cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of glucuronidation. IV. Evidences of different processes for o-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol.

SummaryEvidences are presented that p-nitrophenol (PNP) and o-aminophenol (OAP) utilize different enzyme systems for their glucuronide conjugation. Included are differences between the two substrates in the kinetics of the reaction, the response to mutual inhibition and to inhibition by a breast-milk inhibitor of bilirubin metabolism, intracellular localization, ability of the responsible enzyme to be solubilized, activity of the conjugating processes in the Gunn rat and in postmortem human liver specimens, and the effects of temperature upon the rate of conjugation. These findings support a concept of multiplicity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzymes.
Hookah and Cigarette Smoking Among African American College Students: Implications for Campus Risk Reduction And Health Promotion Efforts

ABSTRACTObjective: To identify individual and institutional risks and protections for hookah and cigarette smoking among African American (AA) college students. Participants: AA college students (N = 1,402; mean age = 20, range = 18–24 years; 75% female) who completed the Fall 2012 American College Health Association–National College Health Assessment II. Methods: Respondents were stratified into 4 mutually exclusive groups by last-30-day smoking status: cigarette-only use (5.1%), hookah-only use (5.9%), dual use (2.4%), and nonuse (86.6%). Multinomial logistic regression models identified the relative odds of exclusive and dual hookah and cigarette smoking. Results: Current hookah and cigarette smoking rates were comparably low. Age, gender identity, current substance use, interest in tobacco use information, and student population prevailed as risks and protections for hookah and cigarette smoking. Conclusions: Campus health promotion campaigns may need to tailor messages to AA students, particularly th...
The clinical application of Color Doppler Ultrasonography for diagnosing and curing the intussusception in children

Objective:To investigate the application of ultrasonography for diagnosing and curing children's intussusceptions.Methods:127 cases with intussusception confirmed by Hydrostatic Pressure enema reduction through ultrasound.guide and operative reduction were underwent ultrasonography and analyzed retrospectively.Results: The diagnostic accuray rate was 100%,The success rate of Hydrostatic Pressure enema reduction through ultrasound guide was 95.3%(121/127).Conclusions: Ultrasonography is the primary method for the diagnosis of intussusception,Hydrostatic Pressure enema reduction of intussusception under ultrasound guidance is safety and succeed.
Serum dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and risk of melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

Background Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its analogs have potent chemoprotective actions in mouse skin tumorigenesis models. To assess this association in humans, we investigated the relationship of prediagnostic serum concentrations of DHEA and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to the subsequent risk of developing malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in residents of Washington County, Maryland, USA. Patients and methods In a nested case-control study, serum that had been stored in 1974 was thawed and assayed for DHEA and DHEAS for 23 cases of malignant melanoma and 28 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 1-2 matched controls per case. Results The mean serum concentrations of DHEA or DHEAS were similar in cases and controls. There were no statistically significant trends in the risk of developing malignant melanoma or squamous cell skin cancer by concentration of either steroid (all p-for-trends >0.30). Conclusion The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that physiological concentrations of DHEA or DHEAS protect against skin cancer in humans.
Sum and Difference Squeezing

Squeezed states have less noise in a particular quadrature component of the amplitude than does the vacuum state [1]. They are well understood theoretically and have been produced and detected in the laboratory [2–4]. It is hoped that they will prove useful in the detection of weak signals.
Sports Participation and Problem Alcohol Use: A Multi-Wave National Sample of Adolescents

Background Sports participation, though offering numerous developmental benefits for youths, has been associated with adolescent alcohol use. Differences also exist between men/boys and women/girls in both sports participation and patterns of alcohol-related behaviors, but there are few longitudinal investigations of this relationship. Purpose This study investigated the relationship between school-based sports participation and alcohol-related behaviors using data from a multiwave national study of adolescent men/boys and women/girls. Methods Nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, collected between 1994 and 2001, were analyzed in 2009 ( n =8271). Latent growth modeling, accommodating the complex sampling design, was applied to examine whether participation in school-based sports was associated with initial levels and change in problem alcohol use over three waves of data collection. Results After taking into account time-invariant covariates including demographics and other predictors of alcohol use, greater involvement in sports during adolescence was associated with faster average acceleration in problem alcohol use over time among youths who took part in only sports. The findings suggest, however, that the relationship between sports participation and problem alcohol use depends on participation in sports in combination with other activities, but it does not differ between men/boys and women/girls. Conclusions Sports may represent an important and efficient context for selective interventions to prevent problem alcohol use and negative consequences of alcohol use among adolescents.
Fiscal Policy and Urban Growth Challenges: US Perspectives on Property Tax Reform in Warsaw

