cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Technique for Improving the Linear Operating Range for a Relative Phase Delay Capacitive Sensor Interface Circuit

One technique for measuring an unknown sensor capacitance is using the phase delay of an RC network with a resistor and the sensor capacitor. By buffering the RC network with CMOS inverters, a square wave signal can be delayed through the circuit in proportion to the unknown capacitance. An EXOR gate can be used to compare the delayed square wave with a reference square wave to produce a pulsewidth-modulated signal where the pulsewidth is proportional to the unknown capacitance. This technique has a nearly linear response when the phase delay is small compared with the period of the square wave. However, this technique becomes severely nonlinear if the phase delay is larger than approximately one eighth of the period (45°), as the capacitor does not get fully charged or discharged every half period. To mitigate this nonlinearity, a novel resistance switching RC phase delay network is used to expand the linear range of the phase delay by accelerating the charging and discharging processes of the sensor capacitor. This approach is demonstrated using a fringing field capacitive sensor to measure the mass of added water and expands the linear operation to a phase delay to 133.56°.
Clinical and Statistical Considerations in Personalized Medicine

“While nothing is more uncertain than a single life, nothing is more certain than the average duration of a thousand lives”—Elizur Wright (1804–1885, sometimes described as the “father of life insu...
Cutaneous Drug Reactions in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs) are commonly seen in HIV-infected patients and must be carefully and expertly managed for the best possible outcomes to be realized. Although skin disorders have decreased in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, and newer pharmacogenetic tests have lessened the impact of at least one serious cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR)—the abacavir hypersensitivity reaction—cADRs remain very important and challenging. Most cADRs are delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) reactions. Lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, and retinoic acid metabolism-related dermal effects seen with some HIV-1 protease inhibitors are often stigmatizing and may lead to antiretroviral nonadherence or discontinuation. Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis remain rare but have been described with most antiretroviral agents and especially with neviripine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). The ability to differentiate between the more common mild to moderate benign cADRs for which the implicated medication may often be safely continued or reintroduced from SCARs including drug-induced hypersensitivity syndromes (DIHS) such as those seen with TMP-SMX, abacavir, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, is critical as these cause significant morbidity and can worsen or be fatal on rechallenge.
Why Do Teammates Hate Me? Cross-Cultural Tensions and Social Dynamics in Online Games

We discuss the multi-ethnic tension and social dynamics behind toxicity in online game Dota 2. We present a player survey and preliminary analysis of user-generated keywords and future work in interpreting the survey results.
INTRODUCING MAPPING SCIENCES AND REMOTE SENSING

(1984). INTRODUCING MAPPING SCIENCES AND REMOTE SENSING. Mapping Sciences and Remote Sensing: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-1.
Hypoglycemia and depressed hepatic gluconeogenesis during endotoxicosis in lead-sensitized rats.

SummaryThe administration of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin to male rats rendered hypersensitive by lead acetate resulted in profound hypoglycemia, lactacidemia, and depletion of liver glycogen. Lead acetate depressed gluconeogenesis as studied in isolated hepatocytes. Possible mechanisms for lead's action on gluconeogenesis and the significance of this metabolic lesion in lead hypersensitivity to shock are discussed.
Screw-dislocation constrictions in face-centered cubic crystals

We show, using molecular statics and dynamics simulations along with dislocation dynamics calculations, that the structure of a screw dislocation in a thin film or at a free surface for face-centered cubic Cu differs from that found in bulk. In agreement with earlier work, a screw dislocation at the surface is observed to dissociate in two different ${111}$ planes, forming a constriction at the site where the glide plane changes. We analyze in detail the energetics of the structure and conclude that the constricted configuration is stable due to the long-range elastic interactions. We have also performed shear stress simulations and compared to bulk stress to understand how the constriction modifies the response of the dislocation to an applied load. We found that such constriction represents a strong pinning point, substantially increasing the yield stress required for the dislocation to glide. In contrast, the configuration provides a barrierless source for the dislocation to cross slip.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for environmental analyses

The advent of lasers created a revolution in spectroscopic techniques starting in the 1970s. Raman analysis is a fine example, as intense laser light is required to generate detectable signals. Ram...
Cross Section Results

Prior to measuring the data cross sections, the internal consistency of the analysis is tested by comparing the analyzed MC to an external GENIE calculation. In this test, the MC is treated like data, and unfolded and efficiency corrected using the same unfolding matrix and efficiency correction as the data. The only distinctions between the data analysis and the MC closure test is the closure test subtracts the true CH background and true non-DIS background prior to unfolding. The expectation is that after subtracting the true background the closure test should produce the same cross-section as GENIE. The GENIE cross section is calculated using the cross section extraction tool described in Ref. [1].
Value for Money and Employability: Conceptualizing the U.S. Federal Rating System of Postsecondary Institutions

