cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Partial Reduction of Various Heteroaromatic Compounds with Bridgehead Nitrogen via Birch Reduction Protocol

[reaction: see text] For the first time various heteroaromatic compounds with bridgehead nitrogen, including indolizines, bispyrrolopyrimidines, pyrroloquinolines, pyrroloisoquinolines, and bispyrrolopyrazines, were selectively partially reduced under Birch reduction conditions. It was found that the double bond in the fused heterocycles which possesses the highest LUMO density can be selectively reduced under these conditions. Indolizine 6, containing an ester group at C-6, was reductively alkylated to give dihydroindolizines 8 and 9 possessing a quaternary carbon center in good yield. It was found that ambident substrate 12, under Birch reduction conditions, underwent smooth partial reduction to give 4,5-dihydroquinoline 14 as a sole product with no evidence of reduction of the side chain olefin. It was also shown that electron-rich pyrroloisoquinoline 15, which cannot be reduced via catalytic hydrogenation conditions, was efficiently transformed into its dihydrocounterpart 16 by using the Birch reduction protocol. Finally, it was shown that various fused diazines were smoothly and stereoselectively reduced under Birch reduction conditions to give trans-4,5-disubstituted dihydropyrimidines 30 and 32 in virtually quantitative yields.
Breaking the Language Barrier

Rene Descartes said, “Cogito ergo sum.” With these few words, he propounded a conundrum that for centuries has fouled relationships not only between people but also between humans and animals. By defining the solitary consciousness, res cogitans , as the beginning for understanding others, he trapped the reasoner in an inescapable bottle of solipsism: we are aware of our own thoughts but cannot directly perceive those of others. It follows that we cannot prove that others even exist. Accepting this argument, we cannot prove that others even feel pain. Mead used this argument to say, “The animal has no mind.” And why should animals have minds? I cannot prove that anyone besides myself has one! Philosophers have devoted volumes to attempts at refuting Descartes. Most of these attempts have focused on the use of language because language allows people to connect. In this view, we have selves if and only if we use a human language. But Wittgenstein laid the blame for the fallacy of solipsism directly on our system of language. In his words, “To say ‘I have pain’ is no more a statement about a particular person than moaning is” (Wittgenstein 1974). The fallacy of solipsism has been the basis of the arguments that deny that certain races have minds, souls, or selves. In If You Tame Me , Leslie Irvine concludes, on page 173, that selfhood, in the sense that REVIEW ESSAY
Characterization of a Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 mutant lacking Photosystem I. Protein assembly and energy distribution in the absence of the Photosystem I reaction center core complex.

A Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 ΔpsaAB::cat mutant has been constructed by deletional interposon mutagenesis of the psaA and psaB genes through selection and segregation under low-light conditions. This strain can grow photoheterotrophically with glycerol as carbon source with a doubling time of 25 h at low light intensity (10 μE m−2 s−1). No Photosystem I (PS I)-associated chlorophyll fluorescence emission peak was detected in the ΔpsaAB::cat mutant. The chlorophyll content of the ΔpsaAB::cat mutant was approximately 20% that of the wild-type strain on a per cell basis. In the absence of the PsaA and PsaB proteins, several other PS I proteins do not accumulate to normal levels. Assembly of the peripheral PS I proteins PsaC,PsaD, PsaE, and PsaL is dependent on the presence of the PsaA and PsaB heterodimer core. The precursor form of PsaF may be inserted into the thylakoid membrane but is not processed to its mature form in the absence of PsaA and PsaB. The absence of PS I reaction centers has no apparent effect on Photosystem II (PS II) assembly and activity. Although the mutant exhibited somewhat greater fluorescence emission from phycocyanin, most of the light energy absorbed by phycobilisomes was efficiently transferred to the PS II reaction centers in the absence of the PS I. No light state transition could be detected in the ΔpsaAB::cat strain; in the absence of PS I, cells remain in state 1. Development of this relatively light-tolerant strain lacking PS I provides an important new tool for the genetic manipulation of PS I and further demonstrates the utility of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 for structural and functional analyses of the PS I reaction center.
Electronic structure of TlBaCaCuO high Tc superconductors

Abstract We discuss the variation of total and projected electronic densities of states at the Fermi level in the TlBa2CaL−1Cu3O2L+3 series for L= 1 to 5. Simple BCS-type theories relating Tc to N(EF) suggest that only the broad Cu O bands contribute to superconductivity, since the inclusion of narrow Tl O band contributions to N(EF) leads to an irregular variation of N(EF) with the number of CuO2 layers. Other important band structure features are also considered.
Opening a Dialogue about Religious Restraint in Graduate Professionalization

Evangelical-Christian graduate students negotiate identities that separate their religious and academic communities of practice. Drawing on bell hooks's notion that marginalized groups must speak for themselves, this essay argues that evangelical graduate students in composition studies must seek involvement in formal conversations on writing, through journal articles, presentations, and appropriate venues in ways that embody rather than restrain their evangelical identities. In order for these students to seek such involvement, it is imperative that graduate instructors begin a dialogue about the potential ways in which restraint impacts students in our efforts to acculturate them into composition.
Acceptable risk but small benefit of endovascular aneurysm repair in nonagenarians.

