cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Route change on the American freeway system

Abstract The first elements of the American freeway system were built in the 1920s and now comprise over 59,000 miles of roads. In addition to growth in the system at both the national and urban levels and increases in capacity, over five hundred miles of freeways have been relocated. These route changes have previously escaped attention from researchers. A database of all route changes on the Interstate system and other freeways was compiled in GIS and analyzed. Route changes are due to the need to replace old and obsolete bridges and tunnels, rebuild sharp curves or steep grades, and eliminate substandard sections. These route changes are overwhelmingly urban in nature. New relocations will appear as the American freeway system ages and continues to adapt to changing conditions. Some bypassed sections of freeways may eventually become tourist attractions.
Analysing robustness in intra-dependent and inter-dependent networks using a new model of interdependency

Power and communication network of a nation are heavily interdependent on each other. Dependencies exist between the individual networks, for example, the power network, as well. Failure of certain entities results in cascading failure leading to widespread power blackouts. Hence it is critical to understand and model such dependencies. In previous literature, authors have proposed different models to describe these dependencies. However, these models are limited to capture the complex dependencies that might exist in a critical infrastructure. In this paper, firstly we present a Boolean logic based model called the implicative interdependency model, which overcomes the major shortcomings of the previous models. Using the model a metric to compute robustness of these systems is defined. The computational complexity to compute this metric is proved to be NP-complete. An optimal integer linear program and a sub-optimal heuristic with polynomial time complexity are provided that solves the robustness computation problem. Using real world data of interdependent power-communication network and data of different bus systems for power network the efficacy of the heuristic is compared to the optimal solution.
The politics and gender of truth-telling in Foucault’s lectures on parrhesia

This essay challenges dominant interpretations of Foucault’s lectures on parrhesia as affirming an ethical, non-political conception of truth-telling. I read the lectures instead as depicting truth-telling as an always political predicament: of having to appear distant from power (to achieve credibility), while also having to partake in some sense of political power (to render one’s truth significant). Read in this way, Foucault’s lectures help us to understand and address the disputed politicality of truth-telling – over who counts as a truth-teller, and what counts as the truth – that his ethical interpreters tend to neglect. Yet the essay also shows that Foucault’s depiction of the predicament of truth-tellers is problematically gendered: focused on the masculine problem of moving in and out of the public sphere, rather than on the experience of the dispossessed, who are excluded from political power altogether. The essay mobilizes an alternative reading of one of Foucault’s key texts – Euripides’ Ion – to draw out an alternative, more democratic model of the predicament of truth-telling: of having to constitute power that can lend significant to truth-telling, while speaking from a position of powerlessness.
Operationalizing Analytics - A Composite Application Model

Research on actionable data analytics has garnered considerable attention in recent times. Organizations are emphasizing on analytics as a competitive advantage enabler. Significant business and information systems research has been done to assess the value associated with analytics and to further its scope. Outcome of such research shows a need for organizations to effectively use analytics to generate, develop and use new insights in their operations. An active research area is reducing knowledge gap and bridging the action distance to realize an immediate value. To address this research gap, my focus is on operationalizing analytics to minimize action distance and bridge knowledge gap in the context of strategy and operations. Using design science research approach, this research aims to model how analytics can be used pervasively within an organization. This model is referred to as Composite Application Model for operationalizing analytics. The Composite Application Model for analytics will be helpful in minimizing the knowledge gap and action distance between the strategy and operations in organizations. This research contributes to expand the current practice of enterprise performance management and establishes a novel and intelligence based control within organizations.
Phenotypic subpopulations of macrophages and dendritic cells in human spleen

Using immunohistochemical techniques and a large number of monoclonal antibodies, the presence and distribution of phenotypic subpopulations of macrophages (MOs) and dendritic cells in human spleen were assessed. The results of this study show that different subsets of MOs and dendritic cells are present in the spleen and that some of these occupy discrete microanatomic locations. In the red pulp (RP) certain antigens are expressed by different proportions of uniformly distributed MOs in the cords. On the other hand, some antigens are present on MOs that form clusters of variable size within the red pulp. These include CD11c, CD15 and alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin. Another type of cell in the RP that is phagocytic under certain conditions is the splenic sinusoidal lining cell (SLC). These cells exhibit a phenotype that is unique: nonspecific esterase (NSE)+, lysozyme+, and HLA-DR+, CD36+, factor VIII-related antigen+, CD8+ and CD71+. MOs in the splenic marginal zone (MZ) share some antigens with red pulp MOs, but in addition express CD11b, CD14 (Mo2;63D3) and 61D3. These antigens are found on only a few RP MOs. MZ cells expressing one antigen shared with RP MOs (CD4) and one present largely on the MZ cells (CD14;63D3) form clusters around small vessels; these structures resemble the so-called splenic ellipsoids that may play a role in the trapping of circulating antigens. Phagocytic MOs (tangible body MOs) of the white pulp follicular germinal centers were also shown to differ from RP and MZ cells with respect to the expression of the antigens CD11b, CD14 (Leu M3;Mo2), CD16 and the antigen detected by antibody 25F9. The unique topographical and surface antigenic features of dendritic cells were confirmed by this study. Furthermore, these cells were found to share a number of antigens with RP, MZ, and white pulp MOs, which suggests that they may be derived from a common progenitor. The presence of phenotypic subpopulations and variation in distribution among human splenic phagocytic cells and dendritic cells may be indicative of functional specialization.
Extending a Finite State Approach for Parsing Commas in English to Dutch

