cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VZV infection of keratinocytes: production of cell-free infectious virions in vivo.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the cause of varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles). Varicella is a primary infection that spreads rapidly in epidemics while zoster is a secondary infection that occurs sporadically as a result of the reactivation of previously acquired VZV. Reactivation is made possible by the establishment of latency during the initial episode of varicella. The signature lesions of both varicella and zoster are cutaneous vesicles, which are filled with a clear fluid that is rich in infectious viral particles. It has been postulated that the skin is the critical organ in which both host-to-host transmission of VZV and the infection of neurons to establish latency occur. This hypothesis is built on evidence that the large cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPRci) interacts with VZV in virtually all infected cells, except those of the suprabasal epidermis, in a way that prevents the release of infectious viral particles. Specifically, the virus is diverted in an MPRci-dependent manner from the secretory pathway to late endosomes where VZV is degraded. Because nonepidermal cells are thus prevented from releasing infectious VZV, a slow process, possibly involving fusion of infected cells with their neighbors, becomes the means by which VZV is disseminated. In the epidermis, however, the maturation of keratinocytes to give rise to corneocytes in the suprabasal epidermis is associated uniquely with a downregulation of the MPRci. As a result, the diversion of VZV to late endosomes does not occur in the suprabasal epidermis where vesicular lesions occur. The formation of the waterproof, chemically resistant barrier of the epidermis, however, requires that constitutive secretion outlast the downregulation of the endosomal pathway. Infectious VZV is therefore secreted by default, accounting for the presence of infectious virions in vesicular fluid. Sloughing of corneocytes, aided by scratching, then aerosolizes the virus, which can float with dust to be inhaled by susceptible hosts. Infectious virions also bathe the terminals of those sensory neurons that innervate the epidermis. These terminals become infected with VZV and provide a route, retrograde transport, which can conduct VZV to cranial nerve (CNG), dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and enteric ganglia (EG) to establish latency. Reactivation returns VZV to the skin, now via anterograde transport in axons, to cause the lesions of zoster. Evidence in support of these hypotheses includes observations of the VZV-infected human epidermis and studies of guinea pig neurons in an in vitro model system.
Development of a Finite Element Based Method for Directly Determining Strains in Soft Tissue

A method for directly determining strains in soft tissue has been developed. Markers are attached to the tissue to form a grid. The tissue is photographed in the undeformed configuration and then in a series of deformed (loaded) configurations. Using a digitizer, nodal coordinates are entered into a computer from the photographs. A finite element program then calculates the Lagrangian finite strain tensor at each of the nodes. The method has been used in both in vivo and in vitro situations.
Impact of E-Commerce on Employees at Brick-and-Mortar Retailers

Using an employer-employee payroll dataset for approximately 2.6 million retail workers, we analyze the impact of the staggered rollout of a major e-commerce retailer's fulfillment centers on the income and employment of workers at geographically proximate brick-and-mortar retail stores. We find that the establishment of an e-commerce fulfillment center in a county has a negative effect on the income of retail workers in that county and in neighboring counties within 100 miles. Wages of hourly workers, especially part-time hourly workers, decrease significantly. This decrease is driven by a drop in the number of hours worked. We observe a U-shaped pattern in which both young and old workers experience a sharper decrease in wage income. Consequently, in these counties, there is a decrease in credit scores and an increase in delinquency for retail workers that have higher prior credit utilization. Using sales and employment data for 3.2 million stores, we find that retail stores in counties around fulfillment centers experience a reduction in sales and in their number of employees. Further, there is a decrease in entry and an increase in exits for stores in the retail sector, with small and young retail stores exiting at a higher rate. Our robustness tests show that our results are unlikely to be driven by prevailing local economic conditions. Overall, our results highlight the extent to which a dramatic increase in e-commerce retail sales can have some adverse consequences for workers at traditional brick-and-mortar stores.
A sequence-based approach for identifying protein fold switchers

Although most proteins conform to the classical one-structure/one-function paradigm, an increasing number of proteins with dual structures and functions are emerging. These fold-switching proteins remodel their secondary structures in response to cellular stimuli, fostering multi-functionality and tight cellular control. Accurate predictions of fold-switching proteins could both suggest underlying mechanisms for uncharacterized biological processes and reveal potential drug targets. Previously, we developed a prediction method for fold-switching proteins based on secondary structure predictions and structure-based thermodynamic calculations. Given the large number of genomic sequences without homologous experimentally characterized structures, however, we sought to predict fold-switching proteins from their sequences alone. To do this, we leveraged state-of-the-art secondary structure predictions, which require only amino acid sequences but are not currently designed to identify structural duality in proteins. Thus, we hypothesized that incorrect and inconsistent secondary structure predictions could be good initial predictors of fold-switching proteins. We found that secondary structure predictions of fold-switching proteins with solved structures are indeed less accurate than secondary structure predictions of non-fold-switching proteins with solved structures. These inaccuracies result largely from the conformations of fold-switching proteins that are underrepresented in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), and, consequently, the training sets of secondary structure predictors. Given that secondary structure predictions are homology-based, we hypothesized that decontextualizing the inaccurately-predicted regions of fold-switching proteins could weaken the homology relationships between these regions and their overpopulated structural representatives. Thus, we reran secondary structure predictions on these regions in isolation and found that they were significantly more inconsistent than in regions of non-fold-switching proteins. Thus, inconsistent secondary structure predictions can serve as a preliminary marker of fold switching. These findings have implications for genomics and the future development of secondary structure predictors.
Athena: Box Office Bomb and Bodybuilding Breakthrough

