cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Vasospasm, Treatment of

Cerebral vasospasm is a well-established complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite important progress in treating vasospasm, the disease process is not well understood. Current medical therapies rely on the application of ‘triple-H’ therapy in the form of hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution, and the use of the calcium-channel blocker nimodipine. Although there is contradictory evidence of the importance of the individual components of triple-H therapy, the evidence in support of the role of hypertension is the strongest. Recent evidence in support of the efficacy of the calcium-channel blocker nimodipine as prophylaxis in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage has resulted in its widespread use on admission of patients with an aneurysmal bleed. However, nimodipine has been shown to offer minimal improvement after subarachnoid hemorrhage. When the drug results in a decrease in systolic blood pressure while the patient is being pressed, its use can be stopped. Recently, the endovascular delivery of vasodilatory medication has been added to the existing medical options for treatment for vasospasm. This article discusses some of the current literature on the medical and endovascular treatment of vasospasm.
Here's the real trouble with experts

"Here's the Real Trouble with Experts!" answers this question: Does it seem that experts have become a much bigger problem than they used to be? It seems so to me, and this piece explores what I see as the ten principal reasons experts are presenting greater problems for the judicial system than ever before: 10. Experts make mistakes. 9. Jurors are less able. 8. Everyone is a victim. 7. We all need forgiveness. 6. False experts are everywhere, and we are getting used to and immune to them. 5. Real experts are everywhere, and real expertise is a big business. 4. Arithmophobia drove us to law school. 3. We keep changing the words. 2. Jurors expect experts and they punish those who don't provide them. 1. One generation's schmexpert is the next generation's expert.
Neonatal rat dietary carbohydrate affects pancreatic islet insulin secretion in adults and progeny

Neonatal rat pups were artificially reared on isocaloric diets high in carbohydrate (HC) or high in fat (HF) or were naturally reared on mother's milk (MF). The HC adult rats were hyperinsulinemic,...
Are Founder-CEOs Better Innovators?

Founder-CEOs invest more in RD the negative relationship between innovation and founder-CEO is weaker when product market competition is more intense and/or when CEO is less “entrenched”.
Rationalization and Limitation: The Use of Learned Treatises to Impeach Opposing Witnesses

The numbers tell the importance of this topic. Litigators are calling expert witnesses more frequently than ever before, and there has never been such a vast body of technical literature available to impeach expert witnesses. The maddening aspect of this topic is that although in some circumstances all courts will permit the use of publications to impeach an opposing expert, the courts almost never explain why the publication's contents are logically relevant on an impeachment theory. At one time the courts' failure to do so was tolerable; until the last few decades, most jurisdictions did not recognize a learned treatise exception to the hearsay rule. However, following the lead of Federal Rule of Evidence 803(18), most jurisdictions now recognize that exception - at the same time they permit the impeachment use of treatises. Today it is imperative that the courts distinguish between the two doctrines. When a court allows the use of a publication solely for the purpose of impeachment, that distinction determines both what the judge should say in a limiting instruction and what counsel may say during closing argument. As the title of this article suggests, the purpose of the article is twofold: rationalization and limitation. After describing the current split of authority, the article attempts to rationalize the impeachment doctrine. The article evaluates the various positions taken by the courts to determine under which positions the publication possesses legitimate, nonhearsay relevance to the expert's credibility. The article then argues for a policy limitation on the scope of the impeachment doctrine. Having identified several impeachment theories of logical relevance, the article demonstrates that some courts have gone too far in allowing the impeachment use of publications.
Flow cytometry: In vitro assessment of its potential application for diagnosis and classification of lymphoid processes in cytologic preparations from fine-needle aspirates

Detection and accurate classification of lymphoid processes in fine-needle aspirate specimens can be a challenging task for the pathologist. Recognizing the usefulness of flow cytometric methods for the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), the authors applied flow cytometric analysis to 38 tissue samples that had a possible diagnosis of LPD and to fine-needle aspiration-derived cytologic preparations. Four aspirations from each sample provided from .44 × 106 to more than 70 × 106 cells in total. The highest yields were associated with low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs). Washing cytologic preparation cell suspensions did not enhance diagnostic ability and dramatically reduced cell counts (average decrease, 79.8%), potentially problematic with small samples. Comparison of ploidy, S fraction, and immunophenotypic data from the cytologic preparations and cell suspensions made from the conventionally processed parent tissues indicates that cytologic preparation composition closely parallels the tissue of origin. A multiparametric flow cytometric technique used to enhance detection of B-cell clonal expansions allowed for successful recognition of 17 of 21 (81%) B-cell NHLs in cytologic preparations, with false-negative results primarily reflecting a lack of viable tumor cells in the cytologic preparation cell suspensions. A T-cell NHL and a nonhematopoietic malignancy were also identified in cytologic preparations. None of the benign conditions were interpreted as lymphoma. Flow cytometric techniques applied to fine-needle aspirates of lymphoid processes yield important diagnostic information, which may be maximized by adaptations in processing and flow cytometric analysis.
Striatal 5-HT6 Receptors Regulate Cocaine Reinforcement in a Pathway-Selective Manner

