cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global analysis of carbohydrate utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus using cDNA microarrays

The transport and catabolic machinery involved in carbohydrate utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus was characterized genetically by using whole-genome cDNA microarrays. Global transcriptional profiles were determined for growth on glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, galactose, trehalose, raffinose, and fructooligosaccharides. Hybridizations were carried out by using a round-robin design, and microarray data were analyzed with a two-stage mixed model ANOVA. Differentially expressed genes were visualized by hierarchical clustering, volcano plots, and contour plots. Overall, only 63 genes (3% of the genome) showed a >4-fold induction. Specifically, transporters of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar transferase system were identified for uptake of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose, whereas ATP-binding cassette transporters were identified for uptake of raffinose and fructooligosaccharides. A member of the LacS subfamily of galactoside-pentose hexuronide translocators was identified for uptake of galactose and lactose. Saccharolytic enzymes likely involved in the metabolism of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides into substrates of glycolysis were also found, including enzymatic machinery of the Leloir pathway. The transcriptome appeared to be regulated by carbon catabolite repression. Although substrate-specific carbohydrate transporters and hydrolases were regulated at the transcriptional level, genes encoding regulatory proteins CcpA, Hpr, HprK/P, and EI were consistently highly expressed. Genes central to glycolysis were among the most highly expressed in the genome. Collectively, microarray data revealed that coordinated and regulated transcription of genes involved in sugar uptake and metabolism is based on the specific carbohydrate provided. L. acidophilus's adaptability to environmental conditions likely contributes to its competitive ability for limited carbohydrate sources available in the human gastrointestinal tract.
Commentary on 'reduced subjective response to acute ethanol administration among young men with a broad bipolar phenotype'.

Commentary on ‘Reduced Subjective Response to Acute Ethanol Administration Among Young Men with a Broad Bipolar Phenotype’
Quantum Electrodynamics of High-Z Few-Electron Atoms

Atomic theory makes predictions for the properties and interactions of atoms. Properties of interest include energy levels, lifetimes, transition probabilities, cross sections, etc. This paper is concerned with the calculation of energy levels. A correct method of making predictions must take into account relativistic effects, quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects, and many-body aspects of atoms. In addition, the method of calculation must be manageable so that numerical results can be obtained. It is a current challenge to develop an approach that will meet these requirements at a level of precision comparable to that of experiments. Among the available methods are the Schrodinger equation, many-body perturbation theory, the Dirac equation, Hartree-Fock methods, bound-state QED, and the Bethe-Salpeter equation.
SCOC: High-radix switches made of bufferless clos networks

In today's datacenters handling big data and for exascale computers of tomorrow, there is a pressing need for high-radix switches to economically and efficiently unify the computing and storage resources that are dispersed across multiple racks. In this paper, we present SCOC, a switch architecture suitable for economical IC implementation that can efficiently replace crossbars for high-radix switch nodes. SCOC is a multi-stage bufferless network with O(N2/m) cost, where m is a design parameter, practically ranging between 4–16. We identify and resolve more than five fairness violations that are pertinent to hierarchical scheduling. Effectively, from a performance perspective, SCOC is indistinguishable from efficient flat crossbars. Computer simulations show that it competes well or even outperforms flat crossbars and hierarchical switches. We report data from our ASIC implementation at 32 nm of a SCOC 136×136 switch, with shallow buffers, connecting 25 Gb/s links. In this first incarnation, SCOC is used at the spines of a server-rack, fat-tree network. Internally, it runs at 9.9 Tb/s, thus offering a speedup of 1.45 ×, and provides a fall-through latency of just 61 ns.
Mead and Park: A “Socio-Biographical” account of their becoming pragmatists, but developing opposing interactional viewpoints

Although Robert Ezra Park and George Herbert Mead were both pragmatists, they became the progenitors of two alternative versions of interactionism. Mead developed his version on the basis of his pr...
Disruption of axonal transport and neuronal viability by amyloid precursor protein mutations in Drosophila.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its relatives function as vesicular receptor proteins for kinesin-I. Deletion of the Drosophila APP-like gene ( Appl ) or overexpression of human APP695 or APPL constructs caused axonal transport phenotypes similar to kinesin and dynein mutants. Genetic reduction of kinesin-I expression enhanced while genetic reduction of dynein expression suppressed these phenotypes. Deletion of the C terminus of APP695 or APPL, including the kinesin binding region, disrupted axonal transport of APP695 and APPL and abolished the organelle accumulation phenotype. Neuronal apoptosis was induced only by overexpression of constructs containing both the C-terminal and Aβ regions of APP695. We discuss the possibility that axonal transport disruption may play a role in the neurodegenerative pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Influence of steroids on complement and cytokine generation after cardiopulmonary bypass

