cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Interactions with Internal Stresses in Metals

This chapter discusses two techniques that show promise of measuring different aspects of internal stress distributions in metals. The present knowledge of states of stress and their relation to failure mechanisms is first briefly reviewed, noting the distinction between long and short range stresses. Electromagnetic transducer efficiency tests for long range stresses are then discussed. It is demonstrated that the efficiency of the electromagnetic generation of ultrasonic waves is very sensitive to the deformations of ferromagnetic materials. Experiments defining the general features of the effect in three iron-nickel alloys, and its sensitivity to minor variations in material properties such as texture, composition, and heat treatment in low carbon steels are presented. The results are interpreted in terms of a magnetostrictive model of the generation process and the previously known strain dependence of the magnetostriction of these materials. Ultrasonic harmonic generation is then shown to be a technique sensitive to dislocation parameters. This measurement can thus be used to define the microscopic internal stresses which control such material properties as flow stress and state of fatigue. Some experimental data on harmonic generation in deformed and fatigued aluminum specimen, which demonstrates this effect are presented. Limitations of this technique, as observed in Al alloys, as well as results obtained on various other structural materials, are also discussed.
Observations on Drug Abuse Deaths in the State of Maryland

The problem of drug abuse in America encompasses all ages, economic, and ethnic groups. The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) has recorded a continuous increase in drug abuse deaths in Maryland over the past seven years. This report focuses on the epidemiological characteristics and pathological findings of victims of fatal drug abuse in Maryland investigated by the OCME in 1992 and 1993. A retrospective study of OCME cases in 1992 and 1993 yielded a total of 605 deaths caused by drugs of abuse. 426 deaths were the result of narcotic drug use, 66 deaths due to cocaine, 102 deaths involved both narcotics and cocaine, 6 deaths were due to phencyclidine (PCP) and 5 involved both PCP and narcotic drugs. Drug abuse deaths most often involved individuals who were male (86%) and black (64%). Their ages ranged from 15 to 68 years with the majority (58%) of victims being in their 30's. Of the 605 drug deaths, 393 (65%) had a known history of drug abuse. 279 (46%) exhibited needle tracks, of which only 94 (16%) had identifiable fresh needle puncture marks. Drug paraphernalia (needles, syringes, etc.) was found at the scene in 22% of the cases. Twenty-nine (4.8%) cases showed complications of drug abuse which included pneumonia, endocarditis or myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, AIDS and intracerebral hemorrhage. 87 (14.4%) were positive for HIV antibodies, an incidence much higher than that identified in our general autopsy population (2.6%). Drugs of abuse were also found in a significant portion of the homicides examined at this office in 1992 and 1993. 323 of the 1265 homicide victims (25%) showed evidence of some form of illicit drug activity.
Organization and Function of a Hospital Biomedical Engineering Internship Program

This paper describes the development of an internship program between St. Vincent Hospital (SVH), a large community teaching hospital, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), a school of engineering. The primary objective of the internship program is the education of the student through problem solving in the hospital environment under close faculty-physician supervision. WPI receives an expanded educational base, and SVH receives a diversified base of technical assistance. During the last three years of operation 70 students, 12 faculty, and 15 hospital project advisors have worked together on 29 different student projects. The organization and operation of the internship program are presented, and the essential features leading to its success are analyzed.
A more accurate, stable, FDTD algorithm for electromagnetics in anisotropic dielectrics

A more accurate, stable, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is developed for simulating Maxwell@?s equations with isotropic or anisotropic dielectric materials. This algorithm is in many cases more accurate than previous algorithms (G.R. Werner et al., 2007 [5]; A.F. Oskooi et al., 2009 [7]), and it remedies a defect that causes instability with high dielectric contrast (usually for @e@?10) with either isotropic or anisotropic dielectrics. Ultimately this algorithm has first-order error (in the grid cell size) when the dielectric boundaries are sharp, due to field discontinuities at the dielectric interface. Accurate treatment of the discontinuities, in the limit of infinite wavelength, leads to an asymmetric, unstable update (C.A. Bauer et. al., 2011 [6]), but the symmetrized version of the latter is stable and more accurate than other FDTD methods. The convergence of field values supports the hypothesis that global first-order error can be achieved by second-order error in bulk material with zero-order error on the surface. This latter point is extremely important for any applications measuring surface fields.
Subtherapeutic Antibiotics and Productivity in U.S. Hog Production

Antimicrobial drugs are fed to hogs at subtherapeutic levels to prevent disease and promote growth. However, there is concern that the presence of antimicrobial drugs in hog feed is a factor promoting the development of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria. This study uses a treatment-effects sample-selection model to examine the impact that feeding antibiotics has on the productivity of U.S. hog operations. No relationship was found between productivity and antibiotics fed during finishing, but productivity was significantly improved when antibiotics were fed to nursery pigs. Restrictions on feeding antimicrobial drugs during the nursery phase would likely impose significant economic costs on U.S. hog producers.
A representation of fluid forces in finite segment cable models

