cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in faunal and vegetation communities along a soil calcium gradient in northern hardwood forests

Depletion of Ca from forest soils due to acidic deposition has had potentially pervasive effects on forest commun- ities, but these impacts remain largely unknown. Because snails, salamanders, and plants play essential roles in the Ca cycle of northern hardwood forests, we hypothesized that their community diversity, abundance, and structure would vary with differences in biotic Ca availability. To test this hypothesis, we sampled 12 upland hardwood forests representing a soil Ca gradient in the Adirondack Mountains, New York (USA), where chronic deposition has resulted in acidified soils but where areas of well-buffered soils remain Ca rich due to parent materials. Along the gradient of increasing soil (Ca 2+ ), we ob- served increasing trends in snail community richness and abundance, live biomass of redback salamanders (Plethodon ciner- eus (Green, 1818)), and canopy tree basal area. Salamander communities were dominated by mountain dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859) at Ca-poor sites and changed continuously along the Ca gradient to become domi- nated by redback salamanders at the Ca-rich sites. Several known calciphilic species of snails and plants were found only at the highest-Ca sites. Our results indicated that Ca availability, which is shaped by geology and acidic deposition inputs, in- fluences northern hardwood forest ecosystems at multiple trophic levels, although the underlying mechanisms require further study. Resume : L'epuisement du Ca dans les sols forestiers a cause des depots acides a eu des repercussions potentiellement ge- neralisees sur les communautes forestieres mais ces impacts demeurent largement inconnus. Etant donne que les escargots, les salamandres et les plantes jouent un role essentiel dans le cycle du Ca des forets feuillues nordiques, nous avons emis l'hypothese que la diversite, l'abondance et la structure de leurs communautes varieraient en fonction de la disponibilite du Ca. Pour tester cette hypothese, nous avons echantillonne 12 forets feuillues en milieu sec dans les monts Adirondacks, dans l'Etat de New York aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, ou des depots chroniques ont acidifie les sols mais ou il y a encore des en- droits ou les sols ont un pouvoir tampon eleve et demeurent riches en Ca a cause du materiau originel. A mesure que la
Suppression of anticlastic curvature in isotropic and composite plates

Abstract This paper discusses the large deflection bending behavior or plates subjected to bending moments along two opposite edges and free on the other two opposite edges. Isotropic and laminated fiber-reinforced composite plates with small initial curvatures are discussed. It is shown that when the applied moments become large, the classical anticlastic saddle shape disappears and the plate flattens laterally to become more cylindrical in nature. This phenomenon is due to nonlinear geometric effects. The theory governing plate behavior and numerical studies illustrating the sensitivity of the plate's flattening response to anisotropy and initial imperfections are presented. Then an experimental apparatus designed to load plates is briefly described. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions for a [(± 45) 3 ] g graphite-epoxy plate, a [90 2 /0 2 /± 45] g , graphite-epoxy plate, and an aluminum plate. Comparison between experiment and theory is shown to be good. Several aspects of the comparison are discussed.
Interpersonal attraction and descriptions of the traits of others: Ideal similarity, self similarity, and liking

Abstract In two studies, we examined the relationship between perceptions of self similarity, ideal similarity, and liking. In Study 1, a nonexperimental study, we asked subjects for self descriptions, ideal descriptions, and descriptions of a number of liked and not liked peers and used the descriptions to construct indices of self similarity and ideal similarity. We then analyzed the two sorts of similarity as indicators of liking. In particular, we developed measures to assess independently the effects of self similarity and ideal similarity. We found both self and ideal to be indicators of attraction though ideal similarity was a stronger indicator. In addition, we found self-similarity to indicate liking only when self descriptions were close to ideal descriptions. Ideal similarity indicated liking in all cases. In Study 2 we manipulated liking between previously unacquainted female conversation partners and obtained self, ideal, and partner descriptions and constructed similarity indices. The results confirmed those of Study 1. Differences in liking led to larger differences in ideal similarity than in self similarity. Self similarity differences did not appear when self and ideal were different, while ideal similarity differences appeared in all cases. We concluded that the relationship between self similarity and liking is weaker than, and dependent on, the relationship between ideal similarity and liking. We also concluded that when the results of these studies are linked with existing research, the similarity-liking relationship proves to be reciprocal, with similarity predicting liking, accompanying liking, and following liking. Finally we noted that all results are supportive of a consistency interpretation of the relationship between similarity and liking.
The Development of System Justification in the Developing World

