cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate change and marine ecosystems

One of the most pressing questions of the day is how natural systems will respond to future changes in climate. By looking to the past we know that climate-driven phenomena have resulted in large changes to marine ecosystems; dramatic shifts in the abundance of fish off the coast of Peru occurred at the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1). These shifts were linked to a southward migration in the mean position of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Frequent flyers know the ITCZ as a region of increased turbulence found between the northern and southern hemispheres; it is a region of low atmospheric pressure that rings the globe and is often referred to as the meteorological equator, albeit mostly north of it. As the polar ice caps expanded during the LIA, the mean position of the ITCZ was pushed southward of its present location (1, 2), shutting down the Walker circulation in the Pacific, one of the drivers of increased productivity off the coast of Peru. The abundant concentrations of small pelagic fish that in the present day make Peru the most productive region in the world in terms of fish (3) were hardly evident in sediment cores during the LIA but returned dramatically when conditions warmed (1). A similar migration of the ITCZ occurs seasonally when during the boreal winter the mean position is found 5–10° farther south than during boreal summer. The opposite northward migration is predicted during a warmer world (2). In PNAS, Taylor et al. (4) describe the response of a marine ecosystem in the marginal southern Caribbean Sea to present-day northward migrations of the ITCZ (Fig. 1). Using 15 y of repeated measurements, they show how the upwelling-favorable trade winds have diminished by the northward migration of the ITCZ, warming the ocean and decreasing primary productivity with effects cascading through the local ecosystem.
Derivation of a formula to predict patient volume based on temperature at college football games

Objective. We sought to explore the relationship between temperature andspectator illness at Division I college football games by deriving a formula to predict the number of patrons seeking medical care based on the ambient temperature andattendance of the game. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of medical records from 47 Division I college football games at two outdoor stadiums from 2001 through 2005. Any person presenting for medical care was counted as a patient seen. Weather data were collected from the National Weather Service. A binomial model was fit to the spectator illness records by using the patients seen per attendance as the outcome measure, with temperature as the predictor. Results. Using a binomial model, a formula was derived to estimate the number of patients needing medical attention based on the temperature andthe number of spectators in attendance. Predicted # of Patients = exp (−7.4383 − 0.24439* Temperature C + 0.0156032 * Temperature C − 0.000229196 * Temperature) * num...
Purely lytic osteoasarcoma

The radiographic features of 42 purely lytic osteosarcomas are presented. Purely lytic osteosarcoma is identified as a lytic lesion of bone with no demonstrable osteoid matrix by conventional radiographic modalities. Purely lytic osteosarcoma represented 13.7% of a group of 305 osteosarcomas. The most common presentation was that of a lytic illdefined lesion with a moderate to large extraosseous mass component. Nine lesions presented with benign radiographic features. The differential diagnosis is outlined. The need for awareness of this type of presentation of osteosarcoma is stresssed.
Depth From Stereo: Variational Theory And A Hybrid Analog-Digital Network

Recovering the three dimensional structure of objects viewed by two eyes or cameras is an ill-posed inverse visual problem. Instead of computing disparities at several spatial resolutions by stereo-matching, and then regularizing the disparities, the authors propose a direct method for recovering depth based on the formulation of the task as a problem in calculus of variations. This method makes use of brightness gradients of the textured surfaces in the scenes. Occlusion cues are also used for arriving at a final depth estimate. In its present form, the method works for nonconvergent (parallel optical axes) stereo images. Surfaces in the scenes are assumed to have a visual texture. The optical flow constraint equation is used. Depth is assumed to vary continuously almost everywhere (i.e., except at depth discontinuities). Standard regularization theory is applied to make the problem well posed. This leads to a quadratic energy function. Standard regularization theory cannot handle discontinuities in the solution space. Line processes are used to recover discontinuous depth fields. A deterministic sequential update procedure is used for estimating the state of the line processes. The solution obtained from standard regularization theory maps directly onto an analog resistive network. The nonlinear solution with line processes is mapped onto a hybrid analog-digital resistive network. The line process update is carried out using a digital computer while the local computation of depth values and smoothing of the solution is done by a resistive network.
Comparing XML processing performance in middleware and database: a case study

XML processing is at the core of many middleware systems. In recent years XML databases have become widely available. This article identifies three common XML processing use cases, and compares their performance when XML manipulation is performed in an XML database with equivalent XML manipulation implemented through middleware application code. The article concludes with guidelines for XML processing placement and identifies areas for further study.
Determination of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an airport by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and evaluation of occupational exposure

