cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SPECIES CONCEPT IN FUSARIUM WITH REFERENCE TO SECTION MARTIELLA

THE PLANT pathologist and mycologist are confronted continually with the problem of identifying the widely distributed members of the genus Fusarium, so frequently associated with the disorders of plants. Among the Fusaria most frequently found in such associations, some as virulent parasites and some as saprophytes, are the three species, seven varieties and three forms grouped by Wollenweber and Reinking (1935) into the section Martiella of this genus. In addition to these imperfect fungi, two species of Hypomyces, with their three varieties and one form, are included in the section. Therefore, one who is confronted with the task of identifying a member of section Martiella must compare his fungus with the two genera, five species, ten varieties and four forms established in the above (and only) taxonomic treatment heretofore available for this section. Wollenweber and Reinking distinguish F. coeruleum (Lib.) Sacc. from the other two Fusarium species, F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. and F. javanicum Koord., on the basis of a relatively slight difference in the degree of curvature at the base of the macroconidia. F. solani is distinguished from F. Javanicum by the width of 3to 5-septate conidia, which is 5 to 6 microns in the former and 4 to 5 microns in the latter species. However, varieties of F. solani are listed which have widths between 4 and 5 microns. Further differentiation between these species is based on spore length, colony appearance and pigmentation, and the relative bluntness of the apical cell. The average dimensions of the 3and 5-septate conidia of the three Fusariurm species of the section are as follows:
Food commensal microbes as a potentially important avenue in transmitting antibiotic resistance genes

The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant (ART) pathogens is a major threat to public health. While the surfacing of ART food-borne pathogens is alarming, the magnitude of the antibiotic resistance (AR) gene pool in food-borne commensal microbes is yet to be revealed. Incidence of ART commensals in selected retail food products was examined in this study. The presence of 10(2)-10(7) CFU of ART bacteria per gram of foods in many samples, particularly in ready-to-eat, 'healthy' food items, indicates that the ART bacteria are abundant in the food chain. AR-encoding genes were detected in ART isolates, and Streptococcus thermophilus was found to be a major host for AR genes in cheese microbiota. Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc sp. isolates were also found carrying AR genes. The data indicate that food could be an important avenue for ART bacterial evolution and dissemination. AR-encoding plasmids from several food-borne commensals were transmitted to Streptococcus mutans via natural gene transformation under laboratory conditions, suggesting the possible transfer of AR genes from food commensals to human residential bacteria via horizontal gene transfer.
Respiration and gas exchange during recovery from exercise in the American alligator.

Abstract Low respiratory exchange ratios (R) occur in reptiles. In crocodilians they have been attributed to the loss of respiratory CO2 into the urine and to the immediate exercise-history of an animal. In this study, expired ventilation ( V e ), oxygen consumption ( V O2), and carbon dioxide excretion ( V CO2) were measured during recovery from treadmill-exercise in the American alligator. Both V O2 and V CO2 decreased exponentially during recovery, but the decrease of V CO2 was greater than that of V O2. By 55 min into recovery R fell to 0.3±0.02 (mean±S.E.M). These low values of R may be partially attributable to hyperventilation that occurred during exercise. These data suggest that both hyperventilation during exercise and a metabolic acidosis deplete blood bicarbonate stores, contributing to a low R during recovery. We propose that the right to left cardiac shunt could facilitate restoration of these alkaline reserves and blood pH.
Phosphoglucose isomerase gene duplication in the bony fishes: an evolutionary history.

Electrophoretic patterns of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) in bony fishes provide strong evidence for a model of genetic control by two independent structural gene loci, most likely resulting from a gene duplication. This model is confirmed by a comparison of certain kinetic and molecular properties of the PGI homodimers (PGI-1 and PGI-2) isolated from extracts of the teleost Astyanax mexicanus. In addition, in most higher teleosts examined, the PGI enzymes show a regular pattern of tissue distribution, with PGI-2 predominant in muscle, the heterodimer often strongest in the heart, and PGI-1 predominant in liver and other organs. An examination of 53 species of bony fishes belonging to 38 families indicates a widespread occurrence of duplicate PGI loci and an early origin of the gene duplication, perhaps in the Leptolepiformes. The apparent presence of three PGI loci in trout and goldfish exemplifies how new loci can be incorporated into the genome through polyploidization.
Communication: Standard surface hopping predicts incorrect scaling for Marcus' golden-rule rate: the decoherence problem cannot be ignored.

