cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Packaging of the bacteriophage lambda chromosome: dependence of cos cleavage on chromosome length.

Packaging of the bacteriophage lambda chromosome is polarized, proceeding from an initial cohesive end site (cos) in an A to R direction to a terminal cos site. We have performed helper packaging studies which indicate that the frequency of cleavage of the terminal cos site is dependent on the length of the chromosome being packaged. The helper packaging experiments involved infection of repressed lysogens containing a packagable chromosome by a heteroimmune helper. The prophage at which packaging terminated contained a cos duplication segment, so that failure to terminate packaging by cleavage of the first cos site results in packaging of a cos duplication chromosome. The frequency of packaging of chromosomes with the duplication decreases with increasing chromosome length, leading to the conclusion that cos cleavage depends on chromosome length. This result is most compatible with DNA packaging models in which cos cleavage follows packaging. No dependence of cleavage on the length of the distal duplication segment was found, indicating that extensive one-dimensional diffusion of DNA does not occur during packaging.
Global ocean circulation patterns based on seasat altimeter data and the GEML2 gravity field

The Seasat altimeter data has been completely adjusted by a crossing arc technique to reduce the crossover discrepancies to approximately ±30 cm in five regional adjustments. This data was then used to create sea surface heights at 1° intersections in the ocean areas with respect to the GRS80 ellipsoid. These heights excluded the direct tidal effects but included the induced permanent deformation.
Melting of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 at the Core-Mantle Boundary of the Earth

The lower mantle of the Earth is believed to be largely composed of (Mg,Fe)O (magnesiowustite) and (Mg,Fe)SiO_3 (perovskite). Radiative temperatures of single-crystal olivine [(Mg_(0.9),Fe_(0.1))_2SiO_4] decreased abruptly from 7040 ± 315 to 4300 ± 270 kelvin upon shock compression above 80 gigapascals. The data indicate that an upper bound to the solidus of the magnesiowustite and perovskite assemblage at 4300 ± 270 kelvin is 130 ± 3 gigapascals. These conditions correspond to those for partial melting at the base of the mantle, as has been suggested occurs within the ultralow-velocity zone beneath the central Pacific.
Density measurements in high-pressure nitrogen using spontaneous Raman scattering of 248-nm laser light

As part of a program to develop methods for imaging combustion processes in engines using tunable excimer lasers, we have studied the pressure dependence of vibrational Raman scattering from nitrogen at pressures up to 60 atm. Tunable, powerful UV-lasers have an advantage over visible lasers because many types of physical light scattering mechanisms can be used with only minor changes of equipment. The intensity of Raman scattering at UV wavelengths is very strong because it varies as the fourth power of the laser frequency. We can simultaneously acquire a 1D image of temperature as well as of the density of all the major constituents. Alternatively we can use line-of- sight Raman in a back-scatter mode in which only tow very small windows are needed for optical access. In order to do all of this, the differential Raman cross section must be shown to be independent of pressure. Since nitrogen is often taken as the reference material, with the Raman cross sections for other gases measured relative to it, we demonstrate the pressure independence for nitrogen.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Longitudinal study comparing the dynamics of Clostridium difficile in conventional and antimicrobial free pigs at farm and slaughter.

Abstract Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in humans and a major cause of enteritis in neonatal piglets, foals and calves. The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine and compare the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and toxinotype profiles of C. difficile isolated from pigs and their environment in the indoor conventional and outdoor antimicrobial free (ABF) production systems. Ten conventional and eight ABF cohorts of 35 pigs each and their environment were sampled at different stages of production at farm and slaughter. C. difficile prevalence in pigs was highest at the farrowing stage in both conventional (34%, 120/350) and ABF (23%, 56/244) systems, and decreased with age. This reduction in C. difficile prevalence in pigs at later stages of production mirrored the decreased prevalence in the farm environment. At slaughter, C. difficile was isolated at a low frequency from the carcasses and processing environment in both production systems. All but three isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (99%, 505/508), while 1.0% (5/508) and 6.0% (23/508) of isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin, respectively. Toxinotype V (tcdA + tcdB + ) was the predominant strain identified in both systems (conventional: 94%, 376/401; ABF: 82%, 88/107), while the rest were toxinotype XIII (tcdA + tcdB + ). To conclude, we isolated antimicrobial resistant C. difficile regardless of antimicrobial use on the farm. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic similarity of C. difficile isolated in this study, we conclude that the unique production practices employed in conventional and ABF production systems have no impact on the pathogen population.
Drop shape, size and canting angle Distributions in stratiform and convective rain: Some examples and their impact on XPD-CPA relation

1-minute drop size distributions in rain from measurements using 2D video disdrometer are used to identify stratiform and convective rain, and the respective drop shapes are examined separately. Canting angle distributions have also been determined in stratiform rain, under low wind conditions and confirmed independently using polarimetric radar based estimates. Studies are ongoing in this area.
Stomatopoda in the Vanderbilt Marine Museum

