cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System design of the CRISM (compact reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for Mars) hyperspectral imager

CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) is a hyperspectral imager that will be launched on the MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) in August 2005. The MRO will circle Mars in a polar orbit at a nominal altitude of 325 km. The CRISM spectral range spans the ultraviolet (UV) to the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), 400 nm to 4050 nm. The instrument utilizes a Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 2.06o field of view (FOV) to focus light on the entrance slit of a dual spectrometer. Within the spectrometer light is split by a dichroic into VNIR (visible-near infrared) (λ ≤ 1.05 μm) and IR (infrared) (λ ≥ 1.05 μm) beams. Each beam is directed into a separate modified Offner spectrometer that focuses a spectrally dispersed image of the slit onto a two dimensional focal plane (FP). The IR FP is a 640 x 480 HgCdTe area array; the VNIR FP is a 640 x 480 silicon photodiode area array. The spectral image is contiguously sampled with a 6.55 nm spectral spacing and an instantaneous field of view of 60 μradians. The orbital motion of the MRO pushbroom scans the spectrometer slit across the Martian surface, allowing the planet to be mapped in 558 spectral bands. There are four major mapping modes: A quick initial multi-spectral mapping of a major portion of the Martian surface in 59 selected spectral bands at a spatial resolution of 600 μradians (10:1 binning); an extended multi-spectral mapping of the entire Martian surface in 59 selected spectral bands at a spatial resolution of 300 μradians (5:1 binning); a high resolution Target Mode, performing hyperspectral mapping of selected targets of interest at full spatial and spectral resolution; and an atmospheric Emission Phase Function (EPF) mode for atmospheric study and correction at full spectral resolution at a spatial resolution of 300 μradians (5:1 binning). The instrument is gimbaled to allow scanning over ±60° for the EPF and Target modes. The scanning also permits orbital motion compensation, enabling longer integration times and consequently higher signal-to-noise ratios for selected areas on the Martian surface in Target Mode.
Entropy generation and limits on the anisotropy of the early Universe

On a evalue la vitesse maximale a laquelle l'entropie du plasma originel croit en presence d'un cisaillement homogene dans une cosmologie Bianchi type I. L'accroissement minimal de l'entropie est aussi obtenu a partir d'une section efficace GUT
The influence of carotid arterial sounds on hearing sensitivity in mammals

Pulsations of the internal carotid and stapedial arteries produce unwanted sounds (noise) in the middle ear cavity which influence hearing in some mammals. ‘Noise’ pressure levels calculated from pulse rates, volume pulsations of the arteries, and Fourier analysis of arterial waveforms, correlate well with low frequency thresholds of hearing in the Long-eared hedgehog, Tree shrew and Kangaroo rat. In mammals adapted to hear low frequency sounds, such as the Kangaroo rat and fossorial insectivores, the arteries are enclosed in noise attenuating bony tubes. However, most small mammals possess extended high frequency hearing with little sensitivity at the low frequencies of the arterial sounds. In lower tetrapods such as anurans and most lizards, the broad connection between the middle ear cavity and the pharynx creates a leakage pathway which greatly reduces the noise from the stapedial artery. It is probably for these reasons that the large intratympanic arteries did not disturb hearing in early mammals or submammalian forms.
GENETIC VARIABILITY WITHIN A POPULATION AND BETWEEN DIPLOID/HAPLOID TISSUE OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Multi-locus DNA fingerprints using an M13 probe were obtained for eight individuals of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. collected from Monterey Bay, California. For each individual, DNA was extracted from a diploid blade and from ca. 109 haploid spores that were released from four to Jive sporophylls. Viable or swimming spores from one individual were pooled and referred to as a spore group. A total of 34 bands (4–19 kb) was detected in DNA fingerprints from the eight blades and eight spore groups, with individual blade or spore groups exhibiting 7–18 bands (mean = 12.6). One band (4.5 kb) was present in all 16 samples. Eight bands were detected in 11–14 of the 16 samples. Similarity indices were calculated for all pairwise comparisons of fingerprint bands among all possible combinations of blades and spore groups. Mean similarity indices for the eight blades (0.51, SE = 0.032) and spore groups (0.56, SE = 0.031) were significantly lower than for the eight comparisons of the blade and spore groups from a single individual (0.86, SE = 0.052). The data indicate that DNA fingerprints can be used to measure genetic variation within populations of M. pyrifera because variation of DNA fingerprints associated with meiotic products (spores) of a given individual is small relative to variation observed among individuals within the population. Additionally, fingerprint variation between diploid vegetative tissue and haploid meiotic products may be a measure of genetic change due to recombination or DNA turnover mechanisms.
From the Margins

