cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of carbon dioxide and various oxygen tensions on the respiratory activity of bone.

The present study was carried out to determine the influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen tension on the respiratory activity of bone cells in mouse calvaria in vitro. Five-day-old mouse calvaria were removed aseptically and incubated individually for 1 h at 37° C in a closed reaction chamber containing 1.5 ml of tissue culture medium made up of 60% horse serum in Gey's solution containing 100 unit/ml penicillin and 100µg/ml streptomycin. Before the calvaria were added, the medium in the incubation chamber was equilibrated with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50% oxygen balanced with nitrogen. The effect of CO2 on oxygen utilization by the calvaria was determined by incubating the calvaria in a medium previously equilibrated with either 50% O2 balanced with N2 or 50% O2 and 5% CO2 balanced with N2. At each oxygen tension, the rate of oxygen utilization by the calvaria was measured polarographically by a Clark oxygen electrode. The results showed that the rate of oxygen uptake of bone increased as the oxygen tension increased and carbon dioxide stimulated significantly the rate of oxygen utilization by the bone cells. In view of the previous reports that both carbon dioxide and oxygen tension are implicated in the process of bone resorption, it is suggested that these two factors may affect bone resorption by influencing the oxygen utilization by bone cells and ultimately controlling their energy metabolism.
The effects of using a hypertext tool for selecting design guidelines

Designing a User-system Interface (USI) is a complex task that has been approached in many ways. One approach has been to use USI design guidelines to help improve the quality and consistency of USIs. To be effective, a general set of guidelines must be tailored to a specific application. One popular set of guidelines is the Smith and Mosier Guidelines for Designing User Interface Software (1986). This study investigated the effects of using a computer-based hypertext design aid (DRUID, Dynamic Rules for User Interface Design) for the selection of USI guidelines by both experienced and novice Guidelines users. Results Indicate that, in general, DRUID performed as well as the book. Subjects used both the book and hypertext presentation media effectively. However subjects selected more guidelines that were relevant with the book because subjects read less when using DRUID. Subjectively, the software was preferred because it provided assistance in the selection process and provided additional time-saving design aids not available in the book. Results showed that the presentation of the guidelines could be improved for both media, and many of the factors that led subjects to select fewer relevant guidelines with DRUID could be overcome with improved USI design and implementationmore » of DRUID. This suggests that, to overcome the limitations of presenting large texts on-line, value added'' (e.g., automated checklists) features should be incorporated into on-line tools to help users better perform their tasks.« less
Substance Use among ADHD Adults: Implications of Late Onset and Subthreshold Diagnoses

Diagnosing ADHD in adults is difficult when the diagnostician cannot establish an onset prior to the DSM-IV criterion of age seven or if the number of symptoms does not achieve the DSM threshold for diagnosis. These diagnostic issues are an even larger concern for clinicians faced with adults with substance use disorders (SUD). The present study compared four groups of adults: full ADHD subjects who met all DSM-IV criteria for childhood onset ADHD, late onset ADHD subjects who met all criteria except the age at onset criterion, subthreshold ADHD subjects who did not meet full symptom criteria, and non-ADHD subjects who did not meet any of the above criteria. Diagnoses were by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and the Drug Use Severity Index (DUSI) was used for self-report of substance use. Cigarette and marijuana use was significantly greater in all ADHD groups relative to non-ADHD controls. Although usage rates of other drugs failed to reach significance, the ADHD groups were more likely to have used each drug (except alcohol) compared with the non-ADHD group. The late onset and full ADHD groups were more likely to have endorsed ever having a problem due to use of cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana and reported more trouble resisting use of drugs or alcohol. The full ADHD group was more likely than the other groups to have reported "getting high" as their reason for using their preferred drug. Adults with ADHD have elevated rates of substance use and related impairment. Data about late onset ADHD provides further support for the idea that the DSM-IV age at onset criterion is too stringent. In contrast, subthreshold ADHD seems to be a milder form of the disorder, or perhaps a heterogeneous group of true ADHD cases and false positives.
Statistical considerations for the design and analysis of Phase III clinical trials in prostate cancer

This article reviews the basic principles involved in the design, conduct, and analysis of Phase III treatment trials in prostate cancer. It begins with a brief review of Phase III trials, and subsequently describes the process of hypothesis testing and the types of errors involved in the process of statistical inference. Next, it presents a general discussion of design considerations, including choice of endpoints, patient selection and eligibility criteria, randomization and stratification, methods to determine the required number patients, standard procedures to monitor a study, and finally how to analyze the results from randomized clinical trials.
Therapeutic jurisprudence and changing conceptions of legal scholarship

