cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A long term study of residential home heating consumption and the effect of occupant behavior on homes in the Pacific Northwest constructed according to improved thermal standards

Abstract The space heating energy needed during the winter heating season in Seattle Washington, USA, was monitored over a 15-year period, 1987–2002. Two single family residence houses were constructed to building code standards in force at the time of construction and two to standards calling for envelopes with improved thermal resistance. Space conditioning energy needs are strongly affected by occupant behavior, but generally simulations ignore the behavior of the occupants in estimating the energy needed for heating and cooling. The data suggest that estimates of energy savings can be based upon envelope thermal resistance for moderate occupant behavior. For such behavior, the space heating is well characterized by the daily average difference between house average space temperature and outside air temperature. Characterizing in terms of indoor temperature, outdoor air temperature, wind speed, and insolation gives a slightly better representation but requires more information than is usually available. However, vigorous conservation tactics, which produce a thermal response that is highly transient, can lead to substantially different energy needs. No correlation could be established from the measured space heating when aggressive conservation made use of thermostat setback at every opportunity.
A two-dimensional model for capillary flow of an asymmetric cell

Abstract The effect of asymmetry of cell shape on capillary flow of tightly fitting red blood cells is examined, using a two-dimensional model. The cell membrane is assumed to be perfectly flexible and inextensible, and to contain a viscous fluid interior. Lubrication theory is used to model the flow in the narrow gaps between the cell and the wall. It is shown that asymmetric cell shapes lead to tank-treading motion of the membrane, and also to a reduction in the driving pressure required to sustain a given cell velocity.
An extension of underwater explosive models to include the high frequency transients following pulse maxima

Direct arrival of signals produced from underwater explosions (having no reflective paths contributing to the first arrivals) exhibited high frequency pressure oscillations following the pulse maxima. Appearance is similar to the familiar ringing response of an underdamped linear system to an impulse, i.e., a decaying exponential multiplied by a sinusoid. Correlation equations for description of the main features of the pressure response to an underwater explosion are extensive in the literature. By combining these correlations with the concept of ringing, a simulation method of the pressure response of underwater explosions which includes these high frequency components has been developed for nearby explosions. An interesting method of estimating the ringing frequency from the quarter wave coincidence at the first bubble pulse maximum and a novel means of extending the number of bubble pulse oscillations into the noise level are also presented.
Power Law Distributions of Suprathermal Ions in the Quiet Solar Wind

At energies above the bulk solar wind and pick-up ion cutoff, observations reveal an interplanetary suprathermal ion population extending to ∼1 MeV/nucleon and even higher energies. These suprathermal ions are found under a wide variety of conditions including periods when there are no obvious nearby accelerating shocks. We review the observational properties of these ions in quiet solar wind periods near 1 AU, including transient Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) events, and other, quieter periods in between transient enhancements. The particle energy spectra are power laws close to E −1.5 in the range above the solar wind, rolling over at energies of a few hundred keV/nucleon to a few MeV/nucleon. Although the C/O and Fe/O ratios of the tails is close to that of the solar wind, pickup ions and 3He found in the tails indicate sources distinct from the solar wind. We briefly review several mechanisms that have been proposed to explain these ions.
A compact, modular, mirror bending and positioning system

Abstract A mirror bending and positioning system has been designed for the two X-ray mirrors that will be on the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) Materials Analysis Beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source. We will describe the design and testing of the system. The salient features of the system are its compact size, modular construction, orthogonalized motions, independent bending forces for each end of the mirror, and feedback mechanism for controlling the degree of bending. Calculations for one of the mirrors show that it will possible to match the slope of a parabola with a bent flat mirror to within 0.6 arcsec rms slope error.
Microwave Emission from the Bulk of n -Type Indium Antimonide

We have observed microwave (3 and 9 GHz) emission from round loop samples of $n$-type InSb at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K subjected to dc magnetic and induced 20-MHz electric fields. A theoretical model, which identifies the emission as shot noise produced in localized regions of high electric field where the ionization by electrons is enhanced by the transverse magnetic field, is shown to fit the experimental data.
Myocardial guanylate cyclase: Properties of the enzyme and effects of cholinergic agonists in vitro

