cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value on Health and Fitness in Adolescent Behavioral Health

A five-item measure of value on health, a new variable in the Personality System of Problem Behavior Theory (Jessor & Jessor, 1977), was construct-validated using cross-sectional data from 1588 male and female 7–12th grade students. Three aspects of construct validity were explored: first, the convergent and discriminant validity of the Value on Health Scale with other health-related psychosocial measures; second, the predictive validity of the Value on Health Scale in relation to health behaviors; and third, the theoretical validity of the Value on Health Scale in relation to other constructs reflecting conventionality-unconventionality in Problem Behavior Theory. Value on Health related significantly to other health-related psychosocial measures such as self-description of health, and parental and peer models for health-enhancing behavior. Value on Health also related significantly to greater involvement in health-enhancing behaviors (e.g., regular physical exercise, seatbelt use, and attention to healthy diet). Finally, Value on Health was linked to a larger network of psychosocial and behavioral characteristics that reflect the underlying dimension of conventionality-unconventionality in the Problem Behavior Theory framework. Value on health seems to be a useful addition to personality attributes that help explain variation in health behavior among adolescents. It would also seem to be an important target for prevention/intervention efforts with that age group.
Large Camborygma isp. in fluvial deposits of the Lower Permian (Asselian) Dunkard Group, southeastern Ohio, U.S.A.

Abstract The lower Washington Formation of the Lower Permian (Asselian) Dunkard Group in southeastern Ohio contains large burrows exposed in cross section in a laterally discontinuous sandstone bed. This study examined the morphology of the burrows and their associated lithofacies to interpret the environmental conditions under which they were produced as well as the behavior and identity of the trace maker. Mudstone facies below and above the burrow-bearing sandstone consist of reddish-brown to variegated paleosols containing rhizohaloes, argillans, and large-scale slickensides, as well as thinly laminated, organic-rich shales containing plant fossils. The sandstone facies is 94–147 cm thick, thinly bedded to massive, and fine- to medium-grained. The lithofacies are interpreted as deposits of crevasse splays, abandoned channels, and proximal to distal floodplains. Sixty burrows consist of vertical, subvertical, J-shaped, Y-shaped, and complex networks of branching shafts and tunnels. The burrows range from 5 to 180 cm in length and 0.8–3.6 cm in width. The main shaft's angles are typically ~ 90°, although are rarely 30–70°. Branching angles of subvertical and Y-shaped burrows vary from 0 to 90°. Many burrows extend to the top of the sandstone bed, but others turn into or out of the bed. The morphology of the burrows is most similar to Camborygma, known from continental deposits of the Permian to recent. While Camborygma has been previously reported from the Permian, this is the first occurrence in the Late Paleozoic Appalachian Basin extending its geographic range. The Dunkard burrows are similar to those of modern freshwater decapods, particularly crayfish. Decapod body fossils are not known from the Dunkard Group, yet these burrows are highly suggestive of their presence. Therefore, these fossil burrows contribute to the paleoecological interpretation of the Dunkard Group, helping to fill in gaps of the terrestrial fauna not otherwise preserved in the fossil record. Decapod burrow morphologies are highly variable depending on burrow function and environment. The Dunkard burrows are similar to secondary dwellings, with few open water attachments, multiple branches, and shafts likely extending to the water table.
A survey of generalized ramsey theory

This is a progress report on a very dynamic branch of graph theory. We begin with a historical review of the origins of generalized ramsey theory and then indicate the small graphs for which the diagonal ramsey numbers are now known. The ramsey multiplicity of a graph is taken up and applied to ramsey games. We conclude with a listing of those families of graphs for which the ramsey numbers have been determined. There still does not exist any general powerful method for computing ramsey numbers.
Near real-time immuno-optical sensor for diagnosing single point mutation: a model system: sensor for factor V Leiden diagnosis.

Abstract Factor V leiden (FVL) is an abnormality of factor V (FV), a blood coagulation factor. It is a hereditary blood coagulation disorder with a high frequency (3–7% of general population). The most common type of FVL is caused by a single amino acid mutation and, therefore, its diagnosis is currently done only by DNA analysis, which takes a long time and is expensive. We have developed a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective, sandwich immuno-optical sensing method. To produce monoclonal antibodies against FV or FVL, having minimal cross-reactivity with the other molecule, a 20 amino acid sequence (20-mer) of FV or FVL at around the mutation site was utilized. The antibodies were screened first with the 20-mers and then the ones showing no cross-affinity were reacted with native FV or FVL molecules and they showed some cross-reactivity. Using two antibodies having strongest affinity to either FV or FVL molecule, a FV and a FVL preferred sensors, were produced. After verifying that the levels of the antibody affinity to the two different molecules remained constant with changes in analyte concentration, a two-sensor system is developed to quantify FV and FVL in plasma samples. The system quantified the levels of FV and FVL at the maximum error of 0.5 μg/ml-plasma, in their physiological concentration range of 0–12 μg/ml-plasma. The levels of both molecules may provide us whether the patient has FVL or not but also the seriousness level of the disease (homozygous and different level of heterozygous).
Midcycle administration of single-dose GnRHa for luteal phase failure in women with ovarian hyperstimulation. A report of five cases.

