cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development and Transportability of Multisystemic Therapy-Substance Abuse: A Treatment for Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders

ABSTRACTMultisystemic Therapy (MST; Henggeler, Schoenwald, Borduin, Rowland, & Cunningham, 2009) is an evidence-based treatment that has been shown to be effective with adolescents with conduct-related problems. This article describes the development and transportability process related to an adaptation of MST titled Multisystemic Therapy-Substance Abuse (MST-SA). MST-SA is designed to treat adolescents with substance use disorders and is based on the work of Budney and Higgins (1998) and Azrin and colleagues (2001). Budney and Higgins have developed an effective treatment for adult cocaine abusers titled Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA). CRA is a form of contingency management (an evidence-based treatment for substance use disorder), which consists of frequent drug testing, an extensive reward system, functional analyses of triggers for drug use, plans to address triggers for drug use, and drug refusal skill training. Azrin and colleagues (2001) have developed an effective treatment for adolescents...
Abstract P391: Local Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Contribute to the Sympathoexcitatory Effects of Leptin in the Paraventricular Nucleus

In male rats, intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), and this response can be partially reversed by nanoinjections of the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) blocker, kynurenate (KYN), and also the melanocortin type 3/4 receptor (MC3/4R) antagonist, SHU9119, into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These results suggest that leptin increases SNA in part via activation of PVN iGluR and MC3/4R. More recently, we found that injection of leptin directly into the PVN also dose-dependently increases SNA. However, the role of PVN iGluR or MC3/4R in this response is unknown. Therefore, we determined if PVN KYN (2.7 nmol in 60 nL) or SHU9119 (30 pmol) reverses the increases in lumbar SNA (LSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) evoked by bilateral PVN nanoinjections of leptin (30 ng in 60 nL; n=6) or, as a control, of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; n=4). After ninety min, PVN leptin increased (all P
Conditional Citizens, Suspect Subjects: Producing "Illegality" and Policing Citizens in a Citizenship Education Classroom in Spain.

ABSTRACTAs European democracies undergo dramatic demographic shifts, they look to civics education to create social cohesion and produce a “democratic” citizenry. Such a project, however, is not without its tensions and contradictions. Drawing on findings from a yearlong ethnography in a secondary school in Spain, this article traces a number of dilemmas associated with the forming of citizenship identities in a citizenship education class. The analysis highlights how through text/talk the “normative citizen” and notions of “il/legality” were produced in ways that were consequential for immigrant youth's sense of belonging. It further examines how citizenship education, operated as an inherently disciplinary space where immigrant youth were governed as particular kinds of subjects. Drawing upon Foucault's formulations of biopower, it sheds light on the seemingly benign social mechanisms operating within classrooms and schools that are productive of hierarchies of personhood—bounded distinctions between al...
Eps8, a substrate for the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, enhances EGF-dependent mitogenic signals.

Abstract A method which allows direct cloning of intracellular substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) was developed. By applying this technique to the study of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, we have isolated a cDNA, designated eps8, which predicts a approximately 92 kDa protein containing an SH3 domain. Eps8 also contains a putative nuclear targeting sequence. Antibodies specific to the eps8 gene product recognize a protein of M(r) 97 kDa and a minor 68 kDa component, which are closely related, as demonstrated by V8 proteolytic mapping. The product of the eps8 gene is tyrosine-phosphorylated in vivo following EGF stimulation of intact cells and associates with the EGFR, despite the lack of a functional SH2 domain. Several other RTKs are also able to phosphorylate p97eps8. Thus, the eps8 gene product represents a novel substrate for RTKs. Adoptive expression of the eps8 cDNA in fibroblastic or hematopoietic target cells expressing the EGFR resulted in increased mitogenic response to EGF, implicating the eps8 gene product in the control of mitogenic signals.
The Legal Rationalization of American Higher Education

This chapter describes the legal rationalization of American higher education over the past several decades. We contend that legal offices emerged and expanded in response to two societal trends: the development of stronger and more extensive linkages between universities and society, and the rise of empowered individuals in colleges and universities. Descriptive statistics from a cross-sectional sample of 237 four-year colleges and universities in the United States indicate that half of American higher education institutions have a general counsel position, while nearly all of the elite (“Ivy Plus”) schools in the country have adopted this role. We conclude by suggesting further research on this topic that analyzes its developments longitudinally and cross-nationally.
A novel Microproteomic Approach Using Laser Capture Microdissection to Study Cellular Protrusions.

