cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking with Images: An Exploration into Information Retrieval and Knowledge Generation.

This paper reports a study of a social scientist's use of images in her research. Analysis of the verbs she used to describe her work identified three functions that images fill, those of tool for thinking, carrier of information, and memory system. Different functions were important at different stages of the research. The scholar's searches for images are also described. The paper makes the argument that, although research on information retrieval has generally ended the consideration of the interaction between document and user at the point where the text is found and judged to be relevant or not, this separation of retrieval from use circumscribes understanding of both.
Um continente entortado (América Latina)

Latin America has the most unbalanced distribution of resources of all regions in the world. This review defines a set of common elements characterizing social structures on this continent, suggests some approaches for analysis and theorizing, and supports the integration of regional studies into broader discussions of stratification. An overview of the situation on the continent as a whole, including a short discussion of the relationship between poverty and inequality, allows to address some concerns with data availability. We then devote a section each to class, gender, and race, and conclude by identifying three critical factors that explain Latin American inequality: its position within a global economic system, internal colonialism with maintenance of racial categories, and the underdevelopment of state structures.
Ambident Reactivity of Medium-Ring Cycloalkane-1,3-dione Enolates1

Cycloalkane-1,3-diones with ring sizes 7−10 have been converted to their enolates and subjected to a variety of ethylation and methylation reagent/solvent systems. The greatest amount of O-alkylation was encountered using ethyl tosylate in HMPA. The O/C alkylation ratios decreased with almost every reagent/solvent system as the ring size was increased. This trend is consistent with greater steric strain in the conjugated enolate resonance contributor, resulting in diminished O-attack as the ring size is increased.
Chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of companion animals.

Abstract In the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affect dogs and cats there appears to be dysregulation of normal mucosal immunity, characterised by polyclonal lymphocytic infiltrates which are presumably specific for luminal antigens. There is an absence of a classical polarisation of either T-helper (Th) 1 or Th2 cytokine responses, although increased expression of mRNA for interleukin (IL) 2 and IL-12p40 and a shift towards mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) G production are consistent findings, whilst variable responses are seen in tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Increased mucosal permeability and deranged intestinal motility are common sequelae. Despite obvious similarities with Crohn’s disease and ulcera- tive colitis in humans, important differences exist. Of these, the diffuse superficial nature but with no Th1 or Th2 bias, and the prevalence of proximal small intestinal disease are notable. Potential hypotheses for these disparities include specific di...
Defending the mucosa: adjuvant and carrier formulations for mucosal immunity

A majority of infectious microorganisms either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to enter the host. A major goal in vaccine design is to induce a protective, lasting immune response against potential pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In addition, mucosal vaccines can offer needle-free delivery, thereby improving accessibility, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Challenges to successful mucosal vaccination include poor induction of mucosal immunity, limited understanding of protective mechanisms and crosstalk between mucosal compartments, and the availability of safe, effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems. This review focuses on some key advances in the field of mucosal vaccinology within the past 2-3 years, including reports on promising new formulations and investigations into the mechanisms of established mucosal adjuvants and/or particulate carrier systems.
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors as a novel approach for the treatment of schizophrenia

In recent years, the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have emerged as potential new drug targets for treatment of a range of CNS disorders. Some of the most compelling advances have been made in targeting specific mGlu receptor subtypes as a fundamentally new approach to the treatment of schizophrenia. Recent animal and clinical studies provide strong evidence that agonists of group II mGlu receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) are effective in the treatment of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and animal studies suggest that mGluR5 agonists could provide a novel approach for the treatment of all major symptom domains (positive, negative, and cognitive) of this disorder. Although the discovery of selective agonists of these receptors is a challenge, there have been recent advances in the discovery of highly selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGluR2 and mGluR5. These mGlu receptor-selective PAMs have properties needed for optimization as clinical candidates and have robust effects in animal models that predict efficacy in treatment of schizophrenia.
813 PHAGOCYTIC KINETIC DEFECTS OF HUMAN NEWBORN MONOCYTES CORRECTABLE WITH LEVAMISOLE

Despite reports that phagocytosis in the newborn is comparable to that in adults cells the temporal aspects of this function have not been examined. We have thus compared the kinetics of phagocytosis by monocytes isolated from cord blood and from the blood of adult volunteers. Monocytes attached to glass coverslips were incubated with polystyrene spheres (1.10u diameter) for up to 120 minutes. At intervals, the cells were fixed and extracted in xylene to remove noningested particles. The number of cells containing two or more particles was counted using a phase contrast microscope. In this system, the rate of phagocytosis was considerably more indolent in newborn monocytes than in those from adults. By 50 minutes, phagocygosis had occurred in virtually all of the adult cells, while only 38% of the neonatal monocytes had engulfed particles. However, this defect was not absolute, since by 120 minutes all the newborn cells contained engulfed spheres. Levamisole, a low molecular weight compound which stimulates the function of phagocytes and T-lymphocytes from compromised hosts, had no effect on normal adult monocytes but accelerated phagocytosis of newborn cells to a rate identical with that of adult cells. These data suggest that newborn monocytes are less efficient at phagocytosis than are comparable cells from adults, a compromise which may be critical in the early phases of infection. *Supported by NIAID 5-F32-AI05395
Gender Differences in the Characteristics and Outcomes of Sexually Abused Preschoolers.

