cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnaporthe oryzae and Rice Blast Disease

The Magnaporthe grisea species complex includes pathogens of more than 50 grass species. Magnaporthe oryzae was recently segregated as a distinct species from M. grisea based on a multilocus phylogenetic analysis and on mating properties of the strains. M. grisea isolates are pathogenic on crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis, and related grasses, and M. oryzae is associated with pathogens of diverse grasses with agricultural significance. Evolution of host-specific populations is an important topic that can be addressed within the M. grisea species complex. The abundance of transposable elements in the rice isolates from the field suggests that M. oryzae lacks the repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) mechanism described in the related pyrenomycete Neurospora crassa. Fluorescent effectors remained localized to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) region as long as invasive hyphae (IH) continued to grow in the rice cell. Secreted effector fusions partially colocalized with an aggregation of plant endocytotic membranes that labeled with FM4-64. Some of the blast fungal metabolites, such as tenuazonic acid (TA) and picolinic acid, were demonstrated to be hypersensitive-response elicitors, inducing resistance responses in rice. For rice blast disease, the increasing numbers of avirulence (AVR)-like genes that control host specificity and the large number of R proteins that are predicted to be localized in the rice cytoplasm are consistent with the hypothesis that M. oryzae translocates many effectors into the host cytoplasm.
Sustaining Scholarship: Librarians and the Political Economy of Print

As workers in the knowledge industry, librarians have particular insight into the implications of the tectonic shifts wrought by the decline of print. Drawing on work to make the journal Radical Teacher open access, this paper discusses how librarians can mobilize our insider knowledge to transform our communities of practice.
Writing to Read: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Writing and Writing Instruction on Reading.

Reading is critical to students' success in and out of school. One potential means for improving students' reading is writing. In this meta-analysis of true and quasi-experiments, Graham and Herbert present evidence that writing about material read improves students' comprehension of it; that teaching students how to write improves their reading comprehension, reading fluency, and word reading; and that increasing how much students write enhances their reading comprehension. These findings provide empirical support for long-standing beliefs about the power of writing to facilitate reading.
Precision estimates in clinical chemistry. I. Variability of analytic results in a survey reference sample related to the use of a nonhuman serum alkaline phosphatase.

The precision of replicate analyses for alkaline phosphataseactivity measured on a survey reference sample was extremely poor. The reference sample's enzyme itself became suspect and was demonstrated to be sensitive to alkaline denaturation-in sharp contrast to the stability of the alkaline phosphatasesfound in human serum. The stability and chemical reactivity of the phosphatases present in this reference sample and in pooled frozen human serum, as well as those found in 4 partially purified nonhuman preparations and 4 commercial serum control materials, were investigated with regard to heat and alkaline denaturation, electrophoretic migration, and inhibition by phosphate, EDTA, and L-pheflylalanine. It was concluded that criteria of stability and chemical reactivity, as well as more detailed information concerning the source of enzymes utilized in reference samples and control materials, are needed. On the basis of these studies, reliance on commercial serum enzyme control materials as an enzyme "standard" cannot be endorsed.
Cognitive Development, Global Learning, and Academic Progress: Promoting Teacher Readiness for CLD Students and Families

Despite over two decades of steady growth in the school-age population of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students, recent analyses indicate that classroom teachers remain inadequately prepared for the differential needs and assets of these students. Increasingly, the accommodation readiness spiral (ARS) provides a useful heuristic for the prioritization of teacher capacity building for classroom diversity (Herrera & Murry, 2011). The ARS highlights the fundamental importance of teachers’ readiness to maximize school-family connections (especially sociocultural/culture-bound contexts and scripts for learning) to improve students’ cognitive development and academic achievement in the classroom. The ecocultural approach offers a promising line of research for the optimization of these sociocultural routines in school-based and classroom activities that target new learning. Already this approach offers a variety of ecocultural strategies for teachers and teacher educators, three of which are detailed in this article: family support networks, communities of mothers, and family spaces for educative and decisive participation.
Serotonin-induced apnea.

Studies have been conducted on a number of species of animals to determine the respective role of peripheral and central actions of serotonin which causes apnea. In dogs, three respiratory events are obtained with i. v. injections of serotonin; transient gasping and a slower developing hyperpnea which is interrupted in a majority of the dogs by apnea. Both forms of respiratory stimulation are sensitive to procaine endoanesthesia, gasping being selectively blocked by carotid sinus denervation. Hypercapemia resulting from apnea and bronchoconstriction play a role in the hyperpnea. Apnea in the dog is of a different origin than that in the cat. Preventing bronchoconstriction reduces the occurrence of apnea in the dog. Evidence is presented for a central (medullary) inhibition of reflex gasping by serotonin.
Grey matter edema: The marginal zone of autochthonous virally-induced gliomas