We evaluate the accuracy of Tully's surface hopping algorithm for the spin-boson model for the case of a small diabatic coupling parameter (V). We calculate the transition rates between diabatic surfaces, and we compare our results to the expected Marcus rates. We show that standard surface hopping yields an incorrect scaling with diabatic coupling (linear in V), which we demonstrate is due to an incorrect treatment of decoherence. By modifying standard surface hopping to include decoherence events, we recover the correct scaling (∼V2).
Feedback Information and Contributions to Not-for-Profit Enterprises: Experimental Investigations and Implications for Large-Scale Fund-Raising

Not-for-profit enterprises often rely on donors for operating funds. Through fund-raising campaigns, individual donations are solicited, and the successes of fund-raising campaigns depend on various features of the campaign. In this article, the authors use experimental methods to investigate the effects of different types of feedback information during fund-raising campaigns. The basic setting is a linear public good. The major finding is that the nature of information has an impact on individual (and total) contributions and that these effects are systematic. The “optimal” campaign includes information on the relative sizes of received contributions and also offers a suggested level of contributions.
Correlation between the carbon K-shell X-ray emission rates in molecules and their π bond order☆

Abstract For the first time, a clear correlation is shown between carbon K-shell X-ray emission rates from molecules that contain carbon (C) atoms and their π bond orders. This correlation is based on the present calculation for C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , and C 2 H 6 and previous calculations of Larkins for CO, CO 2 , HCN, and CH 3 OH. Because the π bond order has an inverse linear relationship with the bond length, the C K-shell X-ray emission rate correlates with the bond length as well. Some rationale for the findings based on electronegativity and charge distribution, is given, The correlation manifests itself in a chemical effect on the C K-shell X-ray emission rate.
Selective decrease in Leu8-negative T cell subpopulations following treatment with recombinant interferon-α2a (rIFN-α2a)

Abstract The effects of in vivo treatment with recombinant human IFN-α2a (rIFN-α2a) on the distribution of T cell subpopulations were examined in 21 patients with renal cell adenocarcinoma, using two-color flow cytometry with anti-Leu8 in combination with anti-Leu2 and anti-Leu3. Other parameters indicative of immune status, such as the number and percentage of total (CD3) T cells, in vitro proliferation to mitogen, and spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion, were also measured, prior to the initiation of treatment with rIFN-α2a, and during treatment. Total T cell number decreased after treatment with rIFN-α2a, to a low of 54% of mean pretreatment values after 4 weeks. The CD 4 CD 8 ratio did not change appreciably following treatment with rIFN-α2a. However, the number of Leu8-negative T cells, within both the CD4 and the CD8 T cell populations, decreased more than the number of Leu8-positive T cells. An increase in spontaneous immunoglobulin-secreting cells followed treatment with rIFN-α2a.
Getting Started in Clinical Research

Clinical research is an important part of an academic surgery practice. To be successful, it is important to understand the multiple regularity committees and organizations that impact research. The author briefly reviews these groups and provides guidance on how to initiate and conduct research.
Changes in the benthic communities of Muskegon Lake, a Great Lakes Area of Concern

Sediment contamination resulting from the direct discharge of industrial and municipal wastes contributed to the designation of Muskegon Lake (Michigan) as a Great Lakes Area of Concern. To assess the changes occurring in the sedient-dwelling invertebrate communities since wastewater diversion began in 1973, benthic samples were collected three times per year (spring, summer, fall) between 2004 and 2010 from six sites and compared to historic samples. The density and diversity of invertebrate populations were analyzed to: 1) identify spatial and temporal patterns in the community structure; 2) determine if community structure patterns were related to environmental variables; and 3) assess the recovery of Muskegon Lake's benthic community following wastewater diversion. Our results revealed that invertebrate community structure changed on both annual and spatial scales, while seasonal differences were shown to be modest between 2004 and 2010. The environmental variables with the greatest explanatory power included dissolved oxygen, pH, and depth. Overall, recovery of benthic invertebrate community structure was evident based on multiple lines of evidence, including increased densities of all major taxonomic groups and species diversity since wastewater diversion, decreases in both the oligochaete–chironomid ratio (0.92 in 1972; 0.69 in 2010) and the proportion of oligochaetes, and declining sediment metal concentration over time. However, comparisons of present-day and historic sampling sites must be viewed with caution because sampling locations and protocols varied among years. Significant changes in benthic invertebrate composition and water quality metrics since 1972 suggest improved environmental conditions and the continued recovery of Muskegon Lake from historic pollution.
Exploring the resistance change trends associated with integrated piezoresistive sensing elements