A finite state approach to determining the syntactic roles of commas has already been established for the English language. Here we extend this approach to Dutch. We identify syntactic dissimilarities of comma usages between the English and Dutch languages and show how much effort is needed to extend this finite state approach to Dutch. Once adapted to the Dutch language, the system is tested across several Dutch sources and results are given.
External Cephalic Version

External cephalic version is a technique in which the obstetrician turns a breech presenting fetus to a cephalic position. It is a painful procedure requiring anesthesia. The advantage to neuraxial anesthesia is that it also provides abdominal muscle relaxation, which improves the success of the procedure. Uterine relaxation by the administration of a tocolytic is also required. There is the concern of placental abruption and non-reassuring fetal heart rate, so a technique should be chosen that would allow for easy adaptation to cesarean delivery if needed.
Evaluating the E3SM land model version 0 (ELMv0) at a temperate forest site using flux and soil water measurements

Abstract. Accurate simulations of soil respiration and carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) fluxes are critical to project global biogeochemical cycles and the magnitude of carbon–climate feedbacks in Earth system models (ESMs). Currently, soil respiration is not represented well in ESMs, and few studies have attempted to address this deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the simulation of soil respiration in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) land model version 0 (ELMv0) using long-term observations from the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux (MOFLUX) forest site in the central US. Simulations using the default model parameters underestimated soil water potential (SWP) during peak growing seasons and overestimated SWP during non-growing seasons and consequently underestimated annual soil respiration and gross primary production (GPP). A site-specific soil water retention curve greatly improved model simulations of SWP, GPP, and soil respiration. However, the model continued to underestimate the seasonal and interannual variabilities and the impact of the extreme drought in 2012. Potential reasons may include inadequate representations of vegetation mortality, the soil moisture function, and the dynamics of microbial organisms and soil macroinvertebrates. Our results indicate that the simulations of mean annual GPP and soil respiration can be significantly improved by better model representations of the soil water retention curve.
Diversity and Inclusion Efforts in University of California, San Francisco Radiology: Reflections on 3 Years of Pipeline, Selection, and Education Initiatives

Author(s): Bucknor, Matthew D; Villanueva-Meyer, Javier E; Kumar, Vishal; Talbott, Jason F; Wall, Susan D; Glastonbury, Christine M; Dillon, William P; Arenson, Ronald L; Wilson, Mark W; Hess, Christopher P
Robust Toppling for Vacuum Suction Grasping

When robust vacuum suction grasps are not accessible, toppling can change an object’s 3D pose to provide access to suction grasps. We extend prior toppling models by characterizing the toppling reliability for a 3D object specified by a triangular mesh, using Monte-Carlo sampling to model uncertainty in pose, friction coefficients, and push direction. The model estimates the resulting distribution of object poses following a topple action. We generate a dataset of toppling analysis for 1,257,000 candidate points on the surface of 189 3D meshes and perform 700 physical toppling experiments using an ABB YuMi. We find that the model outperforms a Max-Height baseline model by a percent difference of 21.3% when comparing the total variation distance between each model’s predicted probability distribution against the empirical distribution. We use the proposed model as the state transition function in a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to plan optimal sequences of toppling actions to expose access to robust suction grasps. Data from 20,000 simulated rollouts suggest the proposed Value Iteration Policy can increase suction grasp reliability by 33.6%, computed using grasp analysis from Dexterity Network (Dex-Net) 3.0. Code, datasets, and videos can be found at https://sites.google.com/view/toppling.
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy for sarcomas: From mechanisms to potential clinical applications

