cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yield and nitrogen uptake of monocropped maize from a long-term tillage experiment on a poorly drained soil

Abstract Little information is available on the long-term impact of tillage systems on grain yield and nitrogen (N) uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) in the upper Midwest region of the USA. An 11 year (1982–1992) study comparing the effects of continuous autumn moldboard plowing (CT) vs. no-tillage (NT) on yield and N removal of monocropped maize was conducted on a poorly drained, well-tiled Webster clay loam soil in southern Minnesota, USA. Maize was fertilized each spring with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) at the rate of 200 kg N ha−1. Lower soil temperatures and an apparent increase in surface soil density associated with NT resulted in delayed silking by about 6 days and 25 g kg−1 wetter maize grain at harvest compared with CT during the 11 year period. Grain yield and N removal in the grain were consistently greater for CT than for NT owing to a combination of immobilization of surface applied N, lower spring soil temperatures, and surface soil consolidation limiting the root growth of plants leading to less N uptake with NT. Maize grain yield averaged 8.64 Mg ha−1 with CT and 7.33 Mg ha−1 with NT during the 11 year period. In the last 4 years of the study maize grain yield with CT averaged 2.46 Mg ha−1 (40%) more than with NT. Soil samples collected to a 22.5 cm depth in 1987 after 6 years of continuous tillage indicated significant reduction in pH in the top 2.5 cm of NT soil owing to nitrification of NH4+ in the surface-applied fertilizer N and mineralization of plant residue. Significant accumulation of P in the surface soil (top 2.5 cm) also occurred in the NT soil, owing to deposition of P by residue on the soil surface. Plowing the established NT plots after 11 years resulted in a trend towards increased yield and N uptake compared with CT plots in the residual year (1993). Results from this long-term study indicate that CT is superior to NT for maize production on these poorly drained soils, especially when stress conditions of excess rainfall and/or growing season temperature extremes occur.
A mixed-valent polyiron oxo complex that models the biomineralization of the ferritin core

A novel polyiron oxo complex, [FeIII4FeII8(O)2(OCH3)18(O2CCH3)6(CH3OH) 4.67] (1), has been prepared from ferrous acetate and lithium methoxide in methanol by slow addition of dioxygen. The three-dimensional close-packed layered structure found in 1 closely mimics that proposed for the inorganic core in the iron storage protein ferritin. The Mossbauer spectra of 1 reveal superparamagnetic relaxation at temperatures below 15 K, a property characteristic of the ferritin core. The small size and mixed-valent nature of 1 suggest that it is a reasonable model for intermediates formed in the biomineralization of iron during ferritin core formation. A related compound, with the same iron-oxygen framework found in 1 but containing only two ferric ions, has also been structurally characterized. Because the clusters exhibit properties of both discrete molecules and extended solids, they are representative of a new class of nanometer-sized compounds that bridge the molecular solid-state boundary.
The changing context of campus safety

As colleges and universities evolve, so too do the complexities of creating safe environments for students. This chapter describes safety in its various contexts and provides an overview for the volume.
LMS: a Long-term knowledge-based Multimedia retrieval System for region-based image databases

The Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system is a special kind of knowledge-based multimedia retrieval system. Relevance Feedback (RF) is a widely used technique in CBIR for incorporating the user's knowledge with the learning process, which has been shown to significantly increase the retrieval accuracy. However, the user preferences obtained through RF are often discarded at the end of search, thus requiring the feedback process to restart for each new query. This paper proposes a Long-term knowledge-based Multimedia retrieval System (LMS) based on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and human interaction (RF). Experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Convergent and discriminant validity of FACES-III : family adaptability and cohesion

Research on earlier versions of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES) has ostensibly shown that the scales lack discriminant and convergent validity (23). However, these studies have defined convergence as agreement between family members or as agreement between family members and family therapists. Such definitions confound real differences between respondents' perceptions of the family with the notion of convergent validity. In the current study, we take a different approach to construct validity. Multiple measures of family adaptability, cohesion, and talkativeness were administered to two family members (insiders) and two significant others (outsiders). The two insiders' responses were averaged together, as were the two outsiders' responses. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we demonstrated that family adaptability, cohesion, and talkativeness are distinct traits, and that the different sources of information about these traits, including FACES-III (24), have convergent validity.
NBI Mitigation for UWB Systems Using Multiple Antenna Selection Diversity

