cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collisional to collisionless ion outflow at the ionosphere-magnetosphere interface

Abstract Simple calculations show that ions in the ionophere are collision dominated while ions in low density regions of the magnetosphere are collisionless. For the free outflow of light ions such as H + and He + , this collisional-collisionless transition occurs in the region where the ions are accelerated by the charge separation electric field resulting from the steep gradient in the O + density. In this case, specific distortions of the light ion velocity distributions are produced that significantly alter ion temperatures and heat flows. The types of nonMaxwellian velocity distributions seen are distributions with downward suprathermal tails, inverted bowl shaped distributions, and highly skewed distributions with large parallel or perpendicular heat flows. In addition, distributions with multiple peaks or one peak and an extended plateau also develop under some conditions. These various distributions are the result of relative flow between species, the v −4 dependence of the Coulomb collision cross section, and altitude distributed sources of the ions. This paper presents results of studies of the evolution of the ion velocity distribution in the transition region done with a collisional semikinetic model combining the effects of large scale forces and field-aligned transport with the effects of ion-neutral and ion-ion collisions. Comparison of these results with data from the RIMS instrument on the DE 1 spacecraft suggest that these distributions have been seen and that additional processes, such as downward electric fields, may frequently be present on polar cap field lines.
Allometry for sexual size dimorphism: testing two hypotheses for Rensch's rule in the water strider Aquarius remigis.

Abstract: Within any given clade, male size and female size typically covary, but male size often varies more than female size. This generates a pattern of allometry for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) known as Rensch’s rule. I use allometry for SSD among populations of the water strider Aquarius remigis (Hemiptera, Gerridae) to test the hypothesis that Rensch’s rule evolves in response to sexual selection on male secondary sexual traits and an alternative hypothesis that it is caused by greater phenotypic plasticity of body size in males. Comparisons of three populations reared under two temperature regimes are combined with an analysis of allometry for genital and somatic components of body size among 25 field populations. Contrary to the sexual‐selection hypothesis, genital length, the target of sexual selection, shows the lowest allometric slope of all the assayed traits. Instead, the results support a novel interpretation of the differential‐plasticity hypothesis: that the traits most closely associated...
New far UV detector calibration facility at the National Bureau of Standards

A description is given of a new facility, located at the NBS (Gaithersburg) Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF-II), in which the absolute calibration of working standard detectors for the 5–50-nm spectral region, and the subsequent calibration of outgoing transfer standard detectors is performed. A dual toroidal grating monochromator, with diffraction gratings optimized for 3–13 and 12–52 nm, disperses synchrotron radiation from the electron storage ring into tandem experimental chambers in which a rare gas ionization chamber determines the absolute magnitude of the incident radiant flux and hence the efficiency of the photoemissive photodiodes.
Prisoner's dilemma payoff structure in interfirm strategic alliances: An empirical test

Abstract Interfirm strategic alliances (ISAs) are proliferating rapidly. The mixed motive—competitive and cooperative—nature of ISAs is hypothetically captured by the prisoner's dilemma (PD) model. Until now, empirical research in realistic business settings into the payoff structure obtained in ISAs has been lacking. After examining the incentives inherent in the PD payoff structure, this study presents the results of a US nationwide mail survey of 342 senior executives recently involved in ISAs. The results corroborate the existence of a payoff structure which satisfies the PD payoff structure. Some implications for promoting cooperative behavior as well as future research directions are discussed.
Interrelationships between the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of Ascaris lumbricoides egg and adult stages.

Abstract 1. 1. Unembryonated Ascris lumbricoides eggs contein a large pool of lipid-bound volatile fatty acids which are released only after saponification of the neutral lipid fraction. Smaller quantities of free volatile acids are also present. 2. 2. Quantitatively, the most significant acids comprising both the pools are α-methylbutyric, α-methylvaleric and acetic. Smaller amounts of propionic, formic, butyric and valeric acids are present. Succinic acid has been found in the free-acid fraction. 3. 3. During embryonation, the concentrations of bound α-methylbutyric and α-methylvaleric acids decrease to very low levels. 4. 4. Low, but significant quantities of C 14 -α-methylbutyriate and C 14 -methylvalerate are incorporated into the corresponding acid of the bound fraction when incubated with the intact reproductive system or cells derived therefrom. 5. 5. Unlike the adult Ascaris muscle, the reproductive tissues do not apper to be capable of synthesizing α-methylbutyrate or α-methylvalerate from acetate plus propionate or two molecules of propionate respectively. 6. 6. C 14 O 2 is fixed rapidly into free succinate and propionate in the egg, and more slowly into bound propionate. C 14 O 2 is also fixed into egg glycogen and trehalose. 7. 7. These findings are consistent with a pathway which can account for the well-established conversion of Ascaris egg lipids into carbohydrates during embryonation without the participation of the glyoxylate cycle. Interrelationships between metabolism of the adult muscle and egg also are discussed.
Are specialized LGBT program components helpful for gay and bisexual men in substance abuse treatment

