cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and Dynamics of Membrane-Associated Hepatitis C Virus Protein P7 by NMR Spectroscopy

P7 is a 63-residue viroporin encoded by human hepatitis C virus (HCV). It has ion channel activity and plays essential roles in viral proliferation. The NMR results show that the protein consists of two transmembrane spanning regions connected by a cytoplasmic loop. The solution NMR structural data that has been acquired includes: hydrogen/deuterium exchange, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, residual dipolar couplings, and bicelle ‘q-titration.’ These data demonstrate that the protein has a range of dynamic properties, and interestingly two segments in each of the membrane spanning helices display local motions, possibly related to function. Oriented Sample (OS) solid-state NMR spectra of p7 in aligned phospholipid bilayers provided the tilt angles of the helical segments, 25° and 10° to the membrane normal. Recent magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR data of p7 in liposomes are being used to determine the three-dimensional structure. It has been shown that known channel-blocking compounds inhibit the ion channel activity. This and the fact that knockout models of this protein inhibit infectivity of the virus indicate it may be an ideal target for future drugs. There are six major genotypes and over 100 relevant subtypes. Our current studies aim to investigate the structure and dynamic differences among the genotypes. In addition to studying different genotypes, specific mutations to the HCV J4 genotype were made in order to modulate the dynamics of the protein and obtain additional secondary structural information. These studies have the potential to identify the reasons why different genotypes have varying activity and drug binding affinities.
Via Media in the Land of Morning Calm: The Anglican Church in Korea

Anglicanism has traditionally identified itself as the via media, the ‘‘middle way’’ between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. This study examines the history of the Anglican Church in Korea. What has been its relationship to the Catholic and Protestant churches? Has the via media meant serving as a bridge between the two? Or has it meant maintaining an independent position? The history of Korean Anglicanism reveals a changing and evolving identity. Initially, the Anglican Church was a small, relatively isolated community that sought ties with neither Catholics nor Protestants. But as the Church started to grow and develop, especially after the Korean War, Anglicans assumed an active role in the ecumenical movement, reaching out to both Catholics and Protestants. The shift took place as two significant transformations took place in the Church. First, a new generation of missionaries arrived to rebuild the Church after the war—a group more socially and politically engaged than their predecessors. Second, the postwar years also witnessed the emergence of native Korean leaders in the Church. The missionaries and Korean leaders alike envisioned a vital ecumenical and national role for the Anglican Church.
Sulfhydryl modification of E. coli Cpn60 leads to loss of its ability to support refolding of rhodanese but not to form a binary complex.

Differential chemical modification ofE. coli chaperonin 60 (cpn60) was achieved by using one of several sulfhydryl-directed reagents. For native cpn60, the three cysteines were accessible for reaction with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), while only two of them are accessible to the larger reagent 4,4′-dipyridyl disulfide (4-PDS). However, no sulfhydryl groups were modified when the even larger reagents 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) or 2-(4′-(iodoacetamido)anilino) naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (IAANS), were employed, unless the chaperonin was unfolded. The cpn60 that had been covalently modified with NEM or IAANS, was not able to support the chaperonin-assisted refolding of the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese, which also requires cpn10 and ATP hydrolysis. However, both modified forms of cpn60 were able to form binary complexes with rhodanese, as demonstrated by their ability to arrest the spontaneous refolding of the enzyme. That is, chemical modification with these sulfhydryl-directed reagents produced a species that was not prevented from interaction with partially folded rhodanese, but that was prevented from supporting a subsequent step(s) during the chaperonin-assisted refolding process.
High-precision VLBI astrometric observations of radio-emitting stars for detection of extra-solar planets

The displacement of a radio-emitting star around the barycenter of a possible planetary system can be measured by astrometric very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations. We have observed the radio-emitting star σ2 CrB at 8 epochs over 5 years by VLBI and fitted its 5 astrometric parameters to the observed coordinates. The post-fit coordinate residuals have an rms scatter of 0.22 milliarcseconds and show no systematic behavior. We use this result to set a limit on the presence of planets around σ2 CrB and conclude that our present VLBI astrometric precision corresponds to the threshold to detect a Jupiter-like planet around this star. We also discuss the astrometric monitoring program of 11 radio-emitting stars that we are conducting for the Hipparcos space mission and its possible contribution to a long-term planet search program.
Percutaneous transperineal cryosurgical ablation of the prostate for the primary treatment of clinical stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Abstract Objectives. To assess short-term response rate and local tissue destructivecapabilities of cryosurgical ablation of the prostate (CSAP) in patients with clinical Stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Methods A retrospective chart review of 62 patients (mean age, 66 years; range, 49to 79 years) treated on an institutional review board approved protocol at Allegheny General Hospital between June 1990 and December 1993 was performed. Standard follow-up examination included serial prostate-specific antigens (PSAs), digital rectal examination, and extensive biopsies at 3 months after CSAP. Results Average hospital stay was 2 days and morbidity was minimal. Biopsy findings showed no residual detectable prostatic tumor in 79% of patients 3 months after 1 CSAP treatment and in 94.8% 3 months after 1 or 2 treatments. Mean/median 3-month post-operative PSAs for patients with negative biopsy findings were 0.59 ± 1.66 and 0.10 ng/mL, respectively, compared with 14.0 ± 12.1 and 8.90 ng/mL preoperatively. Conclusions CSAP appears to produce controllable, reproducible local tissue destructive effects. Long-term (more than 5 years) crude and disease-free survival rates are not known for CSAP.
Innovating to Strengthen Youth Employment

