cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal decomposition of 3,3′-bis-azidomethyl-oxetane

Measurements of gaseous species and temperature proe les were performed to study the thermal decomposition of 3,3 9-bis-azidomethyl-oxetane (BAMO). Experiments were conducted at 1 atm of argon with heat e uxes of 100 and 400 W/cm 2 , delivered by a CO 2 laser. Gaseous samples were extracted through the use of a quartz microprobe and analyzed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Temperature proe les were measured using the microthermocouple technique to investigate gas-phase reaction zones identie ed by the species measurements. Flame structure and surface behavior were observed using a high-magnie cation video system. Major species evolved from the surface were identie ed as N 2, HCN, H2CO, H2O, NH3, CO, and CH4. Minor species include NO, H 2CNH (m/z = 29), CH3CN(41), CH3CHNH(43), C2H3CHO(56), CO(CH)2NH(69), and C2H2. From the species measurements, at both experimental conditions, BAMO was found to undergo simultaneous decomposition of its backbone structure, indicated by the release of high concentrations of H 2CO, H2O, and CO, and of side chains, by the large amounts of N 2, HCN, and some larger molecules. No gas-phase reaction was identie ed, because most of the major species measured exhibited relatively constant concentrations in the gas-phase. The lack of a gas-phase reaction was also evident from the gas-phase temperature proe le that showed a constant value of approximately 1050 K.
Quality Circles: The Effects of Varying Degrees of Voluntary Participation on Employee Attitudes and Program Efficacy

This study, with 206 federal government employees, examined hypothesized relationships between degree of voluntary participation in quality circles, employee work climate perceptions, and quality circle outcome measures. Primary results revealed that the degree of voluntary participation in quality circles was positively related to following quality circle guidelines and that following quality circle guidelines was positively related to estimated economic gain. The implications of voluntary versus nonvoluntary participation on quality circle group processes and quality circle cost/benefit outcomes is discussed.
CUSB-II: a high precision electromagnetic spectrometer

Abstract The design, construction and performance of a very compact precision electromagnetic spectrometer is described. The CUSB-II detector has been used to study ϒ spectroscopy, search for exotic particles and measure properties of the B and B ∗ mesons at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring.
Flat-fields in DASH interferometry.

When analyzing the fringe pattern of an interferogram to determine atmospheric wind velocities, inhomogeneities in the optical components and illumination can introduce uncertainty into the results. These variations in the image, which are generally characteristics of the measurement device, are commonly referred to as the “flat-field” of the system. In this work we discuss the effect of this flat-field on measurements made with a Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer. It is found that the flat-field can have a significant effect on any single calculation of the fringe phase, but because the flat-field affects all measurements made with the same system, the uncertainty in the derived wind velocity, which is determined through a comparison of two interferogram fringe phases, typically remains small. Nonetheless, it is recommended to account for the flat-field when analyzing DASH data, if possible. To this end we discuss a method for determining the flat-field using only temperature variations of the system, which is particularly suitable for space-based instruments.
A training phantom for ultrasound-guided needle insertion and suturing.

Abstract Purpose During gynecologic brachytherapy (BT), suturing and image-guided needle insertions are highly skill-dependent tasks. Medical residents often have to practice these techniques in the operating room; this is sub-optimal for many reasons. We present a fast and low-cost method of building realistic and disposable gynecologic phantoms, which can be used to train physicians new to gynecologic BT. Methods Phantoms comprised a rectal cavity large enough to accommodate a standard transrectal ultrasound (US) probe, a vaginal cavity, a uterus, a uterine canal, and a cervix, all embedded in a gelatin matrix. The uterus was made of gelatin and coated with rubber to mimic the texture of soft tissue and for computed tomography (CT) and US image contrast. The phantom's durability, longevity, construction times, materials costs, CT, and US image quality were recorded. The speed of sound in the gelatin was measured using pulse echo measurements. Results Anatomic structures were distinguishable using CT and US. For the first phantom, material costs were under $200, curing time was approximately 48 hours, and active participation time was 3 hours. Reusable parts allowed for reduction in time and cost for subsequent phantoms: under $20, 24 hours curing time, and 1 hour active participation time. The speed of sound in the gelatin ranged from 1495 to 1506 m/s. Conclusion A method for constructing gelatin gynecologic phantoms was developed. It can be used for training in image-guided BT needle insertion, placing a suture on the vaginal wall, and suturing the cervical lip.
Shona and Ndebele Responses to Christianity in Southern Rhodesia, 1897-1914

Etude de la resistance que les Shona (Rhodesie) opposerent au Christianisme apres la repression des soulevements de 1896-97. Comparaison de leur attitude avec celle plus positive des Ndebele (Rhodesie) dont certains chefs se convertirent.
IL-4-based helper activity of CD4+ T cells is radiation sensitive☆

