cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Shame Be Therapeutic

This paper focuses on alternative judicial punishments such as reciprocal and humiliation punishments. It explores the past and present use of such punishments. It covers the theories behind the use of these punishments. It also takes a look at the praise and criticism for the use of these punishments. Additionally, the paper discusses the use and effects of these punishments, including recidivism rates.
U.S. Monetary Policy Surprises and Mortgage Rates

This paper examines the magnitude and persistence of the mortgage rate pass-through in response to U.S. monetary policy surprises. The policy surprises are measured by both the surprise changes to the target federal funds rate (the target factor) and surprises in the future direction of the Federal Reserve monetary policy (the path factor). We find that within the week of the FOMC announcements, both the target and path factors have significantly positive impacts on the 1-year ARM rates. In addition, the impact of the target factor on the 1-year ARM rates lasts up to one week after the announcement. We also find that the target factor has a one-week lagged impact on the 30-year fixed mortgage rate. Thus, short-term adjustable mortgage rates experience higher degree of pass-through and faster adjustment speed than long-term fixed mortgage rates. Furthermore, there exist the asymmetric adjustments of U.S. mortgage rates, and the pass through of mortgage rates in responses to monetary policy surprises are affected by the size of monetary policy surprises, the direction of business cycle and whether monetary policy is tightening or loosening. We also find that there exists heterogeneity in the mortgage rate pass-through process across regions. The cross-region variation in the response to the target factor is correlated with growth in income and the unemployment rate in the region, while the cross-region variation in the response to the path factor is mainly related to the housing market factors, such as the rental vacancy rate.
Text Summarization by Sentence Segment Extraction Using Machine Learning Algorithms

We present an approach to the design of an automatic text summarizer that generates a summary by extracting sentence segments. First, sentences are broken into segments by special cue markers. Each segment is represented by a set of predefined features (e.g. location of the segment, number of title words in the segment). Then supervised learning algorithms are used to train the summarizer to extract important sentence segments, based on the feature vector. Results of experiments indicate that the performance of the proposed approach compares quite favorably with other approaches (including MS Word summarizer).
Identification of Several Unique, Low-Molecular-Weight Basic Proteins in Dormant Spores of Clostridium bifermentans and Their Degradation During Spore Germination

Two acid-soluble, low-molecular-weight basic proteins comprise approximately 20% of the protein in dormant spores of Clostridium bifermentans. Both of these proteins are rapidly degraded during spore germination.
Chapter 8 - Quasi-Equilibrium Thinking

Until quite recently, quasi-equilibrium has been thought of primarily as a closure for convective parameterizations; its effect on the way we think about convection has been relatively slow to come about. In this paper I have reviewed and in some small ways extended Emanuel et al. 's (1994) exploration of the full implications of quasi-equilibrium. The main structure of quasi-equilibrium thinking emphasizes the following points: • Latent heating is a concept that applies to the dynamics of individual clouds. In contrast, it plays no role in the energetics of cumulus ensembles.
"A Geography of Disparate Spirits": Pathology as Oppression in "A Woman is Talking to Death" and "Mental".

This article foregrounds Judy Grahn's commitment to social justice and chiefly considers her nine-part poems: “A Woman is Talking to Death” and “Mental.” These poems illuminate the socially constructed nature of mental illness and challenge readers to consider how and why the characters within them are deemed mentally ill. Little, if any, scholarship has been devoted to using Grahn's poetry, and particularly “Mental,” as a framework for analyzing the pathologization of people, especially women, relative to the system of mental health. Her work remains relevant to critical conversations that illuminate contemporary issues of oppression that still haunt us today.
The Complex Story of H2

Molecular hydrogen is the most abundant species in the universe. In his Perspective, [Klemperer][1] explains how the complex electronic properties of hydrogen helps explain its behavior in space, including the formation of a rich chemistry of organic molecules in dark molecular clouds. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5531/815
Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity--trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience.

