cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flowing afterglow studies of the electron recombination of protonated cyanides (RCN)H+ and their proton-bound dimer ions (RCN)2H+ where R is H, CH3, and CH3CH2

Abstract A study has been made of the electron–ion dissociative recombination of the protonated cyanides (RCNH + , R = H, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 ) and their proton-bound dimers (RCN) 2 H + at 300 K. This has been accomplished with the flowing afterglow technique using an electrostatic Langmuir probe to determine the electron density decay along the flow tube. For the protonated species, the recombination coefficients, α e (cm 3 s −1 ), are (3.6 ± 0.5) × 10 −7 , (3.4 ± 0.5) × 10 −7 , (4.6 ± 0.7) × 10 −7 for R = H, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , respectively. For the proton-bound dimers, the α e are substantially greater being (2.4 ± 0.4) × 10 −6 , (2.8 ± 0.4) × 10 −6 , (2.3 ± 0.3) × 10 −6 for R = H, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , respectively. Fitting of the electron density decay data to a simple model has shown that the rate coefficients for the three-body association of RCNH + with RCN are very large being (2.0 ± 0.5) × 10 −26 cm 6 s −1 . The significance of these data to the Titan ionosphere is discussed.
A high precision 1 GeV/c spectrometer

Abstract A combination π− beam transport system and momentum spectrometer was constructed at the Bevatron of the University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The use of thin Al and Be foil wide gap spark chambers without beam windows, a one radian deflection of the beam, and a beam channel filled with helium to a pressure of 250 Torr allowed for a 0.05% precision measurement of the momenta of individual pions. The maximum usable particle intensity was 104π−/sec.
Hematuria from ectopic prostatic tissue in bulbous urethra

Abstract The second case of hematuria from ectopic prostatic tissue residing in the bulbous urethra is presented. A review of this developmental anomaly of the prostate is provided along with a discussion of its embryologic and clinical significance.
CRITIQUE OF DUAL CONTINUUM FORMULATIONS OF MULTICOMPONENT REACTIVE TRANSPORT IN FRACTURED POROUS MEDIA

Subsurface flow processes may take place at many different scales. The different scales refer to rock pore structure, micro-fractures, distinct fracture networks ranging from small to large fracture spacing, and even faults. Presently, there is no satisfactory methodology for describing quantitatively flow and reactive transport in multi-scale media. Approaches commonly applied to model fractured systems include single continuum models (SCM), equivalent continuum models (ECM), discrete fracture models (DFM), and various forms of dual continuum models (DCM). The SCM describes flow in the fracture network only and is valid in the absence of fracture-matrix interaction. The ECM, on the other hand, requires pervasive interaction between fracture and matrix and is based on averaging their properties. The ECM is characterized by equal fracture and matrix solute concentrations, but generally different mineral concentrations. The DFM is perhaps the most rigorous, but would require inordinate computational resources for a highly fractured rock mass. The DCM represents a fractured porous medium as two interacting continua with one continuum corresponding to the fracture network and the other the matrix. A coupling term provides mass transfer between the two continua. Vidues for mineral and solute concentrations and other properties such as liquid saturation state maybe assigned individually to fracture and matrix. Two forms of the DCM are considered characterized by connected and disconnected matrix blocks. The former is referred to as the DCCM (dual continuum connected matrix) model and the latter as the DCDM (dual continuum disconnected matrix) model. In contrast to the DCCM model in which concentration gradients in the matrix are allowed only parallel to the fracture, the DFM provides for matrix concentration gradients perpendicular to the fracture. The DFM and DCCM models can agree with each other only in the case where both reduce to the ECM. The DCCM model exhibits the incorrect behavior as the matrix block size increases, resulting in reduced coupling between fracture and matrix continua. The DCDM model allows for matrix gradients within individual matrix blocks in which the symmetry of the surrounding fracture geometry is preserved. However, the DCDM model breaks down for simultaneous heat and mass transport and cannot account for significant changes in porosity and permeability caused by chemical reactions.
The role of impulsivity, cognitive bias, and reasoned action in understanding college student gambling

Factors related to gambling behavior among college students in the USA are examined by applying the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and incorporating the concepts of impulsivity and cognitive bias. This study uses a broader approach to analyze gambling behavior by including financial behavior variables using ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regressions. The survey data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire of college students from 19 colleges and universities in the fall of 2010. With a sample of 5024 college students, a majority of the respondents (84.45%) in this study report that they did not gamble in the last 30 days. The results of multivariate analysis indicate that gambling is related to attitudes toward gambling, cognitive bias toward gambling, subjective norms of family members regarding financial behavior, and impulsivity. Underestimation of financial behavior (cognitive bias toward financial behavior) was found to be associated with only gambling frequency bu...
Meaning and Formal Semantics in Generative Grammar