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the ventral striatum integrates many neurochemical inputs including dopamine and serotonin projections from midbrain nuclei to modulate drug reward. Although D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are differentially expressed in the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs, respectively), 5-HT6 receptors are expressed in both pathways, more strongly than anywhere else in the brain, and are an intriguing target for neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, we used viral vectors utilizing dynorphin or enkephalin promoters to drive expression of 5-HT6 receptors or green fluorescent protein (GFP) selectively in the dMSNs or iMSNs of the NAc shell. Rats were then trained to self-administer cocaine. Increased 5-HT6 receptor expression in dMSNs did not change any parameter of cocaine self-administration measured. However, increasing 5-HT6 receptors in iMSNs reduced the amount of cocaine self-administered under fixed-ratio schedules, especially at low doses, increased the time to the first response and the length of the inter-infusion interval, but did not alter motivation as measured by progressive ratio 'break point' analysis. Modeling of cocaine pharmacokinetics in NAc showed that increased 5-HT6 receptors in iMSNs reduced the rat's preferred tissue cocaine concentration at each dose. Finally, increased 5-HT6 receptors in iMSNs facilitated conditioned place preference for a low dose of cocaine. We conclude that 5-HT6 receptors in iMSNs of NAcSh increase the sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of cocaine, particularly at low doses, suggesting that these receptors may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
Observation of Large-Scale Structures in Unsaturated Materials

We report here the use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the observation of liquid-phase fraction distributions in a partially-wetted sample of glass beads. By combiningboth large- and small-scale imaging techniques, we can study the transition from local-averaged saturations to large-scale averaged saturations. The image data allows us to assess the utility of the large-scale measurements We comment on the reliability and generality of the measurements for our specific system.
Serum spheroplasts of Shigella dysenteriae.

SummaryExposure of Shigella dysenteriae organisms to bactericidal “normal” human sera in the presence of 20% sucrose results in survival of the bacteria and formation of wall-deficient spheroplasts. These “serum spheroplasts” differ from “penicillin spheroplasts” in several respects, including their susceptibility to osmotic shock. The relation of these observations to certain aspects of the phenomenon of bacterial lysis by serum has been discussed.
Investing in our human resources.

The management of human resources is central to virtually all of our endeavors in health care. Well-trained pharmacists who are nurtured in their positions become competent, compassionate practitioners who take good care of patients. Strong and effective organizations cherish and mentor their staff
The Residual Stress Affected by Machining Velocity in Super-high Point-grinding

With the basic principle of energy distribution in super high machining,the relation between machining velocity with residual stress could be concluded.The model in super-high point-grinding was transformed into the geometrical model used in machining with per abrasive grain.A simulation model using explicit finite element Abaqus was developed to investigate the residual stress's distribution in a machined layer while different machining velocity and different depth in machined surface,which provide the theory to achieve high precision machining in super-high point-grinding.
Pelvic Lipomatosis: 5-Year Followup

Followup of 5 cases presented in 1971 and report of 8 additional cases confirm the initial conclusions that pelvic lipomatosis is a benign but potentially progressive process leading to ureteral obstruction. Young black subjects are affected most commonly. More than 40 per cent of the patients have required permanent urinary diversion.
The Twenty-First Century Politics of Latinidad: Decolonizing Consciousness, Transnational Solidarity, and Global Activism in Demetria Martínez’s Mother Tongue

“The Twenty-first Century Politics of Latinidad: Decolonizing Consciousness, Transnational Solidarity, and Global Activism in Demetria Martinez’s Mother Tongue,” Georgina Guzman, California State University, Channel Islands.
3D Printing for Sustainable Industrial Transformation

3D printing has been hailed as a technology that will usher in a new industrial age. The technology has many advantages over traditional manufacturing, and proponents of it say that 3D printing could bring sustainable industrial transformation by altering supply chains, manufacturing jobs and production. But like all technologies, 3D printing is bound by a complex socio-technical system that could limit its growth and further increase inequality.
Are cooler surfaces a cost-effect mitigation of urban heat islands?