infrastructure. As a former aide to a mayor of New York and as deputy chancellor of the New York City Public Schools (the largest public school system in the United States), my chief concern—and a significant concern to IBM and other companies interested in global economic stability—has been the impact of global economic forces on youth employment. Across the United States and around the world, youth unemployment is a staggering problem, and one that is difficult to gauge with precision. One factor that makes it difficult to judge accurately is that many members of the youth population have yet to enter the workforce, making it hard to count those who are unable to get jobs. What we do know is that the scope of the problem is overwhelming. Youth unemployment in countries such as Greece and Spain is estimated at over 50 percent, while in the United States the rate may be 20 percent, 30 percent, or higher in some cities and states. Why is this problem so daunting? Why does it persist? And, most important, how can communities, educators, and employers work together to address it?
Free Fatty Acid Particles in Protein Formulations, Part 1: Microspectroscopic Identification

We report, for the first time, the identification of fatty acid particles in formulations containing the surfactant polysorbate 20. These fatty acid particles were observed in multiple mAb formulations during their expected shelf life under recommended storage conditions. The fatty acid particles were granular or sand-like in morphology and were several microns in size. They could be identified by distinct IR bands, with additional confirmation from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The particles were readily distinguishable from protein particles by these methods. In addition, particles containing a mixture of protein and fatty acids were also identified, suggesting that the particulation pathways for the two particle types may not be distinct. The techniques and observations described will be useful for the correct identification of proteinaceous versus nonproteinaceous particles in pharmaceutical products.
Development and Mental Representation of Stereotypes

A mixed model of stereotype representation was tested. Experiment 1 examined the development of stereotypes about novel groups. Results showed that, at low levels of experience, stereotypic group knowledge is derived from information about particular group exemplars. However, as experience increases, an abstract group stereotype is formed that is stored and retrieved independently of the exemplars on which it was based. Results of Experiment 2 suggest that preexisting stereotypes about well-known groups are represented as abstract structures in memory. These results indicate that stereotypical knowledge is most likely to be exemplar-based in the absence of abstract stereotypes. The implications of these findings for other aspects of stereotyping and social perception are discussed.
A principal component-based radiative transfer forward model (PCRTM) for hyperspectral instruments

Modern Infrared satellite sensors such as AIRS, CrIS, TES, GIFTS and IASI are all capable of providing high spatial and spectral resolution infrared spectra. To fully exploit the vast amount of spectral information from these instruments, super fast radiative transfer models are needed. This paper presents a novel radiative transfer model based on principal component analysis. The model is very accurate and flexible. Its execution speed is a factor of 3-30 times faster than channel-based fast models. Due to its high speed and compressed spectral information format, it has great potential for super fast one-dimensional physical retrievals and for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) large volume radiance data assimilation applications. The model has been successfully developed for the NAST-I and AIRS instruments. The PCRTM model performs monochromatic radiative transfer calculations and is suitable to include multiple scattering calculations to account for clouds and aerosols.
Geographic maldistribution of general surgery PGYI residents: another US surgical desert

Abstract Background Practicing general surgeons are unevenly distributed across the country. This study evaluates the geographic distribution of categorical, general surgery (GS) PGYI positions per capita. Methods Data were obtained from the 2012 National Resident Matching Program match and the 2010 US Census. Results The mean for GS PGYI positions per 106 population was 3.85 ± .61; 27 states fell below this value. The 7 American College of Surgeons (ACS) regions ranged from a low of 1.4 ± .50 (Intermountain) to a high of 9.89 ± 4.41 (Northeast). The mean (2.18 ± .34) for the 19 state membership of the Southwestern Surgical Congress was below the mean for the country. Conclusions There is a maldistribution of GS PGYI positions compared with state and regional populations, particularly in rural areas. This mirrors the maldistribution of practicing general surgeons across the United States. Additional GS residences and resident positions are urgently needed to correct this “Surgical Desert” of graduate surgical education.
Imaging studies of the cadaver hand using transmission ultrasound

