cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiral recognition of PVBA on Pd(111) and Ag(111) surfaces

An asymmetric planar molecule, 4-trans-2-(pyrid-4-yl-vynyl) benzoic acid (PVBA), has been used to establish the organic chiral recognition on fcc(111) metal surfaces. The strong correlation between the orientation and chiral recognition of PVBA on both Ag(111) and Pd(111) guides the choice of a model potential, which determines the relative binding energy of PVBA on fcc(111). An angle-dependent calculation of relative binding energy reproduces the experimental observation of the chiral recognition of PVBA on Ag(111) but not on Pd(111).
On the nonlinear uncoupled roll and pitch of submerged vehicles

Abstract This paper presents an exact solution of the problem of free nonlinear rolling or pitching motion of a submerged vehicle. The nondimensional frequency-amplitude relationship of free uncoupled roll or pitch is universal, i.e. the single curve describes the behavior of any vehicle. This relationship is softening, i.e. the decreasing frequencies correspond to larger amplitudes of roll or pitch. The amplitudes of vibrations in the region of frequencies corresponding to the resonance are very sensitive to small variations of the frequency. These conclusions, i.e. the softening nonlinearity and the high sensitivity of the amplitudes to small variations of the vibration frequency are valid also for the problem of forced nonlinear roll or pitch motion of submerged vehicles.
Structure and Stability of One-Dimensional Detonations in Ethylene-Air Mixtures

The propagation of one-dimensional detonations in ethylene-air mixtures is investigated numerically by solving the one-dimensional Euler equations with detailed finite-rate chemistry. The numerical method is based on a second-order spatially accurate total-variation-diminishing scheme and a point implicit, first-order-accurate, time marching algorithm. The ethylene-air combustion is modeled with a 20-species, 36-step reaction mechanism. A multi-level, dynamically adaptive grid is utilized, in order to resolve the structure of the detonation. Parametric studies over an equivalence ratio range of \(0.5 \le \phi \le 3\) for different initial pressures and degrees of detonation overdrive demonstrate that the detonation is unstable for low degrees of overdrive, but the dynamics of wave propagation varies with fuel-air equivalence ratio. For equivalence ratios less than approximately 1.2 the detonation exhibits a short-period oscillatory mode, characterized by high-frequency, low-amplitude waves. Richer mixtures (\(\phi > 1.2\)) exhibit a low-frequency mode that includes large fluctuations in the detonation wave speed. At high degrees of overdrive, stable detonation wave propagation is obtained. A modified McVey-Toong short-period wave-interaction theory is in excellent agreement with the numerical simulations.
High Prevalence and Abundant Atypical Genotypes of Toxoplasma Gondii Isolated From Lambs Destined for Human Consumption in the USA

Abstract Little information is available on the presence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of lambs worldwide. The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 383 lambs ( T. gondii by using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Sera were first screened using 1:25, 1:50, 1: 100 and 1:200 dilutions, and hearts were selected for bioassay for T. gondii . Antibodies (MAT, 1:25 or higher) to T. gondii were found in 104 (27.1%) of 383 lambs. Hearts of 68 seropositive lambs were used for isolation of viable T. gondii by bioassay in cats, mice or both. For bioassays in cats, the entire myocardium or 500 g was chopped and fed to cats, one cat per heart and faeces of the recipient cats were examined for shedding of T. gondii oocysts. For bioassays in mice, 50 g of the myocardium was digested in an acid pepsin solution and the digest inoculated into mice; the recipient mice were examined for T. gondii infection. In total, 53 isolates of T. gondii were obtained from 68 seropositive lambs. Genotyping of the 53 T. gondii isolates using 10 PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico) revealed 57 strains with 15 genotypes. Four lambs had infections with two T. gondii genotypes. Twenty-six (45.6%) strains belong to the clonal Type II lineage (these strains can be further divided into two groups based on alleles at locus Apico). Eight (15.7%) strains belong to the Type III lineage. The remaining 22 strains were divided into 11 atypical genotypes. These results indicate high parasite prevalence and high genetic diversity of T. gondii in lambs, which has important implications in public health. We believe this is the first in-depth genetic analysis of T. gondii isolates from sheep in the USA.
A numeric investigation of the rake face stress distribution in orthogonal machining

Abstract An analysis of the normal and shear stress distribution on the rake face of an orthogonal cutting tool is presented. A research-licensed version of DYNA3D finite element package was used to model the cutting process based upon mechanistic experiments that provided the empirical parameters of the Johnson–Cook constitutive model. The Johnson–Cook model uses strain, strain rate, and temperature to predict the material’s stress response. The computer model gave predictions for the normal and shear stresses on the rake lace that qualitatively agree with the experimentally determined stress distributions determined by other researchers.
Sauvagine Cross-links to the Second Extracellular Loop of the Corticotropin-releasing Factor Type 1 Receptor