Abstract Much research has gone into technologies to mitigate urban heat islands by making urban surfaces cooler by increasing their albedos. To be practical, the benefit of the technology must be greater than its cost. This report provides simple methods for quantifying the maxima of some benefits that albedo increases may provide. The method used is an extension of an earlier paper that estimated the maximum possible electrical energy saving achievable in an entire city in a year by a change of albedo of its surfaces. The present report estimates the maximum amounts and monetary savings of avoided CO 2 emissions and the decreases in peak power demands. As examples, for several warm cities in California, a 0.2 increase in albedo of pavements is found to reduce CO 2 emissions by 2 per year. At the current price of CO 2 reduction in California, the monetary saving is 2 modified. The resulting maximum peak-power reductions are estimated to be
Feasibility and acceptability of a Mediterranean-style diet intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk for low income Hispanic American women.

ABSTRACTObjective: Evidence for the cardioprotective effects of a Mediterranean-style (Med-style) diet is strong, however few Med-style dietary interventions have been developed for and tested among Hispanic Americans (HAs), especially younger HAs of reproductive age whose dietary habits may strongly influence dietary intake for all family members.Design: We adapted a previously tested and evidence-informed lifestyle intervention to reduce CVD risk and evaluated its feasibility, acceptability, and effects on self-reported lifestyle behaviors in this study enrolling low-income HA women attending a Title X family planning clinic in eastern North Carolina. The 3-month long intervention, given to all participants, promoted a Med-style dietary pattern with a focus on increasing consumption of foods commonly consumed by HA that have high quality dietary fats (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats primarily from plant sources and fish) and carbohydrates (fruits, vegetables, and whole grains). The intervention...
Sperm Capacitation, the Acrosome Reaction, and Fertilization

Recent advances in our understanding of fertilization are summarized, highlighting newly discovered molecules implicated in sperm interactions with the epithelia of the female reproductive system (spermadhesins, BSP-proteins), sperm-zona binding (ZP4, ZP3R, IAM38/ZPBP), sperm oolemma binding and fusion (IZUMO, CD9, CD81), oocyte activation (PLCzeta, SRC-family kinases and their activators), and pronuclear development (nucleoplasmin, oocyte-specific histones). Sperm-contributed RNAs and signaling molecules are discussed, and the mechanisms of gamete interactions and antipolyspermy defense during natural fertilization are compared with fertilization events following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
An information centric networking approach for sensor to vehicular network communication in disasters

In this paper, we present an NDN-based architecture for the dissemination of roadside information to cars. Our focus is on flooding events which are often caused by severe weather which also impacts the communication infrastructure. We compare the performance of different message forwarding strategies in VANETs (Vehicular Adhoc Networks) through simulation. In addition, we analyze how our approach compares to an infrastructure-based approach that is less resilient in the case of natural disaster. Our simulations show that the strategy that considers geographical location and velocity of the vehicle performs better compared to others, which in turn outperforms the infrastructure-based approach.
Loci and pathways associated with uterine capacity for pregnancy and fertility in beef cattle.

Infertility and subfertility negatively impact the economics and reproductive performance of cattle. Of note, significant pregnancy loss occurs in cattle during the first month of pregnancy, yet little is known about the genetic loci influencing pregnancy success and loss in cattle. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with large effects associated with early pregnancy loss, Angus crossbred heifers were classified based on day 28 pregnancy outcomes to serial embryo transfer. A genome wide association analysis (GWAA) was conducted comparing 30 high fertility heifers with 100% success in establishing pregnancy to 55 subfertile heifers with 25% or less success. A gene set enrichment analysis SNP (GSEA-SNP) was performed to identify gene sets and leading edge genes influencing pregnancy loss. The GWAA identified 22 QTL (p 3.0) with 253 leading edge genes. Network analysis identified TNF (tumor necrosis factor), estrogen, and TP53 (tumor protein 53) as the top of 671 upstream regulators (p < 0.001), whereas the SOX2 (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 2) and OCT4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4) complex was the top master regulator out of 773 master regulators associated with fertility (p < 0.001). Identification of QTL and genes in pathways that improve early pregnancy success provides critical information for genomic selection to increase fertility in cattle. The identified genes and regulators also provide insight into the complex biological mechanisms underlying pregnancy establishment in cattle.
The provision of cell phones as a recruitment and retention strategy for people who inject drugs enrolling in a randomized trial.

