cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the orthodoxy of Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards had some strange ideas. He was an idealist like Berkeley. He denied that the world persists through time, claiming that it is continuously created out of nothing by God moment-by-moment. He also denied creaturely causal action in his doctrine of occasionalism. Moreover, he thought that the world is the necessary output of the essential creativity of the deity, embracing the idea that this is the best possible world. Often these views are not reported in popular accounts of his work, though they are widely known in the scholarly community. But is his position theologically orthodox? This article argues that he is faced with an Edwardsian Dilemma: Either he must admit that his theology proper implies that God is not metaphysically simple, or he must embrace pantheism. Neither horn seems particularly attractive. Of the two, the second seems less appealing than the first. Nevertheless, it looks as if the logic of his position presses in this direction. His idealism and Neoplatonic conception of God's necessary emanation of the world imply panentheism. When coupled with his doctrine of divine simplicity, it looks as if his position could be pressed in a pantheist direction. However, if he opts for the first horn, he must deny the doctrine of divine simplicity, which he endorses in a range of works. If God is simple, then it looks as if all his ideas imply one another and the divine essence. Yet the world is an emanation of divine ideas, which Edwards believes God constantly ‘communicates’. Suppose with Edwards that the world is an ordered series of divine ideas. Then it looks as if they must imply each other and the divine nature as well, given divine simplicity. Clearly this is intolerable, as far as orthodoxy goes. One option is for the Edwardsian to revise divine simplicity, so that God is merely a metaphysical simple like a soul. Then he may have distinct states and properties. However, in addition to this revision one would need to amend Edwards’ occasionalism because it provides an apparently insuperable problem of evil for his metaphysics. Thus, revising the first horn involves more than a little tinkering with the deep structures of Edwards’ thought. However, I argue that this is what the Edwardsian must do if she wants to hold onto a broadly orthodox Edwardsian view on these matters.
Novel imaging in renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose of reviewRenal cell carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with a spectrum of subtypes and clinical behavior. Quantitative and qualitative imaging biomarkers are sought to correlate with genetic and histologic features and complement pathologic analysis.Recent findingsTexture analysis, radioge
BANK CREDIT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

The worst employment slumps tend to follow the largest expansions of household debt. In this paper, we theoretically investigate an amplification mechanism by which debt on household balance sheets distorts labor market search behavior, leading to deeper employment slumps. Using a competitive search model, we find that levered households protected by limited liability engage in risk-shifting by searching for jobs with high wages but low employment probabilities. In general equilibrium, firms respond to this household preference distortion and post high wages but few vacancies. This vacancyposting effect implies that high household debt leads to high unemployment, a result that casts light on why labor market recoveries are sluggish after financial crises. The equilibrium level of household debt is inefficiently high dueto a household-debt externality—banks fail to internalize the effect that household leverage has on employment via the vacancy-posting effect. We analyze the role that a financial regulator can play in mitigating this externality. We find that loan-to-value caps for households and capital requirements for banks can elevate employment and improve efficiency, providing an alternative to monetary policy for labor market intervention.
Advanced optimization techniques for UAS command and control (C2) communications terrestrial infrastructure

In early 2015, Harris Corporation and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) conducted a feasibility study to assess the use of C-Band terrestrial based command and control (C2) communications as enabler of low altitude unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations along the 800 mile length of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). In this paper, we describe the use of linear programming optimization techniques, as the bases of our technical assessment and infrastructure requirements derivation for the C-Band terrestrial based C2 communications. The use of advanced linear programming techniques enabled our prescriptive analysis allowing the evaluation of various optimal and near-optimal infrastructure solutions.
Involution in the Sensuous

The term sensation is ambiguous: on the one hand, to sense something is to catch on to the sense of something, its direction, orientation or meaning. On the other hand, to sense something is to be sensitive to something, to feel a contact with it, to be affected by it.
Privatization of Governance, Delegated Censorship, and Hegemony in the Digital Era

The Turkish media environment provides rich examples of how the ruling elites exert control over the flow of information in the digital era for undemocratic purposes while most popular accounts see democratization as inherently defined within the internet itself. It is crucial to analyze power relations before making bold claims of transformation when it comes to the democratizing potential of media. An analysis of the relationship between the Turkish government and media companies, including digital networking platforms, reveals how the struggle to control the information flows is taking place: through access restrictions, legal cases, and attacks from government officials, the ruling elites try to privatize governance by offloading censorship onto private intermediaries on behalf of their own interests and to establish a relationship similar to their relationship with the mainstream media.
Client requirements for a UNIX-based network file-transport utility

