cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of morphology in latex particles: The interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic parameters

A thermodynamic analysis and a mathematical model were developed to describe the free energy changes corresponding to various possible morphologies in composite latex particles. Two experimental composite latex systems were used to verify and establish limitations of the model. The two latex systems were based on polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate), one prepared by conventional seeded emulsion polymerization and the second system by direct emulsification of a solution of a blend of the two polymers. The influence of several experimental parameters on latex particle morphology was investigated. These included monomer/polymer ratio, surfactant type, and initiator type in the seeded emulsion polymerization system. The influence of local viscosity, shear effects, and molecular weights of polymers were investigated in the artificial latex system.
The Eclipse of the Sacred and the Paradoxical Liberation of the Left Hand

In "primitive" cultures, dual symbolic classification systems draw rigid temporal and spatial boundaries between the sacred and the profane. The right and left hands are described as sacred and profane, respectively. Durkheim saw a weakening of these systems as an aspect of modernization. A weakening of such dichotomous reason is shown in two examples. First, Hertz's study of the suppression of the left hand among the Maori links the left hand to the right cerebral hemisphere of the brain. The further inference he might have drawn, but did not, is that the right hemisphere and its pattern thinking might play a significant role in magic, sorcery, and witchcraft. The Maori physical confinement of the left hand is no longer practiced. Second, in the United States, Hugdahl et al. present data from eight one-decade cohorts showing that the decrease in left-handedness by age was countered by a corresponding increase in left-to-right hand switching. A lower life-span by left handers might account for some of the change across age cohorts, but at least half of the decrease in manifest left-handedness was accounted for by a gradual decrease in social pressure not to use the left hand. Implications for the moral solidarity of postmodern society are discussed.
Are Social Work Journal Editorial Boards Competent? Some Disquieting Data With Implications for Research on Social Work Practice

This article describes a citation analysrs of the journal-article contributions of the editorial board members of selected social work and psychology journals. Social work editorial board members are cited by other scholars significantly less frequently than psychology journal editorial board members. This conclusion is based on the number of times editorial board members of selected social work and psychology journals were cited in the 1989 volume of the Social Sciences Citation Index. The implications of this finding for research on social work practice are discussed.
Phylogeny of a paradigm lineage: the Drosophila melanogaster species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Although Drosophila melanogaster is a paradigm eukaryote for biology, relationships of this species and the other 174 species in the melanogaster species group are poorly explored and ambiguous. Gene regions of Cytochrome oxidase II (mt:CoII), Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) and hunchback (hb) were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically to test prior hypotheses of relationships for the group based on chromosomes, morphology, and 28S rRNA gene sequences. A simultaneous cladistic analysis of the three newly sequenced gene regions produced a single well-resolved phylogeny for 49 exemplar species representing eight subgroups. Monophyly of each of the ananassae, melanogaster, montium, and takahashii subgroups is supported; the suzukii subgroup is polyphyletic. This phylogeny is consistent with variation in significant morphological structures, such as the male sex comb on the fore tarsus. The broad range of morphological variation among these species is interpreted and the applicability to evolution and developmental investigations is discussed. This phylogeny facilitates comparative investigations, such as gene family evolution, transposable element transmission, and evolution of morphological structures. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 76, 21–37.
A novel ultra-fast heuristic for VLSI CAD steiner trees

In all stages of VLSI chip design, routing estimation is required to account for the effect of interconnects. We propose a fast Steiner tree construction algorithm, which is 3-180 times faster for 10-300 point Steiner trees, and within 2.5% of the length of the Batched-1-Steiner tree. The proposed method can be used as a fast net length estimation tool in VLSI CAD applications, e.g. in the inner cycle of a floorplanning/placement engine.
A Privacy Preserving Repository for Data Integration across Data Sharing Services

Current data sharing and integration among various organizations require a central and trusted authority to first collect data from all data sources and then integrate the collected data. This process tends to complicate the update of data and to compromise data sources' privacy. In this paper, a repository for integrating data from various data sharing services without central authorities is presented. The major differences between our repository and existing central authorities are: 1) Our repository collects data from data sharing services based on users' integration requirements rather than all the data from the data sharing services as existing central authorities. 2) While existing central authorities have full control of the collected data, the capability of our repository is restricted to computing the integration results required by users and cannot get other information about the data or use it for other purposes. 3) The data collected by our repository cannot be used to generate other results except that of the specified data integration request, and hence the compromise of our repository can only reveal the results of the specified data integration request, while the compromise of central authorities will reveal all data.
Design of a two-pixel 670 GHz imaging radar using a single Tx/Rx module

