cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upscaled discrete fracture matrix model (UDFM): an octree-refined continuum representation of fractured porous media

We develop a computational geometry-based upscaling approach to accurately capture the dynamic processes occurring within and between subsurface fracture networks and the surrounding porous matrix named the Upscaled Discrete Fracture Matrix model (UDFM). Fracture attributes (orientations and apertures) are upscaled and combined with matrix attributes (permeability and porosity) into properties of an unstructured spatially variable Delaunay tetrahedral continuum mesh. The resolution of the mesh depends on proximity to the fractures to preserve the geometric and topological integrity of the underlying fracture network as well as increasing the accuracy of gradients in the dynamics between the fractures and matrix. The UDFM Delaunay mesh and its dual Voronoi mesh can be used in existing multiphysics simulators for flow, solute/heat mass transport, and geomechanics, thereby eliminating the need for the additional development of numerical methods to couple processes in fracture/matrix systems. The model is verified by comparing flow, transport, and coupled heat-mass flow simulations on the provided meshes against analytical and numerical benchmarks. We also provide an additional example to demonstrate the applicability of the UDFM to complex heteregenous fractured media. Overall, the UDFM is accurate in all of the cases considered here and presents an attractive alternative to other modeling strategies that require novel numerical methods or multi-dimensional meshes.
The Remote Misses of COVID-19.

America's response to COVID-19 is evolving as quickly as the pandemic itself, with attitudes and actions diverging along the way. This commentary explores historical examples of population-wide responses to other large-scale, traumatic events.
The Impact of Introducing Nighttime Trading Hours: Revisiting the Chinese Commodity Futures Market

Chinese futures exchanges began to implement nighttime trading hours in 2013. Years after, most Chinese commodity futures have adopted night trading session, and the Chinese market also has experie...
The push and pull of digital skills in mass media curriculum

This study explores the curricular choices that connect technology skills with traditional mass communication competencies in accredited programs. Courses and program objectives described in accred...
When a Law Is No Law at All: Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Use of Augustine and Aquinas in the Battle Against Segregation

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s now-canonical “Letter from a Birmingham City Jail” offers a theory of the authority of law to morally bind citizens that is grounded in the political philosophies of Augustine and Aquinas, thus signaling his intent to carry their tradition into the post-Enlightenment, democratic polity. Specifically, King relies on natural law as a means of explaining both why segregation is wrong and why civil disobedience is justified. King’s letter provides theoretical and practical guidance to those seeking an understanding of the moral obligations of citizens, and in doing so demonstrates both the continued relevance of Augustinian thought to modern politics and the continued relevance of natural law in a world dominated by positive law.
Occipital neural dynamics in cannabis and alcohol use: independent effects of addiction.

Alcohol and cannabis use disorder (AUD/CUD) are two of the most common addictive disorders. While studies are beginning to understand the neural changes related to acute and chronic use, few studies have examined the independent effects of AUD and CUD on neural oscillatory activity. We examined 45 adults who reported current use of both cannabis and alcohol. Participants underwent the SCID-V to determine whether they met criteria for AUD and/or CUD. Participants also completed a visual-spatial processing task while undergoing magnetoencephalography (MEG). ANCOVA with a 2 × 2 design was then used to identify the main effects of AUD and CUD on source-level oscillatory activity. Of the 45 adults, 17 met criteria for AUD, and 26 met criteria for CUD. All participants, including comparison groups, reported use of both cannabis and alcohol. Statistical analyses showed a main effect of AUD, such that participants with AUD displayed a blunted occipital alpha (8-16 Hz) response. Post-hoc testing showed this decreased alpha response was related to increased AUD symptoms, above and beyond amount of use. No effects of AUD or CUD were identified in visual theta or gamma activity. In conclusion, AUD was associated with reduced alpha responses and scaled with increasing severity, independent of CUD. These findings indicate that alpha oscillatory activity may play an integral part in networks affected by alcohol addiction.
Measuring the Impacts of Financial Literacy: Challenges for Community‐Based Financial Education

This chapter addresses financial education across the lifespan, which has the potential to enhance adult financial capability, yet methodological barriers and a lack of robust measures have hampered the ability to identify and measure the effects of educational programs on financial decisions and behavior.
Analysis of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage in the 5'-region of the Drosophila hsp70 gene. Identification of a novel half-site DNA substrate for topoisomerase II cleavage.

