cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological situation of measles in Japan and measures for its control

In 2007, measles outbreak occurred mainly among teen/twenties in Japan, and many high-school, universities and colleges were closed to reduce spread of measles. Some high school students became measles when they were in foreign countries where measles has been eliminated, visited as school excursion. Since introducing measles vaccine as routine immunization, number of measles has been reduced remarkably in Japan. However, we had measles outbreak in 2001, and total annual patients number were estimated 200-300 thausands mainly among young infants. The main reason was low immunization coverage of measles at 1 year old, and operation to give measles vaccine as "the gift for 1 year old birthday" has been introduced widely. Then immunization coverage at this age was increased up from 50-60% (2001) to 80-90% (2006) and total measles number was estimated less than 10,000 at 2005 and 2006, however, measles outbreak occurred this time among teen/twenties in 2007. The total number of adult measles (more than 15 y.o.) were higher than the number of them at 2001 outbreak. To discontinue outbreak and to eliminate measles, enhancement of measles control activities has been introduced in Japan. Two doses policy with measles and rubella (MR) vaccine at 1 y.o. and before elementary school has been introduced since 2006 and further, supplementary immunization with MR at 1st grade in junior high school and 3rd grade in high school for 5 years from 2008 will start to eliminate measles by 2012. Reporting system will be also changed from sentinels system to notify to all measles cases system. In this paper, present epidemiological situation on measles in Japan, measles elimination strategy in WPRO, and plan for measles elimination in Japan are described.
Black Lives Matter's Effect on Police Lethal Use-of-Force

Has Black Lives Matter influenced police lethal use-of-force? A difference-in-differences design finds census places with protests experienced a 15% to 20% decrease in police homicides from 2014 through 2019, around 300 fewer deaths. This decrease was prominent when protests were large or frequent. Potential mechanisms behind the reduction include police agencies obtaining body-worn cameras to curtail force and depolicing following a so-called `Ferguson Effect.' Fewer property crimes, but more murders, were reported to agencies with local protests; in contrast, the property crime clearance rate fell. Demographic imbalance by protest status and limited variation in treatment timing warrant a cautious interpretation.
E-Learning and the Marketisation of Higher Education

This chapter discusses e-learning, the branding and marketing of higher education institutions, and disruptive innovation in higher education. It provides university leaders with a guide to decision-making, especially with respect to the acquisition of new students, and the implementation of an E-Learning platform via a “build your own” model, a “buy vendor services” model, or a “collaborate with a corporate partner” model.
Application of Surfactants in Well Stimulation

Development and application of technology to achieve and maintain economic production rates from oil and gas wells has always been a central challenge in the oil and gas industry. The challenge can, in simple terms, be defined as how one can maximize the surface area that dictates the communication between the subsurface and the well, while at the same time, improve the flow of hydrocarbons from the stimulated drainage area/volume into the well. In this Chapter, we provide a review of the use of surfactants in well stimulation. We start with a brief overview of the various mechanisms by which surfactants can be used to achieve specific goals. We then provide a summary of laboratory-scale efforts and observations related to the application of surfactants. Reports and findings from field-scale application/tests are then summarized, and we complete the Chapter with a review of novel developments/applications that are currently subject to research.
Acute subjective sensory perceptions predict relative reinforcing effects of smoked nicotine

Abstract Introduction Smoking is believed partially reinforcing via immediate sensory perceptions. Yet, unknown is whether a cigarette’s relative reinforcing efficacy can be predicted by these perceptions and whether this relationship may vary due to constituents known to alter those perceptions. Methods Sensory perceptions of acute smoking were examined as predictors of subsequent cigarette choice behavior. Also tested was whether nicotine content or menthol affected this relationship. Adult dependent smokers (N = 37) participated in five sessions comparing cigarettes varying in nicotine contents (NIC; 1.3, 2.3, 5.5, 11.2, and 17.4 mg/g), relative to the very lowest nicotine content, 0.4 mg/g (VLNC). Non-menthol (n = 17) and menthol (n = 20) cigarettes—matched on nicotine—were provided based on participant preference. One NIC was compared versus VLNC per session (single-blinded); NIC content order was randomized across sessions on separate days. Perceptions (e.g., “liking”, “satisfying”) were measured immediately after initial sampling of NIC or VLNC, followed by a validated puff-by-puff choice procedure to determine preference for each NIC versus VLNC. Results NIC perceptions (difference from VLNC) and puff choices increased with nicotine. Menthol moderated associations between perceptions and nicotine; and between puff choices and nicotine. Perceptions were predictive of puff choice—greater magnitude of difference in perceptions between VLNC and NIC led to more NIC puff choices. When testing perceptions’ prediction of puff choices, neither the main effect of menthol or interaction of Perceptions X Nicotine Condition were significant. Conclusions Consistent with assumed—but rarely tested—causes of smoking reinforcement, sensory perceptions from a cigarette predict its relative reinforcing efficacy.
Bar-Wound Machine Voltage Stress: a Method for 2D FE Modeling and Testing

