cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Provisioning and Evaluating Multi-domain Networked Clouds for Hadoop-based Applications

This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a new system for on-demand provisioning of Hadoop clusters across multiple cloud domains. The Hadoop clusters are created "on-demand" and are composed of virtual machines from multiple cloud sites linked with bandwidth-provisioned network pipes. The prototype uses an existing federated cloud control framework called Open Resource Control Architecture (ORCA), which orchestrates the leasing and configuration of virtual infrastructure from multiple autonomous cloud sites and network providers. ORCA enables computational and network resources from multiple clouds and network substrates to be aggregated into a single virtual "slice" of resources, built to order for the needs of the application. The experiments examine various provisioning alternatives by evaluating the performance of representative Hadoop benchmarks and applications on resource topologies with varying bandwidths. The evaluations examine conditions in which multi-cloud Hadoop deployments pose significant advantages or disadvantages during Map/Reduce/Shuffle operations. Further, the experiments compare multi-cloud Hadoop deployments with single-cloud deployments and investigate Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) performance under varying network configurations. The results show that networked clouds make cross-cloud Hadoop deployment feasible with high bandwidth network links between clouds. As expected, performance for some benchmarks degrades rapidly with constrained inter-cloud bandwidth. MapReduce shuffle patterns and certain Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) operations that span the constrained links are particularly sensitive to network performance. Hadoop's topology-awareness feature can mitigate these penalties to a modest degree in these hybrid bandwidth scenarios. Additional observations show that contention among co-located virtual machines is a source of irregular performance for Hadoop applications on virtual cloud infrastructure.
An Infant With Vomiting and Hypoglycemia

A 3-month-old infant presented to the emergency department with vomiting and dehydration during an acute gastrointestinal illness. Her evaluation revealed hypoglycemia and diabetes insipidus, indicating the presence of hypopituitarism. Nystagmus was present on physical examination, suggesting an underlying diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of this disorder, which is characterized by visual abnormalities, hypopituitarism, and midline brain defects.
Genomic Profiling Reveals Unique Molecular Alterations in Hepatoblastomas and Adjacent Hepatocellular Carcinomas in B6C3F1 Mice

The cell of origin of hepatoblastoma (HB) in humans and mice is unknown; it is hypothesized to be a transformed hepatocyte, oval cell, or hepatic progenitor cell. In mice, current dogma is that HBs arise from preexisting hepatocellular neoplasms as a result of further neoplastic transformation. However, there is little evidence supporting this direct relationship. To better understand the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HB and determine molecular similarities between mouse and human HB, global gene expression analysis and targeted mutation analysis were performed using HB, HCC, and adjacent liver from the same animals in a recent National Toxicology Program bioassay. There were significant differences in Hras and Ctnnb1 mutation spectra, and by microarray, HBs showed dysregulation of embryonic development, stem cell pluripotency, and genomic imprinting compared to HCC. Meta-analysis showed similarities between HB, early mouse embryonic liver, and hepatocyte-derived stem/progenitor cells compared to HCC. Our data show that there are striking differences between HB and HCC and suggest that HB is a significantly different entity that may arise from a hepatic precursor cell. Furthermore, mouse HB is similar to the human disease at the pathway level and therefore is likely a relevant model for evaluating human cancer hazard.
THE USE OF BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES TO SHOW THAT TWO SIGNALS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE INDUCTION OF ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS

Evidence is presented that antigen-sensitive cells require two signals for induction. Normally these two signals are delivered to the cell via the recognition of two determinants on the immunogen: the first the receptor on the antigen-sensitive cell, and the second by the cooperating cell system. The special experimental situation described here depends upon the observation that bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) render immunogenic a variety of haptens. When monovalent haptens (TNP-amino acids) are added to spleen cultures, specific antihapten responses are induced in the presence of LPS. After analyzing competing interpretations of this phenomenon, we propose that the antigenic signal is delivered as the consequence of a conformational change in the receptor upon interacting with antigen, and the second signal is delivered directly via the interaction of LPS with the membrane on the antigen-sensitive cell receiving the antigenic signal, or indirectly via the interaction of LPS with the cooperating cell population. These data imply LPS is not itself a mitogen, but merely completes an inductive stimulus to B cells. The experimental results from these and other studies indicate how these two signals may participate in inductive, suppressive, and paralytic stimuli to antigen-sensitive cells.
A case study in robust quickest detection for hidden Markov models

We consider the problem of detecting rare events in a real data set with structural interdependencies. The real data set is modeled using hidden Markov models (HMMs), and rare event detection is viewed as a variant of the quickest detection problem. We assess the feasibility of two quickest detection frameworks recently suggested. The first method is based on dynamic programming and follows a Bayesian approach, and the second method is a non-Bayesian approximate cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm. We discuss implementation considerations for each method and show their performance through simulations for a real data set. In addition, we examine, through simulations, the robustness of the CUSUM-based method when the rare event model is not exactly known but belongs to a known class of models.
Tomography and the Herglotz-Wiechert inverse formulation

