cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type 2 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human fetal tissues.

11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of active cortisol to inactive cortisone, and regulates the access of cortisol to both the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. Two isoforms of 11 beta-HSD have been described, the cloned "type 1" NADP(H)-dependent dehydrogenase/oxo-reductase and a high affinity NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (type 2). In the fetus, 11 beta-HSD activity may serve to protect developing tissues from cortisol excess or may modulate the permissive actions of glucocorticoids. We have studied 11 beta-HSD activity and mRNA levels in human mid-gestational fetal tissues. Tissue homogenates were incubated with either 0.1 mumol/L cortisol and 400 mumol/L NAD, 2.5 mumol/L cortisol and 400 mumol/L NADP, or 0.1 mumol/L cortisone wither either 400 mumol/L NADPH or NADH. No activity ( lung > gonad > liver > colon. 11 beta-HSD activity in fetal tissues is mediated by the type 2, high affinity, isoform. The widespread distribution of this novel isoform suggests that it may play an important role in fetal development. Type 1 11 beta-HSD mRNA and activity are absent in mid-gestational fetal tissues, but present in maternally-derived decidua, suggesting that its ontogeny is a late-gestational of post-natal event.
NMR spectroscopic study of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with A-007 prodrugs.

Abstract One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy was used to demonstrate the formation of inclusion cyclodextrin complexes with several A-007 prodrugs. These complexes are comprised from the encapsulation of the two phenol moieties of the A-007 prodrugs within the cyclodextrin cavity. Considering the size of the two phenol moieties of the A-007 prodrugs compared to the sizes of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin cavities, we observed complementary binding of the A-007 prodrug with only β-cyclodextrin, which was also demonstrated spectroscopically. The β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes increased the prodrug solubility and modified the prodrug half-life in water. Therefore, β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes can be used as an essential form of A-007 prodrug delivery.
Integrative programs in international business: The development of undergraduate cohort programs

Abstract This article describes the University of South Carolina's (USC) International Business and Chinese Enterprise (IBCE) program, an integrated 5-year initiative which combines an undergraduate International Business major and a 1-year pre-work experience Masters degree. The program involves the creation of a cohort of students drawn from two different institutions located in two different countries—USC and the Chinese University of Hong Kong—who share a common undergraduate experience. Five pedagogical approaches important to leadership development are identified, and this methodology is applied to the IBCE program. Detailed descriptions of the curriculum, requisite and elective coursework, and other degree requirements are included, as well as the program's objectives and underlying assumptions. Challenges facing the cohort program are considered, with a particular focus on student selection.
Contrasting the Glial Response to Axon Injury in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Enabling axon regeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injury remains a major challenge in neurobiology. One of the major differences between the injured peripheral nervous system (PNS) and CNS is the pro- and antiregenerative responses of their glial cell populations. In addition to intrinsic qualities of the neurons themselves, glial-driven changes to the neural environment have a significant impact on regenerative outcome. This Review presents a comparison of the glial response to injury between the CNS and PNS and highlights features of the PNS glial response that, with continued study, might reveal long-sought-after keys to achieving CNS repair.
Characterization of flame-retarded polymer combustion chars by solid-state 13C and 29Si NMR and EPR

We report here on the results of our continuing effort to study the flame-retardant mechanism of silica gel and potassium carbonate. These additives reduce the flammability of a wide variety of common polymers such as polypropylene, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and cellulose. In an effort to determine how these additives reduce polymer flammability, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and solid-state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the combustion chars or residues. These data indicate that, in the case of poly(vinyl alcohol), the additives do not change the type of char formed, but they do change the rate of char formation relative to the rate of fuel generation. We also found that, using only CP/MAS 13C NMR, there can be significant intensity distortions which complicate interpretation, if the char is hydrogen depleted and contains paramagnetic centres. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal injury: Release of a cytotoxic factor

Un facteur cytotoxique fut obtenu du serum des malades qui ont ete fortement brules. Il a produit l'inhibition et l'agglutination des fibroblastes cardiaques du lapin et a inhibe la migration des lymphocytes humains.
Material and Energy Flow in a Metal Evaporation System with Moving Boundaries

Finite-element calculations are performed for the transient material and energy flow in a system to evaporate pure titanium. A 60-kW electron beam is used to heat the end of a 10.16-cm-diameter cylindrical rod, which is fed vertically through a water-cooled crucible. Vapor emanates from a liquid pool in which flow is driven strongly by buoyancy and capillary forces. At high evaporation rates, the vapor exerts strong shear and normal forces on the liquid−vapor interface. The MELT finite-element code is used to calculate transient, axisymmetric flow and temperature fields, along with liquid−solid and liquid−vapor interface locations. The influence of the vapor on the liquid top surface is treated using boundary conditions with parameters determined from Monte Carlo results. The upper and lower interfaces of the liquid pool are tracked using a mesh structured with rotating spines. The finite-element results show a characteristic response time of 20 ms to variations in electron beam power.
A Mechano-kinetic Model For The Myosin-V Walking Mechanism

