cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen release from surface sand of a high energy beach along the southeastern coast of North Carolina, USA

This study examined changes in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in coastal seawater after exposure to sand along a high energy beach face over an annual cycle between April 2004 and July 2005. Dissolved organic nitrogen, NO3 −, and NH4 + were released from sand to seawater in laboratory incubation experiments clearly demonstrating that they are a potential source of N to underlying groundwater or coastal seawater. DON increases in seawater, after exposure to surface sands in laboratory experiments, were positively correlated with in situ water column DON concentrations measured at the same time as sand collection. Increase in NO3 − and NH4 + were not correlated with their in situ concentrations. This suggests that DON released from beach sands is relatively more recalcitrant while NO3 − and NH4 + are utilized rapidly in the coastal ocean. The release of N was seasonal with carbon to nitrogen ratios indicating that recent primary productivity was responsible for the largest fluxes in summer while more degraded humic material contributed to lower fluxes in winter. Fluxes of total dissolved nitrogen (DON and DIN) from surface sand (2.1 × 10−4 mol m−2 h−1) were similar to that of groundwater and more than an order of magnitude larger than rain deposition indicating the potential importance of surface sand derived nitrogen to the coastal zone with a corresponding impact on primary productivity.
The generalized sigmoid activation function: competitive supervised learning

Abstract Multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks trained using backpropagation are perhaps the most commonly used neural network model. Central to the MLP model is the use of neurons with nonlinear and differentiable activation functions. The most commonly used activation function is a sigmoidal function, and frequently all neurons in an MLP network employ the same activation function. In this paper, we introduce the notion of the generalized sigmoid as an activation function for neurons in the output layer of an MLP network. The enhancements afforded by the use of the generalized sigmoid are analyzed and demonstrated in the context of some well-known classification problems.
Crystal morphologies in thin films of PEO/PMMA blends

Crystallization in thin films of poly(ethylene oxide) in blends with poly(methyl methacrylate) has been studied. The film thickness is fixed at 120 nm, while the blend composition, PMMA molar mass, and crystallization temperature are varied. Blends with a composition of 50/50 (wt% PEO/wt% PMMA) exhibit a variety of morphologies that are highly dependent on PMMA molar mass and crystallization temperature. A needle morphology not previously reported in this system is also observed. For 40/60 blends, dendrites and DBM are observed at high PMMA molar mass. At low PMMA molar mass, a number of morphologies are observed over small changes in the experimental controls. In 35/65 blends, dendritic growth is observed with sidebranches at 45° and 90° to the dendrite trunk at low undercooling and only at 90° for larger undercooling. For 30/70 blends, dendritic growth is observed over a large range of PMMA molar mass and crystallization temperature. Maps demonstrating the role of the control parameters on morphological development are reported. The observed morphologies are believed to result from the combined effects of the lack of crystallizable chains at the growth front, low dimensionality, rejection of non-crystallizable chains, and variation of the effective levels of noise and/or anisotropy.
Cubic Crystal-Field Energy Levels, Tb 3+ : CaF 2 (I)

Empirically derived cubic-field energy-level schemes of fluorescence of Tb3+ in CaF2(I) are analyzed and compared with those theoretically derived. The x values for the 5D4, 7F3, 7F4, and 7F5 states are derived to the first order for a weak cubic field, and the energies are calculated to the second order. The second-order energies when added to the theoretical first-order levels of Lea, Leask, and Wolf at the calculated x values give energy levels in agreement with the empirical schemes to within 10%, substantiating the cubic crystal-field assignment for this crystal. The ratio of fourth- to sixth-order cubic crystal-field parameters (A4〈r4〉/A6〈r6〉) is found to be −11.5.
Diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors with angiography in children

The differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors with cerebral angiography in children is presented with diagrams and illustrations. The literature is reviewed and the angiographic landmarks are discussed. The advantage of this form of examination over other methods of contrast studies is emphasized. It is concluded that the detailed analysis of the angiographic findings in posterior fossa tumors in children can be of localizing and of diagnostic value in the majority of cases, and surgery can then be, performed without additional contrast studies.
Vacancy-enhanced ferromagnetism in Fe-doped rutile Ti O 2

Based on a series of supercell density functional calculations of Fe-doped $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ both with and without O vacancy $({V}_{\mathrm{O}})$, we show that ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ plays an important role in determining the magnetic properties of the dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS). Without ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$, two Fe atoms in rutile lattice are ferromagnetically coupled except at a separation distance of $3.57\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, where they are antiferromagnetically coupled. The ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ introduces two electrons into the conduction bands of rutile, which are either captured by the Fe dopants or form a shallow impurity state. The ferromagnetic (FM) coupling $J$ between two Fe atoms is enhanced, through the enhancement of the FM double exchange if ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ is sufficiently close.
Using analytic and genetic methods to learn plans for mobile robots

