cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sugar nucleotide inhibition of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from calf liver.

Abstract UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase (UTP:α- d -glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.9) was partially purified from calf liver. Kinetic properties and inhibition of the enzyme by UDP sugars were determined with an isotopic assay in which the product, UDP- d -[14C]glucose, was collected and measured on DEAE-cellulose discs. The Michaelis-Menten constants for the substrates UTP and glucose -1-P were 0.1 mM and 0.03 mM, respectively. With glucose -1-P at 0.04 mM and UTP at 0.2 mM several UDP sugars inhibited the enzyme. The compounds and percent inhibitions at the concentrations indicated were 0.08 mM UDP- d -glucose (87%), 0.45 mM UDP- d -glucuronic acid (56%), 0.43 mM UDP- d -galacturonic acid (48%), 0.36 mM UDP- d -xylose (32%), 0.45 mM UDP- d -mannose (23%), and 0.35 mM UDP- d -galactose (14%). UDP- d -glucose gave the lowest K t value (0.005 mM), followed by UDP- d -glucuronic acid ( K t = 0.15 mM ), UDP- d -galacturonic acid ( K t = 0.21 mM ), and UDP- d -xylose ( K t = 0.24 mM ). These four compounds exhibited competitive inhibition with respect to UTP and noncompetitive inhibition with respect to glucose -1-P . One or more of these sugar nucleotides may regulate the UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase reaction in vivo.
Harvesting microalgae grown on wastewater

The costs and life cycle impacts of microalgae harvesting for biofuel production were investigated. Algae were grown in semi-continuous culture in pilot-scale photobioreactors under natural light with anaerobic digester centrate as the feed source. Algae suspensions were collected and the optimal coagulant dosages for metal salts (alum, ferric chloride), cationic polymer (Zetag 8819), anionic polymer (E-38) and natural coagulants (Moringa Oleifera and Opuntia ficus-indica cactus) were determined using jar tests. The relative dewaterability of the algae cake was estimated by centrifugation. Alum, ferric chloride and cationic polymer could all achieve >91% algae recovery at optimal dosages. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis results revealed that cationic polymer had the lowest cost but the highest environmental impacts, while ferric chloride had the highest cost and lowest environmental impacts. Based on the LCA results, belt presses are the recommended algae dewatering technology prior to oil extraction.
Contribution of Diet and Genes to Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition

Dietary recommendations for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are based in part on results from epidemiologic studies to determine the level of dietary PUFA required to maintain optimal health. There are many challenges to estimating consumption of fatty acids through dietary surveys. PUFA measured in different biological samples have been used as biomarkers of fatty acid consumption. In addition to diet, variability in blood or tissue PUFA composition is explained in part by genetics. In particular, genetic variations in enzymes involved in the n-3/n-6 metabolic pathway have shown consistent and robust association with PUFA concentrations. Understanding the genetic architecture of fatty acid homeostasis and their relationship to the etiology of complex diseases may shed light on the mechanisms for the protective effects of fatty acids in humans.
Predictive models for flank wear on coated inserts

The purpose of this paper is to develop predictive models for flank wear that explicitly incorporate cutting temperature and the physical properties of coatings and work materials. The development of such models can minimizes time-consuming machining experiments in predicting tool life by establishing flank wear models that can be applied to wide classes of coated inserts and work materials. To develop such models, a set of experiments was performed to understand the effect on flank wear due the morphology and amount of the second phase in work materials. The plain carbon steels of AlSl designation 1018, 1045, 1065, 1070, and 1095 in hot-rolled (pearlitic) and/or spherodized conditions were turned. The inserts with a single coating of TiN, TiCN, or Al 2 O 3 were used in the cutting experiments. The temperature history at a remote location on the rake face was measured during cutting by using an infrared pyrometer with a fiber optic attachment. This temperature information was used to estimate the steady-state tool-chip interface temperatures using the inverse estimation scheme by Yen and Wright (1986). The results were then used to predict the work-tool interface temperature using the scheme suggested by Oxley (1989). The results of this experiment showed that, for the spherodized steels, flank wear per sliding distance (the flank wear rate) increased with the cementite content. For the hot-rolled (pearlitic) steels, no conclusive evidence was found that correlates the flank wear rate with the cementite content. However, for pearlitic steels the wear rates, in general, were shown to increase with the flank temperature while for spherodized steels the rates decrease with the flank temperature. The reason for these trends can be explained by the microstructural difference between pearlitic and spherodized steels; therefore, the semi-empirical models of two-body and three-body wear developed by Rabonowicz (1967) and Rabinowicz et al. (1972) can be applied to describe the flank wear process.
Effects of lithium chloride on muricidal behavior in rats.

