cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel monopartite dsRNA virus from rhododendron

A dsRNA molecule of 3.4 kbp was extracted from two great rhododendron samples from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Sequencing of this molecule suggests that it represents the genome of an undescribed virus, for which the provisional name rhododendron virus A (RhVA) is proposed. In phylogenetic analyses, this virus clustered together with southern tomato virus and related viruses, forming a coherent and distinct clade among dsRNA viruses. RhVA likely belongs to a yet-to-be-established taxon of viruses with a non-segmented dsRNA genome.
Home Health Nurses’ Perceptions of Nutrition Services Needs in Home Health Care

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To assess perceptions of home health nurses regarding need and value of nutrition services in home health care and their ability to deliver nutrition care to patients Nutrition services in home health care promote optimal health and well-being of patients, and provide a treatment modality for a variety of conditions. Most home health care agencies provide nutritional services through their nursing department due to lack of reimbursement for registered dietitians' home visits to clients. Home health nurses responded to open-ended questions on the adequacy of their training and support materials and services provided them for delivering nutrition care to patients, and on needs for nutrition services in home health. Sixty-six nurses representing the 31 agency members of the state Association for Home Care in a southeastern state responded to the mail questionnaire. Seventy percent of respondents were employed in an agency that did not have a registered dietitian on staff. The majority of respondents indicated they felt comfortable providing nutrition counseling to clients only if appropriate educational support materials were provided to them, if a registered dietitian were available for consultation, and if the nutrition counseling required was simple and basic. Educational support materials needed included sample diets, updated references on nutrition care and nutrition education resources for illiterate patients and patients with impaired vision. Seventy-three percent of nurses responding indicated that a registered dietitian involved in direct patient home care and education would be very beneficial, with particular needs associated with nutrition assessment and recommendation of nutrition care plans for patients.
Characterizing free-living light exposure using a wrist-worn light monitor

It was the purpose of this study to pilot the use of a new wrist-worn light monitoring device to document that indoor lighting for a particular day-shift work environment could serve as the primary light exposure dosage in healthy free-living humans. Twelve employees of a local hospital volunteered to wear a wrist-worn light monitor during all waking hours for an entire workweek (Monday-Friday). Light data were analyzed (3-Factor RM ANOVA) for the dose of light exposure (minutes of exposure x light intensity) within six light intensity categories ( 1000 1x) relative to time spent within their work environment and all other time of the day. The greatest dose of exposure occurred within the 201-500 1x range during the subjects' work shift. These data support the premise of others that long term exposure to dim indoor light intensities commonly experienced within a variety of work environments may serve as the primary entrainment factor for physiological and behavioral processes following a circadian rhythm.
Perineal wound healing following ileoanal pouch excision.

Introduction There is paucity of information relating to perineal wound healing when pouch failure after ileal pouch anal anastomosis necessitates pouch excision (PE). The aim of this study is to evaluate perineal healing and factors associated with the development of persistent perineal sinus (PPS) after PE.
Interactive advertising: patterns of use and effectiveness

The number of people exploring the World Wide Web is growing dramatically. Many companies are interested in the potential of advertising on the Web, but there is little research to guide their decision. The present study demonstrates the concept of a corporate sponsored Web site as a promising direction for Web advertisers. Advertisements for products targeting 10-14 year-olds were presented as Web games and inserted into a prototype Web site. For example, in one ad, players scored points by actively steering toward the advertised product with their Web video-game car, while dodging undesirable obstacles on the road (sound effects included). For comparison, subjects also watched a TV ad for the same product embedded in a TV program. One day later, tests showed that Web ads positively influenced how easily the advertised brand came to mind compared to TV ads and compared to no-ad controls. The effectiveness of interactive Web ads for influencing consumers’ memory in this preliminary study suggests that it merits more attention as a potentially viable medium for advertising. Factors that could contribute to the advantage for Web ads are discussed.
When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple-victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness

Two experiments examined the hypothesis that social rejection and perceived groupness function together to produce multiple-victim incidents of aggression. When a rejecter's group membership is salient during an act of rejection, the rejectee ostensibly associates the rejecter's group with rejection and retaliates against the group. Both experiments manipulated whether an aggregate of three persons appeared as separate individuals or members of an entity-like group and whether one of those persons rejected the participant. Consistent with the hypothesis, participants who experienced both rejection and perceived groupness behaved more aggressively against the aggregate (Experiment 1) and evidenced less favorable affective associations toward the aggregate (Experiment 2) than did participants who did not experience both rejection and perceived groupness.
Sperm Chemotaxis in Ascidians

