cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of copper nucleation and growth from aqueous solution on aluminum: A transmission electron microscopy study of copper cementation

Abstract A novel technique was developed for the direct observation of copper precipitate nuclei forming on aluminium surfaces by cementation. This technique involves the preparation of thin electron-transparent aluminum films by vapor deposition in vacuum onto cleaved NaCl crystal blanks. Following aqueous CuSO 4 solution contact of an exposed aluminum film surface area, the films with attached copper nuclei were examined by transmision and scanning electron microscopy. For conditions which promoted optimum deposit growth kinetics, the initial faceted polyhedral nuclei developed microdendritic precipatates which led to the growth of massive dendritic deposits. The details of microdendrite arm structures were directly observed in the transmission electron microscope. By systematically varying the residual grain structure of the aluminum films, it was demonstrated that grain size and grain structure do not affect the disposition and morphology of the initial precipitates. Furthermore, in single-crystal aluminum films containing dislocations it was not possible to show any consistent association of nucleation or nuclei with the emergence sites of individual dislocations. The principal feature of the substrate which influences precipitation as a result of the electrochemical cementation reaction seems to be crystallographic orientation, and this is consistent with observations of the growth and structure of conventional electrodeposits.
Murine complement C4 is not required for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

In vitro studies have demonstrated that myelin and myelin-derived proteins activate both the classical and alternative complement pathways. More recently, studies have shown that mice deficient in factor B, a protein required for activation of the alternative pathway, have attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis. The relative contribution of the classical pathway to the pathogenesis of EAE has remained unexplored. To address this question, we performed EAE using mice deficient in C4 (C4−/−), a protein required for full activation of the classical pathway. We found that deletion of the C4 gene does not significantly change either the time of onset or the severity and tempo of myelin oligodendrocyte-induced EAE compared with controls with a fully intact complement system. We observed similar levels of cellular infiltration (CD11b+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells) and demyelination in the two kinds of mice. Despite this, ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated a two- to fourfold increase in several pro-inflammatory cytokines in C4−/− mice with EAE, including interleukin-β (IL-1β), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IP-10, and RANTES. These results support the conclusion that the contribution of murine complement to the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease is realized via the alternative pathway. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Examination of the Relationship between Achievement Values and Perceptions of Barriers among Low-SES African American and Latino Students.

Peer nomination procedures were used to explore the development of academic achievement values and their relation to perceptions of barriers to opportunity. A total of 615 boys and girls across 3 grade levels (2nd, 4th, 7th) and 2 ethnic groups (African American, Latino) nominated peers who they admired, respected, and wanted to be like. Nominations were summed to create a value index. Girls in both ethnic groups and across grade levels were more likely to nominate high- or average-achieving same-gender classmates as those who they admired, respected, and wanted to be like. Second- and 4th-grade boys in both ethnic groups reported a nomination pattern similar to that of girls. However, 7th-grade boys in both ethnic groups showed a relative preference for low-achieving same-gender classmates as valued. Perceptions of barriers were related to increasing valuing of low achievers among African American 7th-grade boys. Implications of the findings for understanding the motivational challenges of ethnic minority male adolescents are discussed.
Causes of Forbush decreases and other cosmic ray variations

The relationship between neutron monitor variations and the intensity variations of the interplanetary magnetic field is studied, using Deep River data and IMP-series satellite data. In over 80% of the cases studied, identifiable depressions of the cosmic ray intensity are associated with magnetic field enhancements of several hours duration and intensity above 10 gamma. Conversely, each magnetic field enhancement has an identifiable effect (though not necessarily a marked depression) on the cosmic ray intensity. Long lasting Forbush decreases are found to be the consequence of the successive action of several such features. An explanation is presented and discussed.
Should sulfonylureas remain an acceptable first-line add-on to metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes? No, it's time to move on!