This article traces changes in the nature of legal scholarship and illustrates how therapeutic jurisprudence reflects changing conceptions of the law and legal scholarship. It argues that therapeutic jurisprudence may be regarded as a mental health law counterpart to „New Public Law,” and shows that questions asked by therapeutic jurisprudence scholars parallel closely those asked by public law scholars.
Changes in residual stress during the tension fatigue of normalized and peened SAE 1040 steel

Abstract During the tension-tension fatigue of normalized SAE 1040 steel under applied stress control, compressive residual stresses develop, but only in or near deformation markings. However, if this steel is shot peened prior to fatigue, the compressive residual stresses produced by peening are eliminated during fatigue and replaced by tensile residual stresses, when the applied (fatigue) stress is above the endurance limit.
Observation of the H2 defect in gem-quality type Ia diamond ☆

Abstract The H2 defect with its zero-phonon line at 986.1 nm (1.257 eV, 10141 cm −1 ) was first described in 1956 and characterized in detail in 1990–91. In this paper, the observation of strong H2 bands in greenish-yellow natural type Ia gem-quality diamonds is reported. These ‘H2 diamonds’ were apparently subjected to a treatment possibly involving irradiation and clearly involving high temperature annealing. Besides burns on the surface and in fractures, they typically showed strong green luminescence associated with brownish-yellow graining, strong H3/H4 bands, weak to strong H2 bands, and no H1b/H1c lines. Some stones displayed a weak 637 nm line as well. A model explaining the formation of the H2 defect in type Ia diamond is proposed based on the stability and interaction of defects in diamond as a function of temperature and time.
Evaluation of an ion microprobe for organic SIMS

Abstract The design of an ion microprobe system coupling a microfocusing liquid metal primary ion gun to a double-focusing mass spectrometer is described in detail. The ability to image the two-dimensional distribution of an organic compound, fomblin, on a grid surface is demonstrated. Microprobe performance characteristics and operating parameters are evaluated using fomblin and tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Computer control of the rastering, data acquisition, and data manipulation processes is also outlined.
Gamma-Ray Spectra and Variability of Cygnus X-1 Observed by BATSE

We present new BATSE earth occultation observations of the 25 keV-1.8 MeV spectrum and variability of Cygnus X-1 made between August 1993 and May 1994. We observed that the normal soft gamma ray spectrum (gamma2) of Cygnus X-1 has two components: a Comptonized part seen below 300 keV, and a high-energy tail in the 0.3 - 2 MeV range. We interpret it in terms of a two-layer region, consisting of a high-energy core (with an equivalent electron temperature of approximately 210-250 keV) near the event horizon, embedded in an about 50 keV corona. In this scenario, the observed 25-300 keV photons were produced by Compton scattering of soft photons (about 0.5 keV) by the hot electrons in the outer corona. These same hard x rays were further up-scattered by a population of energetic electrons in the inner core, producing the spectral tail above 300 keV. Cygnus X-1 went through an extended sequence of transitions between August 1993 and May 1994, when the 45-140 keV flux first decreased steadily from approximately gamma2 to roughly one-quarter of its intensity over a period of about 140 days. The flux remained at this low level for about 40 days before returning, swiftly (approximately 20 days) to approximately the initial gamma2 level. During the transition, the spectrum evolved to a shape consistent with either a power law with photon index of about 2.6 or a single temperature Compton model with electron temperature kT = 110 +/- 11 keV, and optical depth t = 0.40 +/- 0.06, and then returned essentially to the original gamma2 spectrum at the end of the active period. The overall cooling of the system during the low flux period may be due to an increase in the soft photon population which effectively quenched the hot electrons in these regions through Compton scattering.
The Modern Language Association: electronic and paper surveys of computer-based tool use

Members of the Modern Language Association of America (MLA) were surveyed about their use of computer-based tools. A questionnaire was sent to 1,000 randomly-selected members in the U.S., with 500 sent via paper mail and 500 through electronic mail. Word processing, electronic mail, on-line catalogs, and the MLA International Bibliography were used heavily. Responses by the two subgroups differed significantly in several respects. Electronic full texts received substantially less use by both groups, especially those responding to the print survey. Major changes in research habits included greater reliance on word processing and more work outside of libraries. Problems reported focused on access to computer-based resources, learning to use them, the need for instruction, and inconsistent interfaces. Finally, evidence strongly suggests that reliance solely on electronic surveys may produce misleading results. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The clamp-type A-C microammeter

FOR MANY YEARS, the range of current-indicating instruments at power frequencies has been extended by the use of current transformers. A particularly convenient method is that in which the transformer consists of a secondary winding on a split toroidal core that can be clamped around the conductor whose current is to be measured. This technique suggests a similar device for measuring small currents at audio and radio frequencies: an instrument consisting of a small clamp-type magnetic probe and suitable means for amplifying the output of the probe to operate an indicating meter or an oscilloscope. Such an instrument is complementary to the a-c voltmeter in the audio- and radio-frequency range and has obvious utility in experimental work; this paper will demonstrate its realization.
Improved detection and referral of patients with diabetic retinopathy by primary care physicians. Effectiveness of education.

