cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19, Neutrality, and the Free Exercise of Religion

In a series of cases over the past year, the Supreme Court upheld then struck down COVID-19 restrictions on worship in various states across the country. Those decisions clarified the meaning of the requirement that, under the Free Exercise Clause, laws burdening religion must be “generally applicable.” But they were also criticized for relying on contestable claims that churches and other religious gatherings were comparable to places like grocery stores in their likelihood of spreading the virus. This Article offers a different perspective. In addition to general applicability, the Court has said the Free Exercise Clause also requires that laws be “neutral” with respect to religion. The Court mostly ignored that requirement in the COVID cases. But rightly understood, it may have provided a simpler path for resolving them—and one that didn’t depend on controversial comparisons between churches and campgrounds. Instead, focusing on neutrality would have yielded a common-sense conclusion: where a law or policy grants favored treatment for activities it explicitly deems “essential,” “critical,” or “life-sustaining,” one of those things must be religion. And understanding the rationale behind that conclusion provides important insights about the meaning of the Free Exercise Clause and several other issues at the heart of the First Amendment.
Current Training Needs in Public Social Services: Impact on Schools of Social Work

An empirically based study was designed to identify evolving training needs in public social services agencies which are in transition. The characteristics and capacity of these service delivery systems have been significantly altered by funding reductions and subsequent administrative redesign. Schools of social work preparing MSW's for future professional employment and also responsible for operating Title XX training projects need to be sensitive to emerging trends. Specific areas of skills and knowledge requiring greater educational and training emphasis were reported. Curricula planning and development needs to be responsive as social work roles and responsibilities are changing in the marketplace. Concern for both faculty attitudes and inadequate emphasis on public social services at the graduate level was voiced by Title XX managers.
Dynamic performance analysis of a PV charger system

This work compares the dynamic performance of a PV charger system designed using three different power electronic converters. First it introduces the PV charger system and the three converters. Next, it presents the dynamic model of the three converters. Then, it uses the dynamic models to study and compare the dynamic performance of the converters in a range of operating points. Finally, it offers time domain simulation results to verify the theoretical outcomes.
The information center concept: a normative model and a study of six installations

The principal current concern of corporate information centers is the support and management of end-user computing. This paper presents a normative model of an information center in terms of the end-user computing environment, discusses the results of extensive field interviews with information center managers, staff, and end-users, and draws conclusions and generalizations that are relevant for both future research and information center management.
Acoustic Seagliders in PhilSea10: Preliminary results

In November 2010, four acoustic Seagliders were deployed in the Northern Philippine Sea in the vicinity of an acoustic tomography array as part of the PhilSea10 project with the goal of characterizing this oceanographically complex and highly dynamic region. The gliders were flown between the moored transceivers of the pentagonal tomography array with a radius of approximately 330 km until their recovery in April 2011. During this mission they collected oceanographic and acoustic data in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Temperature, salinity, and pressure data collected by the Seagliders provide a time-evolving characterization of the sound-speed environment in the variable upper ocean between the transceivers. The gliders were also equipped with an integrated Acoustic Recorder System (ARS). The ARS was scheduled to record transmissions from the moored acoustic tomography sources, measuring the arrival structure between the various moorings in order to near-continuously map the arrival pattern as a function of range and depth. Spectrograms show the arriving linear frequency modulated signals from the sources, as well as other ocean sounds. With travel times determined from this data, we will determine whether, given the joint nature of the combined positioning/tomography problem, it is possible to use Seagliders equipped with an acoustic receiver as mobile nodes in the tomography array, thereby enhancing the resolution of the tomography system.
Transcriptional Remodeling of Ion Channel Subunits by Flow Adaptation in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly exposed to blood flow-induced shear forces in the vessels and this is a major determinant of endothelial function. Ion channels have a major role in endothelial function and in the control of vascular tone. We hypothesized that shear force is a general regulator of ion channel expression, which will have profound effects on endothelial function. We examined this hypothesis using large-scale quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Human coronary artery ECs were exposed to two levels of flow-induced shear stress for 24 h, while control cells were grown under static conditions. The expression of ion channel subunits was compared between control and flow-adapted cells. We used primers against 55 ion channel and exchanger subunits and were able to detect 54 subunits. Five dyn/cm2 of shear induced downregulation of 1 (NCX1) and upregulation of 18 subunits, including KCa2.2, KCa2.3, CX37, Kv1.5 and HCN2. Fifteen dyn/cm2 of shear stress induced the expression of 30 ion channel subunits, including KCa2.3, KCa2.2, CX37, Kir2.3 and KCa3.1. Our data demonstrate that substantial remodeling of endothelial ion channel subunit expression occurs with flow adaptation and suggest that altered ion channel expression may significantly contribute to vascular pathology associated with flow-induced alterations.
Effects of an intermittent, low-fat, low-calorie diet in the behavioral treatment of obesity*