This paper analyzes the development of the Postsecondary Institutions Rating System (PIRS) by the United States federal government from 2013 to 2015. PIRS generated debate and opposition, which ultimately resulted in a significant transformation of the initiative. The present analysis identifies and explores key assumptions regarding higher education access, affordability, and quality embedded in this policy agenda. We argue that, as a rating mechanism, PIRS involves different and at times conflicting notions of quality, one of the most salient being “value for money.” The ratings system also emphasizes and promotes the concept of employability through its proposed outcome measures. Analyzing PIRS requires not only an exploration of its technical implementation and potential outcomes, but also a conceptual analysis. For this, we relied on discourse analysis of documents the U.S. government has generated or made publically available, and of the responses among different policy stakeholders.
A Carbon Nanotube Optical Sensor Reports Nuclear Entry via a Noncanonical Pathway.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes are of interest in biomedicine for imaging and molecular sensing applications and as shuttles for various cargos such as chemotherapeutic drugs, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. Carbon nanotube surface chemistry can be modulated for subcellular targeting while preserving photoluminescence for label-free visualization in complex biological environments, making them attractive materials for such studies. The cell nucleus is a potential target for many pathologies including cancer and infectious diseases. Understanding mechanisms of nanomaterial delivery to the nucleus may facilitate diagnostics, drug development, and gene-editing tools. Currently, there are no systematic studies to understand how these nanomaterials gain access to the nucleus. Herein, we developed a carbon nanotube based hybrid material that elucidate a distinct mechanism of nuclear translocation of a nanomaterial in cultured cells. We developed a nuclear-targeted probe via cloaking photoluminescent s...
Validation of a Cardiovascular Disease Policy Microsimulation Model Using Both Survival and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves.

Background. Despite some advances, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and healthcare costs in the United States. We therefore developed a comprehensive CVD policy simul...
Coordination Chemistry of Cyclic Amides

The donor characteristics of amides of the general formula RC(O)NR2 have been extensively investigated.1-4 The sulfur analog RC(S)NR2 (where R = CH3) has also been studied.5 In most cases, it has been found that the oxygen of the amide is the principal coordination site, and the carbonyl oxygen of the amide is a better donor than is the carbonyl oxygen of acetone. This has been attributed to derealization of the nonbonding electron pair on the nitrogen into a π-molecular orbital involving oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.
Prevalence of Systemic Hypertension Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Young Adults

Background Advances in HIV care and treatment have resulted in perinatally infected children aging into adulthood. These patients may be at higher risk of HIV-associated non-AIDS conditions, including systemic hypertension (HTN). This study examined the association between HIV infection and the prevalence of HTN among young adults receiving care in West Baltimore.
A Framework for Integrating Cultural Competency into the Curriculum of Public Administration Programs

As the United States increasingly becomes more globalized, diverse, and socially complex, public administration professionals will need to be prepared to lead and manage to meet the changing demand...
Gout: multinational gout guidelines: how do we move beyond 'déjà vu'?

Consensus guidelines for patient management can increase disease awareness and education, and facilitate evidence-based clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, new gout recommendations leave a 'deja vu' impression. Novel evidence from clinical trials is needed to robustly advance patient care and build the next generation of guidelines.
Serious Hypoglycemia and Use of Warfarin in Combination With Sulfonylureas or Metformin

Prior research suggests that warfarin, when given concomitantly with some sulfonylureas, may increase the risk of serious hypoglycemia. However, the clinical significance remains unclear. We examined rate ratios (RRs) for the association between serious hypoglycemia and concomitant use of warfarin with either sulfonylureas or metformin using a self-controlled case series design and US Medicaid claims (supplemented with Medicare claims) from 1999 to 2011. Across all risk windows combined, warfarin was associated with an elevated rate of serious hypoglycemia when given concomitantly with glimepiride (RR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.02) and metformin (RR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.38-2.16). Particularly in the late risk window (>120 days since beginning concomitancy), most of the RRs for warfarin were elevated: glipizide (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.29-2.29), glyburide (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.15-2.15), metformin (RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.67-3.05), and glimepiride (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.97-2.50). These results are consistent with a previously hypothesized hypoglycemic effect of warfarin in patients with type 2 diabetes through inhibition of the carboxylation of osteocalcin.
The individuality of human footprints.