A generative grammar for a language L generates one or more syntactic structures for each sentence of L and interprets those structures both phonologically and semantically. A widely accepted assumption in generative linguistics dating from the mid-60s, the Generative Grammar Hypothesis (GGH), is that the ability of a speaker to understand sentences of her language requires her to have tacit knowledge of a generative grammar of it, and the task of linguistic semantics in those early days was taken to be that of specifying the form that the semantic component of a generative grammar must take. Then in the 70s linguistic semantics took a curious turn. Without rejecting GGH, linguists turned away from the task of characterizing the semantic component of a generative grammar to pursue instead the Montague-inspired project of providing for natural languages the same kind of model-theoretic semantics that logicians devise for the artificial languages of formal systems of logic, and “formal semantics” continues to dominate semantics in linguistics. This essay argues that the sort of compositional meaning theory that would verify GGH would not only be quite different from the theories formal semanticists construct, but would be a more fundamental theory that supersedes those theories in that it would explain why they are true when they are true, but their truth wouldn’t explain its truth. Formal semantics has undoubtedly made important contributions to our understanding of such phenomena as anaphora and quantification, but semantics in linguistics is supposed to be the study of meaning. This means that the formal semanticist can’t be unconcerned that the kind of semantic theory for a natural language that interests her has no place in a theory of linguistic competence; for if GGH is correct, then the more fundamental semantic theory is the compositional meaning theory that is the semantic component of the internally represented generative grammar, and if that is so, then linguistic semantics has so far ignored what really ought to be its primary concern.
A note on similar edges and edge-unique line graphs

Abstract If G is a connected graph having no vertices of degree 2 and L(G) is its line graph, two results are proven: if there exist distinct edges e and f with L(G) − e ≅ L(G) − f then there is an automorphism of L(G) mapping e to f; if G − u ¦ G − v for any distinct vertices u, v, then L(G) − e ¦ L(G) − f for any distinct edges e, f.
Osteitis Fibrosa Is Mediated by Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-A Via a Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model for Chronic Hyperparathyroidism

Abnormal secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands contributes to a variety of common skeletal disorders. Prior studies implicate platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) as an important mediator of selective PTH actions on bone. The present studies used targeted gene profiling and small-molecule antagonists directed against candidate gene products to elucidate the roles of specific PTH-regulated genes and signaling pathways. A group of 29 genes in rats continuously infused with PTH and cotreated with the PDGF receptor antagonist trapidil were differentially expressed compared with PTH treatment alone. Several of the identified genes were functionally clustered as regulators of fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix modeling, including the matrix cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX). Treatment with β-aminopropionitrile, an irreversible inhibitor of LOX activity, dramatically reduced diffuse mineralization but had no effect on PTH-induced fibrosis. In contrast, the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Gleevec and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin each reduced bone marrow fibrosis. In summary, the present studies support the hypotheses that PTH-induced bone marrow fibrosis is mediated by PDGF-A via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signaling pathway and that increased LOX gene expression plays a key role in abnormal mineralization, a hallmark of chronic hyperparathyroidism.
The age of high-throughput microRNA profiling.

New advancements in microarray technology offer a stepping-stone to the biological function of microRNAs.
Using Data from High-Stakes Testing in Program Planning and Evaluation

SUMMARY This article intends to help school psychologists understand the nature of high stakes tests, methods for analyzing and reporting high stakes test data, standards for tests and program evaluation, and application of appropriate practices to program planning and evaluation. Although it is readily acknowledged that high stakes test data are not sufficient for effective program planning and evaluation, the availability of test results, and their salience for federally mandated accountability programs, argues in favor of using such data for program planning and evaluation. A decision-making model, which begins with high stakes test data, but also requires additional data from teachers and classrooms, is proposed to help practitioners evaluate program effectiveness, and make plans to improve student outcomes.
Breakup of inverse golden mean shearless tori in the two-frequency standard nontwist map

Abstract The breakup of shearless invariant tori with winding number ω = ( 5 − 1 ) / 2 (inverse golden mean) is studied using Greeneʼs residue criterion in the recently derived two-frequency or extended standard nontwist map (ESNM). Depending on the frequency ratio, the ESNM has or does not have a particular spatial symmetry. If the symmetry is present, the breakup is shown to be the same as in the standard nontwist map; if not, the results are very different.
Thoreau: Student of Anthropology

A DOZEN years ago, in an essay entitled "A Re-Examination of Thoreau's 'Walden,' " Edward S. Deevey, Jr., wrote (1942:8) that Thoreau "may with justice be called the first American limnologist" and commented on his independent but antedated discovery of thermal stratification. More recently, Philip and Kathryn Whitford have written (1951:291-296) in "Thoreau: Pioneer Ecologist and Conservationist" an authoritative account of Thoreau as a true scientist in the modern sense of the term. Kenneth Walter Cameron
Helium atom diffraction measurements of the surface structure and vibrational dynamics of CH3–Si(111) and CD3–Si(111) surfaces

