cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and thermodynamic stability of GaAs(001) surfaces

Abstract The surface energies for a set of structural models for the reconstructions occuring on GaAs(001) were calculated with the first principles pseudopotential method and the local density approximation. On the basis of these calculations we are able to rule out the single-dimer-vacancy model for the 2 × 4 surface as a possible equilibrium structure. In the As-rich limit we find the c (4 × 4) As addimer model to be energetically favorable. As the Ga chemical potential increases the surface is predicted to transform into the β2(2 × 4) structure having two As dimers in the top layer and a third As dimer in the third layer. The α(2 × 4) structure, with two As dimers above a complete layer of Ga is found to be stable in a very narrow range. The β(4 × 2) structure and the model recently proposed by Skala et al. for the (4 × 2) reconstruction were determined to be energetically unfavorable. In the Ga-rich limit the lowest energy structure we have obtained is the β2(4 × 2) model.
Purification and comparative properties of the delta and sigma subunits of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis delta protein is a 21500-Mr polypeptide that can be isolated in association with RNA polymerase holoenzyme from uninfected bacteria and with modified forms of RNA polymerase from cells infected with phage SP01 [Pero, J., Nelson, J. and Fox, T. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1589]. Although no function has been assigned to δ protein in uninfected cells, this host polypeptide enhances the specificity of transcription by phage-modified forms of RNA polymerase that contain SP01-coded regulatory subunits. This report describes the purification of δ and σ proteins from uninfected B. subtilis and examines the comparative effects of these polypeptides on transcription by core RNA polymerase. Purified σ polypeptide was found to stimulate the transcription of phage DNA while having little effect on RNA synthesis with the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT) as template. In contrast, purified δ protein markedly depressed the transcription of poly(dA-dT) while having little effect on enzyme activity with phage DNA as template. The inhibitory effect of δ protein on poly(dA-dT) transcription was strongly dependent on the presence of KCl in the RNA synthesis reaction mixture.
Evaluation of constant-Weber-number scaling for icing tests

Previous studies showed that for conditions simulating an aircraft encountering super-cooled water droplets the droplets may splash before freezing. Other surface effects dependent on the water surface tension may also influence the ice accretion process. Consequently, the Weber number appears to be important in accurately scaling ice accretion. A scaling method which uses a constant-Weber-number approach has been described previously; this study provides an evaluation of this scaling method. Tests are reported on cylinders of 2.5 to 15-cm diameter and NACA 0012 airfoils with chords of 18 to 53 cm in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The larger models were used to establish reference ice shapes, the scaling method was applied to determine appropriate scaled test conditions using the smaller models, and the ice shapes were compared. Icing conditions included warm glaze, horn glaze and mixed. The smallest size scaling attempted was 1/3, and scale and reference ice shapes for both cylinders and airfoils indicated that the constant-Weber-number scaling method was effective for the conditions tested.
Human dentin and the dentin-resin adhesive interface

Dentin, the inner hard tissue of teeth, is a complex hydrated composite and forms the substrate for much of restorative dentistry. Current efforts to improve restorative and preventive dentistry involve the development of effective bonds to this tissue. Modern bonding techniques involve etching the dentin to remove the mineral portion, leaving a collagen network that can be infiltrated with a monomer and polymerized in place to form a mechanical bond. The objective of this study was to investigate the nature of the interfacial zone, called the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone, using scanning electron microscopy for characterization and thickness measurements, X-ray tomographic microscopy for fracture characteristics and atomic force microscopy for the local modulus and hardness variations.
A 100-kilodalton protein is associated with the murine interleukin 2 receptor: biochemical evidence that p100 is distinct from the alpha and beta chains.

Abstract Two proteins that specifically bind the T-cell growth factor interleukin 2 (IL-2) have been identified previously on the surface of T cells; these proteins have been designated IL-2R alpha and IL-2R beta for the alpha and beta chains of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). The association of these independent binding proteins with each other on the surface of activated T cells correlates with the generation of high-affinity binding sites. These high-affinity sites transduce the major mitogenic signal of IL-2, yet the mechanisms of association of the alpha and beta chains with each other as well as signal transduction in response to IL-2 are unknown. Cotransfection experiments of cDNAs encoding the alpha and beta chains in T cells and fibroblasts have suggested functional requirements for other T cell-specific factor(s). We now provide biochemical evidence for a distinct 100-kDa protein that interacts with the alpha or beta chains, or both, on the surface of the IL-2-dependent cell line CTLL-2 as well as activated murine splenocytes. This same 100-kDa protein is capable of being chemically cross-linked to 125I-labeled IL-2.
Scalable product line configuration: a straw to break the camel's back