One could easily dismiss MGM’s 1954 production of Athena as a light-hearted, romantic, musical romp, devoid of intellectual, artistic, or social value. Although it was scripted by William Ludwig an...
Tensor Completion via the CP Decomposition

We propose a new algorithm for tensor completion. The tensor completion problem is about finding the unknown tensor from a given a tensor with partially observed data. While most tensor completion methods use the Tucker model, our new approach uses the canonical polyadic decomposition model to reconstruct the unknown tensor. The unknown tensor is reconstructed by finding the optimal factors through linear least squares and the singular vectors through a proximal algorithm of soft thresholding.
Beyond small-scale spatial skills: Navigation skills and geoscience education

Research examining the relation between spatial skills and the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields has focused on small-scale spatial skills, even though some STEM disciplines—particularly the geography and geoscience (GEO) fields—involve large-scale spatial thinking at the core of their professional training. In Study 1, we compared large-scale navigation skills of experienced geologists with those of experienced psychologists, using a novel virtual navigation paradigm as an objective measure of navigation skills. In Study 2, we conducted a longitudinal study with novice Geographic Information Systems (GIS) students to investigate baseline navigational competence and improvement over the course of an academic semester. In Study 1, we found that geologists demonstrated higher navigational competence and were more likely to be categorized as integrating separate routes, compared to their non-STEM counterparts. In Study 2, novice GIS students showed superior baseline navigational competence compared to non-STEM students, as well as better spatial working memory and small-scale mental rotation skills, indicating self-selection. In addition, GIS students’ spatial skills improved more over the course of a semester than those of non-STEM students. Our findings highlight the importance of large-scale spatial thinking for enrollment and success in the GEO fields but likely also across the broader range of thinking involving spatial distributions. We discuss the potential of GIS tools to develop spatial skills at an early age.
Predictors of post-operative mortality following pancreatectomy: A contemporary nationwide analysis.

e15706Background: To date, the only curative option for pancreatic cancer is surgical resection, which only 15-20% of patients are eligible for at diagnosis. The conventional operation is a pancrea...
ADRENERGIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF DISULFIRAM IN MAN

Disulfiram inhibits dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) so that in animals DBH activity becomes rate-limiting in norepinephrine synthesis. Data are presented which suggest that disulfiram in clinically relevant doses inhibits DBH activity, impairs cardiovascular reflexes and renin secretion in man.
Is Preoperative Planning for Hip Surgery Using Three-Dimensional Printed Models Associated with Improved Intra- and Postoperative Outcomes? A Systematic Review

Use of three-dimensional (3D) printed models for preoperative planning, patient-specific surgical guides, and implants in orthopaedic surgery is a burgeoning technology. It has not been established if 3D-printed models for preoperative planning are associated with improved clinical outcomes or if they are cost-effective for hip surgeries including total hip arthroplasty (THA), periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), proximal femoral osteotomy (PFO), and/or hip fractures. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic search and literature review to determine if preoperative planning for hip surgery using 3D-printed models was associated with improved intra- and postoperative outcomes. Specific aims were to determine the (1) types of applications and studies conducted, (2) types of 3D printing/materials used, (3) specific outcomes evaluated, (4) efficacy of 3D printing in planning for hip surgery, and (5) limitations of current research. The authors searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, and PubMed from inception through July 2017. Original research publications were included if the primary purpose was to evaluate 3D-printed models' ability to assist with the planning of hip surgeries. Papers were excluded if they were reviews, abstracts, and not available in English, their models were not patient-specific, or their research did not evaluate surgery of the acetabulofemoral joint or pelvis. Of the 3,369 unique papers identified, 21 met inclusion criteria after full-text review. Among the included studies, six evaluated 3D printing in THA, seven in PAO/PFO, and eight in fracture repairs/reconstruction. The research included nine case reports, three case series, one retrospective uncontrolled study, six prospective uncontrolled studies, and two prospective controlled studies. 3D printed models resulted in: reduced intraoperative improvisation, operating room time, blood loss/transfusions, improved positioning of plates/screws/implants, clinical scores, measures of realignment, and functional status. Recent innovations in 3D printing are promising but unproven to improve clinical outcomes in hip surgeries due to limitations of published research. This may impact utilization and reimbursement of 3D-printed models in hip surgery. Studies of resource utilization, cost-effectiveness, and controlled trials with standardized methods and clinical outcomes of relevance are needed.
Recapturing Solutions of an Elliptic Partial Differential Equation

