cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiphoton ionization of N,N,N'.N'-tetramethyl- p-phenylenediamine: the condensed-phase two-photon ionization spectrum

Abstract Multiphoton ionizaiion of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediairune in 2.2,4-trimethylpentane solvent was studied at incident wavelengths or 425–490 nm. The photon energy dependence of the two-photon component was isolated and it together with the two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum are reported. Charge carriers appear to originate from auto-ionization of upper electronic states.
Living in the fast lane: rapid development of the locomotor muscle in immature harbor porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena )

Cetaceans (dolphins and whales) are born into the aquatic environment and are immediately challenged by the demands of hypoxia and exercise. This should promote rapid development of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving, but previous research on two odontocete (toothed whales and dolphins) species showed protracted postnatal development for myoglobin content and buffering capacity. A minimum of 1 and 1.5 years were required for Fraser’s (Lagenodelphis hosei) and bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins to obtain mature myoglobin contents, respectively; this corresponded to their lengthy 2 and 2.5-year calving intervals (a proxy for the dependency period of cetacean calves). To further examine the correlation between the durations for muscle maturation and maternal dependency, we measured myoglobin content and buffering capacity in the main locomotor muscle (longissimus dorsi) of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), a species with a comparatively short calving interval (1.5 years). We found that at birth, porpoises had 51 and 69 % of adult levels for myoglobin and buffering capacity, respectively, demonstrating greater muscle maturity at birth than that found previously for neonatal bottlenose dolphins (10 and 65 %, respectively). Porpoises achieved adult levels for myoglobin and buffering capacity by 9–10 months and 2–3 years postpartum, respectively. This muscle maturation occurred at an earlier age than that found previously for the dolphin species. These results support the observation that variability in the duration for muscular development is associated with disparate life history patterns across odontocetes, suggesting that the pace of muscle maturation is not solely influenced by exposure to hypoxia and exercise. Though the mechanism that drives this variability remains unknown, nonetheless, these results highlight the importance of documenting the species-specific physiological development that limits diving capabilities and ultimately defines habitat utilization patterns across age classes.
Environmental education under assault: can instructors teach environmental science without fear?

Environmental science has evolved into a politically charged science branded as ‘controversial’ in the media and academic circles. Instructors may be fearful to discuss certain environmental topics in an academic setting for fear of possible retribution (i.e., academic freedom issues) or accusations of instructional bias. Some college instructors may feel compelled to delete topics from the curriculum. Diluting the curriculum shields students from the opportunity to discuss compelling arguments, deal with complex scientific and value-laden issues, and develop critical thinking skills in a safe, academic setting.
Environmental perchlorate: Why it matters

The only known mechanism of toxicity for perchlorate is interference with iodide uptake at the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). The NIS translocates iodide across basolateral membranes to the thyroid gland so it can be used to form thyroid hormones (TH). NIS is also expressed in the mammary gland during lactation, so that iodide can be transferred from a mother to her child. Without adequate iodide, an infant cannot produce sufficient TH to meet its developmental needs. Effects expected from perchlorate are those that would be seen in conditions of hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia. The probability of a permanent adverse effect is greatest during early life, as successful neurodevelopment is TH-dependent. Study of perchlorate risk is complicated by a number of factors including thyroid status of the mother during gestation, thyroid status of the fetus, maternal and infant iodine intake, and exposure of each to other TH-disrupting chemicals. Perhaps the greatest standing issue, and the issue most relevant to the field of analytical chemistry, is the simple fact that human exposure has not been quantified. This review will summarize perchlorate's potential to adversely affect neurodevelopment. Whether current environmental exposures to perchlorate contribute to neuro-impairment is unknown. Risks posed by perchlorate must be considered in conjunction with iodine intake.
Comprehensive Management of Symptomatic and Aggressive Vertebral Hemangiomas

Conservative surgical strategies are appropriate for most symptomatic hemangiomas causing cord compression without instability or deformity. Even so, complete intralesional spondylectomy following embolization of aggressive vertebral hemangiomas with circumferential vertebral involvement can be safely accomplished. Such a spondylectomy can also prevent recurrence of hemangiomas. Transarterial embolization without decompression is an effective treatment for painful intraosseous hemangiomas. Vertebroplasty is useful for improving pain symptoms, especially when vertebral body compression fracture has occurred in patients without neurological deficit, but is less effective in providing long-term pain relief.
Functional synapse formation among rat cortical neurons grown on three-dimensional collagen gels.

