cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cumulative racing-speed exercise distance cluster as a risk factor for fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in California

Abstract Thoroughbred racehorses which suffered a fatal musculoskeletal injury (FMI) while racing or race training at a California racetrack during 9 months of 1991 were studied to determine the importance of intensive, high-speed exercise schedules prior to injury. Seventy-seven horses which sustained an FMI while racing and 45 horses which sustained an FMI while race training were successfully matched by race or timed workout session with one control horse and included in the analyses. Race and timed workout (racing-speed exercise) histories were obtained for the case and control horses. Two-month cumulative, racing-speed cutoff distances were calculated from the control horse sample by two methods. Median racing-speed exercise frequencies and distances of the control horses were used to estimate age-specific (2, 3, 4 and ≥ 5 years), 2-month cumulative, racing-speed distances (Method 1). For the second method, the last race or timed workout for each control horse occurring just prior to, or on the date of injury for the matched case horse was identified. Cumulative racing-speed distances 2 months prior to these exercise events were determined for each control horse and used to estimate median age-specific (2, 3, 4 and ≥ 5 years), 2-month cumulative racing-speed distances (Method 2). The cumulative cutoff distances estimated from both methods were used to classify each matched pair according to the presence or absence of a 2-month cumulative, racing-speed distance which exceeded the age-appropriate cutoff distance (exercise distance cluster) within 6 months prior to injury. Manlel-Haenszel matched-pair odds ratios and 95% confidence limits were calculated separately for the racing and race-training fatal injuries. The relative risk for racing FMI was significantly greater for those horses which ran 2-month, cumulative racing and timed workout distances in excess of the cutoff values determined with Method 1 (relative risk (RR) = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2, 7.6) and Method 2 (RR = 7.2, 95% CI = 2.6, 20.6). The relative risk for race-training FMI was significantly greater for those horses which ran 2-month, cumulative racing and timed workout distances in excess of the cutoff values determined with Method 2 (RR = 3.4, 95% CI =1.0, 13.2).
Hardware/software codesign for multimedia

Multimedia computing systems are typically heterogeneous multiprocessors which are highly optimized for both performance and implementation cost. This makes them well-suited to hardware/software co-design techniques, which simultaneously optimize the hardware and software architectures of a system to meet system requirements. This paper surveys important results in co-design with emphasis on techniques necessary for the design of multimedia computing systems, particularly the analysis and synthesis of memory systems.
Iterative [simulation-based genetics + deterministic techniques]= complete ATPG0

Simulation-based test vector generators require much less computer time than deterministic ATPG but they generate longer test sequences and sometimes achieve lower fault coverage. This is due to the divergence in the search process. In this paper, we propose a correction technique for simulation-based ATPG. This technique is based on identifying the diverging state and on computing a fault cluster (faults close to each other). A set of candidate faults from the cluster is targeted with a deterministic ATPG and the resulting test sequence is used to restart the search process of the simulation-based technique. This above process is repeated until all faults are detected or proven to be redundant/untestable. The program implementing this approach has been used to generate tests with very high fault coverage, and runs about 10 times faster than traditional deterministic techniques with very good test quality in terms of test length and fault coverage.
Using Hand Drawn Images to Determine Warning Symbol Design Parameters within Interactive Evolutionary Computation Software

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the feasibility of using hand drawn images to identify symbol components for incorporation into warning symbol design software. This software will use an interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) algorithm to generate and evolve symbols mathematically described by a set of numerical parameters. Therefore, participants (N = 100) ages 19–43 (x = 23.2) were recruited to determine these symbol design parameters. Participants were invited to hand draw warning symbols for three referents: fall from elevation, hearing protection, and hazardous atmosphere. A panel of design engineers determined 27 attributes were present in the fall from elevation, 19 in the hearing protection, and 25 in the hazardous atmosphere images. A direct clustering algorithm was used to determine which attributes, or symbol parameters, were most commonly present or conspicuously absent among the clustered image families. For the fall from elevation, hearing protection and hazardous atmospher...
Experimental Investigation of the Application of Microramp Flow Control to an Oblique Shock Interaction

The effectiveness of microramp flow control devices in controlling an oblique shock interaction was tested in the 15- by 15-Centimeter Supersonic Wind Tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center. Fifteen microramp geometries were tested varying the height, chord length, and spacing between ramps. Measurements of the boundary layer properties downstream of the shock reflection were analyzed using design of experiments methods. Results from main effects, D-optimal, full factorial, and central composite designs were compared. The designs provided consistent results for a single variable optimization.
Minor Head Trauma in Anticoagulated Patients