Compliant piezoresistive MEMS sensors exhibit great promise for improved on-chip sensing. As compliant sensors may experience complex loads, their design and implementation require a greater understanding of the piezoresistive effect of polysilicon in bending and combined loads. This paper presents experimental results showing the piezoresistive effect for these complex loads. Several n -type polysilicon test structures were tested. Results show that, while tensile stresses cause a linear decrease in resistance, bending stresses induce a nonlinear rise in resistance contrary to the effect predicted by available models. The experimental data illustrate the inability of published piezoresistance models to predict the piezoresistive trends of polysilicon in bending and combined loads, indicating the need for more complete models appropriate for these loading conditions and more complete understanding of the piezoresistive effect.
Benzyl 3-deoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamino)-β-L-xylopyranoside

Reaction of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamine and benzyl 2,3-anhydro-β-L-ribopyranoside in refluxing ethanol produced benzyl 3-deoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamino)-β-L-xylopyranoside in 72.5% yield. An attempt to synthesize the title compound by reacting neat 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamine with benzyl 2,3-anhydro-β-L-ribopyranoside without a solvent produced a dark brown mixture with several decomposition products. The structure of benzyl 3-deoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamino)-β-L-xylopyranoside was determined using elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and its conformation is 1C4.
Comparison between standard and small orifice raingages

The standard gage used for precipitation measurements by the U.S. Weather Bureau has a catch diameter of eight inches. In the past several years numerous small orifice gages have appeared on the market. These are much cheaper than the standard gage, and installation and maintenance are simple. Therefore, it would be advantageous to use them where recording gages are not required and where exceptionally large capacity is not needed, if their collection efficiency approaches that of the standard eight-inch gage. Dense networks desirable for various hydrological and agricultural research projects could be installed where cost of standard gage networks are presently prohibitive for this purpose.
Digital tooth-based superimposition method for assessment of alveolar bone levels on cone-beam computed tomography images.

Introduction Cone-beam computed tomography images have been previously used for evaluation of alveolar bone levels around teeth before, during, and after orthodontic treatment. Protocols described in the literature have been vague, have used unstable landmarks, or have required several software programs, file conversions, or hand tracings, among other factors that could compromise the precision of the measurements. The purposes of this article are to describe a totally digital tooth-based superimposition method for the quantitative assessment of alveolar bone levels and to evaluate its reliability. Methods Ultra cone-beam computed tomography images (0.1-mm reconstruction) from 10 subjects were obtained from the data pool of the University of Oklahoma; 80 premolars were measured twice by the same examiner and a third time by a second examiner to determine alveolar bone heights and thicknesses before and more than 6 months after orthodontic treatment using OsiriX (version 3.5.1; Pixeo, Geneva, Switzerland). Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliabilities were evaluated, and Dahlberg's formula was used to calculate the error of the measurements. Results Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of alveolar bone levels were possible using a digital tooth-based superimposition method. The mean differences for buccal alveolar crest heights and thicknesses were below 0.10 mm for the same examiner and below 0.17 mm for all examiners. The ranges of errors for any measurement were between 0.02 and 0.23 mm for intraexaminer errors, and between 0.06 and 0.29 mm for interexaminer errors. Conclusions This protocol can be used for cross-sectional or longitudinal assessment of alveolar bone levels with low interexaminer and intraexaminer errors, and it eliminates the use of less reliable or less stable landmarks and the need for multiple software programs and image printouts. Standardization of the methods for bone assessment in orthodontics is necessary; this method could be the answer to this need.
Maximum-entropy-type Lyapunov functions for robust stability and performance analysis

We present two Lyapunov functions that ensure the unconditional stability and robust performance of a modal system with uncertain damped natural frequency. Each Lyapunov function involves the sum of two matrices, the first being the solution to the so-called maximum-entropy equation and the second being a constant auxiliary portion. The significant feature of these Lyapunov functions is that the guaranteed robust stability region is independent of the weighting matrix, while the performance bounds are relatively tight compared to alternative approaches. Thus, these Lyapunov functions are less conservative than standard bounds that tend to be highly sensitive to the choice of state space basis. Kevwords." Maximum-entropy function; robust stability; robust performance
n -body problem in general relativity up to the second post-Newtonian order from perturbative field theory

Motivated by experimental probes of general relativity, we adopt methods from perturbative (quantum) field theory to compute, up to certain integrals, the effective Lagrangian for its $n$-body problem. Perturbation theory is performed about a background Minkowski space-time to $\mathcal{O}[(v/c{)}^{4}]$ beyond Newtonian gravity, where $v$ is the typical speed of these $n$ particles in their center of energy frame. For the specific case of the 2-body problem, the major efforts underway to measure gravitational waves produced by inspiraling compact astrophysical binaries require their gravitational interactions to be computed beyond the currently known $\mathcal{O}[(v/c{)}^{7}]$. We argue that such higher order post-Newtonian calculations must be automated for these field theoretic methods to be applied successfully to achieve this goal. In view of this, we outline an algorithm that would in principle generate the relevant Feynman diagrams to an arbitrary order in $v/c$ and take steps to develop the necessary software. The Feynman diagrams contributing to the $n$-body effective action at $\mathcal{O}[(v/c{)}^{6}]$ beyond Newton are derived.
Conduct Disorder and Delinquency

