cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Recurring Pregnancy on Mammary Gland Growth in Mice

Summary It was shown by the increase of total desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) that mammary gland growth continues during the latter half of pregnancy. This observation was rather unexpected, since morphological study of lobule-alveolar growth can not distinguish between additional cell growth and the initiation of milk secretion. These data indicate for the first time that cell multiplication continues throughout pregnancy. The effect of recurring pregnancy on mammary gland growth was studied, employing albino mice bred successively without nursing periods. Maximum growth of the mammary glands was attained in triparous animals. A slight decline in total growth was observed in quadriparous animals. Their age at this time was estimated to be equivalent to the age of cows which begin to decline in yearly milk and fat yields. It was also confirmed that increased mammary gland growth in multiparous animals was more closely related to hormonal stimuli associated with recurring pregnancy and lactation than to increasing body weight. Primiparous mice after 3 mo. of involution had mammary glands containing DNA equivalent to mice pregnant for six days. No variation in average litter size was observed during four consecutive pregnancies.
An optimal algorithm for finding compact sets

Abstract We present a fast algorithm for fimding all the compact sets in a weighted undirected graph. Our algorithm finds all the compact sets in a graph with N vertices in O(N2) time. This result is optimal when the input graph is represented by an adjacency matrix.
An assessment of noise audibility and sound levels in U.S. National Parks

Throughout the United States, opportunities to experience noise-free intervals are disappearing. Rapidly increasing energy development, infrastructure expansion, and urbanization continue to fragment the acoustical landscape. Within this context, the National Park Service endeavors to protect acoustical resources because they are essential to park ecology and central to the visitor experience. The Park Service monitors acoustical resources in order to determine current conditions, and forecast the effects of potential management decisions. By community noise standards, background sound levels in parks are relatively low. By wilderness criteria, levels of noise audibility are remarkably high. A large percentage of the noise sources measured in national parks (such as highways or commercial jet traffic) originates outside park boundaries and beyond the management jurisdiction of NPS. Many parks have adopted noise mitigation plans, but the regional and national scales of most noise sources call for conservation and management efforts on similar scales.
Metabolism of different molecular forms of adenosine deaminase intravenously infused into the rabbit.

Abstract High- M r and monomeric adenosine deaminase were injected intravenously into the rabbit. The rates of clearance and sites of uptake of the enzymes were compared. Calf intestinal mucosa served as the source of monomeric adenosine deaminase. High- M r enzymes were assembled in vitro from the calf enzyme and adenosine deaminase-complexing proteins isolated from rabbit plasma or kidney. An immunoassay specific for calf adenosine deaminase was used to determine which organs took up the injected enzyme. The enzymes were cleared from circulation in the following order: monomeric adenosine deaminase > high- M r enzyme prepared with kidney complexing protein > high- M r enzyme prepared with plasma complexing protein. High- M r enzyme assembled with kidney complexing protein was taken up primarily by the liver. Complexing protein and adenosine deaminating activity were cleared from circulation at similar rates. This and other evidence indicate that kidney complexing protein and calf adenosine deaminase are taken up as a unit by the liver. In contrast, adenosine-deaminating activity was cleared more quickly from circulation than complexing protein in rabbits injected with enzyme prepared with plasma complexing protein. Immunoassay results indicated that calf adenosine deaminase was taken up principally by the kidney cortex and liver. Kidney was the major site of uptake of monomeric adenosine deaminase. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining was used to localize the calf enzyme in glomeruli and proximal renal tubules, the same areas in which rabbit complexing protein is localized. These results support the hypothesis that complexing proteins play a role in the clearance of adenosine deaminase from plasma [ W. P. Schrader and P. J. Bryer (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 215 , 107–115 ].
A test for detecting untruthful answering in randomized response procedures

Abstract Randomized response procedures are used to elicit responses to sensitive questions. Assuming that the probability of providing an untruthful answer is the same in sensitive and non-sensitive categories and using Warner's (1965) procedure twice, Krishnamoorthy and Raghavarao (1991) developed methods of testing this probability to be zero and estimating this probability. Using the same framework provided by them, we develop an asymptotic chi-square test and give a lower bound for the power of the test.
Behavioral treatment of 250 chronic headache patients: A clinical replication series.

