cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site blocking and correlated defect motion in tracer and chemical diffusion

A method is developed for analyzing defect-diffusion coefficients. Defect diffusion is an integral part of considerations in diffusion theory for atom motion in crystals, but it has not been developed as a distinct concern in diffusion kinetics. An ''alloy'' of tracer and nontracer atoms occupying octahedral interstices of the fcc lattice has been used as a model to develop quantitative descriptions of site blocking, correlation, and flow effects that are all characteristic elements of defect-diffusion kinetics. Correlated walk of vacancies in and near a divacancy can be discussed using these results, and this analysis suggests a method for generalizing theoretical treatments of atom-defect and defect-defect interactions in diffusion-related phenomena.
Optimum designs for high mobility systems with channel estimation errors

This paper studies the optimum system designs of high mobility wireless communication systems with channel estimation errors. In high mobility systems, the accurate estimation and tracking of the fast time-varying fading channel is nontrivial, and the residual channel estimation errors might have significant impacts on the system performance. The impacts of channel estimation error on system performance are quantified through the development of the analytical symbol error rate (SER) by analyzing the statistical properties of the estimated channel coefficients. With the help of the asymptotic analysis of the channel estimation mean squared error, the SER is expressed as an explicit function of a number of system parameters, such as the maximum Doppler frequency, the percentage of pilots in the transmitted symbols, and the ratio of energy allocated between data symbols and pilot symbols. The optimum pilot percentage and energy allocation factor that minimize the SER are identified through analytical and numerical studies.
Finite Element Analysis of Three Methods for Microwave Heating of Planetary Surfaces

In-Situ Resource Utilization will be Ground Breaking technology for sustained exploration of space. Volatiles are present in planetary regolith, but water by far has the most potential for effective utilization. The presence of water at the lunar poles and Mars opens the possibility of using the hydrogen for propellant on missions beyond Earth orbit. Likewise, the oxygen could be used for in-space propulsion for lunar ascent/descent and for space tugs from low lunar orbit to low Earth orbit. Water is also an effective radiation shielding material as well as a valuable expendable (water and oxygen) required for habitation in space. Because of the strong function of water vapor pressure with temperature, heating regolith effectively liberates water vapor by sublimation. Microwave energy will penetrate soil and heat from within, much more efficiently than heating from the surface with radiant heat. This is especially true under vacuum conditions since the heat transfer rate is very low. The depth of microwave penetration is a strong function of the microwave frequency and to a lesser extent on regolith dielectric properties. New methods for delivery of microwaves into lunar and planetary surfaces is being prototyped with laboratory experiments and modeled with COMSOL MultiPhysics. Recent results are discussed.
A change in status for the primary type of Pseudopyrochroa basalis (Pic) (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae)

Abstract New information clearly indicates that Pic based his description of Pyrochroa basalis on a single male. Thus, the male previously proposed to serve as lectotype should be considered the holotype for this southeast Asian pyrochroid.
Molecular dynamics studies of ultrafast laser-induced nonthermal melting

Molecular Dynamics (MD) is employed to investigate nonthermal melting triggered by coherent phonon excitation in bismuth telluride, which has Peierls distortion in the lattice structure. Results showed that the structural distortion caused by coherent phonons appears as early as 80 fs, while it takes several picoseconds for the whole phonon-excited area to evolve into a liquid state. It was also found that the temperature in the phonon-excited area rises quickly within tens of femtoseconds, while the rest of the lattice remains at the initial temperature even after several picoseconds, which is separated from the high temperature region across a thin transition area. This phenomenon is analogous to the heat transfer across a solid–liquid interface, even though in our case there is no abrupt solid-liquid interface between the cold lattice and the quasiliquid.
Allelism of endosperm balance number (EBN) in Solanum acaule Bitt. and other wild potato species

The inheritance of endosperm balance number (EBN), a genetic, dose-dependent crossability system functioning in tuber-bearing Solanum (potato) species, was investigated for certain wild potato species having an EBN equal to one half of their ploidy. The EBN of Solanum acaule, a disomic 4(2EBN) South American species, was investigated by producing F1 and F2 hybrids with artificial 4x(2EBN) S. commersonii. This allowed assessment of recombination among the two genomes of disomic S. acaule and that of S. commersonii. When crossability of the hybrids with 1EBN, 2EBN and 4EBN standards was tested, no variation for EBN was detected. The apparent lack of recombination and segregation for EBN in these hybrids indicates that the genomes of S. acaule and S. commersonii carry EBN in a genetically-similar way. Combined with previous reports, these data indicate that the inheritance of EBN is similar in widely-separated taxa from South America and Mexico.
Comparison of the one-gram d-[14C]xylose breath test to the [14C]bile acid breath test in patients with small-intestine bacterial overgrowth.

