cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Epidemiology of Candida

In an interesting report analyzing isolates from Japan by our PCR method ([2][1]), Tamura et al. ([9][2]) state that “Mercure et al. ([4][3]) reported that Candida albicans produced a well-characterized Eco RI restriction fragment polymorphism pattern whose bands … the dimorphic (3.7- and 4.2-
16S Ribosomal RNA Methylation: Emerging Resistance Mechanism against Aminoglycosides

Methylation of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has recently emerged as a new mechanism of resistance against aminoglycosides among gram-negative pathogens belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and glucose-nonfermentative microbes, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. This event is mediated by a newly recognized group of 16S rRNA methylases, which share modest similarity to those produced by aminoglycoside-producing actinomycetes. Their presence confers a high level of resistance to all parenterally administered aminoglycosides that are currently in clinical use. The responsible genes are mostly located on transposons within transferable plasmids, which provides them with the potential to spread horizontally and may in part explain the already worldwide distribution of this novel resistance mechanism. Some of these organisms have been found to coproduce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases or metallo-beta-lactamases, contributing to their multidrug-resistant phenotypes. A 2-tiered approach, consisting of disk diffusion tests followed by confirmation with polymerase chain reaction, is recommended for detection of 16S rRNA methylase-mediated resistance.
Surgical considerations for breast-conserving therapy in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer

According to the National Cancer Comprehensive Network guidelines patients with breast tumours ≤1 cm should be offered systemic therapy. Multiple studies, however, have demonstrated no survival advantage between giving chemotherapy before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery. There are, however, certain benefits that can be derived from patients who undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Such benefits include better stratification of the patient's prognosis based on tumour and nodal response, and converting patients from mastectomy-only candidates to breast-conserving surgery candidates. Due to these advantages, many patients with early-stage breast cancer will undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the surgical issues must be considered for patients who are treated in such a manner to guarantee optimal outcomes. Issues that will be discussed are the surgical preoperative evaluation, extent and timing of local resection of both the breast and regional nodes and finally, the potential future effects of this multi-modality therapy.
Choice and Value Flexibility Jointly Contribute to the Capacity of a Subsampled Quadratic Classifier

Biophysical modeling studies have suggested that neurons with active dendrites can be viewed as linear units augmented by product terms that arise from interactions between synaptic inputs within the same dendritic subregions. However, the degree to which local nonlinear synaptic interactions could augment the memory capacity of a neuron is not known in a quantitative sense. To approach this question, we have studied the family of subsampled quadratic classifiers: linear classifiers augmented by the best k terms from the set of K = (d2 + d)/2 second-order product terms available in d dimensions. We developed an expression for the total parameter entropy, whose form shows that the capacity of an SQ classifier does not reside solely in its conventional weight values - the explicit memory used to store constant, linear, and higher-order coefficients. Rather, we identify a second type of parameter flexibility that jointly contributes to an SQ classifier's capacity: the choice as to which product terms are included in the model and which are not. We validate the form of the entropy expression using empirical studies of relative capacity within families of geometrically isomorphic SQ classifiers. Our results have direct implications for neurobiological (and other hardware) learning systems, where in the limit of high-dimensional input spaces and low-resolution synaptic weight values, this relatively little explored form of choice flexibility could constitute a major source of trainable model capacity.
How Tough are Better Business Bureau/Wise Giving Alliance Financial Standards?

The use of financial efficiency ratios to judge charities' performance is controversial. The authors investigate the stringency of one widely used set of standards by examining reported 2001 data f...
Mortgage Choice: What's the Point?

This article shows that, in the presence of transaction costs payable by borrowers on refinancing, it is possible to construct a separating equilibrium in which borrowers with differing mobility select fixed rate mortgages (FRMs) with different combinations of coupon rate and points. We also show that, in the absence of such costs, no such equilibrium is possible. This provides a possible explanation for the large menus of FRMs typically encountered by potential borrowers, and suggests that the menu available at the time of origination should be an important predictor of future prepayment. We numerically implement the model, developing the first contingent claims mortgage valuation algorithm that can quantify the effect of self-selection on real contracts in a realistic interest rate setting. The algorithm allows investors to account for self-selection when valuing mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. It also, for the first time, allows lenders to determine the optimal points/coupon rate schedule to offer to a specified set of potential borrowers, given the current level of interest rates.
¿Así en la tele como en la casa? Patronas y empleadas en la década del sesenta en Argentina

