cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressive strength of Mytilus californianus shell is time-dependent and can influence the potential foraging strategies of predators

The calcareous exoskeletons of bivalve molluscs protect the organisms from environmental stressors, including physical loads like impacts (e.g., from wave-borne rocks) and compressions (e.g., from predators). The magnitude and time scales of physical loads can occur over a wide range of values, and little is known about how the strength of bivalve shells are affected by the speed of impact or compression. We used the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus to test how the rate of compression affects the strength of the mussel’s shell. Shell strength was time-dependent, and shells withstood 11.5% larger loads if those loads were applied quickly than if they were applied slowly. We then tested whether the shell’s time-dependent strength could influence the strategy of predators trying to compress and fracture the shells. Between strategies with the same compression rate, using more force reduced the time and mechanical work to fracture shells. However, between strategies with the same force, compressing shells slowly reduced the time required to fracture large shells, while the opposite was true for small shells. These results indicate that shell strength is not a static property. Time-dependent strength can influence the interactions between mussels and the physical loads they experience in nature, including their interactions with predators. Studies investigating the influence of climate change on the architecture and strength of mollusc shells should incorporate a range of ecologically relevant compression rates in their measurements to better understand how climate change will affect these organisms.
Melancholy, anhedonia, apathy: the search for separable behaviors and neural circuits in depression

Major depressive disorder can manifest as different combinations of symptoms, ranging from a profound and incapacitating sadness, to a loss of interest in daily life, to an inability to engage in effortful, goal-directed behavior. Recent research has focused on defining the neural circuits that mediate separable features of depression in patients and preclinical animal models, and connections between frontal cortex and brainstem neuromodulators have emerged as candidate targets. The development of methods permitting recording and manipulation of neural circuits defined by connectivity has enabled the investigation of prefrontal-neuromodulatory circuit dynamics in animal models of depression with exquisite precision, a systems-level approach that has brought new insights by integrating these fields of depression research.
Water security assessment of current and future scenarios through an integrated modeling framework in the Neshanic River Watershed

Abstract Water security assessment based on the concept of blue versus green water is becoming widely accepted globally. Blue water is the combination of surface runoff and deep aquifer recharge while green water is the summation of evapotranspiration and soil water content (i.e. mediated by plants). Due to the tight coupling between land use and the partitioning of blue and green water within a watershed, an integrated geospatial modeling framework that links land use and watershed hydrological processes is needed to predict the consequences of future land use change on blue versus green water security. By loosely coupling an agent based probabilistic land use change model with a hydrologic model, we investigated the consequences of present trends of urban growth to identify potential future hotspots of hydrological change across a watershed in central New Jersey undergoing suburbanization. The agent based probabilistic model, working at the scale of land ownership parcels, predicted that future urban development would be the result of forest, rather than farm land conversion. Using existing zoning maps, the housing unit density and human population of the urban growth areas was estimated. A consequence of the loss of forest land and increasing impervious surface leading was higher blue water but lower green water. While no severe blue water scarcity was observed, an increasing green water scarcity was found in some study area sub-basins. Such information will aid watershed managers’ and policymakers’ effort in sustainably managing water resources under changing land use and climate.
Diabetes in Pregnancy

Diabetes remains one of the commonest medical complications of pregnancy. It is classified as either pre-existing diabetes (divided into types 1 and 2) or gestational diabetes. Irrespective of the type of diabetes, pregnancies in these patients require specialist care. Management aims at controlling blood sugars to reduce the maternal and fetal complications including miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Treatment includes carbohydrate-controlled diet, blood sugar monitoring, oral hypoglycaemics and insulin. Patients should be managed using a multidisciplinary approach to reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications.
A survey of throughput versus complexity tradeoffs in wireless networks

Attaining stability guarantees using distributed scheduling policies is an important design goal in multi-hop wireless networks. Several recent results have recently characterized tradeoffs tradeoffs between computation times and stability guarantees in multi-hop wireless networks. We summarize existing results that have substantially advanced the state of the art in this context, and discuss problems that remain open.
The crane flies (Diptera: Tipuloidea) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park

The list of crane flies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae, Tipuloidea, Trichoceridae) known from Great Smoky Mountains National Park is updated. Sampling in association with the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Great Smoky Mountains National Park resulted in the addition of 107 new Park records, bringing the current list to 250 species. This species assemblage is much richer than those of surrounding areas, although similar in composition. Total richness is estimated to be between 450 and 500 species for Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
The direct and moderating effects of mass shooting anxiety on political and policy attitudes

In this article, we examine the effects of individual anxiety after the 2016 Orlando, Florida, mass shooting, which killed 49 people and wounded 58 others. Similar to prior research on the influenc...
Assessing Social Connectedness Among Persons with Schizophrenia: Psychometric Evaluation of the Perceived Social Connectedness Scale.

