cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of the missing dead

This article examines what scholars can learn about civilian killings from newswire data in situations of non-random missingness. It contributes to this understanding by offering a unique view of t...
Fine-tuning p53 activity by modulating the interaction between eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and RNA-binding protein RBM38

p53 is critical for tumor suppression but also elicits detrimental effects when aberrantly overexpressed. Thus, multiple regulators, including RNA-binding protein RBM38, are found to tightly control p53 expression. Interestingly, RBM38 is unique in that it can either suppress or enhance p53 mRNA translation via altered interaction with eIF4E potentially mediated by serine-195 (S195) in RBM38. Thus, multiple RBM38/eIF4E knock-in (KI) cell lines were generated to investigate the significance of eIF4E-RBM38 interaction in controlling p53 activity. We showed that KI of RBM38-S195D or -Y192C enhances, whereas KI of RBM38-S195K/R/L weakens, the binding of eIF4E to p53 mRNA and subsequently p53 expression. We also showed that KI of eIF4E-D202K weakens the interaction of eIF4E with RBM38 and thereby enhances p53 expression, suggesting that D202 in eIF4E interacts with S195 in RBM38. Moreover, we generated an Rbm38 S193D KI mouse model in which human-equivalent serine-193 is substituted with aspartic acid. We showed that S193D KI enhances p53-dependent cellular senescence and that S193D KI mice have a shortened life span and are prone to spontaneous tumors, chronic inflammation, and liver steatosis. Together, we provide in vivo evidence that the RBM38-eIF4E loop can be explored to fine-tune p53 expression for therapeutic development.
The killing fields: Science and politics at Berkeley, California, USA

Over the past several decades, a group of scholars at the Berkeley campus of the University of California have frequently challenged many of the dominant themes of contemporary agricultural research. In their work, they have organized curricula questioning the assumptions of conventional agriculture and its sciences while encouraging the development of alternative agricultural practices based on principles of ecology. Their collective critique has stimulated an intellectual climate calling forth a scrutiny of the university's role in the production of knowledge and the social consequences of its works. The result of this intellectual project has been a group that has also largely challenged the dominant themes of the modern university. In place of a setting where ideas are a passive currency, the modern university is a place where knowledge and power are manifest in a dialectic that is revealed not simply by the production of knowledge, but its destruction as well. It is in this context that the recent history of a group of scholars at the University of California provides a striking testimony concerning the disturbing character of science in the modern university. The ecological and social dimensions of “killing fields” that captures the contemporary hazards of food and fiber production in California is also reflected in the gradual demise of a group of researchers at Berkeley who have endeavored to provide an alternative vision of agriculture.
Religious Rights in the Founding Era

The eighteenth-century American founders distinguished six principles of religious liberty - liberty of conscience, freedom of exercise, equality of faiths, plurality of confessions, disestablishment of religion, and separation of church and state. They "incorporated" these six principles into the original state constitutions, though with different emphases and applications. They also "incorporated" these six principles into the First Amendment religion clauses. The free exercise clause outlawed government proscriptions of religion-actions that unduly burdened the conscience, restricted religious expression, discriminated against religion, or invaded the autonomy of churches and other religious bodies. The disestablishment clause outlawed government prescriptions of religion-actions that coerced the conscience, mandated forms of religious expression, discriminated in favor of religion, or improperly allied the state with churches or other religious bodies. Both the free exercise and the disestablishment clauses thereby provided complementary protections to the first principles of the American experiment in religious liberty.
Answer set programming with clause learning

In this dissertation we show how conflict clause learning, a technique that has been very useful in improving the efficiency of Boolean logic satisfiability search, can be adapted to speed up dramatically the search for models of answer set programs. Answer set programming is a knowledge representation paradigm related to the areas of logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning. Many of the applications of answer set programming come from the areas of artificial intelligence-related diagnosis and planning. The problem of finding an answer set for a normal or extended logic program is NP-hard. Current complete answer set solvers are patterned after the Davis-Putnam-Loveland-Logemann ( DPLL) algorithm for solving Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problems, but are adapted to the nonmonotonic semantics of answer set programming. Recent SAT solvers include improvements to the DPLL algorithm. Conflict clause learning has been particularly effective in this regard. A conflict clause represents a backtracking solver's analysis of why a conflict occurred. This analysis can be used to further prune the search space and to direct the search heuristic. The use of such clauses has improved significantly the efficiency of satisfiability solvers over the past few years, especially on structured problems arising from applications. In this dissertation we describe how we have adapted conflict clause techniques for use in the answer set solver Smodels. We experimentally compare the performance of the resulting program, Smodelscc, to that of the original Smodels program. Our tests show dramatic speedups for Smodelscc on a wide range of problems. We also compare the performance of Smodelscc with that of two other recent answer set solvers, ASSAT and Cmodels-2. ASSAT and Cmodels-2 directly call Boolean satisfiability solvers in order to search for answer sets. On so-called “non-tight” problems, Smodelscc showed substantially better performance than these solvers. The performance advantage that Smodels cc enjoys on non-tight problems is due to the unfounded set test that Smodelscc inherits from the Smodels solver, and the fact that this test is executed frequently throughout the program's search for answer sets.
Smaller right amygdala in Caucasian alcohol-dependent male patients with a history of intimate partner violence: a volumetric imaging study.