In this paper, a narrowband interference (NBI) mitigation scheme for ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) signals using multiple receive antennas is examined. The low spatial fading of UWB signals compared to NBI signals is exploited to provide "interference selection diversity (SD)." Whereas classical SD is designed to maximize the desired received signal power, the aim of interference SD is to minimize the effective NBI power. The resulting distribution of the signal-to-interference ratio at the receiver is derived for both Rayleigh and Ricean NBI fading scenarios. Expressions for the probability of error of the SD scheme are also derived for a perfect receiver (where the correlator template is matched to the received UWB pulse shape) as well as for a Rake receiver with a limited number of fingers. It is shown that doubling the number of antennas results in a 3-dB performance improvement for the Rayleigh fading case. Less substantial gains are observed under Ricean fading. The method provides a simple but effective technique to mitigate NBI effects in UWB systems.
Detecting and displaying novel computer attacks with Macroscope

Macroscope is a network-based intrusion detection system that uses bottleneck verification (BV) to detect user-to-superuser attacks. BV detects novel computer attacks by looking for users performing high privilege operations without passing through legal "bottleneck" checkpoints that grant those privileges. Macroscope's BV implementation models many common Unix commands, and has extensions to detect intrusions that exploit trust relationships, as well as previously installed Trojan programs. BV performs at a false alarm rate more than two orders of magnitude lower than a reference signature verification system, while simultaneously increasing the detection rate from roughly 20% to 80% of user-to-superuser attacks.
Pneumatic bursting characteristics of plastics films

The bursting strength and inflated deflection of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), oriented polypropylene (OPP), flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and polyurethane (PUR) films of different thicknesses were investigated with the pneumatic bursting method. The study showed the bursting air pressure is directly proportional to the thickness of LLDPE, OPP, and PET films. The effect of different membrane diameters on the change of the bursting properties in OPP and PUR film was also investigated. The results showed that the bursting properties are inversely proportional to the membrane diameter. Furthermore, biaxial stress-strain exerted on the pole region of the tested films was studied. The results denoted that the relationship between the biaxial and uniaxial tensile stress-strain was considered for two types of film: (1) Film that presented an isotropic tensile behavior showed that the tangential stress-strain is higher than the tensile stress-strain. (2) Film that presented an anisotropic tensile behavior showed that the tangential stress-strain is determined by the weaker tensile stress-strain values between two directions.
Rainforest conifers of Eocene Patagonia: Attached cones and foliage of the extant Southeast Asian and Australasian genus Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae)

Premise of the study Eocene caldera-lake beds at Laguna del Hunco (LH, ca. 52.2 Ma) and Rio Pichileufu (RP, ca. 47.7 Ma) in Argentine Patagonia provide copious information about the biological history of Gondwana. Several plant genera from these sites are known as fossils from southern Australia and New Zealand and survive only in Australasian rainforests. The potential presence of Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae) holds considerable interest due to its extensive foliage-fossil record in Gondwana, its remarkably broad modern distribution in Southeast Asian and Australasian rainforests, its high physiological moisture requirements, and its bird-dispersed seeds. However, the unique seed cones that firmly diagnose Dacrycarpus were not previously known from the fossil record. Methods I describe and interpret fertile (LH) and vegetative (LH and RP) material of Dacrycarpus and present a nomenclatural revision for fossil Dacrycarpus from South America. Key results Dacrycarpus puertae sp. nov. is the first fossil occurrence of the unusual seed cones that typify living Dacrycarpus, attached to characteristic foliage, and of attached Dacrycarpus pollen cones and foliage. Dacrycarpus puertae is indistinguishable from living D. imbricatus (montane, Burma to Fiji). Dacrycarpus chilensis (Engelhardt) comb. nov. is proposed for Eocene vegetative material from Chile. Conclusions Modern-aspect Dacrycarpus was present in Eocene Patagonia, demonstrating an astonishingly wide-ranging paleogeographic history and implying a long evolutionary association with bird dispersers. Dacrycarpus puertae provides the first significant Asian link for Eocene Patagonian floras, strengthens the biogeographic connections from Patagonia to Australasia across Antarctica during the warm Eocene, and indicates high-rainfall paleoenvironments.
Concern for environmental mutagens: Some personal reminiscences

This article is a personal, anecdotal account of the early days of concern for environmental mutagenesis. The history of the original National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiations (BEAR) and its early controversies are reviewed, along with the initial establishment of principles for discovering potential chemical mutagens. Although it emphasizes the great advances in cellular and molecular understanding over the past 35 years, the article ends with a pessimistic assessment of any possibility of quantitative assessment of mutational impacts on future generations.
Bimodal classification of aggression: affective defense and predatory attack

The development of a refined classification scheme for the categorization of human aggression is a key to improved diagnosis and treatment. The principal thesis of this review is that much of animal and human aggression contains affective or predatory characteristics. Affective defense, as defined in both the human and animal literatures, is an aggressive response based on the presence of elements of either fear and/or threat, which may be real or perceived. Predatory attack has been understudied relative to affective defense, and consists of a purposeful and goal-directed attack with absence of sympathetic arousal. In this review, we argue that a variety of classification schemes reported in both the animal and human literature could be relabeled as affective defense and predatory attack. The significance of this approach is that it: (1) links animal and human research; (2) can lead to new lines of investigation in humans; and (3) may provide the impetus for new treatment studies.
The Interpretation of Creep Failure in Textile Fibers as a Rate Process

