cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antidepressants and weight gain

Weight gain is an often reported, but incompletely understood, side effect of many antidepressant medications. We will discuss the literature with respect to the following issues: weight gain as a pharmacological effect of antidepressants or as an effect of recovery from depression; the incidence of antidepressant-induced weight gain and possible reasons for individual variability in its occurrence; possible mechanisms of antidepressant-induced weight gain; and options for clinical management. Further elucidation of these issues may contribute to our understanding of the neurobiology of affective disorders and appetitive mechanisms.
The Cancer Informatics Infrastructure: a new initiative of the National Cancer Institute.

Objectives To inform oncology nurses about the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Informatics Infrastructure initiative that will transform cancer care through more effective and efficient information exchanges among all involved in cancer research. Data Sources Published articles and reports from the NCI pertaining to the initiative. Conclusions Clinical trials represent the primary mechanism for evaluating promising new strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. Advances in information technology and the exponential increase in the use of the internet are providing unprecedented opportunities to streamline the operation and administration of the clinical trials the NCI supports. Implications for Nursing Practice The revitalized system will be more flexible and inclusive and will facilitate input from oncology nurses and others with a commitment to improving cancer care.
The Transforming Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Axl, Is Post-translationally Regulated by Proteolytic Cleavage

Several receptor tyrosine kinases generate soluble ligand binding domains either by differential splicing resulting in a truncated RNA transcript, or by proteolytic cleavage. Although the exact role in vivo of these soluble extracellular domains is unclear, proteolysis may function to down-regulate the receptor, and soluble extracellular domains (ECD) may compete with the intact receptor binding to ligand. Axl is a member of a new class of receptor tyrosine kinases characterized by an ECD resembling cell adhesion molecules and unique sequences in the kinase domain. In addition, Axl is transforming in both fibroblast and hematopoietic cells, and appears to be involved in mesenchymal development. We now find that Axl is post-translationally processed by cleavage in a 14 amino acid region immediately NH2-terminal to the transmembrane domain resulting in a soluble ECD and a membrane bound kinase domain. The sequence of this putative cleavage site shares no homology with recognition sites of known proteases. Characterization of this proteolytic processing shows that it does not require protein synthesis or transport but is augmented by phorbol ester treatment. Since the cleavage of Axl enhances turnover of the kinase on the cell surface, we suggest that proteolytic processing down-regulates Axl kinase activity.
Additional fossil Theropithecus from Hopefield, South Africa: A comparison with other African sites and a reevaluation of its taxonomic status

Additional fossil Theropithecus remains, recovered from mid to late Pleistocene deposits near Hopefield, South Africa, include portions of the jaws of at least five individuals. Extensive comparisons with fossil Thero- pithecus from other African sites, including Makapan, Swartkrans, Kanjera, Olorgesailie, and Olduvai, reveal few morphological differences, especially when variation in modern gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) and savan- nah baboons (Papio) is considered. The most pronounced differences between fossil forms are overall size and relative P3 length. However, these traits do not separate the fossil forms either chronologically or geographically. Other traits, such as depth of the fossa of the mandibular corpus, slope of the upper symphyseal shelf, and variation in the depth of the mandibular corpus, do not distinguish alleged primitive forms (Makapan and lower beds at Olduvai) from remains found at Hopefield, Swartkrans, Kanjera, Olorgesailie, Olduvai Bed IV, or the lower Ndutu Beds. Other traits, such as canine crown height and incisor size, are poorly documented for fossil Theropithecus. Thus, the available evidence suggests that Theropithecus darti and its successional species, I: oswaldi, can best be considered as a single fossil species, I: oswaldi, of which the remains from Hopefield are a late representative. Furthermore, lack of morphological differences dictates that Hopefield Theropithecus not be consid- ered a distinct subspecies. Variation within the Hopefield sample shows that only one taxa is found at this site. Hypothesized physical and climatic condi- tions at Hopefield during the Pleistocene suggest that I: oswaldi lived near vleis or fresh water lagoons. Comparisons with modern I: gelada suggest a graminivorous diet for the fossil form.
Critical properties of a spin-12 Heisenberg ferromagnet

Abstract The decoupling scheme, previously used by the authors to correctly derive the low temperature spontaneous magnetization of a spin- 1 2 Heisenberg ferromagnet, is employed here to calculate the critical temperature and the set of critical indices (α,β,γ,δ).
Multifocal visual evoked potentials to cone specific stimuli in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Abstract Our aim was to determine whether patients with retinitis pigmentosa show differences in L- and M-cone multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) responses that are eccentricity dependent, as has been shown for control subjects. Second, we compared the losses for mfVEPs to losses on achromatic visual field and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) measures in the patients. Monocular mfVEPs were recorded to a pattern reversing display that modulated only the L- or M-cones. Also, standard automated achromatic visual fields and mfERGs were obtained. For the control subjects, the ratio of L-cone to M-cone mfVEP amplitudes increased as a function of retinal eccentricity. For the patients, the ratio did not vary with eccentricity. For all measures, responses were least affected for the first ring (central 2.4°) and most affected for the third ring (11.6°–44.4°). For the first ring, mfERG amplitudes were more impaired than were the mfVEPs or the visual field thresholds. For most of the patients, there was local response correspondence among our measures of visual function.
6β-Hydroxycortisol Excretion in Hypercortisolemic States*