Objective To determine the incidence of clinically significant intracranial injury in the anticoagulated patient suffering minor head trauma without loss of consciousness (LOC) or acute neurologic abnormality. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed based on a computerized search of electronic patient records from six community hospital EDs, one of which is a trauma center. Patients taking warfarin who sustained minor head trauma without LOC having no acute neurologic abnormalities treated from January 1994 to January 1996 were identified using a search of electronic ED records. Charts were reviewed for mechanism of injury, physical examination findings of head injury, and concomitant injury. Prothrombin time and head CT results were recorded if obtained. For those patients not receiving a head CT on ED evaluation, telephone follow-up was performed to determine outcome. Results There were 65 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Thirty-eight patients had prothrombin times obtained, with ranges from 12.0 sec to 30.7 sec. There was no intracranial injury found in any of the 39 patients having a head CT. Additionally, follow-up on the 26 patients who did not undergo CT scanning revealed no evidence of complications related to their head injuries. Conclusions The incidence of clinically significant intracranial injury is extremely low in the anticoagulated patient suffering minor blunt head trauma without LOC or acute neurologic abnormality. CT scanning may not be necessary in these patients. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Master-equation approach to collisionally induced absorption and emission

The collisionally induced excitation and photon emission of a neutral radiator atom surrounded by a gas of netural foreign perturbers is studied within the binary-collision approximation. An equation of motion is derived for the reduced density matrix of the radiator and the spectrum is obtained of the spontaneously emitted photons includng components due to collisionally induced radiation and to Rayleigh scattering, which is valid in both impact and quas-istatic regimes. In the formulation single and subsequent collisional contributions are taken into account, and various coherent and incoherent corrections are examined.
Cardiac aid to the injured but not the elderly

A genetic lineage-tracing study provides evidence that adult progenitor cells repopulate the cardiomyocyte pool in diseased hearts, but not during normal aging (pages 970–974). These stem cells could become the basis for innovative ways to treat or prevent heart failure.
Quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography for left-to-right cardiac shunts in children.

Pulmonary to systemic flow ratios (Qp/Qs) were estimated by quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography (QRAC) in 135 children. The Qp/Qs ratios were derived from pulmonary time/activity curves using a gamma variate model.
Cercocaprus ledifolius var. intermontanus (Rosaceae), a new varietal name for the Intermountain curl-leaf mountain-mahogany

The curl-leaf mountain-mahogany of the Intermountain Region is given a varietal name for the first time,Cercocarpus ledifolius var.intermontanus. It is distinguished from var.ledifolius by its broader, less pubescent leaves, its often longer petioles, and its often longer hypanthium tube. The nameC. ledifolius var.intercedens C. Schneider is based on a likely hybrid betweenC. ledifolius var.intermontanus andC. intricatus. The namesC. hypoleucus andC. ledifolius var.intercedens f.hirsutus fall into synonymy underC. ledifolius var.ledifolius. A lectotype is selected for the quadrinomialC. ledifolius var.intercedens f.hirsutus.
Importing Vocabularies to Describe Literary Structure.

With the vocabularies of their own disciplines, students majoring in technical subjects can access fresh insights into how writers write. For example, the symbols of computer flowcharts may bring insights when used to monitor rhetoric. Charts of organizational hierarchies, such as those that many corporate executives use, may illuminate equally well the shifting hierarchies of the characters in a work of fiction. Graphs and charts of syntactic and lexical networks may reveal the hidden structures of a narrative. An engineering major needs to see how a writer engineers words, a business major to see how a writer establishes hierarchies, a computer science major to see how a writer devises the flow of rhetoric. If we encourage students to explain literature with the professional vocabularies of their own disciplines, we can train them as lively apprentices, not as drudges. If we English teachers heed our students' special vocabularies, we may expect students to examine our own jargon more thoughtfully, such...
Teacher Licensure Test Job Analysis Response by Gender, Race, and Age: Secondary Science and Mathematics.

This study addressed issues raised in the literature on science and mathematics teacher certification testing concerning the validity of job analysis data and the test domain defined by the job analysis. More specifically, the issues addressed are those aasociated with race, gender, and age. Questionnaires were sent to 2,801 mathematics and 2,468 science teachers or teacher supervisors identified by the Georgia Department of Education as certified in these fields. A total of 25 different forms of the Georgia Teacher Certification Test had been developed to represent the fields of secondary certification (grades 7 through 12) in the state. The forms wer..: distinguished by task statements pertinent to particular subjects taught; the science form had 148 unique task statements, while the mathematics form had 160 such statements. For science and mathematics teachers, respectively, 1,384 and 1,600 usable responses were available. Teachers rated the task statements by indicating for each one whether they actually performed the task, its importance to the learning process, and the possibility of successful performance by minimally competent teachers. Task statement content clusters were identified as well as simple effects and group mean differences. Results indicate significant effects based on race for science teachers, but no other significant effects based on race, sex, or age. Fourteen data tables and six graphs present study data. (TJH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************t******.********************************
Flowsheet Feasibility Studies Using ABEC Resins for Removal of Pertechnetate from Nuclear Wastes

