cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Design and Performance of a Cryogenic Mems Micropump Realized with Si-Based Diaphragm Using Combination of Zygo/Wyko Interferometer and Raman Spectroscopy

This paper reports work concerning a silicon-based micro pump for use in a cryogenic cooling system. The diaphragm deflection, which is critical for the control of pumping capacity, was accurately derived using a combination of ZYGO and WYKO interferometer. The relationship between the pumping capacity and differential pressure was further achieved. Stress distribution was obtained using Micro Raman spectroscopy. It was found that Young’s modulus derived from the maximum deflection increases with decreasing temperature. The compressive stress concentrates at the edge centers; whereas the tensile stress occurs at the diaphragm center. There is a fairly good match between the theoretical predications and experimental observations.
Communication and Information Processing within Scientific Disciplines: Empirical Findings for Psychology.

Abstract Scientific disciplines can be regarded as social devices which have, as one function, the analysis and reduction of raw information to assimilated knowledge of a type which can be transmitted through professional training. Data on information flow in psychology reveal a lengthy series of disseminatins to various audiences. The earliest disseminations involve feedback to scientific workers and result in refinements of the product of research; later disseminations are interwoven with processes of evaluation and selection and are directed toward the creation of an integrated and tested body of knowledge. The reported data furnish an empirical base for Ziman's consensual model of science and illuminate difficulties which have arisen in the design and implementation of information systems.
Strategic trading, asymmetric information and heterogeneous prior beliefs

Abstract We develop a multi-period trading model in which traders face both asymmetric information and heterogeneous prior beliefs. Heterogeneity arises because traders agree to disagree on the precision of an informed trader's private signal. In equilibrium, the informed trader smooths out her trading on asymmetric information gradually over time, but concentrates her entire trading on heterogeneous beliefs toward the last few periods. As a result, the model's volume dynamics are consistent with the U-shaped intraday pattern at the close. Furthermore, the model predicts a positive autocorrelation in trading volume, and a positive correlation between trading volume and contemporaneous price volatility.
Range shifts of a relict Himalayan dragonfly in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region under climate change scenarios

Although understanding of geographic range shifts of many species in response to global climate change is expanding steadily, little is known about the Himalayan fauna, which in particular is affected by relatively faster warming rates than other parts of the world. Anticipated increases in temperature and changes in hydrological regimes will have significant adverse impacts on the habitat suitability for many species. This threat will even be higher to endemic and already threatened species due to their restricted distribution and narrow climate tolerance ranges. We investigated the range shifts of a relict Himalayan dragonfly (Epiophlebia laidlawi), a species that is endemic to the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Currently, the species is only known from few localities in Bhutan, India and Nepal. For conservation of the species, it is necessary to foresee potential suitable habitat areas and range shifts due to global climate change. Here, we first estimated the current potential geographic distribution by...
A silicon bag model with SU(2) × SU(2) chiral dynamics

Abstract We describe a soliton bag model which incorporates explicitly SU(2) × SU(2) chiral dynamics, including the conservation of the polar vector current, the partial conservation of the axial vector current, and the SU(2) × SU(2) current algebra. This model appears to be renormalizable so that higher order effects may be treated systematically.
The relationship of computer self-efficacy expectations to computer interest and course enrollment in college

Gender differences in perceived self-efficacy for computer use may help account for differential computer interest and course enrollment at the college level. Three hundred sixty-eight students completed a two-page questionnaire assessing perceived computer self-efficacy, plans to take a computer science course, perceived importance of computing skills, and interest in learning about computers. Men rated themselves higher than did women for perceived self-efficacy. They were also more positive on the cognitive outcome measures, but with computer self-efficacy held constant, the magnitude of these differences was decreased, suggesting that perceived self-efficacy may be an important consideration when examining gender differences in computer interest and use.
The relationship of head and neck irradiation to the subsequent development of thyroid neoplasms

Individuals who have received head and neck radiation for benign conditions have a markedly increased risk of developing thyroid, salivary, and perhaps breast cancer as compared to the general population. Although the relative risk is very high, the absolute risk that any one individual who has had head or neck irradiation will develop a subsequent malignancy is low. Identification of these patients through some type of screening procedure may be beneficial in terms of prevention of subsequent morbidity and perhaps mortality from cancer, especially thyroid and salivary cancer. The risks of any detection or prophylaxis program must be carefully weighed against the probable, but unproved benefits of early detection. A major unresolved question is the natural history of microscopic thyroid carcinoma in the 25 yr–40 yr old radiation exposed population.
Enhanced stimulatory effect of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and other agonists on vascular prostacyclin production in rats fed alcohol-containing diets