SYNOPSIS. Sperm chemotaxis in ascidians, first demonstrated in the genera Ciona and Styela, has also been found in the genera Ascidia, Halocynthia, Chelyosoma, Pyura, Corella and Boltenia . Species—specificity exists in many cases, but unlike the Cnidaria, low level cross-specificity is more general. This is particularly true in the stolidobranchs. The sperm attractant of Ciona is a small molecule that is negatively charged and stable to heat and pronase; it binds avidly to glass surfaces. Calcium is required for sperm chemotaxis of both ascidian and cnidarian sperm. The mechanism by which turning occurs may involve both contraction of the pericentriolar process arms to shift the axis of the fiagellum relative to that of the head, and generation of asymmetric waves in the fiagellum. Hydrozoan and ascidian sperm show aspects of both behaviors, but the cnidarian sperm, known to possess a large asymmetric pericentriolar process, shows less shift of the flagelluni axis and more dramatic fiagellar asymmetry than the ascidian sperm, where an extensive pericentriolar complex has yet to be demonstrated. These differences in flagellar behavior may be adaptations to species' differences in the shape of the sperm head. They appear to prolong the turning maneuver, in contrast to the sudden turning seen in some unicellular flagellates. More data on flagellar behavior in ascidian sperm will be a valuable tool for the elucidation of the mechanism of chemotactic turning.
Automated Detection Using Natural Language Processing of Radiologists Recommendations for Additional Imaging of Incidental Findings

Study objective As use of radiology studies increases, there is a concurrent increase in incidental findings (eg, lung nodules) for which the radiologist issues recommendations for additional imaging for follow-up. Busy emergency physicians may be challenged to carefully communicate recommendations for additional imaging not relevant to the patient's primary evaluation. The emergence of electronic health records and natural language processing algorithms may help address this quality gap. We seek to describe recommendations for additional imaging from our institution and develop and validate an automated natural language processing algorithm to reliably identify recommendations for additional imaging. Methods We developed a natural language processing algorithm to detect recommendations for additional imaging, using 3 iterative cycles of training and validation. The third cycle used 3,235 radiology reports (1,600 for algorithm training and 1,635 for validation) of discharged emergency department (ED) patients from which we determined the incidence of discharge-relevant recommendations for additional imaging and the frequency of appropriate discharge documentation. The test characteristics of the 3 natural language processing algorithm iterations were compared, using blinded chart review as the criterion standard. Results Discharge-relevant recommendations for additional imaging were found in 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5% to 5.5%) of ED radiology reports, but 51% (95% CI 43% to 59%) of discharge instructions failed to note those findings. The final natural language processing algorithm had 89% (95% CI 82% to 94%) sensitivity and 98% (95% CI 97% to 98%) specificity for detecting recommendations for additional imaging. For discharge-relevant recommendations for additional imaging, sensitivity improved to 97% (95% CI 89% to 100%). Conclusion Recommendations for additional imaging are common, and failure to document relevant recommendations for additional imaging in ED discharge instructions occurs frequently. The natural language processing algorithm's performance improved with each iteration and offers a promising error-prevention tool.
Qualitative limitations incurred in implementations of recurrent neural networks

During the implementation process of artificial neural networks, deviations from the desired ideal neural network are frequently introduced. These include parameter perturbations, transmission delays, and interconnection constraints. In the present article, we study the effects of these realities of imperfection on the qualitative behavior of artificial feedback neural networks. To accomplish this, we utilize a specific class of neural networks (Hopfield-like neural networks) with a specific application (the realization of associative memories) as a vehicle for our study. The principal issues which we address concern the effects of parameter perturbations, transmission delays, and interconnection constraints on the accuracy and on the qualitative properties of the network memories. >
Association of Physical Activity with Development of Uterine Leiomyoma

The relation between physical activity and uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) has received little study, but exercise is protective for breast cancer, another hormonally mediated tumor. Participants in this study were randomly selected members of a health plan based in Washington, DC, aged 35-49 years (734 African Americans, 455 Whites) enrolled between 1996 and 1999. Fibroid status was based on ultrasound screening. Physical activity was based on detailed interview questions. Logistic regression with adjustment for body mass index and other risk factors showed that women in the highest category of physical activity were significantly less likely to have fibroids (odds ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval = 0.4, 0.9 for the highest vs. the lowest category (equivalent to approximately > or =7 hours/week vs <2 hours/week)). There was a dose-response pattern; a significant trend was seen for both African-American and White women. A multistate Bayesian analysis indicated that exercise was associated with tumor onset more strongly than with tumor growth. When data for women who reported major fibroid-related symptoms were excluded, results remained essentially unchanged, suggesting that the observed association could not be attributed to reverse causation (fibroids preventing exercise). The authors concluded that regular exercise might help women prevent fibroids.
Evidence for a Refractory Period in the Hemodynamic Response to Visual Stimuli as Measured by MRI