Ultrasonic transmission imaging has already demonstrated potential for evaluating structures in the hand. In this study, a cadaver hand was imaged using a transmission scanner with improved imaging capability. The hand was then frozen and serially sectioned and comparisons were made between the sectional anatomy and the corresponding image. Bone (in silhouette), muscle, cartilage, and tendon were visualized with high resolution.
Pressure changes within a chronic subdural hematoma during hemodialysis

Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage is not an infrequent complication of systemic anticoagulation, as occurs in hemodialysis. The neurological symptoms of subdural hematoma may be similar to those of dialysis disequilibrium. The pressure within a subdural fluid collection was monitored in a patient undergoing hemodialysis. The patient was known to become unresponsive during previous dialysis treatments. The initial pressure within the subdural cavity was measured to be -10.0 cm H2O prior to dialysis. The pressure within the collection decreased to a minimum value of -19.4 cm H2O during dialysis and stabilized at -16.4 cm H2O at the termination of dialysis. The neurological status changed subjectively during the procedure, with the patient becoming unresponsive to verbal stimuli as the intracranial pressure reached a minimum. These findings represent a syndrome similar to aliquorrhea, or low cerebrospinal fluid pressure within an otherwise asymptomatic subdural hematoma. Previously only increased intracranial pressure has been reported with hemodialysis.
Comparison of the short beam shear (SBS) and interlaminar shear device (ISD) tests

The Short Beam Shear (SBS) and Interlaminar Shear Device (LSD) tests are compared as methods for determining interlaminar shear strength of thermoplastic composite rings. The rings were manufactured using laser-assisted on-line consolidation and the interlaminar shear strength is taken as a measure of the quality of parts subjected to various processing conditions. Although a number of shear test methods have been developed for use with composite materials over the years, none provide pure uniform shear, or provide the entire stress-strain response to failure from a single specimen [Adams, D.F. and Lewis, E.Q., Current status of composite material shear test methods. SAMPE 31, 1994,6,32-401. Hence, a testing technique is required to provide efficient interlaminar shear strength results. Through the test results, it can be seen that a different mode of failure is acting in each of the tests. Finite Element Analyses (EEA) of the test procedures show that the stress state at the failure site for SBS is not interlaminar shear whereas it is the stress state in the failure zone of the ISD. Therefore, it is concluded that the ISD provides a better measure of the interlaminar shear strength of these specimens. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Limited
Family Issues Associated with Military Deployment, Family Violence, and Military Sexual Trauma

Today's military has a greater percentage of families and children in comparison with previous generations. There are many, and unique, demands on military families made by the ongoing conflicts, and military life can be stressful. The presence of an increasing number of stressors is associated with an increased likelihood of domestic violence in military families and sexual trauma in service members. In this article, literature and research are presented to provide an overview of military deployment and families, and the effect of deployment on families; this is followed by a review of research on family violence and military sexual trauma.
Intradermal Injection of Lentiviral Vectors Corrects Regenerated Human Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Skin Tissue in Vivo

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a family of inherited mechanobullous disorders caused by mutations in the gene, COL7A1, that codes for type VII, (anchoring fibril), collagen, which is critical for epidermal-dermal adherence. Most gene therapy approaches have been ex vivo, involving cell culture and culture graft transplantation, which is logistically difficult. To develop a more simplified approach, we engineered a self-inactivating lentiviral vector expressing human type VII collagen and injected this vector intradermally into hairless, immunodeficient mice and into a human DEB composite skin equivalent grafted onto immunodeficient mice. In both situations, the vector transduced dermal cells, which in turn synthesized and exported type VII collagen into the extracellular space. Remarkably, the type VII collagen selectively adhered to and incorporated into the basement membrane zone (BMZ) between the dermis and the epidermis, where it formed anchoring fibril structures. In the case of the DEB skin equivalent, the newly expressed type VII collagen reversed the DEB phenotype characterized by poor epidermal-dermal adherence and anchoring fibril defects. A single lentiviral vector injection provided stable type VII collagen at the BMZ for at least 3 months. These data demonstrate efficient and long-term type VII collagen gene transfer in vivo using direct intradermal injection of an engineered lentiviral vector.
Anodic-stripping voltammetry of heavy metals in the presence of organic surfactants.

Abstract The efficacy of fumed silica for removal of sorption interferences by organic surfactants in the anodic-stripping voltammetry of heavy metals is demonstrated. Appropriate addition of silica to the sample solution rapidly “purifies” it from interfering surfactants during the nitrogen purge step. Up to at least 6 ppm of gelatin, Triton X-100, albumin or Liqui-Nox then does not affect the stripping response of cadmium, lead and zinc at the hanging mercury drop electrode. A relative standard deviation of 5.5% is obtained for 20 successive measurements of 1 × 10−7M lead in the presence of 2 ppm Triton X-100. Analogous improvements are observed at the mercury film electrode (in the presence of up to 60 ppm of these surfactants). The use of silica thus possesses the advantages of speed, efficiency, simplicity and low cost compared to other schemes for dealing with surfactant interferences in anodic-stripping voltammetry.
The D-C controlled A-C voltage source, a new magnetic amplifier

MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS have become increasingly popular in the last few years, and extensive work has been done to relate their performance to various operating conditions. There has, however, been a distinct tendency to confine the work to fairly well-known basic circuits. These have been so exhaustively studied that there appears to be little hope of greatly improving their operating characteristics by various modifications.
The incidence of occult nipple-areola complex involvement in breast cancer patients receiving a skin-sparing mastectomy.

