cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative approaches to develop environmental contours from metocean data

It is necessary to evaluate site-specific extreme environmental conditions in the design of wave energy converters (WECs) as well as other offshore structures. As WECs are generally resonance-driven devices, critical metocean parameters associated with a target return period of interest (e.g., 50 years) must generally be established using combinations, say, of significant wave height and spectral peak period, as opposed to identifying single-valued wave height levels alone. We present several methods for developing so-called “environmental contours” for any target return period. The environmental contour (EC) method has been widely acknowledged as an efficient way to derive design loads for offshore oil and gas platforms and for land-based as well as offshore wind turbines. The use of this method for WECs is also being considered. A challenge associated with its use relates to the need to accurately characterize the uncertainties in metocean variables that define the “environment”. The joint occurrence frequency of values of two or more random variables needs to be defined formally. There are many ways this can be done—the most thorough and complete of these is to define a multivariate joint probability distribution of the random variables. However, challenges arise when data from the site where the WEC device is to be deployed are limited, making it difficult to estimate the joint probability distribution. A more easily estimated set of inputs consists of marginal distribution functions for each random variable and pairwise correlation coefficients. Pearson correlation coefficients convey information that rely on up to the second moment of each variable and on the expected value of the product of the paired variables. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients, on the other hand, convey information on similarity in the “rank” of two variables and are useful especially in dealing with extreme values. The EC method is easily used with Rosenblatt transformations when joint distributions are available. In cases where Pearson’s correlation coefficients have been estimated along with marginal distributions, a Nataf transformation can be used, and if Kendall’s rank coefficients have been estimated and are available, a copula-based transformation can be used. We demonstrate the derivation of 50-year sea state parameters using the EC method with all three approaches where we consider data from the National Data Buoy Center Station 46022 (which can be considered the site for potential WEC deployment). A comparison of the derived environmental contours using the three approaches is presented. The focus of this study is on investigating differences between the derived environmental contours and, thus, on associated sea states arising from the different dependence structure assumptions for the metocean random variables. Both parametric and non-parametric approaches are used to define the probability distributions.
Vaccine and Vaccine-Preventable Disease Information Summaries

Information summaries are provided for each vaccine currently routinely recommended for children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant women in the United States, along with the diseases they prevent. These summaries are intended to assist in having discussions with patients or parents about the vaccines they or their children may receive.
A Simple Nonparametric Approach for Estimation and Inference of Conditional Quantile Functions

In this paper we present a new nonparametric method for estimating a conditional quantile function and develop its weak convergence theory. The proposed estimator is computationally easy-to-implement, and automatically ensures quantile monotonicity by construction. For inference, we propose to use a residual bootstrap method. The Monte Carlo simulations show that our new estimator compares well with the checkfunction-based estimator in terms of estimation mean squared error (MSE), and the bootstrap conﬁdence bands give adequate coverage probabilities. An empirical example considering a dataset from Canadian high school graduate earnings illustrates that the proposed method delivers a more reasonable quantile estimate than the check-function counterpart.
Model Predictive Optimal Dispatch of Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage Considering Onsite Generation Uncertainties

This paper presents the model-predictive optimal dispatch of a behind-the-meter energy storage (BMES) system considering onsite generation/load variabilities and forecasting uncertainties. First, onsite generation and consumption are forecasted for a given facility with different confidence level using auto-regressive integrated moving average model. Subsequently, the cost-optimal dispatch of BMES is computed considering the forecasting uncertainties, cost of energy, cost of battery degradation, and behind-the-meter (BTM) services. In particular, the BMES is deployed for multiple BTM services, including peak-load reductions, smoothing intermittencies from onsite renewables, and load shaping of given facility. A mixed-integer non-linear programming based optimization is formulated and solved in GAMS using KNITRO solver to compute the cost-optimal BMES dispatch. The performance of the proposed method is investigated through a 24-hour time-series simulation in a co-simulation environment (GAMS, MATLAB, and R) using operational data of a residential consumer. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can simultaneously maximize BMES operational benefits and provide insights for sizing resources to compensate power imbalances of a facility.
The relationship between genetic counseling student self‐efficacy and clinical training

