cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wearable robotic ankle resistance training improves neuromuscular control and walking efficiency in cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is characterized by deficits in motor function due to reduced neuromuscular control. We leveraged the guiding principles of motor learning theory to design a wearable robotic intervention intended to improve neuromuscular control of the ankle. The goal of this pilot clinical trial was to determine the response to four weeks of exoskeleton ankle resistance therapy (exo-therapy) in children with CP. Five children with CP (12 - 17 years, GMFCS I - II, four males and one female) were recruited for ten, 20-minute sessions of exo-therapy. Surface electromyography, three-dimensional kinematics, and metabolic data were collected at baseline and after training was complete. Changes in neural complexity (via muscle synergy analysis) and metabolic cost were compared to retrospective age- and GMFCS-matched controls who had undergone either single event multi-level orthopedic surgery (SEMLS) or selective dorsal rhizotomies (SDR). Participants displayed decreased co-contraction at the ankle (-29 {+/-} 11%, p = 0.02) and a more typical plantar flexor activation profile (33 {+/-} 13%, p = 0.01), and improvements in neuromuscular control led to a more mechanically-efficient gait pattern (58 {+/-} 34%, p < 0.05) with a reduced metabolic cost of transport (-29 {+/-} 15%, p = 0.02). There were significant increases in neural complexity (5 {+/-} 3%, p = 0.03), where were significantly greater than those seen with SEMLS and SDR (p < 0.01 for both). Ankle exoskeleton resistance therapy shows promise for rapidly improving neuromuscular control for children with CP, and may serve as a meaningful rehabilitative complement to common surgical procedures.
Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints

Common sense suggests that it is always preferable to have more options than fewer, and better to have more knowledge than less. This provocative book argues that, very often, common sense fails. Sometimes it is simply the case that less is more; people may benefit from being constrained in their options or from being ignorant. The three long essays that constitute this book revise and expand the ideas developed in Jon Elster's classic study Ulysses and the Sirens. It is not simply a new edition of the earlier book, though; many of the issues merely touched on before are explored here in much more detail. Elster shows how seemingly disparate examples which limit freedom of action reveal similar patterns, so much so that he proposes a new field of study: constraint theory. The book is written in Elster's characteristically vivid style and will interest professionals and students in philosophy, political science, psychology, and economics.
DFT analysis of the structures, dynamics and reactivity of [(Propargyl)Co2(CO)5(L)]+ Z−

Summary Propargyl-dicobalt carbonyl complexes (R1C2CR2R3)Co2(CO)6+Z− (2), first discovered nearly fifty years ago, have been extensively investigated and developed as useful reagents for propargyl-nucleophile coupling reactions. However, aside from early spectroscopic and semi-empirical theoretical studies, the structures, electronic properties and reactivity of these compounds have received scant attention using more rigorous computational methods. In this report a DFT analysis is presented of the structures, electronic character, stability, fluxionality and reactivity of two sets of propargyl complexes, the –Co2(CO)6 derivatives 2 and (R1C2CR2R3)Co2(CO)5(PZ3)+Z− (3), focusing on the effects of substituents and auxiliary ligands. The key findings include: 1) confirmation of their η2,η3-low temperature-limiting unsymmetrical structures; 2) that most substituents on the propargyl unit have relatively small effects on their stability, while auxiliary ligands of 3 can have substantial stabilizing effects; 3) calculated atomic charges, frontier MO analysis, IR and NMR spectra together indicate extensive electronic delocalization in 2 and 3, with a majority of positive charge dispersed onto the -Co2(CO)5,6(L) unit and a greater residual charge and LUMO character on C1 of the propargyl unit; 4) the latter factors account for the regioselective C-1 attack of nucleophiles on 2 and 3; 5) that two isomerization processes, enantiomerization and syn/anti diastereomerization, are viable via corresponding parallel and perpendicular transition states, the former generally being the lower in energy by ca. 2-3 kcal/mol); 6) that C-3 substituents on the propargyl unit, with one exception (R1=OR), have small effects on these isomerization barriers, as is case for electron-poor phosphines, e.g. L=PF3; 7) that stronger donor phosphines increase rigidity, stability and isomerization barriers, but non-linearly; and 8) that an alternative dynamic isomerization process, involving tetrahedral-to-planar squashing of the Co2C2 cluster, could be energetically accessible. Insights into the underlying factors causing these effects are presented along with some prospects for new reactivity and selectivity possibilities.
$\tau$-Atomicity and Quotients of Size Four

Given a ring $R$, an ideal $I$ of $R$, and an element $a\in I$, we say $a=\lambda b_1\cdots b_k$ is a $\tau_I$-factorization of $a$ if $\lambda$ is any unit and $b_1\equiv\cdots\equiv b_k\pmod{I}$. In this paper, we investigate the $\tau_I$-atomicity of PIDs with ideals where $R/I$ has size four.
Ethically Dealing with Differences: Cultural and Religious Determinants of Healthcare, Extreme Political Views and Bigotry