[Les 11 especes de Stomatopodes des collections Vanderbilt signales par Mademoiselle Lee Boone ont ete reexaminees. Elles appartiennent en realite a 16 especes dont les noms actuels sont donnes ici., Les 11 especes de Stomatopodes des collections Vanderbilt signales par Mademoiselle Lee Boone ont ete reexaminees. Elles appartiennent en realite a 16 especes dont les noms actuels sont donnes ici.]
Added Layers of Stress in the Commercial Fisheries

Stress for participants from the challenges in the ancient ways of fishing for sustenance and revenue are not new. However, worldwide the challenges to commercial fishers have become more complex in recent years. This article explores the social, economic, and historical context related to the plight of fishers, as well as examines broadly the increasingly complex challenges to the fisheries of today. Research is presented that provides an overview of commercial fishing as it relates to stress and well being in the context of the current changes and transitions for fishers found mostly in Newfoundland and the Southern United States.
FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE-MEDIAN HYBRID FILTERING TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGE SMOOTHING

By applying finite impulse response filtering in conjunction with a median operation, the edges as well as the fine details in the input image can be preserved. The finite impulse response-median hybrid filter thus obtained is computationally more efficient and preserves both details and edges better than conventional median filters. The optical implementation of such a hybrid filter is discussed in this paper.
Nonverbal Assessment of Piagetian Development: An Analysis of Lancy and Goldstein's Procedures

Thirty-four kindergarten through second-grade children were administered classification, conservation of number, and seriation tasks. The tasks assessing these areas were administered in counterbalanced order using the nonverbal procedures developed by Lancy and Goldstein and procedures outlined by Piaget. The purpose of the investigation was to ascertain whether the Lancy and Goldstein approach and materials are veridical measures of Piagetian cognitive development. The areas selected for comparison were those that Piaget and his colleagues have thoroughly analyzed and to which strict Piagetian criteria could be applied. The results indicate that the nonverbal tasks do not effectively measure concrete operational thought as described by Piaget. They do, however, provide an approach for analysis of children's problem-solving strategy and hypothesis development that can be useful in studies of cognitive processes.
Self-organized, noise-free escape of a coupled nonlinear oscillator chain

We consider the self-organized escape of a chain of harmonically coupled units from a metastable state over a cubic potential barrier. The underlying dynamics is conservative and purely deterministic. The supply of a sufficient total energy transforms the chain into the nonlinear regime from which an initially, nearly uniform lattice configuration becomes unstable, yielding a redistribution with a strong localization of energy. A spontaneously emerging localized mode grows into the critical nucleus. Upon passing this transition state, the nonlinear chain performs a collective, deterministic escape event. Surprisingly, we find that such noise-free, collective nonlinear barrier crossing events yield a drastically diminished average escape time as compared to the one that is assisted by continuously impacting thermal noise. This beneficial enhancement of the rate of escape for the chain typically occurs whenever the ratio between the average energy supplied per unit in the chain and the potential barrier energy assumes small values.
Melanosome formation in the goldfish: the role of multivesicular bodies

Melanosome formation in differentiating melanophores of embryonic and adult xanthic goldfish was studied by cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level. Large vesicles (0.4–0.5 μ m) are blebbed from rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi-derived small vesicles, containing the enzyme tyrosinase, fuse with the membrane of the large vesicle, invert and reform within the large vesicle exposing the tyrosinase. This multivesicular body represents the premelanosome. Melanin synthesis begins around the periphery of the inverted vesicles and eventually fills the intervesicular spaces and finally the inverted vesicles. Inasmuch as an internal lamellar matrix is not characteristic of goldfish premelanosomes, the incorporation of Golgi-derived vesicles not only provides tyrosinase for melanin synthesis, but serves as the structural foundation for melanin synthesis. Melanization of pterinosomes as suggested by other workers ( 29, 30, 37, 38 ) was not observed. A structural control mechanism in the activation of tyrosinase is discussed.
cDNA clones reveal differences between human glial and endothelial cell platelet-derived growth factor A-chains

Human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogenic polypeptide1 which is believed to be a heterodimer of A- and B-chains stabilized by interchain disulphide bonds2,3. The B-chain of PDGF is encoded by the c-sis gene, the normal cellular homologue of the transforming gene of the simian sarcoma virus (SSV)4–6. cDNA clones of the B-chain from both normal and transformed cells have mutually consistent DNA sequences7,8. Recently, an A-chain cDNA clone (D-l) was isolated from a transformed human glial cell cDNA library9. We report the complete sequence of an A-chain cDNA clone (BT-1) isolated from a normal human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cell cDNA library. BT-1 differs from the sequence of the D-l clone by a 69 base pair deletion containing the predicted carboxy terminus of the protein. The mRNA levels of the A- and B-chains of PDGF in HUVE cells were analysed and shown to respond differently to the endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF).
The Incongruity of Congruence

