cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contribution of residue ion pairs to the helical stability of a model peptide.

Comparative CD measurements were made on the model helical peptides acetyl-YEAAAKEAXAKEAAAKAamide and acety1YEAAAEKAXAKEAAAKAamide in which X represents a nonaromatic nonionic residue. The former peptide contains three potential i, i + 4 complementary ion pairs at neutral pH, while the latter peptide contains one potential complementary and two potential antagonistic i, i + 4 ion pairs. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the mean residue ellipticity of these peptides was measured at 222 nm and 0°C. These measurements were analyzed assuming a common two-state helix/ coil transition and only i, i, + 4 ion-pair interactions. The analyses suggest that the central ion pairs do modulate helical content while the peripheral ion pairs do not, presumably due to the location of the peripheral ion pairs in the frayed ends of the helix. The complementary central ion pair stabilizes the helix by about 0.4 kcal/mole and the antagonistic central ion pair destabilizes the helix by about 0.2 kcal/mole. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Degenerative joint disease in African great apes: an evolutionary perspective

Degenerative joint disease is investigated in the spine and major peripheral joints (shoulder, elbow, hip and knee) in samples of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii; P. troglodytes troglodytes), lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and bonobos (P. paniscus). The P. troglodytes schweinfurthii sample comes from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, while the other samples are derived from museum materials originally collected in west/central Africa. Total data for African ape samples include 5807 surfaces for ascertainment of vertebral osteophytosis, 12,479 surfaces for determination of spinal osteoarthritis, and 1211 joints for evaluation of peripheral joint osteoarthritis. All apes display significantly less spinal disease than in a comparable human sample, and these differences are most likely a consequence of human biomechanical adaptations for bipedal locomotion. Apes are also generally less involved in the major peripheral joints than are humans, but human groups are themselves highly variable in prevalence of peripheral osteoarthritis. These data agree with other findings of low prevalence of degenerative joint prevalence in free-ranging apes, but contrast markedly with evidence derived from colony-reared Old World monkeys.
A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation.

The CD4 (T4) molecule is expressed on a subset of T lymphocytes involved in class II MHC recognition1,2, and is probably the physiological receptor for one or more monomorphic regions of class II MHC (refs 1–3). CD4 also functions as a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exterior envelope glycoprotein (gp120) (refs 4–9), being essential for virus entry into the host cell and for membrane fusion, which contributes to cell-to-cell transmission of the virus and to its cytopathic effects10,11. We have used a baculovirus expression system to generate mg quantities of a hydrophilic extracellular segment of CD4. Concentrations of soluble CD4 in the nanomolar range, like certain anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, inhibit syncytium formation and HIV infection by binding gp120-expressing cells. Perhaps more importantly, class II specific T-cell interactions are uninhibited by soluble CD4 protein, whereas they are virtually abrogated by equivalent amounts of anti-T4 antibody. This may reflect substantial differences in CD4 affinity for gp120 and class II MHC.
Evaluation of Solanum fendleri as a source of resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi

Twelve accessions ofSolarium fendleri collected in the United States and Mexico were inoculated with 5,000 eggs of host-races 1 and 2 ofMeloidogyne chitwoodi, Columbia root-knot nematode. The test seedlings that were derived from plant introduction true seed lots were maintained for 55 days before harvest and egg count. The results revealed that two accessions, PI 275162 and PI 275165, were non-hosts (final egg count/initial egg inoculation < 0.1) forM. chitwoodi race 1. The results were uniformly confirmed in the second experiment. No resistance was found to race 2. The tetraploidS. fendleri accessions were crossed to a nematode-susceptible cultivated diploid potato clone from aS. phurejastenotomum population. The triploid hybrids expressed resistance to race 1 at the non-host level. After somatic doubling, the resulting hexaploids also expressed non-host-level resistance to race 1. The two resistant accessions had been collected in southeastern Arizona, one each from the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains. Each range is an isolated island of high-elevation mesic flora surrounded by typical lowerelevation Sonora-type desert habitat. These accessions are the only known sources of resistance toM. chitwoodi from wildSolanum species in the USA.
Combining CP asymmetries in B{r_arrow}K{pi} decays

We prove an approximate relation, to leading order in dominant terms, between CP-violating rate differences in B{sup 0}/{bar B}{sup 0}{r_arrow}K{sup {plus_minus}}{pi}{sup {minus_plus}} and B{sup {plus_minus}}{r_arrow}K{sup {plus_minus}}{pi}{sup 0}. We show how data from these two processes may be combined in order to enhance the significance of a nonzero result. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Evaluation of fibrin sealants in cutaneous wound closure.

