cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Textural parameters based on the Spatial Gray Level Dependence Method applied to melanocytic nevi

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spatial Gray Level Dependence Method (SGLDM) of texture analysis with respect to its ability to discriminate between melanocytic nevi and normal skin. Thirteen textural features based on the SGLDM were evaluated with respect to their relative sensitivities to both texture and tone. Ten features were found to be more sensitive to texture than tone and were selected for further study. Twenty-four digitized images of benign melanocytic nevi were obtained from six volunteers. Ten textural features were analyzed for each nevus and for surrounding sections of normal skin. Of these 10 features, 8 features can distinguish between textural properties of melanocytic nevi and surrounding skin.
Shoe–Floor Frictional Requirements During Gait after Experiencing an Unexpected Slip

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study provides the first description of gait changes after a slip experience with no threat of additional slippery surfaces. The age-related differences found after experiencing an unexpected slip provide valuable information that should be considered when designing slip paradigms, slip-prevention measures, and the workplace. Specifically, the possibility of generating more than one unexpected slip would allow researchers to further investigate this unique event to prevent falls in the workplace. It is important to understand how frictional requirements and other gait adaptations are impacted by experiencing a slip to ensure that ergonomic interventions, such as shoe–floor design, slip-prevention training, and warning systems, can be effective. Safety warning systems should also be a focus of slip prevention in the workplace, since experiencing a slip alone may not have a long-lasting effect on gait adaptations that could minimize future slip risk, especially in young adults...
An expanded behavioral paradigm for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.

This article addresses behavioral and social research priorities for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. The approach used to define these priorities is based on 3 premises: (1) Behavioral interventions for prevention and treatment are necessary but not sufficient for producing reductions in transmission or advances in treatment; the same is true of biomedical interventions and by themselves they cannot maximally impact the health of communities. (2) Combination prevention and treatment strategies should include optimal combinations of behavioral and biomedical strategies but also must include the varieties of the behaviors of individuals communities and systems needed to ensure effective treatment and prevention. (3) And it is no longer useful given scientific advances in understanding how treatment contributes to prevention to discuss prevention without incorporating treatment and vice versa. This redefinition of behavioral approaches in combination prevention and treatment provides a new paradigm for defining behavioral research in HIV-1 disease. No longer is it sufficient to focus on single behavior (eg high-risk sexual behavior adherence to antiretroviral medications) of individuals in a vertical way. Rather the behavioral agenda not only need to expand to encompass traditional investigations of single behaviors but also need to include the behavior of many actors and systems that are essential in facilitating reductions in transmission and improvements in treatment outcomes. In addition there is the need for expanded implementation research agenda to encompass the study of methods to achieve high coverage acceptability and effectiveness of available menu of interventions.
Classifying Web sites and Web pages : the use of metrics and URL characteristics as markers

Points to the way in which computer scientists and librarians working with the World Wide Web are turning to traditional library and information science techniques, such as cataloguing and classification, to bring order to the chaos of the Web. Explores cataloguing opportunities offered by the ephemeral nature of materials on the Web and examines several of the latter’s unique characteristics. Suggests the coupling of automated filtering and measuring to the Web record cataloguing process, with particular reference to the ephemeral nature of Web documents and the ability to measure Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Web document characteristics and migrate them to catalogue records using automated procedures. Reports results of an ongoing longitudinal study of 361 randomly selected Web pages and their Web sites, the data being collected weekly using the Flashsite 1.01 software package. Four basic approaches to ordering information on the Web were studied: postcoordinate keyword and full-text indexes; appl...
Computer calculation of binary‐drop evaporation

A mathematical model has been developed relating the velocity, temperature, composition, radius, and position of an evaporating drop falling through a heated environment. Under the assumption of rapid mixing within the drop a digital computer program has been written and solved for several initial conditions to give the aforementioned variables as a function of time. Details of the computer program are presented, with emphasis on the analysis of and approach to the problem. The computer results are summarized, and their relation to the general problem of spray vaporization is indicated.
Use of the mixed agonist–antagonist nalbuphine in opioid based analgesia

Abstract Opiate analgesics provide effective pain relief and are widely used for control of mild to severe pain. The well-known side effects of the mu-agonist opioids, including pruritis, nausea/emesis, constipation, urinary retention, respiratory depression, excessive sedation, and the development of tolerance and dependence, are occasionally problematic. Here we review use of the mixed opioid agonist–antagonist nalbuphine in opioid analgesia with a view to its potential advantages. Used as the sole opioid analgesic, it can satisfactorily cover mild to moderate pain with a low incidence of the common opioid side effects. With care, it can be used concurrently with the more commonly employed mu-opioid agonists (e.g. morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl), yielding good analgesia while simultaneously decreasing the incidence and severity of mu-agonist side effects. This paper provides information sufficient to enable the practitioner to determine whether nalbuphine might be a useful addition to his/her pharmacopoeia.
Localization and release of lysozyme from ferret trachea: effects of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs.

