cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imidacloprid mobility and longevity in soil columns at a termiticidal application rate.

The mobility, longevity and termiticidal activity of imidacloprid (Premise® 2 termiticide; Bayer Environmental Sciences) at the termiticidal labeled rate for perimeter treatment were tested in vegetated and non-vegetated soil columns in two tests: in cone plots and in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. Imidacloprid content in the cone plot eluate peaked at 1 month, declined rapidly by the second month and then entered a lagging phase. The concentration of imidacloprid in the cone plot soil declined from 84.5 µg g−1 initially to 7.5 µg g−1 (non-vegetated plots) and 8.1 µg g−1 (vegetated plots) 6 months later. Neither eluate concentration nor soil concentration was affected by the presence of vegetation in the cone plots. In the PVC pipes, the top 15 cm of which was treated with Premise® 2 at the perimeter labeled rate, imidacloprid half-life was estimated at 6–9 months for vegetated and non-vegetated soil. Extractable imidacloprid declined more rapidly in the first 15 months than afterwards. Mobility of imidacloprid into lower, untreated soil depths was higher in non-vegetated pipes, and was likely due to the effect of vegetation on soil moisture. The presence of vegetation had little effect on the termiticidal activity of treated soil in the PVC pipes. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TRICHLOROACETIC ACID-SOLUBLE PLASMA PROTEIN AND ITS VARIATIONS IN RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

1. 1. Protein material in 5% trichloroacetic acid extracts of human plasma appears physically homogeneous and closely resembles α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid). Molecular weight is estimated at 41000 (±2000), E1%,icm278 is 7.7, and the protein has a high carbohydrate and sialic acid content. 2. 2. Concentrations of this protein are markedly elevated in renal insufficiency.
Facial expression of emotion: A comparison of posed expressions versus spontaneous expressions in an interpersonal communication setting

Many assumptions about the operation of nonverbal behaviors in interpersonal communication have been based upon studies which have not focused on interpersonal communication settings. Especially, most studies of facial expression have examined posed rather than spontaneous expressions, and the relatively few studies of spontaneous expressions have employed stimuli and/or settings of dubious relevance to everyday communication. The present study compares the identifiability of posed vs. spontaneous facial expressions of emotion elicited during ostensibly natural conversation. While posed expressions, as in earlier studies, were quite unambiguous, spontaneous expressions of emotion were found to be remarkably difficult to identify. Implications are discussed for the generalizability of certain nonverbal research results to interpersonal communication settings, for related methodological considerations, for revised conceptualizations of the function of facial expression, and for the more general issue of com...
The sensitivity of African easterly waves to eastern tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperatures

The results of two regional atmospheric model simulations are compared to assess the influence of the eastern tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperature maximum on local precipitation, transient easterly waves and the West African summer monsoon. Both model simulations were initialized with reanalysis 2 data (US National Center for Environmental Prediction and Department of Energy) on 15 May 2006 and extended through 6 October 2006, forced by synchronous reanalysis 2 lateral boundary conditions introduced four times daily. One simulation uses 2006 reanalysis 2 sea-surface temperatures, also updated four times daily, while the second simulation considers ocean forcing absent the sea-surface temperature maximum, achieved here by subtracting 3°K at every ocean grid point between 0° and 15°N during the entire simulation. The simulation with 2006 sea-surface temperature forcing produces a realistic distribution of June–September mean precipitation and realistic westward propagating swaths of maximum rainfall, based on validation against Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) estimates. The simulation without the sea-surface temperature maximum produces only 57% of the control June–September total precipitation over the eastern tropical Atlantic and about 83% of the Sahel precipitation. The simulation with warmer ocean temperatures generates generally stronger circulation, which in turn enhances precipitation by increasing moisture convergence. Some local precipitation enhancement is also attributed to lower vertical thermal stability above the warm water. The study shows that the eastern tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperature maximum enhances the strength of transient easterly waves and broadens the spatial extent of associated precipitation. However, large-scale circulation and its interaction with the African continent, and not sea-surface temperatures, control the timing and trajectories of the waves.
Innovations in Optics Manufacturing

Innovative sub-aperture processes for manufacturing optics are described that include the use of pitch, pads, ions, clusters of ions, or a magnetic fluid. Most operate through CNC control and are commercially available.
Two-axis MEMS Scanning Catheter for Ultrahigh Resolution Three-dimensional and En Face Imaging

Ultrahigh resolution two and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging was performed using a miniaturized, two-axis scanning catheter based upon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror technology. The catheter incorporated a custom-designed and fabricated, 1-mm diameter MEMS mirror driven by angular vertical comb (AVC) actuators on both an inner mirror axis and an outer, orthogonal gimbal axis. Using a differential drive scheme, a linearized position response over +/- 6 degrees mechanical angle was achieved. The flexible, fiber-optic catheter device measured < 5 mm in outer diameter with a rigid length of ~ 2.5 cm at the distal end. In vivo and ex vivo images are presented with < 4 microm axial and ~ 12 microm transverse resolution in tissue.
Application of growth analysis to physiological studies involving environmental discontinuities