Clinical experience is an important part of the training required in genetic counseling graduate programs, but little evidence exists for the number of clinical cases a student may need in order to confidently perform skills. The purpose of this study was to further describe the relationship between genetic counseling student self-efficacy and the number of core cases students log during their training. In this study, second year genetic counseling students nearing the end of their training completed a questionnaire that included the Genetic Counseling Self-efficacy Scale (GCSES) and questions related to the students' clinical experiences. Genetic counseling student self-efficacy was found to be positively associated with the number of core cases the student accumulated during training, with a plateau in GCSES scores between 80 and 100 core cases. These data suggest that 50 cases may not be enough for the average student, but over 100 may be more than needed in order to feel confident in their skills. Genetic counseling programs may benefit from increased flexibility in clinical training to meet the different needs of their trainees. Further studies characterizing the relationship between genetic counseling student self-efficacy and clinical competency, and well as the effectiveness of clinical training by genetic counseling programs, may aid in better understanding the clinical training specifications that best meet the needs of genetic counseling trainees.
The organochlorine pesticide toxaphene reduces non-mitochondrial respiration and induces heat shock protein 70 expression in early-staged zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Abstract Toxaphene is a restricted-use pesticide produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. It was heavily used as a pesticide for agricultural purposes in the 1960–1970s, but despite being banned >30 years ago, it can remain elevated in the soil due to its resistance to metabolic degradation; this has led to longstanding concerns about elevated levels of toxaphene and other organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. The objective of this study were to determine the effects of waterborne exposure to toxaphene on early life stages of zebrafish. Based on the LC50, zebrafish embryos were exposed to control (embryo rearing media or DMSO) or to one dose of toxaphene ranging between 0.011 and 111.1 μg/mL from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) up to 120 hpf. Significant mortality and hatch time delays were observed in embryos exposed to toxaphene (at or above 0.11 and 1.11 μg/mL, depending on the assay). Higher prevalence of deformities was noted at higher doses (≥0.011 μg/mL), and these included pericardial edema and skeletal deformities. As energy production is important for normal development, mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed in embryos following toxaphene exposure. Embryos exposed to 11.1 or 111 μg/mL toxaphene for 24 h showed lower non-mitochondrial respiration (~30%) compared to both solvent and no treatment controls. Expression of transcripts related to oxidative damage responses and apoptosis were measured and heat shock protein 70 was significantly increased with 111 μg/mL toxaphene (14.5 fold), while the expression levels of caspase 3, caspase 9, and superoxide dismutase 1 were not changed. These data demonstrate that developmental deformities induced by toxaphene include pericardial edema and skeletal deformity, and that toxaphene can affect oxidative phosphorylation in early staged zebrafish.
The changing? Face of power in international relations, 1979-2019

This article traces how the major paradigms in international relations have viewed power over the past 40 years. It argues that theorizing in the 1970s began a bifurcation that served to split the ...
Feasibility of zero-energy affordable housing

Abstract The United States needs comprehensive policymaking reforms that promote sustainable residential development. This study investigates the feasibility of statewide, zero-energy affordable housing by analyzing historical data on the climate, energy use, and solar system costs in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The hypothesis examined is the net present cost of implementation of rooftop residential solar systems to achieve zero-energy, multifamily buildings of the U.S. Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program is lower than the discounted present cost of energy of otherwise identical buildings that run without renewable energy generation systems. We propose a generalizable framework for analyzing the feasibility of achieving regionwide or statewide zero-energy affordable housing. To validate the framework, we employ a longitudinal sample of monthly energy use data from 2013 to 2016, obtained from 310 residential units of 15 LIHTC developments across Virginia. Based on statistical regression analysis, energy simulation, and simulation-based risk analysis, we find that the net present value of investments in zero-energy affordable housing can be positive with a low risk. The investment value varies often depending on the zero-energy building definition, weather characteristics, retail price of electricity, and incentive rate. The results suggest that many other southern states can accrue benefits from zero-energy affordable housing.
Why we shouldn’t measure women’s labour force participation in pre-industrial countries

Labour force participation was designed to measure contemporary labour markets, and does a poor job of measuring work, particularly women’s work, in the past. When we measure labour force participa...
Insights into the secret world: The secret world: a history of intelligence, by Christopher Andrew, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2018, 960 pp., $35 (Hb), ISBN 978-0300238440

Christopher Andrew, emeritus professor of modern and contemporary history at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, is widely regarded as the preeminent historian of intelligence and has dev...
Self-Observation and Self-Referral in Lasers: An Analysis of the Transition from Quantum to Classical Behavior

For all lasers and other coherent light sources, certain properties of the generated light field show quantum mechanical distributions in ensembles of identical experiments. For example, in a gas laser operating at steady state, the phase of each field mode is uniformly distributed [1]. For a Raman laser in the linear regime, the photon number is exponentially distributed [2]. In all these cases, the quantum mechanical distribution can be calculated from the initial quantum state of the device.
Techniques for Corrosion Quantification