Abstract Grey matter (thalamic) edema, at the margin of autochthonous virally-induced gliomas in dogs was studied with electron and correlative light microscopy. The primary finding was of swollen, unequivocally identifiable dendrites, many with synapses. The predominance of dendritic swelling is at variance with previous studies of grey matter edema which, in general, hold that astrocytes alone exhibit the edematous changes. These intracellular “edematous” alterations were present only in the perifocal zone, and not in the subjacent brain tissue or brain tissue distant from the tumors. The latter provided an internal control for the fixation and other technical aspects of tissue preparation.
Plasma norepinephrine and mortality

Plasma norepinephrine levels, which reflect sympathetic nervous system activity, are almost universally elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. This elevation occurs in patients with overt, symptomatic heart failure (HF) and in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Evidence suggests that the elevation in plasma norepinephrine levels can be at least partly attributed to an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. It has become evident that elevated plasma norepinephrine levels are directly related to prognosis; patients with levels > 900 pg/ml have a poor prognosis and shortened life expectancy. However, plasma norepinephrine levels bear little relationship to physiologic and clinical variables observed in HF, including ejection fraction and exercise capacity. Data from the V-HeFT II show that at 2-year follow-up, a progressive rise of plasma norepinephrine was observed in both treatment arms, suggesting that disease progresses despite treatment with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, or vasodilator therapy with hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate. It is possible that interventions aimed at the progressive neurohormonal activation that occurs in HF may improve the course of illness. Further study is needed to test this hypothesis.
Phase behaviour of polyamide—polyester blends: the influence of aromaticity

Abstract Miscibility in blends of semi-aromatic polyamides and random aliphatic co-polyesteramides, derived from ϵ-caprolactam, ϵ-caprolactone and laurolactam has been investigated by calorimetric methods. Dilution of ϵ-caprolactam by ϵ-caprolactone in PA-6 transforms miscible blends based on PA-6I and PA-TMDT, respectively, to immiscible mixtures at approximately 35 and 46 mol%, respectively, of ϵ-caprolactone in the copolymer. The data have been found to conform to an analysis provided by a binary interaction model incorporating segmental interaction parameters, χij, derived from related blends. Extension of the treatment to polyamide/polyester blends whose constituents contain aromaticity, e.g. PA-66/poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET and PA-6I/polyarylate, PAr, has also been explored. The results confirm the gross immiscibility, indicated by a large unfavourable interaction parameter, typically encountered in these blends.
Introduction to business for radiology senior residents.

Without question, the world of edicine is much more business orinted than ever before, such that all hysicians, including radiologists, are orced to practice business concepts o which most have not been exosed. Concepts such as the proosed national health care reform, he financial impact of imaging serices, relationships with hospitals and utpatient imaging services, qualityf-care initiatives, and self-referral oncerns are commonly encountered n all practices. Unfortunately, radilogy residency training devotes little r no time to the business of radiolgy. Accordingly, residents are preared for radiology but unprepared or the business of medicine. Other pecialties have begun to include usiness training in their residency urricula, including psychiatry [1,2], family medicine [3,4], anesthesiology [5], and surgery [6-10], but this has not been adopted in radiology residencies. This lack of an introduction to business concepts in residency training is a shortcoming [11,12] that has been recognized by radiology societies [13]. In this article, we describe an introductory business course we developed for our senior radiology residents to introduce and better prepare them regarding fundamental business concepts of radiology practice.
The Thermal degradation of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate in Air

Abstract The thermal degradation of polycarbonate in air was studied as a function of mass loss using TGA/FTIR, GC/MS and LC/MS. In the main degradation region, 480–560 °C, the assigned structures of smaller molecules and linear molecules that evolved in air were very similar to those obtained from the degradation in nitrogen; the degradation of polycarbonate follows chain scission of the isopropylidene linkage, in agreement with the bond dissociation energies, and hydrolysis/alcoholysis of carbonate linkage. Compared to the degradation in nitrogen, some differences were observed primarily in the beginning stage of degradation. Oxygen may facilitate branching as well as radical formation via the formation of peroxides. These peroxides undergo further dissociations and combinations, producing aldehydes, ketones and some branched structures, mainly in the beginning stage of degradation. It is speculated that the intermediate char formed in the beginning due to branching reactions of peroxide interferes with the mass transfer through the surface of degrading polycarbonate in the main degradation. Thus, even though the mass loss begins earlier in air, a slower mass loss rate is observed.
Lucinid clam influence on the biogeochemistry of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum sediments

