cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Writing Is on the Wall, or Is It? Exploring Indian Activists’ Beliefs About Online Social Media’s Potential for Social Change

This study examined how activists in India, the world’s largest democracy, perceived online social networking sites’ potential to bring about social change in a country with a large digital divide and a partially free press. Analysis of closed and open-ended survey responses indicated activists were positive about using SNS in their work, believing SNS helped transcend geographic and temporal borders and reach out to wider audiences. Despite the digital divide, they did not view lack of Internet access or technical skills as a major challenge to using SNS for activism. Overall, Indian activists said that a social movement needs to use both online and off-line activism tools together to reach its full potential.
Granulomatous Disorders of the Adult Skin: Twenty-First Century.

Granulomatous disorders represent a unique group of diseases, both noninfectious and infectious, that require the utmost clinical pathologic correlation combined with a keen sense of inquiry for underlying systemic disease and immunosuppression. Dermatologists (and others, such as rheumatologists, oncologists, endocrinologists, pulmonologists, oral maxillary surgeons, and infectious disease specialists) need to be able to differentiate these entities, evaluate patients for specific underlying systemic disease (ie, from diabetes to cancer), and treat them with a wide range of immunosuppressant to anti-infectious medications. This issue supplies the readers with a comprehensive, up-to-date, and evidence-based review of multiple granulomatous disorders (ie, palisading, epithelioid, xanthomatous, vasculitic, lymphoproliferative, drug-induced, foreign body reaction, caseating, and suppurative). This collection of reviews comes from the hard work and passion of hand-selected experts in the realm of granulomatous disorders throughout the
A Filtered Model of Tropical Wave Motions

[1] Large-scale tropical phenomena such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are often studied using the longwave approximation to equatorial β-plane theory. This approximation involves the neglect of the (∂v/∂t) term in the meridional momentum equation. The approximation does not distort Kelvin waves, completely filters inertia-gravity waves, is reasonably accurate for long Rossby waves, but greatly distorts short Rossby waves. Here we present an improvement of the long wave model, based on an approximation of the (∂v/∂t) term rather than its complete neglect. The new model is similar to the longwave model in the sense that it does not distort Kelvin waves and completely filters inertia-gravity waves. However, it differs from the long wave model in the sense that it accurately describes Rossby waves of all wavelengths, thus making it a useful tool for the study of a wider range of tropical phenomena than just the MJO and ENSO. Although most of the mathematical analysis performed here is in the context of equatorial β-plane theory, we briefly discuss how the ideas can be generalized to spherical geometry.
Localization of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum: I. Preparation and biochemical characterizations of cell fractions and isolated plasma membrane vesicles

Abstract A difference in the organization of adenylate cyclase and 3′5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase in isolated plasma membranes was observed. Observation of this difference was made possible by the development of a new technique for the lysis of Dictyostelium discoideum using the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B. A particulate fraction prepared from the cell lysate contains adenylate cyclase, 3′5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase and 5′-nucleotidase. The yield of adenylate cyclase is 40% higher than in paniculate fractions prepared from cells lysed by sonication or with Triton X-100. Purification of the particulate fraction on discontinuous sucrose gradient completely separates membranes from mitochondria and other cellular material as shown by electron microscopic analysis of different fractions. Biochemical characterization of the purified membrane fraction shows it contains adenylate cyclase, 3′5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase and 5′-nucleotidase activities while electron microscopic analysis shows a vesicular morphology. Additional studies on the purified membranes used Triton X-100, trypsin and phospholipase C to probe the relationship between membrane structural elements and enzymatic activities. The results of these studies show distinct differences in the organization of each enzyme molecule within the membrane.
Oxidation in HVOF-sprayed steel

It is widely held that most of the oxidation in thermally sprayed coatings occurs on the surface of the droplet after it has flattened. The evidence in this paper suggests that, for the conditions studied here, oxidation of the top surface of flattened droplets is not the dominant oxidation mechanism. In this study, a mild steel wire (AISI 1025) was sprayed using a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) torch onto copper and aluminum substrates. Ion milling and Auger spectroscopy were used to examine the distribution of oxides within individual splats. Conventional metallographic analysis was also used to study oxide distributions within coatings that were sprayed under the same conditions. An analytical model for oxidation of the exposed surface of a splat is presented. Based on literature data, the model assumes that diffusion of iron through a solid FeO layer is the rate limiting factor in forming the oxide on the top surface of a splat. An FeO layer only a few thousandths of a micron thick is predicted to form on the splat surface as it cools. However, the experimental evidence shows that the oxide layers are typically 100x thicker than the predicted value. These thick, oxide layers are not always observed on the top surface of a splat. Indeed, in some instances the oxide layer is on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. The observed oxide distributions are more consistently explained if most of the oxide formed before the droplets impact the substrate.
Strength and Notch Ductility of Selected Structural Alloys After High Fluence 550°F (288°C) Irradiation

