cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Frontier for National Oil Companies

Western countries abandoned the National Oil Company (NOC) model many years ago, but the rise of NOCs has shifted the balance of control over the world’s hydrocarbon resources. In the 1970s, NOCs controlled less than 10% of the world’s energy resources, but now they control more than 90% of reserves and 75% of production. This shift comes in concert with increased access to capital, expertise and technology, as NOCs build in-house capabilities that allow them to operate increasingly independently. NOCs have been increasing their ability to contract and manage operations through oilfield services companies. We see an evolution in roles and strategies for all oil and gas companies – including NOCs, international oil companies and independents. NOCs have seen their power and influence grow. Moreover, the demands on NOCs continue to evolve with changes in the global energy landscape – changes in demand, discovery of new sources, and national and geopolitical developments. As managers of their country's natural resources, NOCs have generally owned and managed their complete oil and gas supply chain from upstream to downstream activities, but now they are emerging as both potential partners and competitors on the international scene in search of upstream and downstream assets. While the rise of NOCs, accelerated by high oil prices, has seen the balance of control over hydrocarbon resources shift in their favor, we see an increasingly disparate range of political and economic roles, strategies, and performance. In this paper we discuss several important themes in terms of NOC strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges.
Novel, alkali-bonded, ceramic filtration membranes

Ceramic filters allow operations at extreme pressures and pHs, high temperatures, and have longer operating lifetimes. However, costly ceramic filtration systems are often rejected in favor of polymeric filters. The primary cause for the high cost of ceramic filters is the expensive processing which includes powder synthesis and sintering cycles. The goal of our research is to develop a new type of ceramic filter using alkali bonded ceramics (ABCs). In this study, we present an update on our effort to create a ceramic membrane with interconnected porosity of controlled pore size using alkali bonded ceramics. Synthesis of ABC membranes can be separated into four main steps (a) synthesis of nanosize polymeric colloidal particles, (b) preparation of self-assembled templates using polystyrene (PS) nanospheres, (c) intrusion of the template with ABC slurry, which hardens at room temperature, and finally (d) dissolution of the template in a solvent. PS nanospheres of diameters 100 and 300 nanometers were synthesized and self-assembled to form templates of different shapes and sizes. Results on intrusion of ABC slurry into the template formed on a microporous nylon filter paper will be presented.
Hepatic Encephalopathy and Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands

Benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor ligands interact with specific binding sites on the GABAA receptor/chloride channel complex on neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) (1) (Figure 1). Such ligands could contribute to or ameliorate hepatic encephalopathy (HE) if the supra-molecular complex itself is involved in this syndrome. The complex includes distinct receptors for BZ ligands and GABA, and a chloride ionophore on which there are binding sites for barbiturates and cage convulsants, such as Picrotoxin. Activation of the effector component of this complex, the chloride channel, is mediated by the binding of GABA to its receptor and is potentiated by the binding of a BZ agonist or a barbiturate to discrete loci on the complex. Activation induces conformational changes in the complex which result in opening of the chloride channel and hyperpolarization of the neuron (1) (Figure 1). This GABA-gated chloride ion conductance is the basis of GABA-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission or “GABAergic tone.”
Spontaneous detachment of the deltoid muscle origin

Three patients with four affected shoulders with spontaneous detachment of the deltoid origin are reported. In this group spontaneous detachment of the deltoid origin was associated with chronic massive rotator cuff defects. Detachment of the deltoid origin was associated with an acute, sudden onset of shoulder weakness. Pain was not a prominent complaint, and shoulder function was poor because of weakness. Spontaneous detachment of the deltoid origin can occur with chronic massive rotator cuff tears and can be responsible for an acute onset of shoulder weakness.
Development of lateral interactions in the infant visual system.

The development of lateral inhibitory interactions in the infant visual system, as reflected by the visual-evoked potential (VEP), was studied using a radial, asymmetrical windmill-dartboard stimulus. This contrast-reversing stimulus generates VEP responses with a strong fundamental frequency component and an attenuated second harmonic component (relative to that obtained using a symmetrical stimulus). These two harmonic components reflect distinct phenomena, and appear to be the result of short-range (the fundamental) and long-range (attenuated second harmonic) lateral inhibitory interactions elicited by differential luminance-modulation of contiguous spatial regions. We studied the development of the short-and long-range interactions at 100% and 30% contrast in human infants using both VEP amplitude and phase measures. Attenuation of the second harmonic (long-range interactions) was adult-like by 8 weeks of age while the strength of the fundamental (short-range interactions) was adult-like by 20 weeks suggesting a differential development of long-range and short-range interactions. In contrast, corresponding phase data indicated significant immaturities at 20 weeks of age for both the short-and long-range components.
GSH-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation: Properties of a potent cytosolic system which protects cell membranes