In this paper, linearized tomography and the Herglotz-Wiechert inverse formulation are compared. Tomographic inversions for 2-D or 3-D velocity structure use line integrals along rays and can be written in terms of Radon transforms. For radially concentric structures, Radon transforms are shown to reduce to Abel transforms. Therefore, for straight ray paths, the Abel transform of travel-time is a tomographic algorithm specialized to a one-dimensional radially concentric medium. The Herglotz­ Wiechert formulation uses seismic travel-time data to invert for one-dimensional earth structure and is derived using exact ray trajectories by applying an Abel transform. This is of historical interest since it would imply that a specialized tomographic-like algorithm has been used in seismology since the early part of the century (see HERGLOTZ, 1907; WIECHERT, 1910). Numerical examples are performed comparing the Herglotz-Wiechert algorithm and linearized tomography along straight rays. Since the Herglotz-Wiechert algorithm is applicable under specific conditions, (the absence of low velocity zones) to non-straight ray paths, the association with tomography may prove to be useful in assessing the uniqueness of tomographic results generalized to curved ray geometries.
Donor Nephrectomy:: A Comparison of Techniques and Results of Open, Hand Assisted and Full Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LAP) has been gaining more popularity among kidney donors and transplant surgeons. There have been some concerns about the function of kidney grafts harvested by laparoscopic procedures. We report our results of LAP.Materials and Methods: Prospective data were collected for our donor nephrectomy operations. A telephone survey was done by an independent investigator on the impact of surgery on quality of life. Graft function was also evaluated by serial serum creatinine and mercaptoacetyltriglycine renal nuclear scans.Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study; of whom 55 underwent open donor nephrectomy (OD), 28 underwent LAP and 17 underwent hand assisted donor nephrectomy (HAL). Mean patient age was 39 ± 12 years and it was similar in all groups. Mean operative time was 306 ± 40 minutes for LAP, 294 ± 42 minutes for HAL and 163 ± 24 minutes for OD (p = 0.001). Laparoscopic operative time was decreased to 180 ± 56 minutes for LAP and 155 ±...
Effect of Severe Water Stress on Aspects of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Xerosicyos.

Xerosicyos danguyi H.Humb. (Cucurbitaceae) is a Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species native to Madagascar. Previously, it was shown that when grown under good water conditions, it is a typical CAM plant, but when water stressed, it shifts to a dampened form of CAM, termed CAM-idling, in which stomata are closed day and night but with a continued, low diurnal organic acid fluctuation. We have now studied the kinetics of some metabolic features of the shift from CAM to CAM-idling under severe water stress and the recovery upon rewatering. When water is withheld, there is a steady decrease in relative water content (RWC), reaching about 50%, at which point the water potential decreases precipitously from about -2 or -3 bars to -12 bars. Abscisic acid (ABA) increases sharply at about 75% RWC. Stomata close, which limits CO2 uptake, and there is a dampened diurnal organic acid fluctuation typical of CAM-idling. Throughout an extended stress period to 50% RWC, there is no change in chlorophyll, protein, and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity compared with the well-watered plants. Despite the fact that the tissue was already in CAM, the stress is accompanied by an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) mRNA, extractable PEPc activity, and PEPc protein (such that the specific activity remained approximately constant) and a decrease in the apparent Km(PEP). It is not known if the changes in Km(PEP) in response to drought are related to or are separate from the increases in PEPc protein and mRNA. The changes in Km(PEP) could be in response to the decreased endogenous levels of organic acids, but evidently are not an assay artifact. The increases in PEPc protein and mRNA appear to be related to the water-stress treatment and may result from the increased concentration of ABA or the decreased levels of endogenous organic acids. When rewatered, the metabolism quickly returns to the well-watered control typical of CAM.
Satyendra Nath Bose – His Life and Times

Considering Bose's legendary association with Einstein and a remarkable discovery to his credit, one might expect him to be better known in the international sphere. However, little is known about him outside India. Quite often he is thought to be from Germany, name misspelt without the "umlaut" on "o". Even in India, he is often confused with Jagadish Chandra Bose, who was the first 19th century scientist from the country to have received worldwide recognition for his experiments on wireless transmission as well as his experiments with plants, demonstrating such vital characteristics in them as growth, nervous system and other distinguishing features of animal life.
A Note on Computation of Relative Magnetic-Helicity Flux Across the Photosphere

