cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of viscous pressure forming (VPF) to low volume stamping of difficult-to-form alloys —results of preliminary FEM simulations

Abstract Viscous Pressure Forming (VPF), a recently developed process, offers a versatile approach to forming of sheet metal parts in small quantities. The process entails the use of a highly viscous medium typically applied to both sides of the sheet. In its simplest implementation, the viscous medium is pumped under pressure into the cavity on one side of the sheet to be formed and controllably released through a single or multiple ports from the other side. Thus, the VPF process is a combination of the bulk (viscous media) and sheet metal forming process. The finite element-based code, DEFORM, which was specifically designed for analysis of the bulk forming operations, has been chosen to simulate the axisymmetrical viscous pressure forming of sheet metals, i.e., stretching and drawing. The simulation results show that (a) properties of the viscous medium, especially, viscosity, has a great effect on the process; (b) the sheet can be stretched more uniformly when the viscous medium is introduced on both sides of the sheet; (c) the location of the outlet port in the die influences the forming processes and can be used to control the deformation of the sheet metal.
Inhibition of idiotype--anti-idiotype interaction for detection of a parasite antigen: a new immunoassay

Described in this report is an immunoradiometric assay of general applicability that is based on a new principle: the inhibition of the interaction between monoclonal antibodies by an antigen. The advantages of this assay are that it measures concentrations of single epitopes, purified antigen is not required, and the reagents can be obtained in unlimited amounts and are homogeneous. Its features are particularly attractive when the antigen has not been purified and is a minor component of a complex mixture of molecule.
Environmental Protection and Affection in East Africa

This article questions the degree to which ecological theory can be used as justification for protection of ‘natural environments’ as well as in determining which portions or features of those envi...
The future of natural user interfaces

This SIG is a forum to advance an integrated approach to multi-modal Natural User Interfaces. Up until now the research and design of NUI interfaces for various modalities (speech, touch, gesture) has proceeded independently. We propose having an integrated discussion with both academics and practitioners to stimulate the exchange of knowledge about the various modalities and how they might be fruitfully combined, and identifying key areas of future research and design that make the case for multi-modal NUIs. The goal is to not only create a vision of synthetic applications of NUI by connecting researchers but to also discuss ways to make the vision a reality.
Resolving deep phylogenetic relationships in salamanders: analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data.

Phylogenetic relationships among salamander families illustrate analytical challenges inherent to inferring phylogenies in which terminal branches are temporally very long relative to internal branches. We present new mitochondrial DNA sequences, approximately 2100 base pairs from the genes encoding ND1, ND2, COI, and the intervening tRNA genes for 34 species representing all 10 salamander families, to examine these relationships. Parsimony analysis of these mtDNA sequences supports monophyly of all families except Proteidae, but yields a tree largely unresolved with respect to interfamilial relationships and the phylogenetic positions of the proteid genera Necturus and Proteus. In contrast, Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses of the mtDNA data produce a topology concordant with phylogenetic results from nuclear-encoded rRNA sequences, and they statistically reject monophyly of the internally fertilizing salamanders, suborder Salamandroidea. Phylogenetic simulations based on our mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal that Bayesian analyses outperform parsimony in reconstructing short branches located deep in the phylogenetic history of a taxon. However, phylogenetic conflicts between our results and a recent analysis of nuclear RAG-1 gene sequences suggest that statistical rejection of a monophyletic Salamandroidea by Bayesian analyses of our mitochondrial genomic data is probably erroneous. Bayesian and likelihood-based analyses may overestimate phylogenetic precision when estimating short branches located deep in a phylogeny from data showing substitutional saturation; an analysis of nucleotide substitutions indicates that these methods may be overly sensitive to a relatively small number of sites that show substitutions judged uncommon by the favored evolutionary model.
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).

The declared “war on cancer” aimed to eradicate this disease using our knowledge of cancer cell biology to develop novel therapeutics. One such target of these novel therapies has been the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene. Unique in the approach to abolishing function of this gene-coded receptor, it was the first target of new monoclonal antibody therapy targeting the extracellular receptor and now also a target of small molecule drugs against the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. In this instance, it was also one of the first applications of personalized medicine requiring companion diagnostics. In this manuscript, we review the biology and clinical applications of HER2 as a biomarker of disease and as a therapeutic target.
Explaining cyberloafing