Background. It is recognized that the inflammatory mediators complement and cytokines are generated during cardiopulmonary bypass as an endogenous response to extracorporeal circulation. Methods. Nineteen randomized patients (10 steroid/9 nonsteroid) entered an institutional review board-approved protocol to measure complement and interleukin level generation before and after elective coronary revascularization. The steroid regimen involved 1 g of methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously before bypass and 4 mg of dexamethasone every 6 hours for four doses during the first 24 hours of recovery. Complement and interleukin levels were measured before bypass, immediately after bypass, and at 24, 48 and 72 hours of recovery. Results. In the nonsteroid group, there was a significant elevation in all inflammatory mediators relative to the steroid group. The predominant changes occurred at 24 hours after operation. Conclusions. Steroids produced a dramatic reduction in complement and interleukin levels. The number of patients was clearly too small to document a clinical consequence of steroid administration.
Endogenous productivity and equality of opportunity

We consider a production economy ‘a la Mirrlees’ in which the earnings capability of individuals is endogenous. Individuals are heterogeneous with respect to their preferences and their propensity to benefit from a given investment in human capital. We look for allocation rules satisfying properties that capture the objective of equalizing opportunities. We characterize four allocation rules that both encompass different perspectives of equality of opportunity and justify different levels of public intervention.
Direct Interaction of Otoferlin with Syntaxin 1A, SNAP-25, and the L-type Voltage-gated Calcium Channel CaV1.3

The molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic exocytosis in the hair cell, the auditory and vestibular receptor cell, are not well understood. Otoferlin, a C2 domain-containing Ca2+-binding protein, has been implicated as having a role in vesicular release. Mutations in the OTOF gene cause nonsyndromic deafness in humans, and OTOF knock-out mice are deaf. In the present study, we generated otoferlin fusion proteins containing two of the same amino acid substitutions detected in DFNB9 patients (P1825A in C2F and L1011P in C2D). The native otoferlin C2F domain bound syntaxin 1A and SNAP-25 in a Ca2+-dependent manner (with optimal 61 microm free Ca2+ required for binding). These interactions were greatly diminished for C2F with the P1825A mutation, possibly because of a reduction in tertiary structural change, induced by Ca2+, for the mutated C2F compared with the native C2F. The otoferlin C2D domain also bound syntaxin 1A, but with weaker affinity (Kd = 1.7 x 10(-5) m) than for the C2F interaction (Kd = 2.6 x 10(-9) m). In contrast, it was the otoferlin C2D domain that bound the Cav1.3 II-III loop, in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The L1011P mutation in C2D rendered this binding insensitive to Ca2+ and considerably diminished. Overall, we demonstrated that otoferlin interacts with two main target-SNARE proteins of the hair-cell synaptic complex, syntaxin 1A and SNAP-25, as well as the calcium channel, with the otoferlin C2F and C2D domains of central importance for binding. Because mutations in the otoferlin C2 domains that cause deafness in humans impair the ability of otoferlin to bind syntaxin, SNAP-25, and the Cav1.3 calcium channel, it is these interactions that may mediate regulation by otoferlin of hair cell synaptic exocytosis critical to inner ear hair cell function.
Paradoxes on the commons: Scarcity and the problem of equality

Resource scarcities challenge the fundamental assumptions of a reward-oriented, egalitarian society because scarcity itself usually means some unequal allocation of the scarce goods. If they are important or vital to members, the suffering resulting from deprivation is also unequally distributed. Maintaining a societal ethic of equality and a high value on happiness while chronically contradicting these in practice requires that certain social paradoxes be maintained; the resulting dissonances add stress to the community already afflicted by the direct consequences of the scarcity itself. This paper addresses the problem from the point of view of commons dynamics and as both a problem in value conflict and one in social structure. It reviews the theory of tragic choices, which addresses some of these points and which proceeds on assumption that inequality, scarcity, and suffering are facts of human existence. Compared against it are three psychological theories (game, social trap, and equity theories), all three of which are found to contribute differing insights to commons problems, but all are found to be of limited value in this context. The comparison does suggest, however, that tragic choice theory's basic assumptions have merit. Implications are then explored in a functionalistic analysis of adaptive behaviors in commons scarcities. The value of small subgroups is discussed. It is proposed that under some conditions (such as where equal territorial division is impractical) the commons is better preserved by accepting inequality among subgroups than by either maintaining equality of all members (a component of the Marxian solution) or by dictatorial (Hobbesean) control, as suggested by other analysts. Freedom of choice is better protected. The paper identifies the psychological qualities of honesty (following tragic choice theory), trust, and trustworthiness as being functional qualities in this group problem, but suggests that happiness is not. Briefly discussed is the interdisciplinary problem of differing views of the nature of man for possible policy implications on this topic. Research directions are suggested.
Allergy and migraine: is there a connection?

Purpose of reviewIn the last 10 years, otolaryngologists and allergists have become increasingly aware of migraine headaches in their practices. This is partially due to a better understanding of the high incidence of migraine and a realization that the majority of patients presenting as ‘sinus head
Monitoring dibutyltin and triphenyltin in fresh waters and fish in the United States using micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry.