Abstract The capacity of CD4 + T cells to induce IgG synthesis in B cells has been known to be radioresistant for more than 20 years. However, the radiation sensitivity of helper T cells with regard to their ability to induce the synthesis of isotypes other than IgG has not been studied. We therefore irradiated KLH-primed lymph node T cells and examined their capacity to induce IgG, IgM, and IgE synthesis in hapten-primed B cells. We demonstrated that while the capacity of KLH-primed lymph node cells to induce IgG synthesis was not affected by irradiation, the capacity of such T cells to induce IgE synthesis was greatly reduced by γ-irradiation. This was consistent with our observations that IL-4 and IL-5 synthesis in such cells was greatly diminished by irradiation, whereas IL-2 synthesis was only minimally affected. A similar differential sensitivity to irradiation of the helper activity of Th1 and Th2 clones was observed with regard to their ability to induce IgE and IgG synthesis under cognate conditions. Irradiation greatly inhibited the capacity of Th2 clones to induce IgE synthesis, but only minimally affected the capacity of Th1 clones to induce IgG synthesis in primed B cells. The capacity of irradiated Th2 clones to induce IgE synthesis was restored by the addition of IL-4 and IL-5. These results taken together indicated that the sensitivity to irradiation of T helper cells with regard to the induction of IgE but not IgG synthesis was due to the sensitivity to irradiation of the production of IL-4 but not of IL-2. Thus, although some functions of CD4 + T cells are resistant to radiation, other functions, particularly those that depend on the production of IL-4 and IL-5, are greatly diminished by ionizing radiation.
Siliciclastic-hosted iron-formations in the early Archaean Barberton and Pilbara sequences

Abstract Iron‐formation and associated chert and jasper are subordinate to, but commonly intercalated within the upper, dominantly terriginous clastic sequences in the early Archaean Barberton Mountain Land (South Africa) and Pilbara Block (Western Australia). The iron‐formation, jaspillite and chert are exclusively lutitic and occur in a variety of palaeoenvironmental settings, namely: (1) at the base of prograda‐tional submarine fan sequences; (2) within interchannel mudstones enclosing inner and mid‐fan channel deposits; (3) capping Bouma turbidite beds; (4) intercalated within outer‐fan to basin‐plain mudstones; (5) at the base of progradational offshore shelf‐beach sequences; and (6) in lacustrine deposits intercalated within thick, braided, alluvial sequences. These associations suggest that the iron‐formations and associated orthochemical sediments define diastems and that precipitation took place in any environments basinwards of or between events of terrigenous influx. Recognition of such diverse...
Textile and Apparel Resources In the 19th Century South: Columbus, Georgia 1850–1891

The objectives of this historical study were to investigate resources available to meet clothing needs of men and women in Columbus, Georgia, an important center of the southern textile industry, between 1850 and 1891. The resources examined were products of Columbus textile mills; retailers of clothing fabrics and ready-to-wear garments and goods sold by them; and establishments and/or individuals assembling custom-made clothing. Data sources were newspapers, city directories, and extant business records. A comparison of the number of newspaper advertisements for clothing fabrics and ready-to-wear garments in both Columbus and New York City was made to measure any relationship between a southern city and a major metropolis. Major findings were: (1) the assortment of textiles manufactured in Columbus expanded and included clothing fabrics marketed there; (2) a narrower assortment of fabrics was advertised in Columbus than in New York City, but fine fabrics were available in Columbus (The measured relationship between the two cities in terms of clothing fabrics and ready-to-wear was minimal; only a few types of ready-to- wear garments advertised in New York City were never advertised in Columbus.); (3) fabrics and/or ready-to-wear were sold in general stores, and in dry goods, merchant tailors and men's clothing specialty stores; (4) the number of sources of custom-made clothing increased for women, but remained almost constant for men.
Graded characters of induced representations, II, classification of principal series modules for complex groups

Let G be a connected complex reductive algebraic group, which we view here as a real Lie group by taking its complex points and then ignoring its complex structure. The corresponding real Lie group obtained in this way will be denoted G,. The purpose of this paper is the classification of principal series modules for G, with integral regular infinitesimal character, up to isomorphism of Harish-Chandra modules. Using translation functors, this parametrizes all Lie algebra modules that occur, as the space of K,-finite sections, of an integral regular line bundle on the flag manifold of G,. (See 2.14.) Here the term “integral regular” means that we consider only line bundles that are GR-equivariant and whose space of C” sections have an integral regular infinitesimal character (the same as that of a finite dimensional G,-module). Our main result is the proof, in this complex case, of a conjecture that was stated in [4]. (See (OS).) We also give some estimates on Ext Groups (2.16) at the end of Section 2.
Analysis of epidermal entry in experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infections in mice.