The diversity of patients utilizing healthcare and their respective needs from providers are rapidly evolving. In order to meet the demands of a diversifying patient population, dermatologists must understand the health disparities that many patients of minority groups experience. Furthermore, addressing these disparities will require comprehension of the many cultural differences that may present a barrier to care for these patients, such as language, religious, and political differences, and acquisition of the appropriate skills to provide high quality dermatologic care to diverse patients, termed cultural competency. The ethical principles of justice and beneficence underlie the need for culturally competent and high-quality care for all patients, regardless of differences in culture.
Racially Imbalanced Peremptory Challenges by the Defense as a Reactionary Process

The use of peremptory challenges in American criminal trials has been found to be racially discriminatory despite race-based motivation being unconstitutional in jury selection. One argument made i...
Potential sources of operating room air contamination: a preliminary study.

Summary Background The Neptune® surgical suction system (NSSS) and the Bair Hugger® (BH) forced-air warmer both discharge filtered exhaust or heated air into the operating room (OR), often in close proximity to a surgical site. Aim To assess the effectiveness of this filtration, we examined the quantity and identity of microbial colonies emitted from their output ports compared with those obtained from circulating air entering the OR. Methods Air samples were collected from each device using industry-standard sampling devices in which a measured volume of air is impacted on to a blood agar plate at a controlled flow rate. Twelve ORs were studied. Sample plates were incubated for one week per study protocol, then interpreted for colony counts and sent for species identification. Findings The average colony count from the NSSS exhaust was not significantly different from that obtained from room air samples, however the average count from the BH output was significantly higher (P=0.0086) than room air. Genetic identification profiles revealed the presence of environmental or commensal organisms that differed depending on the source. High variability in colony counts from both devices suggests that certain NSSS and BH devices could be significant sources of OR air contamination. Conclusions Our study showed that the BH patient warming device could be a source of airborne microbial contamination in the OR and that individual BH and NSSS units exhibit a higher output of microbial cfu than would be expected compared with incoming room air. We make simple suggestions on ways to mitigate these risks.
What’s in the Bag?

The Ross-Littlewood paradox describes a process of repeatedly adding and then removing chips from a bag. During the process, the size of the bag grows at each step; but at the end of the process, t...
Antibodies against Cytochromes c from Vertebrates

Abstract Antibodies against tuna and horse cytochrome c have been obtained in rabbits and studied by a variety of techniques. These antibodies are γG-globulins and they cross-react with numerous other cytochromes c. The ferrous and ferric forms of the horse protein have different antigenic reactivities. By utilizing the many cytochromes c of known amino acid sequence, it is hoped eventually to derive a detailed map of the antigenic structure of the protein.
Performance trades for Mars pinpoint landing

Previous Mars landers have been able to land only within tens to hundreds of km of a target site. Principal sources of uncertainty are approach navigation, atmospheric modeling, and vehicle aerodynamics; additional (lesser) uncertainty sources are map-tie error and wind drift. The Mars Science Laboratory mission scheduled for 2009 launch will use guidance during hypersonic entry to improve this to /spl sim/10 km. To achieve "pinpoint landing" (within 100m) for future missions, ways of addressing the remaining error sources (approach navigation, wind drift and map-tie error) must be found. This work defines a "reference system design" for guidance, navigation, and control in future pinpoint landing missions, and assesses uncertainties and performance penalties associated with pinpoint landing using this reference system design.
Effect of Physical Parameters on the In Situ Survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 in an Estuarine Environment

Survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 of fecal origin in an estuarine environment as affected by time, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and montmorillonite in diffusion chambers has been elucidated. Several in situ physical parameters were recorded simultaneously, and viable cell numbers were estimated. The survival of the bacteria varied seasonally. Montmorillonite addition extended the time needed for a 50% reduction of the viable cell population (t½) of cells by 40% over the t½ of cells in Rhode River water alone. The effect of this clay was not significantly greater between 50- to 1,000-μg/ml montmorillonite concentrations. In all experiments, the relationships among pairs of variables were studied by regression and correlation analysis. The slope between viable cell numbers and water temperatures increased about 50% for each 10 C increment in temperature and gave a correlation coefficient r = 0.617, significant at 95% confidence level. A similar correlation coefficient, r = 0.670, was obtained between water temperature and t½ of the initial cell population. In all experiments regressions were performed considering all variables after bacteria had been in the Rhode River environment for 3 days. Coefficient of multiple determinaton was estimated as R2 = 0.756. Approximately 75.6% of the variance of viable cell numbers can be explained by variation in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. Simple correlation coefficients within the regression steps were also computed. Survival of bacteria was closely and negatively correlated with increasing water temperature (r = -0.717). It is suggested that water temperature is the most important factor in predicting fecal coliform survival from point and nonpoint sources in assessing water quality in an estuarine ecosystem.
Gastroesophageal Variceal Bleeding in the Absence of Hepatic Cirrhosis or Portal Hypertension