Some theoretical results are presented which have been obtained using an absolute reaction rate approach for discussing the time dependence of creep failure in textile fibers. The methods used permit a calculation of the functional form of the following relationships: (1) the dependence of the time required for breaking on the magnitude of a sustained dead load; (2) the dependence of the fatigue life under a noncompressive periodic load on the stress amplitude and frequency; (3) the dependence of the tensile strength on the rate of loading used in its measurement; (4) the dependence of the strength loss in a fatigue experiment on the time of exposure. The theory suggests that it may often be possible to predict the results of measurements of all of these quantities from the measurement of one of them. The conditions under which this is true are discussed in detail here.
Application of the adaptive basis functions/diagonal moment matrix technique to arrays of dielectric scatterers

An improved algorithm suitable for the analysis of arrays of dielectric scatterers using the adaptive basis functions/diagonal moment matrix (ABF/DMM) technique is proposed. The ABFs are constructed using clusters covering a whole array element and represent both electric and magnetic currents on the dielectric object. The ABFs are then used for all the array elements. The resulting MoM matrix equation is highly diagonally dominant, with the self matrices being exactly diagonal. The mutual interaction is taken into account progressively until the interaction between the elements at a certain distance from each other is negligible. Results using the conventional MoM procedure and the proposed algorithm are given, and compared in terms of memory and CPU time requirements.
Automatic equalization using transversal equalizers

Some interesting articles on automatic, transversal equalization, have appeared in recent months. This subject is considered highly important. One purpose of this correspondence is to point out some earlier, less widely circulated reports that discuss this subject in considerable detail and explain some additional, important considerations.
Policy Supersession in a Coalition ISR Network

Policy super session provides a framework for maintaining coherence in a partitioned network. This is most relevant for mission critical policy-based networks where the on-going operations of the system require a greater level of flexibility and resilience in dealing with network communication failure.
Incidence of Patients with Lower Extremity Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments by Anatomic Region, Disease Category, and Age

The incidence of patients with lower extremity injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States with respect to specific anatomic regions and disease categories is unknown. Such information might be used for injury prevention, resource allocation, and training priorities. We determined the anatomic regions, disease categories, and circumstances that account for the highest incidence of leg problems among patients presenting to emergency departments in the United States. We used the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) to obtain a probability sample of all lower extremity injuries treated at emergency departments during 2009. A total of 119,815 patients who presented to emergency departments with lower extremity injuries in 2009 were entered in the NEISS database. Patient and injury characteristics were analyzed. Incidence rates for various regions, disease categories, injuries, and age groups were calculated using US census data. We identified 112 unique combinations of disease categories and anatomic regions. Strains and sprains accounted for 36% of all lower extremity injuries. The injury with the greatest incidence was an ankle sprain (206 per 100,000; 95% confidence interval, 181–230). Younger patients were more likely to have ankle sprains, foot contusions/abrasions, and foot strains/sprains. Older patients were more likely to have lower trunk fractures and lower trunk contusions/abrasions. The most common incidence for injury was at home (45%). Given relatively low-acuity leg problems such as strains and sprains account for a substantial number of emergency department visits pertaining to leg problems, use of telephone triage, scheduled same or next-day urgent care appointments, and other alternatives to the traditional emergency room might result in better use of emergency healthcare resources.
Structure of the multimodular endonuclease FokI bound to DNA.

FokI is a member of an unusual class of bipartite restriction enzymes that recognize a specific DNA sequence and cleave DNA nonspecifically a short distance away from that sequence1,2,3. Because of its unusual bipartite nature, FokI has been used to create artificial enzymes with new specificities4,5,6,7. We have determined the crystal structure at 2.8 A resolution of the complete FokI enzyme bound to DNA. As anticipated, the enzyme contains amino- and carboxy-terminal domains corresponding to the DNA-recognition and cleavage functions, respectively. The recognition domain is made of three smaller subdomains (D1, D2 and D3) which are evolutionarily related to the helix–turn–helix-containing DNA-binding domain of the catabolite gene activator protein CAP8. The CAP core has been extensively embellished in the first two subdomains, whereas in the third subdomain it has been co-opted for protein–protein interactions. Surprisingly, the cleavage domain contains only a single catalytic centre, raising the question of how monomeric FokI manages to cleave both DNA strands. Unexpectedly, the cleavage domain is sequestered in a ‘piggyback’ fashion by the recognition domain. The structure suggests a new mechanism for nuclease activation and provides a framework for the design of chimaeric enzymes with altered specificities.
Supercompactness and measurable limits of strong cardinals II: Applications to level by level equivalence