Cell–cell communication is vital to multicellular organisms, and distinct types of cellular protrusions play critical roles during development, cell signaling, and the spreading of pathogens and cancer. The differences in the structure and protein composition of these different types of protrusions and their specific functions have not been elucidated due to the lack of a method for their specific isolation and analysis. In this paper, we described, for the first time, a method to specifically isolate distinct protrusion subtypes, based on their morphological structures or fluorescent markers, using laser capture microdissection (LCM). Combined with a unique fixation and protein extraction protocol, we pushed the limits of microproteomics and demonstrate that proteins from LCM-isolated protrusions can successfully and reproducibly be identified by mass spectrometry using ultra-high field Orbitrap technologies. Our method confirmed that different types of protrusions have distinct proteomes and it promises to advance the characterization and the understanding of these unique structures to shed light on their possible role in health and disease.
Mourning for forgiveness

This article proposes a new understanding of unconditional forgiveness as a human moral act, based on brief considerations of Scripture and atonement theology, as well as attention to forgiveness a...
Observed-to-expected ratio for adherence to treatment guidelines as a quality of care indicator for laryngeal cancer.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To examine associations between survival and adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines using an observed-to-expected (O/E) ratio for greater adherence as a risk-adjusted hospital measure of quality care in elderly patients treated for larynx cancer. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data. METHODS Patients diagnosed with larynx cancer from 2004 to 2007 were evaluated using multivariate regression and survival analysis. A fit logistic regression model was used to calculate an O/E ratio for guideline adherence for each hospital using quality indicators derived from NCCN guidelines for recommended treatment and stratified by hospital volume. RESULTS Of 1,721 patients treated at 395 hospitals, 43.0% of patients received NCCN guideline-adherent care. Low-volume hospitals (N = 295) treating six or fewer cases treated 765 patients (44.5%), with a mean O/E of 0.96 ± 0.45. Hospitals treating more then six cases with an O/E <1 (N = 32) treated 284 patients (16.5%), with a mean O/E of 0.77 ± 0.18. Hospitals treating more than six cases with an O/E ≥1 (N = 68) treated 672 patients (39.1%), with a mean O/E of 1.17 ± 0.11. Treatment at hospitals with an O/E ≥1 was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.83 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70 to 0.98]) and lower mean incremental treatment-related costs (-$3,009 [-$5,226 to -$791]) compared with hospitals with an O/E <1 (HR = 1.00 [0.80 to 1.24]) and the reference group of low-volume hospitals. CONCLUSIONS A hospital-specific O/E for NCCN treatment guideline adherence, combined with a minimum case volume criterion, is associated with survival and treatment-related costs in elderly patients with larynx cancer, and may be a feasible measure of larynx cancer quality of care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:672-678, 2020.
Connecting fluvial levee deposition to flood‐basin hydrology

In this study we seek to understand the controls on where levees form and what sets their size and shape.
The DNA Repair Nuclease MRE11A Functions as a Mitochondrial Protector and Prevents T Cell Pyroptosis and Tissue Inflammation.

Summary In the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CD4 + T cells promote pro-inflammatory effector functions by shunting glucose away from glycolysis and ATP production. Underlying mechanisms remain unknown, and here we implicate the DNA repair nuclease MRE11A in the cells’ bioenergetic failure. MRE11A deficiency in RA T cells disrupted mitochondrial oxygen consumption and suppressed ATP generation. Also, MRE11A loss of function caused leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol, triggering inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 activation, and pyroptotic cell death. Caspase-1 activation was frequent in lymph-node-residing T cells in RA patients. In vivo , pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of MRE11A resulted in tissue deposition of mtDNA, caspase-1 proteolysis, and aggressive tissue inflammation. Conversely, MRE11A overexpression restored mitochondrial fitness and shielded tissue from inflammatory attack. Thus, the nuclease MRE11A regulates a mitochondrial protection program, and MRE11A deficiency leads to DNA repair defects, energy production, and failure and loss of tissue homeostasis.
The Weighted Fourier Inequality, Polarity, and Reverse Hölder Inequality

We examine the problem of the Fourier transform mapping one weighted Lebesgue space into another, by studying necessary conditions and sufficient conditions which expose an underlying geometry. In the necessary conditions, this geometry is connected to an old result of Mahler concerning the the measure of a convex body and its geometric polar being essentially reciprocal. An additional assumption, that the weights must belong to a reverse Holder class, is used to formulate the sufficient condition.
Infancy and Human Development

Infancy, which encompasses only a small fraction of the average person's expected life span, is a period characterized by astonishing biological, psychological, and social changes. This article first briefly overviews the history of theory and research in infancy and then discusses whether infancy is a ‘stage’ of life. Challenges infants pose to their study are next reviewed. Although infants pose special challenges to research, human infancy has been studied as a platform for hypothesis and theory testing; as a major period of physiological and psychological adjustment; as a time of socialization; for infants' effects on adults; as a basis of phylogenetic and ontogenetic comparison; and as a setting point for the balance of the life course. This article presents a catalog of multiple types of infancy studies and concludes with a consideration of the general significance of human infancy.
CD133 mRNA-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccination Abrogates Glioma Stem Cell Propagation in Humanized Glioblastoma Mouse Model

