cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant biology: Pigments on the move.

In plant cells, the pigment anthocyanin is transported to a membrane-bounded organelle called the vacuole for storage. A previously unidentified transport pathway involving vacuolar-membrane extensions mediates this process.
WEIGHTED Lp BERNSTEIN-TYPE INEQUALITIES ON A QUASISMOOTH CURVE IN THE COMPLEX PLANE

We establish Lp ,1 p< ∞, Bernstein-type inequalities for alge- braic polynomials considered on a quasismooth (in the sense of Lavrentiev) curve in the complex plane.
A New Look at Some Old Animals

When teaching an introductory zoology course, it is always entertaining to show students some specimens of the only described species of placozoans—Trichoplax adhaerens, a tiny, simple, nearly worldwide marine organism (Figure 1) [1,2]. The inevitable disbelief—those are animals?—leads naturally to enumerating the shared derived features of all animals (Box 1) and in turn to discussing the relationships among the various groups at the base of the animal or “metazoan” tree of life. These early diverging or “basal” groups include bilaterians, the bilaterally symmetric forms that most students recognize as animals—worms, flies, mice, and many more. Most students are also familiar with cnidarians—corals, anemones, jellyfish, hydroids—and perhaps even with sponges, known for their soft and porous skeletons. Less familiar are the ctenophores—comb jellyfish—and the enigmatic placozoans. How these five groups fit together at the root of the metazoan tree is a matter of intense debate and considerable study. Indeed, the ordering of the divergence of these basal groups affects our inferences of the features of the common ancestor of all animals. This in turn influences our understanding of the evolution of all animal characteristics, whether molecular, physiological, or morphological. Figure 1 Trichoplax adhaerens Individuals Creeping along the Glass Wall of an Aquarium Box 1. Characteristics of Animals Animals or “metazoans” are typically heterotrophic, multicellular organisms with diploid, eukaryotic cells. They are defined by a number of features, including several related to gamete formation and structure [3]. Since the life cycle of Trichoplax is incompletely known, these characteristics are of little use in this context. Presence of a collagenous extracellular matrix is often used to define animals; in the case of Trichoplax, the absence of such a matrix would then have to be interpreted as a secondary loss [3]. Animals, however, are also defined by the presence of different somatic (i.e., non-reproductive) cell types and by impermeable cell–cell connections. By these criteria, Trichoplax are animals, while related multicellular protists (e.g., choanoflagellates) are not.
Magnetic State Estimator to Characterize the Magnetic States of Nano-Magnetic Disks

We present an image processing system-magnetic state estimator (MSE) to estimate the magnetization states of lithographically patterned single domain nano-magnets. The tool requires digital images of a magnetic force micrograph, an atomic force micrograph and a computer-aided design layout of the magnetic nanostructures to estimate their magnetization states. The tool also yields a confidence value of the estimated magnetization state. We have tested the MSE on randomly patterned Permalloy nano-magnetic disks on a Silicon wafer. The tool was able to correctly identify 403 single domain states out of 499 and 256 vortex states out of 297, producing an accuracy rate of 83%.
The Heats of Formation of SiCl+n, for n=1-4

The heats of formation of SiCl(sub n) and SiCl+(sub n), for n=1-4, have been determined using the G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC) approach. The results for the neutral systems are in very good agreement with previous work. High level calibration calculations show that ion results have about the same accuracy as the neutrals, and allow us to refine the G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC) values. The calculations show that the adiabatic IP of SiCl4 is about 7 kcal/mol smaller than the accepted value. Using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation, the temperature dependence of the heat of formation, heat capacity, and entropy are computed for 300 to 4000 K and fit to a polynomial.
Solution of piecewise-linear ordinary differential equations using waveform relaxation and laplace transforms

Piecewise-linear (PWL) functions are frequently used to describe the nonlinear branch equations of nonlinear devices in LSI circuits. New techniques for the solution of the differential equations describing the behavior of piecewise-linear circuits will be presented. These techniques are based on the waveform relaxation method to decouple the system equations and Laplace transform techniques to solve the decoupled equations. Several desirable features of the resulting algorithm are discussed.
A High-Resolution Imaging Radar at 580 GHz

We have developed a high-resolution imaging radar at 580 GHz. Coherent illumination in the 576-589 GHz range and phase-sensitive detection are implemented in an all-solid-state design based on Schottky diode sensors and sources. By employing the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar technique, we achieve centimeter-scale range resolution while utilizing fractional bandwidths of less than 3%. Our high operating frequencies also permit centimeter-scale cross-range resolution at several-meter standoff distances without large apertures. Scanning of a single-pixel transceiver enables targets to be rapidly mapped in three dimensions, and here we apply this technology to the detection of concealed objects on persons.
Evidence of a paucity of genes that interact with the mitochondrion on the X in mammals.

