cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoperoxidase localization of chlamydial antigens in acute salpingitis

Seventy surgically excised fallopian tubes in which there was originally a diagnosis of acute salpingitis were reviewed histologically and screened for chlamydial antigens by the immunoperoxidase technique. Chlamydial antigens were localized within tubal epithelial cells in two of the 70 cases (3%). Endometrial specimens from these two patients were also positive for chlamydial antigens. There was no definite correlation between the histologic features of the salpingitis and chlamydial immunoperoxidase positivity.
Synthesis and characterization of a tetranucleotide analogue containing alternating phosphonate-amide backbone linkages.

Abstract Described herein is the synthesis and characterization of a tetranucleotide, 5′-dC- phosphonate -T- amide -T- phosphonate -dC ( III ), in which the C-T and T-C steps contain a phosphonate backbone bond and T-T is a peptide nucleic acid dimer unit (neutral backbone). The 5′- and 3′-OH groups of the tetramer can be further derivatized and, thus, the compound is a potential building block for longer oligonucleotides which will contain alternating backbone modifications at designated positions. The synthesis involved first the preparation of two hybrid peptide-deoxyribose dinucleotides, CT-CO ( I ) and N-CT ( II ) (C and T are nucleobases; CO and N are carboxylic and amino terminal, respectively); each is linked through a phosphonate linkage. A condensation reaction between the two dimers, followed by deprotection, resulted in the formation of a peptide linkage to give the desired tetramer III . The reaction conditions used are mild to afford products in moderate to excellent yields. The DNA-PNA-DNA tetramer, d(CTTC), is a substrate for T4 kinase but fails to give a ligation product, even though NMR shows weak interactions between the tetramer III with its complementary sequence, d(GAAG).
Cytochrome oxidase deficiency during development of amphibian nucleocytoplasmic hybrids

Abstract The activity of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase was investigated during the embryonic development of nucleocytoplasmic hybrids containing a nuclear genome derived from R. pipiens and a mitochondrial genome derived from R. palustris. Using a quantitative cytochemical approach, we found that the activity of cytochrome oxidase failed to increase during the development of these embryos. Control embryos containing a haploid chromosomal complement, derived from the same species as that from which the maternally inherited mitochondria is derived and hybrid crosses between R. palustris and R. pipiens, showed a significant increase in cytochrome oxidase activity during development. Oxygen uptake data from diploid and haploid R. pipiens embryos were in agreement with the data obtained by the cytochemical method. These results indicate that a normal pattern of cytochrome oxidase activity during embryonic development requires a nuclear genome which contains a haploid chromosomal complement derived from the same species as that from which the mitochondrial genome is derived.
MazF6 toxin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrates antitoxin specificity and is coupled to regulation of cell growth by a Soj-like protein

Background Molecular programs employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for the establishment of non-replicating persistence (NRP) are poorly understood. In order to investigate mechanisms regulating entry into NRP, we asked how cell cycle regulation is linked to downstream adaptations that ultimately result in NRP. Based on previous reports and our recent studies, we reason that, in order to establish NRP, cells are halted in the cell cycle at the point of septum formation by coupled regulatory mechanisms.
An analysis of turnover among retail buyers

Abstract Controlling turnover is important for all organizations. However, it is especially important among retail buyers where turnover can be as high as 30%. Buyers have a significant role in retailing firms since they are responsible for determining which products to purchase, deciding the accurate quantity needed, and negotiating contracts. Lowering the turnover rate among these employees can contribute to the firm's profitability. This study contributes to current knowledge by investigating the influence of organizational justice in the turnover process. The results suggest that turnover can be lowered among retail buyers when they perceive fair treatment in the amount of rewards allocated and the fairness in the method in which rewards are allocated. Suggestions for implementing policies to achieve higher organizational justice and lower turnover for retailers are discussed.
Cryogenic mixing with phase change in the simulation of LO2LH2 explosion hazards: shallow mixing mode

Abstract Experiments simulating mixing of liquid oxygen (LO2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) have been performed to investigate the potential threat to the RTGs (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators) from an explosion of these cryogens as a result of a launch vehicle accident. The influence of the bottom wall of a dewar (spilled mode) has been evaluated in this investigation by using a shallow dewar (38.7 cm I.D. and 30.5 cm tall). The jet size was 1.27 cm O.D. and the jet velocity was varied from 3.97 to 8.75 m s−1. The jet dump duration times were 0.45 and 1.15 s. Gas temperatures and the boil-off of the hydrogen were measured using thermocouples and hot films. The general mixing behavior was observed with high speed video imaging.
Assessment of the accuracy of ultrasound compared to magnetic resonance imaging in the ability to detect metastatic breast cancer to the axilla