The characteristics of myocardial guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphatelyase, EC 4.6.1.2) were studied. Specific activity of the myocardial enzyme in five vertebrate species was guinea pig > man ⪢ cat > dog > rat. In the guinea pig, guanylate cyclase activity was uniformly distributed throughout the anatomical regions of the heart. The major portion of the enzyme activity was retrieved in the supernatant fraction after centrifugation at 12 000 × g. The Km for GTP was similar in supernatant (0.12 mM) and particulate (0.21 mM) preparations, although the Ka for Mn2+ in particulate preparations (0.3–0.6 mM) was less than that observed for guanylate cyclase in the supernatant fraction (0.8–2.0 mM). ATP competitively inhibited supernatant and particulate activity. Addition of 0.005–10.0 mM Ca2+ to assay incubations did not enhance guanylate cyclase activity. Suspension of 105 000 × g supernatant guanylate cyclase preparations with membrane lipids or phosphatidylserine stimulated activity 1.4–4.3 fold, whereas similar treatment of particulate preparations caused little alteration of enzyme activity. Addition of the cholinergic agonists acetylcholine, carbachol or methacholine (10−4–10−8 M) to homogenate, supernatant, particulate and disrupted tissue slice preparations in the presence of 0.0012–1.2 mM GTP, 0.3–10.0 mM Mn2+ and 0.005–10.0 mM Ca2+ or 0.0012–1.2 mM ATP did not stimulate guanylate cyclase activity. Similarly, further stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity was not elicited when enzym-lipid suspensions were assayed in the presence of cholinergic agents.
Influence of lipopolysaccharide exposure on airway function and allergic responses in developing mice.

Exposure to endotoxin has been associated with an exacerbation of asthmatic responses in humans and animal models. However, recent evidence suggests that microbial exposure in early life may protect from the development of asthma and atopy. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) on airway function in developing mice. In addition, we evaluated the influence of LPS on subsequent allergen sensitization and challenge. Under light anesthesia, 2–3-week-old Balb/c mice received a single intranasal instillation of LPS or sterile physiologic saline. Measurements of airway function were obtained in unrestrained animals, using whole-body plethysmography. Airway responsiveness was expressed in terms of % enhanced pause (Penh) increase from baseline to aerosolized methacholine (Mch). In additional studies, we assessed the functional and cellular responses to ovalbumin sensitization and challenge following prior exposure to LPS. We found that exposure to LPS induced transient airway hyperresponsiveness to Mch. These functional changes were associated with the recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Airway responsiveness after allergen sensitization and challenge was decreased by prior exposure to LPS. The analysis of BAL cells and cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-4) did not reveal alterations in the overall Th1/Th2 balance. Our findings suggest that LPS leads to airway hyperresponsiveness in developing mice, and may protect against the development of allergen-driven airway dysfunction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:267–277. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virtual Clinical Nutrition University: Nutrition in the elderly, nutritional screening and assessment – Oral refeeding

Summary Screening for malnutrition is mandatory in the elderly. Weight, weight loss and MNA are helpful, validated tools. Dietary counselling and fortification are first steps. The use of oral supplements may reduce morbidity and mortality.
A surfactant-conserving volume-of-fluid method for interfacial flows with insoluble surfactant

An axisymmetric numerical method to simulate the dynamics of insoluble surfactant on a moving liquid-fluid interface is presented. The motion of the interface is captured using a volume-of-fluid method. Surface tension, which can be a linear or nonlinear function of surfactant concentration (equation of state), is included as a continuum surface force. The surfactant evolution is governed by a convection-diffusion equation with a source term that accounts for stretching of the interface. In the numerical method, the masses of the flow components and the surfactant mass are exactly conserved. A number of test cases are presented to validate the algorithm. Simulations of a drop in extensional flow, and its subsequent retraction and breakup upon cessation of the external flow, are performed. Even when the initial surfactant distribution is dilute, we observe that increases in surfactant concentration locally (i.e. at the drop tips) can result in a local deviation from the dilute limit. We show that this can lead to differences in effective surface tension, the Marangoni forces and the associated drop dynamics between results using the linear and nonlinear equations of state.
Internal Phase Separation Drives Dewetting in Polymer Blend and Nanocomposite Films

We present experimental results showing that roughening in polymer blend films is driven by the underlying phase-separated morphology. To control morphology and stability, nanoparticles (NP) are added to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA):poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile) (SAN) (50:50) films having a thickness of 550 nm. These PMMA:SAN films undergo symmetric wetting with PMMA layers at the surface and substrate and separate into PMMA-rich (A) and SAN-rich (B) coexisting phases. Three varieties of NP are investigated and either partition into A (NPA) or segregate weakly (NPw) or strongly (NPs) to the interface between A and B. Using scanning force microscopy, the surface roughness is monitored for films containing up to 20 wt % NP. Whereas rupture is observed in neat blends and blends with NPw or NPA, stable films are produced by the addition of only 2 wt % NPs. Although capillary fluctuations fail to predict roughening, a novel model based on the Laplace pressure produced by the internal morphology agrees wi...
Channel coding considerations for wireless LANs

This paper investigates various channel coding options for wireless local area networks. The channel is impaired by multipath fading, intersymbol interference, and additive noise. Three equalization options are considered: linear equalization, decision feedback equalization, and maximum likelihood sequence estimation. Three high rate coding options are also considered: Hamming codes, Reed-Solomon codes, and punctured convolutional codes, both with and without interleaving.
The Stability of Moving Average Technical Trading Rules on the Dow Jones Index