ABSTRACT This study examined whether sexually abused preschool boys and girls (ages 2–5) differed in terms of abuse characteristics or psychological outcomes. A retrospective chart review of 74 cases of sexually abused children (29 boys and 45 girls) treated at an urban mental health clinic in Maryland was conducted. Information was collected on: (1) demographics; (2) abuse characteristics (victim's age, type of sexual abuse, relationship to perpetrator); (3) abuse discovery pattern (accidental vs. purposeful); (4) children's symptomatology; and (5) child and familial factors. No differences were found between boys and girls in terms of the victim's age at the time of abuse, perpetrator's age, or the identity of the perpetrator. However, boys and girls experienced different forms of abuse; boys were more likely to experience fondling, oral and anal intercourse. The majority of boys and girls were abused by males, typically someone they knew (biological parent/parent figure or relative). No differences wer...
The induction of phosphatase in various organs of the chick embryo

Abstract 1. 1. Various substrates were injected daily into chick eggs to test their inductive effect on phosphatases in the duodenum, liver, mesonephros, and metanephros of embryos between 14 and 19 days of incubation. 2. 2. Only phenyl phosphate administration significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphomonoesterase in all organs studied. None of the substrates affected acid phosphomonoesterase activity. Adenosine-5-phosphatase activity was not affected by phenyl phosphate administration. 3. 3. Various observations indicate that the observed increase in alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity is to be taken as an actual synthesis of the enzyme. 4. 4. The patterns of alkaline phosphomonoesterase accumulation following phenyl phosphate administration were analyzed in detail. 5. 5. Histological and histochemical observations show that the induced alkaline phosphomonoesterase has an identical localization with the normal enzyme, and that the induced synthesis of the enzyme is dissociable from morphological differentiation of the organs to a considerable extent. 6. 6. The results obtained were discussed on the basis of the properties and suggested functions of phosphatases from an embryological viewpoint.
Multiphoton imaging: a view to understanding sulfur mustard lesions

ABSTRACT It is well known that topical exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) produces persistent, incapacitating blisters of the skin. However, the primary lesions effecting epidermal-dermal separation and disabling of mechanisms for cutaneous repair remain uncertain. Immunofluorescent staining plus multiphoton imaging of human epidermal tissues and keratinocytes exposed to SM (400 M x 5 min) have revealed that SM disrupts adhesion-complex molecules which are also disrupted by epidermolysis bullosa-type blistering diseases of the skin. Images of keratin-14 showed early, progressive, postexposure collapse of the K5/K14 cytoskeleton that resulted in ventral displacement of the nuclei beneath its collapsing filaments. This effectively corrupted the dynamic filament assemblies that link basal-cell nuclei to the extracellular matrix via 6 4 -integrin and laminin-5. At 1 h postexposure, there was disruption in the surface organization of 6 4 integrins, associated displacement of laminin-5 anchoring sites and a concomitant loss of functional asymmetry. Accordingly, our multiphoton images are providing compelling evidence that SM induces prevesicating lesions that disrupt the receptor-ligand organization and cytoskeletal systems required for maintaining dermal-epidermal attachment, signal transduction, and polarized mobility. Keywords: Sulfur mustard, blisters, human epidermis, keratin 14,
Bayesian inference method for model validation and confidence extrapolation

This paper presents a Bayesian-hypothesis-testing-based methodology for model validation and confidence extrapolation under uncertainty, using limited test data. An explicit expression of the Bayes factor is derived for the interval hypothesis testing. The interval method is compared with the Bayesian point null hypothesis testing approach. The Bayesian network with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation and Gibbs sampling is explored for extrapolating the inference from the validated domain at the component level to the untested domain at the system level. The effect of the number of experiments on the confidence in the model validation decision is investigated. The probabilities of Type I and Type II errors in decision-making during the model validation and confidence extrapolation are quantified. The proposed methodologies are applied to a structural mechanics problem. Numerical results demonstrate that the Bayesian methodology provides a quantitative approach to facilitate rational decisions in model val...
CO Adsorption on FeO x Nanoclusters Supported on HOPG—Effect of Oxide Formation on Catalytic Activity