Bad things can and do happen. As much as we might wish it otherwise, acute and highly aversive events such as natural disaster, serious injury, and the death of loved ones have plagued humans at every stage of the life cycle. While these events are usually intensely distressing for both children and adults, it has become abundantly clear that over the longer term not everyone reacts in the same way (Bonanno, 2004; Bonanno, Westphal, & Mancini, 2011). Indeed, although in common parlance such events are referred to as “traumatic”, in actuality because of the wide range in outcomes they evoke, these events are more appropriately described as “potentially traumatic events” or PTEs (Norris, 1992; Bonanno, 2004). In this paper, we review the growing body of research on resilience to isolated PTEs and the factors that predict it. We begin by considering how resilience to PTEs might be defined, and pay special attention to some of the misunderstandings that have surrounded the construct. In part, we attribute these definitional misunderstandings to the fact that the psychological study of resilience was originally advanced in the literature on chronic adversity in children, and then only later migrated to the adult literature on single-incident trauma. Because single-incident trauma is phenomenologically distinct from chronic adversity, however, the study of resilience in the context of a PTE necessitated a degree of conceptual readjustment (Bonanno, 2004, 2005, 2012; Bonanno & Mancini, 2008; Masten & Narayan, 2012). We review the nuances of these adjustments in some detail and discuss some of the misunderstandings they have generated. To organize our discussion and to extend and integrate previous work on divergent pathways of adjustment (e.g., Bonanno, 2004; Masten & Narayan, 2012), we introduce the terms emergent resilience and minimal-impact resilience to represent trajectories of positive adjustment in the context of chronic adversity and single-incident trauma, respectively. We then describe the some of the recent statistical advances in latent trajectory modeling and briefly review each of the prototypical trajectories identified in response to isolated PTEs. Because emergent resilience has been well studied in the developmental literature, we devote the remainder of the paper to reviewing the relatively new research on minimal-impact resilience and the factors that predict it.
Acousto-optical shaping of ultraviolet femtosecond pulses

This work demonstrates a simple method for ultraviolet (UV) acousto-optical pulse shaping of both spectral amplitude and phase. A fused-silica acousto-optical modulator is used to ensure high transmission and a high damage threshold at 400-nm center wavelength. The technique eliminates complications associated with the parametric transfer of the spectral phase of near-infrared pulses through a nonlinear process out to UV wavelengths, by separating the frequency doubling and shaping processes. Three illustrative applications of phase control are presented: the compensation of material dispersion, the generation of multiple pulse trains, and the generation of arbitrarily shaped pulse trains. Self-diffraction frequency-resolved optical gating is used to characterize the success of the technique.
Retention of a running response following appetitive acquisition, extinction, and discrimination

In Experiment 1, hungry rats received 30 rewarded runway trials and then either extinction trials followed by retention tests or just retention tests. Different groups were tested after retention intervals of 1 min, 1, 3, or 24 h, or 30 days. Retention of extinction training was a nonmonotonic, cubic function of time for the early portion of the response chain, with good retention at 1 min and 3 h and little retention at 1 h, 24 h, or 30 days. In the latter portions of the response chain, retention of extinction decreased monotonically with time. Retention following reward-only training varied little in time, though slight losses occurred after 30 days. Experiments 2–3 differed from Experiment 1 in imposing nonchoice discrimination training (reward vs. nonreward) instead of extinction following 30 rewarded trials. After different time intervals (.017, .75, 1.25, 3, and 24 h in Experiment 1; and .017, 1, and 3 h in Experiment 2), retention tests revealed poorest discrimination at intermediate intervals in the initial portion of the response chain, i.e., a Kamin effect appeared. The deficit seemed the result of a loss of response suppression to the cue that signaled nonreward. In latter segments of the response chain, a Kamin effect tended not to appear. Implications for a number of observations and theoretical views are noted.
Operating characteristics of the crossed-field closing switch

The function of the crossed-field closing switch (CFCS) has has been studied over a wide range of variables. Three different modes of conduction have been observed: the conventional crossed-field discharge, a hybrid hollow-cathode discharge, and the vacuum arc. Depending on the amplitude and duration of the current, conduction may typically pass through these modes in the above sequence. The CFCS may be triggered magnetically or by grid control into a number of states with varying levels of voltage drop. Conduction may be allowed in the reverse direction or prevented. The present design is limited in response speed and repetition rate by the inductance of the grid and anode leads, the lack of efficient pressure control, and the need for a pulsed magnetic field. Criteria are presented which show the directions in which extrapolations in design may lead. It is concluded that the CFCS is potentially capable of performing some functions more reliably or effectively than conventional switching devices, and variants of the device may eventually be capable of performing functions not presently achievable by any other means.
Presuppositions and Local Contexts

In the last thirty years, the problem of presupposition projection has been taken to provide a decisive argument for a dynamic approach to meaning, one in which expressions are not evaluated with respect to the ‘global’ context of utterance, but rather with respect to a ‘local context’ obtained by updating the global one with expressions that occur earlier in the sentence. The computation of local contexts is taken by dynamic analyses to follow from a generalization of the notion of belief update. I argue that the dynamic approach is faced with a dilemma: in its pragmatic incarnation (Stalnaker), it is explanatory but not general; in its semantic incarnation (Karttunen and Heim), it is general but not explanatory. I suggest that the dilemma stems for a faulty understanding of ‘local contexts’, and I offer a new reconstruction of this notion which eschews belief update but offers a general and fully precise solution to the projection problem.
Neurochemical variables in schizophrenic patients during switching from neuroleptics to clozapine.

