cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence-line-narrowing and energy-transfer studies in ruby

Fluorescence-line-narrowing and time-resolved studies have been conducted in ruby crystals and powders, in concentrations varying from 0.025 to 0.9 at.%. The resonance fluorescence component of the ${R}_{1}$ line at low temperatures is observed to increase dramatically as the laser is tuned from line center toward the low-energy wing of the inhomogeneously broadened absorption. This is presumed to indicate the presence of weakly coupled pairs in the wings of the line. Intraline and interline (${R}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{N}_{1,2}$) energy transfer have also been studied, and an elaboration of earlier work is given. Time-resolved selective-excitation scans have revealed numerous channels in the vicinity of the $R$ lines by which the different pairs can be directly excited. These are assumed to be Cr ions near enough to a pair to be in a highly perturbed environment. Various experimental results are shown to be consistent with a model of rapid transfer between resonant Cr ions which feeds the pairs via a weak, nonresonant coupling to these perturbed ions. Macroscopic strain broadening is also shown to be favored over microscopic broadening, and the implications for Anderson localization in ruby are discussed.
An Empirical Assessment of Peer Review Reliability: The Ipsitive Instrument Paradox

This empirical study examines methodologies used to assess individual contributions to group performance, with a special emphasis on ipsitive instruments. Five project management teams were formed in a graduate-level business course. At the conclusion of the projects, individuals were asked to assess both themselves and group peers by using a variety of evaluation methods. It is interesting to note that these data seemed to show a paradoxical relationship between ipsitive instrument accuracy and perceived importance. The author discusses other important ramifications for both the academic community and project management in general. He concludes with lessons learned from the study and posits avenues for future research.
A Single-Expression Formula for Inverting Strain-Life and Stress-Strain Relationships

Starting with the basic fatigue lift formula, an inversion formula is derived. The inversion formula is valid over the entire life range of engineering interest for all materials examined. Conformity between the two equations is extremely close, suitable for all engineering problems. The approach used to invert the life relation is also suitable for the inversion of other formulas involving the sum of two power-law terms.
Characterization of Epoxides of cis- and trans-4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-5-cyanocyclohexene from NMR Spectra of Derivatives

The epoxidation of cis -4-( p -chlorophenyl)-5-cyanocyclohexene with m -chloroper-benzoic acid in diethyl ether yielded trans -4-( p -chlorophenyl)- trans -5-cyano-1, 2-epoxycyclohexane as the only product. Epoxidation of trans -4-( p -chlorophenyl)-5-cyanocyclohexene with m -chloroperbenzoic acid yielded cis -4-( p -chlorophenyl)- trans -5-cyano-1,2-epoxycyclohexane and trans -4-( p -chlorophenyl)- cis -5-cyano-1,2-epoxy-cyclohexane in ratio of about 7 to 3, respectively, when carried out in ether but in ratio of about 1 to 1 in 1,2-dichloroethane. The epoxides were characterized from the NMR spectra of the derived diols, mono-, and diacetates by taking advantage of the difference between the spatial 1,3-diaxial deshielding effects of hydroxyl and acetoxy groups.
GaAs heterojunction f.e.t. with epitaxial Ge gate

A Ge heterojunction-gate GaAs f.e.t. has been developed using p-type epitaxial Ge gates deposited by vacuum evaporation on heated n-type GaAs substrates. Boron-ion implantation of the gate and an aluminium overlay was used to lower the gate resistance. A typical 8 ?m gate-length device exhibited a noise figure of 5.2 dB with 4.5 dB associated gain at 1.8 GHz.
Closed maps on spaces with point-countable bases

Abstract We prove a version of Lasnev's theorem for spaces with point-countable bases. Theorem. Let X have a point-countable base, f : X → Y be a closed map. Then there is an ω 1 -relatively-discrete subspace Z of Y such that | Z |≤ d ( Y ) and f −1 ( y ) is compact for every y ∈ Y \ Z . Then we study the subspaces of closed images of regular spaces with point-countable bases and show that every such subspace has countable π -character and a point-countable π -base. The latter result is extended to a wider class of spaces which is invariant under closed maps and products with metrizable compacta. The proofs use a structure which controls the convergence properties of the space and those of its closed image.
Theorist of Maritime Strategy: Sir Julian Corbett and his Contribution to Military and Naval Thought

Dr Jerker J. Widen, senior lecturer in war studies and head of research for naval operations at Sweden’s National Defence College in Stockholm, has in this book written the most important analysis ...
Active Detection of Structural Damage in Aluminum Alloy Using Magneto-Elastic Active Sensors (MEAS)