Abstract Chronic administration of liquid diets containing 36% of energy as ethanol to rats increased the serum level of high density lipoproteins (HDL) by 40% and potentiated 2 to 3-fold the stimulatory effect of these lipoporteins on the production of prostacyclin by aortic rings, as compared to pair-fed controls given isocaloric carbohydrate instead of ethanol. Cross-incubations between aortic rings and HDL from either alcohol-fed or pair-fed control rats revealed two factors operating in opposite directions. On the one hand, the predominant mechanism for the potentiation was increased reactivity of the vessel to these lipoproteins. This increased reactivity was also apparent with other agonists of prostacyclin formation. On the other hand, for equal amounts of either cholesterol or protein, the HDL from alcohol-fed rats were less stimulatory than those from controls. This was associated with a smaller content of arachidonate in the HDL of alcohol-fed rats. These ethanol effects on prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and platelet antiaggregator, may contribute to the decreased incidence of ischemic heart disease observed in moderate alcohol drinkers.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Compounds on Pneumocystis carinii

Two sulfonylurea compounds, carbutamide and tolbutamide, were studied for efficacy against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in the corticosteroid-treated rat model and compared with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). The chemical structures of these sulfonylureas are identical except that an amino group in carbutamide is replaced with a methyl group in tolbutamide. Carbutamide was totally effective in the prevention and treatment of P. carinii pneumonitis in dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day. The carbutamide dosage of 50 mg/kg per day prevented the infection in 90^0 of animals, whereas tolbutamide in the same dosage permitted infection in 100^0 of animals. This study shows that carbutamide is at least as effective as TMP-SMZ in the treatment and prevention of murine P. carinii pneumonitis. The presence of an amino group in the para position on the benezene ring is a determinant for this activity. Pneumocystis carinii is a protozoan-like organism capable of causing fatal pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. It is the major cause of death in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. This pneumonia is encountered in two-thirds of patients with AIDS, and survival does not occur without treatment. The two drugs in current use, pentamidine isethionate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), are therapeutically effective in 75 Vo of the patients. TMP-SMZ has been preferred over pentamidine because of fewer and less-severe adverse effects, although the drugs are equally effective. Although patients with cancer or congenital immune deficiency disorders and organ transplant recipients who acquire P. carinii pneumonia have few adverse reactions to TMP-SMZ ^lO^o of the patients), those with AIDS have exaggerated reactions to the drug (44^0 to 83^o of the patients), often of sufficient severity to preclude its use [2]. Toxicity also occurs with pentamidine. The problem is amplified by a rapid and progressive increase in the number of people with AIDS and creates an urgent need for safe and effective new drugs for both the treatment and
Another step forward towards improved outcome after HLA-haploidentical stem cell transplantation.

Another step forward towards improved outcome after HLA-haploidentical stem cell transplantation
Gray-scale sonography in torsion of the testicular appendages.

The reliability of gray-scale ultrasonography in diagnosing torsion of the testicular appendages was studied in a series of 54 boys with acute non-traumatic scrotal pain. All boys were operated upon, and the appendages extirpated irrespective of their appearance at exploration; the final diagnosis was based on histological examination. Forty-two boys had appendicular torsion, 2 had testicular torsion and 10 had other diagnoses. Using the sign of appendicular torsion — an echogenic extratesticular structure situated between the head of the epididymis and the upper pole of the testis — as the criterion, 37 displayed a true positive, 9 a true negative, 3 a false positive and 5 a false negative diagnosis. Thus, the sensitivity was 88%, the specificity 75% and the positive predictive value 93% respectively. The echogenic mass varied in size from 3 to 17 mm in diameter. In 34 of the 42 cases of appendicular torsion extratesticular fluid was present, and 19 patients showed enlargement of the head of the epididymis. It is concluded that gray-scale sonography is an accurate and valuable tool in diagnosing torsion of the testicular appendages.
Perceived social context and risk preference: A re‐examination of framing effects in a life‐death decision problem

This study examines the effects of perceived group context on subjects risk attitudes and their sensitivity to the framing of choice outcomes in a ‘life-death’ decision problem. It seeks to uncover the psychological mechanisms underlying decision-making biases by systematically manipulating the decision context in which the ‘life-death’ problem was described. The study revealed that subjects risk preferences varied as a function of the experimental manipulations. Previously observed reversals in preferences (framing effects) appeared in large-group contexts and disappeared in small-group and family contexts. When considering the fate of small groups, subjects unambiguously favored the probabilistic outcome, no matter how the ‘life-death’ decision problem was framed. The empirical data obtained from the present study suggest that human choice patterns are behaviorally distinguishable across large-group, small-group, and family social contexts.
On the light dependency of fatty acid synthesis by isolated spinach chloroplasts