We construct models for the level by level equivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness in which for κ the least supercompact cardinal and δ ≤ κ any cardinal which is either a strong cardinal or a measurable limit of strong cardinals, 2δ > δ+ and δ is < 2δ supercompact. In these models, the structure of the class of supercompact cardinals can be arbitrary, and the size of the power set of κ can essentially be made as large as desired. This extends and generalizes [5, Theorem 2] and [4, Theorem 4]. We also sketch how our techniques can be used to establish a weak indestructibility result. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Haptic Surfaces through Mechatronic Design

The requirements and challenges of a haptic surface display are discussed and solutions are proposed and implemented. A prototype array of actuated pins provides resolution of 5mm, travel of 45 mm, with force and position sensing on each cell. The design is extendible to much larger arrays without further technological improvements and is currently interfaced to other displays over the internet. Specifically discussed is the strategies and details leading to the breakthrough design, including fluid actuation with integrated position sensing and alternatives to position sensing, signal conditioning and data collection for the sensors, interpretation of force and motion cues for editing the surface. The advances in mechatronics are presented through a discussion of five prototypes culminating in the current design for which performance data is provided. The control hardware and software are summarized in the remaining space available.
Apoptosis induction by 13-acetoxyrolandrolide through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of the sesquiterpene lactone 13-acetoxyrolandrolide, a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor that was previously isolated from Rolandra fruticosa. The effects associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway included dose-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB subunit p65 (RelA) and inhibition of upstream mediators IKKβ and oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma (K-Ras). The inhibitory concentration of 13-acetoxyrolandrolide on K-Ras was 7.7 µM. The downstream effects of the inhibition of NF-κB activation were also investigated in vitro. After 24 h of treatment with 13-acetoxyrolandrolide, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was depolarized in human colon cancer (HT-29) cells. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was also negatively affected, and reduced levels of nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) were detected after 2 h of 13-acetoxyrolandrolide exposure. Furthermore, the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell flow cytometry showed that 13-acetoxyrolandrolide induced cell cycle arrest at G1 , indicating that the treated cells had undergone caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, indicating negative effects on cancer cell proliferation. These results suggest that 13-acetoxyrolandrolide inhibits NF-κB and K-Ras and promotes cell death mediated through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Objective: To evaluate the evidence investigating the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed (1950 through February 2014) for the MeSH terms serotonin reuptake inhibitor and irritable bowel syndrome; subterms of identified MeSH terms (ie, explosion) were also evaluated. EMBASE (1947 to February 2014) was searched using similar search terms. References from identified articles were checked and an updated Cochrane Database review was performed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All identified English-language peer-reviewed publications were evaluated. Articles (excluding meeting abstracts) specifically addressing SSRIs for the treatment of IBS were reviewed. The literature review was limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in human subjects. Data Synthesis: Fluoxetine, citalopram, and paroxetine have been studied for the treatment of IBS symptoms. Fluoxetine s...
Connexin43 Remodeling Caused by Inhibition of Plakophilin-2 Expression in Cardiac Cells

Desmosomes and gap junctions are distinct structural components of the cardiac intercalated disc. Here, we asked whether the presence of plakophilin (PKP)2, a component of the desmosome, is essential for the proper function and distribution of the gap junction protein connexin (Cx)43. We used RNA silencing technology to decrease the expression of PKP2 in cardiac cells (ventricular myocytes, as well as epicardium-derived cells) obtained from neonatal rat hearts. We evaluated the content, distribution, and function of Cx43 gap junctions. Our results show that loss of PKP2 expression led to a decrease in total Cx43 content, a significant redistribution of Cx43 to the intracellular space, and a decrease in dye coupling between cells. Separate experiments showed that Cx43 and PKP2 can coexist in the same macromolecular complex. Our results support the notion of a molecular crosstalk between desmosomal and gap junction proteins. The results are discussed in the context of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, an inherited disease involving mutations in desmosomal proteins, including PKP2.
Functional Convergence of Response Properties in the Auditory Thalamocortical System