This study tested whether the efficacy of behavior therapy for obesity might be improved by the use of an intermittent, low-fat, low-calorie diet. Eighty-five obese women were randomly assigned either to (a) behavior therapy plus a continuous 1200-calorie per day balanced deficit diet or to (b) behavior therapy plus an intermittent, low-fat, 800-calorie per day diet, used 4 days per week. Clients in each protocol received 26 weekly treatment sessions followed by a 6-month maintenance program. At 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-month evaluations, clients in the intermittent diet condition demonstrated significantly greater weight losses than subjects in the standard treatment. However, the results of 5-, 6-, and 12-month evaluations indicated that the longer term weight losses were equivalent across conditions.
Mechanistic studies of Protein tyrosine phosphatases YopH and Cdc25A with m-nitrobenzyl phosphate

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) constitute a large family of signaling enzymes that include both tyrosine specific and dual-specificity phosphatases that hydrolyze pSer/Thr in addition to pTyr. Previous mechanistic studies of PTPs have relied on the highly activated substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), an aryl phosphate with a leaving group pKa of 7. In the study presented here, we employ m-nitrobenzyl phosphate (mNBP), an alkyl phosphate with a leaving group pKa of 14.9, which mimics the physiological substrates of the PTPs. We have carried out pH dependence and kinetic isotope effect measurements to characterize the mechanism of two important members of the PTP superfamily: Yersinia PTP (YopH) and Cdc25A. Both YopH and Cdc25A exhibit bell-shaped pH−rate profiles for the hydrolysis of mNBP, consistent with general acid catalysis. The slightly inverse 18(V/K)nonbridge isotope effects (0.9999 for YopH and 0.9983 for Cdc25A) indicate a loose transition state with little nucleophilic participation...
Cloning and sequencing of a full-length rat sucrase-isomaltase-encoding

Abstract Sucrase-isomaltase (SI) has been widely used as a marker enzyme to study cellular differentiation in the small intestine. We isolated a 6.1-kb SI cDNA clone (GC1.4) from a size-fractionated cDNA library from rat intestine. Sequencing of this cDNA clone showed 6066 nucleotides (nt) with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1841 amino acids (aa). The nt sequence correctly predicts several known aa stretches in the protein. The deduced aa sequence showed 78 and 75% overall identity with the rabbit and human SI, respectively. At the active sites of both S and I, the rat nt sequence encodes stretches of 14 and 16 aa, respectively, which show 100% identity to rabbit and human SI. In the region immediately beyond the transmembrane domain, the rat sequence encodes an extra 10 aa, as compared to rabbit and human. This 10-aa insertion consists almost entirely of Pro, Ser and Thr, and may be responsible for additional 0-glycosylations of rat SI. The cDNA contains a 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of 499 nt with polyadenylation signal sequence and a poly(A) tract. The ATG start codon was found 41 nt downstream from the 5' end of the cDNA. Primer extension experiments showed the cap site to be 61 nt upstream from the start codon. The results indicate that our cDNA clone lacks only 20 nt in the 5'-UTR. Given that this cDNA encodes the entire coding region of SI, it should be useful in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of SI biosynthesis, localization and targeting during rat intestinal development and differentiation.
Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Copolymers with Strongly Hydrogen-Bond Acidic Properties for Acoustic Wave and Optical Sensors

Hybrid organic/inorganic polymers have been prepared incorporating fluoroalkyl-substituted bisphenol groups linked using oligosiloxane spacers. These hydrogen-bond acidic materials have glass-to-rubber transition temperatures below room temperature and are excellent sorbents for basic vapors. The physical properties such as viscosity and refractive index can be tuned by varying the length of the oligosiloxane spacers and the molecular weight. In addition, the materials are easily cross-linked to yield solid elastomers. The potential use of these materials for chemical sensing has been demonstrated by applying them to surface acoustic wave devices as thin films and detecting the hydrogen-bond basic vapor dimethyl methylphosphonate with high sensitivity. It has also been demonstrated that one of these materials with suitable viscosity and refractive index can be used to clad silica optical fibers; the cladding was applied to freshly drawn fiber using a fiber drawing tower. These fibers have potential as eva...
On Statistical Models for Fission Track Counts: Comment ~

In his comments on our paper, Galbraith raises some crucial issues which require a thorough airing. Galbraith emphasizes that the empirical determination of correlation requires a nonuniform distribution of uranium between the grains of zircon. We have no quarrel with this point. What Galbraith ignores, however, is that the spatial distribution of uranium is of little consequence to our theory. To set the stage, consider the following terminology. Let there be k equalarea grains available for study. The spontaneous fission track counts that appear after a given time are NS1 NS2 NS3 '' . Nsj . . " Nsk Any of these (say NsI) is a function of the age of the mineral, its uranium'content, the "probability law 1" which is associated with spontaneous fissioning of U 23s , and a host of other experimental and geological factors, such as counting blunders, thermal annealing effects, and uncertainties in establishing the counting area. In mathematical form these relations can be expressed as
Follow-up of renal artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound☆☆☆★