In twelve patients with culture-proven bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine, the ability of a newly-developed one-gramd-[14C]xylose breath test to detect bacterial overgrowth was compared to that of the [14C]bile acid breath test. All patients manifested excessive production of breath14CO2 after the administration of one gram [14C]xylose, with 83% of the patients being abnormal within the first hour of testing. In contrast, during the [14C]bile acid breath test, four of the twelve patients had no period of excessive14CO2 production (above the 95% confidence range of controls). Nutrient malabsorption (fat, cobalamin, xylose) was seen with both true-positive and false-negative bile acid breath tests. The one gram [14C]xylose breath test, utilizing a substrate with more predominant absorption in the proximal small intestine and which can be catabolized by Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, appears to have a greater degree of sensitivity and specificity than the bile acid breath test in detecting the presence of small-intestine bacterial overgrowth.
Governor Sancho and the politics of insularity

Governor Sancho's rule on the insula Barataria in Part II of Don Quijote has been read as evidence of Cervantes's endorsement of a more or less concrete political vision in response to the perception of Spanish decline. By focusing on Sancho's actions on the insula , however, scholars have overlooked the politics of the insula itself. This essay takes the Barataria episode as a point of departure for an analysis of the transatlantic politics of insularity in early modern Spain. In this context, insularity is necessarily a colonial matter. Filled with references to the practices of colonialism and specifically to the Americas, Barataria speaks to the legitimacy of possession and the spatial dimensions of governance. By reading Cervantes next to political theorists like Francisco de Vitoria, this essay suggests that the modernity of Barataria's politics lies in its insular ambiguity, a reimagining of the spatiality of colonial relations.
Prolonged survival of human sperm in chemically defined media at room temperatures.

IT has been, pointed out that mammalian sperm represents an ideal tissue for exploring, under well-defined conditions in vitro, the intricate biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying the viability and senescence of living cells1. Efforts to move in this direction have been restricted by the necessity of having to maintain mammalian sperm in complex, undefined media and at temperatures which suppress metabolic activity.
L to K capture ratio in the decay of Ge68

Abstract The L to K capture ratio in the decay of 270 day Ge 68 has been determined by comparing the number of K X-rays emitted with the amount of annihilation radiation emitted in the decay of 68 minute Ga 68 . This leads to a L/K ratio of 0.12±0.07 in good agreement with theory.
Macrophage Toxicity and Complement Sensitivity of Virulent and Avirulent Strains of Legionella pneumophila

Virulent strains of Legionella pneumophila that are preincubated with specific antiserum are cytotoxic for alveolar macrophages when added at a multiplicity of infection of 100 L. pneumophila per macrophage. Under the same conditions, avirulent strains exhibit little cytotoxic activity. Virulent strains are also resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum and fail to bind complement components on the cell surface. In contrast, avirulent strains are serum-sensitive and both C3 and C9 are deposited on the surface. Results of experiments suggest that the shift from virulence to avirulence of L. pneumophila may be the result of the selection of a small number of avirulent cells present in the population of a virulent culture.
Microfabrication of coupled fluid-structure systems with applications in acoustic sensing

Abstract A fabrication process for manufacturing coupled fluid–structure microsystems is described. This process allows production of a novel class of trapped-fluid acoustic sensors. The systems consist of wafer-thick fluid chambers bounded by arbitrarily shaped membranes. A stacked film structure of silicon nitride and boron doped polysilicon is used to reduce residual stresses in the membranes. Tin–gold fluxless solder bonding is used to fabricate capacitive structures which allow electrical sensing of membrane vibrations. An acoustic sensor fabricated using this process is demonstrated. An equivalent acoustic circuit model for the system is described, and models the low-frequency system response accurately. Experimental measurements of sensitivity, noise density, and linearity are presented.
Catalytic size control of multiwalled carbon nanotube diameter in xylene chemical vapor deposition process

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) of diameters of 10–40 nm are synthesized on Fe and Co coated nm-scale catalyst support in a xylene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process without the need for ferrocene iron source. Silica (∼40 nm diameter) and nanocrystalline Au (∼10 nm) are coated with a monolayer of amine, sulfonate, or thiol termination to ensure monolayer Fe loading, reduce Fe surface migration and reduce agglomeration of catalyst support particles during dispersion. Coordination with surface functionalization did not noticeably hinder Fe surface diffusion nor hinder catalytic activity of CNT formation. CNT diameters of ∼40 nm were seen for most chemical treatments. Functionalization of substrate (SiO2/Si) surface with carboxylic termination aided in the dispersion of amine functionalized silica nanoparticles. Another approach to limit catalytic support to nm-scale dimensions was to deposit a thin film of Co (5–25 nm thick) in a multilayer structure that after etching left a nm-scale Co line at the edge of the pattern. In the ferrocene CVD process, CNT diameters down to 10 nm are controlled directly by the catalytic metal film thickness.
A 1.4-Mb high-resolution physical map and contig of chromosome segment 11p15.5 and genes in the LOH11A metastasis suppressor region.