Studies have shown that various brain structure abnormalities are associated with chronic alcohol abuse and impulsive aggression. However, few imaging studies have focused on violent individuals with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. The present study used volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare the volumes of different structural components of prefrontal cortex and six subcortical structures in perpetrators of intimate partner violence with alcohol dependence (IPV-ADs), non-violent alcohol-dependent patients (non-violent ADs) and healthy controls (HCs). Caucasian men (n = 54), ages 24-55, who had participated in National Institutes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism treatment programs, were grouped together as IPV-ADs (n = 27), non-violent ADs (n = 14) and HCs (n = 13). The MRI scan was performed at least 3 weeks from the participant's last alcohol use. T1-weighted images were used to measure the volumes of intracranial space, gray and white matter, orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, and six subcortical structures. Results revealed that IPV-ADs, compared with non-violent ADs and HCs, had a significant volume reduction in the right amygdala. No significant volumetric difference was found in other structures. This finding suggests that structural deficits in the right amygdala may underlie impulsive types of aggression often seen in alcohol-dependent patients with a history of IPV. It adds to a growing literature suggesting that there are fundamental differences between alcohol-dependent patients with and without IPV. Language: en
Localization of RNA tumor virus polypeptides: I. Isolation of further virus substructures

Abstract The internal components of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and Friend murine leukemia virus (FLV) were isolated and characterized. AMV cores contained three of the five major virus polypeptides having molecular weights of 27,000, 15,000, and 12,000. FLV cores consisted of three of the four major components, and these have molecular weights of 31,000, 15,000, and 10,000. For both types of cores the 15,000 dalton component was present in least amounts. The internal ribonucleoprotein was isolated from each of the cores and shown to consist of the most basic protein of the respective agents. The properties of the proteins and their location in the virions indicated a strong similarity between the avian and mammalian agents.
The Social Stratification of English in New York City: Anonymous observations of casual speech

One of the fundamental problems which is treated in this study is that of eliciting casual and spontaneous speech in the context of the formal linguistic interview, which normally evokes careful speech only. In Chapter 4, methods for obtaining records of casual speech within this framework were described. In order to verify the results, it is necessary to compare them to records of casual speech gathered outside of the context of the linguistic interview. The department store survey described in Chapter 3 is one such method. Another source for such casual speech is the large bulk of anonymous observations on the streets of the Lower East Side, made in the course of the exploratory interviews. The first excerpt given below shows a section of spontaneous speech of working class and lower class young adults which may truly be called the language of the streets. The second is a set of observations made in a middle class area, showing the type of (r) usage which may be heard in everyday conversation. The punch-ball game At the corner of Stanton and Ridge Streets on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, there is a punch-ball game organized every Saturday in reasonably good weather. Fifteen to twenty young men, from about seventeen to twenty-five years old, take part. The area is a tenement district, and most of the residents are members of the lower class or working class.
Electrophoretic and cholesterol studies in peptic ulcer.

Summary 1.The total serum protein and the electrophoretic pattern of protein distribution were studied in 70 ulcer patients. Total cholesterol and cholesterol partition were also performed in all but one case. 2.Absolute serum albumin levels were lowered in 30 patients. These were most frequently found in age groups two (40 to 60 years) and three (60 years and over). 3.The A/G ratio was also lowered in 52% of the patients, again mostly in groups two and three. The main causative factors for the low A/G ratio were age, complications of the ulcer disease, and other accompanying diseases. 4.In the lowered A/G ratios, the compensatory elevation of the globulins was reflected mainly in the alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta-globulin fractions. The beta-globulin was increased somewhat more frequently than the other globulin components. 5.A high percentage of the cases studied had elevated free cholesterol levels which did not have any definite relationship to the albumin and/or globulin components.
The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and coping abilities in schizophrenia

Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia [Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 16 (1993) 295; Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress, Raven Press, New York (1995) 1171; Clinical Neuropsychology, Oxford University Press, New York (1993) 449] and is related to psychosocial functioning in this population [Am. J. Psychiatry, 153 (1996) 321]. It is unclear whether cognitive dysfunction is related to specific areas of functioning in schizophrenia, such as coping abilities. Individuals with schizophrenia have deficient coping skills, which may contribute to their difficulties dealing with stressors [Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 62 (1992) 117; J. Abnorm. Psychol., 82 (1986) 189]. The current study examined the relationship between coping abilities and cognitive dysfunction in a community sample of individuals with schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that executive dysfunction and mnemonic impairments would be positively related to deficiencies in active coping efforts involving problem solving and self-initiation (e.g. advocating for oneself and others with mental illness and becoming involved in meaningful activities, such as work), independent of the contributions of the general intellectual deficits associated with the disorder and psychiatric symptoms. The results indicated that both executive dysfunction and mnemonic impairments were related to decreased usage of active coping mechanisms after controlling for general intellectual deficits. Further, recognition memory made independent contributions to the prediction of coping involving action and help seeking after controlling for the effects of negative symptoms. These findings suggest that individuals with schizophrenia may be less flexible in their use of coping strategies, which may in turn contribute to their difficulties in coping with mental illness and its consequences.
Dual-mode operation of a Pd/AlN/SiC device for hydrogen sensing

Abstract The electrical response of a hydrogen-sensing device is either a rectifying diode-type or a capacitor-type but could not be operated simultaneously in both the modes. However, we are able to demonstrate that a Pd/AlN/SiC device can operate in dual mode either as a rectifying diode or a capacitor. The device with a 50 nm AlN layer shows a shift of ∼0.35 V for 100 ppm H 2 in both the modes, at a temperature of 150 °C. It seems that the presence of donor levels in the bandgap of the AlN layer with a wide range of energy is responsible for the observed electrical behavior of this device.
Peripheral inflammatory vascular disease in Sjögren's syndrome. Association with nervous system complications.

Two histopathologic types of inflammatory vascular disease (IVD) occur in Sjogren's syndrome (SS): mononuclear IVD (MIVD) and neutrophilic IVD (NIVD). We describe 50 SS patients with IVD (30 with NIVD and 20 with MIVD). Thirty-three (66%) of the SS patients with biopsy-documented IVD had nervous system disease unattributable to other causes. Nineteen patients (58%) had involvement of both the central and peripheral nervous systems, while 9 had peripheral and 5 had central nervous system dysfunction alone. Patients with both histopathologic types of IVD were at risk for the development of nervous system abnormalities (57% of NIVD patients and 80% of MIVD patients). Indirect evidence is presented which suggests that IVD may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of nervous system disease, at least in a subset of SS patients.
Trapping Farmer Communities Within Global Environmental Regimes: The Case of the GELOSE Legislation in Madagascar

In 1996, the Malagasy Government issued the GELOSE law to provide a legal framework for the transfer of natural resources management rights to local communities. Eight years later, management transfers have been implemented in 451 sites, but a controversy exists about whether they genuinely favor community-based management. This article examines the GELOSE legislation in the light of a series of short case studies in order to identify its potential pitfalls. The conclusion is that the approach, by creating new institutions instead of strengthening existing ones, favors resource capture by local elites and is utilized for the enforcement of a nonnegotiable, global environmental agenda. We propose, in order to favor a genuine devolution of natural resources management rights, to adopt more flexible approaches that can be appropriated by existing institutions and to compensate local communities for the restrictions of access to their resources.
Commissioning of a higher harmonic RF system for the Advanced Light Source

Abstract We report on the commissioning of a higher harmonic RF system designed to improve the Touschek lifetime of the Advanced Light Source. In our best results, we have achieved over a factor of two increase in the beam lifetime. Transient beam loading of the harmonic cavities by unequal fill patterns presents the greatest limitations on lifetime improvement. We also describe several interesting effects of the harmonic cavities on the operation of the longitudinal and transverse multibunch feedback systems.
Expression of crustacean (Callinectes sapidus) molt-inhibiting hormone in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus

Molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) negatively regulates the synthesis of ecdysteroid molting hormones by crustacean Y-organs. We report here the expression of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) MIH in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus. Insect Sf9 cells were transfected with recombinant baculovirus containing a DNA insert encoding the C. sapidus MIH prohormone (signal sequence plus mature hormone). The construct was designed to yield a mature, fully processed recombinant MIH (recMIH). Several baculovirus recombinants showing no contamination with wild-type viral DNA were subsequently analyzed for their ability to direct expression of recMIH. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from infected cells revealed time-dependent expression of two proteins of approximately the predicted size for the C. sapidus MIH prohormone and mature hormone. Western blot results (using antiserum against MIH of Carcinus maenas) indicated that the proteins were MIH-immunoreactive. N-Terminal amino acid sequence data and mass spectral analysis indicated the expressed proteins were of the correct sequence and molecular mass. Cell lysates containing the recombinant protein dose-dependently suppressed the synthesis of ecdysteroids by Y-organs in vitro. We anticipate the recombinant peptide will prove useful for studies of the structure and function of MIH.
Nature of the red emission in the chemical oxygen iodine laser system

