cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and function of haemocytes in two marine gastropods, Megathura crenulata and Aplysia californica

Aplysia californica is an important mollusc for neurobiological research and Megathura crenulata is becoming valuable as the source of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) which shows promise in treating cancer, allergy and immunosuppression. The culture of these animals provides opportunities to assess their physiological responses to stress and disease. Molluscan haemocytes are known to be involved in a variety of physiological responses, yet the haemocytes of this opisthobranch and vetigastropod have not been characterized. The purpose of this study is to describe the morphology of these cells and summarize their functions based on a suite of assays previously developed on other species of molluscs. Using morphology, differential centrifugation and staining reactions, we identify a single type of circulating haemocyte in the blood of both animals. All haemocytes lack granules and contain glycogen and vesicles that react as lysosomes. In A. californica, three to four wing-like lamellipodia extend from the ovoid cell body, whereas in M. crenulata haemocytes are simple ovoid cells. The haemocytes are actively phagocytic and rates of phagocytosis are higher when the assays are performed in the presence of plasma, relative to tests with washed cells. When haemocytes engulf yeast, peroxidase and superoxides are produced. Phenoloxidase activity was not detected. When blood is removed from these molluscs, the plasma does not clot and the haemocytes rapidly adhere to one another in suspension, or settle on substrates, migrate and form nodules. Cell spreading and aggregation involves microfilaments and microtubules, and can be inhibited by EDTA, cytochalasin B, caffeine and, to a lesser extent, RGD and colchicine. All cells show immunoreactivity against a polyclonal antibody to ACTH which is consistent with previous studies suggesting molluscan haemocytes contain molecules similar to those involved with vertebrate stress responses. These results should be useful in future studies evaluating the physiological status of these animals in the wild and in culture.
CHANGES OF APPARENT IONIC MOBILITIES IN PROTOPLASM : I. EFFECTS OF GUAIACOL ON VALONIA.

In normal cells of Valonia the order of the apparent mobilities of the ions in the non-aqueous protoplasmic surface is K > Cl > Na. After treatment with 0.01 M guaiacol (which does not injure the cell) the order becomes Na > Cl > K. As it does not seem probable that such a reversal could occur with simple ions we may assume provisionally that in the protoplasmic surface we have to do with charged complexes of the type (KX(I))(+), (KX(II))(+), where X(I) and X(II) are elements or radicals, or with chemical compounds formed in the protoplasm. When 0.01 M guaiacol is added to sea water or to 0.6 M NaCl (both at pH 6.4, where the concentration of the guaiacol ion is negligible) the P.D. of the cell changes (after a short latent period) from about 10 mv. negative to about 28 mv. positive and then slowly returns approximately to its original value (Fig. 1, p. 14). This appears to depend chiefly on changes in the apparent mobilities of organic ions in the protoplasm. The protoplasmic surface is capable of so much change that it does not seem probable that it is a monomolecular layer. It does not behave like a collodion nor a protein film since the apparent mobility of Na(+) can increase while that of K(+) is decreasing under the influence of guaiacol.
Direct assembly process: a novel fabrication technique for large strain ionic polymer transducers

Ionic polymer transducers (IPT) consist of an ion-exchange membrane plated with flexible conductive electrodes on their outer surface. Compared to other types of electromechanical transducers, ionomeric transducers have the advantage of high-strain output (>9%), low-voltage operation (<5 V), and high sensitivity in the charge-sensing mode. A novel fabrication technique for ionic polymer transducers named the Direct Assembly Process (DAP) was developed in this paper. The DAP allows the use of any type of ionomer, diluent, and conducting powder in the transducer, and permits the exploration of any novel ionomeric design. In this paper the effect of diluent content of the IPT, electrode thickness, and composition were optimized in term of maximum peak strain and strain rate generated by an IPT. Decreasing viscosity and increasing polarity and content of the diluent were demonstrated to increase the strain rate of an IPT. The thickness of the electrode was varied and correlated with the maximum strain generated due to a 2 V step input. This study also demonstrated that RuO2 composition has an optimal loading of 42 vol%, while SWNT electrodes have an optimal performance at around 30 vol%.
Decrements in hippocampal activity with item repetition during continuous recognition: An fmri study

fMRI (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) was employed to investigate the relationship between hippocampal activity and memory strength in a continuous recognition task. While being scanned, subjects were presented with colored photographs that each appeared on four occasions. The requirements were to make one response when an item was presented for the first or the third time and to make a different response when an item appeared for the second or the fourth time. Consistent with prior findings, items presented for the first time elicited greater hippocampal and parahippocampal activity than repeated items. The activity elicited by repeated items declined linearly as a function of number of presentations ("graded" new > old effects). No medial-temporal lobe regions could be identified where activity elicited by repeated items exceeded that for new items or where activity elicited by repeated items increased with number of presentations. These findings are inconsistent with the proposal that retrieval-related hippocampal activity is positively correlated with memory strength. We also identified graded new > old effects in several cortical regions outside the medial-temporal lobe, including the left retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex and the right lateral occipito-temporal cortex. By contrast, graded old > new effects were evident in bilateral mid-intraparietal sulcus and precuneus.
Spin versus boson baths in nonlinear spectroscopy

