cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Biological Role of Mammalian 15-Lipoxygenases

In contrast to the well-studied role of 5-lipoxygenase in the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade that occurs in inflammatory cells, the biological role of 15-lipoxygenases (15-LOX) in the metabolism of free polyenoic fatty acids is far from clear, even though it is well-known that 15-lipoxygenases are involved in the biosynthesis of lipoxins (LX) and 15-HETE that in turn can exert both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory actions (Table 1) dependent on the biological system and on species.
CORRELATION OF UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL FRACTURE STRENGTHS OF CERAMICS

The increased utilization of brittle materials in structural applications has necessitated a need for better understanding of factors governing fracture strengths in multiaxial stress states. The research on which this paper is based examines the problem of relating fracture strengths of ceramics in biaxial stress states to strengths in uniaxial stress states. The problem is divided into two parts: in the first part fracture criteria for failure of brittle materials from single flaws are evaluated through controlled-flaw experiments in different stress states and fracture mechanics theory. The derived fracture criteria are then employed in a statistical fracture theory framework to predict strengths of ceramics failing from surface flaws.
ATP:UMP-CMP phosphotransferase from Tetrahymena pyriformis. II. Kinetic studies and reaction mechanism with UMP.

Abstract Partially purified UMP kinase (ATP:UMP phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.4) from Tetrahymena pyriformis has been investigated with regard to reaction mechanism. From data on isotope exchange in the partial reactions, it was concluded that the reaction proceeds by a sequential mechanism and that a ternary complex of the enzyme with both substrates is formed as the central intermediate in the reaction. Initial velocity studies, varying both UMP and ATP concentrations, gave a complex pattern, primarily complicated by the fact that the reaction was inhibited except at very low levels of ATP·Mg. This inhibition was apparently predominantly competitive with UMP.
Cadmium sulfide solar cells

Development, fabrication and applications of CdS solar cells are reviewed in detail. The suitability of CdS cells for large solar panels and microcircuitry, and their low cost, are emphasized. Developments are reviewed by manufacturer-developer. Vapor phase deposition of thin-film solar cells, doping and co-evaporation, sputtering, chemical spray, and sintered layers are reviewed, in addition to spray deposition, monograin layer structures, and silk screening. Formation of junctions by electroplating, evaporation, brushing, CuCl dip, and chemiplating are discussed, along with counterelectrode fabrication, VPD film structures, the Cu2S barrier layer, and various photovoltaic effects (contact photovoltage, light intensity variation, optical enhancement), and various other CdS topics.
Interactive Documentary: A Production Model for Nonfiction Multimedia Narratives

This paper presents an interactive production model for nonfiction multimedia, referred to as interactive documentary. We discuss the design of ontologies for authoring interactive documentary. A working prototype supports the use of reasoning for retrieving, composing, and displaying media resources in real-time. A GUI is designed to facilitate concept-based navigation which enables queries across media resources of diverse types. A dual-root-node data design links ontological reasoning with metadata, which provides a method for defining hybrid semantic-quantitative relationships. Our application focuses on archiving and retrieving non-text based media resources. The system architecture supports sensory-rich display feedback with real time interactivity for navigating documents’ space. We argue an experience of narratives evolves through the performitivity in the interactive narrative structure when the constituents are mediated by common ontology. The consequential experience identifies a renewed practice of oral tradition where the accumulative sensorial propositions inform narratives, such as in performance practice.
The Status of E-Finance in Developing Countries

The purpose of this commentary is to identify some impediments that affect successful implementation of e-finance initiatives in developing countries. These impediments are not adequately addressed in the UNCTAD 2002 report. We need to overcome these to be able to move forward with implementing e-finance related initiatives in developing countries. It is hoped that by implementing e-finance initiatives, we will be able to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goal.
Hormone replacement therapy and the increase in the incidence of invasive lobular cancer

Individual epidemiologic studies and a meta-analysis of those studies suggest that the relative risk of invasive lobular and compared to invasive ductal cancer is particularly affected by combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women, with an approximate doubling of risk of invasive lobular breast cancer in current users. However, this was not seen in the Women's Health Initiative trial comparing combined HRT and placebo, although this trial had only modest statistical power to demonstrate the effect. In the absence of some obvious source of bias (screening mammography rates were well balanced between HRT users and non-users in most studies), this evidence supports the hypothesis that combined HRT increases the risk of lobular breast cancer.
Numerical and physical modelling of bubbly flow phenomena