The surface structure and vibrational dynamics of CH_3–Si(111) and CD_3–Si(111) surfaces were measured using helium atom scattering. The elastic diffraction patterns exhibited a lattice constant of 3.82 A, in accordance with the spacing of the silicon underlayer. The excellent quality of the observed diffraction patterns, along with minimal diffuse background, indicated a high degree of long-range ordering and a low defect density for this interface. The vibrational dynamics were investigated by measurement of the Debye–Waller attenuation of the elastic diffraction peaks as the surface temperature was increased. The angular dependence of the specular (θ_i=θ_f) decay revealed perpendicular mean-square displacements of 1.0 x 10^(−5) A^2 K^(−1) for the CH_3–Si(111) surface and 1.2 x 10^(−5) A^2 K^(−1) for the CD_3–Si(111) surface, and a He-surface attractive well depth of ~7 meV. The effective surface Debye temperatures were calculated to be 983 K for the CH_3–Si(111) surface and 824 K for the CD_3–Si(111) surface. These relatively large Debye temperatures suggest that collisional energy accommodation at the surface occurs primarily through the Si–C local molecular modes. The parallel mean-square displacements were 7.1 x 10^(−4) and 7.2 x 10^(−4) A^2 K^(−1) for the CH_3–Si(111) and CD_3–Si(111) surfaces, respectively. The observed increase in thermal motion is consistent with the interaction between the helium atoms and Si–CH_3 bending modes. These experiments have thus yielded detailed information on the dynamical properties of these robust and technologically interesting semiconductor interfaces.
Effects of Age and Education on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Performance of Selected Populations

A number of studies have reported effects of age and education on neuropsychological test performance, finding these effects to different degrees on different tasks. The present study examines effects of age and education on Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery performance. Forty normal, 38 schizophrenic, and 38 nonpsychotic psychiatric subjects and 40 brain-damaged subjects in groups matched for age, education and sex were tested. Performance on each Luria-Nebraska scale was correlated with age and education in each diagnostic group and correlations were also calculated using scores adjusted for the age and education of individual subjects. Normal subjects showed significant education effects on all scales, with age-declines on “fluid” but not on “crystallized” functions. Schizophrenics showed education effects only on “crystallized” academic skills and showed age declines consistently on sensory functions. The brain-damaged and nonpsychotic psychiatric groups generally showed little age or educatio...
Some experiments on the primary electron acceptor in reaction centres from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.

Abstract The bacterial reaction center absorbance change at 450 nm ( A -450) assigned to an anionic semiquinone, has been suggested as a candidate for the reduced form of the primary electron acceptor in bacterial photosynthesis. In reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides we have found kinetic discrepancies between the decay of A -450 and the recovery of photochemical competence. In addition, no proton uptake is measurable on the first turnover, although subsequent ones elicit one proton bound per electron. These results are taken to indicate that the acceptor reaction after a long dark period may be different for the first turnover than for subsequent ones. It is suggested that A -450 is still a likely candidate for the acceptor function but that in reaction centers, additional quinone may act as an adventitious primary acceptor when the “true” primary acceptor is reduced. Alternatively, the primary acceptor may act in a “ping-pong” fashion with respect to subsequent photoelectrons.
Expectations of Psychotherapy Duration by Disorder: A Comparison Between Professional and Young Adult Expectations

Using more precise methodology, the current study investigated expectations of psychotherapy duration for specific disorders. Duration expectations were obtained for young adults and compared to those obtained from psychotherapists as reported by Lowry and Ross (Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 34:272–277, 1997). Results revealed that expected duration for young adults by disorder was quite similar to the psychotherapists, where less severe psychological disorders and problems were expected to require shorter treatment durations than moderate and severe disorders and problems. For disorders and problems with which young adults were familiar, their expectations were essentially the same as psychotherapists. A meaningful difference was found for suicidal ideation, with young adults expecting significantly longer treatment duration.
Interpersonal problem-solving skills in battered, counseling, and control women

The present study was designed to examine the interpersonal problem-solving skills of battered women, while controlling for the effects of depression and anxiety. Battered, Counseling, and Control women were administered an interpersonal problem-solving inventory and asked to generate as many behavioral options as possible for each problem and then to select the one option they would chose to use in the given situation. All options were rated for effectiveness by two “blind” raters. Subjects were also administered the BETA intelligence test, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form-Y. Analysis of variance found no significant differences between the groups for intelligence, but the Counseling women were significantly more depressed and anxious than the Battered or Control women. Analysis of covariance (using BDI and STAI scores as covariates) found that Battered women: (1) generated fewer total options, (2) generated fewer effective options, and (3) chose fewer effective options for use in the situation than both Counseling and Control women. These findings provide indirect support for a general problem-solving skills deficit in battered women and reinforce the importance of problem-solving skills training for battered women.
The Exit Interview for Graduating Seniors

