cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VEBEK: Virtual Energy-Based Encryption and Keying for Wireless Sensor Networks

Designing cost-efficient, secure network protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a challenging problem because sensors are resource-limited wireless devices. Since the communication cost is the most dominant factor in a sensor's energy consumption, we introduce an energy-efficient Virtual Energy-Based Encryption and Keying (VEBEK) scheme for WSNs that significantly reduces the number of transmissions needed for rekeying to avoid stale keys. In addition to the goal of saving energy, minimal transmission is imperative for some military applications of WSNs where an adversary could be monitoring the wireless spectrum. VEBEK is a secure communication framework where sensed data is encoded using a scheme based on a permutation code generated via the RC4 encryption mechanism. The key to the RC4 encryption mechanism dynamically changes as a function of the residual virtual energy of the sensor. Thus, a one-time dynamic key is employed for one packet only and different keys are used for the successive packets of the stream. The intermediate nodes along the path to the sink are able to verify the authenticity and integrity of the incoming packets using a predicted value of the key generated by the sender's virtual energy, thus requiring no need for specific rekeying messages. VEBEK is able to efficiently detect and filter false data injected into the network by malicious outsiders. The VEBEK framework consists of two operational modes (VEBEK-I and VEBEK-II), each of which is optimal for different scenarios. In VEBEK-I, each node monitors its one-hop neighbors where VEBEK-II statistically monitors downstream nodes. We have evaluated VEBEK's feasibility and performance analytically and through simulations. Our results show that VEBEK, without incurring transmission overhead (increasing packet size or sending control messages for rekeying), is able to eliminate malicious data from the network in an energy-efficient manner. We also show that our framework performs better than other comparable schemes in the literature with an overall 60-100 percent improvement in energy savings without the assumption of a reliable medium access control layer.
Behavioral characteristics and pharmacological manipulations of a nicotine-entrainable circadian oscillator.

Chronic daily administration of nicotine and other drugs of abuse has been found to entrain pre- and post-drug circadian locomotor activity episodes that oscillate on a 24-h schedule and persist for several days after administration ceases. This drug-entrainable oscillator system could conceivably lead to circadian rhythms of drug seeking and drug use in human drug addicts. The present study (1) characterizes the ability of daily nicotine administration to entrain circadian wheel-running activity episodes in rats across a range of doses, lighting schedules, and food access; and (2) tests whether pre- and post-nicotine episodes can be altered through pharmacological manipulations. Adult female rats were housed in wheel boxes for 35–60 d, and both wheel-running and feeding-related behaviors were measured continuously. Following acclimation, nicotine or saline was administered for 16–24 d, and the rats were left undisturbed for several test days to observe the persistence of nicotine-entrained activity. The ...
Dynamic Strategy Selection in Flexible Parsing

Robust natural language interpretation requires strong semantic domain models, "fail-soft" recovery heuristics, and very flexible control structures. Although single-strategy parsers have met with a measure of success, a multi-strategy approach is shown to provide a much higher degree of flexibility, redundancy, and ability to bring task-specific domain knowledge (in addition to general linguistic knowledge) to bear on both grammatical and ungrammatical input. A parsing algorithm is presented that integrates several different parsing strategies, with case-frame instantiation dominating. Each of these parsing strategies exploits different types of knowledge; and their combination provides a strong framework in which to process conjunctions, fragmentary input, and ungrammatical structures, as well as less exotic, grammatically correct input. Several specific heuristics for handling ungrammatical input are presented within this multi-strategy framework.
Synthesis and structural data of tetrabenzo[8]circulene.

In 1976, the first attempted synthesis of the saddle-shaped molecule [8]circulene was reported. The next 37 years produced no advancement towards the construction of this complicated molecule. Remarkably, however, over the last six months a flurry of progress has been made with two groups reporting independent and strikingly different strategies for the synthesis of [8]circulene derivatives. Herein, we present a third synthetic method in which we target tetrabenzo[8]circulene. Our approach employs a Diels-Alder reaction and a palladium-catalyzed arylation reaction as the key steps. Despite calculations describing the instability of [8]circulene, coupled with the reported instability of synthesized derivatives of the parent molecule, the addition of four fused benzenoid rings around the periphery of the molecule provides a highly stable structure. This increased stability over the parent [8]circulene was predicted using Clar’s theory of aromatic sextets and is a result of the compound becoming fully benzenoid upon incorporation of these additional rings. The synthesized compound exhibits remarkable stability under ambient conditions – even at elevated temperatures – with no signs of decomposition over several months. The solid-state structure of this compound is significantly twisted compared to the calculated structure primarily as a result of crystal packing forces in the solid state. Despite this contortion from the lowest energy structure, a range of structural data is presented confirming the presence of localized aromaticity in this large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Mediates Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Lung Cancer Cells