Lysozyme is a bacteriolytic enzyme found in respiratory tract fluid. In this study, immunocytochemistry was used to determine the cells of origin of tracheal lysozyme in the ferret. Lysozyme was found in secretory granules of serous but not mucous cells in the submucosal glands, and was absent from the surface epithelium, cartilage, and connective tissue. The exclusive presence of lysozyme in serous gland cells renders it useful as a biochemical marker of that cell type.
Does DDT Inhibit Carbonic Anhydrase

At a concentration of 50 to 100 micrograms per milliliter, p,p9- DDT (and p,p9- DDE) did not inhibit the rate of hydration or dehydration of carbon dioxide by carbonic anhydrase. At concentrations greater than 500 micrograms per milliliter, partial inhibition of the rate of dehydration of carbonic acid was observed, but this involved precipitation of drug in the reaction vessel. This degree of inhibition suggests that DDT may not inhibit carbonic anhydrase effectively at the usual concentrations found in tissue after exposure of organisms to DDT in the environment.
A PROCEDURE FOR COMPARING LOGISTIC LATENT TRAIT MODELS

Interest has developed recently in making comparisons among the three logistic latent trait models (Dinero & Haertel, 1977; Hutton, 1979; Reckase, 1978). While issues such as type of item and possible use of the item pool are fundamental when selecting a model, it would be useful to have a technique available to aid in making the choice of model. This paper presents such a procedure based on the well-known likelihood ratio criterion (Wilks, 1962). Briefly, the general likelihood ratio procedure may be described as follows: One estimates the full set of r parameters of a model and calculates a likelihood ratio X2(r) goodness-of-fit statistic. One then estimates only a subset of these parameters of size s using assumed values for the remaining p = r s parameters, and calculates a likelihood ratio x2(s). Finally, one calculates the difference between the two, x2(p) = [X2(r) x2(s)]. This statistic , x2(p), can then be used to test the importance of estimating the p remaining parameters.
PEDOGENIC GRADIENTS OF THE POLAR REGIONS

Summary Soils of the polar regions are divided into three zones—Arctic Brown, Polar Desert, and Cold Desert. The Arctic Brown soil coincides approximately with the arctic tundra belt, the Polar Desert zone is penecontiguous with the high arctic, and the Cold Desert zone is represented by the ice-free sectors of Antarctica. The zones are broad and diffuse. Well-drained soils of the southern sectors of the Arctic Brown soil zone have embryonic podzolic affinities whereas soils of the northern portions of this same zone exhibit a low temperature calcification process akin to a cold steppe condition. Vascular plants form a continuous mat in the Arctic Brown soil zone but within the Polar Desert soil zone they are patchy or at times completely lacking. In the Polar Desert soils algae and diatoms appear to be the main contributors of soil organic matter. The Cold Desert soils of Antarctica are virtually void of organic matter. The above three soil zones, in effect, are sectors of a pedogenic gradient. Progressing from the northern fringes of the forested land, to colder climates, precipitation decreases, organic matter content of the soil decreases, and soil pH values tend to increase. In the Polar Desert soils, alkaline reactions are common whereas the Cold Desert soils of Antarctica are usually saline. Polar Desert soils and Cold Desert soils have many morphologic affinities. Tundra and Bog soils dominate areally in the main tundra belt but are confined to the local swales and depressions in the high arctic. Both Tundra and Bog soils tend to have higher pH values as one progresses to colder, drier climates. Neither Tundra nor Bog soils have, as yet, been recorded in Antarctica.
Immune response of the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, to bacterial infection

Abstract Serum agglutinins of Macrobrachium rosenbergii found in normal serum were reactive toward eight bacterial species and type A human red blood cells. Absorption studies indicated the ability of the agglutinins to distinguish between different bacterial species as well as between certain bacteria and red blood cells. Agglutinin titers were approximately the same for the bacteria, whereas those for red blood cells were significantly higher. A virulent strain of Vibrio anguillarum was used in infectivity experiments. An LD50 value was determined between 5 × 106 and 107 cells/animal, and an attempt was made to immunize the animals using formalin-killed cells. The animals did not respond to the vaccination, as there was neither an increase in the level of circulating agglutinins nor the LD50 level 6 days after injection. Structural and functional traits of serum agglutinins are markedly different from vertebrate antibodies.
The effects of retinoids on neutrophil functions in vitro