In a meteoritic rise from the dark days of World War II and Soviet hegemony, Warsaw has experienced an economic renaissance in recent years, boasting one of the largest stock exchanges in Europe and one of the fastest growing economies on the continent. However, the city and its surrounding areas suffer from a serious lack of comprehensive urban growth strategies, with only sixteen percent of the city being master planned despite increasing housing, transportation, and infrastructure needs. This absence, combined with a general public aversion to centralized decision-making and weak local government fiscal policies — particularly with regard to the laws governing the setting and administration of real property taxation — has caused and will likely continue to exacerbate Warsaw’s urban growth problems. This Article explores and assesses these various challenges and their causes and recommends the adoption of the U.S. special taxing district model as one vehicle that could be used to facilitate a more effective structure for urban and growth planning in the Warsaw metropolitan area.
Physiology: Critical nutrient levels related to plant growth and some physiological processes

The relationships between the critical nutrient level (CNL) of growth and physiological processes were studied for Mn, Zn, and Al on photosynthesis (PN), chlorophyll (Chl), carbonic anhydrase (CA), and nitrate reductase (NR) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The Mn critical deficiency levels (CDLs) for soybean growth, PS, Chi and NR were 0.18, 0.20, 0.18 and 0.12 mmol/kg, respectively. In wheat, the Mn CDLs for growth, PN and Chi were 0.23, 0.30, and 0.14 mmol/kg, respectively. The Zn CDLs for soybean growth, PN, and carbonic anhydrase were 0.18, 0.15, and 0.23 mmol/kg, respectively. In cotton, the CDLs for growth, PN, and Chl were 0.23, 0.20, and 0.21 mmol/kg. The Mn critical toxicity levels (CTLs) for soybean growth, PN, Chi and transpiration were 7, 19, 19, and 24 mmol/kg, respectively. The Al CTLs for wheat growth, PN and Chi were 0.12, 0.15, 0.13 mmol/kg, respectively. The CNLs for growth and physiological processes were si...
Discordant relationship between Essure microinsert position and tubal occlusion.

Hysteroscopic sterilisation with Essure requires confirmation of tubal occlusion by hysterosalpingogram or microinsert position by transvaginal sonography 3 months after placement before women can rely on the method for pregnancy prevention. A 39-year-old woman underwent hysteroscopic sterilisation via Essure, with successful bilateral tubal occlusion documented on hysterosalpingogram. She had a subsequent unintended pregnancy and termination, and presented with persistent pelvic pain and other non-specific symptoms. She underwent a laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy, with complete resolution of her symptoms. Pathological evaluation demonstrated a perforated Essure microinsert and ipsilateral tubal occlusion, and a correctly placed Essure microinsert with ipsilateral tubal patency. Clinicians should be cautious about the assumption that correctly placed microinserts based on ultrasonography, hysterosalpingogram or laparoscopic evaluation assures occlusion success.
Dynamics of Adversarial Co-evolution in Tax Non-Compliance Detection

In cyber security there are adversarial relationships, e.g. spammers versus spam-filter. A similar arms-race exists for tax non-compliance. The ability of individuals to exploit gaps in the "attack surface" of tax regulation reduces trust in governmental equity, drains money from public goods and reduces productivity. This relationship between utility-maximizing tax evaders and an increasingly resource constrained auditing system is codependent. We present a framework that allows a modest but representative area of US partnership taxation activity to be explored as an adversarial coevolutionary relationship. In this setting tax evaders try to minimize tax by exploiting loopholes in tax code inconsistencies and gaps. Reciprocally, auditors, with constrained resources, try to pinpoint strategies that shelter evasion. The framework relies upon a) a representation of the relevant partnership tax law b) a simulation of the auditing, tax calculation and compliance checking processes and c) co-optimizing taxpayer and auditor behavior via dual genetic algorithms that in turn model their coevolutionary dynamics.
Protein ROMP: Aqueous Graft-from Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was carried out from the surface of a protein under aqueous conditions. Grubbs’ third generation catalyst was modified with PEGylated pyridyl groups to form a water-soluble species that showed high activity in aqueous buffered solutions at near-neutral pH. The modification of a protein with this catalyst to create a stable macroinitiator for ROMP is described. The protein macroinitiator was then used to polymerize water-soluble norbornenes, resulting in high molecular weight protein/polymer conjugates. Varying polymerization time and monomer concentration demonstrated the kinetics of molecular weight evolution and macroinitiator conversion of graft-from ROMP.
Conservative Management of an Intraoperative Chyle Leak: A Case Report and Literature Review.

