cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land reclamation and strip-mined coal production in appalachia

Abstract This study quantifies the short-run impacts of reclamation on strip mining costs, coal prices, production, and employment in Appalachia. A process analysis model is developed and used to estimate short-run strip-mined coal supply functions under conditions of alternative reclamation requirements. Then, an econometric model is developed and used to estimate coal demand relations. Our results show that full reclamation has rather minor impacts. In 1972, full reclamation would have increased strip-mined coal production costs an average of $0.35 per ton, reduced strip-mined coal production by 10 million tons, and cost approximately 1600 jobs in Appalachia.
Analysis of the optical properties and structure of sculptured thin films from spectroscopic Mueller matrix ellipsometry

Abstract The Mueller matrices describing oblique incidence reflection and normal incidence transmission have been measured for sculptured thin films (STFs) by glancing angle deposition with simultaneous substrate rotation. In data reduction, the 15 parameters of the (1,1)-normalized real Mueller matrix are converted to the six parameters of the (2,2)-normalized complex Jones matrix. Two computational methods yield excellent agreement in the real and imaginary parts of the complex amplitude ratios ρps and ρsp obtained in reflection (or τps and τsp obtained in transmission). Multilayer optical analysis has been developed that employs step-wise variations of the principal axis Euler angles, associated with the local uniaxial structure in successive sublayers, in order to simulate variations in the column orientation with depth into the film. Such analysis has elucidated the Bragg resonance characteristics exhibited by the optical rotation of chiral STFs.
Growth of Dactylis glomerata along a light gradient in the central Appalachian region of the eastern USA: II. Mechanisms of leaf dry matter production

Microsite influences development and resource allocation of Dactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass), a traditional pasture species with potential as an understory crop in silvopasture of humid temperate regions. An experiment using container-grown orchardgrass was conducted under field conditions to determine how open (O), shaded woodland (W) and open-to-shaded woodland transition zone (EO, EW) microsites influenced leaf DM production. Plants established in spring (SP) and late summer (LS) were clipped each time mean canopy height reached 20 cm. Dry matter production and allocation among structures differed, as a function of light attenuation. Specific leaf area (SLA) and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) were associated with leaf DM production, whereas leaf N, net assimilation rate and shoot total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), were not. Specific leaf area was related to leaf DM of LS plants, whereas PNUE influenced leaf DM of SP plants. Stembase TNC was inversely related to relative regrowth rate (RGRR) with RGRR greatest and TNC the least at W. The relationship for RGRR and TNC for SP plants growing at O and LS plants growing at W was similar. Regardless of how indices of growth are related, SP and LS plantings responded as separate populations (representing young and established plants respectively) that have different leaf DM production efficiencies. Orchardgrass was able to sustain leaf production when subjected to simultaneous stresses of shade and repeated defoliation. The LS plants growing at W respond in a manner similar to SP plants and may require management practices attuned to establishing or immature plants.
Contamination rates of optical surfaces at 157 nm in the presence of hydrocarbon impurities

Photodeposition rates for ten hydrocarbon species have been measured on CaF 2 substrates under 157-nm irradiation in the presence of ppm scale levels of oxygen. The species are representative of hydrocarbon based compounds observed in outgassing studies of common build materials used in 157-nm based lithographic systems. Photodeposition rates have also been measured for a subset of the hydrocarbon species on a MgF 2 thin film, six anti-reflective dielectric stacks, and fluorine doped fused silica for comparison with the results on CaF 2 substrates. Two contamination processes are observed. One is the formation of an equilibrium layer on the surfaces. The other is a quasi-permanent contamination which is most pronounced at elevated levels of contaminant.
Crash involvement rates by driver gender and the role of average annual mileage

The effects of four predictor variables-driver age, driver gender, time of day, and average annual mileage-on crash involvement rates were estimated through the use of multivariate modelling techniques. Separate models were developed for fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes. All four predictor variables proved to be highly significant in explaining variations in observed rates. Rates predicted by the models after substituting the mean average annual mileage value for all driver age/gender groups were also calculated. These 'adjusted rates' show men to have a consistently higher risk of crash involvement per mile driven than women for all six combinations of crash severity and light condition examined. This contrasts with women's higher involvement rates in non-fatal crashes compared with men in the observed data. The results of the modelling are consistent with the idea that women's typically low average annual mileage is a factor in their observed higher non-fatal crash involvement rates.
The Anthocyanins of the American Cranberrya

SUMMARY The red pigments from Early Black cranberries were extracted, separated, and purified. Four distinct bands appeared on silicic acid column. The slowest-moving band was identified as cyanidin 3-monogalactoside, the next was peonidin 3-monogalactoside. The third and fourth were respectively glycosides of cyanidin and peonidin. The absorption coefficients of the purified pigments and the aglucone portions were determined in 95% ethanol–0.1N hydrochloric acid (85:15 v/v).
Hypoxia adaptation in the crayfish procambarus clarki

