cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WOMEN'S POWER AND THE GENDERED DIVISION OF DOMESTIC LABOR IN THE THIRD WORLD

The study described in this article examines whether wives' relative resources and material conditions affect husbands' domestic labor within varying economic development contexts. The study tests: (1) whether wives' relative resources increase husbands' regularity of housework participation and (2) whether the effects of wives' relative resources on husbands' regularity of housework participation vary in quantity and effect at different levels of economic development. The study indicates that wives' material conditions and relative resources have no consistent, significant effects on husbands' regularity of housework participation. Levels of national economic development also have little effect.
Jamming and diode effects for vortices in nanostructured superconductors

Abstract We examine jamming and ratchet effects for vortex matter in superconductors with asymmetric funnel geometries. We show that the vortex–vortex interactions can induce a clogging or jamming effect where it becomes increasingly difficult for the vortices to move through the system. We also find that commensurability effects can arise when certain vortex configurations form highly symmetrical structures in the funnel plaquettes. Due to the asymmetry, the critical currents are different for driving in different directions, leading to a diode effect. We also discuss other possible geometries and approaches that could be used to explore jamming in vortex matter, such as an analog to a granular hopper and a single driven vortex probe moving through an array of other vortices.
ENERGY AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS EMITTED FROM K AND L SHELLS BY PROTON IMPACT.

Explicit expressions for the semiclassical transition probabilities of atomic $K$- and $L$-shell electrons into the continuum as a result of proton collisions are obtained as functions of proton-impact parameter and energy transfer, using first-order time-dependent perturbation theory with undeflected proton trajectories. Calculated energy distributions for the ejected electrons are compared with the plane-wave Born-approximation cross sections. The contributions from various partial waves are shown in illustrations. The validity of the calculation is limited by the neglect of the Coulomb deflection of the protons.
Gender and weight concerns in adolescent smokers

The aim of this study was to examine smoking-specific weight concerns in a well-characterized sample of adolescent daily smokers and the influence of gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). Adolescent smokers (n=103) were asked two smoking-specific weight concern questions: "How much do cigarettes help you control your weight?" and "How concerned are you about gaining weight as a result of quitting?" A significant positive relationship was found between average daily cigarette use and belief in smoking as a means to control weight and a significant negative relationship between the years of smoking and belief that smoking controls weight. There was no significant relationship between BMI and smoking to control weight for females, whereas for males, there was a positive relationship, indicating that heavier males were more likely to report smoking to control weight. Additionally, females who smoked more cigarettes reported more concern about gaining weight upon quitting, a pattern not seen in males. Results highlight potentially important gender differences in the relationship between weight concerns and smoking and the influence these concerns may have on quitting smoking.
Lipid-induced insulin resistance: unravelling the mechanism

Insulin resistance has long been associated with obesity. More than 40 years ago, Randle and colleagues postulated that lipids impaired insulin-stimulated glucose use by muscles through inhibition of glycolysis at key points. However, work over the past two decades has shown that lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle stems from defects in insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity. The steatotic liver is also resistant to insulin in terms of inhibition of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glycogen synthesis. In muscle and liver, the intracellular accumulation of lipids—namely, diacylglycerol—triggers activation of novel protein kinases C with subsequent impairments in insulin signalling. This unifying hypothesis accounts for the mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes, lipodystrophy, and ageing; and the insulin-sensitising effects of thiazolidinediones.
A Simple Method to Improve the Efficiency of Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy

It is estimated that 190,000 cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in 20021 and transrectal ultrasound biopsy is the current diagnostic gold standard.2 The cancer detection rate for transrectal ultrasound biopsy has been estimated at 25% to 35%,3– 6 implying that more than 500,000 biopsies are performed annually. Unless a patient specifically requests, it is usually performed under minimal, if any, anesthesia due to the short (7 to 10 minutes) duration of the procedure.7 However, many patients complain that the ultrasound probe is painful, and all of them want the procedure to be over as quickly as possible. Although the procedure takes only a few minutes, the majority of the time is spent removing the specimen and reloading the biopsy gun. We present a simple method that reduces the time needed to obtain 10 biopsies to 120 seconds. METHOD At our institution the most time consuming portion of the biopsy is removal of the specimen from the biopsy needle. The usual removal method requires the physician performing the biopsy to hand the biopsy gun (Radioplast AB Biotpy, Bromma Sweden) to the assistant who opens it, removes the biopsy needle and places the specimen into a designated container of formalin. The specimen often adheres to the biopsy needle, requiring the assistant to immerse the needle in the formalin, and in many cases use another device (the plastic sleeve included in the packaging of the biopsy needle is commonly used) to scrape the specimen off the biopsy needle. When this is complete, the biopsy needle must be rinsed in saline to remove the formalin, reloaded and handed back to the physician. In our experience this process takes at least 30 seconds and frequently results in broken specimens which may be more difficult for the pathologist to mount, section and interpret. All the while the patient lays with the probe uncomfortably in the rectum. RESULTS In our method when the physician hands the biopsy gun to the assistant, he recocks it and points the tip into the mouth of the specimen container but not in contact with the formalin. He fires the biopsy gun and the specimen is expelled into the container intact, without contaminating the needle and with no further manipulation needed. Should the needle touch the formalin, it can be rinsed in saline without removing it from the biopsy gun. By using this simple method and pre-labeled specimen containers we have reduced the time needed for the biopsy portion of the transrectal ultrasound (10 biopsies) to 120 seconds. CONCLUSIONS While patients still experience some discomfort, they are often surprised and uniformly grateful that the procedure is over so quickly. This simple modification makes a common procedure dramatically faster, has no deleterious effect on the accuracy of the test, reduces the chance for needle stick exposure and may actually improve specimen quality. REFERENCES
Event Graph Modelling for Simulation with an Application to Flexible Manufacturing Systems

