cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of metallothionein by arsenicals in mice.

Abstract Induction of Metallothionein by Arsenicals in Mice. Kreppel, H., Bauman, J. W., Liu, J., McKim, J. M., Jr., and Klaassen, C. D. (1993). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 20, 184-189. Metallothionein (MT) is a sulfhydryl-rich, metal-binding protein that provides protection against metal toxicity. MT is induced by acute stress, hormones, metals, and various organic compounds. Recently, arsenicals have also been shown to induce MT. However, the mechanism and character of MT induction by arsenicals is unknown. Therefore, the effect of various arsenic farms on the tissue concentration of MT was determined. Mice were injected sc with various doses of arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsenate (MMAA), and dimethylarsenate (DMAA), and MT content in the liver was measured 24 hr later by the Cd-hemoglobin radioassay. As(III) is a potent hepatic MT inducer in that a 30-fold increase in MT was observed at the dose of 85 μmol/kg. In comparison, it took 3-, 50-, and 120-fold higher molar amounts of As(V), MMAA, and DMAA, respectively to produce a similar effect. MMAA produces the largest increase in hepatic MT (80-fold), followed by As(III) (30-fold). As(V) (25 fold), and DMAA (10-fold). However, none of the arsenicals induced MT in mouse primary hepatocyte cultures. Both MT-I and MT II were coordinately induced by As(III), As(v), and MMAA. MT induction by As(III) was further characterized following sc administration of arsenite (85 μmol/kg). Hepatic MT induction peaked at 24 hr, and in addition to the liver. As(III) also increased MT in kidney, spleen, stomach, intestine, heart, and lung. MT-I mRNA increased 24-, 52-, and 11-fold at 3. 6, and 15 hr after As(III) administration. This induction profile is similar to that observed after Zn or Cd exposure. In conclusion, arsenicals are effective inducers of MT in vivo, and their potency and efficacy are dependent on the chemical form of arsenic. As(III) is a potent hepatic MT inducer for both MT-I and MT II, and this effect is associated with an increase in MT mRNA.
Bidirectional Movement of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Rat Spinal Cord Slices

The bidirectional movement of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) was studied in slices of rat spinal cord which were incubated in small volumes of medium. The appearance in the medium of endogenous GABA and the disappearance from the medium of [14C]GABA were used to calculate the rates of unidirectional uptake and unidirectional release of GABA. Under these conditions, no net uptake of GABA was observed when slices were incubated in media containing concentrations of gABA as high as 25 microM. Elevated potassium (60 mM) stimulated the unidirectional release of endogenous GABA from spinal cord slices by a calcium-dependent process. Ouabain (0.1 mM) more than doubled the unidirectional release of endogenous GABA in a calcium-independent manner, while unidirectional uptake was inhibited by 44%. Nipecotic acid (1.0 mM) stimulated unidirectional release and inhibited unidirectional uptake of GABA.
Scope and mechanism of interstrand cross-link formation by the C4'-oxidized abasic site.

The C4′-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) is a commonly formed DNA lesion, which generates two types of interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The kinetically favored cross-link consists of two full length strands and forms reversibly and exclusively with dA. Cross-link formation is attributed to condensation of C4-AP with the N6-amino group of dA. Formation of the thermodynamic ICL involves cleavage of the strand containing C4-AP on the 3′-side of the lesion. The ratios and yields of the ICLs are highly dependent upon the local sequence. Product analysis of enzyme-digested material reveals that the ICL with dA is a cyclic adduct. Formation of the thermodynamically favored cross-link is catalyzed by the surrounding DNA sequence and occurs favorably with dC and dA but not with dG or dT. Mechanistic studies indicate that β-elimination from C4-AP is the rate-limiting step in the formation of the thermodynamic ICL and that the local DNA environment determines the rate constant for this reaction. The efficiency of ICL for...
The Campus Demotechnic Index: a comparison of technological energy consumption at US colleges and universities

The Campus Demotechnic Index (CDI) was modified from the Demotechnic Index (D-Index) to serve as an index of energy use for US colleges and universities. CDI values were calculated by assessing the total campus energy used for the built and mobile environments against energy required to meet the basal metabolic demand of the total campus population. Like the D-Index, the CDI measured the scalar quantity of energy used relative to the quantity of energy required for simple survival on a per capita basis, thus providing a rational metric for comparison among institutions. For the interval 2000–2005, CDI was calculated for 64 US higher education institutions and compared using maximum, minimum, mean and median CDI values, total gigajoules used, campus population, and consumption-adjusted population. Wilcoxon signed rank test results compared pair-by-pair differences of ranked CDI values from 2000 to 2005 to determine whether CDI values were significantly increasing or decreasing over time. In general, CDI values increased over time, but increases over the 6-year interval were only significantly higher in 8 of 30 two-year comparisons; in 2005, CDI values ranged from 1.1 to 56.3 (mean = 11.9, median = 8.2, n = 64), whereas in 2000, CDI values ranged from 2.0 to 53.0 (mean = 12.6, median = 9.1, n = 22). Results suggest that the CDI may serve as a useful metric for tracking campus energy efficiency over time as well as a means of comparison of energy use among institutions.
Standard enthalpies of formation of AlB12 and Al4C3 by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of α-AlB12 and of Al4C3 have been determined by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The experiments were carried out in two different calorimeters of similar but not identical constructions. The following average values of ΔHf0 are reported: for α-AlB12, −11.4 ± 0.6 kJ (mol of atoms)−1; for Al4C3, −18.3 ± 1.0 kJ (mol of atoms)−1. The results are compared with earlier experimental values reported in the literature and with values predicted from Miedema's semi-empirical model.
Drape folding of compressible elastic layers-ii. matrix solution for two-layer folds