Corrosion, the environmental degradation of materials, is a problem for many applications of materials, particularly for metals. Accurate evaluation of the susceptibility of a material to corrosion in a given environment and improvements made through, for instance, protective coatings or the addition of corrosion inhibitors to the environment are critical for successful utilization of materials in aggressive conditions. A number of techniques, both electrochemical and nonelectrochemical, have been developed to allow detailed characterization of the corrosion response and accurate prediction of component degradation. In this chapter several techniques are described, with an emphasis on electrochemical methods. These techniques use a fundamental understanding of corrosion kinetics as well as sensitive instrumentation to allow quick and informative assessments of corrosion rates. The Tafel technique using potentiodynamic polarization data also provides information about the rate-limiting processes, the tendency toward passivity, and the likelihood for passivity breakdown by localized corrosion. However, it is not suitable for field monitoring. Linear polarization is simple, rapid, and very well suited for field monitoring of corrosion rates. The Tafel slopes must be known for accurate determination of corrosion rate, or they can be estimated with little resulting error. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a powerful laboratory tool, particularly for resistive environments and coated metals. This chapter provides the principles, practical aspects, and problems associated with each technique. Some common nonelectrochemical methods are also discussed. Keywords: corrosion; electrochemistry
Strong influence of phonons on the electron dynamics of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

Abstract The sudden change of the velocity, so-called ‘kink’, of the dispersing peak in angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is a well-known feature in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates. Currently, the origin of the kink is being much debated, but a consensus has not emerged yet. Here, we present a study of the momentum evolution of the kink structure from the nodal region towards the anti-nodal region, for optimally doped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ δ sample. We show that the observed temperature dependence of the kink structure in both regions of the momentum space is consistent with a scenario in which phonons contribute strongly to the kink.
The universal parser architecture for knowledge-based machine translation

Machine translation should be semanticalty-accurate, linguistically-principled, user-interactive, and extensible to multiple languages and domains. This paper presents the universal parser architecture that strives to meet these objectives. In essence, linguistic knowledge bases (syntactic, semantic, lexical, pragmatic), encoded in theoretically-motivated formalisms such as lexical-functional grammars, are unified and precompiled into fast run-time grammars for parsing and generation. Thus, the universal parser provides principled run-time integration of syntax and semantics, while preserving the generality of domain-independent syntactic grammars, and language-independent domain knowledge bases; the optimized cross product is generated automatically in the precornpllation phase. Initial results for bi-directional English-Japanese translation show considerable promise both in terms of demonstrating the theoretical feasibillty of the approach and in terms of subsequent practical utility.
Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis following hormone replacement prior to cryothaw transfer.

Purpose: A case of acute pancreatitis with severe hypertriglyceridemia occurred following use of intramuscular estradiol valerate during endometrial preparation for cryopreserved embryos. Methods: A 30-year-old woman with primary infertility and a past history of well-controlled hypothyroidism, underwent endometrial development with intramuscular estradiol valerate in preparation for the transfer of cryopreservred embryos. Results: Initial hospitalization, discontinuation of all estrogens, aggressive intravenous fluid hydration, and initiation of low-fat diet with additional gemfibrozil treatment resulted in complete resolution of all symptoms related to the pancreatitis including the hyperlipidemia. A subsequent cryothaw cycle using oral estradiol resulted in a viable pregnancy with only mild increases in the patient's triglyceride and cholesterol levels noted throughout her 38-week gestation. Conclusion(s): Estradiol valerate, a commonly used form of estrogen for endometrial preparation during cryothaw cycles, may cause severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis in certain predisposed individuals. Oral and transdermal estrogens should be the preferred method of endometrial preparation in patients at high risk for lipid metabolism disorders, such as patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome and familial hypertriglyceridemia. These estrogens are more rapidly metabolized and have a shorter half life compared to that of estradiol valerate.
The southern violence construct: A review of arguments, evidence, and the normative context

The problem of violence in the South has attracted an unusual amount of interest from historians, sociologists, and criminologists. The notion that the South is an inherently violent milieu and that Southerners are culturally violent people persists despite inconclusive and ambiguous research. In this essay we review the core arguments associated with the Southern violence construct (SVC) and the evidence, both qualitative and quantitative, pertaining to it. We also try to locate the controversy surrounding Southern violence within a larger normative context. Finally, we offer some suggestions for future work on this topic.
Use of storet data to evaluate variations in environmental contamination by census division

Abstract STORET sediment, fish tissue, and groundwater data for 43 chemical compounds were sorted by U.S. census division and ranked according to the mean concentration of each compound. Statistical analyses indicated variations in the levels of environmental contamination among regions. The West North Central, South Atlantic, and East South Central regions appear to be more contaminated than other regions of the country.
Sample Profiles and Temperature Transients in Preparative Gas Chromatography

Abstract This paper gives results of investigating some of the parameters involved in the operation of a preparative gas-chromatographic unit. An elution profile for a nonabsorbed sample was noted across the column bed. Elution-rate differences indicate that the carrier gas flow rate is somewhat faster near the column wall than in the central bed. However, in at least some cases, overloading samples of absorbing solutes gave more rapid elution through the central axial portion of the column than in the near-wall portion of the column bed. Apparently, heat transfer and solute equilibrium change with concentration and temperature differences across the column bed, and both steady-state and transient temperature differences between the axis and wall have such pronounced effects that carrier gas velocity differences across the bed are of secondary importance in 1-in. I.D. columns.
Beta-Endorphin as a potent analgesic by intravenous injection.

