cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on "Silicon MESFET digital circuit techniques"

See also ibid., vol.SC-16, p.578-84 (Oct. 1981). It is shown that the design criterion for MESFET ED logic assumed by Hartgring et al.-that the low voltage level must be less than /SUP 1///SUB 3/ V/SUB T/-is overly restrictive, and that the technology is more tolerant of V/SUB T/ variation than would be surmised from such an assumption. Data for the operation of a MESFET ED logic divide-by-four circuit over a temperature range from 25/spl deg/C to 145/spl deg/C confirms the wider operating margin of this technology.
ROLE OF ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN PTERIDOPHYTE DIFFERENTIATION. II. EFFECT OF CA2+ ON ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION, RHIZOID ELONGATION, AND ANTHERIDIUM DIFFERENTIATION IN VITTARIA GEMMAE

Gametophytes of Vittaria graminifolia reproduce vegetatively by means of gemmae. Each gemma consists of a linear array of six cells: four body cells and a knob-shaped terminal cell at each end. When gemmae are shed from the gametophyte onto Knop's mineral medium, the two terminal cells do not divide, but elongate to form primary rhizoids. The body cells undergo asymmetric cell division, and the smaller daughter cells differentiate into either secondary rhizoids or prothalli. When gibberellic acid is included in the medium, antheridia are formed as a result of asymmetric cell division instead of vegetative structures. We studied the effect of Ca2+ on asymmetric cell division, rhizoid elongation, and antheridium formation in gemmae cultured on Knop's mineral medium and variations of Knop's medium. Ca2+ inhibited the onset of cell division and rhizoid elongation, but was required for differentiation of antheridia. Treatments which lowered the Ca2+ content of gemmae (EGTA and dilute HCI extraction, culture on verapamil-containing and Ca2+-deficient medium) caused an early onset of cell division and rhizoid elongation. The stimulation of growth was most pronounced when gemmae were deprived of Ca2+ during the first 24 hr of culture. The proportion of cell divisions which differentiated into antheridia in response to GA was greatly reduced when the Ca2+ status of gemmae was lowered with verapamil and Ca2+-EGTA buffers.
Comparing the two paradigms for fixed-area sampling in large-scale inventories

The majority of large-scale forest inventories use some form of fixed-area sampling. In recent books and scientific publications, the estimators for these surveys have been derived using two different paradigms. The first, which will be referred to as the tessellated plane paradigm, relies on the assumption that the area is divided into equal area contiguous blocks which constitutes an area sampling frame. These blocks can be formed using the pixels of a satellite image. Inference for this paradigm is drawn by considering the distribution of the finite number of possible estimates derived from the area frame. The other approach will be referred to as the continuous plane paradigm, which assumes random positioning of the sample plots. Inference for this paradigm can be drawn without relying on an area frame. The necessary assumptions for using either paradigm are compared when current forestry techniques, such as the use of open cluster plots and satellite imagery, are used. The tessellated population paradigm requires many more assumptions, some of which may be difficult to justify. Estimators of both forest area and basal area under these paradigms are contrasted and the strengths and weaknesses of both are compared. The primary advantage of the tessellated population paradigm is that more strata can be used to reduce the variance of the estimators. Both paradigms appear to be reasonable alternatives until some of the practical problems of forest inventories are considered. Examples include the difficulty associated with measuring plots that partially cover water and adjusting for changes in remote sensing technologies over time. In these situations, the tessellated population paradigm may be more difficult to implement because of the difficulty in estimating changes over time and properly accounting for linear and fragmented strata, such as rivers and lakes.
Skeletal asymmetry and hand preference during termite fishing by gombe chimpanzees

Skeletons of chimpanzees with recorded life stories allow assessment of the potential relationships among hard tissue features and expressed behaviors. We analyze bone size, weight, and mineralization to assess osteological characters for identification of laterality of expressed behaviors involving the upper body. Results show that associations are not yet clearly defined.
On the spectra of a family of positive matrices

Abstract It is shown that every positive matrix A can be embedded in an analytic family of positive matrices { A (ν) : ν∈ R } in such a way that A (1)= A , A(0)≡ A is symmetric, and A (-1)= A T . A necessary and sufficient condition that A and A have the same maximal eigenvalue and that their ergodic limits have the same diagonal elements is stated and proved.
A Realer Institutional Reality: Deepening Searle’s (De)Ontology of Civilization