There is a growing body of evidence that toxic organotins are making their way into terrestrial and aquatic mammals including humans. In the United States, one possible route of environmental exposure to organotins (specifically dibutyltin and triphenyltin) is via fresh surface waters and fish taken from those waters. A unique methodology was used for quantitative and speciation of the organotins. This green-chemistry method combines two extraction techniques (solid-phase extraction for waters; hexane/tropolone extraction for fish) with μ-liquid chromatography-electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry (μ-LC-ES/ITMS) as the detection method. A small survey looking for organotins in fresh surface waters across the United States, and fish from those waters, was conducted. Various concentrations of dibutyltin and triphenyltin were detected in fresh water, ranging from nondetect to 2 ppb, and nondetect to 6 ppb, respectively. In fish dibutyltin and triphenyltin were detected from nondetect to 200 ppb, and nondetect to 400 ppb, respectively.
Pregnancy and Drinking among Women Offenders under Community Supervision in the United States: 2004–2008

Drinking during pregnancy raises risks of pregnancy, labor, and delivery complications in mothers and lasting neurological or behavioral consequences in babies. This public health issue has recently attracted the attention of criminal justice (CJ) researchers, as the prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) appears to be unusually high among offender populations. Nevertheless, in addition to becoming a main caretaker of individuals with FASDs, the CJ system already may have under its care some of the women at the highest risk of drinking during pregnancy. This study sets out to determine the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of alcohol consumption among women offenders on probation or parole in the United States. Analysis of data collected from seven waves of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2004–2008) were performed on women who were under community supervision during the year prior to the survey interview. Results revealed that 1.9% of women of child-bearing ages of 12–44 years in the general population were pregnant, as compared to 4.7% of comparable women under community supervision. Pregnant offenders were more likely to come from minority groups and be socially disadvantaged than their non-CJ-involved counterparts. Alarmingly, they were nearly three times as likely to have engaged in problem drinking (e.g., two drinks a day for a month) than non-CJ-involved women. Negative behavioral consequences resulting from alcohol consumption and concurrent use of other substances were also significantly more pervasive among drinkers under community supervision. Effective prevention and control of the problem requires rethinking the role of corrections systems in health promotion. Concrete recommendations are discussed.
Alignment of anilinonaphthalene-sulfonate and related fluorescent probe molecules in squid axon membrane and in synthetic polymers

Abstract As a fluorescent probe for the squid axon membrane, the behavior of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (1,8-ANS) was found to be very different from that of its positional isomer, 2,6-ANS, or of the methylated derivative, 2,6-TNS. The degree of polarization of the fluorescent light contributing to a transient intensity reduction during nerve excitation was larger than about 0.7 for both 2,6-ANS and 2,6-TNS, while the corresponding value for 1,8-ANS in a squid axon was about 0.35. The physicochemical basis of this difference was investigated by measuring the fluorescence polarization of these probe molecules incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) sheets. In a stretched sheet of this synthetic polymer, 1,8-ANS showed poor alignment, while the 2,6-derivatives were highly oriented with their transition moments aligned approximately in the direction of stretching. Based on these findings, the experimental results obtained from squid axons were interpreted as an indication of the existence, at or near the membrane, of a longitudinally oriented macromolecular structure, bringing about a high degree of alignment of 2,6-ANS or 2,6-TNS molecules. It is clear that, as a probe for fluorescence polarization studies of macromolecular structures, 2,6-TNS is far superior to 1,8-ANS.
Vision-enhanced Immersive Interaction and Remote Collaboration with Large Touch Displays

Large displays are becoming commodity, and more and more, they are touch-enabled. In this keynote, we describe a system called ViiBoard (Vision-enhanced Immersive Interaction with touch Board) that enables natural interaction and immersive remote collaboration with large touch displays by adding a commodity color plus depth sensor. It consists of two parts. The first part is called VTouch that augments touch input with visual understanding of the user to improve interaction with a large touch-sensitive display such as Microsoft Surface Hub. An RGBD sensor such as Microsoft Kinect adds the visual modality and enables new interactions beyond touch. Through visual analysis, the system understands where the user is, who the user is, and what the user is doing even before the user touches the display. Such information is used to enhance interaction in multiple ways. For example, a user can use simple gestures to bring up menu items such as color palette and soft keyboard; menu items can be shown where the user is and can follow the user; hovering can show information to the user before the user commits to touch; the user can perform different functions (for example writing and erasing) with different hands; and the user's preference profile can be maintained, distinct from other users. User studies are conducted and the users very much appreciate the value of these and other enhanced interactions. The second part is called ImmerseBoard. ImmerseBoard is a system for remote collaboration through a digital whiteboard that gives participants a 3D immersive experience, enabled by an RGBD sensor mounted on the side of a large touch display (the same setup as in VTouch). Using 3D processing of the depth images, life-sized rendering, and novel visualizations, ImmerseBoard emulates writing side-by-side on a physical whiteboard, or alternatively on a mirror. User studies involving three tasks show that compared to standard video conferencing with a digital whiteboard, ImmerseBoard provides participants with a quantitatively better ability to estimate their remote partners' eye gaze direction, gesture direction, intention, and level of agreement. Moreover, these quantitative capabilities translate qualitatively into a heightened sense of being together and a more enjoyable experience. ImmerseBoard's form factor is suitable for practical and easy installation in homes and offices.
Solid-source doping of a-Si:H thin films deposited with a remote hydrogen plasma☆

