cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AWS EC2 vs. Joyent's Triton: A Comparison of Docker Container-hosting Platforms

Containers, and in particular Docker, have emerged as promising addition and in some cases, alternative to virtual machines (VMs) for application deployment in cloud environments. Docker containers enable massive scalability and rapid deployment of micro-services. Containerization is an OS-level virtualization as opposed to hardware virtualization offered by VMs - all containers running on a physical machine share the same underlying OS kernel. While running bare-metal containers has performance benefits, it has inevitable security challenges for inter-container isolation. Due to security concerns, Docker container-based applications hosted in public clouds are typically deployed inside VMs. Joyent container based on Solaris zones offer another alternative -- bare metal containers with built-in zone security [12]. This paper evaluates the tradeoffs between the two approaches by comparing the performance, security, cost, and toolsets of two front-running cloud providers who offer the competing approaches: a) Amazon EC2 containers and b) Joyent Triton containers.
Ab Initio Density Functional Calculations and Infra-Red Study of CO Interaction with Pd Atoms on θ-Al 2 O 3 (010) Surface

The ab initio density functional theoretical studies show that energetics favor CO oxidation on single Pd atoms supported on θ-alumina. The diffuse reflectance infra-red spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results show that carbonates are formed as intermediates when single supported Pd atoms are exposed to a gaseous mixture of CO + O2. The rapid agglomeration of Pd atoms under CO oxidation conditions even at 6 °C leads to the presence of Pd particles along with single atoms during CO oxidation experiments. Thus, the observed CO oxidation has contributions from both single Pd atoms and Pd particles.
Systematic review: Outcome reporting bias is a problem in high impact factor neurology journals

Background Selective outcome reporting is a significant methodological concern. Comparisons between the outcomes reported in clinical trial registrations and those later published allow investigators to understand the extent of selection bias among trialists. We examined the possibility of selective outcome reporting in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in neurology journals. Methods We searched PubMed for randomized controlled trials from Jan 1, 2010 -Dec 31, 2015 published in the top 3 impact factor neurology journals. These articles were screened according to specific inclusion criteria. Each author individually extracted data from trials following a standardized protocol. A second author verified each extracted element and discrepancies were resolved. Consistency between registered and published outcomes was evaluated and correlations between discrepancies and funding, journal, and temporal trends were examined. Results 180 trials were included for analysis. 10 (6%) primary outcomes were demoted, 38 (21%) primary outcomes were omitted from the publication, and 61 (34%) unregistered primary outcomes were added to the published report. There were 18 (10%) cases of secondary outcomes being upgraded to primary outcomes in the publication, and there were 53 (29%) changes in timing of assessment. Of 82 (46%) major discrepancies with reported p-values, 54 (66.0%) favored publication of statistically significant results. Conclusion Across trials, we found 180 major discrepancies. 66% of major discrepancies with a reported p-value (n = 82) favored statistically significant results. These results suggest a need within neurology to provide more consistent and timely registration of outcomes.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Normal Versus Malignant.

Significance: The long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) demonstrates characteristics of self-renewal and the ability to manage expansion of the hematopoietic compartment while maintaining the capacity for differentiation into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) and terminal sub-populations. Deregulation of the HSPC redox environment results in loss of signaling that normally controls HSPC fate, leading to a loss of HSPC function and exhaustion. The characteristics of HSPC exhaustion via redox stress closely mirror phenotypic traits of hematopoietic malignancies and the leukemic stem cell (LSC). These facets elucidate the HSC/LSC redox environment as a druggable target and a growing area of cancer research. Recent Advances: While myelosuppression and exhaustion of the hematopoietic niche are detrimental side effects of classical chemotherapies, new agents that modify the HSPC/LSC redox environment have demonstrated the potential for protection of normal HSPC function while inducing cytotoxicity ...
PDGFRα / PDGFRβ signaling balance modulates progenitor cell differentiation into white and beige adipocytes

The relative abundance of thermogenic beige adipocytes and lipid-storing white adipocytes in adipose tissue underlie its metabolic activity. The roles of adipocyte progenitor cells, which express PDGFRα or PDGFRβ, in adipose tissue function have remained unclear. Here, by defining the developmental timing of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ expression in mouse subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots, we uncover depot specificity of pre-adipocyte delineation. We demonstrate that PDGFRα expression precedes PDGFRβ expression in all subcutaneous but in only a fraction of visceral adipose stromal cells. We show that high-fat diet feeding or thermoneutrality in early postnatal development can induce PDGFRβ+ lineage recruitment to generate white adipocytes. In contrast, the contribution of PDGFRβ+ lineage to beige adipocytes is minimal. We provide evidence that human adipose tissue also contains distinct progenitor populations differentiating into beige or white adipocytes, depending on PDGFRβ expression. Based on PDGFRα or PDGFRβ deletion and ectopic expression experiments, we conclude that the PDGFRα/PDGFRβ signaling balance determines progenitor commitment to beige (PDGFRα) or white (PDGFRβ) adipogenesis. Our study suggests that adipocyte lineage specification and metabolism can be modulated through PDGFR signaling.
PMIx: Process Management for Exascale Environments

