cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using a constrained formulation based on probability summation to fit receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves

A constrained ROC formulation from probability summation is proposed for measuring observer performance in detecting abnormal findings on medical images. This assumes the observer's detection or rating decision on each image is determined by a latent variable that characterizes the specific finding (type and location) considered most likely to be a target abnormality. For positive cases, this 'maximum- suspicion' variable is assumed to be either the value for the actual target or for the most suspicious non-target finding, whichever is the greater (more suspicious). Unlike the usual ROC formulation, this constrained formulation guarantees a 'well-behaved' ROC curve that always equals or exceeds chance- level decisions and cannot exhibit an upward 'hook.' Its estimated parameters specify the accuracy for separating positive from negative cases, and they also predict accuracy in locating or identifying the actual abnormal findings. The present maximum-likelihood procedure (runs on PC with Windows 95 or NT) fits this constrained formulation to rating-ROC data using normal distributions with two free parameters. Fits of the conventional and constrained ROC formulations are compared for continuous and discrete-scale ratings of chest films in a variety of detection problems, both for localized lesions (nodules, rib fractures) and for diffuse abnormalities (interstitial disease, infiltrates or pnumothorax). The two fitted ROC curves are nearly identical unless the conventional ROC has an ill behaved 'hook,' below the constrained ROC.
The Scoliid Types of Tullgren and of Dalman in the Swedish Riksmuseum (Hymenoptera)

This paper discusses the types in the Swedish Riksmuseum, Stockholm, of the scoliid taxa established by Tullgren (1904, 7 species), and Dalman (1823, 2 species). The two Dalman names and deserta Tullgr. are valid.
The subunit structure of glycolytic enzymes.

Abstract 1. 1. The subunit molecular weight of enolase from coho salmon has been determined by sedimentation equilibrium in dissociating solvent systems and by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. 2. 2. The enzyme which has a native molecular weight of 93,000 dissociates into subunits with mol. wt of 45,000–50,000, and thus shows properties characteristic of most of the other enolases studied. 3. 3. A literature survey of the subunit structure of glycolytic enzymes in different species was consequently carried out, and the data are tabulated. 4. 4. With the exception of phosphoglycerate kinase, all the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway appear to be dimers or higher polymers of mostly identical subunits. 5. 5. The fact that these subunit structures have been preserved through evolution suggests that they impart some important biological functional advantage to the living cell.
b-quark and ϒ(1S) production at the Tevatron

A selection of recent results on b-quark and ϒ(1S) production at the Tevatron is presented.
A non-linear analysis of pitch accent in Swedish

Abstract There are two word tones in Swedish: Accent 1 (HL) and Accent 2 (HLHL) whose distribution is sensitive to phonological (number of syllables in stem) and morphological (nature of suffix) information, which is needed as well to construct two prosodic domains, foot and phonological word. The foot plays a central role in the mapping of tones to tone bearing units proposed here in that the foot is the underlying tone bearing unit. This captures the relationship between stress and accent assignment in Swedish and accounts correctly for the distribution of the accents. In addition, this analysis accounts for one aspect of the wide phonetic variation of the accents (the timing of the pitch peaks in the syllable) in the distribution of tones from foot to syllable where they are phonetically realized. Finally, the domain of pitch accent assignment is shown to be the clitic group, a prosodic domain in between a word and a phrase. Larger domains have as many accents as they have clitic groups contained within them.
Photoreversibility of Leaf and Hypocotyl Elongation of Dark Grown Red Kidney Bean Seedlings

Many of the light-controlled responses of plants are known to be most effectively regulated by radiation in the red region of the spectrum. Among these are such diverse phenomena as initiation of flowers in photoperiodically sensitive plants (7), germination of light-sensitive seeds (3), pigmentation of the tomato fruit cuticle (9), and growth of parts of dark-grown seedlings (1, 5, 6, 8). In 1952 Borthwick et al (3) found that far-red radiation near 7350 A given after a treatment with red reversed the promotive action of the red on germination of light-sensitive lettuce seeds and thus left the seeds in a non-germinating condition. Far-red was also found to reverse the action of red in the control of flower initiation in short-day plants (2, 5) and pigmentation of the tomato fruit cuticle (9). More recently Liverman et al (6) showed that the red reaction inducing expansion of bean leaf discs was reversed by far-red, and Withrow (11) demonstrated the far-red reversal of the red reaction that leads to the straightening of the plumular hook of excised bean hypocotyls. The photoreaction has been shown to be repeatedly reversible. A succession of alternate red and farred irradiations on light-sensitive seeds (3, 4) showed that germination depended upon the quality of the energy last received. That is, when the seeds received red energy last, they germinated, but when they received far-red energy last, they did not germinate. The red action for the control of pigmentation of the tomato fruit cuticle (9), flower initiation of cocklebur (5), and straightening of the plumular hook of excised bean hypocotyls (11) has also been shown to be repeatedly reversible by far-red. Such results indicate that the actions of red and of far-red are the reversal of a single reaction. The purpose here is to demonstrate the existence of the same photoreversible reaction in controlling elongation of leaves and hypocotyl of intact darkgrown seedlings of Red Kidney beans and to investigate some of the details of the response.
Threshold Investigation of Phase-Locked Discriminators