Abstract Solid sources were used to evaluate potentially-interesting dopants for a-Si:H that as gaseous hydrides either are not readily obtainable or are of high toxicity when used in large volume. After a description of the remote hydrogen plasma reactor and deposition technique, results are presented which demonstrate the use of solid arsenic and antimony to dope a-Si:H for n-type electrical conductivity.
ON THE RADIOACTIVITY OF IRON METEORITES

A nondestructive technique employing a large sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer was used to examine the gamma radioactivity of iron meteorites. Of 5 studied, only Aroos and Sikhote-Alin showed detectable gamma radioactivity. In Aroos, measured 120 days after fall, 425 plus or minus 40 d/m/kg of 308-day Mn/ sup 54/was the predominant radioactivity detected; 5.27 year Co/sup 60/ concentrations in 4 pieces of Sikhote-Alin randged from 207 plus or minus 21 to 386 plus or minus 39 d/m/kg. No gamma-ray activity in the energy randge 0.2 to 2 Mev was detectable in the other 4 siderites with a limit of detection of about 10 gammas/m/kg. (auth)
Outcomes of statin myopathy after statin withdrawal.

OBJECTIVE To study the outcomes of statin myopathy after statin withdrawal. METHODS Sixty-nine patients with mild statin myopathy were studied by chart review. RESULTS Mean age at presentation was 62.1 years. Forty-nine (71.0%) of the 69 patients were men. Mean duration of follow-up after statin withdrawal was 18.2 months. Muscle symptoms improved in 9 (13.0%) and completely resolved in 50 (72.5%) patients. Thirteen (18.8%)/69 patients had symptoms lingered beyond 14 months. Creatine kinase (CK) levels were elevated in 52 (75.4%)/69 patients at initial presentation and returned to normal in 11 (21.3%)/52 patients at follow-up. Symptom improvement was not influenced by the initial presence of weakness, CK elevation, or myopathic changes on electromyography or muscle biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Muscle symptoms can linger beyond 14 months, and it is difficult to predict which patients will have a prolonged recovery course. CK normalization often lags behind symptom improvement, and this should not be the only indication for muscle biopsy.
Influence of VIP on prolactinemia in turkey anterior pituitary cells: Role of cAMP second messenger in VIP-induced prolactin gene expression

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the avian prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor. In the turkey, hypothalamic VIP immunoreactivity and mRNA content, as well as VIP levels in hypophyseal portal blood, are closely related to the state of prolactinemia and the reproductive stage. The present study investigated the role of VIP on prolactinemia in turkey anterior pituitary (AP) cells through PRL gene expression and the role of a cAMP second messenger system on VIP-induced PRL expression. In primary AP cells harvested from hens in different prolactinemic states, steady state promoter activities were positively correlated with secreted PRL levels. VIP increased PRL promoter activities in AP cells from hens with intermediate PRL levels (laying), but not in AP cells from hypoprolactinemic hens (nonphotostimulated reproductively quiescent). However, in AP cells from hyperprolactinemic hens (incubating), PRL promoter activity was down-regulated by VIP. PRL mRNA steady state levels were significantly decreased by the cAMP analogue, 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), and PRL secretion was down-regulated by the phosphodiesterase blocker, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the cAMP second messenger system might be involved in the inhibitory action of dopamine upon VIP-stimulated PRL secretion and gene expression at the pituitary level. In a study of VIP immediate and long-term effects on c-fos expression in relation to PRL expression, VIP dramatically induced c-fos mRNA expression within 5 min, suggesting that VIP-induced c-fos expression might be involved in VIP-stimulated PRL secretion and gene expression. These results provide additional evidence of the functional significance of VIP in PRL gene expression and suggest that changes in PRL promoter activity by VIP may be one of the important inductive mechanisms leading to prolactinemia.
Institutional Boundaries, Structural Change, and Economic Reform in China An Introduction

Is China on its way to becoming the first centrally planned economy to successfully navigate the transition to a market-based system under Communist auspices? Or have reforms permanently stalled at an inefficient juncture, halfway between the two worlds? Is general resource mobility in response to scarcity and demand becoming China's order of the day, or do the privileged positions of state industry and of those who populate its payrolls constitute insurmountable political-economic obstacles to change? In the pages that follow, these questions are examined from a variety of vantage points, with sometimes overlapping and sometimes divergent conclusions. The positions presented in this symposium range from that of Barry Naughton, who finds barriers to competition crumbling rapidly, to that of Calla Wiemer, who sees a conflict between market reform and entrenched distributional claims, to that of Hemming Christiansen, who sees the market in the reform era as actually strengthening the state and reinforcing the rural-urban divide. However, the authors share much common ground, and the discussion is more illuminating than it is heated.
Assessing friend support of adolescents' diabetes care: the diabetes social support questionnaire-friends version