Advancements in semiconductor technology present new challenges in electric machine construction, operation and control. Silicon carbide (SiC)-based power electronics are becoming the new standard for high-power consumer and commercial devices, and are implemented in technologies such as power inverters, converters and rectifiers. This paper focuses on the effects of inverter drives for traction motors in electric vehicles with high dV/dt rates on bar-wound machine windings, including the expected impacts on insulation materials under prolonged periods of high voltage stress. A simulation model was constructed using finite element analysis, the results of which were validated with experimental results using a commercially available SiC inverter and traction motor. The results presented in the analysis pertain mostly to a single phase of a three-phase IPMSM in order to reduce simulation and testing complexity and runtime, so that the accuracy of the simulation in relation to the physical model can be demonstrated before proceeding to three-phase analysis. Some three-phase testing and analysis is also included. Correlation has been established between the preliminary simulation results and experimental data. It is proven that as DC bus voltages increase with the capabilities of SiC devices, the voltage stresses inside the stator windings approach levels which could cause partial discharge and premature insulation degradation in existing stator designs.
Summary of Some Fundamental Management Engineering Principles

Some fundamental management engineering principles in healthcare settings are summarized. These principles have been illustrated both by examples presented in this book and in examples published elsewhere.
NIH Policies on Sharing of Model Organisms and Related Research Resources

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has long recognized that the sharing of research materials and data is critically important to the progress of biomedical research. Effective sharing of research resources benefits the public by facilitating and promoting discovery across the full spectrum of the research community. In this spirit, the NIH Model Organism Sharing Policy builds upon extant NIH sharing policies to allow the NIH to continue to support and promote broad and enabling research effectively and efficiently. This chapter provides guidance, sample plans, approaches, and other resources for investigators considering how best to share model organisms and related research resources with the research community.
Pyeloureteral dilation and pregnancy.

Abstract By analyzing intravenous pyelograms and pelvic venograms in the gravid and nongravid woman, evidence was obtained to support the theory that right ureteral dilation in pregnancy is related to the right ovarian vein architectonics. This complex dilates in pregnancy and by the nature of its relationship to the ureter will create partial compression and resultant stasis in the ureter. Added credence to this theory is given by a review of the embryology of the ovarian veins and ureter. Cadaver dissections on adult women and surgical dissections on gravid women during cesarean section showed further evidence that the right, and occasionally the left, ovarian veins encased the ureter. Twenty cases were studied.
Propensity Score Analysis

Propensity scores represent the probability that an individual is assigned to a treatment group given the individual's scores on a set of covariates. Propensity scores are used in nonrandomized studies to equate treatment and control groups on a large number of covariates measured at baseline. Assumptions necessary for propensity score analysis to yield a valid estimate of the causal effect are presented. The five steps involved in a propensity score analysis are reviewed: (a) selecting the covariates, (b) estimating the propensity scores, (c) conditioning on propensity scores, (d) checking covariates for balance, and (e) estimating the causal effect. Complexities including designs with more than two groups, covariates with missing values, multilevel designs, and sensitivity analysis to check for the potential effects of unmeasured covariates are briefly considered. Finally, a short evaluation of the performance of the propensity score approach is presented. Keywords: data analysis in psychology; experimental design; causal inference; cause-and-effect-relationships; matching, propensity score; nonrandomized design; observational study
Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.

Carabid beetles were collected using pitfall traps and tree bands in forest stands in southwestern Pennsylvania subjected to defoliation by gypsy moth for the first time. Some of the stands were treated aerially with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.). The guts of all carabids collected were tested for the presence of gypsy moth proteins using the ELISA technique. Twenty-seven of the 33 species (82%) collected from pitfall traps, and four of the seven species (57%) collected under tree bands, tested positive. Of the 1142 individuals from pitfall traps and 73 individuals from tree bands, the percentages positive were 45 and 38%, respectively. Calosoma frigidum Kirby had the highest percentage positive (78%) of any species. Statistically significant differences in percentages positive between B.t.-treated and untreated plots were found only for Pterostichus mutus Say and P. coracinus Newm., and when all species were combined. The presence of nucleopolyhedrosis virus in the gypsy moth population was unanticipated and may have influenced these results through increased feeding on carrion.
Designing ePortfolio 2.0: Integrating and Coordinating Web 2.0 Services with ePortfolio Systems for Enhancing Users' Learning