Lucinid bivalves dominate the infauna of tropical seagrass sediments. While the effect of seagrass on lucinids has been studied, the reverse effect has largely been ignored. Lucinids can alter porewater chemistry (i.e., increase porewater nutrients by suspension feeding and decrease porewater sulfides by oxygen introduction and bacterial oxidation), which can potentially change seagrass productivity and growth morphology. To observe correlations between porewater chemistry and lucinid presence, a field survey and laboratory microcosm experiment were conducted. Survey sampling sites with lucinids had significantly lower sulfide and higher ammonium concentrations than sampling sites without lucinids. There was no difference in phosphate concentration among sampling sites. Both lucinid species used in the microcosm experiment (Ctena orbiculata andLucinesca nassula) significantly lowered sulfide concentrations in the sediment porewater. Microcosm and field survey results were incorporated into a sulfide budget. In seagrass sediments, lucinids remove 2–16% of the total sulfide produced. Sulfide is a major stressor to both plants and animals in Florida Bay sediments; this removal may be important to maintaining seagrass productivity and health. Oxygen introduction into sediments byC. orbiculata was estimated in a dye experiment.C. orbiculata were added to small tubes containing sieved mud and incubated in a bath of seawater with a Rhodamine WT. Rhodamine WT accumulation in the sediment was measured. A first order estimate showed that oxygen introduction can account for less than 5% ofC. orbiculata sulfide removal.
Effects of acute nicotine on several operant behaviors in rats.

Abstract The present experiment assessed nicotine's effects on complex cognitive processes using a variety of operant tasks in rats, including incremental repeated acquisition (IRA) to assess learning; conditioned position responding (CPR) to assess auditory, visual, and position discrimination; progressive ratio (PR) to assess motivation; temporal response differentiation (TRD) to assess timing; and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) to assess timing and response inhibition. Acute nicotine administration (0.0, 0.3, 0.42, 0.56, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg, IP) increased IRA and CPR response rate without significantly altering accuracy. Nicotine had similar effects on response rate for PR. For TRD, nicotine had a U-shaped dose effect on accuracy, but failed to shift the mode of the TRD response distribution. For DRL, nicotine reduced accuracy and also shifted the mode of the DRL response initiation time distribution to the left. Nicotine produced an inverted U-shaped dose–effect curve for the overall number of “bursting” responses under both of these schedules. The results of this experiment suggest that nicotine can impair performance on some aspects of cognitive-behavioral performance, while simultaneously improving performance on others.
The isotopic composition of some common forms of anthropogenic zinc

Abstract Anthropogenic sources account for much of the zinc (Zn) in the environment. Constraining the isotopic composition of anthropogenic Zn is therefore essential to understanding the environmental biogeochemical cycling of Zn isotopes. This study examines the isotopic variability in several different categories of anthropogenic Zn. Pure Zn metal and Zn dust are the raw materials used in many Zn-containing products. We have measured δ 66 Zn for Zn dust purified by thermal distillation, electrochemically purified Zn metal, and US pennies which are made from the most common grade of Zn metal (Special High Grade). Zn in galvanized steel and electroplated hardware was studied because this is a common use of Zn, and Zn in these products may be easily released into the environment through corrosion. Vitamins were studied because they are more highly purified than typical Zn metals and are made from processed chemical compounds such as Zn oxide or Zn gluconate. The isotopic composition of samples measured in this study are as follows (reported as δ 66 Zn compared to Lyon-JMC Zn): laboratory standards (seven samples): − 9.15‰ to + 0.17‰; Zn metal dust purified by thermal distillation (three samples): + 0.09‰ to + 0.19‰; Zn metal shot purified by electrochemically (one sample): + 0.22‰; Special High Grade Zn, as represented in US pennies (six samples): + 0.14‰ to + 0.31‰; galvanized steel (three samples): + 0.12‰ to + 0.58‰; electroplated hardware (three samples): − 0.56‰ to − 0.20‰; and health products (five samples): + 0.09‰ to + 0.24‰. Based on these results, we suggest that the isotopic composition of “common” anthropogenic Zn products ranges from + 0.1‰ to + 0.3‰. All samples studied here had δ 66 Zn values within this range except four laboratory standards, all electroplated hardware samples, and a single galvanized steel sample. The isotopic range for common anthropogenic Zn is much smaller than the total δ 66 Zn range found in Zn ore-field hydrothermal samples, demonstrating the effects of Zn isotope homogenization during ore processing and purification. Laboratory standards may have anomalously light δ 66 Zn values because they undergo extra purification steps and Zn recovery during these steps is not quantitative. Electroplated hardware was also isotopically light, consistent with previous studies showing that lighter isotopes are electroplated more quickly than heavy isotopes. Our results suggest that isotopically heavy Zn may be incorporated into the waste stream during the electroplating process. By defining the range of δ 66 Zn values that is typical for some common Zn products, and discovering some kinds of products that fall outside this range, we will be better able to use Zn isotopes to trace different anthropogenic Zn sources.
Adenovirus E3-19K proteins of different serotypes and subgroups have similar, yet distinct, immunomodulatory functions toward major histocompatibility class i molecules