Vitamin A (retinol) and its analogues (retinoids) are clinically effective in cystic acne and psoriasis, diseases in which neutrophils may constitute major components of inflammatory cell infiltrates. We found that the earliest histopathologic alteration in psoriasis is the disappearance of neutrophils at 2 to 4 weeks after the initiation of therapy with etretinate. Since retinoids may exert anti-inflammatory effects by virtue of an action upon neutrophils, we studied the effects of the following retinoids on discrete neutrophil functions in vitro: retinol, retinyl acetate, retinal, tretinoin, isotretinoin, etretinate, and Ro 10-1670. Although they had no significant effects upon aggregation, chemokinesis, or chemotaxis, all of the retinoids, with the exception of etretinate and Ro 10-1670, profoundly inhibited superoxide anion production and lysosomal enzyme release. Tretinoin and isotretinoin were the most effective inhibitors. We propose that these drugs exert their pharmacologic effects (resolution of inflammatory lesions) by inhibiting the release of mediators of inflammation and by preventing the accumulation of neutrophils in acne lesions when applied topically or systemically, respectively.
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis: A Review of Current Disease Management with Three Case Reports:

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is the most common cause of lethal sporadic encephalitis. Despite improved therapy with intraveneous acyclovir, HSV-1 encephalitis is associated with persistent sever...
A century of sapphire crystal growth: origin of the EFG method

A. Verneuil developed flame fusion to grow sapphire and ruby on a commercial scale around 1890. Flame fusion was further perfected by Popov in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and by Linde Air Products Co. in the U.S. during World War II. Union Carbide Corp., the successor to Linde, developed Czochralski crystal growth for sapphire laser materials in the 1960s. Edge-Defined Film-Fed Growth (EFG) was invented by H. Labelle in the 1960s and the Heat Exchanger Method (HEM) was invented by F. Schmid and D. Viechnicki in 1967. Both methods were commercialized in the 1970s. Gradient solidification was invented in Israel in the 1970s by J. Makovsky. The Horizontal Directional Solidification Method (HDSM) was invented by Kh. S. Bagdasorov in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. Kyropoulos growth of sapphire, known as GOI crystal growth in the Soviet Union, was developed by M. Musatov at the State Optical Institute in St. Petersburg in the 1970s. Today, half of the world's sapphire is produced by the GOI method.
Newton: an interactive environment for exploring mathematics

Abstract We have developed a unique computational environment for use in teaching introductory mathematics. Our system, called Newton , runs on Macintosh computers and consists of a user-friendly interface to the symbolic mathematics package Maple, supplemented by an extensive library of our own Maple code. Formulas are easily constructed and modified, appearing like those in textbooks; multiple windows allow users to see and work with several formulas at once. Formulas, graphs, and text can be intermixed in collapsible sections on worksheets. Users do not interact with Maple directly and need know nothing of Maple's syntax and command structure. Mathematical operations are selected from menus, with the added bonus that this makes it possible to document solutions. Originally designed for use in conjunction with the two semester introductory calculus sequence, the system has been extended for multivariate and vector calculus, linear algebra, numerical analysis, and differential equations.
Polymer-Lipid Microbubbles for Biosensing and the Formation of Porous Structures

Polymer-lipid microbubbles (PLBs) are generated by microfluidic flow-focusing devices to form a new class of long-lasting hybrid particles. The specific PLB construct developed is an elastic gas-filled microsphere with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) shell containing phospholipids conjugated to functionalized polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Digital "droplet-based" microfluidics technology enables control of particle composition, size, and polydispersity (sigma 6 months) of the hybrid particles due to the thermally maneuverable solidification process. With a gas core, they serve as a template material for creating three-dimensional porous structures and surfaces, requiring no cumbersome post-processing removal steps. By adding biotinylated PEG-lipid derivatives that offer targeting capabilities, we demonstrate the immobilization of fluorescent IgG antibodies on stationary PDMS-lipid microbubbles through biotin-avidin interactions and on-chip trapping for immunoassays. A PDMS-lipid composition offers several advantages such as biocompatibility and biodegradability for future in vivo use as porous engineered scaffolds, packing materials, or delivery (e.g. therapeutic) agents with cell targeting capability.
Safe Management of the Impossible Duodenum: Risk Avoidance in Surgery of Peptic Ulcer

• A series of 1068 operations for peptic ulcer has been analyzed for evidence of mortality or morbidity related to duodenal dissection or closure. There were 85 patients with catheter duodenostomy and 43 additional patients with acute pancreatitis or duodenal leak. The mortality rate was 17.2% for the entire group of 128 patients. Complications included acute pancreatitis, subphrenic or subhepatic abscess, duodenal blowout, and stomal delay. Forty-two secondary operations were required. Another series of 61 patients was treated by truncal vagotomy and a new technique of antrectomy with intramural dissection and gastroduodenostomy. The mortality rate in this series was 1.6%. Complications included stomal delay, thromboembolism, and gastric leak following gastrostomy tube removal. No secondary operations were required. (Arch Surg1988;123:558-562)
Modification of affect, social behavior and performance by sleep deprivation and drugs