This paper is primarily an investigaton of a second-order phased-locked loop in the threshold region, with the loop filter chosen as (1/1+?s) or (1+?1s/1+?s). First-order loop results are also given. Effects of loop parameters, detuning error, and modulation are studied. It is shown that the loop with filter (1+?1s/1+?s) can be built two ways with same bandwidth and damping. One loop gives much better threshold than the other. The analytical results are supported by computer simulation as well as experimental work obtained by hardware simulation of the loop.
Preparation and some properties of submitochondrial particles from tightly coupled mung bean mitochondria.

Osmotic shock was found to be better than freezing and thawing, a French press, or sonic oscillation for the preparation of submitochondrial particles from mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) hypocotyl mitochondria. Particles prepared by osmotic shock rapidly oxidize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and succinate, but they oxidize malate slowly. NADH oxidation was slightly stimulated by cytochrome c, ATP, and ADP; succinate oxidation was markedly increased by ATP, slightly by ADP and cytochrome c; and malate oxidation required the addition of NAD(+) NADH oxidation is inhibited weakly by amytal, completely by antimycin A and KCN, but not by rotenone. Chlorsuccinate, malonate, antimycin A, and KCN inhibit succinate oxidation. The action of antimycin A and KCN is incomplete, while chlorsuccinate and malonate were competitive inhibitors. Antimycin A combined stoichiometrically with particle protein in the ratio of 0.23 millimicromole per milligram of protein.Oligomycin and bis(hexafluoroacetonitryl) acetone, a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, were without effect on oxygen uptake but did influence the ATP-stimulated onset of respiration when succinate was substrate. Fresh particles were markedly inhibited by oxtylguanidine, indicating energy conservation, but this inhibition decreased on storage of the particles.Spectra show the presence of cytochrome components the same as those of the intact mung bean mitochondrion, but present at higher concentrations. The molar concentrations of the particle cytochromes were two to three times those of the intact mitochondrion and the molar ratios were calculated as 0.9:1.0:1.0:2.8 for cytochromes a:b:c:flavoprotein, respectively.
A GRADUATE SCHOOL CURRICULUM IN CLINICAL HYPNOSIS

The literature suggests a growing interest in hypnosis training. With this growing interest, there has been an increase in training opportunities for the interested clinician. However, much of that training is in the form of a single course or workshop, or a series of single workshops. Many programs only offer hypnosis courses when the appropriate faculty is interested in offering such a course. Other programs offer a minimal exposure to hypnosis, less than a minimal degree of training as suggested by ASCH. This paper describes a formal, integrated curriculum in clinical hypnosis that is offered through a psychology graduate school. An integrated program offers students and practicing professionals the opportunity to learn hypnosis in an environment that offers ongoing supervision and support of their long term development.
Biohydrogenation of fumarate using Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: experimental results and kinetic rate modelling

The biological hydrogenation of organic compounds using sulphate-reducing bacteria was investigated. A high pressure stainless steel bioreactor and an atmospheric pressure reactor were constructed so that identical reactions at different pressures could be compared. The mesophillic sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (ATCC 7757) were used. Qualitative tests showed that Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was able to retain its viability at hydrogen pressures up to 35 atmospheres at a temperature of 37°C when exposed to fumarate. Evidence of fumarate dismutation was observed since half of the fumarate was converted to succinate. The effect of bacterial cell concentration was also studied under hydrogen gas. For a doubling of the bacterial cell (reactivated) concentration, the conversion of fumarate doubled from 40% to 80% in 12 h. A first-order reaction rate model was fit to the fumarate concentration data. The first-order reaction rate constant was found to be a linear function of the bacterial cell concentration. ©1997 SCI
Are pictures good for learning new vocabulary in a foreign language? Only if you think they are not.

