cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generations of Religious Tinkerers—A Review Essay

Theories concerning the effects of generations upon society have existed in one form or another for close to a century. In his classic 1 928 essay "On the Problem of Generations", Karl Mannheim (1952) defined a generation in terms of a collective response to a traumatic event that unites a particular group or cohort of individuals into a self-conscious age stratum. Because they were self-organized they could serve as sources of opposition to societal norms and bring about social change. Generational theory is itself a product of modernity as it presupposes a fluid society undergoing far-reaching changes that rival or interrupt the traditional influences of class, family, and the life cycle. In this view, periods marked by industrialization, financial booms, depressions, and other changes shape the worldviews of the younger generations raised in such milieus, who, in turn, influence society. The emergence of the baby boom generation (which encompassed those born between 1947 and 1964) and its confluence with so many changes in a short period of time revived generational theory with a vengeance. For instance, the public's attitudes toward authorities and institutions, particularly evident in the spheres of politics and religion, showed dramatic changes in the same time period of the baby boomer's youth and young adulthood (19651975). It is still debated whether this was strictly a generational change; these attitudes were also displayed among those of older ages as well as in nations without a large baby boom generation. But the move toward "expressive individualism" and distrust toward traditional institutions and authorities came to be identified with the generation where this change was the most visible and dramatic. Patterns of disaffiliation from religious institutions took particular shape among this generation in their teen and young adult years that would have repercussions for decades. Mainline Protestant churches began the 1960s with strength and confidence, but by the end of the decade they were shaken by membership losses and showed uncertainty about their once prominent public role in American society. More traditional Jewish and Catholic institutions' ability to transmit their identities to younger members seemed to be in disrepair and found few takers. Conservative evangelical churches and the rise of new religious movements (or "cults") caught the attention and devotion of a segment of baby boomers, though often the media exaggerated such growth in the case of the latter. Of course, much of this was only understood a decade or two later as sociologists provided us with clear snapshots of the preand post-boomer religious terrain. The benchmark study of Wade Clark Roof (1993), A Generation of Seekers, showed that many baby boomers found more value in staying at home and meditating and cultivating their
The Sexual Function Questionnaire's Medical Impact Scale (SFQ-MIS): validation among a sample of first-time mothers.

Abstract Introduction Changes in sexual function can be difficult to capture, especially when an attempt is made to assess the effects of pregnancy or childbirth on the sexual function of first‐time mothers. Commonly used sexual function measures are limited and fail to account for pregnancy or birth in assessment of function. Aims The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the Sexual Function Questionnaire Medical Impact Scale (SFQ‐MIS) in assessing impact of childbirth on sexual function among first‐time mothers with infants aged one year or younger. Methods A total of 255 women completed a cross‐sectional, web‐based survey. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to assess the factor structure of the SFQ‐MIS scores in this sample. Variations in SFQ‐MIS scores based upon participant characteristics were conducted to further evaluate the SFQ‐MIS scores. Main Outcome Measures SFQ‐MIS score was the primary measure of interest. Factors related to pregnancy and childbirth, such as mode of delivery, infant date of birth, last menstrual period, need for an episiotomy or perineal stitches, breastfeeding status, and score on the Perceived Stress Scale, were also assessed in order to further evaluate the validity and predictive capacity of the SFQ‐MIS. Results Results indicated one factor that accounted for 58.27% of the variance in impact on sexual function due to childbirth. Cronbach's α coefficient for all five items was acceptable (0.82). Women who were breastfeeding ( P P P Conclusion The SFQ‐MIS appears to be a useful and valid indicator of changes in sexual function following childbirth, such as those related to arousal, desire, and orgasm. Jawed‐Wessel S, Schick V, and Herbenick D. The Sexual Function Questionnaire's Medical Impact Scale (SFQ‐MIS): Validation among a sample of first‐time mothers. J Sex Med 2013;10:2715–2722.
Lineage-specific transcription factors and the evolution of gene regulatory networks

Nature is replete with examples of diverse cell types, tissues and body plans, forming very different creatures from genomes with similar gene complements. However, while the genes and the structures of proteins they encode can be highly conserved, the production of those proteins in specific cell types and at specific developmental time points might differ considerably between species. A full understanding of the factors that orchestrate gene expression will be essential to fully understand evolutionary variety. Transcription factor (TF) proteins, which form gene regulatory networks (GRNs) to act in cooperative or competitive partnerships to regulate gene expression, are key components of these unique regulatory programs. Although many TFs are conserved in structure and function, certain classes of TFs display extensive levels of species diversity. In this review, we highlight families of TFs that have expanded through gene duplication events to create species-unique repertoires in different evolutionary lineages. We discuss how the hierarchical structures of GRNs allow for flexible small to large-scale phenotypic changes. We survey evidence that explains how newly evolved TFs may be integrated into an existing GRN and how molecular changes in TFs might impact the GRNs. Finally, we review examples of traits that evolved due to lineage-specific TFs and species differences in GRNs.
POSAML: A Visual Modeling Framework for Middleware Provisioning