Examined the validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior as a model of cyberloafing.Across two studies, all hypotheses from the main TPB model were supported.The 3 predictors accounted for 32% and 37% of the variance in CL in two studies. The Internet enables employees to be more productive than ever before, but it also allows employees a new way to escape from work-cyberloafing. In our investigation, we test the validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior as a model of cyberloafing. In Study 1, the goal is to provide an initial test of the theory. In Study 2, we cross-validate the results from Study 1 in a sample that approaches representing the general working population. Results unanimously support the main TPB model, the model accounting for 32% and 37% of the variance in cyberloafing in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. The discussion addresses both the theoretical impact and practical implications of our work.
Expatriation, Repatriation, and Domestic Geographical Relocation: An Empirical Investigation of Adjustment to new Job Assignments

This research examines the relative impact of six sets of factors on multiple indices of adjustment to new job assignments. These six sets of factors include demographic variables, indices of the “internationalness” of the job change (e.g., whether the job changer is an expatriate, repatriate, or domestic geographical relocator), job characteristics variables, types and amount of career development assistance, degree of change between successive job assignments, and types of individual coping strategies employed by job changers. Data were collected from 459 job changers from twenty-six countries. The results highlight both the commonalities among expatriates, repatriates, and domestic geographical relocators in adjusting to new job assignments as well as the differences among them.
Thermal control systems for spacecraft instrumentation

Thermal management for instrumentation on shuttle pallets or proposed space platforms requires a system capable of accepting or rejecting heat to various instruments in different physical locations. This paper presents a review of the current, two-phase pumping mechanisms being considered. Techniques for the determination of the required pumping power needed for the removal of a predetermined quantity of heat using a two-phase system are presented and evaluated along with a discussion of the flow regimes occurring in pumped two-phase fluids in micro-£ environments. Six different concepts for achieving the required pumping power are presented and compared based upon factors such as power requirements, control, life expectancy, system complexity, and technology readiness.
High Stakes Indeed

When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. By Vesna Danilovic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. 240 pp., $52.50 (ISBN: 0-472-11287-2). Those scholars who study international security have an unfortunate tendency to ignore the fact that deterrence studies and analyses of the causes of war ask fundamentally similar questions. Deterrence success is often the same thing as war avoidance. Deterrence failure often coincides with the occurrence of war. Consequently, deterrence encounters themselves may be an important cause of war. By failing to recognize the common ground between deterrence and war studies, students of the causes of war have not made full use of the body of research on deterrence. Vesna Danilovic's When the Stakes Are High exemplifies those deterrence studies that offer important insights regarding the sources of international conflict. In the tradition of Jacek Kugler (1984), Frank Zagare (1987), and Paul Huth (1988)—other deterrence scholars who have influenced the general study of international conflict—Danilovic offers important evidence about the causes of deterrence success and failure that should be seen more broadly as correlates of peace and war respectively. She does this by carefully weaving together theoretical studies of deterrence with a surprisingly wide range of empirical research on the causes of war. She avoids the massive and tedious literature review that one might expect when covering so much ground by instead offering easily digestible mini-literature reviews interspersed throughout the text. She also employs powerful statistical tools to generate results that are described intuitively, relegating to an appendix the detailed minutiae that verify her mastery of these techniques. Finally, she provides a massive data set, original to this volume, that is modestly described in one chapter. (The appendix detailing this data set will be of tremendous value to many researchers and by itself would justify the publication of this excellent study.) All these pieces are combined in When the Stakes Are High to produce a new four-fold conceptualization of deterrence outcomes, …
A future for computing education research

Seeking to address the most important issues facing the computer education research community.
Investigation of electroplastic effect at high deformation rates for 304SS and Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract Past research has investigated an electroplastic effect for metals, i.e., decreased flow stress and increased elongation, caused by an applied electrical current aiding dislocation motion. There could be a connection between such electrically-assisted forming (EAF) processes and electromagnetic forming (EMF), where induced eddy currents are generated in the workpiece. To investigate this, Kolsky bar experiments with controlled, electrical DC current applied were conducted. Validated temperature values were calculated to assure that variations in resistive heating were determined. The results for current densities up to 180 A/mm2 show that at these high deformation rates, an electroplastic effect is not observed.
Pharmacists in primary care.

