cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing post-socialist urban change with Landsat data; Case study Berlin, Germany

Germany's capital Berlin has undergone tremendous urban structural changes in the past decades since the German re-unification. In addition to processes of urban growth and densification, processes of urban shrinkage occur in Berlin. As these processes have great impact on urban ecosystems and therefore on human well-being, monitoring of respective changes is required to support sustainable urban development. This study therefore aims to detect and quantify the urban structural changes in Berlin and its outskirts since the re-unification in 1989. Hence, two Landsat TM5 data sets covering the city of Berlin and adjacent rural areas were obtained, geometrically corrected and layer stacked. Subsequently, the layer stack was subject to a multi-temporal principal component analysis. Thereafter, an unsupervised classification of selected principal components (PC3, PC4, and PC6) was carried out. The change detection was conducted based on the classification results and yielded reliable results of approximately 90% accuracy. The change analysis showed that besides alternations in agricultural crops major changes occurred on the outskirts of Berlin, mostly in terms of large-area construction activity in the former eastern part. Furthermore, contrary processes could be identified in the former border region of the divided city. Whilst there was building activity in the more central parts, succession and renaturation were detected in most other parts of the Berlin Wall. The study showed that remote sensing has proven to be an appropriate tool to assess contrary post-socialist urban structural changes of Berlin, Germany.
High phospholipase content of intestines of mice infected with Hymenolepis nana.

Infection with the tapewormHymenolepis nana results in the presence of very high amounts of phospholipase in the small intestine of the mouse. The time course and location of this response and its changes following treatment with anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic agents indicate that the enzyme accumulation is part of the reaction of the host to parasitic invasion.
Short-term and long-term consequences and concerns regarding valid assessment of vitamin D deficiency: comparison of recent food supplementation and clinical guidance reports.

Purpose of review The function and use of vitamin D supplementation has become very controversial. This review attempts to provide a balanced perspective with respect to the experimental findings published in the past 18 months. Recent findings The recent contrasts between the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report and the Endocrine Societies report have caused great confusion with respect to the dietary requirement for vitamin D as well as the amount of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D that is desirable. Much recent data contradict the suggestions of the IOM report with respect to vitamin D's role in chronic disease such as cancer, cardiovascular function, immune function and autoimmune ailments such as multiple sclerosis. Summary Controversy regarding supplementation with vitamin D is fueled by the different purposes of the IOM (guidance for food fortification and not to individualized patient care) and the Endocrine Societies (patient care) reports. Healthcare providers should formulate their own opinions with respect to vitamin D as it pertains to the care of their patient.
Bacterial spores as platforms for bioanalytical and biomedical applications

Genetically engineered bacteria-based sensing systems have been employed in a variety of analyses because of their selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of use. These systems, however, have found limited applications in the field because of the inability of bacteria to survive long term, especially under extreme environmental conditions. In nature, certain bacteria, such as those from Clostridium and Bacillus genera, when exposed to threatening environmental conditions are capable of cocooning themselves into a vegetative state known as spores. To overcome the aforementioned limitation of bacterial sensing systems, the use of microorganisms capable of sporulation has recently been proposed. The ability of spores to endow bacteria-based sensing systems with long lives, along with their ability to cycle between the vegetative spore state and the germinated living cell, contributes to their attractiveness as vehicles for cell-based biosensors. An additional application where spores have shown promise is in surface display systems. In that regard, spores expressing certain enzymes, proteins, or peptides on their surface have been presented as a stable, simple, and safe new tool for the biospecific recognition of target analytes, the biocatalytic production of chemicals, and the delivery of biomolecules of pharmaceutical relevance. This review focuses on the application of spores as a packaging method for whole-cell biosensors, surface display of recombinant proteins on spores for bioanalytical and biotechnological applications, and the use of spores as vehicles for vaccines and therapeutic agents.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of ZnO(0001) thin films on GaN(0001) templates and ZnO(0001) substrates

We investigated the properties of ZnO layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on GaN(0001) templates and ZnO(0001) bulk substrates. Steps and hexagonal pits were observed on the surfaces of the ZnO/GaN films as revealed by atomic force microscopy. The root-mean-square roughness was 2.6 nm over 20×20 mm2. The surfaces of the homoepitaxially grown ZnO films were smooth and featureless with a rootmean-square roughnesses of 0.12 nm over 6×6 mm2. Full width at half maximums of ω-scans for the on-axis (0002) and the off-axis (201) reflections were 0.091° and 0.159°, respectively. The corresponding values for the ZnO/ZnO films were 0.025° and 0.035°, respectively. Reciprocal space maps for the (105) reflection revealed that the ZnO films grown on GaN were fully relaxed and that the peaks of the homoepitaxially grown ZnO layers were indistinguishable from the ZnO substrate peaks. Ga-doped ZnO layers were grown at 300 °C on (In,Ga)N light emitting diodes as transparent electrodes and for wafer bonding to ZnO substrates in order to enhance the light extraction. The forward voltage was 4.5 V at 20 mA. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the stimulation of sodium transport by aldosterone