The double-headed, unconventional myosin, myosin-V, transports vesicles through cells by walking toward the plus end of actin filaments in a hand-over-hand fashion. Recent single molecule experiments with high spatial and temporal resolution have elucidated a number of performance features of myosin-V that can be used to test existing models for the underlying stepping mechanism.We present a computational model that allows us to perform detailed tests of the compatibility of existing models with known details about the mechanical and kinetic properties of myosin V. Specifically, we use a coarse-grained physical model in which the neck domains are treated as semi-flexible filaments and the lever arm rotation of the leading head is realized through state-dependent changes in the equilibrium angle between the neck and head domains. The model is well constrained by experimental data on the mechanical properties of myosin V and on the kinetic cycle, and it reproduces key performance features of myosin-V, such as the run length, the distance of the working stroke, and the stall force. It also confirms the mechano-kinetic feasibility of a proposed gating mechanism based on intramolecular strain.Because we explicitly model the thermal motion of all motor parts, we are able to present animations of motor stepping that realistically visualize the strong influence of thermal noise on motor stepping. In addition, our model allows us to make some predictions of parameters that are yet to be measured, including details of the molecule's flexibility, and establishes experimentally accessibly performance characteristics that can be used to test these predictions.
Chemical and catalytic properties of the peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase from Candida tropicalis.

Abstract The peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase has been purified from extracts of the yeast Candida tropicalis grown with alkanes as the principal energy source. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 552,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 72,100. Using an experimentally determined molar extinction coefficient for the enzyme-bound flavin, a minimum molecular weight of 146,700 was determined. Based on these data, the oxidase contains eight perhaps identical subunits and four equivalents of FAD. No other β-oxidation enzyme activities are detected in purified preparations of the oxidase. The oxidase flavin does not react with sulfite to form an N(5) flavin-sulfite complex. Photochemical reduction of the oxidase flavin yields a red semiquinone; however, the yield of semiquinone is strongly pH dependent. The yield of semiquinone is significantly reduced below pH 7.5. The flavin semiquinone can be further reduced to the hydroquinone. The behavior of the oxidase flavin during photoreduction and its reactivity toward sulfite are interpreted to reflect the interaction in the N(1)-C(2)O region of the flavin with a group on the protein which acts as a hydrogen-bond acceptor. Like the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases which catalyze the same transformation of acyl-CoA substrates, the oxidase is inactivated by the acetylenic substrate analog, 3-octynoyl-CoA, which acts as an active site-directed inhibitor.
Attentional Control in Early and Later Bilingual Children.

Abstract We examined differences in attentional control among school-age children who were monolingual English speakers, early Spanish-English bilinguals (who began speaking both languages by age 3), and later Spanish-English bilingual children (who began speaking English after age 3). Children's attentional control was tested using the Attention Network Test (ANT). All language groups performed equally on ANT networks; however, when controlling for age and verbal ability, groups differed significantly on reaction time. Early bilingual children responded faster on the ANT compared to both monolingual and later bilingual children, suggesting an attentional monitoring advantage for early bilinguals. These results add to evidence of advantaged cognitive functioning among bilinguals and are consistent with the possibility that children who begin speaking a second language earlier in childhood have greater advantages, due either to effects of acquiring a second language earlier or to longer duration of bilingual experience.
Conformation of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein α Dimers Varies with Intranuclear Location in Living Cells

Abstract The structure of a protein defines its biochemical properties, but the impact of intracellular location and environment on protein structure remains poorly defined. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) is a master regulator of transcription and cellular proliferation that concentrates and is kept inactive at transcriptionally quiescent, pericentromeric regions in mouse cell nuclei. C/EBPα dimer structure was measured in living cells from the amounts of fluorescence energy transferred between derivatives of the green fluorescent protein attached to different C/EBPα domains. Comparing the levels of fluorescence resonance energy transfer at pericentromeric and nonpericentromeric regions of the nucleus indicated that the DNA binding domains of C/EBPα dimers were further apart and interacted more poorly at pericentromeric heterochromatin than in the more euchromatic regions of the nucleus. In contrast, the position and interactions of the transcriptional activation domains were similar throughout the nucleus. Phorbol ester treatment caused a shift in the position of the transcriptional activation domain relative to the DNA binding domain. Thus, C/EBPα conformation varies with intranuclear location and with cellular environment. These “fluorescence resonance energy transfer nanoscopy” techniques will be broadly applicable for associating conformational and kinetic variations to subcompartment-specific actions of C/EBPα or any protein in the dynamic intracellular environment.
Measurement of the single-photon tunneling time