Abstract The finite segment modelling of a long flexible cable is discussed. An equivalent force system representing the fluid and gravitational forces exerted on a typical cable segment is determined. The fluid forces include inertia, drag, and hydrostatic (bouyancy) forces. Application of the results in computer algorithm development is also discussed.
A Review and Meta-Analysis of Person-Centered Messages and Social Support Outcomes

Person-centered messages are a form of social support that has been theoretically and empirically linked to a variety of outcomes. Scholars would benefit by recognizing the influence of person-centered messages across a number of studies in the absence of statistical artifacts. This article reports a meta-analysis testing the association between person-centered messages and social support outcomes across 23 studies. Our results demonstrate a positive linear association between person-centeredness and actual effectiveness, and an even stronger linear relationship between person-centeredness and perceived effectiveness. The association between person-centeredness and support outcomes was attenuated in confederate-based methodologies. Moreover, the data suggest that scholars need to more precisely conceptualize and empirically assess the differences between the nine levels of the person-centered hierarchy.
R2: a useful measure of model performance when predicting a dichotomous outcome

R2 has been criticized as a measure of model performance when predicting a dichotomous outcome, both because its value is often low and because it is sensitive to the prevalence of the event of interest. The C statistic is more widely used to measure model performance in a 0/1 setting. We use a simple parametric family of models to illustrate the potential usefulness of models with low R2 values, to clarify the effect of prevalence on both C and R2, and to demonstrate how R2 captures information not picked up by C. We also show that C is subject to a 'random mixing' problem that does not affect R2. Finally, we report both R2 and C values for different risk-adjustment models in situations with different prevalences and show the relationship between the measures and decile death rates, thereby providing a context for interpreting R2 values in a 0/1 setting.
Quantum Hard-Sphere Gas in the Limit of High Densities with Application to Solidified Light Gases

The properties of a quantum hard-sphere gas in the limit of high densities are investigated, with particular emphasis on the ground-state energy per particle. This has the asymptotic form $\frac{{E}_{0}}{N}{}{\ensuremath{\sim}}{\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}}\frac{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}}{2m}A{({\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}\ensuremath{-}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}})}^{\ensuremath{-}2},$ as deduced from the Heisenberg principle, and is independent of particle statistics. A model of hard spheres arranged in a simple cubic lattice is solved by reduction to the known one-dimensional case, and gives ${A}_{\mathrm{sc}}={\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}$. For more realistic close-packed systems we estimate ${A}_{\mathrm{cp}}\ensuremath{\approx}10 \mathrm{to} 15$. This form connects smoothly to the well-known low-density gas-parameter expansions. Phonon properties in the Debye approximation are derived. The model is applied to the zero-point kinetic energies of hexagonal-centered-cubic (hcp) $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, as determined from pressure data. The helium data give $A\ensuremath{\approx}15.7$, the hydrogen data $A\ensuremath{\approx}15.9$. The fitted hard-core diameters, 1.73 \AA{} and 1.90 \AA{}, respectively, are smaller than expected from accepted potentials; this is discussed. Thermodynamics of the simple cubic system give ${c}_{v}\ensuremath{\propto}T$ for both bosons and fermions, which may explain the anomalous (non-Debye) heat capacitics of solid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at low temperatures.
Methodology Adaptation across Levels of Development: Applying a US Regional Housing Model to Brazil

Adapting a methodology to assess housing need is intrinsically difficult, particularly when it must address different levels of development. This paper presents a general discussion of housing needs and assessment methodologies and examines the adaptation of an affordable housing needs assessment methodology developed in the US to produce a method to be applied in developing countries. Specifically, a pilot project was conducted in Brazil, yielding results applicable to any developing country where security of tenure and poverty contribute to the housing problem. Security of tenure, adequacy of shelter and infrastructure, and other concepts are characterized. Cultural, institutional and structural peculiarities of the Brazilian context are explained. The analysis reveals the difficulties of transferring methodologies from developed to developing countries, but also the advantages of looking at seemingly unquantifiable situations through the lenses of a workable model. Results illustrate the application of...
Acoustic detection of single particles

Abstract We describe a new type of particle detector based on ballistic phonon generation in large single crystals of silicon or other low acoustic loss insulating crystals, operated at temperatures below a few kelvin. For contained events depositing an energy greater than about 1 keV, such silicon crystal acoustic detectors (SiCADs) could have spatial resolution in three dimensions of the order of ∼1 mm3 and energy resolution ∼ 200 eV. Superconducting tunnel junctions would be used to sense the phonons at the crystals surfaces. The improvement in tunnel junction performance with decreasing thermal quasiparticle density upon cooling would determine the detector operating temperature (∼ 50 mK). SiCADs may be particularly useful for low energy neutrino detection experiments. If a large mass could be instrumented with keV sensitivity, the coherent neutral current scattering from silicon nuclei, which is neutrino-flavor independent, could be detected, and provide a measurement of the total neutrino flux independently of complex mixing, e.g. due to the MSW effect. Other uses would include high resolution charged particle and gamma ray spectroscopy.
Vertical pollutant distributions and boundary layer structure observed by airborne lidar near the complex southern California coastline