Effective provisioning of next generation distributed applications hosted on diverse middleware platforms incurs significant challenges due to the applications' growing complexity and quality of service (QoS) requirements. An effective provisioning of the middleware platform includes a composition and configuration of the middleware services that meets the application QoS requirements under expected workloads. Traditional techniques for middleware provisioning tend to use non-intuitive, low-level and technology-specific approaches, which are tedious, error prone, non-reusable and not amenable to ease of QoS validation. Additionally, most often the configuration activities of the middleware platform tend to be decoupled from the QoS validation stages resulting in an iterative trial-and-error process between the two phases. This paper describes the design of a visual modeling language called POSAML (patterns oriented software architecture modeling language) and associated tools that provide an intuitive, higher level and unified framework for provisioning middleware platforms. POSAML provides visual modeling capabilities for middleware-independent provisioning while allowing automated middleware-specific QoS validation
Mechanism of Iron Catalysis of Carbon Monoxide Decomposition in Refractories

The authors discuss the catalytic effects of selected iron phases (metals, oxides, sulfides, and carbides) on the Boudouard reaction studied in an effort to more fully understand the disintegration of refractories when exposed to CO for long periods of time. It was found that active Fe atoms generated from the reduction of the iron oxides, especially {alpha}-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, are the actual catalysts for the Boudouard reaction. The catalytic process confirmed by thermodynamic calculations, kinetic data, and X-ray diffraction data, consists of adsorption and decomposition of CO simultaneously forming carbides of iron. The chemisorption and subsequent decomposition of the iron carbides, rather than diffusion, constitute the rate-controlling process for carbon deposition.
The Ages of Elliptical Galaxies

We describe evidence supporting the view that the evolution of elliptical galaxies and spiral bulges was more complex and heterogeneous than formerly supposed. They appear to have prolonged, episodic star formation histories, and their dominant stellar populations can range in age from ~ 1 to ~ 15 Gyr.
Image Recovery via Nonlocal Operators

This paper considers two nonlocal regularizations for image recovery, which exploit the spatial interactions in images. We get superior results using preprocessed data as input for the weighted functionals. Applications discussed include image deconvolution and tomographic reconstruction. The numerical results show our method outperforms some previous ones.
Cardiology participation improves outcomes in patients with new-onset heart failure in the outpatient setting.

Abstract Objectives This study examined the outcomes of new-onset heart failure (HF) outpatients managed by cardiologists and primary care (PC) physicians. Background Several studies have sought differences in outcomes between patients with HF managed by cardiologists and PC physicians, but most focused on inpatients, who often represent later stages of HF, whereas many treatments have their impact by delaying disease progression. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of incident HF identified between 1996 and 1997 in a staff model health maintenance organization. Cardiology care was defined as ≥2 visits or ≥25% of total medical outpatient visits to cardiology. Records from a cohort of 403 patients with new-onset outpatient HF were reviewed. The main outcome measure was a combination of death and/or cardiovascular hospitalization at 24 months. Results Cardiologists’ patients (n = 198) were younger (66 vs. 71 years, p = 0.001), were more likely men (54% vs. 46%, p = 0.01), had coronary artery disease (64% vs. 42%, p = 0.001), and had a low (≤45%) ejection fraction (EF) (66% vs. 44%, p Conclusions Cardiology care at this early stage of HF is associated with improved guideline adherence and a reduced risk of the composite outcome of death plus cardiovascular hospitalization.
Use of Scale Circuli Pattern Analysis to Differentiate between Hatchery and Wild Red Drum

Abstract In 1983, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department initiated a stock enhancement program that released up to 20 million red drum Sciaenops ocellatus annually. To evaluate the contribution of hatchery production to the fishery, scale pattern analysis was used to differentiate between hatchery-reared and wild fish. Scale patterns from 30–150-d-old hatchery-reared red drum fingerlings (13–35 mm total length, TL) from two hatcheries and wild red drum juveniles (<121 mm TL) were analyzed to establish a linear discriminant function. Accurate identification of 30-d-old hatchery-reared red drum ranged from 61–64%, but decreased to 35% for 60–150-d-old fish; classification rates for wild fish ranged from 63% to 70%. Correct classification of 30-d-old hatchery fish was significantly better than chance, but correct classification of wild fish was only significantly better than chance at one hatchery. Linear discriminant functions were used to evaluate variation between spring and fall hatchery-reared red drum...
Sphenothallus-like Fossils from the Martinsburg Formation (Upper Ordovician), Tennessee, USA