System justification theorists have proposed that under some circumstances ‘‘people who suffer the most from a given state of affairs are paradoxically the least likely to question, challenge, reject, or change it’’ Jost et al. (2003). These claims are contrary to theories that suggest that group members seek to enhance their self-interest or group-interest (e.g., realistic group conflict theory, rational choice models). The present study, conducted in one of the poorest countries in the world, Bolivia, tested if even the most impoverished people of the world will endorse beliefs justifying the status quo. A survey of 356 Bolivian school children found that low-status children endorse beliefs in the effectiveness of government in meeting the people’s needs more than their high-status counterparts. The results suggest that system-justifying beliefs are endorsed by low-status group members in even the most extreme cases of poverty, and even among the youngest politically aware members of society, and they raise questions about the capacity for true social change in those parts of the world that may need it the most.
Density in scatterplots and the estimation of correlation

Abstract The construction of a graphical presentation involves the representation of information by means of visual symbols. The acquisition of information from the resultant graph is a perceptual process that involves the decoding and interpretation of the visual symbols. Hence good design decisions will be based on an understanding of the information acquisition process and in particular graphical perception. This study examines the perception of bivariate normal data presented in a scatter diagram, and creates a model that successfully explains how individuals perceive the information contained in scatterplots Subjects were shown a series of scatter diagrams on the CRT of a microcomputer and were asked to estimate correlation. Several variables were examined that explain estimated correlation including regression slope, dispersion, number of points displayed, and the size of the CRT screen. All of these factors were found to significantly affect subjects’ estimates of correlation.
The Viscosities of Unbleached Alkaline Pulps

Abstract The viscosities of unbleached kraft, kraft-AQ, soda, and soda-AQ pulps were determined over a wide range of additive concentrations and sulphidities, but at constant effective alkali and H-factor. There was no significant effect of AQ or sulphide ion on viscosity. As expected, effective alkali had a large effect on viscosity, while H-factor had a lesser influence. Viscosity is not a reliable indicator of the strengths of unbleached pulps made by reductive alkaline processes.
Row fumigation with Vorlex for control of a meadow nematode (Pratlylenchus penetrans) in potatoes

Row fumigation with Vorlex at 3 and 7 gallons per acre was applied for meadow nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) control in potatoes. The material was applied 3 weeks before planting using one chisel per row at a depth of 8″, and ridged.
KINETIC ANALYLSIS OF THE FORMATION OF NITROSYLMYOGLOBIN

The formation of nitric oxide myoglobin (nitrosylmyoglobin) was followed in buffered solutions in which the concentrations of ascorbate, nitrite, chloride, myoglobin and hydrogen ion were varied systematically to determine their effect on the rate constants. The rate of formation of nitrosylmyoglobin was zero order with respect to the pigment. The orders for the other reactants were determined by plotting the zero order rate constants as functions of varying orders of each reagent to determine which order gave a linear plot. The results were used to develop a mechanism and a mathematical expression for the reaction. Two reaction sequences involving different nitrosating species were involved; 1, direct action of nitrous acid and 2, the formation of nitrosyl chloride. Both species then nitrosated ascorbate and ascorbic acid, by different mechanisms. The nitric oxide for nitrosylmyoglobin formation came from the nitrosated ascorbate.
Structural reduction through the "probable mutation effect". A critique with questions regarding human evolution.

Brace's adaptation of Sewall Wright's concept of “mutation pressure” is critically examined. It is concluded that while Brace's adaptation of this principle is probably valid and useful in explaining certain aspects of structural reduction in human evolution, three criticisms can be made: (1) in its present form, the hypothesis does not provide any explanation of foci for positive selection pressures; (2) the hypothesis is overextened to include all cases of reduction, offering no guidelines to select among alternative hypotheses: (3) the hypothesis has more credibility if Wright's original observations regarding pleiotrophy are included.
Judgmental relativism as a validity threat to standardized psychiatric rating scales

Judgemental relativism is a threat to the replicability and validity of measures of client behavior from direct rating scales whenever raters are exposed to different levels of client functioning since the internal standards, or anchor points, used to judge dimensional continua may vary on the basis of prior experience. Traditional interrater reliability indexes fail to identify such effects. The influence of judgmental relativism on summated ratings from the Nurses Observational Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE-30) for 1040 adult mentally ill clients was examined with clinical staff raters from 24 treatment units in which the Time-Sample Behavioral Checklist (TSBC) provided full-week objective measures of actual client functioning via hourly direct observational coding (DOC). Regression analyses found that the same level of objective performance received higher or lower ratings across treatment units dependent on the raters'exposure to client groups that differed in level of functioning. Analyses of rating errors found that clients with better levels of functioning relative to others within treatment units were rated even higher than performance warranted. The operation of halo and contrast effects is explored and guidelines are provided for determining when judgmental relativism may produce or nullify “significant differences.” DOC assessments should be used instead of retrospective ratings to support most decisions in residential settings. Specific recommendations for the application of rating scales and improving data quality are provided.
U-GAS process for production of hydrogen from coal