In the New York metropolitan area, a convenience sample of 187 men previously treated in substance abuse programs between 2000 and 2006 completed questionnaires regarding their reported outcomes, completion rates, and perceptions of treatment. The sample included 81 gay and bisexual ("gay/bisexual") men in "traditional" programs (with no specialized groups for gay/bisexual clients), 51 gay/bisexual men in "LGBT specialized treatment" (programs with specialized groups for gay/bisexual clients), and 55 heterosexual men. In bivariate and multivariate analyses, heterosexual men and gay/bisexual men in LGBT specialized treatment had more favorable results than did gay/bisexual men in traditional programs, suggesting the effectiveness of LGBT program components.
A modified thought stopping procedure for the treatment of agoraphobia

Abstract A modified form of thought stopping was used to overcome anxiety in two adult clients. The clients, a 52-year-old male and a 23-year-old female, were trained to use the modified thought stopping procedure because they were unable to relax or visualize scenes. The clients were successfully treated in one year and three months respectively and were free of anxiety at one-year follow-up.
An econometric model of metropolitan development

Abstract : Regional and urban economics have not yet accorded econometric models the same wide acceptance that they now enjoy in Economics. The econometric technique appears to be a useful and efficient tool for studying regions. This method has been applied to the study of urban land-use problems. Presented is a dynamic crosssectional econometric model describing population and employment changes which have taken place in the 39 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) during the 1954-1958 period. Our present urban structure analysis proceeds in several discrete steps. First, we determined changes in population and manufacturing employment for the entire SMSA. These changes, representing perhaps the most important kind of basic employment, are partitioned between the Central City and the Metropolitan Ring. Finally, changes in retailing, wholesaling and selected service employments are derived for both the Central City and Metropolitan Ring. (Author)
Modulation of intracranial reward-punishment interaction by scopolamine

Abstract Rats were tested in a passive avoidance paradigm involving the alternation of punished and unpunished schedules of reinforcement. The rate of self-stimulating for 60 Hz sine wave current (15–130 μa) to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) was lowered to 18% and 20% when response contingent aversive electrical stimulation to the medial hypothalamus (MH) (15–60 μa) and dorsal midbrain (DM) (25–90 μa), respectively, was introduced. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg, IP) was found to significantly disinhibit the suppression of responding produced by the MH stimulation to 67%, but had no significant effect on suppression of responding produced by DM stimulation. Since approximately 50% of the placements in the MH were found to be positively reinforcing, a group of rats was run such that the rate of self-stimulation to the LH was increased to at least 130% when the positive MH stimulation was made contingent upon LH self-stimulation. Scopolamine had no effect on this response enhancement. The passive avoidance results demonstrating scopolamine's disinhibitory effect on suppression produced by MH stimulation support the hypothesis that cholinergic synapses within the MH form part of a periventricular system mediating the effects of punishment on behavior.
A randomized trial of a brief intervention to promote smoking cessation for parents during child hospitalization

Background Parental smoking significantly increases the risk of child hospitalization for multiple illnesses. Parenting smokers may not have easy access to smoking cessation services elsewhere and a few interventions with this population in the inpatient setting have shown promising results. Methods We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a brief intervention with smoking parents on smoking cessation rates after child hospitalization with a randomized, controlled trial. Results Sixty smoking parents participated in the study. The majority of study participants were uninsured women under age 30 who smoked approximately half of a pack per day. There were no statistically significant differences between control and intervention groups for our outcomes. However, 45% (CI: 33–57%) of all participants reported at least one quit attempt during the 2-month study period and 18% (CI: 10–30%) of participants were quit at study conclusion. Conclusions Willingness to quit smoking was much higher than expected in this population of parenting smokers. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:608–613. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modal and other a priori epistemology : How can we know what is possible and what impossible?

Examinant les notions de concevabilite et d'imaginabilite, et soulevant la question de la justification epistemique de la croyance, l'A. distingue les apparences sensibles et les apparences intellectuelles d'une croyance a priori. Face au probleme de Benacerraf concernant le caractere abstrait des mathematiques, l'A. adopte une perspective cartesienne pour definir les apparences comme sources de la justification a priori.
Strike back: using the militant tactics of labor's past to reignite public sector unionism today

Building on the ideas established in his first book Reviving the Strike: How Working People Can Regain Power and Transform America (Brooklyn: Ig Publishing, 2011), Joe Burns concentrates specifical...
Node replacement graph grammars with dynamic node relabeling

The paper introduces node replacement graph grammars with dynamic node relabeling as an extension of the eNCE families of graph grammars. Initiated by NLC grammars in which graph embedding is based on node labels only, node distinction of the embedded graph extended NLC grammars to NCE grammars and dynamic edge relabeling further extended NCE grammars to eNCE grammars. Now, dynamic node relabeling, the node counterpart of the dynamic edge relabeling, is introduced as the next extension, which we call neNCE. The paper analyzes basic language-theoretical properties of the neNCE system.
Adjunctive primary stenting of Zenith endograft limbs during endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Implications for limb patency