We studied the effect of a 4-hour course in recognition and management of diabetic retinopathy on the ability of nonophthalmologist physicians to detect and to appropriately refer patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Participants completed a written examination covering case management and performed a total of 340 dilated ophthalmoscopic examinations on selected patients before and 2 weeks following the teaching session. Accuracy of ophthalmoscopy was assessed by comparison with standardized grading of fundus photographs. Scores on the written examination increased from a mean of 49% to 78% correct. The likelihood of failing to detect and appropriately refer patients with proliferative or preproliferative retinopathy decreased from 60% to 15%. Similarly, for patients with maculopathy, the likelihood of failure to detect and to appropriately refer decreased from 83% to 15.6%. These data suggest that education may significantly improve the ability of nonophthalmologists to detect and to appropriately refer patients who are at risk for vision loss. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:1405-1408)
Trainees as teachers in team-based learning.

Team-based learning is an active learning modality that is gaining popularity in medical education. The authors studied the effect of using trainees as facilitators of team-based learning sessions. Team-based learning modules were developed and implemented by faculty members and trainees for the third-year medical student clerkship in psychiatry in the 2007–2008 academic year. Evaluation forms were used to elicit student opinions about the team-based learning sessions. Scores for trainee and faculty facilitators were compared using Student’s t tests. Overall scores were positive, reflecting acceptability of this form of instruction. Eight of nine comparisons showed no difference in students’ ratings of faculty versus trainee facilitators. The other comparison showed a modest preference for faculty facilitators. Team-based learning modules can be led as effectively by trainees as by faculty members to teach medical students in the classroom setting.
Galen's ideas on neurological function

Galen was the leading physician of the Roman empire during the last half of the second century. Unlike some of his predecessors, Galen concluded that the brain controlled cognition and willed action. The initial evidence for this doctrine was that the brain was the site of termination of all of the five senses: touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. Galen presumed that the information from these five senses was organized by a part of the brain that generated a concept of an object common to all senses; this part of the brain he considered to be the area of common sense. Galen thought that he could differentiate sensory from motor nerves (not nerve fibers) by palpation. Sensory nerves were soft because they needed to be impressed with the essence of the object seen, heard, felt, smelled, or tasted. Motor nerve fibers were very hard because they needed to carry the force of the will from the brain to the muscles. Strong willed people had especially firm motor nerve fibers; hence, the modern term that a person with great bravery has 'nerves of steel'. Galen considered that common sense, cognition, and memory were functions of the brain. Personality and emotion were not generated by the brain, but rather by the body as a whole (or perhaps by the heart and liver). Galen's studies of respiration and of the recurrent laryngeal nerve solidified the knowledge that the brain, not the chest, was the site of the rational power that guides human behavior. This doctrine has continued from Galen's time to the present.
Possible association between the climatic effects of stratospheric aerosols and corn yields in the United States

Abstract The prior work of Handler (1984a, 1984b) showed that there is a strong association between: (a) United States corn yields and El Nino type events and (b) Stratospheric aerosols and El Nino type events. This work shows that there is a strong association between: (c) Stratospheric aerosols and United States corn yields. Since 1868 there have been many volcanic eruptions which have produced significant stratospheric aerosols. However there are only 33 documented cases where only a single dominant aerosol was present. These 33 events have been divided into two classes, low latitude or tropical aerosols and high latitude or extratropical latitudes. The low latitude aerosols (tropical) are shown to be associated with above average corn yield and the high latitude aerosols (extratropical) with below average yields. The results are in agreement with the observation by Handler (1984b) that high and low latitude aerosols have opposite climatic effects on the sea surface temperature of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. A model by MacCracken and Luther (1984) shows that the decrease in radiation associated with stratospheric aerosols might explain these observations. The analysis is also supported by the results of a study, by Kutzbach and Otto-Bliesner (1982), which used a low resolution GCM model.
Modes of a pure ion plasma at the Brillouin limit.