Software product lines are hard to configure. Techniques that work for medium sized product lines fail for much larger product lines such as the Linux kernel with 6000+ features. This paper presents simple heuristics that help the Indicator-Based Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA) in finding sound and optimum configurations of very large variability models in the presence of competing objectives. We employ a combination of static and evolutionary learning of model structure, in addition to utilizing a pre-computed solution used as a "seed" in the midst of a randomly-generated initial population. The seed solution works like a single straw that is enough to break the camel's back -given that it is a feature-rich seed. We show promising results where we can find 30 sound solutions for configuring upward of 6000 features within 30 minutes.
Long‐term Results of Radiofrequency Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Cluster Headache

Although the primary treatment of chronic cluster headache is medical, surgical treatment is sometimes used. The authors reviewed the charts of seven patients (ages 36 to 68 years) with chronic cluster headache to identify who responded best to percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy after medical treatment failed. All patients had immediate pain relief after surgery. At follow-up (median 5 years, range 2 to 20 years), two patients remained pain-free 7 and 20 years later (excellent results); three patients had mild pain recurrence that was well controlled on medications (good results) 6 to 12 months after surgery; and two patients had major pain recurrence 4 days and 2 months after surgery (poor results). Six patients had relief of vasomotor symptoms. One patient had transient diplopia and keratitis without permanent sequelae. Both patients with excellent results had pre-operative major pain around the eye; both patients with poor results had major pain around the temple, ear, and cheek; and the three patients with good results had pain equally severe in the eye, temple, and cheek. There was no association between patient age or sex, pain duration, preoperative response to lidocaine blockade, or previous surgery with pain relief. No differences occurred in pain relief between patients with dense hypalgesia and patients with analgesia. The authors conclude that (1) some patients with chronic cluster headache treated by percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy achieve long-term pain relief, and (2) surgery on the trigeminovascular system alone may not cure the condition in patients with major pain around the temple, ear, and cheek.
Analytic solution to the resonance problem of screened coulomb potentials

An analytic method for the calculation of shape resonances for certain potentials is presented. In this approach a large number of recurrence relations are explicitly evaluated in order to obtain high accuracy. The simplicity of the computation allows the inclusion of very many terms without encountering the familiar instabilities of standard expansion methods with increasing basis size.
Characterization of multicolor type-II InAs/GaSb strained-layer superlattice photodetectors for use in astronomical observation

We report on the testing of a set of InAs/GaSb multicolor strained-layer superlattice photodetectors and Dotin- Well detectors grown with InAs dots in InGaAs/GaAs wells fabricated by the Center for High Technology Materials at the University of New Mexico. These devices are 2-color devices sensitive to near-IR and mid-IR wavelengths. The wavelength sensitivities of these devices are a function of the applied forward and reverse bias. We present measurements of the dark current and relative spectral response of these photodetectors measured at both cryogenic and room temperatures.
The Effect of Gravity on Premixed Flame Propagation and Extinction in a Vertical Standard Flammability Tube

The effect of gravity on the upward and downward flame propagation in lean methane/air and lean propane/air mixtures was studied using plexiglass flammability tubes with ignition at the open-end gravity levels which ranged from microgravity (0 + or - 0.1 g) to 1.77 g. The lean limits were found to be about 5.25, 5.25, and 5.85 percent methane in air; and about 2.15, 2.06, and 2.20 percent propane in air for 1 g upward propagation, 0 g, and 1 g downward propagation, respectively. The propane/air flames observed were stable, irrespective of the g level. On the other hand, lean methane/air flames were found to be sporadically unstable for upward propagation at g levels less than 0.5 g, and for donward propagation at g = 1.0. The extinction process observed was the same for both systems studied: at g = 0, the flame extinguished from the edge toward the center, while at g of 1 and above, the flame extinguished from the center toward the edge.
Large-field color matching functions

Color-matching functions (CMFs) were derived with the Maxwell method for 10 subjects using two field conditions: (1) horizontally bisected circular 10° and (2) vertically bisected rectangular 102° (wide) × 50° (high). The primary set was composed of 453–533–601 nm components with a mean full-width at half maximum of 18.3 nm; the reference field was illuminated with daylight fluorescent lamplight. Field size had a significant effect on the shape of the resulting CMFs. Under the large-field conditions subjects were less sensitive to shorter wavelengths as characterized with the b function and had higher sensitivities to the longer wavelengths as characterized with the r function. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 18–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20170
Synthesis of a cross-bridged cyclam derivative for peptide conjugation and 64Cu radiolabeling.