Summary Two cases are reported of the uncommon entity of bleeding esophagogastric varices in the absence of either portal hypertension or hepatic cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of these varices is obscure. The possible relationship of moderate fatty metamorphosis of the liver is discussed. The management of this form of bleeding by ligation of the varices is recommended.
The histochemistry of the venom glands of the rattlesnake Crotalus viridis helleri. II. Monoamine oxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract Crotalus viridis helleri venom glands were exposed to histochemical reactions for monoamine oxidase and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in unmilked snakes and at 1, 4, 8 and 15 days following milking. Monoamine oxidase and acid phosphatase were observed scattered throughout the venom secretory cells during all stages analyzed. Alkaline phosphatase was found in the basement membrane of the main gland secretory cells only at 8 and 15 days after milking, but was demonstrable in the basement membranes of the primary duct and the posterior and anterior accessory gland at all stages.
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy

Over the past several decades, in response to a growing awareness that pharmacotherapy alone is often suboptimal in preventing recurrence of mood episodes in bipolar disorder, researchers and clinicians have become increasingly interested in the potential for psychotherapy to enhance clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder. Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) is an adjunctive, manual-driven psychotherapy that emerged during the 1990s in response to this clinical need. Grounded in an integrated psychosocial and chronobiological model of bipolar disorder, IPSRT was developed to intervene on three major pathways to the recurrence of bipolar disorder: (a) medication nonadherence, (b) stressful life events, and (c) disruptions in social rhythms. In the period since, the efficacy of IPSRT for the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar mood episodes has been supported by two large clinical trials, and more recent research has expanded its application to the treatment of other indications within bipolar disorder. Keywords: psychotherapies; bipolar; depression
Apax Partners and Xerium S.A. (TN)

SUBJECT AREAS: Decision making, Financing, Leveraged buyouts, Multinational corporations CASE SETTINGS: United States; Paper industry In 2002, Apax Partners had to decide whether to accept a less-than-perfect offer for one of its portfolio companies or to refinance it. This company, a maker of paper industry consumables with a global presence, had been purchased in 1999 and performed extremely well since then. Despite being a solid, cash-generative operation, it didn't excite a lot of interest in the market. An early exit at a good multiple would be helpful for Apax's current fund and future fund-raising efforts, whereas refinancing would allow Apax to take some money off the table and share in future upsides. Which is the better choice?
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Refrigerator System at Brookhaven National Laboratory: Phase III of the System Performance and Operations Upgrades for 2006

An ongoing program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) consists of improving the efficiency of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) cryogenic system and reducing its power consumption. Phase I and II of the program addressed plant operational improvements and modifications that resulted in substantial operational cost reduction and improved system reliability and stability, and a compressor input power reduction of 2 MW has been demonstrated. Phase III, now under way, consists of plans for further increasing the efficiency of the plant by adding a load “wet” turbo‐expander and its associated heat exchangers at the low temperature end of the plant. This additional stage of cooling at the coldest level will further reduce the required compressor flow and therefore compressor power input. This paper presents the results of the plant characterization, as it is operating presently, as well as the results of the plant simulations of the various planned upgrades for the plant. The immediate upgrade includes the changes associated with the load expander. The subsequent upgrade will involve the resizing of expander 5 and 6 to increase their efficiencies. The paper summarizes the expected improvement in the plant efficiency and the overall reduction in the compressor power.
Top Guns: The "Maverick" and "Goose" of Empiric Therapy.

Abstract Background: Vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam are commonly used first guns in the empiric management of critically ill patients. Current studies suggest an increased prevalence of acute kidney injury with concomitant use, however, these studies are few and limited by small sample size. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of nephrotoxicity after treatment with vancomycin alone and concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam treatment at our institution. Hypothesis: Concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam–treated patients will experience greater prevalence of nephrotoxicity compared with vancomycin-only treated patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort of patients treated with vancomycin for gram-positive or mixed infections in our facility from 2005 to 2009 who were not receiving hemodialysis at the time of admission. Included patients were stratified by treatment with vancomycin, vancomycin/piperacillin-tazobactam, or vancomycin/an alternative g...
Wideband frequency selective limiter

A novel technique for narrowband/broadband frequency selective limiting in direct sequence-spread spectrum (DS-SS) communications is presented. This technique relies on setting the magnitude response of the received signal Fourier transform to a predetermined function while leaving the phase response unchanged. When the Fourier transform magnitude response of the signal is made constant over the entire signal spectrum, this nonlinear processor will operate as a whitening filter. The processor is particularly attractive in environments where many interferers of different powers coexist in the same frequency band with the desired signal (e.g. wideband HF communications). The only requirement imposed by the processor is that the desired signal must be broadband relative to the interferer(s). This requirement is in general fulfilled by a wide class of communication and radar signals such as DS-SS, hybrid FK/DS-SS, and WB-FM (chirp radar signals). >
A Case for Conservative Management: Characterizing the Natural History of Radiographically Diagnosed Rathke Cleft Cysts.