The current study explored whether new words in a foreign language are learned better from pictures than from native language translations. In both between-subjects and within-subject designs, Swahili words were not learned better from pictures than from English translations (Experiments 1–3). Judgments of learning revealed that participants exhibited greater overconfidence in their ability to recall a Swahili word from a picture than from a translation (Experiments 2–3), and Swahili words were also considered easier to process when paired with pictures rather than translations (Experiment 4). When this overconfidence bias was eliminated through retrieval practice (Experiment 2) and instructions warning participants to not be overconfident (Experiment 3), Swahili words were learned better from pictures than from translations. It appears, therefore, that pictures can facilitate learning of foreign language vocabulary—as long as participants are not too overconfident in the power of a picture to help them learn a new word.
Convective trees of fluid channels for volumetric cooling

Abstract This paper describes the geometric optimization of the internal structure of a volume that generates heat at every point and is cooled by a single stream. According to the constructal method, the optimization of the cooling design is organized in a sequence of steps that begins with the smallest volume element and continues with larger assemblies (constructs) of previously optimized building blocks. Optimized at each level of assembly are the external shape of the construct and the relative thickness of each duct for fluid flow. It is shown that in the end the fluid channels form a tree network that cools every point of the given volume. Length scales smaller than the thickness of the elemental volume are reached by conduction through the solid heat-generating material. Two fluid channel geometries are optimized: parallel-plate channels and round tubes.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Thirty-one-Year Experience With 564 Patients at a Single Institution

Objective:To assess long-term survival and prognostic factors in a large series of patients with bile duct cancer.Summary Background Data:The incidence of bile duct cancer is low but increasing. Determinants of survival vary in the literature, due to a lack of sufficient numbers of patients in most
Feasibility, Reliability and User Satisfaction With a PDA-Based Mini-CEX to Evaluate the Clinical Skills of Third-Year Medical Students

Background: The mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) has been used to assess clinical skills of 3rd-year medical schools. However a PDA-based mini-CEX has not been developed or evaluated before. Our objective was to determine the feasibility, implementation, and user satisfaction with a PDA-based mini-CEX. Description: Third-year medical students at the Medical College of Wisconsin who rotated on their core clinical clerkship in internal medicine during the period of July 2004 to April 2005 (n = 177) were required to complete two PDA-based mini-CEXs that were supervised by a faculty member or senior resident. Descriptive statistics and sample t test with equal variances were performed to analyze PDA-based mini-CEX completion rates, satisfaction scores by overall user and by evaluator type. Evaluation: During the 10-month study period, 354 PDA-based mini-CEX forms were collected (100% completion rate). Seventy-five percent (n = 267) of mini-CEXs occurred in the inpatient setting and 24% (n = 87) in...
A review of chromatographic methods for the assessment of phospholipids in biological samples

Phospholipids are important constituents of all living cell membranes. Lipidomics is a rapidly growing field that provides insight as to how specific phospholipids play roles in normal physiological and disease states. There are many analytical methods available for the qualitative and quantitative determination of phospholipids. This review provides a summary of the methods that were historically used such as thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, an introduction to applications of interfacing these traditional chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry is provided.
Identification of subtypes of [3H]prazosin-labelled α1 receptor binding sites in rat brain

Abstract Detailed antagonist competition curves for [3H]prazosin-labelled binding sites in rat cerebral cortex membranes reveal anomalous binding characteristics. Dihydroergocryptine and indoramine compete in a steep, monophasic manner while WB4101 and phentolamine exhibit shallow competition curves. Computer-assisted analysis of binding data indicate that both WB4101 and phentolamine discriminate identical subpopulations of [3H]prazosin binding sites, which each comprise ∼ 50% of specific [3H]prazosin binding. These data suggest the presence of subtypes of [3H]prazosin-labelled α 1 adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex.
High-Q Micromachined Silver Passives and Filters

This paper presents high aspect-ratio silver (Ag) micromachining for implementation of very high quality factor (Q) tunable and fixed passives, and low insertion loss bandpass LC filters. A combination of low-loss substrate and highest conductivity metal is used to achieve record high Q and low insertion loss (IL) at radio frequencies.
Lithography process controllers and photoresist monitoring by signal response metrology (SRM)

For advanced lithography metrology, SCD (Scatterometry Critical Dimension) is a common metrology technique applied to control processes. SCD has the capability to report accurate data information such as CD (Critical Dimensions), photoresist SWA (Side Wall Angle) and photoresist HT (Height). The shape of photoresist correlates with inline process controllers, namely scanner focus and dose. However, SCD is a model-based metrology method. In order to decode the process controllers, it requires computation from a geometric model. Once the model extracts the resist shape information from the spectra, one needs further correlation of those geometric parameters with the process controllers for monitoring. Thus, information loss through multiple modeling is a major concern. Indeed, during data transformation, noise and model approximation can distort the signals, in other words, the critical parameters, focus and dose, may not be measured accurately. This study therefore seeks a methodology to monitor focus and dose with the least amount of information transformation. Signal Response Metrology is a new measurement technique that obviates the need for geometric modeling by directly correlating focus, dose or CD to the spectral response of a SCD-based metrology tool.
In utero ethanol exposure impairs defenses against experimental group B streptococcus in the term Guinea pig lung.