Abstract Today, hydrogen is produced mainly from natural gas and petroleum fractions. Tomorrow, because reserves of natural gas and oil are declining while demand continues to increase, they cannot be considered available for long-term, large-scale production of hydrogen. Hydrogen obtained from coal is expected to be the lowest cost, large-scale source of hydrogen in the future. The U-GAS ® coal gasification process and its potential application to the manufacture of hydrogen are discussed. Pilot plant results, the current status of the process, and economic projections for the cost of hydrogen manufacture are presented.
The Beginning Teacher's Cultural Competence: Goal and Strategy

The criteria proposed in the 1988 ACTFL Provisional Program Guidelines for Foreign Language Teacher Education (ACTFL, 1) invite elaboration: first, to delimit and structure the goal, and second, to shape a comprehensive strategy for generalizing the attainment of cultural competence by language teachers. The AATF Commission on Professional Standards has developed a useful plan which delimits the task of the beginning teacher by defining a basic level of proficiency, and which structures the definition of that goal by identifying three components of the requisite competence: sociolinguistic ability; knowledge, both descriptive and procedural; and attitudes. The strategy for advancing toward the goal must deal especially with the need for a nationwide consensus on a common core of cultural competence; support for this new dimension of teacher education; the availability and the quality of databases, which are becoming a necessary source of sociocultural knowledge; and finally, the embodiment of the new field in thestandards for certification and accreditation, where the associations of language teachers are the only constant force representing an undiluted concern for quality
On the saturation problem for strong approximation by double Fourier series

After Alexits [6], Leindler [6, 71, and Gogoladze [ 1 ] investigated estimates of strong approximation by Fourier series in 1965, G. Freud [8] raised the corresponding saturation problem in 1969. Study on this topic has since been carried on over a decade, but it seems that most of the results obtained are limited to the case of one dimension [9-l 11. The saturation problem in two dimensions was considered in [2]. Let C*nxZn be the space of continuous functions with period 2~ in each variable. For f(x, y) E C,, x Zlr, let S,,df, x, y) denote the Fourier partial sums, and &,df> = infrmn Ilf L, llcl X2n the best uniform approximation off by double trigonometric polynom]als of order m, n. (We use I( . I] to denote ]] . l]cZnXZn henceforth.) We consider the rectangular strong approximation operator HLN defined by
Reaching for answers.

The exact function of motor cortex continues to be an enigma. In this issue of Neuron, Graziano et al. (2002) present provocative data showing that microstimulation of the precentral cortex evokes complex movements, and conclude that the motor and premotor cortex together may form a single map of complex postures.
The effects of photoperiod and different dosages of melatonin on metamorphic rate and weight gain in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.

This study examined the effects of photoperiod and three different dosages of melatonin on the rate of metamorphosis and weight gain in Xenopus laevis. Exposure of larvae to 23L:1D resulted in lower mean body weight and a retarded metamorphic rate in comparison to larvae exposed to 1L:23D. Larvae reared in either photoperiod and treated with exogenous melatonin demonstrated a dose-dependent suppression of weight attained, with short photoperiod larvae showing a more dramatic effect. Analysis of growth patterns indicate that photoperiod and exogenous melatonin have a greater effect on weights prior to Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 56 in the development of Xenopus. Larvae exposed to 1L:23D and exogenous melatonin metamorphosed at an accelerated rate when compared to larvae exposed to 23L:1D and the same dosages of melatonin. In both photoperiod regimens an exogenous melatonin concentration of 45 μg/100 ml resulted in an accelerated metamorphic rate, whereas 225 and 450 μg/100 ml retarded metamorphic rate of larvae in comparison to controls.
Area-Efficient Three Axis MEMS Lorentz Force Magnetometer

A micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) three-axis Lorentz force magnetometer based on a 0.24 × 0.4 mm2 MEMS resonator that is the smallest Lorentz force sensor reported to date is presented in this paper. A magnetic field can be detected in two axes using a single MEMS structure. Placing two structures perpendicular to each other in a single die makes three-axis sensing possible. Sensing is performed by exciting the MEMS resonator at its in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical resonant frequencies of 40.5 and 107.4 kHz, respectively. A modest die-level vacuum packaging results in in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical quality factors of 110 and 310, respectively. The sensor has a bandwidth of 184 Hz for z-axis and 189 Hz for x/y-axis magnetic field. With an excitation power of 2 mW, the sensor resolution is 285 nT/√Hz for z-axis magnetic field inputs and 344 nT/√Hz for x/y-axis magnetic field inputs. The resolution is limited by Brownian noise in the z-axis whereas the x/y-axis resolution is limited by electronic noise. With an averaging time of 288 s, the sensor shows an offset stability of 23 nT.
History of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Research: A Personal and Scientific Voyage

