cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of rat brain uptake and calcium-dependent release of GABA.

Summary High-affinity uptake of GABA in the developing rat brain is greater in 7-day-old rats than in adults, which is quite different from the developmental profile observed for biogenic amine uptake in brain, where the magnitude of uptake increases in a linear fashion. In contrast to uptake, the neuronal calcium-dependent release system for GABA develops in a progressive fashion, similar to that observed for the biogenic amines, suggesting that the enhanced GABA uptake observed in the younger animals is not stored in a functionally releaseable pool. This conclusion is based on the findings that the lack of correlation between the magnitude of GABA release and uptake in the developing brain is not due to the enhanced uptake itself, to the presence of some identifiable subcellular constituent, or to a change in calcium sensitivity for the release process at the earlier time. Furthermore, uptake of β-alanine and leucine is also greater in the 7-day-old rat forebrain than adult, whereas other biogenic amines such as norepinephrine and dopamine are similar to serotonin with regard to the development of their uptake and release processes. These results suggest that high-affinity GABA uptake is a questionable marker for studying neuronal development of this transmitter system, and that calcium-dependent release is probably a more valid indicator of the functional state of GABA terminals.
Raman spectrometric determination of oxysulfur anions in aqueous systems

Abstract The relative and absolute Raman scattering intensities or aqueous thiosulfate. sulfite, hydrogensulfite, disulfite, sulfur dioxide, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, dithionite, dithionate and tetrathionate are reported and used for in situ determinations of species in equilibria and reactive mixtures. With single scan recording, the detection limit varies between 0.0008 M for dithionite and 0.03 M for sulfur dioxide. With computer-aided multiple scan, the detection limit can be improved. The precision of the method depends on line width, background and other factors, and varies between 0.5 and 5%, depending on species.
Absorptive effects in the diffractive dissociation of nucleons

Abstract Absorptive effects are found to be important in diffraction dissociation. For pp→(nπ+)p and np→(pπ−)p, at small excitation mass, a significant dip structure is created in the production momentum transfer distribution d σ d t d M near t = −0.3 ( GeV c ) 2 , in agreement with data from Fermilab and the CERN-ISR. The mass-slope correlation, seen in the data, is also reproduced. Most other distributions are affected much less by absorption.
Blue-collar blues: The sexual harassment of women autoworkers.

Harassment frequency, severity, response, and effect were analyzed for a sample of 138 women who work mostly in unskilled jobs in the auto industry. It was hypothesized that these would be related to several social and work-related characteristics: specifically low social of work status, or low numerical representation in a work area. Our analysis found that blacks, unmarried, or young (under 25) women, or those with low job status, or who worked in an area where women were a sizable minority were more likely to be the targets of frequent harassment. Black women, or those who were a sizable minority in a work area, were also likely to be severely harassed. Harassment response, however, was not related to either social or work-related characteristics. In other words, women who are the targets of harassment do not respond differently than women who are less frequently or severely harassed. Several consequences of sexual harassment were found. Feelings toward coworkers and supervisors were adversely affected...
Ultrafast photoinduced charge-shift reactions in electron donor-acceptor 9-arylacridinium ions

Abstract Charge-shift species arising from intramolecular electron transfer have been identified for 9-aryl derivatives of the 10-methyl-acridinium ion through observation of red-shifted fluorescence emission bands and the appearance of radical (ion) transients (CH 3 CN and CH 2 Cl 2 solvents) using laser flash photolysis. Rates of forward and return charge-shift processes have been determined, the former occurring in the 1 ps time domain with small effects associated with changes in solvent and the electron donor substituent. Rates for return electron transfer were a strong function of the donor oxidation potential and showed acceleration with decreased driving force (inverted behavior). The lifetimes for charge-shift intermediates could be ‘tuned’ over three orders of magnitude as the result of changes in acridinium structure and solvent.
Projective identification in group psychotherapy

The concept of projective identification and its clinical utility are illustrated by material from long-term open-ended psychotherapy groups in a psychiatric day hospital programme. Projective iden...
The Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth in High-Strength Riser Materials

Corrosion-fatigue is a significant design consideration in deepwater floating production systems. Mechanical loading is accentuated due to the compliant nature of these structures, and sour service conditions can also occur either due to the nature of the crude production or due to seawater flooding of the reservoir to enhance production yield. New high-strength riser steels have recently been developed to meet the demands of deepwater development. The objective of this study was to characterize the corrosion-fatigue resistance of these materials in terms of crack growth rates as a function of applied stress intensity factor range (ΔK), as well as cyclic loading frequency. Experiments were performed on five different steels with yield strengths ranging from 848 to 1080 MPa. Two environments were considered: seawater with cathodic protection to simulate the environment outside of the riser, and a sour brine environment with low oxygen (< 10 ppb) to simulate the environment inside the riser. Not all steels were tested in the sour brine environment since not all were designed to operate in sour service. For both environments, higher strength steels were found to exhibit higher growth rates and lower saturation frequencies. Fatigue crack growth rates as a function of ΔK were also measured, and exhibited two different frequency responses. At high ΔK, the classical frequency response occurred: decreased frequency gave increased crack growth rates. At low ΔK, an inverse frequency effect was observed: deceased frequency gave decreased crack growth rates, as well as increased corrosion-fatigue crack growth thresholds. These differences are believed to be caused by different underlying processes controlling crack growth — specifically, material-environment reaction kinetics at high ΔK, and crack closure due to corrosion-product wedging at low ΔK. The practical significance of these results is discussed, including selection of frequencies for corrosion-fatigue crack growth testing, and applicability of results to structural integrity assessments.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Dog bite prevention: an assessment of child knowledge.