Background: Surgical treatment of breast cancer traditionally has included resection of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), in the belief that this area had a significant probability of containing occult tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the true incidence of NAC involvement in patients who underwent a skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and to determine associated risk factors.
Lipid membrane permeability of 2′‐modified derivatives of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides

Antisense oligonucleotides have the ability to inhibit gene expression in viral infections, malignancy, and other diseases. Even though much work has been accomplished with oligonucleotides demonstratingin vitro therapeutic effects, little work has been done to address how these molecules gain access to the cell. One of the plausible means of entrance could be through passive diffusion of the oligonucleotides through the cellular lipid bilayer. To enhance membrane permeability of oligonucleotides lipophilic moieties at the 2′ position of the ribose ring have been added. To evaluate the effect of this modification, a liposome system was used. The oligonucleotides evaluated were a series composed of poly A 10mers phosphorothioates labeled at the 5′ end with fluorescein and modified at the 2′ position of the ribose ring with lipophilic alkyl chains ranging from methyl to nonyl. Efflux studies were accomplished by monitoring the appearance of the oligonucleotide in the incubation medium. There were modest but significant differences between the efflux half-life times of the 2′-modified compounds and the control compound. The values ranged from ≈ 6 days for the control, unmodified compound to 4.6 days for the propyl modification. The nonyl derivative had a longer efflux half-life time (8.3 days) compared with the control, unmodified phosphorothioate oligonucleotide.
Something's rotten: a nosocomial outbreak of malodorous Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

From July 1994 through November 1996, a phenotypically unique strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing a pungent, rotten-potato odor and a positive lysine decarboxylase reaction was isolated from 39 patients at UCLA Medical Center (Los Angeles). Most cases (95%) were in intensive care units and had clinical infections (72%). Most isolates (74%) were recovered from cultures of respiratory secretions. To determine risk factors for acquisition of the organism, 23 cases were compared with 23 randomly selected controls matched by service and isolate date. Multivariate analysis revealed that isolation of malodorous P. aeruginosa was associated with mechanical ventilation of >24 hours' duration (odds ratio [OR] = 9.4; P =.001) and transfer from an outside hospital (OR = 5.7; P =.04). DNA from outbreak strains hybridized to P. aeruginosa-specific toxin A and phospholipase C gene probes and all outbreak isolates tested were found to be identical by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. An unusual phenotypic characteristic of the strain led to the recognition of a nosocomial outbreak of P. aeruginosa infection associated with mechanical ventilation.
Motor neuron organization and corticospinal fibers in the cervical intumescence of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) spinal cord.

Summary Experiments were performed on 19 raccoons to determine the organization of the spinal alpha motoneurons innervating the muscles of the thoracic limb. Chromatolysis of motoneurons was provoked by resecting major nerves or removing individual muscles or muscle groups. Proximal intrinsic limb muscle motoneurons were located cranially in the cervical spinal intumescence and distal muscle motoneurons more caudally. Flexor motoneurons were generally dorsal and more laterally located within the lateral motoneuronal cell group than were the cell bodies innervating their extensor antagonists. The distribution of motor cortex projections to motoneurons was studied in five raccoons by selective silver impregnation of degenerating fibers after unilateral motor cortex ablation. Degenerating cortical projections within the motoneuronal cell group (Rexed's lamina IX) were seen only in the more dorsal and the lateral portions in the seventh and eighth cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments. Motor cortex preterminal and terminal fibers were in close apposition to the proximal dendrites and the somata of alpha motoneurons innervating primarily the more distal limb musculature and particularly the intrinsic muscles of the manus.
L1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon diversity differs dramatically between mammals and fish

L1 retrotransposons replicate (amplify) by copying (reverse transcribing) their RNA transcript into genomic DNA. The evolutionary history of L1 in mammals has been unique. In mice and humans ∼80 million years of L1 evolution and replication produced a single evolutionary lineage of L1 elements while generating ∼20% of the genomic mass in each species. By contrast, zebrafish contain >30 distinct L1 lineages that have generated approximately one-tenth as much DNA. We contend that, by becoming far more permissive of interspersed repeated DNA than other organisms, mammals are conducive to competition between L1 families for replicative dominance, and that this competition, perhaps for the host factors required for L1 replication, results in a single L1 lineage.
Protection of vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q0, coenzyme Q10, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to rat blood and tissues in vivo