It is estimated that there will be a continued shortage of primary care physicians in the years to come. Even if this situation improves regarding numbers, a maldistribution of physicians, especially in rural or economically deprived parts of the country, will remain a problem. For years, the US military healthcare system has been involved in using alternative practitioner models to provide care for patients, especially those with chronic medical conditions such as systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. During my active duty years in the US military medical corps, I observed that one physician could successfully supervise 10 medics in providing excellent primary care of patients with specific conditions. As an outgrowth of the military experience using highly trained medics as primary care providers, the physician assistant and nurse practitioner professions were developed. Physician assistants and nurse practitioners working under the supervision of, or in collaboration with, physicians are now involved in the outpatient follow-up of patients, 1 medication titrations and initiation, patient education, and consultations. In the inpatient setting, their duties include taking histories and performing physical examinations, making follow-up rounds, and helping to manage patients in the general wards and intensive care units. In this issue of The American Journal of Medicine, Zillich et al 2 demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of using pharmacists in the long-term management of systemic hypertension, demonstrating their success in blood pressure control and treatment compliance in a veterans medical home model of primary care. Pharmacists met individually with patients, adjusted medications when necessary, and provided patient education. One might expect that pharmacists, with their knowledge of medications, would enhance patient treatment adherence and reduce the side effects of therapy. These professionals also may provide a more costeffective approach to blood pressure management. Schools of Pharmacy now require a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, with more rigorous training than in the past, including rotations in clinical pharmacy. Our own university has 2 schools of pharmacy. We have had clinical pharmacists round with us in the hospital and in our clinics, and their expertise has led to better drug selections, increased patient compliance, and a reduction in adverse reactions from therapy. Beyond the long-term treatment of hypertension as
A multi-level examination of leadership practices in quality management: implications for organisational performance in healthcare

Organisations are continuously challenged to become more strategic, productive and cost-effective. As a result, quality management has become increasingly important to achieve desired organisational performance outcomes. Quality management considers leadership an important component to implement and sustain quality products and services to increase organisational performance outcomes. Using a large sample of healthcare professionals, this paper investigates the relationship between leadership practices and organisational performance outcomes from a quality management framework. The findings suggest that leadership practices in quality management are positively related to employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction and financial performance outcomes. Implications for leadership and quality management practice are also discussed.
Estimate of the world budget of fallout silver nuclides.

THE increasing use of silver iodide in cloud-seeding has stimulated interest in the behaviour of silver in the marine environment. In view of this, more information about the ecological fate of fallout silver1–4 is needed. Recently an estimate was made5 for the minimum northern hemisphere budget of 110mAg created during nuclear weapons testing in 1961–62. This estimate was made from the concentration of 110mAg measured in the livers of nine tuna fish caught in the North Pacific in 1965, together with the following assumptions: a concentration factor for silver in the livers over seawater of 500,000; a volume of the top 100 m of the North Pacific of 7.1 × 1018 1.; and that the total area of the northern hemisphere is 2.55 × 108 km2. The estimated budget of 110mAg over the surface layers of the northern hemisphere at the end of 1962 was computed to be at least 100,000 Ci.
Changing nineteenth century views on the origins of cerebral palsy: W. J. Little and Sigmund Freud.

(1992). Changing nineteenth century views on the origins of cerebral palsy: W.J. Little and Sigmund Freud. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 29-37.
Epizootiological investigations of the microsporidium Ovavesicula popilliae and bacterium Bacillus popilliae in field populations of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, population densities and prevalence of the pathogens Ovavesicula popilliae Andreadis & Hanula and Bacillus popilliae Dutky are reported from three locations in Connecticut over a 3-yr period. Populations decreased to very low levels ( 50%). Conversely, prevalence of B. popilliae was <30% throughout most of the study. Ovavesicula popilliae reduced fecundity 50% in heavily infected females in the laboratory. In addition, maximum prevalence of O. popilliae in adults, collected in attractant-baited traps, peaked several weeks after peak adult emergence in the field, suggesting that O. popilliae slows development. However, no differences were detected in the weight or development of field-infected third instars reared in the laboratory. It is suggested that the effect of O. popilliae on its host is modified by environmental stress.
Tailoring the photophysical properties of carbon nanotubes by photonic nanostructures

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are nearly ideal one-dimensional systems with potential applications in a wide range of fields. The rich physics of SWCNTs arise from the excitonic nature of their photophysical properties. This review is focused on the results of novel research activities that explore how the photophysical properties of SWCNTs can be altered via their integration with photonic nanostructures including plasmonic structures and photonic microcavities that have resulted in phenomena such as photocurrent enhancement, selection rule breakdown and photoluminescence (PL) modification.
Data Structure for an Archival Image System: A Proposal

Imagine that you are a researcher, preparing a history of the literary movement in the United States. You have already combed the published literature for useful information. Now it is time to look at documents created by the various people and organizations who have actually done literacy work. You are aware that, in its Arents Library for Special Collections, Syracuse University holds the papers of Laubach Literacy International and its founder, Frank Laubach, as well as the papers of Literacy Volunteers of America. These are unlike normal library materials in that they are unique collections of personal papers and organizational records.
Influence of stimuli from populations of Peromyscus leucopus on maturation of young.