Abstract Background Studies of drug-using populations often restrict enrollment by limiting participation to those with a working telephone. It is unknown whether supplying phones could broaden recruitment and sustain retention among an urban population of people who inject drugs (PWID). We compare the feasibility of offering pay-by-month phones to gift card compensation as part of an ongoing randomized controlled trial of hospitalized PWID. Methods Participants were recruited from inpatient services at an urban hospital in Boston, MA to participate in an ongoing randomized trial testing a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention. Participants who did not have their own phone at the time of enrollment were offered a pay-by-month phones as compensation for study participation. Results Eighty-one participants met study criteria, were enrolled, and completed the study at the time of analysis. We used a generalized estimating equation to compare the overall likelihood of attending interviews during the 12-month follow-up period. Participants receiving phones tended to have lower mean educational attainment (11.4 years vs. 12.1 years), were significantly (Fisher’s exact p Conclusion Offering phones as a compensation method allows recruitment of a more disenfranchised population without impacting study retention and therefore may improve generalizability of study results.
Efficacy of topical 2% mupirocin ointment for treatment of tympanostomy tube otorrhea caused by community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Objective To demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of topical 2% mupirocin ointment as an adjunctive therapy for tympanostomy tube otorrhea (TTO) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods We treated children with community-acquired MRSA TTO by aural suctioning and culture-directed systemic antibiotics (+/− ototopical drops) alone (control group) or with the addition of single 1 ml dose of mupirocin ointment applied to the tube and ear canal (mupirocin group). Patient age, laterality, response to treatment, associate hearing loss, duration of follow-up, and recurrence of infection by MRSA or by other organisms were compared. Results 29 children (37 ears) with MRSA TTO were included. 8 children (12 ears) received adjunctive topical mupirocin ointment – 21 children (25 ears) did not. 8 of 12 ears in the mupirocin group received concomitant systemic antibiotics – 4 ears were treated with topical mupirocin alone. The mean duration of follow-up of the mupirocin group was 7 months (with 95% C.I of 7 ± 7). The control group was 24 months (with 95% C.I of 24 ± 9). Recurrence of MRSA TTO in the mupirocin and control groups were 0/12; 0% and 10/25; 40%, by ear, respectively (p = 0.015). Recurrence of non-MRSA TTO in the mupirocin and control groups were 6/12; 50% and 9/25; 36%, by ear, respectively (p = 1.0). There were no sensorineural hearing losses in the mupirocin-treated children. Conclusion In this small series, a single application of topical mupirocin in combination with mechanical debridement, controlled infection by CA-MRSA without evidence of local reaction or subsequent hearing loss. Its role in treatment of MRSA TTO merits further investigation.
Toroidal Response of Asymmetric Metasurfaces with Multiple High Q-Factor Resonances

We report numerical simulations and experimental investigations of a planar asymmetric terahertz metamaterials exhibiting toroidal response. By inducing symmetry breaking, multiple Fano-like resonances arise in 0.1-2.5 THz frequency range with extremely high Q-factor.
Federalism and Historical Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court

A large body of scholarship has sought to explain the influences on the Supreme Court's decision-making. However, much of this research focuses on the modern era. Given the Court's institutional weaknesses in early American history, there is good reason to believe that early Supreme Court justices behaved differently than their contemporary counterparts. This article develops a dataset of federalism cases from 1789 to 2007 in order to analyze the role of ideology in the Court's federalism decisions throughout different eras of American history. This area of law is particularly useful for comparison given the early and enduring saliency of the boundaries between state and federal authority. The data reveal evidence that ideological voting developed over time as the Court paid more attention to legal and political factors as it developed its institutional legitimacy throughout the 1800s.
Subharmonic Resonance in a Shear Layer

The initiation, growth, interaction, breakdown and regeneration of coherent structures in turbulent shear flows are the manifestations of a hierarchy of flow instability mechanisms. After the initial roll up of the shed vortex sheet into discrete vortices, the most common interaction that a shear layer undergoes is pairing of two neighboring vortices. The pairing process, i.e. the growth of the subharmonic, is a consequence of what has come to be known as subharmonic resonance -- the nonlinear interaction between a wave of frequency f and a subharmonic wave of frequency f/2, producing an f/2 component which is capable of reinforcing the subharmonic. Such reinforcement depends on excitation parameters such as the phase between the fundamental and the subharmonic, and the critical fundamental amplitude[1, 2].
A Breakdown in Simultaneous Information Processing

The ability to detect accurately, recognize, and extract useful information from two superimposed sources of visual information at the same time is of both theoretical and practical interest. The scientific literature in such areas as the psychology of attentional processes, cognitive processing, sensory channel capacity, and other fields contains numerous such studies. Among them are the early auditory perception research of Broadbent (1952, 1958) in which he proposed a single-channel filter theory of information processing, Treisman’s (1960) modified sequential processing model involving a two-stage filter, and Deutsch and Deutsch’s (1963) preattentive parallel processing model. Most past visual research employed simple stimuli (point light sources, simple geometric shapes, etc.). Nevertheless, the effectiveness of information transfer using more complex, real-life stimulus fields demanded further study from the standpoint of helping to design modern instrumentation for commercial turbojet airplane flight.
Tissue and Organ Culture