Context: Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign embryonic remnants of the Rathke's pouch found in 13% to 33% of the general population. When symptomatic, they manifest themselves by compressing adjacent structures, causing pressure effects such as headache, visual disturbance, or pituitary hormone deficits. Most RCCs are asymptomatic, and their management remains controversial. Surgical resection has generally been indicated to treat symptomatic RCCs but carries the risk of complications. Objective: Our objective was to better characterize the outcomes for patients with presumed RCCs undergoing conservative management. Design: This was a retrospective cohort study. Setting: The setting was a pituitary program at a university medical center. Participants: The participants were 75 patients with radiographically diagnosed RCCs. Methods: All brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed at the University of Virginia from 2006 through 2013 were searched for the words “Rathke cleft cyst,” and pituitary c...
The concept of negative information

Negative information concerns the introduction of confusion (which increases the number of alternatives under consideration) into the process of obtaining information in order to deduce the correct message from among a set of possible alternatives. This intuitive description can be represented by a graph theoretic interpretation. An analogy to the game of “twenty questions” is depicted in terms of standard binary trees. Normative theory imposes certain constraints on the corresponding path through the trees associated with the sequential process, in that each edge of the tree should correspond to the procurement of one bit of information. “Negative information occurs when there is a deviation from either the tree or path. A classification scheme is developed to distinguish 12 common instances associated with the concept”.
METABOLIC MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE WITH ACUTE ABDOMINAL CRISIS

SUMMARY The horse with an abdominal crisis caused by acute gastro-intestinal tract obstruction develops hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, electrolyte depletion, metabolic acidosis and shock. During preparation for operation, treatment with fluids, antibiotics and bicarbonate will impede metabolic imbalance. Stomach decompression may slow the passage of sodium, water and potassium to the gut lumen, reduce pain and minimize the risk of stomach rupture. Selected laboratory determinations and the monitoring of arterial and venous pressures will provide a measure of severity and serve as a guide to replacement therapy. In the post surgical period, vigilance must be directed towards potassium and bicarbonate imbalanc and adequate hydration.
New graphical method to measure silent periods evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Abstract Objectives : Manual methods of measuring duration of cortical silent periods (CSP) evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) depend upon subjective visual estimation of onset and offset. Because of this, the measurements are susceptible to poor rater reliability. We describe a graphical method to measure silent periods with greater precision. The statistical process underlying this new method is simple and particularly suited to signal detection in serially dependent data. Methods : TMS-evoked silent periods were recorded in 13 healthy subjects. Two investigators subjectively measured silent period duration on each subject to estimate rater reliability. Using the graphical method, the mean and 99.76% variation limits of pre-stimulus electromyogram (EMG) activity were computed. Each averaged trial was displayed and CSP onset and offset detected when post-stimulus EMG activity moved outside the 99.76% limits. Results : Maximum variation in silent period duration was 21.8ms between the two investigators' subjective measurements. Silent period duration measured with the graphical method closely approximated measurements obtained using the manual method. It was possible to automate the procedure. Conclusions : This graphical method allowed precise measurement of CSP duration, independent of subjective estimations of onset or offset points. Further studies are necessary to determine if this method can provide a framework for other physiologic measures.
MAGSAT--A new satellite to survey the earth's magnetic field

The MAGSAT satellite was launched on October 30, 1979 into a sun-synchronous dawn-dusk orbit, of 97° inclination, 350 km perigee, and 550 km apogee. It contains a precision vector magnetometer and a cesium-vapor scalar magnetometer at the end of a 6m long graphite epoxy scissors boom. The magnetometers are accurate to 2γ. A pair of star cameras are used to define the body orientation to 10 arc sec rms. An "attitude transfer system" measures the orientation of the magnetometer sensors relative to the star cameras to ∼ 5 arc sec rms. The satellite position is determined to 70 meters rms by Doppler tracking. The overall objective is to determine each component of the earth's vector magnetic field to an accuracy of 6γ rms. The MAGSAT satellite gathers a complete picture of the earth's magnetic field every 12 hours. The vector components are sampled 16 times per second with a resolution of 0.5γ. The data will be used by the US Geological Survey to prepare 1980 world magnetic field charts and to detect large-scale magnetic anomalies in the earth's crust for use in planning resource exploration strategy in the years to come.
Measurement of children's response to authority.