Background We report the outcomes of a single-center experience with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in nonagenarians. Methods Via a retrospective medical records review, we identified all patients ≥90 years old who underwent EVAR at a single university teaching hospital during a 5-year period (January 2004 to December 2008). Patients were evaluated for surgical risk factor profile, preoperative imaging, technical success, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and need for secondary intervention. In addition, mortality rates were evaluated at 30 days, 365 days, and 2 years. Results There were 18 nonagenarians (12 male, 67%) with a mean age of 91.2 years (range 90-95). Each patient averaged 3.5 risk factors, and the mean preoperative maximal aneurysm size was 68.3 mm (range 50-105). Sixteen (89%) patients were treated on an elective basis, and two patients were emergently treated for aneurysm rupture, with one undergoing aortouni-iliac stenting with femoral–femoral bypass. All other patients in the study had bifurcated stent grafts. There was 100% technical success with no need for open conversion. The mean length of hospital stay was 4.3 days with a mean intensive care unit stay of 0.6 days. Systemic complications occurred in three patients (17%) including one death within 30 days. Secondary interventions were required in two patients (11%). One had endovascular treatment of a type I endoleak at 4 months, and a second patient underwent femoral–femoral bypass at 25 months for severe flow-limiting limb angulation. Mortality rates were 5.6% at 30 days, 41.2% at 365 days, and 58.3% at 2 years. Mean survival of the 11 patients who expired beyond the first 30 days was 17.5 months (range 4-50). Of these, mean survival of the nine patients treated electively was 20.2 months (range 7-50). Mean survival of the six patients still alive is 25.6 months (range 8-65). Conclusion EVAR is safe in nonagenarians despite their advanced age and significant surgical risk factor profile. The procedure can be performed with excellent technical success and a low rate of perioperative complications. However, mortality rates after 30 days are significant. The substantial long-term mortality raises the question of possible treatment futility in this unique population. While age should not be a contraindication for EVAR, recommendations for the procedure should be based on individual patient selection.
The effect of strain rate sensitivity evolution on deformation stability during superplastic forming

Abstract The most important characteristic of superplastic materials is the high sensitivity of flow stress to deformation rate. In general, a constant strain rate sensitivity index value is usually used for calibrating models describing superplastic deformation. However, experimental results indicate that the strain rate sensitivity index depends on strain rate, strain and does not remain constant during deformation. In this work, the effects of strain rate sensitivity variation on the stability of deformation during superplastic forming are examined using finite element simulations in conjunction with a microstructure-based constitutive model. The model is experimentally calibrated and validated for the AZ31 magnesium alloy. The results clearly show the importance of accounting for the variation of strain rate sensitivity in modeling and simulating superplastic forming.
Does Resident Participation in Planning Menus Improve Their Food Consumption

Abstract This study was conducted to compare the consumption of meals from corporate prepared menus (CPM) with the consumption of meals from menus chosen by residents (RM) of a traditional long-term care facility in northwest Ohio. 20 volunteer residents with normal appetites participated in the study. Plate waste data was collected on all test subjects for 3 meals per day for one week, while they consumed meals from CPM. The amount of food served and returned was weighed to the nearest 0.1 ounces. 10 of the test subjects were randomly chosen and taught how to use a method and apparatus for planning geriatric menus, and were designated as the Players group The residents used a meal card game to plan 2 weeks of menus. The other 10 subjects served as the controls (Non-players group). Plate waste data were collected on the 20 test subjects while consuming meals from the resident prepared menus using the same procedure. Both menu methods provided RDA amounts of all RDA essential nutrients. Intakes of calories, protein, iron, calcium zinc, and, vitamins A, C, and folacin were determined using Computrition. Manova analysis showed that the Players consumed more foods from the meat, fruit and vegetable groups (p
On the information and precision matrices of varietal contrasts

SUMMARY An equational relationship is established between the precision matrix of the estimates of the elementary varietal contrasts and the coefficient matrix of the reduced normal equations for varietal effects in the additive model with blocking in several directions.
Interatomic potential for accurate phonons and defects in UO2