Survival rates for sarcoma patients have plateaued in the past few decades and remain especially grim for those with recurrent or metastatic disease. This has prompted investigation into novel immunotherapies for sarcomas, especially after their recent and well-recognized successes in other cancers. One such modality, the Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell therapy, has shown promising results in treating B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This novel therapy functions by fusing a specific antibody derived single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with a T-cell which recognizes a specific tumor-associated antigen (TAA). Several sarcoma-associated antigens (SAA) amenable to CAR-T cell treatment have recently emerged with encouraging results. These include human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), disialoganglioside (GD2), interleukin 11 Receptor Subunit Alpha (IL-11RA), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), B7-H3, CD44v6, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), and tyrosine kinase orphan-like receptor 1 (ROR1). Given the limitations of current medical therapies, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. As a sarcoma treatment modality, CAR-T cell therapy is highly promising and continues to draw interest especially as new clinical trials emerge. Here we review recent breakthrough CAR-T cell studies in sarcoma, the targets which define them, and approaches to minimizing host cytotoxicity.
Solution phase superoxide as an intermediate in the oxygen reduction reaction on glassy carbon in alkaline media

Abstract A 3-mercapto-1-propanol (3M1P)-modified Au ring electrode has been employed to monitor solution phase superoxide, O2−(aq), generated at the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) disk of a ring-disk rotating electrode (RRDE) in 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solutions. Measurements performed at various rotation rates afforded unambiguous evidence that maximum yields for O2−(aq) is attained at potentials associated with a current minimum in the polarization curve at Edisk = 0.3 V vs RHE, with a ca. 18% faradaic efficiency. In stark contrast, no O2−(aq) could be detected in virtually identical experiments involving Au and Pt disk electrodes. This finding indicates that, if superoxide is involved in the mechanism of O2(aq) reduction on these metals, it remains adsorbed on the surface and is subsequently reduced, or, if desorbed, the rate of its reduction would be high enough for its concentration to decrease to undetectable levels at the functionalized Au-ring under the experimental conditions employed.
Seasons in Italy: Northern European travelers, Rome, and malaria

The city of Rome has long been one of the most visited cities in Europe, but such visits were historically a risky proposition due to Rome’s resident P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria. As a result...
An algorithmic Solution in Data Visualization for the “Hair Ball” Problem

Researching and analyzing large and complex graphs is an important aspect of data visualization research, but completely new, scalable methods and graph visualization methodologies are required [49]. Overall, this can provide more insight into this fuzzy graph's structure and function. To clarify further, in the “Hair Balls” we need to find a technique to build a solution for presenting a clean graph with the minimum overlap between edges. Despite the growing importance of researching and thoroughly examining and interpreting very large data graphs, the traditional way of viewing graphs has trouble scaling up, and usually ends up representing such large graphs as “Hair Balls.” Nevertheless, this traditional approach has a profoundly intuitive foundation [75]: nodes are represented in a form such as a circle, triangle or square, which are then bound by lines or curves representing the edges [73]. In any way, while there are many different methods of applying this fundamental underlying concept, it needs to be reconsidered in the given current and developing needs to consider the increasingly complex convergence between the edges in the graphs [55]. The Hair Ball complex, appearing as an indecipherable diagram, originated from the edge-to-edge convergence. We found the major drawback in the Hair Balls graph from our preliminary research was that it confused observers [38]–[40]. Users might feel that there are some extra nodes; but they don't actually exist. Since there are many crossovers in the Hair Balls between the edges, the impression can also affect observers ‘ understanding of the graph's entire structure [38] [39]. Major problem-no effective reception of information from a Hair Balls graph-meaningless to observers [64].
Sentinel Songs: Monuments, Poetry, and the Lost Cause Narrative in Collective Memory

Over the past few years, Confederate monuments have become a regular and controversial topic in American discourse. To explore the historical and cultural contexts of these contentious monuments, this paper examines primary source material spanning approximately seventy-five years in the postbellum American South. With poetry possessing a far more ubiquitous presence in the 19th-cen­tury American public sphere, analysis of patterns in poetic discourse reveals larger contextual evidence about the monuments and the culture that erected and dedicated them. By tracing patterns in both the poetry and ceremonial rhetoric of monuments and monument dedications across the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, I employ Halbwach’s collective memory theory to under­stand contemporary monument sentiments. Within the theoretical framework of collective memory, poetry, rather than serving a purely artistic social function, acts also as a “memory carrier” that transmits collective traumas and ideologies to future generations. Consequently, the ritual of monument memorialization seems to have preserved the mythos of the Confederate Lost Cause among Southern whites to the present day.
Deep learning reconstruction for cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting T1 and T2 mapping