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biphenyl at an airport by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and to evaluate occupational exposure by environmental monitoring. A total of 12 samplings were carried out in three areas: (1) a handling area where baggage was unloaded manually from vehicles onto conveyor belts ( n = 5); (2) the runway with plane and motor vehicle traffic ( n = 5) and (3) a departure lounge ( n = 2). PAHs levels were in most cases low. The higher levels found refer to naphthalene (130–13,050 ng/m 3 ) and to its methyl-substitutes 2-methylnaphthalene (64–28,500 ng/m 3 ) and 1-methylnaphtalene (24–35,300 ng/m 3 ), and biphenyl (24–1610 ng/m 3 ). A method was used to quantify twenty-four airborne PAHs, and biphenyl, and to detect a variety of other chemical compounds by means of the deconvolution program AMDIS. After sampling air on quartz filter and PUF and XAD-2 sorbents; extraction with dichloromethane, and concentration and purification on silica cartridges, analyses were carried out by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. We used 20 deuterated PAHs to quantify both the 24 native PAHs and biphenyl. The native substances had been subdivided into small groups and in this way, their volatility was adequately reflected by the D-PAH present in each group. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/m 3 for all the PAHs, and a linear range of at least about three-fold the maximum level studied (naphthalene) was obtained both for D-PAHs and the native PAHs. A good recovery pattern was obtained for D-PAHs on quartz filters, PUF and XAD-2.
Screening for undetected mental disorders in high utilizers of primary care services

OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence and detection rates of mental disorders among high utilizers as compared with typical utilizers, and to examine the effect of case-mix adjustment on these parameters.
Differential domain evolution and complex RNA processing in a family of paralogous EPB41 (protein 4.1) genes facilitate expression of diverse tissue-specific isoforms

The EPB41 (protein 4.1) genes epitomize the resourcefulness of the mammalian genome to encode a complex proteome from a small number of genes. By utilizing alternative transcriptional promoters and tissue-specific alternative pre-mRNA splicing, EPB41, EPB41L2, EPB41L3, and EPB41L1 encode a diverse array of structural adapter proteins. Comparative genomic and transcript analysis of these 140- to 240-kb genes indicates several unusual features: differential evolution of highly conserved exons encoding known functional domains interspersed with unique exons whose size and sequence variations contribute substantially to intergenic diversity; alternative first exons, most of which map far upstream of the coding regions; and complex tissue-specific alternative pre-mRNA splicing that facilitates synthesis of functionally different complements of 4.1 proteins in various cells. Understanding the splicing regulatory networks that control protein 4.1 expression will be critical to a full appreciation of the many roles of 4.1 proteins in normal cell biology and their proposed roles in human cancer.
Genetic analysis of axonemal mutants in Paramecium tetraurelia defective in their response to calcium

Six axonemal mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia have been isolated that are unable to respond properly to calcium. The mutants, designated atalantas, cannot swim backward when stimulated by ions or heat. Genetic analyses reveal that all six mutants are recessive and fall into four complementation groups. Three of the mutants in one complementation group are phenotypically non-leaky, one is leaky and two are extremely leaky, only displaying their phenotypes at elevated temperatures. The complete mutants, ataA , are also abnormal in their forward swimming. This abnormality co-segregates with the inability to swim backward. ataA 1 is not allelic to several membrane mutants of P. tetraurelia .
Laboratory apparatus for calibrating optical suspended solids sensors

Abstract An apparatus for testing and calibrating miniature to medium-sized optical suspended solids sensors is described. Stable suspensions of sedimentary particles ranging in size from 10 −6 to 4 × 10 −3 m can be produced in water with concentrations exceeding 100 g 1 −1 . Flow velocities in the test volume can be varied continuously from 0.1 to 1.5 m s −1 and samples of suspensions can be withdrawn directly with a peristaltic pump for gravimetric and particle size analyses. The apparatus has been used to evaluate the effects of particle size, flow speed and air bubbles on the performance of optical backscatterance sensors and transmissometers.
Pediatric Psychiatric Pretransplant Evaluation

Review of the literature on the adult psychiatric pretransplant evaluation suggests that transplant programs routinely use psychosocial evaluations as a component of their assessment and to screen transplant recipients. Despite the increasing availability of organ transplantation in the pediatric population, there is a paucity of literature describing or empirically validating the pediatric psychiatric pretransplant evaluation. In this article, we describe the protocol for the assessment of pediatric organ transplant recipients used at Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford. We outline both the assessment protocol and relevant domains of inquiry. We conclude with recommendations for further research and the development of standardized assessment measures designed for the pediatric population.
Safety protocols for Gua sha (press-stroking) and Baguan (cupping)