Human fibrin sealant (HFS) and bovine fibrin sealant (BFS) were delivered as preformulated fibrinogen-thrombin mixtures that are light activated. These formulations were evaluated in the healing of incised cutaneous wounds in beagle dogs. Four groups were differentiated by sealant type and study duration with group: BFS for 10 days, HFS for 10 days, BFS for 30 days, and HFS for 30 days. Healing was evaluated by noting incidences of open wounds, laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI), planimetry, breaking strength, and histopathology. In the absence of tension, both sealants tended to hold wound edges together; however, HFS tended to be better than its controls and BFS. Both sealants augmented suture closure, necessitating fewer sutures for wound closure. At 5 and 30 days BFS wounds had more perfusion than HFS wounds, indicating more inflammation. At 10 and 30 days BFS wounds had larger scar areas than their controls, while scar areas of HFS wounds were smaller than either BFS wounds or controls. Breaking strengths indicated that HFS wounds were stronger than their controls and BFS wounds. Histologically, mild to moderate chronic-active inflammation was observed in wounds receiving either sealant, and this persisted longer in BFS wounds. Overall, HFS had positive qualities, thus showing potential for functional and cosmetic wound closure.
Inhibition of macrophage adhesion activity by 9trans,11trans-conjugated linoleic acid

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) have anti-atherogenic effects in both in vitro and animal models. Most studies on CLAs were performed with either a CLA mixture or purified 9cis (Z),11trans (E)-CLA or 10E,12Z-CLA isomers. However, the 9E,11E isomer has superior anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects compared with the more abundant CLAs. The 9E,11E-CLA isomer specifically increases interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), an important anti-inflammatory mediator that is associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease. The purpose of this present study was to determine if 9E,11E-CLA affects markers of atherogenesis via regulation of IL-1Ra. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), 9E,11E-CLA decreased such atherogenesis-related genes as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, E-selectin, P-selectin and C-C motif chemokine receptor-2. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with 9E,11E-CLA decreased their adhesion to HUVECs. This effect was reversed by inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase or mouse target of rapamycin pathways. IL-1Ra-deficient RAW 264.7 cells (siIL-1Ra RAW) bind more efficiently to HUVECs compared with the control stable cells (si-control RAW). In addition, HUVECs treated with siIL-1Ra RAW-conditioned media induce significantly higher levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and E-selectin than HUVECs treated with si-control RAW-conditioned media. Taken together, the data show that 9E,11E-CLA decreases the atherogenesis-related genes in HUVECs and alters adhesion of macrophages. In addition, the induction of IL-1Ra by 9E,11E-CLA is partially responsible for the anti-atherogenic properties of this particular CLA isomer.
Supramolecular Cobaloxime Assemblies for H2 Photocatalysis: An Initial Solution State Structure−Function Analysis†

In this report, we have investigated the correlations between structure and light-induced electron transfer of one known and three new axially coordinated cobaloxime-based supramolecular photocatalysts for the reduction of protons to hydrogen. Solution-phase X-ray scattering and ultrafast transient optical spectroscopy analyses were used in tandem to correlate the self-assembled photocatalysts’ structural integrity in solution with electron transfer and charge separation between the photosensitizer and catalyst fragments. Biphasic excited state decay kinetics were observed for several of the assemblies, suggesting that configurational dispersion plays a role in limiting photoinduced electron transfer. Notably, an assembly featuring a “push−pull” donor−photosensitizer−acceptor triad motif exhibits considerable ultrafast excited state quenching and, of the assemblies examined, presents the strongest opportunity for efficient solar energy conversion. These results will assist in the design and development of...
On the weak-type (1,1) of the uncentered Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator associated with certain measures on the plane

Suppose μ is a positive measure on \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) given by μ=ν×λ, where ν and λ are Radon measures on \(\mathcal{S}^{1}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^{{\mathchoice {\raise .17ex\hbox {$\scriptstyle +$}} {\raise .17ex\hbox {$\scriptstyle +$}} {\raise .1ex\hbox {$\scriptscriptstyle +$}} {\scriptscriptstyle +}}}\), respectively, which do not vanish on any open interval. We prove that if for either ν or λ there exists a set of positive measure A in its domain for which the upper and lower s-densities, 0<s≤1, are positive and finite for every x∈A then the uncentered Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator Mμ is weak-type (1,1) if and only if ν is doubling and λ is doubling away from the origin. This generalizes results of Vargas concerning rotation-invariant measures on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) when n=2.
Million element ISIS array

The DARPA ISIS Program is developing and demonstrating technologies to enable a stratospheric airship-based dual-band active-array radar system. The antenna is a UHF and X-band shared aperture with backend digital beamforming. ISIS achieves unprecedented airborne radar performance through use of a large antenna aperture instead of high transmit power. The low-power-density aperture has an areal mass density of only 2 kg/m2. A conceptual future system achieves 360° azimuth coverage using a cylindrical antenna of 36m height and 50.5m diameter. A small demonstration system scheduled for launch in 2013 has a UHF antenna cylinder 8m high and 22m in diameter. A 98m2 rectangular section of this cylinder is populated with active X-band elements. The dual-band array has total receive and overhead power consumption, including off-array components, of only 5W/m2.
The N2-Ethylguanine and the O6-Ethyl- and O6-Methylguanine Lesions in DNA: Contrasting Responses from the “Bypass” DNA Polymerase η and the Replicative DNA Polymerase α