Abstract Previous in vivo studies have identified a prominent 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6-O-thionylidine-beta-D-g lucopyranoside) (VM-26)-induced double-stranded topoisomerase II cleavage site at approximately +80 relative to the start of Drosophila hsp70 transcription (Kroeger, P. E., and Rowe, T. C. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 2492-2502). Topoisomerase II binding at this site correlated with the repression of hsp70 transcription suggesting that this protein-DNA interaction was important in the regulation of hsp70 gene expression. In this paper, we investigated the interaction of purified Drosophila topoisomerase II with a 271-base pair DNA fragment containing the +80 region of the hsp70 gene using the topoisomerase II-specific inhibitor VM-26. VM-26-induced topoisomerase II cleavage of the hsp70 DNA resulted in a major 4-base staggered double-stranded break at +84. In the absence of ATP the +84 site was the only significant VM-26-induced cleavage site. Addition of ATP to the reaction resulted in a stimulation of topoisomerase cleavage throughout the 271-base pair DNA fragment. Deletion analyses determined that approximately 15 to 25 bp of flanking sequence were required for efficient cleavage at most topoisomerase II sites within the hsp70 DNA. However, in the case of the +84 site, topoisomerase cleavage still occurred even when this site was split in half by the restriction enzyme PstI. Topoisomerase II cleavage of both "half-site" DNA molecules occurred at the correct positions on the 4-base single-stranded DNA overhangs generated by PstI. Cleavage was reversible indicating that topoisomerase II could reseal the single-stranded DNA break formed in each half-site substrate. Denaturation of the half-site molecules abolished topoisomerase II cleavage suggesting that cleavage required the duplex region adjacent to the single-stranded cleavage site. Identification of this unusual half-site substrate provides additional evidence that double-stranded cleavage of DNA by topoisomerase II occurs via two sequential single-stranded breaks.
An Open Source Framework for Real-Time, Incremental, Static and Dynamic Hand Gesture Learning and Recognition

Real-time, static and dynamic hand gesture learning and recognition makes it possible to have computers recognize hand gestures naturally. This creates endless possibilities in the way humans can interact with computers, allowing a human hand to be a peripheral by itself. The software framework developed provides a lightweight, robust, and practical application programming interface that helps further research in the area of human-computer interaction. Approaches that have proven in analogous areas such as speech and handwriting recognition were applied to static and dynamic hand gestures. A semi-supervised Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network was used for incremental online learning and recognition of static gestures; and, Hidden Markov models for online recognition of dynamic gestures. A simple anticipatory method was implemented for determining when to update key frames allowing the framework to work with dynamic backgrounds.
Effect of Y2O3 and Al2O3 on the oxidation resistance of Si3N4

Oxidation of cold-pressed and sintered Si3N4 containing 15 wt% Y2O3 and 2, 4, 6, and 8% Al2O3 is observed at temperatures as low as 1000 C with IR reflection spectroscopy. Concentrations of Al2O3 in excess of 4% greatly retard the rate of oxidation and alter the mechanism of surface attack by promoting formation of a glassy layer on the surface containing mixed oxynitride bonds. The glassy layer retards heterogeneous attack and reduces the effect of an oxidation transition temperature between 1000 and 1100 C for these materials.
Practical Ethics for Food Professionals: Ethics in Research, Education and the Workplace. Edited by J. Peter Clark and Christopher Ritson

The authors lay the historical and philosophical groundwork to illuminate practical ethical practices, with real-world examples specifically intended for the food processing industry supply chain r...
Novel random pulse width modulator with constant sampling frequency based on the TMS320F240 DSP controller

A novel random pulse width modulator with variable switching frequency but constant sampling frequency is proposed for application in voltage source inverters for adjustable-speed AC drives. The decoupling of these two frequencies allows the optimal sampling ratio for closed-loop control purposes to be maintained, while the randomly varying switching ratio results in the transfer of harmonic power of the inverter output voltage into the continuous power density. This mitigates the undesirable acoustic, vibration, and EMI phenomena associated with fixed-frequency switching. A novel, so-called harmonic spread factor is introduced for quality evaluation of voltage spectra of inverters with random PWM. Practical realization of the modulator using the TMS320F240 DSP controller is described, and the results of simulations and experiments are presented.
A Cross-Linguistic fMRI Study of Spectral and Temporal Cues Underlying Phonological Processing