The practice of holding exit interviews with students graduating from a medium-sized university is described. Such interviews provide unique data unavailable from other sources.
Extensor pollicis longus opponensplasty

The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) is a major active force in the production of deformities of the thumb in median and combined median and ulnar nerve paralyses. Patients with progressive diseases such as Charcot-Marie tooth or syringomyelia and patients in whom no improvement in intrinsic thumb function can be expected may, develop some thumb deformities which reduce the remaining function of the hand. In such patients the EPL can be used as an opposition transfer. The deforming forces of supination and adduction are altered by the transfer into forces of pronation and abduction of the thumb. A portion of the tendon is detached at the level of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb, removed proximally, in the forearm, rerouted subcutaneously around the ulnar border of the hand into the palm, and interwoven with the fibers of the extensor mechanism of the thumb. The metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb is arthrodesed in extension, abduction, and hyperpronation. In II patients with progressive disease, traumatic high median or median and ulnar nerve intrinsic paralyses, the thumb was brought into opposition by transfer of the EPL tendon. Satisfactory function was restored in all patients without the necessity of secondary operations.
Acute Lyme neuropathy presenting with polyradicular pain, abdominal protrusion, and cranial neuropathy

A 53-year-old man developed multifocal radicular pain. The diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis was delayed until bifacial paresis and right lower abdominal wall weakness developed, prompting further evaluation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed aseptic meningitis. Antibodies directed against Borrelia burgdorferi were present in the serum; higher titers were present in the CSF, indicating local antibody production. Electrophysiologic studies showed both an axonal polyradiculopathy as well as demyelinative facial palsy. Ceftriaxone therapy led to marked improvement in pain and facial palsies.
The effect of cytosine arabinoside on the frequency of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in normal human leukocytes.

Abstract The yield of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in unstimulated human lymphocytes is greatly enhanced when the cells are incubated with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) after irradiation. There is an increase in aberration yield with increasing time of incubation in ara-C (1, 2 or 3 h). When G 2 cells are X-irradiated and incubated with ara-C until fixation, the deletion yields are considerably increased, but no interchanges are observed. In the absence of ara-C, 0.29 interchanges per cell were observed. The G 2 results suggest that ara-C inhibits the repair of damage that leads to the formation of exchange aberations. The increase in yield in unstimulated lymphocytes is interpreted to be due to an accumulation of strand breaks caused by ara-C inhibition of repair; when the inhibition is reversed with deoxycytidine, these breaks can interact to form aberrations. A possible mechanism for the induction of chromosome aberrations by X-rays is offered on the basis of these results.
Growth and Development of Isolated Phycomyces Sporangiophores.

23. MUNCH-PETERSON, A., KALCKAR, H. M., CUTOLO, C. and SMITH, E. E. B. Uridyl transferases and the formation of uridine triphosphate. Nature 172: 1036-1037. 1953. 24. NAGANNA, B., VENUGOPAL, B. and SRIPATHI, C. E. Occurrence of alkaline pyrophosphatase in vegetable tissues. Biochem. Jour. 60: 224-225. 1955. 25. PUTMAN, E. W. and HASSID, W. Z. Sugar transformation in leaves of Cantna indica. I. Synthesis and inversion of sucrose. Jour. Biol. Chem. 207: 885-902. 1954. 26. RACKER, E. Mechanism of action and properties of pyridine nucleotide-linked enzymes. Physiol. Rev. 35: 1-56. 1955. 27. RAFTER, G. \W. A pyrophosphatase activity associated with mouse liver particles. Jour. Biol. Chem. 230: 643-648. 1958. 28. ROBBINS, P. W. and LIPMANN, F. Separation of the two enzymatic phases in active sulfate synthesis. Jour. Biol. Chem. 233: 681-685. 1958. 29. ROBERTS, D. W. A. The wheat leaf pihosphatases. II. Pathways of hydrolysis of some nucleotides at pH 5.5 Jour. Biol. Chem. 222: 259-270. 1956. 30. SCHRECKER, A. W. and KORNBERG, A. Reversible enzymatic synthesis of flavin-adenine dinucleotide. Jour. Biol. Chem. 182: 795403. 1950. 31. SHUSTER, L. and KAPLAN, N. 0. A specific b nucleotidase. Jour. Biol. Chem. 201: 535-546. 1953. 32. STEINBACH, H. B. and MooG, F. Localization of adenyl pyrophosphatase in cytoplasmic granules. Jour. Cell. and Comp. Physiol. 26: 175-183. 1945.
BIMODALITY OF THE PROPORTION OF Hb Gα-PHILADELPHIA SUGGESTING HETEROGENEITY IN THE NUMBER OF HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN LOCI