Summary.-A simple technique was devised to measure the influence of E when commanding S to do something he would rather not do. Each S was first told to press a standard hand counter until he wanted to stop and then, when he had stopped, he was ordered to "Keep pressing." Sex and age of children and sex of an adult E were varied in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design. Compliance, the number of presses of the hand counter after the insuuction to keep pressing, was greatest for male folrth graders on command by the male E. Psychological experiments involve social interaction berween E and S. The unintended influence which an E may have as a result of the interaction has been recognized by Orne ( 1962 1, McGuigan ( 1963), and Rosenthal ( 1964), among others. One major aspect of the relationship is the dominance-submission frame of reference. E tends to bc perceived by S as an authority figure. In an experiment by Block and Block ( 1955), E's authority was evaluated by having an E first ask S to pack spools in a box until he wished to stop and then asking him, when he had stopped, "Don't you want to do some more?" The number of spools packed following the question was the measurement of submissiveness to authority. A theoretical context for such studies of authority and submission has been provided by Lewin (1935) and Adorno, et al. (1950). The present experiment concerns the responses of children to an adult when the children are told to do something they would rather not do. The technique provides a simple, objective, and easily standardized measure of one person's influence upon another in a caercive situation. The smdy was designed to cest the possibilities of the technique by varying the effects of age and sex of the child and sex of the adult E. METHOD
A [14C]2-deoxyglucose analysis of the functional neural pathways of the limbic forebrain in the rat. III. The hippocampal formation.

The regions metabolically activated in the rat brain following focal electrical stimulation of various components of the hippocampal formation were identified with the use of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography. The results of these experiments, conducted in the rat, showed that in the absence of elicited afterdischarge activity, stimulation of either the CA1 or CA3 field of the dorsal hippocampus resulted in bilateral metabolic activation of only the dorsal hippocampus as well as of a relatively restricted region within the dorsomedial aspect of the lateral septal nucleus, bilaterally. In contrast, stimulation of either the CA1 or CA3 field of the ventral hippocampus resulted in bilateral activation of the ventral hippocampus and no region of the dorsal hippocampus. Following such stimulation, the lateral septal nucleus was also labeled bilaterally, but the activated regions were situated in a position ventrolateral to those resulting from stimulation at dorsal levels. Stimulation of the subicular cortex, in contrast, resulted in only ipsilateral activation of the hippocampal formation and lateral septal nucleus. Further rostral levels of the lateral septal nucleus were noted to be activated following stimulation of subicular cortex as compared to stimulation of the cornu Ammonis. The hypothalamus was directly activated by two pathways, the postcommissural fornix and the medial corticohypothalamic tract. Following stimulation at dorsal and posterior levels of CA1 and the subiculum, the mammillary bodies were demonstrably labeled by input from the postcommissural fornix. Regions of the medial hypothalamus were activated via the medial corticohypothalamic tract following stimulation of the ventral subiculum. The amygdala, stria terminalis and its bed nucleus were also shown to be demonstrably activated following stimulation of the ventral subiculum, ventral CAl field and posterior prosubiculum. This pathway may represent an additional route by which hippocampal modulation may indirectly modulate hypothalamic function. The presence of elicited afterdischarges resulted in more extensive patterns of metabolic labeling within the hippocampal formation and lateral septal nuclei as compared to experiments in which afterdischarges were not elicited. The extent of the demonstrable labeling, both within, and extrinsic to the hippocampal formation appeared to be a function of the duration and severity of the elicited seizure discharge. Additional structures which were demonstrably labeled following the elicitation of seizure activity include the entorhinal cortex-prepyriform area, amygdala, substantia innominata, putamen, substantia nigra, olfactory and prefrontal cortices and medial thalamic nuclei.
Narrow-linewidth, single-mode, partial reflector external cavity quantum cascade laser

A simple external-cavity quantum cascade laser utilizing optical feedback from a partial reflector is reported. Using a ∼9.6µm QCL and off-the-shelf optics we demonstrate single-mode continuous tuning of 2.46cm−1 with ∼40mW power and ∼2.5MHz linewidth.
Genetic control of expression of endogenous virus genes in chicken cells

Abstract Some chicken embryos which are known to be free of virus, nevertheless contain viral products, the group specific (gs) antigen and the virus envelope proteins, which are specific to avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. The envelope proteins seem to confer these cells with the helper activity for defective sarcoma virus. The formation of these products appears to be determined by a single pair of autosomal genes. The presence of the products is dominant over the absence. Thus, by characterizing the genotype of each individual chicken, it was possible to breed a flock of chickens that are negative for the viral expression. With over 95% of the embryos, two virus-specific properties, the formation of gs antigen and helper activity, were either expressed or unexpressed concurrently. However, some embryos display unusually high levels of helper activity with low or undetectable amounts of gs antigen. In this type of embryo, the formation of particularly high titers of virus was observed only for the virus which is formed by the assistance of the endogenous helper factor. Evidence suggests that this property is also genetically controlled.
Noise In Charge Injection Device (CID) Image Sensors