The objective of the proposed research is to develop a theoretical framework for analyzing various two-phase flows, with special emphasis on the flows, with special emphasis on the flows of gas- liquid dispersions. The macroscopic behavior of these flows depends on the details of the microstructure of the dispersion, and these details, in turn, depend on the nature of the flow. Given the very diverse nature of the flows and their complex dependence on the microstructure of the dispersion, it is unlikely that a single set of equations, similar to the Navier-Stokes equations for homogeneous fluids, will apply to all the different situations. What is possible, however, is to develop general methodologies that can be used to examine specific situations and a general understanding about different kinds of macroscopic flows. The aim of the proposed research is to develop efficient numerical techniques for carrying out dynamic simulations of flows of dispersions and to apply them to a carefully selected problems whose solutions would reveal important qualitative as well as quantitative insights into the complex interdependence of the microstructure and macroscopic properties of the flows. These numerical techniques are to be supplemented with the techniques of ensemble averaging and statistical physicsmore » to obtain results that could be used in modelling more complicated flows through a set of relatively simple equations. Two classes of macroscopic flows were analyzed in detail during the current funding period. The first is the oscillatory flows, as in the case of acoustic or pressure wave propagation through bubbly liquids, and the second is convective flows as in bubbles rising through a liquid. 20 refs.« less
Electroweak Physics Results from NuTeV

NuTeV has performed precise measurements of neutral-current to charged-current cross section ratios using intense high energy neutrino and anti-neutrino beams on a primarily steel target at the Fermilab Tevatron. A null hypothesis test of the standard model allows the extraction $\sin^2\theta_W^{\nu N}(\equiv 1-M_W^2/M_Z^2)=0.2277\pm0.0013(stat)\pm0.0009(syst)$, a value that differs from predictions of global electroweak fits by $+3.0\sigma$.
Teacher-Conducted Trial-Based Functional Analyses as the Basis for Intervention.

Previous studies have focused on whether a trial-based functional analysis (FA) yields the same outcomes as more traditional FAs, and whether interventions based on trial-based FAs can reduce socially maintained problem behavior. We included a full range of behavior functions and taught 3 teachers to conduct a trial-based FA with 3 boys with developmental and intellectual disabilities who engaged in problem behavior. Based on the results of the trial-based FAs, we developed and conducted 5 function-based interventions, using differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior and extinction in all but 1 case. In the remaining case, we used noncontingent reinforcement. All interventions led to reductions in problem behavior and increases in alternative behavior.
A Framework for Patient-Specific Physics-Based Simulation and Interactive Visualization of Cardiac Dynamics

Characterization of cardiac motion can be derived from a pre-operatively acquired image sequence of an entire cardiac cycle. However, changes in the patient.s cardiac morphology and physiology during and after interventions will not be reflected in the pre-acquired data. What is needed is a faithful, patient-specific deformable model of the heart that can be used on-line with interventional cardiac procedures. Diffusionencoded magnetic resonance imaging provides data for more precise modeling of a specific heart. A computer simulation which integrates fiber information with a physics-based mechanical model and a simulated electrical conduction model has been developed to realistically mimic cardiac dynamics. Such a model can ultimately be used to guide treatment interventions and to predict surgical outcomes.
Hypothesis: Is the Omega-3 PUFA Content of Milk Related to Type 1 Diabetes?

The incidence of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) has been increasing over the past 50 years. The geographical variation in the incidence of T1D varies 400 fold from a low rate in China to a very high incidence in Finland, Sardinia and Yemenite Jews in Israel. The reason behind these epidemiologic findings is unclear at this time and further elucidating the factors related to this intriguing epidemiology of T1D can help us better understand certain risk factors, the pathogenesis of the disease, and help reduce the incidence of T1D. We hypothesize that the _variation_ of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of cow’s milk and human breast milk may play a very important role in the development of Type 1 Diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals and may also be an important confounder in many previously published and ongoing studies. Interestingly, the amount of omega 3 fatty acids in cow’s milk and human breast milk has been shown to vary widely depending on the diet of the cows and nursing mothers. This hypothesis could possibly help explain the conflicting results from various studies regarding cow’s milk exposure, breastfeeding and T1D and may also help explain some of the findings related to other environmental risk factors for the development of T1D through the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on this autoimmune disease.
2‐Lithio‐1,3,5‐trithiane

[51102-72-8] C3H5LiS3 (MW 144.21) InChI = 1S/C3H5S3.Li/c1-4-2-6-3-5-1;/h1H,2-3H2; InChIKey = QKLYGTWHYSLJFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a nucleophile or as a masked carbonyl group to provide a convenient route to aldehydes) Physical Data: 1H and IR spectra of monosubstituted 1,3,5-trithianes;1, 2 low-temperature 13C NMR spectra of 6Li- and 13C-labeled reagent.3 Solubility: soluble in ether, THF, and hexane. Form Supplied in: not available commercially. Preparation: prepared from commercially available 1,3,5-trithiane by metalation with 1.1 equiv of n-butyllithium at −30 °C in THF.4 Additives such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) are not necessary for the successful metallation under these conditions.5 Lithium derivatives of 2-monosubstituted 1,3,5-trithianes or 2,4,6-trisubstituted trithianes can be prepared similarly. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: prepared and transferred under inert atmosphere (Ar or N2); air and moisture sensitive; handle in a fume hood.
A Statistical Method for Finding Transcription Factor Binding Sites

