cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assignment of overtone and combination bands in the vibrational spectrum of CD3I

Abstract A number of overtone and combination banda in the i.r. spectrum of CD3I have been measured at medium or high resolution and the rotational fine structure of these bands has been analyzed to obtain estimates of the rotational constants of the excited vibrational states. From these results we are able to estimate the values of the rotational constants A1, A2, A4 and B4. The new measurements confirm many previous assignments of the overtone and combination bands with some revisions and also reveal five bands not previously reported. Further, the analysis of the rotational structure yields precise estimates of the vibrational origins of the overtone and combination bands and these values have been used to estimate the anharmonic constants xss' and gtt' for CD3I.
Modeling Negative Campaigning

Negative campaigning is an important aspect of campaign competition but plays little or no role in existing models of campaigns. Within the context of plurality elections for a single office we model the incentives that affect the use of negative campaigning. Under simplifying but still quite general assumptions we show a number of results, including the following key conclusions: (1) for two-candidate competition the front-runner will engage in more positive and less negative campaigning than the opponent; (2) in a three-candidate contest with one candidate clearly trailing by a large margin and playing mainly a spoiler role, that candidate will only engage in positive campaigning; and (3) in any three-candidate contest, no candidate engages in negative campaigning against the weaker of his two opponents, so that to the extent there is negative campaigning, it will be directed against the front-runner or it will come from the front-runner. These results have direct empirical applications to multicandidate primaries and nonpartisan contests and can provide insight into recent general elections as well.
Unsteady calibration of fast-response pressure probes, Part 3: Air-jet experiments

A facility was developed that produces a known and repeatable oscillating air jet used to test the unsteady probe calibration techniques developed in Parts 1 and 2 for fast-response, multihole pressure probes. Its characteristics. in the steady and unsteady operation modes were studied. The facility can produce flow velocities up to Mach 0.3 with oscillation frequencies up to 1500 Hz and oscillation amplitudes of up to ±20%. A hemispherical-tip, fast-response five-hole probe was developed and tested in this facility. The unsteady flowfield was measured via hot-wire anemometry, to document the instantaneous unsteady flow velocity, and a specially designed fast-response static-pressure probe in order to measure the jet's instantaneous unsteady static pressure
Human angiopoietin gene expression is a marker for severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

Abstract Objective: A consistent pathologic feature seen in lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension from thromboembolic disease is hyperplasia of the media of pulmonary arterioles. The molecular factors responsible for these vessel wall changes are unknown. Angiopoietin-1 is a gene responsible for the formation of the media of blood vessels in utero. We hypothesized that aberrant expression of the angiopoietin-1 gene in the adult lung would be a major contributing factor in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Methods: From April 1999 to March 2000, a total of 35 patients (18 men, 17 women, mean age 52 years) with pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance ranging from 407 to 2006 dynes · sec · cm –5 underwent pulmonary endarterectomy at our institution. Before cardiopulmonary bypass, lung biopsy specimens were taken from each patient. Biopsy specimens were also obtained from 10 patients (5 women, 5 men, mean age 55 years) undergoing lung resection for causes other than pulmonary hypertension. All specimens were blindly scored by a pathologist for degree of medial hyperplasia. Quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to quantitate angiopoietin-1 messenger RNA and protein in each sample. Results: Lung specimens from all patients with pulmonary hypertension demonstrated up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 at the messenger RNA level. The degree of angiopoietin-1 transcription was directly proportional to the preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance and medial wall hyperplasia/hypertrophy in each patient. By immunohistochemistry, angiopoietin-1 protein was confined to the media of pulmonary arterioles. Lung biopsy specimens from patients without pulmonary hypertension had no detectable expression of angiopoietin-1 at the messenger RNA or protein level. Conclusion: Angiopoietin-1, a gene responsible for vessel development in the embryonic lung, is up-regulated in the lung parenchyma of patients with pulmonary hypertension. The level of expression of angiopoietin-1 at messenger RNA and protein levels correlates to the severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients with thromboembolic disease and serves as a target for strategies to treat this disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:65-73
Activation of Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain 2 (NOD2) by Human Cytomegalovirus Initiates Innate Immune Responses and Restricts Virus Replication