Abstract 1. 1. The study aimed to search for the effect of clozapine on the levels of the main metabolites of dopamine homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and norepinephrine 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in urine as well as on plasma levels of HVA, 5-HIAA, prolactin (PRL) and cortisol. 2. 2. Seventeen male patients diagnosed as suffering from DSM-IIIR schizophrenia completed the study. 3. 3. The patients were switched from classical antipsychotics to clozapine. After six weeks treatment with clozapine the severity of psychopathology (total BPRS score) decreased significantly (p=0.00004). pHVA and -5-HIAA did not change significantly. uMHPG increased significantly (p=0.017). Both PRL and cortisol levels decreased significantly (p=0.0002, p=0.032 respectively). Patients with high HVA levels in both plasma and urine at baseline had a lower BPRS score at the end of treatment period (p=0.0001, p=0.049 respectively).
MANUFACTURING APPLICATION INTEGRATION SCHEME USING ISO 15745 AND IEC 62264

Abstract A common challenge in the integration of processes, resources, and information exchanges across manufacturing operations within an enterprise involves selecting resource interfaces to support interoperability of the operations. By combining the integration approaches of ISO 15745 (application integration framework) and of IEC 62264 (enterprise-control system integration), a scheme to delineate these interoperability interfaces is proposed. The scheme extends the IEC 62264 generic activity model beyond the manufacturing operations management domain and the ISO 15745 integration model beyond the operations automation domain.
RETENTION OF SIALIC ACID, PROTEIN, AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BY CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS FOLLOWING FREEZING INJURY.

Abstract To ascertain the sensitivity of change in sialic acid as an index of cell integrity the posttraumatic retention of sialic acid was compared with that of DNA and protein following freezing injury to human skin cells and L-929 mouse fibroblasts. The most sensitive criterion of gross injury was the rapid and heavy loss of DNA. Karyolysis was a prominent cytologic feature corroborating the analytical findings. Conversely, the delayed lysis of the cytoplasm reflected the less severe losses of protein (or cell mass) and sialic acid. Surviving L-929 cells invariably accumulated fat granules. The absolute content of sialic acid in intact cells did not suggest any species difference. In nontraumatized cultures the progressive increase in cellular sialic acid approached that of DNA rather than of protein.
East Indian Families Raising ABCD Adolescents: Cultural and Generational Challenges

Immigration is a process fraught with both challenges and opportunities for families. In particular, East Indian families with U.S.-born adolescents experience the challenges of bridging cultures across generational divides; they are perceived by others as confused, identity less, and conflicted or as American-Born, Confused Desis (ABCDs). This article explores the history of East Indian immigration to the United States, the cultural values and belief systems of these parents and adolescents, and some clinical and research implications for developing a richer and more complex understanding of this group.
Alloy phase analysis from measurements of bulk magnetic properties

Measurements of bulk magnetic properties were investigated to evaluate whether they can be used to reveal the microstructure and phase stability of alloys. Specifically, phase transformations in aluminum-copper alloys were followed with magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results suggest that bulk magnetic measurements can be used to predict microstructure and, thus, properties of alloys. The ability to characterize alloy properties and phase stability through correlation with electromagnetic measurements may allow significant improvements in the nondestructive evaluation of advanced alloy properties and the prediction of service life.
ASYMMETRIC ERUPTIVE FILAMENTS

Filaments are often observed to erupt asymmetrically, during which one leg is fixed to the photosphere (referred to as the anchored leg) while the other undertakes most of the dynamic motions (referred to as the active leg) during the eruptive process. In this paper, we present observations of a group of asymmetric eruptive filaments, in which two types of eruptions are identified: whipping-like, where the active leg whips upward, and hard X-ray sources shift toward the end of the anchored leg; and zipping-like, where the visible end of the active leg moves along the neutral line like the unfastening of a zipper as the filament arch rises and expands. During a zipping-like eruption, hard X-ray sources shift away from where the eruption initiates toward where the visible end of the active leg eventually stops moving. Both types of asymmetric eruptions can be understood in terms of how the highly sheared filament channel field, traced by filament material, responds to an external asymmetric magnetic confinement, where force imbalance occurs in the neighborhood of the visible end of the active leg. The dynamic motions of the active leg have a distinct impact on how hard X-ray sources shift, as observed by RHESSI.
Human Behavior and Economics: A Survey of Recent Literature

Introduction: psychology and economics, 1. — I. Parmelee, Science of Human Behavior, 3. — II. Thorndike, The Original Nature of Man, 6. — III. Wallas, The Great Society, 12. — IV. Veblen, The Instinct of Workmanship, 19. — V. Sombart, Der Bourgeois, 29. — VI. Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, 37. — VII. Walling, Progressivism and After, 41. — VIII. Conclusion, 46.
Follow-up to genome-wide linkage and admixture mapping studies implicates components of the extracellular matrix in susceptibility to and size of uterine fibroids.