Abstract 1. 1. P. elarki is an oxyconformer, with an oxygen uptake rate of 144 ± 4 μl/g wet wt/hr at oxygen tensions above 90% saturation and an uptake rate of 18 ± 3 μl g wet wt/hr at 15 torr. 2. 2. Between 159 and 40 tort, blood pH decreases slightly from 7.77 ± 0.03 to 7.65 ± .04, and at 15 torr, blood pH drops to 7.36 ± 0.06. 3. 3. At normoxia, blood lactate levels are low at 0.66 ± 0.01 mM/l blood. After 2 and 5 hr exposure to 15 tort, blood lactate levels increase to 3.29 ± 0.47 and 8.91 ± 0.14 mM/l blood, respectively. Upon return to normoxia, blood lactate levels decrease and are comparable to normoxic controls after 13 hr. 4. 4. During mild hypoxia, P. elarki maintains adequate oxygen transport by utilizing a high O2 affinity hemocyanin in conjunction with a low metabolic demand by its tissues.
Analysis of nonlinearly elastic cantilever snap beams for assembly of plastic parts

Accounting for the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of plastics is important for good design of a snap joint. A constitutive equation for approximating the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of plastics is introduced in this paper. The equations for the stress, strain, and deflection of a cantilever beam, based upon the newly introduced constitutive equation are presented. In comparison with the experimental results, the cantilever deflection predicted from the nonlinear analysis is found to be about 50% more accurate than the corresponding predictions from the linear analysis.
Activation of human gingival collagenase

To study the regulation of collagen degradation in periodontium, human gingival homogenate was incubated at 36 degrees C and the release of hydroxyproline was assayed as a measure of collagenase activity. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, soybean trypsin inhibitor and serum albumin inhibited the in vitro collagenolysis while p-aminophenylmercuric acetate, a sulfhydryl reagent, increased the degradation. When latent collagenase obtained from gingival fibroblast culture was added to the incubation a marked increase in the collagen degradation was found. This increase was prevented by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The data suggests that collagenase may exist in gingiva partly in a latent form and its activation may be brought about by 2 mechanisms. A serine proteinase present in tissue may activate collagenase by producing a limited cleavage, or the activation may occur through a reaction that involves the sulfhydryl groups of the collagenase molecule.
Axial segregation of granular media rotated in a drum mixer: Pattern evolution

In the traditional axial segregation effect, a homogeneous mixture of different types of granular material rotated in a drum mixer segregates into surface bands of relatively pure single concentrations along the axis of rotation. This effect primarily has been studied with respect to the initial segregation. However, the initial pattern is not stable, but evolves in time with continued rotation through metastable states of fewer and fewer bands. We describe two experimental studies of this evolution that provide a more complete picture of the dynamics involved in the pattern progression. The use of a charge coupled device camera in conjunction with digital analysis techniques provides a quantitative measure of the state of the surface as a function of time, while magnetic resonance imaging techniques provide a noninvasive method for studying the segregation beneath the surface. These methods indicate that the underlying mechanisms for the pattern evolution may originate in the bulk of the material, beneath the avalanching surface.
In-line testing of antenna-type test structures for separation of sources of process-induced damage

As process complexity and number of plasma processing steps increase, process-induced charging damage becomes an emerging issue in continuously scaling device manufacturing. It is important, therefore, to be able to pinpoint most of potential sources of plasma charging-induced damage. The most commonly used approach involves processing and testing of several modules of antenna-type transistors, with charge sensitive antennas defined and exposed to plasma at various stages of processing. Subsequent analysis of damage allows determination of the processing level at which most of damage occurred. This work presents an alternative and complementary approach to assess potential sources of charging damage. This approach is based on in-line testing of gate oxide integrity of a MOS transistor structure with a charge collecting antenna. Gate oxide integrity tests performed after poly-silicon salicidation and after metal-1 level are used to separate the effect of poly etch and inter-layer dielectric deposition. It is shown that by the in-line testing of silicided poly antennas the effect of charging damage due to plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of oxide can be unambiguously determined. The fingerprint of PECVD-induced charging is further documented by the surface charge analysis performed on oxidized silicon wafers exposed to PECVD oxide deposition.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response of an infinite plate on a honeycomb foundation to a rigid cylindrical impactor

Summary The response of a thin infinite plate on a honeycomb foundation to impact by a rigid cylindrical projectile is investigated by continuum mechanics. The influence of the honeycomb mass accumulating at the front plate is included in the analysis. The plate is assumed to be rigid-perfectly-plastic and to obey the Hodge yield condition and associated flow rule. The honeycomb is modeled as a continuum with discontinuous density. The effects of finite deformation and membrane forces, in addition to transverse shear forces and bending moments are considered in the present formulation. Excellent correlation of the predicted results with corresponding experimental data is observed. The effect of the crushed honeycomb mass is shown to be negligible.
Critical issues in peace and conflict studies: theory, practice and pedagogy