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an important innate immune sensor of bacterial pathogens. Its induction results in activation of the classic NF-κB pathway and alternative pathways including type I IFN and autophagy. Although the importance of NOD2 in recognizing RNA viruses has recently been identified, its role in sensing DNA viruses has not been studied. We report that infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in significant induction of NOD2 expression, beginning as early as 2 hours post infection and increasing steadily 24 hours post infection and afterwards. Infection with human herpesvirus 1 and 2 does not induce NOD2 expression. While the HCMV-encoded glycoprotein B is not required for NOD2 induction, a replication competent virion is necessary. Lentivirus-based NOD2 knockdown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and U373 glioma cells leads to enhanced HCMV replication along with decreased levels of interferon beta (IFN-β) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL8. NOD2 induction in HCMV-infected cells activates downstream NF-κB and interferon pathways supported by reduced nuclear localization of NF-κB and pIRF3 in NOD2 knockdown HFFs. Stable overexpression of NOD2 in HFFs restricts HCMV replication in association with increased levels of IFN-β and IL8. Similarly, transient overexpression of NOD2 in U373 cells or its downstream kinase, RIPK2, results in decreased HCMV replication and enhanced cytokine responses. However, overexpression of a mutant NOD2, 3020insC, associated with severe Crohn's disease, results in enhanced HCMV replication and decreased levels of IFN-β in U373 cells. These results show for the first time that NOD2 plays a significant role in HCMV replication and may provide a model for studies of HCMV recognition by the host cell and HCMV colitis in Crohn's disease.
The Use of Incentive Contracting and Firm Reputation

Following the vast amount of theoretical research demonstrating the benefits of incentive contracting (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Farley, 1964; Weinberg, 1975; Srinivasan, 1981; Basu et al., 1985, Bryan et al., 2006; Stiffler, 2006; Chu, 2006), corporations have embraced and significantly increased their use of incentive contracts such as commission on sales, over that past decade. While corporations have increased the use of incentive contracting, they have simultaneously expressed increased interest in maintaining or improving the reputation of their firm. This research demonstrates that the two goals may be incongruous, that, in contrast to previous research, the use of incentive contracting may not align the interests of management and sales staff and may expose the corporation to increased reputation risk. Specifically, we incorporate Finnerty's (2005) compensation model into a multilevel asymmetric information model and demonstrate that a salesperson's incentive to increase reputational risk by misrepresenting the product or service of the firm is a function of the existence of asymmetric information between the salesperson and the customer, for example customer knowledge base, the inability of management to monitor a salesperson's actions, the lack of a timely penalty for a salesperson's aberrant actions, and the relative level of salesperson's commission to base compensation.
A Gastric Lavage Technique for Characterizing Diets of Sturgeons

Abstract Sacrificing sturgeons for diet analyses is not a feasible option because many sturgeon species are protected by laws or management plans that prohibit direct taking. Consequently, basic food habits data are limited for many populations of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus and shortnose sturgeon A. brevirostrum. A safe and effective method for removing stomach contents from live sturgeons is needed to address this data gap. I describe a method for safely flushing stomach contents from live sturgeons that addresses problems previously encountered with gastric lavage on these fishes. The system was used during the summer of 1996 to obtain stomach contents from shortnose sturgeon and juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the Hudson River estuary. Identifiable prey items were retrieved from 91% (21 of 23) of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon and 81% (39 of 48) of shortnose sturgeon. More research is needed to test the efficiency of this procedure for removing prey items from sturgeons.
Reverse gastric pacing reduces food intake without inducing symptoms in dogs.

Objective. To investigate the therapeutic potential of reverse gastric pacing (RGP) for obesity by studying the effects of RGP on food intake and symptoms in dogs. Material and methods. The study was performed in 9 dogs in 3 sessions (control, strong RGP and moderate RGP). Gastric myoelectrical activity and food intake were measured in each session. RGP was performed using serosal electrodes implanted in the distal stomach at the physiological frequency of the intrinsic gastric myoelectrical activity with a pulse width of 550–950 ms. The amplitude of the stimulus was set at a level maximally tolerable by the animals in the strong RGP session and 50% of the maximum level in the moderate session. Results. 1) Compared with the control, strong RGP (p<0.001) and moderate RGP (p<0.01) significantly reduced the amount of food intake by 62.9% and 31.7%, respectively (p<0.05, ANOVA). 2) Whereas strong RGP induced significant symptoms, moderate RGP did not induce any significant symptoms in comparison with the cont...
Consumer presence and resource diversity independently induce stability of ecosystem function in a Piedmont stream