Objective Endograft limb occlusion is an infrequent but serious complication of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. The insertion of additional stents within the endograft limb may prevent future occlusion. This study evaluates limb patency with and without adjunctive stenting of endograft limbs at the time of endovascular AAA repair. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 248 patients who underwent endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with the Zenith AAA endovascular graft between 1999 and 2004. Among these patients, two groups were identified: 64 patients with adjunctive stents placed in 85 limbs and 184 patients without additional bare stent placement in endograft limbs at the time of endovascular AAA repair. Results Women comprised 23% of stented and 11% of unstented patients (P = .02). The mean length of follow-up in the stented and unstented groups was 2.0 years. There were 13 instances of limb thrombosis in 13 patients (5.2% of patients, 2.7% of limbs), all in the unstented group. No limb occlusions occurred in the presence of adjunctive bare metal stents. Seventy-three percent of the occlusions occurred ≤6 months of endovascular AAA repair. Two patients (15%) had no symptoms of lower-extremity ischemia despite graft limb occlusion and did not undergo intervention. The others underwent thrombectomy (n = 2), thrombectomy with bare stent placement (n = 3), femoral-femoral bypass (n = 4), thrombolysis (n = 1), and thrombolysis with bare stent placement (n = 1). Of the seven who underwent thrombectomy or thrombolysis, three had no additional stents placed at the secondary procedure, and two of these three went on to rethrombose. By life-table analysis, primary patency at 3 years in the stented and nonstented limbs was 100% ± 0% and 94% ± 3%, respectively (P = .05). Conclusions The intraoperative insertion of additional bare metal stents appeared to eliminate the risk of thrombosis and was without complication. Of the 85 stented limbs in this series, not one occluded. The overall rate of limb thrombosis was low, with most limb occlusions occurring ≤6 months of stent-graft insertion, and would probably have been even lower had we been able to identify all high-risk cases for prophylactic adjunctive stenting. Limb occlusion denotes an underlying problem with the graft, which if left untreated after thrombectomy or thrombolysis will lead to rethrombosis. Postoperative imaging was of little value in detecting impending limb occlusion. Based on these findings, we believe one should identify and stent any limbs that appear to be at risk for thrombosis, but this study lacks the data to predict which limbs need stenting.
Variations in peak electron densities in the ionosphere of Mars over a full solar cycle

Abstract Peak electron densities in the ionosphere of Mars are strongly influenced by the intensity of ionizing solar flux and hence by the solar cycle. Datasets used in previous studies of this relationship have incompletely sampled the range of solar irradiances encountered over a full solar cycle. Here, thousands of Mars Global Surveyor radio occultation measurements and hundreds of thousands of Mars Express topside radar sounder measurements from 1998 to 2013 are used to test whether the conclusions of previous workers withstand a substantial increase in the number of datapoints and near-continuous sampling across a range of ionizing solar irradiances. Data from narrow ranges in solar zenith angle (70°–80°) and latitude (60°N–80°N) are used in order to isolate, to the extent possible, the influence of irradiance. Ionospheric peak electron density increases smoothly with increasing F10.7, but this increase saturates at F10.7 values above 130 units. However, in contrast to some previous work, there is no change in behavior at an F10.7 value of 100 units. Saturation at high values of F10.7 also occurs in Earth’s ionosphere and the underlying cause is that the appropriateness of F10.7 as a proxy for ionizing solar irradiance diminishes at high solar activity. Similar overall trends are seen when the Lyman alpha emission or the Mg II core-to-wing index are used to replace F10.7 as a proxy for ionizing solar irradiance. Even when solar zenith angle and latitude are restricted, a time series of electron density residuals shows noteworthy trends. These trends might indicate a dependence of peak density on season, but they are not caused by changes in the Mars–Sun distance.
Print news coverage of the 2010 Iowa egg recall: Addressing bad eggs and poor oversight

Abstract This paper examines the print news coverage of the 2010 Iowa egg recall, the largest in the United States, in order to determine how the news media conveyed messages regarding the recall and its causes, as well as what consumers might do in response to the recall. The news media has long been both a primary source of consumer information relating to food safety and a notable contributor to the policy agenda. A content analysis of 160 articles from four national US newspapers, the largest regional paper in Iowa, and the Associated Press revealed that the recall was framed both as a failure of government oversight and as an instance of poor production practices by the farmers in question. Proposed responses to the recall similarly fell into two distinct categories: changing consumer purchasing and food preparation habits in order to minimize the immediate risk of infection, and supporting legislative and regulatory food safety reforms that would minimize the risk of future outbreaks. Particular media focus was given to both the US Food Safety Modernization Act and the FDA Egg Rule. Relatively little media attention was given to industrial agriculture as a causal frame or the purchasing of “alternative” eggs as a potential response. Overall, coverage conveyed the policy relevance of the recall but failed both to fully contextualize the outbreak within the history of previous outbreaks and food safety concerns and to convey the relationship of the outbreak to the current system of industrial agriculture.
Endogenous Fluorescence Signatures in Living Pluripotent Stem Cells Change with Loss of Potency