CO adsorption on FeO x clusters has been characterized by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and molecular beam scattering. Iron was vapor deposited and oxidized by annealing in O2. The TDS curves consist initially of two peaks indicating formation of γ-Fe2O3/Fe3O4. Increasing the O2 exposure results in one TDS peak and the dominance of α-Fe2O3.
Development of a hybrid sectional quadrature-based moment method for solving population balance equations

Abstract Various ad hoc methods have been proposed for solving population balance equations (PBEs). Relatively little discussion has taken place to generalize these discretization approaches. In this paper, a flexible method is presented for the discrete solution of PBEs. The method is a generalization of similar techniques. The approach allows for complete control of the discretization and order of approximation of the solution. A simple error analysis of the method is provided. Simulations were performed for pure random breakage, constant kernel aggregation, additive kernel aggregation, combined random breakage/constant kernel aggregation, and free-molecular Brownian coagulation. The numerical results are compared to exact solutions and simulated results from the literature. It was found that increasing the quadrature order within the sections is a more efficient means to increase accuracy as opposed to finer discretization.
Partial band interference excision for GPS using frequency-domain exponents

Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for military applications are highly sensitive to hostile jamming. This paper describes a partial band frequency-domain interference excision technique for GPS receivers. This has been demonstrated to be quite effective in field tests. Although the results of the field tests are classified [6] and not presented here, the algorithm is described in the paper along with a series of simulation results that demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique.
Temperature dependence of optical properties for amorphous silicon at wavelengths of 632.8 and 752 nm

The temperature dependence of the optical properties for amorphous silicon is studied at wavelengths of 632.8 and 752 nm. Both the refractive index and extinction coefficient increase linearly with temperature for 752 nm, while the refractive index decreases and the extinction coefficient increases for 632.8 nm. The rate of increase of the extinction coefficient at 632.8 nm is twice as much as that for 752 nm.
A Four-Dimensional Objective Analysis Scheme and Multitriangle Technique for Wind Profiler Data

A 4D Barnes objective analysis scheme for wind profiler data is developed in order to improve upon previously developed 2D analysis schemes. A significant shortcoming of the 2D schemes is their sensitivity to gaps in the profiler time‐height series; they may produce unrealistic gradient information if large data-void regions are present. The 4D analysis scheme described herein, however, provides an effective means for dealing with data voids within profiler time‐height series. The 4D analysis scheme differs from the 2D techniques in that data from neighboring profiler stations affect the time‐height wind analysis at each site. This allows the analysis scheme to produce smooth, spatially and temporally consistent time‐height wind analyses for each station of the Wind Profiler Network (WPN), even if large data gaps are present. Gridded time‐height wind fields at each profiler site resulting from the 4D analysis scheme are provided as input to a line integral-equivalent technique that is applied over many WPN triangles for the purpose of diagnosing the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of subsynoptic-scale weather systems. Time‐height series of trianglederived variables have been proven elsewhere to be an effective method for diagnosing subsynoptic-scale temporal structure of weather systems; mapping the irregularly spaced triangle information onto a regular, quasihorizontal grid provides a complementary perspective of their spatial structure and evolution.
From Activity Recognition to Situation Recognition

Activity recognition is important to many critical human-centric applications. Despite success in activity recognition research, there seems to be a quest for a richer sentience that is more expressive than human activity. In particular, situation has received intense attention lately with a multitude of overlapping definitions motivated by a variety of different goals. With the goal of assessing user behavior response (compliance) in persuasive systems, we propose a specific definition of situation along with a framework for designing situation recognition algorithms.
Classification of Lung Cancer

o c T s The pathologic diagnosis of lung cancer is undergoing a remarkable transformation, largely driven by new therapies that are dependent on histologic type and/or molecular changes.1 Lung cancer is diagnosed pathologically by a histologic or cytologic approach. Because 70% of lung cancer patients present in advanced stages, the diagnosis is established by small biopsies or cytologies. However, previous classifications by the World Health Organization (WHO) have not specifically addressed this problem. Because of the rapid advances in lung adenocarcinoma occurring at every level, there is a new lung adenocarcinoma classification sponsored by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society, and the European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) and developed by an international multidisciplinary panel, including pathologists, molecular biologists, oncologists, radiologists, and thoracic surgeons.1 This new classification will result in significant changes in the 2004 WHO Classification (Table 1). For the first time in the history of lung cancer, new terminology are proposed for classification of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology (Table 2). This review will focus primarily on the histologic features of lung cancer by addressing the new classification both in resected specimens as well as small biopsies and cytology. In the past, because of different therapeutic approaches, the major differential diagnostic issue in lung cancer for pathologists has been the distinction of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) versus nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, in the past 6 years, 3 new therapeutic advances have defined the importance of classifying NSCLC further to distinguish squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma or other histologic types. A major advance was the discovery that EGFR mutations are almost always found in adenocarcinomas and that in advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients they predict a better outcome and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line therapy, whereas those without EGFR mutations have a better outcome with chemotherapy.2–5 In addition because of the risk of life-threatening
Validity of foresight derived from the evaluation of past activities in Japan