We investigated the effects of paired presentations of visual stimuli upon the evoked hemodynamic response of visual cortex measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Stimuli were identical 500-ms high-contrast checkerboard patterns, presented singly or with an interpair interval (IPI) of 1, 2, 4, or 6 s (onset-to-onset), followed by an intertrial interval of 16-20 s. Images were acquired at 1.5 Tesla using a gradient-echo echoplanar imaging sequence sensitive to blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Single checkerboards evoked a hemodynamic response from visual cortex characterized by a rise at 3 s, peak activation at 5 s, and return to baseline by 10 s. We subtracted subjects' single-stimulus hemodynamic response from their paired-stimulus responses to isolate the contribution of the second stimulus. If the hemodynamic responses were fully additive, the residual should be a time-shifted replica of the single stimulus response. However, the amplitude of the hemodynamic response to the second checkerboard was smaller, and the peak latency was longer, than for the first. Furthermore, the amplitude decrement was dependent upon IPI, such that the response to the second stimulus at 1 s IPI was only 55% of that to a single stimulus, with recovery to 90% at a 6 s IPI. Peak latency was similarly dependent upon IPI with longer latencies observed for shorter IPIs. These results demonstrate an extended refractory period in the hemodynamic response to visual stimuli consistent with that shown previously for neuronal activity measured electrophysiologically.
Large optics fabrication and testing at the College of Optical Sciences

The origin of the Optical Sciences Center (OSC) at the University of Arizona was closely tied to the need to expand the national capability for manufacturing large optics. This connection allowed OSC to grow quickly to become a truly unique place where new technologies are born and applied and where students have opportunities to apply academic lessons to real-world projects. In the decades that follow, OSC has grown to become a leader in many other optical disciplines, including photonics, imaging, optical engineering, and optical physics. But the core capability of optical fabrication and testing has remained as a unique University of Arizona asset. The last decade has seen explosive growth in development and implementation of new technologies for manufacturing and measuring large optics at the College of Optical Sciences. The classic polishing techniques have given way to advanced computer controlled machines and highly engineered laps. New measuring methods have enabled accurate metrology of steeply aspheric surfaces, concave and convex, symmetric and freeform. This paper discusses the history of optical fabrication and testing at University of Arizona and reviews some recent major projects and the technical developments that have enabled their success.
Selective action of noradrenaline and serotonin on neurones of the spinal superficial dorsal horn in the rat.

The superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord (SDH; laminae I and II) receives strong input from thin primary afferent fibres and is involved in nociception, pain, temperature sensing and other experiences. The SDH also is the target of serotonergic and adrenergic projections from the brain stem. The interaction between descending pathways that utilize particular mediators and the neurone population of the SDH is poorly understood. To explore this issue, in rat spinal cord slices during whole-cell recordings from identified SDH neurones, noradrenaline (NA) or serotonin (5HT) were briefly applied in the superfusing artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The action of these agents proved specifically related to the type of SDH neurone and its dorsal-root afferent input. Vertical, radial and tonic central lamina II cells consistently expressed outward current to both NA and 5HT, but transient central and Substance P (SP)-insensitive lamina I cells were unaffected directly by either NA or 5HT. Extended islet cells responded with outward current to NA and inward current to 5HT. Lamina I SP-sensitive cells expressed an outward current regularly to NA. 5HT had inhibitory effects on Aδ and C fibre input to all types of SDH neurones. NA inhibited C fibre input to transient central neurones. The present results support the idea that descending systems may have multiple functions, including but not limited to nociceptive modulation.
Untersuchungen Über Steroide XXIX Studien Am Ouabagenin, II

Um die Struktur des Ouabagenins (I) durch neues Beweismaterial zu erharten, wurde insbesondere die Verknupfung mit einem bekannten Steroid angestrebt. Als Ausgangsmaterial diente der Athylester der Atiosaure VIII, welcher uber das Triacetat V und das Tetraacetat VII gewonnen wurde. Es war wunschenswert, das Molekul zunachst zu vereinfachen und zwar durch stufenweise Entfernung von Hydroxylgruppen bzw. deren Ersatz durch Wasserstoff. Demgemas wurde VIII mit N-Bromacetamid selektiv zum 3-Oxo-1β.5.11α.14.19-pentahydroxy-5β.14β-atiansaure-athylester (XI) oxydiert, welcher beim Behandeln mit Al2O3 Dehydratisierung zum 3-Oxo-5.11α.14.19-tetrahydroxy-Δ1-5β.14β-atiansaure-athylester (XIII) erfuhr. Selektive Hydrierung (Pd-Kohle) von XIII ergab den 3-Oxo-5.11α.14.19-tetrahydroxy-5β.14β-atiansaure-athylester (XV), welcher einerseits durch Dehydratisierung in den 3-Oxo-11α.14.19-trihydroxy-Δ4-14β-atiensaure-athylester (XVI) und andererseits durch katalytische Hydrierung mit Pt hauptsachlich in den 3β.5.11α.14.19-Pentahydroxy-5β.14β-atiansaure-athylester (XXIII) umgewandelt wurde. Die Zuordnung der Konfiguration der sich in XXIII am C—3 befindlichen OH-Gruppe erfolgte auf Grund der Ergebnisse von Hydrierungsversuchen an dem analog, jedoch einfacher als XV gebauten 3-Oxo-5.14.19-trihydroxy-5β.14β-atiansaure-athylester (XIX). — Im Verlauf der Untersuchung wurde die zufallige Bildung von zwei Acetoniden beobachtet, deren Struktur (IX und XII) sichergestellt wurde.
Identification of High-Risk Facilities at NASA Langley Research Center by Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process