Tensile strength and Charpy-V (Cv) notch ductility changes with 550°F (228°C) irradiation were explored for several low alloy structural steels. The study was addressed to metal fracture resistance at upper shelf temperatures and encompassed A302-B, A533-B, A543-1, 9Ni-4Co-0.20C. 12-6PH, and 12Ni-5Cr-3Mo steel compositions. Material forms included plate, forging, and weld deposit. Specimen irradiations were conducted in the Advanced Test Reactor; neutron fluences ranged from I to 7 x 102" neutrons (n)/cm 2 > MeV. Consistent trends in pre- and postirradiation yield strength versus temperature were observed for all materials. Some capability for uniform strain hardening was shown by each material, irrespective of fluence condition. A significant detrimental effect of high copper content (≥ 0.15 percent copper) on yield strength behavior with neutron exposure was noted for A302-B/A533-B and A543 steels. The implications to postirradiation fracture resistance of Cv upper shelf values were assessed using Ratio Analysis Diagram (RAD) procedures developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. The RAD assessments of a low copper content A533-B plate and weld deposit indicated that thick sections of either material would exhibit plastic fracture behavior after 2.5 x 10 2 0 n/cm 2 > I MeV at 550°F (288°C). An experimental 12-6PH alloy of higher strength is also shown to have promise for high fluence applications. A predicted trend for Cv upper shelf energy versus yield strength change with increasing fluence was confirmed by the present findings.
Nucleotide sequence of the human polyomavirus AS virus, an antigenic variant of BK virus

The complete DNA sequence of the human polyomavirus AS virus (ASV) is presented. Although ASV can be differentiated antigenically from the other human polyomaviruses (BK and JC viruses), it shares 94.9% homology at the nucleotide level with the Dunlop strain of BK virus. Differences found in ASV relative to BK virus include the absence of tandem repeats in its regulatory region, the deletion of 32 nucleotides in the late mRNA leader region (altering the initiation codon for the agnoprotein), the presence of a cluster of base pair substitutions within the coding region of the major capsid protein, VP1, and the absence of 4 amino acids in the carboxy-terminal region of the early protein, T antigen. The 43 nucleotides deleted in the Dunlop strain of BK virus relative to the Gardner prototype strain of BK virus are present in ASV. Possible reasons for the distinct antigenicity of the ASV capsid, given the high degree of nucleotide homology with BK virus, are discussed. To reflect the high degree of sequence homology between ASV and BK virus, we suggest ASV be renamed BKV(AS).
Bent Functions, Partial Difference Sets, and Quasi-FrobeniusLocal Rings

Bent functions and partial difference sets have been constructed from finite principal ideal local rings. In this paper, the constructions are generalized to finite quasi-Frobenius local rings. Let R be a finite quasi-Frobenius local ring with maximal ideal M. Bent functions and certain partial difference sets on M\times M are extended to R\times R.
Quality Assurance for Personal Exposure Monitoring

A personal exposure monitoring program has been carried out to field-test methodologies for sample collection and analysis. The basic study involved the collection of personal air, breath, and water samples. Quality assurance procedures were implemented during the sampling period and included exposing field controls and blanks and the collection of duplicates, some of which were analyzed by a reference laboratory. The analysis of the air/breath collections on Tenax GC and water samples were performed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC methods, respectively. Twenty-two volatile halogenated and aromatic compounds were selected as target compounds. Daily checks on instrument performance and calibration were performed, and precision quality control charts were maintained. The analysis of performance audit samples on Tenax GC was a major component of the quality assurance protocol. These results clearly show that background on the sampling devices adversely affect data quality and must be monitored closely. 5 references, 3 tables.
Conservation means behavior.

Most instances of deteriorating environmental conditions are caused by human behavior. Although there are certainly instances of such environmental conditions developing from natural processes, most are largely the result of human activity. Drivers of phenomena such as climate change, loss of species’ habitats, and ocean acidification rarely are the result of malicious intent, but rather the consequence of the lifestyles of billions of humans. Accordingly, efforts to promote conservation must change behavior (Ehrlich & Kennedy 2005; Schultz & Kaiser 2012). This fundamental link between conservation and behavior has been noted in a number of recent publications. Mascia et al. (2003) state that “Biodiversity conservation is a human endeavor: initiated by humans, designed by humans, and intended to modify human behavior. . ..” Cowling (2005) calls this realization “an epiphany for. . .natural scientists.” And Balmford and Cowling (2006) note that “conservation is primarily not about biology but about people and the choices they make.” Here I would go one step further and propose that conservation is a goal that can only be achieved by changing behavior.
Activity of the triazole SCH 56592 against disseminated murine coccidioidomycosis.