ABSTRACT A small mobile robot can be of great use in exploring environments, maneuvering through dangerous areas, identifying and tracking objects, and carrying cargo. Current methods of planning for robots focus on heavy on-board processing making use of multiple goals, learning, and failure recovering, orthey focus on using very little on-board power running small reactive plans. We describe a method thatmakes use of both types of planning. While an on-board processor can generate small reactive plansfor one particular goal, an off-site computer can perform goal management and learn from the robot'sfailures and successes to modify the rule base for the robot's future plans. This paper describes theseideas and illustrates their use on a Ti mobile robot. 1. INTRODUCTION A small mobile robot has many potential applications in space and industry applications. Its use inexploring environments, maneuvering through dangerous areas, identifying and tracking moving objectsand, with the use of an arm retrieving and assembling structures scientists and engineers time, money,and perhaps even lives. This paper describes a method of developing plans for a mobile robot usinglow-level genetic learning and high-level analytic learning. The ideas were tested on an ISX Ti robotused by the Intelligent Mechanism group at the NASA Ames Research Center.Currently, there are two diverse methods for generating self-planning robots. The traditional meth-ods rely upon enormous amounts of on-board processing power, and reason from theories about theproblem as well as from past successes and failures to develop a plan to meet the current goal. Thesesystems have been proven successful in many tasks, but require large machines with extreme amountsof on-board processing power. Into this category fall traditional planners such as STRIPS planners4,distributed control planners3'12, centralized control planners13, and multiagent planners such as theGEMPLAN system designed by Lansky1° and the multiagent planner described by Sycara et al.14In contrast, a type of planning technique that does not rely on heavy processing power is gainingpopularity. This type of reactive planning focuses on planning for agents in a dynamic environmentinstead of a fully controllable world. These systems do not generally plan several moves ahead, but
Paralogous Outer Membrane Proteins Mediate Uptake of Different Forms of Iron and Synergistically Govern Virulence in Francisella tularensis tularensis

Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium causing acute disease in mammalian hosts. Mechanisms for the acquisition of iron within the iron-limiting host environment are likely to be critical for survival of this intracellular pathogen. FslE (FTT0025) and FupA (FTT0918) are paralogous proteins that are predicted to form β-barrels in the outer membrane of virulent strain Schu S4 and are unique to Francisella species. Previous studies have implicated both FupA, initially identified as a virulence factor and FslE, encoded by the siderophore biosynthetic operon, in iron acquisition. Using single and double mutants, we demonstrated that these paralogs function in concert to promote growth under iron limitation. We used a 55Fe transport assay to demonstrate that FslE is involved in siderophore-mediated ferric iron uptake, whereas FupA facilitates high affinity ferrous iron uptake. Optimal replication within J774A.1 macrophage-like cells required at least one of these uptake systems to be functional. In a mouse model of tularemia, the ΔfupA mutant was attenuated, but the ΔfslE ΔfupA mutant was significantly more attenuated, implying that the two systems of iron acquisition function synergistically to promote virulence. These studies highlight the importance of specific iron acquisition functions, particularly that of ferrous iron, for virulence of F. tularensis in the mammalian host.
Detoxification and antioxidative therapy for levodopa-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease

Levodopa is the most efficacious drug treatment option for Parkinson's disease. However, in particular, high levodopa dosing may contribute to disease progression. Chronic levodopa metabolism reduces the methylation capacity and the antioxidant defense. Thus, this levodopa-induced free radical production complements the disease process, which considerably depends on free radical-induced, apoptotic neuronal cell death. Accordingly, clinical long-term studies with in the laboratory neuroprotective compounds failed in clinical investigations, as these studies were performed in levodopa-naive patients with Parkinson's disease over a relative short interval. Therefore, the likelihood for a positive outcome was rather low, since trials only focused on the disease process in levodopa-naive patients. However, studies on antioxidant therapeutic strategies were positive in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. To counteract these metabolic long-term levodopa-associated effects, chronic levodopa therapy should be combined with supplemental application of free radical scavengers and methyl group donating vitamins.
A family of degenerate differential operators

Certain second-order partial differential operators, expressed as sums of squares of complex vector fields, are shown not to beC∞ hypoelliptic even at a point, rather than merely in an open set. The proof is based on an asymptotic analysis of a family of ordinary differential operators depending on a complex parameter.
Structural and biochemical investigation of bacteriophage N4-encoded RNA polymerases.

Bacteriophage N4 regulates the temporal expression of its genome through the activity of three distinct RNA polymerases (RNAP). Expression of the early genes is carried out by a phage-encoded, virion-encapsidated RNAP (vRNAP) that is injected into the host at the onset of infection and transcribes the early genes. These encode the components of new transcriptional machinery (N4 RNAPII and cofactors) responsible for the synthesis of middle RNAs. Both N4 RNAPs belong to the T7-like “single-subunit” family of polymerases. Herein, we describe their mechanisms of promoter recognition, regulation, and roles in the phage life cycle.
Heterojunction Intra-Band Tunnel FETs for Low-Voltage SRAMs