The purpose of this study was a psychometric evaluation of the 4-item perceived social connectedness (PSC) scale. The study analyzed secondary data from a project that assessed physical, behavioral, and social health characteristics of adults with serious mental illness receiving integrated services at community mental health centers (CMHs). The current sample comprised those diagnosed with schizophrenia attending these CMHs (N = 146). Most participants were African-American males who receive disability benefits with Medicaid as health insurance. The sample self-reported low-to-moderate levels of social connectedness, daily functioning, and symptom severity. Factor analysis of the PSC scale revealed one dimension, accounting for 66% of total variance, with strong item loadings. Reliability coefficients indicated sufficient scale internal consistency. Construct validity was suggested via the PSC scale’s directional, significant convergence with daily functioning and symptom severity. Implications include the application of the PSC scale for this socioeconomically disadvantaged population that customarily lacks meaningful social networks.
Access to parks and recreational facilities, physical activity, and health care costs for older adults: Evidence from U.S. counties

© 2019, © 2019 National Recreation and Park Association. Although research has documented the health benefits of physical activity and use of park and recreational facilities, the relationships of these factors to healthcare costs remain unexplored at the population level. Building upon a social-ecological model, we analyzed county-level data to examine the extent to which physical activity rate and access to parks and recreational facilities were related to the healthcare costs for older adults (i.e., those 65 years and above) in U.S. counties. The results revealed that older adults’ physical activity rate in a county was negatively associated with the county’s healthcare costs of these adults. Also, access to parks and recreational facilities was negatively associated with older adults’ healthcare costs through the physical activity rate. These findings indicate that access to parks and recreational facilities correlates with increased physical activity levels among older adults, which might reduce their healthcare costs in communities.
Overdriven Pulsed Light Emitting Diodes: An Inexpensive Excitation Source for Time-Resolved Luminescence Lifetime Measurements

Time-resolved luminescence lifetime measurements are an important photophysical technique. However, access to this technique at the undergraduate level is limited by the expense of the instrumentat...
Mathematics Examinations in the Soviet Union.

THE role of testing in the mathematics teaching process is a debatable issue. Al though most teachers and administrators would concede that examinations are nec essary, many view them as a burdensome chore. In the teaching of mathematics, test ing and examinations supply teachers and students with feedback that is an integral component of the learning process; how ever, the other aspects of testing are seldom realized. Examinations can and should pro vide opportunities for creative mathemati cal expression. They should readily supply the chance for students to show what they can do. The examination system should be designed to facilitate the promotion of cre ative abilities, the mastery of knowledge and skills, and the development of logical thought. Mathematics educators in the So viet Union have devoted a great deal of attention to these very facets of mathemat ics testing. We would like to consider the philosophy and methodology of mathemat ics testing in the USSR. This effort has a twofold purpose: it will supply new insights for many readers into the versatility of the examination process, and it will provide an example of the standards of mathematical excellence expected from Soviet students.
Periorbital dermatitis in patients receiving docetaxel in combination chemotherapy

Recognition of new cutaneous side effects of combination chemotherapy can help prevent unnecessary cessation or reduction of cancer therapy. Periorbital rash has not been found with docetaxel alone, but here, we report it as a result of combination chemotherapy. A series of three patients who received docetaxel in combination with other chemotherapies developed clinically near-identical, distinctive periorbital rashes. Rashes resolved by resolving underlying docetaxel-induced epiphora in conjunction with ophthalmological consultation, topical skin-directed care, and in some cases, chemotherapy dose reduction. It is important for dermatologists and oncologists to recognise the increased severity of cutaneous reactions when docetaxel is used in combination chemotherapy.
Slimmer: Weight Loss Secrets for Docker Registries

