cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic-scale dependence of the effective bulk modulus of pore fluid upon water saturation

ABSTRACTWe apply a rock-physics model established from fine-scale data (well or laboratory) to the seismically derived elastic variables (the impedances and bulk density) to arrive at the seismic-s...
Suppress to feel and remember less: Neural correlates of explicit and implicit emotional suppression on perception and memory.

Abstract Available evidence suggests that emotion regulation can modulate both immediate (emotional experience) and long-term (episodic memory) effects of emotion, and that both explicit and implicit forms may be effective. However, neural mechanisms by which explicit and implicit emotional suppression affect these phenomena remain unclear, particularly regarding their effects on memory. In this study, participants rated the emotional content of negative and neutral images, following explicit (verbal instructions) or implicit (priming) induction of emotional suppression goals, during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants’ memory for the images was tested one week later. Behaviorally, explicit suppression reduced emotional ratings of negative images, whereas both explicit and implicit suppression reduced subsequent memory. At the neural level, the engagement of explicit suppression was uniquely associated with decreased activity in the amygdala (AMY), during emotional ratings, and in the AMY and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), during successful encoding. Although both explicit and implicit suppression diminished functional connectivity between these regions and the hippocampus (HC) linked to successful encoding, explicit suppression was uniquely associated with interference with AMY-HC interactions, which no longer predicted subsequent memory for the explicitly-suppressed items. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the common and dissociable mechanisms of explicit and implicit emotional suppression on perception and memory, and suggest their impact on both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms involved in emotion-cognition interactions.
The SuperCDMS Experimental Program

The Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) experimental program is underway. The Soudan experiment is currently taking data with a 10 kg detector payload, and a generation 2 experiment at SNOLAB with a 200 kg payload has been proposed. First results from the SuperCDMS Soudan experiment are expected in 2013. The Soudan and SNOLAB experiments will reach a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon cross section of 5 × 10 −45 cm2 and 8 × 10 −47 cm2, respectively, for WIMP masses around 60 GeV/c2. Using new low-threshold techniques, both experiments are expected to achieve world-leading sensitivities to WIMP masses between 2 and 10 GeV/c2. In this paper we give an overview of the SuperCDMS experimental program and report on the discrimination capability of our new iZIP detectors.
Synthesizing Human-Like Walking in Constrained Environments

We present a new algorithm to generate plausible walking motion for high-DOF human-like articulated figures in constrained environments with multiple obstacles. Our approach combines hierarchical model decomposition with sample-based planning to efficiently compute a collision-free path in tight spaces. Furthermore, we use path perturbation and replanning techniques to satisfy the kinematic and dynamic constraints on the motion. In order to generate realistic human-like motion, we present a new motion blending algorithm that refines the path computed by the planner with motion capture data to compute a smooth and plausible trajectory. We demonstrate the results of generating motion corresponding to placing or lifting object, walking and bending for a 34-DOF articulated model.
THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA IN NONCRITICALLY ILL HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS TREATED WITH CONTINUOUS ENTERAL OR PARENTERAL NUTRITION

ABSTRACT Objective: Hyperglycemia is a common problem in hospitalized patients receiving artificial nutrition, and this development of hyperglycemia during parenteral nutrition therapy (PNT) and en...
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery in the Aftermath of Hurricane Irma: Exploring Whether Community-Level Mitigation Activities Make a Difference

AbstractScholars have argued that businesses benefit from communities adopting mitigation measures. However, no study has considered the extent to which community-level mitigation activities impact...
Hepatoid Carcinoma of the Ovary: Clinical, Histopathologic, and Immunophenotypic Features

Hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary (HCO) is a rare malignant tumor of uncertain histogenesis that was first described by Ishikura and Scully in the late 1980s. Unlike hepatoid yolk sac tumor (HYST), one of its main differential diagnoses, HCO usually presents in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women without gonadal dysgenesis. Most cases show advanced local disease at initial presentation, with diffuse intraperitoneal dissemination. Despite aggressive treatment, including surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, 61.5% of patients either die of the disease (11 of 26; 42.3%) or are alive with recurrent or residual disease (5 of 26; 19.2%) after a median follow-up of 11.5 months (range, 1-60 months). Most HCOs are solid, with high-grade histology, significant nuclear pleomorphism, scattered giant cells, and a high mitotic index. Their immunophenotype is defined by the expression of broad-spectrum cytokeratins, α-fetoprotein, and hepatocellular antigens with absence of sex cord and germ cell markers. Although immunohistochemistry can be very helpful to distinguish between sex cord-stromal tumors and HCO, differentiation of the latter from HYST, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastatic gastrointestinal tumors with hepatoid phenotype requires integration of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic information.
Stabilization of ferroelectric phase of Hf0.58Zr0.42O2 on NbN at 4 K

