cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the convective heat transfer coefficient for minimum quantity lubrication (MQL)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the cooling ability of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) cutting fluid.Design/methodology/approach – An experimental system is devised to find the heat transfer coefficient of MQL under simulated reaming conditions. Cooling rate of the specimen is measured with an infrared camera. The effect of air pressure and oil volume on cooling rate is tested. Metal cutting tests are performed to evaluate the effect of heat transfer coefficient on workpiece temperature.Findings – Convective heat transfer coefficient for MQL increases with increasing air pressure. Oil volume has an indeterminate effect on the heat transfer coefficient; however, it is a dominant factor for controlling temperature during reaming.Practical implications – The results of the study can provide guidance to optimize the temperature controlling ability of MQL for production.Originality/value – There is limited information available in literature regarding the heat transfer coefficient of meta...
Late Quaternary Fluvial History of the Lower Cuyahoga River in Northeastern Ohio

Abstract Over 200 drill-holes and excavations associated with the expansion of a waste treatment plant situated on an abandoned meander of the Cuyahoga River near Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio, record three sedimentary units and two cycles of fluvial scouring. With the present 175 m above mean sea level water level in Lake Erie as a datum, these events in chronologic order are: (1) deposition of glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial gray silty clay, with traces of sand and gravel, from at least 123 m up to 227 m; (2) fluvial scouring down to at least 165 m about 12,500 yr BP; (3) fluvial deposition from 12,500 yr BP to between 8,750 and 8,540 yr BP of gray, fossiliferous (with molluscs, an elk antler, wood, and degraded plant material) fine to medium sand, with traces of silt and gravel, to an elevation of 181 m, (well above the present average surface elevation of the Cuyahoga River near the study area, suggesting that local base level may have been controlled by a log-jam triggered by a landslide); (4) the river scoured to an elevation of 170 m prior to 8,540 yr BP; (5) fluvial deposition of gray-brown silty clay overbank sediments with abundant wood and degraded plant material, starting about 8,540 yr BP and continuing as Lake Erie has risen to its present level. The elevations at the base of the two scouring events suggest that the Cuyahoga River was graded to lower water levels in the Erie basin. The radio-carbon dates indicate that these events occurred when the water was rising from Early Lake Erie level.
Triadic interactions in Savanna-dwelling baboons

Interactions between adult males and infants may have important consequences not only for males and infants, but also for mothers. Considerable attention has been paid to interactions that involve two males and an infant. Investigators have proposed three different general strategies to account for this behavior: (a) exploitation of the infant for one male’s advantage, (b) protection of the infant from harassment and aggression, and (c) development of relationships with the infant’s mother. We review various accounts of these interactions, detail the hypotheses used to explain the behavior, make predictions derived from the hypotheses, and evaluate available data for testing the predictions. We conclude that multiple factors are probably at work, but the development of social relations between a male and an infant’s mother is a central force.
The learning of grammatical patterns

The possibility of learning grammatical sequence patterns independently of any associations between particular words is demonstrated through the use of substitution drills. Sixteen S s were drilled extensively in producing simple Russian sentences of three different patterns. Sixteen control S s were given explicit grammatical rules followed by equal training on the same set of words, learned separately. The S s trained with the pattern drills were faster and more accurate in producing, completing, and remembering Russian sentences than were control S s, although the test sentences contained none of the same sequences of particular words that had occurred in the pattern drill training. A third group of sixteen S s, trained by a combination of the two methods, performed better than control S s but not as well as drill S s. The results are not easily interpreted in terms of associations or of consciously learned rules.
Reducing greenhouses and the temperature history of Earth and Mars

It has been suggested that NH3 and other reducing gases were present in the earth's primitive atmosphere, enhancing the global greenhouse effect; data obtained through isotopic archeothermometry support this hypothesis. Computations have been applied to the evolution of surface temperatures on Mars, considering various bolometric albedos and compositions. The results are of interest in the study of Martian sinuous channels which may have been created by aqueous fluvial errosion, and imply that clement conditions may have previously occurred on Mars, and may occur in the future.
Raising Bi-O bands above the Fermi energy level of hole-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta and other cuprate superconductors.