Due to their tight isolation, low overhead, and efficient packaging of the execution environment, Docker containers have become a prominent solution for deploying modern applications. Containers are created from images which are stored in a Docker registry. An image consists of a list of layers which can be shared among images. Docker registries store a large amount of images and with the increasing popularity of Docker, they continue to grow. For example, Docker Hub-a popular public registry-stores more than half a million public images. In this paper, we analyze over 167TB of uncompressed Docker images and evaluate the potential of file-level deduplication in the registry. Our analysis reveals that only 3% of the files in images are unique and Docker's existing layer sharing mechanism is not sufficient to eliminate this profound redundancy. We then present the design of Slimmer-a Docker registry with file deduplication support-and conduct a simulation-based analysis of its performance implications.
Incidence and Trends of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndrome: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the incidence of PSP and CBS in the population. OBJECTIVE To examine the incidence of and trends in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) in a population-based cohort of residents of Olmsted County, MN. METHODS We used the 1991-2005 population-based, Olmsted County Parkinsonism-cohort study, defined via the Rochester Epidemiology Project. A movement-disorder specialist reviewed medical records, to confirm PSP and CBS diagnoses. RESULTS We identified 21 patients with these diagnoses 1991-2005 : 18 (85.7%), PSP; 3 (14.3%), CBS. The median diagnosis age was 78 (range: 66-88). 13/21 (62.0%) were male. MRI was performed pre-diagnosis in 11 patients (8 PSP and 3 CBD); 10 showed atrophy consistent with clinical diagnoses. We observed concordance between clinical and pathological diagnoses in two PSP patients who underwent autopsy. Combined incidence for PSP and CBS in Olmsted County was 3.1 per 100,000 person-years (2.6 per 100,000 person-years, PSP; 0.4 per 100,000 person-years, CBS). Incidence was higher in men (4.5, 95% CI, 2.0-7.0) than women (1.8, 95% CI, 0.5-2.9). A combined, significant trend of increasing incidence was observed between 1991 and 2005 (B=0.69, 95% CI 0.42, 0.96, p<0.001). Median time from symptom onset to death among both groups was 6 years (range PSP, 1-10 years; range CBS, 3-8 years). CONCLUSIONS The combined incidence for PSP and CBS was 3.1 per 100,000 person-years, higher in men than women. We observed a significant increase in both PSP and CBS, likely due to advancing imaging technology and improved diagnostic ability among physicians.
An Exploratory Study Comparing the Hand Arm Vibration Exposures Measured from Bucking Bars using Traditional Tool-mounted Accelerometers and Wrist Worn IMUs:

This controlled, exploratory laboratory study was conducted to measure hand-arm vibration (HAV) exposures when using a bucking bar fitted with three different handles: 1) a typical plastic handle, ...
A comparative exploration of celebrity chef influence on millennials

This study extends literature about celebrity chef influence and millennial food habits. It explored the impact of chefs’ engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts. Data was colle...
Reduced alcohol drinking following patterned feeding: Role of palatability and acute contingent availability

Recent studies from our lab have demonstrated that intermittent high-fat diet access reduces alcohol drinking in rats. However, it was unclear if caloric overload, palatability, or diet itself triggered reduced alcohol drinking. It is also unknown if a similar paradigm could reduce relapse-like alcohol drinking. The presented study tested the hypothesis that acute intermittent palatable diet (PD) access would rescue relapse-like drinking and palatability, but not diet itself contributes to reduced drinking. Male Long Evans rats received six-weeks intermittent or chronic chow (controls) or PDs (high-fat diet, high-sugar diet) exposure, and alcohol testing occurred following PDs suspension. Alcohol intake was not significantly different among groups in either condition, suggesting that diet itself did not impact alcohol drinking. A subset of these rats received two-weeks intermittent PDs (Int-PDs) exposure and alcohol testing reinitiated while Int-PDs access continued. Alcohol intake significantly escalated (~137% compared to baseline; alcohol deprivation effect) in the chow controls, whereas it remained unchanged in PD groups. These data demonstrate the critical importance of acute intermittent PDs availability and its protective effect in relapse-like drinking. To assess the contribution of palatability in reduced alcohol drinking, a separate group of rats received two-weeks intermittent high-sugar diet (Int-HSD) or saccharin (Int-SAC) access and tested for alcohol drinking while Int-HSD/SAC continued. Alcohol drinking significantly decreased (~30%) in both HSD and SAC groups compared to the controls. These data identify the critical parameters by which acute intermittent PD access reduces alcohol drinking and could have important therapeutic implications in the management of alcoholism.
Early Detection of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Trauma Patients

Background This study was performed to determine whether trauma patients are at an increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within the first 48 hours of hospitalization. Materials and methods A retrospective review was performed using a prospectively maintained database of patients admitted to a trauma center during a five-year time period. Patients hospitalized for greater than 48 hours who received a screening venous duplex for DVT were included in the study. Results There were 1067 venous duplex scans obtained, 689 (64.5%) within the first 48 hours of admission (early DVT group), 378 (35.4%) after the first 48 hours (late DVT group). Only 142 (13.2%) patients had a positive duplex scan for DVT, 55 (early group), 87 (late group). Comorbid conditions of congestive heart failure (P = 0.02), pelvic fractures (P = 0.04), and a lower initial systolic blood pressure on presentation (p = 0.04) were associated with early DVT. Head trauma (P < 0.01), mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001), and transfusion of blood products (P < 0.001), were predictors of DVT in the late group. Conclusions Trauma patients are at an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis early in the hospital course due to comorbidities associated with trauma. Whereas, venous thrombosis in trauma patients diagnosed after the first 48 hours of hospitalization appears to be associated with prolonged patient immobility.
The effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on vaccine immunogenicity in adults

Patients with immunocompromising conditions are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable infections. Further, those receiving immunosuppressive disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can have variable responses to vaccines depending on which vaccine and which DMARD they are receiving.
To What Extent Do Local Nursing Home Prescribing Patterns Relate to Psychotropic Prescribing in Assisted Living

