cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pubertal timing, menstrual irregularity, and mental health: results of a population-based study

Reproductive events have a significant impact on women’s lives. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of age at menarche and current menstrual irregularity on psychological well-being and psychopathology. Data were collected in the context of the Finnish population-based Health 2000 study with self-administered questionnaires, a home interview, and a clinical health examination. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21), the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) were used to assess psychopathology. The relationships between age at menarche and current menstrual flow irregularity vs. BDI-21 and GHQ-12 scores and M-CIDI diagnoses were studied among 4,391 women aged 30 years and over. Negative, nonsignificant associations were found between age at menarche and BDI-21 and GHQ-12 scores. Young age at menarche was associated with increased risks of any recent mental disorder (OR = 0.894, p < 0.01), major depressive episode (OR = 0.900, p < 0.05), major depressive disorder (OR = 0.888; p < 0.05), and anxiety disorder (OR = 0.892; p < 0.05). Menstrual irregularity was associated with BDI-21 (p < 0.001) and GHQ-12 (p < 0.05) scores, but not with any recent psychiatric diagnosis. Age at menarche and menstrual irregularity have an influence on mental health, particularly on mood and anxiety symptoms. Reproductive features (age at menarche and menstrual irregularity) should be paid attention to during psychiatric evaluations.
An integrated path-planning and control approach for nonholonomic unicycles using switched local potentials

In this paper, navigation and control of an autonomous mobile unicycle robot in an obstacle-ridden environment is considered. The unicycle dynamic model used has two differentially driven wheels, with the motor torques as the system input. Two novel potential-field-based controllers are derived, which stabilize the robot within a surrounding circular area (henceforth called a bubble) of arbitrary size. The first controller takes the unicycle to the center of its bubble, while the second corrects its orientation. The designed potentials also work with a kinematic model. Explicit bounds for permissible initial speeds are derived, such that maximum torque limits and/or maximum speed limits are not violated once the controller is activated. These controllers are then embedded in a navigation framework. An existing global planner is used to first create a string of variable-sized bubbles which connect the start point to the goal point, with each bubble's size indicative of the radial obstacle clearance available from its center. The robot then keeps itself within a fixed-sized bubble, which it then moves in discrete steps, according to the direction provided by the global plan, while repulsively avoiding unexpected obstacles. Hence, the gross movement is created by switching local potential-field-based controllers. This scheme is first verified in computer simulation of a single robot moving in a maze. It is then implemented on an experimental setup of robots equipped with proximity sensors. Results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the system.
Simple queueing systems

Most service systems involve many servers, many queues, and many different types of customers, or objects which satisfy a conservation principle. These are likely to be interrelated in the sense that the operation of one component depends upon the others.
Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A distinction without a difference?

A robust literature has emerged on the Dark Triad (DT) of personality-Machiavellianism (MACH), psychopathy, and narcissism. Questions remain as to whether MACH and psychopathy are distinguishable and whether MACH's empirical and theoretical networks are consistent. In Study 1 (N = 393; MTurk research participants), factor analyses were used to compare two-factor (MACH and psychopathy combined + narcissism) and three-factor models, with both fitting the data equally well. In Studies 1 and 2 (N = 341; undergraduate research participants), DT scores were examined in relation to a variety of external criteria, including self- and informant ratings of personality, adverse developmental experiences, and psychopathological symptoms/behaviors. In both studies, MACH and psychopathy manifested nearly identical empirical profiles and both were significantly related to disinhibitory traits thought to be antithetical to MACH. In Study 3 (N = 36; expert raters), expert ratings of the Five-Factor Model traits prototypical of MACH were collected and compared with empirically derived profiles. Measures of MACH yielded profiles that were inconsistent with the prototypical expert-rated profile due to their positive relations with a broad spectrum of impulsivity-related traits. Ultimately, measures of psychopathy and MACH appear to be measuring the same construct, and MACH assessments fail to capture the construct as articulated in theoretical descriptions.
Measurement of Liquid Slip on Nanoturf Surfaces

While many new studies have confirmed the existence of liquid slip over certain solid surfaces [1], there has not been a deliberate effort to design and fabricate a surface that will maximize the slip effect and reduce drag in liquid flow in practical conditions. Hydrophobic rough surfaces have been studied experimentally to reduce the friction in liquid flow [2, 3]. The fine grooves [2], trapping air in them, were speculated to decrease the liquid-solid contact area and contribute to the drag reduction. However, the grooves constitute only a fraction of the entire surface and the rest of the surface is also rough, making it difficult to isolate and attribute the effect of the air layer. Although the post structures with large pitches (i.e., over several microns) [3] may be convenient to fabricate and more convincing to demonstrate the drag reduction, they function only under small liquid pressure (e.g., < 5000 Pa), which does not represent most real flow conditions. Although the nano-patterned surfaces have recently been shown to reduce the friction even under high pressure [4, 5], the amount of slip is not large enough to generate a meaningful drag reduction. Hence, our goal, extended from the previous report for droplet flows [6], is to engineer a surface that maximizes the slip effect for continuous flows in real engineering cases when the liquid is considerably pressurized.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Additivity of Substituent Effects in Aromatic Stacking Interactions