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are expressed in several cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we demonstrate the activation of EGFR by the GRPR ligand, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), in NSCLC cells. GRP induced rapid activation of p44/42 MAPK in lung cancer cells through EGFR. GRP-mediated activation of MAPK in NSCLC cells was abrogated by pretreatment with the anti-EGFR-neutralizing antibody, C225. Pretreatment of NSCLC cells with neutralizing antibodies to the EGFR ligands, TGF-A or HB-EGF, also decreased GRP-mediated MAPK activation. On matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition, GRP failed to activate MAPK in NSCLC cells. EGF and GRP both stimulated NSCLC proliferation, and inhibition of either EGFR or GRPR resulted in cell death. Combining a GRPR antagonist with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib, resulted in additive cytotoxic effects. Additive effects were seen at gefitinib concentrations from 1 to 18 microM, encompassing the ID50 values of both gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines. Because a major effect of GRPR appears to be promoting the release of EGFR ligand, this study suggests that a greater inhibition of cell proliferation may occur by abrogating EGFR ligand release in consort with inhibition of EGFR.
Evidence for cooperative interactions between the two motor domains of cytoplasmic dynein

Cytoplasmic dynein is a force-transducing ATPase that powers the movement of cellular cargoes along microtubules. Two identical heavy chain polypeptides (> 500 kDa) of the cytoplasmic dynein complex contain motor domains that possess the ATPase and microtubule-binding activities required for force production [1]. It is of great interest to determine whether both heavy chains (DHCs) in the dynein complex are required for progression of the mechanochemical cycle and motility, as observed for other dimeric motors. We have used transgenic constructs to investigate cooperative interactions between the two motor domains of the Drosophila cytoplasmic dynein complex. We show that 138 kDa and 180 kDa amino-terminal fragments of DHC can assemble with full-length DHC to form heterodimeric complexes containing only a single motor domain. The single-headed dynein complexes can bind and hydrolyze ATP, yet do not show the ATP-induced detachment from microtubules that is characteristic of wild-type homodimeric dynein. These results suggest that cooperative interactions between the monomeric units of the dimer are required for efficient ATP-induced detachment of dynein and unidirectional movement along the microtubule.
Cost-effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related respiratory failure in Indian hospitals without ICU facilities.

Introduction: The majority of Indian hospitals do not provide intensive care unit (ICU) care or ward-based noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV). Because no mechanical ventilation or NIV is available in these hospitals, the majority of patients suffering from respiratory failure die. Objective: To perform a cost-effective analysis of two strategies (ward-based NIV with concurrent standard treatment vs standard treatment alone) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) respiratory failure patients treated in Indian hospitals without ICU care. Materials and Methods: A decision-analytical model was created to compare the cost-effectiveness for the two strategies. Estimates from the literature were used for parameters in the model. Future costs were discounted at 3%. All costs were reported in USD (2012). One-way, two-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed. The time horizon was lifetime and perspective was societal. Results: The NIV strategy resulted in 17.7% more survival and was slightly more costly (increased cost of $101 (USD 2012) but resulted in increased quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (1.67 QALY). The cost-effectiveness (2012 USD)/QALY in the standard and NIV groups was $78/QALY ($535.02/6.82) and $75/QALY ($636.33/8.49), respectively. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was only $61 USD/QALY. This was substantially lower than the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for India (1489 USD), suggesting the NIV strategy was very cost effective. Using a 5% discount rate resulted in only minimally different results. Probabilistic analysis suggests that NIV strategy was preferred 100% of the time when willingness to pay was >$250 2012 USD. Conclusion: Ward-based NIV treatment is cost-effective in India, and may increase survival of patients with COPD respiratory failure when ICU is not available.
Measurement and Modeling of Hydrogen Environment-Assisted Cracking in a Ni-Cu-Al-Ti Superalloy

This research improves H decohesion mechanism-based modeling of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in a Ni-Cu superalloy, Monel K-500. New cracking data plus improved model parameters lead to accurate predictions of the cathodic potential dependencies of K TH and H diffusion-limited da/dt II for Monel K-500 under slow-rising K in 0.6 M NaCl solution. Experiments and modeling demonstrate that IGSCC is eliminated for applied potentials more positive than a critical level between −900 and −840 mVSCE, but slow-subcritical cracking persists by a microvoid-based mechanism.
Identification and nucleotide sequence of the sup8-e UGA-suppressor leucine tRNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Using the translation of rabbit globin mRNA in wheat germ extracts as an assay for ochre and opal suppression, a UGA suppressor tRNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombre strain sup8-e was purified by column chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The purified tRNA can be aminoacylated with leucine by a crude aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase preparation from a wild type S. pombe strain, and has high activity in the suppressor assay. By a combination of post-labeling fingerprinting and rapid gel sequencing methods the nucleotide sequence of this suppressor tRNA was determined to be: pG-C-G-G-C-U-A-U-G-C-C-ac4C-G-A-G-D-G-G-D-G-D-A-A-G-G-G-m22G-G-C-A-G-A-psi-U-U*-C-A-m1G-C-C-C-U-G-C-U-G-U-U-G-U-A-A-A-A-C-G-m5C-G-A-G-A-G-T-psi-C-G-m1A-A-C-C-U-C-U-C-U-G-G-C-C-G-C-A-C-C-AOH. The anticodon sequence U*CA is complementary to the UGA codon. An interesting feature of the suppressor tRNA is an expanded anticodon loop of nine nucleotides owing to an A-C nonpair at the first anticodon stem position.
A Bridge over Troubled Water? The Push and Pull of Team Conflict on Between-Team Network Ties