BACKGROUND: Exogenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) induces an endogenous midcycle gonadotropin surge. However, its use to induce ovulation and maintain luteal function in non-in vitro fertilization patients who receive ovarian stimulation is unknown. CASES: Five infertile women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with human menotropin developed multiple ovarian follicles. In an attempt to circumvent the potential ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, 1 mg of leuprolide acetate was administered subcutaneously to three patients in an attempt to induce the endogenous luteinizing hormone surge. All three patients began menstruation six to seven days after GnRHa administration with serum progesterone levels between 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL. Similar ovarian stimulation cycles with ovulation induced by human chorionic gonadotropin in these individuals revealed a normal luteal phase length and midluteal progesterone levels. When double doses of leuprolide acetate were used on two patients, normal luteal length and midluteal serum progesterone levels occurred. CONCLUSION: A single bolus of GnRHa during the latefollicular phase may be inadequate to initiate normal luteal function in cycles with ovarian hyperstimulation.
Meaningful and Psychologically Rewarding Occupations: Characteristics and Implications for Occupational Therapy Practice

AbstractThe differences between meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations were investigated. Fifty-two individuals from the United States and South Africa participated in the research, w...
An event-based paradigm for analyzing fluorescent astrocyte activity uncovers novel single-cell and population-level physiology

Abstract Recent work examining astrocytic physiology centers on fluorescence imaging approaches, due to development of sensitive fluorescent indicators and observation of spatiotemporally complex calcium and glutamate activity. However, the field remains hindered in fully characterizing these dynamics, both within single cells and at the population-level, because of the insufficiency of current region-of-interest-based approaches to describe activity that is often spatially unfixed, size-varying, and propagative. Here, we present a paradigm-shifting analytical framework that releases astrocyte biologists from ROI-based tools. Astrocyte Quantitative Analysis (AQuA) software enables users to take an event-based approach to accurately capture and quantify the irregular activity observed in astrocyte imaging datasets. We apply AQuA to a range of ex vivo and in vivo imaging data, and uncover previously undescribed physiological phenomena in each. Since AQuA is data-driven and based on machine learning principles, it can be applied across model organisms, fluorescent indicators, experimental modes, and imaging resolutions and speeds, enabling researchers to elucidate fundamental astrocyte physiology.
232 TRENDS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN NEW MEXICO, 1973-2002.

Background There is marked geographic and ethnic variation in the incidence hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Although the United States as a whole is considered a region of lower incidence, the number of HCC cases in this country has doubled over the last two decades. The epidemiology of HCC in the heterogeneous state population of New Mexico has not been previously examined. New Mexico has a population that is 10.2% Native American, 40.4% Hispanic, and 45.7% non-Hispanic white. Methods We used data from the population-based New Mexico Tumor Registry to characterize temporal patterns in incidence rates of HCC among New Mexico9s American Indian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white population during the 30-year period, 1973-2002. Average annual age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated by the direct method using the US 2000 standard population. Results There was little race/ethnic variation in incidence rates in New Mexico early in the study period (1973-1977). However, the rate of increase among both Hispanic and American Indian males far outpaced increases among non-Hispanic whites beginning in the 1980s; by the end of the study period in 2002, incidence rates of HCC among American Indian (10.8 per 100,000) and Hispanic males (10.8) were nearly three times higher than those of non-Hispanic whites (3.7). Similar trends were observed among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white females, although the magnitude of change in incidence rates was much lower among women than men. A relatively small number of cases of disease among American Indian females constrained interpretation of temporal trends in this group. conclusions Our population-based data show profound ethnic differences in HCC incidence rate trends in New Mexico9s American Indians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites. Further studies are warranted to characterize the distribution of risk factors that contributed to these disparate increases in disease in New Mexico.
“Our Winters’ Rights”: Challenging Colonial Water Laws

Much of the scholarship on Indigenous water rights in the United States focuses on legal and political rights awarded or denied in water settlements. This article highlights the voice of settlement...
Mini‐Metagenomics and Nucleotide Composition Aid the Identification and Host Association of Novel Bacteriophage Sequences