An aspect of human identification that has received scant attention from forensic anthropologists is the study of human feet and the footprints made by the feet. During the last ten years, I have worked with archaeologists from Washington University (St. Louis) in studying the use of caves by prehistoric peoples in the Flint-Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky [1,2]. In some isolated sections of the caves, footprints of the early peoples have been found in dust and in soil that once was mud. Some of the footprints were made by bare human feet; others are of sandal (moccasin) impressions. When found, the footprints are recorded and photographed, usually by a Cave Research Foundation photographer, and left in situ. I measured some of the dust footprints in the lower passage of Salts Cave (Flint Ridge Cave system) in 1972, but at that time equipment was not available to “lift” a footprint so that it could be examined more fully in the laboratory.
On Popper’s Philosophy of Social Science

Partly through reading the works of Paul Feyerabend1 I have become intrigued with the following questions: (1) Is it possible to have a non-trivial theory of scientific method — that is, a fairly detailed and comprehensive theory of the best way(s) to try to increase and improve our knowledge? It is possible to have a unified theory which would apply both to physical science and social science, and perhaps even to technological innovation as well? (2) If we could find such a theory of the scientific process, how would it have to be modified if we were to decide that our aim were not just ultimately to understand the would (i.e., to find well-tested explanatory theories of high empirical content) but also continually to change the world — to improve the human condition?
Potential for Pharmacologic Manipulation of the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier

Recent physiologic findings suggest the choroid plexus (CP) as a potentially important site for selective delivery of water-soluble agents and ions from blood into the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS).149 Because of structural and functional differences between the CP and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it appears a priori that the unique properties of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (i.e., mainly the CP) would afford pharmacotherapeutic opportunities not extant with cerebral capillaries.
A Targeted Quantitative Proteomic Approach Assesses the Reprogramming of Small GTPases during Melanoma Metastasis

Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily are master regulators of intracellular trafficking and constitute essential signaling components in all eukaryotes. Aberrant small GTPase signaling is associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases, including cancer. Here, we developed a high-throughput, multiple reaction monitoring–based workflow, coupled with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, for targeted quantification of approximately 100 small GTPases in cultured human cells. Using this method, we investigated the differential expression of small GTPases in three pairs of primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines. Bioinformatic analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas data and other publicly available data as well as cell-based assays revealed previously unrecognized roles of RAB38 in promoting melanoma metastasis. Diminished promoter methylation and the subsequent augmented binding of transcription factor MITF contributed to elevated expression of RAB38 gene in metastatic versus primary melanoma cells. Moreover, RAB38 promoted invasion of cultured melanoma cells by modulating the expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9. Together, these data establish a novel targeted proteomic method for interrogating the small GTPase proteome in human cells and identify epigenetic reactivation of RAB38 as a contributing factor to metastatic transformation in melanoma. Significance: A novel quantitative proteomic method leads to the discovery of RAB38 as a new driver of metastasis in melanoma. Cancer Res; 78(18); 5431–45. ©2018 AACR.
Event-study evidence of the value of relaxing long-standing regulatory restraints on banks, 1970–2000

Abstract In a partial-equilibrium model, removing a binding constraint creates value. However, in general equilibrium, the stakes of other parties in maintaining the constraint must be examined. In financial deregulation, the fear is that expanding the scope and geographic reach of very large institutions might unblock opportunities to build market power from informational advantages and size-related safety-net subsidies. This paper reviews and extends event-study evidence about the distribution of the benefits and costs of relaxing long-standing geographic and product-line restrictions on U.S. financial institutions. The evidence indicates that the new financial freedoms may have redistributed rather than created value. Event returns are positive for some sectors of the financial industry and negative for others. Perhaps surprisingly, where customer event returns have been investigated, they prove negative.
Emergency response: Effect of human detection resolution on risks during indoor mass shooting events

Abstract During an emergency, people rely on a few behavioral rules to save themselves. However, these rules may not be reliable, especially in indoor environments, as they are not fully aware of site information and their ability to think properly becomes fragile. Despite the increasing occurrence of mass shootings, there is no advanced systematic mechanism, which leverages recent technological advancements, in place to save people from this terror. To overcome these challenges, this research explores an integrated approach by combining resources (human monitoring; building information; and agent-based modeling). This research is to ameliorate public safety by investigating mass shooting scenarios through integration. Specifically, this study unveils the effect of sensory data on fatalities, along with safety mechanisms offered by systematic action plans. We designed six scenarios by varying spatial sensing coverage (comprehensive visual representation of the situation) from 0% to 100%. Each scenario was tested from 2000 to 2500 times to obtain statistical significance. Results indicate that even low sensing coverages (20% and 40%) show a slight improvement for safe evacuation and clear potential to reduce casualties within the first five minutes. Significant improvements are found in all cases (safe evacuation, casualties, rescuing people, and total survival) when the sensing coverages are high, around 60% to 100%. This study confirms the applicability of an integrated approach to identify a safety mechanism operating in place during a mass shooting incident. The findings could serve as a basis for future studies that can progressively improve emergency safety mechanisms based on available site resources.
Early usage and meaning of evolvability