Our understanding of the mechanism by which the E3-19K protein from adenovirus (Ad) targets major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules for retention in the endoplasmic reticulum is derived largely from studies of Ad serotype 2 (subgroup C). It is not well understood to what extent observations on the Ad2 E3-19K/MHC I association can be generalized to E3-19K proteins of other serotypes and subgroups. The low levels of amino acid sequence homology between E3-19K proteins suggest that these proteins are likely to manifest distinct MHC I binding properties. This information is important as the E3-19K/MHC I interaction is thought to play a critical role in enabling Ads to cause persistent infections. Here, we characterized interaction between E3-19K proteins of serotypes 7 and 35 (subgroup B), 5 (subgroup C), 37 (subgroup D), and 4 (subgroup E) and a panel of HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules using native gel, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and flow cytometry. Results show that all E3-19K proteins exhibited allele specificity toward HLA-A and -B molecules; this was less evident for Ad37 E3-19K. The allele specificity for HLA-A molecules was remarkably similar for different serotypes of subgroup B as well as subgroup C. Interestingly, all E3-19K proteins characterized also exhibited MHC I locus specificity. Importantly, we show that Lys91 in the conserved region of Ad2 E3-19K targets the C terminus of the α2-helix (MHC residue 177) on MHC class I molecules. From our data, we propose a model of interaction between E3-19K and MHC class I molecules.
The physical and mathematical modeling of the flow field in the mold region in continuous casting systems: Part I. model studies with aqueous systems

Experimental data are reported on velocity measurements on a water model depicting the behavior of the simulated mold region in a continuous casting system. Velocity data are reported on both “straight” and radial flow nozzles; these findings confirm earlier qualitative investigations concerning the flow patterns in these systems. The actual numerical data on the velocities indicate that the flow field in the radial flow nozzles appears to be preferable for promoting the flotation of inclusions.
Do Data Obtained From Admissions Interviews and Resident Evaluations Predict Later Personal and Practice Problems

The authors assessed whether current methods of evaluating residency applicants and residents identify psychiatrists who later develop evidence of impairment. Residency admissions and performance data for all physicians who were enrolled in a psychiatry residency between 1965 and 1994 and who were referred to an impaired physician program up to 35 years later were matched for age and gender with a nonreferred physician from the same class. There were no significant differences between groups in admission interview assessments, performance ratings, or narrative observations by faculty during residency. Standard approaches do not identify physicians at risk of later impairment.
Airway closure and trapped gas during low volume breathing

We used a plethysmographic technique to estimate the trapped gas volume (TGV) in seven normal subjects after breathing air or O2 normally at functional residual capacity (FRC-air, FRC-O2) and near residual volume (RV) with small breaths (LVB-air, LVB-O2). If airway closure occurs, lung units subtended by closed airways would tend to collapse as TGV is absorbed; rapidly if the gas is O2 and slowly if it is air. Both inspiratory and expiratory quasi-static and static pressure-volume curves after LVB-O2 for 180 sec demonstrated a shift to the right and increased hysteresis, reduced vital capacity (VC) and significantly increased transpulmonary pressures at 25% and 50% control VC (PL25, PL50) as compared with those of FRC-O2 controls (P less than 0.01-P less than 0.001). Three VC breaths reversed these changes which suggested that they were related to atelectasis. The absolute plethysmographic RV level decreased and was also restored after three VC breaths. We used this reproducible decrease in RV level to represent the absorbed TGV (delta TGV). The delta TGV after LVB-O2 (180 sec) was significantly greater than that after LVB-air (P less than 0.001) or FRC-O2 (P less than 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the increase of delta TGV (DTGV) and the increase of PL25 (delta PL25) (P less than 0.01). The delta TGV after FRC-O2 was 128.6 +/- 50.3 ml (1.61 +/- 0.63% of TLC) and the maximal delta TGV after LVB-O2 (180 sec) averaged 504.3 +/- 40.5 m (7.5 +/- 0.37% TLC). The significant increase in delta TGV near RV during O2 as compared to air breathing is best explained by reversible atelectasis and further supports the concept of dependent airway closure at low lung volumes.
Cellular alterations induced in soybean roots by three endoparasitic nematodes

The cellular alterations induced in soybean roots by three endoparasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, Heterodera glycines and Rotylenchulus reniformis, were examined by light microscopy Particular reference was made to altered cell walls. No wall gaps were evident in mature giant cells induced by M. incognita; extensive wall gaps were present in syncytia induced by H. glycines and smaller wall gaps occurred in syncytia induced by R. reniformis. In cells altered by all three nematodes some of the walls were evenly thickened. Wall in-growths characteristic of transfer cells were present adjacent to vascular elements in giant cells induced by M. incognita and syncytia induced by H. glycines, but not in syncytia induced by R. reniformis. This difference is discussed in terms of the surface to volume relationships of the altered cells. Clear areas in the cytoplasm of giant cells induced in coleus roots by M. arenaria were interpreted as nematode “saliva”.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Trichloroethylene Using Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrodes

This research investigated the oxidation of trichloroethene (TCE) at boron-doped diamond film electrodes. Flow-through experiments in gastight reactors were performed to determine trichloroethene oxidation products, and rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments were used to determine TCE oxidation kinetics. RDE experiments were performed over a range in current densities and temperatures in order to elucidate the rate-limiting mechanisms for TCE oxidation. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used to investigate the activation barriers for oxidation by direct electron transfer and hydroxyl radicals. Oxidation of TCE produced formate, carbon dioxide, chlorate, and chloride. DFT simulations, experimentally measured apparent activation energies, and linear sweep voltammetry scans indicated that TCE oxidation occurred via direct electron transfer at electrode potentials <2.0 V/SHE, while at higher electrode potentials TCE oxidation also occurred via hydroxyl radicals produced from water oxidation.
Forecasting intercity commodity transport in the U.S.A.