Heterozygotes for beta chain variants have 30 to 40% of the abnormal molecule; whereas alpha chain variants have 15-20%. This and other evidence suggests that there are two Hbα loci in man. Homozygotes for the Hb J-Tongariki gene have no Hb A, suggesting that Melanesians have only one locus. We have recently quantified the hemoglobin components of members of two Negro families in which Hb Gα-Philadelphia is present. Four heterozygotes for HbαG only possessed 28.4%, 35.5%, 37.7% and 40.9% of Hb G. When these data are combined with that obtained from eleven other previously studied heterozygotes the values appear to be bimodally distributed around means of 30% and 40% Hb G. These are consistent with the hypothesis that two types of chromosomes bearing alpha chain structural loci exist, one having only a single Hbα locus and another having two. Hb G is a mutant on the chromosome having one locus. Those persons having 40% Hb G presumably have only one Hbα locus on the homologous chromosome. Those having 30% Hb G presumably have two loci and thus two HbαA genes on the chromosome homologous to that having the gene for Hb G. In one family three persons heterozygous for the genes for Hb G and Hb C were found. Their electrophoretic patterns contained four components, Hb A, Hb G, Hb C, and the Hb G/C hybrid.
Biological sex and social setting affects pain intensity and observational coding of other people’s pain behaviors

This experiment examines the impact of biological sex and audience composition on laboratory-induced ischemic pain intensity and observational coding of other people's pain behaviors. Situational context was manipulated by varying the sex and number of audience stimuli in the laboratory setting during the pain task and during observational evaluations of other people's pain suffering. The analyses revealed sex differences in felt pain intensity and observable pain behaviors, with male subjects reporting lower pain intensity and evidencing fewer pain behaviors than female subjects on average. Follow-up analyses revealed that, after controlling for social anxiety, audience composition was linked to felt pain intensity, and this relation was moderated by participant sex and audience sex, such that only male subjects showed decreased pain intensity with increasing number of female audience members. Sex differences were also found in the rating of other people's pain behaviors, with male observers rating the pain of others lower than female observers. Composition of the audience influenced observers' pain ratings such that the presence of more male subjects in the audience correlated with lower observer ratings, whereas the presence of more female subjects correlated with higher observer ratings. This is the first study to show that the sex and the composition of the social context in which pain is experienced affects the intensity of felt pain and the evaluation of other people's pain suffering. Implications of the findings for measuring and interpreting pain suffering in male and female patients by male and female treatment providers in health care settings are discussed.
Rare-earth-doped waveguide lasers in glass and LiNbO3: A review

This paper presents an overview of rare earth-doped waveguide lasers in both glass and lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ). The historical development of these devices together with the most recent advances in the field are described.
Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise

The purpose of this brief review is to examine resistance training responses of selected hormones related to acute stress and growth promoting actions. Hormonal mechanisms appear to be involved with both short-term homeostatic control and long-term cellular adaptations. Few studies have modeled the exercise stimulus in resistance training to determine the role of different exercise variables to the hormonal response. A variety of resistance exercise protocols result in increases in peripheral hormonal concentrations. It appears that single factor variables such as the intensity (% of RM) of exercise and amount of muscle mass utilized in the exercise protocol are important determinants of hormonal responses. The volume (sets x repetitions x intensity) of exercise also appears to be an important determinant of hormonal response. Still, little is known with regard to other single and multiple factor variables (e.g., rest period length) and their relationships to peripheral hormonal alterations. Collectively, such information will allow greater understanding concerning the nature of the exercise stimulus and its relationship to training adaptations resulting from heavy resistance exercise.
Anomalous Topological Current in the Nonlinear Sigma Model

It is proposed that a classically conserved current may not be conserved in quantum theory due to singular configurations in the path integral. This is illustrated in the (2+1)-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma model with lattice regularization. The current here is that of the topological charge density of “Skyrmions”. On the lattice the current is always “anomalous”, due to the existence of Dirac monopoles. The reason is that the world line of a Skyrmion can be regarded as a Dirac string (in a particular gauge), which is terminated by a monopole. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that, in the continuum limit, current conservation obtains in a weak-coupling phase, in which monopole and anti-monopoles form bound states that disappear upon coarse-graining; but the anomaly persists in a strong-coupling phase, in which the above-mentioned bound states dissociate into a plasma. In the plasma phase rotational invariance will be broken in the presence of a “Hopf term” in the action.
Blood protein variation in a population of ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops)

Seven small groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops), totaling 124 individuals, from Awash National Park, Ethiopia, were trapped and blood samples were obtained. Twenty-three loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis and four loci, Tf, E, ADA, and PMG2 were found to be polymorphic. The average heterozygosity (H) of the population was calculated to be 5.6%. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions occurred and a chi-square test for group homogeneity was also not significant. Average Fst for all polymorphic loci was calculated to be 0.062. This suggests that the entire group functions as a single Mendelian population.
Malibu personal productivity assistant