The development of a submillimeter imaging radar is useful for applications in national security, planetary exploration, and biomedicine. However, the extension to a multi-pixel heterodyne system presents a large integration challenge at this frequency range. A partial solution suggested in this paper is a compromise between the single pixel and multi-pixel system. To our knowledge, the idea of multiplexing radar signals in time is new, and takes advantage of working in the submillimeterwave band, where the huge radar bandwidth and short wavelengths mean that sufficient delays for multiplexing can be implemented using compact quasi-optical components.
Cross-Layer Analysis of Route Discovery Process and Its Impact on the Packet End-to-End Delay in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents a cross-layer analysis of the route discovery process in ad hoc networks, and discusses the impact of this process on the packet end-to-end delay. The analysis primarily highlights the role of medium access control (MAC) protocol in the route discovery process, and further describes how the route discovery mechanism contributes to the end-to-end delay of a packet. The essential aspects of the route discovery process and the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) MAC protocol are considered for this discussion. The simulation results show that the back-off mechanism of the MAC layer has a great impact on the route discovery process, which in turn influences the end-to-end delay of the packet in the form of route discovery time.
Contextual factors influencing a rural community and the development of a wildlife management regime in Zambia (1987–1997)

A case study of a Zambian community-based wildlife project within the Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas (ADMADE) programme illustrates the role and significance of contextual factors in the action strategies of its two local designated beneficiaries—the local chief and his lineage and members of other lineages. The study describes how each of these wildlife user groups, neither of which participated as negotiators in the framework of this donor-initiated resource programme, have responded differently to both local and remote contextual factors during ADMADE's initial decade of implementation. Having being handed back some ‘traditional’ prerogatives over local resources, the chief has consolidated his local competitive position in response to incentives from remote actors. Historically dependent upon wildlife for protein yet largely excluded from taking it legally under the ADMADE programme, other valley residents have responded by changing their hunting tactics (from using guns to employing snares) and becoming more secretive in their off-take and distributive activities. Both strategies and a declining resource base have forced a revision in Zambian wildlife policy and management. This paper concludes that time and engagement with the issues and the actors are critical for gaining privileged insights and for establishing contextual factors and their influences when analysing common pool resource (CPR) regimes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hormonal Influences on Territorial Marking Behavior

The benefits of fighting accrue strictly to the winner. Drawbacks, on the other hand, are more evenly divided. While the combatants are fighting, their mates may wander off or be herded away by other rivals (Clutton-Brock, Albon, Gibson, & Guinness, 1979). After the fight, both opponents are likely to be exhausted and both may suffer wounds that can impair sensory abilities or movement. Thus, even the winner may be less able to forage, to mate, to avoid predation, and to fend off competitors after an aggressive encounter than before. These risks are what make communication such an important part of aggression.
Impact of particle shape on the laser-contaminant interaction induced damage on the protective capping layer of 1ω high reflector mirror coatings

We report an investigation on the response to laser exposure of a protective capping layer of 1ω (1053 nm) high-reflector mirror coatings, in the presence of differently shaped Ti particles. We consider two candidate capping layer materials, namely SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 . They are coated over multiple silica-hafnia multilayer coatings. Each sample is exposed to a single oblique (45°) shot of a 1053 nm laser beam (p polarization, fluence ~ 10 J/cm 2 , pulse length 14 ns), in the presence of spherically or irregularly shaped Ti particles on the surface. We observe that the two capping layers show markedly different responses. For spherically shaped particles, the Al 2 O 3 cap layer exhibits severe damage, with the capping layer becoming completely delaminated at the particle locations. In contrast, the SiO 2 capping layer is only mildly modified by a shallow depression, likely due to plasma erosion. For irregularly shaped Ti filings, the Al 2 O 3 capping layer displays minimal to no damage while the SiO 2 capping layer is significantly damaged. In the case of the spherical particles, we attribute the different response of the capping layer to the large difference in thermal expansion coefficient of the materials, with that of the Al 2 O 3 about 15 times greater than that of the SiO 2 layer. For the irregularly shaped filings, we attribute the difference in damage response to the large difference in mechanical toughness between the two materials, with that of the Al 2 O 3 being about 10 times stronger than that of the SiO 2 .
There Should Not Be Shame in Sharing Responsibility: An Alternative to May’s Social Existentialist Vision