SCH 56592 (SCH) is a new triazole antifungal with a broad spectrum of activity. In vitro susceptibility testing against five strains of Coccidioides immitis revealed MICs from 0.39 to 3.13 microg/ml and minimal fungicidal concentrations from 1.56 to 3.13 microg/ml. A murine model of systemic coccidioidomycosis was established in female CD-1 mice. Groups received either no treatment or oral therapy with fluconazole at 10 or 100 mg/kg of body weight; itraconazole at 10 or 100 mg/kg; SCH at 0.5, 2, 10, or 25 mg/kg; or its methylcellulose diluent alone. Therapy began 2 days postinfection and continued once daily for 19 days. Surviving mice were euthanized 49 days postinfection, and infectious burdens were determined by culture. All drugs were superior to no-treatment or diluent-treatment controls (P or = 200-fold as potent as fluconazole and > or = 50-fold as potent as itraconazole. There was a clear dose-responsive relationship for SCH in each of the organs. It is noteworthy that SCH effected cures (no detectable C. immitis in any organ) in 1 of 9, 6 of 10, or 9 of 9 surviving mice in animals given 2, 10, or 25 mg/kg, respectively. Neither fluconazole nor itraconazole cured any survivor. SCH has potent, fungicidal activity in vivo against C. immitis. It should be considered for clinical trials in patients with coccidioidomycosis.
Probabilistic and deterministic convergence proofs for software for initial value problems

The numerical solution of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations is frequently performed by means of adaptive algorithms with user-input tolerance τ. The time-step is then chosen according to an estimate, based on small time-step heuristics, designed to try and ensure that an approximation to the local error commited is bounded by τ. A question of natural interest is to determine how the global error behaves with respect to the tolerance τ. This has obvious practical interest and also leads to an interesting problem in mathematical analysis. The primary difficulties arising in the analysis are that: (i) the time-step selection mechanisms used in practice are discontinuous as functions of the specified data; (ii) the small time-step heuristics underlying the control of the local error can break down in some cases. In this paper an analysis is presented which incorporates these two difficulties. For a mathematical model of an error per unit step or error per step adaptive Runge–Kutta algorithm, it may be shown that in a certain probabilistic sense, with respect to a measure on the space of initial data, the small time-step heuristics are valid with probability one, leading to a probabilistic convergence result for the global error as τ → 0. The probabilistic approach is only valid in dimension m > 1; this observation is consistent with recent analysis concerning the existence of spurious steady solutions of software codes which highlights the difference between the cases m = 1 and m > 1. The breakdown of the small time-step heuristics can be circumvented by making minor modifications to the algorithm, leading to a deterministic convergence proof for the global error of such algorithms as τ → 0. An underlying theory is developed and the deterministic and probabilistic convergence results proved as particular applications of this theory.
Identification With Taylor Rules: A Critical Review

The parameters of the Taylor rule relating interest rates to inflation and other variables are not identified in new-Keynesian models. Thus, Taylor rule regressions cannot be used to argue that the Fed conquered inflation by moving from a passive to an active policy in the early 1980s.
Ways for analysts and managers to boost utilization of empirical technology analyses

The author offers suggestions for technology managers to enhance their effectiveness. The paper tackles the underutilization of empirical technology analyses (e.g., technology intelligence, forecasts, assessments, and roadmaps). It points to potential uses to improve strategic technology decision-making and on recommended actions by producers of empirical analyses and by the would-be users of same.
Phonefriend: A developmental description of needs expressed by child callers to a community telephone support system for children

Abstract Research on children's social support only recently begun. Although most investigators agree on the common sources of emotional support, there is less consensus regarding the types of social support needs experienced by children. The current study provides an empirically derived categorization of the needs identified by over 4,000 children contacting PhoneFriend, a community telephone support line. These empirically derived categories parallel the categories of need derived conceptually by several researchers of children's social support. The categories include a need for instrumental assistanec, advice, emotional expression, and companionship. Changes in need with development parallel trends reported in at least one prior study and are consistent with developmental theory. The importance of additional work on developmental changes in children's social support and on this type of extrafamily social support is stressed.
Professions and Their Work: Do Market Shelters Protect Professional Interests?

Eliot Freidson introduced the concept of the “market shelter” to designate the unique institutional position that professions hold in society. A market shelter shields professional workers from competition, third party and government interference, and other market forces. Once put in place through legal mandates, however, it remains unclear how market shelters weather with political and economic changes and provide benefits for professionals, the state, and the public. This article reviews how clinical medicine and forensic medicine reacted to outside pressures to address the problem of practice variation to understand under which conditions stable market shelters may be professionally harmful and how less sheltered professions may instead use the fight against external challenges to solidify their professional position.
Altered anion handling by choroid plexus in renal insufficiency