A broad spectrum of metagenomic and single cell sequencing techniques have become popular for dissecting environmental microbial diversity, leading to the characterization of thousands of novel microbial lineages. In addition to recovering bacterial and archaeal genomes, metagenomic assembly can also produce genomes of viruses that infect microbial cells. Because of their diversity, lack of marker genes, and small genome size, identifying novel bacteriophage sequences from metagenomic data is often challenging, especially when the objective is to establish phage-host relationships. The present work describes a computational approach that uses supervised learning to classify metagenomic contigs as phage or non-phage as well as assigning phage taxonomy based on tetranucleotide frequencies. Furthermore, the method assigns phage-host relationships using co-occurrence statistics derived from a recently developed mini-metagenomic experimental technique. This work evaluates method performance at identifying viral contigs and predicting taxonomic classification using publicly available references. Then, using two mini-metagenomic datasets, over 100 novel phage contigs from hot spring samples of Yellowstone National Park are identified and assigned to putative microbial hosts. Results of this work demonstrate the value of combining viral sequence identification with mini-metagenomic experimental methods to understand the microbial ecosystem.
Natural and anthropogenic-induced changes in a tidal inlet: Morphological evolution of Oregon Inlet

Abstract Natural processes driving the dynamics of tidal inlets have been studied in length, however, as human influence in the coastal environment persists, there is a need to comprehend how both natural and human-induced processes drive different aspects of tidal inlet morphological evolution. An effort to understand the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic-induced processes in a tidal inlet is pursued by studying Oregon Inlet, considered one of the most dynamic inlets in the Outer Banks of North Carolina, USA. The temporal and spatial scales of the anthropogenic processes driving the morphological evolution of this tidal inlet are studied by means of remotely sensed data and in-situ observations gathered from 2005 until 2015. Effects of natural process that cannot be gathered from observations are studied via a morphological model based on Delft3D. Evolutional trends include the cyclical response of the main channel of the inlet to dredging, a 13° northward rotation of the main channel, and frequent sediment transport reversal in the southern shoulder. Simulations indicate a net sediment transport rate into the inlet of 205,000 m3/yr. Tidal currents are responsible for 55% of such transport, while waves account for the remaining 45%. After a 2-year non-dredging modeling scenario, sediments from the subaqueous spit form a detached shoal in the north side of the flood delta and the main channel remains open branching into two dominant channels. Observations and model results indicate that Oregon Inlet has been in a state of stable equilibrium in the past decade. Natural and human-induced processes contribute to such equilibrium. This study exemplifies the decadal behavior of a tidal inlet influenced by natural processes, infrastructure, and dredging.
Driving engagement: investigating the influence of emotional intelligence and academic buoyancy on student engagement

Available evidence suggests that learners’ level of emotional intelligence and academic buoyancy are associated with components of behavioural and emotional engagement. Recent work has provided pre...
The effect of patient obesity on extracorporeal membrane oxygenator outcomes and ventilator dependency.

Objective The effect of body habitus for patients who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support has not been well-studied and may provide insight into patient survival and outcomes. We sought to determine if there is a correlation of body mass index (BMI) with ECMO outcomes. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who required any form of ECMO support at our institution between 2012 and 2016. Time variables (overall hospital length of stay, intensive care, and ventilator days), and outcomes variables (ability to wean from ECMO, extubation status, hospital survival, 30-day survival) were studied. Patients were divided into cohorts based on BMI. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Spearman correlation, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test were used to assess associations. Results A total of 231 patients required ECMO with a mean BMI of 29 (±6.47; BMI range, 17.6-57.9). The mean BMI did not differ based on type of support provided (veno-veno ECMO [VV] vs veno-arterial [VA]). There was no difference between BMI cohorts for length of stay, time in the intensive care unit (ICU), ability to wean from ECMO, hospital survival or 30-day survival. Raw BMI did not predict if or when patients were extubated. Conclusions Neither obesity classification nor BMI as a continuous variable affected any of the outcome variables. Respiratory outcomes including the ability to extubate and to remain ventilator-free were also independent of patient BMI. These data suggest that extremes of body habitus alone should not be used as an exclusion criteria for consideration of ECMO support.
Laboratory confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome in South Korea in 2017: A genomic epidemiological investigation

Abstract The WHO Regional Verification Commission certified in 2017 that Korea was the first country in the WHO Western Pacific Region to achieve rubella elimination. A suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in August 2017. The mother of a new-born had visited Vietnam during her pregnancy. CRS was confirmed based on the detection of rubella-specific IgM and rubella RNA in the urine and throat swab. Rubella virus isolated from the throat swab was classified as genotype 2B, and a phylogenetic analysis indicated that this genotype had been imported from Vietnam. This is the first report of CRS confirmed using virus isolation in Korea. Laboratory surveillance plays a critical role in the elimination of rubella through the provision of laboratory testing data, and characterisation of circulating strains.
Genes with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 protein