Mitochondria are essential organelles whose replication, development, and physiology are dependent upon coordinated gene interactions with both the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes. The evolution of coadapted (CA) nuclear–mitochondrial gene combinations would be facilitated if such nuclear genes were located on the X-chromosome instead of on the autosomes because of the increased probability of cotransmission. Here, we test the prediction of the CA hypothesis by investigating the chromosomal distribution of nuclear genes that interact with mitochondria. Using the online genome database BIOMART, we compared the density of genes that have a mitochondrion cellular component annotation across chromosomes in 16 vertebrates. We find a strong and highly significant genomic pattern against the CA hypothesis: nuclear genes interacting with the mitochondrion are significantly underrepresented on the X-chromosome in mammals but not in birds. We interpret our findings in terms of sexual conflict as a mechanism that may generate the observed pattern. Our finding extends single-gene theory for the evolution of sexually antagonistic genes to nuclear–mitochondrial gene combinations.
The question-behavior effect from an action control perspective

Abstract The question-behavior effect is discussed by taking an action control perspective. With respect to the determinants of the effect, it is asked whether its strength is dependent on the features of the behaviors at issue (e.g., difficulty), how the question targets the critical behaviors (e.g., in terms of attitudes or intentions, frequency or intensity), and in which context it is asked. With respect to the psychological processes, it is questioned whether the activation of positive implicit attitudes underlies the effect. Finally, to counter unwanted question-behavior effects on risky behaviors, an intervention treatment geared at blocking such effects is suggested that is based on the self-regulation of goal setting (by mental contrasting; Oettingen, 2000) and goal implementation (by forming if-then plans; Gollwitzer, 1999).
Toward Optimal Calibration of the SLEUTH Land Use Change Model

SLEUTH is a computational simulation model that uses adaptive cellular automata to simulate the way cities grow and change their surrounding land uses. It has long been known that models are of most value when calibrated, and that using backcasting (testing against known prior data) is an effective calibration method. SLEUTH’s calibration uses the brute force method: every possible combination and permutation of its control parameters is tried, and the outcomes tested for their success at replicating prior data. Of the SLEUTH calibration approaches tried so far, there have been several suggested rules to follow during the brute force procedure to deal with problems of tractability, most of which leave out many of the possible parameter combinations. In this research, we instead attempt to create the complete set of possible outcomes with the goal of examining them to select the optimum from among the millions of possibilities. The self-organizing map (SOM) was used as a data reduction method to pursue the isolation of the best parameter sets, and to indicate which of the existing 13 calibration metrics used in SLEUTH are necessary to arrive at the optimum. As a result, a new metric is proposed that will be of value in future SLEUTH applications. The new measure combines seven of the current measures, eight if land use is modeled, and is recommended as a way to make SLEUTH applications more directly comparable, and to give superior modeling and forecasting results.
Kinetics of CO substitution in Co4(CO)12 and Rh4(CO)12

The kinetics of rapid CO substitution by PPh3 in Co4(CO)12 and Rh4(CO)12 have been examined by stopped-flow and low temperature FT-IR methods. In Co4(CO)12 rapid (kobs ∼ 1.8 s−1) substitution of CO occurs after a 1–15 s induction period at 28 °C in C6H5Cl solvent by a catalytic process. Addition of PPh3 to Rh4(CO)12 yields Rh4(CO)11(PPh3) according to a predominantly second order rate law k1[Rh4- (CO)12] + k2[Rh4(CO)12][PPh3] with k1 = 25 ± 11 s−1 and k2 = 2.97 ± 0.27 X 104 M−1 s−1 at 28 °C. Substitution of a second CO ligand also occurs rapidly with k1 = 0.15 ± 0.09 s−1 and k2 = 6.54 ± 0.07 X 102 M−1 s−1 at 28 °C. The reactivity of Rh4(CO)12 toward associative substitution is 104– 1011 faster than for the Co and Ir analogues, In Rh4(CO)11(PPh3) the increase in CO substitution rates over Co and Rh analogues is 102–107. The ordering of associative substitution rates Co >> Ir in these clusters exaggerates the trend seen in mononuclear metal complexes.
The Vertical Structure of New England Coastal Fronts

Abstract Aircraft data from the New England Winter Storms Experiment (NEWSEX) are used to examine the vertical structure of four New England coastal fronts. The aircraft made multiple passes at varying elevations through the coastal fronts. The observations were projected onto cross sections normal to the coastal fronts using frontal orientations determined from surface analyses and frontal velocities determined from a least-squares fit to multiple frontal penetrations. The frontal zones were found to be roughly 200 m wide, rising sharply from the ground to a height of 150 m to 400 m over distances of 0.5 to 2.5 km before leveling off and rising gradually toward the mountains. The underlying pools of cold air were similar in form and flow patterns to cold-air damming structures observed elsewhere along the East Coast. The coastal fronts formed the leading edges of the cold pools. Air on the warm side of the fronts was neutrally stratified, having been recently heated by the warm Gulf of Maine. This warm a...
Thin Plates and Shells