Abstract High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications have historically executed in static resource allocations, using programming models that ran independently from the resident system management stack (SMS). Achieving exascale performance that is both cost-effective and fits within site-level environmental constraints will, however, require that the application and SMS collaboratively orchestrate the flow of work to optimize resource utilization and compensate for on-the-fly faults. The Process Management Interface - Exascale (PMIx) community is committed to establishing scalable workflow orchestration by defining an abstract set of interfaces by which not only applications and tools can interact with the resident SMS, but also the various SMS components can interact with each other. This paper presents a high-level overview of the goals and current state of the PMIx standard, and lays out a roadmap for future directions.
Genetic diversity and prevalence of Varroa destructor, Nosema apis, and N. ceranae in managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in the Caribbean island of Dominica, West Indies

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are arguably the most important insect pollinators of major agricultural crops around the world. Therefore, it is important to assess the health of managed honey bees in...
SimulateCNVs: a novel software application for simulating CNVs in WES and WGS data

Summary: SimulateCNVs is a fast and novel software application for simulating CNVs in WES and WGS data. Current NGS simulators can not simulate rearranged genomes and their alignment files for WES data and are not easy to use. Here, we present SimulateCNVs, the first software application that can simulate CNVs in both WES and WGS data, which is easy to install, has many unique features and can output rearranged genomes, short reads and bam files in a single command. Availability: SimulateCNVs is freely available from https://yjulyxing.github.io/ Contact: inumia@tamu.edu, ccasola@tamu.edu
Cervical lymphadenopathy from PRP treatment with microneedling therapy.

Background Platelet-rich plasma is highly enriched plasma that contains a large concentration of platelets that secrete various growth factors and is used in a wide variety of surgical and cosmetic procedures, including hair regrowth and skin rejuvenation. Methods Microneedling therapy is being combined with platelet-rich plasma to potentiate patient's cosmetic effects. While microneedling therapy and platelet-rich plasma therapy have been around for years and are growing in popularity internationally, there are limited data regarding complications when they are used in conjunction. Results We present a case in which a patient presented with acute, painful lymphadenopathy shortly after undergoing the combination treatment of a microneedling pen with platelet-rich plasma therapy. Conclusion Individuals should know of the potential adverse effect of microneedling pen therapy used in conjunction with platelet-rich plasma therapy, and it should be included in patient consent forms and doctor-patient education.
Ezio Gribaudo: my Pinocchio

Ezio Gribaudo: My Pinocchio offers a luxurious visual experience and a richly nuanced analysis that will appeal to at least two groups of readers. The 124 color plates of Gribaudo’s collages and pa...
Business-as-usual redefined: Energy systems under climate-damaged economies warrant review of nationally determined contributions

Abstract This paper presents a new approach to incorporate climate damages in the BAU emissions baselines. The shared socio-economic pathways framework is used to inform country-level changes in the mean surface temperature for the climate projections associated with each scenario. The temperature changes are used to calculate the economic damages using empirical estimates of climate effects on GDP growth. Finally, an energy system model is used under the original socio-economic assumptions and the climate-damaged assumptions, illustrating the indirect effect of climate change in a country-level energy system. Mexico was chosen to exemplify this method. The results show a reduction of energy access and a slow down of technological transition in the energy sector under climate-damaged projections. It is concluded that greenhouse gas mitigation goals should be re-calibrated under cost-benefit analysis that takes into account the damages associated with future climates consistent with the baseline. Thus, the nationally determined contributions that state the emission goals of many countries could be closer to limit the temperature to 1.5 Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
Psychoanalytic Hospital Treatment in the Twenty-First Century: An Introduction to the Section

This section describes the use of psychoanalysis in an inpatient setting. One child’s analysis was conducted many decades ago and the emerging adult’s analysis was completed recently at Austen Rigg...
Large-for-gestational age diagnosed during second-trimester anatomy ultrasound and association with gestational diabetes and large-for-gestational age at birth.