Understanding the mechanisms that determine the regulation of gene expression is an important and challenging problem. A fundamental subproblem is to identify DNA-binding sites for unknown regulatory factors, given a collection of genes believed to be coregulated, and given the noncoding DNA sequences near those genes. We present an enumerative statistical method for identifying good candidates for such transcription factor binding sites. Unlike local search techniques such as Expectation Maximization and Gibbs samplers that may not reach a global optimum, the method proposed here is guaranteed to produce the motifs with greatest z-scores. We discuss the results of experiments in which this algorithm was used to locate candidate binding sites in several well studied pathways of S. cerevisiae, as well as gene clusters from some of the hybridization microarray experiments.
Impairment of the nitric oxide–mediated vasodilator response to mental stress in hypertensive but not in hypercholesterolemic patients

Objectives. This study investigated whether mental stress–induced vasodilation mediated by endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is defective in conditions with endothelial dysfunction, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Background. Vascular release of NO modulates the vasodilator response to mental stress in healthy subjects. Previous studies have shown that hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic patients have impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation to pharmacologic agents due to decreased NO activity. However, whether this abnormality also operates in response to physiologic stimuli such as mental stress has not been defined. Methods. Forearm blood flow responses (plethysmography) to mental stress were compared in 12 normal subjects, 12 hypertensive patients and 10 hypercholesterolemic patients before and during NO synthesis inhibition with NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (4 μmol/min). Vascular responses to acetylcholine (7.5, 15 and 30 μg/min), an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and sodium nitroprusside (0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 μg/min), an exogenous NO donor, were also assessed in each group. Results. During saline the vasodilator response to mental stress was significantly blunted in hypertensive (37 ± 11%; p = 0.01) but not in hypercholesterolemic (85 ± 21%; p = 0.78) patients compared with controls (93 ± 15%). NG-Monomethyl-l-arginine administration significantly blunted mental stress–induced vasodilation in healthy subjects (p = 0.004 vs. saline) and hypercholesterolemic patients (p = 0.03 vs. saline), but not in hypertensive patients (p = 0.69 vs. saline). The vasodilator effect of the highest dose of acetylcholine was similarly blunted in hypertensive (215 ± 44%; p = 0.02) and hypercholesterolemic (172 ± 71%; p = 0.02) patients compared with controls (364 ± 34), whereas the vasorelaxing response to sodium nitroprusside was similar in the three groups. Conclusions. Hypertensive but not hypercholesterolemic patients have impaired NO-dependent vasodilation during mental stress. These findings may be accounted for by different mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in these two conditions and might explain an increased susceptibility of hypertensive patients to vascular damage over repeated exposure to stressful situations.
On the mechanism of DNA replication.

Abstract A mechanism of DNA replication is proposed which involves a bifunctional replicase enzyme. Evidence is cited indicating that the major groove of the DNA helix represents the site of its replication. Base pairing and synthesis of single strands is pictured as occurring simultaneously on opposing sides of the groove, thus involving bases which are separated from each other by four intervening base pairs in the backbone sequence. The mechanism is assumed to function for in vivo circular replicating forms. The origin of the DNA molecule is marked by a discontinuity in one strand. The complementary pentanucleotide region functions as a swivel for the twisting plectonemic rings.
Capping university overhead rates

On October 3 the Office of Management and Budget released final regulations on college and university administrative costs that can be charged against federal grants and contracts. A number of expenses were disallowed and all administrative costs were capped at 26%. Earlier this year Richard Darman, director of the Office of Management and Budget, announced his intention to “stop the abuse” in university reimbursements. Almost 300 replies were received in response to the earlier set of proposals on the matter.
NLO QCD corrections to Zbb production with massive bottom quarks at the Fermilab Tevatron

We calculate the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD corrections to Zbb production in hadronic collisions including full bottom-quark mass effects. We present results for the total cross section and the invariant mass distribution of the bottom-quark jet pair at the Fermilab Tevatron pp collider. We perform a detailed comparison with a calculation that considers massless bottom quarks, as implemented in the Monte Carlo program MCFM. We find that neglecting bottom-quark mass effects overestimates the total NLO QCD cross section for Zbb production at the Tevatron by about 7%, independent of the choice of the renormalization and factorization scales. Moreover, bottom-quark mass effects can impact the shape of the bottom-quark pair invariant mass distribution, in particular, in the low invariant mass region.
Towards the Synthesis of Calyculin: A Synthetic Intermediate Corresponding to the C(26)-C(37) Fragment

Abstract The synthetic intermediate 2 corresponding to the C(26)-C(37) fragment of calyculin A ( 1 ) has been synthesized. Key transformations include the efficient one-pot construction of the oxazole system embedded in 1 without epimerization α [C(30)] to the ring, and the in situ formation of the dimethylamine by opening an N-methyllactam with Meerwein's reagent and trapping the resultant methylamine with formaldehyde.
Short written assignments for clinical nursing courses