SUMMARY This paper examines Satires concept of congruence and the possibility of a “Tao of communication” in historical, social, and cultural context. The author then suggests alternative strategies for facilitating mutual understanding among couples
Patterns of cloacal water and electrolyte excretion in constantly-loaded intact and colostomized ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Abstract 1. 1. The patterns of cloacal water and electrolyte excretion were qualitatively similar in intact and chronically colostomized ducks given oral loads of either distilled water or electrolyle solution. 2. 2. The rates of Na+ and K+ excretion were each selectively increased in birds loaded with solutions containing a relatively higher concentration of each ion. 3. 3. Compared to the intact birds, the colostomized birds showed lower rates of electrolyte excretion following administration of identical electrolyte loads and thus appeared to be retaining electrolyte. 4. 4. At the same time. a significant antidiuresis of similar magnitude occurred in each group of saline-loaded birds. 5. 5. The possible contributions of renal and post-renal mechanisms to the overall conservation of water in intact and colostomized ducks are discussed.
GABA enhancement of maternal defense in mice: possible neural correlates.

Previous studies have shown that low doses of GABA(A) receptor agonists facilitate maternal defense of offspring (maternal aggression), without significantly affecting other maternal behaviors. In addition, it has been demonstrated that endogenous changes in GABAergic neurotransmission occur in association with lactation. This study investigated the effects of GABA(A) receptor agonist, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), a benzodiazepine (BDZ), on maternal behaviors including aggression, and identified brain regions with altered activity in association with treatment. Another aim of the study was to determine whether CDP injections could prevent decreases in maternal aggression that occur with pup separation. Intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg of CDP significantly increased maternal defense without affecting other maternal behaviors, although a trend towards elevated nursing was noted. CDP significantly reduced c-Fos in lateral septum (LS) and caudal periaqueductal gray (cPAG) in behaviorally-experienced mice relative to vehicle-injected controls. In behaviorally-naive subjects, CDP also decreased c-Fos in LS, but in cPAG this decrease was just above significance (p=0.051). CDP was not sufficient to "rescue" maternal aggression when pup stimulus was removed. Overall, these studies provide further insights into the role for GABA in maternal behaviors, including aggression, and how and where BDZs may act to modulate behavior.
Psychiatric Drugs Bind to Classical Targets Within Early Exocytotic Pathways: Therapeutic Effects

The classical targets for antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs are G protein-coupled receptors and neurotransmitter transporters, respectively. Full therapeutic actions of these drugs require several weeks. We show how therapeutic effects may eventually accrue after existing therapeutic ligands bind to these classical targets, not on the plasma membrane but rather within endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi. Consequences of such binding may include pharmacological chaperoning: the nascent drug targets are stabilized against degradation and can therefore exit the ER more readily. Another effect may be matchmaking: heterodimers and homodimers of the target form and can more readily exit the ER. Summarizing recent data for nicotinic receptors, we explain how such effects could lead to reduced ER stress and to a decreased unfolded protein response, including changes in gene activation and protein synthesis. In effects not directly related to cellular stress, escorting would allow increased ER exit and trafficking of known associated proteins, as well as other proteins such as growth factors and their receptors, producing both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects. Axonal transport of relevant proteins may underlie the several weeks required for full therapy. In contrast, the antidepressant effects of ketamine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands, which occur within <2 hours, could arise from dendritically localized intracellular binding, followed by chaperoning, matchmaking, escorting, and reduced ER stress. Thus, the effects of intracellular binding extend beyond proteostasis of the targets themselves and involve pathways distinct from ion channel and G protein activation. We propose experimental tests and note pathophysiological correlates.
HF ISOTOPE CONSTRAINTS ON MANTLE EVOLUTION

Abstract The similarity of the Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotope system during most mantle differentiation processes makes the combination of 176Hf/177Hf and 143Nd/144Nd a very sensitive indicator of a select number of processes. This paper present new Hf-isotope data for a large number of ocean islands and examines the Hf–Nd–Pb isotope relations of oceanic volcanics. Except for HIMU islands, St. Helena and Tubaii, the Hf and Nd isotope ratios in ocean island basalts (OIB) are extremely well correlated. It is argued that crustal recycling (by either continental or oceanic sediments) most likely did not cause the Hf–Nd variations. The correlated 176Hf/177Hf–143Nd/144Nd variations in OIB most likely represent the time integrated fractionations which are the result of melting in the presence of garnet. The Hf-isotope systematics of HIMU-type OIB are consistent with these basalts representing recycled oceanic crust and thus support the earlier hypothesis on the origins of HIMU basalts. Chondrites form an array that is at high angle with the OIB array. This allows a choice in the 143Nd/144Nd and 176Hf/177Hf values for chondritic bulk earth. With a choice of bulk earth at the extreme end of the OIB array the shift of OIB to higher 176Hf/177Hf can be explained by either isolation of a significant amount of basalts from the mantle for several billions of year or by fractionation and isolation of small amounts (
“On the other side"‐reflections on Galicians familiar and strange

Hans C. Buechler and Judith‐Maria Buechler. Carmen: The Autobiography of a Spanish Galician Woman. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1981. xxxi + 242 pp. Index, illustrations. $16.95 cloth, $7.95 paper.
Carbon Fibers Produced from Graphite Fluoride by Thermal Decomposition in an Inert Environment