The term “tissue culture” has been used to denote the in vitro cultivation and maintenance of living biological materials from multicellular organisms. The techniques that have been developed for this purpose fall into four broad classes: (1) methods to dissociate cells, possibly isolating individual cell types, and to maintain and propagate the dispersed cells as monolayers or suspensions; (2) methods to reassociate previously dissociated cells into aggregates and to maintain these reaggregates in an in vitro environment; (3) methods to cultivate tissue fragments over prolonged periods of time under conditions that encourage cellular interactions as well as differentiation and maturation of the cellular elements in a way resembling the in vivo situation; and (4) methods for maintenance of organ fragments under conditions that discourage the migration of cells from the explant, and that maintain the differentiated cells as a group in a viable, organized, and functioning state. Short-term incubation methods (24 hr or less) of tissue slices or fragments, as are commonly used in biochemical experiments, short-term isolations, or in vitro procedures used in neurophysiology (e.g., isolated ganglia or nerve—muscle preparations), do not qualify as culture systems in the context of this discussion and are not included in this review.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Protection of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that is mainly expressed in mesenchymal cells. MET (mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor) is a membrane receptor that binds HGF. The receptors for HGF (MET) are primarily found in epithelial cells and several stromal cells. Activation of MET by HGF promotes migration, mitosis, and survival of various cells. HGF protects various cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis mainly via the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. HGF also plays a role in embryogenesis, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. HGF levels in the ocular fluids are elevated in various ocular diseases related to cell proliferation and angiogenesis. HGF protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In ceramide- and glutathione depletion-induced apoptosis of RPE cells, studies have also demonstrated that HGF can protect RPE cells in these oxidative stress models. These studies suggest that HGF is a natural protective factor for RPE cells and plays an autocrine role protecting RPE cells against oxidative stress.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, 1974. David Wechsler

(1975). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, 1974. David Wechsler. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 265-267.
Trapezoid pixel array complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensor with simplified mapping method for traffic monitoring applications

A trapezoid (TZOID) pixel array complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, and a pixel-resolution mapping (P-RM) method to extract information from the observed objects without requiring any specific patterns or man-made markings, are proposed for traffic applications. The size of each pixel in the TZOID imager was determined by pixel design equations based on the relationship between the pixel’s physical size and related spatial resolution. The TZOID imager trades detection accuracy for a tolerable data loss to reduce communication bandwidth and computation power. The P-RM method determines the pixels’ actual resolutions in the real world of the captured imaged by both standard rectangular single- and multiresolution TZOID pixel arrays. Both indoor and outdoor experiments were performed using single- and multiresolution imagers. The TZOID imager integrated circuit (IC) was fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS process. It was tested, and its performance parameters were compared with an off-the-shelf CMOS image sensor IC. Tests showed that the TZOID generates 98% less data than that of a standard image sensor, trading off only 2% detection accuracy. Results also show that the proposed method provides a general procedure for designing a multiresolution sensor for traffic applications.
Pneumomediastinum in marijuana users: a retrospective review of 14 cases.

Introduction Inhaled marijuana has been infrequently identified as a potential risk factor for the development of spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), a rare finding of free air in the mediastinum likely caused by barotrauma during breathing manoeuvres. The mechanism of inhalation drug use is often not ascertained by physicians, thus little is known about how different smoking techniques precipitate pulmonary injury. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of marijuana use in patients with non-traumatic pneumomediastinum over a 12-month period, identifying additional relevant clinical features or risk factors, and determining the extent to which clinicians record smoking techniques. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review over a 1-year period, identifying patients presenting to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumomediastinum in the absence of trauma, malignancy or iatrogenic cause. Results We identified 21 cases, 14 of which (66.7%) were associated with marijuana use, average age was 22.5 years (range 18–30), with male predominance (64.2%). Daily or more use was reported in 50% of cases. Concurrent risk factors including vomiting (57.1%) and coughing (42.9%) were commonly present. The mechanism of smoking was described in only two cases (14.3%). Discussion Inhaled marijuana may be an underappreciated risk factor for the development of SPM, caused by air leakage around the bronchovascular sheaths during successive inhalation through a high-resistance smoking apparatus or forced exhalation against a closed glottis. Physicians should be aware of this association in order to provide appropriate counselling. Further research is needed to direct the safe use of smoking devices and techniques.
Abstract 665: Perivascular Adipose Tissue near Aortic Arch is a Major Site for Atheroprotective IgM Producing B-1 Cells

Background: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) regulates artery physiology and pathology, such as promoting atherosclerosis development through local production of inflammatory cytokines. The pheno...
The use of the Community Earth System Model in human dimensions climate research and applications