Abstract A matrix solution for two-layer drape folds in compressible elastic media is used to examine the relative importance of layer compressibility, layer stiffness, and the presence or absence of lower boundary shear on fold form, principal stress direction and maximum shear stress distribution. The most obvious effect of decreasing the shear modulus of the lower layer is a change in principal stress orientation, accompanied by a decrease in maximum shear stress. Principal stress orientation, and to a lesser degree fold shape, can be further altered by changing the compressibility of an easily sheared basal layer. Characteristics of drape folds with welded and non-welded basal contacts, as observed in the field and predicted by a single-layer model of drape folding, are also further explored with the two-layer model.
Optimal multiple description and multiresolution scalar quantizer design

The author presents new algorithms for fixed-rate multiple description and multiresolution scalar quantizer design. The algorithms both run in time polynomial in the size of the source alphabet and guarantee globally optimal solutions. To the authorpsilas knowledge, these are the first globally optimal design algorithms for multiple description and multiresolution quantizers.
Performance analysis for DOA estimation algorithms: unification, simplification, and observations

Subspace based direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation has motivated many performance studies, but limitations such as the assumption of an infinite amount of data and analysis of individual algorithms generally exist in these performance studies. The authors have previously proposed a unified performance analysis based on a finite amount of data and achieved a tractable expression for the mean-squared DOA estimation error for the multiple signal classification (MUSIC). Min-Norm, estimation of signal parameters using rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT), and state-space realization algorithms. However, this expression uses the singular values and vectors of a data matrix, which are obtained by the highly nonlinear transformation of the singular value decomposition (SVD). Thus the effects of the original data parameters such as numbers of sensors and snapshots, source coherence and separations were not explicitly analyzed. The authors unify and simplify this previous result and derive a unified expression based on the original data parameters. They analytically observe the effects of these parameters on the estimation error. >
Integral inequalities for the s- and p-wave π π partial-wave amplitudes due to crossing symmetry and positivity☆

Abstract We derive an infinite number of inequalities for the s and p-wave π π scattering amplitudes. They follow from crossing symmetry and from the positivity of the even l ⩾2 partial waves of the reactions π o π o → π o π o and π o π o → π + π − in the region 0 ⩾ s ⩾ 4 m π 2 .
Economic change and sex-specific cardiovascular mortality in Britain 1955–1976

Abstract Analyses directed toward recent declines in cardiovascular disease mortality rates have typically focused on alterations in important physiological and behavioral risk factors resulting from lifestyle changes and medical advances. In this study, a multivariate model of the impact of more fundamental changes in the socioeconomic and bio-physical environments has been developed and applied to cardiovascular disease mortality rates, by sex, in England and Wales and Scotland during 1955–1976. The predictive model includes factors associated with (1) long-term growth in the economy, (2) deleterious behavioral risk factors loosely associated with economic growth—especially cigarette consumption per capita, (3) economic instability—especially recession as indicated by factors related to unemployment, income loss, and recessional declines in average weekly hours worked in manufacturing industries, (4) health care, and (5) physical environmental disturbances—especially very cold temperatures. This model proves to be an excellent instrument for the statistical explanation of trends and fluctuations in CVD mortality rates for both sexes and both regions in Britain in the post-War period. In general, the overall exponential rate of economic growth is found to be the most powerful factor in the long-term decline in CVD mortality rates. Similarly, disturbances to the national and regional economic situations—especially recessions—have regularly been associated with elevated death rates for all populations observed. Cigarette and unusually high spirits consumption, as well as particularly cold winter temperatures, have also had important deleterious effects on CVD mortality. The proportion of government expenditures devoted to health care is associated with a reduction in CVD mortality in England and Wales.
IRREVERSIBILITY, ENERGY DISSIPATION, AND TIME EFFECTS IN INTERMOLECULAR AND SURFACE INTERACTIONS