This study examines whether foresight exercises using the Delphi technique indicate future directions from a long-term standpoint, based on the assessment of past Delphi surveys in Japan. It discusses the efficacy and limitations of Delphi surveys by comparing the future perspectives made at the time of the surveys with the actual state. The result shows that Delphi surveys have significance in giving ideas for the directions of technological development for society in the distant future, though their effectiveness differs according to the characteristics of technological fields. Balanced emphasis on major/minor opinions and opportunities for consensus building towards the desired future among related persons should be discussed to improve the efficacy of the survey.
Target container: A target-centric parallel programming abstraction for video-based surveillance

We introduce a novel abstraction, the target container (TC), which serves as a parallel programming model and execution framework for developing complex applications for tracking multiple targets in a large-scale camera network. The key insight is to allow the domain expert (e.g., a vision researcher) to focus on the algorithmic details of target tracking and let the system deal with providing the computational resources (cameras, networking, and processing) to enable target tracking. Each TC has a one-to-one correspondence with a target, possibly tracked from multiple cameras. The domain expert provides the code modules for target tracking (such as detectors and trackers) as handlers to the TC system. The handlers are invoked dynamically by the TC system to discover new targets (detector) and to follow existing targets (tracker). The TC system also provides an interface for merging TCs whenever they are determined to be corresponding to the same target. This paper presents the design of the TC system, details of an experimental prototype, and an example application to demonstrate the simplicity of using the TC programming model.
Imaging Electromigration during the Formation of Break Junctions

Using a scanning electron microscope, we make real-time movies of gold nanowires during the process of electromigration. We confirm the importance of using a small series resistance when employing electromigration to make controlled nanometer-scale gaps suitable for molecular-electronics studies. We are also able to estimate the effective temperature experienced by molecular adsorbates on the nanowire during the electromigration process.
Stability of quantum efficiency and visible light rejection of alkali halide photocathodes

We have studied the UV sensitivity degradation of CsI and KBr thin films under UV illumination and the stability of their visible light rejection for CsI and KBr opaque photocathodes evaporated on microchannel plates. For both materials the greatest degradation of the relative quantum detection efficiency was observed near the photocathode sensitivity cut off, while there was almost no change in their EUV response. The aging of the photocathodes is likely to be independent of the angle of radiation incidence. Of the two materials the CsI films appeared to be more solar blind and less subject to visible sensitivity activation by UV exposure.
Micromachined magnetic actuators using electroplated Permalloy

Results on design, fabrication, and testing of silicon micromachined magnetic actuators are presented. Electroplated, low-stress Permalloy (Ni/sub 80/Fe/sub 20/) material is the medium for magnetic interaction and force generation. The Permalloy piece is supported by a structural plate, which consists of polycrystalline silicon thin film prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Magnetic actuators supported both by cantilever beams and by torsional beams can provide large force (on the order of 100 /spl mu/N) and large displacement (on the order of 100 /spl mu/m). The vertical loading force of magnetic actuators under external bias has been experimentally determined. Applications of such actuators in magnetically assisted levitation and parallel assembly of three-dimensional structures are demonstrated.
Corrosion Protection of at Alloys by Solution Cast Ta 2 O 5

A newly developed amorphous, corrosion resistant Ta2O5 coating in saturated H2/H2O/Cl2 environment was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and surface spectroscopy. Although Ta2O5 films formed on polished Al single crystal surfaces by sputter deposition of Ta and subsequent anodization effectively prevent the Al from corrosion by water saturated with chlorine, Al alloy surfaces are not protected, since the anodic film formed over grain boundaries, processing lines, and emergent Precipitates is poorly adherent, thus providing loci for corrosion. This problem was eliminated by casting a 400A layer of tantalum oxyhydroxide polymer from ethanol solution onto the Al alloy substrate and curing to a Ta2O5 layer that effectively resisted attack by wet chlorine.
INCOMPLETE OSSIFICATION OF THE HUMERAL CONDYLE IN VIETNAMESE POT‐BELLIED PIGS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of humeral condylar fractures in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs and to postulate a possible predisposing cause for these fractures. Thirteen Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs (Group A) were evaluated over an eight year period (1990-1998), each with a history of either a unilateral or bilateral forelimb lameness. The cause of lameness was localized to the elbow region. Of the thirteen pigs, twenty-one elbows were evaluated radiographically. Pigs ranged in age from six months to four years old. All pigs over the age of seven months showed radiographic evidence of elbow degenerative joint disease. Fractures involving the medial aspect of the humeral condyle were identified in 8/21 studies (38%). A well-defined linear intracondylar articular lucency was identified in 7/21 studies (33%) on the craniocaudal projection. The site of this lucency corresponded to the location of the articular component of the fractures seen involving the humeral condyle. The elbows of five pot-bellied pigs with no known history of forelimb lameness or trauma (Group B) were evaluated radiographically following euthanasia. All five pigs were of unknown age and gender. An intracondylar vertical linear lucency was identified bilaterally in three pigs (60%). Concurrent degenerative joint disease was present in all instances. The remaining two pigs were radiographically normal. Computed tomography of the elbows was performed in one affected pig from Group B. The radiographic findings in this pig were verified. Histopathology of the right elbow of this affected pig was diagnostic for incomplete endochondral ossification of the humeral condyle. A similar condition involving the humeral condyle has been previously described in Cocker and Brittany Spaniels. These canine breeds also have a high incidence of humeral condylar fractures. It is postulated that Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs are similarly prone to humeral condylar fractures, even in the absence of known trauma, due to incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle.
The effect of saliva on shear bond strengths of hydrophilic bonding systems.