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a vitamin E and selenium deficient diet, a diet supplemented with vitamin E and selenium, or a diet supplemented with vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, Beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, coenzyme Q0, coenzyme Q10, and (+)-catechin. Rats were injected with CBrCl3 (0.05 mmol/100 g body weight) intraperitoneally. Oxidative damage to tissues was measured by formation of oxidized heme proteins (OHP) in blood, liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen. Diets supplemented with antioxidants showed protection against oxidative damage caused by CBrCl3. The protection was dependent on the diversity and quantity of antioxidants in the diet. In general, diets supplemented with both fat soluble and water soluble antioxidants provided better protection than diets supplemented only with vitamin E and selenium or with vitamin E, selenium, and fat soluble antioxidants.
Variations in myocardial CPK and Na+-K+ ATpase following normo- and hypothermic exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol

Exposure of canine myocardial tissue homogenates to Me2SO glycerol (20 to 60%) for periods up to 8 hr resulted in significant alterations in enzyme activity at 0 °, 18 °, and 37 °C. Both CPK and Na+-K+ ATPase demonstrate anomalous enhancement of activity at each temperature with glycerol. Me2SO provides a similar enhancement of Na+-K+ ATPase activity at hypothermic temperatures up to 40%. Thereafter, nearly complete inhibition resulted. Under normothermic conditions complete Me2SO inhibition occurred at 40 °. CPK activity diminished in a linear fashion after 4 hr at 18 ° and 37 ° but was unaffected by up to 40% Me2SO at 0 °C. The results suggest that disruption of the CPK-Na+-K+ ATPase systems may be minimized by hypothermic perfusion at low cryoprotectant concentrations.
Methods for the identification and analysis of L-altrose in bacterial polysaccharides

Abstract Methods for the detection, quantitation, and configurational analysis of altrose in bacterial polysaccharides were developed and are described. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is first used to qualitatively detect altrose and other monosaccharides in polysaccharide hydrolysates. Alditol acetates are then prepared from these hydrolysates and analyzed by either gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) or GLC-mass spectroscopy (GLC-MS), depending on the nature of the constituent sugars. These data allow the calculation of either the relative or absolute neutral sugar composition (using an internal standard) of a given polysaccharide. The absolute configuration of altrose and other constituent sugars in bacterial polysaccharides was easily determined by GLC analysis of acetylated diastereomeric glycosides prepared from chiral (−)-2-octanol and polysaccharide hydrolysates. Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) produced by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens were analyzed by these techniques, and we report here that L -altrose was found in the EPS from five different strains of this organism.
The calcium agonist Bay K 8644 stimulates secretion from a pituitary cell line

The dihydropyridine calcium agonist Bay K 8644 acts in a dose-dependent manner to increase prolactin secretion from the GH4C1 pituitary cell line. Enhanced secretion was observed at agonist concentrations as low as 10 nM. In the continued presence of Bay K 8644 secretion remained elevated for at least 30 min. The effect of the agonist was Ca2+-dependent and competitively antagonized by dihydropyridine antagonists. Apparently Bay K 8644 acts at the dihydropyridine binding site associated with GH4C1 Ca2+ channels to enhance Ca2+ influx and stimulate secretion from these cells. This is the first report demonstrating that the newly discovered Ca2+ agonist can, by itself, stimulate secretion from a cell.
Human uterine cervical epithelial cells grown on permeable support – a new model for the study of differentiation

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to establish culture conditions for human uterine cervical epithelial cells on permeable support and to determine how it affects cervical cell differentiation. Human ectocervical epithelial cells (hECE), HPV-16 immortalized hECE cells (ECE16-1) and Caski cells were grown on collagen-coated filters. Culture conditions, density of cells in culture and expression of epithelial and cervical-cell phenotypic markers were determined and compared in cells grown on filter and on solid support. Compared with the latter, cultures on filter had a higher cell density, hECE cells stratified to 5–12 cell layers compared to 1–3 on solid support, and cells of all three types expressed intercellular tight junctions. The cytokeratin profiles revealed differences between the three cell types as well as differences within the same cell species when grown on filter, compared to solid support. Of particular importance was the finding of a higher expression of K-13 in hECE grown on filter compared to solid support; K-13 is a marker of ectocervical cell differentiation. The cytokeratin profiles of the cultured hECE, ECE16-1 and Caski cells resembled those of ectocervical, squamous metaplastic and endocervical epithelia, respectively. hECE and ECE16-1 expressed involucrin protein, the level of which in both was higher in cells grown on filter compared to solid support. Polarization of the cultures was determined by morphology (stratification of hECE cells, expression of pseudomicrovilli in the apical cell membrane), selective apical vs. basolateral secretion of [ 35 S]methionine- and [ 35 S]cys-teine-, [ 3 H]fucose- and [ 14 C]glucosamine-labeled mole-cules, and positive short-circuit current (I sc ) under voltage-clamp conditions. Confluency of the cultures was determined by measuring transepithelial unidirectional fluxes of inert molecules with different molecular weights (MWs) through the paracellular pathway, and by measuring transepithelial conductance. The results indicated transepithelial permeability of 7–22 · 10 −6 cm · sec −1 , which was 5–100 fold smaller compared to blank inserts, with a cut-off MW of 40–70 kDa for hECE and Caski cells. Transepithelial conductance ranged 18.5 to 51.5 mS · cm −2 , indicating a leaky but confluent epithelia. Collectively the results indicate the epithelial nature of the cells and their improved differentiation when grown on filter support; hECE is a model for ectocervical epithelium while ECE16-1 and Caski express phenotypic characteristics of squamous metaplastic cervical epithelium and endocervical epithelium, respectively.
The impact of prior pregnancy on adolescent pregnancy