Abstract We have previously shown that duplex ultrasound is an accurate method of diagnosing renal artery stenosis (93% accuracy compared with angiography in the diagnosis of less than 60% stenosis, 60% to 99% stenosis, or occlusion). With this method we have now serially observed 35 renal arteries with 60% to 99% renal artery stenosis in 27 patients. Nineteen stenotic renal arteries in 15 patients were observed without intervention. There was a significant decrease in kidney size (mean difference − 1.0 cm; p
Evidence for haematite particles at 60 km altitude

Ackerman et al.1 have reported experimental evidence for the existence of a dust layer at an altitude of 60 km (see ref. 2). Using their extinction measurements at 0.44 and 0.65 µm, they concluded that these dust particles are “made out of brownish matter”. They did not, however, speculate on what this matter might be. Nor did they estimate the size of the particles, other than that they are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Our analysis, using their data, suggests that the particles are composed of haematite (α-Fe2O3) and have radii around 200 A. Experimental evidence either to support or to refute this condition could be provided by measurements in the UV, especially near 0.34 and 0.40 µm.
Observations on tubules derived from the endoplasmic reticulum in leaf glands of Phaseolus vulgaris

Tubular systems present in bean leaf glands have been studied electron microscopically. Ordered arrays of small tubules (290 A in diameter) arise from the endoplasmic reticulum in early stages of gland development and remain connected to it. Subsequently larger tubules (560–660 A in diameter) appear among the smaller tubules and gradually replace many of them. The large tubules are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. They contain an electron dense material and their walls exhibit a patterned substructure. In older gland cells the bundles of large tubules run randomly through the cytoplasm. The relationship of the two types of gland tubules to conventional microtubules has been examined morphologically and experimentally. The small tubules have larger diameters and thicker walls than microtubules. Neither type of gland tubule is affected by low temperature or colchicine, or, in thin sections, by pepsin digestion. This suggests that these tubules are not closely related chemically to either cytoplasmic or ciliary microtubules. The two systems of tubules are closely associated with prominent protein vacuoles in the gland cells, but are not directly connected to them.
Saliency and Two Measures of Attitude

For high saliency groups Thurstone scales and the semantic differential are not equivalent measures; low correlations between scales are not readily accounted for by resrricted range. It is suggested that high saliency increases the tendency to express the attitude of the membership group, this being reflected differently on the two scales.
Practices of Excellent Companies in the American Automotive Finance Industry

Excellent companies in the automative finance industry are considered so because of, among other things, their financial strength. In order for these companies to have achieved such status there have been strategies successfully executed by a committed workforce. Policies and procedures have been put in place in each company that ensures that employees are afforded certain basic benefits that protect their livelihood and others that reach beyond to create a more attractive environment that will help guarantee a long relationship between company and employee. The employee benefits of Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, Ford Motor Credit and Nissan Motors Acceptance Corporation are explored here in an effort to illustrate why these companies have succeeded, why some have succeeded more than others and, very importantly, how these companies are affected by the benefits that are put in place as a means of achieving long term success.
Is the Axiom of Choice a Logical or Set‐Theoretical Principle?

A generalization of the axioms of choice says that all the Skolem functions of a true first-order sentence exist. This generalization can be implemented on the first-order level by generalizing the rule of existential instantiation into a rule of functional instantiation. If this generalization is carried out in first-order axiomatic set theory (FAST), it is seen that in any model of FAST, there are sentences S which are true but whose Skolem functions do not exist. Since this existence is what the truth of S means in a combinational (model-theoretical) sense, in any model of FAST there are sentences which are set-theoretical true but false in the normal sense of the word. This shows that the assumptions on which the axiom of choice rests cannot be fully implemented in FAST. The axiom of choice is not a set-theoretical principle.
Emotions as Cognitive-Affective-Somatic Hybrids

One way of studying emotions which is sensitive to cultural differences is to analyze the vocabularies people use to describe their own and other’s emotions, which can be called the local emotionology. Wittgenstein’s concepts of language game and family resemblance can be used in this project. The result of research in this mode is a three-factor account of emotions, involving bodily perturbations, judgments of meanings, and the social force of emotion displays. This treatment of a psychological phenomenon is typical of recent conceptions of psychology as a hybrid science, linking cognitive, cultural, and physiological phenomena. It can be seen as a further development of the cognitive account of emotions that has appeared in the last century.
SELF-EFFICACY MECHANISM IN HUMAN AGENCY