Intense red emission peaking at 703 nm is observed when a heated metal wire is placed downstream of an O2(1Δg) generator used in the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) system. The O2(1Δg) is produced by bubbling Cl2 through an alkaline solution of H2O2. Evidence is presented that strong red emission requires the presence of both O2(1Δg) and Cl2 in contact with a heated metal surface. Several metals have been used. The red emission spectrum is independent of the metal and the intensity is strongest for copper.
Crack Propagation in Irradiated B4C Induced by Swelling and Thermal Gradients

Irradiation testing of hot-pressed boron carbide pellets in a fast neutron reactor flux has demonstrated its susceptibility to cracking. Two characteristic mechanisms of pellet cracking are distinguished. The first is commonly observed in ceramics, i.e., thermal stress cracking. A second mechanism is associated with internal strains resulting from swelling gradients within the boron carbide pellets. From the results presented here, it appears that thermal and swelling gradient stresses are opposite in direction, and are reflected in the crack patterns that are produced. Pellet cracking effects have not been identified as the cause of a cladding rupture. Large diameter pellets propagate stable cracks at low burnup levels from the circumference radially inward as the result of tensile thermal stress on the outside of the pellet. Smaller pellets with swelling tended to crack in the center of the pellet as a result of radial swelling gradients.
Orographic influences on the annual cycle of Namibian stratocumulus clouds

[1] The impact of African orography on the persistence and seasonal cycle of Namibian stratocumulus is examined in the context of an atmospheric general circulation model. A control simulation with realistic orography and simulated stratocumulus is compared to a sensitivity experiment, in which African orography is removed. In the absence of orography, stratocumulus incidence off the Namibian and Angolan coast is significantly reduced during austral winter and spring. It is argued that through the combined effects of obstruction and deflection of atmospheric flow, orography acts to enhance static stability of the lower troposphere over the Atlantic off the Namibian coast, which provides an environment conducive to the development of stratocumulus in that region.
Effect of stress reduction ratio on the creep behavior of an Al-5wt.%Ag alloy

Abstract Uninterrupted and stress reduction tests were conducted on an Al-5wt.%Ag alloy in the temperature range of 640–873 K and at a normalized stress range extending from 10−5 to 3×10−4. The experimental data in uninterrupted creep tests show that the creep behavior of Al-5wt.%Ag is similar to that reported for pure aluminum and that under the present experimental conditions, the alloy behaves as a metal class alloy (class II). A comparison between the stress exponent n determined from uninterrupted and the stress exponent n ∗ inferred from stress reduction experiments indicates the presence of two types of behavior, depending on the temperature: normal and mixed behavior. The normal behavior exists at 873 K and is characterized by close correspondence between n and n ∗ for all stress reduction ratios used. The mixed behavior is noted at 780 and 640 K and is manifested by the presence of a reproducible difference between n and n ∗ for lower values of the stress reduction ratio; for the higher values, n ∗ = n . The discrepancy between n and n ∗ in the region of mixed behavior is discussed in the light of results reported for the creep behavior of aluminum after stress reductions.
The ACTC A295S Mutation Increases Heart and Skeletal Muscle Contractile Activity in Drosophila Models of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by thickened heart walls, cardiac arrhythmias, myocyte disarray and interstitial fibrosis. Over 10 mutations in alpha-cardiac actin (ACTC) are associated with HCM. The ACTC Ala295Ser substitution causes a highly penetrant disease with diverse phenotypes. To investigate the in vivo consequences of the ACTC mutation we generated Drosophila lines with muscle-specific expression of A295S actin. Our unique models limit genetic diversity and pathological complexity to help resolve molecular mechanisms of diseases. For expression in the fly heart we used UAS-Act57BWT and UAS-Act57BA295S actin transgenes in conjunction with the HandGal4 cardiac-specific driver. Confocal microscopy confirmed heart-restricted expression of UAS-Act57BWTGFP and UAS-Act57BA295SGFP and co-polymerization of transgenic and endogenous actin. High-speed video microscopy and motion analysis revealed A295S actin expression significantly reduced diastolic volumes and increased systolic intervals consistent with elevated contractile properties at rest and during contraction. For indirect flight muscle (IFM)-specific actin expression, we used the IFM targeted Act88FWTand Act88FA295S transgenes, in an IFM actin null background. Muscle mechanics on heterozygous IFM fibers revealed that the A295S actin mutation increased power, the frequency of maximum power generation (fmax), and stiffness relative to control fibers. The higher fmax and stiffness are likely causes of an observed increase in wing beat frequency (WBF) of Act88FA295Sheterozygous flies. The WBF increase had a negative impact on flight ability which decreased further as mutant: wildtype actin ratios were increased. Overall, enhanced contractile activity of actin HCM cardiac myocytes and IFM fibers is consistent with the hypercontractile properties frequently associated with HCM mutations.
A second algicidal natural product from the cyanobacterium, Scytonema hofmanni

