cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebellar Dentate Connectivity Across Adulthood: A Large-Scale Resting State Functional Connectivity Investigation

Cerebellar contributions to behavior in advanced age are of great interest and importance, given its role in motor and cognitive performance. There are differences and declines in cerebellar structure in advanced age, and cerebellar resting state connectivity is decreased. However, the work on this area to date has focused on the cerebellar cortex. The deep cerebellar nuclei provide the primary cerebellar inputs and outputs to the cortex, as well as the spinal and vestibular systems. In both human and non-human primate models, dentate networks can be dissociated such that dorsal region is associated with the motor cortex, while the ventral aspect is associated with the prefrontal cortex. However, whether or not dentato-thalamo-cortical networks differ across adulthood remains unknown. Here, using a large adult sample (n=591) from the Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, we investigated dentate connectivity across adulthood. First, we replicated past work showing dissociable resting state networks in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the dentate. Second, in both seeds, we demonstrated connectivity decreases with age, indicating that connectivity differences extend beyond the cerebellar cortex. This expands our understanding of cerebellar circuitry in advanced age, and further underscores the potential importance of this structure in age-related performance differences.
Ammonia optical gas sensing based on graphene-covered silicon microring resonators: A design space exploration

Abstract This paper discusses the design space exploration for an ammonia optical gas sensor based on a silicon microring resonator that is covered by graphene. A comparative analysis of the transmittance sensitivity of its fundamental quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes is presented. Results show that a large fraction of the fundamental quasi-TM mode’s electrical energy is propagating outside the waveguide, which makes this geometry more sensitive to ammonia induced changes in Fermi energy of graphene. The overall transmittance intensity difference, for the fundamental quasi-TE mode is less than 1 ​dB, independent of ring radius, when the ammonia gas concentration is varied from 0.5 to 1000 ​ppm. For the fundamental quasi-TM mode, results show that a ring radius ~8.4 ​μm can provide critical coupling condition and lead to >20 ​dB modulation of transmittance intensity when the ammonia gas concentration is varied from 0.5 to 1000 ​ppm. Overall, proper selection of mode excitation as well as ring geometry is essential to attain practical sensitivity.
Inhibition of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 induces upregulation of the late cornified envelope cluster in keratinocytes

Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a multifunctional type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on various cell surfaces. While DPP4 inhibitors have a therapeutic role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, they are an independent risk factor in the development of bullous pemphigoid. Contrarily, there are reports of improvement in psoriasis with DPP4 inhibition. We investigated the effect of DPP4 inhibition on primary human keratinocytes to determine whether DPP4 modulates keratinocyte inflammatory signaling and keratinocyte homeostasis. We performed RNA sequencing of primary adult human keratinocytes treated with DPP4 inhibitor, identifying 424 differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment of epidermal differentiation and cornified envelope genes. Using three-dimensional organotypic cultures and a pan-late cornified envelope 2 (LCE2) antibody, we demonstrate a dose dependent relationship between DPP4 inhibition and increased expression of LCE2 during epidermal development. The late cornified envelope gene clusters are expressed at the late stages of epithelial development, responding to stimuli such as calcium and ultraviolet light. While its biologic function is not fully understood, mutations in LCE3B/LCE3C confer a 40% increased risk in the development of plaque psoriasis. While we did not identify significant modulation of keratinocyte inflammatory markers, DPP4 inhibition increased expression of the late cornified envelope may offer a potential alternative therapeutic mechanism in psoriasis.
The Philosophical Turn to Mixed Methods for Nursing Science.

In this article, I explore the turn to mixed methods in nursing. I examine the alignment of key characteristics (philosophical underpinnings and the concept of integration) of mixed methods with nu...
Role of the CarH photoreceptor protein environment in the modulation of cobalamin photochemistry

Abstract The photochemistry of cobalamins has recently been found to have biological importance, with the discovery of bacterial photoreceptor proteins, such as CarH and AerR. CarH and AerR, are involved in the light regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis, respectively, in bacteria. Experimental transient absorption spectroscopic studies have indicated unusual photochemical behavior of 5′-deoxy-5′-adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) in CarH, with excited-state charge separation between cobalt and adenosyl and possible heterolytic cleavage of the Co-adenosyl bond, as opposed to the homolytic cleavage observed in aqueous solution and in many AdoCbl-based enzymes. We employ molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations to obtain a microscopic understanding of the modulation of the excited electronic states of AdoCbl by the CarH protein environment, in contrast to aqueous solution and AdoCbl-based enzymes. Our results indicate a progressive stabilization of the electronic states involving charge transfer (CT) from cobalt/corrin to adenine on changing the environment from gas phase to water to solvated CarH. The solvent exposure of the adenosyl ligand in CarH, the π-stacking interaction between a tryptophan and the adenine moiety, and the hydrogen-bonding interaction between a glutamate and the lower axial ligand of cobalt are found to contribute to the stabilization of the states involving CT to adenine. The combination of these three factors, the latter two of which can be experimentally tested via mutagenesis studies, is absent in an aqueous solvent environment and in AdoCbl-based enzymes. The favored CT from metal and/or corrin to adenine in CarH may promote heterolytic cleavage of the cobalt-adenosyl bond proposed by experimental studies. Overall, this work provides novel, to our knowledge, physical insights into the mechanism of CarH function and directions for future experimental investigations. The fundamental understanding of the mechanism of CarH functioning will serve the development of optogenetic tools based on the new class of B12-dependent photoreceptors.
Recurrence and Topology