Objective: To develop and evaluate the Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire for Friends (DSSQ-Friends), a measure of friends’ supportive behaviors for adolescents with diabetes. Gender and age differences in friends’ support for diabetes were examined, as well as the relationship between friend support and adolescents’ treatment adherence. Methods: Seventy-four adolescents (11–18 years) completed the DSSQ-Friends in addition to other measures of social support and a measure of treatment adherence. The behaviors on the DSSQ-Friends were scored for supportiveness and frequency. A combined rating (frequency support) was also calculated to adjust the frequency of friends’ support for adolescents’ perceptions of supportiveness. Results: The DSSQ-Friends had acceptable internal consistency and good test-retest reliability; it correlated well with other measures of friend support. Age-related differences were minimal; however, compared to boys, girls reported more friend support for blood glucose testing and emotions. Friend support was not related to overall treatment adherence but was related to adherence for blood glucose testing. Conclusions: We discuss the utility of the DSSQ-Friends as a clinical and research tool for measuring diabetes-specific friend support and offer suggestions for future research on friends’ support for adolescents’ diabetes care.
The initiation and withdrawal of odd-eighth quotes among Nasdaq stocks: an empirical analysis ☆

Christie and Schultz (1994), (Journal of Finance, 49, 1813}1840) "nd that market makers in many active Nasdaq stocks avoid odd-eighth quotes. This paper studies 67 (58) Nasdaq stocks whose market makers initiate (withdraw) odd-eighth quotes. These regime shifts are often completed within the span of a day, and coincide with dramatic changes in dollar, percentage and e!ective spreads. In most cases, we are unable to identify comparable changes in the costs of making markets. We do identify long-run changes in average prices that may provide a partial explanation. However, we also "nd
Novice School Principals’ Sense of Ultimate Responsibility Problems of Practice in Transitioning to the Principal’s Office

Purpose: To investigate the problems of practice experienced by novice school principals as they transition into their new occupation, focusing in particular on the first 3 months on the job—a crit...
Stability of hydroxyprogesterone caproate alone and in a compounded pharmaceutical product.

Purpose The chemical stability of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in powder form and in a pharmaceutical formulation under different experimental conditions was evaluated. Methods Pure hydroxyprogesterone caproate was subjected to hydrolysis, photolysis, and thermal degradation. The content of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in pharmaceutical products was evaluated after using two different sterilization methods and after exposure to light. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate and its degradation products were analyzed using a validated reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Variables examined included specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, theoretical plate numbers, signal:noise ratio, resolution between any two peaks, and relative standard deviation of the peak response. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata software, version 11 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Mean values and standard deviations were calculated. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Components of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and organic impurities in pharmaceutical products were scanned with wide ultraviolet wavelength from 200 to 400 nm. In powder form, hydroxyprogesterone caproate was stable when exposed to high temperatures and light. Considerable degradation of hydroxyprogesterone caproate was observed in alkaline solution, with the major degradation product being hydroxyprogesterone. Much less degradation of hydroxyprogesterone caproate was observed in acidic conditions over 72 hours. The content of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in pharmaceutical products was not altered by the sterilization methods (filtration or heat sterilization) used and after exposure to light. Conclusion Hydroxyprogesterone caproate in powder form and in a pharmaceutical formulation under different experimental conditions appeared to be fairly stable in the presence of strong acid, high temperatures, and light.
Latina Teen Suicide and Bullying.

Latina adolescents experience depression and suicidal ideations in a disproportionate manner compared to their non-Latina counterparts. We investigate suicide and depressive symptoms among a state-wide sample (N = 650) of adolescent Latina girls with a focus on bullying as a predictor. Bullying rates are higher than previous studies have found for victimization at school (23%), cybervictimization (26%), school bully (18%), and cyberbully (18%). Rates for depressive symptoms (49%), suicide ideation (23%), suicide plan (17%), and suicide attempt(s; 13%) are higher than national averages. After controlling for depressive symptoms, girls who have been bullied were 1.5 times more likely to attempt suicide compared to girls who have not been victims. However, being a bully increased likelihood of suicide ideation (1.5) and suicide plan (1.4) compared to not being a bully. There is a continued need to prevent depressive symptoms and suicide among Latina girls and to further investigate the effects of bullying.
Concordance Among Three Diagnostic Procedures for Identifying Depression in Children and Adolescents with EBD

Fifty children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) were assessed for depression and comorbid disorders using a structured interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for ...
Texture development and elastic stresses in magnesiowűstite at high pressure