Altered anion handling by choroid plexus in renal insufficiency. Abnormal localization of 99m Tc pertechnetate was detected in the choroid plexus of patients with renal insufficiency despite the administration of potassium perchlorate. This was found in 8 of 21 studies on patients on conservative medical treatment, in 35 of 41 studies in patients on hemodialysis, in 12 of 22 studies in renal transplant recipients, and in 1 of 5 with acute renal insufficiency, but not in any of 33 persons free of renal disease. Abnormal retention of pertechnetate was also observed in the salivary glands of 21 renal patients. The increased localization of 99m Tc pertechnetate could not be related to high blood levels of radioactivity, altered protein binding, increased erythrocyte labeling or to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of potassium perchlorate. It is proposed that this finding represents a manifestation of choroid plexus dysfunction resulting in altered handling of anions by this organ. A possible relation to neurological disease in chronic renal insufficiency is suggested. Conservation des anions par les plexus choroides modifiee lors de l'insuffisance renale. Une localisation anormale de pertechnetate de 99m Tc a ete detectee dans les plexus choroides de malades ayant une insuffisance renale malgre l'administration de perchlorate de potassium. Cela a ete trouve dans 8 sur 21 etudes de malades sous traitement conservateur medical dans 35 sur 41 etudes de malades en hemodialyse, dans 12 sur 22 etudes de receveurs de transplant renal, et dans 1 etude sur 5 malades atteint d'insuffisance renale aigue, mais non chez 33 personnes indemnes de maladie renale. Une retention anormale du pertechnetate a egalement ete observee dans les glandes salivaires de 21 parmi les malades renaux. L'augmentation de la localisation du pertechnetate de 99m Tc ne pouvait pas etre reliee aux concentrations sanguines de radioactivite elevees, a une alteration de la liaison proteique, a une augmentation du marquage erythrocytaire, ni a un trouble de l'absorption gastrointestinale de perchlorate de potassium. Il est propose que ce resultat represente une manifestation de dysfonctionnement des plexus choroides, resultant d'une alteration de la conservation des anions par cet organe. Une relation possible avec l'atteinte neurologique de l'insuffisance renale chronique est suggeree.
Desbuquois syndrome complicated by obstructive sleep apnoea and cervical kyphosis

We present two children with Desbuquois syndrome and characteristic facial appearance, and musculoskeletal and radiological findings. Two new complications of this syndrome are obstructive sleep apnea and severe cervical kyphosis.
Additive lithography for micro-optics fabrication

An innovative fabrication technique is introduced that is based on multiple exposure techniques for micro-optics fabrication. This method utilizes varying exposure times and masks to combine binary and analog photo-masks to sculpt complex photoresist profiles.
Early development of the SI cortical barrel field representation in neonatal rats follows a lateral-to-medial gradient: an electrophysiological study

Development of the barrel field in layer IV of SI cortex of neonatal rats was studied in vivo using electrophysiological recording techniques. This study was designed to determine (a) the earliest time SI cortex is responsive to peripheral mechanical and/or electrical stimulation and (b) whether the development of the SI cortical barrel field map of the body surface follows a differential pattern of development similar to the pattern previously demonstrated using peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding (McCandlish et al. 1989). Carbon fiber microelectrodes were used to record evoked responses from within the depth of the cortex in neonatal rats between postnatal day 1 (PND-1), defined as the day of birth, and PND-14. Evoked responses were first recorded approximately 12 h after birth. These responses in the youngest animals were of low amplitude, monophasic waveshape, and long latency, with long interstimulus intervals necessary to drive the cortex. Increases in amplitude and complexity of waveshape and decreases in latency were observed over subsequent postnatal days. The earliest responses recorded on middle PND-1 were evoked by stimulation of the face and/or mystacial vibrissae. The next responses were evoked approximately 24 h after birth (late PND-1) by stimulation of the forelimb. The last responses were evoked approximately 36 h after birth (middle PND-2), by stimulation of the hindlimb. The physiological map of the representation of the body surface follows a developmental gradient similar to the gradient observed using PNA histochemistry; however, the lectin-generated morphological map lagged approximately 48 h behind the physiological map. The representation of the body surface appears to be topographically organized as early as PND-2. Our results suggest that thalamocortical afferents have reached the developing cortical plate and are functional before glial cells are first detected. These results do not sit well with a theory of barrel field development based entirely on the role of glia in pattern formation.
In search of Q2Q2 mesons in γγ reactions