A mediados del siglo XX, Dona Petrona C. de Gandulfo se convirtio en la experta en la cocina mas famosa de Argentina. Su popularidad alcanzo nuevos picos cuando las clases de cocina junto a su asistente Juanita comenzaron a emitirse por television. Este articulo analiza el modelo de trabajo domestico encarnado por las dos mujeres, comparandolo con el de otras amas de casa argentinas y sus empleadas domesticas en la decada de 1960. Haciendo un amplio uso de documentos que incluyen historias orales, programas televisivos, revistas y archivos legales y gubernamentales, la investigacion revela que la interaccion publica de Dona Petrona y Juanita Bordoy era fascinante y a su vez blanco de criticas, ya que permitia a otras mujeres observar una tipica relacion domestica privada durante un periodo en el cual la relacion de muchas mujeres con la domesticidad y el trabajo pago estaba en plena transformacion. Asi, se propone que, para comprender las tensiones en torno a estos cambios, debemos cambiar nuestro marco de analisis y terminologia. Mientras que los estudiosos de America Latina tienden a retratar las relaciones laborales domesticas como paternalistas, los vinculos de poder y afecto entre Dona Petrona y Juanita Bordoy –y muchas otras duplas domesticas– permiten afirmar que eran (y continuan siendo) mas maternalistas en su esencia.
Venipuncture-Induced Nerve Injury

(2005). Venipuncture-Induced Nerve Injury. Journal of Neuropathic Pain & Symptom Palliation: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 109-114.
Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol in coastal areas: Role of the sea‐salt aerosol organic layer

[1] In recent models the formation of secondary organic aerosol has been described by absorption of semivolatile oxidation products to an organic aerosol mixture and/or dissolution into an aerosol aqueous phase. In coastal areas, freshly formed sea-salt aerosol absorbs secondary semivolatile organic oxidation products into its surface organic layer, which consequently allows for the partitioning of the secondary organics to the sea-salt aerosol brine core. This process is modeled in the present study. Equilibrium between the gas phase and a continental primary organic aerosol phase, a sea-salt organic layer, and a continental aqueous aerosol is maintained, as is equilibrium between the organic layer and the brine core. Within aqueous phases, dissociation of acidic species is considered, and charge balance determines pH. Six semivolatile organic oxidation products that have been observed as secondary organic aerosol constituents, eight primary organic aerosol constituents representative of urban aerosols, five sea-salt organic layer species, and four organic components of the brine core are described molecularly. Numerical iteration techniques are used to solve the relevant nonlinear governing equations for the concentrations of each product in each aerosol phase and the gas phase, as well as for the pH of the relevant aqueous phases. Variables of interest include ambient temperature and species concentrations. Results indicate that the aqueous aerosols and the sea-salt aerosol brine core are the most efficient media for absorption under the conditions described, that organic layers enhance the partitioning to the brine core, and that secondary organic acids contribute to the acidification of the sea-salt aerosol brine core.
Electron transfer based voltage tunable two-color quantum-well infrared photodetectors

We present a detailed investigation of the temperature T dependence of photoresponse of voltage tunable two-color quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) that are based on the transfer of electrons between coupled QWs under an applied bias Vb. For T 6 40 K, the peak detection wavelength switches from 7.2 lm under positive bias to 8.6 lm under large negative bias as electrons are transferred from the right QW (RQW) to the left QW (LQW). For T P 50 K, the short wavelength peak is not only present for both bias polarities but also increases rapidly with T while the long wavelength peak decreases rapidly with T . We investigate this temperature dependence by extracting absorption coefficient a and photoconductive gain g using corrugated QWIPs with different corrugation periods. The deduced absorption spectra indicate that the LQW population first increases and then decreases with increasing negative bias for T P 50 K. The deduced gain spectra show that short and long wavelength gain under negative bias exhibit a strong enhancement and reduction, respectively, with T above 50 K. We show that both these temperature dependences are caused by large thermal currents from the LQWs, which are designed for long wavelength detection and, therefore, have a significantly lower activation energy than the RQWs.
Polarized Signaling Endosomes Coordinate BDNF-Induced Chemotaxis of Cerebellar Precursors

During development, neural precursors migrate in response to positional cues such as growth factor gradients. However, the mechanisms that enable precursors to sense and respond to such gradients are poorly understood. Here we show that cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) migrate along a gradient of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and we demonstrate that vesicle trafficking is critical for this chemotactic process. Activation of TrkB, the BDNF receptor, stimulates GCPs to secrete BDNF, thereby amplifying the ambient gradient. The BDNF gradient stimulates endocytosis of TrkB and associated signaling molecules, causing asymmetric accumulation of signaling endosomes at the subcellular location where BDNF concentration is maximal. Thus, regulated BDNF exocytosis and TrkB endocytosis enable precursors to polarize and migrate in a directed fashion along a shallow BDNF gradient.
A chitosan-modified graphene nanogel for noninvasive controlled drug release