Using a two-photon interferometer, we have measured the time delay for a photon to tunnel across a barrier consisting of a 1.1-\ensuremath{\mu}m-thick 1D photonic band-gap material. The peak of the photon wave packet appears on the far side of the barrier 1.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.21 fs earlier than it would if it were to travel at the vacuum speed of light c. Although the apparent tunneling velocity (1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)c is superluminal, this is not a genuine signal velocity, and Einstein causality is not violated. The measured tunneling time is consistent with the group delay (``phase time''), but not with the semiclassical time.
The β-Fluorine Effect. Electronic Versus Steric Effects in Radical Deoxygenations of Fluorine-Containing Pentofuranose Nucleosides

Stereoselective pyramidalization of free radicals by a vicinal fluorine substituent, the β-fluorine effect, was invoked to rationalize a 77:23 anti/syn ratio of 2-deuterio-1-fluorocyclopentanes obtained by radical reduction of trans-2-fluoro-1-bromocyclopentane with tributyltin deuteride (Dolbier, W. R., Jr.; Bartberger, M. D. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4984−4985). We have evaluated analogous reductions of the four possible stereoisomers of some adenine 2‘(3‘)-fluoro-3‘(2‘)-O-phenoxythiocarbonyl nucleoside derivatives. In all cases, the steric effect of adenine on the β face directs deuterium transfer from the stannane to C2‘(C3‘) on the α face of the furanose ring. However, the β-fluorine effect enhances ratios of deuterium transfer anti to the vicinal fluorine substituent.
Determining connectedness from subdigraphs

Abstract A method is given by which the connectedness category of an arbitrary digraph D with more than four points can be determined from its subdigraphs D i = D − v i .
Response of Sod-2 enzyme activity to selection for high voluntary wheel running

The objective of this study was to examine the correlated response of anti-oxidant enzyme activity to selective breeding for increased voluntary wheel running in house mice. Activity of liver superoxide dismutase-2 (Sod-2), a free radical scavenger, was measured in four groups of mice. 'Active' individuals were housed in cages with attached wheels for 8 weeks beginning at weaning; 'sedentary' individuals were housed in cages with attached wheels that were prevented from rotating. Both of these treatments were applied to male and female mice from generation 14 of a replicated artificial selection experiment, which is composed of four lines selected for high wheel running and four randomly bred lines that serve as controls. In females, Sod-2 activity was significantly lower in selected vs control animals, regardless of presence/absence of a free-turning wheel. This difference suggests a trade-off between early-age voluntary wheel-running activity and Sod-2 activity. In males, Sod-2 activity was significantly affected by an interaction between selection group and activity group, with males from selected lines having lower Sod-2 activity relative to control males only in the sedentary treatment. These negative correlated responses of Sod-2 activity to selection on wheel running are discussed in the context of antagonistic pleiotropy models of aging and with respect to potential effects on lifespan.
The biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine in Salmonella Typhimurium.

Abstract The mechanism of biosynthesis of 4-methyl-5-β-hydroxyethyl thiazole, the thiazole moiety of thiamine was studied in Salmonella typhimurium . Using the adenosine derepression technique the incorporation of various 14 C-labeled precursors was determined. We found that [ Me - 14 C]methionine, [2- 14 C]methionine, [U- 14 C]alanine, and [2- 14 C]glycine were not incorporated whereas [2- 14 C]-tyrosine was incorporated. Degradation of the 4-methyl-5-β-hydroxyethyl thiazole obtained after [2- 14 C]tyrosine incorporation revealed that all of the activity was located on carbon-2. These findings are discussed and compared with previous findings concerning 4-methyl-5-β-hydroxyethyl thiazole biosynthesis.
Book Fetish: Joachim Heinrich Campe and the Commodification of Literature