ABSTRACTChyle leaks are a rare but potentially fatal complication of head and neck surgery carrying an incidence as high as 8.3%. The development of a chyle leak carries significant morbidity ranging from delayed wound healing to oropharyngeal fistulas. Presented here is a case of a chyle leak that developed following a left posterolateral neck dissection that was successfully managed with a combination of drain suction, pressure dressing, and a fat-restricted diet. However, the patient's course was complicated by repeated chyle leak recurrences that may have been associated with the initiation of medium-chain triglyceride supplementation. Although further research is required to establish a causal relationship, these findings support the concerns of other investigators about the possible counterproductive role of medium-chain triglyceride supplementation in the management of chyle leaks.
The effect of exercise on body composition and bone mineral density in breast cancer survivors taking aromatase inhibitors.

Objective This study examined the effect of 12 months of aerobic and resistance exercise versus usual care on changes in body composition in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors taking aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Methods The Hormones and Physical Exercise study enrolled 121 breast cancer survivors and randomized them to either supervised twice-weekly resistance exercise training and 150 min/wk of aerobic exercise (N = 61) or a usual care (N = 60) group. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were conducted at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months to assess changes in body mass index, percent body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral density. Results At 12 months, the exercise group relative to the usual care group had a significant increase in lean body mass (0.32 vs. −0.88 kg, P = 0.03), a decrease in percent body fat (−1.4% vs. 0.48%, P = 0.03), and a decrease in body mass index (−0.73 vs. 0.17 kg/m2, P = 0.03). Change in bone mineral density was not significantly different between groups at 12 months (0.001 vs. −0.006 g/cm2, P = 0.37). Conclusions A combined resistance and aerobic exercise intervention improved body composition in breast cancer survivors taking AIs. Exercise interventions may help to mitigate the negative side effects of AIs and improve health outcomes in breast cancer survivors.
Generalized almost product structures and generalized CRF-structures

Abstract We give several equivalent characterizations of orthogonal subbundles of the generalized tangent bundle defined, up to B -field transform, by almost product and local product structures. We also introduce a pure spinor formalism for generalized CRF-structure and investigate the resulting decomposition of the de Rham operator. As applications we give a characterization of generalized complex manifolds that are locally the product of generalized complex factors and discuss infinitesimal deformations of generalized CRF-structures.
CONSERVATION AND DIVERGENCE IN SINGLE-STRANDED PHAGE DNA SECONDARY STRUCTURE: RELATIONS TO ORIGINS OF DNA REPLICATION

ABSTRACT Using the same partial denaturing conditions employed for φX174 DNA (1), the secondary structure of G4 DNA was analyzed by electron microscopy. Both φX and G4 viral DNAs were folded into similar characteristic three-lobed structures, an observation consistent with their similar genetic maps and nucleotide sequences. The locations of stem and loop structures comprising the three lobes were mapped relative to the ends of Pst I-, Eco RI-, and Sst II-cleaved G4 replicative form DNA. It was found that the secondary structure surrounding the origin of viral strand replication was conserved in φX and G4 DNAs. Since φX and G4 have similar modes of viral strand replication, this conservation is consistent with our previous suggestion that secondary structure specifically folds viral DNA to promote its circularization. Two major differences between the secondary structures of φX and G4 DNAs, involving the smallest of the three lobes, were located in the region of the G4 origin of complementary strand replication. These structural changes can be correlated with the different modes of complementary strand replication utilized by φX and G4.
ZenIDS: introspective intrusion detection for PHP applications

Since its first appearance more than 20 years ago, PHP has steadily increased in popularity, and has become the foundation of the Internet's most popular content management systems (CMS). Of the world's 1 million most visited websites, nearly half use a CMS, and WordPress alone claims 25% market share of all websites. While their easy-to-use templates and components have greatly simplified the work of developing high quality websites, it comes at the cost of software vulnerabilities that are inevitable in such large and rapidly evolving frameworks. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are often used to protect Internet-facing applications, but conventional techniques struggle to keep up with the fast pace of development in today's web applications. Rapid changes to application interfaces increase the workload of maintaining an IDS whitelist, yet the broad attack surface of a web application makes for a similarly verbose blacklist. We developed ZenIDS to dynamically learn the trusted execution paths of an application during a short online training period and report execution anomalies as potential intrusions. We implement ZenIDS as a PHP extension supported by 8 hooks instrumented in the PHP interpreter. Our experiments demonstrate its effectiveness monitoring live web traffic for one year to 3 large PHP applications, detecting malicious requests with a false positive rate of less than .01% after training on fewer than 4,000 requests. ZenIDS excludes the vast majority of deployed PHP code from the whitelist because it is never used for valid requests---yet could potentially be exploited by a remote adversary. We observe 5% performance overhead (or less) for our applications vs. an optimized vanilla LAMP stack.
Evidence to Suggest that the Human Fetal Spleen Is Not a Hematopoietic Organ