Abstract When intact isolated spinach chloroplasts were incubated with [ 14 C]-acetate, CoA and ATP, acetyl CoA accumulated in the medium, both in light and darkness. The accumulation of this acetyl CoA (> 400 nmol mg chlorophyll −1 h −1 ) was apparently brought about by a thiokinase in an outer chloroplast compartment and was not due to a dark-block of acetyl-CoA carboxylase since high rates of acetate incorporation into fatty acids (> 1000 nmol mg chlorophyll −1 h −1 ) could be induced whether or not acetyl CoA accumulated. Maximum dark rates of fatty acid synthesis in gently broken chloroplasts were only 2% of those achieved by intact chloroplasts in the light.
Bending and focusing effects in an FEL oscillator I: simple models

Abstract The combination of wiggler, electron beam, and optical beam produces not only gain, but also refractive effects. These effects have been modeled for an oscillator configuration with a simple prism and lens. An instability is found to occur whenever the focal strength of the electron beam is sufficiently large. An estimate has been made of the magnitude of these effects and we present a discussion of the likely consequences.
Inversion of product selectivity in an enzyme-inspired metallosupramolecular tweezer catalyzed epoxidation reaction

This study describes a heteroligated, hemilabile PtII–P,S tweezer coordination complex that combines a chiral Jacobsen–Katsuki MnIII-salen epoxidation catalyst with an amidopyridine receptor, which leads to an inversion of the major epoxide product compared to catalysts without a recognition group.
X-ray and fiber optic detection of cracks in concrete using adhesive released from hollow glass fibers

This research is an investigation into the use of adhesive liquid core optical fibers for the detection of cracks, their location and volume in opaque and semi-opaque brittle materials. The study combines work based on the concept of internal adhesive delivery from hollow fibers for repair with nondestructive fiber optic analysis of crack locations and volume within the same system. The liquid filled hollow fibers can carry light in the liquid. The cracked fiber which has released liquid projects diffraction patterns from the meniscuses at the ends of the liquid. The size relationship of these patterns allow us to determine the location of the cracks and the amount of liquid lost into the matrix and perhaps relate it to the volume and location of the cracks in the matrix.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE CONVERSION TO HYDROCARBONS

Deoxygenation, or removal of oxygen from oxygenates, is an important element in the hydrocarbon fuel production process from biorenewable substrates. A thermodynamic equilibrium analysis gives valuable insights on the theoretical limits of desired products when a substrate is reacted under a given set of conditions. Here we report the equilibrium composition of glucose-to-hydrocarbon system by minimizing the total Gibbs energy of the system. The system was treated as a mixture of 11 components comprised of C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes), C6H5 –OH, CH4, H2O, C, CO2, CO, and H2. Equilibrium compositions of each species were analyzed between temperatures 300 and 1500 K and pressures 0–15 atm. It was observed that at high temperature, CO and H2 dominate the equilibrium mixture with mole fractions of 0.597 and 0.587 respectively. At low temperatures the equilibrium mixture is dominated by CH4, CO2, H2O, and carbon. The aromatic hydrocarbon composition observed at thermodynamic equilibrium w...
Evaporative convection in minute drops on a plate with temperature gradient

Abstract Thermal convection in a minute drop evaporating on a plate surface is visualized through two methods: solid suspension and laser shadowgraphy. The plate is partially heated to create a temperature field on the test site so that the Marangoni effect may be induced on the drop surface. Through altering plate inclination, the evaporating drop may stay at rest at the same spot or move on the plate. The observation of flow patterns in a stationary drop reveals that the presence of both surface tension and buoyancy forces lead to four distinct flow regimes in the drop with the buoyancy-driven convection on the warm side and the surface tension driven instability on the cold side. The effects of drop motion, liquid properties and air-liquid interfacial geometry on both the interfacial and internal flow structures are determined and the consequences of the evaporation rate are discussed.Convection evaporatoire pour des petites gouttes sur une plaque avec gradient de temperature of the evaporation rate are discussed.
Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibres in interstitial cystitis.