Overviews evidence-based family treatments for adolescent conduct problems. Three treatments succeed in meeting recommendations for treatment development set forth in recent evaluations by reviewers and federal entities. These treatments (Functional Family Therapy, Multisystemic Therapy, and Oregon Treatment Foster Care) have achieved their success by using the science base of known risk factors, providing an effective alternative to restrictive placements, and using scientific methods to evaluate effectiveness. Major features of these three treatments are presented, including clinical and quality assurance procedures, controlled outcome research support, cost analyses, and process research. Bases of treatment success and parallels among the three approaches are summarized, as is their transport and dissemination to practice settings. Finally, suggestions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.
Update on the Mechanism of Action of Topical Prostaglandins for Intraocular Pressure Reduction

A decade has passed since the first topical prostaglandin analog was prescribed to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) for the treatment of glaucoma. Now four prostaglandin analogs are available for clinical use around the world and more are in development. The three most efficacious of these drugs are latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost, and their effects on IOP and aqueous humor dynamics are similar. A consistent finding is a substantial increase in uveoscleral outflow and a less consistent finding is an increase in trabecular outflow facility. Aqueous flow appears to be slightly stimulated as well. Prostaglandin receptors and their associated mRNAs have been located in the trabecular meshwork, ciliary muscle, and sclera, providing evidence that endogenous prostaglandins have a functional role in aqueous humor drainage. Earlier evidence found that topical PG analogs release endogenous prostaglandins. One well-studied mechanism for the enhancement of outflow by prostaglandins is the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Other proposed mechanisms include widening of the connective tissue-filled spaces and changes in the shape of cells. All of these mechanisms alter the permeability of tissues of the outflow pathways leading to changes in outflow resistance and/or outflow rates. This review summarizes recent (since 2000) animal and clinical studies of the effects of topical prostaglandin analogs on aqueous humor dynamics and recent cellular and molecular studies designed to clarify the outflow effects.
Rescue human chorionic gonadotropin for false empty follicle syndrome: optimism for successful pregnancy outcome

Objective To describe two cases of successful pregnancy after a rescue course of hCG in the setting of false empty follicle syndrome. Design Case report. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Two patients undergoing ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval with failure to obtain oocytes during oocyte retrieval. Intervention(s) Rescue course of hCG with second oocyte retrieval 35 hours later. Main Outcome Measure(s) Live birth. Result(s) Two live-birth pregnancies. Conclusion(s) Live-birth pregnancies are a realistic possibility after administration of a rescue course of hCG and repeat oocyte retrieval in the setting of false empty follicle syndrome.
Women in charge: Politeness and directives in the speech of Japanese women

This article explores the linguistic practices of Japanese men and women giving directions to subordinates. Previous research on language and gender across a number of languages has equated the speech of women with powerlessness. The literature on Japanese women's speech would support this notion. It characterizes Japanese female speech as soft, polite, indirect, in sum, as powerless. This presents problems for women who must command. The present study, an extension of my previous work on Japanese female speech (Shibamoto 1985, 1987) centered on women in more typically female roles, examines the directives of women in positions of authority in traditional and nontraditional domains and compares them with the directive forms chosen by men in similar positions. Explanations for the differences found are placed within the frameworks of a general theory of politeness and the culturally specific, gendered strategies for encoding politeness and authority in Japanese. (Sociolinguistics, language and gender, politeness)
Fixed-Effect Estimation of Technical Efficiency with Time-Invariant Dummies

“Within” estimation of the fixed-effect stochastic frontier model does not identify parameters on time-invariant explanatory variables. If time-invariant variables are important production inputs, then standard efficiency estimates are biased. This note details bias correction, when time-invariant inputs are dummy variables.
THINKING HISTORICALLY: A MANIFESTO OF PRAGMATIC HERMENEUTICS

American intellectual history in the future will be embodied, embedded, and extended. Building on a sturdy foundation of past practices, intellectual historians will consolidate the advances of the last half-century and continue to study ideas articulated in multiple registers, by multiple historical actors, for multiple purposes.
Living on the Other Side of the Tracks: An Investigation of Public Housing Stereotypes