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is routinely used in the staging of invasive breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography (US) compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pre-operative assessment of metastatic disease to the axilla in breast cancer patients at our community hospital. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of 277 patients seen at our breast center from 2009 to 2010. Patients with invasive breast cancer were then evaluated for axillary metastasis. Lymph nodes were sampled using fine needle aspiration (FNAB) or core biopsy. Histopathology of the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) or results of the axillary dissection were compared to US or MRI results. A total of 228 patients had invasive breast cancer. In these patients, 122 lymph nodes were sampled. Pathology proven metastases to axillary lymph nodes were found in 76 cases. Accuracy and sensitivity were higher in US than MRI in detecting metastatic disease to the axilla (70.2%, 84.6%, P<0.001 and 60.0%, 52.6%, P <0.1, respectively). US was more accurate than MRI at detecting metastatic breast cancer in the axilla in our community hospital. Axillary US should be a routine part of assessment of breast cancer patients.
ANOBIID BEETLE, XYLETINUS PELTATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE), OVIPOSITION ON VARIOUS WOODS

Random populations of field-collected Xyletinus peltatus (Harris) beetles laid significantly more eggs on yellow-poplar than on any of seven other woods placed in a crawl space beneath a house and in a controlled environment. Egg deposition of random beetle populations when confined to individual woods was generally greatest on woods most often chosen for choice oviposition, but no significant statistical preference was shown for any wood. In tests with beetles collected in copula to ensure equal representation of sexes and that mating had occurred, yellow-poplar was again preferred for egg-laying. Variability in oviposition and fewer eggs per female by beetles collected while mating suggests that these beetles may have mated and laid eggs previously. The third test, with wood of varying ages since tree felling, suggested that beetles prefer at least some woods to be aged and also indicated preference for yellow-poplar. In all three choice experiments beetles showed a significant preference for block undersurfaces for egg-laying; this preference possibly indicated responses to changing ambient light conditions. Egg-laying females appeared to respond first to favored hosts, then to block undersurfaces or oviposition site characteristics. Both host species and wood surface features would affect susceptibility to beetle attack.
Scaling of light scattering with density of scatterers

We inject a laser beam into a tank filled with a milk-water emulsion and measure the intensity distribution of the scattered light. As we change the concentration of the milk, we observe a nontrivial change in the light intensity as a function of the detector position. We analyze the light on and parallel to the input beam direction, as well as the scattered light in the transverse direction. The nonmonotonic scaling of the intensity as a function of the concentration and the position is also predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. With a doubling of the concentration, the detected light along the optical axis decreases globally, whereas the reflected light decreases or increases depending on the location of the detector.
An evaluation of contributions derived from investigations of equine immunodeficiencies

Abstract Following the descriptions of immunodeficiencies in horses beginning in 1973, there has been considerable effort to develop methods for differential diagnosis and to determine the cause and prevalence of the disorders. In addition, the equine immunodeficiencies, especially combined immunodeficiency, have been studied from a comparative viewpoint with the goal of finding information applicable to similar diseases of children. Coincident with the development of knowledge about the immunodeficiencies per se, considerable information about several aspects of immunology has been obtained. It is the purpose of this review to focus on findings from experiments with equine immunodeficiencies concerning prenatal and neonatal immunology, lymphocyte function, secretory immunity, immunoreconstitution, graftversus-host reactions and previously unrecognized diseases.
High-sequence conservation among the United States bluetongue viruses cognate M2 genes which encode the nonstructural NS1 tubule protein.

Full-length cDNA copies of the M2 gene of BTV-2, -11, and -13 serotypes obtained by a modified polymerase chain reaction (Clamp-R) were cloned into pUC19 plasmid. The entire nucleotide sequences of each M2 gene were determined and compared with BTV-10 and BTV-17, thus completing the sequencing of these cognate M2 gene segments from all five U.S. BTV serotypes. Each M2 segment contained 1769 nucleotides, a single open reading frame (ORF) with an initiation codon at nucleotides 35-37, and a termination codon at nucleotides 1691-1693. This ORF can encode the 552-amino-acid NS1 protein (64 KDa) which has an isoelectric point of 7. Analyses of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the five U.S. BTV serotypes indicated that the most recently isolated BTV-2 serotype was more distantly related than BTV-10, -11, -13, or -17. Analyses of the evolutionary relatedness of the cognate M2 genes by codon positions indicate that the rate of mismatch accumulations in the first and second base codon positions are less than 4%. However, the mismatch accumulations in the third base codon position are quite evident (23%) when BTV-2 serotype was compared with the other U.S. BTV serotypes. This suggests that BTV-2 has separated from the other four U.S. serotypes long before they themselves diverged. These data also indicate that the five U.S. BTV serotypes were apparently derived from two distinct gene pools that reflected geographic distribution in North America.
Numerical simulation and optimization of a direct methanol fuel cell