Objectives To determine what children know about preventing dog bites and to identify parental desires for dog bite prevention education. Study design This cross-sectional study sampled 5- to 15-year-olds and their parents/guardians presenting to a pediatric emergency department with nonurgent complaints or dog bites. The parent/guardian-child pairs completed surveys and knowledge-based simulated scenario tests developed on the basis of American Academy of Pediatrics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention dog bite prevention recommendations. Regression analyses modeled knowledge test scores and probability of passing; a passing score was ≥11 of 14 questions. Results Of 300 parent/guardian-child pairs, 43% of children failed the knowledge test. Older children had higher odds of passing the knowledge test than younger children, as did children with white parents vs those with nonwhite parents. No associations were found between knowledge scores and other sociodemographic or experiential factors. More than 70% of children had never received dog bite prevention education, although 88% of parents desired it. Conclusions Dog bites are preventable injures that disproportionately affect children. Dog bite prevention knowledge in our sample was poor, particularly among younger children and children with nonwhite parents. Formal dog bite prevention education is warranted and welcomed by a majority of parents.
Student perceptions and learning of the engineering design process: an assessment at the freshmen level

An investigation into the impact of a single laboratory session team-based design experience early in the freshman year on student learning of the engineering design process is described. Assessment of the experience focused not only on gains in student perceptions of knowledge of and confidence in applying the engineering design process, but also on actual gains in knowledge, as judged by the investigators based on student written responses. The assessment data showed a significant overall increase in both student knowledge and confidence scores as well as significant individual incremental increases. The gains proved to be in particular significant when compared to those for the entire semester-long course. Design-step logs were used to monitor how students navigated through the engineering design process. While the students were exposed to a simplified linear design process in the lecture component of the class, the design logs indicated a more complex reality. Paths for instructional improvement on the topic of the engineering design process should include a discussion of the potentially complex nature of engineering design and a precise definition of terminology.
Modeling the maternal-age dependency of reproductive failure and genetic fitness

SUMMARY The offspring of older parents are at a higher risk of suffering low birth weights and congenital birth defects that result from mutations and chromosomal anomalies. When the defect is paternal in origin, it often can be shown that the primary lesion arose during mitotic proliferation of the spermatogonial germ cell population. By contrast, germline mosaicism is seldom invoked to explain the age dependency of maternally derived aberrations because germline proliferation in the ovary is already completed during fetal development. Age-dependent defects of maternal origin might, however, be explained in part by the progressive loss of oocytes during the mother's reproductive life. A large number of oocytes undergo the initial stages of maturation each month, but typically only one completes maturation and is ovulated while the majority are discarded, probably by an apoptotic mechanism. Here we explore the possibility that the monthly choice of oocytes to undergo maturation is influenced by subtle phenotypic characters of those oocytes that may bear genetic defects such as trisomy 21. We have generated a mathematical model to describe the loss kinetics for such mutant oocytes relative to the overall pool of resting oocytes, and we assess evolutionary strategies that would favor their utilization faster than, at the same rate as, or slower than the normal oocytes. This formulation reveals that the slower-rate scheme would effectively diminish the utilization of mutant oocytes in young mothers but would increase the risk of related birth defects for older mothers. Accordingly, we propose that natural selection should have favored the delayed utilization of defective oocytes in a primitive high-mortality culture, but that this evolutionary strategy would be outmoded for modern society, because it would lead to an increased frequency of birth defects for older mothers.
Single wall carbon nanotube amplification: en route to a type-specific growth mechanism.

With the desire to mass produce any specific n,m type of single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) from a small sample of the same material, we disclose here the preliminary work directed toward that goal. The ultimate protocol would involve taking a single n,m-type nanotube sample, cutting the nanotubes in that sample into many short nanotubes, using each of those short nanotubes as a template for growing much longer nanotubes of the same type, and then repeating the process. The result would be an amplification of the original tube type: a parent SWNT serving as the prolific progenitor of future identical SWNT types. As a proof-of-concept, we use here a short SWNT seed as a template for vapor liquid solid (VLS) amplification growth of an individual long SWNT. The original short SWNT seed was a polymer-wrapped SWNT, end-carboxylated, and further tethered with Fe salts at its ends. The Fe salts were to act as the growth catalysts upon subsequent reductive activation. Deposition of the short SWNT-Fe tipped speci...
Social Stigma and Homelessness: The Limits of Social Change

