cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary NVH Characterization of Metal Foam-Polymer Interpenetrating Phase Composites

The damping and basic dynamic properties of a novel type of multifunctional hybrid material known as Metal Foam-Polymer Composite are investigated. This material is obtained by injection molding a thermoplastic polymer through an open cell Aluminum Foam, in essence creating two contiguous morphologies; an Aluminum Foam interconnected “skeleton” with the open pores filled with a similarly interconnected polymer substructure. This coexistence of both materials allows each to contribute its salient properties (e.g. the plastics contributing surface toughness and the metal foams contributing thermal stability). Basic damping testing results are presented for various Aluminum Foam porosities and pore sizes as well as for three types of polymers. A basic mathematical model of the damping is also presented. The integrity of the interface between the Aluminum Foam and the Polymer is discussed in terms of its effect on the overall material damping.© 2009 ASME
On Balance Index Sets of Rooted Trees.

Any vertex labeling f : V → {0, 1} of the graph G = (V, E) induces a partial edge labeling f∗ : E → {0, 1} defined by f∗(uv) = f(u) if and only if f(u) = f(v). The balance index set of G is defined as {|f∗−1(0) − f∗−1(1)| : |f−1(0) − f−1(1)| ≤ 1}. In this paper, we first determine the balance index sets of rooted trees of height not exceeding two, thereby completely settling the problem for trees with diameter at most four. Next we show how to extend the technique to rooted trees of any height, which allows us to derive a method for determining the balance index set of any tree.
New solvent systems for thin-layer chromatography of bile acids

A modified thin-layer chromatographic technique separates small amounts of glycochenodeoxycholic from glycodeoxycholic acid and the major taurine conjugates and unconjugated bile acids from one another.
Conclusion: Moving Toward Equity in School Discipline

In the concluding chapter, Skiba summarizes the volume’s key findings and themes. Poverty and differential behavior do not account for disparities in discipline, but school climate contributes, as do both race and sexual orientation. These chapters find evidence of harsh and discriminatory treatment of LGBTQ students. The author argues that cultural mismatch and implicit bias must be considered as contributors to disparities in exclusionary school discipline. A number of clear themes emerge surrounding effective interventions, including the importance of multiple components, the key role of relationships, and time and resources to fully engage local practitioners. Recommendations for sustainable change include expanding data availability, continued evaluation of both evidence-based and local intervention strategies, and the need to confront the topic of race when addressing racial inequity.
Using Modern Solid-State Analytical Tools for Investigations of an Advanced Carbon Capture Material: Experiments for the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

A simple and straightforward synthesis of an ultrastable porous metal–organic framework (MOF) based on copper(II) and a mixed N donor ligand system is described as a laboratory experiment for chemistry undergraduate students. These experiments and the resulting analysis are designed to teach students basic research tools and procedures while emphasizing one of the most challenging environmental issues we are facing as a society: reduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, and potential technologies that may achieve this. The described experiments take advantage of modern solid-state analytical tools, such as powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and gas sorption, to characterize the properties of this particular MOF. The adsorption studies, performed volumetrically and gravimetrically, both have simple experimental setups and enable the students to critically interpret and compare their results. Most importantly, students are required to question structure–property relationships i...
Fela: Kalakuta Notes

The Ransom-Kuti name in the West African political scene has long been a symbol of neo-colonial resistance. Before Fela Anikulapo Ransom-Kuti (1938–97), popularly known as Fela, wrote himself into ...
Colon Cancer Metastasis to the Lateral Skull Base Masquerading as Mastoiditis

Abstract Temporal bone metastases (TBMs) have most commonly been reported as a consequence of disseminated breast, lung, and prostate malignancy. We present an unusual case of adenocarcinoma of the colon metastatic to the temporal bone and middle cranial fossa presenting as altered mental status, confusion, and seizures 7 years after treatment of the primary lesion. Initially, CT imaging was concerning for mastoiditis. However, contrast-enhanced MRI along with multidisciplinary surgical intervention confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma as a late manifestation of previously treated intestinal cancer.
Systemic Disease Affecting the Stomach

This chapter reviews systemic conditions that cause macroscopic and microscopic mucosal changes such as gastritis, which may be clinically and histologically distinct from primary inflammation. A gastric mucosal biopsy unifies the findings of the endoscopist and the histopathologist and may identify a systemic inflammatory disorder or vasculitis, infiltrative disease, or neoplasia. A number of systemic diseases interfere with smooth muscle or neuronal function and are associated with motility disorders of the stomach and delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis). Gastric neoplasias are rare and almost always unexpected findings; however, it is important to be aware of conditions that predispose to gastric cancer such as primary immunodeficiencies, organ or bone marrow transplantation, and hereditary polyposis syndromes.
Dynamic Alterations in DNA Methylation Precede Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate-Induced Delays in Zebrafish Epiboly.

