cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of phrenic motoneuron activity in eupnea and apneusis.

Abstract Our purpose was to characterize activities of phrenic motoneurons during apneusis. In decerebrate, cerebellectomized, vagotimized, paralyzed and ventilated cats, we recorded activities of phrenic nerve and single phrenic fibers during eupnea and apeusis. Reversible apneusis was obtained by cooling the rostral pons with a fork thermode. Phrenic motoneurons were defined as ‘early’ or ‘late’ during eupnea. Early units commenced activity before or during the first 20% of neural inspiration. The onset of discharge of late units extended throughout the rest of inspiration. In apneusis, some late units ceased activity entirely; others commenced activity at the end of the rising phase of phrenic activity or during the apneustic plateau. Early units commenced activities at the same time as in eupnea and generally maintained the same discharge frequency. Hence, the ramp phase of phrenic discharge in apneusis is generated largely by activities of early motoneurons. Our results imply that the level of bulbospinal activity impinging upon the phrenic nucleus is reduced in apneusis. The integration of efferent activity within the phrenic nucleus is discussed.
Nonlinear programming applied to state-constrained optimization problems

Abstract Necessary conditions for the minimization of a differentiable function subject to differentiable equality and inequality constraints are given. These conditions are applied to a control problem with a state-variable inequality constraint. The connection with earlier work of Neustadt and Jacobson, Lele, and Speyer is given.
The use of CMIP5 data to simulate climate change impacts on flow regime within the Lake Champlain Basin

Abstract Study region Lake Champlain Basin, northwestern New England, USA. Study focus Our study uses regional hydrologic analyses and modeling to examine alternative possibilities that might emerge in the Lake Champlain Basin streamflow regime for various climate scenarios. Climate data as well as spatial data were processed to calibrate the Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model runoff simulations. The 21st century runoff simulations were obtained by driving the RHESSys model with climate data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) for representative concentration pathways RCP 4.5 and 8.5. New hydrological insights for the region Our analyses suggest that most of CMIP5 ensembles fail to capture both the trends and variability observed in historical precipitation when run in hindcast. This raises concerns of using such products in driving hydrologic models for the purpose of obtaining reliable runoff projections that can aid researchers in regional planning. A subset of five climate models among the CMIP5 ensembles have shown statistically significant trends in precipitation, but the magnitude of these trends is not adequately representative of those seen in observed annual precipitation. Adjusted precipitation forecasts project a streamflow regime described by an increase of about 30% in seven-day maximum flow, a four days increase in flooded days, a three orders of magnitude increase in base flow index, and a 60% increase in runoff predictability (Colwell index).
Memory Traces: Snails Reveal a Novel Storage Mechanism

A new study of memory traces in an invertebrate challenges convention in two ways: first, by demonstrating a persistent change in synaptic strength that is maintained remotely, via the passive spread of somatic depolarization; and second, by localizing a critical memory trace to neurons located outside the behavioral circuit affected by learning.
Synthesis and Growth-Promoting Activity of dl-cis-Hexahydro-4-( 4-carboxybutyl)-2-cyclopentimidazolone: Carbobiotin

A carbon analog of biotin was prepared and evaluated in three microorganism test systems. The racemic compound was found to have about 15% the growth-promoting activity of d- biotin under conditions where biotin limited growth.
Treatment of the myeloproliferative disorders with 32P.

The use of radioactive phosphorus ( 32 P) to treat the myeloproliferative disorders (chronic leukemia, polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia) began in 1939 when John H. Lawrence treated the first patient on the basis of work done in the laboratory anima that found localization of the radioisotope in the spleen, liver, bone and in leukemic cells sufficient to indicate a therapeutic potential. After World War II when 32 P became widely available, it was used extensively to treat the chronic leukemias and polycythemia vera. Its use in the treatment of essential thrombocythemia began later in 1950. Today it is not widely used in the treatment of the chronic leukemia, if at all, its use in polycythemia vera appears to have decreased substantially and replaced by hydroxyurea, and its use in the management of essential thrombocythemia is not widespread. In each instance it has been replaced by a drug developed for use in cancer chemotherapy, and in some instances by interferon. It probably has wider use in polycythemia vera in the rest of Western Europe than in the UK, and there are cogent reasons to suggest that it may be the best tool for the treatment of polycythemia vera. Thus have we discarded a treatment modality that in polycythemia vera may be the best?.
Theory of Donor–Bound Exciton Complexes in Semiconductors