We examine the issues around the stigmatization of homelessness and how it links to capitalism. Society focuses on the individual as the cause of his or her own state of homelessness, blaming the victim rather than focusing on the larger antecedent social and economic forces, such as unemployment, limited affordable housing, and breakdowns in kinship networks. Social stigma occurs in situations where there is unequal social, economic, and political power and there is an opportunity to label, stereotype, separate (us versus them), lose status, and discriminate. Stigmatization is due, in part, when people feel threatened by another group. Society categorizes people who are homeless as no longer “useful” and/or “functional” members of capitalism, since they do not actively work and support the system. The paper ends on a discussion of the limits of social change in a capitalist society.
General beliefs and the principle of charity

In 'Charity, interpretation, and belief 1, Colin McGinn argues against Donald Davidson's contention (particularly in 'On the very idea of a conceptual scheme'2) "that charity with respect to the beliefs and sayings of others is a sine qua non of successful translation" (McGinn, p. 521), that "We know a priori that there is no possibility of widespread and deep-going disagreement between interpreter and interpreted" (McGinn, p. 522). McGinn thinks, because of a passage in Davidson's 'Thought and talk'3, that there are two principles "upon [whose] truth hinges Davidson's case for according to charity the status of a constitutive condition of intelligibility" (McGinn, p. 525). The first is that
Agricultural productivity, structural change, and economic growth in post-reform China

Abstract We examine the role of agricultural productivity as a determinant of China's post-reform economic growth and sectoral reallocation. Using microeconomic farm-level data, and treating labor as a highly differentiated input, we find that the labor input in agriculture decreased by 5% annually and agricultural TFP grew by 6.5%. Using a calibrated two-sector general equilibrium model, we find that agricultural TFP growth: (i) accounts for the majority of output and employment reallocation toward non-agriculture; (ii) contributes (at least) as much to aggregate and sectoral economic growth as non-agricultural TFP growth; and (iii) influences economic growth primarily by reallocating workers to the non-agricultural sector, where rapid physical and human capital accumulation are currently taking place.
Quantization of surface polaritons

We derive the exact quantization of surface polarions on ionic crystals. We show there are two different methods: (1) classical theory and (2) quantum theory. They give different results and both results are different than what is used currently. We argue the quantum theory is the correct choice. We also derive the interaction potential between a charged particle that interacts with these surface polaritons and also interacts with the bulk polaritons.
A unified method to predict diffuse and localized instabilities in sands

A simplified method to analyse diffuse and localized bifurcations of sand under drained and undrained conditions is presented in this paper. This method utilizes results from bifurcation analysis and critical state plasticity theory to detect the onset of pure and dilatant shear band formation, static liquefaction and drained shear failures systematically. To capture the soil collapse observed in experiments, the instability state line concept originated by Chu, Lo and Lee in 1993 is adopted. Emphasis is given to examine how the presence of pore-fluid may facilitate or delay instability after yielding occurs. The predictions of instabilities are compared with experimental data from triaxial compression tests on Toyoura and Changi sands.
Morphology of graphite-supported iron-manganese catalyst particles: Formation of hollow spheres during oxidation