A number of investigations of the rate of relative magnetic-helicity transport across the photosphere [ ${{{\rm d} H}/{{\rm d}t}}|_{S}$ ] have reported differences in the estimates computed from two different formulations of the relative-helicity flux-density proxy G A and G θ . There have been suggestions that G θ is a more robust helicity-flux density proxy and that the differences in the estimates of ${{{\rm d} H}/{{\rm d}t}}|_{S}$ are caused by biases in G A, noise, and/or the boundary conditions. In this note, we prove that the differences are caused by the inconsistent choice of boundary conditions in the explicit or implicit Green’s function [ $\mathcal{G}(\mathbf {x},\mathbf{x}')$ ] used for computing G A and G θ when comparing the helicity-flux estimates based on G A and G θ . When the boundary conditions in $\mathcal{G}$ are chosen consistently, the two helicity-flux density proxies, [G A and G θ ] produce essentially identical results for the rate of helicity transport across the photosphere. They also yield essentially identical results for the rate of helicity transport of the shearing and advection terms separately. Using MHD simulation, HMI observational data, and Monte Carlo simulations of noise we show that this result is robust. Neither the shape of the active region, nor the shape of the boundary, nor data noise causes any difference in the rate of helicity transport computed via G A and G θ .
LIN28A Modulates Splicing and Gene Expression Programs in Breast Cancer Cells

LIN28 is an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein with critical functions in developmental timing and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LIN28's oncogenic properties are yet to be described. RNA-protein immunoprecipitation coupled with genome-wide sequencing (RIP-Seq) analysis revealed significant LIN28 binding within 843 mRNAs in breast cancer cells. Many of the LIN28-bound mRNAs are implicated in the regulation of RNA and cell metabolism. We identify heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1), a protein with multiple roles in mRNA metabolism, as a LIN28-interacting partner. Subsequently, we used a custom computational method to identify differentially spliced gene isoforms in LIN28 and hnRNP A1 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-treated cells. The results reveal that these proteins regulate alternative splicing and steady-state mRNA expression of genes implicated in aspects of breast cancer biology. Notably, cells lacking LIN28 undergo significant isoform switching of the ENAH gene, resulting in a decrease in the expression of the ENAH exon 11a isoform. The expression of ENAH isoform 11a has been shown to be elevated in breast cancers that express HER2. Intriguingly, analysis of publicly available array data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) reveals that LIN28 expression in the HER2 subtype is significantly different from that in other breast cancer subtypes. Collectively, our data suggest that LIN28 may regulate splicing and gene expression programs that drive breast cancer subtype phenotypes.
The market game: existence and structure of equilibrium

We analyze the canonical market game. There are l commodities, a single inside money, l markets in which commodities are exchanged for inside money, and n consumers. Each consumer's strategy is the nonnegative vector of his commodity offers and his money bids. Given endowments and sufficiently large offers, the set of interior Nash equilibrium strategies is finite and non-empty. Hence the set of interior Nash equilibria in strategy space is parametrized by the ln-dimensional vector of offers. In allocation space the manifold of Nash equilibrium allocations has generic dimension ln–l, which is also the dimension of the set of feasible allocations.
Disposition and covalent binding of ibuprofen and its acyl glucuronide in the elderly

Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a low incidence of severe adverse reactions. It is metabolized by oxidation to carboxyibuprofen and hydroxyibuprofen and by conjugation to an acyl glucuronide. In vitro studies have indicated that ibuprofen glucuronide is labile and reactive, forming covalent adducts with proteins. To verify the formation of ibuprofen-protein adducts in vivo, the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen glucuronide and its covalent binding to plasma proteins were studied in five elderly patients who received long-term administration of oral doses of ibuprofen. Plasma levels of ibuprofen glucuronide were low relative to those of ibuprofen; the ratio of area under the plasma concentration versus time curve for the glucuronide relative to the parent drug was only 4%. Covalent binding of ibuprofen to plasma protein was observed in all patients, correlating well with the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve of ibuprofen glucuronide (r = 0.966). Compared with reports for other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that form acyl glucuronides, plasma levels of ibuprofen-protein adduct are low during long-term administration. The observed lower reactivity in vivo is probably attributable to the greater stability of ibuprofen glucuronide relative to other acyl glucuronides. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 57, 636–644; doi:
The changing role of pediatric electrodiagnosis

In the last 10 to 20 years, many changes have occurred in pediatric electrodiagnosis (EDX). Most of these changes are related to increased knowledge of the genetic basis of neuromuscular disease. This information has led to the development of extremely sensitive and specific genetic tests obviating the need for EDX in some instances, especially in the diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and some forms of muscular dystrophy. Nevertheless, EDX continues to be useful in many cases of neuromuscular disease. In some instances, it narrows the number of diagnostic possibilities to focus genetic testing. New developments have broadened the use of pediatric EDX, including increasing interest in critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy, an increase in the number of children with HIV infection and AIDS, and increased international awareness of travel and the accompanying risk of polio. There also has been an increase in the use of intraoperative EDX. Several years ago, it was hypothesized that there would be an increase in the number of children with carpal tunnel syndrome owing to the exponential increase in the use of computers and hand-held video games; however, such an increase has not been documented in the literature or the clinical experience of many pediatric electromyographers.
Jesus' Healings of Women: Conformity and Nonconformity To Dominant Cultural Values as Clues for Historical Reconstruction:

The six synoptic miracles involving females are studied with attention to gender, classification of miracle narratives, presence of conforming and counter-cultural behavior, issues of orality and textuality, and comparison to the early Christian miracle lists. Those women's stories with strong counter-cultural elements are also those that have strong oral story dynamics. The story of the woman with the hemorrhage and the story of the Syrophoenician woman and Jesus certainly derive from oral tradition, probably transmitted primarily by and among women, and may go back to Jesus. The far greater overlap of synoptic miracles involving males with the written miracle lists suggests that the male stories have been more influenced by textual transmission than the synoptic women's stories. The transmission history of the women's stories may be significantly different from that of the men's stories, maintaining a higher counter-cultural emphasis because of less interaction with textuality.
Thick Concepts and the Moral Brain

Drawing on Williams’ distinction between thin and thick ethical concepts, I argue that current moral neuroscience and psychology unwarrantedly restrict their researches to thin morality only. Experiments typically investigate subjects’ judgments about rightness, appropriateness, or permissibility, that is, thin concepts. The nature and workings of thick concepts – e.g., dignity, integrity, humanness, cruelty, pettiness, exploitation, or fanaticism – have not been empirically investigated; hence, they are absent from recent theories about morality. This may seem like a minor oversight, which some additional research can redress. I argue that the fix is not that simple: thick concepts challenge one of the theoretical backbones of much moral psychology and neuroscience; they challenge the conception of a hardwired and universal moral capacity in a way that thin concepts do not. In the conclusion I argue that the burgeoning science of morality should include both thin and thick, and that it should include the contributions of psychologists and neuroscientists as well as those of anthropologists, historians, and sociologists.
Major-ion chemistry of the Rocky Mountain snowpack, USA

During 1993‐97, samples of the full depth of the Rocky Mountain snowpack were collected at 52 sites from northern New Mexico to Montana and analyzed for major-ion concentrations. Concentrations of acidity, sulfate, nitrate, and calcium increased from north to south along the mountain range. In the northern part of the study area, acidity was most correlated (negatively) with calcium. Acidity was strongly correlated (positively) with nitrate and sulfate in the southern part and for the entire network. Acidity in the south exceeded the maximum acidity measured in snowpack of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains. Principal component analysis indicates three solute associations we characterize as: (1) acid (acidity, sulfate, and nitrate), (2) soil (calcium, magnesium, and potassium), and (3) salt (sodium, chloride, and ammonium). Concentrations of acid solutes in the snowpack are similar to concentrations in nearby wetfall collectors, whereas, concentrations of soil solutes are much higher in the snowpack than in wetfall. Thus, dryfall of acid solutes during the snow season is negligible, as is gypsum from soils. Snowpack sampling o!ers a coste!ective complement to sampling of wetfall in areas where wetfall is di"cult to sample and where the snowpack accumulates throughout the winter. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Mechanobiology of Craniofacial Sutures

Craniofacial sutures are soft connective-tissue joints between mineralized skull bones. Suture mechanobiology refers to the understanding of how mechanical stimuli modulate sutural growth. This review's hypothesis is that novel mechanical stimuli can effectively modulate sutural growth. Exogenous forces with static, sinusoidal, and square waveforms induce corresponding waveforms of sutural strain. Sutural growth is accelerated upon small doses of oscillatory strain, as few as 600 cycles delivered 10 min/day over 12 days. Interestingly, both oscillatory tensile and compressive strains induce anabolic sutural responses beyond natural growth. Mechanistically, oscillatory strain likely turns on genes and transcription factors that activate cellular machinery via mechanotransduction pathways. Thus, sutural growth is determined by hereditary and mechanical signals via the common pathway of genes. It is concluded that small doses of oscillatory mechanical stimuli have the potential to modulate sutural growth effectively: either accelerating it or initiating net sutural bone resorption for various therapeutic objectives.
Team-training in healthcare: a narrative synthesis of the literature

Background Patients are safer and receive higher quality care when providers work as a highly effective team. Investment in optimising healthcare teamwork has swelled in the last 10 years. Consequently, evidence regarding the effectiveness for these interventions has also grown rapidly. We provide an updated review concerning the current state of team-training science and practice in acute care settings. Methods A PubMed search for review articles examining team-training interventions in acute care settings published between 2000 and 2012 was conducted. Following identification of relevant reviews with searches terminating in 2008 and 2010, PubMed and PSNet were searched for additional primary studies published in 2011 and 2012. Primary outcomes included
Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations of a Tropical Cyclone-like Boundary Layer