Abstract A near infrared (NIR) triggered drug delivery platform based on the chitosan-modified chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) incorporated into a thermosensitive nanogel (CGN) was developed. CGN exhibited an NIR-induced thermal effect similar to that of CRGO, reversible thermo-responsive characteristics at 37-42 °C and high doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) loading capacity (48 wt%). The DOX loaded CGN (DOX-CGN) released DOX faster at 42 °C than at 37 °C. The fluorescence images revealed DOX expression in the cytoplasm of cancer cells when incubated with DOX-CGN at 37 °C but in the nucleus at 42 °C. Upon irradiation with NIR light (808 nm), a rapid, repetitive DOX release from the DOX-CGN was observed. Furthermore, the cancer cells incubated with DOX-CGN and irradiated with NIR light displayed significantly greater cytotoxicity than without irradiation owing to NIR-triggered increase in temperature leading to nuclear DOX release. These results demonstrate CGN's promising application for on-demand drug release by NIR light. From the Clinical Editor These investigators report the successful development of a novel near infrared triggered drug delivery platform based on chitosan-modified chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) incorporated into a thermosensitive nanogel (CGN).
U.S. News and World Report Ranking Methodology: The Devil is in the Detail

This publication outlines the methodological variations in U.S. News and World Report’s annual law school rankings between 1990 and 2010. A law school’s ranking is based upon its overall score on a number of weighted attributes. When comparing school rankings over time, it is therefore useful to understand how the methodology differs from year to year. Not only have the definitions for many of these attributes changed over the years, but also their weight value in the overall scores. This report provides a table of the weight assigned to each attribute each year; a list of each attribute and the changes made to it each year; and a list of all methodology changes in each year. This study was originally published as an appendix to the July 15, 2010 Report of the ABA Special Committee on the U.S. News and World Report Rankings, Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar. After the report was published, Brian Leiter noted that the chart does not indicate that in 1999 instructional expenditures were adjusted for differences in cost‐of‐living and "faculty resources rank" ceased to be listed. Seehttp://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leiter/2010/08/aba‐report‐on‐us‐news‐rankings.html. An updated chart with these changes will be posted at a later date.
Growth Strategy of a Firm via Mergers in Complementary Markets

This paper examines the merger decision of a firm in a complementary market setting. There are two downstream firms which produce a base product and two downstream firms which produce side products that support a base product. The downstream firms commits to a compatibility contract with a complementary upstream firm. After the compatibility contracts are determined, the upstream firms must decide on a firm specific R\&D investment to supply a variety of side products for their complementary downstream firms. I map each different market schemes, which are characterized by the upstream firms' production efficiencies, to a merger type. I identify the conditions under which firms undergo vertical integration or a horizontal merger. Although an integrated firm invests less for its downstream competitor, the independent downstream firm might agree to a compatibility contract with the integrated firm in order to reduce the downstream competition effect when the integrated firm is efficient enough. As a result, the integrated firm acquires the business of its downstream competitor and underinvestment occurs in the market. The analysis shows that the likelihood of vertical integration increases as upstream firms' efficiency gap increases. However, the likelihood of vertical integration may or may not increase with the degree of downstream competition in the market. Unlike the predictions of two-firm models, vertical integration can be unprofitable because of the enclosure costs. This result can explain why any firm would not initiate a merger or an acquisition in a complementary market setting.
PI3K/AKT Pathway Is Activated By MYD88 L265P and Use Of PI3K-Delta Inhibitors Induces Robust Tumor Cell Killing In Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia

Background MYD88 L265P is a somatic mutation present in >90% of Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM) patients. The downstream signaling pathways that promote malignant cell growth and survival remain to be fully clarified but include IRAK 1/4 and BTK (Treon et al, NEJM 2012; Yang et al, Blood 2013). Methods To further clarify the downstream signaling associated with MYD88 L265P in WM cells, we employed Phospho Explorer Antibody Arrays in MYD88 L265P expressing BCWM.1 and MCWL-1 WM cells following lentiviral mediated knockdown of MYD88, or over-expression of MYD88 wild type or L265P; or the use of MYD88 homodimerization inhibitor that block MYD88 signaling. Arrays were scanned by Axon GenePix Microarray Scanner and data analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Western blot analysis was performed using total and phospho-specific antibodies in WM cells. CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent cell viability assay (Promega) was used to assess cell survival following treatment with the PI3K-delta inhibitors, CAL101 and PIK-294 (Selleck Chemicals). Results Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for B-Cell Receptor, PI3K/AKT, LPS-stimulated MAPK and ERK/MAPK signaling following MYD88 modulation in both BCWM.1 and MWCL-1 WM cells. Signal proteins that demonstrated the greatest changes in phosphorylation following MYD88 modulation are shown in [Table 1][1]. Western blot analysis confirmed the activation of ATK as downstream of PI3K in WM cells. Use of a MYD88 inhibitor significantly decreased phosphorylation of ATK-pS473 and AKT-pY308 in both BCWM.1 and MCWL-1 WM cells. Cell viability analysis demonstrated robust tumor cell killing (EC50 30-50nM) in BCWM.1 and MWCL-1 WM cells following treatment with both PI3K-delta inhibitors (CAL-101 and PIK-294). View this table: Table 1. Conclusion In addition to activation of NF-kB through IRAK and BTK signaling, MYD88 L265P promotes survival of WM cells by activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Inhibition of PI3K-delta is associated with robust killing of WM cells. These studies provide the framework for the investigation of PI3K-delta inhibitors in WM. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #T1
Writing and Editing for Lawyers