Abstract A 37-hour period of sleep deprivation proved sufficient to induce reliable changes in how men working together in small groups felt and how they acted. These changes generally reflected both more negative affect and more negative behavior. However, while verbal reports of hostility increased, overt aggressive behavior did not. The subjects worked on both group and individual performance tasks, none of which showed effects of sleep loss. A combination of amphetamine and secobarbital moved reports of affect in a “positive” direction, with effects usually greater with sleep deprived subjects. Task performance was improved by the drugs while overt social behavior usually was unchanged. No evidence was found that the group performance changes were mediated by changes in interpersonal affect.
CAPITAL FORMATION AND THE INTERNET

The Internet is expected to play a significant role in the capital-raising process. Internet investment banks like Wit Capital and WR Hambrecht are supposed to make the IPO process more equitable by giving retail investors access to deals and pricing deals more accurately, thereby leaving less “money on the table” and lowering the cost of going public. This article argues that the Internet will not replace, but will likely “supplement,” the current system. The certification function provided by traditional investment banks and their relationships with institutional investors will continue to be important determinants of a successful offering. Thus, although Internet banks will get pieces of IPO transactions, the lead managers of such deals will continue to be older firms with well-established reputations and ties with institutions. Nevertheless, the Internet is expected to play a larger role in the case of public bond offerings. Because the issuance of bonds is a repetitive business and the pricing is much simpler, the authors predict that the Internet will significantly reduce the costs of issuing bonds and perhaps limit the role of traditional investment banks in this process.
Penetration of a blade into a vortex core : vorticity response and unsteady blade forces

Numerical calculations are performed for the problem of penetration into a vortex core of a blade travelling normal to the vortex axis, where the plane formed by the blade span and the direction of blade motion coincides with the normal plane of the vortex axis at the point of penetration. The calculations are based on a computational method, applicable for unsteady three-dimensional flow past immersed bodies, in which a collocation solution of the vorticity transport equation is obtained on a set of Lagrangian control points. Differences between this method and other Lagrangian vorticity-based methods in the literature are discussed. Lagrangian methods of this type are particularly attractive for problems of unsteady vortex-body interaction, since control points need only be placed on the surface of the body and in regions of the flow with non-negligible vorticity magnitude. The computations for normal blade-vortex interaction (BVI) are performed for an inviscid fluid and focus on the relationship between the vortex core deformation due to penetration of the blade into the vortex ambient position and the resulting unsteady pressure field and unsteady force acting on the blade. Computations for cases with different vortex circulations are performed, and the accuracy of an approximate formulation using rapid distortion theory is assessed by comparison with the full computational results for unsteady blade force. The force generated from blade penetration into the vortex ambient position is found to be of a comparable magnitude to various other types of unsteady BVI forces, such as that due to cutting of the vortex axial flow.
Changes in sustained production tasks among women with bilateral vocal nodules before and after voice therapy.

Summary The purpose of the current study was to determine how maximum phonationduration (MPD) of five notes (C4, D4, E4, F4, 134) sustained on /o/, sustained vowels (/i/, /˦/, /a/, /u/), and s/z ratio (sustained /s/ and /z/ changed during voice therapy for vocal nodules. Voices of adult females before treatment and after resolution of vocal nodules were analyzed via the PM Pitch Analyzer. Treatment included tension reduction, abuse identification and elimination, laryngeal strengthening, and home exercises. Results indicate there was no significant difference in maximum phonation duration or S/Z ratio before and after treatment. Results revealed that females with vocal nodules demonstrate measurements before therapy similar to measures considered to be normal in persons without vocal nodules. Application of findings to clinical practice is discussed.
Chitosan-starch composite film: preparation and characterization.

Abstract Chitosan film has potential applications in agriculture, food, and pharmacy. However, films made only from chitosan lack water resistance and have poor mechanical properties. Forming miscible, biodegradable composite film from chitosan with other hydrophilic biopolymers is an alternative. The objective of this study was to prepare chitosan/starch composite films by combining chitosan (deacetylated degree, 90%) solution and two thermally gelatinized cornstarches (waxy starch and regular starch with 25% amylose). The film’s tensile strength (TS), elongation-at-break ( E ), and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were investigated. The possible interactions between the two major components were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Regardless of starch type, both the TS and E of the composite films first increased and then decreased with starch addition. Composite film made with regular starch showed higher TS and E than those with waxy starch. The addition of starch decreased WVTRs of the composite films. The introduction of gelatinized starch suppressed the crystalline peaks of chitosan film. The amino group band of chitosan molecule in the FTIR spectrum shifted from 1578 cm −1 in the chitosan film to 1584 cm −1 in composite films. These results indicated that there was a molecular miscibility between these two components.
Hardcore Ethnography: Interrogating the Intersection of Disease, Human Rights, and Heritage

AbstractHeritage preservation and development initiatives by Haya villagers in NW Tanzania have led to a collaboration that has produced important insights into change in heritage meanings over the last several decades. The impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been profound, nearly eliminating an older generation of male keepers of oral traditions—one of two heritage domains valorized by the Haya today. Male keepers of oral testimonies have been replaced by women who are now elevated to a new status that recognizes their mastery of oral history about community affairs. As villagers cope with the daily stresses of making a living from an increasingly impoverished landscape, they make human rights claims to food, shelter, and economic opportunity. Mixed with these stated needs are discourses about heritage lost, and a need to recuperate respect for the past, for ancestors, and for the senses of place associated with embodied rituals performed at shrines. These claims to human rights play out in performances ...
Zebrafish ale oko, an essential determinant of sensory neuron survival and the polarity of retinal radial glia, encodes the p50 subunit of dynactin.