ABSTRACTIn 1994 DynCorp was tasked with developing a method to rank facilities at NASA Langley Research Center according to potential severity of inherent hazards and other measurable factors. The analytic hierarchy process discussed here builds on the strong foundation established by DynCorp. The process combines the same factors used in DynCorp's method but incorporates objectivity by using statistical and analytical procedures. Facility replacement costs and personnel-at-risk data were statistically analyzed. The class of hazards list was reorganized and augmented, making it more robust. Established hazard controls were recognized. Surveys of the various factors were obtained, which yielded pairwise comparisons. These results were analyzed and weights calculated using the analytic hierarchy process. The weights were combined into a risk factor, which is a single numerical value of risk involved in operating a facility. Even though this effort was tailored to the Langley Research Center, the same method...
ATOC network definition

The Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) Project has defined an initial network of acoustic paths in the north and tropical Pacific Ocean to establish the feasibility of acoustic techniques for observing ocean climate trends. This paper summarizes the planned network, and the acoustics and engineering issues surrounding its design. Now under development this network will resolve extant questions relative to the stability and variability of discrete arrivals over 3 megameter paths to calibrate seasonal cycles, tides, mesoscale add larger scale processes that mask long term climate trends. >
Separation of isotopes by diffusion in fast streaming mercury vapour)

A new diffuser has been developed for the study of diffusion in fast streaming mercury vapours. The diffuser has been used successfully for the concentration of the hydrogen isotopes. The theoretical expressions for the fractionation ratio and the output in terms of the mercury velocity and the dimensions of such diffusers have been tested.
Radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) applications and limitations

Radio acoustic sounding systems (RASS) measure (virtual) atmospheric temperature, usually looking vertically from the ground. Briefly, RASS use a radar to measure the speed of propagation of an acoustic disturbance and derive there from the virtual temperature. Virtual temperature is the temperature of dry air at the same density as the moist ambient air, and is the appropriate measure for air density. It is up to a few degrees larger than (kinetic) temperature in very humid (tropical) conditions. Historically, temperature in the atmosphere has been measured by radiosondes, consisting of in-situ sensors carried on by a small balloon. Remote sensing instruments such as RASS have substantial advantages over radiosondes. RASS measurements can be made continuously at high time resolution (minutes) if desired, whereas launching radiosondes even hourly is very expensive and labor-intensive. Furthermore, RASS measurements are inherently averaged over a spatial domain of order 10/sup 6/ m/sup 3/, giving a more reliable estimate of the temperature than the essentially 1-dimensional radiosonde measurement. In addition to their obvious uses, RASS, like any instrument, have limitations. This presentation concentrates on RASS applications in the lower troposphere for basic planetary boundary layer research and air quality applications. It also includes a discussion of accuracy and precision and the ongoing quest for understanding of and corrections to the bias problem.
Nanomonitors: Protein Biosensors for Rapid Analyte Analysis

A technology for electrical detection of proteins has been developed using electrical conductance measurements. It is based on developing high density, low-volume multiwell plate devices. The scientific core of this technology lies in integrating nanoporous membranes with microfabricated chip platforms. This results in the conversion of individual pores into wells of picoliter volume. Specific antibodies are localized and isolated into individual wells. The formation of the antibody-antigen binding complex occurs in individual wells. The membrane allows for robust separation among individual wells. This technology has the capability to achieve near real-time detection with improved sensitivity and selectivity.
Nodule Carbon Metabolism: Organic Acids for N2 Fixation

The energy burden (carbon (C) cost) imposed on plants for symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation is approximately 6 mg C · mg N reduced (Day, Copeland, 1991). Photosynthate, in the form of sucrose, is the ultimate source of carbon required for both N2 fixation and assimilation. Labeling studies show that sucrose derived from the shoot is transported to the nodule within 15 min, reaching steady state concentrations of 3.6 mg · gfw (Streeter, 1991). Although sucrose is the initial nodule product with the greatest amount of label derived from shoot CO2 fixation, it is rapidly metabolized to the organic acids malate and succinate accompanied by subsequent 14CO2 evolution. Several lines of evidence make it apparent, however, that C4-dicarboxylic acids rather than sucrose provide the energy for nitrogenase activity and C skeletons for N assimilation. Rhlzobium/Bradyrhizobium mutants incapable of utilizing glucose and fructose continue to form effective nodules, while mutants unable to take up malate and succinate form ineffective nodules (Ronson et al., 1981; Finan et al., 1983; Vance, Heichel, 1991). Bacteroids have a high affinity uptake system for C4-dicarboxylic acids but not sugars (Udvardi, Day, 1997). Bacterial mutants lacking malic enzyme are Fix (Driscoll, Finan, 1993). Symbiosome membranes have organic acid transporters capable of mediating a high flux of malate and succinate but lack comparable systems for sugars and amino acids (Udvardi, Day, 1997). Furthermore 14C-malate and - succinate synthesized through nodule 14CO2 fixation are directly incorporated into effective bacteroids and respired while concomitant metabolism does not occur with ineffective nodules (Rosendahl et al., 1990). Lastly, nodules incapable of N2 fixation have strikingly reduced concentrations of organic acids but not sucrose or other sugars (Anthon, Emerich 1990; Rosendahl et al., 1990; Romanov et al., 1995). The enhanced metabolism of sucrose to C4-dicarboxylic acids coupled to their uptake and use by bacteroids reflect exquisite symbiotic adaptations in carbon metabolism for energy production in a low O2 environment. These plant adaptations involve coordinated expression and control of three critical enzymes, sucrose synthase (SS; EC 2.4.1.13), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; 4.1.1.31), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.82).
Brain Mechanisms of Visual Localization by Frogs and Toads