How can anthropology benefit from cultural studies and cultural studies benefit from anthropology? One area in which these two scholarly trajectories work best together is in theorizing the interface of local and global frames of analysis. The challenge here is to move from situated, that is "local," controversies to widely circulating or "global" issues of power and knowledge and back, as this allows us to develop understandings of the institutions and dialogues in which both local and global cultural agendas are shaped. This essay is about margins as a conceptual site from which to explore the imaginative quality and the specificity of local/global cultural formation. Margins here are not a geographical, descriptive location. Nor do I refer to margins as the sites of deviance from social norms. Instead, I use the term to indicate an analytic placement that makes evident both the constraining, oppressive quality of cultural exclusion and the creative potential of rearticulating, enlivening, and rearranging the very social categories that peripheralize a group's existence. Margins, in this use, are sites from which we see the instability of social categories. One way of thinking about this agenda is to imagine a conversation between the approaches of Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci. Foucault shows us the discursive construction of social categories and forms of subjectivity. Gramsci reminds us that these categories and their associated kinds of agency have no unquestioned hegemony. Where Gramsci assumes too much about self-evident political interests that produce resistance and social transformation, Foucault, in showing the convention-laden assumptions behind resistance, obscures the suspense that infects possibilities of change. My interest is in the zones of unpredictability at the edges of discursive stability, where contradictory discourses overlap, or where discrepant kinds of meaning-making converge; these are what I call margins. Attention to marginality highlights both the play and constraint of subordinate social positions. In the United States, for example, minorities are marginalized by exclusion from the assumption of being ordinary-and often the jobs, housing, or political opportunities that "ordinary" (white) people expect. At the
ESTEEM and FACTS: Creative Ways to Teach Healthy Lifestyles to Youth from Diverse Backgrounds

Two health education programs illustrating different ways to engage youth from racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds in positive youth development lessons and activities are described for practitioners in schools and community agencies. Both programs were developed in collaborative efforts between public school health teachers and community organizations and resulted in abstinence education curricula suitable for use in either schools or community agencies. Both programs were effective with youth from different racial and ethnic backgrounds in promoting setting wholesome personal goals, developing prosocial and healthy relationships, and avoiding risky behaviors such as premature sexual activity or abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs. Federal programs designed to prevent teen pregnancy facilitated the development and evaluation of both programs. ESTEEM was developed in Texas at the Longview Wellness Center and FACTS was developed in Oregon by Northwest Family Services.
Fast extraction of adaptive multiresolution meshes with guaranteed properties from volumetric data

We present a new algorithm for extracting adaptive multiresolution triangle meshes from volume datasets. The algorithm guarantees that the topological genus of the generated mesh is the same as the genus of the surface embedded in the volume dataset at all levels of detail. In addition to this "hard constraint" on the genus of the mesh, the user can choose to specify some number of soft geometric constraints, such as triangle aspect ratio, minimum or maximum total number of vertices, minimum and/or maximum triangle edge lengths, maximum magnitude of various error metrics per triangle or vertex, including maximum curvature (area) error, maximum distance to the surface, and others. The mesh extraction process is fully automatic and does not require manual adjusting of parameters to produce the desired results as long as the user does not specify incompatible constraints. The algorithm robustly handles special topological cases, such as trimmed surfaces (intersections of the surface with the volume boundary), and manifolds with multiple disconnected components (several closed surfaces embedded in the same volume dataset). The meshes may self-intersect at coarse resolutions. However, the self-intersections are corrected automatically as the resolution of the meshes increase. We show several examples of meshes extracted from complex volume datasets.
The Cournot competition in the spatial equilibrium model

Abstract In this paper, we develop conditions for the Takayama–Judge spatial equilibrium model to collapse into the classical Cournot model. In the case of heterogeneous demand and cost functions, the linear complementarity programming formulation is proposed to model the spatial Cournot model. Lastly, we implement the spatial equilibrium Cournot model to the US coal market and compare its performance to that of the original Takayama–Judge model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only spatial equilibrium Cournot model estimated and implemented.
Preparation of polymer–clay nanocomposites and their properties

An overview of the progress in polymer nanocomposites is presented in this paper with an emphasis on the different methods used for preparing polymer-layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites and the extent to which properties are enhanced. Other related areas that are also discussed include the types of polymers used in PLS nanocomposites preparation, the types of PLS nanocomposites morphologies that are most commonly achieved, the structure and properties of layered silicates, and the most common techniques used for characterizing these nanocomposites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:270–285, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20079
Homing Sweet Homing: Odyssey of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The lineage relationship between the blood cells found in the developmentally successive hematopoietic organs has remained elusive. In this issue of Immunity, Murayama et al. (2006) track the migration of nascent hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish from their site of origin to a newly described intermediate location.
Live demonstration: A tactile perception system for sensing the visual world