AbstractThe tropical cyclone (TC) boundary layer (TCBL)—featuring extreme winds over a rough ocean—is difficult to study observationally. With increasing computational power, high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) has become an attractive tool to advance understanding of the TCBL. Here, an idealized Cartesian-based LES is employed to investigate boundary layers driven by extreme TC-like winds. The LES includes the effects of centripetal acceleration through an “effective” Coriolis parameter f* = f + 2Vg/R, with the Earth Coriolis parameter f, gradient wind Vg, and (fixed) radius R. Multiple LES experiments are conducted to elucidate how the boundary layer develops and persists in the strongly rotating TC environment. In all simulations, an overshooting jet develops, the height of which increases with Vg, R, and surface drag. Normalized jet strength also increases with R and drag but decreases with Vg. Turbulent diffusivity Km—which must be parameterized in mesoscale and global models but can be diagn...
Survivable lightpath routing: a new approach to the design of WDM-based networks

Network restoration is often done at the electronic layer by rerouting traffic along a redundant path. With wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) as the underlying physical layer, it is possible that both the primary and backup paths traverse the same physical links and would fail simultaneously in the event of a link failure. It is, therefore, critical that lightpaths are routed in such a way that a single link failure would not disconnect the network. We call such a routing survivable and develop algorithms for survivable routing of a logical topology. First, we show that the survivable routing problem is NP-complete. We then prove necessary and sufficient conditions for a routing to be survivable and use these conditions to formulate the problem as an integer linear program (ILP). Due to the excessive run-times of the ILP, we develop simple and effective relaxations for the ILP that significantly reduces the time required for finding survivable routings. We use our new formulation to route various logical topologies over a number of different physical topologies and show that this new approach offers a much greater degree of protection than alternative routing schemes such as shortest path routing and a greedy routing algorithm. Finally, we consider the special case of ring logical topologies for which we are able to find a significantly simplified formulation. We establish conditions on the physical topology for routing logical rings in a survivable manner.
"The Impact Of CEO Turnover On Security Analysts' Forecast Accuracy" - A Comment

A recent Journal of Applied Business Research article by Sheikholesami, Wilson and Slevin (1998) examined the accuracy of security analysts' earnings forecasts for CEO change firms relative to a control group. The authors applied ANOVA on Value Line percentage forecast error measures and found "marginally significant" results indicating "that precision improved more for CEO change firms than for control firms." Doran (1998) tests for superior methods when scrutinizing forecast error. He finds percentage forecast error data to be severely non-normal, and demonstrates that nonparametric tests based upon ranks are superior to parametric methods. If analysts' earnings forecast precision actually improves more for CEO change firms, test results should be stronger using rank values instead of discrete percentage error measures.
Thermal transgenerational plasticity in natural populations of Daphnia.

Synopsis Rising temperatures associated with global climatic change threaten the persistence of species. Determining how species adapt to environmental change is paramount. Much work has shown that environmental stressors have the potential to induce phenotypic changes that span multiple generations. Such transgenerational plasticity (TGP) represents a mechanism that may allow for rapid responses to global climatic change. Yet, our understanding of thermal TGP beyond the relationship between parent and offspring is limited. We evaluated thermal TGP in development across three generations (i.e., F0 ,F 1, and F2) in zooplankton (Daphnia ambigua) from lakes in Connecticut. We found that the temperatures at which parents and grandparents were reared significantly influenced age at maturation in the grandoffspring. Comparisons between the F0 and F1 generation show that the offspring of parents reared at low temperatures matured significantly faster than the offspring of parents reared at a higher temperature. However, age at maturation in the grand-offspring was influenced by the interactive effects of parents and grandparents. Such an effect yielded trends that were not readily predicted from the previous generations and whose adaptive significance is unclear. Our results thus call for additional theoretical and empirical work to better understand the transgenerational effects of temperature.
p-Bromophenol as the Intermediate in Synthesis of p-Bromophenylmercapturic Acid from Bromobenzene in the Rat

White and Lewis1 in agreement with Coombs and Hele2 demonstrated that the suggestion that in dogs “the oxidation to the phenol is a preliminary step in the synthesis of p-bromophenylmercapturic acid after the administration of bromobenzene appears improbable.”1 These workers reported that p-bromophenol, when fed to dogs, was in part excreted as an ethereal sulphate. No appreciable effect on the excretion of the neutral sulfur in the urine was noted. This observation indicated that apparently no p-bromophenylmercapturic acid was formed from p-bromophenol.It appeared desirable to investigate the question of the synthesis of p-bromophenylmercapturic acid from p-bromophenol in the rat, using the direct method for the estimation of mercapturic acids in the urine. Aside from the fact that such an investigation had not previously been made on the rat, we felt that apparently the question of the formation of p-bromophenol from bromobenzene as a preliminary step in the synthesis of p-bromophenylmercapturic was not...
Compressible laminar boundary layer with heat transfer and pressure gradient