In this report we consider the application of growth analysis techniques in environmental physiology, with particular concern for their ability to produce results which can be integrated with studies of short-term metabolic responses at finer levels of organization. For purposes of illustration, we use responses of Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Black-seeded Simpson) to changes (environmental discontinuities) in the composition of a solution culture medium. Initial emphasis is on the use of cubic spline methods. It is concluded that while these may give apparently good fits to growth data, differentiation for determination of relative growth rate (RGR), and further transformation for such parameters as net uptake rate (NUR), are of questionable applicability. An alternative analysis based on the discrete estimation of RGR is considered. In any study, the requirements for both statistical and physiological confidence must be reconciled. In practice, and in the absence of mechanistic frameworks to which the results can be modeled, this is best accomplished by strictly adhering to the mathematical guideline that no more elaborate a description be applied than can be statistically justified.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematode Species for the Control of Melonworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine pathogenicity of five entomopathogenic nematodes from the genera Steinemema and Heterorhabditis against melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata (L.). S. carpocapsae (Weiser)(Mexicanstrain) was the most pathogenic nematode species, followed by H. bacteriophora (Poinar), S. feltiae (Filipjev), S. anomali (Kozodoi),and S. glaseri (Steiner), respectively. The LC50 for S. carpocapsae (Mexican) was 39.9 infective juveniles per milliter. The rate of nematode invasion into insects was proportional to the overall pathogenic effect of the various nematodes. The level of insects mortality and infectivity(the number of nematodes invading the insect) were directly related to exposure time. First instars and pupae were significantly less susceptible to S. carpocapsae infection than older larvae and prepupae. The number of nematodes found in the hemocoel increased with larval age. Mortality and infectivity were inversely related to nematode size. In field trials, survival of S. carpocapsae (All strain) on squash plant foliage was reduced to 0.77% within 40 h in a trial under high humidity conditions and to 0.25% after 18 h in a trial under moderate humidity conditions. Field applications of 5 billion nematodes per hectare produced infection rates of 52-55%.
High-Dose Spatially Fractionated GRID Radiation Therapy (SFGRT): A Comparison of Treatment Outcomes With Cerrobend vs. MLC SFGRT

Purpose Spatially fractionated GRID radiotherapy (SFGRT) using a customized Cerrobend block has been used to improve response rates in patients with bulky tumors. The clinical efficacy of our own multileaf collimator (MLC) technique is unknown. We undertook a retrospective analysis to compare clinical response rates attained using these two techniques. Methods and Materials Seventy-nine patients with bulky tumors (median diameter, 7.6 cm; range, 4–30 cm) treated with SFGRT were reviewed. Between 2003 and late 2005, the Cerrobend block technique ( n = 39) was used. Between late 2005 and 2008, SFGRT was delivered using MLC-shaped fields ( n = 40). Dose was prescribed to dmax (depth of maximum dose) and was typically 15 Gy. Eighty percent of patients in both groups received external beam radiotherapy in addition to SFGRT. The two-sided Fisher-Freeman-Halton test was used to compare pain and mass effect response rates between the two groups. Results Sixty-one patients (77%) were treated for palliative intent and 18 (23%) for curative intent. The majority of patients had either lung or head-and-neck primaries in both groups; the most frequent site of SFGRT application was the neck. The majority of patients complained of either pain (65%) or mass effect (58%) at intake. Overall response rates for pain and mass response were no different between the Cerrobend and MLC groups: pain, 75% and 74%, respectively ( p = 0.50), and mass effect, 67% and 73%, respectively ( p = 0.85). The majority of toxicities were Grade 1 or 2, and only 3 patients had late Grade 3-4 toxicities. Conclusions MLC-based and Cerrobend-based SFGRT have comparable and encouraging response rates when used either in the palliative or curative setting. MLC-based SGFRT should allow clinics to more easily adopt this novel treatment approach for the treatment of bulky tumors.
Preparation and thermoanalytic studies of yttrium poly(acrylate)

A new process for the production of advanced ceramic powders has been studied. The process involves the chelation of a metal ion in solution by an organic acid polymer. Using FTIR, TG, DTG and DTA, the process for the formation of the organo-metallic complex and the decomposition to the metal oxide is reported. Effects of packing density on DTA are also discussed.
Postnatal foraging demands alter adrenocortical activity and psychosocial development.