Cancer stem cells are initiating cells of cancer and propagate its growth through self-renewal and differentiation of its daughter cells. CD133 is a cell surface antigen that is present on glioma stem cells and has been used to prospectively isolate glioma stem cells. We hypothesized that a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent and long-lasting immune response against CD133 could be generated by transfecting CD133 mRNA into dendritic cells and vaccinating animals with experimental gliomas. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel humanized mouse model using CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells. We confirmed the robust simultaneous activation of CD8- and CD4-positive T cells by dendritic cell vaccination with modified CD133 mRNA leading to a potent and long-lived immune response, with subsequent abrogation of CD133-positive glioma stem cell propagation and tumor growth. This study for the first time demonstrates in both a humanized mouse model and in a syngeneic mouse model of glioblastoma that targeting a glioma stem cell-associated antigen is an effective strategy to target and kill glioma stem cells. This novel and simple humanized mouse model for immunotherapy is a significant advance in our ability to test human-specific immunotherapies for glioblastoma.
The effect of silicone ankle sleeves and lace-up ankle braces on neuromuscular control, joint torque, and cutting agility.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of silicone ankle sleeves (SASs) and lace-up ankle braces (LABs) on neuromuscular control, net joint torques, and cutting agility in healthy, active individuals. Design Markerless motion-capture technology tracked subjects fitted with SASs, LABs, or no brace while they performed the movements: Y-excursion, left cutting, right cutting, single-leg drop vertical jump (SLDVJ), 45-degree bound, and single-leg squat (SLS). Setting University Laboratory. Participants Ten healthy, active individuals (5 males and 5 females, mean ± SD 23.60 ± 1.43 years of age). Main outcome measures Degrees of joint range of motion (ROM), Newton-meters of joint torque, time to perform a cutting maneuver. Results SASs and LABs resulted in significantly different knee and ankle ROM and hip internal rotation in the SLDVJ, SLS, Y-excursion, cutting maneuver, and 45-degree bound when compared to control (p Conclusion Both SAS and LAB positively impacted neuromuscular control, reduced net joint torque, and neither impaired cutting agility when compared to control.
Role of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of addiction

Addiction is a chronic and relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive seeking despite adverse consequences. There are both heritable and epigenetic mechanisms underlying drug addiction. Emerging evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs regulate synaptic plasticity and related behaviors caused by substances of abuse. These ncRNAs modify gene expression and may contribute to the behavioral phenotypes of addiction. Among the ncRNAs, the most widely researched and impactful are miRNAs. The goal in this systematic review is to provide a detailed account of recent research involving the role of miRNAs in addiction. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule-RNA Interactions RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Differential sensitivity to 2-deoxy-D-glucose between two pancreatic cell lines correlates with GLUT 1 expression

5302 Increased glucose uptake and metabolism is a well-characterized trait in many malignant tumors. Among the various known glucose transporters expressed in tumors, GLUT 1 is the most commonly found. Previously, we showed that, due to their dependence on glycolysis for energy, osteosarcoma cells under distinct conditions of hypoxia were hypersensitive to the glycolytic inhibitors, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and oxamate. Here, under normal oxygen tension we find that the pancreatic cell line MIA PaCa2 is 7X more sensitive to 2-DG, and equally sensitive to oxamate, as compared to Panc-1. Lactate levels in both cell types were similarly low, indicating that mitochondria were functioning normally in these cells and that they were not solely dependent on glycolysis for survival under an aerobic microenvironment. Additionally, the equal sensitivity to oxamate, which does not use glucose transporters for entry into the cell, suggested that the sensitivity differences to 2-DG in these two cell types might be reflective of differential 2-DG uptake. Indeed, it was found that 2-DG accumulates 2X greater in MIA PaCa2 than Panc-1, which correlates with higher GLUT 1 expression in the former cell line. Overall, our results suggest that certain pancreatic tumors may be inherently sensitive to 2-DG, even under normal oxygen tension, due to greater intracellular accumulation of this inhibitor. Moreover, if 2-DG shows clinical efficacy it may be possible to predict which pancreatic tumors would be sensitive to this agent based on their GLUT 1 expression profile and their increased uptake of 2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose currently used to localize tumors via PET scanning.
Transformation of Polycythemia Vera to Pure Erythroid Leukemia.