Purpose To develop a deep learning method for rapidly reconstructing T1 and T2 maps from undersampled electrocardiogram (ECG) triggered cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting (cMRF) images. Methods A neural network was developed that outputs T1 and T2 values when given a measured cMRF signal time course and cardiac RR interval times recorded by an ECG. Over 8 million cMRF signals, corresponding to 4000 random cardiac rhythms, were simulated for training. The training signals were corrupted by simulated k-space undersampling artifacts and random phase shifts to promote robust learning. The deep learning reconstruction was evaluated in Monte Carlo simulations for a variety of cardiac rhythms and compared with dictionary-based pattern matching in 58 healthy subjects at 1.5T. Results In simulations, the normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE) for T1 was below 1% in myocardium, blood, and liver for all tested heart rates. For T2 , the nRMSE was below 4% for myocardium and liver and below 6% for blood for all heart rates. The difference in the mean myocardial T1 or T2 observed in vivo between dictionary matching and deep learning was 3.6 ms for T1 and -0.2 ms for T2 . Whereas dictionary generation and pattern matching required more than 4 min per slice, the deep learning reconstruction only required 336 ms. Conclusion A neural network is introduced for reconstructing cMRF T1 and T2 maps directly from undersampled spiral images in under 400 ms and is robust to arbitrary cardiac rhythms, which paves the way for rapid online display of cMRF maps.
PharmMT: A Neural Machine Translation Approach to Simplify Prescription Directions.

The language used by physicians and health professionals in prescription directions includes medical jargon and implicit directives and causes much confusion among patients. Human intervention to simplify the language at the pharmacies may introduce additional errors that can lead to potentially severe health outcomes. We propose a novel machine translation-based approach, PharmMT, to automatically and reliably simplify prescription directions into patient-friendly language, thereby significantly reducing pharmacist workload. We evaluate the proposed approach over a dataset consisting of over 530K prescriptions obtained from a large mail-order pharmacy. The end-to-end system achieves a BLEU score of 60.27 against the reference directions generated by pharmacists, a 39.6% relative improvement over the rule-based normalization. Pharmacists judged 94.3% of the simplified directions as usable as-is or with minimal changes. This work demonstrates the feasibility of a machine translation-based tool for simplifying prescription directions in real-life.
Transparency and Stability: On Hollyer, Rosendorff, and Vreeland's Models of Economic Transparency and Political Stability

This paper revisits the theoretical foundations that Hollyer, Rosendorff, and Vreeland use in their research program on transparency and political stability. We show: (1) the payoff structure of their core model is substantively unsound; (2) they misidentify the mechanism driving their main result; (3) they get the model’s implied direction of causality backwards, from more transparency to more instability. Their model implies that more transparency increases the likelihood of revolution if this likelihood is sufficiently small, but reduces the likelihood of revolution if it is sufficiently large. This reflects the well-known logic of “gambling for resurrection”: when you’re ahead, don’t give information, but when you’re behind, gamble for resurrection by providing more information. Their model suggests that protest risk drives transparency: regimes facing a low likelihood of revolution reduce transparency, while those facing a high likelihood of revolution raise transparency, generating a positive correlation between transparency and instability.
Morphological ghosts of introgression in Darwin's finch populations.

Many species of plants, animals, and microorganisms exchange genes well after the point of evolutionary divergence at which taxonomists recognize them as species. Genomes contain signatures of past gene exchange and, in some cases, they reveal a legacy of lineages that no longer exist. But genomic data are not available for many organisms, and particularly problematic for reconstructing and interpreting evolutionary history are communities that have been depleted by extinctions. For these, morphology may substitute for genes, as exemplified by the history of Darwin’s finches on the Galapagos islands of Floreana and San Cristobal. Darwin and companions collected seven specimens of a uniquely large form of Geospiza magnirostris in 1835. The populations became extinct in the next few decades, partly due to destruction of Opuntia cactus by introduced goats, whereas Geospiza fortis has persisted to the present. We used measurements of large samples of G. fortis collected for museums in the period 1891 to 1906 to test for unusually large variances and skewed distributions of beak and body size resulting from introgression. We found strong evidence of hybridization on Floreana but not on San Cristobal. The skew is in the direction of the absent G. magnirostris. We estimate introgression influenced 6% of the frequency distribution that was eroded by selection after G. magnirostris became extinct on these islands. The genetic residuum of an extinct species in an extant one has implications for its future evolution, as well as for a conservation program of reintroductions in extinction-depleted communities.
The New Calculus of Punitive Damages for Employment Discrimination Cases

* Assistant Professor of Law, Temple University Beasley School of Law. I would like to thank Jarod Gonzalez and Neal Perryman for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article and Lauren Moser and John McGovern for their research assistance. 1. See BMW of N. Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 580-81 (1996); see also Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg, 512 U.S. 415, 420-21 (1994) (emphasizing that punitive damages implicate procedural due process); Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 12 (1991) (stating that “[t]he constitutional status of punitive damages . . . is not an issue that is new to this Court or unanticipated by it,” but that previously raised challenges “have been rejected or deferred”). 2. See discussion infra Parts III.A & IV.A. 3. See discussion infra Parts III.A & IV.B. 4. See discussion infra Parts III.B-C & IV.D. 5. 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17 (2006) (original version at Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, §§ 701-716, 78 Stat. 241, 253-66).
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Lipid Microclusters, and Vitamin E.