AN untriakontapeptide1 with significant opiate activity from camel pituitary glands was shown to have an amino acid sequence identical to the carboxyl-terminal 31 amino acids of β-lipotropins2,3. The peptide, designated as β-endorphin, has recently been synthesised4, and when administered directly into the brain, it was found5 to be considerably more potent than morphine in molar basis, and its actions were blocked by naloxone. Other peptides related to β-lipotropins have also been shown to possess in vitro opiate-like activity6–9. We report here the analgesic effects of β-endorphin when it is injected intravenously.
Psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation in adults--analysis of a modified technique and timing of repair.

Objectives The psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation technique has been used with great success to bridge defects in ureteral length due to injury or planned resection. Several surgical principles have been historically stressed when performing this procedure, including adequate mobilization of the bladder, fixation of the bladder to the psoas tendon before reimplantation, the use of a submucosal nonrefluxing-type ureteral anastomosis, and a 6-week delay before attempting repair after a surgical injury. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent ureteroneocystostomy with a psoas hitch, evaluated the relevance of these principles, and describe a modification of the technique. Methods All patients undergoing psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation were reviewed. The indications, complications, and long-term outcomes were assessed. Results Between 1989 and 1999, 24 patients underwent psoas hitch reimplantation at our institution. The indications were operative injury in 11, planned surgical resection during nonurologic pelvic surgery in 4, cancer in 4, stricture in 4, and trauma in 1. Refluxing-type ureteral anastomoses were performed in 17 cases. One case of postoperative urosepsis occurred. A delayed repair after operative injury did not improve the operative time or overall morbidity. No cases of chronic flank pain, recurrent pyelonephritis, persistent severe hydronephrosis, or compromised renal function, as measured by a change in baseline serum creatinine level, occurred. No patient required reoperation for either early or delayed complications or failure of the repair at a follow-up of 1 to 122 months (mean 32.75). Conclusions Psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation is an effective means of treating defects in ureteral length. Immediate repair may be safely undertaken as soon as the ureteral injury is recognized. Long-term sequelae are unusual in adults, even when using refluxing-type ureteral anastomoses.
Progesterone and implanting blastocysts regulate Muc1 expression in rabbit uterine epithelium.

Mammalian uteri are unreceptive to blastocyst implantation except during a relatively brief period. The transmembrane, cell surface mucin, Muc1, is present on epithelial cells of nonreceptive uteri in various species and has been demonstrated to have antiadhesive properties. These activities of Muc1 may prevent interaction of the embryonic trophoblast cells with the uterine epithelium. A previous study indicated that Muc1 expression in the rabbit, as in primates, is up-regulated by progesterone. This response would be expected to create a nonadhesive uterine surface during the progesterone-dominated receptive phase. In the current study, Northern blot analysis was used to evaluate Muc1 messenger RNA expression in the endometrium of estrous and progesterone-treated estrous rabbits and in endometrium from different stages of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. Steady state levels of Muc1 messenger RNA were increased 10-fold when estrous animals were treated with progesterone for 5 days. Muc1 message was elevated ...
Real time gait pattern classification from chest worn accelerometry during a loaded road march

Accelerometers, whether in smart phones or wearable physiological monitoring systems are becoming widely used to identify movement and activities of free living individuals. Although there has been much work in applying computationally intensive methods to this problem, this paper focuses on developing a real-time gait analysis approach that is intuitive, requires no individual calibration, can be extended to complex gait analysis, and can readily be adopted by ambulatory physiological monitors for use in real time. Chest-mounted tri-axial accelerometry data were collected from sixty-one male U.S. Army Ranger candidates engaged in an 8 or 12 mile loaded (35 Kg packs) timed road march. The pace of the road march was such that volunteers needed to both walk and run. To provide intuitive features we examined the periodic patterns generated from 4s periods of movement from the vertical and longitudinal accelerometer axes. Applying the “eigenfaces” face recognition approach we used Principal Components Analysis to find a single basis vector from 10% of the data (n=6) that could distinguish patterns of walk and run with a classification rate of 95% and 90% (n=55) respectively. Because these movement features are based on a gridded frequency count, the method is applicable for use by body-worn microprocessors.
Pre-plant application of growth retardants to pinched and unpinched chrysanthemum cuttings

