cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge management and transfer for mine emergency response

This paper discusses the fact that US coal mining organisations are losing the knowledge they need in order to be able to respond to emergencies. The authors note that knowledge management provides a useful perspective from which to view the problem, but that the debate about what constitutes knowledge should be broadened to include a debate about what constitutes management. It is argued here that knowledge is actually shared knowing distributed across group members; that such knowledge can be managed by cultivating it; and that narrative is the medium through which this may be done. The paper then examines NIOSH research that has attempted to use such an alternative knowledge management approach to help potential mine emergency responders better deal with the predicaments they are likely to encounter on-site.
Species Distributions in Interdunal Swale Communities: The Effects of Soil Waterlogging

Abstract The influence of soil waterlogging in determining plant species distributions among interdunal swales and between dunes and swales on Cape Cod was investigated employing field and greenhouse experiments. Most species exhibited significant responses to experimental treatments that closely matched their distributions in the field. In general dune species such as Ammophila breviligulata and Solidago sempervirens grew poorly under waterlogged conditions. When transplanted to the dry sand dune all species grew poorly or died. Swale species exhibited a range of responses to waterlogging conditions. Growth of Juncus canadensis, Scirpus pungens and Vaccinium macrocarpon increased with waterlogging. Cyperus dentatus, Juncus pelocarpus and Solidago tenuifolia grew equally well across all waterlogging conditions and are present in most swales. Juncus greenei and Myrica pensylvanica grew best in drier swales and their distributions appear to be restricted to the perimeters of swales. Soil waterlogging is an ...
Photoluminescence of Sequential Infiltration Synthesized ZnO nanostructures

For the past several years there have been ongoing efforts to incorporate zinc oxide (ZnO) inside polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), in the form of nanoparticles or quantum dots, to combine their optical properties for multiple applications. We have investigated a variation of atomic layer deposition (ALD), called sequential infiltration synthesis (SiS), as an alternate method to incorporate ZnO and other oxides inside the polymer. PMMA is a well-known ebeam resist. We can expose and develop patterns useful for photonics or sensing applications first, and then convert them afterwards into a hybrid oxide material with enhanced photonic, or sensing, properties. This is much easier than micromachining films of ZnO or other similar oxides because they are difficult to etch. The amount of ZnO formed inside the polymer film is magnitudes higher than equivalent amount deposited on a flat 2D surface, and the intensity of the photoemission suggests there is an enhancement created by the polymer-ZnO interaction. Photoemission from thin films exhibit photoemission similar to intrinsic ZnO with oxygen vacancies. These vacancies can be removed by annealing the sample at 500°C in an oxygen rich environment. SiS ZnO exhibits unusual photoemission properties for thick polymer films, emitting at excitations wavelengths not found in bulk or standard ZnO. Finally we have shown that patterning the polymer and then doing SiS ZnO treatment afterwards allows modifying or manipulating the photoemission spectra. This opens the doors to novel photonic applications.
Remodeling of the plasma membrane after stimulation of neutrophils with f‐Met‐Leu‐Phe and dihydrocytochalasin B: identification of membrane subdomains containing NADPH oxidase activity

Superoxide (02) production by neutrophils stimulated with chemotactic peptides (e.g., formylmethionyl- leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)) is transient but increases in rate and duration after pretreatment of the cells with dihydrocytochalasin B (dhCB), suggesting a possible role for the plasma membrane and membrane skeleton in the regulation of the #{176}2 generating system Analysis of plasma membrane isolated from these cells by isopycnic sucrose density gradient sedimentation showed that there were no significant variation in the distribution of plasma membrane markers between control and dhCB- treated cells, whereas a significant redistribution of plasma membrane markers was observed in dhCB + fMLP-treated cells. Instead of sedimenting to 31-35 % su- crose, as in the former two groups, plasma membrane markers were broadly distributed over 25-50% sucrose in the dhCB + fMLP-treated cells. In addition, � 80% degranulation was achieved in these cells, whereas little granule release ( < 5 %) was observed in control and dhCB-treated cells Analysis of the gradient fractions for membrane skeletal (actin and fodrin) and NADPH oxi- dase (cytochrome b and p47-phox) components in dhCB + fMLP-treated cells demonstrated that the distribution of fodrin, actin, cytochrome b, and p47-phox followed the broad distribution of plasma membrane markers, with an overall eightfold increase in membrane-associated actin. Despite the broad redistribution of plasma membrane markers, the distribution of #{176}2 generating activity re- mained confined to a narrower peak at � 50% sucrose. These results demonstrate that a heterogeneous surface membrane of higher density with a differential distribu- tion of proteins and #{176}2generating activity are created af- ter dhCB + fMLP treatment; however, domain structure is conserved in the new membrane, with only a subfrac- tion of the reorganized plasma membrane containing all of the components necessary for active #{176}2 generation. Our results support a role for plasma membrane lateral organization and participation of the membrane skeleton in the regulation of the 02 generating system. J. Leukoc BioL 55: 685-694; 1994.
Understanding and modelling information dissemination patterns in vehicle-to-vehicle networks