Abstract Tubular fossils, up to 2 mm in diameter and 60 mm in length, occur rarely in the upper Martinsburg Formation (Upper Ordovician), northeastern Tennessee Appalachians, U.S.A. The fossils are unbranched, straight or slightly bent, occasionally twisted and wrinkled, and not significantly tapered. Orientation of the fossils within shallow-marine tempestites suggests that they represent remains of organisms that were broken, transported, and deposited by storm waves and currents. The fossils are morphologically similar to many of the previously identified species belonging to the genus Sphenothallus, a relatively rare tube-dwelling Paleozoic marine invertebrate. Owing to the limited evidence for distal widening of the tubes, lack of holdfasts, and carbonaceous rather than phosphatic composition, the affinity of these fossils remains uncertain, and we refer to them as Sphenothallus-like.
Effect of an Azadirachtin Formulation on Six Nontarget Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Effects of a botanical pesticide, azadirachtin, were evaluated on nontarget aquatic macroinvertebrates found in SW Montana. A neem product formulated for commercial use and its petroleum-based, inert carrier alone were used to test the hypothesis that a commercial, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved formulation of the pesticide, azadirachtin-A, derived fromextractsofneemtreeseeds, Azadirachtaindica A.Juss.(Family:Meliaceae),istoxictonontarget aquatic macroinvertebrates in Montana river systems. LC50s (24 h) for 5 insect species, Drunella grandis (McDunnough), Drunella doddsi (Needham), Skwala parallela (Frison), Brachycentrus occidentalis Banks, and Brachycentrus americanus (Banks), and 1 isopod species, Caecidotea inter- media (Forbes) varied from 1.8 to 9.2 ppm of the full formulation. The full formulation consisted of: azadirachtin (3% wt:wt); other neem-extracted material (32% wt:wt); petroleum solvents (65% wt:wt). LT50s for 4 ppm of this formulation were 9.4 to 748 hours for these field-collected macro- invertebrates. Without azadirachtin, but with the petroleum-based carrier, LT50s were 13.6-46.7 h. These bioassays conducted late in winter and early spring of 1994 and 1995 and late summer and early fall of 1994 indicated mortality from the neem formulation was similar to herbicides 2,4-D and picloram, but mortality could be accounted for by action of petroleum solvents in the inert materials. This suggests the registration process of new pesticides should also include documented potential toxicity of inert components in the formulation to non-target aquatic insects.
Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence From the Latin American Vanguard

This study uses district-level data from national legislative elections in 19 Latin American countries to evaluate the effect of gender quota legislation, in concert with other electoral rules, on the election of women legislators. Well-designed quota legislation has a profound positive impact on the election of women, regardless of the type of party list (closed or open). Where quota legislation is in force, the use of closed lists on average results in a greater percentage of women legislators elected to office than does the use of open lists. However, this difference is not as great as would be expected based on the prevailing conventional wisdom and is primarily the consequence of the superiority of the closed-list systems when the number of seats a party wins in a district (party magnitude) is two. With one important exception, party magnitude is generally unrelated to women's electoral success in the region.
Hot Lights and Cold Steel: Cultural and Political Toolkits for Practice Change in Surgery

One of the great paradoxes of organizational culture is that even when less powerful members in organizations have access to cultural tools (such as frames, identities, and tactics) that support change, they often do not use these tools to challenge traditional practices that disadvantage them. In this study, I compare data about work practice change from my own field study of an elite teaching hospital (conducted in the early 2000s) to previously reported data from field studies of two similar hospitals (one conducted in the 1970s and one in the 1990s). I demonstrate that although cultural toolkits supporting change may allow less powerful organization members to see traditional practices as running counter to their interests, they may not be able to significantly change traditional practices unless they also have access to what I call political toolkits (including tools such as staffing systems, accountability systems, and evaluation systems) that support change. Although cultural tools allow them to reinterpret practices that disadvantage them as unfair, political tools allow them to feel optimistic that others will help them effect change. Whereas cultural tools enable them to develop a “we” feeling with other reformers, political tools allow them to coordinate their change efforts. And although cultural tools provide them with a repertoire of contentious tactics, political tools afford them a sense of security that they can battle defenders of the status quo without ruining their careers. These findings contribute to our understanding of both the cultural construction of organizational life and social movement processes.
SoTL in Teacher Education: Layers of Learning

This chapter will describe the evolution of a study of graduate education students’ needs as writers. Recognizing that many of my students—who would soon be teaching children to write—struggled with various aspects of writing, I began a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) study to examine (a) my students’ perceptions of themselves as writers and their self-efficacy as teachers of writing and (b) their responses (explicit and implicit in their subsequent writing) to instruction in academic and creative writing. Using a modification of Brookfield's (1995) critical incident questionnaire, students in nine classes reported their experiences of certain written assignments, including their ideas about what would help them improve the quality of their writing. After conducting initial coding of those questionnaires, I share them with each class, along with plans for modifying instruction in response. This process serves multiple purposes related to instruction, ongoing assessment, expanding students’ understandings, and contributing to my formal scholarship. The intentionality of the research process, combined with the sharing of what I'm learning with my professional community, distinguishes this work from the more intuitively responsive teaching I have always attempted to do.
Reconstructing Occluded Surfaces Using Synthetic Apertures: Stereo, Focus and Robust Measures