Abstract Failure of orthodontic bonded attachments and brackets is mostly attributed to contamination of the enamel surface. To overcome this problem, materials have been developed that purportedly overcome the moisture and contaminants present in the oral environment. This study compared the shear bond strengths of 2 lightcured hydrophilic bonding systems, Transbond XT with MIP (3M/Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and Assure (Reliance Orthodontics, Itasca, Ill) with a hydrophobic bonding system, Transbond XT with XT primer (3M/Unitek). Comparison tests were conducted under 4 enamel surface conditions: (1) etched and dried; (2) etched and moistened with artificial saliva; (3) etched, primed, and moistened with artificial saliva; and (4) etched, primed, moistened with artificial saliva, and reprimed. In addition, an adhesive remnant index score was used to determine the amount of adhesive remaining on the tooth. Stainless steel brackets with mesh-backed pads (n = 144) were bonded to bovine teeth. Bond strength was then tested in shear using an Instron mechanical testing instrument. There were significant differences in the bond strengths among the products ( P P P
Complex astrophysical experiments relating to jets, solar loops, and water ice dusty plasma

Recent results of three astrophysically relevant experiments at Caltech are summarized. In the first experiment magnetohydrodynamically driven plasma jets simulate astrophysical jets that undergo a kink instability. Lateral acceleration of the kinking jet spawns a Rayleigh–Taylor instability, which in turn spawns a magnetic reconnection. Particle heating and a burst of waves are observed in association with the reconnection. The second experiment uses a slightly different setup to produce an expanding arched plasma loop which is similar to a solar corona loop. It is shown that the plasma in this loop results from jets originating from the electrodes. The possibility of a transition from slow to fast expansion as a result of the expanding loop breaking free of an externally imposed strapping magnetic field is investigated. The third and completely different experiment creates a weakly ionized plasma with liquid nitrogen cooled electrodes. Water vapour injected into this plasma forms water ice grains that in general are ellipsoidal and not spheroidal. The water ice grains can become quite long (up to several hundred microns) and self-organize so that they are evenly spaced and vertically aligned.
FALSE MEMORIES ABOUT FOOD CAN LEAD TO FOOD AVOIDANCE

Abstract In two experiments, we suggested to 336 participants that as children they had become ill after eating either hard–boiled eggs or dill pickles. Eighty–three additional control participants in Experiment 1 received no suggestion. In both experiments, participants' confidence increased in line with the suggestion. In the second experiment, we used a pretest/posttest design and found that enhanced confidence was accompanied by avoidance of the relevant food item. These results demonstrate that adults can be led to believe falsely that eating certain foods as children made them sick and that such false beliefs can have consequences.
Identifying Refactoring Opportunity in an Application: A Metric Based Approach

This paper defines a set of program restructuring operations (refactorings) that support the design, evolution and reuse of java application. Long parameter list and Shotgun surgery most complex refactorings are defined. Degree of coupling and cohesion is calculated to check whether these bad smell having low cohesive and high coupling or not. Removing these bad smells is one way of avoiding problems that arise due to the presence of bad smells. This makes the source code more maintainable and more comprehensible.
Ursodeoxycholic acid and F6-D3 inhibit aberrant crypt proliferation in the rat azoxymethane model of colon cancer: Roles of cyclin D1 and E-cadherin