A Continuing Legal Education (CLE) workshop presented at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1984.
A Comparison of Factors Affecting Researcher and Manager Perceptions of Market Research Use

Although much study has examined how and why consumers use information in making product choices, little work has been done on the use of market research information in product/service policy decis...
Dynamic Analysis on Human Resource Configuration of Disease Control and Prevention Institution in Changsha During the Period of 2004～2008

Objective To know the situation about dynamic configuration of human resources of disease control and prevention agencies in Changsha from 2004 to 2008,and to provide a basis for the related departments to draw up staffing program and sustainable development planning for CDC. Methods The self-designed questionnaires were used to investigate 10 CDCs in the city.The contents of the questionnaires included dynamic data of the number of personnel,academic structure,professional structure,professional title structure,and other aspects of the situation during the period of 2004～2008. Results The total number of staff members of CDC institutions increased by 9.78% in five years.The number of postgraduates increased by 15 and that of graduates increased by 90 during the five years.The number of staff members with educational background of junior college or technical secondary school decreased by 74 during the five years.The proportion of preventive medicine professionals was the highest,while the proportion of other relevant professionals was significantly decreased by 2008.As compared with the national standards,the proportion of sub-senior and senior professional title holders was lower,while the proportion of junior professional title holders was higher. Conclusions With the personnel limitation of all levels of CDCs in Changsha,the situation of professional shortage does not significantly improved.Although the professional structure,educational background structure,and professional title structure of the professionals in CDCs of Changsha are optimized during the five years,but they still do not meet the national standards.The results suggest that the relevant departments should further standardize and fulfill the staffing of CDCs,strictly implement personnel admittance system,deepen the reform of personnel system,and rationally allocate human resources.
Shock Thermomechanical Processing of Superalloys

Nickel-base superalloys have become the primary material used in gas turbine engines for blades, brackets, disks, and other components. Most of the effort on nickel base materials has been to extend their high-temperature capabilities to increase the efficiency of the engine. As such, the mechanical properties of high-temperature alloys are influenced by variations in the metallurgical history of the materials. Varying heat treatments, casting techniques, powder metallurgy production and consolidation processes, and mechanical working and machining are all factors that influence the resulting mechanical properties. As a result, a continuing effort is being made to relate the factors involved from the initial chemistry through the processing steps to the final product to produce a product with improved high-temperature properties for gas turbine engines. At times there are conflicts between the various processes that result in a compromise situation.
The Implications of Europe 1992 on U.S. Companies: An Empirical Study of New York Manufacturers

This study was conducted to find out the perceptions of New York exporters on developments related to EC 1992 and how those changes might affect their marketing strategies. Although a large number of respondents felt that the EC market was very important for the future of their firms, they were concerned about potential tariff and non-tariff barriers. Close to half of the firms studied were in the process of preparing for the post-1992 period. Expanding agent/distributor network was found to be the most preferred method of penetrating the EC market and/or increasing market shares there. The executives in the sample were a great deal more optimistic about the issues related to NAFTA. Many felt that NAFTA will make their firms more competitive both at home and in overseas markets including the European Community.
Full characterizations of minimax inequality, fixed point theorem, saddle point theorem, and KKM principle in arbitrary topological spaces

This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for some important problems from optimization and non-linear analysis by replacing two typical conditions—continuity and quasiconcavity with a unique condition, weakening topological vector spaces to arbitrary topological spaces that may be discrete, continuum, non-compact or non-convex. We establish a single condition, $$\gamma $$ -recursive transfer lower semicontinuity, which fully characterizes the existence of $$\gamma $$ -equilibrium of minimax inequality without imposing any restrictions on topological space. The result is then used to provide full characterizations of fixed point theorem, saddle point theorem, and KKM principle.
Numerical and experimental electro-thermal characterization of log-periodic antennas

Thermal domain characterization of a printed log-periodic (LP) antenna is presented. Novel wide-boom geometry is proposed to reduce coupling loss to dipole elements without compromising turn-on frequency. Electro-thermal multiphysics simulation shows that wide-boom improves thermal performance alongside impedance match and gain. Temperature map of the antenna is also measured and experiments verify the multiphysics analysis.
Satir's Communication Stances and Pursue–Withdraw Cycles: An Enhanced Emotionally Focused Therapy Framework of Couple Interaction

Couple interactions have long been conceptualized in terms of pursue and withdraw. Emotionally focused therapy is an approach that is largely based on this conceptualization of couple interaction. ...
A Comparison of the Detection of Sentinel Lymph Nodes Using Indocyanine Green and Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Versus Blue Dye During Robotic Surgery in Uterine Cancer.