Abstract This paper puts Searle’s social ontology together with an understanding of the human person as inclined openly toward the truth. Institutions and their deontology are constituted by collective Declarative beliefs, guaranteeing mind-world adequation. As this paper argues, often they are constituted also by collective Assertive beliefs that justify (rather than validate intrainstitutionally) institutional facts. A special type of Status Function-creating ‘Assertive Declarative’ belief is introduced, described, and used to shore up Searle’s account against two objections: that, as based on collective acceptance, Searlean social ontology cannot make sense of dissenters, and that it, as its deontology is all game-like, implies a legal positivism and thus cannot make proper sense of the moral import of sociopolitical institutions. This change is necessary to deepen social ontology’s understanding of human societies and to accurately describe many social, religious, and political institutions as constit...
Predator size interacts with habitat structure to determine the allometric scaling of the functional response

While both predator body size and prey refuge provided by habitat structure have been established as major factors influencing the functional response (per capita consumption rate as a function of prey density), potential interactions between these factors have rarely been explored. Using a crab predator (Panopeus herbstii) – mussel prey (Brachidontes exustus) system, we examined the allometric scaling of the functional response in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reef habitat, where crevices within oyster clusters provide mussels refuge from predation. A field survey of mussel distribution showed that mussels attach closer to the cluster periphery at high mussel density, indicating the potential for saturation of the refuge. In functional response experiments, the consumption rate of large crabs was depressed at low prey density relative to small crabs, while at high prey density the reverse was true. Specifically, the attack rate coefficient and handling time both decreased non-linearly with crab size. An additional manipulation revealed that at low prey densities, the ability of large crabs to maneuver their claws and bodies to extract mussels from crevices was inhibited relative to small crabs by the structured habitat, reducing their attack rate. At high prey densities, crevices were saturated, forcing mussels to the edge of clusters where crabs were only limited by handling time. Our study illuminates a potentially general mechanism where the quality of the prey refuge provided by habitat structure is dependent on the relative size of the predator. Thus anthropogenic influences that alter the natural crab size distribution or degrade reef habitat structure could threaten the long-term stability of the crab – mussel interaction in reefs.
Complex electric fields near the lunar terminator: The near‐surface wake and accelerated dust

[1] The lunar near-surface electric field in the vicinity of the terminator is very complex, with a surface polarity change from dayside-positive to nightside-negative potentials and the formation of intensely negative potentials due to the low plasma density and increased temperatures in the trailing lunar wake region. Presented is a preliminary map of the terminator near-surface E-field magnitude and a discussion of dust dynamics in this E-field structure, with intense vertical fields tending to give rise to vertically directed dust trajectories (aligned with the surface normal). Application of this process of wake-generated surface E-fields and dust to the more complicated topography at the lunar landing site of Apollo 17 is then used to explain the detection of fast moving (∼500 m/sec) but nightside-directed dust in the region. We suggest that local solar wind orographic effects occurring at lunar sunrise/sunset can create a plasma void on the anti-sunward side of obstructing features and associated wake-generated surface E-fields can then be the source of the nightside-directed grains.
Early risks of open heart surgery for mitral valve disease.

Abstract During 1972 and 1973, a total of 235 patients had open heart surgery for mitral valve disease unassociated with significant aortic or rheumatic tricuspid valve disease. Thirty-one underwent closed heart mitral commissurotomy, without mortality. Of the 204 patients undergoing open operation, 125 had sequential measurement of cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen pressure. The hospital mortality rate was 6.4 percent in the larger group of 204 patients and in the 125 with cardiac output measurements. The rate was greater in those with class IV disability (New York Heart Association criteria) preoperatively than in those with class III or II disability. The mean ± standard deviation of the average cardiac index early postoperatively was 2.05 ± 0.579 liters ·min −1 ·m −2 . Cardiac index was lower in the patients who died early postoperatively than in those who did not. The probability of hospital death was a significant function of cardiac index. The predicted probability of death was 10 percent with an average cardiac index of 1.42 liters·min −1 ·m −2 and increased sharply with lower indexes. Cardiac index was lower early postoperatively than preoperatively, and was lower in patients in class IV than in those in class III. There was no significant difference in cardiac index between patients with mitral valve replacement and those with repair. A history of closed commissurotomy, age, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, duration of cardiac ischemia and method of myocardial preservation did not significantly influence cardiac index or hospital mortality rate. There was no significant relation between mixed venous oxygen pressure and hospital death. Further improvement in results of mitral valve surgery requires adequate preservation of left ventricular performance before, during and after operation.
Occurrence of Fatty Acids and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in a 3.4 Billion-year-old Sediment

Fatty acids and aliphatic hydrocarbons in 3.4 billion year old metamorphosed sediment, suggesting biological origin
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome Components in Relation to Adult Metabolic Syndrome: The Princeton LRC Follow-up Study