Abstract Airborne lidar flights to determine air pollutant transport in the complex coastal environment of S California reveal details of vertical pollutant distributions, atmospheric boundary layer structure, and pollutant transport and diffusion unique to such an area. The lidar data show two (or more) layers of aerosols offshore each separated by relatively clear areas. Typically the top of the lower layer corresponds to the base of the temperature inversion over the water, and the upper layer lies within the temperature inversion. Little intermixing of the layers occurs unless onshore air flow carries both layers over the coastline. A short distance inland, afternoon heating and mechanical turbulence eliminate the layered structure. The upper layers which may be formed by sea-breeze undercutting, by convergence in complex terrain or at the land/sea interface, or by interaction of heated upslope flow with terrain features can flow offshore with existing winds or at night with the land-breeze. The origin of the layers aloft is an essential factor in determining the pollutant impact. Thus, transport and layer structure phenomena observed by lidar within the complex S California coastline environment may have an important bearing on any proposed land-use changes. Finally, the results of the study suggest the need for diffusion climatologies that take into account the frequency and duration of the wind regimes aloft in addition to the low-level thermal structure.
Automated management of mdical istrumentation and services

Biomedical/clinical engineering departments are responsible for the cost effective management of medical instrumentation bginning with the initial considerations t purchase a device, and continuing through t its eventual replacement. In order t facilitate the acquisition of equipment, and their preventive maintenance, as well as an efficient utilization of the human resources, an automated general purpose system was implemented. The developed Maintenance Management Program is written in Clipper. It consists of 16 databases, 19 index files, plus the PM. EXE, which is an executable file, compiled from a combination of 211 files. The program allows management of scheduled and non-scheduled equipment maintenance, management of equipment or departmental status report, keeping track of employee database, and management of parts and vendor database. Specifically, the Maintenance Management Program consists of five modules: Preventive Maintenance, Work Order, Parts, Employee, Utility. The Equipment Maintenance Management Program, implemented in a PC environment, should meet the needs of biomedical/clinical engineering department in a small and medium size hospital.
A scientific visualization renderer

While scientific visualization systems share many requirements with other graphical applications, they also pose special requirements that make solutions based on standard rendering hardware or software not entirely satisfactory. This paper illustrates those requirements by describing the renderer used in a production scientific visualization system, Data Explorer [1].We begin by setting forth the requirements for a visualization renderer derived from our experiences. We then describe implementation techniques used to meet the requirements of parallelism, volume rendering of irregular data, clipping, and integration of rendering modalities. The renderer described is a software renderer, but it is hoped that the requirements and implementation described here might influence the design of future generations of rendering hardware.
Managing the tight shoulder: Subscapularis lengthening—in the affirmative

Internal rotation contracture associated with osteoarthritic degeneration of the glenohumeral joint can severely restrict functional movement of the shoulder following arthroplasty unless it is adequately addressed and corrected. Many authors have found less than adequate results with lengthening of the subscapularis through medialization or z-plasty. This paper promotes the concept of sequential recognition and correction of the structures leading to an internal rotation contracture including external adhesions, osteophytes, capsular contracture and contracted internal rotation musculature and provides a rationale for sequentially correcting each of these culprits. The last structure to be addressed is the subscapularis itself. A safe technique for fractional lengthening of the subscapularis at its myotendinous junction as the last step in treating the internally rotated contracted shoulder while providing a healthy subscapularis tendon for repair of the musculotendinous rotator cuff.
Role of molecular markers and gene profiling in head and neck cancers.

Purpose of reviewTo explore the current status of molecular markers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Recent findingsA variety of studies have been undertaken to improve classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In the past seve
High-Efficiency Ordered Silicon Nano-Conical-Frustum Array Solar Cells by Self-Powered Parallel Electron Lithography