It remains a matter of controversy precisely what kind of neural mechanisms underlie functional asymmetries in speech processing. Whereas some studies support speech-specific circuits, others suggest that lateralization is dictated by relative computational demands of complex auditory signals in the spectral or time domains. To examine how the brain processes linguistically relevant spectral and temporal information, a functional magnetic resonance imaging study was conducted using Thai speech, in which spectral processing associated with lexical tones and temporal processing associated with vowel length can be differentiated. Ten Thai and 10 Chinese subjects were asked to perform discrimination judgments of pitch and timing patterns presented in the same auditory stimuli under two different conditions: speech (Thai) and nonspeech (hums). In the speech condition, tasks required judging Thai tones (T) and vowel length (VL); in the nonspeech condition, homologous pitch contours (P) and duration patterns (D). A remaining task required listening passively to nonspeech hums (L). Only the Thai group showed activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex in speech minus nonspeech contrasts for spectral (T vs. P) and temporal (VL vs. D) cues. Thai and Chinese groups, however, exhibited similar fronto-parietal activation patterns in nonspeech hums minus passive listening contrasts for spectral (P vs. L) and temporal (D vs. L) cues. It appears that lower level specialization for acoustic cues in the spectral and temporal domains cannot be generalized to abstract higher order levels of phonological processing. Regardless of the neural mechanisms underlying low-level auditory processing, our findings clearly indicate that hemispheric specialization is sensitive to language-specific factors.
Pseudomonas vaccine: A phase I evaluation for cancer research

A heptavalent lipopolysaccharide vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudogen) was administered at four dose levels (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/m2) to patients with advanced metastatic cancer that had proved refractory to chemotherapy. The vaccine was administered subcutaneously twice weekly. Local toxicity was seen in erythema, edema, pain and tenderness at the site of injection, and painful regional lymphadenopathy; manifestations of systemic toxicity included fever, chills, myalgias, nausea, and vomiting. Toxicity showed a clear-cut dose dependence. The maximally tolerated dose by this route and schedule was 0.5 mg/m2. A significant rise of antibody titers was observed at all four dose levels. Evaluation of the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response to recall antigens and to the pseudomonas vaccine, and quantification of peripheral blood T and B cell levels and of in vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to commonly used mitogens and pseudomonas vaccine failed to demonstrate significant change from pretreatment values. Clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of pseudomonas vaccine with or without chemotherapy can be undertaken safely with this route and schedule.
Urinary catechol amine levels, gastric secretion and specific psychological factors in ulcer and non-ulcer patients

INTRODUCTION A CONSIDERABLE body of mformatlon has been gathered whch has suggested that the pathophyslology of duodenal ulcers is Influenced by psychological factors operatmg through the effects of the central and autonomic nervous system on gastric physiology. However, until recent years, there has been a paucity of experimental studies m which multiple interacting predlsposmg and preclpltatmg elements could be demonstrated. Many of the earlier studies were hmlted to the mvestlgatlon of the specific physlologlcal preclpltants of duodenal ulcerations or the specific psychodynamic or personality correlates found m patients with peptlc ulcers. (TVY et al 1950, GROSSMAN 1951, HUNT and KAY 1954, ALEXANDER et al. 1934, KAPP et al. 1947, SZASZ et a/ 1947, RUESCH 1948, GILDEA 1949, STREITFELD 1954; MINSKI and DESAI 1955, WEISMAN 1956) The hlghhghtmg of a limited number of specific factors m each mdlvldual study led to the amasslng of a large body of research data which has remained relatively unintegrated from an experlmental point of view Hence, there has been scant data to support the emplrlcally developed concepts that peptlc ulcer was a “psychosomatic” dysfunction. Because of this there has been no general agreement among the chmcal specialties concernmg the “proper” management program of patients with ulcers which would incorporate principles based on a conslderatlon of the multiple determlnants of the cause and the course of the disease The work which will be reported m this paper represents the convergence of three mvestlgatlons which orlgmally were unrelated However, the data from the studies suggested an experimental design which would allow for the testing of an hypothesis of the interaction of psychological, gastnc, physlologlcal and neuro-humoral factors m the development of duodenal ulcers.
Selective dissolution of late cretaceous and earliest tertiary calcareous nannofossils: Experimental evidence

Abstract The effects of carbonate dissolution on the taxonomic composition of ancient nannofossil assemblages were investigated by deploying them on a deep mooring at depths of 1039 m–5500 m for 117 days in the Sargasso Sea. The relative proportions of only a few taxa change significantly with increasing dissolution: Cruciplacolithus primus is by far the most susceptible and Micula staurophora by far the most resistant species. The average dissolution indices calculated for the deployed assemblages closely follow the gradients of other dissolution indicators in the North Atlantic.
The Storied Life of Singularized Objects: Forces of Agency and Network Transformation

Our study contributes to understanding the role of material culture in families. Findings from a longitudinal case study extend Kopytoff’s theory of singularization by explaining what occurs between the singularization of a focal object and its recommodification. We uncover processes that move an already singularized object in and out of a network of practices, objects, and spaces; identify forces that constrain and empower a singularized object’s agency within that network; and demonstrate network transformations that result from the focal object’s movement. This extension explains some paradoxical findings in consumer research: how objects are granted agency even while displaced, when irreplaceable objects can be replaced, and why families sometimes displace central identity practices.
On the structure of the von Neumann algebras generated by local functions of the free Bose field