Abstract One view of the mode of action of aldosterone is that the hormone stimulates sodium transport by enhancing the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle at some point between condensing enzyme and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. The evidence supporting this view has been examined. It is found that in the toad bladder: (1) acetoacetate stimulates sodium transport in the presence of aldosterone and oxythiamine. However, this does not imply an action of the hormone prior to α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in the cycle because it has been shown that oxythiamine does not inhibit α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in the intact tissue even though pyruvate dehydrogenase is blocked. (2) Malonate inhibits the hormonal stimulation of sodium transport when pyruvate is the exogenous substrate. (3) Propionate is synergistic with aldosterone. The available evidence does not support the theory that aldosterone stimulates sodium transport by enhancing the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle at some point between condensing enzyme and α-oxoglutarate. Rather, the functioning of an intact tricarboxylic acid cycle is necessary for the full expression of the action of aldosterone.
CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF METHANE TO MORE USEFUL CHEMICALS AND FUELS: A CHALLENGE FOR THE 21st CENTURY

Abstract The very large reserves of methane, which often are found in remote regions, could serve as a feedstock for the production of chemicals and as a source of energy well into the 21st century. Although methane currently is being used in such important applications as the heating of homes and the generation of hydrogen for ammonia synthesis, its potential for the production of ethylene or liquid hydrocarbon fuels has not been fully realized. A number of strategies are being explored at levels that range from fundamental science to engineering technology. These include: (a) stream and carbon dioxide reforming or partial oxidation of methane to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen, followed by Fischer–Tropsch chemistry, (b) the direct oxidation of methane to methanol and formaldehyde, (c) oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene, and (d) direct conversion to aromatics and hydrogen in the absence of oxygen. Each alternative has its own set of limitations; however, economical separation is common to all with the most important issues being the separation of oxygen from air and the separation of hydrogen or hydrocarbons from dilute product streams. Extensive utilization of methane for the production of fuels and chemicals appears to be near, but current economic uncertainties limit the amount of research activity and the implementation of emerging technologies.
A convertible spinal orthosis for controlled torso rigidity

A traditional spinal orthosis in conjunction with a hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis HKAFO improves posture in persons with paraplegia during standing and walking. It also limits the wearer's range of motion when worn during other activities, such as vehicle transfer or sitting and reaching for objects. In order to regain full torso flexibility the user would need to remove the spinal orthosis which can be arduous and time consuming. A Convertible Spinal Orthosis CSO that allows the user to switch between Locked rigid torso support and Unlocked free motion has been designed, fabricated and tested. It shows promise for increasing functionality, wear time and subject comfort. Analysis of movement has been performed with an able-bodied and a paraplegic subject wearing a rigid spinal orthosis, the CSO in both states, and without any bracing. Configuration state had the most impact on lateral bending. Mean values for the paraplegic subject of 27°, 38°, 48°, and 48° and for the able-bodied subject of 22°, 26°, 48°, and 45° were found for lateral bending of the upper torso relative to the thighs in the Rigid, Locked, Unlocked, and No-Brace states, respectively.
Entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremity

Symptoms of entrapment neuropathies are often intermittent, making the diagnosis a challenge; pain, paresthesias, exertional fatigue, weakness, and atrophy may be present. An accurate, detailed history and physical examination, often after activity, is essential to make an accurate diagnosis. Laboratory, radiographic, and electromyographic studies may be helpful, but are often normal. This article reviews the etiology, evaluation, and treatment of the most common upper extremity entrapment neuropathies related to sports participation. Most conditions respond to conservative measures of rehabilitation exercises, relative rest, correction of training and equipment errors, antiinflammatory medications, and protective padding or bracing; occasionally surgical intervention is necessary.
Warfarin and bosentan interaction in a patient with pulmonary hypertension secondary to bilateral pulmonary emboli

Abstract Background : Bosentan is an endothelin-receptor antagonist that reportedly induces both cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2C9 enzymes, which are also involved in warfarin metabolism. We present a case report describing a probable drug interaction between warfarin and bosentan in a patient with pulmonary hypertension. Case summary : A 52-year-old black female (weight, 77 kg) diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension secondary to bilateral pulmonary emboli had a stable international normalized ratio (INR; target range, 2-3) with a weekly warfarin dose of 52.5 mg for 2 months before the initiation of bosentan therapy. Other concurrent medications included telmisartan/ hydrochlorothiazide 40/12.5 mg once daily and a daily multivitamin (which contained no vitamin K). Three weeks after starting bosentan 62.5 mg BID, a therapeutic INR concentration was reached with a weekly warfarin dose 14% higher (an increase of 7.5 mg/wk) than her weekly warfarin dose before initiation of bosentan. After a brief discontinuation (7 days) and retitration of bosentan and warfarin, the final weekly warfarin dose (75 mg/wk) was 43% greater (an increase of 22.5 mg/wk) than the previously stable dose, which enabled the patient to reach her therapeutic INR goal range of 2 to 3. Conclusions : Bosentan has CYP3A4- and CYP2C9-inducing properties and is therefore likely to cause decreased concentrations of warfarin. We describe here a probable drug interaction between bosentan and warfarin that resulted in a 43% increase in warfarin dose to maintain the patient's therapeutic INR.
Oxide films formed on aluminium-enriched surfaces of 304 stainless steel in high-temperature water containing Co ions