The effects of N2-ethylGua, O6-ethylGua, and O6-methylGua adducts in template DNA on polymerization by mammalian DNA polymerases α and η have been investigated. The N2-ethylGua adduct blocks polymerization by the replicative DNA polymerase α to a much greater extent than does the O6-ethyl- or the O6-methylGua adducts. The DNA polymerase η efficiently and accurately bypasses the N2-ethylGua lesion but like DNA polymerase α is similarly blocked by the O6-ethyl- or the O6-methylGua adducts. A steady state kinetic analysis of nucleotide insertion opposite the N2-ethylGua and the O6-ethylGua adducts by the DNA polymerases α and η and extension from 3‘-termini positioned opposite these adducts was performed to measure the efficiency and the accuracy of DNA synthesis past these lesions. This analysis showed that insertion of Cyt opposite the N2-ethylGua adduct by DNA polymerase α is approximately 104-fold less efficient than insertion of Cyt opposite an unadducted Gua residue at the same position. Extension from...
Folate, vitamin E, and acetyl-l-carnitine provide synergistic protection against oxidative stress resulting from exposure of human neuroblastoma cells to amyloid-beta

Oxidative stress is an early and pivotal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The neurotoxic peptide amyloid-beta (Abeta) contributes to oxidative damage in AD by inducing lipid peroxidation, which in turn generates additional downstream cytosolic free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial and cytoskeletal compromise, depletion of ATP, and ultimate apoptosis. Timely application of antioxidants can prevent all downstream consequences of Abeta exposure in culture, but in situ efficacy is limited, due in part to prior damage as well as difficulty in delivery. Herein, we demonstrate that administration of a combination of vitamin E (which prevents de novo membrane oxidative damage), folate (which maintains levels of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione), and acetyl-L-carnitine (which prevents Abeta-induced mitochondrial damage and ATP depletion) provides superior protection to that derived from each agent alone. These findings support a combinatorial approach in Alzheimer's therapy.
Testing Moderating Hypotheses in Limited Dependent Variable and Other Nonlinear Models Secondary Versus Total Interactions

The use of limited dependent variable (LDV) models is becoming ubiquitous in empirical management research. When using such models, researchers frequently postulate and test that the relationship between an explanatory variable and the dependent variable is moderated by another variable by including in the model an interaction variable. Although recent papers clarify methods for analyzing a moderating effect in LDV models, it is not widely appreciated that this effect confounds two moderating effects: one associated with including an interaction variable in the model and one associated with the inherent nonlinearity of such models. This article presents a method to separate these two sources of a moderating effect for a general class of nonlinear models that includes all LDV models commonly used in the management literature. For such models, the article demonstrates that the statistically correct method to assess the validity of a moderating hypothesis is not, as currently recommended, to test for signifi...
Irreversible Processes in Physical Theory

IN two recent communications1, Prof. K. R. Popper has emphasized the existence of physical processes the irreversibility of which is attributable to the physical impossibility of the initial conditions requisite to the occurrence of their inverses, apart from any relationship to thermodynamic theory. Popper refers to an earlier argument of the same type by Einstein2. We believe that his point is a sound one and deserves formulation as a general principle.
Recent advances in cytogenetics and molecular biology of adult hepatocellular tumors: Implications for imaging and management

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compose hepatocellular neoplasms that occur in adults. These tumors demonstrate characteristic epidemiologic and histopathologic features and clinical and imaging manifestations. HCAs are monoclonal neoplasms characterized by increased predilection to hemorrhage or rupture and occasional transformation to HCC. On the other hand, FNH is a polyclonal tumorlike lesion that occurs in response to increased perfusion and has an indolent clinical course. Up to 90% of HCCs occur in the setting of cirrhosis. Chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and hepatitis C) infection and metabolic syndrome are major risk factors that can induce HCCs in nonfibrotic liver. Recent advances in pathology and genetics have led to better understanding of the histogenesis, natural history, and molecular events that determine specific oncologic pathways used by these neoplasms. HCAs are now believed to result from specific genetic mutations involving TCF1 (transcription factor 1 gene), IL6ST (interleukin 6 signal transducer gene), and CTNNB1 (β catenin-1 gene); FNHs are characterized by an "imbalance" of angiopoietin. While the β catenin signaling pathway is associated with well- and moderately differentiated HCCs, mutations involving p53 (tumor protein 53 gene), MMP14 (matrix metalloproteinase 14 gene), and RhoC (Ras homolog gene family, member C) are associated with larger tumor size, higher tumor grade with resultant shortened tumor-free survival, and poor prognosis. Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), a unique HCC subtype, exhibits genomic homogeneity that partly explains its better overall prognosis. On the basis of recent study results involving cytogenetics and oncologic pathways of HCCs, novel drugs that act against molecular targets are being developed. Indeed, sorafenib (a multikinase inhibitor) is currently being used in the successful treatment of patients with advanced HCC. Characterization of genetic abnormalities and genotype-phenotype correlations in adult hepatocellular tumors provides better understanding of tumor pathology and biology, imaging findings, prognosis, and response to molecular therapeutics.
Osteogenesis and bone-marrow-derived cells.