Properties of a heat labile, nondialyzable cytosolic factor which prevents lipid peroxidation in membranous organelles are described. The factor is present in liver and other animal tissues, and its capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation in membranes subjected to oxidative stress is greatly potentiated by glutathione (GSH), although GSH by itself has no inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. The data obtained thus far indicate that one or more sulfhydryl groups associated with the factor is required for the inhibition. The mechanism by which lipid peroxidation is inhibited must involve prevention of initiation of peroxidation in the membranes, presumably by a process requiring one or more sulfhydryl groups associated with the heat labile factor. The latter appears to be protected by GSH while the factor is exerting its inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. The factor is not one of the known GSH-dependent enzymes, and appears to be a potent and ubiquitous system for stabilizing cell membranes against oxidative damage.
A RISC architecture for multitasking

One characteristic of RISC architectures is the availability of a large register bank, usually used as a LIFO stack to house the activation records of procedures. In a multitasking situation, RISC designers have suggested that this stack be copied at every task-context switch. The overhead of this copying is high, and it is frequently cited as the reason for which stack-based architectures should not be used in a multitasking situation. The architecture presented facilitates multitasking by allowing multiple register stacks, created dynamically, to be supported with the same overhead as sequential procedure calls. In addition, it allows registers to be used for other non-LIFO structures, such as object or class instantiations. These register-housed data structures can be accessed by any task or procedure unit. >
Use of ultra-high frequency electrosurgery (radiosurgery) for cosmetic surgical procedures.

background. Electrosurgery has been used for many decades in medicine. Some machines generate ultra-high frequency current waveforms (radiosurgery), which minimize collateral tissue damage. objective. Personal experience using radiosurgery in the performance of cosmetic surgery is relayed in the narrative form to offer the reader a “how we do it” perspective. conclusion. Radiosurgery facilitates the performance of blepharoplasty, face lifting, hair restoration surgery, abdominoplasty, nasal reduction sculpturing of rhinophyma, and minor cosmetic procedures. Collateral heat damage is minimal allowing rapid healing and aesthetically pleasing scars.
Fast and effective algorithms for graph partitioning and sparse-matrix ordering

Graph partitioning is a fundamental problem in several scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, we describe heuristics that improve the state-of-the-art practical algorithms used in graph-partitioning software in terms of both partitioning speed and quality. An important use of graph partitioning is in ordering sparse matrices for obtaining direct solutions to sparse systems of linear equations arising in engineering and optimization applications. The experiments reported in this paper show that the use of these heuristics results in a considerable improvement in the quality of sparse-matrix orderings over conventional ordering methods, especially for sparse matrices arising in linear programming problems. In addition, our graph-partitioning-based ordering algorithm is more parallelizable than minimum-degree-based ordering algorithms, and it renders the ordered matrix more amenable to parallel factorization.
Streptavidin crystals as nanostructured supports and image-calibration references for cryo-EM data collection.

For cryo-EM structural studies, we seek to image membrane proteins as single particles embedded in proteoliposomes. One technical difficulty has been the low density of liposomes that can be trapped in the ∼100 nm ice layer that spans holes in the perforated carbon support film of EM grids. Inspired by the use of two-dimensional (2D) streptavidin crystals as an affinity surface for biotinylated DNA (Crucifix et al., 2004), we propose to use the crystals to tether liposomes doped with biotinylated lipids. The 2D crystal image also serves as a calibration of the image formation process, providing an absolute conversion from electrostatic potentials in the specimen to the EM image intensity, and serving as a quality control of acquired cryo-EM images. We were able to grow streptavidin crystals covering more than 90% of the holes in an EM grid, and which remained stable even under negative stain. The liposome density in the resulting cryo-EM sample was uniform and high due to the high-affinity binding of biotin to streptavidin. Using computational methods, the 2D crystal background can be removed from images without noticeable effect on image properties.
Induction of virulence response in Agrobacterium tumefaciens by tissue explants of various plant species

Forty-four plant species belonging to different taxa were tested for their ability to induce the expression of the virulence E gene in Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing virE:lacZ fusion constructs. With the exception of 6 algae, one fern and 2 monocots, tissue explants of all other plants (2 Algae, 3 Bryophytes, 2 Pteridophytes, 15 Gymnosperms, 8 Monocots and 5 Dicots) induced the expression of the virE gene as detected by the presence of β-galactosidase activity in the bacteria.
Electrocardiographic predictors of culprit artery in acute inferior ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background In acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), multiple electrocardiographic algorithms have been proposed to predict the culprit artery. Our purpose is to review these and compare them to ST depression in lead aVR to predict culprit artery in inferior STEMI. Methods In 106 patients with acute inferior STEMI who underwent emergent coronary angiography, we correlated electrocardiographic and angiographic findings pertaining to the culprit artery. We then reviewed the algorithms proposed by Fiol et al and Tierala et al, and applied them and our own from Kanei et al using ST depression in aVR for predicting the left circumflex artery (LCx) as the culprit, to the population. Finally, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of the respective algorithms for predicting the culprit artery. Results The sensitivity and specificity of ST depression in lead aVR to predict LCx as the culprit were 53% and 86%, respectively, and 86% and 55%, respectively for predicting the right coronary artery (RCA) as the culprit. When their algorithms were applied to our population, the sensitivities and specificities of Fiol et al and Tierala et al were slightly higher. Conclusion Compared to other proposed algorithms, ST depression in aVR is a simple method with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity to predict the culprit artery in inferior STEMI.
Pleasant Scents and Persuasion: An Information Processing Approach1