The goal of this study was to experimentally test the additivity of the electrostatic substituent effects (SEs) for the aromatic stacking interaction. The additivity of the SEs was assessed using a small molecule model system that could adopt an offset face-to-face aromatic stacking geometry. The intramolecular interactions of these molecular torsional balances were quantitatively measured via the changes in a folded/unfolded conformational equilibrium. Five different types of substituents were examined (CH3, OCH3, Cl, CN, and NO2) that ranged from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. The strength of the intramolecular stacking interactions was measured for 21 substituted aromatic stacking balances and 21 control balances in chloroform solution. The observed stability trends were consistent with additive SEs. Specifically, additive SE models could predict SEs with an accuracy from ±0.01 to ±0.02 kcal/mol. The additive SEs were consistent with Wheeler and Houk’s direct SE model. However, the indirect...
Analysis of rural drinking water quality test results in Jinxian in 2009

Objective:To investigate the health status of rural drinking water.Methods: Water sample collection,preservation,transportation and testing were according to Standard examination methods for drinking water(GB/T5750-2006).Evaluation of water test results was according to Standard for drinking water quality(GB5749-2006).Results: Water sample failure rate was 95.73%.Microbiological parameters was the main factors failure;the second was organoleptic characteristics and general chemical parameters.Conclusion: Jinxian rural drinking water pollution was serious,most of the water needs for water purification.
Large CO2 effluxes at night and during synoptic weather events significantly contribute to CO2 emissions from a reservoir

CO2 emissions from inland waters are commonly determined by indirect methods that are based on the product of a gas transfer coefficient and the concentration gradient at the air water interface (e.g., wind-based gas transfer models). The measurements of concentration gradient are typically collected during the day in fair weather throughout the course of a year. Direct measurements of eddy covariance CO2 fluxes from a large inland water body (Ross Barnett reservoir, Mississippi, USA) show that CO2 effluxes at night are approximately 70% greater than those during the day. At longer time scales, frequent synoptic weather events associated with extratropical cyclones induce CO2 flux pulses, resulting in further increase in annual CO2 effluxes by 16%. Therefore, CO2 emission rates from this reservoir, if these diel and synoptic processes are under-sampled, are likely to be underestimated by approximately 40%. Our results also indicate that the CO2 emission rates from global inland waters reported in the literature, when based on indirect methods, are likely underestimated. Field samplings and indirect modeling frameworks that estimate CO2 emissions should account for both daytime-nighttime efflux difference and enhanced emissions during synoptic weather events. Furthermore, the analysis here can guide carbon emission sampling to improve regional carbonmore » estimates.« less
Hurricane Loss Estimation Model

The paper presents a methodology to predict hurricane insurance losses for the State of Florida on an annualized basis and for predefined scenarios. Although several loss prediction commercial products exist in the market, this is one of the first public models entirely accessible for scrutiny to the scientific community. The model incorporates the latest state of the art techniques in hurricane prediction, and vulnerability modeling based on engineering criteria. Although the model was developed for Florida, it is applicable to any hurricane prone region. The methodology can also be extended to other types of hazards.
Hot-electron currents in deep-submicrometer MOSFETs

A comprehensive study of hot-electron-induced substrate and gate currents in deep-submicrometer MOSFETs is presented. The substrate- and gate-current characteristics for devices with channel lengths as small as 0.2 mu m and oxide thickness as thin as 55 AA are examined. Implications for MOSFET reliability and EPROM programming are discussed. In the deep-submicrometer regime, established hot-electron concepts and models are found to be applicable; however, consideration of the finite depth of the current path and current-crowding-induced weak gain control becomes much more important. With these modifications, physical analytical models for substrate and gate currents are developed and verified for deep-submicrometer devices. >
Distribution and ecology of Colpomenia peregrina (Phaeophyceae) within the Northwest Atlantic

Abstract The saccate Asiatic brown seaweed Colpomenia peregrina was first recorded within the NW Atlantic in 1960 at Atkins Point, Nova Scotia. By 2014 it was recorded from 57 sites ranging from the Grand Barachois Lagoon, Newfoundland to South Wellfleet, MA. We first found extensive populations in New England at Fort Foster, Kittery, Maine where we subsequently conducted floristic and ecological studies of the alga. Colpomenia peregrina is superficially similar to another saccate brown alga, Leathesia marina, although they have differences in morphology, anatomy, and reproduction. The species is a common epiphyte on at least 33 seaweeds within the NW Atlantic, with Corallina officinalis being its most common host. It also grows on the seagrass Zostera marina and on at least two common invertebrates, Mytilus edulis and Semibalanus balanoides. Colpomenia peregrina is an annual somewhat like Petalonia fascia, with some specimens bearing plurilocular gametangia year-round. Based upon collection of samples fr...
Intraoperative Injection vs Sponge-applied Mitomycin C during Trabeculectomy: One-year Study.