Objective To estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (obesity, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and blood pressure) at various cutoff points in relation to adult MetS. Study design Data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Lipid Research Clinics Princeton Prevalence Study (1973-1976) and the Princeton Follow-up Study (2000-2004) were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for each component at a given cutoff point and for aggregates of components. Results Individual pediatric components alone showed low to moderate sensitivity, high specificity, and moderate predictive values in relation to adult MetS. When all 5 pediatric MetS components were considered, the presence of at least 1 abnormality had higher sensitivity for adult MetS than individual components alone. When multiple abnormalities were mandatory for MetS, positive predictive value was high and sensitivity was low. Childhood body mass alone showed neither high sensitivity nor high positive predictive value for adult MetS. Conclusions Considering multiple metabolic variables in childhood can improve the predictive usefulness for adult MetS, compared with each component or body mass alone. MetS variables may be useful for identifying some children who are at risk for prevention interventions.
Federal Policy, Rural Community Growth, and Wealth Creation: The Impact of the Federal Forest Policy and Rural Development Spending in the Pacific Northwest

For many rural communities in the western United States, prosperity has been closely connected to the land use decisions made by the Federal Government, which owns much of the surrounding land. This is particularly true in Oregon, where the Federal government owns over half (53.1%) of the land in the state. Thus, many rural communities in this region felt threatened economically when studies of the latesuccessional forests in the Pacific Northwest in the 1970s and 1980s began to raise questions about the impact of short-rotation harvest management policies on biodiversity and watershed ecosystems. Concern about the observed long-term decline of Northern Spotted Owl populations led to lawsuits under the Endangered Species Act that effectively halted logging on Federal Lands. The US Forest Service and Bureau of Land management started to reduce timber harvest on these lands in the late 1980s and early 1990s in response to congressional direction and public pressure (figure 1). The Northwest Forest Plan, put into place in 1994, provided a framework for managing almost 25 million acres of forests within the range of the Northern Spotted Owl
Effect of Milling Method (Wet and Dry) on the Functional Properties of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Pastes and End Product (Akara) Quality

Akara, deep-fat fried cowpea paste, is a very popular snack and breakfast food in Africa. Traditional cowpea paste processed by wet-milling of soaked, decorticated seeds exhibited excellent foaming ability, high water-holding capacities (WHC), and low hardness value for akara. Intense dry-milling that generated a fine flour adversely affected its functionality and akara-making quality. Wet-milling of hydrated cowpea meal significantly Improved its foamability (as indicated by reduction in specific gravity) and WHC but showed only a marginal improvement in akara texture. L'akara est une pâte de dolique frite consommee en Afrique. La pâte de dolique traditionnelle se prepare avec des grains trempes, decortiques et moulus (voie humide). La farine obtenue par mouture a sec ne possede pas les memes qualites fonctionnelles que la farine obtenue par la voie classique. La farine de dolique hydratee et moulue par voie humide possede de meilleures proprietes moussantes et une meilleure capapacite de retention d'eau, par contre, elle n'ameliore pas les qualites de l'akara.
Temperature sensitivity of chromosomal polymorphism inDrosophila pseudoobscura

Population cages ofDrosophila pseudoobscura with the gene arrangements Arrowhead and Chiricahua (CH) were studied at 15 1/2°, 17 1/2°, 19°, 22°C, and a fluctuating temperature (F°) ranging from 17° to 27° with mean of 22°. At the three lower temperatures there were only small but detectable changes in the frequency of CH, but at 22° and F° the earlier populations (V and K) showed the elimination of CH and the later ones (W and L) showed an equilibrium similar to that at 25°. Evidence is presented to show that an environmental change strongly affecting population size need have no effect on the inversion system. Several environmental factors that could have influenced the results are discussed.
Increased NG2(+) glial cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte generation in the hypomyelinating mutant shiverer.

Glial cells that express the NG2 proteoglycan (NG2+ cells) are considered to be oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS), based on their ability to give rise to mature oligodendrocytes in vitro. To understand how dysmyelinated conditions influence OPC proliferation and differentiation, we studied proliferation and differentiation of NG2+ OPCs in vivo in the shiverer mutant (shi), which do not form compact myelin due to a deletion in the myelin basic protein gene. Acute bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling studies revealed a 4- to 6-fold increase in NG2+ cell proliferation in shi spinal cord between postnatal day18 (P18) and P60, and most BrdU+ cells were NG2+ after P18. The increased proliferation was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the number of OPCs and oligodendrocytes. Survival studies following a single injection of BrdU at P18 revealed a decline in the number of BrdU+/NG2+ cells with a concomitant increase in the number of BrdU+ oligodendrocytes over time, suggesting that the proliferated NG2+ cells had differentiated into oligodendrocytes. BrdU+ oligodendrocytes were generated over a longer period of time in shi spinal cord and persisted longer in shi than in wild type spinal cord. These findings suggest that new oligodendrocytes continue to be generated in the dysmyelinated shi spinal cord by enhanced proliferation and differentiation of NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solid solutions of hydrogen in gold, silver and copper