Aluminium-enriched surfaces of 18Cr-8Ni stainless steel were subjected to oxidation in 285° C water containing 1 p.p.b. dissolved cobalt for 336 H. Microanalytical studies (scanning electron microscope, X-ray dispersive energy analysis, ion mass spectroanalysis, and ion microprobe mass analysis) were employed to examine the behaviour of cobalt in the oxides formed. It is concluded that (1) the main oxide formed on aluminium-enriched surface is a diaspore, (2) diffusion heat treatment improves the oxidation rate, and (3) the cobalt level decreases constantly from the surface to the interface of the oxide formed on aluminium-enriched samples.
Spatial patterns of functional activation of the cerebellum investigated using high field (4 T) MRI

Using single and multislice functional MRI at high field strength (4 T) we studied cerebellar activation in 12 subjects making a series of alternating wrist flexion and extension movements against constant inertial loads. Three spatial patterns of activation were observed: (i) parasagittal bands of activity localized primarily in the ipsilateral intermediate and lateral zones of the cerebellar hemispheres, (ii) medio-lateral bands which in some subjects followed the contour of individual folia and (iii) fragmented regions of activation covering extensive areas of the cerebellum. Bilateral activation of the cerebellum was observed in all subjects with measurable activity. Mean statistically significant activation intensity ranged from 2.34 to 13.54% above baseline.
Comparison of the diffusion coefficients of linear and cyclic alkanes

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations of linear and cyclic alkanes were performed on a coarse-grained high coordination lattice. The simulations were performed at 473 K for C N H 2 N +2 and C N H 2 N where N had the values of 60, 100, and 316. The results indicated: (i) at low molecular weights, cyclic alkanes have lower diffusion coefficients than linear alkanes, and (ii) at high molecular weights, they have higher diffusion coefficients than linear alkanes. The lower diffusion coefficient of the small cyclic alkanes was attributed to the high local density within the volume defined by the smaller mean square radius of gyration of the cyclic alkanes. The high local density of cyclic alkane segments resulted in a decrease in the mobility of the beads. The crossover in diffusion coefficients was observed around the entanglement molecular weight of linear alkanes, which suggests that the linear alkanes are more susceptible to the effects of entanglements than are the cyclic alkanes.
Toward a More Delicate Elaboration of Procedural Display: A Rejoinder to Atkinson and Delamont

(1990). Toward a More Delicate Elaboration of Procedural Display: A Rejoinder to Atkinson and Delamont. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 71-73.
Noninterferometric methods for ultrashort pulse shape measurement: theory and experiment

Summary form only given. The characterization of the electric field of ultrashort optical pulses is a long standing problem, dating back to the development of mode-locked lasers some thirty years ago. Despite the intense effort that has gone into its study, only a very few schemes have been demonstrated to yield reliably complete amplitude and phase information, although there are more recent proposals and demonstrations of promise. Ultrashort optical pulses have durations shorter than the response time of any electronic instrument. Thus one can never directly measure the electric-field envelope.
The quadratic coupled cluster doubles model

Abstract Beginning from the bi-variational expression for the standard coupled cluster doubles (CCD) energy, we propose including a term quadratic in the left operator, S † 2 . As this makes the left-hand and right-hand wave functions more similar, the resulting functional should better approximate the variational expression. The energy given by the quadratic functional is extensive and the stationary equations may be solved in O( N 6 ) time. These equations have been implemented and the potential energy surfaces for HF dissociation, H 2 O double dissociation and N 2 dissociation are examined. It is found that the quadratic functional effectively reproduces the fully variational results in all cases.
Lattice distortions and vibrational modes of substitutional impurities in silicon.

The lattice distortion and the vibrational behavior of substitutional impurities in Si crystals have been examined. The total energy of the local impurity distortion and its force constant are approximated in a very simple, but first-principles method. The condition to be satisfied for the vibrational modes of substitutional impurities is derived by considering the changes of masses and force constants for the impurity and the host atom. The frequencies of the vibrational modes of the impurities have also been calculated. Theoretical results agree reasonably well with reported experimental values. Expected values for other impurities are predicted.
Interaction of glutathione S-transferase with hypericin: A photophysical study.