Evolvability has become an enormously popular concept in evolutionary biology and in machine learning software architecture. While it is claimed that the term was coined in 1988 by Richard Dawkins, it was used as early as 1931 as a characteristic of life by John A. Thomson. We quote and review the earliest uses and definitions of evolvability in biological frameworks up until 1989, which are remarkably few. The meaning changed from simply the "ability to evolve" as a characteristic of life to various versions of including necessary variation to predict whether or not something could evolve to the rate and quality of that evolution. Or, meaning changed from the ability to evolve to the "quality" of the ability to evolve. Since then, evolvability has taken on many definitions as it has exploded in usage.
The effects of TeaCrine® and caffeine on endurance and cognitive performance during a simulated match in high-level soccer players

Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric-acid) is a pure alkaloid with a similar structure to caffeine and acts comparably as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Early studies have shown non-habituating effects, including increases in energy and focus in response to Teacrine®, the compound containing pure theacrine. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects of Teacrine® and caffeine on cognitive performance and time-to-exhaustion during a simulated soccer game in high-level male and female athletes. Male and female soccer players (N = 24; MAge = 20.96 ± 2.05y, MMaleVO2max = 55.31 ± 3.39 mL/O2/kg, MFemaleVO2max = 50.97 ± 3.90 mL/O2/kg) completed a 90-min simulated treadmill soccer match over four randomized sessions (TeaCrine®, caffeine, TeaCrine® + caffeine, placebo). Cognitive testing at halftime and end-of-game including simple reaction time (SRT), choice RT (CRT), and cognitive-load RT with distraction questions (COGRT/COGRTWrong) was performed, with a run time-to-exhaustion (TTE) at 85% VO2max following end-of-game cognitive testing. Session times and pre-exercise nutrition were controlled. RM-MANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted and significance was set at P < 0.05. TTE trended towards significance in TeaCrine® and TeaCrine® + caffeine conditions compared to placebo (P < 0.052). A condition main effect (P < 0.05) occurred with faster CRT in caffeine and TeaCrine® + caffeine compared to placebo. COGRTWrong showed a significant time main effect, with better accuracy at end-of-game compared to halftime (P < 0.05). A time x condition interaction in SRT (P < 0.05) showed placebo improved from halftime to end-of-game. The 27–38% improvements in TTE reflect increased performance capacity that may have important implications for overtime scenarios. These findings suggest TeaCrine® favorably impacts endurance and the combination with caffeine provides greater benefits on cognitive function than either supplement independently.
Midlife mortality in White non-Hispanic male veterans enrolled in Department of Veterans Affairs primary care, 2003-2014.

Abstract Background After years of decline in mortality rates in the United States, there have been increases in mortality rates in White non-Hispanic Americans ages 45–54, due to increases in deaths from suicide, poisoning, and alcoholic liver disease. Objectives To determine whether White non-Hispanic middle age male Veterans enrolled in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care had increased mortality, as found in the general population. Research design Repeated cross-sectional analysis over 12 years to describe trends in death rates for men across 3 race/ethnicity groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, Hispanic) and 2 age groups (45–54, 55–64) for the Veteran and general US male populations. Subjects 60 million patient-years for Veterans enrolled in VA primary care from 2003 to 2014 and 1.8 million who died during the study period. Measures All-cause and cause specific death rates for alcoholic liver disease, poisoning, and suicide. Results For White non-Hispanic male Veterans ages 55–64, the increase in all-cause mortality from 2003 to 2014 (+309 deaths/100,000) was accompanied by significant changes in deaths due to poisoning (+30/100,000), alcoholic liver disease (+23/100,000), and suicide (+17/100,000). For US men ages 55–64, all-cause mortality decreased slightly from 2003-2014 (-22 deaths/100,000). However, there were increases in death rates due to poisoning (+17/100,000), alcoholic liver disease (+14/100,000) and suicide (+11/100,000). Conclusions These disturbing findings for White non-Hispanic Veteran men ages 55–64 suggest the critical importance of suicide prevention programs as well as the importance of high quality integrated health care for both Veteran and non-Veteran men.
The desmosome as a model for lipid raft driven membrane domain organization