The use of thermodynamic functions such as surface energy (y) or the reversible work of adhesion (W) implicitly assumes that two surfaces are interacting under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. Likewise, the concept of the adhesion force or pressure between two surfaces, molecules, or colloidal particles also suggests the existence of well-defined time-independent values for these quantities. Yet most interactions involving molecules, surfaces, and complex fluid systems are irreversible, involving the transfer of energy from one system to another; that is, they involve “energy dissipation”. We review the molecular origins nonequilibrium (irreversible) interactions of surfaces that give rise to adhesion hysteresis, contact angle hysteresis, friction, and other thin-film properties, and discuss the important role of “time” in such processes which can have a significant effect on what we measure. We also consider the possible central role of nonequilibrium interactions in biological systems, where nature often makes use of the finite time of molecular processes for regulating the interactions of proteins, membranes, and cells.
The preparation of allylic derivatives of tin by wittig rections of β-trimethylstannylethylidenetriphenylphosphorane☆

Abstract The reaction of β-trimethylstannylethylidenetriphenylphosphorane, prepared by the action of methylenetriphenylphosphorane on iodomethyltrimethyltin, followed by deprotonation of the resulting [Ph3PCH2CH2SnMe3]+I− with lithium diisopropylamide, with aldehydes and ketones provides a route to allylic organotin compounds, Me3SnCH2CH=CHR and Me3SnCH2CH=CRR'. Alkylation of Ph3=CHCH2SnMe3 with iodemethane, followed by deprotonation of the resulting phosphonium salt and reaction of the latter with propionaldehyde gave Me3SnCH2C(CH3)=CHCH2CH3.
IBD: A Vascular Disorder? The Case for Heparin Therapy.

Abstract : In recent years, heparin has emerged as a possible therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several recent, strongly positive, open-labeled series of heparin in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) reinforce the work of Gaffney and co-workers that suggested a benefit of heparin in UC. Although counterintuitive as a therapy for a disorder characterized by bleeding, heparin is intriguing also for implications with regard to the pathophysiology of UC and CD. Although the thromboembolic complications and hypercoagulable state associating flares of both UC and CD suggest that heparin may produce a benefit by treating microthrombi in the intestinal circulation, recent IBD research suggests that a broader endothelial dysfunction in regulation of coagulation, inflammation, and vascular repair may be important events in the pathogenesis of IBD. Heparin, with its diverse effects targeting the endothelium, may be an ideal agent to reverse these defects and produce significant therapeutic benefits in both UC and CD. Randomized, controlled trials currently in progress will help determine whether heparin and the endothelial cell are but another epiphenomenon in IBD or provide important clues to understanding its pathogenesis.
OMVPE growth of the metastable III/V alloy GaAs 0.5 Sb 0.5

The two crystal growth parameters most likely to affect the occurrence of GaAs0.5Sb0.5 spinodal decomposition during organometallic vapor phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth, substrate temperature and substrate orientation, were investigated in detail. The temperature range studied was the widest over which good morphology layers could be grown, from 550 to 680° C. The InP substrate orientations used were (100), (221) and (311). The growth process was found to be diffusion controlled at high temperatures, but to be controlled by surface kinetics at temperatures below approximately 620° C, depending on substrate orientation. Growth of high quality layers was found to be much easier between 570 and 640° C. In addition, the 77 K PL intensity is much stronger for layers grown in this temperature range. The minimum PL halfwidth at 77 K is 20 meV and at 8 K is 16 meV. The typical room temperature hole mobilities are 100 cm2/Vs with hole concentrations of 2 x 1017 cm-3 in undoped material. The temperature dependence of mobility is consistent with enhanced alloy scattering. Surprisingly, the growth temperature has no significant effect on either PL halfwidth or hole mobility between 560 and 660° C. The single Raman line observed for the unannealed alloy is split after annealing into two lines corresponding to the GaAs-rich and GaSb-rich alloys on either side of the range of solid immiscibility. The spinodal decomposition apparently starts at the surface where the coherency strain, which stabilizes the single phase alloy, is smallest.
Granulomatous lung disease occurring during etanercept treatment.

Introduction Tumor necrosis factor (TNF ) is an important mediator of the molecular cascade that leads to chronic inflammation. It induces chemokine production, which results in the recruitment of leukocytes into the local environment, and upregulates adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells, which also promotes the localization of leukocytes into the inflamed tissue. Animal models suggest that TNF also plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of granulomas (1). Granulomas form in response to either infection or an inflammatory stimulus, and are composed of organized aggregations of activated macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes and fibroblasts (2). Fibroblasts surrounding the granuloma produce a fibrous capsule, and this tissue reaction may help protect the host from an inciting agent by maintaining containment and reducing the nutrient availability to potential infectious agents. Sensitized CD4 T cells with a Th1 pattern of cytokine production help initiate and maintain the structure, and cross-talk between T lymphocytes and macrophages is also important for maintenance. Both interferon gamma and TNF inhibit microbial growth, and have a synergistic effect on macrophage activation. Blockade of TNF results in down regulation of many adhesion molecules, and decreases circulating inflammatory cytokines. Etanercept is an anti–TNF therapy developed for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. It is a fusion protein that consists of the extracellular ligandbinding domain of the TNF receptor coupled to the Fc portion of human IgG. It is thought to work by binding TNF and blocking its interaction with TNF receptors, thereby rendering TNF inactive. Chronic TNF inhibition has been rarely associated with reactivation of selected infections such as mycobacterial infections, which require granuloma formation for host response. Previous studies have suggested that anti–TNF therapy may result in diminished granuloma formation (3). For this reason anti–TNF therapy is being evaluated in sarcoidosis, a disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (4). Although much is known about the mediators involved in cytokine production in granulomatous diseases, the exact role of TNF remains unclear, as the following case illustrates. We report a patient who developed a pulmonary granulomatosis reaction (culture negative) while receiving etanercept therapy for psoriatic arthritis.
The Propagation of a Surge Front on Bering Glacier, Alaska, 2001-2011