Cutaneous infection is the most common form of human anthrax, but little is known of Bacillus anthracis -epidermal interactions. To study the latter, we used experimental inoculations of B. anthracis Sterne spores onto mouse flank skin. In DBA/2 mice (a sensitive strain) 10 7 spores injected intradermally or applied under occlusive dressings to abraded skin produced ipsilateral inguinal edema and rapid death. Epicutaneous application to shaved-only skin produced edema and death in most animals, but at longer times. Mortality after inoculation onto abraded skin was less in C57BL/6 mice (a relatively resistant strain). Inoculations onto shaved-only skin immunized C57BL/6 mice, and they survived later intradermal spore injections. Histology revealed massive organism proliferation in remaining epidermis and hair follicles of inoculated abraded skin, but less growth in the dermis itself. Conversely, no foci could be located by microscopic examination after inoculation onto shaved-only skin. High-dose nonocclusive dressing inoculations onto unshaved skin in DBA/2 mice revealed small numbers of infective foci, all in hair follicles. These results suggest that epidermal damage may increase infection susceptibility to B. anthracis of hair follicle contents and remaining epidermal remnants; the findings also indicate that access may occur through hair follicles and the denuded dermis.
A Probability Theory of Cluster Analysis

Abstract An explicit definition of a (k, r)-cluster is proposed. Each (k, r)-cluster has the property that each of its elements is within a distance r of at least k other elements of the same cluster and the entire set can be linked by a chain of links each less than or equal to r. Some exact distributional results are derived under a nonmetric hypothesis for the case k = 1. An example is given to illustrate the use of probability theory in identifying significant clustering structures in terms of compactness and isolation.
Weight filtrations for induced representations of real reductive Lie groups

Soit G un groupe matriciel reel semi-simple connexe et P=MAN la decomposition de Langlands d'un sous-groupe parabolique de G. Etant donnee une representation admissible Π de M et un caractere e ν de A, on peut former la representation induite (normalisee) Ip(Π⊥e ν ) de G. On decrit une g-filtration de Ip(Π≡e ν ) avec des sous-quotients semi-simples, en termes d'une m-filtration connue a priori de Π a sous-quotients semi-simples, dans le cas de caractere infinitesimal entier
Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy and clinical utility of the Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index for estimating the probability of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. The index was previously derived in a retrospective cohort of 556 patients from a different hospital (derivation cohort). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 264 outpatients starting warfarin (validation cohort) to validate the index prospectively. All patients were identified upon hospital discharge, and physician estimates of the probability of major bleeding were obtained before discharge in the validation cohort. RESULTS: Major bleeding occurred in 87 of 820 outpatients (6.5%/yr). The index included four independent risk factors for major bleeding: age 65 years or greater; history of gastrointestinal bleeding; history of stroke; and one or more of four specific comorbid conditions. In the validation cohort, the index predicted major bleeding: the cumulative incidence at 48 months was 3% in 80 low-risk patients, 12% in 166 intermediate-risk patients, and 53% in 18 high-risk patients (c index, 0.78). The index performed better than physicians, who estimated the probability of major bleeding no better than expected by chance. Of the 18 episodes of major bleeding that occurred in high-risk patients, 17 were potentially preventable. CONCLUSIONS: The Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index prospectively classified patients according to risk of major bleeding and performed better than physicians. Major bleeding may be preventable in many high-risk patients by avoidance of over-anticoagulation and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
A model of periodic job training

This paper examines conditions under which a demand-constrained, cost-minimizing firm will provide industry-specific on-the-job-training to its employees, when a flexible stock of outside labor is available for hire. The term industry-specific is used to describe training with general components valued by other firms in the industry. This definition of on-the-job-training offers the possibility that trained workers could be poached by competing firms and provides limited opportunities for newly trained workers to seek alternative employment. The firm's decisions involve whether or not to invest in on-the-job-training, and whether to use in-house labor exclusively or a mix of in-house and outside labor. The cost-minimizing strategy is crucially dependent upon the mutual loyalty of the firm and its workers.
G Protein Signaling in a Neuronal Network is Necessary for Rhythmic Motor Pattern Production

G protein-coupled receptors are widely recognized as playing important roles in mediating the actions of extrinsic neuromodulatory inputs to motor networks. However, the potential for their direct ...
Nitrogen inputs to seventy-four southern New England estuaries: Application of a watershed nitrogen loading model