Organizations enjoy many benefits when employees establish bridging ties across teams. The purpose of this paper is to help understand where these bridging ties come from. That is, why do some team...
Case Report: Rapid staged abdominal closure using Gore-Tex® mesh as a bridge to primary omphalocele sac closure

Abstract Omphaloceles present an ongoing challenge due to significant variations in presentation and associated co-morbidities. Diverse management strategies have been described to tackle many of the fundamental challenges of closure and reconstruction of the abdominal wall – this fact demonstrates a need for increasingly individualized management options for this complex disease. We describe a novel method of rapid staged abdominal wall closure using Gore-Tex ® mesh as a bridge to primary omphalocele closure in an infant with partial Pentalogy of Cantrell and giant ruptured omphalocele. This strategy can be used in management of some of the most complex abdominal wall defects.
Global health engagement in diplomacy, intelligence and counterterrorism: a system of standards

ABSTRACTDistinctions between global health and other challenges to security and development, including counterterrorism initiatives, are becoming increasingly difficult to maintain in the twenty-first century. Indeed, it is increasingly unfeasible for global health organisations and initiatives, at both bilateral and multilateral levels, to claim that their work operates in isolation from non-health considerations. Intentionally or unintentionally, global health efforts have the potential to generate both benefits and threats to international security and counterterrorism efforts. Rather than advocate a complete dissociation between global health and intelligence, diplomacy and foreign policy, this article proposes a ‘Top 10’ ‘code of engagement’ between relevant professional communities to enable global health institutions and organisations to conduct their interactions, in conjunction with the broader interests of global community, on mutually acceptable terms.
“They Say It’s a Man’s World, but You Can’t Prove that by Me”: African American Comediennes’ Construction of Voice in Public Space

Although the “Godfather of Soul,” James Brown, asserted in 1966, “It’s a Man’s, Man’s World,” in seemingly call and response fashion in 1967, Aretha Franklin retorted: Yeah-yeah they say that it’s a man’s world. But you can’t prove that by me. And as long as we’re together baby, Show some respect for me.
Ryanodine receptor dysfunction in porcine stunned myocardium

We investigated the effects of myocardial stunning on the function of the two main Ca2+ transport proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the Ca(2+)-adenosinetriphosphatase and the Ca(2+)-release channel or ryanodine receptor. Regional myocardial stunning was induced in open-chest pigs (n = 6) by a 10-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and 2 h reperfusion. SR vesicles isolated from the LAD-perfused region (stunned) and the normal left circumflex coronary artery (LC)-perfused region were used to assess the oxalate-supported 45Ca2+ uptake, [3H]ryanodine binding, and single-channel recordings of ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+)-release channels in planar lipid bilayers. Myocardial stunning decreased LAD systolic wall thickening to 20% of preischemic values. The rate of SR 45Ca2+ uptake in the stunned LAD bed was reduced by 37% compared with that of the normal LC bed (P < 0.05). Stunning was also associated with a 38% reduction in the maximal density of high-affinity [3H]ryanodine binding sites (P < 0.05 vs. normal LC) but had no effect on the dissociation constant. The open probability of ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+)-release channels determined by single channel recordings in planar lipid bilayers was 26 +/- 2% for control SR (n = 33 channels from 3 animals) and 14 +/- 2% for stunned SR (n = 21 channels; P < 0.05). This depressed activity of SR function observed in postischemic myocardium could be one of the mechanisms underlying myocardial stunning.
Is the Precariat a Class

Precariousness is a pervasive and increasing condition of life in both the developed and less developed regions of the world. Guy Standing has proposed a reconceptualisation of these trends from precarity as a condition to the precariat as a class distinct from the working class. This article presents a Marxist critique of this reconceptualisation on two principle grounds: first, that the material interests of people in the precariat and in the working class are not sufficiently opposed to each other for these to constitute two distinct classes; and second, that across the various segments of the precariat the optimal strategies for securing a livelihood are not sufficiently unified for the precariat as a whole to constitute a class.
Affordance Ontology: Towards a Unified Description of Affordances as Events

