cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PARITY VIOLATING ASYMMETRIES AT FUTURE LEPTON COLLIDERS

Parity violating left–right scattering asymmetries at future high energy e+e- and e-e- colliders are examined. The utility of two polarized beams for precision measurements is pointed out. Sensitivity to "new" short–distance physics is briefly discussed. Electroweak radiative corrections due to the running of sin2θW·(q2) are exhibited.
Pd-catalyzed ring opening of oxa- and azabicyclic alkenes with aryl and vinyl halides: efficient entry to 2-substituted 1,2-dihydro-1-naphthols and 2-substituted 1-naphthols.

An efficient syntheses of 2-substituted 1,2-dihydro-1-naphthols and 2-substituted 1-naphthols has been developed that involves the sequential palladium-catalyzed ring opening of oxabicyclic alkenes with aryl and vinyl halides followed by oxidation of with IBX. In the first step of the sequence, a combination of Pd(OAc)2, PPh3, Zn, and PMP in dry DMF was employed to catalyze the ring opening of 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes with aryl and vinyl halides to afford the corresponding cis-2-substituted 1,2-dihydronaphthols in good to excellent yields. These reactions occurred under very mild conditions with a variety of aryl halides bearing electron-withdrawing or -donating groups. Similarly, a 7-azabenzonorbornadiene substituted with an electron-withdrawing group on the nitrogen atom underwent facile ring-opening reaction with aryl halides to provide cis-2-substitued (1,2-dihydro-1-naphthyl)carbamates in excellent yields. Oxidation of the intermediate1,2-dihydro-1-naphthols using IBX yielded the corresponding 2-subs...
Investigating the Effectiveness of Product Placements in Television Shows: The Role of Modality and Plot Connection Congruence on Brand Memory and Attitude

This article develops and tests a conceptual framework for the practice of product placement. The empirical testing introduces a controlled experimental approach called the theater methodology. Results show that the modality of presentation (visual and auditory) of the placements and the degree of connection between a brand and the plot of the show interact to influence memory and attitude change. Memory improves when modality and plot connection are incongruent but persuasion is enhanced by congruency. While congruous placements appear natural, incongruent placements adversely affect brand attitudes because they seem out of place and are discounted.
Real-time sensory substitution to enable players who are blind to play video games using whole body gestures

Abstract Gesture-based interaction adds a new level of immersion to video games, but players who are blind are unable to play them as these games use visual cues to indicate what gesture to provide and when. Though visual cues can be substituted with audio or haptic cues, this often requires access to the source code, which is not attainable for commercial games. We present a solution that uses real-time video analysis to detect the presence of a particular visual cue, which is then substituted with a vibrotactile cue that is provided with an external controller. A user study with 28 sighted participants with a popular commercial gesture based game showed no significant difference in performance between visual and vibrotactile feedback. A follow up study with seven visually impaired participants revealed no significant difference in performance between both groups of users. Both studies demonstrate the feasibility of real-time sensory substitution as a cost-effective approach for making gesture-based video games accessible to players who are blind.
Endcaps for stabilizing short DNA duplexes.

Abstract The syntheses of endcaps for covalently linking the 3′ and 5′ hydroxyl groups of blunt end double-stranded DNA are described. Endcap diols were converted into DMTr protected phosphoramidites and incorporated between nucleotides 4 and 5 of a self-complementary octamer. The stabilizing effect of the endcaps on duplex DNA was determined by Tm experiments on the self-complementary octamer.
Targeting the Hedgehog Pathway in Pediatric Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (MB), a primitive neuroectomal tumor of the cerebellum, is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. The cause of MB is largely unknown, but aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is responsible for ~30% of MB. Despite aggressive treatment with surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy, 70%-80% of pediatric medulloblastoma cases can be controlled, but most treated patients suffer devastating side effects. Therefore, developing a new effective treatment strategy is urgently needed. Hh signaling controls transcription of target genes by regulating activities of the three Glioma-associated oncogene (Gli1-3) transcription factors. In this review, we will focus on current clinical treatment options of MB and discuss mechanisms of drug resistance. In addition, we will describe current known molecular pathways which crosstalk with the Hedgehog pathway both in the context of medulloblastoma and non-medulloblastoma cancer development. Finally, we will introduce post-translational modifications that modulate Gli1 activity and summarize the positive and negative regulations of the Hh/Gli1 pathway. Towards developing novel combination therapies for medulloblastoma treatment, current information on interacting pathways and direct regulation of Hh signaling should prove critical.
Analysis of sports related mTBI injuries caused by elastic wave propagation through brain tissue