The results from the behavioral treatment (relaxation and/or biofeedback) of 250 chronic headache patients are presented along with information on individual predictors of treatment outcome. Relaxation alone leads to improvement in 41% of tension headache patients while a combination of relaxation and thermal biofeedback leads to improvement in 52% of migraine and combined headache patients. Predictor variables which frequently appear include age, Trait Anxiety, and MMPI scales 1 and 3.
Effect of Ice-Albedo Feedback on Global Sensitivity in a One-Dimensional Radiative-Convective Climate Model

Abstract The feedback between ice albedo and temperature is included in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model. The effect of this feedback on global sensitivity to changes in solar constant is studied for the current climate conditions. This ice-albedo feedback amplifies global sensitivity by 26 and 39%, respectively, for assumptions of fixed cloud altitude and fixed cloud temperature. The global sensitivity is not affected significantly if the latitudinal variations of mean solar zenith angle and cloud cover are included in the global model. The differences in global sensitivity between one-dimensional radiative-convective models and energy balance models are examined. It is shown that the models are in close agreement when the same feedback mechanisms are included. The one-dimensional radiative-convective model with ice-albedo feedback included is used to compute the equilibrium ice line as a function of solar constant. It is found that the fixed cloud temperature parameterization breaks ...
Conditions for the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function via stability analysis of matrix families

This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function (CQLF) for two stable second order linear time invariant systems via the route of stability analysis of a convex combination of matrices. In a recent paper, it was noted that a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a CQLF for two stable second order linear time invariant systems with plant matrices A/sub 1/ and A/sub 2/ is that the convex combinations of A/sub 1/ and A/sub 2/, as well as that of A/sub 1/ and A/sub 2//sup -1/ be both Hurwitz stable. However, in a recent paper of Yedavalli (2002), a necessary and sufficient 'extreme point' solution was presented to test the Hurwitz stability of a convex combination of l arbitrary Hurwitz stable matrices. Thus, extending those results to the CQLF problem results in simple set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the CQLF directly in terms of the two plant matrices under consideration. This paper thus establishes an interesting 'connection' between the CQLF problem in linear switched systems and stability analysis of matrix families.
Serum antibody immunoreactivity to equine zona protein after SpayVac vaccination

Immunocontraception with porcine ZP (pZP) can be an effective means of fertility control in feral horses. Previous studies suggest that antibodies produced after pZP vaccination may both inhibit fertilization and cause follicular dysgenesis. Zonastat-H, PZP-22, and SpayVac are three pZP vaccines proposed for use in horses. Although all these vaccines contain the pZP antigen, variations in antigen preparation and vaccine formulation lead to differences in antigenic properties among them. Likewise, despite numerous efficacy and safety studies of Zonastat-H and PZP-22, the contraceptive mechanisms of SpayVac remain unclear. The preparation of pZP for SpayVac is thought to include more nonzona proteins, making it less pure than the other two vaccines. This may result in increased antigenicity of the vaccine. We therefore investigated the immunoreactivity of serum antibodies from SpayVac-vaccinated mares to equine zona protein. Western blot analyses revealed an immunoreactivity of these antibodies to protein isolated from mature equine oocytes, ZP, follicular tissues, and ovarian tissues. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to locate the binding of serum antibodies to the ZP of immature oocytes in ovarian stromal tissue. We also found serum antibodies from SpayVac-treated mares to be predominantly specific for zona protein 3. Collectively, our results suggest a model where serum antibodies produced in response to SpayVac vaccination are immunoreactive to equine zona protein in vitro. Our study lends insight into the contraceptive mechanisms underlying the infertility observed after SpayVac vaccination.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Epithelial Cells

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a potent growth suppressor of epithelial cells. Resistance to TGF-beta, however, occurs frequently in solid tumors of epithelial origin and contributes to the uncontrolled growth of these tumors. Although mutant receptor proteins contribute to TGF-beta insensitivity, deregulation of TGF-beta signaling cascades represents an equally important mechanism underlying TGF-beta resistance. Identification of abnormal regulation of signaling components in tumor epithelial cells will lead to the development of selective therapeutic approaches to repair the relevant signaling cascade(s) and reverse the growth anomaly. Within the past few years, great strides have been made in defining signaling pathways for TGF-beta. For example, our laboratory has demonstrated a direct correlation between TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition of epithelial cells and activation of Ras and three members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. The TGF-beta signaling events were sustained, dose-dependent, and absent in TGF-beta-resistant cells. Further, up-regulation of both p27Kip1 and p21Cip1, nuclear events important for the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-beta, are completely dependent upon the activation of Ras. However, Ras-independent pathways are also activated simultaneously with the Ras/MAPK pathways to mediate the final TGF-beta growth inhibitory outcome. One such pathway includes the SMAD signaling components that control TGF-beta-mediated gene transcription, currently under active study by a number of laboratories, including our own. Future efforts in this field will focus on defining the significance of these signaling proteins and pathways in mediating specific TGF-beta responses. Moreover, additional novel signaling proteins are sure to be identified.
Presynaptic stimulus-release and postsynaptic compensatory changes in mice lacking the N-type calcium channel α1B-subunit