Aim To determine the safety and efficacy of intraoperative injection of mitomycin C (MMC) against conventional sponge-applied MMC during trabeculectomy. Materials and methods This study was a retrospective, comparative case series. Thirty eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma underwent consecutive trabeculectomies with MMC injection (injection group), and thirty eyes with sponge-applied MMC were as controls (sponge group). Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Demographic data, applanation intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity (VA), number of glaucoma medications, postoperative interventions, postoperative complications, and number of visits within 3 months were recorded. In order to stratify data, proportion of eyes achieving >30% IOP reduction from baseline with or without glaucoma medications was calculated and defined as surgical success. Results Mean IOP reduction at 1 year was significant in both the injection and sponge groups from baseline (46.8 and 37.8% respectively). The injection group had overall lower postoperative IOP and comparable complete treatment success, defined as achieving >30% IOP reduction without glaucoma medications (p = 0.941). The number of postoperative visits within 3 months and the proportion of eyes needing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) intervention were significantly lower in the injection group (p = 0.03, p = 0.04 respectively). Conclusion Injection of MMC was as safe and effective as sponge application with comparable estimated complete treatment success, less need for visits within 3 months, and 5-FU intervention. Clinical significance Surgeons may consider intraopera-tive injection of MMC in appropriate patient cohorts given comparable safety and efficacy and several advantages over traditional sponge application. Further study in a prospective, larger, long-term manner is necessary to assess this modality.How to cite this article: Khouri AS, Huang G, Huang LY. Intraoperative Injection vs Sponge-applied Mitomycin C during Trabeculectomy: One-year Study. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017;11(3):101-106.
Surveying macrocyclic chemistry: from flexible crown ethers to rigid cyclophanes

Macrocycles are molecular entities that display a combination of molecular recognition and complexation properties with vital implications for host–guest/supramolecular chemistry. Since the accidental discovery of the crown ethers by Pedersen half a century ago, the chemistry of wholly synthetic macrocycles for structure-specific, highly selective, host–guest complexation has experienced rapid development. While the structural diversity and host–guest chemistry of the original macrocycles are well-known, new derivatives of them are being investigated continuously and reported on today in order to improve their recognition properties as well as to unleash new opportunities in supramolecular chemistry. In this Review, we survey the recent developments of the chemistry of naturally occurring cyclodextrins, along with a variety of synthetic flexible and rigid macrocycles that have drawn their inspiration from Pedersen's ground-breaking discovery of crown ethers in the mid-1960s.
Forbidden subgraphs of coloring graphs

Given a graph G, its k-coloring graph has vertex set given by the proper k-colorings of the vertices of G with two k-colorings adjacent if and only if they differ at exactly one vertex. Beier et al. (Discrete Math. 339:8 (2016), 2100–2112) give various characterizations of coloring graphs, including finding graphs which never arise as induced subgraphs of coloring graphs. These are called forbidden subgraphs, and if no proper subgraph of a forbidden subgraph is forbidden, it is called minimal forbidden. In this paper, we construct a finite collection of minimal forbidden subgraphs that come from modifying theta graphs. We also construct an infinite family of minimal forbidden subgraphs similar to the infinite family found by Beier et al.
Dynamics of soil nutrients and microbial biomass during first year cropping in an 8-year jhum cycle

The soil nutrient status and microbial biomass at three stages of firstyear cropping in an 8-year jhum (slash-and-burn agriculture) cycle system weredetermined and compared to an adjacent humid tropical forest in ArunachalPradesh, north-eastern India. Soil pH increased after burning and decreased asthe cultivation progressed in the jhum field. Soil organic carbon, available-P,total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium-N and nitrate-N decreased as the duration ofcultivation increased. Microbial biomass C, N, and P were high in the foreststand. Microbial biomass C increased gradually as cultivation progressed, whilemicrobial biomass N and P showed a post-burn decreasing trend. Bacterial andfungal populations were drastically reduced following slash burning. The studyindicates that first-year cropping may result in temporary patternhomogenization of soil nutrient cycling, but can have drastic effects withcontinued slashing and burning for long-term agriculture.
Fast charge implications: Pack and cell analysis and comparison