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess and compare the sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection rate with indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared fluorescence imaging versus blue dye using the robotic platform in patients with uterine cancer. Methods We identified all patients with uterine cancer undergoing SLN mapping using ICG or blue dye on the robotic platform from January 2011 to December 2013. Our institutional SLN algorithm and pathologic processing protocol were adhered to uniformly. We compared detection rates of SLNs stratified by dye used. Appropriate statistical tests were used. Results A total of 472 patients were identified. ICG was used in 312 patients (66%) and blue dye in 160 patients (34%). Successful mapping was achieved in 425 (90%) of 472 patients. Mapping was bilateral in 352 patients (75%) and unilateral in 73 patients (15%); 47 patients (10%) did not map. Successful mapping was achieved in 295 (95%) of 312 patients using ICG compared with 130 (81%) of 160 patients using blue dye (P Conclusions The SLN detection rate was superior when mapping with ICG rather than blue dye. Bilateral mapping was significantly improved, resulting in a lower rate of additional lymphadenectomy.
Distribution and frequency of wildfire in California riparian ecosystems

Although wildfire has been recognized as having important ecological impacts on California's riparian environments, understanding of its occurrence is largely anecdotal, based on studies of fire impacts in scattered locations. In this paper we use data for 21 years of wildfires to examine the distribution, seasonality and climatic context of riparian wildfire across the state. We used the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity and LANDFIRE databases to identify fires that had burned in areas classified as having riparian vegetation, and matched those fires with the Fire and Resource Assessment Program database to determine the date of occurrence of each. From 1990 through 2010, an average of 1197 ha of riparian vegetation burned per year, which extrapolates to a fire return interval of 843 years. The statewide totals are misleading, however, because there is substantial geographic variance in the occurrence of riparian fire. In southern California ecoregions, extrapolated return intervals are as low as 74 years, contrasting with the Basin and Range ecoregions, where return intervals exceed 1000 years. Moreover, there is substantial geographic variation in the season of riparian fire, and in the relationship between fire occurrence and climatic variables. Both the widespread occurrence of riparian fire and its spatial variability are potentially important for management of critical riparian habitat.
Does Temperament Underlie Infant Novel Food Responses?: Continuity of Approach-Withdrawal From 6 to 18 Months.

This study investigated whether temperamental approach–withdrawal underlies infants' responses to novel foods. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of mother–infant dyads (n = 136). Approach–withdrawal responses to novel foods and novel toys were coded when infants were 6 and 12 months of age. When infants were 18 months of age, approach–withdrawal behaviors, positive affect, and negative affect were used in a latent profile analysis to identify groups of toddlers who exhibited similar responses to novelty. As predicted, novel food and novel toy responses were concurrently associated at 12 months and followed a similar developmental pattern across the 1st year. Furthermore, novel food acceptance at 12 months of age, but not 6 months, predicted greater toddler approach.
Creating and Developing a Sustainable Resort Development in a World Heritage Site: A Case Study of Cusco, Peru

This is a perception study of the impact that sustainable resort development has, and will have, on the resident population of the Cusco region of Peru. The increase in development in the area is a result of the city’s recent designation as a World Heritage Site and the resulting impact on the income, quality of life and environment of residents of Cusco and the surrounding has been assessed. Participant stakeholders responded to questions concerning how the development and launch of sustainable resorts in the Cusco region will affect their community. The research reflects the varying concerns and perceptions of each sector interviewed. Despite the differences in social and financial status, residents seem united in their overall concerns about how the new designation and resulting development will affect the local environment.
Pediatric Tumefactive Demyelination

In children presenting with neurological deficits associated with large parenchymal lesions on imaging, brain tumors and cerebral abscess are typically considered in the differential diagnosis. However, it is important to also consider tumefactive demyelinating lesions, which can be challenging to diagnose. Clinical and radiographic features may help to avoid a brain biopsy. This chapter presents a case of a 14-year-old boy with cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities who had large multifocal supratentorial lesions. The case reviews distinguishing signs, symptoms, and ancillary diagnostic tests that can help to distinguish between the potential etiologies.
Optimal number and location of storage hubs and biogas production reactors in farmlands with allocation of multiple feedstocks

Abstract This paper focuses on the problem for designing a logistics system for bio-methane gas (BMG) production. In practice, farm residues such as crop residue, wood residue, and livestock manure are used in reactors as reactants to generate BMG. A multi-residue, multi-hub, multi-reactor location-allocation model is developed to design the logistics of BMG production system. Both the hubs’ and reactors’ locations, and the residue's distribution plan are investigated to minimize the total construction and logistical cost. The costs of construction, transportation, feedstocks and labor are taken into consideration to reflect the lifecycle cost of the entire undertaking. In this paper, a mixed-integer nonlinear problem is proposed to simulate a BMG production supply chain. In addition to the optimal solution methods, a search-based heuristic was also proposed to determine the locations of hubs and reactors for large instances and along with a proper allocation of residues that are transported from the farms to the hubs to the reactors. Several numerical examples are tested to evaluate the performance of the heuristic as well.
Non-randomness of the anatomical distribution of tumors.