To investigate synaptic formation of neurons grown on three-dimensional (3D) collagen gels, neurons dissociated from embryonic rat cerebral cortices were seeded onto type-I collagen gels and cultured in serum-free medium for up to 2 weeks. Double-immunostaining for mitogen-activated protein-2 (MAP-2), a neuronal cell body and dendritic marker, and synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle antigen, was carried out to identify pre- and postsynaptic structural specializations, respectively. MAP-2+ neuronal soma and dendrites were found to be surrounded by numerous puncta of synapsin I in a 1 week-old culture. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments demonstrated that the neurons grown on 3D gels exhibit sodium and potassium currents similar to those seen in 2D culture. Spontaneous action potentials were found in neurons that had been in culture for 8–12 days. In addition, spontaneous, bicuculline-sensitive gamma-aminobutyric acidergic postsynaptic currents were also present. This is the first demonstration of functional synapse formation among neurons grown on 3D collagen gels, suggesting that type-I collagen can be a promising material for neuronal regeneration.
Quasi-static rolling control of the rolling disk biped robot

Motivated by the need for greater speed, adaptability and efficiency in legged robots, a class of hybrid robots have been developed which hybridize rolling locomotion with legged locomotion. Herein we present a quasi-static rolling control law for the hybrid climbing/rolling robot the rolling disk biped. We provide experimental results comparing speed and energy consumption data for quasi-static rolling versus walking. We show that rolling can significantly improve energy efficiency over walking-by as much as a factor of 3.9.
Vortex formation time: an emerging echocardiographic index of left ventricular filling efficiency?

ARTICLE The mere existence of the formation number is intriguing since it hints at the possibility that nature uses this time scale for some evolutionary incentives such as optimum ejection of blood from the left atrium to the heart's left ventricle.—Gharib et al .1 About 500 years ago, Leonardo da Vinci conducted a haemodynamic study of the sinus of Valsalva in which he deduced and explained formation of a blood flow vortex.2 Fast forwarding to the present, Gharib et al .1 used an experimental arrangement of a piston producing a wide range of jets and vortex rings alongside those jets by pushing columns of fluid of length L through an orifice with diameter D . They referred to the length-to-diameter ratio, i.e. L / D , as the formation number . While settings with low L / D generated merely a single and rather weak vortex ring, settings with large L / D resulted in a vortex ring that could no longer grow and was followed by a less-efficient fluid transport by a trailing jet.3 The maximum growth of the vortex ring without a trailing jet was observed when the L / D ratio was within a limited value range of 3.6–4.6 for an otherwise wide variety of flow conditions.1 Because …
Stability conditions for bilinear DTFTCS driven by static output feedback

A bilinear DTFTCS model with static output feedback controller is developed. The model is corrupted by additive and multiplicative noises and disturbances. Second moment stability for the proposed bilinear DTFTCS is to be characterized. Necessary and sufficient stability conditions are derived in terms of nonlinear matrix inequalities. Given a set of control gains, sufficient conditions that test for the second moment stability and delta-level of disturbance rejection property are derived in terms of a feasibility solution for a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMI).
Controllability of single input rolling manipulation

This paper investigates the controllability of underactuated rolling systems consisting of a smooth object rolling on a moving smooth surface. Our system consists of a spherical ball which rolls on the inside of an ellipsoidal bowl. The bowl has a single translational degree of freedom not aligned with any of its principal axes. The single control input is the bowl's acceleration in this direction. The object and contact motions are governed by a nonlinear system of equations derived from the kinematics and dynamics of rolling. Using existing results on small time local accessibility and weakly positive Poisson stable vector fields, and assuming that the ball stays in the bowl, we show that the ball is globally controllable on its five-dimensional space of configurations relative to the bowl. Our next step is on motion planning algorithms with our experimental setup to control the equilibrium configuration of the ball.
Searching for the best Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithms

The Cooley-Tukey input and output maps are used to developed the general topology of an FFT algorithm for a given length. Within this algorithm the twiddle factors can be placed in a nearly uncountable number of arrangements. From a given machine architecture one can choose a optimality criteria for the algorithm. With this optimality criteria the set of possible algorithms can be search for the best one. A exhaustive search is intractable for reasonable length algorithms. Thus, the search space has been hueristically reduced to make the problem tractable. An example of a length 32 minimum number of multiplies is included.
Offense Type and the Arrest Decision in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence

Although previous research has examined arrests for intimate partner violence (IPV), most of these analyses focus exclusively on physical assault and intimidation. Research on arrests for sexual assault have examined arrests for cases of stranger and/or acquaintance sexual assault, but have not included sexual IPV. Using data from the 2010 National Incident-Based Reporting System, this analysis is the first to calculate and compare arrest rates for sexual IPV, physical IPV, and intimidation. Results indicate that after controlling for other factors, police are less likely to make an arrest in cases of sexual IPV than in cases of physical IPV or intimidation. These findings are discussed in the context of the consequences of sexual assault on IPV victims.
Ramipril mitigates radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus

Background: Sublethal doses of whole brain irradiation (WBI) are commonly administered therapeutically and frequently result in late delayed radiation injuries, manifesting as severe and irreversible cognitive impairment. Neural progenitors within the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus are among the most radiosensitive cell types in the adult brain and are known to participate in hippocampal plasticity and normal cognitive function. These progenitors and the specialized SZG microenvironment required for neuronal differentiation are the source of neurogenic potential in the adult dentate gyrus, and provide a continuous supply of immature neurons which may then migrate into the adjacent granule cell layer to become mature granule cell neurons. The extreme radiosensitivity of these progenitors and the SGZ microenvironment suggests the hippocampus as a prime target for radiation-induced cognitive impairment. The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has previously been implicated as a potent modulator of neurogenesis within the SGZ and selective RAS inhibitors have been implicated as mitigators of radiation brain injury. Here we investigate the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ramipril, as a mitigator of radiation injury in this context. Methods: Adult male Fisher 344 rats received WBI at doses of 10 Gy and 15 Gy. Ramipril was administered beginning 24 hours post-WBI and maintained continuously for 12 weeks. Results: Ramipril produced small but significant reductions in the deleterious effects of radiation on progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the rat dentate gyrus following 10 Gy-WBI, but was not effective following 15 Gy-WBI. Ramipril also reduced the basal rate of neurogenesis within the SGZ in unirradiated control rats. Conclusions: Our results indicate that chronic ACE inhibition with ramipril, initiated 24 hours post-irradiation, may reduce apoptosis among SGZ progenitors and/or inflammatory disruption of neurogenic signaling within SGZ microenvironment, and suggest that angiotensin II may participate in maintaining the basal rate of granule cell neurogenesis.
RELATIVE CHERN CHARACTER, BOUNDARIES AND INDEX FORMULAS

For three classes of elliptic pseudodifferential operators on a compact manifold with boundary which have "geometric K-theory", namely the "transmission algebra" introduced by Boutet de Monvel [5], the "zero algebra" introduced by Mazzeo in [9, 10] and the "scattering algebra" from [16], we give explicit formulas for the Chern character of the index bundle in terms of the symbols (including normal operators at the boundary) of a Fredholm family of fiber operators. This involves appropriate descriptions, in each case, of the cohomology with compact supports in the interior of the total space of a vector bundle over a manifold with boundary in which the Chern character, mapping from the corresponding realization of K-theory, naturally takes values.
An Architecture for and Query Processing in Distributed Content-based Image Retrieval

Abstract Images are being generated at an ever increasing rate by diverse military and civilian sources. A content-based image retrieval system is required to utilize information from the image repositories effectively. Content-based retrieval is characterized by several generic query classes. With the existence of the information superhighway, image repositories are evolving in a decentralized fashion on the Internet. This necessitates network transparent distributed access in addition to the content-based retrieval capability. Images stored in low-level formats such as vector and raster are referred to as physical images. Constructing interactive responses to user queries using physical images is not practical and robust. To overcome this problem, we introduce the notion of logical features and describe various features to enable content-based query processing in a distributed environment. We describe a tool named SemCap for extracting the logical features semi-automatically. We also propose an architecture and an application level communication protocol for distributed content-based retrieval. We describe the prototype implementation of the architecture and demonstrate its versatility on two distributed image collections.
Congenital absence of the triquetrum: A case report

A case of congenital absence of the triquetrum in a 47-year-old man is reported. The etiology could be related to deficient chondrification or ossification. Conservative treatment relieved his symptoms of pain and weak grasp.
Personalism as a Component of Old Age Identity

The purpose of this research was threefold: (1) to extend a previously introduced general methodology for studying role identities to the specific instance of age; (2) to present a causal framework in which to analyze the determinants and consequences of this identity; and (3) to explore the reciprocal relationship between age identity and health problems. The Burke-Tully procedure for measuring self-in-role was used to construct the variable of old age identity. Determinants of this component of the self included race, sex, age, education, income, retirement, widowhood, and health. Loneliness and life satisfaction were treated as consequences of identity. Subjective health was seen as a special case which in part is determined by one's identity and which may also have a reciprocal effect on the identity. The data are from a national probability sample of 1,522 adults. Results showed that an old age identity was one of personalism which contained positive as well as negative elements and was primarily inf...
The preponderance of evidence supports computer-aided detection for screening mammography.