Abstract This study investigates the effect of 50-kW (about 2C) direct current fast charging on a full-size battery electric vehicle's battery pack in comparison to a pack exclusively charged at 3.3 kW, which is the common alternating current Level 2 charging power level. Comparable scaled charging protocols are also independently applied to individual cells at three different temperatures, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C, to perform a comparative analysis with the packs. Dominant cell-level aging modes were identified through incremental capacity analysis and compared with full packs to gain a clear understanding of additional key factors that affect pack aging. While the cell-level study showed a minor impact on performance due to direct current fast charging, the packs showed a significantly higher rate of capacity fade under similar charging protocols. This indicates that pack-level aging cannot be directly extrapolated from cell evaluation. Delayed fast charging, completing shortly before discharge, was found to have less of an impact on battery degradation than conventional alternating current Level 2 charging.
Understanding the disease burden and unmet needs among patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A qualitative study.

Abstract Background Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a rare dermatologic autoimmune disease marked by photosensitive lesions that can vary in appearance depending on the subtype. The extent to which CLE affects a patient’s quality of life (QoL) has not been fully characterized. Focus groups were conducted to explore patients’ perspectives of how CLE has affected their lives and to understand the unmet needs in regards to CLE treatment and care. Methods This qualitative study involved three focus groups with a total of 19 patients with CLE. A moderator guide containing open-ended questions was used to assess how CLE affects overall QoL. The focus groups were audio-recorded with notetaking. Data were content-analyzed to identify emergent themes. Results Four themes emerged as important to patients with CLE: disease sequelae, social interactions, functioning, and unmet needs. Most patients reported decreased QoL due to signs and symptoms such as dyspigmentation and scarring. Having CLE negatively affected patients’ mental health and personal relationships and led to negative coping strategies, such as recreational drug use. Issues related to body image were also elicited by patients. Patients cited unmet needs including lack of treatments to improve chronic skin lesions of CLE and inadequate patient education on living with CLE. Conclusions Providers can look for signs of QoL impairment in patients with CLE by asking questions related to body image, mental health, social isolation, and coping mechanisms. Future QoL measures can include the effect of CLE-specific attributes such as scarring and dyspigmentation to empower patients’ voices in determining therapeutic efficacy in future clinical trials. Findings from our study have added a new understanding of daily experiences that were elicited directly from patients with CLE.
Reliability Issues: Reliability Imposed Limits to Scaling

Abstract A brief introduction to reliability issues that could limit scaling is presented. Traditional reliability testing is reviewed, together with the standard methods for analyzing the data. Arguments are presented to justify that a modern view of reliability has to include a broader set of concerns, including security and software reliability. The wear-out curve, showing infant mortality, ware-out, and end of life, are described. The main failure mechanisms in devices—the various leakages in the device and in the device-gates—are reviewed; gate oxide reliability is summarized. For the back-end, the dilemma of the interconnect delay not keeping up with the gate delay decrease implies difficulties in further scaling and this is discussed. Other failure mechanisms such as electromigration, metal extrusion, and whisker growth are reviewed. The chapter ends with a brief discussion on the mathematics of reliability.
Circuit Functions of Gap Junctions in the Mammalian Retina

Gap junctions are abundant in the retina and examples have been reported for every major cell type. They provide an essential pathway in certain retinal circuits and form the substrate for signal averaging in others. At least four neuronal connexins are found in the mammalian retina and different cell types express specific connexins with different properties. Cone-to-cone coupling via Cx36 gap junctions improves the cone signal-to-noise ratio whereas rod/cone coupling, perhaps via heterotypic gap junctions, provides an alternative pathway for intermediate light intensities. The modulation of horizontal cell (HC) coupling changes the spatial profile of HC feedback to photoreceptors. In rabbit and cat retina, the axonless A-type HCs are extensively coupled via Cx50 gap junctions whereas the axon-bearing or B-type HCs of the mouse and rabbit retina have different coupling properties and may express Cx57. The primary output of the rod bipolar cell is to AII amacrine cells which are well-coupled, via Cx36 gap junctions, to form a signal averaging network for noisy signals in this high-gain rod pathway. In addition, the pathway from AII amacrine cells to ON cone bipolar cells passes via gap junctions, some of which may be heterotypic Cx36/Cx45 gap junctions. Many other amacrine cell types are also coupled via Cx36 or Cx45 gap junctions. Finally, as many as half of the ganglion cell types are coupled. This may occur directly to neighboring ganglion cells of the same type and/or to amacrine cells, which are often, but not exclusively, wide-field axon-bearing types. Ganglion cell coupling, via Cx36 or Cx45 gap junctions, may help to synchronize spike activity between neighboring cells of the same type. In general, the prevalence of gap junctions in the retina may occur because signal averaging and noise reduction are important strategies in the early steps of visual processing.
N-[4-(Morpholinodiazen­yl)phen­yl]acetamide