The third-order optical response function of a chromophore coupled to a bath consisting of noninteracting two-level systems (TLSs) undergoing stochastic jumps is calculated. The results can be applied to a broad class of nonlinear optical techniques in single-molecule spectroscopy and bulk measurements in glasses, polymers, and mixed crystals. In the limit of many TLSs weakly coupled to the chromophore, the response can be obtained using the second-order cumulant expansion and resembles that of the Brownian oscillator model. Quantum corrections to the spectral density which accounts for the Stokes shift can be included in this limit using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. However, the temperature dependence predicted by the two models is very different. Corrections to the cumulant expansion to fourth order in coupling strength are derived.
Separation-individuation theory and attachment theory

Separation-individuation and attachment theories are compared and assessed in the context of psychoanalytic developmental theory and their application to clinical work. As introduced by Margaret Mahler and John Bowlby, respectively, both theories were initially regarded as diverging from traditional views. Separation-individuation theory, though it has had to be corrected in important respects, and attachment theory, despite certain limitations, have nonetheless enriched psychoanalytic thought. Without attachment an infant would die, and with severely insecure attachment is at greater risk for serious disorders. Development depends on continued attachment to a responsive and responsible caregiver. Continued attachment to the primary object was regarded by Mahler as as intrinsic to the process of separation-individuation. Attachment theory does not account for the essential development of separateness, and separation-individuation is important for the promotion of autonomy, independence, and identity. Salient historical and theoretical issues are addressed, including the renewed interest in attachment theory and the related decline of interest in separation-individuation theory.
Role of decapentaplegic in initiation and progression of the morphogenetic furrow in the developing Drosophila retina

Morphogenesis in the Drosophila retina initiates at the posterior margin of the eye imaginal disc by an unknown mechanism. Upon initiation, a wave of differentiation, its forward edge marked by the morphogenetic furrow (MF), proceeds anteriorly across the disc. Progression of the MF is driven by hedgehog (hh), expressed by differentiating photoreceptor cells. The TGF-β homolog encoded by decapentaplegic (dpp) is expressed at the disc's posterior margin prior to initiation and in the furrow, under the control of hh, during MF progression. While dpp has been implicated in eye disc growth and morphogenesis, its precise role in retinal differentiation has not been determined. To address the role of dpp in initiation and progression of retinal differentiation we analyzed the consequences of reduced and increased dpp function during eye development. We find that dpp is not only required for normal MF initiation, but is sufficient to induce ectopic initiation of differentiation. Inappropriate initiation is normally inhibited by wingless (wg). Loss of dpp function is accompanied by expansion of wg expression, while increased dpp function leads to loss of wg transcription. In addition, dpp is required to maintain, and sufficient to induce, its own expression along the disc's margins. We postulate that dpp autoregulation and dpp-mediated inhibition of wg expression are required for the coordinated regulation of furrow initiation and progression. Finally, we show that in the later stages of retinal differentiation, reduction of dpp function leads to an arrest in MF progression. SUMMARY
Aligned Arrays Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thin Film Electronics

We generate the horizontally aligned arrays by use of optimized versions of guided growth procedures that use chemical vapor deposition on single crystal quartz substrates. These new procedures employ patterned lines of evaporated sub-monolayer films of iron as the catalyst, ethanol as the feed gas with a slight background of hydrogen, and air annealed ST-cut single crystal quartz wafers as the growth substrate.
The Ontogeny of Diurnal Rhythmicity in Bed-Sharing and Solitary-Sleeping Infants: A Preliminary Report.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the development of sleep–wake and melatonin diurnal rhythms over the first 3 months of life, and the potential effect of bed-sharing on their development. It was hypothesized that increased maternal contact through bed-sharing would affect the development of rhythms in human infants. Ten solitary-sleeping and 8 bed-sharing infants' sleep–wake patterns and melatonin secretion were examined for 72 h at 1 and 3 months of age in their homes. Infants wore actigraphs on their ankles to study sleep–wake patterns. 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin was obtained through urine extracted from each diaper used over the 72-h study period. No significant differences were apparent in the timing of appearance or magnitude of sleep–wake or melatonin rhythms between bed-sharing and solitary-sleeping infants. Sleep–wake results were in the expected direction, with bed-sharing infants displaying more robust rhythms. A large degree of individual variability was evident in both rhythms, especially at 1 month. Three infants' parents regularly used a bright light source at night for feedings and diaper changes; the rhythms of these infants were less robust than the rest of the sample. Trends were mostly in the hypothesized direction and deserve attempts at replication with a larger sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Philosophical aspects of "mental disease".