OBJECTIVES To determine if large-for-gestational age (LGA) diagnosed during second-trimester ultrasound examination is associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and LGA at birth. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of all pregnant women who underwent a second-trimester anatomy ultrasound examination between 18 and 22 weeks at our institution from 2012 to 2017. Patients were included in the LGA group if estimated fetal weight and/or fetal abdominal circumference was ≥ 90th percentile for gestational age. Patients with a history of pre-GDM, multiple gestation, preterm delivery, use of betamethasone or fetal anomaly were excluded. The control group consisted of appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies that were scanned at 18-22 weeks during the study period. AGA was defined as EFW > 10th percentile and ≤ 89th percentile. Prenatal and delivery records were reviewed and demographic and outcome variables were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to assess the impact of LGA diagnosed in the second trimester on the development of GDM and LGA at birth (birth weight ≥ 90th percentile). RESULTS The study population included 756 patients with a LGA fetus and 756 with an AGA fetus on second-trimester ultrasound examination. In patients with a LGA fetus diagnosed during the second-trimester ultrasound examination, the incidence of GDM was 6.0% and the incidence of LGA at birth was 14.9%. Among patients with a LGA fetus in the second trimester, those who developed GDM or LGA at birth were significantly older and were more likely to be obese. Moreover, parity was associated with neonatal LGA (P = 0.0003) but not with GDM (P = 0.82). On multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, parity, change in gestational body mass index, obesity, ethnicity and neonatal sex, LGA diagnosed during the second trimester was associated significantly with GDM (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.54; 95% CI, 1.29-5.03; P = 0.007) and LGA at birth (aOR, 6.85; 95% CI, 3.60-13.05; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS LGA diagnosed during second-trimester ultrasound examination is associated with the development of GDM and LGA at birth, independent of known risk factors, and could be used to identify these women earlier for intervention. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Comparative environmental and economic life cycle assessment of high solids anaerobic co-digestion for biosolids and organic waste management.

Abstract High-Solids Anaerobic co-Digestion (HS-AcD) of sewage sludge (biosolids) with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste is a promising waste management alternative due to high methane yields, lower reactor volume requirements, lower energy inputs, and less leachate production than liquid anaerobic digestion. This study evaluated the environmental and economic burdens and benefits of HS-AcD of biosolids, Food Waste (FW), and Yard Waste (YW) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) methods using Hillsborough County, Florida in the U.S. as a case study. Results for HS-AcD were compared with incineration, composting, and landfilling, with and without landfill gas use. The results showed that HS-AcD of a mixture of biosolids, FW, and YW had the lowest environmental impacts in all categories analyzed (global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity). In terms of economics, HS-AcD had the lowest life cycle cost, with or without considering land acquisition. The results show that HS-AcD is the best choice to manage biosolids and the organic waste in Hillsborough County in terms of both environmental and economic sustainability.
Cervical Spine Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in a Pediatric Patient: Embolization Considerations and Potential Pitfalls.

Background Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) comprise 1%–2% of all bone tumors. ABCs involving the upper cervical spine in pediatric patients complicate intervention because of an immature skeleton and nearby neurovascular elements. Treatment often consists of surgical intervention with preoperative embolization to mitigate blood loss. During selective arterial embolization, it is important to be aware of extracranial-intracranial anastomoses from tumor feeding vessels. We describe a C2 vertebrae ABC that had multiple tumor arteries anastomosing with bilateral vertebral arteries. Case Description A 3-year-old healthy girl presented with 1 month of progressive neck pain and palpable posterior neck mass. Imaging was most consistent with an ABC of the C2 vertebra. Preoperative embolization was planned. Angiography demonstrated tumor arterial supply anastomosing with the left and right vertebral artery stemming from the ascending and deep cervical artery branches. Tumor embolization was therefore carried out using coils and larger embolization particles to decrease ischemic stroke risk. Follow-up angiography showed successful tumor embolization with no vertebrobasilar complications. Surgical excision was uncomplicated and the patient's cervical spine has remained stable without fusion. Conclusions Preoperative embolization for ABC resection is common, but thorough angiography must be done to rule out dangerous extracranial-intracranial anastomoses. This case demonstrated 2 key anastomoses with the vertebral artery that if not recognized, could lead to disastrous consequences. Comprehensive angiographic evaluation is necessary because previous reports have described ischemic complications from embolization because of unrecognized vertebrobasilar anastomoses. If any angiographic evidence is seen, then larger particle size, coil embolization, or abandoning the case should be considered.
The effect of affective versus cognitive persuasive messages on African American women's attitudes toward condom use.

Objective Health decision making models propose that affective associations at both the implicit and explicit level and cognitive beliefs influence health behaviours. The current studies investigated whether affective or cognitive persuasive messages would lead to more positive implicit and explicit condom use attitudes and higher intentions among African American college women. Design Participants (Study 1 N = 109; Study 2 N = 112) explicit attitudes were assess prior to watching a short video that contained either affective (e.g., safe sex is pleasurable) or cognitive messages (e.g., latex condoms are effective in preventing HIV) in favour of condom use. Main outcome measures Following the video, participants completed the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), a measure of implicit attitudes, explicit measures of condom use attitudes that assessed attitudes at the overall and component level, intentions to use condoms, and interest in receiving free sample of condoms. Results Participants in the affective message condition reported more positive condom use attitudes on both the implicit and explicit measure, higher intentions to use condoms, and more interest in receiving free condoms than those in the cognitive message condition. Conclusion These results suggest that affective messages may be more effective in changing condom use attitudes, which can be used in interventions to promote protective condom use behaviours.
Simultaneous Multithreading and Hard Real Time: Can It Be Safe?

