cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth hormone (GH) secretion, GH-dependent gene expression, and sexually dimorphic body growth in young rats with chronic renal failure

Chronic renal disease results in growth failure in children. This study sought to determine the influences of early renal failure on body growth, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and GH-dependent hepatic gene expression. Neonatal animals were subjected to five-sixth nephrectomy (Nephr) and monitored during growth. Sham-operated male (Sham) and female (Fem) rats served as controls. Whereas Nephr of adult animals causes renal insufficiency, neonatal nephrectomy leads to frank renal failure. In male Nephr compared with Sham animals, GH half-life and GH pulse frequency increased by 1.55- and 1.33-fold, respectively, and GH secretory-burst size decreased by 80%. Approximate entropy analysis quantified more disorderly patterns of GH secretion in Nephr animals, which differed from Sham males, but not from Fem rats. Expression of liver P450 CYP2C11 mRNA, which is dependent upon the male GH pattern, became undetectable, whereas expression of liver P450 CYP2C12 mRNA, which is dependent upon the female GH pattern, increased multifold. Renal failure in young rats abrogates the male pattern of GH pulsatility, abolishes the sexual dimorphism of body weight gain, and induces a female pattern of hepatic gene expression. These data raise the possibility that disruption of pulsatile GH secretion contributes to the growth failure of renal disease.
Religion and the American Landscape

The visual representation of religion in the American landscape is practically everywhere. From the rural countryside to the urban enclave and from the colonial period to the present, inhabitants of what would become the United States have modified the natural landscape to reflect their religious perspectives in a changing world. Churches, temples, schools, monuments, roadside shrines, cemeteries—these are all things we observe in the landscape that physically and visually mark a place as religious and provide us with cues for further exploration of the religious people behind the objects, past and present. Though lacking a coherent disciplinary field, the study of America’s religious landscape brings together scholars from history, geography, philosophy, and architecture to identify how religion both alters and is altered by the natural and built environment throughout American history. Taken together, the three interrelated themes of “nature,”“structure,” and “memory” speak to the manifest ways in which religious adherents have invested meaning in the natural landscape and constructed sacred sites upon that same landscape.
Delay computation in combinational logic circuits: theory and algorithms

The authors provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a path to be true in the floating mode of operation. Static cosensitization is introduced as a necessary condition, which allows one to avoid the problem of identifying false paths as responsible for delay. The results are extended to determine the truth or falsity of entire sets of paths simultaneously by expressing them in terms of the testability of a multifault in an ENF (equivalent normal form) expression. This result is applied directly to an unmodified multilevel circuit. Because the circuits that are most troublesome for false-path-eliminating static timing analyzers are those with millions of paths, and in particular millions of longest paths, the ability to handle entire sets of paths simultaneously results in a very efficient delay computation procedure. This is demonstrated by the results from a preliminary implementation of the algorithm. >
Odious commerce : Britain, Spain, and the abolition of the Cuban slave trade

Preface 1. 'Opening' of a legal trade 2. Parliament versus Cortes 3. Legality and illegality 4. The treaty of 1817 5. Enforcement and re-enforcement: the attempt to make the slave trade prohibition effective 6. The treaty of 1835 7. An abolitionist era 8. The Turnbull affair 9. The Escalera conspiracy 10. The penal law of 1845 11. Free trade and annexationism 12. The failure of the penal law 13. A new class of slaves 14. The abolition of the Cuban slave trade Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index.
Using Functional Programming to Generate an LDPC Forward Error Corrector

FPGAs as commodities offer a resource for high-performance computation that is unmatched in flexibility and price/performance. As a lab, we are interested in high-level descriptions of computation and data, and how they may be customized to map effectively on FPGA fabrics. This paper describes our tool-chain, approach and methodology to FPGA utilization. We give a case study of the generation of a low density parity checking forward error correction algorithm, and discuss the specific challenges we faced with using FPGAs as our target.
PLZF induces an intravascular surveillance program mediated by long-lived LFA-1–ICAM-1 interactions

Innate-like NKT cells conspicuously accumulate within the liver microvasculature of healthy mice, crawling on the luminal side of endothelial cells, but their general recirculation pattern and the mechanism of their intravascular behavior have not been elucidated. Using parabiotic mice, we demonstrated that, despite their intravascular location, most liver NKT cells failed to recirculate. Antibody blocking experiments established that they were retained locally through constitutive LFA-1–intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 interactions. This unprecedented lifelong intravascular residence could be induced in conventional CD4 T cells by the sole expression of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), a transcription factor specifically expressed in the NKT lineage. These findings reveal the unique genetic and biochemical pathway that underlies the innate intravascular surveillance program of NKT cells.
Phosphatase Inhibitors Promote ICAM-1 and LFA-1 Mediated Homotypic Aggregation of Jurkat and U937 Cells