Having a system to aid the human eye that does nottake vacations, is not vulnerable to fatigue or environmental distractions, is without, emotion, and is designed specifically to assist the very human eye to “look over here” seems like a good idea.
A Resource for Manipulating Gene Expression and Analyzing cis-Regulatory Modules in the Drosophila CNS

Here, we describe the embryonic central nervous system expression of 5,000 GAL4 lines made using molecularly defined cis-regulatory DNA inserted into a single attP genomic location. We document and annotate the patterns in early embryos when neurogenesis is at its peak, and in older embryos where there is maximal neuronal diversity and the first neural circuits are established. We note expression in other tissues, such as the lateral body wall (muscle, sensory neurons, and trachea) and viscera. Companion papers report on the adult brain and larval imaginal discs, and the integrated data sets are available online (http://www.janelia.org/gal4-gen1). This collection of embryonically expressed GAL4 lines will be valuable for determining neuronal morphology and function. The 1,862 lines expressed in small subsets of neurons (<20/segment) will be especially valuable for characterizing interneuronal diversity and function, because although interneurons comprise the majority of all central nervous system neurons, their gene expression profile and function remain virtually unexplored.
MODIFIED GUIDANCE LAWS FOR ESCAPING A MICROBURST WITH TURBULENCE

This paper introduces Modified Altitude- and DiveGuidance laws for escaping a microburst with turbulence. First, a new safety metric is constructed that quantifies the aircraft upward force capability in a microburst encounter. In the absence of turbulence, the safety factor is shown to be a decreasing function of altitude. This suggests that descending to a low altitude may improve safety in the sense that the aircraft will have more upward force capability to maintain its altitude. In the presence of stochastic turbulence, the safety factor is treated as a random variable and its probability distribution function is analytically approximated as a function of altitude. This approximation allows us to determine the highest safe altitude at which the aircraft may descend, hence avoiding to descend too low. This highest safe altitude is used as the commanded altitude in Modified Altitude- and Dive-Guidance. Monte Carlo simulations show that these Modified Altitude- and DiveGuidance strategies can decrease the probability of minimum altitude being less than a given value without compromising the probability of crash. That is, an aircraft with Modified Altitude- or Dive-Guidance can have a higher recovery altitude without increasing the risk of ground contact or stall.1
Performance Optimization of an Atmospheric Model in Massively Parallel Computers

This paper discusses optimization issues to be addressed in producing a major improvement in the performance of a state-of-the-art general circulation model of the atmosphere on massively parallel computer systems. Our work is based on the UCLA Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM). The UCLA AGCM is a “grid-point model”, which uses a three dimensional staggered grid to compute flow variables around the globe. The current goal is to produce a code that runs at the 50 GFLOP level by early 1998.
Results of topotecan single-agent therapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

The activity of topotecan was evaluated in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Sixty patients with a diagnosis of MDS (n=30) or CMML (n=30) were treated. Their median age was 66 years, with 50 patients (83%) being over 60 years of age at time of study entry. Chromosomal abnormalities were present in 50% of patients and thrombocytopenia of less than 50 × 109/L in 50%. Topotecan was administered as 2 mg/m2 by continuous infusion over 24 hours daily for five days (10 mg/m2 per course) every 4 to 6 weeks for two courses, then at maximum tolerated dose level (1-2 mg/m2by continuous infusion over 24 hours daily for five days) once every 4-8 weeks for a maximum of 12 courses. Evaluation of outcome and of differences among subgroups was performed according to standard methods; the criteria for response were those used for acute leukemia. Nineteen patients (31%) achieved a complete response (CR). A CR was achieved in 11 of 30 patients with MDS (37%) and in eight...
Activity-dependent induction and maintenance of epileptiform activity produced by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat hippocampal slice.

Summary Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) produces a long-lasting change in hippocampal excitability that persists in the absence of an agonist. Exposure to the group I mGluR agonist dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) results in the induction of spontaneously occurring epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices that includes both brief interictal discharges and longer synchronous activity that resembles seizure or ictal activity (>2 s duration oscillating at a frequency greater than 2 Hz). We evaluated activity-dependent mechanisms for the induction and maintenance of epileptiform activity. Both the induction and maintenance of epileptiform activity was blocked by inhibiting action potential generation with tetrodotoxin or substitution of sodium with choline or by blocking AMPA/KA ionotropic glutamate receptors. The ictal epileptiform activity induced by DHPG was composed of synchronous synaptic activity. Antagonists of group I mGluRs, either mGluR1 or mGluR5, suppressed the induction of ictal activity but had minimal effects on the maintenance of epileptiform activity. Group I mGluRs activate phospholipase C and inhibition of phospholipase C suppressed the induction but not the maintenance of epileptiform activity. Taken together, these results point to a use dependent change in CA3 neuronal network function produced by group I mGluR activation. Furthermore, activation of both mGluR1 and 5 is required to induce ictal discharges. The induction of epileptiform activity by DHPG is an in vitro model of epileptogenesis, and the development of epileptiform activity in this model depends on neuronal activity and synaptic transmission.
Cytochemistry of Marrow and Extramedullary Adipocytes in Monolayer Cultures