Participants observed a perfume advertisement in which either a physically attractive or relatively unattractive spokesperson promoted a new perfume using relatively strong or relatively weak arguments. Additionally, before observing the ad, some participants sampled the perfume. As expected, those participants who sampled the perfume were influenced more by the spokeswoman's attractiveness than by the strength of the arguments and participants not exposed to the perfume were more influenced by the strength of the arguments than by the spokesperson's attractiveness. An analysis of cognitive responses further suggested that participants not exposed to the perfume may have been systematically processing the advertisement and participants exposed to the perfume may have been more heuristically processing the message.
Anticipated Inflation and the Nominal Rate of Interest: Further Results

In a recent paper in this Journal,' Thomas J. Sargent examines the relationship between the nominal rate of interest and the expected rate of change of prices within the framework of a linear dynamic macroeconomic model, which is "Keynesian in structure, but [which] assigns important roles to price level adjustments and anticipations of inflation, effects frequently emphasized by monetarists." 2 This model consists of six equations in six unknowns. Real desired consumption is a function of real permanent income (a distributed lag of current and past levels of real national income). Real desired investment depends on a distributed lag of changes in national income and on a distributed lag of the real interest rate (a kind of Jorgensonian user cost of capital: in the Sargent model, nominal interest rate minus expected rate of inflation). Real national income is equal in equilibrium to the sum of real consumption and investment. The demand for nominal money balances depends on distributed lags 3 of the nominal interest rate, real national income, and price level. (The last two variables are expected to have opposite signs, since the equation is a linear approximation of a demand for money function that depends on the nominal level of national income.) The equilibrium condition in the monetary market is given by the equality between the demand for and the "exogenous" supply of nominal money balances. To close the model, Sargent introduces a "Phillips-curve" mechanism in which the price level at time t equals the price level at time t1 plus an adjustment involving the difference between the current level of real income and that level (called "full-employment" income) that is consistent with stable prices.
Hydrogen induced changes in the electronic structure of the palladium-hydrogen system as measured by thermoreflectance

Abstract We have made thermoreflectance measurements at 45°C on pure and hydrided palladium thin films over the spectral range 0.4–6.2 eV. In pure palladium, optical structure appears at 0.7 and 5 eV. Upon hydriding the former structure vanishes while the material is in the α-phase. The latter structure is essentially unchanged until the system is in the β-phase when it also disappears. In the β-phase only a new structure at 4 eV is observed. The results suggest that the 0.7 eV structure is associated with a final state just above the Fermi level in pure palladium while the 5 eV structure is associated with a final state which vanishes when PdH x enters the β-phase.
Toward a Grand Bargain with North Korea

Coupling carrots that actually entice with tough demands to address North Korea's nuclear program, reduce its conventional forces, and reform its outdated economic system can begin to transform one of the world's most troubled and dangerous regions. Here's how.
Rapid Deformation of the South Flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

The south flank of Kilauea volcano has experienced two large [magnitude ( M ) 7.2 and M 6.1] earthquakes in the past two decades. Global Positioning System measurements conducted between 1990 and 1993 reveal seaward displacements of Kilauea9s central south flank at rates of up to about 10 centimeters per year. In contrast, the northern side of the volcano and the distal ends of the south flank did not displace significantly. The observations can be explained by slip on a low-angle fault beneath the south flank combined with dilation deep within Kilauea9s rift system, both at rates of at least 15 centimeters per year.
The origin of steric hindrance in cyclohexane derivatives.