Some of the greatest harms perpetrated by human beings—mass murders, for example—are directly caused by a small number of individuals, yet the full force of the transgressions would not obtain without the indirect contributions of many others. To combat such evils, Larry May (1992) argues that we ought to cultivate a sense of shared responsibility within communities. More specifically, we ought to develop a propensity to feel ashamed of ourselves when we choose to be associated with others who transgress. Grant that we ought to assume greater moral responsibility for contributing to harms that we do not directly commit. My goal is to challenge May’s claim that we should move towards a shame culture, and to argue that we ought to focus on cultivating empathy-based care and guilt instead. An established research program spearheaded by June Tangney (Tangney, Stuewig, & Mashek, 2007) has shown that individuals who are disposed to feel shame are more likely to hide from scrutiny, blame others, get angry, and become aggressive. Cultivating shame, in short, is a recipe for increasing antisocial behavior. Policies that promote feelings of empathy-based care and guilt, however, seem better designed to achieve the desired result, namely, minimizing the harms caused by groups.
Two cases of methemoglobinemia: In a military community hospital.

Acquired methemoglobinemia is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that is frequently associated in the primary care setting with topical anesthetics, dapsone, and antimalarial agents.[1][1] As illustrated by the cases of 2 patients who presented to Fort Belvoir Community Hospital in
The Dynamics of MEMS Arches of Non-Ideal Boundary Conditions

We present an investigation into the dynamics of MEMS arches when actuated electrically including the effect of their flexible (non-ideal) supports. First, the eigenvalue problem of a nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli shallow arch with torsional and transversal springs at the boundaries is solved analytically. Several results are shown to demonstrate the possibility of tuning the theoretically obtained natural frequencies of an arch to match the experimentally measured. Then, simulation results are shown for the forced vibration response of an arch when excited by a DC electrostatic force superimposed to an AC harmonic load. Shooting technique is utilized to find periodic motions. The stability of the captured periodic motion is examined using the Floquet theory. The results show several jumps in the response during snap-through motion and pull-in. Theoretical and experimental investigations are conducted on a microfabricated curved beam actuated electrically. Results show softening behavior and superharmonic resonances. It is demonstrated that non-ideal boundary conditions can have significant effect on the qualitative dynamical behavior of the MEMS arch, including its natural frequencies, snap-through behavior, and dynamic pull-in.© 2011 ASME
Effects of Tuning Sharpness on Tone Categorization by Self-Organizing Neural Networks

Because humans can categorize tones either in terms of pitch height or pitch class (chroma), I have explored the potential of simple self-organizing networks to demonstrate these two different capacities, and have uncovered a mechanism which can subserve both. A self-organizing neural network architecture was used; during training, the network learns to represent internally the co-existence of stimulus features (here, harmonic components). Two sets of simulations were completed, identical in all respects except for the tuning sharpness used at the input layer. In the broad tuning condition, the network categorized sounds together exclusively on the basis of their pitch similarity. Here, two tones with nearby fundamental frequencies (FOs) activate many of the same input units, due to the overlap between adjacent tuning curves. Thissimilarity in activation decreases with increasing distance between the FOs. In the narrow tuning condition, a different result was found: many tones were categorized together on...
Research on the Status Quo of College Students' Extracurricular Exercises in Zhejiang

College students' extracurricular exercises in Zhejiang are investigated and researched.The results show that discrepancies exist in students of different grades and sexes including their choices,times,duration,intensity,and venues for the extracurricular exercises.The sports facilities in schools can basically meet the exercise needs.However,they should be further improved.
Smooth Muscle Tone Regulation in Rabbit Cavernosal and Spongiosae Tissue by Cyclic AMP- and Cyclic GMP-Dependent Mechanisms

AbstractThe relaxing effects of several specific and nonspecific inhibitors of phosphodiesterases (PDE) on rabbit isolated corpus cavernosum (CC) and spongiosum (CS) were investigated. Preparations were mounted in organ baths, and isometric tension was recorded. The results were compared with the effects of direct administration of analogs of the second messenger cyclic nucleotides and the effects of forskolin, a direct stimulator of adenylate cyclase, and the nitric oxide donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN 1). All drugs relaxed the phenylephrine-induced contractions in CC and CS in a dose-dependent fashion. In CC and CS, type III (SK&F 95654) and type V (zaprinast and dipyramidole) PDE inhibitors, as well as the nonspecific inhibitors papaverine and trequinsin, showed no differences in IC50. The type IV inhibitor rolipram relaxed CC and CS at significantly lower concentrations (p <0.005) than any other PDE inhibitor, and in CC the type III and IV inhibitor zardaverine was more potent (p <0.05) than SK&F ...
Nanoscale Patterned Growth Assisted by Surface Out-Diffusion of Adatoms from Amorphous Mask Films in Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Nanoscale patterned growth (NPG) of GaAs requires the suppression of nucleation on the amorphous SiO2 mask film, defined on a substrate by patterning. It is determined by the Ga adatom kinetics on SiO2, leading to desorption and surface out-diffusion (SOD) to the area beyond the mask. Their relative contributions to NPG are examined both theoretically and experimentally. From the rate equation of thin-film growth, a relationship between incident Ga flux and growth temperature for NPG is analytically derived as a function of the lateral dimension of the SiO2 mask film, LM. In the NPG by molecular beam epitaxy, LM is varied in the range of Ga adatom migration length. From comparison with the model, the activation energy of a Ga adatom for desorption, Edes, is found to be comparable to that for surface diffusion, Ediff, on the SiO2 mask. They are both in the range of 2.7–2.9 eV, lower than the Ga desorption energy from the GaAs substrate, confirming the validity of SOD and, as a result, NPG. This also implie...
A Bullous Flare of a Hyperkeratotic Affair: A Case Report.