This paper contains numerous extensions and refinements to event graphs which were recently introduced by Schruben for simulation modelling. These new results are integrated with Schruben's work to present a complete description of event graphs and their analysis. A simple flexible manufacturing system is modelled via event graphs to illustrate event graph modelling and analysis.
Role of chemical cues and natal rearing effect on host recognition by the parasitic wasp Melittobia digitata

Parasitoids are expected to have the ability to find, recognize, and perhaps to discern potential hosts that can best support the development of their progeny. Melittobia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are gregarious ectoparasitoids, which primarily attack mud daubers (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). How Melittobia females locate their host is not well known, but the process may involve host-related chemical signals. In this study, we investigated the roles of host chemical cues and natal rearing effect in host recognition by Mel. digitata Dahms. In an olfactometer that contained prepupae of Trypoxylon politum Say (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), puparia of Neobellieria bullata (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), empty or intact host cocoons, or nest mud, Mel. digitata females spent significantly more time in air fields that contained T. politum (prepupae + cocoon) and Meg. rotundata (prepupae + cocoon) than in N. bullata and control fields. Nest mud and natal host had no attraction for parasitoid host choice. Most first and last choices of Mel. digitata females in the olfactometer were not consistent, suggesting an initial random dispersion, although they responded positively towards hosts in cocoons.
A Person-Environment Fit Model for Virtual Organizations

While the increasing sophistication of information technology has led to the spread of virtual organizations, there has been very little research on what factors contribute to individuals’ effectiveness in such organizations. This paper argues that organizations possess different degrees of virtuality based on four dimensions of temporal, spatial, cultural, and organizational dispersion. Using a person-environment fit framework, a theoretical model that identifies individual qualities required to fit into virtual organizations, virtual teams, and virtual jobs is developed, taking into account dimensions and degrees of virtuality. Mechanisms for enhancing fit in virtual organizations as well as theoretical and practical implications of the model are addressed.
The Global Feasibility and Schedulability of General Task Models on Multiprocessor Platforms

Feasibility analysis determines (prior to system execution-time) whether a specified collection of hard-real-time jobs executed on a processing platform can meet all deadlines. In this paper, we derive near-optimal sufficient tests for determining whether a given collection of jobs can feasibly meet all deadlines upon a specified multiprocessor platform assuming job migration is permitted. These tests are general enough to be applied even when the collection of jobs is incompletely specified. We discuss the applicability of these tests to the scheduling of collections of jobs that are generated by systems of recurrent real-time tasks. We also show that our feasibility conditions may be used to obtain global-EDF schedulability conditions.
Cumulative and reversible effects of lifetime smoking on simple tests of lung function in adults.

Data from a random sample of 8,191 men and women from 6 U.S. cities are used to fit a model describing the effects of cumulative and current cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. The data show that smokers suffer an irreversible loss of FVC and FEV1, which is described by a linear function of their cumulative cigarette smoking as measured in pack-years. For a typical male 173 cm tall, the estimated loss of FEV1 is 7.4 ml for each pack-year smoked. For a typical woman, 161 cm tall, the estimated effect is 4.4 ml per pack-year. Current cigarette smoking adds an acute deficit over and above the cumulative effect of lifetime smoking. For any lifetime pack-years, exsmokers have higher levels of FEV1, 123 ml for a typical man, 107 ml for a typical woman, than do current smokers of a pack per day (p less than 0.001). A man who starts smoking one pack of cigarettes per day at 25 yr of age would at age 60, after 35 pack-years of exposure, have an expected FEV1 equal to that of a man 69.4 yr of age who had never smoked. If he stopped smoking at 60 yr of age, his expected level would increase to that of a 66.5-yr-old never-smoker. This model therefore estimates how much lung function is irreversibly lost by smoking, estimates how much could be regained with cessation of smoking, and predicts the future loss of lung function in both cases.
Learning coupled conditional random field for image decomposition with application on object categorization