The therapeutic potential of stem cells is limited by the non-uniformity of their phenotypic state. Thus it would be advantageous to noninvasively monitor stem cell status. Driven by this challenge, we employed multidimensional multiphoton microscopy to quantify changes in endogenous fluorescence occurring with pluripotent stem cell differentiation. We found that global and cellular-scale fluorescence lifetime of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) consistently decreased with differentiation. Less consistent were trends in endogenous fluorescence intensity with differentiation, suggesting intensity is more readily impacted by nuances of species and scale of analysis. What emerges is a practical and accessible approach to evaluate, and ultimately enrich, living stem cell populations based on changes in metabolism that could be exploited for both research and clinical applications.
Ultrasound-guided placement of bioresorbable fibers into pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumors achieves prolonged adenoviral gene transfer

Abstract Introduction. Intratumoral injection of viral vectors is under evaluation as novel therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We have developed a system capable of prolonged delivery of viral vectors using a biodegradable fiber with a “core in sheath” structure (poly-L-lysine surrounding a polysaccharide hydrogel). Here we use a clinically relevant model to test our ability to place intratumoral fibers and deliver target genes to human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Methods. Fibers were produced containing water or adenovirus expressing. B-galactosidase (AdBgal). Pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (Panc-1) were injected into the pancreas or flanks of nu/nu mice (n = 18). Pancreatic tumor growth was monitored by transabdominal ultrasound (7.5 MHz); using a hollow-bore delivery system and ultrasound guidance, fibers were delivered into tumors (∼8 mm). At 0, 3, and 5 weeks after fiber placement, tumor tissue was harvested and evaluated for fiber placement accuracy and B-galactosidase protein expression (immunohistochemistry [IHC]). Results. Using ultrasound, fibers were successfully placed into the pancreatic tumor without morbidity in all animals. Subsequent examination at necropsy confirmed intratumoral placement. IHC identified expression within tumor parenchyma 3 and 5 weeks after a single intratumoral AdBgal fiber placement and no B-galactosidase expression was identified in tumors receiving control (water) fibers. Conclusions. Using ultrasound guidance and a novel delivery system, AdBgal-loaded fibers were successfully placed into pancreatic tumors in mice. These fibers delivered active AdBgal and its protein product into human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells for up to 5 weeks after implantation. This delivery system may be applicable to the administration of viral vectors in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
"Bini, Vidi, Vici"–On the Misuse of "Style" in the Analysis of Sixteenth Century Luso-African Ivories

The Luso-African [or Afro-Portuguese] ivories from West Africa include hunting horns (so-called “olifants” or “oliphants”), spoons, and lidded bowls (saltcellars) embellished with human figures and animals. These objects, first imported into Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century, have engendered debate over dating and provenance. While scholars agree that the early sixteenth-century pieces were produced by “Sape(s)” (or “Sapi”) artists from the Upper Guinea Coast (“Serra Leoa” in Portuguese sources), there is substantial disagreement whether post-1550 ivories came from “Serra Leoa” or Nigeria. This article argues for Serra Leoa, based on a methodological approach whereby Portuguese written documents, establishing the socio-historical context, and demonstrating continued production by “Sape” artists, are a necessary pre-condition to any stylistic comparison of objects.
Counterregulatory adaptation to recurrent hypoglycemia in normal humans.

We evaluated the effect of antecedent hypoglycemia on glucose counterregulation during hypoglycemia in non-diabetic human subjects. In single hypoglycemia studies, glucose production [( 3H]3-glucose) and counterregulatory hormone concentrations were measured (after a 3.5-h baseline period of euglycemia) during 120 min of hypoglycemia (glucose clamped at 3.0 mmol/L). During the final 60 min of hypoglycemia, counterregulation resulted in significant increments in glucose production (12.88 +/- 0.83 mumol/kg.min), and plasma glucagon (IRG; 185 +/- 22 ng/L), GH (29.3 +/- 7.0 micrograms/L), cortisol (630 +/- 100 nmol/L), epinephrine (3.44 +/- 0.76 nmol/L), and norepinephrine (2.02 +/- 0.21 nmol/L). In the recurrent hypoglycemia experiment, an antecedent period of identical hypoglycemia was induced. Glucose counterregulation during the second of two periods of hypoglycemia (HYPO 2) was then compared to that in single hypoglycemia studies. During HYPO 2, there were decreased responses in Ra (by 32%; P less than 0.03), GH (by 67%; P less than 0.05), F (by 41%; P less than 0.03), and norepinephrine (by 20%; P = 0.03) compared to those in the single hypoglycemia study. In contrast, plasma IRG values were similar in the single hypoglycemia studies and HYPO 2, but were reduced relative to those during the first hypoglycemic period of recurrent hypoglycemia (IRG, 263 +/- 18 ng/L; P less than 0.025 vs. HYPO 2 and P less than 0.05 vs. single hypoglycemia). Our results suggest that 1) antecedent hypoglycemia may alter glucose counterregulation during hypoglycemia; and 2) recurrent hypoglycemia may result in alterations in reduction of hepatic glucose production.
Comparing written programs and self-reported respiratory protection practices in acute care hospitals.