ABSTRACT Urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol (6βOHF) excretion was measured and compared with free cortisol and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17OH) excretion in normal children, patients with Cushing's syndrome or disease (CSD), and patients during cortisol therapy. Normal 6βOHF excretion in children was 0.23 ± 0.03 mg/m2/24 h (mean ± SE). No sex difference was found. ACTH infusion (40 U/day for 5 days) and high dose cortisol altered the 6βOHF:17OH ratio so that it was indistinguishable from the ratio seen in CSD. The fact that both Cushing's disease and high dose cortisol therapy caused the same change in the 6βOHF:17OH ratio suggests that cortisol and not ACTH induced 6β-hydroxylase in hypercortisolemic subjects. Since the 6βOHF:170H ratio in CSD patients was always well above the normal range, measurement of 6βOHF excretion was a better and more rapid test for chronic hypercortisolemia than urinary 17OH or free cortisol. Thus, measurement of urinary 6βOHF is suggested as a good diagnostic test for hypercortisolemic...
Tidal effects in the E region from incoherent scatter radar observations

Measurements of the neutral temperature in the altitude region 100 to 130 km during the past several years at Millstone Hill (42$sup 0$N) and St. Santin (45$sup 0$N) have revealed that, on the average, there exist strong semidiurnal tidal effects which can be identified with the (2,4) tidal mode propagating from the stratomesosphere. The average amplitude of the temperature oscillation reaches a maximum of about 35 K at 116 km with maxima at 0630 and 1830 hr LT. At each station, large variability is found in amplitude and phase from one observing period to another, particularly during winter. The average temperature behavior implies a semidiurnal zonal wind oscillation with an amplitude of about 45 m sec$sup -1$ at 110 km having eastward maxima at about 0500 and 1700 hr LT, and a meridional component with similar amplitude having southward maxima at 0800 and 2000 hr LT. The downward phase velocity is about 4 km hr$sup -1$. These results are in good agreement with direct wind measurements at St. Santin, and with some recently reported characteristics of the height variations of sporadic-E at midlatitudes. At Arecibo (18$sup 0$N), semidiurnal oscillations have also been found to dominate the E-region temperature and windmore » structure with similar amplitude and phase velocities as above; however, the observed phase behavior is more variable than at midlatitudes and the average results do not allow reliable mode identification. Some results of recent simultaneous observations at low and midlatitudes are presented which imply that during any particular observing period, the E-region structure must be controlled by local effects. (auth)« less
Overcoming noise, avoiding curvature: Optimal scale selection for tangent plane recovery

Constructing an efficient parametrization of a large, noisy data set of points lying close to a smooth manifold in high dimension remains a fundamental problem. One approach consists in recovering a local parametrization using the local tangent plane. Principal component analysis (PCA) is often the tool of choice, as it returns an optimal basis in the case of noise-free samples from a linear subspace. To process noisy data, PCA must be applied locally, at a scale small enough such that the manifold is approximately linear, but at a scale large enough such that structure may be discerned from noise. Using eigenspace perturbation theory, we adaptively select the scale that minimizes the angle between the subspace estimated by PCA and the true tangent space, revealing the optimal scale for local tangent plane recovery.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT : I. BLOOD COUNTS IN NORMAL RABBITS.

A study of the blood cytology of normal male rabbits was carried out from October 20, 1927 to November 22, 1928 in connection with an investigation of constitutional and environmental factors related to the occurrence and course of disease. In 1110 observations on 174 animals, total red and white cells counts, differential white cell counts by the supravital method, and hemoglobin estimations were made. A statistical analysis of the results obtained is presented. Attention is directed to the occurrence of wide variations in the numbers of the various white cells as contrasted with comparatively small variations in the numbers of red cells and of hemoglobin content. The results recorded are regarded as representing approximate rather than fixed values of normality.
Perceptions of personal belief vaccine exemption policy: A survey of Arizona vaccine providers