In the preface to Critical Issues in Peace and Conflict Studies, Maytok, Senehi, and Byrne assert ‘This edited volume is our contribution to addressing some of the limitations that come with a priv...
Design-aware lithography

In the face of continued technology scaling with limited lithographic capabilities, there has been a push towards increased co-optimization of design and process. A key enabler is enhancing the design-manufacturing interface to allow more information than traditional layout shapes to propagate to lithography. We describe a method to generate this additional information in the form of shape tolerances on layout polygons. We further develop two different manufacturing methods to utilize these tolerances during mask optimization. One is a tolerance-driven optical proximity correction algorithm to limit on-wafer lithographic hotspots by constraining process window contours to lie within tolerances. The second is a layout optimization approach that modifies layout shapes during OPC to make them more robust to process variations. Our simulation results show that this increased level of interaction between design and lithography can lead to fewer process hotspots on-wafer compared to conventional design-oblivious methods.
A digital hadron calorimeter with Resistive Plate Chambers

The concept of a digital hadron calorimeter for the Linear Collider is presented. The R&D effort to develop an active medium with the required spatial segmentation using Resistive Plate Chambers is reviewed.
An examination of the assumptions in the demand characteristics thesis: With special reference to the Velten mood induction procedure

We examine the assumptions that are generally made when it is argued that a set of experimental findings is due to the subjects' compliance to demand characteristics. There is little evidence supporting many of these assumptions: that many experimental subjects disbelieve the cover story given them, that they are eager to search for clues revealing the study's actual purpose, that they are highly sophisticated in making inferences on the basis of any cues they detect, and that they are motivated to confirm the experimenter's hypothesis, whether to aid science or to make their participation meaningful. Our argument is applied to studies contending that results obtained with the Velten mood induction procedure are substantially affected by demand compliance. In particular, we question an assumption often made by these studies and point out the following: A demonstration that subjects can accurately mimic the reactions of participants given the Velten statements when they are explicitly asked to do so, or when they are instructed how to simulate these reactions, does not necessarily mean that subjects will voluntarily engage in such accurate play-acting when they are not asked to engage in this make-believe. Research has also noted that a number of Velten-induced reactions are probably too subtle to have been deliberately faked.
Pericardial adipose tissue and coronary artery calcification in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Objective: To examine the relationship of pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) with coronary artery calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Design and Methods: The baseline cohort comprised 6,814 Caucasian (38%), African-American (28%), Chinese American (12%), and Hispanic (22%) adults aged 45-84, without known clinical cardiovascular disease. Cardiac CT was used to measure PAT (cm3) and calcification (Agatston score). We examined cross-sectional associations of PAT with the presence (score >0) and severity (continuous score if >0) of calcification using prevalence ratio (PR) (n = 6,672) and linear regression (n = 3,362), respectively. Main models were adjusted for age, age2, gender, race/ethnicity, field site, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, and education. Results: PAT volume (adjusted for age, height, weight, and site) was greatest in Chinese males, whereas Black males had less PAT than all but Black females. PAT was associated with presence [PR per standard deviation (SD): 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.08)] and severity [difference in log Agatston score per SD: 0.15 (0.09, 0.21)] of calcification, but neither association varied by race/ethnicity. Adjustment for generalized adiposity attenuated but did not eliminate the associations. With further adjustment for traditional risk factors and inflammatory markers, only the association with severity remained statistically significant [PR: 1.02 (1.00, 1.04); difference: 0.10 (0.03, 0.17)]. Heterogeneity by sex was observed for the presence of calcification (PR in men: 1.04; in women: 1.08; P for interaction <0.0001). Conclusion: PAT was associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery calcification in this cohort, but neither association varied by race/ethnicity.
Photoemission characterization of interfaces between Au and pentacene

We report the characterization of interface formation between Au(Au) and pentacene, an organic material used as an active material in Organic Thin-Film Transistors, using x- ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS). XPS results indicate that there is no chemical reaction between Au and pentacene regardless of deposition order. UPS results indicate the presence of interface dipoles at both the pentacene/Au and the Au/pentacene interfaces. In addition there are indications of band- bending at the Au/pentacene interface.
Academic-practitioner collaboration need not require joint or relevant research: Toward a relational scholarship of integration.