Objective To explore the presence of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in the bladders of rats and humans and to investigate its relationship to mast cells (MCs) in interstitial cystitis (IC), a bladder disorder which occurs mostly in women and is characterized by frequency of voiding, nocturia and debilitating supra-pubic pain. Patients, materials and methods Bladder biopsies from eight women with untreated IC (mean age 36 years, range 29-58) and five control patients with no IC were analysed and compared with each other and with bladder tissue from 12 rats. Immuno-histochemistry and image analysis were used to examine the density of SP-positive nerve fibres and their relationship with MCs. Results SP-containing nerve fibres were present in the bladder of both rats and humans. They were increased only in the submucosa, but not in the detrusor, of IC patients and were frequently seen in juxtaposition to MCs. Conclusion SP, a neuropeptide secreted from sensory nerve endings, has been implicated in the pathophysio-logy of pain and has been shown to trigger MC secretion. Moreover, MC secretion by SP is augmented by oestradiol and bladder MCs have been shown to express high affinity oestrogen receptors. A functional relationship between SP and MCs may explain the pathophysiology of the neuro-inflammatory and painful nature of IC.
Brief Report: Apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele does not correlate with amyloid plaques in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele has been repeatedly correlated with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein E has been localized to amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease and of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this study, apoE ϵ4 frequencies were examined in two distinct populations affected by kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (two transmissible spongiform encephalopathies with varying amounts of amyloid plaques). We then correlated apolipoprotein E genotypes to neuropathological findings of plaques in the same patients. The results demonstrate both amyloid plaque deposition in the absence of the apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele in kuru and lack of amyloid plaque deposition in the presence of the apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We conclude that in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, apolipoprotein E4 does not seem to contribute to the formation of amyloid plaques.
Melt droplet formation in energetic impact events

IT has long been known that impact between rocky bodies at velocities of ≳15 km s−1 can melt or vaporize both the impacting object and a portion of the target1. We have recently shown2,3 that geological materials initially shocked to high pressure approach the liquid–vapour phase boundary from the liquid side as they decompress, breaking up into an expanding spray of liquid droplets. Here we present a simple theory for estimating the sizes of these droplets as a function of impactor size and velocity, and show that these sizes are consistent with observations of microtektites and spherules found in the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer.
3D dynamic finite element model for magnetostrictive galfenol-based devices

Galfenol is an alloy of iron and gallium which possesses a unique combination of structural strength and significant magnetostriction. This alloy can be machined, welded and extruded into complex geometries opening up avenues for a new class of load-bearing transducers with 3D functionality. This work addresses the development of an advanced modeling tool to aid in the design of Galfenol transducers. The model describes the full nonlinear coupling between the electrical, magnetic and mechanical domains in 3D Galfenol structures, yielding complete system input-output relationships. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetics and Navier's equations for mechanical systems are formulated in weak form. An energy-averaged constitutive model is employed to relate magnetization and strain to magnetic field and stress in the Galfenol domain. The overall system is approximated hierarchically; first, piecewise linearization is used to describe quasi-static responses and magnetic bias calculations. A linear dynamic solution with piezomagnetic coefficients computed at the bias point describes the system dynamics for moderate inputs. Dynamic responses at large input fields and stresses are described through an implicit dynamic solution based on the trapezoidal rule. The model equations are solved on a commercial finite element solver. A case study consisting of a Galfenol unimorph is presented which illustrates the model's ability to describe transient dynamic responses.
Snapshots of a hybrid transcription factor in the Hippo pathway

The Hippo pathway plays key roles in animal development. It suppresses tumorigenesis by controlling the transcription of the target genes that are critical for cell proliferation and apoptosis. The transcriptional coactivator YAP is the major downstream effector of the Hippo signaling. Upon extracellular stimulation, a kinase cascade in the Hippo pathway phosphorylates YAP and promotes its cytoplasmic sequestration by 14-3-3 and ubiquitin-dependent degradation. When the Hippo pathway is turned off, YAP (which lacks a DNA-binding domain) is dephosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus, where it associates with the transcription factor TEAD to form a functional heterodimeric transcription factor and to promote the expression of the Hippo-responsive genes. Recently, structures of the YAP-binding domain of TEAD alone or in complex with YAP have revealed the atomic details of the TEAD-YAP interaction. Here, I review these exciting advances, propose a strategy for targeting the TEAD-YAP interaction using small molecules, and suggest potential mechanisms by which phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding regulate the cytoplasmic retention of YAP.
Diuretic and natriuretic effects of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor.

Summary The renal effects of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor that interferes with the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, were studied in rats and rabbits before and after fluid deprivation. The intracellular osmolar solute, sorbitol, is found in increasing concentrations from cortex to medulla in the kidney and may be involved in the urinary concentrating mechanism. Oral administration of sorbinil in the rabbit resulted in significant increases in urine flow rate and sodium excretion with a tendency toward decreased urine osmolality and increased potassium excretion both before and after water deprivation. When fluid intake was controlled in the rat study, significant increases in urine flow rate and sodium and potassium excretion and a significant decrease in urine osmolality occurred only in response to fluid deprivation. Thus, sorbinil has diuretic and natriuretic properties and may prevent the normal concentration of urine in the antidiuretic animal.
Atrocities and confrontational tension.