The increased use of copper radioisotopes in radiopharmaceutical applications has created a need for bifunctional chelators (BFCs) that form stable radiocopper complexes and allow covalent attachment to biological molecules. Previous studies have established that 4,11-bis-(carbo-tert-butoxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (H2CB-TE2A), a member of the ethylene “cross-bridged” cyclam (CB-cyclam) class of bicyclic tetraaza macrocycles, forms highly kinetically stable complexes with Cu(II) and is less susceptible to in vivo transchelation than its nonbridged analogue, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA). Herein, we report a convenient synthesis of a novel cross-bridged BFC that is structurally analogous to CB-TE2A in that it possesses two coordinating acetate arms, but in addition possesses a third orthogonally protected arm for conjugation to peptides and other targeting agents. Application of this strategy to cross-bridged chelators may also enable the develop...
SU‐FF‐T‐246: Novel ZnO Nanotips: Potential Nanomaterials for New Generation of Radiation Detectors

Purpose: Current dosimetry technology is limited by large detector size (ion chambers), complex handling processes (TLDs), energy dependent and limited dynamic range (films), and thermal noise and low sensitivity (narrow bandgap semiconductor-based dosimeters). Wide bandgap materials have lower background carrier concentration and better temperature stability. ZnO is an emerging wide bandgap semiconductor with a direct bandgap Eg∼3.30 eV at room temperature. ZnO is biocompatible and significantly more radiation-hard than Si, GaAs, or GaN. Thus, nanoscale ZnO is particularly suitable for long term in vivo therapeutic X-ray and γ-ray measurements. Here, we report our preliminary investigations of ZnO nanotips for potential medical dosimetry applications. Method and Materials: High-quality ZnO nanotips were grown on Si substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The as-grown ZnO nanotip samples (n=20) were irradiated using 6 MV, 15 MV, 9 MeV, and 20 MeV photon and electron beams on a VARIAN CLINAC 21EX. The irradiated samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS), and sheet resistance measurements to characterize the radiation effects. Results: Irradiated ZnO nanotips were found to exhibit identical morphology and functionality as the as-grown ones without observable lattice damage or defect. XRD data showed no change in the intensity or the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peaks. The nanotips maintained the primary c-axis orientation, further peaks other than ZnO (002) – (004) doublet and substrate Si (400) were not observed, indicating absence of secondary phase formation or change in structure. Particularly, they maintained good electrical, optical, and crystal properties, the key to make X-ray and γ-ray detectors based on ZnO nanotips. Conclusion: ZnO nanotips are a promising new generation of nanomaterials with great potentials in nano-electronics, nano-photonics, high-resolution real-time in vivo dosimetry, integrated dose measurement by implantation, and microbeam calibration and profiling.
The Renewed Woman Of American Islam: Shifting Lenses Toward ‘Gender Jihad?'

En reponse aux defis modernes lances a l'islam, des femmes musulmanes defendent, resistent, ajustent ou changent leur role historique dans des cercles musulmans americains d'aujourd'hui. Trois musulmanes, Amina Wadud, Amira Sonbol et Sharifa Alkhateeb sont particulierement interessantes dans leurs efforts pour renegocier les bases memes du leadership musulman en y ajoutant l'autorite de voix feminines. La force de leurs contributions reside dans l'autorite d'un Coran dont elles se sont servi pour formuler des idees nouvelles sur les femmes, le role des sexes et la societe musulmane, idees qu'il est difficile de contester meme par la perspective androcentrique de l'islam traditionnel.
Utility of the inversion scout sequence (TI scout) in diagnosing myocardial amyloid infiltration

To evaluate the utility of inversion scout (TI-scout) obtained during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in diagnosing myocardial amyloid infiltration. A retrospective analysis of CMR exams in 39 patients (24 males, age range 29–77 years) was performed. Imaging was performed on a 1.5T system, and included steady state cine, post contrast TI-scout and delayed enhancement images. Evaluations included studies in 13 patients with myocardial amyloidosis and 26 patients without myocardial amyloidosis. To characterize abnormal nulling, the time to myocardial nulling on the TI scout was compared to the null times of the blood pool and spleen for each scan. The sensitivity and specificity of different tissue nulling abnormalities for myocardial amyloidosis were computed. The null times of tissues in 18/26 (69 %) patients in the non-amyloid group followed a consistent order with the blood pool null time preceding the myocardial nulling which was equal to that of splenic nulling (Type 1 pattern). This order differed in all 13 patients with myocardial amyloidosis described as three non-mutually exclusive nulling categories: 10 patients had myocardial null time preceding or coincident with blood pool (Type 2 pattern); in 11 patients myocardial null time was non-coincident with splenic nulling (Type 3 pattern); and in 8 patients myocardial null time was non-coincident with both blood pool AND splenic nulling (Type 4 pattern). While no patient exhibited Type 4 nulling pattern in the non-amyloid group, 1/26 patient had a Type 2 and 7/26 patients had a Type 3 nulling pattern. A sensitivity of 100 % was obtained when either Type 2 OR Type 3 nulling was present while a specificity of 100 % was obtained when both Type 2 AND Type 3 nulling were present together (Type 4 pattern). Our study demonstrates that the pattern of nulling on the TI scout sequence CMR has potential diagnostic utility for the presence of myocardial amyloidosis. The temporal pattern of myocardial, blood pool and splenic nulling needs to be carefully evaluated on the TI scout sequence and could prove useful in other infiltrative cardiomyopathies.
On minors avoiding elements in matroids

Let ℱ be a collection of 3-connected matroids, none a proper minor of another, such that if M is a 3-connected matroid having a proper ℱ-minor and e is an element of M , then M has an ℱ-minor avoiding e . This paper proves that there are precisely two collections ℱ with this property: { U 2,4 } and { U 2,4 , M ( K 4 )}. Several extensions of this result and some similar results for 2-connected matroids are also established.
Sources of information which affect training and raising of heart rate.