This proposed demonstration utilizes a color glove which senses RGB values from optical sensors on four fingertips and maps them to an array of motors attached to a wearable vest. The aim of this project is to map the visual world to a tactile representation which enables the user's perception of color through the appropriate activation of motors around the torso. The long term goal of this project is create a device in which individuals who are visually impaired can perceive the colors of the physical world through touch.
Dynamics of viscoelastic jets of polymeric liquid extrudate

Experimental observations are used to quantitatively describe purely elastic instabilities in viscoelastic jets issuing from a capillary and an orifice. Beyond a critical value of the dimensionless flow rate, or Deborah number, the flow becomes unstable and the purely elastic flow transition occurs. The instabilities result in free surface distortion in the form of vertical stripes laid longitudinally along the axis of the jet. The stripes uniformly spaced along the periphery of the jet are observed by photo-imaging measurements for PIB-based Boger fluid. The critical conditions for the onset of surface distortions and spatio-temporal characteristics of the instabilities are reported. Measurements of the extrudate swell are also conducted for different values of capillary diameter to systematically examine the effect of geometry.
Statistical mechanics of cellular automata

Cellular automata are used as simple mathematical models to investigate self-organization in statistical mechanics. A detailed analysis is given of "elementary" cellular automata consisting of a sequence of sites with values 0 or 1 on a line, with each site evolving deterministically in discrete time steps according to definite rules involving the values of its nearest neighbors. With simple initial configurations, the cellular automata either tend to homogeneous states, or generate self-similar patterns with fractal dimensions \ensuremath{\simeq} 1.59 or \ensuremath{\simeq} 1.69. With "random" initial configurations, the irreversible character of the cellular automaton evolution leads to several self-organization phenomena. Statistical properties of the structures generated are found to lie in two universality classes, independent of the details of the initial state or the cellular automaton rules. More complicated cellular automata are briefly considered, and connections with dynamical systems theory and the formal theory of computation are discussed.
Evolution of crystalline electric field effects, superconductivity, and heavy-fermion behavior in the specific heat of Pr ( Os 1-x Ru x ) 4 Sb 12

Specific heat $C(T)$ measurements were made on single crystals of the superconducting filled skutterudite series $\mathrm{Pr}{({\mathrm{Os}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{x})}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$ down to $0.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Crystalline electric field fits in the normal state produced parameters which were in agreement with previous measurements. Bulk superconductivity was observed for all values of the $\mathrm{Ru}$ concentration $x$ with transition temperatures consistent with previous experiments, confirming a minimum in ${T}_{c}$ at $x=0.6$. The $C(T)$ data below ${T}_{c}$ appear to be more consistent with power-law behavior for $x=0$ $({\mathrm{PrOs}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12})$, and with exponential behavior for $0.05\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.2$. An enhanced electronic specific heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ was observed for $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.4$, further supporting $x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.6$ as a critical concentration where the physical properties abruptly change. Significant enhancement of $\ensuremath{\Delta}C∕{T}_{c}$ above the weak-coupling value was observed only for $x=0$ and 0.05.
Why Is α4β2 Nachr More Sensitive to Volatile Anesthetics Than α7 Nachr

Two subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) show different functional sensitivities to volatile anesthetics: the α4β2 nAChR is hypersensitive while the α7 nAChR is insensitive. To understand why these homologous proteins have different functional responses to volatile anesthetics, we performed multiple sets of 20-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the closed- and open-channel α7 in the absence and presence of halothane, and compared the results with those from a similar study on the α4β2 nAChR (Liu, et al. 2009). The details about construction of receptor structural models were published (Haddadian, et al. 2008). Initial halothane docking and subsequent MD simulations revealed several halothane-binding sites in α7. Consistent with observations from α4β2, free energy perturbation calculations showed that halothane had higher binding affinity in the closed- than the open-channel; α7 and α4β2 had a comparable number of high affinity sites. GNM analysis showed that halothane induced profound changes in correlated domain motion of the open-channel α4β2, especially between the Cys-loop and the TM2-TM3 linker, but had a negligible impact to the motion of the α7. Salt bridges between these loops in the β2 subunit may be responsible for the aforementioned observation. Flexibility of several key loops in the open-channel α4β2 changed considerably in the presence of halothane, but the same loops in the open-channel α7 showed little change. Taken together, our results suggest that halothane binding in nAChRs may be necessary, but not sufficient to produce essential dynamical changes that alter protein functions. Although α7 and α4β2 are homologous, specific residues in key loops may make α4β2 more susceptible to volatile anesthetics while α7 unaffected. Supported by NIH (R01GM66358, R01GM56257, and T32GM075770) and NCSA through the PSC.
Decompression Syndrome and Diving Behavior in Odontochelys, the First Turtle