This paper presents an analysis of video-recordings and other micro-level data of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia-and-Herzegovina. It focuses on the sequential unfolding of micro-interactions and emotional dynamics before, and over the course of the atrocity. The paper argues that massacres have a pattern of situational emergence: local emotional dynamics are crucial to explain where and when atrocities do or do not come off and what form they take on the micro-level. It is shown that (1) micro-interactions constitute situational turning-points, towards or away from atrocities and that (2) local emotional dynamics shape the internal structure of atrocities, i.e., their internal dynamics of killings. The analysis is based on recent advances in the micro-sociology of violence by Collins, Katz, and Grossman, as well as Ekman's research tools for identifying emotional cues in micro-data.
Radiative transfer in finite inhomogeneous plane-parallel atmospheres

Abstract The FN method is used to deduce accurate numerical results for the exit distributions of radiation relevant to a finite, plane-parallel atmosphere with an exponentially varying albedo for single scattering.
The Will to Conservation: A Burkeian Analysis of Dust Bowl Rhetoric and American Farming Motives.

The 1930s Dust Bowl has been accepted as the worst environmental disaster in United States history. Analysis of the rhetoric of agricultural conservationists which focuses on this issue reveals that its potential for promoting environmentally sound land‐use practices was limited. This essay relies on Kenneth Burke's theory of identification and pentadic ratios to identify the hierarchy of motives associated with land use. I argue that the vulnerability of conservation efforts to competing forces was largely a function of that hierarchy and suggests that an action‐oriented perspective would be more conducive to responsible land use.
Functional specification for CAD databases

Abstract Techniques for handling CAD data, and the development of a comprehensive programme for integrating engineering software tools, which are to share CAD data, remain open issues in CAD research. The importance of addressing database problems in such endeavours is well known. However, before problems can be solved they must be clearly defined, and a clear definition of the CAD database problem has yet to be provided. In fact, the CAD database literature bemoans the lack of even a comprehensive functional specification for CAD databases. In this paper, results of research into the problems of CAD databases are reported in the form of a twenty point functional specification for CAD databases.
Lipid lateral diffusion in oriented lipid/D2O multilayers by pulsed NMR

Abstract The temperature and hydration dependences of lipid lateral diffusion in model membrane/D2O multilayers of dipalmitoyl (DPL), dilauryl (DLL) and egg yolk (EYPC) lecithins were measured using pulsed gradient proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin echo techniques. Oriented samples were used to minimize anisotropic dipolar interactions and permit formation of a spin echo. Significantly lipid lateral diffusion is hydration dependent over the range studied (15–40% D2O w/w), varying in DPL over this range for example by a factor of 2. For the saturated lipids at the same hydration and temperature, diffusion decreases monotonically as the chain length increases. The results tend to be larger, by factors of 2–5, than the earlier electron spin resonance (ESR) spin label results, the differences being attributable in part to the differences in hydration and to the absence of probe effects in this work. The addition of cholesterol (28.6 mol%) decreases diffusion of the lipids. Comparisons with other methods of lateral diffusion measurements are made.
Observations of Piezoresistivity for Polysilicon in Bending that are Unexplained by Linear Models

Compliant piezoresistive MEMS sensors exhibit great promise for improved on-chip sensing. As compliant sensors may experience complex loads, their design and implementation require a greater understanding of the piezoresistive effect of polysilicon in bending and combined loads. This paper presents experimental results showing the piezoresistive effect for these complex loads. Several n-type polysilicon test structures, fabricated in MUMPs and SUMMiT processes, were tested. Results show that, while tensile stresses cause a linear decrease in resistance, bending stresses induce a nonlinear rise in resistance, contrary to the effect predicted by linear models. In addition, tensile, compresive, and bending loads combine in their effects on resistance. The experimental data illustrates the inability of linear piezoresistance models to predict the piezoresistive trends of polysilicon in bending and combined loads, indicating the need for more complete nonlinear models appropriate for these loading conditions.
Report on the Sixth ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2007)

The world is transforming into an electronic society where almost every aspect of our lives is increasingly computerized and interconnected. Such a transformation has profoundly changed the scope, the scale and the level of automation for information collection, storage, analysis and dissemination. It, on the one hand, has and continues to enable new and better services. On the other hand, it inevitably increases the degree of privacy concerns.
Teaching Students to Focus on the Data in Data Visualization

Although most technical communication pedagogy provides students with solid advice on how to visualize particular numerical representations, it underproblematizes the rhetorical decisions we make i...
Localizing spherical fiducials in C-arm based cone-beam CT.