Abstract Increased consumption of long-chain marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has potential health benefits for the general population and for select clinical populations. However, several key limitations remain in making adequate dietary recommendations on n-3 PUFAs in addition to translating the fatty acids into clinical trials for select diseases. One major constraint is an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of n-3 PUFAs. In this review, we highlight studies to show n-3 PUFA acyl chains reorganize the molecular architecture of plasma membrane sphingolipid–cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts and potentially sphingolipid-rich cholesterol-free domains and cardiolipin-protein scaffolds in the inner mitochondrial membrane. We also discuss the possibility that the effects of n-3 PUFAs on membrane organization could be regulated by the presence of vitamin E (α-tocopherol), which is necessary to protect highly unsaturated acyl chains from oxidation. Finally, we propose the integrated hypothesis, based predominately on studies in lymphocytes, cancer cells, and model membranes, that the mechanism by which n-3 PUFAs disrupt signaling microclusters is highly dependent on the type of lipid species that incorporate n-3 PUFA acyl chains. The current evidence suggests that n-3 PUFA acyl chains disrupt lipid raft formation by incorporating primarily into phosphatidylethanolamines but can also incorporate into other lipid species of the lipidome.
The Solution of Projectile Problems

(1976). The Solution of Projectile Problems. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 47, Including Leisure Today, pp. 64-66.
Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A status report: Pharmacotherapy for PTSD

Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appears to be a promising approach because many neurobiological systems appear to be altered in PTSD patients. This review encompasses the current published literature on clinical trials with antiadrenergic agents (propranolol, clonidine, guanfacine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), other serotonergic agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, narcotic antagonists and antipsychotic agents. It is suggested that although more randomized clinical trials are needed with the drugs cited in the present review, that an important future direction would be with drugs that directly modify the complex psychobiology of the human stress response, in general, and PTSD-related abnormalities, in particular.
The Dynamics of Capital Structure: An Empirical Analysis of a Partially Observable System

This paper examines the dynamic properties of capital structure in a state-space framework. A system of stochastic differential equations is used to specify the dynamics for a firm's debt-to-equity ratio and the determinants of capital structure. The framework addresses statistical issues such as measurement error, missing data and endogeneity. There are several important results. First, firms gradually adjust their capital structure to a firm-specific, time-varying target, as opposed to a fixed level or industry average. Second, the rate at which they revert back to the target depends on several factors: the current position of their leverage relative to the target, their industry, and their financial health. Finally, the statistical issues have a significant impact on the results and subsequent conclusions. The primary economic conclusion is that observed financing behavior may be driven by concerns over credit-worthiness and access to external funds.
Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat Using the Fluid-Percussion Model

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability, particularly among young adults. During closed head trauma, the injury process is initiated by the impact of the brain against the inner table of the calvarium. Subsequently, there is prompt initiation of a complex biochemical, cellular, and physiological injury cascade that may take days to complete. From a functional standpoint, this culminates in neurologic dysfunction and, if severe, death. This unit describes an impact-induced brain trauma model in rats which replicates nonpenetrating head injury. It does not model either penetrating or ischemic brain injuries.
Implementing knowledge-based programs

Reasoning about multi-agents systems at the knowledge level allows us to abstract away from many concrete details of the systems we are considering. Fagin et al. introduced two notions to facilitate designing and reasoning about systems in terms of knowledge. The first notion is that of knowledge-based programs. Knowledge-based programs are defined as syntactic objects: programs with tests for knowledge. The second notion is that of contexts, which capture the setting in which a program is to be executed. In a given context, a standard program (one without tests for knowledge) is always implementable. A knowledge-based program, on the other hand, might not be implementable. We provide a condition which is necessary and sufficient to guarantee that a given knowledge-based program is implemented by a given protocol, and we completely characterize the complexity of determining whether a given knowledge-based program is implemented by a given protocol in a given finite-state context. In particular, we identify an important special case where this problem is tractable.
Lunar core detection using two surface magnetometers at very low frequency

A method is described which allows the analysis of the dipole component of the lunar induction using only measurements of two surface magnetometers. This is possible because the very low frequency of the relevant signal components limits the lunar response to the dipole partial wave. Because only surface magnetometers are necessary the simultaneous measurements made by the Apollo 15 and 16 surface modules can be used. Thus, additional information concerning the lunar transfer function can be applied to the determination of the existence and size of a metallic lunar core.
Effects of therapeutic paracentesis on systemic and hepatic hemodynamics and on renal and hormonal function