Aus der Veresterungsgeschwindigkeit der stereoisomeren Menthole mitp-Nitrobenzoylchlorid lasst sich schliessen, dass diese Molekule in derjenigen Konstellation reagieren, in welcher die Oxygruppe eine aquatoriale Stellung einnimmt. In starren Molekulen (wie dietrans-Dekalole), bei denen die Verschiebung einer Oxyoder Estergruppe von der polaren in die aquatoriale Stellung nicht moglich ist, findet man besonders grosse Unterschiede in der Verseifungsgeschwindigkeit von epimeren Estern. Der Unterschied in der Verseifungsgeschwindigkeit von Estern der epimerencis-α-Dekalole, die beide die Oxygruppe in der aquatorialen Stellung haben, lasst sich durch verschiedene sterische Hinderung durch eins der Wasserstoffatome in derperi-Stellung erklaren.
S -Matrix Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions

This paper studies the possibility of applying the principles of the $S$-matrix theory to electrodynamics. By using an approximation scheme different from that in the strong interactions, many results of quantum electrodynamics can indeed be reproduced. While the calculations of electrodynamical problems can be carried out in a more straightforward and less laborious way in the $S$-matrix theory, there still are some basic difficulties. However, as far as scattering processes and the anomalous magnetic moment are concerned, there is complete identity (up till fourth order) between the two methods. The bound-state problem, infrared divergence, and the many-particle problem remained unsettled.
Hex Expression During Development Suggests an Important Role in Both Gastrulation and Organogenesis • 251

Hex Expression During Development Suggests an Important Role in Both Gastrulation and Organogenesis • 251
Effects of chronic oral amiodarone on left ventricular function, ECGs, serum chemistries, and exercise tolerance in healthy dogs.

Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic with beta-adrenergic blocking and antimuscarinic properties, has a wide spectrum of clinical use in humans. This study was conducted to establish the effects of a 25 mg/kg q12h loading dose and a 30 mg/kg q24h maintenance dose of amiodarone, each given PO for 3.5 weeks, on systemic arterial pressure, echocardiographic (ECHO) indices of left ventricular function, ECGs, exercise tolerance, and serum biochemistries in adult, clinically normal dogs. Means were calculated and were compared by analysis of variance with repeated measures. When a significant F statistic was identified, specific means were compared by Bonferroni's post hoc test. Body weight and heart rate (HR) decreased, and PQ, QT, and corrected QT (QTc) increased significantly (P < .05) for the weeks that the dogs received the loading dose, but all parameters returned to values the same as those in the pretest for the weeks when dogs received the maintenance dose. Serum activity of hepatic enzyme activities and cholesterol concentrations increased, and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]), phosphorous, and total carbon dioxide decreased. The changes in PQ, QT, and QTc are similar to those obtained previously, but the detailed ECG and ECHO observations have not been reported. A dose of 25 mg/kg q12h, but not 30 mg/kg q24h, is an appetite suppressant, and the lower dose produces neither ECG nor ECHO changes of clinical or toxicological significance in normal dogs.
Molecular therapy of obesity and diabetes by a physiological autoregulatory approach

Hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key element in the regulation of energy balance. Here we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of BDNF by gene transfer in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Gene transfer of BDNF led to marked weight loss and alleviation of obesity-associated insulin resistance. To facilitate clinical translation and ensure that BDNF protein expression was appropriately decreased as weight loss progressed, thus preventing cachexia, we developed a molecular autoregulatory system involving a single recombinant adeno-associated virus vector harboring two expression cassettes, one constitutively driving BDNF and the other driving a specific microRNA targeting BDNF. The microRNA element was controlled by a promoter (that controlling the Agrp gene encoding agouti-related peptide) responsive to BDNF-induced physiological changes. Hence, as body weight decreased and agouti-related protein is induced, microRNA expression was activated, inhibiting transgene expression. In contrast to the progressive weight loss associated with a nonregulated approach, this microRNA-approach led to a sustainable plateau of body weight after notable weight loss was achieved. This strategy mimics the body's endogenous physiological feedback mechanisms, thereby resetting the hypothalamic set point to reverse obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Lead targets GRP78, a molecular chaperone, in C6 rat glioma cells.

Exposure to potentially neurotoxic levels of lead (Pb) occurs in about 9% of American children under 6 years of age. Astroglia in the brain serve as a Pb depot, sequestering Pb and preventing its contact with the more sensitive neurons. Astroglia have the capacity to adapt to Pb exposure, and as such are able to tolerate relatively high intracellular Pb accumulation. This tolerance mechanism has yet to be defined in biochemical terms. In the present study, we present evidence that glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), a molecular chaperone in the ER, participates directly or indirectly in the tolerance mechanism. Exposure of cultured C6 rat glioma cells, an astroglia-like cell line, to 1 microM Pb acetate for 1 week raised the intracellular levels of two proteins, one of which was identified by sequence analysis as GRP78. GRP78 accumulation started within 1 day and progressed with time of exposure. Studies in vitro showed that GRP78 bound tightly to affinity columns with Pb(2+) as the affinity ligand and bound weakly when either Zn(2+) or Ni(2+) replaced the Pb(2+). The reduced form of GSH and BSA did not compete with GRP78 to chelate Pb(2+). However, the heavy metal binding domain (HMB) of Menkes protein competed with GRP78 for chelating Pb(2+). The data provide evidence that GRP78 may be a component of the Pb tolerance mechanism through its direct interaction with Pb(2+). Its increased synthesis could be part of the adaptive response to Pb exposure.
Effects of systemic clonidine on auditory event-related potentials in squirrel monkeys