In the preceding chapter, several cases of thin elastic plates loaded in the plane of the plate were analyzed using plane stress or plane strain equations. The resulting deformations are confined to the plane of the plate in accordance with the plane strain assumption. If such a plate is loaded transverse to the plane, the plate bends and the deflection of the surface in the normal direction is predominant, similar to a gridwork of beams. Correspondingly a distributed transverse loading can be efficiently resisted by an initially curved thin surface structure such as a cylindrical or spherical tank. The initial curvature mobilizes in-plane or membrane resistance that can be far more efficient than the bending resistance provided by flat plates. Several classical problems for the bending of rectangular and circular plates and for the membrane behavior of thin shells of revolution are presented as an introduction to this extensive topic.
FLPs and Code Sec. 2036(a)(1): What Makes Abraham Different from Stone?

In a number of cases, the IRS has successfully limited the estate planning opportunities offered by family limited partnerships ("FLPs") by invoking Code Sec. 2036(a)(1) to include in a decedent's gross estate the value of property transferred to an FLP. The IRS lost the battle in Estate of Stone v. Commissioner, only to win again in Estate of Abraham. The underlying facts in Stone and Abraham are similar enough that Stone may offer some lessons to taxpayers who want to diminish their exposure to estate taxes. This column discusses Stone and Abraham and attempts to reconcile the decisions in the two cases. Unfortunately, the message from the two cases may be that only the ultra-wealthy can avoid a good portion of the estate tax through the use of an FLP; the merely wealthy need not apply, especially if they are not in good health.
Understanding the Redox Obstacles in High Sulfur-Loading Li–S Batteries and Design of an Advanced Gel Cathode

Lithium–sulfur batteries with a high energy density are being considered a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage. However, realization of Li–S batteries is plagued by poor sulfur utilization due to the shuttle of intermediate lithiation products between electrodes and its dynamic redistribution. To optimize the sulfur utilization, an understanding of its redox behavior is essential. Herein, we report a gel cathode consisting of a polysulfide-impregnated O- and N-doped porous carbon and an independent, continuous, and highly conducting 3-dimensional graphite film as the charge-transfer network. This design decouples the function of electron conduction and polysulfide absorption, which is beneficial for understanding the sulfur redox behavior and identifying the dominant factors leading to cell failure when the cells have high sulfur content and insufficient electrolyte. This design also opens up new prospects of tuning the properties of Li–S batteries via separately designing the material ...
Redbacked Cutworm Control on Peppermint with Leptophos

Leptophos applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb AI/acre reduced the avg number of 4th- and 5th-stage Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenee) from 7.0 to 0.2 per ½ ft2, from 28.4 to 0.2 per ½ ft2, and from 2.2 to 0.2 per ½ ft2 after 14 days, respectively, in 1973. In 1974, rates of 1.0 and 2.0 lb AI/acre reduced the avg number from 4.3 to <0.1 per ½ ft2 and from 2.4 to <0.1 per ½ ft2 after 14 days, respectively.
Does Leader–Member Exchange Accentuate the Relationship Between Leader Behaviors and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors?

Although the effects of leader behaviors on organizational citizenship behaviors is well documented, research on the leader–subordinate relationship as a boundary condition of this relationship is less clear. Drawing on social exchange and personal identification theories, we demonstrate that leader–member exchange moderates the relationship between relations- and change-oriented leader behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors. Overall, these findings suggest that how subordinates perceive and respond to leader behaviors depends on the nature of the leader–subordinate relationship. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, and areas for future research are explored.
Role of Groundwater Recharge in Treatment and Storage of Wastewater for Reuse

Reuse of municipal wastewater requires treatment so that the water meets the quality requirements for the intended use. Irrigation of vegetables consumed raw requires absence of pathogenic organisms. To achieve this, fecal coliform concentrations should be essentially zero and the water should be filtered. This requires intensive treatment. For developing countries, however, where adequate sewage treatment often is lacking, the World Health Organization allows up to 1000 fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml, which can be obtained by lagooning. Potable reuse requires much more intensive treatment, including lime clarification, denitrification, carbon adsorption, reverse osmosis, and disinfection. Where hydrogeologic conditions permit groundwater recharge with surface infiltration facilities, considerable water quality improvement is obtained by the movement of the wastewater through the soil, vadose zone, and aquifer. The resulting soil-aquifer treatment costs are less than 40% of the costs of equivalent in-plant treatment. Soil-aquifer treatment systems also are simple and robust, offer storage of the water to absorb differences between supply and demand, and enhance the aesthetics of potable reuse of wastewater. Hence, they can play an important role in wastewater reuse.
Satisfactory fault-tolerant control with multi-indices constraints for fuzzy nonlinear systems