Desmosomes are cadherin-based adhesion structures that mechanically couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of adjacent cells to confer mechanical stress resistance to tissues. We have recently described desmosomes as mesoscale lipid raft membrane domains that depend on raft dynamics for assembly, function, and disassembly. Lipid raft microdomains are regions of the plasma membrane enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. These domains participate in membrane domain heterogeneity, signaling and membrane trafficking. Cellular structures known to be dependent on raft dynamics include the post-synaptic density in neurons, the immunological synapse, and intercellular junctions, including desmosomes. In this review, we discuss the current state of the desmosome field and put forward new hypotheses for the role of lipid rafts in desmosome adhesion, signaling and epidermal homeostasis. Furthermore, we propose that differential lipid raft affinity of intercellular junction proteins is a central driving force in the organization of the epithelial apical junctional complex.
Societal gender inequality and the gender gap in safety perceptions: Comparative evidence from the International Crime Victims Survey:

This study considers whether societal gender inequality moderates the relationship between gender and perceptions of personal safety. Pooled 1992–2005 rounds of the International Crime Victims Surv...
Rosette Trajectories Enable Ungated, Motion-Robust, Simultaneous Cardiac and Liver T 2 * Iron Assessment

BACKGROUND Quantitative T2 * MRI is the standard of care for the assessment of iron overload. However, patient motion corrupts T2 * estimates. PURPOSE To develop and evaluate a motion-robust, simultaneous cardiac and liver T2 * imaging approach using non-Cartesian, rosette sampling and a model-based reconstruction as compared to clinical-standard Cartesian MRI. STUDY TYPE Prospective. PHANTOM/POPULATION Six ferumoxytol-containing phantoms (26-288 μg/mL). Eight healthy subjects and 18 patients referred for clinically indicated iron overload assessment. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 1.5T, 2D Cartesian and rosette gradient echo (GRE) ASSESSMENT: GRE T2 * values were validated in ferumoxytol phantoms. In healthy subjects, test-retest and spatial coefficient of variation (CoV) analysis was performed during three breathing conditions. Cartesian and rosette T2 * were compared using correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. Images were rated by three experienced radiologists on a 5-point scale. STATISTICAL TESTS Linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and paired Student's t-testing were used to compare reproducibility and variability metrics in Cartesian and rosette scans. The Wilcoxon rank test was used to assess reader score comparisons and reader reliability was measured using intraclass correlation analysis. RESULTS Rosette R2* (1/T2 *) was linearly correlated with ferumoxytol concentration (r2 = 1.00) and not significantly different than Cartesian values (P = 0.16). During breath-holding, ungated rosette liver and heart T2 * had lower spatial CoV (liver: 18.4 ± 9.3% Cartesian, 8.8% ± 3.4% rosette, P = 0.02, heart: 37.7% ± 14.3% Cartesian, 13.4% ± 1.7% rosette, P = 0.001) and higher-quality scores (liver: 3.3 [3.0-3.6] Cartesian, 4.7 [4.1-4.9] rosette, P = 0.005, heart: 3.0 [2.3-3] Cartesian, 4.5 [3.8-5.0] rosette, P = 0.005) compared to Cartesian values. During free-breathing and failed breath-holding, Cartesian images had very poor to average image quality with significant artifacts, whereas rosette remained very good, with minimal artifacts (P = 0.001). DATA CONCLUSION Rosette k-sampling with a model-based reconstruction offers a clinically useful motion-robust T2 * mapping approach for iron quantification. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1688-1698.
Psychological correlates of poor sleep quality among U.S. young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Objective Uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic may result in problematic sleep that can lead to negative effects on overall health. This unprecedented and stressful time can be even more detrimental for young adults with pre-existing mental health conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate potential risk factors (i.e., current mental health symptoms, and COVID-19-related grief and worry) on sleep quality of U.S. young adults during the initial months of the global pandemic. Method This cross-sectional study examined 908 young adults in the weeks following the declaration of the coronavirus pandemic as a national emergency by the United States. A series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses examined depression, anxiety, and PTSD, as well as COVID-19-related grief and worry as predictors of young adults’ sleep quality. Results Young adults experienced high rates of sleep problems during the first two months (April to May 2020) of the pandemic. Depressive and anxiety symptoms appear to be predictors of sleep quality regardless of any pre-existing diagnosis. Furthermore, high levels of PTSD symptoms and COVID-19-related worry were associated with young adults’ poor sleep. Conclusions Our findings point to possible psychological factors that uniquely explain young adults’ poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. This study shed new light on how the COVID-19 pandemic might affect the sleep behaviors of young adults without a pre-existing mental health diagnosis. Implications for supporting young adults sleep and well-being during the pandemic are addressed.
The History and Evolution of HRIS