It is shown that the von Neumann algebra\(R_\mathfrak{B} \)(B) generated by any scalar local functionB(x) of the free fieldA0(x) is equal either to\(R_\mathfrak{B} \)(A0) or to\(R_\mathfrak{B} \)(:A02:). The latter statement holds if the state space space\(\mathfrak{H}_B \) obtained from the vacuum state by repeated application ofB(x) is orthogonal to the one particle subspace. In the proof of these statements, space-time limiting techniques are used.
Modular neural networks to predict the nitrate distribution in ground water using the on-ground nitrogen loading and recharge data

Abstract Artificial neural networks have proven to be an attractive mathematical tool to represent complex relationships in many branches of hydrology. Due to this attractive feature, neural networks are increasingly being applied in subsurface modeling where intricate physical processes and lack of detailed field data prevail. In this paper, a methodology using modular neural networks (MNN) is proposed to simulate the nitrate concentrations in an agriculture-dominated aquifer. The methodology relies on geographic information system (GIS) tools in the preparation and processing of the MNN input–output data. The basic premise followed in developing the MNN input–output response patterns is to designate the optimal radius of a specified circular-buffered zone centered by the nitrate receptor so that the input parameters at the upgradient areas correlate with nitrate concentrations in ground water. A three-step approach that integrates the on-ground nitrogen loadings, soil nitrogen dynamics, and fate and transport in ground water is described and the critical parameters to predict nitrate concentration using MNN are selected. The sensitivity of MNN performance to different MNN architecture is assessed. The applicability of MNN is considered for the Sumas-Blaine aquifer of Washington State using two scenarios corresponding to current land use practices and a proposed protection alternative. The results of MNN are further analyzed and compared to those obtained from a physically-based fate and transport model to evaluate the overall applicability of MNN.
The mechanical interactions between an American football cleat and playing surfaces in-situ at loads and rates generated by elite athletes: a comparison of playing surfaces.

This study quantified the mechanical interactions between an American football cleat and eight surfaces used by professional American football teams. Loading conditions were applied with a custom-built testing apparatus designed to represent play-relevant maneuvers of elite athletes. Two natural grass and six infill artificial surfaces were tested with the cleated portion of a shoe intended for use on either surface type. In translation tests with a 2. 8-kN vertical load, the grass surfaces limited the horizontal force on the cleats by tearing. This tearing was not observed with the artificial surfaces, which allowed less motion and generated greater horizontal force (3.2 kN vs. 4.5 kN, p < 0.05). Similarly, rotation tests generated less angular displacement and greater torque on the artificial surfaces (145 N m vs. 197 N m, p < 0.05). Translation/drop tests, in which the foot-form was launched into the surfaces with both horizontal and vertical velocity components generated less peak horizontal force on ...
B1-2: The New Federal Conflict of Interest (COI) Regulations - One Step Forward?

Background/Aims All research institutions receiving federal funds must comply with new regulations regarding investigator COI. The adoption and implementation of these regulations has proven to be a challenge for many institutions and individual investigators. The purpose of this presentation is to explore what the new regulations actually mean, and to discuss best practices regarding their operationalization.
Remote points and G-spaces

Abstract N. J. Fine and L. Gillman (1962) showed the existence of a remote point in βR using the Continuum Hypothesis(CH). In this paper we show that the existence of a remote point is independent from the CH for a class of spaces which includes metric spaces.
A New Method for Shaded Surface Display of Biological and Medical Images

Shaded surface display is a useful aid in visualizing and analyzing three-dimensional biological and medical images. However, currently available algorithms have limitations, particularly when applied to clinically important image data requiring fast and flexible interactive analysis. In addition to the problem of computation time is the cost of specialized hardware and the quality of shading. A new algorithm has been designed for use with three-dimensional biological/ medical images which attempts to overcome these limitations. This is accomplished by eliminating less important capabilities and optimizing the essential ones of speed and realistic shading. The algorithm has been successfully employed in planning reconstructive bone surgery, in assessment of both congenital and acquired heart disease, and in studies of normal and pathological lung physiology. Examples which illustrate the versatility and speed of the new algorithm are presented.
Sensitivity Comparisons among Tests of the General Linear Hypothesis

Abstract The expected significance level (ESL) of a test, proposed by Dempster and Schatzoff (4) as a criterion for comparing sensitivities of competing test statistics, is defined as the expected value of the observed significance level under a simple alternative hypothesis. For example, the ESL of a lower tailed test of the hypothesis H 0: X∼F (x) against H 1: X∼G (x) is given by nF(x)dG(x). In this paper, the sensitivities of several proposed tests of the general linear hypothesis are compared by simulating their ESL's under a wide variety of parameterizations. The results indicate that Wilks's likelihood ratio criterion A and Hotelling's T 0 2 provide about the same levels of protection over a wide spectrum of alternatives, whereas Roy's largest characteristic root is shown to be rather insensitive to alternatives involving more than one non-zero root. Other proposed test statistics are shown to be less sensitive as judged by the ESL criterion.
Calibration of a photoelectric cloud condensation nucleus counter