Here we investigated the role of cellular phosphatases in activation of homotypic aggregation in leukocytes by adding the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid (OA) and calyculin A (CA) to cultures of the human monocytic U937 cell line and the human T-lymphocytic Jurkat cell line. We found that OA produces a 120-fold increase of homotypic aggregation with Jurkat cells and a 200-fold increase with U937 cells. Calyculin A increased aggregation of Jurkat cells 10-fold and U937 cells 88-fold. Monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1 completely inhibited the OA and CA induced aggregation in both cell lines, whereas the monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 only inhibited U937 cell aggregation. These data suggest that phosphatase activity is important in the regulation of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 mediated homotypic aggregation in leukocytes.
Self and Health: Factors That Encourage Self-Esteem and Functional Health

Objectives. We are interested in whether functional health enhances self-esteem, as well as whether self-esteem, worker, parent, and friend identities are related to changes in functional health over a 2-year period of study. Methods. Data were collected in 1992 and 1994 from 737 older workers living in a North Carolina metropolitan area. Functional health is derived from questions asking respondents about their difficulties performing seven activities. We use Rosenberg’s (1965) 10-item scale to tap self-esteem, and identities are measured with 10 adjective pairs that cover being competent, confident, and sociable as a worker, parent, and friend. Results. Several findings are of interest. Better functional health is associated with greater self-esteem over 2 years, and self-esteem is positively related to changes in functional health. In addition, worker identity and some social background factors are associated with positive changes in self-esteem. Discussion. The findings suggest that good health may contribute to positive self assessments, but also the less wellstudied expectation that self processes are associated with positive changes in health. Individuals may be motivated by their desire to affirm a sense of self-worth and positive identities to maintain and improve their physical health.
A thermal injury-induced circulating factor(s) compromises intestinal cell morphology, proliferation, and migration

The effects of a 60% body surface area thermal injury in rats on the morphology and proliferation of the epithelium of the small intestine and the in vitro effects of serum collected from scalded rats on intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. Scald injury caused significant reductions in duodenal villus width and crypt dimensions, villus enterocytes changed in shape from columnar to cuboidal, and the number of goblet cells decreased. The proportion of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled S phase cells in crypts was also diminished. In vitro, incubation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) with scalded rat serum (SRS) collected at either 12 or 24 h after injury caused a disruption in the integrity of the confluent culture and induced the appearance of large denuded areas. SRS also decreased DNA synthesis and delayed wound closure in an in vitro wound-healing model. The thermal injury-induced changes in intestinal mucosal morphology and epithelial cell growth characteristics described in this study may underlie, in part, the mechanism(s) involved in the diminished absorption of nutrients, increased intestinal permeability, and sepsis in patients with thermal injury.
Renin and inactive renin in human amnion at term pregnancy.

AbstractImmunofluorescent analysis using antiserum to human kidney renin revealed the presence of renin in epithelial cells from human normal term amnion. Enzymatic analysis showed that both active and inactive renin are present. Renin activity was increased by either trypsin or acid treatment. The results suggest that epithelial cells of the amnion may be a source of active and inactive renin known to be present in amniotic fluid. The origin of the renin in the amniotic cells remains to be determined. It may function in physiological or pathological states as a regulator of membrane permeability, placental vascular control, or uterine contractility.
Language Networks on LiveJournal

Language use in 1,000 randomly-selected and 5,025 crawled LiveJournals was analyzed in order to determine the overall language demographics, the robustness of four non-English language networks (Russian, Portuguese, Finnish, and Japanese), and the characteristics of individuals who bridge between different languages on LiveJournal.com. The findings reveal that English dominates globally but not locally, network robustness is determined mostly by population size, and journals that bridge between languages are written by multicultural, multilingual individuals, or else they have broadly accessible content. Implications of these findings for cross-cultural conversation via blogs are considered
Immunodiagnosis of childhood ALL: problems associated with the use of peripheral blood alone.

The immunologic classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) based solely on peripheral blood (PB) cell phenotypes may lead to conflicting results. This was demonstrated by the simultaneous assay of five immunologic markers on PB and bone marrow (BM) cells from 13 children with untreated ALL. We assayed erythrocyte (E) rosettes at 4°C and 37°C, presence of membrane Ig(mIg), and binding of antisera raised against thymus (T), and E− ALL blasts, respectively. At diagnosis, the PB of these children contained > 90% lymphoid cells with 0–48% E rosettes and 1-84% cells with T antigen(s). Of 7 children with WBC 10,000/cu mm there were only 2 who had more than 20% E rosettes and T-antigen-positive cells. Based on examination of PB alone, six children may have been classified as having T-like ALL. However, these results were due to the presence of circulating normal T lymphocytes, and assay of BM cells established that only one of the 13 children had T-like ALL and none had B-cell ALL. Bone marrow blasts from 12 patients did not form rosettes at 37°C, did not have mIg, and did not react with anti-T serum. A high proportion of BM blasts from these 12 patients (39-96%) did react with antiserum against E− ALL blasts. Of these 12 patients 11 had a higher proportion of E− ALL antiserum-positive blasts in the BM than PB. Thus, immunologic classification of ALL should be based on the study of BM blasts, or both PB and BM cells.
Application to the Fowl of the Antipyrine Dilution Technique for the Estimation of Body Composition