The Charge Injection Device (CID) is a conductor-insulator-semiconductor structure that employs intracell charge transfer and charge injection to achieve an image sensing function. The significant temporal noise sources are Johnson noise in the distributed resistance of array conductor materials (e.g., polysilicon), in the channel resistance of MOS multiplex selection switches, and in the video amplifier. A source of both temporal noise and fixed pattern noise is array dark current and the spatial variation in this dark current, respectively. There are two factors that lead to very low dark current in CID arrays. First, only the charge storage region, which is smaller than the photosensitive region, is depleted and contributing significant dark current. The second factor is that the interface states that result in surface leakage current are continuously quenched under normal imager operat-ing conditions with the result that only the depleted periphery of each charge storage site contributes surface leakage. Since good quality charge transfer structures are normally surface leakage current dominated, this is an important effect. The major sources of fixed pattern noise are different with the various readout techni-ques. Sequential injection is a destructive readout technique that automatically cancels multiplexer interference and array fixed pattern variations. The fixed pattern noise mea-sured on a random access array operating with sequential injection readout was approximately a factor of 1000 below the saturation signal, lower than the temporal noise. With Pre-injection Readout, multiplexer switching noise couples directly into the video signal bus leading to a high level of fixed pattern noise. Since this component of fixed pattern noise repeats during each line of video, it is readily cancelled with the aid of one line of video storage. Fixed pattern noise after this type of cancellation has been measured as a factor of 250 below saturation. Row Readout operates through the driving of one set of array lines to cause signal charge to transfer to the orthogonal set of array lines with the result that switching noise is greatly suppressed. Raw fixed pattern noise levels of approximately three percent of saturation have been measured. In a low video rate device, fixed pattern noise was suppressed to below one part in 30,000 of saturation with this readout method. The extremely low-loss non-destructive readout capability of the CID structure results in the capability to read imager signals repeatedly for summation in external memory. Since the temporal noise that accompanies the signal sums incoherently, the signal-to-noise ratio improves in proportion to the square root of the number of readout operations. Noise levels below 100 carriers per pixel have resulted with this technique. No intrinsic limitation on the dynamic range improvement that can be obtained with this technique has been identified. External limitations, such as the time available to perform repeated non-destructive readout operations, have prevailed to date.
Fat-simulating and accelerating solvents for polyolefins and MWD of solvent extracts of polyethylenes

Abstract Migration kinetics of straight-chain oligomers and antioxidants from several polyolefins at different temperatures into various solvents have been studied by radioactive tracer techniques. Anhydrous ethanol appears to be a well suited food-oil or liquid-fat simulant for extracting different types of migrants from polyolefins. Pure and mixed triglycerides are also good oil or fat simulants, but the triglycerides offer no simpler analytical procedures than the use of oil or fat themselves. n-Octanol may also be considered as a reasonable oil or fat simulant; however, its action depends somewhat on the choice of migrants. The accelerating action of n-heptane over that of oil or simulants is quantitatively demonstrated. The accelerating effects are greater for migration systems with lower diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficients for migration into n-heptane are about 20 times greater than the diffusion coefficients into ethanol or oil for otherwise identical migration systems yielding diffusion coefficients of about 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 into oil or ethanol. For systems yielding diffusion coefficients into oil or ethanol of about 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 , the corresponding diffusion coefficients into n-heptane are about 1000 times greater. The molecular weight distributions ( MWD s) of the n-heptane and ethanol extracts of polyolefins have been analysed. n-Heptane can not only accelerate the migration of the individual migrant but also remove oligomer species that are slightly soluble or present at low levels in the oil or simulant extracts.
Characterization of liposome suspensions by flow cytometry

Abstract Novel approaches to drug delivery and induction of immune responses using liposomes have received much attention in recent years. Liposomes, however, are not a singular entity, but can be produced with a diverse group of phospholipids that form microspheres of different sizes, physical structure, electrochemical characteristics, and most importantly, physiologic properties. The purpose of this study was to establish the usefulness of flow cytometry as a convenient, rapid method for assessing the relative size and uniformity of liposomal preparations. Liposomes were made from phospholipid suspensions by sonication alone, or sonication followed by microemulsification. Forward laser light scatter (FSC) analysis of liposomal preparations by flow cytometry indicated that microemulsification produced homogeneous, small vesicles which were less than 1 μm in diameter, compared to the more heterogenous sized liposomes generated by sonication alone. Transmission electron micrographs of the liposomal preparations were used to confirm the FSC results and showed that liposomes prepared by microemulsification were homogeneous, unilamellar vesicles which exhibited a mean diameter of 99.8 nm, whereas the sonicated-only preparation was more heterogeneous in size, exhibiting a mean diameter of 154.1 nm. Analysis of various liposome preparations by FSC during a 9 week storage period showed that small vesicles were relatively stable. We conclude that flow cytometry using FSC analysis provides a rapid, reproducible and convenient method to evaluate the relative size, uniformity and stability of liposomes.
Methods for the study of particle production fluctuations