This paper analyzes the behavior of moving average technical trading rules applied to over 100 years of the Dow Jones Industrial Index. It is found that the dierences between conditional means during buy and sell periods has changed dramatically over the previous 10 years relative to the previous 90 years of data, but dierences in conditional variances have not changed much over the entire sample. Further robustness checks indicate that similar results could be obtained with simple momentum based strategies. The analysis is performed on the actual Dow series, but these techniques could be useful in derivative markets where better estimates of conditional means and variances would be useful information.
Electrical Design of a High Speed Computer Packaging System

A methodology for optimizing the design of an electrical packaging system for a high speed computer is described The pertinent parameters are first defined and their sensitivities are derived so that the proper design trade-offs can ultimately be made. From this procedure, a set of rules is generated for driving a computer-aided design (CAD) system. Finally there is a discussion of design optimization and circuit and package effects on machine performance.
Dechlorane Plus, a Chlorinated Flame Retardant, in the Great Lakes

A highly chlorinated flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), was detected and identified in ambient air, fish, and sediment samples from the Great Lakes region. The identity of this compound was confirmed by comparing its gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic material. This compound exists as two gas chromatographically separable stereoisomers (syn and anti), the structures of which were characterized by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DP was detected in most air samples, even at remote sites. The atmospheric DP concentrations were higher at the eastern Great Lakes sites (Sturgeon Point, NY, and Cleveland, OH) than those at the western Great Lakes sites (Eagle Harbor, MI, Chicago, IL, and Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI). Atthe Sturgeon Point site, DP concentrations once reached 490 pg/m3. DP atmospheric concentrations were comparable to those of BDE-209 at the eastern Great Lakes sites. DP was also found in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. The peak DP concentrations were comparable to BDE-209 concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Erie butwere about 30 times lower than BDE-209 concentrations in the core from Lake Michigan. In the sediment cores, the DP concentrations peaked around 1975-1980, and the surficial concentrations were 10-80% of peak concentrations. Higher DP concentrations in air samples from Sturgeon Point, NY, and in the sediment core from Lake Erie suggest that DP's manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY, may be a source. DP was also detected in archived fish (walleye) from Lake Erie, suggesting that this compound is, at least partially, bioavailable.
IN-REACTOR CREEP MEASUREMENTS ON ZIRCALOY-2

Creep tests are being made on Zircaloy-2 while the specimen is exposed to neutron irradiation in a reactor. The experimental apparatus is described as is its development. Test temperatures are maintained to within plus or minus 2 degrees in the capsules and the strain is measured with microinch sensitivity. The instantaneous creep rates appear to be less under neutron radiation. When irradiation ceases during reactor shutdowns, marked increases in rate are observed. The resulting strain after several reactor cycles is greater than that found in an unirradiated test. (auth)
Tropical deforestation alters hummingbird movement patterns

Reduced pollination success, as a function of habitat loss and fragmentation, appears to be a global phenomenon. Disruption of pollinator movement is one hypothesis put forward to explain this pattern in pollen limitation. However, the small size of pollinators makes them very difficult to track; thus, knowledge of their movements is largely speculative. Using tiny radio transmitters (0.25 g), we translocated a generalist tropical 'trap-lining' hummingbird, the green hermit (Phaethornis guy), across agricultural and forested landscapes to test the hypothesis that movement is influenced by patterns of deforestation. Although, we found no difference in homing times between landscape types, return paths were on average 459+/-144 m (+/-s.e.) more direct in forested than agricultural landscapes. In addition, movement paths in agricultural landscapes contained 36+/-4 per cent more forest than the most direct route. Our findings suggest that this species can circumvent agricultural matrix to move among forest patches. Nevertheless, it is clear that movement of even a highly mobile species is strongly influenced by landscape disturbance. Maintaining landscape connectivity with forest corridors may be important for enhancing movement, and thus in facilitating pollen transfer.
Pentostatin, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab Is an Active, Well-Tolerated Regimen for Patients With Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Purpose Purine analogs and alkylators are important agents for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Early studies combining fludarabine and chlorambucil were abandoned owing to increased toxicity from overlapping myelosuppression and immunosuppression. Of the purine analogs active in CLL, pentostatin appears to be the least myelosuppressive. We previously reported that pentostatin and cyclophosphamide (PC) is active and well-tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL. Subsequently, we added rituximab, and now report on this three-drug combination. Patients and Methods We treated 46 patients with either previously treated CLL (32 patients) or other low-grade B-cell neoplasms (14 patients). Patients received pentostatin 4 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, and rituximab 375 mg/m2 (PCR). All drugs were administered on the same day (rituximab omitted from cycle 1), and patients received six cycles at 3-week intervals. Filgrastim, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and acyclovir were administere...
Inertial effect on stability of cone-and-plate flow: Part 2: Non-axisymmetric modes