Abstract Objective In nursing homes (NHs), psychoactive medication use has received notable attention, but less is known about prescribing in assisted living (AL). This study examined how antipsychotic and antianxiety medication prescribing in AL compares with NHs. Design Observational, cross-sectional AL data linked to publicly reported NH measures. Setting and Participants Random sample of 250 AL communities and the full sample of 3371 NHs in 7 states. Methods We calculated the percentage of residents receiving antipsychotics and antianxiety medications. For each AL community, we calculated the distance to NHs in the state. Linear models estimated the relationship between AL prescribing and that of the closest and farthest 5 NHs, adjusting for AL characteristics and state fixed effects. Results The prescribing rate of potentially inappropriate antipsychotics (i.e., excluding for persons with recorded schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome) and of antianxiety medications (excluding for those on hospice) in AL was 15% and 21%, respectively. Unadjusted mean antipsychotic prescribing rates were nominally higher in AL than NHs (14.8% vs 14.6%; P = .056), whereas mean antianxiety prescribing was nominally lower in AL (21.2% vs 22.6%; P = .032). In adjusted analyses, AL rates of antipsychotic use were not associated with NH rates. However, being affiliated with an NH was associated with a lower rate of antipsychotic use [b = −0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.50 to −0.001; P = .043], whereas antianxiety rates were associated with neighboring NHs’ prescribing rates (b = 0.43; 95% CI 0.16–0.70; P = .002). Conclusions and Implications This study suggests reducing antipsychotic medication use in NHs may influence AL practices in a way not accounted for by local NH patterns. And, because antianxiety medications have not been the focus of national campaigns, they may be more subject to local prescribing behaviors. It seems advantageous to consider prescribing in AL when efforts are implemented to change NH prescribing, as there seems to be related influence whether by affiliation or region.
Long-Term Healthcare Expenditures Following Combat-Related Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries resulting from U.S. Military engagements since 2001. Long-term consequences in terms of healthcare utilization are unknown. We sought to evaluate healthcare expenditures among U.S. military service members with TBI, as compared to a matched cohort of uninjured individuals. METHODS We identified service members who were treated for an isolated combat-related TBI between 2007 and 2011. Controls consisted of hospitalized active duty service members, without any history of combat-related injury, matched by age, biologic sex, year of hospitalization, and duration of follow-up. Median total healthcare expenditures over the entire surveillance period represented our primary outcome. Expenditures in the first year (365 days) following injury (hospitalization for controls) and for subsequent years (366th day to last healthcare encounter) were considered secondarily. Negative binomial regression was used to identify the adjusted influence of TBI. RESULTS The TBI cohort consisted of 634 individuals, and there were 1,268 controls. Healthcare expenditures among those with moderate/severe TBI (median $154,335; interquartile range [IQR] $88,088-$360,977) were significantly higher as compared to individuals with mild TBI (median $113,951; IQR $66,663-$210,014) and controls (median $43,077; IQR $24,403-$83,590; P < .001). Most expenditures were incurred during the first year following injury. CONCLUSION This investigation represents the first continuous observation of healthcare utilization among individuals with combat-related TBI. Our findings speak to continued consumption of health care well beyond the immediate postinjury period, resulting in total expenditures approximately six to seven times higher than those of service members hospitalized for noncombat-related reasons.
Frequency and significance of incidental liver lesions on MR enterography in adult patients

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the frequency and significance of incidental liver lesions identified on MR enterography (MRE) examinations to determine if dedicated sequences for liver evaluation are necessary in the routine MRE protocol. Methods A retrospective departmental database search identified 353 adult (212 women and 141 men; mean [±SD] age, 41.4 [17.0] years; range 18.1–91.9 years) MRE examinations performed in 2017. Radiology reports were reviewed for the presence and characterization of liver lesions, follow-up recommendation, and known malignancy. Follow-up cross-sectional imaging reports were reviewed for liver lesion stability. A senior abdominal radiologist with expertise in liver imaging categorized liver lesions as benign, indeterminate, or malignant and re-characterized indeterminate lesions using follow-up imaging as benign or malignant. Results Seventy-nine MRE (22.4%) described liver lesions and follow-up imaging was recommended in 4/79 (5.1%). Seventy-six liver lesions (96.2%) were characterized as benign (cysts/hemangiomas) on routine interpretation and expert review. One of these was recommended for follow-up imaging on initial report, which was characterized as hemangioma by expert review. The remaining 3 lesions (3.8%) were characterized as indeterminate both by initial report and expert radiologist review but re-characterized as benign after reviewing follow-up examinations. Conclusion All incidental liver lesions identified on MRE in our cohort were benign. Therefore, additional sequences evaluating the liver are unnecessary for routine MRE.
Facial palsy induced by cancer immunotherapy: a single center retrospective study (P1.6-022)