We discuss various measures of net charge (conserved quantities) fluctuations proposed for the identification of critical phenomena in heavy ion collisions. We show the dynamical component of fluctuations of the net charge can be expressed simply in terms of integrals of two- and single-particle densities. We discuss the dependence of the fluctuation observables on detector acceptance, detection efficiency and colliding system size, and collision centrality. Finally, we present a toy model of particle production including charge conservation and resonance production to gauge the effects of such resonances and finite acceptance on the net-charge fluctuations.
Non Σn axiomatizable almost strongly minimal theories

Recall that a theory is said to be almost strongly minimal if in every model every element is in the algebraic closure of a strongly minimal set. In 1970 Hodges and Macintyre conjectured that there is a natural number n such that every ℵ 0 -categorical almost strongly minimal theory is Σ n axiomatizable. Recently Ahlbrandt and Baldwin [A-B] proved that if T is ℵ 0 -categorical and almost strongly minimal, then T is Σ n axiomatizable for some n . This result also follows from Ahlbrandt and Ziegler's results on quasifinite axiomatizability [A-Z]. In this paper we will refute Hodges and Macintyre's conjecture by showing that for each n there is an ℵ 0 -categorical almost strongly minimal theory which is not Σ n axiomatizable. Before we begin we should note that in all these examples the complexity of the theory arises from the complexity of the definition of the strongly minimal set. It is still open whether the conjecture is true if we allow a predicate symbol for the strongly minimal set. We will prove the following result. Theorem. For every n there is an almost strongly minimal ℵ 0 -categorical theory T with models M and N such that N is Σ n elementary but not Σ n + 1 elementary . To show that these theories yield counterexamples to the conjecture we apply the following result of Chang [C]. Theorem. If T is a Σ n axiomatizable theory categorical in some infinite power, M and N are models of T and N is a Σ n elementary extension of M, then N is an elementary extension of M .
Insulin activity in isolated fat cells which are completely permeable to glucose

Abstract Cell suspensions of collagenase treated adipose tissue, which are completely permeable to sodium, potassium, glucose, inulin, and other substances, respond to insulin in the same manner as intact cells. Thus the action of insulin under these conditions cannot be mediated via glucose transport, but must in some way exert its effect by increasing the rate of glycolysis.
Humanizing Democracy: Matthew Arnold’s Nineteenth-Century Call for a Common, Higher, Educative Pursuit of Happiness and Its Relevance to Twenty-first-Century Democratic Life

Editor’s Note: This article continues the focus of our special issue theme of Summer 2002—Education and Democracy.Democratic educational reform should promote full-bodied democratic life. To help address the limited vision of humanity prevailing in the current wave of educational reforms—reforms that are being undertaken in the name of democracy while they promote undemocratic and pusillanimous forms of human life—this essay examines a nineteenth-century recommendation for democratic educational reform calling for a broadly accessible liberal education to cultivate a magnanimous and civic-minded democratic populace. This old vision might begin to provide us with a new road map for the reforms being undertaken in our own time, encouraging us to seek—far beyond mechanical measurements of mechanical performances—the standards of cultural, civic, and spiritual enlargement that we must collectively understand and strive toward if we wish to use democratic educational reform to help constitute a bona fide democ...
Advancing the Legal Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflict: Protocol I’s Threshold of Impermissible Environmental Damage and Alternatives

This article presents both legal and strategic arguments for increasing the level of environmental protection in wartime within the legal context created by Articles 35 and 55 of Additional Protocol I. These provisions bifurcate the legal protection of the environment in armed conflict. Above the threshold, environmental damage is prohibited. Beneath the threshold, other international humanitarian law instruments and customary principles apply and may offer environmental protection, usually by balancing environmental damage against military necessity. The objective of this article is to propose legal and strategic frameworks to be addressed to military decision-makers considering environmentally harmful actions. It argues that the principle of military necessity, including strategic considerations, can be found compatible with enhanced environmental protections.
Circadian Variations in Myocardial Ischemia: Implications for Management