Abstract Contact sites between the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRFR1), the sauvagine (SVG) radioligands [Tyr0,Gln1]SVG (125I-YQS) and [Tyr0,Gln1, Leu17]SVG (125I-YQLS) were examined. 125I-YQLS or 125I-YQS was cross-linked to CRFR1 using the chemical cross-linker, disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), which cross-links the e amino groups of lysine residues that have a molecular distance of 11.4 A. DSS specifically and efficiently cross-linked 125I-YQLS and 125I-YQS to CRFR1. CRFR1 contains 5 putative extracellular lysine residues (Lys110, Lys111, Lys113, Lys257, and Lys262) that can cross-link to the 4 lysine residues (Lys16, Lys22, Lys25, and Lys27) of the radioligands. Identification of the CNBr-cleaved fragments of CRFR1 cross-linked to 125I-YQLS or 125I-YQS established that the second extracellular loop of CRFR1 cross-links to Lys16 of YQS. Additionally, site-directed mutagenesis (changing Lys to Arg in CRFR1 individually and in combination) revealed that Lys257 in the second extracellular loop of CRFR1 is an important cross-linking site. In conclusion, it was shown that in SVG-bound CRFR1, Lys257 of CRFR1 lies in close proximity (11.4 A) to Lys16 of SVG.
Dynamics of a dense gravity current flowing over a corrugation

Abstract In this study, we investigate the dynamics of a dense gravity currents over different sizes of ridges and canyons. We employ a high resolution idealized isopycnal model and perform a large number of experiments changing the aspect ratio of a ridge/canyon, the Coriolis parameter, the reduced gravity, the background slope and initial overflow thickness. The control run (smooth topography) is in an eddy-regime and the frequencies of the eddies coincide with those of the Filchner overflow ( Darelius et al., 2009 ). Our idealized corrugation experiments show that corrugations steer the plume downslope, and that ridges are more effective than canyons in transporting the overflow to the deep ocean. We find that a corrugation Burger number ( Bu c ) can be used as a parameter to describe the flow over topography. Bu c is a combination of a Froude number and the aspect ratio. The maximum downslope transport of a corrugation can be increased when the height of the corrugation increases ( Bu c increases) or when the width of the corrugation decreases ( Bu c increases). In addition, we propose a new parameterization of mixing as a function of Bu c that can be used to account for unresolved shear in coarse resolution models. The new parameterization captures the increased local shear, thus increasing the turbulent kinetic energy and decreasing the gradient Richardson number. We find reasonable agreement in the overflow thickness and transport between the models with this parameterization and the high resolution models. We conclude that mixing effects of corrugations can be implemented as unresolved shear in an eddy diffusivity formulation and this parameterization can be used in coarse resolution models.
Brief note on effects of thermal pulses on elastic moduli and Q of rock

Abstract Preliminary results of a current experimental study on relationships between elastic moduli, internal friction (Q−1) and rock structure are compatible with lunar in situ observations which indicate that mechanisms which lower the elastic moduli of rock need not contribute significantly to the internal friction. In terrestrial rock samples which were thermally pulsed in vacuum, elastic moduli decreased andQ's increased. These results imply that the thermal pulsing induces damage such as microcracks (which lower the elastic moduli), eliminates crack surface contaminants and may destroy other possible sites of internal friction such as grain boundary mechanisms and hydrous minerals (increasingQ).
Engagement with natural beauty moderates the positive relation between connectedness with nature and psychological well-being

Prior research has demonstrated that people who are more connected with nature report more subjective well-being. However, guided by the sensitization model of well-being, we expected that the positive relation between connectedness with nature and psychological well-being would only be significant for those who tend to engage in nature's beauty (i.e., experience positive emotional responses when witnessing nature's beauty). In Study 1, we found the positive relation between connectedness with nature and life satisfaction was only significant for individuals higher, and not those lower, on engagement with natural beauty. Study 2 conceptually replicated this finding using self-esteem as an outcome. Moreover, the results were not affected by age, gender, Big Five personality traits (Study 1) or social desirability (Study 2). Thus, the current research extends past literature and demonstrates that connectedness with nature only predicts well-being when individuals are also emotionally attuned to nature's beauty.
The Tripartite Conceptual Framework in Adolescence and Adulthood: Evidence from a National Sample:

The relationship between substance use and crime is investigated, building on previous research by Goldstein and his colleagues (Brownstein & Goldstein, 1990; Goldstein, 1985; Goldstein, Brownstein, & Ryan, 1992). The previous research is extended by examining the relationship between substance use and crime at different stages of the life course, adolescence and early adulthood, by examining the relationship for a broader range of offenses than has been used in previous studies, and by examining Goldstein's tripartite classification of substance-related offending in a general population sample. The results indicate an important role for alcohol use as an influence on violence, and both adolescent and adult involvement in illicit drug markets as a risk factor for violent crime and victimization.
Proton threshold states in 26Al