Objective: To investigate the frequency and clinical features of facial palsy (FP) as an immune-related adverse effect. Background: Monoclonal antibodies to Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) [ipilimumab] and programmed cell death (PD1) receptor or ligand (PDL1) [pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab] are standard of care treatments for metastatic cancer. The augmented immune response caused by these drugs leads to the emergence of a class of side effects called immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). FP is rarely reported as an irAE. Design/Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the records of 353 patients treated with immunotherapy in our center. Results: We identified 4 males and 1 female with FP, ages 39 to 68 (average 55 years old) at the time of the occurrence of FP. Four had metastatic melanoma, all were treated with ipilimumab, monotherapy in one patient, in combination with nivolumab in 2, and with pembrolizumab in one. The remaining patient had metastatic bladder cancer, treated with atezolizumab. FP occurred 1–23 weeks after starting immunotherapy and was unilateral in four patients. In one patient, FP was part of a multifocal neuropathy affecting limb and multiple cranial nerves; in another patient, unilateral FP emerged during the course of a GBS-like condition. Lymphocytic pleocytosis was seen in CSF of three patients who had a lumbar puncture, MRI showed enhancement of the intracranial portion of the affected facial nerve in 4 patients. Four patients were treated with steroids. The outcome was favorable in all of the patients, with the exception of one patient who was lost to follow up. Conclusions: FP in isolation or as a part of a polyneuropathy is not an uncommon neurological irAE, 1.4% in our cohort, and generally has a good prognosis. Disclosure: Dr. Yuen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reid has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Soliven has nothing to disclose. Dr. Luke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rezania has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion, Mitsubishi, Tanabe, Alnylam. Dr. Rezania has received royalty, license fees, or contractual rights payments from Medlink, AANEM.
Liquid chromatographic retention studies using polystyrene-divinylbenzene stationary phases in reversed-phase and normal-phase eluents

A polymeric resin-based stationary phase was used to study the retention of alkylphenols, Jilkylbenzenes, substituted benzenes, and fused-ring compounds in different eluents. Various 100% organic solvents were used as eluents in order to observe the relative ability of solvents to elute compounds of given chemical structure. Plots of log k'versus the number of carbons in a chain attached to the aromatic ring show linear correlations with slopes dependent on solvent type and solute fiinctionality. Of the solvents studied, acetonitrile has the highest solvating ability for the benzene ring as well as for several functional groups. Ethanol has shown to have the strongest eluting power for the methylene group. The relative ability of several solvents to elute polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in solid phase extraction was determined. Functional group contribution (T) was calculated for selected compounds and acceptable agreement was found in the correlation between experimental and predicted values for solute capacity factor.
West African Experience with the World Rice Crisis, 2007-2008

Rice production in Africa has tended to be low-yielding, geographically dispersed, and uncompetitive against low-cost Asian imports, even when protected by high freight costs and substantial trade barriers. Skyrocketing prices in world markets in 2007-08 were a shock to African consumers, producers, and governments alike. When international rice prices were relatively low, rice imports did not pose economic or political problems for West African governments. Extremely expensive imports reverse that equation. This paper addresses the response to that reversal first by presenting a historical review of trends in the West African rice sector and, second, by assessing the effect of world rice prices on domestic prices, primarily at the consumer level.
Pathologies of Attachment, Violence, and Criminality

The clinical and forensic investigation of the relationship between attachment, violence, and criminality is quite recent and very promising. This chapter summarizes the origins of attachment research, and explores the psychology of attachment as a biologically based, species-specific behavioral system which is present throughout the life cycle. Pathologies of attachment, moreover, such as the preoccupied, fearful, dismissive, and disorganized types, are being increasingly linked to intimate partner violence and other forms of violent criminality. Research in this area is explored, with particular attention paid to the work of Dutton, Fonagy, Holtzworth-Munroe, Gottman, and Babcock. The author suggests that four findings emerge: (1) insecure attachment is a risk factor for intimate partner violence and other violent criminality, (2) secure attachment may be a protective factor against violent criminality, especially when a child is raised in a deprived environment, (3) the “reflective function” may be an important mediating variable for understanding affective violence in particular, and (4) dismissive and disorganized pathologies of attachment may correlate, respectively, with constitutional and traumagenic pathways to violent criminality. New avenues of research are suggested by applying attachment theory and research to the specific “preoccupied” crime of stalking and the quite distinctive and dangerous character of the “dismissive” psychopath. Keywords: attachment; bonding; domestic violence; psychopathy; stalking; violence; violent criminality
The Curricular Standards of NASM and Their Impact on Local Decision Making