The photophysics of hypericin have been studied in its complex with two different isoforms, A1-1 and P1-1, of the protein glutathione S-transferase (GST). One molecule of hypericin binds to each of the two GST subunits. Comparisons are made with our previous results for the hypericin/human serum albumin complex (Photochem. Photobiol. 1999, 69, 633−645). Hypericin binds with high affinity to the GSTs: 0.65 μM for the A1-1 isoform and 0.51 μM for the P1-1 isoform (Biochemistry 2004, 43, 12761−12769). The photophysics and activity of hypericin are strongly modulated by the binding protein. Intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer is suppressed in both cases. Most importantly, while there is significant singlet oxygen generation from hypericin bound to GST A1-1, binding to GST P1-1 suppresses singlet oxygen generation to almost negligible levels. The data are rationalized in terms of a simple model in which the hypericin photophysics depends entirely upon the decay of the triplet state by two competing processe...
Unsuitable distinction between viable and dead Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis by ethidium bromide monoazide.

Aims: The DNA-intercalating dye ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) has recently been used as a DNA binding agent to differentiate viable and dead bacterial cells by selectively penetrating through the damaged membrane of dead cells and blocking the DNA amplification during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We optimized and tested the assay in vitro using Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis cultures to distinguish viable from dead bacteria, with the goal of reducing false positive PCR results. Methods and Results: Viable and heat-inactivated bacteria were treated with EMA or left untreated before DNA extraction. A real-time PCR assay for the detection of the tuf gene in each DNA extract was used. Our results indicated that EMA influenced viable bacteria as well as dead bacteria, and the effect of EMA depended on the EMA concentration and bacterial number. Conclusions: EMA is not a suitable indicator of bacterial viability, at least with respect to Staphylococcus species. Significance and Impact of the Study: Determining the viability of pathogens has a major impact on interpreting the results of molecular tests for bacteria and subsequent clinical management of patients. To this end, several methods are being evaluated. One of these methods – intercalating DNA of dead bacteria by EMA – looked very promising, but our study found it unsatisfactory for S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci.
The role of Lay Review Committees in diabetes research.

Type 1 diabetes is unique among disease entities in having a large voluntary health nonprofit organization (the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) that employs the process of review by laypersons (following a review by scientists) in selecting the recipients of its funding awards to individual investigators/trainees: grants, career-development awards, fellowships, and 'innovative grants.' Therefore, that organization can be a suitable model on which an examination of lay review can be based. This paper summarizes (1) the history of how lay review originated and (2) this foundation's experience with it, (3) assesses the impact of the procedure on the discipline of diabetes science, and (4) examines the role it might play in the future, given the current state of that discipline.
Integration and excision of SV40 DNA from the chromosome of a transformed cell

Abstract The single insertion of SV40 DNA present in the genome of the 14B line of transformed rat cells has been cloned in procaryotic vectors. Analysis of the clones reveals a complex arrangement of viral sequences in which a small tract of DNA is inverted with respect to the major insertion. The nucleotide sequences at the two junctions show sharp transitions between cellular and viral sequences. The sequences which flank the viral insertion have been used as probes to clone the corresponding genomic sequences from the DNA of untransformed rat cells. Analysis of the structure of these clones shows that a rearrangement of cellular sequences has occurred, presumably as a consequence of integration. When 14B cells are fused with uninfected simian cells a heterogeneous set of low molecular weight superhelical DNAs containing viral sequences is generated. These have been cloned in procaryotic vectors and their structures have been analyzed. All of them span the origin of SV40 DNA replication and are colinear with various segments of the integrated viral DNA and its flanking sequences. The shorter molecules contain part of the integrated viral genome and cellular sequences from one side of the insertion. They were therefore generated by recombination between the viral DNA and its flanking cellular sequences. The longer molecules contain cellular sequences from both sides of the insertion as well as an entire copy of the integrated viral DNA. They were therefore generated by recombination between the flanking cellular sequences. These results argue strongly against the involvement of specific excision enzymes, and rather are discussed in terms of a model involving replication of the integrated viral DNA followed by recombination for release of integrated viral sequences.
Normal hepatic and splenic size in children: scintigraphic determination.