Abstract Calibrations were performed for the photodetector output of a static thermal-gradient diffusion chamber by comparing the detector signals with visual counts of the number of droplets developing in the chamber. The calibrations cover the supersaturation range 0.3% to 1 %. For each supersaturation, the CCN concentration was found to be proportional to the detector output. During the activation and growth of droplets, the time of peak signal corresponds well to the time at which droplet count is a maximum within the sample volume. The use of an average output signal over a period bracketing the mean position of the peak is a slightly better measure of droplet concentrations than the peak value. The calibration equations here derived are specific to the CCN counter used to obtain the data. Also, the calibration constants can be expected to be dependent on the type of aerosol which serve as CCN; the limited data so for available show only weak variations in the constants.
Risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infection in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit.

Objective To identify risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients receiving care in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Design Matched case-control study. Setting CICU at Children's Hospital Boston. Patients Central line-associated BSI cases were identified between April 2004 and December 2006. We identified two randomly selected control patients who had a central vascular catheter and were admitted within 7 days of each index case. Measurements and main results Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for central line-associated BSI. In a secondary analysis, risk factors for central line-associated BSI in those cases who underwent cardiac surgery were sought. During the study period, 67 central line-associated BSIs occurred in 61 patients. Independent risk factors for central line-associated BSI were nonelective admission for medical management (odds ratio [OR] = 6.51 [1.58-26.78]), the presence of noncardiac comorbidities (OR = 4.95 [1.49-16.49]), initial absolute neutrophil count or =3 units (OR = 5.56 [1.35-22.87]), central line days > or =7 (OR = 6.06 [1.65-21.83]), and use of hydrocortisone (OR = 28.94 [2.55-330.37]). In those patients who underwent cardiac surgery (n = 37 cases and 108 controls), independent risk factors for central line-associated BSI were admission weight or =15 (OR = 3.44 [1.19-9.92]), blood product exposure > or =3 units (OR = 3.38 [1.28-11.76]), and mechanical ventilation for > or =7 days (OR = 4.06 [1.33-12.40]). Conclusions Unscheduled medical admissions, presence of noncardiac comorbidities, extended device utilization, and specific medical therapies are independent risk factors for central line-associated BSI in patients receiving care in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit.
Critical density effects in femtosecond ablation plasmas and consequences for high intensity pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Laser ablation plumes produced by a single pulse from an ultrafast laser consist, in the far field where film deposition occurs, of mostly neutral atoms, a percentage of ionized species, and, very often, condensed clusters. In certain situations adding energy to the plume may be of interest for a deposition, and methods for increasing the charged fraction need to be considered. This paper examines these issues and demonstrates a method for overcoming the plasma critical density limitations encountered for absorption of a single pulse. Precisely controlled time-delayed secondary pulses are used to change the average charge state, temperature, and plasma density of the far field plume, with implications for thin film deposition and nano-cluster formation. A plasma-jet nozzle effect is proposed to explain condensed cluster formation of germanium. Results are also presented in relation to enhanced isotope enrichment for boron.
Inhibition of sodium intestinal transport and mucosal (Na+-K+)-ATPase in experimental Fanconi syndrome.

SummaryThe administration of 1.5 or 9.0 mmoles/kg ip of maleate to rats induced, in addition to renal alterations similar to those occurring in the Fanconi syndrome, a decline in the intestinal mucosa (Na+-K+)-ATPase with a simultaneous decrease in sodium intestinal transport and an increase in potassium absorption. Further differences in the behavior of the two electrolytes were observed when the concentration of sodium in the perfusates was altered. No changes occurred in amino acid or glucose transport in experimental animals.
A survey of physician practices on prophylactic pancreatic stents