The article examines how management science researchers and academics might more fruitfully collaborate with actual managers. The two groups are separated by, among many other things, the language ...
The “multiple-sample concept” in materials research: Synthesis, compositional analysis and testing of entire multicomponent systems

This paper questions the efficiency of the present approach to the search for new materials which consists of studying only one composition at a time. A new concept of materials research is introduced which consists of synthesising, analysing, testing and evaluating of large parts of multicomponent systems in single steps. Implementation of this concept has been possible through the development of a one-cathode, multiple-target, radio-frequency co-sputtering method of synthesis and of a novel, simple method of compositional analysis of any co-sputtered film, based on film thickness measurements. An example is given of the use of such an approach in studying new binary super-conducting compositions, which resulted in a thirty-fold increase in the rate of finding new materials. A several hundred-fold increase in research productivity is predicted for higher-component systems.
Plant collecting along the lower Orinoco, Venezuela: H. H. Rusby and R. W. Squires (1896)

The plant collecting trip by H. H. Rusby and R. W. Squires in early 1896 to the lower Rio Orinoco, Venezuela, was sponsored by The Orinoco Company Limited, which was promoted by many residents of Faribault, Rice Co., Minnesota, U.S.A. In February 1896, the company formed an exploring party in order to map a large concession of approximately 10,000,000 acres that they had received from the Venezuelan government and to prospect the mineral deposits, study the vegetation, and ascertain the conditions affecting colonization of the concession. The botanical work was entrusted to Rusby, who with the assistance of Squires and an unnamed laborer from Trinidad, collected almost 500 numbers of vascular plants in sets as large as thirty-two. Rusby indicated that he spent only 51 days in the field and lost a week of that time to an accident that befell the explorers. He was less constrained than the Minnesotans (who were promoting development), and he wrote that botanical exploration was hampered also by the inundation of the forests and savannahs with each tide, the lack of trails, and the large numbers of annoying insects and poisonous snakes. An annotated catalog of 43 new taxa of vascular plants based on Rusby and Squires's collection is provided. Lectotypes are designated forTachigalia rusbyi Harms (Fabaceae),Cupania semidentata Radlk. (Sapindaceae), andSolanum sacupanense Rusby (Solanaceae). A gazetteer of the localities cited in Rusby's field book and in publications pertaining to the Orinoco trip is appended.
RNA interference meets HIV-1: will silence be golden?

RNA interference first gained notoriety in invertebrates and plants as a means to target genes for deactivation. Now, in vitro studies suggest that in human cells, this process can inhibit HIV-1 replication and potentially act as a novel and potent anti-retroviral therapy ( pages 683–688 ).
Managing climate change scenarios for societal impact studies

Dealing with the potential consequences of climate change on society requires scenarios that accurately project future climate. Uncertainties about future greenhouse gas emissions, climate sensitivity to radiative forcing, and limits to simulating a complex system constrain this objective. This paper reviews literature outlining the inherent challenges of creating future climate scenarios from general circulation models; it examines methods used to improve their interpretation and use; and it explores approaches taken to recognize and address uncertainty when investigating interactions between climate and society.
Hippocampal lesions and immobility responses in the rat

The present study was conducted to compare the effects on several immobility reactions of hippocampal ablation in rats. Hippocampal lesions were found to increase significantly the duration of restraint-induced immobility, but these same lesions significantly increased movement in response to footshock and in an open field, indicating a reduction in the tendency for rats with hippocampal lesions to become immobile in these situations. These results are interpreted as indicating that hippocampal lesions in animals do not inevitably lead to a decreased tendency to become immobile in stressful situations and that the hippocampus in the adult rat inhibits behaviors which immature rats demonstrate more readily than mature rats.
SCE induction is proportional to substitution in DNA for thymidine by CldU and BrdU

Abstract The incorporation of 5-bromo- and 5-chlorodeoxyuridine into cellular DNA and the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) was examined with Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture. Although CldU caused 3–5 times more SCE than BrdU at equal extracellular concentrations, the 2 analogs were incorporated into DNA in place of thymidine similarly over a concentration range of 0.5–20 μM. The results show that SCE induction is linearly proportional to substitution for thymidine by both BrdU and CldU. Finally, based on linear extrapolation, a spontaneous level of ∼6 SCEs per cell is estimated.
The significance of bibliographic references

L'analyse des citations: les references citees sont-elles revelatrices de l'influence subie par l'auteur qui les cite?
Cones arising from C*-subalgebras and complete positivity

Let B A be an inclusion of C*-algebras. Then B is said to norm A if, for each X (A), In this paper we introduce and study the cones These are shown to coincide with the standard positive cones precisely when B norms A, and we apply this to obtain automatic complete positivity of certain positive maps between C*-algebras
How Much Vehicular Traffic Do Airports Generate