A flowsheet for the extraction and immobilization of 99TcO4- from radioactive wastes has been developed. The three-stage flowsheet comprises selective sorption of 99TcO4- by ABEC resins, secondary concentration of 99TcO4- from H2O by a nonselective silica-based anion-exchange resin, and encapsulation and immobilization of the radionuclide-loaded anion-exchange resin in hydrous titanium oxide microspheres. Each process has been independently tested, and the results are discussed. The utility of this flowsheet in the extraction and immobilization of 99TcO4- from alkaline radioactive wastes, neutralized nuclear fuel reprocessing streams, alkaline vitrification off-gas scrubber solutions, and solvent wash stages from the treatment of acidic high-level wastes is also presented.
Self-Representation in Girard's System U

In 1991, Pfenning and Lee studied whether System F could support a typed self-interpreter. They concluded that typed self-representation for System F "seems to be impossible", but were able to represent System F in Fω. Further, they found that the representation of Fω requires kind polymorphism, which is outside Fω. In 2009, Rendel, Ostermann and Hofer conjectured that the representation of kind-polymorphic terms would require another, higher form of polymorphism. Is this a case of infinite regress? We show that it is not and present a typed self-representation for Girard's System U, the first for a λ-calculus with decidable type checking. System U extends System Fω with kind polymorphic terms and types. We show that kind polymorphic types (i.e. types that depend on kinds) are sufficient to "tie the knot" -- they enable representations of kind polymorphic terms without introducing another form of polymorphism. Our self-representation supports operations that iterate over a term, each of which can be applied to a representation of itself. We present three typed self-applicable operations: a self-interpreter that recovers a term from its representation, a predicate that tests the intensional structure of a term, and a typed continuation-passing-style (CPS) transformation -- the first typed self-applicable CPS transformation. Our techniques could have applications from verifiably type-preserving metaprograms, to growable typed languages, to more efficient self-interpreters.
Synthesis and characterization of a nanocrystalline thoria aerogel

We report the synthesis and characterization for the first example of a low-density nanocrystalline thoria aerogel. The monolithic aerogels were prepared through the solgel polymerization of hydrated thorium nitrate in ethanol using ammonium hydroxide and propylene oxide as gelation initiators. The dried ThO{sub 2} aerogel was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyses. The aerogel network was determined to be composed of spherical primary particles with features in the 5-20 nm range. These particles were also determined to be highly crystalline as evidenced by the higher magnification TEM examination. The thoria aerogel possesses high surface area (120 m{sup 2}/g) and pore diameters in the micro- and mesoporous range.
Premalignant and Malignant Mammary Lesions Induced by MMTV and Chemical Carcinogens

This article reviews the types of mammary premalignant and malignant lesions induced in the mouse mammary gland after exposure to MMTV and chemical carcinogens. There are different morphological types of hyperplastic lesions in the mouse mammary gland. These lesions are designated as alveolar hyperplasia (HAN), ductal hyperplasia (DH), and cystic lesions; both non-keratinized and keratinized. The HAN and DH have been demonstrated to be precursors to invasive lesions. The HAN as a group tend to be ovarian-hormone independent for growth and transformation, mammary fat pad site-dependent for growth, possess unlimited replication potential (i.e., immortal), are at increased risk for progression to cancer, and are genetically stable. Serial transplantation demonstrates that any given stage of hyperplasia can progress to the next stage, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly. Multiple growth factor pathways are deregulated early in the development of HAN depending on etiology of the HAN. One general conclusion that emerges from such studies of HAN induced by different etiologies is that the early stages of premalignancy are a result of defects in cell cycle regulation with subsequent alterations playing a role in the acquisition of invasive phenotype. The predominant lesion induced by chemical carcinogens is the ductal hyperplasia (DH). Although DH show many of the essential biological alterations seen in HAN, they also exhibit a higher frequency of hormone-dependence and genetic instability, thus the DH appearing in chemical carcinogen treated mice and in transgenic mice mimic the histological, biological and genetic properties seen in human premalignant lesions more faithfully than do the HAN. The mammary tumors that arise from both general classes of premalignant lesions are very heterogeneous and exhibit different potentials for metastasis. The cell and molecular biology of metastasis represents an understudied area, in part because of the absence of suitable models to study the metastatic process. Newer transgenic mouse models provide a renewed opportunity to engage in the study of the mechanisms and processes underlying mammary metastasis.
Immunocytochemical Distribution of Human PMN Elastase and Cathepsin-G in Dental Pulp