Cubic magnesiowűstite has been deformed in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. We present results for (Mg0.4Fe0.6)O, (Mg0.25Fe0.75)O, and (Mg0.1Fe0.9)O up to 37, 16, and 18 GPa, respectively. The diffraction images, obtained with the radial diffraction technique, are analyzed using both single peak intensities and a Rietveld method. For all samples, we observe a [100] fiber texture but the texture strength decreases with increasing iron content. This texture pattern is consistent with {110}〈1-10〉 slip. The images were also analyzed for stress, elastic strains, and elastic anisotropy. In general, the stress measured in magnesiowűstite samples is lower than previously measured on MgO. The elastic anisotropy deduced from the X-ray measurements shows a broad agreement with models based on measurements with other techniques.
LINYPHIA TRIANGULARIS, A PALEARCTIC SPIDER (ARANEAE, LINYPHIIDAE) NEW TO NORTH AMERICA

Abstract A Palearctic spider, Linyphia triangularis (Clerck 1757), has been accidentally introduced to the U.S.A. and populations successfully established in Maine. The date, origin, and focal point(s) of introduction are unknown, but suspected to be recent, European, and maritime. Extensive historical collections, records of maritime commerce, and recent chronological collections support this hypothesis. Results of cursory surveys in 1999 and 2000 indicate that L. triangularis is now widely distributed in Maine with specimens taken in 15 of 16 counties. The potential impact(s) of L. triangularis on the native araneofauna are unknown, but possibly detrimental. In Europe, this species exhibits aggressive behaviors (e.g., web “take-overs”) toward conspecifics and congenerics.
Variational method for mode-locked lasers

A theoretical model is developed for characterizing mode-locking behavior using the variational method. The variational method is applied to three laser-cavity models, and a reduced master mode-locking model is obtained. Characterizing the mode-locking dynamics is the existence of a stable node, stable spiral, or limit cycle in the reduced equations highlighting the regions of a stable mode-locked operation. Fundamental in driving the laser dynamics is the nontrivial phase profiles generated during the mode-locking process. The variational method provides an excellent theoretical framework for optimizing laser performance for a wide range of mode-locking models.
Absorption of Hydrocyanic Acid By Valencia-Orange Fruits and Leaves Fumigated At Atmospheric Pressure and At Partial Vacuum

Fumigation of enclosures and commodities at atmospheric pressure, for the killing of pest infestations, has been practiced widely for many years. According to Monro (6) and others, the first fumigations at reduced pressure were made simultaneously about 30 years ago, by Mackie (5) in the Philippines, and by Sasscer and Hawkins (9) in the United States. It appears, however, that such fumigations were attempted at least as early as 1892.2 Fumigations at reduced pressures are generally, but erroneously, called "vacuum'' instead of "partial vacuum" fumigations. Because of the common usage, the two terms will be used interchangeably in the present paper to designate fumigations made at reduced pressure, in contrast to those made at atmospheric pressure. Two kinds of vacuum fumigation have been used?namely, the sustained and the dissipated. In sustained-vacuum fumigation, air pressure is reduced the desired amount, the fumigant is allowed to enter the chamber, and the partial vacuum is maintained during the entire fumigation period. In dissipated-vacuum fumigation, the pressure is first reduced, and then the vacuum or partial vacuum is dissipated. The fumigant is introduced during or shortly before dissipation. Atmospheric pressure is maintained during the fumigation period. At the end of the fumigation period, the air and fumigant are removed from the chamber, and at least partially from the commodity, by again reducing the pressure, a process which is sometimes repeated two or three times. The early history of fumigation has been summarized by Essig (4) and Quayle (8). In a recent article, Monro (6) discusses the basic theories of fumigation, with special reference to the penetration of gases into the commodities; he also raises a question as to the validity of the use of the term "vacuum'' fumigation. Fumigante such as hydrocyanic acid, methyl bromide, carbon disulphide, 1 Paper no. 517, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California.
Characteristics of Ungulate Behavior and Mortality Associated with Wire Fences

Abstract We studied the characteristics of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus elaphus) mortalities associated with wire fences along roads in Colorado and Utah, USA, from June 2004 to June 2005. We estimated an average annual mortality occurrence of 0.25 mortalities/km for the wire fences studied (0.08 mule deer mortalities/km, 0.11 pronghorn mortalities/km, and 0.06 elk mortalities/km) or 0.5 mortalities/km of road. The highest wire fence–mortality rates in our study area occurred during August, which coincided with weaning of fawns. Mule deer and pronghorn jumped fences in >81% of observed crossings. Mortalities were largely caused by animals getting caught between the top 2 wires. Mule deer experienced higher fence-mortality rates than elk or pronghorn because they crossed fences more frequently (P < 0.001) and spent more time in road right-of-ways (P < 0.001) than the other species. Juveniles were 8 times more likely to die in fences than adults. Woven-...
Effects of Water Use on Arsenic Release to Well Water in a Confined Aquifer