The applicability of Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) to real-time systems has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining reliable execution costs in an SMT-enabled system. This problem is addressed by introducing a scheduling framework, called CERT-MT, that combines scheduling-aware timing analysis with a cyclic-executive scheduler in a way that minimizes SMT-related timing variations. The proposed scheduling-aware timing analysis is based on maximum observed execution times and accounts for the uncertainty inherent in measurement-based timing analysis. The timing analysis is found to work for tasks with and without SMT, though some adjustments are required in the former case. A large-scale schedulability study is presented that shows CERT-MT can schedule systems with total utilizations approaching 1.4 times the core count, without sacrificing safety.
African American Language: Language development from Infancy to Adulthood

From birth to early adulthood, all aspects of a child's life undergo enormous development and change, and language is no exception. This book documents the results of a pioneering longitudinal linguistic survey, which followed a cohort of sixty-seven African American children over the first twenty years of life, to examine language development through childhood. It offers the first opportunity to hear what it sounds like to grow up linguistically for a cohort of African American speakers, and provides fascinating insights into key linguistics issues, such as how physical growth influences pronunciation, how social factors influence language change, and the extent to which individuals modify their language use over time. By providing a lens into some of the most foundational questions about coming of age in African American Language, this study has implications for a wide range of disciplines, from speech pathology and education, to research on language acquisition and sociolinguistics.
Implications for the Performance of the Music of Lee Hyla

Lee Hyla (1952–2014) belonged to a generation of composers whose formative musical experiences included playing in rock bands and listening to rock, punk, jazz, and other nonclassical genres. Hyla is among the most accomplished American composers of his generation, yet his work remains underexamined. His influences, particularly James Brown, Captain Beefheart, Neil Young, and Cecil Taylor, manifest in Hyla’s music in a manner that transcends postmodern quotation or mere reference and affect his approach to rhythm, meter, and phrasing. These qualities provide unique interest for the listener and specific challenges for the performer. Through an analysis of Dream of Innocent III (1987) for amplified cello, piano, and percussion, I present my analytical framework inspired by Lerdahl and Jackendoff’s generative theory of tonal music and Bruce Hayes’s metrical stress theory. My analysis, rooted in rhythm and meter, shows performative implications of Hyla’s influences as related to phrasing and structure. Lee Hyla (1952–2014) gehorte zu einer Generation von Komponist_innen, die nachhaltig pragende Einflusse durch das Spielen in Rock Bands und das Horen von Rock, Punk, Jazz und anderen nicht-klassischen Genres empfingen. Hyla zahlt zu den versiertesten Komponisten seiner Generation, doch ist sein Werk kaum erforscht. Die Einflusse auf seine Musik, u. a. von James Brown, Captain Beefheart, Neil Young und Cecil Taylor, manifestieren sich in seiner Musik in einer Weise, die postmoderne Zitat- oder Verweistechniken uberwindet und seinen Zugang zu Rhythmus, Metrum und Phrasierung beeinflusst. Diese Qualitaten sind von einzigartigem Interesse fur Horer_innen und stellen besondere Herausforderungen an die Ausfuhrenden. In der Analyse von Dream of Innocent III (1987) fur verstarktes Cello, Klavier und Percussion stelle ich mein analytisches Rahmenkonzept vor, das von Lerdahls and Jackendoffs generativer Theorie tonaler Musik und von Bruce Hayes’ Theorie metrischer Betonungen inspiriert ist. Meine Analyse basiert auf Rhythmus und Metrum und zeigt die Implikationen der Hyla beeinflussenden Musikformen auf die Performance von Phrasierung und Struktur.
Chromium(III) Bis-alkynyl complexes supported by C-substituted cyclam MPC

Abstract Macrocyclic CrIII bis-alkynyl complexes have recently been used as a precursor in the synthesis of mono-alkynyl complexes, which can serve as synthetic intermediates towards the formation of dissymmetric bis-alkynyl complexes. The trans stereochemistry is essential to generate stable macrocyclic CrIII mono-alkynyl complexes, however, previously explored cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and its derivatives heavily favor the cis isomer after Cr insertion. The C-substituted cyclam MPC (5,12-dimethyl-7,14-diphenyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has shown a noteworthy preference towards the trans isomer upon insertion of Cr, making it desirable for the pursuit of dissymmetric bis-alkynyl complexes in significant quantity. Reported herein are the synthesis and characterization of trans-[Cr(MPC)(C2Ar)2]+ complexes, where Ar is Ph (1), Np (2), or C6H4tBu (3). Complexes 1 – 3 have structural and optical properties similar to previous CrIII bis-alkynyl complexes based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-vis and phosphorescence spectroscopical characterizations.
Current and future treatment approaches for Barth syndrome.