The centromeric part of chromosome segment 11p15.5 contains a region of frequent allele loss in many adult solid malignancies. This region, called LOH11A, is lost in 75% of lung cancers and is thought to contain a gene that may function as a metastasis suppressor. Genetic complementation studies have shown suppression of the malignant phenotype including reduction of metastasis formation. We constructed a high-resolution physical map and contig over 1.4 Mb that includes the β-hemoglobin gene cluster and the gene for the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RRM1). Through sequencing and computerized analysis, we determined that this region contains an unusually large number of transposable elements, which suggests that double-stranded DNA breaks occur frequently here. Twenty-two putative genes were identified. Because of its location at the site of maximal allele loss in the 650-kb LOH11A region and previous functional studies, RRM1 is the most likely candidate gene with metastasis suppressor function. The malignant phenotype, in this case, results from a relative loss of function rather than a complete loss.
Multiphoton laser wave-mixing absorption spectroscopy for samarium using a graphite furnace atomizer

Abstract Nonlinear laser wave-mixing optical technique is presented as a sensitive atomic spectroscopic method for the analysis of rare earth elements using an unmodified commercially available graphite furnace (GF) atomizer. A simple nonplanar backward-scattering degenerate four-wave mixing optical arrangement offers sub-picogram detection sensitivity with sub-Doppler Lorentzian-broadened resolution. Nonlinear wave mixing is an unusually sensitive absorption-based optical method that offers both excellent detection sensitivity and sub-Doppler spectral resolution. A mass detection limit of 0.7 pg and a concentration detection limit of 70 pg/ml are determined for a rare earth element, samarium, using the 429.7-nm excitation line.
Evaluation of intergroup dialogue: A review of the empirical literature

Practitioners in the developing field of intergroup dialogue seek to address critical social issues of prejudice and intergroup conflict. Goals of dialogue work include relationship building, civic participation, and social change. Outcome evaluation of this work is necessary to further understand the processes and effectiveness of dialogue practices, improve on the work being done, and obtain funding. This literature review summarizes empirical evaluation research in the field of intergroup dialogue and presents a compendium table. Strengths and limitations of current research are discussed, with emphasis on the importance of expanding evaluation work in this field.
Using homeopathy for treating childhood asthma: understanding a family's choice.

The incidence and severity of asthma are increasing despite concerted efforts in comprehensive management. Families may be expected to look to complementary or alternative therapies (CAM) for help in treating persistent childhood asthma. One such therapy is homeopathy, a system of medicine that uses specially prepared, highly dilute substances to induce the body's self-healing in a comprehensive manner. This article describes the contrasting experiences for a family who undergoes specialty consultations with an allergist and with a homeopath. The style of the interview and the diagnostic tools used vary, as well as the basic philosophies and goals. The advantages and limitations, as well as the regulatory framework of homeopathy are explained, as evidenced by the literature. For nurses and other clinicians caring for children and families who use nonconventional therapies, the clinical implications are that these professionals need to become knowledgeable about the various alternative therapies which can complement conventional care. Families who wish to try homeopathy along with conventional care need to have open lines of communication and cooperation between their providers, both conventional and homeopathic. The care of childhood asthma may prove to benefit from clinical trials in homeopathy.
A poynting theorem for moving bodies and the relativistic mechanics of extended objects

Abstract Maxwell's macroscopic field equations have long been regarded as the correct formulation of electrodynamic behavior even in the presence of moving materials. However, they do not lead to a Poynting theorem which can be given a reasonable physical interpretation with moving media present. The power converted to mechanical form, for example, is lost somewhere in the usual Poynting theorem. This fact among others has led recent workers in classical macroscopic electrodynamics to the conclusion that Maxwell's equations are not sufficiently general.However, the special theory of relativity seems to require that they hold in all inertial reference frames since they agree with experiment in a proper or rest frame.This idea is an abuse of the special theory of relativity.It is pointed out in this paper that a law of physics can only be regarded as invariant in form and meaning for all inertial observers if it agrees with experiment in a non-proper or moving frame of reference. The physical laws take on degenerate forms in a proper frame since there is something unique about a proper frame which makes it different relativistically from all other frames. Thus, Maxwell's equations must represent a degenerate form of more basic relationships which are valid in all inertial frames. Lan J. Chu has postulated a modified set of electrodynamic relationships which reduce to Maxwell's equations in a proper or rest coordinate system. It is shown that Chu's self-consistent re-formulation of macroscopic electrodynamics leads to a Poynting-type theorem which is easy to interpret physically even in the presence of moving media. The thorough interpretation of this Poynting theorem for moving bodies requires a study of the meaning of force and power from a macroscopic point of view and the relativistic laws of transformation which they obey. An approach to the relativistic mechanics of extended objects is postulated. It is assumed that there exists for every object at a particular instant some inertial coordinate system in which the net momentum of the object is zero.Various parts of the object move relative to this rest coordinate system but the net momentum of all the parts vanishes.The total energy of the object in its rest frame is the rest energy. The rest energy or rest mass of the object may vary with time. The total energy and net linear momentum of the object in some moving inertial coordinate system are related to the rest frame quantities in exactly the same way as for a point mass. The variation with time of the body's rest mass does not destroy the covariance of the formulation. Furthermore, the approach developed is consistent with macroscopic electrodynamics. As an electromagnetic field heats or polarizes a body, its rest mass increases. Relativistic particle mechanics does not allow such an effect since the rest mass is regarded as an invariant property of the particle.
Is health aid reaching the poor? Analysis of household data from aid recipient countries.