The effects of stimuli associated with conspecific laboratory populations on parameters of sexual maturation in Peromyscus leucopus were examined. Beginning at birth, experimental litters were exposed to the constant infusion of urine, feces, and other material from the populations through a metabolism funnel into their cages. As evidenced by age at first vaginal estrus, experimental females matured later than controls. They also had lighter weight reproductive organs. Testis weights were much greater in control than experimental males. These data suggest that stimuli from populations of P. leucopus can inhibit reproductive maturation of conspecifics. In view of the well-documented effects of chemical stimuli on reproductive maturation and function in other rodents, it is suggested that chemical stimuli in the feces, urine, or from other sources mediated the reproductive inhibition observed in this study.
Geographics of identity: the migrant experiences of Filipinas in Northeast Ohio

Major urban areas in the United States have undergone rapid shifts in their ethnic compositions. However, ethnic change is not limited to urban areas; rural areas, likewise, have witnessed substantial changes in recent decades. Scholarship, though, has paid minimal attention to the day–to–day lives of migrants in non–urban, and ethnically–homogenous, locations. And yet the ‘migrant experience’ is fundamentally different. Using Friedman’s concept of a ‘geographics of identity’, this paper provides insight into the day–to–day activities of two Filipinas as they adjust to living in rural northeast Ohio. Findings suggest that difficulties may accrue at a multitude of social scales, including tensions and contestations not only between Filipinas and non–Filipinas, but also among the Filipinas themselves. Moreover, the constant ‘becoming’ of identity is highlighted through their experiences.
Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements. V: Lead absorption and disposition in childhood

A physiologically based model of lead absorption and disposition, previously developed and validated for adults, has been tested and calibrated for children. The model was modified to incorporate additional information on the age dependence of bone formation rate and to take into account increasing localization of bone modeling activity with age. A bone volume characterized by mature bone metabolic activity increases from zero at birth to the total bone volume by young adulthood. Bone formation rate is high from childhood through adolescence, with peaks at birth and around puberty. Bone resorption rate keeps pace at a rate that allows the orderly increase of bone mass. In general, the model reproduces childhood blood lead observations well, except in instances where lead is ingested at very high concentrations. Both bone and blood lead concentration are labile during early childhood because of the high rate of bone turnover. They respond rapidly to increases in lead exposure, and decrease almost as rapidly to near-preexposure concentrations when exposure returns to background levels. As the child grows, fractional bone formation and resorption rates decline and total bone lead turnover becomes more sluggish. From the time of peak bone mineralization rate in adolescence into early adulthood, the rate of bone turnover drops dramatically and the ability to reverse bone lead accumulation relatively rapidly is lost.
An innovative non-contact ECG sensor for monitoring heart disease

This paper describes the development of a non-contact sensing platform to monitor the ECG signals. The non-contact sensing will be based on capacitive coupling the bioelectricity produced by cardiovascular activities around the heart. High sensitivity sensor and electronics are designed to amplify the signals. Our preliminary study has pointed to the promise of this sensing concept. A sensor prototype was able to clearly detect the ECG signals from 10 cm away from the body. Research tasks continue improving the sensor design to detect the polarization in the ECG signals. The final goal is a non-contact sensing platform for ECG signals and for real time diagnostics of the mental distress and cardiovascular diseases.
The pain of being sick: Implications of immune-to-brain communication for understanding pain.

This review focuses on the powerful pain facilitatory effects produced by the immune system. Immune cells, activated in response to infection, inflammation, or trauma, release proteins called proinflammatory cytokines. These proinflammatory cytokines signal the central nervous system, thereby creating exaggerated pain as well as an entire constellation of physiological, behavioral, and hormonal changes. These changes are collectively referred to as the sickness response. Release of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells in the body leads, in turn, to release of proinflammatory cytokines by glia within the brain and spinal cord. Evidence is reviewed supporting the idea that proinflammatory cytokines exert powerful pain facilitatory effects following their release in the body, in the brain, and in the spinal cord. Such exaggerated pain states naturally occur in situations involving infection, inflammation, or trauma of the skin, of peripheral nerves, and of the central nervous system itself. Implications for human pain conditions are discussed.
Identifying Implicit and Explicit Relationships Through User Activities in Social Media