Abstract We consider torsional flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a cone-and-plate device. This flow is known to undergo a purely elastic instability when the Deborah number reaches a critical value. Beyond this critical value a Hopf bifurcation to spiral vortices occurs. In this paper we consider the stability of the flow to non-axisymmetric disturbances when the Reynolds number is non-zero. We examine the effect of inertia on the critical value of the Deborah number at the onset of instability, the winding number of the spiral waves, as well as the wave number of the vortices. The constitutive model of Oldroyd-B is used in the present analysis. Our results show that in general when the cone angle is small the stability characteristics of the flow do not change much with inertia, indicating that the creeping model is indeed a very good approximation in such cases. We show that the critical Deborah number tends to increase with inertia in the case of non-axisymmeric disturbances. One important implication of our results is that whereas the creeping flow approximation gives a good prediction of the onset of instability the post critical bifurcations will be influenced by the inertial terms. In particular, since inertia tends to stabilize non-axisymmetric modes while destabilizing axisymmetric modes, the interaction of the two modes could be more significant than is predicted by the creeping flow results. Indeed, experimental results reported in McKinley et al., 1995, J. Fluid. Mech. 285, 123, show that for parameter values for which the creeping flow equations predict bifurcations to spiral vortices, purely axisymmetric modes were also observed. An energy analysis of the non-axisymmetric modes shows the mechanism driving the instability to be the coupling between the perturbation polymeric stress and the base velocity.
The Impact of Multi-Core Architectures on Design of Chip-Level Interconnect Networks

This paper studies the impact of multi-core architectures on design of chip-level interconnect networks. A dual core 3 GHz processor is found to require 23% fewer metal levels than a single core 6 GHz processor while a quad core 1.5 GHz processor needs 38% fewer interconnect levels than the single core 6 GHz processor. This is because lower frequency chips can use smaller pitch wires and pack the wiring into a fewer number of metal levels.
Survivability approaches for multiple failures in wdm optical networks

In this dissertation, we study survivability paradigms for surviving multiple link failures. We study the network design and upgrade problem in WDM backbone networks and formulate it using a simulated annealing based technique. This framework provides a cost effective way of upgrading the network by identifying how much resources to budget at each stage of network evolution. This results in significant cost reductions for the network service provider. We study protection reconfiguration using two different survivability paradigms, namely sub-graph routing and shared mesh protection. Initially sub-graphs are defined taking into account link, SRLG, or node failures, and could, in the event of an unrelated or subsequent multi-link failure, incorporate the reactive form of sub-graph fault tolerance. Reactive sub-graph fault tolerance employs a recursive approach for tolerating numerous sequential overlapping failures. It can tolerate simultaneous multiple link failures by simply serializing the handling of each individual fault. Connection re-routing and network reconfiguration is one of the primary challenges in sub-graph routing methodology. We propose a constrained subgraph routing methodology, which restricts the connections to be routed using the same trunk and channel in the subgraphs, thus minimizing reconfiguration. The subgraph based routing methodology is further explored to tolerate multiple link failures, in the form of shared-risk link groups and node failures. The generalized diverse routing problem, for finding two diverse routes between a source and destination has been shown to be NP-Complete. Recent studies have also proven the NP-completeness of the SRLG diverse routing. We propose a polynomial time graph transformation algorithm for solving the diverse routing problem for certain specific SRLG's, which includes link-sets incident on a common node. The proposed graph transformation methodology for diverse routing, is also studied for shared-risk node group (SRNG) failures. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Grid Computing for Commercial Enterprise Environments

Grid Computing (or, more precisely a “Grid Computing System”) is a virtualized distributed computing environment. Such environment aims at enabling the dynamic “runtime” selection, sharing, and aggregation of (geographically) distributed autonomous resources based on the availability, capability, performance, and cost of these computing resources, and, simultaneously, also based on an organization’s specific baseline and/or burst processing requirements. When people think of a grid the idea of an interconnected system for the distribution of electricity, especially a network of high-tension cables and power stations, comes to mind. In the mid-1990s the grid metaphor was (re)applied to computing, by extending and advancing the 1960’s concept of “computer time sharing”. The grid metaphor strongly illustrates the relation to, and the dependency on, a highly-interconnected networking infrastructure.
Perspectives on OS foundations