This article addresses the centrality of the self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Self-per- cepts of efficacy influence thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal. In causal tests the higher the level of induced self-efficacy, the higher the perfor- mance accomplishments and the lower the emotional arousal. Different lines of research are reviewed, show- ing that the self-efficacy mechanism may have wide explanatory power. Perceived self-efficacy helps to ac- count for such diverse phenomena as changes in coping behavior produced by different modes of influence, level of physiological stress reactions, self-regulation of refractory behavior, resignation and despondency to failure experiences, self-debilitating effects of proxy control and illusory inefficaciousness, achievement strivings, growth of intrinsic interest, and career pur- suits. The influential role of perceived collective effi- cacy in social change is analyzed, as are the social con- ditions conducive to development of collective inefficacy. Psychological theorizing and research tend to cen- ter on issues concerning either acquisition of knowledge or execution of response patterns. As a result the processes governing the interrelation- ship between knowledge and action have been largely neglected (Newell, 1978). Some of the re- cent efforts to bridge this gap have been directed at the biomechanics problem—how efferent com- mands of action plans guide the production of ap- propriate response patterns (Stelmach, 1976,1978). Others have approached the matter in terms of algorithmic knowledge, which furnishes guides for executing action sequences (Greeno, 1973; Newell, 1973). ,
Marijuana Initiation Among American Youth and Its Risks as Dynamic Processes: Prospective Findings from a National Longitudinal Study

The aim of this study was threefold: (1) to prospectively estimate population incidence rates of marijuana use from late childhood to adolescence, (2) to identify important risk factors, and (3) to examine and demonstrate the dynamic nature of risk factors of marijuana initiation, that is, the degree to which influences change as youth age. The longitudinal data from seven nationally representative age cohorts (aged 10–16 years) of marijuana never-users (N = 4,607) and their parents were used. These data were collected during 1999–2004 under the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) contract N01DA-8-5063, USA, using the National Survey of Parents and Youth. This survey was designed in part to measure changes in drug-related beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in American youth and their parents. A series of lagged logistic regression analyses were performed with a cohort-sequential design. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data and longitudinal replicate weights were incorporated into the ana...
Cyberterrorism Are We Under Siege

There is considerable debate about whether cyberterrorism poses a serious threat to society. Although much has been dramatized in the popular media, there is legitimate danger. Because the term cyb...
Indications for echocardiography in patients with ischemic stroke

The recent availability of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) has fostered the expectation that cardiac embolic sources could be identified or excluded with certitude in ischemic stroke patients. As a screening procedure, 2DE has had a low yield. In selected patients, 2DE holds promise as a useful diagnostic test. Stroke patients who may benefit from 2DE include patients under age 45, patients with suspected left atrial myxoma, and patients with known infective endocarditis, prosthetic heart valves, or rheumatic valvular heart disease. In patients with ischemic heart disease, the yield of useful information from 2DE will be low but may, on occasion, influence management.
Exploring Diversification and Genome Size Evolution in Extant Gymnosperms through Phylogenetic Synthesis

Gymnosperms, comprising cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetales, and conifers, represent one of the major groups of extant seed plants. Yet compared to angiosperms, little is known about the patterns of diversification and genome evolution in gymnosperms. We assembled a phylogenetic supermatrix containing over 4.5 million nucleotides from 739 gymnosperm taxa. Although 93.6% of the cells in the supermatrix are empty, the data reveal many strongly supported nodes that are generally consistent with previous phylogenetic analyses, including weak support for Gnetales sister to Pinaceae. A lineage through time plot suggests elevated rates of diversification within the last 100 million years, and there is evidence of shifts in diversification rates in several clades within cycads and conifers. A likelihood-based analysis of the evolution of genome size in 165 gymnosperms finds evidence for heterogeneous rates of genome size evolution due to an elevated rate in Pinus.
The enthalpies of formation of ethylcyclobutane, methylenecyclobutane, and 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane

Abstract The enthalpies of combustion of ethylcyclobutane, methylenecyclobutane, and,1-dimethylcyclopropane were measured by oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry. The following values are reported for the standard enthalpy of combustion ΔHoo(298.15 K)/kcalth mol−1, † of these compounds in the liquid state: ethylcyclobutane, −(960.11 ± 0.16); methylenecyclobutane, −(765.95 ± 0.12); 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane, −(803.86 ± 0.17). The enthalpy of vaporization of methylenecyclobutane was derived from vapor pressure measurements, and enthalpies of vaporization of ethylcyclobutane and 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane were estimated. Values of the enthalpy of formation in the liquid and gaseous states were derived for all three compounds. Ring-strain energy was estimated. Some regularities and irregularities in the accepted values of enthalpies of combusion of the alkylcyclopropanes and alkylcyclobutanes indicate an error in a previous determination of the enthalpy of formation of methylcyclobutane.
Stability of the Hsp90 Inhibitor 17AAG Hydroquinone and Prevention of Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidation

Abstract 17‐(allylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) is a benzoquinone ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitor which has promising anticancer activity in vitro , in animal models and in clinical trials. 17AAG has poor water‐solubility which is a potential problem for clinical formulation. The hydroquinone derivative of 17AAG, 17AAG hydroquinone (17AAGH 2 ), is considerably more water soluble and since we previously demonstrated that 17AAGH 2 was a more potent Hsp90 inhibitor than its parent quinone, it is a good candidate for clinical use and is currently in clinical trials. However, 17AAGH 2 can be oxidized back to 17AAG under aerobic conditions so we tested the relative stability of 17AAGH 2 and the effect of different metal ions and metal chelators on the oxidation of 17AAGH 2 . We found that copper could accelerate 17AAGH 2 oxidation while copper chelators such as D ‐penicillamine could inhibit oxidation. Human serum albumin (HA) has copper‐binding ability and we found that HA diminished the rate of 17AAGH 2 oxidation. Although we found that 17AAG could associate with HA, no association was observed between 17AAGH 2 and HA. In summary, our data demonstrates that copper chelators can prevent 17AAGH 2 oxidation and suggests that HA prevents 17AAGH 2 oxidation via a copper chelation mechanism. Agents that prevent oxidation may be useful in clinical formulations of 17AAGH 2. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:5147–5157, 2008
Age of the Mono Lake excursion and associated tephra

Abstract The Mono Lake excursion (MLE) is an important time marker that has been found in lake and marine sediments across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Dating of this event at its type locality, the Mono Basin of California, has yielded controversial results with the most recent effort concluding that the MLE may actually be the Laschamp excursion (Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 197 (2002) 151). We show that a volcanic tephra (Ash ♯15) that occurs near the midpoint of the MLE has a date (not corrected for reservoir effect) of 28,620±300 14C yr BP (∼32,400 GISP2 yr BP) in the Pyramid Lake Basin of Nevada. Given the location of Ash ♯15 and the duration of the MLE in the Mono Basin, the event occurred between 31,500 and 33,300 GISP2 yr BP, an age range consistent with the position and age of the uppermost of two paleointensity minima in the NAPIS-75 stack that has been associated with the MLE (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 358 (2000) 1009). The lower paleointensity minimum in the NAPIS-75 stack is considered to be the Laschamp excursion (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 358 (2000) 1009).
A comparison of visual and auditory assessments of recovery from general anesthesia

Abstract A clinical investigation was conducted to assess the value of utilizing the special sensory functions of vision and/or hearing in determining complete recovery from anesthesia. Eighty patients were divided equally between assessments of auditory and visual acuity to preoperative levels as end points. Auditory perception was determined on the basis of verbal response evoked by a human voice. Visual acuity and cerebral activity were assessed by flicker-fusion thresholds. Ten patients in each phase of the project were given either (A) halothane-oxygen, (B) halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen, (C) thiopental for induction followed by halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen, or (D) premedication and thiopental for induction followed by halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen. The mean duration of anesthesia for the entire project was 31.8 minutes. In none of the cases did recovery from anesthesia exceed 90 minutes, as assessed by either visual or auditory acuity. Within 20 minutes of the termination of anesthesia, 92.5 per cent of the patients were fully recovered when auditory acuity was used as the criterion, whereas only 20 per cent were determined to be awake when CFF was used to measure recovery. No significant correlations were found between mode or duration of anesthesia and recovery time. The data suggest that recovery is most rapid following halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, whereas halothane-oxygen produces the longest recovery period. There was a 12 per cent incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting when the patients were rapidly ambulated in Phase II; this was directly related to orthostatic hypotension. It can be concluded that a visual test is a more appropriate measurement of recovery from anesthesia than a test of hearing.
Gas-Liquid chromatography of the purine and pyrimidine bases

Abstract The major purpose of this investigation was to develop a quantitative method for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the purine and pyrimidine bases at a macro (100 μg), semimicro (10 μg), and micro 500 ng) level. Included was an evaluation of bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide as the silylating reagent, solvents, and the determination of the optimum silylating and instrumental conditions at each level.
Health-enhancing behaviors correlated with breastfeeding among a National sample of mothers