Objective To determine the extent to which the narrowing of child mortality across wealth gradients has been related to foreign aid to the health sector in low- and middle-income countries.
Sub-reflectarrays for spherical aberration compensation: concept and simulations

The sub-reflectarray compensating technique is proposed for the spherical aberration compensation in this paper. A microstrip reflectarray is a low-profile, inexpensive, and easy-to-build antenna with phase controlling capability. It is utilized as a phase actuator in a spherical reflector. By properly adjusting the reflection phase of each reflectarray element, an equal phase distribution is achieved at the exit aperture plane of the spherical reflector, and the spherical aberration is thus corrected. A 35-m spherical reflector is selected as an example to validate this concept, and the simulation results show considerable improvement. Compared with the planar array feed compensating technique, this novel technique can provide a slightly better performance, and the potential losses in the beam forming network for array feed can be circumvented.
Parental Status, Child Contact, and Well-Being Among Incarcerated Men and Women

Using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, we examine the association between parenthood and distress and anger among the currently incarcerated. We show how variations in the parenting experience—such as amount of child contact—influence the mental health of incarcerated parents and how these relationships vary by gender. Our analysis indicates that parents who are incarcerated are significantly more distressed and are angrier than incarcerated nonparents. Mothers of children below 16 years of age are more distressed than other inmates. Mothers, but not fathers, report more anger than nonparent inmates. Distress among incarcerated parents is associated with child living arrangements and with frequency of phone, mail contact, and visits from children. Both mothers and fathers whose children are in foster care are significantly more distressed and report more anger than other parents. Results are discussed in terms of implications for policies and programming for incarce...
Conversion of C14 carotene to a non-saponifiable substance or substances in the rat.

SummaryThe feeding of C14 labelled carotene resulted in the deposition of all of the absorbed C14 in the carotene-free, non-saponifiable fraction from the total animal. The highest concentration of C14 was found in the extrahepato-intestinal tissues, and the least amount was recovered in the liver.
New developments in structural complexity theory

This paper discusses the scope and goals of structural complexity theory, describes some working hypothesis of this field and summarizes (some) recent developments.
Satisfying the perceived need for free-play in pedagogically oriented interactive dramas

This research explores ways of harnessing people's passion for entertainment in order to stimulate players to attain the meta-learning skills they need for lifelong learning and to reach the highest level of learning, that of learning by teaching. More specifically to keep up with today's pace of training and the goal for it to be just-in-time, we are interested in creating a game generator to empower grass roots experts to share their stories in such a way that others learn the lessons by engagement and empathy with the storyworld characters. Doing so requires us to address the fundamental issue that caused the entertainment and educational gaming communities to split: that it is not easy to create something fun while constrained by rigid pedagogical goals. We examine a case study of the attempts of one cross-disciplinary team to overcome aesthetic silos, and propose a critical systems methodology and generator that harness the core mechanics that make gaming fun, while providing an accessible means for educators to create content to deliver the educational payload.
Marital Status as Contingency for the Effects of Neighborhood Disorder on Older Adults' Mental Health

Objectives. This study examines whether the effects of neighborhood disorder on changes in levels of depression differ between the married and nonmarried, and whether these differences are because the married are less likely to experience a decrease in mastery due to neighborhood disorder. Methods. Data are derived from a longitudinal study of adults aged 65 and older in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area over a 2-year period (2001 – 2003). Results. Neighborhood disorder is positively related to change in depression and negatively related to change in mastery, but only for the nonmarried. Differences between the married and nonmarried in changes in mastery explain differences in effects of neighborhood disorder on change in depression. Conclusion. This research contributes to the study of aging and health by demonstrating that neighborhood conditions continue to affect mental health well into late life by shaping older adults ’ mastery, but a social connection to a marital partner helps mitigate these effects.
Terrorism in Context: Race, Religion, Party and Violent Conflict in Zanzibar