The human fetal spleen commonly is regarded as an organ of hematopoiesis. Because of the authors' interest in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) and because the myeloid metaplasia commonly is regarded as a reactivation of embryonic sites of blood formation, spleens from 48 fetuses and stillborn infants were studied, in an attempt to evaluate splenic hematopoiesis (myelopoiesis). The authors employed immunohistologic and cytochemical technics to identify granulocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cells, in contrast to previous studies that have relied solely on conventional morphology. The authors found surprisingly little evidence of hematopoiesis. Virtually no hematopoietic cells of the dividing cell pool were identified, in spite of the fact that the technic used is capable of detecting such immature forms. The results suggests that the spleen is not a significant organ of hematopoiesis in the human fetus but that immature hematopoietic cells found there merely reflect trapping of circulating precursors in the fetal blood. These findings have significant implications for the pathophysiology of MMM.
Spectral mixture decomposition using principal component analysis applied to pyroxene mixtures

For many years, there has been on going research in decomposition of laboratory spectra of mineral mixtures. In recent years, spectra of mineral mixtures were investigated with the MGM. However, there were drawbacks to the MGM. This paper presents a reliable, simple method for modeling the mixture between two end-members using PCA. The method was used on a set of pyroxene spectra with varied grain sizes and percent composition. The second principal component was correlated with the grain size. For each grain size, the first principal component was correlated with the percent composition. The method was highly successful at predicting grain size and percent composition for spectra not within the training set.
Comparing the cygnss simulator forward scattering model with TDS-1 and cygnss on-orbit DDMS

The CYGNSS (Cyclone GNSS) Mission is a constellation of 8 micro-satellites successfully launched in December 2016. Each satellite carries a GNSS-R (Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry) receiver which forms a Level-1 delay-Doppler map (DDM) measurement of reflected GPS L1 C/A-coded signals off the surface of the Earth. A very similar instrument is also operating onboard the TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) satellite. Prior to launch, the CYGNSS End-to-End Simulator (E2ES) was developed in order to simulate CYGNSS measurements and develop Level-2 ocean surface mean-square-slope (MSS) and wind speed retrieval algorithms. As part of initial validation process, this paper will present a detailed comparison between the downlinked Level-1 DDM data (from both TDS-1 and CYGNSS) and those predicted by high-fidelity CYGNSS forward model. This comparison includes a statistical analysis of DDM data pixels and their residuals with respect to simulated waveforms as a means of analyzing the on-orbit properties of the instrument, identifying outliers, as well as validating predicted scattering models, particularly the model's predicted dependence on incidence angle and wind speed.
Radiologic and Histologic Evaluation of Proximal Bicep Pathology in Patients With Chronic Biceps Tendinopathy Undergoing Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis.

Purpose To correlate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative anatomic findings within the proximal long head biceps tendon to histologic evaluation of 3 separate zones of the tendon in patients with chronic biceps tendinopathy. Methods Sixteen patients with chronic biceps tendinopathy were treated with open subpectoral biceps tenodesis. Preoperative MRI tendon grading was as follows: normal tendon, increased signal, tendon splitting, incomplete/complete tear. The removed portion of the biceps tendon was split into 3 segments: zone 1, 0-3.5 cm from the labral insertion; zone 2, 3.5-6.5 cm; and zone 3, 6.5-9 cm, and was histologically evaluated using the Bonar score. Tenosynovium adjacent to the tendon was assessed histologically using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International score. CD31, CD3, and CD79a immunohistochemistries were conducted to determine vascularization, T-cell infiltrates, and B-cell infiltrates, respectively. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlations were performed for statistical analysis. Results Preoperative MRI showed no significant differences in tendon appearance between zones 1-3. Intraoperative findings included nonspecific degenerative SLAP tears or mild/moderate biceps tenosynovitis in all cases. Significantly ( P P r = 0.08), zone 2 ( r = 0.03), or zone 3 ( r = 0.1). Conclusions In patients with chronic long head biceps tendinopathy who underwent open subpectoral tenodesis, MRI and intraoperative assessment did not show significant structural abnormalities within the tendon despite significant histopathologic changes. Severity of tendon histopathology was more pronounced in the proximal and mid-portions of the tendon. Clinical Relevance Proximal versus distal biceps tenodesis is a subject of frequent debate. This study contributes to the ongoing evaluation of the characteristics of the proximal biceps in this type of pathologic condition.
The Effect of Individual and Pooled Profit Sharing Plans on Honesty in Managerial Reporting