Participation in health-enhancing behaviors not only influences the health of the mother, but of the newborn child as well. Characteristics of the mother, especially with regard to the practice of health-enhancing behaviors, have typically been excluded from studies examining breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to identify health-enhancing behaviors correlated with breastfeeding among a national sample of mothers. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provided the sample for this study. All mothers between the ages of 17 and 45 (n = 578) with children aged 3 or younger at the time of the interview, who breastfed, were included. Seven health-enhancing behaviors served as the independent variables in a logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated from the estimated regression coefficients, and comparison of proportions were made using Pearson chi-square tests of homogeneity. Smoking less than 100 cigarettes in a lifetime, consuming five or more fruits and/or vegetables daily, and visiting a dentist annually were significantly associated with breastfeeding among the mothers in this sample. The results of this study point to a connection between the health-enhancing behaviors of the mother and breastfeeding. This information can be used to help professionals and practitioners gain a clearer picture of the breastfeeding mother. Multicomponent education programs targeted at new mothers can use this information to guide program development. Breastfeeding mothers may have better overall health as compared to mothers who do not breastfeed, therefore, they may serve as role models in peer-structured activities.
Heterogeneity, permeability patterns, and permeability upscaling: Physical characterization of a block of Massillon sandstone exhibiting nested scales of heterogeneity

Over 75,000 permeability measurements were collected from a meter-scale block of Massillon sandstone, characterized by conspicuous cross bedding that forms two distinct nested-scales of heterogeneity. With the aid of a gas minipermeameter, spatially exhaustive fields of permeability data were acquired at each of five different sample supports (i.e. sample volumes) from each block face. These data provide a unique opportunity to physically investigate the relationship between the multi-scale cross-stratified attributes of the sandstone and the corresponding statistical characteristics of the permeability. These data also provide quantitative physical information concerning the permeability upscaling of a complex heterogeneous medium. Here, a portion of the data taken from a single block face cut normal to stratification is analyzed. Results indicate a strong relationship between the calculated summary statistics and the cross-stratified structural features visible evident in the sandstone sample. Specifically, the permeability fields and semivariograms are characterized by two nested scales of heterogeneity, including a large-scale structure defined by the cross-stratified sets (delineated by distinct bounding surfaces) and a small-scale structure defined by the low-angle cross-stratification within each set. The permeability data also provide clear evidence of upscaling. That is, each calculated summary statistic exhibits distinct and consistent trends with increasing sample support. Among these trends are an increasing mean, decreasing variance, and an increasing semivariogram range. Results also clearly indicate that the different scales of heterogeneity upscale differently, with the small-scale structure being preferentially filtered from the data while the large-scale structure is preserved. Finally, the statistical and upscaling characteristics of individual cross-stratified sets were found to be very similar owing to their shared depositional environment; however, some differences were noted that are likely the result of minor variations in the sediment load and/or flow conditions between depositional events.
Photodetachment of zwitterions: probing intramolecular Coulomb repulsion and attraction in the gas phase using mono-decarboxylated pyridinium dicarboxylates. Implications on the mechanism of orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase.

Negative ion photoelectron spectra resulting from the decarboxylation of nine zwitterionic pyridinium dicarboxylates (D(x,y)) are reported. Structural assignments are made on the basis of analogy to the spectra of related species, labeling experiments with 13C- or 2H-containing substrates, independent syntheses, and comparison to density functional theory and ab initio (B3LYP and CCSD(T), respectively) results. In some cases, an acid-catalyzed isomerization of the D(x,y)−CO2 ions was found to take place. Adiabatic detachment energies of the resulting zwitterionic ions were measured and are well reproduced by theory. The relative stabilities of the D(x,y)−CO2 decarboxylation products are largely determined by their intramolecular electrostatic interactions, which are directly probed by the photoelectron spectra and were analyzed in terms of the resulting Coulombic forces. Expulsion of carbon dioxide from the D(x,y) ions was also used as an electrostatic model to probe the mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed ...
Examining effects of variability on systems biology modeling algorithms

Algorithms that construct protein interaction models are sensitive to variation in the experimentally derived data presented to them. Variation is introduced in the biology, the experiment, the measurement and the algorithm. This paper introduces a methodology for the analysis of the sensitivity of a given modeling algorithm to the time and individual variation in a set of time series data. This paper's generated replicates simulate technical replicates conducted under similar conditions. This procedure can be applied to any interaction modeling algorithm and data set. It is shown that the algorithmic variation introduced by a specific stochastic modeling algorithm, the Continuous Bayesian method, is minimal. Furthermore, it is shown for the Continuous Bayesian method that if replicate sets differ by no more than 5% then there is high expectation that resulting models will be highly correlated. If the replicate data differ by more than 20% then there is small expectation of strong correlation. Specific statistical tests for generated model differences under different perturbations are presented.
Successful urokinase treatment of massive pulmonary embolism in pregnancy