Nanostructured silicon thin film solar cells are promising, due to the strongly enhanced light trapping, high carrier collection efficiency, and potential low cost. Ordered nanostructure arrays, with large-area controllable spacing, orientation, and size, are critical for reliable light-trapping and high-efficiency solar cells. Available top-down lithography approaches to fabricate large-area ordered nanostructure arrays are challenging due to the requirement of both high lithography resolution and high throughput. Here, a novel ordered silicon nano-conical-frustum array structure, exhibiting an impressive absorbance of ∼99% (upper bound) over wavelengths 400−1100 nm by a thickness of only 5 μm, is realized by our recently reported technique self-powered parallel electron lithography that has high-throughput and sub-35-nm high resolution. Moreover, high-efficiency (up to 10.8%) solar cells are demonstrated, using these ordered ultrathin silicon nano-conical-frustum arrays. These related fabrication techni...
Lobeline, a nicotinic partial agonist attenuates alcohol consumption and preference in male C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Lobeline is a partial nicotinic agonist and is currently being investigated as a therapeutic drug for several addictive disorders particularly for smoking cessation. The present study evaluated the effects of repeated (continuous and recurring) administration of lobeline on alcohol consumption (10% alcohol vs. water) and alcohol preference using a 2-bottle choice test procedure. Male C57BL/6J mice were individually housed and acclimatized to 10% alcohol. Immediately following the last day of alcohol acclimatization and attainment of consistent drinking pattern, mice (n = 5/group) received subcutaneous injections of lobeline (3, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or saline. Groups received either repeated–recurring (3 injections, given every other day) or repeated–continuous (daily injections for 5 days) subcutaneous injections of lobeline. Fluid consumption (alcohol and water) was recorded daily. Results showed that lobeline significantly reduced alcohol consumption and alcohol preference during the repeated (recurring and continuous) administration phases, while total fluid consumption remained unchanged. These results provide support that nicotinic receptor based drugs may be useful as potential treatments for alcoholism.
Residency Training in Percutaneous Renal Access: Does It Affect Urological Practice?

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the impact of residency training in percutaneous renal access on subsequent urological practice.Materials and Methods: Surveys evaluating practice and training in percutaneous renal access were mailed to residents who graduated between 1981 and 2001. A statistical analysis was performed to determine the effect of percutaneous access training on current practice patterns in percutaneous renal procedures. A subgroup analysis was conducted for graduates with more than 10 years after residency.Results: Responses were received from 37 of 48 surveys mailed (77%) and 35 surveys were eligible for analysis. A total of 92% of urologists trained in percutaneous access currently perform percutaneous surgical procedures compared to only 33% of those untrained (p <0.001). Urologists trained in access perform a mean of 14.0 percutaneous renal procedures annually while those untrained perform 3.3 procedures (p = 0.02). Only 27% of urologists trained in percutaneous access continue to perform...
THE SITE OF FORMATION OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE HORMONES

One of the long unsolved problems of endocrinology which has persistently defied the attacks of many investigators has been that of the site of formation of the posterior lobe hormones. It has generally been accepted that either the pars nervosa or the pars intermedia of the hypophysis represents the seat of elaboration of the pressor, antidiuretic and oxytocic principles, most workers favoring the pars intermedia because of their reluctance to concede that an organ of purely nervous origin, such as the pars nervosa, could have an endocrine function. But the pars tuberalis has not lacked champions, the most recent of whom has been Biggart (1), and the problem has been further complicated by the assigning of a secretory function on the part of some investigators to the cells of the tuber cinereum (2). The difficulty has been, of course, that in the ordinary laboratory animals the pars nervosa is encapsulated by the pars intermedia and the relationship is such a close one that it has not been possible to ef...
Political prostitutes: conflicting loyalties and identities in middle-class Zimbabwean popular theatre (1998–2008)

Middle-class popular theatre narratives and discourses emanating from various crisis-driven contexts in Zimbabwe reflect prevalent political affiliations, sentiments and interests. Methodologically, Marx's historical–materialist framework offers a means of analysing middle-class's vacillating economic status, political shifts and realignments drawn from specific scenarios of everyday life and stage performances. The article argues that in the context of a rapidly changing, complex and conflict-filled world, boundaries between staged performances and everyday life performances unavoidably become blurred, not only out of the dire need to evade political censorship and restrictions, but also because of the need for political survival and realignment. On both the performance stage and in their everyday life performances, the middle class is constantly involved not only in forging strategic alliances, but also in constructing and staging its class identities (Schechner 2003, p. 5). Its location between the eli...
Macrobenthos of the San Diego Trough: photographic census and observations from bathyscaphe, Trieste

Abstract Deep-submersible vehicles provide a platform for acquiring quantitative and behavioral data on the larger, sparse, or more active deep-sea animals which are impossible to obtain by conventional sampling techniques. The distributions and densities of such organisms were established from cine-camera films taken along a 188-m transect at 1243-m depth. Densities in numbers of organisms/m 2 for the following forms were: Ophiomusium lymani (a large ophiuroid) 8.7; Scotoplanes sp. (an elasipod holothurian) 0.01; Anoplopoma fimbria (sablefish) 0.005; Sebastolobus altivelis (crimson thornhead) 0.06. Still photographs, taken simultaneously were also analyzed for O. lymani density. This method gives a higher figure of 15.1 specimens/m 2 because small specimens of O. lymani can be distinguished from Amphilepis sp. and other dimunitive ophiuroids. Their distribution is not homogenous. Areas of high and low density exist in close proximity. Wet weight biomass for this species ranges from 22.6 to 39.3 g/m 2 , high in contrast to reported data for total fauna at similar depths. Observations from other Trieste I dives show relative abundance of O. lymani, Scotoplanes sp., A. fimbria and S. altivelis differs in other areas of the San Diego Trough. Observations suggest that: O. lymani may filter feed; Scotoplanes sp. could be easily washed aside by descending grab samplers; and fishes are relatively insensitive to stimuli created by a deep-submersible vehicle.
Substituent effects in aromatic ligands the substituted pyridines