My question is: how and when did the key OS principles emerge? Timelines of the evolution of operating systems follow available technologies and respond to market concerns. There were four stages from the 1950s to present: batch, interactive, distributed network, and cloud-mobile. The SOSP symposia, founded to focus on developing and validating OS principles, have involved thousands of researchers over the past fifty years. OS research has contributed a dozen great principles to all of computer science, including as processes, locality, interactive computing, concurrency control, location independent naming, and virtualization. I will look more closely at the research around two principles I was involved with: locality and location independent naming. Virtual memory -- a new, alluring, but controversial technology in the 1960s -- motivated both areas. The early concerns were whether the automation of paging would perform well, and whether name-to-location mappings could be done with no significant performance degradation. Performance was a major concern for virtual memory because the speed gap between a main memory access and a disk address was 10,000 or more; even a few page faults hurt performance. (The gap is worse today.) We hypothesized that paging would perform well if memory managers could guarantee that each process's working set is in memory. We justified this from intuitions about locality, which predicts that the working set is the maximum likelihood predictor of the process's memory demand in the immediate future. These ideas were extensively validated through years of study of paging algorithms, multiprogramming, and thrashing, leading to control systems that measured working sets, avoided thrashing, and optimized system throughput. Locality is harnessed today in all levels of systems, including the many layers of cache built into chips and memory control systems, the platforms for powering cloud computing, and in the Internet itself to cache pages near their frequent users and avoid bottlenecks at popular servers. Location independent naming is the other principle that permeated all generations of virtual memory over the years. This principle gave us hierarchical systems to generate names and very fast mappings from names to the physical locations of objects. This principle was present in the original virtual memory, which had a contiguous address space made of pages, and is present in today's Internet, which provides a huge address space made of URLs, DOIs, and capabilities.
Lactating mice (Mus musculus) exhibit compensatory flexibility in gut morphology in response to reduced dietary protein

Protein affects key life-history traits, and deficiencies in this nutrient may have selected for the ability to invoke physiological or morphological mechanisms to aid nutrient assimilation. I examined the effect of dietary protein on gut characters in lactating mice (Mus musculus L., 1758) and predicted that mice, to improve assimilation efficiency, would increase the mass of the stomach and small intestine and (or) increase food retention in these organs. Mice were maintained on isocaloric diets differing in protein and carbohydrate content (P:C) during the reproductive period. The hypothesis that food would be preferentially retained was not supported. However, both the stomach and the small intestine responded to low P:C with increased mass, and the small intestine exhibited increased diameter. This study demonstrates that mammalian gut morphology of lactating mice can respond to nutrient availability under conditions of constant energy intake. Further study is needed to determine if gut flexibility in response to decreasing P:C levels results in improved nitrogen assimilation efficiency and if this response is a general strategy of mammals or is limited to those with particular breeding strategies. Resume : Les proteines ont une incidence sur des caracteres cles du cycle de vie, et des carences proteiques pourraient avoir mene ala selection d'une capacite de faire appel ades mecanismes physiologiques ou morphologiques pour faciliter l'assimilation d'elements nutritifs. J'ai examine l'effet des proteines alimentaires sur les caracteres du tube digestif de souris (Mus musculus L., 1758) en lactation et predit que, pour ameliorer l'efficacite de l'assimilation, les souris accroitraient la masse de leur estomac et de leur intestin grele ou la retention de nourriture dans ces organes. Les souris etaient assujetties ades regimes isoenergetiques de differentes teneurs en proteines et en glucides (P:C) durant la periode de reproduction. Les resultats n'ont pas appuye l'hypothese voulant que la nourriture soit preferentiellement retenue. Toutefois, l'estomac et l'intestin grele ont tous deux reagi ade faibles P:C par un accroissement de leur masse, l'intestin grele presentant egalement un diametre accru. L'etude demontre que la morphologie du tube digestif mammalien de souris en lactation peut reagir ala disponibilite d'elements nutritifs dans des conditions d'apport energetique constant. D'autres etudes sont necessaires pour determiner si la souplesse du tube digestif en reponse ades P:C reduits se traduit par une assimilation plus efficace de l'azote et si cette reponse constitue une strategie generalisee chez les mammiferes ou se limite aux mammiferes presentant des strategies de reproduction particulieres. (Traduit par la Redaction) Mots-cles : plasticite intestinale, cycle de vie, carence proteique, souris de laboratoire, Mus musculus.
Modeling stress evolution in electromigration

