cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers to the microinjection of calcium chloride.

Nachweis, dass der Auswartsstrom von Natrium aus Muskelfasern der ArthropodenBalanus nubilus undBalanus aquila in kunstlichem, kaliumfreiem Meerwasser durch Mikroinjektion von Kalziumchlorid aktiviert wird.
Airborne Boost-Phase Ballistic Missile Defense

Boost-phase ballistic missile defense is alluring because rocket boosters are easy to detect and track, they are relatively vulnerable due to the large axial loads on a missile under powered flight, the entire payload (single or multiple warheads and midcourse penetration aids) may be destroyed in a single shot, and countermeasures to defeat boost-phase defense are more difficult to devise than for midcourse ballistic missile defenses. Moreover, if intercepted several seconds before booster burnout, the debris will land well short of the target area, although collateral damage to other territory is a serious concern. On the other hand, boost-phase ballistic missile defense is technically challenging because the intercept timelines are very short (1–3 minutes for theater-range ballistic missiles and 3–5 minutes for intercontinental range missiles) and missile boosters are accelerating targets, thus complicating the design of homing kinetic-kill vehicles (KKVs). This article examines the technical feasibili...
Role for cyclin A in the dependence of mitosis on completion of DNA replication.

THE cyclins were first identified by their cell-cycle-dependent synthesis and destruction1–3 and have a key role in the control of mitosis in Xenopusembryonic cell cycles4–6. All higher eukaryotes have at least two types of cyclins, the A- and B-type, which can be distinguished by sequence motifs and the timing of their destruction in the cell cycle2,7–10. The degradation of both cyclins is required for exit from mitosis11, but the activation and destruction of cyclin A occur earlier in the cell cycle than with the B-type cyclins9–11. This suggests that cyclin A has a distinct role in cell-cycle progression. We have used an antisense oligodeoxy-nucleotide directed against cyclin A to investigate this role. Ablation of cyclin A messenger RNA in cytostatic factor/metaphase-arrested extracts of Xenopus eggs, followed by in vitro progression into interphase, resulted in the premature appearance of cyclin B/cdc2-associated H1 kinase activity and premature entry into mitosis. Although cyclin A-ablated extracts could initiate DNA synthesis during interphase, S phase was not completed before entry into mitosis. The effects of cyclin A ablation were reversed by the addition of cyclin A mRNA or cyclin A protein to the extracts.
Control the strain-induced crystallization of polyethylene terephthalate by temporally varying deformation rates: A mechano-optical study

Abstract The mechano-optical behavior of PET is, for the first time, investigated under temporally varying rates to influence the basic mechanisms of structural organization leading to strain-induced crystallization. For this purpose, four rate profiles, Linear, Sigmoidal, Logarithmic and Exponential, were chosen and films were stretched in Uniaxial Constrained Width mode using newly developed biaxial stretching machine. This machine allows real time direct measure of true stresses, strains, in-plane and out-of-plane birefringences during the deformation. Substantial differences in the mechano-optical behavior and resulting structural mechanism were observed in all of the chosen rate profiles. Linear profile, taken as a standard, yields three stress-optical regimes (SOR) during deformation. At early stages of deformation the birefringence remains linear with stress and material remains amorphous. This is designated as Regime I representing classical stress-optical behavior observed in large number of non-crystallizable polymers. In Regime II, a fast increase of birefringence accompanies formation of crystalline structure with establishment of long-range connected network. In the final Regime III birefringence levels off as the chains approach their finite extensibilities. All three regimes observed in Linear profile are also observed in Logarithmic and Exponential cases. However, Sigmoidal deformation shows only the first two regimes even though the film was stretched to the same total engineering strain as applied to all profiles. Logarithmic profile was found to induce early strain crystallization leading to early development of strain hardening. Exponential profile on the other hand retards the formation of “potentially constraining” long-range physical networks. This allowed the development of higher birefringence and crystallinity levels using this mode. A logarithmic birefringence–work relationship with two distinct stages was found to apply to all temporally varying profiles.
The dislocation structures of the broad faces of widmanstätten γ plates in an Al-15% Ag alloy