Odontochelys semitestacea, the oldest known turtle, from the Late Triassic of China, shows a pathology. Sharply defined, focal depressions were noted on the articular surfaces of both humeri, documenting avascular necrosis. Diving habits of Mesozoic marine reptiles have been characterized on the basis of this localized form of bone death attributed to decompression syndrome. Pursuit by a predator was likely the cause of dangerously rapid depth changes by swimming turtles. The prevalence of avascular necrosis decreased geometrically from the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene. This study suggests that the habit of repetitive diving in turtles was already present in the Late Triassic, but that protective physiological and behavioral adaptations had not yet evolved.
Thinking possibilistically in a probabilistic world

We cannot live on the knife edge of disaster all the time. We cannot even think about disastrous extremes with any clarity, says Lee Clarke. For 300 years we have equated thinking probabilistically with thinking rationally, but is that enough for thinking about terrorism, air crashes-or even God?.
ADM electrons and the equivalence principle

Noting that the general relativistic ADM equation for the mass of a sphere of charged dust (with no angular momentum) reveals that the masses of point-like particles are determined solely by their electrical charge, electron models based on extended spheres of such purely electrical dust are examined. It is shown that for all “realistic” electron models of this type (where the observed electron mass is positive and many orders of magnitude smaller than either the Planck or ADM mass) the electron's bare active gravitational mass must be taken to be negative. Because of the negativity of the bare active gravitational mass, one of the two “realistic” models leads to a violation of the weak equivalence principle, but the other does not. A means of testing whether negative mass obeys the equivalence principle is mentioned.
Retinal angiomatous proliferation with a cilioretinal artery anastomosis: an unusual presentation.

Purpose To report an unusual phenotype of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and its short-term response to laser photocoagulation.
Myelopathy among zinc-smelter workers in Upper Silesia during the late 19th century

Zinc-induced myeloneuropathy was recently (re)discovered and its pathophysiology elaborated as resulting from secondary copper deficiency. However, myelopathy was a recognized problem among European zinc-smelter workers in the late 19th century, although these early reports have been overlooked in recent studies and reports. The purpose of this article is to translate and review German-language reports of myelopathy among zinc-smelter workers in Upper Silesia (now southern Poland) by Schlockow from the 1870s. Disease manifestations among zinc-smelter workers developed after sustained zinc exposure over many years. The earliest symptoms were sensory and included paresthesias, dysesthesias, allodynia, and formication in the lower extremities, particularly the feet. Workers ultimately developed a clinical picture resembling subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord with a spastic-ataxic gait with prominent proprioceptive impairment, sensory disequilibrium, and rombergism.
Bias and bias correction in fish recruitment prediction

Abstract A lognormal error is usually assumed in the traditional stock–recruitment (SR) analysis. In this paper, I demonstrate that a positive bias results when an SR model with lognormal error is used for fish recruitment prediction. Not only is this bias exponentially dependent on the structure of the model's residual variance and the historical SR data, it is also dependent on the specific value of spawner biomass used. I then derive a bias correction that is asymptotically unbiased with a finite-sample bias that is practically zero. Data from two Pacific salmon populations, southeast Alaska pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and Chilko Lake sockeye salmon O. nerka, are used to demonstrate this approach. The results show that the relative bias is about 10% for a spawning biomass within the historical range and that the bias is substantial outside that data range. However, with the proposed bias correction, the bias is negligible both within (<0.1%) and outside of (<0.3%) the data range.
A generalization of Ostrowski's theorem on fixed points

Abstract In this manuscript, we generalize a theorem on fixed points due to Ostrowski, using the spectral radius formula. The theorem proved here deals with the following question. Given that an operator has a fixed point, when is it true that iterates converge to the fixed point?
Cell architecture: key physical design features and methodology

The Cell Broadband Engine™ is a high performance supercomputer on a chip. It is a 64-bit Power Processor compatible to Power Architecture applications and OS. This heterogeneous multi-core architecture sets a new performance standard for games and multimedia applications. It exploits parallelism while achieving high frequency. With a multi-core design, we are facing several obstacles from architecture, technology to physical design. This presentation will give an overview of the Cell architecture and the challenges we faced. We will also discuss how we addressed these challenges and successfully implemented the Cell Processor.
First successful lung transplantation for sickle cell disease with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

AbstractLittle is known about the use of lung transplantation in the management of sickle cell disease–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SCD-PAH). We present clinical and pathological data and report the first successful outcome of bilateral lung transplantation in a patient with severe SCD-PAH and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). We discuss the complexities of multidisciplinary planning and management of lung transplantation in patients with SCD-associated pulmonary vascular complications. This case reports the first documented successful lung transplant and first case of PVOD in a patient with SCD-PAH.
Forage Fishes and Their Salmonid Predators in Lake Michigan

Abstract Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax dominate the planktivorous fish fauna of Lake Michigan and are now the primary food of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and introduced salmonids. Their fluctuations in abundance have been a concern due to their effects on native species and their present role as forage species. Each has been implicated as an important factor in the local reduction or extinction of important native species. Mechanisms for these interactions include competition for food and predation on eggs and larvae. Bioenergetic modeling simulations of alewife consumption by stocked salmonids suggest that as much as 20 to 33% of the annual alewife production may be consumed in some years. Increasing stocking rates of salmonids in Lake Michigan yield a predator-prey system in which predator numbers become relatively independent of prey dynamics. This suggests possible declines in alewife production, changes in major forage available to predators, and perhaps destabiliz...
Obituary: a remembrance of William Fisher Enneking MD (1926-2014).