Background Several prospective studies confirm that prophylactic stent placement in the pancreatic duct (PD) during high-risk ERCP procedures decreases the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Inconsistencies exist regarding the indications for prophylactic PD stent placement, the type of stent used, and stent follow-up. Objective To assess the current practice patterns of expert biliary endoscopists regarding prophylactic pancreatic duct stents. Design An anonymous survey was mailed to 54 expert biliary endoscopists, assessing volume of procedures, stent indications, method of placement, and follow-up. Results A total of 91% (49/54) of surveys were returned and analyzed. Prophylactic PD stents were used by 96% of respondents. Stent use was universal during ampullectomy and pancreatic sphincterotomy. Most also used stents for minor papillotomy (93%) and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) confirmed by manometry (82%). Endoscopists disagreed on the following: pre-cut sphincterotomy (71%), prior post-ERCP pancreatitis (64%), suspected SOD (58-69%), and traumatic sphincterotomy (44%). Endoscopists used straight stents (33%), pigtail stents (30%), or a combination (33%). Internal flanges were always used by 14%, never used by 54%, and sometimes used by 32%. Stent size and length varied widely, as did the time stents were left in place, and the retrieval method. Conclusions Expert biliary endoscopists agree that prophylactic PD stenting is indicated during ERCP in high-risk patients. Wide variation exists in patient selection and stent placement technique.
Influence of Lateral Interval on Aerodynamics Characteristics of Crossing Vehicles

The investigations about vehicle crossing process mainly use numerical simulation methods and, moreover, the relevant investigation is quite less. In this study, a three- dimensional fluid simulation model was established. By moving mesh technique, the three- dimensional transient simulation for vehicle crossing process was finished. The aerodynamics characteristics of vehicle crossing process with different lateral interval distances were analyzed. The analytical results show that the smaller the lateral interval distance, the more the transverse thrust between two vehicles during the crossing process. During the whole crossing process, the lateral force shows itself with repulsion in the beginning and attraction in the end. When the lateral interval distance of crossing is very small, the air disturbance due to crossing not only makes large affection to the lateral force but also influence obviously the positive pressure area of the front car bodywork.
Synthesis of buried metal oxide films by high fluence oxygen ion implantation into metals

Abstract Oxygen implantations with a fluence of 1×10 18 O + / cm 2 and energies of 300 and 400 keV were performed in titanium and molybdenum at temperatures between 300°C and 350°C. Chemical composition was investigated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and TRIDYN simulations. Phase analysis by means of X-ray diffraction and morphology studies utilizing cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) were carried out. The formation of a buried MoO2 layer in molybdenum and a TiO layer in titanium could be observed.
The Concept of Schizophrenia

A clinician is asked to see a young man who is concerned about his restlessness and fears. The young man says that strange noises have been bothering him, and he thinks he knows who is persecuting him. The clinician makes sufficient inquiries to determine that a diagnosis of schizophrenia is warranted, and then—what? Can the diagnosis be confirmed? What does it imply? How should the young man be treated? Will he recover?
The design of anticholinesterases

The significance of new findings in two areas will be discussed with respect to the design of inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. One area is that of enzyme structure, including the oligomeric form and the existence of allosteric binding sites, of isozymes and of a mutant enzyme. The other area is that of the forces which bind inhibitors to the enzyme prior to reacting with it, including ionic, hydrophobic and charge-transfer bonds.
Patterns of stability and change in behaviors of free association

Several basic questions are raised concerning data generated by tests of free association: What is the upper limit of normative correspondence across associative collections? What is the temporal reliability of the individual S 's free association behavior? Do cultural norms predict temporal changes in association by the individual S ? Associations collected from the same S s on two occasions 60 days apart revealed great normative stability. However, examination of each S 's associates showed that over 50% of the responses differed from one occasion to the next, even though the group data comprising the cultural “norm” were nearly identical. Patterns of temporal change in association by the individual S were lawfully related to the strength of the cultural primary response.
An assessment and interpretation of the observed warming of West Antarctica in the austral spring

We synthesize variability and trends in multiple analyses of Antarctic near-surface temperature representing several independent source datasets and spatially complete reconstructions, and place these into the broader context of the behavior of other components of the climate system during the past 30–50 years. Along with an annual-mean trend during the past 50 years of about 0.1°C/decade averaged over Antarctica, there is a distinct seasonality to the trends, with insignificant change (and even some cooling) in austral summer and autumn in East Antarctica, contrasting with warming in austral winter and spring. Apart from the Peninsula, the seasonal warming is largest and most significant in West Antarctica in the austral spring since the late 1970s. Concurrent trends in sea ice are independent evidence of the observed warming over West Antarctic, with the decrease in sea ice area in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas congruent with at least 50% of the inland warming of West Antarctica. Trends in near surface winds and geopotential heights over the high-latitude South Pacific are consistent with a role for atmospheric forcing of the sea ice and air temperature anomalies. Most of the circulation trend projects onto the two Pacific South American (PSA) modes of atmospheric circulation variability, while the Southern Annular Mode lacks a positive trend in spring that would otherwise cause a cooling tendency. The largest circulation trend is associated with the PSA-1 mode, a wave-train extending from the tropics to the high Southern latitudes. The PSA-1 mode is significantly correlated with SSTs in the southwestern tropical and subtropical Pacific. The increased SSTs in this region, together with the observed increase in rainfall, suggest that anomalous deep convection has strengthened or increased the occurrence of the Rossby wave-train associated with PSA-1. This hypothesis is supported by results from two ensembles of SST-forced atmospheric general circulation model simulations. Finally, the implications of the seasonality, timing, and spatial patterns of Antarctic temperature trends with respect to interpreting the relative roles of stratospheric ozone depletion, SSTs and increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses are discussed.
Biofilm formation by bacterial contaminants of fuel ethanol production