Abstract Increasing concentrations of ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methyoxyphenyl-5-pyrimidinemethanol)) and daminozide (butanedioic acid mono 2,2-dimethylhydrazide) applied as pre-plant dips to chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat. ‘Garland’) cuttings sequentially reduced the height of both pinched and unpinched plants. Pinching also reduced height, and lower concentrations of growth retardants were necessary to achieve the desired height control. Pinching reduced dry weight in most treatments, as did most chemical treatments. Flowering in pinched plants was delayed by all ancymidol dips, while only higher concentrations delayed flowering in unpinched plants. Higher concentrations of ancymidol also reduced flower diameter.
95 Development of macroalgal (seaweed) taxonomic keys utilizing digital & media technology

Digital, user-friendly seaweed identification keys and instructional materials can provide information that allows students and researchers to enhance and improve marine field and ecological studies by including macroalgae. In much of the scientific literature, the seaweeds are only characterized to division (red, green, and brown), sometimes to genus, and very rarely to species; so there is clearly a need for a reference that facilitates the identification of the seaweeds. Many of the problems occur because of the lack of user-friendly identification keys. However, it is not necessary to be an expert to identify seaweeds as many of the key characteristics used in their identification can be ascertained with the naked eye, a hand lens and an inexpensive microscope. What is needed is an identification guide that uses and displays important characters and identification structures visually (both macroscopic and microscopic) so that research scientists, students, teachers and the general public will be able to identify the seaweeds with confidence. We are using Lucid Professional software to construct digital keys for the identification of macroalgae from the Texas Coastal Bend. The advantages include: 1) key characters along with descriptions and images for specific macroalgae may be chosen from a geographic area of choice, 2) the user may evaluate the characters in any order and difficult or uncertain characters may be ignored, 3) descriptive pages of images, definitions, video clips and illustrations may be included for each taxon, and 4) the key can be displayed as a website or packaged as a CD to be used with laptop computers in the field.
“It's the Pepsi Generation….” Accelerated Aging and the Television Commercial

“You've got a lot to live and Pepsi's got a lot to give,” is the Madison Avenue credo around which this article is written. The American youth complex and its disenfranchising effect upon the aging is examined via the medium of the television commercial The study takes a random sampling of one hundred television commercials and examines each according to a number of guidelines. Emphasis then shifts to the Pepsi-Cola commercial in order to illustrate the threefold youth complex which is seen as one of the critical factors in the societal process of disenfranchising the aging. The major concern here is that these commercials oriented toward youth produce anxiety and tension in the aging which, in turn, may cause them to exhibit symptoms of senility. Despite our awareness of the mass media's impact on the individual, further serious inquiry must be made concerning its multiple effects on the aging process.
Distribution of Late Cretaceous Rotaliporidae and Globotruncanidae in California and Northwestern Mexico: ABSTRACT

A study of planktonic Foraminifera from the Upper Cretaceous of California and northwestern Mexico forms a basis for erecting a preliminary biostratigraphic zonation. The Praeglobotruncana stephani assemblage zone, of late Cenomanian age, is characterized by species of Rotaliporidae. Strata of early Turonian age are recognized by the first appearance of bi-keeled globotruncanids which characterize the Globotruncana imbricata assemblage zone. Within this zone occur Praeglobotruncana helvetica, G. kuepperi, and several undescribed species. The Globotruncana coronata-G. inornata assemblage zone includes rocks of late Turonian to early Senonian age and contains distinct species of Globotruncana, Clavihedbergella, and Hedbergella. The Globotruncana arca assemblage zone, of late Senonian age, contains several important stratigraphic markers, e.g., Globotruncana ventricosa, G. havanensis, G. elevata, and Rugoglobigerina rugosa. These indicate a Campanian to early Maestrichtian age. The planktonic Foraminifera which define the late Maestrichtian in other parts of North America are unrecorded in the eastern Pacific. The stratigraphic and geographic distributions of selected species of Praeglobotruncana, Globotruncana, and Rugoglobigerina are compared with those from the Atlantic Coast and Gulf-Caribbean area. This comparison suggests that Globotruncana arca, G. linneiana, G. fornicata, and several other species were cosmopolitan, whereas such species as G. calcarata were latitudinally restricted during the Late Cretaceous. The genera Abathomphalus and Plummerita are found exclusively in the Tethyan region. Globotruncana gagnebini, G. subcircumnodifer, and others are reported only from the western margin of the Atlantic Ocean; G. kuepperi, G. churchi, and G. putahensis are unknown outside of the Pacific basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 611------------
Supplementing Lecture with Simulations in Developmental Disabilities: SIDD Software:

We evaluated Simulations in Developmental Disabilities (SIDD), a multimedia software program that provides students with practice in behavioral assessment and treatment decisions for persons with developmental disabilities. Following a lecture on clinical strategies, students in an experimental group received instruction with SIDD whereas students in the control group did not. We collected assessments of students' clinical knowledge before and after the lecture, immediately after training, and several weeks later. The lecture had no immediate impact on clinical knowledge; however, there was a significant difference in test scores between the experimental group and the control group following exposure to SIDD training, which remained at follow-up.
Endogenous proteinases modulate the function of the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system