Summary Gua sha (press-stroking) and Baguan (cupping) are therapeutic procedures of traditional East Asian medicine (TEAM) that are also practiced in integrative clinical as well as domestic or familial settings. They may be defined as instrument assisted mechanical stimulation of the body surface that intentionally creates therapeutic petechiae and ecchymosis representing extravasation of blood in the subcutis. Blood and ‘other potentially infectious material' (OPIM) can sometimes be drawn through the surface of the skin leading to potential contamination of instruments and to risk of bloodborne pathogen exposure. Neither the literature nor the current national standards of the acupuncture profession sufficiently address safety standards for Gua sha and Baguan . This paper presents the nature of the potential risks and applies current hospital safety standards as proposed protocols for Gua sha and Baguan .
A synergistic strategy for combining thesaurus-based and corpus-based approaches in building ontology for multilingual search engines

Cross-language search engine as a tool for co-learning multilingual ontology.The methodology for building cross-language search engine.Combining thesaurus-based and corpus-based approaches.Application of a query translation to retrieve multilingual documents.How to evaluate a multilingual information retrieval system. In this article we illustrate a methodology for building cross-language search engine. A synergistic approach between thesaurus-based approach and corpus-based approach is proposed. First, a bilingual ontology thesaurus is designed with respect to two languages: English and Spanish, where a simple bilingual listing of terms, phrases, concepts, and subconcepts is built. Second, term vector translation is used - a statistical multilingual text retrieval techniques that maps statistical information about term use between languages (Ontology co-learning). These techniques map sets of t f id f term weights from one language to another. We also applied a query translation method to retrieve multilingual documents with an expansion technique for phrasal translation. Finally, we present our findings.
The three-day car challenge: Investigating the inhibitors of responsive order fulfilment in new vehicle supply systems1

Time as a source for competitive advantage has been widely acknowledged, yet the motor industry struggles to provide quick response to customer demand. Current new vehicle supply is still based on large inventory in the market-place, and customers are left with the choice of either taking a vehicle from stock—often compromising on specification—or waiting an average 6 weeks for a custom-built vehicle. This study investigates the reasons for this lack of responsiveness in UK new vehicle supply systems. Taking a holistic approach, all key subsystems—component supply, vehicle manufacturing and logistics—are investigated regarding their ability to support responsive order fulfilment at system level. The findings clearly show that the current vehicle supply systems are misaligned to external customer needs. Specifically, four key inhibitors could be identified, and based on further empirical evidence a set of principles is proposed as to how these inhibitors could be overcome in order to implement a build-to-o...
Observations on cortical nodules in human adrenal glands. Their relationship to neoplasia

Observations are reported on the characteristics of adrenocortical nodules in human adrenals in several circumstances. It is shown that they may differ biochemically from the surrounding cortex and from each other and that on occasion may have some structural and functional characteristics considered to be typical of adenomas. The occurrence of hyperplasia and adenoma sequentially in the same patients as a cause of Cushing's disease also is noted. The possible relationships of hyperplasia and benign neoplasia in the adrenal cortex is discussed.
Determination of Trimethylpsoralen in Blood, Ophthalmic Fluids, and Skin

Trimethylpsoralen (TMP) levels in the blood of vitiligo patients were determined through the use of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. TMP was extracted from blood buffered at pH 9.0 with 95:5 (V/V) hexane-isopropanol mixture; evaporated to dryness, and reconstituted in 50 μ l of ethanol, A 10- μ l aliquot was injected into a Micropack MCH-10 column (Varian HPLC model #5000). The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of water and acetonitrile with a linear gradient. The retention time of TMP was 16.5mm, The calibration curve of the external standards was linear. Overall recovery of the internal stands was 75–92%, with the lower detection limit of TMP at 2ng/ml. Peak blood levels as low as 140ng/ml and as high as 800ng/mI were obtained in vitiligo patients 1–2hr following the oral administration of 30mg of trioxsalen tablets (Paul B. Elder Co.). Blood TMP levels peaked consistently at 2hr when patients were fasted for 8hr prior to drug ingestion. These results are consistent with the clinical observation that maximum response due to phototherapy is obtained 1–2hr after oral administration of the drug. Two hours after oral drug administration, TMP levels in the epidermis, dermis, and whole skin of the guinea pig (in ng per g tissue) were; epidermis, 226 ± 15; dermis, 25 ± 6; and whole skin 176 ± 12. Also detected were TMP levels 244 ± 17ng/ml in aqueous humor and 63 ± 6mg/mi in vitreous humor. These results point to the fact that the eyes of patients must be protected from overexposure to sunlight after psoralen-ultraviolet treatment.
A Typology of the Frivolous: Varying Meanings of Frivolity in Section 1983 Prisoner Civil Rights Litigation:

In the last few years, the popular press, judges, state attorneys general, and legal scholars have raised concerns about the frivolus nature of lawsuits filed in federal court by inmates in state and local custodies under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. An ethnographic content analysis of a random sample of 200 cases filed in 1994 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona demonstrates that the label “frivolous” is used in different ways by various stakeholders in the civil justice system. A typology of differing conceptualizations of frivolous cases is explored, and the sociolegal and public policy implications of the findings are discussed.
New solitary wave solutions to the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky and the Kawahara equations

Abstract In this work, the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation and the Kawahara equation are studied. The tanh method and the extended tanh method are used for analytic treatment for these two equations. By means of these methods, new solitary wave solutions are determined for each equation. The two approaches are reliable and manageable.
Social Support and Well-Being: Preliminary Indicators Based on Two Samples of the Elderly.

The structure of social support and its relation to health, affect, and life satisfaction are compared for two samples of the elderly. The first is a national representative sample; the second is a...
Pathologic types of breast cancer: Their prognoses

Mammary epithelium gives rise to a wide variety of histologically diverse carcinomas. Some types are associated with predictable patterns of clinical behavior, and it is important that these be recognized since, in many instances, therapeutic modifications are indicated. Among the kinds of breast carcinoma generally considered to have prognoses more favorable than average are adenoid cystic carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, juvenile secretory carcinoma, and perhaps medullary carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Some of the prognostically unfavorable carcinomas are carcinoma with sarcomatoid metaplasia and inflammatory carcinoma. In applying this information to individual clinical situations, it is critical that a standard classification be consistently used and that its criteria be strictly observed. The 1981 edition of the classification promulgated by the World Health Organization while not flawless, is recommendable, since it includes both concise verbal definitions and admirably clear photomicrographs. Whatever the system of terminology chosen, it should be one equally acceptable to the pathologist responsible for histologic diagnosis and the physician responsible for treatment, and it should be clearly understood by both of them. These special types of carcinoma constitute only a minority of all breast cancers.
A fat emulsion for intravenous feeding.

Summary1. The preparation of a stable olive oil emulsion in which glycerol monostearate was employed as the emulsifying agent is described. 2. Observations on its use for intravenous feeding in dogs are recorded.
Comparing Audit Team Effectiveness via Alternative Modes of Computer‐Mediated Communication

In various stages of an audit, it is common for individual members of the audit team to possess audit‐relevant information not known by other members of the team. In many situations, such information must be shared and integrated with other relevant information in order to make accurate decisions. Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) technologies, which are deployed in most large public accounting firms, could potentially facilitate information exchange in audit teams. This study employs a theory of Task‐Technology Fit (Zigurs and Buckland 1998) as the basis for examining the relative effectiveness of alternative modes of audit team communication in a task requiring the exchange and processing of uniquely held information. Using student teams, the modes of communication investigated are face‐to‐face, a bulletin‐board tool, and a chat tool. Results reveal that teams using the bulletin‐board tool outperformed teams using the chat tool and teams communicating face‐to‐face. There were no significant perfor‐m...
Administrative Tasks and Skills Needed for Today's Office: The Employees' Perspective

Educators need to know which skills and tasks administrative employers are using. The results of this study revealed that higher-level skills are used more by experienced than by entry-level employees. Experienced employees performed more computer tasks and embraced technology more readily. Neither group was required to have certificates or certifications in the positions they held. All employees in the study had experienced increased workplace security, job restructure, and increased responsibilities. On the basis of these findings, the authors discuss the conclusions and teaching implications and suggest topics for further research.
Development of supported bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts and corrosion-resistant gas diffusion layer for unitized regenerative fuel cell applications

Abstract A novel bifunctional oxygen electrode (BOE) consisting of titania supported electrocatalysts (Pt/TiO 2 and Ir/TiO 2 ) and a corrosion-resistant gas diffusion layer (GDL) were developed for application in unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). The corrosion-resistant GDL comprised of a conventional carbon substrate and a protective micro-porous layer (MPL) of iridium–titanium nitride (Ir–TiN). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed uniform distribution of Pt and Ir nanoparticles on the TiO 2 support with particle sizes of 4.5 and 2.0 nm, respectively, which was also confirmed by the XRD analysis. Among the various Pt–Ir compositions prepared, Pt 85 Ir 15 (with a Pt/Ir weight ratio of 85/15) showed the highest catalyst efficiency towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The URFC testing results showed that the round-trip energy conversion efficiency ( ɛ RT ) of supported Pt–Ir/TiO 2 (42%) was significantly higher than that of unsupported Pt–Ir black (30%). The TiO 2 support provided high surface area for the uniform dispersion of the catalyst particles. The URFC performance increase was ascribed to the uniform dispersion and better utilization of noble metal catalysts. Furthermore, the stability of URFC cycle performance was significantly improved by using Ir–TiN as an additional protective MPL mainly due to reduced carbon corrosion of the GDL especially during water electrolysis.
Dispersion of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanocomposite fabrication using trifluoroacetic acid as a co-solvent