Commercial fuel ethanol production facilities were previously shown to have characteristic populations of bacterial contaminants which reduce product yield and are difficult to eradicate. Bacterial contaminants were found, for the first time, to form biofilms under laboratory conditions. Fermentor samples from a commercial fuel ethanol production facility were used to inoculate a biofilm reactor and purified bacterial isolates were identified. Biofilms were composed of many of the same species present in production samples, with lactic acid bacteria predominating.
Characterization of Fusarium root rot isolates from sugar beet by growth and virulence at different temperatures and irrigation regimes.

ABSTRACT Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. betae is one of several root diseases damaging to sugar beet production in Texas. As a primary symptom, most isolates produce a sever...
The globulin of calf thymus nuclei and the in vitro incorporation of [14C]adenosinetriphosphate into globulin-RNA

Investigation of the globulin fraction of isolated thymus nuclei has shown that the globulin contains RNA and is a polydisperse ribonucleoprotein complex. The globulin fraction is able to incorporate [8-14C]ATP into its RNA moiety. Partial fractionation of the globulin reveals that the fractions have different rates of [14C]ATP incorporation.
Environmental contributions to cardiovascular disease: Particulates and ozone

An increasing number of studies have shown that certain types of environmental toxicants can contribute to acute cardiovascular events and/or disease development. However, with exception of studies that deal with perhaps tobacco smoke exposure, there are few detailed studies that clearly define specific relationships between potential environmental cardiotoxicants and disease. In this regard, the present review discusses the growing body of epidemiological and experimental studies that investigate the effects of particulate matter (PM) and/or ozone (O3), two current types of air pollutants that are under investigation as factors in cardiovascular dysfunction and disease development. Several potential mechanistic pathways are suggested and reviewed, such as altered autonomic balance, systemic inflammation and increased oxidative/nitrosoxidative stress.
Treatment of Band Keratopathy

Band keratopathy, caused by a variety of chronic ocular or systemic diseases, produces pain, photophobia, and decreased vision. A simple method for treating band keratopathy consists of scraping the cornea vigorously with a No. 15 scalped blade until the superficial calcium has been removed.
Not many flew down to Rio: tourism and the history of beach-going in twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro

Few other major cities in the world are more closely associated with beaches and beach-going than Rio de Janeiro. Most notably, the beaches in Copacabana and Ipanema have long enjoyed worldwide fame. Yet, contrary to what might be expected and despite efforts to promote the city as a tourist destination, tourism did not play a major role in shaping the history of beach-going in twentieth-century Rio. On the one hand, the Brazilian city was simply too far from Europe and North America and a trip there too costly to attract significant numbers of European and North American tourists, who, if they were in search of a seaside holiday, had options much closer to home. Even in the 1990s, the number of foreigners who visited the city remained modest by international standards. On the other hand, a low average standard of living and a highly unequal distribution of income, among other factors, worked against the transformation of Rio's beaches into a destination for large-scale internal tourism. In the end, local...
Optimization of routing architecture and performance for FPGA routing fabric

Being a critical highway between FPGA core IPs, the routing fabric components play an integral part in overall core performance. Optimizing the components in the routing fabric region is not a trivial task when considering the multitude of variable physical parameters involved especially the profound association with software programming and constantly changing process parameters. Common optimization algorithm would be discussed, incorporating propose multi-dimensional graphical method. Case study illustrates the potential of graphical method in identifying optimal component sizing and tradeoffs, aiding design and decision making in delivering the most optimal designs in routing fabric region. Supported by comprehensive graphical performance visualization, basic routing element architecture would also be discussed, developing expressions to promote faster optimization by narrowing down the region of interest; improving resource utilization on optimization.
The roles of alkyl halide additives in enhancing perovskite solar cell performance

Alkyl halide additives have been investigated to elucidate their effects in enhancing perovskite solar cell performance. We found that the additives can participate in the perovskite formation via dissociated halides, suggesting that molecular structure of alkyl halide additives plays multiple roles in modulating the dynamics of perovskite crystal growth.
The presence of the glycerol phosphate shuttle and energy dependent transhydrogenase in aortic mitochondria