The author describes how short written assignments can be used in clinical nursing courses to promote the development of critical thinking skills of students. With these assignments, students need to independently think about the clinical topic and are less likely to summarize what others have written. Many of these short papers can be done as activities in post clinical conferences and are critiqued by peers rather than faculty.
Measuring the distance between relative price vectors of different countries

Abstract A simple measure is developed for the distance between relative price vectors. It is applied to cross-country data. The procedure also provides a justification for the use of geometric mean prices in cross-country demand analysis.
Cycloartanes from Lindheimera texana

Abstract The following new cycloartanes were isolated from the aerial parts of Lindheimera texana: (16S,23S)- and (16S,23R)-16,23-epoxycycloart-24-en-3-one, (3S,16S,23S)- and (3S,16S,23R)-16,23-epoxycycloart-24-en-3ol, (16S,23R)-16,23-epoxy-23,25-epidioxycycloartan-3-one, (16S)-23,24,25,26,27-pentanorcycloartan-3-one-16,22-olide, (16S,23S,24R)- or (16S,23R,24S)-23,24-epoxycycloartan-3-one-16,25-diol and (16S,23ζ,24ζ)-cycloartan-3-one-16,23,24,25-tetrol. Structures were established by chemical transformations and spectroscopic methods and, in the case of (16S,23R)-16,23-epoxy-23,25-epidioxycycloartan-3-one, by X-ray crystallography. Norambreinolide, several known labdanes and oleanolic acid were also isolated.
Low-cost GaAs MESFET and InP HFET technologies for 40-Gb/s OEICs

40 Gb/s are expected to become the future standard fiber- optic operating speed for the data communication and telecommunication systems. High performance and low cost technologies are required to lower the system cost, yet maintain the overall performance. In this paper, a state of the art ion implant GaAs MESFET and a simple layer structure InP/InGaAs doped channel HFET were described, compared and proposed for 40 Gb/s OEICs. We have developed 0.10 (mu) M gate direct ion implanted GaAs MESFET process with current cutoff frequency (ft) of 120GHz which is the highest reported ft for 0.1 micrometers gate MESFET device. Bas4ed on this result, we believe a low cost solution of ion implant GaAs MESFET with ft greater than 200GHz process is available in the n ear future with 0.05micrometers gate. The 0.14 micrometers InP/InGaAs doped channel HFET has ft of 188GHz, which is the highest reported doped channel HFET device. The measured device performance of both devices are described in the paper. Compared to the epitaxial device, the ion implant MESFET has the significant advantage in the low cost solution of 40 Gb/s OEIC. The doped channel HFET provides superior performance than MESFET, yet it needs only 5 epitaxial layers which provide advantage over HEMT device. 40Gb/s OEIC receiver was studied and designed using HFET HSPICE model. The simulation shows the circuit has bandwidth of greater than 30GHz with greater than 40 dB ohms gain which make it suitable for 40 Gb/s application. Using this circuit, a 1 by 4 OEIC receiver array in a wavelength division multiplexing system will have overall data rate of 160 Gb/s.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical Aberrations Caused by Transonic Attached Boundary Layers: Underlying Flow Structure

This paper is a continuation of an ongoing investigation of the optical distortions caused by a transonic attached turbulent boundary layer. To investigate the physical mechanisms of the optical aberrations, optical measurements with a high degree of temporal resolution using a Malley Probe were made along with unsteady surface pressure measurements and X-wire measurements at several different wall normal locations. It was found that wall pressure signals travel with the same convective speed as the optically aberrating structures, pointing toward pressure fluctuations in the outer part of the boundary layer as a primary cause for optical aberrations. Coherence lengths of flow structures are obtained and compared to the coherence lengths of optically aberrating structures. Aperture effects on optical distortion are presented and discussed. The model for optical aberrations in turbulent sheared mean flows is developed and discussed in detail.
Human Patient Simulation: State of the Science in Prelicensure Nursing Education

Nurse educators strive to engage students in an active learning process. Human patient simulation (HPS) may provide an interactive learning experience for nursing students. However, the current literature and research published on HPS is restricted and lacks objective evidence supporting this educational method in prelicensure nursing education. Studies with large numbers of participants and clearly defined, objective, and validated data collection methods are rare. Despite the lack of empirical evidence for HPS, many are embracing a technology and form of education in which the efficacy is still in question. This article reviews the current research in the areas of HPS value perceptions and studies of HPS impact on knowledge and knowledge transfer among nurses.
Securing trade lanes using an autonomous tracking device

This study describes the experience of building a highly autonomous, secure, container tracking device using commercial, off-the-shelf, hardware to optimise and secure global trade lanes. We describe the motivation for the project and the hardware and software architectures. Our approach to power conservation is discussed, including a key decision algorithm to detect the loading of a container onto an ocean-going vessel. The paper concludes with findings and insights from various field-tests.
Arousal of Achievement Motivation with Causal Attributions

