cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium germanate glasses and crystals: NMR constraints on variation in structure with composition

We present new results from high-resolution 17O and 23Na NMR spectroscopy on sodium germanate glasses ranging from 4 to 36 mol% Na2O, and on crystalline sodium digermanate (Na2Ge2O5). Combined with previously published results, these provide a more complete, direct view of changes in oxygen speciation with composition, and the corresponding changes in Ge coordination. Until about 15–20% Na2O, non-bridging oxygens are not detected (<2% of oxygens). At higher Na contents, NBO begin to form in significant quantities and, by 36% Na2O, are at the level expected for a ‘silicate-like’ speciation reaction, with all four-coordinated Ge ([4]Ge). At intermediate compositions, a clear NMR signal is seen for oxygens bridging between one [4]Ge and one [5]Ge or [6]Ge. Estimated mean Ge coordination numbers are consistent with previous X-ray and neutron scattering results. We observe systematic, monotonic changes in the NMR parameters for both Na+ cations and [4]Ge–O–[4]Ge bridging oxygens, suggesting a lack of clustering. This behavior is analogous to that of alkali borate glasses, where network cation coordination is well-known to shift with composition, but is quite distinct from that of alkali silicates, where coordination changes are large only at high pressures.
Morphine catalepsy in the rat: Involvement of μ1 (high affinity) opioid binding sites

Abstract Since the proposal of multiple classes of opiate receptors, much effort has been devoted to understanding the subtypes mediating specific opioid actions. Using the irreversible antagonist naloxozone, we have established a role for the high affinity ( μ 1 ) sites in analgesia. These sites also appear important in opiate catalepsy. Control rats showed dramatic catalepsy following a high dose of morphine sulfate (100 mg/kg, s.c.). Rats whose high affinity ( μ 1 ) sites had been blocked with naloxazone 24 h earlier, on the other hand, showed no evidence of catalepsy ( P μ 1 ) sites.
Evidence for transient linking of atrial excitation during atrial fibrillation in humans.

BACKGROUNDAtrial fibrillation is usually thought of as a "random" pattern of circulating wavelets. However, local atrial activation should be influenced by the constant anatomy and receding tail of refractoriness from the previous activation. The general tendency for wave fronts to follow paths of previous excitation has been termed "linking." We examined intra-atrial electrograms recorded during atrial fibrillation for evidence of linking.METHODS AND RESULTSTwo minutes of atrial fibrillation were recorded in 15 patients with an orthogonal catheter. We have previously demonstrated that this catheter can be used to detect changes in the direction of local atrial activation. A mean vector was calculated for each electrogram. The similarity of the direction of the vectors from two consecutive electrograms can be quantified on a scale of 1 to -1 by calculating the cosine (cos) of the smallest angle (theta) between them. Two vectors pointing in the same or opposite directions then have cos(theta) = 1 or -1, re...
Optimization of planar self-collimating photonic crystals

Self-collimation in photonic crystals has received a lot of attention in the literature, partly due to recent interest in silicon photonics, yet no performance metrics have been proposed. This paper proposes a figure of merit (FOM) for self-collimation and outlines a methodical approach for calculating it. Performance metrics include bandwidth, angular acceptance, strength, and an overall FOM. Two key contributions of this work include the performance metrics and identifying that the optimum frequency for self-collimation is not at the inflection point. The FOM is used to optimize a planar photonic crystal composed of a square array of cylinders. Conclusions are drawn about how the refractive indices and fill fraction of the lattice impact each of the performance metrics. The optimization is demonstrated by simulating two spatially variant self-collimating photonic crystals, where one has a high FOM and the other has a low FOM. This work gives optical designers tremendous insight into how to design and optimize robust self-collimating photonic crystals, which promises many applications in silicon photonics and integrated optics.
A constitutive model for coupled fluid permeation and large viscoelastic deformation in polymeric gels

A polymeric gel is a cross-linked polymer network swollen with a solvent. Much of the literature concerning the constitutive response of these materials is limited to elasticity coupled with fluid permeation. We have developed a continuum-level theory to describe the coupled fluid permeation and large viscoelastic deformation of polymeric gels. In discussing special constitutive equations we limit our attention to isothermal conditions, isotropic gels, and consider a model based on a Flory–Huggins model for the free energy change due to mixing of the fluid with the polymer network, coupled with a non-Gaussian statistical–mechanical model for the change in configurational entropy—a model which accounts for the limited extensibility of polymer chains, paired with a linear viscosity. We have numerically implemented our theory in a finite element program. We show that our theory is capable of qualitatively reproducing the experimentally observed behavior of a polymeric gel in simple compression and a fixed depth indentation experiment.
Phylogeography of the North American red fox: vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia

Fossil, archaeological, and morphometric data suggest that indigenous red foxes in North America were derived from vicariance in two disjunct refugia during the last glaciation: one in Beringia and one in the contiguous USA. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogeographical analysis of the North American red fox within its presettlement range. We sequenced portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (354 bp) gene and D-loop (342 bp) from 220 historical red fox specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome b gene produced two clades that diverged c. 400 000 years before present (BP): a Holarctic and a Nearctic clade. D-loop analyses of the Nearctic clade indicated three distinct subclades (≥ 99% Bayesian posterior probability); two that were more recently derived (rho estimate c. 20 000 BP) and were restricted to the southwestern mountains and the eastern portion of North America, and one that was older (rho estimate c. 45 000 BP) and more widespread in North America. Populations that migrated north from the southern refugium following deglaciation were derived from the colonization of North America during or prior to the Illinoian glaciation (300 000–130 000 BP), whereas populations that migrated south from the northern refugium represent a more recent colonization event during the Wisconsin glaciation (100 000–10 000 BP). Our findings indicate that Nearctic clade red foxes are phylogenetically distinct from their Holarctic counterparts, and reflect long-term isolation in two disjunct forest refugia during the Pleistocene. The montane lineage, which includes endangered populations, may be ecologically and evolutionarily distinct.
Time Resolved Photoconduction Studies of Uniformly Doped and p-n Junction Si Nanowires

The time resolved and DC photoconduction characteristics of Si nanowire devices are described. Si nanowires with diameters ranging from 20-100 nm were grown using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism under standard conditions and devices were fabricated in a back-gate field effect transistor (FET) configuration using simple photolithography. It is shown that under certain biasing conditions, illumination with light from light emitting diodes with wavelengths ranging from 480 nm to 625 nm causes changes in current as high as 4%. On the other hand, illumination by a broadband incandescent source causes a ∼4.1% percent change in current. Photoconductive decay curves show bi- and tri-exponential behavior, indicative of multiple potential recombination mechanisms occurring within the Si nanowire devices. p-n doped Si nanowires show similar behavior. Studies under various drain and gate voltages provides insight into the proposed mechanism. It is argued that the Shottky barrier plays a strong role in the observed photoconduction process in these wires, as do transitions involving surface and deep level trap states.
Isolation and Characterization of Two Major Degradation Products of Dyclonine Hydrochloride

Dyclonine hydrochloride, a local anesthetic, is known to degrade in aqueous media. In this paper, the isolation and characterization of two major degradation products, formed by heating of an aqueous solution of dyclonine hydrochloride for 2 weeks at 50 degrees C, are presented. The proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectral data reported conclusively show the two products to be 1-(4-butoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one and 1-(4-butoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-propanone. The proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data of the free dyclonine base are also included.
Why airplanes fly: The Strong Programme and the theory of lift

When the Wright brothers made their first controlled flight in 1903, no scientific theory could explain why their airplane should fly. In technical terms, the phenomena that needed explanation was lift, the upward vertical forces on an airplane in steady flight. Existing theories of fluid motion either predicted no lift at all or values for lift that were far lower than those achieved in practice. This scientific anomaly became an embarrassment after 1908, when the Wright brothers demonstrated their improved Flyer throughout Europe. With the Wrights’ demonstrations and Louis Bleriot’s 1909 flight across the English Channel, European militaries began investing heavily in aviation research and experimentation, highlighting the inadequacy of existing theories of lift. This is the ‘‘enigma of the airfoil’’ that Bloor seeks to explain in his book. To do so he gives his readers a detailed technical history of the development of airfoil theory, a central achievement of modern aerodynamics. But the enigma he seeks to explain goes beyond the theory of lift itself. Bloor also provides a careful comparative analysis of the two main schools of aerodynamic theory in the early 20th century, one British and the other German. The puzzle he examines here is well known in the history of aerodynamics, the British ‘‘failure’’ to embrace the circulation theory of lift pioneered by German-speaking academic engineers. As a founder of the Strong Programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge, Bloor rejects using social factors to explain only the British failure and not the German success. In doing so, he provides penetrating insights into different modes of reasoning involved in the application of mathematical theory to technological practice.
Improvement of current distribution uniformity on substrates for microelectromechanical systems