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that impacts zebrafish epiboly, an effect that may be associated with genomewide hypomethylation. Using zebrafish as a model, the objectives of this study were (1) to quantify concentration-dependent impacts of TDCIPP on epiboly, (2) to determine whether co-exposure with folic acid (FA), a methyl donor, mitigates TDCIPP-induced impacts, and (3) using 10 previously identified TDCIPP-susceptible loci, to rely on bisulfite amplicon sequencing (BSAS) to monitor CpG methylation dynamics across multiple TDCIPP concentrations in the presence or absence of FA. Embryos were exposed to TDCIPP from 0.75 h postfertilization (hpf) to 2, 4, 6, or 24 hpf in the presence or absence of 1 mM FA. Although TDCIPP delayed epiboly by up to 3 h by 6 hpf and induced malformations by 24 hpf, FA was unable to mitigate TDCIPP-induced effects at any stage that was evaluated. Moreover, while no differences in global methylation were detected using a 5...
Otology at the Academy of Gondishapur 200-600 CE.

Objective:To investigate the way in which otology was practiced at the Academy of Gondishapur in ancient Persia from 200 to 600 CE.Method:The pertinent literature, using German and English translations of Latin, Greek, Arabic, and Sanskrit documents, was identified and reviewed through the indices o
English language teaching in Uruguay

Ceibal in English, English Language Teaching, Uruguay, Ceibal en ingles, Ensenanza de ingles, Uruguay
Quantitative positron emission tomography reveals regional differences in aerobic glycolysis within the human brain.

Glucose and oxygen metabolism are tightly coupled in the human brain, with the preponderance of the brain’s glucose supply used to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. A fraction of glucose ...
The evaluation of small fiber neuropathy: a survey of American Academy of Neurology members (P4.140)

Objective: To determine how neurologists evaluate and test for small fiber neuropathy. Background: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) affects the thinly myelinated and unmyelinated sensory and autonomic nerve fibers. Symptoms of SFN can be difficult for practitioners to recognize. There is clinical and etiological heterogeneity, and sometimes SFN overlaps with the more commonly recognized distal symmetric large fiber polyneuropathy. Clinical practice in the evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy has been demonstrated to differ amongst neurologists, neuromuscular specialists and internists. Design/Methods: We surveyed 798 neurologists who are members of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) including 400 members randomly selected from a pool of neurologists who, according to internal AAN records, had indicated neuromuscular medicine to be either a primary or secondary subspecialty. The second half of the sample consisted of randomly selected members who had indicated neuromuscular medicine to neither be a primary nor a secondary specialty. Respondents answered a survey instrument with a list of serum tests and procedures for different neuropathy clinical scenarios. Results: The survey response rate was 29.3% (234/798), with 67.9% of respondents identified as specializing in neuromuscular medicine. When asked which tests they would order given a clinical scenario of distal symmetric SFN, neuromuscular specialists were more likely to order electromyography/nerve conduction studies, skin biopsy for SFN, anti-nuclear antibodies, oral glucose tolerance tests, and serum immunofixation compared to non-neuromuscular neurologists who were more likely to order a serum folate level. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that neuromuscular neurologists are more likely to order as part of their initial evaluation of SFN serum tests recommended in the AAN practice parameter for distal symmetric polyneuropathy and skin biopsies for pathological confirmation of SFN. The development of an AAN practice parameter for SFN may help promote consistent practice amongst neurologists of all subspecialties. Disclosure: Dr. Thawani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adams has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brannagan has received personal compensation from Grifols, Catalyst, and Baxter. Dr. Callaghan has received research support from Imepto Medical Inc.
On deformation twins and twin-related lamellae in TiAl

The crystal orientation relationships and atomic arrangements across deformation twin planes and twin-related lamellar interfaces in 〈1 1 0〉 projection directions in TiAl are examined crystallographically. Atomic arrangements across the true-twin plane and the true-twin-related lamellar interface are shown to be identical, while the atomic arrangements across the pseudo-twin plane and the pseudo-twin-related lamellar interface are quite different. Atom locations at the true-twin plane and the true-twin-related lamellar interface do not violate the atomic order in both crystals while those at the pseudo-twin plane or the pseudo-twin-related lamellar interface are shown to violate the atomic order. 〈1 1 0〉 zone diffraction pattern simulations show that the true-twins and the true-twin-related lamellae cannot be distinguished using the 〈1 1 0〉 zone diffraction patterns. Not every 〈1 1 0〉 zone diffraction pattern can be utilized to distinguish between any two different twin relationships. The true-twin and the pseudo-twin can only be distinguished using 〈1 0 1] zone diffraction patterns, while true-twin-related and pseudo-twin-related lamellae are distinguishable by only using 〈1 1 0] zone diffraction patterns.
Recent Research on Free Will: Conceptualizations, Beliefs, and Processes