Many organizations offer profit sharing plans to motivate increased effort and goal congruence. However, an unintended consequence of such plans may be to reduce honesty in managerial reporting. We investigate two commonly observed profit sharing plans (individual and pooled) in a laboratory experiment where multiple agents with private cost information submit budget requests to an employer. Consistent with our prediction based on crowding theory, our findings suggest that honesty is reduced in the presence of an individual profit sharing plan. However, when a pooled profit sharing plan is used, the adverse effects on honesty are partially mitigated. Our results suggest that an unintended consequence of profit sharing (decreased honesty) can be mitigated through interdependency from pooled plans. The results have practical implications, given that organizations have flexibility in establishing both the size and scope of their profit sharing plans. Our study also contributes to our understanding of reporting behavior, particularly in multi‐agent settings. Maintes organisations proposent des regimes d'interessement afin de stimuler le rendement et de favoriser la convergence des efforts. Ces regimes peuvent cependant avoir pour consequence indesirable d'alterer l'honnetete des gestionnaires dans la communication d'information. Les auteurs etudient deux types de regimes d'interessement d'utilisation courante (individuels et collectifs) dans une experience en laboratoire ou plusieurs mandataires detenant de l'information privilegiee sur les couts soumettent des demandes de credits budgetaires a un employeur. Conformement a l'hypothese des auteurs fondee sur la theorie de l'effet de groupe, leurs constatations semblent indiquer que l'honnetete est alteree en presence d'un regime d'interessement individuel. Toutefois, dans le cas d'un regime d'interessement collectif, les repercussions defavorables de l'interessement sur l'honnetete sont en partie attenuees. Les resultats de l'etude permettent de croire qu'une consequence indesirable de l'interessement (alteration de l'honnetete) peut etre attenuee grâce a l'interdependance que supposent les regimes collectifs. Ces resultats ont des retombees sur le plan pratique, compte tenu de la flexibilite dont jouissent les organisations dans le choix de l'importance et de la portee de leurs regimes d'interessement. L'etude nous aide egalement a mieux comprendre le comportement en matiere de communication d'information, en particulier dans les situations faisant intervenir plusieurs mandataires.
Calculations of NMR dipolar coupling strengths in model peptides.

Ab initio MP2 and density functional quantum chemistry calculations are used to explore geometries and vibrational properties of N-methylacetamide and of the alanine dipeptide with backbone angles characteristic of helix and sheet regions in proteins. The results are used to explore one-bond direct dipolar couplings for the N–H, Cα–Hα, C′–N, and Cα–C′ bonds, as well as for the two-bond C′–H interaction. Vibrational averaging affects these dipolar couplings, and these effects can be expressed as effective bond lengths that are 0.5–3% larger than the true bond lengths; bending and torsion vibrations have a bigger influence on the effective coupling than do stretching vibrations. Because of zero-point motion, these effects are important even at low temperature. Hydrogen bonding interactions at the amide group also increase the N-H effective bond length. Although vibrational contributions to effective bond lengths are small, they can have a significant influence on the extraction of order parameters from relaxation data, and a knowledge of relative bond lengths is needed when several types of dipolar couplings are to be simultaneously used for refinement. The present computational results are compared to both solid- and liquid-state NMR experiments. The analysis suggests that secondary structural elements in many proteins may be more rigid than is commonly thought.
ON THE MECHANISM OF INHIBITION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study analyzing mechanism of inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO). An electrophoretically homogeneous MAO was isolated from beef liver. Upon, addition of pargyline or Su 11739 to this preparation and in the absence of light, immediately spectroscopic changes at 460 nm took place which indicated reduction of the flavin moiety. In addition, a strong band at 410 nm was seen. When a purified preparation which became spontaneously inactive was tested, no spectroscopic changes were seen. Apparently, the interaction between MAO and acetylenic amines is a catalytic event. A close parallelism was found between optical changes at 410 nm and the degree of inhibition. After one mole of Su 11739 per 100,000 g protein was added to the system, a plateau was reached for both parameters. Furthermore, the number of titratable suifhydryl groups did not change after inactivation of the enzyme, nor did glutathione protect it. Purified MAO does not respond by displaying the 410 nm band, when it is treated with substrates or with representatives of other classes of inhibitors, such as phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine) or iproniazid. The mechanism of MAO inactivation of these inhibitors seems to be quite different from that of acetylenic amines.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Mandiri Berbasis Smartphone Pada Materi Kubus Tingkat MTs