ABSTRACT THE desirability of relating many physiological, nutritional and metabolic observations on animals to lean body mass or fat-free body weight rather than total body weight has been set forth by many workers (see, for example, Pace and Rathbun, 1945; Edelman et al., 1952; Behnke, 1953; Reid et al, 1955; Zak and Earle, 1957). With the advent of simplified dilution techniques (Soberman et al., 1949) in vivo estimation of body composition has become more common place, including studies on several domesticated mammalian species: cattle (Kraybill et al., 1951); dogs (Herrold and Sapirstein, 1952); swine (Kraybill et al., 1953); and sheep (Hansard and Luke, 1956). In the case of cattle and swine, their application to nutrition studies has more recently received attention (Clawson et al., 1955; McFadden and Richards, 1956; Wellington et al., 1956). This paper considers the application of the antipyrine dilution technique to the hen, with observations on the changes . . .
The Ryan Plan Redux

Ds more recently, it has guaranteed coverage to some individuals with disabilities as well. The 2011 version of Ryan's proposal would have eliminated traditional Medicare and given beneficiaries a voucher, or premium support, to buy private health insurance (Gorin, 2011). The 2012 version of the legislation changed this slightly. Beneficiaries would still receive a voucher, but they would now have a choice of buying traditional Medicare or private insurance (Oberlander, 2012). The voucher would be equivalent to the cost of the second-least expensive option in an area (Van de Water, 2012). Unfortunately, the value of the voucher would be unlikely to increase with the rate of health-care inflation. Beginning in 2023, Medicare spending for new beneficiaries (that is, individuals born in 1958 or after) would grow with the gross domestic product (GDP) plus an additional half percentage point per year (U.S. Congressional Budget Office, 2012). This is "below the rate of growth in health care costs in recent decades" (Greenstein, 2012). To meet the "GDP plus one-half percentage point target," Medicare would be required reduce the purchasing power of the vouchers (Van de Water, 2012). As a result, Ryan's plan would gradually shift the cost of coverage from the government to beneficiaries. By 2050, the federal contribution for a new enrollee would average between 35 percent and 42 percent less than it would under the current system (U.S. Congressional Budget Office, 2012). It is true that under the latest version of Ryan's proposal, beneficiaries could choose to join traditional Medicare. However, this is somewhat problematic. Because Ryan's proposal would allow private insurers to gear their plans to younger and healthier beneficiaries, individuals in poorer health, "who cost more to serve," would likely become concentrated in the traditional plan (Greenstein, 2012). Although traditional Medicare would be compensated for its less healthy population, the process of "risk adjustment ... is highly imperfect," and it is unlikely that traditional Medicare would be fully compensated for "higher-cost enrollees" (Greenstein, 2012). This would require Medicare to increase its premiums, which would likely accelerate the movement of healthier individuals to private plans and destabilize the traditional plan. This unraveling of traditional Medicare could adversely affect not only new enrollees, but also people born before 1958, who Ryan has assured would not be affected by his proposal. These individuals could "well face higher premiums and cost sharing for traditional Medicare, a more limited choice of providers, or both" (Van de Water, 2012). Ryan's proposal would also increase the age of eligibility for Medicare. …
A Longitudinal Study of Respiratory Symptoms in a Community Population Sample: Correlations with Smoking, Allergen Skin-test Reactivity, and Serum IgE