Abstract The energy levels of 26Al between Ex = 6.3 and 6.5 MeV, corresponding to proton threshold energies in the 25Mg + p reaction from E p = 0 to 200 keV , have been investigated using the reactions 27 Al(su3 He, α)26Al and 24Mg(3He, p)26Al. Despite early work reporting a doublet at Ex = 6346 keV and Ex = 6362 keV, most subsequent work reported a single state with conflicting spin and parity assignments. Our work clearly establishes the presence of the doublet and resolves the conflicts. We find that there are six states in this excitation energy region, including a new state at Ex = 6410 ± 5 keV. The l-values leading to possible spin and parity assignments for all these states have been made using DWBA. We conclude however that only three of these six states may contribute to the production of 26Al by the 25Mg(p, γ) reaction in the MgAl cycle and the new structure of 26Al reported here can substantially increase the production rate of 26Al in stellar reactions.
Tryptophan biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum and Daucus carota cell cultures: Site of action of inhibitory tryptophan analogs

Abstract 1. 1. Eight tryptophan analogs completely inhibit the growth of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and Daucus carota (carrot) cells with 5-methyltryptophan, 4-methyltryptophan, 5-fluorotrytophan and 6-fluorotryptophan being the most effective with 5-hydroxytryptophan, 3β-indoleacrylic acid, 7-azatryptophan, and 3-methylanthranilic acid less effective. 2. 2. The growth inhibition caused by all the analogs, except 3β-indoleacrylic acid and 3-methylanthranilic acid, could be reversed by the addition to the medium of anthranilic acid, indole or l -tryptophan. 3. 3. Anthranilate synthetase, which is normally feedback inhibited by l -tryptophan, was much more sensitive to inhibition by all the analogs than was tryptophan synthetase. 4. 4. The evidence indicates that all of the analogs, except 3β-indoleacrylic acid and 3-methylanthranilic acid, act by inhibiting anthranilate synthetase which effectively stops the biosynthesis of tryptophan. The lack of tryptophan prevents cell growth.
The Hd0053 gene of Haemophilus ducreyi encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase

Haemophilus ducreyi is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chancroid, a sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease. Different lipooligosaccharide (LOS) structures have been identified from H. ducreyi strain 35000, including those sialylated glycoforms. Surface LOS of H. ducreyi is considered an important virulence factor that is involved in ulcer formation, cell adhesion, and invasion of host tissue. Gene Hd0686 of H. ducreyi, designated lst (for lipooligosaccharide sialyltransferase), was identified to encode an α2,3-sialyltransferase that is important for the formation of sialylated LOS. Here we show that Hd0053 of H. ducreyi genomic strain 35000HP, the third member of the glycosyltransferase family 80 (GT80), also encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase that may be important for LOS sialylation.
Comparative study of electric drives for EV/HEV propulsion system

Large scale electrification of transportation industry can be viewed as a paradigm shift in the way sources of energy are accessed, dispatched and consumed. Undoubtedly higher levels of fuel economy, reduced emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, and a lesser dependence on petroleum are among major incentives for many industrial and developing countries. The ultimate success of this transformation, in large part, depends on development of low cost, compact, efficient, fault tolerant, and quiet adjustable speed motor drives. The present article provides a comparison among major adjustable speed drives which are currently considered for electric propulsion. In addition, Double Stator Switched Reluctance Machine (DSSRM) as an alternative candidate will be introduced.
Mycorrhizal-phosphorus interaction on red pines (Pinus resinosa Ait.)

Abstract One isolate each of Pisolithus arhizus and hebeloma arenosa, both isolated from sporophores collected in Wisconsin conifer nurseries, were tested for effects on growth and nutrient content of red pines (Pinus resinosa Ait.) at varied levels of available phosphorus. The growing medium was a sandy soil analyzing 13.5 mg/kg of available phosphorus. Soil was amended with superphosphate at rates of 0, 50, and 150 mg/kg of phosphorus for the P. arhizus study and 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg for the H. arenosa study. At harvest, trees inoculated with either fungus had significantly greater shoot and root dry weights than non-mycorrhizal controls at the lowest and intermediate levels of P. Degree of colonization and growth enhancement by both fungal symbionts decreased with increasing phosphorus additions. Tissue concentrations of P and K were increased with mycorrhization and with increasing phosphorus levels. Iron was preferentially accumulated within root tissue of plants mycorrhizal with H. arenosa, with reduced translocation to shoots. This affect was not observed either with mycorrhization by P. arhizus or phosphorus additions.
Engineering tradeoffs in miniaturization of electronics for very large detectors