We have previously demonstrated that ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) and a fluorinated analogue of vitamin D(3), F(6)-D(3),inhibited colonic carcinogenesis in the azoxymethane (AOM) model. Generalized colonic mucosal hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are intermediate biomarkers of colon cancer. Using these biomarkers, in this study we examined the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of these chemopreventive agents. Rats were maintained on AIN-76A chow or supplemented with 0.4% UDCA or F(6)-D(3) (2.5 nmol/kg chow) and treated weekly with AOM 20 mg i.p./kg wt or saline x 2 weeks. F(6)-D(3) was continued for an additional 2 weeks and UDCA for the duration of the study. At 40 weeks, animals received bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) i.p. 2 h before sacrifice. A portion of each tumor was fixed in formalin and the remainder flash frozen. Colons were divided longitudinally and half-fixed in formalin and half in ethanol. The size and location of methylene blue-stained ACF were recorded. Cell proliferation (BrdUrd labeling) and apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay) were measured in colonic crypts and tumors. Protein expression levels of several regulators of cell proliferation were analyzed by immunostaining and Western blotting. Colonic crypt cyclin D1 and E-cadherin mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. In saline injected controls, neither UDCA nor F(6)-D(3) alone had any effect on cytokinetic parameters or on the expression of mitogenic regulators. AOM significantly increased the proliferation (percentage of BrdUrd-positive cells) of both ACF (23.1 +/- 1.7%) and non-ACF crypts (17.6 +/- 1.6%), compared with normal colonic crypts (4.5 +/- 0.8%; P 50% decrease in E-cadherin protein (P < 0.05) in ACF, both of which are predicted to be growth-enhancing alterations. UDCA and F(6)-D(3) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited AOM-induced crypt cell hyperproliferation, ACF development, and tumor burden. These chemopreventive agents also significantly blocked AOM-induced alterations in cyclin D1 and E-cadherin protein in ACF and tumors. In ACF, changes in mRNA levels of cyclin D1, but not E-cadherin, paralleled alterations in protein expression. Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in AOM tumors but not in ACF, and these changes were blocked by UDCA and F(6)-D(3). UDCA and F(6)-D(3) significantly inhibited ACF development and hyperproliferation, in part, by preventing carcinogen-induced alterations in cyclin D1 and E-cadherin. In established tumors, UDCA and F(6)-D(3) also limited inductions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which together with their effects on cyclin D1 and E-cadherin, contribute to their chemopreventive actions.
Report from the Charleston Conference 2015

Purpose – This paper aims to present a report on the 2015 Charleston Conference. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on information gained at the conference. Findings – Areas covered are privacy, the importance of the article, open access and electronic resources. Originality/value – Conference of value to those interested in collection development, etc.
Lower Leg Problems

This chapter covers primary care problems that occur between the ankles and the knees. Many common lower leg problems will be encountered by the primary care practitioner. Most patients seen with lower leg pain are physically active and their pain is related to exercise. Direct trauma and neurovascular disease can be associated with lower leg pain. Overuse is the cause of most of the problems in active patients, with shin splints topping the list. Shin splints are a waste-basket term and a more specific diagnosis like medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) or tibial stress fracture should be sought. Direct trauma may lead to a fracture or significant contusion. Spinal stenosis (see Chapter 10), osteoarthritis of the hip (see Chapter 11), and iliotibial band syndrome (see Chapter 12) can all refer pain to the lower leg and exercise can make the pain in all these entities worse. As with all musculoskeletal problems, a good working knowledge of the epidemiology, anatomy, associated symptoms, and examination reduce confusion and enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic process. Caring for problems is easier if a few simple organizational steps are followed:
Generalized convergence theorem for wavelet approximate solutions of elliptic partial differential equations

We present a higher order interpolation result for square integrable functions by using locally finite series of coiflets. Applications to wavelet — Galerkin numerical solutions of elliptic partial differential equations can also be obtained.
Foreign Ownership of U.S. Treasury Securities

In 2004, for the first time, foreigners owned more than half of privately held U.S. public debt, mostly in the form of marketable U.S. Treasury securities. In internal discussions at the U.S. Treasury Department, the increase in foreign appetite for Treasury securities represented the global investors' vote of confidence in the U.S. economy. Many in the Treasury believed that broad foreign ownership helped lower Treasury borrowing costs. But there was an increasing uneasiness among many in Washington's power circle about U.S. dependence on foreign loans. This case describes the meeting between the Treasury and the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee (TBAC) of the Bond Market Association on August 3, 2004, in which the Treasury gave the Committee the charge to discuss, among other issues, the level of foreign ownership. Written for a first-year course called "Global Economies and Markets," this case describes the market for U.S. Treasury securities, giving details on market institutions and market participants and some of the reasons U.S. Treasury securities serve as benchmarks and hedging instruments. As the third case in a module on global markets, it describes a market that is closest to the ideal of a perfectly competitive market and illustrates the relationship between market institutions and structure, on the one hand, and market liquidity and efficiency, on the other.
Grading Places: What Do Business Rankings Really Tell Us?