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Mossbauer spectroscopy (MES) were used to study the morphology of graphite-supported iron-manganese particles. Following oxidation at 500 K MES showed the iron in the particles to be fully oxidized. TEM showed all the particles to be torroidal in appearance. However, tilting resulted in no change in the apparent dimensions of the particles, yet the apparent distances between particles were sharply reduced. These results suggest the particles are actually spherical. On the basis of these experiments, and similar experiments with reduced particles, a model was developed: Following reduction the particles are spherical and consist of a metallic iron core surrounded by a shell of manganese oxide. During oxidation, iron ions diffuse through the manganese oxide shell to the particle surface. Eventually, this results in the formation of nearly spherical particles with hollow centers, inner shells of iron-manganese spinel, and outer shells of iron oxide. Upon an additional reduction the hollow center remains, but the shells phase segregate into regions of iron metal and manganese oxide.
δ Ca2+/Calmodulin‐Dependent Protein Kinase IIIsozyme‐Specific Induction of Neurite Outgrowth in P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) has been linked to the induction of differentiation in preneuronal cells. In these cells, delta isozymes represent the majority of CaMK-IIs expressed and are activated by differentiation stimuli. To determine whether delta CaMK-IIs are causative or coincident with in vitro differentiation, we overexpressed wild-type, constitutively active, and C-terminal domains of delta and gamma CaMK-II isozymes in mouse P19 and NIH/3T3 cells using high-efficiency transfections. At 1-2 days after transfection, only constitutively active delta CaMK-II isozymes induced branched cellular extensions in both cell types. In P19 cells, retinoic acid induced neurite extensions after 3-4 days; these extensions were coincident with a fourfold increase in endogenous CaMK-II activity. Extensions induced by both retinoic acid and delta CaMK-IIs contained class III beta-tubulin in a discontinuous or beaded pattern. C-terminal CaMK-II constructs disrupted the ability of endogenous CaMK-II to autophosphorylate and blocked retinoic acid-induced differentiation. delta CaMK-II was found along extensions, whereas gamma CaMK-II exhibited a more diffuse, cytosolic localization. These data not only support an extranuclear role for CaMK-II in promoting neurite outgrowth, but also demonstrate CaMK-II isozyme specificity in these early steps of neuronal differentiation.
SU‐GG‐J‐146: Evaluation of Parotid Density Changes during IMRT of Head‐And‐Neck Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the change in parotid gland density over the course of treatment for patients who have undergone adaptive radiation therapy to the head‐and‐neck. Method and Materials:Computed tomography(CT)images from sixteen patients were analyzed to assess the change in mean parotid density and parotid volume over the course of treatment. Daily CTimages were acquired for a group of patients treated with adaptive radiation therapy using a CT‐on‐rails unit. A total of 529 CT scans (∼33 fractions per patient) were analyzed. Parotid contours were deformed from the planning CT to each treatment day CTimage using an in‐house deformable image registration tool. The parotid volume, and average and standard deviation in CT number (HU) were obtained for each treatment fraction. Linear regression analysis was performed with a 95% confidence interval to determine the rate and trend of parotid density change. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate possible correlations with parotid volume and function measurements. Results: Eleven of the sixteen patients showed a steady decrease in density for both parotids over the course of treatment. Two patients showed a steady decrease only in their ipsilateral parotid. The linear regression analysis for this subset of patients (p‐value <0.01) revealed an average rate of decrease of 0.30 HU/fraction (range 0.13–0.70 HU/fraction). The density reduction correlated well with parotid volume change (in 24/32 instances), and was moderately correlated with patient follow‐up saliva‐flow measurements (9 patients, correlation coefficient range 0.27–0.63) for the first two follow‐up appointments. Conclusion: The mean parotid density decreased steadily and correlated well with the volume shrinkage in most patients observed in this study. In the limited available data, the density change also correlated with saliva‐flow, which warrants future studies with a larger patient population and additional treatment parameters.
The Effects of Multiple Presentations on the Ratings and Memorability of Novel Figurative Phrases

How the perceptions of novel figurative phrases change over the course of numerous presentations were addressed in three studies using rating tasks (Studies 1 and 3) and recall tasks (Study 2). The present set of studies replicated much of Schweigert et al.'s (J Psychol Res 32:455-475, 2003) findings of changes in correlations among figurative phrases ratings. The results also suggest that catchiness, frequency heard agreement, and frequency used agreement can be used as predictors of phrase memorability and potential predictors of later idiomaticity.
THE USES OF JAIL CONFINEMENT IN THREE COUNTIES

This study uses a longitudinal approach to study the characteristics of pretrial inmates and court dispositions of their charges in three jails. Over 1,300 inmates were tracked from the point of booking through court disposition. The results indicate that a majority of the inmates booked into the jails are charged with relatively minor offenses and that most have less serious misdemeanor arrest and conviction histories. Very few or none of the defendants at each site were sentenced to prison and, at most, about one-fifth of the defendants were sentenced to any additional jail time upon conviction. Policy implications of the results are briefly discussed.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of carbon doped GaAs with elemental gallium and arsenic sources and a CCl 4 gas source

CC14 has been used as a carbon acceptor dopant source for GaAs grown by elemental source molecular beam epitaxy. Deposition of CC14 during normal arsenic stabilized growth of GaAs resulted in low mobility, p-type material. Attempts to thermally crack the CC14 using a heated gas cracking source resulted in an even lower hole concentration and mobility. One possible explanation for this ineffective acceptor doping behavior, relative to growth environments containing hydrogen (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) where CC14 is an effective dopant, is that hydrogen plays a role in the incorporation of the carbon. Another possible explanation for the poor doping behavior is that the CC14 was being modified by the gas cracker, even at relatively low gas cracker temperatures. Further experimentation with different injection schemes will be necessary to better understand the doping behavior. Depositing the CC14 onto static, gallium-rich surfaces produces GaAs:C with hole mobilities comparable to GaAs:Be. Average hole concentrations as high as 4 x 1019 have been demonstrated. Carbon doped AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolor transistors (HBTs) have been fabricated with the same characteristics as Be doped HBTs grown in the same MBE system.
Delivery of LMW heparin via surface coated chitosan/peg-alginate microspheres prevents thrombosis.