Why does a tumor start where it does within an organ? Location is traditionally viewed as a random event, yet the statistics of the location of tumors argues against this being a random occurrence. There are numerous examples including that of breast cancer. More than half of invasive breast cancer tumors start in the upper outer quadrant of the breast near the armpit, even though it is estimated that only 35 to 40% of breast tissue is in this quadrant. This suggests that there is an unknown microenvironmental factor that significantly increases the risk of cancer in a spatial manner and that is not solely due to genes or toxins. We hypothesize that tumors are more prone to form in healthy tissue at microvascular ‘hot spots’ where there is a high local concentration of microvessels providing an increased blood flow that ensures an ample supply of oxygen, nutrients, and receptors for growth factors that promote the generation of new blood vessels. To show the plausibility of our hypothesis, we calculated the fractional probability that there is at least one microvascular hot spot in each region of the breast assuming a Poisson distribution of microvessels in two-dimensional cross sections of breast tissue. We modulated the microvessel density in various regions of the breast according to the total hemoglobin concentration measured by near infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy in different regions of the breast. Defining a hot spot to be a circle of radius 200 μm with at least 5 microvessels, and using a previously measured mean microvessel density of 1 microvessel/mm2, we find good agreement of the fractional probability of at least one hot spot in different regions of the breast with the observed invasive tumor occurrence. However, there is no reason to believe that the microvascular distribution obeys a Poisson distribution. The spatial location of a tumor in an organ is not entirely random, indicating an unknown risk factor. Much work needs to be done to understand why a tumor occurs where it does.
Co-Enzyme Q10 and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Reverse Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Growth Restriction and Improved Antioxidant Profiles in Neonatal Rats

Neonatal intermittent hypoxia (IH) increases the risk for many morbidities in extremely low birth weight/gestational age (ELBW/ELGA) neonates with compromised antioxidant systems and poor growth. We hypothesized that supplementation with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubiquinol) or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during neonatal IH improves antioxidant profiles and somatic growth in neonatal rats. Newborn rats were exposed to two IH paradigms at birth (P0): (1) 50% O₂ with brief hypoxic episodes (12% O₂); or (2) room air (RA) with brief hypoxia, until P14 during which they received daily oral CoQ10 in olive oil, n-3 PUFAs in fish oil, or olive oil only from P0 to P14. Pups were studied at P14 or placed in RA until P21 for recovery from IH (IHR). Body weight and length; organ weights; and serum antioxidants and growth factors were determined at P14 and P21. Neonatal IH resulted in sustained reductions in somatic growth, an effect that was reversed with n-3 PUFAs. Improved growth was associated with higher serum growth factors. CoQ10 decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione, but increased catalase, suggesting reduced oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to determine the synergistic effects of CoQ10 and n-3 PUFA co-administration for the prevention of IH-induced oxidative stress and postnatal growth deficits.
Viscosity-Based Complex Modulus and Phase-Angle Predictive Models for the Superpave Asphalt Mixtures of New Mexico

AbstractThe recently developed mechanistic-empirical design method of pavement uses the nationally calibrated dynamic modulus predictive model for the design and analysis of asphalt pavements. This...
Prognostic factors in duodenal adenocarcinoma.

e15797Background: Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor representing approximately 0.3% of all gastrointestinal tract cancers. Prognostic factors in relation to survival outcomes for these patien...
A Numerical Approach to Equatorial Oceanic Wave-Mean Flow Interactions

An efficient numerical method is employed to investigate the interaction of equatorial trapped waves with vertically and meridionally sheared zonal jets. The model is formulated with the Equatorial Undercurrent in mind but has general applicability. The governing differential equation is derived and expanded using central differences into finite difference form. The linear system of equations leads to a coefficient matrix of block-tridiagonal form which is efficiently solved using a direct method. The direct method involves an optimized Gauss elimination and backsubstitution. For long Kelvin waves in the absence of mean flow, the analytic solution is obtained numerically with a high degree of accuracy. A diagnostic test is derived for use in cases where the analytic solution is unknown. The model is then applied to situations in which waves are superimposed on a background flow containing a critical surface where the flow speed matches the phase speed of the wave. For these cases, the waves are damped and absorbed in a frictional layer surrounding the critical surface. For speeds characteristic of the Undercurrent, all but the first few baroclinic Kelvin modes encounter critical surfaces which may prevent the establishment of higher baro-clinic modes in the equatorial ocean.
Retrieval Cues and the Remembering of Prose: A Review