Consumer culture in eighteenth-century Europe has attracted a great deal of attention in the past decade, so much that consumption studies has itself become something of a growth market for scholars of the period (e.g. Berg and Clifford; Berg and Eager; Brewer and Porter; Smith). Ever since Neil McKendrick presented his controversial thesis regarding a “consumer revolution” in eighteenth-century England, social, cultural, and intellectual historians have sought to explain and interpret the consequences of the remarkable increase in consumer goods produced in that country beginning in the 1760s – from coffee, tea, and tobacco to watches, looking glasses, umbrellas, puppets, and porcelain (McKendrick/Brewer/Plumb, 9). More recently, analyses of French history have challenged conventional wisdom regarding French economic backwardness, uncovering the details of what Michael Kwass has termed “a buying spree of historic proportions” (187). Germany has figured less prominently in these discussions. Its low profile is understandable to the extent that it reflects the relative economic underdevelopment of the area in the eighteenth century, but it is nevertheless unfortunate, because a consideration of the German situation can shed light on a still underilluminated facet of eighteenth-century consumer culture. The expansion of the literary market, especially the market for works of fiction, played a crucial role in the development of the new culture of consumption. While this role has certainly not been ignored by scholars – Colin Campbell’s The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (1987) offers a case in point – it is nevertheless surprising that the representative anthologies and overviews that treat consumer culture do not devote more space to a consideration of one of the period’s most important consumer goods – the book – and one of its most important experiences of consumption – reading. Germany, where access to many consumer goods was more limited than in France and England, offers an especially compelling case study for those interested in books as consumer objects, and it is thus no surprise that some scholars of German culture have turned recently to what could be termed the “virtual” consumption of textual representations. Daniel Purdy in particular has demonstrated the extent to which educated Germans actively participated in an emergent European consumer culture, even though they frequently experienced this culture only vicariously, through novels
Isolation of carbon and grain boundary carbide effects on the creep and intergranular stress corrosion cracking behavior of Ni-16Cr-9Fe-xC alloys in 360 °C primary water

The influence of carbon and grain boundary carbides on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of controlled-purity Ni−16Cr−9Fe−xC alloys in 360 °C primary water was investigated using constant load tensile (CLT) and constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests. The CLT test results confirmed that carbon in solution decreases the creep rate by several orders of magnitude, while grain boundary carbides serve to increase the creep susceptibility. Although carbon increases the work hardening rate, it is demonstrated, using the Bailey-Orowan creep model, that the primary effect of carbon in solution is to delay the recovery process of climb at the grain boundary, thereby reducing the creep rate. Grain boundary carbides produce a negligible contribution to the internal stress and may increase the creep rate by acting as dislocation sources. Grain boundary carbide precipitation increases IGSCC resistance in 360 °C primary water containing 0, 1, and 18 bar hydrogen, providing the highest overall resistance to both environmentally induced creep and cracking. The magnitude of the beneficial effect of grain boundary carbides is extremely sensitive to hydrogen overpressure, with the largest influence observed for 1 bar hydrogen. The detrimental effect of hydrogen on IGSCC shows consistencies with aspects of both film rupture/slip dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement models.
Synthesis of Carbon Onions by Gold Nanoparticles and Electron Irradiation

It is shown that, during electron irradiation of a thin carbon film in the presence of gold nanoparticles, fullerene onion structures are produced at a much higher rate than in the case in which no nanoparticles are present. We conclude that steps on the gold nanoparticle act as catalytic sites to promote the rearrangement of carbon atoms into caged structures. Once being nucleated, onion structures are ejected from the surface.
Motor conversion disorders reviewed from a neuropsychiatric perspective.

Background Conversion disorder is a somatoform disorder defined by the presence of pseudoneurologic symptoms relating to voluntary sensory or motor function. The correct diagnosis of conversion disorder presenting with motor symptoms is complicated by the lack of gold-standard diagnostic tests and the absence of a universally accepted set of positive diagnostic criteria. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of motor conversion, placing emphasis on diagnostic validity, reliability, and utility, while evaluating the empirical evidence supporting diagnostic and treatment strategies. Data sources and study selection Literature searches were carried out in PubMed using the keywords conversion disorder, motor conversion, dystonia, psychogenic, hysteria, somatization, motion disorder, movement disorder, and patho-physiology. Articles and book chapters in the author's personal collection were also utilized. Conclusions Advances in neuropsychiatric research are leading to significant improvements in the diagnosis and understanding of motor conversion disorders. Positive, objective, and quantitative diagnostic criteria show significant promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Current pathophysiologic research has begun to provide mechanistic explanations for conversion symptoms, thus blurring the distinction between psychogenic and organic motor disorders.
Chemoprevention of upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a report of the third Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Task Force workshop.

The National Cancer Institute Organ Systems Program-sponsored Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Task Force workshops are specifically designed to enhance interactions between basic science and clinical investigators and between academic institutions and the community, and ultimately will contribute to more expeditious clinical advances. The third workshop in this series focused on the rapidly expanding area of chemoprevention of upper aerodigestive epithelial cancers. The first two sessions were devoted to discussion of in vitro and animal-model data documenting the multistep process of squamous differentiation and carcinogenesis, associated molecular and biochemical alterations, and modulation by chemopreventive agents. Animal-model studies have identified several promising chernopreventive agents and synergistic combinations for clinical trial. The last two sessions reviewed nutritional epidemiology, major methodologic issues of large intervention studies, and the novel concept of biologic markers as intermediate endpoints for chemoprevention trials.
Biotinylated m4-toxin demonstrates more M4 muscarinic receptor protein on direct than indirect striatal projection neurons