The author points out that very-large-scale detectors require a level of highly disciplined engineering if they are to be built within time and budgetary constraints, and that an excessive level of innovation in the design can be a hindrance rather than an advantage toward the chief end. He explores the issue of how to judge the level to which electronics technology should be introduced into a detector design. He examines the cost/benefit tradeoffs. >
Geographies of Nation and Region in Modern European and American Fiction

In his article "Geographies of Nation and Region in Modern European and American Fiction" Thomas O. Beebee proposes that beyond using character, plot, and style, modern fiction also has entertained its readers with mental maps of heterotopias. A mental map is an imaginative representation of place derived from experience or story. Following Michel Foucault, heterotopia is defined as an "other space" both familiar as and different from the real. The "imagined communities" (Anderson) of nation and region are themselves heterotopias that receive confirmation and/or contestation through the discursive territoriality of literary prose. The mental maps of literature participate in the cycle of cultural production, in which readings of texts (in the broadest sense of "text") combine with lived experience and social relations to produce new texts that conform to public genres such as novels, travel narratives, and so forth. For a study-example, the writings of Jose Maria Arguedas (1911-1967) are analyzed as mental maps that construct a heterotopian vision of the Peruvian nation. Thomas O. Beebee, "Geographies of Nation and Region in Modern European and American Fiction" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.3 (2008):
SOME EXPLORATIONS IN INITIAL INTERACTION AND BEYOND: TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

This paper provides a theoretical perspective for dealing with the initial entry stage of interpersonal interaction. The seven axioms and 21 theorems presented suggest a set of research priorities for studying the development of interpersonal relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the problems to be considered if the theory is to be extended beyond the initial stages of interaction.
Environmental flows in the Anthropocence: past progress and future prospects

Human modification of the global hydrologic cycle through the building and operation of hundreds of thousands of dams and diversions has significantly altered fluvial processes, leading to impairment of river ecosystem function and biodiversity loss worldwide. The concept of environmental flows (e-flows) emerged to mitigate the undesirable hydrological impacts of dams and water diversions, in order to strengthen ecologically informed water management. In this paper, we outline the scientific foundations and progressive development of the current e-flows framework over the last 25 years, identifying three discrete periods in its history: emergence and synthesis, consolidation and expansion, and globalization. We highlight the evolving challenges and audiences that e-flows engages, and discuss the challenges facing the framework during the current period of rapid global change. For e-flows to contribute most effectively to sustainable freshwater management on a global scale, it must, first, move from a focus on restoration to one of adaptation to climate and other environmental change stressors, second, expand its scale from single sites to whole river basins, and third, broaden its audience to embrace social-ecological sustainability that balances freshwater conservation needs with human well-being in both developing and developed economies alike.
Using Popular Culture Texts in the Classroom to Interrogate Issues of Gender Transgression Related Bullying.

This article examines how undergraduate instructors of pre-service educators can address complex issues of sexuality and sexual orientation within the classroom. First, we explain our own backgrounds and positionalities to provide a context for our ensuing ideas and discussions. Second, by reviewing the literature on homophobic bullying, we outline why it is imperative that preservice teachers understand and mobilize around issues of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex rights. Third, we offer suggestions as to how to relate to undergraduate students when talking about sexuality and sexual orientation. We propose that using popular culture is an effective and engaging way of connecting to preservice teachers who have not previously had to confront their own homophobia and heterosexism. We suggest that using popular films or TV shows, such as Ugly Betty, has the potential to open up space for dialogue and critical engagement with issues such as explicit or implicit homophobia. W...
Students’ Expectations as Related to a Teacher's Expectations and Self-Concepts of Elementary Age Children:

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential influence that a teacher's expectations, self-concept, and sex had on students’ expectations of motor task performance. The subjects were...
Measurement variances in thermal neutron coincidence counting

Abstract Methods are presented for reliably estimating the uncertainties in quantities of plutonium as measured using neutron coincidence counting for nuclear safeguards purposes. For the conventional two-parameter assay technique, semi-empirical equations are obtained that satisfactorily describe the observed measurement variances in the total and coincidence counts for multiplying plutonium oxide and metal. For the three-parameter assay method using neutron multiplicity analysis, covariance matrix methods are developed that describe, to an accuracy of approximately 10%, the uncertainty in the calculated plutonium mass, multiplication, and alpha-n reaction rate, for samples with small multiplication.
Fast and Accurate Indoor Localization Based on Spatially Hierarchical Classification