Diffusional mechanisms of electromigration and stress relaxation involve the flow of atoms in response to a gradient in chemical potential along an interface. This gradient in chemical potential may be provided by the component of an electric field parallel to the interface, or it may be established by the normal component of stresses along it. In either case, considerations of continuity of the potential dictate that diffusive flow must also be induced along any other boundary that intersects the interface. As an example, in this paper, a model system that contains grain boundaries normal to an applied electric field is analyzed. While the electric field does not directly induce diffusion along these grain boundaries, it is shown that a complimentary flux must be induced along them. The effect of this flux on electromigration is discussed in this paper. Furthermore, it is well-known that non-homogeneous diffusion of matter along boundaries induces elastic distortions and stress gradients. These in turn, influence the diffusion process. The effect of these elastic distortions on the atomic flux has been examined by considering diffusion along a single interface in an elastic medium. Prior studies of diffusional cavity growth have established the magnitudes of non-dimensional time-scales over which the deposition of atoms along the grain boundaries can be assumed to be essentially uniform. Such an assumption considerably simplifies analyses for stress evolution in these problems. The appropriate time-scales over which such a simplification can be made for electromigration are discussed in this paper, and illustrated by some model calculations.
Characterization of Unsteady Combustion Phenomena in a University Scale Rocket Combustor

We investigate the steady and unsteady flame properties in a moderate pressure, single shear coaxial injector operated with gaseous oxygen/hydrogen and how they relate to the underlying fluid dynamic properties of the flowfield. Under a certain range of conditions, we observe strong modifications of the flame structure as a result of a low-amplitude thermoacoustic instability that develops naturally under fuel-lean conditions. In particular, we observe a periodic evolution of the flame front where ejection events are followed by near-complete extinction and re-ignition. To link the onset of the thermoacoustic instability under fueled (reacting) conditions to the fluid dynamics of the system, we conduct corresponding mixing studies of variable density, non-reacting shear coaxial jets. We particularly investigate the onset and properties of self-excited hydrodynamic instabilities that are observed at high inner-to-outer jet momentum flux ratios. We thus attempt to link them to the unsteady behavior of the corresponding reacting cases.
Quantitative estimates for periodic points of reversible and symplectic holomorphic mappings

We show that reversible holomorphic mappings of \({\bf C}^2\) have periodic points accumulating at an elliptic fixed point of general type. On the contrary, we also show the existence of holomorphic symplectic mappings that have no periodic points of certain periods in a sequence of deleted balls about an elliptic fixed point of general type. The radii of the balls are carefully chosen in terms of the periods, which allows us to show the existence of holomorphic mappi ngs of \({\bf C}^2\) that are not reversible with respect to any \(C^1\) involution with a holomorphic linear part, and that admit no invariant totally real and \(C^1\) real surfaces.
Coherent Model of L-Band Radar Scattering by Soybean Plants: Model Development, Evaluation, and Retrieval

An improved coherent branching model for L-band radar remote sensing of soybean is proposed by taking into account the correlated scattering among scatterers. The novel feature of the analytical coherent model consists of conditional probability functions to eliminate the overlapping effects of branches in the former branching models. Backscattering coefficients are considered for a variety of scenarios over the full growth cycle for vegetation water content (VWC) and the complete drydown conditions for soil moisture. The results of the coherent model show that HH scattering has a significant difference up to 3 dB from that of the independent scattering when VWC is low, e.g., ${\mathbf{ 0.2}}\;{\mathbf {kg}}/{\mathbf {m}}^{\mathbf {2}}$ . Forward model calculations are performed for the scattering from the soybean field for the full range of three axes of root-mean-square (RMS) height of bare soil, VWC, and soil moisture using the coherent model. The soybean volume scattering including the double-bounce term is combined with the back scattering of bare soil from the numerical Maxwell solutions that incorporates RMS height, soil permittivity, and correlation length, to form the forward model lookup table for the vegetated soil. The results are compared with data from 13 soybean fields collected as part of the soil moisture active passive validation experiment 2012 (SMAPVEX12). Time-series retrieval of soil moisture is also applied to the soybean fields by inverting the forward model lookup table. During the retrieval, the VWC is optimized with physical constraints obtained from ground measurements. The retrieval performances are significantly improved using the proposed coherent model: the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the soil moisture retrieval is decreased from ${\mathbf {0.09}}\;\mathbf {to}\;{\mathbf {0.05}}\;{\mathbf {cm}}^\mathbf {3}/{\text{cm}}^{\mathbf {3}}$ and the correlation coefficient is increased from 0.66 to 0.92.
Chemokine immunobiology in HIV-1 pathogenesis.

The discovery of HIV-1-suppressive che- mokines and the subsequent discovery of their cognate receptors as coreceptors for HIV-1 entry herald a paradigmatic shift in the study of HIV-1 pathogenesis. The presence of polymorphisms in chemokine receptor and chemokine genes associ- ated with altered progression and susceptibility to the HIV-1 disease further underscores the potential importance that chemokines and their cognate receptors play in HIV-1 pathogenesis. It has be- come increasingly apparent that the immune sys- tem maintains a delicate balance between the posi- tive and negative regulators that govern the chemokine and cytokine networks. Here we review the most recent developments in chemokine biol- ogy and relate how research into their structure, regulation, and the mechanism of their actions can shed light on the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65: 552-565; 1999.
The Association Between Breastfeeding Duration and Attachment: A Genetically Informed Analysis.