Abstract Lithium chloride at two different doses (1 mEq/kg and 2 mEq/kg) IP BID for 10 days failed to inhibit muricidal behavior in rats. Lithium chloride at the higher dose caused neurotoxicity in 6 of 11 rats as measured by the rotorod. These dosages generated serum levels of 0.70 and 1.00 mEq/L respectively. The same behavior was blocked by imipramine HCl at an ED 5 0 of 8.5 mg/kg 45 min following a single IP injection without evidence of neurotoxicity by the rotorod method. These results indiciate that lithium chloride is unlike the tricyclic agents in the muricide test. Therefore, if its clinical antidepressant activity is substantial, it may be most effective in a neurochemically different class of depressives than the tricyclics.
Physical and functional properties of some higher alkyl polyglucosides.

The higher alkyl polyglucosides are a new class of nonionic surfactants which can be formulated to give properties ranging from soft greases to hard glassy water-soluble solids melting from about 30 C to above 300 C and which are insoluble in common organic solvents. The aqueous solutions do not exhibit inverse solubility with temperature or concentration. They show low eye and skin irritation and a very low degree of toxicity (LD50 greater than 35 g/kg). They have a bland taste, are good foamers with low surface tension, are compatible with inorganic detergent builders, and are biodegradable. They show good functionality in various applications such as detergents, food emulsifiers, cosmetic surfactants, pharmaceutical granulating agents and industrial emulsifiers.
The Janus effect? Imported television entertainment programming in developing countries

This essay explores the reasons for the importation of western entertainment television programs into developing countries and some consequences of this well‐established practice. Questions are raised regarding the accuracy of perceptions about the United States generated by the television programs broadcast, as well as the extent to which this entertainment content affects viewers' perceptions of their own homeland. The role of the new technologies as delivery modes in developing countries is also considered as a topic for continued research.
Spectinomycin and penicillin G in the treatment of gonorrhea. A comparative evaluation

Patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea received either 2.0 gm or 4.0 gm of spectinomycin hydrochloride or currently recommended doses of penicillin G procaine. Of 172 men reexamined within seven days after treatment of gonococcal urethritis, treatment failure rates were 17% for 2.4 mega units of penicillin G procaine, 0% for 2 gm of spectinomycin hydrochloride, and 3.4% for 4 gm of spectinomycin hydrochloride. Of 143 women, failure rates were 13% for 4.8 mega units of procaine penicillin G, 4.3% for 2 gm of spectinomycin hydrochloride, and 4.7% for 4 gm of spectinomycin hydrochloride. Pretreatment isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients not cured with penicillin G procaine showed increased resistance to penicillin G ( P Neisseria gonorrhoeae shows significant positive correlation of resistance to penicillin G and spectinomycin ( P N gonorrhoeae from spectinomycin treatment failures showed increased resistance to spectinomycin.
VCZ growth of high quality InP single crystal part II

Abstract Recently, active research for the improvement of MISFET, HEMT, HBT, RHET and OEICs has demanded development of a semi-insulating InP substrate on which these devices can be fabricated. In the concluding part of this article, we learn of the growth characteristics, such as purity and striation of the Sumitomo VCZ technique. The report then details results obtained from a comparison of VPE InP and InGaAs epilayers grown on VCZ and LEC wafers.
On free-edge interlaminar stress distributions

Abstract Several observations are made about the nature of free-edge interlaminar stress distributions. First, the weakness of the stress singularity of type kx δ ( δ ) at the free edge of a typical laminated composite is discussed. Next, an examination of a previously published complete solution for a laminate with a free edge is shown to suggest that such singularities dominate an extremely small region. Finally, an illustrative example demonstrates that rapidly varying interlaminar stresses can be present near the free edge of a laminate even when no stress singularity exists.
In the Absence of Towns: Settlement and Country Trade in Southside Virginia, 1730-1800

During the period from 1730 to 1800, not one town was developed in Southside Virginia, despite tremendous economic development and population growth. Charles Farmer asserts that the characteristics of the tobacco production and trade and the use of slave labor were the primary reasons for the lack of development in the region. In this text, Farmer examines these issues as well as the importance and persistence of country store trade.
A multivariate investigation of profane language

The purpose of the study was to investigate the dimensions of profane language use in a college student sample. Two hundred and eighty‐three responses to a questionnaire on personal use of “sexual vernacular” were submitted to factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis yielded five dimensions of profane language based upon predispositions to use such words.
Identification and Comparison of Impurities in Fluoxetine Hydrochloride Synthesized by Seven Different Routes

Fluoxetine HCl was prepared by seven different synthetic routes, all previously reported. The major impurities in each route were identified by GC/MS, HPLC/MS, and gradient HPLC analysis. Impurities were classified as being derived from impurities in 4-chlorobenzotrifluoride, those arising during the SNAr reaction of this compound and 3-methylamino-1-phenylpropanol, and those arising during the synthesis of this alcohol. Fifteen impurities belonging to the latter two categories were identified, and their structures were confirmed by synthesis of authentic material for most of the compounds. It was found that a variety of analytical tools was needed for complete characterization of the impurity profile of fluoxetine HCl and that purification of the intermediate and recrystallization of the drug itself are highly effective in minimizing the levels of the impurities.
Education and automation— present and future concerns