Abstract Many ascribe to the concept of “home sweet home”; however, this is an increasingly elusive end state. The economic recession and depressed housing market have resulted in unprecedented numbers of displaced homeowners and an insufficient supply of affordable housing options. As a result of these circumstances, the homeless rate in the United States is at an all-time high, and many jurisdictions report long waiting lists for temporary shelters and subsidized, or “public,” housing. According to research, public housing is often stigmatized, and there are several widely held, negative stereotypes of public housing residents. The authors examine the perceptions of residents when the occupants are renters and the landlord is a governmental entity (i.e., public housing). The authors propose a conceptual model that examines public housing resident stereotypes based on perceivers' prior knowledge, the propensity to seek out cultural diversity, and demographic characteristics. The findings from an experime...
Functional Screening and Complex Traits: Human 21q22.2 Sequences Affecting Learning in Mice

Libraries of the mammalian genome have generally been propagated in single cells and have been used for gene discovery through in vitro analyses. We have expanded upon this concept by the creation of panels of YAC transgenic mice propagating targeted megabase regions of the genome. Such a panel of mice can be called an 'in vivo library' and genes can be identified based on functional screens of members of the library. To test this approach, we created a 2 Mb in vivo library of human chromosome 21q22.2. Analysis of the library has revealed that one 570 kb YAC, in two separate founder lines, was associated with distinct learning deficits compared with the other 21q22 YAC transgenics and non-transgenic control animals. We have localized the gene on the YAC that causes the deficits by taking advantage of fragmentation of the YAC during the process of microinjection. The responsible gene is the human minibrain gene, and the homolog of the gene in Drosophila is also associated with learning defects. These results suggest that altered dosage of minibrain is associated with abnormal neural development in flies and mice and, in humans, may also be involved in the molecular pathology of Down syndrome.
Increased IRP1 and IRP2 RNA binding activity accompanies a reduction of the labile iron pool in HFE-expressing cells.

Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), the cytosolic proteins involved in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis, bind to stem loop structures found in the mRNA of key proteins involved iron uptake, storage, and metabolism and regulate the expression of these proteins in response to changes in cellular iron needs. We have shown previously that HFE-expressing fWTHFE/tTA HeLa cells have slightly increased transferrin receptor levels and dramatically reduced ferritin levels when compared to the same clonal cell line without HFE (Gross et al., 1998, J Biol Chem 273:22068-22074). While HFE does not alter transferrin receptor trafficking or non-transferrin mediated iron uptake, it does specifically reduce (55)Fe uptake from transferrin (Roy et al., 1999, J Biol Chem 274:9022-9028). In this report, we show that IRP RNA binding activity is increased by up to 5-fold in HFE-expressing cells through the activation of both IRP isoforms. Calcein measurements show a 45% decrease in the intracellular labile iron pool in HFE-expressing cells, which is in keeping with the IRP activation. These results all point to the direct effect of the interaction of HFE with transferrin receptor in lowering the intracellular labile iron pool and establishing a new set point for iron regulation within the cell.
Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 defects in common variable immunodeficiency.

Background Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, reduced numbers of peripheral blood isotype-switched memory B cells, and loss of plasma cells. Objective Because Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation of B cells can initiate and potentially sustain normal B cell functions, we examined functional outcomes of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in CVID B cells. Methods TLR7-mediated, TLR7/8-mediated, and TLR9-mediated cell proliferation, isotype switch, and immunoglobulin production by control and CVID B cells or isolated naive and memory B cell subsets were examined. We quantitated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 production in response to TLR1-9 ligands and measured IFN-α production by TLR7-stimulated PBMCs and isolated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). IFN-β mRNA expression by TLR3-stimulated fibroblasts was assessed. Results Unlike CD27 + B cells of controls, TLR7-activated, TLR7/8-activated, or TLR9-activated CVID B cells or isolated CD27 + B cells did not proliferate, upregulate CD27, or shed surface IgD. TLR-stimulated CVID B cells failed to upregulate activation-induced cytosine deaminase mRNA or produce IgG and IgA. TLR7-stimulated PBMCs and pDCs produced little or no IFN-α. Reconstituting IFN-α in TLR7-stimulated CVID B-cell cultures facilitated proliferation, CD27 upregulation, and isotype switch. These TLR defects are restricted because CVID PBMCs stimulated with TLR ligands produced normal amounts of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12; TLR3-mediated expression of IFN-β by CVID fibroblasts was normal. Conclusion Defective TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in CVID B cells and pDCs, coupled with deficient IFN-α, impairs CVID B cell functions and prevents TLR-mediated augmentation of humoral immunity in vivo .
The dimensional stability of optoelectronic adhesives

Optoelectronic packages are made with materials systems comprising ceramics, metal alloys, glasses, and polymers. The interplay between the properties of these materials determines stability and reliability of optoelectronic packages. Moreover, optoelectronic packages exhibit extreme sensitivity to minute changes in the geometry of the system. A sub-micron scale misalignment of an optical component can result in significant optical losses. As a result, the interplay of material properties may limit the short-term life of a unit that has no physical defects otherwise. Materials most likely to be involved with such misalignment are organic adhesives. This paper summaries our efforts in characterizing the dimensional stability of adhesives.
The benefits to all of ensuring equal and timely access to influenza vaccines in poor communities.

