cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation-Blood Flow Coupling During Direct Somatosensory Cortical Stimulation in Living Rat Brain

Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to characterize the cortical activation-blood flow coupling due to direct stimulation in somatosensory cortex of rat brain in vivo. Both amplitude and duration of the flow response increased along with the increases in stimulation current. Flow response became to saturate in a high-grade stimulation with the current above 0.3 mA. The flow response also featured a fast activation due to the stimulus and a slow recovery, which may imply an indirect coupling between neural activity and recruitment of local blood delivery
The Effect of Added Methionine in Broiler Diets Containing High Levels of Fish Meal

Abstract RECENT reports (Matterson et al., 1953; Menge et al., 1953; and Saxena and McGinnis, 1952) have shown supplemental synthetic DL-methionine to be of value in practical broiler diets. The basal diets in each case appeared to be borderline in their content of the sulfur-bearing amino acids, methionine and cystine, according to National Research Council allowances (1950) or to the more recent data of Almquist (1952). It has always been assumed that methionine will produce a beneficial effect only when added to a diet deficient in the sulfur-bearing amino acids. It was of interest, then, to test the effect of supplemental DL-methionine in diets containing adequate amounts of methionine in the natural, bound form, especially since previous observations from this laboratory indicated that free DL-methionine in broiler diets might have some unique, beneficial effect. This paper reports two experiments in which the effect of DL-methionine was tested as a supplement to …
Light-sheets and AdS/CFT

One may ask whether the conformal field theory (CFT) restricted to a subset b of the anti-de Sitter (AdS) boundary has a well-defined dual restricted to a subset H(b) of the bulk geometry. The Poincare patch is an example, but more general choices of b can be considered. We propose a geometric construction of H. We argue that H should contain the set C of causal curves with both endpoints on b. Yet H should not reach so far from the boundary that the CFT has insufficient degrees of freedom to describe it. This can be guaranteed by constructing a superset L of H from light-sheets off boundary slices and invoking the covariant entropy bound in the bulk. The simplest covariant choice is L=L^+∩L^-, where L^+ (L^-) is the union of all future-directed (past-directed) light-sheets. We prove that C = L, so the holographic domain is completely determined by our assumptions: H = C = L. In situations where local bulk operators can be constructed on b, H is closely related to the set of bulk points where this construction remains unambiguous under modifications of the CFT Hamiltonian outside of b. Our construction leads to a covariant geometric renormalization-group flow. We comment on the description of black hole interiors and cosmological regions via AdS/CFT.
Co-precipitation of intestinal p36 with a 73K protein and a high molecular weight factor

Abstract p36 is a major substrate of tyrosine kinases that co-localizes with spectrin in non-erythroid cells. Recent studies by Gerke & Weber [14] have shown that p36 can be isolated from intestine by selective extraction with the Ca2+-chelating agent EGTA. We now show that p36 can be re-precipitated by adding free Ca2+ to 1 mM with the co-precipitation of a high molecular weight (MW) factor and a polypeptide of 73K. The 73K protein was purified to apparent homogeneity, rabbit antibodies were raised to it and used in Western blots and immunofluorescence microscopy. The 73K protein is found in a wide range of tissues and is particularly concentrated in fibroblasts, where its distribution partially overlaps that of non-erythroid spectrin.
CROCETIN, A WATER SOLUBLE CAROTENOID MONITOR FOR SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN

The water soluble carotenoid crocetin has been studied as a singlet molecular oxygen monitor in D2O solution, pD 8.4. Crocetin reacts chemically with singlet molecular oxygen with a rate constant of 4 x 108M-1 s-1. The rate constant for total quenching, chemical and physical, is 2.5 x 109M-1 s-1. Crocetin shows evidence for a reversible reaction with singlet molecular oxygen, as demonstrated by a fairly rapid absorption recovery after bleaching.
Preparatory and X-ray diffraction study of the EuCl2EuBr2 system

The system EuClxBr2-x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, has been examined by X-ray powder diffraction techniques. Three discrete regions were identified. From 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 an SrBr2-type anion-ordered structure is observed. From 0.30 ≤ x ≤ 2.0 a PbCl2-type anion-ordered structure is found. Between these two structure types a diphasic region exists. In the chloride-rich region an abnormal expansion of the a and c lattice parameters is observed. These results are compared to those obtained in a study of the SrClxBr2-x system, to a previous structural study of a single crystal of the composition EuCl0.5Br1.5, and to reported high pressure polymorphic modifications of the parent phases.
Propagation of scalar and vector vortex beams through turbulent atmosphere