Abstract Field-based experiments were designed to investigate the release of naturally occurring, low to moderate (< 50µg/L) arsenic concentrations to well water in a confined sandstone aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin. Geologic, geo-chemical, and hydrogeologic data collected from a 115 m 2 site demonstrate that arsenic concentrations in groundwater are heterogeneous at the scale of the field site, and that the distribution of arsenic in ground water correlates tosolid-phase arsenic in aquifer materials. Arsenic concentrations in a test well varied from 1.8 to 22 µg/L during exper-iments conducted under no, low, and high pumping rates. The quality of ground water consumed from wells undertypical domestic water use patterns differs from that of ground water in the aquifer because of reactions that occurwithin the well. Redox conditions in the well can change rapidly in response to ground water withdrawals. The wellborehole is an environment conducive to microbiological growth, and biogeochemical reactions also affect boreholechemistry. While oxidation of sulfide minerals appears to release arsenic to ground water in zones within the aquifer,reduction of arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides is a likely mechanism of arsenic release to water having a long resi-dence time in the well borehole.568
Duodenal nutrient infusions differentially affect sham feeding and Fos expression in rat brain stem

Duodenal infusions of macronutrients inhibit sham and normal feeding. Neural substrates of this response were studied by infusing glucose, linoleic acid, an amino acid mixture, saline, or water into the duodenum of unanesthetized rats and then measuring sham feeding of 30% sucrose or Fos expression in the dorsal vagal complex. Linoleic acid and amino acids (both 1.5 kcal) and glucose (4.5 kcal) suppressed sham feeding relative to control infusions, and all three macronutrients triggered Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract and area postrema. Although there were significant quantitative differences, the subnuclear distribution pattern of Fos-expressing neurons was not different for the three macronutrients and was largely localized to the medial, dorsomedial, and commissural subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema. Linoleic acid suppressed intake and stimulated Fos expression similarly to glucose infusions of three times the caloric value. Amino acids strongly suppressed sham feeding but triggered relatively little Fos expression. These results indicate that the intake-suppressing potency of duodenal macronutrients is dependent on nutrient type, rather than simply caloric value, and that amino acids, although potent inducers of satiety, affect ingestion by processes different from those subserving lipids and carbohydrates. Furthermore, the similar patterns of neuronal activation after different duodenal infusions may indicate a large degree of convergence at the level of primary and second-order sensory neurons, whereas the distinctly different pattern obtained earlier with gastric distension indicates partially separate neural pathways for satiety signals generated by duodenal nutrients and gastric mechanoreceptors.
The Spherical One-Center Problem

In this paper we study the spherical one-center problem, i. e., finding a point on a sphere such that the maximum of the geodesic distances from this point to n given points on the sphere is at minimum. We show that this problem can be solved in O(n) time using the multidimensional search technique developed by Megiddo[9] and Dyer[5] when the n given points gill lie within a spherical circle of radius smaller than \(\tfrac{\pi }{2}\) times the radius of the given sphere. We also show that the spherical one-center problem may have multiple solutions when the above condition is not satisfied.
Penalties: The IRS Continues to Attack Unreported Foreign Bank Accounts by Criminally Indicting Three Swiss Bankers

United States citizens or residents with foreign accounts must be careful to properly report such accounts on tax returns and reports of foreign bank accounts. The government is continuing its attack on bank secrecy around the world and the latest development involves the indictment of three Swiss bankers for helping US taxpayer evade US tax.
Dependence of Reliability of Ultrathin Mos Gate Oxides on the Fermi Level Positions at Gate and Substrate

We demonstrate that the reliability of ultrathin (< 10 nm) gate oxide in MOS devices depends on the Fermi level position at the gate, and not on the position at the substrate for constant current gate injection (Vg-). The oxide breakdown strength (Qbd) is less for p+ poly-Si gate than for n+ poly-Si gate, but, it is independent of the substrate doping type. The degradation of oxides is closely related to the electric field across the gate oxide, which is influenced by the cathode Fermi level. P+ poly-Si gate has higher barrier height for tunneled electrons, therefore, the cathode electric field must be higher to give the same injection current density. A higher electric field gives more high energy electrons at the anode, and therefore the damage is more at the substrate interface. Different substrate types cause no effect on the oxide electric field, and as a result, they do not influence the degradation.
Hypercarotenemia in Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

Six patients are described with hypothalamic amenorrhea and associated hypercarotenemia. The commencement of the hypothalamic amenorrhea followed weight reduction or stress in each case. The subjects were otherwise healthy and had none of the associated stigmata of anorexia nervosa. None of the subjects had ingested excessive quantities of vegetables or fruits rich in carotene. Although all six patients had elevated serum carotene levels, only three had clinically apparent yellow pigmentation of the skin. The exact mechanism responsible for hypercarotenemia in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea is not apparent. Mobilization of lipid stores and catabolic changes occurring with weight-loss states appear to be related in some undefined way to the elevated carotene levels.
Conceptual knowledge of fraction arithmetic.