Abstract Excess nitrogen inputs to estuaries have been linked to deteriorating water quality and habitat conditions which in turn have direct and indirect impacts on aquatic organisms. This paper describes the application of a previously verified watershed loading model to estimate total nitrogen loading rates and relative source contributions to 74 small-medium sized embayment-type estuaries in southern New England. The study estuaries exhibited a gradient in nitrogen inputs of a factor of over 7000. On an areal basis, the range represented a gradient of approximately a factor of 140. Therefore, all other factors being equal, the study design is sufficient to evaluate ecological effects conceptually tied to excess nitrogen along a nitrogen gradient. In addition to providing total loading inputs rates to the study estuaries, the model provides an estimate of the relative contribution of the nitrogen sources from each watershed to each associated estuary. Cumulative results of this analysis reveal the following source ranking (means): direct atmospheric deposition (37%), ≈wastewater (36%), >indirect atmospheric deposition (16%) > fertilizer (12%). However, for any particular estuary the relative magnitudes of these source types vary dramatically. Together with scientific evidence on symptoms of eutrophication, the results of this paper can be used to develop empirical pressure-state models to determine critical nitrogen loading limits for the protection of estuarine water quality.
Exercise testing in women with chest pain. Are there additional exercise characteristics that predict true positive test results

Women have a notoriously high rate of false positive exercise test results. Since the exercise ST segment response has low specificity in predicting CAD in women, we examined additional exercise parameters in 200 women with a history of chest pain compatible with angina and having ST segment depression ≥1 mm recorded during a Bruce treadmill test. All subsequently had coronary arteriography. Two groups were compared: group A (n = 80) with CAD (≥70 percent stenosis of one or more coronary artery) and group B (n = 120) with angiographically confirmed normal coronary arteries (normal or minimal placquing). The exercise criteria analyzed included: (1) chest pain during exercise, (2) percent target heart rate, (3) extent of ST shift, (4) morphology of the ST segment slope, (5) time to normalization of the ST segment, and (6) total exercise duration. Multivariate analysis (using a stepwise logistic regression model) identified four independent exercise variables associated with the likelihood of CAD: (absence of MVP, p=.003; exercise duration (Chest 1989; 95:139-44)
Transgenic mouse with high Cre recombinase activity in all prostate lobes, seminal vesicle, and ductus deferens

BACKGROUND Prostate-specific gene ablation provides a powerful tool for functional characterization of genes that have impact on embryonic development or on other organs, specifically in the prostate. Uniform expression of Cre with high recombinase activity in the prostate is needed for prostate-specific gene ablation based on Cre-loxP recombinations. Currently, available strains of Cre transgenic mice only express Cre recombinase adequately in certain lobes of the prostate. In other lobes, the expression is low and mosaic. Additional strains of transgenic mice expressing high levels of prostate-specific Cre in all prostate lobes would be useful to study the impact of genome manipulation in all prostate lobes. METHODS The ARR2PB composite promoter with improved capacity to drive androgen-responsive gene expression was used to initiate expression of a transgene bearing the cDNA encoding a recently modified Cre recombinase with improved recombination activity. In addition, an insulator element from the chicken globin locus that minimized negative effect on transcription of the transgene imposed by chromosome structure was employed. The derived transgenic founders were crossed with the Z/AP reporter mouse and Fgfr2f/f mice bearing loxP flanking the FGFR2 locus. Immunochemical and mRNA analyses were employed to test expression and efficacy of the Cre recombinase in the prostate and other tissues. RESULTS The ARR2PBi-Cre transgenic mouse specifically and uniformly expressed Cre recombinase in the dorsal, lateral, ventral, and anterior lobes of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and ductus deferens. The Cre recombinase in these tissues effectively excised loxP flanked DNA fragments in the Z/AP reporter that triggered expression of β-galactosidase, and the loxP–flanked FGFR2f/f locus resulting in specific ablation of FGFR2 in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the currently available prostate-specific Cre strains, the new ARR2PBi-Cre strain exhibited higher and more uniform expression of Cre recombinase in the prostate as well as in seminal vesicles and ductus deferens. This provides an additional tool for efficient hormone-dependent gene targeting in epithelial cells of all lobes of the adult prostate, seminal vesicle, and ductus deferens. Prostate 57: 160–164, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Activity and stability of ion-exchange resin-supported tetrakis(triethyl phosphite)nickel hydride catalyst : vapor phase isomerization of n-butene

Abstract Ion exchange is a relatively infrequently used method of heterogenizing transition metal complex catalysts, despite its simplicity. This paper describes an investigation of the catalytic reactivity and stability of the cationic tetrakis(triethyl phosphite)nickel(O) hydride complex supported on Amberlyst®-15, a sulfonic acid cation exchange macroreticular resin based on styrene—divinylbenzene copolymer, for the vapor-phase isomerization of n-butene. The ionically heterogenized catalyst was found to be better than its homogeneous counterpart in catalytic activity and dramatically superior in catalyst stability. The Wei and Prater method was used for the kinetic analysis of the packed-bed reactor conversion data to estimate the rate constants.
The dependence of the electrophoretic mobility of small organic ions on ionic strength and complex formation