This study was concerned with the effects of cardiac information and reinforcement on raising heart rate (HR). The experiment consisted of a 3 × 2 design with three types of cardiac information and two reinforcement conditions. The cardiac information given to Ss consisted of instructions to control an internal response (no specific HR information), instructions to increase HR (specific HR information), or instructions to increase HR while hearing heart beats through earphones (augmented HR information). External reinforcement was given to one-half of these Ss, while the remaining Ss received no external reinforcement. Sixty female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of these six experimental groups. Analyses of these data indicate that Ss in both the augmented and specific HR information groups were able to increase their HR. The no specific HR information groups showed no increases in HR, suggesting that awareness of the criterion response plays an important role in raising HR. No differences were found between the reinforcement conditions.
Distribution and function of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase in transplanted hearts.

Introducing recombinant genes into donor hearts may offer a therapeutic intervention that could potentially attenuate the complications of heart transplantation, including rejection, infection and accelerated atherosclerosis. In the cardiovascular system, reduced bioactivity of endothelial nitric oxide is a feature of atherosclerosis and vascular injury. Nitric oxide is an arterial vasodilator that also inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and platelet aggregation. Experiments were designed to determine the distribution of adenoviral-mediated transfer of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) and the effect of recombinant gene expression on the function of transplanted hearts. Adenoviral vectors for (a) bovine eNOS (AdeNOS) or (b) β-galactosidase (AdLacZ; control) were infused into two groups ( n =12, per group) of explanted rat hearts. The transduced hearts were then implanted heterotopically into the abdomen of syngeneic recipient rats. After four days, the hearts were excised and examined for distribution and function of the recombinant genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) verified the presence of the recombinant eNOS gene in eNOS-transduced but not in β-galactosidase-transduced hearts; reverse transcriptase-PCR identified mRNA for eNOS in AdeNOS-transduced hearts. NOS activity (conversion of tritiated l-arginine to citrulline) was greater in homogenates of AdeNOS- compared to AdLacZ-transduced hearts. Positive immunoreactivity for eNOS was present in cardiomyocytes predominantly in eNOS-transduced hearts. Myocardial contractility and coronary blood flow, as determined using a Langendorff preparation, were not different between hearts transduced with AdeNOS or AdLacZ. These results suggest that, up to four days post transplantation, adenoviral-mediated transfer of eNOS into transplanted hearts is possible. However, expression of the recombinant protein did not result in measurable changes in myocardial contractility or coronary perfusion.
How (not) to test an optimality model

The controversy over the use of optimality models in the investigation of adaptation is long-standing. Nonetheless, little or no attention has been paid in this debate to the most important question to be asked about such models: how should the test of an optimality model be structured if the local optimality of the trait is to be assessed? Here we answer this question and describe how such a test can contribute to a test of adaptationism.
The effect of external salinity upon lipid synthesis in the blue crab callinectes sapidus rathbun and in the spider crab libinia em arginata leech

Abstract 1. 1. Callinectes sapidus and Libinia emarginata were injected with 14 C acetate and placed in full or half strength sea water. 2. 2. Tissue samples were taken at intervals and lipids were analyzed for radioactivity. 3. 3. There was a significant enhancement of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine biosynthesis in the gill of C. sapidus in the first 24 hr after dilution but not in the gill of L. emarginata . 4. 4. The possible significance of increased phospholipid synthesis in C. sapidus gill following dilution is discussed.
The school as a bargaining point in language politics: The Belgian language law of 1932

Abstract It is commonly held that the French‐speaking population of Flanders, living mostly in the Brussels area, lost out heavily when Dutch was made the sole medium of instruction in their primary and secondary schools in 1932. The French speakers, it is argued, accepted the linguistic defeat out because in non‐linguistic terms it was also a victory for them, as political Liberals, over conservative Catholicism, since private Catholic schools would be treated no differently from state schools in the enforcement of Dutch‐medium instruction under the new legislation. The interpretation assumes that linguistic preferences are absolutes on which there is no compromise without the intervention of non‐linguistic considerations. But a closer analysis of primary sources suggests that the French‐speaking population of Flanders did envisage linguistic compromise, i.e. bilingualism, and used the Liberal vs. Catholic issue to win concessions for French in the emerging realignment of languages.
REACTION SPEED AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY IN NORMALS AND RETARDATES.

