cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total synthesis of microtubule-stabilizing agent (-)-laulimalide.

An enantioselective first total synthesis of laulimalide (1) is described. Laulimalide, a remarkably potent antitumor macrolide, has been isolated from the Indonesian sponge Hyattella sp. and the Okinawan sponge Fasciospongia rimosa. Laulimalide represents a new class of antitumor agents with significant clinical potential. The synthesis is convergent and involved the assembly of C3−C16 segment 4 and C17−C28 segment 5 by Julia olefination. The sensitive C2−C3 cis-olefin functionality was installed by Yamaguchi macrolactonization of a hydroxy alkynic acid followed by hydrogenation of the resulting alkynoic lactone over Lindlar's catalyst. Initial attempts of intramolecular Still's variant of Horner−Emmons olefination between the C19-phosphonocetate and C3-aldehyde provided a 1:2 mixture of cis- and trans-macrolactones. The trans-isomer was photoisomerized to a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers. The other key steps involved ring-closing olefin metathesis to construct both dihydropyran units, stereoselective...
Incentives and yield management in improving productivity of manufacturing facilities

Financial incentives are used to improve productivity and quality in manufacturing and service facilities. This improvement in productivity would normally release part of the facility's productive capacity. Without stimulating additional demand to consume this released capacity, the facility would be unable to tap the full benefits of the improvements in productivity. Hence, yield management is introduced in an attempt to entice more demand and increase revenues. In this paper, we develop a NonLinear Programming (NLP) model to jointly determine the optimum financial incentives and price discount levels for each rate class. The model aims at maximizing net revenues. It includes nonlinear relationships representing the impact of incentives on productivity and quality improvements as well as the effect of price discounts on customer demand in each market segment. The generic nature of our NLP model makes it applicable to all multi-product manufacturing facilities covering sales, production and delivery. The model is applied to determine the optimum incentive and price discount levels for perishable products in a multi-product ready-mix concrete plant. It is demonstrated that the model is useful in maximizing net revenues through productivity improvements and an increase in customer demand.
Representations of the rational Cherednik algebras of dihedral type

Abstract In this paper we describe the Jordan–Holder series of the standard modules over the rational Cherednik algebras associated with the dihedral group. In particular, we compute the characters of the irreducible representations from the category O and classify the finite-dimensional representations.
Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant High-Growth Entrepreneurs:

This article examines the economic contributions of skilled Asian immigrants in Silicon Valley—both directly, as entrepreneurs, and indirectly, as facilitators of trade with and investment in their...
A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new venture performance

Abstract Measuring the performance of new ventures is of interest because they are a major source of job creation and because improvement in performance is critical to their survival and growth. However, collecting data on the performance of new ventures is often difficult due to a lack of historical information and accessibility. This article presents conclusions from a literature review of 34 current empirical studies from the entrepreneurship field that measured some aspect of performance and describes the results of an exploratory study that tested empirical variation across two methods of data collection and three sources of information used in measuring the performance of new ventures. Sixty-six recently formed (4–6 years old) manufacturing firms in Massachusetts were identified and queried on different aspects of performance. The sample was split: one group being surveyed by telephone, the other by mail. Besides the self-report by the venture, two additional sources of performance information were used: an archival source and a competitor that had been identified by the new venture. Measures of performance information included those most frequently used by researchers, such as annual sales, number of employees, return on sales, growth in sales, and growth in employees. Both subjective and objective measures were employed. Correlational tests and regressions were used to compare measures, sources, and methods for reliability. Results show that sales figures obtained from archival sources and direct questioning of new ventures were highly and significantly correlated. Competitors proved to be a reliable third source in that the performance estimates they made were highly correlated with the estimates reported by the new ventures themselves, but their estimates sometimes differed widely in absolute value. Both mail and telephone methods rated well in obtaining complete responses, even though the response rate for the telephone was twice that of the mail responses. The main implications for researchers are consideration of the trade-offs in terms of cost, time, and accuracy for various methods of data collection and sources of performance information. This research does not attempt to prescribe which measure to use; rather, it offers the results of empirical tests that suggest which methods and sources might be used to collect the information. For the new venture owner/manager, this research suggests that competitors of new ventures are often knowledgeable of the sales and profitability of new ventures.
Transonic Flow Past a Symmetrical Airfoil-- Inviscid and Turbulent Flow Properties

Flowfield measurements are presented for a symmetrical NACA 64A010 airfoil section at transonic conditions. Measurements were obtained for three angles of attack with the freestream Mach number fixed at O.S. The cases studied included a weak shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction, an interaction of medium strength with mild separation, and an interaction of sufficient strength to produce a shock-induced stall situation. Two nonintrusive optical techniques, lower velocimetry and holographic interferometry, were used to characterize the flows. The results include Mach number contours and flow angle distributions in the inviscid flow regions, and turbulent flow properties, including the turbulent Reynolds stresses, of the upper surface viscous layers, and of the near-wake. The turbulent flow measurements reveal that the turbulence fluctuations attain equilibrium with the local mean flow much faster than previously expected.
Type Ia supernovae selection and forecast of cosmology constraints for the Dark Energy Survey