The employment of an insulating shield for the improvement of the current distribution on 3-in. wafer substrates is considered. Numerical analysis is used to evaluate the influence of shield shape and position on the deposition uniformity, and the simulation results are compared to experimental data for nickel deposition from a Ni sulfamate bath. The use of a shield is shown to be an effective and simple way to improve current distribution uniformity, reducing the measured disparity between the average current density and the current density at the substrate center from ∼35% to less than about 10% for the cases studied.
Directional ocean wave measurements in a coastal setting using a focused array imaging radar

A unique focused array imaging Doppler radar was used to measure directional spectra of Ocean surface waves in a nearshore experiment performed on the North Carolina Outer Banks. Radar images of the ocean surface’s Doppler velocity were used to generate two dimensional spectra of the radial component of the ocean surface velocity field. These are compared to simultaneous in-situ measurements made by a nearby array of submerged pressure sensors. Analysis of the resulting two-dimensional spectra include comparisons of dominant wave lengths, wave directions, and wave energy accounting for relative differences in water depth at the measurement locations. Limited estimates of the two-dimensional surface displacement spectrum are derived from the radar data. The radar measurements are analagous to those of interferometric synthetic aperture radars (INSAR), and the equivalent INSAR parameters are shown. The agreement between the remote and in-situ measurements suggests that an imaging Doppler radar is effective for these wave measurements at near grazing incidence angles.
Smooth trajectories for imaging string-like samples in AFM: A preliminary study

In this paper, we present a high-level feedback control algorithm for rapid imaging in atomic force microscopy (AFM). This algorithm is designed for samples which are string-like, such as DNA and biopolymers. The tip control of the microscope is performed in real-time while probing the unknown sample based on feedback from the tip and a model of the sample. This model is continually updated based on the measurements. To avoid exciting unwanted dynamics in the AFM system, the tip is steered at a constant velocity along a sinusoidal trajectory whose average is the estimate of the sample curve. We discuss the advantages of the algorithm and some of the challenges which must be overcome to make this technique a viable approach to AFM imaging.
A prospective cohort study of dietary indices and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Background: Several dietary indices have been developed to measure overall diet quality, including the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005), which measures adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines from the USDA; the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), which is based on foods and nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk; and the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMDS), which is an index that characterizes traditional food patterns of Mediterranean countries. Few studies have evaluated diet quality and ovarian cancer risk. Methods: We assessed the associations of the HEI-2005, AHEI-2010, and aMDS with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer prospectively among women in the Nurses’ Health Study. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for known ovarian cancer risk factors. Results: During 24 years of follow-up, we documented 696 incident epithelial ovarian cancer cases among 82,948 women with diet information. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval; Ptrend) of epithelial ovarian cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile were 1.03 (0.80-1.34; 0.77) for the AHEI-2010, 0.85 (0.65-1.12; 0.57) for the HEI-2005, and 0.91 (0.71-1.18; 0.44) for the aMDS. Conclusions: We did not observe any clear association of three diet quality scores with ovarian cancer risk. Further work should other metrics of evaluating diet quality that may be more relevant cancer risk.
The Challenges of Innovation in American Companies: An Executive Ethnographic Investigation

Effective, sustained innovation remains one of the great challenges facing almost every company in America. But research shows that the average firm is failing at innovation most of the time. Using an ethnographic research approach, including field research and depth interviewing, the authors of the paper report what executives revealed as the principal reasons why their companies are struggling with innovation.
The Ranchito Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator

The Ranchito helical flux compression generator (HFCG) was designed at Los Alamos in the mid 1990s by Max Fowler. The intent was to supply a few megamperes as the initial current for a fast high current FCG in situations where large capacitor banks were not available. A complete characterization of Ranchito has never been published. However, a recent experiment was conducted that provides data suitable for publication. In the test a Ranchito generator was used to feed current into a simulated plate generator. In the test, we supplied 17.24 kA initial current to the 125 μH Ranchito from a capacitor bank, and a 2.75 MA current was subsequently delivered to a load of 287 nH. Full details of the generator design and experimental results are presented in the paper. Our analysis makes use of an inductance (L(t)) curve taken from paper copies in Max Fowler’s original notes, and follows the approach used by Fowler and Caird1 to characterize the MK-IX HFCG. A complete working model of Ranchito results, although newer computer codes may now provide a better approach. The data presented are useful for comparing results from newer models.
Prescribing Multiple Neurostimulants during Rehabilitation for Severe Brain Injury