47 Ss wrote essays arousing either internality for success (I) or externality for success (E). Following the arousal procedure measures of the slope of attractiveness of success (an index of the strength of achievement motivation) and conformity were assessed. The results indicate that Ss in the I condition showed a steeper slope of attractiveness and less conforming behavior than Ss in the E condition. The results supported an attributional analysis of achievement motivation which suggests that achievement motivation is mediated by beliefs concerning the causality in success and failure.
Charge distribution characteristics of attractive dominant barriers

Abstract Electron density distribution plots of the barrier to internal rotation in acetaldehyde are examined. The barrier in this molecule is generic to those molecules possessing attractive dominant barriers, and the origin of this type of barrier is shown to be small-scale, covalent-like chemical bonding.
Analysis of complex equilibria in the Ge-Se-I vapor transport system saturated with GeSe(g)

The equilibrium partial pressures in the Ge-Se-I vapor transport system saturated with GeSe(g) were calculated. In some instances, the system was co-saturated with Se2(g). The respective effects of temperature (693K and 793K), total pressure (10−4 to 10 atm) and initial gas composition (Ge/I atom ratios of 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0) on the equilibrium partial pressures have been carefully examined. It was found that separation of liquid selenium phase occurs most readily at low temperatures, high pressures and small Ge/I values. At Ge/I atom ratio of 0.25 (which corresponds to GeI4), at all pressures and temperatures considered no liquid selenium appears. Some comments are made on transport directions and transport rates in the GeSe(g)-saturated system.
Rapid isolation of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers with an engineered poly-histidine tag

A very rapid method for isolating bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) of high purity and yield is described. A poly-histidine tag is engineered at the C-terminus of the RC M-subunit, allowing recovery of pure RCs in less than 4 h with a commercially available Ni2+ resin. The phenotype of the protein including absorption spectra and electron transfer kinetics are virtually identical to wild-type RCs. This method should facilitate studies of RCs by dramatically decreasing sample preparation time and eliminating the use of expensive equipment.
Specific heat of CuMn at the spin-glass freezing temperature

The rate of spin-glass entropy increase on heating begins to diminish in the region of the spin-glass freezing temperature (${T}_{f}$). This is seen most clearly in a plot of (spin-glass specific heat divided by temperature) versus temperature. The spin-glass entropy gained on heating from absolute zero to ${T}_{f}$ is roughly equal to that found above ${T}_{f}$. This general behavior has been found for compositions in the range 0.083 to 0.88 at.% Mn.
Comparison of Particle Size Determined with the Coulter Counter and by Optical Microscopy

The success of the Coulter counter in other fields has led to its being considered for use in the counting and sizing of dusts in industrial hygiene. This study attempts to derive a relationship between microscopy measurements and measurements made with the Coulter counter. Particle size distributions for selected dusts were derived from measurements with a Coulter counter and by microscopy. The data and results of this study show that particle size based on microscopy will in general differ from that determined with the Coulter counter. It also suggests that errors in excess of 500% are possible if particle size volume distributions are calculated by transforming projected area distributions.
Large Industrial Enterprises in Soviet-Type Economies : Ruling Stratum's Main Rent-Seeking Area

Large Industrial Enterprises in Soviet-Type Economies : Ruling Stratum's Main Rent-Seeking Area
Minimizing power dissipation during write operation to register files

This paper presents a power reduction mechanism for the write operation in register files (RegFiles), which adds a conditional charge-sharing structure to the pair of complementary bit-lines in each column of the RegFile. Because the read and write ports for the RegFile are separately implemented, it is possible to avoid pre-charging the bit-line pair for consecutive writes. More precisely, when writing same values to some cells in the same column of the RegFile, it is possible to eliminate energy consumption due to precharging of the bit-line pair. At the same time, when writing opposite values to some cells in the same column of the RegFile, it is possible to reduce energy consumed in charging the bit-line pair thanks to charge-sharing. Motivated by these observations, we modify the bit-line structure of the write ports in the RegFile such that i) we remove per-cycle bitline pre-charging and ii) we employ conditional data dependent charge-sharing. Experimental results on a set of SPEC2000INT / MediaBench benchmarks show an average of 61.5% energy savings with 5.1% area overhead and 16.2% increase in write access delay.
Evaluating e-commerce functionality with a focus on customer service

B2C Web sites allow companies to present their unique advantages, as long as they provide the necessary customer service. This checklist will help developers create more effective B2C sites.
Improve the positioning accuracy for wireless sensor nodes based on TFDA and TFOA using data fusion

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), location information acquisition is critical to guarantee their performance. This paper presents the positioning methods in WSN with based on the linear frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) techniques. Reference nodes with known locations transmit linear FMCW reference signals, while other sensor nodes estimate their locations based on the time frequency difference arrival (TFDA) or time frequency of arrival (TFOA). The geometric locations of RNs affect the location accuracy. In order to overcome the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) effect and improve the location accuracy, the data fusion method is proposed. The location estimates from TFDA and TFOA are combined using Bayes rule. The simulation results show that the data fusion method enjoys higher location accuracy.
Extension of mismatched 3' termini of DNA is a major determinant of the infidelity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.