Barth Syndrome is an X-linked disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism caused by pathogenic variants in TAFAZZIN with pleiotropic effects including cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, growth delay, and skeletal myopathy. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach to the organ-specific manifestations including specialists from cardiology, hematology, nutrition, physical therapy, genetics, and metabolism. Currently, treatment is centered on management of specific clinical features, and is not targeted towards remediating the underlying biochemical defect. However, two clinical trials have been recently undertaken which target the mitochondrial pathology of this disease: a study to examine the effects of elamipretide, a cardiolipin targeted agent, and a study to examine the effects of bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. Treatments to directly target the defective TAFAZZIN pathway are under development, including enzyme and gene therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Teaching Writing in Physical Education

(1979). Teaching Writing in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 50, No. 9, pp. 38-38.
On the penalties for unfair labor practices: An econometric analysis

Abstract The impact of various types of unfair labor practices (henceforth ULPs) on their likelihood of being penalized is evaluated in the presence of geographical differences in the propensity of courts in the U.S. to penalize ULPs.
Mechanism of action of putrescine oxidase. Binding characteristics of the active site of putrescine oxidase from Micrococcus rubens

Putrescine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4), putrescine: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin containing), has been found to form complexes with a variety of amines. With few exceptions these compounds competitively inhibit putrescine oxidation and also perturb the visible absorption spectrum of the enzyme (i.e., the spectrum due to FAD). Inhibition constants are reported for a number of amines; the presence of a cationic amino group in the inhibitors appears to be the structural feature essential for competitive inhibition. Inhibition constants for amino acids are larger than those for the analogous simple amines and the inhibition constants for alkyl mono- and diamines in a homologous series are inversely related to the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Amines containing unsaturated and aromatic substituents yield relatively low inhibition constants. The spectral changes observed upon complex formation are interpreted as indicating a less polar environment for FAD in the enzyme-inhibitor complex than in the uncomplexed enzyme. On the basis of the enzyme's substrate specificity and comparisons among inhibitor structures and the corresponding inhibition constants, a schematic model of the enzyme's active site is proposed.
Recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma in the gastrointestinal tract: a case report

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive skin malignancy that arises from primary neural cells and has a tendency for local recurrence and regional lymph node metastases. There are only a few cases in the literature reporting metastases of Merkel cell carcinoma to the gastrointestinal tract. We present a 70 year old Caucasian female with distant history of Merkel cell carcinoma who presented with iron-deficiency anemia. Colonoscopy performed later for the evaluation of anemia revealed 1 cm polyp in ascending colon which turned out to be the recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma. Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma to the gastrointestinal tract or any other organ should be considered in patients with a history of Merkel cell carcinoma.
Protecting America's Cultural and Historical Patrimony

This Article suggests the procedures which the authors believe would effectively regulate the legal export of art works and be consistent with other foreign trade policies, while not unduly restricting free trade nor discouraging cultural exchange.
Private Policing of Mergers and Acquisitions: An Empirical Assessment of Institutional Lead Plaintiffs in Transactional Class and Derivative Actions

Transactional class and derivative actions have long been controversial in both the popular and the academic literatures. Yet, the debate over such litigation has thus far neglected to consider a change in legal technology, adopted in Delaware a dozen years ago, favoring selection of institutional investors as lead plaintiffs in these cases. This Article fills that gap, offering new insights into the utility of mergers and acquisitions litigation. Based on a hand-collected dataset of all Delaware class and derivative actions filed from November 1, 2003 to December 31, 2009, I find that institutional investors play as large of a role in these cases as they do in federal securities fraud class actions, leading 41% of them. Controlling for the size of the deal and other factors, institutions have been more likely to assume a lead role in cases with lower premiums over the trading price, at least until the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, at which point most institutional types increased their litigation activity and sued in higher premium deals too. Other case and deal characteristics significantly predict institutional lead plaintiffs, such as the number of complaints filed in the case (an illustration of lead plaintiff competitiveness), the length of the complaint (a measure of attorney effort), whether the transaction is cash-for-stock, the market capitalization of the target, and the presence of "Go-Shop" provisions (which negatively correlate with institutional lead plaintiffs). I also find that public-pension funds, in particular, target controlling shareholder transactions. I present evidence that public-pension funds, alone among institutional types, statistically significantly correlate with the outcomes of greatest interest to shareholders — both an increase in the offer price and lower attorneys' fees. The improvement in offer price associated with public-pension funds may be because they are better shareholder representatives. It may also be because they "cherry-pick" the best cases, although I offer some evidence against this hypothesis. These results are consistent with the view that public-pension funds outperform traditional lead plaintiffs as monitors of class counsel and that they reduce agency costs for shareholders in mergers-and-acquisitions litigation.
Intraoperative Electrophysiological Monitoring of Spinal Cord Function. Techniques and Application to Intramedullary Lesions