This paper proposes a computational system of object categorization based on decomposition and adaptive fusion of visual information. A coupled Conditional Random Field is developed to model the interaction between low level cues of contour and texture, and to decompose contour and texture in natural images. The advantages of using coupled rather than single-layer Random Fields are demonstrated with model learning and evaluation. Multiple decomposed visual cues are adaptively combined for object categorization to fully leverage different discriminative cues for different classes. Experimental results show that the proposed computational model of ldquorecognition-through-decomposition-and-fusionrdquo achieves better performance than most of the state-of-the-art methods, especially when only a limited number of training samples are available.
Evaluation of a wireless enterprise backbone network architecture

IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN technology is mainly used as an access network within corporate enterprises. All the WLAN access points are eventually connected to a wired backbone to reach the Internet or enterprise computing resources. We aim to expand WLAN into an enterprise-scale backbone network technology by developing a multichannel wireless mesh network architecture called Hyacinth. Hyacinth equips each node with multiple IEEE 802.11a/b NICs and supports distributed channel assignment/routing to increase the overall network throughput. We present the results of a detailed performance evaluation study on the multichannel mesh networking aspect of Hyacinth, based on both NS-2 simulations and empirical measurements collected from a 9-node Hyacinth prototype testbed. A key result of this study is that equipping each node of a Hyacinth network with just 3 NICs can increase the total network bandwidth by a factor of 6 to 7, as compared with single-channel wireless mesh network architecture.
New Directions in Adult Education

AbstractHow are educators moving museums' interpretive goals beyond exhibition galleries? How are programs creating new relationships between a museum and its adult audiences? As plans for physical transformation at the Chicago History Museum took form, the education department launched a parallel process of planning to redefine the “look and feel” for adult learning. With the reopening of the museum in fall 2006, the education department premiered an annual menu of programs designed to reach adult learners and foster exchanges with Chicago. New Directions in Adult Education is a new approach to program design that has created a core offering of programs for adult audiences at the museum. This article explores how education can move the interpretive focus in program design away from an exhibition-centered approach to one that is creating new connections between adults, history, and the city.
Global non-negative controllability of the semilinear parabolic equation governed by bilinear control

We study the global approximate controllability of the one dimensional semilinear convection-diusion-reaction equation governed in a bounded domain via the coecient (bilinear con- trol) in the additive reaction term. Clearly, even in the linear case, due to the maximum principle, such system is not globally or locally controllable in any reasonable linear space. It is also well known that for the superlinear terms admitting a power growth at innity the global approximate controlla- bility by traditional additive controls of localized support is out of question. However, we will show that a system like that can be steered in L 2 (0; 1) from any non-negative nonzero initial state into any neighborhood of any desirable non-negative target state by at most three static (x-dependent only) above-mentioned bilinear controls, applied subsequently in time, while only one such control is needed in the linear case.
Neutral learning of constrained nonlinear transformations

Two issues that are fundamental to developing autonomous intelligent robots, namely rudimentary learning capability and dexterous manipulation, are examined. A powerful neural learning formalism is introduced for addressing a large class of nonlinear mapping problems, including redundant manipulator inverse kinematics, commonly encountered during the design of real-time adaptive control mechanisms. Artificial neural networks with terminal attractor dynamics are used. The rapid network convergence resulting from the infinite local stability of these attractors allows the development of fast neural learning algorithms. Approaches to manipulator inverse kinematics are reviewed, the neurodynamics model is discussed, and the neural learning algorithm is presented. >
Regulation of sulfotransferase activity by vitamin K in mouse brain

We have shown previously that the administration of warfarin to 16-day-old mice results in a significant reduction in levels of sulfatides, and to a lesser degree a reduction of other sphingolipids in brain. Vitamin K stimulates biosynthesis of sulfatides in warfarin-treated mice. We now report that warfarin inhibits brain sulfotransferase activity. This inhibition is reversed by vitamin K. The treatment of normal mice with vitamin K stimulates the activities of sulfotransferase and arylsulfatase and the turnover rate of brain sulfatides. The ability of vitamin K to influence the activity of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes and the turnover of sulfatides suggests a possible regulatory role for vitamin K in the maturing brain.
Gender differences in seasonal affective disorder