The automation process has a tendency to reveal strengths and weaknesses in a library, its management style, its organizational structure, and the abilities of its staff members. What are the educational and training requirements needed by professional librarians to manage effectively the automation process? This question is discussed by representatives of five major library vendors: Michel Ridgeway and Dean Gattone (Geac), Alison Curtis, (Utlas), Susan Olson (OCLC), James J. Michael (Data Research Associates), and Gene Robinson (CLSI). They stress the need for a solid foundation in management and communication skills, and a commitment to continuing education. Technology changes so rapidly that detailed knowledge of a current system is less important than knowing how to evaluate the capabilities of a future system.
Extracellular Matrix Elasticity Determines Stem Cell Fate through Stretch-Activated Ion Channels

Extracellular matrix elasticity is a well-established determinant of lineage specification for many stem cell types. In neural stem cells, substrate stiffness controls glial versus neu-ronal specification. While matrix elasticity is known to be transduced at focal adhesion zones, the molecular mechanisms that direct mechanosensitive fate pathways are not well understood. Here we use a combination of electrophysiology, live cell microscopy and mo-lecular techniques to uncover a missing player in mechanosensitive lineage commitment. We find that human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNSPCs) express stretch-activated ion channels (SACs), whose activity triggers spontaneous, transient Ca2+ signals that are modu-lated by substrate stiffness. Pharmacological inhibition of SAC activity suppresses neuronal differentiation while promoting astrocyte formation, indicating that SACs are important for lineage choice. We will present results from an RNAi approach aimed at determining the molecular identity of the hNSPC SAC channel.
Flexible product code-based ECC schemes for MLC NAND Flash memories

Error control coding (ECC) is essential for correcting soft errors in Flash memories. In such memories, as the number of erase/program cycles increases over time, the number of errors increases. In this paper we propose a flexible product code based ECC scheme that can support ECC of higher strength when needed. Specifically, we propose product codes which use Reed-Solomon (RS) codes along rows and Hamming codes along columns. When higher ECC is needed, the Hamming code along columns is replaced by two shorter Hamming codes. For instance, when the raw bit error rate increases from 2.2∗10−3 to 4.0∗10−3, the proposed ECC scheme migrates from RS(127, 121) along rows and Hamming(72,64) along columns to RS(127, 121) along rows and two Hamming(39, 32) along columns to achieve the same BER of 10−6. While the resulting implementation has 12% higher decoding latency, it increases the lifetime of the device significantly.
The effects of heat treatment and purity on the mechanical properties of monocrystalline NiAl

Abstract The yield stress, σy, strain to fracture, ef, and thickness-compensated fracture load of monocrystalline NiAl were investigated as functions of purity, annealing treatment and cooling rates. A miniaturized disk bend test was employed to test disks 3 mm in diameter and approximately 250 μm thick. Specimens in the soft (110) orientation from commercial purity (CP) and high-purity (HP) alloys were tested. The annealing treatments affected σy more strongly than the other mechanical properties. The yield stresses of both of the as-received alloys increased significantly after annealing at 1300 °C followed by furnace cooling. Subsequent annealing at 400 °C for 2 h resulted in a reduction of σy. This behavior is attributed to the role of excess vacancies retained during cooling, which annealed out at the lower temperature. The mean values of the yield strength also tended to decrease with increasing cooling rate from 400 °C, but the effect was small. A substantial increase in σy of the CP alloy was found on prolonged aging at 400 °C, whereas σy of the HP alloy was unaffected. We attribute this behavior to the precipitation of very small particles or solute atom clusters in the CP alloy. The ductility of the CP alloy, and the thickness-compensated fracture loads of both alloys, were relatively insensitive to the heat treatments.
A census of seedling establishment in sugar-beet crops

SUMMARY Analysis of seedling establishment in 254 experiments from 1970 to 1977 showed that the target of 70%, needed for an adequate plant population and maximum yield, was achieved in only 19% of fields. However, because the plants were only counted once, when they had about six leaves, the cause and timing of the losses could not be identified. This, therefore, gave no sound basis for seeking improvements. Eight studies of all phases of establishment, from sowing to the 6-leaf stage, were then made at Broom's Barn from 1978 to 1981. The studies were on sandy loam or clay loam soils with seedbeds prepared by standard, recommended methods and sown either early or late in spring. These standard treatments were supplemented by plots which tested irrigation or protection from rain, fine or coarse tilths, and the use of a soil applied insecticide or a sterilant. Despite the widely differing weather experienced by these crops, 70% establishment was achieved in seven studies; in the eighth, seedlings emerged at 75% of seed stations, but 31% were then killed, mainly by birds. On average, the drill failed to place seeds at 2·8% of target positions, dead seed was sown at 6%, seedlings died after germination but before emergence at 12·4% and plants died thereafter at 6·5%. Almost every viable seed sown in the field germinated eventually; waterlogging seemed to be the cause of failure in a few small areas where this was not so. In most studies the first 50% of seeds germinated as expected on the basis of the thermal time required in the laboratory test. The remainder sometimes took longer, mainly because they experienced periods when the water supply was inadequate. Seedlings failed to emerge for several reasons; of which the principal ones were dehydration, restriction under a soil crust or stone, and pest damage. It seemed that waterlogging and herbicide damage were important causes in a few cases. After emergence bird grazing was the major cause of death, preferentially of the seedlings which emerged first and had the greatest yield potential. Because losses occurred at every stage and from many causes the solution to the problem of poor establishment requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Sorbed water on polymers near 0 °C

Sorption of water has been measured for polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, and atactic and isotactic polystyrene over a range of temperatures from negative to positive degrees centigrade and for polyvinylpyrrolidone at −2 °C, +7 °C and +10 °C. The isosteric heats and differential molar entropies as function of coverage show in the cases of polyacrylonitrile and polymethylmethacrylate that water below monolayer coverage is less strongly bound and of less order then condensed water. At about one monolayer coverage, the sorption goes over to condensation of water. Parameters derived from the BET equation are in agreement with the conclusions derived from isosteric heats and entropies of adsorption. Atactic and isotactic polystyrene do not sorb water at all up to a relative pressure of 0.85 but adsorb some water at higher relative pressures. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a special case, as it is water soluble. The sorption isotherms have a zero temperature coefficient. They are similar to the “isotherm” previously obtained for “bound” water in freezing PVP solutions. The conclusion is reached that water sorbed on or “bound” to PVP has an ice-like structure.
CloudBench: Experiment Automation for Cloud Environments

The growth in the adoption of cloud computing is driven by distinct and clear benefits for both cloud customers and cloud providers. However, the increase in the number of cloud providers as well as in the variety of offerings from each provider has made it harder for customers to choose. At the same time, the number of options to build a cloud infrastructure, from cloud management platforms to different interconnection and storage technologies, also poses a challenge for cloud providers. In this context, cloud experiments are as necessary as they are labor intensive. Cloud Bench [1] is an open-source framework that automates cloud-scale evaluation and benchmarking through the running of controlled experiments, where complex applications are automatically deployed. Experiments are described through experiment plans, containing directives with enough descriptive power to make the experiment descriptions brief while allowing for customizable multi-parameter variation. Experiments can be executed in multiple clouds using a single interface. Cloud Bench is capable of managing experiments spread across multiple regions and for long periods of time. The modular approach adopted allows it to be easily extended to accommodate new cloud infrastructure APIs and benchmark applications, directly by external users. A built-in data collection system collects, aggregates and stores metrics for cloud management activities (such as VM provisioning and VM image capture) and application runtime information. Experiments can be conducted in a highly controllable fashion, in order to assess the stability, scalability and reliability of multiple cloud configurations. We demonstrate Cloud Bench's main characteristics through the evaluation of an Open Stack installation, including experiments with approximately 1200 simultaneous VMs at an arrival rate of up to 400 VMs/hour.
Aortocoronary vein graft flow in response to peripheral venous administration of sodium nitroprusside or diazepam.

Abstract Vein graft flow (VGF) in response to peripheral venous administration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or diazepam was studied in 13 anesthetized patients following cardiopulmonary bypass for aortocoronary vein bypass graft operations. SNP (0.5 μg/kg/min) significantly reduced mean arterial pressure ( p p > 0.05). Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter blood pressure or VGF. We conclude that peripheral venous administration of SNP or diazepam is not a pharmacologically reliable method by which to increase VGF in the period immediately following a graft operation.
The 1∶1 and 2∶1 complexes of diethyl ether with tin tetrachloride and their stability, studied by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy

A variable-temperature 119Sn NMR study of mixtures of tin tetrachloride and diethyl ether dissolved in dry dichloromethane has evidenced the existence of two complexes. The first (B, δ −600), predominates at a 5∶1 Et2O-to-SnCl4 molar ratio; it corresponds to the compound (Et2O)2·SnCl4 (2∶1 complex.) The other, A, more labile and exchanging with free tin chloride in solution, predominates at a 2∶1 molar ratio of reactants. The signal for (A + SnCl4) splits into separate resonances, for SnCl4 (δ −163) and for A (δ −579), at temperatures below 205 K. Complex A was identified as Et2O–SnCl4 (1∶1 complex). The concentrations of the components at various temperatures were determined by the integration of spectra and by chemical shift interpolation, and the two equilibrium constants, Ka and Kb, were calculated. The formation of a complex with one ether molecule had ΔH° −6.1 ± 1.6 kcal mol−1 and ΔS° −20.2 ± 5.3 cal mol−1 K−1, whereas for the second step, ΔH° and ΔS° were −8.5 ± 0.6 kcal mol−1 and −26.6 ± 1.6 cal mol−1 K−1, respectively. Thus, the enthalpy of complex formation in both steps is not much lower than for the reaction of Et2O with BF3. The lability of the complexes of SnCl4 is caused by the unfavorable entropy of reaction.
Genetic suppression and phenotypic masking of a Myxococcus xanthus frzF‐ defect

An insertion of transposon Tn5-lac, omega 4519, generates a lacZ fusion with a Myxococcus xanthus promoter expressed during both vegetative growth and development. Sequence analysis of the junction of omega 4519 with M. xanthus DNA shows that the insertion is in frzF, a homologue of cheR from Salmonella typhimurium. When frzF- (or frzCD-) cells are starved for nutrients at modest densities, they aggregate to form a radial pattern and produce fewer than 1% of the wild-type complement of spores. At higher densities, frzF::omega 4519 cells form 'frizzy' aggregates and produce 80-90% of the wild-type complement of spores. In contrast, when cells with both a frzF- (or frzCD-) and an sglA1 mutation are allowed to develop at either low or high cell densities, they produce frizzy aggregates containing a near wild-type complement of heat-resistant spores. In addition to suppressing the density dependence of fruiting-body morphogenesis, the sglA1 mutation also suppresses the sporulation defect caused by two different frzF- mutations and a frzCD- mutation. In contrast, a mutation in a different S motility gene, sglG1, does not suppress the frz- mutations. Thus, the suppression of frz- mutations by sgl- mutations is allele-specific, and depends on the sgl allele, but not the frz allele. Because the phenotypes of frz- mutations have been determined in a (suppressing) sglA1 genetic background, the frz genes may play more central roles in development than initially recognized.
Molecular orbital calculations of vibrations in three-membered aluminosilicate rings

Ab initio, molecular orbital calculations at the 3–21G* level were carried out on H6Si3O9, [H6Si2AlO2]1−, [H6SiAl2O9]2−, and [H6A13O9]3− cyclic molecules in order to determine their structures and vibrational frequencies. These three-membered rings were found to have minima in their potential energy surfaces indicating stability of the species. The H6Si3O9 ring was found to be slightly non-planar, but the [H6SiAl2O9]2− and [H6Al33O9]3− configurations are more planar. Vibrational frequencies of the Raman-active, bridging oxygen “breathing” modes increase with Si4+ content. Galeener's (1982a, b) assignment of the D2 peak (606 cm−1) in the Raman spectrum of vitreous silica to an oxygen breathing mode in rings of three SiO4 tetrahedra is reconfirmed. Correlation of the ring breathing mode frequencies as a function of (AI/AI + Si) with Raman peaks in the SiO2-NaAlSiO4 system is high. Three-membered aluminosilicate rings are likely to exist and give rise to Raman peaks between 540 and 600 cm−1 in fully-polymerized aluminosilicate glasses.
Waveguide-to-CPW transition for an active phased array for collision avoidance radar

The septum-type transition couples energy with very low loss over a broad bandwidth from waveguide into a CPW circuit. This transition is virtually lossless with a bandwidth greater than 50%. It provides a single-piece, rugged, easily reproduced module that can be inexpensively produced. The multiple-septa design showed lower insertion loss over around a 4% bandwidth.
The conductivity of single crystals of 9-methyladenine

Abstract The conductivity of single crystals of 1-methylthymine (2,4-dihydroxy-1,5-dimethylpyrimidine) has been determined using proton-injecting solution electrodes. The conductivities parallel and perpendicular to the H-bonded, (102) planes are 2.4 × 10−10 ± 1.9 × 10−10 and 1.0 × 10−14 ± 0.4 × 10−14/ohm cm, respectively (298°K). The conductivity is ohmic over the range of fields employed for either crystallographic direction. The energy of activation for conduction parallel to the (102) plane is 43 ± 10 kJ/mole.
Monitoring, managing, and motivating driver safety and well-being

The AwareCar platform uses ambient intelligence concepts and pervasive computing technologies to detect driver state (stress, fatigue, inattention), display this information to the driver, and support in-vehicle systems to improve driver performance and safety.
Development and Validation of an Adjective Check List to Assess the Millon Personality Types in a Normal Population

A 405-item experimental Personality Adjective Check List (PACL) was refined into a 153-item form to assess the personality types outlined by Millon (1969, 1981) in a normal population. Scale construction and validation followed a method outlined by Loevinger (1957, 1972). Nine scales were developed based on the responses of 459 men and women, one for each of Milton's eight basic personalities plus an Experimental scale measuring aspects of his three more severe types. Extensive reliability and validity analyses were conducted involving over 2,200 men and women from across the United States, including a factor analysis of scales. These revealed good internal consistency for each scale, good test-retest reliability over a 3-month period, adequate factor structure, and good convergent and discriminant validity based on self-report data. Results indicated that Millon's basic types exist in normal form much as they are postulated to exist as disorders. Research efforts focusing on Millon's theory as it applies...
The mechanism of hidromeiosis

The problem of hidromeiosis is its mechanism.Hidromeiosis is a rapidly reversible process and an active sweat gland and a wetted skin are necessary conditions for its development. The threshold for hidromeiosis is lower for unacclimatized than acclimatized males. The facts suggest that accumulation of water in the skin and depression of the eccrine sweat gland may be involved in the explanation of the condition.Histochemical studies of the sweat glands during the development of hidromeiosis should elucidate curious individual differences in the manner in which the depression of sweating develops and the role of the sweat gland in the process.
Design and implementation of a CMOS non-restoring divider