The Fermi surface (FS) of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (Bi2212) predicted by band theory displays Bi-related pockets around the $(\ensuremath{\pi},0)$ point, which have never been observed experimentally. We show that when the effects of hole doping either by substituting Pb for Bi or by adding excess O in Bi2212 are included, the Bi-O bands are lifted above the Fermi energy (${E}_{F}$) and the resulting first-principles FS is in remarkable accord with measurements. With decreasing hole doping the Bi-O bands drop below ${E}_{F}$ and the system self-dopes below a critical hole concentration. Computations on other Bi- as well as Tl- and Hg-based compounds indicate that lifting of the cation-derived band with hole doping is a general property of the electronic structures of the cuprates.
Parallel application performance in a shared resource environment

The utilization of networked, shared, heterogeneous workstations as an inexpensive parallel computational platform is an appealing idea. However, most performance models for parallel computation are oriented towards the use of tightly-coupled, dedicated, homogeneous processors. We develop and validate an analytic performance modelling methodology for synchronous iterative algorithms executing on networked workstations. The model includes the effects of application load, background load, and processor heterogeneity. We use two applications, nonlinear optimization and discrete-event simulation, to validate the model. Various policies for the use of the workstations are considered and the optimal (or near-optimal) scheduling found. The performance modelling methodology provides significant help in addressing scheduling and similar issues in a shared resource environment.
Long-term maintenance of weight loss: do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether individuals who lost weight on their own (b=447), through organized programs (b=313) or with liquid formula (b=133) would differ in the strategies they used to maintain their weight losses. DESIGN: All subjects were members of the National Weight Control Registry, had lost ≥13.6 kg (30 pounds), and kept it off at least one year (mean weight loss=30.1±14.9 kg and mean duration of maintenance=5.7±6.9 y). RESULTS: Liquid Formula users differed from the other two groups on many characteristics; they were more likely to be women, older, heavier, and to have had a medical disorder prior to weight loss. To maintain their weight loss, the Liquid Formula group reported greater use of dietary strategies (for example, counting calories, limiting the amount of calories from fat) and higher dietary restraint. Liquid Formula users reported that weight maintenance was more difficult than losing weight, whereas individuals who lost weight on their own reported the reverse. The On Own group reported expending a higher percentage of calories through strenuous activities such as running and weight lifting, and reported weighing themselves more frequently to maintain weight loss. Despite these behavioral differences, all three groups are maintaining their weight losses similarly by eating a low calorie diet (5792.3 kJ/d and 25% of daily calories from fat) and engaging in high levels of physical activity (11847.3 kJ/week). CONCLUSIONS: Despite using different methods to lose weight, individuals who lost weight on their own, through an organized program, or with a liquid formula, use similar behavioral strategies to maintain their weight loss.
Detection of a large RIII-derived chromosomal segment on chromosome 10 in the H-2 congenic strain B10.RIII(71NS)/Sn.

This report describes the results of a study of the chromosomal localization of certain loci related to the susceptibility of specific mouse strains to collagen-induced arthritis, the biological model for rheumatoid arthritis. There were surprising results concerning the chromosomal mapping of mouse chromosome 10 and 17 and the backcrosses of mice involved. 7 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Culture Circles: A Cultural Self-Awareness Exercise

The authors designed an experiential exercise to initiate a dialogue about cultural diversity that encourages students to begin discussing their own cultural background as a source of identity and pride. Students are also asked to imagine themselves with a different cultural identity and to talk about their newly adopted identity as a source of pride. This exercise encourages discussion about diversity from all individuals in a positive atmosphere. The exercise fits the call for students to understand their own cultural roots as a necessary preparatory step to learning about others' cultures. Guidelines for classroom administration and discussion questions are provided.
The Risk of Bloodstream Infection in Adults With Different Intravascular Devices: A Systematic Review of 200 Published Prospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the absolute and relative risks of bloodstream infection (BSI) associated with the various types of intravascular devices (IVDs), we analyzed 200 published studies of adults in which every device in the study population was prospectively evaluated for evidence of associated infection and microbiologically based criteria were used to define IVD-related BSI. METHODS: English-language reports of prospective studies of adults published between January 1, 1966, and July 1, 2005, were identified by MEDLINE search using the following general search strategy: bacteremia [Medical Subject Heading, MeSH] OR septicemia [MeSH] OR bloodstream infection AND the specific type of intravascular device (eg, central venous port). Mean rates of IVDrelated BSI were calculated from pooled data for each type of device and expressed as BSIs per 100 IVDs (%) and per 1000 IVD days. RESULTS: Point incidence rates of IVD-related BSI were lowest with peripheral intravenous catheters (0.1%, 0.5 per 1000 IVDdays) and midline catheters (0.4%, 0.2 per 1000 catheter-days). Far higher rates were seen with short-term noncuffed and nonmedicated central venous catheters (CVCs) (4.4%, 2.7 per 1000 catheter-days). Arterial catheters used for hemodynamic monitoring (0.8%, 1.7 per 1000 catheter-days) and peripherally inserted central catheters used in hospitalized patients (2.4%, 2.1 per 1000 catheter-days) posed risks approaching those seen with short-term conventional CVCs used in the intensive care unit. Surgically implanted long-term central venous devices—cuffed and tunneled catheters (22.5%, 1.6 per 1000 IVD-days) and central venous ports (3.6%, 0.1 per 1000 IVD-days)—appear to have high rates of infection when risk is expressed as BSIs per 100 IVDs but actually pose much lower risk when rates are expressed per 1000 IVD-days. The use of cuffed and tunneled dual lumen CVCs rather than noncuffed, nontunneled catheters for temporary hemodialysis and novel preventive technologies, such as CVCs with anti-infective surfaces, was associated with considerably lower rates of catheter-related BSI. CONCLUSIONS: Expressing risk of IVD-related BSI per 1000 IVDdays rather than BSIs per 100 IVDs allows for more meaningful estimates of risk. These data, based on prospective studies in which every IVD in the study cohort was analyzed for evidence of infection by microbiologically based criteria, show that all types of IVDs pose a risk of IVD-related BSI and can be used for benchmarking rates of infection caused by the various types of IVDs in use at the present time. Since almost all the national effort and progress to date to reduce the risk of IVD-related infection have focused on short-term noncuffed CVCs used in intensive care units, infection control programs must now strive to consistently apply essential control measures and preventive technologies with all types of IVDs.
Modifying Excessive Lunchroom Noise: Omission Training with Audio Feedback and Group Contingent Reinforcement