Most algorithms for 3D reconstruction from images use cost functions based on SSD, which assume that the surfaces being reconstructed are visible to all cameras. This makes it difficult to reconstruct objects which are partially occluded. Recently, researchers working with large camera arrays have shown it is possible to "see through" occlusions using a technique called synthetic aperture focusing. This suggests that we can design alternative cost functions that are robust to occlusions using synthetic apertures. Our paper explores this design space. We compare classical shape from stereo with shape from synthetic aperture focus. We also describe two variants of multi-view stereo based on color medians and entropy that increase robustness to occlusions. We present an experimental comparison of these cost functions on complex light fields, measuring their accuracy against the amount of occlusion.
Development of Rhythmic Ability in Response to Selected Tempos

Development of space-time characteristics of children's motor responses to auditory rhythmic stimuli was studied 20 Ss were randomly selected from each of six groupings representing ages 6 to 11 yr. Utilizing a rhythmic analysis system, Ss performed 16 consecutive motor responses in time with auditory rhythmic stimuli presented at intervals of 1.4 sec., 1.1 sec., and .8 sec. Findings indicated a significant reduction of error in spatial and temporal accuracy with increasing age for each tempo. However, the tempo main effect was not significant, and no level of tempo interacted with any specific level of age. Results are discussed in relation to the influence of personal rhythm upon Ss' responses to externally imposed tempos.
Protease-antiprotease imbalance in the pathogensis of emphysema and chronic bronchial injury: A potential target for drug development

The hypothesis that emphysema might be caused by an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases in the lungs arose shortly after the discovery of the premature and familial occurrence of emphysema in persons with homozygous alpha-1-protease inhibitor deficiency. Experimental evidence for support of this hypothesis has come from experimental induction of emphysema in animals by proteases. The ability of proteases to induce emphysema is proportional to their elastolytic potency. The importance of elastin degradation as a cause of the development of emphysema has also come from experiments of genetic models in which elastin crosslinking is prevented. The neutrophilis believed to be the most likely source of elastase in the induction of the emphysema of smokers. Alpha-1-protease inhibitor is the most important antiprotease. Alpha-1-antiprotease is susceptible to oxidative inactivation by cigarette smoke or by endogenous oxidants. Oxidants from cigarette smoke may also interfere with proper elastin repair. Serine proteases have also been shown to produce secretory cell metaplasia in the central intrapulmonary bronchi of hamsters. The discovery of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor in sputum and its production by bronchial secretory cells raises the possibility that secretory cell metaplasia in humans may also be caused by an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases. Although evidence for the validity of the proteaselantiprotease hypothesis of the phogenesis of emphysema and chronic bronchitis in human smokers is still indirect, the development of supplemental antiprotease therapy seems rational for the prevention of progression of these diseases in persons who are unable to stop smoking.
Design methodologies for system level IP

System-chip design which starts at the RTL-level today has hit a plateau of productivity and re-use which can be characterized as a "Silicon Ceiling". Breaking through this plateau and moving to higher and more effective re-use of IP blocks and system-chip architectures demands a move to a new methodology: one in which the best aspects of today's RTL based methods are retained, but complemented by new levels of abstraction and the commensurate tools to allow designers to exploit the productivity inherent in these higher levels of abstraction. In addition, the need to quickly develop design derivatives, and to differentiate products based on standards, requires an increasing use of software IP. This paper will describe today's situation, the requirements to move beyond it, and sketch the outlines of near-term possible and practical solutions.
DiVE into Alcohol: A Biochemical Immersive Experience

We present DiVE into Alcohol, a virtual reality (VR) program that can be used in chemistry education at the high school and college level, both as an immersive experience, or as a web-based program. The program is presented in the context of an engaging topic--the oxidation of alcohol based on genetic differences in metabolism within the liver cell. The user follows alcohol molecules through the body to the liver and into the enzyme active site where the alcohol is oxidized. A gaming format allows the user to choose molecules and orient them in 3D space to enable the oxidation reaction. Interactivity also includes choices of different forms of the enzyme based on the genetically-coded structure and rates of oxidation that lead to intoxication vs sickness. DiVE into Alcohol was constructed with the use of a variety of software that provide enzyme structure (? pdb? files, MolProbity, 3D Kinemage), modeling (Autodesk Maya?), and VR technology (3DVIA VirTools?) .
Therapeutic Touch and Postoperative Pain: A Rogerian Research Study