Measurements were made on sulfur colloid scintigrams of normal pediatric livers and spleens by analyzing 131 scans from 116 patients referred for liver or spleen trauma. Studies were used only if scans were normal, there was no history of malignancy or hepatic or splenic disease either prior to of after the study. Linear correlation was made with age, weight and both age and weight. All measured parameters correlated better with weight than with age, with vertical liver dimension exhibiting the best correlation (r=0.848). Multivariate analysis demonstrated uniformly better correlation of all measurements with both age and weight. Spleen and liver volumes were calculated assuming simple geometry, and showed excellent correlations. Graphical presentation of data will be useful in the clinical determination of hepatomegaly or splenomegaly in routine scintigraphy.
Optimizing facilities placement and automating permit process for improved utility corridor development

The number of utilities that want to share the transportation right-of-way is rapidly increasing. To promote the best possible allocation of limited resources, a computer-based procedure intended to assist and enhance the routine process of granting permits is suggested. A program strategy has been developed to make an optimization capability available to a permitting agency during examination of the permit application, which is assumed to be filed electronically. The results of this program are intended to provide a basis for granting or denying permits by checking physical constraints to installation, safety, and total cost. The advantage of such a program lies in the ability to examine a large set of possible installation configurations. In cases in which no basis for a simple decision is apparent, a report of this fact is made so that other steps can be taken. The ability to expand occupancy of a corridor at some later date is yet one more consideration relating to the quality of any proposed solution, and this concept is explored as well. The program and examples presented here represent a prototype effort with sufficient generality to be applicable in widely varying circumstances.
Nonlinear summation of force in cat tibialis anterior: a muscle with intrafascicularly terminating fibers

The complex connective tissue structure of muscle and tendon suggests that forces from two parts of a muscle may not summate linearly, particularly in muscles with intrafasciculary terminating fibe...
The value of polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen immunostaining in the diagnosis of microvillous inclusion disease

Microvillous inclusion disease is a specific disorder recognized as a cause of intractable diarrhea of infancy. We studied three cases by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostaining for polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Histologically, all cases had villous atrophy and abnormal accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in surface enterocytes. Ultrastructurally, poorly developed brush-border and intracytoplasmic inclusions lined by intact microvilli were present in surface enterocytes. Crypt cells showed well-preserved surface microvilli. Carcinoembryonic antigen immunostaining showed prominent intracytoplasmic reactivity in surface enterocytes and linear brush-border reactivity in crypt cells. Normal and diseased small bowel biopsy specimens used as controls revealed linear brush-border reactivity without intracytoplasmic staining. Intracytoplasmic positivity for carcinoembryonic antigen in microvillous inclusion disease is explained by its presence in the glycocalyx within the microvillous inclusions. The demonstration of a distinct staining pattern for polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen in routinely processed small bowel biopsy specimens provides a new useful criterion that complements other established techniques for accurate diagnosis of microvillous inclusion disease.
Reaction Spinning of Fibers

A method of forming fibers which is relatively new, yet of potentially wide applica tion, is described herein. The process may be termed "reaction spinning." In reaction apinning, the usual viscosity increase required between spinneret and windup is ac complished by chemical reaction. Incompletely polymerized or incompletely solubilized polymer is forced through an extrusion die or spinneret under such conditions of rate, temperature. concentration, and activation that the polymerization proceeds rapidly within the fiber after it leaves the spinneret. This causes the soft extruded fiber to set to a solid or suitably semisolid state in fiber form on the windup package. where further reaction will complete the transformation to the desired fiber properties. Principles and experimental examptes of the process are described.
Transvaginal ultrasound detection of multifollicular ovaries in non‐hirsute ovulatory women

Objectives To characterize ovarian morphology in a group of ovulatory, non-hirsute women with infertility and normal circulating levels of gonadotropins and sex steroids. Methods Thirty-three women with normal physical examinations, regular ovulatory menses, and absence of hirsutism (Ferriman–Gallwey score ≤ 7) were studied. No woman had thyroid disease, galactorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency or diabetes. Two-dimensional (2D) transvaginal sonography (TVS) was used to measure follicle size and ovarian volume on menstrual cycle day 5. Three-dimensional (3D) TVS images were stored to determine the number of follicles (measuring 2–10 mm in diameter) in the largest sonographic plane. Fasting blood sampling and oral glucose tolerance testing were performed to assess serum gonadotropin and sex steroid levels as well as glucose tolerance. Results The median ovarian volume by 2D-TVS imaging was 7.2 (range, 2.3–15.8) cm3 (n = 64 ovaries). No follicles were > 10 mm in diameter. The median number of follicles by 3D-TVS was 4 (range, 2–8) (n = 63 ovaries) in the largest sonographic plane. Fourteen of 63 ovaries (22%) had six or more small follicles in one plane distributed within normal stroma (multifollicular ovary, MFO). No ovary had 10 or more follicles in one plane located within abundant stroma (polycystic ovary). Of 33 women examined, 20 women (61%) had apparently normal ovaries bilaterally, while 13 (39%) had at least one MFO. There were no significant differences between women with and those without MFO in serum gonadotropin and steroid levels or glucose tolerance. Conclusions MFO is a common morphological variant in non-hirsute ovulatory women with normal gonadotropin secretion and ovarian steroidogenesis. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix reactions of P2 and O3 molecules

Abstract Matrix reactions of P 2 and isotopic ozone molecules have been studied using both heated GaP and discharge of P 4 as sources of P 2 . Isotopic shifts and multiplets support identification of PO, PO 2 , P 2 O, P 2 O 2 , P 2 O 3 , P 2 O 4 , P 2 O 5 and PO 2 − in these experiments.
Comparisons of the Structure of Water at Neat Oil/Water and Air/Water Interfaces as Determined by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation.

