cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1017-73 Mortality within 24 Hours of Coronary Intervention is Greater in Women than Men

We have previously shown that gender does not influence the outcome of emergency bypass surgery for complicated PTCA. To compare mortality within 24 hours of PTCA for men and women not going to emergency CABG, we reviewed all patients (n = 3627) undergoing PTCA from 7/89–3/93 at our institution, and identified 32 (0.9%) who died within 24 hours of coronary intervention. Women Men P Number of Patients (%) 21/1345 (1.6%) 11/2282 (0.5%) 0.001 Age (years ± SD) 66.0 ± 14.6 667 ± 10.4 NS PriorMI (%) 9/21 (43%) 6/11 (54%) NS Prior CABG (%) 2/21 (10%) 2/11 (18%) NS Emergent PTCA (%) 12/21 (57%) 8/11 (73%) NS Cardiogenic Shock (%) 11/21 (52%) 6/11 (54%) NS Acute MI (%) 12/21 (57%) 8/11 (72%) NS Thrombolytics (%) 8/21 (38%) 5/11(45%) NS Triple Vessel CAD (%) 10/21 (48%) 7/11(63%) NS Post-PTCA Stenosis l50% (%) 16/21 (76%) 7/11 (63%) NS Death in Cath Lab (%) 10/21(48%) 7/11 (63%) NS Bleeding Complication (%) 4/21(19%) 0/11 (0%) 0.12 Cardiac Death (%) 17/21(81%) 11/11 (100%) 0.12 We conclude that mortality within 24 hrs following PTCA in patients not having emergency CABG is more than 3 times higher in women than men despite comparable age, extent of coronary disease, and procedural reduction of luminal stenosis. Although the cause of the increased mortality in women is unclear, non-cardiac complications in women may be a contributing factor.
The toxicology of the Schistosomicidal agent oxamniquine

Oxamniquine displayed low acute toxicity in mice, hamsters, and rabbits. In rats, however, oxamniquine was much more toxic, the female being 8–10 times more sensitive than the male; single doses elicited an idiosyncratic sex-linked hepatic necrosis and bile duct proliferation. Dogs given repeated oral doses of 20 or 30 mg/kg/day for 5 successive days every 4 weeks for 11 months showed neurological disturbances of short duration, which tended gradually to increase in severity from one dosage period to the next; no histopathological correlate could be found. In chronic studies in mice (18 months) and hamsters (19 months) with intermittent dosage regimens relevant to likely usage in man, no evidence of carcinogenicity potential was observed at dose levels up to 150 mg/kg. Oxamniquine displayed no maternal toxicity or teratogenicity in mice and rabbits, and only slight embryotoxicity after high oral doses.
Magnetic resonance imaging of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII

Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory) are intimately related. Therefore, for imaging purposes they are best considered as a unit rather than as individual structures. The XIth nerves are not considered true cranial nerves because they are formed by cephalic (bulbar) and caudal (spinal) divisions. The XIIth (hypoglossal) nerves arise inferiorly to the above mentioned cranial nerves and exit the skull via a different set of foramina. Because the course of these four pairs of cranial nerves extends from the base of the skull to the upper thorax, a combination of both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography is needed for optimal evaluation. This article will emphasize the use of MRI when appropriate.
Phthalocyanines And Their Sulfonated Derivatives As Photosensitizers In Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of human tumors with hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) has achieved encouraging results. However, HpD is a complex mixture whose composition varies in different preparations and with time of storage. The future promise of PDT for cancer treatment depends on the development of new chemically defined sensitizers which absorb more strongly than HpD in the 600-800 nm region. A shift to higher wavelengths is desirable since it allows increased light penetration in human tissues. In vivo, these sensitizers should be non-toxic, localize selectively in tumors and generate cytotoxic species upon illumination with a high quantum yield. These damaging species may be singlet oxygen (1O2) produced by the transfer of energy from the triplet state of the sensitizer to oxygen (Type II) or superoxide anion radicals formed by electron transfer to oxygen or substrate radicals generated by electron or hydrogen transfer directly from the sensitizer (Type I). The recent work of several groups indicating that phthalocyanines and their water soluble derivatives are promising candidates for PDT is reviewed. The photophysics, photochemistry, photosensitized killing of cultured mammalian cells and the use for in vivo photodynamic therapy of phthalocyanines is outlined. Our studies of the post-illumination photohemolysis of human red blood cells as a model system for membrane photomodification sensitized by phthalocyanine sulfonates are consistent with the predominant role of 1O2 as the damaging species.
LKB1 and Src: Antagonistic Regulators of Tumor Growth and Metastasis

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Carretero and colleagues report that Src and FAK signaling pathways are activated in lung cancers when the tumor suppressor LKB1 is deleted. These findings suggest the use of unique combinatorial therapies for treatment of lung cancers.
Intermediate filaments: Analysis of filamentous aggregates induced by griseofulvin, an antitubulin agent