Many structural damage detection methods utilize piezoelectric sensors. While these sensors are efficient in supporting many structural health monitoring (SHM) methodologies, there are a few key disadvantages limiting their use. The disadvantages include the brittle nature of piezoceramics and their dependence of diagnostic results on the quality of the adhesive used in bonding the sensors. One viable alternative is the utilization of Magneto-Elastic Active Sensors (MEAS). Instead of mechanically creating elastic waves, MEAS induce eddy currents in the host structure which, along with an applied magnetic field, generate mechanical waves via the Lorentz force interaction. Since elastic waves are generated electromagnetically, MEAS do not require direct bonding to the host structure and its elements are not as fragile as PWAS. This work explores the capability of MEAS to detect damage in aluminum alloy. In particular, methodologies of detecting fatigue cracks in thin plates were explored. Specimens consisted of two identical aluminum plates featuring a machined slot to create a stress riser for crack formation. One specimen was subjected to cyclic fatigue load. MEAS were used to transmit elastic waves of different characteristics in order to explore several SHM methodologies. Experiments have shown that the introduction of fatigue cracks created measurable amplitude changes in the waves passing through the fatigued region of the aluminum plate. The phase indicated sensitivity to load conditions, but manifestation in the cracked region lacked stability. Nonlinear effects were studied using plate thickness resonance, which revealed birefringence due to local stresses at the site of the fatigue crack. The resonance spectrum has also shown a frequency decrease apparently due to stiffness loss. Preliminary results suggest opportunities for fatigue damage detection using MEAS. Application of MEAS for the diagnosis of complex structures is currently being investigated.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The complete one-loop spin chain of \mathcal{N} = 1 SQCD

We evaluate the complete planar one-loop dilation operator of $ \mathcal{N} $ = 1 Super QCD, at the large N Banks-Zaks fixed point near the upper edge of the superconformal window. The spin-chain Hamiltonian turns out to be entirely fixed by the constraints of superconformal symmetry, as in $ \mathcal{N} $ = 4 Super Yang-Mills and in $ \mathcal{N} $ = 2 SuperConformal QCD.
Role of Metal-Binding in the Biological Activities of Drugs

Abstract “That metal complexes can be chemically more vigorous than the metal cations on their own is evident from consideration of the metal-containing enzymes” (3) .
Determinants of α-conotoxin BuIA selectivity on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β subunit

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentamers composed of alpha and beta subunits. Different molecular compositions of these subunits constitute various receptor subtypes that are implicated in the pathophysiology and/or treatment of several disease states but are difficult to distinguish pharmacologically. Alpha-conotoxins are a group of small, structurally defined peptides that may be used to molecularly dissect the nAChR-binding site. Heteromeric nAChRs generally contain either a beta2 or beta4 subunit in addition to an alpha subunit at the ligand-binding interface. Alpha-conotoxin BuIA kinetically distinguishes between beta2- and beta4-containing nAChRs, with long off times for the latter. Mutational studies were used to assess the influence of residues that line the putative acetylcholine-binding pocket but differ between beta2 and beta4 subunits. Residues Thr/Lys59, Val/Ile111, and Phe/Gln119 of the respective beta2 and beta4 subunits are critical to off-rate differences. Among these residues, Thr59 of nAChR beta2 may interfere with effective access to the binding site, whereas Lys59 may facilitate this binding.
3D data denoising using combined sparse dictionaries

Directional multiscale representations such as shearlets and curvelets have gained in- creasing recognition in recent years as superior methods for the sparse representation of data. Thanks to their ability to sparsely encode images and other multidimensional data, transform- domain denoising algorithms based on these representations are among the best performing meth- ods currently available. As already observed in the literature, the performance of many sparsity- based data processing methods can be further improved by using appropriate combinations of dic- tionaries. In this paper, we consider the problem of 3D data denoising and introduce a denoising algorithm which uses combined sparse dictionaries. Our numerical demonstrations show that the realization of the algorithm which combines 3D shearlets and local Fourier bases provides highly competitive results as compared to other 3D sparsity-based denosing algorithms based on both single and combined dictionaries.
4D Seismic to Image a Thin Carbonate Reservoir During a Miscible CO2 Flood: Hall-Gurney Field, Kansas, USA

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://mr.crossref.org".
Narrative predictions, Old Testament prophecies and Luke's sense of fulfilment

Since the publication of Paul Schubert's article, ‘The Structure and Significance of Luke 24’, considerable attention has been paid to what Schubert called Luke's ‘proof-from-prophecy theology’ and what others have identified as the pattern of prophecy/promise and fulfilment. Whatever term is used, it is generally agreed that Luke–Acts presents Jesus' life and the beginning of the church as the fulfilment of God's design for salvation as announced through his prophets. Yet most discussions of this aspect of Luke's theology have focused on Luke's interest in showing that Jesus and the earliest Christians fulfilled OT prophecy, while less attention has been paid to the predictions made in the narrative itself.Even less attention has been paid to the relationship between the fulfilment of OT prophecy and the fulfilment of these narrative predictions. This study will show how the narrative predictions in Luke–Acts contribute to Luke's theology of fulfilment and discuss the ways in which these predictions interface with Luke's emphasis on the fulfilment of OT prophecy.
The ε Subunit of the Chloroplast Coupling Factor 1 from Euglena gracilis: A Possible Role in Controlling ATPase Activity