Flows Recurrent points Irreducible sets Test functions Afterword Appendix A. Discrete dynamical systems Appendix B. Circle rotations Appendix C. The Hausdorff metric Bibliography Index.
Ares I Ares V Overview

This slide presentation is an overview of the Ares I and Ares V projects. It includes a comparison of the launch vehicles from the Saturn V, the Space Shuttle, and the planned Ares I and Ares V. In order to reduce operating cost, the Ares and V will use much of the same hardware. The elements of the Ares I and V. are reviewed and there is a view of the upper stage avionics. The elements of the J-2X engine to be used on both the Ares I and V are viewed.
The True Wisdom of the Bill of Rights

When rhe University of Chicago marked its centennial at the same time that the nation's Bill of Rights was reaching its bicentennial, the Law School held a two-day commemorative symposium and dinner featuring Justice John Paul Stevens, one of the current keepers of the sacred flame: mind, I did not say Vestal Virgin. This introduction to the papers delivered during the symposium is an act of supererogation. "If it be true that 'good wine needs no bush,' 'tis true that a good play needs no epilogue."1 And it is equally true that a good symposium needs no introduction. Just as the reader of Shakespeare's As You Like It can eschew the epilogue, so, too, can the reader of the symposium ignore the introduction, with which listeners to the symposium were not burdened. But having been given the opportunity to add my prejudices, cultivated over long decades, I offer a few banalities, in the hopes that some moderns will consider them truisms even if others may regard them as heresies. As "every schoolboy knows,"2 the American Constitution, like all Gaul, is made of three elements. The first creates the structure and authority of a republican form of government. The second provides a division of powers among the various parts of the national
Binding of Bacteriophage P22 Tail Parts to Cells

Purified base-plate parts of bacteriophage P22 can bind to the host cell, Salmonella typhimurium . Although the reaction is reversible, a stable equilibrium is not formed between bound and unbound base-plate parts. This is because the binding sites on the cell, presumably the O antigens, are destroyed. The destruction of binding sites does not kill the cells, and, in fact, the binding sites are soon regenerated. The site-destroying activity reacts with P22 heads to make active phage and with antiserum made against purified phage. Therefore site-destroying activity is a characteristic of the base-plate parts and not some contaminant of the preparation.
NanoSail - D Orbital and Attitude Dynamics

NanoSail-D unfurled January 20th, 2011 and successfully demonstrated the deployment and deorbit capability of a solar sail in low Earth orbit. The orbit was strongly perturbed by solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic drag, and oblate gravity which were modeled using STK HPOP. A comparison of the ballistic coefficient history to the orbit parameters exhibits a strong relationship between orbital lighting, the decay rate of the mean semi-major axis and mean eccentricity. A similar comparison of mean solar area using the STK HPOP solar radiation pressure model exhibits a strong correlation of solar radiation pressure to mean eccentricity and mean argument of perigee. NanoSail-D was not actively controlled and had no capability on-board for attitude or orbit determination. To estimate attitude dynamics we created a 3-DOF attitude dynamics simulation that incorporated highly realistic estimates of perturbing forces into NanoSail-D torque models. By comparing the results of this simulation to the orbital behavior and ground observations of NanoSail-D, we conclude that there is a coupling between the orbit and attitude dynamics as well as establish approximate limits on the location of the NanoSail-D solar center of pressure. Both of these observations contribute valuable data for future solar sail designs and missions.
Potential Scattering of Charged Particles in a Laser Field

The object of this chapter and Chapter 8 is a discussion of electron scattering by atoms in the field of a laser. The interest in the problem arises for applied reasons such as the idea of plasma heating by intense electromagnetic fields1 and because the use of the laser makes some electron-atom scattering parameters accessible to experiment which are otherwise not. It is clear that before discussing this very difficult problem, it would be advisable to consider the simpler one of potential scattering in which the atom is replaced by a structureless object. Even this simplification does not allow for an exactly solvable problem, so we must always resort to approximation schemes. Moreover, essentially two new parameters, the laser field and the laser frequency, have been introduced into the scattering problem and a complete analysis in all ranges of these parameters has yet to be presented.
Logarithmic Jet Spaces and Extensions of de Franchis’ Theorem