Abstract The temperature variation of the hydrogen solubility of copper, silver, and gold in equilibrium with H2-gas at atmospheric pressure has been measured. Values for the relative partial enthalpy and partial excess entropy of the interstitially dissolved hydrogen atoms have been estimated from the solubility data. The experimental data are compared with those of previous investigations. The partial entropy values obtained for, copper and silver show a ‘regular’ behavior when compared with partial entropies for other cubic metals having a small occludive capacity for hydrogen. The gold-hydrogen system is, however, anomalous and has a partial excess entropy which is essentially zero.
Tocando os ossos do trauma colonial no romance «Manchay Puytu» de Néstor Taboada

Resumo: Em seu romance, Manchay Puytu, El amor que quiso ocultar Dios (1977), o autor boliviano Nestor Taboada Teran consegue uma combinacao da musica e da cultura andina na cidade colonial de Potosi durante o seculo XVIII. Este artigo centra-se no yaravi de Manchay Puytu, uma composicao musical que ocupa um papel principal no romance. Ainda que este romance (baseado em uma lenda-cancao quechua) esteja ambientado na colonia, seu eixo musical (os instrumentos particulares, a musica e as ideias culturais) surge da cultura quechua pre-colombiana. Palavras-chave : Nestor Taboada Teran; Manchay Puytu, El amor que quiso ocultar Dios ; musica; quechua. Resumen: En su novela, Manchay Puytu, El amor que quiso ocultar Dios (1977), el autor boliviano Nestor Taboada Teran logra una combinacion de la musica y la cultura andina en la ciudad colonial de Potosi durante el siglo XVIII. Este articulo se centra en el yaravi de Manchay Puytu, una composicion musical que ocupa un papel principal en la novela. Aunque esta novela (basada en una leyenda-cancion quechua) esta ambientada en la colonia, su eje musical (los instrumentos particulares, la musica y las ideas culturales que rodean esta musica) surge de la cultura quechua precolombina. Palabras-clave : Nestor Taboada Teran; Manchay Puytu, El amor que quiso ocultar Dios ; musica; quechua. Keywords: Nestor Taboada Teran; Manchay Puytu, El amor que quiso ocultar Dios ; music; Quechua.
Antiglucocorticoids as Treatments for Depression : Rationale for Use and Therapeutic Potential.

There is considerable interest in the possible antidepressant properties of antiglucocorticoids. Studies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depression, coupled with increasing recognition of the importance of glucocorticoids in brain function, strongly support such interest.Psychiatric symptomatology in Cushing's syndrome (a disorder involving hypersecretion of cortisol), the adverse cognitive effects of glucocorticoids, and the suppressive effects of conventional antidepressants on HPA function all suggest that HPA abnormalities could cause or contribute to depression. However, the psychiatrie effects of glucocortieoids and glucocorticoid withdrawal suggest that HPA hyperactivity compensates for some other defect. While preliminary clinical studies suggest that both glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids may have efficacy in depression, the toxicity and loss of efficacy of available drugs during long term administration will probably necessitate the development of new agents to advance this field.
Development and Optimization of a Procedure for the Determination of Indium-Tin Oxide Particle Size and Concentration in Cellular Media

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is a solid mixture often comprised of approximately 90% indium oxide and 10% tin oxide by weight. ITO is employed as a transparent conductive coating for flat panel, liquid crystal, and plasma displays and is typically deposited after sintering as a thin film on a substrate through a variety of processes. Unfortunately, there have been published reports of workers who have been adversely impacted through exposure to this compound. When these reports are coupled with the industrial utility of ITO, future toxicological investigations are likely. Comprehensive characterization of ITO test materials would be an essential component of these studies. Ideally, characterization would include assessment of ITO particle size as administered during dosing because this physicochemical parameter can significantly impact solubility. The objective of this task was to develop, optimize, and apply a dynamic light scattering (DLS) sample preparation and measurement protocol for determination of parti...
Polynomial algorithm for the k-cut problem

The k-cut problem is to find a partition of an edge weighted graph into k nonempty components, such that the total edge weight between components is minimum. This problem is NP-complete for arbitrary k and its version involving fixing a vertex in each component is NP hard even for k=3. A polynomial algorithm for the case of a fixed k is presented. >
Towards Consistency Checking over Evolving Ontologies