The satisfactory fault-tolerant control problems with multi-indices constraints are investigated via LMI for fuzzy nonlinear systems against actuator failures. The tolerant controller with constrains on decay rate,control input and output,is designed via state-feedback of parallel distributed compensation. Then the satisfactory tolerant controller with constrains on pole index,steady variance index and H∞ constrains is also designed. The ranges of consistent indices are provided. Finally,simulation examples show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Analysis of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Baoshan prefecture from 1989 to 2011

Objective To analyze the epidemic trend and status of accumulatively reported HIV/AIDS cases. Methods The accumulative data of HIV/AIDS cases in Baoshan prefecture from 1998 to 2011 were descriptively analzed. Results Since the first HIV infection was reported in 1989 in Baoshan prefecture,the accumulative HIV/AIDS cases shown a yearly increasing trend,especially after 2004. Meanwhile,the proportion of AIDS cases within accumulative cases has also increased. However,the proportion of dead cases overally decreased. A total of 4 562 HIV/AIDS cases were reported by the end of 2011. Most of the accumulative HIV/AIDS cases were Han Nationality male farmers,aged between 21 and 40 years with a education level under junior middle school. The main route of infection was heterosexual contact,the ratio of male to female was1.4:1,and the source of cases mainly consisted of voluntary counseling testing(22.3%)and attending clinic patients(15.3%). Conclusions The HIV/AIDS epidemic status is getting serious year after year,HIV/AIDS cases were young married male Han nationality farmers with an education level of under junior middle school. Heterosexual transmission continues to be the primary mode of transmission. There is a need to take effective measures to roll back the spreading of HIV/AIDS infection.
Norepinephrine effects on fetal cardiovascular and endocrine systems

Norepinephrine (NE) was infused intravenously into near-term chronically catheterized sheep fetuses for 30 min. Infusions of 0.39, 1.2, 3.9, 12, and 39 micrograms/min caused a 1- to 300-fold increase in plasma NE concentration. Fetal arterial pressure increased in a dose-dependent manner up to a maximum of 72 +/- 5% above basal levels at 6-7 min and gradually declined thereafter. Venous pressure increased during the four highest infusion rates to a maximum at 6-7 min followed by a return toward normal. Fetal blood volume underwent a rapid dose-dependent decrease by a maximum of 12 +/- 1% during 39-micrograms/min infusions of NE. Heart rate initially decreased by up to 40 beats/min during the 3.9-, 12-, and 39-micrograms/min infusions, returned to normal within 10 min, and increased to 50 beats/min above control by the end of the 30-min infusion. Plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin, epinephrine, and plasma renin activity did not change during or after the four lowest infusion rates. Thus fetal vascular pressures and blood volume are altered in a dose-dependent manner over a broad range of plasma NE concentrations. In addition, NE does not appear to affect other circulating vasoactive hormones within its physiological range of concentrations.
β-arrestin 2 attenuates cardiac dysfunction in polymicrobial sepsis through gp130 and p38

Sepsis is an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response to persistent bacteria infection with high morbidity and mortality rate clinically. β-arrestin 2 modulates cell survival and cell death in different systems. However, the effect of β-arrestin 2 on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction is not yet known. Here, we show that β-arrestin 2 overexpression significantly enhances animal survival following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Importantly, overexpression of β-arrestin 2 in mice prevents CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction. Also, β-arrestin 2 overexpression dramatically attenuates CLP-induced myocardial gp130 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation levels following CLP. Therefore, β-arrestin 2 prevents CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction through gp130 and p38. These results suggest that modulation of β-arrestin 2 might provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent cardiac dysfunction in patients with sepsis.
Associations of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers with chemically-characterized air pollutant exposures in an elderly cohort.

Abstract Background Exposure to air pollution has been associated with cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. However, the chemical constituents and pollution sources underlying these associations remain unclear. Method We conducted a cohort panel study involving 97 elderly subjects living in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Airway and circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured weekly over 12 weeks and included, exhaled breath condensate malondialdehyde (EBC MDA), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6). Exposures included 7-day personal nitrogen oxides (NOx), daily criteria-pollutant data, five-day average particulate matter (PM) measured in three size-fractions and characterized by chemical components including transition metals, and in vitro PM oxidative potential (dithiothreitol and macrophage reactive oxygen species). Associations between biomarkers and pollutants were assessed using linear mixed effects regression models. Results We found significant positive associations of airway oxidative stress and inflammation with traffic-related air pollutants, ultrafine particles and transition metals. Positive but nonsignificant associations were observed with PM oxidative potential. The strongest associations were observed among PM variables in the ultrafine range (PM Conclusion Our results suggest that exposure to pollutants with high oxidative potential (traffic-related pollutants, ultrafine particles, and transition metals) may lead to increased airway oxidative stress and inflammation in elderly adults. This observation was less clear with circulating biomarkers.
Nonprofit Advertising and Persuasive Messages