It is shown that the label “mental disease” derives from value judgements made by the labeller, and that science alone cannot determine the ultimate validity of these judgements. Hence, the term must be, in a genuine sense, based on social and moral convention. However, it is argued that this does not necessarily mean that the medical model, as contended by Szasz and his school, has no value. Rather, it is claimed here that only by returning to the medical model can we make best use of our psychiatric knowledge and best serve our patients.
Natural Mentors and Adolescent Resiliency: A Study with Urban Youth

Natural mentors may play an important role in the lives of adolescents. We interviewed 770 adolescents from a large Midwestern city. Fifty-two percent reported having a natural mentor. Those with natural mentors were less likely to smoke marijuana or be involved in nonviolent delinquency, and had more positive attitudes toward school. Natural mentors had no apparent effect on anxiety or depression. Using the resiliency theory framework, natural mentors were found to have compensatory but not protective effects on problem behaviors, and both compensatory and protective effects on school attitudes. Direct and indirect (mediated) effects of natural mentors are explored for problem behaviors and school attitudes. The potential importance of natural mentors is supported, and implications for future research are considered.
Identification and Characterization of Wor4, a New Transcriptional Regulator of White-Opaque Switching.

The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can switch between two cell types, “white” and “opaque,” each of which is heritable through many cell divisions. Switching between these two cell types is regulated by six transcriptional regulators that form a highly interconnected circuit with multiple feedback loops. Here, we identify a seventh regulator of white-opaque switching, which we have named Wor4. We show that ectopic expression of Wor4 is sufficient to drive switching from the white to the opaque cell type, and that deletion of Wor4 blocks switching from the white to the opaque cell type. A combination of ectopic expression and deletion experiments indicates that Wor4 is positioned upstream of Wor1, and that it is formally an activator of the opaque cell type. The combination of ectopic expression and deletion phenotypes for Wor4 is unique; none of the other six white-opaque regulators show this pattern. We determined the pattern of Wor4 binding across the genome by ChIP-seq and found it is highly correlated with that of Wor1 and Wor2, indicating that Wor4 is tightly integrated into the existing white-opaque regulatory circuit. We previously proposed that white-to-opaque switching relies on the activation of a complex circuit of feedback loops that remains excited through many cell divisions. The identification of a new, central regulator of white-opaque switching supports this idea by indicating that the white-opaque switching mechanism is considerably more complex than those controlling conventional, nonheritable patterns of gene expression.
Species of Meliola and Irene from British Guiana and Trinidad

(1926). Species of Meliola and Irene from British Guiana and Trinidad. Mycologia: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-22.
Influence of Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor Combined with Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Pulmonary Injury in Hyperoxia-Exposed Newborn Rats

Objective To investigate the role of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF) combined with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on lung injury in hyperoxia-exposed newborn rats.Methods Mouse MSCs were isolated,cultured,amplified and labeled with 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU);After being cultured in 950 mL/L oxygen environment for 7 days,thirty-two 3-day-old Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as combined group,MSCs group,GM-CSF group and control group,and the rats were treated with MSCs(5×104 intraperitoneal injection) and(or) GM-CSF(9 μg/kg subcutaneous),respectively;All animals were killed by an injection of sodium pentobarbital (120 mg/kg).The value of radical alveolar counts (RAC),the levels of TNF-α and GM-CSF in tissue homogenates,the count of white blood cells and the distribution of BrdU-positive cells were measured accordingly.Results 1.There were a significant differences in the field of value of RAC(F=14.59 P=0.000),the levels of TNF-α(F=73.65 P=0.000) and GM-CSF(F=43.91 P=0.000)and the number of white blood cells (F=5.65 P=0.004) and neutrophils(F=3.11 P=0.042) and macrophage cells(F=26.31 P=0.000).Compared with control group,the value of RAC was increased,while the levels of TNF-α were decreased in the others.While there were the increased levels of GM-CSF and the decreased numbers of white blood cells and neutrophils and macrophage cells in both GM-CSF group and combined group,there was no difference between MSCs group and control group in those fields.2.BrdU-positive cells were only found in combined group and MSCs group,and there existed significantly differences in BrdU-positive cells between the two groups[(1.85±0.33) vs (1.04±0.18) score,t=6.09 P=0.000].Conclusion GM-CSF and MSCs have synergistic protective roles against hyperoxia-induced lung injury in newborn rats,which may be related with the depression of inflammatory reaction of damaged region.
Advance in research of detection of rickettsiosis

Rickettsiosis caused by rickettsia was an acute febrile illness with early manifestations of fever, headache,insect bites ulcers and swollen lymph nodes. It may also lead to multiple organ function failure of heart, liver and kidney or death at advanced stage. Laboratory test techniques are essential for controlling and preventing rickettsiosis. There are lots of techniques for laboratory detection of rickettsia at home and abroad, including serological detection, pathogen culture, the conventional PCR amplification, nested PCR and other molecular biological methods. The research progress in laboratory detection of rickettsia in recent years is reviewed in this article.
How to Avoid and Deal with Pelvic Mesh Litigation