The striatum has nearly equal numbers of striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neurons. All are GABAergic and inhibitory, but they lie in separate neuronal circuits ('direct' and 'indirect', respectively) that appear to exert opposite effects on movement. Methods are needed to evaluate the function of each circuit. A potential way to control striatonigral neurons selectively is via M4 muscarinic receptors. The striatum has many more M4 receptors than other tissues, they are located on approximately half of all projection neurons, and mRNA for M4 receptors is prevalent only in striatonigral neurons. In order to more rigorously compare the distribution of M4 receptors on rat neurons in these pathways a toxin that binds with very high specificity to M4 receptors (m4-toxin) was biotinylated for use as a selective probe for M4 receptor protein. Pooled biotin-toxin complexes were found to retain high M4-specificity and affinity. Neurons were first labeled by retrograde transport of fluorescent microbeads (FluoSpheres) injected into the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. Coincident labeling of only 4% of the cells confirmed the validity of the retrograde labeling technique. Labeled neurons were probed for M4 receptor protein using biotinylated m4-toxin and fluorescent avidin. M4 receptors were found on 14% of indirect and 86% of direct neurons. It may be concluded that there is a relative abundance of M4 receptors controlling the direct pathway. This work supports the hypothesis that M4-selective drugs will prove useful to control the function of striatonigral neurons in the direct projection pathway.
Eimeria tenella: screening of chemotherapeutic compounds in cell cultures.

Abstract Preliminary studies indicate that screening for anticoccidial activity is feasible in a cell culture system. Ten compounds shown to be active in vivo were tested against a field strain of Eimeria tenella (from the cecum of the domestic chicken) cultivated in primary embryonic chick kidney cells grown in Leighton tubes. The drugs, added to the culture nutrient containing the sporozoite inoculum, were prepared at levels of 100, 10, and 1 μg/ml. Because cytotoxity occurred with dianemycin, monensin, nigericin, antibiotic X-206, and to a lesser extent with antibiotic A-204, the 100 μg/ml suspensions of these insoluble drugs were filtered through a millipore filter (0.22 μm), thereby reducing not only cytotoxicity but the final concentration as well. Amprolium was readily soluble; buquinolate, decoquinate, glycarbylamide, and nicarbazin were largely insoluble and except for nicarbazin at the 100-μg level, did not appear to affect the cells adversely. In addition, two compounds known to be inactive against E. tenella in vivo were tested also; both were soluble and neither was cytotoxic. Cultures were fixed and stained after 72 hr of incubation when many mature first generation and early second generation schizonts appeared in control preparations, and at 96 hr when mature second generation stages were present. The results showed that all of the ten compounds active in vivo were also active in vitro within a 72-hr period of development, while neither of the two inactive materials was effective. Activity was manifested by an easily detected reduction or elimination of schizogony when compared with untreated controls, the absence of any second generation development, or by the appearance of abnormal sporozoites, trophozoites, or immature schizonts. In vitro screening for anticoccidial activity appears to be an effective, rapid method which requires only microgram quantities of the materials to be tested.
Using multiple energy gears in MPI programs on a power-scalable cluster

Recently, system architects have built low-power, high-performance clusters, such as Green Destiny. The idea behind these clusters is to improve the energy efficiency of nodes. However, these clusters save power at the expense of performance. Our approach is instead to use high-performance cluster nodes that are frequency- and voltage-scalable; energy can than be saved by scaling down the CPU. Our prior work has examined the costs and benefits of executing an entire application at a single reduced frequency.This paper presents a framework for executing a single application in several frequency-voltage settings. The basic idea is to first divide programs into phases and then execute a series of experiments, with each phase assigned a prescribed frequency. During each experiment, we measure energy consumption and time and then use a heuristic to choose the assignment of frequency to phase for the next experiment.Our results show that significant energy can be saved without an undue performance penalty; particularly, our heuristic finds assignments of frequency to phase that is superior to any fixed-frequency solution. Specifically, this paper shows that more than half of the NAS benchmarks exhibit a better energy-time tradeoff using multiple gears than using a single gear. For example, IS using multiple gears uses 9% less energy and executes in 1% less time than the closest single-gear solution. Compared to no frequency scaling, multiple gear IS uses 16% less energy while executing only 1% longer.
(Keynote Presentation) Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Ethanol Oxidation Reaction on "Multi-Functional“ Catalysts in Alkaline Media