Advances in wireless communication technology have enabled information exchange opportunities between moving vehicles within proximity. Potentially through such physical contacts a piece of information can diffuse to the entire network. While there has been extensive research on information diffusion in social networks, we do not know much about the spatial patterns in vehicle motion and how such patterns can support information dissemination. To this end, in this paper, we provide a systematic study of three large-scale data sets of taxi GPS traces from three big cities. The study shows the following properties universal of the three data sets: 1) the small world property, that information can be disseminated to almost the entire set of participants, within a very small number of hops; 2) certain physical contacts can be extremely effective in exchanging messages and such effectiveness shows a power law distribution; 3) the lack of hubs, no vehicle behaves as major hubs; removing top 20% nodes that have the highest number of physical contacts does not affect the effectiveness of information dissemination. 4) the information dissemination exhibits strong spatial temporal correlation. Finally, to explain the observations in particular the small world property, we develop mathematical models of the taxi movement patterns such that on graph topologies exhibiting properties of real-world road networks a number of observations can be rigorously proved.
Effects of restraint-stress on enzymes involved in DNA synthesis.

SummaryThe uptake of thymidine-methyl–3H into DNA of stomach and intestine was significantly decreased within 4 hr after subjecting mice to restraint-stress. The failure to detect any appreciable change in thymidine kinase, thymidylate kinase, asparatate carbamoyltransferase, or DNA nucleotidyltransferase after 3 hr of restraint indicated that these enzymes were not directly involved in the stress-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis.
TULP1 Missense Mutations Induces the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response Stress Complex (ER-UPR)

Mutations in the TULP1 gene are associated with early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP); however, the molecular mechanisms related to the deleterious effects of TULP1 mutations remains unknown. Several studies have shown that misfolded proteins secondary to genetic mutations can accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) complex followed by cellular apoptosis. We hypothesize that TULP1 mutations produce misfolded protein products that accumulate in the ER and induce cellular apoptosis via the UPR. To test our hypothesis, we first performed three in-silico analyses of TULP1 missense mutations (I459K, R420P and F491L), which predicted misfolded protein products. Subsequently, the three mutant TULP1-GFP constructs and wild-type (wt) TULP1-GFP were transiently transfected into hTERT-RPE-1 cells. Staining of cells using ER tracker followed by confocal microscopy showed wt-TULP1 localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. In contrast, all three mutant TULP1 proteins revealed cytoplasmic punctate staining which co-localized with the ER. Furthermore, western blot analysis of cells expressing mutant TULP1 proteins revealed induction of downstream targets of the ER-UPR complex, including BiP/GPR-78, phosphorylated-PERK (Thr980) and CHOP. Our in-vitro analyses suggest that mutant TULP1 proteins are misfolded and accumulate within the ER leading to induction of the UPR stress response complex.
Design and Development of Online Monitoring System Determining Power by Heat for Thermal Power Plant

The construction of online monitoring system determining power by heat is an important measure to improve the energy utilization efficiency and strengthen environmental protection,also it is an important national energy industry policy. This article describes the online monitoring system determining power by heat,including design of system architecture and configuration screens,industrial database,data acquisition and data forwarding and other key technical issues.
Preparation of Eu~(3+) doped with TiO_2 fluorescent probe and its application on the detection of cypermethrin

Using tetrabutyl titanate as a precursor,the nanometer Eu3+ doped TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method,and the property of luminescence of nano-powder was studied.The interaction of cypermethrin with Eu3+-TiO2 was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy.The results indicated that the fluorescence intensity of Eu3+-TiO2 was quenched by cypermethrin and the quenching rate constant(kq)was 1.017×1011 L/(mol?s) according to the Stern-Volmer equation,and the mechanism of quench had been discussed.A new rapid method for detection of pesticides was established according to that the fluorescence intensity of Eu3+-TiO2 was proportional to cypermethrin concentration.The range of detection was 2.5×10-10—2.5×10-7 mol/L,the detection limit(3σ)was 2.5×10-11 mol/L and the recovery was 89.25%—93.55%.
Human Parvovirus B19 and Its Associated Diseases

From the point of view of obstetrics and pediatrics, the importance of B19 infection lies in the potential for intraueterine infection following maternal B19 infection. Ongoing prospective studies of B19 infection in pregnant women indicate a risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes considerably lower than previous estimates from retrospective studies and case reports. The occurrence, however, of severe nonimmune hydrops or stillbirths or both in even a small per- centage of progeny of B19-infected pregnant women is a concern. It thus behooves physicians caring for pregnant women and their offspring to be thoroughly familiar with B19 and issues related to B19 infection in pregnancy.
Some Comments on the Current State of Econometrics