With the acceleration of species loss across multiple ecosystems, the mechanisms explaining subsequent changes in ecosystem processes are under continuing investigation. In detritus-based ecosystems, such as soils, small streams, and wetlands, one consequence of tree species loss is the shift in the species composition of leaf litter resources to consumers. Given substantial variation in resource quality among senesced leaf species, organic matter processing rates are known to change with litter species loss as both microbial and invertebrate consumers respond to loss of resource diversity. While the effects on processing rates are now well documented, the implications for such species loss on the stability of organic matter processing have not been explicitly tested. In a field experiment, leaf litter diversity was manipulated as single- and mixed-species treatments in a full-factorial design with the presence/absence of a functionally important leaf-shredding consumer, the caddisfly Pycnopsyche gentilis. It was hypothesized that in the absence of the consumer, loss of leaf litter species would result in higher variability (i.e., lower stability) in organic matter processing rates, owing to the portfolio effect commonly observed in plant communities. However, compensatory feeding by the consumer should offset the effect of leaf litter species loss. The results showed higher variation in litter processing among single-species leaf treatments compared to diverse mixtures. When P. gentilis had access, variation among single-species litter treatments was significantly reduced (i.e., stability increased), and was statistically indistinguishable from high diversity litter treatments. In small streams, which comprise >70% of stream miles in river drainages and often rely on allochthonous resources from riparian vegetation, how loss of stream-side forest species influences stability of in-stream organic matter processing can be independent of important detritivorous consumers.
Kinetics and regioselectivity of peptide-to-heterocycle conversions by microcin B17 synthetase

Abstract Background: The Escherichia coli peptide antibiotic microcin 1317 (MccB17) contains four oxazole and four thiazole rings introduced post-translationally in the 69 amino acid McbA gene product, an MccB17 precursor, by the microcin B,C,D enzyme complex. Both monocyclic and 4,2-bis-heterocyclic moieties are generated. The enzymatic cyclization involves 14 of the. last 43 amino acids of McbA and requires the presence of the first 26 amino acids that function as a specificity-conferring propeptide. Results: We have constructed maltose-binding protein (MBP)-McbA 1–46 fusion proteins and have mutagenized the GIy39-Ser40-Cys41 (GSC) wild-type sequence to assess the regioselectivity and chemoselectivity of MccB17-synthetase-mediated heterocycle formation at the first two loci, residues 40 and 41 of McbA. Four single-site and four double-site substrates showed substantial differences in turnover as assessed by western assays, UV-visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Cysteine-derived thiazoles form at a greater rate than serine-derived oxazoles. Formation of bis-heterocycles is sensitive both to composition and sequence context. Conclusions: The E. coli McbB,C,D MccBl 7 synthetase is the first peptide heterocyclization enzyme to be characterized. This study reveals substantial regioselectivity and chemoselectivity (thiazole > oxazole) at the most aminoterminal bis-heterocyclization site of McbA. The heterocyclization of GSS and GCC mutants of McbA 1–46 by MccB17 synthetase demonstrates that the complex can efficiently generate tandem bis-oxazoles and bis-thiazoles, moieties not found in MccB17 but present in natural products such as hennoxazole and bleomycin. The observations suggest a common enzymatic mechanism for the formation of peptide-derived heterocyclic natural products.
Embedding Due Process Measures throughout the Evaluation of Teachers.

Over the past 10 years, since No Child Left Behind started pressuring school districts to focus on student test scores, many states have begun to consider student performance when evaluating teachers. This article will provide preventive measures of fairness and substantive due process to avoid potential teacher objections and gain teacher support. These “steps along the way” will avoid putting all the decision-making power in the hands of a single evaluator, thereby ensuring a fairer process.
Why doers do: 15 years wiser

This article is part of the dialogue on human performance technology (HPT) models that began in the October 2011 issue of Performance Improvement. In 1996, the author shared a new HPT model with Performance & Instruction readers. Since then, he has refined the model and added empirical research. In the spirit of continuous improvement, the author engineered the model to improve areas that were weak, ambiguous, or outdated. The current version is a “wiser” model that makes sense to business clients.
Formation of Sustained Release Wax Matrices Within Hard Gelatin Capsules in a Fluidized Bed

AbstractSustained release wax matrices were formed within hard gelatin capsules during fluidization in a hot air stream. The capsules were filled with drug (propranolol HC1 or dieophylline) – wax (Precirol ATO-5 or Gelucire 50/13) powder blends and suspended in a fluidized bed to induce fusion of the wax. Upon cooling, wax matrices with embedded drug were formed in the ends of die capsules. The use of blends of waxes with different HLB values allowed good control over the drug release pattern. The drug release from the matrices was independent of the pH of the dissolution medium. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the physical state of the drugs in the matrices. Propranolol HC1 was insoluble and completely dispersed in the wax matrix while theophylline was partially dissolved in the wax.
Research priorities and recommendations for dietary assessment methodology

A list of research priorities related to dietary assessment methodology is presented. The priorities are based on a consensus of opinion by a multidisciplinary international group of experts who participated in the First International Conference on Dietary Assessment Methods. These experts included researchers in dietary assessment methodology, major users of dietary assessment methods, and policymakers involved in setting food and nutrition policies. The list of priorities may be used as a guide for planning future research in dietary assessment methods, for prioritizing the allocation of available research resources, and for planning subsequent conferences. A list of recommendations related to dietary assessment methodology is also presented
Contraception after Pregnancy Termination