Background. Despite a lack of clear evidence, multiple neurostimulants are commonly provided after severe brain injury (BI). The purpose of this study is to determine if the number of neurostimulants received during rehabilitation was associated with recovery of full consciousness or improved neurobehavioral function after severe BI. Method. Data from 115 participants were extracted from a neurobehavioral observational study database for this exploratory, retrospective analysis. Univariate optimal data analysis was conducted to determine if the number of neurostimulants influenced classification of four outcomes: recovery of full consciousness during rehabilitation, recovery of full consciousness within one year of injury, and meaningful neurobehavioral improvement during rehabilitation defined as either at least a 4.7 unit (minimal detectable change) or 2.58 unit (minimal clinically important difference) gain on the Disorders of Consciousness Scale-25 (DOCS-25). Results. Number of neurostimulants was not significantly (P > 0.05) associated with recovery of full consciousness during rehabilitation, within one year of injury, or meaningful neurobehavioral improvement using the DOCS-25. Conclusions. Receiving multiple neurostimulants during rehabilitation may not influence recovery of full consciousness or meaningful neurobehavioral improvement. Given costs associated with additional medication, future research is needed to guide physicians about the merits of prescribing multiple neurostimulants during rehabilitation after severe BI.
Linear stochastic singular control problems

The explicit feedback control law for the singular linear-quadratic-gaussian stochastic control problem is derived. The interesting implication of the control law in terms of information pattern is discussed.
Successful treatment of Pseudomonas cepacia endocarditis in a heroin addict with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

altered significantly the clinical forms and microorganisms producing infective endocarditis that are encountered in hospitals serving urban areas [1]. Although narcotic addiction has contributed primarily to the increased incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and candida endocarditis, unusual organisms are being seen with an increased frequency. We recently had two patients with endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas cepacia. One was successfully treated with trimethoprim (TMP), initially in combination with sulfadiazine and subsequently with sulfamethoxazole (SMZ).
Interventions to improve diabetes self-management: utility and relevance for practice.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to review publications of research on diabetes self-management interventions and assess whether the interventions are relevant for practice.MethodsA content analysis was performed on research reports published between 1993 and 2004 of interventions designed to improve patients' diabetes self-management. Information was abstracted relevant to the intervention's generalizability to other settings and its compatibility and feasibility in practice.ResultsPublications included only limited information relevant to an intervention's generalizability across populations and settings. Many of the interventions tested were not designed to be compatible with the realities of current practice or to be delivered in the settings in which most diabetes care is provided. Many of the interventions were very complex, requiring multiple delivery modes and contacts, proactive scheduling, and coordination across disciplines.ConclusionsIn view of the prevalence of diabetes, it is critical th...
INCORPORATING CONCEPTS of End-of-Life Care into a Psychiatric Nursing Course

Abstract Providing quality care to patients who are at the end of life is recognized as an important aspect of health care. Nurse educators are in a unique position to influence future care by imparting essential information on this topic to students during their basic nursing education. The author offers support for the suggestion that select end-of-life concepts be included in psychiatric-mental health nursing courses and presents suggestions for incorporating such concepts into psychiatric nursing clinical learning experiences.
In what direction should the fishing mortality target change when natural mortality increases within an assessment

Traditionally, the natural mortality rate (M) in a stock assessment is assumed to be constant. When M increases within an assessment, the question arises how to change the fishing mortality rate ta...
Chunking Applied to Reactive Tabu Search

In an earlier paper (Woodruff 1994) we describe the use of, and search for, groupings of solution vector elements that we refer to as chunks. The use of chunks has the potential to enhance heuristic search methods such as tabu search and genetic algorithms. In this paper we have two goals: 1) we describe the details of a fully generalized application of chunking to reactive tabu search (Bat-titi and Tecchiolli 1994) and give some computational results on a particular problem and 2) we use the chunks to explore the nature of the relationship between the search and cups (i.e., domains of attraction or chaotic attractors). We find that chunking allows us to characterize the shape and location of cups in a useful way. We are able to compute the distance from a group of solutions believed to be from one cup to a given solution and test that solution for membership in the cup.
Description of movement patterns of young adults moving supine from the foot to the head of the bed.