Abstract N-type (Cav2.2) voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) play an important role in presynaptic neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system and may be clinically relevant in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The physiological impact of N-type VDCC ablation on cardiac function, stimulus-release coupling and cardiac autonomic regulation was studied using mice deficient in the α1B subunit of the N-type channel (N-type−/−).The positive inotropic effect (increase in + dP/dt) secondary to high frequency field stimulation (HFFS), mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, was decreased by 33 ± 12.6% in N-type−/− versus 89 ± 11.4% in Wild-Type (WT)(P These results suggest that selective impairment of sympathetic inflow does not modulate postsynaptic β-adrenergic responsiveness, but causes increased functional response to α1-adrenergic stimulation.
Further evidence of the divergent correlates of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory factors: Prediction of institutional misconduct among male prisoners.

Recent evidence suggests that 2 largely orthogonal dimensions underpin the latent construct assessed by the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996): Fearless Dominance (PPI-I) and Impulsive Antisociality (PPI-II). Relatively few data exist on the correlates of these 2 dimensions in offender samples, however. The present study examines the criterion-related validity of these 2 dimensions among male prison inmates (N = 131) in relation to the prediction of 3 categories of institutional maladjustment: aggressive misconduct, nonaggressive misconduct, and any misconduct. PPI-II significantly predicted each criterion type, with effect sizes of moderate magnitude, whereas PPI-I was essentially unrelated to these outcome measures.
Effects of linear, irrigated-tip radiofrequency ablation in porcine healed anterior infarction.

Irrigated-Tip Ablation in Infarcted Myocardium.Introduction: Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in healed infarction is modestly successful. More extensive, anatomically based procedures and irrigated RF delivery may improve outcome. However, limited data exist regarding the characteristics of irrigated RF lesions in infarcted myocardium. This study addresses this shortcoming. Methods and Results: Linear lesions were created at the medial border of a healed anterior infarct in eight pigs using irrigated RF energy guided by sinus rhythm electroanatomic voltage mapping and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE). Lesion morphology and effects on ventricular function were assessed with ICE imaging and pathologic analysis (n = 5). The response to programmed stimulation also was determined before and after linear lesions (n = 6). A mean of 9.4 ± 1.3 RF applications created linear lesions 37.0 ± 10.6 mm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, and 4 to 8 mm deep. Thrombus formation was not observed. Lesion delivery resulted acutely in increased local wall thickness at the RF site (26.9% ± 27.5%; P < 0.0001) and transient systolic dysfunction in adjacent normal myocardium (fractional shortening − 38% ± 34%; P < 0.01). Uniform sustained VT (cycle length 232 ± 41 msec) was induced in 4 of 6 pigs before ablation, but sustained VT could not be induced afterward. Conclusion: Irrigated RF energy produced relatively large lesions in infarcted myocardium without thrombus formation. Changes in tissue thickness and echo density observed with ICE verify irrigated RF lesion delivery. Temporary left ventricular dysfunction is consistently observed in the normal myocardium adjacent to the linear lesion.
Discrete States for Singular Potential Problems

The solutions of the quantum mechanical wave equations for singular potentials are re-examined. It is shown that a set of orthonormal wave functions with complex energy eigenvalues (E/sub n/ = W/sub n/ plus or minus 1/2i GAMMA / sub n/) is obtained if certain natu ral analyticity requirements are imposed on the form of the potentials. In general, the result is interpreted in the following way: W/sub n/ is the most probable position of the energy level for various types of cutoff and GAMMA /sub n/ is a measure of the probable error. (auth)
Vapor sorption into pure and mixed fatty acid multilayers

The sorption of polar and nonpolar vapors into Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of pure arachidic acid (C 2 0 ) was compared to that in films formed of a 1:1 mixture of behenic acid (C 2 2 ) and stearic acid (C 1 8 ). The mass of vapor sorbed was quantified using a quartz crystal microbalance. Film swelling was determined using multiple beam interferometry as implemented in the surface forces apparatus. We find that the solubility of water in the pure and the mixed films is the same. Moreover, the absorption of water is ideal in the sense that the film swelling observed is consistent with the incorporation of water at its bulk molar volume. In contrast, the solubilities of pentane, decane, and pentanol were higher in the mixed fatty acid films than in the pure film. The additional free volume available in the mixed films (due to alkane chain mismatch) also results in nonideal absorption of these organic vapors. Vapor sorption kinetic data support the hypothesis that the transport rate is governed primarily by large "pitlike" defects spanning multiple layers within the film structure.
Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and molecules on graphene.