Chronic cough and/or phlegm, wheeze in the absence of colds, and rhinitis attributed to allergies are three of the most common respiratory symptoms encountered in community populations. In this study, we have determined the prevalence of these complaints in a random population sample (n = 1,109) using standardized questionnaires at two points in time, eight years apart. Cross-sectional prevalence and changes in symptom occurrence have been correlated with smoking status, allergen skin test reactivity, and total serum IgE levels. Our objective was to determine the individual and combined influence of these three variables on symptom prevalence. Initially, 19.2 percent of the population admitted to wheeze, 17.9 percent to cough, and 44.1 percent to allergic rhinitis. Cough and wheeze prevalence changed little over the eight-year period, while rhinitis increased 11 percent by the second survey. The occurrence of chronic cough was strongly correlated with smoking, and was not further influenced by either allergen skin reactivity or IgE level. Conversely, rhinitis prevalence was related to skin test reactivity with no additional association with smoking or IgE level. The occurrence of wheeze in the absence of colds was associated with both smoking and allergen skin reactivity. Among smokers, the prevalence was over 30 percent and was similar in both skin test positive (STP) and skin test negative (STN) individuals. However, on both surveys, STP ex-smokers and nonsmokers had significantly more wheeze than those who were STN. While the prevalence of wheeze in STN nonsmokers was low (6.8 percent), an IgE-wheeze relationship was also suggested on the second survey. In addition to these cross-sectional symptom relationships, changes in either smoking status or allergen skin reactivity during the study period were associated with changes in the prevalence of each symptom. (Chest 1991; 99:20–26)
Expanded HIV screening in the United States: what will it cost government discretionary and entitlement programs? A budget impact analysis.

Abstract Objective The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently revised their HIV screening guidelines to promote testing and earlier entry to care. Prior analyses have examined the policy's cost-effectiveness but have not evaluated its impact on government budgets. Methods We used a simulation model of HIV screening, disease, and treatment to determine the budget impact of expanded HIV screening to US government discretionary, entitlement, and testing programs. We estimated total and incremental testing and treatment costs over a 5-year time horizon under current and expanded screening scenarios. We used CDC estimates of HIV prevalence and annual incidence, and considered variations in screening frequency, test return rates, linkage to care, test characteristics, and eligibility for government screening and treatment programs. Results Under current practice, 177,000 new HIV cases will be identified over 5 years. Expanded screening will identify an additional 46,000 cases at an incremental 5-year cost of $2.7 billion. The financial burden of expanded HIV screening will fall disproportionately on discretionary programs that fund care for newly identified patients and will not be offset by entitlement program savings. Testing will represent a small proportion (18%) of the total budget increase. Costs are sensitive to the frequency of screening and the proportion linked to care. Conclusions The expanded HIV screening program will have a large downstream impact on government programs that fund HIV care. Expanded HIV screening will not meet early treatment goals unless government programs have sufficient budgets to expand testing and provide care for newly identified cases.
On the Relationship between Emotion, Experience and the Design of New Products

As people become more sensitive to dimensions of products that go beyond traditional aspects of usability, the need to understand emotion and experience and their implications for product design in...
Toward a framework for forensic analysis of scanning worms

Scanning worms have been around for a while and have had some damaging effects on the Internet. Because of their fast spread and their random selection of their target victims, building a global knowledge about which infected end-systems caused the infection of which susceptible end-systems seems fairly hard. In this paper, we propose to find the originator(s) (i.e., first infected end-system(s)) that spread the worm. The broader view is to build the complete infection tree(s) rooted at the originator(s) and which leaves consist of susceptible machines becoming infected. Besides, scanning worms could unintentionally divulge some information about the machines they infect. We will show how such information could be extracted from the scans of a victim end-system. We studied two different worms, the SQL Slammer/Sapphire worm and the Witty worm, and demonstrated the possibility of building the infection tree and gathering information about the infected end-systems.
Synthesis and degradation of mixed proteins, and composition changes in skeletal muscle of malnourished and refed rats.

Selected compositional parameters of hind leg skeletal muscle and the rates of synthesis and degradation of mixed proteins were measured in rats (154 g initial weight) after ad libitum feeding a low protein diet for 17 weeks, and after 2 to 9 days and 59 to 66 days of refeeding with an adequate diet. The half-life for degradation of the mixed muscle proteins was determined from the change in total hind leg radioactivity between 2 and 7 days following an intravenous injection of 4-MC-aspartic acid. From these data and the size of the hind leg muscle protein pool, the rate of muscle protein synthesis was calcu lated. The prolonged protein-depletion phase resulted in loss of body weight, in crease in the water, chloride and DNA concentrations and a decrease in lipid and RNA in muscle. Refeeding rapidly reversed these changes. The half-life for catabolism of mixed proteins in muscle of depleted rats was 10.2 days as com pared (P > 0.1) with a value of 13.1 days for well-nourished weight-control rats (74 g). During the first 9 days of refeeding, the synthesis of mixed muscle pro teins proceeded at a greater rate (P < 0.01) than in the weight control rats. In contrast, the catabolism of muscle protein was abolished during this period. After 2 months of refeeding, the half-life for catabolism of mixed muscle proteins was 12.6 days. It is concluded that increased synthesis and decreased catabolism of protein play major roles in bringing about a rapid accumulation of muscle pro tein during early protein refeeding. J. Nutr. 101: 1379-1390, 1971.
Relational lenses: a language for updatable views

We propose a novel approach to the classical view update problem. The view update problem arises from the fact that modifications to a database view may not correspond uniquely to modifications on the underlying database; we need a means of determining an "update policy" that guides how view updates are reflected in the database. Our approach is to define a bi-directional query language, in which every expression can be read bot(from left to right) as a view definition and (from right to left) as an update policy. The primitives of this language are based on standard relational operators. Its type system, which includes record-level predicates and functional dependencies, plays a crucial role in guaranteeing that update policies are well-behaved, in a precise sense, and that they are total—i.e., able to handle arbitrary changes to the view.
Postoperative imaging of vestibular schwannomas.