Abstract We had previously reported the isolation and characterization of an herbicidal metabolite, cyanobacterin, from the freshwater cyanobacterium (cyanophyte), Scytonema hofmanni UTEX 2349. This compound was identified as a chlorine-containing, diaryl-substituted, γ-lactone. The natural product inhibits electron transport in photosystem II and is toxic to a number of algae and higher plants. Crude cell extracts of Scytonema contain other chlorinated metabolites with biological activity. We have isolated and characterized a more hydrophilic analog of cyanobacterin in which an hydroxyl group replaces the methylene dioxy group on the chlorine-containing aromatic ring. Although it is an effective inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport in isolated thylakoid membranes, the analog has little effect on the growth of intact algal cells. It readily dehydrates in air at 25°C. The hydroxy analog is present in very small quantities in Scytonema cells and is probably a metabolic precursor of cyanobacterin.
Platinum and gold nanostructures on silicon via a self-assembled template

Parallel arrays of self-assembled rare earth disilicides (erbium and dysprosium) nanowires were grown on Si(001) substrates with nanowire width between 3-10 nm and used as a template for fabricating noble metal (platinum and gold) nanostructure arrays. Submonolayer coverage of platinum and gold were deposited on the nanowire/Si(001) surface post rare earth disilicide growth. Scanning tunneling microscopy and reactive ion etching showed that platinum and gold preferentially deposited on the nanowire surface versus the Si surface. Reactive ion etching of erbium disilicide nanowires with and without platinum on the surface demonstrated that platinum acted as a more resistant etch mask than erbium disilicide. By varying the platinum coverage on the surface we demonstrate the ability to select arrays of nanowire or nanocrystal arrays as a function of platinum coverage.
Initial rate approach to the kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions—an experimental investigation on the sulfur dioxide oxidation reaction

Abstract The rate controlling steps for a typical heterogeneous catalytic reaction have been established through an application of the initial rate approach. Experimental initial rate data were obtained for the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide at varying conditions of temperature and total pressure. For 649 and 701°F, the rate controlling step was found to be the surface reaction between chemisorbed sulfur dioxide and molecular oxygen in the gas phase. At 752°F, the rate controlling step was found to shift to the desorption of chemisorbed sulfur trioxide.
Activity‐dependent heteromerization of the hyperpolarization‐activated, cyclic‐nucleotide gated (HCN) channels: role of N‐linked glycosylation

Formation of heteromeric complexes of ion channels via co-assembly of different subunit isoforms provides an important mechanism for enhanced channel diversity. We have previously demonstrated co-association of the hyperpolarization activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN1/HCN2) channel isoforms that was regulated by network (seizure) activity in developing hippocampus. However, the mechanisms that underlie this augmented expression of heteromeric complexes have remained unknown. Glycosylation of the HCN channels has been implicated in the stabilization and membrane expression of heteromeric HCN1/HCN2 constructs in heterologous systems. Therefore, we used in vivo and in vitro systems to test the hypothesis that activity modifies HCN1/HCN2 heteromerization in neurons by modulating the glycosylation state of the channel molecules. Seizure-like activity (SA) increased HCN1/HCN2 heteromerization in hippocampus in vivo as well as in hippocampal organotypic slice cultures. This activity increased the abundance of glycosylated HCN1 but not HCN2-channel molecules. In addition, glycosylated HCN1 channels were preferentially co-immunoprecipitated with the HCN2 isoforms. Provoking SA in vitro in the presence of the N-linked glycosylation blocker tunicamycin abrogated the activity-dependent increase of HCN1/HCN2 heteromerization. Thus, hippocampal HCN1 molecules have a significantly higher probability of being glycosylated after SA, and this might promote a stable heteromerization with HCN2.
Computer display of height fields

Abstract A simple set of equations is presented for simulating the appearance of a height field as viewed from above. An algorithm is given for transforming this overhead view into a perspective display. The algorithm is tested on several standard pattern models and digital map data.
Anomalous diffraction effects in gallium arsenide single crystals

Transmission electron diffraction patterns from gallium arsenide single crystals exhibit anomalous diffuse streaks and a number of extra spots of a previously unknown origin. The configuration of these diffuse streaks and extra spots and their intensity have been studied as a function of crystal orientation and temperature. The geometry of the diffuse streaks and extra spots can be interpreted, respectively, in terms of the intersections of {110} sheets and 〈111〉 spikes of diffuse intensity in reciprocal space with the Ewald's sphere. The presence of {110} sheets of diffuse intensity is explained on the basis of thermal diffuse scattering of electrons by low frequency acoustic phonons with wave vectors lying on {110} planes. The presence of 〈111〉 intensity spikes is also attributed to thermal diffuse scattering and is explained as a combined effect of lattice symmetry and phonon anisotropy. Die Transmissions-Elektronenbeugungsdiagramme von Galliumarsenid-Einkristallen zeigen anomale Diffusionsstreifen und eine Anzahl von Extraflecken von bisher unbekanntem Ursprung. Die Anordnung dieser diffusen Streifen und Extraflecken und ihre Intensitat wurden als Funktion der Kristallorientierung und Temperatur untersucht. Die Geometrie der diffusen Streifen bzw. Extraflecken last sich mit der Uberschneidung von {110}-Lagen und 〈111〉-Spikes von diffuser Intensitat im reziproken Raum mit der Ewaldkugel erklaren. Die Anwesenheit von {110}-Lagen von diffuser Intensitat wird auf der Grundlage von diffuser thermischer Streuung von Elektronen durch akustische Phononen niedriger Frequenz mit Wellenvektoren in {110}-Ebenen erklart. Die Anwesenheit von 〈111〉-Intensitatsspikes wird ebenfalls diffuser thermischer Streuung zugeschrieben und erklart sich als kombinierter Effekt der Gittersymmetrie und Phononenanisotropie.
Intracerebral estrogen provision increases cytogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured zebra finch brain