Regarding the current econometric scene, in this review I argue that (a) traditional econometric modeling approaches do not provide a reliable basis for making inferences about the causal effect of a supposed treatment of data in observational and quasi-experimental settings; and (b) the focus on conventional reductionist models and information recovery methods has led to irrelevant economic theories and questionable inferences and has failed in terms of prediction and the extraction of information relative to the nature of underlying economic behavior systems. Looking ahead, a nontraditional econometric approach is outlined. This method recognizes that our knowledge regarding the underlying behavioral system and observed data process is complex, partial, and incomplete. It then suggests a self-organized, agent-based, algorithmic-representation system that involves networks, machine learning, and an information theoretic basis for estimation, inference, model evaluation, and prediction.
Development of an Experiment to Study Plasma Formation by Megagauss Fields

Load hardware and diagnostics have been developed to study metal vapor and plasma formed from aluminum surfaces by pulsed MG fields on Zebra. Radiation MHD modeling1 indicates plasma formation should occur between 3-5 MG, but such modeling depends on assumed material properties, which are a topic of ongoing research. The experiment is designed to learn about this interesting threshold for plasma formation. A current of 1 MA is pulsed along a stationary, central wire, to generate magnetic fields of 3-5 MG. The goal is to observe and diagnose the formation of metal vapor and plasma in the vicinity of the wire. The simple geometry enables easy access by diagnostics, which include magnetic sensors, filtered photodiode measurements, optical imaging, and laser schlieren, shadowgraphy, interferometry and Faraday rotation. From these measurements the magnetic field, the density and temperature of the surface metal plasma, the radiation field, and the growth of instabilities will be inferred. Predictions of experimental data will be calculated from numerical simulations and compared with experimental results. The diagnostics are time resolved, so as to examine individually the distinct phases of compression, plasma formation, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic evolution, and instability. Diagnostics have being developed using a small HV pulser.
Electrothermal actuators for hard disk drive applications

This paper presents two electrothermal actuator designs for future HDD applications. The first is an electrothermal actuator for track following. This design uses heaters within the slider body to achieve lateral deformation akin to what is done with deformation normal to the ABS for fly height control. We present simulations that suggest +/-0.2 nm of lateral deformation per degree C of temperature rise is possible, making a +/- 30 nm movement feasible. We also present a more complex actuator design for skew compensation. This design, (presented previously), uses thermomechanical deformation of bimorph spokes to achieve rotation of several degrees with tens of mW's of power and a thermal cutoff frequency of bandwidth 300 Hz. Here we present the advantages offered by adding heaters on the spokes themselves to achieve more distributed heating, and better rotation per degree of temperature rise.
Finding partners in a habitat mosaic: Patch history and size mediate host colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Restoration of glades over the past 30 years, involving removal of woody cover and re-establishment of herbaceous plant communities, has created an archipelago of habitat patches varying in age, size, and isolation. Within these glades, habitat varies in quality from edge to core. We investigated impacts of within- and among-glade variation on the frequency of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for two host species, Schizachyrium scoparium and Rudbeckia missouriensis, and the plant community at large. We also conducted a soil analysis to explore the role of nutrient resources in mediating putative habitat effects. We used Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to evaluate a set of a priori models that assessed effects of glade size, isolation, age, and edge effects on AMF colonization. In community samples, AMF colonization increased while variation in AMF colonization decreased with restoration age. Edge effects also reduced plant community AMF colonization. AMF colonization was higher in R. missouriensis than in S. scoparium, but increased for both species in core habitat. Glade size had no direct effect on AMF at the plant scale, but indirectly affected overall AMF occupancy at the landscape scale via its geometric relationship to glade edge:core ratio. Hosts in small glades that are dominated by edge exhibit lower occupancy rates. The first two axes in a principal components analysis (PCA) combining soil nutrient variables explained 74% of sample variance: PC1 correlated positively with organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and decreased from the edge to the core of older glades. PC2, which correlated positively with pH and negatively with available P, increased with time since restoration. While results are consistent with a role of soil properties in explaining edge and age effects, the two PCA dimensions themselves are weakly correlated with AMF colonization. Overall, our findings suggest that environmental filters associated with woody encroachment limit the colonization of otherwise suitable herbaceous hosts and create a landscape mosaic with larger, older glades serving as hotspots or reservoirs of AMF root colonization and smaller, newly restored glades as cold spots or potential sinks.
David Hume and the Empiricist Challenge