The ground-state energy of a system consisting of an exciton in the presence of a neutral effective mass donor in semiconductors is calculated for an arbitrary value of the electron to the hole mass ratio using a variational approach. Both, the conduction band and the valence band are assumed to be simple and parabolic. The variational wave function used is a product of a generalized Hylleras-Ore type wave function for the two electrons and an envelope function which depends on the hole—positive ion distance only. It is shown that the exciton—neutral donor complex is bound for all values of the electron to the hole mass ratio. Die Grundzustandsenergie eines Systems, das aus einem Exziton in Gegenwart eines neutralen „Effektiv-Massen”-Donators besteht wird mit einer Variationsrechnung fur eine willkurliche Grose des Elektronen—Locher-Masseverhaltnis berechnet. Es wird angenommen, das Leitungsband und Valenzband einfach und parabolisch sind. Die benutzte Variationswellenfunktion ist das Produkt einer verallgemeinerten Hylleras-Ore-Wellenfunktion der beiden Elektronen und einer Hullfunktion, die nur abhangig von dem Abstand zwischen Loch und positivem Ion ist. Es wird gezeigt, das der Exziton—neutral-Donator-Komplex fur alle Grosen des Elektronen—Locher-Masseverhaltnisses gebunden ist.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A FAB FRAGMENT TO THE MELANOMA-ASSOCIATED GD2 GANGLIOSIDE

The GD2 ganglioside is a cell-surface component that appears on the surface of metastatic melanoma cells and is a marker for the progression of the disease. The ME36.1 monoclonal antibody binds to the GD2 ganglioside and has shown potential as a therapeutic antibody. ME36.1 is a possible alternative therapy to radiation, which is often ineffective in late-stage melanoma. The crystal structure of the Fab fragment of ME36.1 has been determined using molecular replacement and refined to an R factor of 20.4% at 2.8 A resolution. The model has good geometry with root-mean-square deviations of 0.008 A from ideal bond lengths and 1.7 degrees from ideal bond angles. The crystal structure of the ME36.1 Fab shows that its complementarity determining region forms a groove-shaped binding site rather than the pocket-type observed in other sugar binding Fabs. Molecular modeling has placed a four-residue sugar, representative of GD2, in the antigen binding site. The GD2 sugar moiety is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds that define the specificity of ME36.1 toward its antigen.
Microwave Interstellar Medium Emission Observed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

We investigate the nature of the diffuse Galactic emission in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) temperature anisotropy data. Substantial dust-correlated emission is observed at all WMAP frequencies, far exceeding the expected thermal dust emission in the lowest frequency channels (23, 33, and 41 GHz). The WMAP team interprets this emission as dust-correlated synchrotron radiation, attributing the correlation to the natural association of relativistic electrons produced by supernovae (SNe) with massive star formation in dusty clouds, and deriving an upper limit of 5% on the contribution of Draine & Lazarian spinning dust to the K band (23 GHz). We pursue an alternative interpretation that much, perhaps most, of the dust-correlated emission at these frequencies is indeed spinning dust, and explore the spectral dependence on environment by considering a few specific objects as well as the full-sky average. Models similar to Draine & Lazarian spinning dust provide a good fit to the full-sky data. The full-sky fit also requires a significant component with a flat spectrum uncorrelated with Hα, possibly hot (~106 K) gas within 30° of the Galactic center.
Testing and distribution of the RPS2 proposal submission system

In 1995, the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) introduced RPS2 (Remote Proposal Submission 2). RPS2 is used by Hubble Space TElescope (HST) proposers to prepare their detailed observation descriptions. It is a client/server system implemented using Tcl/Tk. The client can transparently access servers on the user's machine, at STScI, or on any other machine on the Internet. The servers combine syntax checking, feasibility analysis and orbit packing, and constraint and schedulability analysis of user- specified proposals as they will be performed aboard HST. Prior to the release of RPS2, observers used a system which provided only syntax checking. RPS2 now provides the observers with some of the more complicated pieces of software that had been used by STScI staff to prepare observations since 1990. The RPS2 system consists of four independent subsystem, controlled by the client/server mechanism. A problem with a system of this size and complexity is that the software components, which continue to grow and change with HST itself, must continually be tested and distributed to those who need it. In the past, it had been acceptable to release the RPS2 software only once per observing cycle, but it became apparent before the 1997 HST Servicing Mission that multiple releases of RPS2 were going to be required to support the new instruments. This paper discusses how RPS2 and its component systems are maintained, updated, tested, and distributed.
Spatial and temporal expression of cell surface galactosyltransferase during mouse spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation

Abstract We have previously shown that sperm-egg recognition in the mouse is mediated by the binding of galactosyltransferase (GalTase) on the sperm surface to its appropriate glycoside substrate in the egg zona pellucida [L. C. Lopez, E. M. Bayna, D. Litoff, N. L. Shaper, J. H. Shaper, and B. D. Shur (1985) J. Cell Biol. 101, 1501–1510] . In the present study, we have defined the spatial and temporal expression of surface GalTase during spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation. Purified populations of spermatogenic cells were isolated by unit gravity sedimentation, and surface GalTase expression was determined by indirect immunofluorescence and by direct enzymatic assay. GalTase is present on the surface of all spermatogenic cells assayed. During differentiation, there is a progressive redistribution of GalTase from an initially diffuse and uniform localization on the surface of primary spermatocytes to a restricted plasma membrane domain overlying the dorsal aspect of the mature acrosome. This apparent redistribution of surface GalTase was confirmed by direct enzymatic assays, which show that surface GalTase activity, normalized per cell, remains relatively constant throughout spermatogenesis, despite a drastic reduction in cell surface area. When normalized to the relevant cell surface area, the GalTase concentration per square micrometer increases 77-fold from pachytene spermatocytes to cauda epididymal sperm. Cell surface GalTase is thought to be a cytoskeletally associated transmembrane protein [N. L. Shaper, P. L. Mann, and J. H. Shaper (1985) J. Cell Biochem. 28, 229–239] ; consequently we examined whether cytoskeletal components may be involved in the redistribution of GalTase during spermatogenesis. β-Tubulin, monomeric actin, and filamentous actin were found to be present during spermatogenesis, as assayed by indirect immunofluorescence and by Western immunoblotting. α-Actinin and vinculin were not detectable under these conditions and served as negative controls. During spermatogenesis, the distribution of tubulin coincides with the appearance of the mitotic spindle, flagellum, and manchette. On the other hand, the distribution of filamentous actin coincides with surface GalTase, suggesting that actin-containing microfilaments may participate in the redistribution of surface GalTase during spermatogenesis.
Low-temperature equilibrium vertical transport through a two-dimensional electron gas

Abstract We have studied tunneling transport through a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a GaSb/AlSb/ InAs/AlSb/GaSb heterostructure. In high perpendicular magnetic fields and at temperatures below 1 K the tunneling conductance shows deviations from regular Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. An overall decrease in conductance with decreasing temperature is attributed to the formation of a Coulomb gap in the tunneling density of states. Reproducible conductance fluctuations are due to resonant tunneling possibly through interface-related states.
Regional Anesthesia in Trauma Medicine

Regional anesthesia is an established method to provide analgesia for patients in the operating room and during the postoperative phase. While regional anesthesia offers unique advantages, as shown by the recent military experience, it is not commonly utilized in the prehospital or emergency department setting. Most often, regional anesthesia techniques for traumatized patients are first utilized in the operating room for procedural anesthesia or for postoperative pain control. While infiltration or single nerve block procedures are often used by surgeons or emergency medicine physicians in the preoperative phase, more advanced techniques such as plexus block procedures or regional catheter placements are more commonly performed by anesthesiologists for surgery or postoperative pain control. These regional techniques offer advantages over intravenous anesthesia, not just in the perioperative phase but also in the acute phase of traumatized patients and during the initial transport of injured patients. Anesthesiologists have extensive experience with regional techniques and are able to introduce regional anesthesia into settings outside the operating room and in the early treatment phases of trauma patients.
Spinal input to the parabrachial nucleus in the cat.

The projections from the spinal cord to the parabrachial nucleus in the cat were investigated using both the degeneration method and the anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Both methods produced similar results. Spinal input to the parabrachial nucleus was bilateral, with a slight contralateral predominance. The termination area was localized predominantly in the dorsal part of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, with additional limited terminations in the Kolliker-Fuse subnucleus. Projections from different rostrocaudal levels of the spinal cord overlapped completely, suggesting that spinal input to the parabrachial nucleus is not topographically organized. Taking these results together with those of others indicating that spinal input to the parabrachial nucleus arises primarily from nociceptive-specific neurons in lamina I of the dorsal horn, it is concluded that the spinal projections to the parabrachial nucleus are likely to be involved in various generalized aspects of nociception.
Expression and purification of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier protein YGR257Cp (Mtm1p)