Pure erythroid leukemia (PEL) is an aggressive and exceedingly rare form of acute leukemia characterized as a neoplastic proliferation of immature cells committed to the erythroid lineage. It has a poor overall median survival of two to three months. To our knowledge, there are currently only a handful of reports of PEL arising from polycythemia vera. Most reported cases have been associated with radiation therapy or chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. Here we report a rare occurrence of polycythemia vera treated with phlebotomy and hydroxyurea that underwent leukemic transformation to pure erythroid leukemia.
University Network Quality of Service Provision Assessment Strategies

This paper presents a methodology for assessing the quality of service (QoS) provision for Staffordshire University’s network communications infrastructure (SUNCI) providing services to over 18,000 users. The author discusses a new approach to evaluate the SUNCI QoS provision, by adding a component of measurement to the existing model presented by Walker [1]. The author utilizes the current SUNCI as a testing platform to assess QoS provision in the light of users’ perception, and compare it to the network traffic measurements and online monitoring reports. The users’ perception of telecommunications’ network infrastructure QoS provision is critical to the successful business management operation of any organization. This paper offers a cost effective approach to assess the QoS provision within the Staffordshire University (SU) campus network, which could be easily adapted to any campus network.
The Ionic Selectivity of Lysenin Channels in Open and Sub-Conducting States.

The electrochemical gradients established across cell membranes are paramount for the execution of biological functions. Besides ion channels, other transporters, such as exogenous pore-forming toxins, may present ionic selectivity upon reconstitution in natural and artificial lipid membranes and contribute to the electrochemical gradients. In this context, we utilized electrophysiology approaches to assess the ionic selectivity of the pore-forming toxin lysenin reconstituted in planar bilayer lipid membranes. The membrane voltages were determined from the reversal potentials recorded upon channel exposure to asymmetrical ionic conditions, and the permeability ratios were calculated from the fit with the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation. Our work shows that lysenin channels are ion-selective and the determined permeability coefficients are cation and anion-species dependent. We also exploited the unique property of lysenin channels to transition to a stable sub-conducting state upon exposure to calcium ions and assessed their subsequent change in ionic selectivity. The observed loss of selectivity was implemented in an electrical model describing the dependency of reversal potentials on calcium concentration. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that this pore-forming toxin presents ionic selectivity but this is adjusted by the particular conduction state of the channels.
Matrix roots of imprimitive irreducible nonnegative matrices

Abstract Using matrix function theory, Perron–Frobenius theory, combinatorial matrix theory, and elementary number theory, we characterize, classify, and describe in terms of the Jordan canonical form the matrix p th-roots of imprimitive irreducible nonnegative matrices. Preliminary results concerning the matrix roots of reducible matrices are provided as well.
Direct Measurement of EGR Cooler Deposit Thermal Properties for Improved Understanding of Cooler Fouling

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler fouling has become a significant issue for compliance with NOX emissions standards. This paper reports results of a study of fundamental aspects of EGR cooler fouling. An apparatus and procedure were developed to allow surrogate EGR cooler tubes to be exposed to diesel engine exhaust under controlled conditions. The resulting fouled tubes were removed and analyzed. Volatile and non-volatile deposit mass was measured for each tube. Thermal diffusivity of the deposited soot cake was measured by milling a window into the tube and using the Xenon flash lamp method. The heat capacity of the deposit was measured at temperatures up to 430 C and was slightly higher than graphite, presumably due to the presence of hydrocarbons. These measurements were combined to allow calculation of the deposit thermal conductivity, which was determined to be 0.041 W/mK, only ~1.5 times that of air and much lower than the 304 stainless steel tube (14.7 W/mK). The main determinant of the deposit thermal conductivity is density, which was measured to be just 2% that of the density of the primary soot particles (or 98% porous). The deposit layer thermal resistance was calculated and compared with estimates of the thermalmore » resistance calculated from gas temperature data during the experiment. The deposit properties were also used to further analyze the temperature data collected during the experiment.« less
The use of public web portals by undergraduate students

The study explored how and why 144 randomly selected undergraduates' from a large university in the U.S. use public Web portals such as Yahoo! or MSN. Demographic and use variables regarding information about particular portal features were collected with a standardized questionnaire including open-ended and closed questions from June to October 2002. All but two respondents were users of public Web portals. A second phase consisted of eight tape-recorded focus groups with 42 participants. In addition, 39 individual follow-up interviews were conducted. The questionnaire data were analyzed using Chi-Square (α = 0.05) to test hypotheses for statistical significance. The focus groups, interviews, and open-ended questions were content analyzed and identified a variety of problems that undergraduates faced using portals. The study provides empirical data about undergraduates' characteristics, e.g., gender, major, classification, GPA, computer and network experience, times of portal use, and use of personalization in relation to the use of public Web portals and the possession of personal home pages. The study sheds light on why and how undergraduates seek information on public Web portals, what they do on these sites, and reasons for using and not using portals and particular portal features. According to the introduced Popularity Index of Public Web Portals , Yahoo! and MSN were the most popular portals, while searches, e-mail, world and national news were the most popular features for undergraduates using these sites. About 50% of the participants used personalization. Personalizers used portals to a greater extent and were satisfied. Lack of personalization and other factors were a reason for limited use of portals. Demographic variables such as gender, age, and major did not show statistical significance for the use of public Web portals, while use variables such as Internet access at home, frequency of portal use, and the possession of a personal home page showed significant relationships. Frequent redesign, privacy concerns, and unsolicited advertising were among reasons for limited use. The study's results contribute to a better understanding of undergraduates' information needs and behavior on public Web portals. The findings have implications for libraries, universities, governments, Web content developers, and marketers.
Gazprom versus the Skyline: Spatial Displacement and Social Contention in St. Petersburg