Repetitive concussions and sub-concussions suffered by athletes have been linked to a series of sequelae ranging from traumatic encephalopathy to dementia pugilistica. A detailed finite element model of the human head was developed based on standard libraries of medical imaging. The model includes realistic material properties for the brain tissue, bone, soft tissue, and CSF, as well as the structure and properties of a protective helmet. Various impact scenarios were studied, with a focus on the strains/stresses and pressure gradients and concentrations created in the brain tissue due to propagation of waves produced by the impact through the complex internal structure of the human head. This approach has the potential to expand our understanding of the mechanism of brain injury, and to better assess the risk of delayed neurological disorders for tens of thousands of young athletes throughout the world.
A Comparison of Trap Types for Assessing Diversity of Scarabaeoidea on South Carolina Golf Courses

A 2-yr survey was conducted on golf courses in South Carolina to 1) document the species richness and seasonal activity of Scarabaeoidea; 2) assess any species compositional differences among three trap types (ultraviolet light, unbaited flight-intercept, and unbaited pitfall); and 3) identify any dominant taxa in each trap type. A total of 74,326 scarabaeoid beetles were captured, of which 77.4% were Aphodiinae (not identified to species). The remaining specimens belong to 104 species in 47 genera and 6 families. The most abundant species were Cyclocephala lurida Bland, Dyscinetus morator (F.), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister), Hybosorus illigeri Reiche, and Maladera castanea (Arrow). In all trap types, >90% of all specimens and taxa were collected between April and August. Ultraviolet light traps collected ∼94% of total specimens consisting of 83 taxa (of which 51 were unique to this trap type), whereas flight-intercept traps captured ∼2% of all specimens representing 53 taxa (18 of which were unique), and pitfall traps captured ∼4% of all specimens representing 15 taxa (no unique species; all species also captured by ultraviolet light traps). Indicator species analysis identified 2–3 and 10–13 taxa that were most frequently collected by flight-intercept and ultraviolet light traps, respectively. Flight-intercept traps complemented ultraviolet light traps by capturing more species of dung and carrion beetles and diurnal phytophagous scarab beetles. Results suggested that a similar survey for domestic or exotic scarabaeoid beetles in turfgrass systems should be conducted between April and August using ultraviolet light and flight-intercept traps at 13–58 sites.
Collecting and annotating the large continuous action dataset

We make available to the community a new dataset to support action recognition research. This dataset is different from prior datasets in several key ways. It is significantly larger. It contains streaming video with long segments containing multiple action occurrences that often overlap in space and/or time. All actions were filmed in the same collection of backgrounds so that background gives little clue as to action class. We had five humans to replicate the annotation of temporal extent of action occurrences labeled with their classes and measured a surprisingly low level of intercoder agreement. Baseline experiments show that recent state-of-the-art methods perform poorly on this dataset. This suggests that this will be a challenging dataset to foster advances in action recognition research. This manuscript serves to describe the novel content and characteristics of the LCA dataset, present the design decisions made when filming the dataset, document the novel methods employed to annotate the dataset, and present the results of our baseline experiments.
Switching Supervisory Control Using Calibrated Forecasts

In this paper, we approach supervisory control as an online decision problem. In particular, we introduce ldquocalibrated forecastsrdquo as a mechanism for controller selection in supervisory control. The forecasted quantity is a candidate controller's performance level, or reward, over finite implementation horizon. Controller selection is based on using the controller with the maximum calibrated forecast of the reward. The proposed supervisor does not perform a pre-routed search of candidate controllers and does not require the presence of exogenous inputs for excitation or identification. Assuming the existence of a stabilizing controller within the set of candidate controllers, we show that under the proposed supervisory controller, the output of the system remains bounded for any bounded disturbance, even if the disturbance is chosen in an adversarial manner. The use of calibrated forecasts enables one to establish overall performance guarantees for the supervisory scheme even though non-stabilizing controllers may be persistently selected by the supervisor because of the effects of initial conditions, exogenous disturbances, or random selection. The main results are obtained for a general class of system dynamics and specialized to linear systems.
A new, mild preparation of sulfonyl chlorides

A new method was developed for the preparation of sulfonyl chlorides from sulfonic acids under neutral conditions using 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as chlorinating agent.
Banking unconditionally: the political economy of Chinese finance in Latin America

ABSTRACTGlobalization scholars have long-debated to what extent economic integration, and, specifically, mobile private capital, constrains national policy-making. With Western capital reeling from the 2008 financial crisis, state-owned capital made inroads globally. China, as the world's largest saver, expanded its cross-border lending, funneling almost US$300 billion to developing countries since the crisis. What are the implications for debtor governments’ room to maneuver? I contend that China's state-led capitalism is an important form of patient capital, characterized by a longer term horizon. I argue that its rapid global expansion has transformed the traditional relationship between economic interdependence and national policy autonomy. Without the market's threat of short-term capital withdrawal, national governments have considerably more room to maneuver. Given the recent emergence of Chinese financing, I employ a comparative case study analysis of two of China's largest debtors – Brazil and Ve...
Corrections to the golden rule.