On his visits to David Hume in London in 1766, Jean-Jacques Rousseau would often find a copy of his epistolary novel La Nouvelle Heloise lying on his host’s desk. Months later, after their notorious falling out, Rousseau would reinterpret this detail, at first sight so flattering, as an underhanded provocation: “As if I didn’t know M. Hume’s taste well enough to be sure that, of all the books in existence, the Heloise must be the most tedious to him.”
Mild traumatic brain injury in soldiers returning from combat

During times of war, advances in civilian medical practice often occur from lessons learned treating battlefield injuries, especially true for the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI). September 11, 2001, is a sentinel date, after which over 2 million US military service members were deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF] and Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]). Estimates ([dvbic.dcoe.mil][1]) indicate that more than 350,000 US service members have sustained a TBI, 82.3% mild TBI (mTBI; synonymous with concussion). Prior to 2001, there were few military mTBI cohort studies (figure). With the high prevalence of mTBI in OEF/OIF, the dramatic increase in mTBI research is obvious, with military-sponsored studies addressing many important questions, including how to assess, train, treat, and track service members with such injuries, including documenting duration of persisting symptoms. [1]: http://dvbic.dcoe.mil
Uv-Induced Somatic Mutations Elicit A Functional T Cell Response In The Yummer1.7 Mouse Melanoma Model

Human melanomas exhibit relatively high somatic mutation burden compared to other malignancies. These somatic mutations may produce neoantigens that are recognized by the immune system, leading to an antitumor response. By irradiating a parental mouse melanoma cell line carrying three driver mutations with UVB and expanding a single-cell clone, we generated a mutagenized model that exhibits high somatic mutation burden. When inoculated at low cell numbers in immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice, YUMMER1.7 (Yale University Mouse Melanoma Exposed to Radiation) regresses after a brief period of growth. This regression phenotype is dependent on T cells as YUMMER1.7 tumors grow significantly faster in immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice and C57BL/6J mice depleted of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Interestingly, regression can be overcome by injecting higher cell numbers of YUMMER1.7, which results in tumors that grow without effective rejection. Mice that have previously rejected YUMMER1.7 tumors develop immunity against higher doses of YUMMER1.7 tumor challenge. In addition, escaping YUMMER1.7 tumors are sensitive to anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 therapy, establishing a new model for the evaluation of immune checkpoint inhibition and antitumor immune responses.
The International Program for the Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogenicity (IPESTTC)

The major impetus for developing the International Program for the Evaluation of Short-term Tests for Carcinogenicity (IPESTTC) was that our need for rapid identification and control of carcinogens is not satisfied by traditional rodent bioassays. Because of resource limitations, rodent studies cannot be carried out on a large enough scale to identify all carcinogenic chemicals in the environment within a reasonable period of time. This need places tremendous pressure on the scientific community to develop test systems for identifying chemical carcinogens in the environment at a lower cost and on a shorter time scale.
Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in Congenital Hand Surgery: An Overview of the Evidence and Advice for Counseling Parents.

Millions of children undergo general anesthesia for surgical procedures each year, the implications of which are not fully understood. Animal models demonstrate neurotoxicity and long-term cognitive impairment following exposure to common general anesthetic agents. However, it is unclear if human brains are affected in a similar fashion and what—if any—the implications on cognitive development may be. Furthermore, it is not known if these effects are additive and if they can be avoided by delaying reconstruction. Here, we explore reconstructive surgical timelines for common congenital hand differences in light of the available anesthetic neurotoxicity evidence, with an emphasis on preoperative counseling.
MaxiFab: Applied Fabrication to Advance Period Technologies

MaxiFab is a multifaceted collaborative effort aimed to address current shortcomings of menstrual technologies through digital fabrication techniques. We explore using 3D printing to produce customizable frames for sanitary napkins and laser cutting to fabricate fused washable sanitary napkins. Our preliminary explorations create menstrual products that address some of the most pressing problems with current period technologies---namely, access and cost barriers, waste, and lack of customization. Our work aims to reduce stigma regarding the discussion of menstruation while contextualizing the topic as an under-examined design research space.
Lorazepam, diphenhydramine, and haloperidol transdermal gel for rescue from chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting: results of two pilot trials