Ferroelectricity in doped and alloyed hafnia thin films has been demonstrated using several different electrodes, with TiN and TaN being most prominent. In this work, we demonstrate ferroelectric Hf0.58Zr0.42O2 thin films with superconducting NbN electrodes at cryogenic temperatures. Demonstration of polarization—electric field [P(E)] response at liquid helium cryogenic temperatures, 4 K, suggests that the polarization is switchable over a wide temperature range after an initial 600 °C anneal. Further, room temperature P(E) and capacitance measurements demonstrate an expected polarization response with wake-up required to reach the steady state. Wake-up cycling at 4 K is observed to have no effect upon the ferroelectric phase suggesting an oxygen vacancy mobility freeze out whereas wake-up cycling at 294 K demonstrates close to a 3× increase in remanent polarization. This integration of a ferroelectric Hf0.58Zr0.42O2 thin film with NbN demonstrates the suitability of a highly scalable ferroelectric in applications for cryogenic technologies.
Impact of a Tailored Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention for Overweight Cancer Survivors on Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Cardiometabolic Profiles.

Survivors of cancer often experience treatment-related toxicity in addition to being at risk of cancer recurrence, second primary cancers, and greater all-cause mortality. The objective of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of an intensive evidence-based garden intervention to improve outcomes for cancer survivors after curative therapy. To do so, a clinical trial of adult overweight and obese cancer survivors within 2 years of completing curative therapy was completed. The 6-month intervention, delivered within the context of harvesting at an urban garden, combined group education with cooking demonstrations, remote motivational interviewing, and online digital resources. Data on dietary patterns, program satisfaction, and quality of life were collected via questionnaires; anthropometrics, physical activity, and clinical biomarkers were measured objectively. Of the 29 participants, 86% were white, 83% were female, and the mean age was 58 years. Compared to baseline, participants had significant improvements in Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores (+5.2 points, ), physical activity (+1,208 steps, ), and quality of life (+16.07 points, ). Significant improvements were also documented in weight (−3.9 kg), waist circumference (−5.5 cm), BMI (−1.5 kg/m2), systolic BP (−9.5 mmHg), plasma carotenoids (+35%), total cholesterol (−6%), triglycerides (−14%), hs-CRP (−28%), and IGFBP-3 (−5%) (all ). These findings demonstrate a tailored multifaceted garden-based biobehavioral intervention for overweight and obese cancer survivors after curative therapy is safe and highly effective, warranting larger randomized controlled trials to identify program benefits, optimal maintenance strategies, program value relative to cost, and approaches for integration into a survivor’s oncology management program. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02268188 .
Disaggregation of the 1:100,000 Reconnaissance soil map of the Busia Area, Kenya using a soil landscape rule-based approach

Abstract A 1:100,000 soil map of the Busia area in western Kenya published in 1991 is the main source of soil information for the area, but the map is outdated and unsuitable for new emerging demands. We disaggregated the Reconnaissance Soil Map of the Busia Area (quarter sheet No. 101) into individual soil classes to produce a soil class map that may better meet current needs. A soil landscape rule-based model was used to disaggregate the soil map units by exploiting information in the map legend and the map unit descriptions. These descriptions were used to generate rules that were applied to a fuzzy soil class map generated from a parent material map and a K-means cluster map generated from six terrain attributes, namely, multiresolution ridgetop flatness (MRRTF), multiresolution valley bottom flatness (MRVBF), topographic wetness index (TWI), topographic position index (TPI), planform curvature, and profile curvature. The result was a soil class map with a spatial resolution of 30 m with an overall accuracy of 58% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.54. The soil landscape rule-based approach provides an opportunity to disaggregate traditional soil maps in cases where there is no adequate dataset. The drawback with this approach, however, is that it relies heavily on the resolution of the DEM and the type of information contained within the soil survey report describing the soil classes within the soil map units.
Passive and Active Attention to Baseball Telecasts: Implications for Content (Re-)Design

Do TV program features affect consumer viewing and attention behaviors differently? How should a planner design TV contents to increase viewer engagement to programs and commercials? Using unique individual-level data containing high-frequency logs which detail whether viewers are {\em passively} or {\em actively} paying attention while watching TV, we study how gameplay features, including suspense and surprise, influence viewers' attention levels. Overall, only a small fraction of viewers are actively paying attention, and viewers value suspense over surprise. Viewers pay less attention during commercials, but they do not walk away from the TV or "zap" to another station. These results have implications for content design, as reshuffling commercials to the most suspenseful moments in the game attracts more attention. While shortening baseball games has ambiguous effects on attention, a "mercy rule" (which selectively shortens less competitive games) has sizeable effects on attention.
Is it time to make minimally invasive surgery in pediatric oncology inclusive