The title compound, C12H16N4O2, is a member of a family of morpholine-substituted aromatic diazenes. Conjugation of the diazene group π-system and the lone pair of electrons of the morpholine N atom is evidenced by a lengthened N=N double bond of 1.2707 (19) A and a shortened N—N single bond of 1.346 (2) A. The bond angles at the morpholine N atom range from 113.52 (14) to 121.12 (14)°, indicating some degree of sp 2 hybridization. The morpholine ring adopts a conventional chair conformation with the diazenyl group in the equatorial position. The diazenyl and acetamido groups are both twisted relative to the plane of the benzene ring by 12.3 (2) and 25.5 (3)°, respectively.
Tricks of the Trade: How States Use Legal Institutions to Avoid the Liberalization-Sovereignty Tradeoff

A bedrock principle of economic liberalization is that a state's economic growth is a function of its ability to impartially and consistently enforce property and contract rights. States often accomplish this by delegating property and contract rights-allocating authority to a legal institution. This should create what this Article refers to as a liberalization-sovereignty tradeoff: heavy flows of foreign capital and interests across sovereign state borders create greater opportunity for foreign interests to interfere with a state's interests when the latter delegates contract and property rights-allocating authority to legal institutions. Many states have nevertheless determined that these sovereignty costs are outweighed by the increased economic benefits resulting from a state's credible commitment to protecting the property and contract rights of foreign market players. This Article, in contrast, demonstrates how and why some emerging economic powers have managed to short-circuit the liberalization-sovereignty tradeoff by taking advantage of the complexities of sovereign immunity.
Remarks on the Notion of Subject with Reference to Words Like also, even , and only

As is well it is G. Frege’s merit that mathematical logic disposed of the notion of subject and predicate, on which the traditional logic was founded.* To quote from Kneale and Kneale (1962):
A simplified method of determining ureteral patency at operation.

0 N RARE occasions, following an extensive pelvic operation, the question of ureteral obstruction will present itself while the abdomen is still open. This is especially true following a d:fficult hysterectomy for endometriosis, ruptured uterus, pelvic hematoma, or tuboovarian abscess. In such instances, where time is an important factor because of the patients’ tenuous state and where the tissues are so edematous and traumatized, making further dissection ill-advised, a simple method to determine ureteral patcnc) would be valuable. An extensive ureteral dissection or unroofing of the ureter as it passes through the cardinal ligament as done in the Wertheim operation is unfeasible in such instances. A 2 to 3 cm. incision is made in the pehic peritoneum adjacent to the ureter at the level of the pelvic brim. ‘The ureter is grasped with a Babcock clamp and eIevated so that the structure is under some tension. Then 0.5 c.c. i>f methylene blue is injected directly into the ureteral lumen. Within ‘2 to 5 minutes thl. clyr will appear in the bladder catheter tubing.
Processing without noticing in inattentional blindness: A replication of Moore and Egeth (1997) and Mack and Rock (1998)

Surreptitious online measures can reveal the processing of stimuli that people do not report noticing or cannot describe. People seem to glean everything from low-level Gestalt grouping information to semantic meaning from unattended and unreported stimuli, and this information seems capable of influencing performance and of priming semantic judgments. Moore and Egeth (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 339–352, 1997) provided evidence that judgments about the lengths of two lines were influenced by the grouping of background dots, even when subjects did not notice the pattern the dots formed. Mack and Rock (1998) reported that subjects could be primed to complete a stem with a word to which they were inattentionally blind. In this registered report, we replicated these two classic findings using large online samples (Ns = 260 and 448), finding support for the influence of grouping despite inattentional blindness, but not for word-stem priming.
Sex-specific association of depressive disorder and transient emotional states with alcohol consumption in male and female alcoholics

Abstract Background We assessed the impact of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders as well as positive and negative emotional states on alcohol consumption in alcohol dependent men and women. Methods Per day alcohol consumption during 90 days before enrolment was assessed by the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) in 287 men and 156 women meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for alcohol dependence. Propensity to drink in negative/positive emotional states was assessed using the Inventory of Drug Taking Situations (IDTS). Psychiatric comorbidities, including major depressive disorder (MDD), substance-induced depression (SID), anxiety disorders (AnxD), or substance-induced anxiety (SIA) were identified by Psychiatric Research Interview of Substance and Mood Disorders (PRISM). Results In the combined group, increased number of drinks per day and number of heavy drinking days correlated with increased IDTS scores (all p 0.05). Lifetime MDD history was associated with less drinking days (p = 0.0084) and less heavy drinking days (p = 0.021) in alcohol dependent men, while current MDD was associated with higher alcohol use per day in alcohol dependent women (p = 0.044). Conclusions Our findings suggest that emotional states and lifetime MDD history have sex-specific impact on alcohol use in alcohol dependent men and women. The mechanisms underlying these findings and their relevance to treatment outcomes need to be examined in future studies.
The Verwey Transition in Magnetite