The coupling factor from chloroplasts (CF(1)) of Euglena gracilis Z strain is an active ATPase in situ, and its activity cannot be increased by treatment with trypsin or heating as is the case with the CF(1) from other sources. The smallest subunit of CF(1), the epsilon subunit, is supposed to be involved in controlling the ATPase activity. We have devised a simple technique for rapid and large-scale isolation of this subunit. The epsilon subunit from Euglena CF(1), although having only a limited inhibitory effect on Euglena CF(1), drastically inhibited the ATPase activity of heat-activated spinach CF(1). The inhibition of spinach CF(1) could be reversed by passage through Sephadex G-50 or by a second heat activation. An antibody to the epsilon subunit of Euglena CF(1) cross-reacted only weakly with CF(1) from spinach, Sorghum, Kalanchoe, or Anacystis nidulans, but reacted well with whole Euglena CF(1) in addition to its epsilon subunit. The antibody increased the ATPase activity of Euglena and Anacystis CF(1) and of unactivated or partially activated spinach CF(1). The results suggest that the function of the epsilon subunit in Euglena CF(1) is similar to its function in CF(1) from other sources. The data also suggest that changes induced in spinach CF(1) by activation involves modifications in subunits other than the epsilon one.
7.6 A 512×424 CMOS 3D Time-of-Flight image sensor with multi-frequency photo-demodulation up to 130MHz and 2GS/s ADC

Interest in 3D depth cameras has been piqued by the release of the Kinect motion sensor for the Xbox 360 gaming console. This paper presents the pixel and 2GS/s signal paths in a state-of-the-art Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensor suitable for use in the latest Kinect sensor for Xbox One. ToF cameras determine the distance to objects by measuring the round trip travel time of an amplitude-modulated light from the source to the target and back to the camera at each pixel. ToF technology provides an accurate high pixel resolution, low motion blur, wide field of view (FoV), high dynamic range depth image as well as an ambient light invariant brightness image (active IR) that meets the highest quality requirements for 3D motion detection.
Products of the Gas-Phase OH and NO3 Radical-Initiated Reactions of Naphthalene

Naphthalene is the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in polluted urban areas. Naphthalene is present in the gas phase under typical atmospheric conditions, and its most important atmospheric loss process is reaction with the hydroxyl (OH) radical. The products of the gas-phase reaction of naphthalene with OH radicals and with nitrate (NO3) radicals have been investigated using gas chromatographic techniques with flame ionization, mass spectrometric, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic detection and using in situ atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. The major products identified from the OH radical-initiated reaction of gas-phase naphthalene were ring cleavage species, including 2-formylcinnamaldehyde. The major products observed from the NO3 radical-initiated reaction were 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene.
Nuclear orientation of 142Pr in Pr metal

Abstract The anisotropy of γ-rays from oriented 142 Pr nuclei in Pr metal can be fitted to calculations utilizing electronic moments measured by neutron diffraction if it is assumed that zero-order matrix elements dominate the preceding first-forbidden β transition. The results select one of two possible solutions obtained in previous work.
RADIATION AND OUTFLOW BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIRECT COMPUTATION OF ACOUSTIC AND FLOW DISTURBANCES IN A NONUNIFORM MEAN FLOW

It is well known that Euler equations support small amplitude acoustic, vorticity and entropy waves. To perform high quality direct numerical simulations of flow generated noise problems, acoustic radiation boundary conditions are required along inflow boundaries. Along boundaries where the mean flow leaves the computation domain, outflow boundary conditions are needed to allow the acoustic, vorticity and entropy disturbances to exit the computation domain without significant reflection. A set of radiation and outflow boundary conditions for problems with nonuniform mean flows are developed in this work. Flow generated acoustic disturbances are usually many orders of magnitude smaller than that of the mean flow. To capture weak acoustic waves by direct computation (without first separating out the mean flow), the intensity of numerical noise generated by the numerical algorithm and the radiation and outflow boundary conditions (and the computer) must be extremely low. It is demonstrated by a test problem ...
Metabolic adaptations of the nephron in renal disease.

Morphological and physiological studies have shown that various nephron segments are different functionally and metabolically. Major advances to understand renal metabolism have required improved techniques to study the problem of tissue heterogeneity in the kidney. The degree of heterogeneity within the kidney in renal disease may increase because pathological processes are many times focal or they produce histological changes in certain areas and adaptive changes in other zones of the kidney. Hence, methodological problems have hampered the studies of renal metabolism, particularly at the nephron level, in kidney diseases. Most metabolic studies have been done in experimental animal models of renal disease. This article provides an overview of changes in renal metabolism that occur in urinary tract obstruction, nephrotoxic or ischemic-induced acute renal failure, and in chronic models of reduced renal mass. The information available is limited and the existence of major gaps in our understanding of renal metabolism in diseases of the kidney is evident.
Induction of distinct phenotypes in clonal and variant GH4 pituitary cells