When influenza vaccines are in short supply, allocating vaccines equitably among different jurisdictions can be challenging. But justice is not the only reason to ensure that poorer counties have the same access to influenza vaccines as do wealthier ones. Using a detailed computer simulation model of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan region, we found that limiting or delaying vaccination of residents of poorer counties could raise the total number of influenza infections and the number of new infections per day at the peak of an epidemic throughout the region—even in the wealthier counties that had received more timely and abundant vaccine access. Among other underlying reasons, poorer counties tend to have high-density populations and more children and other higher-risk people per household, resulting in more interactions and both increased transmission of influenza and greater risk for worse influenza outcomes. Thus, policy makers across the country, in poor and wealthy areas alike, have an incentive t...
Enzymatic activation of nitro-aryl fluorogens in live bacterial cells for enzymatic turnover-activated localization microscopy

Many modern super-resolution imaging methods based on single-molecule fluorescence require the conversion of a dark fluorogen into a bright emitter to control emitter concentration. We have synthesized and characterized a nitro-aryl fluorogen which can be converted by a nitroreductase enzyme into a bright push–pull red-emitting fluorophore. Synthesis of model compounds and optical spectroscopy identify a hydroxyl-amino derivative as the product fluorophore, which is bright and detectable on the single-molecule level for fluorogens attached to a surface. Solution kinetic analysis shows Michaelis–Menten rate dependence upon both NADH and the fluorogen concentrations as expected. The generation of low concentrations of single-molecule emitters by enzymatic turnovers is used to extract subdiffraction information about localizations of both fluorophores and nitroreductase enzymes in cells. Enzymatic Turnover Activated Localization Microscopy (ETALM) is a complementary mechanism to photoactivation and blinking for controlling the emission of single molecules to image beyond the diffraction limit.
Self concept: Multidimensional construct exploration.

To investigate the validity of multidimensional models of self concept, 43 fifth-and sixth-grade students were administered the Self-Description Questionnaire-I and the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale, and 38 eighth-grade students were given the Self-Description Questionnaire-II and the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale. Total scale scores were significantly correlated, reflecting the similarity in the underlying construct assessed-global self concept. Correlations between subscales within and across instruments also provide support for the multidimensionality of self concept.
Polycystins and Primary Cilia: Primers for Cell Cycle Progression

Polycystins are a family of eight-transmembrane proteins united by sequence homology. The name stems from the identification of mutations in genes encoding polycystin-1 and -2 in polycystic kidney diseases. This review discusses recent topics in polycystin research, with a focus on the role of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 in primary cilia and the cell cycle. Polycystins appear to play key roles during development, but a major question is their function in mature organs. Their roles in primary cilia, shear stress sensation, alteration of intracellular calcium, and planar cell polarity are examined. The third-hit hypothesis of polycystic kidney disease is discussed.
Identification of QTL for Grain Protein Content and Grain Hardness from Winter Wheat for Genetic Improvement of Spring Wheat

To utilize the favorable gene(s) from winter wheat for genetic improvement of spring wheat, this study was carried out to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain protein content (GPC) and grain hardness (GH) by analysis of recombinant inbred lines (RILS) derived from a cross between spring wheat and spring version of winter wheat. A genetic map of 334 loci was constructed which covered 1575.30cM on all 21 chromosomes. Two QTLs on 3B and 5B chromosome were detected for GPC. A QTL identified barc77 on chromosome 3B had additive effect of 0.17 and the other QTL identified by gwm499 on chromosome 5B had additive effect of 0.19. There were two major QTLs for GH identified on Chromosome 1B and chromosome 5A. The QTL on 1B was localized within a 18.7cM region flanked by wmc719 and wmc367-1 with 1.75 additive effect. The QTL on chromosome 5A flanked by SNP markers, IWA6573 and IWA2363, had additive effect of 1.44.
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase Aggregation and Constitutive Ubiquitylation

Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) acetylate and detoxify arylamine carcinogens. Humans harboring certain genetic variations within the NAT genes exhibit increased likelihood of developing various cancer types, especially urinary bladder cancer. Such DNA polymorphisms result in protein products with reduced cellular activity, which is proposed to be due to their constitutive ubiquitylation and enhanced proteasomal degradation. To identify the properties that lead to the reduced cellular activity of certain NAT variants, we introduced one such polymorphism into the human NAT1 ortholog hamster NAT2. The polymorphism chosen was human NAT1*17, which results in the replacement of R64 with a tryptophan residue, and we demonstrate this substitution to cause hamster NAT2 to be constitutively ubiquitylated. Biophysical characterization of the hamster NAT2 R64W variant revealed that its overall protein structure and thermostability are not compromised. In addition, we used steady-state kinetics experiments to demonstrate that the R64W mutation does not interfere with NAT catalysis in vitro. Hence, the constitutive ubiquitylation of this variant is not caused by its inability to be acetylated. Instead, we demonstrate this mutation to cause the hamster NAT2 protein to aggregate in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we tested and confirmed that the R64W mutation also causes human NAT1 to aggregate in cultured cells. By using homology modeling, we demonstrate that R64 is located at a peripheral location, which provides an explanation for how the NAT protein structure is not significantly disturbed by its mutation to tryptophan. Altogether, we provide fundamental information on why humans harboring certain NAT variants exhibit reduced acetylation capabilities.
Expansion of a dusty plasma into a vacuum: effects of charge nonneutrality

Abstract The nonlinear expansion of a dusty plasma into a vacuum region investigated without imposing a quasi-neutrality assumption. The nonlinear expansion is obtained using numerical methods. Electrons and positive ions are found to initially escape into the vacuum region creating an electric field that accelerates a small group of massive dust particles into the vacuum ahead of the dust expansion.
Zinc/Silver Couple

[7440-66-6] Zn (MW 65.39) InChI = 1S/Zn InChIKey = HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (dehalogenation; preparation of organozinc compounds for carbon–carbon bond formation; cyclopropanations) Physical Data: Zn: mp 419.5 °C; d 7.140 g cm−3. Solubility: insol most solvents. The reactions are typically run as suspensions with THF as solvent for preparation of organozinc reagents and MeOH utilized for most of the reductions. Et2O, DMSO, and DMA have also been used as solvents. Preparative Methods: Zinc powder (100 g) is added all at once to a refluxing solution of Silver(I) Acetate (100 mg) in 200 mL of acetic acid. The mixture is stirred for 30 s and quickly cooled. The zinc/silver couple is isolated by decantation and washed with anhydrous ether (6 × 100 mL), dried under vacuum, and stored at room temperature.1 An alternative method uses zinc dust that has been prewashed with 10% HCl and uses a slightly higher Ag to Zn ratio.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Zn is a moisture-sensitive, flammable solid. The Zn/Ag couple appears to be stable for months at room temperature if stored under an inert atmosphere.
Impact Of Information Technology On The Accuracy Of Analyst Forecasts

We investigate the effect of information technology on analyst’s forecast accuracy. Our analysis suggests that analyst forecast accuracy has increased with the growth in information technology. We capture the growth in information technology with seven proxy variables; the total sales of information technology related firms, number of computers sold, number of websites, number of hosts, number of registered domains, number of bytes, and packets of information transferred. The results are consistent with our hypothesis that the increase in information technology has decreased the errors in analyst forecasts. Thus, our paper provides evidence of a positive impact of information technology on the overall information environment. These findings are important for investors who use analyst forecasts to value the firm and make investments decisions, and for overall efficiency of capital markets.
Na+ entry via store-operated channels modulates Ca2+signaling in arterial myocytes

In many nonexcitable cells, hormones and neurotransmitters activate Na+ influx and mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The stores are replenished by Ca2+influx via “store-operated” Ca2+ channe...
Capsular Plication for Treatment of Iatrogenic Hip Instability

The most commonly reported reasons for persistent hip pain after hip arthroscopy are residual femoroacetabular impingement, dysplasia and dysplasia variants, or extra-articular impingement. There are some cases in which the underlying osseous pathomorphology has been appropriately treated, and the cause of persistent hip pain can be soft-tissue injuries such as chondrolabral tears or capsular abnormalities. Capsular defects after hip arthroscopy may suggest an alteration of the biomechanical properties of the iliofemoral ligament and lead to iatrogenically induced hip instability. There are a growing number of biomechanical and clinical studies showing the importance of capsular management during hip arthroscopy. We describe the workup, examination under anesthesia, diagnostic arthroscopy, and technique of capsular plication for iatrogenic instability of the hip.
Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: SBM supports the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable's (NCCRT) call to action to reach 80 % colorectal cancer screening rates by 2018.