Objective To conduct a follow-up association mapping to independent genome-wide linkage and admixture mapping studies of uterine leiomyoma. Design Case-control, cross-sectional study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 1,045 premenopausal North American participants in the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Uterine Fibroid Study. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) We genotyped 2,772 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from candidate genes located in peaks of linkage (2q37, 3p21, 5p13, 10p11, 11p15, 12q14, and 17q25) or admixture linkage disequilibrium (2q37, 4p16.1, and 10q26) mapping and reported to have regulated expression in uterine fibroids. Result(s) We report significant associations of variant members of the collagen gene family with risk and tumor size, including missense variants in COL6A3 and COL13A , with replications in African American and European American study groups. Furthermore, the cell-matrix Rho GTPase-encoding ARHGAP26 gene, and MAN1C1 , a gene encoding a Golgi mannosidase involved in the maturation of procollagens, emerged as new candidate uterine leiomyoma genes affecting both risk and tumor size. Conclusion(s) Our data converge onto a possible model of uterine leiomyoma pathogenesis resulting from altered regulation, maintenance, and/or renewal of the extracellular matrix.
Newer Methods for Characterization of Antibiotics II. Antibiotic Structure Studied by Mass Spectrometry

Newer Methods for Characterization of Antibiotics II. Antibiotic Structure Studied by Mass Spectrometry
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Evaluation of the Finger

OBJECTIVE. Ultrasound is well suited for evaluating the superficial structures of the finger. The purpose of this video article is to review basic anatomy, scanning techniques, and sonographic appearance of the tendons, pulleys, and ligaments of the finger. Examples of pathologic conditions that can affect these structures will be shown. Please note that the large size of this file may result in several minutes of download time.CONCLUSION. Ultrasound is an established safe, efficient, and cost-effective method to evaluate structures in the finger. Knowledge of anatomy and technique is essential for scanning the finger accurately and effectively. The dynamic capability of ultrasound is especially helpful in evaluating for tendon and pulley injury and pathology.VIDEO. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Evaluation of the Finger.
Time preference and capital asset pricing models

Abstract Results of the theory of individual optimal consumption-investment choice under uncertainty are extended to a class of intertemporally dependent preferences for consumption streams. These results are then used to show that with intertemporally dependent preferences, which are more realistic than the separable time-additive preference structure, Merton's (1973) multi-beta intertemporal capital asset pricing model is still valid, but it can no longer be collapsed to Breeden's (1979) single consumption-beta model.
An induction hardening process model to assist sustainability assessment of a steel bevel gear

The manufacturing industry is beginning to make production and design decisions informed by principles of sustainability. This means balancing economics with environmental and social performance. In order for design and manufacturing engineers to make these types of decisions, they need to measure product sustainability performance at the process level. The purpose of this research is to develop an induction hardening unit manufacturing process model to assist in product sustainability assessments. Physics and engineering principles are used to construct the underpinning induction hardening mathematical models. The models are functions of process and design parameters to quantify the appropriate economic, environmental, and social metrics. The induction hardening model is demonstrated for hardening the teeth of a representative steel bevel gear. Bevel gear alternatives made from AISI 4340, 4140, and 4150 steel alloys were chosen to analyze the influence of material properties on the sustainability metrics. A tempering process model was incorporated into the sustainability assessment to obtain functional equivalence of the components. It was found that the electrical resistivity greatly impacts the electrical energy consumption of the induction hardening process, while the austenitizing temperatures of the three steel alloys have a lower effect. The differences in the steel alloys had a low impact on the operating cost and did not affect the social metrics. Constructing unit process models improves the accuracy of product sustainability assessments that are used to help decision makers investigating tradeoffs in process and design parameters.
Long term results of a phase I/II study of aggressive chemotherapy and sequential upper and lower hemibody radiation for patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer.

Background. A Phase I/II study of an aggressive six-drug chemotherapy regimen followed by the use of sequential hemibody radiation therapy as a possible non-cross-resistant systemic treatment was undertaken for patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer. Methods. The 20 enrolled patients received 7 cycles of cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. The first cycle consisted of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, and lomustine. Subsequent cycles used a regimen of doxorubicin alternating with cisplatin. Thoracic radiation was delivered in a split-course fashion during the first week of chemotherapy cycles 5 and 6 (2000 cGy in five fractions during each week). Prophylactic cranial radiation was delivered in a split-course fashion during the first week of chemotherapy cycles 2 and 3 (1700 cGy in 5 fractions during each week). After the 7 cycles, patients received 600 cGy upper hemibody radiation followed by 800 cGy lower hemibody radiation. Results. Nineteen of 20 patients were evaluable for toxicity and response to treatment. Hematologic toxicity accounted for treatment delays or decreased doses in 16 of 19 patients. Thirteen patients completed the initial 7 cycles; progressive disease was the only reason for discontinuing treatment. Two patients had fatal hematologic complications after lower hemibody radiation. Three patients had severe or greater peripheral neurologic toxicity, two had severe central neurologic toxicity, and one had severe cardiac toxicity. Of 19 patients, 9 achieved a complete response; median survival was 11.5 months. Five-year progression free survival and 5-year overall survival were 27% and 16%, respectively. Conclusions. This aggressive regimen is feasible for patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer; however, hematologic-related mortality after lower hemibody radiation suggests that future investigations should be initiated at lower initial doses of lower hemibody radiation. Long term survival of the patients suggests that sequential hemibody radiation treatment warrants further investigation. Cancer 1995; 76:406–12.
Bounds for the effective thermal properties of composites