Abstract Introduction: A growing body of research explores whether breastfeeding during infancy influences the development of attachment security in offspring. Studies to date have generally yielded inconsistent results, with some studies detecting an association between breastfeeding and attachment security, and others failing to do so. The purpose of this study is to empirically consider whether (1) any association between breastfeeding and offspring attachment security is robust to both familial and genetic confounding and (2) whether the breastfeeding-attachment relationship is significant for both male and female offspring. Materials and Methods: The present study uses data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to examine whether twins who differ in their extent of exposure to breastfeeding exhibit different attachment patterns by the time they reach toddlerhood. Results: The results suggest that, independent of genetic and shared environmental influences, breastfeeding d...
Electrochemical Machining, Chemical Machining, and Chemical Mechanical Polishing Processes

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a machining process which removes material through anodic electrochemical dissolution. ECM can create complicated form in high-strength, temperature-resistant difficult-to-machine materials because of the minimal tool (electrode) wear. For example, ECM is commonly used in the manufacturing of turbine blade made of Ni-based high-temperature alloy. Chemical machining (ChM), also known as etching or chemical etching, is the controlled chemical dissolution of work material for machining. It is a critical process to manufacture large components as well as micro features in the integrated circuits (IC). Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), also known as the chemical mechanical planarization, utilizes the combination of chemical and mechanical effects to polish and flatten the surfaces. It is a critical manufacturing process for IC manufacturing. These three nontraditional machining processes related to chemical actions are presented in this chapter.
MMP-14 Triggered Fluorescence Contrast Agent

Matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) is involved in cancer invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is considered to be a biomarker for aggressive cancer types, including some of the triple-negative breast cancer. Accurate (i.e., specific) and sensitive detection of MMP-14 can, thus, be important for the early diagnosis of and accurate prognosis for aggressive cancer, including the breast cancer caused by cell line MDA-MB 231. Fluorophore-mediated molecular sensing has been used for detecting biomarkers, for a long time. One way to increase the specificity of the sensing is designing the fluorophore to emit its fluorescence only when it encounters the biomarker of interest. When a fluorophore is placed on the surface of, or very close to a gold nanoparticle (GNP), its fluorescence is quenched. Applying this relationship between the GNP and fluorophore, we have developed a GNP-based, near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent that is highly specific for MMP-14. This agent normally emits only 14–17 % fluorescence of the free fluorophore. When the agent encounters MMP-14, its fluorescence gets fully restored, allowing MMP-14 specific optical signal emission.
FERMiers required: applying watershed governance to banking and finance

This paper conceptualizes financial markets as virtual environments which should be subject to stewardship requirements found in natural environments. As in natural environments, irresponsible self-governance and lax or off-target regulation result in environmental damage and social loss. Watershed governance is proposed as the best-fitting analogy to financial markets governance for seven reasons: 1, scaling the watershed analogy from small to large fits well with financial markets; 2, both consist of a variety of users who 3, tap hydrologic [capital] resources for many different uses. 4, financial markets, like watersheds, are made up of private, club, common pool and public goods, and 5, may be better-managed through polycentric institutions with a range of public-private governance arrangements. 6, governmental, private sector and mixed agents seek to support and manage [sustainable] exploitation in each. 7, environmental degradation comparisons are robust. Upstream-downstream interlinkage and cross-border riparian negotiations in combination with financial market cases illustrate challenging financial market governance issues.
Social Network Factors and Addictive Behaviors among College Students.

The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of studies within the past 5 years examining the impact of social network factors on addictive behaviors among college students, to discuss gaps, limitations, and controversies in the field, and to summarize with a discussion of future directions and implications for interventions. A review of 13 studies indicated that greater network exposure, centrality, reciprocated ties, and more tightly interconnected networks were associated with greater alcohol use and other addictive behaviors among college students. Greater research is needed that expands beyond alcohol use to other addictive behaviors among college students. Additionally, more studies are needed that longitudinally study the impact of changes in social networks on addictive behaviors and vice versa, as well as studies examining sociocentric (whole) networks. Social network approaches offer innovative perspectives in understanding social influences on addictive behaviors and novel intervention strategies for potentially reducing addictive behaviors among college students.
Low-voltage inkjetted organic transistors for printed RFID and display applications

We demonstrate printed organic transistors with sub-10V VDD . Using inkjetted nanoparticle conductors, a polymer dielectric, and a pentacene precursor semiconductor, we demonstrate devices on plastic with mobilities >0.05cm2/V-s and on-off ratios >105. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrate devices with operating specifications approaching those required for low-cost electronic systems
On a restless multi-armed bandit problem with non-identical arms