Abstract We have developed an improved uranium dioxide interatomic potential by fitting to forces, energies, and stresses of first principles molecular dynamics calculations via a genetic algorithm approach called Iterative Potential Refinement (IPR). We compare the defect energetics and vibrational properties of the IPR-fit potential with other interatomic potentials, density functional theory calculations, and experimental phonon dispersions. We find that among previously published potentials examined, there is no potential that simultaneously yields accurate defect energetics and accurate vibrational properties. In contrast, our IPR-fit potential produces both accurate defects and the best agreement with the experimental phonon dispersion and phonon density of states. This combination of accurate properties makes this IPR-fit potential useful for simulating UO2 in high temperature, defect-rich environments typical for nuclear fuel. Additionally, we verify that density functional theory with a Hubbard U correction accurately reproduces the experimentally derived UO2 phonon density of states.
Early Intervention Program Practices That Support Collaboration

Partnerships between parents of infants and toddlers with special needs and their service coordinators are developed within the context of early intervention program practices that can either support or hinder effective collaboration. The purpose of this study was to explore parents' and service coordinators' perceptions of program practices that affected collaboration. A qualitative analysis of responses to open-ended survey questions from 397 parents and 226 service coordinators yielded five categories and two subcategories related to (a) program philosophy and climate, (b) service delivery (including options for service delivery), (c) teaming approaches, (d) administrative policies and practices (including quality of program personnel), and (e) community context. This research has important implications for early intervention administrators who wish to design and deliver quality services to infants and toddlers with special needs and their families.
Model Selection Strategies and the Use of Association Models to Detect Group Differences

Lorsque les modeles statistiques log-lineaires classiques s'averent insuffisants pour rendre compte de differences entre des groupes, les modeles d'association permettent le degre de precision requis. Cet article presente l'un de ces modeles, puis expose les criteres qui president au choix d'une strategie de selection de modeles et souligne l'importance de la taille de l'echantillon
Proline-Directed Androgen Receptor Phosphorylation.

The androgen receptor (AR) has been identified for decades and mediates essential steroid functions. Like most of biological molecules, AR functional activities are modulated by post-translational modifications. This review is focused on the reported activities and significance of AR phosphorylation, with particular emphasis on prolinedirected serine/threonine phosphorylation that occurs predominantly on the receptor. The marked enrichment of AR phosphorylation in the most diverse N-terminal domain suggests that targeting AR phosphorylation can be synergistic to antagonizing the C-terminal domain by clinical antiandrogens.
A new notation for transform matrix and definitions of related operations

New transform matrices and their multiplications and inversion are defined. Properties of these matrices and operations are derived. The new notation is suitable for both conceptual formula derivation and actual computation. An example of using the new notation for computation of kinematics of robotic manipulators is given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Network decompensation and regional imbalances in rate reform processes: a case study in South America

Abstract Rebalancing telephone rates in regulated competitive environments is a multi-layered process with impact on development variables. An efficient tariff policy implies strategic equilibria in the network evolution, while maintaining overall quality and competitiveness. This study on the reforms implemented in Argentina in 1997 sheds light on the less-known phenomena of network decompensation, regional differences in the value of local services, and access imbalances. A customer survey is used to provide straightforward information on the impact of the reforms just after their implementation, and the proposed division of large metropolitan areas is examined along with an introductory analysis of decompensation and inverse cross-subsidization (rural–urban).
A Better IDEA: Best Practice and Outcomes-Oriented Remedies in Public Impact Litigation for Students with Disabilities.

Class action lawsuits filed in violation of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) raise questions for those concerned with improving the education system for students with disabilities. First, do the lawsuits result in changes that can be directly linked to improved student outcomes? Second, do these lawsuits and the ‘consent decrees’ that settle them refer to best practices in educating children with disabilities? To date, no study has examined the remedies ordered as a result of these lawsuits in the disability education context, or proven how different types of remedies can impede or facilitate progress for students with disabilities. Class action lawsuits under IDEA filed in large, urban school districts between 1990 and 2011 and the remedies ordered under the final agreement were reviewed. This review suggests that the lawsuits against large, urban school districts tend to result in remedial activities that focus more on planning, supporting and monitoring than on outcomes or evidence-based practice.
Test models for filtering and prediction of moisture‐coupled tropical waves