We have employed vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) to measure for the first time the structure of water at the interface between two bulk immiscible liquids. The OH stretching modes of the interfacial water molecules are examined and compared with analogous studies at the air/water interface. We find that at the oil/water interface the prevailing structure of the water molecules is a tetrahedral arrangement much like the structure of ice, while at the air/water interface we observe an equal distribution between an ice-like and a less ordered water-like arrangement. The relationship between the structure of the interfacial water molecules and the properties of the other fluid (air or oil) is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding at the interface. We also compare our results to previous VSFG studies and find that our spectrum obtained from the CCl 4 /water interface differs from what was obtained by others at the hexane/water interface where the hexane is present as a thin layer.
Technical highlights in general aviation

Improvements in performance, safety, efficiency, and emissions control in general aviation craft are reviewed. While change is slow, the U.S. industries still account for the bulk (90%) of the world's general aviation fleet. Advances in general aviation aerodynamics, structures and materials, acoustics, avionics, and propulsion are described. Supercritical airfoils, drag reduction design, stall/spin studies, crashworthiness and passenger safety, fiberglass materials, flight noise abatement, interior noise and vibration reduction, navigation systems, quieter and cleaner (reciprocating, turboprop, turbofan) engines, and possible benefits of the Global Position Satellite System to general aviation navigation are covered in the discussion. Some of the developments are illustrated.
The stability of an SO2 atmosphere on Io

Active volcanism observed on Io could provide a continuous source of gases from Io's interior. Only a small fraction of what is coming out of Io's volcanoes is escaping; the bulk of it is being recycled. There must be an atmospheric reservoir which maintains the gases until they have had a chance to recycle. Such an atmosphere must be protected from Jupiter's corotating plasma in order to be stable. Only the dayside atmosphere is subject to escape, while the cold nightside and poles would serve as a sink for atmospheric gases. However, the scavenging of atmospheric gases is maximum at the eastern elongation and minimum at the western elongation. A stable SO2 atmosphere on Io shows promise if the volcanic activity is continuous. If the volcanoes stop erupting, the atmosphere will be depleted.
Determining the three-dimensional convex hull of a polyhedron

A method is presented for determining the three-dimensional convex hull of a real object that is approximated in computer storage by a polyhedron. Essentially, this technique tests all point pairs of the polyhedron for convex edges of the convex hull and then assembles the edges into the polygonal boundaries of each of the faces of the convex hull. Various techniques for optimizing this process are discussed. A computer program has been written, and typical output shapes are illustrated. Finding the three-dimensional convex hull is approximately the same computer burden as eliminating hidden lines.
Congenital heart disease in pregnancy.

Abstract When pregnancy occurs in a woman who has heart disease, the latter is most commonly rheumatic in origin. The relative infrequency of congenital heart disease accounts for the slight consideration given it in most discussions of heart disease in pregnancy, and it seems propitious to call attention to the problem at this time. It is the purpose of the present report to record a series of thirty-three patients, representing eighty deliveries, seen in the past ten years in the Charity Hospital at New Orleans, in order to add to the meager data existing in the literature.
Cereal availability and dental caries.

The present study examines the relation between three cereals: wheat, rice, and maize, to dental caries in 12-year-old children in 47 nations of the world. DMFT data were obstained from the World Health Organization's Oral Epidemiology Bank; data on cereal supplies were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organizations (Rome). The relation between these functions was examined by the methods of correlational and rank order analysis. The data show that: 1) the relation of each of the cereals to canes is different; 2) the consumption of wheat is positively correlated to the DMFT values obtained for the 47 nations: 3) maize consumption is negatively associated with caries; and 4) the consumption of rice shows no correlation. In keeping with these observations, nations in die upper quintile of caries prevalence consumed more wheat and less maize than those in the lower quintile. Although these findings do not ipso-facto demonstrate any cause and effect relationships between cereal availability and caries, they do suggest that starch in the form of wheat may contribute to the prevalence of dental caries in nations throughout the world.
Continuing management of conductive hearing loss during language development.