In recent years, we have conducted extensive studies of electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and ethanol oxidation reactions (EORs) in both alkaline liquid electrolytes and alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). ORR kinetics on carbon supported AgxCoy and CoPc-treated Ag nano-particle catalysts were improved significantly in comparisons with those on carbon supported Ag nano-particle catalysts. Electrocatalysis of EORs in alkaline media was demonstrated to be significantly faster than those in acid media. Single metal catalysts (Pt/C and Pd/C) are found to perform much poorer than those modified with the second metal, such as PdxRuy/C. It is concluded that developing multifunctional catalysts for ORRs and EORs is the key to improve ORR and EOR electrocatalytic activities in AEMFCs.
Spiritual barriers to humility: a multidimensional study

Many spiritual and religious traditions view spiritual pride as contrary to humility; however, the rising empirical research on spirituality and humility has involved limited investigation of the variety of spiritual barriers that inhibit a humble disposition. The present study investigated three distinct spiritual barriers (spiritual grandiosity, insecure attachment to God, and hunger for idealisation) as independent predictors of dispositional humility among graduate trainees in the helping professions (N = 162) from a Protestant-affiliated university in the USA. Results indicated that each construct of interest predicted lower levels of humility when controlling for both spiritual impression management and the other spiritual barriers. These findings supported theoretical assertions of the discriminant validity of each independent variable in predicting lower levels of humility and supported construct validity of the humility measure. Conceptual considerations and suggestions for future research and gr...
Effect of dicumarol on rat liver slice glycoprotein synthesis.

Dans les tranches de foie, le dicumarol et la warfarine empechent la glycosamine14C de s'incorporer aux glycoproteines. Cette inhibition depend de la dose employee. La glucosamine-14C a ete incorporee par des glycoproteines et des glycolipides et elle se produisit au cours d'experiences d'une duree de 21/2 h. L'inhibition par le Dicumarol de l'incorporation de la glucosamine par les glycoproteines et les glycolipides dans des tranches de foie n'a pas pu etre expliquee par un effet de l'anticoagulant sur le metabolisme de la glucosamine en composes solubles dans les acides et adsorbes par le charbon de bois.
Composition and biomass of plankton in spring on the Cape Hatteras shelf, with implications for carbon flux

Abstract The Ocean Margins Program, an interdisciplinary study focussed at Cape Hatteras, is evaluating whether this region is a net source or sink for carbon, while concurrently developing a mechanistic understanding of the production, cycling and fate of organic carbon. Preliminary to a large multi-ship field program in 1996–1997, the first of several short cruises surveyed Cape Hatteras in May 1993. High concentrations of chl a occurred across the shelf. Stations and depths at which chl a was highest also showed elevated concentrations of large phytoplankton, predominantly chained diatoms, but also single-celled dinoflagellates and obligately photosynthetic ciliates. These populations occurred in deeper waters, however, and their abundance was poorly correlated with proxies of community photosynthesis. Instead, small phototrophic nanoplankton, abundant in surface waters, were positively correlated with primary production. Carbon budgets indicated that inner shelf waters contained ca 50% more living POC than outer shelf waters. The relative importance of large phytoplankton and grazers decreased with distance offshore, and they were replaced by photosynthetic nanoplankton and microzooplankton. Even greater changes in living POC occurred in the alongshore direction due to the dramatic reductions in diatoms in southern waters. Estimated herbivory was ca 2–4 gC m −2 d −1 . The ratio of heterotrophic : autotrophic POC increased from 38% in northern waters to 137% in southern waters, suggesting that phytoplankton was being converted into consumer carbon as shelf waters advected south. The dominant consumers at most stations were single-celled protozoan zooplankton and small copepods, whose fecal products remain in suspension in energetic shelf environments, suggesting that much of the non-diatomaceous POC was exported as shelf waters exited at Cape Hatteras.
Women's Representation in School Administration: Recent Trends:

Earlier studies have noted sex discrimination in professional inter actions, graduate school enrollments, and hiring in school administration. The results of this study indicate some changes in these areas. There has been an increase in women's representation on the programs of a state, but not the national, meetings of administrators; an increase in women's representation in educational administration graduate programs; and an increase in women's representation in administrative jobs. However, women graduate students are more of ten in degree rather than credential programs, and women administrators are more often in low-level as opposed to high-level positions. Thus, while ideological and legal changes may have prompted some alterations in women's representation in recent years, sex segregation remains and may be very difficult to alter. But, if the changes noted in this paper result in the liberalization of hiring officials' attitudes and greater pressure from women for further change, sex segregation ...
High Payload Dual Therapeutic‐Imaging Nanocarriers for Triggered Tumor Delivery