An educational ePortfolio usually contains work that a student has collected, reflected, designed, and published to demonstrate personal learning and growth over time. However, previous studies have shown that traditional ePortfolio systems lack flexibility, peer review, and group collaboration. Without these features, ePortfolios do not have the benefits of social learning or Communities of Practice. In this paper, we propose a new design that integrates and coordinates emerging Web 2.0 services into ePortfolio systems to enable community-wide annotation, interaction, and collaboration, with the goal of enhancing the learning experience for individuals as well as the community. We review relevant literatures, theories, and development of traditional ePortfolio systems. We conduct a preliminary survey study to explore users’ perceived values in ePortfolio and Web 2.0 services. The survey results show opportunities to design a new generation of ePortfolio systems enabled with Web 2.0. We illustrate and discuss an ePortfolio 2.0 conceptual model, and a system prototype.
Amir Hetsroni (Ed.), Reality Television: Merging the Global and the Local

With the rapid proliferation of formats across national borders around the world, reality television provides a rich set of discourses for exploring the global intersections of cultures and media. The richer of these studies moves beyond the critiques of reality television formats as forms of cultural domination into questions of not only local productions but also participant representations, audience responses, and media coverage. This proliferation of reality television and its popularity result in multiple edited collections on the subject. Reality Television: Merging the Global and the Local, Amir Hetsroni’s edited collection, joins The Politics of Reality Television: Global Perspectives (Kraidy & Sender, 2011) and Global Television Formats: Understanding Television across Borders (Oren & Shahaf, 2011) in examining these issues across texts.
Phage Typing Set for E1, E2, E3, and E4 Salmonellae

Eighteen common serotypes representative of group E1, E2, E3, and E4Salmonella were characterized using a single set of phages.
Does using cognitive‐behavioural therapy skills predict improvements in depression?

UNLABELLED We examined symptoms and use of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) skills during treatment for 60 outpatients receiving group CBT for depression. Depression symptoms decreased significantly and frequency of skills use increased significantly during treatment, and increases in skills use from pre-treatment to mid-treatment predicted changes in depression at post-treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS Patients who report infrequent use of skills may be at risk for treatment non-response, which can provide an early warning sign for clinicians. Potential interventions include more psychoeducation about the treatment rationale to increase 'buy-in' or motivational interviewing to increase skills use.
When the Problem Is Not the Question and the Solution Is Not the Answer: Mathematical Knowing and Teaching

This paper describes a research and development project in teaching designed to examine whether and how it might be possible to bring the practice of knowing mathematics in school closer too what it means to know mathematics within the discipline by deliberately altering the roles and responsibilities of teacher and students in classroom discourse. The project was carried out as a regular feature of lessons in fifth-grade mathematics in a public school. A case of teaching and learning about exponents derived from lessons taught in the project is described and interpreted from mathematical, pedagogical, and sociolinguistic perspectives. To change the meaning of knowing and learning in school, the teacher initiated and supported social interactions appropriate to making mathematical arguments in response to students’ conjectures. The activities students engaged in as they asserted and examined hypotheses about the mathematical structures that underlie their solutions to problems are contrasted with the conv...
Visible light communications for 5G wireless networking systems: from fixed to mobile communications

Visible light communication, considered as a potential access option for 5G wireless communications, is gaining extensive attention. VLC has strengths in energy efficiency and ultra wide bandwidth, but also has weakness in transmission range and obstacles in transmission paths. This article aims to provide a conclusive investigation of the latest progress in research on VLC, which can be used as part of 5G wireless communication systems. This work highlights the strengths and weaknesses of VLC in comparison with RF-based communications, especially in spectrum, spatial reuse, security and energy efficiency. The article also investigates various lighting sources proposed for VLC systems. It summarizes the literature work on VLC networking into two categories: fixed and mobile VLC communications.
Single histidine-substituted cardiac troponin I confers protection from age-related systolic and diastolic dysfunction

Aims Contractile dysfunction associated with myocardial ischaemia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Strategies to protect the aged heart from ischaemia-mediated pump failure are needed. We hypothesized that troponin I-mediated augmentation of myofilament calcium sensitivity would protect cardiac function in aged mice. Methods and results To address this, we investigated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing a histidine-substituted form of adult cardiac troponin I (cTnI A164H), which increases myofilament calcium sensitivity in a pH-dependent manner. Serial echocardiography revealed that Tg hearts showed significantly improved systolic function at 4 months, which was sustained for 2 years based on ejection fraction and velocity of circumferential fibre shortening. Age-related diastolic dysfunction was also attenuated in Tg mice as assessed by Doppler measurements of the mitral valve inflow and lateral annulus Doppler tissue imaging. During acute hypoxia, cardiac contractility significantly improved in aged Tg mice made evident by increased stroke volume, end systolic pressure, and +d P /d t compared with non-transgenic mice. Conclusion This study shows that increasing myofilament function by means of a pH-responsive histidine button engineered into cTnI results in enhanced baseline heart function in Tg mice over their lifetime, and during acute hypoxia improves survival in aged mice by maintaining cardiac contractility.
Development and chromosome mechanics in nematodes: Results from IML-1