Jet bundles and logarithmic 1-forms play an important role in the study of the value distribution of meromorphic mappings into algebraic varieties (cf. [01] [G-G1] and [N1∿41). On the other hand, logarithmic vector fields as well as logarithmic 1-forms have been used in the study of Gauss-Manin connection and singularities (cf. [S1]).
The position and shape of the neutral sheet at 30-earth radii distance

An examination of Explorer 34 encounters with the neutral sheet reveals a much broader arching of the neutral sheet at 30 earth radii than closer to the earth at 20 earth radii. The location of the neutral sheet hinging point in the geomagnetic equatorial plane is found to be a strong function of geomagnetic activity. For Kp less than 2 the apparent hinging distance is close to 11 earth radii. For Kp greater than 4 the apparent hinging distance is close to zero. This dependency reflects a negligible return of the neutral sheet to the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane with distance behind the earth at quiet times but reflects a rapid return at disturbed times, in addition to possible variations in the location of the hinging point in the geomagnetic equatorial plane.
Security for Mobile Agents: Authentication and State Appraisal

Mobile agents are processes which can autonomously migrate to new hosts. Despite its many practical benefits, mobile agent technology results in significant new security threats from malicious agents and hosts. The primary added complication is that, as an agent traverses multiple hosts that are trusted to different degrees, its state can change in ways that adversely impact its functionality. In this paper, we discuss achievable security goals for mobile agents, and we propose an architecture to achieve these goals. The architecture models the trust relations between the principals of mobile agent systems. A unique aspect of the architecture is a “state appraisal” mechanism that protects users and hosts from attacks via state modifications and that provides users with flexible control over the authority of their agents.
Identification of the altered bases in mutated single-stranded DNA: II. In vivo mutagenesis by 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine

5-Bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine were used to induce in vivo in phage S13 the transition mutations studied previously by in vitro induction (paper I). Specific naturally occurring deoxynucleosides repressed induction in some cases. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine preferentially induced thymine → cytosine and adenine → guanine, the inductions being repressed by thymidine. It induced guanine → adenine in only one case, but the induction could only be repressed by deoxy-cytidine. 2-Aminopurine induced cytosine → thymine and guanine → adenine, the induction being repressed by deoxyguanosine; in some cases it induced thymine → cytosine and adenine → guanine, the induction not being repressed by any natural deoxynucleoside. It is postulated that the repression effect is a function of the transition involved and that the natural deoxynucleosides act by competing with the analogue for incorporation into DNA. The mutation results imply that replication of the single-stranded DNA involves pairing with a complementary DNA strand.
Neutron Star Formation

The nature of a neutron star differs based on whether the neutron star formed from the collapse of a white dwarf, the collapse of a ∼ 8 – 11M⊙ star, or the collapse of a more massive star (∼ 11 – 20M⊙). Although the details of the supernova mechanism are not understood completely, the intuition we have gained from modeling stellar collapse does allow us to understand many of the qualitative features of stellar collapse. Here we review the basic neutron star formation scenarios and apply our understanding of these formation processes to constrain neutron star kick mechanisms and their relation to supernova asymmetries as well as the relation between stellar rotation and neutron star magnetic fields. We conclude with a discussion of the constraints placed by observed populations of pulsars and magnetars.
INAA of coals from the Midwestern USA

Coal leachates were prepared by leaching the coals analyzed in Part 1 of this project in solutions having initial pH values ranging from 4 to 8. The concentrations of 30 elements were determined in the coal leachates using INAA. The pH of the leachate solutions was allowed to drift during the course of the experiment. Following a leaching period of two weeks the pH of the leachates was measured to determine which of the leachates had the greatest potential for producing highly acidic waste-waters. The results of the elemental analysis of the leachates were compared to Maximum Acute Toxicity Effluent (MATE) values to establish the pollution potentials for the coal leachates. The elements Al, As, Ca, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn were found to exceed MATE values in at least one leachate; Ca and Mn exceed MATE values in all of the leachates. A comparison between the chemical compositon of the coal leachates, the final pH of the leachates and MATE values reveals that the leachates that exhibit the lowest final pH contain the largest number of elements that exceeded MATE values and have the greatest potential for producing toxic leachates.
Neues vom IBM Personal System /2

IBM bietet eine umfassende Produktlinie fur den PC AT Bus und den Mikrokanal. Alle Systeme verwenden Intel-Prozessoren der Typen 80386 oder 80486, sind mit einem 3 1 /2 Zoll (1,44/2,88 MB)-Diskettenlaufwerk ausgerustet und haben standardmasig eine VGA-, eine serielle, eine parallele und eine Mausschnittstelle. Der bei Auslieferung auf der Systemplatine installierte Hauptspeicher betragt minimal 2 MB, bei einigen Systemen bereits 16 MB.
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Based on Dynamic Vegetation Scattering Properties for AMSR-E