In this paper we draw on a case study of violent political conflict that has been labeled terrorist in Zanzibar, an island in the Indian Ocean currently a part of Tanzania. We examine the political opportunities and social movement organizations as they have framed and mobilized racial and religious conflicts on the island. We use this case to illustrate three points relevant to the study of terrorism that have been argued in the sociological literature on social movements and violent conflicts. First, terrorists are rational actors; second, terrorism is one of many tactics potentially used by any social movement to achieve political ends; and third, terrorism is relational that is, its rise and trajectory must be understood in relation to other groups, and in response to perceptions of threat.
On reducing time spent in M/G/1 systems

Abstract In this paper we define a new ‘truncated shortest processing time’ scheduling discipline and present the first two moments of the time spent in a single server queuing system (M/G/1) with Poisson arrivals and truncated shortest processing time scheduling discipline. Also for quadratic cost functions, the mean cost of time spent in an M/G/1 system under (1) first come first served. (2) shortest processing time. (3) two level shortest processing time, (4) two class non-preemptive priority, and (5) truncated shortest processing time scheduling disciplines are compared.
The Progeny of CAPM

This paper reviews the recent literature on CAPM and APT, and reaches a surprising conclusion. While APT died a silent death, CAPM's progeny is alive and well! We provide a short review of the recent literature on the conditional CAPMs, intertemporal CAPMs, and higher-order Co-Moments-based CAPMs. Some of these multifactor extensions of CAPM not only have higher explanatory power than the three-factor Fama and French (FF) model, but also are not rejected in the empirical tests, while the FF model is rejected.
Endogenous versus tumor-specific host response to breast carcinoma: a study of stromal response in synchronous breast primaries and biopsy site changes

Purpose: We recently described two types of stromal response in breast cancer derived from gene expression studies of tenosynovial giant cell tumors and fibromatosis. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the basis of this stromal response—whether they are elicited by individual tumors or whether they represent an endogenous host reaction produced by the patient. Experimental Design: Stromal signatures from patients with synchronous dual primaries were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray ( n = 26 pairs) to evaluate the similarity of stromal responses in different tumors within the same patient. We also characterized the extent to which the stromal signatures were conserved between stromal response to injury compared to the stromal response to carcinoma using gene expression profiling and tissue microarray immunohistochemistry. Results: The two stromal response signatures showed divergent associations in synchronous primaries: the DTF fibroblast response is more likely to be similar in a patient with multiple breast primaries (permutation analysis P = 0.0027), whereas CSF1 macrophage response shows no significant concordance in separate tumors within a given patient. The DTF fibroblast signature showed more concordance across normal, cancer, and biopsy site samples from within a patient, than across normal, cancer, and biopsy site samples from a random group of patients, whereas the CSF1 macrophage response did not. Conclusions: The results suggest that the DTF fibroblast response is host-specific, whereas the CSF1 response may be tumor-elicited. Our findings provide further insight into stromal response and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to target particular stromal subtypes. Clin Cancer Res; 17(3); 437–46. ©2010 AACR .
Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

Dual-process theories of retrieval suggest that controlled and automatic processing contribute to memory performance. Free recall tests are often considered pure measures of recollection, assessing only the controlled process. We report two experiments demonstrating that automatic processes also influence free recall. Experiment 1 used inclusion and exclusion tasks to estimate recollection and automaticity in free recall, adopting a new variant of the process dissociation procedure. Dividing attention during study selectively reduced the recollection estimate but did not affect the automatic component. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of Experiment 1, and subjects additionally reported remember–know–guess judgments during recall in the inclusion condition. In the latter task, dividing attention during study reduced remember judgments for studied items, but know responses were unaffected. Results from both methods indicated that free recall is partly driven by automatic processes. Thus, we conclude that retrieval in free recall tests is not driven solely by conscious recollection (or remembering) but also by automatic influences of the same sort believed to drive priming on implicit memory tests. Sometimes items come to mind without volition in free recall.
Residential transitions from nursing homes for adults with cerebral palsy

Purpose: The impact of moving out of nursing homes into community-based settings for adults with cerebral palsy was assessed by comparing the health and community functioning of movers and non-movers at time 1 and 3 years later at time 2. Subjects: The sample included 83 non-movers and 28 movers age 30 years and older who initially were living in nursing homes. The majority of residents had severe to profound mental retardation. The movers transferred to 15 communitybased settings between 1 and 3 years (mean of 2 years) prior to the time 2 assessment. Assessments of residents at baseline and at follow-up included health measures (health status, health limits, mobility limits, days hospitalized and depression) and community functioning measures (adaptive functioning, maladaptive behaviour, community inclusion, day programme hours and monthly wages). Results: Findings indicated that movers showed benefits in terms of improved health and community functioning. For movers, health status, mobility limitations,...
High speed optical interconnection using embedded PDs on electrical boards