Partial omission training by means of audio feedback and a group reinforcement contingency were employed to reduce excessive noise in an inpatient unit for emotionally disturbed children. Occurrence and duration of noise violations above 76 decibels were assessed using electronic audio equipment. An ABAB withdrawal design was employed to evaluate intervention effects. During treatment phases, subjects received audio feedback when noise violations occurred, and were given group reinforcement contingent upon 25% reduction in the rate of these occurrences. Results showed that the treatment package decreased the frequency of noise violations and increased appropriate lunchroom behavior, but had little effect on the duration of excessive noise.
Multi-aspect visual analytics on large-scale high-dimensional cyber security data

In this article, we present a visual analytics system, SemanticPrism, which aims to analyze large-scale high-dimensional cyber security datasets containing logs of a million computers. SemanticPrism visualizes the data from three different perspectives: spatiotemporal distribution, overall temporal trends, and pixel-based IP (Internet Protocol) address blocks. With each perspective, we use semantic zooming to present more detailed information. The interlinked visualizations and multiple levels of detail allow us to detect unexpected changes taking place in different dimensions of the data and to identify potential anomalies in the network. After comparing our approach to other submissions, we outline potential paths for future improvement.
Identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in semen and tissues from vasectomized and nonvasectomized boars.

Previous studies have indicated that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be identified in and transmitted through boar semen. However, the site(s) of replication indicating the origin of PRRSV in semen has not been identified. To determine how PRRSV enters boar semen, five vasectomized and two nonvasectomized PRRSV-seronegative boars were intranasally inoculated with PRRSV isolate VR-2332. Semen was collected three times weekly from each boar and separated into cellular and cell-free (seminal plasma) fractions. Both fractions were evaluated by reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) for the presence of PRRSV RNA. Viremia and serostatus were evaluated once weekly, and boars were euthanatized 21 days postinoculation (DPI). Tissues were collected and evaluated by RT-nPCR, virus isolation (VI), and immunohistochemistry to identify PRRSV RNA, infectious virus, or viral antigen, respectively. PRRSV RNA was identified in semen from all vasectomized and nonvase...
The effect of grid resolution on estimates of the burden of ozone and fine particulate matter on premature mortality in the USA

Assessments of human health impacts associated with outdoor air pollution often use air quality models to represent exposure, but involve uncertainties due to coarse model resolution. Here, we quantify how estimates of mortality in the USA attributable to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at coarse resolution differ from those at finer resolution. Using the finest modeled concentrations (12 km), we estimate that 66,000 (95 % CI, 39,300–84,500) all-cause and 21,400 (5,600–34,200) respiratory deaths per year are attributable to PM2.5 and O3 concentrations above low-concentration thresholds, respectively. Using model results at 36 km resolution gives mortality burdens that are 11 % higher for PM2.5 and 12 % higher for O3 than the 12-km estimates, suggesting a modest positive bias. We also scale modeled concentrations at 12 km to coarser resolutions by simple averaging and repeat the mortality assessment at multiple resolutions from 24 to 408 km, including the resolutions of global models; in doing so, we account for the effect of resolution on population exposure. Coarse grid resolutions produce mortality estimates that are substantially biased low for PM2.5 (30–40 % lower than the 12-km estimate at >250 km resolution), but less than 6 % higher for O3 at any resolution. Mortality estimates for primary PM2.5 species show greater bias at coarse resolution than secondary species. These results suggest that coarse resolution global models (>100 km) are likely biased low for PM2.5 health effects. For ozone, biases due to coarse resolution may be much smaller, and the effect on modeled chemistry likely dominates.
Methods for mid‐course corrections in clinical trials with survival outcomes