Summary.-The reaction times of retardates and normals were compared as a function of intensity of the reaction signal. Three intensity levels of a 1000cycle tone were used: 5, 15, and 25 db above threshold. Each S was presented all tones in a completely counterbalanced order. The results revealed that both intelligence groups reacted faster with each increase in intensity of the signal. Since no significant interactions emerged, it cannot be concluded that the groups benefited differentially from increases in intensity of reaction signal. It is suggested that retardates may have a sensory set whereas normals have a motor set in rhe reaction time task. According to the results of two previous reaction time studies (Baumeister, Beedle, Urquhart, & Smith, 1964; Baumeister, Hawkins, & Kellas, 1965) increases in the intensity of the signal to respond are somewhat more advantageous to the performance of retardates than to that of normals. In the second of these investigations, Ss were presented response signal tones at 25, 50, and 75 db above threshold. It was found that the order of presentation influenced performance of the retarded Ss. Those who were given the most intense tone first reacted faster when tested with the weaker stimuli. The authors suggested that perhaps the intense stimulation aroused the defective Ss and that this arousal facilitated their responses to the weaker tones. The present research investigation attempted to confirm the previous findings by employing a series of cones which were much closer to threshold. Ir is well-known that increments in intensity of stimuli near the threshold value produce a much more substantial improvement in RT than do increases in stimuli which are considerably above the threshold (Woodworth & Schlosberg, 1961). Since retarded Ss profited more than normals from increases in intensity of an already relatively strong RS, it seemed probable that this effect would be even more pronounced for values which were nearer to threshold. METHOD Subjects.-Ss (N = 30) were institutionalized, male, cultural-familial defectives, with a mean age of 39.3 yr. Their average IQ was 56.3. Ss with gross sensory or motor defects were excluded. Thirty normals were obtained; these were university students and faculty and institutional employees. The normal group had a mean age of 35.8 yr. Apparatur.-The apparatus has been described previously (Baumeister, Hawkins, &
Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit: Controversies and Dilemmas

Nosocomial pneumonia (NP), and its most serious form, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the ICU. Numerous controversies exist, from diagnostic criteria to prevention and treatment, including the issues of attributable mortality of VAP, differences in the approach to early and late VAP, and the best diagnostic methods. Initial, accurate therapy is one of the most important factors determining outcome in VAP. Antibiotic monotherapy versus combination therapy is not clearly defined, as clinicians struggle with the dual risk of inadequate therapy negatively affecting outcome and overtreatment promoting antibiotic resistance. The role of airway and gastrointestinal colonization and innovative preventive strategies such as noninvasive ventilation, antibiotic rotation, and aerosolized antibiotics are discussed. No uniform standards exist for the approach to VAP. The authors highlight the major controversies and dilemmas in the clinical approach to VAP, with recommendations for the bedside management of these patients.
Intermittent cold water swim stress increases immobility and interferes with escape performance in rat

The behavioral consequences of intermittent, 5 s cold-water swims (15 degrees C) or confinement were assessed 24 h after stress in a 5 min forced swim test or an instrumental swim escape test (SET). The SET was conducted with temporal and instrumental parameters similar to the shock-motivated shuttle escape test. The tests detected significantly increased immobility in the forced swim test and increased latency to escape in the SET. These results extend previous findings with intermittent swim stress and provide evidence that intermittent swim stress produces behavioral deficits similar to other stress models. This new model may be a useful tool for exploring the physiological mechanisms underlying the stress response.
Trip making, induced travel demand, and accessibility

Traditional transportation planning practice rests on the premise that the demand for transportation is derived. On the other hand, economic theory advances that enhancement to the transportation system leads to lower travel cost and hence to “induced demand.” Such an argument lends support to the view that the rate at which trips are generated is linked to the ease of making trips to potential destinations. Rather conflicting evidence has so far come out of aggregate trip generation modeling applications. This paper revisits this issue with proper characterization of integral accessibility. Poisson regression models of automobile trip generation by trip purpose are estimated on travel survey data in Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN. Alternative measures of accessibility are tested for statistical significance. Conclusions are drawn on the role of accessibility in trip making and on the comparison of integral accessibility measures.
Childhood brain tumors: epidemiology, current management and future directions.