As the data rate of electronic circuitry dramatically increases, interconnection speed becomes one of the critical bottlenecks in the overall performance of current data processing systems. A number of alternative approaches have been suggested to improve the current interconnection performance in terms of operational speed, power consumption, and area [I, 2, 3, 41. As an alternative for current electrical interconnections, optical interconnections offer several attractive features. Advantages of optical interconnections include low power consumption, a significant reduction in interconnect footprint, and robust signal quality in high density interconnection systems because of immunity to electromagnetic interference. There are a number of approaches toward the integration of optical signals into an electrical interconnection system. One approach utilizes waveguides and beam turning devices (e.g. mirrors, gratings) to address surface normal photodetectors (PDs) and vdcal cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) which can he hump bonded onto the modnle. A second approach also utilizes waveguides, however, the PDs and/or edge emitting lasers (EELS) are embedded in the waveguidehbstrate sample, as shown in Figure I, and evanescent field or direct coupling from the waveguide to the PD can he used to address the PD. This approach achieves alignment through assembly and successive masking layers and does not need optical beam turning devices. Thus, this optical interconnection integration mimics the transition in electronics fiom discrete packaged components to integrated circuits in the 1970s, through the integration of these embedded optical interconnections and active components. A great deal of research to date has focused upon the implementation of polymer optical waveguides with standard electrical interconnection substrates, and there have been demonstrations of polymer waveguides addressing PDs fabricated in Si and GaAs substrates. This paper describes the heterogeneous integration of independently optimized polymer waveguides, embedded thin film InGaAs PDs operating at a wavelength of 1300 nm, and a standard Si substrate; thus using a different material for each of the three components in the embedded optical waveguide interconnection. Finally, an integrated circuit is attached to the electrical interconnection substrate and wire bonded to the embedded PD, as shown in Figure 1. This work represents steps toward chip to chip embedded optical interconnections
Gliding Guidance of High L/D Hypersonic Vehicles

This paper investigates gliding guidance of hypersonic vehicles with high lift-to-drag (L/D) ratios. The application scenarios envisioned are largely those that may be called suborbital entry, although orbital entry cases are not excluded. An adaptive predictorcorrector algorithm is used for guidance purposes. For high L/D vehicles a unique challenge is found to be large phugoid oscillations in the gliding trajectory. A simple and effective feedback mechanism is developed for trajectory damping control in conjunction with the predictor-corrector guidance algorithm to eliminate these phugoid oscillations. Another unique capability illustrated in this paper is end-to-end mission planning, where the hypersonic gliding vehicle is launched by a multi-stage rocket, and hypersonic gliding followed. This paper shows that shaping the ascent trajectory differently from conventional ballistic launch can bring significant benefits to the gliding phase in terms of dramatically reduced the heating and dynamic load stresses.
Comparison of the effects of topical administration of a fixed combination of dorzolamide-timolol to monotherapy with timolol or dorzolamide on IOP, pupil size, and heart rate in glaucomatous dogs.

Objective To determine whether the combination multiple-dose dorzolamide–timolol administered topically has any greater effects on the reduction of intraocular pressure, pupil size, and heart rate in dogs with glaucoma than do either timolol or dorzolamide alone. Procedure Applanation tonometry, pupil size, and heart rate measurements were made at 7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 7 p.m. daily of 12 laboratory Beagles with inherited primary open-angle glaucoma during each active phase of this study. Timolol 0.5% was administered first twice daily for 4 consecutive days. Dorzolamide 2.0% was administered next three times daily for 4 consecutive days. The fixed combination of the two (timolol 0.5% and dorzolamide 2.0%) was administered twice daily for 4 consecutive days during the final week of the study. Between administration of each drug, a withdrawal period of at least 10 days was instituted. Statistical comparisons between the effects of the three drugs were performed. Results Intraocular pressure (IOP) was decreased with the administration of all three drugs: timolol alone, dorzolamide alone, and the combination of the two decreased IOP after 1 day of treatment 2.83 ± 0.70 mmHg, 6.47 ± 0.32 mmHg, and 6.56 ± 0.37 mmHg, respectively. After 4 days of treatment, the IOP decreased even further: timolol alone, dorzolamide alone, and the combination of the two decreased IOP 3.75 ± 0.88 mmHg, 7.50 ± 0.29 mmHg, and 8.42 ± 0.58 mmHg, respectively. Heart rate was significantly decreased with timolol (−11.9 ± 2.0 bpm) and the combination preparation (−8.6 + 2.4 bpm), but not with dorzolamide (−3.7 ± 1.8 bpm) alone. Pupil size was significantly decreased with timolol (−1.42 + 0.40 mm) and the combination preparation (−1.3 + 0.33 mm), but not with dorzolamide (0.97 ± 0.36 mm) alone. Conclusions The combination dorzolamide–timolol appears to be more effective at reducing intraocular pressure in glaucomatous dogs than is either timolol or dorzolamide alone.
AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF THE LEXICAL SEMANTICS OF VERBS FROM SENTENCE FRAMES