Despite their use of prophylactic antiemetic therapies, cancer patients continue to consider chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) to be a significant problem. Patients frequently use various "breakthrough" medications for these symptoms. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of trials regarding treatment of breakthrough CINV. This study investigated the efficacy of "ABH," a topical gel containing lorazepam (Ativan), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and haloperidol (Haldol), in reducing breakthrough CINV. Adults receiving standard recommended prophylactic antiemetics as outpatients were instructed to use 0.5 mL of the gel topically when they experienced significant CINV. Patients then were contacted retrospectively to respond to a questionnaire rating their nausea and/or vomiting and their response to ABH-gel treatment. The results were collected during two trials: Trial I began in April 2003, and Trial II began in March 2006. During Trial I, 23 patients were evaluated; 17 patients (74%) reported that use of the gel decreased their CINV, with 15 (70%) reporting relief within 30 minutes of its application. Three patients believed that the gel caused sedation; no troubles with skin irritation or muscle spasms were reported. In Trial II, all 10 patients believed that the treatment was effective. When the severity of CINV was quantified on a scale of 0-10, the mean CINV score decreased significantly from a 6.1 before gel application to a 1.7 as evaluated 30 minutes following gel application (P < 0.005). Topical use of ABH gel appears to be a promising and safe rescue therapy for breakthrough CINV that occurs despite prophylactic antiemetic therapy. These results warrant further confirmation in a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Simultaneous Recording of Fluctuations of Hair-Bundle Deflection and Intracellular Voltage in Saccular Hair Cells

The detection threshold of a sensory system depends on three factors: the coupling of the external stimulus such as sound pressure or acceleration to the input of the sensory cell, the transduction efficiency of the sensory cell, the transmission characteristics of the signal to the brain, and the noise associated with each stage. In this paper we describe experiments performed to elucidate the performance of sensory hair cells which are the site of mechano-electrical transduction in the inner ear of vertebrates. Mechanical deflection of the hair bundle protruding from these cells modulates the transmembrane resistance and consequently the transmembrane current and the intracellular potential. The magnitude of hair-bundle deflection necessary to obtain a significant receptor potential is determined by the size of the mechano-electrical transduction coefficient and by the amount of intracellular voltage noise.
Brauer Groups and Witt Groups

The final three chapters of this book will focus on connections and applications of the theory presented so far to some important concerns in mathematics especially the theory of algebras and quadratic forms. This chapter recalls the Brauer group, the Brauer-Wall group, and the Witt groups. We shall see that these concepts are closely related to each other and to the themes of this book. The links are provided by the invariants of quadratic forms, and in particular by the Arf invariant (already defined in Chapters 7C and 10D in the free case). In view of the extensive literature on these topics, proofs or sketches of proofs are provided only when they seemed not available in appropriately explicit form. The constructions are presented in the generality of commutative rings and then illustrated in the classical situations: over the real and complex numbers, and local and global fields.
How do Android operating system updates impact apps

Mobile devices are practically ubiquitous in today's society. People are increasingly dependent on mobile devices, for uses such as computation, navigation, storing private information, and web browsing among others. Thus, developers are required to produce high quality mobile apps. However, mobile operating systems are frequently updated, which can affect the functionality of mobile apps and hinder developers' ability to consistently provide high quality apps across multiple operating systems versions. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for automatically locating the part of Android apps that have been affected by an update of the underlying Android mobile operating system, and statistically analyzing the impact of the update. Preliminary evaluation shows that the overall impact of an operating system update is low.
Constraints to outdoor recreation: exploring the effects of disabilities on perceptions and participation.

Understanding the constraints of persons with disabilities has long been a concern of natural resource managers, particularly since the inception of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This study examines National Forest visitation and perceived constraints of recreationists in relation to the presence of a person with a disability in one's household. Data were collected through telephone surveys of the general population in three western states. The respondents were segmented into groups based on disability status (personal or within household) and whether the disability hampers their recreation in National Forests. Results showed that 40% of respondents living in a household that included a person with a disability were not constrained by the presence of a person with a disability regarding their National Forest visitation. Being constrained from National Forest use was largely a function of the importance attached to key disability-related constraints. Regression analysis showed that the prese...
Diagnostic Models for Wind Turbine Gearbox Components Using SCADA Time Series Data

This paper presents a scalable, autonomous framework for diagnostics of wind turbine gearbox failures using a multi-feature supervisory control and data acquisition data set spanning multiple years. Because of the size of the data set studied, all algorithms were constructed to be scalable using a Spark-Hadoop data framework. An unsupervised approach was used to detect significant failures based on predetermined criteria. The initial criteria selected were an abnormal spike in turbine component temperature followed by a turbine power off, which helps reduce the number of potential false alarms. To detect abnormal spikes in component temperature, a model was introduced to adjust the temperature data for effects caused by ambient temperature and normal temperature increases when loaded. This study evaluates methods for normalizing temperature sensor data to identify anomalies. The models that performed the best were a linear regression and a multivariate polynomial regression. The proposed process for finding failures has tunable parameters that can be adjusted to be more or less sensitive. The combination of sensor data normalization and application of these criteria is successful in finding turbine failures resulting in downtime. The proposed methods can operate without failure or maintenance logs and can be utilized for offline analysis of large high-resolution data sets.
Vegetation, hydrologic, and erosion responses of sagebrush steppe 9 yr following mechanical tree removal.