Location fingerprinting is a common approach to indoor localization. For good accuracy, the training set of sample fingerprints should be sufficiently large to be well-representative of the environment in terms of both spatial coverage and temporal coverage. As such, the computation required during the positioning phase can be expensive because we have to evaluate each new fingerprint against the training data repeatedly over time. It is desirable, therefore, to optimize computational efficiency, not just localization accuracy. Existing techniques are far from this goal due to their polarization toward one criterion but not both. We propose a substantially better technique based on the novel approach of modeling indoor localization as a classification learning problem where classes form a spatial hierarchy. Its performance is substantiated in our evaluation study.
Fibrous Hamartoma of infancy: A report of two cases in the genital region

Abstract Objectives. Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is an uncommon subcutaneous proliferative lesion usually found in the upper portions of the body, particularly in males during the first 2 years of life. We report 2 cases of FHI in the genital region. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of children treated at Children's Hospital and Health Center, with FHI located in the genital region. Results. We report 2 cases of FHI in the genital region, 1 involving the scrotum and 1 the labium majus. Conclusions. FHI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of genital masses in children. The histologic features are characteristic, local excision of the tumor is curative, and the local recurrence rate is low.
Immunocytochemical localization of GABA neurons in the rabbit and frog retina

Abstract The visualization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in rabbit and frog retinas has been carried out, using an immunocytochemical technique for the localization of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the rabbit, immunoreactivity was restricted to a small group of amacrine cell bodies and their laminated processes in the inner plexiform layer. Electron microscopic examination showed that these processes were presynaptic to ganglion cell dendrites (infrequently), amacrine cell telodendrons, and bipolar cell terminals. Often, bipolar cell terminals were found which were densely innervated by several GAD-positive processes. No definite synapses were observed in which a GAD-positive process represented the postsynaptic element. In the frog, dense GAD immunoreactivity was observed in the inner plexiform layer, both as punctate deposits and as filled processes of stratified and diffuse amacrine cells; in the inner nuclear layer, where many cell bodies were labeled, including those of some horizontal cells; and diffusely in the outer plexiform layer.
The efficiency of blocking in incomplete block designs

1. Summary. Procedures for estimating the relative efficiency of certain designs have been considered by Yates (1935), Cochran & Cox (1957), and Kempthorne (1952, 1955). In this paper the efficiency of blocking in general is considered. A general formula for any incomplete block design of fairly general form is obtained. 2. Introduction. In many experiments one has the option of choosing from a wide class of designs ranging from designs involving no blocking to designs involving two-way classification of experimental units. A measure of the efficieiAcy of one design relative to another is the inverse ratio of the variances with which treatment differences are estimated in the two designs. Given that design A has been used, estimation of its efficiency relative to some other design, B say, requires that we estimate the error variance of design B from the data obtained from design A. A common elementary situation is that a randomized block design has been used and it is desired to estimate the error variance had a completely randomized design been used. The formula for this purpose is well known, but we wish to summarize a few of the salient points of the randomization theory upon which it is based. Throughout we shall concern ourselves only with variability over which we randomize. Consider the conceptual population of yields that would be obtained if every treatment could be applied to every plot. Denote the yield with treatment k ( = 1, 2, ..., t) on plot
X-irradiation of Mitotic Chinese Hamster Cells: I. Damage Expression and Recovery in Surviving Daughter Cells

SummaryChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells synchronized in mitosis are more sensitive to X-ray-induced cell killing than cells in the G1, early S or late S phases of the cell-cycle. In addition, radiation damage registered in mitotic cells is expressed by surviving daughter cells during the G1 and S phase as a reduced capacity to accumulate additional sublethal radiation damage. The magnitude of the reduction in the survival curve shoulder is dependent on the radiation dose administered to the cells in mitosis. During the interval from late S of the first generation after mitotic irradiation to G1 of the second generation, surviving cells recover the full capacity to accumulate sublethal damage. Thus, mitotic cells sustain at least two types of radiation damage: (1) lethal, irreparable damage, and (2) sublethal damage, i.e. fully reparable, but which can contribute to lethality if additional radiation is delivered before complete recovery.
Mechanisms of action of diltiazem in isolated human atrial and ventricular myocardium