Let k 2 -C(x 2 +y 2 )≤ 0 be regular on the closure of the disk D: x 2 +y 2 2 +(k 2 - C(x 2 +y 2 )}ϕ = 0. When the restriction of ϕ to the 3D is sufficiently smooth, expansion formulae are given that recapture ϕ from its means and shifted means on an arc of the 3D. A solution is given that interpolates prescribed means at the boundary.
On-Off Noise Power Communication

We design and build a protocol called on-off noise power communication (ONPC), which modifies the software in commodity packet radios to allow communication, independent of their standard protocol, at a very slow rate at long range. To achieve this long range, we use the transmitter as an RF power source that can be on or off if it does or does not send a packet, respectively, and a receiver that repeatedly measures the noise and interference power level. We use spread spectrum techniques on top of the basic on/off mechanism to overcome the interference caused by other devices' channel access to provide long ranges at a much lower data rate. We implement the protocol on top of commodity WiFi hardware. We discuss our design and how we overcome key challenges such as non-stationary interference, carrier sensing and hardware timing delays. We test ONPC in several situations to show that it achieves significantly longer range than standard WiFi.
The Impact of Grants on Homeowner Decisions to Retrofit to Reduce Hurricane-Induced Wind and Flood Damage

AbstractAn increasing number of national, state, and local programs have offered grants or other monetary incentives to encourage homeowners to retrofit their homes to reduce damage from natural ha...
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Adults Living with HIV Infection

In this chapter, we review evidence supporting the tuberculosis (TB) disease spectrum, rather than dichotomous categories of latent M. tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active disease, as TB pathophysiology is important when considering TB prevention and treatment. We also describe the impact of immunocompromising conditions, specifically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, along the TB disease spectrum. We review the indications for treatment of LTBI among people living with HIV (PLWH) and the evidence behind the LTBI treatment regimens currently recommended by the World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lastly, we discuss the importance of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in addition to anti-mycobacterial therapy for the prevention of TB among PLWH, as well as the drug-drug interactions with concomitant antiretroviral therapy and LTBI treatment.
In Response to COVID-19 Pandemic Physicians Already Know What to Do.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted multiple responses from bioethicists and bioethics organizations. One prominent response has come from The Hastings Center, “Ethical Framework for Health Care Ins...
304 Minimally invasive versus open radical hysterectomy for stage IB2 cervical carcinoma; an updated survival analysis of the national cancer database

Introduction Evaluate outcomes of minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (MIRH) for patients with FIGO (2019) stage IB2 (tumor size ≥2 and Methods Patients with pathological stage IB2 squamous, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix, no history of another tumor, who underwent primary radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy with known mode of surgery, diagnosed between 2010–2015 with at least one month of follow-up were drawn from the National Cancer Database. Impact of MIRH (robotic-assisted or traditional laparoscopic) on overall survival (OS) was assessed with the log-rank test. A Cox model was constructed to control for confounders. Results A total of 1304 patients were identified; 621(47.6%) had open, 134 (10.3%) laparoscopic and 549 (42.1%) robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy. Overall conversion rate was 3.5%. Open and MIRH groups were comparable in terms of age, presence of co-morbidities and histology. Patients in both groups had a median of 18 lymph nodes removed (p=0.83). Patients who had MIRH had shorter hospital stay (median 1 vs 3 days, p Conclusions MIRH is associated with worse overall survival for patients with pathological stage IB2 cervical carcinoma.
In the Eye of the Beholder: A Comprehensive Analysis of Stimulus Type, Perceiver, and Target in Physical Attractiveness Perceptions

Physical attractiveness plays a central role in psychosocial experiences. One of the top research priorities has been to identify factors affecting perceptions of physical attractiveness (PPA). Recent work suggests PPA derives from different sources (e.g., target, perceiver, stimulus type). Although smiles in particular are believed to enhance PPA, support has been surprisingly limited. This study comprehensively examines the effect of smiles on PPA and, more broadly, evaluates the roles of target, perceiver, and stimulus type in PPA variation. Perceivers (n = 181) rated both static images and 5-s videos of targets displaying smiling and neutral-expressions. Smiling images were rated as more attractive than neutral-expression images (regardless of stimulus motion format). Interestingly, perceptions of physical attractiveness were based more on the perceiver than on either the target or format in which the target was presented. Results clarify the effect of smiles, and highlight the significant role of the perceiver, in PPA.
Interface Chemistry and Band Alignment Study of Ni and Ag Contacts on MoS2.