Accurate mapping of long-term global soil moisture is of great importance to earth science studies and a variety of applications. An approach for deriving volumetric soil moisture using satellite passive microwave radiometry from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) was developed in this study. Unlike the major AMSR-E retrieval algorithms that assume fixed scattering albedo values over the globe, the proposed algorithm adopts a weighted averaging strategy for soil moisture estimation based on a dynamic selection of albedo values that are empirically determined. The resulting soil moisture retrievals demonstrate more realistic global patterns and seasonal dynamics relative to the baseline University of Montana soil moisture product. Quantitative analysis of the new approach against in situ soil moisture measurements over four study regions also indicates improvements over the baseline algorithm, with coefficients of determination $(R^2)$ between the retrievals and in situ measurements increasing by approximately 16.9% and 41.5% and bias-corrected root-mean-square errors decreasing by about 25.0% and 38.2% for ascending and descending orbital data records, respectively. The resulting algorithm is readily applied to similar microwave sensors, including the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2, and its retrieval strategy is also applicable to other passive microwave sensors, including lower frequency (L-band) observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Soil Moisture Active Passive mission.
Modeling Huddling Penguins

We present a systematic and quantitative model of huddling penguins. In this mathematical model, each individual penguin in the huddle seeks only to reduce its own heat loss. Consequently, penguins on the boundary of the huddle that are most exposed to the wind move downwind to more sheltered locations along the boundary. In contrast, penguins in the interior of the huddle neither have the space to move nor experience a significant heat loss, and they therefore remain stationary. Through these individual movements, the entire huddle experiences a robust cumulative effect that we identify, describe, and quantify. This mathematical model requires a calculation of the wind flowing around the huddle and of the resulting temperature distribution. Both of these must be recomputed each time an individual penguin moves since the huddle shape changes. Using our simulation results, we find that the key parameters affecting the huddle dynamics are the number of penguins in the huddle, the wind strength, and the amount of uncertainty in the movement of the penguins. Moreover, we find that the lone assumption of individual penguins minimizing their own heat loss results in all penguins having approximately equal access to the warmth of the huddle.
Characterization of Retroviral Gag Behavior in the Cytoplasm of Living Cells Using Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

Retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) have a huge impact on human health worldwide. Understanding every phase of the retrovirus lifecycle is critical to developing means to treat retroviral infection. This study focuses on the early stages of retroviral assembly and specifically investigates interactions of the Gag structural protein common to all retroviruses. To elucidate the various roles that Gag plays in virus assembly in vivo, Gag-Gag interactions were quantified with fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) on the single molecule level. Experiments focused on the self-associative behavior of HIV and HTLV Gag-YFP and various Gag-YFP mutants in the cytoplasm, which characterize the earliest events initiating viral assembly. The Gag mutants were chosen based on previous studies that confirmed their impact on Gag behavior. HIV and HTLV Gag exhibit differences in oligomerization dependent membrane-targeting involving the myristoyl moiety. In summary, FFS provides in vivo molecular-level information that sheds light on the retroviral assembly pathway. This work is supported by NIH Grant AI81673 and a Cancer Center Cancer Biology Training Grant (T32CA09138).
Effective headache management. Strategies to help patients gain control over pain.

PREVIEWHeadache disrupts the lives of millions of people each year. Many headache sufferers do not seek medical attention, but of those who do, some want medications for pain relief, while others merely seek reassurance that there is no serious underlying cause. Dr Jackson describes types of headache commonly seen in clinical practice and the latest treatment options.
Background reduction of high-efficiency Ge(Li) detectors

Abstract The sources of background contributions for several large Ge(Li) detectors have been measured. A typical detector back-ground is made up of roughly 30% contribution from cosmic radiation, 60% from shielding materials and 10% from radioactivity within the detector and other contributions. Background due to detector components may be reduced significantly by careful design and selection of materials, and in particular by use of shielding between molecular sieve and the diode. Mercury may be placed around the detector to further reduce the background. Cosmic radiation effects can be reduced through either anticoincidence counting techniques or by use of massive shielding. Where the method can be utilized, beta coincidence techniques will drastically reduce the background of Ge(Li) detectors, especially in conjunction with anticoincidence shielding.
Densities, operators, and basis sets.