Interim monitoring of randomized controlled clinical trials often requires that the assumptions under which the trial was designed be evaluated and that appropriate design modifications be made. Furthermore, if there is little hope of ultimately demonstrating benefit, the study may be terminated on either ethical or economic grounds. Design modifications may be made based on either blinded or unblinded analyses. Since observed patterns of recruitment and patient outcomes may differ from those required by standard methods, specialized tools may be required to perform the necessary computations. In this paper we demonstrate how the Markov chain model of Lakatos can accommodate arbitrary observed patterns of recruitment, hazard rates, and other design parameters for performing mid-course corrections in trials with survival outcomes.
It Is Time to Regulate Carcinogenic Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Tobacco

The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gives the U.S. Food and Drug Administration power to regulate tobacco products. This commentary calls for immediate regulation of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N ′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in cigarette tobacco as a logical path to cancer prevention. NNK and NNN, powerful carcinogens in laboratory animals, have been evaluated as “carcinogenic to humans” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. NNK and NNN are present in the tobacco of virtually all marketed cigarettes; levels in cigarette smoke are directly proportional to the amounts in tobacco. The NNK metabolite NNAL, itself a strong carcinogen, is present in the urine of smokers and nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. Some of the highest levels of NNK and NNN are found in U.S. products. It is well established that factors such as choice of tobacco blend, agricultural conditions, and processing methods influence levels of NNK and NNN in cigarette tobacco and cigarette smoke. Therefore, it is time to control these factors and produce cigarettes with 100 ppb or less each of NNK and NNN in tobacco, which would result in an approximate 15- to 20-fold reduction of these carcinogens in the mainstream smoke of popular cigarettes sold in the United States. Cancer Prev Res; 7(7); 639–47. ©2014 AACR .
A Simple Analytical Model for the Envelope Distribution of a Sinusoidal Carrier in Atmospheric Radio Noise

A recent article by Omura and Shaft [1] proposed modeling atmospheric radio noise as a narrow-band process having a lognormal envelope distribution. Based on such a model, an approximate expression is derived for the envelope probability distribution of a sinusoidal carrier in atmospheric radio noise. The results are compared with measured distribution of the instantaneous amplitude out of a wide-band envelope detector Watt and Plush [2], and show good agreement over the range of input carrier-to-noise ratios for which measurements were made.
Sufficient conditions on stability of interval matrices: connections and new results

The stability properties of interval matrices are discussed. Sufficient conditions are given for these properties based upon Gershgorin's theorem and its extension, and they are shown to improve previous results. The derivation helps clarify relations between certain previously available results and shows they can be derived using Gershgorin's theorem. Furthermore, the problem of determining the stability of interval matrices is related to that of characterizing certain nonsingular M-matrices. >
STRP screening sets for the human genome at 5 cM density.

Short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) are powerful tools for gene mapping and other applications. A STRP genome scan of 10 cM is usually adequate for mapping single gene disorders. However mapping studies involving genetically complex disorders and especially association (linkage disequilibrium) often require higher STRP density. We report the development of two separate 10 cM human STRP Screening Sets (Sets 12 and 52) which span all chromosomes. When combined, the two Sets contain a total of 782 STRPs, with average STRP spacing of 4.8 cM, average heterozygosity of 0.72, and total sex-average coverage of 3535 cM. The current Sets are comprised almost entirely of STRPs based on tri- and tetranucleotide repeats. We also report correction of primer sequences for many STRPs used in previous Screening Sets. Detailed information for the new Screening Sets is available from our web site: http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics . Our new human STRP Screening Sets will improve the quality and cost effectiveness of genotyping for gene mapping and other applications.
Utilizing National Agriculture Imagery Program Data to Estimate Tree Cover and Biomass of Piñon and Juniper Woodlands

Abstract With the encroachment of pinon (Pinus ssp.) and juniper (Juniperus ssp.) woodlands onto sagebrush steppe rangelands, there is an increasing interest in rapid, accurate, and inexpensive quantification methods to estimate tree canopy cover and aboveground biomass. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the relationship and agreement of pinon and juniper (P-J) canopy cover estimates, using object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques and National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP, 1-m pixel resolution) imagery with ground measurements, and 2) to investigate the relationship between remotely-sensed P-J canopy cover and ground-measured aboveground biomass. For the OBIA, we used eCognition® Developer 8.8 software to extract tree canopy cover from NAIP imagery across 12 P-J woodlands within the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) network. The P-J woodlands were categorized based on the dominant tree species found at the individual sites for the analysis (western juniper, ...
On the design of active suspension incorporating human sensitivity to vibration

The human sensitivity to vertical acceleration at various frequencies is incorporated in the design of active suspension by using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control method with a frequency-shaped cost functional. With this method, a decrease in vertical acceleration of the sprung mass is achieved over the range of frequencies that causes maximum discomfort to the human passenger.
INTERSPECIFIC COMPARISONS OF SYLVATIC PLAGUE IN PRAIRIE DOGS