Ion plasma confinement and collective modes are investigated in a quadrupole Penning trap. The trap is operated in a novel steady-state mode, using an electron beam passing through the trap to ionize a low-pressure gas. We have discovered a regime of operation in which a Brillouin-density spheroidal ion plasma is produced. Azimuthally propagating modes are found to be in good agreement with a simple fluid model. This technique provides a new method for studying trapped plasmas near the density limit.
Biophysical aspects of agar-gel supported bilayer lipid nembranes: a new method for forming and studying planar bilayer lipid membranes

Abstract Conventional bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), formed by either the painting method or the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, lack the desired stability. This paper presents a simple method for forming long-lived BLMs on agar-gel supports. The supported BLM reported has a greatly improved mechanical stability and also has desirable dynamic properties. These self-assembled BLMs are of significant interest, in view of their similarity of biological membranes, their molecular dimension and their spontaneous formation.
RfaH, a Bacterial Transcription Antiterminator

The bacterial transcription antiterminator RfaH has been shown to act, in a purified biochemical system, by binding both RNA polymerase and the nontemplate strand of DNA at the regulatory site ops (Artsimovitch and Landick, 2002).
Time-difference schemes with spectral-like resolution

Abstract An efficient time-difference scheme is introduced for spectrum or finite-difference methods. The time step of the scheme can be determined by the required resolution relative to the frequencies associated with the physics of the problems.
Dissociation between APOC3 variants, hepatic triglyceride content and insulin resistance.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an escalating health problem that is frequently associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The mechanistic relationship between NAFLD, obesity, and insulin resistance is not well understood. A nonsynonymous variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (rs738409, I148M) has been reproducibly associated with increased hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) but has not been associated with either the body mass index (BMI) or indices of insulin resistance. Conversely, two sequence variants in apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) that have been linked to hypertriglyceridemia (rs2854117 C > T and rs2854116 T > C) have recently been reported to be associated with both hepatic fat content and insulin resistance. Here we genotyped two APOC3 variants in 1228 African Americans, 843 European Americans and 426 Hispanics from a multiethnic population based study, the Dallas Heart Study and test for association with HTGC and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We also examined the relationship between these two variants and HOMA-IR in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. No significant difference in hepatic fat content was found between carriers and noncarriers in the Dallas Heart Study. Neither APOC3 variant was associated with HOMA-IR in the Dallas Heart Study; this lack of association was confirmed in the ARIC study, even after the analysis was restricted to lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2) individuals (n = 4399). Conclusion: Our data do not support a causal relationship between these two variants in APOC3 and either HTGC or insulin resistance in middle-aged men and women. (Hepatology 2011;53:467-474)
Spherical virus assembly

Abstract A wide variety of structural and biophysical techniques have been used to study viral assembly pathways. For example, the use of three-dimensional electron microscopy has allowed the visualization of viral assembly intermediates, as well as mature capsids. More detailed views of small icosahedral viruses and viral proteins, such as proteases, have been provided by X-ray crystallography. The combination of these structural techniques represents a powerful new approach to investigating large assemblies in atomic detail. The production of recombinant virus-like particles has become another popular approach to studying viral assembly.
Sub-micron sectioning technique for diffusion experiments

Submicron sectioning apparatus for studying slow carbon self diffusion in dense polycrystalline tungsten carbide
Multifragment emission observed for the reaction 36Ar + 238U at E/A=35 MeV.

The dependence of multifragment-emission processes upon linear momentum transfer to the target residue is determined for /sup 36/Ar-induced reactions on /sup 238/U at /ital E///ital A/=35 MeV. Significantly more intermediate-mass fragments are emitted in central collisions. Multiplicity distributions for intermediate-mass fragments emitted behind the grazing angle resemble Poisson distributions and are consistent with a stochastic production process. Exit channels with up to five intermediate-mass fragments and two fission fragments were observed.
Extended Jones matrix method

An extended Jones matrix method is derived for treating the transmission of off-axis light through birefringent networks. Neglecting multiple reflections, this matrix algebra includes the effect of Fresnel reflection and refraction at the crystal-plate surfaces.
Human sensitivity to 1,3-butadiene: role of microsomal epoxide hydrolase polymorphisms.