Relationships between density matrices and densities or between operators and local potentials are considered for model problems defined by the introduction of basis sets. Some properties depend only on the space spanned by the basis while others depend on a particular choice of basis functions. Linear-dependency conditions play a critical role. In a model problem defined by a basis with all products linearly independent, the effect of any operator can be reproduced by a local potential, but any complete basis must have linearly dependent products. A one-electron density matrix or single-determinant wave function can be determined from the density (or experimental measurements sensitive only to the density) in the model problem defined by a basis with linearly independent products, but not otherwise. A simple example illustrates some of the general results.
Faith and Trust

This paper begins with the oft-repeated claim that having (religious) faith involves trust in God. Taking this platitude seriously requires at least two philosophical tasks. First, one must address the relevant notion of “trust” guiding the platitude. I offer a sketch of epistemic trust: arguing that epistemic trust involves several components: acceptance, communication, dependence, and confidence. The first duo concerns the epistemic element of epistemic trust and the second part delimit the fiducial aspect to epistemic trust. Second, one must also examine what differentiates faith qua trust. I argue that we should not distinguish faith from trust merely by believing religious propositions but by the attitudes they express. In particular, the attitude of faith is more deeply entrenched and central to one’s noetic structure than trust simpliciter. The paper ends by arguing that the account proposed insofar as it accommodates and explains certain “faith desiderata”. We can thus give content to the “faith is a kind of trust” platitude with a model of trust on hand while showing how that model confirms and explains important features of faith.
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography of myopic traction maculopathy.

Abstract Purpose Here we document 2 cases of macular schisis-like appearance in high myopia analyzed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Methods In Case 1, a 58-year-old patient with high myopia manifesting a recent onset of decreased vision in the right eye (OD) is presented. In Case 2, a 45-year-old patient with a lifelong history of no light perception and high myopia OD is presented. Results In Case 1, biomicroscopy found a posterior staphyloma associated with subtle retinal thickening in the patient’s right eye. SDOCT confirmed the presence of macular traction associated with a schisis-like appearance. In Case 2, a posterior staphyloma associated with significant macular thickening was observed during biomicroscopy. SDOCT found macular traction and a schisis-like appearance. Conclusions These presentations are consistent with myopic traction maculopathy. Few myopic traction maculopathy cases have been studied with SDOCT. The time domain optical coherence tomography and SDOCT analysis suggests that the etiology of this condition may be secondary to preretinal and extraretinal traction exhibited in degenerative high myopia.
Stereospecific routes to the isomeric 7-bromo-7-lithionorcaranes

Abstract anti -7-Bromo- syn -7-lithionorcarane can be prepared stereospecifically by the reaction of n-butyllithium with 7,7-dibromonorcarane in THF, provided that a slight excess of the dibromo compound is present and the temperature is allowed to rise briefly from −107° to about −93°. syn -7-Bromo- anti -7-lithionorcarane results when n-butyllithium is allowed to react with syn -7-bromo- anti -7-trimethyltinnorearane in THF at low temperature. Stereospecific reactions of these reagents with Me 3 SiCl, Me 3 SnCl, CO 2 and C 2 Cl 6 are reported.
On the large time behaviour of transient dynamic kernels for two‐dimensional wave scattering

An essential feature of the transient dynamic kernels for any time domain boundary integral equation is that they decay towards the static kernels for large time increments. The purpose of the paper is to show that the kernels of Mansur and Brebbia (1982), which are expressed in the form of generalized mathematical functions, do exhibit the correct decay property in contradiction to the claims of Israil and Banerjee (1990). Mansur and Brebbia express the fundamental solution wave discontinuity in terms of the generalized functions H(t) and δ(t), the Heaviside and Dirac delta functions, but do not explicitly demonstrate the required long time behaviour. In the 1990 paper the temporal discontinuity of the kernels is expressed by conventional functions in two time regimes and is shown to possess the correct long time behaviour, while it is claimed that the kernels in the 1982 paper do not. It is shown here that, assuming either constant or linear variation in time, usage of the generalized functions in the fundamental solution does yield the static fundamental solution for large time steps, as expected.
A Graphical Method for Determining the In-Plane Rotation Angle in Geometric Calibration of Circular Cone-Beam CT Systems

It is well known that seven parameters completely describe a circular cone-beam geometry in either flat-panel X-ray computed tomography (CT) or single pinhole SPECT imaging. This paper considers the problem of determining one of the seven parameters only, the detector in-plane rotation or twist angle η. We describe a graphical procedure that can determine η independently of all other six parameters from a geometric calibration scan of point objects. Our method is exact in the ideal noise-free case and is general in that the other two out-of-plane detector rotation angles θ and φ can be nonzero. The calibration scan typically needs at least two point objects and an even number of projection views over a full 360° data acquisition. Under certain conditions, projection data truncation or a short scan acquisition of 180° + fan angle can be accommodated without affecting the accuracy of the calibration result. The graphical method is equally applicable to rotational multipinhole SPECT geometry. In this case, the final result is averaged from the individual estimates considering each pinhole separately. We use computer simulations and a multipinhole SPECT experiment to demonstrate the accuracy and precision of the proposed method.
IP-10 and Mig facilitate accumulation of T cells in the virus-infected liver.