On 1 December 2006, the Governor of St. Petersburg, Russia, announced the winning entry in a design competition to design a skyscraper headquarters for the Gazprom-Neft corporation. The chosen site lies directly across the Neva River from a popular historical tourist site, Smolny Cathedral, and the building's high modernist style in steel and glass promises a departure from St. Petersburg's historical style. However, the building's proposed height of 396 meters poses the greatest threat to local notions of architectural and planning tradition, which favors a low horizontal skyline. Widespread loyalty to that tradition focused attention on the project's contradiction of the existing Height Regulation, which galvanized the protest activity of several disparate groups throughout 2007 and 2008. Evidence gathered in examination of media coverage, participant observation and interviews among protest groups, as well as city planners and architects, suggests that protest against the project connects directly to the struggle to codify the Height Regulation. Drawing on the moral authority of the historical built environment, protest groups develop a thorough knowledge of drafted legislation and attempt to shame officials who disregard existing codes. Residents thereby enact their ‘right to the city’, as well as new possibilities for Russian polity and identity. Resume Le 1er decembre 2006, la gouverneur de Saint-Petersbourg annoncait le gagnant du concours qui portait sur la creation d’un gratte-ciel abritant le siege de la societe russe Gazprom Neft. Il s’elevera sur la rive de la Neva, en face d’un site touristique historique tres frequente, la cathedrale Smolny, et l’ultra-modernisme du bâtiment d’acier et de verre promet une rupture avec le style historique de la ville. Neanmoins, c’est la hauteur prevue de la tour, 396 metres, qui defie directement les principes traditionnels locaux en architecture et urbanisme, lesquels privilegient un profil urbain horizontal de faible hauteur. Un attachement generalisea cette tradition a focalise l’attention sur le projet qui contrevient a la reglementation existante sur la hauteur, galvanisant les oppositions de plusieurs groupes disparates en 2007 et 2008. Les indices collectes en analysant la couverture mediatique, en observant les protagonistes et en interrogeant les groupes protestataires, ainsi que des urbanistes et architectes, suggerent que l’opposition au projet est clairement liee a la lutte visant a codifier la Reglementation sur la hauteur des bâtiments. S’appuyant sur l’autorite morale de l’environnement historique construit, les groupes protestataires mettent au point une connaissance parfaite de la legislation en projet et tentent de faire honte aux intervenants officiels qui passent outre aux codes en vigueur. Les residents mettent ainsi en oeuvre leur ‘droit a la ville’, ouvrant de nouvelles possibilites pour l’identite et l’action publique russe.
Arabic literacy and secrecy among the Mende of Sierra Leone.

The social uses of Arabic literacy for concealing and manipulating knowledge among the Mende of Sierra Leone are examined. We show that those Mende who are competent in Arabic literacy use their skills much like indigenous elite used traditional secret knowledge: to gain the labour and allegiance of dependants. In contrast to the paradigm which views literacy as a mode of facilitating communication, we show that those Mende who are learned in Arabic construe the knowledge to which literacy allegedly gives access as dangerous and, therefore, secret. We contrast these patterns with the uses of English literacy and with recent changes in Arabic education itself.
Clinical Presentation and Management of Hallux Rigidus

Hallux rigidus is the most commonly occurring arthritic condition of the foot and is marked by pain, limited motion in the sagittal plane of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and varying degrees of functional impairment. In conjunction with clinical findings, radiographic grading helps guide therapeutic choices. Nonsurgical management with anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroid injections, or shoewear and activity modifications can be successful in appropriately selected patients. Patients with more severe disease or refractory to conservative management may benefit from surgical intervention. Operative options range from joint-preserving procedures (eg, cheilectomy with or without associated osteotomies) to joint-altering procedures (eg, arthroplasty or arthrodesis).
Supernova Shock. VIII.