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a major commodity chemical used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber and various plastics and has been shown to be a potent animal carcinogen and a probable human carcinogen. The bioactivation of BD to reactive epoxides, and the balance between activation and detoxication of these reactive metabolites, is thought to play a critical role in the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of BD. The detoxication of reactive BD metabolites involves enzymatic conjugation with glutathione by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and by hydrolysis, a reaction mediated by microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH). Since polymorphisms in genes of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes such as mEH may influence individual susceptibility to adverse health effects from BD exposure, we tested the hypothesis that the mEH Tyr113His polymorphism increases sensitivity to the genotoxic effects of BD in exposed workers. We used the autoradiographic hprt mutant lymphocyte assay as a biomarker of effect to identify genotoxicity associated with BD exposure in 49 workers from two styrene/butadiene polymer plants in Southeast Texas. Exposure to BD was assessed by collecting breathing zone air samples using passive badge dosimeters for three full 12 h work shifts 25, 20 and 14 days before blood was collected for genotyping and for the hprt assay. We genotyped the study participants for the Tyr113His polymorphism in the mEH gene and also for deletion polymorphisms in the glutathione S-transferase genes, GSTM1 and GSTT1, as potential biomarkers of susceptibility to BD. Our data indicate that the majority of the study subjects (67%) were exposed to very low levels of BD of 150 p.p.b. BD, compared with workers exposed to 150 p.p.b., individuals with at least one polymorphic mEH His allele (His/His or His/Tyr genotypes) had a significant (P < 0.001) 3-fold increase in Vf (mean Vf x 10(-6) +/- SE = 13.25 +/- 1.78) compared with individuals with the Tyr/Tyr genotype (mean Vf x 10(-6) +/- SE = 4.02 +/- 0.72). There was no significant effect from individual GSTM1 or GSTT1 polymorphisms, but combined polymorphism analysis showed that the genetic damage was highest in individuals who had at least one mEH His allele and either the GSTM1 and/or GSTT1 null genotypes (hprt Vf = 14.19 +/- 2.30 x10(-6)). In contrast, this response was not observed in individuals exposed to levels of BD < 150 p.p.b. These results indicate that polymorphisms in the mEH gene may play a significant role in human sensitivity to the genotoxic effects of BD exposure, and that the hprt mutant lymphocyte assay can serve as a sensitive biomarker of genotoxicity for monitoring occupational exposure to BD in industrial settings. Additional investigations in larger populations of workers are needed to confirm our results and to characterize the possible role of additional mEH polymorphisms in the induction of genetic damage associated with occupational exposure to butadiene.
Elements of Effective High School Service Learning Programs That Include Students With and Without Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to determine whether key elements of high school service learning programs (HSSLPs) cited in the literature were viewed as important by stakeholders in HSSLPs that included students with and without disabilities. Focus groups were conducted with five inclusive HSSLPs selected through purposeful sampling procedures. Participants confirmed the importance of the elements cited in the literature, broadened their descriptions, and advocated increased flexibility and informality in addressing those elements in inclusive programs. Implications for practice suggest the need to link service learning to the academic and life skills curriculum, eliminate barriers to including students with disabilities, increase the inclusion of students with severe disabilities, embrace an inclusive philosophy, and engage in continuous program evaluation.
A New Receiver Placement Scheme Using Delaunay Refinement-Based Triangulation

In this paper, a sub-optimal solution to the receiver placement and number of receiver determination problem is introduced. To achieve this overall goal, first, localization error for a received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based N- receiver system localizing a transmitter is estimated. Subsequently, this estimator error along with the 2D-tessellation techniques such as Delaunay refinement are used to position candidate receivers not only to minimize their number needed to meet the location error threshold but also to reduce the dilution of localization accuracy due to the layout of receivers. Rigorous mathematical analysis indicates that the receiver count generated by our Delaunay refinement-based sub-optimal solution using triangular tiles is indeed bounded from the optimal count by a constant which in turn depends upon the workspace layout. Finally, the sub-optimal scheme is demonstrated by using experimental data.
Current Treatment Strategies for Disseminated Candidiasis

The incidence of disseminated candidiasis has increased dramatically over the past several decades. Fortunately, in recent years, a variety of new antifungal agents have become available to treat these infections. On the basis of efficacy, safety, and cost considerations, fluconazole is the agent of choice for the empirical treatment of disseminated candidiasis in nonneutropenic, hemodynamically stable patients, unless a patient is suspected to be infected with an azole-resistant species (i.e., Candida glabrata or Candida krusei). For hemodynamically unstable or neutropenic patients, agents with broader species coverage, such as polyenes, echinocandins, or, possibly, voriconazole, are preferred for empirical treatment of candidemia. Modification of the initial, empirical regimen depends on the response to therapy and the subsequent identification of the species of the offending pathogen. Echinocandins or high-dose polyenes are preferred for the treatment of infections with C. glabrata or C. krusei. Central venous catheters should be removed from all patients who have disseminated candidiasis, if feasible, and antifungal therapy should be administered to all patients who have candidemia or proven candidiasis.
New perspective on uncultured bacterial phylogenetic division OP11

Organisms belonging to the OP11 candidate phylogenetic division of Bacteria have been detected only in rRNA-based sequence surveys of environmental samples. Preliminary studies indicated that such organisms represented by the sequences are abundant and widespread in nature and highly diverse phylogenetically. In order to document more thoroughly the phylogenetic breadth and environmental distribution of this diverse group of organisms, we conducted further molecular analyses on environmental DNAs. Using PCR techniques and primers directed toward each of the five described subdivisions of OP11, we surveyed 17 environmental DNAs and analyzed rRNA gene sequences in 27 clonal libraries from 14 environments. Ninety-nine new and unique sequences were determined completely, and approximately 200 additional clones were subjected to partial sequencing. Extensive phylogenetic comparisons of the new sequences to those representing other bacterial divisions further resolved the phylogeny of the bacterial candidate division OP11 and identified two new candidate bacterial divisions, OP11-derived 1 (OD1) and Sulphur River 1 (SR1). The widespread environmental distribution of representatives of the bacterial divisions OD1, OP11, and SR1 suggests potentially conspicuous biogeochemical roles for these organisms in their respective environments. The information on environmental distribution offers clues for attempts to culture landmark representatives of these novel bacterial divisions, and the sequences are specific molecular signatures that provide for their identification in other contexts.
Ventilator Caregiver Education Through the Use of High-Fidelity Pediatric Simulators A Pilot Study