Abstract Mice fed griseofulvin, an antibiotic with antimicrotubular activity, formed hepatocellular aggregates of intermediate filaments, which resembled those associated with human alcoholic liver disease. These aggregates, termed Mallory bodies, were isolated from both human and mouse liver and the composition of these structures compared. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that the mouse filaments were composed of four major polypeptides (51,000, 47,000, 37,000, and 36,000 daltons). Human Mallory bodies possessed a similar number of components but of different molecular weights (56,000, 51,000, 50,000, and 38,000 daltons). Guinea pig antisera prepared against both whole human Mallory bodies and the major human polypeptide (56,000 daltons) crossreacted with mouse Mallory body material in both immunochemical and immunocytochemical systems. Our findings suggest that the two filament systems possess similar biochemical and immunological properties.
Allen James Fromherz, Ibn Khaldun, Life and Times

Ibn Khaldun, Life and Times, by Allen James Fromherz, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2010, 190 pp., £65.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-748-63934-2/ £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-748-64483-4 Sch...
Steroids XXII: 4-Dialkylaminoethyl-4-aza-cholestanes and Androstanes

The synthesis of 4-dimethylaminoethyl-17α-methyl-4-aza-5-androsten-17β-ol-3-one (II) and 4-diethylaminoethyl-17α-methyl-4-aza-5-androsten-17β-ol-3-one from 17α-methyl-3, 5-seco-4-norandrostan-17β-ol-5-on-3-oic acid is described. Conditions for preparing the 5-hydroxy intermediates are reported. These lactams were converted into quaternary salts. II was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride and subsequently with hydrogen and platinum to obtain 4-dimethylaminoethyl-17α-methyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-17β-ol. Similar syntheses, beginning with 3,5-seco-4-norcholestan-5-on-3-oic acid, are described. Some of these derivatives possess antimicrobial properties.
Portable Boundaries: Trollope, Race, and Travel

Anthony Trollope earned renown as the inventor of the quintessentially English county of Barsetshire, and but few of his forty‐seven novels leave England to venture into foreign lands for any susta...
Symbolic analysis of large-scale networks using a hierarchical signal flowgraph approach

This paper presents an approach suitable for the symbolic analysis of large-scale active networks. The method depends on the partitioning of the network into smaller networks which are then symbolically analyzed noniteratively using the Mason’s signal flowgraph models of each partition. The resulting solutions, which are reduced signal flowgraphs (transfer functions) for the subnetworks are then hierarchically combined to produce the final solution or solutions (transfer functions) for the entire system. The advantage of such an approach is the reduction in the number of symbolic terms compared to the conventional approaches, and the ability to analyze hybrid systems consisting of electrical and nonelectrical parts. The result of the analysis is a series of equations that have an upward hierarchical dependency on each other.
Dihydrotestosterone stimulates mounting behavior but not lordosis in female rats

The ability of androgens to stimulate masculine sexual behavior is thought to depend on the aromatization of such androgens to estrogens. In this scheme, reduced androgens such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which cannot be aromatized, are thought to exert major peripheral but little or no central nervous system influences on the display of masculine sexual behavior. Further, an early report that DHT can induce lordosis, an estrogen (E) dependent behavior, led to a notion that DHT may effect behavior through metabolic intermediates such as 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (ADIOL) which then binds to estrogen receptors eliciting the E-dependent lordotic response. The present study reexamined and compared the relative effectiveness of a range of DHT dosages in stimulating a characteristic masculine (mounting) and feminine (lordosis) sexual behavior. Adult ovariectomized rats were randomly assigned to either 250 micrograms or 1 mg daily injections of DHT or DHTP. Other animals received OIL injections or crystalline DHT delivered by two different lengths (20 mm or 40 mm) of Silastic capsules. Animals were tested once weekly (for 5 weeks) for mounting behavior (20 minute test). Then animals were tested thrice (once weekly) for lordosis 4 hrs after the addition of 500 micrograms Progesterone (P). Finally, all females were tested for lordotic potential to respond to 10 micrograms EB plus P. 1 mg DHT or DHTP dosages and the 40 mm-Silastic condition significantly increased mounting behavior over that of lower dosages and OIL controls. A significant correlation existed between mounting frequency and circulating level of serum DHT. Treatment with DHTP was not different than DHT in eliciting mounting behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Third-order model of thermal conductivity for random polydisperse particulate materials using well-resolved statistical descriptions from tomography

Abstract For heterogeneous materials, obtaining an accurate statistical description has remained an outstanding problem. We accurately evaluate the three-point microstructural parameter that arises in third-order bounds and approximations of effective material properties. We propose new adaptive methods for computing n -point probability functions obtained from three-dimensional microstructures. We show that for highly packed systems our methods result in a 45% accuracy improvement compared to the latest techniques, and third-order approximations agree well with simulation data. Furthermore, third-order estimates of the effective behavior are computed for tomographically characterized systems of highly filled polydisperse ellipsoids and cuboids for the first time.
Phase behavior and structures of mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants

Spontaneous, single-walled, equilibrium vesicles of controlled size and surface charge can be prepared from aqueous mixtures of simple, commercially available, single-tailed cationic and anionic surfactants. We present detailed phase behavior and structural studies of one such mixture, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and cetyl trimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT) in H 2 O, as well as results of less complete surveys of other mixtures
The Criminal and the Saintly Body: Autopsy and Dissection in Renaissance Italy*

On the 17th of August 1308 Chiara of Montefalco died in the small Umbrian monastery of which she had been the abbess. Her fellow nuns did not take any steps to preserve her body. Nonetheless, for five days it remained uncorrupted and redolent of the odor of sanctity, despite the blazing summer heat. At that point— not wanting to tempt fate further—the community decided to embalm the precious relic. In the words of Sister Francesca of Montefalco, testifying some years later at Chiara's unsuccessful canonization procedure, “They agreed that [her] body should be preserved on account of her holiness and because God took such pleasure in her body and her heart.” They sent to the town apothecary for “balsam and myrrh and other preservatives,” as the apothecary himself testified, and they proceeded to the next step in contemporary embalming practice, which was evisceration.
Reperfusion of hibernating myocardium: contractile function, high-energy phosphate content, and myocyte injury after 3 hours of sublethal ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion in the canine model.

Abstract Hibernating myocardium has been defined as a persistent impairment of contractile function resulting from reduced coronary blood flow that can be partially or completely resolved once coronary perfusion is restored. In fact, recent clinical reports have documented a dramatic improvement in contractile function after relief of chronic sublethal ischemia. To investigate the phenomenon of sublethal ischemia followed by reperfusion, we assessed myocyte morphology, high-energy phosphate content, and regional contractile function in dogs undergoing (1) 3 hours of subtotal coronary artery occlusion (CO) and 3 hours of reflow or (2) 3 hours of total CO followed by reflow, in which myocyte viability was maintained by extensive collateral perfusion during ischemia (total CO/negligible necrosis). Data were compared with findings in a third group of dogs with total CO and low collateral blood flow during ischemia, in which large confluent infarcts developed. Endocardial blood flow averaged 30 ± 6% ( p p p p p p p
The effects of repeated zolpidem treatment on tolerance, withdrawal-like symptoms, and GABAA receptor mRNAs profile expression in mice: comparison with diazepam.

Rationale Zolpidem is a short-acting, non-benzodiazepine hypnotic that acts as a full agonist at α1-containing GABAA receptors. Overall, zolpidem purportedly has fewer instances of abuse and dependence than traditionally used benzodiazepines. However, several studies have shown that zolpidem may be more similar to benzodiazepines in terms of behavioral tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
A preliminary investigation of the effects of sodium amytal, prior reward in G1 and activity level on the FE

Twenty-four Ss received partial (50%) and 12 Ss (controls) received no reward in the first goal box of a double alley apparatus during a series of test trials. Injections of sodium amytal and saline placebo were given on alternate 2-day blocks. Experimental Ss displayed “frustration effects” (FEs) which were unaffected by the drug or by two other experimental variables. However, comparisons with the control Ss revealed that the FEs did not result from frustration (Rf). Thus this study illustrates the danger in utilizing the FE as an index of Rf.
Molecular Genetics of Human Blood Pressure Variation

Hypertension is a common multifactorial vascular disorder of largely unknown cause. Recognition that hypertension is in part genetically determined has motivated studies to identify mutations that confer susceptibility. Thus far, mutations in at least 10 genes have been shown to alter blood pressure; most of these are rare mutations imparting large quantitative effects that either raise or lower blood pressure. These mutations alter blood pressure through a common pathway, changing salt and water reabsorption in the kidney. These findings demonstrate the utility of molecular genetic approaches to the understanding of blood pressure variation and may provide insight into the physiologic mechanisms underlying common forms of hypertension.
Fitting enzyme-kinetic data to VK☆

Kinetic data from enzyme-catalyzed reactions have been analyzed traditionally in terms of the Michaelis-Menten equation, which assumes that the maximal velocity (V) and the Michaelis constant (K) are the primary kinetic constants. But what is needed from most kinetic studies today is V/K. A new form of the equation is proposed which assumes that V and V/K are the primary kinetic constants: v = (V . S . V/K)/(V + S . V/K). Computer fittings of both experimental and simulated velocity data to both equations give results favoring the new equation.
Incorporating pharmacy student activities into an antimicrobial stewardship program in a long-term acute care hospital