. For different propagation distances, the irradiance pattern and the scintillation index are computed for a fundamental Gaussian beam, a scalar vortex with topological charge of +1 and a radially polarized beam under the same turbulence condition. The results demonstrate the advantages of using vector vortex to mitigate atmospheric e ffects. In addition, it is found by analyzing the polarization pattern of the transmitted vector vortex beams, that they may find applications in free space communications and remote sensing. Keywords: Scalar vortex, vector vortex, polarization, atmo sphere propagation, free space communication, scintillation index
Fractography of injection molded polycarbonate acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer blends

Fractography has been used in the post-failure analysis of single edge notched specimens of injection molded blends of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS). The mode of ductile tensile fracture of single edge notched specimens depended on comosition. Plane stress shear tearing was observed in the composition range PC/ABS 90/10 to 70/30 by weight where PC was the continuous phase. Intermediate compositions, PC/ABS 60/40 to 40/60, had a co-continuous or almot co-continuous phase morphology; these blends fractured by mixed mode pop-in, where a tunneling center crack relieved the triaxiality and permitted plane stress shear lips to form near the edges. Herringbone fracture, a plane strain mode characterized by discontinuous crack growth, was observed when ABS was the continuous phase, PC/ABS 30/70 to 10/90. An S-shaped relationship was observed between the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and the composition. Addition of ABS to PC increased ductility up to PC/ABS 70/30 and 60/40, which were the most ductile compositions. Further addition of ABS decreased the ductility, and the least ductile compositions were PC/ABS 30/70 and 10/90.
Educational Strategies for the New Development Orthodoxy.

In the opening years of the 21st Century it would appear that a new development model has emerged supported by multilateral assistance groups such as the UN Group, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and various NGOs. This paper will: (a) briefly sketch the emergence of the major concepts and proposed actions which form the new model for development; (b) analyze the strategic implications for national and local educational change; and, (c) critique both the general model, and in particular, examine its limitations in planning and implementing educational reform. The analysis and critique will include an argument that the new development orthodoxy requires significant and, at times, unrealistic changes in the capacities and consequences of education programs and systems.
Off-chip access localization for NoC-based multicores

In a network-on-chip based multicore, an off-chip data access needs to travel through the on-chip network, spending considerable amount of time within the chip (in addition to the memory access itself). Further, it also causes additional delays for on-chip accesses by creating contention on network resources. In this paper, we propose a compiler-guided off-chip data access localization strategy to ensure that, an off-chip access traverses a small number of links (hops) to reach the memory controller which governs the memory bank that holds the requested data. The results collected clearly emphasize the importance of localizing off-chip accesses.
Alternative and cyclic appearance of H2 and O2 photoproduction activities under non-growing conditions in an aerobic nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.

With synchronously grown cells of an aerobic unicellular marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Miami BG 043511, changes in the activities of anoxygenic, nitrogenase-dependent hydrogen photoproduction and oxygen photoevolution were measured under non-growing hydrogen production conditions. Interestingly, synchronously grown cells, incubated in light under an argon atmosphere, exhibited cyclic changes in the activity of nitrogenase-catalyzed hydrogen production for approximately 20- to 25-h intervals. Cyclic photosynthetic oxygen production activity also appeared in approximately the same intervals. However, changes in hydrogen production and oxygen production activities were inversely correlated and temporally separated. Stepwise accumulation of hydrogen in closed vessels was also observed in approximately 24-h cycles in these non-growing cells. These observations in non-growing cells suggest that this unicellular aerobic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium may have an endogenous system to control the exhibition of cyclic rhythms, in addition to the previously studied cell cycle-oriented system. Expression and switching between these two systems may be related to the sufficiency or insufficiency of nitrogen growth nutrients. The possibility of the existence of a common control factor of the two systems involving glycogen is also discussed.
Precautions when determining kinetically the order of inactivation of enzymes by functionally irreversible inhibitors.

The number of molecules of an irreversible ihibitor that are responsible for inactivation of a catalytic site is often deduced from the slope of a plot of the log of the apparent rate of inactivation (k′) at different concentrations of inhibitor versus the log of the inhibitor concentrations. The purpose of this note is to urge caution in experimental design and interpretation if one attempts to utilize this kinetic technique to characterize the order of inactivation brought about by functionally irreversible inhibitors that initially bind reversibly to an enzyme in the process of inactivation. Representative literature cases which have utilized plots of log k′ versus log [I] for this type of inactivation are discussed.
The physicochemical quality characteristics of charcoal grilled mackerels

The effects of different fuel sources used in grilling on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of mackerel were Investigated. Oak and sawdust charcoals were used as fuel sources. The content of saturated fatty acids was increased during grilling. Histidine was the mest predominant amino acid; grilling significantly increased glutamic acid. Mackerel shows a high inosine 5'-monophosphate content that is increased during grilling. Oak charcoal and sawdust charcoal contained high levels of potassium and sodium, respectively. Potassium content was increased at the surface moscle of oak charcoal grilled mackerel (OM). The flavor preference for OM was significantly (p Les effets de differentes sources de combustibles (charbon de bois de chene ou de sciure) utilises dans le grillage sur les caracteristiques physicochimiques et sensorielles des maquereaux sont evalues. Le procede de grillage augmente les teneurs en acides gras satures, en acide glutamique et en inosine 5'-monophosphate. L'analyse sensorielle montre une preference pour le maquereau grille au charbon de bois de chene.
Stereophotometric Testing for Pulfrich's Phenomenon in Professional Baseball Players