Scanning tunnelling microscopes made it possible to image atomic-scale features on a solid-state surface. But they have limitations in terms of sample conductivity, cleanliness and data acquisition rate. An older technology, the transmission electron microscope (TEM), meanwhile evolved to be able to image individual heavy atoms. But lighter atoms remained beyond its range because of their low contrast. Enter graphene, the one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms packed in a dense two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Meyer et al. show that atoms as small as carbon and even hydrogen adsorbed onto graphene can be imaged using standard TEM technology. Ultrathin graphene is an ideal support, either invisible or, if the lattice is resolved at high resolution, its contribution to the imaging signal is easily removed. This approach brings atomic resolution to biomolecules as well as to graphene itself. The cover shows hydrogen atoms (purple) on a graphene sheet (red), with a carbon atom (yellow tipped) near left centre. Yellow peaks are amorphous carbon. Detecting individual low-atomic-number atoms is extremely challenging using conventional transmission electron microscopy. This paper reports the direct imaging in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) of atomic carbon and hydrogen using graphene as a substrate which provides a near-invisible background. The approach could be used for the direct study at the atomic level of organic species such as biomolecules. Observing the individual building blocks of matter is one of the primary goals of microscopy. The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope1 revolutionized experimental surface science in that atomic-scale features on a solid-state surface could finally be readily imaged. However, scanning tunnelling microscopy has limited applicability due to restrictions in, for example, sample conductivity, cleanliness, and data acquisition rate. An older microscopy technique, that of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)2,3, has benefited tremendously in recent years from subtle instrumentation advances, and individual heavy (high-atomic-number) atoms can now be detected by TEM4,5,6,7 even when embedded within a semiconductor material8,9. But detecting an individual low-atomic-number atom, for example carbon or even hydrogen, is still extremely challenging, if not impossible, via conventional TEM owing to the very low contrast of light elements2,3,10,11,12. Here we demonstrate a means to observe, by conventional TEM, even the smallest atoms and molecules: on a clean single-layer graphene membrane, adsorbates such as atomic hydrogen and carbon can be seen as if they were suspended in free space. We directly image such individual adatoms, along with carbon chains and vacancies, and investigate their dynamics in real time. These techniques open a way to reveal dynamics of more complex chemical reactions or identify the atomic-scale structure of unknown adsorbates. In addition, the study of atomic-scale defects in graphene may provide insights for nanoelectronic applications of this interesting material.
Temporal and spatial dynamics of appressorium formation inUromyces appendiculatus

Appressorium development in Uromyces appendiculatus was studied to establish temporal and spatial parameters possibly important in signaling mechanisms in this fungus. It was determined that urediospore germling apices sensed inductive topographies, e.g., precisely shaped ridges 0.5 μm high by 2.0 μm wide, within 4 minutes after initial contact. The area in the germling that senses such topographies was located on the substrate side of the cell and within 6.0 μm of the apex. These conclusions were based on observed changes in the rate of germling growth and nuclear migration as well as the timing of apical tip swelling that began 4 minutes after contact. DNA synthesis during appressorium development occurred only after the first nuclear division and was probably in preparation for the second mitosis that normally occurs in the substomatal vesicle. Treatments with the DNA synthesis inhibitors hydroxyurea and actinomycin D reduced the DNA content of individual nuclei only after nuclear division. These results indicate that the nuclei in urediospore germlings were already in the G2 phase when germination began. Formation of a septum during appressorium development was initiated 45–50 minutes after contact of the germling with the ridge and was completed within 60 minutes after all of the cytoplasm had entered into the swollen apex.
A census of maximum uniquely hamiltonian graphs

We show that there are 2[n/2]-4 largest graphs of order n ≥ 7 having exactly one hamiltonian cycle. a recursive procedure for constructing these graphs is described.
INTRAPERSONAL VARIABILITY IN DAILY URBAN TRAVEL BEHAVIOR: SOME ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE

Researchers have used multiday travel data sets recently to examine day-to-day variability in travel behavior. This work has shown that there is considerable day-to-day variation in individuals' urban travel behavior in terms of such indicators of behavior as trip frequency, trip chaining, departure time from home, and route choice. These previous studies have also shown that there are a number of important implications of the observed day-to-day variability in travel behavior. For example, it has been shown that it may be possible to improve model parameter estimation precision, without increasing the cost of data collection, by drawing a multiday sample (rather than a single day sample) of traveler behavior, if there is considerable day-to-day variability in the phenomenon being modeled.
Intensity and number of alternatives in hue identification: Piéron’s law and choice reaction time