The supernova shock breaks out (i.e., increases its speed beyond 109 cm s-1) at about 300 km simply because the velocity of the infalling material decreases greatly with increasing shock radius. The decrease is not due to a decreasing rate of accretion. Recombination of nucleons into α-particles plays only a minor part. The energy of the shock is directly related to the neutrino luminosity at early times, and agrees well with the computation by Wilson et al. and with the observation on SN 1987A. For the calculation of nucleosynthesis it is essential to consider the shock as a sharp discontinuity. The calculated amount of 56Ni in SN 1987A is then 3 times the observed amount, indicating substantial fallback. Convection between entropy maximum and shock stops at a shock radius of about 1000 km; this keeps the proton fraction Ye closer to that of the infalling material.
The Menominee Termination Crisis: Barriers in the Way of a Rapid Cultural Transition

Congress, the interested members of the general public, as well as some specialists, have had a tendency to emphasize natural resources in their approaches to the problems brought on by termination of federal supervision over the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. Under present law, December 31, 1960 is the latest date at which federal withdrawal can occur. There has been concern over the future of the magnificent trees on the Reservation—which unfortunately has not always been matched by concern for the people who live under or around them. In the same vein, there has also been an understandable emphasis on economic and political organizational problems, such as: The types of business structure which would provide a viable economy for the Menominees and thus an adequate tax base for the post-termination Reservation community; or the form of Wisconsin local government for the area which would best fit into the overall state structure. It is our intention in this paper to outline a series of realities of...
Trends in Student Aid: 1963-64 to 1988-89.

This article describes the aggregate financing of student aid by the federal government, state governments, and institutions over the past 25 years. The major trends in student aid funding are sketched in historical perspective with attention directed to federal program changes that precipitated funding changes. All major programs are covered, and figures are presented in current and constant dollars. Trends in the composition of aid delivered (grants, loans, and work-study) are also discussed. Over time comparisons in the numbers of recipients and aid per recipient are given by programs. Changes in educational costs are compared with changes in income and aid to show the increased difficulty for families and students to pay for higher education in the 1980s.
The evolution of dinosaurs

The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.
A Transient Kinetic Study of the Co/H2 Reaction on Rh/Al2O3 Using FTIR and Mass Spectroscopy

The evolution of surface species (their chemical composition and surface coverage) formed during the CO/H2 reaction at 220°C on 1 wt% Rh/Al2O3 catalyst was studied by transient isotopic and various hydrogen titration techniques using both in situ mass spectrometry and FTIR. There is a very small amount of active carbon, CHx (θCHx < 0.03), and a large amount of surface linear and bridged CO species (θCO = 0.93) which participate in the formation of CH4 during reaction. Their amounts stay practically constant with reaction time in CO/H2 even after 1 h on stream. Also present on the Rh surface are some CxHy (alkyl chains) species which largely grow with reaction time (during the first hour on stream) but do not participate in the reaction mechanism of CH4 formation (spectator species). In addition, formate and carbonate (spectator species) build slowly on the alumina support surface even after 1 h of reaction. The surface coverage of hydrogen, θH, is found to be very small, a result consistent with the coverages of CO, CHx, and CxHy species. CO dissociation over the present 1 wt% Rh/Al2O3 (1.5-nm Rh particles) appears to largely control the overall rate of methane formation, a result similar to that previously reported over the 5 wt% Rh Al2O3 (9.0-nm Rh particles) catalyst.
Transfer of training from one monitoring task to another.

Two experiments were performed to determine whether groups trained on a visual meter-watching task with knowledge of results (K-R) would detect more signals than a control group trained without KR in a later session in which a different watchkeeping task was used. The transfer tasks in the two experiments consisted of detecting a brief interruption of (1) a continuously illuminated light, and (2) a pure tone mixed with continuous white noise. The group trained with KB did significantly better (p<0·05) when transferred to the other visual task. Results on the transfer to auditory task were not significant at the 0·05 level, but the combined results of the two experiments were significant at the 0'025 level. No difference was found in commissive errors (false reports) in either experiment.
Bounds testing approach to analysis of the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis

Abstract This paper examines the long-run and the dynamic temporal relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, population density, trade openness, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in Brazil, China, Egypt, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, South Korea, and South Africa based on the environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. We employ the ARDL Bounds test to cointegration and CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests to ensure cointegration and parameter stability. The estimated results show that the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis holds in Japan and South Korea. In the other six countries, the long-run relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions follows an N-shaped trajectory and the estimated turning points are much higher than the sample mean. In addition, the results indicate that energy consumption Granger-causes both CO 2 emissions and economic growth in all the countries. Our results are consistent with previous studies that show that there is no unique relationship between energy consumption, population density, economic growth, trade openness, and the environment across countries.
Were rhyolitic glasses in the Vedde Ash and in the North Atlantic's Ash Zone 1 produced by the same volcanic eruption?

