cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of design of fluid transport systems in zoology

Fluid transport systems mediate the transfer of materials both within an organism and between an organism and its environment. The architecture of fluid transport systems is determined by the small distances over which transfer processes are effective and by hydrodynamic and energetic constraints. All fluid transport systems within organisms exhibit one of two geometries, a simple tube interrupted by a planar transfer region or a branched network of vessels linking widely distributed transfer regions; each is determined by different morphogenetic processes. By exploiting the signal inherent in local shear stress on the vessel walls, animals have repeatedly evolved a complex branching hierarchy of vessels approximating a globally optimal system that minimizes the costs of the construction and maintenance of the fluid transport system.
Effects of hippocampal lesions on passive avoidance and taste aversion conditioning

Abstract Rats with electrolytic lesions of the posteroventral hippocampus failed to perform a simple passive avoidance of footshock but showed conditioned aversion to a saccharin solution paired with apomorphine induced gastrointestinal distress. On the other hand, anterodorsal hippocampal lesions interfered with performance on both tasks. The more general deficit produced by the dorsal lesions is attributed to the fact that such lesions extended into the fimbria, and thus destroyed outputs from a larger area of the hippocampus.
NHLBI's program for VAD therapy for moderately advanced heart failure: the REVIVE-IT pilot trial.

Abstract Background Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are used to bridge heart failure patients to transplantation, to allow their own hearts to recover, or as permanent (“destination”) therapy. To date, the use of VADs has been limited to late-stage heart failure patients because of the associated device risks. In 2008, a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) working group met to evaluate the treatment of heart failure using VADs and to advise the institute on how therapy for heart failure may be best advanced by clinical trials involving the devices. Methods and Results Recognizing the improvements in VAD technology and in patient care and selection over the past decade, the working group recommended that a trial be performed to assess the use of chronic VAD therapy in patients who are less ill than those currently eligible for destination therapy. The hypothesis proposed for the trial is that VAD therapy may improve both survival and quality of life in moderately advanced heart failure patients who are neither inotrope-dependent nor exercise-intolerant and have not yet developed serious consequences such as malnourishment, end-organ damage, and immobility. Conclusion Based on the group’s recommendations, NHLBI issued an RFP in 2009 for the REVIVE-IT Pilot Trail, which will serve to test the hypothesis and inform the pivotal trial.
Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture

Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture. Martha M. Ertmanand Joan C. Williams, eds. New York. New York University Press, 2005. 450 pp.
Half‐day to full‐day kindergarten: an analysis of educational change scores and demonstration of an educational research collaboration

The benefits of all‐day kindergarten are increasingly supported by educational policy groups. Rigorous, prospective empirical research is impractical for schools of limited fiscal means where education must take priority over institutional research. However, post‐hoc analyses of archival and informal measures can provide invaluable information concerning educational issues of national concern. A method of university and elementary school collaboration was employed in evaluating the educational effects of a transition from half‐day to full‐day kindergarten in an economically challenged suburban–rural school district in Maine. A child developmental scale and educational measures were used to evaluate differences in improvement scores between children enrolled in half‐day kindergarten one year and children enrolled in full‐day kindergarten the following year. Additional measures addressed parent and teacher attitudes toward full‐day kindergarten. Overall, children enrolled in full‐day kindergarten showed gre...
Relationships between land-use and forced-pool characteristics in the Colorado Front Range

Abstract Land use practices in Colorado during the last two centuries altered the supply of sediment and water to many channels in the upper South Platte Basin. As a result of increased supply of sediment and mobility and reduced peak flows, the characteristics of pools associated with channel constrictions, referred to as forced pools, may have been altered. Increased supply of sediment and reduced transport capacity of high flows could lead to aggradation in forced pools. Channel confined by road corridors could lead to high velocities at normal flows, increased energy dissipation from riprap, or even increased pool frequency resulting from failed riprap. To assess potential alterations, four hypotheses were tested: (1) impacted streams will show significantly different mean volume of pools than a control stream; (2) mean volume of pools on streams where land-use activities increased the supply of sediment will be significantly different from streams solely affected by flow regulation; (3) the strongest change in characteristics of pools of impacted streams will be a reduced volume of pools; (4) streams affected by road corridors will show statistically lower spacing of pools than streams unaffected by roads. The downstream spacing and residual volume of twenty consecutive forced pools were surveyed on five streams in the Colorado Front Range that varied from no contemporary impact to multiple historical and contemporary impacts. ANCOVA with stepwise model selection indicated that degree of land-use (categorical), bankfull spacing of pools, upstream riffle slope and expansion ratio were all significant ( α = 0.1) predictors of volume of pools ( R 2 = 0.73). Simple linear regression of mean volume of pools and stream specific variables (gradient, drainage area and discharge) and least square means comparison of mean volume of pools indicated a need to standardize volumes of pools by slope and discharge so that the volumes of pools could be compared among different levels of land-use. Significant correlations between drainage area and volume of pools allowed volume of pools to be standardized by drainage area and thereby discharge. This dimensionless variable was also significantly correlated with channel slope, which permitted the construction of a new variable, PV QS (volume of pools standardized by discharge and slope). Least square means comparison of mean PV QS revealed that the control reach was significantly different from road-impacted reaches. Mean volume of pools was significantly larger in the control reach compared to all but one road-impacted stream. This was likely a function of higher wood loading in the control reach and the competence of high flows in the road-impacted reach. Streams affected by road corridors did not have significantly different bankfull spacing of pools from streams not impacted by roads. The multiple interactions among control and response variables explored in this study indicate the need to identify the most constrained and sensitive response variables when attempting to assess channel response to land use.
Neuronal NF1/RAS regulation of cyclic AMP requires atypical PKC activation