Background: The effects of fetal alcohol exposure on the risks of neonatal lung injury and infection remain under investigation. The resident alveolar macrophage (AM) is the first line of immune defense against pulmonary infections. In utero ethanol (ETOH) exposure deranges the function of both premature and term guinea pig AM. We hypothesized that fetal ETOH exposure would increase the risk of pulmonary infection in vivo. Methods: We developed a novel in vivo model of group B Streptococcus (GBS) pneumonia using our established guinea pig model of fetal ETOH exposure. Timed-pregnant guinea pigs were pair fed ±ETOH and some were supplemented with the glutathione (GSH) precursor S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM-e). Term pups were given GBS intratracheally while some were pretreated with inhaled GSH prior to the experimental GBS. Neonatal lung and whole blood were evaluated for GBS while isolated AM were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy for GBS phagocytosis. Results: Ethanol-exposed pups demonstrated increased lung infection and sepsis while AM phagocytosis of GBS was deficient compared with control. When SAM-e was added to the maternal diet containing ETOH, neonatal lung and systemic infection from GBS was attenuated and AM phagocytosis was improved. Inhaled GSH therapy prior to GBS similarly protected the ETOH-exposed pup from lung and systemic infection. Conclusions: In utero ETOH exposure impaired the neonatal lung’s defense against experimental GBS, while maintaining GSH availability protected the ETOH-exposed lung. This study suggested that fetal alcohol exposure deranges the neonatal lung’s defense against bacterial infection, and support further investigations into the potential therapeutic role for exogenous GSH to augment neonatal AM function.
Did college choice change during the seventies

Abstract Despite steady growth in enrollment and several external shocks to the US higher-education system, the college-going decisions of high-school graduates in 1980 depended on their social, academic, and financial attributes much as they did in 1972. Analyses of two large, national, longitudinal surveys underlie this finding. The finding implies that aggregate patterns among traditional students' decisions about higher education are, like the social fabric, remarkably resistant to modest changes in the social-policy environment, even though such changes may have dramatic effects on financial and social equity.
Isotachophoresis: analysis and computation of the structure of the ionic species interface

Abstract In the steady state of isotachophoresis the separated species form the zones migrating with constant velocity. This paper addresses the problem of computing the concentration of species in a transition region between two adjacent zones. The computation is complicated by the presence of a small parameter, e, entering into Poisson's equation. Usual simplification consists of treating this parameter as negligibly small and thus reducing the Poisson equation to an algebraic electroneutrality relation between the concentrations of relevant species. However, the accuracy of such simplification has not been studied in the literature. Here we describe a numerical technique for computing the concentration profiles in a transition region either with or without the electroneutrality assumption. The method is based on an existence—uniqueness theory for the problem developed by the authors. Examples of numerical results computed for selected isotachophoresis systems are given.
Dendritic epidermal T-cell activation.

Abstract Although gammadelta T cells compose a small proportion of lymphocytes in lymphoid compartments and peripheral blood, they are the major T-cell population present in epithelial tissues. However, the role played by gammadelta TCR expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) has been enigmatic. The location of tissue-resident IEL suggests that they are important members of the first line of defense against insult for organs exposed to the environment, including the skin, gut, lungs, and reproductive system. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) are the skin-resident gammadeltaIEL and serve as a model system for gammadeltaIEL in other locations. DETC have demonstrated importance in the modulation of immune responses, surveillance and repair of tissue, and resistance to infection. This work discusses recent developments in understanding DETC activation.
Perspectives on weatherability testing of automotive coatings

Automotive coatings continue to evolve rapidly in order to reduce the environmental impact of coating operations and to meet rising customer expectations for appearance and performance. The anticipated changes in chemistry, together with improved appearance retention and the need to respond rapidly to customer desires, have placed new challenges on weathering protocols. This paper discusses these issues and describes several methodologies that are likely to be part of the next generation of accelerated testing protocols. Of critical importance is the need to understand and minimize where possible sources of variability in testing that can lead to uncertain results and increased risk of failure in service.
Real-Time Optical Subtraction And Pseudo-Color Image Difference Detection Via Liquid Crystal Television Spatial Light Modulator (LCTVSLM)

The principle of operation and applications of a Wollaston Prism and the liquid crystal television spatial light modulator (LCTVSLM) for real-time optical subtraction and pseudo-color image difference detection will be presented.
ETHNIC ORIGIN OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) FAMILIES