Viruses rely on the host translation machinery to synthesize their own proteins. Consequently, they have evolved varied mechanisms to co-opt host translation for their survival. SARS-CoV-2 relies on a non-structural protein, NSP1, for shutting down host translation. Despite this, it is currently unknown how viral proteins and host factors critical for viral replication can escape a global shutdown of host translation. Here, using a novel FACS-based assay called MeTAFlow, we report a dose-dependent reduction in both nascent protein synthesis and mRNA abundance in cells expressing NSP1. We perform RNA-Seq and matched ribosome profiling experiments to identify gene-specific changes both at the mRNA expression and translation level. We discover a functionally-coherent subset of human genes preferentially translated in the context of NSP1 expression. These genes include the translation machinery components, RNA binding proteins, and others important for viral pathogenicity. Importantly, we also uncover potential mechanisms of preferential translation through the presence of shared sites for specific RNA binding proteins and a remarkable enrichment for 5' terminal oligo-pyrimidine tracts. Collectively, the present study suggests fine tuning of host gene expression and translation by NSP1 despite its global repressive effect on host protein synthesis.
Nuclear Energy Levels of F 19 , F 21 , Ne 22 , and Ne 24

A 16-in. radius, 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} double-focusing magnetic spectrometer was used to investigate the nuclear energy levels of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$, ${\mathrm{F}}^{21}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$, and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{24}$ by analysis of protons and alpha particles produced by ($t, p$) and ($t, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions with natural neon and with ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$ gas targets. Between excitation energies of 2.8 and 6.5 Mev, new levels in ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ were found at 5.102, 5.539, 5.628, 5.937, and 6.169 Mev. Previously reported levels at 3.29, 4.48, and 4.95 Mev were not observed. Up to an excitation energy of 4.3 Mev in ${\mathrm{F}}^{21}$, new levels were seen at 3.451, 3.509, 3.635, 3.977, 4.056, and 4.158 Mev, while the four previously known lower states at 0.285, 1.104, 1.743, and 2.047 Mev were confirmed. The mass of ${\mathrm{F}}^{21}$ was determined to be 21.006624\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000011 amu (${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ standard); $(M\ensuremath{-}A)=6.168\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$ Mev. In ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$ 38 excited states were observed up to an excitation of 9.4 Mev. Levels at 1.277, 3.343, and 4.473 Mev were confirmed, while a previously reported level at 4.9 Mev was not observed. Energy levels in ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{24}$, up to an excitation energy of 6.4 Mev, were found at 1.986, 3.873, 3.962, 4.764, 4.886, 5.576, (5.641), and 6.030 Mev. The mass of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{24}$ was determined to be 24.001238\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000011 amu (${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ standard); $(M\ensuremath{-}A)=1.153\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$ Mev. Standard deviations in the values for the excitation energies vary from 0.015 to 0.025 Mev. Some representative cross sections are reported.
Repurposing Visual Input Modalities for Blind Users: A Case Study of Word Processors

Visual ‘point-and-click’ interaction artifacts such as mouse and touchpad are tangible input modalities, which are essential for sighted users to conveniently interact with computer applications. In contrast, blind users are unable to leverage these visual input modalities and are thus limited while interacting with computers using a sequentially narrating screen-reader assistive technology that is coupled to keyboards. As a consequence, blind users generally require significantly more time and effort to do even simple application tasks (e.g., applying a style to text in a word processor) using only keyboard, compared to their sighted peers who can effortlessly accomplish the same tasks using a point-and-click mouse.This paper explores the idea of repurposing visual input modalities for non-visual interaction so that blind users too can draw the benefits of simple and efficient access from these modalities. Specifically, with word processing applications as the representative case study, we designed and developed NVMouse as a concrete manifestation of this repurposing idea, in which the spatially distributed word-processor controls are mapped to a virtual hierarchical ‘Feature Menu’ that is easily traversable non-visually using simple scroll and click input actions. Furthermore, NVMouse enhances the efficiency of accessing frequently-used application commands by leveraging a data-driven prediction model that can determine what commands the user will most likely access next, given the current ‘local’ screen-reader context in the document. A user study with 14 blind participants comparing keyboard-based screen readers with NVMouse, showed that the latter significantly reduced both the task-completion times and user effort (i.e., number of user actions) for different word-processing activities.
Orality, Media, and Information Technology

A part of understanding how a people speak and perform is to appreciate their culture and outlook to life in general. This understanding should not be limited to face-to-face interactions alone. The asynchronous nature of virtual communication, especially how viewers receive/decode creative content, makes for interesting study and an alternative to an appreciation of a people not in geographical proximity. Creative performances have been studied in tandem with the nature of the language and its diversified possibilities of meaning; what has been left out (and should not be ignored) is an understanding of how the medium through these creative expressions shapes performances, reception, and interpretation. This third leg of this particular academic enterprise is within the purview of media studies. It is in this field that the tripartite of content, form, and its reception intersect seamlessly. To the knowledge of this researcher, how virtual audiences receive folktales has not yet been given its due intellectual/critical attention. Using empirical data, this paper follows randomly selected number of social media platforms to uncover how viewers relate to the video clips of African folktales and performances. The findings show that electronic footprints stand in place of instant feedbacks performers feed off during face-to-face performances.
Family therapy: its role in the prevention of criminality.