The present study aimed to (1) develop media-based learning of smartphone for learning mathematics in junior school, (2) to know the feasibility of media-based smartphone made. This research is a research and development (Research & Development), which is a research used to develop or validate the products used in learning. The development method used in this study follows a simple development procedure suggested by Borg & Gall consisting of five steps, namely (1) product analysis to be developed, (2) initial product development, (3) expert validation and product revision, 4) limited trial and product revision, (5) main trial and final product. The result of this study is media learning with the title " Smartphone Based Independent Learning Media for Junior High School Cube Material" which is packaged in a APK file in a Compact Disk (CD). The validation proved the feasible use of smartphone-based media learning. The feasibility is supported by the average media score of 86.5 (very good), the material score 93.5 (very good), the student response scores from 20 students in MTs N Ngablak with an average of 58.2 (very good). The validation of this feasibility is also supported by the average score of student learning result test equal to 85 with number of student reaching KKM 95% and existence of high correlation (r= 0,828) between score of student response test with score test result learning of students which means that there is an unidirectional relationship between students' questionnaire scores with test scores of student learning outcomes.
Efficacy and safety of more potent antiplatelet therapy with vorapaxar in patients with impaired renal function

Patients with renal disease are often undertreated with antiplatelet therapy due to concerns about bleeding. Vorapaxar blocks platelet activation via the PAR-1 receptor and reduces cardiovascular events in patients with stable atherosclerosis, but with increased bleeding. We examined the efficacy and safety of vorapaxar in patients with impaired renal function. TRA2°P-TIMI 50 randomized patients with stable atherosclerosis to vorapaxar or. We analyzed patients with eGFR assessed who qualified with a history of MI or PAD (without stroke or TIA) (n = 19,932). Cox models assessed the risk of CV events and bleeding by quartile of baseline eGFR in the placebo arm and then by randomized assignment. Net clinical outcome (NCO) was predefined as CV death, MI, stroke, or GUSTO severe bleeding. Patients with lower eGFR tended to be older, female, have hypertension, hyperlipidemia or prior PAD. In the placebo arm, baseline eGFR in the lowest quartile was associated with a 26% higher risk of CV death, MI or stroke (Q1:Q4 HRadj 1.26, 1.03–1.55) and 73% higher risk of GUSTO moderate or severe bleeding (HRadj 1.73, 1.12–2.65). Vorapaxar reduced the risk of MACE to a similar extent (14–26%) across quartiles of baseline eGFR (P interaction = 0.70) and increased the relative risk of GUSTO moderate or severe bleeding (P interaction = 0.54). NCO was similar across quartiles of eGFR (P interaction = 0.65). Intensification of antiplatelet therapy with vorapaxar offers comparable net clinical benefit regardless of baseline renal function. These data support the use of more potent antiplatelet regimens in patients with renal dysfunction.
Epinephrine in Neonatal Resuscitation

Epinephrine is the only medication recommended by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation for use in newborn resuscitation. Strong evidence from large clinical trials is lacking owing to the infrequent use of epinephrine during neonatal resuscitation. Current recommendations are weak as they are extrapolated from animal models or pediatric and adult studies that do not adequately depict the transitioning circulation and fluid-filled lungs of the newborn in the delivery room. Many gaps in knowledge including the optimal dosing, best route and timing of epinephrine administration warrant further studies. Experiments on a well-established ovine model of perinatal asphyxial cardiac arrest closely mimicking the newborn infant provide important information that can guide future clinical trials.
Safety of Same-Day Discharge Compared to Overnight Observation Following Laparoscopic Appendectomy in the Pediatric-Aged Patient: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Project.

Abstract Background: Previous studies regarding same-day discharge (SDD) after laparoscopic appendectomy for pediatric patients have been limited by the cohort size and lack of specificity regardin...
Drosophila pseudoobscura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) of the Great Basin IV: a release experiment at Bryce Canyon

Some populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura in the Great Basin have very little genetic variation for third chromosome inversion gene arrangements. These populations are essentially monomorphic for the Arrowhead gene arrangement. At Bryce Canyon, Utah, individuals with other gene arrangements (Standard, Pikes Peak, and Treeline) were released and their frequencies monitored. One generation after release, the released arrangements had increased in frequency from 0.7% to almost 10%. After overwintering, the arrangement frequencies were not statistically different from the prerelease samples. The samples did demonstrate a low-level retention of the released Pikes Peak arrangement. The decline in the released arrangements was probably the result of large population size at Bryce Canyon and the bottleneck effects of overwintering. The results do not seem consistent with a model of the released arrangements having a lowered fitness.
Tropical cyclones and heatwaves

Heatwaves increase in frequency and intensity with global warming. Research now shows that the sequence of a tropical cyclone followed by a heatwave may also occur more often, threatening power grids when air conditioning is needed most.
The nonlinear elastic response of filled elastomers: Experiments vs. theory for the basic case of particulate fillers of micrometer size