We propose heterojunction intra-band tunnel (HIBT) FETs based on different semiconductor materials (with matched lattice constants) for the source/drain (S/D) and channel. HIBT FETs have an energy band offset at the interface of the S/D and channel. As a result, carrier transport in the on state occurs by intra-band tunneling. We analyze the device characteristics of HIBT FETs with Si S/D and GaP channel for different values of band offsets. We show that, due to intra-band tunneling, HIBT FETs exhibit lower on current at iso-off current compared to Si double gate (DG) MOSFETs. However, the energy band offset at the S/D-channel interface leads to 40%-59% lower drain-induced barrier lowering/thinning and significantly reduced variation in off current across a range of supply voltages (VDD). Moreover, due to the heterovalent nature of S/D and channel materials, there is negligible dopant straggle in HIBT FETs, which further improves their process variation tolerance. We evaluate the impact of low off-current variations in HIBT FETs on 6T SRAM stability and leakage. Considering the worst case parameter variations at VDD = 0.4 V, HIBT-FET-based 6T SRAMs show 1.56X to 2.85X reduction in cell leakage, 1.28X to 1.58X increase in read static noise margin (SNM), 1.04X to 1.07X higher hold SNM, and 1.7X to 3X increase in write margin compared to Si-DG-MOSFET-based 6T SRAM. The enhancement of cell stability and reduction in cell leakage at low VDD under process variations make HIBT FETs suitable for low-voltage SRAMs.
The Reaction‐Bonded Aluminum Oxide (RBAO) Process: II, The Solid‐State Oxidation of RBAO Compacts

The oxidation kinetics and the fraction of aluminum that is oxidized via solid–gas reaction in reaction-bonded aluminum oxide (RBAO) compacts are shown to be strongly dependent on the oxidation temperature and the characteristics (size and green density) of the RBAO compact. Based on the Biot number, the oxidation process of RBAO compacts is controlled by convective heat transfer. Low heat transfer from the surface of the compact results in too-rapid oxidation, thermal gradients, and core–shell oxidation of the compacts. Uniform oxidation of RBAO compacts is possible by oxidizing at low temperatures (400°–470°C), where slow surface reaction of the aluminum particles controls the oxidation of the compact. A grain model is presented to cover both linear and nonlinear oxidation regimes during the oxidation of a RBAO compact, and this model predicts the experimental results when surface reaction of the aluminum particles is the rate-controlling mechanism and oxidation of the compact occurs uniformly.
George Berci: past, present, and future.

Dr. George Berci’s contributions to the art and science of endoscopy and laparoscopy have continued unabated for nearly half a century. Fundamental advances in optics, illumination, television application, instrumentation, and operative radiology were either fostered or initiated by him, culminating in the advanced state of the technology as it is known today. As a creative force and catalytic influence, he has been a true pioneer.
Effects of opiates on the discriminative stimulus properties of dopamine agonists.

Abstract Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate the dopamine agonists amphetamine (0.75 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.38 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever operant task. Various doses of morphine and pentazocine were tested for generalization to and interference with the discriminative stimulus complexes produced by the dopamine agonists. Low doses of morphine appeared to produce a stimulus complex which is similar to that produced by apomorphine, but which differs from that produced by amphetamine. Pentazocine showed no evidence of generalization to either the apomorphine or the amphetamine cue. Neither opiate interfered with the discriminative stimuli produced by the dopamine agonists, although decreases in the number of animals responding occured.
Ionic organoboranes. Part 8: the nature of the face hydrogens of [7.11 1 ]- nido-(12)-7,8-dicarbahemiousene (C 7 H 6 + -B 9 C 2 H 11 - ) and B 11 H 12 3-

Abstract An ab initio molecular orbital study shows that the face hydrogen of the zwitterionic hemiousene [7.11 1 ]- nido -(12)-7,8-dicarbahemiousene (C 7 H 6 + –B 9 C 2 H 11 − ) is in a fluxional double minimum. It is primarily associated with B10 and forms unsymmetrical three-center bridges between B10–B9 or B10–B11. The transition barrier is about 2.5 kcal mol −1 . This structure is similar to that of the unsubstituted C 2 B 9 H 12 − ion and demonstrates that the cationic tropyliumyl substituent has little effect on the face. The hypothetical completely symmetrical ion B 11 H 12 3− does not have a centered face hydrogen. The hydrogen is involved in a short, symmetrical bridge between face borons, and would be presumably fully fluxional in solution.
Characterization of nonlinear absorption and refraction in advanced materials

We discuss the characterization of nonlinear optical processes in materials associated with loss and index changes using the Z-scan. The primary problem addresses is, given a new material, how do you determine the dominant nonlinearities present and their physical mechanisms. In particular, in extensive studies of a wide variety of materials we have found that there is seldom a single nonlinear process occurring. Often several processes occur simultaneously sometimes in unison, sometimes competing. Distinguishing and separating these processes is important for understanding and modeling the interaction. There are a variety of methods and techniques for determining the nonlinear optical response, each with its own weaknesses and advantages. In general it is advisable to use as many complementary techniques as possible and vary as many experimental parameters as possible in order to unambiguously determine the active nonlinearities. Here we show as examples the two cases of semiconductors and reverse saturable absorbing dyes. We concentrate on the use of the Z-scan in determining the responses, but utilize knowledge from other experiments to help in the interpretation.
Comparison of optical projection tomography and optical coherence tomography for assessment of murine embryonic development