ABSTRACT.Intraoperative monitoring using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) can be a sensitive measure of the functional integrity of the spinal cord during surgery (Bennet and McCallum 1977; Grundy 1982; Grundy 1983, Owen et al. 1979; Raudzens 1982). The goal of such efforts is to detect promptly any deleterious changes that if unrecognized and uncorrected could lead to significant postoperative neurological deficits. To achieve this goal, several objectives must be achieved. First, electrophysiological monitoring must accurately reflect the integrity of relevant parts of the spinal cord. Second, the electrical responses and any changes in them must be recorded rapidly and with high resolution. Third, the electrical activity surveyed must be sufficiently sensitive to detect deterioration in cord function at a time that the causative insult is still reversible. At the same time, the responses being monitored must be sufficiently specific to avoid excessive “false alarms.”While electrophysiological mon...
Determinants of neuron-sensory receptor cell interaction during development of the inner ear

Trophic interactions are best defined as interactions between nerves and other cells which initiate or control molecular modification in the other cells and/or neurons. Interactions between the neurons which compose the statoacoustic ganglion and the cells which become the hair cells of the inner ear sensory receptors occur during the development of these sensory receptors. The hypothesis that the program for sensory hair cell cytodifferentiation is intrinsic and does not require the extrinsic stimulus of neuronal interaction to trigger its expression is presented with supporting data from in vivo, in ovo and in vitro experiments. A second hypothesis pertaining to a mechanism for the ingrowth of statoacoustic ganglion dendrites to their appropriate target sites within the inner ear is presented with accompanying in vitro experiments as supporting evidence. This hypothesis proposes that the mechanism for guiding neuritic elements of the statoacoustic ganglion to their appropriate target tissues is that attractant fields are established by the differentiating sensory epithelia of the inner ear to which nerve growth cones of ingrowing afferent neurites are attracted.
Coping with Crisis Across the Lifespan: The Role of a Telephone Hotline

We describe over 300,000 crisis calls made to a large national hotline over a 5-year period. Callers consisted of males and females between the ages of 10 and 89. Overall, a slight majority of callers were first time callers (52%) and most (73%) sought assistance with issues related to parenting, youth concerns, and mental health. Across the lifespan, issues dealing with loneliness increased with age whereas depression-related calls decreased. Additionally, females were more likely than their male counterparts to call the hotline by over a 2- to 1-margin. Findings lend preliminary support to the efficacy of crisis call centers to utilize a flexible, yet well-defined problem-solving approach to assist those of all ages calling with the wide range of problems.
The importance of arginine residues in the catalytic and regulatory functions of bovine-liver glutamate dehydrogenase

Bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase reacts rapidly with 2,3-butanedione to yield modified enzyme with 29% of its original maximum activity, but no change in its Michaelis constants for substrates and coenzymes. No significant reduction in the inactivation rate is produced by the addition of the allosteric activator ADP or inhibitor GTP, while partial protection against inactivation is provided by the coenzyme NAD+ or substrate 2-oxoglutarate when added separately. The most marked decrease in the rate of inactivation (about 10-fold) is provided by the combined addition of NAD+ and 2-oxoglutarate, suggesting that modification takes place in the region of the active site. Reaction with 2,3-butanedione also results in loss of the ability of the enzyme to be activated by ADP. Addition of ADP (but not NAD+, 2-oxoglutarate or GTP) to the incubation mixture protects markedly against the loss of activatability of ADP. It is concluded that 2,3-butanedione produces two distinguishable effects on glutamate dehydrogenase: a relatively specific modification of the regulatory ADP site and a distinct modification in the active center. Reaction of two arginyl residues per peptide chain appears to be responsible for disruption of the ADP activation property of the enzyme, while alteration of a maximum of five arginyl residues can be related to the reduction of maximum catalytic activity. Electrostatic interactions between the positively charged arginine groups and the negatively charged substrate, coenzyme and allosteric purine nucleotide may be important for the normal function of glutamate dehydrogenase.
History and future of MUMPS in medical computing

MUMPS is an integrated language and operating system. It was originally developed in the mid 60s, primarily for the interactive manipulation of the text-like, hierarchical data found so pervasively in medicine. This paper traces the growth in use of MUMPS. Some of the many medical applications for which MUMPS is used are discussed, as are the achievements and goals of the MUMPS Users' Group, particularly in facilitating application transfer. The influence of federal funding upon the growth and use of MUMPS is noted. Of particular importance is the federal support of the MUMPS Development Committee in the standardization of MUMPS, and of the MUMPS User's Group in promoting MUMPS information and application exchange.MUMPS est a la fois un langage de programmation et un operating system. Il a ete mis au point dans le courant des annees soixante. I1 est destine essentiellement a la manipulation interactive des textes et des donnees hierarchiques, que l'on rencontre si frequemment en medecine.Cet article retra...
Elastic computing: A portable optimization framework for hybrid computers