Purpose The impact on antimicrobial costs of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) that integrated pharmacy students as integral members was evaluated. Methods Demographic and discharge disposition data and antimicrobial acquisition cost data were retrospectively collected for all patients admitted to Promise Hospital of Salt Lake between June 1, 2009, and May 31, 2012. During this study, the primary role of pharmacy students in the ASP was to monitor all infection-related patient problems in the facility and meet daily with the infectious diseases pharmacist and clinical pharmacist to develop recommendations for optimizing antimicrobial use. The primary outcome measure was the mean antimicrobial acquisition cost per patient per day, calculated before ASP implementation (baseline period) and two years after ASP implementation (intervention period). The acquisition costs of antimicrobial agents per patient day were compared before and two years after implementation of the ASP involving pharmacy students. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t test for continuous data and the chi-square test for nominal data. Results The rate of patient discharge to skilled nursing facilities was significantly higher during the intervention period versus the baseline period ( p = 0.016); no other significant comparisons were found. The mean ± S.D. antimicrobial costs per patient day were $75.37 ± $11.85 in the baseline period and $64.13 ± $13.78 in the intervention period ( p = 0.022). This difference represents a cost savings of $261,630 during the two-year intervention period. Conclusion Decreased antimicrobial costs were observed over a two-year period after implementation of an ASP that incorporated pharmacy students as integral members of the program.
2 D Lattices on Substrates with Randomly Distributed Pinning Centers: A Possible Scaling Law for Domain Sizes

The authors consider 2D lattices which are disordered by an external field, in this case by a dense, random distribution of attractive pinning centers of an underlying substrate. The preferred configuration of the 2D system with screened-Coulomb two-body interactions and a fixed number of particles is a triangular lattice configuration. The pinning centers strongly affect the triangular lattice configuration. By keeping the location and the density of the pinning centers fixed, they study the effects of pinning strength on the structural properties of the lattice. They find that the strongly disordered lattice prefers to form irregular domains of size s which are composed entirely of topological defects. The distribution of sizes of these domains, D(s) suggest that s{sup {minus}{tau}} for sufficiently large s. The results are consistent with {tau} {ge} 2 in the solid phase and {tau} < 2 in the liquid phase. They present a general argument in support of the findings and suggest that the physics which dictates the structure of 2D lattices on substrates with randomly distributed pinning centers is the same as that for a broad range of problems in which an external field strongly influences the behavior of an interacting physical system.
Novel mutations affecting the Na, K ATPase alpha model complex neurological diseases and implicate the sodium pump in increased longevity

Mutations affecting the Na+, K+ ATPase alpha subunit have been implicated in at least two distinct human diseases, rapid-onset dystonia Parkinsonism (RDP), and familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Over 40 mutations have been mapped to the human ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 genes and are known to result in RDP, FHM or a variant of FHM with neurological complications. To develop a genetically tractable model system for investigating the role of the Na+, K+ ATPase in neural pathologies we performed genetic screens in Drosophila melanogaster to isolate loss-of-function alleles affecting the Na+, K+ ATPase alpha subunit. Flies heterozygous for these mutations all exhibit reduced respiration, consistent with a loss-of-function in the major ATPase. However, these mutations do not affect all functions of the Na+, K+ ATPase alpha protein since embryos homozygous for these mutations have normal septate junction paracellular barrier function and tracheal morphology. Importantly, all of these mutations cause neurological phenotypes and, akin to the mutations that cause RDP and FHM, these new alleles are missense mutations. All of these alleles exhibit progressive stress-induced locomotor impairment suggesting neuromuscular dysfunction, yet neurodegeneration is observed in an allele-specific manner. Surprisingly, studies of longevity demonstrate that mild hypomorphic mutations in the sodium pump significantly improve longevity, which was verified using the Na+, K+ ATPase antagonist ouabain. The isolation and characterization of a series of new missense alleles of ATPalpha in Drosophila provides the foundation for further studies of these neurological diseases and the role of sodium pump impairment in animal longevity.
Decentralized Data Reduction With Quantization Constraints

A guiding principle for data reduction in statistical inference is the sufficiency principle. This paper extends the classical sufficiency principle to decentralized inference, i.e., data reduction needs to be achieved in a decentralized manner. We examine the notions of local and global sufficient statistics and the relationship between the two for decentralized inference under different observation models. We then consider the impact of quantization on decentralized data reduction, which is often needed when communications among sensors are subject to finite capacity constraints. The central question we intend to ask is: if each node in a decentralized inference system has to summarize its data using a finite number of bits, is it still optimal to implement data reduction using global sufficient statistics prior to quantization? We show that the answer is negative using a simple example and proceed to identify conditions under which sufficiency based data reduction followed by quantization is indeed optimal. They include the well known case when the data at decentralized nodes are conditionally independent as well as a class of problems with conditionally dependent observations that admit conditional independence structure through the introduction of an appropriately chosen hidden variable.
A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony

The year 2000 marks the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of A Little Commonwealth by Bancroft Prize-winning scholar John Demos. This groundbreaking study examines the family in the context of the colony founded by the Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. Basing his work on physical artifacts, wills, estate inventories, and a variety of legal and official enactments, Demos portrays the family as a structure of roles and relationships, emphasizing those of husband and wife, parent and child, and master and servant. The book's most startling insights come from a reconsideration of commonly-held views of American Puritans and of the ways in which they dealt with one another. Demos concludes that Puritan "repression" was not as strongly directed against sexuality as against the expression of hostile and aggressive impulses, and he shows how this pattern reflected prevalent modes of family life and child-rearing. The result is an in-depth study of the ordinary life of a colonial community, located in the broader environment of seventeenth-century America. Demos has provided a new foreword and a list of further reading for this second edition, which will offer a new generation of readers access to this classic study.
Evolutionary Information Theory

Evolutionary information theory is a constructive approach that studies information in the context of evolutionary processes, which are ubiquitous in nature and society. In this paper, we develop foundations of evolutionary information theory, building several measures of evolutionary information and obtaining their properties. These measures are based on mathematical models of evolutionary computations, machines and automata. To measure evolutionary information in an invariant form, we construct and study universal evolutionary machines and automata, which form the base for evolutionary information theory. The first class of measures introduced and studied in this paper is evolutionary information size of symbolic objects relative to classes of automata or machines. In particular, it is proved that there is an invariant and optimal evolutionary information size relative to different classes of evolutionary machines. As a rule, different classes of algorithms or automata determine different information size for the same object. The more powerful classes of algorithms or automata decrease the information size of an object in comparison with the information size of an object relative to weaker4 classes of algorithms or machines. The second class of measures for evolutionary information in symbolic objects is studied by introduction of the quantity of evolutionary information about symbolic objects relative to a class of automata or machines. To give an example of applications, we briefly describe a possibility of modeling physical evolution with evolutionary machines to demonstrate applicability of evolutionary information theory to all material processes. At the end of the paper, directions for future research are suggested.
Evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) can be accurately measured without contamination in human serum and urine, and that BPA causes numerous hazards from multiple routes of exposure

There is extensive evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) is related to a wide range of adverse health effects based on both human and experimental animal studies. However, a number of regulatory agencies have ignored all hazard findings. Reports of high levels of unconjugated (bioactive) serum BPA in dozens of human biomonitoring studies have also been rejected based on the prediction that the findings are due to assay contamination and that virtually all ingested BPA is rapidly converted to inactive metabolites. NIH and industry-sponsored round robin studies have demonstrated that serum BPA can be accurately assayed without contamination, while the FDA lab has acknowledged uncontrolled assay contamination. In reviewing the published BPA biomonitoring data, we find that assay contamination is, in fact, well controlled in most labs, and cannot be used as the basis for discounting evidence that significant and virtually continuous exposure to BPA must be occurring from multiple sources.
Chemical geodynamics of Western Anatolia

We report major and trace element concentrations and Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic data of 10 post-collisional volcanic domains in Western Anatolia, a seismically active part of the Alpine–Himalayan belt in the Aegean extensional province. Our objective is to provide geochemical constraints for tectono-magmatic processes shaping the late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of Western Anatolia. Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks occurring to the north of the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone show arc-like trace elements and isotopes and were formed by the melting of the metasomatized Neotethyan mantle-wedge; this process was facilitated by asthenospheric upwelling resulting from slab delamination. Calc-alkaline and alkaline volcanic rocks from within the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone also show the imprint of subduction fluids in their major and trace elements, but their isotopic compositions indicate derivation from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle followed by assimilation of ancient crust. Volcanics along the N–S-oriented...
THE C TERMINUS OF E1A REGULATES TUMOR PROGRESSION AND EPITHELIAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION

The E1A gene of adenovirus has been considered both a dominant oncogene and a tumor suppressor. It has been reported to induce epithelial cell but to prevent myoblast differentiation. E1A enables oncogenes that are unable to transform primary cells on their own to do so, yet suppresses tumor progression toward invasion and metastasis. To try to reconcile the seemingly, conflicting E1A phenotypes, we examined the expression of epithelial cell specific and characterizing proteins in immortalized or tumorigenically transformed primary epithelial cells expressing wild-type E1A or a C-terminal mutant that has lost tumor suppressive abilities. All the cell types continued to express cytokeratin. Epithelial cell morphology, social behavior, and growth characteristics were retained by cells expressing wild-type E1A, even in the presence of an activated ras oncogene. Mutant E1A-expressing cells were less well differentiated even in the absence of ras. They were specifically defective in cell-cell junctional complexes, such as tight and adherens junctions and desmosomes. There was also a preference for those actin structures prominent in fibroblasts: stress fibers and filopodia, while in the wild-type E1A expressing cells, cortical actin and circumferential actin filaments were dominant. Thus the E1A-mutant-expressing cells were already predisposed to a more advanced tumor stage even when they were only immortalized and not transformed. The results suggest the possibility that the C terminus of E1A may be involved in regulating epithelial mesenchymal transitions, which have previously been linked to tumor progression.
Establishing a framework to implement 4D XCAT Phantom for 4D radiotherapy research