Bering Glacier, Alaska, USA, has a 20 year surge cycle, with its most recent surge reaching the terminus in 2011. To study this most recent activity a time series of ice velocity maps was produced by applying optical feature-tracking methods to Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery spanning 2001-11. The velocity maps show a yearly increase in ice surface velocity associated with the down-glacier movement of a surge front. In 2008/09 the maximum ice surface velocity was 1.5 plus or minus 0.017 kilometers per a in the mid-ablation zone, which decreased to 1.2 plus or minus 0.015 kilometers per a in 2009/10 in the lower ablation zone, and then increased to nearly 4.4 plus or minus 0.03 kilometers per a in summer 2011 when the surge front reached the glacier terminus. The surge front propagated down-glacier as a kinematic wave at an average rate of 4.4 plus or minus 2.0 kilometers per a between September 2002 and April 2009, then accelerated to 13.9 plus or minus 2.0 kilometers per a as it entered the piedmont lobe between April 2009 and September 2010. Thewave seems to have initiated near the confluence of Bering Glacier and Bagley Ice Valley as early as 2001, and the surge was triggered in 2008 further down-glacier in the mid-ablation zone after the wave passed an ice reservoir area.
A methodological note on the relationship between infant mortality and socioeconomic status with evidence from San Antonio, Texas.

Abstract The authors criticize past studies for concluding that the relationship between socio‐economic status and infant mortality has declined in modern industrial societies to the degree that it is almost nonexistent. Such studies computed infant death rates utilizing small numbers of births and deaths, resulting in unreliable rates. In this study, social area analysis is employed in a fairly large city with vital data from the early 1970's. The findings indicate a rather strong relationship still exists between SES and infant mortality. Limitations of social area analysis are discussed, and suggestions for future research are given.
Free-air gravity over the Hoggar Massif, northwest Africa: Evidence for alteration of the lithosphere

Abstract Analysis of the free-air gravity field over the broadly elevated Hoggar region in northwest Africa suggests that the uplift is similar in origin to the midplate hotspot swells observed on the seafloor. The Hoggar Massif is a dome of Precambrian basement, approximately 1 km high, 1000 km wide, and capped by late Tertiary alkali basalt volcanos. Gravity measurements reveal a broad free-air high, with maximum amplitude of approximately 40 mGal, which is coincident with the areal extent of the Hoggar. Using the reasonable assumption that the Hoggar is in local isostatic balance, calculations indicate that the amplitude of the gravity anomaly is best explained if the isostatic root of the elevated area is 60 km below ground surface. This root depth is similar to that observed for both the Hawaiian Swell in the Pacific and the Bermuda Rise in the Atlantic, and is shallower than the expected base of the lithosphere. The gravity data suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Hoggar has been reduced in density, perhaps by reheating as inferred for oceanic swells.
Energetic Materials with Promising Properties: Synthesis and Characterization of 4,4′-Bis(5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole) Derivatives

Using a variety of functionalization strategies, derivatives of 4, 4′-bis(5-nitro-1,2,3-2H-triazole) were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The isomers were separated, their structures were confirmed with single-crystal X-ray analysis, and their properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, density, impact sensitivity, heat of formation, and detonation velocity and pressure (calculated by EXPLO5 V6.01). Those materials were found to exhibit superior detonation performance when compared with the other fully carbon-nitrated bis(azoles).
Quantifying simultaneous fluxes of ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor above a subalpine forest ecosystem.