The behavior of isolated, disaggregated white adipose cells obtained from marrow and extramedullar sites in the rabbit was compared in monolayer cultures. Both cell types transform within 2 weeks into fibroblast-like cells which can be maintained in subcultures. Both in freshly isolated state and in fibroblast-like state the marrow adipocyte contains esterase activities reacting with naphthol AS acetate and D-chloracetate. These activites are not present in extramedullary cells. In addition, alpha-naphthyl butyrate-reacting esterase, present in both cell types, is fluoride-resistant in marrow adipocytes but labile in extramedullar cells. These differences are consistent with heterogeneity of white adipose tissue and suggest different potentials for marrow and extramedullary adipocytes.
Infection of Immunosuppressed C57BL/6N Adult Mice with a Single Oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum

The present study was designed to determine the minimum number of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts capable of producing patent infections in immunosuppressed C57BL/6N adult mice. Sixty-four female mice were divided into 6 groups of 8 mice each, except group 1 that contained 24 mice. Mice in groups 1-3 were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone and inoculated with 1, 5, and 10 oocysts per mouse, respectively. The accuracy of the inoculum size was microscopically confirmed. Mice in groups 4-6 served as controls: they received either only oocyst inoculation (group 4), or immunosuppression (group 5), or no treatments (group 6). Fecal oocyst shedding was monitored daily for each mouse using an indirect immunofluorescent assay. Parasite colonization in the terminal ileum of each mouse was evaluated histologically. Four of 24 mice in group 1 developed patent infections, with a prepatent period of approximately 6 days. All mice in groups 2 and 3 developed patent infections, with prepatent periods ranging from 4 to 7 days. Mice in groups 4-6 remained uninfected. Parasite colonization was observed in the terminal ilea of all mice in groups 1-3 that shed fecal oocysts. The present study experimentally demonstrates that a single viable oocyst can induce patent C. parvum infections in immunosuppressed C57BL/6N adult mice and indicates that this mouse model could be used for the parasite genotype or isolate cloning.
A Comparison of Market Share Models and Estimation Procedures

The authors compare market share models differing in terms of functional form, estimation procedure, and level of parameterization. They evaluate the models by testing the accuracy of predicted sha...
Neutrophil Kinetics and the Regulation of Granulopoiesis

The neutrophilic granulocyte, or neutrophil, has been described by Cartwright [1] as a cell born to die. A frontline defender against invading bacteria, the neutrophil constitutes about 70%o of blood leukocytes and is a cell in transit from its birthplace in bone marrow to the tissues and mucosal surfaces where it does its work. Approximately 100 billion neutrophils enter and leave the circulation daily in normal adults. The rather narrow variation in the number of blood neutrophils in the steady state attests to the precision of the mechanisms regulating production and distribution of this granulocyte. The important role of these phagocytic cells has prompted much study of the kinetics of their formation and movements. Many of these studies have been the subjects of earlier thoughtful analyses [2-6]. Neutrophils are produced in bone marrow by cell division and differentiation. Differentiation proceeds to a point at which cell division stops, and further differentiation produces mature neutrophils. These maturing neutrophilic granulocytes that no longer divide spend a number of days in bone marrow before entering the bloodstream, where they circulate for a surprisingly short time before departing for the tissues. The existence of these interconnected compartments and the rapidity with which neutrophils can shift from one to another have made study difficult. Since Osgood et al. [7] and Ottesen [8] first used isotopically labeled tracers to study leukocyte kinetics, much has been learned. The most commonly used la-
The Road Less Traveled

Primary care medicine was once considered the noblest profession, but medical students today believe the work is too hard, the hours too long, the pay too low. But if you think being a primary care doctor is hard, meet Mary. Not many people have it harder than she does.
Ar Trebui Femeile Să Fie Hirotonite Ca Pastori? Considerații Asupra Vechiului Testament - Partea a Iii-A (Should Women Be Ordained as Pastors? Old Testament Considerations)

Romanian Abstract: Este neindoielnic faptul ca in Israelul antic (și in intregul Orient Apropiat Antic) o structurare patriarhala a societații era norma acceptata, iar tatal era „capul titular al familiei israelite antice”.1 Familia, nu individul, era unitatea fundamentala a societații in Israelul antic. In situațiile familiale / maritale, tatal era acela care iși asuma raspunderea legala pentru intreaga familie.English Abstract: This third part of a four-part study is a tentative answer to the same question we have addressed in the first two parts, namely, whether women should be ordained as pastors in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The answer has been derived from the account of the OT witness on the role of women outside of Eden, both in the home and in the covenant community. In other words, our purpose here is to discover what constitutes God’s provisions for the relationship between men and women after the Fall.
The application value of MSCT in the fractures of maxillofacial region