Very simply put, contraceptive counseling and services are an essential component of any abortion service program. In fact, it is fair to say that contraception should be an integral part of all reproductive health care, particularly post-abortion and postpartum. It is unfortunately true that the general obstetrics and gynecology community, over the years, has given inadequate attention to this area, particularly for low-income clinic patients. The situation has been somewhat better in private practice but even here it is often the woman who initiates the discussion rather than the physician offering contraceptive counseling as an integral part of the health care process.
Review of Experimental Lifetimes: Fourth Period Elements

Many lifetime measurements have been carried out for the fourth period elements, but most of them involve work on only the first few spectra of potassium, calcium, iron, nickel, zinc, and krypton. There are no measurements to date known to us for any of the spectra of bromine, and there are very few measurements on scandium, titanium, vanadium, germanium, arsenic, and selenium.
Transcription analysis of a lantibiotic gene cluster from Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A

Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A was previously demonstrated to produce a lantibiotic, but only during growth on agar media. To evaluate the feasibility of production of this lantibiotic in broth media, a transcription analysis of the lanA gene was undertaken. Comparative microarray analysis of broth and agar cultures of B. longum DJO10A revealed that the lantibiotic production, modification, transport/peptidase, and immunity genes were significantly upregulated in agar cultures, while the two-component regulatory genes were expressed equally under both conditions. This suggested that the signal transduction regulatory system should function in broth cultures. Real-time PCR and Northern hybridization confirmed that lanA gene expression was significantly repressed in broth cultures. A crude lantibiotic preparation from an agar-grown culture was obtained, and its antimicrobial spectrum analysis revealed a broad inhibition range. Addition of this extract to broth cultures of B. longum DJO10A induced lanA gene expression in a dose-dependent fashion. Subinoculation using >10% of an induced broth culture maintained lanA expression. The expression of lanA was log-phase specific, being significantly downregulated in stationary phase. Transcription start analysis of lanA revealed a 284-bp 5' untranslated region, which was proposed to be involved in repression of transcription, while an inverted repeat structure located at bp -75 relative to the transcription start was strategically located to likely function as a binding site for the two-component response regulator. Understanding the transcription regulation of this lanA gene is the first step toward enabling production of this novel and potentially interesting lantibiotic in broth cultures.
Computing the 7Li NMR chemical shielding of hydrated Li+ using cluster calculations and time-averaged configurations from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations

Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations have been used to predict the time-averaged Li NMR chemical shielding for a Li+ solution. These results are compared to NMR shielding calculations on smaller Li+(H2O)n clusters optimized in either the gas phase or with a polarizable continuum model (PCM) solvent. The trends introduced by the PCM solvent are described and compared to the time-averaged chemical shielding observed in the AIMD simulations where large explicit water clusters hydrating the Li+ are employed. Different inner- and outer-coordination sphere contributions to the Li NMR shielding are evaluated and discussed. It is demonstrated an implicit PCM solvent is not sufficient to correctly model the Li shielding, and that explicit inner hydration sphere waters are required during the NMR calculations. It is also shown that for hydrated Li+, the time averaged chemical shielding cannot be simply described by the population-weighted average of coordination environments containing different number of waters.
Newsvendor problem with pricing: properties, algorithms, and simulation

When a newsvendor faces stochastic price-sensitive demands, he/she has to make the pricing and inventory decisions before the demand is realized. In the literature, this problem is typically solved by reducing it to an optimization problem over a single variable. In contrast, we treat this problem as a nonlinear system of two variables and provide some solution properties (e.g. existence, uniqueness) of the system. We also develop an iterative algorithm and a simulation based algorithm for this problem.
Dynamic document reclassification for preventing insider abuse

Digital documents in an organization are usually classified into static secrecy levels such as top-secret, secret, confidential and unclassified. Factors such as changes in the user hierarchy and addition of new projects generally require a change in a document's importance. Enforcing such changes in relative importance (RI) of documents protect the privileged documents from insider abuse. In this paper we propose a new framework for monitoring and dynamically changing the RI of documents over time. The proposed scheme utilizes a reasoning technique which takes into consideration the organization-specific data and the document usage data to make an informed decision on the RI of documents. Various inputs to the reasoning framework are standardized using XML schemas to provide interoperability. We have performed simulations with synthetic document usage data and report the results as proof of concept.
Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm

The pattern of variation in taxonomic turnover on short timescales is expected to leave detectable signals even when taxonomic data are compiled at coarser timescales. Global, stage-level data on first and last appearances of marine animal genera are analyzed to determine whether it is more likely that origination and extinction were spread throughout stages or that they were con- centrated at a single episode per stage. The analysis takes incomplete and variable sampling of stratigraphic ranges into consideration, and it takes advantage of the fact that empirical sampling rates are within the range of values that allow the within-stage turnover models to be distinguished on the basis of stage-level data. The data strongly support the model of a single extinction pulse per stage over the alternative of continuous extinction within the stage. Pulsed origination is also supported over continuous origination, but the case is not as compelling as for extinction. Differ- ential support for pulsed turnover is not confined to a few stages. Pulsed turnover therefore ap- pears to be a general feature of the evolution of marine animals.
The Senators of Sixth-Century Gaul

WHAT WE KNOW about the social origins of the senators of sixth-century Gaul is important because they and their families are involved in several historical questions of the first magnitude: our understanding of Merovingian government and aristocracy, and consequently of early feudalism, is affected by them, for they were the highest class of Gallo-Romans in the Late Empire and the chief Gallo-Roman component of the developing Merovingian nobility;' our account of Gallic ecclesiastical history is strongly influenced by them, inasmuch as they provided almost without exception the bishops of Gaul;2 and our assessment of the degree of continuity between the Roman and Merovingian periods is determined in large part by whether they represent the same class as do imperial senators of the fourth and fifth centuries.3 In general, our knowledge of sixth-century Gaul depends primarily on Gregory of Tours, in spite of his currently unfashionable concept of history and in spite of his unclassical Latin. Works of others such as Venantius Fortunatus, Marius of Avenches, and "Fredegarius" are not unimportant, but they serve mainly to supplement the great amount of information avail-
Women's Reform Organizations and Wartime Mobilization in World War I-Era Los Angeles

During World War I, the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense served as an intermediary between the federal government and women's voluntary associations. This study of white middle- and upper-middle-class clubwomen in Los Angeles, California reveals ways in which local women pursued twin goals of aiding the war effort while pursuing their own, pre-existing agendas. Women in a wide variety of groups, including organizations associated with the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the Red Cross, had different goals, but most women activists agreed on the need to promote women's suffrage and citizenship rights and to continue the maternalist reform programs begun in the Progressive Era. At the center of their war voluntarism was the conviction that women citizens must play a crucial role in protecting the family amidst the crisis of war.
Physiological and behavioral adaptation to relocation stress in differentially reared rhesus monkeys: Hair cortisol as a biomarker for anxiety-related responses