Of the 3 major factors (habitat loss, poisoning, and disease) that limit abundance of prairie dogs today, sylvatic plague caused by Yersinia pestis is the 1 factor that is beyond human control. Plague epizootics frequently kill .99% of prairie dogs in infected colonies. Although epizootics of sylvatic plague occur throughout most of the range of prairie dogs in the United States and are well described, long-term maintenance of plague in enzootic rodent species is not well documented or understood. We review dynamics of plague in white-tailed (Cynomys leucurus), Gunnison’s ( C. gunnisoni), and black-tailed (C. ludovicianus) prairie dogs, and their rodent and flea associates. We use epidemiologic concepts to support an enzootic hypothesis in which the disease is maintained in a dynamic state, which requires transmission of Y. pestis to be slower than recruitment of new susceptible mammal hosts. Major effects of plague are to reduce colony size of black-tailed prairie dogs and increase intercolony distances within colony complexes. In the presence of plague, black-tailed prairie dogs will probably survive in complexes of small colonies that are usually .3 km from their nearest neighbor colonies.
The Hindu Concept of Self-refinement: Implicit yet Meaningful

The article suggests that self-refinement is a significant meta-concept in the Hindu world because it undergirds so much of Hindu thought and behaviour. Unlike purity/pollution or auspiciousness/inauspiciousness, self-refinement has not garnered the same degree of scholarly attention—perhaps because it has not been explicitly lexicalised in Sanskrit. However, this article contends that together with the concepts mentioned above, a focus on self-refinement is essential for understanding and appreciating Hindu cultural reality in all its complexity. The ethnographic foundations for this essay derive from fieldwork done among Odia Hindus living in the temple town of Bhubaneswar in Odisha, eastern India. The article explores the process of maturing in this community, describing it as a cultural process in which rituals of refinement and of daily life refine and polish the raw human being to create the person, a cultural artifact. It also examines the ways in which Odia Hindu women refine themselves through cu...
Effects of initial phosphate intensity and sorption or buffering capacity of soil on fertilizer requirements of different crops grown in pots or in the field

Rates of added P required for maximum yields of ryegrass grown in pots and of field tobacco and maize were related to functions of P intensity (I) and capacity (AQ/AI, or C) in soils. It was found that log I alone was negatively correlated with optimum fertilizer for ryegrass and tobacco, but not for maize. Capacity alone had little relationship with P requirements of tobacco but was significantly correlated, although having opposite effects, with those of ryegrass (positive) and maize (negative). Optimum fertilizer rates for all crops were best accounted for by multiple regressions including intensity and a capacity term together, using log C when P requirements were increased (ryegrass in pots, R2 = 0.94) or √C when they were decreased by increasing capacity (field tobacco, R2= 0.96; and maize, R2 = 0.98). Inclusion of both capacity terms with log I in regression was of no advantage with ryegrass and tobacco, but with maize all three terms contributed significantly to the correlation, log C tending to increase and √C to decrease fertilizer needs.
System and framework for QA of process design kits

In this paper, we evaluate the dependencies between tools, data and environment in process design kits. and present a framework for systematically analyzing the quality of the design tools and libraries through the design flow. The framework consists of a regression engine which executes sets of tests in a distributed computing environment. These tests vary from simulations to validate models and simulators, to tests on layout versus schematics, parasitics extraction accuracy, and ultimately, tests to validate the extracted circuit integrity against the ideal. In particular, it is shown that test-chaining is required to obtain confidence in the simulation-to-silicon equivalence. A secondary objective is to identify and quantify the peak-error injection points. Finally, future work is outlined to extend the framework to automate entire design flows and provide capability for inter-tool constraint satisfaction and design optimization.
β-Catenin is essential for pancreatic acinar but not islet development

Despite our increasingly sophisticated understanding of transcriptional regulation in pancreas development, we know relatively little about the extrinsic signaling pathways involved in this process. We show here that the early pancreatic epithelium exhibits a specific enrichment in unphosphorylated beta-catenin protein, a hallmark of activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. To determine if this pathway is functionally required for normal pancreas development, we have specifically deleted the beta-catenin gene in these cells. Pancreata developing without beta-catenin are hypoplastic, although their early progenitors appear normal and exhibit no premature differentiation or death. Surprisingly, and in marked contrast to its role in the intestine, loss of beta-catenin does not significantly perturb islet endocrine cell mass or function. The major defect of the beta-catenin-deficient pancreas is an almost complete lack of acinar cells, which normally comprise the majority of the organ. beta-Catenin appears to be cell-autonomously required for the specification of acinar cells, rather than for their survival or maintenance, as deletion of beta-catenin specifically in differentiated acinar cells has no effect. Thus, our data are consistent with a crucial role for canonical Wnt signals in acinar lineage specification and differentiation.
Patterns of brain activity associated with variation in voluntary wheel-running behavior