Assessing the long-term exchange of trace gases and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is an important priority of the current climate change research. In this regard, it is particularly significant to provide valid data on simultaneous fluxes of carbon, water vapor and pollutants over representative ecosystems. Eddy covariance measurements and model analyses of such combined fluxes over a subalpine coniferous forest in southern Wyoming (USA) are presented. While the exchange of water vapor and ozone are successfully measured by the eddy covariance system, fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) are uncertain. This is established by comparing measured fluxes with simulations produced by a detailed biophysical model (FORFLUX). The bias in CO2 flux measurements is partially attributed to below-canopy advection caused by a complex terrain. We emphasize the diAculty of obtaining continuous long-term flux data in mountainous areas by direct measurements. Instrumental records are combined with simulation models as a feasible approach to assess seasonal and annual ecosystem exchange of carbon, water and ozone in alpine environments. The viability of this approach is demonstrated by: (1) showing the ability of the FORFLUX model to predict observed fluxes over a 9-day period in the summer of 1996; and (2) applying the model to estimate seasonal dynamics and annual totals of ozone deposition and carbon, and water vapor exchange at our study site. Estimated fluxes above this subalpine ecosystem in 1996 are: 195 g C m ˇ2 year ˇ1 net ecosystem production, 277 g C m ˇ2 year ˇ1 net primary production, 535 mm year ˇ1 total evapotranspiration, 174 mm year ˇ1 canopy transpiration, 2.9 g m ˇ2 year ˇ1 total ozone deposition, and 1.72 g O3 m ˇ2 year ˇ1 plant ozone uptake via leaf stomata. Given the large portion of non-stomatal ozone uptake (i.e. 41% of the total annual flux) predicted for this site, we suggest that future research of pollution‐vegetation interactions should relate plant response to actively assimilated ozone by foliage rather than to total deposition. In this regard, we propose the Physiological Ozone Uptake Per Unit of Leaf Area (POUPULA) as a practical index for quantifying vegetation vulnerability to ozone damage. We estimate POUPULA to be 0.614 g O3 m ˇ2 leaf area year ˇ1 at our subalpine site in 1996. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Urban classification using full spectral information of landsat ETM+ imagery in Marion County, Indiana

This paper compares different image processing routines to identify suitable remote sensing variables for urban classifi- cation in the Marion County, Indiana, USA, using a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM� ) image. The ETMmultispectral, panchromatic, and thermal images are used. Incorporation of spectral signature, texture, and surface temperature is examined, as well as data fusion techniques for combining a higher spatial resolution image with lower spatial resolution multispectral images. Results indicate that incorporation of texture from lower spatial resolution images or of a temperature image cannot improve classification accuracies. However, incorporation of textures derived from a higher spatial resolution panchromatic image improves the classification accuracy. In particular, use of data fusion result and texture image yields the best classifi- cation accuracy with an overall accuracy of 78 percent and a kappa index of 0.73 for eleven land use and land cover classes.
Ergosterol is required for the Sec18/ATP-dependent priming step of homotypic vacuole fusion.

In vitro homotypic fusion of yeast vacuoles occurs in three stages: priming, the Sec18 (NSF)‐mediated changes that precede vacuole association; docking, the Ypt7 and SNARE‐mediated pairing of vacuoles; and fusion, mediated by calmodulin/V0/t‐SNARE interactions. Defects in catalysts of each stage result in fragmented (unfused) vacuoles. Strains with deletions in any of ERG genes 3–6, lacking normal ergosterol biosynthesis, have fragmented vacuoles. The ergosterol ligands filipin, nystatin and amphotericin B block the in vitro fusion of vacuoles from wild‐type cells. Each of these inhibitors acts at the priming stage to inhibit Sec17p release from vacuoles. A reversible delay in Sec18p action prevents vacuoles from acquiring resistance to any of these three drugs, confirming that their action is on the normal fusion pathway. Ergosterol or cholesterol delivery to wild‐type vacuoles stimulates their in vitro fusion, and the in vitro fusion of ergΔ vacuoles requires added sterol. The need for ergosterol for vacuole priming underscores the role of lipids in organizing the membrane elements of this complex reaction.
Dietary Exposure of Mink to Carp from Saginaw Bay. 3. Characterization of Dietary Exposure to Planar Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Dioxin Equivalents, and Biomagnification

Mink are known to be very sensitive to the toxic effects of planar polychlorinated biphenyls (pPCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), collectiv...
Oral health research at the crossroads: translate we must!

We enter the 21 st century on a wave of scientific optimism. Discoveries and technological advances promise to dramatically increase our ability to understand the biology and physiology of complex systems. However, at this same moment in time we have seen a dramatic transition in the pattern of diseases and conditions that afflict our society. Acute conditions no longer dominate, rather, most diseases and conditions are both complex and chronic in nature. Complex diseases and conditions are those resulting from the interplay between and among host genetics, infectious agents, environmental factors, behavior and social systems. Indeed, many oral diseases and conditions fall into this category— dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, temporomandibular muscle, and joint disease and conditions, Sjogren’s disease, cleft palate/lip and the many forms of chronic oro-facial pain. Demographics are also very much at play—as the boomer generation grays we are getting older as a society. And the fastest growing segments of our society are ethnic and racial minorities, such that by the year 2050, the Census Bureau projects that non-Hispanic Caucasians will make up only 50% of the U.S. population (http://www.census.gov/ population/www/projections/natsum-T3.html). It is ironic that the advances of the genomic era have demonstrated how very similar we all are to one another— human variation can be measured by differences of less than one nucleotide per 1000; but has also underscored that this variation can have a profound impact on disease risk, severity and response to treatment. As we complete our understanding of the etiology, physiology, and molecular progression of disease, this knowledge may ultimately permit us to understand how to foster personalized biological health. Patients and their advocates have grown increasingly sophisticated—they demand that science be applied to improve their health now. Oral health research has reached its crossroads, we must now translate the fruits of our new scientific era into tangibles that will improve the oral and craniofacial health of all people. To guarantee that translational research in clinical issues of importance to oral and craniofacial health occurs, dentists and other oral health professionals must participate in the process. For example, it may soon become technically feasible to regenerate dentin or pulpal tissue using stem cell technology. This could have huge implications for the practice of dentistry and the specialty of endodontics. However, before such technology could be used in clinical practice, clinical trials will be needed to establish the safety and efficacy of such procedures and well-trained clinical investigators will be needed in dentistry who can conduct these clinical trials. Without oral health researchers who are trained in clinical research, exciting new technological advances will never be brought to the operatory.
Factors responsible for peritoneal granulocyte apoptosis during sepsis.