William “Bill” Fisher Enneking MD died peacefully on July 17, 2014. He had a remarkable life journey, which I was privileged to witness and participate in from several different vantage points. “The Boss,” as I always thought of him, had an enormous impact on my life and work. Most importantly, he and his wife Margaret produced a wonderful daughter, Kayser Enneking MD, an anesthesiologist, and my wife of 29 years. Beyond that, he was the inspiration for—and the hands-on guide of—my own career in orthopaedics.
Filming the Lwa in Haiti

In the late 1940s, armed with a Guggenheim Fellowship, the film maker and dancer Maya De en spent several years studyi g and filming Vodou ceremonies in Haiti. Having previously performed in Catherine Dunham's dance company, she travelled there with the inten tion of studying Haitian dance, but quickly found that she couldn't do so without studying the religion as a whole. The nine hours of footage of ceremonies that she took focus intensely on the motion and dance. And they also attempted to capture on film what Deren described in her book Divine Horsemen as the "center toward which all the roads of Vodoun converge": possession by the lwa (Deren 1953:247). The term "lwa," often spelled "loa" in earlier ethnographic texts, is usually translated as either "spirits" or "god," and sometimes used interchangeably with the term "saints" by those who practice Vodou. But it is, on some level, impossible to translate. So, too, the appearance of the lwa among the living, through what Karen McCarthy Brown (2001) has called "possession-performances," is extremely difficult to translate into film (p. 57, 112). Deren, and some filmmakers who have followed her towards Vodou, have had to confront a difficult question: how do you film a lwa? How do you capture their presence in Vodou and in Haitian society? The lwa themselves sometimes have something to say about this. In a ceremony I attended in a basement in the Paris banlieue of Bobigny in the late 1990s, a TV cameraman who had been invited to film parts of the ceremony found that he had neglected to get permission from perhaps the most important of those present: Ogou Badagri. Having arrived, present in the body of one of the houngan who was overseeing the ceremony, Ogou charged the camera and sent the cameraman reel ing, assuring that the rest of the ceremony would take place unrecorded on film. During her time in Haiti, Maya Deren had more luck, and she memorably filmed the terror of one chwal, or horse, being mounted by a lwa, using the slow-motion she favored in much her filming. And when
Thyrotropin from amphibian (Rana catesbeiana) pituitaries and evidence for heterothyrotropic activity of bullfrog luteinizing hormone in reptiles.

Evidence is presented for the isolation of a third glycoprotein hormone from the pituitary of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) identified as thyrotropin (TSH) on the basis of its ability to stimulate various aspects of thyroid function in the homologous species (e.g., thyroxin release, thyroid epithelial cell height, and metamorphic stimulation). In contrast, bullfrog luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) had relatively little effect on the bullfrog thyroid. This bullfrog TSH was also compared with the two bullfrog gonadotropins in several reptilian thyrotropin bioassays (e.g., stimulation of thyroxine release, radioiodine uptake, and thyroid epithelial cell height in a turtle, Pseudemys, and radioiodine uptake in a lizard, Anolis). In these heterologous species, bullfrog LH was the most potent thyrotropic factor of the three frog hormones; whereas, bullfrog TSH and FSH had little activity. Bullfrog LH, therefore, functions as a “heterothyrotropin” in a heterologous species. These results provide evidence that the thyrotropin-receptor complex in the Reptilia has undergone extensive independent evolution such that its thyroid receptor preferentially reponds to the LH rather than to the TSH from another class.
Young Men’s Vulnerability in Relation to Women’s Resistance to Emphasized Femininity:

This study uses a critical discursive approach to examine young men’s vulnerabilities in relation to emphasized femininity. Since masculinity is inextricably defined in relation to femininity, men’s achievement of masculinity is intimately dependent on, and vulnerable to, women’s complicity with traditional or emphasized femininity. Analysis centers on men’s negotiations of women’s resistance to one of three forms of emphasized femininity: (1) compliance or receptivity to men’s sexual advances and desires, (2) emotional caretaking, and (3) passivity. Rather than ratcheting up traditionally heroic and macho masculine responses, the young men managed vulnerability through self-deprecation, nonchalance, and scripting to construct an antiheroic and ordinary masculinity. Insights into the nature of men’s vulnerability in relation to women’s experience of emphasized femininity are discussed with the aim of expanding theoretical models of ‘‘men’s pain,’’ models that continue to pivot predominantly around hegemon...
Determination of Absolute Configuration in Molecules with Chiral Axes by Vibrational Circular Dichroism: A C2-Symmetric Annelated Heptathiophene and a D2-Symmetric Dimer of 1,1‘-Binaphthyl