One of the brain's fundamental tasks is to construct and transform representations of an animal's environment, yet few studies describe how individual neurons accomplish this. Our results from correlated pairs in the auditory thalamocortical system show that cortical excitatory receptive field regions can be directly inherited from thalamus, constructed from smaller inputs, and assembled by the cooperative activity of neuronal ensembles. The prevalence of functional thalamocortical connectivity is strictly governed by tonotopy, but connection strength is not. Finally, spectral and temporal modulation preferences in cortex may differ dramatically from the thalamic input. Our observations reveal a radical reconstruction of response properties from auditory thalamus to cortex, and illustrate how some properties are propagated with great fidelity while others are significantly transformed or generated intracortically.
Subchronic Studies of Tripelennamine in Fischer 344 Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine the subchronic toxicity of the antihistamine tripelennamine and to allow selection of appropriate doses for chronic studies. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were administered tripelennamine hydrochloride in the feed at dose levels of 0, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 6000 ppm (as the free amine) for 14 days or at dose levels of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 ppm for 90 days. In the 14-day study, all of the animals in the 6000 ppm groups died. All others survived until killed. Final body weights of treated groups were reduced from 3% to 25%. Cytoplasmic vacuolization of the liver was observed. In the 90-day study, a dose-dependent reduction in body weight gain was produced by tripelennamine, with a 10% reduction in final body weight occurring between 300 and 600 ppm. Reductions in various organ weights were found to be correlated with reduced final body weights. Tripelennamine produced cytoplasmic vacuolization or fatty change in the liver, cytomegaly and granular b...
ER Stress Activates NF-κB by Integrating Functions of Basal IKK Activity, IRE1 and PERK

NF-κB, a transcription factor, becomes activated during the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway. NF-κB is normally held inactive by its inhibitor, IκBα. Multiple cellular pathways activate IKK (IκBα Kinase) which phosphorylate IκBα leading to its degradation and NF-κB activation. Here, we find that IKK is required for maximum activation of NF-κB in response to ER stress. However, unlike canonical NFκB activation, IKK activity does not increase during ER stress, but rather the level of basal IKK activity is critical for determining the extent of NF-κB activation. Furthermore, a key UPR initiator, IRE1, acts to maintain IKK basal activity through IRE1's kinase, but not RNase, activity. Inputs from IRE1 and IKK, in combination with translation repression by PERK, another UPR initiator, lead to maximal NF-κB activation during the UPR. These interdependencies have a significant impact in cancer cells with elevated IKK/NF-κB activity such as renal cell carcinoma cells (786-0). Inhibition of IKK by an IKK inhibitor, which significantly decreases NF-κB activity, is overridden by UPR induction, arguing for the importance of considering UPR activation in cancer treatment.
Diversity in synchronization for scheduled OFDM time-division cooperative transmission

An energy efficient synchronization method is presented for an OFDM-based Time Division Cooperative Transmission (TDCT) system for the purpose of range extension. The proposed algorithm operates on a novel preamble consisting of two OFDM symbols. In TDCT, copies of the packet are transmitted through different time slots. Exploiting dependence between the synchronization parameters of the different TDCT copies, the approach achieves diversity gain in all estimated synchronization parameters. Since the design and algorithm pertain only to the preamble, the method can be applied to decode-and-forward as well as amplify-and-forward TDCT schemes. This algorithm also offers a significant performance improvement to the single-input-and-single-out (SISO) communication system. Through computer simulation, we show that our novel TDCT approach achieves synchronization in the context of range extension, avoiding the need for more preamble energy.
Anti-angiogenic agents in metastatic colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health concern being the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The availability of better therapeutic options has led to a decline in cancer mortality in these patients. Surgical resection should be considered in all stages of the disease. The use of conversion therapy has made surgery a potentially curative option even in patients with initially unresectable metastatic disease. In this review we discuss the role of various anti-angiogenic agents in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). We describe the mechanism of action of these agents, and the rationale for their use in combination with chemotherapy. We also review important clinical studies that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of these agents in mCRC patients. Despite the discovery of several promising anti-angiogenic agents, mCRC remains an incurable disease with a median overall survival of just over 2 years in patients exposed to all available treatment regimens. Further insights into tumor biology and tumor microenvironment may help improve outcomes in these patients.
Pharmaceutical R&D Pipeline Planning

The development of new drugs is a long and expensive process with multiple sources of uncertainty and complex trade-offs. In this chapter, we discuss how multi-stage stochastic programming (SP) methods can be used to develop tools for decision-making in this sector. First, we present a basic model for the stochastic resource constraint project scheduling problem we consider in this chapter, we discuss extensions for features such as outlicensing and outsourcing, and present modeling methods for risk management. Second, we review theoretical results that allow us to formulate tractable SP models that account for endogenous observation of uncertainty. Finally, we discuss solution methods that allow us to address realistic instances and present two examples.
Vortex Shedding over Two-Dimensional Airfoil: Where do the particles come from?