We present the results of a study of selection criteria to identify Type Ia supernovae photometrically in a simulated mixed sample of Type Ia supernovae and core collapse supernovae. The simulated sample is a mockup of the expected results of the Dark Energy Survey. Fits to the MLCS2k2 and SALT2 Type Ia supernova models are compared and used to help separate the Type Ia supernovae from the core collapse sample. The Dark Energy Task Force Figure of Merit (modified to include core collapse supernovae systematics) is used to discriminate among the various selection criteria. This study of varying selection cuts for Type Ia supernova candidates is the first to evaluate core collapse contamination using the Figure of Merit. Different factors that contribute to the Figure of Merit are detailed. With our analysis methods, both SALT2 and MLCS2k2 Figures of Merit improve with tighter selection cuts and higher purities, peaking at 98% purity.
String-Like Configurations in the Weinberg-Salam Theory

The Weinberg-Salam theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions admits classical configurations in which a pair of magnetic monopoles is bound by a flux string of the Z0 field. They give rise to Regge trajectories of excitations with a mass scale in the TeV range.
Entropy Generation in Thin Films Evaluated From Phonon Radiative Transport

One of the approaches for microlnanoscale heat transfer in semiconductors and dielectric materials is to use the Boltzmann transport equation, which reduces to the equation of phonon radiative transfer under the relaxation time approximation. Transfer and generation of entropy are processes inherently associated with thermal energy transport, yet little has been done to analyze entropy generation in solids at length scales comparable with or smaller than the mean free path of heat carriers. This work extends the concept of radiation entropy in a participating medium to phonon radiation, thus, providing a method to evaluate entropy generation at both large and small length scales. The conventional formula for entropy generation in heat diffusion can be derived under the local equilibrium assumption. Furthermore, the phonon brightness temperature is introduced to describe the nature of nonequilibrium heat conduction. A diamond film is used as a numerical example to illustrate the distribution of entropy generation at the walls and inside the film at low temperatures. A fundamental knowledge of the entropy generation processes provides a thermodynamic understanding of heat transport in solid microstructures ; this is particularly important for the performance evaluation of thermal systems and microdevices.
Interfacial Charge Transfer in Nanoscale Polymer Transistors

Interfacial charge transfer plays an essential role in establishing the relative alignment of the metal Fermi level and the energy bands of organic semiconductors. While the details remain elusive in many systems, this charge transfer has been inferred in a number of photoemission experiments. We present electronic transport measurements in very short channel (L < 100 nm) transistors made from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). As channel length is reduced, the evolution of the contact resistance and the zero gate voltage conductance are consistent with such charge transfer. Short channel conduction in devices with Pt contacts is greatly enhanced compared to analogous devices with Au contacts, consistent with charge transfer expectations. Alternating current scanning tunneling microscopy (ACSTM) provides further evidence that holes are transferred from Pt into P3HT, while much less charge transfer takes place at the Au/P3HT interface.
Significance of growth discordance in appropriately grown twins

Objective We sought to determine the perinatal risks associated with growth discordance in appropriately grown twin gestations. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all twin gestations excluding those complicated by monoamnionicity, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, structural anomalies, selective reduction, or a birthweight Results Of 895 included dichorionic pregnancies, 63 (7.0%) were discordant. Discordant dichorionic twins were not at increased risk of preterm delivery 90% power to detect a 2.5-fold increase in preterm delivery and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit in dichorionic twins. Of 250 monochorionic pregnancies, 23 (9.2%) were discordant. Monochorionic twin pregnancies were at increased risk of preterm delivery Conclusion In appropriately grown twins, growth discordance is a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes in monochorionic, but not dichorionic, twins. Discordant monochorionic twins may benefit from increased antenatal surveillance.
A Pulsation Search among Young Brown Dwarfs and Very-low-mass Stars

In 2005, Palla & Baraffe proposed that brown dwarfs (BDs) and very-low-mass stars (VLMSs; < 0.1 solar masses) may be unstable to radial oscillations during the pre-main-sequence deuterium burning phase. With associated periods of one to four hours, this potentially new class of pulsation offers unprecedented opportunities to probe the interiors and evolution of low-mass objects in the 1-15 million year age range. Following up on reports of short-period variability in young clusters, we designed a high-cadence photometric monitoring campaign to search for deuterium-burning pulsation among a sample of 348 BDs and VLMSs in the four young clusters σ Orionis, Chamaeleon I, IC 348, and Upper Scorpius. In the resulting light curves we achieved sensitivity to periodic signals of amplitude several millimagnitudes, on timescales from 15 minutes to two weeks. Despite the exquisite data quality, we failed to detect any periodicities below seven hours. We conclude that D-burning pulsations are not able to grow to observable amplitudes in the early pre-main sequence. In spite of the nondetection, we did uncover a rich set of variability behavior—both periodic and aperiodic—on day to week timescales. We present new compilations of variable sources from our sample, as well as three new candidate cluster members in Chamaeleon I.
Reactive Ion Etching of Silicon in CCl4 and HCl Plasmas