The murine model is a common model for studying developmental diseases. In this study, we compare the performance of the relatively new method of Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) to the well-established technique of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to assess murine embryonic development at three stages, 9.5, 11.5, and 13.5 days post conception. While both methods can provide spatial resolution at the micrometer scale, OPT can provide superior imaging depth compared to OCT. However, OPT requires samples to be fixed, placed in an immobilization media such as agar, and cleared before imaging. Because OCT does not require fixing, it can be used to image embryos in vivo and in utero. In this study, we compare the efficacy of OPT and OCT for imaging murine embryonic development. The data demonstrate the superior capability of OPT for imaging fine structures with high resolution in optically-cleared embryos while only OCT can provide structural and functional imaging of live embryos ex vivo and in utero with micrometer scale resolution.
Experiments with an Intrinsically Irreversible Acoustic Heat Engine

The general qualities of a type of thermodynamic engine that depends intrinsically for its operation on irreversible processes are set forth and demonstrated experimentally in the context of a thermoacoustic heat-pumping engine.
Cholecystokinin-Assisted Hydrodissection of the Gallbladder Fossa during FDG PET/CT-guided Liver Ablation

A 68-year-old female with colorectal cancer developed a metachronous isolated fluorodeoxyglucose-avid (FDG-avid) segment 5/6 gallbladder fossa hepatic lesion and was referred for percutaneous ablation. Pre-procedure computed tomography (CT) images demonstrated a distended gallbladder abutting the segment 5/6 hepatic metastasis. In order to perform ablation with clear margins and avoid direct puncture and aspiration of the gallbladder, cholecystokinin was administered intravenously to stimulate gallbladder contraction before hydrodissection. Subsequently, the lesion was ablated successfully with sufficient margins, of greater than 1.0 cm, using microwave with ultrasound and FDG PET/CT guidance. The patient tolerated the procedure very well and was discharged home the next day.
T1−T1 Interactions Occur in ER Membranes while Nascent Kv Peptides Are Still Attached to Ribosomes†

For voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv), it is not clear at which stage during biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oligomerization occurs, specifically whether it can begin while nascent peptide chains of individual subunits are still attached to ribosomes. Kv channels possess a T1-recognition domain in the NH2-terminus, which confers subfamily specificity for intersubunit assembly and forms a tetramer. Using pairs of cysteines engineered into the T1−T1 interface and cross-linking methods, we show that specific residues in the T1−T1 interface of different Kv1.3 subunits come into close proximity in the ER, both in microsomal membranes and in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, using translocation intermediates containing pairs of engineered cysteines in the T1 interface, we demonstrate that specific residues in the folded T1 domain interface can approach within 2 A of each other and form tetramers while the nascent Kv1.3 peptides are still attached to ribosomes and have translocated across the membrane. E...
Asymmetric microtubule arrays organize the endoplasmic reticulum during polarity establishment in the brown alga Silvetia compressa

Polarity is a fundamental characteristic of most cell types, and is crucial to early development of the brown alga Silvetia compressa. In eukaryotes the cytoskeleton plays an important role in generating cellular asymmetries. While it is known that F-actin is required for polarization and growth in most tip-growing cells, the roles of microtubules are less clear. We examined the distribution and function of microtubules in S. compressa zygotes as they polarized and initiated tip growth. Microtubules formed asymmetric arrays oriented toward the rhizoid hemisphere early in the polarization process. These arrays were spatially coupled with polar adhesive deposition, a marker of the rhizoid pole. Reorientation of the light vector during polarization led to sequential redistribution of polar axis components, with the microtubules and the polar axis reorienting nearly simultaneously, followed by cell wall loosening and then deposition of new polar adhesive. These findings suggested that microtubules may organize and target endomembrane arrays. We therefore examined the distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum during polarization and found it colocalized with microtubules and became targeted toward the rhizoid pole as microtubule asymmetry was generated. Endoplasmic reticulum association with microtubules remained fully intact following pharmacological disruption of F-actin, whereas microtubule disruption led to aggregation of the endoplasmic reticulum around the nucleus. We propose that brown algae utilize microtubules for organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and migration of exocytotic components to the rhizoid cortex, and present a model for polarity establishment to account for these new findings. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative timing in brain and behavior: Some observations about the generalized motor program and self-organized coordination dynamics

Abstract Recent functional brain imaging studies show that relative timing is a key variable capturing the coordination activity of both brain and behavior. Switching among relative timing patterns takes the form of a critical instability indicating that the underlying neural representation is dynamical and self-organized.
Wavelength discrimination in the presence of added chromatic fields.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of adding various luminances of monochromatic light to a wavelength-discrimination target. As the additive luminance was increased, the size of the discrimination step increased. With a 650-nm added field, the wavelength-discrimination functions showed asymmetrical displacement, with comparatively little change for wavelengths below 480 nm. With a 435-nm addition, the wavelength-discrimination steps increased for all wavelengths. With a 578-nm addition, they increased in the spectral region 500–600 nm.
Collaboration and framing as dimensions of design innovation