Aims: To establish a framework to implement the 4D integrated extended cardiac torso (XCAT) digital phantom for 4D radiotherapy (RT) research. Materials and Methods: A computer program was developed to facilitate the characterization and implementation of the 4D XCAT phantom. The program can (1) generate 4D XCAT images with customized parameter files; (2) review 4D XCAT images; (3) generate composite images from 4D XCAT images; (4) track motion of selected region-of-interested (ROI); (5) convert XCAT raw binary images into DICOM format; (6) analyse clinically acquired 4DCT images and real-time position management (RPM) respiratory signal. Motion tracking algorithm was validated by comparing with manual method. Major characteristics of the 4D XCAT phantom were studied. Results: The comparison between motion tracking and manual measurements of lesion motion trajectory showed a small difference between them (mean difference in motion amplitude: 1.2 mm). The maximum lesion motion decreased nearly linearly (R 2 = 0.97) as its distance to the diaphragm (DD) increased. At any given DD, lesion motion amplitude increased nearly linearly (R 2 range: 0.89 to 0.95) as the inputted diaphragm motion increased. For a given diaphragm motion, the lesion motion is independent of the lesion size at any given DD. The 4D XCAT phantom can closely reproduce irregular breathing profile. The end-to-end test showed that clinically comparable treatment plans can be generated successfully based on 4D XCAT images. Conclusions: An integrated computer program has been developed to generate, review, analyse, process, and export the 4D XCAT images. A framework has been established to implement the 4D XCAT phantom for 4D RT research.
Before–after paired data

In injury research, a commonly used methodology is the ‘before–after’ study design (Bangdiwala, Villaveces, Garrettson, & Ringwalt, 2012), where the injury situation in a given locality is assessed...
Epimerization at C‐2 of 2‐substituted thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acids

2(R,S)-5,5-Trimethylthiazolidine-4-(S)-carboxylic acid (1a), with a 3.3 to 1 predominance of the 2S (cis) isomer, was shown to epimerize at the C-2 position in neutral, protic solvents. This was manifested by mutarotation concomitant to changes in the ratios of the C-4 methine proton resonances in the nmr spectrum. Compound 1a was stable in dilute sodium carbonate solution, but underwent rapid equilibration in 1N hydrochloric acid. Acetylation of 1a gave an acetyl derivative (2a) with exclusively 2S,4S stereochemistry. Chiral integrity at C-2 was proved by conversion of both 2a and its enantiomer 2b via their munchnone derivatives to enantiomeric dimethyl 1,1,3,5-tetramethyl-1H,2H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole-6,7-dicarboxylates (4a and 4b). Acetylation of 2-(R,S)-phenyl-5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4(S)-carboxylic acid, afforded both the 2S,4S (6a) and 2R,4S (6b) epimers. Epimerization of 6a at C-4 gave the 2S,4R isomer (6c) which was enantiomeric with 6b.
Clusters of axonal Na+ channels adjacent to remyelinating Schwann cells.

Rat sciatic nerve fibres were demyelinated by injection of lysolecithin and examined at several stages as Schwann cells proliferated, adhered, and initiated remyelination. Immunoperoxidase EM has been used to follow the clustering of Na+ channels that represents an early step in the formation of new nodes of Ranvier. At the peak of demyelination, 1 week postinjection, only isolated sites, suggestive of the original nodes, were labelled. As Schwann cells adhered and extended processes along the axons, regions of axonal Na+ channel immunoreactivity were often found just beyond their leading edges. These channel aggregates were associated only with the axolemma and Na+ channels were not detected on glial membranes. Sites with more than one cluster in close proximity and broadly labelled aggregates between Schwann cells suggested that new nodes of Ranvier formed as neighbouring Na+ channel groups merged. Schwann cells thus seem to play a major role in ion channel distributions in the axolemma. In all of these stages Na+ channel label was found primarily just outside the region of close contact between axon and Schwann cell. This suggests that Schwann cell adherence acts in part to exclude Na+ channels, or that diffusible substances are involved and can act some distance from regions of direct contact.
Private sector development in transition economies

Abstract This paper is a theoretical study of private sector development in transition economies of Central Europe after 1989. In particular, we investigate how aggregate output and employment interact with the shrinkage of the state sector and the creations and destructions of new private businesses. We also examine how scarcity of entrepreneurs and existence of financing constraints may affect the speed of creation and the growth of new private firms.
Preformulation studies of EFdA, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV prevention

Abstract4′-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) is a novel nucleoside analog of great interest because of its superior activity against wild-type and multidrug-resistant HIV-1 strains, and favorable safety profiles in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this work was to provide preformulation information of EFdA important for delivery system development. A simple, accurate and specific reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for quantification of EFdA. In addition, physicochemical characterizations including pH solubility profile, octanol/water partition coefficient (Log Po/w), DSC analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and stability studies under various conditions were conducted. EFdA existed in planar or flake shape, with a melting point of ∼130 °C, and had a pH dependent solubility. The log Po/w value of EFdA was −1.19. The compound was stable upon exposure to pH levels from 3 to 9 and showed good stability at elevated tempe...
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human adenovirus