Major League players were significantly more accurate in performing stereophotometry than were Minor League players. The stereophotometric data based upon the induction and extinction thresholds of the Pulfrich phenomenon were significantly correlated with the batting averages of Major League baseball players. The coefficient of determination, r2, implies that visual ability as measured by stereophotometry accounts for 47% or more of the variation in batting averages of the Major League players. This test may be a useful index in predicting batting ability.
Atmospheric mold spore counts in relation to meteorological parameters.

Fungal spore counts of Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Epicoccum were studied during 8 years in Denver, Colorado. Fungal spore counts were obtained daily during the pollinating season by a Rotorod sampler. Weather data were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. Daily averages of temperature, relative humidity, daily precipitation, barometric pressure, and wind speed were studied. A time series analysis was performed on the data to mathematically model the spore counts in relation to weather parameters. Using SAS PROC ARIMA software, a regression analysis was performed, regressing the spore counts on the weather variables assuming an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) error structure. Cladosporium was found to be positively correlated (P<0.02) with average daily temperature, relative humidity, and negatively correlated with precipitation. Alternaria and Epicoccum did not show increased predictability with weather variables. A mathematical model was derived for Cladosporium spore counts using the annual seasonal cycle and significant weather variables. The model for Alternaria and Epicoccum incorporated the annual seasonal cycle. Fungal spore counts can be modeled by time series analysis and related to meteorological parameters controlling for seasonallity; this modeling can provide estimates of exposure to fungal aeroallergens.
Defect dynamics in viscous fingering

We study the dynamics of Saffman-Taylor fingering in terms of topological defects of the flow field. The defects are created and/or annihilated at the interface. The route towards the single-finger steady state is characterized by a detailed mechanism for defect annihilation. For small viscosity contrast this mechanism is impeded, and creation of new defects leads the system away from the single-finger solution. Strong evidence for a drastic reduction of the basin of attraction of the Saffman-Taylor finger is presented
Dietary modulation of the immune response in the aged

The age-associated changes of the immune response are well documented. However, the biochemical changes leading to these alterations are not well-defined. A series of experiments using dietary antioxidants and prooxidants were conducted in old mice and older adults to determine the contribution of lipid peroxides, especially that of oxidative products of arachidonic acid in the age-associated decline of the immune response. Splenocytes from old mice and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from older adults produced significantly more PGE2 and their plasma had higher TBAR levels than their young counterparts. Vitamin E supplementation of both old mice and older adults decreased PGE2 synthesis while increasing IL-2 production, mitogenic response to Con A and the delayed hypersensitivity skin test (DTH). Older adults supplemented with vitamin E showed a significant reduction in plasma TBAR. Supplementation with another dietary antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) (0.1 to 1% by wt of diet for 4 wk), significantly improved a mitogenic response to Con A and PHA and DTH to DNFB in 17 and 24 mo old mice. This effect was due to an increase in spleen GSH level and not to a change in PGE2 synthesis. On the other hand, supplementation of older women with fish oil containing highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA (2.4 g/day for 3 mo) decreased cytokine production (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF), mitogenic response of PBMC to PHA and their production of PGE2. Thus, supplementation with dietary antioxidants increases and with dietary prooxidants decreases immune responsiveness of aged. These effects are mediated via changes in the formation of PGE2 and other lipid peroxides.
Does Ambulatory Process of Care Predict Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes for Patients with Chronic Disease?

The validity of quality of care measurement has important implications for practicing clinicians, their patients, and all involved with health care delivery. The classic strategy for assessing the internal validity of quality of care measures is to examine whether patient outcomes are mediated by process (Donabedian 1982; Field et al. 2001). This can be accomplished either with randomized trials (Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration 1994; ISIS-2 [Second International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group] 1988) or, in the case of observational data, with cohort studies. In either case, the fact that sicker patients receive more process, presents challenges in revealing a relationship between process and outcomes. A decade ago, a significant relationship between processes of care and outcomes for hospitalized patients was noted, but even then a paradoxical relationship between process and outcomes for the sickest patients was noted (Kahn, Keeler et al. 1990; Kahn, Rogers et al. 1990). We hypothesize that this paradoxical relationship is a consequence of the association between unmeasured burden of illness and both more process and also worse outcomes. Angrist, Newhouse, McClellan, and Brooks have documented a methodology and a clinical context for using instrumental variables to disentangle the endogeneity of unmeasured burden of illness and both processes and outcomes (McClellan, McNeil, and Newhouse 1994; Angrist, Imbens, and Rubin 1996; Brook, McGlynn, and Cleary 1996; Brooks, McClellan, and Wong 2000; McClellan and Newhouse 2000; Brooks et al. 2003). We applied this methodology to the study of the quality of processes of care to evaluate whether better process was associated with better outcomes. We used empirical data from managed care patients enrolled in west coast physician organizations to test the hypothesis that after adjustment for burden of illness, the changes in health-related quality of life across a 2-year window reflecting process of care. To date, few studies have shown a relationship between explicit process measures and outcomes in the ambulatory setting (Nobrega et al. 1977; Romm and Hulka 1980; Berlowitz et al. 1998; Safran et al. 1998; Asch et al. 2005; Haynes et al. 2005; Higashi et al. 2005), and none have done so for insured managed care patients, or for a health status measure.
Characterization of the glycopeptide bond in legumin from Pisum sativum L.