Mother squirrel monkeys stop carrying infants at earlier ages in high-demand (HD) conditions where food is difficult to find relative to low-demand (LD) conditions. To characterize these transitions in psychosocial development, from 10- to 21-weeks postpartum we collected measures of behavior, adrenocortical activity, and social transactions coded for initiator (mother or infant), goal (make-contact or break-contact), and outcome (success or failure). Make-contact attempts were most often initiated by HD infants, but mothers often opposed these attempts and less than 50% were successful. Break-contact attempts were most often initiated by LD infants, but mothers often opposed these attempts and fewer LD than HD infant break-contact attempts were successful. Plasma levels of cortisol were significantly higher in HD than LD mothers, but differences in adrenocortical activity were less consistent in their infants. HD and LD infants also spent similar amounts of time nursing on their mothers and feeding on solid foods. By rescheduling some transitions in development (carryself-transport), and not others (nursingself-feeding), mothers may have partially protected infants from the immediate impact of an otherwise stressful foraging task. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 32: 285–291, 1998
Depression and Epilepsy: A New Perspective on Two Closely Related Disorders

Depression is the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy. Yet, it remains under-recognized and untreated in a significant number of patients. It may mimic primary depressive disorders, but in a significant percentage of patients, depression presents with atypical pleomorphic characteristics. The use of screening self-rating scales may help to identify depressive episodes in patients with epilepsy, but a diagnosis cannot be established by the sole use of these instruments without an additional, in-depth evaluation. Timely recognition and treatment of depression is of the essence in epilepsy patients, as its persistence is an independent predictor of poor quality of life, increased suicidal risk, greater use of health services, and higher medical costs not related to the psychiatric treatment. Neurologists will often find themselves in the position of being the only health care provider available to initiate treatment. Accordingly, they should be well trained to provide psychopharmacologic treatment for major depressive episodes, dysthymic disorders, and minor depression. However, patients with suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or bipolar disorders should be referred immediately to the care of a psychiatrist.
Tribology of high-speed metal-on-metal sliding at near-melt and fully-melt interfacial temperatures

Abstract The present paper describes results of plate-impact friction experiments conducted to study time-resolved frictional characteristics of sliding interfaces under extreme conditions. By employing pressure–shear impact of tribo–pair materials comprising hard tool-steels against low melt-point metals such as 7075-T6 Al alloys, interfacial normal pressures ranging from 1 to 2 GPa and slip-speeds of approximately 100 m/s have been obtained. The resulting relatively large friction-stresses (100–400 MPa) combined with high slip-speeds generate conditions conducive to interfacial temperatures approaching the near-melt and fully-melt temperature regime of the lower melt-point metal (aluminum alloy) comprising the tribo–pair. During the early part of frictional slip the coefficient of kinetic friction is observed to decrease with increasing slip-velocity while during the later part transition in interfacial slip occurs from near-melt to the fully-melt temperature regime of the 7075-T6 Al alloy. Under these fully-melt conditions, the interfacial resistance approaches the shear strength of the molten aluminum alloy under hydrostatic pressures of approximately 1–3 GPa and shear-strain rates of ∼10 7 s −1 . The results of the study indicate that under these extreme conditions molten aluminum films maintain a shearing resistance as high as 100 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the sliding surface reveal molten aluminum to be smeared on the tribo–pair interface. Results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows appreciable amounts of material transfer between the tribo–pair surfaces. Knoop-hardness measurements in 7075-T6 Al alloy at various depths from the slip interface, indicate that the hardness increases approximately linearly with depth and reaches a plateau at approximately 40 μm from the surface.
Retroviral nucleocapsid protein-metal ion interactions: folding and sequence variants.

Abstract Retroviral nucleocapsid proteins contain one or two proposed metal-binding sequences of the form Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys. Previously, we reported that an 18-amino acid peptide derived from the nucleocapsid protein of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMLV) binds metals such as Co2+ and Zn2+. We have now synthesized the entire nucleocapsid protein from RMLV. We report here that the protein also binds Co2+ and Zn2+ and does so with a higher affinity than does the peptide. Limited proteolysis and circular dichroism studies reveal that metal binding induces folding of the metal-binding domain and, perhaps, the regions adjacent to it but the remainder of the protein remains in a relatively unstructured state. In addition, we have synthesized sequence variants of the metal-binding domain that correspond to viral mutations reported in the literature. In many cases, the metal-binding properties of these peptides correlate with the observed biological activity, providing further evidence for the importance of metal binding to nucleocapsid function.
Inductions, appraisals and personal development plans

Inductions, appraisals and personal development plans should all be implemented in dental practices. This article discusses each of these processes, and explains why they should be carried out
Formate reduction of aldehydes using a photogenerated chromium carbonyl catalyst