This paper reviews the history of heart rate variability biofeedback. Interest in the method has evolved from several directions, eventually mutually influencing each other, and often through workshops provided by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. My own work was influenced by long-term use of the technique in Russia, and from research by Evgeny Vaschillo using transfer function analysis among heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure, to show how the technique stimulates the baroreflex; also by Richard Gevirtz in frequent workshops given together. Work at the HeartMath Institute independently evolved from experience with music relaxation and “heartfelt emotion,” and other research evolved from American psychophysiological research. Brief descriptions of the development of interest and work in this field are provided by Richard Gevirtz, Rollin McCraty (HeartMath), Fredric Shaffer, and Robert Nolan, as well as myself.
Optical Absorption and Fluorescence Intensities in Several Rare-Earth-Doped Y 2 O 3 and La F 3 Single Crystals

The absolute intensities of transitions occurring in the optical spectra of single crystals of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ doped with small amounts of Pr, Nd, Eu, Er, and Tm; single crystals of La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ doped with small amounts of Pr and Nd; and single crystals of ${\mathrm{Er}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been measured at room temperature. All observed transitions occur within the ground configurations of the trivalent rare-earth ions, and their intensities are accounted for using three phenomenological parameters for each system, whose values are determined by a a least-squares fitting calculation. A calculation of the relevant crystal-field terms is made, and theoretical values for the intensity parameters are calculated using free-ion radial wave functions and certain closure approximations. It is concluded that excited $4{f}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}$ $g$ configurations contribute to observed intensities more than is indicated by free-ion calculations, and that the excited $4{f}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}5d$ configuration contributes to the observed intensities an order of magnitude less than indicated by free-ion calculations. A hypersensitive transition in the neodymium systems is observed and its sensitivity is traced to a simple change in point symmetry of the host.
Wages, productivity, and retirement

Pensions, both state provided and privately provided, affect incentives to retire. But private pensions are part of the long term compensation package, and altering pensions not only affects retirement incentives, but also wages. A key factor in determining whether retirement occurs at the appropriate age is the relation of productivity to alternatives. When wages, coupled with public and private pension accrual, deviate from worker productivity, private retirement incentives are distorted. Sometimes this results in too much early retirement, creating fiscal difficulties. Sometimes, it results in a desire for delayed retirement, which argues for mandatory retirement rules. Pay compression, where wages do not vary across individuals as much as productivity, exacerbate distortions. Defined benefit pension plans tend to create incentives to retire after a certain number of years of work. Defined contribution plans do not have this feature. Public plans should be designed noting their interaction with incentives that are already inherent in the private wage and pension schemes.
Ranger Six, Case History of a Pool Originally Developed for Waterflooding

Waterflooding has long been recognized as an effective means of secondary recovery; however, little emphasis has been placed upon the application of this method early in the productive life of an oil field. This report presents a case history of the Wilmington Ranger Six Pool which was developed in 1965 and has been under waterflood since its initial development. Performance to date indicates average oil production per well has been sustained at rates more than 4 times as high as comparable wells in adjacent pools under solution gas drive. The adjacent pools were waterflooded in the later stages of primary depletion. The planned development of the pool for waterflooding enabled drilling fewer wells on wider spacing, resulting in a better overall food plan than is normally possible by later conversion of a primary recovery spacing plan. It is concluded that early waterflooding results in accelerated recovery without loss of potential secondary reserves and offers a means of increasing oil production during a time of shortage.
Hormonal contraception: Benefits versus risks

Epidemiologic studies, chiefly in English and U.S. populations, have generated concern regarding cardiovascular hazards associated with the use of oral contraceptives (OCs). A detailed analysis of these data suggests, however, that such studies have serious methodologic flaws. For example, the clinical diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis may be incorrect up to 50% of the time, rendering statistical analysis meaningless. The known cardiovascular risks of cigarette smoking may be amplified by OC use, but nonsmokers probably do not have an increased risk. Further, a number of studies in developing-world countries do not yield evidence of increased cardiovascular risks of OC use. Abnormal levels of serum lipids appear'to affect cardiovascular (that is, myocardial infarction) risks in Western populations. Whether normalization of these levels improves the outlook is not entirely certain. The hormonal components of OCs are known to affect serum lipids, raising concern about possible long-term consequences. Newer low-dose OC formulations (such as triphasics) do not cause changes in serum lipids and therefore eliminate this putative risk.
La minería y la metalurgia nativa en el norte peruano (siglos XVI-XVII)

This article presents an overview of mining and metallurgy in northern Peru from late pre-hispanic times into the seventeenth century. It covers management of and sharing natural resources, labor, processing, and miners on both the coast and highlands.
Society related material