The author, in a report for the Economic Policy Institute, looks at five business climate rating systems and says they are ideologically biased and don't really predict economic activity. The five principal indexes reviewed produce widely different rankings of the states. Thirty-five states can say they are in the top 10 in terms of business climate; they just have to pick the index they want to point to.
Desire as Resistance: Narcissism and Visual Rhetoric in the 1949 Maidenform Bra “I Dreamed” Ad

ABSTRACTIn 1949 Maidenform Inc. inaugurated the advertising practice of displaying women in public in their underwear, breaking one of the most closely held taboos in the industry. This essay contends that, despite it being an enormously successful advertising strategy, the force of this campaign opens a space for women to imagine themselves otherwise socially and culturally amid the political conditions for women in postwar 1949. By putting that history and visual analysis in contact with psychoanalysis, the essay aims to demonstrate that the Maidenform advertisement transgressively made visible a fissure in the social, teaching us something useful about the potential points of rupture in a key example of consumer advertising rhetoric at a specific historical conjuncture marked by a cultural anxiety about the status of women in public space. The essay locates itself within feminist rhetorical history and the strand of its tradition that seeks to bring attention to texts about, and for, women that have la...
Robotic-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Colectomy Results in Increased Operative Time Without Improved Perioperative Outcomes

Interest in robotic technology is burgeoning within the field of colorectal surgery. However, benefits of robotic-assisted colectomy (RAC) compared with laparoscopic colectomy (LC) remain ambiguous. Patients who underwent minimally invasive colectomy during 2012–2013 were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Short-term perioperative outcomes were compared between 1:1 propensity-matched groups. A subset analysis was performed among patients who underwent segmental resections. Among the 15,976 patients included, 498 (3.1 %) colectomies were performed with robotic assistance. After matching for demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics, there were no differences between RAC and LC in complications such as wound infection, urinary tract infection, cardiopulmonary or thromboembolic events, renal insufficiency, anastomotic leaks, transfusions, readmissions, or 30-day mortality (all p > 0.05). However, operative time was markedly higher for RAC (196 vs. 166 min, p 0.05). In this early experience, RAC resulted in similar perioperative outcomes when compared to LC but was associated with longer operative time. Given the focus on value-based healthcare, utilizing RAC in straightforward colectomies may not be financially justifiable at this stage of adoption.
Pilot randomized controlled trial of auricular point acupressure to manage symptom clusters of pain, fatigue, and disturbed sleep in breast cancer patients

Background Current management for a symptom cluster of pain, fatigue, and disturbed sleep in breast cancer patients has limited effects. Objective The purposes of this prospective, randomized controlled pilot study were to (1) assess the feasibility and tolerability of auricular point acupressure (APA) intervention to manage pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance in breast cancer patients and (2) provide an initial appraisal of effect size as compared with a control intervention. Methods Thirty-one participants were randomized into either an active APA group (n = 16) or a control APA group (n = 15), which included the sham APA treatment not related to the symptoms. All participants received the APA once a week for 4 weeks. Self-report measures were obtained at baseline, weekly during intervention, at end of intervention, and at a 1-month follow-up. Results For the 4-week of APA treatment, the retention rate was 88% for the active APA group and 73% for the control APA group. After 4 weeks of APA, participants in the active APA treatment had reported a reduction of 71% in pain, 44% in fatigue, 31% in sleep disturbance, and 61% in interference with daily activities. The control APA group experienced some moderate reduction in these symptoms. Conclusion Given that this was a pilot study with a small sample size, results must be interpreted with caution. Implications for practice Our results suggest that APA may provide an inexpensive and effective complementary approach for the management of symptom clusters for breast cancer patients, and further study is warranted.
Parametric study of hypersonic boundary layer flow over discrete surface roughness using a hybrid DSMC/Navier-Stokes solver

The e ects of rarefaction on hypersonic boundary layer ow over various discrete surface roughness con gurations are examined parametrically for M1 = 3:0 ow over a at plate. The roughness heights are chosen such that the local Knudsen number (Kn = =k) in the region of the roughness are O(10 ), where k is the height of the protuberance and is the molecular mean free path. In this regime, the continuum approximations of zero velocity and no thermal slip at the wall begin to break down, and thermal non-equilibrium e ects may become more prominent due to a relative increase in time required for thermal equilibration. The aim of this work is to address the signi cance of rarefaction e ects in modeling the disturbance eld generated by hypersonic boundary layer ow over surface roughness using a hybrid of the DAC and DPLR numerical simulation codes. Parametric studies have been conducted to examine ow over a at plate with a smooth, oblique fence-like roughness for a M1 = 3:0 ve-species air ow over a at plate. The radius of curvature at the top of the roughness is varied to examine the in uence of this parameter on the ow eld and distributed surface quantities. Hybrid DAC solutions are generated and compared to the DPLR solutions generated with slip and no-slip wall conditions. The vibrational non-equilibrium observed in the shock, expansion and shear layer regions surrounding the roughness is found to impact the pressure at the surface, and the DPLR slip model predicts higher velocity slip near the expansion region at the surface of the roughness. The total heat ux on the surface of the protuberance is also examined. It is found that the hybrid DAC solution predicts a heating augmentation to the roughness that is 20 30% below the DPLR slip wall solution, and 30 50% below the DPLR no-slip wall solution for the roughness con gurations examined.
Aircraft Input Prediction in the Presence of Spatially Varying Wind Field