Increased hair cortisol concentrations have been associated with stress exposure in both human and nonhuman primates, and hair cortisol is now gaining attention as a biomarker for stress-related health problems. The present study examined the behavioral and physiological reactions of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants reared in three different rearing environments to the major stressor of relocation. Infant monkeys (n=61) were studied from birth through 2 years of age. For the first 8 months of life, infants were either with their mothers and peers (MPR, n=21) or reared in a nursery using either peer-rearing (PR, n=20) or surrogate-peer-rearing (SPR, n=20). At approximately 8 months of age, infants were removed from their rearing group, simultaneously placed into a large social environment consisting of infants from all three rearing conditions, and observed for the next 16 months. Behavior was recorded twice per week from 1 to 24 months, and composite anxiety scores were calculated for each monkey. Monkeys were initially shaved at the nape of the neck on day 14 to remove any prenatal effects on hair cortisol deposition. Hair samples were then collected by re-shaving at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months and analyzed for cortisol content. MPR monkeys were the least affected by the stressor, showing smaller increases in anxious behavior than the other groups and more rapid physiological adaptation as assessed using hair cortisol. PR monkeys showed heightened and prolonged anxious behavior, had the highest cortisol levels prior to relocation, and their cortisol levels did not decline until more than a year later. SPR monkeys exhibited more rapid behavioral adaptation than PR monkeys, showing heightened but not prolonged anxious behavior. However, the SPR group showed a marked increase in cortisol in response to the relocation, and like the PR group, their physiological adaptation was slower than that of the MPR group as indicated by elevated cortisol levels at 18 months. By 24 months of age (16 months after relocation), all rearing groups were indistinguishable from one another physiologically and behaviorally. Spearman rank correlation revealed that hair cortisol taken at month 6 was not correlated with composite anxiety scores from months 6 to 8 (just before the relocation), but was positively correlated with composite anxiety scores between months 8 and 12 (immediately after relocation) for PR infants only (r(s)=0.75, p<0.001). Month 6-hair cortisol tended to positively correlate with composite anxiety scores for the following 6 months (months 12-18) for PR monkeys only (r(s)=0.47, p=0.037), which exhibited more anxious behavior than MPR and SPR infants during this period (ANOVA: F((2,60))=14.761, p<0.001) This is the first study to show that elevated hair cortisol early in life is a biomarker for the later development of anxious behavior in response to a major life stressor, particularly for infant monkeys exposed to early life adversity in the form of peer-rearing.
Diapause development in the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Abstract Diapause development rate of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran pupae as measured by the percentage of adult eclosion, the pattern and synchronization of eclosion, and the mean time to eclosion after exposure to different cold temperatures, was optimum at 3 °C. Both 6° and 9 °C environments were adequate for completion of diapause and there appeared to be only slight difference between the rate of diapause development at all these three temperatures. Chilling pupae at temperatures below 3 °C or above 9 °C reduced the diapause development rates, although some eclosion was noticed at –3, 0 and 17 °C. However, the eclosion levels and synchrony were poor, indicating lowered diapause development at these temperatures. A very small (3 %) proportion of the test population completed diapause development without exposure to cold temperatures indicating the presence of non-diapausing genotypes. Zusammenfassung Diapause-Entwicklung bei der Westlichen Kirschfruchtfliege, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera, Tephritidae) Die Diapause-Entwicklungsrate von R. indifferens-Puppen, bestimmt nach dem Prozentsatz des Fliegenschlupfens, dem Muster und der Synchronisation des Schlupfens sowie der mittleren Schlupfzeit nach Einwirkung verschieden niedriger Temperaturen, hatte ihr Optimum bei 3 °C. Auch bei 6 und 9 °C wurde die Diapause vollendet, wobei nur geringe Unterschiede zur Diapause-Entwicklungsrate bei 3 °C bestanden. Die Beeinflussung der Puppen durch Temperaturen unter 3 °C oderuber 9 °C verringerten die Diapause-Entwicklungsrate, obwohl auch noch bei — 3 °C und 17 °C ahnliche Schlupfungen beobachtet wurden. Jedoch waren Schlupfrate und Synchronisation hierbei gering und zeigten damit eine Verringerung der Diapause-Entwicklungsrate bei diesen Temperaturen. Ein sehr kleiner Teil (3 %) der Testpopulation vollendete die Diapause-Entwicklung auch ohne Kalteschock, was auf die Existenz nicht-diapausierender Genotypen hinweist.
The Criminal Justice System and Child Placement in Child Sexual Abuse Cases

This study examined the relationship between declining to prosecute child sexual abuse and child placement. All cases involving child sexual abuse charges referred to prosecutors in four jurisdictions across the country were tracked. A sample (N = 289) of the child victims and families from these cases were interviewed at the time of referral for prosecution and 8 to 9 months later, and data on life events (including child placement), maternal support, and child and family adjustment were gathered. In cases declined for prosecution, 41% of children were placed outside the home since the first interview, as compared to 19% of children in accepted cases (p < .001). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that children were significantly more likely to be placed outside the home when alleged abuse lasted more than 1 month, families were more disturbed, maternal support was less, and cases were declined for prosecution. Possible explanations for the relationship between prosecution and child placement are discus...
Leading multiple ad hoc teammates in joint action settings

The growing use of autonomous agents in practice may require agents to cooperate as a team in situations where they have limited prior knowledge about one another, cannot communicate directly, or do not share the same world models. These situations raise the need to design ad hoc team members, i.e., agents that will be able to cooperate without coordination in order to reach an optimal team behavior. This paper considers problem of leading N-agent teams by a single agent toward their optimal joint utility, where the agents compute their next actions based only on their most recent observations of their teammates' actions. We show that compared to previous results in two-agent teams, in larger teams the agent might not be able to lead the team to the action with maximal joint utility. In these cases, the agent's optimal strategy leads the team to the best possible reachable cycle of joint actions. We describe a graphical model of the problem and a polynomial time algorithm for solving it. We then consider the problem of leading teams where the agents' base their actions on a longer history of past observations, showing that the an upper bound computation time exponential in the memory size is very likely to be tight.
Structure and Interactions in Tethered Chains

Over the past fifteen years there has been considerable interest in polymeric stabilization of colloidal suspensions [1–3]. This process, termed steric stabilization, requires the attachment of a layer of strongly bound polymer to the colloidal surface to prevent aggregation due to van der Waals attractions. The desire to produce a thick, essentially irreversibly bound polymer layer has led to the investigation of polymers attached to surfaces, either physically or chemically, by one end only. It is these chains anchored by one end that have come to be known as “tethered chains”.
Is Cellular Senescence Genetically Programmed

The limited capacity for division exhibited by normal animal cells in culture is well documented and a striking contrast to the unlimited division potential of abnormal tumor-derived or virus- or carcinogen-transformed cells. In 1965 Hayflick proposed that the limited division of normal cells was a manifestation of aging at the cellular level, and we have studied normal human cells, particularly fibroblasts, as a model for in vitro aging, attempting to understand the basic mechanisms involved in normal growth control.
Small generators for S-unit groups of division algebras

Let $k$ be a number field, suppose that $B$ is a central simple division algebra over $k$, and choose any maximal order $\mathcal{D}$ of $B$. The object of this paper is to show that the group $\mathcal{D}_S^*$ of $S$-units of $B$ is generated by elements of small height once $S$ contains an explicit finite set of places of $k$. This generalizes a theorem of H.\ W.\ Lenstra Jr., who proved such a result when $B = k$. Our height bound is an explicit function of the number field and the discriminant of a maximal order in $B$ used to define its $S$-units.
State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Empirical Research

This article explores many of the key theoretical and analytical issues attending empirical research on state sovereignty. It reviews recent research on sovereignty, the state, and state-building in an attempt to summarize what we now know or think we know about state sovereignty. Bringing the fruits of that research to bear on the concepts that define state sovereignty, I offer some criteria from which analysts might derive empirically testable propositions about sovereignty's historical status and future prospects. In conclusion, I argue that research on these issues should be (re-) directed to the bedrock of sovereignty: rule making and enforcement authority, or what I call policing.
Dynamic Policy Enforcement Using Restriction Set Theoretic Expressions (RSTE)

Service Oriented Sensor Networks consist of various assets and host variety of services, some of which are composed of other services. Policies are widely used for regulating access to assets and services specially when these assets are owned by different parties in a coalition environment. In this paper, we present a novel mechanism for policy implementation to provide or restrict access to resources using policies. We present "Restriction Set Theoretic Expressions (RSTE)"to represent assets and policies in the form of sets at system level, therefore RSTE is independent of high-level representation of policies and assets. High-level representation of network assets and policies can be easily translated to semantically defined RSTE sets and then different RSTE operations are applied to restrict or release access to resources. RSTE defines sets and operations that can be performed on the sets to implement policies. We describe semantics of RSTE sets and operations for assets in service configuration in WSNs and show how the services and policies can be represented as sets. We then leverage the capabilities of relational databases by representing sets as tables and applying policies as set operations executed as SQL queries. Operations performed on the database tables yield restricted sets of policy enforced services. Such services can then be provided to the user or used by service configuration to compose complex services. If service composition cannot be performed due to policy restrictions, the restricting conditions are reported to user through presentation layer for policy negotiation and relaxation.
Rejoinder to Frederick Lighthall

Readers who have managed to get this far in the review of Local Realities, Local Adaptations and are now interested in reading Frederick Lighthall's book had best get on with that pleasant task. Lighthall critiques my theoretical framework and offers some alternatives. Inevitably, other readers will bring still other perspectives to their reading of the book and induce still other understandings in the process. It was ever thus. Lighthall's view of problem finding is too restricted for my scholarly and administrative tastes, but in observing this I really do not diminish his thoughtful research and intriguing research report. Hopefully, our dialog above will lead some readers to the book who might not otherwise have found it and provide some rough parameters for a read. May they enjoy the provocative quality of Local Realities, Local Adaptations (and its author) as much as I have.
57 THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION ENZYMES ON LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS AND FUNCTION IN HEART FAILURE

Expression of cardiac fatty acid oxidation (FAO) enzymes is regulated by the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα). Previous studies suggest that activation of PPARα might impair left ventricular (LV) function and increased heart failure (HF) progression. We tested the hypothesis that increased FAO enzyme expression is associated with accelerated LV dysfunction and dilation in HF. Rats underwent either left coronary artery ligation to induce HF (n = 18) or sham operation (n = 9). Eight weeks after ligation, infarcted rats were assigned treatment with fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist (150 mg/kg/day; HF + FENO, n = 9) or left untreated (HF, n = 9). After 12 weeks of treatment, rats were studied with 2-D echocardiography. LV tissue was subsequently isolated and weighed, then freeze clamped for the measurement of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I) and pyruvate deyhydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK-4) expression by real-time RT-PCR. Results: HF resulted in a decrease in fractional shortening (FS) and an increase in end diastolic diameter (EDD) compared to sham, and there were no differences in LV function or dilation between HF and HF + FENO groups. The LV mass (both absolute and normalized for body weight) and MCAD, CPT-I and PDK-4 expression were significantly increased in HF + FENO compared to HF and sham. There were no statistically significant differences in LV mass or mRNA expression between the HF and sham groups. Conclusion: Activation of PPARα with fenofibrate increased expression of genes of FAO enzymes and triggered a hypertrophic response without adversely affecting cardiac function or LV dilation. (Table)
Phenoxybenzamine in the Management of Neurogenic Vesical Dysfunction