Medical malpractice as it relates to transvaginal mesh implantation adds another level of responsibility when deciding on surgical options to repair stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse. As mesh is a viable option for repair, the informed consent process must involve a time commitment to discuss thoroughly the knowns and unknowns about mesh, and potentially must cover other aspects related to surgery: FDA classification of mesh, experience, potential off label usage, and conflicts of interest. A therapeutic alliance must be developed between physician and patient to allay possible fears about the intrinsic uncertainty of surgery. Proper risk assessment of the patient and pre-operative judgment as to when and if mesh implantation is appropriate are decisions that must be documented. Resolution of a conflict from a complication can be dealt with formally or informally. Above all, sharp skills, good communication, broad knowledge base of mesh surgeries, complication management, knowledge of guidelines, along with methodical documentation can mitigate or avert mesh-related litigation.
An Explanatory Theory of the Process of Focal Attention

Professional nurses are constantly searching for theoretical concepts and processes that will elucidate or explain the meaning of their observations of patients and prove useful for deriving theory-based nursing practice. One such process Schachtel (1959) calls focal attention. This theory clarifies observable behaviors connected with the selection of a focus of attention and ability to sustain interest in and derive meaning from it. This human function sometimes does not develop, or evolves incompletely, or the ability is lost for organic or functional reasons. Strategies used by professional nurses can help develop or restore focal attention ability. Such nursing interventions, essential for health promotion, are important practices during psychotherapeutic work and for use in nurse-patient interactions in any clinical milieu.
Circadian Clock Interaction with HIF1α Mediates Oxygenic Metabolism and Anaerobic Glycolysis in Skeletal Muscle

Circadian clocks are encoded by a transcription-translation feedback loop that aligns energetic processes with the solar cycle. We show that genetic disruption of the clock activator BMAL1 in skeletal myotubes and fibroblasts increased levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) under hypoxic conditions. Bmal1-/- myotubes displayed reduced anaerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration with glycolytic fuel, and transcription of HIF1α targets Phd3, Vegfa, Mct4, Pk-m, and Ldha, whereas abrogation of the clock repressors CRY1/2 stabilized HIF1α in response to hypoxia. HIF1α bound directly to core clock gene promoters, and, when co-expressed with BMAL1, led to transactivation of PER2-LUC and HRE-LUC reporters. Further, genetic stabilization of HIF1α in Vhl-/- cells altered circadian transcription. Finally, induction of clock and HIF1α target genes in response to strenuous exercise varied according to the time of day in wild-type mice. Collectively, our results reveal bidirectional interactions between circadian and HIF pathways that influence metabolic adaptation to hypoxia.
Bridging the Response to Mass Shootings and Urban Violence: Exposure to Violence in New Haven, Connecticut.

We have described self-reported exposure to gun violence in an urban community of color to inform the movement toward a public health approach to gun violence prevention.The Community Alliance for Research and Engagement at Yale School of Public Health conducted community health needs assessments to document chronic disease prevalence and risk, including exposure to gun violence. We conducted surveys with residents in six low-income neighborhoods in New Haven, Connecticut, using a neighborhood-stratified, population-based sample (n = 1189; weighted sample to represent the neighborhoods, n = 29 675).Exposure to violence is pervasive in these neighborhoods: 73% heard gunshots; many had family members or close friends hurt (29%) or killed (18%) by violent acts. Although all respondents live in low-income neighborhoods, exposure to violence differs by race/ethnicity and social class. Residents of color experienced significantly more violence than did White residents, with a particularly disparate increase amo...
The Stories of Our Lives: Aging and Narrative

This chapter advances the view that life can be understood as the implicit composition and recomposition of an autobiography, and that aging can be seen as an ever-changing narrative perspective on the whole of life. Among the topics discussed are narrative in general, life story, autobiographical reflection, and narrative identity.
On a Class of Maximal Invariance Inducing Control Strategies for Large Collections of Switched Systems

Modern control synthesis methods that are capable of delivering safety guarantees typically rely on finding invariant sets. Computing and/or representing such sets becomes intractable for high-dimensional systems and often constitutes the main bottleneck of computational procedures. In this paper we instead analytically study a particular high-dimensional system and propose a control strategy that we prove renders a set invariant whenever it is possible to do so. The control problem---the mode-counting problem with two modes in one dimension---is inspired by scheduling of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) and exhibits a trade-off between local safety constraints and a global counting constraint. We improve upon a control strategy from the literature to handle heterogeneity and derive sufficient conditions for the strategy to solve the problem at hand. In addition, we show that the conditions are also necessary for the problem to have a solution, which implies a type of optimality of the proposed control strategy. We outline more general problem instances where the same control strategy can be implemented and we give sufficient (but not necessary) conditions for the closed-loop system to satisfy its specification. We illustrate our results on a TCL scheduling example.
On Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer’s Cubic Surfaces