Airborne biological hazards in hospitals require the use of respiratory protection. A well-implemented respiratory protection program can protect health care workers from these exposures. This study examines the relationship between written respiratory programs and reported practices in health care settings. Twenty-eight hospitals in Illinois and Minnesota were recruited to a study of respiratory protection programs and practices in acute care settings. Interviews were conducted with hospital managers, unit managers, and health care workers from departments where respirators are commonly required. Each hospital's written respiratory protection program was scored for the 11 elements required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), using a standardized tool, for a maximum possible score of 22 (2 pts. per element). Twenty interview questions associated with program practices were also scored by percent correct responses. Written program scores ranged from 2–17 with an average of 9.2. Hos...
Systems Biology Uncovers the Foundation of Natural Genetic Diversity

The vast majority of measurable phenotypes within species are not fixed, and populations contain significant levels of natural genetic variation among individuals affecting phenotypes from development to metabolism to abiotic resistance. All of these phenotypes are of interest to both basic and
Modeling of Gas-Liquid Flow Through an Interconnected Channel Matrix

The motion of a less viscous, non-wetting gas into a liquid-saturated porous medium is known as drainage. Drainage is an important process in environmental applications, such as enhanced oil recovery and geologic CO2 sequestration. Understanding what conditions will increase the volume of gas that can saturate an initially water-saturated porous medium is of importance for predictions of the total CO2 volume that can be sequestered in known geologic formations. To further the understanding of how drainage flow properties are related to different injection flow-rates, a porous medium consisting of interconnected channels and pores was manufactured to perform bench-top experiments of drainage. Additionally, a finite-volume model of this interconnected channel matrix was constructed. Numerical simulations of constant-rate injection into the model porous medium are first shown to compare favorably to the bench-top experiments. The fluid and injection properties of the drainage process were then varied to evaluate the flow conditions which would maximize the volume of gas trapped within the porous medium. In particular, CO2 displacing brine within the porous medium was modeled, with representative subsurface temperatures and fluid properties. It was shown with these fluid conditions a higher final saturation of the invading less-viscous CO2 was obtained, as compared to air into water experiments at similar injection rates.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rayleigh-Bénard convection in binary mixtures with separation ratios near zero.

We present an experimental study of convection in binary mixtures with separation ratios {Psi} close to zero. Measurements of the Hopf frequency for {Psi}{lt}0 were used to determine the relationship between {Psi} and the mass concentration {ital x} with high precision. These results are consistent with but more precise than earlier measurements by conventional techniques. For {Psi}{gt}0, we found that the pattern close to onset consisted of squares. Our data give the threshold of convection {ital r}{sub {ital c}}{equivalent_to}{ital R}{sub {ital c}}/{ital R}{sub {ital c}0} ({ital R}{sub {ital c}} is the critical Rayleigh number of the mixture and {ital R}{sub {ital c}0} that of the pure fluid) from measurements of the refractive-index power of the pattern as revealed by a very sensitive quantitative shadowgraph method. Over the range {Psi}{approx_lt}0.011, corresponding to {ital r}{sub {ital c}}{approx_gt}0.2, these results are in good agreement with linear stability analysis. The measured refractive-index power varies by six orders of magnitude as a function of {ital r} and for {ital r}{approx_gt}0.55 is in reasonable agreement with predictions based on the ten-mode Lorenz-like Galerkin truncation of Mueller and Luecke [H. W. Mueller and M. Luecke, Phys. Rev. A 38, 2965 (1988)]. For smaller {ital r}, the modelmore » predicts a cancellation between contributions to the refractive index from concentration and temperature variations, which does not seem to occur in the physical system. Determinations of the wave numbers of the patterns near onset are consistent with the theoretically predicted small critical wave numbers at positive {Psi}. As {ital r} approaches one, we find that {ital q} approaches the critical wave number {ital q}{sub {ital c}0}{congruent}3 of the pure fluid. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society« less
Epitaxial growth of the pseudo-binary wide band gap semiconductor SiCAlN

Abstract The growth of single-phase SiCAlN epitaxial films from mutually insoluble components SiC and AlN is accomplished by molecular beam epitaxy via the use of a specially designed unimolecular precursor H3SiCN. The film growth takes place on 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) and Si(1 1 1) substrates at 750 °C. The growth on Si(1 1 1) does not require prior removal of the native oxide layer. In situ reaction of the oxide layer with fluxes of Al atoms and the H3SiCN precursor transforms the amorphous oxide into a SiAlON crystalline interface on which heteroepitaxy of SiCAlN proceeds. Theoretical structural models of the hexagonal SiCAlN agree well with the experimental microstructure observed in cross-sectional electron microscopy images. Calculations show a fundamental band gap at 3.2 eV for the stoichiometric SiCAlN, in agreement with photoluminescence data.
A modified Lanchester linear process calibrated to historical data