We consider the rate at which one atom in a photodetector is ionized by a beam of classical light. A detailed examination of the probability of transition is presented, using first-order time-dependent perturbation theory and the rotating-wave approximation. This method usually leads to the well-known rule called ``golden'' by Fermi. We have made a more accurate analysis based on numerical quadrature techniques. We discover a curious oscillation in the probability for photoionization for short times and a temporal shift in the curve as compared to the result given by the golden rule. The shift is approximated analytically and found to correspond with the numerical result to a high precision. We also show results for the probability of photoionization without using the rotating-wave approximation.
Viewing Job-Seekers' Reservation Wages and Acceptance Decisions through the Lens of Search Theory

Using a new body of data, we construct an account of a labor market with on-the-job search where 1. The log-standard deviation of the distribution of wages offered to an individual job-seeker is 0.075, far below the dispersion of wages in the cross section but far above the tiny dispersion that the traditional search model implies. 2. The reservation wage for unemployed job-seekers implied by their acceptance decisions is 91 percent of their average earnings and unemployment compensation, somewhat above estimates from preferences and UI rates and far above the low (sometimes negative) levels implied by earlier work on on-the-job search. 3. Reported reservation wages are biased a moderate amount above actual reservation wages. We conclude that the data support a version of the on-the-job search or job-ladder model that fits all of the criteria that search economists have proposed for judging the success of the model. Our overall conclusion is that the on-the-job search model explains old and new findings about the response of job-seekers to dispersion in wage opportunities in a comfortable way.
Quantitative and qualitative studies of university technology transfer: Synthesis and policy recommendations

This unique Handbook provides a solid foundation for essential study in the nascent field of entrepreneurship policy research. This foundation is initially developed via the exploration of two significant propositions underpinning the nature of entrepreneurship policy research. The first is that entrepreneurship has emerged as a bona fide focus of public policy, particularly with respect to economic growth and employment creation. The second is that neither scholars nor policy makers are presently equipped to understand the public policy role for entrepreneurship.
intracavity frequency doubling of an optically-pumped, external-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser

Development of diode- laser- based sources of blue light is an active area of research for applications such as optical data storage and video displays.
Effect of Polyacrylate Interlayer Microstructure on the Impact Response of Multi-Layered Polymers

Soft polymers are widely used as interlayers and adhesives in multi-layered systems for defense applications. This research focuses on the large deformation response of several polyacrylate adhesives with varying microstructures. Understanding the mechanical response of these materials under numerous dynamic loading conditions is instrumental in deriving high fidelity constitutive models and optimizing performance when integrated into a multi-layered structure. In recent years, there has been an emphasis on rate dependence research of soft materials, such as thermoplastic polyurethanes/polyureas (moduli order of 3–5 MPa), at quasi-static and very high rates (SHPB), but not intermediate. The goal is to characterize ultra-soft polyacrylates (moduli on the order of 100–600 kPa) through a wide range of strain rates (0.001–1 /s) using different methods and modes of loading. Methods utilized are Instron (servohydraulic and ElectroPULS) tensile and compression testing, and intermediate instrumented impact on multi-laminates. Characteristics of the large, non-linear deformation testing response include: rate dependence, hysteresis, cyclic effects and strain softening. The microstructure and mechanical behavior of the polyacrylate adhesives is related to the capability to modulate impact loads for loading times of approximately 2 milliseconds.
BEAT: the Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit

The Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit (BEAT) allows animators to input typed text that they wish to be spoken by an animated human figure, and to obtain as output appropriate and synchronized nonverbal behaviors and synthesized speech in a form that can be sent to a number of different animation systems. The nonverbal behaviors are assigned on the basis of actual linguistic and contextual analysis of the typed text, relying on rules derived from extensive research into human conversational behavior. The toolkit is extensible, so that new rules can be quickly added. It is designed to plug into larger systems that may also assign personality profiles, motion characteristics, scene constraints, or the animation styles of particular animators.
Caribbean Civil Society: Development Role and Policy Implications

Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Caribbean countries have performed social service delivery and program implementation roles for many years. Using survey, interview, and document review techniques, this cross-national study explored the potential role of nonprofit, nongovernmental, and community-based organizations in regional integration and development. The study has found that Caribbean CSOs perform functions primarily in four areas – social services, community building, local economic development, and sustainable development – while aspiring to carry out more substantial development functions. Their role in development could encompass development planning, public-policy formulation, economic development promotion, and program/project implementation and evaluation. In this article, issues affecting the effectiveness of CSOs are identified and a remedial approach is recommended. The policy implications of a development role for the region’s CSOs are discussed.
Effects of induced orthographic and semantic knowledge on subsequent learning: A test of the partial knowledge hypothesis.