A file-transport utility is being developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to meet the requirements specified by users. It is intended to be useful for general UNIX environments using TCP/IP. It will communicate with FTP demons, a centralized persistence server, and the UniTree storage system. To provide true transparency, a global machine-independent name space, an integrated storage hierarchy, which includes automatic file migration and distributed locking, and quick data transport are required. Efforts in this direction include the development of commercially available, high-performance, high-capacity network peripherals, and attempts to merge network operating systems with archival storage systems. >
Reduced-order nonlinear arterial compliance parameter estimation under vasoactive states

The arterial system is coupled with the heart, such that the pressure produced by the left ventricle of the heart is in tune to properties of the vasculature. A modified 3-element Windkessel model of the arterial system can closely approximate the complex load presented to the heart, but difficulties in estimating nonlinear arterial parameters have led compliance to be frequently modeled as a constant-valued element. Previously, a method that estimated the parameters from pressure- and flow-derived pressure-volume curves showed good estimates for high pressure and stiff arterial systems, but yielded poor results for lower pressure and compliant systems. We propose here a reduced-order approach in estimating nonlinear compliance parameters that yields good results for various vasocactive states corresponding to low-, normal, and high-pressure arterial systems in good agreement with previous experimental findings.
Impact of coal source changes on mercury content in fly ash: Examples from a Kentucky power plant

Abstract Mercury capture by coal combustion fly ash is a function of the chemistry of the feed coal, including halogens; the amount and type of carbon in the fly ash; and the type of fly ash collection and the flue gas temperature at the point of fly ash collection. In this study of fly ash collected at different points in time from a five-row electrostatic precipitator (ESP) system at a Kentucky power plant, relationships were seen between the amount of fly ash carbon and the concentration of Hg in the ash. Coincident with the burning of low-S coal at two collection times, a better correlation between Hg and C was seen in the relatively cooler 3rd and 4th ESP rows than in the first two rows. This was particularly evident in the 2007 collection where the fly ash carbon was higher than in the 2004 collection. In 2013, following the installation of flue-gas desulfurization and the resulting switch to high-S coal and the installation of a hydrated-lime injection system between the 2nd and 3rd ESP rows, no significant Hg vs. C trend was observed.
Extended Kalman Filter-Based Gyroscope-Aided Magnetometer Calibration for Consumer Electronic Devices

Magnetometers are low-cost sensors that are widely used for orientation sensing in consumer electronic devices. The sensor is affected by non-idealities that can be greatly compensated by proper calibration and determining parameters, such as bias, non-orthogonality, gain, and hard/soft iron. This paper presents a magnetometer calibration method, with the aid of a gyroscope. The algorithm is designed on a principle that the variation of magnetometer output should be aligned with device rotation, which can be sensed by the gyroscope. Based on this notion, an extended Kalman filter is established to estimate calibration parameters. The method evaluation is achieved by first running numerous simulations, followed by a series of experiments on real devices. The result shows that the proposed method can achieve within ten degrees of accuracy, with less than 5 s of convergence. Compared with least square ellipsoid fitting, our proposed method delivers five times better accuracy and avoids over fitting on ill-distributed calibration data sets. This advantage is especially useful for autonomous dynamic calibration in consumer electronic devices.
Review: The SAAL Process: Housing in Portugal 1974–76

The SAAL Process: Housing in Portugal 1974–76 Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art, Porto, Portugal 1 November 2014–1 February 2015 Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal 12 May–4 October 2015 Against Le Corbusier's opposition of architecture and revolution one may instead ask whether architecture—as a process rather than as an object—can itself be a form of revolution. The SAAL Process convincingly answered this question in the affirmative. An offshoot of Portugal's 1974 Carnation Revolution, the Servico Ambulatorio de Apoio Local (Local Ambulatory Support Service) was enacted by a decree of the provisional government on 6 August 1974. While SAAL was a direct consequence of the revolution, it sprung from research on housing conditions in the 1960s conducted by architects Nuno Portas and Fernando Tavora. Instituted during Portas's nine months as secretary of state for housing and urban planning, SAAL was a government-funded initiative to empower the massive numbers of previously voiceless (and often illiterate) Portuguese living in substandard housing at the time of the revolution.1 The SAAL process was a performative one in which experts had to learn to design with—as opposed to for—residents, who themselves had to learn how to be clients. Led by architects (whose own commissions had dried up with the revolution) and students (whose universities had been closed), SAAL brigades collaborated with local residents’ associations, and women often played a leading role in negotiating their future housing. Active from August 1974 to October 1976, the brigades included approximately one thousand people working with almost forty thousand families on 170 …
Differential sex-specific effects of oxygen toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Abstract Despite the well-established sex-specific differences in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the molecular mechanism(s) behind these are not completely understood. Pulmonary angiogenesis is critical for alveolarization and arrest in vascular development adversely affects lung development. Human neonatal umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) provide a robust in vitro model for the study of endothelial cell physiology and function. Male and Female HUVECs were exposed to room air (21% O2, 5% CO2) or hyperoxia (95% O2, 5% CO2) for up to 72 h. Cell viability, proliferation, H2O2 production and angiogenesis were analyzed. Sex-specific differences in the expression of VEGFR2 and modulation of NF-kappa B pathway were measured. Male HUVECs have decreased survival, greater oxidative stress and impairment in angiogenesis compared to similarly exposed female cells. There is differential expression of VEGFR2 between male and female HUVECs and greater activation of the NF-kappa B pathway in female HUVECs under hyperoxic conditions. The results indicate that sex differences exist between male and female HUVECs in vitro after hyperoxia exposure. Since endothelial dysfunction has a major role in the pathogenesis of BPD, these differences could explain in part the mechanisms behind sex-specific differences in the incidence of this disease.
The Mammalian DNA Damage Response as a Target for Therapeutic Gain in Radiation Oncology