Components of primary (azurophilic) granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been implicated as important mediators in pulpal inflammation. This anatomical study used ultracryoimmunocytochemical techniques and characterized and contrasted the subcellular distributions of human PMN elastase (PMN-E), PMN cathepsin-G (PMN-CG), and alpha-2 macroglobulin (alpha-2M) in healthy and inflamed dental pulps. Inflamed pulpal tissue sections revealed an intense distribution of PMN-E in the extracellular domain throughout the collagen matrix. PMN-E was also localized in the perinuclear cytoplasm of PMNs and distributed in a random fashion. PMN-CG was localized intensely in the intracellular granules of PMNs and observed moderately within the extracellular matrix. Healthy pulpal tissues exposed to PMN-E and PMN-CG antibodies revealed no evidence of PMN infiltration and no specific labeling. alpha-2M, a natural serum inhibitor of PMN-E and PMN-CG, was distributed in an intense fashion within the intravascular compartments of both inflamed and healthy pulpal samples. Immunogold-labeling for alpha-2M was observed in moderate amounts within the extravascular domain of inflamed pulpal samples but only in mild amounts within the same area of healthy tissues. These results suggest that PMN-E and PMN-CG are released to the extracellular matrix of irreversibly inflamed teeth, enabling them to facilitate pulpal connective tissue destruction. Conversely, moderate extravascular labeling for alpha-2M within inflamed samples suggests a physiological attempt at inhibiting the pulpal connective tissue destruction mediated by human PMN-E and PMN-CG.
Modeling the electro-static self-assembly process using stochastic cellular automata

The electro-static self-assembly (ESA) process has proved to be extremely successful in creating multilayer coatings with properties that can be tailored for particular applications. In this process, almost any surface with charged functional groups can be used as a substrate. Alternate dipping in solutions having ions of opposite charge builds up the layers through ionic bonding. One particular application of this process could be to form multi-functional biocompatible coatings on microelectromechanical systems devices intended for use in vivo. In this paper, we describe two different models of the process based on the cellular automata techniques used in the field of artificial life. The output of the models consists of three parameters as a function of layer: ionic coverage, film height and film roughness. The results of the models are compared to experimental data to determine which of them more accurately describes the ESA process.
Constitutive activity of human prostaglandin E receptor EP3 isoforms

1. The human EP3 prostaglandin receptor is a seven transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor that couples to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. The receptor occurs as at least six isoforms which result from alternative splicing. The isoforms are identical over the first 359 amino acids, comprising the seven transmembrane helices, but differ in the carboxyl terminal tail which ranges in length from 6 to 65 amino acids beyond the common region. 2. We have stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells four of the isoforms (EP3I-EP3IV) and a form of the EP3 receptor (T-359) truncated at the carboxyl-terminal region defined by the alternative splicing site at amino acid number 359. 3. Isoforms EP3I and EP3II showed concentration-dependent inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in CHO-K1 cells by the EP3 receptor agonist, sulprostone. The IC50 calculated for sulprostone inhibition was 0.2 nM for EP3I and 0.15 nM for EP3II. The maximum extent of inhibition was 80% for both isoforms. 4. Isoforms EP3III and EP3IV showed marked constitutive activity, inhibiting forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in the absence of agonist. EP3IV also displayed some agonist-dependent inhibition whereas EP3III was fully constitutively active. 5. The truncated receptor T-359 was fully constitutively active, inhibiting forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase by about 70% in the absence of agonist, and showed no agonist-dependent inhibition, in agreement with a similar truncation of the mouse EP3 receptor. 6. To confirm that differences in cyclic AMP level between isoforms represent constitutive activity, we treated cells with pertussis toxin for 6 h to abolish Gi function. Pertussis toxin reversed sulprostone-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP formation in EP3I and EP3II and abolished constitutive activity of EP3III, EP3IV and T-359 so that the level of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP produced was the same in all cells and similar to that obtained in mock-transfected cells. In mock-transfected cells, sulprostone had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. 7. For these experiments we chose clones that showed similar expression levels of each isoform, as determined by binding of [3H]-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (EP3I, 0.71; EP3II, 1.47; EP3IV, 1.59 pmol mg-1 protein). Mock-transfected cells showed no detectable binding of [3H]-PGE2. In addition, we performed a detailed study of the effects of expression level on constitutive activity. Over a six fold range of expression there was no change in the properties of each isoform with regard to whether it was constitutively active or not. 8. The degree of constitutive activity correlated with the inverse of the length of the C-terminal tail of the isoforms. However, no correlation was found between isoforms from human and mouse: whereas EP3II shows no constitutive activity, its mouse homologue, EP3 gamma, shows almost complete constitutive activity, even though the C-terminal domains of the receptors following the splice site differ in only 7 of 29 amino acids.
A Path Through the Control Community [Perspectives]

The paper focuses on the themes of preparation for entry into the control community, participation in the control community, and affecting change outside the control community.
Nonlinearities in the nematic stress tensor

We derive quadratic nonlinearities in the viscoelastic stress tensor for nematic liquid crystals, which are necessary for the analysis of observed nonlinear effects in ultrasonic and electrohydrodynamic regimes. An increase in magnitude of the Leslie-Ericksen viscosity coefficients occurs through additive nonlinear terms as velocity gradients increase. The viscous components of the stress tensor are obtained for a nematic liquid crystal as a function of the velocity gradient components. Direct tests for determining the magnitude of single quadratically nonlinear viscosity coefficients are proposed.
Mapping by synthetic peptides of the binding sites for acetylcholine receptor on alpha-bungarotoxin