Abstract The unusually high error rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) suggests that polymerization errors by this enzyme contribute to the genetic variability of the AIDS virus. We have analyzed the mechanism for HIV-1 RT infidelity by studying two distinct steps that might lead to base substitution mutations: nucleotide misinsertions and elongation from 3'-terminal DNA mispairs. Our results indicate that the capacity of HIV-1 RT to polymerize nucleotides onto mispaired termini is a major factor in the production of mutations by this enzyme. When a noncomplementary dAMP was inserted opposite a template adenine by HIV-1 RT, the nascent 3'-terminal A.A mispair was readily extended by subsequent incorporation of the next complementary nucleotide. The frequencies of nucleotide addition onto 3'-terminal A-A, A-C, and A-G mispairs were determined by quantitating the amount of extended primers with a gel electrophoresis assay and by measuring mutagenesis after hybridization of mismatched primers opposite an amber mutation in bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. The mispair extension frequencies are approximately 50-fold higher by HIV-1 RT than by the mammalian replicative enzyme DNA polymerase alpha.
Precise measurement of the 23P0−23P2 fine structure interval in helium☆

Abstract A measurement of the 23P0−23P2 fine structure interval in the helium has beeen made using the optical microwave atomic beam magnetic resonance technique. The result is 31.908 040 (20) GHz (0.6ppm), which establishes an internal consistency in measurements of the helium fine structure and verifies the theory to order α4Ry. When the theory is used together wit our experimental result we obtain a value for the fine structure constant α by α-1=137.03613(11) (0.8 ppm).
Editor's perspective: the Isthmus of uncertainty.

Whether in the atrium or the ventricle, macro–reentrant tachyarrhythmias are among the most challenging arrhythmias to eliminate with ablation. Namdar et al,1 in this installment of Teaching Rounds in Cardiac Electrophysiology, present and explain insightful findings from a patient with a complex macro–reentrant circuit encountered after prior cardiac surgery. They take us through a step-by-step approach and their thought process in identifying the eventual curative ablation target. Article see p 171 In addition to the outstanding educational points specific to this case, several important principles for mapping and ablating macro–reentrant arrhythmia when multiple boundaries and isthmuses are possible can be gleaned from their report. Does identifying a site of early activation from an activation map of the arrhythmia facilitate ablation? Unlike focal tachycardias, reentrant arrhythmias have no true early or late sites of activation. Timing is based completely on the empirical choice of a reference electrogram and the setting of the mapping window.2 Although this principle is apparent and most experienced electrophysiologists will either map and define the entire circuit of tachycardia or use entrainment mapping to identify appropriate sites for ablation, several corollaries to this principle are equally important but not as readily recognized.3,4 ### P-Wave Morphology P-wave vector and morphology (or QRS morphology in the case of ventricular tachycardia) can be invaluable in estimating location of origin for a focal arrhythmia. With macro–reentry however, there is not necessarily a true onset for the P wave (or QRS). Thus, although patterns that have been identified as characteristic for cavotricuspid isthmus–dependent flutter are suggestive of the arrhythmia mechanism, general analysis of the flutter-wave morphology for other macro–reentrant arrhythmias and even common cavotricuspid isthmus–dependent arrhythmias in the presence of extensive atrial disease or prior surgery or ablation is often of little value. When an isoelectric segment is noted in …
A New Method of Constructions of Non-Tensor Product Wavelets

In this paper, we give a new method of constructions of non-tensor product wavelets. We start from the one-dimensional scaling functions to directly construct the two-dimensional non-tensor product wavelets. The wavelets constructed by us possess very simple, explicit representations and high regularity, and various symmetry (i.e., axial symmetry, central symmetry, and cyclic symmetry). Using this method, we construct various non-tensor product wavelets and show that there exists a sequence of non-tensor product wavelets with high regularity which tends to the tensor product Shannon wavelet in the L2-norm.
Renibacterium salmoninarum AS A CAUSE OF MORTALITY AMONG CHINOOK SALMON IN SALT WATER1

A study to investigate the contribution of Renibacterium salmoninarum to salt water mortality of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, was conducted. Smolts were obtained from each of three Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife hatcheries. Using the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), a determination of incidence of infection by R. salmoninarum was made for groups of fish from the three hatcheries. Samples of fish from each site were placed in separate salt water tanks at the Oregon State University Marine Science Center. Mortalities occurring in salt water were examined for the presence of R. salmoninarum using DFAT, and for other bacterial fish pathogens by preparation of microbiological cultures of kidney tissue on tryptic soy agar. The study included examinations of both the fall and spring release groups from each fish population. Results of the investigation demonstrated the capacity of R. salmoninarum to cause mortality of chinook salmon in salt water and there were indications that horizontal transmission occurred. Detectable incidence of R. salmoninarum before introduction into salt water was higher among populations of chinook released in the spring than in the fall release groups.
Burrowing inhibition by fine textured beach fill: Implications for recovery of beach ecosystems