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in which affected individuals are prone to learning, attention and behavioral problems. Previous studies in mice and flies have yielded conflicting results regarding the specific effector pathways responsible for NF1 protein (neurofibromin) regulation of neuronal function, with both cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and RAS-dependent mechanisms described. Herein, we leverage a combination of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NF1 patient neural progenitor cells and Nf1 genetically engineered mice to establish, for the first time, that neurofibromin regulation of cAMP requires RAS activation in human and mouse neurons. However, instead of involving RAS-mediated MEK/AKT signaling, RAS regulation of cAMP homeostasis operates through the activation of atypical protein kinase C zeta, leading to GRK2-driven Gαs inactivation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which RAS can regulate cAMP levels in the mammalian brain.
Unpredictable Software-based Attestation Solution for node compromise detection in mobile WSN

Recent advancements in micro-computing have provided an exponential increase in the capabilities of a wide range of devices and have allowed the implementation of complex mobile wireless sensor networks (mWSNs). Common battery-powered sensor nodes require security techniques that eliminate redundant processing overhead for resource conservation, without compromising the overall network performance. To address this issue, this paper presents USAS: Unpredictable Software-based Attestation Solution, a node compromise detection algorithm in mWSNs. USAS deploys dynamic node attestation chains to decrease checksum computation time by almost 48% for selective attested nodes. By decentralizing the network, the attestation is unpredictable, preventing malicious data injection. The performance of USAS is estimated in terms of node compromise detection rate.
Active network architecture and management: Research Articles

Access and retrieval of meteorological and oceanographic data from heterogeneous sources in a distributed system presents many issues. There are a number of features of the TEDServices system that illustrate active network management for such data. There is a self-aware or intelligent aspect with respect to the mechanisms for shutdown, data ordering, and propagation of data orders. Intelligent cache management and collaborative application sharing process are other features of the active network management. Additionally a very important capability is the implementation of resumable object streams, which allows either the client or server side of a request to lose network connection, regain it, and the request will continue where it left off. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 1123–1138, 2007.
Margin and domain integrated classification

Multi-category classification is an ongoing research topic with numerous applications. In this paper, a novel approach called margin and domain integrated classifier (MDIC) is addressed. It handles multi-class problems as a combination of several target classes plus outliers. The basic idea behind the proposed approach is that target classes possess structured characteristics while outliers scatter around in the feature space. In our approach the domain description and large-margin discrimination are adjustable and therefore higher classification accuracy leads to better performance. The properties of MDIC are analyzed and the performance comparisons using synthetic and real data are presented.
Chylous ascites post open cholecystectomy after severe pancreatitis.

Normal 0 14 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Context Chylous ascites a rare complication post cholecystectomy. There are to our knowledge only 3 reported cases in the literature. We describe a case of chylous ascites post open cholecystectomy in a patient with recent severe pancreatitis. We propose a potential relationship between acute biliary pancreatitis and the development of chylous ascites. Case report We present a 37 year old man with a history of severe biliary pancreatitis 10 months prior. He was electively admitted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. His surgery was converted to open cholecystectomy due to adhesions. A closed, non suction drain was placed intraoperatively draining serosanguinous fluid. Two days post operatively the draining fluid changed to a milky colour fluid with high triglyceride level. Chylous ascites was confirmed clinically with a 24 hour fast. He was treated with total parenteral nutrition. His chylous ascites resolved with conservative management and his drain was removed. Conclusion We describe the diagnosis and management of chylous ascites post cholecystectomy. We propose the hypothesis to the aetiology of this rare condition, based on ours and one previous case, that a history of recent severe acute pancreatitis poses a risk factor in the development of chylous ascites.
Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia in Young Adolescents