This paper addresses some of the important aspects of stem cell commitment to the bone cell lineage examining the various types of precursor cells, their responses to cytokines and other extracellular influences, and recent observations on the biochemical and molecular control of lineage-specific gene expression. The process of osteopoiesis involves the proliferation and maturation of primitive precursor cells into functional osteoblasts. The bone cells purportedly originate from mesenchymal stem cells that commit to the osteogenic cell lineage becoming osteoprogenitor cells, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Further understanding of this developmental process requires that lineage-specific markers be identified for the various populations of bone cells and their precursors, that cell separation techniques be established so that cells of the osteogenic lineage can be purified at different stages of differentiation, and that these isolated cells are studied under serum-free, chemically defined conditions.
Toxicity of heparin in isolated rat hepatocytes

The effect of heparin on isolated rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture was assessed to investigate the observed increase in serum aminotransferase activity in patients treated with heparin for thromboembolic disorders. Cells were treated with porcine intestinal mucosal heparin or beef lung heparin in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 units/ml. Toxicity was evaluated based on cell damage or death measured by LDH release into the culture media as a fraction of total system LDH (LDH index). Toxicity appeared at concentrations between 1 and 10 units/ml (P less than 0.05). The uptake and binding of heparin by the hepatocyte were evaluated by addition of tritium-labeled heparin to the cultures. Sucrose gradient centrifugation with isolation of the liver plasma membranes (LPM) showed little membrane binding of heparin. The majority of intracellular heparin was located in the cytosol fraction. Heparin gains access to hepatocytes and causes a dose-related toxic effect resulting in cell damage and death. This investigation indicates that the increased serum aminotransferase concentrations seen with heparin treatment may be due to a direct hepatotoxic effect of heparin.
Identifying degrees of freedom in pushbroom bundle adjustment

An analytical method of detecting and enumerating degrees of freedom (DOF) in bundle adjustment (BA) is developed, and used to analyze several scene geometries for pushbroom cameras. While it is well recognized in the photogrammetric community that BA can be poorly constrained, especially with pushbroom imagery, the literature is absent of techniques to study the DOF in BA except through numerical analysis, which does not delineate them except through the suggestion of their existence in degraded results. The analytical methods presented here provide insight into the DOF. The method is based on finding the singular values, and the associated singular directions, of a Hessian matrix from the minimization process in BA. These directions are scrutinized as possible DOF along which the minimal cost of BA will not change from the true solution. To demonstrate the use of the methods six different scene geometries are analyzed, some of which are commonly employed by current remote sensing satellites. Several of the scene geometries are shown to have multiple DOF beyond the well known scaling and absolute position and orientation that are not recoverable from stereo imagery without exterior orientation control of the cameras or ground control points. As a simple example, the effects of these DOF images from the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter are used along with the associated ephemeris data to demonstrate possible distortions in the results of a terrain reconstruction problem.
Role of Context Cues in Learning: Reply to Greeno

Greeno (1968) has performed a valuable service to the understanding of the role of context cues in paired-associate learning by stating the associative summation position sufficiently precisely so that the issues between this position and a differentiation position can be examined more systematically. The writers believe that Greeno's results are consistent with the Saltz and Wickey (1967) differentiation position and are systematically at odds with an associative summation model for the effect of color in compound stimuli as found in the Saltz (1963) study.
On the evolution of human syntactic ability. Its pre-adaptive Bases—Motor control and speech

The evolution of the particular, species-specific, neural substrate that underlies human syntactic and phonologic ability may be the result of two stages of pre-adaptation involving automatization for complex goal-directed motor control. The neural mechanisms of the non-human primate brain that evolved to enhance the automatization of orofacial motor control appear to be the homologue of Broca's area in the human brain. These mechanisms may have been preadapted in certain hominids for the evolution of neural mechanisms adapted for automatized speech articulation, matched to the development of the human supralaryngeal vocal tract. Recent data show that the articulatory maneuver that underly the production of human speech appear to be the most complex that human beings master. The selective pressure for the automatization of articulatory activity for speech production on the neural mechanisms of Broca's area in the hominids ancestral to anatomically modern homo sepiens yielded a neural substrate suited to complex rule-governed behavior in the linguistic domains of phonology and syntax. The theory predicts correlations between the speech production and syntactic deficits of chimpanzees, as well as correlations between syntactic deficits and speech production deficits in aphasia, and some instances of deafness. The development of patterned motor activity and syntactic and phonologic ability in human children may also be connected.
One answer to the demand for accountability: selection utility as an investment decision

Abstract An examination of selection utility models demonstrates that they bear a considerable resemblance to capital budgeting models well established in the finance literature. Five applications of capital budgeting to selection utility are suggested and discussed. Capital budgeting concepts are recommended as a rich source of further practical and theoretical development of selection Utility models.
Segmenting Customers from Population to Individuals: Does 1-to-1 Keep Your Customers Forever?