Heparin remains the gold-standard inhibitor of the process involved in the vascular response to injury. Continued anticoagulation is achieved by subcutaneous administration of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMW Hep) or with an orally active anticoagulant such as warfarin. An oral heparin would avoid the inconvenience of subcutaneous injections and adverse events associated with warfarin. A mild chitosan/PEG/calcium alginate microencapsulation process, as applied to encapsulation of biological macromolecules such as heparin and LMW Hep was investigated. Heparin and LMW Hep entrapped alginate beads were further surface/enteric coated with chitosan and cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) via carbodiimide (EDC) functionalities. It was observed that approximately 70% of the content is being released into Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 within the initial 6 hours and no significant release of LMW Hep was observed from enteric coated microspheres (12%) during treatment with 0.1 M HCl, pH 1.0 for 4 hours. But acid treated c...
Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere of Venus: II. Modeling Results

Abstract We have analyzed the results from the UV sounding rocket observations of Venus made on 15 September 1988 and 29 March 1991 which obtained high-resolution spectra of Venus clouds from 199 to 230 nm. The albedo of Venus in this wavelength range is dominated by absorption features of sulfur dioxide and sulfur monoxide. We estimate that the mixing ratio of SO 2 above the clouds of Venus is 80 ± 40 ppb for 1988 and 120 ± 60 ppb for 1991. The scale height of SO 2 at the same altitude region is 3 ± 1 Km for both 1988 and 1991. These numbers are in good agreement with both Pioneer Venus and IUE observations made around the same time period, and indicate that no large change in SO 2 above the clouds occurred from 1982 to 1991. In addition, the SO mixing ratio above the clouds derived from the 1991 observations is 12 ± 5 ppb, and the scale height of SO above the clouds is close to that of the bulk atmosphere. Our analyses indicate that the mixing ratio of SO decreases sharply below the 64-km level, which is in good agreement with the photochemical models. The mixing ratio of SO 2 at the cloud top level derived from the 1988 observation ranges from 60 ± 30 ppb at the equator to 300 ± 150 ppb near 50°S. The scale height of SO 2 at the cloud top region ranges from about 3-4 km at the equator to ∼2 km near 50°S. Venera 15 observations show similar latitudinal variation of SO 2 .
An Inexpensive Modular Pulse Generating System

A multiple channel pulse generator is described, consisting of a clock module and several identical output modules. Clock frequency can be varied continuously from 0.003 Hz to 100 Hz. Output pulses have continuously variable duration, can be positioned anywhere within the timing cycle, and their amplitude is variable from +5 to -5 V.
Evaluation of the Skin-To-Heart Distance in the Standing Adult by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

Background An electromuscular incapacitating device (EMD) delivers pulses of high-voltage electricity, causing strong muscle contraction. Data from a pig model suggest that an EMD dart tip placed within 17 mm of the epicardial surface can cause ventricular fibrillation. The current study estimates minimum skin-to-heart distance in the adult, to determine whether individuals might be at risk for ventricular fibrillation from an EMD. Methods We performed 2-dimensional echocardiograms in 150 standing adults in the parasternal, apical, and subcostal views. From each view, the shortest linear skin-to-heart distance was measured. Results Average skin-to-heart distances were: parasternal 32.1 ± 7.9 mm; apical 31.3 ± 11.3 mm; and subcostal 70.8 ± 22.3 mm. There were 9 (6%) individuals with a skin-to-heart distance less than or equal to 17 mm. The skin-to-heart distance was significantly correlated with body mass index: parasternal r = 0.57, apical r = 0.55 ( P Conclusions An EMD dart penetrating the skin directly over the heart might put individuals at risk for ventricular fibrillation.
The effects of windrow composting on the viability of Parascaris equorum eggs.

Abstract Parascaris equorum generally infects horses less than 18 months old and its pathological effects can be severe. Infection occurs when larvated eggs, present in pastures, paddocks, stalls, and on feeding and watering equipment are ingested. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of windrow composting on the viability of P. equorum eggs at a cooperating central Kentucky horse farm. Three grams of feces containing 2216 P. equorum eggs per gram were sealed in filter bag sentinel chambers. Chambers were exposed to 1 of 3 treatments: constant exposure or intermittent exposure to the interior of the windrow; controls were stored at 4 °C. At day 0, all chambers in the experimental treatments were placed in the center of 10 locations of the windrow. On subsequent days when the windrow was turned, chambers in the constant exposure treatment were returned to the interior of the windrow and chambers in the intermittent exposure treatment were alternated between resting on top of, or inside, the windrow. Chambers from each treatment and control chambers were removed at days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 18; and incubated for 21 days at room temperature (24 °C). After incubation, eggs were recovered from the chambers using double centrifugation flotation. Eggs were evaluated microscopically, staged according to development and classified as viable or nonviable based on whether embryonation to the larval stage had occurred. Results were reported as the mean percent viable eggs for each treatment and time point. A mixed linear model with repeated measures was used to evaluate the influence of experimental day and treatment on the percent viability of P. equorum eggs. Chambers treated with constant exposure contained 10.73% (SD = 0.29) viable eggs on day 2 and declined to an average of 0.00% by day 8. Chambers exposed to the intermittent treatment contained 16.08% (SD = 0.26) viable eggs on day 2 and decreased to 0.00% by day 6. Control chambers for days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 18 all had viabilities above 79.00%. A significant fixed effect of experimental day ( p p p > 0.7459). The results of this study demonstrate that windrow composting was effective at rendering P. equorum eggs nonviable when it was tested under the conditions at a working horse farm.
Ross ice shelf cavity circulation, residence time, and melting: Results from a model of oceanic chlorofluorocarbons