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy has been used to determine the interfacial structure of the broad faces of γ (h.c.p.) plates precipitated from the α (f.c.c.) matrix of an Al-15 wt. % Ag alloy. This structure was found to be of the dislocation type. Partial dislocations, of principally edge orientation, with Burgers vectors of the form a/6〈112〉, are very much the dominant component of the interfacial structure. Particularly after relatively long aging times, these dislocations are arrayed in three principal types of configuration: (1) parallel dislocations all having the same Burgers vector; (2) a grid formed by dislocations with two different Burgers vectors; and (3) hexagonal arrays in which three different Burgers vectors are represented. Application of a dislocation strain energy analysis due to Winchell indicates that the hexagonal dislocation array has a slightly lower interfacial free energy than the more frequently found two-dislocation structure. All of the Burgers vectors in these structures are parallel to the broad faces of the γ plates, and thus all of the dislocations are sessile with respect to the migration of the interphase boundary. Moreover, since the partiais can neither climb out of the boundary when in edge orientation nor glide out when oriented as screws, the boundary structure must be wholly immobile. Some other mechanism, probably the formation and lateral movement of ledges, must therefore be responsible for the thickening of y plates. These results confirm the predictions of a general theory of precipitate morphology [H. I. Aaronson, Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes, p. 387. Wiley (1962)]. Although the dislocation structure of the broad faces of γ plates is sessile with respect to transformation a martensitic surface relief was found to accompany the formation of γ plates at a free surface.
Faculty participation in departmental decision-making

Abstract In a review of the participation literature, Lowin (1968) suggests that future research investigate factors which mediate the level of participation in organizational decision-making. This study follows Lowin's prescriptions by examining the independent and incremental explanatory power of environmental and individual factors for participation by university faculty. A questionnaire was administered to 387 faculty members representing 46 academic departments in a large state university. One of the three environmental factors correlated significantly with three measures of faculty participation, whereas both individual value variables included correlated significantly with faculty participation. The individual value factors also uniquely explained a greater proportion of the variance in faculty participation than did the environmental factors. Of the various first-order interactions examined, only the administrative value by research value interaction contributed significantly to the explanation of faculty participation. The implications of the results for participation theory are explored.
Characterization of energy transport by mass diffusion including an application to elliptic channel flow

Abstract Energy transport in diffusing systems is studied with special attention devoted to the transport that occurs as a result of mass diffusion, ∑ c pk j → k · ∇ T . Dimensionless parameters are presented for determining the importance of this transport mechanism; as an example of the application to heat and mass transfer, mixing of a binary gas in a heated, elliptic channel flow is studied. It is shown that the energy transport by mass diffusion can be an important transport mechanism which should be considered in non-isothermal systems, e.g. in CVD processes where it has often been neglected. The literature also refers to the divergence of the energy flux by species interdiffusion, ∇ · q → (d) = ∇ · ∑ h k j → k . It is pointed out that this term depends on the enthalpy datum states of the species. Therefore, neglecting this term in the energy equation requires that another term also be neglected so that the resulting energy equation is independent of the enthalpy datum states. Neglecting only the divergence of the energy flux by species interdiffusion would be incorrect because the resulting energy equation would then (incorrectly) depend on the enthalpy datum states.
A remark on Kunita's decomposition theorem

Abstract We use Michel Emery's stability theorem for stochastic differential equations to give a short proof for explicit solutions to linear stochastic differential equations over a solvable Lie group.
Two novel mutations in a cystic fibrosis patient of Chinese origin

Cystic fibrosis is rare in non-Caucasian populations, and in such populations little is known about the spectrum of mutations and polymorphisms in the CFTR gene. We studied a 23-year-old patient of Chinese ethnicity with sweat chloride values of 104 mM/l, pancreatic sufficiency, an FEV1 60% of normal, sputum cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus and Burkholderia cepacia, and a history of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Genetic screening for 31 common CFTR mutations was negative, leading us to search for unknown mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis (SSCP/HA). Two novel mutations were detected. In exon 4, a deletion of 8 bp (451458, deltaGCTTCCTA) causes a frameshift and immediately creates a stop codon. In exon 16, mutation 3041G-->A causes the missense change G970D. Functional analysis using an isotopic flux assay indicated that the G970D mutation retains partial function; western blotting indicated that the protein is glycosylated. The patient is heterozygous for the common polymorphisms (2694T/G) in exon 14a and (GATT)6/7 in intron 6a, indicating that these variants arose in ancestors common to Caucasians and Chinese.
Simulation methods for solvent vapor annealing of block copolymer thin films

Recent progress in modelling the solvent vapor annealing of thin film block copolymers is examined in the context of a self-consistent field theory framework. Key control variables in determining the final microdomain morphologies include swelling ratio or swollen film solvent volume fraction, swollen film thickness, substrate and vapor atmosphere surface energies, effective volume fraction, and effective Flory–Huggins interaction parameter. The regime of solvent vapor annealing studied is where the block copolymer has a high enough Flory–Huggins parameter that ordered structures form during swelling and are then trapped in the system through quenching. Both implicit and explicit consideration of the solvent vapor is considered to distinguish the cases in which solvent vapor leads to a non-bulk morphology. Block-selective solvents are considered based on the experimental systems of polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane annealed with toluene and heptane. The results of these simulations are compared with these experiments.
Low serum and serum-free culture of multipotential human adipose stem cells.