Abstract Standard particulate fillers utilized to enhance the macroscopic elasticity of elastomers — most notably, carbon black and silica particles — are inherently of nanometer size. Because their size is comparable to the typical lengths of the polymer chain segments between crosslinks in the embedding elastomers, there is a plurality of microscopic mechanisms by which such fillers provide macroscopic enhancement. Well-known among these is the so-called hydrodynamic effect, which has long been thought to become increasingly dominant as the size of the fillers increases from nanometer to micrometer or larger length scales. This paper reports a combined experimental/theoretical investigation aimed at critically examining such a belief by isolating — that is, by excluding the presence of other enhancing mechanisms, such as interphases and occluded rubber — and quantifying the hydrodynamic effect behind the enhanced nonlinear elastic response of a prototypical class of particle-filled elastomers: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) featuring various cross-link densities filled with an isotropic distribution of glass spherical particles of monodisperse micrometer size. The close agreement found between the experiments for a variety of filled PDMS elastomers with the predictions based on recently developed rigorous homogenization results corroborate that the observed enhancement in the nonlinear elastic response of the PDMS elastomers upon the addition of the glass particles is indeed solely due to the hydrodynamic effect. In addition to filling a lacuna in the basic experimental knowledge of filled elastomers, the findings reported here also have direct practical implications on the modeling of a number of emerging active filled elastomers, such as for instance magnetorheological elastomers, wherein the iron filler particles — in contrast to standard fillers — are typically micrometer in size.
An illustrative case for addressing infant mental health referrals

PROBLEM Despite knowing the importance of the early detection of adverse experiences, mental health disorders beginning or occurring during early childhood can be difficult to recognize. To address this gap, this manuscript describes the care of a parent-child dyad utilizing the nursing process in an illustrative case. METHODS This illustrative case provides a scenario that includes the early detection of infant mental health (IMH) in primary care with referral to a psychiatric mental health advanced practice nurse (PMHNP) and highlights how integrative care with PMHNP can facilitate the use of the nursing process to promote optimal early childhood growth and development and prevent long-term mental health problems. FINDINGS The collaboration between the primary care provider and PMHNP in addressing a common diagnosis observed in IMH (i.e., feeding disorder) where a 6-month-old infant presented with poor weight gain due to detached parenting, secondary to maternal depression, resulted in early infant-parent intervention that reduced maternal depression and normalized infant growth. CONCLUSIONS The screening of IMH in pediatric primary care promotes early referral and collaboration with the PMHNP to address IMH problems to promote optimal growth and social-emotional development in early childhood.
Got glycogen? An energy resource in HIF-mediated prevention of ischemic kidney injury.

Hypoxia-inducible factor activation reprograms glucose metabolism and leads to glycogen accumulation in multiple cell types. In this issue of Kidney International, Ito and colleagues demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor–prolyl hydroxylase domain oxygen sensors in renal epithelial cells enhances glycogen synthesis and protects from subsequent hypoxia and glucose deprivation. In vivo studies advance the concept that renal glycogen metabolism contributes to cytoprotection afforded by pre-ischemic hypoxia-inducible factor–prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibition.
Microbial community structure corresponds to nutrient gradients and human impact within coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes.

Microbial communities within the soil of Great Lakes coastal wetlands drive biogeochemical cycles and provide several other ecosystems services. However, there exists a lack of understanding of how microbial communities respond to nutrient gradients and human activity in these systems. This research sought to address this lack of understanding through exploration of microbial community diversity and networks among coastal wetlands throughout the Great Lakes. Significant differences in microbial community structure were illuminated between Lake Erie and all other wetlands, and chemical and biological structure did not vary within Lake Erie with increasing soil depth. Beyond this, alpha diversity levels were highest within Lake Erie coastal wetlands. These diversity differences coincided with higher nutrient levels within the Lake Erie region. Site-to-site variability existed within Lake Erie, East and North Saginaw Bay regions, suggesting site-scale heterogeneity may impact microbial community structure. Several subnetworks of microbial communities and individual OTUs were related to chemical gradients among wetland regions, revealing several candidate indicator communities and taxa which may be useful for Great Lakes coastal wetland management. This research provides an initial characterization of microbial communities among Great Lakes coastal wetlands, and demonstrates that microbial communities could be negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities.
Modification of the law of mass action for homotypic interactions