Word learning can build the high-quality word representations that support skilled reading and language comprehension. According to the partial knowledge hypothesis, words that are partially known, also known as “frontier words” (Durso & Shore, 1991), may be good targets for instruction precisely because they are already familiar. However, studies investigating this question have produced mixed findings, and individual differences in baseline knowledge have complicated results both within and across studies. We present two studies that took a different approach, controlling both familiarity and the nature of the familiarizing episode. We controlled familiarity with novel words through pre-exposure (“pre-familiarization”) in isolation, to induce form-based familiarity, or in sentences that provided few clues to meaning, to induce partial semantic knowledge. The number of pre-exposures varied (0, 1, or 4). After the pre-familiarization phase, we presented the words in several highly informative sentences to support meaning acquisition. Participants included both adults and typically developing children, ages 9–12. Participants’ self-rated familiarity with target words, and their knowledge of the words’ meanings and orthography were each measured at baseline, immediately after learning, and 1 week later. Orthographic and semantic word learning showed contrasting effects of pre-familiarization. For orthographic learning, it was the number, rather than the type, of pre-familiarizations that mattered most. By contrast, the number of pre-familiarizations had little impact on word semantic learning; further, pre-familiarization in low-constraint sentences did not consistently boost subsequent learning. These findings suggest that familiarity with a word prior to instruction does not necessarily improve word-learning outcomes, and they highlight the importance of repeated exposures to high quality contexts for robust word learning.
Collateralized Assets Prices and Monetary Policy

A well-informed and cautious financial system can improve the welfare outcome of an economy by making lenders surplus to borrowers. Nevertheless, in a crisis, the behavior of the financial system can become an amplifier of it, given that credit approval conditions rarely meet the standards. Therefore, a credit crunch may occur even in a low-interest ra- tes environment. This paper illustrates the aforementioned point by developing a general equilibrium model where the collateral credit condition defines the prudential behavior of the financial system. It and other conditions amplify the magnitude of a negative pro- ductivity shock
One-Pot Synthesis of O-Aryl Carbamates

A simple, versatile, one-pot procedure for the synthesis of substituted O-aryl carbamates has been developed, and a protocol is henceforth described. N-Substituted carbamoyl chloride is formed in situ and subsequently reacted with a substituted phenol, avoiding the direct manipulation of sensitive reactants. This procedure offers an economical and efficient route to many compounds of interest.
Tensile Properties of Rubber Compounds at High Rates of Stretch

Abstract Stress-strain relationships and the work of extension for four rubber compounds were studied for a rate of stretching of the order of 1,000 per cent per second. This rate is sufficiently great so that the test may be considered to approach adiabatic conditions. A comparison of these data with similar data for a rate of stretching which lies in the range of speeds common to the usual routine tests shows that increased speed of stretching affects the observed tensile properties as follows: (1) the stresses' are increased at elongations up to about 500 per cent for the loaded compounds and up to 600 per cent for the pure-gum compound, the maximum increases ranging from 75 pounds per square inch for the pure-gum compound to 245 pounds per square inch for the clay compound; (2) the stresses in the carbon-black compounds are decreased slightly at elongations near rupture; (3) the work of extension to rupture is increased for the pure-gum and clay compounds and decreased for the carbon-black compounds, ...
Semigeostrophic equations in physical space with free upper boundary

We define Lagrangian solutions in physical space for 3-d incompressible semigeostrophic system with free upper boundary under various conditions for initial data, then prove their existence via the minimization with respect to a geostrophic functional, generalizing the results of Cullen and Feldman (J Math Anal 37(5): 1371–1395, 2006) and Feldman and Tudorascu (Arch Ration Mech Anal 218(1): 527–551 2015) to the situation of free upper boundary. As a byproduct of our proof, we obtain the existence of measure-valued dual space solutions when the initial measure \(\nu _0\in \mathcal {P}_2(\mathbb {R}^3)\) and is supported on \(\{-\frac{1}{\delta }\le y_3\le -\delta \}\).
Growth in the Shadow of Expropriation

We propose a tractable variant of the open economy neoclassical growth model that emphasizes political economy and contracting frictions. The political economy frictions involve a preference for immediate spending, while the contracting friction is a lack of commitment regarding foreign debt and expropriation. We show that the political economy frictions slow an economy's convergence to the steady state due to the endogenous evolution of capital taxation. The model rationalizes why openness has different implications for growth depending on the political environment, why institutions such as the treatment of capital income evolve over time, why governments in countries that grow rapidly accumulate net foreign assets rather than liabilities, and why foreign aid may not affect growth.
Welfare Impacts of Cross-Country Spillovers in Agricultural Research