The family imprints its members with selfhood in all cultures. Absence of family imprints can result in the development of deviant childhood behavior and loss of identity. In two black racial groups in dissimilar world areas and sampling (Kenya, Africa and Newark, N.J.), five familial determinants interfered with the development of culturally accepted family imprints and led to deviant and criminal behavior. It is suggested that if these deterrents, namely poverty, lack of family authority figures, rejection of of the individual child, absence of family cohesiveness, and loss of individual identity within the family, were altered in their development by family therapy techniques, then criminal and deviant behavior would be decreased.
Computational and Experimental Studies of the Radiation Response of Gd2Ti2O7 Pyrochlore

The structure and property changes in Gd2Ti2O7 (polycrystalline pyrochlore) were examined following irradiation with 1 MeV Kr+, 0.6 MeV Bi+ and 4 MeV Au2+ ions over the temperature range 30-950 K. Gd2Ti2O7 readily amorphizes with a low temperature (30 K) critical dose for amorphization of {approx} 0.15 displacements per atom (dpa). The critical temperature above which amorphization does not occur is about 1190 K. Nano-indentation studies reveal that the structural changes were accompanied by decreases of 15% in the Young's modulus. 1 MeV Kr+ irradiation of amorphous Gd2Ti2O7 at 1065 K resulted in ion-beam-assisted recrystallization. These experimental studies were complemented with molecular dynamics simulations of low energy recoils in Gd2Ti2O7 and Gd2Zr2O7 using a Buckingham type potential. The displacement threshold energy surface in both pyrochlores is highly anisotropic. Displacement energies are higher for all sublattices in the titanate pyrochlore compared to the zirconate. Ti sublattice displacements require energies in excess of 100 eV, and result in multiple displacements and defect clusters. The formation of these clusters might impede dynamic defect recovery and facilitate amorphization.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE: The Celiac Syndrome

Dr. Levine: The patient to be presented is an infant who had chronic diarrhea. Studies performed on this patient by Dr. Murray Davidson, Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, suggest that there are multiple factors involved in the production of the celiac syndrome. Dr. Davidson will discuss the patient9s illness and observations made. Dr. Murray Davidson: To many pediatricians the diagnosis of celiac syndrome means difficulty in absorption of nutrients. According to this concept the diagnosis cannot be made unless there is evidence of excessive stool loss of ingested material. An important contribution to our understanding of the condition has been made by the Dutch and British workers who have demonstrated steatorrhea related to the ingestion of gluten in patients with the celiac syndrome. On the other hand, to some, celiac syndrome merely implies a state of chronic diarrhea. Thus, some cases of diarrhea related to milk ingestion have been called celiac syndrome because of chronicity of symptoms. To the best of our knowledge there are no published reports of such patients in whom detailed study has revealed evidence of malabsorption or a relationship to a specific protein in milk as has been shown in the studies with gluten. In this paper it is our intention first to report a patient who fulfilled the criteria for celiac syndrome upon ingestion of a specific milk protein, and then to examine the current classification of the conditions which make up the celiac syndrome. D.B., a 5-week-old infant, was admitted to the New York Hospital with a history of severe and chronic diarrhea from birth, manifested while receiving evaporated and skim milk formulae as well as Nutramigen®. Stool cultures failed to reveal any pathogens. Study of the urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract and adrenal function revealed no cause for diarrhea.
Political Money and Party Finance