Abstract A retrospective study of 44 previously pregnant mothers delivering before 17 years of age yielded a descriptive profile of the adolescent multigravida. Characteristic risks for these mothers included a 30% antepartum admission rate, a 23% prematurity rate, and a 20% rate of low birthweight. Comparison with age-matched primigravid controls revealed that these rates occurred despite a larger proportion of primigravid controls who delayed antepartum care until the third trimester. Implications for clinical care and further research are discussed.
The contribution of "mechanical" problems to in-stent restenosis: An intravascular ultrasonographic analysis of 1090 consecutive in-stent restenosis lesions.

Abstract Objectives Serial intravascular ultrasonographic (IVUS) studies have shown that in-stent restenosis is the result of intimal hyperplasia (IH). However, routine preintervention IVUS imaging has suggested that many restenotic stents were inadequately deployed. The purpose of this IVUS study was to determine the incidence of mechanical problems contributing to in-stent restenosis (ISR). Methods Between April 1994 and June 2000, 1090 patients with ISR were treated at the Washington Hospital Center. All underwent preintervention IVUS imaging. IVUS measurements included proximal and distal reference lumen areas and diameters; stent, minimum lumen, and IH (stent minus lumen) areas; and IH burden (IH/stent area). Results In 49 ISR lesions (4.5%), there were morphologic findings that contributed to the restenosis. These were termed mechanical complications. Examples include (1) missing the lesion (eg, an aorto-ostial stenosis), (2) stent "crush," and (3) having the stent stripped off the balloon during the implantation procedure. Excluding mechanical complications, stent underexpansion was common. In 20% of the ISR cases the stents had a cross-sectional area (CSA) at the site of the lesion 2 and an additional 18% had a minimum stent area of 5.0 to 6.0 mm 2 . Twenty-four percent of lesions had an IH burden Conclusion Mechanical problems related to stent deployment procedures contribute to a significant minority of ISR lesions (approximately 25%). (Am Heart J 2001;142:970-4.)
Equality vs inequality amongst hospitality workers

Abstract One of the chronic problems facing the hospitality industry is the shortage of workers. A major contributing factor to this shortage is the image of the industry which is presented to the general population. This paper deals with one factor contributing to this image: the inequities which exist in the areas of wages, sex and race relations, and gives specific examples to demonstrate conditions in the industry. Not only calling for altruistic measures to correct past injustices, the author suggests that improvement in conditions may result in higher profits for employing organisations, the avoidance of legal penalties imposed by governments and compliance with moral duties imposed upon us all.
Geomorphological Controls on Road Damage during Hurricanes Ivan and Dennis

Abstract County Road 399 along Santa Rosa Island in northwest Florida was largely impassable following Hurricanes Ivan and Dennis, but the damage was highly variable alongshore, ranging from areas with little or no damage to areas where the road was completely breached. Damage was categorized and correspondence analysis was used to examine how the levels of damage were affected by the proximity of the road to the shoreline, the elevation and width of the island, and the offshore bathymetry. Depending on the specific combination of these variables along the island, they can have either a compounding or competing influence on the overwash penetration and the damage to the road. Sections of road with little to no damage were located close to the shoreline and associated with an above-average island elevation (large foredunes or berm). These areas tended to be located in wider sections of the island and equally distributed between areas with a steep and a gentle offshore profile. During Hurricane Ivan, sectio...
Functional MR of frontal lobe activation: comparison with Wada language results.