Legumin and vicilin, the reserve storage globulins in pea cotyledons, are glycoproteins containing neutral and amino sugars. The amino sugar has been characterized as glucosamine and the neutral sugars are principally mannose [ 1 ] . In native glycoproteins, glucosamine usually occurs as an acetylated derivative (N-acetyl glucosamine) and is frequently involved in glycopeptide linkages [2]. Acetylated amino sugars are involved in glycopeptide linkages with the hydroxy amino acids serine or threonine or alternatively, with peptidyl asparagine [3]. The glycopeptide linkage in plant glucosamine-containing glycoproteins is considered in [4-j]. To extend our studies concerning the biosynthesis of glucosamine-containing glycoproteins [ 1,8-IO] , it is necessary to determine the nature of the glycopeptide linkage. Exogenously-supplied glucosamine is incorporated into legumin and vicillin in developing pea cotyledons [ 1 ] . We now report that some of this exogenously-supplied glucosamine may be isolated from legumin as a GlcNAc-Asn glycopeptide linkage.
Histological changes after the use of mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune hepatitis

Corticosteroids and azathioprine are considered standard treatment for autoimmune hepatitis. There are, however, well-known systemic side effects that may preclude continuation with these immunosuppressive therapies, and small trials of the anti-metabolite mycophenolate mofetil have been reported. We report liver biopsy findings in a follow-up biopsy of a patient who had been switched from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of presumed, steroid-responsive autoimmune hepatitis. Both cytoplasmic features of adaptation and nuclear alterations were noted in hepatocytes. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.
More ZAP for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Antigen stimulation of the leukemic clone is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of CLL. Chen and colleagues provide evidence that expression of ZAP-70 in CLL B cells renders IgM signaling more effective and thereby could contribute to the more rapidly progressive clinical course of ZAP-70-positive CLL.
Cystic renal disease

Renal cysts are relatively common radiographic and clinical abnormalities. Cystic renal disease is a heterogeneous entity comprised of heritable, developmental, and acquired disorders. During the last decade, considerable progress has been made in reaching a consensus for standard terminologies and classifications of cystic renal disease among radiologists, pathologists, nephrologists, and urologists. This article discusses more common MR imaging-related types of cystic renal disease.
Blood Pressure Measurement Education and Evaluation Program improves measurement accuracy in community-based nurses: a pilot study.

Purpose: Pilot study was developed to determine if a blood pressure measurement training program would improve guideline knowledge and technique in community-based nurses (n= 6). Methods: American Heart Association guidelines were used to develop the Blood Pressure Measurement Education and Evaluation Program (BEEP). Data on guideline knowledge, device quality, measurement technique, terminal digit bias, range of error, and attitude of change were collected prior and after BEEP. Conclusions: BEEP development was feasible and acceptable. The device score was 100%. Knowledge improved but not statistically significant (p= 0.64), as did terminal digit bias. Technique prior to BEEP was poor (T= 15) but improved significantly after BEEP (T= 26 on a scale of 32, p= 0.0006). Range of error decreased but was only significant in the diastolic pressure (p= 0.02). Implications for practice: BEEP is feasible. Baseline blood pressure measurement technique is poor in community-based nurses. Our study suggests that this poor technique can benefit from an educational program and result in improved blood pressure measurement accuracy.
Engaging Multiculturalism as Public Theologians

This article explores notions of multiculturalism, and how the term is to be understood practically within theological education, mission and ministry. By taking the author’s Indian heritage as a context, the article traces social and political usage of multiculturalism as an ideology and questions how multiculturalism should effectively be employed by public theologians, within theological seminary programmes in a western context.
Between the chair and the door: boundary issues in the therapeutic "transition zone".

Empirical and consultative experience reveals that damaging boundary violations begin insidiously and are progressive. During the segment of the therapy session that occurs “between the chair and t...
Evaluation Capacity and Nonprofit Organizations: Is the Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?