Background:Darier’s disease is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis typified by hyperkeratotic papules and plaques in a predominately seborrheic distribution. The vesiculo-bullous variant of Darier’s disease is rare. Several previously reported cases have demonstrated clinical and microscopic features resembling familial benign chronic pemphigus or Hailey-Hailey disease.Objectives:The objective of this report is to describe an uncommon presentation of Darier’s disease, which has been infrequently described in the literature.Methods:The authors present a case of bullous flare of long-standing Darier’s disease.Conclusions:Darier’s disease may assume several atypical morphologies, including vesiculo-bullous lesions.
A New Approach to Government in the Horn

While, as I argue in the conclusion of the Chapter 7, there is a case to be made for a genuine federation of the entire Horn area, pursuit of federation as an early goal would be unrealistic. The immediate task for the peoples and leaders of these countries, and one for which they need the support of the international community, is to keep their countries united within their present boundaries and to establish political systems within which sustained economic development and modernization can take place, cultural values can be protected, and human rights can be defended and extended. Considering the political, economic and social deterioration which has afflicted much of this region for more than two decades, these tasks alone are a formidable challenge requiring patience, perseverance and open-minded, steady and realistic new leaders who recognize the mistakes of their predecessors and are determined to avoid repeating them.
The Problem of Political Authority

Let us begin with a short political story. You live in a small village with a crime problem. Vandals roam the village, stealing and destroying people’s property. No one seems to be doing anything about it. So one day, you and your family decide to put a stop to it. You take your guns and go looking for vandals. Periodically, you catch one, take him back to your house at gunpoint, and lock him in the basement. You provide the prisoners with food so they don’t starve, but you plan to keep them locked in the basement for a few years to teach them a lesson.
AUDACIOUS: User-Driven Access Control with Unmodified Operating Systems

User-driven access control improves the coarse-grained access control of current operating systems (particularly in the mobile space) that provide only all-or-nothing access to a resource such as the camera or the current location. By granting appropriate permissions only in response to explicit user actions (for example, pressing a camera button), user-driven access control better aligns application actions with user expectations. Prior work on user-driven access control has relied in essential ways on operating system (OS) modifications to provide applications with uncompromisable access control gadgets, distinguished user interface (UI) elements that can grant access permissions. This work presents a design, implementation, and evaluation of user-driven access control that works with no OS modifications, thus making deployability and incremental adoption of the model more feasible. We develop (1) a user-level trusted library for access control gadgets, (2) static analyses to prevent malicious creation of UI events, illegal flows of sensitive information, and circumvention of our library, and (3) dynamic analyses to ensure users are not tricked into granting permissions. In addition to providing the original user-driven access control guarantees, we use static information flow to limit where results derived from sensitive sources may flow in an application. Our implementation targets Android applications. We port open-source applications that need interesting resource permissions to use our system. We determine in what ways user-driven access control in general and our implementation in particular are good matches for real applications. We demonstrate that our system is secure against a variety of attacks that malware on Android could otherwise mount.
Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots

An important step towards realizing the advantages of quantum dots in electro-optic applications is to understand the excitation dependences of optical properties. This paper discusses results obtained using a microscopic theory. The calculations uncovered complicated carrier density and electronic structure influences on absorption, gain and refractive index that can be attributed to a delicate balancing of electronic-structure and many-body effects in a coupled quantum-dot-quantum-well system.
Silver Nanoparticles: From Bulk Material to Colloidal Nanoparticles