Event-related potential (ERP), electroencephalographic (BEG), and behavioral data were collected from squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in a 90−10 auditory oddball paradigm. Background or target tones were presented once every 2 s, and responses to the targets were rewarded. ERPs were recorded from epidural electrodes following systemic administration of clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) or a saline placebo. EEG power spectra and behavioral performance were assessed simultaneously as indices of behavioral state. Clonidine significantly decreased the area and increased the latency of a P300-like potential. The amplitudes and areas of the earlier P1, N1, and P2 components and a later slow wave-like potential were not reduced, nor were their latencies altered. Clonidine produced increased EEG power in the alpha range (7.5–12 Hz) and decreased power in the upper beta range (20–40 Hz) but did not affect performance in the oddball task. Because two major effects of clonidine are to substantially reduce activity in the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) and to reduce norepinephrine (NE) release from axons, the present results support the hypothesis that the LC and its efferent projection system are important in modulating the activity of P300-like potentials.
Site of accessory pathway block after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Site of Accessory Pathway Block. Introduction: Recent studies have demonstrated that the most common site of accessory pathway conduction block following the introduction of a premature atrial stimulus during atrial pacing is between the accessory pathway potential and the ventricular electrogram. consistent with block at the ventricular insertion of the accessory pathway. However, no prior study has evaluated the site of conduction block during radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the site of conduction block after catheter ablation of accessory pathways by analyzing and comparing the local electrograms recorded before and after radiofrequency energy delivery at successful ablation sites. Methods and Results: The electrograms evaluated in this study were obtained from 85 consecutive patients who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of a manifest accessory pathway. The 50 left free-wall accessory pathways were ablated using a ventricular approach and the 35 right free-wall or posteroseptal accessory pathways were ablated using an atrial approach. The characteristics of local electrograms recorded immediately before and immediately after successful ablation of the accessory pathway were determined in each patient. The site of accessory pathway block was determined by comparing the amplitude, timing, and morphology of the local eleclrograms at successful sites of radiofrequency catheter ablation before and after delivery of radiofrequency energy. A putative accessory pathway potential was present at the successful target site in 74 of the 85 patients (87%). Conduction block occurred between the atrial electrogram and the accessory pathway potential in 66 patients (78%) and between the accessory pathway potential and the ventricular electrogram in eight patients (9%). The site of block could not be determined in 11 patients (13%) in whom an accessory pathway potential was absent. Conduction block occurred most frequently between the atrial electrogram and the accessory pathway potential regardless of accessory pathway location. No electrogram parameter or accessory pathway characteristic was predictive of the site of conduction block. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that conduction block occurs most frequently between the local atrial electrogram and the accessory pathway potential during radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways. This is true regardless of whether the accessory pathway is ablated from the atrial or ventricular aspect of the mitral or tricuspid annulus.
Negotiations and Exclusivity Contracts for Advertising

Exclusive advertising on a given media outlet is usually profitable for an advertiser because consumers are less aware of competing products. However, for such arrangements to exist, media must benefit as well. We examine conditions under which such exclusive advertising contracts benefit both advertisers and media outlets referred to as stations by illustrating that exclusive equilibria arise in a theoretical model of the media, advertisers, and consumers who participate in both the product and media markets. In the model, stations sell advertising space to advertisers and broadcast advertising messages to consumers. Conditions leading to higher equilibrium levels of advertising can be unprofitable for advertisers because high levels of advertising make consumers better informed and thus lead to fiercer product price competition. As a result, media stations may be less profitable as well because their payoff is determined as a fraction of the advertiser surplus generated in the product market. Stations mitigate this effect by offering advertisers exclusive advertising contracts. With such contracts, consumers are less informed about competing products, yielding higher producer surplus. It is profitable for stations to offer exclusivity when commercial advertising is an important means for advertisers to inform consumers about their products.
FCJ-121 Transversalising the Ecological Turn: Four Components of Felix Guattari’s Ecosophical Perspective

Arguably, two of the most important forces affecting contemporary global culture are the growing awareness of ecological crises and the rapid spread of digital media. Felix Guattari's unfinished concept of ecosophy suggests the basis of a theoretical framework for constructing productive syntheses between the ecological and the digital. Moreover, a Guattarian rethinking of the ecological turn in the humanities challenges the philosophical basis of the pedagogy of Nature appreciation that has characterised the eco-humanities landscape since the 1970s. Guattari's ecosophy gestures towards a transversal eco-humanities, which would be rhizomatically rooted in autopoiesis and becoming-other, rather than defined by static allegiance to the ideals of ‘Self-realisation’ postulated by the deep ecology movement.
The Principal as a Leader in Curriculum Innovation