In a 1975 paper of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer, a number of explicit norm form cubic surfaces are shown to fail the Hasse principle. They make a correspondence between this failure and the Brauer–Manin obstruction, recently discovered by Manin. We extend their work to show that a larger set of cubic surfaces has a Brauer–Manin obstruction to the Hasse principle, thus verifying the Colliot-Thelene–Sansuc conjecture for infinitely many cubic surfaces.
Phosphorus Sorption Behavior of Torrefied Agricultural Byproducts under Sonicated Versus Non-Sonicated Conditions

The application of agrichar derived from organic feedstocks has the potential to improve soil fertility and crop production by providing major nutrients like phosphorus (P) to the crop, and in some cases also reducing P leaching. The effect of agrichar on the leaching of P in soils is not uniform and can vary depending on the type of agrichar and amount applied. The objective of this study was to (i) evaluate the behavior of four agrichars (rice hulls RH, palm fronds PF, horse bedding HB, and bagasse BG) for their ability to retain/release P and (ii) determine the effect of wet sonication on P sorption behavior. The feedstocks were torrefied at 500 °C using a top-lit updraft gasifier and used in multiple batch incubation experiments to evaluate equilibrium phosphorus concentration, maximum P sorption capacity (Smax), and adsorption/desorption potential. Both, RH (12.6 g kg-1) and HB (11.5 g kg-1) contained 10-15 times higher total P concentration than PF and BG, rendering RH and HB as potentially suitable products to be used as soil amendments. However, this initial P content of the agrichar seemed to have an overriding effect on the P sorption behavior of the agrichar. PF had Smax of 676 (±127) mg kg-1 for the non-sonicated agrichar, and 237 (±91) mg kg-1 following sonication. There was significant increase in CEC for PF and BG agrichar upon sonication. PF agrichar increased from 27 (±3) cmolc kg-1 to 41 (±4) cmolc kg-1 with sonication. Similarly, BG agrichar CEC increased from 21 (±2) cmolc kg-1 to 45 (±5) cmolc kg-1 with sonication. Initial total P and Ca concentration and their ratios was found to play significant roles on P adsorption and desorption. Major cations like Ca, Fe, Al and Mn are found to act as active sorption site for phosphorus controlling its fate and mobility along with compounding effects of other physicochemical parameters.
Assessment of a new ZnO:Al contact to CdZnTe for X- and gamma-ray detector applications

The large mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the metal contact and CdZnTe exerts thermal stress at the metal/CZT interface, which causes mechanical degradation of the contact in addition to the poor adhesion of the metallic thin film to CZT. To form a reliable and stable interface, the contact material should have better adhesion and a close match of the coefficients of thermal expansion with CZT/CdTe. Here, we report on our investigations of a novel non-metallic contact layer for use in radiation detector applications. The proposed ZnO:Al contact layer offers better adhesion due to the oxide interface, higher hardness and better matching of the CTE with CZT. It has high prospects for a reliable and stable device structure that can serve as a replacement to the common metallic electrodes used today. We evaluated AZO contacts to CZT and extracted the electronic characteristics, such as resistivity and mobility-lifetime product of electrons, and compared the results of the same characterization measurements for CZT with gold contacts. The present observations showed that the characteristics of CZT detectors with AZO contacts are nearly identical to the same detectors with gold contacts.
Attentive Reading With Constrained Summarization Adapted to Address Written Discourse in People With Mild Aphasia.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the preliminary efficacy of Attentive Reading and Constrained Summarization–Written (ARCS-W) in people with mild aphasia. ARCS-W adapts an existing ...
Circular RNAs profiling in the cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse reveals novel gene targets for hyperhomocysteinemia induced ocular disorders.

Abstract Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) gene encodes L-serine hydrolyase which catalyzes β-reaction to condense serine with homocysteine (Hcy) by pyridoxal-5′-phosphate helps to form cystathionine which in turn is converted to cysteine. CBS resides at the intersection of transmethylation, transsulfuration, and remethylation pathways, thus lack of CBS fundamentally blocks Hcy degradation; an essential step in glutathione synthesis. Redox homeostasis, free-radical detoxification and one-carbon metabolism (Methionine-Hcy-Folate cycle) require CBS and its deficiency leads to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causing retinovascular thromboembolism and eye-lens dislocation along with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. HHcy results in retinovascular, coronary, cerebral and peripheral vessels' dysfunction and how it causes metabolic dysregulation predisposing patients to serious eye conditions remains unknown. HHcy orchestrates inflammation and redox imbalance via epigenetic remodeling leading to neurovascular pathologies. Although circular RNAs (circRNAs) are dominant players regulating their parental genes' expression dynamics, their importance in ocular biology has not been appreciated. Progress in gene-centered analytics via improved microarray and bioinformatics are enabling dissection of genomic pathways however there is an acute under-representation of circular RNAs in ocular disorders. This study undertook circRNAs' analysis in the eyes of CBS deficient mice identifying a pool of 12532 circRNAs, 74 exhibited differential expression profile, ∼27% were down-regulated while most were up-regulated (∼73%). Findings also revealed several microRNAs that are specific to each circRNA suggesting their roles in HHcy induced ocular disorders. Further analysis of circRNAs helped identify novel parental genes that seem to influence certain eye disease phenotypes.
A pilot study of GABAB correlates with resting-state functional connectivity in five depressed female adolescents