Metals exhibit interesting optical properties, especially in comparison to molecules and semiconductors. In contrast to molecules and semiconductors, metals support plasmons, which are a collective oscillation of many electrons in the material. When the size of these metal nanoparticles is small (<100 nm), these plasmon absorbances occur in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, giving rise to colored solutions. One of the unique characteristics of plasmon excitation is the conversion of light energy into extreme and highly localized heating at the surface of these particles. Excitation of plasmons by both pulsed (i.e. lasers) and continuous (i.e. sunlight) excitation and the effects of plasmon excitation on the surrounding material are discussed in this chapter. The potential for using these materials in photothermal therapy for ailments such as cancer is also discussed in terms of the unique properties of these metals, related to plasmon excitation.
Intake Manifold Pressure and Exhaust Gas Recirculation Effects on Diesel-Ignited Propane Dual-Fuel Low-Temperature Combustion at Low Loads in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

AbstractA 12.9-L heavy-duty (HD) compression ignition engine was operated with diesel-ignited propane. Propane was fumigated into the intake and held a constant 84% of total fuel by energy while di...
Prevalence and mortality of colorectal cancer with iron deficiency anemia in the South.

e15141Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published data on incidence rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) referenced from the U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. Using dat...
Advancing Social Connection as a Public Health Priority in the United States

A robust body of scientific evidence has indicated that being embedded in high-quality close relationships and feeling socially connected to the people in one's life is associated with decreased risk for all-cause mortality as well as a range of disease morbidities. Despite mounting evidence that the magnitude of these associations is comparable to that of many leading health determinants (that receive significant public health resources), government agencies, health care providers and associations, and public or private health care funders have been slow to recognize human social relationships as either a health determinant or health risk marker in a manner that is comparable to that of other public health priorities. This article evaluates current evidence (on social relationships and health) according to criteria commonly used in determining public health priorities. The article discusses challenges for reducing risk in this area and outlines an agenda for integrating social relationships into current public health priorities. (PsycINFO Database Record
Precluded Dwelling: The Dollmaker and Under the Feet of Jesus as Georgics of Displacement

In this article, I explore displacement as a force that precludes dwelling. I do so in the context of the georgic mode, a literary tradition defined by dwelling and by the kind of agricultural endeavoring that Heidegger relates to “building.” As he explains in “Building Dwelling Thinking,” to build is not only to make or to construct, but also “to preserve and care for, specifically to till the soil, to cultivate the vine” (147). Thus, in addition to creation outright, Heidegger’s “building” involves husbandry. His expansive definition multiplies the kinds of human activity described by building . When humans cultivate plants, they create a situation and environment wherein the crop can flourish. The generative force is nonhuman; growth comes from the plant itself. We cannot build a vineyard as we can a structure. In addition to placing humans in a caretaking role, the three terms in Heidegger’s title further indicate that the husbandman’s “building” requires his continual attention to his place and to his work. Building, in the agricultural sense of the word, requires prolonged physical presence and much thought. Heidegger’s choice of a vineyard underscores the importance of time to dwelling: as a perennial plant that requires years of investment before bearing fruit, the vineyard functions as a site where planning and labor, observation and care unfold across the seasons and over a period of years. The full scope of Heidegger’s dwelling, then, involves prolonged (if not permanent) and productive agricultural thinking and laboring. My fundamental premise is that Heideggerian dwelling reaches a confluence with the georgic mode.
Contributors Toward Pulmonary Vein Restenosis Following Successful Intervention

Abstract Objectives This study sought to identify clinical and procedural risk factors associated with pulmonary vein (PV) restenosis. Background Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare but morbid complication of PV isolation for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Interventions such as PV balloon angioplasty (BA) or stenting achieve excellent acute success; however, subsequent restenosis is common. Methods A total of 113 patients underwent invasive treatment for severe PVS between 2000 and 2014 and were followed prospectively. Baseline patient and lesion characteristics were abstracted from chart review and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using patient and procedural characteristics to determine which factors were associated with an increased risk for subsequent PV restenosis. Results Over a median follow-up of 4.6 years there was PVS recurrence in 75 veins; 52 veins (57%) were treated with index BA and 23 veins were treated with stenting. After multivariate analysis, the only patient factor that was significantly associated with restenosis was a history of more than 1 AF ablation (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 3.41; p = 0.03). Multivariate analysis on a per-vein level demonstrated a significantly lower risk of restenosis in veins treated with a stent (HR: 2.84; 95% CI: 1.75 to 4.61; p Conclusions Restenosis is common after a successful PV intervention and the risk of restenosis is highest in those with a history of multiple AF ablations and in those treated with BA. Proceduralists should take into account the number of AF ablations a patient has undergone and should strongly consider stent deployment when intervening on PVS to reduce risk of restenosis.
Physical Characterization of Pivalolactone Grafted Elastomers II. Orientation Behavior