A two-stage epidemiologic study conducted between 1986 and 1988 in the southeastern United States investigated the frequency of major depressive disorder and dysthymia in 12-14 year olds. In stage one, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, a life event schedule, and a family cohesion scale were administered to a community sample of 3,283 adolescents. In stage two, 488 mother-child pairs were interviewed utilizing the Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders in School Age Children. Although mean Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores were significantly higher in females (25.60) than in males (19.50), prevalence estimates based on a summary of mother and child symptom reports for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, major depressive disorder were similar: 9.04% in males and 8.90% in females. The prevalences of dysthymia were 7.98% in males and 5.00% in females. Previous investigations have reported lower rates and a female preponderance of major depression. Disagreement between mothers and children regarding the presence of symptoms may explain this contradiction. Significant odds ratios were found between major depression and not living with both natural parents (odds ratio (OR) = 3.89), undesirable life events (OR = 1.09), and perceived family cohesion (OR = 0.96). Not living with both natural parents (OR = 14.67) and socioeconomic status (OR = 0.44) were significant correlates of dysthymia.
Mouse hepatitis virus type-2 infection in mice: an experimental model system of acute meningitis and hepatitis.

Infection with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59 produces acute hepatitis, encephalitis, and chronic demyelination in mice. However, little is known about a closely related strain, MHV-2, which is only weakly neurotropic. To better understand the molecular basis of neurotropism of MHVs, we compared the pathogenesis and genomic sequence of MHV-2 with that of MHV-A59. Intracerebral injection of MHV-2 into 4-week-old C57B1/6 mice produces acute meningitis and hepatitis without encephalitis or chronic inflammatory demyelination. Sequence comparison between MHV-2 and MHV-A59 reveals 94-98% sequence identity of the replicase gene, 83-95% sequence identity of genes 2a, 3, 5b, 6, and 7, and marked difference in the sequence of genes, 2b, 4, and 5a. This information provides the basis for further studies exploring the mechanism of viral neurotropism and virus-induced demyelination.
A Low-Complexity Approximation to Lognormal Sum Distributions via Transformed Log Skew Normal Distribution

Sums of lognormal random variables (RVs) occur in many important problems in wireless communication. The lognormal sum distribution is known to have no closed form and is difficult to numerically compute. Several methods have been proposed to approximate the lognormal sum distribution. In this paper, we first propose a low-complexity approximation method called log skew normal (LSN) approximation to model and approximate the lognormal sum distributed RVs. For typical lognormal sum cases in wireless communication, the proposed LSN method has high accuracy in most of the region of the cumulative distribution function (cdf), particularly in the lower region. The closed-form probability density function (pdf) and cdf of the resulting LSN RV are presented, and its parameters are derived from those of the individual lognormal RVs by using a moment-matching technique. However, the LSN approximation has a restriction for the skewness of samples in the logarithm domain. To overcome this drawback, a transformed LSN (TLSN) approximation method is proposed, which uses another parameter to control the skewness of samples in the transform logarithm domain. Simulation results on the pdf and cdf of lognormal sum RVs confirm the effectiveness of the TLSN approximation method.
Ultrastructural Immunogold Localization of Osteopontin in Human Gastric Mucosa.

We performed ultrastructural immunogold localization of osteopontin in the mucosa of human stomach. This adhesive glycoprotein was present in mucous and chief cells of the epithelial layer and in macrophages in the lamina propria. Parietal and endocrine cells of the epithelial layer and mast cells and plasma cells in the lamina propria did not contain osteopontin, serving as internal negative controls. Subcellular localizations of osteopontin included secretory granules and synthetic organelles in mucous and chief cells and phagolysosomes in macrophages. Extracellular concentrations of osteopontin were present in the glycocalyx and in an electron-lucent band between epithelial surface cells and the gastric lumen. Paracellular edema between the epithelium of the same cells was devoid of osteopontin. Immunogold localization of pepsinogen II was done to identify cells with mixed granule populations and contents of multicompartmental secretory granules. These studies revealed mucous cell granules and chief ce...
The effect of overshooting the target strain on estimating viscoelastic properties from stress relaxation experiments.

Background: Tendon's mechanical behaviors have frequently been quantified using the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model. The QLV parameters are typically estimated by fitting the model to a single-step stress relaxationexperiment. Unfortunately, overshoot of the target strain occurs to some degree in most experiments. This has never been formally investigated even though failing to measure, minimize, or compensate for overshoot may cause large errors in the estimation of parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of overshoot on the estimation of QLV parameters. Method of approach: A simulated experiment was first performed to quantify the effect of different amounts of overshoot on the estimated QLV parameters. Experimental data from tendon was then used to determine if the errors associated with overshoot could be reduced when a direct fit is used (i.e., the actual strain history was used in the curve fit). Results: We found that both the elastic and viscous QLV parameters were incorrectly estimated if overshoot was not properly accounted for in the fit. Furthermore, the errors associated with overshoot were partially reduced when overshoot was accounted for using a direct fit. Conclusions: A slow ramp rate is recommended to limit the amount of overshoot and a direct fit is recommended to limit the errors associated with overshoot, although other approaches such as adjusting the control system to limit overshoot could also be utilized.
Greater Food-Related Stroop Interference Following Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.