We herein report the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a co-solvent. TFA is a strong but volatile acid which is miscible with many commonly used organic solvents. Our study demonstrates that MWCNTs can be effectively purified and readily dispersed in a range of organic solvents including dimethyl formamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dichloromethane when mixed with 10 vol.% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis revealed that the chemical structure of the TFA-treated MWCNTs remained intact without oxidation. The dispersed carbon nanotubes in TFA/THF solution were mixed with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to fabricate polymer nanocomposites. A good dispersion of nanotubes in solution and in polymer matrices was observed and confirmed by SEM, optical microscopy, and light transmittance study. Low percolation thresholds of electrical conductivity were observed from the fabricated MWCNT/PMMA composite films. Further enhancement in the dispersion of MWCNTs was achieved by adding a conjugated conducting polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), to the dispersion, wherein TFA also serves as a doping agent to the conducting polymer. The ternary nanocomposite MWCNT/P3HT/PMMA exhibited an extremely low percolation threshold of less than 0.006 wt% of MWCNT content. This low percolation threshold is attributed to a good dispersion of MWCNTs and enhanced conductivity of the nanocomposites by conjugated conducting polymer.
The Three-Electron Bond in Chlorine Dioxide

The stability of certain molecules(1) containing an odd number of electrons has been explained on the basis of the formation of three-electron bonds. Evidence has now been obtained which substantiates the validity of a similar explanation for the stability of ClO2, and in particular for its lack of tendency to polymerize to Cl2O4.
Context Extraction for Local Fusion for Landmine Detection with Multi-Sensor Systems

We present a local method for fusing the results of several landmine detectors using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Wideband Electro-Magnetic Induction (WEMI) sensors. The detectors considered include Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD), Hidden Markov Models (HMM), and Spectral Correlation Feature (SCF) for the GPR sensor, and a feature-based classifier for the metal detector. The above detectors use different types of features and different classification methods. Our approach, called Context Extraction for Local Fusion with Feature Discrimination(CELF-FD), is a local approach that adapts the fusion method to different regions of the feature space. It is based on a novel objective function that combines context identification and multi-algorithm fusion criteria into a joint objective function. The context identification component thrives to partition the input feature space into clusters and identify the relevant features within each cluster. The fusion component thrives to learns the optimal fusion parameters within each cluster. Results on large and diverse GPR and WEMI data collections show that the proposed method can identify meaningful and coherent clusters and that these clusters require different fusion parameters. Our initial experiments have also indicated that CELF-FD outperforms the original CELF algorithm and all individual detectors.
Cache behavior of network protocols

In this paper we present a performance study of memory reference behavior in network protocol processing, using an Internet-based protocol stack implemented in the x-kernel running in user space on a MIPS R4400-based Silicon Graphics machine. We use the protocols to drive a validated execution-driven architectural simulator of our machine. We characterize the behavior of network protocol processing, deriving statistics such as cache miss rates and percentage of time spent waiting for memory. We also determine how sensitive protocol processing is to the architectural environment, varying factors such as cache size and associativity, and predict performance on future machines.We show that network protocol cache behavior varies widely, with miss rates ranging from 0 to 28 percent, depending on the scenario. We find instruction cache behavior has the greatest effect on protocol latency under most cases, and that cold cache behavior is very different from warm cache behavior. We demonstrate the upper bounds on performance that can be expected by improving memory behavior, and the impact of features such as associativity and larger cache sizes. In particular, we find that TCP is more sensitive to cache behavior than UDP, gaining larger benefits from improved associativity and bigger caches. We predict that network protocols will scale well with CPU speeds in the future.
Surfing the DNA databases for K+ channels nets yet more diversity