Earth system models (ESMs) are the primary tool used to understand and project changes to the climate system. ESM projections underpin analyses of human dimensions of the climate issue, yet little is known about how ESMs are used in human dimensions research. Such foundational information is necessary for future critical assessments of ESMs. We review applications of a leading ESM, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model (CESM), to human dimensions topics since 2004. We find that this research has grown substantially over this period, twice as fast as CESM research overall. Although many studies have primarily addressed long‐term impacts on physical systems with societal relevance, applications to managed, societal, and ecological systems have grown quickly and now make up more than half of CESM human dimensions work. CESM applications focused nearly equally on global and regional analyses, most often using multimodel ensembles, although the use of single simulations remains prevalent. Downscaling and bias correction of output was infrequent and most common for regional studies. U.S.‐based, university‐affiliated authors primarily drove human dimensions work using CESM, with only 12% of authors based at NCAR. Our findings identify important questions that warrant further investigation, such as reasons for the infrequent use of downscaling and bias correction techniques; motivations to continue to use older model versions after newer model versions have been released; and model development needs for improved human dimensions applications. Additionally, our synthesis provides a baseline and framework that enables continued tracking of CESM and other ESMs. This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
iECO learned matched filters for automatic target recognition in synthetic midwave infrared imagery

Object recognition is a critical component in most computer vision applications, specifically image classification tasks. Often, it is desired to design an approach that either learns from the data directly or extracts discriminative features from the imagery that can be used for object classification. Most active research in the field of computer vision is concerned with machine learning at some level, whether it be a completely automated process from start to finish via deep learning strategies, or the extraction of human-derived features from the imagery that is subjected to a machine learning-based classifier. However, there are numerous applications in which a particular known object is of interest. In such a setting where a relatively specific object and scene are known a priori, one can develop an extremely robust automatic target recognition (ATR) system using matched filtering. Herein, we consider the use of machine learning to help identify a near-optimal template for matched filtering for a given problem. Specifically, the improved Evolution Constructed (iECO) framework is employed to learn the discriminative target signature(s) to define the template that leads to improved ATR performance in terms of accuracy and a reduced false alarm rate (FAR). Experiments are conducted on ideal synthetic midwave infrared imagery, and results are reported via receiver operating characteristic curves.
The basic trait of Antagonism: An unfortunately underappreciated construct

Abstract Antagonism, the low pole of Agreeableness, references traits related to immorality, combativeness, grandiosity, callousness, and distrustfulness. It is a robust correlate of externalizing behaviors such as antisocial behavior, aggression, and substance use; in fact, in many cases, it is the strongest trait correlate. It represents the core of many important and impactful psychopathological constructs (e.g., psychopathy, antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders). It is also central to models of general and disordered personality, psychopathology, and interpersonal behavior. As Neuroticism is core to understanding the intense distress and suffering that comes with internalizing disorders, Antagonism is core to understanding the impairment and suffering (to the individual and society at large) that comes with externalizing disorders.
BA Does Not Reduce Detrimental Effects of High Nighttime Temperature on Offset Formation in Hosta

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the effects of nighttime temperatures on offset formation in hosta, and determine if benzyladenine (BA) can overcome potential detrimental effects of h...
Magnetic and electrical transport properties of YbFe 2 O 4

We present magnetic and electrical transport properties such as resistivity, magnetoresistance, dielectric, and polarization of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{YbFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The ferrimagnetic transition temperature is measured at 243 K, followed by the two low-temperature transitions at $\ensuremath{\sim}190$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}65$ K, respectively. The magnetic properties including the $M\ensuremath{-}H$ hysteresis loops exhibit a strong temperature dependence and possibly indicate a spin-glass state below 65 K for ${\mathrm{YbFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The iron M\"ossbauer measurement at 295 K confirms the presence of two Fe sites. The measured resistivity can be modeled with the Mott's variable-range hopping model, $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}exp{({T}_{0}/T)}^{1/4}$, indicating the electron hopping between ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ sites. The magnetoresistance effects up to 6% at 8 T were observed and the effects could be caused by the field-induced changes in the electron-hopping processes. The frequency-dependent complex dielectric constant has been found to be strongly influenced by the contact effects, and the polarization of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{YbFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ does not show ferroelectricity.
Inducible asymmetric cell division and cell differentiation in a bacterium.