Objective: Individuals who have successfully lost and maintained weight have slower reaction times on foodrelated Stroop tasks, indicating greater cognitive interference to food stimuli compared to obese and normal weight individuals. It remains unclear whether this interference is a preexisting characteristic of weight loss maintainers or if food-interference changes in obese individuals as they lose weight. Method: To examine potential changes in food-related interference, a food-Stroop paradigm was used to measure responses to food versus non-food words in 13 obese women before and after a 12-week behavioral weight loss program. Results: Participants achieved a mean weight loss of 5.12 kg through the behavioral weight loss program. Their reaction time to food words became significantly slower (p<0.001) and they made significantly more errors (p<0.01) following treatment. Discussion: These findings suggest that through behavioral weight loss treatment obese individuals experience increased interference toward food words, which may reflect increased salience of food-related cues. Future research is needed to determine whether increases in interference are related to better weight loss and maintenance.
Development of Tachyphylaxis to Aspartyl1 and Not to Asparginyl1 Angiotensin II in the Rat

Pressor responses to single increasing doses (0.001 to 10 µg) and constant infusions (0.01 to 5 mg/kg per hr) of synthetic aspartyl1 angiotensin II (Asp1) and asparginyl1 angiotensin II (Aspg1, Hypertensin, CIBA) were measured in normal and nephrectomized rats. Mean blood pressure was recorded directly using strain gauges. Angiotensin tachyphylaxis (decline of maximal response to increasing doses, or return of blood pressure to control levels on constant infusion) was consistently seen with greater than minimal doses of Asp1 while the phenomenon was not observed with Aspg1 at any dose level. The results indicate that in the rat the two octapeptide analogues of angiotensin are not identical in biologic activity as has been previously held, and that the N-terminal amino acid plays an important part in determining the pressor responsiveness especially to higher doses of angiotensin peptides. The pattern of response and development of tachyphylaxis to Asp1 closely resembles that of well known tachyphylaxis to...
Word recognition and word identification: A review of research on effective instructional practices with learning disabled students

Abstract This article presents a review of investigations related to word learning of learning disabled students. The studies described here were located in a literature review covering the last 15 years. These investigations address common instructional concerns of regular classroom teachers who provide reading instruction to learning disabled pupils in inclusion programs and give guidance to special education teachers, as well as to university personnel who train both groups of professionals. This review furnishes evidence that direct word study leads to reading improvement for learning disabled pupils, but that indirect instruction also provides assistance. In addition, word knowledge instruction not only promotes word learning, but can heighten learning disabled students' comprehension.
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas, one manifestation of a more systemic disease?

Abstract Background Several studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of extrapancreatic malignancies, and an association with autoimmune pancreatitis in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). We hypothesized that IPMNs were associated with an increase rate of systemic diseases. Methods From 1996 to 2013, a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database was performed and supplemented with electronic medical charts review. Results Two hundred twenty extrapancreatic malignancies were found in 185 patients (22%) compared with expected 5% in the general population. Colorectal, lung, and renal cell carcinoma had significant observed/expected ratios (P Conclusions IPMN are associated with surprisingly high rates of autoimmune diseases suggesting that IPMN might be 1 manifestation of a more systemic disease.
Type I Thyroplasty in Previously Irradiated Patients: Assessing Safety and Efficacy.

Objectives(1) Review and report our experience performing medialization thyroplasty (MT) in previously irradiated patients and (2) compare complications and voice outcomes in 2 cohorts (irradiated vs nonradiated) to evaluate safety and efficacy.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic medical center.SubjectsAll patients (44 total) who underwent MT from 2011 to 2015.MethodsDemographic data, complications, and acoustic and subjective voice outcome parameters were collected. The complication rates and voice outcome results were compared between 2 cohorts: patients with a history of radiation to the neck versus those with no radiation history.ResultsThere were 7 previously irradiated patients and 37 nonradiated patients, with median follow-up of 314 and 538 days, respectively. One complication was noted in each group, and this complication rate was not significantly different (P = .26). Both cohorts demonstrated significant postoperative improvement in subjective voice assessment (P = .04, P ...
Insulin gene expression in immortalized rat hippocampal and pheochromocytoma-12 cell lines.