Rodents spontaneously run on wheels, but what underlies variation within and between species is unknown. This study used Fos immunoreactivity to compare brain activity in mice selectively bred for high wheel running (S) versus control (C) mice. Mice ran for 6 days, but on Day 7, half the mice were prevented from running. A strong positive correlation was found between running distance and Fos in the dentate gyrus of C runners that was lost in S runners. In mice prevented from running, Fos was higher in S than in C in the lateral hypothalamus, medial frontal cortex, and striatum. Results implicate specific brain regions in motivation to run and others in control of the intensity of the locomotor behavior itself.
Neuroaesthetics: A coming of age story

Neuroaesthetics is gaining momentum. At this early juncture, it is worth taking stock of where the field is and what lies ahead. Here, I review writings that fall under the rubric of neuroaesthetics. These writings include discussions of the parallel organizational principles of the brain and the intent and practices of artists, the description of informative anecdotes, and the emergence of experimental neuroaesthetics. I then suggest a few areas within neuroaesthetics that might be pursued profitably. Finally, I raise some challenges for the field. These challenges are not unique to neuroaesthetics. As neuroaesthetics comes of age, it might take advantage of the lessons learned from more mature domains of inquiry within cognitive neuroscience.
Vincristine infusion with CHOP-CCNU in diffuse large-cell lymphoma.

AbstractPhase I and II trials of vincristine infusion have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this approach in the treatment of patients with refractory non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma. Subsequently, a trial was designed to evaluate this technique in untreated patients. Repeated 5-day infusions of vincristine 0.25 mg/m2 per day were incorporated into a CHOP-CCNU regimen and administered to 24 patients with advanced diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Objective responses occurred rapidly and were observed in 18 (75%) patients in whom 13 (54%) were complete. Toxicity was generally mild to moderate and neurotoxicity appeared to be no worse than typically observed with bolus vincristine. Complete responses have been durable in most patients and 10 (77%) of the complete responders have not relapsed. At this time, 9 (38%) of the total patients remain alive and without evidence of disease from 3.8 to 7.3 years from the start of treatment. One patient died of disseminated gastric cancer at 3.3 years from the start of thera...
Management of antipsychotic-related weight gain

Despite variations across individuals and agents, antipsychotics are associated with clearly documented weight gain and adverse metabolic effects. Although increased appetite/caloric intake and various receptors, hormones and peptides have been implicated, biological mechanisms contributing to the increase in weight and glucose and lipid abnormalities with antipsychotics are largely unknown. This has hampered the creation of antipsychotics that are free of cardiometabolic effects, even in antipsychotic-naive/early-phase patients, as well as the development of strategies that can prevent or drastically diminish the adverse cardiometabolic effects. In general, three strategies can reduce the cardiometabolic risk of antipsychotics: switching to a less orexigenic/metabolically adverse antipsychotic; adjunctive behavioral treatments; and adjunctive pharmacologic interventions. However, each of these strategies has only been shown to be modestly effective. Among different behavioral interventions (N = 14, n = 746), group and individual treatment, dietary counseling and cognitive-behavioral therapy seem to be similarly effective. Among 15 different pharmacologic strategies (N = 35, n = 1629), only metformin, fenfluramine, sibutramine, topiramate and reboxetine were more effective than placebo, with the most evidence being available for metformin, and no head-to-head trials comparing individual pharmacologic interventions. However, even in the most successful trials the risk reduction was modest. Weight was not decreased to a pretreatment level, and despite superiority compared with placebo, weight gain still often occurred, particularly in antipsychotic-naive patients and when interventions were 'preventively' coinitiated with antipsychotics. Future research should focus on combining treatment modalities or agents and on exploring novel mechanism-based interventions.
Farm Wives' Labor Force Participation and Earnings

The decisions of farm wives to work off the farm and the earnings they make in that off-farm employment should be considered simultaneously. Previous studies of wives' off-farm earnings have included only employed wives in their analyses of the factors affecting earnings, which results in biased estimates. This study tests, via Tobit analysis, a model which includes all farm wives and examines the effects of wives' human capital, farm and family constraints, and labor market characteristics on both their off-farm employment decisions and their earnings. Wives' off-farm earnings are found to be related to wives' education, labor market experience, presence of children, other family income, farm size, and debt/income ratio. Changes in these factors have a greater influence on the labor market participation decisions of farm wives than on the variation in their earnings, once employed.
On a pseudo-subspace framework for discrete Fractional Fourier transform based chirp parameter estimation