Slow defluorination of graphite fluoride fibers during nitrogen heating produces both graphitized carbon fibers having high defect density and a yellow film which may contain fullerenerelated materials. The carbon fibers thus obtained can pick up some copper and form aluminum composite during direct molten metal exposure. Explosion of graphite fluoride fibers during quick nitrogen heating produced amorphous carbon containing very little fluorine. They cannot be wetted by copper, but pick up some aluminum during direct molten metal exposure. By either spreading the graphite fluoride fibers apart or adding a small amount of bromoform into the graphite fluoride fibers before the quick nitrogen heating, the possibility of explosion can be reduced.
Effect of kinesin velocity distribution on slow axonal transport

The goal of this paper is to investigate the effect that a distribution of kinesin motor velocities could have on cytoskeletal element (CE) concentration waves in slow axonal transport. Previous models of slow axonal transport based on the stop-and-go hypothesis (P. Jung, A. Brown, Modeling the slowing of neurofilament transport along the mouse sciatic nerve, Physical Biology 6 (2009) 046002) assumed that in the anterograde running state all CEs move with one and the same velocity as they are propelled by kinesin motors. This paper extends the aforementioned theoretical approach by allowing for a distribution of kinesin motor velocities; the distribution is described by a probability density function (PDF). For a two kinetic state model (that accounts for the pausing and running populations of CEs) an analytical solution describing the propagation of the CE concentration wave is derived. Published experimental data are used to obtain an analytical expression for the PDF characterizing the kinesin velocity distribution; this analytical expression is then utilized as an input for computations. It is demonstrated that accounting for the kinesin velocity distribution increases the rate of spreading of the CE concentration waves, which is a significant improvement in the two kinetic state model.
Plant immunity and film Noir: what gumshoe detectives can teach us about plant-pathogen interactions.

Summary teins to increase virulence when infecting r plants. The differences in nomenclature in plant and animal Plant cells practice constant vigilance using resis- pathogenesis can be confusing as we give similar phetance (R) proteins to monitor pathogenic processes. notypes opposite names. How we name things is imporThree papers published recently in Cell and one in tant, as it guides our thinking about future experiments. Science provide support for a model in which plant Typically, when referring to host-pathogen interactions, cells set up surveillance of signal transduction path- we rely on war imagery. To translate between terminoloways, preparing to destroy the cell if any untoward gies used to describe plant and animal host-pathogen fiddling with cellular physiology is detected. The dem- interactions, detective fiction may be provide a better onstration of three separate examples of such a sys- metaphor. Dangl and Jones (2001) proposed a model tem suggests that it is broadly used and should pro- in which R proteins act as guards to monitor the behavior voke a reexamination of microbial pathogenesis in of molecules that are targets of TTSA effectors. Perhaps animal cells to look for similar mechanisms. a more illustrative example is to consider the R proteins to be private eyes in a film noir. The detectives are hired to observe the behavior of a “mark” to determine if he
A Regulatory Mechanism That Detects Premature Nonsense Codons in T-cell Receptor Transcripts in Vivo Is Reversed by Protein Synthesis Inhibitors in Vitro

Gene rearrangement during the ontogeny of T- and B-cells generates an enormous repertoire of T-cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Because of the error-prone nature of this rearrangement process, two-thirds of rearranged TCR and Ig genes are expected to be out-of-frame and thus contain premature terminations codons (ptcs). We performed sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products from fetal and adult thymus and found that newly transcribed TCR-β pre-mRNAs (intron-bearing) are frequently derived from ptc-bearing genes but such transcripts rarely accumulate as mature (fully spliced) TCR-β transcripts. Transfection studies in the SL12.4 T-cell line showed that the presence of a ptc in any of several TCR-β exons triggered a decrease in mRNA levels. Ptc-bearing TCR-β transcripts were selectively depressed in levels in a cell clone that contained both an in-frame and an out-of-frame gene, thus demonstrating the allelic specificity of this down-regulatory response. Protein synthesis inhibitors with different mechanism of action (anisomysin, cycloheximide, emetine, pactamycin, puromycin, and polio virus) all reversed the down-regulatory response. Ptc-bearing transcripts were induced within 0.5 h after cycloheximide treatment. The reversal by protein synthesis inhibitors was not restricted to lymphoid cells, as shown with TCR-β and β-globin constructs transfected in HeLa cells. Collectively, the data suggest that the ptc-mediated mRNA decay pathway requires an unstable protein, a ribosome, or a ribosome-like entity. Protein synthesis inhibitors may be useful tools toward elucidating the molecular mechanism of ptc-mediated mRNA decay, an enigmatic response that can occur in the nuclear fraction of mammalian cells.
Differential inhibition of Wnt-3a by Sfrp-1, Sfrp-2, and Sfrp-3