Since their introduction to clinical practice in the 1950s, sulfonylureas have been widely prescribed for use in patients with type 2 diabetes. Of all the other medications currently available for clinical use, only metformin has been used more frequently. However, several new drug classes have emerged that are reported to have equal glucose-lowering efficacy and greater safety when added to treatment of patients in whom metformin monotherapy is no longer sufficient. Moreover, current arguments also suggest that the alternative drugs may be superior to sulfonylureas with regard to the risk of cardiovascular complications. Thus, while there is universal agreement that metformin should remain the first-line pharmacologic therapy for those in whom lifestyle modification is insufficient to control hyperglycemia, there is no consensus as to which drug should be added to metformin. Therefore, given the current controversy, we provide a Point-Counterpoint on this issue. In the preceding point narrative, Dr. Abrahamson provides his argument suggesting that avoiding use of sulfonylureas as a class of medication as an add-on to metformin is not appropriate as there are many patients whose glycemic control would improve with use of these drugs with minimal risk of adverse events. In the counterpoint narrative below, Dr. Genuth suggests there is no longer a need for sulfonylureas to remain a first-line addition to metformin for those patients whose clinical characteristics are appropriate and whose health insurance and/or financial resources make an alternative drug affordable. —William T. Cefalu Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
Eccentric annular slot antenna for breast cancer detection based on the finite-difference-time-domain method

This paper investigates the effect of the surrounding medium (i.e., the human tissue) on the performance of the eccentric annular microstrip slot antenna when used in breast cancer detection. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to analyze the antenna characteristics. The results show that the performance of the antenna changes when used in biological applications.
The Benefits of Facebook “Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites

This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one’s ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.
Positively correlated miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in mouse frontal cortex during early stages of alcohol dependence

Although the study of gene regulation via the action of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) has experienced a boom in recent years, the analysis of genome-wide interaction networks among miRNAs and respective targeted mRNAs has lagged behind. MicroRNAs simultaneously target many transcripts and fine-tune the expression of genes through cooperative/combinatorial targeting. Therefore, they have a large regulatory potential that could widely impact development and progression of diseases, as well as contribute unpredicted collateral effects due to their natural, pathophysiological, or treatment-induced modulation. We support the viewpoint that whole mirnome-transcriptome interaction analysis is required to better understand the mechanisms and potential consequences of miRNA regulation and/or deregulation in relevant biological models. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that ethanol consumption induces changes in miRNA-mRNA interaction networks in the mouse frontal cortex and that some of the changes observed in the mouse are equivalent to changes in similar brain regions from human alcoholics. miRNA-mRNA interaction networks responding to ethanol insult were identified by differential expression analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Important pathways (coexpressed modular networks detected by WGCNA) and hub genes central to the neuronal response to ethanol are highlighted, as well as key miRNAs that regulate these processes and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets for treating alcohol addiction. Importantly, we discovered a conserved signature of changing miRNAs between ethanol-treated mice and human alcoholics, which provides a valuable tool for future biomarker/diagnostic studies in humans. We report positively correlated miRNA-mRNA expression networks that suggest an adaptive, targeted miRNA response due to binge ethanol drinking. This study provides new evidence for the role of miRNA regulation in brain homeostasis and sheds new light on current understanding of the development of alcohol dependence. To our knowledge this is the first report that activated expression of miRNAs correlates with activated expression of mRNAs rather than with mRNA downregulation in an in vivo model. We speculate that early activation of miRNAs designed to limit the effects of alcohol-induced genes may be an essential adaptive response during disease progression.
Persistence of Zinc-Binding Bacterial Superantigens at the Surface of Antigen-Presenting Cells Contributes to the Extreme Potency of These Superantigens as T-Cell Activators

Bacterial superantigen intoxication causes massive overactivation of T cells, which can result in potentially lethal toxic shock. Superantigens fall into two groups: superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) that contain a single generic binding site for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and more potent superantigens such as SEA with a second, zinc-dependent MHC-II binding site that enables them to cross-link adjacent MHC-II molecules. We found that although all superantigens bound rapidly to the surface of human B cells, zinc-binding superantigens largely remained at the cell surface for at least 40 h. In contrast, single-binding-site superantigens were greatly depleted from the surface by 4 h. Subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy revealed that some SEB entered lysosomal compartments, but SEA remained almost undetectable inside cells at 20 h. SEA and SEB mutants that do not bind MHC-II were trafficked rapidly to lysosomal compartments. Our findings suggest that the persistence of SEA and other zinc-dependent, cross-linking superantigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells contributes to their potency as T-cell activators.
Mechanical coagulation in emulsion polymerizations

Coagulum formation for different emulsion polymerizations was correlated to various agitation parameters. For low Reynolds numbers, rotational speed was shown to be important, whereas, for high Reynolds numbers, power consumption was the important parameter. These results were theoretically tied to first-order coagulation kinetics by incorporating shear rate relationships for flow in an agitated tank. For low Reynolds numbers, the average shear rate was assumed to be proportional to the rotational speed of the impeller. And for high Reynolds numbers, Kolmogorov's theory of locally isotropic flow was employed to relate the average shear rate to the power consumption.
Can selection on nest size from nest predation explain the latitudinal gradient in clutch size