Abstract The aldehydes RCHO (R = p-tolyl, p-anisyl, n-hexyl) are reduced to the corresponding alcohols RCH2OH by sodium formate in 95% aqueous methanol in the presence of a catalyst photogenerated from Cr(CO)6.
Mitomycin C extravasation injuries

Mitomycin C extravasation produces a chronic painful ulceration similar to that of adriamycin. Pain marks the extravasation of this chemotherapeutic agent when it occurs. A complaint of pain during mitomycin administration should prompt immediate cessation of infusion and regular frequent follow-up. Ulceration may not appear for one to two weeks after initial injury. Wide local excision with subsequent split thickness skin grafting is recommended.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure

Patent ductus arteriosus is a common clinical lesion which increases the risk of endocarditis and may lead to heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Devices and techniques have advanced to the point that in most patients percutaneous closure should be the procedure of choice. Devices are best selected by fully examining the anatomy of the defect. In general coils are best suited for smaller defects and the Amplatzer Duct Occluder excels in moderate to large defects. Follow-up should include echocardiography to ensure complete closure.
Solvent suppression of the decomposition of phenobarbital during on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide

Abstract Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of phenobarbital by on-column methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide gives rise to a major decomposition product, N-methyl-2-phenylbutyramide, in addition to the methylated barbiturate, N,N′-dimethylphenobarbital. This reaction occurs nearly exclusively in the solution phase in the injection port of the gas chromatograph. A mechanism for the decomposition reaction consistent with the available information is presented. This decomposition is shown to be inhibited by certain solvents and this effect forms the basis of a new analytical technique for the simultaneous GLC analysis of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEEDING HABITS OF THE SWARM CELLS OF MYXOMYCETES

The Myxomycetes are a group of small, rather inconspicuous organisms having affinities with both the plant and animal kingdoms, and their study, which has been chiefly taxonomic, has developed almost entirely during the last half century (8, 9, 13). Early writers were entirely unaware of their true nature and thought them Gasteromycetes because of the superficial similarity to that group. Fries in I829 (3) realized that they were not "puff balls" and created a new sub-order, the Myxogastres, to contain them, although still including them in the Gasteromycetes. It was not until I858, when DeBary (I) worked out their remarkable life history and found that the spores gave rise, not to mycelium but to swarm cells which later united to form the plasmodium, that the Myxomycetes or Slime Moulds were removed from the Gasteromycetes and considered as a separate group, unrelated to the higher or filamentous fungi. On the feeding habits of their vegetative swarm cells, little information has been obtained by previous investigators, although the methods by which the plasmodium obtains its food have been more carefully worked out. Previous to I890, when Lister (7) proved that bacteria were ingested, the swarm cells were thought to obtain all of their nutriment in solution. Since that time, Lister and others have shown that bacteria constitute a considerable part of their food, and recently, in a study of this point, the writer (5) has found that the swarm cells of Dictydiaethalium plumbeum are able to take in and digest not only bacteria, but also the spores of certain filamentous fungi. It was the purpose of the present investigation, therefore, to determine whether the ability of the swarm cells of Myxomycetes to ingest fungous spores is general throughout the group and, if so, to find on how great a diversity of species of filamentous fungi they would feed.
In the Market But Not of It: Fair Trade Coffee and Forest Stewardship Council Certification as Market-Based Social Change

Summary This paper discusses two well-known market-based social change initiatives, Fair Trade coffee and Forest Stewardship Council certification, which harness market forces to pursue social and environmental objectives. A serious challenge for both is to operate in the conventional market without undermining their original objectives. A global commodity chain analysis approach is combined with insights from economic sociology embeddedness theory to explore the social, cultural and organizational factors shaping the initiatives’ governance structures. Both initiatives are seen to move along opposite organizational trajectories, but face similar pressures from conventional market logics, practices and dominant actors. A preliminary framework is proposed for comparative assessment, focusing on distribution of benefits, how conventional market institutions may be questioned, and how internal governance manages diverse stakeholder interests and influence.
Visibility network of United States hurricanes

[1] The authors demonstrate how to construct a network from a time series of U.S. hurricane counts and show how it can be used to identify unusual years in the record. The network links years based on a “line-of-sight” visibility algorithm applied to the time series plot and is physically related to the variation of hurricanes from one year to the next. The node degree is the number of links connected to a node. The authors find that the distribution of node degree is consistent with a random Poisson process. High hurricane-occurrence years that are surrounded by years with few hurricanes have many linkages. Of the environmental conditions known to affect coastal hurricane activity, they find years with little sunspot activity during September (peak month of the hurricane season) best correspond with the unusually high linkage years.
Brazilian soybeans: Agribusiness “miracle”