(1991). The Principal as a Leader in Curriculum Innovation. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 419-421.
Optical Properties of K between 4 and 10.7 eV and Comparison with Na, Rb, and Cs

The optical and dielectric constants of K have been determined from reflectance and transmission measurements for photons of energy between 4.0 and 10.7 eV. Reflectance measurements were made as a function of incident angle at a K-Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ interface in an ultrahigh-vacuum system. The refractive index ($n$) was determined from the critical angle for total internal reflection and the absorption coefficient ($k$) from the slope of the reflectance curve at the critical angle and from transmission measurements. The real part of the dielectric function (${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$) and the optical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}=\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ were derived from $n$ and $k$. In $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ we find a broad peak centered at 8 eV. This absorption peak is discussed along with comparable peaks in Na, Rb, and Cs. One-electron and many-body processes that might give absorption in this energy region are discussed. ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ is analyzed in terms of a nearly-free-electron model to obtain a value of the effective mass (${m}_{\mathrm{eff}}$) and of the contribution of core polarization ($4\ensuremath{\pi}{n}_{0}\ensuremath{\alpha}$) to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$. We find $4\ensuremath{\pi}{n}_{0}\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ and $\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{eff}}}{{m}_{0}}=1.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Mutagenic Effects in Drosophila

d-Lysergic acid diethylamide causes a significant increase in recessive lethal mutations in the X chromosome of Drosophila males after intraperitoneal injection of massive doses.
Quantum-mechanization of dynamical systems

In an earlier paper [l] we presented a set of axioms concerning the concept of wave equation for a dynamical system G with finitely many degrees of freedom, and it was shown there that the familiar equations (Schrodinger’s for the Newtonian case, and the “Klein-Gordon” equation for the Einsteinean case) are the unique equations satisfying those axioms when interpreted for systems of these two types. The axioms also apply to more general systems. The selection of a wave equation for a system 6 is of course only one of the steps that must be taken in order to construct the wave-mechanical counterpart G’ to the system 6. One has also to replace the finite dimensional phase space CD, for each observer w by an infinite-dimensional counterpart @k and show, for each pair w1 , w, of observers, how their quantum-mechanical phase spaces @:, and @:, are to be dynamically related by the wave equation. To do this in the greatest generality is the purpose of the present paper. These quantum-mechanical phase spaces @: are, as one would expect, related to Hilbert spaces of square-integrable functions on the configuration space QU . We must specify, among other things, the volume element in Q,,, in terms of which this square-integrability is to be formulated. These, and other specifications for the construction of the quantummechanical counterpart 6’ of the system 6, are given below. They are given in such a way that when there is an isomorphism between two systems 6, and 6,) then there is immediately induced an isomorphism between the quantum systems S; and 6;. This isomorphism-induction can be regarded as the origin of the representation in the quantum system 6’ of the symmetry group of the original system 6. In order to explain this we have had to make precise the concept of observer. A list of the headings of the sections of this paper is as follows: (2) General
Thermal stability and structural transition in Be microclusters.

Thermodynamic stabilities of ${\mathrm{Be}}_{6\char21{}13}$ microclusters have been studied using Monte Carlo simulation and an ab initio many-body potential. The mean-square fluctuation of the interparticle distance and the heat capacity were monitored as a function of temperature to illustrate thermal softening of these microclusters. The melting temperatures were found to be a strongly nonmonotonic function of size with ${\mathrm{Be}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$ exhibiting unusual thermal stability while ${\mathrm{Be}}_{9}$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}_{12}$, on the other hand, were found to undergo structural transition at fairly low temperatures as a precursor to melting.
Distribution of HPV genotypes in 282 women with cervical lesions: evidence for three categories of intraepithelial lesions based on morphology and HPV type