Reactive ion etching of single‐crystal silicon in , and plasmas with and Ar as additives has been investigated. RF power densities of 0.4–0.7 W/cm2 and pressures of 60–90 mtorr were used. Problematic features include cone‐shaped residues for and black silicon for or Ar. Silicon etch rates of 50–80 nm/min and etch rate ratios of 15–20 for and 1–2 for photoresist(AZ1470)/Si were obtained. The self‐bias measured for plasmas was about an order of magnitude higher than for plasmas. A possible CN peak (at 359 nm) was identified in the optical emission spectrum for plasmas.
Fluctuations in finite-N equilibrium stellar systems

Gravitational amplification of Poisson noise in stellar systems is important on large scales. For example, it increases the dipole noise power by roughly a factor of six and the quadrupole noise by 50% for a King model profile. The dipole noise is amplified by a factor of fifteen for the core-free Hernquist model. The predictions are computed using the dressed-particle formalism of Rostoker & Rosenbluth (1960) and are demonstrated by n-body simulation. This result implies that a collisionless n-body simulation is impossible; The fluctuation noise which causes relaxation is an intrinic part of self gravity. In other words, eliminating two-body relaxation does not eliminate relaxation altogether. Applied to dark matter halos of disk galaxies, particle numbers of at least 10 6 will be necessary to suppress this noise at a level that does not dominate or significantly affect the disk response. Conversely, halos are most likely far from phase-mixed equilibrium and the resulting noise spectrum may seed or excite observed structure such as warps, spiral arms and bars. For example, discreteness noise in the halo, similar to that due to a population of 10 6 M⊙ black holes can produce observable warping and possibly excite or seed other disk structure.
Improving quality and decreasing cost in gynecologic oncology care. Society of gynecologic oncology recommendations for clinical practice

Abstract Objective To identify potential cost savings in gynecologic oncology care without sacrificing quality. Methods Members of the Clinical Practice Committee of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology were asked to review current practice patterns in gynecologic oncology and assess the potential for cost savings founded on evidence-based medicine and current guidelines. Results Five clinical practices were identified including the following: vaginal cytology for endometrial cancer survivors; colposcopy for low grade cytologic abnormalities for cervical cancer survivors; routine imaging studies for gynecologic cancer survivors; screening for ovarian cancer with serum biomarkers and ultrasound; and improving palliative care for gynecologic cancer patients. Review of the published literature and guidelines were performed to make evidence-based recommendations for cost effective quality gynecologic oncology care. Recommendations •Do not perform Pap tests of the vaginal cuff in patients with a history of endometrial cancer. •Do not perform colposcopy for low grade Pap tests in women with a history of cervical cancer. •Avoid routine imaging for cancer surveillance in asymptomatic women with gynecologic cancer, specifically ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer. •Do not screen women at low risk for ovarian cancer with ultrasound or CA-125 or other biomarkers. •Do not delay basic level palliative care for women with advanced or relapsed gynecologic cancer, do refer to a palliative care specialist when needed, and avoid unnecessary treatments at life's end.
Ca, Fe, AND Mg TRENDS AMONG AND WITHIN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

In a sample of elliptical galaxies that span a large range of mass, a previously unused Ca index, CaHK, shows that [Ca/Fe] and [Ca/Mg] systematically decrease with increasing elliptical galaxy mass. Metallicity mixtures, age effects, stellar chromospheric emission effects, and low-mass initial mass function (IMF) boost effects are ruled out as causes. A [Ca/Fe] range of less than 0.3 dex is sufficient to blanket all observations. Feature gradients within galaxies imply a global Ca deficit rather than a radius-dependent phenomenon. Some, but not all, Type II supernova nucleosynthetic yield calculations indicate a decreasing Ca/Fe yield ratio in more massive supernovae, lending possible support to the hypothesis that more massive elliptical galaxies have an IMF that favors more massive stars. No Type II supernova nucleosynthetic yield calculations show significant leverage in the Ca/Fe ratio as a function of progenitor metallicity. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the Ca behavior can be explained as a built-in metallicity effect, and this argues against explanations that vary only the Type II to Type Ia supernova enrichment ratio.
Viscoelastic properties of phonosurgical biomaterials at phonatory frequencies

Objectives—The purpose of this study was to examine the functional biomechanical properties of several injectable biomaterials currently or potentially used for vocal fold augmentation. Study Design—Rheometric investigation of phonosurgical materials in vitro. Methods—Linear viscoelastic shear properties of 3% bovine collagen (atelocollagen), micronized Alloderm (Cymetra), calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) (Radiesse), and 2.4% crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) gel (Juvederm) were quantified as functions of frequency covering the phonatory range, and compared to those of the human vocal fold cover. Measurements of elastic shear modulus (G′) and dynamic viscosity (η′) were made at up to 250 Hz with a controlled-strain simple-shear rheometer. Linear least-squares regression was conducted to
The Formation of Ice Giants in a Packed Oligarchy: Instability and Aftermath