There have been various claims made in the marketing community about the benefits of 1-to-1 marketing versus traditional customer segmentation approaches and how much they can improve understanding of customer behavior. However, few rigorous studies exist that systematically compare these approaches. In this paper, we conducted such a study and compared the predictive performance of aggregate, segmentation, and 1-to-1 marketing approaches across a broad range of experimental settings, such as multiple segmentation levels, multiple real-world marketing data sets, multiple dependent variables, different types of classifiers, different segmentation techniques, and different predictive measures. Our experiments show that both 1-to-1 and segmentation approaches significantly outperform aggregate modeling. Reaffirming anecdotal evidence of the benefits of 1-to-1 marketing, our experiments show that the 1-to-1 approach also dominates the segmentation approach for the frequently transacting customers. However, our experiments also show that segmentation models taken at the best granularity levels dominate 1-to-1 models when modeling customers with little transactional data using effective clustering methods. In addition, the peak performance of segmentation models are reached at the finest granularity levels, skewed towards the 1-to-1 case. This finding adds support for the microsegmentation approach and suggests that 1-to-1 marketing may not always be the best solution
In-N-Out: Reproducing Out-of-Order Superscalar Processor Behavior from Reduced In-Order Traces

Trace-driven simulation is a widely practiced simulation method. However, its use has been typically limited to modeling of in-order processors because of accuracy issues. In this work, we propose and explore In-N-Out, a fast approximate simulation method to reproduce the behavior of an out-of-order superscalar processor with a reduced in-order trace. During trace generation, we use a functional cache simulator to capture interesting processor events such as uncore accesses in the program order. We also collect key information about the executed program. The prepared in-order trace then drives a novel simulation algorithm that models an out-of-order processor. Our experimental results demonstrate that In-N-Out produces reasonably accurate absolute performance (7% difference on average) and fast simulation speeds (115x on average), compared with detailed execution-driven simulation. Moreover, In-N-Out was shown to preserve a processor's dynamic uncore access patterns and predict the relative performance change when the processor's core- or uncore-level parameters are changed.
Angioedema: What We Know and What We Need to Know

Angioedema involving airways is a life-threatening condition, which is the cause of significant morbidity, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations. The economic impact of this condition is huge. There are two major forms of angioedema—bradykininmediated angioedema and histamine-mediated angioedema. The bradykinin-mediated angioedema is popularly known as the complement-mediated angioedema. It is now clear that bradykinin is the final mediator of this illness regardless of the functional status of the C1 esterase inhibitor SERPING1. This conclusion is supported by genetic manipulation studies in the mouse model and the efficacy of bradykinin inhibitors in angioedema. Bradykinin-mediated angioedema can be caused by a functional deficiency of SERPING1 (type 1 and 2 hereditary angioedema), which blocks kallikrein and factor XII, the Hageman factor—the upstream activators of bradykinin. It can also be caused by mutation of the Hageman factor (type 3 hereditary angioedema). Unfortunately, many patients do not fall into either category, so they are labeled with idiopathic angioedema, although bradykinin remains the final common mediator. Bradykinin-mediated angioedema responds to treatment with the C1 esterase inhibitor (fresh frozen plasma, concentrate, or recombinant C1 esterase inhibitor), kallikrein inhibitors, and bradykinin receptor antagonists. Prophylaxis with anabolic androgens and anti-fibrinolytics is helpful. This condition contrasts with histamine-mediated angioedema, which is frequently associated with urticaria, and represents a spectrum of the urticarial syndrome. Histamine-mediated angioedema is more common than bradykinin-mediated angioedema. It can be extrinsic (allergic/IgE mediated and nonallergic), autoimmune, and idiopathic. This form of angioedema responds to antihistamines, glucocorticoids, and epinephrine.
Defining Women's Health: A Dozen Messages from More than 150 Ethnographies

Although the women's health research agenda has been largely defined by Western biomedicine and public health, anthropology has much to offer in terms of defining and understanding women's health from the perspective of women themselves. Through the in-depth qualitative tradition of ethnography, anthropologists have documented women's health concerns around the globe, producing a large and constantly expanding literature that is rich and provocative. This article summarizes a dozen major messages about women's health that emerge from the ethnographic literature, now consisting of more than 150 volumes. These volumes are listed in the article, and some primary examples are described as representative of anthropology's contribution to knowledge production in women's health.
A model of local coherence effects in human sentence processing as consequences of updates from bottom-up prior to posterior beliefs