AbstractThe clinical effect of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha blocking agent, was studied in a series of 37 patients with varying degrees of neurogenic vesical dysfunction. An over-all 78 per cent success rate was achieved, with an 86 per cent success rate In patients with reflex neurogenic bladder. Phenoxybenzamine demonstrates excellent results In patients with neurovesical dysfunction who are unable to empty their bladders by other means. The drug demonstrated effectiveness regardless of the level of the lesion, cystometric findings or duration of neurogenic vesical disease.
Atrial septal defects; a clinicopathologic appraisal.

Abstract In this presentation, the highlights of interatrial septal defects are reviewed from the embryologic, anatomic, pathologic, and clinical aspects. Sxi cases of atrial septal defect and one of Lutembacher's syndrome are discussed, with the salient clinical and autopsy findings. In three cases having high pulmonary arterial pressures, the changes in the pulmonary vasculature are stressed. In two cases of abnormal venous drainage, the problems confronting the surgeon are discussed. The paucity of autopsy material in our series directly reflects the low mortality rate which has been achieved with definitive surgery utilizing the heart-lung bypass.
The influence of cryptogamic crusts on the thermal environment and temperature relations of plants in a high arctic polar desert, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada

The thermal microenvironment and leaf temperatures of two plants (Saxifraga caespitosa and S. oppositifolia) were studied in a high arctic polar desert over four summers. Surface and plant temperatures exceeded air temperatures by 5 to 150C during sunny periods, with smaller effects on soil temperature in plant rooting zones. Midday plant temperatures of 20 to 300C measured during good weather are favorable for physiological activity, but the number of such days is restricted by a short snow-free period (16-45 d). Surfaces in polar deserts are dominated by sorted stones and bare mineral soil with sparse vascular plant cover (usually <5%). Infrequent snowflush sites are scattered within this landscape, containing greater plant cover and a cryptogamic crust on the mineral soil surfaces. The potential role of this black crust in facilitating greater plant cover by enhancing the thermal relations of plants was investigated in this cold environment. Reduced albedo of crusted surfaces led to higher surface (8-12'C) and soil (4-50C) temperatures than in noncrusted areas. However, adult plants did not differ in tissue temperature on cryptogamic and bare surfaces. Root growth and survival of seedlings, which were thermally coupled to the surface by their small mass, are more likely to be highly influenced by the presence of crusted surfaces in this high arctic polar desert ecosystem.
Foreign Servers and Foreign-Data Wrappers

This chapter addresses the access of non-SQL data through the Structured Query Language (SQL) server. SQL/MED provides a standardized interface by which SQL servers can access data managed by other servers—including non-SQL data. Such data is external to the SQL server and is thus foreign data. The strategic goal of this standardized interface is support for an open, third-party market place in which developers can publish shrink-wrapped software (called foreign-data wrappers) that accesses specific data sources (called foreign servers) without requiring separate releases for different SQL servers. In other words, the interface allows a single wrapper that supports a particular foreign server to be accessed from all SQL engines that conform to SQL/MED. Several commercial SQL products available today have interfaces that are analogous to the SQL/MED interface. Oracle's Open Transparent Gateway provides a well-documented API that can be used to build software components to access other SQL servers as well as non-SQL data sources. Sybase's Omni Connect serves much the same purpose, as does IBM's former Data Joiner product (now part of DB2 Universal Database).
Clinical Trials in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

ABSTRACT Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common life-threatening genetic disease, affecting 1/400 to 1/1000 live births. It represents the 4th leading cause of end-stage kidney disease and accounts for 13% of kidney transplants in the United States. It is characterized by irreversible cyst growth leading to progressive parenchymal damage. Despite promising results, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration approved therapy to cure or slow the progression of the disease. The growing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to cyst formation and growth has led to the development of several therapeutic agents, some with very promising results. In this chapter, we will review the past and ongoing clinical trials that explored these specific targets, focusing mainly on drugs targeting the cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate pathway (vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists and somatostatin analogs), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and renin-angiotensin blockade. We will discuss novel therapeutic targets currently being explored in pilot clinical studies, including high dose niacinamide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and others. Given its slowly progressive nature and lack of early sensitive biomarkers, clinical trials are limited by the need for long follow-up periods to assess the beneficial effect on kidney function of any therapeutic intervention. There is a growing need of new biomarkers of PKD progression to help accelerate the progress of clinical trials in this field. We will finally explore the current accepted and candidate biomarkers in PKD and discuss current challenges to the development of clinical trials in PKD.