As many as five ice giants?Neptune-mass planets composed of ~90% ice and rock and ~10% hydrogen?are thought to form at heliocentric distances of ~10-25 AU on closely packed orbits spaced ~5 Hill radii apart. Such oligarchies are ultimately unstable. Once the parent disk of planetesimals is sufficiently depleted, oligarchs perturb one another onto crossing orbits. We explore both the onset and outcome of the instability through numerical integrations, including dynamical friction cooling of planets by a planetesimal disk whose properties are held fixed. To trigger instability and the ejection of the first ice giant in systems having an original surface density in oligarchs of ? ~ 1 g cm-2, the disk surface density ? must fall below ~0.1 g cm-2. Ejections are predominantly by Jupiter and occur within ~107 yr. To eject more than one oligarch requires ? 0.03 g cm-2. For certain choices of ? and initial semimajor axes of planets, systems starting with up to four oligarchs in addition to Jupiter and Saturn can readily yield solar system-like outcomes in which two surviving ice giants lie inside 30 AU and have their orbits circularized by dynamical friction. Our findings support the idea that planetary systems begin in more crowded and compact configurations, like those of shear-dominated oligarchies. In contrast to previous studies, we identify ? 0.1? as the regime relevant for understanding the evolution of the outer solar system, and we encourage future studies to concentrate on this regime while relaxing our assumption of a fixed planetesimal disk. Whether evidence of the instability can be found in Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) is unclear, since in none of our simulations do marauding oligarchs excite as large a proportion of KBOs having inclinations 20? as is observed.
A note on enough money in a strategic market game with complete or fewer markets

Abstract Upper and lower bounds for the amount of money required to achieve efficient trade in a strategic market game are considered. The possibility of the efficient use of any commodity as a money is examined.
Spontaneous coherence of indirect excitons in a trap

We report on the emergence of spontaneous coherence of indirect excitons in a trap. At low temperatures, coherence extends over the entire exciton cloud indicating condensation of excitons in the trap.
Radiative Corrections to Muon and Neutron Decay

The corrections to muon decay due to electromagnetic interactions have been recalculated. Our results differ from those of Behrends, Finkelstein and Sirlin, because those authors used an inconsistent method for handling the infra-red divergences which arise separately in the real and virtual processes. The disagreement is especially significant near the end of the electron (positron) spectrum where our results indicate that the radiative correction to the Michel p parameter is approximately 1% larger than previously supposed, a result in the direction of increasing agreement between experiment and theory. With the radiative corrections to muon decay given here the predicted value of the muon lifetime using the universal theory is (2.27 +/- 0.04) x 10(-6). As a preliminary to studying the decay of particles with structure the [beta]-decay of the neutron is examined. This leads to an increase in the coulomb F factor independent of the nuclear charge and of amount approximately 2.6%. As a result the universal coupling constant obtained from the decay of O14 is decreased to G = (1.37 +/- 0.02) x 10(-49) erg cm.(3) and increases the value of the muon lifetime to (2.33 +/- 0.05) x 10(-6) sec.
The consumption tax and transitional relief

Perhaps the most serious ethical and political obstacle to converting an income tax to a consumption tax is that older persons who have accumulated wealth after paying income tax will be taxed again under the new consumption tax if they spend down their wealth. A crucial question that arises is whether the provision of transitional relief would temporarily reduce the impact of tax conversion on capital accumulation. Assuming perfect foresight along the transition path and an empirically plausible range of parameter values, we find that the magnitude of the temporary effect depends crucially on the value of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in the utility function.
On the Multiple-Unicast Capacity of 3-Source, 3-Terminal Directed Acyclic Networks

We consider the multiple-unicast problem with three source–terminal pairs over directed acyclic networks with unit-capacity edges. The three $s_i{\hbox{–}}t_i$ pairs wish to communicate at unit-rate via network coding. The connectivity between the $s_i{\hbox{–}}t_i$ pairs is quantified by means of a connectivity-level vector, $[k_1\ k_2\ k_3]$ such that there exist $k_i$ edge-disjoint paths between $s_i$ and $t_i$. In this paper, we attempt to classify networks based on the connectivity level. It can be observed that unit-rate transmission can be supported by routing if $k_i \geq 3$, for all $i = 1, \ldots, 3$. In this paper, we consider connectivity-level vectors such that $\min_{i = 1, \ldots, 3} k_i . We present either a constructive linear network coding scheme or an instance of a network that cannot support the desired unit-rate requirement, for all such connectivity-level vectors except the vector [1 2 4] (and its permutations). The benefits of our schemes extend to networks with higher and potentially different edge capacities. Specifically, our experimental results indicate that for networks where the different source–terminal paths have a significant overlap, our constructive unit-rate schemes can be packed along with routing to provide higher throughput as compared to a pure routing approach.
Existence, Regularity, and Properties of Generalized Apparent Horizons