Human sentence processing involves integrating probabilistic knowledge from a variety of sources in order to incrementally determine the hierarchical structure for the serial input stream. While a large number of sentence processing effects have been explained in terms of comprehenders' rational use of probabilistic information, effects of local coherences have not. We present here a new model of local coherences, viewing them as resulting from a belief-update process, and show that the relevant probabilities in our model are calculable from a probabilistic Earley parser. Finally, we demonstrate empirically that an implemented version of the model makes the correct predictions for the materials from the original experiment demonstrating local coherence effects.
Pointwise nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of stochastically ordered survivor functions

In this paper, we consider estimation of survivor functions from groups of observations with right-censored data when the groups are subject to a stochastic ordering constraint. Many methods and algorithms have been proposed to estimate distribution functions under such restrictions, but none have completely satisfactory properties when the observations are censored. We propose a pointwise constrained nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator, which is defined at each time t by the estimates of the survivor functions subject to constraints applied at time t only. We also propose an efficient method to obtain the estimator. The estimator of each constrained survivor function is shown to be nonincreasing in t, and its consistency and asymptotic distribution are established. A simulation study suggests better small and large sample properties than for alternative estimators. An example using prostate cancer data illustrates the method.
A Framework for Addressing Challenges to Classroom Technology Use

Creating effective learning environments with technology remains a challenge for teachers. Despite the tremendous push for educators to integrate technology into their classrooms, many have yet to do so and struggle to find consistent success with technology-based instruction. The challenges to effective technology integration have been welldocumented in the literature. In this article we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the challenges associated with effective technology integration in the classroom and the ways in which they interact with one another. Based on this review we have developed a framework, the Individualized Inventory for Integrating Instructional Innovations (i5), to help teachers predict the likelihood of success of technology-based projects in the classroom and identify potential barriers that can hinder their technology integration efforts. Identifying potential barriers upfront can empower teachers to seek solutions early in the process, thereby increasing the likelihood of experiencing success with technology integration.
Influence of Shunt-damping circuit on the dynamic response of a bio-inspired piezoelectric micropillar sensor

A novel hair flow sensor is designed inspired by the superficial neuromasts in the lateral line system of fish. The transduction element of the hair sensor is a piezoelectric fiber with a pair of electrodes on the surface of the fiber. An innovative approach is proposed to adapt the frequency response of the sensor, by connecting the sensor to a shunt circuit. The effect of the circuit components (resistor and inductor) is studied by solving the fully coupled mechanoelectrical- circuit system.
Implicit Theories About Groups and Stereotyping The Role of Group Entitativity

The consequences of holding an entity (i.e., the belief that a group's characteristics are fixed) or incremental (i.e., the belief that a group's characteristics are malleable) implicit theory about groups was examined for stereotyping and perceptions of group entitativity. Two studies showed that implicit theories about groups affect stereotyping by changing perceptions of group entitativity. Study 1 found that entity theorists were more likely to stereotype than incremental theorists and that perception of group entitativity significantly accounted for this relation. In Study 2, implicit theories of groups were manipulated via instruction set and entity theorists stereotyped more and perceived groups as more entitative than incremental theorists. Again, the effect of implicit theory was significantly, although partially, mediated by perceptions of group entitativity. The roles of implicit theories about groups and perceptions of group entitativity are discussed regarding stereotyping.
Reflections on research.

Abstract The authors present their reflections on several of the major topics related to research. The subjects discussed include the quantity and quality of research; the motivation for research; the research process; research paradigm; restraints of research; and freedom to research. They point out that the haste to achieve success and to publish in most cases has precluded the learning process about the substance and methodology of research. An attempt is made to relate general problems of research and its methodology to research in the area of congenital facial deformities.
Altered Meiotic Regulation in Oocytes from Diabetic Mice

In the present study, we have utilized a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model to examine how the diabetic condition and different glucose concentrations affect several parameters of reproductive physiology. We report that oocyte maturation is altered under all experimental conditions examined. In cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes (CEO) from diabetic mice, spontaneous maturation was accelerated but the FSH-mediated delay of spontaneous maturation was suppressed. Higher glucose levels in the culture medium suppressed spontaneous maturation but did not influence the transient arrest mediated by FSH. Meiotic arrest in CEO by hypoxanthine and dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) was less effective at higher glucose concentrations. In addition, both FSH-induced maturation in vitro and hCG-induced maturation in vivo were reduced by the diabetic condition. The ovulation rate was lowered by about 50% in diabetic mice and fewer ovulated ova had reached metaphase II. Despite the decreased number of ova at metaphase II, in vitro cultures showed the oocytes were capable of completing meiotic maturation at control levels. Insulin treatment reversed the detrimental effects of diabetes on meiotic induction, ovulation, and completion of meiotic maturation. Cultures of pronuclear-staged embryos confirmed a negative effect of diabetes and hyperglycemia on development to the blastocyst stage. These data suggest that defects in meiotic regulation brought about by the diabetic condition are due to decreased communication between the somatic and germ cell compartments, and it is concluded that such conditions may contribute to postfertilization developmental abnormalities.
Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Bends of Circular Cross Section: I—Heat Transfer Experiments