The ionic strength dependence of the electrophoretic mobility of small organic anions with valencies up to -3 is investigated in this study. Provided the anions are not too aspherical, it is argued that shape and charge distribution have little influence on mobility. To a good approximation, the electrophoretic mobility of a small particle should be equal to that of a model sphere with the same hydrodynamic radius and same net charge. For small ions, the relaxation effect (distortion of the ion atmosphere from equilibrium due to external electric and flow fields) is significant even for monovalent ions. Alternative procedures of accounting for the relaxation effect are examined. In order to account for the ionic strength dependence of a specific set of nonaromatic and aromatic anions in aqueous solution, it is necessary to include complex formation between the anion with species in the BGE. A number of possible complexes are considered. When the BGE is Tris-acetate, the most important of these involves the complex formed between anion and Tris, the principle cation in the BGE. When the BGE is sodium borate, an anion-anion (borate) complex appears to be important, at least when the organic anion is monovalent. An algorithm is developed to analyze the ionic strength dependence of the electrophoretic mobility. This algorithm is applied to two sets of organic anions from two independent research groups.
Strength of evidence, judged probability, and choice under uncertainty.

This paper traces, within subjects, the relationship between assessed strength of evidence, judgments of probability, and decisions under uncertainty. The investigation relies on the theoretical framework provided by support theory (Tversky & Koehler, 1994; Rottenstreich & Tversky, 1997), a nonextensional model of judgment under uncertainty. Fans of professional basketball (N = 50) judged the probability that each of eight teams, four divisions, and two conferences would win the National Basketball Association championship. Additionally, participants rated the relative strength of each team, judged the probability that a given team would win the championship assuming a particular pairing in the finals, priced prospects contingent on the winner of the championship, and made choices between chance prospects. The data conformed to the major tenets of support theory, and the predicted relationships between assessed strength of evidence, hypothetical support, judged probabilities, and choices under uncertainty also held quite well.
Students’ Criteria for Representational Adequacy

In prior work we1 observed that, while designing representations, students employed an iterative process of innovating, critiquing, selecting, refining, and combining representations. Prior work also cataloged a rich set of ideas for representational innovation. This chapter focuses on the ability to judge and critique the quality of representations. In a study of high school students’ critical abilities, we investigated three main hypotheses: (1) Students’ ability to critique representations is rich and generative. (2) Students’ critical capabilities are, by and large, relatively reactive and inarticulate. (3) Students’ critical capabilities are design-linked; that is, competence does not appear equally in all contexts, but shines particularly in the context of design. Data from our study support all these hypotheses, with qualifications. Most unequivocally, students seem to have a strong, uninstructed, yet scientifically cogent competence to judge the quality of representations.
Transfer of value from fit.

People experience regulatory fit when they pursue a goal in a manner that sustains their regulatory orientation (E. T. Higgins, 2000). Five studies tested whether the value experienced from regulatory fit can transfer to a subsequent evaluation of an object. In Studies 1 and 2, participants gave the same coffee mug a higher price if they had chosen it with a strategy that fit their orientation (eager strategy/promotion; vigilant strategy/prevention) than a strategy that did not fit. Studies 3–5 investigated possible mechanisms underlying this effect. Value transfer was independent of positive mood, perceived effectiveness (instrumentality), and perceived efficiency (ease), and occurred for an object that was independent of the fit process itself. The findings supported a value confusion account of transfer. There is no more important variable in motivation and decision making than value. In thinking about value, no concept has been more central than the hedonic principle. People approach pleasure and avoid pain. This hedonic principle underlies a wide variety of motivation and decision-making models, including animal learning models (e.g., Mowrer, 1960; Thorndike, 1935), personality models (e.g., Atkinson, 1964), social psychological models (e.g., Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), and cognitive models (e.g., Edwards, 1955; Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Although the hedonic principle provides essential insights into the underpinnings of motivation and decision making, its dominance has taken attention away from other psychological principles. In particular, because the hedonic principle concerns approaching desired outcomes and avoiding undesired outcomes, it has contributed to an emphasis on outcomes. Models of decision making, for example, whether they assume rationality or not, are concerned with people’s representation of the outcomes of a decision. Outcomes include consequences of the process involved in pursuing a goal. It has been recognized, for example, that the process involved in making a particular decision can have costs that need to be taken into account. These costs include both emotional costs (e.g., Janis & Mann, 1977) and costs in cognitive effort or time (e.g., Payne, Bettman, & Johnson, 1993; Simon, 1955, 1967). Such costs are negative outcomes of making the decision and are weighed along with the positive outcomes in some kind of costs– benefits analysis.
Evaluation of level set-based histology image segmentation using geometric region criteria