We prove a conjecture of Tom Ilmanen and Hubert Bray on the existence of the outermost generalized apparent horizon in an initial data set and that it is outer area minimizing.
Microfabrication of single-crystal silicon multiple torsional oscillators

Micro-oscillators of different designs and dimensions have been fabricated for use in a nuclear magnetic resonance force microscope. The various designs include double and triple torsional oscillators which have high Q's at room temperature (approximately equals 10,000) when operating at the upper cantilever and upper torsional resonances. Depending on design and dimensions, the resonance frequencies vary from tens to hundreds of kHz. Typical dimensions of the designs are (200 X 150) micrometers 2 X 200 nm thick. To fabricate these devices, microelectric fabrication techniques were employed. Si (100) wafers were patterned, etched, and boron-implanted at a dose of 4.2 X 1016 cm-2 and an energy of 134 keV. A post-implant anneal was then performed at 1000 degree(s)C, followed by a KOH wet-etch which leaves the free-standing boron-doped oscillators. Depending on the doping level, anneal, and etch parameters, the thickness of the oscillators varies from 100 - 400 nm. In order to optimize the design and fabrication process, resonance frequencies and Q's have been characterized using fiber-optic interferometry. For example, the upper cantilever resonance of one design has been found to have a minimum detectable force of 1.5 X 10-16 N/(root)Hz at room temperature.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Power Control for D2D Underlaid Cellular Networks: Modeling, Algorithms, and Analysis

This paper proposes a random network model for a device-to-device (D2D) underlaid cellular system using stochastic geometry and develops centralized and distributed power control algorithms. The goal of centralized power control is twofold: ensure that the cellular users have sufficient coverage probability by limiting the interference created by underlaid D2D users, while scheduling as many D2D links as possible. For the distributed power control method, the optimal on–off power control strategy is proposed, which maximizes the sum rate of the D2D links. Expressions are derived for the coverage probabilities of cellular, D2D links, and the sum rate of the D2D links in terms of the density of D2D links and the path-loss exponent. The analysis reveals the impact of key system parameters on the network performance. For example, the bottleneck of D2D underlaid cellular networks is the cross-tier interference between D2D links and the cellular user, not the D2D intratier interference when the density of D2D links is sparse. Simulation results verify the exactness of the derived coverage probabilities and the sum rate of D2D links.
Private value of European patents

Abstract I examine the joint patent designation–renewal behavior of the European Patent Office (EPO) patent applicants during 1978–1996, using both nonparametric techniques and a parametric model. The European patents granted through the EPO are substantially more valuable than those through the national route. Value distribution of patents is highly skewed, and even more so for the EPO patent families. The value of patent rights increases with the economic size of the country and exhibits modestly increasing returns to scale. Model estimation also reveals significant institutional differences across EPO member countries in patent protection.
Semantic Integrity Constraint Checking for Multiple XML Databases

Global semantic integrity constraints ensure integrity and consistency of data spanning multiple databases. In this paper, we take initial steps towards representing global semantic integrity constraints for XML databases. We also provide a general framework for checking global semantic integrity constraints for XML databases. Furthermore, we set forth an efficient algorithm for checking global semantic integrity constraints across multiple XML databases. Our algorithm is efficient for three reasons: (1) the algorithm does not require the update statement to be executed before the constraint check is carried out; hence, we avoid any potential problems associated with rollbacks, (2) sub constraint checks are executed in parallel, and (3) most of the processing of algorithm could happen at compile time; hence, we save time spent at run-time. As a proof of concept, we present a prototype of the system implementing the ideas discussed in this paper.
Physical basis of metal-binding specificity in Escherichia coli NikR.

In Escherichia coli and other bacteria, nickel uptake is regulated by the transcription factor NikR. Nickel binding at high-affinity sites in E. coli NikR (EcNikR) facilitates EcNikR binding to the nik operon, where it then suppresses transcription of genes encoding the nickel uptake transporter, NikABCDE. A structure of the EcNikR-DNA complex suggests that a second metal-binding site is also present when NikR binds to the nik operon. Moreover, this co-crystal structure raises the question of what metal occupies the second site under physiological conditions: K+, which is present in the crystal structure, or Ni2+, which has been proposed to bind to low- as well as high-affinity sites on EcNikR. To determine which ion is preferred at the second metal-binding site and the physical basis for any preference of one ion over another in both the second metal-binding site and the high-affinity sites, we conducted a series of detailed molecular simulations on the EcNikR structure. Simulations that place Ni2+ at hi...
Analcime in the Popo Agie Member of the Chugwater Formation.