Replication-defective and conditionally replicating adenovirus (AdV) vectors are currently being utilized in approximately 25% of human gene transfer clinical trials. Unfortunately, progress in vector development has been hindered by a lack of accurate structural information. Here we describe the crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a HAdV5 vector that displays a short flexible fiber derived from HAdV35. Crystals of Ad35F were grown in 100mM HEPES pH 7.0, 200mM Ca(OAc)(2), 14% PEG 550 MME, 15% glycerol in 100mM Tris-HCl 8.5. Freshly grown crystals diffracted well to 4.5A resolution and weakly to 3.5A at synchrotron sources. HAdV crystals belong to space group P1 with unit cell parameters a=854.03A, b=855.17A, c=865.24A, alpha=119.57 degrees , beta=91.71 degrees , gamma=118.08 degrees with a single particle in the unit cell. Self-rotation and locked-rotation function analysis allowed the determination of the particle orientation. Molecular replacement, density modification and phase-extension procedures are being employed for structure determination.
Hamiltonian groups are color‐graph‐hamiltonian

A group Γ is said to be color -graph -hamiltonian if Γ has a minimal generating set Δ such that the Cayley color graph DΔ(Γ) is hamiltonian. It is shown that every hamiltonian group is color -graph -hamiltonian.
The Face of 21st Century Physical Science Librarianship

Physical science librarians from the U.S. and Canada participated in a survey about their educational background, experience, and professional activity. This group of information professionals can be characterized as having an extensive academic background in the sciences, as being highly experienced, and as professionally active. The large proportion of practitioners who have more than eleven years of experience in the field could signal the impending retirement of large numbers of physical science librarians in the near future. This survey of physical science librarians in the early part of the 21st century suggests that for physical science librarianship to continue to evolve and flourish, it is critical that the profession encourage research and scholarship, in addition to service, among our newest recruits and experienced colleagues.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Health-Related Quality of Life in Bariatric Surgery Patients

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is impaired in severely obese individuals presenting for bariatric surgery. Little is known about the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and HRQOL in these individuals. We hypothesized that better HRQOL would be reported by those with higher CRF. In 326 gastric bypass patients (mean BMI = 46.5 ± 7.0; mean age = 40.9 ± 10.1; 83.4% female), pre-surgical CRF was quantified as duration (minutes) of a submaximal treadmill test to 80% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (MHR). Patients completed both a general measure of HRQOL [the Medical Outcome Short Form 36 (SF-36)] and a weight-specific measure of HRQOL [Impact of Weight on Quality of Life—Lite]. Mean HRQOL scores were examined, controlling for age, gender, and BMI. Mean treadmill duration was 9.9 ± 3.1 min, and percent age-predicted MHR was 81.2 ± 3.0%. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness tended to be associated with better physical and weight-specific HRQOL. Adjustment for differences in gender, age, and BMI attenuated the significance of associations between fitness and physical measures from the SF-36, whereas adjustment eliminated significance of associations between fitness and weight-specific HRQOL in most cases. Results suggest that CRF confers some HRQOL benefits in severely obese adults, though these benefits may largely be explained by differences in age, gender, and BMI.
A Historical Perspective: The Root Cause for the Underdevelopment of User Services in Chinese Academic Libraries

The low prioritizing of user service is a longstanding problem in Chinese academic libraries. While acknowledging various external and internal obstacles for this problem, this article argues that traditional library culture, as demonstrated throughout the article, constitutes the root cause for the underdevelopment of user services on information accessibility in Chinese academic libraries.
American Graffiti: Effects of Authority and Reactance Arousal

High or low threats to subjects' freedom to write on toilet stall walls were attributed to either a high or low authority source. Graffiti written on the threatening placards were directly related to both authority and threat level. The results were inter preted as responses to reactance.arousal. Conceptual problems deal ing with authority are discussed.
Inductive pulse transmission by amplitude modulation using thin-film and electroplated microcoils

Inductive links are widely used for implanted biomedical applications, and with amplitude modulation their use can be expanded to the transmission of pulse trains for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Using a passive envelope detector and an integrated coil, pulse trains can be obtained with high fidelity across a load representing brain tissue. To improve the system design, a comparison is made between thin-film and electroplated coils for receiving signals. Using our inlaid electroplating process, the coil resistance can be greatly reduced, which translates to increased output levels at the load at a few megahertz. One feature of our inductive link is enhanced output from the electroplated coils at system resonance. Various rectification methods provide flexibility in obtaining desired system performance. With this technique, the implanted components for DBS could be reduced to an integrated coil and a few components.
The Sobolev inequality for Paneitz operator on three manifolds

The Paneitz operator introduced in [P] has attracted some attention in conformal geometry recently. In particular its associated Q-curvature equation has demonstrated its importance in four dimensional conformal geometry (cf. [CGY]). According to Branson ([B]), this operator enjoys similar conformal covariance properties in dimenion three as well. However there are a number of features of this equation that are quite distinct from its analogues in dimensions four and above. In this dimension, the positivity of the Paneitz operator is an important issue. In a previous paper [XY1], the analogue of the Yamabe equation is veri ed for the conformal classes for which both the conformal Laplacian operator and the Paneitz operator are positive. However the conformal classes of interests namely those that are near the standard 3-sphere fail to be in this class. The main purpose of this article is to study the positivity issue for the family of conformal structures provided by the Berger metrics. Let (M; g) be a three dimensional smooth compact Riemannian manifold. The Q curvature is de ned by
Pathfinding by pioneer neurons in isolated, opened and mesoderm-free limb buds of embryonic grasshoppers.