Abstract Beach nourishment is often considered the most environmentally sound method of maintaining eroding shorelines. However, the ecological consequences are poorly understood. Fill activities cause intense disturbance and high mortality and have the potential to alter the diversity, abundance, and distribution of intertidal macroinvertebrates for months to years. Ecological recovery following fill activities depends on successful recolonization and recruitment of the entire sandy intertidal community. The use of incompatible sediments as fill material can strongly affect ecosystem recovery. We hypothesized that burrowing inhibition of intertidal animals by incompatible fine fill sediments contributes to ecological impacts and limits recovery in beach ecosystems. We experimentally investigated the influence of intertidal zone and burrowing mode on responses of beach invertebrates to altered sediment texture (28–38% fines), and ultimately the potential for colonization and recovery of beaches disturbed by beach filling. Using experimental trials in fill material and natural beach sand, we found that the mismatched fine fill sediments significantly inhibited burrowing of characteristic species from all intertidal zones, including sand crabs, clams, polychaetes, isopods, and talitrid amphipods. Burrowing performance of all five species we tested was consistently reduced in the fill material and burrowing was completely inhibited for several species. The threshold for burrowing inhibition by fine sediment content in middle and lower beach macroinvertebrates varied by species, with highest sensitivity for the polychaete (4% fines, below the USA regulatory limit of 10% fines), followed by sand crabs and clams (20% fines). These results suggest broader investigation of thresholds for burrowing inhibition in fine fill material is needed for beach animals. Burrowing inhibition caused by mismatched fill sediments exposes beach macroinvertebrates to stresses, which could depress recruitment and survival at all intertidal zones. Our results suggest use of incompatible fine fill sediments from dredging projects creates unsuitable intertidal habitat that excludes burrowing macroinvertebrates and could delay beach ecosystem recovery. Through effects on beach invertebrates that are prey for shorebirds and fish, the ecological impacts of filling with mismatched fine sediments could influence higher trophic levels and extend beyond the beach itself.
Efficient exploration of large combinatorial chemistry spaces by monomer-based similarity searching.

In modern drug discovery, 2-D similarity searching is widely employed as a cost-effective way to screen large compound collections and select subsets of molecules that may have interesting biological activity prior to experimental screening. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in applying the existing 2-D similarity searching methods to combinatorial chemistry libraries to search for novel hits or to evolve lead series. A dilemma thus arises when many identical substructures recur in library products and they have to be considered repeatedly in descriptor calculations. The dilemma is exacerbated by the astronomical number of combinatorial products. This problem imposes a major barrier to similarity searching of large combinatorial chemistry spaces. An efficient approach, termed Monomer-based Similarity Searching (MoBSS), is proposed to remedy the problem. MoBSS calculates atom pair (AP) descriptors based on interatomic topological distances, which lend themselves to pair additivity. A fast algorithm is ...
Modeling and Analysis of Rapid Response Process to Improve Patient Safety in Acute Care

Rapid response to clinical deterioration plays an important role to improve patient safety. In this paper, we present an initial study on modeling and analysis of the rapid response process in acute care. Specifically, such a process is modeled as a complex network with split, merge, and parallel structures. An analytical method is developed to evaluate the decision time (from detection of patient deteriorating to a doctor's decision for treatment) and its variability. Structural properties are discussed and continuous improvement methods for identification and mitigation of bottlenecks in the rapid response operations are provided. A case study at the acute care at the University of Kentucky Chandler Hospital is introduced to validate the model, and continuous improvement recommendations are investigated. Finally, potential future work to extend the study is discussed.
Design and implementation of the UW Illustrated compiler

We have implemented an illustrated compiler for a simple block structured language. The compiler graphically displays its control and data structures, and so gives its viewers an intuitive understanding of compiler organization and operation. The illustrations were planned by hand and display information naturally and concisely.
Wide and continuously tunable (30 nm) detector with uniform characteristics over tuning range

A wide and continuously tunable detector with a tuning range of 30 nm (/spl Delta//spl lambda///spl lambda/=3.7%) is demonstrated. Uniform responsivity of /spl sim/0.13 A/W and a linewidth of /spl sim/5 nm is achieved over the tuning range. This device is well suited for both single and multimode, dense and sparse channel separation WDM applications.
William Thomson's dynamical theory: An insight into a scientist's thinking