Abstract Background As exemptions to school-entry requirements rise, vaccination rates in Arizona school children are approaching levels that may threaten public health. Understanding the interactions physicians have with vaccine-hesitant parents, as well as the opinions physicians hold regarding vaccination, exemption, and exemption policies, are critical to our understanding of, and ability to affect, vaccination exemption rates among children. Methods Survey responses were elicited from practitioners listed in The Arizona Partnership for Immunization and the Arizona Medical Association databases using a multi-pronged recruitment approach. Respondents provided data regarding their practice, comfort with parental refusal of individual vaccines, opinions about the beliefs held by parents that seek exemptions, parent education strategies, issues regarding providing care to unvaccinated children, and potential changes to Arizona policy. Results A total of 152 practitioners providing care to a wide geographic and economic population of Arizona responded to the survey. Respondents were generally strong advocates of all immunizations but were more accepting of parents’ desires to refuse hepatitis B and rotavirus vaccines. Almost all providers indicated that they see patients whose parents request to refuse or delay from vaccinations at least occasionally (88% and 97%, respectively). Only 37% of respondents indicated that they would be supportive of a policy requiring them to sign off on a parent's decision to refuse vaccination. Conclusions Vaccination providers in Arizona are generally very supportive of childhood immunizations but have varying comfort with exemption from individual vaccines. Responding providers tended to not support a requirement for a physician's signature for vaccine exemptions due to varying concerns regarding the implementation of such a practice.
The structure and biosynthesis of fungal cytoplasmic ribosomes

Abstract Contents, Introduction . Fungi as representative eukaryotes. Physical characteristics of monomers and subunits. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) . 17 S and 25 S rRNA. 5 S rRNA. 5.8 S rRNA. Ribosomal RNA modifications: Methylation and pseudouridylation. Ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) . Number of r-proteins. Structural characteristics. Ribosomal protein modifications: Phosphorylation and methylation. Tertiary distribution of rRNA and protein in the ribosome. Ribosomal structural genes . Ribosomal DNA (rDNA). 5 S rRNA genes. Distribution of rRNA genes among yeast chromosomes. rRNA gene inheritance. Ribosomal protein genes. Ribosome synthesis . RNA polymerase. Processing of precursor rRNA. Precursor rRNA modification: Methylation and pseudouridylation. Ribosomal protein synthesis. Association of r-protein with pre-rRNA. Ribosome synthesis control . Potential control points. Relationship between rRNA and r-protein synthesis. Relationship between rRNA and protein synthesis. Negative control of transcription. Balanced positive and negative control. Ribosomal protein synthesis control. Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References .
Bacteriologic diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia following prolonged mechanical ventilation.

Cultures of tracheal secretions, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), protected specimen brushes (PSB), and direct lung aspirates were compared with cultures of lung homogenates and histologic findings in 35 baboons after 7 to 10 days of intubation and mechanical ventilation. Six animals received no antibiotics, while the remainder were treated with a variety of prophylactic regimens of intravenous and topical agents. Bacterial contamination at each culture site was expressed as a “bacterial index” (BI), obtained as the sum of the logarithmic concentrations of individual species. In the absence of antibiotics, pneumonias occurred in all animals and were polymicrobial; 56% of organisms in lung tissue were members of the normal upper respiratory tract flora, while 44% were gram-negative bacilli with a mean total bacterial index of 13.94/g. Lobar tissue BI values > 6.0/g were found in 77% of lobes containing pneumonias judged by histologic criteria to be moderate or severe in extent, whereas only 7% of lobes with l...
Hypoxia-mediated mitochondrial stress in RAW264.7 cells induces osteoclast-like TRAP-positive cells

Previously we showed that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by mitochondrial DNA depletion or treatment with electron transport chain inhibitors triggers a stress signaling involving activation of calcineurin and Ca2+-responsive factors. In this study we show that exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to hypoxia, causing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, also induced a similar stress signaling. Hypoxia caused increased [Ca2+]c, activation of cytosolic calcineurin and induced expression of Ryanodine Receptor 2 (RyR2) gene. Prolonged hypoxia (5% O2 for 5-6 days) also induced the expression of calcitonin receptor at high levels, and those of cathepsin K, and tartarate-resistant alkaline phosphatase (TRAP) at low-moderate levels in macrophage cells. Addition of RANKL had an additive effect suggesting different mechanisms of activation. Consistent with this possibility, prolonged hypoxia induced the formation of TRAP-positive osteoclast-like cells suggesting the occurrence of an autocrine mechanism for osteoclastogenesis.
Lifetime of an electron on the liquid helium surface in the presence of an electric field

Abstract We have calculated the lifetime of an electron on a planar liquid helium surface in a normal electric field by direct integration of the time dependent Schro¨dinger equation. It is a rapidly decreasing function of field strength, reaching 0.41×10-9sec at 100 V/cm. Since the lifetime of an electron bound on a spherical droplet is almost certainly less than one bound on a plane surface, this suggests that such a structure would be rapidly destroyed by moderate electric fields.
Energy Based Methodology for Ductile Design of Concrete Columns

Potential plastic hinge zones in confined concrete columns require that sufficient transverse reinforcement be provided to avert undesirable failure modes and to ensure dependable inelastic (ductile) behavior in earthquakes. Conventional code–based approaches for detailing confining reinforcement are founded on the premise of preserving axial load before and after spalling of the cover concrete. Such formulations account for neither the cyclic actions nor the duration effects of ground motions. This paper derives the amount of transverse reinforcement necessary so that hoop fracture and fatigue fracture of the longitudinal bars coincide for critical earthquake motions. An energy–based approach coupled with notions of low–cycle fatigue are used for this purpose.
Response of rats with chronic gastric fistulas to subcutaneous injections of histamine, ICI-50123, and insulin.