Abstract New evidence from North Atlantic deep-sea sediment cores suggests that rhyolitic glass shards in Ash Zone 1 and in the Vedde Ash may not have been produced by the same eruption as has been widely assumed. Our argument is based on (1) a marine ice-rafted deposit approximately 1000 years older than the Vedde Ash contains rhyolitic shards with the same major element chemistry as the Vedde Ash itself and (2) coincidence of Ash Zone 1 with an abrupt increase in discharge of glacial icebergs into the North Atlantic. Hence, we cannot rule out the possibility that Vedde-like rhyolitic glasses were erupted onto Icelandic glaciers before eruption of the Vedde Ash, stored in the glacial ice, then dispersed by icebergs into the North Atlantic and deposited partly or entirely as Ash Zone 1. While not disproving that Ash Zone 1 and the Vedde Ash came from the same eruption, our findings indicate that further study is needed to establish the exact relation between the two ash deposits.
PHREATIC VERSUS VADOSE METEORIC DIAGENESIS OF LIMESTONES: EVIDENCE FROM A FOSSIL WATER TABLE

SUMMARY The Middle Pleistocene Belmont Formation of Bermuda consists in part of beach-dune biocalcarenites which underwent intense contemporaneous cementation and diagenesis. The beach deposits were contemporaneously cemented by fibrous isophacous cement to form beachrock, whereas previously deposited eolianites further inland underwent intense meteoric phreatic diagenesis, resulting in coarse-grained cementation and stabilization of most of the metastable components of the rock. Above the Belmont water table, vadose diagenesis was relatively ineffective in cementing and altering the biocalcarenites. Phreatic meteoric diagenesis is interpreted to be a very rapid process, relative to vadose meteoric diagenesis, and to result in a much coarser-grained sparite.
Design of a high-speed, low-noise CMOS data output buffer

The present paper describes the design of a very high-speed data output buffer in use at Intel Corporation's commercially available product. It utilizes several noise-suppression techniques for maximum noise reduction and describes the advantages as well as disadvantages of several other techniques currently in use at industry. It proposes architecture for pre-driver circuit, which mainly gave the buffer it's high-speed without raising the di/dt noise. Simulation results show that the speed of the buffer would be in between 2 and 7 ns while maintaining the derivative of output current within a range of ± 50 and ± 400mA/ns with I/O supply voltages varying between 1.35 and 2.24V.
Two-step laser mass spectrometry of asphaltenes.

Defined by their solubility in toluene and insolubility in n-heptane, asphaltenes are a highly aromatic, polydisperse mixture consisting of the heaviest and most polar fraction of crude oil. Although asphaltenes are critically important to the exploitation of conventional oil and are poised to rise in significance along with the exploitation of heavy oil, even as fundamental a quantity as their molecular weight distribution is unknown to within an order of magnitude. Laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectra vary greatly with experimental parameters so are difficult to interpret: some groups favor high laser pulse energy measurements (yielding heavy molecular weights), arguing that high pulse energy is required to detect the heaviest components of this mixture; other groups favor low pulse energy measurements (yielding light molecular weights), arguing that low pulse energy is required to avoid aggregation in the plasma plume. Here we report asphaltene mass spectra recorded with two-step laser mass s...
Real-time digital design for an optical coherence tomography acquisition and processing system

We present a real-time, multi-dimensional, digital, optical coherence tomography (OCT) acquisition and imaging system. The system consists of conventional OCT optics, a rapid scanning optical delay (RSOD) line to support fast data acquisition rates, and a high-speed A/D converter for sampling the interference waveforms. A 1M-gate Virtex-II field programmable gate array (FPGA) is designed to perform digital down conversion. This is analogous to demodulating and low-pass filtering the continuous time signal. The system creates in-phase and quadrature-phase components using a tunable quadrature mixer. Multistage polyphase finite impulse response (FIR) filtering and down sampling is used to remove unneeded high frequencies. A floating-point digital signal processor (DSP) computes the magnitude and phase shifts. The data is read by a host machine and displayed on screen at real-time rates commensurate with the data acquisition rate. This system offers flexible acquisition and processing parameters for a wide range of multi-dimensional optical microscopy techniques.
Predicting road culvert passability for migratory fishes