Abstract The Til afferent neurons are the first neurons to undergo axonogenesis in limb buds of embryonic grasshoppers. Their growth cones pioneer a stereotyped pathway through the limb which becomes the route of one of the major leg nerve trunks. The growth cones appear to be oriented by several kinds of guidance cues, including guidepost neurons, a developing limb segment boundary, and an additional proximally orienting cue(s). In the experiments reported here, we have investigated the possible nature and source of proximally orienting and segment boundary cues by surgical manipulations of the limb. Before the onset of pioneer axonogenesis, limbs were (i) isolated from the body, (ii) opened longitudinally and pinned out flat, or (iii) stripped of mesoderm. Pioneer axon routes in cultured, surgically manipulated limb buds were compared to routes in cultured control limbs. The results indicate that proximal extension of pioneer growth cones along the limb axis does not require (during the period of growth) tissue extrinsic to the limb, contact guidance by the limb contour, an axial electrical field, a diffusion gradient generated by a localized source, mesodermal cells, or guidepost neurons; adequate guidance information for proximal growth apparently can be provided by the limb epidermal epithelium (including the basal lamina) and/or by internal polarity of the pioneer neurons. Adequate guidance information for the segment boundary portion of the pioneer route apparently can be provided by the limb epithelium.
Characterization of gangliosides from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and their variants

Differences in the nature of the gangliosides present in two types of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells, the adherent and non-adherent EAT cells, were studied. Gangliosides were isolated by DEAE Sephadex column chromatography and analysed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The non-adherent EAT (na-EAT) cells which grow in the peritoneal cavity of mice were selected for growth on basement membrane and tissue culture plastic to give the adherent EAT (a-EAT) cells. na-EAT cells contained 1.57 nmol lipid-bound sialic acid per mg protein and at least 12 different gangliosides, including major gangliosides such as GM3, GM2, GM1, GD3, GD1a and GT1b. On the other hand, the ganglioside pattern of a-EAT cells differed significantly from that of na-EAT cells, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The content of lipid-bound sialic acid in a-EAT cells was only 0.24 nmol per mg of protein. The gangliosides in a-EAT cells were characterized as GD1a and trisialogangliosides and, significantly, a-EAT cells did not contain monosialogangliosides. Neutral glycolipids were isolated from both cell lines and their patterns were compared. In contrast to the gangliosides pattern, their neutral glycolipid patterns were similar. Glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide were the major components in both types of cells. In addition to na- and a-EAT cells, a-EAT cells were passaged in mice by intraperitoneal injection, giving rise to a third variant (c/m EAT cells). We analysed the gangliosides in c/m EAT cells to determine whether there was a change in the ganglioside pattern found in na-EAT cells. After repeated passage of c/m EAT cells in mice, the pattern of gangliosides shifted to that of na-EAT cells. Alterations of ganglioside composition may be associated with the growth environment of the murine peritoneal cavity; alternatively, a selection process may have occurred.
Comment on Qian et al. 2008: La Niña and El Niño composites of atmospheric CO 2 change

It is well known that interannual extremes in the rate of change of atmospheric CO 2 are strongly influenced by the occurrence of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Qian et al. presented ENSO composites of atmospheric CO 2 changes. We show that their composites do not reflect the atmospheric changes that are most relevant to understanding the role of ENSO on atmospheric CO 2 variability. We present here composites of atmospheric CO 2 change that differ markedly from those of Qian et al., and reveal previously unreported asymmetries between the effects on the global carbon system of El Nino and La Nina events. The calendar-year timing differs; La Nina changes in atmospheric CO 2 typically occur primarily over September–May, while El Nino changes occur primarily over December–August. And the net concentration change is quite different; La Nina changes are about half the size of El Nino changes. These results illustrate new aspects of the ENSO/global carbon budget interaction and provide useful global-scale benchmarks for the evaluation of Earth System Model studies of the carbon system. Keywords: carbon dioxide, El Nino, La Nina, atmospheric variability, emissions, concentration change (Published: 11 February 2014) Citation: Tellus B 2014, 66 , 20428, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.20428
Microchannels--Short History and Bright Future

(2003). Microchannels--Short History and Bright Future. Heat Transfer Engineering: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-2.