Understanding an arithmetic operation implies, at minimum, knowing the direction of effects that the operation produces. However, many children and adults, even those who execute arithmetic procedures correctly, may lack this knowledge on some operations and types of numbers. To test this hypothesis, we presented preservice teachers (Study 1), middle school students (Study 2), and math and science majors at a selective university (Study 3) with a novel direction of effects task with fractions. On this task, participants were asked to predict without calculating whether the answer to an inequality would be larger or smaller than the larger fraction in the problem (e.g., “True or false: 31/56 17/42 31/56”). Both preservice teachers and middle school students correctly answered less often than chance on problems involving multiplication and division of fractions below 1, though they were consistently correct on all other types of problems. In contrast, the math and science students from the selective university were consistently correct on all items. Interestingly, the weak understanding of multiplication and division of fractions below 1 was present even among middle school students and preservice teachers who correctly executed the fraction arithmetic procedures and had highly accurate knowledge of the magnitudes of individual fractions, which ruled out several otherwise plausible interpretations of the findings. Theoretical and educational implications of the findings are discussed.
Combustion Properties of Turbulent Canola Methyl Ester and Diesel Flames

The combustion characteristics of petroleum diesel fuel and Canola Methyl Ester (CME) were studied under turbulent partially-premixed flame conditions. The fuels were initially vaporized and mixed with air at an equivalence ratio of 7 and burned at atmospheric pressure. Measurements of global emissions, soot volume fraction, radiative heat fraction and inflame concentrations were made. The initial velocity of the fuel/air mixture was varied to achieve burner exit Reynolds numbers of 2700, 3600 and 4500. It was found that that the NO production increased with increase in Reynolds number and the NO emission index was higher in the petroleum diesel flames than in the CME flames. The soot content in the CME fuel flames was considerably lower than in the diesel flames; consequently, the radiative heat fraction for diesel flames was higher than the CME flames for a given Reynolds number. Inflame concentration measurements indicated that the NO concentration in the CME flames was less than in the diesel flames at a given Reynolds number.
“I can’t do this right now”: Social integration, significant other support, and LGB educational trajectories

ABSTRACTIndividual interviews with 22 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) respondents indicate that social integration and significant other influence may explain this group’s educational attainment patterns. LGB respondents who were classified as Interrupters—those who paused their pursuit of a bachelor’s degree—largely reported an absence of social integration and significant other support when they inevitably encountered heterosexism and homophobia during college. On the other hand, Graduates, those who completed their postsecondary education without interruption, either had supportive significant others and strong social integration while out on campus or had delayed their coming out until after college.
Validity and reliability of a 4-compartment body composition model using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume

Summary Background Body volume (BV), one component of a four-compartment (4C) body composition model, is commonly assessed using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod). However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been proposed as an alternative method for calculating BV. Aims This investigation evaluated the validity and reliability of DEXA-derived BV measurement and a DEXA-derived 4C model (DEXA-4C) for percent body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM). Methods A total sample of 127 men and women (Mean ± SD; Age: 35.8 ± 9.4 years; Body Mass: 98.1 ± 20.9 kg; Height: 176.3 ± 9.2 cm) completed a traditional 4C body composition reference assessment. A DEXA-4C model was created by linearly regressing BodPod BV with DEXA FM, LM, and bone mineral content as independent factors. The DEXA-4C model was validated in a random sub-sample of 27 subjects. Reliability was evaluated in a sample of 40 subjects that underwent a second session of identical testing. Results When BV derived from DEXA was applied to a 4C model, there were no significant differences in %BF (p = 0.404), FM (p = 0.295), or LM (p = 0.295) when compared to the traditional 4C model. The approach was also reliable; BV was not different between trials (p = 0.170). For BV, %BF, FM, and LM relative consistency values ranged from 0.995 to 0.998. Standard error of measurement for BV was 0.62 L, ranging from 0.831 to 0.960 kg. There were no significant differences between visits for %BF (p = 0.075), FM (p = 0.275), or LM (p = 0.542). Conclusion The DEXA-4C model appears to be a valid and reliable method of estimating %BF, FM, and LM. The prediction of BV from DEXA simplifies the acquisition of 4C body composition by eliminating the need for an additional BV assessment.
The 3D-CT in diagnosis and treatment of depressed skull fracture

Objective To investigate the clinical value of 3D-CT in diagnosis and treatment of depressed skull fracture. Methods 30 patients early diagnosed as depressed skull fracture were given 3D-CT scanning. The examination results guided therapeutic scheme. Results All the 30 patients can get confirmed diagnosis and undergo surgery treatment. The short-term efficacy is satisfactory in all patients, 15 of them have a better outward appearance of skull reconstruction. Conclusion 3D-CT images can show an audio-visual, clear and multi-angle skull anatomical structure and fracture typing, which minimize the blindness of craniotomy and improve the safety of the surgery.