Thirteen patients with cirrhosis and tense ascites (six with and seven without peripheral edema) underwent 4- to 15-liter paracentesis without intravenous "colloid" replacement. Cardiac output increased from 6.6 +/- 0.7 liters per min at baseline to 8.2 +/- 0.7 liters per min (p less than 0.003) 1 hr after large-volume paracentesis completion and fell to 7.5 +/- 0.69 liters per min (p less than 0.05 vs. baseline, p less than 0.02 vs. 1 hr) 24 hr after large-volume paracentesis completion. There was no change in mean arterial pressure or mean pulmonary artery pressure. Central venous pressure fell from 9.1 +/- 0.8 mm Hg at baseline to 8.6 +/- 1.4 mm Hg 1 hr post-large-volume paracentesis to 6.8 +/- 1.0 mm Hg (p less than 0.005 vs. baseline, p less than 0.02 vs. 1 hr value) at 24 hr, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure fell from 13.1 +/- 0.9 to 11.1 +/- 1.3 mm Hg 1 hr after large-volume paracentesis and to 9.89 +/- 1.2 (p less than 0.01 vs. baseline, p less than 0.03 vs. 1 hr after large-volume paracentesis) at 24 hr. Heart rate fell from 90 +/- 3.0 to 85 +/- 2.9 beats per min (p less than 0.01) 1 hr after large-volume paracentesis completion, but increased to 89 +/- 2.5 beats per min (p less than 0.02 vs. 1 hr after large-volume paracentesis) at 24 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bounded Choices: Somali Women Constructing Difference in Minnesota Housing

Coming to Minnesota to escape a devastating war, Somali refugees found themselves living in rental units that had little resemblance to the dwellings they left behind. Interviews with eight Somali women in their Minnesota homes reveal the difficult choices they had to make in order to preserve Somali cultural traditions and practices amidst strong American influences. As a way to construct the Somali sense of difference, women appropriated their living environments by relying on all five senses and various forms of cultural expressions that range from burning unsi to adorning the walls with Somali handicrafts. Unwilling to let go of valued Somali institutions, many had to make bounded choices like cooking while veiled in open kitchens, limiting children's play to accommodate formal impromptu visits, and restraining their social gatherings to the bedrooms to continue the tradition of gender separation. By proposing design solutions to the housing problems revealed through the study, this paper hopes to alert those who work with refugees and other immigrant groups that, with a little extra care, a house can be transformed into a home that fosters a sense of belonging and eases the stresses of adjusting to new life circumstances.
Synthetic-Aperture Radar Based on Nonsinusoidal Functions: X-Array Gain, Planar Arrays, Multiple Signals

Beam forming based on a line array of sensors and radio signals with a triangular autocorrelation function was discussed in Part IX of this series. The resolution angle e was shown to vary like 1/?P/PN with the signal-to-noise ratio P/PN, which puts a premium on getting the best possible signal-to-noise ratio. This paper shows that the signal-to-noise ratio holding for one sensor can be replaced by the signal-to-noise ratio holding for the whole array, which usually is referred to as making use of the array gain. The result is generalized from the one-dimensional line array to the two-dimensional planar array. Furthermore, the method of beam forming is extended from signals returned by point-like scatterers or reflectors to structures composed of several point-like scatterers; the utilization of the array gain has not yet been investigated for this case.
The energetics of surfactant adsorption at the air‐water interface

The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS, respectively) for the adsorption at the air-water interface of a commercial ethylene oxide (EO) adduct of straight chain nonylphenol from monomer solution at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) have been calculated from surface tension-concentration data at 21C–45C using the Gibbs equation, the standard free energy change equation ΔG=−RT (In interfacial monomer concentration/CMC), and the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation which gave ΔH directly from the slope of the (ΔG/T) vs (1/T) function. The CMC and surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) decreased, and −ΔG and molecular area increased slightly, with increasing temperature. The ΔH and ΔS values were positive, and appear explainable by the postulations applied to micellization. At ambient temperature (28C) an increase in the (EO) mol ratio of straight chain nonylphenol and C13 secondary alcohol ethoxylates resulted in increases of CMC, γCMC, and molecular area, and slight decreases in −ΔG. A comparison of the 9 (EO) mol ratio adducts of C13 straight chain primary and secondary alcohols showed that the CMC and molecular area of the secondary alcohol ethoxylate were larger, and the γCMC and −ΔG smaller, than the corresponding values of the primary alcohol ethoxylate.
Relics of selection in the mycobacterial genome

A new study reports the whole-genome sequences of 21 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains, selected to represent geographically diverse isolates. Comparative genomic analyses identify surprising conservation of epitopes recognized by human T cells.
Endoscopic ultrasound techniques for pancreatic cystic neoplasms