Male rats were prepared with a chronic gastric fistula and studied over a 6-month period. Gastric secretory volume, acid concenration, acid output, and acid output per 100 gm. rat weight were studied as a function of time, following graded doses of histamine, crystalline zinc insulin, and ICI-50123. A dose of 20.0 mg. histamine base per kilogram induced maximal volume and acid output within the first 2 hr. Following insulin hypoglycemia, peak volume occurred with 0.8 U./kg., acid output with 1.0 U./kg., and acid output per 100 gm. with 0.1 U./kg. With all parameters ICI-50123 gave peak responses with a dose of 400 µg./kg. In the case of volume, acid output, and acid output per 100 gm., this occurred at 1 hr., whereas acid concentration reached a peak 2 hr. after injection.
The Foreign Policy Consequences of Trade: China’s Commercial Relations with Africa and Latin America, 1992–2006

What are the foreign policy consequences of China’s growing trade relations? In particular, are states that trade more heavily with China more likely to side with it on key foreign policy issues? Does a shift toward China come at the expense of American influence? We evaluate these questions using data on bilateral trade for China and developing countries in Africa and Latin America between 1992 and 2006. Using ordinary and two-stage least squares to control for endogeneity, we present the first systematic evidence that trade with China generates foreign policy consequences. The more states trade with China, the more likely they are to converge with it on issues of foreign policy. This has implications for the United States, whose foreign policy preferences have diverged from those of China during the period of study and who may find it harder to attract allies in international forums.
The application of instrumental neutron activation analysis for the certification of the new NIST Fly Ash SRM

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently released the second renewal of its “Trace Elements in Coal Fly Ash” Standard Reference Material (SRM 1633b). This new material is currently certified for 23 major, minor and trace elements, and concentrations of an additional 24 elements are provided for “information only” purposes. Current plans are to certify the concentrations of a number of rare earths upon completion of additional analytical work now in progress. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has played a major role in the certification of this new material in view of its potential for accuracy, multielemental capability, ability to assess homogeneity, high sensitivity for many elements, and essentially blank-free nature. For an element to be certified in a NIST SRM its concentration is usually determined by at least two independent analytical techniques. INAA has provided analytical information for 15 of the 23 elements certified, as well as for 22 of the 24 elements listed for “information only”. In addition, INAA has provided much of the homogeneity information for this SRM. This paper will describe these analytical procedures, and highlight those designed to optimize and assess the accuracy of the INAA measurements.
Optoelectromechanical Multimodal Biosensor with Graphene Active Region

A general, overarching theme in nanotechnology is the integration of multiple disparate fields to realize novel or expanded functionalities. Here, we present a graphene enabled, integrated optoelectromechanical device and demonstrate its utility for biomolecular sensing. We experimentally achieve an ultrawide linear dynamic sensing range of 5 orders of magnitude of protein concentration, an improvement over state-of-the-art single mode nanosensors by approximately 2–3 orders of magnitude, while retaining a subpicomolar lowest detection limit. Moreover, the ability to monitor and characterize adsorption events in the full optoelectromechanical space allows for the extraction of key intrinsic parameters of adsorbates and has the potential to extend the capabilities of nanosensors beyond the traditional binary-valued test for a single type of molecule. This could have significant implications for molecular detection applications at variable concentrations, such as early disease detection in biomedical diagno...
Effect of arginine hydrochloride and hydroxypropyl cellulose as stabilizers on the physical stability of high drug loading nanosuspensions of a poorly soluble compound

The objective of the present study is to formulate Naproxen nanosuspensions at high drug concentrations of up to 300 mg/ml using ball milling and is to investigate the additive effect between hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and arginine hydrochloride as stabilizers. The nanosuspensions were obtained at different arginine hydrochloride/polymer weight ratios. Stability of Naproxen suspensions at 100 and 300 mg/ml was determined over a period of 14 days by measuring the particle size. The control, which contained only drug and buffers without the stabilizers agglomerated immediately after preparation. The study of the effect of arginine hydrochloride as a primary stabilizer indicated that arginine hydrochloride levels of up to 0.8% (w/v) were not able to help reduce particle size below one micron, and were also not able to provide stabilization to the suspensions on storage. Therefore, HPC was also added to the system to increase suspensions stability, presumably by a steric repulsion mechanism. When the Naproxen concentration was increased to 300 mg/ml, 1% (w/v) HPC was not able to provide good stabilization and it was found that arginine hydrochloride increased the stabilization efficiency of 1% (w/v) HPC by preventing flocculation. When HPC level was increased to 4% (w/v), HPC was high enough to sufficiently stabilize the nanosuspensions for 2 weeks and thereby could maintain the mean size diameter of the suspensions without the presence of arginine hydrochloride. Furthermore, stable nanosuspensions were successfully lyophilized without the use of additional cryoprotectants.
Parametric effects on thin film growth and uniformity in an atmospheric pressure impinging jet CVD reactor