Abstract Blue paramagnetic (μ = ∼3·2 B.M.) complexes having formulas [Ni(X-py)4(ClO4)2], where X is H, 3-CH3, 3-Br, 4-C2H5, 3,5-(CH3)2, and 4-i-C3H7, are reported. Also, yellow diamagnetic [Ni(X-py)4](ClO4)2 complexes, where X is 4-CH3 and 4-NH2, and the slightly paramagnetic yellow [Ni(3-pic)4](ClO4)2 complex are reported. Characterization of the complexes include studies of the infrared, near-infrared, and visible spectra of the solid complexes and their solutions in the component pyridine base and in acetone. Near-infra-red and visible absorption bands are assigned in agreement with either regular or distorted octahedral stereochemistries for the blue complexes and solutions and in agreement with square-planar stereochemistry for the yellow complexes. The co-ordination of the perchlorate ion to the nickel ion in the blue complexes is confirmed from the splitting of the degenerate modes and the activation of the symmetric modes of the perchlorate ion in the infra-red spectrum. The ability of two of the complexes to form clathrates with aromatic guests is observed. Inductive, steric, and resonance effects of the substituents are considered as possible explanations of the observed substituent effects. The influence of the resonance effect on the possibility of synergic bonding between the nickel and the pyridine base is considered to be the most important factor in determining the stereochemistries of the complexes. The value of Δ for the 3- and 4-substituted pyridines is judged relatively insensitive to the substituent group.
Black and White College Students' Choices of Descriptors for Older Women and Older Women Relatives

ABSTRACT Black and white students from two different educational institutions (N = 107) completed demographic information as well as a forty word instrument asking them to rate the words as to applicability regarding older women in general and a chosen older woman relative. Investigators were interested to know if there would be differences in the rating of the words by the two races for the two groups of older women. The most interesting result was the positive words chosen by each race and the “closeness” rating. Blacks chose “beautiful,” “gentle,” and “kind.” Whites chose “experienced” and “fun.” When the words were looked at by categories of positive, neutral, and negative, more positive words were chosen.
Six-Month Sleep–Wake Organization and Stability in Preschool-Age Children With Autism, Developmental Delay, and Typical Development

This study examined sleep–wake patterns in 3 matched comparison groups of preschool-aged children: children with autism (AUT), children with developmental delay (DD) without AUT, and children who are developing typically (TYP). Sleep was assessed via actigraphy and parent-report diaries for 7 consecutive 24-hr periods across 3 time points: at enrollment (n = 194), 3 months later (n = 179), and 6 months after enrollment (n = 173). At each recording period, children in the AUT group slept less per 24-hr period, on average, and were less likely to awaken at night than children in the other two groups. In contrast, children in the DD group had more frequent and longer duration nighttime awakenings than children in the AUT group. Overall, children in the 2 neurodevelopmentally disordered groups demonstrated more night-to-night variability in their sleep–wake measures than children in the TYP group.
Integral representations of constitutive equations

This paper is concerned with constitutive equations in which the stress at an instant of time,t, say, is a functional of the deformation gradient history up to and includingt. It is assumed that the deformation gradient histories are of bounded variation and are continuous, or piece-wise continuous with a countable number of salti. It is shown that if the stress functional isn times Frechet differentiable in the sense of the supremum norm, it can be represented by a series of multiple integrals in the deformation gradient history, with an error or ordern + 1 in the displacement gradients. The relation of this type of integral representation to that of Green and Rivlin is discussed.
The use of displacement potentials in second order elasticity

This paper is concerned with the use of a representation in terms of displacement potentials in second order elasticity for equilibrium problems of homogeneous and isotropic materials. After justifying the adoption of an existing representation for linear elasticity for the purpose at hand, appropriate representations for solutions of second order elasticity problems in terms of displacement potentials (for both compressible and incompressible materials) are discussed. The use of the representations in obtaining complete solutions for equilibrium boundary-value problems is then illustrated by application to two examples of plane strain problems of compressible materials.
Knowledge vs. Belief

Etude de la definition de la connaissance en termes de croyance et d'opinion. Distinguant le genre de connaissance-comment (knowledge-how), designant la croyance inconsciente, du genre de connaissance-que (knowledge-that), designant les proprositions vraies, l'A. examine la strategie qui consiste a utiliser la croyance contre la connaissance (courante) et evalue la position traditionnelle selon laquelle la connaissance est une forme de croyance qui s'est consolidee en forme de connaissance, en fonction de la situation de la connaissance
Automated Parallelization of Discrete State-Space Generation