Experiments were performed to determine the local heat transfer characteristics of bends of circular cross section to which fluid was delivered either via a sharp-edged inlet or via a hydrodynamic development tube. The naphthalene sublimation technique, a mass transfer method, was used to facilitate the experiments. Bends subtending turning angles of 30, 60, and 90 deg were investigated, and the Reynolds number was varied between 5000 and 100,000. It was found that the local heat transfer coefficients at the outside of the bend were, for the most part, larger than those at the inside of the bend, but the deviations decreased as the Reynolds number increased. The streamwise distributions of the local transfer coefficient were markedly affected by the inlet condition; those for the sharp-edged inlet exhibited a universal shape, while the shapes of those for the tube-fed inlet depended both on the Reynolds number and on whether the distribution corresponded to the inside or the outside of the bend. In addition, the distributions for the case of the sharp-edged inlet exhibited higher local maxima and approached the fully developed regime more rapidly than did those for the tube-fed inlet. The heat transfer results were supplemented by flow visualization.
The Relationship of Social Engagement to Psychological Well-Being of Older Adults in Assisted Living Facilities:

The purpose of this study is to explore social engagement and its relationship to the psychological well-being of older adults residing in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Drawing on activity theory, the study focuses on the salience of social relationships on residents' life satisfaction and depressive symptoms. A total of 82 residents were interviewed face-to-face in eight ALFs in a southern state of the United States. The data were analyzed using hierarchical regression models in that demographic and health variables, site characteristics, and social engagement variables were entered into the model in successive steps. Results indicate that perceived friendliness of residents and staff was significantly associated with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms controlling for other variables, and enjoyment of mealtimes was related to low depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that ALFs could promote residents' psychological well-being by encouraging residents to develop meaningful relationships within...
Myocardial Mechanics and Collagen Structure in the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine (oim)

Abstract —Because the amount and structure of type I collagen are thought to affect the mechanics of ventricular myocardium, we investigated myocardial collagen structure and passive mechanical function in the osteogenesis imperfecta murine ( oim ) model of pro-α2(I) collagen deficiency, previously shown to have less collagen and impaired biomechanics in tendon and bone. Compared with wild-type littermates, homozygous oim hearts exhibited 35% lower collagen area fraction ( P <0.05), 38% lower collagen fiber number density ( P <0.05), and 42% smaller collagen fiber diameter ( P <0.05). Compared with wild-type, oim left ventricular (LV) collagen concentration was 45% lower ( P <0.0001) and nonreducible pyridinoline cross-link concentration was 22% higher ( P <0.03). Mean LV volume during passive inflation from 0 to 30 mm Hg in isolated hearts was 1.4-fold larger for oim than wild-type ( P =NS). Uniaxial stress-strain relations in resting right ventricular papillary muscles exhibited 60% greater strains ( P <0.01), 90% higher compliance ( P =0.05), and 64% higher nonlinearity ( P <0.05) in oim . Mean opening angle, after relief of residual stresses in resting LV myocardium, was 121±9 degrees in oim compared with 45±4 degrees in wild-type ( P <0.0001). Mean myofiber angle in oim was 23±8 degrees greater than wild-type ( P <0.02). Decreased myocardial collagen diameter and amount in oim is associated with significantly decreased fiber and chamber stiffness despite modestly increased collagen cross-linking. Altered myofiber angles and residual stress may be beneficial adaptations to these mechanical alterations to maintain uniformity of transmural fiber strain. In addition to supporting and organizing myocytes, myocardial collagen contributes directly to ventricular stiffness at high and low loads and can influence stress-free state and myofiber architecture.
Repopulating Development: An Agent-Based Approach to Studying Development Interventions