Abstract Photoaffinity labeling techniques have recently demonstrated that mammalian β 1 - and β 2 -adrenergic receptors reside on peptides of M r 62 000–64 000. These receptor peptides are susceptible to endogenous metalloproteinases which produce peptides of M r 30 000–55 000. Several proteinase inhibitors markedly attenuate this process, specifically EDTA and EGTA. In this study we investigated the functional significance of this proteolysis (and its inhibition) in the β 2 -adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system derived from rat lung membranes. Membrane preparations containing proteolytically derived fragments of the receptor of M r 40000–55 000 are fully functional with respect to their ability to bind β-adrenergic antagonist radioligands such as [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol and β-adrenergic antagonist photoaffinity reagents such as p- azido -m-[ 125 I ] iodobenzylcarazolol . They retain the ability to form a high-affinity, agonist-promoted, guanine nucleotide-sensitive complex thought to represent a ternary complex of agonist, receptor and guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. Nonetheless, after proteolysis, GTP is less able to revert this high-affinity receptor complex to one of lower affinity, and all aspects of adenylate cyclase stimulation are reduced. In addition, the functional integrity of the N protein in membranes prepared without proteinase inhibitors is reduced as assessed by reconstitution studies with the cyc[su− variant of S49 lymphoma cell membranes. These results suggest that endogenous proteolysis does not directly impair the ability of β-adrenergic receptors to either bind ligands or interact with the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. However, they imply that endogenous proteolysis likely impairs the functionality of other components of the adenylate cyclase system, such as the nucleotide regulatory protein.
A Description of an Occupational Therapy Program for Students with Disabilities Who Attend a Community College

An occupational therapy program for community college students who are disabled is described. The non-traditional program utilizes physical and psycho-social assessments to assist in treatment planning. Student role fulfillment is the central goal of treatment. The organizational context, the population served, and the assessment and therapy process are discussed. The description is designed to aid those who seek to develop community-based, treatment programs.
Getting Philosophy of Science Socially Connected

Nearly a half century ago, Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, Stephen Toulmin, Norwood Russell Hanson, and others issued a challenge to us philosophers of science to make our field more relevant to actual science. That challenge, over time, has elicited a number of useful responses but very few efforts to situate science within its wider social context when philosophizing about science. The unit of analysis for philosophy of science has tended to remain science‐in‐a‐vacuum. I consider the justifications we offer for this failure, our resources for change, and our prospects if we do change.
Particle-size selection by Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in suspension feeding and in deposit feeding: influences of ontogeny and flow speed

Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata Okuda suspension feeds and deposit feeds at the sediment-water interface, where it is exposed to a variety of particles differing in physical characteristics and nutritional value. In flume experiments (conducted in August 1994 and May 1995) with two sizes of either suspended or deposited beads, I measured particle-size selection separately in each feeding mode. The same influences of palp width and of ambient flow speed were observed in each mode. At velocities ≤0.74 cm s-1 there were no relationships between palp width and the proportion of gut contents composed of large beads. At velocities ≥1.8 cm s-1 worms with narrower palps ingested relatively fewer large beads (and more small beads) than did worms with wider palps. Palp width and body length were linearly related, and results were similar when analyzed with body length as the independent variable. As flow speed increased, selectivity changed in a worm-size-specific manner: worms with a palp width <ca. 150 μm (or body length <ca. 12 mm) ingested relatively fewer large beads (and more small beads) as velocity rose, while the proportion of large beads ingested by larger worms remained generally constant. These results are most likely explained by mechanics of particle capture. Furthermore, when deposit feeding, worms of all sizes were biased toward ingesting small beads. In contrast, when suspension feeding, worms were biased toward ingesting large beads, with the exception that worms with a palp width <125 μm (or body length <8 mm) were biased for small beads in flows ≥4.0 cm s-1. Assuming that in the field (1) particle size is the principle criterion for selection, and (2) the amount of digestible food component in deposited and suspended particles, respectively, is related to particle surface area and volume, I hypothesize that changes in selectivity as velocity rises can cause juveniles to experience a decreasing profitability of suspension feeding and a simultaneously increasing profitability of deposit feeding. Juveniles could maintain a diet of high food value despite flow variations by adjusting the proportion of time they spend suspension feeding relative to deposit feeding.
Glyphosate Applied Preharvest Induces Shikimic Acid Accumulation in Hard Red Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide used as a harvest aid in a variety of crops. Glyphosate is absorbed into the foliage and translocated to metabolically active regions in the plant where it interferes with the shikimic acid pathway. Experiments were conducted to determine the accumulation and distribution of shikimic acid in wheat treated with glyphosate at soft and hard dough stages of kernel development and to determine the fate of shikimic acid during milling and bread making. Elevated levels of shikimic acid were detected throughout the wheat plant. Shikimic acid concentrations peaked 3-7 days after treatment and then declined until harvest. Shikimic acid content was 3-fold greater in flour and 2-fold greater in the bread derived from treated wheat than nontreated wheat. Similarly, elevated levels of shikimic acid were found in the crumbs and crust of bread made with flour from glyphosate treated wheat. Glyphosate applied preharvest resulted in shikimic acid accumulation in hard red spring wheat and subsequent end-use products.
Ganglioside synthase knockout in oncogene-transformed fibroblasts depletes gangliosides and impairs tumor growth