There has been significant interest in the applications of printed electronics in the realization of fully-printed RFID tags and embedded sensors. Printing of active circuitry is expected to enable a dramatic reduction in the overall cost of these systems, allowing for integration of electronic barcodes and product quality detection systems into consumer goods. In this talk, I will review our work on developing materials, processes, devices, and circuit architectures for all-printed RFID and tags, and, based on these results, will evaluate the likely system constraints that will define such fully printed systems. We have already realized a full range of printable transistors, diodes, passive components, and memories suitable for use in RFID applications. Performance of these components is rapidly approaching the requisite levels for realization of simple RF Barcodes. Based on robust models we have developed for our devices, I will review the circuit implications of the same and will review the likely topology and performance limits associated with fully printed RFID. Furthermore, I will review or work on developing a range of chemical and biosensors for use in low cost product quality monitoring and biosensing applications.
Insulin receptor capping and its correlation with calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase

Both fluorescence microscopy and fluorometric analysis techniques have been used to characterize insulin receptor capping in IM-9 human lymphoblastoid cells. Morphologically, insulin caps appear similar to lectin or antiimmuno-globulin-induced caps displaying a preferential accumulation of actin, myosin, and actin-binding protein directly underneath the cap structure. Using the fluorescent calcium indicator quin2 we have detected no change in the calcium activity following insulin stimulation. However, in the presence of a number of calmodulin inhibitors, such as W-5, W-7, W-12, and trifluoperazine (TFP), insulin capping is significantly inhibited, which implies that a calmodulin-regulated process is involved. Using double immuonofluorescence microscopy, we have found that the calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is concentrated directly beneath insulin caps. Upon treatment with trifluoperazine (TFP), the redistribution of both MLCK and insulin receptors are inhibited concomitantly. Our data indicate that the calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase may be directly responsible for the activation of actomyosin-mediated contractility during insulin receptor capping.
Static SIMS and XPS study of water plasma exposed tin oxide films

Abstract Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to examine sputter-deposited tin oxide surfaces that were air-exposed, treated in a low-power water plasma, and annealed to 825 K in vacuum. The plasma reactor was appended directly to the surface analytical system, thus sample exposure to atmosphere was avoided. Water plasma treatment of the air-exposed films results in the removal of all XPS detectable carbon contamination while leaving the surface in hydrated and hydroxylated state. The static SIMS results coupled with XPS O(1s) data indicate that H - , OH - , H 2 O + , and SnOH + secondary ion intensities are sensitive to the concentration of surface hydroxyl groups and water. SnOH + yields are shown to be enhanced by the presence of molecularly adsorbed water, suggesting that water is directly involved in the formation of SnOH + species. Annealing of water plasma treated tin oxide films in vacuum results in the loss of molecularly adsorbed water and surface dehydroxylation. The secondary ion ratios of H - /O - , OH - / O - , H 2 O + /Sn + , and SnOH + /Sn + can be used to monitor the thermally induced dehydration and dehydroxylation of the tin oxide surface. In addition, changes in the oxide surface the thermally induced dehydration and dehydroxylation of the tin oxide surface. In addition, changes in the tin oxide surface electronic structure are shown to strongly modulate both relative and absolute ion yields.
Neurotic verbalizations: An exploration of a gestalt therapy assumption

Based upon assumptions of Gestalt Therapy, an objective, reliable scoring system for analyzing a specific aspect of verbal behavior, avoidant verbalization, was developed. Verbal samples were elicited from 30 female college students who previously had been rank ordered on the Neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The expectation that psychologically stressful questions would result in a significantly greater number of avoidant verbalizations was confirmed. Contrary to another expectation, no significant correlation between neuroticism as measured by the MPI and total number of avoidant verbalizations uttered by the Ss was found. Results were interpreted on the basis of the Gestalt Therapy theory of personality.
The semantics of lazy functional languages

Abstract A denotational semantics for the λ-calculus is described. The semantics is continuation-based, and so reflects the order in which expressions are evaluated. It provides a means by which lazy functional languages can be better understood.
Introducing Technology in Science Education: The Case of Guatemala.

In this article, the author studies the introduction of technology into the science curriculum. He offers a general framework for analyzing technology as artifact, knowledge, and social practice. This framework provides analytical tools to study the implications of technology in general education. The analysis is framed using two events: (a) the current movement of scientific literacy, which now includes technology literacy such as in the case of Project 2061, a science education initiative of the American Association for the Advancement of the Science and (b) international calls for including technology in the school curricula of developing countries. The primary context of this article is the demand of technology education in Guatemala.
Supercritical CO2 Treatments for Semiconductor Applications

Supercritical fluids (SF) have been used in a wide variety of applications: in industrial processes, analytical, waste detoxification, etc. Recently, its usefulness extends to the semiconductor industry. Researches have shown that supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) can be used to remove photoresists and significantly reduce the amount of waste from solvents in comparison to conventional stripping techniques. SF will also find its usefulness in cleaning high aspect ratio vias and deep trenches as semiconductor features shrink to submicron levels. We will report here the use of supercritical CO2 treatments in extraction of porogens from a nanohybrid film fabricated via templated-porogen approach. Its use as a medium to repair the damage in porous films from plasma ashing will also be presented. The ability to tune the solvation and diffusion power of SCCO2 and to swell the film matrix make it a good medium for silylation to restore hydrophobicity and functionalize the film.
ras p21 expression in ovine pulmonary carcinoma.