1. Latitudinal variation in clutch sizes of birds is a well described, but poorly understood pattern. Many hypotheses have been proposed, but few have been experimentally tested, and none have been universally accepted by researchers. 2. The nest size hypothesis posits that higher nest predation in the tropics favours selection for smaller nests and thereby constrains clutch size by shrinking available space for eggs and/or nestlings in the nest. We tested this hypothesis with an experiment in a tropical forest and a comparative study between temperate and tropical field sites. 3. Specifically, we tested if: (i) predation increased with nest size; (ii) tropical birds had smaller nests controlled for body size; and (iii) clutch size was explained by nest size controlled for body size. 4. Experimental swapping of nests of different sizes showed that nest predation increased with nest size in the tropical site. Moreover, nest predation rates were higher in species with larger nests in both sites. However, nest size, corrected for body mass and phylogeny, did not differ between sites and was not related to clutch size between sites. 5. Hence, nest predation can exert selection on nest size as predicted by the hypothesis. Nest size increased with adult body mass, such that adult size might indirectly influence reproductive success through effects on nest size and nest predation risk. Ultimately, however, selection from nest predation on nest size does not explain the smaller clutch sizes typical of the tropics.
Preschool Vision Screening in Pediatric Practices

A national sample of pediatricians was surveyed to evaluate preschool vision screening practices (response rate 55%, 377 of 690 eligible respondents). The rate of acuity screening for 3-year-old children was low (35%), but increased for 4- (73%) and 5-year-old children (66%). Few used photoscreening or autorefraction (8%). Common barriers were that screening is too time-consuming and children are uncooperative. Half reported that there should be separate reimbursement for vision screening. Financial incentives may be important for ensuring the delivery of preschool vision screening, as well as adoption of emerging screening technologies if such devices are shown to be effective.
Challenges in conceptualizing social support

Although research on social support has generated findings that are key to the study of social and personal relationships, scholars have yet to deal with a number of conceptual issues that affect how social support is defined and measured. Research on hurt feelings provides some interesting insights concerning the conceptualization of support. Based on this research, as well as a review of the literature on social support, the current article describes several issues that scholars ought to consider as they conceptualize, evaluate, and study social support processes.
A call model for multipoint communication in switched networks

A call model designed for switched asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks is described. The model provides network clients with multipoint, multiconnection communication channels, which are denoted as calls. Calls are allowed to change dynamically during their lifetime, in terms of the number of participants, the number of connections and the bandwidth of the connections. Clients create, manage and manipulate calls using the connection management access protocol. The call model provides basic interconnection services suitable for local and wide area networks, where more sophisticated services can be layered over this substrate. >
Photodynamic Therapy of Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potentially selective treatment modality, which involves systemic administration of a photosensitizer dye. Dye accumulates in proliferating tissues such as tumors and neovascularization, followed by exposure of the photosensitized tissue to light at a wavelength at the absorption maximum of the dye. Excitation of the dye leads to photochemical damage of the targeted tissue. Various photosensitizers have been used in experimental choroidal neovascularization to investigate PDT. We have used benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD) and shown that it occludes experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) with no significant damage to the overlying neurosensory retina or underlying choroid. Clinical trials of PDT using BPD for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have started. Preliminary results suggest that CNV can be occluded in the early posttreatment phase, with some nonselective effects at high light doses. Further studies are underway to investigate whether...
Nature and nurture – lessons from chemical carcinogenesis

The roles of genetic constitution versus environmental factors in cancer development have been a matter of debate even long before the discovery of 'oncogenes'. Evidence from epidemiological, occupational and migration studies has consistently pointed to environmental factors as the major contributing factors to cancer, so it seems reasonable to discuss the importance of chemical carcinogenesis in the present 'age of cancer genetics'.
System level signal and power integrity analysis methodology for system-in-package applications

This paper describes a methodology for performing system level signal and power integrity analyses of SiP-based systems. The paper briefly outlines some new modeling and simulation techniques that have been developed to enable the proposed methodology. Some results based on the application of this methodology on test systems are also presented.
Low-altitude organic deposits in Michigan: Evidence for pre-Woodfordian Great Lakes and paleosurfaces