Due to power limitations and escalating cooling costs, high-performance computing systems can no longer rely solely on faster clock frequencies and numerous microprocessor nodes to meet increasing performance demands. As an alternative approach, high-performance systems are increasingly integrating multi-core processors and heterogeneous accelerators such as GPUs and FPGAs. However, usage of such hybrid systems has been limited largely to device experts due to significantly increased application design complexity. To enable more transparent usage of hybrid systems, we introduce elastic computing, which is an optimization framework where application designers invoke specialized elastic functions that contain a knowledge-base of implementation alternatives and parallelization strategies. For each elastic function, a collection of optimization tools analyze numerous possible implementations which enables dynamic and transparent optimization for different resources and run-time parameters. In this paper, we present the enabling technologies of elastic computing, and evaluate those technologies on four different hybrid systems, including the Novo-G FPGA supercomputer. The results include detailed case studies of using elastic computing for time-domain convolution and sum of absolute difference image retrieval, which achieved speedups up to 206x.
Terbutaline inhibits pancreatic secretion

Abstract Drugs which decrease pancreatic secretion might be clinically useful. Isoproterenol, a β-agonist, inhibits pancreatic secretion, but it can be administered only by continuous intravenous infusion and has marked cardiac effects. Terbutaline, another β-agonist, is available for oral and subcutaneous administration and has fewer cardiac effects than isoproterenol. We studied the effects of subcutaneous terbutaline on meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion in dogs. Terbutaline inhibited pancreatic juice volume and the outputs of protein and bicarbonate maximally within 45 min after subcutaneous injection. Inhibition was dose related. Terbutaline, 0.8 mg, maintained inhibition of volume and outputs of protein and bicarbonate for 2, 1, and 2 hr, respectively. This study suggests that the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in control of the exocrine pancreas.
Cardiovascular Effects of Desipramine in Children

The effect of desipramine hydrochloride was studied in children who were treated for eating disorders (5), attention deficit disorder (13), or affective disturbance (3). Serial heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring were recorded before treatment and at 4 and 8 weeks during treatment. Maximum dose of desipramine was 5 mg/kg/day, average 4.25. A 21% increase in heart rate and 2.5% increase in QTc at 4 weeks were sustained at 8 weeks. No dysrhythmias or clinically significant changes in blood pressure occurred. Desipramine is safe in children who have normal cardiovascular examinations and ECGs when used within the limits of the study design. The cardiovascular effects of desipramine should be kept in mind and monitored when patients are starting tricyclic antidepressant therapy such as desipramine.
Error analysis for a second order scheme for the Navier-Stokes equations

In this article we perform the error analysis for a space and time discretization scheme of the Navier-Stokes equations of viscous incompressible fluids. After presenting the appropriate framework for the spacial discretization of the equations, we consider a second order semi-implicit scheme for the time discretization, namely Crank-Nicholson for the linear term and Adams-Bashforth for the inertial term, and we study the error.
Experimental Extinction as a Function of Number of Reinforcements

Groups of 12 rats had either 15, 45, or 125 acquisition trials in a straight runway with 100% small (74 mg.) food reinforcement, followed by a minimum of 40 extinction trials, all at 10 trials per day. A negative relationship between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements was found, supporting results of North and Stimmel (1960) and Ison (1962), and indicating that differences between these and previous Skinner box results are not due simply to differences in magnitude of reward. The high reinforcement groups made significantly more avoidance responses, supporting a frustration theory of extinction (Amsel, 1958).
Highlighting the Role of Polymer Length, Carbohydrate Size, and Nucleic Acid Type in Potency of Glycopolycation Agents for pDNA and siRNA Delivery

While nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) are promising research tools and therapeutic modalities, their potential in medical applications is limited by a fundamental mechanistic understanding and inadequate efficiency. Herein, two series of carbohydrate-based polycations were synthesized and examined that varied in the degree of polymerization (n), one containing trehalose [Tr4(n) series: Tr4(23), Tr4(55), Tr4(77)] and the other containing β-cyclodextrin [CD4(n) series: CD4(10), CD4(26), CD4(39), CD4(143), CD4(239)]. In addition, two monosaccharide models were examined for comparison that contain tartaramidoamine (T4) and galactaramidoamine (G4 or Glycofect) repeats. Delivery profiles for pDNA were compared with those obtained for siRNA delivery and reveal that efficacy differs significantly as a function of carbohydrate type, nucleic acid type and dose, polymer length, and presence of excess polymer in the formulation. The Tr4 polymers yielded higher efficacy for p...
Anomalous floating-body effects in SOI MOSFETs: Low-voltage CMOS?