Endoscopic ultrasound is emerging as an important technique for the evaluation of cystic lesions of the pancreas. In the past there was some concern about the use of fine needle aspiration of the lesions because of the risk of infection. The institution of prophylactic antibiotics has reduced the risk substantially and enabled endoscopists to perform aspirations of cystic lesions more freely. After a thorough ultrasound examination, including the use of color Doppler, a linear endosonoscope is used to direct the aspiration of the cystic lesion using a needle aspiration device designed specifically for endosonography. To minimize the risk of leaks bleeding and infection, a single pass is made with a 22-gauge needle and the entire contentsof thecystis evacuated. The risks of endoscopic ultrasoundguided fine needle aspiration are rare but include bleeding within the cystic cavity, a self-limited complication and infection or pancreatitis, or potentially more serious events. The assessment of patients with cystic lesions of the pancreas is one of the more difficult clinical problems that gastroenterologists face. The features that differentiate these lesions on imaging studies can be subtle. In practice, most are pseudocysts; however, the clinical ramifications of incorrect identification can be substantial, and neoplasms account for up to 10% of cystic pancreatic lesions in some series [1–3]. Furthermore, in our own practice, we are seeing more patients with smaller lesions that were incidentally discovered when a high resolution CT was done for other indications. Difficulty discerning between a benign (pseudocyst, serous cystadenoma, simple cyst) and a malignant neoplasm or potentially malignant neoplasm (mucinous cystadenoma, adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous tumor [IPMT], and cystic islet cell tumor) is compounded by the limited spatial resolution of CT and transabdominal ultrasound. The introduction of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has provided better anatomic definition by
Synchronous ovarian and endometrial malignancies

Synchronous ovarian primaries are infrequently found in patients with endometrial cancer. Although numerous investigators have examined the characteristics of these women, most include patients with tumors of similar histology, which may simply represent ovarian metastases. To overcome this problem, we present here patients found to have tumors of dissimilar histology. Of 499 patients with endometrial cancer undergoing primary surgery between 1980 and 1997, 18 (3.6%) were found to have endometrial and ovarian primaries of dissimilar histology. The median age was 64.2 years. Most had stage I, grades I and II, minimally invasive endometrial adenocarcinomas and stage IA mucinous or serous ovarian cystadenocarcinomas. Most ovarian tumors were either borderline or grades I and II. The 5-year actuarial disease-free (DFS) and cause-specific survivals of the entire group were 81.2% and 89.5%, respectively. Those with both stage I ovarian and endometrial primaries had a trend to a better DFS (100 versus 68.6%, p = 0.07) than did women with higher stage disease. Our data demonstrate that synchronous ovarian primaries of dissimilar histology are infrequently found in women undergoing surgery for endometrial cancer. These women seek treatment at a relatively advanced age, and have early-stage, low grade disease in both sites. Their outcome is favorable, particularly those with stage I disease in both sites.
The toxicity of intravitreal whole blood and hemoglobin

To determine the toxic effect of whole blood and hemoglobin on the retina, volumes of autogenous blood varying between 0.3 and 1.5 ml and various hemoglobin concentrations were injected intravitreally into speciosa monkeys. Electroretinograms were performed at the outset of the experiment and immediately before sacrifice. After six weeks the animals were killed and the eyes were processed for histologic and electron microscopic examination. Three intravitreal injections of 0.3 ml of autogenous blood administered at one-month intervals or one injection of 22.4 mg of hemoglobin did not produce a toxic effect on the retina demonstrable by light or electron microscopic examination or electroretinography. Intravitreal injection of more than 0.6 ml of whole blood or 40 mg of hemoglobin produced definite toxic effects histologically and electroretinographically. The damage found histologically correlated well with the degree of hemosiderin deposition. Explosive lesions produced by xenon arc photocoagulation to induce moderate vitreous hemorrhage failed to produce toxic doses of blood within the eye. In humans undergoing vitrectomy to remove vitreous hemorrhage, the amount of whole blood recovered from vitrectomy fluid was considered nontoxic, except when the patient had massive vitreous hemorrhage or intraoperative bleeding.
Cantilevers with integrated organic LEDs for scanning probe microscopy

Organic thin films which are based on Van der Waals-bonded molecular organic compounds can be deposited onto a variety of substrates including scanning probe cantilevers without the lattice-matching constraints of conventional covalently-bonded semiconductors. Here we demonstrate organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated on scanning probe cantilevers using thermal evaporation of molecular organic compounds and metallic electrodes. Ion beam lithography was used to define the emissive region in the shape of a ring having a diameter of 5 micrometers. The width of the ring emission was less than a micron as measured in the far field. Stable light emission was observed from the device at forward bias, with a current-voltage response similar to that of archetypal OLEDs. Such a probe can enable a new form of electrically-pumped SNOM compatible with existing atomic force microscopy tools and techniques. The emission wavelength can be tuned across the entire visible spectrum, including white light emission, by altering the composition of the emissive layer with a wide range of luminescent dyes. Should the ring-shaped light emission be used for imaging, the sample image can be deconvolved using a ring filter to achieve high resolution. The OLED probe can also be used to transfer excitons through the cathode to a sample via plasmon-assisted energy transfer; such a probe would be valuable for studying exciton dynamics in organic or organic/inorganic hybrid photovoltaic devices. By demonstrating the first active organic device on a scanning probe cantilever, this work opens the door to a wide range of new scanning probe techniques based on this class of materials for areas such as biological imaging.
Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate induces Ca2+ sequestration in rat liver cells