Objective To investigate the application value of MSCT and image postprocessing techniques in maxillofacial fractures.Methods Totally 198 patients with maxillofacial trauma were recruited in this study.Axial CT scanning from superciliary arch to submentum was performed with a 16-slice spiral CT scanner.Multi planar reformation(MPR)and volume rendering(VR)were performed on the Volume Wizard station.The images of axial,MPR,VR and the combination of the above three were compared.Results Totally 461 fractures were found in 198 patients.The display rate of VR images was the lowest(83.51%)and the combined application of three methods was the highest(100%).Significant differences were found in display of nasal bone,maxillary bone and orbital wall fracture among the four methods(χ2 =37.60,26.60 and 45.04,respectively,P0.001).Conclusion Fine structure,surrounding soft tissue and spatial anatomical relationship of maxillofacial fractur can be displayed clearly with rational application of MPR and VR reformatted techniques based on MSCT axial images.The display rate of combined application of three methods is the highest.
One Health——A new approach to control emerging infectious diseases

Nearly 75% of the emerging and recurrent infectious diseases detected in the last decade are caused by zoonosis,and most of these infective agents have the ability to cross boundaries between humans and animals.Foodborne zoonosis can cause many serious food safety problems.As global communication becomes more and more frequent,infection spread becomes faster in speed and wider in scope.It is difficult to prevent and control zoonosis effectively by using traditional and single strategy.The One Health concept is based on joint efforts of multiple subjects,departments and regions to achieve a best situation for humans,animals,and the environment.This strategy will bring new ideas to the control of infectious diseases,and has been successfully applied in some countries and regions.Taking an international perspective,the authors will explain the One Health concept and enumerate some application examples briefly in this review.
Eurozone Crisis and Social Models: What We Can Learn from Italy and Spain

This paper considers the role of social model features in the economic performance of Italy and Spain during the run-up to the Eurozone crisis, as well as the consequences of that crisis, in turn, for the two countries social models. It takes issue with the prevailing view - what I refer to as the "competitiveness thesis" - which attributes the debtor status of the two countries to a lack of competitive capacity rooted in social model features. This competitiveness thesis has been key in justifying the "liberalization plus austerity" measures that European institutions have demanded in return for financial support for Italy and Spain at critical points during the crisis. The paper challenges this prevailing wisdom. First, it reviews the characteristics of the Italian and Spanish social models and their evolution in the period prior to the crisis, revealing a far more complex, dynamic and differentiated picture than is given in the political economy literature. Second, the paper considers various ways in which social model characteristics are said to have contributed to the Eurozone crisis, finding such explanations wanting. Italy and Spain's debtor status was primarily the result of much broader dynamics in the Eurozone, including capital flows from richer to poorer countries that affected economic demand, with social model features playing, at most, an ancillary role. More aggressive reforms responding to EU demands in Spain may have increased the long term social and economic costs of the crisis, whereas the political stalemate that slowed such reforms in Italy may have paradoxically mitigated these costs. The comparison of the two countries thus suggests that, in the absence of broader macro-institutional reform of the Eurozone, compliance with EU dictates may have had perverse effects.
Responses of hemopoietic precursors to 13-cis retinoic acid and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the myelodysplastic syndromes

To determine the effects of the “maturation-inducing” agents 13-cis retinoic acid and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on marrow cells from normal individuals and patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), we assessed marrow hemopoietic clonogenicity and differentiation response patterns to these agents. These vitamins caused increased proliferation in vitro of normal clonogenic marrow myeloid precursor cells (CFU-GM), decreased erythroid precursors (BFU-E), and no change in multipotent stem cells (CFU-GEMM). Marrow hemopoietic colony-forming cell incidence was generally subnormal in the 22 MDS patients evaluated. In vitro exposure to both agents caused various patterns of alteration of MDS hemopoietic colony and cluster formation, with similar but more pronounced effects evoked by retinoic acid. In the vast majority of MDS patients, enhanced marrow clonal granulocyte-monocyte differentiation and decreased BFU-E growth were noted after in vitro exposure to these vitamins. Correlation of biological effects was demonstrated between in vivo changes of peripheral neutrophil counts and in vitro responses of myeloid precursors for ten MDS patients treated with an eight-week therapeutic course of retinoic acid. Cytogenetic analyses indicated persisting aneuploidy or coexisting normal and aneuploid karyotypes in the cultured MDS myeloid cells and (with one exception) in native marrow cells from the treated patients. The varying responses of the MDS cells may monitor differing proportions of normal versus leukemic marrow cells susceptible to proliferative and differentiative expression on exposure to these agents.
31 – Design Methodology for Rock Engineering: Principles and Practice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses principles and practice of design methodology for rock engineering. The design methodology for rock engineering consists of 10 steps and 6 design principles, enabling comparison of designs and selection of the best design. Most of all, the design process involves three principal domains: (1) objectives domain, where functional requirements are specified, (2) design solutions domain, where design components are invented to meet the functional requirements, and (3) construction domain, where construction procedures implement the design solution components. Linking these three domains are two processes: (1) the creative process that is necessary to move from the domain of objectives to the domain of design solutions and (2) the optimization process that is necessary to move from the domain of design solutions to the domain of construction. As a result of this design methodology, the final construction procedures can fulfill the original functional requirements, thus, satisfying the perceived need and resulting in a good design.
Evaluating the spatial distribution of pollutants and associated maintenance requirements in an 11 year-old bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, NC.