Lawrence Salkoff*t and Timothy Jegla* * Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology tDepartment of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri 63110 K ÷ channels are a life and death matter. Perhaps the best assessment of whether a cell is living or dead is whether or not it has a membrane potential, and K ÷ channels have a significant role in setting the membrane potential in cells from a wide variety of life forms. In addition to this life or death matter, K ÷ channels serve a host of other functions relating to the electrical lives of cells, like setting the fre- quency and duration of action potentials and, in general, shaping the electrical activity of cells. Because multiple K ÷ channel types have also been found in a wide variety of cells that are not known to be electrically excitable, it is likely that we don't yet comprehend all of the functions of these versatile proteins. It's not unexpected then that the burgeoning data from various genome sequencing projects is revealing the prevalence and diversity of K ÷ channels in virtually every major class of organism. In- deed, data now surfacing from the various genomic DNA sequencing projects suggest that this family of proteins might be even more diverse than previously imagined. With the publication of the TOK1 channel primary structure and expression data by Ketchum et al. (1995), we get the first glimpse of a K ÷ channel from yeast, a unicellular fun- gus. The TOK1 channel is novel, not only because of its unique subunit structure (it resembles two K ÷ channel sub- units of different classes linked together) and its unique physiology (it is outwardly rectifying by a nonconventional mechanism), but also because of the way in which this unique channel was found. Rather than using the conven- tional experimental methods of molecular biology in a wet lab, the authors discovered TOK1 by surfing the public DNA database for one of the rare and special ancient con- served protein regions that have been identified as a result of the genome sequencing projects (Green et al., 1993). This particular ancient conserved region is the universal signature of the ion-selective pore of K ÷ channels. The existence of K ÷ channels in yeast was discovered almost a decade ago by physiological recordings (Gustin et al., 1986). The current revelation of their structure and their relation to K ÷ channels in other organisms is a good exam- ple of how genome sequencing projects have accelerated the pace of discovery in biology.
Clinical and Hemodynamic Studies of Myocardial Fibrosis

In many instances myocardial fibrosis mimics constrictive pericarditis so closely, both hemodynamically and clinically, that the diagnosis can be made with certainty only at operation or autopsy. In the 3 cases presented here certain distinctions can be made that suggest that the differentiation can sometimes be made by careful analysis of pressure contours from the right heart.
Generalized viscosity solutions for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with time-measurable hamiltonians

The objective of this paper is to extend the idea of viscosity solution for nonlinear first order Hamilton-Jacobi equations, U, + H(t, x, D.,u) = 0, with time-continuous H to time-measurable hamiltonians. We are primarily motivated by the fact that control problems, for which the value function is the viscosity solution of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation, should not be restric- ted to continuity in time. In Barron and Jensen [ 1 ] we were confronted with a linear Hamilton-Jacobi equation arising in the proof of the Pon- tryagin which had time-measurable coeflicients. The existing theory of viscosity solutions did not apply to even this case. Moreover, important models of controlled first order HamiltonJacobi equations require time- measurable controls. For example, models of controlled traffic flow or queueing processes might be of this type. We are about then to extend the definition of viscosity solution to “generalized viscosity solution” applying to time-measurable hamiltonians. In this paper we give the definition and derive the corresponding uni- queness result with an implicit domain of dependence consequent. The fun- damental technique used in the proof is the so-called “blow up” method which has also been used elsewhere [S], although not in the generality discussed here. This method effectively freezes the point (to, x0) under consideration and essentially removes it from the problem. Of course t, is
Factors Mediating and Moderating the Relationship between Abuse and Commitment

This study explored the effect of intimate partner violence on relationship commitment. The investment model was used to test mediators and moderators between abuse and commitment in a community sample of women. Analyses showed that relationship satisfaction mediated this relationship for physical and psychological abuse, but revealed no significant effect of implicit relationship beliefs. Results could help clinicians understand more deeply the experiences of victims and why they might remain committed to an abusive partner.
Frequency of spontaneous and induced micronuclei in the peripheral blood of aging mice.

Abstract The mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay, a measure of DNA damage in erythroblastic cells, was used to determine: (1) the incidence of spontaneously occurring micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) as a function of age, and (2) the induction of micronuclei following treatment of young and old animals with mitomycin C. Male C57BL/6 mice, 92 weeks of age, exhibited a significantly higher frequency of spontaneously occurring peripheral blood MNRETs than mice that were 6 or 10 weeks of age. Mice that were 5–6 weeks or 91–92 weeks old were treated with one dose, or two consecutive doses of mitomycin C; this resulted in dose-related increases in the frequency of MNRETs. Mitomycin C, at a single dose of 1 or 2 mg/kg, induced one-third as many MNRETs in the older animals as compared to the younger animals. When treated with a split dose of mitomycin C (total dose 0.5 to 2 mg/kg), older animals displayed on average two-thirds the mutagenic response of the younger animals. However, analysis of variance performed on these data indicated that the age of the animals did not have a significant effect on their mutagenic response to mitomycin C at any dose level. It appears that aging mice may not be more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of chemically-induced DNA damage than younger mice, suggesting that the higher spontaneous mutation frequency in older mice could be the result of an increased load of accumulated DNA damage.
Magnetic‐Field‐ and Pressure‐Induced Quantum Phases in Complex Materials