The Malibu system provides peripheral access to andawareness of activities, tasks, social-bookmarkresources, and feeds to assist knowledge workers intheir activity-centric work. We describe theexperimental system, a usage scenario and somepreliminary usage data.
Time-synchronized continuous wave laser-induced fluorescence axial velocity measurements in a diverging cusped field thruster

Measurements are presented of time-synchronized axial ion velocities at three positions in the discharge channel and plume of a diverging cusped field thruster operating on xenon. Xenon axial ion velocities for the thruster are derived from laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the 5d[4]7/2–6p[3]5/2 xenon ion excited state transition centred at λ = 834.72 nm. The thruster is operated in a high-current mode, where the anode discharge current is shown to oscillate quasi-periodically. A sample-hold scheme is implemented to correlate ion velocities to phases along the current cycle. These time-synchronized measurements show that median axial ion velocities decrease as discharge current increases, and that the widths of ion velocity distributions increase with increases in discharge current for positions at the exit plane and outside the thruster channel.
Dramatic effect of homoallylic substitution on the rate of palladium-catalyzed diene cycloisomerization

Abstract Cycloisomerization of 4,4-bis(acetoxymethyl)-1,6-heptadiene (5) catalyzed by [(phen)Pd(Me)CNCH3]+ [BAr4]− [Ar=3,5-C6H3(CF3)2] (2) to form predominantly 3,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)-1,5-dimethylcyclopentene (6) was ∼400 times faster than was the cycloisomerization of dimethyl diallylmalonate (1) under identical conditions. Mechanistic studies performed in conjunction with density functional theory calculations attribute the large rate acceleration of the cycloisomerization of 5 relative to the cycloisomerization of 1 to the formation of a stable oxo chelate complex as an intermediate in the cycloisomerization of 1, but not in the cycloisomerization of 5.
Vaccination of Broiler Chicks from Breeder Flocks Immunized with a Live or Inactivated Oil Emulsion Newcastle Disease Vaccine

One-day-old chicks used in this study were from breeder flocks vaccinated with live (B1 and LaSota) or inactivated oil emulsion Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. Chicks were vaccinated against ND by various procedures. The vaccination response was evaluated by hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers and by challenge. Chicks from breeder flocks vaccinated with live virus vaccine had a geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer (GMT) for Newcastle of 7 (low maternal antibody titer) at 1 day of age, whereas those chickens derived from breeder flocks vaccinated with inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine had a GMT of 84 (high maternal antibody titer). One-day-old chicks injected with live B1 vaccine were not immunized against ND regardless of breeder flock source. However, chickens with low maternal antibody titers were effectively immunized against ND when injected at 1 day of age with an inactivated or inactivated plus live ND vaccine. Chicks with high maternal antibody titers were not effectively protected when vaccinated with inactivated vaccine at 1 day of age; however, these chicks were protected when injected with a combined live and inactivated ND vaccine. Chicks from both breeder flocks were effectively immunized against ND when injected at 1 day of age with a live or inactivated ND vaccine and revaccinated by aerosol at 21 days of age with live B1 ND vaccine. Even though they were protected against ND, there appears to have been an interference phenomenon in chicks derived from breeder flocks vaccinated with the live ND vaccine. Beak-O-Vac vaccinated chickens were not effectively protected against ND when compared with chicks vaccinated by aerosol at 1 day of age. Water vaccination at 7, 14, or 21 days of age was as effective as aerosol vaccination when administered to chicks with low maternal antibody titers. However, water vaccination was not as effective as aerosol vaccination when administered to chicks with high maternal antibody titers.
Habermas, Romanticism, and Literary Theory

Although the role Romanticism plays in Habermas's thought would seem to be minor because of his work's strong Enlightenment emphasis, Habermas has inspired important work in Romantic studies, mostly on the public sphere. Recent work in the Romantic public sphere, which has been extensive and innovative, has stressed the sphere's heterogeneity, but this work has also ignored Habermas's most recent ideas on the public sphere and failed to understand the role the public sphere plays in Habermas's overall theory of society. Owing to the peculiar timing of English translations of Habermas's work, his reception in the Anglophonic world has produced some unusual emphases and even some misperceptions. Although he has played an adversarial role in theoretical discussions of the Enlightenment and postmodernism, Habermas's writing has set in motion the use of new concepts in literary theory – philosophy as placeholder, communicative action, the conflict between lifeworld and system, rhetoric of intersubjectivity – that have only recently been opened up for discussion by several Romanticists and literary theorists. Habermas's thought has some surprisingly close “elective affinities” with Romanticism, something that becomes more evident as we perceive the Romantic aspects of Kant.
Phase-field modeling of void migration and growth kinetics in materials under irradiation and temperature field