GH cells are a widely used cell strain for the investigation of mechanisms regulating hormone release and synthesis. This report identifies two inducible phenotypes of the GH4 clone (epithelioid and motile) which may extend studies of this well-characterized cell line to different stages of pituitary cell development. GH4C1 cells treated in suspension with epidermal growth factor plus tetradecanoylphorbol acetate aggregate to form large epithelioid colonies with extensive cell-to-cell and cell-to-substratum adhesion. These cells cease replicating within 48 h, increase 50% in cell volume, and synthesize 40-fold more prolactin. A GH4C1 variant with enhanced substratum adhesion and little or no cell-to-cell adhesion (GH4S1), responds differently to this treatment. These cells cease replicating immediately, show increased cell separation, develop leading lamellae, and display locomotory activity. Each phenotype coexists in mixed cultures of GH4C1 and GH4S1 cells. This indicates that the different inducible response of the variant does not result from autocrine secretion. A molecular basis for cell-to-cell adhesion in GH4 cells was investigated. GH4C1, but not the variant cells, express a 180 kDa immunoreactive protein indistinguishable from an isoform of the neural cell adhesion molecule. Therefore the absence of cell-to-cell adhesion and inability to develop extensive cell-to-cell adhesion characteristic of the epithelioid phenotype may result from altered expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule. These findings are important because they have defined an in vitro approach to investigate genetic and cellular changes associated with the development and progression of pituitary cell phenotype.
When I was a child, I danced as a child, but now that I am old, I think about salvation: Concepción González and a past that would not stay put 1

Abstract The article, ‘When I Was a Child, I Danced as a Child, but Now that I Am Old, I Think about Salvation: Concepcion Gonzalez and a past that would not stay put,’ reconstructs an incandescent moment in the history of Mexico, a moment when ordinary Mexicans dramatically transformed Mexico's future. In the mid‐1930s in the midst of President Lazaro Cardenas's efforts to remake rural Mexico and its people, men and women trained to revere the Virgin Mary enter a church in the village of Ario Santa Monica, Michoacan, seize the wooden icons of Jesus, the saints, the Virgin, and torch them in the plaza. Later that evening, a number of men and women re‐enter the church and dance before the altar. The essay explores this moment through a combination of ethno‐historical and fictive techniques. It traces the meanings of the Virgin, God, and time in Mexico and the author's own experiences of doing ethno‐history among the Ario Santa Monica villagers. It weaves together large historical issues with actual scenes ...
Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race

In Race Migrations, Wendy Roth takes a transnational approach to understanding how Dominicans and Puerto Ricans construct their racial identities. She argues that people process information about r...
Effects of Form-Focused Training on Running Biomechanics: A Pilot Randomized Trial in Untrained Individuals

Abstract Objective To investigate the changes in running biomechanics after training in form-focused running using ChiRunning versus not-form focused training and self-directed training in untrained individuals. Design Pilot study-randomized controlled trial. Setting Research institution with tertiary care medical center. Participants Seventeen subjects (9 men, 8 women) with prehypertension. Methods Twenty-two participants were randomized to 3 study arms but 17 completed the study. The study arms were: (1) group-based Form-Focused running using ChiRunning (enrolled, n=10; completed, n=7); (2) group-based conventional running (enrolled, n=6; completed, n=4); and (3) self-directed training with educational materials (enrolled, n=6; completed, n=6). The training schedule was prescribed for 8 weeks with 4 weeks of follow-up. All subjects completed overground running motion analyses before and after training. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier for this study is NCT0158718. Outcomes Ankle, knee, hip joint peak moments, and powers; average vertical loading rate (AVLR); impact peak; cadence; stride length; strike index; and stride reach. Paired t tests were used to compare differences within groups over time. Results Form-focused group reduced their Stride Reach ( P = .047) after the training but not the other groups. Form-focused group showed a close to significant reduction in knee adduction moment ( P = .051) and a reduction in the peak ankle eversion moment ( P = .027). Self-directed group showed an increase in the running speed ( P = .056) and increases in ankle and knee joint powers and moments. Conclusions There are differences in the changes in running biomechanics between individuals trained in running form that emphasizes mid-foot strike, greater cadence, and shorter stride compared with those not trained in the these techniques. These differences may be associated with reduced lower extremity stress in individuals trained in this running form, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger samples.
Renal handling of plasma high density lipoprotein