Two experiments investigated the effects of intensity and the number of response alternatives in hue identification. Three questions were addressed. First, what is the relationship between these effects? If intensity and number of alternatives affect different processes in series, these factors would have additive effects on reaction time (RT). Other models predict a multiplicative interaction. These models assume that when a stimulus is presented, evidence accrues over time for each response alternative, and that when the evidence for a particular alternative exceeds its criterion, the response is made. A natural auxiliary assumption is that intensity affects the rate of evidence accrual, while the number of alternatives affects the criterion. The second question addressed is, how does choice RT change as a function of intensity? Pieron used a power function to describe the effect of intensity on simple RT. This paper considers three candidates for intensity’s effect on choice RT: the power, logistic, and Michaelis functions. Each candidate function was tested in an additive model and a multiplicative model. The best account was given by the power function in an additive model. The last question is, does each process produce an output that can be classified as correct or incorrect? Schweickert (1985) proposed that factors that selectively influenced such processes would have additive effects on log percent correct. Instead, an interaction was found. Perhaps the assumption that the process affected by intensity produces a single output is wrong.
Xenophon contra Plato: Citizen Motivation and Socratic Biography

AbstractXenophon’s Cyropaedia should be considered a classic text of political theory. It inaugurated the political biography and is one of the most extensive classical Greek works on political leadership. It has, however, been neglected or, when studied, misunderstood as a cautionary tale of political corruption. I argue that Xenophon’s method in the Cyropaedia is illustrative of Socratic biography and focused on three problems: why leaders emerge, what motivates them, and how their character is constituted. Xenophon responds to these questions by modelling a spirited character type, a person uniquely motivated by philotimia, the desire for political status and honour, and thus uniquely suited for development into a political leader. Furthermore, Xenophon is in theoretic dialogue with Plato over the concepts which comprise this model and a proper understanding of their dialogue impacts interpretations of the Cyropaedia as a whole, Xenophon’s intervention in Greek political discourse, and Plato’s influence on contemporaries.
Spectroscopy and Kinetics of a Molecular Memory with Nondestructive Readout for Use in 2D and 3D Storage Systems

A new molecule has been designed, synthesized, and utilized as molecular memory for optical storage capable of write, erase, and readout without simultaneously effacing the stored informtion. This molecule is composed of a photochromic fulgimide and a fluorescent dye bonded, chemically, together to form a single molecule. Experimental spectroscopic studies are performed for each individual component and the composite molecule. The kinetics of the photochromic transformation from the open, nonpolar form to the closed, polar form are discussed. It is also shown that the fluorescence intensity of the dye component is strongly dependent upon the polarity of the fulgimide component. The write/nondestructive readout and erase operations and prototype systems are presented, and a prototype optical disk is described.
Ability of four different techniques of measuring bone mass to diagnose vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women.

Since bone mass has been shown to be an important determining factor of fractures in vitro, we undertook a study to evaluate whether bone mass measurements could separate postmenopausal women with vertebral compression fractures from women of a similar age without fractures. We also wanted to see if methods of measuring bone mass at the spine would be more sensitive or specific than methods that measured bone at the wrist or the entire skeleton. The techniques used were: total body calcium by neutron activation analysis (TBC), single photon absorptiometry (SPA), dual photon absorptiometry (DPA), and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Normal women aged 20-85 were measured, but only those greater than 50 yr were used in the analysis. Mean values for women with fractures were significantly lower than normals (p less than .001): TBC 642 +/- 103 g vs. 764 +/- 114; SPA .658 +/- .134 g/cm vs. .779 +/- .142; DPA 3.75 +/- .82 g/cm vs. 4.37 +/- .86; QCT 59.0 +/- 25.7 mg/cc vs. 92.6 +/- 36.0. However, each of the methods showed considerable overlap between women with and without fractures. At 90% specificity the sensitivities of the tests were: TBC 34%; SPA 29%; DPA 33%; QCT 36%. When values were expressed as the % expected (based on age and height) then the sensitivities were: TBC 52%; SPA 36%; DPA 35%; QCT 44%. Using Bayes' theorem, we constructed curves showing the posttest probability of these tests at a prevalence of 20%. None of these bone mass measuring techniques showed complete separation between normal and osteoporotic women with fractures; about one-half of the women with fractures were below the normal range. The risk of having a fracture increases as bone mass declines, but our data suggest that bone mass is not the only factor leading to vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women.
Three-dimensional imaging of atoms using source waves from deeply buried atoms and overcoming multiple-scattering effects.