Abstract Connectivity features based on resting-state (RS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrate great promise as biomarkers to guide diagnosis and treatment in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there is a pressing need for valid, reliable biomarkers closer to the bedside for clinical research and practice. This study directly compared RS-fMRI connectivity features with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neurophysiological measures, long interval cortical inhibition (LICI) and cortical silent period (CSP), in female adolescents with MDD. LICI-200 showed the most significant associations with RS functional connectivity features, demonstrating its potential to evaluate the neurochemical underpinnings of network features in MDD.
Detachment of ciliary body--anatomical and physical considerations

The scleral attachments of the ciliary body and choroid were found to be densest from the equator to the posterior pole, less dense at the ora serrata, and practically nonexistent under the ciliary body and between the ora and equator. The elasticity of the choroid is such that in the excised human eye about 2 mm. Hg pressure is necessary to distend the uvea against the sclera. The tensile strength of the choroid was found to be greater than 5 Gin. per centimeter. It was concluded that although the interciliary zomdes are under stress in vivo the elastic behavior of the ciliary body could not be entirely attributed to these zomdes. It is suggested that, since pressure in the suprachoroidal space is lower than intraocular pressure due to the elasticity of ciliary body and choroid, in the presence of ocular hypotony the suprachoroidal pressure may fall below atmospheric pressure, encouraging transudation into the space. The distribution of the transudate is explained by the distribution of the suprachoroidal lamellae.
Echoencephalographic Changes in Meningitis

A spectrum of ultrasound changes has been found in the meningitis patient which have proven useful in prognosis and management. We have categorized these changes first by location; 1)end table changes, 2) ventricular size changes, and 3)cerebral changes from mass effect and also related these to the acute, subacute and chronic phases of the illness. A-mode studies with 2.25 Mhz or 1.0 Mhz transducers were used to study the majority of the patients. B-mode display was occasionally used particularly in neonates and infants.
Transport and Electrochemical Phenomena

Fuel cell technology, a core component in a hydrogen-based energy economy, has the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, low pollution, and no dependency on depleting fossil resources. Significant progress has been made in the state-of-the-art in materials, design, and fabrication, however, the widespread commercialization of most fuel cells is still limited by issues such as high cost and low durability [1–4]. Mathematical models are effective tools in understanding and optimization of various transport and electrochemical processes, leading to cost reduction and improved performance and durability. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the current status of fundamental models for fuel cells that have been actively studied in the past decade
A new Regge absorption model

Abstract The weak-cut Regge absorption model is generalized to allow for unequal absorption of the rotating (e − iπα ) and non-rotating (1) parts of the Regge-pole exchange amplitude. Some justification for this procedure is given in terms of duality and peripheral resonance dominance. Fits to data for π N charge-exchange cross section and polarization and cross sections for the line-reversed hypercharge-exchange reactions K N →πΣ and π N → K Σ are obtained.
Commercially Available Computer Systems for Neuroanatomy

When a neuroanatomist surveys the market to purchase a computer system for collecting and analyzing laboratory data, he faces a dazzling array of hardware and software. One of the functions of this book is to help him communicate intelligently with the people who sell these systems.
Measurement of the extinction coefficient of prostate specific antigen using interference and absorbance optics in the Optima XL-A analytical ultracentrifuge

Establishment of an accurate extinction coefficient is often of interest when a precise amount of material is required for a biochemical reaction or when converting an association constant from absorbance units into concentration units. Although a gravimetric approach can provide a quick estimate of the concentration, the presence of salts or impurities can adversely affect its accuracy. Analytical ultracentrifugation is often used when more accurate estimates of the extinction coefficient are required. This technique has been applied to prostate specific antigen (PSA), and the value of the extinction coefficient estimated by amino acid analysis is confirmed by sedimentation analysis.
Learning to use the Internet: an interactive team-taught workshop for dental faculty and staff.