Renal handling of plasma high density lipoprotein. Renal tubular reabsorption and hydrolysis of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL 3 ) were studied. Rabbit proximal straight nephron segments were microperfused in vitro with iodinated HDL 3 . Progressive luminal uptake and cellular accumulation of radiolabeled material were observed during an initial phase, followed by a reduction in sequestration and the appearance of 125 I-label in the bathing medium. To detect proteolysis, collected perfusates and bathing media were analyzed for trichloracetic acid soluble radioactivity. 125 I-HDL 3 in the luminal fluid was intact, but metabolites appeared in the bathing medium. Electron microscopic radioautography demonstrated endocytic uptake of 125 I-HDL 3 at the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule and movement of grains into lysosome-like dense bodies. Incubation of radiolabeled HDL 3 in the presence of renal homogenates resulted in proteolytic activity with an acidic pH optimum. Analytical cell fractionation studies indicated that hydrolysis of the protein component is associated with lysosomes derived from proximal kidney tubules. Collectively, the data show that plasma HDL 3 can be reabsorbed in the proximal nephron by a mechanism involving endocytosis at the luminal membrane, followed by proteolysis at lysosomes. Elimination renale des lipoproteines plasmatiques de haute densite. La reabsorption tubulaire et l'hydrolyse renales des lipoproteines plasmatiques de haute densite (HDL 3 ) ont ete etudiees. Des segments droits proximaux de nephrons de lapin ont ete microperfuses in vitro avec de l'HDL 3 iodee. Une captation luminale et une accumulation cellulaire progressives de composes marques ont ete observees a une phase initiale, suivies d'une reduction de la sequestration et de l'apparition du marqueur 125 I dans le milieu du bain. Pour detecter une proteolyse, des perfusats et des milieux du bain, collectes, ont ete analyses pour la radioactivite soluble de l'acide trichloracetique. 125 I-HDL 3 etait intacte dans le liquide luminal, mais des metabolites apparaissaient dans le milieu du bain. Des autoradiographies en microscopie electronique ont demontre une captation endocytaire de 125 I-HDL 3 dans la membrane luminale du tubule proximal et un mouvement de grains dans des corps denses ressemblant aux lysosomes. L'incubation d'HDL 3 radiomarquee en presence d'homogenats de rein a entraine une activite proteolytique avec pH optimum acide. Des etudes de fractionnement cellulaire analytique ont indique que l'hydrolyse du constituant protidique est associee aux lysosomes provenant des tubules renaux proximaux. Dans l'ensemble, ces donnees montrent que l'HDL 3 plasmatique peut etre reabsorbee par le nephron proximal par un mecanisme mettant en jeu une endocytose au niveau de la membrane luminale, suivie d'une proteolyse dans les lysosomes.
Optical Filter for Fabricating Self-Aligned Amorphous Si TFTS

Self-aligned structures for bottom-gate amorphous Si TFTs provide a number of advantages, including reduced parasitic capacitance, smaller device dimensions, and improved uniformity in device performance for large-area electronics. A difficult challenge in making self-aligned TFT structures is the necessity of making source/drain contacts that exhibit low contact resistances and that are precisely aligned relative to the gate electrode. In this article, we describe a novel process for fabricating self-aligned amorphous Si TFTs. This process utilizes a pulsed excimer laser (308 nm) to dope or to activate dopants in a-Si to form the source/drain contacts. An important feature of the device design is an optical filter to protect the a-Si channel region from radiation damage during the 308 nm laser process. However, the optical filter allows the transmission of the uv light for lithography exposure from the backside of the substrate to align the channel region with the gate electrode. This new process enables the fabrication of high performance self-aligned a-Si TFTs with poly-Si source and drain contacts.
A 30-kDa Protein in the Surface Complex and Flagella of Euglena has Protein Kinase Activity

A protein kinase (PK) was partially purified from NaCl extracts of the cell surface complex of Euglena using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Tubulins extracted either from flagella or from the cell surface complexes of Euglena were readily phosphorylated when incubated with [γ- 32 P]-ATP and the PK. Protein kinase activity was augmented with 5 mM Mn 2+ or Mg 2+ , and was inhibited or had greatly reduced activity with 5 mM Ca 2+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ or Zn 2+ . Incorporation was much lower when [γ- 32 P]-GTP was the phosphate donor. Serine and threonine were the major radiolabeled phosphoamino acids in tubulins; label was also found in phosphotyrosine. Alpha-tubulin solubilized from flagella was a relatively poor substrate for the PK, but a Euglena α-tubulin cDNA overexpressed as a Trx-fusion protein incorporated [γ- 32 P]-ATP into serine and threonine when incubated with cell surface extracts. Alpha- and β-tubulins from cell surface complexes were equally good substrates for the PK. No incorporation was observed in intact microtubules either from the cell surface complex or from isolated flagella. In-gel assays identified a polypeptide of about 30 kDa that phosphorylated tubulins in extracts of both flagella and the cell surface complexes, and dephosphorylated casein was a competitive substrate for the partially purified kinase. In vivo incubation with [ 22 P]-orthophosphate produced numerous radiolabeled bands in acrylamide gels of NaCl extracts of the cell surface complex, but none of these bands could be positively related to tubulins extracted from surface complex microtubules.
Transformation Through Research-Based Reflection: A Self-Study of Written Feedback Practice

This study investigates the written feedback the author gave during her first year as a university English as a second language writing instructor. The article investigates the form (questions, commands, comments) and the themes (organization, content, grammar) of feedback, the use of mitigation, and the treatment of grammar errors. It shows how practitioner research can increase one's confidence, provide an accurate understanding of one's own work, and more fully establish one's practice in theory, rather than teaching lore.
Multiple regression models for hindcasting and forecasting midsummer hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico

A new suite of multiple regression models was developed that describes relationships between the area of bottom water hypoxia along the northern Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi-Atchafalaya River nitrate concentration, total phosphorus (TP) concentration, and discharge. Model input variables were derived from two load estimation methods, the adjusted maximum likelihood estimation (AMLE) and the composite (COMP) method, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Variability in midsummer hypoxic area was described by models that incorporated May discharge, May nitrate, and February TP concentrations or their spring (discharge and nitrate) and winter (TP) averages. The regression models predicted the observed hypoxic area within +/-30%, yet model residuals showed an increasing trend with time. An additional model variable, Epoch, which allowed post-1993 observations to have a different intercept than earlier observations, suggested that hypoxic area has been 6450 km2 greater per unit discharge and nutrients since 1993. Model forecasts predicted that a dual 45% reduction in nitrate and TP concentration would likely reduce hypoxic area to approximately 5000 km2, the coastal goal established by the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. However, the COMP load estimation method, which is more accurate than the AMLE method, resulted in a smaller predicted hypoxia response to any given nutrient reduction than models based on the AMLE method. Monte Carlo simulations predicted that five years after an instantaneous 50% nitrate reduction or dual 45% nitrate and TP reduction it would be possible to resolve a significant reduction in hypoxic area. However, if nutrient reduction targets were achieved gradually (e.g., over 10 years), much more than a decade would be required before a significant downward trend in both nutrient concentrations and hypoxic area could be resolved against the large background of interannual variability. The multiple regression models and statistical approaches applied provide improved capabilities for evaluating dual nutrient management strategies to address Gulf hypoxia and a clearer perspective on the strengths and limitations of approaching the problem using regression models.
The Effect of Inlet and Exit Pressure-Drop on the Determination of Porous Media Permeability and Form Coefficient

The determination of permeability and form coefficient, defined by the Hazen-Dupuit-Darcy (HDD) equation of flow through a porous medium, requires the measurement of the pressure-drop per unit length caused by the medium. The pressure-drop emerging from flow adjustment effects between the porous medium and the surrounding clear fluid, however, is not related to the porous medium length. Hence, for situations in which the entrance and exit pressure-drops are not negligible, as one would expect for short porous media, the determination of the hydraulic parameters using the HDD equation is hindered. A criterion for determining the relative importance of entrance and exit pressure-drop effects, as compared to core effect, is then of practical and fundamental interest. This aspect is investigated analytically and numerically considering flow through a thin planar restriction placed in a circular pipe. Once the pressure-drop across the restriction is found, the results are then compared to the pressure-drop imposed by an obstructive section having the same dimension as the restriction but finite length, playing the role of the least restrictive porous medium core. This comparison yields a conservative estimate of the porous medium length necessary for neglecting entrance and exit pressure-drop effects. Results show that inlet and exit pressure-drop effects become increasingly important compared to core effects as the porosity decreases and Reynolds number increases for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. (Correlations based on experimental results available in the literature are employed for turbulent pipe flow). The analysis also shows why the HDD equation breaks down when considering flow through porous media where the entrance and exit pressure-drop effects are not negligible, and how modified permeability and form coefficients become necessary to characterize this type of porous media. Curve-fits accurate to within 2.5% were obtained for the modified permeability and form coefficients of the planar restriction with Reynolds number ranging from 0.01 to 100 and porosity from 0.0625 to 0.909.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Risk factors and cumulative incidence of anaemia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda.

AbstractAnaemia has not been well characterised among HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa. Baseline prevalence and cumulative incidence of anaemia (haemoglobin <110 g/L) were 91.7% and 100% and, for moderate anaemia (haemoglobin <90 g/L), were 35.1% and 58.4%, respectively, among 225 HIV-infected children followed from 9 to 36 months of age. Hospitalisation, suspected tuberculosis, malaria and height-for-age Z-score <-2 were significantly associated with moderate anaemia. Moderate anaemia and weight-for-height Z-score <-2 were associated with mortality. Anaemia is common and associated with increased mortality in HIV-infected children.
Semantic processing precedes affect retrieval : The neurological case for cognitive primacy in visual processing

According to the affective primacy hypothesis, visual stimuli can be evaluated prior to and independent of object identification and semantic analysis (Zajonc, 1980, 2000). Our review concludes that the affective primacy hypothesis is, from the available evidence, not likely correct. Although people can react to objects that they cannot consciously identify, such affective reactions are dependent upon prior semantic analysis within the visual cortex. The authors propose that the features of objects must first be integrated, and then the objects themselves must be categorized and identified, all prior to affective analysis. Additionally, the authors offer a preliminary neurological analysis of the mere exposure and affective priming effects that is consistent with the claim that semantic analysis is needed to elicit these effects. In sum, the authors conclude that the brain must know what something is in order to know whether it is good or bad.
Efficient visual communication channels