Classical ethology provides two fundamental themes which remain at the heart of current research in neuroethology. First, is the assumption that events in the sensory “Umwelt” activate behavior via narrowly-tuned stimulus filters — i.e., that relatively few distinctive features determine the recognition of food, mate, parent or enemy. The term “innate releasing mechanisms” is probably too narrow to characterize the complexity of sensory recognition schema for birds and mammals, but it still seems to apply to many behaviors of fishes, amphibians and reptiles. As an example, the feeding behavior in newly metamorphosed froglets (Ingle, unpubl. data) seems to emerge fullblown: with no prior experience as tadpoles in pursuing visual objects, they accurately turn and snap at small moving prey. These movement sequences also fit the original notion of a “fixed action pattern”, which is the second main inheritance from classical ethology. During prey-catching the frog’s coordination of head, mouth, tongue and leg movements is highly stereotyped. The patterns predictable from knowing the radial location, height and distance of the prey. Although the behavior appears rigid, it is fast and accurate: well-adapted for the rigorous competition for food and survival among a large population with limited resources.
John Wolford (a)

After six years as an upper-middle-level manager of a technology manufacturing company, a California-based subsidiary of an English firm, John Wolford has become a general manager. But he finds his new role much more stressful. A sales representative complains that the plant has not shipped to his customer on time. Workers hand out leaflets at the plant gate protesting the new climate survey Wolford has initiated in the attempt to learn more about how employees feel. EEOC regulations have pressed him into studying how well his employees are being treated. His attempts to delegate more have backfired, and his organization is $400,000 off plan. In Wolford's mind, this is the typical life of a general manager: many demands on ones time, multiple projects, little time to attend to them, and serious consequences for inattention, both personally and professionally. This case can be used to teach students about Individual Behavior, Type A behavior, time and priority management, balancing work and family life, managing performance, managing energy in professional life styles, organizational behavior, and leadership. See also the A (UVA-OB-0167) and C (UVA-OB-0169) cases.
Erratum to: Weakly supervised learning of biomedical information extraction from curated data

After publication of this article [1] it has been found that the name of the second author’s last name had been accidentally left out. The correct name is Kashyap R. Tumkur which has been herewith corrected in this erratum.
Structural Optimization by Nonlinear Programming

Optimum structural design is formulated as a problem in nonlinear mathematical programming, i.e., a problem of selecting n design variables subject to m > n constraints such that an objective function is minimized. The design variables correspond to the geometrical or mechanical properties of the structural system, the constraints correspond to safety requirements such as limitations on stresses and deflections, and the objective function corresponds to weight or cost. The gradient projection method of nonlinear programming is described and an algorithm is presented for high-speed computation. Examples are presented in which the method is used to obtain least-weight designs of typical indeterminate rigid frames made of standard steel wide flange shapes. The examples illustrate that the programming approach affords a sound mathematical basis on which to develop rational methods of structural design.
Skill Balance and Entrepreneurship

Lazear (2005) suggest that entrepreneurs tend to be Jack-of-All- Trades to engage in a variety of tasks when starting up a business. We reexamine the Jack-of-All-Trades theory of entrepreneurship by using a matched case-control sample constructed from a professional networking website. We test this theory in a group of 325 founders currently in the venture capital and private equity industry with 1571 matched controls. We find that the frequently documented effect of balanced skills on entrepreneurship does not exist under the matched case-control design.
Novel Actin and Cofilin Aggregations in Juvenile-Onset Dystonia

The brains of identical twins with juvenile-onset dystonia were examined at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
The Intelligent Control of an Inert-Gas Atomization Process