Utilizing invariant material manifolds, the formation and evolution of the shed vortex on a Two-Dimensional airfoil is examined. The particles which make up this shed vortex structure are identied and their progress is tracked back to locations upstream of the airfoil leading edge. It is discovered that there exist a number of separate, well dened regions of distinct particle mixing throughout the formation of the vortices. It is also found that a large percentage of the material which makes up the vortex advects along the underside of the airfoil. The result is an intriguing view of vortex formation which may have applications for ow control.
University Propulsion Programs at Auburn University

This paper presents an overview of the Auburn University Aerospace Engineering Department's undergraduate and graduate academic curriculum related to the study of aerospace propulsion systems. Various major research projects and topics related to propulsion which have been or are now being studied in the Aerospace Engineering Department are also summarized.
Decline of Phorate and Dimethoate Residues in Treated Soils Based on Toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster

Dimethoate and phorate were studied as soil treatments in the field and laboratory, using toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) to determine the rate of breakdown. Initial recoveries of surface treatments with both insecticides in the field were significantly greater than the amount applied. The high dimethoate recoveries were confirmed in laboratory surface treatments of moistened soil. Surface treatment of air dry soils and soil insecticide mixtures produced recoveries lower than applied. The high recoveries of phorate field surface treatments were not confirmed by laboratory surface treatments, but are obtained throughout the laboratory study when phorate-soil mixes were held in a 3-in. layer. These phorate soil mixes gradually increased in toxicity for 28 days, when they were equivalent to 4 times the phorate applied. Following the high initial recoveries, the surface treatments of both insecticides declined in a conventional manner. Phorate breakdown was greatest during the first week and almost complete at the end of 1 month. Dimethoate declined more slowly, with about 30% remaining at the end of 1 month.
Correlation between T cell subsets in peripheral blood and total IgE level in Atopic dermatitis children

Object To investigate the correlation between T lymphocyte subsets and IgE level of peripheral blood in children with Atopic dermatitis(AD).Method T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of 18 patients with atopic dermatitis were detected by flow cytometry.18 healthy children were recruited as control.Results The CD+8 level was found significantly lower while the CD+4 level,the CD+4/CD+8 ratio were significantly higher than those in healthy controls(p0.05).Patients with IgE associated AD showed CD+4 level and CD+4/CD+8 ratio significantly higher than those of non-IgE AD patients(p0.05).Conclusion The disorders of cell immunity function were in found children with atopic dermatitis.T lymphocyte subsets have been showed correlation with IgE values.
The Ccnetroid Outercenter of n-aimensional Simplex

This paper extends formulas and perporties of the outercenter of triangle to n-dimensional Eucidean space.
Enseñanza basada en el andamiaje: promoviendo la doble alfabetización para los estudiantes de un segundo idioma con dificultades de aprendizaje/lenguaje

Para alumnos cultural y linguisticamente diversos, la instruccion basada en el andamiaje es importante no unicamente para el aprendizaje del contenido sino para el aprendizaje de un segundo idioma. En este estudio de caso de dos profesores bilingues y sus alumnos de tercer curso, ampliamos el tradicional concepto de instruccion mediante andamiaje (e.g.,expertos, herramientas, rutinas) incluyendo la nocion de Krashen de entrada comprensiva (1982) como un apoyo para adquirir un segundo lenguaje produciendo un transfer efectivo del primer idioma desarrollado academicamente (L1) al segundo (L2). Una gran variedad de andamiajes fueron usados como sistemas de apoyo multiple que facilitan el proceso de aprendizaje bilingue. Interacciones con los companeros, agrupamientos experto/novato, herramientas de lectoescritura y rutinas fueron algunos de las ayudas empleadas para facilitar la ensenanza bilingue. La clave para transferir de L1 a L2 fue la ensenanza de herramientas y rutinas a los estudiantes en L1 previas a la ensenanza bilingue. Tambien se ha incluido en este estudio de caso consideraciones para alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje y en el lenguaje. Los resultados indican que apoyando el desarrollo de L2 usando el conocimiento previo adquirido del primer idioma (L1), los estudiantes, incluidos aquellos con dificultades de aprendizaje y de lenguaje, transfieren eficientemente las habilidades cognitivas academicas de L1 a L2. Se analizan las implicaciones educativas
Norepinephrine-sensitive properties of C-6 astrocytoma cells.

C-6 astrocytoma cells respond to 0.1 mM norepinephrine by a greater than 200-fold elevation of adenosine cyclic 39, 59-monophosphate (cAMP) and an 80% degradation of glycogen during 20 min of incubation in Ham’s F-10 medium. Evaluation of the time course of these effects indicated that glycogenolysis occurred nonlinearly at a rate of 1-2 nmoles/min/mg of protein; cAMP was maximally elevated after 5 min of incubation and remained so for the 30-min experiment. Norepinephrine induced transformation of glycogen phosphorylase to the 39-AMP-independent or a form during the first 30 sec of incubation. At the time when phosphorylase a formation had begun, 5 sec after norepinephrine addition, cAMP was elevated only 10-fold. During a 3-hr treatment of cells with norepinephrine, cAMP and glycogen concentrations returned to nearly control concentrations; yet incubation fluid retained sufficient norepinephrine to elevate cAMP as before in fresh samples of cells. Treatment of C-6 cells with norepinephrine for 3 hr followed by 1 hr of incubation without hormone largely suppressed the effect of a second norepinephrine treatment on cAMP concentration, but glycogenolysis occurred as before. 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase, partially overcame the suppression of the norepinephrine effects when added with norepinephrine. It is concluded that C-6 astrocytoma cells contain a norepinephrine-activated system of enzymes for degrading glycogen and that norepinephrine treatment modifies the response of the cells to subsequent exposure to this neurohormone.
Formation of Hydrocarbon and Functionalized Polymers by Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization

Metathesis polymerization has been a subject of active research for well more than 30 years now. Polymerization can either occur by ring opening reactions (ROMP) or by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET) as illustrated in Figure 1.1 ROMP polymerization is utilized commercially, predominately with dicyclopentadiene,2 while applications for a number of other polymers are being investigated. Millions of pounds of this thermoset polymer are made every year in the United States as well as in Japan. While ROMP polymerization is quite interesting, it is not being considered in this paper. Instead, the focus will be on ADMET polymerization and how it actually occurs.
Human Development and Sustainable Development

Historical patterns of economic development have produced rapid economic growth in a number of countries for an extended period of time, but these patterns of development also have caused the stock of natural capital in the world to contract considerably and often to become degraded. In addition, there has been a rapid loss of biodiversity. Lastly, there has recently emerged a serious threat of global warming. In the last two decades people have become increasingly aware of the social costs associated with production processes and consumption patterns that harm the environment and this has given rise to demands that henceforth growth should be sustainable.
Online Adaptive Topic Focused Tweet Acquisition

Twitter provides a public streaming API that is strictly limited, making it difficult to simultaneously achieve good coverage and relevance when monitoring tweets for a specific topic of interest. In this paper, we address the tweet acquisition challenge to enhance monitoring of tweets based on the client/application needs in an online adaptive manner such that the quality and quantity of the results improves over time. We propose a Tweet Acquisition System (TAS), that iteratively selects phrases to track based on an explore-exploit strategy. Our experimental studies show that TAS significantly improves recall of relevant tweets and the performance improves when the topics are more specific.
Introduction: EarthScope IDOR project (deformation and magmatic modification of a steep continental margin, western Idaho–eastern Oregon) themed issue

The EarthScope IDOR (Idaho-Oregon) project was designed to investigate the formation of the steep accretionary boundary associated with the Salmon River suture zone and western Idaho shear zone (WISZ), in western Idaho and eastern Oregon (western USA). The research was designed to test three hypotheses concerning the present geometry of the boundary: (1) a crustal detachment; (2) a lithospheric detachment; and (3) a curved original geometry for the WISZ. The data presented in this volume indicate that none of these original three models is correct. Rather, the WISZ continues vertically downward through the entire crust, its steep orientation consistent with a significant component of strike-slip and/or transpressional tectonism. Moreover, the western Idaho shear zone is extremely well preserved despite abundant subsequent magmatism (Idaho batholith, Challis event, Columbia River Basalt Group) and tectonism (Cretaceous contraction, Eocene extension, Miocene–present extension). The ten research papers in this volume report on various aspects of this history. Four papers address the kinematics and tectonic history of rocks spatially associated with the WISZ, including its along-strike northward continuation. Two papers address the tectonic history of the accreted terranes, including geochemical arguments for different lithospheres sampled during magmatic episodes. Three papers document deformation, exhumation, and emplacement rates in the Idaho batholith. The final paper constrains the modern crustal architecture along a transect from the accreted terranes in the west to cratonic North America in the east. Together, these studies constrain the tectonic history of a subvertical tectonic boundary in the North American Cordillera.
Archer fish jumping prey capture: kinematics and hydrodynamics.

Smallscale archer fish, Toxotes microlepis , are best known for spitting jets of water to capture prey, but also hunt by jumping out of the water to heights of up to 2.5 body lengths. In this study, high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry were used to characterize the kinematics and hydrodynamics of this jumping behavior. Jumping used a set of kinematics distinct from those of in-water feeding strikes and was segmented into three phases: (1) hovering to sight prey at the surface, (2) rapid upward thrust production and (3) gliding to the prey once out of the water. The number of propulsive tail strokes positively correlated with the height of the bait, as did the peak body velocity observed during a jump. During the gliding stage, the fish traveled ballistically; the kinetic energy when the fish left the water balanced with the change in potential energy from water exit to the maximum jump height. The ballistic estimate of the mechanical energy required to jump was comparable with the estimated mechanical energy requirements of spitting a jet with sufficient momentum to down prey and subsequently pursuing the prey in water. Particle image velocimetry showed that, in addition to the caudal fin, the wakes of the anal, pectoral and dorsal fins were of nontrivial strength, especially at the onset of thrust production. During jump initiation, these fins were used to produce as much vertical acceleration as possible given the spatial constraint of starting directly at the water's surface to aim.
Spherical nanoindentation of proton irradiated 304 stainless steel: A comparison of small scale mechanical test techniques for measuring irradiation hardening