The process of binary division is the most complicated and slow among all the binary arithmetic operation. Although division is an infrequent operation compared to addition and multiplication, its longer latency makes division dissipate a significant amount of energy. This longer latency is due to the introduction of additional condition checking, which is necessary for correct functioning. The energy dissipation of dividers is comparable to that of floating-point adders. In order to achieve high performance with minimum energy dissipation, it is necessary to have efficient division algorithms. This paper presents an implementation of one such algorithm. The proper choice of the divider architecture is therefore essential for achieving low-power dissipation, high design flexibility and high reusability of existing building blocks of digital arithmetic and logic units.
Epidemic of Childhood Obesity: Implications for Kidney Disease

Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic. Childhood obesity has many long-term adverse effects on morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has risen dramatically in the past decade in parallel with the increase in obesity. Our current understanding of the consequences of childhood obesity on kidney function and disease is very limited. The present study presents the worldwide trends in childhood obesity and reviews published studies that have examined the association between obesity and kidney disease in the pediatric and adult populations. A large number of studies have been conducted to examine the association between obesity and kidney disease in general adult populations; however, few have been conducted to examine the impact of childhood obesity on the risk of kidney disease. Findings from large cohort studies in adult general populations show that obesity increases the risk of kidney diseases. Six follow-up studies in pediatric patients were identified, and they indicate that childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk of kidney disease and the progression and mortality of kidney disease. Future studies in the pediatric populations are needed.
Free‐Standing Films of Semifluorinated Block Copolymer Brushes from Layer‐by‐Layer Polyelectrolyte Macroinitiators

Free-standing semifluorinated polymer brushes from layer-by-layer (LbL) macroinitiators are demonstrated. LbL deposition of macroinitiators is followed by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Increasing the number of LbL macroinitiator layers increases grafting density and thickness. The SI-ATRP is conducted by first polymerizing a block of polystyrene followed by the semifluorinated poly-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate block. Solvent selective response is investigated by AFM imaging and water contact angle measurements. Specifically, the solvent response of the semifluorinated block copolymer brushes exhibits alternate selectivity to cyclohexane and trifluorotoluene. Solvent responsive free-standing films are also demonstrated.
The decomposition products of solutions of europium and ytterbium metals in liquid ammonia

Abstract At −50 °C, the diamide, Yb(NH 2 ) 2 , is the predominant decomposition product of liquid ammonia solutions of ytterbium metal. Europium metal solutions decompose to form the diamide exclusively at −50 °C. Thermal decomposition leads to the imide, EuNH, for europium, and the nitride, YbN, for ytterbium. The heats of solution of europium and ytterbium in liquid ammonia are calculated to be −20.9 and −19.4 kcal/g.-at., respectively. The processes leading to formation of the diamide and triamide are examined, and it is shown why the differences in both the decomposition of the metal solutions and the thermal decomposition products occur.
A monoclonal anti-peptide antibody mimics adrenocorticotropic hormone activity.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the adrenocorticotropic receptor (ACTH) on rat adrenal cells was tested for hormonal activity. The antibody behaved as an agonist based on three different biological activities associated with ACTH. An antibody concentration of 16 μg/ml stimulated isolated rat adrenal cells to secrete 800 ng/10 4 cells of corticosterone with a concomitant 10-fold increase of cAMP to 30 pmol/10 5 cells. Antibody concentrations above 16 μg/ml inhibited mitotic activity in mouse Y-1 adrenal cells. A radioimmunoassay using an anti-ACTH antibody showed that the monoclonal anti-adrenocorticotropic receptor antibody and ACTH are antigenically related. These findings suggest that the anti-receptor antibody recognizes the ligand binding domain of the ACTH receptor.
Quantification of the glycine transporter 1 in rhesus monkey brain using [18F]MK-6577 and a model-based input function.

Abstract Background Glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors have emerged as potential treatments for schizophrenia due to their potentiation of NMDA receptor activity by modulating the local concentrations of the NMDA co-agonist glycine. [18F]MK-6577 is a potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitor PET tracer. Although differences in ligand kinetics can be expected between non-human primates and humans, the tracer pre-clinical evaluation can provide valuable information supporting protocol design and quantification in the clinical space. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the in vivo kinetics of [18F]MK-6577 in rhesus monkey brain. Additionally, a method for estimating the tracer input function from the tracer brain tissue kinetics and venous sampling was validated. This technique was applied for determination of the dose–occupancy relationship of a GlyT1 inhibitor in monkey brain. Methods Compartmental and Logan graphical analysis were utilized for quantification of the [18F]MK-6577 binding using the measured tracer arterial input function. The stability of the tracer volume of distribution relative to scan length was assessed. The proposed model-based input function method takes advantage of the agreement between the tracer concentration in arterial and venous plasma from ~ 5 min. The approach estimates the initial peak of the input curve by adding a gamma like function term to the measured venous curve. The parameters of the model function were estimated by simultaneously fitting several brain time activity curves to a compartmental model. Results Good agreement was found between the model-based and the measured arterial plasma curve and the corresponding distribution volumes. The Logan analysis was the preferred method of analysis providing reliable and stable volume of distribution and occupancy results using a 90 and possibly 60 min scan length. Conclusion The model-based input function method and Logan analysis are well suited for quantification of [18F]MK-6577 binding and GlyT1 occupancy in monkey brain.
Metal mediated reactions on porous silicon surfaces