In this article, we explore the evaluation capacity of today’s nonprofit organizations. We report the findings of a cluster analysis that suggest that when it comes to evaluation, there are three types of nonprofit organizations. The first type of nonprofit organization is one that, by most accounts, is satisfied with their evaluation efforts. Although these organizations report that they struggle with not having as much time as they would like to devote to evaluation, they are fairly satisfied with their levels of evaluation expertise and report having few problems with the implementation of evaluation systems. The second type of organization has some struggles with evaluation. These organizations report having internal support for evaluation from management, the board and staff, and some capacity to implement an evaluation system, yet they struggle with evaluation design issues, data collection, and resources for evaluation. The third type of organization is one that is struggling across the board. Thes...
Thermoluminescence studies on photosynthetic energy conversion. I. Evidence for three types of energy storage by photoreaction II of higher plants.

Abstract Thermoluminescence was examined in isolated chloroplasts in the presence and absence of electron acceptors and inhibitors of electron transport, and in digitonin subchloroplast particles. Absence of emission from Photosystem I particles indicated that thermoluminescence originated from energy storage in Photoreaction II. Three distinct glow peaks were observed, suggesting that quantum conversion at Reaction Center II may involve three different types of energy storage with differing stabilization energies. Electron acceptors and inhibitors of electron transport had different effects on the three glow peaks. Although correlations can be drawn between the three storage states of the glow curves and components of delayed light emission at different dark times, we were unable to definitely associate any of the thermoluminescence peaks with delayed light emitted during a particular time-range of dark decay.
Differential brainstem pathways for the conduction of auditory frequency-following responses.

Abstract These experiments demonstrate two discrete pathways for the conduction of frequency-following responses (FFR) from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus. The first is by means of direct fibers to the contralateral lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. The second projects ipsilaterally via synaptic relay in the superior olivary complex to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and to the inferior collisulus. Two experiments are reported. The first indicated that FFR recorded from the vicinity of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is of much greater amplitude to contralateral than to ipsilateral acoustical stimulation. FFR in other brainstem regions is of approximately equal amplitude to stimulation of the left and right ear. The second experiment demonstrated that unilateral lesion of the superior olivary complex affected FFR in the inferior colliculus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus only on the side of the lesion, and then only to stimulation of the ear ipsilateral to the lesion. These findings accord well with recent anatomical evidence delineating a strong direct pathway from the cochlear nucleus to the contralateral lateral lemniscal system and inferior colliculus.
Sendai viral pneumonia in aged BALB/c mice

Abstract Sendai virus (SV) infection in aged BALB/c mice was evaluated as a natural model for age-associated susceptibility to viral pneumonia. Young (2 month-old) and aged (22–24 month-old) BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with 100 median pneumonia doses (PD50) of SV and examined at 6, 10, and 20 days by virus titration, immunohistochemistry, histopathology, and serology. The aged mice had significantly higher virus titers in lung, prolonged infection, delayed development, and resolution of pneumonia and significantly lower serum antibody titers. In a second experiment, the responses of young mice were compared to intermediate-aged mice (11–13 and 17–18 months old). The intermediate-aged mice had some characteristics of young mice and others of aged mice. The results indicate that SV infection can be used to study aging-associated susceptibility to a pneumotropic virus in a natural host, and that susceptibility of mice to viral pneumonia increases gradually during aging.
Reproductive-Resource Allocation in Rhizoma Peanut

Partitioning of energy reserves between sexual (flower and seed) and asexual (rhizome) reproduction in rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.), a perennial, tropical-forage legume, appears to be affected by environmental stress. If so, seed production may be enhanced by manipulating the growing environment. To investigate this possibility, the effect of defoliation frequency on the energy-allocation balance of sexual vs. asexual reproduction of rhizoma peanut was determined. Four defoliation frequencies (nondefoliated, weekly, every 4 wk, and every 8 wk) were imposed on «Florigraze» rhizoma peanut. Aboveground and rhizome biomass were sampled prior to treatment initiation (6 June 1988 and 15 June 1989) and every 4 wk until frost (24 wk in 1988 and 16 wk in 1989)
Building up a weaker network: The effect of intermediate range glass structure on liquid fragility

Abstract Classical considerations of the stability of amorphous networks have sensibly concluded that a network should weaken when mechanical constraints are removed. In covalently-bonded glass networks, this weakening is evidenced by the “fragility” and, in many cases, the fragility increases as the density of covalent bonds decreases. However, covalent glasses that possess substantial intermediate range order (IRO) exhibit an increase of fragility with increasing bond density — a paradoxical weakening in spite of the addition of reinforcing constraints. Here we resolve this paradox by suggesting that such IRO-containing networks require a renormalization. A coarse-graining of IRO structural units is proposed that permits a network to effectively weaken despite increases in the overall density of bonds. Through this coarse-graining approach, we demonstrate the emergence of a universal dependence of fragility on network connectivity that is well obeyed by more than 75 distinct network-forming glasses including chalcogenides, borates, germanates, phosphates and aluminophosphates.
Calcareous nannofossil paleoceanography of the Cretaceous Greenhorn Sea