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to describe the movement patterns (MPs) of young adults moving supine from the foot to the head of a bed. Subjects. Thirty-six young adults, aged 19 through 44 years, participated in this study. Methods. Subjects were videotaped performing 10 trials of moving in bed. The MPs of 3 body regions were described and categorized. Results. Six MP categories were developed for the axial region, 8 MP categories were developed for the upper extremities, and 6 MP categories were developed for the lower extremities. Kappa values ranged from .81 to .90 for the 3 body regions. Fifty-nine different combinations of MPs were observed. The most common combination of MPs occurred in 21.2% of the trials, 3 times more frequently than any other combination. Conclusion and Discussion. A variety of MPs are used by young adults for moving from the foot to the head of the bed. A symmetrical pattern of sitting up and pushing with both hands and both feet was found to be the most common pattern.
Direct and indirect toxicity of the fungicide pyraclostrobin to Hyalella azteca and effects on leaf processing under realistic daily temperature regimes

Fungicides in aquatic environments can impact non-target bacterial and fungal communities and the invertebrate detritivores responsible for the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter. Additionally, in some aquatic systems daily water temperature fluctuations may influence these processes and alter contaminant toxicity, but such temperature fluctuations are rarely examined in conjunction with contaminants. In this study, the shredding amphipod Hyalella azteca was exposed to the fungicide pyraclostrobin in three experiments. Endpoints included mortality, organism growth, and leaf processing. One experiment was conducted at a constant temperature (23 °C), a fluctuating temperature regime (18-25 °C) based on field-collected data from the S. Llano River, Texas, or an adjusted fluctuating temperature regime (20-26 °C) based on possible climate change predictions. Pyraclostrobin significantly reduced leaf shredding and increased H. azteca mortality at concentrations of 40 μg/L or greater at a constant 23 °C and decreased leaf shredding at concentrations of 15 μg/L or greater in the fluctuating temperatures. There was a significant interaction between temperature treatment and pyraclostrobin concentration on H. azteca mortality, body length, and dry mass under direct aqueous exposure conditions. In an indirect exposure scenario in which only leaf material was exposed to pyraclostrobin, H. azteca did not preferentially feed on or avoid treated leaf disks compared to controls. This study describes the influence of realistic temperature variation on fungicide toxicity to shredding invertebrates, which is important for understanding how future alterations in daily temperature regimes due to climate change may influence the assessment of ecological risk of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.
"Expect the unexpected": Unusual I131 administration scenarios in nuclear medicine: Review and evaluation

1242 Learning Objectives We discuss the utilization of I131 for the treatment of patients with hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. It is essential to prepare the patient, including family and caregivers and discuss details of the procedure and radiation safety. However, despite the most detailed discussions and preparations, one must be prepared for unexpected things to go wrong. We discuss the various challenges in preparing the patient and demonstrate various issues and scenarios which can complicate the I131 treatment process. We discuss methods of detecting and handling problems which can occur during I131 treatments. Radiation safety is an essential component of treatment of patients with thyroid disease by I131. It is important to comply with NRC regulations and ALARA to maintain radiation safety after treatment with I131. We discuss a variety of unusual I131 administration scenarios which have occurred and discuss approaches and solutions to various problems than can occur. Various scenarios include: -patient chews or spits out I131 pill following administration, -pill stuck in throat after administration, -patient vomits pill at public transportation site, -treating a mentally challenged individual, -treating the incontinent patient, -treating the patient on dialysis, unexpected pregnancy post I131 treatment, -handling of blood and urine for lab analysis -sexual abstinence prior to I131 administration, etc. We will discuss these various scenarios and discuss methods of handling various problems and provide different methods to detect and prevent issues from occurring.
Behavioral effects of low doses of DDT.

SummarySeveral behavioral and neurophysiological parameters were altered in mice acutely dosed with low doses of DDT. Open-field exploratory activity was significantly enhanced 24 hours after an oral dose of DDT at 25 mg/kg. Concomitantly, the animals' ability to habituate to the open-field situation was attenuated. In a passive avoidance test DDT, at doses lower than 25 mg/kg, alleviated the stress-induced motor depression. Selected changes in the maximum electroshock seizure pattern reflected an increase in brain excitability. The possibility is advanced that DDT facilitates the central excitatory process, at least partially, by a disinhibitory mechanism.
Intracloacal inoculation, an effective screening method for determining the efficacy of probiotic bacterial isolates against Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.

Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide. It is common in poultry, and human infections are often associated with consumption of contaminated poultry products. One strategy to reduce Campylobacter colonization in poultry is the use of oral probiotics, but this produces variable results, possibly because the probiotics are destroyed in the stomach's acidic environment. Protection (e.g., encapsulation) of isolates may overcome this problem, but there is no assurance that these isolates will have efficacy in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, screening candidate isolates by directly placing them in the lower intestinal tract via cloacal inoculation may eliminate the time and expense of encapsulating ineffective isolates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to collect bacterial isolates with anti-Campylobacter activity in vitro and evaluate their efficacy in vivo upon either oral or intracloacal administration. Bacterial isolates were collected from healthy birds and were eval...
Proofs Without Words: Count the Dots