Abstract Land managers across the western United States are faced with selecting and applying tree-removal treatments on pinyon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodland-encroached sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) rangelands, but current understanding of long-term vegetation and hydrological responses of sagebrush sites to tree removal is inadequate for guiding management. This study applied a suite of vegetation and soil measures (0.5 − 990 m2), small-plot rainfall simulations (0.5 m2), and overland flow experiments (9 m2) to quantify the effects of mechanical tree removal (tree cutting and mastication) on vegetation, runoff, and erosion at two mid- to late-succession woodland-encroached sagebrush sites in the Great Basin, United States, 9 yr after treatment. Low amounts of hillslope-scale shrub (3 − 15%) and grass (7 − 12%) canopy cover and extensive intercanopy (area between tree canopies) bare ground (69 − 88% bare, 75% of area) in untreated areas at both sites facilitated high levels of runoff and sediment from high-intensity (102 mm • h− 1, 45 min) rainfall simulations in interspaces (~ 45 mm runoff, 59 − 381 g • m− 2 sediment) between trees and shrubs and from concentrated overland flow experiments (15, 30, and 45 L • min− 1, 8 min each) in the intercanopy (371 − 501 L runoff, 2 342 − 3 015 g sediment). Tree cutting increased hillslope-scale density of sagebrush by 5% and perennial grass cover by twofold at one site while tree cutting and mastication increased hillslope-scale sagebrush density by 36% and 16%, respectively, and perennial grass cover by threefold at a second more-degraded (initially more sparsely vegetated) site over nine growing seasons. Cover of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) was
Cathodic Protection for Steel Beams Strengthened with CFRP Sheets

AbstractThis paper presents the potential of cathodic protection for steel beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. A conceptual experimental program is conducted with...
On the application of fracture fatigue entropy to variable frequency and loading amplitude

Abstract A nondestructive fatigue model is developed that utilizes the thermographic methodology and the concept of entropy production to predict the residual life of a component subjected to variable amplitude loading. The applicability of the model is investigated using a set of experiments on stainless steel 304 covering both low- and high-cycle fatigue regimes. Results are also presented that compare the predictions of the residual life with those obtained by applying the Miner’s rule, quantitative thermographic methodology, fatigue driving stress, and the fatigue driving energy approaches. The results show that the maximum and average errors of the present approach are much lower than the above-mentioned methods. Also presented are the results of a series of variable-frequency fatigue experiments that are successfully predicted by the present methodology.
First-order decidability and definability of integers in infinite algebraic extensions of the rational numbers

We extend results of Videla and Fukuzaki to define algebraic integers in large classes of infinite algebraic extensions of Q and use these definitions for some of the fields to show the first-order undecidabilitv. We also obtain a structural sufficient condition for definability of the ring of integers over its field of fractions. In particular, we show that the following propositions hold: (1) For any rational prime q and any positive rational integer m. algebraic integers are definable in any Galois extension of Q where the degree of any finite subextension is not divisible by qm. (2) Given a prime q, and an integer m > 0, algebraic integers are definable in a cyclotomic extension (and any of its subfields) generated by any set $$\{ {\zeta _{{p^l}}}|l \in {Z_{ > 0,}}P \ne q$$ is any prime such that qm +1 ∧(p — 1)}. (3) The first-order theory of Any Abelina Extension of Q With Finitely Many Rational Primes is undecidable and rational integers are definable in these extensions. We also show that under a condition on the splitting of one rational Q generated elliptic curve over the field in question is enough to have a definition of Z and to show that the field is undecidable.
Neural control of cardiovascular function in black adults: implications for racial differences in autonomic regulation

Black adults are at increased risk for developing hypertension and cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease and have greater associated morbidity/mortality than white adults who are otherwise demo...
Aggregation-based determination of mercury(II) using DNA-modified single gold nanoparticle, T-Hg(II)-T interaction, and single-particle ICP-MS.

An ultrasensitive assay is described for the detection and determination of Hg2+(aq) in water samples based on single-particle inductively-coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). In the presence of Hg2+(aq), AuNPs modified with a segment of single-stranded DNA aggregate due to the formation of the well-known thymine (T)-Hg2+-T complex. Single particle (sp) ICP-MS is used quantify the degree of aggregation by the overall decrease in number of detected AuNPs or NP aggregates. Compared with most other Hg2+ assays that use the same principle of aggregation-dispersion with DNA modified AuNPs, this method has a much lower detection limit of (0.031 ng L−1, 155 fM) and a wider (10,000-fold) linear range (up to 1 μg L−1). The method also showed good practical potential because of its minimal interference from the water sample matrix.
A Longitudinal Review of Models in Marketing Research: An Abstract