Bioretention cells (BRCs) are an increasingly popular Stormwater Control Measure used to mitigate the hydrologic and water quality impacts of urbanization. Previous BRC research has demonstrated a strong capacity for pollutant removal; however, long-term sequestration of pollutants within soil media can elevate concentrations to levels fostering environmental and human health risks. Soil media samples were collected from an 11 year-old BRC in Charlotte, NC, and analyzed for the accumulation and spatial distribution of zinc, copper, and phosphorus. Pollutant distribution varied significantly with respect to depth and ordinate distance from the BRC inlet. Zinc concentrations (0.9–228.6 mg kg−1 soil) exceeded environmental thresholds and phosphorus concentrations (5.1–173.3 mg kg−1 soil) increased from initial levels by a factor of seven; however, notable accumulation was restricted to the BRC forebay. Maximum zinc and copper concentrations in soil media did not exceed 1% of mandatory cleanup levels and with regular maintenance of the forebay, the effective life of BRC media should exceed the life of the developments they treat.
Emergencies After Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)

Since its first description by Spratt in 1980 (Cancer Res 40:253–255, 1980) and further refinement by Sugarbaker, cytoreductive surgery complemented by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) (Ann Surg 221:29–42, 1995) has gained popularity and has entered mainstream care for multiple peritoneal surface malignancies including pseudomyxoma peritonei, primary peritoneal carcinomatosis, mesothelioma, peritoneal colorectal carcinomatosis (Int J Colorectal Dis 29:895–898, 2014), peritoneal gastric carcinomatosis (Vet Anaesth Analg 41:386–392, 2014), and more recently ovarian cancer. As the number of HIPEC procedures increases, surgeons are now increasingly facing complications, often in an emergency setting.
Compressive imaging via a rotating coded aperture.

Compressive sensing has been used to increase the resolution of sensor arrays, allowing high-resolution images to be obtained from low-resolution or even single pixel sensors. This paper introduces a rotating coded aperture for compressive imaging that has advantages over other sensing strategies. The design of the code geometry is motivated by constraints imposed by the imager’s rotation. The block–unblock code pattern is optimized by minimizing the mutual coherence of the sensing matrix. Simulation results are presented, using the final code design to successfully recover high-resolution images from a very small sensor array.
The Work and Lives of Teachers: A Global Perspective

The Work and Lives of Teachers offers a simple but original argument: that the cultural attitudes toward the teaching profession measurably influence how students perform. Cohen uses both ethnographic portraits and personal accounts from teachers for several countries to explore the meaning and value of teaching worldwide. This study includes the ways in which teachers in these countries are educated, recruited, compensated, and perceived by parents, students, administrators, and the culture at large. Teachers' voices, so rarely heard in international educational studies, are front and center here, highlighting the daily work in the classroom and the pleasures and struggles of engaging in today's teaching profession. The lesson, briefly stated, is that societies are only as good as the people who teach in them.
Are Recoveries for Losses Taxable? The Commissioner’s Nonacquiescence in Cosentino Muddies the Waters

After the recent presidential election, Section 1043 of the Internal Revenue Code has received both public visibility and substantial criticism. The section permits certain public officials to defer gain on the sale of assets required to satisfy conflict-of-interest rules, a benefit of sorts characterized by critics as an unwarranted giveaway to the wealthy. This article examines the particulars of Section 1043 and generally defends the way it works. The article also considers whether Section 1043 can be availed of by a President of the United States who divests appreciated assets because of conflict-of-interest concerns, concluding (perhaps surprisingly) that the statutory language doesn’t seem to apply to the president.
Role of myokines in cardiovascular diseases and pre-analytical variables affecting their measurements.