Secreted frizzled related proteins (Sfrps) are extracellular attenuators of Wnt signaling that play important roles in both embryogenesis and oncogenesis. Although Sfrps are generally thought to bind and sequester Wnts away from active receptor complexes, very little is known about the specificity of Sfrp family members for various Wnts. In the developing chick neural tube, sfrp-1, 2, and 3 transcripts are expressed in and adjacent to the dorsal neural tube, where Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a are expressed. To better define the possible roles of Sfrp-1, 2, and 3 in the neural tube, we first tested the ability of purified Sfrps to inhibit Wnt-3a-induced accumulation of beta-catenin in L cells. We find that both Sfrp-1 and Sfrp-2 can inhibit Wnt-3a activity while Sfrp-3 cannot. To determine where Sfrp-1 and Sfrp-2 impinge on the Wnt signaling pathway, we tested the ability of these Sfrps to inhibit Wnt signaling induced by the addition of LiCl, an inhibitor of GSK-3. Sfrp-1 and Sfrp-2 are unable to inhibit the accumulation of beta-catenin in LiCl-treated cells, suggesting that the ability of Sfrps to inhibit the accumulation of beta-catenin is GSK-3 dependent. We have further shown that Sfrp-2 inhibits the ability of ectopic Wnt-3a to stimulate proliferation in the developing chick neural tube. These results provide the framework for understanding how Sfrps function to regulate Wnt-3a activity in developing embryos and in cancer.
Sephadex filtration of a macromolecular aggregate associated with bilirubin

Abstract 1. 1. Filtration of human gallbladder and hepatic bile samples on Sephadex gels was undertaken in an attempt to study pigment-binding micelles in human bile. Two portions of pigment-material were identified when concentrated gallbladder bile samples were eluted on G75 columns: P-V which was excluded from the gel bed, having an apparent molecular weight greater than 50000; and P-G which entered the gel bed, having an apparent molecular weight less than 50000. P-G contained over 70% of the bile pigments. Only one portion of pigment-material, which all entered the gel bed (P-G), was obtained when dilute gallbladder and hepatic bile samples were filtered. 2. 2. The initial eluant fractions of the more concentrated bile samples were turbid. The turbid material was composed mainly of cholesterol with little phospholipids and no bile salts, and was the consequence of bile salts being removed from the micellar aggregates by the gel. 3. 3. Sephadex gel filtration resulted in a significant reduction in the size of the micelles, the greater the quantity of gel used, the greater the reduction in the size of the aggregate eluted off the columns. 4. 4. It was concluded that Sephadex gel filtration caused degradation of the micelles in bile, and that such techniques, if used to measure the molecular weight of bile micelles, must be evaluated in the light of these findings.
Sequential Monte Carlo techniques for the solution of linear systems

Given alinear system Ax=b, wherex is anm-vector,direct numerical methods, such as Gaussian elimination, take timeO(m 3) to findx. Iterative numerical methods, such as the Gauss-Seidel method or SOR, reduce the system to the formx=a+Hx, whence $$x = \sum\nolimits_{r = 0}^\infty {H^r a} ;$$ and then apply the iterationsx 0=a,x s+1=a+Hx s , until sufficient accuracy is achieved; this takes timeO(m 2) per iteration. They generate the truncated sums $$x_s = \sum\nolimits_{r = 0}^\infty {H^r a} .$$ The usualplain Monte Carlo approach uses independent “random walks”, to give an approximation to the truncated sumx s , taking timeO(m) per random step. Unfortunately, millions of random steps are typically needed to achieve reasonable accuracy (say, 1% r.m.s. error). Nevertheless, this is what has had to be done, ifm is itself of the order of a million or more. The alternative presented here, is to apply a sequential Monte Carlo method, in which the sampling scheme is iteratively improved. Simply put, ifx=y+z, wherey is a current estimate ofx, then its correction,z, satisfiesz=d+Hz, whered=a+Hy−y. At each stage, one uses plain Monte Carlo to estimatez, and so, the new estimatey. If the sequential computation ofd is itself approximated, numerically or stochastically, then the expected time for this process to reach a given accuracy is againO(m) per random step; but the number of steps is dramatically reduced [improvement factors of about 5,000, 26,000, 550, and 1,500 have been obtained in preliminary tests].
A Convection/Radiation Temperature Control System for High Power Density Electronic Device Testing

Active control of die-level temperature is required during production testing of high power microprocessors in order to ensure accurate performance classification, but control is becoming more difficult as the device power densities increase. With power densities approaching 100 W/cm 2 , the current passive control systems are no longer able to maintain the required temperature tolerance for production testing. This paper describes the design and testing of a temperature control system that combines high performance impingement cooling with higher power laser heating with application to packaged integrated circuit devices under dynamic testing conditions. Also presented are system design concepts and experimental results for typical microprocessor thermal test vehicles.
Growth and survival of the fish pathogenic bacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, in tilapia mucus and porcine gastric mucin