Abstract A systematic parametric study has been performed to study the effects of various geometrical parameters on the growth rate and growth rate uniformity in a jet impingement chemical vapor deposition reactor operated at atmospheric pressure. A previously validated two-dimensional axisymmetric computational model is used to numerically solve the equations governing variable density flow, and energy and species transport. Buoyancy-induced secondary flows, which are greatly enhanced at elevated pressure, are found to strongly compromise the deposit uniformity for conditions that typically lead to uniform films at lower pressures. However, for appropriate choices of inlet flow rate, substrate rotation rate, and reactor dimensionless lengths, these detrimental effects can be effectively suppressed, leading to highly uniform deposits at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the observed growth rate and efficiency of precursor utilization are significantly improved over low-pressure reactors. These results suggest that uniformity may not necessarily have to be sacrificed in cost-effective, atmospheric pressure reactors.
A resonance fluorescence kinetic study of the O(3P)+CH4 reaction over the temperature range 474 K to 1156 K

The bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of O(3P) with CH4 was measured directly over a wide range in temperature in a study that utilized two independent experimental techniques. The flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence method was employed to obtain rate constants at 474K and 520K at total pressure (in argon diluent) of 100 to 200 torr. At higher temperatures (548K to 1156K), a discharge flow-resonance fluorescence apparatus equipped with a quartz tube was employed. Rate data were obtained, using both techniques, not only under pseudo-first-order conditions but also free from the effects of secondary reactions. Stoichiometric corrections were thus not applied to the derived rate constants. The results at thirteen temperatures yield a linear Arrhenius plot that is described by the expression: k1(T) = (2.15 ± .30) x 10-10 exp(-10872 ± 192/RT) cm3 molec-1s-1. This result is compared to previous ones and an extrapolation to higher temperatures, based on a collision model, is discussed. Finally, the present data were combined with the shock tube results of Brabbs and Brokaw, and Roth and Just to obtain the following expression that fits the results of all three studies over the temperature range 475 to 2205K: k1(T) = (5.28 ± .15) x 10-12 T1/2more » exp (-10302 ± 48/RT) cm3molec-1s-1.« less
Euler’s visual logic

The evolution of Euler diagrams is examined from Euler's original system through the modifications made by Venn and Peirce. It is shown that these modifications were motivated by an attempt to increase the expressivity of the diagrams, but that a side effect of these modifications was a loss of the visual clarity of Euler's original system. Euler's original system is reconstructed from a modern, logical point of view. Formal semantics and rules of inference are provided for this reconstruction of Euler's system, and basic logical properties are proved
Carboxylic acid anions in formation waters, San Joaquin Basin and Louisiana Gulf Coast, U.S.A.—Implications for clastic diagenesis. Reply to discussion by P.D. Lundegard and L.S. Land

Abstract MacGowan and S urdam (1990a) suggested some modifications to the model of Lundegard and Land (1989) to make it more geologically and geochemically reasonable. The predictive power of such a geochemical model is wholly dependent on the species modeled and the constants used; any model that excludes important species or important thermodynamic data, or one that couples certain reactions in an unrealistic way, may produce results which are not geologically or geochemically reasonable (W. K. Harrison , pers. commun., 1988; Y. K. Kharaka , pers. commun., 1991). We have long recognized that, under early-burial diagenetic conditions, aluminosilicate hydrolysis generally controls formation water pH ( Surdam and Eugster , 1976 ; Mariner and Surdam , 1970 ; Taylor and Surdam , 1981 ) and that, during intermediate burial, either aqueous CO2 or CAA species (in the absence of aqueous S species or other weak conjugate acid-base pairs) will dominate formation water alkalinity and control pH ( Surdam et al., 1989c ). We reassert that the model of Lundegard and Land (1989) does not take into account the relative importance of PCO2 and of concentrations of both Ca2+ and CAA and their relative organic metal complexes to carbonate mineral stability in sandstones in the zone of intermediate burial clastic diagenesis (cf. the models of Surdam et al., 1984 and Surdam and Crossey , 1985 ). The usefulness of such models is predicted on the completeness of the model and the use of the best, most accurate thermodynamic data. Also, geologically realistic concentrations of critical species are required for reasonable modeling to be done. Although their model is vigorously defended in the discussion of Lundegard and Land, 1989 , Lundegard and Land, 1993 , we continue to disagree that their analysis of their model conditions are either geologically or geochemically satisfying. We agree with the fundamental approach and philosophy of Lundegard and Land, 1989 , Lundegard and Land, 1993 . It is of the utmost importance to determine from experimental, geochemical, petrographic, and geological data what the controls on pH and alkalinity in formation waters are, as well as the exact thermodynamic speciation of aqueous moieties and the stability of detrital and authigenic minerals. Lundegard and Land (1993) raise an additional point about CAA reaction with carbonate minerals in shales, although Fisher and Lewan (1989) , Lewan (1989) and MacGowan and Surdam (1990b) have demonstrated that CAA generated in shale likely migrate in the oil phase along incipient shale microfractures to the sandstone reservoir, and thus are likely to not react much with the shale. Finally, we agree with Lundegard and Land that these areas require much additional experimental and field analysis, and petrographic study.
Commentary Paper 1 on "A Localized Approach to Abandoned Luggage Detection with Foreground-Mask Sampling"