O'Sullivan P. and Ralston B. (1974) Forecasting intercity commodity transport in the U.S.A., Reg. Studies 8, 191–195. The merits of a production constrained gravity model, regression and linear programming formulations in forecasting the distribution of food and animal products between 25 metropolitan areas in the U.S. are tested using 1963 and 1967 Census of Transportation data. The differences between actual trade flows and those estimated by each model are examined in terms of overall error and the distribution of error by distance and volume categories. The linear programming model is marginally superior to the gravity model and both are more accurate than the regression model. The parameters of the gravity and regression models were estimated with 1963 and 1967 data and the differences in the two time periods proved statistically insignificant for the most part.
On equivalency of various expressions for speed of wave propagation for compressible liquid flows with heat transfer

Abstract It is demonstrated that for a compressible flow model with heat transfer, the introduction of a specific state equation to supplement the continuity, momentum and enthalpy equations, leads to a very specific form of an expression for a speed of wave propagation. Consequently, the numerous expressions obtained for various choices of state equations are not easily identifiable and, therefore, can not be evaluated directly in terms of measurable properties. By utilizing the various thermodynamic relationships, we have shown that these expressions are all equivalent and are identifiable as isentropic sonic velocity. As a corollary to this demonstration, we have also obtained expressions in terms of measurable properties for various thermodynamic-state variables occurring in the coefficients of the governing equations. These expressions are required if loss in accuracy owing to noise introduced in the direct numerical differentiation of the derivatives that these state-variables represent is to be avoided.
Current concepts in sport concussion management: A multifaceted approach

Abstract Sport-related concussion is a common neurological injury that occurs in all levels of athletic participation. Concussions may actually go undiagnosed, as they do not always display outward signs and athletes may fail to report symptoms of concussion, either because they do not know the symptoms, or for fear of removal from play. Inappropriate management of concussion can lead to increased risk of subsequent injury. This article outlines various aspects of sport-related concussion management, including preparation/planning, education, evaluation, management, return to play decisions, and long term effects of concussion. Preparation and education are the first steps that must be taken to minimize the potentially negative consequences of concussion. If a concussion is suspected, it must be stressed that the evaluation should include a multifaceted approach, with a physical examination and assessment of signs and symptoms, neurocognition and balance. The management of concussion should include both physical and cognitive rest and factors such as transportation, sleep, work, and academics should be taken into consideration. Return to play following concussion should follow a graduated return to play protocol, with careful monitoring of symptoms. Sports medicine clinicians should stay up to date with information regarding concussion management and take a conservative approach, because there are recent reports of various cumulative effects of multiple concussions.
Phonocardiographic Characteristics of the St. Jude Prosthesis in the Aortic Position

immediately after it (Fig 2). It can be surmised that the early systolic sound observed in these patients may be related to max- imum excursion of the opening motion of the car- bon leaflets or turbulence created by transvalvular flow during left ventricular systole. The high fre- quency aortic closure sound is probably produced by coaptation of the leaflets and vibrations from the resonant prosthesis secondary to rapid decelera- tion of blood at end-systole. Other findings noted rji he St. Jude valvular prosthesis is a bileaflet pyro- lytic carbon device1 which is being implanted with increasing frequency. Knowledge of the aus- cultatory and phonocardiographic characteristics of artificial cardiac valves has proven to be useful in detecting their malfunction.� We describe here our observations on the phono- cardiographic features of the St. Jude prosthesis in the aortic position. Figure 1 shows the simultane- ously recorded carotid arterial pulse tracing, phono- cardiogram from the tricuspid area and lead 2 of the electrocardiogram from such a patient. The ma- jor component (M1) of the first heart sound com- plex is normal. An early systolic sound (ES) is present at the lower left sternal border. This sound is usually heard over the entire precordium, but is best recorded at the left parasternal location. The interval from the first heart sound to the opening or ejection sound ranges from 60 to 80 msec. Note that the ejection sound coincides in timing with the onset of the external carotid pulse upstroke. The aortic component (AC) of the second heart sound consists of a major high amplitude high frequency component followed by multiple lower amplitude medium to low frequency vibrations. This aortic closing sound is recorded in conjunction with the dicrotic notch of the external carotid pulse tracing. In all cases, the aortic closure sound was greater in amplitude than the opening ejection sound with an AC:ES amplitude ratio ranging from 5:1 to 8:1. Phonoechographic study indicates that the early systolic sound follows the opening point of the prosthetic leaflets by approximately 40 msec. The aortic component of the second heart sound is in- scribed at the time of ultrasonic valve closure or I 111111 I 11111111IIIIIIIIlII(IIIIl ltlJIjlIIIllII
Fractional representation theory: Robustness results with applications to finite dimensional control of a class of linear distributed systems