This paper presents a computational model of verb acquisition which uses what we will call the principle of structured overcommitment to eliminate the need for negative evidence. The learner escapes from the need to be told that certain possibilities cannot occur (i.e., are "ungrammatical") by one simple expedient: It assumes that all properties it has observed are either obligatory or forbidden until it sees otherwise, at which point it decides that what it thought was either obligatory or forbidden is merely optional. This model is built upon a classification of verbs based upon a simple three-valued set of features which represents key aspects of a verb's syntactic structure, its predicate/argument structure, and the mapping between them.
Experimental analysis of phase change material slurry through porous channel

Among the emerging heat transfer technologies of today are fluid additives based on micro-encapsulated phase-change materials (MPCM). Unfortunately, very small particles do not produce a strong mixing effect in the liquid, thus missing out on a source of efficiency in the heat transfer process. Also, particles flowing far from the channel heat exchange surfaces do not efficiently participate in heat transfer.
Proinflammatory cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors are altered in the lymphocytes of schizophrenia patients

Abnormalities of protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors have been reported in the plasma/serum of schizophrenia (SZ) patients. To examine if SZ is also associated with the abnormal gene expression of cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors, we studied mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in lymphocytes of SZ patients and normal control (NC) subjects. We determined the protein and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and mRNA expression of their receptors in lymphocytes from 30 SZ patients and 30 drug-free NC subjects. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Protein levels of cytokines were determined by ELISA, and mRNA levels in lymphocytes were determined by the qPCR method. We found that the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1R1, TNFR1, and TNFR2, but not IL-1β, IL-1R2, IL-1RA, IL-6R, or GP130 were significantly increased in lymphocytes of SZ patients compared with NC subjects. We also found that the protein expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, but not IL-1β, was also significantly increased in SZ patients compared with NC subjects. These studies suggest that in addition to the reported abnormalities of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors in the plasma of SZ patients, an abnormal gene expression of these cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of SZ.
The proper rigid frame and the principle of objectivity. A relativistic approach

A new principle of objectivity, appropriate for relativistic constitutive equations, is proposed here. This principle is the combination of the concepts of proper observer and rigid frame of reference. A specific frame is introduced and its properties are studied. It is concluded that such a frame is appropriate for derivation of objective constitutive relations.
A NEURONAL ROLE FOR A CRUSTACEAN RED PIGMENT CONCENTRATING HORMONE-LIKE PEPTIDE: NEUROMODULATION OF THE PYLORIC RHYTHM IN THE CRAB, CANCER BOREALIS

SUMMARY The distribution of red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH)-like immunoreactivity (RPLI) in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab, Cancer borealis, was studied using whole-mount immunocytochemistry. RPLI was seen in neuropilar processes in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG), and in somata in the oesophageal ganglion and commissural ganglia. Staining was blocked by preincubating the antiserum with RPCH, as well as with a number of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) and related peptides. Synthetic RPCH had strong actions on the pyloric rhythm of the isolated STG. Bath applications of RPCH (10~ 9 -10~ 6 moll~') increased the cycle frequency in preparations displaying slow pyloric rhythms, and initiated rhythmic pyloric activity in silent preparations. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), RPCH evoked rhythmic non-impulse-mediated alternations in membrane potential in the lateral pyloric and pyloric dilator motor neurones. The effects of RPCH were compared to those of a series of AKHs which resemble RPCH structurally. The immunocytochemical and physiological data together suggest that RPCH or a similar molecule is a neurally released modulator of the STG.
The Demographic Black Hole in the European Union

Low fertility rates in EU countries since the 1960s are bringing about a number of economic and social consequences which will have a negative impact on productivity, economic growth, social-welfare programs,patterns of immigration, Europe’s ability to pull its weight diplomatically, culturally and militarily in the 21st century; and the very survival of the EU itself. Because of the current network of global trade and financial linkages international business and world prosperity could also be significantly impacted. Whether or not the worst of these consequences occur, however, depends upon the actions governments take and how they are able to manage the factors that limit needed solutions. The conclusion to this study is that no single policy intervention will resolve the situation and that governments need to move quickly and aggressively on several fronts in order to avoid the demographic and economic collapse of the EU itself.
Laser-assisted vasal anastomosis in the rat and man.