The success of any organization depends on its practices that range from recruitment, training and development, performance evaluation, compensation, and retention. While these are considered core functions of human resources management (HRM), the technology, policies and procedures that enhance the effectiveness of these core functions is termed as Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS). With the advent of technology, the role of Human Resources (HR) has changed. In the past when an employee applied for a job, they were required to fill out a paper application providing information on demographics, employment history and other details like certification, skills, education and so on.
Family member incarceration and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The disproportionately high rate of incarceration and COVID-19 cases during the summer of 2020 in the United States contributed to a set of circumstances that has produced considerable public health concerns as correctional facilities have emerged as significant COVID-19 hot spots. During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a family member incarcerated can be an especially stressful experience. This study assesses how concern about an incarcerated family member contracting COVID-19 impacts diverse coping strategies. RESULTS: Data are from a survey of individuals who have a family member incarcerated in Texas (N = 365). Ordinary least squares regression is used to examine the association between concern about an incarcerated family member contracting COVID-19 and coping strategies. Findings demonstrate that higher levels of concern for an incarcerated person's wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with dysfunctional coping mechanisms, but not adaptive or functional coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest appropriate systemic responses by correctional administrations and public health practices can help mitigate dysfunctional coping mechanisms by family members during infectious disease outbreaks in correctional facilities.
The effect of R&D on future returns and earnings forecasts

Prior studies attribute the future excess returns of research and development activity (R&D) firms to either compensation for increased risk or to mispricing. We suggest a third explanation and show that neither the level of R&D investment nor the change in R&D investment explains future returns. Rather, the positive future returns that prior studies attribute to R&D investment are actually due to the component of the R&D firm’s realized return that is unrelated to R&D investment but present in R&D firms. Our results suggest that the excess returns of R&D firms are part of the larger value/growth anomaly. In addition, we show that while future earnings are positively associated with current R&D, errors in earnings expectations by investors and analysts are not related to R&D investment.
Miner, minstrel, memory: or, why the Smithsonian has Bill Keating's pants

AS AN INTERN IN 2003, while in the vast basement collections of the Smithsonian Institution, I found a folded pair of miner's blue jeans. Patched all over, and a brass colliery check-tag attached to one belt-loop, the pants were dirty with coal dust. Other artifacts in the same drawer?including a soft miner's cap, a mule whip, a lunchbox, and a water bottle?all had the same accession number, and all belonged together. I realized that I was looking at an assemblage of the everyday stuff of one long-dead miner. More research revealed that the man's name was William Keating and that his collection of artifacts was unique in the museum. Keating was the sole representative in the storehouse of national memory of a particular form of important and grueling work that has all but disappeared from modern society.1 (Almost 2 percent of all workers in the United States? some 430,000 people?were employed as coal miners in 1900.2) His was a universal story about mine work that was embedded in the dirty patched blue jeans, in the grimy cap and rusty lunch pail. Anyone could see these
The day‐to‐day longitudinal variability of the global ionospheric density distribution at low latitudes during low solar activity

[1] One important characteristic of longitudinal variability of the ionosphere is the global wavenumber-4 signature. Recent investigations have focused mainly on the climatological pattern during daytime and evening sectors. We investigate the day-to-day variability of the wavenumber-4 structure of the longitudinal ionospheric density distribution using the global total electron content (TEC) measurements from Global Positioning Systems receivers on the ground. The quiet time (Kp ≤ 3) day-to-day occurrence of the wavenumber-4 is obtained during periods of low solar flux conditions for the years 2008 and 2009. We find that the wavenumber-4 structure occurs at all local time sectors; however, the daytime TEC wavenumber-4 structures are clearer and can persist until the midnight hours. The most significant occurrence is observed during the 1000–2400 LT sector while the minimum number of wavenumber-4 structure is observed between the 0400 and 0600 LT sector. Around the nighttime sector, more wavenumber-4 occurrence is observed during the premidnight sector than the postmidnight hours. The seasonal occurrence probability of the wavenumber-4 pattern is at a maximum during the March–April equinox and June–July solstice. December–January is the period when the wavenumber-4 occurrence is less dominant than the rest of the year.
Chapter 1 New phylogenies of the pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Reconciling morphological and molecular approaches