(1982). Proofs Without Words: Count the Dots. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 97-97.
A Well-Conditioned Hypersingular Boundary Element Method for Electrostatic Potentials in the Presence of Inhomogeneities within Layered Media

In this paper, we will present a high-order, well-conditioned boundary element method (BEM) based on Muller's hypersingular second kind integral equation formulation to accurately compute electrostatic potentials in the presence of inhomogeneity embedded within layered media. We consider two types of inhomogeneities: the first one is a simple model of an ion channel which consists of a finite height cylindrical cavity embedded in a layered electrolytes/membrane environment, and the second one is a Janus particle made of two different semi-spherical dielectric materials. Both types of inhomogeneities have relevant applications in biology and colloidal material, respectively. The proposed BEM gives condition numbers, allowing fast convergence of iterative solvers compared to previous work using first kind of integral equations. We also show that the second order basis converges faster and is more accurate than the first order basis for the BEM.
Quantitative Measurements of Enhancement on Preprocedure Triphasic CT Can Predict Response of Colorectal Liver Metastases to Radioembolization.

OBJECTIVE. Colorectal liver metastases (CLM) have a variable response to radioembolization. This may be due at least partly to differences in tumor arterial perfusion. The present study examines whether quantitative measurements of enhancement on preprocedure triphasic CT can be used to predict the response of CLM to radioembolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed patients with CLM treated with radioembolization who underwent pretreatment PET/CT and triphasic CT examinations and posttreatment PET/CT examinations. A total of 31 consecutive patients with 60 target tumors were included in the present study. For each tumor, we calculated the hepatic artery coefficient (HAC), portal vein coefficient (PVC), and arterial enhancement fraction (AEF) based on enhancement measurements on pretreatment triphasic CT. HAC and PVC are estimates of the hepatic artery and portal vein blood supply. AEF, which is the arterial phase enhancement divided by the portal phase enhancement, provides an estimat...
The evolution of logic circuits for the purpose of protein contact map prediction

Predicting protein structure from sequence remains a major open problem in protein biochemistry. One component of predicting complete structures is the prediction of inter-residue contact patterns (contact maps). Here, we discuss protein contact map prediction by machine learning. We describe a novel method for contact map prediction that uses the evolution of logic circuits. These logic circuits operate on feature data and output whether or not two amino acids in a protein are in contact or not. We show that such a method is feasible, and in addition that evolution allows the logic circuits to be trained on the dataset in an unbiased manner so that it can be used in both contact map prediction and the selection of relevant features in a dataset.
Mobilizing (in) the Archive: Santee Smith’s Kaha:wi

I arrive at the National Museum of the American Indian theater (NMAI), on the mall in Washington, DC, just in time for the first night’s presentation of Haudenosaunee1 choreographer Santee Smith’s evening-length Kaha:wi. The 50-minute contemporary dance piece in 16 scenes, with nine dancers, tells a story of the lifecycle, life and death and birth and life again, of Haudenosaunee people. Its set depicts trees evoking the Tree of Life, which gave entry to the beginning of life on Earth.2 The dance begins with life emerging into physical form, and includes coupling, death, and birth scenes that foreground women’s sensuality, and joyfully celebrate Haudenosaunee ways of being and knowing. It shows a world animated with human and spirit beings. It uses space — both the way bodies move through the stage space (circular floor patterns, movements in the four directions) and the spiraling movement of bodies in that space — to confirm Indigenous spatial understandings. It incorporates specific Haudenosaunee dance steps into its choreography. With hymns sung in Mohawk and Cayuga, and gorgeous music commissioned from Indigenous musicians, the music makes you want to move and sing, which the two older women sitting next to me in the theater do a little, under their breaths, hey ya a hey hey yah, laughing hen they catch me smiling at them as we file out.
Toward accelerating deep learning at scale using specialized hardware in the datacenter

This article consists of a collection of slides from the authors' conference presentation. Are FPGAs a Promising Target in the Datacenter for Deep Learning? Yes.
From PGIS to Participatory Deep Mapping and Spatial Storytelling: An Evolving Trajectory in Community Knowledge Representation in GIS