Purpose: C-arm based cone-beam CT(CBCT)imaging enables thein situ acquisition of three dimensional images. In the context of image-guided interventions, this technology potentially reduces the complexity of a procedure’s workflow. Instead of acquiring the preoperative volumetric images in a separate location and transferring the patient to the interventional suite, both imaging and intervention are carried out in the same location. A key component in image-guided interventions is image to patient registration. The most common registration approach, in clinical use, is based on fiducial markers placed on the patient’s skin which are then localized in the volumetric image and in the interventional environment. When using C-arm CBCT, this registration approach is challenging as in many cases the small size of the volumetric reconstruction cannot include both the skin fiducials and the organ of interest. Methods: In this article the author shows that fiducial localization outside the reconstructed volume is possible if the projection images from which the reconstruction was obtained are available. By replacing direct fiducial localization in the volumetric images with localization in the projection images, the author obtains the fiducial coordinates in the volume’s coordinate system even when the fiducials are outside the reconstructed region. Results: The approach was evaluated using two types of spherical fiducials, clinically used 4 mm diameter markers and a custom phantom embedded with 6 mm diameter markers that is part of a commercial navigation system. In all cases, the method localized all fiducials, including those that were outside the reconstructed volume. The method’s mean (std) localization error as evaluated using fiducials that were directly localized in the CBCTreconstruction was 0.55(0.22) mm for the 4 mm markers and 0.51(0.18) mm for the 6 mm markers. Conclusions: Based on the evaluations the author concludes that the proposed localization approach is sufficiently accurate to augment or replace direct volumetric fiducial localization for thoracic-abdominal interventions. This allows the physician to position fiducials in a more flexible manner, relaxing the requirement that both the organ of interest and skin surface be contained in the volumetric reconstruction.
Vegetation in Tanzania : assessing long term trends and effects of protection using satellite imagery

Abstract Using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) imagery, we examined changes in vegetative cover across Tanzania and found that overall greenness increased over 13 years from 1982 to 1994. We then assigned 8 km pixels to different habitat types using a vegetation map compiled from Landsat satellite imagery between 1978 and 1982. We found that woodland and forest pixels increased in greenness but that swamp pixels showed a marked decline in vegetative cover. National parks and game reserves, which have heavy restrictions on resource extraction and on-site patrols, both showed increases in vegetative cover, particularly for woodland pixels. Forest reserves, which are explicitly designed for forest protection but do not have on-site patrols, did no better than lands under no legal protection at all. Game controlled areas, which allow for settlement, cattle grazing, and hunting, suffered worse habitat degradation than areas with no legal protection, with bushlands, grasslands, swamps and “other lands” pixels faring worse than baseline measures. These results show that complete protection and on-site policing are key elements in enhancing vegetation health in this region of tropical Africa, paralleling results for mammals in the same area.
Performance of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell using novel ceria electrolyte

Abstract The potential of a novel co-doped ceria material Sm 0.075 Nd 0.075 Ce 0.85 O 2− δ as an electrolyte was investigated under fuel cell operating conditions. Conventional colloidal processing was used to deposit a dense layer of Sm 0.075 Nd 0.075 Ce 0.85 O 2− δ (thickness 10 μm) over a porous Ni-gadolinia doped ceria anode. The current–voltage performance of the cell was measured at intermediate temperatures with 90 cm 3 min −1 of air and wet hydrogen flowing on cathode and anode sides, respectively. At 650 °C, the maximum power density of the cell reached an exceptionally high value of 1.43 W cm −2 , with an area specific resistance of 0.105 Ω cm 2 . Impedance measurements show that the power density decrease with decrease in temperature is mainly due to the increase in electrode resistance. The results confirm that Sm 0.075 Nd 0.075 Ce 0.85 O 2− δ is a promising alternative electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
Ion Pair Activities in Bentonite Suspensions

The thermodynamic activities of ion pairs were measured electrometrically in a series of aqueous mixtures of monoionic bentonite and the corresponding chlorides. Ion exchange membranes and Ag-AgCl electrodes were used. The lyotropic order for the various cation species varied somewhat for two different preparations. The apparent relative escaping tendencies of the various cations did not correspond to that usually assumed on the basis of related phenomena: ion exchange selectivity, electromigration velocities, flocculation values or rates, etc.
Sonographic detection of xanthomas in normal-sized Achilles' tendons of individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