A method for image reconstruction is applied to the Cu(111) system. We show that effects of multiple scattering and diffraction of source waves emitted from deeply buried atoms produce strong artifacts making single-energy image reconstruction unreliable. Using the small-window energy-extension process, we overcome the above difficulties and obtain single-atom images with less than 1-\AA{} spatial resolution.
Role of ethylene in stimulating stylar abscission in pistil explants of lemons

Abscission in styles of excised Citrus limon (cv. Lisbon) pistils was stimulated by addition of 70 μM 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) or 0.1 mM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to the defined medium of cultures. To study the relationship between ethylene and abscission, we used gas chromatography to analyze ethylene in cultures containing a test medium plus or minus abscission-active chemicals. In the presence of ethephon or ACC, ethylene levels in sealed tubes increased rapidly, suggesting that these compounds stimulated abscission because they were converted to ethylene. In the presence of test medium or the inhibitor of abscission 2 μM picloram, the low ethylene levels found in sealed tubes did not differ strikingly in the two treatments. Ethylene production rates measured prior to abscission with test medium or in the presence of picloram were not markedly different either, although picloram completely inhibited abscission. Stylar abscission was delayed but not prevented by 50 μM aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, and by hypobaric conditions (280 mm Hg) which removed ethylene from cultures. We concluded that ethylene is an important factor regulating stylar abscission in vitro and suggest that the inhibitory effect of picloram involves a process other than detectable ethylene production. Our results do not exclude the possibility that picloram affects enodgenous ethylene biosynthesis and/or metabolism and/or tissue retention.
Evolution of a Plant Homeotic Multigene Family: Toward Connecting Molecular Systematics Andmolecular Developmental Genetics

Molecular developmental genetics and systematics appear to have much to offer one another, but the phylogenetic perspective of systematics has yet to be applied consistently to molecular developmental problems. Yet phylogenetic analysis of the genes involved in the regulation of development is an important approach to elucidating orthologous relationships among the members of multigene families. Recognizing orthologues, in turn, is a prerequisite for the identification of general development mechanisms underlying the diversity of observed morphologies. Gene phylogenies also provide objectively based hypotheses for studying the evolution of gene structure and expression. This approach is explored with the MADS-box family of plant genes, many of whose members are involved in the regulation of floral development
An approach to working with the "placed child"

This paper presents an approach to working with the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by the “placed child.” A thorough knowledge of child development, combined with awareness of the basic tenets of crisis intervention, offers the child mental health professional guidelines to assist placed children in coping with their uncertain environment. Parents and agencies are guided toward stabilizing the child's environment, while the child is maintained in play therapy to assist him in coping with the confused and frightening emotions that attend the experience of placement separation. Three clinical cases are presented that illustrate an active short-term therapy, a form of primary prevention attempting to forestall the potential damage of unresolved placement separation crises.
Core Designs and Economic Analyses of Homogeneous Thoria-Urania Fuel in Light Water Reactors

The objective is to develop equilibrium fuel cycle designs for a typical pressurized water reactor (PWR) loaded with homogeneously mixed uranium-thorium dioxide (ThO2-UO2) fuel and compare those de...
Non-buffered rate control for real time video compression

Rate Control (RC) is one of the crucial techniques for video compression and transmission because it controls compression bitrates in order to obtain optimum encoding quality within the available budget of transmission bitrates. In this paper, we conduct a research on developing a new unbuffered real-time rate control for video compression. With the objective to improve the overall rate control performance, we have proposed an effective low-delay rate control algorithm which has two unique features. First, unlike traditional algorithms which adopt buffers in rate control, our algorithm doesn't use a buffer in rate regulation which can reduce the encoding delay and improve real-time response. Second, a new PID bit controller is proposed to directly control encoding bitrates. In addition, we also developed a simple but effective method for real-time target bit allocation. Numerous experimental results have demonstrated that, when compared with the rate control algorithm adopted in MPEG-4 standard, our proposed algorithm achieves more accurate rate regulation and improves average coding quality.
Investigation of WLS state estimation convergence under topology errors and load increment

State estimation plays an essential role in real-time power system monitoring, control, and automation. Utilising non-linear optimisation theory, it determines the optimal system states based on the network model and the gathered measurements from the system. Conventional weighted least square (WLS) state estimation algorithm may suffer divergence problem due to the occurrence of topology error. This paper studies the impact of the topology errors on the convergence property of WLS state estimation under load increment. Two types of load increment are utilised: one is the load increment of all load buses, and the other is a single load increment. The IEEE 118-bus system is used as the test case and simulation results are reported. In addition, phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements including voltage magnitude and angle measurements are added to the measurement vector of state estimation to verify if they could solve the divergence problem and improve state estimation accuracy.
Electron scattering by highly polar molecules. I. KI

Electron-impact energy-loss spectra of KI were studied experimentally in the 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 130\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} angular range at impact energies of 6.7, 15.7, and 60 eV. The spectra reveal a number of excitation features which have not been detected previously and indicate that KI is a strong photon absorber in the vacuum-uv region. From the spectra, differential and integral electronically elastic and inelastic cross sections have been obtained by normalizing the experimental data to theoretical results at low scattering angles. Rotational excitation cross sections corresponding to $\ensuremath{\Delta}j=0,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ have been calculated using a dipole-plus-repulsive-core interaction potential and the distorted-wave approximation. For purpose of comparison, the rotational ($\ensuremath{\Delta}j=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$) excitation cross sections have also been calculated in the Born point-dipole approximation.
An NMR and computational study of diazepinediones

Abstract The structure and ring-inversion barriers of several imidazodiazepinediones and benzodiazepinediones are studied. The barrier for one of each type is experimentally determined by NMR and calculations are carried out with the AM1 semi-empirical method. For comparison, calculations are also carried out on several imidazodiazepines and benzodiazepines.
New developments in clinical psychology.