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the phylogenetic relationship of scallop species of commercial interest. The evolutionary relationships among commercial scallops on the basis of shared derived morphological characters are postulated and a phylogeny scaled against geologic time using data from the fossil record is produced by Waller. The phylogenetic results of the molecular genetic studies are reviewed and the new data phylogenetic interpretations from an extensive study of the worldwide fossil record of the Pectinidae beginning at the dawn of the Cenozoic Era are presented. The new phylogenies resolve some of the conflicts between morphological and molecular approaches. They also provide new hypotheses for further testing by both approaches. The new phytogenies indicate that extant pectinid genera comprise four subfamilies: Camptonectinae, Chlamydinae, Palliolinae, and Pectininae. One of the major results is a new phylogeny of the Palliolinae, demonstrating the importance of this group in Cenozoic pectinid evolution in both hemispheres. Study of a stratigraphic succession of Pectininae in the Oligocene and Miocene of Central America reconfirms the phylogenetic independence of the American genus Euvola and the European-Indo-Pacific genus Pecten.
Optical confinement in thin silicon films: a comprehensive ray optical theory

This paper describes a ray-optics theory to analyze optical confinement in silicon solar cells using random or periodically rough surfaces. This theory considers multireflections within the cell. It also takes into account polarization and interference effects to include antireflection coatings and local nonnormal incidence of light. The results are given in terms of parameters such as reflectance, transmittance, and absorbance for global AM1.5 illumination. A variety of thin-film structures, suitable for light trapping, are compared in terms of the maximum achievable current densities. The paper emphasizes optical concepts that are necessary to design thin-film solar cells using nonplanar interfaces. >
Bull Semen Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Nucleosidase V. KINETIC STUDIES

Abstract The substrate specificity of bull semen NAD nucleosidase for various NAD analogs was studied. It was found that NAD, NADP, and nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide served well as substrates for the enzyme. The enzyme also catalyzed the hydrolysis of nicotinamide mononucleotide, 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide, 3-acetylpyridine hypoxanthine dinucleotide, 3-pyridinealdehyde adenine dinucleotide, thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and 3-pyridinealdehyde hypoxanthine dinucleotide but at much slower rates. The hydrolysis of NADH, NADPH, and α-NAD was found not to be catalyzed by the enzyme. The enzyme was observed to be inhibited noncompetitively in the presence of nicotinamide; however, it was observed not to catalyze a pyridine base exchange reaction. Product inhibition patterns with nicotinamide and adenosine diphosphoribose were consistent with an "Ordered Uni Bi" reaction in which nicotinamide is the first product released by the enzyme.
A phase 1 dose escalation study of bortezomib combined with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, modified vincristine, and prednisone for untreated follicular lymphoma and other low-grade B-cell lymphomas†

BACKGROUND: Bortezomib has demonstrated efficacy in patients with relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) both alone and in combination with other agents; however, limited data exist regarding its toxicity in combination with common frontline therapies for indolent NHL. A phase 1 study of bortezomib combined with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, modified vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) was conducted in patients with untreated follicular lymphoma (FL) and other indolent NHLs. METHODS: Nineteen patients, including 10 patients with FL, were enrolled. The median patient age was 59 years (range, 29-71 years). Seven patients had a FL International Prognostic Index score ≥3. R-CHOP with the vincristine dose capped at 1.5 mg was administered on a 21-day cycle for 6 to 8 cycles, and 1 of 3 dose levels of bortezomib (1.0 mg/m2 [n = 1], 1.3 mg/m2 [n = 6], or 1.6 mg/m2 [n = 12]) was administered on days 1 and 8 of each cycle using a Bayesian algorithm for dose escalation. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of bortezomib with modified R-CHOP was reached at 1.6 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed in 5 patients (1 patient at a bortezomib dose of 1.0 mg/m2, 1 patient at a bortezomib dose of 1.3 mg/m2, and 3 patients at a bortezomib dose of 1.6 mg/m2). Neuropathy occurred in 16 patients (84%), including 2 patients (11%) who experienced grade 3 sensory neuropathy. Grade 4 hematologic toxicity occurred in 4 patients. Of 19 evaluable patients, 100% responded, and the complete response rate was 68%. At a median follow-up of 32 months, the 3-year progression-free survival rate was 89.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Bortezomib combined with modified R-CHOP produced high response rates without substantial increases in toxicity. A phase 2 study of R-CHOP and bortezomib given at this established MTD is currently ongoing. Cancer 2012;3538–3548. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Problem order implications for learning transfer

The order of problems presented to students is an important variable that affects learning effectiveness. Previous studies have shown that solving problems in a blocked order, in which all problems of one type are completed before the student is switched to the next problem type, results in less effective performance than does solving the problems in an interleaved order. While results are starting to accumulate, we have little by way of precise understanding of the cause of such effect. Using a machine-learning agent that learns cognitive skills from examples and problem solving experience, SimStudent, we conducted a controlled simulation study in three math and science domains (i.e., fraction addition, equation solving and stoichiometry) to compare two problem orders: the blocked problem order, and the interleaved problem order. The results show that the interleaved problem order yields as or more effective learning in all three domains, as the interleaved problem order provides more or better opportunities for error detection and correction to the learning agent. The study shows that learning when to apply a skill benefits more from interleaved problem orders, and suggests that learning how to apply a skill benefits more from blocked problem orders.
Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors and Magnetic Labels for Chip-Scale Detection of Immunosorbent Assays