Abstract A procedure has been devised for isolating tightly coupled mitochondria from the intima-media strip of pig aorta. The mitochondria exhibit respiratory control with succinate, pyruvate-malate, β-hydroxybutyrate or α-glycerol phosphate as substrate. Furthermore, submitochondrial particles from these preparations exhibit an energy-dependent reduction of NADP + by NADH.
On the relation between the mass-ratio distribution in binary stars and the mass function for single stars

In the understanding of the formation of binary stars, one valuable observational constraint is the distribution of mass ratios. Many attempts have been made to determine this elusive function but these have resulted in almost as many distributions. One possibility that must be considered is that both stars may be chosen independently from the same mass function. Relationship between the mass-ratio distribution and the mass function are derived and it is shown how use of a Salpeter mass function has led to confusion.
Sobolev Regularity for the Monge−Ampère Equation, With Application to the Semigeostrophic Equations

In this note, we review some recent results on the Sobolev regularity of solutions to the Monge–Ampere equation, and show how these estimates can be used to proce some global existence results for the semigeostrophic equations.
A Case of Information Systems Pre-Implementation Failure: Pitfalls of Overlooking the Key Stakeholders' Interests

This case study examines an often overlooked context of information system failures, that of pre-implementation failure. It focuses on an Information Systems Development (ISD) project at a large public university that failed even before implementation could get under way. Specifically, it describes the vendor selection process of a proposed computerized maintenance management system. While the managers in charge of the project took great care to avoid commonly discussed types of information systems failures by emphasizing user involvement and trying to select the best possible system they could afford, non-functional requirements, procedures as outlined in the RFP, and the roles of relevant but relatively â€œhiddenâ€ decision makers during the pre-implementation stage of the project were overlooked. This led to the termination of the project after an appeal was lodged by a software vendor whose product had not been selected for implementation.
Successful Lung Transplant From Donor After Cardiac Death: A Potential Solution to Shortage of Thoracic Organs

Lung transplant is an effective treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease but is limited because of the shortage of acceptable donor organs. Organ donation after cardiac death is one possible solution to the organ shortage because it could expand the pool of potential donors beyond brain-dead and living donors. We report the preliminary experience of Mayo Clinic with donation after cardiac death, lung procurement, and transplant.
Poor Parenting and Antisocial Behavior Among Homeless Young Adults Links to Dating Violence Perpetration and Victimization

Though research has examined risk factors associated with street victimization among homeless young people, little is known about dating violence experiences among this group. Given homeless youths’ elevated rates of child maltreatment, it is likely that they are at high risk for dating violence. As such, the current study examined the association between child maltreatment and parental warmth with dating violence perpetration and victimization through substance use and delinquency among a sample of 172 homeless males and females. Results from path analysis revealed that physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect were all significant correlates of both substance use and delinquency, whereas lack of parental warmth was only associated with substance use. Neglect and substance use had direct effects on dating violence and substance use and was found to mediate the relationship between physical abuse and dating violence. Finally, females, older youth, and non-Whites had significantly higher levels of dating v...
A quick check of network performance

Have you ever tried to measure the response time across a networkq Do you sometimes wonder what throughput rate you're getting over a particular linkq Are you concerned about the impact of adding streaming multimedia traffic to a networkq Would you like to know the exact route your data is takingq Individual tools are available to measure the throughput and response time of your applications, trace a network route, or test a network's capacity for handling multimedia traffic. But a software tool called Qcheck can perform all of these tasks and more, while providing a quick check of network performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Distinctiveness of Higher Education

Higher education is under huge financial and political pressures to change. Another critical driver is not always as present in the conversation: just what is being learned and how well. A recently proposed model for transformational teaching provides three empirically determined principles for what might constitute criteria for the distinctiveness of higher education. The third of these principles, which is to promote positive, learning-related attitudes, values, and beliefs, creates a compelling challenge for educators to demonstrate the enduring values from an education.
Understanding the C-Pulse Device and Its Potential to Treat Heart Failure

The Sunshine Heart C-Pulse (C-Pulse; Sunshine Heart Inc., Tustin, CA) device is an extra-aortic implantable counterpulsation pump designed as a non-blood contacting ambulatory heart assist device, which may provide relief from symptoms for class II-III congestive heart failure patients. It has a comparable hemodynamic augmentation to intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation devices. The C-Pulse cuff is implanted through a median sternotomy, secured around the ascending aorta, and pneumatically driven by an external system controller. Pre-clinical studies in the acute pig model, and initial temporary clinical studies in patients undergoing off-pump coronary bypass surgery have shown substantial increase in diastolic perfusion of the coronary vessels, which translated to a favorable improvement in ventricular function. A U.S. prospective multi-center trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the C-Pulse in class III patients with moderate heart failure is now in progress.