We consider the following learning problem motivated by opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks. There are N independent Gilbert-Elliott channels with possibly non-identical transition matrices. It is desired to have an online policy to maximize the long-term expected discounted reward from accessing one channel at each time dynamically. While there is a stream of recent results on this problem when the channels are identical, much less is known for the harder case of non-identical channels. We provide the first characterization of the structure of the optimal policy for this problem when the channels can be non-identical, in the Bayesian case (when the transition matrices are known). We also provide the first provably efficient learning algorithm for a non-Bayesian version of this problem (when the transition matrices are unknown). Specifically, for the special case of two positively correlated channels, we use the structure we identify to develop a novel mapping to a different multi-armed bandit with countably-infinite arms, in which each arm corresponds to a threshold-based policy. Using this mapping, we propose a policy that achieves near-logarithmic regret for this problem with respect to an ∊-optimal solution.
Does service diversification enhance organizational survival

The rate of closure among US substance abuse treatment facilities in the private sector is considerable, further reducing access to treatments that are already in short supply in many locales. Using a nationally representative sample of 450 substance abuse treatment centers, this research considers the extent to which specific types of service diversification reduce the likelihood of treatment center closure in the private sector. Over the study period, 26.4% of centers ceased to offer substance abuse treatment services. There was mixed evidence that centers offering a more diversified array of services had a lower likelihood of closure. Specifically, the number of treatment tracks tailored to specific demographic groups was negatively associated with the likelihood of closure. There was a positive association between closure and offering an inpatient psychiatric program. These findings suggest that there may be strategic benefits in expanding services to meet the needs of diverse clientele.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the Reactivity of Bound Intermediates in Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids and Consequences of Acid–Base Properties of Oxide Catalysts

Ketonization of carboxylic acids on metal oxides enables oxygen removal and the formation of new C–C bonds for increasing the energy density and chemical value of biomass-derived streams. Information about the surface coverages and reactivity of various bound species derived from acid reactants and the kinetic relevance of the elementary steps that activate reactants, form C–C bonds, and remove O atoms and how they depend on acid–base properties of surfaces and molecular properties of reactants is required to extend the range of ketonization catalytic practice. Here, we examine such matters for ketonization of C2–C4 carboxylic acids on monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2 (ZrO2(m), ZrO2(t)) materials that are among the most active and widely used ketonization catalysts by combining kinetic, isotopic, spectroscopic, and theoretical methods. Ketonization turnovers require Zr–O acid–base pairs, and rates, normalized by the number of active sites determined by titration methods during catalysis, are slightly higher...
Pain Management in Older Adults

Treating pain in older adults can be complex because of the age-related physiologic changes, comorbidities, and polypharmacy. Thus, an individualized, multimodal treatment approach is recommended. Treatment plans should include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies. Several important clinical guidelines and expert panel statements are available to guide health care providers in the best practices for treating pain in older adults. This article provides evidence-based recommendations for pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management in older adults.
Modifying Mendel Redux: Unbiased Approaches Can Find Modifiers.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common groups of birth defects,1 contributing to a major portion of mortality in early childhood and consuming large amounts of healthcare and family resources. They have a birth prevalence of 6 to 8/1000 live births, excluding late recognized defects, such as bicuspid aortic valve, which has a population frequency of 1% to 2%.1 See Article by Guo et al Genetic epidemiology studies and reports of multiple recurrences of CHDs within families demonstrate a strong genetic component. Familial clustering of CHDs is particularly apparent when grouped by developmental mechanism.2 A recent large study using hundreds of these multiplex families confirmed the concept of grouping CHD by developmental mechanism, and supporting animal data suggest that these groupings are because of perturbations of genetic networks important in cardiogenesis.3 Indeed, of all risk factors for CHD, a family history of CHD has the highest relative risk even over maternal diabetes mellitus or twinning.4 More formal segregation analyses have confirmed the strong genetic component, also noting that the inheritance pattern is likely complex and oligogenic.2 This evidence for the genetic basis of CHD spurred investigators to search for responsible loci and genes. A few early successes occurred using the traditional genetic approach of linkage, identifying pathogenic variants in NKX2-5 ,5 NOTCH1 ,6 and GATA4 7 among multiplex families with CHDs. Unfortunately, further successes have been scarce, with the exception of CHDs occurring as part of a syndrome (such as the RASopathies). Genome-wide association studies for specific groups of CHD have added a few more loci but with limited replications in a second study.8,9 Copy number variant studies have identified novel genomic disorders in as many as 20% of syndromic cases, a few percent of nonsyndromic …
Adaptive versus non-adaptive MRI-guided radiation treatments for pancreatic cancer: A dosimetric study.

336Background: Combination MRI and radiation therapy systems enable magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy (MR-IGRT). MR-IGRT allows clear visualization of the target and organs at risk ...