This paper compares the efficiency of uniform quantization in the spatial domain with frequency dependent quantization in the spatial frequency domain, in the context of the end-to-end performance of visual-communication channels. Results show that the minimum data density required for informationally lossless transmission depends on the design of the image-gathering device. The information in the acquired signal, not the energy, dictates the trade-off between data transmission and visual quality. Frequency dependent quantization that maintains the information capacity of the channel while reducing the entropy of the encoded signal, improves its information efficiency. Information bit-allocation is preferable for optimized visual communication for restoration, whereas energy bit-allocation can be used only for image reconstruction.
Surface conductance of a copper wire in a fluid at high pressure

The three‐dimensional flow of heat in a wire carrying a current and immersed in a liquid is solved in detail. Using this exact result the surface conductance of copper in petroleum ether has been measured as a function of pressure to 40 kbars. The measured surface conductance for copper in a fluid is very small, justifying approximations which yield results that are in agreement with a simplified one‐dimensional heat‐flow problem. Surprisingly, even at 40 kbars pressure a very large fraction of the joule heating within a wire with a length‐to‐diameter ratio of ∼100 is dissipated through the ends of the wire rather than to the surrounding liquid.
Novel anti-viability ceramide analogs: Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship studies of substituted (S)-2-(benzylideneamino)-3-hydroxy-N-tetradecylpropanamides

Abstract A group of novel l -serinamides, substituted (S)-2-(benzylideneamino)-3-hydroxy-N-tetradecylpropanamides (3a–o) and substituted (S)-2-(benzylamino)-3-hydroxy-N-tetradecyl propanamides (4c, 4i, 4l, and 4o), were synthesized as potential anti-tumor lead compounds. In vitro cell viability assay results indicate treatment with 3a–o compounds resulted in significant inhibition of cell viability in the chemoresistant breast cancer cell line, MCF-7TN-R. Compounds 3i and 3l, both ortho-substituted analogs, show the greatest efficacy with IC50 values of 10.3 μM and 12.5 μM, respectively. The SAR analysis indicate that the imine functional group of 3a–o is critical for the cellular anti-viability effect, and the partial atomic charge (PAC) value of imine C atom is a valuable structural parameter for predicting the activity of these ceramide analogs.
Effect of the proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylic acid on collagen synthesis in vivo I. Arrest of collagen accumulation in growing chick embryos☆

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that the proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was incorporated in collagen synthesized in vitro and that the collagen containing the analogue was extruded from cells at a decreased rate. In the present study azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was administered for a 5-day period to rapidly growing chick embryos and it was found that the analogue arrested the accumulation of collagen in the embryos. The effect on collagen accumulation was always more marked than any effect on weight or non-collagen proteins and there was no histological evidence of non-specific toxicity. The decrease in collagen content was accompanied by a marked increase in the fragility of the embryos. Although an increase in the rate of collagen degradation was not completely excluded, the results suggested that the decrease in collagen content of the embryos can be explained by the intracellular synthesis of a collagen which contains the analogue and which cannot be extruded at a normal rate. After the cells have accumulated a large pool of analogue-containing collagen, they reach a new steady state in which both the rate of collagen synthesis and extrusion are decreased.
Reflections on iconicity, representation, and resemblance: Peirce's theory of signs, goodman on resemblance, and modern philosophies of language and mind

Etude de la fonction de la ressemblance dans le phenomene de la representation linguistique et mentale. Comparant la theorie des signes de Peirce a la conception de la ressemblance chez Goodman, l'A. mesure l'importance de la theorie peirceenne de l'iconicite dans la philosophie du langage et de l'esprit
Merit aid to college students

Abstract Merit scholarships are an increasingly popular institutional attempt to maintain both the number and the quality of students in the face of declining enrollments. This paper argues that merit aid is a bad idea, both for the society as a whole and for individual institutions. From society's point of view, merit aid will simply give financial aid dollars to students who would have gone to college anyway and will take those dollars away from needy students who might then not be able to attend. From the institutional perspective, the prospect of attracting more able students is empirically small, and to the extent that it exists, short-lived.
Hysteresis and Uncertainty in Soil Water-Retention Curve Parameters

AbstractAccurate estimates of soil hydraulic parameters representing wetting and drying paths are required for predicting hydraulic and mechanical responses in a large number of applications. A comprehensive suite of laboratory experiments was conducted to measure hysteretic soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs) representing a wide range of soil types. Results were used to quantitatively assess differences and uncertainty in three simplifications frequently adopted to estimate wetting-path SWCC parameters from more easily measured drying curves. They are the following: (1) αw=2αd, (2) nw=nd, and (3) θsw=θsd, where α, n, and θs are fitting parameters entering van Genuchten’s commonly adopted SWCC model, and the superscripts w and d indicate wetting and drying paths, respectively. The average ratio αw/αd for the data set was 2.24±1.25. Nominally cohesive soils had a lower αw/αd ratio (1.73±0.94) than nominally cohesionless soils (3.14±1.27). The average nw/nd ratio was 1.01±0.11 with no significant depen...
Frameworks for quality software process: SEI Capability Maturity Model versus ISO 9000