Intelligent control is an attempt to specify the function of a controller in ways which mimic the decision-making capabilities of humans. Traditionally, issues relating to the emulation of human-like capabilities have fallen in the domain of artificial intelligence. Intelligent processing is a specific form of intelligent control in which the system to be controlled is a process rather than the more conventional mechanical or electrical system. The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s program on intelligent processing of metal powders is a multi-disciplinary research initiative investigating the application of intelligent control technologies to improve the state of the art of metal powder manufacturing. This paper reviews the design of the institute’s supersonic inert-gas metal-atomizer control system.
Student's t-test for independent samples

When analyzing data for two independent groups (e.g., males vs. females), the Student's t-test is commonly used for normally distributed data measured on a continuous/interval scale (e.g., body mass index). The mathematical formula for the Student's t-test includes the mean between-group difference in the numerator and between-group variability in the denominator. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge.
Specific energy consumption and quality of wood pellets produced using high-moisture lodgepole pine grind in a flat die pellet mill

Abstract In the present study a Box–Behnken experimental design was used to understand the effect of the moisture content of lodgepole pine grind (33–39%, w.b.), die speed (40–60 Hz) and preheating temperature (30–90 °C) on the pellet quality and specific energy consumption. The partially dried pellets produced had high-moisture content in the range of 19–28% (w.b.), and were further dried to 95% were obtained at 33–35% (w.b.) at lower preheating temperatures of 30–50 °C and higher die speed of >50 Hz. At 33% (w.b.) moisture content of the lodgepole pine grind, preheating temperature of 90 °C, and die speed of 60 Hz, the observed specific energy consumption was
Combined maneuver trajectory planning for long-range interception based on space launch

Single-/multi-targets long-range interception based on space launch was investigated,including launch technique and combined maneuver trajectory planning strategy.Based on analysis on launch mode,launch window and initial launch attitude requirement,launch scheme was appropriately chosen.Nonlinear mathematical model for optimal multi-impulsive interception was established,together with a serial optimization approach.With the minimum time as the object for single-/multi-targets interception,combined maneuver trajectory planning strategies were proposed respectively.Then,mathematical models were established.Simulation results indicate that the launch scheme and trajectory planning strategy can availably be used to analyze the space launch long-range interception.Moreover,optimal trajectory planning for combined maneuver is achieved with J2 perturbation and variable constraints.Some results are valuable for initial guidance of long-range interception.
Shale Gas Production and Atmospheric Ethane

A study of ground level atmospheric ethane concentrations from twenty four stations around the world in the sample period 2005-2015 does not show evidence that ethane emissions from shale gas production have reversed a falling trend in atmospheric ethane in the Northern Hemisphere. The data suggest that natural variability is the more likely cause of the observed changes in atmospheric ethane worldwide.
Education and g

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the central conceptual issues associated with evaluating the relationship between education and intelligence. The notion that intelligence influences educational success has been taken as a given among most theorists and researchers over the past century. The corpus of data suggests that both propositions are likely to be true to one degree or another, especially in terms of IQ test scores. The verisimilitude of these propositions, though, is most clearly demonstrated at the margins. Thus, individuals with very low measured intelligence are most highly likely to fail in mainstream educational assignments. Similarly, the complete absence of schooling appears highly likely to lead to very low measured intelligence. In between, the effects of intelligence on educational success and the effects of schooling on intelligence become attenuated. It is clear, however, that measured intelligence is not fixed and constant. It appears that the effects of education on intelligence tend to be more marked with younger children than with adults. The factors that influence change in intelligence may be general, or they may be multifaceted, such as involving constellations of traits that are mutually supportive or impeding for intellectual development.
Florida Gothic: Shadows in the Sunshine State

Hogue argues that Florida authors employ the Gothic mode to examine the long history of trauma and loss shadowing the state’s sunny public image. She examines Francis Parkman’s Pioneers of France in the New World, Lafcadio Hearn’s ‘To the Fountain of Youth,’ Peter Matthiessen’s Killing Mister Watson, Karen Russell’s Swamplandia!, and Jeff VanderMeer’s Annihilation, exploring how these works patrol the borders between civilization and savagery, known and unknown, and life and death, finding in Florida monstrous Others mirroring darkness thrown into sharp relief by the bright Florida sun.
Cayley's hyperdeterminant, the principal minors of a symmetric matrix and the entropy region of 4 Gaussian random variables

It has recently been shown that there is a connection between Cayley's hypdeterminant and the principal minors of a symmetric matrix. With an eye towards characterizing the entropy region of jointly Gaussian random variables, we obtain three new results on the relationship between Gaussian random variables and the hyperdeterminant. The first is a new (determinant) formula for the 2times2times2 hyperdeterminant. The second is a new (transparent) proof of the fact that the principal minors of an ntimesn symmetric matrix satisfy the 2 times 2 times .... times 2 (n times) hyperdeterminant relations. The third is a minimal set of 5 equations that 15 real numbers must satisfy to be the principal minors of a 4 times 4 symmetric matrix.
A Negative Antinuclear Antibody Does Not Indicate Autoantibody Negativity in Myositis: Role of Anticytoplasmic Antibody as a Screening Test for Antisynthetase Syndrome.