This research offers a dynamic perspective on the evolution and use of marketing models through a content analysis of articles published in the top five marketing journals from 1990 to 2017: Journal of Marketing (JM), Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), Journal of Consumer Research (JCR), Marketing Science (MS), and Journal of the Academy of Marketing Research (JAMS). Three independent researchers classified articles by their content (conceptual, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed), type of data source (experiment, survey, and observation), type of model (choice, hazard, panel data, nonlinear, theoretic, etc.), and subject (consumer behavior, research methodology, channels of distribution, etc.). The results of the analysis show that the number of studies per article has been steadily increasing in JCR (from 1 in 1990 to 5 in 2017), JM and JMR (from 1 in 1990 to 2 in 2017), less so in Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (from 1 in 1990 to 1.5 in 2017), and no change taking place in Marketing Science. In methodological terms, conceptual and survey research exhibit a declining trend whereas experimental and observational research is increasing. This study looks at changes in the adoption of model types. Our findings reveal that researchers have been using simple linear models less with the ratio of linear regression models/more complex models being 50/50 in 1990 and 30/70 in 2017. The top five frequently used modeling methods in marketing (by percent of studies) include linear regression, choice, theoretical, multivariate, and structural equation models. However, the use of theoretical, multivariate, and structural equation models has been declining, while the use of hierarchical linear, dynamic, panel data models has been increasing. We believe that the rise of the latter models can be attributed to the increased availability of time-series cross-sectional data. We also find some journal-specific preferences for particular models. Our research sheds light on the interplay of research methods and the trends in model types in the top five marketing journals as well as provides direction for future research.
928-P: Dulaglutide Has Higher Adherence and Persistence than Semaglutide and Exenatide QW: 6-Month Follow-Up from U.S. Real-World Data

The objective of this retrospective real-world observational study was to compare 6-month (mo) adherence and persistence among patients (pts) initiating weekly GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), dulaglutide (DU) vs. semaglutide (SEMA) or DU vs. exenatide QW (EQW) BCise pen in the U.S., using claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database (HIRD®) between August 2017 and June 2019 (index date=earliest GLP-1RA fill date). Pts ≥18 yrs old, with T2D, no claim for GLP-1 RAs in the 6 mos pre-index period, ≥1 claim for DU, SEMA or EQW during the index period, and continuous enrollment 6 mos pre- and post-index were included. DU users were propensity-matched 1:1 to SEMA (3,852 pairs) or EQW (1,879 pairs) users. Matched cohorts (DU:SEMA/DU:EQW) were balanced in baseline characteristics and the mean age was 54/55 years with approximately 49/51% males, respectively. At 6 mos, DU users were more likely to be adherent [Proportion of Days Covered (PDC)≥80%] than SEMA (odds ratio [OR]=1.986, 95% CI=[1.81, 2.18]) or EQW users (2.06 [1.81, 2.34]) (table). Cox regression showed that DU users were less likely to discontinue therapy than SEMA (hazard ratio [HR]= 0.71, 95% CI=[0.66, 0.76]) or EQW users (0.59 [0.53, 0.65]) (table). At 6-mos follow-up, pts initiating DU had higher medication adherence, and were more persistent to their treatment, compared to pts initiating either SEMA or EQW. Disclosure R. Mody: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Yu: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Employee; Spouse/Partner; LifeLabs. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. B.K. Nepal: None. M. Konig: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Grabner: Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company.
Design of a 7.7 kW Three-Phase Wireless Charging System for Light Duty Vehicles based on Overlapping Windings

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology demands fast charging of electric vehicle (EV) onboard batteries. For conventional single-phase WPT systems, an increased power level for faster charging is limited due to the efficiency and power density. On the other hand, a three-phase WPT system utilizes the rotating magnetic fields for achieving a smoother power transfer compared to a single-phase system. Such systems are capable of achieving higher power density, reduced coil currents and electromagnetic emissions. This paper introduces an optimized three-phase 7.7 kW WPT system operating at 85 kHz based on overlapping windings. It is compared to a standardized singlephase wireless charging system of the same operating frequency, power level and air gap. Simulation results are presented transferring 7.7 kW over a 200 mm air gap in perfectly aligned conditions. It is also compared to an existing three-phase nonoverlapping winding based topology with equal power density. Results showed a significant increase in power density, efficiency and electromagnetic emissions compared to the benchmark model.
Human & Robotics Technology Space Exploration Communication Scenarios Characteristics, Challenges & Scenarios for Developing Intelligent Internet Protocols

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive view of current and future space communications systems, and scenarios in relation with intelligent Internet protocol (IIP). IIP is an innovative network layer protocol developed to meet the shortcomings of existing Internet protocol (IP) in an adverse space networking environment and provide future communication support for NASA space exploration activities. IIP distinguishes itself from other existing/proposed protocols with six signature functionalities: a) multiple criteria routing, b) reconfigurability, c) automatic routing and tracking, d) dynamic routing, e) human-in-space routing, and f) intelligent routing. Each of these functionalities provides unique capabilities to overcome constraints of space networks. To demonstrate the applicability of the IIP six functionalities, we present a comprehensive scenario for each of surface, orbital, and backbone networks where each scenario closely resembles the actual operations and problems encountered in space. In each scenario, we provide network characteristics, requirements, and applications of IIP functionalities
Design and testing of selective inactivators against an antifungal enzyme target