Abstract The paper deals with the effective linear thermal properties of composites. Using a dynamic method, bounds are derived for the effective conductivity and specific-heat of matrix/inclusion composites containing compact inclusions. It is shown that such bounds remain finite, which establishes the principle of an upper (lower) limit on the attainable overall conductivity (resistivity) irrespective of how large (small) the inclusion conductivity may be compared with the matrix conductivity. Bounds are also derived for a variety of classes of disordered composites, including the particular class discussed recently by Kroner [2], the so-called materials of grade (∞, ∞, n ). Altogether, bounds are derived for 16 different classes of materials and the statistical information pertaining to each class is given.
Hydrotreatment of bitumen from the Whiterocks oil sand deposit

Abstract The bitumen from the Whiterocks oil sand deposit in the Uinta Basin of eastern Utah was hydrotreated in a fixed-bed reactor to determine the extent of upgrading as a function of operating variables, including pressure (11.2–16.7 MPa), temperature (642–712 K) and liquid hourly space velocity (0.18–0.86 h−1). The hydrogen oil ratio, 890 m3 m−3, was fixed in all experiments. A sulfided Ni-Mo/alumina hydrodenitrogenation catalyst was used. Deactivation of the catalyst, 0.2 K day−1, was monitored by the decline in the API gravity of the total liquid product with time on-stream under standard conditions. The effects of temperature, weight hourly space velocity and pressure on denitrogenation, desulfurization and residuum conversion were studied and apparent kinetic parameters were determined. The effects of process variables on residuum conversion and Conradson carbon residue reduction were also investigated.
Variational principle for magnetostatic potential

Abstract The magnetostatic potential due to the magnetization existing in the magnetic media is characterized by a variational principle defined in the whole space. Representing the magnetostatic potential in the exterior of the magnetic media by its values on the boundary of an unbounded exterior space, the variational principle may be re-defined in a finite solution space. Alternatively, if one is willing to determine the potential solution on certain prescribed boundary of a finite space, the variational principle may also be re-defined in the prescribed space. The cost for the savings in the solution space is the representation of the potential in the exterior space for the former case, or the determination of the potential solution on certain prescribed boundary for the second case.
Six elements for technology integration in multicultural classrooms

Abstract Although the number of computers in American schools multiplies, educational inequity remains evident in the area of technology. The socio-economically disadvantaged, the physically disabled, and the culturally and linguistically different have limited knowledge of and experiences with technology. Equitable access to technology requires the infusion of effective multicultural teaching strategies into educational technology use. These strategies must be broad enough to be inclusive of diverse learners, yet specific enough to be valuable as a guide to multicultural teaching. Similarly, they should allow for individual creativity and personal differences in teaching and learning. In this paper, the author proposes and defines six elements for integrating technology in culturally diverse classrooms: cultural awareness, cultural relevance, culturally supportive environment, equitable access, instructional flexibility, and instructional integration. These six elements are based on research on effective...
Michael dummett on The Structure of Appearance

My early promise to answer Dummett's criticisms has been kept: both general criticisms of Goodman's constructional method and particular criticisms of specific aspects of the system developed in SA have been met. The general conclusion has to be that Dummett in his review, and in his elaborations in his two later articles, is not a reliable guide to SA itself, or to its significance. Those whom I hypothesized as having left their copies of SA unread on the basis of Dummett's unfavourable judgment should now, even if belatedly, read them.
Mitterrand, France, and NATO: the European transition

With the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Mitterrand on the one hand perpetuated the Gaullist tradition of independence in defence as a gauge of national sovereignty. On the other hand, he inherited the Gaullist tradition with regard to NATO, especially in the matter of a European defence identity apart from NATO. Although fiercely protective of France's position outside NATO's integrated command, Mitterrand's official acceptance of the New Strategic Concept of NATO in 1991 and his participation in the Gulf War and other Western actions were such that arguably they helped pave the way for France's eventual rapprochement with NATO.
Indirect estimation of radioactivity in containerized cargo