Viral infection of the liver causes accumulation of T cells in the infected organ, raising the question as to the signals that mediate this response. Employing an adenovirus induced hepatitis model in mice, we show that IP-10 and Mig are essential for T cell recruitment and that induction of the two chemokines occurs concomitant to production of IFNγ. It is shown that while IFNγ induces IP-10 and Mig in hepatocytes, for optimal chemokine induction, a co-stimulatory signal mediated by cross-linking of Fas on hepatocytes is required. Moreover, cross-linking of Fas by injection of anti-Fas antibody into mice triggers induction of IP-10 and Mig in the liver. The cells providing the two signals are shown to express NK1.1 and AsGM1; elimination of these cells leads to inhibition of IFNγ and chemokine transcript induction. The conclusion is drawn that both NK cells and T cells provide the two signals for induction of IP-10 and Mig in the liver.
Attributions about the causes and consequences of cataclysmic events

Abstract Basic to the study of disasters and other life crises are questions about how victims and observers make sense of the event. Attribution theory, which describes how and why people ascribe causes to events and behaviors, can provide a useful framework for helping researchers in their quest to understand how and why victims and observers respond as they do to cataclysmic events. In spite of its clear potential for guiding research, surprisingly few studies looking at disaster and nearly no studies of terrorism have used an attributional perspective. While other negative life crises have been studied, cataclysmic events such as disasters and terrorist attacks possess distinctive features that set them apart from other types of trauma. Because of differences in degree of consensus, perceived control, and intentionality, cataclysmic events offer attribution researchers a unique arena in which to test and clarify basic assumptions. This article reveiws the work done in the field and outlines areas of c...
Isolation of mutations in Dictyostelium discoideum affecting α-mannosidase

Summary We have isolated mutant strains of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum , which specifically lack α-mannosidase-1. This enzyme accumulates during the developmental phase of the life cycle. A minor isozyme, α-mannosidase-2, was recognized which accumulates only during culmination and makes up about 10 p. cent of the total activity in fruiting bodies. The minor isozyme has a pH response distinctly different from the major isozyme. Loss of the major isozyme, α-mannosidase-1, does not disrupt the normal sequence of biochemical differentiations.
Antinociceptive States and Hypertension

Antinociception and Hypertension. A review of available data indicates that acute and chronic increases in arterial blood pressure (ABP) are associated with antinociception in animals and hypoalgesia in humans. The primary issues of concern are whether increases in ABP are directly responsible for altered nociceptive function, and the extent to which carotid sinus, aortic depressor, and/or vagal afferents contribute to the changes in nociceptive function.
Pressure Distribution on Sabots in Hypervelocity Flight

Experimental and computational investigations of thepressure distribution on sabotsin hypervelocity e ight are performed to investigate the accuracy of a computational model previously developed for predicting sabot discard trajectories. The pressure distribution on the sabot front scoop and underside are measured experimentally and compared to results predicted by the modie ed numerical code. The results of this study indicate that although, overall, the modie ed code does a reasonable job of predicting sabot trajectories, further ree nement to the pressure modeling in the code may be needed. Specie cally, ree nement to the sabot front scoop pressure model is indicated. Additionally, a simple analytical model developed to help verify the trends predicted by the code is shown to produce accurate results, especially considering the simplicity of the model.
Comparison of outcomes of vasovasostomy performed in the convoluted and straight vas deferens.

Purpose: We compared postoperative semen analysis parameters and patency rates of vasovasostomy performed in the convoluted vs straight portion of the vas deferens.Materials and Methods: Records of patients that underwent bilateral vasovasostomy in the straight and convoluted vas deferens by a single surgeon were retrospectively analyzed. Patient age, partner age, obstructive interval, gross and microscopic appearance of the intraoperative fluid aspirated from the testicular portion of the vas deferens, and postoperative semen analysis results were examined. Patency was defined as any sperm in the postoperative ejaculate and was compared for the 2 groups.Results: A total of 42 and 64 patients underwent bilateral straight vasovasostomy and convoluted vasovasostomy, respectively. Mean patient age for straight and convoluted vasovasostomy was 38.5 and 40.3 years, respectively. Mean obstructive interval for straight vasovasostomy and convoluted vasovasostomy was 7.7 and 8.6 years, respectively. No significant...
Fallacy of the Log-Normal Approximation to Optimal Portfolio Decision-Making Over Many Periods

Abstract The fallacy that a many-period expected-utility maximizer should maximize (a) the expected logarithm of portfolio outcomes or (b) the expected average compound return of his portfolio is now understood to rest upon a fallacious use of the Law of Large Numbers . This paper exposes a more subtle fallacy based upon a fallacious use of the Central-Limit Theorem . While the properly normalized product of independent random variables does asymptotically approach a log-normal distribution under proper assumptions, it involves a fallacious manipulation of double limits to infer from this that a maximizer of expected utility after many periods will get a useful approximation to his optimal policy by calculating an efficiency frontier based upon (a) the expected log of wealth outcomes and its variance or (b) the expected average compound return and its variance. Expected utilities calculated from the surrogate log-normal function differ systematically from the correct expected utilities calculated from the true probability distribution. A new concept of ‘initial wealth equivalent’ provides a transitive ordering of portfolios that illuminates commonly held confusions. A non-fallacious application of the log-normal limit and its associated mean-variance efficiency frontier is established for a limit where any fixed horizon period is subdivided into ever more independent sub-intervals. Strong mutual-fund Separation Theorems are then shown to be asymptotically valid.
An Exploration of Meaningful Participation and Caring Relationships as Contexts for School Engagement