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [I(1,4,5)P3] is a second messenger generated along with diacylglycerol upon the binding of various physiological agents with their cell surface receptors. I(1,4,5)P3 mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites through a receptor-coupled mechanism, and the subsequent increased intracellular free calcium ion concentration [( Ca2+]i) activates a multitude of cellular responses. Electropermeabilized neoplastic rat liver epithelial (261B) cells were used to study Ca2+ sequestration, a process that reverses the elevated [Ca2+]i to resting levels and replenishes intracellular Ca2+ pools. Although I (1,4,5)P3-mobilized Ca2+ is readily sequestered into storage pools by the action of Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatases, Ca2+ mobilized by addition of the nonmetabolized inositol trisphosphate isomer I(2,4,5)P3 is not sequestered, suggesting that metabolism is necessary to eliminate the stimulus for Ca2+ release. Several inositol phosphate compounds were examined for their ability to lower the buffer [Ca2+] to determine if a specific I(1,4,5)P3 metabolite might be involved in stimulating Ca2+ sequestration; of these, I(1,3,4,5)P4 alone was found to induce Ca2+ sequestration, demonstrating a physiological role for this inositol trisphosphate metabolite.
Antiviral therapy of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Congenital infection caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common occurrence, but its significance is underappreciated. In the developed world, congenital CMV infection confers a tremendous medical and economic burden on society. In recent years, appreciation of the scope of disability produced by such infections in newborns, which includes neurodevelopmental sequelae and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), has increased. Although much of the injury produced by infection in utero likely is irreversible, antiviral therapy of newborns with CMV infection is an option available to clinicians. Currently three antivirals are licensed for treatment of CMV: ganciclovir (and its prodrug, valganciclovir), foscarnet, and cidofovir. Novel antiviral therapies, which employ mechanisms of action that differ from these agents, also are in development. Experience with these agents in the setting of congenital and perinatal CMV infection is limited, but encouraging data come from a controlled clinical trial indicating that ganciclovir therapy may be of value in limiting the neurodevelopmental injury, particularly SNHL, caused by congenital infection. Newborn screening programs for CMV infection need to be developed and implemented. Infants with congenital CMV infection, once identified, could then be considered as candidates for antiviral therapy, and careful neurodevelopmental and hearing screening follow-up care plans could be established. CMV vaccines, once available, may ultimately be the best control strategy for this important public health problem.
ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MACHINING USING AN EXTENDED OBLIQUE MACHINING THEORY

This paper presents an extended oblique machining theory applicable to the analysis of 3-D machining. Existing theories are evaluated to identify suitable formulations which are used with necessary modifications for predicting various quantities pertaining to cutting conditions of three dimensional machining. Actual chip flow angles extracted from measured forces, to account for the nose radius effect, are used, instead of available models, to predict important quantities such as shear plane angle, effective rake angle and shear flow angle. Experiments are conducted in the realms of conventional and high speed machining using AISI 4140 steel and aluminum 7075-T6 respectively with uncoated carbide inserts, and various process conditions pertaining to the cutting mechanics are calculated. The extended oblique machining theory is experimentally validated in predicting temperatures at the tool-chip interface and shear plane for conventional machining. Simulation results from the finite element modeling are us...
Immunological Mechanisms of Low and Ultra-Low Dose Cancer Chemotherapy.

Traditionally, anticancer chemotherapy has been generally considered to be strongly immunosuppressive. However, increasing evidence suggests that certain chemotherapeutic agents rely on the induction of antitumor immune responses, in both experimental animal models and patients with cancer. Many of these chemotherapeutic agents exert immunogenic effects via the induction and release of immunostimulatory “danger” signals from dying cancerous cells when used in low doses. New data suggests that several common chemotherapeutic agents may also display direct stimulating effects on immune cells even when applied in ultra-low concentrations (chemoimmunomodulation). Importantly, it is becoming clear that both immune effector cells and immune regulatory cells can be targeted by various chemotherapeutic agents to produce favorable antitumor immune responses. Therefore, utilizing cancer drugs to enhance host antitumor immunity should be considered a feasible therapeutic approach; and recent characterization of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of anticancer chemotherapy using both new and traditional cytotoxic agents suggests that combinations of these approaches with “classical” immunomodulatory agents could lead to a viable new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of cancer.