ABSTRACT Analcime has been determined to be a prominent and characteristic mineral in the Popo Agie "beds," a member of the Chugwater formation. It is responsible for the distinctive lithology and physical properties which set out the Popo Agie from other western Mesozoic red beds. The analcime-containing beds are up to 60 feet in thickness and are wide-spread in western Wyoming. Only one other sedimentary occurrence of comparably large quantity of analcime has been reported, parts of the Green River formation. The analcime in the Popo Agie is believed to have originated from the interaction of hydrous aluminum silicate clay minerals with sodium-rich waters of a large interior marsh-lake. It probably represents an aluminum silicate mineral stable under the special saline environment, analogous to certain clay minerals which are stable under soil-forming or marine environments. The analcime-bearing strata constitute a stratigraphic marker within a red bed sequence which, because of insufficient fossil zones or physical datum beds, has been perplexing in stratigraphic studies. It may aid in future stratigraphic work. The large quantity of analcime available invites the attention of industrial mineralogists. Included in its zeolitic properties is the capacity to react with acid and release silica gel and recoverable aluminum compounds.
Privatizing public services and strategic behavior: The impact of incentives to reduce workers' compensation claim duration

Abstract During the 1990s, the state of Ohio contracted out Workers' Compensation (WC) case management, incorporating a large bonus payment intended to reward reduced claim duration. The bonus is essentially a decreasing function of average days away from work, excluding claims longer than 15 months. In response, duration is predicted to decrease for claims with moderate injuries and increase for some severe claims so that claimants will miss more than 15 months of work and be excluded from the calculation. I show that contractors increased duration for severe claims but find no evidence that contractors successfully reduced duration for moderate claims. However, contractors received large bonus payments. This is likely because the financial reward to merely excluding a small share of severe claims from the calculation of the bonus payment is large enough to enable TCMs to receive the full bonus. These contractor responses are inconsistent with state intentions, suggesting public entities should anticipate strategic behavior when crafting performance-based incentives.
Spectral pairs in cartesian coordinates

Let Ω ⊂ℝd have finite positive Lebesgue measure, and let $$\mathcal{L}^2$$ (Ω) be the corresponding Hilbert space of $$\mathcal{L}^2$$ -functions on Ω. We shall consider the exponential functionse λ on Ω given bye λ(x)=e i2πλ·x . If these functions form an orthogonal basis for $$\mathcal{L}^2$$ (Ω), when λ ranges over some subset Λ in ℝ d , then we say that (Ω, Λ) is a spectral pair, and that Λ is a spectrum. We conjecture that (Ω, Λ) is a spectral pair if and only if the translates of some set Ω′ by the vectors of Λ tile ℝd. In the special case of Ω=Id, the d-dimensional unit cube, we prove this conjecture, with Ω′=Id, for d≤3, describing all the tilings by Id, and for all d when Λ is a discrete periodic set. In an appendix we generalize the notion of spectral pair to measures on a locally compact abelian group and its dual.
Ovarian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors: characterization, distribution, and induction by GnRH.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its analogs have direct extrapituitary effects on the gonads to inhibit steroidogenesis. In the present study, the nondegradable GnRH analog [125I]D-Alaa-des-Gly10-GnRH ethylamide is shown to specifically bind to ovarian, testicular, and adrenal membrane preparations. The ovarian GnRH receptor has a binding affinity similar to that of the anterior pituitary receptor and is specific for GnRH and GnRH analogs. The GnRH-binding capacity of whole ovarian membrane preparations is 150 fm/mg protein, 3- to 4-fold lower than that of anterior pituitary membranes. The number or affinity of receptors prepared from whole ovarian tissue is not influenced by the time of day, stage of the estrous cycle, or hypophysectomy. However, the GnRH receptor concentration is higher in follicular (371 ± 43 fmol/mg) than luteal (162 ± 25 fmol/mg) membranes from cycling rats. Since GnRH injections increase the number of GnRH receptors in the pituitary, the effect of GnRH on ovarian GnRH bind...
Linking corporate power to corporate structures: An empirical analysis

Corporations are contested legal entities. Many see them merely as vehicles for financial and business elites to acquire and maintain unfettered power. In this paper, I look at the relationship between corporate power and corporate structures, and argue that corporate power is importantly located in the exploitation of the principles of separate personality of corporate entities and shareholder limited liability. Courts’ unwillingness to pierce the corporate veil and to extend the liability of parent company/principal to the acts of a subsidiary/agent contributes to enabling the creation and exploitation of corporate networks. This is particularly problematic when the corporate creditors are tort victims, who do not assent to limited liability through voluntary transactions. The argument is supported by empirical evidence of the strategies of three asbestos firms to avoid accountability for their tortious conduct. These strategies were curbed only by recourse to criminal law by holding corporate personnel...
Equity ownership and firm value: Evidence from targeted stock repurchases