The objective of this study was to evaluate how well high-frequency linear array sonography reveals xanthomas in the Achilles' tendons of individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia before the xanthomas enlarge the tendons enough to become palpable.Both Achilles' tendons of 23 individuals (18 female and five male; age range, 16-69 years old) who had heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia but no clinically apparent Achilles' tendon xanthomas were studied with high-frequency linear array sonography. Hypoechoic areas, consistent with xanthomas, were noted.Xanthomas were revealed in 36 (78%) of 46 tendons and 19 (83%) of 23 individuals.Sonography reveals Achilles' tendon xanthomas in many individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia before the xanthomas are clinically apparent. Because tendon xanthomas in a hypercholesterolemic individual are essentially pathognomonic of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and are a mainstay in its diagnosis, our study suggests that s...
Coexisting covalent and non-covalent planar networks in the crystal structures of {[M(bipy)2(NO3)2]·arene}n (M = Ni, 1; Co, 2; arene = chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, benzene, nitrobenzene, toluene or anisole)

The compounds {[M(4,4′-bipy)2(NO3)2]·x arene}n (M = Ni, 1; Co, 2; x = 2 for arene = chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, benzene, nitrobenzene or toluene; x = 3 for arene = anisole) have been prepared and their crystal structures determined. All compounds represent rare examples of interpenetrating planar networks that are chemically different. It appears that the networks coexist because the (4,4) topology of the cobalt and nickel square grids is complementary to the (4,4) and (6,3) topology of the arene networks, resulting in inclined interpenetration and a 3-D architecture. This observation is discussed in the broader context of rational design strategies for hybrid solids.
The growth of the modern West Indies

When The Growth of the Modern West Indies appeared in the late 1960s, it was among the first publications to provide a comprehensive view of the British Caribbean, including Bermuda, the Bahamas and the small Leeward and Windward islands. The book covers the crucial inter-war years from the 1920s to the period of the 1960s and provides an in-depth analysis of the forces that contributed to the shaping of West Indian society. Among the most outstanding features of the book is Lewis's use of a wide variety of written sources including recently published monographs, articles in obscure places and an array of newspapers from almost all the islands discussed in the study. However, it was Lewis's extensive travels across the entire region and the insights he gained from interviews and discussions with persons in both high and low places that account for the breath and the depth of his analysis. First published in 1968, The Growth of the Modern West Indies was welcomed as 'being nothing short of brilliant' and in the following three decades, established itself as the standard text for the study of the English-speaking Caribbean. A number of similar book have since appeared, extending the survey of Caribbean post-independence society to the present; however, few have equalled, much less surpassed The Growth of the Modern West Indies in its clever combination of political biography and social history or in the sheer brilliance of Lewis's intellectual and in-depth analysis. Franklin Knight's Introduction to this new edition underscores the continuing relevance and value of this text for students of Caribbean history and for anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of present-day Caribbean societies.
Long-life fluorescent lamp driver for avionics applications

Fluorescent backlights used for LCDs provide high efficacy, but at the expense of a strong temperature dependence and unusual electrical load parameters. The selection of drive regime and arc wave form can greatly affect the cathode life. Phosphor life has ben characterized as a function of wall loading and profile by others. The next cause of life reduction is cathode wear, which is addressed. A waveform is described that has been proven to provide long cathode life, both in the field and in ongoing life test. The fundamental tenant of minimizing the peak to RMS ration of the drive waveform has been applied. Additional cathode stress factors are identified, such as warm-up requirements, minimum temperature of operation and determining the critical value for cathode preheat. Types of filament preheat control are discussed, with the advantages and disadvantages of each presented. The second order effects of implementations are discussed. Summary data from an ongoing life test will be presented, indicating that with proper care and careful design, cathodes can easily achieve at least 75,000 hour life.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Antiretroviral Intensification and Valproic Acid Lack Sustained Effect on Residual HIV-1 Viremia or Resting CD4+ Cell Infection

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a daunting problem. Given the limited evidence that resting CD4+ T cell infection (RCI) is affected by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA), we measured the stability of RCI and residual viremia in patients who added VPA with or without raltegravir (RAL), or enfuvirtide (ENF) with or without VPA, to standard ART.
Endocrine effects of social stimuli on maturing queens of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis

The reproductive physiology of social insects is often highly responsive to social stimuli from nestmates, but the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity are usually poorly understood. The effect of varied social conditions on the endocrin- ology and ovarian maturation in maturing female primary reproductives of the damp- wood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen is studied to better understand their developmental responses to conspecifics. Newly dealate queens are paired with a reproductive male, with another maturing female, or are allowed to mature in isol- ation. Developmental responses are tracked by monitoring rates of juvenile hormone (JH) production by corpora allata in vitro , haemolymph ecdysteroids titres and ova- rian development after 5, 10, 15 and 30 days of maturation. Significant declines in rates of JH production rates are observed by days 5, 10 and 30, respectively, for females paired with males, left to mature in isolation or paired with a female. Ecdysteroid titres increase by day 5 and stay elevated in females nesting with males. By contrast, for CA from females that are isolated or paired with another female, the titres decline and stay low until at least day 15, but increase significantly by day 30. These hormonal differences correspond to differential rates of physiological maturation, with more rapid ovarian development occurring in females paired with a male, than in those nesting alone or with another female. The results suggest that JH and ecdysteroids modulate the ovarian response of alates to stimuli from nestmates during this period of maturation, and that JH and ecdysteroid titres may be regulated independently during this period of development.
MASS LOSS IN BREEDING HOUSE WRENS:EFFECTS OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS

Adult passerines commonly lose mass during the course of the breeding cycle. This loss has been ascribed to an energy deficit incurred during nesting, but recently two adaptational hypotheses have been proposed. The first, the wing-loading hypothesis, proposes that adults actively reduce mass in order to increase flight efficiency. The second, the reserve-mobilization hypothesis, proposes that females store reserves during the early stages of the breeding cycle, which they mobilize to sustain them during later stages. We tested these hypotheses by providing food supplements to House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) breeding on a study area north of Bloomington, Illinois, during the 1990-1992 breeding seasons. Additional food had no effect on mass except late in one season. Females that were given additional food during the late-young stage in 1992 had significantly higher mass than controls, but their mass was not greater than that normally obtained by females not receiving food supplements in other years. We conclude that the results from this experimental study are consistent with the wing-loading hypothesis, and that House Wrens do not lose mass because of an energy deficit or because they mobilize reserves.
Couples' Facilitative Communication Skill as a Dimension of Marital Therapy Outcome*

This study examined the relationships between three dimensions of patients' perceptions of their spouses' empathic understanding, warmth, and genuineness, and marital co-therapy outcome. The relationships between selected therapist and treatment factors and couples' communication skill was also investigated. Results indicated (a) a positive relationship between patient-rated outcome and final levels of rated Total Facilitative Conditions (TFC), but not initial levels; (b) a near-zero relationship between pre- and post-therapy TFC similarity and outcome; (c) positive relationships between changes in perceived TFC and outcome, but no relationship between outcome and symmetry of TFC change; (d) no relationship between treatment length and either outcome or TFC change; and (e) a significant negative relationship between co-therapists' experience level differences and two dimensions of rated TFC change. Discussion of these findings focused on implications for the clinical practice of conjoint couples' therapy.
Intrinsic Analysis of Decomposition and Coordination Strategies for Complex Design Problems

Optimization has been given increased attention in both academic research and industrial applications. The reason appears to be twofold. First, keen global competition is forcing industries to maximize product performance while utilizing minimum resources in order to gain a competitive edge. Second, the significant advances in computer hardware allow optimization techniques to be deployed on problems of higher complexity. One must realize, however, the persisting insufficiency of current optimization techniques in solving full-scale engineering problems. Despite the technical progress of MDO in developing specific decomposition and coordination (D&C) strategies, it is not clear how and when to apply the various design and analysis tools that are being developed. As a result, the industry has not fully benefited from these research efforts. Three specific types of D&C strategies are Concurrent Sub-Space Optimization (CSSO), Collaborative Optimization (CO), and Analytic Target Cascading (ATC). While these methods have been demonstrated on well-structured and fully defined design problems, there is a lack of information on which is most appropriate for use in real world large-scale complex design problems. As a first step in this direction, we present an intrinsic evaluation of these three strategies. First we review the most common MDO strategies, including CSSO, CO, and ATC. Then we describe the attributes of complexity and assess technical and non-technical issues involved in large-scale complex design problems. Finally, we present the characteristics of the strategies that may be employed to develop comparative metrics and discuss the potential strengths and weaknesses of the three D&C strategies in the context of real-world industrial applications.
Group cohomology and quasicrystals I: Classification of two-dimensional space groups

In Fourier-space crystallography, the space group is defined in terms of the point group G, the inverse lattice (or Fourier module) L, and a phase function Φ. We classify the two-dimensional space groups (or plane groups), the major step being the classification of lattices, of all ranks, symmetric under the finite point group G. This step requires new ideas from integer representation theory. Given this classification, the remaining steps can be done easily using techniques of group cohomology.
Throughput modelling and fairness issues in CSMA/CA based ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we consider the throughput modelling and fairness provisioning in CSMA/CA based ad-hoc networks. The main contributions are: firstly, a throughput model based on Markovian analysis is proposed for the CSMA/CA network with a general topology. Simulation investigations are presented to verify its performance. Secondly, fairness issues in CSMA/CA networks are discussed based on the throughput model. The origin of unfairness is explained and the trade-off between throughput and fairness is illustrated. Thirdly, throughput approximations based on local topology information are proposed and their performances are investigated. Fourthly, three different fairness metrics are presented and their distributed implementations, based on the throughput approximation, are proposed.