This study of student teams learning to design in an engineering course reveals that interaction and framing are important dimensions for understanding innovative design. By employing social network analysis to incorporate interaction within statistical models, it is apparent that teams viewed early as having innovative ideas, who score higher on perspective-taking and who have higher team cohesion, tend to produce more innovative final designs. Case studies suggest that for iteration to lead to productive design innovation it should be framed as practical, design activity rather than as scientific or theoretical activity.
Encapsulated mechanically coupled fully-differential breathe-mode ring filters with ultra-narrow bandwidth

We present hermetically encapsulated, mechanically coupled, 20 MHz breathe-mode ring filters with ultra narrow bandwidths of 5.9 kHz and 8.9 kHz, which correspond to 0.029% and 0.044% bandwidth with less than 2.7 dB insertion loss. This is the narrowest percent bandwidth achieved by a mechanically coupled MEMS filter. The ability to attain an insertion loss this small for such a small percent bandwidth is made possible by employing encapsulated MEMS resonators with Q's ∼ 280,000. We also explore the effect of the coupling beam width on the filter bandwidth and experimentally demonstrate that the bandwidth is directly proportional to the width of the coupling beam. This work provides guidance for coupling beam design in future MEMS filters.
Gas-induced solid state transformation of an organic lattice: from nonporous to nanoporous

A well-known organic host, tris-o-phenylenedioxycyclotriphosphazene, exists in two polymorphic guest-free forms: the thermodynamic nonporous high-density phase and the kinetic nanoporous low-density phase. Simple pressurization of the high density phase with CO2 brings a solid-state transformation to the low density phase, resulting in significant expansion of the crystal volume by 23%.
Stereotype-Based Expectancies: Effects on Information Processing and Social Behavior

Expectancies about others are often based on stereotypes of the groups to which they belong. This article reviews the effects of stereotype-based expectancies on social perception and behavior. An information processing perspective is adopted in discussing the research evidence concerning the effects of stereotypes on (a) information processing and judgments, (b) information seeking and hypothesis testing, and (c) interpersonal behavior via self-fulfilling prophecies. Possible strategies for undermining these effects are also discussed.
Context-oriented programming with EventJava

Recent research on Distributed Event-based Systems (DEBS) has focussed on event correlation, which is the task of processing events to identify meaningful patterns of events in the event cloud. In DEBS, software components communicate by generating, disseminating and receiving event notifications, which reify and describe the event. Several parts of an event notification are context-sensitive, depending on where the software component producing the event is deployed, the communication infrastructure available for event dissemination etc. Event contexts may be added during the production of an event (e.g. by the runtime system executing the component) or during dissemination (by a middleware) and play an integral part in event correlation. Examples of contextual information include physical time, logical time, geographical coordinates, information about the source of events, digital signatures, etc. EventJava [7], an extension of Java with advanced support for event correlation, explicitly integrates the notion of event context, thereby allowing a programmer to customize the way in which events are ordered, propagated and correlated with other events. In this paper, we explain why contexts are indispensable to DEBS, present an overview of EventJava and illustrate the use of contexts through programming examples.
SRF-PLL with dynamic center frequency for improved phase detection

Phase detection is an integral component of any grid-connected, renewable-energy inverter and errors in the phase detector can degrade inverter control performance. To reduce these errors, an improved phase detector based on the synchronous-reference frame phase-locked loop is developed and demonstrated. This method is especially useful in weak three-phase variable-frequency systems, where fast and robust phase detection is important to inverter synchronization, but may be more difficult to achieve due to the varying frequency. The original SRF-PLL must trade off noise rejection with fast tracking capabilities, but by modifying the SRF-PLL to include a feed-forward dynamic center frequency, it is shown that both noise rejection and fast tracking can be achieved. The proposed modification to the SRF-PLL is demonstrated in hardware using dSPACE and a DC-sourced voltage source inverter paralleled to a variable-speed synchronous generator. The reductions in phase error are evaluated based on the reactive power injected by the inverter.
Intestinal Lesions Induced in Gnotobiotic Calves by the Virus of Human Infantile Gastroenteritis