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier YGR257Cp (Mtm1p) is an integral membrane protein that plays an essential role in mitochondrial iron homeostasis and respiratory functions, but its carrier substrate has not previously been identified. Large amounts of pure protein are required for biochemical characterization, including substrate screening. Functional complementation of a Saccharomyces knockout by expression of TwinStrep tagged YGR257Cp demonstrates that an affinity tag does not interfere with protein function, but the expression level is very low. Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris improves the yield but the product is heterogeneous. Expression has been screened in several Escherichia coli hosts, optimizing yield by modifying induction conditions and supplementing with rare tRNAs to overcome codon bias in the eukaryotic gene. Detection of an additional N-terminal truncation product in E. coli reveals the presence of a secondary intracistronic translation initiation site, which can be eliminated by silent mutagenesis of an alternative (Leu) initiation codon, resulting in production of a single, full-length polypeptide (∼30% of the total protein) as insoluble inclusion bodies. Purified inclusion bodies were successfully refolded and affinity purified, yielding approximately 40 mg of pure, soluble product per liter of culture. Refolded YGR257Cp binds pyridoxal 5′-phosphate tightly (KD
Evidence for glomerular actions of epidermal growth factor in the rat.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF), an endogenous mitogenic peptide, has recently been shown to be a potent vasoconstrictor of vascular smooth muscle. In view of its potential role in proliferative and inflammatory renal glomerular diseases, we examined the effects of EGF both on cultured rat mesangial cells and on in vivo glomerular hemodynamics. Mesangial cells possess specific, saturable EGF receptors of differing affinities, with Kd's of 0.1 and 1.7 nM, respectively. EGF produced a rapid increase in intracellular pH of 0.12 +/- 0.01 pH U, which was sodium dependent and amiloride inhibitable. The addition of EGF to mesangial cells cultured on either glass or dimethylpolysiloxane substratum induced reproducible cell contraction. Intrarenal EGF infusion did not affect systemic blood pressure or hematocrit but reversibly decreased GFR and renal blood flow from 4.19 +/- 0.33 to 3.33 +/- 0.26 and from 1.17 +/- 0.09 to 0.69 +/- 0.07 ml/min, respectively. Glomerular micropuncture confirmed decreases in single nephron plasma flow and in single nephron GFR (from 142 +/- 9 to 98 +/- 8 and from 51.6 +/- 11.7 to 28.5 +/- 3.5 nl/min, respectively) which were due to significant increases in both pre- and postglomerular arteriolar resistances (from 1.97 +/- 0.31 to 2.65 +/- 0.36 and from 1.19 +/- 0.11 to 2.00 +/- 0.15 10(10) dyn.s.cm-5 respectively) and to a significant decrease in the ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, which fell from 0.100 +/- 0.019 to 0.031 +/- 0.007 nl/(s.mmHg). These studies demonstrate that mesangial cells possess specific receptors for EGF, and exposure of these cells to physiologic concentrations of EGF results in an in vitro functional response characterized by activation of Na+/H+ exchange and by resultant intracellular alkalinization, as well as by cell contraction. EGF administration in vivo significantly reduces the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, which, in combination with EGF-induced constriction of both preglomerular and postglomerular arterioles, results in acute major reductions in the rates of glomerular filtration and perfusion.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab - : Unforeseen consequences

In this issue of the Journal, there are reports describing in detail three patients in whom progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) developed during treatment with natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against α4 integrins.1–3 These patients were among 3000 who had participated in clinical trials of natalizumab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis or Crohn's disease. PML is a deadly opportunistic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) for which there is no specific treatment. It is caused by reactivation of a clinically latent JC polyomavirus infection. This virus infects and destroys oligodendrocytes, leading to multifocal areas of demyelination and . . .
Abstract 368: Development of a highly potent and non-invasive optical imaging agent for glioblastoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Using the “one-bead one-compound” (OBOC) combinatorial library approach, we have previously identified a peptide ligand LXY1, cyclic c-d-G-L-G-Hyp-N-c, that targets the α3β1 integrin of U87MG glioblastoma cells. Very recently, we have further optimized LXY1 using the OBOC focused library approach, and subsequently traditional medicinal chemistry. Three focused OBOC peptide libraries have been designed by fixing the motif c-d-G\_G\_ _c, randomizing the other positions with a large number of D- and other unnatural amino acids, and extending with 1-2 random amino acids at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of LXY1. The bead libraries have been screened against U87MG cells using an on-bead cell binding assay. Three out of the twelve positive ligands have an additional L-amino acid at the C-terminus of LXY1. However, none of the positive beads has an extension of additional residues at the N-terminus. A series of new ligands has been designed based on the screening results, and extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have been performed. Several ligands have shown more potent in vitro binding to U87MG cells, and better in vivo tumor uptake than LXY1. Among them, LXY30 [cyclic c-d-G-Phe(3,5-diF)-G-Hyp-N-c-R] is the most promising ligand. Optical imaging of LXY30, using LXY30-biotin/streptavidin-Cy5.5 conjugate, in both subcutaneous and orthotopic U87MG glioblastoma mouse models, will be presented. LXY30 could be used as an efficient vehicle for the delivery of imaging probes and therapeutic agents against glioblastoma and other tumors with a high expression of the α3β1 integrin. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 368. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-368
The Skeptic and the Dogmatist