Abstract This chapter summarizes research on free will. Progress has been made by discarding outmoded philosophical notions in favor of exploring how ordinary people understand and use the notion of free will. The concept of responsible autonomy captures many aspects of layperson concepts of free will, including acting on one's own (i.e., not driven by external forces), choosing, using reasons and personal values, conscious reflection, and knowing and accepting consequences and moral implications. Free will can thus be understood as form of volition (action control) that evolved to enable people to live in cultural societies. Much work has shown that belief in free will (as opposed to disbelief) is associated with actions that are conducive to functioning well in culture, including helpfulness, restraint of aggression, learning via counterfactual analysis, thinking for oneself, effective job performance, and appropriate gratitude. Belief in free will increases in response to misdeeds by others, thus emphasizing the link to personal responsibility. Research on volition indicates that self-regulation, intelligent reasoning, decision making, and initiative all deplete a (common) limited energy source, akin to the folk notion of willpower and linked to the body's glucose supplies. Free will is thus not an absolute or constant property of persons but a variable, fluctuating capability—one that is nonetheless highly adaptive for individuals and society. The notion that people have free will has been invoked in multiple contexts. Legally and morally, it explains why people can be held responsible for their actions. Theologically, it was used to explain why a supposedly kind and omniscient god would send most of the people he created to hell ( Walker, 1964 ). Yet, for such an important concept, there remains wide-ranging disagreement and confusion over its existence and its nature. For example, philosophers still debate whether humans truly have free will and, if so, under what conditions human volition deserves to be considered free ( Kane, 2011 ). In psychology, most theorists believe that humans engage in self-control, rational choice, planning, initiative, and related acts of volition. The debate is not whether these things occur but merely whether these should be called free will. This chapter will provide an overview of recent psychology experiments concerned with free will. There are three main and quite distinct sets of problems, each with associated lines of research. The first is concerned with how people understand the idea of free will. The second concerns the causes and consequences of believing in free will. The third focuses on the actual volitional processes that guide human action.
Replication and Transformation by Papovaviruses

The principal members of the papova group are polyoma virus (Stewart et al., 1957), simian virus 40 (SV40), which is a vacuolating virus of monkeys (Sweet and Hilleman, 1960), and the papilloma viruses (Melnick, 1962). The name for this group of viruses is derived from the first two letters of the names of each of the viruses that were first included in the group, papilloma, polyoma, vacuolating virus (Melnick, 1962). The viruses are 40–57 nm in diameter and, as determined by negative staining, the outer shell has symmetry of the T = 7 icosahedral surface lattice and is composed of 72 morphological subunits (Finch and Klug, 1965; Anderer et al., 1967). The viruses contain no lipids and therefore are resistant to ether. Polyoma and SV40 do not share common antigens, and presently there is no evidence for the existence of homology betweeen their DNAs. The papovaviruses are capable of initiating a lytic cycle of replication or a latent infection. For the papilloma viruses it is difficult to obtain a suitable cell line in which the lytic cycle can be studied; therefore, studies that we will discuss concerning viral replication will deal exclusively with SV40 and polyoma.
Equity Markets Integration and Active Portfolio Management

This chapter’s goal is to present an argument to support long-term portfolio deviations from the benchmark in equity portfolios to enhance risk-adjusted returns, in the face of financial integration. Diversification opportunities are identified by selecting the least co-integrated equity market indices by country (regionally) and by industry (globally) using co-integration tests. Then, portfolios are constructed by altering the weights of the least co-integrated countries or industries vis-a-vis the benchmarks. Finally, those portfolios’ performance is compared to MSCI indices benchmarks to illustrate the benefits of diversification due to absence of co-integration, as they exhibit improved risk-return characteristics. Further research is suggested to deepen the reasoning behind the patterns of co-integration, as well as implementation of the technique by active equity managers due to liquidity considerations.
Impact of Autologous Blood Transfusion on Survival and Recurrence among Patients Undergoing Partial Hepatectomy for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases.

Background Autologous transfusion (AT) has long been considered unsafe in major oncologic operations due to a theoretic risk of spreading metastatic disease, however, few data support this assumption. Study Design We conducted a retrospective analysis of 147 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for colorectal cancer metastases at a single institution. Seventy-four patients received AT only and 73 received no transfusion (NT). We compared the overall survival and recurrence-free survival of these groups using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and adjusted hazard ratios. Results Patients who received AT had greater blood loss, more extensive resections, and longer procedure times. There were no differences in age, sex, proportion colon vs rectal cancer, or Fong Clinical Risk Score. Mean follow-up was 54 months. Median overall survival in the AT group was 59 months compared with 54 months in the NT group (p = 0.69) on log-rank test. No difference in overall survival was noted after adjusting for age, sex, Fong score, type of cancer (colon vs rectal), receipt of neoadjuvant therapy, receipt of adjuvant therapy, extent of resection and blood loss (hazard ratio AT vs NT 0.58; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.11; p = 0.10). Recurrence-free survival was also similar in the AT and NT groups (27% vs 37%; p = 0.22). The adjusted hazard ratio for recurrence-free survival was 0.95 (95% CI 0.54 to 1.65; p = 0.85). Conclusions Autologous blood transfusion is not associated with an increased recurrence risk or a higher mortality rate. Surgeons performing liver resections for patients with colorectal cancer metastases can safely transfuse filtered autologous blood.
Carbamazepine, triclocarban and triclosan biodegradation and the phylotypes and functional genes associated with xenobiotic degradation in four agricultural soils.