Abstract Employing reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and clonal cell lines derived by retroviral transduction of the temperature sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen into dispersed rat embryonic hippocampal cells, we detected the ancestral gene-insulin II mRNA in three progenitor subcloned cell lines. These cell lines upon differentiation are known to express markers indicative of commitment to either neuronal (H19-7; NF+, GFAP−), glial (H19-5; GFAP+, NF−), or bipotential (H583-5; NF+, GFAP+) lineages. No duplicated, i.e., insulin I gene expression, was observed in any of the three cell lines. Induction of differentiation was associated with the persistence of insulin II mRNA and in the cells expressing a neuronal phenotype (H19-7; NF+, GFAP−) a relative doubling in insulin II mRNA level was present ( P
Importance of Long-Range Noncovalent Interactions in the Regioselectivity of Rhodium-Xantphos-Catalyzed Hydroformylation

M06-L-based quantum chemical calculations were performed to examine two key elementary steps in rhodium (Rh)-xantphos-catalyzed hydroformylation: carbonyl ligand (CO) dissociation and the olefin insertion into the Rh–H bond. For the resting state of the Rh-xantphos catalyst, HRh(xantphos)(CO)2, our M06-L calculations were able to qualitatively reproduce the correct ordering of the equatorial–equatorial (ee) and equatorial–axial (ea) conformers of the phosphorus ligands for 16 derivatives of the xantphos ligand, implying that the method is sufficiently accurate for capturing the subtle energy differences associated with various conformers involved in Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation. The calculated CO dissociation energy from the ea conformer (ΔE = 21–25 kcal/mol) was 10–12 kcal/mol lower than that from the ee conformer (ΔE = 31–34 kcal/mol), which is consistent with prior experimental and theoretical studies. The calculated regioselectivities for propene insertion into the Rh–H bond of the ee-HRh(xantphos)(p...
Tuberculosis of the ischiopubic ramus. A report of five cases.

Five cases of tuberculosis of the ischiopublic ramus are reported. All presented with abscesses. Treatment by simple curettage and INH, rifampicin and ethambutol given for 18 to 24 months gave satisfactory results in the 4 patients who were children. The one adult had severe disruption of the symphysis pubis, and sacroiliac involvement; a good result was obtained after bone grafting and fixation with a plate.
Research and application of fuzzy control in temperature control system of electric heating furnace

Aimed at the difficulties in building the models and the weakness on the control performance in traditional temperature control system,makes the electric heating furnace as studied object and designs fuzzy PID controller;the design step of fuzzy PID controller was introduced;the system simulation model is constituted.With the simulation and analysis using MATLAB,showing that the system has high control precise and small overshoot,possesses strong robustness.It is satisfied with the stability of temperature control and results show good control performance.
Predicting Evacuation Capacity for Public Buildings

This paper demonstrates a solution for analyzing public space evacuation rates. Evacuating from a public building in a reasonable amount of time is reliant upon how safe the space is in terms of achieving a minimum time to move people outside. In order to increase the safety of evacuation in public spaces, we employed the Bayesian Belief Network method. To have a better estimation pattern, we have to focus on important physical environmental features as well as crowd formation and specifications in a public space.
Signed-rank analysis of a partial linear model with B-splines estimated monotone non parametric function

AbstractFor a partially linear regression model, we propose a signed-rank estimation method. The proposed estimator for the linear unknown parameter vector is shown to have - consistency while monotone B-splines are used to estimate the unknown monotone nonparametric function. Finite samples simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation method and a practical application on the study of Air Pollution data is given.
Hemophilia; a report of the mechanism of the development and action of an anticoagulant in two cases.

1. Two cases of hemophilia are presented in whom the development of a circulating anticoagulant was detected. This anticoagulant was demonstrated in the whole blood, plasma, and serum of both patients. 2. Both patients became refractory to treatment with either fresh whole blood, plasma, or antihemophilic globulin (Fraction I of Cohn). In fact, the anticoagulant apparently made its appearance as a result of repeated transfusions or injections of antihemophilic globulin. 3. The anticoagulant in each case was shown not to inhibit any of the elements participating in the classical theory of clotting, i.e., prothrombin, thromboplastin, thrombin or fibrinogen. It was also demonstrated that this anticoagulant was not related to heparin in its mechanism of action. 4. Electrophoretic fractionation of the plasma was carried out, and it was found that the anticoagulant was associated with the gamma globulin fraction of plasma. 5. The demonstration of specific precipitin titres in the serum of each of these patients against antihemophilic globulin seemed to indicate that the mechanism of action of the anticoagulant was to inhibit the action of antihemophilic globulin. This was further substantiated by the in vitro inhibition of the ability of antihemophilic globulin to accelerate the coagulation time of ordinary hemophilic blood. 6. A hypothesis is presented to explain the appearance of the anticoagulant. It is believed that these two hemophiliacs are deficient in or lack antihemophilic globulin in their blood, and hence repeated injections of the globulin either in the form of whole blood, plasma, or Fraction I of Cohn results in "isoimmunization" against the injected globulin. The resulting antibodies inhibit any antihemophilic globulin which may then be injected and hence explain the refractory state exhibited by these two cases. Blood from these patients containing these antibodies likewise exerts an anticoagulant influence when added to normal blood by the same mechanism. 7. A discussion of the implications of this phenomenon in the development of a refractory phase in hemophilia is presented.
Finding Diego: A Bilingual Student Integrates School, Language, and Identity