Brazil's development into a major producer, crusher, and exporter of soybeans and soybean products formented an agribusiness complex of major proportions during the 1960s and 1970s. The soybean industry policy, in many ways, has had considerable impact on parts of rural Brazil. The Brazilian experience with the soybean industry provides an interesting example of an attempt by a country to integrate agribusiness with domestic social policies in a semi-private economy which is developing rapidly. It also provides an example of government intervention at all levels of an industry— production, marketing, and export—in order to attain social and economic policy goals.
Obesity, child-feeding attitudes, and reactive eating : an intergenerational study

The present study was conducted in order to assess the relationships among levels of obesity/leanness, reactive eating, and child-feeding attitudes of a group of college women and the child-feeding attitudes of the students' mothers. The four types of child-feeding attitudes which were of interest in this study were those related to the use of food as: (a) a reward, (b) a punishment, (c) a soothing agent, and (d) an expression of affection. A 30-item Likert Scale called the Child-Feeding Opinion Questionnaire (CFOQ) was developed to assess these attitudes among the students and mothers. A six-item reactive eating scale was developed to assess the frequency and magnitude of anxiety-related overeating among college students. Triceps skinfold thickness measurements were used as an index of obesity/leanness among daughters. Subjects for the study included 221 college women and their mothers (Total N = 442). The investigation was conducted in Blacksburg, Virginia where the daughters were students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Impact of Pharmacy Residency Research Training on Residents' Actual Versus Perceived Ability and Interest to Identify and Solve Practice-Related Problems.

Purpose:The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) requires that accredited residency programs provide pharmacy residents the opportunity to perform a practice-based project. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pharmacy residency research training on residents’ actual versus perceived ability to solve practice-related problems in their professional careers.Methods:This cross-sectional study surveyed postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy practice residents who completed training at a large academic medical center between 2007 and 2013. The survey consisted of 3 areas of assessment, that is, (1) general demographics, (2) perceived research abilities, and (3) self-reported research productivity.Results:A total of 39 residents were eligible; of those, 27 completed the survey (69.2% response rate). Participants reported low perceived ability for conductance of some research activities including study design development, implementation, and publication. No association between p...
Do Background Depth Gradients Facilitate Object Identification

A number of experiments have demonstrated that an object in a coherent scene can be more accurately identified than when in a jumbled scene or a display of unrelated objects. An experiment was designed to test whether the identification of an object (from a set of six) would be faster and more accurate if the objects were presented against a background gradient that conferred a unifying depth effect on the six objects. No benefit of this background was found. In fact, the accuracy of the identification of objects against a depth background was found to be lower than that of objects which were presented against either no background or a control regular grid background. It is concluded that the perceptual advantage of objects appearing in a well-formed scene derives from semantic relations that are defined between such objects.
Evidence for Alewife (Alosa Pseudoharengus) Predation on the European Cladoceran Bythotrephes Cederstroemi in Northern Lake Michigan

Abstract Stomach contents of 10 alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ), 3 bloaters ( Coregonus hoyi ), 1 rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ), 4 chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), and 1 lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) were examined for the presence of the European cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Fish were collected commercially (by gillnetters and sport charters) in July and August of 1988 in the North Manitou Island area of Lake Michigan when B. cederstroemi were abundant. The zooplankter was found in all alewife examined and its remains normally filled the entire stomach cavity. The only other evidence for fish predation on B. cederstroemi was found in the stomach from a 0.5 kg chinook salmon. A few caudal spine fragments were found in the stomach of one bloater yet because the stomach was full of the bent hie amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi , it was hypothesized that the fish acquired the remains from the sediments. Stomachs of other fish were either empty or did not contain B. cederstroemi . Although limited, these data are the first conclusive evidence that the economically important alewife prey upon the exotic B. cederstroemi in the open waters of the Great Lakes.
Clinical review: The hospital of the future - building intelligent environments to facilitate safe and effective acute care delivery

The translation of knowledge into rational care is as essential and pressing a task as the development of new diagnostic or therapeutic devices, and is arguably more important. The emerging science of health care delivery has identified the central role of human factor ergonomics in the prevention of medical error, omission, and waste. Novel informatics and systems engineering strategies provide an excellent opportunity to improve the design of acute care delivery. In this article, future hospitals are envisioned as organizations built around smart environments that facilitate consistent delivery of effective, equitable, and error-free care focused on patient-centered rather than provider-centered outcomes.
Dihydroorotic Acid Dehydrogenase: Introduction into Erythrocyte by the Malaria Parasite

Mature, circulating mammalian erythrocytes lack dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase activity. However, we have detected activity, which appears to reside in an enzyme, in malaria parasites purified from mammalian blood.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in goldfish retina.