Abstract Recently greater attention has been focussed on the possibility that mild fluctuating or intermittent hearing loss, as seen in one of early childhood's most common illnesses, otitis media, may have long-lasting and sometimes devastating effects on language development and learning. Conductive hearing loss in serous otitis media most affects frequencies below 2000 Hz, and the duration of hearing loss after an acute episode of otitis media may last 6–24 months in up to 30% of affected children. The first principle of management of this problem and congenital conductive hearing loss is detection prior to language delay. Special attention should be given to neurologically handicapped, retarded, learning disabled or physically frail children since their deficient speech and language are often attributed to abnormal neurologic or intellectual status. Treatment includes limited use of vasoactive decongestants; for acute suppurative otitis media antibiotics may be chosen empirically with a high percentage of good results. Other measures include speech and language evaluation, home stimulation language programs and temporary or longterm amplification. The surgeon assesses the patient for potential operability. Surgery to correct a congenital conductive lesion should not be attempted in an only hearing ear.
Lymphedema following treatment for breast cancer: A new approach to an old problem

Lymphedema following treatment for breast cancer can be an irreversible condition with a profound negative impact on quality of life. The lack of consensus regarding standard definitions of clinically significant lymphedema and optimal methods of measurement and quantification are unresolved problems. Inconsistencies persist regarding the appropriate timing of intervention and what forms of treatment should be the standard of care. There are reports that early detection and intervention can prevent progression, however,the Level 1 evidence to support this hypothesis has yet to be generated. To assess these controversies, we propose the implementation of a screening program to detect early lymphedema in conjunction with a randomized, prospective trial designed to generate Level 1 evidence regarding the efficacy of early intervention and appropriate treatment strategies. Collaboration among institutions that manage breast cancer patients is essential to establish a standardized approach to lymphedema and to establish guidelines for best practice.
Large wave number aperture-limited Fourier inversion and inverse scattering

Abstract Aperture-limited Fourier operators are like pseudo-differential operators, except that the symbol of the latter is part of the unknown kernel function of the former. Such operators arise naturally in inverse scattering when one applies an integral inverse scattering operator to model data with an unknown (such as a reflection coefficient) which depends on the source/receiver location as well as on interior medium coordinates. Large wave number aperture-limited Fourier operators can be analyzed by multidimensional stationary phase. The nature of the asymptotic expansion of such operators will then depend on the properties of the kernel function to which the operator is applied. Of interest in inverse scattering are distributions with support at a point or on a surface (the singular function of a surface) and piecewise smooth functions (whose discontinuity surfaces are reflectors). The purpose of this paper is to present some features of the asymptotics of large wave number aperture-limited Fourier inversion operators and to relate these results to the application of a recently developed inverse scattering formalism as applied to Kirchhoff-approximate scattering data from a reflecting surface. It is shown how the latter problem can be reduced to the former, asymptotically. Then, the more simply derived asymptotic expansions of the former can be applied to predict the output of the latter.
Inclusion disks for polynomial zeros in generalized bases

Abstract We generalize several Cauchy-like inclusion regions for the zeros of a polynomial expressed in a basis defined by a three-term recurrence relation. Our results are obtained by applying linear algebra techniques to the comrade matrix of a polynomial. We pay special attention to the Newton and Chebyshev bases.
CW Argon-ion Laser Crystallization of a-Si:H Thin Films

Thin a-Si:H films, with a thickness of 1 µm, with different hydrogen concentrations, prepared by hot wire deposition were crystallized by 514.5 nm cw Ar ion laser radiation, with a power density between 150 and 270 kW/cm 2 . The crystallization was continuously monitored by Raman spectroscopy for exposures up to hours. The analysis of crystallization process using Johnson-Mehl phenomenological equations showed an apparent crystallization energy of around 0.5 eV and low dimensional crystal growth. The mean value of the crystal size decreases with increasing irradiation energy and initial hydrogen content and varies between 3 and 6 nm.
Mammalian pineal melatonin: A clock for all seasons

The central role of the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin (MEL) in mammalian photoperiodic responses is discussed in terms of: 1) evidence for the involvement of MEL in photoperiodism, 2) which feature of the MEL secretion profile might be most important for regulating photoperiodic responses, 3) evidence for the modulation of responses to changes in daylength based on previous photoperiod exposure (i.e., photoperiodic history) and 4) how the MEL signal might be processed at its target sites to elicit physiological responses.
1/f noise in single-walled carbon nanotube films

We use Monte Carlo simulations and modeling to study the 1/ f noise in CNT films as a function of device parameters and film resistivity. We consider noise sources due to both tube-tube junctions and nanotubes themselves. By comparing the simulation results with experimental data, we find that the noise generated by tube-tube junctions dominates the total CNT film 1/ f noise. We then systematically study the effect of device length, device width and film thickness on the 1/ f noise scaling in CNT films. Our results show that the noise amplitude depends strongly on device dimensions and on the film resistivity, following a power-law relationship near the percolation threshold. Despite its relative simplicity, our computational approach explains the experimentally observed 1/ f noise scaling in CNT films. Since 1/ f noise is a more sensitive measure of percolation than resistivity, these simulations will help improve the performance of CNT film sensors at the micro-nano interface, where noise is an important figure of merit.
Coronavirus non-structural protein 16: evasion, attenuation, and possible treatments.