Abstract Despite their harmful effects in the upper atmosphere, anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons dissolved in seawater are extremely useful for studying ocean circulation and ventilation, particularly in remote locations. Because they behave as a passive tracer in seawater, and their atmospheric concentrations are well-mixed, well-known, and have changed over time, they are ideal for gaining insight into the oceanographic characteristics of the isolated cavities found under Antarctic ice shelves, where direct observations are difficult to obtain. Here we present results from a modeling study of air–sea chlorofluorocarbon exchange and ocean circulation in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. We compare our model estimates of oceanic CFC-12 concentrations along an ice shelf edge transect to field data collected during three cruises spanning 16 yr. Our model produces chlorofluorocarbon concentrations that are quite similar to those measured in the field, both in magnitude and distribution, showing high values near the surface, decreasing with depth, and increasing over time. After validating modeled circulation and air–sea gas exchange through comparison of modeled temperature, salinity, and chlorofluorocarbons with field data, we estimate that the residence time of water in the Ross Ice Shelf cavity is approximately 2.2 yr and that basal melt rates for the ice shelf average 10 cm yr−1. The model predicts a seasonal signature to basal melting, with highest melt rates in the spring and also the fall.
A lower bound on the norm of interpolation with an extended Tchebycheff system

Etude relative a la caracterisation de l'interpolation de norme minimale. Etablissement d'une borne inferieure de la norme d'interpolation
A theoretical analysis of chemical and physical processes in an ozone flame

Abstract New theoretical solutions of the one-dimensional time independent hydrodynamic equation for an ozone flame are reported. Marked differences in comparison with previous solutions are shown to be the result of removing some approximations. The solution curves are analyzed to permit discussion of the following topics: (1) the eigenvalue character of the problem; (2) the treatment and significance of deviations from the kinetic steady-state; (3) the qualitative character of free-radical curves; (4) the role of radical recombination; (5) the relative importance of different processes of energy transport; (6) the use of the approximation of constant specific enthalpy; (7) the relative importance of heat-release by radical recombination; (8) the spatial separation of flame processes; (9) the role of diffusion; (10) the significance of kinetic energy of over-all gas-flow; (11) the use of theoretical analysis of flames as a means of studying high temperature reactions.
Carbonylation of trans-Ir(CO)Cl(TPPTS)2 and Reactivity of [Ir(CO)2(TPPTS)3]Cl (TPPTS = P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3) in DMSO and Water

Reaction of CO with trans-Ir(CO)(Cl)(TPPTS)2 in DMSO and H2O give [Ir(CO)3(TPPTS)2]Cl (H2O and DMSO) and Ir(CO)2(Cl)(TPPTS)2 (DMSO only). In both solvents the carbonylation is reversed by passing N2 through the solution. In water, further reactions occur slowly, including water-gas-shift reactions and formation of Ir(CO)2(TPPTS)3+. This trisphosphine complex was independently prepared to examine its reactions. In DMSO, reaction with CO readily forms Ir(CO)3(TPPTS)2+; no reaction with CO is observed in water. Reaction of Ir(CO)2(TPPTS)3+ with H2 occurs through TPPTS dissociation giving Ir(CO)2(H)2(TPPTS)2+ initially before reaction with free TPPTS gives Ir(CO)(H)2(TPPTS)3+ as the final product. Hydrogen bonding from water to the sulfonated phosphine ligands provides a reasonable explanation for the differing ligand substitution behavior in DMSO and H2O.
Characterization of Dust Shell Dynamics and Asymmetry for Six Mira-Type Stars

Interferometric observations of six Mira-type stars: R Aqr, CIT 3, χ Cyg, W Aql, R Leo, and U Ori are reported. All measurements were made by UC Berkeley's Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI), which is comprised of three 1.65 m telescopes using a heterodyne detection system currently operating at 11.15 μm. All data were taken in a nonredundant east-west linear configuration of telescopes, at a variety of spatial frequencies, with baselines of up to 12 m. By fitting a smooth curve to the closure phase data, as a function of the shortest baseline, the phases of individual visibility measurements can be determined. With curves of the visibility and phase, one-dimensional images are then constructed by an inverse Fourier transform. These images show significant changes in the stars and surrounding dust between the years 2003 and 2004 indicating nonconstant gas emission. They also show significant and varied types of asymmetry, including asymmetries that may be caused by companions, asymmetric stars, or asymmetric dust emission.
Two tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in human dorsal root ganglion neurons

Two tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels, SNS and NaN, are preferentially expressed in small dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia neurons, most of which are nociceptive, of rat and mouse. We report here the sequence of NaN from human DRG, and demonstrate the presence of two TTX-R currents in human DRG neurons. One current has physiological properties similar to those reported for SNS, while the other displays hyperpolarized voltage-dependence and persistent kinetics; a similar TTX-R current was recently identified in DRG neurons of sns-null mouse. Thus SNS and NaN channels appear to produce different currents in human DRG neurons.
Expression of the ethylene biosynthetic machinery in maize roots is regulated in response to hypoxia