The in vitro and in vivo characterization of an optimized formulation of nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with a high content of dexamethasone palmitate (DEX-P), a chemotherapeutic adjuvant that decreases interstitial fluid pressure in tumors, and 111In, a signaling agent, is described. These NPs are uniform in size and composition. Single photon emission computed tomography imaging demonstrates significant tumor uptake of 111In-labeled DEX-P NPs in tumor-bearing mice. As with many nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, significant liver accumulation is observed. Assessment of liver histology and blood tests show no apparent hepatic or renal toxicity of the DEX-P NPs. Conversion of DEX-P to DEX occurs when DEX-P NPs are incubated with mouse plasma, human tumor homogenate and ascites from tumor bearing mice, but not with human plasma. This conversion is slower in plasma from Es1e(−/−)/SCID mice, a potential alternative animal model that better mimics humans; however, plasma from these mice are not completely devoid of esterase activity. The difference between blood and tumor esterase activity in humans facilitates the delivery of DEX-P NPs to tumors and the release of dexamethasone by an esterase trigger.
Ultra-fast spatial interferometry: a tool for characterizing material phase and hydrodynamic motion in laser-excited metals

We have used two-dimensional ultra-fast microscopic interferometry to observe the electron dynamics in optically excited aluminum and gold at a metal–glass interface illuminated with 130-fs, 800-nm laser pulses. We have also observed the hydrodynamic motion and the time-dependent changes in the optical properties of two metals (6061-T6 aluminum and ASTM 336 1018 steel) using the same technique. The interferometric technique allows construction of the two-dimensional spatial profile for laser-pumped materials with a temporal resolution of <300 fs and out-of-plane spatial resolution of 0.5 nm using 130-fs probe pulses. The data allowed extraction of changes in the index of refraction providing evidence for melting in the gold targets. Fits to the diamond-turned aluminum data were obtained by assuming physically motivated functional forms for the expected hydrodynamic motion and the time-dependent complex index of refraction. These experiments offer a new path for the observation of phase changes and/or for temperature measurements in shocked or laser-excited materials, by allowing a determination of the complex refractive index under dynamic conditions and comparing the measured values to those obtained under static conditions.
Youth Fitness, Exercise and Health: There is Much to be Done

(1987). Youth Fitness, Exercise and Health: There is Much to be Done. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 308-314.
Sutureless circumcision: a prospective randomised controlled study

Our aim was to study the advantages of glue versus sutures for circumcision in children. A randomised prospective controlled study was conducted with 152 boys; glue was used on 80 and sutures on 72). The procedures were quicker and the duration and severity of postoperative pain were significantly less (p<0.001) in the cases in which glue was used. The tissue glue is a perfectly feasible alternative to sutures for circumcision in children and has potentially significant advantages.
DEFECTIVE INTRACELLULAR COPPER TRANSLOCATION IN MENKES KINKY HAIR SYNDROME

Menkes kinky hair syndrome is an x-linked neurode-generative disorder causing tissue-specific increases in copper (Cu) and metallothionein (MT) concentrations. Previous work has shown that MT gene regulation may be normal in Menkes. However, abnormalities in Cu retention and utilization by mutant cells suggest that the basic defect may reside in the transfer of Cu across cell compartments. We tested this hypothesis in Menkes fibroblasts by examining the distribution of Cu and zinc (Zn) in crude particulate and cytosolic fractions (pellet and supernatant of a 100,000 g-min spin). In control cells, the Cu content of particulate fractions incrementally rose up to 2 mcg/mg cell protein as cytosolic Cu content was increased (up to 1.4 mcg/mg protein) by growth conditions. In contrast, in Menkes cells, over a range of cytosolic Cu concentrations indistinguishable from that in the control cells (P>0.10, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), particulate Cu content remained significantly lower than in controls (≤0.3 mcg/mg protein, P<0.001, extended Mantel-Haenszel test). A similar difference in dose-response was observed when 64-Cu accumulation was assessed. At overlapping cytosolic 64-Cu concentrations, 64-Cu appeared in control particulate fractions in significantly higher concentrations than in Menkes cells. In contrast, particulate-cytosol distributions in 65-Zn accumulation studies were identical in Menkes and control. We conclude that a major consequence of the Menkes mutation is a specific failure of Cu translocation across a cell compartment.
An alternative scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures

Abstract The early contributions of Saaty have spawned a multitude of applications of principal right (PR) eigenvector “scaling” of a dominance matrix [R]. Prior to Saaty's work (1977–1984) scaling of dominance matrices received little attention in multidimensional scaling, e.g., see Shepard (1972, pp. 26–27). This eigenvector method (EM) of scaling [R] yields ui scores (weights) popularly used at each branching of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique that has been increasingly applied in multiple criterion analysis of utility, preference, probability, and performance. In this paper, it is proposed that an alternate least squares method (LSM) scaling technique yielding least squares optimal scores (weights) provides w i ∗ values having a number of important advantages over ui scores popularly utilized to date.
An assay for dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in tissues and serum