High contact resistance of transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based devices is one of the bottlenecks that limit the application of TMDs in various domains. Contact resistance of TMD-based devices is strongly related to the interface chemistry and band alignment at the contact metal/TMD interfaces. To understand the metal/MoS₂ interface chemistry and band alignment, Ni and Ag metal contacts are deposited on MoS₂ bulk and chemical vapor deposition bilayer MoS₂ (2L-MoS₂) film samples under ultrahigh vacuum (∼3 × 10–¹¹ mbar) and high vacuum (∼3 × 10–⁶ mbar) conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to characterize the interface chemistry and band alignment of the metal/MoS₂ stacks. Ni forms covalent contact on MoS₂ bulk and 2L-MoS₂ film by reducing MoS₂ to form interfacial metal sulfides. In contrast, van der Waals gaps form at the Ag/MoS₂ bulk and Ag/2L-MoS₂ film interfaces, proved by the absence of an additional metal sulfide chemical state and the detection of Ag islands on the surface. Different from other metal/MoS₂ systems studied in this work, Ag shows potential to form an Ohmic contact on MoS₂ bulk regardless of the deposition ambient. Fermi levels (EF’s) are pinned near the intrinsic EF of the 2L-MoS₂ film with high defect density regardless of the work function of the metal, which highlights the impact of substrate defect density on the EF pinning effect and contact resistance.
Habit persistence in food purchases

Taxes are often imposed on sugary products to decrease consumption and thus lower obesity. Reducing purchases of food products may be difficult if they are habit forming and thus addictive. Food pr...
Correlation of echocardiographic probability of pulmonary hypertension with maternal outcomes in pregnant women with elevated right ventricular systolic pressure

Introduction The use of echocardiography to evaluate the probability for pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pregnant women has not been reported or correlated with outcomes. We hypothesized that in women with elevated right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) on echocardiography first identified during pregnancy, those with low probability for PH would have fewer major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with RVSP >35 mm Hg on echocardiogram first identified during pregnancy. Women were classified as intermediate-high probability for PH (HP) or low probability for PH (LP) based on simplified European Society of Cardiology echocardiographic criteria. Maternal cardiac, obstetric, and fetal outcomes were assessed. Results A total of 77 women met inclusion criteria (mean age 30 ± 5 years), with 45 (58%) classified as HP and 32 (42%) as LP. There were 21 (27%) women who experienced MACE, more commonly in the HP cohort (HP 18 (40%) women vs. LP 3 (9%) women, P = .01). The echocardiographic criteria for intermediate-high probability of PH identified women at risk for MACE with 85% sensitivity and 52% specificity. The negative predictive value for MACE in women meeting low echocardiographic probability for PH criteria was 91%. Conclusions In women with elevated RVSP on echocardiography first identified during pregnancy, those with low echocardiographic PH probability are at significantly lower risk for MACE during pregnancy, though the risk is not eliminated. This may be useful to risk stratify pregnant women with suspected PH, guiding tertiary care referral and invasive catheterization.
Proton-controlled non-exponential photoluminescence in a pyridylamidine-substituted Re(I) complex.

Chemical intuition and well-known design principles can typically be used to create ligand environments in transition metal complexes to deliberately tune reactivity for desired applications. However, intelligent ligand design does not always result in the expected outcomes. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of a tricarbonyl rhenium (2,2′-bipyridine) 4-pyridylamidine, Re(4-Pam), complex with unexpected photophysical properties. Photoluminescence kinetics of Re(4-Pam) undergoes non-exponential decay, which can be deconvolved into two emission lifetimes. However, upon protonation of the amidine functionality of the 4-pyridylamidine to form Re(4-PamH), a single exponential decay is observed. To understand and rationalize these experimental observations, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) are employed. The symmetry or asymmetry of the protonated or deprotonated 4-pyridylamidine ligand, respectively, is the key factor in switching between one and two photoluminescence lifetimes. Specifically, rotation of the dihedral angle formed between the bipyridine and 4-Pam ligand leads to two rotamers of Re(4-Pam) with degenerate triplet- to ground-state transitions.
TERA: optimizing stochastic regression tests in machine learning projects