BackgroundAdipose tissue provides an easily accessible and abundant source of putative stem cells for translational clinical research. Currently prevalent culture techniques include the use of FBS, a highly variable and undefined component, which brings with it the potential for adverse patient reactions. In an effort to eliminate the use of animal products in human adipose stem cell (ASC) cultures, we have developed two new culture methods, a very low human serum expansion medium and a completely serum-free medium.MethodsThrough serial testing, a highly enriched medium formulation was developed for use with and without the addition of 0.5% human serum, an amount easily obtainable from autologous blood draws.ResultsVery low-serum culture yielded population-doubling times averaging 1.86 days in early passage, while the serum-free formulation was associated with less robust cell growth, with doubling times averaging 5.79 days. ASC in both conditions maintained its ability to differentiate into adipo-, chond...
Cellular generators of the binaural difference potential in cat

In humans, lateralization and fusion of binaurally presented clicks are correlated with the latency and amplitude of the binaural difference potential (BDP) (e.g., Furst et al., 1985). The BDP is derived by subtracting the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) for binaural stimulation from the sum of the BAEPs for left and right monaural stimulation. Our aim in this work was to determine the cellular generators of the BDP and thus identify cells that may be crucial for specific types of binaural sound processing. To this end, we injected kainic acid into the superior olivary complex (SOC) or the cochlear nucleus (CN) in cats and examined the effects of the resulting lesions on the click-evoked BDP. Lesions confined to the anterior anteroventral CN (AVCNa) substantially reduced the BDP, while lesions primarily involving more posterior parts of the CN had little or no effect. BDP reductions occurred for lesions involving either high (> 10 kHz) or lower (< 10 kHz) characteristic frequency (CF) regions of the AVCNa (as well as the posterior CN). Lesions involving the SOC reduced the BDP and, in one case, eliminated the high-pass filtered (270 Hz cutoff) BDP. Combining these results with published information about the physiology and anatomy of auditory brainstem cells, we conclude that: (1) spherical cells in the AVCNa are essential for BDP production, (2) the earliest part of the BDP is generated by medial superior olive (MSO) principal cells which receive spherical cell inputs, (3) a later part is probably generated by the cellular targets of MSO principal cells and, (4) the cells involved in BDP generation have CFs above, as well as below, 10 kHz. Since humans, like cats, have a well-developed MSO, we suggest that the MSO may also be essential for BDP production in humans. Thus, perceptual correlates of the BDP, binaural fusion and click lateralization, apparently involve the MSO.
Natural and social disasters: racial inequality in access to contraceptives after Hurricane Ike.

Abstract Background: Few data are available on access to contraception following a natural disaster. The current study extends the literature by examining access to various types of birth control in a large sample of women from diverse backgrounds following Hurricane Ike, which made landfall on September 13, 2008, on the upper Texas Gulf Coast. Methods: We examined Hurricane Ike's influence on access to contraceptives through survey results from 975 white, black, and Hispanic women 16–24 years of age receiving care at one of five publicly funded reproductive health clinics in the Texas Gulf Coast region between August 2008 and July 2010. Results: Overall, 13% of women reported difficulties accessing contraception. Black women had more difficulty than their white (p<0.001) and Hispanic (p=0.019) counterparts. Using multivariate analysis, we found that although family planning clinics in the area were open, black women (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37–3.73; p=0.001] and hurricane eva...
Improving on the positive part of the UMVUE of a noncentrality parameter of a noncentral chi-square distribution

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give an explicit estimator dominating the positive part of the UMVUE of a noncentrality parameter of a noncentral χ 2 n (μ/2). Let Y ∼ χ 2 n (μ/2) with degree of freedom n and unknown parameter μ, loss = (δ − μ) 2 . In his (1974) paper de Waal showed that Y + n is the generalized Bayes estimator of μ with respect to a noninformative prior distribution ( Comm. Statist. 3 (1), 73-79). Y − n is the UMVUE of μ and dominates Y + n , but is dominated by ( Y − n ) + . Alam and Saxena (1982, Ann. Statist. 10 , 1012-1016) showed that ( Y − n ) + dominates the MLE of μ. Chow (1987, Ann. Statist. 15 , 800-804) showed that ( Y − n ) + is inadmissible. Explicit improvements, however, have not previously been found.
Electric field measurement in a plasma-filled X-band backward wave oscillator

Abstract The electric field in a plasma-filled X-band backward wave oscillator (BWO) was measured by the Stark-effect method. Field strengths were as high as 110 kV/cm when the BWO power level was ∼75 MW. Observed electric fields lasted throughout the ∼60 ns high power microwave pulse. After this pulse, fields 30 to 40 kV/cm persisted until beam shutoff, presumably arising from beam-plasma turbulence and low power level electromagnetic radiation.
Exploration of peptidergic pathways in brain by immunocytochemistry: A ten year perspective