Eine isotopische Methode zur Bestimmung der DβH-Aktivitat wird beschrieben. Die Methode wurde verwendet zur Bestimmung der DβH-Aktivitat im menschlichen Serum und in verschiedenen Organen der Ratte. Das sympatische Nervensystem des Menschens kann mit dieser Methode weiter erforscht werden.
Recall of logical argument lines

Recall of passages was used to determine relative importance of lines according in their function in an argument. Assigment of lines to functional categories was determined by factivity and logical dependence. Findings are that when they occur as steps in an argument, hypothetical assumptions and their logical consequences are less well recalled than facts. And facts introduced as given are better recalled than facts that are conducted in the course of an argument. Surface structure markings of factivity and logical dependence cannot by themselves account for those results.
Design Of An Intelligent Robotic System Organizer Via Expert System Tecniques

Intelligent Robotic Systems are a special type of Intelligent Machines. When modeled based on Vle theory of Intelligent Controls, they are composed of three interactive levels, namely: organization, coordination, and execution, ordered according, to the ,Principle of Increasing, Intelligence with Decreasing Precl.sion. Expert System techniques, are used to design an Intelligent Robotic System Organizer with a dynamic Knowledge Base and an interactive Inference Engine. Task plans are formulated using, either or both of a Probabilistic Approach and Forward Chapling Methodology, depending on pertinent information associated with a spec;fic requested job. The Intelligent Robotic System, Organizer is implemented and tested on a prototype system operating in an uncertain environment. An evaluation of-the performance, of the prototype system is conducted based upon the probability of generating a successful task sequence versus the number of trials taken by the organizer.
Knowledge, practice, and opinions of surgical staff 1 year after implementing the use of an alcohol-based surgical hand-scrub product

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The use of an alcohol-based surgical hand scrub was implemented in the operating rooms (ORs) and invasive procedure units of our 1000-bed, academic medical center in October 2003. All staff members were inserviced, and product use was optional (traditional scrub remained available). One year after implementation a 30-question survey was distributed to assess product and practice knowledge level as well as participants' opinions. METHODS: Four hundred surveys were distributed to all staff; 139 responses were returned (35%) and 30 incomplete forms were excluded, leaving 109 surveys to evaluate. Data were analyzed with EpiInfo software. RESULTS: The sample of respondents consisted of 53 surgeons/MDs (49%), 36 nurses (33%), OR technicians (9%), and 10 physician assistants (9%). The largest proportions of responses by service were general surgery (15%), cardiac catheterization (13%), and cardiothoracic surgery (11%). The product was used by respondents always 8% of the time, usually 21%, sometimes 41%, seldom 19%, and never 11%. Of the eight knowledge questions, 46% were not aware that chlorhexidine gluconate was a component of the product, and 91% did not select the correct duration of antimicrobial activity of the product. The average correct response to the six remaining knowledge questions was 87%. Practice questions disclosed that 30% always pre-prepared hands and nails appropriately prior to using the product and 58% complied with spreading remaining hand prep over the hand and above the elbow. Of the opinion questions, the product was preferred over traditional hand prep by 42% of respondents (47% preferred traditional, 11% neutral). Forty-six percent (46%) agreed that the hand prep had improved the condition of their hands, 33% were neutral, and 21.3% thought their hand condition had not improved. CONCLUSIONS: The survey disclosed that among respondents who used the product, 47% continued to prefer the traditional scrub and 42% preferred the new product. Knowledge and practice questions revealed a need for product inservice education during orientation and compliance monitoring. Only 46% thought the product had improved hand conditions, suggesting the need for continued product development.
Human experience in artificial intelligence

When computers were yet in their infancy, some experts fancied them to be?much as they fancied humans were?structurable to develop intelligence on their own. It has since been learned that the mind is not developed with the spontaneity originally conjectured and that computers are not wont to ``bootstrap'' their way to higher levels of intelligence. The computer, if it is to adapt to new situations, must be given a ``helping human hand''. There are various ways of programming a computer to ``acclimate'': One is based on a logic of syntax; another uses semantics; still a third, dwelled upon here at length, is based on repeated human intervention and computer interplay.
Interstitial cystitis: A guide to recognition, evaluation, and management for nurse practitioners

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic disorder of unknown etiology that affects the lower urinary tract of up to 500,000 women and men in the United States. It is characterized by bladder and pelvic pain that varies from moderate discomfort to severe, debilitating pain and related lower urinary tract symptoms including nocturia, diurnal urinary frequency, and urgency. Because the symptoms of IC superficially resemble a urinary tract infection, it is often misdiagnosed and may remain so for months or even years. This article discusses the clinical manifestations of IC, including its differentiation from acute or recurring bacterial cystitis. Options for managing this significant and often debilitating voiding dysfunction are also discussed.