Systemic infections from fungal organisms are becoming increasingly difficult to treat as drug resistance continues to emerge. To substantially expand the antifungal drug landscape new compounds must be identified and developed with novel modes of action against previously untested drug targets. Most drugs block the activity of their targets through reversible, noncovalent interactions. However, a significant number of drugs form irreversible, covalent bonds with their selected targets. While more challenging to develop, these irreversible inactivators offer some significant advantages as novel antifungal agents. Vinyl sulfones contain a potentially reactive functional group that could function as a selective enzyme inactivator, and members of this class of compounds are now being developed as inactivators against an antifungal drug target. The enzyme aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASADH) catalyzes a key step in an essential microbial pathway and is essential for the survival of every microorganism examined. A series of vinyl sulfones have been designed, guided by molecular modeling and docking studies to enhance their affinity for fungal ASADHs. These newly synthesized compounds have been examined against this target enzyme from the pathogenic fungal organism Candida albicans. Vinyl sulfones containing complementary structural elements inhibit this enzyme with inhibition constants in the low-micromolar range. These inhibitors have also led to the rapid and irreversible inactivation of this enzyme, and show some initial selectivity when compared to the inactivation of a bacterial ASADH. The best inactivators will serve as lead compounds for the development of potent and selective antifungal agents.
Environmental occurrence of selenium in waters and related health significance.

Appreciable amounts of selenium in spring and well waters can be found due to geological occurrence. Concentrations of as much as 400-9000 micrograms/l have been reported in U.S. waters. These levels are 8 to 180 times the current EPA drinking water standard and approximate dietary exposures of 4900 micrograms in selenosis regions of China. Reviews of health significance of the elevated drinking water exposures to U.S. populations revealed elevated concentrations of selenium in urine and blood. A decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity in such instances was noted. However noticeable symptoms and signs seem absent in studies reviewed. A comparison of intake levels (diet or drinking water) to urinary excretion for residents of China and the U.S. produced a correlation coefficient, r = 0.82 (P < 0.01) for the three research studies available.
Strain Directed Assembly of Nanoparticle Arrays Within a Semiconductor

The use of strain to direct the assembly of nanoparticle arrays in a semiconductor is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The process uses crystal strain produced by a surface structure and variations in layer composition to guide the formation of arsenic precipitates in a GaAs-based structure grown at low temperature by molecular beam epitaxy. Remarkable patterning effects, including the formation of single and double one-dimensional arrays with completely clear fields are achieved for particles in the 10-nm size regime at a depth of about 50-nm from the semiconductor surface. Experimental results on the time dependence of the strain patterning indicates that strain controls the late stage of the coarsening process, rather than the precipitate nucleation. Comparison of the observed particle distributions with theoretical calculations of the stress and strain distributions reveals that the precipitates form in regions of maximum strain energy, rather than near extremum points of hydrostatic stress or dilatation strain. It is therefore concluded that the patterning results from modulus differences between the particle and matrix materials rather than from other strain related effects. The results presented here should be useful for extending strain directed assembly to other materials systems and to other configurations of particles.
THE SEPARATE COMPUTATION OF ARCS FOR OPTIMAL FLIGHT PATHS WITH STATE VARIABLE INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS.

Abstract : Separate computation of arcs is possible for a large class of optimization problems with state variable inequality constraints. Surprisingly, this class (to the best of the authors' knowledge) includes all physical problems which have been solved analytically or numerically to date. Typically these problems have only one constrained arc. Even in more complex problems, separation of arcs can be used to search for additional constrained arcs. As an important example, a maximum range trajectory for a glider entering the Earth's atmosphere at a supercircular velocity is determined, subject to a maximum altitude constraint after initial pull-up. It is shown that the optimal path can be divided into three arcs, which may be determined separately with no approximations. The three arcs are (1) the initial arc, beginning at specified initial condition and ending at the entry point onto the altitude constraint; (2) the arc lying on the altitude constraint; and (3) the terminal arc, beginning at the exit point of the altitude constraint and ending at some specified terminal altitude. The conjugate gradient method, a first order optimization scheme is shown to converge very rapidly to the individual unconstrained optimal arcs. Using this optimization scheme and taking advantage of the separation of arcs an investigation revealed that two locally optimum paths exist. The range of one exceeds the range of the other by about 250 nautical miles (about 6%) for the re-entry vehicle used here (maximum lift-to-drag ratio is .9). (Author)