We consider the problem of generating a large state-space in a distributed fashion. Unlike previously proposed solutions that partition the set of reachable states according to a hashing function provided by the user, we explore heuristic methods that completely automate the process. The first step is an initial random walk through the state space to initialize a search tree, duplicated in each processor. Then, the reachability graph is built in a distributed way, using the search tree to assign each newly found state to classes assigned to the available processors. Furthermore, we explore two remapping criteria that attempt to balance memory usage or future workload, respectively. We show how the cost of computing the global snapshot required for remapping will scale up for system sizes in the foreseeable future. An extensive set of results is presented to support our conclusions that remapping is extremely beneficial.
Role of extrinsic innervation in release of motilin and patterns of upper gut canine motility

The need for extrinsic neural input to the upper gut in regulation/control of cyclic interdigestive motility and release of motilin remains a topic of controversy. Our aim was to determine whether extrinsic denervation of the upper gut disrupts cyclic release of motilin in relation to the migrating motor complex. Ten dogs underwent transection of all extrinsic innervation and enteric neural input to the stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, and liver while enteric neural continuity within this multivisceral complex was maintained. A cyclic pattern of motility occurred during fasting in all dogs in the small bowel (period = 100 +/- 3 min, mean +/- standard error of the mean) and in 8 of 10 dogs in the stomach (period = 98 +/- 4 min). Gastric cycles were temporally coordinated with small bowel cycles. Plasma motilin concentrations cycled temporally with the motility pattern with the greatest concentrations occurring during gastroduodenal phase III-like activity. Exogenous motilin induced a burst of gastric contractions and a premature migrating motor complex in all dogs. Oral meals disrupted cyclic motility and cyclic changes in plasma motilin. Extrinsic innervation to the upper gut is not necessary for cyclic motor activity, for coordinated cyclic release of motilin, or to initiate a premature migrating motor complex-like response to motilin. Central nervous system input (afferent, efferent) is not necessary for cyclic interdigestive activity or cyclic release of motilin.
The effect of ensemble averaging on transverse vorticity measurements in forced shear flows

Quasi‐instantaneous and ensemble averaged transverse vorticity time series were obtained in a weakly excited, single‐stream mixing layer using a four‐wire array. These data indicate that absolute values of instantaneous vorticity can be approximately an order of magnitude greater than the ensemble (or phase) averaged vorticity.
Supraglottic Airways: The History and Current State of Prehospital Airway Adjuncts

This review discusses the history, developments, benefits, and complications of supraglottic devices in prehospital care for adults and pediatrics. Evidence supporting their use as well as current controversies and developments in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and rapid sequence airway management is discussed. Devices reviewed include the Laryngeal Mask Airway, Esophageal Tracheal Combitube, Laryngeal Tube, I-Gel, Air-Q, Laryngeal Mask Airway Fastrach, and the Supraglottic Airway Laryngopharyngeal Tube (SALT).
Defects in as-grown and annealed AlxGa1−xAs single crystals

Abstract Photoluminescence studies were made on Sn-, Te- and Ge-doped Al x Ga 1- x As single crystals before and after annealing at 800°C for 21 h in evacuated and sealed quartz ampoules. The thin p-type surface layer, which was present on all nondegenerate n-Al x Ga 1- x As crystals after annealing, is attributed to the introduction of Si from the inner wall of the ampoule to form shallow Si As and V As -Si As acceptor defects. Sn As , V Ga -Te (or) V Al -Te), Ge As and V As -Ge As defects were observed in Sn-, Te- and Ge-doped Al x Ga 1- x As after annealing. The defects were identified by plotting their characteristic recombination radiation energies versus Al composition x and comparing with previously established assignments in GaAs ( x = 0). Two prominent bands, located at 1.53 and 1.46 eV independent of Al composition x , were detected in annealed (p) Al x Ga 1- x As: Ge. The exact nature of the defects giving rise to these bands is not known.
Oxidation potentials of α-aminoalkyl radicals: bond dissociation energies for related radical cations

Abstract α-aminoalkyl radicals were generated using modulated photolysis and were detected electrochemically; their oxidation potentials were used to estimate bond dissociation energies of radical cations in solution.
Systems anthropometry: Development of a stereoradiographic measurement system

Abstract A three-dimensional measurement system using stereoradiography and anatomical landmarks is described. Two sets of radiographic targets are employed to obtain a three-dimensional description of the position and mobility of the human body.
The Kapitza resistance between copper and 3 He