This article details Meehan's research study concerning the conceptualization of therapeutic touch within Rogers' science of unitary human beings and an investigation of the effects of therapeutic touch on pain experience in postoperative patients. Using a single trial, single-blind, three-group design, 108 postoperative patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: therapeutic touch, a placebo control intervention which mimicked therapeutic touch, or the standard intervention of a narcotic analgesic. Using a visual analogue scale, pain was measured before and one hour following intervention. The hypothesis, that therapeutic touch would significantly decrease postoperative pain compared to the placebo control intervention, was not supported. Secondary analyses suggest that therapeutic touch may decrease patients' need for analgesic medication. Implications for further research and practice are suggested.
Measuring Readability Levels of Undergraduate Marketing Textbooks

Five to seven well-known textbooks for marketing principles, marketing management, marketing research, and consumer behavior were evaluated by four readability measures. Most textbooks for the marketing principles and marketing management courses were written at the general understanding level of the average student at which the course is taken. Most of the marketing research and consumer behavior texts were written at a comprehension level above the normal grade level at which they are used. Two readability measures, the Fog Index and Flesch Reading Ease, are recommended for use in evaluating readability levels of similar written material.
DECOMPOSITION OF DEAD EGGS OF HETERODERA GLYCINESIN SOILS

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the rate of decomposition of autoclave-heating-killed eggs of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in soil. The experiment was a factorial design including three soil pH levels and five treatment combinations of heating and amendments of liquid swine manure or untreated field soil that contained natural microbial communities. Soil pH affected the decomposition of H. glycines eggs contained in cysts, while no effect was detected for the amendments of swine manure and untreated field soil. The rate of decomposition was greater in the lower pH soil at 5.6 and 6.7 than in the pH 7.8 soil. In the pH 7.8 soil, it took approximately 450 d to reduce egg numbers below detectable levels, while in the pH 5.6 and 6.7 soils, the egg number declined to 0 at about 270 d after the experiment was set up. The predicted percentages of eggs remaining at 2 mon were 25% and 34% in the pH 5.6 and 6.7 soils and pH 7.8 soil, respectively. This study demonstrated that in some greenhouse studies of cyst nematodes, the residual dead eggs in soil may need to be measured for accurate determination of live egg population densities.
Multiband ultra-thin electromagnetic band-gap and double-sided wideband absorbers based on resistive frequency selective surfaces

Electromagnetic absorbing materials have been extensively studied for use in reducing reflections for a wide variety of applications, ranging from stealth technology to anechoic chambers. One of the most popular techniques is based on a Salisbury screen design, which consists of a resistive sheet placed a quarter-wavelength above a PEC ground plane separated by a dielectric layer [1]. However, for many applications the Salisbury screen is prohibitively thick and a more compact structure is desired. Recently, metamaterial surfaces have been utilized in the design of thin absorber screens [2]. Additionally, they have been utilized in the design of ultra-thin single-bandgap electromagnetic absorbers [3], which were based on using a genetic algorithm to optimize a metallic pattern printed on a very thin dielectric substrate backed by a PEC ground plane. Electromagnetic interference due to multiple reflections also poses a problem for wireless local area networks, and therefore designs that minimize this effect are also of interest. To suppress multiple reflections, a novel absorptive/transmissive FSS was investigated in [4] using a two layer cross dipole FSS screen, while a double-sided permeable wave absorber based on a resistive film design was reported in [5].
Host Selection and Acceptability of Selected Tree Species by Gypsy Moth Larvae, Lymantria dispar (L.)

The larva of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is considered to be one of the most serious forest pests of North America. We investigated the feeding preferences of fifth-instar larvae to seven overstory tree species in eastern Maryland, including sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua (L.); sugar maple, Acer saccharum (Marsh.); tulip poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera (L.); American beech, Fagus grandifolia (Ehrh.); American basswood, Tilia americana (L.); red oak, Quercus rubra (L.); and black walnut, Juglans nigra (L.), using two-choice bioassays. Feeding of larvae was determined for all possible pairings of plant species. Tests showed that sweet gum and red oak were the most highly acceptable species. Sugar maple and basswood were secondarily favored, whereas beech and black walnut were least favored. Tulip poplar was generally strongly rejected. These findings indicate that fifth-instar gypsy moth larvae exhibit a clear hierarchical feeding preference.
Commissioning of the upgraded CSC Endcap Muon Port Cards at CMS

There are 180 1.6 Gbps optical links from 60 Muon Port Cards (MPC) to the Cathode Strip Chamber Track Finder (CSCTF) in the original system. Before the upgrade each MPC was able to provide up to three trigger primitives from a cluster of nine CSC chambers to the Level 1 CSCTF. With an LHC luminosity increase to 1035 cm−2s−1 at full energy of 7 TeV/beam, the simulation studies suggest that we can expect two or three times more trigger primitives per bunch crossing from the front-end electronics. To comply with this requirement, the MPC, CSCTF, and optical cables need to be upgraded. The upgraded MPC allows transmission of up to 18 trigger primitives from the peripheral crate. This feature would allow searches for physics signatures of muon jets that require more trigger primitives per trigger sector. At the same time, it is very desirable to preserve all the old optical links for compatibility with the older Track Finder during transition period at the beginning of Run 2. Installation of the upgraded MPC boards and the new optical cables has been completed at the CMS detector in the summer of 2014. We describe the final design of the new MPC mezzanine FPGA, its firmware, and results of tests in laboratory and in situ with the old and new CSCTF boards.
Focus on Middle School: Black Girls Write!: Literary Benefits of a Summer Writing Collaborative Grounded in History