Mutant cells that are defective for certain components of the mammalian DNA damage response (DDR) have been shown to display hypersensitivity to killing by ionizing radiations; these findings have prompted the idea that drugs that emulate these DDR deficiencies might serve as clinically useful radiosensitizers for improving results in cancer therapy. In this chapter, the ways in which several agents now established as radiosensitizers do in fact function by inhibiting parts of the DDR are first presented. The various subsystems of the DDR are next reviewed, and several potential molecular targets for discovery or design of chemical modifiers that could lead novel radiosensitizing drugs are discussed.
The World Bank, contradictory lending, and forests: A cross-national analysis of organized hypocrisy:

This article draws on the theory of organized hypocrisy to test the hypothesis that World Bank lending in different sectors has contradictory impacts on forests. The authors use ordinary least squa...
Enabling authentic ecological inquiries using research data and imageries in large classrooms

Presentation made as part of the "Bringing Research Data to the Ecology Classroom: Opportunities, Barriers, and Next Steps” Session at the Ecological Society of American annual meeting, August 8th, 2017 Portland Oregon
Artists Create Puzzles, Scientists Solve Them

The Spanish artist Diego Velazquez created a puzzle-painting 360 years ago that to this day remains unsolved, but still mystifies and intrigues. Unlike artists who get their thrills by creating puzzles that stimulate the imagination, scientists get their kicks by solving puzzles that advance biomedical research.
External Catheter Collection Systems

External catheter collection systems are condom-type sheaths or receptacles that are externally applied over the penile shaft and connected to some type of drainage bag. They have been developed to meet the specific needs of patients, primarily male patients with urinary incontinence. The most popular are disposable male external catheters. Most are only in place for 24 h. They are reported to be the most comfortable, less painful, and less restrictive when compared to other urologic catheters. As with other urinary catheters, changes in design and material have been evolving. This chapter provides a detailed review of these devices.
Cloning and Sequencing of Prostaglandin H Synthetase from Rat Tracheal Epithelial Cells: Structural Evidence that a TPA Regulated mRNA Codes for the Rat Ortholog of Murine PHS-1

Prostaglandin H synthetase (PHS), catalyzes the two step transformation of arachidonic acid to Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) via the intermediate PGG2. This is the first step in prostaglandin synthesis, and is also the rate limiting step in this pathway. In addition, the PHS protein is inactivated at a rapid rate during catalysis. Thus, the regulation of PHS expression has a direct and significant effect on the rate of prostaglandin synthesis.
The Pathogenesis of Intravascular Infection

Intravascular infection is the name applied to microbial proliferation within a platelet-fibrin vegetation located within the circulatory system. The initiation of such an infection depends, in all likelihood, upon the prior establishment of a susceptible, nonbacterial thrombotic vegetation (NBTV) and dissemination via the bloodstream of microorganisms of a sort, and in a number sufficient, to attach to and multiply within the interstices of the vegetation. This sequence of events was well established 50 years ago.(1)
More Full Factorial Design Examples

This chapter contains the analysis of three interesting experiments reported in the literature.
Does working memory improvement benefit from sleep in older adults

Working Memory (WM), is an important factor influencing many higher-order cognitive functions that decline with age. Repetitive training appears to increase WM, yet the mechanisms underlying this improvement are not understood. Sleep has been shown to benefit long-term memory formation and may also play a role in WM enhancement in young adults. However, considering age-related decline in sleep, it is uninvestigated whether sleep will facilitate WM in older adults. In the present work, we investigated the impact of a nap, quiet wakefulness (QW) and active wakefulness (AW) on within-day training on the Operation Span (OSPAN) task in older adults. Improvement in WM was found following a nap and QW, but not active wake. Furthermore, better WM was associated with shared electrophysiological features, including slow oscillation (SO, 0.5-1 Hz) power in both the nap and QW, and greater coupling between SO and sigma (12-15 Hz) in the nap. In summary, our data suggest that WM improvement in older adults occurs opportunistically during offline periods that afford enhancement in slow oscillation power, and that further benefits may come with cross-frequency coupling of neural oscillations during sleep.
Mathematical Analysis of Fractal Kink-Antikink Collisions in the \(\phi ^4\) Model