Abstract Immunocytochemical techniques have been employed to map specific peptidergic pathways in brain for the last decade. More than 20 different pathways have been described and many more are anticipated. A new chemical neuroanatomy is evolving. Given adequate controls for specificity and improvements in sensitivity, the inherent insurmountable limitation of the technique that remains is the inability to precisely determine the full chemical nature of the substance visualized. The antigenic determinants seen may be localized in the peptide in question, its precursor molecule, or another peptide which is unrelated and often unknown. Biochemical analysis is necessary to solve this problem, but present techniques do not offer the in situ determination provided by immunocytochemistry (i.e., which neuron contains the peptide?). Some assurances of the nature of the peptidergic system visualized have come from the application of several different antisera to different sequences of the peptide, its precursor molecule, and other peptides derived from it. The vasopressin/oxytocin/neurophysins pathway and the ACTH/β-LPH/α-MSH/β-endorphin systems are therefore best known because a variety of antisera are available to study them. Discovery of the precursors of other brain peptides in the future will permit a similar approach and provide further evidence that a particular neuron has the capacity to produce a certain peptide.
Estimation of coating time in the magnetically assisted impaction coating process

Abstract A model is developed for estimating the coating time in a magnetically assisted impaction coating (MAIC) device. The mixture of the host, guest and magnetic particles is assumed to be in a fluidized state where the distribution of velocities is a Maxwell–Boltzman type. It is assumed that the collisions among the particles are important for impinging the guest particles onto the surface of host particles, and thus forming a semi-permanent coating on the surface of host particles. The coating time is shown to depend on several parameters, including the number density of host particles, the diameter ratio of the host and guest particles, the height of the fluidized particle bed and the material properties of the host and guest particles. Our model shows that there is an optimal value of the bed height for which the coating time is a minimum. The coating time increases sharply when the bed height is smaller or larger than the optimal value, and also when the diameter of host particles is increased. A comparison of the model results with experimental data shows surprisingly good agreement for the coating time as a function of host particle surface covered considering the many assumptions that were made in deriving the model.
Optimized Radii for Poisson-Boltzmann Calculations with the AMBER Force Field.

Implicit solvent models are a standard tool for assessing the electrostatics of biomolecular systems. The accuracy of quantitative predictions, such as pKa values, transfer free energies, binding energies, and solvation forces, is strongly dependent on one's choice of continuum parameters: the solute charges, dielectric coefficient, and radii, which define the dielectric boundary. To ensure quantitative accuracy, these parameters can be benchmarked against explicit solvent simulations. Here we present two sets of optimized radii to define either abrupt or cubic-spline smoothed dielectric boundaries in Poisson−Boltzmann calculations of protein systems with AMBER (parm99) charges. Spline smoothing stabilizes the electrostatic potential at the molecular surface, allowing for continuum force calculations. Most implementations, however, require significantly different radii than the abrupt boundary surfaces. The optimal continuum radii are initially approximated from the solvent radial charge distribution sur...
Trends in Authorship Order in Biomedical Research Publications

As research teams have grown larger, authorship lists of resulting publications have become longer. Organizations and journals have issued statements about ethical authorship, nature of contribution, and author responsibility, but author order is less frequently addressed. Unless the contribution of a co-author is specified, readers make their own assumptions about author contributions because practices on author order in the byline vary by discipline, journal, editor, publisher, scientific society, institution, country, and the authors themselves. Because contributions are often subject to misinterpretation and publications have become proof of scientific productivity and impact, it is increasingly important that authors themselves specify to readers the type and extent of contribution made by each author.
Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of grain growth in zone-refined iron

The evolution of the grain structure and topological-class distributions in zone-refined iron were modeled using a three-dimensional (3-D) Monte Carlo (MC) model. The effect of grain size on topological features was examined. The relationship between the topological features of grains and the geometry of their surrounding grains was studied. In particular, the average number of sides of the grains was related to the average number of sides of their neighbors. Both the computed grain-size distribution and the topological-class distribution were found to be invariant with time. A linear relationship existed between the average grain size and the average number of sides of grains. The number of sides of grains was inversely proportional to the average number of sides of the neighboring grains. The computed average grain size, grain-size distribution, and topological-class distribution agreed well with the corresponding independent experimental data. The results indicate significant promise for understanding grain growth and topological features using 3-D MC simulation.
Research in free-space optical data transfer at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