PURPOSE Our purpose was to determine the utility of functional MR imaging in conjunction with a word-generation paradigm in the assessment of language lateralization. METHODS Functional MR imaging and Wada testing for language lateralization was performed in patients with complex partial seizures during the performance of word-generation tasks. A language lateralization quotient was calculated from the number of activated pixels in the right and left hemispheres. A language laterality score was derived from the Wada results as the percentage of correct responses during right internal carotid artery injection minus the percentage of correct responses during left internal carotid injection. A correlation coefficient between the functional MR imaging results and the Wada language laterality scores was calculated. RESULTS In 13 patients, hemispheric dominance based on Wada testing was confirmed by functional MR imaging during silent word generation. The Wada laterality scores varied from 100 to -100 and the functional MR imaging scores varied from 100 to -10. The language lateralization scores determined by functional MR imaging correlated significantly with the language lateralization scores derived from Wada testing. CONCLUSION Functional MR imaging performed during word generation is an accurate method for lateralizing language function in patients with complex partial epilepsy.
Integrated Terahertz Waveguide-Coupled Microcavity Resonators

We demonstrate terahertz air-core metallic microcavity resonators coupled to rectangular metal waveguides. Measurements of cavity transmission spectra and quality factor show good agreement with theoretical models.
Rapid dendritic transport of TGN38, a putative cargo receptor

Protein transport to and from the postsynaptic plasma membrane is thought to be of central importance for synaptic plasticity. However, the molecular details of such processes are poorly understood. One mechanism by which membrane and secretory proteins may be transported to and from postsynaptic membranes is via cargo receptors. We studied the dendritic transport of TGN38, a putative cargo receptor thought to mediate protein transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endosomes, and the plasma membrane. With fluorescence time-lapse imaging of neurons expressing a TGN38-green fluorescent protein fusion protein (GFP-TGN38), we observed rapid bidirectional dynamics of the protein in dendritic shafts. In addition, the protein was present on the surface and on intracellular membranes of dendrites and dendritic spines. Finally, GFP-TGN38 was found to cycle rapidly between the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes within dendrites, including those of spines. Together, our results suggest a role for TGN38 in facilitating rapid changes in the protein composition of postsynaptic membranes.
Whole-Cell and Single-Channel Analysis of P-Type Calcium Currents in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells of Leaner Mutant Mice

The leaner (tgla) mutation in mice results in severe ataxia and an overt neurodegeneration of the cerebellum. Positional cloning has revealed that the tglamutation occurs in a gene encoding the voltage-activated calcium channel α1A subunit. The α1A subunit is highly expressed in the cerebellum and is thought to be the pore-forming subunit of P- and Q-type calcium channels. In this study we used both whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp recordings to examine the functional consequences of the tglamutation on P-type calcium currents. High-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents were recorded from acutely dissociated cerebellar Purkinje cells of homozygous leaner (tgla/tgla) and age-matched wild-type (+/+) mice. In whole cell recordings, we observed a marked reduction of peak current density in tgla/tgla Purkinje cells (−35.0 ± 1.8 pA/pF) relative to that in +/+ (−103.1 ± 5.9 pA/pF). The reduced whole-cell current in tgla/tgla cells was accompanied by little to no alteration in the voltage dependence of channel gating. In both genotypes, HVA currents were predominantly of the ω-agatoxin-IVA–sensitive P-type. Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings revealed no differences in single-channel conductance between the two genotypes and confirmed the presence of three distinct conductance levels (9, 13–14, and 17–18 pS) in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Analysis of patch open-probability (NPo) revealed a threefold reduction in the open-probability of channels in tgla/tgla patches (0.04 ± 0.01) relative to that in +/+ (0.13 ± 0.02), which may account for the reduced whole-cell current in tgla/tgla Purkinje cells. These results suggest that the tgla mutation can alter native P-type calcium channels at the single-channel level and that these alterations may contribute to the neuropathology of the leaner phenotype.
Charge transfer during intracloud lightning from a time-dependent multidipole model

[1] A time-dependent, multidipole (TDMD) model has been developed to show the charge transfer during intracloud (IC) flashes with high time and space resolution. This model combines high-speed electric field measurements from a balloon-borne instrument (Esonde) and three-dimensional lightning maps from the New Mexico Tech Lightning Mapping Array (LMA). The result is a time-varying spatial distribution of charge along lightning channels, which reveals several details about charge transfer during IC flashes. For example, a flash in 2004 initially deposited negative charge in one region and later transferred part of it to another region at a lower altitude where the negative leader was more highly branched. A flash in 2007 shows charge distributions along a main channel and two short branches; each of the three channels had different charges per unit length of channel.
Developmental time, cell lineage, and environment regulate the newly synthesized proteins in sea urchin embryos☆

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos were fractionated into two cell populations of defined lineages at times corresponding to two critical developmental events: determination (16-cell stage) and early differentiation (mesenchyme blastula). The 16-cell stage blastomeres, labeled with [35S]methionine, exhibited identical protein synthesis patterns by fluorography, and this pattern was not significantly altered by cell separation. In comparing the proteins of the mesenchyme blastula to the 16-cell stage, differences (increases and decreases) were seen by fluorography of newly synthesized proteins. The synthesis of 2.9% of the mesenchyme blastula proteins is specific to or enriched in primary mesenchyme cells and 8.2% is specific to or enriched in endoderm/ectoderm cells. Additionally, in contrast to the earlier stage, the pattern of protein synthesis in the mesenchyme blastula embryos is substantially altered by cell separation. The ability to alter protein synthesis in response to environmental factors may be a further demonstration of the differentiation of these cells.
Perimenopause and Sexual Functioning: Implications for Therapists:

The authors describe perimenopause and the symptoms associated with this life transition that may affect women’s sexual functioning. Specifically, issues of sexual desire and arousal are discussed ...
Association between the ankle-brachial index and carotid intimal medial thickness in the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Previous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated significant associations between the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT). In a longitudinal study, 637 participants who had ABI measurements from 1992 to 1994 were tested for carotid IMT an average of 4.8 years later. Mean age was 72.5 years; 60% were women. More than half (51%) were hypertensive, whereas 28% had dyslipidemia, 56% were past or current smokers, and 6% had diabetes. The mean ± SD ABI and IMT were 1.06 ± 0.13 and 1.28 ± 0.44 mm, respectively. Mean age- and gender-adjusted IMTs for the ABI groups of ≤0.90, 0.91 to 0.99, and 1.00 to 1.09 were significantly greater than those from 1.10 to 1.26 (1.53, 1.49, 1.28, and 1.18 mm, respectively, p
Epigenetic regulation of human cis -natural antisense transcripts

Mammalian genomes encode numerous cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs). The extent to which these cis-NATs are actively regulated and ultimately functionally relevant, as opposed to transcriptional noise, remains a matter of debate. To address this issue, we analyzed the chromatin environment and RNA Pol II binding properties of human cis-NAT promoters genome-wide. Cap analysis of gene expression data were used to identify thousands of cis-NAT promoters, and profiles of nine histone modifications and RNA Pol II binding for these promoters in ENCODE cell types were analyzed using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) data. Active cis-NAT promoters are enriched with activating histone modifications and occupied by RNA Pol II, whereas weak cis-NAT promoters are depleted for both activating modifications and RNA Pol II. The enrichment levels of activating histone modifications and RNA Pol II binding show peaks centered around cis-NAT transcriptional start sites, and the levels of activating histone modifications at cis-NAT promoters are positively correlated with cis-NAT expression levels. Cis-NAT promoters also show highly tissue-specific patterns of expression. These results suggest that human cis-NATs are actively transcribed by the RNA Pol II and that their expression is epigenetically regulated, prerequisites for a functional potential for many of these non-coding RNAs.
Help-Seeking Pathways for Children and Adolescents

The processes by which children with emotional and behavioral disorders seek and obtain help have received little study; yet, they are critical for determining mental health policy and practice. In this article, help-seeking pathways for children are defined and a pathway model is presented. Influences on help-seeking pathways are then reviewed, including illness profile variables, predisposing factors, and barriers to and facilitators of care. Research targets such as the role of informal supports, collateral services, and cultural influences on help-seeking are recommended. Methodological considerations are presented that include assessment of clinically defined mental health need as well as subjective assessment of need, use of complementary qualitative and quantitative methods, and use of cross-system data. The implications for practice and policy of research on help-seeking pathways are described.
Longitudinal treatment mediation of traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders.

Abstract Objective To assess the relationship between session-by-session putative mediators and treatment outcomes in traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. Method Session-by-session changes in anxiety sensitivity and cognitive defusion were assessed in 67 adult outpatients randomized to CBT (n = 35) or ACT (n = 32) for a DSM-IV anxiety disorder. Results Multilevel mediation analyses revealed significant changes in the proposed mediators during both treatments (p Conclusions Cognitive defusion represents an important source of therapeutic change across both CBT and ACT. The data offered little evidence for substantially distinct treatment-related mediation pathways.
SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, which are thought to contribute to resistance. Much progress has been made recently in elucidating the mechanism of SAR. Using the model plant Arabidopsis, it was discovered that the isochorismate pathway is the major source of SA during SAR. In response to SA, the positive regulator protein NPR1 moves to the nucleus where it interacts with TGA transcription factors to induce defense gene expression, thus activating SAR. Exciting new data suggest that the mobile signal for SAR might be a lipid molecule. We discuss the molecular and genetic data that have contributed to our understanding of SAR and present a model describing the sequence of events leading from initial infection to the induction of defense genes.
Experience with adaptive mobile applications in Odyssey

In this paper, we present our experience with application-aware adaptation in the context of Odyssey, a platform for mobile data access. We describe three applications that we have modified to run on Odyssey — a video player, a Web browser, and a speech recognition system. Our experience indicates that it is relatively simple to incorporate applications into Odyssey, and that application source code is not always essential. Although our applications were built without knowledge of each other, Odyssey is able to run them concurrently without interference. However, our experience also exposes important areas of future work. Specifically, it reveals the difficulty of balancing agility with stability in adaptation, and emphasizes the need for controlled exposure of internal Odyssey state to users.