A phase-field model is developed to investigate the migration of vacancies, interstitials, and voids during irradiation in a thermal gradient. Void growth kinetics during irradiation are also modeled. The model accounts for the generation of defects including vacancies and interstitials associated with the radiation damage, recombination of vacancies and interstitials, defect diffusion, and defect sinks. The effect of void size, vacancy concentration, vacancy generation rate, recombination rate, and temperature gradient on a single void migration and growth is parametrically studied. The results demonstrate that a temperature gradient causes void migration and defect fluxes, i.e., the Soret effect, which affects void stability and growth kinetics. It is found that (1) void migration mobility is independent of void size, which is in agreement with the theoretical prediction under the assumption of bulk diffusion controlled migration; (2) void migration mobility strongly depends on the temperature gradient and (3) the effect of defect concentration, generation rate, and recombination rate on void migration mobility is minor although they strongly influence void growth kinetics.
Electromagnetic scattering from finite-length metallic carbon nanotubes in the lower IR bands

A model is presented for electromagnetic scattering from infinite planar arrays of finite-length metallic carbon nanotubes, and isolated nanotubes, in the lower IR bands. The scattered field is predicted using a semiclassical formulation based on a periodic Green’s function for the array, and a quantum conductance function for the carbon nanotubes. The finite length of the tubes is accounted for electromagnetically by imposing a boundary condition on the tube ends. Scattering characteristics are investigated for various armchair carbon nanotube array configurations, as well as for isolated nanotubes. The principle observations of this study are that longitudinal end-to-end coupling between carbon nanotubes is not very important, although transverse side-to-side coupling in an array environment shifts and broadens resonance line shapes compared to the isolated tube case. Nanotube length and radius also play critical roles in governing scattering characteristics.
Rapid solidification in thermal spray deposition: Microstructure and modelling

Mechanical thermal and adhesive properties of thermal spray coating are primarily determined by the phase and microstructure of single splats, which ultimately depend on rapid solidification of each splat and on the interactions between the splats and between the splat and the substrate. Significant efforts are being made to develop a better understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying these phenomena. This paper reviews a series of work in the area of mathematical modeling of phase and microstructure formation during the rapid solidification of single splats and coatings. The model development has been complimented by special experiments. Conditions under which plantar interface solidification occurs, columnar celluar or dendritic growth takes place, or banded structure forms, have been identified. A microstructure map can therefore built using the model presented here. The process parameters that promote crystalline nucleation and grain structure formation can be isolated and the effect of interfacial heat transfer, splat substrate temperature difference, and substrate melting and resolidification can be examined using the model. The model prediction agree qualitatively well with the experimental data for alumina, yttria, partially-stabilized zirconia, and molybdenum.
A computer model of unitary responses from associational/commissural and perforant path synapses in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells

Despite the central position of CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal circuit, the experimental investigation of their synaptic properties has been limited. Recent slice experiments from adult rats characterized AMPA and NMDA receptor unitary synaptic responses in CA3b pyramidal cells. Here, excitatory synaptic activation is modeled to infer biophysical parameters, aid analysis interpretation, explore mechanisms, and formulate predictions by contrasting simulated somatic recordings with experimental data. Reconstructed CA3b pyramidal cells from the public repository NeuroMorpho.Org were used to allow for cell-specific morphological variation. For each cell, synaptic responses were simulated for perforant pathway and associational/commissural synapses. Means and variability for peak amplitude, time-to-peak, and half-height width in these responses were compared with equivalent statistics from experimental recordings. Synaptic responses mediated by AMPA receptors are best fit with properties typical of previously characterized glutamatergic receptors where perforant path synapses have conductances twice that of associational/commissural synapses (0.9 vs. 0.5 nS) and more rapid peak times (1.0 vs. 3.3 ms). Reanalysis of passive-cell experimental traces using the model shows no evidence of a CA1-like increase of associational/commissural AMPA receptor conductance with increasing distance from the soma. Synaptic responses mediated by NMDA receptors are best fit with rapid kinetics, suggestive of NR2A subunits as expected in mature animals. Predictions were made for passive-cell current clamp recordings, combined AMPA and NMDA receptor responses, and local dendritic depolarization in response to unitary stimulations. Models of synaptic responses in active cells suggest altered axial resistivity and the presence of synaptically activated potassium channels in spines.
Motion-compensated deblocking and upscaling for viewing low-res videos on high-res displays

A motion-compensated (MC) video deblocking method has been proposed whose advantage is that it retains as much sharpness as possible after removing the blocking artifacts. When followed by an appropriate upscaling technique, this method is suitable for displaying user and Internet videos on high-definition displays.
The Acquisition of Time Talk: Relations Between Child and Adult Grammars

A Reichenbach-type theory is proposed that accounts for a child’s early system of temporal reference and relates it directly to the adult system. This theory makes predictions different from those of a competing theory, a strong decentring hypothesis. Experimental results and data from spontaneous speech are examined, and the predictions of the first theory are borne out: young English-speaking children express notions of temporal ordering as well as aspectual notions.
PERSPECTIVE: REVERSE EVOLUTION