Although microtubule-dependent motors are known to play many essential functions in eukaryotic cells, their role in the context of the developing vertebrate embryo is less well understood. Here we show that the zebrafish ale oko ( ako ) locus encodes the p50 component of the dynactin complex. Loss of ako function results in a degeneration of photoreceptors and mechanosensory hair cells. Additionally, mutant Muller cells lose apical processes and their perikarya translocate rapidly towards the vitreal surface of the retina. This is accompanied by the accumulation of the apical determinants Nok and Has/aPKC in their cell bodies. ako is required cell-autonomously for the maintenance of the apical process but not for cell body positioning in Muller glia. At later stages, the retinotectal projection also degenerates in ako mutants. These results indicate that the p50 component of the dynactin complex is essential for the survival of sensory neurons and the maintenance of ganglion cell axons, and functions as a major determinant of apicobasal polarity in retinal radial glia.
The TLR3 signaling complex forms by cooperative receptor dimerization

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecules, but the molecular basis for recognition is poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how receptor-ligand interactions lead to the initiation of downstream signaling. Here, we describe the mechanism by which TLR3 recognizes its ligand, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and forms an active signaling complex. We show that dsRNA binds saturably, specifically, and reversibly to a defined ligand-binding site (or sites) on the TLR3 ectodomain (TLR3ecd). Binding affinities increase with both buffer acidity and ligand size. Purified TLR3ecd protein is exclusively monomeric in solution, but through a highly cooperative process, it forms dimers when bound to dsRNA, and multiple TLR3ecd dimers bind to long dsRNA strands. The smallest dsRNA oligonucleotides that form stable complexes with TLR3ecd (40-50 bp) each bind one TLR3ecd dimer, and these are also the smallest oligonucleotides that efficiently activate TLR3 in cells. We conclude that TLR3 assembles on dsRNA as stable dimers and that the minimal signaling unit is one TLR3 dimer.
Single CT‐Guided Chemodenervation of the Anterior Scalene Muscle with Botulinum Toxin for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Objective. To examine pain relief in patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) after a single, low dose injection of botulinum toxin A (Botox) into the anterior scalene muscle (ASM) under computed tomographic (CT) guidance. Design. Prospective longitudinal study. Setting. Academic medical institution. Patients. Patients 18 years of age and older were evaluated for potential scalenectomy and first rib resection using the transaxillary approach at the study institution between 2005 and 2008. All patients had failed physical therapy. A total of 29 procedures on 27 participants were studied. Interventions. A single, 20-unit injection of Botox into the ASM under CT-guidance. Outcome Measures. Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) prior to and at 1, 2, and 3 months post-Botox toxin injection. Results. There was a decline in pain during the 3 months subsequent to Botox injection as noted by the following components of the SF-MPQ: sensory (P = 0.02), total (P = 0.05), visual analog scale (VAS [P = 0.04]), and present pain intensity (PPI) score (P = 0.06). The proportion of patients reporting more intense pain scores did not return to the pre-intervention level at 3 months post-Botox injection. Conclusion. Patients experienced substantial pain relief in months 1 and 2 following a single Botox injection into the ASM under CT guidance. Significant pain reduction was noted for 3 months after Botox injection with respect to both sensory and VAS scores, and the total and PPI scores approximated statistical significance. After 3 months, patients experienced a 29% decrease in the sensory component of their pain as well as an approximate 15% reduction in their VAS score. A single, CT-guided Botox injection into the ASM may offer an effective, minimally invasive treatment for NTOS.
Factors associated with transfer of training in workplace e‐learning

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of factors associated with e‐learning, particularly computer attitudes and usability, on transfer of training in workplace e‐learning courses.Design/methodology/approach – This study relied on quantitative data obtained from four online survey questionnaires. The sample of this study was 47 learners who took either one soft‐skill e‐learning course or one hard‐skill e‐learning course in a selected company and their supervisors.Findings – The results demonstrated that learners' computer attitudes impact their perception of the usability of the e‐learning courses, and that this perception influences the degree of their transfer of training. The results imply that when learners come to an e‐learning class with positive attitudes toward computers, they feel the e‐learning course system to be more satisfactory and efficient, and accordingly they can better transfer what they have learned to job performance.Research limitations/implications – The s...
Supplemental Fats for Growing Turkeys: A Review

Supplemental fat can be used in turkey diets to improve feed efficiency and weight gains. Research indicates that carcase grades also can be improved by using supplemental fat. The economic ramific...
Histologic examination of condensing osteitis in cadaver specimens.