Introduction. Home ventilator programs (HVP) have been developed to train parents of critically ill children. Simulators are used in health care, but not often for parents. We added simulation to our HVP and assessed parents’ response. Methods. In July 2008, the HVP at Children’s of Alabama added simulation to parent training. Debriefing was provided after the training session to reinforce correct skills and critical thinking. Follow-up surveys were completed after training. Results. Fifteen families participated. All parents were confident in changing tracheostomies, knowing signs of breathing difficulties, and responding to alarms. 71% strongly agree that simulation resulted in feeling better prepared to care for their child. 86% felt simulation improved their confidence in taking care of their child. Conclusion. Simulators provide a crucial transition between learned skills and application. This novel use of simulation-based education improves parents’ confidence in emergencies and may lead to shortene...
Relationship of white matter hyperintensities to cerebrospinal fluid glucose polyol pathway metabolites-a pilot study in treatment-resistant affective disorder patients.

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are found at higher rates in patients with affective disorders, particularly late-life or treatment-resistant disorders. Studies support a vascular pathogenesis for WMHs in late-life onset disorders; however, pathogenesis in typical early-life onset disorders is less clear. Based on associations between diabetes mellitus and both WMHs and affective disorders, this study investigated the relationship between WMHs and brain glucose metabolism by the polyol pathway—a pathway linked to nervous tissue disease in diabetes. Methods Burdens of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) WMHs were quantified and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of glucose metabolites in 10 nondiabetic inpatients with treatment-resistant bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective disorders and 10 nondiabetic control patients who had been investigated clinically for transient neurological symptoms. Results Deep but not periventricular WMH burden correlated positively and significantly with elevated CSF concentrations of sorbitol, the specific polyol pathway metabolite of glucose ( ρ =0.86, p =0.002), in the affective disorders but not the control group. Limitations This was a pilot study with a relatively small number of subjects; therefore, conclusions are tentative. Controls were not healthy subjects; they were patients with transient neurological symptoms. Conclusions This is the first reported evidence of a relationship between WMHs and increased brain glucose metabolism by the polyol pathway in patients with affective disorders. More extensive studies are necessary to determine whether this preliminary finding represents a pathogenetic relationship.
Improving Learning at Universities: Who is Responsible?

(Armstrong 2004a) with the basic message that business school education has been losing effectiveness. Most important, students are not learning to do things, such as making an effective oral presentation, writing a persuasive management report, listening to others, conducting a meeting, or using statistical procedures to analyze data. This problem is not confined to business schools; it is plaguing the educational system on almost every level. My letter drew responses from alumni, faculty, recruiters, consultants, and students. Nearly all of them agreed with my assessment, claiming that the problem is rampant but ignored. As I will show below, however, evidence-based suggestions can resolve the problem. This problem is not just based on perceptions. Much research (e.g., Attiyeh & Lumsden 1972; Berg 1970; Hunt, Chonko & Wood 1986; Pfeffer & Fong 2002) has documented the failure of formal education to enable students to become more effective on the job or in other aspects of life. One way to refute this conclusion is to find empirical evidence showing that formal education is more effective than job experience at improving skills (holding cognitive and other abilities constant). However, I have issued this challenge for a number of years and have been unable to obtain such evidence. Why is the educational system ineffective in teaching people to apply their knowledge? It is that we have designed a system that convinces most students that they are not responsible for their own learning. Surprisingly, the problem starts as soon as people are placed in groups. Zajonc’s (1965) review of social facilitation research, done on rats and students, found that when subjects observe the critical responses of others, their learning is inhibited. This led Zajonc to conclude, “students should study alone,” (He did not provide advice for rats). The presence of a teacher compounds the problem (Browne et. al. 1991; Tough 1982). Grading saps responsibility and thus inhibits learning (Condry 1977; Levine and Fasnacht 1974). Student evaluations of teachers lead to a further erosion of their responsibility because the students place the responsibility on the professor (Armstrong 1998; 2004b), not to mention that the evaluation process is viewed by some as a demoralizing and demeaning exercise for faculty (Gray & Bergmann 2003). I summarize some of the findings in order to develop action steps that schools could take. Those who are familiar with the research might regard these suggestions as old-hat. Those who are not familiar might be incredulous. A few programs within the University of Pennsylvania as well as other schools already contain some of these design aspects. For example, many Ph.D. programs are successful in getting students to take responsibility. While my concern is primarily with skill training, these suggestions also apply to education focused on changes in attitudes and content.
Many Roads to Motor Deficits: Loss of Dopamine Signaling in Direct or Indirect Basal Ganglia Pathway Leads to Akinesia through Distinct Physiological Mechanisms