Abstract Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are released into the environment due to their poor removal during wastewater treatment. Agricultural soils subject to irrigation with wastewater effluent and biosolids application are possible reservoirs for these chemicals. This study examined the impact of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ), and the antimicrobial agents triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) on four soil microbial communities using shotgun sequencing (HiSeq Illumina) with the overall aim of determining possible degraders as well as the functional genes related to general xenobiotic degradation. The biodegradation of CBZ and TCC was slow, with ≤50% decrease during the 80-day incubation period. In contrast, TCS biodegradation was rapid, with ~80% removal in 25 days. For each chemical, when all four soils were considered together, between three and ten phylotypes (from multiple phyla) were more abundant in the soil samples compared to the live controls. The genera of a number of previously reported CBZ, TCC or TCS degrading isolates were present; Rhodococcus (CBZ), Streptomyces (CBZ), Pseudomonas (CBZ, TCC, TCS), Sphingomonas (TCC, TCS), Methylobacillus (TCS) and Stenotrophomonas (TCS) were among the most abundant (chemical previously reported to be degraded is shown in parenthesis). From the analysis of xenobiotic degrading pathways, genes from five KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Orthology pathways were the most dominant, including those associated with aminobenzoate, benzoate (most common), chlorocyclohexane/chlorobenzene, dioxin and nitrotoluene biodegradation. Several phylotypes including Bradyrhizobium, Mycobacterium, Rhodopseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Cupriavidus, and Streptomyces were common genera associated with these pathways. Overall, the data suggest several phylotypes are likely involved in the biodegradation of these PPCPs with Pseudomonas being an important genus.
Clinical and Radiological Presentation of Neurosarcoidosis: Single Center Cohort Study of 107 Cases (P6.114)

Objective: To describe clinical, radiologic manifestations and treatment outcomes in 107 patients with neurosarcoidosis. Background: Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is reported in less than 5[percnt] of patients with systemic sarcoidosis while isolated NS without systemic involvement represents 17[percnt] of NS. A definitive diagnosis requires histologic confirmation, which rarely is obtained in NS. Our current knowledge for diagnosis and treatment relies on case reports. Methods: The study setting was a large, integrated health care system serving southeastern Michigan. 107 patients seen from 1995-2015 were found to meet the criteria for definitive, probable or possible NS (Zajicek, 1999). Neurological symptoms, sociodemographic, laboratory, radiographic and treatment data were collected. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were conducted using SAS version 9.4. Results: Of 107 patients, 58[percnt] were male and 74[percnt] African American. Average age of presentation was 49.1 year. Brain was the most common site involved (50[percnt]), followed by cranial nerves (39[percnt]), spine (29[percnt]). Majority (81[percnt]) had multisystem sarcoidosis with lung most commonly involved (56[percnt]). For those with complete workup, blood ACE was elevated in half of patients and only a third had elevated CSF ACE (29[percnt]). Significantly higher rates of elevated blood ACE were seen in patients with multisystem involvement (p=0.005). Abnormal laboratory tests seen frequently were elevated CSF WBC (65[percnt]), elevated CSF protein (53[percnt]) and elevated serum C-reactive protein (75[percnt]). Most common clinical presentations were headache (20[percnt]), optic neuritis (13[percnt]), myelitis (13[percnt]) and Bell’s palsy (8[percnt]). Prednisone was used as initial treatment (93[percnt]) while methotrexate was the most common used long term immunosuppressant (35[percnt]). Conclusion: We present the largest described case series of NS. Clinical presentation was diverse with multi-system involvement in most cases. We found that certain laboratory tests may be useful tools for diagnosis. Further epidemiological analysis is needed to develop prediction models and better screening programs for early detection. Disclosure: Dr. Affan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schultz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cerghet has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elias has nothing to disclose.
Electrical Reliability of Solgel Barium Titanate Films on Copper Foils for Organic Package Integration