Abstract Using 3 H-Quinuclinidyl Benzilate ( 3 H-QNB) as a high affinity ligand for quantitative studies of specific binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors we have demonstrated the presence of such receptors in homogenates of goldfish retina. Only one set of binding sites could be detected with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.9 × 10 −10 M and a density of 53.5 fentomoles per mg of protein. The receptor sites become saturated at a QNB concentration of 1.2 nM. The pharmacological profile of the specific binding is similar to those described for homogenates of beef and chick retina, as well as for rodent brain and smooth muscle.
The Role of p53 in Silica-Induced Cellular and Molecular Responses Associated with Carcinogenesis

Crystalline silica (silica), a suspected human carcinogen, produces an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) when fractured using mechanical tools used in several occupations. Although ROS has been linked to apoptosis, DNA damage, and carcinogenesis, the role of enhanced ROS production by silica in silica-induced carcinogenesis is not completely understood. The goal of this study was to compare freshly fractured and aged silica-induced molecular alterations in human immortalized/transformed bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-IIB) and lung cancer cells with altered (H460) or deficient (H1299) p53 expression. Exposure to freshly fractured or aged silica produced divergent cellular responses in certain downstream cellular events, including ROS production, apoptosis, cell cycle and chromosomal changes, and gene expression. ROS production increased significantly following exposure to freshly fractured silica compared to aged silica in BEAS-IIB and H460 cells. Apoptosis showed a comparable enhanced level of induction with freshly fractured or aged silica in both cancer lines with p53 functional changes. p53 protein was present in the BEAS-IIB and was absent in cancer cell lines after silica exposure. Exposure to freshly fractured silica also resulted in a rise in aneuploidy in cancer cells with a significantly greater increase in p53-deficient cells. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated increased metaphase spreads, chromosome breakage, rearrangements, and endoreduplication in both cancer cells. These results suggest that altered and deficient p53 affects the cellular response to freshly fractured silica exposure, and thereby enhances susceptibility and augments cell proliferation and lung cancer development.
How Wind Affects Passive Microwave Measurements of Sea Surface Temperature

Uncertainty in the wind speed is a major source of error in passive microwave measurements from satellites of sea surface temperature (SST) because of the non-linear relationship between sea surface emissivity and wind speed. The accuracy of the SST measurement that can be achieved with only passive microwave measurements was assessed by computer modeling. Our investigation showed that the second-order terms must be included in the equation of radiative transfer in an analysis of the errors in the retrieved SST. In addition, we found that the effects of wind roughening and foam production should be treated separately. We have concluded that the accuracy of SST measurements would be improved by including data from an active remote-sensing instrument such as a scatterometer.
Sex-averaged recombination and mutation rates on the X chromosome: a comment on Labuda et al.

Document S1. Supplemental Appendix and One FigurexDownload (.07 MB ) Document S1. Supplemental Appendix and One Figure
Establishing reference figures for form evaluation of engineering surfaces

Abstract A generalized algorithm is presented in this paper to establish the reference figures as specified in the international and national standards on form errors. This algorithm is guaranteed to give optimal results and is well suited for implementation on a computer-interfaced, form-measuring instrument or a coordinate measuring machine.
Remembrance of past images of Trichinella.

The development of achromatic microscopy and the invention of photography were contemporaneous with the earliest investigations on trichinellosis. The former was more important than the latter to 19 th century studies on Trichinella. A selection of images, diverse but not comprehensive, is presented to illustrate the early history of trichinellosis.
DNA Strand Breaking and Rejoining in Response to Ultraviolet Light in Normal Human and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Cells

We describe a reproducible technique for measuring DNA strand breaking and rejoining in cells after treatment with U.V.-light. Results obtained with normal human cells, xeroderma pigmentosum cells (XP, complementation group A) and XP variant cells suggest that all three of these cell-types can carry out single-strand incision with equal rapidity. However, the breaks so induced appeared to be only slowly rejoined in the XP variant cells and rejoined not at all in XP complementation group A cells. Furthermore, parental strand rejoining was inhibited by caffeine in XP variant cells but not in normal cells.
Detecting trails in lidar point cloud data

The goal of this work is to determine methods for detecting trails using statistics of LiDAR point cloud data, while avoiding reliance on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Creation of a DEM is a subjective process that requires assumptions be made about the density of the data points, the curvature of the ground, and other factors which can lead to very dierent results in the nal DEM product, with no single correct" result. Exploitation of point cloud data also lends itself well to automation. A LiDAR point cloud based trail detection scheme has been designed in which statistical measures of local neighborhoods of LiDAR points are calculated, image processing techniques employed to mask non-trail areas, and a constrained region growing scheme used to determine a nal trails map. Results of the LiDAR point cloud based trail detection scheme are presented and compared to a DEM-based trail detection scheme. Large trails are detected fairly reliably with some missing gaps, while smaller trails are detected less reliably. Overall results of the LiDAR point cloud based methods are comparable to the DEM-based results, with fewer false alarms.
Role of (ρ, η, A)-invexity to ϵ-optimality conditions for multiple objective fractional programming