A comparative study of human atrial fibers (HAF), human ventricular fibers (HVF), frog ventricle, and frog skeletal muscle demonstrated marked differences in tension development in the presence of diltiazem. There was no significant difference between the tension developed by HAF and by HVF over a range of diltiazem concentrations when the differences in resting membrane potential were corrected by increasing external K+ concentration. In human myocardium, diltiazem resulted in both a voltage and use-dependent blockade of the calcium channel. Comparison of the tension-dose response curves in human myocardium, frog ventricle and skeletal muscle showed that diltiazem was most effective at decreasing tension in frog heart, and least effective in skeletal muscle with human myocardium being intermediate. In skeletal muscle, neither tension development nor the birefringence signal related to the Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum was significantly altered by Diltiazem in concentrations less than 10(-6) M, but in concentrations greater than 10(-5) M both were suppressed. Diltiazem suppressed tension in human myocardium over the range of membrane potentials associated with Ca2+ channel activity, while at more positive potentials, diltiazem appeared to have little effect on the tension-voltage relations. Diltiazem had no effect upon tension development induced by acetyl strophanthidin in human myocardium or upon the Ca2+ sensitivity of chemically skinned atrial or ventricular fibers. Thus the tension-suppressant effect of diltiazem in human myocardium appears to be mediated by a combination of voltage-dependent block of the Ca2+ channel and inhibition of Ca2+ release from internal stores, and not from alterations in either Na+-Ca2+ coupled transport or Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments.
The role of institutions in transition growth: The East Asian newly industrializing countries

Abstract This paper rejects both the claims of those who see the East Asian story as one of the application of pure laissez-faire and the more recent revisionist view that it all resulted from the activity of a highly intrusive government. Instead, this paper emphasizes the role of institutional/organizational changes orchestrated by a government which was both sensitive to these systems' initial conditions and to the importance of setting the stage for the fullest possible participation, through markets, of large numbers of dispersed private actors. Specifically, the success or failure of government actions in the dimension of organizational/ institutional change is related to the three ingredients — secularism, egalitarianism and nationalism—viewed by Simon Kuznets as essential for modern growth. The paper concludes by demonstrating the applicability of these notions to the East Asian case, especially Taiwan during its postwar period of spectacular development success.
Sociology in American medical education since the 1960s: The rhetoric of reform

Despite recommendations by medical reformers that medical sociology be included in the curriculum, there is currently little evidence of a far-reaching integration of sociological perspectives in American medical education. Yet, support for the relevance of sociological knowledge has since the late 1960s helped to diffuse external pressures for change in health care and medical education. As a symbol of the communitarian commitment of the medical profession, claims in favor of the incorporation of sociological perspectives have thus occasionally, and largely unintentionally, served the public relations interests of biomedicine. However, the more recent interest in medical ethics has to some degree transformed medicine's educational agenda and the definition of medical 'human values'. Whereas the rhetorical expropriation of medical sociology primarily has concerned medicine's responsibility vis-a-vis society as a whole, the new medical ethics education signifies a return to a more individualistically oriented medical morality.
The effects of involuntary residential relocation: A review

Research on the effects of involuntary residential relocation on the personal adjustment of individuals is examined. These relocations include institutional transfers, job transfers, and urban renewal projects. The research indicates that although such relocations frequently result in physical and emotional stress reactions, these effects are stronger for some groups and occur only under certain circumstances. The variability in personal reactions to relocation is explained in terms of three types of approaches: the first emphasizes stable individual characteristics; the second, cognitive mediators; and the third, environmental characteristics. The major implication of this review is that relocation be examined from an ecological perspective, which takes into account both the subjective and objective features of the old and new environments.
Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest

Abstract This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik® Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates — 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian ( Rattus exulans ) and roof rats ( Rattus rattus ) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sowage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed.
The influence of particle size and multiple apoprotein E-receptor interactions on the endocytic targeting of beta-VLDL in mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) are internalized by the same receptor in mouse peritoneal macrophages and yet their endocytic patterns differ; beta-VLDL is targeted to both widely distributed and perinuclear vesicles, whereas LDL is targeted almost entirely to perinuclear lysosomes. This endocytic divergence may have important metabolic consequences since beta-VLDL is catabolized slower than LDL and is a more potent stimulator of acyl-CoA/cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) than LDL. The goal of this study was to explore the determinants of beta-VLDL responsible for its pattern of endocytic targeting. Fluorescence microscopy experiments revealed that large, intestinally derived, apoprotein (Apo) E-rich beta-VLDL was targeted mostly to widely distributed vesicles, whereas small, hepatically derived beta-VLDL was targeted more centrally (like LDL). Furthermore, the large beta-VLDL had a higher ACAT-stimulatory potential than the smaller beta-VLDL. The basis for these differences was not due to fundamental differences in the means of uptake; both large and small beta-VLDL were internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis (i.e., not phagocytosis) involving the interaction of Apo E of the beta-VLDL with the macrophage LDL receptor. However, large beta-VLDL was much more resistant to acid-mediated release from LDL receptors than small beta-VLDL. Furthermore, partial neutralization of the multiple Apo Es on these particles by immunotitration resulted in a more perinuclear endocytic pattern, a lower ACAT-stimulatory potential, and an increased sensitivity to acid-mediated receptor release. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction of the multivalent Apo Es of large beta-VLDL with multiple macrophage LDL receptors leads to a diminished or retarded release of the beta-VLDL from its receptor in the acidic sorting endosome which, in turn, may lead to the widely distributed endocytic pattern of large beta-VLDL. These findings may represent a physiologically relevant example of a previously described laboratory phenomenon whereby receptor cross-linking by multivalent ligands leads to a change in receptor targeting.
Resistance to anticoccidial drugs in fowl