The stochastic nature of many Machine Learning (ML) algorithms makes testing of ML tools and libraries challenging. ML algorithms allow a developer to control their accuracy and run-time through a set of hyper-parameters, which are typically manually selected in tests. This choice is often too conservative and leads to slow test executions, thereby increasing the cost of regression testing. We propose TERA, the first automated technique for reducing the cost of regression testing in Machine Learning tools and libraries(jointly referred to as projects) without making the tests more flaky. TERA solves the problem of exploring the trade-off space between execution time of the test and its flakiness as an instance of Stochastic Optimization over the space of algorithm hyper-parameters. TERA presents how to leverage statistical convergence-testing techniques to estimate the level of flakiness of the test for a specific choice of hyper-parameters during optimization. We evaluate TERA on a corpus of 160 tests selected from 15 popular machine learning projects. Overall, TERA obtains a geo-mean speedup of 2.23x over the original tests, for the minimum passing probability threshold of 99%. We also show that the new tests did not reduce fault detection ability through a mutation study and a study on a set of 12 historical build failures in studied projects.
Exercise 5: Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages: In Vitro

Macrophages are highly specialized phagocytic cells that are differentiated from monocytes. In their role as phagocytic cells, and major constituents of the reticuloendothelial system (RES, also known as the mononuclear phagocyte system, MPS). They also serve as antigen presenting cells along with related phagocytic cells such as dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. In this capacity, they function to process antigen for presentation to naive T helper cells, and to secrete cytokines among other substances. Macrophages are located at strategic sites throughout the body and with their ability to circulate, are able to reach different locations throughout the body e.g. in the spleen, lymph nodes, skin, kidney, liver, brain, lungs, peritoneum, etc. Macrophages are named based on where they are found. In the RES system, macrophages also function in antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity reactions and in cell-mediated immune reactions along with cytotoxic T cells. Antibodies bound to antigen bind to Fc receptors on the surface of macrophages resulting in the uptake of the antigen into the cytoplasm. Macrophages function in the clearance of blood borne pathogens, insoluble particles, activated clotting factors and in the removal of aging erythrocytes, damaged cells, and other debris from the blood. Macrophages differentiate from monocytes into proinflammatory (M1) macrophages or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages in response to specific cytokines and transcription factors.
The Legal and Constitutional Organization of the Catholic Church in Nineteenth-Century Ireland

The intention here is to survey the constitutional and legal status of the Catholic Church in Ireland in the nineteenth century. This is looked at from both the point of view of the British state and in the light of the canon law of the Catholic Church. Although no longer overtly persecuted Catholicism was restricted in some of its operations, and despite being among the least government-supervised churches in Europe, bishops and priests still excoriated what they took to be the Church’s legal restrictions in the Protestant state. Not only did the Church press for greater legal safeguards but it also, internally, sought to conform itself more closely to the prescriptions of canon law. The Synod of Thurles of 1850 was all important in this regard and set the parameters for other such synods well into the twentieth century.
COVID-19: Data-Driven Optimal Allocation of Ventilator Supply under Uncertainty and Risk

Abstract This study presents a new risk-averse multi-stage stochastic epidemics-ventilator-logistics compartmental model to address the resource allocation challenges of mitigating COVID-19. This epidemiological logistics model involves the uncertainty of untested asymptomatic infections and incorporates short-term human migration. Disease transmission is also forecasted through a new formulation of transmission rates that evolve over space and time with respect to various non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as wearing masks, social distancing, and lockdown. The proposed multi-stage stochastic model overviews different scenarios on the number of asymptomatic individuals while optimizing the distribution of resources, such as ventilators, to minimize the total expected number of newly infected and deceased people. The Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is also incorporated into the multi-stage mean-risk model to allow for a trade-off between the weighted expected loss due to the outbreak and the expected risks associated with experiencing disastrous pandemic scenarios. We apply our multi-stage mean-risk epidemics-ventilator-logistics model to the case of controlling COVID-19 in highly-impacted counties of New York and New Jersey. We calibrate, validate, and test our model using actual infection, population, and migration data. We also define a new region-based sub-problem and bounds on the problem and then show their computational benefits in terms of the optimality and relaxation gaps. The computational results indicate that short-term migration influences the transmission of the disease significantly. The optimal number of ventilators allocated to each region depends on various factors, including the number of initial infections, disease transmission rates, initial ICU capacity, the population of a geographical location, and the availability of ventilator supply. Our data-driven modeling framework can be adapted to study the disease transmission dynamics and logistics of other similar epidemics and pandemics.
Human Factors and Information Transfer

Key problem areas in the management and transfer of information in the National Airspace System, contributing to human errors are identified. Information-management aspects supporting the user's ability to assess prevailing situations accurately with adequate time to make an informed decision are considered. The relationship between judgment biases and requirements for managing weather information is illustrated by examining such hazardous weather phenomena as microbursts and windshears. The system of air-ground communication relying almost exclusively on voice transmissions is discussed, and recommendations in the areas of communications procedures and technology development are provided.
Research for the Psychotherapist: From Science to Practice