The purpose of this article is two-fold; (1) to inform school psychologists of connections between models of school engagement, psychological needs, and strength-based assets and (2) to share data collected with the California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) to understand the relationships between academic performance and two environmental protective factors (caring relations and meaningful participation in school). Hypotheses and findings are presented to generate future research questions for study of strength-based measures and school engagement. This is one of the first studies examining the CHKS and academic outcomes. Participants were an ethnically and culturally diverse group of 229 7th-grade students. Results indicate that students with moderate Meaningful Participation in Schools (MPS) had higher Grade Point Averages (GPAs) than students with low MPS. Further, MPS was significantly related to caring peer and adult relationships in schools. Thus, results emphasize the importance of often-overlooked social-emotional contexts of school engagement. The article also discusses limitations of the study and proposes home and school support as an important focus for future research in school engagement.
NOTE ON A NEW DRY‐PRESS DE‐AIRING DEVICE*

Three general methods for de-airing a dry press are (1) double-pressing, (2) use of an easily condensable, gas, and (3) direct de-airing. In an investigation of the latter it was found best to evacuate the mold box through holes drilled in the die pads. To keep the holes free of clay, a device called a “cleaning grid” was developed. A description of the construction and operation of an installation of this device is given.
Setting rules or sitting down: Parental mediation of television consumption and adolescent self-esteem, body image, and sexuality

Many parents express concern over the impact of television on adolescents’ attitudes and behaviors. Understanding not only what adolescents are watching on television but also how they are watching it could inform household television policies and practices, as well as media-literacy efforts. The current study examined parents as mediators of adolescents’ television viewing and offers recommendations for parents’ television involvement. Adolescent participants (N = 847) reported their televisionviewing habits, how often they watched or talked about television with parents, and whether parents imposed rules restricting their viewing. Adolescents whose parents were more involved in their television viewing reported greater self-esteem and less sexual experience. Among girls, parental television involvement was also associated with greater body satisfaction. Adolescents with parental television restrictions also reported less sexual experience. Findings suggest that parental television involvement may influence self-esteem and body image, in part by increasing parent-child closeness.
Genetic polymorphism of human complement C4 and detection of heterozygotes

Many components of complement exhibit inherited structural polymorphism, with at least two alleles being common in one or more of the major races of man1–9. However, definition of genetic polymorphism in human C4 has proved a difficult task. Differences between the electrophoretic patterns of C4 in EDTA plasma from different individuals were detected by Rosenfeld and co-workers10,11, but these differences could not be explained by any simple genetic model. O'Neill and co-workers12, using a system similar to that of a previous study13, interpreted the electrophoretic patterns in a completely different way from previous workers13,14, stating that there were three: F, FS and S. They also found that C4 F carried Rodgers or Rg(a + ) serologie reactivity and C4 S carried Chido or Ch(a + ) reactivity15. These ‘blood group’ antigens had previously been shown to be closely linked to HLA16,17. O'Neill proposed15 that C4 is genetically controlled by two closely linked loci, one for C4 F and one for C4 S, and postulated that deficiency states for one or the other locus are common but rarely occur together. The sets of haplotypes were postulated to be C4Fs° (or C4F), C4f°S (or C4S) and C4FS. In this model, the C4 F individuals are Rg(a +)Ch(a −), C4 S individuals are Rg(a −)Ch(a +) and C4 FS persons are Rg(a +)Ch(a +). The chief problem with the methods of typing, both electrophoretic and serologie, is that C4Fs° and C4f°S can usually only be detected in the homozygous state, thus severely limiting their usefulness. We have now developed a method of C4 typing that allows detection of C4Fs° and C4f°S in heterozygotes, and permits the study of genetic polymorphism of C4 in the general population. Our observations confirm and extend the two-locus genetic model of O'Neill and coworkers.
Mapping whole genome shotgun sequence and variant calling in mammalian species without their reference genomes.