Participatory GIS (PGIS) was borne out of the cauldron of the GIS and Society debates and the social theoretic critique of GIS. The form and practice of PGIS continues to reflect its origins. At its core PGIS remains focused on integrating local knowledge that is multivalent, equivocal, and often conflictual within a reductionist GIS technology and extensive Spatial Data Infrastructure. Recent conceptual developments in deep mapping and spatial storytelling have the potential to advance the representation of community knowledge through participatory deep mapping. Deep mapping explicitly recognizes that social life is contingent, implicated, and unpredictable. In representing a critical engagement between Geographic Information Science (GISc) and community knowledge and representation, deep mapping potentially challenges the misalignment in representing community knowledge in GIS and in bending geospatial technologies to the needs of communities.
Integrating General Education into a Communication Curriculum: The Bigger Picture Question

This paper describes an ongoing attempt to modify the content of a community college communications course in the context of the institution’s recently adopted General Education mission. This mission aims to provide students with a broad and deep knowledge base, in addition to a set of proficiencies, which will help them lead successful personal and professional lives. The Department of Communication Arts and Sciences at Bronx Community College of the City University of New York (CUNY) developed an assignment that primarily addresses the student’s ability to integrate and reflect upon inter-disciplinary information. The paper reviews the student deficiencies that emerged in fulfilling this assignment and the group’s ongoing refinement of the assignment to overcome these deficiencies and better promote an understanding of the inter-connectedness of all knowledge.
Validation of the USGS Landsat Burned Area Essential Climate Variable (BAECV) across the conterminous United States

Abstract The Landsat Burned Area Essential Climate Variable (BAECV), developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), capitalizes on the long temporal availability of Landsat imagery to identify burned areas across the conterminous United States (CONUS) (1984–2015). Adequate validation of such products is critical for their proper usage and interpretation. Validation of coarse-resolution products often relies on independent data derived from moderate-resolution sensors (e.g., Landsat). Validation of Landsat products, in turn, is challenging because there is no corresponding source of high-resolution, multispectral imagery that has been systematically collected in space and time over the entire temporal extent of the Landsat archive. Because of this, comparison between high-resolution images and Landsat science products can help increase user's confidence in the Landsat science products, but may not, alone, be adequate. In this paper, we demonstrate an approach to systematically validate the Landsat-derived BAECV product. Burned area extent was mapped for Landsat image pairs using a manually trained semi-automated algorithm that was manually edited across 28 path/rows and five different years (1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008). Three datasets were independently developed by three analysts and the datasets were integrated on a pixel by pixel basis in which at least one to all three analysts were required to agree a pixel was burned. We found that errors within our Landsat reference dataset could be minimized by using the rendition of the dataset in which pixels were mapped as burned if at least two of the three analysts agreed. BAECV errors of omission and commission for the detection of burned pixels averaged 42% and 33%, respectively for CONUS across all five validation years. Errors of omission and commission were lowest across the western CONUS, for example in the shrub and scrublands of the Arid West (31% and 24%, respectively), and highest in the grasslands and agricultural lands of the Great Plains in central CONUS (62% and 57%, respectively). The BAECV product detected most (> 65%) fire events > 10 ha across the western CONUS (Arid and Mountain West ecoregions). Our approach and results demonstrate that a thorough validation of Landsat science products can be completed with independent Landsat-derived reference data, but could be strengthened by the use of complementary sources of high-resolution data.
Effects of various insecticide residues in cotton on gender and developmental stage of the insidious flower bug (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae).

Orius insidiosus (Say) is an important predator of several economic pests in cotton. Laboratory-reared males, females and third-instar nymphs were exposed to field residues of nine insecticides app...
How can we improve process hazard identification? What can accident investigation methods contribute and what other recent developments? A brief historical survey and a sketch of how to advance

Abstract Risk assessment is essential for various purposes such as facility siting, safeguarding, and licensing. Hazard identification (HAZID), which suffers greatly from incompleteness, is still the weakest link in risk assessment. Of course, this recognition is not new and many efforts have been spent to improve the situation, of which some have been rather successful. To find out what can go wrong, creative divergent thinking is required. Hazard identification should result in scenario definition. In that respect, applying the present tools as HAZOP and FMEA there is still a great emphasis on the material and equipment aspects. In contrast, underlying management and leadership failure in its many forms reflecting in organizational and human failure, due to complexity, attracts much less attention. Unlike in HAZID, in accident investigation the occurrence of an event with nasty consequences is no doubt a fact, so there must be one or more causes and the traces will lead to them. Over the years, methods for accident and incident investigation have gone through a significant evolution. From the early-on simplistic domino stone model and the human operator always at fault, via models of latent failure due to failing management involvement and via extensive root cause analysis (RCA) to a system approach. Hence, in accident investigation, management failure appearing in the many possible forms of human and organizational factors, obtained already 30 years ago with the RCA technique much attention, while it nowadays culminates in the socio-technical system approach. So, the question arises whether for improved HAZID we can learn from the accident investigation experience. In addition, safer design and advances from static risk assessment towards more accurate predictive operational dynamic risk assessment and management, will also be enabled by possibilities offered by big data and analytics. Digitization, automation and simulation, hence computerization, will be of great help in improving the identification of hazards and tracing the corresponding scenarios. The paper reviews the developmental history of both accident investigation and hazard identification methodology; incidentally it will identify commonality and differences. On the basis of the comparison and of recent advances in computerization, the paper will investigate to what extent beneficial modifications and additions can be made to obtain a higher degree of completeness in HAZID.
Rubella Vaccine — Drug or Menace