There is a great deal of interest in developing automated histological grading of tissue biopsies. Current approaches involve sophisticated algorithms for image segmentation, tissue architecture characterization, global texture feature extraction, and high-dimensional clustering and classification algorithms. Although overall image classification accuracy is measured, there has been very little attention paid to the quantitative assessment of the image segmentation stage (glandular structure characterization stage) to provide feedback to the segmentation process. We describe a robust approach for tissue segmentation combining spatial clustering with multiphase vector level set active contours to extract nuclei, lumen and epithelial cytoplasm. Quantitative segmentation performance compared to manual ground truth is assessed using region-based geometric criteria.
Effect of osteoporosis medications on fracture healing

Antiosteoporotic medications are often used to concurrently treat a patient's fragility fractures and underlying osteoporosis. This review evaluates the existing literature from animal and clinical models to determine these drugs' effects on fracture healing. The data suggest that these medications may enhance bone healing, yet more thorough prospective studies are warranted. Pharmacologic agents that influence bone remodeling are an essential component of osteoporosis management. Because many patients are first diagnosed with osteoporosis when presenting with a fragility fracture, it is critical to understand how osteoporotic medications influence fracture healing. Vitamin D and its analogs are essential for the mineralization of the callus and may also play a role in callus formation and remodeling that enhances biomechanical strength. In animal models, antiresorptive medications, including bisphosphonates, denosumab, calcitonin, estrogen, and raloxifene, do not impede endochondral fracture healing but may delay repair due to impaired remodeling. Although bisphosphonates and denosumab delay callus remodeling, they increase callus volume and result in unaltered biomechanical properties. Calcitonin increases cartilage formation and callus maturation, resulting in improved biomechanical properties. Parathyroid hormone, an anabolic agent, has demonstrated promise in animal models, resulting in accelerated healing with increased callus volume and density, more rapid remodeling to mature bone, and improved biomechanical properties. Clinical data with parathyroid hormone have demonstrated enhanced healing in distal radius and pelvic fractures as well as postoperatively following spine surgery. Strontium ranelate, which may have both antiresorptive and anabolic properties, affects fracture healing differently in normal and osteoporotic bone. While there is no effect in normal bone, in osteoporotic bone, strontium ranelate increases callus bone formation, maturity, and mineralization; forms greater and denser trabeculae; and improves biomechanical properties. Further clinical studies with these medications are needed to fully understand their effects on fracture healing in order to simultaneously treat fragility fractures and underlying osteoporosis.
Die-Less Forming of Large and Variable-Radii of Curvature in Continuous-Fiber Thermoplastic-Matrix Composite Materials

Die-less forming is a method of forming complex shapes in continuousfiber thermoplastic-matrix laminates under only software control, i.e., without fixed dies. The "continuous" die-less forming concept for thermoplastic composite laminates has been extended to encompass (a) constant-curvature parts having curvature larger than the forming rollers, and (b) variable-curvature parts. Shape accuracies of 0.016" have been attained. Prior work with the same process indicates that aircraft quality (< 6 dB ultrasonic loss) can also be maintained throughout the operations. The key to good shape accuracy and quality is maintenance of a substantial (e.g., 25"C) temperature gradient from the main part of the forming zone to the tangent point where the material exits this zone. Manipulation of advective heat transport by proper selection of the forming velocity was effective in maintaining this temperature gradient. Key internal behavior which governs the shape accuracy includes adequate interply sliding within the fo...
Interpreting evidence from structural equation modeling in nursing practice

Structural equation modeling is a statistical technique that allows researchers to examine multiple hypotheses while simultaneously controlling for error. It can consist of a variety of observed and latent independent, mediator, and dependent variables. Owing to it being confirmatory in nature, this statistical approach can be used quite readily to test theoretical models. Likewise, it provides overall fit indices that determine whether the model tested actually fits the observed data. This article provides nurses with the basics on structural equation modeling so they can assimilate evidence from studies that use this statistical tool and be able to incorporate such findings into practice.
When the Patient Chooses: Describing Unaided Decisions in Health Care:

Patients make health care decisions in a complex and alien environment with little, if any, insightful aid from health care professionals; such professionals may be well intentioned but naive about how to provide decisional support. The search for information is unstructured, and once information is obtained, it is not easily understood by the layperson who may have difficulty understanding ambiguous and uncertain information. This paper addresses issues and concerns pertaining to the representation of unaided decision making in clinical practice among patients in two clinical contexts (breast cancer and cardiovascular disease). An analysis of qualitative clinical interviews provides indicators of naturalistic rule-based approaches patients use when making a medical decision. The relative salience of the alternatives plays a key role in discriminating rapid, intuitive decisions from those that are more deliberative. Empirical descriptions of real-world decision-making processes support a theoretical model of unaided decisions in health care.
Managing uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections in reproductive aged women: A primary care approach