Flavobacterium columnare , an economically important Gram-negative bacterium of freshwater farmed fish, colonizes the skin and gills in the initial steps of pathogenesis. The surface of fish is coated with mucus made up of high molecular weight glycoproteins. Limited studies have described the ability of bacterial pathogens to grow in fish mucus. Our objective was to determine if F. columnare isolates could grow and survive in formulated water (FW) containing autoclaved tilapia mucus or porcine gastric mucin. We demonstrated the ability of F. columnare genomovars I, II, II-B and III to replicate (2–3 logs) and survive (21 to >100 days) in FW containing tilapia mucus. In a second experiment, genomovar I and II isolates were found to replicate in FW containing tilapia mucus or porcine mucin but not in FW only. From a practical standpoint, fish handling and/or hauling results in stress that leads to mucus sloughing often with subsequent F. columnare infection. Flavobacterium columnare utilizes fish mucus as a nutrient source, and studies are underway to determine if growth in mucus or mucin results in differential protein expression and/or increased virulence of F. columnare towards fish.
Job due-date assignment with earliness and tardiness penalties and stochastic arrival and service times

We consider the problem of assigning job due-dates when the objective is to minimise the total expected earliness and tardiness penalty. This type of problem is important because modern production and distribution systems discourage both tardy and early deliveries. This paper extends a general due-date policy, the so-called SL rule, to incorporate not only tardiness but also earliness. We provide optimal policy parameters for the linear and quadratic penalty cases in an M/M/1 system.
Finite Upper Half Planes over Finite Fields

Finite upper half planes have been studied by Terras, Poulos, Celniker, Trimble, and Velasquez. Motivated by Stark'sp-adic upper half plane as ap-adic analog of the PoincarA© upper half plane, a finite field of odd characteristic was used as the finite analog of the real line. The analog of the upper half plane was constructed by adjoining the square root of a non-square to the finite field. Since this is not possible with a finite field of even characteristic, this paper will introduce a modification which will enable all finite fields to be considered. After constructing the finite upper half planes, graphs on these planes will be considered. We are interested in the spectrum, girth, diameter, and other combinatorial properties of these graphs.
Factors affecting the germination of spores of Bacillus anthracis

Spores of Bacillus anthracis germinated poorly at high cell densities unless the alanine racemase inhibitor O-carbamyl-D-serine was added to the germination medium. Spores derived from a variety of strains of B. anthracis germinated optimally at 22 degrees C. No correlation was found between rate of spore germination and virulence or between susceptibility of animal species to anthrax and spore germination rate using sera from those animals as the germination medium.
The future of disability in America: review of the Institute of Medicine report.

Arecent report from the Institute of Medicine reviewed progress (or lack thereof) in how the nation monitors, prevents, and accommodates disability among people of all ages. 1 The report makes a number of recommendations that may improve monitoring of disability and strengthen the organization and delivery of services to diminish the impact of disability. The 2007 report updated an influential report from 1991 that helped reframe key concepts of disability by emphasizing how social and environmental factors greatly influence the experience of disability. 2 Although the 1991 report pointed out that much disability arose directly from health conditions, the person’s environment (social, physical, and community) plays a critical role in determining whether the disability interferes with functioning and the ability to perform a wide variety of activities of daily living. The earlier report led to new and more comprehensive research strategies, including expansion of the field of secondary disabilities and more emphasis on accommodations that could minimize the effects of chronic conditions on going to school, playing with friends, or gaining employment. Work following the 1991 report led to a lively interaction with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) under development by the World Health Organization. 3 The ICF, one of the set of health-related classification systems that the World Health Organization has developed, complements the ICD-9 by defining categories of disability, functioning, and environmental factors influencing the interactions among them.
Residency Application Statements Can Predict Postresidency Training

We sought to evaluate whether residency application statements regarding expected career paths are accurate predictors of early postresidency career paths. We evaluated 162 residents who completed a categorical medicine residency at Georgetown University Hospital between 1990 and 1998 to determine if their stated career plans (generalist practice, subspecialization, or undecided) at application predicted activity immediately after residency. Of 130 residents with defined postresidency plans at application, most 78 (60%) followed those career paths after graduation; 18 (67%) of 27 pursued their initial interest in generalist practice, and 60 (58%) of 103 pursued their stated interest in subspecialty training. We also noted a movement of residents toward generalism (79 [49%] of 162), despite low initial interest (27 [17%] of 162).
Laser welding versus suturing in tunica vaginalis and venous patch graft corporoplasty

AbstractCongenital penile curvature may result from corporeal disproportion in nearly 40 percent of cases, while in adults scarring of the corporeal bodies or periurethral fibrosis accounts for the majority of cases. Some surgeons advocate lengthening the fibrosed corporeal bodies by excising tunica albuginea and grafting such defects to straighten the penis. Tunica vaginalis, dermis, dorsal vein and lyophilized dura have been used for this purpose. Traditionally, these graft biomaterials have been sutured to the tunica albuginea.We assessed the feasibility, short-term safety and efficacy of diode laser tissue welding using albumin based solder and indocyanine green dye to perform patch graft corporoplasty in the dog. Ten animals were subjected to bilateral transverse excision of 1 X 2 cm. sections of tunica albuginea. Corporoplasty was performed using grafts composed of saphenous vein (5) or tunica vaginalis (5). Microsurgical repair with 7-zero polydioxanone suture (10) was compared to contralateral las...
Optical properties of NH3 ice from the far infrared to the near ultraviolet.