Apoptosis (Ao), is a process by which cells undergo a form of non-necrotic cellular suicide, the control of which may have significant impact on host immunoresponsiveness to a septic challenge. The aim of this study was to determine (1) if Ao is evident in granulocytes harvested from the blood or peritoneum of septic animals and to what extent this was associated with cell activation and (2) whether the in vivo administration of the TNF inhibitor (TNFbp) alters this process. To assess the first aim, C3H/HeN male mice were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis [cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)] or sham-CLP (Sham) and sacrificed at 4 or 24 hr following CLP. Blood leukocytes and peritoneal exudate cells were harvested, stained with monoclonal fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies to granulocytes (Gr1), the activation marker ICAM-1, and either the cell cycle dye, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, or TUNEL assay (to assess the %Ao+), was used for two- and three-color flow cytometric analysis. Peritoneal exudate cells exhibited increased %Ao+ cells at both 4 and 24 hr post-CLP, while blood leukocytes showed a decrease in %Ao+ only at 24 hr. The increase in Ao in the peritoneum was evident only in the Gr1- cell population at 4 hr but was present in both Gr1+ and Gr1- cells at 24 h. Furthermore, the increase in the %Ao+ cells was associated with an increased % of ICAM-1 positive cells. To the extent that TNF affects the 24 hr induction of Ao in peritoneal exudate cells, mice were treated with either 250 micrograms TNFbp/mouse (s.c.) or vehicle control immediately following CLP. The results indicate that administration of TNFbp markedly decreased Gr1+ but not Gr1- cell Ao. Thus, not only does polymicrobial sepsis induce a marked early rise in phagocyte Ao associated with cell activation, but the increase in peritoneal granulocyte Ao, unlike macrophage Ao, is mediated by TNF and/or an agent released by TNF.
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE ADULT APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Both males and females of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) showed three distinct modes of aggressive behavior: (1) a wing-waving display, (2) charging headlong into another fly, and (3) "pawing" with the prothoracic legs. The flies were aggressive toward their own and the opposite sex. The aggressive patterns were similar to those of R . suavis (Loew) and R . completa Cresson.
Edward Bridge Danson (1916–2000)

His father emigrated from Egremont, England, to Philadelphia in the early 1880s where he worked for the Grinnell Sprinkling Company, which transferred him to Cincinnati where he was befriended by businessman Cooper Proctor, who offered him the management of a bankrupt printing and novelty advertising firm, the Kemper-Thomas Company. Ned' s father became its president and converted it to a successful art calendar publishing house. Ned was 11 when his father died. His uncle Bill, his mother's youngest brother, was an important man in Ned's early life. Growing up at the beginning of the automobile era, Ned became a serious car aficionado at a very early age. Right up to the end of his life, he could recall with pleasure the make, year, color, and other characteristics of every car his family had ever owned. In the memoirs prepared for his family (copies in the archives of the Museum of Northern Arizona and the Arizona State Museum), he lovingly described each of his own vehicles and bemoaned the day that he sold or traded in each one. Ned attended the Cincinnati Country Day School, the Asheville School in North Carolina, and Hughes High School in Cincinnati. An event involving an automobile during his junior year in high school completely changed his life. In October 1933, he was drag racing to high school with his cousin, Bill Allen, when he skidded, missed a turn, and forced three oncoming vehicles off the road. His mother, who was in the third car, not only grounded him, but arranged for her 17-year-old son to join the teenage crew of the schooner Yankee that Irving and Electa Johnson were about to take on its maiden voyage around the world (1933-35). Circumnavigating the world in a sailing vessel in the middle of the Depression was a defining experience for Ned Danson. It exposed him to the diversity of world cultures, introduced him to many lifelong friends, and taught him valuable social skills that served him well throughout his life. He followed several of his Glendale friends to Cornell
Lessons learned from building a terabyte digital video library

The Informedia Project at Carnegie Mellon University has created a terabyte digital video library in which automatically derived descriptors for the video are used for indexing, segmenting and accessing the library contents. Begun in 1994, the project presented numerous challenges for library creation and deployment, valuable information covered in this article. The authors, developers of the project at Carnegie Mellon University, addressed these challenges by: automatically extracting information from digitized video; creating interfaces that allowed users to search for and retrieve videos based on extracted information; and validating the system through user testbeds. Through speech, image, and natural language processing, the Informedia Project has demonstrated that previously inaccessible data can be derived automatically and used to describe and index video segments.
Automatic generation of contact state graphs based on curvature monotonic segmentation