This essay seeks to clarify the extent to which the standards articulated in the NASM Handbook shape local decisions concerning specific content in and time allocations dedicated to the undergraduate curricular area of music history. A review of the sections of the Handbook dedicated to this content provides ample evidence that the standards do not constrain curricular decision making. Rather, they are more properly viewed as a vehicle to ensure the ongoing presence of music history in undergraduate curricula.
A mesh-independence principle for nonlinear operator equations and their discretizations under mild differentiability conditions

In this note we extend the validity of the mesh-independence principle for nonlinear operator equations and their discretizations to include operators whose derivatives are only Holder continuous.
The effective Chebotarev density theorem and modular forms modulo

Suppose that f (resp. g) is a modular form of integral (resp. half-integral) weight with coefficients in the ring of integers O K of a number field K. For any ideal m C O K , we bound the first prime p for which f | Tp (resp. g | T p 2) is zero (mod m). Applications include the solution to a question of Ono (2001) concerning partitions.
Partial Resolution of the Enzymes Catalyzing Oxidative Phosphorylation XXVIII. THE RECONSTITUTION OF THE FIRST SITE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Abstract 1. The ability to phosphorylate ADP during oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone-1 was restored to the NADH-ubiquinone reductase complex by combining the latter with phospholipids and a hydrophobic protein fraction derived from bovine heart mitochondria. 2. Phosphorylation was abolished by rotenone, uncoupling agents, or rutamycin. The efficiency of ATP formation was as high as 0.5 mole per mole of NADH oxidized under optimal conditions. 3. Reconstitution of phosphorylation had an absolute requirement for phosphatidylethanolamine and a partial requirement for phosphatidylcholine, a molar ratio of approximately 4:1 being optimal. A much more marked requirement for phosphatidylcholine was observed in the presence of low concentrations of cardiolipin (0.05 to 1.5% of the total phospholipid). In the presence of cardiolipin, an equal molar ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine gave the highest phosphorylation efficiency. 4. The NADH-ubiquinone reductase complex is oriented in the reconstituted vesicles such that approximately 50% of the molecules can react with added NADH. Reaction of all the molecules with NADH occurs in the presence of 0.5% deoxycholate. 5. Phosphorylation efficiency can be significantly improved by purification of the vesicles on sucrose density gradients.
Toxic Oxygen Effects

Publisher Summary Oxygen and most cellular biochemicals can spontaneously react, usually with free-radical reactions, with resultant degradation of important biological molecules and liberation of large quantities of heat. The normal cell may control or prevent such reactions by physically separating oxygen from susceptible molecules, providing molecules, which effectively compete for the oxygen (antioxidants), or rapidly repairing damage because of such reactions. All these protective mechanisms lead to requirements for complex organization of intracellular contents. Therefore, oxygen toxicity plays a fundamental role in determining the basic molecular geometry of the cell. The oxygen-dependent damages seen in oxygen high pressure (OHP), drying, lyophilization, freezing, and irradiation are consistent with this hypothesis, as are several other, less well-characterized oxygen effects. Other processes that damage cellular organization, create, or uncover intracellular free radicals also show oxygen effects. These effects can be reversible by drugs that prevent or repair free-radical reactions.
Expression profiling of medulloblastoma: PDGFRA and the RAS/MAPK pathway as therapeutic targets for metastatic disease

Little is known about the genetic regulation of medulloblastoma dissemination, but metastatic medulloblastoma is highly associated with poor outcome. We obtained expression profiles of 23 primary medulloblastomas clinically designated as either metastatic (M+) or non-metastatic (M0) and identified 85 genes whose expression differed significantly between classes. Using a class prediction algorithm based on these genes and a leave-one-out approach, we assigned sample class to these tumors (M+ or M0) with 72% accuracy and to four additional independent tumors with 100% accuracy. We also assigned the metastatic medulloblastoma cell line Daoy to the metastatic class. Notably, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) and members of the downstream RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway are upregulated in M+ tumors. Immunohistochemical validation on an independent set of tumors shows significant overexpression of PDGFRA in M+ tumors compared to M0 tumors. Using in vitro assays, we show that platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) enhances medulloblastoma migration and increases downstream MAP2K1 (MEK1), MAP2K2 (MEK2), MAPK1 (p42 MAPK) and MAPK3 (p44 MAPK) phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Neutralizing antibodies to PDGFRA blocks MAP2K1, MAP2K2 and MAPK1/3 phosphorylation, whereas U0126, a highly specific inhibitor of MAP2K1 and MAP2K2, also blocks MAPK1/3. Both inhibit migration and prevent PDGFA-stimulated migration. These results provide the first insight into the genetic regulation of medulloblastoma metastasis and are the first to suggest a role for PDGFRA and the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway in medulloblastoma metastasis. Inhibitors of PDGFRA and RAS proteins should therefore be considered for investigation as possible novel therapeutic strategies against medulloblastoma.
Variations in dysfunction of sister chromatid cohesion in esco2 mutant zebrafish reflect the phenotypic diversity of Roberts syndrome