The optical constants (n(r), n(i)) for solid ammonia in the cubic phase from 0.14 to 200 microns are displayed in both graphical and tabular form. The refractive indices n(r) were obtained from previously published spectra of the absorption index n(i) by means of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation. Mie scattering parameters in the same spectral range are graphically illustrated for particle sizes from 1 to 100 microns. An application of these results to the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter is also presented.
The pineal gland: a supplemental source of hypothalamic-releasing hormones.

Crude extracts of commercially availa-ble ovine, bovine and porcine pineal glands were found to contain high levels of gonadotropin-releasing activity. The gonadotropin-releasing hor-mone (Gn-RH) radioimmunoassay values (porcine, 185 ng/gland; bovine, 500 ng/gland; and ovine, 490 ng/gland) were consistent with values obtained by in vitro Gn-RH bioassay. The pineal glands con-tained 4–10 times as much gonadotropin-releasing activity as that reported in hypothalami of the corresponding species. To verify this high ratio, fresh pineal glands and hypothalami were obtained from 4 ewes and similarly extracted. The pineal:hypothalamus activity ratio was found to be more than 20:1. The bovine and ovine pineal extracts were also tested for the induction of ovulation in the estrous rabbit. Ovulation occurred in all animals treated with the extract at a dose equivalent to 2μg Gn-RH (based on radioimmuno and bioassay results). One of the extracts was further characterized by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 using 3H-p...
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons' clinical consensus statement: risk, prevention, and diagnosis of venous thromboembolism disease in foot and ankle surgery and injuries requiring immobilization.

Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideguidanceforphysiciansregardingtherisk,prevention,anddiagnosisof venous thromboembolism disease after foot and ankle surgery and while caring for lower extremity injuries that require ankle immobilization. A panel composed of all authors of this document reviewed the published evidence and,throughaseriesofmeetings,reachedconsensusregardingtheviewpointscontainedherein.Weconcludethat routine chemical prophylaxis is not warranted; rather, patients should be stratified and have a prevention plan tailored to their individual risk level. An effective venous thromboembolism prevention program is typically multimodal and focuses on addressing any modifiable risk factors, use of mechanical prophylaxis, early mobilization,andcarefulconsiderationoftheuseofchemicalprophylaxis.The finaldecisionregardinguseandmethod(s) of prophylaxis adopted should be agreed upon by both the clinician and patient after a discussion of the potential benefits and harms as they relate to the individual. This should take place preferably during the preoperative visit orintheimmediatepost-injurysetting,anditmayneedtoberevisitedduringthecourseofcareifthepatient’srisk
Regeneration of Return-to-Zero 10 Gb/s Fiber Transmission Impairments using a Monolithically Integrated, Widely-Tunable, Photocurrent Driven Wavelength Converter

Regeneration of transmission impairments is performed using a monolithically- integrated photocurrent-driven wavelength converter. BER measurements show improved receiver sensitivity of 4,4, and 11-dB for regeneration through the device after 0,25 and 50-km of fiber.
Negative-parity heavy pentaquark states in 1 /N c

Abstract The 1 / N c expansion for negative-parity heavy pentaquarks is developed using the formalism introduced for excited baryons in large N c . Relations are found between the mass splittings of these pentaquarks and those of nonexotic baryons.
Optically‐compensated variometers and wide‐range recorders to be used during the Jubilee Polar Year

When the project was mooted of making a world-wide series of scientific observations during 1932–33, which will be the fiftieth anniversary of the first Polar Year, the question of the magnetic instruments suitable for use in polar regions had to be given careful thought. The problem of transportation is serious and requires that the minimum possible weight of building materials be taken, with consequent restriction in the size and insulation of the observatories. Fortunately for the scientific expeditions which will proceed to the polar regions, Dr. B. la Cour, of the Danish Meteorological Institute, who is President of the International Polar Year Commission, and his associates had realized the lack of appropriate magnetographs and had designed apparatus adequate for the purpose.
Finding bad values in factorial designs -- Revisited

An outlier in an unreplicated factorial experiment is difficult to detect, and its presence is a problem because methods for detecting outliers and testing effects in the presence of outliers are unavailable in most statistical software. Three methods f..
Genetic influences on the development of spatial skills during early adolescence.

Abstract The course of development of skill at face encoding is disrupted in early adolescence. Evidence is provided that the timing of this disruption is under genetic control. Regardless of their age, girls in the midst of pubertal change encode faces less efficiently than prepubescent or postpubescent controls. This maturational influence on face encoding is contrasted with a different effect of pubertal development on another visuo-spatial ability, performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). Regardless of their pubertal status at time of testing, girls who mature earlier are disadvantaged on EFT compared to those who mature later. The results for EFT replicate earlier findings on the relation between individual differences in the age at which adolescence begins and certain spatial skills. Several possible explanations for each of these effects—that of maturational status on face encoding and that of maturation rate on EFT—are discussed. Consideration of the relation between physical and mental growth is advocated as a source of constraints on explanations of cognitive development.
Modeling irrigation management strategies to maximize cotton lint yield and water use efficiency.