There is an increasing need for integrating high dielectric constant ceramic thin film components in organic and 3D IC packages to lower the power-supply impedance at high frequencies and supply noise-free power to the ICs. Sol-gel approach is very attractive for high density capacitors because of its ability to precisely control the composition of the films and the ease of introducing dopants to engineer the dielectric properties such as breakdown voltages and DC leakage characteristics. Thin films on copper foils lend themselves to organic package integration with standard foil lamination techniques used in package build-up processes. However, fabrication of thin film barium titanate on copper foils is generally affected by process incompatibility during crystallization in reducing atmospheres, leading to poor crystallization, oxygen vacancies and copper diffusion through the film that degrades the electrical properties. This paper focuses on the dielectric properties and electrical reliability of thin films on copper foils. Thin film (300–400 nm) embedded capacitors with capacitance density of 2 µF/cm2, low leakage current and high breakdown voltage were fabricated via sol-gel technology and foil lamination. To lower the leakage current, the chemical composition was altered by incorporating – 1.) Excess barium 2.) Acceptor dopants such as Mn. Both approaches lowered the leakage current compared to that of pure barium titanate. SEM analysis showed enhanced densification and refined grain structure with chemistry modification. The films showed good stability in leakage currents at 150 C with an applied field strength of 100 kV/cm, demonstrating the electrical reliability of these films.
The Top Twelve Things to Know about Disruptive Technologies and Space Innovation

This chapter will present the top twelve things that everyone should know regarding the radically changing world of disruptive space technologies. First, a quick recap. We have taken a long look what disruptive innovation is, how it works, who benefits, who loses, and what this has to do with space and particularly the NewSpace or Space 2.0 revolution. We have learned a great deal from previous instances that first came from historical examples and then most recently from the now rapidly changing space sector. We have explored the new and emerging technologies that are changing our world and their potential impacts on the ‘other 3 billion’ people with whom we share our spaceship Earth. We have considered the international legal and policy implications, as well as the downsides of disruptive technologies in the 21st century. So what should you take away from all of this?
Foster care alumni’s perception of mental health services while in foster care: a focus on the mental health provider and therapeutic process

Studies have shown that children and youth in foster care have high rates of mental health service use. Few studies have examined the perceptions youth form when receiving these services. This is i...
The Relationship of Public Service Motivation to Job Satisfaction and Job Performance of Emergency Medical Services Professionals

Public service motivation (PSM) are motivational factors that are unique in professions that serve the public. This study examined PSM’s relationship to self-reported job satisfaction and job perfo...
Investigation of LC Filter Unbalance in an Inverter-Fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive

Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are usually controlled through two-level voltage source PWM inverters. The output voltage of the inverter is in the form of voltage pulses between the positive DC-bus voltage and the negative DC-bus voltage. To smooth this inverter output voltages, different types of filters, typically LC-filters, are used in electric motor drives to mitigate the negative impact of the voltage pulses on the motor. The LC filters in electric motor drives are located between the inverter output terminals and the motor terminals. Theoretically, the filter elements, the inductance and capacitance are considered identical in each phase. However, in a practical scenario, it is difficult to have identical filter elements for all three phases. This non-ideal condition of filter elements amongst the three phases is considered as filter unbalance and this paper will investigate its impacts on the PMSM drive system. More specifically, the impact of LC filter unbalance on motor drive performance, including the current and torque ripples as well as the open loop frequency response, will be investigated through simulations and validated through experimental tests on a laboratory surface-mounted PMSM (SPMSM).
What gets in the way of social engagement in schizophrenia

Background Social engagement-important for health and well-being-can be difficult for people with schizophrenia. Past research indicates that despite expressing interest in social interactions, people with schizophrenia report spending less time with others and feeling lonely. Social motivations and barriers may play an important role for understanding social engagement in schizophrenia. Aim To investigate how people with schizophrenia describe factors that impede and promote social engagement. Methods We interviewed a community sample of people with (n = 35) and without (n = 27) schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder about their social interactions with friends and family over the past week and planned social activities for the coming week. We reviewed the interview transcripts and developed a novel coding system to capture whether interactions occurred, who had initiated the contact, and frequency of reported social barriers (i.e., internal, conflict-based, logistical) and social motivations (i.e., instrumental, affiliative, obligation-based). We also assessed symptoms and functioning. Results People with schizophrenia were less likely than people without schizophrenia to have spent time with friends [t (51.04) = 2.09, P = 0.042, d = 0.51)], but not family. People with schizophrenia reported more social barriers than people without schizophrenia [F (1, 60) = 10.55, P = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.15)] but did not differ in reported social motivations. Specifically, people with schizophrenia reported more internal [t (45.75) = 3.40, P = 0.001, d = 0.83)] and conflict-based [t (40.11) = 3.03, P = 0.004, d = 0.73)] barriers than people without schizophrenia. Social barriers and motivations were related to real-world social functioning for people with schizophrenia, such that more barriers were associated with more difficulty in close relationships (r = -0.37, P = 0.027) and more motivations were associated with better community functioning (r = 0.38, P = 0.024). Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of assessing first person accounts of social barriers and motivations to better understand social engagement in schizophrenia.
On the straight and narrow: directed movement by Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) during on-ice travel

Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are well adapted to the fast-ice environment of Antarctica, where the majority of their activities are conducted underwater. Little is known about their capacity for terrestrial movement. During a study of their underwater homing ability, we also tracked the on-ice movements of six Weddell seals that had been displaced approximately 10 km from their capture locations along the southwestern coast of Ross Island, Antarctica. Each seal was instrumented with a satellite tag and released into one of the three isolated breathing holes. After at least 2 days in the water, the seal hauled out and traveled freely across the sea ice at a mean rate of 4.4 (± 2.4) km d−1 (maximum 8.3 km d−1). Travel headings, computed from GPS, and Argos positions after seals had traveled 2.1 to 7.5 km, revealed that all seals traveled along remarkably straight paths. Not all seals traveled the same heading, but each seal that was released more than once moved along the same heading, regardless of release location. Most headings traveled by seals were in line with prominent geographic features having high visual contrast, but some seals traveled consistently in directions with no visible landmarks, and other seals moved along their preferred heading during periods when bad weather obscured visual landmarks. These initial data indicate directed terrestrial movement by Weddell seals and invite further studies of the cues they use to maintain consistent headings.
Mobility Extraction in 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Devices—Avoiding Contact Resistance Implicated Overestimation

Schottky barrier (SB) transistors operate distinctly different from conventional metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, in a unique way that the gate impacts the carrier injection from the metal source/drain contacts into the channel region. While it has been long recognized that this can have severe implications for device characteristics in the subthreshold region, impacts of contact gating of SB in the on-state of the devices, which affects evaluation of intrinsic channel properties, have been yet comprehensively studied. Due to the fact that contact resistance (RC ) is always gate-dependent in a typical back-gated device structure, the traditional approach of deriving field-effect mobility from the maximum transconductance (gm ) is in principle not correct and can even overestimate the mobility. In addition, an exhibition of two different threshold voltages for the channel and the contact region leads to another layer of complexity in determining the true carrier concentration calculated from Q = COX * (VG -VTH ). Through a detailed experimental analysis, the effect of different effective oxide thicknesses, distinct SB heights, and doping-induced reductions in the SB width are carefully evaluated to gain a better understanding of their impact on important device metrics.
Monitoring intracellular cavitation during selective targeting of the retinal pigment epithelium

Selective targeting of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), by either applying trains of microsecond laser pulses or, in our approach, by repetitively scanning a tightly focused spot across the retina, achieves destruction of RPE cells while avoiding damage to the overlying photoreceptors. Both techniques have been demonstrated as attractive methods for the treatment of retinal diseases that are caused by a dysfunction of the RPE. Because the lesions are ophthalmoscopically invisible, an online control system that monitors cell death during irradiation is essential to ensure efficient and selective treatment in a clinical application. Bubble formation inside the RPE cells has been shown to be the cell damage mechanism for nano- and picosecond pulses. We built an optical system to investigate whether the same mechanism extends into the microsecond regime. The system detects changes in backscattered light of the irradiating beam during exposure. Samples of young bovine eyes were exposed in vitro using single pulses ranging from 3 μs to 50 μs. Using the viability assay calcein-AM the ED50 threshold for cell death was determined and compared to the threshold for bubble formation. We also set up a detection system on our slit lamp adapted scanning system in order to determine the feasibility of monitoring threshold RPE damage during selective laser treatment in vivo. Intracellular cavitation was detected as a transient increase in backscattering signal, either of an external probe beam or of the irradiation beam itself. Monitoring with the irradiation beam is both simpler and more sensitive. We found the threshold for bubble formation to coincide with the threshold for cell damage for pulse durations up to 20 μs, suggesting that cavitation is the main mechanism of cell damage. For pulse widths longer than 20 μs, the cell damage mechanism appears to be increasingly thermal as the two thresholds diverge. We conclude that bubble detection can be used to monitor therapeutic endpoint for pulse durations up to 20 μs (or equivalent dwell time in a scanning approach). We have integrated a detection module into our slit lamp adapted laser scanner in order to determine threshold RPE damage during selective laser treatment in vivo.
A Second Order Central Scheme for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations on Triangular Grids

In this paper, we describe a Godunov-type fully discrete scheme for Hamilton-Jacobi equations on triangular meshes. This scheme is an extension of the Lin-Tadmor and Kurganov-Tadmor fully discrete nonoscillatory central schemes to unstructured triangular meshes. In this new construction, we propose a new, "genuinely multidimensional", nonoscillatory reconstruction. The construction is simple, universal and deviates from the existing high-order extensions of the central and central-upwind schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi equations.
Two models of suicide treatment: evaluation and recommendations.