We analyze the fractal structure seen in kink-antikink collisions of the \(\phi ^4\) equation. The analysis is based on qualitative ODE models related to those obtained using the variational approximation. We derive a discrete-time iterated map approximation to the dynamics, from which many features of the model ODE system may be derived. We discuss the problems with Sugiyama’s variational model that have been pointed out recently by Takyi and Weigel.
Depletion of Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at the Golgi Translocates K-Ras to Mitochondria

ABSTRACT Ras proteins are small GTPases localized to the plasma membrane (PM), which regulate cellular proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. After a series of post-translational modifications, H-Ras and N-Ras traffic to the PM from the Golgi via the classical exocytic pathway, but the exact mechanism of K-Ras trafficking to the PM from the ER is not fully characterized. ATP5G1 (also known as ATP5MC1) is one of the three proteins that comprise subunit c of the F0 complex of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. In this study, we show that overexpression of the mitochondrial targeting sequence of ATP5G1 perturbs glucose metabolism, inhibits oncogenic K-Ras signaling, and redistributes phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) to mitochondria and other endomembranes, resulting in K-Ras translocation to mitochondria. Also, it depletes phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) at the Golgi. Glucose supplementation restores PtdSer and K-Ras PM localization and PI4P at the Golgi. We further show that inhibition of the Golgi-localized PI4-kinases (PI4Ks) translocates K-Ras, and PtdSer to mitochondria and endomembranes, respectively. We conclude that PI4P at the Golgi regulates the PM localization of PtdSer and K-Ras. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Echocardiography Clues to Suspect Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Diagnosed by Tc-Pyrophosphate SPECT Imaging

Introduction Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is a debilitating systemic disease often associated with symptomatic cardiac involvement. Cardiac amyloidosis remains underappreciated as its diagnosis has been challenging. Recently, Technetium99-m pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has emerged as a reliable modality to diagnose patients with TTR cardiac amyloidosis. However, there are no clear guidelines regarding which patients should be referred for Tc-PYP imaging. As electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) are universally utilized in the diagnostic workup in patients with cardiac symptoms, we sought to evaluate the predictive value of longitudinal strain assessment and strain pattern by TTE in the diagnosis of TTR cardiac amyloidosis. Methods and Results In this single-center, retrospective study, patients who underwent Tc-PYP imaging between June 2016 and October 2018 were reviewed. ECG and TTE variables assessed are shown in Table 1. Relative apical longitudinal strain was calculated from left ventricular longitudinal strain (LV LS) values. Of 39 consecutive Tc-PYP scans, 24 positive scans and 12 negative scans were identified; 3 “equivocal” scans were excluded. No ECG parameters were predictive of “Tc-PYP positive” scans. LV mass index (p=0.003) demonstrated a significant difference between positive and negative Tc-PYP groups. Significantly, “Tc-PYP positive” patients had a higher relative apical sparing of LV LS (p=0.0004), and notably, no Tc-PYP negative patient had a ratio >1.0. Patients with “Tc-PYP positive” scans were significantly more likely to exhibit relative apical sparing of LV LS compared to other standard parameters assessed by electrocardiogram or echocardiography. Conclusions LV LS measurement should be routinely included as part of a standard echocardiographic protocol to better identify patients at risk. A patient with relative apical sparing of LV LS ratio >1.0 should be referred for Tc-PYP imaging to evaluate for TTR cardiac amyloidosis.
Defining Psychometric Variables Related to Use of Autonomous Vehicles

With the goal of understanding autonomous vehicle (AV) adoption and use behavior, numerous behavioral studies and surveys have included variables intended to capture individuals’ perceptions of and...
On the social perception of robots: measurement, moderation, and implications

Abstract With the increasing commonality and importance of human-facing robots, it is important to understand how they are perceived socially so that they can be effective in their assigned roles. The research reported in this chapter examines the fundamental dimensions of social reactions to robots, identifying warmth, competence, and discomfort as critical aspects in human–robot interaction (HRI). The development of a psychometrically sound scale—the Robotic Social Attributes Scale (RoSAS)—is described, and preliminary insights regarding the influence of robotic features on the judgments captured by the RoSAS are described. Results consistently show that gender-typicality and anthropomorphism in robotic appearance systematically affect judgments of both humanoid and nonhumanoid robots. Moreover, judgments captured by the RoSAS reliably predict other important responses such as evaluations and desire for contact. These insights should be of value to robot designers while also shedding light on the critical role of social cognitive processes in HRI.
Impact of Sepsis Mandates on Sepsis Care: Unintended Consequences