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in pediatric oncology remains controversial. Our unit aims to surgically stratify patients for MIS and here we present our data. Oncology patients who had undergone surgery were identified from prospectively collected databases and retrospectively analyzed. Between 04/2004 and 12/2019, 905 procedures in 757 patients were identified. Patients were excluded if their intervention was superficial leaving 585 procedures in 451 patients. In Group 1 (G1) (2004–2011), there were 250 procedures in 175 patients: 26 (10.4%) MIS and 167 (67%) open. In Group 2 (G2) (2012–2019,) there were 335 procedures in 276 patients: 113 (33.7%) MIS and 185 (55.2%) open. The remainder were percutaneous biopsies. The 139 MIS cases included 23 neural crest tumors; 18 ovarian; 19 renal; 14 rhabdomyosarcoma; 23 thoracic; 20 other abdominal tumors; and 22 cryopreservation. Mean age at surgery was 78 months. In the MIS group, 3 patients had recurrent disease of whom 1 died. In the open group 38 patients had recurrent disease; there were 36 deaths of whom 22 died following recurrent disease. MIS cases have gone from 3.7/year in G1 to 16.1/year in G2 representing an increase of 435%. This is the biggest single series of pediatric oncology resections by MIS. It shows an almost exponential increase in the number of MIS resections per year whilst maintaining excellent outcomes. Is it time to make MIS in pediatric oncology inclusive and not exclusive?
Don't Lose Your Mind: Brain-Computer Interfaces, Autonomy, and the Necessity of Engineering Ethics

Consumer uses of Brain Computer Interfaces are overtaking medical applications. The understanding of individual autonomy and incorporation of ethics into these interfaces are discussed in this paper. Some recommendations on engineering training for future devices are presented here.
A Canonical Game -- Nearly 75 Years in the Making -- Showing the Equivalence of Matrix Games and Linear Programming

Around 1947, von Neumann showed that for any finite two-person zero-sum game, there is a feasible linear programming (LP) problem consisting of a primal-dual pair of linear programs whose saddle points yield equilibria of the game, thus providing an immediate proof of the minimax theorem from the strong duality theorem. But going in the other direction has since remained an unsolved problem. For any LP problem, we define a canonical game and, with an elementary proof, show that every equilibrium either yields a saddle point of the LP problem or certifies that one of the primal or dual problems is infeasible and the other has no optimal solution. We thus obtain an immediate proof of the strong duality theorem from the minimax theorem. Taken together, von Neumann's classical result and the present result provide a definitive formalization of the very old idea that matrix games and linear programming are ``equivalent.''
Labouring for inclusion: debating immigrant contributions to Chile

Over the last three decades, Chile has experienced transformative migratory flows, becoming more diverse in the process. As migrants from Latin American and Caribbean countries settle in Chile, the...
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in food: Incidence, ecology, and detection strategies

Commensal Escherichia coli are commonly utilized for investigating the genetic and biochemical requirements of microorganisms, and have served in a wide variety of applications. Pathogenic E. coli known as Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) are associated with various food products including ground beef. These pathogens are present in a wide range of environments, and have caused numerous foodborne outbreaks and recalls. These outbreaks and the increased awareness of STEC have led to certain STEC serotypes to be declared adulterants in non-intact raw meat. Various STEC detection methods have been investigated, and numerous cultural and molecular-based detection methods continue to be modified to meet regulatory requirements. However, STEC serotypes may possess certain characteristics that lead to bias in the likelihood of a certain serotype being detected in an assay. Understanding the characteristics of these STEC serotypes will provide means for optimizing the detection platforms, and as a result limit foodborne illness and recalls caused by STEC due to enhanced cultural and molecular detection capabilities.
On Assessing the Sentiment of General Tweets

With the explosion of publicly accessible social data, sentiment analysis has emerged as an important task with applications in e-commerce, politics, and social sciences. Hence, so far, researchers have largely focused on sentiment analysis of texts involving entities such as products, persons, institutions, and events. However, a significant amount of chatter on microblogging websites may not be directed at a particular entity. On Twitter, users share information on their general state of mind, details about how their day went, their plans for the next day, or just conversational chatter with other users. In this paper, we look into the problem of assessing the sentiment of publicly available general stream of tweets. Assessing the sentiment of such tweets helps us assess the overall sentiment being expressed in a geographic location or by a set of users (scoped through some means), which has applications in social sciences, psychology, and health sciences. The only prior effort [1] that addresses this problem assumes equal proportion of positive, negative, and neutral tweets, but a casual observation shows that such a scenario is not realistic. So in our work, we first determine the proportion (with appropriate confidence intervals) of positive/negative/neutral tweets from a set of 1000 randomly curated tweets. Next, adhering to this proportion, we use a combination of an existing dataset [1] with our dataset and conduct experiments to achieve new state-of-the-art results using a large set of features. Our results also demonstrate that methods that work best for tweets containing popular named entities may not work well for general tweets. We also conduct qualitative error analysis and identify future research directions to further improve performance.
Intraerythrocytic Hemoglobin Crystals in Sickle Cell-Hemoglobin C Disease

On 70 per cent of the blood smears from 60 cases of electrophoretically proven sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease, there is observed a misshapen erythrocyte that contains condensed hemoglobin crystals which are dark-hued, homogeneous and elongated and which have parallel sides with one end terminating in a pyramid or rounded shape. A red blood corpuscle may have multiple protuberances at varying angles to each other. The incidence of intracellular hemoglobin crystals was found to be 0-24 per 1000 red blood cells with an average of 3.2/1000. Recognition of this unusual morphology is presumptive evidence of sickle cell-hemoglobin C and warrants examination by electrophoretic procedures.
Electron transport in La100-xAlx metallic glasses.