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) that cannot rely on public (i.e. government) funds are dependent on donations and volunteers to remain operational. Most rely on persuasive messages to inform, educate, and convince message recipients to donate. However, the effectiveness of these efforts to affect philanthropy, gift-giving, and fundraising is a gap in the cause marketing literature (Dunn et al. 2007).
Moral Creativity and Creative Morality

In the interest of doing my job as quickly and efficiently as possible, I want to introduce myself now so we don’t have to waste valuable time later with idle chit chat. I am Dr Gregory House... I am a board certified diagnostician with a double specialty of infectious disease and nephrology. I am also the only doctor currently employed at this clinic who is forced to be here against his will... but you don’t need to worry because for most of you, this job could be done by a monkey with a bottle of Motrin. Speaking of which, if you’re particularly annoying, you may see me reach for this. This is Vicodin. It’s mine... I do not have a pain management problem. I have a pain problem. But who knows, maybe I’m wrong. Maybe I’m too stoned to tell. David & Singer (2004)
A Training and Communications Team Develops Online Learning Modules in Response to JCAHO Standard TX 3.5.2

Implementing house-wide training that affects multiple disciplines requires thoughtful and deliberate action. In response to JCAHO recommendations that require pharmacists to review all medication orders prior to medication dispensing, Emory Healthcare's pharmacy and nursing staff formed a coalition to improve the safety of the medication process using the Pyxis Profile automated cabinets. The Training and Communications Team (T&CT) developed online modules to inform staff members about new medication safety standards, required upgrades to the automated dispensing cabinets, and methods to avoid medication errors. Post implementation surveys indicated an overwhelming success of the education process.
Identify the Major Reasons to Cause Vulnerability to Mekong Delta Under the Impacts of Drought and Climate Change

The Mekong Delta lies within the humid tropics, characterized by consistently high mean monthly temperatures (25–29 °C) and high but seasonal rainfall (1200–2300 mm). Discharge of the Mekong River exhibits strong seasonal variation in corresponding rainfalls. The low flow period (December to May) occurs during the dry season and the earliest stages of the wet season. The low rainfall and high evaporation during the annual dry season place constraints on human habitation and activity in the Mekong Delta. Such conditions also give rise to other problems such as salinity intrusion in coastal areas and acidification in ASS (Acid Sulfate Soil) areas. Shorter periods of dryness, which occur during the onset, or toward the end, of the wet season in some years, may also be extremely damaging to newly planted crops (Thuan 2006).
Quercetin as an Emerging Anti-Melanoma Agent: A Four-Focus Area Therapeutic Development Strategy

Replacing current refractory treatments for melanoma with new prevention and therapeutic approaches is crucial in order to successfully treat this aggressive cancer form. Melanoma develops from neural crest cells, which express tyrosinase -- a key enzyme in the pigmentation pathway. The tyrosinase enzyme is highly active in melanoma cells and metabolizes polyphenolic compounds; tyrosinase expression thus makes a feasible a target for polyphenol-based therapies. For example, quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is a highly ubiquitous and well-classified dietary polyphenol found in various fruits, vegetables and other plant products including onions, broccoli, kale, oranges, blueberries, apples, and tea. Quercetin has demonstrated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in various cancer cell types. Quercetin is readily metabolized by tyrosinase into various compounds that promote anti-cancer activity; additionally, given that tyrosinase expression increases during tumorigenesis, and its activity is associated with pigmentation changes in both early- and late-stage melanocytic lesions, it suggests that quercetin can be used to target melanoma. In this review we explore the potential of Quercetin as an anti-melanoma agent utilizing and extrapolating on evidence from previous in vitro studies in various human malignant cell lines and propose a “four-focus area strategy” to develop quercetin as a targeted anti-melanoma compound for use as either a preventative or therapeutic agent. The four areas of focus include utilizing quercetin to i) modulate cellular bioreduction potential and associated signaling cascades, ii) affect transcription of relevant genes, iii) regulate epigenetic processes, and iv) develop effective combination therapies and delivery modalities/protocols. In general, quercetin could be used to exploit tyrosinase activity to prevent, and/or treat, melanoma with minimal additional side effects.
Adult Learning Disabilities

(1980). Adult Learning Disabilities. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 13, Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the WCRA. The 1980's: New Sources of Energy for Learning, pp. 12-16.
Propagation of Gaussian and Laguerre‐Gaussian vortex beams through mouse brain tissue