A widespread assumption is that the inducement of remembering is largely a matter of finding appropriate retrieval cues. In the present paper the literature is reviewed to ascertain the conditions under which retrieval cues assist in the remembering of prose. Special attention is given to comparisons in which cues are given prior to attempts at remembering as opposed to cues that are provided after learners have attempted recall on their own. Attention also is directed to the relative effectiveness of different types of retrieval cues. Based upon the review of the literature, it may be concluded that we know surprisingly little about the types of cues that can be used to facilitate (or hinder) the remembering of intact prose passages. Retrieval cues have been found which markedly influence the remembering of sentences presented in isolation, but efforts to induce the remembering of intact prose passages generally have not been successful. The remembering of intact prose appears to be surprisingly impervious to the availability or nonavailability of formal retrieval cues.
Assessment of Correlations for Single-Phase Heat Exchangers

In many two-phase two-fluid heat exchangers, one side has single-phase fluid while the other side has two-phase fluid. Generally, the single-phase side represents the dominant thermal resistance, particularly with gas or oil flows. Hence, in order to determine accurately the performance of the exchanger, it is necessary to find out heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of the single-phase fluid side in addition to those for the two-phase side. The objective of this paper is to summarize important theoretical solutions and correlations for simple geometries that are common in compact heat exchangers followed by experimental correlations for some important complex geometries. The theoretical solutions are assessed from the practical point of view so that they provide sound basis and guidelines for correlations and extrapolation/interpolation of heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of practical heat transfer surfaces.
Recombinant factor VII as an adjunct to control of hemorrhage from chest trauma in a Jehovah's Witness.

Presented during Poster Grand Rounds at the Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course Program, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Savannah, GA, February 10–13, 2007.
Stepping Stones: Extending the Open Source Idea to Synthetic Biology

Open source methods offer a powerful and attractive model for organizing synthetic biology research. At the same time, the differences between biology and software are very deep. For this reason, attempts to design ‘open parts collaborations’ by naive analogy to LINUX and other existing software institutions are likely to fail. Conversely, successful designs must be grounded in a careful understanding of (a) how current institutions manage the various social challenges of producing software, and (b) the extent to which synthetic biology research raises new and distinct challenges. I discuss these issues under four headings (appropriability, cartel effects, stability, and agency problems) and explain how existing open source institutions can be extended to accommodate synthetic biology research. I also identify particularly simple test cases where organizers can experiment with these ideas. These modest projects provide useful ‘stepping stones’ to demonstrating a full-scale parts collaboration.
Nature of Thyroid Autoantigens: The TSH Receptor

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid (Adams, 1981) characterized by a goiter and hyperthyroidism. The concept that the signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease reflected the action of circulating antibodies to the TSH receptor evolved because thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) increased adenylate cyclase activity as did TSH (McKenzie and Zakarija, 1977; Zakarija and McKenzie, 1980; Adams, 1981; Kasagi, et al., 1982) and because IgG preparations from Graves’ patients could inhibit TSH binding to thyroid membrane preparations (TBIAb activity) (Smith and Hall, 1974; Hanley et al. 1974; Mehdi and Nussey, 1975). It was argued the two activities were exhibited by the same antibody. Unfortunately the concept ran into several problems. Thus, in most studies, assays measuring thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) and thyrotropin binding inhibiting antibodies (TBIAbs) did not correlate in a significant number of patients. (Ozawa et al, 1979; Sugenoya et al, 1979; Pinchera et al, 1980; Zakarija and McKenzie, 1980; Macchia et al, 1981). Further several studies indicated that the growth stimulating activity of Graves’ IgG preparations did not correlate with the thyroid stimulating activity in all cases, (Doniach et al, 1980; Drexhage et al, 1980, 1981; Valente et al, 1983).
Interaction of Ultrasound with Imperfectly Contacting Interfaces