The welfare implications of intellectual property protection (IPP) for private sector agricultural research are analyzed, focusing on the realistic cases where countries provide different IPP levels, technology spills over across countries, and the public sector is involved in research. A model is developed to determine who benefits from, and who should pay for, the associated research. The article contains some interesting results on the implications of a harmonization of IPP policies through multilateral agreements or via technology that allows research firms to prevent the copying of plants and animals that express traits that have emerged from their research.
DBC Switch Module for Management of Temperature and Noise in 220-W/in 3 Power Assembly

A switch module integrates semiconductor dies on a direct-bond-copper (DBC) substrate to achieve both noise robustness and low thermal resistance. Negative couplings between conductors as well as compact layout with 2.89-nH common-source inductance in the module eliminate self-turn-on from 420-A/μs di / dt . The low thermal resistance of the DBC substrate provides 2.35-°C/W thermal resistance from junction to heat sink and limits the temperature rise of semiconductors switches to 50 °C. The maximum rated power and system density of the DBC and PCB modules are provided for 400-V application. A 2-kW dc–dc boost converter switched between 400 kHz and 1 MHz achieved a power density of 220 W/in3 and an efficiency of 98.4% by employing the switch module.
Title IX: An Incomplete Effort to Achieve Equality in Sports

Title IX, the part of the Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination based on sex in educational programs receiving federal financial assistance, has brought vast increases in the p...
Accelerated Diffusion Spectrum Imaging with Compressed Sensing Using Adaptive Dictionaries

Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI) offers detailed information on complex distributions of intravoxel fiber orientations at the expense of extremely long imaging times (~1 hour). It is possible to accelerate DSI by sub-Nyquist sampling of the q-space followed by nonlinear reconstruction to estimate the diffusion probability density functions (pdfs). Recent work by Menzel et al. imposed sparsity constraints on the pdfs under wavelet and Total Variation (TV) transforms. As the performance of Compressed Sensing (CS) reconstruction depends strongly on the level of sparsity in the selected transform space, a dictionary specifically tailored for sparse representation of diffusion pdfs can yield higher fidelity results. To our knowledge, this work is the first application of adaptive dictionaries in DSI, whereby we reduce the scan time of whole brain DSI acquisition from 50 to 17 min while retaining high image quality. In vivo experiments were conducted with the novel 3T Connectome MRI, whose strong gradients are particularly suited for DSI. The RMSE from the proposed reconstruction is up to 2 times lower than that of Menzel et al.’s method, and is actually comparable to that of the fully-sampled 50 minute scan. Further, we demonstrate that a dictionary trained using pdfs from a single slice of a particular subject generalizes well to other slices from the same subject, as well as to slices from another subject.
African American patients’ intent to screen for colorectal cancer: Do cultural factors, health literacy, knowledge, age and gender matter?

African Americans have higher colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates. Research suggests that CRC screening interventions targeting African Americans be based upon cultural dimensions. Secondary analysis of data from African-Americans who were not up-to-date with CRC screening (n=817) was conducted to examine: 1) relationships among cultural factors (i.e., provider trust, cancer fatalism, health temporal orientation (HTO)), health literacy, and CRC knowledge; 2) age and gender differences; and 3) relationships among the variables and CRC screening intention. Provider trust, fatalism, HTO, health literacy and CRC knowledge had significant relationships among study variables. The FOBT intention model explained 43% of the variance with age and gender being significant predictors. The colonoscopy intention model explained 41% of the variance with gender being a significant predictor. Results suggest that when developing CRC interventions for African Americans, addressing cultural factors remain important, but particular attention should be given to the age and gender of the patient.
Legal Recognition of Same‐Sex Relationships: New Possibilities for Research on the Role of Marriage Law in Household Labor Allocation

Research comparing the relative significance of economic exchange theories and gender norms on parents' division of income-producing and domestic responsibilities often fails to consider sufficiently the role that marriage may play. This article shows that, in the United States, numerous aspects of state and federal law relating to marriage encourage spouses to specialize in distinct breadwinning and caretaking roles. Same-sex marriage offers new opportunities to assess the importance of marriage in household labor allocation decisions while controlling for gender. For any data gathered before June 2015, however, it may be distorting to characterize same-sex couples as simply “married” or “unmarried”; rather, legal recognition during the past 10 years is better conceptualized as discrete bundles of rights and tracked accordingly. This article, written by a legal scholar, provides substantive legal analysis that is integral to developing a research agenda in this area.
Predicting Objectively Measured Exercise Participation from Motivation and Basic Needs Satisfaction: Does a Mediational Model Exist?