An argument is developed that suggests the concept of affordances can best facilitate the pursuit of new knowledge if it’s defined as an event. The first description initially generated by James J. Gibson was deceptively vague. This has led to several attempts by additional researchers to re-describe it. These efforts fall short of describing a concept that is consistent with both the historical context of Gibson’s work and his motivations for introducing the term. Additionally, no definition has been introduced that aims to limit the scope of information researchers must consider when using the term. I put forth a description of affordances that is consistent with Gibson’s motivations and is pragmatically motivated to restrain the scope of inquiry. The application of this new description may lead to more fruitful experimentation and less problematic discourse throughout the disciplines that use the term.
Engineered Covalent Inactivation of TFIIH-Kinase Reveals an Elongation Checkpoint and Results in Widespread mRNA Stabilization

During transcription initiation, the TFIIH-kinase Kin28/Cdk7 marks RNA polymerase II (Pol II) by phosphorylating the C-terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit. Here we describe a structure-guided chemical approach to covalently and specifically inactivate Kin28 kinase activity in vivo. This method of irreversible inactivation recapitulates both the lethal phenotype and the key molecular signatures that result from genetically disrupting Kin28 function in vivo. Inactivating Kin28 impacts promoter release to differing degrees and reveals a "checkpoint" during the transition to productive elongation. While promoter-proximal pausing is not observed in budding yeast, inhibition of Kin28 attenuates elongation-licensing signals, resulting in Pol II accumulation at the +2 nucleosome and reduced transition to productive elongation. Furthermore, upon inhibition, global stabilization of mRNA masks different degrees of reduction in nascent transcription. This study resolves long-standing controversies on the role of Kin28 in transcription and provides a rational approach to irreversibly inhibit other kinases in vivo.
Heterogeneity of Proteolytic Enzyme Preparations Commonly Employed for Dispersal of Solid Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the heterogeneity of proteolytic enzyme preparations commonly employed for dispersal of solid tissues. The ideal objective in tissue dispersal for cell culture is to disrupt intercellular connections without damaging the cells of interest. Transmembrane proteins have been characterized in a number of different cell types, and it is clear that cell membranes contain a highly diverse population of transmembrane proteins partially exposed on the external surface of the membrane. Proteins exposed on the surfaces of cells act as receptors, ion channels, and mediators of transmembrane signaling, in addition to mediating interactions with other cells and the extracellular matrix. A number of relatively simple steps can be taken by both commercial suppliers and scientific investigators, which would enhance the reproducibility of tissue dispersal. As most tissues are not dispersed effectively by a single highly purified enzyme, mixtures of enzymes must generally be used. It is usually impractical and economically prohibitive to routinely combine a series of highly purified proteins for tissue dispersal. A complete enzyme profile covering all the enzymes known to be present in the source material would be most desirable. Investigators could then select enzymes on the basis of the enzyme combinations known to be most beneficial.
Pharmacist prescribing practices in a clinical pharmacy cardiac risk service

Purpose Prescribing practices within a clinical pharmacy cardiac risk service (CPCRS) and their impact on treatment outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are described. Summary National healthcare reforms have increased the population of insured patients and placed increased demands on physicians and other providers. Pharmacists are well trained and positioned to aid in patient care by providing expertise in medication management and patient safety that can result in pharmacotherapy optimization and cost savings. Kaiser Permanente Colorado (KPCO), a group-model health maintenance organization with about 675,000 members served by 30 medical offices throughout Colorado, has adopted a collaborative drug therapy management (CDTM) model that enables pharmacist prescribing to improve patient access, patient care, and healthcare cost-effectiveness. Within the CPCRS established by KPCO, qualified pharmacists are permitted to prescribe initial therapy, modify drug regimens, order laboratory tests, and perform follow-up activities within their professional scope of practice. The CPCRS focuses on the long-term management of patients with ASCVD. The primary goals of the CPCRS are to optimize secondary-prevention pharmacotherapy, monitor and ensure medication adherence, assist in the management of risk factors for ASCVD, provide patient education and counseling, and serve as a resource for physicians and other healthcare providers. Working under a CDTM agreement, pharmacists are authorized to prescribe therapies to minimize the risk of future ASCVD events. Conclusion The CPCRS at KPCO has demonstrated successful maintenance of a clinical pharmacy service including pharmacist prescribing under a CDTM model to manage patients with ASCVD.
Utopia and Hybridization in Paolo Volponi

This chapter analyzes the poetry and the novels of Paolo Volponi, whose concept of utopia is influenced both by the Renaissance model—represented by his native city of Urbino—and by the industrial utopia imagined by Adriano Olivetti. Hybridizing utopia, nuclear dystopia, and science fiction, especially in a text like Il pianeta irritabile, Volponi criticizes the anthropocentric vision of classical utopias and proposes a new utopian model, based on the redefinition of the image of a new man; a man that abolishes the artificial border between human and animal, and creates the conditions for a new relationship with nature, based not on exploitation but on mutual respect.
Sink or swim: promoting youth development through aquatics programs in Baltimore, Maryland.