Abstract Based on a general framework for a class of ( ρ , η , A )-invex n-set functions, some results on the ϵ -optimality conditions for multiple objective fractional programming problems are established. The obtained results are not only general in nature, but also unify results on generalized invexity to the context of multiple fractional programming.
HYPOTHETICAL QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI (QTL) FOR CIRCADIAN PERIOD OF LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN CXB RECOMBINANT INBRED STRAINS OF MICE

The locomotor activity of male mice (Mus musculus) of 13 CXB (BALB/cBy × C57BL/6J) recombinant inbred (RI) strains and their progenitor strains was monitored for 4 to 6 weeks by infrared photoelectric beams under constant dark. The circadian period (τ) of locomotor activity was calculated and used in quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of strains' means. Results were compared with potential QTL found in a previous study of the BXD RI series. The mean τ of 13 CXB RI mouse strains (three to six animals per strain) in constant dark had a unimodal distribution suggesting polygenic inheritance. A number of potential QTL were found for this trait. There were two associations atp<.001,H23 on chromosome 3 andPmv16 on chromosome 16. A region of chromosome 1 was associated with τ in both CXB and BXD RI series. There was also a conjunction with a locus determined from QTL analysis of the previously reported τ of wheel running activity in seven CXB RI strains (Schwartz and Zimmerman, 1990).
Determinant and incentive effect of employee stock bonus policy: evidence from Taiwan

Comparing 341 public companies that did not implement employee stock bonus policies with 317 that did during the period from 1989 to 2006, the study identifies that the factors significantly influencing decisions on the percentage of after-tax surplus profits to be distributed as employee stock bonuses include managerial ownership, independent directorship, operational risk, firm size, growth opportunity, and industry characteristics. A non-linear relationship between this decision on the percentage of after-tax surplus profits to be distributed as employee stock bonuses and agency cost was found. The results contradict previous findings indicating weak incentive effect of implementing employee stock bonus policy.
On the use of connection-oriented networks to support grid computing

The vision of grid computing is to enable an arbitrary set of general-purpose computers to be recruited dynamically and be interconnected through a general-purpose network for the parallel execution of complex programs. The scale and ubiquity of the Internet makes it the natural network of choice for grid computing. However, for some applications, rate- and delay-guaranteed communication services are needed. These needs are driving the exploration of connection-oriented (CO) optical networks as a candidate for grid computing. In this article, we consider the suitability of CO networks equipped with generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) control-plane protocols for grid computing. We identify two areas in which current GMPLS implementations need enhancements to better support the needs of grid computing. First, we note a need to improve call setup delays by several orders of magnitude. We describe our proof-of-concept prototype implementation of a hardware-accelerated RSVP-TE engine that cuts setup delays from hundreds of milliseconds (typical in current equipment) to the order of microseconds. Second, noting the availability of different types of CO networks, we present a case for enhancements to control "heterogeneous connections," that is, connections that traverse multiple types of CO networks. We describe a distributed signaling procedure for the setup of such connections.
Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?

Despite the high visibility of religiously charged international social conflicts, the unique role of religion often is overlooked in social science research and theory. Some studies ignore religion, others conflate religion with other identities. Virtually all lack adequate data. We respond to these deficiencies by testing a theory-driven model of a particular form of social conflict, religious persecution. We investigate the proposition that religious regulation leads to religious persecution. Using measures coded from the 2003 International Religious Freedom Reports, we consider how both social regulation and government regulation of religion in 143 countries affect the level of religious persecution. We also consider and test competing hypotheses, particularly Huntington's clash-of-civilizations thesis. We find strong support for the religious economies arguments and only limited support for the clash-of-civilizations thesis and other competing arguments.
Evaluation of academic library collections: A survey of recent literature

A survey of some of the leading methods for evaluating the strengths of university and college library collections is accompanied by criticism and appreciation. It is proposed that selection officers be held responsible for provision of sufficient numbers of copies to satisfy needs and demands.
Is the association between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and poor health due to a common familial or genetic factor