The creation of dedicated sepsis guidelines and their broad dissemination over the past 2 decades have contributed to significant improvements in sepsis care. These successes have spurred the creation of bundled care mandates by major healthcare payers, such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. However, despite the likely benefits of guideline-directed sepsis bundles, mandated treatments in sepsis may lead to unintended consequences as the standard of care in sepsis improves. In particular, the heterogeneous spectrum of presentation and disease severity in sepsis, as well as the complexity surrounding the benefits of specific interventions in sepsis, argues for an individualized and titrated approach to interventions: an approach generally not afforded by care mandates. In this review, we review the risks and benefits of mandated care for sepsis, with particular emphasis on the potential adverse consequences of common bundle components such as early empiric antibiotics, weight-based fluid administration, and serum lactate monitoring. Unlike guideline-directed care, mandated care in sepsis precludes providers from tailoring treatments to heterogeneous clinical scenarios and may lead to unintended harms for individual patients.
Association of Timely Outpatient Mental Health Services for Youths After Psychiatric Hospitalization With Risk of Death by Suicide.

Importance Timely outpatient follow-up care after psychiatric hospitalization is an established mental health quality indicator and considered an important component of suicide prevention, yet little is known about whether follow-up care is associated with a reduced risk of suicide soon after hospital discharge. Objective To evaluate whether receipt of outpatient care within 7 days of psychiatric hospital discharge is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent suicide among child and adolescent inpatients and examine factors associated with timely follow-up care. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based, retrospective, longitudinal cohort study used Medicaid data from 33 states linked with National Death Index data. The study population included all youths aged 10 to 18 years who were admitted to a psychiatric hospital from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2013. Data analysis was completed from October 9, 2019, through May 15, 2020. Exposure Mental health follow-up visits received within 7 days of hospital discharge. Main Outcomes and Measures Suicides occurring in the 8 to 180 days after hospital discharge. Logistic regression modeled the association between demographic, clinical, and mental health service history factors and receipt of an outpatient visit within 7 days after discharge. Poisson regression estimated the association between suicide risk and outpatient visits within 7 days after discharge, adjusting for confounding using inverse probability of treatment weights from the logistic model. Results Of the total 139 694 youths admitted to a psychiatric hospital, 51.9% were female, 31.1% were aged 10 to 13 years, and 68.9% were aged 14 to 18 years. A total of 56.5% of the youths received a mental health follow-up visit within 7 days of discharge, and this was associated with a significantly lower odds of suicide (adjusted relative risk, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.83;P = .01) during the 8 to 180 days postdischarge period. Youths with longer lengths of stay (4-5 days: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.20 [95% CI, 1.17-1.24]; 6-7 days: AOR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.43-1.52]; 8-12 days AOR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.69-1.81]; 13-30 days: AOR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.63-1.78]), prior outpatient mental health care (AOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.51-1.65), and foster care placement (AOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.28-1.37) were more likely to receive 7-day follow-up, whereas those who were non-Hispanic Black (AOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84), were older (AOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.80-0.84), were medically ill (AOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.74-0.81), and had managed care insurance (AOR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.91) were less likely to receive follow-up visits. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, risk of suicide during the 6 months after psychiatric hospitalization was decreased among youth who had an outpatient mental health visit within 7 days after discharge. Addressing disparities in timely continuity of care may help advance health equity agendas.
Radiation Therapy in the Management of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer

With the advent of PSA-screening, locally advanced prostate cancer, defined as intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer, has significantly declined from 30 to 40 % of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer to approximately 15–20 % of new cases. In absolute terms, however, this category is still numerous and is the most challenging and important in terms of therapy as these are men who, without effective treatment, will go on to die of their disease. A series of randomized clinical trials show that radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer provides good local control and when delivered to high dose or in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), reduces the subsequent rate of development of metastatic disease. An overall survival advantage has also been seen with the addition of ADT to radiation therapy. Similarly, an overall survival advantage has also been seen when adding radiation therapy to ADT. The optimal duration of ADT in combination with radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer is still subject to debate but the evidence points to an advantage to long-term ADT (≥2 years and 4 months) for the highest risk prostate cancer patients. Weighing the risks of ADT, especially cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with the benefit may help guide management decisions. The rationale for the use and safety of radiation in combination with ADT for locally advanced prostate cancer is strong and founded on class one evidence from a series of randomized clinical trials. Though other methods of treating this category of prostate cancer exist, a radiation-based approach must remain the yardstick against which all others are measured.
Economy Interaction Models