Aim Our goal was to predict road culvert passability, as defined by culvert outlet drop and outlet water velocity, for three fish swimming groups using remotely collected environmental variables that have been shown to influence the passability of road culverts. Locatio Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, north-eastern North America, on the Canada–USA border. Methods We generated four boosted regression tree models, one for road culvert outlet drop and one each for the three culvert outlet water velocities, and predicted the probability of impassable road culverts on low-order streams (Strahler 1-4) based on the models. Independent variables in the models included the upstream area draining to the culvert, slope at the culvert, stream segment gradient and stream reach gradient. Results Gradient of the stream segment was the most important predictor in the outlet drop model, while upstream drainage area was the most important predictor in the three water velocity models. A majority of road culverts on low-order streams are estimated to be passable even for weaker swimming fishes. Moderate to highly impassable road culverts are distributed across many low-order streams throughout the basin, but particular regions are predicted to have higher densities than others due to topography. Main conclusions Predicted passability of road culverts by migratory fish is related to natural gradients in topography and stream size. While the probability of any particular culvert being impassable is low, the vast number of culverts in the basin means that, together, they could pose a greater challenge to migratory fish than dams. Our modelling framework could be used in any region where culverts are prevalent in the riverscape. The resulting estimates of passability to fishes can guide surveys towards the most problematic hydrological regions and structures and contribute to broad-scale prioritization of barrier removals to restore ecological connectivity.
Fifth Annual John Peters Award, American Society of Nephrology

In 1983 the Council of the American Society of Nephrology instituted the John P. Peters Award to recognize individuals who have made outstanding contributions to clinical Nephrology. The award is presented at the annual meeting and is a counterpart to the Homer W. Smith Award, co-sponsored by the American Society of Nephrology and the New York Heart Association, which recognizes achievements in basic Nephrology research. The Award was named for John P. Peters, Professor of Medicine and Director of Metabolism and Renal Diseases at Yale who was a leader in establishing the specialty of Nephrology in the United States by his training of many leading academic Nephrologists. The first recipient of the Award in 1983 was Donald W. Seldin and subsequent awards were given to Jean Hamburger and John P. Merrill in 1984, to Franklin H. Epstein in 1985, to Belding H. Scribner in 1986 and to Conrad L. Pirani and Jacob Churg in 1987. THOMAS F. FERRIS President, American Society of Nephrology
Clinical evidence for thyroid dysfunction in patients with seasonal affective disorder

Of 49 consecutive patients over a 21-mo period satisfying conservative criteria for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a well-characterized syndrome involving seasonal neurovegetative dysregulation, 17 (35%) were found to have elevated serum TSH compatible with mild primary hypothyroidism (TSH > 4.6 microIU/ml). An additional eight patients (16%) met criteria for "conjectural" hypothyroidism (TSH > 3.5 microIU/ml or exaggerated TSH response to TRH). The frequency of cases with supranormal TSH within the SAD group, both with and without inclusion of the "conjectural" cases, proved statistically significant when compared to that within psychiatric patients not satisfying criteria for SAD (N = 381) or to that within the population at large. The author suggests that SAD may in part represent a reformulation in modern neuropsychiatric terms of a previously noted fall-winter decrement, both biochemical and clinical, among hypothyroid patients.
Identification of an ethanol-soluble protein as β-amylase and its purification from soybean seeds.

In the 60% ethanol extract of soybean seeds, a prominent protein band was visible after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which had a molecular weight of about 55 x 10(3) M(r). This protein was purified to homogeneity by buffered ethanol extraction and preparatory gel electrophoresis. Since the N-terminus was apparently blocked, the protein was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and the largest fragment was isolated and a partial sequence determined. The sequence of the 27 N-terminal amino acid residues matched a published soybean beta-amylase peptide sequence. In addition, the purified protein had a high specific activity for beta-amylase and was not a glycoprotein. Furthermore, the partial sequence (106 nucleotides) of a cDNA clone, isolated from a soybean seed cDNA library by antibody screening, matched the cDNA sequence of soybean beta-amylase except for one base. Therefore, the ethanol-soluble protein was identified as beta-amylase. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using a two-step purification procedure with a yield of over 50%.
Foucault and the Early Childhood Classroom

Foucault's notion of “regimes of truth” (MacNaughton 2005, 30) provides an understanding of how some discourses operate and network together to reinforce a particular powerful view of the world. These can be in oral or written forms. Early childhood education practices are drawn on the discourse of a document developed by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) on developmentally appropriate practice. Statements made in this written discourse have been accepted as factual and produce shared language among early childhood researchers. Foucault's perspectives of discourse and terms used by him as regimes of truth are used in this article to evaluate the written document that early childhood educators have accepted as authoritative truth. Suggestions for practice include providing a discourse that calls for early childhood teachers to allow time for reflective dialogue and the recognition of multiple perspectives to inform pedagogical knowledge of the social and cultural contexts...
An Investigation of the Taxonomic Value of the Phallus in the Lygaeidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)

The foundation of the higher classification of the hemipterous family Lygaeidae was laid down by Stal (1862, 1872, 1874). Modifications and additions have been made by Reuter (1878), Breddin (1907), Barber (1917, 1918) and Barber and Bruner (1933). Since the time of Stal, there has been no review of the higher categories of the family as a whole, nor has there been any attempt to analyze any character complex not normally used to test the validity of these groups.