Social commerce has emerged as a new paradigm of commerce due to the advancement and application of Web 2.0 technologies including social media sites. Social media sites provide a valuable opportunity for social interactions between electronic commerce consumers as well as between consumers and businesses. Although the number of users and interactions is large in social media, the social networks extracted from explicit user interactions are usually sparse. Hence, the result obtained through the analysis of the extracted network is not always useful because many potential ties in the social network are not captured by the explicit interactions between users. In this work, we propose a temporal analysis technique to identify implicit relationships that supplement the explicit relationships identified through the social media interaction functions. Our method is based on the homophily theory developed by McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook [31]. We have conducted experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of th...
Optimum Treatment of Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is characterised by the recurrence of acute, unpredictable panic attacks, with associated fear and physiological arousal. The disorder is very common among the general population and has a high rate of associated morbidity and mortality when not treated.
Power-aware video decoding using real-time event handlers

Multimedia applications have to receive sufficient resource allocations to maintain their desired levels of Quality of Service (QoS). On the other hand, in mobile environments, the devices on which these applications must run have to minimize power consumption to prolong battery life. Our work focuses on the QoS issues in the event-driven distribution of multimedia streams between mobile users, where a source provides interactive video in the form of streams of data events to multiple remote sinks. This paper addresses the power-aware execution of event handlers at such event sinks. In particular, an adaptive approach to the dynamic selection of a suitable CPU clock frequency of a mobile device is shown superior to non-adaptive power management. This approach (a) minimizes power consumption while also (b) guaranteeing that a given event handler finishes its execution within application-specific timing constraints. This is realized by dynamically measuring the progress of event handler functions and then using this information to re-adjust the clock frequency for the current event and to select appropriate clock frequencies for future events.
Effects of naloxone on d-amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behavior

Abstract The effects of acute naloxone administration on d -amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behavior were studied. Naloxone, in doses of 0.3–10 mg/kg (s.c.), antagonized the increase in ambulation and rearing induced by 1 mg/kg of d -amphetamine. When the dose of d -amphetamine was increased to 3 mg/kg, naloxone (3 mg/kg) antagonized only the increase in rearing activity. No dose (0.3–10 mg/kg, s.c.) of naloxone significantly affected d -amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped activity. Naloxone (3 mg/kg) significantly augmented the apomorphine (1 mg/kg. s.c.)-induced increase in ambulation but attenuated the apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg)-induced increase in rearing activity. Naloxone (3 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.03 mg/kg) significantly decreased the ambulation and rearing induced by a novel environment. In combination and in these doses, naloxone and apomorphine produced an additive effect on these behaviors. The neurochemical mechanisms by which naloxone affects d -amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behavior were investigated. Naloxone (10 −6 M) had no significant effect on [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding in either the caudate nucleus or nucleus accumbens except for a modest inhibition (24%) of both the K m and B max in the accumbens microsomal fraction. Similarly, naloxone (10 −6 M) had no significant effect on [ 3 H]dopamine(DA) uptake into either brain region nor did naloxone alter the d -amphetamine-inhibition of uptake. Using perfused tissue slices, naloxone (10 −6 −10 −5 M) significantly attenuated the increase in [ 3 H]DA release induced by d -amphetamine (10 −5 M) in both brain regions. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) had no significant effect on DA or dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels or on the DA/DOPAC ratio in the caudate nucleus or nucleus accumbens. However, naloxone did reverse the marked increases in the DA-DOPAC ratio induced by d -amphet-amine (1 mg/kg) in both brain regions.
Lentigines in Resolving Psoriatic Plaques: Rarely Reported Sequelae in Pediatric Cases

Lentigo formation has been described in adults after the resolution of psoriatic plaques treated with various standard psoriasis treatments. We describe three cases of lentigines developing in areas of resolving psoriatic plaques: two in patients treated with etanercept and one before starting etanercept. A possible pathomechanism is proposed.
Infants' recognition memory for a series of visual stimuli

Abstract The tendency of infants to distribute attention selectively to novel and familiar visual stimuli was employed to study infants' recognition memory for a series of visual targets. Infants 5 months of age demonstrated an unequal distribution of visual fixation to novel and familiar stimuli, with more attention to the novel, on both immediate and delayed stimulus-recognition tests for each of three novelty problems administered during a single testing session. The degree of differential fixation to novel targets exhibited no reliable decline from immediate to delayed testing and was not significantly altered by the serial order which the problem occupied during immediate recognition testing.
Classifying EEG signals preceding right hand, left hand, tongue, and right foot movements and motor imageries