The Kapitza resistanceR K between copper and3He has been measured at low pressure in a guarded cell in the temperature range 0.05–0.5 K. An extreme sensitivity to surface damage was observed. For an annealed, electropolished surfaceR K agreed within a factor of two with the acoustic mismatch theory below ≈0.1 K. It was also noted thatR K between copper and liquid3He was identical toR K between copper and an adsorbed3He film. The data are compared with several mechanisms proposed theoretically to account forR K .
Do Human Vascular Endothelial Cells Produce Aldosterone

Extraadrenal production of aldosterone has been reported in several tissues, including vascular endothelial cells. The implications of local production of aldosterone in certain nonepithelial target tissues in normal and pathological physiology could be very important and merits further investigation. Human vascular endothelial cells have been reported to synthesize aldosterone under the regulation of angiotensin II. However, discrepancies are noted upon close scrutiny, the most important of which are the relative large efficiency of deoxycorticosterone conversion to aldosterone and the rate of aldosterone production in comparison to the adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. We investigated the production of aldosterone in three different human vascular endothelial cell lines, two from human umbilical veins, one from human pulmonary artery endothelial cells using a very sensitive ELISA method. Cells were incubated with the secretagogues angiotensin II, ACTH, and K+, at various physiological concentrations with ...
The Big Questions

Explores how technology shapes the person and the ideas behind our decisions. From developer to architect, from business analyst to user, there are a number of big questions whose answers shape the systems with which we engage. As individuals, we each play many roles in our lives and as such there are some even bigger questions that haunt us in our journey: questions that transcend any specific role, questions that can't be answered by technology. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/elirN-WSq1g is an audio podcast of author Grady Booch reading his On Computing column, in which he discusses the big questions whose answers shape the systems with which we engage.
Modeling and optimization of 1.54 μm double-fused VCSELs for cw operation above room temperature

Recently, continuous wave (cw) operation of 1.54 micrometer vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) up to 33 degrees Celsius ambient temperature has been demonstrated for the first time. These devices employ strain-compensated InGaAsP multi-quantum wells and GaAs/AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors that are fused on both sides of the InP spacer. Lasing operation of those double-fused lasers is analyzed using a comprehensive numerical model including thermal finite element simulation, optical transfer matrix analysis, and a k(DOT)p band structure calculations. The simulation of pulsed laser performance measured at different temperatures delivers internal laser parameters. Intervalenceband absorption is found to be the dominating loss mechanism that prevents lasing at higher temperatures. The thermal conductivity of the multilayer mirror is only 33% of the value expected. Optimized lasers with reduced gain offset and with smaller pillar heat generation are simulated exhibiting lasing at higher temperatures. Improved heat sinking by top-down mounting shows the strongest impact leading to cw operation up to 62 degrees Celsius.
Towards automated oracles for GUI input validation

Testing input validation in web applications from specifications is a challenging and laborious process. GUI testing tools - with their record-and-playback and data-driven capabilities - ease the pains of testing through automation. Out-of-the-box, however, these tools have some scaling limitations as setup costs are incurred for every distinct web application to test. In environments where a line of many web applications are regularly created for various customers and purposes, scaling the test automation to span the entire product line is extremely valuable. In this paper, we report on our experience in generalizing the automatic specification-based testing of input validation in a line of web applications. Our approach is based on a nonstandard use of a GUI testing tool enabled by adjustments to coding standards and the requirements specification writing process.
Comparison of aza-anthracenedione-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity in experimental tumor cells.

Abstract Aza-anthracenediones are a new class of anti-cancer drugs, which demonstrate promising in vitro and in vivo activity. Our laboratory has synthesized a variety of structural analogs in which we determined previously that the positioning of the nitrogen within the backbone, as well as sidearm modification, results in dramatic differences in the potency of cytotoxicity. We reported previously that although DNA reactivity appears to be a necessary component for mediating cell death, it is not sufficient for predicting cytotoxicity of the azaanthracenediones. We have chosen three aza-anthracenediones (BBR 2828, BBR 2778 and BBR 2378) to investigate the importance of DNA strand breaks and/or protein-concealed DNA breaks induced by aza-anthracenediones. We determined in the present study that, while all three drugs cause DNA breaks as determined by alkaline and neutral elution, as well as KCl-SDS precipitation, these breaks do not correlate directly with their potency as cytotoxic compounds. Further, we found significant differences in the types of DNA breaks induced by these drugs. Finally, we report that the persistence of protein-DNA complexes induced by all three drugs was similar and, therefore, cannot account for differences in the potency of cytotoxicity of the aza-anthracenediones. Thus, we postulate that, while the total number of drug-induced protein-concealed DNA breaks is an important indicator of drug toxicity, it is possible that the actual nature of the breaks may differ among the aza-anthracenedione congeners, and it is these differences in the actual proteins present in the DNA breaks that differentiate between aza-anthracenediones.
Pair-exchange model of turbulent premixed flame propagation