We will first review the characteristics of the Verwey transition in magnetite at 123 K. An ordering takes place among Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions on the octahedral sites of the inverse spinel structure, accompanied by a sudden change of electrical resistivity. We shall discuss in some detail recent neutron scattering measurements at Brookhaven in collaboration with Chikazumi’s group at the University of Tokyo.
Factors Influencing Surgeon's Choice of Procedure for Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Purpose To investigate preoperative factors associated with selection of surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability. Methods Patient demographics, initial physical examinations, and patient-oriented outcome questionnaires were collected prospectively from 26 shoulder surgeons at 10 sites. Symptom duration, number of dislocations, sport, history of prior stabilization procedure, Hill-Sachs/glenoid bone loss, pain level, and failure of conservative treatment were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 564 patients who underwent surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability from November 2012 to June 2017 were enrolled. Of these, 426 shoulders underwent arthroscopic stabilization alone, 38 underwent arthroscopic stabilization with remplissage, 28 underwent open Bankart repair, and 72 underwent a Latarjet procedure. Predictors for undergoing Latarjet ( P 1 year), number of dislocations (47% had >5 dislocations), revision surgery (69%), Hill-Sachs lesion size (45% had a lesion between 11% and 20% of the humeral head), and glenoid bone loss (75% of Latarjet patients had 11% to 30% loss). Predictors for undergoing open Bankart repair ( P 5 dislocations), revision surgeries (54%), and glenoid bone loss (11% of open Bankart patients had 11% to 20% loss). History of prior shoulder surgery was the only significant predictor of open versus arthroscopic Bankart procedure. Prediction models showed athletes involved in high-risk sports were 2.61 times more likely to have a Latarjet ( P Conclusions Indications for the Latarjet were: humeral and glenoid bone loss, duration of symptoms, number of dislocations, and revision stabilizations. Athletes involved in high-risk sports were more likely to undergo the Latarjet procedure, even if other predictive factors were not present. The open Bankart procedure was the least common procedure performed, with a history of prior shoulder surgery being the only predictor for use when treating recurrent instability. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective prognostic cohort investigation.
Association of Demographic and Program Factors With American Board of Surgery Qualifying and Certifying Examinations Pass Rates.

Importance American Board of Surgery board certification requires passing both a written qualifying examination and an oral certifying examination. No studies have been conducted assessing the effect of sociodemographic variables on board passage rates. Objective To evaluate if trainee sociodemographic factors are associated with board passage rates. Design, Setting, and Participants This national and multi-institutional prospective observational cohort study of 1048 categorical general surgery trainees starting in 2007-2008 were surveyed. Data collection began in June 2007, follow-up was completed on December 31, 2016, and analysis began September 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Survey responses were linked to American Board of Surgery board passage data. Results Of 662 examinees who had complete survey and follow-up data, 443 (65%) were men and 459 (69%) were white, with an overall board passage rate of 87% (n = 578). In a multinomial regression model, trainees of Hispanic ethnicity were more likely to not attempt the examinations (vs passed both) than non-Hispanic trainees (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% CI, 1.5-14). Compared with examinees who were married with children during internship, examinees who were married without children (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8) or were single (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9) were less likely to fail the examinations. Logistic regression showed white examinees compared with nonwhite examinees (black individuals, Asian individuals, and individuals of other races) (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.03-3.0) and examinees who performed better on their first American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.05) were more likely to pass the qualifying examination on the first try. White examinees compared with nonwhite examinees (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8), non-Hispanic compared with Hispanic examinees (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.7), and single women compared with women who were married with children during internship (OR, 10.3; 95% CI, 2.1-51) were more likely to pass the certifying examination on the first try. Conclusions and Relevance Resident race, ethnicity, sex, and family status at internship were observed to be associated with board passage rates. There are multiple possible explanations for these worrisome observations that need to be explored. Tracking demographics of trainees to help understand passage rates based on demographics will be important. The American Board of Surgery already has begun addressing the potential for unconscious bias among board examiners by increasing diversity and adding implicit bias training.
Development of a high-productivity, halophilic, thermotolerant microalga Picochlorum renovo.