Preface. Acknowledgments. Part I: Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Research. Merging Science and Practice Psychotherapy. A Clinician's Primer for Evaluating Research About Psychotherapy. Part II: Research Focused on Psychotherapy. Therapy By the Numbers: Critics Claim Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTS) Undermine Clinical Creativity. The Push for Evidence: Defining the Role for Evidence-based Practice. What Can We Say About the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy? The Science of Clinical Artistry: Research-based Principles for Effective Practice. Transformation Now! (Or Maybe Later): Client Change is Not an All-or-Nothing Proposition. Beyond Intuition: Research on Psychotherapeutic Process. Mindfulness Goes Mainstream: Research is Proving the Value of Awareness Processes. Improving Our Track Record: How Therapists Can Better Meet the Needs of the Disadvantaged. Addictions Treatment: Myth vs. Reality. War of the Worlds: Researchers and Practitioners Collide on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD). Reassessing Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Separating Hype From Facts About Antidepressants. Outing the Unproven: A New Journal Exposes Therapies That Don't Work. The Messenger is the Message: The Effectiveness of Treatment Still Depends On Who Delivers It. Part III: Research Focused On or Relevant to Couple and Family Therapy. Family Therapy Scorecard: Research Shows the Family Approach is Often the Treatment of Choice. Marital Preparation and Enrichment Programs Document their Value. What Really Makes Couples Happy? A Controversy Divides the World of Marital Researchers. Not Quite the Brady Bunch: Research on Remarriage Families. Methods of Relational Assessment. Part IV: Doing Research on Your Practice. New Science for Psychotherapy: Can We Predict How Therapy Will Progress? Learning to Love Assessment: Today's Research Tools Can Help You Be a Better Therapist. Do-It-Yourself Research: The Practical Advantages of Studying Your Own Practice. Models for Evaluating Psychotherapy Practices and Community Mental Health Programs: Public Health Perspectives. Part V: Research in Psychology that Informs the Practice of Psychotherapy. Defending the Family: Beware of the Biogenetic Bandwagon. Aging: Fact and Fiction. Keys to Enhancing Performance. Beyond the Sugar Pill: Clarifying the Placebo Effect. Index.
The effects of ion bombardment during deposition upon the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium thin films and photovoltaic devices

vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1: Background 1 1.2: Standard Growth Model 3 1.3: Previous Ion Bombardment Studies 5 1.4: Research Objective 12 CHAPTER 2: SAMPLE PREPARATION 13 2.1 : Hot Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition 13 2.1.1: Decomposition Reactions 13 2.1.2: Gas Phase Reactions 14 2.1.3: Surface Reactions 16 2.2: Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasmas 16 2.3: Combined ECR-HW CVD Reactor 17 2.4: Thin Film Deposition Methods 20 2.5: Device Fabrication 22 2.5.1 : SCLC n+-i-n+ device fabrication 22 2.5.2: Photovoltaic p+-i-n+ device fabrication 25 2.6: Contact Deposition 28 2.6.1 : Metallization 28 2.6.2: Reactive Sputtering 30
Tack--a Sticky Subject

Adhesion of one material to another--or "tack"--is crucial for many products, from adhesive tape to post-it notes and cosmetics. A wide range of adhesive materials is used, but achieving control over the conditions under which a material is sticky remains difficult. de Crevoisier et al. (page 1246) achieve control over the surface and bulk of the substrate to which adhesion is desired, by utilizing a melting phase transition of their substrate at 35 degrees Celsius, just below body temperature. Tack is maximized in a narrow temperature range near the phase transition, with possible applications in grips for sports rackets and golf clubs. Discussion of the mechanisms affecting tack--wetting, surface roughness, and substrate viscoelasticity--illustrates the delicate balance between factors reducing and enhancing tack in this system.
36 years on the pattern recognition front lecture given at ICPR'2000 in Barcelona, Spain on the occasion of receiving the K.S. Fu prize

The talk consists of four parts: (1) How I became interested in Pattern Recognition (and a bit of personal history), (2) The early years of pattern recognition (late 60's and 70's), (3) Pattern recognition in the present (the last 20 years) and (4) Suggestions for the future and prospects.
Recursive-ascent parsing

A new procedural method of implementing bottom-up parsing called recursive-ascent parsing is defined. In recursive-ascent, procedures are used to implement bottom-up parsing in a manner similar to the way procedures are used in recursive-descent to implement top-down parsing. We hypothesize that this makes bottom-up parsing techniques more readily accessible to students. The paper illustrates recursive-ascent techniques and shows how to develop these as a generalization of recursive-descent. A hand-developed recursive-ascent parser is compared to a bottom-up parser generated by yacc.
Thermal-capillary analysis of Czochralski and liquid encapsulated Czochralski crystal growth. II - Processing strategies