A subset of the Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes flown aboard Biorack on IML-1 was analyzed for the fidelity of development and the mechanics of chromosomes at meiosis. To assess meiosis, mutant worms marked at two linked or unlinked loci were inoculated as heterozygous hermaphrodites and allowed to self fertilize. Mendelian segregation ratios and recombination frequency were measured for offspring produced at 1XG or in microgravity. To assess development, worms and embryos were fixed and stained with the DNA dye, Diamidinophenolindole (DAPI), or antibodies specific for antigens expressed in germ cells, pharyngeal and body wall muscles, and gut cells. The distribution of cytoplasmic determinants, cell nuclei counts and positions were scored to assess symmetry relations and anatomical features.
Anomalous thresholds and the realization of chiral symmetry

We follow the work of some other authors in a study of chiral-symmetry breaking based on the linear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model in the semiclassical approximation. By this procedure the masses of the mesons are known in terms of the symmetry-breaking parameters. Therefore, in those terms, we can analyze the system for the possible occurrence of anomalous thresholds corresponding to the bound-state properties of the scalar mesons. We find that when the critical parameter in the symmetric Lagrangian is such that a Goldstone symmetry limit can occur, then the anomalous threshold does not manifest itself by emerging to the physical sheet when mass continuation is performed; instead, the anomalous singularity stays out on the physical sheet and never disappears from it. Conversely, the system has an anomalous threshold with familiar emerging behavior when the critical parameter admits only the normal symmetry limit.
Treatment of diving emergencies.

In sea water, for each 10-m (33-ft) increase in depth, the ambient pressure of a diver increases by 1 atm (760 mm Hg). Recreational divers may expose themselves to depths as great as 40 m (130 ft). Commercial and military divers may reach considerably greater depths, and experimental dives have been made in the open ocean to depths exceeding 500 m and in a hyperbaric chamber to a pressure equivalent to a depth of 701 m. 1,56,86 The changes in pressure to which a diver is subjected has four major effects that may cause pathophysiologic events: (1) changes in the volumes of gas-containing spaces in the body, causing barotrauma; (2) increased partial pressures of component gases, including contaminants, in the breathing mixture; (3) formation of gas bubbles in the blood and tissues; and (4) the effect of hydrostatic pressure per se on the central nervous system (CNS). These changes can be influenced further by the effects of immersion, which causes a redistribution of blood from the extremities into the central circulation. This engorges pulmonary vessels, causing a reduction in static lung volumes 2 and a promotion of airway closure. 32,126 Immersion also increases cardiac preload. 24,128
Women's Physical Size, Body-Cathexis, and Shopping for Apparel

The purposes of the study were to investigate (1) differences in body-cathexis, satisfaction with apparel shopping, and shopping orientations among petite, average, and tall/large-size female apparel shoppers and (2) the relationship of body-cathexis with satisfaction with apparel shopping and shopping orientations. Data from a national random sample of 482 female consumers were analyzed by one-way analyses of variance. These three groups differed in (1) total body-cathexis and body-cathexis on five body parts (height, facial features, face, leg length, and arms), (2) three items of apparel shopping attributes (size range available, number of stores, and general fit of clothing), and (3) two shopping orientations (confident shopper and catalog shopper). Body-cathexis was slightly correlated with “satisfaction with general fit of clothing” but was not correlated with any shopping-orientation variables. Managerial implications based on the findings are discussed.
Work in progress - technology enhanced learning for engineering core courses

The potential benefits of employing technology enhanced learning by contemporaneously Web-posting searchable video recordings of engineering core courses is underway in the Case School of Engineering. Searchable video offers the possibility of using a lecture recording as reference material in a time-effective manner. Preliminary results indicate student attendance and participation in class are both positively impacted by the availability of recorded lectures. This suggests that student are employing the recordings as supplemental, rather than alternate primary material
Low-Mass Star Formation and the Initial Mass Function in the ρ Ophiuchi Cloud Core