We examine a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) model that captures the essence of electrode kinetics and methanol crossover through the polymer electrolyte membrane. Model parameters and key factors for the DMFC model including methanol crossover are identified. Moreover, we establish a relationship between the methanol feed concentration and the power density at a given current density. To gain insight into the effect of the methanol feed concentration, we also performed sensitivity analysis between the cell voltage and the methanol feed concentration. From this sensitivity curve, we are able to identify the optimal feed concentration, which provides the highest power density output for a set value of the current density. Finally, the optimal response of the cell voltage to the change of the feed concentration is studied via dynamic optimization to the differential algebraic equation system. These dynamic optimization results provide a constant feeding strategy that achieves the highest power density at given operating conditions specified by a set current density.
Electrochemical sensing using nanodiamond microprobe

Abstract Boron doped nanodiamond microprobe has been fabricated and characterized. Nanodiamond was deposited on sharpened tungsten probes using PECVD, with TMB (Trimethyl boron) as the boron dopant source. The electrode characterization was performed in a single compartment three electrode cell to detect Fe(CN) 6 4− with KCl as background. Nanodiamond microprobe demonstrates reversible kinetics during electrochemical analysis with low faradaic current and high signal to background ratio. The nanodiamond film shows structural stability for prolonged analysis without the need of surface pretreatment. There is no indication of adsorption of analytes at the nanodiamond surface. The characterization when performed for different active areas of the electrode, a stable increase in oxidation current was obtained with increase in scan rate. The excellent oxidation and reduction current responses make it an excellent sensor for electrochemical analysis and detection.
Creatine kinase activity of urinary bladder and skeletal muscle from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

The urinary bladder depends on intracellular ATP for the support of a number of essential intracellular processes including contraction. The concentration of ATP is maintained constant primarily via the rapid transfer of a phosphate from creatine phosphate (CP) to ADP catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase (CK). Since muscular pathologies associated with diabetes are in part related to intracellular alterations in metabolism, we have characterized the CK activity in both skeletal muscle and urinary bladder from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The following is a summary of the results: 1) Bladder tissue from control rats showed linear kinetics with a Vmax = 390 nmoles/mg protein/min, and a Km = 275 µM. 2) Urinary bladder tissue isolated from diabetic rats displayed biphasic kinetics with Vmax = 65 and 324 nmoles/mg protein/min, and Km's = 10 µM and 190 µM respectively. 3) Skeletal muscle isolated from control rats showed linear kinetics with an approximate Vmax of 800 nmoles/mg protein/min and a Km of 280 µM CP. 4) Homogenates of skeletal muscle from diabetic rats showed complex kinetics not separable into distict component forms. 5) The Km for ADP for both skeletal muscle and bladder was approximately 10 µM. These studies demonstrate that whereas bladders isolated from both control and diabetic rats possess a low-affinity isomer(s) of CK with similar maximum enzymatic activity, there is a high affinity isomer present within the urinary bladder muscle of diabetic rats that is not present in bladder tissue isolated from control rats. Skeletal muscle isolated from both diabetic and control rats exhibited a maximal activity 2 to 3 times higher than that of the bladder.
Folding Cooperativity in a Three-stranded β-Sheet Model

The thermodynamic behavior of a previously designed three-stranded β-sheet was studied via several microseconds of standard and replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. The system is shown to populate at least four thermodynamic minima, including two partially folded states in which only a single hairpin is formed. Simulated melting curves show different profiles for the C and N-terminal hairpins, consistent with differences in secondary structure content in published NMR and CD/FTIR measurements, which probed different regions of the chain. Individual β-hairpins that comprise the three-stranded β-sheet are observed to form cooperatively. Partial folding cooperativity between the component hairpins is observed, and good agreement between calculated and experimental values quantifying this cooperativity is obtained when similar analysis techniques are used. However, the structural detail in the ensemble of conformations sampled in the simulations permits a more direct analysis of this cooperativity than has been performed on the basis of experimental data. The results indicate the actual folding cooperativity perpendicular to strand direction is significantly larger than the lower bound obtained previously.
First report of Neocampanella blastanos, a rare and resupinate member of the family Marasmiaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from Mayotte (France, Indian Ocean)

Two specimens of Neocampanella blastanos (Boidin & Gilles) Nakasone, Hibbet & Goranova, 2009 (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), collected in Mayotte (France, Comoros archipelago, Indian Ocean), are described and illustrated and brieflly compared to morphologically similar taxa. This uncommon, probably pantropical species is characterized by a thin, resupinate and adhesive basidiome that is first white, then whitish to pale beige. It is characterized by a monomitic structure, hyphae with clamps and a multitude of crystals, scattered capitate leptocystidia, numerous dendrohyphidia and subfusiform to pyriform basidiospores. corticioid fungi / Dentocorticium / Dendrothele / taxonomy / Tetrapyrgos
Representation of shift-invariant operators on L 2 by H ∞ transfer functions: An elementary proof, a generalization to L p , and a counterexample for L ∞