Thermoplastic elastomers formed by grafting short, highly crystallizable chains of polypivalolactone (polyPVL) onto various elastomeric backbone polymers have been the subject of several recent publications (1–7). These polymers are synthesized by an anionic solution polymerization of pivalolactone initiated by the tetraalkylammonium salts of carboxyl groups pendent from preformed elastomeric backbone polymers. Details of the synthesis and physical properties of the graft copolymers have been described elsewhere (1–7). The previous paper in this series (6) proposed a morphological model for these polymers based upon the results of characterization by transmission electron microscopy, wide and small angle x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and solvent swelling. This paper describes the morphological changes which occur during the uniaxial deformation of the copolymers, citing the specific examples of polyPVL grafts on an ethylene propylene diene elastomer (EPDM) and an alternating ethylene ethyl acrylate (E/EA) copolymer.
Section Editorial – Ponder This: Can Ecojustice Education Go Mainstream?

A successful place-based STEM education professional development program in rural Thailand prepared teachers to meet Thai National Curriculum standards through problem-based learning that connected to the local culture and community needs. This project engaged children as youth scientists as they investigated place-based ecojustice issues in their local community. The outcomes of this project are compared to the status of STEM education in southeast Asia, as reported in The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Roundtable Meeting in January 2013, sponsored by the Institute for Promoting Science Teaching and Technology in Thailand. The meeting was designed to address the need to develop a Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics (STEM) workforce in ASEAN countries through world-class, quality STEM Education. During the meeting, n assessment of the status of STEM Education in eleven countries was reported. Although preparing a scientifically literate workforce was considered important; many students in rural areas do not have access to technology or resources to learn STEM subjects. Teachers are not prepared to engage students in scientific problem solving as related to sustainability issues in local communities. A rationale for promoting ecojustice education in marginalized communities is provided by analyzing The Next Generation Science Standards (National Research Council, Next generation science standards. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2013). Relevant standards require students to make ethical decisions as they investigate local sustainability issues that are connected to global climate change. Ecojustice education requires authentic assessments that are aligned with both the standards and issues that impact the local community.
Theory of the iron equation of state and melting curve to very high pressures

A semiempirical equation of state for iron has been constructed by dividing the total energy into mean field, interatomic pair potential, and electronic thermal terms. The five adjustable parameters are fitted to the experimental isotherm, Hugoniot, and melting curve. Superimposing the estimated pressure and temperature conditions of the presumably pure solid iron inner core of the earth onto the calculated phase diagram shows an unexpected discrepancy.
Revealing the role of calcium codoping on optical and scintillation homogeneity in Lu2SiO5:Ce single crystals

Abstract The presence of impurities and dopants (or codopants) can influence solute transport at the solid-liquid interface and its stability during bulk crystal growth, which ultimately affect the crystal uniformity. Codoping with Ca2+ can significantly improve the performance of Lu2SiO5:Ce single crystals, well-known scintillators for nuclear medical imaging, albeit at the expense of growth stability due to surface tension reduction. However, an understanding of the correlation between crystal growth properties and radial performance uniformity in Czochralski-grown LSO:Ce, Ca single crystals is still lacking. In this work, we reveal this essential correlation by studying the roles of Ca2+ concentration on the radial distribution of stable Ce3+ ions and oxygen vacancy (VO) related defects as well as solute transport at the solid-liquid interface. Through mapping of optical and scintillation properties across cross-sections of 0.1 at% and 0.4 at% Ca codoped boules and the defect formation energies derived from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a direct link between Ca2+ ions, stable Ce3+ or Ce4+ ions, and {CaLu + VO} complex defects is established. The light yield enhancement in Ca2+ codoped LSO:Ce single crystals is attributed to the dissociation of spatially correlated Ce ions and oxygen vacancies. Based on the quantitative comparison of photoluminescence (PL) and radioluminescence (RL) emissions from Ce1 (seven-coordinated) and Ce2 (six-coordinated) sites, the preferential occupation of stable Ce4+ is believed to depend on the concentration of stable Ce4+. The underlying causes of symmetry and variation in the radial distribution of optical and scintillation properties, as consequences of Ca2+ distribution, are discussed from the perspective of crystal growth.
Epitranscriptomics: Correlation of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation and pathway dysregulation in the hippocampus of HIV transgenic rats

Internal RNA modifications have been known for decades, however their roles in mRNA regulation have only recently started to be elucidated. Here we investigated the most abundant mRNA modification, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in transcripts from the hippocampus of HIV transgenic (Tg) rats. The distribution of m6A peaks within HIV transcripts in HIV Tg rats largely corresponded to the ones observed for HIV transcripts in cell lines and T cells. Host transcripts were found to be differentially m6A methylated in HIV Tg rats. The functional roles of the differentially m6A methylated pathways in HIV Tg rats is consistent with a key role of RNA methylation in the regulation of the brain transcriptome in chronic HIV disease. In particular, host transcripts show significant differential m6A methylation of genes involved in several pathways related to neural function, suggestive of synaptodendritic injury and neurodegeneration, inflammation and immune response, as well as RNA processing and metabolism, such as splicing. Changes in m6A methylation were usually positively correlated with differential expression, while differential m6A methylation of pathways involved in RNA processing were more likely to be negatively correlated with gene expression changes. Thus, sets of differentially m6A methylated, functionally-related transcripts appear to be involved in coordinated transcriptional responses in the context of chronic HIV. Altogether, our results support that m6A methylation represents an additional layer of regulation of HIV and host gene expression in vivo that contributes significantly to the transcriptional effects of chronic HIV.
Abstract 255: Mechanical Stretch is Not a Major Cause of Ectopic Activation During Early Stage Regional Ischemia in an Isolated Left-Ventricular Working Heart Model

Background: Acute regional ischemia is a leading cause of death. Ectopic beats may initiate ventricular arrhythmias in the first hour after coronary occlusion; however, the origin of these beats re...
Transparent free relatives with "who": Support for a unified analysis

This paper provides novel data, including from acceptability ratings, supporting a unified analysis of Transparent Free Relatives (TFRs) as variants of Standard Free Relatives (SFRs), rather than entirely different beasts. Two arguments are presented. First, who -TFRs exist, contrary to the view in the literature that TFRs can only be formed with what . Second, who -TFRs degrade following the same illunderstood pattern as who -SFRs. These outcomes cohere better with accounts of TFRs that treat them as similar to SFRs, versus accounts that treat them as virtually unrelated.
Intersection Theory for Pseudoholomorphic Disks

The chapter is devoted to the study of the intersection theory of holomorphic curves in (real) four-dimensional almost complex manifolds. Some of the ideas originate from McDuff’s work in [84], see also [85], which in turn was influenced by Gromov’s seminal paper [60]. Other important work in this direction is [89] and [104].
Holographic Protection of Chronology in Universes of the Godel Type

We analyze the structure of supersymmetric Godel-like cosmological solutions of string theory. Just as the original four-dimensional Godel universe, these solutions represent rotating, topologically trivial cosmologies with a homogeneous metric and closed timelike curves. First we focus on phenomenological aspects of holography, and identify the preferred holographic screens associated with inertial comoving observers in Godel universes. We find that holography can serve as a chronology protection agency: The closed timelike curves are either hidden behind the holographic screen, or broken by it into causal pieces. In fact, holography in Godel universes has many features in common with de Sitter space, suggesting that Godel universes could represent a supersymmetric laboratory for addressing the conceptual puzzles of de Sitter holography. Then we initiate the investigation of microscopic aspects of holography of Godel universes in string theory. We show that Godel universes are T-dual to pp-waves, and use this fact to generate new Godel-like solutions of string and M-theory by T-dualizing known supersymmetric pp-wave solutions.
Grossing Technology Today and Tomorrow.

OBJECTIVE To describe the perspective of grossing technology and highlight the prospective of its development in histology laboratory. METHODS Analysis of different components of grossing technology. RESULTS Increased requirements for a specimen's turnaround time and the advancements in modern processing equipment make the triage of workflow a significant part of a grossing person's responsibilities. The implementation of digital pathology in morphology studies practice requires standardization of fixation, the thickness of gross section, and optimal embedding orientation. To meet tomorrow's challenges, grossing technology should work on embedding automation and gross digital pathology to record gross sections corresponding the microscope slide. Specialization of grossing stations might be beneficial to the quality of processing and smooth workflow productivity. The emerging grossing technologist subspecialty requires development of a special training program. CONCLUSION Grossing technology can contribute to new challenges in modern histology laboratory, assuring high-quality microscope slides for the pathologist's diagnosis and research evaluation.
The effectiveness of germicidal wipes and ultraviolet irradiation in reducing bacterial loads on electronic tablet devices used to obtain patient information in orthopaedic clinics: evaluation of tablet cleaning methods

Summary Background Electronic tablet devices are commonly used in outpatient clinics to obtain patient information for both clinical and research purposes. These devices are often colonized with bacteria; there are many cleaning methods to reduce this bacterial load. Aim The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate whether regular cleaning with either germicidal wipes or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to lower bacterial levels compared with irregular cleaning. Methods A randomized blinded trial was conducted of tablet cleaning strategies between each patient encounter in orthopaedic clinics. The cleaning method was randomized to either germicidal wipes, UV irradiation, or cleaning only when the tablet was visibly soiled. Research assistants (blinded to the treatment) obtained bacterial cultures from the tablets at the beginning and end of each clinic day. Findings Using germicidal wipes between each patient encounter vs no routine cleaning resulted in a marked decrease in the amount of bacterial contamination (risk ratio (RR) = 0.17 (0.04–0.67)). Similarly, using UV irradiation between each patient encounter led to significantly lower bacterial contamination rates (RR = 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09–0.95)) compared with no routine cleaning. The majority of bacteria identified were normal skin flora. No meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was identified and only sparse colonies of meticillin-sensitive S. aureus. Conclusion Electronic tablets used in orthopaedic trauma clinics are colonized with bacteria if no routine cleaning is performed. Routine use of either UV irradiation or germicidal wipes significantly decreases this bacterial burden. Providers should implement routine cleaning of tablets between each patient encounter to minimize exposure to potential pathogens.
Eyes and Ears for Computers

Visual and speech perception tasks, which can be performed with no apparent effort by people, have proved to be difficult for machines. This may be in part due to the absence of cognitive models of perception of the type proposed above by Jakobson. In this paper we attempt to give a unified view of the research in machine perception of speech and vision in the hope that a clear appreciation of similarities and differences may lead to better information processing models of perception. Being active in research in both computer vision and speech, we have found it useful to look at the problems that have arisen in one domain and anticipate corresponding problems in the other (Reddy, 1969). Thus, this paper represents a comparitive study of the issues, systems and unsolved problems that are, at present, of interest to visual and speech recognition research.
Structures of dipotassium rubidium citrate monohydrate, K2RbC6H5O7(H2O), and potassium dirubidium citrate monohydrate, KRb2C6H5O7(H2O), from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data and DFT calculations.

The crystal structures of the isostructural compounds dipotassium rubidium citrate monohydrate, K2RbC6H5O7(H2O), and potassium dirubidium citrate monohydrate, KRb2C6H5O7(H2O), have been solved and refined using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The compounds are isostructural to K3C6H5O7(H2O) and Rb3C6H5O7(H2O), but exhibit different degrees of ordering of the K and Rb cations over the three metal-ion sites. The K and Rb site occupancies correlate well to both the bond-valence sums and the DFT energies of ordered cation systems. The MO6 and MO7 coordination polyhedra share edges to form a three-dimensional framework. The water mol­ecule acts as a donor in two strong charge-assisted O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to carboxyl­ate groups. The hydroxyl group of the citrate anion forms an intra­molecular hydrogen bond to one of the central carboxyl­ate oxygen atoms.
1 ORIGINS, 1880S–1914

The last three decades of the nineteenth century were the glory years of the self-employed American entrepreneur/inventor … to start one's own business—that is, to be an entrepreneur was a badge of success. — Robert J. Gordon 1 A History of a company is like a biography. Biographers tell the reader something about their subject's parents and where their families came from, and identify values and customs in which they were raised. This chapter is about a number of little companies that grew up to form one called C-T-R. In time, it evolved into IBM. Because we are discussing the biography of an important corporation, it is necessary to understand its long heritage. IBM was an American company, not only a global enterprise. Established in New York State, it remained an East Coast corporation. Its headquarters is in Armonk, New York; many of its corporate executives live in nearby Connecticut. They carry in their corporate genes practices and attitudes that emerged out of those three (one could argue four) tiny companies, and from IBM's creator, also a New Yorker, Thomas J. Watson Sr. (1874–1956).
From Managers to Markets: Valuation and Shareholder Wealth Maximization

During the managerialist period, managers of large public companies were not pressured to maximize profits and had more discretion to consider the interests of stakeholders. According to the conventional story, managers began maximizing shareholder wealth as ideology changed to favor shareholders. This Article argues that a more significant cause of the decline of managerialism was a fundamental shift in the way that investors value companies. As public companies became larger and more complex, professional managers developed budgets and forecasts that could be used to allocate resources within internal capital markets. External capital markets began relying on such information to generate predictions of future revenue and earnings. As investors increasingly valued public companies based on such projections, it became important for managers to consistently meet market expectations. Rather than ideology, public companies generally prioritize shareholder wealth maximization because they face pressure to validate prior predictions of their financial performance. Understanding the role of valuation in shaping the incentives of the public corporation provides a new lens for understanding corporate purpose. If the transition to shareholder wealth maximization was driven by changes in valuation, it is possible that shifts in valuation methods could result in a new managerialism where managers of some companies can make meaningful commitments to consider stakeholder interests.