In this paper, a review of the progress and initiatives in free space optical data transfer and communications at the Naval Research Laboratory will be presented. NRL has been investing in R & D in optical communications, both conventional, and advanced. Efforts include developing amplifiers and components for lasers to be used in long range one-way and retro-reflected links. NRL has been developing Multiple Quantum Well retromodulators for space-based and terrestrial-based applications as well. These include spacecraft-to-spacecraft data links for navigation and communications, intra-bus networks on spacecraft, and optical tagging. Terrestrial applications in the eyesafe regime have led to additional studies in how the atmosphere affects one-way and modulated retroreflected signals in the maritime environment, in particular. New results in retro-diversity experiments, over-the-water propagation studies, and work in navigation and communications for supporting multi-spacecraft missions will be discussed.
Conditional Probability of Reclassification in an Active Surveillance Program for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We evaluated the risk of prostate cancer reclassification by time on active surveillance.Materials and Methods: From 1995 to 2014 we evaluated 557 and 251 men at very low and at low risk, respectively, who were on active surveillance and compliant with prostate biopsies. Our primary study outcome was reclassification to higher risk disease by grade or extent. Freedom from reclassification was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier approach with adjustment for covariates using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results: Within the first 2 years of surveillance patient survival free of reclassification by grade (p = 0.20) and by any biopsy criteria (p = 0.25) was similar in men with very low and low risk disease. After 2 years men with low risk disease were 2.4 times more likely to be diagnosed with a Gleason score of greater than 6 than men with very low risk disease (p = 0.002, HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.9–3.5). Additionally, beyond 2 years on surveillance the risk of lifetime reclassification by grade and by an...
Spin canting, surface magnetization, and finite-size effects in γ- Fe 2 O 3 particles

Small \ensuremath{\gamma}-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ acicular particles (250-\AA{} diam by 2000 \AA{}) with and without surface coating of $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ were examined by M\"ossbauer spectroscopy in large (to 60 kOe) longitudinal applied fields. As has been previously seen, the Fe moments are not aligned in large fields. However, unlike previous results, the canting is found to be a finite-size effect rather than a surface property. Magnetization versus field curves for the uncoated small \ensuremath{\gamma}-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ particles and, as a comparison, large \ensuremath{\gamma}-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ particles were analyzed with log-normal anisotropy field distributions within the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The small particles show a large paramagnetic susceptibility that increases with decreasing temperature. Using a Langevin-function analysis, one finds that the susceptibility is not due to superparamagnetism, and the susceptibility correlates well with the M\"ossbauer canting. Hyperfine-field tailing increases with temperature for the small particles, especially for the coated samples, indicating weaker surface exchange interactions.
A Lossless Circuit Layout Image Compression Algorithm for Maskless Lithography Systems

We introduce a transform-based technique to represent a circuit layout image so that 1) it typically leads to better compression ratios for maskless lithography systems than Block C4, the state-of-the-art compression scheme for this application, and 2) it permits faster encoding and less complex decoding than Block C4, while 3) it requires a similar amount of memory for decoding.
Capping by Branching: A New Ribozyme Makes Tiny Lariats

The number of naturally occurring RNA enzymes has just been expanded by the discovery of a new branching ribozyme. But this ribozyme has unexpected relatives: group I introns.
Glucose utilization of ischemic hippocampal slices.

Abstract Hippocampal brain slices that were 1000 μ thick were prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats and studied using in vitro glucose utilization under well-oxygenated conditions or after a 15 min anoxic insult produced with a nitrogen atmosphere. Autoradiography reveals that glucose utilization is increased in CA1 and CA3 stratum radiatum of 1000 μ slices, even with full oxygenation, compared to the same regions in 540 μ slices. Following anoxia, there is an initial additional increase in stratum oriens of CA1 and CA3 glucose utilization that is followed by a decline in glucose utilization in all slice regions within an hour of the insult. Because increased glucose utilization is apparent at the slice surfaces as well as at the interior, it is suggested that thick brain slices are a model of brain ischemia, not just hypoxia.
The sixty-ninth Kelvin Lecture. Electrical technology and polymer science

The polymer field has been the source of both elegant discoveries and highly useful inventions. It has responded to three main driving forces: first, the ‘push’ provided by fundamental discoveries in physics and chemistry; secondly, the ‘pull’ provided by the needs of the electrical industry; and, thirdly, the ‘feedback’ of electrical discoveries and inventions into the field of polymer chemistry. Exciting prospects in the field of biology based on the ever-increasing sophistication of polymer chemistry lie ahead of us. As new knowledge and new needs emerge, we will have ample opportunity to continue bringing electrical technology and polymer science together in ways that surely would have made Lord Kelvin proud.
A review of advanced pricing agreement recommendations

This paper is centred on the advanced pricing agreements (APAs). The increasing globalisation has created many challenges for multinational enterprises (MNEs) and among these are taxation and accounting related issues. Transfer pricing issues have become a major international taxation issue in recent years as MNEs can easily manipulate their transfer prices to avoid taxes. Tax avoidance by multinational companies has become a serious problem for many governments. The aim of this paper is to examine the use of advance pricing agreements (APAs) in transfer pricing and to explore the recommendations suggested by scholars in using past performance to benchmark transfer prices.
A Comprehensive Approach to Fostering the Next Generation of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Leaders.