The filtering/data assimilation and prediction of moisture-coupled tropical waves is a contemporary topic with significant implications for extended-range forecasting. The development of efficient algorithms to capture such waves is limited by the unstable multiscale features of tropical convection which can organize large-scale circulations and the sparse observations of the moisture-coupled wave in both the horizontal and vertical. The approach proposed here is to address these difficult issues of data assimilation and prediction through a suite of analogue models which, despite their simplicity, capture key features of the observational record and physical processes in moisture-coupled tropical waves. The analogue models emphasized here involve the multicloud convective parametrization based on three cloud types (congestus, deep, and stratiform) above the boundary layer. Two test examples involving an MJO-like turbulent travelling wave and the initiation of a convectively coupled wave train are introduced to illustrate the approach. A suite of reduced filters with judicious model errors for data assimilation of sparse observations of tropical waves, based on linear stochastic models in a moisture-coupled eigenmode basis is developed here and applied to the two test problems. Both the reduced filter and 3D-Var with a full moist background covariance matrix can recover the unobserved troposphere humidity and precipitation rate; on the other hand, 3D-Var with a dry background covariance matrix fails to recover these unobserved variables. The skill of the reduced filtering methods in recovering the unobserved precipitation, congestus, and stratiform heating rates as well as the front-to-rear tilt of the convectively coupled waves exhibits a subtle dependence on the sparse observation network and the observation time. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Embolic lesions from the subclavian artery causing transient vertebrobasilar insufficiency

Abstract Thirteen patients with transient vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused by emboli from a proximal subclavian artery lesion were treated over a 5-year period. This group was characterized by the absence of significant carotid disease (12 of 13 patients) and equal arm pressures bilaterally in most patients (8 of 13 patients). An isolated supraclavicular bruit (12 of 13 patients) and a history of ipsilateral digital ischemia (5 of 13 patients) were common. Arch angiography demonstrated proximal subclavian lesions in 12 patients, with obvious ulcerations in 10 cases and thrombus in an old carotid-subclavian bypass graft in one case. Surgery directed at removal or exclusion of the lesion was successful in all cases. Isolated lesions in the subclavian artery can be a source of emboli into the vertebrobasilar circulation. These lesions are effectively treated by exclusion and vascular reconstruction. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:372-5.)
Political Secrecy and Cultural Conflict A Plea for Formalism

The recent constitutional crisis in the United States and the remedial process related thereto points towarda renewed interest in the value offormal norms for maintaining accountability in the use of secrecy in politics and administration. Since formal norms require effective forms of mediation to establish their operational value, this paper inquires into the relation between mediating processes and constitutional as well as bureaucratic norms. The cleavage in the principles of the polity caused by the cooptation process in domestic affairs and the requirements of national security are examined as they affect the responsible use of secrecy.
The prenatal presentation of congenital erythropoietic porphyria: report of two siblings with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), also termed Gunther's disease, is extremely rare and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The mutation that causes the most severe deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase (URO-synthase) is C73R. Inheritance of two abnormal alleles results in the accumulation of porphyrins of isomer type I that are biologically useless but cause a wide spectrum of abnormalities in multiple organs. The intrauterine diagnosis of the first affected conceptus within a family is extremely challenging despite abnormal ultrasound findings suggesting severe fetal anemia. We report the abnormal findings in a pair of successive pregnancies in a single Caucasian family that yielded two C73R homozygous affected offspring. The course of the pregnancies, sonographic and laboratory abnormalities, method used for intrauterine diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and variability of outcome between cases within a single family and the difficulty in managing even prenatally diagnosed cases are reported and discussed.
Focused ion beam lithography and implantation

The author surveys ion beam lithography and maskless, resistless implantation. These applications generally demand the most sophisticated machinery including high voltage and mass separation, and so far they have been demonstrated only in the research laboratory. However, their long-range impact may be significant. In lithography, the absence of proximity effect and the ability to expose resist with fine features and vertical sidewalls without multilevel techniques offer distinct advantages. Focused ion beam implantation may, in special cases, be substituted for conventional fabrication, for example in CMOS threshold adjust and in special GaAs devices. The key issue of writing time is examined. >
Flow Computations with Accurate Space Derivative Methods

This paper is concerned with the numerical solution of partial differential equations describing fluid flow problems in real space and in phase space. One important goal is to show conclusively that the Accurate Space Derivative methods can be used with success for solving such problems numerically. We describe a method for the numerical solution of the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation. We show numerically that the solution of this equation evolves asymptotically into a steady shock wave with monotonic and oscillatory profile. We present numerical solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson system of equations which describes the motion of an ideal incompressible fluid in phase space. These problems are related to longitudinal oscillations in two- and three-dimensional phase space.
Investigating the role of perlecan in modulating pathological angiogenesis in calcific aortic valve disease

s from the 13th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Applied Cardiovascular Biology September 12–15, 2012 University College, London,
Education Level Predicts Retrospective Metamemory Accuracy in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

The current study investigated the effect of education on retrospective metamemory accuracy in 143 healthy older adults and 143 early to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, using retrospective measures of confidence in the accuracy of retrieval responses in an episodic odor recognition memory task. Relative confidence accuracy was computed as the difference between confidence judgments for correct and incorrect responses. In both AD patients and controls, individuals reporting 17 years of education or more had significantly more accurate levels of confidence than individuals with 12 years or less. Thus, education was a significant predictor of retrospective metamemory accuracy in healthy aging and AD.
Biomechanical and echocardiographic characterization of flail mitral leaflet due to myxomatous disease: further evidence for early surgical intervention.