Meyers, F.J., Madewell, B.R., Gumerlock, P.H. and DeMartini, J.C., 1989. ras p21 expression in ovine pulmonary carcinoma. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 23: 279-291. We have adapted an enzyme-linked immunoblot assay (ELIBA) for the detection of a c-ras proto-oncogene and oncogene protein products in human cell lines and tumors of 21 000 daltons molecular weight (p21 ~) to studies of tissues derived from sheep. In the ELIBA, a double antibody system is used in which p21 r~ proteins are initially immunoprecipitated from protein extracts with monoclonal antibodies, and subsequently identified using additional anti-ras antibodies. Binding is identified with a non-radioactive enzyme-linked colorimetric detection system. In the present study, the ELIBA system was used to study twenty-seven ovine lung specimens, representing normal lung, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions. We detected p21 ~ protein expression in every tissue examined, but the nature and amount of the protein product varied significantly among the tissues examined. Some tissues expressed multiple ras species. Broncho-alveolar carcinoma specimens were most likely to express c-Ki-ras proteins. Mutant proteins of c-N-ras and c-Ki-ras were detected in several bronchoalveolar carcinoma specimens, based on migrational differences between mutant and normal proteins in 15% polyacrylamide gels. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of the ELIBA system for detection of c-ras expression in ovine lung tissues, and demonstrate the ability of the system to discriminate specific ras protein species. The prognostic significance of ras expression in sheep pulmonary carcinoma has yet to be determined.
Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on the RPE-blood lactate relationship.

ABSTRACTPurpose:To examine the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on the RPE-blood lactate relationship during incremental and constant-effort exercise.Methods:Six male and three female subjects (mean age = 27.2 ± 8.2 yr, height [ht] = 174.5 ± 13.5 cm, weight [wt] = 68.9 ± 12.5 kg, body fat = 1
Acid rain report released

A joint report issued January 8, 1986, by special envoys from the United States and Canada recommends that the United States implement a 5-year, $5-billion commercial demonstration program for technologies to control emissions from the burning of coal. The recommendations call for government and industry to share the costs of the proposed program. The report was issued by Drew Lewis, former U.S. Secretary of Transportation, and William Davis, former Premier of Ontario, at the request of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney after a summit conference between the two leaders in March 1985. Discussion of the report is on the agenda for a second meeting this coming March. Reagan has said he will review the report but has not committed himself to endorse its recommendations.
Further chemical characterization of guinea pig Ia molecules derived from the three major classes of immunocompetent cells

Abstract The guinea pig system is unique in that Ia molecules are readily demonstrable on the three major classes of immunocompetent cells. We were, therefore, able to characterize and compare the structures of Ia molecules from B and T lymphocytes and macrophages. T lymphocyte Ia molecules which bound to Lens culinaris (lentil) lectin co-electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE with lymph node cell Ia molecules (predominantly B lymphocyte Ia molecules) which also bound to lentil lectin. T lymphocyte and macrophage Ia molecules which did not bind to lentil lectin had a slower mobility on SDS-PAGE than lymph node cell Ia molecules which did bind to lentil lectin. One dimensional isoelectric focussing of Ia molecules derived from lymph nodes, T lymphocytes, or macrophages revealed discrete banding patterns for all Ia molecules examined. This result indicates that the Ia molecules which can be chemically isolated from B cells, T cells and macrophages do not have variable regions and probably do not possess antigen recognition capability analogous to immunoglobulin.
Accurate estimation of expected coverage: A comparative study

Abstract The accurate estimation of expected coverage is an important issue in the application of set covering approaches to emergency medical service (EMS) location problems. The first article to define and utilize expected coverage was published by Daskin in 1982. Batta el al . recognized the inaccuracy of solutions obtained via Daskin's model and proposed an adjustment to improve the expected coverage predicted by it. Recently. Bernardo and Repede presented a modified model that reportedly estimates expected coverage more accurately relative to the previous models. In this study, each of these models was applied to a wide range of simulated EMS system scenarios. Our findings suggest that none of the expected covering models is consistently more accurate than the others. Additionally, our results support Batta et al.'s recommendation that a hypercube-based model should be used for post-optimality analysis.
Incorporating Sociology into Community Service Classes