Objectives Assess the need for serial magnetic resonance imaging after vestibular schwannoma surgery. Study Design Retrospective case review. Subjects and Methods Study included all patients who underwent vestibular neuromas surgery over a five-year period from 1996 to 2000 at a single tertiary referral center. Analysis of tumor recurrence and correlation with enhancement types on postoperative imaging was performed. Results During the five-year period, 359 cerebellopontine angle tumors were removed. The 299 patients had MRI imaging at one and five years for analysis and a five-year follow-up examination. Of these patients, 284 were found to have no enhancement at both one and five years. Linear enhancement was seen in ten patients but did not enlarge in any patient. Nodular enhancement of the internal auditory canal was observed in three patients. Two patients with nodular enhancement had tumor recurrence. Conclusions Complete vestibular schwannoma resection has a low recurrence rate. Initial imaging should be performed at one year. Only patients with enhancement, subtotal resections, or neurofibromatosis type II need serial imaging.
Gaussian quadrature for optical design with non-circular pupils and fields, and broad wavelength ranges

Forbes introduced the usage of Gaussian quadratures in optical design for circular pupils and fields, and for a specific visible wavelength band. In this paper, Gaussian quadrature methods of selecting rays in ray-tracing are derived for noncircular pupil shapes, such as obscured and vignetted apertures. In addition, these methods are generalized for square fields, and for integrating performance over arbitrary wavelength bands. Integration over wavelength is aided by the use of a novel chromatic coordinate. These quadratures achieve low calculations with fewer rays (by orders of magnitude) than uniform sampling schemes.
Bayesian estimation of genomic clines.

We developed a Bayesian genomic cline model to study the genetic architecture of adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation between hybridizing lineages. This model quantifies locus-specific patterns of introgression with two cline parameters that describe the probability of locus-specific ancestry as a function of genome-wide admixture. ‘Outlier’ loci with extreme patterns of introgression relative to most of the genome can be identified. These loci are potentially associated with adaptive divergence or reproductive isolation. We simulated genetic data for admixed populations that included neutral introgression, as well as loci that were subject to directional, epistatic or underdominant selection, and analysed these data using the Bayesian genomic cline model. Under many demographic conditions, underdominance or directional selection had detectable and predictable effects on cline parameters, and ‘outlier’ loci were greatly enriched for genetic regions affected by selection. We also analysed previously published genetic data from two transects through a hybrid zone between Mus domesticus and M. musculus. We found considerable variation in rates of introgression across the genome and particularly low rates of introgression for two X-linked markers. There were similarities and differences in patterns of introgression between the two transects, which likely reflects a combination of stochastic variability because of genetic drift and geographic variation in the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation. By providing a robust framework to quantify and compare patterns of introgression among genetic regions and populations, the Bayesian genomic cline model will advance our understanding of the genetics of reproductive isolation and the speciation process.
Propositional Satisfiability and Constraint Programming: A comparative survey

Propositional Satisfiability (SAT) and Constraint Programming (CP) have developed as two relatively independent threads of research cross-fertilizing occasionally. These two approaches to problem solving have a lot in common as evidenced by similar ideas underlying the branch and prune algorithms that are most successful at solving both kinds of problems. They also exhibit differences in the way they are used to state and solve problems since SAT's approach is, in general, a black-box approach, while CP aims at being tunable and programmable. This survey overviews the two areas in a comparative way, emphasizing the similarities and differences between the two and the points where we feel that one technology can benefit from ideas or experience acquired from the other.
Characterization of the order-annealing response of nanostructured iron-palladium based ferromagnetic thin-films

A combination of XRD and TEM techniques have been used to characterize the response of room temperature magnetron sputtered Fe-Pd thin films on Si-susbtrates to post-deposition order-annealing at temperatures between 400-500°C. Deposition produced the disordered Fe-Pd phase with (111)-twinned grains approximately 18nm in size. Ordering occurred for annealing at 450°C and 500°C after 1.8ks, accompanied by grain growth (40-70nm). The ordered FePd grains contained (111)-twins rather than {101}-twins typical of bulk ordered FePd. The metallic overlayers and underlayers selected here produced detrimental dissolution (Pt into Fe-Pd phases) and precipitation reactions between Pd and the Si substrate.
Effect of Sensory Denervation on the Response of Rat Molar Pulp to Exposure Injury