Two distinctive, laterally traceable bentonite beds were used to construct three isochronous time slices through the marine sediments of the Upper Cretaceous Greenhorn Cyclothem of the Western Interior Basin. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from these time slices were analyzed from >40 localities to examine the paleoceanographic conditions in the basin. Deposition of the lower time slice (X bentonite) approximately corresponded to the time at which free communication between the basin and open oceanic systems first occurred. The most striking trend is the presence of common to abundant nannofossils in the center of the basin and their absence from the eastern and western margins. This indicates that open oceanic conditions conducive to large standing crops of calcareous nannoplankton existed only in a narrow, centrally located channel. Conditions at the basin margins were probably unsuitable for large populations due to salinity constraints. Multivariate analyses indicate two distinct biofacies (northern and southern) which are interpreted to represent distinct surface-water masses. The geometry of the water-mass boundary suggests that the northern surface-water mass actively flowed southward into or over the relatively passive southern water mass. The upper time slice (HL-3 bentonite) samples the nannofossil distributions at or near the maximum transgression of the Greenhorn Sea. In this time slice, nannofossils occur beyond the limits of the study area except in proximity to the Frontier delta system. Diversities are significantly higher, indicating water-mass conditions more similar to those in open oceanic settings. Multivariate analyses indicate three distinct surface-water masses (northern, southern, and western). The northern and southern water masses exhibit relationships similar to those during the X bentonite time slices. The interaction between the northern and southern water masses promoted vertical stratification of the water column and resultant sediment anoxia. The western biofacies may be indicative of a surface-water mass with significant contributions from nearby fresh-water influx.
Sodium dithionite-mediated mitomycin C reductive activation processes

Abstract Sodium dithionite is the reagent of choice for the reductiue activation of mitomycin C in the presence of DNA. No comprehensive study of this transformation in the absence of DNA has appeared. The major products of this reaction have been determined and the key parameters governing this transformation identified.
High performance computational chemistry: An overview of NWChem a distributed parallel application

NWChem is the software package for computational chemistry on massively parallel computing systems developed by the High Performance Computational Chemistry Group for the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory. The software provides a variety of modules for quantum mechanical and classical mechanical simulation. This article describes the design and some implementation details of the overall NWChem architecture. The architecture facilitates rapid development and portability of fully distributed application modules. We also delineate some of the functionality within NWChem and show performance of a few of the modules within NWChem.
Toxic and teratogenic silica nanowires in developing vertebrate embryos.

Abstract Silica-based nanomaterials show promise for biomedical applications such as cell-selective drug delivery and bioimaging. They are easily functionalized, which allows for the conjugation or encapsulation of important biomolecules. Although recent in vitro studies suggested that silica-derived nanomaterials are nontoxic, in vivo studies of silica nanomaterial toxicity have not been performed. Using the embryonic zebrafish as a model system, we show that silica nanomaterials with aspect ratios greater than 1 are highly toxic (LD 50 = 110 pg/g embryo) and cause embryo deformities, whereas silica nanomaterials with an aspect ratio of 1 are neither toxic nor teratogenic at the same concentrations. Silica nanowires also interfere with neurulation and disrupt expression of sonic hedgehog , which encodes a key midline signaling factor. Our results demonstrate the need for further testing of nanomaterials before they can be used as platforms for drug delivery. From the Clinical Editor Silica-based nanomaterials show promise for biomedical applications such as cell-selective drug delivery and bioimaging. Using an embryonic zebrafish model system silica nanomaterials with aspect ratios greater than one were found to be highly toxic; whereas silica nanomaterials with an aspect ratio of one are neither toxic nor teratogenic. These results demonstrate the need for testing "nanomaterials" before they can be used as platforms for drug delivery.
Inferring memory map instructions

We describe the problem of inferring a set of memory map instructions from a reference trace, with the goal of minimizing the number of such instructions as well as the number of unreferenced but mapped storage locations. We prove the related decision problem NP-complete. We then present and compare the results of two heuristic approaches on some actual traces.
The Electrocardiographic Efects of Intravenous Veratrum Viride

Previously unnoted T-wave inversions in the precordial leads resulting from the intravenous injection of veratrum viride are described. Evidence is presented that these changes are not caused either by the hypotensive action of the drug or by myocardial anoxia or by hypopotassemia. The T-wave inversions probably. result from vagal stimulation which cause altered ventricular repolarization.
Comparison of the structure and mechanical properties of bovine femur bone and antler of the North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)