Cet article presente le programme d'enseignement du fonctionnement et de l'utilisation d'Internet mis en place a l'Indiana University School of Dentistry. Ce programme etait une demande des etudiants de l'universite. Les ateliers de travail et leur fonctionnement sont donc presentes, puis une evaluation de ce programme est proposee
Compact and Fast-Response Voltage Clamp for Bi-Directional Signal Swing Interface Applications

A compact bi-directional blocking voltage protection clamp with low overshoot voltage and high current handling capability is proposed. Under a high-stress 15-A very fast transmission line pulse, the initial overshoot voltage of the proposed structure is reduced to <80 V. The voltage is clamped below 20 V (safe operation voltage) within 2 ns. This allows for a fast turn-on speed to protect interface circuits in system-on-a-chip applications with a narrow electrostatic discharge design window.
Leadership lessons through the lens of historical military leaders: A pedagogical approach to teaching leadership theories and concepts in a Masters of Public Administration course:

The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the value of applying the lessons of successful historical battlefield commanders to teach leadership concepts and theories. This article uses the experie...
A modular analysis of microglia gene expression, insights into the aged phenotype

Microglia are multifunctional cells that are key players in brain development and homeostasis. Recent years have seen tremendous growth in our understanding of the role microglia play in neurodegeneration, CNS injury, and developmental disorders. Given that microglia show diverse functional phenotypes, there is a need for more precise tools to characterize microglial states. Here, we experimentally define gene modules as the foundation for describing microglial functional states. In an effort to develop a comprehensive classification scheme, we profiled transcriptomes of mouse microglia in a stimulus panel with 96 different conditions. Using the transcriptomic data, we generated fine-resolution gene modules that are robustly preserved across datasets. These modules served as the basis for a combinatorial code that we then used to characterize microglial activation under various inflammatory stimulus conditions. The microglial gene modules described here were robustly preserved, and could be applied to in vivo as well as in vitro conditions to dissociate the signaling pathways that distinguish acutely inflamed microglia from aged microglia. The microglial gene modules presented here are a novel resource for classifying and characterizing microglial states in health and disease.
Extracting free-space observables from trapped interacting clusters

The energy spectrum of two short-range interacting particles in a harmonic potential trap has previously been related to free-space scattering phase shifts. But the existing formula for systems with a nonzero interaction range is exact only in the limit of an infinitely shallow trap. Here I provide a systematically improved formula---describing the low-energy dynamics---that enables the use of finite traps. This paves the way for extracting nuclear scattering phase shifts from ab initio nuclear many-body structure calculations, a long-sought goal in nuclear physics. The derivation establishes effective field theory as a powerful framework for studying the connection between structure information of a trapped system (with two or more subclusters) and continuum physics in the fields of both nuclear and condensed-matter physics.
Attention Modification to Attenuate Facial Emotion Recognition Deficits in Children with Autism: A Pilot Study.

Diminished attending to faces may contribute to the impairments in emotion recognition and expression in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an attention modification intervention designed to attenuate deficits in facial emotion recognition (FER). During the 10-session experimental treatment, children (n = 8) with ASD watched dynamic videos of people expressing different emotions with the facial features highlighted to guide children’s attention. Children and their parents generally rated the treatment as acceptable and helpful. Although FER improvement was not apparent on task-based measures, parents reported slight improvements and decreased socioemotional problems following treatment. Results suggest that further research on visual attention retraining for ASD, within an experimental therapeutic program, may be promising.
Conductivity in Porous 2D Materials Made Crystal Clear.

Single crystal metal−organic framework devices reveal intrinsic conductive properties that are unseen in their polycrystalline forms.
OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION FINDINGS AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN SIX SPECIES OF ANURA.

A complete ophthalmic exam, including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, is key to diagnosing ocular diseases such as uveitis and glaucoma in frogs. We performed complete ophthalmic anterior segment examinations and IOP rebound tonometry measurements using two different settings (other “p” and canine “d”) for six anuran species. The objectives were to describe common ocular abnormalities found in these species, to compare IOP values between different tonometer settings, and to compare IOPs between species. Examinations revealed abnormalities including cataracts (11/98 total eyes), lenticular sclerosis (10/98) and lipid keratopathy (9/98). IOP was measured with the TonoVet® and the ranges (oculus uterque, OU mm Hg other “p” setting, canine “d” setting) were giant waxy monkey tree frogs (Phyllomedusa bicolor) (3.5–7.6; 6.5–11.7; n = 5), mission golden-eyed tree frogs (Trachycephalus resinifictrix) (7.0–9.7, 13.2–15.7; n = 6), boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas) (0.8–5.5, 5.7–10.5; n = 13), Mexican giant tree frogs (Pachymedusa dacnicolor) (3.8–5.0, 8.3–11.8; n = 3), Lake Titicaca frogs (Telmatobius culeus) (8.8–10.5, 14.0–17.2; n = 8), and mossy tree frogs (Theloderma corticale) (9.7–11.0, 15.7–17.0; n = 5). The TonoVet canine “d” setting IOP measurements were statistically higher (P = 0.01) than the other “p” setting measurements for all species except the giant waxy monkey tree frogs. IOP was significantly lower for giant waxy monkey tree frog eyes with cataracts (P < 0.05) with the other “p” setting. IOP did not statistically differ in eyes with lenticular sclerosis. IOP can be measured by rebound tonometer in anurans, but more research is needed for species-specific references using consistent settings.
A new species of the amphicyonid carnivore Cynelos Jourdan, 1862 from the early Miocene of North America