Microalgae are promising biocatalysts for applications in sustainable fuel, food, and chemical production. Here, we describe culture collection screening, down-selection, and development of a high-productivity, halophilic, thermotolerant microalga, Picochlorum renovo. This microalga displays a rapid growth rate and high diel biomass productivity (34 g m−2 day−1), with a composition well-suited for downstream processing. P. renovo exhibits broad salinity tolerance (growth at 107.5 g L−1 salinity) and thermotolerance (growth up to 40 °C), beneficial traits for outdoor cultivation. We report complete genome sequencing and analysis, and genetic tool development suitable for expression of transgenes inserted into the nuclear or chloroplast genomes. We further evaluate mechanisms of halotolerance via comparative transcriptomics, identifying novel genes differentially regulated in response to high salinity cultivation. These findings will enable basic science inquiries into control mechanisms governing Picochlorum biology and lay the foundation for development of a microalga with industrially relevant traits as a model photobiology platform. Lukas Dahlin et al. report the development of Picochlorum renovo, a high-productivity, halophilic, thermotolerant microalga. They report the nuclear and chloroplast genomes, and develop a system for inserting transgenes in both organelles.
What Probate Courts Cite: Lessons from the New York County Surrogate’s Court 2017-2018

By knowing what a judge cites, one may better understand what the judge believes is important, how the judge understands her work will be used, and how the judge conceives of the judicial role. Empirical scholars have devoted serious attention to the citation practices and patterns of the Supreme Court of the United States, the United States Courts of Appeals, and multiple state supreme courts. Remarkably little is known about what probate courts cite. This Article makes three principal claims — one empirical, one interpretative, and one normative. This Article demonstrates through data, derived from a study of all decrees and orders issued by the New York County Surrogate’s Court in the years 2017 and 2018, that the probate court located in the most densely populated county in the United States cites fewer authorities less often than almost any other court (of any level) for which data is available. There are a variety of factors that may explain this low rate of citation by the New York County Surrogate’s Court including docket size, the size and composition of the court’s staff, a judicial perception that the application of the law is a relatively mechanical process, or a subjective determination that speed in processing the court’s docket outweighs any public interest in citation-replete decrees and orders. Yet by increasing its engagement with a range of authorities, the New York County Surrogate’s Court (and indeed any probate court) may increase public confidence in the judiciary while also enhancing understanding of trusts and estates as a complex and dynamic area of law.
The public and the energy problem

Public acceptance and support of energy conservation policies is vital, yet a review of Gallup Polls conducted between 1973 and 1977 indicates that American concern about energy is minimal relative to economic concerns. Interest peaked briefly during the 1973 Arab oil embargo and immediately after President Carter's 1977 energy message. Explanations for the need to have periodic reminders about energy include the contradictory messages the public receives and the skepticism that develops from the confusion. Policymakers need to plan public-information programs before instituting either voluntary or mandatory conservation policies if those policies are to be effective. 7 references.
The potential for using local PV to meet critical loads during hurricanes

Abstract Hurricanes are a major reason for outages in the U.S. electricity sector. These outages are largely caused by damaged transmission systems. As a distributed generator technology, solar PV has the potential to supply local loads while the transmission system is repaired. However, hurricanes mean significant cloud cover, which reduces the ability of PV to contribute as a generator. In this work we quantify the ability of PV to provide energy during 18 hurricanes that made landfall in the contiguous United States from 2004 to 2017. Based on simulations using resource data from the National Solar Radiation Database, we find that PV generation never goes to zero during daytime hours for any of the hurricanes, though its potential is considerably diminished. PV generation ranges from 18 to 60% of clear sky potential during hurricanes. After the hurricane departs, the solar resource increases considerably, with PV producing at 46–100% of clear sky potential for the 72 h following a hurricane. When coupled with storage, PV is able to supply some minimum level of energy for all hours both during and after the hurricane. The amount of load that can be supplied is a function of the size of the PV and storage, the amount of solar resource available, and the duration of the hurricane event.
Impact of Dietary Potassium Restrictions in CKD on Clinical Outcomes: Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet.

In patients with advanced-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), progressive kidney function decline leads to increased risk for hyperkalemia (serum potassium > 5.0 or >5.5 mEq/L). Medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors pose an additional hyperkalemia risk, especially in patients with CKD. When hyperkalemia develops, clinicians often recommend a diet that is lower in potassium content. This review discusses the barriers to adherence to a low-potassium diet and the impact of dietary restrictions on adverse clinical outcomes. Accumulating evidence indicates that a diet that incorporates potassium-rich foods has multiple health benefits, which may also be attributable to the other vitamin, mineral, and fiber content of potassium-rich foods. These benefits include blood pressure reductions and reduced risks for cardiovascular disease and stroke. High-potassium foods may also prevent CKD progression and reduce mortality risk in patients with CKD. Adjunctive treatment with the newer potassium-binding agents, patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, may allow for optimal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor therapy in patients with CKD and hyperkalemia, potentially making it possible for patients with CKD and hyperkalemia to liberalize their diet. This may allow them the health benefits of a high-potassium diet without the increased risk for hyperkalemia, although further studies are needed.
Anaerobic respiration pathways and response to increased substrate availability of Arctic wetland soils