We give an elementary proof of the well-known fact that shift-invariant operators onL 2[0, ∞) are represented by transfer functions which are bounded and analytic on the right open half-plane. We prove a generalization to Banach space-valuedL p -functions, where 1≤p<∞. We show that the result no longer holds forp=∞.
Economic evaluation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia

Gambia is the second GAVI support-eligible country to introduce the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), but a country-specific cost-effectiveness analysis of the vaccine is not available. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of PCVs of different valences in The Gambia. We synthesized the best available epidemiological and cost data using a state-transition model to simulate the natural histories of various pneumococcal diseases. For the base-case, we estimated incremental cost (in 2005 US dollars) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted under routine vaccination using PCV9 compared to no vaccination. We extended the base-case results for PCV9 to estimate the cost-effectiveness of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13, each compared to no vaccination. To explore parameter uncertainty, we performed both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We also explored the impact of vaccine efficacy waning, herd immunity, and serotype replacement, as a part of the uncertainty analyses, by assuming alternative scenarios and extrapolating empirical results from different settings. Assuming 90% coverage, a program using a 9-valent PCV (PCV9) would prevent approximately 630 hospitalizations, 40 deaths, and 1000 DALYs, over the first 5 years of life of a birth cohort. Under base-case assumptions ($3.5 per vaccine), compared to no intervention, a PCV9 vaccination program would cost $670 per DALY averted in The Gambia. The corresponding values for PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 were $910, $670, and $570 per DALY averted, respectively. Sensitivity analyses that explored the implications of the uncertain key parameters showed that model outcomes were most sensitive to vaccine price per dose, discount rate, case-fatality rate of primary endpoint pneumonia, and vaccine efficacy against primary endpoint pneumonia. Based on the information available now, infant PCV vaccination would be expected to reduce pneumococcal diseases caused by S. pneumoniae in The Gambia. Assuming a cost-effectiveness threshold of three times GDP per capita, all PCVs examined would be cost-effective at the tentative Advance Market Commitment (AMC) price of $3.5 per dose. Because the cost-effectiveness of a PCV program could be affected by potential serotype replacement or herd immunity effects that may not be known until after a large scale introduction, type-specific surveillance and iterative evaluation will be critical.
Values in Family Therapy Practice and Research: An Invitation for Reflection

Values have been shown to be a pervasive part of both marriage and family therapy (MFT) clinical practice and research. Yet, many therapists and researchers remain unclear about how values affect their work. This article examines the influence of Western philosophical assumptions and therapy traditions in light of current understandings of values in therapy. The influence of values in MFT research processes is similarly examined. Implications for how family therapy professionals can be more reflective and sophisticated in their understanding of values in clinical practice and scientific inquiry are discussed. Suggestions for addressing values in MFT training also are given.
Using coaches as role models of sun protection for youth: Georgia's “got youth covered” project

Abstract Youths’ sun exposure increases their risk for development of both non‐melanoma and melanoma skin cancers later in life. This project extends previous efforts to increase the sun protective practices of youth through the design and evaluation of a program to train soccer coaches (N = 99) to model sun protection to soccer‐playing youth (N = 575). Pretest results determined that coaches’ feelings of self‐efficacy predicted their behavioral and verbal modeling of sun protection to youth, with procedural knowledge and access to social resources also significantly predicting the likelihood that coaches would promote sun protection to youth. Coaches who participated in a one‐hour training program to increase their procedural knowledge about skin cancer prevention and detection were found to significantly increase their sun protection behavior and feelings of self‐efficacy about sun protection, as compared to coaches who interacted with parents that received novel information about youth's sun exposure r...
Hypersonic Vehicle Flight Dynamics with Coupled Aerodynamics and Reduced-order Propulsive Models

A new model is developed to more accurately capture the dynamics and control of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle using a computationally inexpensive formulation. The vehicle model integrates a scramjet engine analysis tool developed specifically for use in a control-oriented model and a six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model. The combined hypersonic vehicle model requires less than ten seconds with a single 2.6 GHz processor to calculate the total thrust, lift, and aerodynamic moment on the vehicle. The inlet and nozzle analysis handles shock-shock and shock-expansion interactions, and expansions are considered to be a series of discrete waves. The combustor model utilizes scaling laws that retain some of the fidelity of higher-order simulations. On the parts of the vehicle that are not part of the propulsive flowpath, modified shock-expansion theory is used to calculate the pressure. In this approach the role of the propulsive model will be only to calculate the net forces and moments on the inlet, combustor, and nozzle. The result is a control-oriented hypersonic vehicle model that qualitatively captures the nonlinear interactions between vehicle dynamics and the scramjet engine.
Potential uses of intravenous proton pump inhibitors to control gastric acid secretion.

Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective agents for suppressing gastric acidity and are the preferred therapy for many acid-related conditions. While proton pump inhibitors have been accessible in intravenous formulations in several European countries, they have been available only as oral drugs in the United States. In the near future, the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole is likely to become available in an intravenous formulation for American patients. Potential uses for intravenous proton pump inhibitors include treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and peptic ulcers complicated by bleeding or gastric outlet obstruction, as well as prevention of stress ulcers and acid-induced lung injury. These intravenous proton pump inhibitors are also likely to be beneficial to patients undergoing long-term maintenance with oral proton pump inhibitors who cannot take oral therapy for a period of time. Intravenous pantoprazole is especially distinguished in its lack of clinically relevant drug interactions, and it requires no dosage adjustment for patients with renal insufficiency or with mild to moderate hepatic dysfunction. Both omeprazole and pantoprazole are well tolerated in both oral and intravenous forms. Although further studies are needed to define their roles clearly, the availability of intravenous formulations of proton pump inhibitors will certainly assist with the treatment of gastric acid-related disorders.
The Women's Health Initiative trial and stroke risk

Due to this “healthy user effect”, randomised placebo-controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes in the early 1990s were designed to avoid the selection bias of observational studies. In the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS), 3 women with established cardiovascular disease were randomised to either oral conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone or placebo. Although stroke was a secondary endpoint, after an average follow up of 4 years there were non-significant increases in the incidence of fatal stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 1·61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·73 to 3·55) and non-fatal stroke (HR 1·18; 95% CI 0·83 to 1·66), and no increase in the incidence of transient ischaemic attack (HR 0·90; 95% CI 0·57 to 1·42) in women who received combination HRT. 3 In the Women Estrogen Stroke Trial (WEST), 4 women were
Pain, pressure and political cover: Explaining mediation incidence:

This article explores the effect of domestic and international politics on the choice of mediation as a conflict management strategy in international crises. Existing work has yet to fully explore how domestic and international audiences shape the combatants’ preferences for mediation. With regard to domestic pressures, combatants often desire mediation as political cover for unpalatable concessions. That is, intermediaries might obscure responsibility for disappointing outcomes or signal the prudence of compromise. In terms of international audiences, affected third parties eager to shape the resolution outcome might lobby to serve as a mediator. Since both domestic and international audiences are affected by the crisis severity, the article also explores how the pain of fighting conditions the effect of international and domestic political pressures. Empirical analysis of international crises since World War I confirms that potential domestic audience costs for seeking peace and the propensity for conce...
Personal Information Policies in the United States and Britain: The Dilemma of Implementation Considerations

This article examines how issues of policy implementation affected the formulation and adoption of personal information policies in the United States and Britain. The analysis suggests that when implementation questions are raised during policy formulation, programmatic goals will be compromised to the interests bureaucracies have in implementation. In this case, the goal of protecting the privacy of personal information was sacrified to an implementation framework that protected bureaucratic needs. This poses a dilemma for policy analysts: when implementation questions are left unresolved in policy design, bureaucratic concerns dominate the implementation stage; yet, when implementation questions are resolved in policy design, bureaucratic concerns dominate the formulation stage.
Multiple-phase equilibria in hydrates from methane, ethane, propane and water mixtures

Phase-equilibrium conditions for multicomponent hydrocarbon-water mixtures were experimentally determined, demonstrating that both structure I and structure II hydrates can form from a single mixture. Model parameters were optimized to allow prediction of the hydrate structure, and prediction of the pressure and temperature of hydrate formation for the experimental mixtures.
Unique Signaling Properties of B Cell Antigen Receptor in Mature and Immature B Cells: Implications for Tolerance and Activation

Immature B cells display increased sensitivity to tolerance induction compared with their mature counterparts. The molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate unique maturation stage-dependent differences in B cell Ag receptor (BCR) signaling, including BCR-mediated calcium mobilization responses. Immature B cells display greater increases in intracellular calcium concentrations following Ag stimulation. This has consequences for the induction of biologically relevant responses: immature B cells require lower Ag concentrations for activation than mature B cells, as measured by induction of receptor editing and CD86 expression, respectively. BCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of CD79a, Lyn, B cell linker protein, and phospholipase Cgamma2 is enhanced in immature B cells and they exhibit greater capacitative calcium entry in response to Ag. Moreover, B cell linker protein, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and phospholipase Cgamma2, which are crucial for the induction of calcium mobilization responses, are present at approximately 3-fold higher levels in immature B cells, potentially contributing to increased mobilization of calcium. Consistent with this possibility, we found that the previously reported lack of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate production in immature B cells may be explained by enhanced inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate breakdown. These data demonstrate that multiple mechanisms guarantee increased Ag-induced mobilization of calcium in immature B cells and presumably ensure elimination of autoreactive B cells from the repertoire.
Modeled and measured instruction fetching performance for superscalar microprocessors