Reports of 136 glacially buried organic deposits below 200 m in altitude and other related data provide a basis for identifying relicts of several low-level Pleistocene paleosurfaces in southern Michigan. The carbonaceous material is concentrated in five areas and probably represents low places on pre-Woodfordian landscapes with local base levels far lower than the present topography. These findings have implications regarding adjacent ancestral Great Lakes that existed sometime prior to final glaciation of the peninsula.
An Intrinsically Parallel Finite Element Method

We show that the weakly over-penalized symmetric interior penalty (WOPSIP) method has high intrinsic parallelism.
Attachment, Perceptions of Interaction, and Relationship Adjustment

This study examined the hypothesis that perceptions of interaction in intimate relationships would mediate the association between attachment organization and relationship satisfaction. A multi-ethnic group of 159 male and 226 female community college students completed questionnaires regarding attachment organization and aspects of their intimate relationships. Greater attachment security and less activation of the attachment system were associated with perceptions of more affiliative interaction (R = .45, p<.001) and less distress (R = .43, p<.001) in the relationship. Perceptions of more affiliative interaction were strongly associated with less relationship distress (R = .69, p<.001). When attachment factors and interaction factors were entered jointly in the regression for relationship distress, the association between attachment and relationship distress was substantially reduced. This analysis supported the hypothesis of a mediation effect. The mediation effect was less complete for women than for ...
Optimal Therapy for Unresectable Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The treatment of patients with unresectable regionally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has continued to evolve over the last two decades. In the 1980s, radiotherapy alone led to a median survival of less than 10 months and 3-year survival rates below 10%. The identification of drugs with single-agent activity in stage IV NSCLC allowed for subsequent investigations in the curative intent treatment setting. Combined-modality therapy initially focused on a sequential approach, using induction chemotherapy. Randomized phase III studies demonstrated an increase in median survival from 10 months to approximately 13 months with the addition of two cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy administered before radiotherapy. 1-3 Since locoregional control is infrequently achieved with radiotherapy alone, and most agents with single-agent systemic activity are also radiation sensitizers, the concomitant administration of both modalities has also been explored. Most studies evaluating single-agent cisplatin had negative results, but concomitant chemoradiotherapy using two drugs was shown to be superior to radiotherapy alone. 4-6 Thus, sequential and concomitant combined-modality strategies were each established to be superior to radiotherapy alone, although their effects might be mediated by different mechanism because concomitant chemoradiotherapy appears to prolong survival mainly by increasing locoregional control, whereas induction chemotherapy improves systemic control. The next generation of randomized trials directly compared induction chemotherapy with concomitant chemoradiotherapy in an effort to determine the most effective approach. Several randomized phase II and III studies have been presented that suggest that the concomitant approach results in a higher median survival of approximately 16 to 17 months, although in-field toxicity, in particular esophagitis, is also increased (grade 3 or 4 in approximately 25%). 7-9
On the electron-muon mass doublet from general relativity

This paper examines a consequence of combining separate aspects of the author’s research program toward the development of a self-consistent field theory of a closed system. These were the separate studies that indicated that: 1) the inertial mass of matter is derivable from an explicit dynamical relation in terms of the geometrical field that describes a closed system in general relativity, and 2) the result of a self-consistent approach to electrodynamics that any region of spacetime must be populated with a countable and finite system of particleantiparticle pairs, each in its ground state of null energy and null momentum. The latter followed from an application of Noether’s theorem in a nonlinear field theory of electrodynamics. In this article, a linearized version of the theory that couples the matter and the metric field equations is studied. It is shown that the inertial mass field for spinor particles, being a 2-dimensional matrix field, has two distinct mass eigenvalues. From a study of the space-time curvature as due to the background gas of particle-antiparticle pairs, whenever the mass of an observed particle might be measured, semi-quantitative arguments are presented which imply that the ratio of these two eigenvalues for the electron mass doublet is the order of 3/2α ≅205 (α being the fine-structure constant)—a number that is quite close to the muon-electron mass ratio. The analysis implies that to be consistent with the magnitude of the electron mass, the specific volume of the background gas of pairs is the order of (10−15 cm)3. It is also noted that a further implication of this background gas of pairs should be the appearance of « electron jets » and the accompanying electromagnetic radiation, in those parts of the Universe where the temperatures of the ordinary mass distribution would reach values compatible with the dissociation energy of these pairs (corresponding toT ∼ 109 ‡K)—this provides a possible explanation for some of the observed characteristics of quasars.
Inter–organizational communication and technology transfer: industry–government–university linkages

Network analysis has been employed by the authors to examine research and development (R&D) technology transfer relationships among industry, government and a university in the field of micro–electronics. The results identified various roles and positions in the network which are important to the transfer of information. The research presented provides an insight that may decrease the time to bring innovations to end–user markets, and shows what other kinds of assistance government and the university can provide to industry in developing new technology.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis Strain UCD-SED8 (Phylum Gammaproteobacteria).