Four gnotobiotic calves with intestinal lesions induced by third and fourth calf passages of the virus of human infantile gastroenteritis were studied by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by immunofluorescence. Calves, 25-72 hours old, were examined 0.5 hours, 3 hours, 7 hours, and 48 hours after the onset of diarrhea. Intestinal histology of infected calves was compared to that of two noninoculated gnotobiotic calves 48 and 72 hours old. The sequence of events in the small intestine was infection of the absorptive villous epithelial cells, replacement of the tall columnar villous epithelial cells with cuboidal and squamous cells, shortening of the villi, enlargement of reticular cells, lymphocytic infiltration of the villous lamina propria and repair. The association of a reovirus-like agent (also called orbivirus ( 11, orbivirus-like 121, rotavirus (5), duovirus (3) and infantile gastroenteritis virus (El) with acute human infantile gastroenteritis in several countries (2, 6, 8, 9, 161 has stimulated investigations for finding animal models for the disease. These studies have shown that the human agent can induce diarrhea in newborn piglets (15, 191, monkeys (20) and calves (14). Our study evaluated the lesions caused in calves by this virus and compared them with those caused by the antigenically related calf diarrheal reovirus-like agent. Materials and Methods Calves, inocula, and time between onset of diarrhea and death are summarized in table 1. Four gnotobiotic Hereford-Angus crossbred calves were offered 960 milliliters of autoclaved, homogenized cow's milk twice daily. Noninoculated (control) intestines were obtained from two calves (calves 1 and 2) used in reported experiments ( 11, 121; intestines from both calves were examined by light microscopy. The intestine from calf 2 was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Equipment, procedures and isolation units have been described (13).
Longitudinal waves in the walls of fluid-filled elastic tubes.

Experiments with a rubber tube model of the aorta have demonstrated the presence of longitudinal waves in the wall of the tubing. This mode of vibration was predicted by Lamb from the theoretical considerations, but has not previously been described. The characteristics of "impact waves" in arteries and of the longitudinal mural waves in the model appear to be similar. Longitudinal waves undoubtedly influence the arterial pulse contour. Theoretically, the damping coefficient for them is the same as that for radial waves.
Bioterrorism: the statistical issues

Bioterrorism research has had an upsurge since the autumn of 2001. Elizabeth Halloran and Ira Longini describe particular contributions that statisticians and mathematical modellers can make to bioterrorism research related to infectious diseases. They argue that much can be learned from emerging infectious diseases that is applicable to potential bioterrorist threats.
Using A Dynamic Taylor-Type Rule To Examine The Behavior Of Bond Yields: Some International Evidence

A dynamic version of Taylor’s rule is applied to the analysis of the behavior of short-term and long-term government bonds in different nations. Results indicate that long-term yields are highly sensitive to inflationary expectations, but support was mixed for short-term maturities. Evidence suggests that short-term rates are more responsive to the output gap than long-term rates for all the countries considered. Taylor’s rule appears to provide insight into understanding similarities and differences in the behavior of interest rate on government bonds of different maturities in the countries studied.
IMPLEMENTATION-NEUTRAL CAUSATION

The most basic question one can ask of a model is ‘What is the effect on variable y2 of variable y1?’ Causation is ‘implementation neutral’ when all interventions on external variables that lead to a given change in y1 have the same effect on y2, so that the effect of y1 on y2 is defined unambiguously. Familiar ideas of causal analysis do not apply when causation is implementation neutral. For example, a cause variable cannot be linked to an effect variable by both a direct path and a distinct indirect path. Discussion of empirical aspects of implementation neutrality leads to further unexpected results, such as that if one variable causes another the coefficient representing that causal link is always identified.
Curriculum Studies and Transnational Flows and Mobilities: Feminist Autobiographical Perspectives

I here consider possible effects of global flows, transnational connections, and transcultural interactions on attempts to construct a worldwide curriculum studies field. These flows and mobilities loosen local populations from geographically constrained communities, connecting people and places around the globe in new and complex ways. Thus, they dramatically alter not only processes of curriculum construction and theorizing but also ways in which a worldwide curriculum studies field might be conceptualized and enacted. I argue that these flows and mobilities point to a necessary conceptualization of a worldwide curriculum studies field as always in the making. I briefly review perspectives on global flows and mobilities that currently circulate among a variety of academic disciplines. I then examine various feminists’ transnational, poststructural, postcolonial, and queer theorizing and practices in order to articulate tensions and possibilities for a worldwide curriculum studies field affected by transnational flows and mobilities. Particular feminist work especially draws attention to political, social, economic, and environmental biases and injustices that flows and mobilities have shaped and sustained. I argue that these feminists’ interrogations could contribute to curriculum scholars’ negotiations of cultural, geographical, linguistic, and theoretical differences across a worldwide curriculum studies field. In particular, I autobiographically explore feminist examinations of transnational flows and mobilities as one possible means to hold varying perspectives on these phenomena in simultaneous yet often tension-filled relation to one another. Conceptions of transnational flows and mobilities become visceral through embodied autobiographical inquiries that take into account shifting and rapidly changing discursive and material effects of globalization. These effects include knowledges and identities produced at everyday educational sites as well as within the potentials of a worldwide curriculum studies field.
Saturation kinetics in phenolic O-H bond oxidation by a mononuclear Mn(III)-OH complex derived from dioxygen.