Ethylene regulates plant growth in response to many adverse environmental conditions, including the induction of aerenchyma, i.e. the formation of air spaces, in flooded roots in an effort to maintain oxygen levels. In this work, quantitative RT-PCR and in situ RNA hybridization were used to determine how the expression of the ethylene biosynthetic machinery in maize roots is spatially and temporally regulated following exposure to 4% oxygen (i.e. hypoxia) for up to 24 h, conditions that induced aerenchyma formation in the fully-expanded region of the root and reduced cytoplasmic density throughout the root. Expression of ACC oxidase, the ethylene forming enzyme, was observed in the root cap, protophloem sieve elements, and companion cells associated with metaphloem sieve elements. Exposure to 4% oxygen induced ACC oxidase expression in these cell types as well as in the root cortex. ACC synthase, which generates the ethylene precursor, was expressed in the root cap and the cortex and its expression was induced in cortical cells following low oxygen treatment. The induction of expression of the ethylene biosynthetic machinery was accompanied by an induction of ethylene evolution and a reduced rate of root growth. These results suggest that maize roots respond to conditions of hypoxia by inducing the spatially restricted expression of the ethylene biosynthetic machinery, resulting in increased ethylene production.
Deep mantle subduction flux

[1] We assess the flux of incompatible trace elements into the deep mantle in the Aleutian, Central America, Izu-Bonin, Kurile, Lesser Antilles, Mariana, Sunda, and Tonga subduction zones. We use a simple mass balance approach in which we assume that all of the material lost from the subducting crust and sediment (the “slab”) is incorporated into the magmas erupted above the subduction zone, and we use these assumptions to calculate a residual slab composition. The calculated residual slabs are enriched in incompatible elements compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts and highly enriched compared to primitive or depleted mantle. Almost all of the subducted Nb, Ta, and intermediate and heavy rare earths survive into the deep mantle, as do most of the light rare earths. On average, 73% of Th and Pb, 74% of K, 79% of U, 80% of Rb, 80% of Sr, and 82% of Ba survive into the deep mantle. Pb/Ce ratios are systematically lower, and Nb/U ratios are systematically higher, in the deep mantle flux than they are in the flux of material into the trench. Nevertheless, most residual slabs have Pb/Ce and Nb/U ratios outside the typical mantle range. Changes to U/Pb and Th/U ratios tend to be small and are not systematic. Rb/Sr ratios significantly decrease in some subduction zones but increase in others. In contrast, Sm/Nd ratios increase by small but significant amounts in most arcs. Based on these results, we attempt to predict the Sr, Nd, and Pb composition of anciently recycled material now in the mantle. We find that such material would most resemble enriched mantle II–type oceanic island basalts (OIB). None of our calculated residual slabs would evolve to Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions similar to either high 238U/204Pb or enriched mantle I. The range of Sr and Pb isotope ratios in anciently recycled material is similar to that seen in modern OIB, but Nd isotopic compositions do not range to ɛNd values as low as those in some modern OIB. Neither radiogenic nor unradiogenic Pb isotope compositions can be exclusively associated with recycled material.
Coherent 95 GHz High Power Radar

This paper discusses the design to be used in the development of a high power, wide bandwidth, coherent 95 GHz instrumentation radar. The system design provids for operation of the radar in two separate transmitter modes; a moderate power, 100 Watt peak power mode using a state-of-the-art wideband TWTA with greater than 2 GHz of bandwidth and a high power, 1 kWatt peak power mode using a state-of-the-art EIKA. The radar will be polarzation agile and coherent frequency agile, making it possible to measure the complete polarization scattering matrix as a function of frequency and resolution.
Evidence for the functional compartmentalization of spike generating regions of rat mdbrain dopamine neurons recorded in vitro

The regulation of spike generation in rat midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons was investigated using in vitro intracellular recordings. DA neurons fired long (greater than 1.8 ms) action potentials that exhibited comparatively depolarized spike thresholds (approx. -35 to -45 mV). Depolarization of the DA neuron increased the duration and the threshold of subsequent action potentials. The action potential was composed of two distinct components, a fast (0.8-1.5 ms duration) initial segment (IS) spike which triggered a slow (1.5-3 ms duration) somatodendritic (SD) component. Cobalt application (2 mM) blocked the SD spike component and revealed fast TTX-sensitive spikes. These fast spikes were also observed in untreated neurons following large hyperpolarizing pulses, and showed consistent changes in threshold and amplitude during membrane depolarization. Administration of 4-aminopyridine decreased the threshold of this TTX-sensitive spike, whereas tetraethylammonium (TEA) had no effect. When the fast spike was blocked by TTX, depolarization was ineffective in triggering further spike activity. However, after the administration of TEA (but not 4-AP), high threshold cobalt-sensitive spike activity could be triggered by relatively small depolarizations. TEA increased the duration of the SD portion of the action potential without altering the action potential threshold. The effect of 4-AP on spike threshold and the increase in SD spike duration caused by TEA were similar in nature to the changes in action-potential waveforms produced by polarizing the DA neuron membrane. Drawing from evidence gathered here and in previous in vivo studies, the properties of the TTX-sensitive fast spike are consistent with those of the IS spike component of the action potential, whereas the SD component is similar in nature to the high threshold calcium spike. One hypothesis that can be drawn from these studies is that dendritic and axonal spiking regions may exist in different functional subcompartments of the DA neuron, and may be independently modulated by pharmacologically distinct conductances. Under these conditions, synaptic influences could exist to modulate dendritic excitability and thus regulate putative dendritic spike-dependent functions, such as neuronal activity state, electrical coupling, and dendritic DA synthesis and release.
A macro perspective for client-centred practice in curricula: Critique and teaching methods