A model of the wrinkled-laminar-flamelet regime of turbulent premixed combustion is proposed in which turbulent convection is represented by random exchanges of state (burned or unburned) between pairs of cells, representing fluid elements, along a discretized line in the streamwise direction. The dependence of the exchange rate on the cell separation is assigned so as to satisfy fundamental scaling properties of turbulence. Laminar burning is represented by a change of state of unburned cells adjacent to burned cells at a rate determined by the laminar burning velocity u l . Dependences of the turbulent burning velocity u t on the turbulent diffusivity D x u′Re 3/4 are derived analytically for the limits of large and small u′ , where u′ is the r.m.s. turbulent velocity. The derived dependences on u′ are familiar, but the Re -dependences are novel. Computer simulation of the transition between these limits yields trends which are consistent with experimental results. The simulation also provides a statistical description of flame structure.
Spectroscopic characterization of surface methylene on Mo(110)

Abstract The surface chemistry of diiodomethane on Mo(110) was investigated due to its potential use as a source of adsorbed methylene. We demonstrate, using high energy electron energy loss and temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy, that ~ 0.25 ML of diiodomethane undergoes C-I bond scission at 200 K, to form coadsorbed methylene and iodine. A small amount (~ 20%) of rehydrogenation to methane occurs below 300 K, although methylene mainly decomposes to surface carbon and dihydrogen at 450 K. Interestingly, almost no methylidyne formation is observed, even as a transient surface species; consistent with facile dehydrogenation upon cleavage of the first C-H bond. The high thermal stability of the methylene moiety allows isolation of this species and definitive characterization of the vibrational signature. This is only the second proposed observation of the complete vibrational spectrum of adsorbed CH2 and, therefore, represents an important reference for future studies of adsorbed CHx species.
Acute effects of thyroid hormone on sodium currents in neonatal myocytes

Sodium currents and action potentials were recorded from myocytes of neonatal rats during acute exposure to thyroid hormone (5–20 nM). One to 5 minutes after addition of thyroid hormone to the bath, decay from peak Na current was slowed, with the fractional current flowing 20 ms after onset (relative to peak current) increasing from 6±5% to 17±13% (p<0.01, n=12). Action potential durations were increased from 55±14 to 86±36 msec (p<0.05, n=6). The effects of thyroid hormone were partially reversed by lidocaine (60 μM, n=5), a specific blocker of a slow sub-population of Na channels. Thus thyroid hormone interacts directly with myocyte membrane, probably by slowing of inactivation of Na channels.
Two component model of orientationally ordered wall adjacent liquid layers.

Electronic-vibrational absorption spectra of anisole in isotropic bulk liquid phase and in orientationally ordered wall adjacent layers formed on quartz surface were measured. The spectra were registered at room (∼20 °C) temperature. The series of spectra measured for different thickness of the liquid interlayer and normalized by area manifests the existence of isobestic points. It determines the presence of different types of absorption centers there. Statistical analysis of obtained spectra shows that the number of these centers is equal to two; one of them is conditioned by a monomer and another one by the dimer. The thickness dependence of the relative concentration of monomers was investigated.
Experimental and Fundamental Analysis of Flow in Corners: Favorable and Adverse Pressure Gradients

Three dimensional instantaneous velocity data were taken in a turbulent corner flow with smooth walls under zero, a favorable, and an adverse pressure gradient. The favorable pressure gradient was −26.5 Pa/m (K = 0.15E−6) and the adverse gradient was 34.9 Pa/m (K = −0.20E−6). This paper will concentrate on effects of the favorable and adverse pressure gradients. Zero pressure gradient results were published in an earlier manuscript [1]. Experiments were carried out in air with a free stream inlet velocity of 13 m/s and an axial Reynolds number of about one million. The data were collected using a three-component LDV system that was configured in a nearly orthogonal setup. Measurements were made down to a y+ of approximately 5, and should provide a valuable data set in developing models and predictive codes. Data were collected at two axial locations, 0.93 and 1.26 m measured from the virtual origin. The boundary layer thickness was 20.90 mm and 24.91 mm respectively at these locations for the zero gradient case. The favorable gradient had thicknesses of 19.35 mm and 22.53 mm respectively, whereas the thicknesses of adverse pressure gradient were 28.89 mm and 36.81 mm. At each position, instantaneous velocity profiles were measured at 6.35, 12.7, 20.6, 41.2, 82.3, 121.9, 164.5, 184.8, and 205.1 mm from the corner. The centerline profiles agree well with classical flat plate data. Three mean velocity and six Reynolds stress components have been calculated. The instantaneous velocity field data set is sufficient to compute higher order correlations. The data will be very valuable for development of computer codes and models for corner flows of all kinds and for heat transfer studies in the internal cooling channels of gas turbine blades and turbine end wall flow. An analysis of the data is presented and will provide a detailed database for this complex three dimensional flow fields.Copyright © 2004 by ASME