Sensory nerve fibers that contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have been shown previously to sprout into inflamed tissue surrounding sites of pulpal injury. The sprouting fibers contain increased CGRP immunoreactivity (IR), and neuropeptide levels increase in the surrounding pulp. We compared denervated and innervated first mandibular molars of rats to determine whether the absence of sensory nerve fibers affected tissue survival and healing after pulp exposure. Significant differences were seen between innervated and denervated teeth six days after occlusal exposure, with more extensive necrosis in the denervated teeth, and less survival of vascular pulp. When exposures were on the side of the crown, there was no significant difference between the innervated and denervated teeth. Both the innervated and denervated teeth had begun to make reparative dentin and osteodentin by six days after tooth injury. This study shows that teeth with sensory denervation had an accelerated loss of pulp tissue following occlusal exposure compared with innervated teeth with similar injury.
Effects of feeding distiller's dried grains with solubles on growth and feed efficiency of weanling horses

The effects of replacing corn and soybean meal with distiller’s dried grains and solubles in the weanling horse diet were examined. Sixteen weanling horses, 12 fillies and four colts, were fed completely pelleted diets consisting of 50% alfalfa in addition to 50% of a concentrate containing either corn and soybean meal (CS), or 30% of the concentrate replaced with distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS). There were no significant differences (P > .05) between the two diets in either average daily gain or gain-to-feed ratio. The CS diet had a higher apparent dry matter digestibility (P < .0001), and higher apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < .01). It was concluded that replacing a portion of the corn and soybean meal with distiller’s dried grains with solubles in the weanling horse diet did not lead to significant growth depression. However, the diet containing DDGS had reduced apparent digestibility of dry matter, CP, and fiber. Therefore, it was concluded that it may not be advisable to replace more than 30% of the concentrate portion or 15% of the total diet with distiller’s dried grains and solubles when alfalfa is used as the forage source constituting 50% of the weanling diet. Even less DDGS may be desirable to substitute for corn and soybean meal in weanling horse diets if the forage source is one with lower protein quality than alfalfa. It is possible that using DDGS for less than 30% of the concentrate portion of the diet along with high-quality alfalfa forage may produce comparable gain and feed efficiency results with less depression of apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and fiber.
Leucogranites of the Teton Range, Wyoming: A record of Archean collisional orogeny

Abstract Leucogranitic rocks formed by crustal melting are a prominent feature of collisional orogens of all ages. This study describes leucogranitic gneisses associated with an Archean collisional orogeny preserved in the Teton Range of northwestern Wyoming, USA. These leucogneisses formed at 2.68 Ga, and initial Nd isotopic compositions suggest they are derived from relatively juvenile sources. Two distinct groups of leucogneisses, both trondhjemitic, are identified on the basis of field relations, petrology, and geochemistry. The Webb Canyon gneiss forms large, sheet-like bodies of hornblende biotite trondhjemite and granodiorite. This gneiss is silica-rich (SiO2 = 70–80%), strongly ferroan, comparatively low in alumina, and is characterized by high Zr and Y, low Sr, and high REE contents that define “seagull”-shaped REE patterns. The Bitch Creek gneiss forms small sills, dikes, and plutons of biotite trondhjemite. Silica, Zr, Y, and REE are lower and alumina and Sr are higher than in the Webb Canyon gneiss. These differences reflect different melting conditions: the Webb Canyon gneiss formed by dehydration melting in which amphibole and quartz breaks down, accounting for the low alumina, high FeO, high silica content and observed trace element characteristics. The Bitch Creek gneiss formed by H2O-excess melting in which plagioclase breaks down leaving an amphibole-rich restite, producing magmas higher in alumina and Sr and lower in FeO and HREE. Both melt mechanisms are expected in collisional environments: dehydration melting accompanies gravitational collapse and tectonic extension of dramatically thickened crust, and water-excess melting may occur when collision places a relatively cool, hydrous lower plate beneath a hotter upper plate. The Archean leucogranitic gneisses of the Teton Range are calcic trondhjemites and granodiorites whereas younger collisional leucogranites typically are true granites. The difference in leucogranite composition reflects the geochemically immature Archean crust that partially melted in the Teton Range compared to the more geochemically evolved rocks typically involved in younger collisional orogens.
Variability in projected elevation dependent warming in boreal midlatitude winter in CMIP5 climate models and its potential drivers