Results are presented from finite element analysis of the Czochralski (CZ) and Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) crystal growth processes based on a thermal-capillary model which governs the heat transfer in the system simultaneously with setting the shapes of the melt/solid interface, the melt and encapsulant menisci, and the radius of a steadily growing crystal. Calculations are performed for the small-scale growth of silicon (CZ) and gallium arsenide (LEC). The effects of melt volume and crucible position relative to the heater on the radius of the crystal and the shape of the melt/solid interface are predicted for the CZ system, and the importance of including an accurate representation of the melt meniscus for modeling the process is demonstrated. The additional effect of an encapsulant layer on heat transfer is treated for the LEC method for the cases of totally transparent and opaque encapsulant. The responses of these LEC prototype systems are examined for changes in pull rate and encapsulant volume.
Public Law 94-142: Comments on the Pediatricians' Contribution from an Educator

Few professionals have as much to contribute to the education of children with handicaps as pediatricians. Certainly, the child9s teacher falls heir to instructional responsibility, but the teacher9s knowledge of development and learning behavior comes largely from the influence of pediatricians in the child development literature. The teacher is also dependent on the pediatrician to assure that students are healthy and as responsive as possible to instruction. The relationship between the classroom teacher and the pediatrician is often taken for granted. Most classroom teachers relate the role of the pediatrician to education only on those occasions when a student has a special health problem or in reference to scheduled health events, such as immunizations or physical examinations.
The leukocyte integrins.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the molecular biology of the leukocyte integrins, LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95, and on their role in mediating inflammation. Three recent developments have underscored the importance of the leukocyte integrins as adhesion receptors of the immune system: The recognition that the leukocyte integrins are evolutionarily related to other integrins; Identification of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-l), a ligand for LFA-1, which is induced during inflammation, and may regulate leukocyte migration and localization; and discovery and characterization of immunodeficiency patients who are genetically deficient in their expression of the leukocyte integrins. Researchers have found a class of immune-deficient patients who suffer from recurrent, life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, and who have neutrophils deficient in chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Infected, necrotic lesions in these patients contain few leukocytes, despite the observation that these patients have chronic leukocytosis. The leukocyte integrins are α 1 β 1 heterodimers, in which the α subunit is noncovalently associated with the β subunit. The α subunits of LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150, 95 are 1,80,000, 1,70,000, and 1,50,000 Da, respectively. The α subunits have been shown to be distinct by MAb reactivity, antigen-preclearing studies, and tryptic peptide mapping. In contrast, the β subunit, M r = 95,000, has been shown to be identical in all three proteins by the same criteria. There is also substantial evidence that other ligands for LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150, 95 exist. Rational strategies must be designed to identify these ligands and to assess their contributions in different phases of the immune response. Multiple ligands may provide quite distinct signals and positional information to leukocytes.
Judge Magruder and the Labor Contract

I T is a commonplace among former law clerks of "the Judge" who have gone on to a Supreme Court clerkship gone, as Learned Hand might have it, from "puisne judge" to "puisne justice" to remark, when the talk turns to the judicial process, that its nature is nowhere more agreeable than on the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. In part, this assessment may reflect a sentimental attachment to one's first job. In part, however, it reflects the tempo and the mood of that unique court in downtown Boston. It is a small court, three men, with not a great amount of business; and with business that receives not a great amount of publicity. One has a feeling that there is time to watch from the chambers of the Chief Judge the occasional ship in the Boston harbor, or the red and white lights at dusk escaping the crowded city. In this environment, a judge's professional life can resemble in one very important respect the life of a law professor at an understanding university. Here also there is time for consideration and for reflection. Most judges, because their courts do have a great amount of business, are short on this asset. Calvert Magruder not only has it, but also has the ability, the training, and the disposition to exploit it. So he has done and nobly. The record -the Federal Reporter for the past twenty years discloses this as a matter of law. No article, or law-review issue of appreciation, is a substitute for his opinions. Like every record, his must be read. But something of Judge Magruder's performance can be told, and perhaps with profit. No doubt the telling would be especially valuable if it described some aspect of his conception of a judge's responsibility to Congress and to the Supreme Court. This is not a theme
Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration for the staging of lung cancer

Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. In this retrospective study, we report preliminary data about the diagnostic yield of conventional TBNA in the staging of lung cancer. In the years 2008-2012, 375 patients with suspected lung cancer underwent bronchoscopy with TBNA which was performed on mediastinal lymph nodes enlarged at chest CT-scan and/or with increased FDG uptake at PET-scan. Fifty-eight patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 317 patients, 276 had a final diagnosis of cancer and 41 of benign lesion. TBNA was positive for metastatic involvement of lymph nodes in 173 of 276 patients with cancer, with a sensitivity of 63%. However, this value could increase because, at present, we are obtaining further information about a real metastatic nodal involvement in 85 of 103 patients with a negative TBNA result. A total of 389 TBNAs were performed: the most frequent nodal stations examined were 7 (165 TBNAs), 4R (126 TBNAs) and 10R (62 TBNAs) with an overall diagnostic yield of 71%, 67% and 74%, respectively. These preliminary results show that the conventional TBNA remains a useful method for the staging of lung cancer, with a high diagnostic yield in several nodal stations.
Developing Managers′ Ability to Empower Employees