Healthy democratic politics depends on a free flow of information among citizens, groups, candidates for public office, and political parties. The right to speak diminishes in significance without the ability to be heard, and that speech is often conditional on the availability of financial resources to pay for public communication. Yet the manner in which political money is raised and spent can undermine the legitimacy of democratic politics. Efforts to prevent concentrations of wealth from undermining political equality or introducing corruption may conflict with bedrock freedoms of speech and association. Every democracy struggles to reconcile the need for political money with the problems it begets. None have found entirely satisfactory and long-lasting solutions. The political finance tools available to policy makers – public subsidies for candidates and political parties, limits and controls on political contributions and expenditures, disclosure requirements, and regulation of campaign activity – often leave reformers unsatisfied and produce unanticipated consequences. Not all political finance measures are doomed to fail, nor are they miracle cures for the ills arising from money in politics. Democracies will continue to struggle not to solve these problems once and for all, but to contain and manage them as best as they can.
On the structure and catalytic function of mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Experiments were conducted in order to elucidate the relationship between the structure of mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its catalytic activities with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A model is proposed to account for the results which depicts the enzyme as existing in the form of two monomers, X and Y, in rapid, mobile equilibrium with each other, and in which X can be reversibly dissociated into inactive subunits under suitable conditions and Y can be dimerized at high protein concentration. The formation of Y from X is promoted by the addition of NADP+ or NADPH, whereas glycerol or NAD+ promote the formation of X from Y. The NADP-linked activity of Y is greater than that of X, but X possesses greater NAD-linked activity than Y. The experiments here presented in support of the proposed model deal with the interconversion of X and Y. The kinetics of NADPH inhibition of NAD-linked glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is compared in aqueous solution and in 40% glycerol. Sigmoid kinetics is seen in aqueous solution, but normal kinetics obtains in 40% glycerol. Experiments are reported showing that, under the conditions used in the kinetic studies, NADPH does not cause the enzyme to dimerize. It is also shown that the rate and extent of reactivation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from inactive subunits are promoted in the presence of NADPH and hindered in the presence of glycerol. Finally, the effects of various reagents upon the NADP-linked and NAD-linked activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are seen to be compatible with their action on the equilibrium between X and Y. Interconversion of X and Y may be of importance in the regulation of mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
Spontaneous Peritonitis due to Hemophilus influenzae in an Adult

Hemophilus influenzae, usually pathogenic in the pediatric population, caused septicemia and peritonitis in the cirrhotic adult described here. Susceptibility to this unusual adult pathogen was perhaps related to liver disease or corticosteroid treatment. This organism has not previously been associated with the syndrome of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in an adult.
Innovation Constructs: An Exploratory Study

Many organizations strive to improve performance by creating and marketing new products and/or services. Understanding why some new products and services succeed while others fail is critical to managers and marketing researchers. Diffusion of innovation theory addresses the reasons for, and rate of, the adoption of new ideas, products, and services. This theory and its related constructs have been successfully applied to new products while there has been less on emphasis on new services such as educational innovations. Further, research of educational innovations, has focused on adoption by teachers and administrators rather than students. This research study addresses this gap by empirically investigating whether diffusion of innovation theory and constructs apply to student adoption of new academic programs. T
Evaluating Treatment Effects for Adolescents and Adults with Autism in Residential Settings

Learning is a lifelong activity for individuals with autism. Adults with autism continue to need treatment to maximize the quality of their lives and their ability to function in the community as independently as possible. Historically, the primary treatment approach for adults has been through residential programs. The goal of this chapter is to describe the existing research on the effectiveness of residential programs for adults with autism. By examining the treatment goals of adult services and the research to date, directions and approaches for future research are outlined. A current emphasis in outcome research within the field of autism is on the effects of early intervention with children with autism (Dawson & Osterling, 1997). Researchers have attempted to determine how different types of educational and behavioral interventions affect the development of young children with autism. Outcome measures have included measures of cognitive and adaptive development, behavioral functioning, social and communication skills, and educational placements as well as parent satisfaction. This focus on early development follows naturally from the belief that during the preschool years the child has the greatest capacity to learn and grow. In contrast, there has been very little research on the effectiveness of treatment interventions with adolescents and adults with autism. Historically, the major treatment milieu for adults with autism and other developmental disabilities was residential programs or institutions (Hilton, 1987). There is limited research that documents the effectiveness of residential treatment models for individuals with autism. This chapter reviews the goals of residential programs, and then summarizes the available literature on the effects of treatment approaches for adults with autism. The results
Classroom justice: Perceptions of fairness as a predictor of student motivation, learning, and aggression

The present study examined the relationship between students’ perceptions of distributive and procedural justice in a college course and student motivation concerning the course, affective learning in the course, and aggression toward the course instructor. Although student perceptions of both distributive and procedural justice were positively correlated with student motivation and affective learning and negatively correlated with student aggression toward the course instructor, multiple regression analyses indicated that only perceptions of procedural justice predicted the three criterion variables at a statistically significant level while distributive justice perceptions did not. Implications and suggestions for future research in classroom justice are offered.
The LIT ROOM: advancing literacy in children through a networked suite of architectural robotic artifacts

Illiteracy is a global problem that impacts societal and economic growth and development, and is directly correlated with the financial success, health and overall well-being of individuals. Studies indicate that picture-book reading within a facilitated story-time setting is an important tool for language acquisition in children. The proposed research hypothesizes that in an increasingly digital society, literacy can be cultivated in a robot-embedded environment that is, at once, physical, digital and evocative of the picture-book being read. Inspired by concepts of embodied interaction, the research team proposes the design, implementation and evaluation of an intelligent, fine-tunable suite of architectural-robotic artifacts -- the LIT ROOM - distributed at room-scale in a public library setting. Through a reconfigurable, co-adaptive learning environment, the LIT ROOM aims to augment the dialogical reading of picture-books within an engaging and exploratory space for the advancement of literacy and learning.
Pharmacokinetics of carboplatin administered with lobradimil to pediatric patients with brain tumors