Instruction fetching is critical to the performance of a superscalar microprocessor. We develop a mathematical model for three different cache techniques and evaluate its performance both in theory and in simulation using the SPEC95 suite of benchmarks. In all the techniques, the fetching performance is dramatically lower than ideal expectations. To help remedy the situation, we also evaluate its performance using prefetching. Nevertheless, fetching performance is fundamentally limited by control transfers. To solve this problem, we introduce a new fetching mechanism called a dual branch target buffer. The dual branch target buffer enables fetching performance to leap beyond the limitation imposed by conventional methods and achieve a high instruction fetching rate.
Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization as affected by atrazine and glyphosate

Atrazine alone and atrazine plus glyphosate were added to soil to determine their effect on soil microbial activity as measured by C and N mineralization (Cmin, Nmin) and soil extractable atrazine without the use of radiolabelled isotopes. Atrazine alone was added to soils as a formulated product (Aatrex 4L) at a field rate of 2× (94 mg kg -1 ), 4× (188 mg kg -1 ), and 6× (282 mg kg -1 ) with an assumed soil penetration depth of 58 mm. Glyphosate, as Roundup Ultra, was added along with atrazine to soil in equal amounts bringing the total cumulative herbicide amount to 2× (188 mg kg -1 ), 4× (376 mg kg-1) and 6× (564 mg kg-1) assuming a 2-mm soil penetration depth for glyphosate. Atrazine plus gly- phosate stimulated microbial activity more than atrazine alone. During 56 days of incubation, mineralized C and N were highly correlated (r 2 =0.93). In addition, the C and N added from the herbicides were correlated with the amounts of C and N mineralized above the controls and were highly correlated (r 2 =0.93 for Cmin and r 2 =0.97 for Nmin). Cmin was greatest during the first 7 days of incubation after herbicide application while Nmin was greatest during the day 14 to day 28 period indicating a possible substrate shift from glyphosate to atrazine since atrazine has more N relative to C than gly- phosate. Atrazine extracted from soil at four time periods (day 7, 14, 28, and 56) showed similar degradation curves (DT50 = 10.5 days) for the atrazine and atrazine- glyphosate treatments for all rates, with the exception of the 6× rate after 14 days and the 2× rate after 28 days of incubation where glyphosate appeared to slightly enhance the degradation of atrazine.
Personality and Cognitive Learning among Alcoholics with Different Intervals of Sobriety

This study was directed toward two select populations of Alcoholics Anonymous: 25 members with a verified sobriety interval of 1 to 3 mo., and 25 members with a verified sobriety interval of more than 3 yr. The 50 Ss were given Cattell's 16 PF and the Gelb-Goldstein-Weigl-Scheerer Object Sorting Test. A significant difference (P < .05) was reported on 9 of 16 personality factors; a marked difference (P < .001) was apparent when the groups were examined for a capacity to make any abstract-volitional shifts. Results support the hypothesis of heterogeneity of personality structure and divergent concept formation among male alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous and point to the meaningfulness of the length of sobriety in evaluating psychological characteristics of these Ss.
Tissue glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities in mildly and moderately diabetic rats: influence of tolbutamide administration.

Mild diabetes (blood glucose < 300 mg/100 ml) was associated with a significant reduction in hepatic glucokinase suggesting that this enzyme is the most sensitive glycolytic enzyme indicator of the diabetic state since no other tissue enzyme alterations were noted. Moderate diabetes (blood glucose, 300−500) was accompanied by glycolytic enzyme values which were significantly decreased in liver and skeletal muscles, values which were significantly increased in renal cortex, and values which were similar to control values in jejunal mucosa and heart. Thus each of these five tissues had a specific adaptive response to the diabetic state. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was significantly increased in liver of mildly diabetic rats and in renal cortex of moderately diabetic rats. This enzyme appears to be the most sensitive gluconeogenic enzyme indicator of the diabetic state and also shows the greatest percentage increase observed for the rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes in livers of diabetic animals. Tol...
Non-Invasive Real-time Photoacoustic Tomography of Hemodynamics in Freely Moving Rats

We describe a wearable photoacoustic tomography system in imaging hemodynamics in awake, freely-moving rats. It will provide neuroscience community a powerful tool for a variety of applications such as neurovascular coupling study.
The investigation and countermeasures of sub-health state among students of 10 colleges in the Guangzhou higher education mega center