Values of the electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity, thermopower, and superconducting transition temperature for a series of La100-xAlx metallic glasses prepared both as "splat-cooled" foils and "melt-spun" ribbons are reported. Differences between the two types of samples are discussed. We argue that the dominant contribution to the conductivity and thermopower is from La d states.
Incidental Cerebral Microbleeds and Cerebral Blood Flow in Elderly Individuals

Importance Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are collections of blood breakdown products that are a common incidental finding in magnetic resonance imaging of elderly individuals. Cerebral microbleeds are associated with cognitive deficits, but the mechanism is unclear. Studies show that individuals with CMBs related to symptomatic cerebral amyloid angiopathy have abnormal vascular reactivity and cerebral blood flow (CBF), but, to our knowledge, abnormalities in cerebral blood flow have not been reported for healthy individuals with incidental CMBs. Objective To evaluate the association of incidental CMBs with resting-state CBF, cerebral metabolism, cerebrovascular disease, β-amyloid (Aβ), and cognition. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study of 55 cognitively normal individuals with a mean (SD) age of 86.8 (2.7) years was conducted from May 1, 2010, to May 1, 2013, in an academic medical center in Pittsburgh; data analysis was performed between June 10, 2013, and April 9, 2015. Interventions 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging was performed with susceptibility-weighted imaging or gradient-recalled echo to assess CMBs, arterial spin labeling for CBF, and T1- and T2-weighted imaging for atrophy, white matter hyperintensities, and infarcts. Positron emission tomography was conducted with fluorodeoxyglucose to measure cerebral metabolism and Pittsburgh compound B for fibrillar Aβ. Neuropsychological evaluation, including the Clinical Dementia Rating scale, was performed. Main Outcomes and Measures Magnetic resonance images were rated for the presence and location of CMBs. Lobar CMBs were subclassified as cortical or subcortical. Measurements of CBF, metabolism, and Aβ were compared with the presence and number of CMBs with voxelwise and region-of-interest analyses. Results The presence of cortical CMBs was associated with significantly reduced CBF in multiple regions on voxelwise and region-of-interest analyses (percentage difference in global CBF, −25.3%; P = .0003), with the largest reductions in the parietal cortex (−37.6%; P P = .0006). Participants with any CMBs showed a nonsignificant trend toward reduced CBF. Participants with cortical CMBs had a significant association with greater prevalence of infarcts (24% vs 6%; P = .047) and demonstrated a trend to greater prevalence of deficits demonstrated on the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (45% vs 19%; P = .12). There was no difference in cortical amyloid (measured by Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography) between participants with and without CMBs ( P = .60) . Conclusions and Relevance In cognitively normal elderly individuals, incidental CMBs in cortical locations are associated with widespread reductions in resting-state CBF. Chronic hypoperfusion may put these people at risk for neuronal injury and neurodegeneration. Our results suggest that resting-state CBF is a marker of CMB-related small-vessel disease.
Mutant of Escherichia coli deficient in the synthesis of cis-vaccenic acid

A temperature-sensitive unsaturated fatty acid (fabA) auxotroph of Escherichia coli was found also to be deficient in the elongation of palmitoleic acid to cis-vaccenic acid. Reversion and transductional analyses demonstrate that this second phenotype and the fabA mutation are independent in action and are not cotransduced. The deficiency in conversion of palmitoleic acid to cis-vaccenic acid was also demonstrated in vitro, and these results strongly suggest this phenotype is due to a deficiency in an elongation enzyme. We suggest that the phenotype may have been selected during growth because it can physiologically compensate for the fabA lesion. In fab(+) strains, the inability to synthesize cis-vaccenic acid is physiologically asymptomatic. Such strains grow normally at all temperatures tested and are not sodium sensitive. Although the parental strain has an increased amount of cis-vaccenic acid in cells grown at 15 C, the mutant does not. Since the mutant grows normally at 15 C, the data indicate that increased amounts of cis-vaccenic acid are not required for growth at 15 C.
Classical simulation of noninteracting-fermion quantum circuits

We show that a class of quantum computations that was recently shown to be efficiently simulatable on a classical computer by Valiant [in Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing (2001), p. 114] corresponds to a physical model of noninteracting fermions in one dimension. We give an alternative proof of his result using the language of fermions and extend the result to noninteracting fermions with arbitrary pairwise interactions, where gates can be conditioned on outcomes of complete von Neumann measurements in the computational basis on other fermionic modes in the circuit. This last result is in remarkable contrast with the case of noninteracting bosons where universal quantum computation can be achieved by allowing gates to be conditioned on classical bits [E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. Milburn, Nature (London) 409, 46 (2001)].
White Matter Damage Is Associated With Matrix Metalloproteinases in Vascular Dementia