Beginning with the very first interview of parents with CF children seen at this center, an on-going study of the genealogy of each family was conducted. The pedigrees of 220 families with 293 CF children provided satisfactory data for an analysis of their ethnic origins. The majority (55.5%) were from 3 ethnic groups, namely, Germans (19.4%), Irish (18.7%, and English (17.4%). The next frequent groups were French (8.8%), Scotch (7.9%), and Dutch (6.7%), totaling 23.4%. The rest were Swedes (3.3%), Italians (3.1%), Polish (3%), Norwegians (2.4%), Spanish (1.8%), and Russians (1.7%), adding to 15.3%. Danes, Hungarians, Austrians, Yugoslavians, Czechoslovakians, Portuguese, Greeks, Romenians, and Finnish, each less than 1%, made up the remaining 5.3%. There were 13 (6%) Jewish families whose ancestors were from Germany, Austria, Poland, Hungary, and Russia. Three other families had Jewish intermarriages in their pedigrees. There were also two Gypsy families of Romanian and Greek origin. Among the non-Caucasians, only 10 families were American Negroes and one family was Asian. The latter vas from Korean father of Chinese origin and an Okinawan mother who had no known intermarriages with the Caucasian race. Two other Caucasian families had Phillipine ancestors and one other family had an ancestor of Hawaiian Chinese. Intermarriages with the American Indians were present in at least 10% of the Caucasian population studied
Trends in management accounting in the Asian pacific region

The results of this study indicate that the manufacturing firms in Asia responding to this questionnaire are adopting some of the changes in advocated in the "new" managerial accounting. Respondents see increasingly important roles in their organizations for activity based costing, evaluation of value added activities, quality control, and production and inventory control systems, while retaining some of the traditional techniques appropriate for their more labor oriented manufacturing environment. The integration of accounting controls with strategic measures and the use of non-financial performance measures will become more important in the future. Respondents also considered their cost/managerial information to be useful in a wide variety of management decisions.
A rapid method for the determination of substances resolved on thin-layer plates

Abstract A method is described for the removal of spots from thin-layer plates, which, when used in conjunction with spectral reflectance, makes possible the rapid analysis of substances resolved on chromatoplates. Data are provided which indicate that the surfaces laid down by a commercial applicator are, with certain limitations, satisfactory for use with this technique.
A clinical comparison between hydrothermablation and rollerball ablation to treat menorrhagia: a multicenter clinical trial

Abstract Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of hydrothermablation with rollerball ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia. Study design: A prospective 2:1 Hydro ThermAblator (HTA) to rollerball randomized clinical trial of 276 patients followed for 6 months after surgery. Setting: Nine centers, including hospital, surgery center, and office settings. Patients: 276 patients, ages 30–50 years, without intrauterine pathology, with menorrhagia based on the Janssen menstrual diary. Methods: Endometrial ablation was performed with either the HTA or rollerball. The HTA circulates heated saline through an insulated hysteroscopic sheath at 90°C for 10 minutes. The rollerball treatment utilizes a 2 mm electrode. Results: Preliminary data demonstrate a 46% amenorrhea, 16% hypomenorrhea, 16% eumenorrhea, and a 22% no improvement rate for the HTA and 38% amenorrhea, 31% hypomenorrhea, 12% eumenorrhea, and a 19% no improvement rate for the rollerball procedure, although only 58 and 26 patients, respectively, have 6 months of data completed. Both treatment groups experienced mild to severe posttreatment cramping. Three cases of hematometra from HTA treatments were recorded. Conclusions: Six-month efficacy data results are equivalent between HTA and rollerball treatments.
Using the Natural Language Paradigm (NLP) to increase vocalizations of older adults with cognitive impairments

The Natural Language Paradigm (NLP) has proven effective in increasing spontaneous verbalizations for children with autism. This study investigated the use of NLP with older adults with cognitive impairments served at a leisure-based adult day program for seniors. Three individuals with limited spontaneous use of functional language participated in a multiple baseline design across participants. Data were collected on appropriate and inappropriate vocalizations with appropriate vocalizations coded as prompted or unprompted during baseline and treatment sessions. All participants experienced increases in appropriate speech during NLP with variable response patterns. Additionally, the two participants with substantial inappropriate vocalizations showed decreases in inappropriate speech. Implications for intervention in day programs are discussed.
Changing patterns of mobile network (WLAN) Usage: Smart-Phones vs. Laptops

The proliferation of smart-phones has been simply unprecedented. Unlike laptops, smart-phones have a much smaller form factor, are ultra mobile, include a rich set of sensors (e.g., location, motion), and are tightly coupled with the users. These factors pose a fundamental question regarding the characteristics of mobile users' on-line behavior for these devices, and how their differences (vis-a-vis laptops) impact networking protocols and services. Over the past decade the networking community has used extensive data sets, mainly capturing usage of laptops in WLANs, to develop and validate mobility (and usage) models, used in turn to analyze, simulate and design network services and protocols. In this study, using recent WLAN traces, we aim to compare and contrast the spatio-temporal on-line behavioral patterns of mobile users when using smart-phones vs. laptops. The main challenges in our study include the collection of extensive recent traces, the classification of mobile devices, and the analysis of various behavioral metrics on a large-scale. We collect over 46M records of 120K devices during 4 months in 2011. We introduce a classification of smart-phones based on MAC address filters, then use several spatio-temporal and predictability metrics to compare the traces. The result of our analysis shows significant differences between usage of smart-phones and laptops. The differences include shorter session durations for smart-phones (by 67% as compared to laptops), higher number of sessions per day (2 times that of laptops) and visiting new location (3 times that of laptops). We find that these differences are significant and will allow researchers to create better models and future services.
Case Study of a Legal-Oriented Intervention to Assist Homeless Disabled Individuals With SSI/SSDI Applications