A set of seven peptides constituting the various loops and most of the surface areas of alpha-bungarotoxin (BgTX) was synthesized. In appropriate peptides, the cyclical (by a disulfide bond) monomers were prepared. In all cases, the peptides were purified and characterized. The ability of these peptides to bind Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was studied by radiometric adsorbent titrations. Three regions, represented by peptides 1-16, 26-41, and 45-59, were able to bind 125I-labeled AChR and, conversely, 125I-labeled peptides were bound by AChR. In these regions, residues Ile-1, Val-2, Trp-28, Lys-26 and/or Lys-38, and one or all of the three residues Ala-45, Ala-46, and Thr-47, are essential contact residues in the binding of BgTX to receptor. Other synthetic regions of BgTX showed little or no AChR-binding activity. The specificity of AChR binding to peptides 1-16, 26-41, and 45-59 was confirmed by inhibition with unlabeled BgTX. It is concluded that BgTX has three main AChR-binding regions (loop I with N-terminal extension and loops II and III extended toward the N-terminal by residues 45-47).
Duality of fatigue failures of materials caused by Poisson defect statistics of competing failure modes

The statistical nature of failures of components subjected to fatigue loading is a major challenge in engineering applications. Here, we report an interesting fatigue phenomenon in which there is a 'duality' of the S-N fatigue data (S is stress and N is cycles to failure)--the grouping of data into two distinct S-N curves as a result of two competing failure modes. The proportions of failure by either mode are about the same and one cannot predict which failure mode will eventually dominate. This means that fatigue lives may be unpredictable in materials under certain application conditions and the consequences can be disastrous. Based on Poisson defect statistics and Monte Carlo simulations, we show that this phenomenon can arise from the Poisson distribution of low populations of microscale defects. An unexpected finding is that there should be a combination of average defect density and specimen area at which this phenomenon is observable in materials having sparsely populated defects.
SEA ICE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES. V. THE VERTICAL ZONATION OF DIATOMS IN AN ANTARCTIC FAST ICE COMMUNITY1

A distinct vertical zonation was observed among diatoms in a bottom congelation ice community at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica during the 1981 spring bloom. The bottom 20 cm of ice collected in December from four stations with variable snow cover was subdivided into 5 cm sections for analysis of algal distribution. Algal abundance was inversely related to the depth of snow cover, and generally decreased with increasing distance above the ice-water interface. Most diatoms, including the dominant species Nitzschia stellata Manguin, Amphiprora kufferathii Manguin and Fragilaria islandica var. adeliae Manguin showed peak abundance in the bottom 10 cm of the ice, where the proportion of living to empty cells was also highest. Two species, however, an Auricula Castracane sp. and Navicula glaciei van Heurck, reached highest concentrations at depths 10–20 cm above the ice-water interface. We considered two factors as contributing to the observed vertical zonation: (1) successive blooms at the ice-water interface become spatially stratified within the ice by further accretion below; (2) a differential growth of species occurs along physicochemical gradients within the ice column. A comparison of early versus late season profiles suggests the latter mechanism may prevail once ice accretion has ceased.
Radiation Testing of PICA at the Solar Power Tower

Sandia National Laboratory's Solar Power Tower was used to irradiate specimens of Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA), in order to evaluate whether this thermal protection system material responded differently to potential shock layer radiative heating than to convective heating. Tests were run at 50, 100 and 150 Watts per square centimeter levels of concentrated solar radiation. Experimental results are presented both from spectral measurements on 1- 10 mm thick specimens of PICA, as well as from in-depth temperature measurements on instrumented thicker test specimens. Both spectral measurements and measured in-depth temperature profiles showed that, although it is a porous, low-density material, PICA does not exhibit problematic transparency to the tested high levels of NIR radiation, for all pragmatic cm-to-inch scale thicknesses. PICA acted as a surface absorber to efficiently absorb the incident visible and near infrared incident radiation in the top 2 millimeter layer in the Solar Power Tower tests up to 150 Watts per square centimeter.
Application of the Braunbek method to the Maggi-Rubinowicz field representation

The Braunbek method is applied to the generalized vector potential associated with the Maggi-rubinowicz representation. Under certain approximations, an asymptotic evaluation of the vector potential is obtained. For observation points away from caustics or shadow boundaries, the field derived from this quantity is the same as that determined from the geometrical theory of diffraction on a singly diffracted edge ray. An evaluation of the field for the simple case of a plane wave normally incident on a circular aperture is presented showing that the field predicted by the Maggi-Rubinowicz theory is continuous across the shadow boundary.
Volume storage in photorefractive disks