Treating suicidal patients is one of the most stressful aspects of psychotherapeutic work. This paper describes and evaluates two models of therapy with suicidal patients. The crisis-intervention model, which assumes suicidal feelings are acute and suicide is preventable; and the continuing-therapy model, which emphasizes chronic suicidal feelings and posits that suicide is not preventable. Ethical and legal issues as well as treatment strategies from each model are described. Both therapy models stress the importance of assessing, understanding, and validating the patient's feelings as well as establishing a good therapeutic relationship. The crisis intervention model recommends an active, directive intervention while the continuing therapy model emphasizes ongoing therapy principles. After reviewing the different models, this article concludes that the assumptions of the crisis-intervention model are not supported while those of the continuing-therapy model are. In addition, it is concluded that there are more therapeutic advantages to employing the continuing-therapy model. These include taking short-term risks to acquire long-term gain, treating the patient as a responsible adult and seeing the suicidal behavior in the context of the total personality. Language: en
Noncontrast peripheral MRA with spiral echo train imaging.

Purpose To develop a spin echo train sequence with spiral readout gradients with improved artery–vein contrast for noncontrast angiography. Theory Venous T2 becomes shorter as the echo spacing is increased in echo train sequences, improving contrast. Spiral acquisitions, due to their data collection efficiency, facilitate long echo spacings without increasing scan times. Methods Bloch equation simulations were performed to determine optimal sequence parameters, and the sequence was applied in five volunteers. In two volunteers, the sequence was performed with a range of echo times and echo spacings to compare with the theoretical contrast behavior. A Cartesian version of the sequence was used to compare contrast appearance with the spiral sequence. Additionally, spiral parallel imaging was optionally used to improve image resolution. Results In vivo, artery–vein contrast properties followed the general shape predicted by simulations, and good results were obtained in all stations. Compared with a Cartesian implementation, the spiral sequence had superior artery–vein contrast, better spatial resolution (1.2 mm2 versus 1.5 mm2), and was acquired in less time (1.4 min versus 7.5 min). Conclusion The spiral spin echo train sequence can be used for flow-independent angiography to generate three-dimensional angiograms of the periphery quickly and without the use of contrast agents. Magn Reson Med 73:1026–1033, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated pupil perimetry in amblyopia: generalized depression in the involved eye.

Objective: This study was designed to determine whether the relative afferent pupillary defects observed commonly in amblyopic eyes are associated with a uniform depression of the pupillary light reflex throughout the visual field or solely by a focal decrease in pupillary response near fixation. Design: The authors used pupil perimetry to evaluate the contraction amplitude of the pupil in response to focal light stimuli at 76 points throughout the 30° field in each eye of 28 patients with amblyopia. The "pupil fields" were recorded using a computerized infrared pupillograph linked to a Humphrey Field Analyzer, so that the pupil contraction could be recorded in response to perimetric light stimuli. Participants: Nine patients had strabismic amblyopia, ten had anisometropia, six had a combination of anisometropia and strabismus, and three had deprivation amblyopia due to monocular congenital cataract. Main Outcome Measures: Mean pupillary contraction amplitude for the entire field and focal amplitudes at each tested location were compared. Mixed-model analysis of variance was used to assess effects of perimetry location, type of amblyopia, and interaction effects. Results: The overall average of all the pupil contractions throughout the 30° field was less for the amblyopic eye compared with that of the fellow eye. This decrease in focal pupil response for amblyopic eyes was present in each type of amblyopia and was greatest for deprivation amblyopia. The contraction amplitude was depressed diffusely throughout the pupil field and showed neither focal deficits nor a selective depression about fixation. Conclusion: Amblyopia produces a global depression of focal pupillary responses across the entire 30° field.
Field Aligned Currents in the Magnetosphere

This paper deals with field aligned currents in general. Specific topics are: a brief review of the well established features; new results from the triaxial magnetometer experiment on the TRIAD satellite; comparison of the results from a variety of studies; relation of field aligned currents to other areas of research; and comments on future studies.
Predictors for total medical costs for acute hemorrhagic stroke patients transferred to the rehabilitation ward at a regional hospital in Taiwan

Background:One-third of the acute stroke patients in Taiwan receive rehabilitation. It is imperative for clinicians who care for acute stroke patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation to identify which medical factors could be the predictors of the total medical costs.Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the most important predictors of the total medical costs for first-time hemorrhagic stroke patients transferred to inpatient rehabilitation using a retrospective design.Methods: All data were retrospectively collected from July 2002 to June 2012 from a regional hospital in Taiwan. A stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the most important predictors for the total medical costs.Results: The medical records of 237 patients (137 males and 100 females) were reviewed. The mean total medical cost per patient was United States dollar (USD) 5939.5 ± 3578.5.The following were the significant predictors for the total medical costs: impaired consciousness [coefficient ...
A new dynamic model for propagation of characteristic gases in transformer oil-cellulose structures due to temperature variations