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis UCD-SED8, a marine bacterium normally associated with the production of tetrodotoxin in pufferfish. This strain was isolated from sediment samples surrounding Zostera marina roots collected from Bodega Marine, California. The assembly consists of 4,017,727 bp contained in 35 contigs.
Thermoelectric transport in double-Weyl semimetals

We study the thermoelectric properties of a double-Weyl fermion system, possibly realized in ${\mathrm{HgCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{SrSi}}_{2}$, by a semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. We investigate different relaxation processes including short-range disorder and electron-electron interaction on the thermoelectric transport coefficients. It is found that the anisotropy of the band dispersion for in-plane and out-of-plane momentum directions affects the relaxation time for transport in different directions. The transport also exhibits an interesting directional dependence on the chemical potential and model parameters, differing from a simple isotropic quadratic or linearly dispersing electron gas. By applying a static magnetic field along the linearly dispersing direction, the longitudinal and transverse electrical and thermal magnetoconductivity show a similar dependence on the in-plane cyclotron frequency to the linear dispersing Weyl nodes. By including internode scattering, we find that the chiral anomaly contribution to the thermoelectric coefficients doubles that of a linearly dispersing Weyl node in both the semiclassical and quantum regimes. A magnetic field applied along the quadratically dispersing direction will split the double-Weyl point into two single-Weyl points with the same chirality.
Truman and the Presidency—Records and Oral Recollections

in 1944 about Franklin Roosevelt's choice SPECULATION for the vice-presidential nomination was probably as widespread as was speculation in 1964 before Lyndon Johnson chose Hubert Humphrey. Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri was one of several people considered for the nomination in 1944, and shortly before the Democratic convention of that year he granted an interview to John Gunther, the well-known journalist. Gunther was pleased with the interview and hastily scribbled a note to himself: "Senator Truman on other Senators most valuable do this right away." Unfortunately he didn't "do this right away." Several years later, long after Truman had left the Presidency, he came across this reminder in his notes and tried to recall what Truman had told him. From his memory he could dredge up nothing; he admitted he didn't have "the faintest idea" of what Truman had said.1
Vitamin D status and cardiovascular health: A 2009 update

Vitamin D has long been known to be vital to bone health. More recently, vitamin D has been shown to play a role in the risk of malignancy, infection, autoimmune disease, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) including its associated risk factors of diabetes and hypertension. Within the umbrella of cardiovascular disorders, low vitamin D levels have been specifically linked to increased risk of congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, subclinical vascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality - associations that remain even after traditional risk factors and lifestyle factors are taken into account. However, a direct causal relationship between 25(OH)D deficiency and the risk of CVD has not been completely established. A thorough review of the scientific evidence linking vitamin D deficiency with CVD as well as an explanation of the po- tential biologic mechanisms that may support these associations will be the focus of this review.
Presentation of Benefits and Harms in US Cancer Screening and Prevention Guidelines: Systematic Review.

Background Cancer prevention and screening guidelines are ideally suited to the task of providing high-quality benefit-harm information that informs clinical practice. We systematically examined how US guidelines present benefits and harms for recommended cancer prevention and screening interventions. Methods We included cancer screening and prevention recommendations from: 1) the United States Preventive Services Task Force, 2) the American Cancer Society, 3) the American College of Physicians, 4) the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and 5) other US guidelines within the National Guidelines Clearinghouse. Searches took place November 20, 2013, and January 1, 2014, and updates were reviewed through July 1, 2015. Two coders used an abstraction form to code information about benefits and harms presented anywhere within a guideline document, including appendices. The primary outcome was each recommendation's benefit-harm "comparability" rating, based on how benefits and harms were presented. Recommendations presenting absolute effects for both benefits and harms received a "comparable" rating. Other recommendations received an incomplete rating or an asymmetric rating based on prespecified criteria. Results Fifty-five recommendations for using interventions to prevent or detect breast, prostate, colon, cervical, and lung cancer were identified among 32 guidelines. Thirty point nine percent (n = 17) received a comparable rating, 14.5% (n = 8) received an incomplete rating, and 54.5% (n = 30) received an asymmetric rating. Conclusions Sixty-nine percent of cancer prevention and screening recommendation statements either did not quantify benefits and harms or presented them in an asymmetric manner. Improved presentation of benefits and harms in guidelines would better ensure that clinicians and patients have access to the information required for making informed decisions.
Anxiety Sensitivity Prospectively Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following a Campus Shooting

Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the feared consequences of anxious arousal, is known to be related to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) concurrently and longitudinally. However, no studies have demonstrated whether AS prior to a Criterion A traumatic event predicts later PTSS. The present study evaluated whether preshooting AS predicted PTSS following a campus shooting, as well as whether preshooting AS interacted with shooting exposure to predict PTSS. Participants comprised undergraduates (N=71) who completed a self-report battery upon enrolling in Introductory Psychology. After a campus shooting later in the semester, they were invited to complete measures of PTSS and level of exposure to the shooting. Preshooting levels of AS significantly predicted PTSS after the shooting. This effect was qualified by a significant AS by shooting exposure interaction, such that those with high AS who were exposed to the shooting reported the greatest levels of PTSS. Though all three of the preshooting physical, cognitive, and social AS subfactors demonstrated main effects significantly predicting postshooting PTSS, only AS physical concerns significantly interacted with shooting exposure. The implications of this study concerning AS as a causal risk factor for PTSD are discussed.
Recent Evidence on Pension Coverage and Sponsorship, by Employer Size and Industry

This article examines pension participation of working household heads using the Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). First, the percentage of working household heads that work for an employer who offers a plan and the percentage that actually participate is estimated across employer size and industry. Heads who work for larger employers are found to be more likely to participate in a pension plan, although the percentage participating decreased for the largest employers from 1992 to 1998. In contrast, participation of employees of small employers increased from 1992 to 1998. Secondly, pension plan type - defined benefit and defined contribution - participation is investigated across employer size and industry. A tremendous shift from 1992 to 1998 in heads having only a defined contribution pension plan was found. This result was consistent for employees across all employer sizes and industries. The PDF for the above title, published in the August 2000 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the full text of another August 2000 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "The Economic Costs of the Uninsured."
A resilience-based prioritization scheme for water main rehabilitation

Water supply infrastructure in the United States is one lifeline system that is in dire need of huge financial investments to counter pipeline deterioration while keeping up with increasing demands and reliability goals. With decreasing financial resources available to state and local governments, effective decision-making tools for pipeline prioritization are becoming an increasingly integral part of the water utility industry. A majority of existing prioritization frameworks are merely based on the likelihood of the failure of pipelines and the resulting consequences, with little consideration given to the utility's response time to a water pipeline failure. This paper presents a novel resilience-based framework for effective prioritization of water distribution pipelines. The novelty lies in estimating the utility's response time to a pipeline failure. The proposed framework is demonstrated on a section of a real water distribution network in a coastal city of the United States. The pipeline priority results obtained are also compared with those from a more traditional risk-based prioritization scheme, and a reasonably significant difference has been observed. While availability of quality data is a challenge, this study brings to attention the importance of response time to water pipeline failures and demonstrates the merits of incorporating it in a prioritization scheme.
Site Structure and Activity Organization at a Late Paleoindian Base Camp in Western Nebraska

Paleoindian archaeology on the Great Plains is often characterized by the investigation of large mammal kill/butchery bonebeds with relatively high archaeological visibility. Extensively documented aspects of Paleoindian behavioral variability include the form and composition of weaponry systems, hunting strategies, carcass exploitation, and hunter mobility. Non-hunting oriented aspects of settlement and subsistence behavior are less documented. Information from Component 2 at the O.V. Clary site, in Ash Hollow, western Nebraska, lessens this imbalance of knowledge. It provides a fine-grained, spatially extensive record of Late Paleoindian (Allen Complex) activities at a winter base camp occupied for 5-7 months. This paper highlights elements of site structure and activity organization, emphasizing domestic behaviors including hearth use, site maintenance, and hide working. ArcGIS 9.3.1 (ESRI) and GeoDa 0.9.5-1 (Anselin 2003; Anselin et al. 2006) are employed in conjunction with middle-range observations and expectations to document and interpret spatial patterning in the distribution of over 57,000 artifacts, ecofacts, and red ochre nodules. More broadly, results are related to two models of Paleoindian residential mobility: the place-oriented model and the high-tech forager model. Rather than mutually exclusive scenarios, Component 2 indicates that these models reflect complementary structural poses within the overall behavioral system.
Effects of Cold Temperature and Ethanol Content on VOC Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