To determine the pharmacokinetics of adaptively dosed carboplatin when administered in combination with the bradykinin agonist, lobradimil (RMP-7, Cereport), to pediatric patients with brain tumors. Carboplatin pharmacokinetic studies were performed on 21 of 25 children with primary brain tumors who received carboplatin and lobradimil on two consecutive days every 28 days in a phase I dose-escalation trial of lobradimil. Carboplatin was adaptively dosed, based on the radioisotopic glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to achieve a target plasma area under the concentration vs time curve (AUC) of 3.5 mg⋅min/ml per dose ×2 (2.5 mg⋅min/ml per dose ×2 in patients with prior craniospinal radiation or myeloablative chemotherapy). The adaptive dosing formula was: carboplatin dose (mg/m2)=target AUC (mg⋅min/ml) × [0.93 × GFR (ml/min/m2)+15]. Carboplatin was infused over 60 min (n=15) or 15 min (n=6). The 10-min lobradimil infusion (100–600 ng/kg ideal body weight) began 5 min before the end of the carboplatin infusion. Frequent blood samples were drawn over 24 h after the first dose of carboplatin/lobradimil. Ultrafilterable platinum was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the AUC of ultrafilterable platinum was derived using the linear trapezoidal rule and extrapolated to infinity. The median GFR was 65 ml/min/m2 (range 38–95 ml/min/m2) and the median carboplatin doses for the 2.5 and 3.5 mg min/ml target AUCs were 154 and 276 mg/m2/day (124–235 and 179–360 mg/m2/day), respectively. The measured carboplatin AUC exceeded the target AUC in all 21 patients by a median of 35% (range 0.2–131%). The median carboplatin AUCs at the 2.5 and 3.5 mg⋅min/ml target AUCs were 3.4 and 4.8 mg⋅min/ml (2.51–5.8 and 3.9–7.7 mg⋅min/ml), respectively. Carboplatin clearance was lower than values previously reported in children and correlated poorly with GFR (r 2=0.14). Adaptive dosing of carboplatin based on GFR overestimated the dose required to achieve the target carboplatin AUC in pediatric patients with brain tumors treated with concurrent lobradimil. The degree to which the measured carboplatin AUC exceeded the target AUC appeared to be greater at higher doses of lobradimil, suggesting that the failure of the adaptive dosing method was related to an unexpected pharmacokinetic drug interaction.
Fos expression in rat pontine tegmental neurons following activation of the medial preoptic area.

Fos immunohistochemistry was used to map the distribution of pontine neurons excited by activation of the medial preoptic area (MPO). Although we have previously shown that Barrington's nucleus receives a very dense focal input from the MPO, electrical stimulation of the preoptic area unexpectedly induced very little Fos expression in Barrington's neurons. These results suggest that the MPO-->Barrington's projection utilizes a transmitter(s) that does not involve transduction of the Fos protein; alternatively, MPO afferents to Barrington's nucleus may be inhibitory in nature. As Barrington's nucleus plays a critical role in micturition, MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus may regulate voiding reflexes during sexual behavior. Interestingly, while the locus coeruleus (LC) proper receives only a sparse projection from the MPO, extensive Fos expression was present in LC. The finding of Fos immunoreactive LC neurons suggests that the excitatory influence of MPO may regulate LC neuronal activity and NE release during reproductive behaviors.
Fluidized-Bed Combustion Technology—A Review

Fluidized-bed combustion of coal is now recognized as an economically viable process with a great potential to enhance coal utilization and thereby lessen the ever increasing burden on the scarce p...
Optimization of large join queries: combining heuristics and combinatorial techniques

We investigate the use of heuristics in optimizing queries with a large number of joins. Examples of such heuristics are the augmentation and local improvement heuristics described in this paper and a heuristic proposed by Krishnamurthy et al. We also study the combination of these heuristics with two general combinatorial optimization techniques, iterative improvement and simulated annealing, that were studied in a previous paper. Several interesting combinations are experimentally compared. For completeness, we also include simple iterative improvement and simulated annealing in our experimental comparisons. We find that two combinations of the augmentation heuristic and iterative improvement perform the best under most conditions. The results are validated using two different cost models and several different synthetic benchmarks.
Reasons for Not Helping

Abstract Second-grade, fourth-grade, sixth-grade, high school, and college students (N = 140) were asked to describe situations in which they would not help someone else and their reasons for not helping in those situations. Younger subjects used perceived self-incompetence as a reason for not helping more frequently than did older subjects. In contrast, older subjects more frequently cited a desire not to violate another's personal situation and/or their own internalized values, laws, and rules as reasons not to help than did their younger counterparts. For a majority of the not-helping categories, however, no significant effect of age level was found, and indeed, some individuals in even the youngest age group expressed subtle and insightful reasons for not helping.
The Impact of Network Relationships, Prison Experiences, and Internal Transformation on Women's Success after Prison Release.