The recent emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), nearly a decade after the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) CoV, highlights the importance of understanding and developing therapeutic treatment for current and emergent CoVs. This manuscript explores the role of NSP16, a 2′O-methyl-transferase (2′O-MTase), in CoV infection and the host immune response. The review highlights conserved motifs, required interaction partners, as well as the attenuation of NSP16 mutants, and restoration of these mutants in specific immune knockouts. Importantly, the work also identifies a number of approaches to exploit this understanding for therapeutic treatment and the data clearly illustrate the importance of NSP16 2′O-MTase activity for CoV infection and pathogenesis.
Methylmercury/copper effects on hemosiderin: possible mechanism of immune suppression in fish

In recent years, considerable work has been concerned with the effects of sub-lethal doses of various pollutants on the immune response of various organisms. In view of this evidence, the purpose of the present study was to determine if methylmercury and copper might produce any gross histological effects in the spleens of blue gouramis that might account for the decrease in immunity. It appears that injection of antigen stimulates the proliferation of the white pulp of the spleen into the hemosiderin bodies, indicating that perhaps the white pulp is the source of the antibodies. Treatment with methylmercury, copper or methylmercury + copper appears to reduce this phenomenon as can especially be seen in cases where no antibodies are produced (complete immunosuppression). It would appear that methylmercury, copper and methylmercury + copper exert their immunosuppressive effects by preventing the proliferation of the white pulp of the spleen. However, the role of the white pulp in the production of antibodies remains unclear, and further work in this area is necessary to determine the exact cellular source of the antibodies.
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase prevents acute lung injury in obese rats following severe trauma.

Lung capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) and impacts of oxidative stress have not been determined in the setting of severe trauma, especially in obese patients who exhibit increased lung injury. ...
Efficient auction-based grid reservations using dynamic programming

Auction mechanisms have been proposed as a means to efficiently and fairly schedule jobs in high-performance computing environments. The generalized vickrey auction has long been known to produce efficient allocations while exposing users to truth-revealing incentives, but the algorithms used to compute its payments can be computationally intractable. In this paper we present a novel implementation of the generalized vickrey auction that uses dynamic programming to schedule jobs and compute payments in pseudo-polynomial time. Additionally, we have built a version of the PBS scheduler that uses this algorithm to schedule jobs, and in this paper we present the results of our tests using this scheduler.
CTH07-1: Effect of Feedback Delay on Multi-Antenna Limited Feedback for Temporally-Correlated Channels

A novel method based on Markov chain theory is proposed for analyzing the effect of feedback delay on a transmit beamforming system with limited feedback. Using this method, the ergodic capacity with delayed feedback of channel state information is derived. The capacity gain with respect to the case of no feedback is shown to decrease at least exponentially with the feedback delay. From these results, useful design guidelines can be derived for choosing system parameters including the vehicular speed and the tolerable feedback delay.
Regulation of Ventricular Contraction by the Carotid Sinus: Its Effect on Atrial and Ventricular Dynamics

A lowering of pressure in the carotid sinus reflexly increases the force of atrial systole by (a) increasing sympathetic activity to the heart (carotido-sympatho-atrial reflex) and(b) decreasing efferent vagal activity to the heart (carotido-vago-atrial reflex); an elevation of carotid pressure has the reverse effect. The carotid sinus can thereby vary ventricular end-diastolic pressure and fiber length. A change of pressure in the carotid sinus reflexly modifies the ventricle's contractility such that from a given end-diastolic pressure or fiber length, with a low carotid pressure the ventricle's contraction will be substantially augmented and from a high carotid pressure it will be diminished. The role of the carotid sinus in circulatory regulation has been likened to a voltage regulating element in an electronic system; i.e., it causes an appropriate variation of input into the system so as to maintain a constant voltage when the current requirements of the system it is supplying are changed.
Selling to Conspicuous Consumers: Pricing, Production, and Sourcing Decisions

Consumers often purchase goods that are “hard to find” to conspicuously display their exclusivity and social status. Firms that produce such conspicuously consumed goods such as designer apparel, fashion goods, jewelry, etc., often face challenges in making optimal pricing and production decisions. Such firms are confronted with precipitous trade-off between high sales volume and high margins, because of the highly uncertain market demand, strategic consumer behavior, and the display of conspicuous consumption. In this paper, we propose a model that addresses pricing and production decisions for a firm, using the rational expectations framework. We show that, in equilibrium, firms may offer high availability of goods despite the presence of conspicuous consumption. We show that scarcity strategies are harder to adopt as demand variability increases, and we provide conditions under which scarcity strategies could be successfully adopted to improve profits. Finally, to credibly commit to scarcity strategy, we show that firms can adopt sourcing strategies, such as sourcing from an expensive production location/supplier or using expensive raw materials. This paper was accepted by Preyas Desai and Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.