Abstract The structure observed in the reaction γγ → ϱ 0 ϱ 0 is interpreted as due to 2 ++ ( I =0, 2) Q 2 Q 2 states with a background contribution from 0 ++ ( I = 0, 2) Q 2 Q 2 states. Both of these states decay predominantly via two vector mesons. The predictions of the other two vector channels are presented, and the possibilities of searching for Q 2 Q 2 mesons in hadron scattering processes and J ϕ radiative decay are discussed briefly.
Trisomy 8 in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a malignancy which typically occurs at the transformation zone between squamous and glandular epithelium. The vast majority fall into two histologic types: squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. We have previously reported extensively on abnormal chromosome 8 copy number in various cancers, which appears to be an ubiquitous phenomenon. In the present pilot project, we studied chromosome 8 copy number together with a chromosome 17 control using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival cervical cancer tissues. HER-2/neu oncogene amplification was also studied in this sample, as reported in a previous abstract presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics. From a total of 23 cases successfully analyzed, 12 (52%) were found to be trisomic for chromosome 8, and 3 (13%) were found to be trisomic for chromosome 17. Of the trisomic 8 cases, 2 were also trisomic for chromosome 17, which implies that the tumors are either triploid or doubly trisomic. However 10 rumors were trisomic for chromosome 8, but were disomic for chromosome 17. Among the 12 trisomic 8 cases, 1 was also amplified for HER-2/neu whereas 11 were nonamplified. Clinicopathologic parameters of the trisomic and amplified cases will be compared to those of the disomic nonamplified cases. In view of the present results, further exploration using a larger study sample size may be warranted. (This study was partially funded by Vysis, Inc., Downers Grove, IL).
Über Einen Satz von L. Pukanszky

Using results on amenable groups, we are able to present a new proof and a slight generalization of L. Pukanszky's Prop. 1 in [1]—see (7.1) below for the precise formulation.
Human Capital Stock and Flow and Economic Growth Analysis: Note

Human capital is becoming recognized as an increasingly important factor in rural economic development. Economic research, however, has not provided clear empirical support of the relationship between human capital investment and economic growth. This paper applies stock and flow concepts to human capital and suggests an operational approach for applying stock and flow concepts to the analysis of the impact of human capital investments through education on economic growth.
Budget Cuts 101: Performance and Priorities

When the academic year comes to an end, I look forward to a slightly slower pace, catching up on stacks of journals and books, putting the final edits on long overdue manuscripts, and thinking about new Institute and individual possibilities for the upcoming year. Spring and summer 2008, however, offered little in the way of rejuvenation. The University System of Georgia, comprised of 35 institutions, is experiencing a severe decline in state financial support due to a drop in state revenues; consequently, institutions of higher education are being asked to slash current-year expenditures and to adjust future budgets downward. The necessity for the cuts is highlighted daily in national and state news stories on job losses, home foreclosures, rising energy costs, and a sluggish economy. In Georgia, as in other states, revenue from taxes and fees is falling, and the state government is struggling to bridge a $1.6 million projected gap in revenues and expenditures. The only option is to reduce government spending as the constitution of the State of Georgia requires a balanced budget. In some agencies, employee furloughs are being considered or implemented to deal with the shortfalls. At the University of Georgia, we spent stressful days over the summer lowering FY09 budgets and projecting 6% and 8% permanent reductions in FY10. What makes this so painful is that the percentage to be cut is calculated on the entire budget for each unit— personnel and operating dollars. Unfortunately, in this case, for most units the overwhelming majority of the budgeted dollars is committed to faculty and staff salaries; and in many cases the required cuts will likely consume the entire operating budget. As the director of the Institute of Higher Education, I spent most of the summer thinking about higher education planning, priorities, and performance. Three questions guided my thinking regarding the reductions overall:
The Positron-Electron Project-PEP

PEP, an 18-GeV electron-positron colliding-beam storage ring facility at SLAC, is being built by a team from LBL and SLAC. Construction is under way and completion is scheduled for Fall of 1979. This report summarizes the design of the facility and reports on the status of the project.
Marshall Dimock’s deflective organizational theory

Marshall Dimock offers students of organizational theory a potpourri of concepts, approaches and arguments. His career began in the founding era of American public administration during President Roosevelt’s new deal administration. He initially supported the administrative state, but became disillusioned with problems inherent in large bureaucratic organizations. Dimock eventually embraced pre‐modern approaches to organization that relied upon strong leadership and personal ethics. He was particularly opposed to behavioural approaches to organization because they relied on management techniques rather than individual integrity. With the pre‐modern approach, Dimock swam against the current of modern organizational theory which depicted modern organization as an inherently powerful, superior institutional form. His latter works argued that organizations must conform to nature and that they wither if they do not take the natural qualities of people into account.
Histologic changes after uterine artery embolization using polyvinyl alcohol particles.

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) was introduced in1995 as an option for treating fibroids in women who want to conserve fertility. Embolic agents used for UAE include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles, Gelfoam, and gelatincoated Tris-acryl polymer microspheres. The images herein are from the hysterectomy of a 45-yearold patient with a history of uterine bleeding. On gross exam, multiple intramural leiomyomas were observed. Histologic sections revealed an “amorphous” pinkish material with foreign body giant cell reaction, located around blood vessels and as “pools” inside the leiomyomas (Figure 1A and B). After review of the patient’s records, the history of UAE 4 years prior was revealed. In our case, PVA particles were used as the embolic agent. PVA particles are best seen with the Verhoeff-van Gieson stain (elastica; Figure 1C). The presence of necrosis, atypia, and mitosis in the leiomyomas after embolization has also been described. These changes were not seen in our case. The importance of the recognition of the above changes is their potential misinterpretation as mucin, parasites, surgical material, or even malignancy (leiomyosarcoma) when essential clinical information is not available.
On the method of multipliers for convex programming