Airports serve different regions and different economies. Some airports serve as an origin and destination (O&D) point to point system while others serve as a hub and spoke system. The type of airport and modes of transportation available to the airport causes great variations in traffic volumes on roads in the vicinity of the airport. In particular, O&D point to point airports have a profound effect on the local road infrastructure. Research documents very few studies to estimate the number of trips generated by airports. In the most current volume of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Manual, only 3 commercial airports were analyzed to determine comparisons of employees, passengers, or airport demand versus trip generation. Anecdotal evidence indicates that estimates of the number of trips generated by airports based on these studies are very different from the observed data. The focus of this paper is to research and study the relationships between airport type, airport demand, and traffic volumes. Data such as the type of airport, airport demand total number of enplaning and deplaning passengers), total enplaned and deplaned cargo in tons, number of airline operations, number of employees, metropolitan area population, presence of large scale transit systems, the percent of connecting passengers, and traffic volumes along a major access road connecting arrival/departure gates at selected airports in the United States were collected and analyzed to study the relationships and develop equations to estimate the number of trips generated by the airports. The results from this research are expected to help planners and engineers better identify required infrastructure for improved traffic operations.
Tissue water relations of three chaparral shrub species after wildfire

We compared the tissue water relations among resprouts and seedlings of three chaparral species during the first summer drought after wildfire. Two of the species, Rhus laurina and Ceanothus spinosus recover after fire by a combination of resprouting and seedling establishment (facultative resprouters), whereas a third species, Ceanothus megacarpus recovers by seedling establishment alone (obligate seeder). Our objectives were to document any differences in tissue water characteristics that might arise between resprouts and seedlings and to test the hypothesis that seedlings of obligate seeders develop more drought tolerant characteristics of their tissues than seedlings of facultative resprouters. We found that resprouts had much higher predawn values of water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor potentials than seedlings. Predawn turgor potentials of resprouts were 1.5 MPa through July and August when turgor potentials for seedlings remained near 0 MPa. During summer months, midday water potentials were 2 to 3 MPa higher for resprouts than seedlings and midday conductances of resprouts were two to five fold greater than those of seedlings. Even though resprouts did not experience severe water stress like seedlings, their tissue water characteristics, as determined by pressure-volume curve analyses, were similar by the peak of the drought in August. Further-more, the tissue water characteristics of seedlings from the obligate seeder, C. megacarpus, were similar to those of facultative resprouters — R. laurina, and C. spinosus. We attribute the observed differences in plant water status between resprouts and seedlings to differences in rooting depths and access to soil moisture reserves during summer drought. We conclude that the higher growth rates, photosynthetic performance, and survivorship of postfire resprouts are primarily a result of higher water availability to resprouting tissues during summer months. It appears that the greater seedling survivorship during summer drought observed for the obligate seeder, C. megacarpus, is not associated with more favorable tissue water characteristics.
Play Behavior: Persistence, Decrease, and Energetic Compensation During Food Shortage in Deer Fawns

White-tailed deer fawns continued to play despite an experimentally induced 33 percent milk shortage. They reduced play by 35 percent and general activity by 9 percent but increased grazing by 62 percent, resulting in virtually complete energetic compensation. This demonstrates the importance of play behavior in a mammal's activity budget.
Photonic bandgap engineering with inverse opal multistacks of different refractive index contrasts

We have self-assembled photonic crystal with a multistack structure using same size of spheres but from materials with different refractive indices. Al2O3, ZnO, and TiO2 are infiltrated into opal templates by atomic layer deposition. Stacking multiple inverse opal structures with different refractive index contrasts broadens the reflection bands dramatically. Numerical simulations with plane wave expansion method show good agreement with experimental results.
Review: Bedside ultrasonography has 82% sensitivity and 99% specificity for blunt intraabdominal injury

Source Citation Nishijima DK, Simel DL, Wisner DH, Holmes JF. Does this adult patient have a blunt intra-abdominal injury? JAMA. 2012;307:1517-27. 22496266
The takata-ara test of liver function

The Takata-Ara test will be positive in slightly more than half of the cases in which there is parenchymatous hepatic damage when the injury has reached a moderately severe stage. The test is not specific for any one disease of the liver.
Trace-driven modeling and analysis of CPU scheduling in a multiprogramming system

Microscopic level job stream data obtained in a production environment by an event-driven software probe is used to drive a model of a multiprogramming computer system. The CPU scheduling algorithm of the model is systematically varied. This technique, called trace-driven modeling, provides an accurate replica of a production environment for the testing of variations in the system. At the same time alterations in scheduling methods can be easily carried out in a controlled way with cause and effects relationships being isolated. The scheduling methods tested included the best possible and worst possible methods, the traditional methods of multiprogramming theory, round-robin, first-come-first-served, etc., and dynamic predictors. The relative and absolute performances of these scheduling methods are given. It is concluded that a successful CPU scheduling method must be preemptive and must prevent a given job from holding the CPU for too long a period.
X-ray laser cavity experiments

X -ray laser cavity experiments*N. M. Ceglio, D. P. Gaines, J. Trebes,A. M. Hawryluk, D. G. Stearns, G. L. HoweLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of CaliforniaP. O. Box 5508, L -473, Livermore, California 94550AbstractWe report progress toward the development of multipass, soft x -ray laser cavitiesoperating in a spectral range around 200 A. Experimental results on the characteri-zation of normal incidence multilayer mirrors, the survival of multilayer mirrors in thehostile x -ray laser environment, and the performance of double pass cavities at 206 A to209 A are presented.IntroductionThere are a number of strong motivations for x -ray laser cavity development: enhance-ment of laser output efficiency, correction of refractive effects associated with inhomo-geneities in the gain medium, and improvement of the spatial coherence of the output
Overview and initial validation of two detailed, multidimensional, retrospective measures of substance use: the Lifetime Substance Use Recall (LSUR) and Longitudinal Substance Use Recall for 12 Weeks (LSUR-12) Instruments.