Sociologists and instructors who teach about community service share an affinity for understanding and addressing social problems. While many studies have demonstrated the benefits of incorporating community service into sociology courses, we examine the benefits of incorporating sociological content into community service classes. The authors supplemented a community service course at a large public university with sociological theories, concepts, and analyses. Our data suggest that this integration increased student understanding of the social structural factors that adversely affect the populations they served, sharpened student awareness of the various forms of prejudice and discrimination against these populations, enhanced student appreciation of their own privilege within the community service continuum, and facilitated student awareness of how understanding the plight of populations in need makes community servants more capable and humane. We argue that with the rapid growth of interest in communi...
Osteopontin modulates angiotensin II–induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis of the kidney

Osteopontin, a secreted glycoprotein has been implicated in several renal pathological conditions such as those due to ureteral obstruction, ischemia, and cyclosporine toxicity. We studied its possible role in angiotensin II-mediated renal injury by infusing wild-type and osteopontin knockout mice with angiotensin II and found that it raised blood pressure and increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratios in both strains of mice. However, while wild-type mice responded to the infusion by macrophage infiltration and increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor-beta; the osteopontin knockout mice developed none of these. Further, the knockout mice had increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NADPH oxidase subunits such as NOX2, gp47phox, and NOX4; and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 compared to the wild type animals. Proximal tubule epithelial cells in culture treated with recombinant osteopontin and angiotensin II had increased alpha-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta expression. The effect of angiotensin II was blocked by an antibody to osteopontin. In addition, osteopontin attenuated angiotensin II-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression. These studies show that osteopontin is a promoter and an inhibitor of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis that is capable of modulating angiotensin II-induced renal damage.
Comparison of Hyperactive and Emotionally-Behaviorally Disturbed Children on the Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale: A Potential Aid in Diagnosis.

Comparison was made between Devereux Child Behavior Rating Scale (DCB) ratings of matched groups of hyperactive and emotionally-behaviorally disturbed children. The emotionally behaviorally disturbed group was chosen to represent a population with presenting symptoms similar to hyperactivity. Ratings of the two groups exceeded the normative population on all DCB factors. The hyperactive group received higher scores on 16 factors and was significantly higher than the emotionally-behaviorally disturbed group on 8 factors. The hyperactive group received the most extreme scores on behavioral dimensions generally described as characteristic of the hyperactive syndrome. The results suggested that the DCB can assist in differentiating hyperactive children from children with presenting symptoms similar to those of hyperactivity.
Le molte anime di Giaime Pintor

Recensione di: Monica Biasiolo, Giaime Pintor und die deutsche Kultur: Auf der Suche nach komplementaren Stimmen , Heidelberg, Winter, 2010, 586 p., ISBN: 97838253571, € 85,00.
Identifying patterns of processing disorder in six-year-old children with syntax problems.

This study analyzes the auditory and cognitive processing profiles of children with disorders of syntax. Six-year-olds who were identified, using the LARSP, as having two different patterns of imbalanced syntactic development, were given a battery of tests to assess receptive and expressive processes related to grammatical development. These groups were found to differ significantly in terms of their profiles on tests of discrimination, comprehension, memory, sequencing and rule application of linguistic information. The study concludes that syntax disorders in children are not isolated problems; rather they exist within a matrix of cognitive processing skills which vary along with the type of syntactic profile. Implications of the research for diagnosis and remediation are discussed.
On Technological Determinism A Typology, Scope Conditions, and a Mechanism

“Technological determinism” is predominantly employed as a critic’s term, used to dismiss certain classes of theoretical and empirical claims. Understood more productively as referring to claims that place a greater emphasis on the autonomous and social-shaping tendencies of technology, technological determinism is a valuable and prominent perspective. This article will advance our understanding of technological determinism through four contributions. First, I clarify some debates about technological determinism through an examination of the meaning of technology. Second, I parse the family of claims related to technological determinism. Third, I note that constructivist and determinist insights may each be valid given particular scope conditions, the most prominent of which is the scale of analysis. Finally, I propose a theoretical microfoundation for technological determinism—military–economic adaptationism—in which economic and military competition constrain sociotechnical evolution to deterministic pa...
Dobutamine digital echocardiography for detecting coronary artery disease.