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether men and women with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) differ in their clinical presentation or in their response to bright light therapy. Data from all patients who participated in our SAD clinic between 1981 and 1991 were analyzed retrospectively. A linear discriminant function analysis was performed using self-report data from the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and the Seasonal Screening Questionnaire (N =167 women and 43 men). SIGH-SAD ratings (consisting of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and an addendum for atypical symptoms) were analyzed to determine if men and women differed in clinician-rated symptoms at baseline (N = 86 women and 28 men), or in their response to phototherapy (N =43 women and 16 men). Male and female SAD patients did not differ in clinician-rated symptoms or in their response to phototherapy. However, on self-report scales, men reported more severe illness, while women reported more carbohydrate craving, a greater percentage increase in weight, and more hours of sleep per night in the winter. The linear discriminant function analysis correctly classified 93.4% of the women but only 27.9% of the men. Since we found significant differences only on self-report scales, our results may reflect a gender difference in symptom reporting. Alternatively, our findings may reflect gender differences in depressive symptomatology or differences between normal men and women in the sleep-wake cycle or in carbohydrate craving. Men with SAD may have a more heterogeneous presentation than women with SAD. There is, however, no gender difference in response to phototherapy. Depression 3:13–19 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc .
Optimizing PET/MRI Y-90 post-therapy imaging using PET/CT as a standard

1283 Objectives The aim of our study was to optimize reconstruction parameters for PET/MRI post-therapy Y-90 imaging using PET/CT as a standard. Methods In a continuing study after selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) with Y-90 microspheres, patients were imaged on a 4R, 40 slice PET/CT system (Siemens mCT). The low mA, non-diagnostic CT images were used for attenuation correction and localization of the Y-90 microspheres in the PET/CT studies. The acquisition time was 15 min. Immediately after PET/CT study, in an adjacent room a PET/MRI study was done on a Siemens mMR system. The acquisition time was 20 min, and attenuation correction was done using the scanner standard 4 segment MR based attenuation map. In both studies, the Na-22 isotope was selected, because neither system has Y-90 in their database. The data were reconstructed using the vendor’s reconstruction software and were transferred to a common platform where the PET/MRI and PET/CT Y-90 microspheres liver distributions were visually compared. Results PET images for the PET/CT system were reconstructed according to QUEST recommendations, 2 iterations 21 subsets (2i21s) and 5mm Gaussian smoothing. PET images from the PET/MRI system were reconstructed using different number of iteration steps and different Gaussian smoothing. However, the number of subsets was fixed to 21. In a visual comparison we concluded that the PET images from PET/MRI system, which has the best qualitative match with corresponding PET images from PET/CT system are also the ones reconstructed with 2i21s and 5mm Gaussian smooth, although other combinations also were close match, like 3i21s and 8mm Gaussian smooth. Conclusions In liver SIRT with Y-90 microspheres, the final administrated Y-90 distribution can be adequately imaged by either PET/CT or PET/MRI state-of-the-art system. The distributions of Y-90 microspheres obtained from PET/MRI and PET/CT in post-therapy studies were very similar.
The Phonon Densities of States of AlN and ZrN

Phonons are thought to play a crucial role in the high thermal conductivity of AIN and ZrN. Using time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy, we have measured the phonon spectra of A1N and ZrN up to 300 meV (2400 cm−1). The one-phonon density of states (DOS) of AIN exhibits relatively sharp bands at about 33, 63, 83 and 91 meV. In addition, distinct multiple-phonon excitations were observed at ∼173 and 255 meV. The phonon DOS of ZrN displays similar features with the corresponding phonon energies shifted toward lower energies. The measured DOS of AIN is compared with results of molecular-dynamics simulations.
Nucleation ofδ′ (Al3Li) onβ′ (Al3Zr) in Al-Li-Zr and Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloys

En utilisant la theorie classique de germination, on montre que β' peut agir comme substrat de germination pour δ' (comme ceci a ete observe experimentalement). La barriere d'energie peut etre reduite si δ' germe sur une face β'/δ de bas indice. L'efficacite de β' comme substrat de germination augmente comme le rayon de β' augmente
The ‘potential’ optative in Homeric Greek

When translating the ‘potential’ Homeric Greek optative into English, ‘could’ is often the best modal verb to use, to be preferred to the more usual ‘would’. I will argue that, in some cases, this reveals that the optative expresses what is termed in the literature ‘dynamic’ modality. Examining several examples in more detail I will claim that the optative expresses a wide range of meanings, the differences between which are subtle and not always clear-cut.
Control Nosocomial Infection by Standardized Packaging

OBJECTIVE To reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection by standardized packaging material and model. METHODS The packaging material and model were selected according to the different sterilizations.And the qualfication rate of sterilization and warranty period of standardized instruments were detected regularly. RESULTS The quality of sterilizations was effectively guaranteed by conducting control measures. CONCLUSIONS The nosocomial infection rate is effectively prevented by standardized packaging material and model.
Visualization, Information Modeling, and Simulation: Grand Challenges in the Construction Industry