Abstract Research on comorbidities between substance use disorders and serious mental illnesses would be facilitated by new methods for collecting comprehensive data on substance use, including data on onset, progression, frequency, amounts, and consequential behaviors. Given substantial limitations of available instruments, and a nearly complete absence of methodologies that allow derivation of continuous measures that estimate dose or cumulative exposure, this report describes the development and initial validation of two interviewer-administered, multidimensional measures of substance use, the Lifetime Substance Use Recall (LSUR) and Longitudinal Substance Use Recall for 12 Weeks (LSUR-12) Instruments. Participants (n = 60) in an ongoing study of first-episode psychosis were evaluated with the LSUR, LSUR-12, and a number of other concurrent measures pertaining to substance use, substance use disorder diagnoses, select demographic features, and two personality traits. Specific a priori hypothesis tests were selected to demonstrate validity, relying on effect sizes to estimate strengths of association, considering small-to-medium correlations (e.g., ρ) as |.20–.50| and medium-to-large effect sizes as >|.50|. Numerous associations were observed between key nicotine-, alcohol-, and cannabis-related variables from the LSUR and LSUR-12 and scores from other concurrently administered measures. These findings provide a thorough initial validation of scores obtained with the new multidimensional instruments. Although validity of the two new measures of lifetime and past 12-week substance use was demonstrated, empirical data on inter-rater and test-retest reliability are needed. Careful development, and demonstration of psychometric properties, of these and related instruments may advance the fields of addiction and comorbidity research.
Reconstructing the history of large-scale genomic changes: biological questions and computational challenges.

Abstract In addition to point mutations, larger-scale structural changes (including rearrangements, duplications, insertions, and deletions) are also prevalent between different mammalian genomes. ...
A relation between successive approximations and continued fractions for quadratic irrationals: rates of convergence

We find the rates of convergence of sequences of rational convergents for continued fractions of algebraic numbers of degree 2, the quadratic irrationals.
RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps

The existing molecular genetic maps of the tomato, Lycopersicon spp, are constructed based on isozyme and RFLP polymorphisms between tomato species. These maps are useful for certain applications but have few markers that exhibit sufficient polymorphisms for intraspecific analysis and manipulations within the cultivated tomato. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative potential of RAPD technology, as compared to isozymes and RFLPs, to generate polymorphic DNA markers within cultivated tomatoes. Sixteen isozymes and 25 RFLP clones that were known to detect polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii, and 313 random oligonucleotide primers were examined. None of the isozymes and only four of the RFLP clones (i.e., 16%) revealed polymorphism between the cultivated varieties whereas up to 63% of the RAPD primers detected one or more polymorphic DNA fragments between these varieties. All RAPD primers detected polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii genotypes. These results clearly indicate that RAPD technology can generate sufficient genetic markers exploiting sequence differences within cultivated tomatoes to facilitate construction of intraspecific genetic maps.
A new type of virus from cultured Drosophila cells: characterization and use in studies of the heat-shock response.

Abstract An infectious virus isolated from the cultured Drosophila melanogaster cell line, Schneider 2-L, appears to be a member of a new group of animal viruses. The virus, HPS-1 has a genome composed of a single segment of double-stranded RNA approximately 6 kb in length. Virions are particles approximately 36 nm in diameter. They contain only two proteins and no lipid coat. The major protein, presumably the viral coat protein, is 120,000 daltons. A 200,000 dalton protein is present in much lower quantities. Two other proteins, synthesized in virus-producing cells, are encoded in the viral genome but not included in the mature virion. Synthesis of viral proteins is not affected by the heat-shock-induced translational control that inhibits translation of most normal mRNAs but allows protein synthesis on heat-shock mRNAs. The viral mRNAs thus appear to share the structural features of heat-shock mRNAs which permit their translation in heat-shocked cells. Viral RNA serves as a probe to study heat-shock translational control. Cells heat-shocked in the presence of actinomycin D cannot transcribe heat-shock mRNA and therefore cannot make heat-shock proteins. Although these cells are making neither heat-shock mRNA nor heat-shock protein, the translational control appears fully induced. The normal cell proteins are not made in these cells but viral proteins are synthesized. These results indicate that the heat shock-induced proteins are not components of the translational control mechanism.
NADH and NADPH dehydrogenases from the blue-green alga, Aphanocapsa