One MNC′s attempts to develop empowerment strategies are reviewed. These strategies are based on a cross‐cultural study of employee needs in the company′s Australian, German and Japanese subsidiaries. Although the need to control stands out in each of the three countries, employee needs patterns are different. The needs for economic security, belongingness, recognition, self‐worth, and control relate with each in different configurations and patterns. Because of significant differences in employee needs patterns, empowerment strategies enabling employees to fulfil their need to control cannot be transferred from one culture to another without major adjustments. In some instances very little is needed to empower an employee while in others almost nothing works. Some light is shed on why, within an MNC, a similar amount of control over their work and work environments empowers Japanese workers much more than their Australian and German counterparts.
Intraventricular hemorrhage from pituitary apoplexy

The case of a patient with a massive intraventricular hemorrhage arising from a pituitary chromophobe adenoma is described. This rare and disastrous complication was ascribed to the large suprasellar extension of the tumor and its close proximity to the floor of the third ventricle. Hemorrhage in the tumor extended along the path of least resistance and ruptured into the third ventricle. A partially treated hyperviscosity syndrome and chemotherapy for an unrelated malignancy (multiple myeloma) may have predisposed the patient to the necrosis and hemorrhage in the pituitary tumor.
Axis induction by wnt signaling: Target promoter responsiveness regulates competence.

Abstract The modulation of inductive competence is a major theme in embryonic development, but, in most cases, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In principle, the capacity of extracellular signals to elicit particular responses could be regulated by changes in cell surface receptors, in intracellular signaling pathways, or in the responsiveness of individual target gene promoters. As an example of regulated competence, we have examined dorsal axis induction in Xenopus embryos by Wnt signaling. Competence of Wnt proteins such as Xwnt-8 to induce an ectopic axis or the dorsal early response genes siamois and Xnr3 is lost by the onset of gastrulation, when these same ligands now produce a distinct set of “late” effects, including anterior truncation and induction of the midbrain/hindbrain marker engrailed-2. Although other Wnts apparently make use of alternative signaling mechanisms, we demonstrate that late-expressed Xwnt-8 continues to employ the canonical Wnt signaling pathway used earlier in dorsal axis induction, stabilizing cytosolic β-catenin, and activating gene expression through Tcf/Lef transcription factors. Moreover, an activated, hormone-inducible version of XTcf-3 (TVGR) that can reproduce both early and late Wnt responses when activated at appropriate stages becomes unable to induce siamois and secondary axes at the same time as Wnt ligands themselves. Finally, we show that TVGR also loses the ability to induce expression of a reporter construct containing a small fragment of the siamois promoter, implying that this fragment contains sequences governing the loss of Wnt responsiveness before gastrulation. Together, these results argue that the competence of Wnts to induce a dorsal axis is lost in the nucleus, as a result of changes in the responsiveness of target promoters.
Views on the wisdom of using antioxidant vitamin supplements

Abstract In the Forum that follows, four authorities in nutrition and vitaminology present their divergent views on the use of antioxidant vitamin supplements. In this introduction, the basic dilemma setting RDAs that insure an absence of deficiency symptoms and those that insure optimal health is discussed, as well as other factors that must be considered to reach a consensus on this controversial topic.
Digital artery diameters: an anatomic and clinical study.

This study measured the diameter of the arteries at the level of the diaphysis of the proximal phalanges of the index, long, ring, and small fingers. We measured the diameter of the vessel on ten normal arteriograms and on six amputated specimens. The larger vessel was usually on the ulnar border of the index and long fingers and on the radial border of the ring and small forgers. By the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, we assume that the larger vessel has the greater flow and, therefore, represents the dominant vessel to the digit. This observation may have clinical relevance in the reimplantation and revascularization of digits.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer after Proton Therapy

Abstract Purpose: We analyzed biochemical relapse and sexual function in patients treated for prostate cancer with proton therapy (PT) and later treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for hypogonadism. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three patients with biopsy-proven, localized prostate cancer were treated with definitive PT at our institution from 2006 to 2012. Each patient had hypogonadal symptoms and low serum testosterone and received TRT after PT. Biochemical failure was defined by the Phoenix criteria. Sexual function was reported using patient-reported data from the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire. Rates of sexual potency are also reported. Results: The median follow-up was 38 months after completing PT and 14 months after initiating TRT. After 1 to 6 months on TRT, the median serum testosterone level increased from 238 to 497. No patient experienced biochemical failure. Median prostate-specific antigen did not significantly rise. Median EPIC sexual summary, ...