Myokines, specifically cardiomyokines, have emerged as novel molecular targets that prevent and/or treat certain cardiovascular diseases due to its autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects (1).
Sobre el conocimiento de Plauto y Terencio en Italia y España en el siglo XV

The comedies of Terence and, to a lesser extent, Plautus were used throughout the 14th and 15th centuries to learn Latin. While for the Italian peninsula the information we have about this way of teaching is considerable, very little data are preserved for Spain -although many scholars keep repeating that classical Latin comedies were also studied there. The main objective of this paper is, therefore, the review of a number of studies that have dealt with this matter and propose a more cautious approach to future researchers wishing to address this issue.
Negotiated Bonds: The Practice of Childfree Pet Parenting

The American Pet Products Association reports a decade-long increase of pet spending, estimated to reach over $69 billion in 2017. In some cases, these owners apply traditional parenting practices ...
The Pathology of the Self in Primary Childhood Autism and Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

Social detachment in excess of intellectual deficit is the most striking and distinctive feature of childhood autism. One approach to understanding this detachment stresses the autistic child’s congenital inability to respond to the signals and puzzles of human relations with social orientation and cognitive engagement. Another emphasizes the child’s active turning away from the world of social relations. An alternative view, presented here, conceptualizes the autistic child’s social detachment in relation to his pervasive and more diffuse psychological dysfunctions, which can be systematized in perceptual, motivational, cognitive, and motoric systems, systems central to classical conceptions of self.
The Structures of Cooperation: Downscaling, Outsourcing and the Networked Alliance

This article explores interfirm cooperation and its relationship with downscaling, cooperative outsourcing, and the network structures of multiple firm alliances. Downscaling is defined and related to cooperative outsourcing, as major influences shaping interfirm relations. The advantages of embedding cooperative outsourcing in strategic alliances are then addressed, with special relevance to small and medium-size firms. Five types of network structures that may develop within alliances are considered, relating their main characteristics and internal division of labor to various aspects of interfirm cooperation, such as embeddedness, disparities, commitment and trust.
Practical considerations for diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT) analysis

Abstract The diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT) provides a way to estimate parameters critical to hydraulic fracture design. Existing published models for before-closure and after-closure behaviors rely on assumptions, and failure to honor important realities leads to parameter estimation errors that could degrade hydraulic fracturing design. This paper is to illustrate an accurate way to estimate parameters from the DFIT data, and then discuss how these parameters should be used in the hydraulic fracture design, and at last offer an alternative DFIT design approach. Two fundamental concepts underlying the proposed methodology are the material balance before fracture closure and the diffusive flow in the formation after closure. Before closure analysis must correctly address abnormal leakoff behaviors and near well friction losses. Likewise, accurate permeability and pore pressure estimation requires correct accounting for the leakoff rate into the formation. Strict attention to material balance yields estimations for instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) and perforation and tortuosity friction losses that may, in turn, avoid apparent very high net pressure and stress shadowing. This work also underscores the importance of understanding surface and downhole volumes and rates both in the DFIT design and in the analysis. Further, for the DFIT case with pressure dependent leakoff (PDL), the fracture design for the subsequent hydraulic fracturing treatment should use the apparent leakoff rate associated with the first closure trend instead of the leakoff rate associated with the last closure trend derived from a normal leakoff model. Two successive DFITs in the same perforation, the first treated with low injection rate and small volume and then the second with high rate and large volume, are proved to be a good practice to obtain reliable estimation of formation properties. This paper demonstrates that DFIT parameters have often been misused. With the proposed methodology, the interpretation will be more accurate and reliable for formation evaluation and hydraulic fracture design.
Functionalized Carboxylate Deposition of Triphenylamine-based Organic Dyes for Efficient Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

The standard dip-coating dye-loading technique for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) remains essentially unchanged since modern DSSCs were introduced in 1991. This technique constitutes up to 80% of the DSSC fabrication time. Dip-coating of DSSC dyes not only costs time, but also generates a large amount of dye waste, necessitates use of organic solvents, requires sensitization under dark conditions, and often results in inefficient sensitization. Functionalized Carboxylate Deposition (FCD) was introduced as an alternative dye deposition technique, requiring only 2% of the fabrication time, eliminating the need for solvents, and significantly reducing dye waste. In this study, FCD was used to deposit two relatively large triphenylamine-based organic dyes (L1 and L2). These dyes were sublimated and deposited in <20 minutes via a customized FCD instrument using a vacuum of ∼0.1 mTorr and temperatures ≤280 °C. FCD-based DSSCs showed better efficiency (i.e., 5.03% and 5.46% for L1 and L2 dyes, respectively) compared to dip-coating (i.e., 4.36% and 5.35% for L1 and L2, respectively) in a fraction of the deposition time. With multiple advantages over dip-coating, FCD was shown to be a viable alternative for future ultra-low cost DSSC production.