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to identify genetic, familial and environmental contributions to the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and poor health. Methods A community sample of 1852 twin pairs was assessed for symptoms of PTSD [with the Impact of Events Scale (IES)] and self-reported global health status using a single five-level question. An ordinal logistic regression model estimated odds ratio/s (OR) for the association between PTSD and health status. Within-pair analysis assessed confounding by familial and genetic factors and adjusted for the possible confounding influence of age, sex, race, education and self-reported physician diagnosis of depression. Results The IES was strongly and significantly associated with self-reported health [OR=1.8; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.5–2.2; highest quartile vs. lowest quartile]. This association remained significant in within-pair analysis (OR=1.3; 95% CI=1.0–1.7), but after further adjustment for sociodemographics and depression, it was no longer significant ( P trend =.17). Separate analysis by zygosity did not show differential effect in monozygotic or dizygotic pairs. Conclusion These findings suggest that the association between PTSD symptoms and poor health is, in part, due to familial confounding and sociodemographic factors. Little evidence of confounding by genetic factors was found. These findings suggest that early prevention efforts would have the greatest potential for improving poor health in PTSD-prone patients, whereas later intervention efforts directed at treating PTSD may have a more limited impact on improving poor health.
Low resistance alloyed ohmic contacts to Al0.48In0.52As/n+-Ga0.47In0.53As

A low ohmic contact resistance metallurgy and associated alloy cycles have been developed for applications to Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As MODFETs (HEMTs). The metallurgy involves sequentially evaporated Ni/Ge/Au/Ag/Au layers followed by transient thermal alloy cycles. This resulted in low transfer resistances ~0.06 ?mm to the underlying GalnAs layer for alloying temperatures to ~480°C.
Novel Kevlar-Walled Wind Tunnel for Aeroacoustic Testing of a Landing Gear

which allowed aeroacoustic measurements to be carried out in the far field and in an environment with significantly less reflections. The model was a very faithful replica of the full-scale landing gear, designed to address the issues associated with low-fidelity models. A 63-element microphone phased array was used to locate the noise-source components of the landing gear from different streamwise positions, both in the near and far fields. The same landing-gear model was previously tested in the original hard-walled configuration of the tunnel with the same phased array mounted on the wall of the test section (i.e., near-field position). The new anechoic configuration of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University wind tunnel offered a unique opportunity to directly compare data collected in hard-walled and semi-anechoic test sections, using the same landing-gear model and phased-array instrumentation. Through these tests, some of the limitations associated with testing in hard-walled wind tunnels were addressed. Nomenclature Cj = components of the steering vector d = distance from the array to the model f = frequency ffull-scale = full-scale frequency fmeasured = measured frequency k = wave number M = flow Mach number rj = distance traveled by an acoustic ray from the grid point with coordinates xn to array microphone j Rj = distance between the grid point with coordinates xn and array microphone j xn = coordinates of the grid point to which the array is being steered � = wavelength
Regulation of glucose transport by angiotensin II and glucose in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells

Glucose transport in response to angiotensin II (AII) was assessed in cultured vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells by measuring the uptake of [3H]-2-deoxyglucose, a radiolabeled non-metabolizable glucose analog. Significant stimulation occurred by 2 hr of exposure with the maximum effect being observed between 6 and 8 hr. All effects were concentration dependent with a threshold response being detected at 0.1 nM. AII-stimulated transport was blocked by saralasin, an AII receptor antagonist, indicating that AII binding to a specific receptor is required for AII to elicit the transport response. AII-stimulated transport was also blocked when cells were incubated with cycloheximide for 6 hr, suggesting that protein synthesis is required for the long-term effects of AII on glucose transport. A specific protein synthesized in response to AII stimulation was the GLUT 1 glucose transporter as assessed by western blot analysis. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by bisindolylmaleimide and staurosporine did not affect VSM responsiveness to AII, suggesting that AII is capable of stimulating glucose transport through a PKC-independent mechanism; however, VSM responsiveness to AII did appear to be dependent upon the presence of extracellular calcium. The importance of calmodulin in mediating the response of VSM cells to AII was indicated by the inhibition of AII-stimulated glucose transport when VSM cells were incubated in the presence of the calmodulin inhibitors, calmidazolium and W7. Finally, glucose uptake increased with decreasing levels of glucose in the incubation medium. This was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the relative effectiveness of AII in stimulating glucose uptake.
Analyzing innovation adoption using a knowledge-based approach

We propose a new typology of organizational innovation based on the integration of theories of organizational learning and theories of knowledge. The three dimensions that we use to construct our typology of innovations are: tacit–explicit, systemic–autonomous and simple–complex. We, then, analyze the impact of these different types of innovations on the method of sourcing, cost of implementation, and innovation effectiveness. We propose that as innovations become more tacit, systemic and complex, they tend to be more internally sourced, more costly to implement, and more effective. We test the hypotheses using innovations from the commercial banking industry. Data for this study were collected from multiple sources. The innovations were categorized into different types by a panel of experts. Data on method of sourcing, cost and effectiveness were collected from a sample of 101 banks. Our results showed that autonomous innovations were less likely to be internally sourced than systemic innovations; autonomous and complex innovations were more costly to implement than systemic and simple innovations. Explicit innovations were seen as more effective than implicit innovations. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.