Objective To study the main influencing factors of sub-health status in college students of Guangzhou,and suggest some corresponding measures for prevention.Methods Uniform questionnaire were designed for sub-health status investigation of 2 000 students of 10 colleges from Guangzhou campus city.Used EpiData 3.1 to establish a database and used SPSS 13.0 software for statistical analysis.Results The results showed that different levels of sub-health was prevalent in college student.About 64.4%(1 270/1 971)students under investigation was in a sub-health condition and accompanied with some symptom such as difficulty in concentration,poor memory and less energetic.Symptoms in different sub-health groups of students were significantly different.The main factors leading to sub-health was the lack of physical exercise,high mental tension and low sleep quality.Conclusion The colleges should guide the students to have reasonable exercise,improve their health knowledge via different ways and give more concern of the students with family economic difficulty.
Assessment of Cardiopulmonary Responses to Treadmill Walking Following Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Background Studies that have evaluated cardiopulmonary responses to exercise within the first few months of bariatric surgery have utilized cycle ergometry. However, walking is the most commonly reported mode of both pre- and post-operative PA. The divergent cardiopulmonary responses and metabolic costs of weight-bearing (walking) and non-weight-bearing (cycling) exercises warrant examination of the effects of bariatric surgery on cardiopulmonary responses during walking.
Soybean hulls as a dietary fiber source for dogs.

In Exp. 1, soybean hull samples were obtained from nine sources across the United States and analyzed for nutrient content to determine their suitability for inclusion in dog diets. Compositional data revealed variation in both the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF; 63.8 to 81.2%) in the soybean hulls and the ratio of insoluble:soluble fiber (5.0:1 to 15.4:1). Crude protein content varied widely among sources, ranging from 9.2 to 18.7%. An in vivo trial (Exp. 2) was conducted using a premium dog diet containing 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, or 9.0% soybean hulls (DM basis). There was a negative linear effect (P < .05) of soybean hull inclusion in the diet on DM, OM, TDF, and GE total-tract digestibilities, as well as on calculated ME. Crude protein and fat digestibilities were unaffected by treatment. Based on these results, ileally cannulated dogs were fed diets containing 6.0, 7.5, or 9.0% soybean hulls (DM basis) in addition to diets containing either 0% supplemental fiber or 7.5% beet pulp (Exp. 3). Nutrient digestion at the ileum was unaffected by inclusion of supplemental fiber. Total tract digestion of DM, OM, and GE was lower ( P < .05) for diets containing supplemental fiber when compared with the diet containing 0% fiber. Crude protein and fat digestibilities were unaffected by treatment. There was no difference in nutrient digestibility between those diets containing soybean hulls and a diet containing beet pulp. Soybean hull inclusion in the diet resulted in a negative linear effect (P < .05) on calculated ME, in addition to lowering ME (P < .05) when compared with the 0% fiber control diet. Calculated ME for dogs fed a 7.5% beet pulp-containing diet was lower (P < .05) than that for dogs fed the soybean hull-containing diets. Results indicate that soybean hulls can be an effective dietary fiber source in dog diets.
“I Did What I Do” Versus “I Cover Football”

As athletes added their voices to the fall 2014 protests against police violence, in-house reporters, that is, content producers paid to produce stories for team websites, were part of the press pack describing these actions. Despite working for teams, many view themselves as sports journalists, despite working for teams, view themselves as sports journalists. This collision of sports and politics posed a challenge to the professional identities they try to maintain. Using interview data and textual analysis, this case study examines the ways that in-house sportswriters understood and operationalized their professional identities at a moment when they came into potential conflict with their employment situations. Their answers reflect boundary work on the part of in-house media members, who stressed their independence and news judgment in explaining their choices around this story even if their actions diverged. The work raises questions for understanding how journalistic identity translates to new contex...
Novel adaptive and innate immunity targets in hypertension

Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and global health concern as it is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A relationship between the immune system and its contributing role to the pathogenesis of hypertension has been long established, but substantial advancements within the last few years have dissected specific causal molecular mechanisms. This review will briefly examine these recent studies exploring the involvement of either innate or adaptive immunity pathways. Such pathways to be discussed include innate immunity factors such as antigen presenting cells and pattern recognition receptors, adaptive immune elements including T and B lymphocytes, and more specifically, the emerging role of T regulatory cells, as well as the potential of cytokines and chemokines to serve as signaling messengers connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Together, we summarize these studies to provide new perspective for what will hopefully lead to more targeted approaches to manipulate the immune system as hypertensive therapy.
Conclusion: The Benjamin–Adorno Debate on the Nature of Aesthetic Experience