Abstract Objective To use the neural signals preceding movement and motor imagery to predict which of the four movements/motor imageries is about to occur, and to access this utility for brain–computer interface (BCI) applications. Methods Eight naive subjects performed or kinesthetically imagined four movements while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from 29 channels over sensorimotor areas. The task was instructed with a specific stimulus (S1) and performed at a second stimulus (S2). A classifier was trained and tested offline at differentiating the EEG signals from movement/imagery preparation (the 1.5-s preceding movement/imagery execution). Results Accuracy of movement/imagery preparation classification varied between subjects. The system preferentially selected event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) signals for classification, and high accuracies were associated with classifications that relied heavily on the ERD/ERS to discriminate movement/imagery planning. Conclusions The ERD/ERS preceding movement and motor imagery can be used to predict which of the four movements/imageries is about to occur. Prediction accuracy depends on this signal’s accessibility. Significance The ERD/ERS is the most specific pre-movement/imagery signal to the movement/imagery about to be performed.
In vivo cellular and plasma velocities in microvessels of the cat mesentery.

Abstract The simultaneous determination of RBC and plasma velocities in microvessels ( V RBC V plasma ratio is found to increase with increasing VRBC, and to be more sensitive to vessel diameter changes at higher values of VRBC. Vessel diameter itself has been found to be an unreliable indicator of blood volume flow rate in this size range of microvessels.
Delays in neural processing during working memory encoding in normal aging

Declines in neural processing speed have been proposed to underlie a broad range of cognitive deficits in older adults. However, the impact of delays in neural processing during stimulus encoding on working memory (WM) performance is not well understood. In the current study, we assessed the influence of aging on the relationship between neural measures of processing speed and WM performance during a selective delayed-recognition task for color and motion stimuli, while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in young and older adults. A latency delay was observed for the selection negativity (SN) and alpha band activity (measures of attentional allocation) in older adults during WM encoding of both motion and color stimuli, with the latency and magnitude of the SN predicting subsequent recognition performance. Furthermore, an age-related delay in the N1 latency occurred specifically during the encoding of color stimuli. These results suggest that the presence of both generalized feature-based and feature-specific deficits in the speed of selective encoding of information contributes to WM performance deficits in older adults.
Experimenter-defined quit dates for smoking cessation: Adherence improves outcomes for women but not for men

Aims Smoking cessation treatment trials often require that smokers quit on or before a protocol-defined date. The goals of this paper were to: (1) identify factors associated with adherence to a protocol-defined quit date and (2) determine whether such adherence predicts cessation outcome (relapse). Design A quasi-experimental secondary analysis of data collected from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine (60 mg or 30 mg) versus placebo for smoking cessation. Setting and participants Clinic-based smoking cessation treatment program comprising 989 non-depressed smokers. Intervention Participants received cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation and either study medication or placebo for 10 weeks. They were required to set a quit date within 2 weeks of their second study visit (by visit 4). Findings Significant predictors of quit date adherence were low nicotine dependence and active drug treatment. High-dose fluoxetine (60 mg) and male gender were protective against relapse. Adherence to quit date was not an independent predictor of relapse; instead there was a significant interaction between quit date adherence and gender. Among non-adherers to the quit date, women were more than 2.5 times as likely as men to relapse; among adherers to the quit date, women were only 1.3 times as likely as men to relapse. Conclusions Although women were more likely than men to relapse regardless of quit date adherence, adherence was strongly protective against relapse for women.
Local atomic structure of partially ordered NiMn in NiMn/NiFe exchange-coupled layers: 2. Electronic structure calculations.

Local electronic and magnetic structure calculations for NiMn exchange bias alloys are reported for clusters containing NiMn in both the chemically disordered face-centered cubic and the chemically and magnetically ordered L10 phases. The results of these calculations are consistent with our local structure measurements that point toward the existence of nanometer-scale ordered clusters at the beginning stages of chemical ordering. The spatial dependence of both the local density of states and the magnetization is strongly influenced by the existence of magnetic order on short length scales, giving rise to an inhomogeneous profile for these quantities across the material with the greatest change at the interface that is still small enough within the domain to imply that the magnetization is still highly developed.
Molecular mechanisms of melanoma metastasis