Abstract Experimentally quantifying the mechanical effects of radiation damage in reactor materials is necessary for the development and qualification of new materials for improved performance and safety. This can be achieved in a high-throughput fashion through a combination of ion beam irradiation and small scale mechanical testing in contrast to the high cost and laborious nature of bulk testing of reactor irradiated samples. The current work focuses on using spherical nanoindentation stress-strain curves on unirradiated and proton irradiated (10 dpa at 360 °C) 304 stainless steel to quantify the mechanical effects of radiation damage. Spherical nanoindentation stress-strain measurements show a radiation-induced increase in indentation yield strength from 1.36 GPa to 2.72 GPa and a radiation-induced increase in indentation work hardening rate of 10 GPa–30 GPa. These measurements are critically compared against Berkovich nanohardness, micropillar compression, and micro-tension measurements on the same material and similar grain orientations. The ratio of irradiated to unirradiated yield strength increases by a similar factor of 2 when measured via spherical nanoindentation or Berkovich nanohardness testing. A comparison of spherical indentation stress-strain curves to uniaxial (micropillar and micro-tension) stress-strain curves was achieved using a simple scaling relationship which shows good agreement for the unirradiated condition and poor agreement in post-yield behavior for the irradiated condition. The disagreement between spherical nanoindentation and uniaxial stress-strain curves is likely due to the plastic instability that occurs during uniaxial tests but is absent during spherical nanoindentation tests.
Stimulation of respiratory activity of Shigella sonnei by certain nitrogenous compounds

Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, tryptophan, pyridine-3-sulfonic acid, aspartic acid, thiamin, glutamic acid, and asparagine stimulated the respiratory activity of Shigella sonnei.
Bekanntmachung des öffentlichen WeChat-Kontos

Die erste Aufgabe nach der Registrierung und der Auswahl der Grundeinstellungen eines offentlichen WeChat-Kontos fur ein Unternehmen ist es, dies nach ausen zu kommunizieren. Deswegen behandelt dieses Kapitel die Methoden zur Bekanntmachung von offentlichen WeChat-Konten. Ein offentliches WeChat-Konto kann auf der traditionellen Website oder uber Content Marketing kommuniziert werden. Eine bewahrte Methode in China ist zudem das QR-Code-Marketing. Auch SEO-Marketing und die WeChat-Marketingtools wie Coupon/Gutschein und iBeacon sowie „WeChat Pay“ konnen fur die Bekanntmachung des offentlichen WeChat-Kontos genutzt werden.
The Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Detecting Small Bowel Obstruction in Emergency Department

Radiological imaging plays an essential role in the evaluation of a patient with suspected small bowel obstruction (SBO). In a few studies, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been utilized as a primary imaging modality in patients with suspected SBO. POCUS has been shown to be an accurate tool in the diagnosis of SBO with multiple research studies noting a consistent high sensitivity with a range of 94–100% and specificity of 81–100%. Specific sonographic findings that increase the likelihood of SBO include dilatation of small bowel loops > 25 mm, altered intestinal peristalsis, increased thickness of the bowel wall, and intraperitoneal fluid accumulation. Studies also reported that emergency physicians could apply this technique with limited and short-term ultrasound training. In this article, we aim to review the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound examinations performed by emergency physicians in patients with suspected SBO.
The SIF binding element confers sis/PDGF inducibility onto the c-fos promoter.

Abstract The c-fos proto-oncogene is rapidly and transiently induced by a variety of extracellular stimuli. We have previously shown that conditioned media from v-sis transformed NRK cells rapidly induces a DNA binding protein which binds to a conserved sequence upstream of the human c-fos gene. We now show that purified recombinant c-sis/PDGF can induce this binding activity which we have termed SIF, for sis-inducible factor. Oligonucleotides which bind to the SIF protein will confer sis/PDGF inducibility onto a truncated, unresponsive c-fos promoter. However, sequences lying between -100 and -57 of the c-fos gene are required for this induction. The sis-responsive element functions independently of a region of dyad symmetry previously identified as the serum responsive element (SRE). The time course of c-fos expression driven by the sis-responsive element is similar to that mediated by the SRE. Unlike the SRE, which can respond to signals generated by sis/PDGF, serum or phorbol esters, the SIF binding element mediates c-fos induction only in response to sis/PDGF. The SRE and SIF elements function in an additive manner to stimulate the transcription of the c-fos gene in response to sis/PDGF.