The combination of giant magnetoresistive sensors, magnetic labeling strategies, and biomolecule detection is just beginning to be explored. New readout methods and assay formats are necessary for biomolecules detection to flourish. The work presented in this dissertation describes steps toward the creation of a novel detection method for bioassays utilizing giant magnetoresistive sensors as the readout method. The introduction section contains a brief review of some of the current methods of bioassay readout. The theoretical underpinnings of the giant magnetoresistive effect are also discussed. Finally, the more prominent types of giant magnetoresistive sensors are described, as well as their complicated fabrication. Four data chapters follow the introduction; each chapter is presented as a separate manuscript, either already published or soon to be submitted. Chapter 1 presents research efforts toward the production of a bioassay on the surface of a gold-modified GMR sensor. The testing of this methodology involved the capture of goat a-mouse-coated magnetic nanoparticles on the mouse IgG-modified gold surface. The second, third and fourth chapters describe the utilization of a self-referenced sample stick for scanning across the GMR sensor. The sample stick consisted of alternating magnetic reference and bioactive gold addresses. Chapter 2 is concerned with the characterization of both the scanning readout method and the binding and detection of streptavidin-coated magnetic particles to a biotinylated surface. Chapter 3 advances the sample stick readout with the use of the system for detection of a sandwich immunoassay with rabbit IgG proteins. Finally, simultaneous detection of three IgG proteins is demonstrated in Chapter 4. The dissertation is concluded with a brief summary of the research presented and a discussion of the possible future applications and direction of this work.
Masers in the Interstellar Medium

The basic concepts that govern the production and propagation of maser radiation in interstellar space are introduced and discussed. Specific interstellar masers, in particular those in star forming regions, are described in some detail.
Dynamic Elastic Electron Scattering I: Bloch Wave Theory

The kinematic scattering theory illustrated in Chapter 1 holds only for crystals thinner than about 2 nm (Hoerni, 1956). The general characteristics, such as the positions of Bragg beams, can be precisely determined by the kinematic theory. The intensity of each reflection, however, is largely affected by multiple scattering effects among existing beams, because the interaction between the electron and the crystal is so strong that multiple-scattering effects are unavoidable. Therefore quantitative data analysis has to be performed based on dynamic scattering calculations. For this reason, the present and following chapters are devoted to the dynamic scattering behavior of electrons.
Comparison of titanium elastic nails with traction and a spica cast to treat femoral fractures in children.

Background: Titanium elastic nails are commonly used to stabilize femoral fractures in school-aged children, but there have been few studies assessing the risks and benefits of this procedure compared with those of traditional traction and application of a spica cast. This prospective cohort study was designed to evaluate these two methods of treatment, with a specific focus on the first year after injury, the period when the treatment method should have the greatest impact. Methods: Eighty-three consecutive children, six to sixteen years of age, were studied prospectively. Factors that were analyzed included clinical and radiographic data, complications, hospital charges, and outcome data. Outcome and recovery were assessed both with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Pediatric Outcomes Data Collections Instrument, version 2.0, and according to a series of important recovery milestones including the time to walking with aids, time to independent walking, time absent from school, and time until full activity was allowed. Results: Thirty-five children (thirty-five fractures), with a mean age of 8.7 years, were treated with traction and application of a spica cast, and forty-eight children (forty-nine fractures), with a mean age of 10.2 years, were treated with titanium elastic nails. All fractures healed, and no child sustained a complication that was expected to cause permanent disability. At one year after the fracture, eighty of the children had acceptable alignment and no inequality between the lengths of the lower extremities. The remaining three children, who had an unsatisfactory result, had been treated with traction and a spica cast. Twelve patients (34%) treated with traction and a cast had a complication compared with ten patients (21%) treated with titanium elastic nails. Compared with the children treated with traction and a cast, those treated with titanium elastic nails had shorter hospitalization, walked with support sooner, walked independently sooner, and returned to school earlier. These differences were significant (p < 0.0001). We could detect no difference in total hospital charges between the two groups. Conclusions: The results of this prospective study support the recent empiric observations and published results of retrospective series indicating that a child in whom a femoral fracture is treated with titanium elastic nails achieves recovery milestones significantly faster than a child treated with traction and a spica cast. Hospital charges for the two treatment methods are similar. The complication rate associated with nailing compares favorably with that associated with traction and application of a spica cast. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level II-1 (prospective cohort study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.