Obtaining Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for homeless disabled individuals is a policy concern. This case study analyzes the implementation of an SSI legal program for homeless populations. Perceived barriers to implementation included lack of connection to a medical provider and the chaotic drop-in shelter setting. Perceived facilitators included collaborative intraorganizational relationships and respectful approaches of the program staff, as clients needed to voluntarily return frequently. Homeless clients are often disabled but typically not so disabled where conservators apply for SSI on their behalf. This study depicts providers serving disabled clients who face challenges fulfilling responsibilities in their own application processes.
Ideological Perspectives within the Social Studies Profession: An Empirical Examination of the "Two Cultures" Thesis

Differences in perspective between professors of social studies education and teachers of social studies regarding the proper focus of social studies instruction frequently have been noted. In order to better understand one potential source of these differences, data on the political ideology of both groups was collected and examined. The professorate sample was found to be substantially more liberal than the teacher sample. The implications of these findings for the future vitality of the profession are discussed.
An Update on the Current and Emerging Targeted Agents in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Over the past 8 to 10 years, significant advances have been made in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In particular, the development of the targeted biologic agents bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab, and their integration with cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens has led to improvements in clinical efficacy. Despite these gains, the overall impact of current targeted agents in the treatment of mCRC has been relatively modest, and while 2-year survival has improved, no gains have been made, as of yet, in 5-year survival. Intense efforts continue to be focused on developing novel targeted agents with a different spectrum of activity. Presently, five novel targeted molecules are in phase III trials, including the antiangiogenesis agents aflibercept and ramucirumab, two novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, regorafenib and brivanib, and the Akt inhibitor perifosine. There are an additional 52 phase II trials investigating a wide range of other candidate molecules. The potential list of approved targeted agents in mCRC seems likely to increase over the next 5 to 10 years. To maximize their potential clinical impact, however, it will be critically important to introduce efficient molecular diagnostic methodologies into the drug development process for the identification and validation of predictive biomarkers for chemosensitivity. This article reviews the development of targeted agents for the treatment of mCRC, including the three molecules currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as the main non-FDA-approved therapeutics currently undergoing phase II and III clinical testing.
Inhibition of Cell-Associated Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoproteins by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

This study was conducted to define the effect of micromolar concentrations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on the biosynthesis and expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2)-specified glycoproteins. Dose-related reductions in all species of virus glycoproteins were recorded by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography of [14C]glucosamine-labeled infected Vero cells treated with 10(-7) to 10(-5) M delta 9-THC. A drug dose-related depletion of the mature HSV2 major envelope glycoprotein complex (119-kDa average molecular weight), accompanied by accumulation of immature unglycosylated species, was demonstrated by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE in concert with Western immunoblotting or autoradiography. Light and electron microscopy immunoperoxidase staining revealed that delta 9-THC effected depletion of 119-kDa determinants from the infected cell surface. This depletion occurred concomitantly with accumulation of 119-kDa components at the perinucleus. However, the expression of 119-kDa glycoproteins on the virion envelope was not affected. These results indicate that delta 9-THC inhibits the synthesis, maturation, and cellular transport of HSV2-specified glycoproteins. Decreased expression of virus glycoproteins on the infected cell surface may affect host immune responsiveness to HSV2.
Leadership Profiles of Public Health Nutritionists

Abstract Public health nutritionists (PHN) practice in dynamic and complex organizations. Providing leadership in these types of organizations requires diverse skills. One leadership theory differentiates transactional from transformational leadership. Transactional leaders achieve results by providing and maintaining structure while transformational leaders raise awareness of others and facilitate goal achievement The purpose of this study was to evaluate transactional and transformational leadership roles of PHN. The Competing Values Leadership Profile was completed by 342 PHN in an 8 state region in the southeastern US. This profile included 32 items that assessed frequency of performance of transactional leadership roles (monitor, coordinator, director, producer) and transformational leadership roles (facilitator, mentor, innovator, broker) using a 7-point hedonic scale (7=high) for each item. Differences between role performance was determined by repeated measures analysis of variance. Median experience of PHN was 12 years in nutrition, 7 of that in public health nutrition. Most (74%) had administrative responsibilities. Mean performance scores for transactional roles were: monitor (4.8 ± 1.4), coordinator (5.3 ± 1.4), director (5.0 ± 1.5), and producer (5.1 ± 1). Mean performance scores for transformational roles were: facilitator (5.3 ± 1.4), mentor (5.7 ± 1.3), innovator (4.9 ± 1.1) and broker (4.5 ± 1.3). PHN performed the innovator and broker roles significantly less often than the other 6 roles (p Results suggest that PHN may benefit from professional continuing education and career development opportunities that foster development of innovator and broker roles.
Permanent Mixed-Field Polyagglutinability (PMFP)