Exact solutions are obtained for Stewartson’s equations of the compressible laminar boundary layer including the effects of heat transfer and pressure gradient. Then, after formulation of an extension of Thwaites’ method to include the effects of heat transfer, the exact solutions are used to evaluate the necessary parameters of the new method.
Covert Mini-Courts Within Judicial and Law Enforcement Operations (Part 1)

This article has been split into two parts due to size constraints. This paper presents a behaviorologist' s analytical review of the improper treatment to which defendants might be subjected as they pass through the various levels of the criminal justice system. Examples extracted from actual cases are presented throughout the article.' It examines the contingencies that control those abuses, and describes the effects on the behavior of defendants and officials. The implications of relying on cognitive psychology as a scientific foundation for operations within the system are pursued to reveal the inadequacy of cognitive and mentalistic assumptions. An argument is developed supporting behaviorology as the appropriate scientific and philosophical foundation for the criminal justice field. The paper offers specific recommendations to preclude or countercontrol the abuses.
Increasing the Capacity of STEM Workforce: Minor in Bioinformatics

In this paper, we describe the Minor in Bioinformatics that we created to better prepare students, especially women, in acquiring computational and programming skills. Our program was motivated by the fact that women are underrepresented in computer science and in other information technology-related fields. We aim to recruit biology undergraduates, who are more than 60% female, to the new cohort-based integrative interdisciplinary Minor in Bioinformatics program. By rooting this new computational program in biological concepts and questions, we plan to interest and educate biology students in computational methods, which can be applied to complex questions in the growing field of bioinformatics. We expect that the Minor in Bioinformatics program will serve as a general framework for establishing similar interdisciplinary programs at large institutions and small colleges.
Immune Response to Bacteria: An Integrated Learning Module to Enhance Preclinical Students' Competency in Immunology.

Introduction Medical students express frustration that they cannot assemble a comprehensive big picture of how the immune system responds to a microbe and that integration of basic science knowledg...
Breaking fat: The regulation and mechanisms of lipophagy

Lipophagy is defined as the autophagic degradation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). While the field of lipophagy research is relatively young, an expansion of research in this area over the past several years has greatly advanced our understanding of lipophagy. Since its original characterization in fasted liver, the contribution of lipophagy is now recognized in various organisms, cell types, metabolic states and disease models. Moreover, recent studies provide exciting new insights into the underlying mechanisms of lipophagy induction as well as the consequences of lipophagy on cell metabolism and signaling. This review summarizes recent work focusing on LDs and lipophagy as well as highlighting challenges and future directions of research as our understanding of lipophagy continues to grow and evolve. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
Interventions to improve hemodialysis adequacy: protocols based on real-time monitoring of dialysate solute clearance.

Background The monitoring of dialysate ultraviolet (UV) absorbance is a validated technology to measure hemodialysis adequacy and allows for continuous and real-time tracking every session as opposed to the typical once-monthly assessments. Clinical care guidelines are needed to interpret the findings so as to troubleshoot problematic absorbance patterns and intervene during an individual treatment as needed. Methods When paired with highly structured clinical care protocols that allow autonomous nursing actions, this technology has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. These devices measure the UV absorbance of dialysate solutes to calculate and then display the delivered as well as predicted clearance for that session. Various technical factors can affect the course of dialysate absorbance, confound the device's readout of clearance results and thus lead to challenges for the dialysis unit staff to properly monitor dialysis adequacy. We analyze optimal and problematic patterns to the device's 'clearance' display (e.g. due to thrombosis of hollow fibers, inadequate access blood flow or recirculation) and provide specific interventions to ensure delivery of an adequate dialysis dose. A rigorous algorithm is presented with representative device monitor display profiles from actual hemodialysis sessions. Procedural rationale and interventions are described for each individual scenario. Conclusion Real-time hemodialysate UV absorbance patterns can be used for protocol-based intradialytic interventions to optimize solute clearance.
Comparison of culture-positive and culture-negative bronchoalveolar lavage from mechanically ventilated trauma patients by next-generation sequencing and cytokine analysis (MPF6P.661)