Dans la cadre du debat sur la perception du monde exterieur qui oppose le scepticisme et le faillibilisme, l'A. defend une position dogmatique inspiree de l'epistemologie antisceptique de G. E. Moore. Adoptant un modele propositionnel de l'experience, l'A. developpe une approche positive de la justification de la perception.
Mutational Analysis of Thirty-two Double-Strand DNA Break Repair Genes in Breast and Pancreatic Cancers

Inactivating mutations in several genes that encode components of the DNA repair machinery have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. To assess whether alterations in other DNA repair genes contribute to breast cancer and to further determine the relevance of these genes to pancreatic cancer, we performed mutational analysis of 32 DNA double-strand break repair genes in genomic DNA from 38 breast tumors, 48 pancreatic tumors, and 10 non- BRCA1/BRCA2 hereditary breast cancer patients. A total of 494 coding exons were screened by denatured high-performance liquid chromatography and direct DNA sequencing. Two inactivating mutations were identified in breast tumor samples, a germline single-nucleotide deletion in POLQ (c.3605delT) and a somatic nonsense change in PRKDC (c.2408C>A, p.Ser803X). Two germline-inactivating mutations in RAD50 (c.1875C>G, p.Tyr625X and IVS14+1G>A) were also detected in separate pancreatic tumor samples. In addition, 35 novel nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions, resulting from two in-frame deletions and 33 single nucleotide alterations, were identified. Seven of these were predicted to influence protein function. A separate analysis of the CLSPN c.3839C>T (rs35490896) variant that was observed more frequently in breast tumors than in pancreatic tumors or normal controls failed to detect a significant association with breast cancer risk in a Mayo Clinic breast cancer case-control study. In conclusion, this screen of DNA repair genes implicates PRKDC and POLQ as candidate tumor suppressor genes involved in breast cancer and suggests that inactivating mutations in RAD50 predispose to pancreatic cancer as well as breast cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(4):971–5]
FROM FUZZY CLUSTERING TO A FUZZY RULE-BASED FAULT CLASSIFICATION MODEL

The article overviews current trends in research studies related to reliability prediction and prognostics. The trends are organized into three major types of prognostic models: failure data models, stressor models, and degradation models. Methods in each of these categories are presented and examples are given. Additionally, three particular computational prognostic approaches are considered; these are Markov chain-based models, general path models, and shock models. A Bayesian technique is then presented which integrates the prognostic types by incorporate prior reliability knowledge into the prognostic models. Finally, the article also discusses the usage of diagnostic/prognostic predictions for optimal control.
Not making the transition to college: School, work, and opportunities in the lives of American youth

Unlike traditional research on educational stratification that focuses on the pursuit of higher education, our study examines why young adults do not make the transition to college, using a nationally representative sample of college non-enrollees (N = 2640). In applying latent class analysis techniques, we identified multiple types of students who do not pursue college. One group of non-enrollees (27.6%) reports forgoing college because the economic barriers are too high – either because of college affordability or family financial responsibility. These youth had both low math test scores and low family income, and thus closely align with regression-based analyses on college enrollment that emphasize academic and economic constraints as the central barriers to educational progress. However, we also identified a second, often overlooked group of youth who had the academic preparation and family income support to enroll in higher education, but decided to forgo college because they preferred to work and to make money (18.3%). The heterogeneous motives of these youth suggest that postsecondary decisions are not always guided by academic and economic barriers, but sometimes driven by previous work experience and perceptions of local opportunities for school and work.
Charity as Resistance: Connections between Charity, Contentious Politics, and Terror

This article explores two ways of conceptualizing ties between charity, contentious politics, political violence, and terrorism. The first half of the article discusses how social and political exclusion serve as motivations for within-group philanthropy, political activism, and political violence. Using this conceptualization, charity and terrorism can be seen as two activities among a range of possible actions that address grievance and exclusion. The second half of the article discusses how terrorist organizations and political insurgents use charity as a tool to move community members along a “continuum of community support” toward greater acceptance of and participation in violent activities.
Potential clinical applications of signal transduction measurements in marrow transplantation and HIV-1 infection.