Purpose Uncomplicated, recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) in heal-thy, premenopausal women are a common health complaint. This article discusses risk factors, diagnostic techniques, medical management, and referral information to help clinicians manage RUTIs in the primary care setting. Data sources This article cites research articles, systematic reviews, and current guidelines. Conclusions The majority of RUTIs in healthy premenopausal women can be managed by using individualized plans of care. Referrals are usually not useful nor cost effective. Implications for practice This article discusses treatments based on increasing antimicrobial resistance and examines nonmicrobial options in RUTI prevention. This article serves as a foundation for guiding primary care providers in managing this common problem using current research and guidelines.
On the representation and processing of social information in grounded cognitive systems: why terminology matters

The mechanisms underlying social behavior are indeed complex, yet researchers have made important contributions to our understanding of how people make judgments and behave across various social contexts. In particular, recent years has seen a proliferation of research spotlighting the guiding role of embodied and affective information in social processing. Grounded approaches to cognition offer an exciting opportunity for researchers throughout the cognitive sciences to work within a unified framework to shed light on traditionally nebulous and intractable psychological quagmires (e.g., symbol grounding).
A Priori Field Study of the Subgrid-Scale Heat Fluxes and Dissipation in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Field measurements are carried out to study statistical properties of the subgrid-scale (SGS) heat fluxes and SGS dissipation of temperature variance in the atmospheric surface layer, and to evaluate the ability of several SGS models to reproduce these properties. The models considered are the traditional eddy-diffusion model, the nonlinear (gradient) model, and a mixed model that is a linear combination of the other two. High-resolution wind velocity and temperature fields are obtained from arrays of 3D sonic anemometers placed in the surface layer. The basic setup consists of two horizontal parallel arrays (seven sensors in the lower array and five sensors in the upper array) at different heights (2.4 and 2.9 m, respectively). Data from this setup are used to compute the SGS heat flux and dissipation of temperature variance by means of 2D filtering in horizontal planes, invoking Taylor’s hypothesis. Model coefficients are measured from the data by requiring the real and modeled timeaveraged dissipation rates to match. Various other experimental setups that differ mainly in the separation between the sensors are utilized to show that filter size has a considerable effect on the various model coefficients near the ground. For the basic setup, conditional averaging is used to study the relation between large-scale coherent structures (sweeps and ejections) and the SGS quantities. It is found that under unstable conditions, negative SGS dissipation, indicative of backscatter of temperature variance from the subgrid scales to the resolved field, is most important during the onset of ejections transporting relatively warm air upward. Large positive SGS dissipation of temperature variance is associated with the end of ejections (and/or the onset of sweeps) characterized by strong drops in temperature and vertical velocity under unstable conditions. These results are also supported by conditionally sampled 2D (streamwise and vertical) velocity and temperature distributions, obtained using an additional setup consisting of the 12 anemometers placed in a vertical array. The nonlinear and mixed model reproduce the observations better than the eddy-diffusion model.
Obesity, health disparities, and prevention paradigms: hard questions and hard choices.

In public health, because of our commitment to advocacy, there is always the danger of becoming a believer — becoming so convinced about the issues one is pursuing that it becomes difficult to consider new information objectively. Although a degree of subjectivity is inherent in all scientific inquiry, one who believes uncritically risks missing opportunities to progress based on new insights, or, worse, one may introduce bias into inquiry — selectively evaluating data or studying the question in a way that favors a certain answer. I find myself increasingly preoccupied with these considerations as my work on obesity and minority health takes me into policy arenas where I must sometimes advocate for and defend a particular position. While issues of objectivity are relevant to public health generally, I find them particularly pertinent to obesity, health disparities, and prevention because — for different reasons — all three of these topics can be polarizing and politically charged. The politically charged nature of obesity research in an ethnic context first drew my attention at a 1984 National Institutes of Health (NIH) workshop I attended. A black woman researcher vociferously accused a workshop presenter (a white man) of racism and stereotyping when he interpreted a slide as showing the "well-known finding" that black women have a greater prevalence of obesity than white women. As an onlooker, I realized that the presenter might have been right, but that the ability to openly study, discuss, and ultimately solve the problem of obesity among black women was constrained by the sensitivities associated with obesity and the politics associated with being black in America. I decided then to take this issue on (1). As a black woman researcher, I would be in a politically safer and perhaps even strategic position to press for more attention to these issues. The key research questions were obvious — what was the reason for the high prevalence, and what could be done about it? However, these obvious questions have not had obvious answers, even to date, and the topic is still difficult to talk about without getting into trouble. But I press on, treating the topic with caution and respect, because I continue to be distressed, personally, at seeing my own reference group so affected. To guard against the danger of being too much of a believer, I sometimes, as here, find it useful to play the contrarian to my own position on the importance of obesity prevention in the African American community. Through this process of self-challenge, I push back against my own subjectivity to gain a clearer understanding of what the issues are in African American health and how best to approach them from a holistic perspective.
Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Ventriculostomy-Associated Infections in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