AbstractBackground: Client-centred practice is often eclipsed by social, economic, and political inequities. Ignoring these realities obstructs clients’ goal attainment. Objectives: The author advocates for the integration of a macro perspective inclusive of participation barriers and supports in occupational therapy curricula and seeks to motivate educators to adopt teaching approaches that develop students’ abilities to address the complexities of client-centred practice. Method: This article integrates a critical analysis of the literature on client-centred practice with reflexivity on disability studies and autoethnography. Findings: Educational standards require students to learn about the social, economic, and political contexts that impact on client-centred practice and the need for advocacy to enable participation. Theoretical support of a macro perspective for client-centred practice is strongly evident in the literature. Information on methods for teaching students how to actualize these concept...
Continuous tuning of double resonance-enhanced second harmonic generation in a dispersive dielectric resonator

We report a method for continuous tuning of ultraviolet (UV) radiation of second harmonic generation in a dispersive beta barium borate (BBO) whispering gallery mode resonator. The doubly resonant enhancement in a high quality factor resonator leads to high conversion efficiency but the resonator dispersion severely limits practical tuning range. By simultaneously varying the temperature of the resonator and the mechanical stress on the disk, we were able to experimentally demonstrate a continuous tuning range of 70 GHz of 317 nm laser light at 0.74%/mW conversion efficiency. The achieved tuning range is at least 35 times wider than that by either mechanical or temperature tuning alone.
Expression and Regulation of Cytochrome P450 17α-Hydroxylase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels and Androstenedione Production in Hen Granulosa Cells

Studies were conducted to evaluate the expression and regulation of cytochrome P450 17a-hydroxylase (P450 17a-OH) mRNA levels and androstenedione production in 6-8-mm-diameter follicle granulosa cells from the domestic hen. Although P450 17a-OH mRNA was detected within granulosa cells from follicles at all stages of development (3-12-mm and preovulatory follicles), 812-fold higher levels were found in small, less developed follicles (3-12 mm in diameter) compared to the three largest follicles within the preovulatory hierarchy (F 3 to F, follicles). By comparison, P450 17a-OH mRNA levels were 25-89-fold higher in theca tissue compared to the granulosa layer at comparable stages of development. Despite detection of P450 17a-OH mRNA in granulosa cells from 6-8-mm follicles, androstenedione production was low to nondetectable when cells were cultured in the presence of exogenous progesterone (10 ng/ml). Treatment with FSH increased levels of P450 17a-OH mRNA (by 6-fold after 16 h of treatment) and induced androstenedione production in cultured granulosa cells; these actions were mimicked by the cAMP analog, 8-bromo-cAMP. By contrast, addition of the growth factors transforming growth factor a (TGFa), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) completely suppressed the stimulatory effects of FSH on both mRNA levels and androstenedione production, while insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) inhibited only androstenedione production. We conclude that in the granulosa layer of developing ( 12 mm) hen follicles the expression of P450 17a-OH mRNA does not directly reflect P450 17a-OH enzyme activity. Moreover, P450 17a-OH mRNA levels dramatically decrease in granulosa cells from preovulatory (compared to developing) follicles, and in the theca layer from the F, preovulatory follicle (compared to remaining follicles). It is proposed that FSH initiates P450 17a-OH enzyme activity (and perhaps to a lesser extent regulates mRNA levels) at the time a follicle is recruited into the preovulatory hierarchy, and that this action is mediated, at least in part, by the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP second messenger pathway. On the other hand, growth factors (including TGFa, EGF, bFGF, and possibly IGF-I) may act to prevent premature expression of P450 17a-OH activity in the granulosa layer of follicles that have yet to enter the rapid growth phase of follicle development.
Robots that imitate humans

The study of social learning in robotics has been motivated by both scientific interest in the learning process and practical desires to produce machines that are useful, flexible, and easy to use. In this review, we introduce the social and task-oriented aspects of robot imitation. We focus on methodologies for addressing two fundamental problems. First, how does the robot know what to imitate? And second, how does the robot map that perception onto its own action repertoire to replicate it? In the future, programming humanoid robots to perform new tasks might be as simple as showing them.