A new formulation of Lanchester-like attrition equations is proposed. This formulation is derived from theoretical attrition occurring at extrema and with reference to historical data. It provides a different view of the attrition process as well as insight into the meaning of the logarithmic law attrition parameter. A method of testing the formulation against more familiar equations is proposed
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction During Supine and Upright Exercise in Patients With Systemic Hypertension and Its Relation to Peak Filling Rale

In hypertensive patients with hypertrophy, abnormal peak filling rate (PFR) is related to a decline in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) during supine exercise. Because an increased LV preload is more common during upright exercise, we determined this relation during upright and supine exercise. In 20 hypertensive patients, rest and exercise radionuclide angiography in the supine and upright positions, as well as echocardiography, were performed and compared with 20 age-matched controls. At rest in the supine and upright positions, blood pressure, LVEF, and PFR were 164 ± 20/94 ± 10 and 164 ± 24/94 ± 10 mm Hg, 65 ± 8% and 65 ± 6%, and 2.77 ± 0.59 and 2.70 ± 0.52 end-diastolic volumes/s, respectively. PFR was reduced compared with controls (3.29 ± 0.3 and 3.27 ± 0.27 end-diastolic volumes/s, supine and upright). LV mass index was normal (94 ± 19 g/m 2 ). LVEF increased during upright but not during supine exercise in the hypertensives. Four patients had a decline in each position versus none of the controls. There was no relation between the change in LVEF and rest PFR. In patients with mild to moderate hypertension without extensive hypertrophy, abnormal filling rales were present but did not correlate with the change in LVEF with exercise.
Radiotelemetry for stomach motility studies in ruminants

A single-channel, commercially available pressure telemetry system was compared with a strain-gage-catheter system for recording pressure changes in the reticulorumen of cattle and a deer. Although the telemetry system had some advantages over the strain gagecatheter system, it was believed that longer transmission ranges, longer battery life, greater stability and facilities for multiple channelling should be available to make telementering of pressure changes more satisfactory for research in stomach motility of ruminants.
Experimental study of knickpoint and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive, homogeneous material

A series of experiments were conducted in homogeneous bedrock to study knickpoint and longitudinal-profile evolution. Knickpoints are created by successive drops in base level, which simulate intermittent uplift. Channel morphology and flow characteristics vary systematically along a knickpoint reach. As the knickpoint lip is approached, width decreases, but depth, velocity, and bottom shear stress increase. As a result, knickpoints are rapidly destroyed through the process of (1) knickpoint replacement and (2) subsequent knickpoint inclination. Knickpoint replacement consists of two morphologically distinct, erosional reaches: the knickpoint face below the knickpoint lip, which decreases in slope, and an incising reach above the knickpoint lip, which increases in slope. Knickpoint replacement is a significant process in the evolution of knickpoints in homogeneous bedrock. Within experimental limits, this study supports the notion that knickpoints do not undergo parallel head-ward retreat in homogeneous bedrock, given intermittent uplift, except in those possible cases of extensive and pervasive bedrock jointing. Only the erosional sediment-transport discontinuity above the knickpoint is developed in cohesive sediments. Below the knickpoint, a steep, bedrock channel slope, low sediment load, and rapid decrease in grain size of sediment load preclude development of the aggradational sediment-transport discontinuity. Knickpoint evolution can be characterized by three general models: parallel retreat, replacement, and inclination. These models are based on the following criteria within the knickpoint reach: (1) relationship between bottom shear stress, τ 0 , and critical shear stress needed to initiate motion, τ c ; (2) nature of the bed-load transport discontinuities; and (3) spatial variability of bedrock resistance to fluvial erosion.
THINKING STRUCTURALLY ABOUT NARCISSISM: AN EXAMINATION OF THE FIVE-FACTOR NARCISSISM INVENTORY AND ITS COMPONENTS

The Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI) is a self-report measure of the traits linked to grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, as well as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), from a five-factor model perspective (FFM). In the current studies, the factor structure of the FFNI was explored and the results supported the extraction of three factors: Antagonism (e.g., Arrogance), Neuroticism (e.g., Need for Admiration), and Agentic Extraversion (e.g., Authoritativeness). In Study 2, the FFNI factors manifested convergent validity with their corresponding Big Five domains and diverging relations with measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, NPD, and selfesteem. Ultimately, the FFNI factors help explicate the differences between various expressions of narcissism such that all are related to Antagonism but differ with regard to Neuroticism (relevant to vulnerable narcissism and NPD) and Agentic Extraversion (relevant to grandiose narcissism and NPD). The results also highlight the complex relation between self-esteem and the traits that comprise narcissism measures.
Rapid Generation of the Scalar Spherical Multipole Translation Matrix using a New Set of Recurrence Relations

This paper proposes a procedure based on a new set of recurrence relations and compare its performance with previous literature after reviewing the recurrence relations that form the basis of the present-day recursive SSMTC computation technique
Performance of PAC1-R heterozygous mice in memory tasks-II.