AbstractWith the rapid advancement of sensing and computing technology and the wide adoption of mobile computing, the construction industry has faced a rise in the amount of information and data generated during the lifecycle of the construction project. To deal with a large variety of project data and information to support efficient and effective decision making, visualization, information modeling, and simulation (VIMS) has become critical in the development of capital facilities and infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to identify and investigate grand challenges in VIMS for the construction industry, to assist the academic and industry communities in establishing a future research agenda to solve VIMS challenges. In particular, 17 VIMS grand challenges were identified by an expert task force in the VIMS committee of the ASCE Computing and Information Technology Division, and then VIMS experts in the civil and construction areas from both academia and industry participated in a survey to as...
Dycal versus Nd:YAG laser and Vitrebond for direct pulp capping in permanent teeth.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the efficacy of laser-assisted direct pulp capping by comparing the survival rates of permanent teeth treated with Nd:YAG laser and Vitrebond (3M Corporation, St. Paul, MN) direct pulp caps to permanent teeth treated with the traditional calcium hydroxide direct pulp cap over intervals of up to 54 months. Summary Background Data: While there are case reports and evaluations of various laser techniques in the literature, statistical studies comparing the success of laser-assisted applications to traditional techniques are needed. This is a retrospective investigation of one such laser assisted application. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all active and inactive patients resulted in the identification of 83 patients who received direct pulp caps in a total of 93 permanent teeth; 29 with calcium hydroxide and 64 with Nd:YAG laser and Vitrebond. Results: Life table analysis of the data of this retrospective study demonstrated that the teeth treated with the laser and Vi...
Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Pensieve to Crystal Ball

In the next decade, professionals in communication sciences and disorders will encounter a wealth of needs, opportunities, and challenges in research and practice related to autism spectrum disorder. What lies ahead will reflect both transformations of and continuities with past perspectives (psychodynamic, biological, and learning theory). Among our largest challenges as individuals and as a discipline will be to determine the most important needs to address and the most productive opportunities to seize. Interprofessional collaboration, community engagement, and partnerships among researchers, practitioners, and community stakeholder are all strategies that can better guide our selection of priorities.
Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and falls in older cancer patients.

138Background: More than 60% of cancer patients are older adults. Such patients undergo age and cancer therapy related changes. Older adults also have geriatric risk factors for falls such as frailty, cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment [MCI] and dementia), and malnutrition-including vitamin D deficiency. Objective: To assess the prevalence of vitamin D insuffiency and risk factors for falls in older cancer patients. Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Patients underwent prospective data collection and retrospective analysis. Patients underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessments, including cognitive, functional, nutritional, physical, and comorbidity assessment. Vitamin D was assayed. Bone densitometry was performed. Analysis: Descriptive statistics, and multivariable logistic regression. Results: We enrolled 318 patients and 305 patients with complete data were included for final analysis. Patients were undergoing active cancer care. Patients had gastrointestinal, urologic, breast, lung a...
Human Bocavirus Type-1 Capsid Facilitates the Transduction of Ferret Airways by Adeno-Associated Virus Genomes

Human bocavirus type-1 (HBoV1) has a high tropism for the apical membrane of human airway epithelia. The packaging of a recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (rAAV2) genome into HBoV1 capsid produces a chimeric vector (rAAV2/HBoV1) that also efficiently transduces human airway epithelia. As such, this vector is attractive for use in gene therapies to treat lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. However, preclinical development of rAAV2/HBoV1 vectors has been hindered by the fact that humans are the only known host for HBoV1 infection. This study reports that rAAV2/HBoV1 vector is capable of efficiently transducing the lungs of both newborn (3- to 7-day-old) and juvenile (29-day-old) ferrets, predominantly in the distal airways. Analyses of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models of the ferret proximal airway demonstrate that infection of this particular region is less effective than it is in humans. Studies of vector binding and endocytosis in polarized ferret proximal airway epithelial cultures revealed tha...
Prenatal cocaine effects on fear conditioning: Exaggeration of sex-dependent context extinction

Prenatal cocaine exposure results in deficits in sensory preconditioning, discrimination reversal, and spatial navigation, tasks that require input from the hippocampus. However, there are no previous studies concerning prenatal cocaine effects on contextual fear conditioning, another hippocampal-dependent task. The present experiments tested whether chronic subcutaneous administration of 40 mg/kg of cocaine HCl to pregnant rats, from gestational day (GD) 8 through 20 would lead to disruption of contextual fear conditioning in adult male and female offspring. Offspring of saline-injected/pair-fed and untreated dams served as controls. Experiment 1 used a one-trial context conditioning preparation. Rats received a 2-s, 1-mA footshock in either the test context or a novel context, or received no shock on the day prior to the no-shock test. Defecation and freezing were measures of fear. Experiment 2 used a multiple measures protocol to optimize detection of prenatal treatment effects and was preceded by an open-field test. Rats received a 2-s, 0.8-mA footshock or no shock once daily over 4 days of conditioning. During 3 days of extinction, access to an adjacent chamber enabled the observation of four additional measures of fear: side crossing, latency, nose crossing, and side-differential. There were gender-dependent effects of conditioning on freezing and the four added measures of fear. Males showed higher levels of context conditioning and extinguished more slowly than females. The measures of nose crossing and side-differential revealed that prenatal cocaine exposure exaggerated gender-specific effects of context conditioning. The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on context extinction are sexually dimorphic.
An Examination of the Accuracy of Marx’ Description of the Law