In contrast to the negative average abnormal return associated with the announcement of a control-related targeted repurchase (greenmail transaction), we find that the announcement of a noncontrol-related targeted repurchase is associated with a positive and significant average abnormal return. Cross-sectional analysis indicates that the change in firm value at the announcement of a noncontrol-related targeted repurchase is negatively related to the resulting changes in both insider ownership and outside blockholdings. We also find significant differences in announcement-period stock price effects depending on the identity of the selling shareholder.
Arthur and Merlin as Oracles

We study some problems solvable in deterministic polynomial time given oracle access to the (promise version of) Arthur–Merlin class. Our main results are the following: $$\circ\quad{\rm BPP}^{{\rm NP}}_{||} \subseteq {{\rm P}^{{{\rm pr}{\rm AM}}}_{||}}.$$ $$\circ\quad{{\rm S}_2^p} \subseteq {{\rm P}^{{{\rm pr}{\rm AM}}}}.$$ In addition to providing new upper bounds for the classes $${{{\rm S}_2^p}}$$ and $${{\rm BPP}^{{\rm NP}}_{||}}$$, these results are interesting from a derandomization perspective. In conjunction with the hitting set generator construction of Miltersen and Vinodchandran (Computational Complexity 14(3), 2005), we get that $${{{\rm S}_2^p} = {{\rm P}^{\rm NP}}}$$ and $${{\rm BPP}^{{\rm NP}}_{||} = {\rm P}^{{\rm NP}}_{||}}$$, under the hardness hypothesis associated with derandomizing the class AM. This gives an alternative proof of the same result obtained by Shaltiel and Umans (Computational Complexity 15(4), 2007). We also show that if NP has polynomial size circuits, then the polynomial time hierarchy (PH) collapses as PH = PprMA. Under the same hypothesis, we also derive a FPprMA algorithm for learning circuits for SAT; this improves the ZPPNP algorithm for the same problem by Bshouty et al. (JCSS 52(3), 1996). Finally, we design a FPprAM algorithm for the problem of finding near-optimal strategies for succinctly presented zero-sum games. For the same problem, Fortnow et al. (Computational Complexity 17(3), 2008a) described a ZPPNP algorithm. One advantage of our FPprAM algorithm is that it can be derandomized using the construction of Miltersen and Vinodchandran yielding a FPNP algorithm, under a hardness hypothesis used for derandomizing AM.
SUPERNOVA LIGHT CURVES POWERED BY FALLBACK ACCRETION

Some fraction of the material ejected in a core collapse supernova explosion may remain bound to the compact remnant, and eventually turn around and fall back. We show that the late time ({approx}>days) power potentially associated with the accretion of this 'fallback' material could significantly affect the optical light curve, in some cases producing super-luminous or otherwise peculiar supernovae. We use spherically symmetric hydrodynamical models to estimate the accretion rate at late times for a range of progenitor masses and radii and explosion energies. The accretion rate onto the proto-neutron star or black hole decreases as M-dot {proportional_to}t{sup -5/3} at late times, but its normalization can be significantly enhanced at low explosion energies, in very massive stars, or if a strong reverse shock wave forms at the helium/hydrogen interface in the progenitor. If the resulting super-Eddington accretion drives an outflow which thermalizes in the outgoing ejecta, the supernova debris will be re-energized at a time when photons can diffuse out efficiently. The resulting light curves are different and more diverse than previous fallback supernova models which ignored the input of accretion power and produced short-lived, dim transients. The possible outcomes when fallback accretion power is significant include super-luminous ({approx}> 10{supmore » 44} erg s{sup -1}) Type II events of both short and long durations, as well as luminous Type I events from compact stars that may have experienced significant mass loss. Accretion power may unbind the remaining infalling material, causing a sudden decrease in the brightness of some long duration Type II events. This scenario may be relevant for explaining some of the recently discovered classes of peculiar and rare supernovae.« less
On link privacy in randomizing social networks

Many applications of social networks require relationship anonymity due to the sensitive, stigmatizing, or confidential nature of relationship. Recent work showed that the simple technique of anonymizing graphs by replacing the identifying information of the nodes with random IDs does not guarantee privacy since the identification of the nodes can be seriously jeopardized by applying subgraph queries. In this paper, we investigate how well an edge-based graph randomization approach can protect sensitive links. We show via theoretical studies and empirical evaluations that various similarity measures can be exploited by attackers to significantly improve their confidence and accuracy of predicted sensitive links between nodes with high similarity values. We also compare our similarity measure-based prediction methods with the low-rank approximation-based prediction in this paper.
A simple Boltzmann transport equation for ballistic to diffusive transient heat transport