Data captured in OWL ontologies is generally considered to be more prone to changes than the schema in many situations. Such changes often necessitate consistency checking over the resulting ontologies in order to maintain coherent knowledge, specifically in dynamic settings. In this paper, we present an approach to check the consistency over an evolving ontology resulting from data insertions and deletions, given by some expressive underlying Description Logic dialect. The approach, assuming an initially consistent ontology, works by syntactically identifying "relevant" and representative parts of the data for the given updates, i.e., the part that may contribute to subsequent consistency checking. Our approach has demonstrated its efficacy in checking consistency over large and real-world ontologies and outperforms existing approaches in several circumstances.
Athermal silicon waveguides for aqueous evanescent biosensor applications

Shallow-ridge silicon ring resonator sensors designed for high-sensitivity TM mode operation are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI), demonstrating complete cancellation of thermo-optic effects for aqueous solution operation near 300K.
Content Analysis—A Probabilistic Approach

A probabilistic model is presented which may be applied to perform content analysis on the computer. The procedure employs word stems as category entries and probabilities rather than units for allocating and enumerating content among categories. An application of the model was made to compare content coverage in monopoly and competitive newspapers. There was no appreciable difference due to interaction among monopoly and competitive paper types and content categories. Comparisons among categories showed an appreciably greater probability of news of more‘everyday’than of a violent classification, a finding which challenges a common criticism that the press presents disproportionate content of an inflammatory or violent nature.
Community Benefits Agreements: A Symptom, Not the Antidote, of Bilateral Land Use Regulation

Community Benefits Agreements (CBAs) — private agreements between land developers and community members exchanging benefits for support or tolerance of a project — have recently emerged as part of a larger movement in American land use regulation away from a unilateral, government-dominated model toward a more negotiated paradigm. Unfortunately, though they arose in part to address issues found in the predominantly bilateral negotiated model, CBAs have been accompanied by significant problems of their own. Most notably, concerns such as whether to engage in a CBA process, the appropriate framework for negotiation, and the relationship of CBAs to the public regulatory-approval process are typically left to the discretion of the developer. As a result, such agreements typically develop in parallel to the public process but largely independent of it — a redundancy that leads to additional costs for both developers and community members. More importantly, the negotiation process results in less-than-optimal agreements that disproportionately reflect the interests of the developer. These weaknesses, however, ultimately point to the continued inadequacy of the underlying public process in advancing legitimate land use decisions. This symposium essay briefly outlines the modern public land use decision-making process’s transition from a unilateral model to a bilateral-negotiation model; discusses the rise of CBAs as a response to shortcomings of the bilateral process; analyzes CBAs’ benefits and drawbacks; and suggests how elements of the CBA process can be integrated into a more effective negotiating model. In particular, rather than encouraging the creation of CBAs, local governments should seek to integrate the most successful elements of the CBA process into the existing bilateral negotiation framework, creating a more multilateral, community-oriented decision-making process.
Does clinical exposure affect medical student examination performance

Abstract Background: Traditionally important components of the surgical clerkship curriculum include lectures, small-group sessions, readings, clinical exposure, and testing. Time constraints require compromise among all these elements. At our institution, clinical exposure of medical students varies according to their team assignments. They differ primarily in exposure to such topics as trauma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and vascular surgery. Purpose: The goal of this study was to quantify the influence of clinical exposure on medical student education, testing whether it influences examination performance. Methods: At the beginning of the clerkship, students were given a written multiple-choice examination covering these three topics. They completed two 4-week blocks on surgery services in various settings. At the end of the clerkship, they were reexamined. Differences between pretest and posttest overall mean rank were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Differences in improvement based on clinical exposure were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Statistically significant improvement was seen in overall examination performance, as well as in each of the subsections. However, these improvements could not be accounted for by clinical exposure. There was no statistically significant difference in mean rank in improvement based on clinical exposure to vascular, IBD, or trauma. Conclusions: Student examination scores improved over the course of the clerkship. No improvement could be attributed to greater clinical exposure to a topic.
Innervation densities of inner and outer hair cells of the human organ of Corti. Evidence for auditory neural degeneration in a case of Usher's syndrome.

The innervation densities, i.e. the number of afferent endings per inner and outer hair cell, number of synaptic specializations per inner hair cell and the number of efferent endings per outer hair c
Acupuncture can and should be practised safely in civilised social settings.