Mutations in ESCO2, one of two establishment of cohesion factors necessary for proper sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), cause a spectrum of developmental defects in the autosomal-recessive disorder Roberts syndrome (RBS), warranting in vivo analysis of the consequence of cohesion dysfunction. Through a genetic screen in zebrafish targeting embryonic-lethal mutants that have increased genomic instability, we have identified an esco2 mutant zebrafish. Utilizing the natural transparency of zebrafish embryos, we have developed a novel technique to observe chromosome dynamics within a single cell during mitosis in a live vertebrate embryo. Within esco2 mutant embryos, we observed premature chromatid separation, a unique chromosome scattering, prolonged mitotic delay, and genomic instability in the form of anaphase bridges and micronuclei formation. Cytogenetic studies indicated complete chromatid separation and high levels of aneuploidy within mutant embryos. Amongst aneuploid spreads, we predominantly observed decreases in chromosome number, suggesting that either cells with micronuclei or micronuclei themselves are eliminated. We also demonstrated that the genomic instability leads to p53-dependent neural tube apoptosis. Surprisingly, although many cells required Esco2 to establish cohesion, 10-20% of cells had only weakened cohesion in the absence of Esco2, suggesting that compensatory cohesion mechanisms exist in these cells that undergo a normal mitotic division. These studies provide a unique in vivo vertebrate view of the mitotic defects and consequences of cohesion establishment loss, and they provide a compensation-based model to explain the RBS phenotypes.
Functional performance in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The extent to which individuals with a chronic physical illness perform their day-to-day activities and maintain the independence and autonomy they desire is both an indicator of adaptation and an important clinical outcome criterion. Yet the concept of functional performance is not well understood. Studies of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have attempted to identify physiologic and psychosocial factors that contribute to functioning in this population. These studies have used a melange of terms, including functional status, functional ability, quality of life, and health status interchangeably. They have also employed a variety of instruments to operationalize functional performance and an assortment of predictors to understand the phenomena. Perhaps as a result of this disarray, no attempt has been made to synthesize the literature for nursing research and practice. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research on functional performance in people with COPD, indicate areas of understanding and quandary, suggest possible flaws, and propose several new directions for practice and research.
Personal and Interpersonal Motivation for Group Projects: Replications of an Attributional Analysis

We report the results of two replication studies using attribution theory to analyze personal and interpersonal motivation for collaborative projects. Undergraduate students responded to questionnaires containing hypothetical vignettes depicting success or failure outcomes due to ability or effort for dyads working on a group project. Dependent measures included emotions of shame, anger, pity, guilt, pride, and gratitude, as well as expectations for future success. Following the same procedures as the original study, we used doubly multivariate analyses to test 21 theoretical predictions from attribution theory for emotions and expectations for success. We replicated 17 of 21 results across all three studies and 20 of 21 results in the two replication studies. Results are discussed within the context of attribution theory.
A possible method for improving the efficacy of dapsone.

The antileprosy drug dapsone is unable to penetrate intactMycobacterium leprae in vitro, as determined by its effect on o-diphenoloxidase in the bacilli. When combined with the peptide polylysine, the sulfone drug passes through the bacterial cell membranes, and penetrates the enzyme protein, resulting in a 100% inhibition of its activity.
Removal of organic compounds from water by solvent sublation

Abstract Under some circumstances the removal of organic hydrocarbons from water by stripping with air bubbles can be enhanced significantly using solvent sublation. In solvent sublation, part of the solute concentrated in nongaseous form within the Gibbs layer of the rising bubbles is intercepted and removed by an immiscible solvent floating on the surface of the water undergoing purification. In the present investigation of air stripping conducted with and without solvent sublation, concentration profiles along a column were measured as a function of time. The effects of solute volatility and solvent properties on the removal of hydrocarbons were investigated quantitatively. The solutes studied in this work were toluene and o -dichlorobenzene and the sublation solvents used were mineral oil, 1-octanol, and 2-octanol. In the removal of toluene from water, sublation with 1- and 2-octanol as solvents gave better results than sublation with mineral oil as solvent. Sublation with mineral oil as solvent produced results about equivalent to those of air stripping without solvent sublation. For o -dichlorobenzene removal from water, sublation with 1-octanol as solvent gave the highest removal rate, followed by sublation with 2-octanol, sublation with mineral oil, and, finally, air stripping without solvent sublation. The differences in the removal of hydrocarbons by solventless air stripping and that by solvent sublations with different solvents can be rationalized in terms of the differing volatilities of the hydrocarbon solutes and the differing physical properties of the sublation solvents.
Liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with metabolic profiling of human urine as a tool for environmental analysis of dextromethorphan.