This paper describes an innovative education program launched in 2004 by Oregon State University Science and Mathematics Education Department, with leadership from Oregon Sea Grant, and funding from NOAA. Program development is described as well as the impact of it on participants. The program represents one vision for how to transform research and education practice to better support lifelong STEM learning.
Investigations of density interactions among breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests: correlative and experimental evidence.

We assessed the importance of interspecific competition among insectivorous birds breeding in northcentral Arizona's ponderosa pine forests. We examined density interactions among species using two analytic approaches; correlative and experimental. The correlative approach examined patterns of change in breeding densities over four years at the community level and within two foraging guilds; picker-gleaners and aerial feeders. The relationships between morphological and behavioral similarity with pairwise density interactions were also assessed. Our experimental approach involved placement of nest boxes on two treatment plots to increase breeding densities of secondary cavity nesting birds that were in foraging guilds with open nesting insectivores.We found little evidence of interspecific competition. Patterns of density fluctuations indicated large positive covariances among species at both the community level and within guilds. Pairwise density interactions were independent of morphological or behavioral similarity. Nest boxes significantly increased breeding densities of the secondary cavity nesters. However, these increases did not induce reprocal density changes in the open nesting species. Interspecific competition for food during the breeding season appears to be unimportant in ponderosa pine bird communities.
The role of the nucleus in the formation and maintenance of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba proteus

Abstract The role of the nucleus in the formation and maintenance of the contractile vacuole in amebae was investigated using microsurgery. Amebae were cut in two, forming nucleated and enucleated portions that either contained or lacked a contractile vacuole. The total numbers of cells and the numbers containing a contractile vacuole in these different categories were determined at intervals after the operation. In both nucleates and enucleates that initially contained a contractile vacuole, the contractile vacuole was maintained for as long as the cell survived. Enucleated fragments that lacked a contractile vacuole did not regenerate one. In contrast, nucleated portions initially lacking a contractile vacuole regenerated a contractile vacuole, usually within 1 h. The results indicate that the nucleus is required for the formation of a new contractile vacuole but that the nucleus is not necessary for the maintenance of the contractile vacuole.
Lack of correlation of lymphoblast cell size with presence of T-cell markers or with outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Summary. The proportion of pretreatment bone marrow macrolymphoblasts was determined in a total of 93 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in order to assess the validity of cell size as a prognostic indicator. A macrolymphoblast (MLb) was defined as having a diameter greater than 12 μm, and patient samples were divided simply on the basis of whether they had more or less than 10% MLb present at diagnosis. In a retrospective study of a sample of 47 children treated according to Total Therapy Study VII, the continuous complete remission duration, survival and incidence of CNS disease bore no relationship to the cell size distribution present at diagnosis. A second sample of 46 current patients with untreated ALL was examined both for the presence of surface markers for T- and B-cells and for cell size. Bone marrow blasts from 10 of these 46 children formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E)—a T-cell marker. E-rosette formation was associated with a constellation of adverse prognostic factors, including older age, very high initial WBC counts, organomegaly, and mediastinal enlargement; yet the presence of this T-cell marker was unrelated to cell size. We conclude that pretreatment lymphoblast cell size is not a reliable prognostic indicator in childhood ALL.
Information management system for new construction technologies

This paper presents an overview of a prototypical evaluation system intended for new construction technologies under consideration by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The system has been designed for implementation on MS-DOS driven micro-computers and is capable of determining the level of technology impact on the military construction programme within a given planning horizon. Potential civilian sector applications of this system are also desirable.
Endotoxin tolerance does not alter open field-induced fever in rats.

Abstract Soszynski, D., W. Kozak and M. J. Kluger. Endotoxin tolerance does not alter open field-induced fever in rat. Physiol Behav 63(4) 689–692, 1998. Exposure to an open field has been shown to cause a rise in the body temperature of rats. In many respects, this rise in body temperature is similar to fevers caused by endotoxin and other inflammatory stimuli. Rats repeatedly injected with endotoxin develop tolerance to the fever-inducing action of endotoxin. We hypothesized that repeated pretreatment with endotoxin would modify the fever caused by exposure to psychological stress. To test this hypothesis, we compared open field-induced fevers in rats made endotoxin tolerant to those rats not endotoxin tolerant. We found that endotoxin tolerance had no effect on open field fevers.
A paranuclear extract contains a unique set of viral transcripts late in SV40 infection.