Abstract Background Flail mitral leaflet (FML) is a common complication of mitral valve prolapse, often leading to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and left ventricular dysfunction. In the absence of timely surgical correction, survival is significantly impaired. Early recognition of FML and identification of risk factors is important because early intervention increases the chances of survival. Methods We studied 123 patients undergoing mitral valve surgery for severe MR caused by myxomatous disease. Chart review, echocardiography, and tensile testing were performed. Results Thirty-eight patients had FML, and 85 patients had non-flail mitral leaflet (non-FML). Patients with FML were younger (53.7 ± 1.8 vs 59.3 ± 1.4 years, P = .02), had more severe MR (3.89 ± 0.04 vs 3.76 ± 0.04, P = .02), were less likely to be in New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure (5% vs 20%, P = .037), and were less likely to have bileaflet mitral valve prolapse (5% vs 38%, P P = .006) that tended to have a lower failure stress (3.8 ± 0.9 vs 9.6 ± 2.2 Mpa, P = .07) and had more extensible leaflets (56.4% ± 7.9% vs 42.9% ± 2.7% strain, P = .04) compared with that of non-FML patients. Conclusions The development of FML may result from intrinsic tissue abnormalities and is associated with a distinct subset of the myxomatous population. Identification of such clinical characteristics in this population and knowledge of an implicit mechanical abnormality of valve tissue may further the argument for early surgical correction.
Analysis of the dynamics of a wind-turbine water-pumping system

We analyzed a wind-turbine water-pumping system, which consists of a wind turbine with a permanent magnet generator electrically coupled with a water pump via a motor-generator configuration. Beginning with a short summary of the system's steady-state analysis, we show how the success of the start-up process and how the system's performance depends on the proper choice of water pump characteristics. We studied the dependence of the water pump start-up process on the kinetic energy stored in the wind turbine rotor. In this analysis, we also discuss the cut-in and cut-off process in the wind-turbine water-pumping system. We support our analysis with the simulation results obtained for a water-pumping system, which consists of a Bergey Windpower Company, Inc. (BWC), EXCEL wind turbine system and a water pump driven by the Franklin 7.5 horsepower (hp) induction motor (Model 234318). The simulations were performed using the RPM-Sim simulator (Renewable-energy Power-system Modular Simulator), which was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Wind Technology Center.
Novel Mechanistic Targets for the Treatment of Sub-Acute and Chronic Bronchitis

Sub-acute and chronic bronchitis (SACB) are among the least well studied major medical problems that exist today. While much research and novel drug discovery have focused on asthma, comparatively little has been performed on chronic bronchitis, the fourth or fifth most frequent disease (4 to 6% of the population over 45 years of age), or on sub-acute bronchitis, the persistent symptoms of a respiratory infection which is the major reason Americans visit a physician (20%). This lack of attention is largely due to difficulties associated with modeling the pathophysiology of SACB in vitro, in situ, in organs or in animals as well as the presumption that drugs developed for asthma would also be effective in SACB. Data with bronchodilators (anti-cholinergics versus beta2-adrenergic agonist) and corticosteroids have strongly dismissed that premise. In this review of potential novel mechanistic targets directed specifically at SACB, an emphasis is given to recent data, gathered most convincingly from tissues and patients with cystic fibrosis, that have led to an appreciation of the critical role respiratory epithelial dysfunction plays in the pathophysiology and symptoms of these diseases. Mechanistic targets that restore (normalize or accelerate) airway 'cleansing' (enhance host defense) by accelerating mucociliary clearance are described and given preference over anti-inflammatory mechanisms that could further impair host defense.
Mycobacterium Diversity and Pyrene Mineralization in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils

Degradative strains of fast-growing Mycobacterium spp. are commonly isolated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils. Little is known, however, about the ecology and diversity of indigenous populations of these fast-growing mycobacteria in contaminated environments. In the present study 16S rRNA genes were PCR amplified using Mycobacterium-specific primers and separated by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), and prominent bands were sequenced to compare the indigenous Mycobacterium community structures in four pairs of soil samples taken from heavily contaminated and less contaminated areas at four different sites. Overall, TGGE profiles obtained from heavily contaminated soils were less diverse than those from less contaminated soils. This decrease in diversity may be due to toxicity, since significantly fewer Mycobacterium phylotypes were detected in soils determined to be toxic by the Microtox assay than in nontoxic soils. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of prominent TGGE bands indicated that novel strains dominated the soil Mycobacterium community. Mineralization studies using [14C]pyrene added to four petroleum-contaminated soils, with and without the addition of the known pyrene degrader Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII-135, indicated that inoculation increased the level of degradation in three of the four soils. Mineralization results obtained from a sterilized soil inoculated with strain RJGII-135 suggested that competition with indigenous microorganisms may be a significant factor affecting biodegradation of PAHs. Pyrene-amended soils, with and without inoculation with strain RJGII-135, experienced both increases and decreases in the population sizes of the inoculated strain and indigenous Mycobacterium populations during incubation.
Olfactory impairment and traumatic brain injury in blast-injured combat troops: A cohort study

Objective: To determine whether a structured and quantitative assessment of differential olfactory performance—recognized between a blast-injured traumatic brain injury (TBI) group and a demographically comparable blast-injured control group—can serve as a reliable antecedent marker for preclinical detection of intracranial neurotrauma. Methods: We prospectively and consecutively enrolled 231 polytrauma inpatients, acutely injured from explosions during combat operations in either Afghanistan or Iraq and requiring immediate stateside evacuation and sequential admission to our tertiary care medical center over a 2½-year period. This study correlates olfactometric scores with both contemporaneous neuroimaging findings as well as the clinical diagnosis of TBI, tabulates population-specific incidence data, and investigates return of olfactory function. Results: Olfactometric score predicted abnormal neuroimaging significantly better than chance alone (area under the curve = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70–0.87). Normosmia was present in all troops with mild TBI (i.e., concussion) and all control subjects. Troops with radiographic evidence of frontal lobe injuries were 3 times more likely to have olfactory impairment than troops with injuries to other brain regions (relative risk 3.0, 95% CI 0.98–9.14). Normalization of scores occurred in all anosmic troops available for follow-up testing. Conclusion: Quantitative identification olfactometry has limited sensitivity but high specificity as a marker for detecting acute structural neuropathology from trauma. When considering whether to order advanced neuroimaging, a functional disturbance with central olfactory impairment should be regarded as an important tool to inform the decision process. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that central olfactory dysfunction identifies patients with TBI who have intracranial radiographic abnormalities with a sensitivity of 35% (95% CI 20.6%–51.7%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 97.7%–100.0%).
Diabetes Management in the Age of National Health Reform

National health care policy is a relatively new concept in the U.S. with a rather tortured and painful past (1). President Theodore Roosevelt's initial efforts to establish national health insurance in 1912 failed. Twenty-three years later, his cousin Franklin Roosevelt incorporated Maternal and Child Health Grants into the original Social Security Act passed in 1935 in the midst of the New Deal. His successor, Harry Truman, attempted to extend medical care to the poor through grant authorization to the states, but met opposition from the American Medical Association, and both Senate and House versions of the bill foundered. Until recently, the Medicare and Medicaid programs signed into law by Lyndon Johnson in 1965 were the most significant legislation addressing health care delivery and financing in the U.S.—extending care to the elderly, the disabled, and the poor. Since then, many have tried to establish national coverage, but neither the Republicans nor the Democrats have had success. Richard Nixon's Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan in 1972 was very much like the Obama Plan presented in 2009, but was considered inadequate to meet the national needs by the Democratic opposition. The Clinton administration's attempt to introduce the Health Security Act was met with bipartisan opposition so fierce that the bill was never brought to the floor of either chamber for a vote. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 is clearly the most sweeping revision of health care delivery and finance since the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid. The questions surrounding it are numerous, and its impact remains to be seen; however, it is worthwhile to examine why health reform is necessary. Independent of the source of payment, per capita health care expenditures in the U.S. rose over the last 30 years from approximately $1,000 to $7,000 (adjusted for inflation) (Fig. …
Technology for Jet Engines: Case Study in Science and Technology Development

This case study examines jet engine development from the 1960s through the establishment of IHPTET (Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology program) in the late 1980s and its role in enabling continued U.S. leadership in air-breathing propulsion capabilities. It focuses on science and technology management principles employed during that period, and how they impacted the process by which technologies were introduced. For this case study, the Institute for Defense Analyses researched the documented history of aircraft engine development through the 1980s and interviewed a number of current and retired personnel from both Government (laboratory personnel to officials in the Pentagon) and the large engine companies (GE Aircraft Engines, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce and others).
Composition of Lipids from Mechanically Deboned Poultry Meats and Their Composite Tissues