We describe a photorefractive 3-D optical disk for data storage. The information is stored at several recording locations on the disk as angle-multiplexed holograms. Design parameters that affect alignment sensitivity and diffraction efficiency are considered.
On the calculation of bone pore water pressure due to mechanical loading

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to calculate the bone fluid pressure in the lacunar–canalicular porosity of the cortical bone matrix induced by functional mechanical loading and compare it with that induced by the blood pressure differences. This problem reduces to the problem of determining the bone fluid pressure in a representative axially compressed osteon which is approximately an annular cylindrical structure. Two available poroelastic approximations, a beam analogy model and a single osteon model, are compared and discussed. We find that : (1) at the lacunar–canalicular porosity of a typical load-carrying long bone, normal physiological loading induces a bone fluid pressure that is at least 40 times larger than that induced by the blood pressure differences ; (2) the solutions of the beam analogy model and the single osteon model approach each other as the exterior-to-interior radius ratio of the osteon approaches one.
Study on ZnO/P3HT:PCBM nanowire solar cells

A combination of bulk heterojunction and ZnO nanowires (NWs) for solar cell application has been investigated. The bulk heterojunction materials include poly (3-hexylthiophene):(6, 6)-phenyl C60 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT: PCBM). The effects of nanowire length, coating processes, and surface modification of ZnO NWs by tetra (4-carboxyphenyle) [TCPP] on the optical properties and solar cell performance are studied. It is found that the short NWs and slow coating speed of P3HT: PCBM on ZnO NW arrays resulted in better performance of solar cells, which is attributed to a longer time self-organization of the polymer chain, effective infiltration into the gaps among ZnO NWs. In addition, the surface modification by porphyrin is found to increase the solar cell efficiency from 2.18 to 3.13% due to the improved optical absorption and charge transfer at the NW/P3HT:PCBM interfaces.
Determining gas hydrate kinetic inhibitor effectiveness using emulsions

In this study we measure the effect of hydrate kinetic inhibition in emulsions. Because hydrate nucleation is stochastic, many experiments normally are needed to obtain accurate analysis of the effectiveness of kinetic inhibitors. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we show how emulsions can reduce the number of kinetic samples needed to obtain a statistical analysis of the effectiveness of polyvinylcaprolactam, PVCap, a common kinetic inhibitor. PVCap is shown to delay the average hydrate nucleation time and also causes hydrate nucleation to become more stochastic. This novel method uses less material and experimental time compared to traditional methods used to test kinetic inhibitors.
Old Media, New Media Sources: The Blogosphere's Influence on Print Media News Coverage

This paper contributes to the growing literature on how "new media" is influencing "old media" by tracking references to an extensive list of political blogs in stories run by seventeen prominent print media outlets during the last ten years. The findings presented here show that although journalists frequently use political bloggers as sources in their news coverage, they only reference certain blogs in certain ways at certain times. To be precise, journalists turn to political blogs primarily during national election campaigns and this turn is commonly in the direction of a relatively small group of interactive, liberal blogs.
Identification and mapping of adult-onset sensitivity to victorin in barley

Victoria blight of oats caused by the fungus Cochliobolus victoriae is of distinct interest due to the link between Victoria blight susceptibility and crown rust resistance. C. victoriae-susceptible oats were introduced into the USA as a source of the Pc2 gene for resistance to the crown rust fungus Puccinia coronata. A dominant gene (Vb) in these oats was found to condition susceptibility to Victoria blight disease and sensitivity to the C. victoriae toxin called victorin. Numerous genetic approaches to separate Vb from Pc2 have failed, suggesting that Pc2 and Vb share identity. Because Victoria blight has only been described in allohexaploid oat, which has a poorly characterized genome of 11,300 Mb, molecular genetic investigations of Vb in oat are not practical. Previously we identified a presumed Vb ortholog in Arabidopsis, called LOV. LOV confers victorin sensitivity and susceptibility to C. victoriae, and encodes a coil-coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR) protein. Analysis of cereal DNA databases reveals a large array of CC-NBS-LRR genes, but no obvious LOV ortholog. Identifying a cereal ortholog of LOV will require identification and subsequent mapping of victorin sensitivity in a genetically tractable cereal plant. In this work, we surveyed barley for victorin sensitivity and identified adult-onset sensitivity to victorin in eight barley accessions. Evaluation of a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from the cross of sensitive × insensitive parents revealed a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) for victorin sensitivity in a resistance-gene-rich region on the short arm of chromosome 1H. Furthermore, enhanced victorin sensitivity observed in some DH lines suggests a background-dependent enhancement of victorin sensitivity.
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Turbofan for an Advanced, Single-Aisle Transport