Abstract Late in infection with SV40, CV1 cells are fractionated into cytoplasmic, paranuclear, and nuclear fractions. Viral RNA is extracted from these fractions and examined by the nuclease S1 assay. The paranuclear fraction, which is partially enriched for pore complexes and inner nuclear membranes, was observed to contain a specific, unique, and previously undescribed set of three late transcripts. The nuclease S1-generated 5′ ends (bodies) of these transcripts are at 0.820, 0.837, and 0.852 m.u. These transcripts appear to be spliced. Possible explanations for the localization and function of these molecules are discussed.
Synthesis and utilization of monodisperse superparamagnetic colloidal particles for magnetically controllable photonic crystals

We demonstrate fabrication of novel magnetically controllable photonic crystals formed through the self-assembly of highly charged, monodisperse superparamagnetic colloidal spheres. These superparamagnetic monodisperse charged polystyrene particles containing nanoscale iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through emulsion polymerization. They self-assemble into crystalline colloidal arrays (CCAs) in deionized water and Bragg diffract visible light. The diffraction from these superparamagnetic CCAs can be controlled by imposition of magnetic fields, which readily alter the CCA lattice constant. We also observe magnetically induced self-assembly of these superparamagnetic particles into CCAs in media such as NaCl aqueous solutions and organic polar solvents, which normally do not permit spontaneous CCA self-assembly. We also find that magnetic fields can strain the face-centered cubic lattice of superparamagnetic CCAs polymerized within hydrogels.The lattice symmetry of this photonic crystal becomes tetragonal. The observed magnetically induced CCA self-assembly enables the development of novel photonic crystal materials and devices.
Cancellation and direct summands in dimension 1

Abstract Let Λ be a module-finite algebra over a commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension 1. We extend Roiter's direct-summand theorem to arbitrary finitely generated Λ-modules, obtaining a sharpened form of Serre's direct-summand theorem in this setting. We also extend Drozd's cancellation theorem to arbitrary finitely generated Λ-modules, obtaining a sharpened form of Bass's cancellation theorem in this setting. A corollary is that, over commutative reduced noetherian rings of dimension 1, direct-sum cancellation holds in every genus of finitely generated modules. (This becomes false if the ring has nilpotent elements.) Another corollary is that if direct-sum cancellation holds in the genera of Λ-modules M and N, then it holds in the genus of M ⊕ N. This seems to be new, even for the modules that occur in integral representation theory. The main thrust of this paper is to close the gap between integral representation theory and the rest of module theory by eliminating hypotheses concerning the existence of maximal orders (of “finite normalization,” in the commutative case) and allowing our rings to have nilpotent ideals.
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with 2:1 block in pediatric patients

Background Episodic 2:1 block occurs in 9% of adults with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), but developmental differences in conduction physiology among children could influence this phenomenon. Objective This study sought to characterize the frequency and mechanism of 2:1 block during AVNRT in the pediatric population. Methods Records of 179 patients (mean age 13.5 ± 3.4 years) undergoing ablation for AVNRT were reviewed. Results Periods of 2:1 AVNRT were observed in 31 cases (17%). A His potential was visible on the blocked beats of 13, absent in 17, and undetermined in 1. Compared with 148 patients with exclusive 1:1 conduction, those with 2:1 AVNRT had: (1) longer baseline slow pathway refractory period (351 ± 71 msec vs. 278 ± 65 msec, P =.04), (2) shorter atrial cycle length during AVNRT (303 ± 54 msec vs. 333 ± 62 msec, P =.01), and (3) a higher incidence of bundle-branch aberration (35% vs. 18%, P =.03). Long-short oscillations in atrial cycle length were observed in 55% of patients during 2:1 AVNRT, but not during 1:1 AVNRT. Conclusion A pattern of 2:1 block occurs in 17% of pediatric patients with AVNRT undergoing ablation. Although this incidence is higher than in older patients, the mechanism appears identical. These data provide further evidence that functional block within or below the His bundle is the mechanism of 2:1 AVNRT, regardless of the presence of a His potential. Oscillations in atrial cycle length are common during 2:1 AVNRT in children and may contribute to the block pattern, but are not a requisite.
Mennonites in the Paraguayan Chaco: Response to Redekop and Basso

Berlin, Isaiah 1954 Historical Inevitability. Auguste Comte Memorial Trust Lecture No. 1. London: Oxford University Press. Burrow, J. W. 1970 Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Feuer, Lewis S. 1969 What Is Alienation? The Career of a Concept. In Marx and the Intellectuals; A Set of Post-Ideological Essays. New York: Doubleday (Anchor). pp. 70-99. Gellner, Ernest 1974 Legitimation of Belief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Godelier, Maurice 1967 System, Structure and Contradiction in Capital. In The Socialist Register. Ralph Milibrand and John Saville, Eds. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp 91-119.
Evidence that adenovirus type 2 can infect human placenta in vitro