Emissions of speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including mobile source air toxics (MSATs), were measured in vehicle exhaust from three light-duty spark ignition vehicles operating on summer and winter grade gasoline (E0) and ethanol blended (E10 and E85) fuels. Vehicle testing was conducted using a three-phase LA92 driving cycle in a temperature-controlled chassis dynamometer at two ambient temperatures (-7 and 24 °C). The cold start driving phase and cold ambient temperature increased VOC and MSAT emissions up to several orders of magnitude compared to emissions during other vehicle operation phases and warm ambient temperature testing, respectively. As a result, calculated ozone formation potentials (OFPs) were 7 to 21 times greater for the cold starts during cold temperature tests than comparable warm temperature tests. The use of E85 fuel generally led to substantial reductions in hydrocarbons and increases in oxygenates such as ethanol and acetaldehyde compared to E0 and E10 fuels. However, at the same ambient temperature, the VOC emissions from the E0 and E10 fuels and OFPs from all fuels were not significantly different. Cold temperature effects on cold start MSAT emissions varied by individual MSAT compound, but were consistent over a range of modern spark ignition vehicles.
The significance of failure to isolate infectious viruses in cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

The recent isolation of a measles-like infectious virus from patients with SSPE has focused attention on this virus as a possible etiologic agent of this disease. Our studies of brain cell cultures from six SSPE patients revealed that each culture bore some evidence of the viral presence,i.e., morphological changes associated with a paramyxovirus, the presence of a measles-like antigen in immunofluorescence tests, and structures resembling viral nucleocapsids, as seen by the electron microscope. Yet none of these cultures, upon repeated attempts at fusion with susceptible indicator cells, yielded an infectious virus. We conclude that a complete paramyxovirus is not required for the pathogenesis of SSPE, but that its syncytiogenic effect—an early viral function—is. The effect, coupled with the presence of a second virus, may be the basis of the etiology of this disease.
Investigation and Suggestion on Corrosion of Transmission Tower in Guangxi

Based on the corrosion assessment of atmospheric environment and the corrosion protection investigation of transmission tower in Guangxi,corrosion protection problems of transmission tower in Guangxi are analyzed.Countermeasures are proposed.It is suggested that differentiation protection should be used in steel tower corrosion,the quality defect sampling system of zinc coating of steel tower component should be established,and the technology specification of anti-corrosion for transmission tower should be developed.
Maneuverability study of 2TPT-PTT parallel manipulator

This paper presents a novel 2TPT-PTT 3-dof in parallel manipulator. Gives out the kinematics equation inverse/forward solution and Jacobin matrix. Analysis the capability of parallel manipulator by the maneuverability. The characters of parallel manipulator are kinematics inverse/forward simple and no singularity and capable stable.
Recent advances in KrF systems technology

In the last several years, experiments have shown that short-wavelength lasers are likely to be quite effective as ICF drivers because, in part, of the nearly total absorption of the incident light energy and the much reduced production of energetic electrons. Hence there is much current interest in the development of short-wavelength high-power lasers possessing potentially high efficiency, low cost, and performance and cost scalability to very high energies. Excimer lasers appear to offer these features.
A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes: From Alaska to California, by Val Kells, Luiz A. Rocha and Larry G. Allen

A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes: From Alaska to California is a welcome addition to the existing guides to fishes in this region. The sheer number of species included in this compact volume is incr...
Role of Risk, Self-Efficacy and Innovativeness on Behavioral Intentions for Mobile Payment Systems in the Restaurant Industry

ABSTRACTNear Field Communication (NFC) is gaining popularity in the hospitality industry, with NFC based mobile payment (MP) systems appearing to be the most promising application. This study provides a theoretical elaboration on the dimensions of perceived risks, and incorporates consumer self-efficacy and innovativeness as key predictors of behavioral intentions. Data analysis consisted of model validation through confirmatory factor analysis and testing the hypotheses with structural equation modeling. A consumers’ level of innovativeness and self-efficacy are found to predict intention to use. The dimensions of risk are found to be significant and mediate the innovativeness-intention to use relationship.
Spinal Cord Strokes

Spinal cord strokes are a rare but important differential consideration in central nervous system vascular disease. As in the brain, spinal cord strokes can be divided into two large groups—ischemic and hemorrhagic. They account for about 1% of all strokes and about 5–8% of acute myelopathies.
Motor Skill Development and Neural Networks for Position Code Invariance under Speed and Compliance Rescaling