Naturally occurring radioactive material in containerized cargo challenges the state of the art in national and international efforts to detect illicit nuclear and radiological material in transported containers. Current systems are being evaluated and new systems envisioned to provide the high probability of detection necessary to thwart potential threats, combined with extremely low nuisance and false alarm rates necessary to maintain the flow of commerce impacted by the enormous volume of commodities imported in shipping containers. Maintaining flow of commerce also means that inspection must be rapid, requiring relatively non-intrusive, indirect measurements of cargo from outside containers to the extent possible. With increasing information content in such measurements, it is natural to ask how the information might be combined to improve detection. Toward this end, we present an approach to estimating isotopic activity of naturally occurring radioactive material in cargo grouped by commodity type, combining container manifest data with radiography and gamma-ray spectroscopy aligned to location along the container. The heart of this approach is our statistical model of gamma-ray counts within peak regions of interest, which captures the effects of background suppression, counting noise, convolution of neighboring cargo contributions, and down-scattered photons to provide estimates of counts due to decay of specific radioisotopes in cargo alone. Coupled to that model, we use a mechanistic model of self-attenuated radiation flux to estimate the isotopic activity within cargo, segmented by location within each container, that produces those counts. We test our approach by applying it to a set of measurements taken at the Port of Seattle in 2006. This approach to synthesizing disparate available data streams and extraction of cargo characteristics, while relying on several simplifying assumptions and approximations, holds the potential to support improvement of detection systems using current capabilities and to enable simulation-based evaluation of new candidate detection systems.
The survival impact of the intergroup 0116 trial on patients with gastric cancer.

Purpose The Intergroup 0116 (INT 0116) trial demonstrated a survival benefit for a broad group of fully resected gastric cancer patients. This study examined the impact on survival of the release of this landmark trial. Methods and Materials Patients with gastric carcinoma diagnosed between 1995 and 2004 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients from the overall population as well as those potentially eligible for the INT 0116 trial were classified as having been diagnosed either before (1995–1999) or after (2000–2004) this trial. Both Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox models were used to examine survival trends within these cohorts. Results For the overall population of 22,982 patients, the use of radiotherapy (RT) significantly changed after the INT 0116 trial ( p p = 0.00008). A similar improvement was also seen for patients who were potentially eligible for the INT 0116 trial ( p = 0.004), with 3-year survival rates improving from 32.2% to 34.5%. On both univariate and multivariate analysis, use of RT was associated with a significant survival improvement (HR, 0.65 [0.48–0.88]; p = 0.005). Conclusion Use of postoperative RT for gastric cancer has significantly increased after the release of the INT 0116 trial, likely reflecting increased use of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. This change has been associated with improved survival in gastric cancer patients, suggesting that the improved outcome seen in this trial has been successfully translated to the community.
Application of nano-tips to cold field emission CD-SEM

Experimental nano-tips have shown significant improvements in the resolution performance of a cold field emission CD-SEM. Nano-tip electron sources are very sharp electron emitter tips and offer higher brightness and smaller electron source size. An electron microscope equipped with nano-tip electron gun can provide images with higher spatial resolution and with better signal-to-noise ratio. The images taken with experimental nano-tips showed a minimum two-fold improvement in resolution performance than the specification of the test SEM. The lifetime and stability of the nano-tip electron gun was good, the tip stayed useful for high-resolution imaging during many days of tests without flashing. The tip lifetime was found to be over a year. Through this study the most important questions and problems associated with nano-tips and their possible applications to SEMs were investigated. These were related to the tip making procedures, the theoretical assessment of the Hitachi S-6000 critical dimension SEM's electron gun and to the preparation of the SEM for insertion of nano-tips, and finally to the experiments with nano-tips. Based on the results it appears feasible that nano-tip gun technology could replace the standard electron source and thus provide increased instrument performance. The result of this work clearly demonstrated that useful resolution improvement can actually be achieved in practice. The lifetime and resolution of the nano-tip gun were surprisingly good, which opens the possibility for the development of a new higher-resolution electron gun technology.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Contribute to Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Cell Death in Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK/SAPK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were all rapidly activated in a ROS-dependent manner during 2,3,5-tris-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (TGHQ)-mediated oxidative stress and oncotic cell death in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (LLC-PK1). TGHQ-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs required epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, whereas p38 MAPK activation was EGFR independent. In contrast to their established roles in cell survival, TGHQ-activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK (but not JNK) appear to contribute to cell death, since inhibition of ERK1/2 or p38 MAPKs with PD098059 or SB202190 respectively, attenuated TGHQ-mediated cell death. TGHQ increased AP-1 and NFkappaB DNA-binding activity, but whereas pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 or p38 MAPKs attenuated AP-1 DNA binding activity, it potentiated TGHQ-mediated NFkappaB activation. Consistent with a role for NFkappaB activation in the cytoprotective response to ROS in renal epithelial cells, an anti-NFkappaB peptide SN50 suppressed the protective effects of ERK inhibition (PD098059 treatment). The data provide evidence that the activation of MAPKs by ROS in renal epithelial cells plays an important role in oncotic cell death, and NF-kB is involved in the cytoprotective effects of PD098059.
Perioperative morbidity in posterior cranial vault expansion: distraction osteogenesis versus conventional osteotomy.