The need to characterize imperfectly contacting interfaces is encountered in a wide variety of scientific and engineering problems, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Parts (a)–(c) illustrate the stages of diffusion bonding, [1,2] in which the condition of the interface evolves from one of isolated contacts at the initial stages of bonding through one containing distributed micropores, which exist during intermediate stages, to a state in which the material is fully bonded but in which there may be some near-interface microstructural variations. The ability to determine the degree to which bonding has passed through these conditions is presently needed in NDE of products after manufacturing and could be extended to process control if appropriate in-situ sensors were available. Part (d) illustrates the partial contact that can occur during fatigue crack growth [3]. Ideally, one might think of the surfaces of the fatigue crack as being free of stress. However, plastic deformation of ligaments during the failure process, motion of oxide debris, and shearing of the two faces of the crack can all lead isolated regions of contact along the crack face. These contacts are important in the fracture process since they can influence the loads which act on the tip of the crack during fatigue. From the NDE perspective, they can influence the strength of an ultrasonic signal which might be scattered by the crack. Part (e) illustrates a classical problem in tribology. Knowledge of the true area of contact between two surfaces is an essential ingredient in relating macroscopic variables such as applied force to the microscopic force and deformation distributions that exist at the interface [4]. Finally, as shown in part (f), interface design is an important aspect of the development of advanced engineering materials such as composites. It is often desirable to control the mechanical behavior of the interface is such a way that the overall response of the material is optimized, and the presence of pores, precipitates or other impurities may play an important role in controlling this interface behavior. Nondestructive characterization of such interfacial conditions is important in both ensuring the quality of material after fabrication and in assessing the degree to which service induced damage has occurred.
Communication Software using Pictures for use with Pocket PCs

Autism spectrum disorder has become one of the most prevalent developmental disorders. A difficulty with communication is one of the main impairments. We are developing a digital library of images that will be used to help children with autism communicate without the need for reading or writing skills. Images will be displayed on Pocket PCs to convey messages. We are currently developing and evaluating the first prototype.
Susceptibility of neonate Lissachatina fulica (Achatinidae: Mollusca) to a US strain of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditidae: Nematoda)

The nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is a lethal parasite of many pest slug and snail species. It is used as a commercial biological control agent (Nemaslug®) in Europe but a number of key ga...
Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management in Non-Hispanic Black Men: a Current State of the Literature

This article discusses the state of type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management research on non-Hispanic Black men with a focus on their knowledge of diabetes, factors that impact T2D self-management and intervention research that specifically targets non-Hispanic Black men with T2D. Studies on T2D knowledge and barriers and facilitators to T2D self-management in non-Hispanic Black men are limited to small qualitative focus group and in-depth interviews. To date, few T2D interventions for non-Hispanic Black men have been developed and tested. Research shows that non-Hispanic Black men’s knowledge of T2D may be less than optimal compared to non-Hispanic white men. Factors that influence T2D self-management in non-Hispanic Black men include gender-related values and beliefs, and a range of other psychosocial (e.g., social support) and structural (e.g., access to health care) factors. Interventions with gender-specific programming may show promise. More studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are needed to develop programming to effectively target this at-risk population.
Lysozyme stability in primary emulsion for PLGA microsphere preparation: Effect of recovery methods and stabilizing excipients

Purpose. To investigate the conformational stability of a model protein, lysozyme, in the primary emulsion phase of the microsphere preparation process.
Response to Rev. Michael McBride Plenary, ‘Conversions in the Age of Trump’ Society for Pastoral Theology, June 14, 2018

In this response to the plenary presentation by Rev. Michael Brown, I articulate the unique role that pastoral theologians have in responding to the Ferguson protests and other social justice movements.
Labor Supply and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Abrogation of the Bracero Program in 1964

In 1964, around 11% of agricultural workers in America were prevented from entering the labor force. Using a text-search algorithm allocating patents to crops, I show that a negative labor-supply shock induced a sharp increase in innovation in technologies related to more affected crops. The effect is stronger for technology related to labor-intensive production tasks.
Hydromorphone Unit Dose Affects Intraoperative Dosing: An Observational Study.

Background Although clinical factors related to intraoperative opioid administration have been described, there is little research evaluating whether administration is influenced by drug formulation and, specifically, the unit dose of the drug. The authors hypothesized that the unit dose of hydromorphone is an independent determinant of the quantity of hydromorphone administered to patients intraoperatively. Methods This observational cohort study included 15,010 patients who received intraoperative hydromorphone as part of an anesthetic at the University of California, Los Angeles hospitals from February 2016 to March 2018. Before July 2017, hydromorphone was available as a 2-mg unit dose. From July 1, 2017 to November 20, 2017, hydromorphone was only available in a 1-mg unit dose. On November 21, 2017, hydromorphone was reintroduced in the 2-mg unit dose. An interrupted time series analysis was performed using segmented Poisson regression with two change-points, the first representing the switch from a 2-mg to 1-mg unit dose, and the second representing the reintroduction of the 2-mg dose. Results The 2-mg to 1-mg unit dose change was associated with a 49% relative decrease in the probability of receiving a hydromorphone dose greater than 1 mg (risk ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.40-0.66; P Conclusions This observational study using an interrupted time series analysis demonstrates that unit dose of hydromorphone (2 mg vs. 1 mg) is an independent determinant of the quantity of hydromorphone administered to patients in the intraoperative period.