Objective. To evaluate the utility of anticytoplasmic autoantibody (anti-CytAb) in antisynthetase antibody–positive (anti-SynAb+) patients. Methods. Anti-SynAb+ patients were evaluated for antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-CytAb [cytoplasmic staining on indirect immunofluorescence (IIF)] positivity. Anti-SynAb+ patients included those possessing anti-Jo1 and other antisynthetase autoantibodies. Control groups included scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and healthy subjects. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy of anti-CytAb, and ANA were assessed. Anti-CytAb and ANA testing was done by IIF on human epithelial cell line 2, both reported on each serum sample without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis or final anti-SynAb results. Results. Anti-SynAb+ patients (n = 202; Jo1, n = 122; non-Jo1, n = 80) between 1985–2013 with available serum samples were assessed. Anti-CytAb showed high sensitivity (72%), specificity (89%), NPV (95%), and accuracy (86%), but only modest PPV (54%) for anti-SynAb positivity. In contrast, ANA showed only modest sensitivity (50%) and poor specificity (6%), PPV (9%), NPV (41%), and accuracy (12%). Positive anti-CytAb was significantly greater in the anti-SynAb+ patients than ANA positivity (72% vs 50%, p Conclusion. Assessing patients for anti-CytAb serves as an excellent screen for anti-SynAb+ patients using simple IIF. Cytoplasmic staining should be assessed and reported for patients suspected of having antisynthetase syndrome and a negative ANA should not be used to exclude this diagnosis.
Reporting of symptoms associated with concussion by OEF/OIF/OND Veterans: Comparison between research and clinical contexts

ABSTRACTObjective: Veterans from recent military conflicts frequently report persisting symptoms associated with concussion well beyond the expected period of recovery following mild traumatic brain injury. This study examined differences in the reporting of symptoms associated with concussion between clinical and research contexts. Methods: This naturalistic comparison included 91 Veterans from Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF), Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and New Dawn (OND). All participants were enrolled in a longitudinal study focused on traumatic brain injury and stress-related disorders and had also completed a VHA Comprehensive TBI Evaluation. Individuals completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) during their research and clinical evaluations; additional measures of performance and symptom validity were also available for a subset of participants. Results: NSI mean total and subscale scores were significantly higher when assessed in the clinical compared to the research setting, irrespective of...
Describing Your Program

The process of evaluation begins with specifying exactly what is being evaluated. This careful specification is necessary in order to make the structured comparisons that lie at the heart of any evaluation. It begins with a statement of the problem or problems being addressed by the program under evaluation; that is, it reviews the program goals. It then outlines the population being served and the services provided. Finally, it considers the process by which the services provided will produce the desired effects on the persons being served.
How I treat double-hit lymphoma

The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for lymphoma has included a new category of lymphoma, separate from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, termed high-grade B-cell lymphoma with translocations involving myc and bcl-2 or bcl-6. These lymphomas, which occur in <10% of cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, have been referred to as double-hit lymphomas (or triple-hit lymphomas if all 3 rearrangements are present). It is important to differentiate these lymphomas from the larger group of double-expressor lymphomas, which have increased expression of MYC and BCL-2 and/or BCL-6 by immunohistochemistry, by using variable cutoff percentages to define positivity. Patients with double-hit lymphomas have a poor prognosis when treated with standard chemoimmunotherapy and have increased risk of central nervous system involvement and progression. Double-hit lymphomas may arise as a consequence of the transformation of the underlying indolent lymphoma. There are no published prospective trials in double-hit lymphoma, however retrospective studies strongly suggest that aggressive induction regimens may confer a superior outcome. In this article, I review my approach to the evaluation and treatment of double-hit lymphoma, with an eye toward future clinical trials incorporating rational targeted agents into the therapeutic armamentarium.
Morning administration of oral methamphetamine dose-dependently disrupts nighttime sleep in recreational stimulant users.

Abstract Introduction Use of amphetamine-type stimulants (e.g., methamphetamine) is associated with acute sleep disruptions. No prior reports have characterized the acute effects of methamphetamine on sleep using polysomnography, the gold standard for objective sleep monitoring. Methods Recreational stimulant users (n = 19) completed a baseline assessment, which included questionnaires assessing demographic and substance use characteristics, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which assesses sleep quality over the past month. Participants were administered 0 mg (placebo), 20 mg, or 40 mg oral methamphetamine at 08:15 h on study days, using a double-blind, randomized, within-subjects design. Sleep was monitored using polysomnography from 22:20 that evening until 06:15 the following morning. Results PSQI scores indicated more than half of participants reported poor sleep quality at baseline. Methamphetamine dose-dependently increased sleep latency, and decreased total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time in NREM 2 sleep, number of REM periods, and total time in REM sleep. Sleep under placebo conditions was consistent with what would be expected from healthy adults. Conclusions Morning oral administration of methamphetamine produces robust disruptions in nighttime sleep. Future research should examine relations between stimulant use and sleep disruption in naturalistic settings, with regard to both stimulant abuse and licit prescription use.
Dramatic Modification of Coupled-Plasmon Resonances Following Exposure to Electron Beams.