Background and Purpose —Vascular disease causes multi-infarct dementia (MID) or Binswanger’s disease (BD), the latter of which is a progressive form of vascular dementia (VaD) associated pathologically with fibrinoid and hyaline changes in brain arterioles with injury to the white matter. Clinically, BD patients have long-standing hypertension with disturbances of gait and intellect. Because matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important in cerebral infarction, we hypothesized that disturbances in the MMPs may be involved in VaD. Methods —Brain tissues from 5 patients with VaD of the BD or multi-infarct type (MID) were immunostained with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a microglial/macrophage cell marker (PG-M1), gelatinase A (MMP-2), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), and gelatinase B (MMP-9). Control tissues were from 8 elderly patients: 4 with strokes without dementia and 4 without neurological diseases. Results —PG-M1+ cells appeared around infarcts in patients with strokes without dementia and in patients with VaD. In 2 of the 3 BD patients, PG-M1 cells were prominent near damaged arterioles and scattered diffusely in white matter. MMP-2 was seen normally in perivascular macrophages and in astrocytic processes near blood vessels and was present in patients with strokes in reactive astrocytes. MMP-9 was rarely seen. MMP-3 was seen in PG-M1+ microglial/macrophage cells around the acute infarctions. In BD, MMP-3 persisted in tissue macrophages and disappeared in long-standing white matter gliosis. Conclusions —These observations suggest that MMPs may participate in the damage to the white matter associated with VaD. Microglia/macrophage-induced damage, which is amenable to treatment, may be a factor in the progressive forms of VaD.
mRNA Turnover Meets RNA Interference

By using two very different approaches, recent work by Gazzani et al. (2004) and Souret et al. (2004) reveal a fundamental link between mRNA degradation and RNA silencing pathways in Arabidopsis.
Distribution of choline acetyltransferase‐, serotonin‐, dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase‐, tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive fibers in monkey primary auditory cortex

Immunohistochemical methods were used to visualize choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT)-, serotonin-, dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing fibers in the primary auditory cortex of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Each antiserum revealed a subpopulation of axons with a distinct density and laminar distribution. ChAT-immunoreactive fibers were very dense in superficial layers, particularly in layers I, deep III, and IV, and very sparse in layers V and VI. No immunoreactive cell bodies were evident. Serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were very dense in all cortical layers but exhibited some subtle laminar differences in fiber size and orientation. The densities of DBH- and TH-immunoreactive fibers were substantially lower than the densities of both ChAT- and serotonin-immunoreactive fibers, particularly in layer IV. However, there were substantial differences between the distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers and that of DBH-immunoreactive fibers. For example, the density of TH-immunoreactive fibers was substantially greater than that of DBH–immunoreactive fibers in layer I. In addition, TH-immunoreactive fibers differed from the other three systems in that TH-immunoreactive fibers exhibited a rostral to caudal gradient of decreasing density. This is the first characterization of the innervation of a specific cortical region by all four of these systems and the first detailed description of the cholinergic innervation of a primate neocortical region utilizing a specific anti-ChAT antiserum. These striking differences in density and laminar distribution suggest that the subcortical extrathalamic systems furnishing these axons differ significantly in their modulation of cortical auditory processing. These data extend observations of previous studies which revealed that the expansion and specialization of the primate neocortex is accompanied by a pronounced regional and laminar differentiation in the intracortical distribution of these highly divergent, extrathalamic afferents.
Discrimination of human arterial pathology by computer processing of angiograms for serial assessment of atherosclerosis change

Abstract Femoral angiograms were made in 21 cadavers under conditions which simulated clinical films. Then these arteries were excised, laid open, and color photographed along side of corresponding casts of the arterial lumen. Twenty-seven segments, 5 cm long, were classified as exemplary of normal vessel, uncomplicated stenosis, or hemorrhagic ulceration. The corresponding angiogram images of these arterial segments were digitized and processed to yield outlines of the vessel edges, and from these, computer measures were developed which described how these outlines deviated from ideal ones. Six of these measures were selected by means of stepwise discriminant analysis to distinguish the type of disease along the 27 exemplary segments, and 96% were correctly classified. Computer processing of angiograms shows promise for discriminating the nature of atherosclerotic lesions.
Compressible magnetogasdynamic channel flow

Die stationare Stromung eines kompressiblen, elektrisch leitenden Mediums in einem Kanal wird in einfachster Weise als eindimensionales Problem behandelt,wobei die elektrische Leitfahigkeit als skalare Funktion eingefuhrt ist. Felder und Querschnittsverlauf sind als nicht konstant angenommen. Die Losung wird zweckmassig dargestellt und interpretiert anhand eines Diagrammes, dessen Koordinaten Geschwindigkeit und Machzahl sind. Ein einfaches Zahlenbeispiel wird behandelt, bei dem Querschnitt und Magnetfeld langs des Kanals so variieren, dass eine konstante elektrische Stromdichte entsteht.
Sources of plasma glucose by automated Bayesian analysis of 2H NMR spectra.