Sinusoids remain the prototypical waveform for signal modeling, analysis, detection, and estimation in stationary environments, but are unsuitable for the analysis of signals with non stationary frequency content. In [1], the MA-CDFRFT was introduced as a useful tool for the analysis of multicomponent chirp signals in the absence of noise. Subspace approaches derived from a eigenvalue decomposition of the correlation matrix of noisy observations of sinusoidal signals, such as the MUSIC or minimum-norm algorithms are popular approaches for estimating the parameters of multiple sinusoidal signals in white noise. In this paper, we extend the MA-CDFRFT methodology to develop a pseudo-subspace approach towards chirp parameter estimation.
Hypercalcemia-Induced Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis in a Multiple Myeloma Patient: The Risk of Furosemide Use

Hypercalcemia is often seen in patients with malignancies, and in the past treatment for this has traditionally included loop diuretics. Clinically, patients with hypercalcemia frequently present with polyuria and volume contraction which may be further exacerbated by diuretic therapy. In the lab, hypercalcemia has been shown to activate the calcium-sensing receptor in the thick ascending limb of Henle and inactivate the 2 chloride sodium potassium co-transporter and induce a hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, an effect similar to that of the loop diuretic furosemide. We now report what may well be the first clinical correlate of this laboratory finding in a patient who developed a hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis as a consequence of severe hypercalcemia due to multiple myeloma and whose metabolic derangement was corrected without the use of a loop diuretic which may have exacerbated the electrolyte abnormalities.
Static and Dynamic Power System Load Emulation in a Converter-Based Reconfigurable Power Grid Emulator

A hardware testbed platform emulating multiple-area power system scenario dynamics has been established aiming at multiple time-scale real-time emulations. In order to mimic real power flow situations in the utility system, the load emulators have to behave like real ones in both their static and dynamic characteristics. A constant-impedance, constant-current, and constant-power (ZIP) model has been used for static load types, while a three-phase induction motor model has been built to represent dynamic load types. In this paper, ways of modeling ZIP and induction motor loads and the performance of each load emulator are discussed. Comparisons between simulation and experimental results are shown as well for the validation of the emulator behaviors. A real-time composite power load emulator is then demonstrated with desired characteristics and detailed transients for representing a power system PQ bus dynamics.
O-ACK: An adaptive wireless MAC protocol exploiting opportunistic token-passing and ack piggybacking

Bandwidth is a shared and limited resource of the wireless LAN. The MAC protocols are mainly responsible for efficiently sharing it among all the stations. The IEEE 802.11 standard uses Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) as its default MAC protocol which employs Carrier Sense Multiple Access using Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme with binary exponential backoff algorithm. Despite its ubiquitous acceptance, it has two major drawbacks: i) channel idle time and ii) collision overhead. Besides, this protocol uses explicit ack which comes with significant overheads, for example preamble, frame header etc. In this paper, we propose a scheme called O-ACK which reduces the overhead of explicit ack and backoff interval by leveraging piggybacking, packet overhearing and token based scheduling. Our NS2 based simulation results confirm that this protocol significantly outperforms the DCF protocol.
Neutron detector for fusion reaction-rate measurements

We have developed a fast, sensitive neutron detector for recording the fusion reaction-rate history of inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The detector is based on the fast rise-time of a commercial plastic scintillator (BC-422) and has a response < 25 ps FWHM. A thin piece of scintillator material acts as a neutron-to-light converter. A zoom lens images light from the scintillator surface to a high-speed (15 ps) optical streak camera for recording. The zoom lens allows the scintillator to be positioned between 1 and 50 cm from a target. The camera simultaneously records an optical fiducial pulse which allows the camera time base to be calibrated relative to the incident laser power. Bursts of x rays formed by focusing 20 ps, 2.5 TW laser pulses onto gold disk targets demonstrate the detector resolution to be < 25 ps. We have recorded burn histories for deuterium/tritium-filled targets producing as few as 3 X 107 neutrons.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The biosynthesis and metabolism of carotenoids and retinol (vitamin A).

Acetate, by condensation and decarboxylation reactions, is converted to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which condenses to form C20 terpenol pyrophosphates. These latter compounds condense to yield the initial C40 carotenoid precursor which is presumably phytoene. By a series of dehydrogenation, cyclization, isomerization, and hydration reactions, various acyclic and alicyclic carotenoids are formed. Subsequently, hydroxylation, epoxidation, and oxidation–reduction reactions may occur. Several carotenoids and β-apocarotenals may be converted into retinol in mammalian tissues. Thereafter, retinol may be esterified, oxidized to retinal and retinoic acid, isomerized, and further metabolized. This review has stressed the route by which these transformations occur and the characteristics of the enzymes involved rather than nutritional, functional, or chemical aspects of carotenoids.
Electronic Structure and Thermodynamic Properties of LaC2

Ab initio self-consistent field (SCF), Moller−Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2), complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field (CASSCF) followed by multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRSDCI), and relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) studies to include the spin−orbit effects were carried out on LaC2. The enthalpy of the La(g) + 2C(graph) = LaC2(g) reaction as well as the atomization and dissociation (La−C2) energies were computed for the theoretically determined structure. The experimental Gibbs energy functions (GEF) were corrected by using the symmetrical C2v structure instead of the assumed (incorrect) unsymmetrical linear geometry. The corrected experimental enthalpies thus obtained agree with the theoretically computed results.
Molecular Adsorption and Resonance Coupling at the Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle Interface