The impact of ventriculostomy-associated infections (VAI) on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) outcomes has not been clearly established, although prior studies have attempted to address the incidence and predictors of VAI. We aimed to explore VAI characteristics and its effect on ICH outcomes at a population level. ICH patients requiring ventriculostomy with and without VAI were identified from 2002 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample using ICD-9 codes. A retrospective cohort study was performed. Demographics, comorbidities, hospital characteristics, inpatient outcomes, and resource utilization measures were compared between the two groups. Pearson’s Chi-square and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Logistic regression was used to analyze the predictors of VAI. We included 34,238 patients in the analysis, of whom 1934 (5.6 %) had VAI. The rate of ventriculostomy utilization in ICH increased from 5.7 % in 2002–2003 to 7.0 % in 2010–2011 (trend p < 0.001) and the rate of VAI also showed a gradual upward trend from 6.1 to 7.0 % across the same interval (trend p < 0.001). The VAI group had significantly higher inpatient mortality (41.2 vs. 36.5 %, p < 0.001) and it remained higher after controlling for baseline demographics, hospital characteristics, comorbidity, and systemic infections (adjusted OR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.22–1.46, p < 0.001). The VAI group had longer length of hospital stay and higher inflation adjusted cost of care. Predictors of VAI included higher age, males, higher Charlson’s comorbidity scores, longer length of stay, and presence of systemic infections mainly pneumonia and sepsis. VAI resulted in higher inpatient mortality, more unfavorable discharge disposition, and higher resource utilization measures in ICH patients. Steps to mitigate VAI may help improve ICH outcomes and decrease hospital costs.
Symmetry and physical development

The symmetry ,which is used as the characteristic of a kind of science esthetics,,always produces important influence to the development of physics. This paper made the simple analysis from the angle of history.
398 QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ENROLLED IN A 12-WEEK MEDICALLY SUPERVISED RISK FACTOR REDUCTION PROGRAM.

Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) occurs in 29% of obese children. MS in adults is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although long-term consequences MS in childhood are unknown, early intervention with programs aimed to modify lifestyle patterns may have a positive effect on different parameters used to diagnose MS. Objective To assess the effect of a 12-week medically supervised program of nutritional counseling and exercise on each diagnostic criterion of MS in a group of overweight children. Methods Data from the 265 children with BMI ≥ 95th percentile enrolled in the program was analyzed. MS criteria were defined following NHANES III guidelines. The change in the mean value at 12 weeks for each positive criterion of MS found at entry was analyzed using paired t-test. Results There were 124 girls and 141 boys, mean age: 11.4 years (range: 6-18 years), mean BMI Z-score: 2.34 ± 0.34, Hispanic: 48%, Caucasian: 32%, African American: 13%, and other races: 7%. Changes in mean values of each MS criterion are shown in the table below. Conclusion A 12-week intervention program aimed to modify nutritional and exercise patterns in this group of overweight children and adolescents was associated with significant improvement in the mean values of triglycerides, HDL cholesterol levels, and systolic blood pressure percentile, when these values were initially abnormal according to the definition of MS.
Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder Associated with Epispadias: Case Report and Update

Abstract A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder associated with epispadias is described and the literature is reviewed.
Suppression of Cardiac ICa and Ca2+ Release by Acute Hypoxia and Acidification

We investigated the effects of simulated acute ischemia on L-type Ca2+ current, ICa-L (pO2 40ms). The hypoxic suppression of ICa-L showed variable kinetics: It stabilized at ∼20% within ∼10s in cells with rapid inactivation of ICa-L while in cells with slower inactivation suppression of up to 40% developed over tens of seconds and appeared to involve SR or mitochondria. In both cell types the suppressive effect of acidosis (pH 7.4 to 6.7) on the quickly inactivating ICa-L was larger (∼ 40%) and faster than the 25% observed for the slowly inactivating ICaL. These suppressive effects were blunted by phosphorylation (100 nM isoproterenol).The effects of hypoxia and acidosis were additive in cells with quickly inactivating ICa-L, but not in cells where ICa inactivated slowly. Acidosis always slowed the activation of the ICa-L by ∼ 25%. Genetically engineered Ca2+ probes, that were targeted to RyR and mitochondria showed that Ca2+ µ- domains of RyR were more strongly affected than global cytosolic [Ca2+] by both hypoxia and low pH, while mitochondrial [Ca2+] signals were unchanged by acidosis, but were strongly inhibited by hypoxia. Our results suggest that different mechanisms with distinct kinetics mediate the oxygen- and pH-sensing of the L-type Ca2+ channel, and consequently the influx of Ca2+, handling of cytosolic Ca2+ by SR and mitochondria and the conditioning of the cells to acute hypoxic and acidosis stresses. Supported by NIH Ro-1 HL 107600.