. With the use of endless belt fluid electrophoresis, these studies confirm previous reports of two cell populations in PMFP having different mobilities. Our method shows two clearly separated bands, while with the microelectrophoresis method a distinctly bimodal distribution is reported. The abnormal (A) cells show a 33- to 42-percent reduction in mobility and a 47- to 48-percent reduction in sialic acid as compared with standard cells. The serologically normal (N) cell population, on mixture with standard cells and subjected to electrophoresis, exhibits no increase in streak width indicative of increased electrophoretic heterogeneity. This is consistent with the findings in the preceding report of no serological abnormalities in the (N) cells. Results of hematological studies, red cell isozyme determinations and assays of glycolytic enzymes activity were not significantly different between the two cell populations. These observations lead us to suggest that the basic abnormality in PMFP (A) cells (Tn transformation) represents a point mutation involving a single genetic step in erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein biosynthesis. A block in the transfer of terminal D-galactose to N-acetylgalactosamine in a substantial proportion of (A) cell heterosaccharides is postulated to be common to all of the serological and biophysical aberrations. This would be consistent with the observed reduction of T, NVG, NHmn (also MHmn), electrostatic charge, sialic acid, and increased ‘saline agglutinability’ in incomplete antisera. The defect in galactose linkage could also leave exposed underlying N-acetylgalactosamines with the consequent manifestation of AHmn, ADB, AHP, NBV and Tn.
Ultraviolet photometry from the orbiting astronomical observatory. XV. The strongly magnetic variable HD 215441

The Wisconsin Experiment Package on OAO-2 was used to obtain light curves of the strongly magnetic, variable Ap star HD 215441 over the wavelength range 1550 to 4250 A. This star is characterized by a lack of outstanding spectrum variability at wavelengths accessible from the ground, while undergoing UBV photometric variations of large amplitude. The observations of HD 215441 demonstrate that an Ap star need not be a striking spectrum variable at blue-visible wavelengths for its photometric variations to be controlled by opacity variations in the ultraviolet.
Advances in partial-pressure control applied to reactive sputtering

Summary High-rate reactive sputtering (HRRS) requires rapid and careful control of the reactive gas partial pressure to achieve high deposition rates and to maintain stoichiometry in the coating. HRRS of TiN was first achieved with feedback control of the N 2 utilizing a differentially pumped mass spectrometer system to sense the N 2 partial pressure. Recently, a new instrument called the optical gas controller (OGC) that operates at sputtering pressures became available for sensing the partial pressure of the gases in the sputtering atmosphere. The OGC was used during the reactive sputtering of TiO x with partial-pressure control, and the TiO x hysteresis loop exhibited a wide negative slope region which is much larger than the one found during the reactive sputtering of TiN x . Partial-pressure control, compared to mass flow control during oxide reactive sputtering, leads to better control of the process and to a 3.5 times higher deposition rate for highly resistive oxide coatings. With partial-pressure control, the anatase form of TiO 2 has been produced with lattice parameters of a 0 = 3.780 A and c 0 = 9.610 A.
Experiences With and Preparedness for Emergencies and Disasters Among Public Schools in California

This study assesses schools' experiences with, and preparedness for, emergencies and disasters. Data are collected by mail survey from 157 public schools in California. The majority of schools have experienced emergencies in recent years. Although respondents generally feel their school is well prepared for future emergencies, limitations are identified in their disaster plans, availability of emergency supplies, training, and interagency coordination, with some differences between primary and secondary schools.
Psychocultural Adaptation and Development Policy for Small-scale Fishermen's Cooperatives in Ecuador

The two principal methods of producing marine products, mariculture and capture fishing, manifest radically different work patterns. The only similarity is the product. The paper argues that these different patterns of production influence different modes of social and psychocultural adaptation among mariculturalists and capture fishermen. Data analyzed from 48 cooperatives in Ecuador indicate that these different modes of adaptation influence factors associated with cooperative success. Factors associated with social solidarity are the most important predictors of cooperative success among capture fishermen while entrepreneurial management style has the greatest impact on shrimp mariculture cooperatives. This leads to the conclusion that different techniques need to be used to form successful cooperatives among the two types of producers.
Improving Knit Fabric UPF Using Consumer Laundry Products: A Comparison of Results Using Two Instruments