Rubella virus vaccine must be considered as a drug, and as such is subject to consideration of indications and contraindications in its use, as are any of the pharmacological products constantly in use.
Manipulations of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade with Lipoxygenase Gene-Inactivated Mice

The lipoxygenases are a family of enzymes that stereospecifically insert molecular oxygen onto defined positions of arachidonic acid giving rise to various eicosanoids including leukotrienes, lipoxins and hydro(pero)xy-eicosatetraenoic (H(P)ETE) acids (1). There are at least four lipoxygenase (LO) forms in mice, each encoded by a separate gene. The precise roles of the various metabolites are poorly understood in many cases. In our laboratory, we have carried out the cloning and inactivation of three murine LO genes (5-LO, leukocyte-type 12-LO and platelet-type 12-LO) to examine potential biological functions of eicosanoids.
Optimal foraging and community structure: The allometry of herbivore food selection and competition

I address the selection of plants with different characteristics by herbivores of different body sizes by incorporating allometric relationships for herbivore foraging into optimal foraging models developed for herbivores. Herbivores may use two criteria in maximizing their nutritional intake when confronted with a range of food resources: a minimum digestibility and a minimum cropping rate. Minimum digestibility should depend on plant chemical characteristics and minimum cropping rate should depend on the density of plant items and their size (mass). If herbivores do select for these plant characteristics, then herbivores of different body sizes should select different ranges of these characteristics due to allometric relationships in digestive physiology, cropping ability and nutritional demands. This selectivity follows a regular pattern such that a herbivore of each body size can exclusively utilize some plants, while it must share other plants with herbivores of other body sizes. I empirically test this hypothesis of herbivore diet selectivity and the pattern of resource use that it produces in the field and experimentally. The findings have important implications for competition among herbivores and their population and community ecology. Furthermore, the results may have general applicability to other types of foragers, with general implications for how biodiversity is influenced.
Participatory speculation: futures of public safety

This paper discusses an approach that combines participatory and speculative design practices to enable non-reformist reform. It explores how we might challenge the limits of the status quo by using speculative design's intention of provocation, while engaging in a participatory process that includes the people who are most impacted by current oppressive systems. In a case study based in Ferguson, MO, community members imagined futures where neighborhoods are kept safe without policing. Speculative props were designed to materialize community members' visions and to provoke conversation around our utopias and their negative implications. This work confronts challenges around public participation, collaborative visioning and the long process of enacting radical systemic change.
Opioid and cocaine use among primary care patients on buprenorphine—Self-report and urine drug tests

Abstract Background Urine drug tests (UDTs) are recommended to monitor patients treated for opioid use disorder in primary care. The aims are to (1) estimate the frequency of self-report and UDT results of opioid and cocaine use and (2) evaluate the association between treatment time with non-disclosure of opioid or cocaine use and having a positive UDT. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients enrolled in a primary care-based buprenorphine program between January 2011–April 2013. We describe three clinical visits types: no disclosure of opioid/cocaine use and positive UDT; disclosure of opioid or cocaine use and a negative or positive UDT; and no disclosure of opioid or cocaine use and a negative UDT. We fit generalized estimating equations logistic regression models to evaluate whether treatment time is associated with non-disclosure of opioids or cocaine use and a positive UDT. Results Among all UDT results (n = 1755) from 130 patients, 10% were positive for illicit opioids and 4% for cocaine. Among UDTs with illicit opioid or cocaine positive results, in 57% and 76% of these scenarios, the patient did not disclose. The odds of non-disclosure and having a positive UDT was higher in the first 180 days for opioids and 90 days for cocaine. Conclusion Among primary care patients treated with buprenorphine, a small but substantial percentage of UDTs were cocaine or opioid positive. As treatment time increased, non-disclosure was less common but persisted even after six months. Among primary care patients treated with buprenorphine, UDTs contribute information to optimize clinical care.