To determine whether or not local, injury-induced aromatization and/orestrogen provision can affect cyto-or neuro-genesis following mechanical brain damage, two groups of adult male zebra finches sustained bilateral penetrating brain injuries. The first received contralateral injections of vehicle or the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole. The second group received contalateral injections of fadrozole, or fadrozole with 17β-estradiol. Subsequent to injury, birds were injected with the thymidine analog 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Two weeks following injury, the birds were perfused, and coronal sections were labeled using antibodies against BrdU and the neuronal proteins HuC/HuD. In a double blind fashion, BrdU positive cells and BrdU/Hu double-labeled cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and at the injury site (INJ) were imaged and sampled. The average numbers of cells per image were compared across brain regions and treatments using repeated measures ANOVAs and, where applicable, post-hoc, pairwise comparisons. Fadrozole administration had no detectable effect on cytogenesis or neurogenesis, however, fadrozole coupled with estradiol significantly increased both measures. The dorsal SVZ had the greatest proportion of new cells that differentiated into neurons, though the highest numbers of BrdU labeled and BrdU, Hu double-labeled cells were detected at the injury site. In the adult zebra finch brain, local estradiol provision can increase cytogenesis and neurogenesis, however, whether or not endogenous glial aromatization is sufficient to similarly affect these processes remains to be seen.
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Effects of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma on Bacteria and Mechanisms of Such Interaction

Summary form only given. Non-thermal plasmas are already well-known for their sterilization ability; however, the mechanisms of this sterilization are under debate. Short and long-living active species and radicals produced by plasma, ultraviolet (UV) radiation in VUV and UVC bands, local thermal effects of micro-discharges, and bombardment by charged particles are all listed as potential candidates for sterilization of various surfaces. Biochemical and physical mechanisms of plasma interaction with biological materials are proposed and discussed. Direct interaction, where a surface of a microorganism is used as one of the plasma-generating electrodes, is compared with indirect interaction, where plasma is generated elsewhere and the plasma-treated gas is carried off to a remote location for microorganism treatment. Under these treatment conditions, the authors show that: Direct treatment by plasma is orders of magnitude faster than indirect treatment by plasma products; bombardment of the surface of a microorganism by charged particles is the primary inactivation mechanism. Microorganisms selected for this study were those commonly present on skin: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and yeast. Bacteria were collected from human cadaver tissue, bacterial specie identification was performed at the Hahnemann hospital microbiology lab, and the samples were cultured on Ttypticasetrade soy agar with 5% sheep blood. Samples were treated by floating electrode dielectric barrier discharge plasma in either continuous-wave (sinusoidal, 4-20 kHz), microsecond pulse (5 mus pulse duration, 0.1-1 kHz repetition rate), or nanosecond pulse modes (3 kV/ns rise time, 10-40 ns pulse duration, 0.1-1 kHz repetition rate). Microorganisms were either treated directly by plasma or plasma afterglow and by-products were utilized. Separately considered are the effects of: UV (in VUV and UVC bands), short and long-lived active species and radicals, local heating (or "micro-thermalldquo) effects, local and global (applied) electric fields, and the effects of charged species. Mechanisms of these interactions are discussed.
Analysis of moiré data for near-interface cracks

The analysis of moire data obtained in bimaterials with near-interface cracks is examined. To extract stress intensity factors, a collocation-type method is developed where Westergaard crack-tip expansions are used for displacements in the cracked portion of the bimaterial, expansions from the method of fundamental solutions are used for displacements in the uncracked portion of the bimaterial, and continuity conditions at the interface are used to couple the two expansions. Proof-of-principle numerical experiments performed on synthetic data from a boundary element analysis of a cracked bimaterial successfully demonstrated the analysis method. Mixed-mode stress intensity factors were then determined from actual moire data obtained in a copper–tungsten specimen.
From Intentions to Behavior: Implementation Intention, Commitment, and Conscientiousness