For some time, the reversibility of evolution was primarily discussed in terms of comparative patterns. Only recently has this problem been studied using experimental evolution over shorter evolutionary time frames. This has raised questions of definition, experimental procedure, and the hypotheses being tested. Experimental evolution has provided evidence for multiple population genetic mechanisms in reverse evolution, including pleiotropy and mutation accumulation. It has also pointed to genetic factors that might prevent reverse evolution, such as a lack of genetic variability, epistasis, and differential genotype-by-environment interactions. The main focus of this perspective is on laboratory studies and their relevance to the genetics of reverse evolution. We discuss reverse evolution ex- periments with Drosophila, bacterial, and viral populations. Field studies of the reverse evolution of melanism in the peppered moth are also reviewed.
Hologram laser-beam corrector and combiner for a satellite data link

The use of holographic optical elements in an optical data communications link between two satellites is proposed. The advantages of such an application are described in detail, and some ideas for a very lightweight tracking head based on use of such holograms is described. Some key problems to overcome in this development are discussed, and some approaches to solutions are briefly outlined.
The Microstrain Generation in Cryomilled Nickel by Impurity Nitrogen Atoms

The residual microstrains in cryomilled Ni powders, processed under various cryomilling conditions, are measured by XRD and analyzed using a single line approximation (SLA) method. The results show that the average residual microstrains are in the range of 2×10 -3 ∼ 6×10 -3 , and the residual microstrain on the (200) plane is higher than those on the other planes by 33 %. The measured microstrain is proposed to evolve from the introduction of N as impurity atoms in Ni lattice may be attributed to the evolution of the residual microstrain. The N atoms tend to stay in the octahedral sites of Ni, and the diameter of N atom is larger than that of the octahedral site of Ni by 48 %. Accordingly, a lattice strain field is expected around interstitial N atoms that are located at octahedral sites. By comparing the crystal structure around the octahedral site of Ni with that of Ni 3 N structure, the lattice strains are estimated to be in the range of 5 ∼ 15 %. The results show that the (200) plane has the lattice strains that are two times higher than those in other planes, and this is argued to be the reason for the measured anisotropy of residual microstrain in Ni after cryomilling.
A method to optimize the higher-order finite-difference stencils

A simple method to determine the optimal coefficients for the higher-order stencils is presented. The method involves directly solving the resultant overdetermined system. The low dispersion errors computed based on these optimized coefficients validate the method. The method is expected to be equally efficient for even more complex stencils
Aerobic exercise effects on cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults

Older adults frequently experience cognitive deficits accompanied by deterioration of brain tissue and function in a number of cortical and subcortical regions. Because of this common finding and the increasing ageing population in many countries throughout the world, there is an increasing interest in assessing the possibility that partaking in or changing certain lifestyles could prevent or reverse cognitive and neural decay in older adults. In this review we critically evaluate and summarise the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that assess the impact of aerobic exercise and fitness on cognitive performance, brain volume, and brain function in older adults with and without dementia. We argue that 6 months of moderate levels of aerobic activity are sufficient to produce significant improvements in cognitive function with the most dramatic effects occurring on measures of executive control. These improvements are accompanied by altered brain activity measures and increases in prefrontal and temporal grey matter volume that translate into a more efficient and effective neural system. Brain deterioration and cognitive decline are considered common characteristics of ageing. However, it is clear that not everyone experiences senescence at the same rate or to the same degree. Individual differences in the quality of cognitive and brain function in old age suggest that deterioration and decay are neither ubiquitous nor inevitable characteristics of ageing. This begs the following question: what are the factors that explain some of the individual differences in old age, allowing some people to retain cognitive and brain function, while pushing others into a trajectory of decline and decay? In addition to determining individual difference factors, recent interventions demonstrate that cognitive and brain deterioration is not unalterable and that the older adult brain retains some plasticity that can be taken advantage of in order to reverse deterioration and decay that may already be manifest. In …
Tailed duplex DNA is the preferred substrate for Rad51 protein-mediated homologous pairing

The repair of potentially lethal DNA double‐stranded breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination requires processing of the broken DNA into a resected DNA duplex with a protruding 3′‐single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) tail. Accordingly, the canonical models for DSB repair require invasion of an intact homologous DNA template by the 3′‐end of the ssDNA, a characteristic that the bacterial pairing protein RecA possesses. Unexpectedly, we find that for the eukaryotic homolog, Rad51 protein, the 5′‐end of ssDNA is more invasive than the 3′‐end. This pairing bias is unaffected by Rad52, Rad54 or Rad55–57 proteins. However, further investigation reveals that, in contrast to RecA protein, the preferred DNA substrate for Rad51 protein is not ssDNA but rather dsDNA with ssDNA tails. This important distinction permits the Rad51 proteins to promote DNA strand invasion using either 3′‐ or 5′‐ends with similar efficiency.