Abstract We use the combination of liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF-MS) and urine metabolic profiling to find and identify the metabolites of dextromethorphan, a common over-the-counter (OTC) cough suppressant. Next, we use the combination of ion masses, their MS/MS fragmentation, and retention times to determine dextromethorphan and its metabolites in surface water impacted by wastewater. Prior to this study, neither dextromethorphan nor its metabolites have been reported in surface water; in spite of its common use in over 100 various OTC medications. We found that the concentration of the dextrorphan metabolite in surface water greatly exceeded the parent compound by factors of 5–10 times, which reflects the urine profile, where parent compound is approximately
Butyltin Species and Inorganic Tin in Water and Sediment of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers

Water and sediment samples from 29 locations in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers were analyzed for the highly toxic tri-n-butyltin (Bu3Sn+) species and for the less toxic di-n-butyltin (Bu2Sn2+) and n-butyltin (BuSn3+) species and inorganic tin. In general, locations sampled in the St. Clair River were less contaminated with butyltin species than those in the Detroit River. Inorganic tin and BuSn3+ were detected in over 90% of all subsurface water samples, while Bu2Sn2+ and Bu3Sn+ were detected in 45 and 28% of the same samples, respectively. The highest concentration ofBu3Sn+ in subsurface water, 5.9 × 10−10 mol Sn/L, was at the mouth of the Ecorse River, a tributary of the Detroit River. The three butyltin species and inorganic tin were also detected in 23–46% of all sediment samples. The highest concentrations of Bu3Sn+ in sediment were found close to the mouths of the River Rouge, another tributary of the Detroit River, and the Ecorse River, and were 6.2 × I0–7 and 1.7 × I0–7 mol Sn/kg dry weight, respectively, for the top 2 cm of sediment.
Adenylosuccinate synthetase from Azotobacter vinelandii: Purification, properties and steady-state kinetics

Abstract Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from Azotobacter , vinelandii . The purification method involves affinity chromatography on blue dextran-Sepharose, and hydrophobic chromatography, in addition to heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme displays a single protein band after electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Molecular weights of 110,000 and 54,000 are estimated by gel filtration and SDS gel electrophoresis, respectively. Steady-state kinetic measurements of the forward and reverse reactions and of the reaction in which arsenate replaces phosphate reveal a sequential mechanism with a fully random order of substrate addition in all cases. The maximal velocities of the reverse reaction and arsenolysis are virtually identical, and are approximately 10% of the maximal velocity for the forward reaction. In common with this enzyme from other sources, hadacidin is a potent competitive inhibitor with respect to aspartate ( K i = 0.3 μm ). Specific anions, e.g. nitrate and thiocyanate, are competitive inhibitors with respect to GTP; their effectiveness follows the Hofmeister series. Anion inhibition is synergized by GDP, but binding is exclusive with respect to guanylylimidodiphosphate, suggesting binding of the anions at the site normally occupied by the transferable phosphoryl group of GTP.
Interfacial shear stress in SiC fibre-reinforced cordierite

An analytical model based on a consistent shear-lag theory was developed to predict the interfacial shear stress in single fibre pull-out tests. The calculations show that the stress is highly dependent on the specimen thickness and the method of testing. Data for the debond stress and the interfacial shear stress were measured for single SiC fibres embedded in a magnesium aluminium silicate (cordierite) matrix. The effect of fibre embedded length, processing schedule, and matrix toughening were investigated. For a fixed sample support configuration during testing, good agreement was obtained between the model predictions and experimental data.
Release etch modeling analysis and the use of laser scanning microscopy for etch time prediction of micromachined structures

An alternative non-destructive analysis method using laser scanning microscopy (LSM) was used to study etch release distances in MEMS pressure sensor. The LSM method eliminates samples preparation and is easy to implement in a MEMS manufacturing environment. In this study, various diaphragm structures were etched using a highly concentrated HF based solution. Experimental etch data were obtained for both SiO2 and PSG films under these various structures. Both the height and the width of the sacrificial layer port/channel had a significant effect on etch rate for both films. As expected, a non-linear etch rate was obtained for both SiO2 and PSG films. Since the HF concentration changes over time in a manufacturing bath process, careful selection of processing time is required in order to fully release MEMS structures. Future theoretical modeling with the assistance of experimental data obtained in this study is being pursued to strengthen past work done by Eaton et al, Monk et al, and Liu et al.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium

Abstract Three cases of apparently massive isolated enlargement of the right atrium have been observed. A congenital malformation seems the most likely explanation in this series of cases.
A comprehensive method validation strategy for bioanalytical applications in the pharmaceutical industry--2. Statistical analyses.

Abstract The first paper in this two-part series described [Lang and Bolton, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 9, 357–361 (1991)] an overall validation strategy for bio Based on the validation results, acceptance criteria for the quality control concentrations are established and used during the study proper to determi It is important to emphasize that the statistical analyses of the data provide information that should be considered from a practical point of view by