This paper reviews and extends fractional representation theory. In particular, new and powerful robustness results are presented. This new theory is utilized to develop a preliminary design methodology for finite dimensional control of a class of linear evolution equations on a Banach space. We design for stability in an input-output sense but pay particular attention to internal stability as well.
Ceremonial sweat lodges of the gros ventre Indians

(1963). Ceremonial sweat lodges of the gros ventre Indians. Ethnos: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 46-62.
SELENIUM IN MILK OF DAIRY COWS FED THE NEWLY LEGALIZED 0.3 PPM SELENIUM‐SUPPLEMENTED DIET

The permissible concentration of selenium which can legally be added to dairy cattle rations has recently been increased from 0.1 to 0.3 ppm. A feeding study with lactating dairy cows was conducted in which 0.3 or 0.6 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite was added to their diets for 23 and 26 days, respectively. Analysis of milk and blood throughout this period showed no consistent increase in the concentration of selenium in these fluids.
Solubility and Water Absorption of Systems Containing Soy Protein Isolates, Salt and Sugar

Solubility and water absorption of three soy protein isolates in the presence of sodium chloride and sucrose were studied. Water absorption also was investigated in a system that contained wheat flour in addition to the isolates, salt and sugar. Sodium chloride affected nitrogen solubility index and water absorption of the isolates; sucrose did not. Similarly, sodium chloride affected water absorption in the flour-soy system, whereas sucrose did not. An apparent inverse relationship was observed between water absorption of soy protein isolates in the absence of flour and in combination with flour. Dough development times were shorter and doughs were less stable for flour-isolate mixtures than for flour alone.
High-speed hardware architectures for authenticated encryption mode GCM

We propose various high-speed hardware architectures for GCM (Galois counter mode) in conjunction with various AES (advanced encryption standard) hardware macros, and clarify the trade-offs between speed and hardware resources. The designs were evaluated by using a 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS standard cell library. The highest throughput of 42.7 Gbps with 297 Kgates was obtained from a sequential GCM architecture with a full-pipelined AES circuit where a 128-bit data block is processed on every clock, and the smallest size of 73 Kgates with 6.4 Gbps was achieved with pipelined-loop architecture. All of our architectures support key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits, while only one previous approach does. Even with variable-length key support, all of our designs showed higher performance than conventional designs.
Item Difficulty Modeling of Paragraph Comprehension Items.

Recent assessment research joining cognitive psychology and psychometric theory has introduced a new technology, item generation. In algorithmic item generation, items are systematically created ba...
Biodistribution of 212Pb conjugated trastuzumab in mice

The biodistribution in mice of 212Pb-trastuzumab, a HER2 targeting immunoglobulin (monoclonal antibody), was investigated for its potential as a therapeutic agent with immunocytotoxic applications. 212Pb-trastuzumab is an alpha-emitting radioimmunoconjugate that can deliver a short-range, high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation dose to targeted tissue. 212Pb is an attractive isotope for medical applications because it is has a short half-life (10.64 h), and one of its decay products (212Po) emits a very high LET alpha-particle (E = 8.78 MeV). Radiolabeled trastuzumab was found to be pure, functional, and intact by both ELISA and SDS-PAGE evaluation. The uptake and biodistribution of 212Pb-trastuzumab was determined as a percentage of the injected dose by analysis of nine different organs obtained from serially sacrificed male nude mice bearing orthotopic tumors of PC-3MM2 human prostate carcinoma. High-resolution gamma spectrometry was used to determine the content of 212Pb in each organ at several fixed times post intravenous injection. Although the PC-3MM2 cells express limited HER2 receptors, approximately 8 % of injected dose was observed in the tumor at 12 h post IV injection. Results of this biodistribution study support further investigation of radiolabeled 212Pb-trastuzumab, radiobiological organ microdosimetry, and optimal dosing regimens for trastuzumab as a therapeutic agent.
Historical origins of deinstitutionalization.

Contrary to popular belief, the foundation for the attack on the legitimacy of mental hospitals was laid in the decades between 1890 and 1940; what occurred in the 1950s and after was a direct outgrowth of earlier developments.
Intermolecular packing of sugar-based surfactant and phenol in a micellar phase.