This chapter deals with the accuracy of Marx’ description of the law of contracts, including the following premises: 1. It is altogether accidental that individuals enter into contracts. 2. Contracts can be entered into or not at will. 3. The terms of the contract rest entirely on the individual free wills of the contracting parties.
Discontinued codes in the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies

Abstract The Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS), a database used to convert foods and beverages reported in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) into gram amounts and to determine their nutrient values, is updated and a new version released to accompany each 2-year release of WWEIA, NHANES. Beginning with FNDDS 2011–2012 and continuing with FNDDS 2013–2014 extensive updates resulted in a notable increase in the number of codes added; additionally many codes were discontinued during these survey cycles, which can pose challenges for researchers. The objective of this short communication is to describe a file developed which lists discontinued codes between survey cycles, provides a rationale for discontinuation and details how they may be linked to a new or existing code(s) in the subsequent version of FNDDS. The availability of a file to link appropriate discontinued codes between FNDDS versions benefits researchers conducting trend analysis or use FNDDS to support other food intake databases.
The Ethical Frameworks of Social Media Policies Among U.S. Nonprofit Organizations: Legal Expectations, Dialogic Prescriptions, and a Dialectical Model

ABSTRACTNonprofit organizations are experiencing a new world of fundraising, marketing, and stakeholder engagement on a scale previously unseen and due largely to social media. This study investigated the extent to which nonprofits craft social media policies using ethical frameworks to guide online activity mindful of this new reality. Assessing the top 100 U.S. nonprofits and their social media policies, this study examined the 80,000 words of text extant within the available 55 nonprofit social media policies and found emergent themes that articulate the current ethical state of nonprofit social media policies. Hand-coding processes yielded themes of engagement, responsibility, privacy, protection, transparency, and respect. Computer-coding additionally aggregated these themes into larger themes of privacy, sharing, communication, accuracy, inaccuracy, engagement, and dialogue. Further analysis explored the ways in which nonprofit social media policies imply a dialectical model of ethical frameworks be...
Longitudinal changes in MR T1ρ/T2 signal of meniscus and its association with cartilage T1p/T2 in ACL-injured patients

Summary Objective To evaluate the longitudinal changes in meniscal T1ρ/T2 signal post-reconstruction in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and to investigate the association with T1ρ/T2 signal in articular knee cartilage. Method In this prospective study, knees of 37 patients with ACL-injury and reconstruction in addition to 13 healthy controls were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1ρ/T2 mapping. Quantitative analysis of the meniscus was performed in the anterior/posterior horns of lateral/medial meniscus fourteen sub-compartments of cartilage spanning the medial/lateral area of the tibia and femoral condyles. Meniscus T1ρ/T2 signals were compared between injured, contralateral and control knees at baseline, 6-months, 1-year and 2-years using t -tests for cross-sectional comparisons and a mixed model for longitudinal comparisons. Pearson-partial correlations between meniscal and cartilage T1ρ/T2 were evaluated. Results There was a significant decrease of T1ρ/T2 signal in the posterior horn of lateral meniscus (PHLAT) of injured knees during a 2-year period. In the posterior horn of medial meniscus (PHMED), T1ρ/T2 signal of injured knees was significantly elevated at all time points post-reconstruction compared to contralateral and control knees. Within injured knees, PHMED T1ρ/T2 signal showed significant positive correlations with medial tibia (MT) cartilage T1ρ/T2 signal at all time points. Conclusion A significant decrease in PHLAT T1ρ/T2 signal by 2-years suggests potential tissue recovery after ACL-injury. Elevated T1ρ/T2 signal in the PHMED of injured knees at 2-years correlating with knee cartilage T1ρ/T2 signal elevations suggests involvement of the PHMED in subacute cartilage degeneration after ACL-injury and reconstruction.
An Experimental Configuration to Probe for Lorentz Symmetry Violation in Electrons Using Trapped Yb+ Ions