Brain tumors are among the most common childhood cancers and are the leading cause of cancer-related childhood mortality. In this Review, Pollack and Jakacki describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of childhood brain tumors, with a particular focus on how treatment of the most common subtypes of childhood brain tumors has evolved over time, and the future approaches that could lead to improved outcome for these pediatric patients.
Retrieving Civil Society in a Postmodern Epoch

Abstract This article develops Jurgen Habermas' emphasis on critical theory as a means to retrieve the social and restore its place as a central concept in the social sciences. It argues that Habermas has been misinterpreted by varieties of thinkers across political, ideological, and intellectual domains; and has been misused by neoconservatives and postmodernists in particular. Habermas' critical theory is driven by an emphasis on social and political praxis, and establishes the possibility of an authentic social existence. At the base of this existence is a solid moral order that defines human existence in terms of Reason rather than in terms of Power. In effect, civil society is possible when humanity can be free to engage in an informed political discourse that is based on shared understandings of legal and societal normative structures.
Large-scale inference and graph-theoretical analysis of gene-regulatory networks in B. Subtilis

We present the methods and results of a two-stage modeling process that generates candidate gene-regulatory networks of the bacterium B.subtilis from experimentally obtained, yet mathematically underdetermined microchip array data. By employing a computational, linear correlative procedure to generate these networks, and by analyzing the networks from a graph theoretical perspective, we are able to verify the biological viability of our inferred networks, and we demonstrate that our networks’ graph-theoretical properties are remarkably similar to those of other biological systems. In addition, by comparing our inferred networks to those of a previous, noisier implementation of the linear inference process [A. Gupta, J.D. Varner, C.D. Maranas, Comput. Chem. Eng. 29 (2005) 565], we are able to identify trends in graph-theoretical behavior that occur both in our networks as well as in their perturbed counterparts. These commonalities in behavior at multiple levels of complexity allow us to ascertain the level of complexity to which our process is robust to noise.
Creating typical jagged force‐deformation relationships from the irregular and irreproducible compression data of crunchy foods

The irregular jagged force-deformation relationships of two snacks stored at nine levels of relative humidity were used to create typical-averaged relationships by a special mathematical procedure developed on the basis of the statistical properties of random sequences. The typical force-deformation relationships so created were practically indistinguishable from the original experimental ones from which they were derived. In principle, they can be used to identify conditions where textural changes take place and to establish criteria for textual classification of samples by visual comparison.
The Chemical and Biological Versatility of Riboflavin

Since their discovery and chemical characterization in the 1930s, flavins have been recognized as being capable of both one- and two-electron transfer processes, and as playing a pivotal role in coupling the two-electron oxidation of most organic substrates to the one-electron transfers of the respiratory chain. In addition, they are now known as versatile compounds that can function as electrophiles and nucleophiles, with covalent intermediates of flavin and substrate frequently being involved in catalysis. Flavins are thought to contribute to oxidative stress through their ability to produce superoxide, but at the same time flavins are frequently involved in the reduction of hydroperoxides, products of oxygen-derived radical reactions. Flavoproteins play an important role in soil detoxification processes via the hydroxylation of many aromatic compounds, and a simple flavoprotein in liver microsomes catalyses many reactions similar to those carried out by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Flavins are involved in the production of light in bioluminescent bacteria, and are intimately connected with light-initiated reactions such as plant phototropism and nucleic acid repair processes. Recent reports also link them to programmed cell death. The chemical versatility of flavoproteins is clearly controlled by specific interactions with the proteins with which they are bound. One of the main thrusts of current research is to try to define the nature of these interactions, and to understand in chemical terms the various steps involved in catalysis by flavoprotein enzymes.
Digametic sex determination in the marine polychaete, Capitella capitata (species type I)

Digametic sex determination in the marine polychaete, Capitella capitata (species type I)
Efficient SAS Programs for Computing Path Coefficients and Index Weights for Selection Indices

Path-coefficient analysis has been useful in identifying indirect selection criteria for complex quantitative traits in crop and animal breeding programs. It is also useful in sociological and psychological research. Here, details on the use of a new computer program called “Kang_SASPath” are given with an example. This program efficiently computes direct and indirect effects, residual effect, and coefficient of determination in an understandable manner. Similarly, program code is also provided for computing index weights for constructing selection indices, which can be useful in simultaneously selecting for multiple quantitative traits in breeding programs. Both the computer programs can be useful in research as well as in teaching in the area of breeding. These computer programs are user-friendly and easily comprehensible, and can be implemented using PROC IML statement of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS).
Maps from the Two-Ball to the Three-Ball

In [4], Webster proved the following: Theorem. Let B . = { z e C " : ][7,[]2 3, is a proper holomorphic map which is C a up to the boundary of B,, then f is linear fractional. The purpose of this paper is to extend this result to the case n=2. However, the theorem is false when n = 2 f need not be linear fractional. So instead of trying to prove this false theorem, we shall instead try to make a list of maps f : Bz--*B a which are C 3 up to the boundary. Of course, given such an f, we can get another such by composing f with an automorphism of B 2 and an automorphism of B a. So we make the
Investigation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell parallel flow field with induced cross flow