The mononuclear hydroxomanganese(III) complex, [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+), which is supported by the amide-containing N5 ligand dpaq (dpaq = 2-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)]amino-N-quinolin-8-yl-acetamidate) was generated by treatment of the manganese(II) species, [Mn(II)(dpaq)](OTf), with dioxygen in acetonitrile solution at 25 °C. This oxygenation reaction proceeds with essentially quantitative yield (greater than 98% isolated yield) and represents a rare example of an O2-mediated oxidation of a manganese(II) complex to generate a single product. The X-ray diffraction structure of [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+) reveals a short Mn-OH distance of 1.806(13) A, with the hydroxo moiety trans to the amide function of the dpaq ligand. No shielding of the hydroxo group is observed in the solid-state structure. Nonetheless, [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+) is remarkably stable, decreasing in concentration by only 10% when stored in MeCN at 25 °C for 1 week. The [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+) complex participates in proton-coupled electron transfer reactions with substrates with relatively weak O-H and C-H bonds. For example, [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+) oxidizes TEMPOH (TEMPOH = 2,2'-6,6'-tetramethylpiperidine-1-ol), which has a bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) of 66.5 kcal/mol, in MeCN at 25 °C. The hydrogen/deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 1.8 observed for this reaction implies a concerted proton-electron transfer pathway. The [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+) complex also oxidizes xanthene (C-H BDFE of 73.3 kcal/mol in dimethylsulfoxide) and phenols, such as 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenol, with BDFEs of less than 79 kcal/mol. Saturation kinetics were observed for phenol oxidation, implying an initial equilibrium prior to the rate-determining step. On the basis of a collective body of evidence, the equilibrium step is attributed to the formation of a hydrogen-bonding complex between [Mn(III)(OH)(dpaq)](+) and the phenol substrates.
Perceptions during Conflict

In chapter 4 we argued that a number of inter-related psychological processes concerned with the alleviation of excessive stress occur frequently within human individuals, whether leaders or followers, successes or failures, activists or passive supporters. Furthermore, involvement in conflict situations and processes brings many of these processes into operation: (i) more frequently, (ii) with greater intensity and (iii) across a wider range of individuals than do co-operative situations, where there are seldom the same levels of fear, suspicion, threat or hostility. We now outline in more detail some of the perceptual and evaluative results of psychological processes previously discussed as efforts to establish and maintain cognitive consistency. Most illustrations of results from relevant stress-reducing processes will be taken from international conflict. However, the same general type of perception and evaluation frequently occurs in intra-national conflict, even though exact content might vary. Chapter 5 therefore discusses common phenomena of group perception during a conflict, and distortions or misperceptions caused by high levels of tension, fear, suspicion or anxiety.
Rigor, Transparency, and Reporting Social Science Research: Why Guidelines Don't Have to Kill Your Story.

Dissemination of research is the most challenging aspect of building the evidence base. Despite peer review, evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of papers leave out details that are nec...
Survey on sleep quality of patients of essential hypertension in elderly population in the community

Objective To study the sleep quality of essential hypertension in elderly population in the community.Methods 145 essential hypertension in elderly population and 140 elderly population of normal were investigated by pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI).Results Sleep problems report rate of essential hypertension in elderly population was 45.67%,while the rate of normal elderly population was 25.12%.The difference had statistically significance(P0.01).Score of PSQI,sleep quality,fall asleep time,hours of sleep and insomnia of the essential hypertension in el derly population compared with the the normal elderly population had statistically significance(P0.05).Conclusion The elderly patients in community with essential hypertension sleep quality problem is more,should actively for health education
Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in Plastic Bottled Beverages

[Objective] To determine the concentrations of di-ethyl phthalate(DEP),di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) in beverages bottled in plastic containers and to analyze the effect of some factors on the concentration of phthalates.[Methods] Forty-nine different brands of beverage were selected from the market and gas chromatography was applied to determine the level of phthalates in the beverage.The differences between three sorts of beverages(tea,juice,and dairy drinks) were tested by ANOVA and the effects of storage time and pH value on the concentration of phthalates in beverage were analyzed using Linear Regression Model.[Results] DEP wasn’t found while the detection rates of DBP and DEHP in samples were 98.0% and 100% respectively with the average concentrations of 0.038 mg/L and 0.071 mg/L respectively.The detection range of DBP and DEHP in tea drinks were 0-0.047 mg/L and 0.045-0.146 mg/L respectively.The highest detection level of DBP in juice drinks was 0.127 mg/L,and DEHP was found in the range from 0.060 mg/L to 0.371 mg/L.The maximum concentrations of DBP and DEHP in dairy drinks were 0.081 mg/L and 0.089 mg/L respectively,and the minimum concentrations were 0.032 mg/L and 0.033 mg/L respectively.The levels of DBP in juice and dairy drinks were significantly higher than those in tea drinks(P=0.003 and P=0.002).The levels of DEHP in juice drinks were higher than those in tea and dairy drinks(P=0.001 and P=0.002).The fixed multivariate linear model showed that,the logarithms of DBP concentrations of juice and dairy drinks were 0.36 and 0.50 units higher than that of tea drinks,the logarithm of DEHP concentration of juice drinks was 0.47 units higher than that of tea drinks,and the logarithm of DEHP concentration of acid drinks was 0.30 units higher than that of weak acid drinks.[Conclusion] It can be concluded that the detection rates of DBP and DEHP in plastic bottled beverages were fairly high and their levels varied from the different kinds of drinks.However,the concentrations of phthalates meet the national prescribed standards.The major sources of phthalates in drinks are residues in raw material and migration from plastic bottles.Besides,the level of DEHP would increase with the pH value of drinks decreased.
Surgical treatment for intracranial hemorrhage in newborn