This study (a) explored whether relationships exist between objectively assessed exercise participation and both controlled extrinsic motivation and amotivation, and (b) investigated the possible mediation of the relationships between satisfaction of the basic needs and objectively assessed exercise participation. Participants (n = 162) were members of a worksite wellness program. Before beginning the program, participants completed a 33-item survey measuring the constructs of self-determination theory. Objectively assessed exercise participation was measured via attendance. Path analysis revealed that the net effect of external regulation on attendance was positive. Of the basic needs, only autonomy was a significant predictor of attendance, with no mediation of this relationship. Appealing to participants' external regulation and need for autonomy may enhance exercise participation.
Pulsed Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Trityl Radicals.

Continuous-wave (CW) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is now established as a method of choice to enhance the sensitivity in a variety of NMR experiments. Nevertheless, there remains a need for the development of more efficient methods to transfer polarization from electrons to nuclei. Of particular interest are pulsed DNP methods because they enable a rapid and efficient polarization transfer that, in contrast with CW DNP methods, is not attenuated at high magnetic fields. Here we report nuclear spin orientation via electron spin-locking (NOVEL) experiments using the polarizing agent trityl OX063 in glycerol/water at a temperature of 80 K and a magnetic field of 0.34 T. 1H NMR signal enhancements up to 430 are observed, and the buildup of the local polarization occurs in a few hundred nanoseconds. Thus, NOVEL can efficiently dynamically polarize 1H atoms in a system that is of general interest to the solid-state DNP NMR community. This is a first, important step toward the general application of pulsed...
Use of Illustrative Material in Presenting Subject Matter

The greatest problem of the program committee in recent meetings has been to accommodate all the papers and still permit the authors sufficient time properly to cover their subjects. It would appear therefore that more time will need to be spent by the authors in analyzing and summarizing the data so that they can be presented in abstract form. The few people who are interested in the details may make direct contacts with the author.
The pursuit of a cholesteatoma by harvey cushing: staged approach to a complex skull base tumor.

Objective The evolution of neurosurgical techniques during Harvey Cushing's practice was immense. The authors illustrate this evolution using archived historical records from Harvey Cushing. Setting Historical patient records retained by the Cushing Center at Yale University Department of Neurosurgery. Design The authors present the case of one of Cushing's patients with a cholesteatoma. Results Cushing's surgical treatment of a cholesteatoma extending into the skull base is an example of his meticulous documentation and accelerated surgical techniques. Conclusions This case demonstrates how neurosurgical techniques advanced in the management of complex skull base tumors via a staged approach through the middle and posterior fossae at a time long before the development of modern skull base surgery.
Nanocrystalline solid solutions of Cu/Co and other novel nanomaterials

A brief review will be given of the preparation, synthesis and properties of the Cu/Co system. The special case of the synthesis of nanocrystalline Cu{sub .80}Co{sub .20} by precipitation and reduction of hydroxides is discussed in more detail. It was found that the lattice constant of nanocrystalline Cu{sub .80}Co{sub .20}, determined from x-ray diffraction measurements, approximately fits Vegard`s Law and the average nearest neighbor distance from both the Cu and Co atoms, determined from EXAFS measurements, is shifted from their bulk values. Samples given the minimum heat treatment needed to reduce the hydroxides contained Co-rich regions. Heat treatments cause the Co to segregate preferentially onto the surface of the Cu crystals. The presence of the Co delays the oxidation of the Cu surfaces.
Computational investigation on the effect of alumina hydration on lithium ion mobility in poly(ethylene oxide) LiClO4 electrolytes.

Improving ionic conductivity and lithium ion mobility in polymer electrolytes is important for their practical use for polymer electrolytes. In this study, a combination of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were used to bring insight into lithium ion transport in poly(ethylene oxide) LiClO4 polymer electrolytes next to both acidic and basic treated model alumina solid surfaces at 323, 348, and 373 K. The acidic treated system had hydrogens present on its surface, while the basic treated system did not. The results found reduced ion mobility near the surfaces and little change to overall conductivity away from the surface. However, ion diffusion was somewhat enhanced for the acidic treated system at 323 K in comparison with systems without any surface present, despite that close to the surface it was reduced. This was linked to long-ranged structural ordering of ions in the system brought on by strong interactions with the surface, which resulted in oscillations in lithium and ClO4– densities ...
Applications of Beam-Solid Interactions in Semiconductor Material and Device Processing

Pulsed or scanned energy beams have been shown to be very useful for many semiconductor applications, ranging from annealing of ion-implanted damage to preparation of materials. An overview of this important field is given and its prospects assessed.
Lawyers of the Right: Networks and Organization