It is known that the method of multipliers for constrained minimization can be viewed as a fixed stepsize gradient method for solving a certain, dual problem. In this short paper it is shown that for convex programming problems the method converges globally for a wide range of possible stepsizes. This fact is proved for both cases where unconstrained minimization is exact and approximate. The results provide the basis for considering modifications of the basic stepsize of the method of multipliers which are aimed at acceleration of its speed of convergence. A few such modifications are discussed and some computational results are presented relating to a problem in optimal control.
A comprehensive library of familial human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis induced pluripotent stem cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to paralysis of voluntary muscles. About 10% of all ALS cases are familial (fALS), among which 15–20% are linked to Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutations, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. To date only one FDA approved drug is available which increases survival moderately. Our understanding of ALS disease mechanisms is largely derived from rodent model studies, however due to the differences between rodents and humans, it is necessary to have humanized models for studies of disease pathogenesis as well as drug development. Therefore, we generated a comprehensive library of a total 22 of fALS patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. These cells were thoroughly characterized before being deposited into the library. The library of cells includes a variety of C9orf72 mutations, sod1 mutations, FUS, ANG and FIG4 mutations. Certain mutations are represented with more than one line, which allows for studies of variable genetic backgrounds. In addition, these iPSCs can be successfully differentiated to astroglia, a cell type known to play a critical role in ALS disease progression. This library represents a comprehensive resource that can be used for ALS disease modeling and the development of novel therapeutics.
Deep level impurities in germanium

Abstract This paper will review the properties of deep level impurities in germanium. With the exception of the well known hydrogen-like impurities, all of the electrically active impurities which have been studied in detail act as multiple acceptors or donors introducing deep impurity levels (>/·03 eV). The number and type of levels are consistent with the tetrahedral bonding model. As examples, Zn (with a 4 s 2 outer orbit configuration) acts as a double acceptor in Ge ( 4 s 2 4 p 2 ); Cu (4 s 1 ) acts as a triple acceptor and Te ( 5 s 2 5 p 4 ) acts as a double donor. However, no theoretical treatment has proven adequate for calculation of the positions of energy levels for the deep level impurities. Hall coefficient studies have determined the positions of deep acceptor levels introduced into Ge by the elements Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag and Au. Deep donor levels are introduced by S, Se and Te, For most of these impurities the positions of the energy levels have been confirmed by studies of extrinsic photoconductivity or optical absorption. Values of diffusivity and the temperature dependence of solubility are also known for many of these impurities. The interpretation of both steady state and transient photoconductivity studies has demonstrated the importance of the charge state at deep level impurities in determining recombination processes. At low temperatures, multiply charged negative centers are effective hole traps; multiply charged positive centers act as electron traps. Some quantitative values of capture cross sections have been obtained for different charge states of multiple acceptor impurities. Reference will be made to other electrical, optical and magnetic experiments made possible because of the present knowledge of deep level impurities in Ge and the control now possible over crystal preparation.
HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDHOOD. II. SENSITIVITY TO THYROID MEDICATION AS MEASURED BY THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND THE CREATINE EXCRETION1

IN THE FIRST PAPER of this series, the writers (i) pointed out the difficulties involved in diagnosing hypothyroidism in the untreated child by a study of the basal metabolic rate, serum cholesterol and ereatine excretion. It was shown that the measurement of the basal caloric requirement was often impossible in children, and that, even when it could be measured accurately, the determination of the deviation from the normal was often an unsatisfactory means of diagnosis. Although the concentration of serum cholesterol was high in many untreated hypothyroid children, in some cases it was within the normal range. The amount of creatine excreted by hypothyroid children was usually small, but the output was just as small in many normal children of the same age. Magnus-Levy (2) first demonstrated that hypothyroid patients show more marked effects from small doses of thyroid than normal individuals. It is generally recognized that doses of desiccated thyroid as small as ½ grain to 2 grains (32 to 128 mg.) daily...
Adsorption kinetics of SiH4, Si2H6 and Si3H8 on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface

Abstract The rates and mechanisms of chemisorption on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface have been investigated under UHV conditions for SiH4, Si2H6, and Si3H8. Temperature programmed desorption of H2 has been used to quantitate adsorption of the silanes following calibrated exposures. A dramatic enhancement of the adsorption rate occurs with one SiSi bond in the molecule. A second SiSi bond has no effect on adsorption rate on the clean surface, but increases the reactivity with a hydrogen covered surface. The reactive sticking coefficient, SR, for silane is less than 0.001 near zero coverage on Si(111)-(7×7). SR (SiH4) is independent of temperature from 25 to 275°C. Reactive sticking coefficients of 0.47±0.1 for higher silanes Si2H6 and Si3H8 are observed at low coverage for 25°C surface temperature. The higher silanes adsorb on the clean surface through molecular precursor states, as evidenced by coverage independent sticking coefficients and by negative activation energies for adsorption. At low coverage, Si2D6 and Si2H6 exhibit the same sticking coefficient, so that no deuterium kinetic isotope effect is observed for the adsorption of disilane. This observation is consistent with SiSi bond breaking as the rate limiting step for conversion of the molecular precursor to chemisorbed species. The surface residence time of molecular SiH4 is inferred to be very short, relative to the residence times of molecular Si2H6 and Si3H8. SiH4 is relatively unreactive due to its short residence time and because adsorption requires SiH bond scission.
Physical and thermal properties and leachability of Eastern oil shales hydroretorted in a pressurized fluidized bed

Abstract The physical and thermal properties of spent shale affect the design and characteristics of embankments used for storing the material prior to ultimate disposal. Leaching tests are used to determine if spent shale must be treated as a hazardous material for disposal. The Institute of Gas Technology and the Illinois Institute of Technology conducted tests to determine some physical and thermal properties and leaching characteristics of spent shale samples from six states in the Eastern United States. The samples were processed in the continuous, laboratory scale, pressurized fluidized bed hydroretorting (PFH) reactor at 4.2 MPa (600 psig) and a temperature of about 482 °C (900 °F). The physical and thermal properties determined included particle size distribution, permeability, compressibility, compactibility, consolidation, shear stress, cohesion and thermal conductivity. The samples of spent shale were also agglomerated with air at 1093 °C (2000 °F) to determine the effects on leachability. The results showed that the physical and thermal properties of the six spent PFH shales differ considerably. The results also showed that none of the spent shale samples exhibited any significant metals leachability under the acidic test conditions. In general, thermal agglomeration further reduced the levels of metals leached from the spent shales.
A microcosm study of the common night crawler earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) and physical, chemical and biological properties of a designed urban soil

Designed soils are used in specialized urban areas, such as under sidewalks or on roof-tops. These substrates have coarse light-weight aggregates to meet load-bearing specifications with soil in voids for rooting medium. A full-factorial microcosm approach was used to study Lumbricus terrrestris (two adult worms added and no-worms added), compaction (bulk density of 1.95 and 1.48 g cm−3), and litter (litter and no-litter additions) in a designed soil. Earthworm biomass, soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, anion leaching and surface C efflux was measured on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 72, 112, and 140. Earthworms decreased bulk density in compacted soil, but did not impact density of un-compacted soil. Earthworm biomass increased days 7 to 14, but declined from days 28 to 140, likely as result of the abrasiveness of the aggregate component and relatively shallow depth of the soil (25 cm). During the period of increasing earthworm biomass, surface C efflux, microbial biomass N, soil Ca2+ and NH 4 + increased with earthworms. During the period of declining earthworm biomass, surface C efflux, microbial biomass N, soil Ca2+ and NO 3 − , and leachate NO 3 − increased, and soil pH decreased with earthworms. While alive and dying, Lumbricus terrestris stimulated microbial activity and biomass and nutrient availability, but an apparent shift to nitrification was observed as earthworm biomass declined. The results show Lumbricus terrestris to improve designed soil properties for plants, but the improvements may be short-lived due to the inability of these earthworms to survive in the designed soil.
GaAs switched-capacitor circuits for high-speed signal processing

Switched-capacitor building blocks are presented which are suitable for implementation in GaAs MESFET technology. They include gain stages, operational amplifiers, and transmission gates. Switched-capacitor design techniques are discussed that minimize filter sensitivity to GaAs op-amp limitations. Experimental results are presented on a variety of GaAs switched-capacitor circuits, including a gain stage, a second-order bandpass filter, and a third-order low-pass filter. The circuits demonstrate sampling rates exceeding 100 MHz without significant loss of accuracy.
Avalanches, Barkhausen noise, and plain old criticality.

We explain Barkhausen noise in magnetic systems in terms of avalanches of domains near a plain old critical point in the hysteretic zero-temperature random-field Ising model. The avalanche size distribution has a universal scaling function, making nontrivial predictions of the shape of the distribution up to 50{percent} above the critical point, where two decades of scaling are still observed. We simulate systems with up to 1000{sup 3} domains, extract critical exponents in 2, 3, 4, and 5 dimensions, compare with our 2D and 6{minus}{epsilon} predictions, and compare to a variety of experiments. {copyright} {ital 1995 The American Physical Society.}
A longitudinal study of mother–child interactions at school entry and social and academic outcomes in middle school