This study investigated the use of two instruments to measure the ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) of T-shirt knit fabrics. After various laundering treatments, specimens were cut and UPF was measured from the wale, course, and bias directions with the ISO MET® UV-Meter and the Cary UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. Similar results were found between the two instruments and among repeated measures. Before UPF measurement, the shirt fabrics were repeatedly laundered using various household detergents and laundering additives commonly available to consumers. Statistically significant effects on the mean UPF values were found related to type of fabric, type of detergent/laundry additives, number of repeated launderings, and interaction effects of combinations of the three factors. Consumers can improve the UPF of their cotton and cotton-blend clothing by using detergents with brightener and/or products containing ultraviolet absorbers. Conclusions and implications for educators and apparel and textiles industry are provided.
Are quasar redshifts randomly distributed

A statistical analysis of possible clumping (not periodicity) of emission line redshifts of QSO's shows the available data to be compatible with random fluctuations of a smooth, nonclumped distribution. This result is demonstrated with Monte Carlo simulations as well as with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. It is in complete disagreement with the analysis by Varshni, which is shown to be incorrect.
Sustaining academic community in the aftermath of tragedy

Campus recovery from the shootings at Virginia Tech in April has, in part, been supported by a process of community building launched at the institution years ago.Terry Wildman, director of the Center for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, explains.
Analysis of computed tomographic imaging spectrometers. I. Spatial and spectral resolution

Computed tomographic imaging spectrometers measure the spectrally resolved image of an object scene in an entirely different manner from traditional whisk-broom or push-broom systems, and thus their noise behavior and data artifacts are unfamiliar. We review computed tomographic imaging spectrometry (CTIS) measurement systems and analyze their performance, with the aim of providing a vocabulary for discussing resolution in CTIS instruments, by illustrating the artifacts present in their reconstructed data and contributing a rule-of-thumb measure of their spectral resolution. We also show how the data reconstruction speed can be improved, at no cost in reconstruction quality, by ignoring redundant projections within the measured raw images.
OPIOID ABSTINENCE REINFORCEMENT DELAYS HEROIN LAPSE DURING BUPRENORPHINE DOSE TAPERING

A positive reinforcement contingency increased opioid abstinence during outpatient dose tapering (4, 2, then 0 mg/day during Weeks 1 through 3) in non-treatment-seeking heroin-dependent volunteers who had been maintained on buprenorphine (8 mg/day) during an inpatient research protocol. The control group (n = 12) received $4.00 for completing assessments at each thrice-weekly visit during dose tapering; 10 of 12 lapsed to heroin use 1 day after discharge. The abstinence reinforcement group (n = 10) received $30.00 for each consecutive opioid-free urine sample; this significantly delayed heroin lapse (median, 15 days).
Nichols chart design software

A description is given of the Nichols chart design software which allows the user to enter the open loop transfer function in either polynomial or factored form. It performs all the necessary calculations and displays, using a menu-driven prompt system, the Nichols chart with the open loop transfer function superimposed. The sensitivity function can also be displayed. Three practical control systems are examined with this software: a printwheel control system and sun seekers with phase lead and phase lag compensation. >
Development of near-infrared fluorophore (NIRF)-labeled activity-based probes for in vivo imaging of legumain

Asparaginyl endopeptidase, or legumain, is a lysosomal cysteine protease that was originally identified in plants and later found to be involved in antigen presentation in higher eukaryotes. Legumain is also up-regulated in a number of human cancers, and recent studies suggest that it may play important functional roles in the process of tumorigenesis. However, detailed functional studies in relevant animal models of human disease have been hindered by the lack of suitably selective small molecule inhibitors and imaging reagents. Here we present the design, optimization, and in vivo application of fluorescently labeled activity-based probes (ABPs) for legumain. We demonstrate that optimized aza-peptidyl Asn epoxides are highly selective and potent inhibitors that can be readily converted into near-infrared fluorophore-labeled ABPs for whole body, noninvasive imaging applications. We show that these probes specifically label legumain in various normal tissues as well as in solid tumors when applied in vivo...
Hormones and breast cancer: can we use them in ways that could reduce the risk?

Many hormones promote or inhibit breast cancer in different ways. These effects and the mechanisms involved are reviewed in order to suggest a potentially safer use of hormones. Natural estrogens, administered transdermally, and natural progesterone may be the safest combination of female hormones. Increased intake of cruciferous vegetables could provide additional safety by improving 2-hydoxyestrone and diminishing 16 alphahydroxyestrone. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may directly inhibit breast cancer, but could potentially stimulate it by being aromatized into estrogen in the breast. Modest doses with blood level monitoring appear logical. Melatonin and oxytocin are inhibitory to breast and other cancers. Insulin is a growth factor for breast cancer. Managing insulin resistance before the onset of diabetes could reduce the risk. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) has multiple anti-breast cancer effects. Synthroid may not increase T3 levels adequately. Human growth hormone does not appear to increase risk; but it should not be given for performance enhancement.