I liked how we have to carry on what African American women did for us, you know? They gave us a path to follow. They didn't just leave us here all alone in this big ole circle of what is society. ...
Abstract 688: Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces a Lipodystrophic Phenotype and Browning of White Adipose Tissue in a Mouse Model of the Metabolic Syndrome

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA) is a naturally occurring dietary trans fatty acid reported to promote weight loss by unknown mechanisms. 10,12 CLA is associated with reduced adiposity, while simultaneously promoting inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Commercially available CLA supplements containing 10,12 CLA are used to facilitate weight loss, so opposing effects on body weight and inflammation could put consumers at risk for adverse health effects. We therefore examined how 10,12 CLA reduces adiposity in an obese mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. Ldlr-/- mice consuming a high fat high sucrose diet with added cholesterol (HFHSC) supplemented with 1% 10,12 CLA are resistant to weight gain, have reduced body fat, and express genes associated with fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue. They exhibit substantial fat loss from subcutaneous but not visceral adipose depots, in stark contrast to weight matched calorically restricted mice that maintain subcutaneous fat....
How to Communicate Clearly about Brain Death and First-Person Consent to Donate.

Care should be taken to distress families of brain-dead patients distress when discussing organ donation by conveying clearly that the patient is dead.
Abstract 1347: A human-mouse xenograft model to study the role of TSLP in CRLF2d B-ALL

B-cell precursor ALL where genetic defects lead to overexpression of CRLF2 (CRLF2d B-ALL) are high-risk with poor prognosis. CRLFd B-ALL occurs 5 times more frequently among children of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity and is a major contributor to the health disparity in survival of Hispanic children with ALL. CRLF2, together with the IL-7Rα, forms a receptor complex that is activated by the cytokine, TSLP. The JAK-STAT5 pathway is phosphorylated downstream of receptor activation. The activating JAK mutations found in some CRLF2 B-ALL have led to speculation that TSLP stimulation is not a factor in CRLF B-ALL. In preliminary studies to address this question we evaluated the effect of TSLP on two CRLF2d B-ALL cell lines with JAK defects and which have been reported to exhibit constitutive JAK-STAT5 activation. Our data show that TSLP increases STAT5 phosphorylation in both of these cell lines and in primary B-ALL cells that overexpress CRLF2. Our next step was to evaluate the role of TSLP-CRLF2 interaction in vivo in the human-mouse xenograft model. However, mouse TSLP is different from most other cytokines produced in the xenograft in that it is species-specific and does not activate the human TSLP receptor complex that contains CRLF2. Thus, traditional xenograft models do not provide the TSLP-CRLF2 interactions that we believe to be a major factor in CRLF2 B-ALL. To overcome this obstacle we have engineered immune deficient NOD/SCID IL-2Rγ null (NSG) mice to express human TSLP (hTSLP+ mice) as well as control mice that lack the TSLP cytokine (hTSLP- mice). ELISA assays show plasma hTSLP levels in the hTSLP+ mice that approximate the normal range in human plasma. We have used this hTSLP+/− system to expand a sample of primary pre-B ALL cells from a patient that includes clones of CRLF2-HI and CRLF2- B-ALL cells. Preliminary data indicate that the pre-B ALL cells expanded in hTSLP+ mice show higher expression levels of the TSLPR components (CRLF2 and IL-7Rα) than cells expanded in the hTSLP- mice. This data provide evidence that the TSLP produced in this model is active and that it impacts primary pre-B ALL cells. The hTSLP+ mice that we produce will allow for the first time the study of normal and malignant B lymphopoiesis in a model that provides the complex bone marrow architecture of the xenograft while providing the full range of cytokines that are known to act on early B lineage cells (IL-7, FL and TSLP). This model will be particularly important for identifying therapies that can effectively target CRLF2-d B-ALL and reduce cancer health disparities in Hispanic childhood B-ALL. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1347. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1347
Differences in Mental Health Symptoms Across Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Youth in Primary Care Settings