This paper addresses representation and automatic generation of topological contact states between two 3-D curved objects. Information of contact states is useful for a wide range of applications, from robotic tasks involving compliant motion to virtual prototyping and simulation. As contact states between 3D curved objects are more commonplace and yet more complex and less studied, this work is more necessary. The approach has been implemented, and the implemented examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach
The Experimental Assessment of Fitness in Drosophila. II. a Comparison of Competitive and Noncompetitive Measures.

Twelve diverse strains of Drosophila melanogaster have been examined with respect to their individual fitness components and with respect to their relative performance under competitive and noncompetitive conditions. Individual fitness components included estimates of time until successful copulation (t), fecundity (f) and egg-to-adult viability (v), and a composite index of overall fitness of the form fv/t was used for comparisons among strains. Noncompetitive performance was assessed in terms of the biomass (standing crop) and productivity of equilibrium experimental populations. Competitive performance was assessed in terms of relative competitive ability vis-a-vis a standard compound-autosome-bearing strain in single-generation tests. A significant correlation was found between the composite index of individual fitness components and the competitive compound-autosome test. Although the biomass and productivity of equilibrium populations were correlated with each other, neither of these noncompetitive measures was correlated with individual fitness components or with the composite index. We suggest that the performance of strains in such noncompetitive tests may be related to what Wright has called the "mean selective value" of the populations. Judging from their association with the composite index of individual fitness components, competitive tests such as the compound-autosome test seem to be related more nearly to the average Darwinian fitness of the populations.
SO2 absorption cross-section measurements from 197 nm to 240 nm

Absorption cross-sections are reported for SO2 for wavelengths between 197 nm and 240 nm at a temperature of 300K and a spectral bandwidth of 0.10 nm. The results are in good agreement with those previously given by Warneck et al [1964] if a correction is applied to their wavelength scale. Differences between the present results and the high resolution cross-sections reported by Freeman et al [1984] at 213K, degraded to a resolution of 0.10 nm, can be attributed to changes in the spectrum with temperature.
Effects of combining field strengths on auditory functional MRI group analysis: 1.5T and 3T

Purpose: To evaluate effects of combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from different field strengths on group analysis as a function of the number of subjects at each field strength. Materials and Methods: In all, 28 subjects (18 at 3T) participated in an auditory task of passively listening to a 0.75s segment of jazz music in an event-related design. Results of single-subject analysis were combined to create all possible subject combinations for a group size of eight subjects from each of the 3T and 1.5T pools, comprising subject mixtures of (3T/1.5T) 0/8, 2/6, 4/4, 6/2, and 8/0. Group analysis performance of each subject permutation was measured by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and activation overlap maps. Results: While area under ROC curves, extent of activation in the gold standard region, and reliability of activation increased with the number of 3T subjects, marginal gain decreased. ROC performance overlap across mixtures was observed, indicating that some combinations of subjects markedly outperformed others. For detection of activation, 4/4 was arguably the minimum mixture level that was comparable to 3T-only group results. Conclusion: Inclusion of 1.5T data does not necessarily reduce the validity of group analysis. Lower field strength data was found only to limit detection power, but did not affect specificity. Within the limits of realignment error, these results should also extend to group longitudinal analyses of subject mixtures from different field strengths. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A clinical study of hypoxia and metallothionein protein expression in squamous cell carcinomas

The objective was to discover whether the oxygen-regulated protein, metallothionein, is expressed in the hypoxic cells of squamous cell carcinomas. Twenty patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix or head and neck were infused with a solution of the hypoxia marker, pimonidazole hydrochloride, at a dose of 0.5 g/m2. The following day, biopsies were collected, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, and sectioned at 4 microm. Sections from each biopsy were immunostained for pimonidazole binding, metallothioneins I and II, involucrin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. A total of 84 biopsies were analyzed. Sixty-four of 84 biopsy sections contained hypoxia. Of the hypoxia-containing sections, 43 of 64 or 67% showed no microregional overlap between hypoxia and metallothionein; 7 of 64 showed overlap; and 14 of 64 showed a combination of overlap and no overlap. On a tumor-by-tumor basis, 5 of 7 head and neck and 7 of 13 cervix tumors showed no overlap between metallothionein and hypoxia at the microregional level. Ranges for the percentage of the area of hypoxia in head and neck (<0.9 to 17%) and cervix (<0.1 to 14%) tumors were similar. In the hypoxia-containing sections, immunostaining for involucrin, a molecular marker for differentiation, overlapped with that for hypoxia in 82% of the cases. The majority of hypoxic cells in squamous cell carcinomas do not express metallothionein protein, although metallothionein is induced by hypoxia in human tumor cells in vitro. Hypoxic cells in human tumors tend to be in regions immunostaining for involucrin, and it seems possible that differentiation of hypoxic cells in squamous cell carcinomas might affect metallothionein I and II expression.
Subcellular site of the phosphatidylinositol effect. Distribution on density gradients of labelled lipids from resting and active sympathetic ganglia of the rat.