The absolute configurations of two large molecules that possess chiral axes, but no chiral centers, have been determined by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD): an annelated heptathiophene (a helical molecule with C2-symmetry) and a π-conjugated chiral derivative of o-tetraphenylene (a D2-symmetric dimer of 1,1‘-binaphthyl). In both cases, the size of these molecules exceeds the current limit of published structures for which VCD has been used to determine the absolute configuration. In the case of the annelated heptathiophene, 3 different elements, and 11 total (7 S atoms, 2 Si atoms, and 2 Cl or Br atoms), beyond the second row in the periodic table are included in the calculated structure. In the case of the tetraphenylene molecule, a total of 40 C atoms constitutes the hydrocarbon structure, which is a new upper limit for the number of atoms beyond H for which VCD has been calculated for the determination of absolute configuration. The excellent agreement between observed IR and VCD spectra and spec...
Ultrastructural analysis of basal neuroepithelial cells in dysraphic mice

Ultrastructural aspects of the cellular pathology in the basal neuroepithelium of the hindbrain and spinal cord were analyzed in dysraphic loop-tail mice at nine days of gestation. Whereas the basal cytoplasm of the neuroepithelium in normal littermates showed a consistent electron density, the neuroepithelium in abnormal embryos was characterized by "light" and "dark" cells scattered randomly along the basal aspect of the hindbrain and spinal cord. In the abnormals, gaps occurred in the neural basal lamina, and the neuroepithelial cells often were in direct contact with cytoplasmic processes from mesenchymal cells and from notochordal cells; in normal littermates, contact was observed only between the intact and continuous neural basal lamina and mesenchymal cells and notochordal cells. Thus, it is possible that the pathological features observed ultrastructurally in the basal neuroepithelium in dysraphic embryos may represent faulty tissue interaction with adjacent notochordal and mesenchymal cells.
Light-regulated translation of chloroplast messenger RNAs through redox potential

Translation of key proteins in the chloroplast is regulated by light. Genetic and biochemical studies in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii suggest that light may regulate translation by modulating the binding of activator proteins to the 5' untranslated region of chloroplast messenger RNAs. In vitro binding of the activator proteins to psbA messenger RNA and in vivo translation of psbA messenger RNA is regulated by the redox state of these proteins, suggesting that the light stimulus is transduced by the photosynthesis-generated redox potential.
An omnibus lack of fit test in logistic regression with sparse data

The usefulness of logistic regression depends to a great extent on the correct specification of the relation between a binary response and characteristics of the unit on which the response is recoded. Currently used methods for testing for misspecification (lack of fit) of a proposed logistic regression model do not perform well when a data set contains almost as many distinct covariate vectors as experimental units, a condition referred to as sparsity. A new algorithm for grouping sparse data to create pseudo replicates and using them to test for lack of fit is developed. A simulation study illustrates settings in which the new test is superior to existing ones. Analysis of a dataset consisting of the ages of menarche of Warsaw girls is also used to compare the new and existing lack of fit tests.
Pupillometry in mice: sex and strain-dependent phenotypes of pupillary functioning.

ABSTRACTPurpose.Pupillometry is used as a phenotyping assay for investigating pupil responses in normal and genetically engineered mice. The mice used most often in contemporary ophthalmic research have not been adequately investigated by pupillometry.Methods.An infrared-video camera was used to ass
Habitat features affect bluehead sucker, flannelmouth sucker, and roundtail chub across a headwater tributary system in the Colorado River Basin

ABSTRACT We assessed the distributions of three species of conservation concern, bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), and roundtail chub (Gila robusta), relative to habitat features across a headwater tributary system of the Colorado River basin in Wyoming. We studied the upper Muddy Creek watershed, Carbon County, portions of which experience intermittent flows during late summer and early fall. Fish and habitat were sampled from 57 randomly-selected, 200-m reaches and 416 habitat units (i.e., pools, glides, or runs) during the summer and fall of 2003 and 2004. Among reaches, the occurrences of adults and juveniles of all three species were positively related to mean wetted width and the surface area of pool habitat, and the occurrences of adult bluehead sucker and roundtail chub were also positively related to the abundance of rock substrate. Only juvenile bluehead sucker appeared to be negatively influenced by the proportion of a reach that was dry at th...
Motional impedance of resonators in the nonlinear regime