We present a novel idea to utilize a parallel channel design with a pressure difference between channels in an effort to maintain a short flow path, while attaining the cross flow inherent in serpentine flow fields. For this study, a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell with the ability to control the back pressure on every other flow channel (high pressure channels, HPCs), in order to induce cross flow from the high pressure to the low pressure channels (LPCs), was designed and built. Polarization curves for different back pressures on the HPCs and for different stoichiometries on the cathode were measured. Performance gains were found at the end of the ohmic and mass transport loss regimes (voltages under 0.55 V). Secondly, the current density and net power (subtracting approximate pumping work) were determined based on HPC back pressure at steady state voltages of 0.5 V, 0.3 V, and 0.1 V. The parallel flow field with induced cross flow at the optimal back pressure had up to a 24% improvement in current density and a 14% improvement in net power over the standard parallel channel design.
Monte Carlo Markov chain methods and model selection in genetic epidemiology

Model selection and parameter estimation is an integral part of genetic analyses leading up to gene identification. However, exact computation of likelihoods for complex models on large pedigrees is not possible. Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) methods provide a computationally feasible way of estimating these likelihoods and associated parameters. The practical utility of these methods depends on their performance, compared to both existing approximation methods, and to absolute measures. Simulations suggest that a current implementation of MCMC methods offers modest advantages over a current approximation method in the context of the mixed model, but that distinguishing polygenic from oligogenic effects may require sufficiently more complex models, requiring MCMC methods for a practical solution.
Theory of deep-inelastic scattering from light nuclei

We present a theory of deep-inelastic scattering from light nuclei that may be formulated in the target rest frame. (In our approach we can avoid the ambiguities that arise when boosting wave functions of light nuclei to an infinite momentum frame.) The resulting theory is applicable at relatively low values of momentum transfer and allows for a systematic treatment of off-mass-shell effects. We calculate the asymmetry in polarized leptoproduction from polarized $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ targets and also provide expressions for the spin-independent and spin-dependent structure functions of these nuclei.
Iterative algorithm for improving the resolution of video sequences

This paper introduces an iterative and temporally recursive technique to improve the spatial resolution of a video sequence. Such iterative techniques have a number of advantages, among which are the ability to incorporate prior information into the restoration and the removal of the need for taking inverses of matrices. At each iteration, a residual (error) term is added to the current estimate of the high resolution frame. This residual term is based on a model which mathematically describes the relationship between the low resolution images and their corresponding high resolution images. This model incorporates the motion between the frames, and in the most general case, takes into account occlusions and newly uncovered areas. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. Keywords: video enhancement , interpolation, motion compensation , subsampling
The Presence of Carbonic-Dominant Volatiles during the Crystallization of Sulfide-Bearing Mafic Pegmatites in the North Roby Zone, Lac des Iles Complex, Ontario

Mafic pegmatites in the platinum-group element (PGE)-mineralized Roby zone, Lac des Iles Complex, northwest Ontario, Canada, comprise dikes, veins, and irregular pods of coarse-grained magnesiohornblende, pyroxene, and labradorite-andesine with minor biotite, apatite, Fe-Ti oxides and intercumulus quartz that grades into massive quartz or graphic quartz-base metal sulfide-vysotskite [Pd, Ni(S)] intergrowth at their cores. Quartz, apatite, and magnesiohornblende host primary and secondary assemblages of one- or two-phase carbonic fluid (CO 2 ± up to ~10% CH 4 ± minor H 2 O, N 2 ) inclusions that contain ore metals (Ni, Cu, Pd, Bi, Te, Fe). Rare trails of late-stage, high-salinity, aqueous fluid inclusions are secondary in origin and, therefore, unrelated to the crystallization of the pegmatites. Assemblages of primary carbonic fluid inclusions show considerable variation in mode and temperature of homogenization, reflecting large fluctuations in confining pressure at the time of quartz crystallization of as much as ~1 kbar (in single quartz crystals) and ~2.8 kbars (all data). Independent thermobarometric methods constrain conditions for the following two stages of pegmatite formation (and carbonic fluid entrapment): (1) the crystallization of magnesiohornblende-plagioclase intergrowth at T ~650° to 850°C, and P ~1 to 3 kbars; and (2) the crystallization of quartz at T ~535° to 650°C, and P ~0.4 to 3.2 kbars, setting the maximum depth of emplacement of the Lac des Iles Complex North Roby zone magma at 10 to 12 km. The results indicate that aqueous-dominant volatile phases were absent during the crystallization of pegmatitic gabbroic rocks at the Lac des Iles Complex and that water-poor, carbonic fluid entrapment persisted to well below solidus conditions. A role played by carbonic fluid as a potential transport medium for ligands involved in the precipitation and remobilization of the PGE and base metals is strongly suggested and warrants further investigation.
Conservation of Dcm-mediated cytosine DNA methylation in Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli , cytosine DNA methylation is catalyzed by the DNA cytosine methyltransferase (Dcm) protein and occurs at the second cytosine in the sequence 5′CCWGG3′. Although the presence of cytosine DNA methylation was reported over 35 years ago, the biological role of 5-methylcytosine in E. coli remains unclear. To gain insight into the role of cytosine DNA methylation in E. coli , we (1) screened the 72 strains of the ECOR collection and 90 recently isolated environmental samples for the presence of the full-length dcm gene using the polymerase chain reaction; (2) examined the same strains for the presence of 5-methylcytosine at 5′CCWGG3′ sites using a restriction enzyme isoschizomer digestion assay; and (3) quantified the levels of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine in selected strains using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Dcm-mediated cytosine DNA methylation is conserved in all 162 strains examined, and the level of 5-methylcytosine ranges from 0.86% to 1.30% of the cytosines. We also demonstrate that Dcm reduces the expression of ribosomal protein genes during stationary phase, and this may explain the highly conserved nature of this DNA modification pathway.
Arbitrary Super Surface Modes Bounded by Multilayered Metametal