Localization of the increased [32P]-labelling of phosphatidylinositol, caused by arrival of presynaptic impulses in a sympathetic ganglion, was investigated by subcellular fractionation of ganglia that had been labelled before homogenization. Paired superior cervical ganglia were excised from adult rats and incubated with 32P1 and [methyl-14C]choline for 4 h at 37°C. The preganglionic nerve of one ganglion of each pair was stimulated repetitively (10/s) during the last 3 h of incubation. The ganglia were then softened with collagenase, homogenized, and fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. Succinate dehydrogenase served as marker for the distribution of mitochondria on the gradient, and [14C]ACh for synaptosomes. [32P]-labelling of lipids was measured relative to that of phosphatidylcholine. The average changes in relative labelling that were caused by neuronal activity ranged as follows over the homogenate and the various fractions: phosphatidylinositol (PI), increased 39–75%; phosphatidylethanolamine, decreased 10–20%; diphosphatidylglycerol, not significantly affected. The increase in PI labelling was much greater in the denser fractions, in which synaptosomes and mitochondria were concentrated, than in the less dense fractions. The distribution of the PI effect on the gradient could be reasonably well explained by assuming that synaptosomes and mitochondria both contributed to the increase in PI labelling in proportion to the amount of their respective markers in a fraction. One-third or more of the total increase could thus be associated with synaptosomes and one-third or more with mitochondria, although alternative association with other structures could not be excluded. The implications of the inferred association with synaptosomes and mitochondria are discussed, current knowledge of the PI effect caused by impulses entering sympathetic ganglia is summarized, and suggestions concerning its physiological significance are reviewed. It is concluded that PI may have multiple roles in neuronal activity.
Understanding the Politics of Latin America's Plural Lefts (Chávez/Lula): social democracy, populism and convergence on the path to a post-neoliberal world

Abstract This article explores the academic and public debate on the politics of Latin America's twenty-first century turn towards the left. It rejects dichotomous categorisations of ‘social democratic’ and ‘populist’ lefts as a disciplinary move by neoliberals that appeals to entrenched liberal predispositions. It suggests that such classificatory taxonomies are directly linked to an impoverished notion of the political, in which a politics of exalted expertise and enlightenment, based on reason, rationality and objectivity is juxtaposed against a lesser sphere of emotion, passion and ‘personalism’. This underlying dualism, which permeates academic disciplines and crosses lines of ideology, tracks established markers of hierarchical distinction in societies profoundly divided along multiple lines of class and cultural capital. This is explored through an analysis of the discourse of Chavez vis-a-vis Lula, while offering an appreciation of the subaltern origin of Lula's distinctive style of political lead...
E-Commerce Law Report: Harris, et al v. Blockbuster, Inc.

On June 3, 2008, Cathryn Elaine Harris, Mario Herrera and Maryam Hosseiny (collectively referred to as plaintiffs) commenced a class action lawsuit against Blockbuster, Inc. ("Blockbuster") in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The action arises from Blockbuster's alleged violation of the Video Privacy Protection Act by transmitting information regarding its online users' video rentals and purchases to the social networking site, Facebook. The most recent development in the case, now pending before the Northern District of Texas, is an order from the Court denying Blockbuster’s motion to compel arbitration.
Propagation of Information About Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention Through Twitter

Previous literature has suggested that examining Twitter messages can be productive for studying how the public shares and spreads health information on social media. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising approach to HIV prevention, yet there are many issues that may influence its effective implementation. This study examined social representations of PrEP on Twitter. One thousand four hundred and thirty-five Tweets were collected and 774 English Tweets were content-analyzed to explore propagation of various issues around daily oral PrEP, as well as characteristics of the sources of those Tweets. We also examined how Twitter message content influenced information propagation. Our findings revealed that PrEP-related information on Twitter covered a wide range of issues, and individual users constituted the majority of the Tweet creators among all the sources, including news media, nonprofit and academic groups, and commercial entities. Using Poisson regression, we also found that a Tweet's affective tone was a significant predictor of message propagation frequency. Implications for health practitioners are discussed.
Entrepreneurial Climate: The Role of Online Social Networks in the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

There is a consensus in the literature that some geographic areas have a more positive entrepreneurial climate than others (Tienda & Raijman, 2004; Gartner et al., 2004). Entrepreneurial climate encompasses the entrepreneur’s entire functional environment including opportunities, skills creation and social support. The expansion of social support sources and networks beyond the local community is key to creating successful business ventures (Rhodes and Butler, 2004). The environment in which the entrepreneur lives and works creates a social context which often times will determine the number and types of relationships formed and in turn influence the types of opportunities recognized for exploitation and business creation.