This Progress Report presents temperature-, magnetic-field-, and pressure-dependent Raman measurements of strongly correlated materials such as the charge-ordering manganese perovskites, the multiferroic material TbMnO(3), and the charge-density wave (CDW) materials 1T-TiSe(2) and Cu(x)TiSe(2). These studies illustrate the rich array of phases and properties that can be accessed with field and pressure tuning in these materials, and demonstrate the efficacy of using magnetic-field- and pressure-dependent scattering methods to elucidate the microscopic changes associated with highly tunable behavior in complex materials.
Plant-Wide Names for Partial cDNA Sequences of Rice Using Blast and 4th Dimension

A total of 687 DNA sequence accessions from the Mendel database (release 1.04, 3 November 1994) assigned standardized designations for plant genes and gene products were used in aBLAST similarity search of 7557 rice partial cDNA sequences and 287 other rice sequences from the Japanese Rice Genome Research Program. We describe procedures for data manipulation, import and export from and to Macintosh and Unix, and the use of 4th Dimension relational database management system (RDBMS) in data processing. Altogether 275 sequences showed strong similarity hits. Using the CPGN nomenclature, we assign putative designations for genes and gene products. Assignments include representatives of 26 gene products, including 58 cDNA sequences similar to α-tubulins (TubA), 23 similar to β-tubulins (TubB) and 51 similar to cytosolic subunit C of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) (GapC). The results of the similarity searches are listed and are also available electronically. The assignments have been submitted to the CPGN working groups for verification and for later inclusion in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ sequence databases, which will include the standardized designations in the accession data fields.
Physicochemical studies of fatty acid synthetase a multienzyme complex from pigeon liver

Summary The molecular weight of pigeon-liver fatty acid synthetase was calculated from the s/D ratio and from separately determined diffusion and sedimentation coefficients. Values of 5.67·10 5 and 5.33·10 5 , respectively, were obtained. This multi-enzyme complex is converted to components with lower sedimentation coefficients in buffer of low ionic strength and in solutions of high pH.
The mechanism of resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides in a johnsongrass biotype

Abstract Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) assays and absorption, translocation, and metabolism experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanism(s) responsible for resistance in a johnsongrass biotype that exhibited low levels of resistance to the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide sethoxydim and the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides quizalofop-P and fluazifop-P. The rate of [14C]quizalofop-ethyl absorption was significantly higher in the resistant compared to the susceptible biotype 8, 24, and 48 h after treatment (HAT), but by 72 HAT, there was no significant difference in the amount of [14C]quizalofop-ethyl detected in either biotype. Additionally, little or no differences in the translocation of [14C]quizalofop-ethyl were observed in the resistant and susceptible biotypes at any time interval after application. In [14C]quizalofop-ethyl metabolism experiments, similar levels of quizalofop-ethyl and quizalofop metabolites were observed in the resistant and susceptible biotypes 8, 24, 4...
Motion in Instructional Media: Some Subject-Display Mode Interactions

The study was designed to test the hypothesis that motion in visual media can be differentially effective in enhancing the learning of complex spatial relations as a function of the viewer's aptitude. 84 subjects (42 males and 42 females) of high and low spatial aptitude (as measured by the Guilford-Zimmerman Test of Spatial Visualization) were taught the movement patterns of 5 chessmen with 1 of 3 instructional films: (1) a “stills” condition which simulated a slide presentation, (2) an “Arrows” condition which was identical to the “Stills” condition except for the addition of an animated cueing arrow, (3) a “Full Motion” condition which followed a standard motion picture format. Subjects of high aptitude showed no differences between instructional modes. Subjects of low aptitude performed better with both motion conditions but no differences were found between them.
Experience with the EndoPap device for the cytologic detection of uterine cancer and its precursors: A comparison of the EndoPap with fractional curettage or hysterectomy

Cytologic assessment of the endometrium with the EndoPap sampler was compared with curettage or hysterectomy in 249 women with symptoms. The sensitivities for the detection of primary corpus cancer and hyperplasia were 0.90 (59/66) and 0.58 (18/31), respectively. All six cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia were detected by the EndoPap device. Malignant EndoPap cytologic findings were present in 4 of 10 patients with a primary adnexal malignancy and normal endometrial histologic findings. Ninety-two percent of primary uterine cervical cancers were detected by EndoPap cytologic sampling. The specificity for the cytologic diagnosis of benign conditions was 0.93. EndoPap cytologic sampling has a reasonably high sensitivity for the detection of uterine cancers and preinvasive endometrial lesions with a high risk of progression to carcinoma. Further evaluation as to its usefulness in a screening program for uterine and adnexal cancers in postmenopausal women should be considered.
High-performance liquid chromatographic-nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the isomerization of alachlor-ethanesulfonic acid