This paper presents a method of input prediction for an aircraft flying in spatially and/or temporally varying wind field. Input prediction is done using inverse simulation to compute the required control variables (control surface deflections and thrust level) for an aircraft to fly through a prescribed trajectory. Various simulation cases are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of input prediction method and the importance of including wind field information in inverse simulations.
Design of Mine-used Small Current Grounding Selector of High-voltage Based on Transient Signal and FPGA

Through analyzing defects and its causes of existing small current grounding selector of high-voltage in coal mine,the paper introduced a new type of small current grounding line selection principle in high-voltage based on transient signal.And based on the principle,a mine-used small current grounding selector of high-voltage was developed with FPGA chip.The test result showed that the selector has high reliability and quick respond speed.
Utilizing the CIPP Model as a Means to Develop an Integrated Service-Learning Component in a University Health Course.

Purpose: To examine the enhancement of a university health course through the utilization of the CIPP Model as a means to develop an integrated service-learning component. Methods: The CIPP model was utilized in two concurrent semesters of an undergraduate health course in order to design and evaluate the implementation of a drug and alcohol prevention event on campus. Data analysis utilized SPSS in order to calculate quantitative measures of mean and standard deviation to assess the pedagogical impact. Results: Through the service-learning project, students were provided the opportunity to apply course content related to the seven areas of responsibilities of a health education specialist within the chosen community. By focusing on the seven areas of responsibility, students were able to develop specific skills, competencies, and points of view needed by professionals in the field most closely related to this course. Conclusion: Student assessment of the event was consistent with previous literature: service-learning enhanced health promotion knowledge, enhanced subject matter, and increased student ownership of the curriculum. Recommendations: Due to the potential to enhance student understanding and application of health education material as well as establish and sustain community partnerships, service-learning holds enormous potential and should be considered as a valid pedagogical method in an undergraduate college curriculum.
Detection of factor IX antibodies by radioimmunoassay: effect of calcium on antibody-factor IX interaction

A radioimmunoassay for alloantibodies (inhibitors) and heteroantibodies to human factor IX has been developed using radioiodinated human factor IX and formalin-fixed, heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus cells (Staph A). Staph A was used as a solid-phase adsorbent for immune complexes. The assay is specific, shows excellent correlation with factor IX coagulant neutralization assays in detecting alloantibodies (r = 0.98), and is 60 times more sensitive. The Staph A method allows rapid separation of immune complexes (within 10 min of addition) and binds immunoglobulin with equivalent efficiency in the presence and absence of calcium. These characteristics have made the Staph A binding method useful for observing the Ca++ effect on the antigenicity of factor IX as detected by hetero- and alloantibodies. All antisera investigated showed some increase in antibody titer when measured in the presence of Ca++. One particular alloantibody showed the greatest increase in titer (> twofold). The reversibility of the calcium effect by excess EDTA indicates that it was not caused by Ca++-dependent proteolysis of the factor IX molecule. The Staph A procedure can also be used as a sensitive competitive radioimmunoassay for human factor IX using alloantibody. The assay could detect factor IX antigen to a dilution of 1:1280 of normal plasma and correctly classified hemophilia B plasmas as cross-reacting material positive or negative.
Optimization of pacing parameters for conditioned latissimus dorsi muscle in cardiomyoplasty.

Synchronous paced contractions of latissimus dorsi muscle pedicle (LDM) around the heart improve ventricular function in dynamic cardiomyoplasty. To optimize assistance and prolong pacemaker battery life, the LDM should be stimulated with the lowest energy pacing parameters (PP) that will produce maximal muscle contraction. Muscle fractional shortening (FS) and duration of contraction (CT) were studied in conditioned, fatigue-resistant LDM of six goats. Fractional shortening and CT were determined at increasing amplitude, (A, 1-6v); pulse width, (PW, 60-450 musec); and frequency, (F, 5-130 Hz). Maximal rate of contraction was determined by pacing at higher rates. Maximal FS plateaued after V, 2.4 +/- .6v; PW, 125 +/- 47 musec; and F, 36 +/- 9 Hz. Mean CT for all PP was significantly longer (p less than or equal to 0.001) than the burst length (185 msec). Increasing F resulted in CT, which peaked at 460 +/- 59 msec. Increasing rate of contraction demonstrated that over 87 beats per minute the muscle fails to achieve complete relaxation, and, therefore, maximal FS.