Mechanically ventilated trauma patients are at high risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP diagnosis relies on several clinical factors including the identification of a specific pathogen by culture-dependent techniques. Often, patients exhibit signs of VAP, yet the hospital lab is unable to culture a pathogen from a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample. Here, culture-positive and -negative hospital results were tested again by Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Ion Torrent PGM. Sample cytokine levels were determined using a Bio-Plex Pro Human Th17 cytokine panel. No significant difference was seen between the identification methods in culture-positive BAL. However, NGS analysis of culture-negative BAL identified hundreds of bacterial genera, including a group of patients that exhibited similar bacterial composition, diversity, and abundance. This group was significantly different from other culture-negative BAL that were dominated by one or two suspected pathogens. Culture-negative BAL contained significantly less IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α than culture-positive BAL. NGS is a valuable method for pathogen identification, particularly for difficult to culture BAL. Culture-positive BAL exhibit less bacterial diversity and increased cytokine production than culture-negative BAL. The grouping of culture-negative BAL with similar characteristics may denote a core lung microbiome.
The Volatile Composition of Comets Deduced from Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

The application of vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy to the study of the composition of the volatile component of cometary coma is reviewed, particularly in the context of comparison with in situ measurements obtained during the recent apparition of comet P/Halley.
PhD/MD TRAINING IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews PhD/MD training in biomedical engineering. The ultimate in biomedical engineering training that combines both engineering and the life sciences is one leading to the PhD in engineering and to the MD. Even before the identification of biomedical engineering as a distinct discipline, there were isolated examples of students achieving degrees in engineering or science and the MD. The medical training usually did not follow as a result of long-range planning but rather as a result of a change in vocational objective. The student entering the biomedical engineering PhD/MD program must have a B.S. degree and this usually is in some branch of engineering. The PhD portion of the training is generally completed first, ideally in the first four or five years. Regardless of educational level or specific goal, all biomedical engineering programs are characterized by the integration of training in engineering science and technology with the life sciences. What distinguishes the PhD/MD in biomedical engineering is the broad introduction to the basic life sciences coupled with training in clinical medicine. The PhD part of the training closely parallels that of the PhD bioengineer except that typically the research topic is one reflecting a clinical problem. Students are attracted to the PhD/MD program to further their interest in research that may involve human subjects and generally wish to combine some clinical practice with their conduct of research.
Lyapunov Exponent and Rotation Number of the Stochastic Harmonic Oscillator

Many talks at this workshop have dealt with the spectral properties of random operators of the form -Δ + q (•, w) where Δ is the Laplacian of a suitable space and q (•, w) is a random family of multiplication operators. In this report we shall deal with one of the simplest such problems, the random harmonic oscillator.
Debating Ethnic Governance in China

ABSTRACTPrevious scholarship has identified an emerging consensus for ethnic-policy reform in China, in the direction of strengthening national integration and a ‘melting pot.’ This article identifies three major contending schools in Chinese debates about the country’s ethnic governance: liberal autonomists, integrationists and socialist autonomists. It argues that the socialist autonomists, who oppose the ‘melting pot,’ have prevailed politically. Contention among the three schools, specifically, revolves around tradeoffs between autonomy and ethnic particularism. That is, compromised autonomy but preferential policies. The liberal autonomists reject the tradeoffs because of the cost to autonomy. The integrationists reject the tradeoffs because of the divisive role of ethnic particularism. The socialist autonomists, however, embrace the tradeoffs because of the developmental and distributional benefits. With the leftward turn of the Xi Jinping regime, they have prevailed ideologically and politically to...
Stochastic explosion and non-uniqueness for α-Riccati equation

Abstract We consider the problem of global in time existence and uniqueness for the initial value problems u ′ ( t ) = − u ( t ) + u 2 ( α t ) , u ( 0 ) = u 0 ≥ 0 for scaling parameters α ≥ 0 and a large class of initial data u 0 . Much of the focus is on the “super-critical” case α > 1 where by using the multiplicative stochastic cascade techniques we prove global existence for small initial data and finite-time blow-up for large initial data. However, while uniqueness holds for solutions satisfying a growth condition, in general it fails even for arbitrary small initial data. We demonstrate that this lack of uniqueness is directly connected to the stochastic explosion of an associated multiplicative stochastic cascade process. The key tool in establishing the above-mentioned results is an iterative algorithm that allows one to exploit the stochastic explosion of the underlying multiplicative cascade to establish both existence and lack of uniqueness of solutions.
Partnering with the Health Professions to Promote Prevention of an Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy: Lessons Learned from an Academic⁻Organizational Collaborative