Developing simplified, but accurate, theoretical approaches to treat heat transport on all length and time scales is needed to further enable scientific insight and technology innovation. Using a simplified form of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), originally developed for electron transport, we demonstrate how ballistic phonon effects and finite-velocity propagation are easily and naturally captured. We show how this approach compares well to the phonon BTE, and readily handles a full phonon dispersion and energy-dependent mean-free-path. This study of transient heat transport shows (i) how fundamental temperature jumps at the contacts depend simply on the ballistic thermal resistance, (ii) that phonon transport at early times approach the ballistic limit in samples of any length, and (iii) perceived reductions in heat conduction, when ballistic effects are present, originate from reductions in temperature gradient. Importantly, this framework can be recast exactly as the Cattaneo and hyperbolic heat equations, and we discuss how the key to capturing ballistic heat effects is to use the correct physical boundary conditions.
An easily prepared, air and moisture stable, resin-bound palladium catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

Abstract An air and moisture stable polymer supported palladium catalyst easily prepared from a commercial available thiourea resin Deloxan®THP was found to enable Suzuki cross-coupling reactions to be carried out in high yields and convenient manner.
Identification of protein coding regions in RNA transcripts

Massive parallel sequencing of RNA transcripts by next-generation technology (RNA-Seq) generates critically important data for eukaryotic gene discovery. Gene finding in transcripts can be done by statistical (alignment-free) as well as by alignment-based methods. We describe a new tool, GeneMarkS-T, for ab initio identification of protein-coding regions in RNA transcripts. The algorithm parameters are estimated by unsupervised training which makes unnecessary manually curated preparation of training sets. We demonstrate that (i) the unsupervised training is robust with respect to the presence of transcripts assembly errors and (ii) the accuracy of GeneMarkS-T in identifying protein-coding regions and, particularly, in predicting translation initiation sites in modelled as well as in assembled transcripts compares favourably to other existing methods.
Intermediates in the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of nitrones and hydrazones

Abstract In the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of C-aryl nitrones and hydrazones, short-lived peroxidic intermediates are observed. Their characterization, mechanisms leading to them, as well their decomposition pathways are discussed.
Facile reduction of tertiary lactams to cyclic amines with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN)

Abstract Various 5- and 6-membered tertiary lactams were reduced to the corresponding cyclic tertiary amines using 2.2 to 2.5 equivalents of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN). This method is highly chemoselective and it is easy to reduce a lactam in the presence of an ester.
Computerized life and reliability modelling for turboprop transmissions

A generalized life and reliability model is presented for parallel shaft geared prop-fan and turboprop aircraft transmissions. The transmission life and reliability model is a combination of the individual reliability models for all the bearings and gears in the main load paths. The bearing and gear reliability models are based on classical fatigue theory and the two parameter Weibull failure distribution. A computer program was developed to calculate the transmission life and reliability. The program is modular. In its present form, the program can analyze five different transmission arrangements. However, the program can be modified easily to include additional transmission arrangements. An example is included which compares the life of a compound two-stage transmission with the life of a split-torque, parallel compound two-stage transmission as calculated by the comaputer program.
Turbulent Combustion Properties Behind a Confined Conical Stabilizer

This paper reports that turbulence properties were investigated in and around the recirculation zone produced by a 45 deg conical flame stabilizer of 25 percent blockage ratio confined in a pipe supplied with a turbulent premixed methane-air mixture at a Reynolds number of 5.7 {times} 10{sup 4}. A three-component LDA system was used for measuring mean velocities, turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, skewness, kurtosis, and turbulent kinetic energy. It was found that wall confinement elongates the recirculation zone by acceleration the flow and narrow it by preventing means streamline curvature. For confined flames, turbulence production is mainly due to shear stress-mean strain interaction. In the region of maximum recirculation zone width and around the stagnation point, the outer stretched flame resembles a normal mixing layer and gradient-diffusion closure for velocity holds. However, an in the absence of turbulent heat flux data, counter gradient diffusion cannot be ruled out. Finally, and because of the suppression of mean streamline curvature by confinement, in combustion flow, the production of turbulence is only up to 33 percent of its damping due to dilatation and dissipation.
Preferential Perpendicular Heating of Coronal Hole Minor Ions by the Fermi Mechanism

We present a kinetic mechanism for the preferential perpendicular heating of minor ions in coronal holes, which may be responsible for the consistent observation in fast solar wind that the heavy ions are hotter and flow faster than the proton population. The basis of this mechanism is the familiar resonant cyclotron interaction between ions and parallel-propagating ion cyclotron waves. The preferential effects naturally arise from the ability of minor ions to simultaneously resonate with several modes in a spectrum of inward- and outward-propagating waves, while protons can encounter only a single resonance for a given particle parallel speed. The single resonance defines a marginally stable proton distribution which represents a limit on the wave dissipation and heating attainable by the proton population. Minor ions have no such limitation and may continue to be heated as long as the resonant wave power is maintained. The multiply resonant interaction available to minor ions is equivalent to a second-order Fermi acceleration of these thermal particles. In this paper, we derive the quasi-linear expressions for this interaction and present illustrative results for the evolution of an O+5 ion distribution in a spatially homogeneous system under various assumptions on the resonant wave spectra. These results demonstrate strong and continuous perpendicular heating to temperatures comparable to those seen in coronal holes.