Previously we found differences in the distribution of the individual human papillomavirus types in cervical cancers and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. This suggested that there were differences in risk for progression of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions that were related to human papillomavirus type within the category of oncogenic genotypes. In this work, we add additional cases including low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. ThinPrep samples from 282 squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancers were categorized morphologically by consensus interpretation and genotyped for 27 individual human papillomavirus types by polymerase chain reaction-based reverse line blot analysis using PGMY09/PGMY11 consensus primers for the L1 open reading frame. The 27 human papillomavirus types were divided into three categories: high risk 16, 18, 31, 45; intermediate risk 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, 82, 83; and low risk: 6, 11, 26, 40, 42, 53, 54, 55, 57, 66, and 84. Of the 282 cases of cancer and squamous intraepithelial lesions, 95.7% were positive for one or more of 27 human papillomavirus types and 38.7% had two or more genotypes. Three major categories of squamous intraepithelial lesions were identified based upon the combination of consensus diagnosis and human papillomavirus category: (1) high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with high-risk human papillomavirus types that appear to be at increased risk for progression to carcinoma; (2) squamous intraepithelial lesions (typically low-grade intraepithelial lesions and high-grade lesions consistent with moderate dysplasia) associated with intermediate risk human papillomavirus types with limited or indeterminate risk for progression; (3) low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with low-risk human papillomavirus types with little or no risk for progression. Only a subset of human papillomavirus genotypes commonly considered to be oncogenic were closely associated with invasive cervical cancer and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions classed as severe dysplasia. Other oncogenic types were closely associated with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of moderate dysplasia and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. This suggests that risk for progression to invasion in squamous intraepithelial lesions is closely related to human papillomavirus genotype. Knowledge of the associated human papillomavirus type in women with morphologic squamous intraepithelial lesions may help to clarify risk for progression.
ET Mapping with High-Resolution Airborne Remote Sensing Data in an Advective Semiarid Environment

AbstractAccurate estimates of spatially distributed evapotranspiration (ET) are essential for managing water in irrigated regions and for hydrologic modeling. METRIC (Mapping ET at high Resolutions with Internal Calibration) energy balance algorithm was applied to derive ET from six high-resolution aircraft images (0.5–2.0 m pixels). Images were acquired over the USDA Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) in the semiarid Southern High Plains. The remote sensing (RS) campaign occurred during the 2007 summer cropping season. Daily ET estimations were evaluated using measured ET data from five monolithic weighing lysimeters located in the CPRL. On average, errors in estimating hourly ET were -0.7±11.6%; for daily ET, errors were 2.4±9.3%. Results indicated that METRIC algorithm estimated ET values well when the surface roughness for momentum transfer considered heterogeneous surface conditions and when the grass reference ET fraction was used to extra...
Emergency department visits attributed to selected analgesics, United States, 2004-2005.

Purpose To estimate the rate of emergency department (ED) visits attributed to selected analgesic-containing medications. Methods We used a nationally representative public health surveillance system to provide estimates of adverse events identified in EDs, and a national telephone survey to provide estimates of selected analgesic-containing medication usage in the US population, 2004–2005. Analysis was restricted to products containing acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Types of adverse events and outcomes were compared. Estimated numbers and rates of ED visits were calculated by analgesic groupings and patient age groups. Results The estimated overall rate of ED visits attributed to analgesic-containing medications was 1.6 visits /100 000 users per week. The very old and very young had the highest rates; there were minimal differences in rates by patient gender. Acetaminophen was the attributed drug with the most estimated ED visits and generally had the highest rates of ED visits. The highest estimated rate for a specific product group was among subjects 18–64 years of age taking narcotic-acetaminophen products (8.9 ED visits /100 000 users per week). Overall, 12% of patients presenting to EDs with analgesic-attributed events were hospitalized. Conclusions Rates of ED visits due to analgesics vary depending on the age of the patient and the product; most do not result in hospitalization. Although the rate of emergency visits is relatively low, because of the wide use of the analgesics, public health impact is considerable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive-ion-etch-compatible metallization for partially covered contact applications

Abstract Development of a metallization compatible with both partially covered contacts and reactive ion etch (RIE) pattern definition requires an etch stop and a metal structure that minimizes post-RIE residue. Self-aligned NiSi provides an etch stop layer for RIE using chlorinated gases and its reliability as a contact material has been demostrated in contact migration studies. Line-spacing-dependent residues have been observed with spaces more than 10 μm wide, while spaces less than 10 μm wide etch cleanly. Residue-free etching has been obtained using a pure aluminum layer below the Al-Cu layer in the metallization. Residue-free etching was observed only when as-deposited films were etched. Heat treatments of Al-Cu-containing metallizations prior to etching can cause post-RIE residues.
Toeplitz operators and Hankel operators

On caracterise les symboles f dans L ∞ (D) pour lesquels les operateurs de Hankel ou de Toeplitz associes H f ou T f sont compacts sur l'espace de Bergman La 2 (D)
SEMIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF A NEW PHYSICIAN ROLE