We have obtained moderate-resolution (R = 800-1200) K-band spectra for ~100 stars within and surrounding the cloud core of ρ Oph. We have measured spectral types and continuum veilings and have combined this information with results from new deep imaging. Using the latest evolutionary tracks of D'Antona & Mazzitelli to interpret the H-R diagram for ρ Oph, we infer ages ranging between 0.1 and 1 Myr for the class II and III sources (i.e., those that have emerged from their natal cocoons). A few stars may be slightly older. The initial mass function (IMF) peaks at about 0.4 M☉ and slowly declines to the hydrogen-burning limit with a slope of ~-0.5 in logarithmic units (Salpeter is +1.35). Our lower limits on the numbers of substellar objects demonstrate that the IMF probably does not fall more steeply below the hydrogen-burning limit, at least down to ~0.02 M☉. The derived IMF is consistent with previous findings that the ρ Oph IMF is roughly flat from 0.05 to 1 M☉. The exact shape of the mass function remains a function of the theoretical evolutionary tracks and, at the lowest masses, the conversion from spectral types to effective temperatures. We then make the first comparison of mass functions of stars and prestellar clumps measured in the same region. The similar behavior of the two mass functions in ρ Oph supports the suggestion of Motte et al. and Testi & Sargent that the stellar mass function in young clusters is a direct product of the process of cloud fragmentation. We have also studied the very young and often still embedded class I and flat-spectrum objects. After considering the effect of extinction on the SED classifications of the sample, we find that ~17% of the ρ Oph stars are class I, implying ~0.1 Myr for the lifetime of this stage. In spectra separated by 2 yr, we observe simultaneous variability in the Brγ emission and K-band continuum veiling for two stars, where the hydrogen emission is brighter in the more heavily veiled data. This behavior indicates that the disk may contribute significantly to continuous K-band emission, in contrast to the proposal that the infalling envelope always dominates. Our detection of strong 2 μm veiling (rK = 1-4) in several class II and III stars, which should have disks but little envelope material, further supports this proposition. We also detect absorption features in the spectra of ~25% of class I and flat-spectrum sources, demonstrating the feasibility of studying the photospheres of extremely young protostars.
Selective‐area growth and fabrication of recessed‐gate GaN MESFET using plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy

For the first time, selective-area growth (SAG) technique has been developed using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE), enabling fabrication of a recessed-gate structure for the metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) without etching. On patterned SiO 2 samples, polycrystalline GaN and single crystal n + -GaN were observed to grow in the masked and unmasked regions, respectively. The regrown layers were analyzed using AFM. Ohmic contact formed on the n + -GaN exhibited a vastly improved contact resistivity of 1.8 x 10 -8 Ω cm 2 , giving rise to excellent device characteristics including a peak drain current of 360 mA/mm and a maximum transconductance of 46 mS/mm. The advantages of SAG were further investigated by comparing the dc characteristics of recessed-gate and unrecessed MESFET.
BONE DENSITOMETRY IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)

Glucocorticoid therapy in CAH is titrated to maintain adequate adrenal suppression while avoiding the consequences of steroid excess. Although adrenal steroid levels may acutely reflect over-dosage, chronic overtreatment is often suspected only after growth failure and retardation of bone age are noted. Osteoporosis is a known complication of steroid therapy and has been described in CAH. Photon absprbtiometry is a simple, precise and noninvasive method of measuring bone demineralization. It may afford a more sensitive measure of steroid overtreatment than a bone age film, with less radiation exposure. We measured bone density in 20 CAH patients (10 males and 10 females) using the linear radiation model SP-2 bone mineral analyzer and correlated the findings with steroid levels as well as clinical aspects related to glucocorticoid treatment. Preliminary data show that there is some correlation between bone density and glucocorticoid management of CAH. All the patients with elevated or borderline elevated adrenal steroid levels had bone density values in the normal range. 3 of 5 girls with biochemical values suggesting overdosage had bone density values in the range consistent with demineralization. None of these 3 had any decline in growth velocity and bone ages done in 2 of the 3 showed no delay. These preliminary data suggest that bone densitometry may be of benefit in monitoring therapy in CAH patients and may result in the earlier detection of oversuppression.
Promotion of Long-Term Heart Allograft Survival by Combination of Mobilized Donor Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Anti-CD154 Monoclonal Antibody

Infusion of donor immature dendritic cells (DC) can significantly prolong survival of organ allografts, and this is believed to be due to antigen recognition by T cells in the absence of co-stimulation. In this study we report that a single pre-operative infusion of donor-mobilized immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) is superior to that of other DC sub-sets in suppressing allograft rejection. The combination of pDC infusion with injection of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody further inhibited graft rejection and, in 50% of the mice, led to indefinite graft survival. This finding suggests a role for the plasmacytoid DC sub-set in facilitating organ transplant survival and also in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
The lathyrus toxin, β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP), and homocysteic acid sensitize CA1 pyramidal neurons to cystine and l-2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid

A brief exposure of hippocampal slices to L-quisqualic acid (QUIS) sensitizes CA1 pyramidal neurons 30- to 250-fold to depolarization by certain excitatory amino acids analogues, e.g., L-2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid (L-AP6), and by the endogenous compound, L-cystine. This phenomenon has been termed QUIS sensitization. A mechanism similar to that previously described for QUIS neurotoxicity has been proposed to describe QUIS sensitization. Specifically, QUIS has been shown to be sequestered into GABAergic interneurons by the System x(c)(-) and subsequently released by heteroexchange with cystine or L-AP6, resulting in activation of non-NMDA receptors. We now report two additional neurotoxins, the Lathyrus excitotoxin, beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP), and the endogenous compound, L-homocysteic acid (HCA), sensitize CA1 hippocampal neurons >50-fold to L-AP6 and >10-fold to cystine in a manner similar to QUIS. While the cystine- or L-AP6-mediated depolarization can be inhibited by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX in ODAP- or QUIS-sensitized slices, the NMDA antagonist D-AP5 inhibits depolarization by cystine or L-AP6 in HCA-sensitized slices. Thus, HCA is the first identified NMDA agonist that induces phosphonate or cystine sensitization. Like QUIS sensitization, the sensitization evoked by either ODAP or HCA can be reversed by a subsequent exposure to 2 mM alpha-aminoadipic acid. Finally, we have demonstrated that there is a correlation between the potency of inducers for triggering phosphonate or cystine sensitivity and their affinities for System x(c)(-) and either the non-NMDA or NMDA receptor. Thus, the results of this study support our previous model of QUIS sensitization and have important implications for the mechanisms of neurotoxicity, neurolathyrism and hyperhomocystinemia.
A graph-theoretic approach to the analysis of international relations:

In the usual manner of using a matrix to represent the adjacency relation in a graph, directed graph, or network (see Harary, Norman, and Cartwright, 1965), the i'th row and the i'th column stand for the i'th nation in their sample of 35 nations (as named in Table 1), and the i, j entry of the matrix (in the i'th row and the]'th column) tells the relationship of the i'th nation to thej'th. Thus, in matrix A (Bernstein and Weldon, p. 177), the ij entry, denoted a(ij), is 1 if nation i has a "reciprocal defense relation" with nation j, i $ j, and
Levels of Question Formulation in Negotiation of Information Need during the Online Presearch Interview: A Proposed Model

Abstract In a seminal article on question negotiation, Taylor outlines four levels of question formulation which pertain to the client-information professional interview session. The literature which supports Taylor's theory is covered. It is proposed that Taylor's four levels may be inadequate for describing question negotiation in the online presearch interview. An altered model is given with suggestions for testing the model in the online environment. Some recommendations concerning the importance of discovering such a model are offered.
Neuropsychological Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Major Mood Disorders: Similarities and Differences

The past 20 years have been witness to a growing knowledge base of research highlighting the critical importance of cognition in understanding functional status and outcome in schizophrenia. This work has led to an increased emphasis on identifying and evaluating treatments that enhance cognition in schizophrenia, with the hope that this would translate into a better quality of life and improved outcome for patients. At the same time, this research has raised new questions about the specificity of cognitive impairments to schizophrenia and the degree to which similar cognitive impairments may be present in other disorders that can involve psychotic symptoms (eg, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychotic major depression). This article provides a brief overview of work comparing cognitive function across the nonaffective and affective psychoses and highlights areas of similarity and dissimilarity in the role cognition plays in these disorders.
Spark Light Source of Short Duration

A simple spark-gap light source together with an associated pulsing circuit has been utilized to produce light flashes of approximately 10−7-sec. duration suitable for the study of shock waves produced by high speed bullets and for the photography of shock and turbulent disturbances in supersonic air streams.
Divisia moments of U.S. industry, 1947–1978☆

Abstract Divisia moments of the first and second order are presented for annual price and quantity data on 56 two-digit U.S. industries in 1947–1978. Quantity variances tend to exceed price variances, while price-quantity covariances are almost all negative.
Developing a Research Agenda: Contributing New Knowledge via Intent and Focus

It is generally believed that new PhD graduates begin their first faculty positions having already outlined a research agenda that will guide their work during the next several years of their careers. Yet very little guidance is provided regarding how to accomplish this important task. In fact, little explanation is provided about what, exactly, a research agenda is. In this paper, we define a research agenda and discuss why it is important for scholars to establish one. We discuss how strong research questions provide the foundation for a strong research agenda and provide specific ideas for articulating one’s contributions to the field. We end with some primary considerations involved in accomplishing this important task, including suggestions for how to determine your specific focus, interest, community, and context.
Gravitational radiation from accreting neutron stars