Sources of blood glucose can be determined after oral ingestion of (2)H(2)O followed by isolation of plasma glucose and measurement of the relative (2)H enrichments in select positions within the glucose molecule. Typically, (2)H enrichments are obtained by mass spectrometry but (2)H NMR offers an alternative. Here it is demonstrated that the entire analysis may be automated by Bayesian analysis of a (2)H free induction decay signal of monoacetone glucose to obtain a direct readout of the relative contributions of glycogenolysis, glycerol, and phosphoenol pyruvate to plasma glucose production. Furthermore, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations of the posterior probability density provide uncertainties in all metabolic parameters from a single patient, thereby allowing comparisons in glucose metabolism from one individual to another. The combined MCMC Bayesian methodology is operationally simple and requires little intervention from the operator.
Long-distance horizontal migrations of zooplankton (Scyphomedusae: Mastigias)1

Perennial swarms of sexually immature medusae of the germs Mastigias occur at high densities in three marine lakes in Palau, Western Caroline Islands. Numbers per lake are 1.76 ± 0.10 × 105, 1.61 ± 0.17 × 106, and 4.69 ± 0.51 × 106. Local density within a swarm may exceed 1,000·m‒2. Behaviorally generated swarms form in the early morning and late afternoon and are temporarily dispersed by directional horizontal migration of the entire swarm twice a day to opposite ends of the lake. Distance swum each day is up to 1 km, depending on the size of the lake. Compass direction of migration is different in each lake and appears to depend on both light and basin morphometry.
A ribosomal protein in Acanthamoeba polyphaga is conserved in eukaryotic nuclei, organelles and bacteria.

Abstract An EcoRI fragment from the mitochondrial DNA of Acanthamoeba polyphaga was cloned and partly sequenced, and the conceptual translation product of the open reading frame (partial sequence) was found to have similarities with rpl14, a ribosomal protein. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid (aa) sequences of this conserved protein resolved four branches that consisted of: (1) eubacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and higher plants, (2) ciliate mitochondria, (3) Acanthamoeba, and (4) archaebacteria and the nuclei of eukaryotes. The groupings based on the rpl14 aa sequences were consistent with the phylogenies derived by rRNA analysis of these organisms.
EUV flux variations during solar cycle 21 from AE‐E He+ abundances

The ionization rate of helium in the thermosphere is inferred from AE-E ion and neutral particle composition measurements, made on several days during solar cycle 21, in the context of a steady state photochemical model for helium ions. The inferred ionization rate varies by a factor of 4 between July 1976 and January 1979, a value consistent with the variation in the flux measured during the same period by the EUV spectrometer on board the AE-E satellite.
Educating teachers and children in law: An approach to reduced alienation in inner-city schools.

An experimental program conducted in Chicago inner-city schools gives promise that teaching law concepts can lessen the sense of alienation in children who know law mainly as a repressive force. Children are introduced to law by the inquiry method, which seems to have therapeutic elements that fulfill emotional as well as educational needs in these youngsters.
Giant Extra-axial Cerebellopontine Angle/Cavernous Sinus Ependymoma: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are described for a patient with a giant ependymoma involving the right cerebellopontine angle extending into the cavernous sinus. This case presents the unusual occurrence of a large extra-axial intracranial ependymoma and is the first reported case of cavernous sinus extension of this tumor. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient was a 22-year-old woman who presented with a 3-day history of generalized headache and right-sided facial droop. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a nonhomogeneously enhancing cystic mass that was primarily in the posterior fossa with significant supratentorial extension and no apparent intra-axial or intraventricular involvement. INTERVENTION: Gross total resection of this mass was achieved via two-staged resections using an initial presigmoid transpetrous, transtentorial approach and a subsequent pterional craniotomy. Pathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of ependymoma, and adjuvant radiation therapy to the resection bed was administered. CONCLUSION: Ependymomas can present as entirely extra-axial intracranial masses and rarely may involve the confines of the cavernous sinus.
Personal Ethics… Estimating… Contractor Consolidation… Practical Papers… Books… Conferences…

As engineers we all take great pride in what we help to construct. We say, ‘‘I worked on that project,’’ or we tell stories about how we solved technical problems that contributed to the success of a constructed work. However, we usually fail to realize that our work in and of itself is an ethical act. Yes, engineers know that the profession has a code of ethics, and without really studying that code we believe we conduct ourselves as ethical engineers. The ‘‘ASCE Code of Ethics’’ is published in the Official Register each year and is also posted on the Society Web site at www.asce.org/inside/codeofethics.cfm. This code was originally adopted on September 2, 1914, and was most recently amended on November 10, 1996. This code of ethics opens with a statement of fundamental principles that ASCE adopted from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. ~ABET! ‘‘Code of Ethics of Engineers.’’
Differential indicators of defensive weapon ownership: a comparison by genderPublications received