Resistance has been encountered wherever drugs have been used extensively for the control of parasitic infections. The poultry industry is dependent upon drugs for the control of coccidiosis, a major disease of chickens caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. In modern poultry production, drugs are used prophylactically for the prevention of coccidiosis by including them in the diet. This has inevitably led to the development of resistance. We have been fortunate in that new drugs have become available to replace those to which resistance has developed, but this situation is unlikely to continue. The problem of drug resistance, discussed here by David Chapman, has provided impetus for the development of new approaches (such as vaccination) for the control of coccidiosis.
Bouveret's Syndrome Complicated by Classic Gallstone Ileus: Progression of Disease or Iatrogenic?

Bouveret's syndrome is a rare variant of gallstone ileus resulting in gastroduodenal obstruction from an impacted gallstone. We report two cases of Bouveret's syndrome that were complicated by classic (distal) gallstone ileus, which has previously been reported only twice. The first patient presented with vomiting, epigastric pain, and what was initially believed to be a duodenal diverticulum on computed tomography scan and endoscopy. He initially improved, but later developed symptoms of a small bowel obstruction. Repeat imaging revealed a classic distal gallstone ileus. The second patient presented with nausea, abdominal pain, and imaging consistent with Bouveret's syndrome. Multiple non-operative endoscopic techniques and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were employed to fragment and retrieve the obstructing stone, and she subsequently developed a distal gallstone ileus from a stone fragment. Both patients were managed operatively with enterotomy and stone removal. These cases highlight a rare complication of Bouveret's syndrome, classic (distal) gallstone ileus, and juxtapose the natural history of a stone passing versus an iatrogenic etiology. We review the presentation and management of Bouveret's syndrome though no clear consensus exists as to the optimal treatment of these patients. We recommend that therapy should be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Channel-coupling effects in the resonating-group study of the seven-nucleon system

A three-channel resonating-group calculation is performed to study the effects of channel coupling on the properties of the /sup 3/H+..cap alpha.. system. The channels included are /sup 3/H+..cap alpha.., n+ /sup 6/Li, and n+ /sup 6/Li( channels, with /sup 6/Li and /sup 6/Li( described by (1s)/sup 4/(1p)/sup 2/ harmonic-oscillator functions representing d+..cap alpha.. cluster configurations with relative orbital angular momenta equal to 0 and 2, respectively. By comparing with the /sup 3/H+..cap alpha.. single-channel result, it is found that the three-channel calculation improves the L = 1 ground state energy by 0.68 MeV and yields additional features such as cusps in the L = 0 and 2 phase shifts and a dispersionlike resonance structure in the L = 1 phase shift. In addition, it is noted that, in states with larger L values, the n+ /sup 6/Li( aligned configurations make particularly important contributions. Characteristics of nucleon-exchange terms have also been briefly investigated; here one finds that, as far as the /sup 3/H+..cap alpha.. system is concerned, the important one-exchange and core-exchange contributions are only weakly affected by the presence of other channels.
Subjective judgements and data envelopment analysis in site selection

Abstract Using subjective judgements as reflected in an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) of site selection, a comparison is made to an objective Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) selection procedure. Similarity in the results are discussed and conditions for expectations of parallel and different results are explored. A two step process of integrating subjective and objective decision making in site selection is posited.
Effects of refeeding fasted chicks on serum thyroid hormones

Abstract Fasted chicks adapted to meal eating were bled prior to and at .5, 1.0, 1.5, 2 and 3 hr after presentation with feed. Serum triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) values were not influenced by amount of food consumed, body weight or blood fluid volume but significant quadratic effects of time after eating were found. Rapid changes occurred in blood thyroid hormones of chicks after ingesting a meal which demonstrated that time of food consumption relative to determination of these hormones should be known.
Perceptions and issues in continental rifting