Biologically active membrane gangliosides, expressed and released by many human tumors, are hypothesized to significantly impact tumor progression. Lack of a model of complete and specific tumor ganglioside depletion in vivo, however, has hampered elucidation of their role. Here, we report the creation of a novel, stable, genetically induced tumor cell system resulting in specific and complete blockade of ganglioside synthesis. Wild-type (WT) and GM3 synthase/GM2 synthase double knockout (DKO) murine embryonic fibroblasts were transformed using amphotropic retrovirus-transduced oncogenes (pBABE-c-Myc(T58A)+H-RasG12V). The transformed cells, WT(t) and DKO(t) respectively, evidenced comparable integrated copy numbers and oncogene expression. Ganglioside synthesis was completely blocked in the DKO(t) cells, importantly without triggering an alternate pathway of ganglioside synthesis. Ganglioside depletion (to <0.5 nmol/10(7) cells from 9 to 11 nmol/10(7) WT(t) or untransfected normal fibroblasts) did not adversely affect cell proliferation kinetics but did reduce cell migration on fibronectin-coated wells, consistent with our previous observations in ganglioside-depleted normal human fibroblasts. Strikingly, despite similar oncogene expression and growth kinetics, DKO(t) cells evidenced significantly impaired tumor growth in syngeneic immunocompetent mice, underscoring the pivotal role of tumor cell gangliosides and providing an ideal system for probing their mechanisms of action in vivo.
CHRONIC ULTRAVIOLET EXPOSURE-INDUCED p53 GENE ALTERATIONS IN SENCAR MOUSE SKIN CARCINOGENESIS MODEL

Abstract Alterations of the tumor suppresser gene p53 have been found in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) related human skin cancers and in UVR-induced murine skin tumors. However, links between p53 gene alterations and the stages of carcinogenesis induced by UVR have not been clearly defined. We established a chronic UVR exposure-induced Senear mouse skin carcinogenesis model to determine the frequency of p53 gene alterations in different stages of carcinogenesis, including UV-exposed skin, papillomas, squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs), and malignant spindle-cell tumors (SCTs). A high incidence of SCCs and SCTs were found in this model. Positive p53 nuclear staining was found in 10137 (27%) of SCCs and 12/24 (50%) of SCTs, but was not detected in normal skin or papillomas. DNA was isolated from 40 paraffin-embedded normal skin, UV-exposed skin, and tumor sections. The p53 gene (exons 5 and 6) was amplified from the sections by using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequent single-strand conformation p...
Perturbation equations for the time-average state of the atmosphere including the effects of transient disturbances

The time-average, or «stationary», state of the atmosphere can be regarded as a forced response to large-scale transient eddy transports of heat and momentum, as well as to fixed sources and sinks of heat and momentum resulting from small-scale transient eddy processes, non-adiabatic processes (e. g., radiation and phase transformations), topography, and friction. Perturbation equations governing this response are derived and a program of research based on the equations is proposed.
Microbial Activities in Alfalfa and Orchard Grass Ensiled Under Certain Conditions in Experimental Silos