To assess the value of dobutamine echocardiography for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD), 70 men (mean age 62 ± 8 years) presenting for coronary angiography were prospectively studied. Dobutamine (2.5 to 40 μg/kg/min) was infused in 3-minute stages. Digital echocardiograms were recorded on-line at baseline, during low- and igh-dose dobutamine infusion, and at recovery. An echocardiogram positive for CAD was defined as one showing a new wall motion abnormality induced by dobutamine. Compared with coronary angiography, the overall sensitivity of dobutamine echocardiography for detecting CAD was 86%, specificity 95% and accuracy 89%. The sensitivity for detecting 3-vessel CAD was 100%, 89% for 2-vessel and 69% for 1-vessel CAD. The accuracy of predicting multivessel disease by 2 methods was 71 and 84%, respectively. Heart rate at the echocardiographic ischemic threshold was lower in patients with 3- and 2-vessel CAD versus 1-vessel CAD (89 ± 17, 95 ± 18 and 118 ± 18 beats/min, respectively, p < 0.01); rate-pressure product was also lower in patients with 3-and 2-vessel CAD versus 1-vessel CAD (12.7 ± 3.6, 13.7 ± 2.8 and 18.9 ± 44 × 103 beats/ min × mm Hg, respectively, p < 0.01). Heart rate was the most important physiologic determinant of ischemia induced by dobutamine. There were no major complications during the study. Thus, dobutamine digital echocardiography is an excellent test for identifying CAD and should be beneficial in patients unable to exercise.
The Analysis of Thin Wires using Higher-Order Elements and Basis Functions

A method of moments procedure for accurately resolving the currents on arbitrarily-shaped wire structures using higher order basis functions and higher order (curved) wire segments is presented. An advanced integration scheme for straight wires is modified for use on higher order wire segments. The results demonstrate that fewer higher order bases than the usual ten per wavelength may be used. This approach is expected to facilitate efforts to create algorithms for mesh (h-adaptive) and basis function (p-adaptive) adaptive schemes for arbitrarily-shaped wire structures
Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the United States

Adults and larvae of Diorhabda elongata Brullsubspecies deserticola Chen feed on the foliage of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.). All three instars are black, the 2nd with an indistinct, and the 3rd with a distinct yellowish lateral stripe; full-grown larvae reach ca. 9 mm in length and pupate in cells in litter on the ground or a few cm below the soil surface. Adults are yellowish with two dark brown stripes on each elytron. Duration of the egg averaged 5 days, 1st instar 4.9 days, 2nd instar 4.8 days, 3rd instar 7.4 days, prepupa 4.8 days, and pupa 7.1 days at 24.1C. Preoviposition averaged 3.9 days and an average female oviposited over a 12-day period and laid 194 eggs. Degree-day accumulations for development were 234.2 for the three larval instars and 91.3 for the pupa above a developmental threshold of 12.5C. Net reproductive rate (R0) in the laboratory at 28.6C and on the best Tamarix ac- cession was calculated at 88, generation time at 37 days, and innate capacity of increase (rm) at 0.112, giving a population doubling time of 6.2 days. In field cages in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California, overwintering adults emerged from late April to early May. Adults of the first generation emerged in early to mid-July, and 2nd generation adults emerged from mid-August to early September and overwintered. High populations of larvae developing in field cages caused defoliation, dieback, and sometimes death of the Tamarix trees. At the three study sites in Texas, maximum daylength was 14 h 21 min and larvae exposed to these conditions produced adults in reproductive diapause early in the season and subsequently failed to overwinter. North of 38 latitude in the United States, populations of D. e. deserticola originating from Fukang, China and Chilik, Kazakhstan are active throughout the growing season, successfully overwinter, and are potentially a highly effective control agent for saltcedar. Published by Elsevier Science (USA).
Overexpression of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 and autoimmunity: Evidence from MECP2 duplication syndrome, lupus, MECP2 transgenic and Mecp2 deficient mice

Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a key transcriptional regulator that can induce either silencing or activation of target genes. Genetic polymorphisms in the MECP2/IRAK1 locus have been associated with increased susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases such as lupus, primary Sjogren's syndrome, and more recently rheumatoid arthritis. Data from our group suggest that the disease risk variant in this locus is associated with gain of MeCP2 function. Recent findings indicate that MECP2 duplication in human results in defective T helper cell type 1 (TH1) response and IFN-γ production. Herein, we discuss the data from children with MECP2 duplication, human lupus, and from the human MECP2 transgenic and Mecp2 deficient mice to support a link between MECP2 overexpression and autoimmunity. We also provide findings from an Mecp2 deficient mouse that independently support a role for MeCP2 in the immune response and specifically in IFN-γ expression.
TemporalBoost for event recognition

This paper contributes a new boosting paradigm to achieve detection of events in video. Previous boosting paradigms in vision focus on single frame detection and do not scale to video events. Thus new concepts need to be introduced to address questions such as determining if an event has occurred, localizing the event, handling same action performed at different speeds, incorporating previous classifier responses into current decision, using temporal consistency of data to aid detection and recognition. The proposed method has the capability to improve weak classifiers by allowing them to use previous history in evaluating the current frame. A learning mechanism built into the boosting paradigm is also given which allows event level decisions to be made. This is contrasted with previous work in boosting which uses limited higher level temporal reasoning and essentially makes object detection decisions at the frame level. Our approach makes extensive use of temporal continuity of video at the classifier and detector levels. We also introduce a relevant set of activity features. Features are evaluated at multiple zoom levels to improve detection. We show results for a system that is able to recognize 11 actions.