With the historical characterization of software development as being costly due to massive schedule delays, incorporation of the ever-changing technology, budget reductions, and missing customer requirements, the trend of the 1990s in establishing a quality improvement or a quality assurance programme has been over-whelming. The two popular models or frameworks for assessment of a quality assurance programme are the US government-sponsored Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and the internationally recognized ISO-9000 quality standards. Both of these two frameworks share a common concern regarding software quality and process management. Since it is not clear which of these two frameworks is most effective in achieving their shared objectives, it is valuable and timely to provide an objective overview of both models and to compare and contrast their features for quality software development. Because there are many legitimate areas for comparison, we have selected the two most important as a basis for comparison: (1) the role of management, and (2) the application of measurements. We also provide a summary of the reported impact of these two models on the organizations adhering to their standards, and include our observations and analysis.
Effects of C incorporation on the luminescence properties of ZnSe grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The effects of C incorporation in heteroepitaxial ZnSe grown on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with methylallylselenide (MASe), diethylselenide (DESe), and hydrogen selenide (H2Se) selenium precursors together with dimethylzinc (DMZn) are investigated. The effects of growth temperature and VI/II ratio are determined. In material grown at 480°C and above, all of the low temperature photoluminescence (PL) peaks are generally shifted several meV lower in energy than in material grown in the 300–425°C range. In particular, the light hole component of the neutral donor-bound exciton shifts down to around 2.792 eV, where it was incorrectly identified in previous work as an exciton bound to a complex involving C. Detailed PL and reflectance measurements give conclusive evidence for this interpretation. The peak shifts are attributed to increased thermal mismatch strain resulting from the higher growth temperature used with MASe and DESe. However, the VI/II ratio strongly affects the strain in samples grown at 500°C using DESe, suggesting that heavy C incorporation at the ZnSe/GaAs interface may stimulate the thermal relaxation. The mechanism might involve the formation of C-related microprecipitates near the interface, which then nucleate misfit dislocations. We conclude that C from the growth precursors does not produce any new PL peaks above 1.4 eV in MOCVD ZnSe. Moreover, the room temperature PL efficiency is not degraded in C-contaminated material, suggesting that C is not an important non-radiative recombination center in ZnSe. The incorporation of moderate C levels is found to have little effect on the optoelectronic properties of MOCVD ZnSe.
Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism with oral contraceptives containing norgestimate or desogestrel compared with oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel.

Abstract Context Previous studies have reported that users of the “third-generation” oral contraceptives (OCs) containing the progestins gestodene and desogestrel have about twice the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to users of older OCs containing levonorgestrel. Estimates of the risk for VTE among users of norgestimate-containing OCs compared to other OCs, however, are lacking. Objective The purpose of this study is to obtain quantitative information on the risk of nonfatal VTE in women using OCs containing either norgestimate or desogestrel in comparison with women taking OCs containing levonorgestrel. Design, Setting and Participants Based on information from PharMetrics, a United States-based company that collects and records information on claims paid by managed care plans, we used a nested case-control study design to estimate relative risks of nonfatal VTE among 15- to 39-year-old current users of OCs containing norgestimate with 35 μg of ethinyl estradiol (EE), desogestrel with 30 μg of EE or levonorgestrel with 30 μg of EE, both monophasic and triphasic preparations, during the period January 2000 to March 2005. Cases were women with a well-documented VTE of uncertain origin that was diagnosed in current users of a study drug. Up to four controls were closely matched to each case by age and calendar time, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression comparing the risk of VTE among users of the three contraceptives. We also estimated and compared the incidence rates for all three OCs. Results Based on 281 newly diagnosed idiopathic cases of VTE and 1055 controls, we found that the adjusted ORs for nonfatal VTE comparing norgestimate- or desogestrel-containing OC users to users of levonorgestrel-containing OCs were 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8–1.6] and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.1–2.4), respectively. The incidence rates of VTE were 30.6 (95% CI, 25.5–36.5), 53.5 (95% CI, 42.9–66.0) and 27.1 (95% CI, 21.1–34.3) per 100,000 woman-years for users of norgestimate-, desogestrel- and levonorgestrel-containing OCs, respectively. The incidence rate ratios for norgestimate-containing OCs compared to levonorgestrel-containing OCs and desogestrel-containing OCs compared to levonorgestrel-containing OCs were 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8–1.5) and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4–2.7), respectively. Conclusions The risk of nonfatal VTE among users of desogestrel-containing OCs is significantly elevated compared to that of levonorgestrel-containing OCs. The risk of VTE in users of norgestimate-containing OCs was closely similar to that of users of levonorgestrel-containing OCs.
Positron trapping model including spatial diffusion of the positron.

The trapping model for the annihilation rate of positrons implanted in solids has been combined with a diffusion model for the spatial motion of the implanted positrons prior to annihilation. Results are given for a simple system having traps only at the surface of a sample and allowing no detrapping, and for a general case where both effects are included. Numerical results are given for the example of positrons trapping in an image-potential well (as well as forming positronium) at a surface.