There has been a growing tendency among mineral and energy modelers to use two or more modeling methodologies in combination. In particular, as the modeling process has become more sophisticated, analysts have begun to borrow skills from one another, so that the methodologies which have emerged are more difficult to classify. This phenomenon has risen not only because of the need to couple economic and engineering considerations, but also because of the interrelationships that exist between the mineral and energy sector, the environment, and the growth of national economies. Although this integration has taken a variety of forms, it usually proceeds by model hybridization or model linkage.
Accounting for Spatial Variability in Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses of Embankment Dams on Liquefiable Deposits

AbstractNonlinear dynamic analyses (NDAs) of embankment dams of different heights founded on a spatially variable, liquefiable alluvial layer are used to examine factors influencing embankment defo...
Type-1 immunity and endogenous immune regulators predominate in the airway transcriptome during chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains the major complication limiting long-term survival among lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Limited understanding of CLAD immunopathogenesis and a paucity of biomarkers remain substantial barriers for earlier detection and therapeutic interventions for CLAD. We hypothesized the airway transcriptome would reflect key immunologic changes in disease. We compared airway brush-derived transcriptomic signatures in CLAD (n = 24) versus non-CLAD (n = 21) LTRs. A targeted assessment of the proteome using concomitant bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for 24 cytokines/chemokines and alloimmune T cell responses was performed to validate the airway transcriptome. We observed an airway transcriptomic signature of differential genes expressed (DGEs) in CLAD marked by Type-1 immunity and striking upregulation of two endogenous immune regulators: indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 6B (TNFRSF6B). Advanced CLAD staging was associated with a more intense airway transcriptome signature. In a validation cohort using the identified signature, we found an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77 for CLAD LTRs. Targeted proteomic analyses revealed a predominant Type-1 profile with detection of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β as dominant CLAD cytokines, correlating with the airway transcriptome. The airway transcriptome provides novel insights into CLAD immunopathogenesis and biomarkers that may impact diagnosis of CLAD.
Fundamental understanding of carbonation curing and durability of carbonation-cured cement-based composites: A review

Abstract To tackle the rising CO2 concentration in atmosphere, technologies of carbon sequestration are emerging. As one of these technologies, carbonation curing of cement-based composite at early age shows a great potential because its wide application and benefits to provide cement-based composite with enhanced mechanical properties and durability. However, carbonation curing is mostly investigated on lab-scale, due to two main challenges that should be addressed before it can be widely applied for industrial-scale production: (1) CO2 sequestration rate is still low, which is around 20 %–50 % of the theoretical potential because of the limitation of CO2 diffusion into matrix during the carbonation curing; and (2) the effect carbonation curing on the durability of cement-based composites and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear, especially for some critical aspects such as alkali-silica reaction, corrosion, and sulfate attack. Therefore, this paper focuses on discussing: (1) factors affecting CO2 sequestration in cement-based composite during each stage of carbonation curing and the optimization methods of carbonation curing for high CO2 sequestration rate without mitigating mechanical properties and durability, and (2) effects of carbonation curing on different aspects of durability and the corresponding mechanisms. Based on the review, future studies on addressing current challenges are inspired to comprehend and promote the carbon sequestration by carbonation curing of cement-based composites.
Temporal and Epigenetic Control of Plasticity and Fate Decision during CD8 + T-Cell Memory Differentiation

Immunological memory is a fundamental hallmark of the adaptive immune responses and one of the most relevant aspects of protective immunity. Our understanding of the processes of memory T-cell differentiation and maintenance of long-term immunity is continuously evolving, and recent advances highlight new regulatory networks and chromatin dynamic changes contributing to maintain T-cell identity and impeding the reprogramming of specific T-cell states. Here, the current understanding of the mechanisms that generate the diversity and the heterogeneity of CD8+ T-cell subsets will be discussed, focusing on the temporal and epigenetic mechanisms orchestrating the establishment and maintenance of distinct states of T-cell fate determination and functional commitment.
Reverse Regulation? National Political Budget Cycles and the Moderating Power of Transnational Rating Agencies

Regulatory theory assumes that national governments seek to constrain undesirable firm behavior, either through direct governmental oversight, or through oversight delegated to non-governmental organizations. We reverse that assumed relationship with the first study investigating when and how certain for-profit businesses of international scope constrain undesirable national government behavior. We ground our study in transnational regime theory explaining when and how for-profit firms position themselves as private regulators, and political budget cycle theory explaining when national governments are more likely to violate regulatory policies and respond to private regulatory enforcement by these for-profit firms. We document empirical support for our framework through analyses of sovereign credit ratings published by major credit rating agencies (CRAs) and borrowing by 63 national governments holding 111 executive elections from 2001-2011. Governments borrow less excessively during election years when CRAs put them on watch for a sovereign rating downgrade, which hurts re-election prospects in the short term and raises national borrowing costs in the longer run. Our study suggests new avenues of management research investigating when other for-profit firms (e.g., insurance firms) are more likely to constrain undesirable government behavior, and new avenues of public policy research aimed at using for-profit firms to discipline developing country governments (e.g., Cape Verde) trying to maintain responsible fiscal policies as they democratize.
Mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained in the absence of autophagy.