Two different NAD(P)H dehydrogenases could be demonstrated in the blue-green alga, Aphanocapsa. Both function as quinone reductases using benzoquinone as electron acceptor. One, which was found in the soluble fraction, was NADH specific and showed high sensitivity to rotenone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone and o-phenanthroline. The second dehydrogenase was membrane-bound and used NADH as well as NADPH as substrates. Inhibition by rotenone and o-phenanthroline was less pronounced with the bound enzyme than with the soluble enzyme. Based on studies with NADH or NADPH, the membrane-bound enzyme apparently was associated with a low-temperature EPR signal at g=1.92 in the reduced state, indicative of an iron-sulfur center. The membrane-bound dehydrogenase was solubilized with Triton X-100 and partially purified. This preparation was used for studies of enzyme kinetics and acceptor specificity.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of canine acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 cDNA.

Acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO has been widely used as an estradiol-independent housekeeping gene. Expression of acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO in canine prostate was detected and canine specific cDNA was cloned. Total cellular RNA was isolated from normal young (5 month-old) canine prostate tissue. Total cDNAs were synthesized from total cellular RNAs by reverse transcription assay. Primers used in polymerase chain reaction were designed from published human ARPO cDNA sequences and utilized to amplify 562 base-pair (bp) canine acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO cDNA. Nucleotide sequences of canine ARPO cDNA clones were determined on both strands. Canine ARPO cDNA and their deduced amino acid sequences share very high homology to ARPO orthologs from other vertebrate species including human, mouse, rat, chicken, and bovine.
Hepatocyte viability and adenosine triphosphate content decrease linearly over time during conventional cold storage of rat liver grafts.

Abstract Introduction The gold standard in organ preservation is static cold storage (SCS) using University of Wisconsin solution (UW). Although it is well-known that there is a finite limit to SCS preservation, and that there is a correlation between the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and organ function post-preservation, a quantitative relationship has not been established, which is important in understanding the fundamental limitations to preservation, minimizing cold ischemic injury, and hence maximizing use of the donor organ pool. Aim This study determines the time limits of cellular viability and metabolic function during SCS, and characterizes the relationship between cellular viability and energetic state using clinically relevant techniques in organ preservation. Methods Rat livers were procured and stored using conventional storage in UW solution at 4°C. Viability was assessed by determining the amount of viable hepatocytes and intracellular ATP content after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours of storage. Results Numbers of viable hepatocytes that were isolated from these livers decreased steadily during SCS. After 5 days, viable hepatocytes decreased from 25.95 × 10 6 to 0.87 × 10 6 cells/gram tissue. Intracellular ATP content decreased from 9.63 to 0.93 moles/g tissue. Statistical analysis of variance established a linear relation for both parameters as a function of time ( P Conclusion The linear correlation between hepatocyte viability, ATP content, and storage time suggests a shared physiological foundation. These findings confirm ATP as direct predictor for organ quality in the context of liver preservation, which will aid quantitative assessment of donor organs for various applications.
An ecologically-based approach to the design of intercrop agroecosystems: an intercropping system of soybeans and tomatoes in southern Michigan

Vandermeer, J., Ambrose, R., Hansen, M., McGuinness, H., Perfecto, I., Phillips, C., Rosset, P. and Schultz, B., 1984. An ecologically-based approach to the design of intercrop agroecosystems: an intercropping system of soybeans and tomatoes in southern Michigan. Ecol. Modelling, 25: 121-150. A model is developed in which the elementary structure of plant competition is translated into the classical yield-density equation. Using the same reasoning, an interspecific form of the model is formulated to predict yielding patterns of intercrops. An experimental system of a tomato/soybean intercrop in southern Michigan was used to test the model. While the fit of the data to the model is generally good, the deviations were sufficiently systematic to suggest several modifications. Augmenting the model to account for spatial variability in the interspecific competitive effect, an excellent fit to experimental results was obtained. The results suggest that a theoretical approach involving plant interactions at the demographic level will be useful in a program of evaluating intercrop designs.
Workplace bullying: a systematic review of risk factors and outcomes

Background: Studies investigating workplace bullying started in the early 1990s in Scandinavian countries. Research has been conducted regarding bullying definitions, behaviours, prevalence rates, risk factors and outcomes such as sickness absences, psychological effects, chronic and cardiovascular diseases and lower job satisfaction. To date, no systematic review has been conducted regarding this subject. Objectives: To investigate the association between (1) workplace factors and bullying and (2) workplace bullying and various outcomes. Methods: A critical appraisal was conducted twice after a thorough review of published studies. A definition and a model of workplace bullying are provided. Results: Results showed associations between organizational problems and workplace bullying and between a victim's personality and workplace bullying. In some cases, strong associations between workplace bullying and a victim's well-being and performance were found. Conclusions: Results cannot be generalized since th...
The Effects of Dust on the Federally Threatened Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle

We combined a natural experiment with field surveys and GIS to investigate the effects of dust from recreational trails and access roads on the federally threatened Valley elderberry longhorn beetle ("VELB," Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) and its host plant, elderberry (Sambucus mexicana). Dust is listed in the species recovery plan as a threat to the VELB and unpaved surfaces are common throughout the riparian corridors where the VELB lives, yet the effects of dust on the VELB have been untested. We found that dust deposition varied among sites and was highest within 10 m of trails and roads, but was similar adjacent to dirt and paved surfaces within sites. Elderberry density did not differ with distance from dirt surfaces. Despite similar within-site dust levels, elderberry adjacent to paved surfaces were less stressed than those near dirt ones, possibly because increased runoff from paved surfaces benefited elderberry. Dust deposition across sites was weakly correlated with elderberry stress symptoms (e.g., water stress, dead stems, smaller leaves), indicating that ambient dust (or unmeasured correlates) influenced elderberry. Direct studies of the VELB showed that its distribution was not negatively affected by the proximity to dirt surfaces. Dust from low traffic dirt and paved access roads and trails, therefore, affected VELB presence neither directly nor indirectly through changed elderberry condition. These results suggest that the placement of VELB mitigation, restoration, and conservation areas can proceed independently of access roads if dust and traffic levels do not exceed those in our study site. Furthermore, dust control measures are likely to be unnecessary under such conditions. The potential effects of increased traffic and dust levels are addressed through a literature review.
The anatomic variability of human cervical pedicles: considerations for transpedicular screw fixation in the middle and lower cervical spine.

Transpedicular screw fixation has recently been shown to be successful in stabilizing the middle and lower cervical spine. Controversy exists, however, over its efficacy, due to the smaller size of cervical pedicles and the proximity of significant neurovascular structures to both lateral and medial cortical walls. To aid the spinal surgeon in the insertion of pedicle screws, a number of studies have been performed to quantify the gross dimensions and angulations of the cervical pedicle. Notwithstanding these quantitative studies, there has been a conspicuous absence of research reporting the qualitative characteristics of the cervical pedicle. The purpose of our study was to provide comparative graphical data that would systematically document the anatomic variability in cervical pedicle morphology. Such information should better elucidate the complexity of the pedicle as a three-dimensional structure and provide the spinal surgeon with a more complete understanding of cervical pedicle architecture. Twenty-six human cervical vertebrae (C3–C7) from six fresh-frozen spines were secured to a thin sectioning apparatus to produce three 0.7-mm- thick pedicle slices along its axis. Radiographs taken of these pedicle slices were scanned, digitized, and traced to facilitate visual comparison. The pedicle slices were found to exhibit substantial variability in composition and shape, not only between individual spines and vertebral levels, but also within the pedicle axis. However, the lateral cortex was consistently found to be thinner than the medial cortex in all samples. These physical findings must be noted by surgeons attempting transpedicular screw fixation in the cervical spine.
Thalamic amnesia: Korsakoff syndrome due to left thalamic infarction

In order to support the concept that a lesion of the thalamus is sufficient to cause a Korsakoff syndrome, we are presenting 5 patients, all of whom developed the syndrome after sustaining a left (dominant) thalamic infarction. Two patients had pure thalamic strokes followed by a permanent Korsakoff syndrome. One of these patients was studied with neuropsychometric testing, as well as with a modern MRI scan. In 2 other patients, clinical and imaging data indicate that infarction was not limited to the thalamus. Another patient had bilateral thalamic infarcts but only a temporary Korsakoff syndrome. Neuropathological data are needed to elucidate the exact anatomical substrate of dominant thalamic Korsakoff syndrome.
The angular and spectral distribution of transition radiation from thin silver foils

The angular and spectral distributions of photons emitted by Ag foils 660 A and 1 980 A in thickness when bombarded by 40 keV electrons have been determined experimentally in the wavelength region from 2 500 A to 5 600 A. The spectral distribution of light polarized in the plane of incidence showed a sharp peak at 3 300 A ± 12 A, this value being an average over photon directions from 10° to 50° from the foil normal. In addition to the peak, the spectrum showed a continuum which decreased slowly with increasing wavelength and a deep minimum at 3 200 A with a rise in the shorter wavelengths. The angular distribution of photons emitted at the peak wavelength showed a maximum at 30° from the foil normal with zero intensity at 0° and near 90°, whereas the photons emitted at other wavelengths in the continuum, e.g., 2 700 A and 4 500 A, were most intense at 50° from the foil normal. The absolute photon yield was determined by calibrating the spectrometer, analyzer, and photomultiplier with a tungsten filament lamp obtained from the U. S. National Bureau of Standards. For photon directions from 10° to 40° the photon yield was found to agree with the theoretical predictions in all respects at all wavelengths except at that of the sharp peak where the experimental values were about 30 % lower.