Lawyers for conservative and libertarian causes are active in organizing and mobilizing interest groups within the conservative coalition, and networks of relationships among those lawyers help to maintain and shape the coalition. Using data gathered in interviews with seventy-two such lawyers, this article analyzes characteristics of the lawyers and the structure of their networks. The findings suggest that the networks are divided into segments or blocks that are identified with particular constituencies, but that a distinct set of actors with extensive relationships serves to bridge the constituencies. Measures of centrality and brokerage confirm the structural importance of these actors in the network, and a search of references in news media confirms their prominence or prestige. This “core” set of actors occupies the “structural hole” in the network that separates the business constituency from religious conservatives. Libertarians, located near the core of the network, also occupy an intermediate position. Regression analysis of ties within the network suggests that the Federalist Society plays an important role in bringing the lawyers together.
Stereolabile chiral compounds: analysis by dynamic chromatography and stopped-flow methods

Enantiomerization and diastereomerization reactions of chiral compounds play a major role in all aspects of chemistry spanning a wide bridge from drug development to supramolecular chemistry. Traditionally, these reactions are studied by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy and chiroptical methods such as polarimetry. However, powerful complimentary methods based on chromatography and electrophoresis have been developed and applied to a variety of stereolabile chiral compounds. This tutorial review explains the principles, applications, and limitations of dynamic chromatography and chromatographic and electrophoretic stopped-flow analysis for the investigation of isomerization reactions of chiral compounds.
Comparison of Ionic Liquids to Conventional Organic Solvents for Extraction of Aromatics from Aliphatics

Commonly used solvents for separation of aromatics from aliphatics using liquid–liquid extraction are reviewed in terms of their physical properties and separation performance. The experimental liquid–liquid measurements for conventional solvents are contrasted with the phase behavior when using an ionic liquid as the extracting component. For comparison purposes, ternary systems of heptane + toluene + extraction solvent are used as representative mixtures, where sulfolane is the main organic extraction solvent discussed. Since ionic liquid properties are drastically changed by changing the anion, comparisons are performed for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids using different anions. Ionic liquids containing cyano-substituted and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions provide good selectivities and distribution ratios. On the basis of the phase behavior and capacities, as well as their relatively low viscosities, they appear to be competitive alternatives to organic solvents.
Barriers to Underserved Students’ Participation in Gifted Programs and Possible Solutions:

Gifted students’ learning gains result from complex, advanced, and meaningful content provided by a knowledgeable teacher through high-quality curriculum and instruction at an appropriate pace with...
Dynamic prediction for multiple repeated measures and event time data: An application to Parkinson’s disease

In many clinical trials studying neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple longitudinal outcomes are collected to fully explore the multidimensional impairment caused by this disease. If the outcomes deteriorate rapidly, patients may reach a level of functional disability sufficient to initiate levodopa therapy for ameliorating disease symptoms. An accurate prediction of the time to functional disability is helpful for clinicians to monitor patients’ disease progression and make informative medical decisions. In this article, we first propose a joint model that consists of a semiparametric multilevel latent trait model (MLLTM) for the multiple longitudinal outcomes, and a survival model for event time. The two submodels are linked together by an underlying latent variable. We develop a Bayesian approach for parameter estimation and a dynamic prediction framework for predicting target patients’ future outcome trajectories and risk of a survival event, based on their multivariate longitudinal measurements. Our proposed model is evaluated by simulation studies and is applied to the DATATOP study, a motivating clinical trial assessing the effect of deprenyl among patients with early PD.
Formation of Chromosomal Domains by Loop Extrusion

Topologically associating domains (TADs) are fundamental structural and functional building blocks of human interphase chromosomes, yet the mechanisms of TAD formation remain unclear. Here, we propose that loop extrusion underlies TAD formation. In this process, cis-acting loop-extruding factors, likely cohesins, form progressively larger loops but stall at TAD boundaries due to interactions with boundary proteins, including CTCF. Using polymer simulations, we show that this model produces TADs and finer-scale features of Hi-C data. Each TAD emerges from multiple loops dynamically formed through extrusion, contrary to typical illustrations of single static loops. Loop extrusion both explains diverse experimental observations-including the preferential orientation of CTCF motifs, enrichments of architectural proteins at TAD boundaries, and boundary deletion experiments-and makes specific predictions for the depletion of CTCF versus cohesin. Finally, loop extrusion has potentially far-ranging consequences for processes such as enhancer-promoter interactions, orientation-specific chromosomal looping, and compaction of mitotic chromosomes.
Secure cloud computing for genomic data.

Understanding Cloud security for genomics data is challenging but a critical need. It is our observation that security requirements are often inconsistent not only across datasets but also between on-premise solutions and Cloud for the same dataset. We attempt to summarize these security requirements across a wide range of regulatory bodies from government and private sources. While we expect the implementation to be different between Clouds and evolution in implementation methodology in time, we expect these guidelines to be applicable in foreseeable future. We also note that security does not necessary provide privacy and significant effort is needed to address privacy for a research centric platform.
EXPLICIT LEAST-DEGREE BOUNDARY FILTERS FOR DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN.