The paper presents a method for the detection of abandoned luggage in video surveillance applications. The technique uses a foreground sampling method to localize abandoned luggage in the presence of cluttered scenes. A subsequent approach for person detection is proposed in order to detect the owners of the luggage, by using a combination of skin color detection and a generalized Hough transform for head-and-shoulders detection.
Potentiation of the inotropic effects of norepinephrine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP by theophylline

Abstract The positive inotropic response of the heart to catecholamines has been postulated to result from an increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate), produced by activation of myocardial adenylate cyclase. According to this hypothesis, inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the enzyme which hydrolyzes cyclic AMP to inactive 5′-AMP, should enhance the cardiac effects of catecholamines. We therefore examined the effects of theophylline, an inhibitor of cardiac phosphodiesterase, on the isometric contractile response of cat papillary muscles to varying concentrations of norepinephrine (10−11 to 10−5 m ), cyclic AMP (10−4 to 5 × 10−3 m ) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10−5 to 5 × 10−3 m ). The latter agent is a more lipid soluble derivative of cyclic AMP which is thought to reproduce the intracellular effects of the parent compound. Cyclic AMP produced no changes in isometric contractile function either in the presence or absence of theophylline. However, at a theophylline concentration (2.5 × 10−4 m ) which caused little increase in baseline contractile function (average increment in active tension less than 10%), a marked potentiation of the positive inotropic effects of norepinephrine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP was observed. The concentration of norepinephrine producing half-maximal increases in active tension and rate of tension development decreased from 10−7 to 10−8 m while that of dibutyryl cyclic AMP decreased from 8 × 10−4 to 4 × 10−4 m . Theophylline did not alter the positive inotropic effects of increasing extracellular calcium concentration (2.5 to 10 m m ), an intervention which is not thought to directly influence intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Although indirect, these findings provide further evidence that the positive inotropic effects of catecholamines are mediated via the adenylate cyclase cyclic AMP system.
Examination of Multiple Mode/Route-Choice Paradigms Under ATIS

The objective of this paper is to collect and analyze data that can be used to model mode- and different route-choice paradigms using same subjects and same experiment. In this paper, the authors estimated five models to address drivers' diversion, compliance, and route choice. In addition, the effect of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) on the mode choice is also considered. A travel simulator was used as a dynamic data collection tool. The simulator uses a realistic network, two modes of travel, real historical volumes, and different weather conditions. It provides five different levels of traffic information/advice, one at a time, and collects dynamic mode choices and pretrip (long-term) and en-route (short-term) route choices. The binomial and multinomial generalized extreme equations (BGEE and MGEE) were used to account for the correlation between repeated choices made by the same subject. In addition, MGEE accounts for the correlation between alternatives in multidimensional route-choice models. The modeling results showed that travel time and familiarity with the device that provides the information had significant effects on the first four models. It is shown that developing in-vehicle information devices may lead to a less transit usage in some cases; this indicates a potential drawback of this technology. Expressway users are shown as the most travel-time savers who would divert if they are guided to a less-travel-time alternative. The number of traffic signals on the normal and advised routes affects the diversion from the normal route and compliance with the pretrip advised route. This paper underlines the importance of modeling correlation, if it exists, in mode/route-choice data
Mechanically induced c-fos expression is mediated by cAMP in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts

In serum-deprived MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, mechanical stimulation caused by mild (287 x g) centrifugation induced a 10-fold increase in mRNA levels of the proto-oncogene, c-fos. Induction of c-fos was abolished by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor H-89, suggesting that the transient c-fos mRNA increase is mediated by cAMP. Down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) activity by chronic TPA treatment failed to significantly reduce c-fos induction, suggesting that TPA-sensitive isoforms of PKC are not responsible for c-fos up-regulation. In addition, 287 x g centrifugation increased intracellular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels 2.8-fold (P<0. 005). Since we have previously shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can induce c-fos expression via a cAMP-mediated mechanism, we asked whether the increase in c-fos mRNA was due to centrifugation-induced PGE2 release. Pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and flurbiprofen did not hinder the early induction of c-fos by mechanical stimulation. We conclude that c-fos expression induced by mild mechanical loading is dependent primarily on cAMP, not PKC, and initial induction of c-fos is not necessarily dependent on the action of newly synthesized PGE2.
Response of floret fertility and individual grain weight of wheat to high temperature stress: sensitive stages and thresholds for temperature and duration