Since extensions of the standard model have been developed that predict violations of local Lorentz invariance (LLI), precision measurement groups have been working to reduce experimental bounds of the associated matrix element. Using an analogue of the Michelson-Morley test with trapped Ca+ ions, the current bound has been set at one part in 1018. However, by instead using Yb+ ions, which have highly stable electronic states for storing quantum information compared to their counterparts and exhibit enhanced effects of LLI breaking asymmetries, we can push the bounds to one part in 1023. In this article, we outline a configuration for such an experiment and offer solutions to experimental concerns. We develop an algorithm for state creation, manipulation, and measurement that minimizes measurement time and transition uncertainty. We also discuss necessary hardware for trapping and manipulating ions including a vacuum system, a Paul trap and the associated electrode voltage supplies, and an optics system for generating and applying transition pulses. The experiment is specifically designed to utilize the existing ion trap hardware in place at the Richerme lab at Indiana University Bloomington.
Year-to-year Variability in Arctic Minimum Sea Ice Extent and its Preconditions in Observations and the CESM Large Ensemble Simulations

Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) achieves its minimum in September each year and this value has been observed to decline steeply over the satellite era of the past three decades. Yet large year-to-year fluctuations are also present in the September SIE and the mechanisms for this variability are still not clear. Here we address this issue by examining the preconditions in meteorological fields in the previous spring and summer from observations and a large ensemble of historical climate model simulations. The focus of this study is on the impact of anomalous moisture transport into the Arctic and the associated surface energy fluxes on the September SIE. We find that the below-normal September SIE is associated with enhanced moisture transport into the Arctic in spring, which induces downward thermal radiation at the surface. However, in summer, the anomalous moisture transport over the Arctic is divergent due to an anticyclonic atmospheric flow pattern and the ice albedo feedback plays a leading role in sea ice loss.
Limited Proteolysis of Angiogenin by Elastase Is Regulated by Plasminogen

Human neutrophil elastase cleaves angiogenin at the Ile-29/Met-30 peptide bond to produce two major disulfide-linked fragments with apparent molecular weights of 10,000 and 4000, respectively. Elastase-cleaved angiogenin has slightly increased ribonucleolytic activity, but has lost its ability to undergo nuclear translocation in endothelial cells, a process essential for angiogenic activity. Cleavage appears to alter the cell-binding properties of angiogenin, despite the fact that it occurs some distance from the putative receptor-binding site, since the elastase-cleaved protein fails to compete with its native counterpart for nuclear translocation in endothelial cells. Plasminogen specifically accelerates elastase proteolysis of angiogenin. It does not enhance elastase activity toward ribonuclease A or the synthetic peptide substrate MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-pNA. Plasminogen-accelerated inactivation of angiogenin by elastase might be a significant event in the process of angiogenin-induced angiogenesis since (i) angiogenin and plasminogen circulate in plasma at high concentrations, (ii) angiogenin, especially when bound to actin, activates tissue plasminogen activator to generate plasmin from plasminogen, and (iii) elastase cleaves plasminogen to produce angiostatin, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis. Interrelationships among angiogenin, plasminogen, plasminogen activators, elastase, and angiostatin may provide a sensitive regulatory system to balance angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis.
Sequential Assembly of Virus Particles

Animals and plants have a pleasing variety of shapes. But most virus particles are either rods or spheres. The reason is that virus particles are like surface crystals with a regular arrangement of their constituent molecules. Viruses usually are rods or spheres because there are only two kinds of symmetry for surface crystals: helical symmetry, which gives rods, and cubic symmetry, which gives spheres or polyhedra. The regularity of the structure of viruses reflects the fact that they assemble themselves by a process akin to crystalization.
Reactivation of Chagas disease among heart transplant recipients in the United States, 2012-2016

BACKGROUND Heart transplantation has been shown to be a safe and effective intervention for progressive cardiomyopathy from chronic Chagas disease. However, in the presence of the immunosuppression required for heart transplantation, the likelihood of Chagas disease reactivation is significant. Reactivation may cause myocarditis resulting in allograft dysfunction and the rapid onset of congestive heart failure. Reactivation rates have been well documented in Latin America; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the risk in non-endemic countries. METHODS We present our experience with 31 patients with chronic Chagas disease who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation in the United States from 2012 to 2016. Patients were monitored following a standard schedule. RESULTS Of the 31 patients, 19 (61%) developed evidence of reactivation. Among the 19 patients, a majority (95%) were identified by laboratory monitoring using polymerase chain reaction testing. One patient was identified after the onset of clinical symptoms of reactivation. All subjects with evidence of reactivation were alive at follow-up (median: 60 weeks). CONCLUSIONS Transplant programs in the United States are encouraged to implement a monitoring program for heart transplant recipients with Chagas disease. Our experience using a preemptive approach of monitoring for Chagas disease reactivation was effective at identifying reactivation before symptoms developed.
Primary histiocytic sarcoma of the central nervous system: a case report with platelet derived growth factor receptor mutation and PD-L1/PD-L2 expression and literature review.