Objective To further explore treatment for all kinds of intracranial hemorrhages in newborn and choice of operative methods and effects.Methods Seventeen intracranial hemorrhage newborn infants were studied.Their ages ranged from 10 d to 58 d.Of them 7 had subdural hematoma,5 intracerebral hematoma(in 2 it was located in frontal lobe,2 in occipital lobe and 1 in temporal lobe),and 4 subdural hematoma plus intracerebral hematoma.The surgical procedure included:①catheter drainage(n=10),including 6 cases of subdural hematoma,2 intracerebral hematoma and 2 subdural hematoma plus intracerebral hematoma;②evacuation of hematoma(n=4),1 subdural hematoma,2 intracerebral hematoma,1 subdural hematoma plus intracerebral hematoma,of the 4 cases,2 with brain henia;③evacuation of hemotoma and floating bone flap(n=3),1 subdural hematoma,1 intracerebral hematoma,1 intracerebral hematoma plus intraventricular hemorrhage,and all of them with brain henia.Results All the infants were survived.All the 5 infants with brain henia were survived.Two of 5 infants with hemiparalysis completely recovered,2 improved,1 had no change,and 1 remained seizures.The rest had satisfactory results.Conclusion Removing the hematoma as soon as possible can reduce the damage of brain tissue and decrease disability rate.Satisfactory results can be get,if different surgical procedures are used for different types of intracranial hemorrhage.
The Common Core State Standards in Mathematics

The US Common Core State Standards in Mathematics were released in 2009 and have been adopted by 45 states. We describe the background, process, and design principles of the standards.
Strategic Planning: The Customer Concept and Corporate Survival

The restraints, the controls, the structure, the power, and the rhetoric of management may all change drastically. In many ways the present time, the next ten or twenty years, will be the “adolescent crisis” of management, which will decide what mature management will look like, what its personality will come to represent, and how many of its promises it will be able to convert into solid adult achievements.
Boat anchors and screen-savers

Last week was a red letter day for our department – we finally got rid of our "boat anchors"
Abstract 5930: Osteoblasts protect AML cells from cytarabine-induced death

The hematological malignancy acute myeloid leukemia (AML) interacts closely with osteoblasts within the protective bone marrow microenvironment. The bone marrow microenvironment protects tumor cells from chemotherapies, which can prevent sufficient eradication of tumor cells. To study the role of osteoblasts in the bone marrow microenvironment, our lab utilized a co-culture model of osteoblasts (MC3T3 osteoblast cell line) and acute myelogenous leukemia cells (KG1a AML cell line or AML patient samples from bone marrow aspirates). Osteoblasts were cultured with AML cells, or AML cells were cultured alone; AML cells were challenged with the standard chemotherapeutic agent cytarabine (Ara-C) at doses of 0µM, 0.1µM, 0.5µM, 1µM, 5µM, or 10µM in the presence or absence of osteoblasts; and AML cells were assayed by flow cytometry to assess cell death via annexin-V staining. Our lab has previously found that differentiating osteoblasts protect AML cells from an apoptosis inducing agent naturally present in the bone marrow. We now show that osteoblasts are also capable of protecting AML cells from the standard chemotherapeutic cytarabine. In addition, we have found that treatment of osteoblasts with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) prevents these treated osteoblasts from protecting AML cells from cytarabine treatment, which is consistent with our lab’s previous findings that HDACi treatment inhibits protection of AML cells from an apoptosis inducing agent naturally present in the bone marrow. We have preliminary data that indicates that TAZS89A over-expression, a constitutively active form of TAZ, which is a transcriptional modulator that regulates osteoblast differentiation, may be sufficient to inhibit osteoblast mediated protection of AML cells from cytarabine. This finding would be consistent with the HDACi manipulated Nherf1-protein phosphatase 1α-TAZ signaling pathway that we have previously found to be sufficient to inhibit protection of AML cells from an apoptosis inducing agent naturally present in the bone marrow. Overall, these studies have delivered insights into the role of osteoblasts in protecting AML cells from chemotherapy in the bone marrow microenvironment and begun the characterization of mechanisms and targets responsible for the protective effects of osteoblasts. Manipulating differentiating osteoblasts within the bone marrow microenvironment therapeutically could aid in more complete destruction of the tumor cell burden and improve patient survival. Citation Format: Rosalie M. Sterner, Kimberly N. Kremer, Amel Dudakovic, Jennifer J. Westendorf, Andre J. van Wijnen, Karen E. Hedin. Osteoblasts protect AML cells from cytarabine-induced death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5930. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5930