Light transmission of Gaussian (G) and Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) vortex beams in mouse brain tissue is investigated. Transmittance is measured with different orbital angular momentums (OAM) at various tissue thicknesses. In both ballistic and diffusive regions, transmittances of G and LG beams show no significant difference. The transition point from ballistic to diffusive region for the mouse brain tissue is determined at about 480 μm. The observed transmittances of the G and LG beams show independence on OAM modes, which may be attributed to poorly understood interference effects from brain tissue.
Pharmacokinetic Monitoring in Subcutaneous Tissue Using in Vivo Capillary Ultrafiltration Probes

Capillary ultrafiltration probes were utilized for in vivo sampling of therapeutic drugs in awake rats. Capillary ultrafiltration probes implanted into subcutaneous tissue were able to follow the disposition of acetaminophen and theophylline. Ultrafiltration probes provided samples at a rate of 2–3 µL/min. Ultrafiltrates were analyzed by liquid chromatography with either UV or electrochemical detection. Simultaneous ultrafiltration and microdialysis probes and multiple ultrafiltration probes were used in individual animals to validate the technique. The pharmacokinetics of two well-established drugs, acetaminophen and theophylline, were monitored in awake, freely moving rats to demonstrate the viability of the technique. The half-life for acetaminophen was determined to be 20.9 ± 1.0 min (n = 6) for a 2 mg/kg dosing. The half-life of elimination for theophylline was determined to be 3.0 ± 0.1 hr (n = 4) for a 4 mg/kg dose. The capillary ultrafiltration probes exhibited a constant flow rate of 2.4 ± 0.1 µL/min and removed 50 nL/min/mm of fluid from the extracellular space. Capillary ultrafiltration sampling is shown to be an excellent tool for in vivo monitoring of drug disposition and a suitable method for determining pharmacokinetic parameters in awake animals.
Meat Eating by Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Effects of Prey Age on Carcass Consumption Sequence

Despite the fact that many primates consume vertebrate prey, surprisingly little is known about the nutritional benefits of eating meat for members of this diverse order. Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) primarily eat plant source foods, especially fruit, they consume vertebrate prey with excitement, attesting to its nutritional value. Meat is a concentrated source of macro- and micronutrients; however, a carcass is not a uniform package. For example, the mammalian brain has considerably higher fat content than lean muscle tissue. The brain both has great caloric value and contains high concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are critical for normal brain function. It thus represents a large, nutrient-dense source of energy and essential nutrients that should be highly valued. We filmed consumption of 29 arboreal monkeys by chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and recorded the order in which general regions of the body were consumed. Overall, the head was significantly more likely to be targeted first than either the torso (including viscera) or appendages. This result was driven by subadult prey, 91% of which were eaten head-first, probably because their skulls were relatively easy for chimpanzees to break with a single bite. Possessors of adult prey (with robust skulls) often first selected the viscera, probably to harvest the fat-rich liver, thus maximizing immediate return in the face of the threat of harassment or theft. This has important implications for our understanding of the nutritional benefits of meat eating among primates, and highlights the need for future studies that measure the nutritional content of specific tissues and examine which are preferentially consumed or shared.
Some Unpleasant Objects in a Non-separable Hilbert Space

In this paper we present examples that show the importance of the separability assumption in the theory of measurable correspondences.
Zum Umgang mit Fehlern im Unterrichtsgespräch der Sekundarstufe I

Der Umgang mit Fehlern im Unterrichtsgesprach ist ein bislang wenig untersuchtes Gebiet. Zwar gibt es in der Mathematikdidaktik zahlreiche Studien uber Schulerfehler aus diagnostischer Perspektive, aber kaum Analysen, wie Lehrerinnen und Lehrer in konkreten Mathematikstunden auf Fehler reagieren. In diesem Beitrag werden Methode und Ergebnisse einer Videostudie zum Umgang mit Fehlern in 22 Geometriestunden der Jahrgangsstufe 8 vorgestellt. Dabei wird u. a. die Analyse der Fehlersituationen mittels eines neu entwickelten Drei-Schritt-Modells beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie weisen auf bereits bekannte Probleme des fragend-entwickelnden Unterrichts hin, der durch starke Lehrerzentrierung kaum Freiraum fur Fehler zulasst.
Relativistic Aspects of Nuclear Wave Functions

I wish to begin these remarks with a warning and an apology. The literature on relativistic effects is often confusing to read because there is no standard terminology; the same phenomena may be referred to by different names by different people, and (perhaps even worse) different approaches are often hard to compare because they look so different. As I will discuss below, one man’s meson exchange effect may be another man’s relativistic correction. I also wish to apologize for the incompleteness of this survey; I can only cover the topics very briefly, and have omitted reference to much work of which I have only recently become aware.
Population-Based Incidence of Potentially Life-Threatening Complications of Hypocalcemia and the Role of Vitamin D Deficiency.