Convolving the output of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) computations using spline filters can improve both smoothness and accuracy of the output. At domain boundaries, these filters have to be one-sided for nonperiodic boundary conditions. Recently, position-dependent smoothness-increasing accuracy-conserving (PSIAC) filters were shown to be a superset of the well-known one-sided RLKV and SRV filters. Since PSIAC filters can be formulated symbolically, PSIAC filtering amounts to forming linear products with local DG output and so offers a more stable and efficient implementation. The paper introduces a new class of PSIAC filters, NP$_0$, that have small support and are piecewise constant. Extensive numerical experiments for the canonical hyperbolic test equation show NP$_0$ filters outperform the more complex known boundary filters. NP$_0$ filters typically reduce the $L^\infty$ error in the boundary region below that of the interior where optimally superconvergent symmetric filters of the same support are a...
On the design of safer chemicals: a path forward

The need for chemists to design chemicals that not only fulfill their intended purposes but are of minimal hazard was recognized nearly a century ago. Over the decades regulations pertaining to the development of safer drug substances and pesticides have been promulgated, and caused changes in the relationships between industry, academia, government agencies, and how chemists are trained to develop new pesticides and new drug substances. This has led to the considerable progress that has occurred over the past 60 years in the development of safe and efficacious pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Progress in the design of safer commercial chemicals, however, has been comparatively slow, despite the many advances in: toxicological research; the elucidation of mechanisms of toxicity; and the identification of relationships between chemical structure, physicochemical and electronic properties with toxicity, environmental fate, or environmental hazard. While few would argue against the need for safer commercial chemicals, implementation of the design of safer chemicals as a paradigm has not advanced to the same extent as other approaches to preventing pollution. This article offers insights on how this paradigm can be advanced as an important component of sustainable development, and how those existing commercial chemicals for which safer, commercially viable alternatives are most needed can be identified and prioritized. One recommendation regarding prioritization is the use of information available in the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI): the U.S.’ pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR). The TRI is an easy-to-use pollution prevention database tool used extensively for tracking the quantities of toxic chemicals annually released or otherwise managed as waste, and evaluating overall environmental performance by industrial facilities. Other PRTRs throughout the world have the potential to be used for identification and prioritization of chemicals as well.
Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Factor Required for Secretory Granule Maturation in Tetrahymena thermophila

Unbiased genetic approaches have a unique ability to identify novel genes associated with specific biological pathways. Thanks to next generation sequencing, forward genetic strategies can be expanded to a wider range of model organisms. The formation of secretory granules, called mucocysts, in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila relies, in part, on ancestral lysosomal sorting machinery, but is also likely to involve novel factors. In prior work, multiple strains with defects in mucocyst biogenesis were generated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, and characterized using genetic and cell biological approaches, but the genetic lesions themselves were unknown. Here, we show that analyzing one such mutant by whole genome sequencing reveals a novel factor in mucocyst formation. Strain UC620 has both morphological and biochemical defects in mucocyst maturation—a process analogous to dense core granule maturation in animals. Illumina sequencing of a pool of UC620 F2 clones identified a missense mutation in a novel gene called MMA1 (Mucocyst maturation). The defects in UC620 were rescued by expression of a wild-type copy of MMA1, and disrupting MMA1 in an otherwise wild-type strain phenocopies UC620. The product of MMA1, characterized as a CFP-tagged copy, encodes a large soluble cytosolic protein. A small fraction of Mma1p-CFP is pelletable, which may reflect association with endosomes. The gene has no identifiable homologs except in other Tetrahymena species, and therefore represents an evolutionarily recent innovation that is required for granule maturation.
Co-location Detection on the Cloud

In this work we focus on the problem of co-location as a first step of conducting Cross-VM attacks such as Prime and Probe or Flush+Reload in commercial clouds. We demonstrate and compare three co-location detection methods namely, cooperative Last-Level Cache (LLC) covert channel, software profiling on the LLC and memory bus locking. We conduct our experiments on three commercial clouds, Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine and Microsoft Azure. Finally, we show that both cooperative and non-cooperative co-location to specific targets on cloud is still possible on major cloud services.
Managing the intelligent enterprise

Over the last few years, we have seen the transformation of the traditional monolithic enterprise, in which all operations were performed in-house, to the extended enterprise, which consists of a network of collaborating entities. Global operations, outsourcing, and increasing specialization have all contributed to this trend. One challenge facing the extended enterprise is how to reconnect the information flows and business processes that were disconnected as the enterprise disaggregated. The emergence of web services, service-oriented architectures, and business process modeling and execution standards are helping to address this challenge.