Youth participation in structured recreational activities promotes positive youth development. Engagement with others as part of a team or through group activities allows youth to develop skills in social interaction, goal setting, discipline, emotional maturity, physical activity competence, and many other abilities. As a recreational activity, group-oriented sport, and life skill, swimming has the potential to positively affect youth development in many different domains. Despite the promise of swimming for youth development, large disparities exist in access to and use of pools and swim programming. Swimming opportunities are much less available and less utilized by minority populations, especially in inner-city urban areas. In Baltimore City, Maryland, programs have attempted to improve youth swimming abilities and promote pool use for physical fitness, but participation has been low. The objective of this study is to understand the factors influencing use of swim programming offered in Baltimore, in order to identify suggestions for improving swim programs to more effectively engage inner city minority youth. Researchers conducted 13 in-depth-interviews, three focus group discussions, and six pool observations. Informants included Baltimore City parents, teachers, young adults (18-24 years old), aquatics staff, and city officials from both swimming and non-swimming backgrounds. Findings suggest that important barriers to youth participation in swimming include inconsistent availability of swim programs, limited knowledge of swimming opportunities, variant local definitions of swimming ability, and a lack of role models. Motivators to swimming participation include supportive role models and perceptions of swimming as a gateway to employment opportunities. To improve programs promoting youth development through swimming, the identified barriers and motivators should be addressed by developing messaging focused on: skills of competent swimmers, pool and class schedules, financial costs and support, pool safety, transportation options, benefits of indoor pools, the growing diversity of swimmers, family-oriented aquatic activities, the social and physical appeal of swimming, and employment opportunities swimming can provide. Community outreach and engagement with schools and parent organizations could help change social norms and increase youth participation in swimming. This would provide youth, both in Baltimore and other urban populations, with more opportunities for positive development. Subscribe to JPRA
Umbrella Damages: Toward a Coherent Antitrust Policy

Priceâfixing cartels usually do not involve all members of an industry. To the extent that the nonconspiring industry members set their prices under the price umbrella of the cartel, the customers of the nonconspiring firms suffer overcharges just like customers of the conspiring firms. Whether these soâcalled umbrella plaintiffs have standing to sue for antitrust damages is an unresolved policy question, because the Supreme Court has not spoken on âumbrella damages.â In this article, we identify the judicial concerns regarding umbrella damage claims, which can be traced to MidâWest Paper and Petroleum Products Antitrust Litigation. These decisions raise concerns that the fact of injury is conjectural and the measurement of the damages is speculative. We first review the divided judicial treatment of standing for umbrella plaintiffs. Next, we describe the economics of umbrella pricing, which reveals that umbrella claims are not inherently conjectural. We then examine the econometric analysis necessary to estimate damages, demonstrating that umbrella damage estimates are not inherently speculative. We also examine some difficulties that exist in damage estimation generally and for umbrella plaintiffs in particular. Finally, we argue that granting standing to umbrella plaintiffs is consistent with the goals of antitrust policy. (JEL L1, L4, K2)
The Prins and Carbonyl Ene Reactions

The addition of aldehydes and ketones to alkenes in the presence of Bronsted acids is usually called the Prins reaction.1,2 Addition of the protonated carbonyl compound to the alkene gives a β-hydroxy carbocation which reacts with a nucleophile such as chloride, water or acetate to give (1), adds to a second molecule of aldehyde to give (2) or loses a proton to give homoallylic alcohol (3; Scheme 1). Formaldehyde and electron-deficient carbonyl compounds undergo concerted thermal ene reactions with alkenes at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200 °C to give homoallylic alcohols (equation 1; R1 = H, CCl3, or CO2R).3–7 A wide variety of carbonyl compounds undergo Lewis acid catalyzed reactions with alkenes to give homoallylic alcohol ene adducts in excellent yield with high selectivity, although in some cases γ-chloro alcohols are formed as by-products.8,9 Recent investigations suggest that at least some of these Lewis acid catalyzed ene reactions are stepwise, rather than concerted, but that the intermediate bears more resemblance to a π-complex than to the open carbocation intermediate in the Prins reaction.
ARbis Pictus: A Study of Vocabulary Learning with Augmented Reality

We conducted a fundamental user study to assess potential benefits of AR technology for immersive vocabulary learning. With the idea that AR systems will soon be able to label real-world objects in any language in real time, our within-subjects $(\mathrm{N}=52)$ lab-based study explores the effect of such an AR vocabulary prompter on participants learning nouns in an unfamiliar foreign language, compared to a traditional flashcard-based learning approach. Our results show that the immersive AR experience of learning with virtual labels on real-world objects is both more effective and more enjoyable for the majority of participants, compared to flashcards. Specifically, when participants learned through augmented reality, they scored significantly better on both same-day and 4-day delayed productive recall tests than when they learned using the flashcard method. We believe this result is an indication of the strong potential for language learning in augmented reality, particularly because of the improvement shown in sustained recall compared to the traditional approach.
Working at the Crossroads: A Guide for Border Crossing