When analyzing development projects, applied and critical scholars alike often place inordinate emphasis on the outcomes, depicting development projects as happening to people and overlooking the interactional nature of projects. This article offers an agent-based approach as a corrective, drawing on actor-oriented sociology, actor-network theory and alternative theories of power. An agent-based approach views development projects as socially constructed processes constituted by the interactions of policymakers, workers, “beneficiaries,” and their socio-material environments. Such an approach is able to provide a nuanced analysis of power in development projects and generate generalizations about the landscape of development NGOs, which is characterized by two types of tensions: the first deriving from the interactions of various lifeworlds at development interfaces; the second deriving from the conflicting organizational and development goals. The utility of an agent-based approach is then illustrated through a comparative, ethnographic analysis of two microcredit non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Guatemala. While both offer small loans and classes to women, the two NGOs operate according to divergent organizational values, structures, and developmental models. This comparative analysis reveals the interactional origins of organizational characteristics and developmental models across contrasting NGOs and shows that these in turn affect, but do not fully determine what happens on the ground. Even though policymakers exercise disproportionate power, the tensions inherent in both development NGOs ensure significant room for maneuver and negotiation on the part of workers and “beneficiaries.” Thus, the two NGOs’ trajectories and outcomes are products of top-down values, structures and models and the creative, emergent interactions between actors involved at various levels of development.
The effect of education on the minimum wage

ABSTRACTThis research shows for the first time that the level of education has a causal, negative effect on the minimum wage. I use 2SLS, with historical educational data as an instrument for the level of education in 2010, and I find that across the US states a one percentage point greater proportion of college graduates is associated with a real minimum wage that is lower by 1.5%–1.6%. Also, in order to control for state-level omitted variables, I regress the change in the minimum wage on the change in education and I find again a negative, and significantly at the 1% level, effect. Minimum wage is a policy that is chosen by governments according to voters’ preferences. The results of this research imply that when the level of education increases voters prefer a lower minimum wage.
Cocaine and benzoylecgonine oral fluid on‐site screening and confirmation

Accurate on-site devices to screen for drug intake are critical for establishing whether an individual is driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); however, on-site oral fluid (OF) cocaine device performance is variable. We evaluated the performance of a newly developed benzoylecgonine (BE) test-strip for the Draeger® DrugTest 5000 device (20 µg/L cut-off) with equivalent cross reactivity for cocaine and BE. Ten cocaine users provided OF, collected with the Draeger cassette and Oral-Eze® and StatSure Saliva Sampler(TM) devices, up to 69 h following 25 mg intravenous cocaine administration. All screening results were confirmed by a validated two-dimensional-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-GC-MS) method for cocaine and/or BE. Cocaine test-strip median Tlast for screening only results was 6.5 h, and 6.5 h with Oral-Eze® and 4 h for StatSure OF confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at 1, 8, and 10 µg/L; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 100% and 83.3 to 100% for cocaine only confirmation at 8 and 10 µg/L. For the BE test-strip, median Tlast was 12.5 h for screening only and confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at all three cut-offs; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 97.5% and 78.4 to 97.4% with cocaine and/or BE confirmation at 8 and 10 µg/L cut-offs, respectively. The Draeger cocaine test-strip with cocaine only confirmation offers a useful option for monitoring the acute intoxication phase of DUID; additionally the BE test-strip with cocaine and/or BE confirmation increases the length of detection of cocaine intake for workplace drug testing, drug court, parole, pain management, drug treatment programs and both the acute cocaine intoxication and cocaine crash/fatigue phase of DUID. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved defined medium for growth of Endothia parasitica

Supplementing Endothia minimal medium with lactic acid, tannic acid, asparagine, more glucose, and adjusting the pH to 4.2 improves the growth of E. parasitica. A defined minimal medium (MM) for Endothia parasitica (Murr.) And., described by Puhalla and Anagnostakis (11), is useful for distinguishing auxotrophic mutants from prototrophs, but sustains mycelial growth poorly. The medium reported here supports much better mycelial growth and asexual sporulation of E. parasitica. Earlier research by others formed a basis for this work (3-8, 12). MATERIALS AND METHODS
Impact of molecular symmetry on single-molecule conductance.

We have measured the single-molecule conductance of a family of bithiophene derivatives terminated with methyl sulfide gold-binding linkers using a scanning tunneling microscope based break-junction technique. We find a broad distribution in the single-molecule conductance of bithiophene compared with that of a methyl sulfide terminated biphenyl. Using a combination of experiments and calculations, we show that this increased breadth in the conductance distribution is explained by the difference in 5-fold symmetry of thiophene rings as compared to the 6-fold symmetry of benzene rings. The reduced symmetry of thiophene rings results in a restriction on the torsion angle space available to these molecules when bound between two metal electrodes in a junction, causing each molecular junction to sample a different set of conformers in the conductance measurements. In contrast, the rotations of biphenyl are essentially unimpeded by junction binding, allowing each molecular junction to sample similar conformers...
Metabolism of promecarb in the rat.

Promecarb insecticide was rapidly metabolized and eliminated when administered orally to rats. Over 90% of the dose were present in urine and feces by 96 h, with the urine containing the vast majority of the radioactive material. Most of the radioactive material in the urine was water soluble; however, low levels of promecarb, isothymol, and several unidentified organosoluble metabolites also were present. Levels of radioactivity in selected tissues were low and did not exceed 0.02 ppm.