Antler and limb bone have a similar microstructure and chemical composition. Both are primarily composed of type I collagen and a mineral phase (carbonated apatite), arranged in osteons in compact (cortical bone) sections and a lamellar structure in the cancellous (spongy or trabecular bone) sections. The mineral content is lower in antler bone and it has a core of cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone running through the main beam and tines. The mineral content is higher in the compact compared with the cancellous bone, although there is no difference in ratios of the mineral elements with calcium. Mechanical tests (bend and compression) on longitudinal and transverse orientations of dry and rehydrated compact bone of North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) antlers are compared with known data on other antlers as well as bovine femora. Both dry and rehydrated bones are highly anisotropic, with the bending and compressive strength and elastic modulus higher in the longitudinal than in the transverse direction. There is no significant difference between the bend strength and elastic modulus between dry and rehydrated samples tested in the transverse direction. The elastic modulus measured from the bending tests is compared with composite models. The elastic modulus and bend strengths are lower in the rehydrated condition, but the strain to failure and fracture toughness is much higher compared with dry samples. All antler bone mechanical properties are lower than that of bovine femora. The antler has a much higher fracture toughness compared with bovine femora, which correlates with their main function in intraspecific combat as a high impact resistant, energy absorbent material. A model of compression deformation is proposed, which is based on osteon sliding during shear.
Multiple forms of carbonic anhydrase in rabbit erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. Carbonic anhydrase was isolated from rabbit erythrocytes by ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and affinity chromatography. 2. 2. The low activity (CAI) isoenzyme was purified to homogeneity. 3. 3. The high activity (CAII) enzyme was found to be heterogeneous, yielding at least four enzyme fractions, which reacted with antiserum prepared against one of these forms and which exhibited similar kinetic properties but differed in electrophoretic mobilities and isoelectric points. 4. 4. Both CAI and CAII were partially inhibited by oxidation (i.e. storage in absence of a reducing agent) and by p-chloromercuribenzoate. 5. 5. Antibodies to purified CAI cross-reacted with one fraction of CAII whose specific activity was lower than that of the other CAII preparations, suggesting the presence of a minor form of CAI. 6. 6. Studies of tissue-specific carbonic anhydrases must take into account the existence of multiple forms of the enzyme in the contaminating erythrocytes, as well as possible micro-heterogeneity of the tissue enzyme.
Measuring students' perceptions of faculty competence in professional psychology: Development of the Perceived Faculty Competence Inventory.

This paper documents the development of a measure designed to assess doctoral students’ perceptions of the professional competence of faculty in clinical, counseling, and school psychology. Study 1 yielded 33 items via principal components analysis that accounted for over 72% of the variance in the data across 5 domains: (a) Professionalism/Ethics; (b) Clinical Supervision; (c) Research; (d) Multicultural Competence; and (e) Advising/Mentoring. A confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 provided support for the construct validity of the 5-factor model. Multilevel modeling was also used in Study 2 to demonstrate concurrent validity as aggregated group-level scores on the Perceived Faculty Competence Inventory were shown to explain significant variation in individual-level counselor and research self-efficacy. Implications for training and research in professional psychology are discussed.
The Impact of Parental Suicide on Child and Adolescent Offspring

Child and adolescent survivors of parental suicide experience two stressful events simultaneously: (1) the loss of a primary caregiver, and (2) suicidal death of a significant person. These youths are thought to be at increased risk for mental health problems, but a systematic review of studies on these survivors has not yet been conducted. A comprehensive search for published literature identified nine studies. The existent studies provided modest yet inconsistent evidence on the impact of parental suicide on offspring psychiatric and psychosocial outcomes. More methodologically rigorous research is needed to inform and guide postvention efforts for these survivors.
Toward an Explanation of Applicant Reactions: An Examination of Organizational Justice and Attribution Frameworks

This study used the organizational justice and attribution theory frameworks to understand the processes by which applicants perceive and react to selection procedures and decisions. Actual applicants were studied at two stages in a selection process (i.e., pre-application and post-offer). Interactions between process and outcome fairness were observed for intentions (recommendation and reapplication) and self-assessed performance. Although the form of the interaction was specific to each measure, in general fair procedures resulted in more favorable perceptions, and this become more pronounced when individuals also perceived fair outcomes. An interaction was also observed for process fairness and the actual selection decision; self-efficacy was lowest for those who were selected and perceived unfair procedures. The causal attributions for the selection decision were related to intentions and self-perceptions, and applicants demonstrated self-serving biases, but only when procedures were perceived as fair. Potential links between the organizational justice and attribution frameworks were also examined. Both frameworks were found to provide insight into the psychological processes that influence applicants' intentions and self-perceptions.
Remarks on phase choices for the electronic wavefunctions when carrying out vibronic or rovibronic energy level and intensity calculations for molecules exhibiting a Jahn–Teller effect