Implementation intentions are said to transfer control over goal-directed behavior to situational cues, thereby automating initiation of the behavior (Gollwitzer, 1999). Alternatively, implementation intentions may be effective because they create commitment to the intended behavior. In an empirical study, implementation intentions regarding a simple task (rating TV newscasts) varied in their specificity. In addition, explicit commitment to the task was manipulated, and chronic conscientiousness was assessed. Consistent with the commitment hypothesis, general and specific implementation intentions were equally effective in raising level of task performance, and they were no more effective than asking for an explicit commitment to carry out the task. Also, individuals high in conscientiousness were more likely than individuals low on this trait to enact their intentions. jasp_485 1356..1372
Serum and synovial fluid inhibitors of antibody‐mediated lymphocytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus

Many sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) inhibit lymphocyte-dependent antibody cytotoxicity (LDAC). RA synovial fluids also inhibit LDAC. RA serum inhibition was present in high molecular weight and 5S serum fractions, whereas in SLE it was confined to 7S fractions. A correlation between rheumatoid factor activity and LDAC inhibition was noted, and there was some evidence for inhibition of SLE serum acting on effector cells. Inhibition in RA synovial fluid was found in both high molecular weight and very low molecular weight fractions (<4S).
Hypodensity of platelet serotonin uptake sites in posttraumatic stress disorder: Associated clinical features

Abstract We have previously reported that binding to blood platelets of paroxetine, a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor which binds to 5-HT uptake sites, is decreased in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Specifically, we found a lower number of platelet 3 H-paroxetine binding sites (B max ) and a lower dissociation constant (K d ) for 3 H-paroxetine binding in combat veterans with PTSD compared to normal control subjects. In the current study we assessed the relationship of platelet 3 H-paroxetine binding to clinical features in 41 Vietnam combat veterans with SCID-diagnosed PTSD. The results indicated that B max of platelet 3 H-paroxetine binding was negatively correlated with both state and trait anxiety, as well as with depressive and overall PTSD symptoms. However, there was no evidence that platelet 3 H-paroxetine binding differed as a function of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses including major depression, other anxiety disorders and substance abuse in these patients.
Dynamics of Pulsatile Prolactin Release during the Postpartum Lactational Period

To investigate the pulsatile nature of PRL release in the physiologically hyperprolactinemic postpartum period, we sampled blood at 10-min intervals for 24 h in each of 6 healthy lactating women at both 3 weeks and 3 months postpartum. The subsequent immunoactive PRL time series were subjected to episodic peak detection (Cluster analysis) and multiple parameter deconvolution analysis. The 24-h mean serum PRL concentrations were significantly higher at 3 weeks than at 3 months postpartum; viz. 113 ± 12 vs. 66 ± 15 Mg/L (P = 0.003). Assessment of episodic PRL pulsatility revealed significantly higher maximal PRL peak heights (296 ± 63 vs. 141 ± 44 μg/L), fractional peak heights (863 ± 150 vs. 374 ± 58%), incremental peak amplitudes (250 ± 60 vs. 96 ± 3 μg/L), and peak areas (13 ± 3 vs. 4 ± 1 mg/L·min) in the earlier postpartum period. In contrast, PRL peak frequencies and interpulse intervals were not different in the early and late postpartum sessions. Deconvolution analysis revealed that the mean mass of ...
Complete disruption of the main pancreatic duct: A case successfully managed by percutaneous drainage

The authors report on a 7-year-old boy who sustained blunt abdominal trauma on a bicycle handlebar. A large traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst developed, for which percutaneous external drainage under ultrasound guidance was performed. Both the catheter fistulogram and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram showed complete disruption of the main pancreatic duct. During continuous external drainage, the pseudocyst disappeared. The drainage flow decreased gradually and ceased. The patient is well, with normal endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions, 2 years after discharge.
A Carboxyl Leucine-Rich Region of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Is Critical for Nuclear Export

PTHrP is an oncofetal protein with distinct proliferative and antiapoptotic roles that are affected by nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. The protein's nuclear export is sensitive to leptomycin B, consistent with a chromosome region maintenance protein 1-dependent pathway. We determined that the 109-139 region of PTHrP was involved in its nuclear export by demonstrating that a C-terminal truncation mutant, residues 1-108, exports at a reduced rate, compared with the wild-type 139 amino acid isoform. We searched for potential nuclear export sequences within the 109-139 region, which is leucine rich. Comparisons with established nuclear export sequences identified a putative consensus signal at residues 126-136. Deletion of this region resulted in nuclear export characteristics that closely matched those of the C-terminal truncation mutant. Confocal microscopic analyses of transfected 293, COS-1, and HeLa cells showed that steady-state nuclear levels of the truncated and deletion mutants were significantly greater than levels of wild-type PTHrP and were unaffected by leptomycin B, unlike the wild-type protein. In addition, both mutants demonstrated greatly reduced nuclear export with assays using nuclear preparations and intact cells. Based on these results, we conclude that the 126-136 amino acid sequence closely approximates the structure of a chromosome region maintenance protein 1-dependent leucine-rich nuclear export signal and is critical for nuclear export of PTHrP.
Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: from ice ages to crayfish and SQUIDs