Background:The treatment of multisuture syndromic craniosynostosis is in evolution, with an increasing prevalence of reports on posterior vault expansion with distraction osteogenesis over conventional osteotomy. The purported benefits of distraction osteogenesis include less perioperative morbidity
The Cell Death and Dramatic Changes in Lung Cell Morphology in Meconium Aspirated Newborn Lungs

The Cell Death and Dramatic Changes in Lung Cell Morphology in Meconium Aspirated Newborn Lungs
The civic “world we have lost”: Reflections on the first generations of democratic self‐rule in America

Historians have customarily celebrated the expansion of electoral democracy during the post‐Jacksonian era of high voter turnout, developing political parties, and increasingly vibrant election campaigns. This essay qualifies this view by focusing on the limits of popular engagement in the partisan processes of nominating candidates, conducting campaigns, and bringing out the vote during the middle decades of the nineteenth century. The nominally more democratic system of local party caucuses and pyramiding nominating conventions was generally controlled by small numbers of party activists, and generally avoided by less active citizens. Campaigns were similarly controlled, and given more the appearance than the substance of popular participation. Parties were particularly active in bringing voters to the polls on election day, combining transportation with various forms of enticement to and intimidation of voters who, in numerous documented instances, did not know who they were voting for. The varied arra...
A Large California Flood and Correlative Global Climatic Events 400 Years Ago

A gray silt layer 1–2 cm thick in the central Santa Barbara Basin, dated by varve counts to A.D. 1605 ± 5 yr, implies an intensity of precipitation, flooding of regional rivers, and transport of terrigenous detritus unmatched in the last 1000 yr. The inferred flood may correlate with the reported rare occurrence of a perennial lake (14C dated to 390 ± 90 B.P.) in California's Mojave Desert, 300 km east of the area draining into the Santa Barbara Basin. The dating of the A.D. 1605 ± 5 yr flood event is consistent with tree-ring evidence for a wet and cold paleoclimate elsewhere in the region. Regional and global climate evidence indicates that much of the world also experienced rapid, intense cooling around A.D. 1605. This cooling was probably accompanied by an equatorward shift of prevailing wind patterns and associated storm tracks.
Development of dopaminergic and estrogenic control of prolactin release in the female rat

Plasma prolactin as determined by radioimmunoassay was barely detectable in 21-day-old fetuses and on the day of birth (day 0). It had declined by days 3–6 and then rose gradually to attain adult levels at day 35. To further evaluate (he development of the prolactin control system, the ability of estrogen to elicit prolactin release was studied at various ages by injecting different doses of estradiol benzoate (Eb) SC once daily lor 2 days and measuring plasma prolactin 24 hr after the last injection. At 11 days of age, there was no significant increase in prolactin with any of the doses of Eb used (0.05–0.4 µg/100 g body wt). In 27-day-old rats, the 0.4 µg dose induced a dramatic rise in plasma prolactin and the 0.05, 0.10 and 0.2 µg dose induced much smaller but significant increases in prolactin. By 37 days, the 0.2 µg dose became highly effective and the 0.4 µg dose induced an even larger increase. The response of adult females to this dose was significantly less than that observed in 37-day-old anima...
Unified gauge theories and the electron-muon mass ratio☆

Abstract The general problem of constructing unified gauge theories of weak and elektromagnetic interactions with a calculable electron-muon mass ratio is considered. It is shown that severe restrictions upon the particular group representations employed result from the requirement that this mass ratio be calculable and not zero. Several examples are given. Specifically, we note that gauge theories based on the groups SU(3) ⊗ SU(3) and SU(4) ⊗ SU(4), which make use of only the known leptons, cannot explain the observed mass ratio in a simple and meaningful way.
Aging and Alexithymia: Association With Reduced Right Rostral Cingulate Volume