Attention is given to the evolution of neutron stars whose magnetic fields are so weak that (1) the effects of the magnetosphere on the accretion disk are negligible, allowing it to extend to the surface of the star; and (2) the loss of energy and angular momentum by the pulsar mechanism is negligible compared with that provided by the accretion disk. The small nonaxisymmetric distortion of the neutron star should produce some modulation of the X-ray emission at the gravitational wave frequency, and it is hypothesized that this frequency will lie in the 200-800 Hz range. This is significantly below the rotational frequency of the neutron star.
Hydration and phase relations of grossular-spessartine garnets at P H 2O=2 Kb

The phase relations in the system grossular-spessartine-H2O were investigated at 2.0 Kb aqueous fluid pressure and at subsolidus temperatures down to 420 ° C. Despite metastable persistence of a compositional gap found in some intermediate members, a complete solid solution between grossular and spessartine exists.
Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil

Catalytic conversion of Camelina Sativa oil to biodiesel through both conventional heating and microwave radiation was investigated. Three different types of catalysts: homogeneous catalysts (NaOH and KOH), heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts (BaO and SrO), and sol−gel derived catalysts (BaCl2/AA and SrCl2/AA) were evaluated for their efficacy in biodiesel production. The following conditions were obtained for the catalysts based on the maximum biodiesel yield: potassium hydroxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 1% (w/w), and reaction time of 60 s; sodium hydroxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt %, and reaction time of 60 s; barium oxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 1.5% (w/w), and reaction time of 4 min; strontium oxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 2 wt %, and reaction time of 4 min. In the case of sol−gel derived catalysts, different catalyst loading rates in the range of 1−10 mmol/g were evalua...
Development of a millimeter-wave sensor for environmental monitoring

A millimeter-wave (mm-wave) sensor in the frequency range of 225-315 GHz is being developed for continuous emission monitoring for airborne effluents from industrial sites with applicability to environmental compliance monitoring and process control. Detection of chemical species is based on measuring the molecular rotational energy transitions at mm- wave frequencies. The mm-wave technique offers better transmission properties than do optics in harsh industrial environemnts such as those with smoke, dust, aerosols, and steam, as well as in adverse atmospheric conditions. Laboratory million-meter with this technology. Proof of principle of the open-path system has been tested by releasing and detecting innocuous chemicals in the open air. The system uses a monostatic radar configuration with transmitter and receiver on one side of the plume to be measured an a corner cube on the other side. A wide-band swept-frequency mm-wave signal is transmitted through the plume, and the return signal from the corner cube is detected by a hot-electron-bolometer. Aborption spectra of the plume gases are measured by comparing the return signal processing technique based on deconvolution, we have shown a high specificity of detection for resolving individual chemicals from a mixture. This technology is applicable for real-time measurement of a suite of airborne gases and vapors emitted from vents and stacks of process industries. A prototype sensor is being developed for wide-area monitoring of industrial sites and in-place monitoring of stack gases.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES. II. AN ANALYSIS OF PLANT SOURCES

An interesting by-product of the study of the female sex hormones was the observation that substances capable of initiating estrus in the castrated female mouse could be obtained from certain plant tissues as well as from the reproductive and other tissues of animals. Following the introduction by Allen and Doisy (1923) of the vaginal smear method of testing for the presence of estrogenic material, Loewe, Lange and Spohr (1927) investigated several flowering plants, with positive results. Fellner (1926) reported an active extract from grains of rice and wheat. Using their chromaphil reaction as a test method, in addition to uterine growth and the vaginal smear, Dohrn, Faure, Poll and Blotevogel (1926) obtained positive results with a group of plant materials, including beet seeds, potatoes and yeast. Glimm and Wadehn (1928) made a thorough investigation of yeast extracts, from both brewer's and compressed yeast, with positive results.
On the cookie game

On alternate days, each of two players eats a cookie from a cookie jar. Every cookie has a spoilage date after which it can not be eaten. The object of the game is to eat the last edible cookie. In this paper, we produce a strategy for winning this game when the cookies have distinct spoilage dates.
Character recognition using a fast neural-net classifier

Abstract A correlation-based neural-net classifier is used to classify printed characters using moment invariants as the feature inputs. This classifier drastically reduces the training time by setting up initial weights and a hidden layer structure more suitable for fast convergence.
Dynamics of viral infections: incorporating both the intracellular and extracellular levels

To date, most models of viral infections have focused exclusively on modeling either the intracellular level or the extracellular level. To more realistically model these infections, we propose incorporating both levels of information into the description. One way of performing this task in a deterministic setting is to derive cell population balances from the equation of continuity. We apply such a balance to obtain a two-level model of a viral infection. We then use numerical simulation to demonstrate both cell culture and in vivo responses given a variety of experimental conditions. We compare these responses to those obtained from applying other commonly used models. The results demonstrate that, in contrast to commonly used models, the cell population balance provides a more intuitive and flexible modeling framework for incorporating both the intracellular and extracellular events occurring during viral infections. This improved capability to represent the trends in the biological measurements of interest offers a more systematic and quantitative understanding of how viral infections propagate and how to best control this propagation.
Multinuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of inorganic cations with heparin