Abstract The present rifts of Africa are the most recent of a series of rift systems developed at various times since the Karroo. Modern rifts include the intracontinental East African rift system and the Red Sea and associated features, where sea floor spreading has already begun. The various intracontinental rift systems form a patchwork of rifted basins that have undergone little extension (generally less than 10%). Most of them appear to be similar to the currently active rifts, which consist of a series of half graben whose polarities alternate along the rift zones. Some rifts are volcanically active (such as the modern Gregory and Ethiopian rifts), and some are deficient in volcanic products. Much of the modern rifting has occurred across two broad domes (Kenya and Ethiopia). The Red Sea is associated with the Gulf of Aden in the south and with the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (including the Dead Sea transcurrent fault zone) in the north. The Red Sea has undergone separation of several hundred percent by some combination of lithospheric extension and sea floor spreading. The presence of continuous boundary structures along both sides of the Red Sea makes comparison with the intracontinental rifts difficult. None of the current rifting in, and on the margins of, Africa has developed broad intracontinental basins. Such large, nearly equilateral, extensional areas may develop only where adjacent continental margins undergo compression and/or subduction. The diversity of rift phenomena probably implies a variety of mantle processes that ultimately cause the extension. One major, unresolved, question is whether successful (oceanic-basin) rifts are a natural continuation of processes that form intracontinental rifts.
Effects of Perpetrator and Victim Gender on Negative Outcomes of Family Violence

Growing up in a violent home predisposes children to a host of behavioral and emotional difficulties. This study examined whether perpetrator and victim gender have an impact on depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior for victims of child physical abuse (CPA) and also with regard to witnessing interparental violence (IPV). This study also examined whether witnessing siblings being abused would elicit high levels of depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior. College students (n = 675) were assessed for both exposure to IPV and child physical abuse prior to age 18. Participants completed measures of depression and aggression. With regard to victims of CPA, participants victimized by both parents and those victimized by mothers only had significantly higher levels of aggression. For depressive symptoms, females having both parents as perpetrators or fathers only had significantly higher depressive symptoms. With regard to witnessing IPV, being abused by both parents was associated with endorsement of more aggression and depressive symptoms. With regard to witnessing sibling violence, the results were similar to those found for victims of CPA.
A genealogy of digital humanities

– By reconstructing the genealogy of digital humanities through examining digital humanities projects and evaluative writings, this paper aims to identify core arguments related to disciplinary transformation and pedagogy in the humanities fields. It also seeks to consider knowledge production and transformation of a general humanistic attitude (the Humanities Program) in relation to digital tools. The paper also seeks to examine its perceived impact on disciplinary development, pedagogy, and forms of digital text., – The paper presents a literature‐based conceptual analysis of distinct and diverse aspects of the enterprise of digital humanities, by identifying their main foci together with implications of these preoccupations within larger discourses. The analysis is grounded in a close reading of 45 exemplary texts published from the 1980s to date, and 14 exemplary projects and initiatives. The analysis highlights several concepts with their underlying assumptions., – The perceived epistemological advantage of digital technology for new forms of reasoning is that community development has produced theoretical frameworks and shaped practical directions. The paper identified three distinct formations characterized by associated digital artifacts: prominent opinion leaders, foundational projects, and document forms (morphs)., – Research data are not comprehensive. Selected texts and projects are exemplary. The results and findings are relevant for the English‐language context and limited by a selective corpus., – The paper outlines a historical trajectory of digital humanities and the formative stages of development from the discourses of that evolving field. It also identifies constructions of technological advantage with implications for knowledge production in the writing of humanities scholars. The paper contributes to practitioner awareness of the history of digital humanities practice.
Glass Formability in Al-based Multinary Alloys

The unique glass formation ability (GFA) of aluminum-based glasses is exhibited in that they do not follow the empirical rules developed for other metallic glass forming systems. The focus of this paper is an evaluation of the relationship between the GFA and some GFA related parameters in a ternary Al 100-x-y Ni x Gd y (at. %) series, where x (and y ) = 5-11 and 12 ≤ x+y ≤ 18. It was found that the alloys in the composition area near Al 87 Ni 7 Gd 6 can amorphize most easily, while those alloys with decreased Al content exhibit positive changes in the GFA related parameters, including a higher thermal stability of amorphous alloys, a higher reduced glass transition temperature, T rg , and a higher viscosity of the alloy melt, implying that these alloys should exhibit a better GFA. Based on DTA measurements, the increased solidification temperature range, defined as the temperature difference between the initial and final melting reactions, was suggested to be responsible for the decreased GFA of alloys with decreased Al content.
Syntheses of Platinum(IV) Aryl Dihydride Complexes via Arene C−H Bond Activation

Tp‘PtMeH2 (1) reacts with substoichiometric amounts of B(C6F5)3 in aromatic solvents to yield platinum(IV) aryl dihydride complexes via borane-induced reductive elimination of methane from 1 and subsequent C−H activation of the aromatic solvent.
Selective blockade of components of potassium activation in Myxicola axons.

The K+ conductance inMyxicola giant axons activates in two phases which are pharmacologically separable. The fast phase of K+ activation is specifically inhibited by 4-aminopyridine and by the substitution of D2O for H2O. We suggestMyxicola giant axons, like the amphibian node of Ranvier, may possess more than one variety of K+ channel.