To what extent do Benjamin and Adorno share a common program in their respective accounts of aesthetic experience? How do they understand art as a mode of social critique? What crucial differences emerge in the way that their accounts? How do they take up and alter fundamental themes from the post-Kantian movement? There are a number of points of influence and critique between the two thinkers that play a generative role in their accounts of aesthetic experience: for example, their respective conceptions of mimesis, as well as the repression of mimesis in modern culture, their accounts of the fragmentary nature of truth, and their idea of constellational form.1 Many of these points of shared concern remain implicit in the accounts that I have given here. But in addition to these well-documented points of similarity between Benjamin and Adorno, they also engage in a debate on the nature of aesthetic experience, a debate founded not merely on differences in taste or politics but on fundamentally different epistemic views of aesthetic experience. Looking at the Benjamin–Adorno debate will help not only to reveal the context in which they influenced each other to devise their specific views. More importantly, it will help to reveal certain fundamental assumptions about how they regarded art as a form of social critique, and it will help to articulate the ways in which their respective philosophies respond to the influence of post-Kantian aesthetic thinking. I argue that the key difference between their accounts of aesthetic experience rests on the way that they think of art as a form of semblance (Schein) and in the way that they conceive of relationship between subject and object.
Otherkin and Therian in the Virtual Space: Communicating Identities of the Private and Public Self

The purpose of this study was to understand how the Therian and Otherkin subcultures use virtual spaces. The following questions guided the study: (a) how do Otherkin and Therian individuals use virtual spaces to develop a sense of self?, and (b) what signifiers are utilized to communicate the Otherkin and Therian identity in public and private spaces? Videos of twenty YouTube vloggers, who identify as Therian and Otherkin, were analyzed. Three themes emerged: (a) they use of the virtual space to build community and a support network, (b) dress was used as a means to feel more connected to the community and to negotiate presentation of the true self, and (c) disconnection and censure from the society as a result of expressing the true self. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, these individuals used dress to signify a subcultural identity, which was negotiated and acted out in virtual and offline spaces.
Contemporary Approaches to Gender and Religion

Religious messages, mores, and laws profoundly shape the gendered lives of men and women. Religious engagement has been found to influence sexual practices, family formation, workforce engagement, and a host of other life domains. The influence of institutional religion on these elements of lived experiences is often treated as detrimental to women and religious institutions regarded as inherently patriarchal. However, women are often substantially more engaged in religious institutions and invested in religious identities than men. In this chapter we begin by reviewing theories explaining women’s high rates of religious engagement and belief. We then evaluate common religious ideologies about gendered behaviors and examine the effects of such ideologies on the political, societal, economic, and familial experiences of men and women. We conclude by summarizing the state of current research into the intersection of religion and gender and providing recommendations for future approaches.
Optical properties and decomposition mechanisms of SF6 at different partial discharge determined by infrared spectroscopy

Probing the decomposition products of Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) under partial discharge provides important information for fault diagnosis of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS). Here, the effects of discharging time, gas pressure, and discharging voltage on SF6 decomposition products have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of decomposition products such as CF4, SOF2, and SO2F2 have been obtained. It can be found that the CF4, SOF2, and SO2F2 concentrations increase over increased discharging time up to 96 hours. The SO2F2 concentration increases while the discharging voltage is raised from 20 kV to 46 kV, due to the rapid deceleration to the lower energy of electron capture and dissociative attachment. The SO2F2 concentration is reduced while the gas pressure is increased from 0.3 MPa to 0.4 MPa. The present results about the SF6 decomposition can be useful for electrical fault diagnosis.Probing the decomposition products of Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) under partial discharge provides important information for fault diagnosis of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS). Here, the effects of discharging time, gas pressure, and discharging voltage on SF6 decomposition products have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of decomposition products such as CF4, SOF2, and SO2F2 have been obtained. It can be found that the CF4, SOF2, and SO2F2 concentrations increase over increased discharging time up to 96 hours. The SO2F2 concentration increases while the discharging voltage is raised from 20 kV to 46 kV, due to the rapid deceleration to the lower energy of electron capture and dissociative attachment. The SO2F2 concentration is reduced while the gas pressure is increased from 0.3 MPa to 0.4 MPa. The present results about the SF6 decomposition can be useful for electrical fault diagnosis.
New pancreatic lipases: gene expression, protein secretion, and the newborn.

Publisher Summary Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of pancreatic lipase-related proteins 1 (PLRP1) and PLRP2 with that of pancreatic lipase showed marked conservation of important functional and structural determinants. The presence of the PLRPs raised important questions about their physiological functions, gene regulation, and expression pattern. This chapter describes the methods for investigation of the expression pattern of these genes, for identifying the individual proteins in pancreatic secretions, and for expressing recombinant proteins. Because of the marked homology among the nucleotide sequence and among the amino acid sequences of these proteins, it is imperative that further investigations employ reagents that are specific for each species. As more is learned about the biological and enzymatic properties of these pancreatic lipase homologs, their physiological function will be delineated.
The Manzanar Project — A Unique Way to End World Hunger

The project, Manzanar, was begun at the Salton Sea in California and is a search for answers to the problem of world hunger through the use of salt water agriculture. It is one that if successful will allow indigenous people who are facing famine and who live on coastal areas to feed themselves.