We developed a model for the motional impedance Z m of electrostatic resonators that operate in a nonlinear regime. The model predicts that the Z m at resonance has the same expression as it has in the linear case. In addition, we developed a new measurement setup, which is based on a variable-phase feedback circuit. This setup enables the measurement of Z m at operating points that are unobservable with a conventional impedance analyzer measurement. The estimation based on our model matches the measurement with errors less than 10% in the worst case.
Divergent selection for growth in Japanese quail under split and complete nutritional environments. 5. Feed intake and efficiency patterns following nineteen generations of selection

High (H) and low (L) quail lines divergently selected for 4-wk BW under complete-diet (CD) and split-diet (SD) environments were evaluated to examine changes in feed intake and feed efficiency before and after the age at selection. Progeny from the four quail lines (H-SD, L-SD, H-CD, L-CD) were fed the CD in Generation 17 and the SD in Generation 19. The BW of H-line quail were highest under their respective selection environments, and the BW of quail in the L lines were highest under reciprocal environments. However, the BW of the two H lines were similar as were those of the two L lines. Relative growth rates of H-line quail were superior to those of L-line quail for the first 2 wk posthatch but L-line rates were superior after Week 4. However, the BW of H-line birds were always higher than for the L-line birds. Adjusted feed intake (grams of feed per 100 g of BW) values for the H lines were similar but lower than values for the L lines. Differences in adjusted feed intake between the H and L lines from 1 to 10 wk remained constant, although adjusted feed intake declined with age in all lines. Feed efficiencies (grams of gain divided by grams of feed) were superior in the H lines for Weeks 1 through 3 and superior in the L lines for Weeks 5 through 9. The same relative shifts between lines were observed in relative growth rates. Therefore, feed efficiency, in addition to feed intake, appears to play an important role in the divergence of BW in the H- and L-quail lines.
Creep of solder interconnects under combined loads

An exact analysis is presented for the creep deformation of solder interconnects subjected to the actions of bending moment and axial force. Dimensionless interaction curves and charts which relate the variables, axial force, location of neutral-axis, maximum bending stress and strain rate, bending moment and change in curvature rate are also provided for engineering practice convenience. Furthermore, the tangent-modulus buckling loads of centrally loaded solder columns and a simple formula for the critical time to buckling are determined. The constitutive relationship of the solder interconnects is described by /spl epsiv/=(/spl epsiv//sub 0//sup '/+m't/sup n/) sinh /spl sigma///spl sigma//sub 0/. >
Growth of Physarum gyrosum on Agar Plates and in Liquid Culture

The physical and nutritional requirements of the antibiotic-producing slime mold Physarum gyrosum were examined to develop a liquid medium for this myxomycete. Liquid culture is desired to expedite a useful scale of production of antibiotic materials for ease of isolation and structure study. Culture conditions were selected to favor antibiotic production rather than maximum growth. The medium devised consisted of 0.010 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), 2% bakers' yeast, and 0.2% glucose and was supplemented with either 10(-7) M hemoglobin (preferred) or 2.0 ml of live Escherichia coli per 100 ml of culture medium grown to a steady-state population in nutrient broth. The slime mold, which contained some E. coli carried along with the inoculum, was allowed to grow as a surface plasmodium at 20 degrees C in the dark with weekly subculturing for stocks or for 10 days for antibiotic production. P. gyrosum produced the same antibiotic materials when grown in liquid medium as it did when grown on agar plates. A seeded plate disk assay against Bacillus cereus was employed to follow antibiotic activity.
Are zooplankton food resources poor in the vegetated littoral zone of shallow lakes

Summary 1. The distribution of zooplankton in shallow lakes is negatively related to macrophyte density. However, the abundance of their food along density gradients of macrophytes is unknown. A common but untested assumption is that food quantity and quality for pelagic zooplankton is poor in the littoral zone owing to the deleterious influence of macrophytes on phytoplankton. 2. We tested this assumption with a combination of a field survey and laboratory experiments. We collected seston samples from the littoral and pelagic zones of four shallow temperate lakes and related food quantity (phytoplankton biovolume) and quality to macrophyte abundance (per cent volume infested). Seston food quality was assessed in three ways: N/C and P/C ratios, polyunsaturated fatty acid content and phytoplankton community composition. In the laboratory, we measured the growth and reproduction of Daphnia pulicaria on diets consisting of seston from the littoral and pelagic zones in one lake. 3. In our four study lakes, food quantity was not significantly influenced by macrophyte abundance, and food quality was generally high. Laboratory experiments showed increased juvenile growth, but no significant change in D. pulicaria reproduction, when feeding on littoral resources compared to pelagic resources. 4. Our results suggest that there is no nutritional cost to pelagic zooplankton inhabiting the littoral zone. Therefore, it is likely that other factors (e.g. predation, abiotic factors) are involved in determining zooplankton habitat use.
Ethnic Relations in China