In its general definition, the law of mass action posits that, in systems where multiple elements move randomly, the rate by which they physically interact is proportional to the product of their densities. This law predicts the rate of elementary chemical reactions and many other phenomena in biology, physics, and social sciences. Using combinatorial mathematics, this study shows that this law inherently overestimates the rate of homotypic interactions, i.e. whereby identical elements interact with each other. This overestimation depends on how many of them interact simultaneously (homointeractivity), and on the difference between the density of interactants and homointeractivity. When this difference is large, as in most systems, the rate expression given by the law of mass action for any homotypic interaction is corrected by dividing it by the factorial of homointeractivity. This modification should yield better agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental determinations of interaction rates in a wide range of natural phenomena.
A Semi-Mechanistic Prediction of Residence Time Metrics in Twin Screw Granulation

This work is concerned with the semi-mechanistic prediction of residence time metrics using historical data from mono-component twin screw wet granulation processes. From the data, several key parameters such as powder throughput rate, shafts rotation speed, liquid binder feed ratio, number of kneading elements in the shafts and the stagger angle between the kneading elements were identified and physical factors were developed to translate those varying parameters into expressions affecting the key intermediate phenomena in the equipment, holdup, flow and mixing. The developed relations were then tested across datasets to evaluate the performance of the model, applying a k-fold optimization technique. The semi-mechanistic predictions were evaluated both qualitatively through the main effects plots and quantitatively through the parity plots and correlations between the tuning constants across datasets. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used as a metric to compare the degree of goodness of fit for different datasets using the developed semi-mechanistic relations. In summary this paper presents a new approach at estimating both the residence time metrics in twin screw wet granulation, mean residence time (MRT) and variance through semi-mechanistic relations, the validity of which have been tested for different datasets.
AVID: A rapid method for assessing deer browsing of hardwood regeneration

Abstract Extensive deer browsing threatens the ability of many forests in the northeastern United States to regenerate and sustain their biodiversity. To reliably assess whether deer are reducing the regeneration of key tree species valued for timber and wildlife, we developed a rapid field protocol for Assessing Vegetation Impacts from Deer (AVID, http://AVIDdeer.com ). AVID is a method for foresters, landowners, volunteers, and others to measure the effect of deer browsing on seedling growth. Our objectives were to: 1. Determine if the AVID method could detect differences in growth rates for protected (fenced) and unprotected seedlings, 2. Evaluate AVID’s usefulness as a regeneration monitoring tool for citizen-science engagement, and 3. Compare and contrast the relative strengths and weaknesses of common methods for measuring deer impacts to vegetation. We compared fenced and unfenced plots at 10 research sites in New York State to validate the sensitivity of AVID for detecting deer impacts to seedling growth. Tagged seedlings were measured annually for height growth in replicated plots. Deer reduced average seedling height growth of palatable species several fold at these sites often in combination with the effects of site and year. From 2016 through 2020, we conducted 59 AVID training events with 1,399 participants including landowners, students, educators, naturalists, resource management professionals, and land trust staff. Volunteers established plots at 83 sites in 24 New York counties demonstrating that AVID provides a valued citizen-science approach for both teaching people and assessing deer impacts to forest regeneration. Once volunteers consistently monitor a statistically valid number of plots for several years, the New York’s Department of Environmental Conservation intends to use AVID data to inform deer management decisions.
An Analysis of the Safety of Medication Ordering Using Typo Correction within an Academic Medical System

Objectives Spelling during medication ordering is prone to error, which can contribute to frustration, confusion, and, ultimately, errors. Typo correction can be utilized in an effort to mitigate the effects of misspellings by providing results even when no exact matches can be found. Although, typo correction can be beneficial in some scenarios, safety concerns have been raised when utilizing the functionality for medication ordering. Our primary objective was to analyze the effects of typo correction technology on medication errors within an academic medical system after implementation of the technology. Our secondary objective was to identify and provide additional recommendations to further improve the safety of the functionality. Methods We analyzed 8 months of post-implementation data obtained from staff-reported medication errors and search query information obtained from the electronic health record. The reports were analyzed by two pharmacists in two phases: retrospective identification of errors occurring as a result of typo correction and prospective identification of potential errors with continued use of the functionality. Results In retrospective review of 2,603 reported medication-related errors, 26 were identified as potentially involving typo correction as a contributing factor. Six of these orders invoked typo correction, but none of the errors could be attributed to typo correction. In prospective review, a list of 40 error-prone words and terms were identified to be added as stop words and 407 medication synonyms were identified for removal from their associated medication records. Conclusion Our results indicate, when properly implemented, typo correction does not cause additional medication errors. However, there may be benefit in implementing further precautions for preventing future errors.
Are Asian Victims Less Likely to Report Hate Crime Victimization to the Police? Implications for Research and Policy in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Anti-Asian hate crimes have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, no research has considered whether crime reporting patterns are different among Asian hate crime victims, relative to other ...