Autophagy is a central recycling process, and it plays a complex role in cancer. We discovered that when autophagy is blocked, cancer cells compensate by increasing mitochondrial-derived vesicles. ...
Jewish Messianic Thoughts in an Age of Despair

1. Messianism and mythology 2. Maimonedes and the idea of a deflationary Messiah 3. Internalism: the Messiah within 4. Infinite deferral 5. History and rationality 6. History and irrationality 7. Redemption.
Electron Microscopy of Tissue Sections

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the application of ultrathin sectioning techniques to electron microscopy and describes the fixation of tissues. Fixatives containing mercuric chloride or high concentrations of strong acids induce gross artifacts, such as fiber or fibril formation in protoplasm. The advantages of osmic acid are that, in addition to its excellence as a fixing agent, it serves in a sense as a stain as well, impregnating lipid-containing substances and thus, increasing contrast. It also hardens tissues to a degree, which tends to decrease the chances of morphologic change during the processes of dehydration and embedding. One of the unfavorable features of osmic acid is its poor penetrating power. There are many opportunities for the introduction of artifact in the preparation of tissues for electron microscopy, and it is apparent that the possibility of the presence of artifact must be considered in interpreting electron micrographs of the majority of cell and tissue components.
MULTISPECIES AND SINGLE-SPECIES MODELS OF FISH POPULATION DYNAMICS: COMPARING PARAMETER ESTIMATES

Population features inferred from single- species, age-structured models are compared to those in- ferred from a multispecies, age-structured model that in- cludes predator-prey interactions among three commercially harvested fish species—walleye pollock, Atka mackerel, and Pacific cod—on the Aleutian Shelf, Alaska. The multispecies framework treats the single-species models and data as a spe- cial case of the multispecies model and data. The same data from fisheries and surveys are used to estimate model param- eters for both single-species and multispecies configurations of the model. Additionally, data from stomach samples and predator rations are used to estimate the parameters of the multispecies model. One form of the feeding functional re- sponse, predator pre-emption, was selected using AIC from seven alternative models for how the predation rate changes with the densities of prey and possibly other predators. Dif- ferences in estimated population dynamics and productivity between the multispecies and single-species models were ob- served. The multispecies model estimated lower mackerel pop- ulation sizes from 1964-2003 than the single-species model, while the spawning biomass of pollock was estimated to have declined more than three times faster since 1964 by the multi- species model. The variances around the estimates of spawning biomass were smaller for mackerel and larger for pollock in the multispecies model compared to the single-species model.
Modification and Ablation for Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia: Current Status

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is an ill-defined clinical syndrome with diverse clinical manifestations. Clinical symptoms can range from intermittent palpitations to multisystem complaints. Although there is a general consensus that when the heartbeat exceeds 100 beats per minute at rest or with minimal physiologic challenge, it is considered "inappropriate," this quantitative differentiation is quite arbitrary, while validation of the reproducibility of the heart rate/activity correlation can be challenging. Once the clinical diagnosis of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is expected, other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and medical conditions causing sinus tachycardia should be excluded. The underlying mechanism of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is not well understood. "Intracardiac" mechanisms such as enhanced intrinsic automaticity, enhanced sympathetic tone, increased sympathetic receptor sensitivity, and blunted parasympathetic tone have been proposed. Evidences for "extracardiac" mechanisms such as length-dependent autonomic neuropathy, excessive venous pooling, beta-receptor hypersensitivity, alpha-receptor hyposensitivity, altered sympathovagal balance, and brainstem dysregulation have also been reported. Currently, our ability to differentiate primary (intracardiac) from secondary (extracardiac) mechanisms of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is limited. It has been reported that ablative therapy of sinus node is effective in treating patients with symptomatic inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Acute success of sinus node modification/ablation can be accomplished in 70%-100% of the various study populations. Although long-term successful outcome may be accomplished in a few patients, symptoms of palpitations and autonomic characteristics frequently persist. Identification and differentiation of patients who are suitable for ablative therapy versus medical therapy should be one of the central clinical research issues in this patient population. This brief review first considers the clinical and electrophysiologic diagnosis of inappropriate tachycardia and then summarizes the mechanisms of inappropriate sinus tachycardia and related syndromes such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Techniques of mapping and ablation of sinus node are discussed briefly. A critical review of the acute and long-term clinical outcomes following sinus node ablation and modification is updated. In conclusion, the precise role of sinus node modification in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia remains to be determined. Sinus node modification could be considered in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia with persistently increased heart rate in the absence of any autonomic abnormalities. Autonomic laboratory testing should be performed to exclude any evidence of autonomic dysregulation. Clinical research on the pathophysiology of inappropriate sinus tachycardia should be pursued vigorously.
Concurrent error detection in nonlinear digital filters using checksum linearization and residue prediction