This article discusses the impact of George J. Sanchez’s keynote address “Working at the Crossroads” in making collaborative cross-border projects more academically legitimate in American studies and associated disciplines . The keynote and his ongoing administrative labor model the power of public collaborative work to shift research narratives. “Working at the Crossroads” demonstrated how historians can be involved— as historians—in a variety of social movements, and pointed to the ways these interactions can, and maybe should, shape research trajectories. It provided a key blueprint and key examples for doing historically informed Latina/o studies scholarship with people working outside the university. Judging by the success of Sanchez’s work with Boyle Heights and East LA, projects need to establish multiple entry points, reward participants at all levels, and connect people across generations. I then discuss how I sought to emulate George Sanchez’s proposals in my own work through partnering with labor organizations, developing biographical public art projects with students, and archiving social and cultural histories. His keynote address made a back-and-forth movement between home communities and academic labor seem easy and professionally rewarding as well as politically necessary, especially in public universities.
The role of epigenetic therapies in colorectal cancer

Although developments in the diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been made in the last decade, much work remains to be done as it remains the second leading cause of cancer death. It is now well established that epigenetic events, together with genetic alterations, are key events in initiation and progression of CRC. Epigenetics refers to heritable alterations in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. These alterations include DNA methylation, histone alterations, chromatin remodelers, and noncoding RNAs. In CRC, aberrations in epigenome may also involve in the development of drug resistance to conventional drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. Thus, it has been suggested that combined therapies with epigenetic agents may reverse drug resistance. In this regard, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors have been extensively investigated in CRC. The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of the preclinical data that represent a proof of principle for the employment of epigenetic agents in CRC with a focus on the advantages of combinatorial therapy over single-drug treatment. We will also critically discuss the results and limitations of initial clinical experiences of epigenetic-based therapy in CRC and summarize ongoing clinical trials. Nevertheless, since recent translational research suggest that epigenetic modulators play a key role in augmenting immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment and in restoring immune recognition, we will also highlight the recent developments of combinations strategies of immunotherapies and epigenetic therapies in CRC, summarizing preclinical, and clinical data to signify this evolving and promising field for CRC treatment.
New frontiers in immunosuppression

Immunosuppressive therapy is arguably the most important component of medical care after lung transplantation. The goal of immunosuppression is to prevent acute and chronic rejection while maximizing patient survival and long-term allograft function. However, the benefits of immunosuppressive therapy must be balanced against the side effects and major toxicities of these medications. Immunosuppressive agents can be classified as induction agents, maintenance therapies, treatments for acute rejection and chronic rejection and antibody directed therapies. Although induction therapy remains an area of controversy in lung transplantation, it is still used in the majority of transplant centers. On the other hand, maintenance immunosuppression is less contentious; but, unfortunately, since the creation of three-drug combination therapy, including a glucocorticoid, calcineurin inhibitor and anti-metabolite, there have been relatively modest improvements in chronic maintenance immunosuppressive regimens. The presence of HLA antibodies in transplant candidates and development of de novo antibodies after transplantation remain a major therapeutic challenge before and after lung transplantation. In this chapter we review the medications used for induction and maintenance immunosuppression along with their efficacy and side effect profiles. We also review strategies and evidence for HLA desensitization prior to lung transplantation and management of de novo antibody formation after transplant. Finally, we review immune tolerance and the future of lung transplantation to limit the toxicities of conventional immunosuppressive therapy.
Validated Pediatric Functional Outcomes of All-epiphyseal ACL Reconstructions: Does Reinjury Affect Outcomes?

Background Greater frequency and intensity level of sports participation may be contributing to an increasing incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in skeletally immature athletes. Prior studies have assessed the functional outcomes of physeal-respecting ACL reconstruction in this patient population based on adult functional outcomes scoring systems; however, there is only sparse literature evaluating functional outcomes of this specific patient population. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate a cohort of pediatric patients who had undergone all-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction (AEACLR) with a set of clinically validated, pediatric-specific patient-reported functional outcomes scores (PRFOS). We hypothesized that patients who had rerupture would have significantly lower outcomes scores compared with those who did not rerupture. Methods This was a retrospective evaluation of AEACLR patients at a single, tertiary care, children's hospital within a period of 2 years and had >6 months of initial clinical postoperative follow-up. Those who consented to participation were provided an online combined survey including questions relating to demographics and rerupture as well as 3 validated pediatric PRFOS. Statistical analysis of the cohort demographics, PRFOS, and subgroup analysis of the rerupture group compared with the ACL intact patients was performed. Results The mean functional outcome scores at a mean of 48.6 months from surgery demonstrated excellent return to functional activity (Mean International Knee Documentation Committee, 93.8; Pedi-Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, 98.8; Pedi- Functional Activity Brief Score, 21.6). There was a 13% rerupture rate and rerupture patients had a significantly decreased Pedi-International Knee Documentation Committee (94.9 intact vs. 86.0 rerupture; P=0.001) and Pedi-Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (99.4 intact vs. 95.4 rupture; P=0.001) scores. Conclusions AEACLR patients have excellent outcomes based on pediatric-specific PRFOS. Rerupture patients demonstrated a decrease in functional outcomes scores compared with intact ACL patients. The results demonstrate the efficacy of AEACLR as measured by pediatric-specific functional outcome scores for the treatment of ACL rupture in skeletally immature athletes. Level of evidence Level III-retrospective comparative study.
A Numerical Model of Temperate Glacier Flow Applied to the Quiescent Phase of a Surge-Type Glacier