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is one of the best known and most effective ways of monitoring the condition of power transformers. However, since transformers are rarely in thermal equilibrium, migration of characteristic-gases into insulating cellulose of transformers due to temperature variations causes error in dissolved gas analysis. This paper suggests a new diffusion dynamic model to explain the migration of transformer characteristic gases in an oil-cellulose structure. An innovative method has been used to obtain the model parameters from limited experimental data. The method is based on the measurement of diffusion times of characteristic gases inside the oil-impregnated cellulose. Measured data is then processed and identified as a linear system in transfer function form. The diffusion parameters of characteristic gases are obtained analytically from the identified model. Finally, these parameters are used in the suggested diffusion dynamic model, and the model is solved for a temperature step change.
Reflections from the global health front: the whole patient.

On my first day in Uganda, I went to the hospital early to join the team on rounds. I wore my bright white coat, wrinkled from the long trip, and my stethoscope was looped around my neck. I wanted to learn some clinical medicine and hoped that my modest research project might yield useful data for my Ugandan advisors. The team gathered around a patient’s bed. The young man, called Emmanuel, sat silently with his legs buried in the folds of a red blanket. I watched Dr. Sadigh’s hands deftly percuss his lung fields, outlining an area of consolidation in the right lower lobe. “You should feel a difference in the tissue, not just hear it,” he said. A novice in the world and language of medicine, I understood only a few stray words as Dr. Sadigh conducted the exam and discussed the clinical significance of each finding with the residents. When he was done, he stood, resting his hand gently on Emmanuel’s shoulder, and asked the team for its thoughts. Lobar pneumonia. Tuberculosis. PCP. There was talk of ordering a chest film and sending sputum samples for analysis. Would it be possible to get a CD4 count? The ultimate arbiter of health at Mulago Hospital encroached on the conversation — cost. A CD4 count was out of the question. Could this patient afford the $6 chest X-ray? Caroline, a Ugandan intern, spoke in dulcet, muted tones as the rest of the team strained to hear her: “He has a positive blanket sign. He can probably afford a chest film.”
World Psychiatric Association perspectives on person-centered psychiatry and medicine

The status of psychiatry around the world, as perceived during the first decade of this millennium reflects the great opportunities and challenges for understanding the human mind. We have learned much about neurotransmission, learning, memory, and brain development, and these basic insights have made possible the design of several classes of psychoactive drugs and psychosocial techniques for treatment [1].
Jackknife-based gene-gene interaction tests for untyped SNPs

Testing gene-gene interaction in genome-wide association studies generally yields lower power than testing marginal association. Meta-analysis that combines different genotyping platforms is one method used to increase power when assessing gene-gene interactions, which requires a test for interaction on untyped SNPs. However, to date, formal statistical tests for gene-gene interaction on untyped SNPs have not been thoroughly addressed. The key concern for gene-gene interaction testing on untyped SNPs located on different chromosomes is that the pair of genes might not be independent and the current generation of imputation methods provides imputed genotypes at the marginal accuracy. In this study we address this challenge and describe a novel method for testing gene-gene interaction on marginally imputed values of untyped SNPs. We show that our novel Wald-type test statistics for interactions with and without constraints in the interaction parameters follow the asymptotic distributions which are the same as those of the corresponding tests for typed SNPs. Through simulations, we show that the proposed tests properly control type I error and are more powerful than the extension of the classical dosage method to interaction tests. The increase in power results from a proper correction for the uncertainty in imputation through the variance estimator using the jackknife, one of resampling techniques. We apply the method to detect interactions between SNPs on chromosomes 5 and 15 on lung cancer data. The inclusion of the results at the untyped SNPs provides a much more detailed information at the regions of interest. As demonstrated by the simulation studies and real data analysis, our approaches outperform the application of traditional dosage method to detection of gene-gene interaction in terms of power while providing control of the type I error.
NO EVIDENCE FOR ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL SEX ALLOCATION IN RED JUNGLEFOWL (GALLUS GALLUS)

Abstract In many situations, selection should favor females that bias the sex ratio of their offspring. Two commonly examined factors potentially influencing off- spring sex ratio are paternal ornamentation and maternal condition. Male junglefowl with larger combs are attractive to females. I housed female Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) with sterile male consorts and artificially inseminated them with sperm from other males that the females never saw. I found no relationship between either the comb size of the consort or the comb size of the sperm donor and the sex ratio of the offspring. I previously reported a significant sex ratio bias related to maternal mass in Red Junglefowl. However, that analysis was based on sex ratio data not weighted for brood size and assuming a normal distribution. Here, I show that this effect disappears when I conduct a more appropriate analysis weighting sex ratio according to brood size and accounting for the binomial error distribution. I also failed to find evidence tha...