ABSTRACTThis article presents a mixed-methods case study of Diego, a bilingual teen who completed public school in Florida. During adolescence, Diego negotiated multiple identities: successful student, Mexican American, bilingual, and typical U.S. teenager. Diego provided interviews and bilingual (English/Spanish) writing (narrative/expository) in 2008 (at age 12, Grade 6) and in 2012 (at age 16, Grade 10). A qualitative analysis of his interviews and a quantitative linguistic analysis of his writing reveal central elements of Diego’s language development as related to academic English and identity. Educational implications for working with bilingual adolescents are discussed.
The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *gV- nominalizing prefix

Matisoff (2003) reconstructs an “adjectival prefix” *gV-, based on work by Wolfenden (1929). As a result of surveying grammatical descriptions of more than 90 Tibeto-Burman languages, the present study provides evidence to reconstruct Matisoff’s adjectival prefix as a nominalizer whose functional range includes (but is not limited to) the adjectival marking. Evidence for the prefix is found in three major genetic subdivisions. Within Bradley’s (2002) Western branch, Baram (Newaric) has a particularly versatile nominalizer ki-~gi- , and Eastern Kiranti languages have *gV-…-pa nominalizing circumfixes. In Bradley’s Eastern branch, rGyalrongic languages have velar prefixes that function as the main nominalizers. Further, in DeLancey’s (2015) Central branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan), we find reflexes of *gV- in many languages, most notably the versatile nominalizer kV- in Lamkang (Northwest Kuki-Chin). Other languages of the India-Myanmar border with unresolved phylogenetic status within Tibeto-Burman also have reflexes of *gV-, most prominently Karbi and Tangkhul (Konnerth 2012).
From founder to CEO: An entrepreneur's roadmap

Abstract Many entrepreneurs aspire to build an exceptional company, reap the rewards, and retain the CEO position at the end of the journey. Launching the startup is only the first step. The period of transition during which a startup grows up and becomes a scalable business is arguably the most critical time in the life of an emerging firm. I summarize the challenges of this period in a framework—the eight hurdles of transition—that outlines the essential steps in the evolution from a nascent startup into a disciplined organization capable of sustained and profitable growth. As the company engages the eight hurdles, the entrepreneur who aspires to retain the top position must embark on a parallel journey of personal and professional growth: the transition from founder to CEO. The skills, motivations, and behaviors that make a good entrepreneur are not the same as those required to lead a high growth organization. Using the literature and five scenarios from personal experience, I summarize the most commonly cited reasons for CEO replacement. Some are beyond the founder's control; most are not. I identify five shifts in perspectives and behaviors essential to retaining the CEO position and provide practical guidance for developing the founder's leadership capabilities.
Bridge-Mounted River Stage Sensors (BMRSS)

We have developed a robust sensor for mounting on bridges over rivers and streams. These bridge-mounted river stage sensors (BMRSS) make periodic measurements of the distance from the sensor to the water level below. Properly interpreted, these measurements provide river-stage information, data of great importance to society and crucial to effective flood forecasting. The traditional approach to river stage measurement is the installation of pipes in rivers, digging stilling wells, and the construction of attendant brick-and-mortar infrastructure. The cost of this approach limits the deployment to larger rivers. In most instances, river-stage data from smaller tributaries are few, even though such data can greatly enhance the quality of flood-forecasting models’ outputs. In contrast, BMRSS units are an order of magnitude less expensive and allow for widespread deployment. BMRSS units incorporate an ultrasonic distance-measuring module, a solar panel/battery/charge controller, and a GPS receiver. In recent years, the Internet access through commercial cellular networks has become ubiquitous, even in most rural areas. BMRSS units incorporate cell modems and transmit data through the Internet to servers at the Iowa Flood Center. Here, the data are ingested into relational databases and made available to flood forecasting models and information systems. We have deployed and operated more than 220 BMRSS units across Iowa, many for several years continuously.
A multicenter phase I study of cabazitaxel, mitoxantrone, and prednisone for chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A department of defense prostate cancer clinical trials consortium study.