Increasing pumping costs and declining well capacities in the Southern High Plains compel producers to seek irrigation strategies to maximize yield and water use efficiency (WUE), which is the ratio of yield to evapotranspiration (ET). Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is suited to deficit irrigation using wells ranging from 0.29 to 0.93 L s ―1 ha ―1 capacity to supply limited, 2.5 mm d ―1 , to complete, 8.1 mm d ―1 ET replacement. Our objectives were to (i) evaluate irrigation capacity and duration effects on lint yield, and (ii) compare application strategies that maximize yield and WUE. The simulation model GOSSYM was used with 1959 to 2000 weather records from Bushland, TX, to calculate yields of cotton grown on a Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) with 50 or 100% initial available soil water. We compared all combinations of irrigation duration (4, 6, 8, and 10 wk) and capacity (for ET replacement of 2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 mm d ―1 and dryland). Simulated lint yield decreased as irrigation decreased; however, yields for similar irrigation totals increased with increasing irrigation capacity. Simulated yields for cotton irrigated > 8 wk did not differ among irrigation capacities, but cotton irrigated at 5.0 mm d ―1 maintained yield with earlier irrigation termination at 6 wk. Based on mean yields, we determined that spreading water to deficit irrigate a field with 2.5 mm d ―1 yielded ∼5% less lint than concentrating that water to irrigate smaller fields at 3.75 or 5.0 mm d ―1 that were averaged with complementary (2:1 and 1:1) dryland areas.
‘We’re from the generation that was raised on television’: a qualitative exploration of media imagery in elementary preservice teachers’ video production

In this article the authors present their analysis of preservice teachers’ video production. Twenty‐eight students in the first authors’ Social Foundations of the Elementary Curriculum course produced a 5‐ to 10‐minute video as the major assignment for the class, interviews were conducted with six of the seven video production groups and the videos were analyzed with regard to the interviews and theories of visual culture. The authors suggest that in the video products and in the production process the students exhibited a cultural logic of media imagery. The particular logics of audience and entertainment served as a concealed organizing principle for how the students thought about their videos and the processes involved in making them. Embedded in this logic was an overarching concern that their work occupy a public space, thus troubling the boundaries of consumption and production that frame how we consider the role media culture plays in the processes of human meaning‐making.
Toxicokinetics of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane following intravenous administration and dermal application in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice

Abstract In the National Toxicology Program's toxicity studies, rats were more sensitive than mice to Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane (CEM) – induced cardiac toxicity following dermal application to male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) is a major metabolite of CEM in rats. It has been implicated that chemicals metabolized to TDGA cause cardiac toxicity in humans. Therefore, the toxicokinetics of CEM and TDGA were investigated in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice following a single intravenous administration or dermal application of CEM to aid in the interpretation of the toxicity data. Absorption of CEM following dermal application was rapid in both species and genders. Bioavailability following dermal application was low but was higher in rats than in mice with females of both species showing higher bioavailability than males. CEM was rapidly distributed to the heart, thymus, and liver following both routes of administration. Plasma CEM Cmax and AUC∞ increased proportionally with dose, although at the dermal dose of 400 mg/kg in rats and 600 mg/kg in mice non-linear kinetics were apparent. Following dermal application, dose-normalized plasma CEM Cmax and AUC∞ was significantly higher in rats than in mice (p-value
In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of trans- and cis-(+-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid: dissociation of metabotropic and ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor effects.

: This study explored further the function of the metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptor in the rat brain. The trans and cis isomers of (±)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentane-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) were characterized for relative affinities at ionotropic and metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors in vitro, as well as ability to produce in vivo excitatory or excitotoxic effects in rats. trans-ACPD was about 12 times more potent in vitro as an agonist for metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors when compared to its ability to displace N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ([3H]CGS-19755) receptor binding. cis-ACPD was about 30 times more potent as a displacer of [3H]CGS-19755 binding than as a stimulant of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. When administered intra-peritoneally to neonatal rats, both cis- and trans-ACPD produced convulsions that were prevented by the competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, LY233053 and LY274614. cis-ACPD was six times more potent as a convulsant when compared to trans-ACPD. Both compounds were examined for excitotoxic effects in vivo following stereotaxic injection into the mature or neonatal rat striatum. Doses of trans-ACPD of up to 5,000 or 1,200 nmol produced few signs of striatal neuronal degeneration in the mature or neonatal brain, respectively. However, cis-ACPD produced extensive dose-related neuronal degeneration at doses of 100–1,000 nmol in the mature brain and 50–200 nmol in the neonatal brain. These studies suggest that, unlike the ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors, activation of the metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptor does not result directly in excitatory effects, such as excitotoxicity.