Abstract Purpose Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) youth exhibit significantly higher rates of mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and nonsuicidal self-injury than their heterosexual peers. Past studies tend to group LGBQ youth together; however, more recent studies suggest subtle differences in risk between sexual minority groups. This study examined differences in mental health symptoms across male and female youth who are attracted to the same sex (gay and lesbian), opposite sex (heterosexual), both sexes (bisexual), or are unsure of whom they were attracted to (questioning) in a sample of 2,513 youth (ages 14–24 years). Methods Data were collected using the Behavioral Health Screen—a Web-based screening tool that assesses psychiatric symptoms and risk behaviors—during routine well visits. Results Bisexual and questioning females endorsed significantly higher scores on the depression, anxiety, and traumatic distress subscales than did heterosexual females. Lesbians, bisexual females, and questioning females all exhibited significantly higher lifetime suicide scores than heterosexual females. Interestingly, bisexual females exhibited the highest current suicide scores. Gay and bisexual males endorsed significantly higher scores on the depression and traumatic distress subscales than did heterosexual males. Gay males also exhibited higher scores on the anxiety subscale than heterosexual males, with bisexual males exhibiting a nonsignificant trend toward higher scores as well. Conclusions Findings highlight varying level of risk across subgroups of LGBQ youth and suggest the importance of considering LGBQ groups separately in the context of a behavioral health assessment, especially for females.
A Reply to "Comments on an Algorithm for Solving the Linear Goal-Programming Problem by Solving its Dual"

In a recent paper, it was claimed that an algorithm published earlier by Ignizio (for the solution to the lexicographic linear goal-programming model) is in error. In this reply, it is noted that the alleged error simply does not exist but is due solely to the misapplication of the algorithm.
Crystal structure of N-[(1S,2S)-2-amino-cyclo-hex-yl]-2,4,6-tri-methyl-benzene-sulfonamide.

The title compound, C15H24N2O2S, was synthesized via a substitution reaction between the enanti­opure (1S,2S)-(+)-1,2-di­amino­cyclo­hexane and 2,4,6-tri­methyl­benzene-1-sulfonyl chloride. The cyclo­hexyl and phenyl substituents are oriented gauche around the sulfonamide S—N bond. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [100].
Surgical management of post–myocardial infarction ventricular tachyarrhythmia by myocardial debulking, septal isolation, and myocardial revascularization

Sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, associated with severely depressed left ventricular function after myocardial infarction, carries a poor prognosis. We have used an extensive surgical procedure in 18 patients (15 men and three women) with a mean age of 63 years who had more than three episodes of recurrent, hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and congestive heart failure. The operation consisted of complete myocardial revascularization and myocardial debulking by extensive infarctectomy with unguided endocardial resection and septal isolation with support of the necrotic wall with a Teflon patch. Implantable defibrillator patches were placed in eight patients. Blood cardioplegia and intra-aortic balloon assist (12 patients) were used for perioperative myocardial preservation. Postoperative studies demonstrated a significant increase in ejection fraction (n = 16) and a decline in pulmonary wedge pressure. Hospital mortality was 16% (three patients). Two deaths were due to congestive heart failure and one to arrhythmia. During postoperative electrophysiologic studies, ventricular tachycardia was not inducible in six of eight patients (75%). During a mean follow-up of 24 months, 11 of 15 patients who survived operation are alive and are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Three of four late deaths were due to congestive heart failure and drug toxicity and one was arrhythmia related. This procedure is effective for preventing recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in a majority of patients who cannot have intraoperative mapping.
A Course in Finite Group Representation Theory

This graduate-level text provides a thorough grounding in the representation theory of finite groups over fields and rings. The book provides a balanced and comprehensive account of the subject, detailing the methods needed to analyze representations that arise in many areas of mathematics. Key topics include the construction and use of character tables, the role of induction and restriction, projective and simple modules for group algebras, indecomposable representations, Brauer characters, and block theory. This classroom-tested text provides motivation through a large number of worked examples, with exercises at the end of each chapter that test the reader's knowledge, provide further examples and practice, and include results not proven in the text. Prerequisites include a graduate course in abstract algebra, and familiarity with the properties of groups, rings, field extensions, and linear algebra.
Al2O3/ $\beta $ -Ga2O3(-201) Interface Improvement Through Piranha Pretreatment and Postdeposition Annealing

In this letter, we report on the improvement of atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3/ $\beta $ –Ga2O3 (-201) interface quality through piranha pretreatment and postdeposition annealing (PDA). The high quality interface is verified via the temperature dependent capacitance–voltage ( $C$ – $V$ ) and photo-assisted (deep UV) $C$ – $V$ measurements, considering its ultra wide bandgap of 4.8 eV for $\beta $ -Ga2O3. A low $C$ – $V$ hysteresis of 0.1 V from the measurement frequency of 1 kHz to 1 MHz is obtained, compared with the hysteresis of 0.45 V without piranha optimization. An average interface trap density $({\mathrm{ D}}_{\mathrm {it}})$ of $2.3 \times 10^{11}$ cm $^{\mathrm {-2}}\cdot $ eV $^{\mathrm {-1}}$ is extracted from the photo $C$ – $V$ measurements. Piranha pretreatments and PDA turn out to be an effective way to improve the ALD Al2O3/ $\beta $ –Ga2O3 (-201) interface for future high quality Ga2O3 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors.
Everything in Moderation: Moderate Use of Screens Unassociated with Child Behavior Problems