The molecular changes associated with the transition of melanoma cells from radial growth phase to vertical growth phase (metastatic phenotype) are not very well defined. Expression of the tyrosine-kinase receptor c-KIT progressively decreases during local tumor growth and invasion of human melanomas. To provide direct evidence that c-KIT plays a role in metastasis of human melanoma, we transfected the c-KIT gene into c-KIT-negative, highly metastatic human melanoma cells and subsequently analyzed their tumorigenic and metastatic potential in nude mice. Enforced c-KIT expression significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis. Exposure of c-KIT-positive melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo to stem cell factor (SCF), the ligand for c-KIT, triggered apoptosis of these cells but not of normal melanocytes. These results suggest that the loss of c-KIT receptor may allow malignant melanoma cells to escape SCF/c-KIT-mediated apoptosis, thus contributing to tumor growth and eventually metastasis. The expression of c-KIT and other genes associated with malignant melanoma (such as MCAM/MUC18) is highly regulated by the transcription factor AP-2. The AP-2 protein is not expressed in malignant melanoma cells. Therefore, loss of AP-2 expression might be a crucial event in the progression of human melanoma.
A new species of Gryposaurus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the late Campanian Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, USA

A new species of the hadrosaurine hadrosaurid Gryposaurus was discovered in the late Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. Gryposaurus monumentensis, sp. nov. is distinguished from other Gryposaurus species by possessing a more robust skull, enlarged clover-shaped prongs on the predentary oral margin, an anteroposteriorly narrow infratemporal fenestra, and other autapomorphies plausibly associated with feeding adaptations. The derived morphology revealed in G. monumentensis necessitates revision of the generic diagnosis of Gryposaurus, including the addition of synapomorphies that further aid in distinguishing this taxon from Kritosaurus. A revised phylogenetic analysis places Gryposaurus within a monophyletic clade that includes Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura. Gryposaurus monumentensis represents the most southern example of Gryposaurus, and underlines the remarkable diversification and long duration of this genus. Based on the phylogenetic, geographical, and stratigraphic evidence at hand, Gryposaurus was the most diverse genus within Hadrosaurinae; it also possessed one of the largest geographical and stratigraphic distributions, spanning more than five million years of the Campanian, and ranging from Alberta in the north to Utah (and possibly Texas) in the south. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 151, 351–376.
Effect of indenter-radius size on Au(001) nanoindentation.

We address the question of whether results obtained for small indenters scale to indenter sizes in the experimental range. The quasicontinuum method is used in order to extend the computational cell size to 2 × 2 × 1 μm^3, nominally containing of order 2.5 × 10^(11) atoms, and in order to permit consideration of indenter radii in the range 70−700 A. The dislocation structures for the large indenter are found to be less sharp and to extend over a larger region than for the small indenter. In addition, the large-indenter force-displacement curve differs from that corresponding to the small indenter in one important respect, namely, the absence of force drops during indentation, despite profuse dislocation activity. Based on these observations, we conclude that the indenter force is not a reliable indicator of the onset of dislocation activity and plastic deformation for indenter sizes in the experimental range.
Joint Spectral Correspondence for Disparate Image Matching

We address the problem of matching images with disparate appearance arising from factors like dramatic illumination (day vs. night), age (historic vs. new) and rendering style differences. The lack of local intensity or gradient patterns in these images makes the application of pixel-level descriptors like SIFT infeasible. We propose a novel formulation for detecting and matching persistent features between such images by analyzing the eigen-spectrum of the joint image graph constructed from all the pixels in the two images. We show experimental results of our approach on a public dataset of challenging image pairs and demonstrate significant performance improvements over state-of-the-art.
First encounters with pheochromocytoma. The story of Mother Joachim.

Although there had been scattered reports in the literature about paroxysmal hypertension, in 1926 pheochromocytoma and its relationship to hypertension were unknown. Catecholamines were first isolated in 1898 by Abel, but it was not until 1929 that Rabin first demonstrated increased epinephrine content in the adrenal medulla [I]. The first successful resection of a pheochromocytoma was performed by Roux in Lausanne, Switzerland, in February 1926. The case of Mother Joachim represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first successful resection of a pheochromocytoma after Roux’s patient and certainly the first in the United States. Mother Mary Joachim was a 30 year old Roman Catholic nun from Chattam, Ontario, Canada. She was referred to the Mayo Clinic by J. H. Duncan of Chattam, who wrote in his referring letter, dated May 31,1926: “I feel much as Festus felt in sending Paul to Rome-not having any definite accusation against him . . . . She complains of weakness and also complains and very much fears recurrent attacks of gas, nausea and vomiting associated with severe headaches. . . . I believe that these attacks are due to an incompetent liver.” Dr. Duncan concluded, “I suggested to Mother that with your extensive and specialized machinery for diagnosis, you might readily find some pathological condition that I have missed.” Mother Joachim arrived at the Mayo Clinic on June 3, 1926, and was admitted to Saint Mary’s Hospital the following day for investigation and observation. During this period, which lasted until operation on October 11, many astute observations were made by both the attending physicians and the nursing staff. Daily recording of her blood pressure revealed levels of 100/70 to 280/190 mm Hg. The descriptions of her attacks were summarized and
Evidence against a role for SV40 infection in human mesotheliomas and high risk of false-positive PCR results owing to presence of SV40 sequences in common laboratory plasmids