New technologies have altered the way medicine is practiced. We propose that the influence of these new technologies in medicine may best be understood using the semiologic concepts of syntagm and association as developed by Roland Barthes. A syntagm is a linear sequence of associations which make a logical statement. For example the sequence of courses on a menu forms a syntagm; the listed choices for a particular course form an association. A classic syntagm which epitomizes medical practice is the sequence of associations: history, physical exam, differential diagnosis, diagnostic plans, therapeutic plans, outcome assessment. Older independent technologies such as the present illness, stethoscope, chemical analyses, and x-ray, strengthen this syntagm because the contributions as associations do not have clinical meaning until they have been incorporated into a complete syntagm by a physician. Newer interactive technologies such as 2-D echocardiogram or insulin pump can rapidly acquire data for sequential analysis by a computer or skilled operator which (who) can then achieve the desired outcome (euglycemia, cardiac diagnosis). The physician's role in the classic syntagm as synthesizer of independent associations is usurped by this new interactive technology. Thus, many physicians who primarily manage technologies participate in a new syntagm--patient-data base, interactive technology, interaction outcome--resulting in a different role model than that created by the classic syntagm. Recognition of new physician roles has implications for physician training, man power assessments, and self-understanding.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCURACY OF THE 5‐ML SPOON AS A MEASURE OF LIQUID ORAL MEDICINES

Summary The accuracy of measurement of a 5-ml dose of three liquids of different viscosity by medical and non-medical subjects was investigated. Medical and non-medical subjects did not differ significantly in their ability to measure accurately. A tendency to overfill the spoon with the most viscous liquid was observed and the variation within groups of individual measurements was disturbingly high.
Leveraging the web for automating tag expansion for low-content items

Tags, as high quality semantic descriptors, are used in categorization, clustering and efficient retrieval of various items in the web corpus. Images, videos, songs and similar multimedia items are the most common items which are tagged either manually or in a semiautomatic manner. However, the tagging process becomes complicated when the content structure of an item is not interpretable. Such a problems occurs in items like scientific research datasets or documents with very little text content. In this work, we propose a generalized approach to automate tag expansion for such low-content items. We leverage intelligence of the web to generate secondary content for such items for the tag expansion process. While automating tag expansion, we also address the problem of topic drift by automating removal of the noisy tags from the set of candidate new tags. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on a real world dataset. The performance of the proposed is compared with Wikipedia based nearest neighbor tagging (WikiSem) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) based tag expansion approaches. Based on the Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) metric, the proposed approach was twice as accurate as the WikiSem baseline (0.27 vs 0.13) and at least 2.25 times the NMF baselines (0.27 vs 0.12).
Characteristics of strained GaAs1−ySby (0.16 ≤ y ≤ 0.69) quantum wells on InP substrates

Pseudomorphic GaAs1?ySby quantum wells with 0.16 ? y ? 0.69 on (0?0?1) InP substrates have been grown using metal?organic chemical vapour deposition. High resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis are used to quantify the layer thicknesses and compositions. Studies of the optical properties suggest that a transition from type-I to type-II band alignment occurs at an antimony concentration of approximately y = 0.30. The interband optical transition energies simulated using a ten-band k ? p Hamiltonian are compared with the experimental values deduced from photoluminescence spectroscopy. The valence band offset bowing parameter is evaluated in the context of the experimental transition energies. For low Sb-contents, reasonable agreement (<7% deviation) is achieved between theory and experiment for the primary optical transitions. However, at higher Sb-content, there is significant deviation between the measured transition energies and the k ? p based theory, possibly a result of a non-ideal interface and/or heterogeneous ternary well.
THE STRUCTURE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER CRYSTALS.

The structure of the protein crystals formed by Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, determined from electron micrographs of shadowed carbon replicas of dry crystals, can be described by a tetramolecular face-centered-cubic unit cell 123 A on an edge. The protein molecules appear to be spherical, with a diameter D = 87 A. The bipyramidal shape of these crystals results from their being bounded by eight similar (221) faces on which the rows of molecules are separated by 3 D. Membrane fragments made up of hexagonal arrays of spheres or ellipsoids whose average center-to-center separation is 68 A were common in the preparations examined and were believed to be a component of the cell walls.
A study of the photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) and aqueous chromate ion

The photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chromate ion in aqueous solution has been studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The first step of the reaction appears to be formation of a PVA-chromate ester. No further detectable chemical changes occur unless the ester is irradiated. Spectral sensitivity data indicate the reaction is initiated only by the chromate ester charge transfer absorptions at approximately 370 nm and 450 nm. EPR indicates an equilibrium concentration of Cr (V) during irradiation arid a decrease in concentration of Cr(V) following second order kinetics upon cessation of irradiation. The final reaction product is Cr (III) complexed with the hydroxyl groups of the PVA. The reaction rate is a function of pH between pH 12; however no detectable reaction occurred above pH 12. A mechanism is proposed for the PVA-chromate photoreaction in solution.
Correlation of C/K/ in the separated region using the Crocco-Lees method.

Mixing function parameter behavior in boundary layer separations by Crocco-Lees method, noting linearized Glick differential equations
Production of sentence-final intonation contours by hearing-impaired children.

Studies of intonation in the hearing impaired (HI) are often concerned with either objective measures or listener perceptions. Less often has the focus been on how these two aspects of communicatio...