While the majority of studies examining defensive weapon ownership identify variables related to ownership, these studies suffer from several methodological problems. Inclusion of sporting influences into a measure of defensive weapon ownership and errors in attribution of demographic variables weaken the results in many of these studies. In order to overcome these obstacles, only those respondents claiming to live alone were included in this analysis, and respondents were asked specifically if they had purchased a weapon for self-protection. Separate probit equations were estimated for males and females to assess differential indicators for men and women. Results indicate that although having a prior victimization was a significant positive indicator of self-help for men, women did not display similar relationships. Variables dealing with neighborhood characteristics, such as the percent of single parent households with children aged twelve through twenty and perceptions that crime is increasing in the neighborhood, were significant predictors of defensive weapon ownership for women.
MicroRNAs: Biogenesis and Molecular Functions

Small regulatory RNAs are essential and ubiquitous riboregulators that are the key mediators of RNA interference (RNAi). They include microRNAs (miRNAs) and short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), classes of approximately 22 nucleotide RNAs. miRNAs and siRNAs bind to Argonaute proteins and form effector complexes that regulate gene expression; in animals, this regulation occurs primarily at the post-transcriptional level. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how miRNA and siRNAs are generated and how they function to silence gene expression, focusing on animal and, in particular, mammalian miRNAs.
Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil

Abstract The academic literature on Brazilian cities focuses overwhelmingly upon the metropolises of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. While fruitful in its own right, this research confronts scholars of Latin American cities elsewhere with two ongoing limitations: (1) Despite estimates that nearly one quarter of Brazil’s urban population inhabits the conurbation of Rio and Sao Paulo, at least 75% of urban space in Brazil, an area populated by roughly 120 million people, is consistently overlooked; and (2) the findings from these two megacities are often (and unfairly) extrapolated across other urban contexts in Brazil, perpetuating lingering misgivings about the overall ‘nature’ of Brazilian cities. In this paper, I consider the Northeast of Brazil, drawing upon my own research from the favela (slum) community of Pirambu, located in the city of Fortaleza, to help understand urban development outside of the Rio/Sao Paulo corridor. By considering historical circumstances, geographic specificity, theoretical implications, and the course of Brazilian development, I highlight informal urban growth in an oft-overlooked region of Latin America while, at the same time, revealing many of the geographic attributes that give Rio and Sao Paulo their truly exceptional character. My goal in this work is not to refute the work of others, but rather to underscore the importance of geographic context to socio-spatial processes of urban development.
Membrane structure: The reactivity of tryptophan, tyrosine and lysine in proteins of the microsomal membrane

1. 1. A microsomal subfraction devoid of adsorbed soluble proteins has been prepared from rat liver by density gradient centrifugation. Through the use of group-specific reagents the reactivity of tryptophanyl, tyrosyl, and lysyl side chains of the membrane has been examined. Significant differences are noted when the results are compared to literature values for non-membrane proteins. 2. 2. In the native microsomal membrane, tryptophan was unreactive toward N-bromosuccinimide. The results suggest that strong tryptophan interactions may exist which could likely have an important role in the maintenance of normal membrane structure. Furthermore, tryptophan appears to be involved at different levels of structural organization since extremely sharp transitions in reactivity were noted when sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as a perturbant. 3. 3. 85% of the tyrosyl residues occupied an exposed position on the membrane surface and were characterized by their ease of nitration in the absence of denaturing agents. The unusual accessibility of tyrosine suggests that side chain interactions involving tyrosyl residues do not play a prominent structural role. 4. 4. Carbamylation studies revealed that only 56% of the lysyl residues in the native membrane were available for reaction with cyanate while an additional 20–25% became reactive in the presence of urea. The remaining lysyl residues were unreactive under a wide variety of denaturing conditions. 5. 5. Sodium dodecyl sulfate interacted with the membrane in such a way as to markedly decrease the apparent accessibility of tyrosyl and lysyl residues while substantially increasing the reactivity of tryptophan.
A quantitative framework for guaranteeing QoE of video delivery over wireless

In this paper, we study the problem of efficient video delivery over the cellular downlink. The key objective is to maximize the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the user, as measured by application level metrics such as the buffering ratio and low bit rate ratio. We present a two-tiered solution with a standard base-station scheduler that works on a per-packet basis and a Video Management System (VMS) that works at the granularity of thousands of video frames. The video management system uses knowledge of the video playout curves and future channel states to develop a scheduling policy that is feasibility optimal. The algorithms are simple and leverage recent results on real-time scheduling in wireless networks. We evaluate the performance of our algorithms using real video traces and a standard channel model. The VMS ensures that the per-user QoE guarantees are maintained, as compared with a standard PF scheduler that is oblivious to application level QoE requirements.
The results of studies to determine the impact of far-aft center-of-gravity locations on the design of a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle system