Despite great popularity, the field of clinical psychology has been undergoing severe internal struggles. The model of a clinical psychologist as scientist first and practitioner second has steadily eroded. Recent trends have included the development of professional schools for clinical psychologists that stress practical training for the rendering of professional services to people in difficulty, a general deemphasis in diagnostic testing, flexibility in intermingling various psychotherapeutic modalities, greater interest by professionals in community approaches, and consultation and prevention. The author sees the long-range development of clinical psychology as the study of community processes and interventions at the community level. In the immediate future, clinical psychologists could with benefit utilize the approaches and philosophy of community psychology in their work with individuals and groups.
MCNP™ Version 5

Abstract The Monte Carlo transport workhorse, MCNP [Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13709-M, 2000], is undergoing a massive renovation at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in support of the Eolus Project of the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASCI) Program. MCNP 1 Version 5 (V5) (expected to be released to RSICC in Fall 2002) will consist of a major restructuring from FORTRAN-77 (with extensions) to ANSI-standard FORTRAN-90 [American National Standard for Programming Language – Fortran-Extended, ANSI X3. 198-1992, 1992] with support for all of the features available in the present release (MCNP-4C2/4C3). To most users, the look-and-feel of MCNP will not change much except for the improvements (improved graphics, easier installation, better online documentation). For example, even with the major format change, full support for incremental patching will still be provided. In addition to the language and style updates, MCNP V5 will have various new user features. These include improved photon physics, neutral particle radiography, enhancements and additions to variance reduction methods, new source options, improved parallelism support (PVM, MPI, OpenMP), and new nuclear and atomic data libraries.
Inter-regional innovation in Brazilian agriculture and deforestation in the Amazon: income and environment in the balance

The paper examines how recent trends in agricultural productivity in Brazil, occurring both inside and outside the Amazon, affected deforestation and agricultural incomes. The analysis uses a computable general equilibrium model adapted to capture regional economic structures, and accounts for uncertainty concerning productivity improvements. Due to countervailing effects on deforestation of innovation inside and outside the Amazon â€“ respectively, increasing and decreasing it â€“ innovation in Brazilian agriculture in the period from 1985 to 1995 has not altered substantially deforestation rates. However, innovation inside the Amazon has to be reckoned as a driving force behind the continuing high levels of deforestation rates.Innovation rates for livestock activities, inside and outside the Amazon, prove crucial in determining deforestation and agricultural income. Technological improvements outside the Amazon for small farm production systems and for farms in general in the North-East increase agricultural income, improve income distribution, and limit deforestation rates.
Green functions in coordinate space for gauge bosons at finite temperature

The thermal Green function $D^{\mu\nu}(x)$ for free, massless gauge bosons is computed exactly in a variety of gauges (Feynman, covariant, Coulomb, and Landshoff-Rebhan). At large temporal separations it falls exponentially. At large spatial separations it falls like $T/r$. In contrast, the zero-temperature propagator falls quadratically in both regimes, being proportional to $1/x^{2}$.
Hardware/Software Co-Design for Matrix Computations on Reconfigurable Computing Systems

Recently, reconfigurable computing systems have been built which employ field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as hardware accelerators for general-purpose processors. These systems provide new opportunities for scientific computations. However, the co-existence of the processors and the FPGAs in such systems also poses new challenges to application developers. In this paper, we investigate a design model for hybrid designs, that is, designs that utilize both the processors and the FPGAs. The model characterizes a reconfigurable computing system using various system parameters, including the floating-point computing power of the processor and the FPGA, the number of nodes, the memory bandwidth and the network bandwidth. Using the model, we investigate hardware/software co-design for two computationally intensive applications: matrix factorization and all-pairs shortest-paths problem. Our designs balance the load between the processor and the FPGA, as well as overlap the computation time with memory transfer time and network communication time. The proposed designs are implemented on 6 nodes in a Cray XD1 chassis. Our implementations achieve 20 GFLOPS and 6.6 GFLOPS for these two applications, respectively.
The Student Experience In Speed Teaming: A New Approach To Team Formation

Building on previous research by the first author, this paper presents data from students who experienced an innovative method of team development based on a concept coined “Speed Teaming.”
Virus-Infected Pollen Grains in Paeonia emodi