Abstract Reactions that efficiently form Si–C bonds between silanes and unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds are widely known in molecular, solution phase chemistry. The possibility of covalent functionalization of porous silicon surfaces, which have similar chemical moieties to certain classes of molecular silanes, is intriguing. In this paper we describe approaches toward hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes and bis-silylation of alkynes utilizing known solution phase Lewis acid and late transition metal catalysts on silicon hydride terminated porous silicon surfaces. Both EtAlCl2 and Wilkinson's catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3, effectively induce hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes. Bissilylation using palladium-based complexes, however, did not occur and thermally induced hydrosilylation took place in its stead. The Lewis acid mediated hydrosilylation is extremely efficient and yields highly stabilized surfaces. When Wilkinson's catalyst and palladium complexes are utilized, on the other hand, extensive oxidation upon exposure to air is observed.
WAY-100635 antagonist-induced plasticity of 5-HT1A receptors : regulatory differences between a stable cell line and an in vivo native system

We present evidence that the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor antagonist, N-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-ethyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635), can induce receptor internalization in a human (h)5-HT1A receptor Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell system. Exposure of h5-HT1A CHO cells to WAY-100635 decreased the cell-surface h5-HT1A receptor density in a way that was both time (24–72 h) and concentration (1–100 nm) dependent.[3H]WAY-100635 and [3H]8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT) saturation analyses demonstrated a significant reduction (50–60%) in total h5-HT1A receptor number in the WAY-100635-treated (100 nm; 72 h) compared with control cells. In WAY-100635-treated cells, the 8-OH-DPAT-mediated inhibition of forskolin (FSK)-stimulated cAMP accumulation was right-shifted and the maximal inhibitory response of 8-OH-DPAT was impaired compared with control cells. Similar results were obtained for 8-OH-DPAT-mediated Ca2+ mobilization after WAY-100635 treatment. h5-HT1A receptors labeled with [3H]WAY-100635, as well as [3H]4-(2′-Methoxy)-phenyl-1-[2′-(N-2′′-pyridinyl)-p-fluorobenzamido]ethyl-piperazine (MPPF), exhibited a time-dependent rate of cellular internalization that was blocked by endocytotic suppressors and was pertussis-toxin insensitive. In contrast, quantitative autoradiographic studies demonstrated that chronic treatment of rats with WAY-100635 for two weeks produced a region-specific increase in the 5-HT1A receptor density. In conclusion, prolonged exposure of an h5-HT1A cell-based system to the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY-100635, induced a paradoxical internalization of cell surface receptor resulting in depressed functional activity. This suggests that an antagonist can influence 5-HT1A receptor recycling in vitro differently to in vivo regulatory conditions.
Expectation maximization SPECT reconstruction with a content-adaptive, singularity-based, mesh-domain, image model

To improve the speed and quality of ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) SPECT reconstruction, we have implemented a content-adaptive, singularity-based, mesh-domain, image model (CASMIM) with an accurate algorithm for estimation of the mesh-domain system matrix. A preliminary image, used to initialize CASMIM reconstruction, was obtained using pixel-domain OSEM. The mesh-domain representation of the image was produced by a 2D wavelet transform followed by Delaunay triangulation to obtain joint estimation of nodal locations and their activity values. A system matrix with attenuation compensation was investigated. Digital chest phantom SPECT was simulated and reconstructed. The quality of images reconstructed with OSEM-CASMIM is comparable to that from pixel-domain OSEM, but images are obtained five times faster by the CASMIM method.
Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of minimal therapist contact treatments of chronic headaches: A review

Minimal contact (MC) largely self-administered treatments are being increasingly studied for management of recurrent headache disorders. To date, systematic review of these treatment approaches is lacking. This paper examines and critically analyzes MC studies for adult and child tension-type and migraine headaches. With rare exceptions, benefits from MC treatments have been found to rival those of the more time- and effort-intensive standard, in-clinic treatment approaches. Implications of these findings and recommendations for clinical practice and research are discussed.
Evidence for a Saturated Spectrum of Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

The slope and power spectral density of atmospheric velocity fluctuations versus vertical wavenumber at large wavenumbers are observed to be nearly independent of altitude. It is suggested that such a universality is due to saturation of short vertical-scale fluctuations. A brief review of linear gravity wave saturation theory indicates a physical basis for such spectra. It is demonstrated that observed saturation spectra are not solely due to individually saturated waves but most likely result from amplitude limiting instabilities arising from wave superposition. It is also shown that, while the spectrum is saturated at large wavenumbers, the total kinetic energy per unit mass and the characteristic vertical wavelength increase with altitude. Both of these predictions are consistent with observations.
Social Policy and Public Opinion: How the Ideological Direction of Spending Influences Public Mood