Second harmonic generation is used to investigate the adsorption properties of malachite green, brilliant green, and methyl green to the surface of 80 nm colloidal gold nanoparticles capped with mercaptosuccinic acid in water. The experimental results are fit using the modified Langmuir model to obtain the free energies of adsorption and the adsorbate site densities for each cationic triphenylmethane molecular dye. Malachite green is observed to bind more strongly than brilliant green or methyl green to the nanoparticle surface but has a lower adsorbate site density, indicating differences in image-charge effects, adsorbate–adsorbate repulsions, and adsorption tilt angles. Complementary measurements from extinction spectroscopy show plasmonic and molecular resonance coupling leading to the formation of new polaritonic states and Fano-type resonances with corresponding plasmon and molecular spectral depletions as the adsorbate concentration is increased. The changes in the resonance coupling spectra are co...
Trajectory Design of Solar Probe+ Using Multiple Venus Gravity Assists

A new trajectory for the Solar Probe+ mission is developed, which uses seven unpowered Venus gravity assist flybys to reach the Sun with repeated near-Sun passes in 6 years, at a closest approach distance of 8.5 solar radii (RS) from the Sun’s surface. The trajectory consists of 24 solar passes whose perihelion gradually decreases from 35 RS down to 9.5 RS, enabling thorough, timely, direct in situ measurements of the inner heliosphere region during 3 to 4 solar passes per year over more than half of the solar cycle. As the top mission enabler, the trajectory design introduced a new mission concept for the long-studied Solar Probe mission and made it possible for Solar Probe to move on to NASA’s mission plan for anticipated launch in 2015.
Acetylene-Containing Precursor Polymers

Abstract A significant effort has been devoted during the last 10 years to develop a route to thermally stable polymers without the evolution of volatile by-products. Most high-temperature polymers are prepared by condensation polymerization which involves the elimination of volatiles. These volatiles are responsible for severe problems encountered in the fabrication of parts, particularly thick and large components. Some success has been attained by reducing the volatile level through B-staging, which is generally accompanied by reduced resin flow and also by using an intricate bleeder system and a long cure cycle. These modifications are generally unacceptable for production-line use due to cost and reliability. A few high-temperature polymers can be processed as thermoplastics. However, the resin form is unacceptable for complex components (e.g., prepreg too boardy) and high temperature and pressure are generally required. In an attempt to circumvent these problems, work has concentrated on the develop...
Metabolism of quercetin and tricin in the male rat.

SummaryIncreased levels of phenols were detected in the urine of quercetin-fed, but not tricin-fed rats. Undegraded flavonoid was detected in the feces of tricin-fed, but not quercetin-fed rats. Less than 50% of the tricin ingested by the rats was located in the feces. Fecal excretion of tricin stopped abruptly when tricin was removed from the diet.
High-performance ballistic fibers and tapes

Abstract High-performance ballistic fibers are the backbone of ballistic composites. This chapter covers all the major ballistic fibers used in flexible vests and molded ballistic composites used for military and law enforcement helmets and armored vehicles. The fibers covered in this chapter are ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers, aramid fibers, fiberglass, UHMWPE tapes, and high-modulus polypropylene. The manufacturing method for each fiber is covered, along with the physical properties.
Challenges in Measuring Cost and Value in Oncology: Making It Personal

Oncology patients often find themselves facing an incurable disease with limited treatment options and increasing patient fragility. The importance of patient preferences and values increases in shared decision making especially when the cost of cancer care is continuing its steep rise. As our understanding of cancer systems biology increases, we are justifiably optimistic about therapeutic improvements but recognize that this has complicated the traditional Food and Drug Administration approval of drug indications based on organ-specific cancer for a particular drug. Dynamic and agile clinical guidelines that reflect a rapidly changing knowledge base for decision-making support are needed. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has been working on three initiatives to tackle these complex issues. The first initiative is ASCO's collaboration with other international organizations to create a framework to assess drugs for the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines List, including nongenerics. The second initiative aims to define clinically meaningful outcomes as precision medicine expands the definition of cancers, leading to increased demand for the use of targeted drugs as single agents or in combination. The third initiative is ASCO's value framework, published in 2015, focusing on patient-physician shared decision making. The framework incorporates three parameters: 1) the meaningfulness of the clinical benefit, 2) the toxicity of the treatment, and 3) the patient's financial out-of-pocket cost. ASCO is concerned about the rising cost of cancer care when the clinical complexity and the pace of change in oncology are accelerating, and it is committed to help improve patient outcomes and value in cancer care as well as to engage the broader health care community in a process of collaborative improvement.