Objectives To determine the incidence of potentially life-threatening complications of hypocalcemia in infants and children in Olmsted County, Minnesota; and to determine if vitamin D deficiency contributed to these events and was, at the time of clinical presentation, considered as a possible cause. Study design In this population-based descriptive study, data were abstracted from the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a medical record linkage system covering 95% of patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Participants were children aged 0-5 years who resided in Olmsted County between January 1, 1996 and June 30, 2017, and who received diagnoses of seizures, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, laryngospasm, and/or tetany. The incidence of hypocalcemia plus a potentially life-threatening complication was calculated. Results Among 15 419 patients aged 0-5 years in Olmsted County during the study period, 1305 had eligible complications: 460 had serum calcium checked within 14 days of presentation and 85 had hypocalcemia. Patients were excluded when causes other than hypocalcemia likely triggered the complication, leaving 16 children whose complication was attributed to hypocalcemia. Three of these 16 patients had a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement and 2 were deficient (≤6 ng/mL [15 nmol/L]). Among children aged 0-5 years, the incidence of hypocalcemia plus a potentially life-threatening complication was 6.1 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 3.5-10.0). Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is an underinvestigated cause of complications of hypocalcemia in children. Serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be measured in children with these complications to identify possibly life-threatening vitamin D deficiency.
COMPaaS DLV: Composable Infrastructure for Deep Learning in an Academic Research Environment

In today’s Big Data era, data scientists require new computational instruments in order to quickly analyze large-scale datasets using complex codes and quicken the rate of scientific progress. While Federally-funded computer resources, from supercomputers to clouds, are beneficial, they are often limiting - particularly for deep learning and visualization - as they have few Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). GPUs are at the center of modern high-performance computing and artificial intelligence, efficiently performing mathematical operations that can be massively parallelized, speeding up codes used for deep learning, visualization and image processing, more so than general-purpose microprocessors, or Central Processing Units (CPUs). The University of Illinois at Chicago is acquiring a much-in-demand GPU-based instrument, COMPaaS DLV - COMposable Platform as a Service Instrument for Deep Learning & Visualization, based on composable infrastructure, an advanced architecture that disaggregates the underlying compute, storage, and network resources for scaling needs, but operates as a single cohesive infrastructure for management and workload purposes. We are experimenting with a small system and learning a great deal about composability, and we believe COMPaaS DLV users will benefit from the varied workflow that composable infrastructure allows.
Interrogating Diaspora and Movement in the Greater Cahokian World

Archaeological and isotopic evidence from Greater Cahokia and several prominent outlier sites argues against simple diaspora models either for the rise or fall of this pre-Columbian urban phenomenon. Besides indications that a culturally diverse population was associated with the city throughout its history, we argue that a spiritual vitality undergirded its origins such that many movements of people would have been two-way affairs. Some Cahokians who ultimately left the city may have been members of foreign lineages in the beginning.
Depression and Its Treatment Across the Globe.

Known since the time of the Greek physician Hippocrates, over 2,000 years ago, the disorder of depression has received the attention of playwrights (such as Shakespeare), novelists (such as Styron)...
Delayed recognition of Ebola virus disease is associated with longer and larger outbreaks.

The average time required to detect an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak following spillover of Ebola virus (EBOV) to a primary human case has remained essentially unchanged for over 40 years, wit...
High-resolution simulations with COSMO model including TERRA_URB TERRA_URB parameterization for the representation of Urban Heat Islands over South Italy

Abstract. In this work, some preliminary numerical simulations with the COSMO model including TERRA_URB parameterization have been performed. In particular, this work concerns simulations over a small domain located in southern Italy, in order to test the capabilities of the model in reproducing the main climate features of Urban Heat Islands over this area. Model evaluation has been performed in terms of 2 m temperature in an urban area and in a rural one, in order to highlight the behaviour of the parameterization in different contexts. Numerical results encourage further investigation and development of urban parameterization in very high-resolution configuration of limited area models and specifically of COSMO, to improve the representation of the maximum daily values of temperature and diurnal cycle especially in urban, but also in rural areas. Furthermore a better parameter tuning is still required for this specific test case.
Is Privacy Dead

People value their privacy. According to a survey conducted in the U.S., 90% of respondents viewed it important to control the information about them collected. Yet, it seems very little control is possible. With the many advances in technology, collecting, monitoring, and transferring personal information (PI) can be done with ease. Making a discussion regarding privacy urgent. Privacy is an ethical issue. The ACM addressed privacy in their Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct in Section 1.6 titled Respect Privacy by stating, “computing professionals should only use information for legitimate ends and without violating the rights of the individuals and groups.” In addition, the implications of PI data collection are often not explained to the user, as such, the IEEE Code of Ethics addressed this topic by stating to “improve the understanding by individuals and society of the capabilities and societal implications of conventional and emerging technologies, including intelligent systems.” Nevertheless, powerful entities such as governments and big companies have been aggressively collecting personal data in an unprecedented scale in legal as well as deceptive and illegal ways. Misuse, breach and leak of such information have become an even bigger concern. This creates a data market based on an ethically questionable foundation.
When Parents Seek Perfection: Implications for Psychological Functioning Among Teens at High-Achieving Schools