A time-dependent numerical model of temperate glacier flow without sliding is developed and applied to the quiescent phase of surge-type Variegated Glacier, Alaska. The model is based on a one-dimensional continuity equation but the transverse channel shape is explicitly included allowing the complex geometries of real glaciers to be modelled. Velocities and volume fluxes are calculated from the glacier geometry. Transverse stress is taken into account by shape factors which are fitted to measurements of geometry and velocity and are chosen to be insensitive to changes in geometry. Longitudinal stress gradients are taken into account by use of a large-scale surface slope. A Crank-Nicholson finite-difference approximation is used and it is unconditionally stable when a small contribution from the local slope is added to the average slope. Model parameters are fitted to extensive data collected on Variegated Glacier in 1973 and 1974. Predictions of the model over a four year interval agree well with field measurements. Predictions of the current quiescent phase (1965–84) indicate depth increases in the upper glacier of more than 75 m with a twenty-fold increase in the volume flux. During this interval the base shear stress increases 40% in the upper glacier and decreases 20% in the lower glacier. During the mid to late quiescent phase, ice motion becomes more important than mass balance in the redistribution of mass over the central region of the glacier. If normal flow were to persist, the predicted steady-state profile would be an average of 100 m deeper and 41% more voluminous than in 1973. The predicted base shear-stress gradient is never negative enough to satisfy Robin and Weertman’s (1973) condition for blockage of subglacial water flow. The annual rate of water production by dissipation of mechanical straining at the bed remains two orders of magnitude below that produced by summer surface melt. The predicted fractional increase in base stress during the quiescent phase is a maximum in the region believed to be the trigger zone of the surges.
“Direct Linkage” Policy Models

In the theoretical chapters, it was argued that flow-of-funds theory pointed to credit as the preferred intermediate policy target. This chapter studies the evidence. We begin with single equation models linking external finance and rival targets to the GNP. We next move from aggregate relations to components of GNP expenditures.
Estrogen-Mediated Immunomodulation

Early anatomic observations demonstrating that ovariectomy enhanced thymic weights while thymectomy modulated uterine weight provided an impetus for numerous studies which established a relationship between sex hormones and the immune system (see rev. by Ahlquist, 1976; Kalland, 1982; Luster et al., 1985). These studies suggested that pharmacological and to some extent physiological levels of estrogens, as well as inadvertent exposure to estrogenic compounds in the environment, may modulate immune function. Consistent with the immunological alterations, clinical and laboratory studies demonstrated that altered estrogen levels can modulate host resistance to a variety of infectious agents. Illustrative of this are the findings that estrogens precipitate a dramatic increase in Listeria monocytogenes susceptibility (Dean et al., 1980; Pung et al., 1984), impair the intestinal expulsion of adult nematode Trichinella spiralis (Dean et al., 1980; Luebke et al., 1984) and increase the susceptibility of mice to both transplantable and methylcholanthreneinduced tumors (Dean et al., 1980; Morahan et al., 1984; Kalland and Forsberg, 1981). Estradiol has also been shown to induce more intense chlamydial (Rank et al., 1982) and staphylococcal (Toivanen, 1967) infections. Pharmacological doses of diethylstilbestrol (DES), a nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen, or 176-estradiol increase the severity of experimental toxoplasmosis in mice (Pung and Luster, submitted). In other instances, estrogen treated mice are less susceptible to bacterial infection, examples being Pneumococcus Type I, Pasteurella spp. and Salmonella spp. (Nicol et al., 1964). Rodents exposed to DES are also less susceptible to the formation of transplantable lung melanoma tumors (Fugmann et al., 1983) as well as to certain plasmodial, babesial and trypanosomal infections (Cottrell et al., 1977; Kierszenbaum et al., 1974; Mankau, 1975).
Factors involved in outcome and recovery in schizophrenia patients not on antipsychotic medications: a 15-year multifollow-up study.