Extended ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in the patient's customary environment provides clear evidence of circadian patterns in myocardial ischemic episodes. In patients with effort angina, the highest activity occurs between 6 AM and noon. This coincides with peaks in diurnal variation of frequency of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death. A number of potential underlying common triggering mechanisms, including catecholamine secretion, sympathetic nervous system activity, blood pressure, heart rate, cortisol secretion, and aggregability of platelets, exhibit similar surges. As a result of these coinciding morning peaks, myocardial oxygen demand is increased and oxygen supply reduced after a person arises in the morning. Attention to this vulnerable period is merited in the timing and choice of medication, both to prevent or reduce ischemia and to modify potential disease-triggering mechanisms. ( JAMA . 1991;265:386-390)
A comparison of air displacement plethysmography with three other techniques to determine body fat in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND This study compared air displacement plethysmography (ADP), which relies on measurements of body density to estimate body fat, with three other techniques that measure body composition: (1) hydrostatic weighing (HW), which also measures body density; (2) bioelectrical impedance (BIA), which determines electrical resistance and total body water to estimate fat-free mass; and (3) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which measures bone, fat, and fat-free soft tissue masses. METHODS ADP, HW, BIA, and DXA were performed on 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females). The subjects were within 20% of ideal body weight, 31.1 +/- 1.8 years of age, and 75.4 +/- 2.7 kg with body mass index values of 25.2 +/- 0.9 (kg/m2) and percent body fat by ADP ranging from 6.0% to 41.0%. RESULTS Percent body fat measurements by the four methods were highly correlated (r > .90, p < .0001). Mean body fat as determined by ADP, HW, BIA, and DXA were 23.4% +/- 2.3%, 23.9% +/-1.8%, 23.1% +/- 1.9%, and 26.4% +/- 2.4%, respectively (* p < .05 vs ADP). There was a significantly positive slope (+0.23) for the individual differences vs the average of ADP and HW percent body fat, demonstrating a slightly negative difference at lower body fat levels and a slightly positive difference at greater body fat levels. Although the average percent body fat determined by ADP was similar to that by HW for the entire population, there was a significant gender difference with the average body fat measured by ADP being 16% less in males and 7% greater in females than that determined by HW. CONCLUSIONS Body fat measurements using ADP were highly correlated with those using HW, BIA, and DXA across a relatively wide range of body fat levels in healthy adults. These results support the utility of ADP as a relatively new technique in the estimation of percent body fat in healthy adults. However, the error associated with gender and the level of body fat is not negligible and requires further investigation.
Ultrafast spectroscopy of a dense potassium vapor

Time-integrated and time-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy with two and three pulses is used to study ultrafast dynamics in a dense potassium vapor. Fits based on the stochastic theory compare well with two-pulse time-integrated four-wave mixing results. The three-pulse time-integrated photon echo peak shift reveals bi-exponential behavior at high temperatures and densities not modeled by the stochastic theory. Time-resolved three-pulse four-wave mixing experiments exhibit photon-echo-like behavior.
The initiation of combined stress waves in a thin-walled tube due to impact loadings

Abstract The solution near the impact end of a thin-walled tube is presented in which the end x = 0 of the pre-stressed tube is subjected to a discontinuous combined longitudinal and torsional loading at time t = 0. The loads at x = 0 after t = 0 are assumed to vary continuously. Solutions are obtained for all possible combinations of the discontinuous loadings at t = 0 and all possible variations of loads after t = 0. The characteristics of the solutions in each region, the initial speed and sometimes the initial acceleration of the boundary between two regions are given. These are useful guides for a complete solution of combined stress wave propagation in a thin-walled tube subjected to arbitrary impact loadings.
Adsorption and specific heat studies of4He in 0.2-µm Nuclepore filters

We have made adsorption studies and specific heat measurements for helium adsorbed on Nuclepore filters with a pore size of 0.2 µm. We have been able to identify the first and second layer completion on this substrate by a Langmuir and BET analysis of the data. For coverages near the second layer completion the data obey a Frenkel-Halsey-Hill isotherm, and we have obtained the van der Waals constant α=(2.4±0.4)×10−37 erg-cm3. We find this result in excellent agreement with a theoretical estimate of 2.17 × 10−37 erg-cm3. The interpretation of the isotherm data is confirmed by measurements of the specific heat. Data near a monolayer completion is found proportional toT2 with a characteristic two-dimensional Debye temperature of ΘD=23±1 K. Measurements of specific heat with helium samples equivalent to about 17 layers and higher show two λ transitions shifted in temperature, as is characteristic of helium confined to two different small dimensions. These data are in agreement with the thermodynamic instability for capillary condensation in a cylindrical geometry as calculated by Saam and Cole.
Ego transcendence in postmodern perspective

Based on the author's previous specification of the conventional ego mind as the primary barrier to “realization of the ground of consciousness,” postmodern perspectives on the ego mind barrier are compared with premodern and modern approaches. Postmodernists view the ego as a socio‐linguistic construct. Modern assumptions of consistent subjectivity and a unitary self or identity are rejected, and reduction of the ego mind barrier to transcendence is seen to follow from exploration of alternative self‐concepts. This perspective is manifest in theories of “possible selves” and in the contrast between formulations such as the “saturated self vs. the “empty self.” Though forms of ego transcendence likely in postmodern cultures will differ from those in premodern cultures, many of the same functions will be served, as may be observed in such phenomena as “ecomysticism.”
An unprecedented mixed-valent-copper mutual-face-insertion layered metal-organic polymer displaying graphite-like properties

Abstract An oxidation reaction route under hydrothermal conditions afforded a novel mixed-valent-copper coordination polymer with unprecedented mutual-face-insertion layered open-framework displaying graphite-like properties.