Abstract: The dispersion of the fundamental super mode confined along the boundary between a multilayer metal-insulator (MMI) stack and a dielectric coating is theoretically analyzed and compared to the dispersion of surface waves on a single metal-insulator (MI) boundary. Based on the classical Kretschmann setup, the MMI system is experimentally tested as an anisotropic material to exhibit plasmonic behavior and a candidate of “metametal” to engineer the preset surface plasmon frequency of conventional metals for optical sensing applications. The conditions to obtain artificial surface plasmon frequency are thoroughly studied, and the tuning of surface plasmon frequency is verified by electromagnetic modeling and experiments. The design rules drawn in this paper would bring important insights into applications such as optical lithography, nano-sensing and imaging. Keywords: surface waves; metal-insulator multilayer; effective surface plasmon frequency 1. Introduction The multilayer metal-insulator (MMI) stack system (also termed as metal-dielectric composite or MDC) has been widely used as an optically-anisotropic composite [1–3], utilized for imaging [4–8], optical lithography [9] and subwavelength sensing/detecting [10]. One of the most attractive features of this stratified medium is its ability to engineer the dispersion of engaged electromagnetic waves, and
PP-241. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: An endocrine disorder with neonatal onset — Case report

Premature male, 33 weeks gestation. Caesarean due to intrauterine growth restriction and cardiotopography with poor variability. Apgar 8/ 10. Birthweight 1335 g. On day 2 he showed worsening respiratory distress and increasingoxygen requirements. The chest radiograph (CXR) showed complete opacity of the left hemithorax. There was oedema at the left clavicle and shoulder and bleeding at the site of the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC), which was withdrawn. He required mechanical ventilation for two days. A chest drain was placed, with outflow of serous fluid, compatible with parenteral nutrition solution: glucose159 mg/dl (serumglucose139 mg/dl), protein<0.2 g/dl, amylase <3 UI/L, albumin <0.2 g/dl, erythrocyte 982/uL; cells 4/uL. CXR after drainage: lungs well expanded. From day 5 to 19, spontaneous breathing in air. Increasing respiratory distress on day 19. CXR showed elevated left hemidiaphragmwith left lung collapse. Abdominal ultrasound showed a subcostal spleen. Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging showed diaphragmatic eventration as a cause of the collapsed left lung. Doppler ultrasound of the subclavian vein showed no changes. From day 22 he demonstrated worsening respiratory distress and increasing oxygen requirements. On day 37 a laparascopic plicature was performed. The procedure findings revealed a congenital cause to the diaphragmatic eventration.
Self-* properties and P2P technology on disruption-tolerant management

The introduction of self-* properties has been proven to be a feasible approach for the management demands of Disruption-Tolerant Networks (DTNs). Among the properties of the self-* management vision, self-healing figures as a key property to improve the dependability of the managed infrastructures. An interesting possibility to materialize self-* support in disruption-tolerant management is through the employment of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technology. In this paper, we introduce a P2P self-healing service tailored for disruption-tolerant management. We implemented the proposed service using ManP2P-ng, an open source P2P-based network management system. In addition, an experimental evaluation is performed considering as case study the disruption-tolerant management of a Host-based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) deployed on a specific kind of DTN: Internet access networks for remote villages. The results show the feasibility of our proposal and its interesting features.
Esophageal ganglia and smooth muscle in the elderly

Esophageal motor dysfunction is a common finding in elderly persons, but its etiology remains unknown. We examined the histology of Auerbach's plexus and esophageal smooth muscle in autopsy material from young and old subjects. There was a significant decrease in ganglion cells per square centimeter (1685±115.9) in old subjects when compared to young controls (2253±216.9) (P<0.05). Lymphocytic infiltration of Auerbach's plexus was commonly observed in both groups of patients, but heavy lymphocytic infiltration was slightly more common in elderly subjects. No difference was found in thickness of esophageal smooth muscle between young and old subjects. It is concluded that diminution of ganglion cells rather than smooth muscle atrophy may explain the frequent occurrence of esophageal motor dysfunction in elderly persons.