Using data obtained from retrospective, in-depth interviews with 20 successful female parolees, the present study examines the effects of women offenders' relationships with people in their social networks (i.e., their network relationships) before, during, and after incarceration on their postrelease desistence from crime. Because women's social networks facilitate women's criminal activity in the past, shifts are necessary to promote successful parole outcomes. A combination of negative relationships dissolving due to incarceration, women's conscious efforts to improve their social networks, and the availability of prison programming and some prosocial family members work together to enable women to access social networks that help them avoid crime after release. The study suggests the value of prison and parole programming that systematically identifies networks that can meet women's needs and that ensures access and availability of social networks for women with varying needs.
Donor‐Derived HTLV‐1 Associated Myelopathy After Transplantation: A Call for Targeted Screening

Keywords: clinical research/practice; infectious disease; infection and infectious agents; viral: human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV); infection and infectious agents; viral
On the inadequacies of current multi-flexible body simulation codes

DISCOS was used to simulate the spin-up of a uniform flexible beam mounted on a rigid spinning disk. The system operated well for the first few seconds but then there was a drastic rise in deflection as the whole system became unstable. Attention is given to the reason for the breakdown of DISCOS and how this affects the simulation results from DISCOS and other multiflexible-body simulation programs. It is found that a formulation option already available in DISCOS will eliminate the dramatic divergence observed in high spin regimes and give good results in low spin regimes while requiring highly simplified input data.
Cysteine 203 of cyclophilin D is critical for cyclophilin D activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening plays a critical role in mediating cell death during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our previous studies have shown that cysteine 203 of cyclophilin D (CypD), a critical mPTP mediator, undergoes protein S-nitrosylation (SNO). To investigate the role of cysteine 203 in mPTP activation, we mutated cysteine 203 of CypD to a serine residue (C203S) and determined its effect on mPTP opening. Treatment of WT mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with H2O2 resulted in an 50% loss of the mitochondrial calcein fluorescence, suggesting substantial activation of the mPTP. Consistent with the reported role of CypD in mPTP activation, CypD null (CypD−/−) MEFs exhibited significantly less mPTP opening. Addition of a nitric oxide donor, GSNO, to WT but not CypD−/− MEFs prior to H2O2 attenuated mPTP opening. To test whether Cys-203 is required for this protection, we infected CypD−/− MEFs with a C203S-CypD vector. Surprisingly, C203S-CypD reconstituted MEFs were resistant to mPTP opening in the presence or absence of GSNO, suggesting a crucial role for Cys-203 in mPTP activation. To determine whether mutation of C203S-CypD would alter mPTP in vivo, we injected a recombinant adenovirus encoding C203S-CypD or WT CypD into CypD−/− mice via tail vein. Mitochondria isolated from livers of CypD−/− mice or mice expressing C203S-CypD were resistant to Ca2+-induced swelling as compared with WT CypD-reconstituted mice. Our results indicate that the Cys-203 residue of CypD is necessary for redox stress-induced activation of mPTP.
“It is no longer viable from a practical and business standpoint”: damage caps, “hidden victims”, and the declining interest in medical malpractice cases

This article investigates two propositions concerning the effects of a key tort reform measure in the United States – non-economic damage (i.e., pain and suffering) caps in medical malpractice cases. The first says plaintiffs' lawyers, who rely on contingency fees, will stop representing certain clients in such cases. The second goes farther, saying lawyers will handle fewer malpractice cases generally. Using survey and interview data from plaintiffs' lawyers in Texas, the article presents strong evidence for both propositions. In doing so, it provides an excellent illustration of the theoretical idea of plaintiffs' lawyers as rational actors constantly adjusting their practices – their businesses – to changes in their working environment. The findings show how a cap on non-economic damages affects the practices of plaintiffs' lawyers by limiting damages to a degree that significantly alters the incentive structure that lies at the heart of the contingency fee system.
Calcium and olfactory transduction

1. Inorganic cations, organic calcium antagonists, and calmodulin antagonists were applied to olfactory epithelia of frogs (Rana pipiens) while recording electroolfactogram (EOG) responses. 2. Inorganic cations inhibited EOGs in a rank order, reflecting their calcium channel blocking potency: La3+ greater than Zn2+ greater than Cd2+ greater than Al3+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Ba2+ greater than Mg2+. Barium ion significantly enhanced EOGs immediately following application. 3. Diltiazem and verapamil produced dose-dependent EOG inhibition. 4. Calmodulin antagonists inhibited EOGs without correlation to their anti-calmodulin potency.