An involvement of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-specific receptor type 1 (PAC1-R) in behavioral performance of retrieval of memory upon the stimulation of perception of sensory modality was investigated in mice. Eighteen heterozygous (−/+) transgenic mutant PAC1-R-deficient mice {(−/+) mice} and 18 wild-type (+/+) mice of littermates {(+/+) mice} as a control were used. No homozygous (−/−) transgenic mutant PAC1-R-deficit mouse was bred in our colony. It was observed that; (1) changing a single alley in the multiple mazes interfered with retrieval of memory in both (−/+) mice and (+/+) mice, and they made considerable errors; (2) a rotation of the multiple mazes for 180° in relation to the geomagnetic field made also considerable errors, but in only (+/+) mice and not in (−/+) mice; and (3) an exposure for perception of fear signals made also considerable errors, but in only (+/+) mice and not in (−/+) mice. It is inferred that PAC1-R may play a gating role in passage permitting through perception of geomagnetic orientation and fear signals, but not perception of visual orientation, and it regulates behavioral performance in retrieval of memory in mice.
A model for the B → XS + γ decay in the chromomagnetic background

Abstract We calculate the shape of the photon spectrum for the B → X S + γ decay in the presence of a background chromomagnetic field for the case of an SU (2) gauge group. The effect of the external field resembles the Zeeman effect — the parton model peak is split into two slightly asymmetric peaks, located around the kinematic endpoint. We investigate the analytic properties of the spectrum and calculate the total decay rate. This decay may serve as a model for the investigation of gluon condensate effects and their influence on the shape of the spectrum.
Real-time tunable lasing from plasmonic nanocavity arrays

Plasmon lasers can support ultrasmall mode confinement and ultrafast dynamics with device feature sizes below the diffraction limit. However, most plasmon-based nanolasers rely on solid gain materials (inorganic semiconducting nanowire or organic dye in a solid matrix) that preclude the possibility of dynamic tuning. Here we report an approach to achieve real-time, tunable lattice plasmon lasing based on arrays of gold nanoparticles and liquid gain materials. Optically pumped arrays of gold nanoparticles surrounded by liquid dye molecules exhibit lasing emission that can be tuned as a function of the dielectric environment. Wavelength-dependent time-resolved experiments show distinct lifetime characteristics below and above the lasing threshold. By integrating gold nanoparticle arrays within microfluidic channels and flowing in liquid gain materials with different refractive indices, we achieve dynamic tuning of the plasmon lasing wavelength. Tunable lattice plasmon lasers offer prospects to enhance and detect weak physical and chemical processes on the nanoscale in real time.
Sphenoid "drill-out" for chronic sphenoid rhinosinusitis.

Background Chronic sphenoid rhinosinusitis (CSR) refractory to both medical management and 1 or more sphenoidotomies is a difficult entity to treat. In contrast to the surgical hierarchy that exists for the frontal sinus, there is no systematic approach for addressing persistent disease in the sphenoid. Sphenoid marsupialization has been advocated as a method of addressing recurrent sphenoid sinusitis. Objective We present a new technique called the sphenoid drill-out, which we place between traditional sphenoidotomy and sphenoid marsupialization in the surgical hierarchy for management of CSR. Methods We performed a retrospective review on all patients undergoing sphenoidotomy between 2005 and 2009. We studied demographics, procedure type, diagnoses, comorbidities, efficacy, revision rate, and endoscopic outcomes using Lund-Kennedy scores. Results A total of 10 patients underwent sphenoid drill-out for CSR. Average follow up was 17 months. Patients had an average of 5 prior sinus surgeries with 2.6 prior sphenoidotomies. One patient required a revision drill-out procedure. The mean preoperative and postoperative Lund-Kennedy scores were 6.67 and 1.78, which was a statistically significant difference. Conclusion The sphenoid drill-out procedure is safe and effective for the management of recalcitrant CSR. It should be considered as an intermediate procedure between sphenoidotomy and sphenoid marsupialization. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
An argument-based approach to validity.

This article outlines a general, argument-based approach to validation, develops an interpretive argument for a placement test as an example, and examines some key properties of interpretive arguments. Validity is associated with the interpretation assigned to test scores rather than with the test s
Measurements of π − p Elastic Scattering from 1.71 to 5.53 GeV/ c

The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ elastic scattering differential cross section has been obtained at 18 incident momenta from 1.71 to 5.53 GeV/c. The measurements were taken over a limited range of squared four-momentum transfer $t$ near the forward direction. The statistical accuracy and resolution of these data are comparable to, or better than, existing data. The parameter $b$ in the expression $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}=A{e}^{\mathrm{bt}}$ has been determined at each of our incident momenta, and a large (\ensuremath{\sim}25%) enhancement in $b$ as a function of momentum is observed at a c.m. energy of \ensuremath{\sim}2290 MeV. The relation of this bump in $b$ with the well-established bump in the total ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ cross section at \ensuremath{\sim}2200 MeV is discussed.
“A Transcendentalist Above All”: Thomas Wentworth Higginson, John Brown, and the Raid at Harpers Ferry