Surfactants have been used to enhance the removal of phenol from aqueous system; therefore, the interaction between surfactants and phenol is important for selection of the surfactant and understanding the process. In this work, sugar based surfactant, n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DM), was utilized to separate phenol from aqueous solution using ultrafiltration. 2-D NMR and Cryo-TEM techniques were employed to obtain information on the orientation of phenol molecules in the micellar phase and the shape transition of the micelles. The flux was found to decrease linearly with the solute concentration and the equilibrium constant was found to be constant. 2-D NMR spectra have shown that phenol molecules reside in the palisade layer of the DM micelles with the benzene ring interacting with the hydrocarbon chain of DM molecules, especially the first methylene group. Cryo-TEM results have shown the shape transition from spherical to worm-like due to the presence of phenol. The results will help understand the intera...
Molecular characterization of α1- and α2-adrenoceptors

Abstract Three ‘ α 1 -adrenoceptors' and three ‘ α 2 -adrenoceptors' have now been cloned. How closely do these receptors match the native receptors that have been identified pharmacologically? What are the properties of these receptors, and how do they relate to other members of the cationic amine receptor family? Kevin Lynch and his collegues discuss these questions in this review.
A Relation Between Line and Continuous X-Ray Spectra

It was discovered empirically by Webster that if an electron collides with a silver atom there is a constant ratio between the probability of ejection of a $K$-electron and the probability of emission of a continuous spectrum quantum of frequency between the critical $K$-absorption frequency and the high-frequency limit. Webster used voltages from 35 kv to 80 kv. The present work is on palladium and extends the voltage range to 180 kv; the same result holds. A step in the determination of the above ratio is to find the ratio $P$, for a thick target, of the amount of $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ rays resulting from ionization by collision to that resulting from fluorescence. For palladium at normal emergence $P$ is found to be almost constant at 2 up to 180 kv. $P$ is needed in any comparison of the results of thin and thick target line emission experiments since in a truly thin target ionization is by collision only whereas in thick targets fluorescence is also important.
Microscale Energy Dissipation Mechanisms in Cyclically-Loaded Granular Soils

This paper utilizes the Discrete Element Method to characterize energy dissipation mechanisms in cyclically loaded soils based on micromechanical considerations. Computational simulations of consolidated undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted at various relative densities and were subjected to cyclic loading of different frequencies and shear strain amplitudes. The different components of microscale energies were monitored during the course of the simulations and characterized into input and dissipated energies. A comparison is made between the dissipated energy computed from microscopic energy components and macroscopic energy calculated based on the area of the deviator stress-axial strain loops. These energies are then used to obtain the specific damping capacity defined as the ratio of dissipated energy during one cycle to the maximum stored elastic energy during the same cycle. The conducted simulations highlight the importance of calculating actual stored energy in the system as opposed to approximating it to be that calculated as the triangular area under the secant modulus. Finally, a series of simulations that resulted in liquefaction are discussed, and the amount of energy dissipated to liquefaction is examined based on these results.
Frzb-1, an Antagonist of Wnt-1 and Wnt-8, Does Not Block Signaling by Wnts -3A, -5A, or -11

Abstract Frzb-1 is a secreted factor that was recently shown to inhibit signaling by Wnts 1 and 8. Frzb-1 contains an amino terminal domain that is homologous to the Drosophila polarity genefrizzled;several other secreted proteins that share this feature have now been identified. These findings raise the question of whether or not Frzb-1 is a general inhibitor of signaling by all Wnts. We show that signaling of Wnts -3A, 5A, and 11 is not blocked by Frzb-1, demonstrating that Frzb-1 can discriminate both between the principle functional Wnt classes that have been proposed and within them.
The use of coercive trial acronyms should be discouraged.

Physicians, especially cardiologists, like to use or invent acronyms [1–8]. All the current medical journals, especially cardiological journals, continue to be filled with acronyms. New acronyms are being invented every day, especially for cardiological trials. The use of acronyms is sometimes necessary to simplify and facilitate modern communication in our highly technical world, especially to avoid repetition of long, unwieldy, breath-catching and space-occupying trial names in a scientific publication [8]. A trial acronym is particularly advantageous to the participating investigators of the trial who, bymerelymentioning the acronym, can be instantly referred to the appropriate staff to answer any questionswhen they call a trial center to register a potential patient [9]. Cardiologists are most imaginative in creating acronyms for clinical trials, some of which may be intended to be prophetic, as in HOPE and CONSENSUS [8]. Such acronyms not only tend to attract more patients for the trial but also make the trial more likely to be funded by many a granting agency, especially the pharmaceutical industry [10]. Unfortunately, they were not more likely to report positive results [10]. There are many studies with positive-sounding acronyms that turn out to yield negative results [11–13]. Examples are ALIVE, ATLAS, BEAUTIFUL, CARDINAL, CHAMPION, CRESCENDO, DEFINITE, HALT-MI, HF-ACTION, IMPROVED, I-PRESERVE, LIMIT AMI, MASTER, MIRACLE, OPTIMIST, PROMISE, PROVE IT, SAVED, SUCCESS, and SWORD (for definitions of these trial acronyms, please consult Refs. 8,11–14). The latest entries of a positive-sounding trial acronym that turned out to be a negative study are ONTARGET [15], ACCORD [16] and AIM-HIGH [17]. Then there are nationalistic acronyms of clinical trials that tend or intend to call attention to the countries or cities of origin of the trials.
Is Nonmetropolitan America being repopulated? The evidence from Pennsylvania’s minor civil divisions