Abstract Lipids from light and dark mechanically deboned chicken and turkey meats (MDCM and MDTM), light and dark hand deboned chicken and turkey meat (HDCM and HDTM), their corresponding bone residues, and skin tissues were analyzed for total cholesterol, phospholipids (total and fraction), and fatty acid distribution profiles (polar and nonpolar fractions). Small differences were found in the fatty acid components of neutral lipids from various tissue samples. The fatty acid components of the phospholipids from MDCM and MDTM more closely resemble the fatty acids of their corresponding bone or hand deboned meat phospholipids than skin phospholipids. The cholesterol content of MDCM and MDTM lipids resembled more closely that of skin lipids or bone lipids than muscle lipids.
Update on a Quality Initiative to Standardize Perioperative Care for Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy

Objective:The objective of the analysis was to review the effectiveness of a care process model (CPM) developed to guide management of patients on insulin pump therapy undergoing elective surgical ...
The European Union, the United States, and Microsoft: A Comparative Review of Antitrust Doctrine

When a seller bundles together two products that have previously been sold separately, the arrangement is sometimes referred to as a tie. If the two products are bound together physically, it is often referred to as a technological tie. In the 1970s, IBM physically integrated so-called peripheral products, such as disk drives and printers which previously had been sold separately, into its central processing units. This integration was then attacked (largely unsuccessfully) by independent manufacturers of peripheral equipment as unlawful tying and as monopolization through tying. More recently, Microsoft has incorporated products, such as browsers and media players, into its operating system, behavior that again amounts to technological tying. It has also improved its server software by heightening the degree to which servers employing that software can interact. By raising the level of interaction among servers equipped with its software, Microsoft has so integrated work group servers as to enable groups of small servers to approach the capacities of mainframe computers. The European competition-law authorities see both matters as problematic. The integration of the media player has been condemned as tying; and the heightened server interaction has been faulted for failing to provide the interoperability that rival server software requires in order to participate on an equal footing with Microsoft server software in Windows work groups. Microsoft’s integration (at least in the view of the European antitrust authorities) also raises issues of essential facilities, and of the role of antitrust in achieving interoperability. Integration of these sorts - e.g., the hardware integrations of IBM and the software integrations of Microsoft - raise antitrust issues, as the extensive litigation in the United States and Europe over Microsoft’s behavior has revealed. We have now reached a moment in time in which both the American and European laws are sufficiently developed to warrant reflection and comparison. That is the task approached in this article. Part I, below, examines the European approach, exemplified in the decisions of the European Commission and the Court of First Instance about the interoperability of Microsoft’s server software. That part also examines the integration of the Windows Media Player into the Windows operating system. Part II reviews the U.S. decisions dealing with Microsoft’s integration of its Internet Explorer browser into its operating system. Since most readers will be familiar with the U.S. litigation at least in its main routlines, that review can be brief. Part III contains an initial comparison of the U.S. and European approaches to product integration. The conclusion in Part IV identifies the major differences and the doctrinal bases on which they rest.
Eder's Hickenlooper: Some Clarifications Regarding Peru and Other Matters

This article responds to an article by George Jackson Eder about the rash of expropriations and nationalizations in Latin America in the early 1970’s. While noting the positive aspects of that article, this article addresses many of the frequent and substantial factual inaccuracies marking Mr. Eder’s article, which would probably feed an attitude of righteous indignation on the part of United States interests. This article, in the interests of keeping the record in good order, offers some corrections touching on the matters in Mr. Eder’s article, including the International Petroleum Company and Peru, W. R. Grace & Co., and the Hickenlooper Amendment.
Strain screening and development for industrial lactic acid fermentation

Thirty-four lactic acid bacterial strains have been screened for their potential in industrial lactic acid fermentations. The screening criteria included substrate utilization, product yield, resistance to product inhibition, product stereospecificity, growth temperature, fermentation rate, and ease of cell-broth separation. Acclimation techniques were also used to increase growth temperature and improve product tolerance. This effort has resulted in the identification and improvement of several promising strians, and a superior mixed culture. The mixed culture exhibited a >98% product stereospecificity, cell viability at 106.6 g/L lactic acid, and a productivity of 5.3 g/(L·h) in batch fermentation.
The past, the present and the future o oestrogen and progestogen therapy for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women:

The overwhelming body of evidence indicating that oestrogen or hormone replacement therapy may be beneficial as primary prevention in cardiovascular disease in women leads one to continue to active...
Healthy Parks, Happy People: An Exploratory Study of a County Park System

Executive Summary: Happiness is a quality that nearly all people naturally desire. Happiness has been shown to have a host of positive features, including enhanced mental and physical health, more satisfactory relationships, increased earning potential, and even longer life. Park and recreation facilities have been normatively associated with happiness for over a century, yet research on the relationship of parks with happiness is scant—particularly from a social-psychological perspective. The literature has primarily dealt with the topic tangentially through investigations of leisure and subjective well-being. Given that park activities and happiness are aspects of leisure and subjective well-being, respectively, this study explored whether applicable relationships were also true for parks and happiness. Four hypotheses were investigated: a) park visitation will stimulate happiness; b) across park activity types, fitness activities will have the greatest impact on happiness; c) the diversity of park activities will be more positively associated with patron happiness than the quantity of time spent; and d) there will be a positive relationship between park satisfaction and happiness. Field research was conducted with the cooperation of a county park system. Park patrons in three demographically diverse municipalities in a southeast U.S. coastal region were sampled over a seven-month period. Three out of the four hypotheses were supported by the findings, which suggested that leisure’s relationship with subjective well-being largely holds for parks and happiness. This study’s findings indicate that humans’ innate desire for happiness may be fulfilled when visiting a park. Patrons indicated that they were happy during their park visit and even happier at the end of it. No particular park activity promoted more happiness than another. Study results propose that happiness is not necessarily augmented as much through additional time spent but, instead, by engaging in a greater diversity of park activities during a visit. Patrons generally reported being satisfied with the county parks. Also, patrons left the park happier when they were more pleased with its operation. This has positive implications for park management because happiness is a key component of quality of life, the improvement of which is central to the mission of many urban parks. Park management can leverage this mission success to cultivate greater public trust and support, which is instrumental to securing funding—a critical issue for park and recreation departments across the nation.
Does a Depression Management Program Decrease Mortality in Older Adults with Specific Medical Conditions in Primary Care? An Exploratory Analysis.

Objectives To determine whether treating depression decreases mortality from various chronic medical conditions. Design Long-term follow-up of multisite-practice randomized controlled trial (Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial). Setting Twenty primary care practices randomized to intervention or usual care. Participants Individuals aged 60 and older identified through depression screening of random patients (N = 1,226). Intervention For 2 years, a depression care manager worked with primary care physicians in intervention practices to provide algorithm-based care for depression. Measurements Mortality risk based on a median follow-up of 98 months (range 0.8–116.4 months) through 2008; chronic medical conditions ascertained through self-report. Results For heart disease, persons with major depression were at greater risk of death, whether in usual-care or intervention practices. Older adults with major depression and diabetes mellitus in practices randomized to the intervention condition (hazard ratio = 0.47, 95% confidence interval = 0.24–0.91) were less likely to die. For other medical conditions, the point estimates for risk of death in persons with major depression were all in the direction of indicating lower risk in intervention practices but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Older adults with depression and medical comorbidity pose a significant clinical and public health challenge. Evidence was found of a statistically significant intervention effect on mortality for diabetes mellitus in persons with major depression.
Aspiration of gastric contents in pediatric anaesthesia:analysis of 49 cases

Objective To explore the cause and prevention measure of aspiration of gastric contents during anaesthesia in infants.Methods Retrospective analysis was used to study on forty-nine cases who suffered aspiration of gastric contents during anaesthesia.Results The aspiration of 16 (32.7%),21(42.9%),2(4.1%) and 10(20.4%)cases happened in anesthesia induction, surgical exploration, surgical mis-orperation and extubation of tracheal tube respectively. Aspirations of 48 cases were detected immediately except one case due to the temporary departure of anesthetist. All cases were aspirated in the position of lateral head. Twenty-nine cases were douched and sucked with tracheal cannula. Arrest of anapnea or heartbeat happened in 2 cases. Respiratory depression and decreased heartbeat happened in 8 cases.Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation was proceed for 10 patients.Thirty-three cases developed pulmonary complication and 15 cases were free for any complication.One case who wasn not detected aspiration in time, died of respiratory distress syndrome after operation although successful resuscitation in the initial stage was administered.Conclusion Un-sufficient fasting time or hiding the truth of eating, improper chose of anesthesia method, improper operation and un -perfect anaesthesia are common causes leading aspiration of gastric contents in infants. Therefore, sufficient preoperative preparation, appropriate chose of anaesthesia, proper operation,tightly monitoring and good responsibility are effective prevention measure for aspiration of gastric contents.