AbstractIn order to study the efficacy of laser-assisted vasal anastomosis (LAVA), a microscopic carbon dioxide surgical laser (Xanar) was utilized in the anastomoses of human vas deferens in vitro and the Sprague-Dawley rat vas deferens in vivo. The longitudinal tensile and internal hydrostatic pressure strengths of laser-assisted vasal anastomoses were compared to conventional microsurgical suture anastomoses in the human vas deferens. The LAVA group had a greater mean internal hydrostatic pressure strength (p < 0.001) and a lesser mean longitudinal tensile strength (p < 0.001) than the conventional microsurgical group.Further evaluation was performed in the Sprague-Dawley rat model, comparing post-operative fertility, patency, healing and sperm granuloma occurrence among four surgically treated groups and a control group: LAVA, conventional suture anastomosis, sham operated, and vasectomized. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination revealed equivalent healing in both the LAVA and convention...
Evolution of the Chipmunk Genera Eutamias and Tamias

Experiments using the immunological technique of micro-complement fixation indicate that chipmunks diverged from the tree squirrel lineage during the Oligocene. Three chipmunk lineages (Tamias, Eutamias : Neotamias , and Eutamias : Eutamias ) have been distinct since the late Miocene. Fossil, morphological, karyotypic, and other immunological data are discussed and shown to agree with our conclusions on relationships of these three lineages.
Technical aspects of cryogenic cable design

The electric utility industry faces a growing need for improvement in the technology of underground transmission. Not only are the blocks of power being generated and transmitted increasing steadily, but there is increased pressure for elimination of large overhead lines in suburban areas. Although it seems clear that the cost of transmission will continue to favor overhead systems, the amount and proportion of underground transmission will continue to increase.
Application of Steam Thermal Recovery Technique in Daqing-Sabei Oilfield

Because of low permeability,more serious heterogeneity,poor physical property and relatively high viscosity of oil in Daqing-Sabei Oilfield,the heat recovery field test was provided in order to improve the development effects.The results show that 6 wells reach better results of increasing oil production through the steam stimulation experiments.The average oil production increases by 7.8 t and the water cut dropped 11.8 %.The cumulative oil increases by 2 820 t.
Successful lung transplantation in spite of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease: A case series

Lung transplantation has recently offered hope for prolonged survival in patients with cystic fibrosis. Patients with cystic fibrosis have a 7% prevalence of associated liver disease and portal hypertension. These patients have been previously excluded from consideration for lung transplantation. The natural history of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease suggests a benign and protracted course in most cases. At the University of Washington, 14 of 53 patients (26%) have undergone lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis-related respiratory failure. We report the outcome of double lung transplantation in four of these 14 patients who also had cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease and portal hypertension, all of whom were symptom free from their liver disease. All four patients are alive and well without complications 4 to 31 months after transplantation. We conclude that the presence of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease with portal hypertension, in the setting of good synthetic function (albumin > 3.0 gm/L and normal prothrombin time), normal serum bilirubin, minimal varices, without ascites or encephalopathy, should not be an absolute contraindication to lung transplantation. We recommend that other transplantation centers also include this patient population in consideration for lung transplantation.
Clinical Versus Urodynamic Diagnosis in an Incontinent Geriatric Female Population

AbstractThe clinical presentation of incontinence was compared to diagnoses based on urological and urodynamic evaluation in 135 elderly women assessed consecutively in an outpatient clinic. Most patients (64 per cent) presented with mixed symptoms: 16 per cent presented with pure stress and 16 per cent with pure urge incontinence. After evaluation 46 per cent of the patients had stress incontinence with a stable bladder, 27 per cent had detrusor instability or hyperreflexia without sphincter weakness and 19 per cent had mixed urodynamic abnormalities. Presenting symptoms were predictive of urodynamic diagnosis in 64 per cent of the patients with pure stress incontinence and 55 per cent with pure urge incontinence. In general, symptoms in our patient population were less predictive of urodynamic findings than in previously reported series of younger incontinent women but they were more predictive than in other series of elderly women. Predictive values for some urodynamic findings were enhanced by combini...
[23] (with S. Bergman) Kernel functions in the theory of partial differential equations of elliptic type

The authors continue their study of the kernels initiated in their earlier paper (Schiffer and Bergman, Duke Math. J., 14, 609–638, 1947). Let B be a bounded, finitely connected domain in the plane with smooth boundary, and let P be a positive continuous function defined on the closed region \(\overline{B}.\) It is shown that the reproducing kernel K associated with the Hilbert space of solutions of the elliptic equation \(\Delta \varphi - P\varphi = 0\) in B under the scalar product $$\displaystyle{\mathcal{D}[u,v] :=\int _{B}[\nabla u \cdot \nabla v + Puv]\,dxdy}$$ is nonnegative and subharmonic in B.
Review: lung expansion modalities and selective nasogastric decompression prevent postoperative pulmonary complications.

Source Citation Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, Smetana GW. Strategies to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physic...