Objectives Previous studies have linked alexithymia to an inability to process emotions appropriately. Older persons show changes in emotion processing and have higher alexithymia scores. Because the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is one of the regions showing earlier decline in late-life, and alexithymia seems to be related to a dysfunction in right hemisphere regions including the ACC subserving affective processes, the present study sought to test the hypothesis that reduced ACC volume accounts for the association between older age and alexithymia. Design Correlation analyses between functionally distinct ACC subregions, age and alexithymia features. Setting University of Iowa. Participants Twenty-four healthy volunteers aged between 24 and 79 years. Measurements Psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment and assessment of alexithymia using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, and in-house developed methods for ACC parcellation. Results Older age directly correlated with higher overall alexithymia and reduced bilateral rostral and right dorsal ACC gray matter volume. Furthermore, higher alexithymia scores correlated with reduced right rostral ACC volume. This correlation seems to be influenced primarily by Factor 3 of the alexithymia scale measuring diversion of attention to external details in place of internal feelings. Conclusions These results suggest that alexithymia in older age may be a result of structural changes in the right rostral ACC.
2,5-Anhydro-l-idose, a product of the acid hydrolysis of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5,6-anhydro-α-d-glucofuranose☆☆☆

Abstract The mild acid hydrolysis of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-5,6-anhydro-α- d -glucofuranose has been found to yield, in addition to d -glucose, the new anhydro sugar, 2,5-anhydro- l -idose. The identification of this substance has been described and its properties have been compared with those of some other anhydro sugars.
Salt and water transport in unsaturated soil for non-conservative systems

Abstract An analytical solution is developed for one-dimensional salt and water transport in soil systems with a steady intake velocity. Both water and solutes are non-conservative in the sense that they are removed by plant roots. Additionally, the solute (or any water-transported entity) may be lost through a first order reaction. The unique feature of the solution is the coupling of unsaturated flow to solute uptake by the use of a “reflection coefficient” describing selective uptake by the roots. Hydrodynamic dispersion is included in the initial formulation, but is assumed negligible in actual calculations. Four numerical examples illustrate the utility of the solution. In the first example the effects of rooting pattern are shown for two different discretely-layered uptake functions. Example two shows results of changes in the magnitude of the first order reaction coefficient while in the third example, computations are made for differences in the reflection coefficient including changes with depth. The final comparison shows the effect of varying leaching coefficients.
Education in China: The Urban/Rural Disparity Explained

China’s ups and downs over the past 50 years reflect the political ideology and the economic reforms applied to its social and economic development. Since the 1990s, China has achieved unprecedented social progress and global economic success. Along with these progresses, new reforms have been implemented to restructure and rebalance China’s education system. In spite of these reforms, disparities in education continue to exist between urban/rural areas and regions in China. At a time when the education system has expanded in size to a point unprecedented in China’s history, a crisis of quality education perpetuates the slow development of China’s rural areas. These rural areas are generally found in China’s western and border regions, contain a prevalence of ethnic minorities, and are less economically developed. The poor quality of education in China’s rural areas is evidenced in high drop-out rates, low enrollment, poor teacher quality, lack of resources, and inappropriate school curriculum. Policies and changes are suggested in line with the human development paradigm in order to improve education and participation and foster human development in rural China. Improving infrastructure to overcome geographic barriers is fundamental to increasing western growth, but increasing human capital formation (education and medical care) is also crucial because only through these improvements can China come up with new and better ideas to solve centuries-old problems like unbalanced growth.
Challenges with the Performance of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Healthcare Organizations: An IV Medication Administration HFMEA™

The value of performing prospective analysis before technology implementation is well known to the chemical, nuclear and aviation industries. The performance of a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is now required by healthcare organizations accredited by JCAHO as part of their patient safety standards. However, most healthcare organizations have little experience with applying human factors engineering techniques to process or technology evaluation and the procedure of how and when healthcare organizations should perform FMEA is not well described. This paper describes the method and challenges of performing a process and design FMEA to prepare for the implementation of a new intravenous infusion pump at a University Hospital. Recommendations are made for the performance of a process and design FMEA for new technology implementation in healthcare organizations.
Echoes of an event

Abstract The essays referred to here, which come from a new translation of Political Writings, resonate, in one way or another, with the turbulent events of May 1968. But more than that they allow a new sensibility, an unforeseen development of ‘theoretical practice’, and various types of cultural awareness to grow out of the memory of that moment. These essays not only show how cultural studies develops to a strong degree as of 1968, but also in what way it can be oriented to conjoin political elements to the study of aesthetics, sociology, or history. De Certeau's Political Writings are keystones in the vault of cultural studies.
Radiographic demonstration of common bile duct varices.

Varicose veins may occur along the course of the common bile duct in patients with extrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein. These may cause partial biliary obstruction or excessive bleeding during biliary surgery. The cholangiographic appearance of choledochal varices is described.
Managing and Preventing Progression in Patients with Mid- to High-Risk Bladder Cancer: A Case Study Approach

Abstract Dr. Soloway uses a case study approach to engage symposium participants in a lively discussion about various aspects of managing and preventing progression in patients with mid- to high-risk tumours. This session stimulated an exchange of ideas and best practices.