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm. HS in the central nervous system is exceptionally rare and associated with a poor prognosis. This report documents a case of primary HS of the central nervous system with treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Our patient was a 47 year old female presenting with progressive ataxia, headaches, imbalance, nausea, vomiting, and diplopia. MRI showed a heterogeneously enhancing lesion approximately 2.9 × 3.0 × 2.3 cm centered upon the cerebellar vermis with mild surrounding vasogenic edema and abnormal enhancement of multiple cranial nerves. The patient underwent surgical debulking, which revealed histiocytic sarcoma with grossly purulent drainage. Staging revealed diffuse leptomeningeal involvement, primarily involving the brain and lower thoracic and lumbar spine. She underwent adjuvant radiotherapy to the brain and lower spine and was started on high dose methotrexate. However, she experienced progressive disease in the cervical and thoracic spine as well as pulmonary involvement. Genomic sequencing of her tumor showed a mutation in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (p.V0681) which could be targeted with Dasatinib. However, she did not tolerate Dasatinib and she succumbed to progressive disseminated disease eight months from original diagnosis. Our pathologic evaluation also revealed expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 by tumor cells raising the potential therapeutic role for immune checkpoint inhibition. This case provides an example of effective CNS control with resection and moderate doses of radiation therapy. A review of the literature confirms aggressive multidisciplinary treatment is the most effective treatment against this disease. In addition, genomic sequencing may play an important role in determining new therapeutic options. However, CNS histiocytic sarcoma remains an aggressive disease with a propensity for early widespread dissemination and few long term survivors.
287 African american SLE patients with variable disease activity reveal alterations in signaling pathways and soluble mediators that are more pronounced than european american patients

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with a variable clinical presentation and periods of waxing and waning disease. Heterogeneity in SLE is influenced by genetic and non-genetic susceptibility found in different ethnicities that drive disease expression and severity. The immune pathways that contribute to heightened disease activity in lupus and immune variation by race are critical to understanding SLE disease mechanisms and outcomes. Methods Peripheral whole blood samples of European or African American healthy controls (n=18) and SLE patients with either high (SLEDAI4) (n=20) or low (SLEDAI Results European American SLE patients with high disease activity were differentiated from patients with low disease activity by reduced frequencies of peripheral B cells, specifically naive B cells (CD27-IgD+CD24 lo) (p=0.0101) and double negative B cells (CD27-IgD-) (p=0.0220), while African American patients with high disease activity had elevated frequencies of memory B cells (CD27 +IgD CD38+) (p Conclusions Our results support a model where race influences heightened SLE disease activity mechanisms with alterations in B cell signaling, and greater dysregulation in phospho-signaling and pro-inflammatory soluble mediators observed in African American patients. Funding Source(s): NIH (U19AI082714, U19AI082719, U54GM104938, P30GM103510, U01AI101934)
Field and Laboratory Studies Linking Hydrologic, Geochemical, and Microbiological Processes and Enhanced Denitrification during Infiltration for Managed Recharge.

We present linked field and laboratory studies investigating controls on enhanced nitrate processing during infiltration for managed aquifer recharge. We examine how carbon-rich permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) made of woodchips or biochar, placed in the path of infiltrating water, stimulate microbial denitrification. In field studies with infiltration of 0.2-0.3 m/day and initial nitrate concentrations of [NO3-N] = 20-28 mg/L, we observed that woodchips promoted 37 ± 6.6% nitrate removal (primarily via denitrification), and biochar promoted 33 ± 12% nitrate removal (likely via denitrification and physical absorption effects). In contrast, unamended soil at the same site generated 0.7 m/day) but can still result in denitrification. These results demonstrate a quantitative relationship between infiltration rate and denitrification that depends on the presence and nature of a PRB. Combined results from these field and laboratory experiments, with complementary studies of denitrification during infiltration through other soils, suggest a framework for understanding linked hydrologic and chemical controls on microbial denitrification (and potentially other redox-sensitive processes) that could improve water quality during managed recharge.
Next Generation Safe Delivery Source® (SDS4®) Dopant Material Storage and Delivery Package

The Entegris Safe Delivery Source (SDS) package has been the leader in providing subatmospheric specialty gas storage and delivery for ion implant dopant materials since its inception more than twenty years ago. As semiconductor devices advance, increased demands are placed on the purity, productivity, and safety of electronic gases. SDS4, the fourth generation of the SDS product line is designed to address these increasingly stringent demands. This paper presents key advancements in adsorbent-based packages for storing, handling, and delivering semiconductor dopant gases. Desirable characteristics and properties of adsorbents for use in this application are reviewed. The screening methodology and performance of various carbon and metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents are evaluated against these characteristics. Further discussion is included on the testing, design, and selection of cylinder features to continuously improve the SDS product line, making SDS4 the safest and highest performing subatmospheric storage and delivery package to-date. Final product performance is demonstrated and verified through beamline ion implantation tool data.