The availability of labile carbon (C) compounds in Arctic wetland soils is expected to increase due to thawing permafrost and increased fermentation as a result of decomposition of organic matter with warming. How microbial communities respond to this change will affect the balance of CO2 and CH4 emitted during anaerobic organic matter decomposition, and ultimately the net radiative forcing of greenhouse gas emissions from these soils. While soil water content limits aerobic respiration, the factors controlling methanogenesis and anaerobic respiration are poorly defined in suboxic Arctic soils. We conducted incubation experiments on two tundra soils from field sites on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, with contrasting pH and geochemistry to determine the pathways of anaerobic microbial respiration and changes with increasing substrate availability upon warming. In incubation of soils from the circumneutral Teller site, the ratio of CO2 to CH4 dropped from 10 to <2 after 60 days, indicating rapid depletion of alternative terminal electron acceptors (TEAs). Addition of acetate stimulated production of CO2 and CH4 in a nearly 1 : 1 ratio, consistent with methanogenesis, and the composition of the microbial community shifted to favor clades capable of utilizing the added acetate such as the Fe(iii)-reducing Geobacter and the methanogenic archaea Methanosarcina. In contrast, both CO2 and CH4 production declined with acetate addition during incubation of soils from the more acidic Council site, and fermentative microorganisms increased in abundance despite the high availability of fermentation products. These results demonstrate that the degree to which increasing substrate availability stimulates greenhouse gas production in tundra wetlands will vary widely depending on soil pH and geochemistry.
Reversal of Acute Pacing-induced Cardiomyopathy by Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Setting of Post-tavr Heart Block

Introduction Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVR) has emerged as a viable alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement. Due to the anatomical relationship to atrial-ventricular (AV) node and valve implantation site, high grade AV block may happen necessitating pacemaker implantation. Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy may result from sustained, chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing causing electrical dyssynchrony and redistribution of myocardial strain, with subsequent development of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Time to onset of heart failure is typically months to years, with rare instances in a matter of days. Case Illustration A 70-year-old woman with a past medical history of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus presented for elective TAVR. Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 60-64%. Pre-operative QRS duration was 170 ms (Figure 1a). The procedure was complicated by complete atrial-ventricular block for which a dual chamber pacemaker was implanted emergently. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) performed post-operatively day 1 showed dramatic interval decrease in LVEF from 60-64% to 25-29% with significantly increased end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) suggesting LV dilation (Figure 2). Investigations for potential causes were unrevealing for obvious culprits, including absence of prosthesis dysfunction, unchanged patent coronary anatomy on repeat invasive coronary angiogram. After exclusion of reversible causes, the patient underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with a bi-ventricular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) on post-operative day 10. Her symptoms improved and patient was discharged. At one-month follow up, updated TTE showed recovered LVEF of 55-60% with reversal of LV dilation (Figure 2). Electrocardiography (ECG) showed appropriate biventricular pacing (Figure 1b). Device interrogation showed 97% bi-ventricular paced. Conclusion Early recognition of cardiomyopathy induced by pacemaker implantation after TAVR allows prompt appropriate therapy that can reverse the cardiomyopathy process.
Research priorities to address polypharmacy in older adults with cancer.

Abstract Polypharmacy poses a significant public health problem that disproportionately affects older adults (≥65 years) since this population represents the largest consumers of medications. Clinicians caring for older adults with cancer must rely on evidence to understand polypharmacy and its implications, not only to communicate with patients and other healthcare providers, but also because of the significant interplay between polypharmacy, cancer, cancer-related treatment, and clinical outcomes. Interest in polypharmacy is rising because of its prevalence, the origins and facilitating factors behind it, and the direct and indirect clinical outcomes associated with it. The growing body of publications focused on polypharmacy in older adults with cancer demonstrates that this is a significant area of research; however, limited evidence exists to guide medication use (e.g., prescribing, administration) in this population. Currently, research priorities aimed at polypharmacy in the field of geriatric oncology lack clarity. We identified current gaps in the literature in order to establish research priorities for polypharmacy in older adults with cancer. The five research priorities—Polypharmacy Methodology and Definitions, Suboptimal Medication Use, Comorbidities and Geriatric Syndromes, Underrepresented Groups, and Polypharmacy Interventions—highlight critical areas for future research to improve outcomes for older adults with cancer.