Abstract Objectives Condensing osteitis is a radiographic finding, but with no reported histologic investigations in humans. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and describe histologically condensing osteitis in human cadaver jaws. Patterns of bone formation and presence/absence and nature of inflammation were examined. Methods Specimens of mandibles and maxillas were obtained from cadavers and examined radiographically. Those periapical areas with characteristics of condensing osteitis were removed en bloc, decalcified, and processed for light microscopy. For comparison, specimens that showed normal apical radiographic anatomy were also removed for examination. Results Normal apical regions showed an intact periodontal ligament and a thin layer of alveolar bone proper surrounded by cancellous bone with fatty marrow. In contrast, areas of condensing osteitis exhibited areas of inflammation or no inflammation, occupied by connective tissue. This area was bordered by a rim of varying widths of dense lamellar-type bone replacing the cancellous bone and marrow. Conclusions The histologic changes of condensing osteitis consisted of the replacement of cancellous bone with compact bone. Areas of fibrosis and an inflammatory infiltrate were seen in some but not all specimens. All teeth exhibiting condensing osteitis had an identifiable etiology that likely resulted in degenerative pulp disease.
Thermodynamic and Structural Studies of Pdx1 Binding to Elements from Natural Promoters and Near-Consensus Sites

The production of insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is limited to β-cells due to restricted expression of a set of tissue-specific transcription factors, the most well known of which is Pdx1. Naturally, insulin is expressed in much higher levels than IAPP, perhaps owing to the affinity of Pdx1 to its target sites. Like many transcription factors, Pdx1 contains regions of disorder whose function in transcription has not been adequately studied. It is well documented that the Pdx1 homeodomain binds to a core DNA recognition sequence containing the tetranucleotide TAAT, for which its consensus binding site is reported as 5′-CTCTAAT(T/G)AG-3′. Interestingly, while Pdx1 regulatory elements in the human insulin promoter conform to the pentanucleotide 5′-CTAAT-3′ sequence, the Pdx1 regulatory elements in the human iapp promoter contain a substitution to 5′-TTAAT-3′. The available crystal structure of Pdx1 bound to the consensus nucleotide sequence does not explain how the homeodomain would be able to identify the natural variation, if it does at all. Moreover, the structure of the c-terminal tail remains unknown, as is its contribution to the mechanism of target site selection. Here we report a combination of isothermal calorimetric titrations, NMR spectroscopy, and multi-microsecond molecular dynamics calculations of Pdx1 that define its interactions with a panel of natural promoter and consensus-derived sequences. Our results show a small preference of the Pdx1 homeodomain for 5′-CTAAT-3′. Molecular mechanics calculations, corroborated by experimental NMR data, lead to a rational explanation for sequence discrimination at this position. Regarding the 3′-position of the TAAT sequence, the addition of the dynamic c-terminal tail to the homeodomain provides additional sequence bias. Taken together, our results suggest a molecular mechanism for differential Pdx1 affinity to elements from the insulin and iapp promoter sequences.
Mixed bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands for the preparation of copper radiopharmaceuticals : Synthesis and evaluation of tetradentate ligands containing two dissimilar thiosemicarbazone functions

A series of four “mixed” bis(thiosemicarbazone) keto aldehyde derivatives containing dissimilar thiosemicarbazone functions were synthesized and evaluated as ligands for preparation of radiocopper-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. The pyruvaldehyde-based mixed bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands CH3C[NNHC(S)NH2]CH[NNHC(S)NHMe] (4a), CH3C[NNHC(S)NHMe]CH[NNHC(S)NH2] (4b), CH3C[NNHC(S)NH2]CH[NNHC(S)NMe2] (4c), and CH3C[NNHC(S)NHMe]CH[NNHC(S)NMe2] (4d) were obtained by reaction of thiosemicarbazide, N 4-methylthiosemicarbazide, or N 4,N 4-dimethylthiosemicarbazide with pyruvaldehyde 2-thiosemicarbazones that had been generated by oxidative cleavage of the appropriate pyruvic aldehyde dimethyl acetal 2-thiosemicarbazone. The 67Cu-labeled complexes of ligands 4a−d were prepared and screened in a rat model to assess the potential of each chelate as a 62Cu radiopharmaceutical for imaging with positron emission tomography. In the rat model the 67Cu complexes of ligands 4a−d exhibit significant uptake into the brain and hea...
Environmental influences on the growth of ERK mammalian cells in monolayer culture

Abstract The population limiting concentrations of amino acids (lactalbumin hydrolyzate supplemented with amino acids), vitamins, and serum were determined. Growth rate was 90 per cent or more of the maximum with tonicities in the range 235–340 m osm (ideal)/l. The K concentration tolerated, decreased at high tonicities. Certain carbohydrate polymers, the most active being sodium carboxymethylcellulose, in the presence of serum, increased growth to the extent of ca 20 per cent.
The Impact of Gainful Employment Regulations.