Multicellular organisms achieve greater complexity through cell divisions that generate different cell types. We engineered a simple genetic circuit that induces asymmetric cell division and subsequent cell differentiation in Escherichia coli. The circuit involves a scaffolding protein, PopZ, that is stably maintained at a single cell pole over multiple asymmetric cell divisions. PopZ was functionalized to degrade the signaling molecule, c-di-GMP. By regulating synthesis of functionalized PopZ via small molecules or light, we can chemically or optogenetically control the relative abundance of two distinct cell types, characterized by either low or high c-di-GMP levels. Differences in c-di-GMP levels can be transformed into genetically programmable differences in protein complex assembly or gene expression, which in turn produce differential behavior or biosynthetic activities. This study shows emergence of complex biological phenomena from a simple genetic circuit and adds programmable bacterial cell differentiation to the genetic toolbox of synthetic biology and biotechnology. Small molecule or light-inducible gene circuits in Escherichia coli enable asymmetric cell pole localization of diguanylate phosphodiesterase and facilitate asymmetric cell division regulated by c-di-GMP-responsive transcription factors.
Multi-modality strain estimation using a rapid near-field microwave imaging system for dielectric materials

Abstract Strain distribution is an important indicator of stress concentration, damage initiation and evolution. Many dielectric materials sustain very large strain before failure. In this paper, a near-field microwave high-resolution imaging (NMHI) system is presented to estimate very large deformation. The sensitivity of the microwave imaging system to the dielectric property and geometric changes have been utilized in the present work. A multi-modality data fusion technique is applied to experimentally evaluate the strain in ASTM-D638 standard dog bone structure made of Polyamide 11 (PA-11) material. Plastic strain in the range of 0.3–0.7 has been successfully correlated to the microwave probe response in PA-11 materials. The comparison of strain distribution obtained from NMHI and digital image correlation (DIC) indicate the potential of NMHI as a fast, non-contact method to estimate large mechanical strain.
Sudden and steady orbital period changes across six classical Nova Eruptions: the end of hibernation and two serious challenges for the magnetic braking model of cataclysmic variable evolution

I report on two new measures of the sudden change in the orbital period ($P$) across the nova eruption ($\Delta$P) and the steady period change in quiescence ($\dot{P}$) for classical novae (CNe) RR Pic and HR Del, bringing a total of six such measures for CNe, all in a final report of my large and long observing program. The fractional changes ($\Delta$P/P) in parts-per-million (ppm) are -290.71$\pm$0.28 (QZ Aur), -472.1$\pm$4.8 (HR Del), -4.46$\pm$0.03 (DQ Her), +39.6$\pm$0.5 (BT Mon), -2003.7$\pm$0.9 (RR Pic), and -273$\pm$61 (V1017 Sgr). These results are in stark opposition to the Hibernation Model for the evolution of cataclysmic variables (CVs), which requires $\Delta$P/P$>$+1000 ppm to get the required drop in the accretion rate to produce hibernation. The Hibernation Model cannot be salvaged in any way. My program has also measured the first long-term $\dot{P}$ for classical novae, with -2.84$\pm$0.22 (QZ Aur), +4.0$\pm$0.9 (HR Del), +0.00$\pm$0.02 (DQ Her), -2.3$\pm$0.1 (BT Mon), and +1.25$\pm$0.01 (RR Pic) in units of $10^{-11}$ days/cycle. These can be directly compared to the predictions of the Magnetic Braking Model, where the long-term average $\dot{P}$ is a single universal function of $P$. The measured values are +5.3, $-$94, 0.00, +6.9, and $-$190 times that predicted by the model, so the predictions are always greatly wrong. Further, the effects of the $\Delta$P averaged over the eruption cycle are usually much larger than the magnetic braking effects. To get a realistic model of CV evolution, we must add the physics of the $\Delta$P and $\dot{P}$ variations.
Complete Avulsion of Quadriceps Tendon in a Child with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Case Report.

Case We report a rare case of complete avulsion of the quadriceps tendon in an 8-year-old child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Our patient presented with acute onset of pain and effusion with a history of feeling a "pop" in the knee after a fall while playing kickball. Although knee radiographs showed a cortical irregularity involving the superior patellar pole, it was assumed that the symptoms were a result of a JIA flare rather than an acute injury. Complete quadriceps disruption was later diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical repair was performed. Conclusions Complete rupture of the quadriceps tendon is an unusual, disabling injury in children that necessitates prompt diagnosis and early surgical repair. High index of suspicion and thorough physical evaluation are essential for the diagnosis of such injuries, especially in children with complex medical conditions.
The Deep Sea and Me: Using a Science Center Exhibit to Promote Lasting Public Literacy and Elucidate Public Perception of the Deep Sea