Abstract This study examines the association between quality of mother–child interaction assessed at kindergarten entry and children's social and academic outcomes in middle school. The relation between early mother–child interactions and later school performance was examined controlling for demographic variables (e.g., maternal education, family's ethnicity, estimated child IQ, and child's gender) often associated with school outcomes. Ratings of mother–child interaction were assessed for 122 mother–child dyads on the first day of kindergarten. Children's social and academic performance in school (e.g., discipline problems, classroom behavior, and grades) was assessed via teacher observation and grade reports through the eighth grade. Results indicate that positive quality of mother–child interaction accounted for unique variance in social and academic success in early adolescence over and above the contribution of demographic variables. Further, the relation between mother–child patterns and middle school social outcomes varied as a function of ethnicity. These findings support the exploration of process-oriented social variables for predicting later social and academic competence.
Comparison of objective descriptions of the thermocline

Temperature-depth profiles, including the thermocline, are typically described or characterized by mixed layer depth, thermocline depth, and thermocline strength. Objective methods of estimating these parameters are compared with empirical determinations for 200 CTD profiles collected in the eastern and central tropical Pacific, the subtropical North Pacific, and the California Current. The objective methods are (1) maximum slope by difference, (2) maximum slope by regression, (3) four-segment profile model, (4) inflection point, and (5) variable representative isotherm. Mixed layer depth is well estimated by the temperature criterion of (SST-0.8°C) independent of the estimation of thermocline parameters. Thermocline depth and strength are well estimated by the variable representative isotherm method. However, thermocline strength measured as the slope of the temperature-depth profile does not provide a good measure of stratification of the water column. Therefore, it is recommended that the thermocline strength estimate for a profile be supplemented by an estimate of the standard deviation of temperature in the near-surface layer including the thermocline.
Transient laser heating of single solid microspheres

The problem of electromagnetic heating of a small sphere is solved for transient and steady state conditions, taking into account the highly nonuniform energy absorption determined from Mie theory. The effects of conduction, convection and radiation boundary conditions are explored to determine the conditions under which radiant energy transfer becomes the dominant mechanism of heat loss and to predict laser intensities required to heat a particle to a specified mean temperature.
Power grip force is modulated in repeated elbow movement.

The objective of this study was to quantitatively investigate the modulation of power grip force under repeated elbow movement and its relation to muscle cocontraction and potential risk of developing cumulative trauma disorders (CTD). Thirteen right-handed participants without any neuromuscular disorders were recruited. Participants were instructed to hold a digital dynamometer in the hand with three levels of grip forces (20%, 40% and 60% of the maximum grip force) and perform repeated arm movement in the sagittal plane at three speeds (slow, self-paced and fast) with the upper arm voluntarily held by side by the participant. With the increase of motion rate and target force level, the grip force fluctuation, finger flexor muscle activities, elbow muscles cocontraction and apparent stiffness were significantly increased (p < 0.01). This study suggests that the power grip coupled with fast arm movement be avoided as much as possible in the workplace. Practitioner Summary: Power grip is usually accompanie...
Sensors For Cleaning Castings With Robot And Plasma-Arc

A retractable fiber optic sensor has been installed to control a robot for the task of cleaning metal castings with a plasma-arc torch. A number of other sensor types were considered, and rejected, for this application. A single-pass search-and-cut method was successfully demonstrated, using a specially designed control interface.
Characterization of "early" temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma viruses: biological properties, thermolability of reverse transcriptase in vitro, and synthesis of viral DNA in infected cells.

Abstract We have characterized the biological and biochemical features of a temperature-sensitive mutant of B77 strain of avian sarcoma virus (LA336) bearing an early lesion affecting both transformation and replication and a late lesion affecting only transformation. All enzymatic activities associated with partially purified reverse transcriptase of LA336 are markedly thermolabile, as reported earlier for similar mutants of Prague C strain of ASV (LA335 and La337) (Verma et al., 1974a). However, in the case of LA336, the virus itself is not more thermolabile than the wild-type parent. In contrast to LA335 and LA337, reverse transcriptase of LA336 can be partially protected from thermal inactivation by the addition of template. This suggests that the nature of the early lesion in LA336 differs from those in LA335 and LA337. As previously demonstrated for the Prague C mutants, the early thermosensitive step and the thermolabile viral polymerase cosegregate in crosses between LA336 and a leukemic virus possessing a different host range, indicating that the heat-labile polymerase is encoded in the viral genome and is responsible for the biological behavior of the mutant. All three mutants bearing thermolabile polymerases (LA335, LA336, and LA337) are deficient in viral DNA synthesis when used to infect duck embryo cells at the nonpermissive temperature, as measured by nucleic acid hybridization. Viral DNA synthesis in cells infected by wild-type virus or by viruses with only “late” temperature-sensitive lesions (LA7, LA334R) is not significantly affected by the elevated temperature. An additional mutant (LA338) with both early and late temperature-sensitive lesions is deficient in viral DNA synthesis upon infection of cells at the nonpermissive temperature. However, the DNA polymerase of mutant LA338 does not exhibit enhanced thermolability in vitro, as compared to that of the parental enzyme. Thus, this mutant may be affected in some step prior to transcription of the viral genome into complementary DNA.