Studies of the plasmon resonances in individual and coupled metal nanoparticles often involve imaging of the nanostructures of interest in an electron microscope. We show that this process can dramatically modify the optical spectra of coupled plasmonic nanoparticles, illustrated here with the case of gold nanorod–nanosphere dimers. The spectral changes are due to the thin, partially conductive carbonaceous layer that deposits onto the particles during imaging. These changes are particularly significant for coupled nanoparticles with subnanometer interparticle gaps but have largely been neglected in previous studies of such structures, including studies intended to probe quantum-mechanical effects in plasmon coupling. Accounting for the effects of the carbonaceous layer will lead to a more accurate understanding of such systems.
Presidents Abroad: Foreign Speeches

Sitting presidents traveling to foreign countries only began in the twentieth century. O’Brien looks at these foreign trips and explores their impact on the way we view modern administrations. Presidents overwhelmingly visit European countries, though they have increased their presence in Asia over the last couple of decades. She examines these speeches using Freedom House scores as way to help determine if presidents prefer certain places. As a general rule, first-term administrations are far more likely to go to free countries over ones that are not free. While second-term administrations may still trend toward free ones, they seem to be more willing to go to not free locations more often. It suggests foreign travel and electoral fates may be somewhat interlinked together.
Aspergillus: An Overview

Since 1965, approximately 80 species in Aspergillus have been described as new and thousands of publications have contributed to our knowledge of biochemical and ultrastructural features. The group concept, developed in the monographs of 1926, 1945 and 1965 has been a tremendous aid in species identification. Sixteen of Raper and Fennell’s 18 groups have been validated by the contributions of the last 20 years. Only the A. ornatus and A. wentii groups appear to be heterogenous. An analysis of the Aspergilli listed in 62 recent soil surveys has revealed highest absolute and relative numbers of species in the subtropics, particularly in cultivated soils, saline soils and subtropical deciduous forest soils. In temperate regions, highest numbers of species have been reported from desert soils and certain grassland soils. Unusual species in the soils of western US intermountain basins may have evolved following early migration, then isolation and specification through the Pleistocene.
Qualitative Perturbation Analysis

We have seen that QP theory cannot directly answer quantitative questions about change. Yet, many approaches to process control require a means of estimating the effects of hypothetical actions. The four basic deductions of QP theory (elaboration, etc.) do not directly address this problem, even on the qualitative level. However, a relatively simple extension of influence resolution does permit qualitative analysis of the impact of control actions. The basic idea is to use the influence graph for the state of interest and perform a qualitative form of classical small-signal or perturbation analysis (QPA). The analysis is based on de Kleer’s incremental qualitative (IQ) analysis [dKB84b], as is Forbus’ influence resolution.
A role for central A3-adenosine receptors: Mediation of behavioral depressant effects

Abstract The behavioral effects of a selective A3 adenosine receptor agonist 3-IB-MECA (N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine) in mice and the localization of radioligand binding sites in mouse brain were examined. Low levels of A3 adenosine receptors were detected in various regions of the mouse brain (hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, striatum), using a radioiodinated, high-affinity A3-agonist radioligand [125I]AB-MECA (N6-(3-iodo-4-aminobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine). Scatchard analysis in the cerebellum showed that the Kd value for binding to A3 receptors was 1.39 ± 0.04 nM with a Bmax of 14.8 ±2.1 fmol mg protein. 3-IB-MECA at 0.1 mg kg i.p. was a locomotor depressant with > 50% reduction in activity. Although selective A1 or A2a antagonists reversed locomotor depression elicited by selective A1 or A2a agonists, respectively, the behavioral depressant effects of 3-IB-MECA were unaffected. 3-IB-MECA also caused scratching in mice, which was prevented by coadministration of the histamine antagonist cyproheptadine. The demonstration of a marked behavioral effect of A3 receptor activation suggests that the A3 receptor represents a potential new therapeutic target.
Multiple Cavity Laser Array Source for Laser Generation of Ultrasound

A significant expansion of the utility and availability of laser ultrasound as a nondestructive evaluation technique will come as advancements are made to find practical and inexpensive means to improve the detection sensitivity so that it begins to approach more closely the performance of conventional piezoelectric contact ultrasonic methods. Among the several opportunities where technological advances could enhance laser ultrasonic sensitivity, one is the advantageous use of modulated laser array sources to control the nature of the generated ultrasonic signal so that it can be made more readily detectable by optical interferometer receivers. The detection limit of all optimally designed and implemented optical receivers is that imposed by the presence of broadband shot noise so that in every case, the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, depends upon such parameters as the amplitude of the detected elastic wave, δ, and the bandwidth, B, of the receiving system in the following manner: