cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habitat Operated Utilizing Solar Energy (HOUSE)©: A Grid-Independent 100% Solar-Powered Residential Dwelling

It is quite a technological challenge to provide 100% of the electric and heating/cooling needs of a residence using solar energy alone. While the economics of using solar energy exclusively for all these needs is not currently feasible, it is worth exploring the engineering feasibility so as to provide a roadmap for future use as fossil fuel reserves continue to dwindle. A prototype 500 sq-ft Habitat Operated Utilizing Solar Energy (HOUSE©) was designed and constructed to provide all the amenities associated with comfortable living, including all necessary living spaces such as a living room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, and dining room. The house was powered by 36 roof-mounted photovoltaic modules in tandem with two 8’ × 4’ flat-plate collectors. Electric energy was stored in a 48V battery bank while thermal energy was stored in an 80-gal tank. The HOUSE was field-tested for a week in early October in an attempt to obtain performance data. The performance period included a variety of weather conditions from sunny and clear, to rainy and overcast. The paper provides information on insolation and use of energy during that period. The overall result for the week-long evaluation showed a net positive energy balance proving the technical feasibility of the concept. Data on air/water temperatures, and relative humidity will also be presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
THE INFLUENCE OF THE BRAIN ON OSMOTIC AND IONIC REGULATION IN EARTHWORMS.

Abstract The influence of the brain in osmotic and ionic regulation in earthworms was studied. The removal of the brain of earthworms caused increased body weight and decreased sodium concentrations in the blood and coelomic fluid. The decreased sodium concentrations were counteracted by either the transplantation of the brain or by the injection of brain homogenates into the coelom. Pharyngial tissue homogenate had no effect on sodium concentrations. The transplanted brain attaches itself to the host tissue within 3 days after transplantation. The neurosecretory cells of the transplant appear to be normal although there is an accumulation of granules in the brain. It is suggested that there is a chemical factor in the brain, possibly the neurosecretory material, which is involved in osmotic and ionic regulation in earthworms.
COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL FOOD GUIDE GRAPHICS FOR THE EIGHT MOST COMMONLY CONSUMED ETHNIC CUISINES IN THE U.S.

Foodservice in the United States (U.S.) encompasses a wide variety of ethnic cuisines. This article reviews the food guide graphics for the eight most popular ethnic cuisines served in the U.S. Food guide graphics display culturally identifiable foods in different food groups and can be used as cultural guides when preparing international cuisine. Our study objective was to introduce foodservice professionals to food guide graphics, comparing shapes, food groupings, and foods pictured in each group. Guides compared in this study ranked from most to least tried cuisines include, Italy, Mexico, China, Germany, Greece, Japan, France and Sweden. Food guide graphic evaluation will help foodservice professionals provide nutritionally balanced meals when serving the most popular ethnic cuisines. This study reveals great diversity in Food Guide Graphic shape and some differences in food groupings. Foods pictured on food guide graphics show great diversity. Yet the basic recommendation for consuming a variety of foods is common to all. Most graphics recommend relatively greater amounts of grains, vegetables, and fruits and less meat, milk, and beans. As international nutrition recommendations have been shown to be similar, focusing on specific food selection and food grouping is important when cooking healthy balanced meals in various cuisines.
Ontogeny of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in a fetal rabbit model of Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR)

Abstract Purpose. EGF is a peptide that stimulates both proliferation and maturation of the GI mucosa. Premature and IUGR infants have impaired GI function with feeding difficulties and predisposition to NEC. The rabbit provides a naturally occurring model of IUGR based on uterine position with two normal-weight and two IUGR fetuses per litter. Previous studies administering EGF to IUGR rabbits normalized both small intestinal (SI) nutrient transport and disaccharidase levels. To determine native EGF-R expression in both premature and IUGR fetuses, this rabbit model was further studied under guidelines by institutional ACC. Methods. Twenty-two fetal rabbit pairs (ipsilateral normal and IUGR) were harvested and weighed on either day 23, 25, 27, 29, or 31 (term). The liver, stomach, SI (proximal, middle, distal), and colon (right, left) were removed. EGF-R/GAPDH mRNA densitometric band ratios were determined by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired Student’s t- test. Results. Weights were decreased in IUGR fetuses commencing from day 25 to term ( P P = 0.02). Similar trends were seen in the liver, stomach, and colon. C onclusions. At term the IUGR/normal weight ratio was 0.85, validating this model of naturally occurring IUGR in the fetal rabbit. Two distinct patterns of SI EGF-R expression were seen when comparing normal-weight versus IUGR fetuses during the third trimester. The IUGR fetus expresses the highest levels of SI EGF-R in the early third trimester, a time when fetal intervention with EGF infusion may be most effective. These findings support the independent physiologic evaluation of the IUGR fetus to elucidate potential responsiveness to in utero treatments.
The rise of doctor-patient working groups.

Doctors are increasingly taking the view that high standards of treatment and care come from marrying their perspectives to those of patients.1Setting up working groups of patients and doctors to explore similarities and differences in perspectives, values, and interests is one way of bringing about that marriage. The number of patient liaison groups in the medical royal colleges2 and the number of patient participation groups in general practice3 is increasing. Patients are being appointed to clinical audit groups,4 to research groups designing study protocols,5 and to groups developing clinical guidelines.6However, two questions arise: which patients should be appointed, and how should doctors judge the validity of what those who have been appointed say? Questions may also arise about the selection and contribution of health professionals to working groups. However, the familiar structure and ideology of the medical professionmake it easier to respond to these types of questions. It seems natural to appoint doctors to a working group who have experience relevant to the group's task, who have knowledgeof leading edge theory and practice in their field, and who can sustain good working relationships with patients and their representatives. The equivalent attributes should be sought from those representing patients: experience, expertise, and the ability to sustain good working relationships with doctors. But the ideology and structure of the patients' side is not yet well understood and this may make it hard to decide who to appoint. ### Summary points
On beams with many elastic supports

Abstract A new method of determining the deflection and the natural frequencies of vibration for beams with many elastic supports is presented. The basic idea of the method is the use of the Dirac delta-function to introduce the concentrated loads applied to the beam by the elastic supports in the governing differential equation. This approach avoids the necessity of having to analyze the beam in many spans, consequently achieving economy of thought.
Single-cell models : promise and limitations

This article describes the development of single-cell models, their uses and accomplishments, the barriers to the greater adoption, and a perspective on challenges to the biochemical engineering community where the single-cell model approach may be used advantageously. In particular, it may become an important tool in relating genomic information to cellular regulation and dynamics.
Wives' and husbands' cortisol reactivity to proximal and distal dimensions of couple conflict.

Poor marital quality has been linked repeatedly to spouses' health problems, with alterations to physiological stress response systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, as one putative mechanism. This study assessed wives' and husbands' HPA axis (i.e., cortisol) reactivity to marital criticism during laboratory-based conflict discussions, in the context of marital aggression experienced during the previous year. Ninety-five couples provided one saliva sample prior to-and three samples following-a triadic family conflict discussion involving their teenage child. Marital criticism during the conflict discussion was related to heightened HPA reactivity for husbands only. For wives, an interaction emerged between criticism during the conflict and previous-year marital aggression: only those wives who had experienced high levels of marital aggression demonstrated a positive association between criticism and cortisol output. Husbands thus appeared to be more physiologically reactive to the in-the-moment critical behaviors, whereas wives' responses to proximal conflict were related to previous and perhaps more chronic experiences of marital aggression. These findings shed light on ways in which within-couple processes during family conflicts involving children contribute to individual physiological functioning, enhancing our understanding of the role of family relationships in physical health outcomes. Language: en
Isolation and characterization of pectin in sugar beet pulp

Pectin was extracted from sugar-beet pulp by various solvent fractionation procedures. An optimal HCI-extraction method yielded 19.53% pectin from the raw material. The HCl-isolated pectin contained 81.8% galacturonic acid. The sugar-beet pulp pectin obtained from different extraction procedures had a high methoxy content ( 60% degree of methylation). The pectin also contained 10 to 17.5% neutral sugars which were mainly arabinose and galactose as analyzed by gas chromatography. The peak molecular weights (relative to dextrans) of the pectins as determined by gel permeation ranged from 35,500 to 44,700 daltons. The pectin possessed high water-holding capacity and low viscosity.
Cyclic Changes in Chloroplast Structure in Synchronized Euglena gracilis

SYNOPSIS. In populations of Euglena gracilis strain Z synchronized by cultivation on a repetitive light-dark cycle, chloroplasts undergo cyclic changes in structure. During most of the light period chloroplasts are relatively compact with closely appressed lamellae; during the dark (division) period the chloroplasts become quite distended. This change persists for at least one cycle even when the cells are left in continuous light, suggesting that the periodicity may be related more to the age of the cell than to a direct effect of light. In addition, the pyrenoid in synchronized cells has a transient existence, being present only in the first half of the light period.
Personality and preference for painting style

40 university students were asked to choose between the cubist or surrealist from among 15 pairs of slides of paintings according to their aesthetic preference. Their choices were correlated with scores on Rotter's internal vs external locus of control scale. The data support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between preference for cubism over surrealism and internal locus control and vice versa.
Structure and composition of streamside management zones following reproduction cutting in shortleaf pine stands

Abstract Streamside management zones (SMZs) in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma are frequently established along headwater ephemeral and intermittent streams to protect water quality, provide wildlife habitat, and increase landscape diversity. To better understand the function of these riparian forest corridors, we characterized the tree density and composition, forest floor mass, and downed woody debris volume within SMZs located in undisturbed, mature, upper mid-slope shortleaf pine stands and then compared these attributes to those in upland portions of these stands. In addition to evaluate the impact of upland forest harvesting on these riparian corridors, we compared the amounts and distribution of forest floor, downed woody debris (DWD), snags, and windthrows in SMZs within shortleaf pine stands that had been clearcut, had a shelterwood harvest, and had no recent management activity (uncut stands). Total tree and hardwood basal area was significantly higher (4.4 and 4.2 m2 ha−1) while forest floor mass was significantly lower (0.5 kg m−2) in the SMZs than in the upland portion of the undisturbed stands. Five years following the reproduction cuttings tree basal area, DWD volume, and forest floor mass within SMZs did not significantly differ among stands that had or had not been harvested. Snag density was significantly lower within SMZs that occurred in clearcut stands compared to those in the uncut or shelterwood stands. Harvesting activities that retain few or no residual trees appear to increase the degradation of snags. This study provided evidence that clearcutting may also increase the risk of windthrow in SMZs as well. There was little difference in the distribution of forest floor within SMZs regardless of whether the stand was harvested or the type of harvesting that occurred in the stand. However, DWD amounts were higher near the SMZs edge than in the interior of the SMZs with the greatest differences in distributions in stands that were clearcut.
Immunolocalization of cytoplasmic and myelin mcalpain in transfected Schwann cells: I. Effect of treatment with growth factors.

We have examined the effect of growth factors on the activity and localization of calpain in transfected Schwann cells (tSc). Axolemma-enriched fraction, cAMP, or NGF showed concentration-dependent inhibition of both μcalpain and mcalpain activity. In contrast, both acidic FGF and basic FGF stimulated μcalpain (37%) and mcalpain (58%) of tSc while PDGF-aa and PDGF-bb inhibited both calpain activities. The inhibitor (calpastatin) activity was approximately 90% following treatment with NGF, cAMP, PDGF-aa, and PDGF-bb compared to control while this activity was 40% with FGF-treated samples. Immunofluorescence studies indicated localization of cytoplasmic calpain in the nuclear region following growth factor treatment in the cytoplasm. Growth factor treatment caused a decrease in the intensity of calpain immunoreactivity. Treatment with cAMP or FGF resulted in strong immunoreactivity of mcalpain in the nuclear region and cytoplasm compared to untreated. The growth factors did not cause translocation of calpain to the outer surface of the cell membrane. The increased immunoreactivity seen with myelin calpain antibody was greater than cytosolic antibody. The changes seen in calpain activity and immunoreactivity following treatment with growth factors suggest that these factors may regulate calpain-calpastatin expression and translocation to the membrane for interaction with lipids for enzyme activation. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF GLUTAMATE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME

Abstract To investigate the role of glutamate in the expression of the withdrawal signs from opioids, rats were intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) infused continuously with morphine (a μ-opioid receptor agonist, 26 nmol/μl per h) or butorphanol (a mixed μ/δ/κ-opioid receptor agonist, 26 nmol/μl per h) through osmotic minipumps for 3 days. An i.c.v. injection of glutamate (5 and 50 nmol/5 μl) dose dependently induced withdrawal signs in morphine- or butorphanol-dependent animals. The withdrawal signs precipitated by the glutamate injection were comparable to those precipitated by an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (48 nmol/5 μl), except for the expression of some specific behaviors and the duration of withdrawal signs. Glutamate or naloxone challenge failed to precipitate any withdrawal signs in saline controlled animals. On the other hand, the expression of the withdrawal signs precipitated by glutamate or naloxone in opioid-dependent animals was completely blocked by pretreatment with MK-801 a NMDA receptor antagonist, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptan-5,10-imine, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p. These unique actions of glutamate in continuously opioid-infused rats suggest that a rapid central release of glutamate may be a key factor in the expression of withdrawal signs from opioids. Furthermore, this effect may be mediated by the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors.
Theory of azeotropic gasification of miscible multicomponent droplets

Abstract Analytical studies of quasi-steady and spherically-symmetric gasification of miscible multi-component droplets in a quiescent ambient are presented. Emphasis is placed upon identifying conditions where azeotropic gasification (defined as gasification with time-invariant droplet compositions) may occur. It is shown that if differences between gas-phase species diffusivities are negligible, azeotropic gasification states correspond to thermodynamic azeotropic states. These thermodynamic azeotropic states are at the partial pressure of the droplet components in the gas phase at the liquid surface; ignoring insoluble gas-phase components, the gas and liquid compositions at the gas-liquid interface are the same. When gas-phase preferential species diffusion is significant, azeotropic gasification states are shifted away from thermodynamic azeotropic states. Theory suggests that under special circumstances, gas-phase preferential diffusion may induce azeotropic gasification or volatility reversal for d...
A three-dimensional graphic display of the impact of inventory changes on absorption and direct costing incomes

Abstract Current textual treatment of PV (Profit-Volume) analysis and product costing methods (i.e., absorption and direct costing) does not facilitate students' recognition of the close relationship between the two topics. As a result, many students seem to have difficulty understanding why the assumption of no change in inventory is made for the traditional PV analysis. The purpose of this note is to help students understand the close relationship between PV analysis and product costing methods using three-dimensional PV graphs.
The Geographic Cycle in Periglacial Regions as it is Related to Climatic Geomorphology

Davis, in his early writings (1899–1909) recognised, by implication, that some aspects of the geographic cycle were related to the climatic regime under which they were formed. This was a corollary to his classic formula: form is the result of the influence of structure plus process plus stage. Davis, in recognising the existence of the arid and glacial cycles, which he called climatic accidents, also recognised that process was dependent on climate.
Clinical trials of hypoxic cell sensitizers

This paper reviews the use of nitroimidazoles as radiosensitizers from their introduction into the clinical treatment of cancer with radiotherapy in 1974 to the present. Clinical trials with radiosensitizers are conventionally divided into 3 phases. Phase I included the initial escalation of drug dose and the establishment of dose limiting toxicity. The Phase II studies are directed toward specific tumor sites and histologies and genenerally involved a specific radiation regimen and a specific sensitizer drug regimen used in combination. The phase III studies are large scale investigations which are controlled and randomized. Radiosensitizer studies relevant to each phase are reviewed. (KRM)
CU-SeeMe, Web Weaver, and WebSTAR 1.1

What I like about Web Weaver is its simplicity. While it will not let you do the more complicated HTML features, it gives you the basics. Web Weaver is a perfect piece of software for getting people started in WWW publishing. Its ease of use and its straight forward user interface make it a viable option for beginners to WWW publishing.
Transport in deformable food materials: A poromechanics approach

Abstract A comprehensive poromechanics-based modeling framework that can be used to model transport and deformation in food materials under a variety of processing conditions and states (rubbery or glassy) has been developed. Simplifications to the model equations have been developed, based on driving forces for deformation (moisture change and gas pressure development) and on the state of food material for transport. The framework is applied to two completely different food processes (contact heating of hamburger patties and drying of potatoes). The modeling framework is implemented using total Lagrangian mesh for solid momentum balance and Eulerian mesh for transport equations, and validated using experimental data. Transport in liquid phase dominates for both the processes, with hamburger patty shrinking with moisture loss for all moisture contents, while shrinkage in potato stops below a critical moisture content.
Strong interactions at all densities in a chiral soliton model coupled to quarks

Abstract In the context of a linear chiral σ-model coupled to quarks we argue that the single baryon and high density ground state occurs in a topological chiral symmetry (TCB) broken phase and not the usual space uniform (UCB) chiral symmetry broken phase. We expect this to transit directly to a QCD chirally restored phase at higher density. New, but plausible features of dense matter in this phase are highlighted and it is shown that known features of nuclear matter can be recovered.
High-throughput LDPC decoders

A high-throughput memory-efficient decoder architecture for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is proposed based on a novel turbo decoding algorithm. The architecture benefits from various optimizations performed at three levels of abstraction in system design-namely LDPC code design, decoding algorithm, and decoder architecture. First, the interconnect complexity problem of current decoder implementations is mitigated by designing architecture-aware LDPC codes having embedded structural regularity features that result in a regular and scalable message-transport network with reduced control overhead. Second, the memory overhead problem in current day decoders is reduced by more than 75% by employing a new turbo decoding algorithm for LDPC codes that removes the multiple checkto-bit message update bottleneck of the current algorithm. A new merged-schedule merge-passing algorithm is also proposed that reduces the memory overhead of the current algorithm for low to moderate-throughput decoders. Moreover, a parallel soft-input-soft-output (SISO) message update mechanism is proposed that implements the recursions of the Balh-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm in terms of simple "max-quartet" operations that do not require lookup-tables and incur negligible loss in performance compared to the ideal case. Finally, an efficient programmable architecture coupled with a scalable and dynamic transport network for storing and routing messages is proposed, and a full-decoder architecture is presented. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed architecture attains a throughput of 1.92 Gb/s for a frame length of 2304 bits, and achieves savings of 89.13% and 69.83% in power consumption and silicon area over state-of-the-art, with a reduction of 60.5% in interconnect length.
Paxillin Regulates Androgen- and Epidermal Growth Factor-induced MAPK Signaling and Cell Proliferation in Prostate Cancer Cells

Although transcriptional effects of androgens have been extensively studied, mechanisms regulating transcription-independent (nongenomic) androgen actions are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that paxillin, a multidomain adaptor protein, is a critical regulator of testosterone-induced MAPK-signaling during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Here we examine the nongenomic effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in prostate cancer cells, focusing on how paxillin mediates Erk signaling and downstream physiologic actions. We show that in LnCAP cells DHT functions as a growth factor that indirectly activates the EGF-receptor (EGFR) via androgen receptor binding and matrix metalloproteinase-mediated release of EGFR ligands. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of paxillin expression in androgen-dependent LnCAP cells as well as in androgen-independent PC3 cells abrogates DHT- and/or EGF-induced Erk signaling. Furthermore, EGFR-induced Erk activation requires Src-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin on tyrosines 31/118. In contrast, paxillin is not required for PKC-induced Erk signaling. However, Erk-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin on serines 83/126/130 is still needed for both EGFR and PKC-mediated cellular proliferation. Thus, paxillin serves as a specific upstream regulator of Erk in response to receptor-tyrosine kinase signaling but as a general regulator of downstream Erk actions regardless of agonist. Importantly, Erk-mediated serine phosphorylation of paxillin is also required for DHT-induced prostate-specific antigen mRNA expression in LnCAP cells as well as EGF-induced cyclin D1 mRNA expression in PC3 cells, suggesting that paxillin may regulate prostate cancer proliferation by serving as a liaison between extra-nuclear kinase signaling and intra-nuclear transcriptional signals. Thus, paxillin may prove to be a novel diagnostic or therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
Spatial Metaphors and Distance Learning Library Services: Why “Where” Makes a Difference

ABSTRACT A close analysis of spatial metaphors used in distance education, such as “distant” education and “extended” courses, shows how these metaphors affect the design and goals of distance education library services. While some metaphors emphasize the possibilities of growth and communication, other metaphors continue to emphasize the isolation of distance learners. Distance librarians can reduce students’ confusion and forge new concepts about distance library services with thoughtful choices of metaphors.
Surgical gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy

All gastrointestinal (GI) disorders can present during pregnancy, and in fact 0.2% to 1.0% of all pregnant women require non-obstetrical general surgery. All of the clinical decision-making skills of the experienced surgeon must come into play in order to make the correct therapeutic decisions when evaluating the pregnant patient with a GI disorder that potentially requires surgery. While in general the principles of diagnosing and treating a pregnant woman with an acute surgical abdominal problem remain the same as those governing the treatment of the non-pregnant patient, some important differences are present and can pose problems. As a general rule the condition of the mother should always take priority because proper treatment of surgical diseases in the mother will usually benefit the fetus as well as the mother.
“Now you see it, now you don't”: Naming privacy, framing policy

This essay analyzes the regulatory record on state‐level telecommunications policy proceedings that established regulations for Caller ID service during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The analysis focuses on the operation of policy frames in the construction of public policy issues, and larger discursive contexts that accommodate specific images, narratives, and arguments about new technologies and their implications. While existing scholarship emphasizes the role of popular cultural forms—cinema, television, science fiction, and so on—in the construction of new communication technologies, this essay argues that such construction occurs with considerable force within the public policy process as well. Thus, an analysis of the operation of political language and policy frames is presented toward clarification of the ways in which the policy process serves as a critical site for the production of dominant knowledges of communication technologies and their role in social life.
Supercontinuum generated by six-photon mixing

We obtain the shape, phase, and spectral distribution of an ultrafast pulse propagating in a χ(5) medium (six-photon mixing). The calculation is performed in the plane-wave approximation for a dispersionless medium but with self-steepening present.
A synthesis of long-term research by the Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program

This paper synthesizes research conducted dusring the first 5–6 years of the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research Program (FCE LTER). My objectives are to review our research to date, and to present a new central theme and conceptual approach for future research. Our research has focused on understanding how dissolved organic matter (DOM) from upstream oligotrophic marshes interacted with a marine source of the limiting nutrient, phosphorus (P), to control productivity in the oligohaline estuarine ecotone. We have been working along freshwater to marine transects in two drainage basins located in Everglades National Park (ENP). The Shark River Slough transect (SRS) has a direct connection to the Gulf of Mexico, providing this estuarine ecotone with a source of marine P. The oligohaline ecotone along our southern Everglades transect (TS/Ph), however, is separated from this marine P source by the Florida Bay estuary. We originally hypothesized an ecosystem productivity peak in the SRS ecotone, driven by the interaction of marine P and Everglades DOM, but no such productivity peak in the TS/Ph ecotone because of this lack of marine P. Our research to date has tended to show the opposite pattern, however, with many ecosystem components showing enhanced productivity in the TS/Ph ecotone, but not in the SRS ecotone. Water column P concentrations followed a similar pattern, with unexpectedly high P in the TS/Ph ecotone during the dry season. Our organic geochemical research has shown that Everglades DOM is more refractory than originally hypothesized. We have also begun to understand the importance of detrital organic matter production and transport to ecotone dynamics and as the base of aquatic food webs. Our future research will build on this substantial body of knowledge about these oligotrophic estuaries. We will direct our efforts more strongly on biophysical dynamics in the oligohaline ecotone regions. Specifically, we will be focusing on inputs to these regions from four primary water sources: freshwater Everglades runoff, net precipitation, marine inputs, and groundwater. We are hypothesizing that dry season groundwater inputs of P will be particularly important to TS/Ph ecotone dynamics because of longer water residence times in this area. Our organic geochemical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem energetics work will focus more strongly on the importance of detrital organics and will take advantage of a key Everglades Restoration project, scheduled for 2008 or 2009, that will increase freshwater inputs to our SRS transect only. Finally, we will also begin to investigate the human dimensions of restoration, and of a growing population in south Florida that will become increasingly dependent on the Everglades for critical ecosystem services (including fresh water) even as its growth presents challenges to Everglades sustainability.
Relationship Between the Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Terrestrial Plant Cellulose, Carbon Dioxide, and Water

The ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 (^(18)O/^(16)O) of cellulose purified from two sets of wheat plants grown under conditions similar in all respects except for a large difference in the^(18)O/^(16)O ratios of the carbon dioxide supplied to them differ by only a small amount. The difference in the ^(18)O/^(16)O ratios of the cellulose is similar to that observed for the ^(18)O/^(16)O ratios of the water present in the plants. These results indicate that the oxygen derived from carbon dioxide undergoes complete exchange with the oxygen of the water in the plant during the synthesis of cellulose and that the ^(18)O/^(16)O ratio of the water inside the plant is the primary influence on the ^(18)O/^(16)O ratio of cellulose in terrestrial plants.
Oncology and narrative time

Oncologists encounter the uncertainty of time horizons in their patients' lives. Although American oncologists are given a cultural mandate to instill hope in the therapeutic narratives they create with patients, uncertainty leads them to expressions of time without horizons or of time with highly foreshortened horizons as they seek to create for patients an experience of immediacy rather than of chronology. The distinctiveness of the American pattern is highlighted through comparison with Japanese exemplar cases and stories of therapeutic practices in oncology. Concepts drawn from narrative analysis of temporality and the construction of the therapeutic plot are employed.
Creditor rights and corporate cash holdings: International evidence

Abstract In this cross-country analysis, we find evidence of a positive relation between creditor rights and the level of corporate cash holdings. In addition, we find that the excess cash motivated by creditor rights has a significant negative impact on firm value. These relationships, however, are mitigated in countries that have stronger investor protection. The results are consistent with the interpretation that investors have concerns regarding the motives of holding cash when creditor rights are strong.
New Noncentered Icosahedral Nickel−Bismuth Carbonyl Clusters: Geometric Analysis of the Homologous [Ni10(EMe)2(CO)18]2- Dianions (E = P, As, Sb, Bi) Containing Noncentered 1,12-Ni10E2 Icosahedral Cages1

The designed reaction of [Ni6(CO)12]2- (1) with MeBiCl2 in THF at low temperature (−78 °C) has given rise to the desired [Ni10(BiMe)2(CO)18]2- dianion (2) as the major product (ca. 45% yield). This...
Effect of Melampsora medusae leaf rust infection on yield of hybrid poplars in the north-central United States

Melampsora medusae Thuem. is a hazard to cultivation and fiber production of hybrid poplars grown under short rotations, particularly when the alternate host is present. This rust can be controlled with biweekly fungicide applications but resistant clones are the best method of control.
Large peak-to-valley current ratios in triple barrier heterostructures

Abstract We have studied the effect of a thin AlAs barrier in the middle of an GaAs/AlAs double barrier heterostructure on peak-to-valley current ratios. The addition of a 3 monolayer barrier in the middle of the GaAs well increased the peak-to-valley current ratios by over a factor of 5 at 77 K and increased the number of negative differential resistance regions from 2 to 3. The 3 monolayer middle barrier caused only a slight change in the peak current density hence the improvement in device performance was attributed to a decrease in the nonresonant valley currents. At 300 K the introduction of the middle barrier improved the peak-to-valley current ratios by only a factor of two indicating that the valley currents being suppressed by the middle barrier have a substantial non-thermionic component.
Effect of Menus Selected By Residents Versus Corporate Prepared Menus on Resident Nutrient Intake.

Abstract This study compared a resident-selected menu planning system (the Meal Card/ Menu Board System - MC/MBS) with corporate prepared menus (CM) in a Jewish long-term care facility. The effects of the different menus on the nutrient intake of 24 residents were measured. A resident menu committee (RM) used the MC/MBS to choose the meal combinations that would comprise 1-week's (21) meals from a group of 256 meal cards. Total food served to and returned (plate waste) from each resident for each menu method was weighed to the nearest 0.1 ounce for 3 meals per day for 7 consecutive days. The difference in the 2 weights was considered the weight of the food consumed by the resident. The total amount of food consumed by the residents was the same from both menu selection systems. Total food consumed was more evenly distributed over the 3 meals served each day from the RM compared to the CM (p
PREVENTION OF DOCA‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN RATS BY CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH TRYPTOPHAN

SUMMARY 1. Hypertension developed within 5 weeks in uninephrectomized rats administered deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 30 mg/kg, s.c., weekly) and given isotonic saline to drink. Chronic dietary administration of tryptophan (50 g/kg food) reduced intake of saline solution and prevented the elevation of systolic blood pressure induced by treatment with DOCA alone. 2. Treatment with tryptophan also protected against the reduction in urinary concentrating ability during a 24 h dehydration that is characteristic of DOCA-treated rats. 3. Other tests were carried out to assess the responsiveness to the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. The tests included measurement of drinking and heart rate following acute administration of isoproterenol. The characteristically depressed drinking response of DOCA-treated rats to acute administration of isoproterenol was returned to that of untreated controls by chronic treatment with tryptophan. However, the reduced chronotropic response of the heart of DOCA-treated rats to administration of isoproterenol was unaffected. 4. The cardiac hypertrophy characteristic of DOCA-treatment was attenuated significantly by chronic treatment with tryptophan. 5. These results suggest that tryptophan provides significant protection against the development of DOCA-induced hypertension, polydipsia, and cardiac hypertrophy in rats. The mechanism by which tryptophan protects is unknown and requires additional study.
Targeted Mentoring: Evaluation of a Program

Targeted mentoring refers to mentoring aimed at a particular population. This article presents the evaluation of a mentoring program for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in social work education. Forty-three mentors and proteges responded to a survey regarding their program experiences. The results highlight the need for targeted mentoring, although some disparities of experience for mentors and proteges in this program are apparent. In general, mentors felt positive about participating, giving back to the LGBT community, and were more satisfied with their experiences than were the proteges, who were looking for more specific types of instrumental and psychosocial support.
How maya women respond to changing technology

In the mid 1970s labor-saving technology was introduced into a Maya subsistence agricultural community that markedly increased the efficiency with which maize could be ground and water collected. This increased efficiency introduces a possible savings in the time that women allocate to work, which can be reapportioned to child care, food production, domestic work, or leisure. An earlier study suggested that this labor-saving technology had a positive effect in decreasing the age at which these Maya women begin their reproductive careers. Although there is a statistical association between the age at which women bear their first child and the introduction of modern technology, this association does not demonstrate that the decline in age at first birth is causally related to the presence of technology. This paper pursues two objectives to evaluate this potential causal relationship in greater detail. First, a theory relating technological change to the initiation of a reproductive career is briefly developed in order to make qualitative predictions about behavioral changes as a response to changing technology. Second, these predictions are then tested against time allocation data recently collected in this same Maya community. We suggest that both of the conditions necessary to initiate reproduction—fecundity and access to mates—fundamentally depend on the amount of help that a girl provides to her family. Further, the help that a girl provides can be affected by technological changes. Analyses show that when modern technology is available, unmarried young women do not change the time allocated to domestic tasks and child care, and allocate more time to low-energy leisure activities. This lack of perceived benefit to working more and a potential concomitant shift towards a positive energy balance may in part explain why Maya women leave home and initiate reproduction at a younger age after labor-saving technology is introduced.
Astrophysics: An accurate distance to the nearest galaxy

By having a highly accurate value for the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy, astronomers can get a better measure of cosmic 'dark energy'. Using binary stars, they have now achieved a value accurate to 2.2%. See Letter p.76 The physical properties of stars in eclipsing binary systems can be accurately determined thanks to the intimate interactions between the two bodies, and by monitoring the fluctuating light from such systems it is possible to obtain accurate extragalactic distance measurement. This technique has now been used to determine the most accurate distance estimate yet for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), our nearest-neighbour galaxy. The data from eight long-period, late-type eclipsing systems particularly suitable for this calibration technique suggest that the LMC is around 49.97 kiloparsecs from us, to an accuracy of 2.2%. The distance to the LMC is a key element in determining the Hubble constant, an important measure of the rate of expansion of the Universe.
Laser cooling of a solid by 65 K starting from room temperature

In vacuo laser cooling of a solid from 301 to 236 K has been demonstrated. The sample consists of a cladded, multimode optical fiber fabricated from the fluorozirconate glass ZBLANP; the fiber’s waveguiding core is doped with 1 wt.?% Yb3+ ions. Cooling of the host glass results from anti-Stokes fluorescence of Yb3+ following optical pumping in the long-wavelength tail of the ion’s absorption spectrum ?=1015 nm. Measurement of the time constant for equilibration of the sample temperature is in excellent agreement with an analytic calculation of this quantity.
Using relations within conceptual systems to translate across conceptual systems

According to an “external grounding” theory of meaning, a concept’s meaning depends on its connection to the external world. By a “conceptual web” account, a concept’s meaning depends on its relations to other concepts within the same system. We explore one aspect of meaning, the identification of matching concepts across systems (e.g. people, theories, or cultures). We present a computational algorithm called ABSURDIST (Aligning Between Systems Using Relations Derived Inside Systems for Translation) that uses only within-system similarity relations to find between-system translations. While illustrating the sufficiency of a conceptual web account for translating between systems, simulations of ABSURDIST also indicate powerful synergistic interactions between intrinsic, within-system information and extrinsic information. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
THE LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FORGIVENESS AND RELATIONSHIP CLOSENESS AND COMMITMENT

Abstract This article examines the longitudinal relationship between forgiveness and the restoration of closeness and commitment in relationships that have been damaged by transgressive behavior. Participants were 201 university students who had recently incurred painful interpersonal transgressions. The revenge and benevolence dimensions of forgiveness appeared to facilitate later closeness and commitment, whereas the avoidance dimension of forgiveness appeared to have a reciprocal causal relationship with closeness and commitment. Ramifications for the association between forgiveness and reconciliation are discussed.
Validity of the body mass index as an indicator of the risk and presence of overweight in adolescents

The validity of the body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of the risk of becoming overweight and of the presence of overweight was evaluated in 6 groups of adolescents comprising several ethnic groups (n = 1570, aged 9-19 y). With use of triceps skinfold thickness and estimated percentage body fat as the criteria for adiposity, BMI had high specificities (86.1-98.8% for risk of overweight and 96.3-100% for presence of overweight) and lower but variable sensitivities (4.3-75.0% for risk of overweight and 14.3-60% for presence of overweight). Thus, almost all adolescents who were not at risk for overweight or who were not overweight were classified correctly. In contrast, many adolescents who were at risk of overweight or who were overweight were not correctly identified as measured by BMI. Partial correlations, controlling for age, between BMI and the triceps skinfold thickness and estimated percentage body fat were generally moderate to moderately high, whereas BMI and triceps skinfold thickness appeared to be equally related to estimated total body fatness and percentage body fat in Mexican American and Austrian white males. BMI was better correlated with trunk skinfold thicknesses, but when relative subcutaneous fat distribution was statistically controlled, the trunk-extremity contrast in the correlations was no longer apparent.
Two Dominant Mutations in the Mouse Fused Gene Are the Result of Transposon Insertions

The mouse Fused locus encodes a protein that has been implicated in the regulation of embryonic axis formation. The protein, which has been named Axin to distinguish it from the product of the unrelated Drosophila melanogaster gene fused , contains regions of similarity to the RGS (regulators of G-protein signaling) family of proteins as well as to dishevelled, a protein that acts downstream of Wingless in D. melanogaster . Loss-of-function mutations at Fused lead to lethality between days 8 and 10 of gestation. Three dominant mutations result in a kinked tail in heterozygotes. Two of the dominant mutations, Fused and Knobbly , result from insertions of intracisternal A particle retrotransposons into the gene. The insertion in Fused , within the sixth intron, creates a gene that produces wild-type transcripts as well as mutant transcripts that initiate at both the authentic promoter and the 3′-most long terminal repeat of the insertion. Knobbly , an insertion of the retrotransposon into exon 7, precludes the production of wild-type protein. Thus the Fused homozygote is viable whereas Knobbly is a recessive embryonic lethal. In both mutants the dominant kink-tailed phenotype is likely to result from the synthesis of similar amino-terminal fragments of Axin protein that would contain the RGS domain, but lack the dishevelled domain.
Not all lexical access tasks are created equal: Lexical development between three and five

Lexical access tasks are designed to measure efficiency of lexical access, but task demands and methods vary greatly. Many lexical access tasks do not account for confounding factors including comp...
A super-class walk on upper-triangular matrices

Abstract Let G be the group of n × n upper-triangular matrices with elements in a finite field and ones on the diagonal. This paper applies the character theory of Andre, Carter, and Yan to analyze a natural random walk based on adding or subtracting a random row from the row above.