Considerable interest surrounds the design of the next generation of single-aisle commercial transports in the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 class. Aircraft designers will depend on advanced, next-generation turbofan engines to power these airplanes. The focus of this study is to apply single- and multi-objective optimization algorithms to the conceptual design of ultrahigh bypass turbofan engines for this class of aircraft, using NASA s Subsonic Fixed Wing Project metrics as multidisciplinary objectives for optimization. The independent design variables investigated include three continuous variables: sea level static thrust, wing reference area, and aerodynamic design point fan pressure ratio, and four discrete variables: overall pressure ratio, fan drive system architecture (i.e., direct- or gear-driven), bypass nozzle architecture (i.e., fixed- or variable geometry), and the high- and low-pressure compressor work split. Ramp weight, fuel burn, noise, and emissions are the parameters treated as dependent objective functions. These optimized solutions provide insight to the ultrahigh bypass engine design process and provide information to NASA program management to help guide its technology development efforts.
Shape Evolution and Single Particle Luminescence of Organometal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Organometallic halide perovskites CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, Cl) have quickly become one of the most promising semiconductors for solar cells, with photovoltaics made of these materials reaching power conversion efficiencies of near 20%. Improving our ability to harness the full potential of organometal halide perovskites will require more controllable syntheses that permit a detailed understanding of their fundamental chemistry and photophysics. In this manuscript, we systematically synthesize CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br) nanocrystals with different morphologies (dots, rods, plates or sheets) by using different solvents and capping ligands. CH3NH3PbX3 nanowires and nanorods capped with octylammonium halides show relatively higher photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields and long PL lifetimes. CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires monitored at the single particle level show shape-correlated PL emission across whole particles, with little photobleaching observed and very few off periods. This work highlights the potential of low-dimens...
Plasma polymerization investigated by the comparison of hydrocarbons and perfluorocarbons

Plasma polymerization involves to a significant extent the abstraction of atoms attached to carbons, such as hydrogen and halogen atoms, during the process of forming polymers. This abstraction reaction plays a major role in the plasma polymerization of certain groups of organic compounds. However, because of the extremely high degree of crosslinking and branching, characteristic of most plasma polymers of interest or practical value, the analysis of surfaces and/or polymers by the conventional methods is greatly hampered. Utilizing the exceptionally large chemical shifts observable in ESCA C ls spectrum of fluorcarbons, the extent of fluorine-abstraction and the rearrangement of fluorine atoms which occur during the plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene were investigated using an inductive rf discharge of the monomer. The distribution of polymer deposition and the corresponding changes in properties are examined as functions of the experimental parameters. The discharge power level, which can be characterized by J/kg monomer, was found to play a predominant role in determining the physicochemical reactions which occur during the plasma polymerization. Because of the characteristic abstraction reaction which occurs in the plasma polymerization, etching by the plasma of the gas product (i.e., H2 or F2) plays an extremely important role in the competitive ablation and polymerization (CAP) scheme of plasma polymerization.
A test of comet and meteor shower associations

Abstract A reevaluation of the comet/meteor shower and shower/shower associations suggested by Cook (1973, in Evolutionary and Physical Properties of Meteoroids , U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., NASA SP-319) is made using two orbital discriminant techniques. Twenty-six of his pairings are confirmed, five are rejected, and one new match is found; Comet Ikeya (1964 VIII) is asserted to be the source of the ϵ Geminids, bringing to sixteen the number of comets which produce meteor showers in Cook's list. No known asteroid shows a convincing relationship to any of the showers.
Ultrasound attenuation and a P − B − T phase diagram of superfluid H 3 e in 98% aerogel

Longitudinal sound attenuation measurements in superfluid $^{3}\text{H}\text{e}$ in 98% aerogel were conducted at pressures between 14 and 33 bar and in magnetic fields up to 0.444 T. The temperature dependence of the ultrasound attenuation in the $A$-like phase was determined for the entire superfluid region by exploiting the field-induced metastable $A$-like phase at the highest field. In lower fields, the $A\text{\ensuremath{-}}B$ transition in aerogel was identified by a smooth jump in attenuation on both cooling and warming. Based on the transitions observed on warming, a phase diagram as a function of pressure $(P)$, temperature $(T)$, and magnetic field $(B)$ is constructed. We find that the $A\text{\ensuremath{-}}B$ phase boundary in aerogel recedes in a drastically different manner than in bulk in response to an increasing magnetic field. The implications of the observed phase diagram are discussed.
Perceived Educational Barriers, Cultural Fit, Coping Responses, and Psychological Well-Being of Latina Undergraduates:

Given the unique educational experiences and disproportional representation of Latinas in higher education, this study examined how Latinas’ perception of educational barriers and cultural fit influenced their coping responses and subsequent well-being in college. Participants (N = 98) were primarily second-generation Mexican-heritage women who were highly motivated to pursue advanced graduate training. Differences by generation and educational characteristics were not found. Cultural congruity and the coping response of taking a planned, positive action were the strongest predictors of psychological well-being accounting for 31% of the variance. The study’s findings challenge stereo-types of Latina students in higher education, as they valued higher education, believed that they could overcome any barriers to achieve their educational goals, and used active coping responses, which informed their positive and healthy functioning.
Daytime light intensity affects night-time pineal melatonin levels in the lizard (Anolis carolinensis)