Summary Background PCR-based evidence of infection by simian virus 40 (SV40) has been reported in varying proportions of pleural mesotheliomas and other tumours, but data are conflicting and reproducibility limited. During a study of SV40 in relation to homozygous deletion of CDKN2A in mesotheliomas, we became concerned by inconsistent results and therefore used several independent techniques to investigate SV40 in these tumours. Methods High-quality DNA and RNA were extracted from 71 frozen mesothelioma samples. DNA PCR was done with four sets of primers for the SV40 T-antigen gene. RNA transcripts were examined by RT-PCR. Findings The first two primer sets for DNA PCR gave positive results in proportions similar to those reported in positive studies (56–62%) but there were unusual reproducibility difficulties. These primers were in a region of the T-antigen gene (nucleotides 4100–4713) that is present in many common laboratory plasmids. In assays with PCR primers not included within that region, only four cases (6%) showed products but these were too faint to suggest clonal infection. Further PCR assays confirmed that the SV40 sequences in the tumour samples had a deletion found only in plasmids, not in native functional SV40. Review of previous studies showed a similar pattern of discrepancies between SV40 T-antigen DNA PCR results obtained with primers within and beyond the region 4100–4713. All 71 mesotheliomas were negative for T-antigen transcripts by RT-PCR, and lacked T-antigen-positive tumour cells by immunohistochemistry. Interpretation Our data based on three independent experimental approaches do not support a significant role for SV40 in human mesotheliomas. The risk of false-positive results due to contamination by common laboratory plasmids containing SV40 sequences has been underestimated. Studies of SV40 based on PCR methods require careful primer design to reduce this risk. Relevance to practice This paper presents several lines of evidence against the proposed link between SV40 infection and human mesotheliomas. Studies reporting a high prevalence of SV40 DNA in human tumours have been based on molecular assays prone to false-positive results. Because SV40 appears unlikely to have a major role, if any, in human mesotheliomas, clinicians should continue to consider asbestos exposure as the most likely and most thoroughly established aetiological factor in individuals with this cancer.
Vulnerability and agency in being and becoming a musician

As part of an auto-ethnographic narrative in which she deconstructs her own life as a musician and music educator, Carole Richardson (2009) reflects on the experience of a performance she gave as a...
Reactive oxygen species, inflammation and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones are formed attached to Randall's plaques (RPs) or Randall's plugs. Mechanisms involved in the formation and growth are poorly understood. It is our hypothesis that stone formation is a form of pathological biomineralization or ectopic calcification. Pathological calcification and plaque formation in the body is triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the development of oxidative stress (OS). This review explores clinical and experimental data in support of ROS involvement in the formation of CaOx kidney stones. Under normal conditions the production of ROS is tightly controlled, increasing when and where needed. Results of clinical and experimental studies show that renal epithelial exposure to high oxalate and crystals of CaOx/calcium phosphate (CaP) generates excess ROS, causing injury and inflammation. Major markers of OS and inflammation are detectable in urine of stone patients as well as rats with experimentally induced CaOx nephrolithiasis. Antioxidant treatments reduce crystal and oxalate induced injury in tissue culture and animal models. Significantly lower serum levels of antioxidants, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthine have been found in individuals with a history of kidney stones. A diet rich in antioxidants has been shown to reduce stone episodes. ROS regulate crystal formation, growth and retention through the timely production of crystallization modulators. In the presence of abnormal calcium, citrate, oxalate, and/or phosphate, however, there is an overproduction of ROS and a decrease in the antioxidant capacity resulting in OS, renal injury and inflammation. Cellular degradation products in the urine promote crystallization in the tubular lumen at a faster rate thus blocking the tubule and plugging the tubular openings at the papillary tips forming Randall's plugs. Renal epithelial cells lining the loops of Henle/collecting ducts may become osteogenic, producing membrane vesicles at the basal side. In addition endothelial cells lining the blood vessels may also become osteogenic producing membrane vesicles. Calcification of the vesicles gives rise to RPs. The growth of the RP's is sustained by mineralization of collagen laid down as result of inflammation and fibrosis.