Although often considered to be at low risk for negative outcomes, there is replicated evidence that youth attending high-achieving schools experience clinically significant mental health problems that exceed national norms. However, relatively little is known about family correlates of adolescent socio-emotional development, including parental criticism and expectations. Using a sample of high school students (N = 710, mean age = 16.7 years, 45% female) drawn from a high-achieving school in a largely affluent area, this study investigated concurrent associations between adolescent perceptions of maternal and paternal criticism and expectations with their self-reported internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. To discern configurations of family environment based on separate ratings of maternal and paternal criticism and expectations, we employed person-centered, latent profile analysis. An empirically distinct class emerged consisting of families with elevated maternal and paternal criticism and expectations; this class concurrently reported the highest levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings highlight the importance of parent-child relationships for offspring well-being and suggest that paternal achievement expectations may be particularly relevant among high-achieving youth. We consider these findings within the larger context of family factors and adolescent development among youth in high-achieving contexts, including the significant need to consider father-offspring relationship factors.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism status does not predict serum folate and B12 in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (P5.6-042)

Objective: To contrast serum folate and B12 levels among MTHFR C677T polymorphisms in a cohort of children with ADHD. Background: Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme (MTHFR), which allows for the metabolism of homocysteine to methionine, have been extensively investigated for a contributing role in a variety of neurologic diseases, including ADHD. The homozygous C677T (TT) polymorphism has been correlated with serum folate and B12 deficiency, which has been hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, several studies of healthy populations found that TT status was associated with decreased folate levels despite adequate folate intake. As such, TT status is often used as a rationale to treat patients with folate and B12 supplementation. Design/Methods: Serum folate and B12 levels as well as MTHFR C677T gene status (wild type (CC), heterozygous (CT), or homozygous (TT) polymorphism) were determined for 45 children with ADHD. ANOVA was used to contrast serum folate and B12 levels among MTHFR C677T genotypes. Results: Neither serum vitamin B12 [F2,42 = 0.46; p=0.63; n= (CC 14; CT 20; TT 11)] nor folate levels [F2,24 = 2.72; p=0.09; n= (CC 9; CT 12; TT 6)] were significantly different among MTHFR genotypes. Conclusions: The association of ADHD with C677T polymorphisms is controversial and as yet unsettled. Similarly, the role of vitamin B12 and folate have been debated. Our data suggest that the role of MTHFR C677T status in children with ADHD may not be directly coupled to vitamin B12 and folate levels. As such, further studies on the aforementioned questions should be careful to entertain the possibility that the MTHFR C677T gene status and vitamin B12 and folate levels are at least partially, if not entirely, independent. Disclosure: Dr. Silverstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Junger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pecor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kornitzer has nothing to disclose.
The effects of tree canopies on invasive Lantana camara: a follow-up study 18 years later

Lantana camara is primarily a bird-dispersed invasive plant species that has spread quickly across South Africa in disturbed areas. We re-examined the distribution of Lantana at Rodger and Twine’s ...
More Women Candidates: The Effects of Increased Women’s Presence on Political Ambition, Efficacy, and Vote Choice:

The effect of women in politics is vitally important for the study of representation, yet evidence is mixed on the extent to which women’s presence influences individuals’ symbolic attitudes and be...
Revisiting the 'Neglected Stepchild': Antitrust Treatment of Postemployment Restraints of Trade

Although antitrust law developed in part by drawing on common law principles limiting agreements in restraint of trade, the courts have shown a marked reluctance to apply antitrust to the very common use of postemployment noncompetition clauses. This article argues three points. First, federal antitrust law has ignored an important area of anticompetitive activity on the assumption that state restraint of trade principles are adequately policing the problem. Second, this approach is erroneous because state efforts are frequently inadequate when assessed under basic principles of antitrust analysis. Finally, antitrust law can remedy this defect, without the need for additional legislation, by the simple expedient of recognizing that postemployment restrictive covenants raise cognizable antitrust issues.
A streamlined fabrication process for high energy density piezoelectric bending actuators

Abstract Fabrication of high-performance actuators is often a bottle-neck in the creation of microrobots. In this work, we present a new approach to piezoelectric bimorph actuator fabrication that simplifies the process (in part by reducing the number of materials used) without sacrificing actuator performance. We fabricate PZT bimorph actuators with two active layers, as well as bimorphs with four active layers that are under 2 mm wide – these are more challenging to fabricate than the two-layer bimorphs and thus present a useful test case for our new process. The blocked force and free deflection of the actuators agrees well with expected performance, with energy densities of approximately 1.2 J/kg at electric fields of 1.67 V/µm. We expect this process to enable rapid fabrication of piezoelectric actuators with more layers and at smaller scales than was previously attainable.