Identification du virus infectant les grains de pollen de Paeonia emodi. Correlation entre la presence de ce virus et un developpement anormal du pollen et une degenerescence des organites cellulaires
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Wound Epithelialization

Significance: Over the years, it has become clear that, in addition to performing their regular duties in immune defense, the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system are important regulators of the complex series of events that lead to wound healing. Immune cells modulate wound healing by promoting cellular cross-talk; they secrete signaling molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. In line with the major effort in wound healing research to find efficient therapeutic agents for the constantly increasing number of patients with chronic wounds, findings regarding the contributions of innate and adaptive immune responses to the re-epithelialization of damaged skin may bring novel therapeutics. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that induction of the adaptive immune response requires activation of innate immunity and that there is a dependent relationship between the two systems. Consequently, the bridge between the innate and the acquired immune systems has become an ar...
Analysis of second-harmonic-generation microscopy in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma

Second-harmonic-generation (SHG) imaging of mouse ovaries ex vivo was used to detect collagen structure changes accompanying ovarian cancer development. Dosing with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene resulted in histologically confirmed cases of normal, benign abnormality, dysplasia, and carcinoma. Parameters for each SHG image were calculated using the Fourier transform matrix and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Cancer versus normal and cancer versus all other diagnoses showed the greatest separation using the parameters derived from power in the highest-frequency region and GLCM energy. Mixed effects models showed that these parameters were significantly different between cancer and normal (P<0.008). Images were classified with a support vector machine, using 25% of the data for training and 75% for testing. Utilizing all images with signal greater than the noise level, cancer versus not-cancer specimens were classified with 81.2% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity, and cancer versus normal specimens were classified with 77.8% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity. Utilizing only images with greater than of 75% of the field of view containing signal improved sensitivity and specificity for cancer versus normal to 81.5% and 81.1%. These results suggest that using SHG to visualize collagen structure in ovaries could help with early cancer detection.
Semantic scheduling of active measurements for meeting network monitoring objectives

Network control and management techniques (e.g., dynamic path switching, on-demand bandwidth provisioning) rely on active measurements of end-to-end network status. These measurements are needed to meet network monitoring objectives such as: (a) intra-domain/inter-domain paths statuschecking, (b) network weather forecasting, (c) anomaly event detection and (d) fault-diagnosis. In this paper, we present a novel semantic scheduling algorithm based on deterministic and heuristic scheduling principles to handle measurement request loads for meeting network monitoring objectives that aid in resource adaptation decisions. The semantic priorities specified to our scheduling algorithm that are based on user-level and resource-level policies allow preferential treatment of measurement requests that supercede typical scheduling priorities based on periodicity and execution time. We evaluate our semantic scheduling algorithm using metrics such as cycle time and satisfaction ratio for increasing measurement request loads. Our semantic scheduling algorithm and evaluation study findings are vital to deploy and manage large-scale measurement infrastructures used for meeting monitoring objectives in support of nextgeneration applications and networks.
Short- and long-term efficacy of solifenacin treatment in patients with symptoms of mixed urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate urinary symptom relief in women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) treated for up to 52 weeks with solifenacin succinate for overactive bladder (OAB), as MUI is a complex and distressing condition reported by about a third of incontinent women, and with confirmed efficacy in OAB-related urge incontinence, anticholinergic agents are a reasonable therapeutic option for such women. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with OAB (mean of ≥ 8 voids/24 h, plus ≥ 1 incontinence episode or ≥ 1 urgency episode/24 h) were pooled from four studies. A subgroup of 1041 patients reporting MUI at baseline were evaluated over 12 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, and up to a further 40 weeks in 433 in an open-label solifenacin treatment (5 mg and 10 mg). Voiding frequency, episodes of incontinence and urgency, and volume voided per void, were collected from voiding diaries completed during the 3 days before each study visit. RESULTS Patients with a history of MUI treated with solifenacin for up to 12 weeks had statistically significant reductions in voiding frequency and episodes of incontinence and urgency vs placebo. In all, 43% and 49% (at 5 mg and 10 mg, respectively) of patients with a history of MUI regained continence after 12 weeks, vs 33% with placebo. Among patients in the open-label study with mixed symptoms, 52% reported regaining continence, and 34% reported resolution of symptomatic urgency based on diary reporting at study end. Sustained improvements in quality of life and high satisfaction ratings accompanied symptom improvements. CONCLUSIONS Significant reductions in OAB-related frequency, incontinence and urgency were reported after 12 weeks of solifenacin treatment in patients with a history of MUI. Symptom improvement in this subgroup was maintained during long-term treatment. These findings support the therapeutic potential of solifenacin for treating symptoms of MUI and the need to re-evaluate classically defined MUI.