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Kytle, E. J. (2012), “A Transcendentalist Above All”: Thomas Wentworth Higginson, John Brown, and the Raid at Harpers Ferry. Journal of The Historical Society, 12: 283–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00371.x, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00371.x. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
A class of approximate Riemann solvers and their relation to relaxation schemes

We show that a simple relaxation scheme of the type proposed by Jin and Xin [Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 48, 235 (1995)] can be reinterpreted as defining a particular approximate Riemann solver for the original system of m conservation laws. Based on this observation, a more general class of approximate Riemann solvers is proposed which allows as many as 2m waves in the resulting solution. These solvers are related to more general relaxation systems and connections with several other standard solvers are explored. The added flexibility of 2m waves may be advantageous in deriving new methods. Some potential applications are explored for problems with discontinuous flux functions or source terms.
Relative Sensitivity of the Ocular Trigeminal, Nasal Trigeminal and Olfactory Systems to Airborne Chemicals

We measured thresholds for eye irritation and odor in homologous series of alcohols (ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-octanol), ketones (2-propanone, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-nonanone), and alkylbenzenes (toluene, ethyl benzene, and propyl benzene). Eye irritation thresholds were well above odor thresholds for all series. Both sensory thresholds declined with carbon chain length, a trend that has implicated lipophilicity in the potency of these and related stimuli. Eye irritation thresholds were remarkably close to nasal pungency thresholds obtained previously in persons lacking olfaction (i.e., anosmics). The agreement between the two thresholds implies that, despite differences in the mucus layer at the two sites and in the epithelial tissue itself, there is remarkable similarity at the site of stimulation. As a practical matter, the eyes could serve as the sites to assess potency for induction of nasal pungency, an assessment previously limited to testing anosmics. Presumably — for our brief stimulus presentations (1-3 sec) — the differences between ocular and nasal mucosae have little relevance to chemical sensitivity. Studies of the ability of homologous chemical series to evoke threshold eye irritation, nasal pungency, and odor not only have practical value but also can help to define the physicochemical properties of the receptor and perireceptor biophases.
New educational learning environments: riding the wave of change instead of having it crash upon us

The environment of higher education is changing; we have new challenges and opportunities created by social media, streaming technology, access to learning materials, and pathways of acquiring and assessing knowledge and skills. This panel discusses forces of change and disruption to existing models of higher education and suggests means by which IT departments can leverage these changes. Each panel participant addresses a specific area, including technology-mediated learning, learning management systems, learning object repositories, ensuring quality control and accreditation, and how to successfully administer and manage these suggested changes.
The Healthy Eating Index and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index as predictors of 10-year CHD risk in Cuban Americans with and without type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To examine the relationship between dietary patterns, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and 10-year predicted CHD risk in Cuban Americans with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design: In a cross-sectional study participants were selected from two randomly generated mailing lists of individuals with and without T2D. HEI and AHEI scores were calculated from a self-reported FFQ. CHD risk was determined using the 10-year CHD risk calculator of the Adult Treatment Panel III. Setting: Miami Dade and Broward Counties, FL, USA. Subjects: Cuban Americans (n 358) aged $30 years. Results: Participants with T2D had a higher waist circumference (P 50?001) and 10-year CHD risk score (P 50?008) compared with those without T2D. Participants without T2D had a higher energy intake (P 50?034), total blood cholesterol (P 50?007), HDL cholesterol (P 50?001) and HEI score (P 50?006) compared with participants with T2D. AHEI score was a significant predictor of 10-year CHD risk (F(1,351) 54?44, P 50?036). An association between AHEI and 10-year CHD risk was found only for participants with T2D (b 52 0?244, SE 50?049, P 50?001). Conclusion: The present study showed that only participants with T2D with significantly higher AHEI scores had lower scores for 10-year predicted CHD risk. No association was found between HEI score and CHD risk among Cuban Americans. Individuals with T2D are advised to follow the AHEI dietary pattern.
LIEB'S SIMPLE PROOF OF CONCAVITY OF (A, B) ↦ Tr Ap K† B1-p K AND REMARKS ON RELATED INEQUALITIES

A simple, self-contained proof is presented for the concavity of the map (A, B) ↦ Tr Ap K† B1-p K. The author makes no claim to originality; this paper gives Lieb's original argument in its simplest, rather than its most general, form. A sketch of the chain of implications from this result to concavity of A ↦ Tr eK+log A is then presented. An independent elementary proof is given for the joint convexity of the map , which plays a key role in entropy inequalities.
Basic Premises of Family-Oriented Primary Care

Physicians are involved daily in managing and treating the illnesses of patients who are linked with, joined to, and living within a larger context—the family. In fact, despite the popular attention given recently to singles living alone or with a nonfamily roommate, still a majority of the American population make their home with other family members (2). The family remains the most basic relational unit in society.