The impact of children’s use of “screen” media including television and computer games, continues to be debated. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) until recently recommended a relatively restrictive screen time diet of 2 h or less for most youth. A representative correlational sample of youth were assessed for links between screen time and risky behavioral outcomes. Data collection occurred in 2013 conducted by the State of Florida. Use of screens that was moderately high, in excess of the AAP’s former recommendations, but not excessive (1 SD or higher than average), was not associated with delinquency, risky behaviors, sexual behaviors, substance abuse, reduced grades or mental health problems. Even excessive screen use (1 SD or higher) was only weakly associated with negative outcomes related to delinquency, grades and depression only, and at levels unlikely to be practically significant. Results conceptually replicate those of Przybylski (2014) with a US sample for depression and delinquency as outcomes. Moderate use of screens, though in excess of the AAP’s historical recommendations, are unassociated with problem outcomes. Excessive use of screens is only weakly associated with negative outcomes, and only those related to depression and delinquency as well as reduced grades, but not risky driving, substance use, risky sex or disordered eating. Although an “everything in moderation” message when discussing screen time with parents may be most productive, results do not support a strong focus on screen time as a preventative measure for youth problem behaviors.
Renal Actions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptides

the report by de bold and co-workers (11) of a dramatic increase in renal sodium and water excretion provoked by a natriuretic protein present in atrial extracts rapidly led to complete characterization of its peptide sequence (14) and gene structure (23). However, the mechanisms whereby atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) augment renal sodium and water excretion are incompletely understood. The magnitude of the natriuresis that follows administration of ANP tends to suggest direct inhibition of renal sodium transport. Indeed, in early studies involving administration of atrial extracts in rats, Keeler and Azzarolo (19) reported increased sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium excretion and concluded that proximal tubule transport and possibly the transport functions of Henle’s loop are inhibited by the atrial natriuretic factor. Also, Sonnenberg et al. (25) and Briggs and coworkers (6) suggested that the natriuretic action of atrial extracts is mediated, at least partly, by a direct effect of the atrial factor on distal sodium-transport functions. However, it is also evident from many studies that changes in renal hemodynamics play a significant role in the renal excretory response to ANP. In the isolated perfused kidney, ANP acted as a vasoconstrictor under baseline vasodilated conditions, whereas the peptide was clearly vasodilatory when infused in the presence of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II or norepinephrine (8). In whole-animal studies, transient ANP-induced increments in renal blood flow have been described by several investigators (15, 17, 20, 26, 27), and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been observed to increase in many studies (4, 6, 7, 18, 20). Using the microsphere method, Borenstein et al. (5) observed a significant rise in inner cortical blood flow in response to atrial extract administration in the rat, while blood flow to the outer cortex decreased. Also, papillary plasma flow, determined by 125I-labeled albumin uptake, increased significantly within 5 min of atrial extract administration (5). Consequently it was suggested that alterations in medullary blood flow may have an important influence on the natriuretic response to ANP (5). Thus many studies have explored the renal actions of ANP. However, due to limitations in space, this chapter is concerned primarily with recent studies done in the authors’ laboratories.
Redefining the Positive Margin in Pancreatic Cancer: Impact on Patterns of Failure, Long-Term Survival and Adjuvant Therapy.

There is debate regarding the definition and clinical significance of margin clearance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). A comprehensive archival analysis of surgical resection margins was performed to determine the effect on locoregional recurrence and survival, and the impact of adjuvant therapy in PDA. We identified 105 patients with resected PDA. Pancreatic, anterior, bile duct, and posterior surgical resection margins (PM; posterior surface, uncinate and vascular groove) were identified. Three pathologists reviewed all archival surgical specimens and recategorized each margin as tumor at ink/transected, 1–2, or >2 mm from the inked surface. The impact of these and other clinical variables was assessed on local control, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Among all margins, PM clearance up to 2 mm was prognostic of DFS (p = 0.01) and OS (p = 0.01). Dichotomizing the PM at 2 mm revealed it to be an independent predictor of local recurrence-free survival [hazard ratio HR] 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.048–0.881, p = 0.033), DFS (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.96, p = 0.03), and OS (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.14–0.74, p = 0.008). A margin status of >2 mm was also prognostic of OS in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11–0.89, p = 0.03), however this difference was mitigated in patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.10–1.58, p = 0.19). These data highlight the clinical significance of the PM and the lack of significance of other resection margins. Clearance in excess of 2 mm should be considered to improve long-term clinical outcomes. The use of adjuvant radiotherapy should be strongly considered in patients with PMs <2 mm.
How and Why Chaperone-Usher Pilus Rods Stretch.

Type 1 and P pili are important virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, the leading cause of urinary tract infections. In this issue of Structure, Hospenthal et al. (2017) describe a near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structure of the type 1 pilus rod, providing molecular insights into rod uncoiling in two pili.