Background Thrombolytic agents have been used successfully to treat patients with massive pulmonary embolism and cardiorespiratory insufficiency, but experience with these drugs in pregnancy is limited. Case A 20-year-old woman at 21 weeks' gestation was admitted with a massive pulmonary embolism. She was initially given intravenous heparin therapy but because of worsening clinical condition, urokinase was used. After two 12-hour periods of therapy, the urokinase was discontinued and the heparin restarted. She remained on subcutaneous heparin therapy for the remainder of her pregnancy, which was otherwise uncomplicated. She delivered a healthy male infant at term without complications and was discharged on warfarin therapy. Conclusion Thrombolytic therapy can be life-saving and should be considered in the treatment of hemodynamicaily significant pulmonary embolism in pregnancy.
Irradiation-Enhanced Reactivity of Multilayer Al/Ni Nanomaterials

We have investigated the effect of accelerated ion beam irradiation on the structure and reactivity of multilayer sputter deposited Al/Ni nanomaterials. Carbon and aluminum ion beams with different charge states and intensities were used to irradiate the multilayer materials. The conditions for the irradiation-assisted self-ignition of the reactive materials and corresponding ignition thresholds for the beam intensities were determined. We discovered that relatively short (40 min or less) ion irradiations enhance the reactivity of the Al/Ni nanomaterials, that is, significantly decrease the thermal ignition temperatures (Tig) and ignition delay times (τig). We also show that irradiation leads to atomic mixing at the Al/Ni interfaces with the formation of an amorphous interlayer, in addition to the nucleation of small (2–3 nm) Al3Ni crystals within the amorphous regions. The amorphous interlayer is thought to enhance the reactivity of the multilayer energetic nanomaterial by increasing the heat of the reac...
Accelerated regeneration of central catecholamine fibers in cat occipital cortex: effects of substance P

Remarkably fast regeneration of central noradrenaline (NA) fibers was recently observed in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-perfused occipital cortex. In the present study, we found that this reinnervation by NA fibers was further accelerated by substance P (SP) perfused into the fourth ventricle but not by SP directly perfused into the cortex. The site of SP's action is therefore most likely located in the soma-dendritic area of NA cells in the locus coeruleus (LC). The regeneration-stimulating effect of SP seems to be mediated by a process specific to SP, since the similar treatment with bethanechol in place of SP was ineffective.
New Surgical Therapies for the Treatment of Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is the most common cause of blindness in horses. It is characterized by chronic, recurrent episodes of inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Clinically, ERU affected horses manifest with blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, aqueous flare, posterior synechiae, cataract formation, and chorioretinitis. Although traditional therapies, including antiinflammatory therapy and mydriatics, are generally effective in controlling active inflammation, they do not address prevention of future uveitic episodes. Two new surgical techniques have recently been described in the veterinary literature, the pars plana vitrectomy and the implantation of sustained release cyclosporine A devices, for management in ERU horses with the goal of minimizing recurrent inflammatory episodes. This article presents each surgical technique in detail and reviews the outcomes and complications seen in horses having received these therapies.
Phenergan® VC Expectorant (Wyeth)

This combination of ingredients preparation is intended to aid in the treatment of coughs due to colds, allergies, and minor upper respiratory disorders. The promethazine component possesses sedative, antihistaminic, and antiemetic actions. Guaiacolsulfonate is possibly effective in increasing respiratory tract secretions.
Development of Experimental and Computational Models to Evaluate the Stability of Aortic Stent Grafts in Motor Vehicle Accidents

A high speed impact system was developed to study the stability of stent grafts in thoracic porcine models in vitro. The experiments were guided by a finite element model of the test setup to identify the conditions that increase the risk of instability of the stent graft. The models showed that at anterior inclination of 45° and average deceleration of 40 G, which represented a frontal crash, the stent graft can move up to 1 mm. The results of this study may be helpful in developing future grafts to withstand shocks experienced in motor vehicle accidents.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Androgen Receptor Expression in Prostatic Dysplasia (Prostatic lntraepithelial Neoplasia) in the Human Prostate: An Immunohistochemical and In Situ Hybridization Study

To evaluate the role of androgens in the pathogenesis of prostatic dysplasia, we compared the localization of androgen receptor (AR) in proliferative and nonproliferative cells in normal and dysplastic acini. Basal cells, the only proliferating cells identified in normal acini, contained AR mRNA but lacked an immunodetectable receptor. Both AR mRNA and immunodetectable receptor were present, however, in secretory and stromal cells. Androgen receptor localization in dysplastic lesions was identical to normal but here the proliferative marker Ki-67 was found in both basal and secretory cells. Our findings suggest that androgens do not directly initiate the division of basal cells, the putative precursors of secretory cells. Instead, the hormone may act through its fully translated receptor to mainly mediate the differentiation of secretory cells. The presence of both AR and Ki-67 in dysplastic secretory cells may indicate an abnormal direct androgen-mediated proliferation in this compartment. This is consistent with previous evidence that secretory cell differentiation is impaired in dysplasia.
The Effect of Kurosaka Screw Divergence on the Holding Strength of Bone-Tendon-Bone Grafts