Abstract In this pedagogical paper, material already in the Jahn–Teller literature is recast in a way that emphasizes how vibronic wavefunctions for the XY3 Jahn–Teller problem can conveniently be calculated using electronic and vibrational basis set functions that do not transform into their negatives upon going once around the conical intersection and do transform as irreducible representations of the ordinary C3v point group. We give as an explicit example, a recalculation of the pseudorotational energy levels and wavefunctions near the bottom of a deep Jahn–Teller moat that does not make use of half-integral quantum numbers. A brief discussion, also recast somewhat from material in the literature, is given of how the basis functions used here are related to the more frequently discussed electronic and vibrational basis functions for the Jahn–Teller problem, which transform into their negatives upon going once around the conical intersection.
Staggered fermion matrix elements using smeared operators

We investigate the use of two kinds of staggered fermion operators, smeared and unsmeared. The smeared operators extend over a 4{sup 4} hypercube, and tend to have smaller perturbative corrections than the corresponding unsmeared operators. We use these operators to calculate kaon weak matrix elements on quenched ensembles at {beta}=6.0, 6.2, and 6.4. Extrapolating to the continuum limit, we find B{sub K}(NDR,2GeV)=0.62{plus_minus}0.02(stat){plus_minus}0.02(syst). The systematic error is dominated by the uncertainty in the matching between lattice and continuum operators due to the truncation of perturbation theory at one loop. We do not include any estimate of the errors due to quenching or to the use of degenerate s and d quarks. For the {Delta}I=3/2 electromagnetic penguin operators we find B{sub 7}{sup (3/2)}=0.62{plus_minus}0.03{plus_minus}0.06 and B{sub 8}{sup (3/2)}=0.77{plus_minus}0.04{plus_minus}0.04. We also use the ratio of unsmeared to smeared operators to make a partially nonperturbative estimate of the renormalization of the quark mass for staggered fermions. We find that tadpole improved perturbation theory works well if the coupling is chosen to be {alpha}{sub {ovr MS}}(q{sup {asterisk}}=1/a). {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Di-ϱ-methylphenylphosphoric acid—The solid state structure of a unique dimeric hydrogen bonded phosphoric acid☆

Abstract Di-ϱ-methylphenylphosphoric acid, [ϱ-CH3C6H4O]2PO(OH), HD(ϱ-MΦ)P, is the first phosphoric acid dimer to be characterized in the solid state. Two acid molecules are linked together by strong, 2.512(3)A, apparently centered, hydrogen bonds forming an eight-membered centrosymmetric ring. This X-ray structural result parallels IR spectral data showing the disappearance of the P=O stretching absorptions due to the formation of a nearly centered hydrogen bond. The two OH distances in the hydrogen bond are O(1)-H(1)=1.28(5) and O(2)H(1)= 1.23(5)A with an O(1)H(1)O(2)′ bond angle of 172(4)°. HD(ϱ-MΦ)P crystallizes in the centrosymmetric, triclinic space group, P1−, [C1i, No. 2], with unit cell parameters a = 9.2700(17), b = 0.5384(14), c = 9.7308(15) A , α = 85.27(1), β = 62.34(1), γ = 65.53(1)°, γ = 65.63(1)° and Z = 2 . Data were collected using a Syntex P21 automated diffractometer and the structure was solved by using a combination of direct methods, Fourier and least-squares refinement techniques to a final RF = 0.040 for all 1408 independent data. The PO bond lengths observed are: 1.489(2), 1.501(2), 1.559(2) and 1.570(2)A.
Megavolt parallel potentials arising from double-layer streams in the Earth's outer radiation belt.

Huge numbers of double layers carrying electric fields parallel to the local magnetic field line have been observed on the Van Allen probes in connection with in situ relativistic electron acceleration in the Earth's outer radiation belt. For one case with adequate high time resolution data, 7000 double layers were observed in an interval of 1 min to produce a 230 000 V net parallel potential drop crossing the spacecraft. Lower resolution data show that this event lasted for 6 min and that more than 1 000 000 volts of net parallel potential crossed the spacecraft during this time. A double layer traverses the length of a magnetic field line in about 15 s and the orbital motion of the spacecraft perpendicular to the magnetic field was about 700 km during this 6 min interval. Thus, the instantaneous parallel potential along a single magnetic field line was the order of tens of kilovolts. Electrons on the field line might experience many such potential steps in their lifetimes to accelerate them to energies where they serve as the seed population for relativistic acceleration by coherent, large amplitude whistler mode waves. Because the double-layer speed of $3100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{s}$ is the order of the electron acoustic speed (and not the ion acoustic speed) of a 25 eV plasma, the double layers may result from a new electron acoustic mode. Acceleration mechanisms involving double layers may also be important in planetary radiation belts such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, in the solar corona during flares, and in astrophysical objects.