Background: Evidence-based strategies exist to train healthcare professionals to ask their patients and clients about alcohol use, and are successful. Implementation of these strategies utilizing a system-level approach has not been conducted nationwide. This case study reports on the success of academic partnerships with national health professional organizations to increase adoption of evidence-based strategies to prevent alcohol-exposed pregnancies. Methods: Authors reviewed and summarized multi-level strategies created as part of the developmental phase of this project in order to report successes and challenges. We applied the three principles of reflection, sense-making, and reciprocal learning, as identified in the practice change literature, to synthesize our experience. Results: There were five primary lessons learned as a result of this work: Development of technology-based training websites requires significant time to design, implement, and test; project 'mission-drift' is inevitable, but not necessarily unwelcome; time and effort is required to create and sustain functioning workgroups when there are different organizational cultures; and changing real-world practice is hard to do, yet changing the conversation on screening and brief intervention is possible. Conclusions: Use of multi-level strategies within an academic-professional organization model was successful in promoting awareness and education of healthcare professionals in the prevention of alcohol-exposed pregnancies.
Evaluating Multicultural Education Courses: Promise and Possibilities for Portfolio Assessment

As multicultural education continues to evolve, better assessments are necessary to provide a holistic measure of the effectiveness of multicultural education in the academy. Unfortunately, as mult...
Ab initio molecular dynamics study of sodium NMR chemical shifts in the methylamine solution of [Na+ [2.2.2]cryptand Na-].

The sodium anion (Na−) was once thought to behave like a ‘genuine’ anion, with both the [Ne] core and the 3s valence shell interacting very weakly with their environments. In the present work, following a recent study of the surprisingly small quadrupolar line widths of Na−, NMR shielding calculations were carried out for the Na−/Na+ [2.2.2]cryptand system solvated in methylamine, based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, followed by detailed analyses of the shielding constants. The results confirm that Na− does not act like a quasi-free ion that interacts only weakly with its surroundings. Rather, the filled 3s shell of Na− interacts strongly with its chemical environment, but only weakly with the ion's own core and the nucleus, and it isolates the core from the chemical environment. As a consequence, the Na− ion appears in NMR experiments like a free ion.
Fashion Consumers’ Perception and Adoption of Virtual Fitting Rooms (VFRs): A Perspective of Regulatory Focus

While VFRs have started to become available in the online fashion retail environment, they are still in early stages of consumer adoption and are yet to be widely implemented in the fashion industry. Moreover, research fully investigating influential factors and examining consumers’ adoption of VFR technology is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of consumer experiences on consumers’ adoption of VFRs from the perspective of regulatory focus. The objective of this study was twofold. On one hand, from the integrated consumer experience perspective, this study aimed to examine the influences of consumers’ perceptions of functional, experiential, and social value on their VFR adoption. On the other hand, considering the newness of VFR technology, this study aimed to investigate how a consumer’s enduring motivational orientation, regulatory focus, influences their perceived functional, experiential, and social value toward VFRs.
Challenges of Pain Control in Ambulatory Surgery Setting

Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) are prevalent throughout the United States and provide benefits to both patients and healthcare systems. Accordingly, ASCs have anesthetic challenges that are unique from hospitals in providing optimal patient care. Success of these centers is predicated on same-day patient discharge while maintaining patient safety and comfort. Adequate control of analgesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting remain two fundamental challenges of achieving this goal. Regional anesthetic techniques in combination with multimodal analgesia and enhanced recovery protocols aid in this process. Failure to meet these objectives may result in delayed discharge or escalation of care resulting in hospital admission. We present an overview of the causes of inadequate analgesia in ASCs, major postoperative concerns, regional anesthetic techniques to aid in recovery and discharge, and fundamentals of appropriate discharge analgesia.
Abstract MP52: Hypertensive Stimuli Indirectly Stimulate Mouse Mesometrial Lymphangiogenesis Through Immune Cells

We previously reported increased renal lymphatic density in multiple mouse models of hypertension, and further augmenting renal lymphatics lowers blood pressure. However, whether interstitial level...
A 12-b 16-GS/s RF-Sampling Capacitive DAC for Multi-Band Soft Radio Base-Station Applications With On-Chip Transmission-Line Matching Network in 16-nm FinFET

A 16-GS/s single 1.2-V supply direct RF-sampling capacitive D/A converter for soft radio base-station applications is implemented in a 16-nm FinFET technology. Due to co-integration with a wideband on-chip matching network, the D/A converter (DAC) is capable of signal synthesis between 600 MHz and 8 GHz, with a measured peak RF output power of +5.6 dBm. The linearity required by cellular base-station applications is achieved by employing several analog-domain linearization techniques, yielding a two-tone intermodulation distortion of better than -70 dBc up to the first Nyquist frequency. When transmitting a true multiband signal covering an instantaneous bandwidth of 1 GHz, an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of better than -69 dBc is achieved. Digital segment mismatch correction is shown to improve the linearity of a segmented DAC in deep digital backoff operation. A full-rate digital pre-distortion (DPD) method with efficient model identification is experimentally demonstrated. Using DPD, the design achieves an spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of better than 72 dBc over the entire 0.6-6-GHz frequency range.