I t is generally recognized that microorganisms are active in silage and that lactic acid bacteria perform a useful role in the preservation of the forage through the production of acids (1, 2, 11, 1.t). The lactic acid bacteria obviously are on the forage at the time of ensiling (1, 3), but they are present in such small numbers (8) that their usefulness in silage depends on favorable conditions for their growth and prolonged activity. Control of bacterial activity in silage by the addition of mineral acids (the A.I.V. method) to arrest bacterial development (16) has been only partially successful (6) and not recommended by some because it is economically impractical. Similarly, the use of various additives in silage as selective inhibitors of destructive bacterial action is opposed and advocated by various investigators, and their usefulness generally must depend on basic studies under various conditions. The effect of the addition of carbohydrates in various forms, such as molasses and milk by-products, on the bacterial flora of silage has been studied by various investigators (2, 7, 18). Carbohydrates were found to be effective in lowering the p i t of silage, but opinions differ as to their value in making high quality silage. Stone et al. (14) found that the addition of carbohydrates was indicated when the sugar content of the forage was low, but they believed that typical lactic acid fermentation took place irrespective of treatment and that after 2 days storage lactobacilli predominated. Salisbury et al. (11) found that the fermentation capacity was greater for simple sugars than for more complex carbohydrates, such as occur in cereal grains. Investigators who have made detailed studies of ensiled forage have observed rapid changes in the microorganisms on the forage soon after ensiling (5, 13, 15) and have attributed these changes directly or indirectly to the presence of plant juices and adequate moisture. Results of recent studies (8) indicate that the change in microorganisms on the forage begins at the time the forage is cut. Wilting of legume forages in the field to lower the moisture content has been recommended (18) and practiced widely in the making of silages, but the advantages of this method in the bacterial fermentation processes of silage making are largely unknown. In general, the literature indicates there are various methods for enhancing lactic fermentation in silage, but very little fundamental information is available on practical methods of controlling the various fermentation processes in silage
Community leaders' attitudes toward family planning.

This study concentrates on the differences in family planning attitudes among 1200 ministers lawyers businessmen and physicians resident in Texas. The survey was conducted with questionnaires to evaluate the attitudes held by the 4 different groups on such subjects as sterilization overpopulation induced abortion and individual responsibility for contraception so that the local family planning clinics would have some guidelines to interact with local community leaders. The study of attitudes led to at least 3 conclusions: 1) although all groups were in favor of some form of family size limitation it was apparent that attempts to introduce government control of family size would not be supported; 2) overpopulation was seen as an economic problem so that all the groups surveyed believed that poor people should limit family size while rich people were not under the same limitations; 3) there appeared to be a consensus that there is a need for education about human reproduction and population problems. Although the findings of this study are important they need to be validated by large cross-national samples.
Influence of Irrigation on Susceptibility of Selected Soybean Genotypes to Soybean Looper

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is usually grown under water deficit conditions in the southern USA and is often attacked by defoliating insects. Field studies were conducted during a 2-yr period with 'Centennial' (insect susceptible) and D75-10169 (insect resistant) soybean genotypes. Plants were grown either with or without irrigation to determine the influence of water-stressed plants on soybean looper [Pseudoplusia includens [(Walker)] oviposition, development, survival, and damage to plants. There were no significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in egg deposition on the two plant genotypes, and effect of irrigation on egg deposition was not consistent. At 2 wk after insect release on plants, neither genotype nor irrigation treatment significantly affected number of larvae. Larvae developing on nonirrigated plants of both genotypes were significantly smaller than those developing on irrigated plants. All surviving larvae on Centennial pupated and all larvae on D75-10169 died by 18 d after the onset of oviposition. Defoliation by insects of irrigated plants of both genotypes was more than 50% greater than defoliation of nonirrigated plants. Without insects, seed yields of the two genotypes were similar and were greater from irrigated than from nonirrigated plants. Insect infestation significantly reduced yield of both genotypes, but the decrease in Centennial yield was greater. Yield reduction resulting from insect infestations was greater for irrigated than for nonirrigated plants. These findings show that soybean plants growing under water deficit conditions may allow a delay in initiation of soybean looper control measures, especially since yield potential and resulting profit potential are low.
A case study in performance evaluation of Density Functional Tight Binding method in two-layer ONIOM method

Abstract A performance evaluation of Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB) in the two-layer ONIOM method is presented in an effort to estimate DFTB effectiveness as an inexpensive low level quantum mechanical layer. Ground state geometries, geometry error, S -values and energy error for: (H 2 O) x (MeOH) y , [(η 5 -C 5 Me n H 5− n ) 2 Ti] 2 (μ 2 , η 2 ,η 2 -N 2 ), n = 4, and complexes of Cu + with tyrosine, were compared to target calculations at B3LYP level of theory for all three of the systems and second order Moller-Plesset (MP2) target level of theory for the first two systems. The calculated root-mean-square errors (RMS) of the ONIOM optimized geometries relative to the target are found to be small. The DFTB level of theory was unable to reproduce the target geometry structure for one of the isomers of tyrosine–Cu + complex, while the ONIOM combinations were able to reproduce all target structures. The absolute value of the geometry error was determined to be smaller then the corresponding energy error except for the (H 2 O) x (MeOH) y system at the ONIOM(MP2/6-31G(d,p):DFTB) level of theory. The S -values were relatively small and close in value contributing to relatively small energy errors. Both method combinations ONIOM(MP2:DFTB) and ONIOM(DFT:DFTB) show similar performance compared to the corresponding target level of theory. The results also suggest that it is safe to use ONIOM(DFT:DFTB) for investigations of [(η 5 -C 5 Me n H 5− n ) 2 Ti] 2 (μ 2 , η 2 ,η 2 -N 2 ) complexes.