuse and diversion through safe storage and safe disposal programs, physician education on prescribing of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines, prescription of take-home naloxone, and Good Samaritan laws.
Secondary Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects in Irreversible Additions of Allyl Reagents to Benzaldehyde

The competitive kinetics of additions of allyl to benzaldehyde-h and -d from allyltributyl tin, from diisopropyltartrylallyl boronate, and from allyl bromide and zinc dust in aqueous tetrahydrofuran have inverse secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects, SDKIEs. These inverse SDKIEs are in contrast to the normal SDKIEs that were obtained with allyl lithium and allyl Grignard, suggesting rate-determining single-electron transfer in these cases. By various MO calculations the transition state for addition of allyl boronate occurs with substantial B-O bond formation and little C-C bond formation. The magnitudes of the SDKIEs with the other two allylating reagents, when compared with reasonable equilibrium isotope effects for the addition, suggest transition states with substantial C-C bond formation.
Character Correspondences and Subgroups of Operator Groups

Abstract Let A and G be finite groups with coprime orders, and suppose that A acts on G by automorphisms. Let π( G , A ) : Irr A ( G ) → Irr(C G ( A )) be the Glauberman–Isaacs correspondence. Let B ≤ A and let χ ∈ Irr A ( G ). We examine the conjecture that χπ( G , A ) is an irreducible constituent of the restriction of χπ( G , B ) to C G ( A ) and show that it is valid if G is supersolvable. Then, we show when the analog of this conjecture for Brauer characters and the Uno–Wolf correspondence holds.
Stability of Steady State Solutions for an Isentropic Hydrodynamic Model of Semiconductors of Two Species

Abstract We discuss the stability of the steady state solutions for an isentropic hydrodynamic model of semiconductors of two species. We consider not only the mass and momentum equations for electrons, but also those two equations for holes. The recombination effects between electrons and holes are taken into consideration as well. We study the case where the doping profile is close to zero and depends on the spacial variable x . We shall show that steady state solutions are asymptotically stable.
Computer science education for medical informaticians

Summary The core curriculum in the education of medical informaticians remains a topic of concern and discussion. This paper reports on a survey of medical informaticians with Master’s level credentials that asked about computer science (CS) topics or skills that they need in their employment. All subjects were graduates or ‘‘near-graduates’’ of a single medical informatics Master’s program that they entered with widely varying educational backgrounds. The survey instrument was validated for face and content validity prior to use. All survey items were rated as having some degree of importance in the work of these professionals, with retrieval and analysis of data from databases, database design and web technologies deemed most important. Least important were networking skills and object-oriented design and concepts. These results are consistent with other work done in the field and suggest that strong emphasis on technical skills, particularly databases, data analysis, web technologies, computer programming and general computer science are part of the core curriculum for medical informatics. © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Finite-Element Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete Box Girder Bridges under Close-In Detonations

Localized spalling/cratering of concrete structures subjected to close-in detonations may lead to global structural failure. This paper presents the details and results of a numerical study conducted on posttensioned concrete box girder bridges under close-in detonations. A bomb explosion within or near the bridge deck may cause catastrophic damage to the bridge components. Blast causes highly dynamic loads much larger than the conventional design loads applied relatively locally. In contrast to the bridge superstructure, significant research has been performed on the response and retrofit of buildings under blast loads. The published research on the response prediction and protection of bridges under near-field blast loads are limited. This study focuses on the evaluation and assessment of box girder bridges under blast loads. The objective of this research is to develop a reliable numerical model to predict the damage (spalling/cratering) size in a concrete deck under blast loading and the corresponding dynamic response of the damaged bridge system. The key parameters evaluated were the charge weight, charge location, and concrete deck properties. The results of this study make finite-element (FE) modeling an attractive alternative when blast testing is not feasible such as in the case of bridges. The numerical model was verified using close-in detonations on concrete slabs. Verification of the numerical model results using blast field testing on bridge systems is still necessary before this study can be expanded for additional parametric studies and comprehensive design recommendations. The damage sizes of the RC box girder bridges were predicted and assessed using a nonlinear dynamic FE code. Nonlinear regression analyses were conducted and an equation to predict the damage size depending on the scaled distance was introduced.
Completion Pneumonectomy: Indications, Complications, and Results

From 1958 through 1985, a total of 113 consecutive patients had completion pneumonectomy (CP). Indications for pulmonary resection resulting in CP were lung cancer (LC) in 64 patients, pulmonary metastases (PM) in 20, and benign lung disease (BLD) in 29. Operative mortality was 12.4% (14 deaths) but varied according to the indication for CP. Mortality was 9.4% for LC, 0% for PM, and 27.6% for BLD. Forty-three patients (38.1%) had major complications (26 of 64 with LC, 40.6%; 1 of 20 with PM, 5.0%; and 16 of 29 with BLD, 55.2%). Five-year actuarial survival for patients with LC was 26.4% but varied according to stage. Five-year survival for patients with PM was 40.8% and with BLD was 27.2%. We conclude that CP for BLD carries marked operative mortality and morbidity, usually due to intense reaction around hilar structures and concurrent active infection or fistula. In contrast, CP for LC and PM can be performed with low mortality, acceptable morbidity, and gratifying long-term survival.
Improved 1H amide resonance line narrowing in oriented sample solid-state NMR of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers.

Abstract We demonstrate 1 H amide resonance line widths 1 H/ 15 N heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectra of membrane proteins in aligned phospholipid bilayers. This represents a substantial improvement over typically observed line widths of ∼1 kHz. Furthermore, in a proton detected local field (PDLF) version of the experiment that measures heteronuclear dipolar couplings, line widths 1 H amide resonances enables many more individual signals to be resolved and assigned from uniformly 15 N labeled membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers under physiological conditions of temperature and pH. Finding that the decrease in line widths occurs only for membrane proteins that undergo fast rotational diffusion around the bilayer normal, but not immobile molecules, such as peptide single crystals, identifies a potential new direction for pulse sequence development that includes overall molecular dynamics in their design.