Of the more than 80 identified serotypes of adenovirus (Ad), 31 are known to infect humans. These viruses cause respiratory infections and may persist in lymphoid tissue without causing recurrent illness. Types 1, 2 and 5 are commonly found in adenoids in latent form, and a high proportion of the population has serum antibodies to them. Indeed, antibodies to types 1 and 2 have already developed in three-quarters of all children by the age of five years (Oswald and Frey, 1962). Thirteen of the 51 human Ad have been classified into groups according to their oncogenic potential (Green and Mackey, 1977). Group A (Ad 12, 18 and 31) are highly oncogenic and rapidly produce tumours in most inoculated baby hamsters. Group B viruses (Ad 3, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 21) induce tumours in only a small fraction of inoculated test animals. Group C viruses (Ad 1, 2, 5 and 6) are not oncogenic in newborn rodents but have been shown to transform cells in culture (Green, 1970). Because of the widespread existence of the adenoviruses in the human population and their oncogenic potential, the possibility exists that these viruses may be responsible for some human tumours. An extensive search for viral sequences in human cancer tissue has been conducted employing the rationale that, like Ad-induced hamster tumours, Ad-induced human tumours should contain viral DNA sequences. The emphasis of this work has been on group A Ad (Mackey, Rigden and Green, 1976). However, searches for group BAd sequences (Mackey et al, 1979; Wold et al, 1979) and group CAd sequences (Green and Mackey, 1977) in human turnouts have also been carried out. To date, no adenovirus-related sequences have been detected in DNA isolated from human tumours. Although none of the adenovirus genome has been found in human tumours, there is some evidence for the presence of some or all of the adenovirus genome in apparently normal mammalian tissue. Analysis of human tonsil DNA by Green et al (1979) revealed multiple copies of the entire Ad 5 genome free in the cells, as well as some Ad 5 sequences possibly integrated into the cellular genome. Furthermore, in a recent report, Frolova and Georgiev (1979) demonstrated the presence of Ad 5-related sequences in the genome of normal rat liver cells. By digesting the cellular DNA with restriction endonuclease Bam HI, separating the fragments on agarose gels and then hybridizing 32P-labelled Ad 5 restriction fragments to the cellular DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters, these authors were able to detect at least three regions of homology between the Ad 5 genome and cellular DNA.
Automated Provisioning of Shared Services

Shared services, hosted in utility computing environments are becoming quite common in enterprises. These services could be clusters of application servers hosting various applications or even clusters of databases catering to multiple organizations within an enterprise. Automating the provisioning of these shared services is a difficult problem. We propose a model-based automation mechanism to provision such shared services. We demonstrate our model-based provisioning system in the case of a shared desktop service. The shared desktop service termed the "virtual desktop system" (VDS) hosts desktops on top of virtual machines. These desktop virtual machines are provisioned on consolidated data centers while users use thin clients to connect to their "virtual" desktops. We demonstrate how we use our model-based automation technique to simplify the provisioning of such desktops.
Parental assessment of developmental delay in children: some limitations and hazards.

UNLABELLED According to a study published in the present issue of Acta Paediatrica, mothers' reports of developmental delays in children of preschool age were associated with socio-economic factors. CONCLUSION For the present, developmental screening procedures using parental assessments cannot be considered evidence based. National health service systems ensuring preventive health care for all children, regardless of socio-economic background, will form a more solid basis for early detection and treatment.
Acceleration of the solar wind as a result of the reconnection of open magnetic flux with coronal loops

[1] There are compelling observations of a clear anticorrelation between solar wind flow speed and coronal electron temperature, as determined from solar wind ionic charge states. A simple theory is presented which can account for these observations, including the functional form of the correlation: Solar wind flow speed squared varies essentially linearly as the inverse of the coronal electron temperature. In this theory, magnetic field lines in the corona that open into the heliosphere reconnect with coronal loops near their base. This process displaces the open field line and disturbs and imparts energy into the overlying corona, thereby determining the Poynting vector into the corona. This process releases mass from the loop into the corona and determines the mass flux of the solar wind. The Poynting vector and mass flux into the corona determine the final speed of the solar wind and yield a relationship that provides an excellent fit to observations. The reconnection of open field lines with coronal loops, and their subsequent displacements, also results in a diffusive transport of open field lines, which influences the configuration of the heliospheric magnetic field.
Novel practical synthesis of d-cycloserine

The synthesis of d-cycloserine has been successfully accomplished from the readily available d-serine through three simple and efficient routes. In each synthetic strategy, cyclization reactions are involved as the key step, and one-pot processes are employed. The simple treatment and mild reaction conditions are attractive features in this methodology.
Eccentric features in Saturn's outer C ring

The present search for possible eccentric and inclined features in the outer C ring of Saturn measured all sharp-edged feature radii in Voyager C ring data. The Maxwell ringlet and two other narrow ringlets, 1.470R(s) and 1.495R(s) are found to be eccentric; the latter is best fitted by a model describing a freely precessing Keplerian ellipse, while the former is not conclusively fitted by either a resonant forcing or a free precession model. These two eccentric ringlets are compared with the Titan and Maxwell ringlets.