The Neogene sediments of the North American midcontinent, undisturbed by tectonism, have long been the source of abundant well-preserved mammalian faunas critical to the definition of the North American Land Mammal ages (NALMA). In western Nebraska the early Miocene interval (c. 23 to 16 Ma) is exceptional for its succession of Arikareean and Hemingfordian mammals that establish a biostratigraphic standard for the region. Fluvial sands, silts, and gravels of the paleovalleys and floodplains of the Runningwater Formation (c. 18 Ma) have yielded a rich carnivore assemblage of more than 24 species, many of these representing Old World lineages that migrated into North America via the Bering corridor. Amphicyonid carnivores, among the largest of the Runningwater predators, often surpass their Old World equivalents in completeness and condition, and include species of the immigrant genus Cynelos Jourdan, 1862. Here is described the only intact skull and jaws of Cynelos known from the New World. It is assigned to a new species, Cynelos stenos n. sp., that in its size, the association of a cranium with articulated mandibles, and in its dentition (occlusal detail of P4-M3, m1-3) differs from all others of this genus previously reported from both North America and Europe.
Accelerated design of Fe-based soft magnetic materials using machine learning and stochastic optimization

Abstract Machine learning was utilized to efficiently boost the development of soft magnetic materials. The design process includes building a database composed of published experimental results, applying machine learning methods on the database, identifying the trends of magnetic properties in soft magnetic materials, and accelerating the design of next-generation soft magnetic nanocrystalline materials through the use of numerical optimization. Machine learning regression models were trained to predict magnetic saturation (BS), coercivity (HC) and magnetostriction (λ), with a stochastic optimization framework being used to further optimize the corresponding magnetic properties. To verify the feasibility of the machine learning model, several optimized soft magnetic materials – specified in terms of compositions and thermomechanical treatments – have been predicted and then prepared and tested, showing good agreement between predictions and experiments, proving the reliability of the designed model. Two rounds of optimization-testing iterations were conducted to search for better properties.
Genetic Testing Leading to Early Identification of Childhood Ocular Manifestations of Usher Syndrome

OBJECTIVES Hearing-loss gene panel testing (HLGPT) is increasingly accessible as a first-line test in determining the etiology of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children. A major advantage of HLGPT is early identification of syndromic forms of SNHL, especially Usher syndrome, prior to the development of overt syndromic phenotype, which may impact management and counseling. Here, we describe early ocular findings in children with clinically non-syndromic SNHL identified by HLGPT as having two variants associated with Usher Syndrome. METHODS A total of 184 children, ages 1 month - 15 years of age, evaluated at one tertiary pediatric children's hospital for clinically non-syndromic SNHL, underwent next-generation sequencing of 150 genes involved in hearing loss. Children with two variants in genes associated with Usher syndrome were referred for evaluation by pediatric ophthalmology. RESULTS A total of 18/184 tested children had two variants in Usher syndrome-associated genes, including MYO7A, GPR98 (ADGRV1), USH2A, and PDZD7. SNHL varied from moderate to profound. 29% of the children who underwent clinical ophthalmology evaluation were found to have previously unidentified retinal abnormalities on retinal imaging or electroretinography consistent with inherited retinal degeneration. CONCLUSION Among this ethnically and racially diverse pediatric population with apparently non-syndromic SNHL, HLGPT yielded a high proportion (10%) of children with two variants in genes associated with Usher syndrome. Early genetic testing allows early identification of variants conferring a diagnosis of Usher syndrome at a stage prior to visual symptoms. This allows for more informed genetic counseling, reproductive planning, and sensory deficit interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2053-E2059, 2021.
Preliminary prediction of the potential distribution and consequences of Haemaphysalis longicornis using a simple rule-based climate envelope model

Abstract Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned (or bush) tick has been detected on a sheep in August 2017 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. By September 8, 2018, this tick has been detected in 31 counties in 9 states along the Atlantic coast of the United States, with the first detection backdated to 2010. Here, I use a simple rule-based climate envelope model, based on a prior analysis in New Zealand, to provide a preliminary analysis of the potential range of this introduced tick species in North America. After validating this model against the counties where the tick has been already detected, I highlight the counties where this tick might cause considerable economic harm. I discuss the many limitations of this simple approach, and potential remedies for these limitations, and more sophisticated approaches. Finally, I conclude that substantial areas of the US, especially along the Gulf and Atlantic coast, are suitable for the establishment of this tick, putting millions of heads of livestock potentially at risk.