Short episodes of high temperature (HT) stress during reproductive stages of crop development cause significant yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat plants of cultivar Chinese Spring were grown at various temperature regimes at several stages of reproductive development for different durations. The objectives of this research were to (i) identify the stage(s) most sensitive to HT stress during reproductive development, and (ii) determine threshold temperature and duration of HT stress that decrease floret fertility and individual grain weight. Two periods (first at 8–6 days before anthesis and second at 2–0 days before anthesis) during reproductive development were most sensitive to short episodes (2 or 5 days) of HT stress, causing maximum decreases in floret fertility. Short episodes (5 days) of mean daily temperatures >24°C imposed at start of heading quadratically decreased floret fertility, with the values reaching close to 0% around mean daily temperature of 35°C; and floret fertility and individual grain weight decreased linearly with increasing duration (in the range from 2 to 30 days) of HT stress when imposed at start of heading or start of grain filling respectively. HT stress caused morphological abnormalities in pollen, stigma and style. The combination of lower floret fertility (leading to decreased grain numbers) and decreased individual grain weights can cause significant decreases in grain yield. Further research to search for genetic variability for these traits and use them in breeding programs to develop tolerant genotypes that can provide yield stability under current and future climates is warranted.
Synthesis of water soluble graphene.

A facile and scalable preparation of aqueous solutions of isolated, sparingly sulfonated graphene is reported. 13C NMR and FTIR spectra indicate that the bulk of the oxygen-containing functional groups was removed from graphene oxide. The electrical conductivity of thin evaporated films of graphene (1250 S/m) relative to similarly prepared graphite (6120 S/m) implies that an extended conjugated sp2 network is restored in the water soluble graphene.
Oral Application Questions as a Teaching Strategy

This research evaluated effects of asking students to apply principles of learning, presented in a beginning psychology course, on examination scores. Compared to control subjects, treatment subjects performed better on factual questions but not on application questions. W e suggest that reviewing numerous examples of application questions helped students to integrate and remember the material better, but did not help them to apply principles to new situations.
Impact of BRDF on physics-based modeling as applied to target detection in hyperspectral imagery

Traditional approaches to hyperspectral target detection involve the application of detection algorithms to atmospherically compensated imagery. Rather than compensate the imagery, a more recent approach uses physical models to generate radiance signature spaces. The signature space is actually a representation of what the target might look like to the sensor as the reflectance propagates through the atmosphere. The model takes into account atmospherics, illumination conditions and target reflectivity. It is well known that the directional characteristics of reflectance vary considerably fromspecular to ideally diffuse (i.e., Lambertian). The current physical models assume the world is Lambertian. However, the reflectance properties are a function of wavelength, illumination angle, and viewing angle. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which is actually a scattering function analogous to the angular scattering coefficient, describes the bidirectional reflectance values of all combinations of input-output angles and wavelength. This paper examines the impact of using the Lambertian assumption as it relates to physics bases material detection. The bidirectional reflectance studied is parameterized, based on laboratory measurements, using the Beard- Maxwell model. This parameterized reflectance is then coupled to the physics-based sensor-reaching radiance model to generate signature spaces. The signature spaces, along with hyperspectral imagery, are used in a target detection scheme where results are assessed through visual analysis.
Psy-feld: An Innovative Didactic Using the TV Show Seinfeld to Teach Delusional Disorder Subtypes.

The primary purpose of this article is to introduce Psy-feld, an innovative didactic used to review mental disorders through discussion of the interpersonal relationships of the fictional characters created in Larry David’s situational comedy, Seinfeld. To introduce this novel didactic, several peripheral Seinfeld characters were selected, who while not afflicted with a psychotic disorder, demonstrate traits that serve to facilitate discussion to review the different subtypes of Delusional Disorder. Psy-feld is a 30-min faculty-facilitated didactic where a selected episode of the sitcom allows for review of multidisciplinary content areas considered germane to the practice of psychiatry. At Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 104 third-year medical students rotated on the Consultation-Liaison Service from July 2011–March 2014 and participated in Psy-feld. Of the 104 students who participated in Psy-feld, 99 completed surveys on the didactic. Students found the didactic to be of high quality, believed it enhanced their learning, and thought that it prepared them for their final SHELF exam. Students also found it enjoyable and preferred the didactic to more traditional forms of teaching such as large group lectures. Psy-feld is an example of an innovative teaching method that medical students found informative in reviewing teaching points of Delusional Disorder.
Folate and Pterin Metabolism by Cancer Cells in Culture