Abstract : The use of flow cytometry to identify and isolate cells by surface antigen expression was a fundamental advance for immunologists and hematologists and now has an increasing role in the clinical practice of medicine. Similarly, the use of the flow cytometer to study lymphocyte activation and cellular metabolism has proved to be a powerful technique. Knowledge of signal transduction mechanisms has progressed to a point where clinical applications of signal transduction measurements can now be anticipated. The development of a number of fluorescent probes for the study of intracellular ion concentrations in single, viable cells has permitted a substantial advance in the understanding of many areas of immunology. It is well established that changes in intracellular free calcium concentration play a key role in some, but not all forms of B and T cell activation
The ethics of belief and the morality of action: Intellectual responsibility and rational disagreement

The contemporary explosion of information makes intellectual responsibility more needed than ever. The uncritical tend to believe too much that is unsubstantiated; the overcritical tend to believe too little that is true. A central problem for this paper is to formulate standards to guide an intellectually rigorous search for a mean between excessive credulity and indiscriminate skepticism. A related problem is to distinguish intellectual responsibility for what we believe from moral responsibility for what we do. A third problem is how to square intellectual responsibility in retaining our views with the realization that peers we respect disagree with us. Much of the paper is directed to articulating principles for dealing with such disagreements.
Soft-tissue graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is performed frequently in the United States with predictably good results. Results are dependent on an early postoperative physical therapy program that stresses early motion. Early rehabilitation demands rigid intraoperative mechanical fixation of the graft allowing aggressive physical therapy to begin before biologic incorporation of the graft in the bone tunnels. Many patients and surgeons choose to use a soft-tissue graft, usually a hamstring autograft, for the reconstruction. Many fixation options exist today for fixation of this graft. The “best” fixation technique depends on several factors including graft choice and surgeon comfort. In this article, we review noninterference screw devices available for fixation of soft-tissue grafts in ACL surgery.
The Levi Site: A Paleo-Indian Campsite in Central Texas

The recent discovery and excavation of the Levi site, a stratified campsite near Austin, Texas, has uncovered several artifact types previously unknown in Paleo-Indian cultures. In the earliest occupation zone a scraper, two utilized flakes, and a chopper were associated with the remains of tapir and dire wolf. Following this is a zone dated at 10,000 ± 175 B.P. in which a possible Clovis point and a Plainview point were associated with bones of Equus sp. and Platygonus sp. Artifacts from this zone include burins, burin spalls, scrapers, and prismatic blades. Above this lies the major occupation zone with a large sample of projectile points showing a combination of attributes characteristic of both Plainview and Angostura points. These are considered as belonging to the Plainview-Angostura complex. Radiocarbon dated at 9300 ± 160 B.P. to 7350 ± 150 B.P., this zone yielded burins, burin spalls, polyhedral cores, prismatic blades, seed-grinding stones, knives, and scrapers; in all, over 400 artifacts. The uppermost zone at the Levi site contained a mixture of artifacts assignable to Archaic and later cultures.
Periodic Breathing and Behavioral Awakenings at High Altitude

Objectives. To study the relationship between nocturnal periodic breathing episodes and behavioral awakenings at high altitude. Methods. Observational study. It is 6-day ascent of 4 healthy subjects from Besisahar (760 meters) to Manang (3540 meters) in Nepal in March 2012. A recording pulse oximeter was worn by each subject to measure their oxygen saturation and the presence of periodic breathing continuously through the night. An actigraph was simultaneously worn in order to determine nocturnal behavioral awakenings. There were no interventions. Results. 187-hour sleep at high altitude was analyzed, and of this, 145 hours (78%) had at least one PB event. At high altitude, 10.5% (95% CI 6.5-14.6%) of total sleep time was spent in PB while 15 out of 50 awakenings (30%, 95% CI: 18-45%) occurring at high altitudes were associated with PB (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Our data reveals a higher than expected number of behavioral awakenings associated with PB compared to what would be expected by chance. This suggests that PB likely plays a role in behavioral awakenings at high altitude.
Post-Perturbation Genetic Changes in Populations of Endangered Virgin River Chubs