The future rate of climate change in mountains has many potential human impacts, including those related to water resources, ecosystem services, and recreation. Analysis of the ensemble mean response of CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) shows amplified warming in high elevation regions during the cold season in boreal midlatitudes. We examine how the twenty-first century elevation-dependent response in the daily minimum surface air temperature [d(ΔTmin)/dz] varies among 27 different GCMs during winter for the RCP 8.5 emissions scenario. The focus is on regions within the northern hemisphere mid-latitude band between 27.5°N and 40°N, which includes both the Rocky Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau/Himalayas. We find significant variability in d(ΔTmin)/dz among the individual models ranging from 0.16 °C/km (10th percentile) to 0.97 °C/km (90th percentile), although nearly all of the GCMs (24 out of 27) show a significant positive value for d(ΔTmin)/dz. To identify some of the important drivers associated with the variability in d(ΔTmin)/dz during winter, we evaluate the co-variance between d(ΔTmin)/dz and the differential response of elevation-based anomalies in different climate variables as well as the GCMs’ spatial resolution, their global climate sensitivity, and their elevation-dependent free air temperature response. We find that d(ΔTmin)/dz has the strongest correlation with elevation-dependent increases in surface water vapor, followed by elevation-dependent decreases in surface albedo, and a weak positive correlation with the GCMs’ free air temperature response.
The Supreme Court’s Mistake on Law Enforcement Mistake of Law: Why States Should Not Adopt Heien v. North Carolina

Should a law enforcement officer’s mistake of law constitute reasonable suspicion? According to the Supreme Court, the answer is yes. In Heien v. North Carolina, the Supreme Court surprisingly took the minority approach and held that a law enforcement officer’s mistake of law could equate to reasonable suspicion — provided that the mistake was objectively “reasonable”. In doing so, the Court reached the wrong conclusion. This Article is the first to urge state courts to provide greater Fourth Amendment protections than the low standard set forth in Heien. States should not adopt Heien and instead should extend greater individual privacy protections for four reasons. First, Heien left many unanswered questions, so if states adopt the standard set forth under Heien, it is unclear exactly what the state is adopting. These unanswered questions include: what is a reasonable law enforcement officer’s mistake of law and what types of mistakes can be considered in a reasonableness analysis? Second, states should extend greater privacy protections than Heien because of well-established common law principles. Ignorance of the law is no excuse for citizens, so it should not be an excuse for law enforcement officers. Additionally, ambiguity in statutes should not be held against criminal defendants.Third, law enforcement mistake of law violates governmental separation of powers. Law enforcement officers should not exercise the judicial function of interpreting laws or legislative function of creating laws one might reasonably believe exists, but in actuality does not. Fourth, Heien is inconsistent with Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Case law relating to the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule presumes that a mistake of law equates to a constitutional violation, yet Heien says just the opposite — that a mistake of law does not necessarily equal a constitutional violation. Because states should extend greater privacy protections and not allow law enforcement officer’s mistake of law to rise to the level of reasonable suspicion, states should apply the exclusionary rule to evidence obtained during a stop premised on a law enforcement officer’s mistake of law.
Correction: Gender- and Species-Specific Characteristics of Bacteriomes From Three Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) Species

The work of Cooper and Horton (2014, J. Entomol. Sci. 49: 190–194) includes results for a psyllid identified as Aphalara calthae L. (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae). Aphalara is a taxonomically difficult genus of Holarctic distribution composed of six species groups (Burckhardt and Lauterer 1997, Entomol. Scand. 28: 271–305). Our specimens were identified as A. calthae using a key in Crawford’s monograph of the North American psyllids (Crawford 1914, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum, Bull. No. 85). However, two papers published after the 1914 monograph suggest that A. calthae is unlikely to occur in North America (Caldwell 1937, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 30: 563–571; Hodkinson 1988, J. Nat. Hist. 22: 1179–1243). Specimens from the Cooper and Horton (2014) study were reexamined for comparison with North American species described in a scattered literature (Caldwell 1937; Caldwell 1938, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 31: 442–444; Richards 1970, Can. Entomol. 102: 1508–1509; Hodkinson 1973, Can. Entomol. 105: 1413– 1415; Burckhardt and Lauterer 1997). Our specimens most closely match the description for Aphalara loca Caldwell, 1937, a species included in the A. calthae species group (Burckhardt and Lauterer 1997). Characteristics of specimens leading to this conclusion include appearance of the female terminalia in lateral profile, presence of a large apron-like expansion of the circumanal ring of females, and general shape of the male’s paramere. Aphalara loca is widespread in North America, including in many western states (Caldwell 1937). Records include specimens from the Hanford National Environmental Research Park in Washington (http://nerp.pnnl.gov/species.asp), located within 80 km of the Cooper and Horton (2014) collecting site. Species of Aphalara overwinter on coniferous trees (Burckhardt and Lauterer 1997), and the specimens of Aphalara used in the Cooper and Horton (2014) study were collected in November 2012 from conifers. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the M.T. James Collection, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
Fundamental mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the human nervous system: isolation and characterization of genes associated with hereditary forms of cancer.