Abstract Background Cabazitaxel plus prednisone has significant activity in patients with chemotherapy-naive and pretreated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Mitoxantrone has antitumor activity in mCRPC and nonoverlapping mechanism of action and toxicity profile. Objective To establish the maximally tolerated dose of the combination of cabazitaxel, mitoxantrone, and prednisone. Methods and materials Patients with chemotherapy-naive mCRPC were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter phase 1 trial. Cabazitaxel 20 and 25 mg/m 2 were each evaluated in combination with escalating doses of mitoxantrone (starting dose 4 mg/m 2 ), given with prednisone 5 mg twice daily. Results A total of 25 patients were enrolled, with median age of 67 (range: 51–78) and prostate-specific antigen of 66.8 ng/ml (range: 3–791.2). There were 4 dose-limiting toxicities (febrile neutropenia, n = 3; sepsis, n = 1). The maximally tolerated dose was cabazitaxel 20 mg/m 2 plus mitoxantrone 12 mg/m 2 . The most common treatment-related grade≥3 related adverse events included neutropenia ( n = 8; 32%), febrile neutropenia ( n = 5; 20%), and thrombocytopenia ( n = 4; 16%). The median number of treatment cycles was 8 (range: 2 to 19+). Decline in prostate-specific antigen to≥50% from baseline was observed in 15 patients (60%). Objective responses were observed in 10/14 (71%) evaluable patients. The median radiographic progression-free survival was 14.5 months (95% CI: 8.0-not reached (NR)), and median overall survival was 23.3 months (95% CI: 14.3-NR). Conclusions The approved single-agent doses of mitoxantrone and cabazitaxel were safely combined. The combination led to durable tumor responses in most patients. Further study of the combination is warranted.
Knowledge and Affect: Perspectivism Revisited

Is Nietzsche's famed perspectivism a kind of Protagorean relativism that undermines the intelligibility of his own criticisms of religious and moral thinking as false? I argue against the Protagorean reading through a careful examination of the only two published texts in which Nietzsche discusses perspectivism: THE GAY SCIENCE, sec. 354 and the GENEALOGY, the 3rd essay, section 12, both written around the same time. I show that neither passage supports the Protatogrean reading (or similar deconstructionist and anti-realist readings familiar from the secondary literature). Both GS 354 and GM III:12 presuppose that the features of the world that become objects of cognition are the result of affective or emotional engagement. GS 354 emphasizes the way in which evolutionary pressures produce affective convergence on certain judgments about what is true; GM III:12 calls attention to the ways in which, beyond that evolutionary baseline, what we know will depend on our capacity to control our affects/interests. GS 354 gives us a doctrine that is both Humean and Darwinian; GM III:12, by contrast, is a defense of Thucydides's ability to suspend moral judgment to understand how historical actors really behave. Both passages defend a kind of naturalized Kantianism: whereas Kant treats the uniformity of human judgment on these matters as transcendental conditions on the possibility of knowledge, Nietzsche treats them as simply consequences of our cognitive propensities as shaped by evolutionary forces. But GM III:12 also calls attention to the role affects play in knowledge beyond the Kantian case, i.e., the cases where we can turn on, and turn off, as it were, certain affects in the course of inquiry. It is in the latter case that Thucydides is crucial for understanding perspectivism.
Effect of atomic order/disorder on vacancy clustering in concentrated NiFe alloys

Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidate the effect of atomic structure on vacancy clustering in ordered (L10) and random NiFe. Based on our simulations, we predict the vacancy evolution to be in complete contrast between the two systems. While large vacancy clusters, i.e., stacking fault tetrahedra (SFT) are formed in the random structure, no clustering is observed in the ordered-L10 structure. Similar simulations are performed on L10-CuAu and L10-TiAl to understand whether SFT formation is generic in L10 structures, or is specific to NiFe. Both materials show SFT formation, thereby highlighting specific defect energetics in L10 NiFe that lead to the lack of vacancy clustering. We elucidate that L10-NiFe has unique thermodynamic and kinetic defect energetics, i.e., antisite energies, vacancy sublattice preference, and directional migration energy barriers that collectively lead to the lack of vacancy clustering. Understanding such defect energetics could open avenues to prevent defect clustering in the vision towards development of radiation-tolerant concentrated alloys for nuclear reactor applications.
Trial-Based Functional Analyses With a Student Identified With an Emotional and Behavioral Disorder:

A trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) offers several advantages beneficial for classroom settings. TBFA can be completed rapidly, requires fewer resources than traditional functional analyses (F...
Coagglutination Procedures and Affinity Chromatography in Antigen and Antibody Detection

One of the virulence characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus is the elaboration of a protein, “protein A” (PA), which has the capability of binding nonspecifically to the Fc portion of several classes of immunoglobulins, especially to IgG from humans and many animals. Thus, the “destructive” portion (Fab) of the IgG is kept extended outward away from the cells, while the bacteria, once surrounded by heterogeneous immunoglobulin molecules, appear more like “self’ than “foreign” to host surveillance systems. It is astonishing and fascinating to observe how this immunoglobulin combining ability of PA has been applied to many diverse characterization and rapid detection procedures, several of which will be discussed. Only a few of many references can be cited in this paper. Journals that usually have articles concerned with protein A include: J Clin Microbiol, Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Sect B, J Immunol Methods, Infect Immun, Eur J Clin Immunol, and Clin Exp Immunol.
Concomitant use of buprenorphine for medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder and benzodiazepines: Using the prescription behavior surveillance system.