We analyze population change and net migration, by age and sex, from 1940 to 1970, for 1,834 Nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania Minor Civil Divisions (MCD’s) classified by residence, population potential, socioeconomic status, and distance from metropolitan centers. Our analysis indicates, as expected, reconcentration of residents from both urban and remoter nonmetropolitan localities into exurban peripheries 25 to 35 miles from metropolitan centers. Since 1960, however, a “turnaround” appears in many truly rural tracts, which have been experiencing an influx or retention of persons 35 years of age and older. Statistical explanations are strongest for males in poor, isolated places, weakest for more accessible, socioeconomically advanced places and their female inhabitants. Throughout the study period and area, nonurban MCD’s register more positively than the rural.
Temporal variations of Antarctic blue ice extent: a possible mass balance indicator

The mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet has been one of the main interests of the scientific community because of its impact on sea level rise. Blue ice areas are areas of exposed ice where the surface mass balance is negative by sublimation. The relationship between surface mass balance and temporal variations of Antarctic blue ice extent is not clear. This study investigates the temporal variations of 33 sites of blue ice extent with regard to the rate of surface elevation change by employing Landsat TM/ETM+ as well as radar altimetry-based rates of elevation change. The correlations between extent of blue ice areas and surface mass balance are analysed. The correlation generally is not systematic (r = −0.245). It may not be appropriate to use temporal variations in extent of blue ice areas as indicators of mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet because of large interannual variations in the extent of blue ice areas caused by short term events of accumulation/ablation. Blue ice areas that are located at low elevations (r = −0.120) and far from nearby nunataks (r = −0.194) show low correlations while blue ice areas located in stable environments, such as high elevations (r = −0.516) and close to nearby nunataks (r = −0.783) may be useful as mass balance indicators showing high correlations. Monitoring the expansion of blue ice areas with regard to negative change in elevation (r = −0.510) rather than monitoring the decrease of the extent of blue ice areas with regard to positive change in elevation (r = 0.108) is more useful as a mass balance indicator. There is probably a systematic linkage between temporal variations in extent of blue ice areas and changes of surface elevation for blue ice areas that are at high elevations, close to nearby nunataks, and experiencing expansion.
On the approach to kinetic theory due to Gross

Abstract A classical kinetic theory introduced by Gross is explored in further detail. The theory consists of a sequence of approximations to the Liouville distribution function, with each approximation leading to a truncation of the BBGKY hierarchy at successively higher order. We formulate the truncation scheme at general order in terms of a set of time-dependent equilibrium correlation functions. It has the correct symmetries and, as is implied by the work of Gross with the first two approximations, is such that the interparticle potential appears only implicitly via static equilibrium correlation functions. We arrange the theory as a sequence of linear kinetic equations for the phase-space density correlation function, and solve for the collision kernels which result in each order. The collision kernel of the second approximation, which involves only binary dynamics, is shown to be a mean-field generalization of the known low-density kernel. The third approximation gives a similar generalization of the triple-collision kernel. The nth approximation also reproduces the frequency moments of S(kω) through order ω2n. More generally, the approximations are shown to give a continued-fraction expansion of the collision kernel, with the levels governed by the dynamics of successively larger numbers of particles. This is a renormalized kinetic theory in the sense that the potential is eliminated and clusters of particles are never isolated.
Recurrence quantification in epileptic EEGs

Abstract We use recurrence quantification, which does not require assumptions about stationarity, length or noise, and apply it to epileptic EEG activity. We found that both preictal and EEG segments free of seizure activity exhibit significant transients; but preictal transients consistently occur in a context of unstable EEG activity.
The decoupling of defective linear dynamical systems in free motion

Abstract It was demonstrated in two earlier papers that there exists a real, linear, time-varying transformation that decouples any non-defective linear dynamical system in free vibration in the configuration space. As an extension of this work, the present paper represents the first systematic effort to decouple defective systems. It is shown that the decoupling of defective systems is a rather delicate procedure that depends on the multiplicities of the system eigenvalues. While any defective system can be decoupled with the eigenvalues kept invariant, the geometric multiplicities of these eigenvalues may not be preserved. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical developments.
Natural killer cells in immune regulation

Summary NK cells can influence the immune response through cytokine production and cytolysis of specific target cells. The identification of MHC-Class I specific-receptors on NK cells and their inhibitory effect on signal transduction has greatly enhanced our understanding of the mechanism of action of NK cells. NK cell function is dependent on the balance of inhibitory and activating signals received by the cell, from both direct interaction with target cells and from local immunoregulatory cytokines. The recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of NK cell function has renewed considerable interest in the exact biological role of these cells. The role NK cells play in cancer, infectious disease, bone marrow transplantation, pregnancy and autoimmunity are currently active areas of research as well as further studies to define the molecular basis for NK activation and specificity.