Hereditary cancer syndromes offer unique model systems for isolating genes whose mutations lead to cancer. Here I briefly outline «reverse genetics» strategies for the isolation of the defective genes associated with three hereditary tumor syndromes of the human nervous system: neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen's disease) and type 2, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. The cloning and characterization of these genes will have important implications for diagnosis and treatment, not only for the relatively rare hereditary tumors, but also for their much more common sporadic counterparts such as the majority of sporadic brain tumors and renal-cell carcinomas
The use of hormone therapy after surgery for endometriosis: an analysis

IntroductionEstrogen dependence is considered central to the development and progression of endometriosis, which is often viewed as a disease of the premenopausal years, normally regressing after m...
Mosquito Vectors of Avian Malaria in Mississippi: A First Look.

Abstract The vectors of avian malaria (Haemosporida) are an understudied component of wildlife disease ecology. Most studies of avian malaria have focused on the intermediate bird hosts. This bias leaves a significant gap in our knowledge and understanding of the insect hosts. This study investigates the diversity of malaria parasites carried by mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in the state of Mississippi. With the use of molecular techniques, haemosporidian infection rates were determined and parasites were identified. A total of 27,157 female mosquitoes representing 15 species were captured. Five of those species tested positive for malaria parasites with an overall infection rate of 4 per 1,000 mosquitoes infected. Mosquitoes were shown to harbor Plasmodium and Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) parasites. A unique lineage of parasites was discovered in Anopheles mosquitoes, potentially representing a new genus of haemosporidian parasites, reinforcing the need to continue investigating this diverse group o...
A Modular, Reconfigurable Mold for a Soft Robotic Gripper Design Activity

Soft robotics is an emerging field with strong potential to serve as an educational tool due to its advantages such as low costs and shallow learning curves. In this paper, we introduce a modular and reconfigurable mold for flexible design of pneumatic soft robotic grippers. By using simple assembly kits, students at all levels are able to design and construct soft robotic grippers that vary in function and performance. The process of constructing the modular mold enables students to understand how design choices impact system performance. Our unique modular mold allows students to select the number and length of fingers in a gripper, as well as to adjust the internal geometry of the pneumatic actuator cavity, which dictates how and where bending of a finger occurs. In addition, the mold may be deconstructed and reconfigured, which allows for fast iterative design and lowers material costs (since a new mold does not need to be made to implement a design change). We further demonstrate the feasibility of the modular mold by implementing it in a soft robot design activity in classrooms and showing a sufficiently high rate of student success in designing and constructing a functional soft robotic gripper.
Progress in the improved lattice calculation of direct CP-violation in the Standard Model

We discuss the ongoing effort by the RBC & UKQCD collaborations to improve our lattice calculation of the measure of Standard Model direct CP violation, ∊’, with physical kinematics. We present our progress in decreasing the (dominant) statistical error and discuss other related activities aimed at reducing the systematic errors.
Duet singing in plain-tailed wrens

A Quick guide to plain-tailed wrens, sonbirds of the Andes which sing duet songs that can be heard at distances of over 200 metres.
Assessment of the Inferior Petrosal Sinus on T1-Weighted Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Context: Skull base venous anatomy. Aims: While prior studies have focused on the efficacy of conventional fluoroscopic venography and multidetector computed tomography venography to evaluate the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) before image-guided intervention (such as dural venous sinus sampling), we believe that routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may provide reliable structural information helpful for planning without the need for further imaging. Settings and Design: Retrospective review of brain MRI. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was carried out on IPSs on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images. Qualitative measurements were made regarding the grade of patency of the IPS, variation in IPS drainage pattern, and grading of the ipsilateral transverse and sigmoid sinuses (TS and SS). Statistical Analysis Used: Pearson's product-moment correlation. Results: Evaluation of a total of 148 IPSs revealed that 91% of cases were grade 3 or grade 2 (either fully or mostly visualized), with 65% of cases demonstrating “typical” (type A) drainage directly into the internal jugular vein and no statistically significant correlation between the patency of the IPS and the dominance of the ipsilateral TS/SS. A bilateral concordance rate of 77% was also observed. Conclusions: Our analysis indicates that routine thin-slice contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI can provide sufficient anatomic detail to identify typical drainage pattern of the IPS in a majority of cases. In cases where routine drainage was not identified, spatial resolution was not sufficient to further delineate complex drainage anatomy. No correlation was observed between the TS/SS dominance and patency of the ipsilateral IPS.