Abstract Background Despite clinical guidelines discouraging the practice, it is well-documented that the concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics occurs regularly. Information on concomitant use of buprenorphine for medication-assisted treatment (MAT) of opioid use disorder (OUD) and benzodiazepines, however, is limited. Thus, we aimed to describe real-world drug dispensing patterns for the concomitant use of buprenorphine products approved for MAT and benzodiazepines. Methods We examined concomitant use of buprenorphine for MAT and benzodiazepines using the 2013 Prescription Behavior Surveillance System data from eight states. For prescription-level analysis, we estimated the proportion of concomitant buprenorphine and benzodiazepine prescriptions and the proportions of concomitant prescriptions prescribed by the same provider (co-prescribing) and dispensed by the same pharmacy (co-dispensing) for each state. For patient-level analysis, we calculated the proportion of patients with ≥1 buprenorphine therapy episode overlapping with a benzodiazepine episode, i.e., concomitant users, and the proportion of concomitant users who experienced co-prescribing or co-dispensing. Results In 2013, 1,925,072 prescriptions of buprenorphine products for MAT were dispensed to 190,907 patients in eight states. Approximately 1 in 8 buprenorphine prescriptions was used concomitantly with ≥1 benzodiazepine prescription(s). Co-prescribing proportions ranged from 22.2 to 64.6% across states, while co-dispensing proportions ranged from 54.7 to 91.0%. Approximately 17.7% of patients had >1 buprenorphine episode overlapping a benzodiazepine episode for ≥7 cumulative days’ supply. Among these patients, 33.1–65.2% experienced co-prescribing, and 65.1–93.3% experienced co-dispensing. Conclusions The concomitant use of buprenorphine for MAT and benzodiazepines occurs frequently, with variations by state in co-prescribing and co-dispensing.
Selecting accommodations for mathematics assessments: Legal and practical considerations

ABSTRACTMultidisciplinary teams are responsible for identifying reasonable accommodations that mediate the impact of a disability and level the playing field between those with and without disabili...
Quantifying and Reducing Retained Botulinum Toxin Postinjection

BACKGROUND Retained botulinum toxin solution may be visible in vials and syringe tips after mixing and presumed complete injections, leaving patients without the full prescribed dose. OBJECTIVE To quantify the mean amount of retained toxin within vials, syringes, and needles following spasticity injections (phase 1) and to design/test a targeted intervention for reduced retained toxin (phase 2). DESIGN Prospective cohort quality assurance study. SETTING Outpatient spasticity program in a rehabilitation facility. PARTICIPANTS Nine physicians specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation, performing successive mixing and injections for spasticity with onabotulinumtoxinA or incobotulinumtoxinA. METHODS After initial review (phase 1), recommendations were made (phase 2) including not inverting the vial to withdraw medication unless needed, favoring 2-mL dilutions when possible, and decapping of vials for more complete medication withdrawal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Retained volume of toxin solution that was not injected and estimated retained units of toxin. RESULTS A total of 157 vials of botulinum toxin A were tested. Of the 82 initial, phase 1, preintervention vials (8200 units), 5.5% (∼452 units) of toxin solution was retained following mixing and injections. One and 3-mL syringe tips contained a mean of 3.32 and 1.44 units of toxin respectively. Within vials, saline dilutions with 2 mL contained less mean retained toxin (1.89 vs 3.31 units) relative to 1-mL dilution. Awareness of monitoring significantly decreased retained solution in vials (0.035 mL vs 0.069 mL for naive group, P = .002). Phase 2, postintervention testing of 75 vials demonstrated that withdrawing toxin from the inferior edge from a non-inverted vial reduced the retained toxin by 32.8% (P < .001). Decapping the vial further reduced the mean retained toxin to 0.42 units per vial (81.9% reduction, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A potentially clinically significant amount of botulinum toxin solution is retained following mixing and injections. Implementation of guidelines significantly decreased wasted botulinum toxin. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Exploiting functional vocabularies to learn structural descriptions

In the idea paper entitled “Learning Meaning,” Minsky [241] stresses the importance of maintaining different representations of knowledge, each suited to different tasks. For example, a system designed to recognize examples of cups on a table would do well to represent its knowledge as descriptions of observable features and structures. In contrast, a planning system employing cups to achieve goals would require a representation describing the purpose and function of cups. When we turn from the issue of employing a description of a cup to the task of learning such a description, it is not immediately obvious what vocabulary should be used. One approach might be to choose the vocabulary appropriate for the performance task (i.e., structural descriptions for recognition, functional descriptions for planning, etc.). This approach has been pursued, e.g., by Winston [396], Buchanan & Mitchell [46], Quinlan [282], and Minton [243]. In the case of Winston’s ARCH learner and Buchanan & Mitchell’s Meta-DENDRAL system, this approach worked well because good structural vocabularies were available. However, Quinlan and Minton confronted much more difficult problems in constructing structural vocabularies that concisely captured the desired game-playing concepts. Quinlan, for example, spent two man months developing the vocabulary for the concept of “lost-in-3-ply.”