Noise in dynamical systems is usually considered a nuisance. But in certain nonlinear systems, including electronic circuits and biological sensory apparatus, the presence of noise can in fact enhance the detection of weak signals. This phenomenon, called stochastic resonance, may find useful application in physical, technological and biomedical contexts.
Promoting a feminist policy agenda: indigenous women leaders and closet feminism

Abstract In the Southwestern United States, Hispanas and American Indian women are increasingly adopting policymaking roles in state, local, and tribal politics. This study examines the influence of gender and ethnic identity on the policy agendas of 30 women who hold public office in New Mexico. Although the findings reveal a distinct pattern of advocacy for a feminist agenda, the majority of these indigenous leaders do not identify themselves or their goals as feminist. This research indicates that women’s policy concerns transcend ethnic/race boundaries. Furthermore, to understand Hispanas’ and Indian women’s politics, and to effectively apply feminist theory to praxis, new models incorporating their practical application of feminism are needed.
Intraneural muscular hamartoma: report of two cases in small children.

Abstract Two cases of muscular hamartoma involving major peripheral nerves in small children are reported. Clinically, this intraneural hamartoma presents as a subcutaneous tumor. Histologically, it consists mainly of striated muscle fibers, intermingled with small nerve fibers and embedded in collagenous connective tissue. The tumor is probably congenital in origin and may disappear, or at least decrease in size, spontaneously. Radical surgery sacrificing the nerve function therefore is not indicated.
Chest wall and lung mechanics during acute hemorrhage in anesthetized dogs

Objectives: In trauma and in surgical patients, respiratory mechanics may change because of many factors, including the hypotension induced by hemorrhage. The effects of acute hemorrhage on elastic and resistive characteristics of the respiratory system were studied. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Anesthesia research laboratory. Interventions: Acute hemorrhagic shock was induced in 24 supine anesthetized/paralyzed, mechanically ventilated dogs by blood withdrawal over a 12-minute period to decrease systolic arterial pressure to 50 mmHg; additional blood was subsequently withdrawn to maintain this pressure for 2 hours. Total respiratory system dynamic compliance and resistance and lung and chest wall compliances and resistances were measured. Measurements and Main Results: Total respiratory system dynamic compliance decreased from control (0.03 ± 0.002 L/cmH2O) by the first 10 minutes of shock (p ; 0.05). In six control dogs, prepared similarly but not hemorrhaged, chest wall compliance and resistance did not change, but lung compliance gradually decreased by 17.8% during 150 minutes of anesthesia/paralysis. Lung resistance increased only after 100 minutes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: (1) Hemorrhagic shock caused slight changes in the chest wall, but effects on lung mechanics were a consequence of prolonged mechanical ventilation during anesthesia/paralysis, and (2) changes in respiratory mechanics caused by hemorrhagic shock are small and, unless other deleterious factors are present, would probably have little clinical significance.
Dense-phase transport: Vertical plug flow

Abstract The transport of coal particles at low velocities by forming plugs was studied in a 0.0254-m vertical pipe. The pressure drop and the plug velocity were measured at different air flow rates and for different plug lengths. The conditions to produce stable plugs were studied. The pressure drop was found to be independent of the air flow rate and to vary linearly with the plug length. The plug velocity was independent of the plug length in the conditions studied. A model that predicts the pressure drop was tested and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It suggests that in the case of vertical plug flow at low velocities, gravitational forces are the most important ones.
Uncoupling of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan synthesis by brefeldin A

Brefeldin A has dramatic, well-documented, effects on the structural and functional organization of the Golgi complex. We have examined the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the Golgi-localized synthesis and addition of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate side chains. BFA caused a dose-dependent inhibition of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan elongation and sulfation onto the core proteins of the melanoma-associated proteoglycan and the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain. In the presence of BFA, the melanoma proteoglycan core protein was retained in the ER but still acquired complex, sialylated, N-linked oligosaccharides, as measured by digestion with endoglycosidase H and neuraminidase. The initiation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis was not affected by BFA, as shown by the incorporation of [6-3H]galactose into a protein-carbohydrate linkage region that was sensitive to beta-elimination. The ability of cells to use an exogenous acceptor, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside, to elongate and sulfate core protein-free glycosaminoglycans, was completely inhibited by BFA. The effects of BFA were completely reversible in the absence of new protein synthesis. These experiments indicate that BFA effectively uncouples chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan synthesis by segregating initiation reactions from elongation and sulfation events. Our findings support the proposal that glycosaminoglycan elongation and sulfation reactions are associated with the trans-Golgi network, a BFA-resistant, Golgi subcompartment.