The growth over the last decade of the for-profit sector of higher education (also known as the proprietary sector) has been well documented. In 1999, for-profit colleges and universities enrolled ...
Properties of a cell-bound homogeneous murine igm anti-dextran. Iii. Reduction and alkylation of cell-bound igm.

Abstract O-stearoyl dextran-coated sheep erythrocytes sensitized with MOPC 104E IgM (IgM-OSD-E) can show increased complement fixation (hyperactivation) after reaction with dithiothreitol (DTT). Amplitude and duration of hyperactivation depend on the concentration of DTT and the time and temperature of reaction. Hyperactivation is observed even under reducing conditions which significantly decrease the antigen-binding activity of the IgM. Removal of DTT from the system, following hyperactivation, results in time-dependent decay of the hyperactive state. Alkylation following reduction may destroy hyperactivation or not affect it, depending on the conditions of reduction. Under conditions where alkylation destroys hyperactivation, the antigen-binding activity of the IgM is not affected by alkylation.
Operative Management of Degenerative Scoliosis: An Evidence-Based Approach to Surgical Strategies Based on Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes

Degenerative scoliosis is a common and important cause of lumbar spine deformity in the adult. The operative management of degenerative scoliosis encompasses a spectrum of approaches, including decompression alone, or fusion that may include posterior or anterior approaches. There exists significant variability in surgical approaches to degenerative scoliosis, and evidence to support a specific approach is limited. Including the structural thoracic spine in fusions to the thoracolumbar junction has a lower rate of revision than fusions with a cephalad segment at T12 or L1. Short fusions to L5 have a low rate of revision at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Combined anterior and posterior surgery is more effective in improving lordosis than posterior-only surgery without osteotomies. Clinical outcomes of surgery for degenerative scoliosis are variable, andwct 2 self-reported scores for pain improve more reliably than scores for function. Further investigation, including comparison of randomized or matched cohorts and measurement of outcomes related to specific preoperative complaints, will be useful in the development of an evidence-based approach to degenerative scoliosis.
Management Intensification Impacts on Soil and Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Subtropical Grasslands

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78:977–986 doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.12.0523 Received 10 Dec. 2013. *Corresponding author: (mlas@ufl.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Management Intensification Impacts on Soil and Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Subtropical Grasslands Soil & Water Management & Conservation
Using Resource Constraints to Control the Incremental Development of Large Scale MIS Projects

Incremental MIS design and development methodologies have received limited attention in the MIS literature. This paper describes incremental methodologies appropriate for very large scale MIS developments which can cost millions of dollars and take years to develop. This paper describes a "resource constrained" implementation planning process designed to control both the costs of incremental projects and the functional evolution of the system. The paper also discusses how the process was used in a very large scale system development.
Review: Antibiotic prophylaxis on removal of urinary catheters reduces symptomatic urinary tract infections

Source Citation Marschall J, Carpenter CR, Fowler S, Trautner BW; CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections after removal of urinary catheter: meta-anal...
Capillary sieving electrophoresis/micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for two-dimensional protein fingerprinting of single mammalian cells.

We have developed a two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis method for the study of protein expression in single mammalian cells. The first-dimension capillary contains an SDS−pullulan buffer system to perform capillary sieving electrophoresis, which separates proteins based on molecular weight. The second-dimension capillary contains an SDS buffer for micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. After a 6-min-long preliminary separation, fractions from the first capillary are successively transferred to a second capillary, where they undergo further separation by MECC. Over 100 transfers and second-dimension separations are performed over an ∼3.5-h-long period. We demonstrate this technology by generating protein fingerprints from single native MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells and MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with the human transcription regulator TWIST. We also present single-cell protein fingerprints from MCF-7 breast cancer cells before and following treatment to induce apoptosis.
A Study on Dispersion and Rate of Fat Infiltration in the Lumbar Spine of Patients with Herniated Nucleus Polpusus

[Purpose] This study investigated the relationship between herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) and fat infiltration of muscles around the spine by measuring body mass index (BMI) and fat infiltration of the muscles around the spine. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects were 82 people, both men and women they were divided into two groups, a normal group and a patient group who were suffering from serious HNP between L4 and L5. Of the anthropometric measurement, and fat infiltration muscles by measuring the cross-sectional area from the center of the disc to the muscle around the spine and the cross-sectional area of fat infiltration. [Results] Fat infiltration rate of each lumbar layer in the normal group was different L34–L45 and L45–L5S1, but not between L23–L34. Fat infiltration in the muscle between the normal group and patients with HNP was different in the layers and the difference was greatest in the L5–S1 layer. [Conclusion] We performed correlation analysis of BMI and the total fat infiltration rate in each group to find the relationship between obesity and fat infiltration in the lumbar spine. Fat infiltration increased, and normal people or patients with chronic back pain are considered to be exposed to other diseases as fat infiltration in the lumbar spine increases.
Analysis and interpretation of critical current experiments for bismuth-based high-temperature superconductors made by powder-in-tube processing