Summary William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, played a major role in the nineteenth century in changing scientific theory from the statical view, associated with imponderables, to the dynamical view which conceived of energy as a separate and convertible entity. Thomson's conversion from the statical to the dynamical view of nature was due to the influence of experimentalists, Michael Faraday and James Prescott Joule. It was Thomson's use of mathematical metaphor that enabled him to interpret on a theoretical level the physical explanation given by Faraday and Joule.
TH‐D‐AUD‐03: Accuracy Assessment of An Optic‐Guided Target Localization System for Non‐Invasive Intra‐Cranial SRS Using CBCT‐Based 3D/3D Match

Purpose: To assess the total accuracy of an optic‐guided target localization system for non‐invasive stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) of intra‐cranial lesions using a 3D/3D match based on an on‐board imager(OBI)CBCT. Methods and Materials: A head phantom with 5 gold markers and data from 32 SRS/IMRS patients with intracranial lesions were used to validate the localization accuracy of Varian Trilogy frameless SRSsystem. For all the cases, a Varian stereotactic mask system was used for immobilization and planning CT was acquired with a slice thickness of 1.25mm. The target was first localized under the guidance of the optical positioning system through monitoring the reference fiducials on the phantom or on a custom biteblock fixed on the maxillary dentition for real patients. kV‐OBI images and CBCT with a slice thickness of 1.0mm were then acquired. 2D/2D registration between kV‐OBI images and DRRs and 3D/3D registration between CBCT and planning CT were performed. For real treatments, the online setup was adjusted based on the 3D/3D registration. Offline analysis of the total accuracy of optic‐guided positioning system and kV image‐based 2D/2D match was evaluated with the CBCT‐based 3D/3D match as benchmark. Results: The optical positioning system provided a target localization accuracy of 0.9±0.4mm for the phantom study and 1.3±0.4mm for the clinical investigation. The errors encountered mainly consist of the cameracalibration inaccuracy, the biteblock repositioning reproducibility and the fiducial registration inaccuracy. With the aid of the kV image‐based 2D/2D match, the target localization accuracy improved to 0.5±0.3mm for clinical cases. Conclusions: The non‐invasive frameless SRS can provide a target localization accuracy of about 1.3mm with the aid of optical positioning system. If combined with kV images or CBCT, the system has the capability of delivering similar accuracy as that of a frame‐based invasive system(∼0.5mm), providing an excellent tool for fractionated treatment without patients' discomfort.
VTVH-MCD Study of the ΔnifBΔnifZ MoFe Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii

NifZ is a member of a series of proteins associated with the maturation of the nitrogenase MoFe protein. An MCD spectroscopic study was undertaken on the ΔnifBΔnifZ MoFe protein generated in the ab...
The symmetric driven cavity

The driven cavity problem is considered. The driving force is not constant, but may be a complicated pattern across the top of the cavity. The problem is motivated by certain geophysical flows, such as circulation within lakes and how they are affected by atmospheric forcing at the surface. The results are obtained computationally using the lattice Boltzmann method employed on a two dimensional hexagonal lattice. Reynolds numbers range to 3000. An antisymmetric sinusoidal velocity pattern is used to simulate the nonconstant forcing. The simulations include an initial disturbance, developed with unidirectional forcing. Results exhibit a steady symmetric, steady asymmetric or unsteady asymmetric pattern, depending on the size of initial disturbance and Reynolds number.
Measuring a Non-Insertable Device

A coaxial waveguide adaptor is a non-insertable device. This paper illustrates how the adaptor can be measured with the waveguide circuit not terminated in the conventional manner.
Molecular dynamics study of the vibrational relaxation of OCl and OCl− in the bulk and the surface of water and acetonitrile

Abstract The vibrational relaxation of OCl and OCl − in the bulk and the liquid/vapor interface of water and acetonitrile is studied by molecular dynamics computer simulations. Both equilibrium calculations of the vibrational friction and non-equilibrium simulation of the energy relaxation are used to elucidate the factors that influence the rate of energy relaxation in systems that represent polar ionic and non-ionic solutes in polar protic and non-protic solvents. We find that, in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies, the relaxation of the ionic solute is much faster than that of the non-ionic solute in both the solvents. However, while the relaxation is slowed down considerably when the non-ionic solute is transferred from the bulk to the interface, no such surface effect is found in the case of the ionic solute. This behavior can be explained by noting that the ionic solute is able to keep its first solvation shell intact upon transfer to the interface and that the main contribution to the friction is due to the Lennard-Jones part of the intermolecular potential.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Organophosphothioates from Prochiral Precursors

The phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta has been shown to selectively cleave the pro-R p-nitrophenolate substituent from bis-p-nitrophenyl alkyl phosphothioate esters. When the alkyl substituent is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl the enantiomeric excess of the product is >/=99%. Manipulation of the active site through mutagenesis has enabled the preparation of protein variants that preferentially hydrolyze the pro-S substituent of the target substrates. This methodology thus permits the preparation of chiral products from prochiral precursors.