A 34-kilometer reach of the Virgin River, Utah-Arizona-Nevada, was poisoned with rotenone in an attempt to eradicate non-native red shiners (Cyprinella lutrensis), a species implicated in the decline of native fish populations in the American West. An error in detoxification resulted in lethal concentrations of piscicide passing through an additional 50 kilometers of stream. We used allozyme electrophoresis to analyze genetic variation among pre- and post-poison samples of endangered Virgin River chubs (Gila seminuda). Pre-poison samples indicated a single panmictic population in the river. In contrast, fish subsequently produced through natural recruitment in poisoned reaches exhibited deviations from the original pattern of genetic variation. A genetic bottleneck caused by severe reduction in the number of spawning adults was indicated. The altered pattern persisted 2.5 years post-poisoning, indicating unexpectedly slow recolonization from the unpoisoned reach upstream. Genetic variation among hatchery-produced young was similarly unrepresentative of the original pattern because of the small number of brood fish used in propagation. Because of their small numbers and/or restricted distribution, endangered species are particularly vulnerable to natural or anthropogenic catastrophes. Assessment of the genetic impact of such events is essential but requires that baseline data are available. Un tramo de 34 kilometros del Rio Virgin Utah-Arizona-Nevada, fue envenenado con rotenon en un intento de erradicar “red shiners” (Cyprinella lutrensis) no nativos, una especies implicada en la declinacion de peces nativos en el Oeste Americano. Un error en la detoxificacion resulto en concentraciones letales de piscicide que penetraron en 50 km adicionales del rio. Usamos electroforesis de aloenzimas para analizar la variacion genetica entre muestras de Gila seminuda en peligro de extincion obtenidas antes y despues del envenenamiento. Las muestras previas al envenenamiento indicaron una unica poblacion panmictica en el rio. Por el contrario, los peces producidos subsequentemente por medio de reclutamiento natural en los tramos envenenados exhibieron desviaciones del patron de variacion genetica original. Esto indico un cuello de botella genetico debido a una severa reduccion en el numero de adultos desovantes. Este patron persistio por 2.5 anos despues del envenenamiento, lo que indica una recolonizacion inesperadamente lenta a partir de los tramos no envenenados de rio arriba. La variacion genetica entre jovenes producidos en fue igualmente no representativa del patron original debido al bajo numero de crias de los peces usados en la propagacion. Las especies en peligro de extincion son particularmente vulnerables a catastrofes naturales o antropogenicas debido a su baja abundancia y/o distribucion restringida. La evaluacion del impacto genetico de tales eventos es esencial pero requiere que los datos de base esten disponibles.
High-power coherent beam combination of semiconductor laser arrays

We have coherently combined a total power of 7.2 W CW using an individually addressable 10-element-array of 980-nm slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWLs). The robust, passive phase-locking is accomplished using a fractional Talbot external cavity.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and neonatal lung lesions.

Increasingly, the diagnoses of chest lesions in infants are made not bysymptoms of respiratory distress but by prenatal imaging. Because the avail-ability and quality of prenatal imaging have increased, so has the frequencyof prenatal diagnoses that include symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions.Early prenatal diagnosis of life-threatening lesions, such as congenital dia-phragmatic hernia (CDH) and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation(CAM or CCAM), allows detailed evaluation and subspecialty referral butmay lead to decisions for pregnancy termination. It is imperative that coun-seling physicians have accurate and up-to-date information about prognosisin these diﬃcult situations. Improved prenatal imaging also identiﬁes lesionsthat may resolve spontaneously or may otherwise remain asymptomatic. Aswe gain in understanding of the natural history of these lesions, the advis-ability of routine surgical resection of asymptomatic lesions can be evalu-ated better.This article discusses the embryologic development, diagnosis, treatment,and outcome of CDH and lung lesions of infancy. The focus is primarily onrecent developments in the last decade and addresses areas of evolvingcontroversy. Earlier writings are cited as needed to illustrate important his-torical points, identify concept development, and re-evaluate outdatedthinking.Embryology and animal models of lung and diaphragm developmentRecent work in animal models has advanced our understanding of lungand diaphragm embryology. Although starting from diﬀerent pathwaysand anlages, diaphragm and lung development are interrelated. Lung and
Courtship Behavior of Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Whitefly Mate Recognition

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) consists of a species complex with various degrees of reproductive compatibility between biotypes. One mechanism known to result in reproductive isolation among sexually reproducing animals is mate recognition. Whiteflies have an elaborate courtship and mating behavior, and it is well known that individuals of some biotypes in the B. tabaci species complex will court individuals of other biotypes, but they will not mate. In this study, we determined specific courtship and mating behaviors of B. tabaci biotype B (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring). Four distinct phases in the courtship and mating cascade were identified, and we describe these phases and report their durations. We compared our findings with previously reported mating behaviors of two other whiteflies, B. tabaci biotype A, and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). These comparisons identified both similarities and differences in the behaviors of the three whiteflies, particula...
Involving Youth Voices in Research Protocol Reviews.

Luchtenberg and colleagues' account of how children and adolescents view their own participation in clinical research challenges many presumptions common to both researchers and institutional revie...
Modernism and Time: Introduction:Post-Englightment Modernism and the experience of time

ENLIGHTENMENT TEMPORALITY Jurgen Habermas begins The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity with a chapter entitled “Modernity's Consciousness of Time and Its Need for Self-Reassurance,” and in that chapter he focuses on Walter Benjamin as a chief example of a person burdened by an extreme consciousness of time that helps to define, by contrast, the secular values of Enlightenment modernity. The reason and humanism of the Enlightenment, Habermas argues, are characterized among other things by a sense of the temporality of existence that is promising rather than overwhelming. “Because … the modern world,” he writes, “is distinguished from the old by the fact that it opens itself to the future, the epochal new beginning is rendered constant with each moment that gives birth to the new” (1987: 6). Hegel, he goes on, identifies the beginning of the modern with the break that the Enlightenment and the French Revolution signified for the more thoughtful spectators at the close of the eighteenth and the start of the nineteenth century. With this “glorious sunrise” we come, as the old Hegel still thought, “to the last stage in History, our world, our own time” (1987: 6–7). In this analysis Habermas is describing (and repeating) the Enlightenment combination of a conception of time as comprised of interchangeable parts which, taken together, accomplish universal progress.
The Offshore Bar Revisited: A New Depositional Model For Isolated Shallow Marine Sandstones In the Cretaceous Frontier Formation of the Northern Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A.