The metabolism of the acetanilide herbicide alachlor in soils leads to the formation of alachlor–ethanesulfonic acid (alachlor–ESA) as one of the major transformation products of this compound. The unique structure of alachlor and its metabolites allows the formation of two diastereomers (s-trans and s-cis) due to the hindered rotation of the amide bond connected to a rigid aromatic ring. Although these stereoisomers do interconvert by rotation about the amide bond, the rate of interconversion is slow allowing separation of the isomers on the chromatographic time scale. Once separated, the unique nuclear magnetic resonance signals of each isomer can be used to monitor the rate of isomerization. This paper reports the on-line separation and detection of the rotational diastereomers using high-performance liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC–NMR) to efficiently measure the isomerization rate of alachlor–ESA. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
REDUCING TRANSFER SHOCK THROUGH FACULTY COLLABORATION: A CASE STUDY

Numerous studies have revealed that students experience declines in grade point averages ("transfer shock") after transferring from 2‐year to 4‐year colleges or universities. An academic model (Eaton, 1990), stressing a close relationship between 2‐ and 4‐year faculties, has been recommended by the American Council on Education (Palmer & Eaton, 1991) as the means to improve the success of 2‐year transfer students. This study investigated whether faculty collaboration has an impact upon the transfer shock commonly experienced when students transfer from 2‐ to 4‐year colleges. Subjects included students who transferred from Highland Community College to Benedictine College over a six‐semester time period. The sample was divided into two categories. The first category consisted of students majoring in education, a field in which faculty collaboration had occurred. The second category consisted of students majoring in fields other than education, in which faculty collaboration had not yet occurred. Results su...
A uniqueness theorem for an inverse problem in periodic diffractive optics

Consider a time-harmonic electromagnetic plane wave incident on a periodic structure in R2. The periodic structure separates two regions. In one region, the dielectric coefficient is assumed to be a fixed constant with non-zero imaginary part corresponding to the energy absorption. The other region contains perfectly reflecting material. The inverse problem is to determine the periodic structure or the shape of the interface from the scattered field. A uniqueness theorem is proved by an application of Holmgren's uniqueness theorem.
Satiated relative permeability of variable-aperture fractures.

Experimental studies of capillary-dominated displacements in variable-aperture fractures have demonstrated the occurrence of a satiated state at the end of invasion, where significant entrapment of the displaced phase occurs. The structure of this entrapped phase controls the behavior of flow and transport processes in the flowing phase. Recent studies have shown that the areal saturation of the flowing phase at satiation $({S}_{f})$ is largely controlled by a single parameter $C∕\ensuremath{\delta}$, where $C$, the curvature number, weighs the mean in-plane interfacial curvature relative to the mean out-of-plane interfacial curvature, and $\ensuremath{\delta}$, the coefficient of variation of the aperture field, represents the strength of interface roughening induced by aperture variations. Here we consider the satiated relative permeability $({k}_{\mathit{rs}})$ to the flowing phase, which is defined as the relative permeability when the defending phase is fully entrapped. The satiated relative permeability is shown to be a well-defined function of ${S}_{f}$ over a wide range of $C∕\ensuremath{\delta}$, ranging from capillary fingering with significant entrapment $(C∕\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)$ to smooth invasion with very little entrapment $(C∕\ensuremath{\delta}g1)$. We develop a relationship for ${k}_{\mathit{rs}}$ as a function of ${S}_{f}$, by combining theoretical results for the effective permeability in a spatially correlated random permeability field, with results from continuum percolation theory for quantifying the influence of the entrapped phase. The resulting model for ${k}_{\mathit{rs}}$ also involves a dependence on $\ensuremath{\delta}$. The predicted relative permeability values are accurate across the entire range of phase structures representative of capillary-dominated displacements in variable-aperture fractures.
Effect of propranolol on antinociceptive and withdrawal characteristics of morphine

Propranolol at a dose (10 mg/kg) which did not alter tail-flick latency by itself, did not alter the ED50 of morphine when given 10 min prior to the narcotic. Propranolol at doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg given 10 min prior to naloxone challenge did not significantly alter the frequency of naloxone induced jumping 72 hr after morphine pellet implantation. The ED50 of naloxone in morphine pelleted mice was not altered by treatment with propranolol at 0, 24, and 48 hr after pellet implantation. Naloxone caused hyperactivity in mice when administered 72 hr after morphine pellet implantation. An injection of 25 mg/kg propranolol 10 min prior to naloxone did not block this hyperactivity. In addition, administration of 10 mg/kg of propranolol every 8 hr to rats during withdrawal from morphine failed to alleviate the withdrawal syndrome as evidenced by changes in either body weight or water intake. These data suggest that the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, does not alter the antinociceptive activity or lessen the withdrawal syndrome of morphine in rodents.