action of DA at both or either population of receptors using the specific D1 and D2 antagonists, SCH-23390 and raclopride, respectively. Electrode microarrays chronically implanted in the dorsal striata of freely moving mice monitored changes in single unit and local field potential (LFP) activity following administration of the antagonists. The authors discriminated between the primary output neurons of the dorsal striatum, the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and the fast-spiking interneurons and large aspiny neurons based upon the half-width, firing frequency, and ampli tude of the recorded waveforms. Single unit firing rate, relative power of differ ent frequency oscillations in the LFP, and entrainment of firing to the LFP (meas ured as spike-triggered average) were con
Microwave bulk-acoustic-wave reflection-grating resonators

A technique for fabrication of bulk-acoustic-wave (BAW) resonators operating at fundamental frequencies between 1 and 10 GHz is presented. The resonators utilize a reflection grating made by optical holographic methods in iron-doped lithium niobate. Q factors of 30000 at 1 GHz have been demonstrated. Extension to Q of 10000 at 10 GHz appears feasible. Projected limitations to performance are discussed. The high Q at the high fundamental frequency directly results in low-phase noise. Phase-noise measurements of BAW resonator-stabilized oscillators operating at 1.14 GHz are presented. The single-sideband noise floor of >
Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein Mediates Interferon-Based Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Effects

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 disaggregates the nuclear domain 10 (ND10) nuclear structures and disperses its organizing promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). An earlier report showed that ectopic overexpression of PML precludes the disaggregation of ND10 but has no effect on viral replication. PML has been reported to mediate the effects of interferon (IFN) and viral mutants lacking ICP0 (Δα0 mutants). To test the hypothesis that HSV disaggregates ND10 structures and disperses PML to preclude IFN-mediated antiviral effects, we tested the accumulation of viral proteins and virus yields from murine PML +/+ and PML −/− cells mock treated or exposed to IFN-α, IFN-γ, or both and infected with the wild-type or Δα0 mutant virus. We report the following results. (i) The levels of growth of wild-type and mutant viruses and of accumulation of viral proteins were not significantly different in untreated PML +/+ and PML −/− cells. (ii) Major effects of IFN-α and -γ were observed in PML +/+ cells infected with the Δα0 mutant virus, and more minor effects were observed in cells infected with the wild-type virus. The effects of the IFNs on either wild-type or the mutant virus in PML −/− cells were minimal. (iii) The mixture of IFN-α and -γ was more effective than either IFN alone, but again, the effect was more drastic in PML +/+ cells than in PML −/− cells. We concluded that the anti-HSV state induced by exogenous IFN is mediated by PML and that the virus targets the ND10 structures and disseminates PML in order to preclude the establishment of the antiviral state induced by IFNs.
Double jeopardy in television program choice

Double jeopardy is a phenomenon in which a brand with a low market share not only has fewer customers, but these customers are not very brand loyal. This note reports the results of a study designed to investigate the occurrence of this double jeopardy phenomenon in television program choice. Survey data show that double jeopardy is especially prevalent in television programs that directly compete with each other. Double jeopardy in television program choice may be the consequence of asymmetry in awareness of television programs.
Police Staffing Allocation and Managing Workload Demand: A Critical Assessment of Existing Practices

Police agencies take a variety of approaches to determining their staffing allocation needs. Among these are the per-capita, minimum staffing, authorized level, and workload-based methods. Based on a review of the literature, interviews with practitioners representing 20 diverse agencies across the USA and national focus group of 21 staffing experts, this article assesses current trends and experiences in staffing allocation. Additionally, it examines the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches to determining staffing need and to managing workload demand in ways that that minimize the use of sworn officers.
Activities of Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Doxycycline, Linezolid, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and Vancomycin against Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Murine Thigh Infection and In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Models