Genomics research in mammals has produced reference genome sequences that are essential for identifying variation associated with disease. High quality reference genome sequences are now available for humans, model species, and economically important agricultural animals. Comparisons between these species have provided unique insights into mammalian gene function. However, the number of species with reference genomes is small compared to those needed for studying molecular evolutionary relationships in the tree of life. For example, among the even-toed ungulates there are approximately 300 species whose phylogenetic relationships have been calculated in the 10k trees project. Only six of these have reference genomes: cattle, swine, sheep, goat, water buffalo, and bison. Although reference sequences will eventually be developed for additional hoof stock, the resources in terms of time, money, infrastructure and expertise required to develop a quality reference genome may be unattainable for most species for at least another decade. In this work we mapped 35 Gb of next generation sequence data of a Katahdin sheep to its own species’ reference genome ( Ovis aries Oar3.1) and to that of a species that diverged 15 to 30 million years ago ( Bos taurus UMD3.1). In total, 56% of reads covered 76% of UMD3.1 to an average depth of 6.8 reads per site, 83 million variants were identified, of which 78 million were homozygous and likely represent interspecies nucleotide differences. Excluding repeat regions and sex chromosomes, nearly 3.7 million heterozygous sites were identified in this animal vs. bovine UMD3.1, representing polymorphisms occurring in sheep. Of these, 41% could be readily mapped to orthologous positions in ovine Oar3.1 with 80% corroborated as heterozygous. These variant sites, identified via interspecies mapping could be used for comparative genomics, disease association studies, and ultimately to understand mammalian gene function.
The relationships between rock-derived lead and iron in natural waters

Abstract The relationships between Fe and Pb released to the hydrocycle via rock weathering is examined in terms of field observations and laboratory experiments. Rock, soil, and unpolluted water samples from granodiorite, basalt, and carbonate terrains were analyzed for their Pb, Fe, and other element (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, Al, Mn) concentrations. Samples of granodiorite, soil developed on the granodiorite, basalt, and dolomite rocks, as well as biotite and feldspar minerals, were also used for laboratory leaching experiments. Fe/Pb ratios found in granodiorite, basalt, and insoluble residue of carbonate bedrocks are preserved within an order of magnitude in surface and shallow groundwater reservoirs draining these rocks. With the exception of carbonate rocks, leachates of these rocks have Fe/Pb ratios similar to that of the bedrock. Laboratory experiments suggest that Pb is adsorbed and coprecipitates with Fe-rich particles even in the presence of higher concentrations of competing ions (e.g., Mg2+). Complexation of Pb by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), however, substantially decreases the amount of Pb bound to surface sites (ligand competition). Based on our results we suggest that in early phases of the weathering cycle, Pb both coprecipitates and is adsorbed on surfaces of Fe-rich particles. Because of complementary transport mechanisms and comparable rates of release from common source rock and soil minerals, the molar ratio of Fe to natural (rock-derived) Pb in the particulate load of rivers (in many cases it includes particles which pass through 0.45 μm pore size filters) is similar to that of the upper continental crustal rock, approximately 6500. This ratio can vary in watersheds which drain rocks with different Fe Pb ratios than the average upper continental crust, in rivers loaded with dissolved natural organic matter, or in rivers polluted with Pb or with anthropogenic chelators (secondary pollution effect).
Environmental democracy in action: The Toxics Release Inventory

The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) created by the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act initially received limited attention. During the early years of its implementation, the TRI has become the basis for a national experiment in voluntaristic problem solving among citizens and industry, but that process of environmental democracy hinges on citizens' ability to actually acquire, understand, and apply the new data on industrial toxic emissions. A national study of TRI-using organizations in the public and private sectors reveals that effective citizen access depends in part on the efforts of intermediary public interest groups to bridge individual needs and right-to-know data. Although the TRI has had early success as a supplement to conventional command and control regulation, questions exist about the extent to which state and federal government should or must provide special efforts to make environmental information access work for citizens.
Effects of the new wildlife transfer factors on RESRAD-BIOTA's screening Biota Concentration Guides and previous model comparison studies

The RESRAD-BIOTA Level 1 default Biota Concentration Guides (BCGs) are generic screening environmental medium concentrations based on reasonably conservative concentration ratios (CRs). These CRs had been identified from available literature for a variety of biota organisms. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Report Series (TRS) handbook on radionuclide transfer to wildlife was recently published with data that can be compared with the RESRAD-BIOTA values. In addition, previous IAEA Environmental Modeling for Radiation Safety (EMRAS) II Biota Working Group model comparison results are examined by comparing them with those obtained using the new TRS CR values for wildlife. Since the CR affects only internal doses, the effect on the overall dose depends on the relative contribution from internal and external exposure pathways.
Isolation of dissolved organic matter from the suwannee river using reverse osmosis

Abstract A portable reverse osmosis (RO) system was constructed and used to concentrate dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the Suwannee River in southeastern Georgia. Using this RO system, 150–180 1/h of river water could be processed with 90% recovery of DOM. After further cation exchange and lyophilization of the concentrated river water samples, large quantities of low-ash freeze-dried products were isolated. We highly recommend this RO method for concentration of DOM in fresh waters because (1) a very high percentage of DOM is recovered, which indicates minimal fractionation of the original sample; and (2) the process is quite rapid, which permits large quantities of DOM to be concentrated in a reasonable length of time.