A critical barrier to effective management of deep-sea resources is a lack of understanding by society of the benefits received from the oceans. To address this knowledge gap, we applied an iterative design-based research methodology to evaluate (1) how to effectively use an exhibit to increase public literacy of the deep sea over the short and long-term and (2) how visitors to a public science center perceive the deep sea. Using observations of visitor interactions and surveys of visitors, we evaluated three iterations of an exhibit that highlighted deep-sea ecosystem services and habitats as a case study of exhibit efficacy. Exhibits containing video and interactive components were effective in communicating deep-sea information that was retained by visitors over the long-term. For many visitors, the exhibit was their first introduction to the deep sea. Visitors agreed it is important to learn about the deep sea and expressed interest in learning more about deep-sea animals, habitats, resources, and benefits to humans. Visitors tended to agree with protection-oriented value statements and disagree with use-oriented value statements towards the deep sea. This study provides insight into how to effectively communicate policy-relevant information about the deep sea to an audience that has little to no prior knowledge of the ecosystem, yet who will be increasingly responsible for making use decisions of this habitat.
On the Zeros of Ramanujan Filters

Ramanujan filter banks have been used for identifying periodicity structure in streaming data. This letter studies the locations of zeros of Ramanujan filters. All the zeros of Ramanujan filters are shown to lie on or inside the unit circle in the $z$ -plane. A convenient factorization appears as a corollary of this result, which is useful to identify common factors between different Ramanujan filters in a filter bank. For certain families of Ramanujan filters, further structure is identified in the locations of zeros of those filters. It is shown that increasing the number of periods of Ramanujan sums in the filter definition only increases zeros on the unit circle in $z$ -plane. A potential application of these results is that by identifying common factors between Ramanujan filters, one can obtain efficient implementations of Ramanujan filter banks (RFB) as demonstrated here.
Atmospheric Water Harvesting: A Review of Material and Structural Designs

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) emerges as a promising means to overcome the water scarcity of arid regions, especially for inland areas lacking liquid water sources. Beyond conventional system ...
European Integration and International Relations Theory

One of the most significant developments in the twenty-century world politics has been the foundation of European Community (EC), and its evolution into the European Union (EU). Now, the EU is a supranational entity that is composed of twenty-five member states while it will be twenty-seven with the membership of Bulgaria and Romania in January 2007. The EU poses great challenges for both the policy and academic world. On one hand, the EU has become a powerful international actor in the current international politics. On the other hand, the academic world needs to explain the genesis and development of European integration. Is the European Union a unique case in world politics? What are the causes of integration? Why and how did Europeans achieve to establish such an institution that facilitates international cooperation? To what extent do European nation states have power vis-a-vis the EU, in other words, what is the relative power of the EU vis-a-vis the member states? These are some of the major questions concerning the EU. Theories of European integration such as intergovernmentalism and supranationalism deal with these questions. Moreover, theories of International Relations (IR) are also concerned with these issues.
Assessing Student Learning of Systems Thinking Concepts in an Online Education Module

Institutions of higher education are vast interconnected networks of departments, programs, majors, and courses, whose complexity is only increased by the rapid growth and availability of technology-based learning in recent years. In today’s data-driven world, it is critical for college students in all academic disciplines to understand the basic concepts of “systems thinking” and how systems thinking strategies can be applied to nearly any problem they encounter in their careers. While making this information available to students online is an easy way to disseminate the content within the complex network of higher education, the decision to do so may be at the expense of students’ understanding of the material. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the effectiveness of an online module in introducing systems thinking concepts to both engineers and non-engineers. To conduct the study, a gap analysis was performed among existing online education platforms, resulting in the selection of Thinkific as the most effective massive open online course (MOOC) platform through which to disseminate our online module content. Thinkific has open access and allows for interactive participation through the Internet. A short online module was developed and validated in Thinkific using human design principles and user testing. Upon completion of the module design, groups of students in the College of Arts and Sciences (CLAS) and in the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) at the University of Virginia completed a pre-test, the online module, and a post-test. The qualitative and quantitative results of the pre- and post-tests were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the module and to learn how understanding varies by intended major. Through this analysis, two findings were elicited: online learning increases learning and understanding concerning key systems thinking concepts, and this learning and understanding is not significantly different between CLAS and SEAS participants. These results inform educators about the degree of emphasis that should be placed on continued development and scalability of online learning programs to enhance understanding of systems thinking concepts. More broadly, this study contributes to the growing body of literature which seeks to understand the impact of technology on the spread of information not only within the field of higher education, but within other large systems as well.
Experimental Evolutionary Optimization of an Active Multimode Interferometer

Compact, re-configurable integrated photonic devices are important for communications and computing applications. In this work, we demonstrate an integrated silicon photonic tunable multimode interferometer with > 25 dB tunabilty per port, optimized experimentally with an evolutionary algorithm.
Comparing graphical representations in mathematics, science, and engineering textbooks and practitioner journals

In this study, we examined graphical representations in several mathematics, science, and engineering textbooks and practitioner journals with the goal of identifying similarities and differences a...