Due to their strategic location and their occupation of some of China's most valuable lands, the ethnic minorities of the Chinese People's Republic have occupied the attention of the central government to a far greater degree than would be expected from their relatively insignificant 6 percent of the CPR's total population. The Chinese Communist party inherited an ethnic cleavage pat tern of some salience from prior governments and has been trying to deal with it through alternating policies of tolerance for ethnic particularism with policies repressive of these particularities. The tension between these two policies forms an ongoing theme in China's leadership struggles and can be traced to two different statements by Mao Tse-tung on the proper handling of ethnic problems. The debate be tween proponents of the two different policies can be ex pected to go on, though domestic and international con straints seem to portend a continuation of the moderate measures presently in force. The leadership's dissati...
Effects of Low Oxygen Tension during Expansion on Chondrogenic Potential of Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes

Primary human chondrocytes, although a promising cell source for cartilage tissue engineering, tend to dedifferentiate and lose their characteristic gene expression and protein production during monolayer expansion. Low O2 tension in vitro culture has been studied to examine its effect on preventing dedifferentiation, and results have been conflicting. In particular, low O2 expansion effects on human osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes are poorly understood. In this study, we expanded chondrocytes collected from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) under normal (21%) and low (5%) O2 tension then continued with micromass culture under 21% O2 for 3 weeks. Our results suggest that low O2 condition may promote chondrogenic characteristic gene expression in monolayer cells. But improved ECM production, which was seen earlier in animal models, may not be relevant to human OA chondrocytes. Further examination of the mechanical properties of the engineered pellets is needed to confirm the effects of low O2 expansion on human OA chondrocytes and their use in cartilage tissue engineering.
Teaching Evaluation in Agricultural Economics and Related Departments

Departments use student evaluations of teaching (SETs) with little evidence that evaluation forms and procedures measure or contribute to teaching quality. SETs in agricultural economics and related departments in the United States and Canada are examined here in a resource allocation framework. Empirical models are estimated which characterize faculty reliance on SETs and faculty satisfaction with SET forms. We find that departmental reliance on SETs increases with faculty participation, that faculty have specific preferences for SET form and content, and that improvements in SETs are more likely to result from increasing the quality rather than the quantity of SET questions.
Properties Of Undulator Radiation

Properties of the radiation emitted by a plane sinusoidal undulator are calculated in the far field approximation. Software has been developed to calculate the spectral distribution and polarization of the radiated intensity I(E) at a point on (or integrated over) a cross sectional observation plane of the photon beam. Spatial distribution of monochro-matic radiation and power density contours are also calculated. Spectral broadening caused by an electron beam of finite spatial distribution is considered. Dispersive properties of the photon beam, including the dependence on deflection parameter, are analyzed. It is shown that reasonably constant intensity distribution I(E) can be obtained by properly shaping the beam acceptance aperature.
Yes, No, Maybe So ENaC Proteins as Mediators of Renal Myogenic Constriction

The myogenic response is an intrinsic vascular response characterized by vasoconstriction in response to increases and vasodilation to decreases in perfusion pressure. Recent studies suggest this response may play a significant role in the protection of the renal microcirculation from pressure dependent injury, especially with concomitant renal disease.1 Although the myogenic response was first described more than 100 years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transduction of pressure into a cellular event (ie, vasoconstriction) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has remained elusive. Several potential molecules with a connection to mechanosensitive responses have been identified including integrins, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and members of the Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) family.2 Members of the ENaC family have received recent attention because of evidence for and against a role for ENaC proteins in myogenic constriction in the renal circulation. The current study by Guan et al helps to address the controversial role of ENaC in afferent arteriolar myogenic constriction.3 ENaC and closely related Acid Sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) proteins are considered potential mechanotransducers in VSMCs because of their strong evolutionary connection to a group of proteins termed degenerins. The degenerins are a group of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans proteins that comprise the ion channel pore in a large multimeric mechanosensory complex.4 Genetic evidence suggests the pore forming degenerins are tethered to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix and aid in force transduction.4 The …
Activation of protein kinase CK2 by LPS is mediated by the MAP kinase pathway

Stimulation of macrophages by Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly leads to the activation of several protein kinases and the subsequent phosphorylation of transcription factors that regulate LPS-inducible genes. Several investigators have shown that the MAP kinases (MAPKs) are rapidly activated following LPS stimulation. We previously reported that LPS stimulation also up-regulates the enzymatic activity of protein kinase CK2, a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase, although the signaling cascade that leads to CK2 activation in macrophages is unknown. Because MAPKs are known to be rapidly activated by LPS, we performed additional studies in order to determine if CK2 activation was a downstream target of MAPKs. Our studies revealed that CK2 activity was rapidly and transiently up-regulated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. We found that PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK kinase activation by the MAP kinase MEK-1, blocked LPS-induced up-regulation of CK2 activity. In contrast, the ...