Acupuncture has been practised for more than 2000 years and is known to have minimal risk.1 ,2 Serious adverse events including pneumothorax, however, are not unheard of.3 Safe practice of acupuncture requires informed and concordant actions of health professionals, patients, and society at large. On 28 April 2011, the media reported a case of laparoscopic surgery to remove an acupuncture needle (60 mm needle body and 20 mm handle), which penetrated the right bronchus of a former president of South Korea (who served from 1988 to 1993), Tae-Woo Rho.4 The presence of an acupuncture needle was only found by an X-ray during the examination for chest pain that occurred about 3 weeks after a session of acupuncture. Despite an official petition from the Association of Korean Medicine to release the identity of the person who performed the acupuncture, the case was mysteriously closed without releasing any enlightening information on how the needle ended up …
Phase shifter calibration in phase-shifting interferometry.

This paper describes some practical methods to calibrate the phase shifter in phase-shifting interferometry (PSI). The phase shifter used in the experiment is a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) that has a nonlinearity of <1%. Using the quantitative method described in this paper, the repeatability in the measurement of the phase-shifting angle is ~0.046° rms, and the 3σ value is 0.139°. A calibration-insensitive phase calculation algorithm is discussed and compared with other synchronous detection equations (e.g., the three-bucket or the four-bucket method). Experimental results verify the calibration-insensitive mechanism of the self-calibrating algorithm.
Growth and differentiation of the testes in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas).

During the fourth instar there is a five-fold increase in testis volume, caused by mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia that leads to accumulation of many layers of cysts of resting spermatocytes. At the beginning of the fifth instar the basal cysts undergo meiotic division, and a wave of meiosis followed by spermateleosis progreses apically. There is little or no spermatogonial multiplication; the three-fold increase in testis size involves primarily spermatocyte differentiation. The wave of differentiation continues at a slower rate in the young adult; most of the spermatocyte cysts are transformed into about 250,000 spermatozoa by the twelfth day. Multinucleate apical cells that stain deeply with Feulgen reagent are present in the early fourth instar, enlarge in the fifth, and persist in the adult testis. Spermatocyte differentiation is not affected by treatment of nymphs with a synthetic juvenile hormone to analog during the fourth or fifth instar, although the treatment causes moderate to high juvenilization at the metamorphic molt. Since late fourth-instar testes transplanted into mature male or female adults also undergo extensive transformation of spermatocytes into spermatozoa, molting is not required for differentiation. Treatment of late fourth or early fifth instar nymphs with the chemosterilant tretamine causes high mortality at the metamorphic molt, but the wave of spermatocyte differentiation during the fifth instar proceeds normally, although there is evidence of severe chromosome damage. Comparisons with development in the female of Oncopeltus and in other insect species suggest that there is a profound change in the biochemical milieu at the molt from fourth to fifth instar, many processes preceding this molt tending to be larval in character and to diminish or disappear afterward while processes normally occurring after the molt tend to be adultoid.
Pathogenesis of pleural effusion in carcinoma of the breast.

Abstract Three hundred and fifty-two patients with carcinoma of the breast treated postoperatively with radiotherapy were analyzed for laterality and incidence of pleural effusion. A statistically significant increase in ipsilateral pleural effusions was noted in the entire group ( p p
Multiagent learning in the presence of memory-bounded agents

In recent years, great strides have been made towards creating autonomous agents that can learn via interaction with their environment. When considering just an individual agent, it is often appropriate to model the world as being stationary, meaning that the same action from the same state will always yield the same (possibly stochastic) effects. However, in the presence of other independent agents, the environment is not stationary: an action's effects may depend on the actions of the other agents. This non-stationarity poses the primary challenge of multiagent learning and comprises the main reason that it is best considered distinctly from single agent learning. The multiagent learning problem is often studied in the stylized settings provided by repeated matrix games. The goal of this article is to introduce a novel multiagent learning algorithm for such a setting, called Convergence with Model Learning and Safety (or CMLeS), that achieves a new set of objectives which have not been previously achieved. Specifically, CMLeS is the first multiagent learning algorithm to achieve the following three objectives: (1) converges to following a Nash equilibrium joint-policy in self-play; (2) achieves close to the best response when interacting with a set of memory-bounded agents whose memory size is upper bounded by a known value; and (3) ensures an individual return that is very close to its security value when interacting with any other set of agents. Our presentation of CMLeS is backed by a rigorous theoretical analysis, including an analysis of sample complexity wherever applicable.
Predictive Models of Prenatal Developmental Toxicity from ToxCast High-Throughput Screening Data

Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast project is profiling the in vitro bioactivity of chemicals to assess pathway-level and cell-based signatures that correlate with observed in vivo toxicity. We hypothesized that developmental toxicity in guideline animal studies captured in the ToxRefDB database would correlate with cell-based and cell-free in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) data to reveal meaningful mechanistic relationships and provide models identifying chemicals with the potential to cause developmental toxicity. To test this hypothesis, we built statistical associations based on HTS and in vivo developmental toxicity data from ToxRefDB. Univariate associations were used to filter HTS assays based on statistical correlation with distinct in vivo endpoint. This revealed 423 total associations with distinctly different patterns for rat (301 associations) and rabbit (122 associations) across multiple HTS assay platforms. From these associations, linear discriminant analysis with cross-validation was used to build the models. Species-specific models of predicted developmental toxicity revealed strong balanced accuracy (> 70%) and unique correlations between assay targets such as transforming growth factor beta, retinoic acid receptor, and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in the rat and inflammatory signals, such as interleukins (IL) (IL1a and IL8) and chemokines (CCL2), in the rabbit. Species-specific toxicity endpoints were associated with one another through common Gene Ontology biological processes, such as cleft palate to urogenital defects through placenta and embryonic development. This work indicates the utility of HTS assays for developing pathway-level models predictive of developmental toxicity.
Hormones, heart disease, and health: individualized medicine versus throwing the baby out with the bathwater.

It is increasingly axiomatic that depression has widespread adverse physiological effects and, conversely, that a variety of physiological systems impact the risk for developing depression. This convergence of depression and altered physiology is particularly dramatic during midlife—a time during which reproductive failure presages dramatic increases in prevalence of both heart disease and depression. The potentially meaningful and illuminating links between estrogen deficiency, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and depression have largely been obscured, first by assertions, subsequently repudiated, that the perimenopause was not a time of increased risk of depression, and more recently by the denegration of hormone replacement therapy by initial reports of the Women's Health Initiative. Increasingly, however, research has led to unavoidable conclusions that CVD and depression share common, mediating pathogenic processes and that these same processes are dramatically altered by the presence or absence of estrogen (E2). This review summarizes data supporting these contentions with the intent of placing depression and estrogen therapy in their proper physiologic context. Depression and Anxiety 28:E1–E15, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eutrophication Model for the Patuxent Estuary: Advances in Predictive Capabilities

A robust eutrophication and sediment diagenesis model has been developed for the Patuxent Estuary to study the impact of different nutrient loadings on phytoplankton biomass and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. The modeling approach was to begin with an existing water quality model (CE-QUAL-W2) for the Patuxent Estuary (hereafter referred to as the Estuary). First, formulations for the water column kinetics were completely replaced with routines based on the WASP/EUTRO5 water quality model. Then, a sediment diagenesis component was added to simulate the accumulation and mineralization of organic matter in the sediment, the generation of sediment oxygen demand, and the flux of phosphate and ammonia from the sediment. Loadings from the tributaries for nutrients and flow were based on a combination of watershed modeling and sampling by scientists at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The new model was able to reproduce the ambient water quality data from 1997 to 1999 by adequately simulating the high concentrations of phytoplankton and low DO levels in the Estuary. The model was then used to evaluate the response to various hypothetical nutrient loading scenarios. Model results show that phytoplankton growth in the upper Estuary is much more sensitive to nutrient loading from tributaries than in the lower estuary. Further, model results indicate that DO concentrations in the lower Estuary are largely influenced by levels of nutrients and organic carbon at the mouth of the Estuary.
Mixed Polymer Micelles of Amphiphilic and Cationic Copolymers for Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides

Cationic copolymers were synthesized by conjugation of branched 2 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI) and Pluronic® block copolymers (F38, P85, P123). Compositions of these copolymers mixed with corresponding free Pluronics® at weight ratio 1:9 were used to complex phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (ODN). As a result stable suspensions of small micelle-like particles (<220 nm) were obtained. Incorporation of ODN in these formulations increased uptake of ODN in KBv cells and increased sequence specific activity of antisense ODN targeted against MDR gene in multidrug resistant cells resulting in inhibition of the functional activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in these cells. Furthermore, these formulations increased transport of ODN across model intestinal barrier, Caco-2 cell monolayers, suggesting that they could be useful for oral delivery of biologically active ODN.
Pushing Parents Away: The Role of District Bureaucracy in an Urban School

While the impact of school bureaucracy has been recognized over time as critical to understanding how schools work and assessing the capacity of public schools to educate the populace (Bidwell 2001; Payne 2008; Rogers 2009; Rogers and Chung 1983), how bureaucratic structures impact on students and parents has not been well articulated. As Honig (2009, p. 418) pointed out, much of this work does not go beyond broad-brush portraits of district bureaucracy. More research is needed that goes beyond the “impersonal reference to ‘districts’ as actors and toward uncovering the human dimensions” of the bureaucracy. In particular, the literature on economic integration has not examined the institutional factors that facilitate or suppress middle-class participation in mixed-income schools. Using ethnographic data collected from the Darcy school (a pseudonym), I provide a detailed account of the way district policies pushed middle-class parents away from an urban public school.
Predictive and Diagnostic Load Rating Model of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge

This paper presents a probabilistic model of the load rating process incorporated with field inspection observations applied to a prestressed concrete bridge to capture deterioration characteristics. The main computational tool used is a Bayesian network. The model is developed around the main load-carrying member, an interior beam, and the effects of corrosion of its interior steel. Bridge load ratings are calculated as variables based on the following design methodologies: allowable stress; load factor; and load and resistance factor design. Two investigations on an actual bridge are conducted that demonstrate the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of the model. The results show the usefulness of this model in bridge management.
Is There Still a Role for Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition

Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) is often viewed as the stepchild of parenteral nutrition (PN) infused via a central venous catheter. Anecdotal reports suggest that there has been increased interest in PPN in the United States and even more so in Europe because of improvements in catheter design and infusion technology, both of which have the potential to decrease complications such as infusion phlebitis. PPN, like PN via a central venous catheter, contains dextrose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals, but in more limited capacity. One of the perceived benefits of PPN is the relative ease in establishing peripheral access, which may prevent delays in establishing nutrition support. PPN is intended for short-term use or supplementation. In most instances, it is used to maintain a previously well-nourished, nonhypermetabolic patient or to serve as a bridge to centrally administered infusions or enteral feedings until more suitable nutrition can be provided. In some cases, inappropriate use may result in infusion phlebitis or inadequate nutrient intake. Conflicting recommendations from various organizations further complicate and confuse prescribers. The intent of this review is to discuss PPN and the challenges its use presents to the practitioner.
Trans Fat Consumption and Aggression

Background Dietary trans fatty acids (dTFA) are primarily synthetic compounds that have been introduced only recently; little is known about their behavioral effects. dTFA inhibit production of omega-3 fatty acids, which experimentally have been shown to reduce aggression. Potential behavioral effects of dTFA merit investigation. We sought to determine whether dTFA are associated with aggression/irritability.
Carbon Corrosion in PEM Fuel Cell Dead-Ended Anode Operations

This paper investigates the effects of dead-ended anode (DEA) operation on the electrode carbon corrosion of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. A reduced order isothermal model is developed focusing on the species concentration along the channel and associated membrane phase potential. This model explains, and can be used to quantify, the carbon corrosion behavior during DEA operation of a PEM fuel cell. The presence of oxygen in the anode channel, although normally less than 5% in molar fraction, creates a H2/O2 front as N2 and water accumulate at the end of the channel and hydrogen is depleted along the channel. The presence of oxygen in the anode channel also results in a gradual drop of the membrane phase potential, promoting carbon corrosion in the cathode. The corrosion rate is driven by the local species concentration in the anode, which varies in space and time. In a co-flow configuration, the large spatio-temporal patterns of hydrogen starvation in the end of the anode channel induce the highest carbon corrosion, which, in turn, is shown to be moderated by the decreasing terminal voltage during galvanostatic operation. Although not fully calibrated, the model shows good agreement with preliminary in situ observations.
Some Histochemical Observations on the Human Aortic Wall in Atherosclerosis

A decrease in the ATPase (heat stable) and 5-nucleotidase of atherosclerotic regions in human aortae has been demonstrated. An increase in the breakdown of TPN, as measured by phosphate release, of the atherosclerotic aorta as a whole has been shown. No change was observed in the breakdown of DPN, as measured by phosphate release, between the normal or atherosclerotic aorta. No reactivity for glucose-1 or glucose-6-phosphate or β-glycerophosphate was found in the intima or media. The possible implications in the development of atheroma are discussed.
Conservation-law violation at high energy by anomalies

The time evolution of a quantum Fermi field is investigated in the background of a Minkowski-space, Yang-Mills field configuration with nonvanishing topological charge. The Fermi system is assumed to possess a current ${j}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)$ conserved up to an axial-vector anomaly: ${\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{j}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}=(\frac{{g}^{2}}{32{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}){N}_{\mathrm{ij}}{F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}^{i}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{F}}^{j\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$. It is shown explicitly that the time-dependent Yang-Mills field ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t)$ creates and destroys fermions in such a way that the total fermionic charge $\ensuremath{\int}{j}_{0}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t){d}^{3}x$ present in the final state differs from that in the initial state by precisely the amount predicted by the anomaly equation. If ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}},t)$ approaches a gauge transformation sufficiently rapidly for large $t$, this change in charge can be identified with the number of zero crossings present in the energy spectrum of the time-dependent Dirac Hamiltonian. Finally, it is demonstrated that the change in the charge carried by the fermions will differ from that predicted by the axial-vector anomaly if the large-time limit of ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ contains physical radiation.