Malignant cells grown in culture excrete into their growth medium a folate catabolite that can be seen as a blue-fluorescent region on paper chromatograms of such media. This folate catabolite has now been identified by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as 6- hydroxymethylpterin and not as pterin-6-carboxaldehyde as previously reported. Moreover, when pterin-6-carboxaldehyde was added to the growth medium of logarithmically growing malignant cells, it was primarily reduced to 6-hydroxymethylpterin. In contrast pterin-6-carboxylate was the principal product formed from added pterin-6-carboxaldehyde by normal established cell lines in culture. These results have been interpreted as indicative of a possible mechanism of folate catabolism in malignant cells. Folic acid or another folate derivative is oxidatively cleaved at the C-9-N-10 bond to yield pterin-6-carboxaldehyde as one of the products. This derivative is subsequently reduced to 6-hydroxymethylpterin, which is excreted into the growth medium.
The effect of an initial hypocentral stress upon the radiation patterns of P and S waves

Abstract The effect of an initial hypocentral deviatoric stress upon the radiation patterns of radiated P and S waves is explicitly described for the case of an infinitesimal, nonpropagating seismic dislocation. A nonzero hypocentral stress deviator produces two small changes in the familiar quadrupole radiation pattern; it gives rise to a small additional explosion-like component, and it acts to skew slightly the quadrupole component relative to the fault plane and auxiliary plane. The latter phenomenon is not of sufficient magnitude to give rise to any serious uncertainties in the interpretation of fault-plane solutions; in fact, both phenomena are so small that they will be exceedingly difficult ever to detect. The recent measurements of P -wave amplitudes on the focal sphere by Randall and Knopoff (1970) cannot be explained by these results.
Isolation and characterization of the Treponema denticola prtA gene coding for chymotrypsinlike protease activity and detection of a closely linked gene encoding PZ-PLGPA-hydrolyzing activity.

The chymotrypsinlike protease gene (prtA) from Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 was isolated from a lambda gt11 clone bank as one of several clones expressing protease activity. The DNA from one positive clone capable of hydrolyzing type IV collagen was subcloned into plasmid vector pUC119 for further analysis. Deletion analysis of subclone pXQ27.2 revealed the approximate location of the prtA gene on the DNA insert. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of crude cell extracts of the subclone revealed two distinct T. denticola enzymes, one hydrolyzing SAAPNA (succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide [chymotrypsin substrate]) and the other hydrolyzing PZ-PLGPA (phenylazobenzyl-oxycarbonyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-prolyl-D -arginine [collagenase substrate]). Each activity was purified to near homogeneity and exhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis estimated molecular sizes of 67 and 36 kDa, respectively. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis demonstrated that only the 67-kDa SAAPNA-hydrolyzing enzyme reacted with antibody against the T. denticola chymotrypsinlike protease. The purified SAAPNA-hydrolyzing enzyme degraded type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, but not type I collagen. These results indicate that the prtA gene coding for the chymotrypsinlike protease from T. denticola has been isolated. Another distinct gene encoding an enzyme hydrolyzing PZ-PLGPA appears to be adjacent to the prtA gene. Images
Three Problematic Truths About the Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009

The creation of a new Consumer Financial Protection Agency (“CFPA”) is a very bad idea and should be rejected. The proposal is not salvageable and cannot be improved in substance or in form. The foundational premise of the CFPA is that a failure of consumer protection, and specifically irrational consumer behavior in lending markets, was a meaningful cause of the financial crisis and that the CFPA would have or could have averted the crisis or lessened its effects. To the contrary, there is no evidence that consumer ignorance or irrationality was a substantial cause of the crisis or that the existence of a CFPA could have prevented the problems that occurred. The CFPA is likely to do more harm than good for consumers. In this article, we highlight three fundamentally problematic truths about the CFPA: (1) The CFPA is premised on a flawed understanding of the financial crisis, (2) the CFPA will have significant unintended consequences, including but not limited to reducing competition, consumer choice, and availability of credit to consumers for productive uses; and (3) the CFPA creates a powerful bureaucracy with undefined scope, risking expensive and wasteful regulatory overlap at both the federal and state levels without any evidence of its own expertise in the core areas it is designed to regulate.
Markedly different genome arrangements between serotype a strains and serotypes b or c strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Background Bacterial phenotype may be profoundly affected by the physical arrangement of their genes in the genome. The Gram-negative species Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a major etiologic agent of human periodontitis. Individual clonal types of A. actinomycetemcomitans may exhibit variable virulence and different patterns of disease association. This study examined the genome arrangement of A. actinomycetemcomitans using the genome sequences of serotypes a-c strains. The genome alignment and rearrangement were analyzed by the MAUVE and the GRIMM algorithms. The distribution patterns of genes along the leading/lagging strands were investigated. The occurrence and the location of repeat sequences relative to the genome rearrangement breakpoints were also determined.