Controversy exists about the most effective treatment options for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and about the ability of these strains to develop inducible resistance to clindamycin during therapy. Using both in vitro pharmacodynamic and murine thigh infection models, we evaluated and compared several antimicrobial compounds against CA-MRSA. Strains with inducible macrolide lincosamide-streptogramin type B (iMLSB) resistance and strains in which resistance was noninducible were evaluated. Two levels of inocula (10 5 and 10 7 ) were evaluated for clindamycin activity in the in vivo model. In both models, the antimicrobial evaluation was performed in triplicate, and bacterial quantification occurred over 72 h, with drug doses that were designed to simulate the free drug area-under-the-concentration-time curve values (fAUCs) obtained from human samples. When the activity of clindamycin against the iMLSB strains was evaluated, constitutive resistance was noted at 24 h (MIC of >256), and failure was noted at an inoculum of >10 6 in the in vivo models. However, at a low inoculum (10 5 ) in the murine thigh-infection model, clindamycin demonstrated modest activity, reducing the CFU/thigh count for clindamycin resistance-inducible strains at 72 h (0.45 to 1.3 logs). Overall, administration of daptomycin followed by vancomycin demonstrated the most significant kill against all strains in both models. Against the clindamycin noninducible strain, clindamycin and doxycycline demonstrated significant kill. Doxycycline, linezolid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazide (not run in the murine model) demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against clindamycin resistanceinducible isolates. This study demonstrates that clindamycin’s activity against the iMLSB strains tested is partially impacted by inoculum size. At present, there are several alternatives that appear promising for treating clindamycin resistance-inducible strains of CA-MRSA.
Optical trapping of microspheres as a model for biological cells

An analytical model has been developed to predict, in three dimensions, the forces exerted on dielectric microspheres in an optical trap. Results for a single-beam gradient force trap predict the existence of a stable trapping location and an effective trapping range. A minimum trapping power of approximately 5 mW, and an effective axial range of approximately 9 mu m, have been measured for polystyrene microspheres suspended in water and are in reasonable agreement with theoretical results. Applications of the model to the optical trapping of biological cells and chromosomes are described. >
Identification of CD63 as a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 interacting cell surface protein

This study identified CD63, a member of the tetraspanin family, as a TIMP-1 interacting protein by yeast two-hybrid screening. Immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic analysis confirmed CD63 interactions with TIMP-1, integrin β1, and their co-localizations on the cell surface of human breast epithelial MCF10A cells. TIMP-1 expression correlated with the level of active integrin β1 on the cell surface independent of cell adhesion. While MCF10A cells within a three-dimensional (3D) matrigel matrix form polarized acinar-like structures, TIMP-1 overexpression disrupted breast epithelial cell polarization and inhibited caspase-mediated apoptosis in centrally located cells, necessary for the formation and maintenance of the hollow acinar-like structures. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated CD63 downregulation effectively reduced TIMP-1 binding to the cell surface, TIMP-1 co-localization with integrin β1, and consequently reversed TIMP-1-mediated integrin β1 activation, cell survival signaling and apoptosis inhibition. CD63 downregulation also restored polarization and apoptosis of TIMP-1 overexpressing MCF10A cells within a 3D-matrigel matrix. Taken together, the present study identified CD63 as a cell surface binding partner for TIMP-1, regulating cell survival and polarization via TIMP-1 modulation of tetraspanin/integrin signaling complex.
Pemphigus vulgaris induced by D-penicillamine therapy in a patient with systemic sclerosis

Abstract D -Penicillamine–induced pemphigus occurs infrequently, typically in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We describe a patient with systemic sclerosis who experienced this complication 3 months after starting D -penicillamine therapy. Nikolsky's sign, histopathologic findings, and direct immunofluorescence all confirmed the diagnosis. Termination of disease progression required intravenous pulse glucocorticoids, azathioprine, and 3 courses of plasmapheresis. The presentation, treatment, and etiology of D -penicillamine-induced pemphigus are reviewed, and the incidence of this complication in scleroderma patients is examined. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:297-9.)
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies, Morphology, and Cytochemistry to Probe the Cellular Heterogeneity of Acute Leukemia and Lymphoma

Abstract A combined immunological, morphological, and cytochemical approach to the study of malignant cells in patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma is presented. Newly produced monoclonal antibodies that bind to antigens of human mononuclear cells (TA-1), or B-lymphocytes (BA-1) were used to study malignant cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Results in lymphoid leukemia-lymphoma patients were compared with other immunological markers and indicate that the major groups of ALL and childhood non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma are T-ALL, pre-T-ALL, pre-B-ALL, B-ALL, and non-T, non-B-ALL. In addition, each major group had multiple phenotypes when analyzed with seven immunological markers including the erythrocyte rosette receptor, surface immunoglobulin, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin M, the early lymphocyte-acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen, monoclonal antibody TA-1, monoclonal antibody BA-1, and a monoclonal antibody against HLA-DR. While immunological heterogeneity was demonstrable within each group, distinct biological behavior was observed, with T-ALL and B-ALL generally presenting as “lymphomas” and the others presenting as “leukemias.” Morphological analysis using the French-American-British classification provided independent information in the definition of groups with differing clinical behavior. Cytochemical analyses demonstrated focal paranuclear staining of leukemia cells with acid phosphatase in 73% of T-ALLs and 6% of non-T, non-B-ALLs.