Abstract Shallow marine sandstone bodies isolated within marine mudrock successions are still incompletely understood. A robust understanding of such bodies is of interest not only scientifically, but also in order to facilitate successful exploration for and production of petroleum and other natural resources. Such bodies are preserved in the Turonian Frontier Formation of the northern Uinta Basin in Utah and Colorado, U.S.A., where they have been previously interpreted as the products of “offshore bars.” A reappraisal of these bodies in the uppermost Frontier Formation (herein defined as the Turonian Ashley Valley Member) reveals three northeast–southwest elongate, incised highstand, forced regressive, and lowstand offshore sandstone bodies partially to fully encased in offshore marine mudrock. These bodies are herein named the Buckskin Hills, Kane Hollow, and Raven Ridge sandstones (from oldest to youngest). Five lithofacies were identified from 47 measured outcrop sections located along the western and southern margins of Dinosaur National Monument. They are 1) marine shelf claystones and siltstones, 2) lower–upper offshore marine admixed siltstone and sandstone, 3) lower–upper offshore thin-bedded sandstones and siltstones, 4) distal lower shoreface heavily bioturbated very fine-grained sandstone, and 5) transgressive lag conglomerate. Wireline logs from 112 drillhole locations throughout the Uinta Basin were calibrated with nearby outcrop locations to construct cross sections and net-sandstone isochore maps. From these, regionally traceable horizons (flooding surfaces and internal erosion surfaces) facilitated an analysis of stacking patterns, development of a stratigraphic framework, and a depositional-environment interpretation. Overall, the Ashley Valley Member preserves a basinward-offlapping stacking pattern, indicative of shoreline progradation in response to the late Turonian Greenhorn global eustatic regression that was interrupted by two, high-frequency transgression–regression cycles. This nested cyclicity cannot be explained by global eustasy alone, and instead is suggestive of a secondary allogenic control, likely related to Western Cordilleran Foreland Basin (WCFB) geodynamic driving mechanisms. As a result, the Ashley Valley Member provides an example of tectonic forcing on stratal stacking patterns, highlighting the importance of intrabasinal tectonic processes on dispersal patterns and high-frequency relative base-level fluctuations within the WCFB stratigraphic record.
Serum Creatine Phosphokinase in Schizophrenia

The author notes that increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity is found in the majority of hospitalized acutely disturbed schizophrenics and patients with affective psychoses. It is probable that some of these increases do not result from nonspecific factors such as activity, trauma, or stress, which do cause increases in some cases. Those patients who show increased CPK activity have more florid psychopathology and tend to have higher CPK levels in nonacute periods than those without increases. First-degree relatives of psychotic patients with elevated serum CPK have high-normal or slightly increased serum CPK. There is also evidence of other neuromuscular dysfunction in psychotic patients. The author concludes that the investigation of CPK may have considerable heuristic value for the study of schizophrenia and other psychoses.
Characterization of Nanosized Silicon Prepared by Mechanical Attrition for High Refractive Index Nanocomposites

High pressure nanomilling provides an inexpensive, environmentally conscious method to fabricate large quantities of nanoparticles. The presence of large particle sizes, inherent in mechanical attrition processes pose obstacles in identifying the optical properties of these nanosized particles. The high refractive index and relatively small absorption coefficient of silicon (Si) directed their research efforts to wards Si nanoparticles. The authors presently report simple separation procedure which allows them to utilize a range of tools to characterize and exploit properties in the nano size range. Employing these Si nanoparticles, high refractive index nanocomposites in gelatin were fabricated with values as high as 3.2.
Perfluorinated Alcohols and Acids Induce Coacervation in Aqueous Solutions of Amphiphiles

We have discovered that water-miscible perfluorinated alcohols and acids (FA) can induce simple and complex coacervation in aqueous solutions of a wide range of amphiphilic molecules such as synthetic surfactants, phospholipids, and bile salts as well as polyelectrolytes. This unique phenomenon seems to be nearly ubiquitous, especially for complex coacervate systems composed of mixed catanionic amphiphiles. In addition, coacervation and aqueous phase separation were observed over a wide range of surfactants concentrations and for different mole fractions of the oppositely charged amphiphile.