The interaction of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and La3+ with heparin, a highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, was studied by 1H and 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 1H chemical shift and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data indicate that the counter ions Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ interact with the low pH, carboxylic acid form of heparin by delocalized, long-range electrostatic interactions. At higher pH, 1H chemical shift and NOE data indicate that Na+ and Mg2+ continue to interact with heparin in the same manner, even upon deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group; however, there is a site-specific contribution to the binding of Ca2+, Zn2+ and La3+ under these conditions. Acid dissociation constants for heparin carboxylic acid groups and heparin-metal binding constants were determined from the pH dependence of 1H chemical shifts and 23Na spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times. Equilibrium constants for exchange of M2+ for heparin-bound Na+ were obtained from 23Na T1 data. The acid dissociation constants show a strong dependence on Na+ concentration due to the polyelectrolyte character of heparin.
Semantic and Syntactic Proof Productions

In this paper, we distinguish between two ways that an individual can construct a formal proof. We define a syntactic proof production to occur when the prover draws inferences by manipulating symbolic formulae in a logically permissible way. We define a semantic proof production to occur when the prover uses instantiations of mathematical concepts to guide the formal inferences that he or she draws. We present two independent exploratory case studies from group theory and real analysis that illustrate both types of proofs. We conclude by discussing what types of concept understanding are required for each type of proof production and by illustrating the weaknesses of syntactic proof productions.
Das Röntgenbild der Papilla duodeni major und minor. Papillenbefunde im Bulbus duodeni

Es wird das Rontgenbild der Papilla duodeni major und minor und seine Differentialdiagnose beschrieben. Mehrere Falle mit Sitz der Papille im Bulbus duodeni werden mitgeteilt.
Reliability of information flow in a CIM system

Abstract Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems provide a shared database management capability, and an information flow network that links automated manufacturing subsystems such as computer-aided design (CAD), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and group technology (GT) into a unified, well-coordinated system. Integration in a CIM environment is the sharing of information among different subsystems of the manufacturing system. The success of a CIM often depends on how well the subsystems are integrated in the communication network. This study employs the method of system reliability to the analysis of information flow in a CIM network.
Age-related changes in homeostasis on inorganic sulfate in male F-344 rats

Advanced age in associated with a decline in renal function including decreased glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow and renal tubular secretion. Endogenous inorganic sulfate homeostasis is maintained by concentration-dependent active renal reabsorption in the proximal tubule. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of advanced age on: (1) the renal mechanisms for conserving endogenous inorganic organic sulfate and (2) the turnover of inorganic sulfate. Awake, male Fischer 344 rats age 4–5 months and 22–23 months received i.v. acetaminophen, 300 mg/kg, followed 2 h later by i.v. sodium sulfate, 2 mmol/kg, to lower and raise, respectively, plasma inorganic sulfate in order to measure the renal clearance of this anion from plasma at sub- and supraphysiologic concentration ranges. Another group of old and young male F-344 rats received a tracer injection of [35S]sodium sulfate to determine the effect of aging on the turnover of the endogenous inorganic sulfate pool. There was no statistically significant effect of advanced age on baseline plasma sulfate concentration or on the renal clearance of inorganic sulfate from plasma. The baseline excretion rate of inorganic sulfate in the senescent animals (0.38 ± 0.25 μmol/min/kg, mean ± S.D., n = 7) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that observed in the young animals (0.64 ± 0.19 μmol/min/kg, n = 8). There was no difference in the turnouver rate constant, as measured by the change in specific activity of urinary [35S]sodium sulfate, for the endogenous sulfate pool in old and young animals. Following acetaminophen administration, plasma sulfate concentrations declined similarly in young and old animals. Under the conditions of relative inorganic sulfate depletion, the renal excretion rate of inorganic sulfate decreased to zero in 7 of 8 young rats, whereas the old animals continued to excrete sulfate anion at an average rate of 23% of the baseline value. Aged animals have a defect in active tubular renal reabsorption of sulfate under conditions of sulfate depletion. Age-related changes in the total sulfate excretion rate may reflect changes in the metabolic fate of endogenous sulfate rather than changes in the endogenous production rate of this anion.
Permanence of amnesia after single posttrial treatments of Metrazol or electroconvulsive shock

Interference with retention induced by a single administration of electroconvulsive shock or Metrazol after one-trial training was demonstrated to be relatively permanent, Electroconvulsive shock administered approximately 75 sec after training and Metrazol administered 5 min after training resulted in retrograde amnesia which persisted undiminished in strength for 21 days.