Abstract:This prospective longitudinal 15-year multifollow-up research studied whether unmedicated patients with schizophrenia can function as well as schizophrenia patients on antipsychotic medications. If so, can differences in premorbid characteristics and personality factors account for this? On
Interlayer thermal history modification for interface strength in fused filament fabricated parts

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology has been a cost-effective option in the additive manufacturing industry. It, however, still faces drawbacks in terms of tolerance, accuracy, surface finish and material property anisotropy that prevent it from applications in engineering production environment. To address the issue of material property anisotropy, authors had reported an in-process laser local pre-deposition heating (LLPH) method to increase the inter-layer interface temperature during FFF printing. As a result, interpenetrating inter-layer diffusion is achieved to a larger extent, and thereby higher part strength in the build direction is achieved. In the current work, a detailed analysis of the temperature history of the inter-layer interface with and without LLPH method has been presented. The effect of increase in the thermal bonding potential due to the use of LLPH method on the interlayer bond toughness and the peak flexural strength of the components has been presented. A 77% increase in the interlayer bond toughness has been demonstrated.
On path-pairability of the finite grids

For k fixed, a graph G with at least 2k vertices is k-path-pairable, if for any set of k disjoint pairs of vertices, $$s_i,t_i$$ , $$1\leqslant i\leqslant k$$ , there exist pairwise edge disjoint $$s_i,t_i$$ -paths in G. The path-pairability number, denoted $$\mathrm{pp}(G)$$ , is the largest k such that G is k-path-pairable. We determine the path-pairability of the $$a\times b$$ rectangular grid G(a, b) (the graph obtained as the Cartesian product of two paths on a and b vertices) for $$a, b \geqslant 2$$ .
Shear wave elastography of the healing human patellar tendon following ACL reconstruction.

Abstract Purpose Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common and are frequently reconstructed using a patellar tendon (PT) autograft. Unfortunately, the time course of PT healing after ACL reconstruction is not particularly well understood. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to use shear wave elastography (SWE) to evaluate the extent to which shear wave speed (SWS) is associated with time after ACL reconstruction. Methods Longitudinal SWE images were acquired from lateral, central, and medial regions of the PT from two groups: 30 patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction with a PT autograft within the preceding 40 months, and 30 age-matched asymptomatic control subjects. SWE images were acquired at 20° and 90° of passive flexion from both knees. In each subject group, statistical analyses assessed changes in mean SWS with time post-surgery, as well as differences in mean SWS between PT regions and limbs. Results In the ACL reconstruction patients, mean SWS increased with time post-surgery in the lateral region of the involved knee (p = 0.025) and decreased with time post-surgery in the central region of the contralateral knee (p = 0.022). Conclusion The findings suggest that there is an association between the mechanical properties of the PT and time post-surgery in both the involved and contralateral limbs after ACL reconstruction. These changes are likely due to maturation of the donor site tissue and changes in gait/loading patterns following ACL rupture and reconstruction. Level of evidence Level II — Prospective Cohort.
CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS: A SHOCKING DIAGNOSIS

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) remains controversial. A 65 year old female presented with palpitations and chronic dry cough. Echocardiography demonstrated a left ventricular
Ethanolamine regulates CqsR quorum-sensing signaling inVibrio cholerae

ABSTRACT The pathogen that causes cholera, Vibrio cholerae, uses the cell-cell communication process known as quorum sensing (QS) to regulate virulence factor production and biofilm formation in response to changes in population density and complexity. QS is mediated through the detection of extracellular chemical signals called autoinducers. Four histidine kinases, LuxPQ, CqsS, CqsR and VpsS, have been identified as receptors to activate the key QS regulator LuxO at low cell density. At high cell density, detection of autoinducers by these receptors leads to deactivation of LuxO, resulting in population-wide gene expression changes. While the cognate autoinducers that regulate the activity of CqsS and LuxQ are known, the signals that regulate CqsR have not been determined. Here we show that the common metabolite ethanolamine specifically interacts with the ligand-binding CACHE domain of CqsR in vitro and induces the high cell-density QS response through CqsR kinase inhibition in V. cholerae cells. We also identified residues in the CqsR CACHE domain important for ethanolamine detection and signal transduction. Moreover, mutations disrupting endogenous ethanolamine production in V. cholerae delay the onset of, but do not abolish, the high cell-density QS gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that modulation of CqsR QS response by ethanolamine occurs inside animal hosts. Our findings suggest that V. cholerae uses CqsR as a dual-function receptor to integrate information from the self-made signals as well as exogenous ethanolamine as an environmental cue to modulate QS response. IMPORTANCE Many bacteria use quorum sensing to regulate cellular processes that are important for their survival and adaptation to different environments. Quorum sensing usually depends on the detection on chemical signals called autoinducers made endogenously by the bacteria. We show here ethanolamine, a common metabolite made by various bacteria and eukaryotes, can modulate the activity of one of the quorum-sensing receptors in Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the disease cholera. Our results raise the possibility that V. cholerae or other quorum-sensing bacteria can combine environmental sensing and quorum sensing to control group behaviors.