This article develops a model of public responsiveness to social policy in the United States, focusing in particular on the public’s ability to distinguish between direct and indirect government spending as means of financing social benefits. We argue that public opinion should be responsive to changes in both direct (appropriations) and indirect (tax expenditures encouraging the private provision of social goals) spending. Further, the public should respond to changes in direct and indirect spending in distinct ways consistent with the divergent resource and interpretive effects of the two types of spending. We find that while public opinion is not responsive to the total amount of federal social spending, it is attentive to changes in direct and indirect spending, considered as separate concepts. The results show that the electorate treats changes in the relative allocation of government spending as representing important shifts in the ideological direction of public policy.
Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine: The Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome

For more than 3 decades it has been known that serum thyroid hormone levels drop during starvation and illness. In mild illness, this involves only a decrease in serum T3 levels. However, as the severity of the illness increases, there is a drop in both serum T3 and T4 (1). This decrease in serum thyroid hormone levels is seen in starvation (2), sepsis (3, 4), surgery (5), myocardial infarction (6, 7), bypass (8), bone marrow transplantation (9), and, in fact, probably any severe illness. Based on the conviction that patients with these abnormalities are not hypothyroid despite the low hormone levels in blood, the condition has been called the euthyroid sick syndrome. An alternative designation, which does not presume the metabolic status of the patient, is nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). NTIS seems a preferable name in light of present knowledge and will be used in this review.
A high-performance unicast configuration scheme for an H-tree based reconfigurable hardware

Reconfigurable computing has attracted considerable attention recently because of the potential to deliver the performance of application-specific hardware along with the flexibility of general-purpose computers. Many reconfigurable architectures have been proposed in the last few years, however, few discussions have been conducted on the specifics of the configuration scheme itself. This paper describes an efficient configuration scheme for a reconfigurable DSP hardware that utilizes a hierarchical interconnection network to link clusters of logic blocks, or cells, to map the desired circuits. The scheme makes use of the hardware's existing structure and interconnects to communicate configuration data and keeps data path controls simple. The result is a speedy configuration scheme that requires minimal additional control wires and hardware
Analysis of energy consumption of RC4 and AES algorithms in wireless LANs

Encryption algorithms are known to be computationally intensive. They consume a significant amount of computing resources such as CPU time, memory, and battery power. A wireless device, usually with very limited resources, especially battery power, is subject to the problem of energy consumption due to encryption algorithms. Designing energy efficient security protocols first requires an understanding of and data related to the energy consumption of common encryption schemes. In this paper, we provide the results of experiments with AES and RC4, two symmetric key algorithms that are commonly suggested or used in WLANs. Our results show that RC4 is more suitable for large packets and AES for small packets.
ALPHA‐TOCOPHEROL EFFECTS ON COLOR AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND PORK DURING RETAIL DISPLAY

To assess the effects of α-tocopherol addition on lipid and pigment oxidation of ground pork, 10, 100 or 1000 ppm was added directly to ground pork in a food grade carrier (2 % Medium Chain Triglyceride Oil) then pork was overwrapped with polyvinyl-chloride film and displayed at 4C for three days. Addition of α-tocopherol to ground pork had limited effects on color and sensory characteristics. Display time and light present during display had detrimental effects on a* value, total color, red color contributed by oxymyoglobin, percent of myoglobin, metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin, visual red and grey colors.
Managing privacy data in pervasive camera networks

Privacy protection of visual information is increasingly important as pervasive camera networks becomes more prevalent. The proposed scheme addresses the problem of preserving and controlling of the privacy visual data through two innovations. First, unlike the existing centralized control of privacy data, the proposed system allows individual users to make the final decision on every access to their privacy data. As such, it offers a much stronger form of privacy protection as the user no longer needs to trust, adhere or register his/her privacy preferences with a server. The second innovation is the development of a secure reversible data hiding scheme for embedding all the ownership information and privacy data into the obfuscated video bitstream. Not only has it resulted in an efficient design of protocols, the reversible data hiding allows perfect reconstruction of original data and supports arbitrary types of video obfuscation techniques. Impact of data hiding on bitrate and distortion is minimized through a rate-distortion optimization procedure and experimental results are provided to demonstrate its efficiency.
Strategic disclosure for political gain: The case of the corporate alternative minimum tax †

We examine the disclosure choices of firms subject to the Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (AMT). We find systematic differences in disclosure choices by firms subject to the AMT consistent with their attempting to influence perceptions of the effectiveness of the AMT. We believe these findings support the inference that firms will differentially respond to increased tax disclosures under Financial Interpretation 48 (FIN 48) that will require firms adopting uncertain tax positions to provide extensive disclosures for fiscal years beginning after 12/15/06.