This chapter presents two neural network modules capable of providing a secure foundation for safe self-organization of readily generalized movement skills. Called VITE and FLETE, these networks ensure position-code invariance under speed and compliance rescaling, respectively. This invariance property enables use of a simple strategy for skill development: For safety, we begin skill learning while performing at relatively low speed with relatively low limb compliance. Once learning guided by error feedback has reduced positioning errors, we increase speed and compliance. The invariance properties ensure that the shift to new values of the speed and compliance control signals will not require relearning. Both neural network models and the developmental strategy are compatible with, and help organize, large bodies of existing data. The FLETE network constitutes a comprehensive new model of the mammalian spino-muscular system.
Women’s Triple Burden

Based on the life stories of the women and men of the revolutionary cohort, this chapter shows the limitations of state socialism for women’s liberation, but not merely from the perspective of gender inequality, as many feminists see it. Rather, it does so from the vantage point of a three-way interaction between the state, families, and women, and shows the triple burden borne by women in fulfilling their national and family obligations: serving the nation, helping support the family, and continuing to shoulder the lioness’s share of routine domestic responsibilities. Finally, it finds that collective gains for Chinese society are the principal compensation for the sacrifices made by urban women and men.
Management of Hydrocephalus with IC Pressure Monitor

Thirteen premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus were treated by repeated aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid using a subcutaneous ventricular catheter reservoir at the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
Wasp and Bee Trace Fossils

Fictovichnus sciuttoi and Fictovichnus aragon, and unnamed trace fossils interpreted as fossil wasp cocoons, are described and illustrated, including the type material. The history of structures confused with cocoons or being cocoons described as something else is briefly reviewed. F. sciuttoi has been recorded as a component of a food web related to a dinosaur egg and other vertebrate remains. The ichnogenera attributed to bees: Celliforma, Palmiraichnus, Corimbatichnus, Rosellichnus, Uruguay, Elipsoideichnus and Cellicalichnus, and their ichnospecies are reviewed. Celliforma is represented by internal molds of chambers having one end rounded and the other either truncated or capped by a flat or conical closure in some cases showing a spiral design. It is interpreted as fossil bee cells, and includes C. spirifer, C. germanica, C. rosellii, and C. curvata. Palmiraichnus castellanosi, P. septata and P. bedfordi are fossil bee cells that show discrete walls and antechambers. They are attributed to Andrenidae and Stenotritidae. Corimbatichnus fernandezi is a cluster of excavated cells, densely packed and arranged in rows that open in a convex surface of the cluster. It is attributed to Augochlorini (Halictidae). Rosellichnus patagonicus and R. arabicus are clusters of cells showing discrete walls and arranged in rows. The cell entrances are in the same flat surface. Uruguay auroranormae and U. rivasi are clusters of cells showing discrete walls and antechambers. Cell entrances open in a concave surface of the cluster. They are interpreted as constructed by Oxaeinae, since individual cells are identical to Palmiraichnus castellanosi. Elipsoideichnus meyeri is an outstanding trace fossil known from a few partial specimens composed of a helical tunnel that shows in each whorl two opposed cell. The spiral closure of cells indicates its bee origin, although no extant bee construct such structure. Cellicalichnus dakotensis, C. chubutensis, C. ficoides, and C. habari are represented by whorls of sessile cells attached to a main tunnel, and consequently interpreted as nests of Halictini (Halictidae). Cretaceous specimens are one of the oldest evidence of bees. Color plates of type material, morphological details and representative cases are provided.
Role of Lifestyle and Diet in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Successful weight reduction through lifestyle modification has been shown to improve menstrual regulation and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS. The optimal diet for an individual with PCOS must not only encompass the short-term goals of weight management and fertility but also must take into account the long-term risk factors associated with this population, such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and heart disease. While numerous studies have assessed the relevance of individual macronutrients and diets restricted in one food group or another, long-term data providing conclusive evidence of superiority of one specific type of diet over the other in women with PCOS are lacking. Overall, the balance of existing evidence supports a diet moderate in carbohydrates, high in fiber, and moderate with respect to poly- and monounsaturated fats, with an emphasis on lean sources of protein, as conducive to overall improved health parameters in women with PCOS. Incorporation of regular exercise in daily routines has also demonstrated positive impact on the clinical picture of PCOS. Therefore, management must include lifestyle strategies such as diet and exercise, aimed at optimizing weight and improving insulin sensitivity, to target the spectrum of PCOS-related health concerns.