The anomalous DC pseudo-latch of S4 MOSFETs was physically explained via UFPDB simulations, and a different, fast-transient pseudo-latch in FD/SOI S4 MOSFETs was demonstrated and explained. The transient latch tends to occur in PD/SOI S4 MOSFETs as well, but with different properties. We conclude that S4 MOSFETs for fast, low-voltage nanoscale CMOS warrant more study. We stress that S4 CMOS operation is novel, and thus in need of optimal (device and circuit) design as well as resolution of issues like hysteresis.
Microbial mats and the early evolution of life

Microbial mats have descended from perhaps the oldest and most widespread biological communities known. Mats harbor microbes that are crucial for studies of bacterial phylogeny and physiology. They illustrate how several oxygen-sensitive biochemical processes have adapted to oxygen, and they show how life adapted to dry land long before the rise of plants. The search for the earliest grazing protists and metazoa in stromatolites is aided by observations of mats: in them, organic compounds characteristic of ancient photosynthetic protists can be identified. Recent mat studies suggest that the 13C/12C increase observed over geological time in stromatolitic organic matter was driven at least in part by a long-term decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Two non-infectious forms of endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone and cataract extraction

Two non-infectious forms of endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone and cataract extraction
Comparative kinetics of phosphomannosyl receptor-mediated pinocytosis of fibroblast secretion acid hydrolases and glycopeptides prepared from them.

In a previous report we demonstrated that phosphorylated oligosaccharides isolated from acid hydrolases were subject to pinocytosis by phosphomannosyl receptors present on the cell surface of human fibroblasts [9]. However, limiting quantities of oligosaccharides precluded detailed comparison of the kinetics of pinocytosis of these phosphorylated oligosaccharides to those of the acid hydrolases from which they were derived. In this report we present studies comparing the kinetics of pinocytosis of acid hydrolases from NH4Cl-induced fibroblast secretions with those of concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides prepared from them by pronase digestion. The uptake of both secretion acid hydrolases and 125I-labeled glycopeptides was linear for at least 3 hr, saturable, inhibited competitively by mannose 6-phosphate, and destroyed by prior treatment of the ligand with alkaline phosphatase. The inhibition constants of excess unlabeled glycopeptide for the uptake of 125I-labeled glycopeptides (Ki of 1.5 × 10−6 M) and for the uptake of secretion acid hydrolases (Ki of 2.2 × 10−6 M) were remarkably similar. Furthermore, the Ki for mannose 6-phosphate inhibition of pinocytosis of glycopeptide uptake (3 × 10−5 M) compares closely to that previously determined for the pinocytosis of intact “high-uptake” acid hydrolases (3–6 × 10−5 M). “High-uptake” fractions of both ligands were prepared and quantified by affinity chromatography on immobilized phosphomannosyl receptors purified from bovine liver. Only 10% of the concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides bound to the immobilized phosphomannosyl receptors, while 80% of the acid hydrolases from which they were prepared bound and were eluted with 10 mM mannose 6-phosphate. However, the fraction of each type of ligand that binds to the immobilized phosphomannosyl receptors accounts for all the uptake activity of that ligand. The pinocytosis rates (% of added ligand internalized/mg protein/hr) of the “high-uptake” fraction of both intact acid hydrolase (12%/mg/hr) and glycopeptide (6%/mg/hr) differed by only twofold. The apparent Kuprake for both ligands was of the same order of magnitude. The similarity in the kinetics of pinocytosis of the secreted acid hydrolases and of the phosphomannose-bearing glycopeptides prepared from them suggests that the structural information which confers high-affinity binding to the phosphomannosyl receptor is contained in the glycopeptide units themselves. No additional information from the intact protein backbone appears essential for phosphomannosyl receptor-mediated pinocytosis.
Gårding's Theory of Hyperbolic Polynomials

This paper presents a simple, self-contained account of Garding's theory of hyperbolic polynomials, together with a recent convexity result of Bauschke-Guler-Lewis-Sendov and an inequality of Gurvits. This account begins by establishing some new results. The first concerns the existence of a pointwise arrangement of the eigenvalues so that they become global real analytic functions. The second asserts that the associated “branches” are independent of the choice of hyperbolic direction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Purge Cycle for Dead-Ended Anode Fuel Cell Operation

This paper focuses on the optimization of the purge cycle for dead-ended anode (DEA) operation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Controling the purge interval at given operating conditions can optimize the fuel cell efficiency and hydrogen loss during the purge. For this optimization, a model capturing the liquid water and nitrogen accumulation in the anode and the purge flow behavior is presented. A target range of purge interval is then defined based on the minimal purge time that removes the plug of liquid and nitrogen in the channel end and the maximum purge interval beyond which hydrogen is wasted since hydrogen molar fraction all along the channel has been restored to one. If the purge is sufficiently long that all of the accumulated water and nitrogen are removed then the power output in the subsequent cycle (galvanostatic operation) would be highest, compared with incomplete purges which do not fully restore hydrogen concentration in the anode. Such purge schedule, however, is associated with certain amount of hydrogen loss. Therefore, there is a trade-off between hydrogen loss and power output, and a corresponding purge interval that produces the largest efficiency. The optimum purge intervals for different cycle durations are identified. The calculated DEA efficiencies are compared with flow-through (FT) operation. The analysis and model-based optimization methodology presented in this paper can be used for optimizing DEA operation of PEMFC with minimum experimentation and development time.Copyright © 2012 by ASME