The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) urges stakeholders to support the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable’s (NCCRT) initiative 80 % by 2018. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is largely preventable with early detection of pre-cancerous polyps but CRC screening is underutilized, especially among the underserved. In response to low screening rates, this initiative sets an important goal of a population screening rate of 80 % in adults ages 50 and older by the year 2018. It is estimated that this screening rate could prevent more than 20,000 CRC deaths per year within 15 years. The initiative takes a multilevel approach to improving screening rates and includes recommendations for clinicians, health care organizations, insurers, policymakers, and researchers.
Inversion of Gravity Data in the Big Bear Lake Area to Recover Depth to Basement Using Cauchy-Type Integrals

Summary One of the important applications of the gravity method is evaluation of the depth to the basement, which is characterized by a significant density contrast with the sedimental layeres. We have introduced recently a new method of modeling and inversion of potential field data generated by a density contrast surface based on 3D Cauchy-type integral representation of the potential fields (Zhdanov and Cai, 2013). The technique of the Cauchytype integrals makes it possible to represent the gravity field and its gradients as surface integrals. In the previous work, it was assumed that the density contrast between sediment and basement was a constant value. However, in some practical situations, the density of sediments may change with the depth. As a result, the density contrast between sediment and basement is also a function of depth. In this paper, we develop a method for modeling the gravity response caused by sediment-basement interface with variable density in depth. We have also developed the inversion of gravity data to recover the depth to basement given the density profile with depth.
The African Union and Development in Africa

The current development initiative by the African apex Organization African Union (AU) has been declared ‘the New African Renaissance’. This paper traces the origin and meaning of African Renaissance and argues that OAU/AU is yet to frame its development model on the principle of African Renaissance, which is, “Africa utilizing its resources and values to build the continent and its people”. This ideal resonates with the homegrown approach to development. This paper explores the extent to which the AU impacts development trajectories of Africa through its narrative of African Renaissance. Thus, the thesis of this paper is that instead of the externally driven prescriptive development frameworks, the AU could make more impact by taking control of development framing for the continent, with proper mechanisms which individual countries could relate with and adapt to suit their own conditions. This is with the recognition that the commitment of African leaders remains the most pressing obstacle to the formation of a collective strategy for a new African Renaissance.
Orchestration of T Cell Development by Common γ Chain Cytokines

Cytokines serve as short-range chemical signals among cells, required for cell survival, expansion, and differentiation. They act through specific receptor complexes that are tightly controlled in expression and activate discrete intracellular signal transducers to transmit unique instructions. Cytokines are necessary to build the immune system, and for T lymphocytes, the classic effectors of cell-mediated immunity originating in the thymus, their functions in T cell progenitor maintenance, T cell differentiation, and construction of proper tissue environment for T cell production have been extensively investigated. In particular, six cytokines that signal using the γ chain as the shared component of receptor complexes, and thus named the common γ chain (γ c ) family of cytokines, are paramount for T cells, from birth to death. During development and selection for functional fitness in the thymus, T cell subsets acquire functional specificity asynchronously, with some T cells exported from the thymus as naive cells awaiting encounter of a specific pathogen, while others exit the thymus with preprogrammed function and anatomical destinations. We review the varied effects of γ c cytokines during T cell development to illustrate how cytokines ultimately impart clonal and subset heterogeneity in function in the T cell lineage.
Main SoC and XBOX one kinect

• High performance, but power efficient, and very low power modes • AV in and out media hub • Specialized audio, graphics, and video processors offload CPU and graphics core • CPU, GPU, specialized processors, and 10 share memory via host-guest MMUs with synchronized page tables • High bandwidth CPU cache coherency • 200+ GB/second power efficient memory system balanced to CPU, GPU, specialized processors, and 10 requirements • DX11.1+ graphics core with custom graphics and compute command processors to offload CPU and improve GPGPU
Oral Nutritional Supplementation Using Beverages for Older Adults

Older adults, defined as those over 65 years of age, are at high risk for malnutrition or undernutrition due to a number of well-known risk factors including changes in body composition, changes to the GI tract, diminished sensory function, fluid and electrolyte dysregulation, increases in chronic disease, use of medications, institutionalization, financial constraints, social isolation, and frailty [1]. The largest pooled analysis of malnutrition, with more than 6000 adults over 65 years of age worldwide, found that 22.8 % were malnourished with the highest proportions found in those in rehabilitation (50.5 %) and hospital settings (38.7 %). When subjects at risk of being malnourished were included with those who were malnourished, the combined number increased to 69 % for all older adults, 86 % for those hospitalized, and 91.7 % for those in rehabilitation [2].