Fresh-frozen porcine knees were used to demonstrate the effects of diverging Kurosaka screw placement on linear load to failure in simulated anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Screws, placed anteromedially (rear-entry or tibial type) or intraarticularly (endoscopic femoral type) into each tibia, were directed at 0 degree, 15 degrees, or 30 degrees divergence angles relative to a guide wire. Grafts were axially loaded to failure to determine holding strength. Hierarchical analysis of variance was used to analyze differences between tibial side and endoscopic femoral type screw placement and the angles of divergence. Overall, the difference in pullout strength between rear-entry (or tibial side) and endoscopic femoral type fixation was shown to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Anteromedially placed screws showed a statistically significant decrease in holding strength at 15 degrees and 30 degrees compared with 0 degree of divergence (P < 0.05). Intraarticular screw placement resulted in a statistically significant decrease in holding strength only at 30 degrees of divergence (P < 0.05). This study supports the importance of accurate screw placement within the tibia to ensure optimal interference fixation and suggests that endoscopic screw placement may offer significant added security when there are minor degrees of divergence.
Effect of surfactants on gypsum scale inhibition by polymeric inhibitors

The inhibition of gypsum precipitation by homo- and copolymers has been examined in aqueous solution. It has been found that polymer performance as gypsum inhibitor depends upon polymer architecture. The influence of surfactants containing different functional group on gypsum inhibition has also been investigated. Inhibition data on the evaluation of surfactants suggest that compared to polymers, surfactants perform poorly as gypsum inhibitors. Results on the impact of cationic surfactant (e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, CTAC) suggest that CTAC exhibits an antagonistic effect on the efficacy of polymers. It has also been found that cationic polymer (e.g., diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) shows much stronger antagonistic effect than CTAC on the performance of polymers used as gypsum inhibitors. The antagonistic behavior shown by cationic surfactant and cationic polymer on the performance of polymers has been explained in terms of cationic–anionic interactions.
Olfactory mucosa, aluminosilicates and Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Age-related degenerative changes in mucosal epithelium may result in decreased barrier function. This change may predispose the adjacent brain areas to invasion by organisms and toxins leading to regional tissue damage as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Age-related decrease in nasal mucosal barrier function, however, would explain some but not all the pathologic changes associated with AD.
Analysis of Induced Vibrations in Fully-Developed Turbulent Pipe Flow Using a Coupled LES and FEA Approach

This paper presents an approach using numerical simulations that have been used to characterize pipe vibration resulting from fully developed turbulent flow in a straight pipe. The vibration levels as indicated by; pipe surface displacement, velocity, and acceleration are characterized in terms of the influences of geometric and material properties of the pipe, and the effects of varying flow velocity, fluid density and viscosity have considered Reynold’s numbers ranging from 9.1×104 – 1.14×106 . A large eddy simulation fluid model was coupled with a finite element structural model to simulate the fluid structure interaction using both one-way and two-way coupled techniques. The one-way technique passes the spatially and temporally varying wall pressure from a completed flow solution with fixed wall boundaries to the structural model. The structural model is then solved for wall displacements. The two-way technique involves the additional passing of wall displacement back to the fluid model which is then resolved given the new boundary location. The structural and fluid models are thus continually updated until convergence is reached at each time step. The results indicate a strong nearly quadratic dependence of pipe wall displacement on fluid average velocity. This relationship has also been verified in experimental investigations of pipe vibration. The results also indicate the pipe vibration has a power law type dependence on several variables. Dependencies on investigated variables are non-dimensionalized and assembled to develop a functional relationship that characterizes turbulence induced pipe vibration.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Interception in a network

This paper presents an algorithm for determining where to place intercepting units in order to maximize the probability of preventing an opposing force from proceeding from one particular node in an undirected network to another. The usual gaming assumptions are invoked; namely, the strategy for placing the units is known to the opponent and he will choose a path through the network which, based on this knowledge, maximizes his probability of successful traverse. As given quantities, the model requires a list of the arcs and nodes of the network, the number of intercepting units available to stop the opposing force, and the probabilities for stopping the opposition at the arcs and nodes as functions of the number of intercepting units placed there. From these quantities, the algorithm calculates the probabilities for placing the unit at the arcs and nodes when one intercepting unit is available, and the expected numbers of units to place at the arcs and nodes when multiple intercepting units are available.
Stable Plasma Confinement by Multipole Fields

A multipole field plasma confinement device is described that can be used in either a linear or a toroidal configuration. It consists of an even number of current carrying rods evenly spaced around the inner face of an outer current carrying element. This inner face is cylindrical (or toroidal). The rods fit, without touching, into smooth indentations in the face of the outer conductor. No B/sub 2/ field is required. The containment time is long compared to the times in which other processes affect the plasma. (T.F.H.)