Abstract Current distribution and voltage drop were analyzed for a composite conductor composed of a layer of bismuth-based high-temperature superconductor (BSCCO) bonded to a silver substrate. The analytical model assumes that the silver strip is continuous, and the superconductor is periodically discontinuous. The resistance at the discontinuities in the superconductor is assumed to be much greater than that of the silver substrate. The results show that if the BSCCO is superconducting, the solution depends on only one dimensionless parameter, λ s L 2 , which is equal to the square root of the ratio of the resistance of the silver to the interfacial resistance between the silver and the BSCCO. When λ s L 2 is very high ( > 100), most of the current returns to the superconductor after it has been diverted to the silver substrate by the discontinuity. When λ s L 2 is very low ( 0.1 λ s L 2 . All of the current returns to the superconductor only if λ s L 2 approaches infinity. The situation most likely to occur in an experiment is when λ s L 2 is high but finite and there is some small dissipation in the system. In this case, the healing length (defined as the length at which most of the current has returned to the superconductor) is shown to be proportional to the characteristic length 1 λ s , which depends on the properties of the silver and that of the BSCCO/silver interface. Voltage in the BSCCO is found to be equal to one-half the voltage drop in the silver over a length of L . The present results suggest that the critical current of an experiment is that of the composite conductor (BSCCO plus Ag). It also suggests that in fabricating this type of composite conductor, such as those made by powder-in-tube processing, it is desirable to reduce the interfacial parameter to below a certain value, thus ensuring that most of the current returns to the superconductor and reducing the amount of resistive heating (and healing length) in the composite conductor. The results of the analysis can be applied to interpret critical current density experiments if the discontinuities in the superconductor are considered to be grain boundaries, and the results can also be employed to predict the effect of transverse cracks on critical current density if the discontinuities are considered to be transverse cracks generated by axial strains.
Solution Thermochemical and Structural Studies of Ligand Substitution of N-Pyrrolyl-Substituted Phosphine Ligands in the Cp‘Ru(PR3)2Cl (Cp‘ = η5-C5H5 and η5-C5Me5) Systems

The enthalpies of reaction of Cp‘Ru(COD)Cl (1) (Cp‘ = η5-C5H5 and η5-C5Me5; COD = cyclooctadiene) with a series of N-pyrrolyl-substituted monodentate tertiary phosphine ligands, leading to the formation of Cp‘Ru(PR3)2Cl (PR3 = P(NC4H4)3; P(NC4H4)2(C6H5), P(NC4H4)(C6H5)2, P(NC4H8)3), have been measured by anaerobic solution calorimetry in THF at 30.0 °C. These reactions are rapid and quantitative. Structural studies have been carried out on five complexes in this series, and a discussion of bond length−bond strength relationships is presented. The measured reaction enthalpies span a range of 5 kcal/mol. This series of ligands include some of the most weakly bound phosphines calorimetrically investigated within these two related organometallic systems. Relative importance of phosphine steric vs electronic ligand parameters is more closely examined in terms of the presented quantitative thermochemical and structural information. Comparisons with enthalpy data in related organometallic systems are also presented.
Temporal Patterns in Appearance of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apples

Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) is a complex of about 80 fungal species that blemish the surface of apple fruit in humid regions worldwide. The dark colonies become visible in mid- to late summer, reducing the value of fresh fruit. Although many SBFS species can co-occur in the same orchard and even on the same apple, little is known about temporal patterns of these species, including the timing of colony appearance. To test the hypothesis that colonies of SBFS species appear on apples at characteristic times during the growing season, 50 apples were monitored weekly at three Iowa orchards in 2006 and six orchards in 2007 and 2008. However, a mean of 24.3 apples per orchard was assessed at harvest because of apple drop throughout the season. Colonies were marked with colored pens as they appeared. After harvest and after storage of apples at 2 °C for 3 months, SBFS colonies on each fruit were counted and classified by morphology, and a representative subset of colonies was excised from the fruit and preserved on dried peels for species identification using rDNA. Seventeen species were identified. Stomiopeltis spp. RS1 and RS2 appeared on apples 10 to 14 days before other SBFS taxa. Dissoconium aciculare was generally the last species to appear on apple fruit, and it continued to appear during postharvest storage. The most prevalent taxa in Iowa orchards were also the most abundant. Diversity of SBFS fungi in an orchard was positively correlated with cumulative hours of surface wetness hours due to rainfall or dew, which is believed to favor growth of SBFS fungi. Species-specific information about temporal patterns of appearance on apple fruit may lead to improved SBFS management strategies.