Abstract 1. 1. The amplitude of the nocturnal pineal melatonin rhythm (PMR) in anoles exposed to LD 12:12 (I lux intensity) was significantly depressed relative to anoles exposed to LD 12:12 at 50 lux intensity. 2. 2. Under LD 18:6 the PMR peaked in the middle of the scotophase when the light intensity was 50 lux but at the end of the scotophase when the light intensity was I lux. 3. 3. The results show that the light intensity experienced during the day can affect the amplitude or phase of the nocturnal melatonin rhythm.
Novel Polymethylmethacrylate Soft Tissue Filler for the Correction of Nasolabial Folds: Interim Results of a 5-Year Long-Term Safety and Patient Satisfaction Study

BACKGROUND This paper presents interim results of a 5-year Food and Drug Administration postapproval study to evaluate the long-term safety and patient satisfaction of an advanced polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based filler for the correction of nasolabial folds (NLFs). OBJECTIVE To report the incidence of adverse events, including granuloma formation, and subject satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Safety data were evaluated for 1,008 subjects treated. Treatment was administered at day 1 plus one or two additional touch-ups, as required, through day 60. Potential adverse events, subject satisfaction, and any additional cosmetic treatments received in the treatment area were evaluated over an 18-month follow-up period. RESULTS Approximately 6% (63/1,008) of patients reported 82 device-related adverse events. Overall, 19% (187/1,008) of subjects experienced adverse events, the majority of which were mild; none were unanticipated. There were 14 serious adverse events reported; none of which were device related. One granuloma was reported, which resolved completely with a single medical treatment. Subject satisfaction with treatment remained high (∼80% very satisfied or satisfied) throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Results confirm and further support the long-term safety and efficacy of this PMMA filler for the correction of NLFs. Suneva Medical, Inc. sponsored this Food and Drug Administration clinical trial and provided editorial support.
Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits with Chromosome Substitution Strains of Mice

Chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) have been proposed as a simple and powerful way to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes. Here, we report the construction of a complete CSS panel for a vertebrate species. The CSS panel consists of 22 mouse strains, each of which carries a single chromosome substituted from a donor strain (A/J) onto a common host background (C57BL/6J). A survey of 53 traits revealed evidence for 150 QTLs affecting serum levels of sterols and amino acids, diet-induced obesity, and anxiety. These results demonstrate that CSSs greatly facilitate the detection and identification of genes that control the wide diversity of naturally occurring phenotypic variation in the A/J and C57BL/6J inbred strains.
Endoscopic treatment compared with medical therapy for the prevention of recurrent ulcer hemorrhage in patients with adherent clots

Abstract Background Two recent randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for combination endoscopic therapy in the management of bleeding peptic ulcer with adherent clot. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of this technique in a clinical practice setting. Methods Medical records of consecutive patients, seen from January 1992 through December 1999, with severe ulcer hemorrhage and non-bleeding adherent clots resistant to target irrigation were reviewed. The decision for combination endoscopic therapy (epinephrine injection, removal of adherent clot, treatment of underlying stigmata) or medical therapy was left to the discretion of the endoscopist. Results Of 244 patients with adherent clots, 138 (56.6%) had endoscopic therapy and 106 (43.4%) were managed with medical therapy alone. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, except for older age in the endoscopic therapy group. Recurrence of bleeding within 7 days of endoscopy was significantly less frequent in the endoscopic therapy group than the medical therapy group (respectively, 8.7% vs. 27.4%; adjusted odds ratio 0.07 95% CI [0.02, 0.22], p p p =0.01), the need for repeat endoscopy (9.4% vs. 26.4%; p p p =0.28) and 30-day mortality (3.6% vs. 7.5%; p =0.18) were lower in the endoscopic therapy group, although these differences were not statistically significant. Endoscopic complications were uncommon (1.4% vs. 0.9%; p=1.00). Conclusions Combination endoscopic treatment of ulcers with an adherent clot was associated with a significant reduction in recurrent ulcer hemorrhage compared with medical therapy alone. These findings confirm that the efficacy of combination endoscopic therapy demonstrated in carefully designed, randomized, controlled clinical trials can be reproduced when this technique is applied in a clinical practice setting. However, combination therapy did not significantly reduce the need for ulcer surgery or 30-day mortality.
A decomposition advisory system for heterogeneous data-parallel processing

Networked computing has become a popular method for using parallelism to solve a variety of computationally intense problems. However, high communication costs and processor heterogeneity may limit performance unless the problem space is carefully partitioned. We propose a decomposition advisory system that is designed to help choose the best data partitioning strategy. The goal of this research is to determine the partitioning scheme(s) expected to yield the best performance for a particular data-parallel problem with known regular communication patterns on a collection of heterogeneous processors. Given information about the problem space and the network, the system provides a ranking of standard partitioning methods. >