Aft center-of-gravity locations dictated by the large number of rocket engines required has been a continuing problem of single-stage-to-orbit vehicles. Recent work at Langley has demonstrated that these aft center-of-gravity problems become more pronounced for the proposed heavy-lift mission, creating some unique design problems for both the SSTO and staged vehicle systems. During the course of this study, an effort was made to bring together automated vehicle design, wind-tunnel tests, and flight control analyses to assess the impact of longitudinal and lateral-directional instability, and control philosophy on entry vehicle design technology.
Alkylation of 3-Ethoxy-2-Lithioacrylonitrile: Synthesis of 5-Alkylcytosines

Abstract The utility of commercially available, inexpensive 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile (1) as a precursor for the synthesis of 5-alkylcytosines was investigated. Metalation of 1 affords a 2-lithio derivative of sufficient stability to allow alkylation with allylic or benzylic bromides and primary iodides which are unbranched at the β-position. The alkylated derivatives are converted to 5-alkylcytosines in modest yield by exposure to sodium ethoxide and urea in ethanol.
Microwave heating: an evaluation of power formulations

Abstract Microwave heating of food systems have conventionally been modeled based on a Lambert law formulation of the absorbed power. However this is strictly valid for semi-infinite samples only. The correct power dissipation must be computed from maxwell's equations. To determine the conditions of the approximate applicability of Lambert's law for finite slabs, we have compared it with the microwave heating predicted by Maxwell's equations. We have found that the critical slab thickness L crit (in cm) above which the Lambert law limit is valid can be estimated from L crit = 2.7 β −1 - 0.08, where the penetration depth, β −1 , is the distance in cm from the sample surface where the field reduces to 1/ e of its incident intensity. Temperature profiles calculated with the Lambert law limit for slabs thicker than L crit are within 0.5% of those predicted with the power calculated from Maxwell's equations. Using Maxwell's equations we have developed a general formulation for power absorbed in a homogeneous, isotropic multilayered medium exposed to plane waves from both faces. We report temperature profiles obtained by solving the transient heat conduction equation with the microwave power as a source term. Thermal and dielectric properties are assumed to be temperature-independent.
Limb Osteology and function of the primitive Paleocene ungulate Pleuraspidotherium with notes on Tricuspiodon and Dissacus (Mammalia)

Abstract Condylarths dominate the late Paleocene faunas from Cernay-les-Reims and Berru in northern France. Although dental and cranial material of these condylarths has been described, postcranials are published for arctocyonids only. This paper describes most of the limb skeleton of Pleuraspidotherium, as well as partial forelimbs of Dissacus and Tricuspiodon. Pleuraspidotherium was a generalist postcranially, it moved with abducted limbs and its feet were plantigrade. Dissacus was digitigrade and its elbow joint was specialized for increased flexion and extension, suggesting that Dissacus was cursorial. Tricuspiodon may have been fossorial, it had well developed abduction at the shoulder and powerful flexion and extension at the elbow, but supination was limited. These results suggest that these late Paleocene European condylarths were morphologically more diverse than many other Paleocene mammalian orders.
Aspectual classes and scales of change

In this paper I outline a theory of aspectual classes based on theories of scalar change (Hay et al. 1999, Kennedy and Levin 2008). Standard models of aspectual classes focus on event decompositional or featural distinctions between predicates. However, such classifications often overor undergenerate, and also do not necessarily capture the temporal properties upon which aspectual classifications are usually based. I show that a predictive model of aspectual classes arises from two independently motivated properties of scale arguments: (a) how specific the predicate is about the final state of the patient on the scale (Beavers 2006), and (b) the mereological complexity of the scale (Beavers 2008). The resultant classification accommodates the standard Vendler dynamic classes, plus additional classes that have proved difficult for previous approaches, and also makes predictions about how argument realization and aspectual classes are related.
Chronic sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 receptor activation attenuates early-stage diabetic nephropathy independent of lymphocytes

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a pleiotropic lipid mediator, binds to five related G-protein-coupled receptors to exert its effects. As S1P1 receptor (S1P1R) activation blocks kidney inflammation in acute renal injury, we tested whether activation of S1P1Rs ameliorates renal injury in early-stage diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats. Urinary albumin excretion increased in vehicle-treated diabetic rats (single injection of streptozotocin), compared with controls, and was associated with tubule injury and increased urinary tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 9 weeks. These effects were significantly reduced by FTY720, a non-selective, or SEW2871, a selective S1P1R agonist. Interestingly, only FTY720 was associated with reduced total lymphocyte levels. Albuminuria was reduced by SEW2871 in both Rag-1 (T- and B-cell deficient) and wild-type diabetic mice after 6 weeks, suggesting that the effect was independent of lymphocytes. Another receptor, S1P3R, did not contribute to the FTY720-mediated protection, as albuminuria was also reduced in diabetic S1P3R knockout mice. Further, both agonists restored WT-1 staining along with podocin and nephrin mRNA expression, suggesting podocyte protection. This was corroborated in vitro, as SEW2871 reduced TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in immortalized podocytes grown in media containing high glucose. Whether targeting kidney S1P1Rs will be a useful therapeutic measure in DN will need direct testing.