Soft errors due to alpha particles, neutrons and environmental noise are of increasing concern due to aggressive technology scaling. While prior work has focused mostly on error resilience of linear signal processing algorithms, there is increasing need to address the same for nonlinear systems used in emerging applications for sensing and control. In this paper, a new approach for detecting errors in nonlinear digital filters is developed that does not require full duplication of all the nonlinear operations in the filter. First, a checksum of the linear least squares fit to the nonlinear function of the filter is derived that is ideally zero when the filter nonlinearities are not excited. Next, in residue prediction, linear predictive codes are used to predict the nonzero checksum error values that result exclusively from filter nonlinearity excitation. This allows fine granularity soft error detection at low hardware cost. Simulation experiments on a nonlinear Volterra filter prove the viability of the proposed concurrent error detection methodology.
Rawls's 'A Theory of Justice': An Introduction

A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls, is widely regarded as the most important twentieth-century work of Anglo-American political philosophy. It transformed the field by offering a compelling alternative to the dominant utilitarian conception of social justice. The argument for this alternative is, however, complicated and often confusing. In this book Jon Mandle carefully reconstructs Rawls's argument, showing that the most common interpretations of it are often mistaken. For example, Rawls does not endorse welfare-state capitalism, and he is not a 'luck egalitarian' as is widely believed. Mandle also explores the relationship between A Theory of Justice and the developments in Rawls's later work, Political Liberalism, as well as discussing some of the most influential criticisms in the secondary literature. His book will be an invaluable guide for anyone seeking to engage with this ground-breaking philosophical work.
The effects of product modularity on launch speed

Extant literature suggests that product modularity positively and directly impacts the timeliness and frequency of new products as well as manufacturing performance, particularly flexibility. Little is known about the nature of these relationships, however, since few empirical studies have been done. Important questions remain unanswered including whether the effect of modularity on launch speed is direct or indirect, and what role other constructs might play. This study explores these issues by examining the effects of product modularity on launch speed within a holistic framework that considers the roles of product platforms and manufacturing flexibility. Drawing upon dynamic capabilities theory in the resource-based view, the model depicts product modularity as antecedent to product platforms, product platforms as antecedent to manufacturing flexibility and manufacturing flexibility as antecedent to launch speed. The model is strongly supported by an analysis of 93 manufacturers. Results reveal a posit...
An Endogenous Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Human Lymphocytes Is Overcome by the Viral Vif Protein

The vif gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a basic Mr 23,000 protein that is necessary for production of infectious virions by nonpermissive cells (human lymphocytes and macrophages) but not by permissive cells such as HeLa-CD4. It had been proposed that permissive cells may contain an unidentified factor that functions like the viral Vif protein. To test this hypothesis, we produced pseudotyped wild-type and vif-deleted HIV gpt virions (which contain the HIV-1 genome with the bacterial mycophenolic acid resistance gene gpt in place of the viral env gene) in permissive cells, and we used them to generate nonpermissive H9 leukemic T cells that express these proviruses. We then fused these H9 cells with permissive HeLa cells that express the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120-gp41, and we asked whether the heterokaryons would release infectious HIV gpt virions. The results clearly showed that the vif-deleted virions released by the heterokaryons were noninfectious whereas the wild-type virions were highly infectious. This strongly suggests that nonpermissive cells, the natural targets of HIV-1, contain a potent endogenous inhibitor of HIV-1 replication that is overcome by Vif.
The solar sail and the mirror

The radiation pressure exerted by incoherent light on diverse surfaces is examined. The thermodynamic rule, first given by Carnot in 1824, describes the limitation to the amount of free energy that can be obtained from a source of thermal energy, and he gave the compelling reason for this rule, that if more free energy than he had prescribed could ever be extracted, then a heat pump could use that free energy and re-create all the heat energy that had been consumed. A perpetual motion machine could then be constructed. Now, 179 years later, it is proposed to fly a spacecraft that is expected to gain velocity from the radiation pressure the sunlight is expected to exert on solar sails, panels of thin plastic sheets, mirror surfaced on the side facing the sun. However a detailed examination of this proposal shows it to be in direct conflict with Carnot's rule, and no such pressure can be expected. Either Carnot's accepted rule is in error, or the solar sail proposal will not work at all.