cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Stackelberg Equilibria with Identical Firms

Abstract A symmetric duopoly with two production periods is considered. In the first period firms simultaneously choose initial production levels. These outputs become common knowledge and then additional second period outputs are chosen simultaneously. The market clears after the second period. If production costs fall slightly over time, a symmetric equilibrium in pure strategies does not exist. There are two Stackelberg leader–follower outcomes; in each outcome one firm produces only in the first period and the other produces its best response in the second period. This paper allows the firms to use mixed strategies and analyzes a symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D43, L13.
The Creative Imperative Model: A Four‐Quadrant Approach to the Categorization of Industries and Firms by Types of Creativity Demanded

Organizational creativity, in the model that follows, is subcategorized according to the type of creativity demanded by the industry in which a firm competes. Industries that demand the constant creation of new products are referred to as creativity-centered while others, which benefit from creative refinements to current services, are referred to as creativity-enhanced. Creativity is further subcategorized according to whether a given industry or market demands aesthetic or technological creativity. The two dimensions are combined in a four-quadrant model yielding four types of firms described as Technical Artists, Artists, Inventors, and, more broadly, Distributors and Adaptors. Implications for organizational structure and inter-organizational relationships are then discussed.
The relationship of role expectations to faculty behavior

This study examines sources of influence over 290 faculty members of a large public university. The role expectations a faculty member has for himself and the role expectations of the employing organization both predict positively and significantly the role behaviors of the respondents. The departmental colleagues' expectations predict significantly role behaviors for the research role only. In addition, the degree of person—role conflict a faculty member is exposed to is related to his productivity (research) but not to his satisfaction. The implications of the results are explored for both role theory and for the understanding of faculty behavior.
Effect of hypoxia on protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases PTP-1B, PTP-SH1 and PTP-SH2 in the cerebral cortex of guinea pig fetus.

Abstract The present study tested the hypothesis that the hypoxia in utero results in decreased protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity in cytosolic and membrane fractions and increased expression of PTPs (PTP-1B, PTP-SH1 and PTP-SH2) in the cytosol and the membrane fraction of the cerebral cortex of guinea pig fetus. In addition, we hypothesize that the increased expression is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). To test this hypothesis, PTP activity in cytosol and cell membrane, and expression in the cytosol and membrane fraction were measured in the cerebral cortex of normoxic, hypoxic and l -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), pretreated hypoxic (L-NAME + Hx) guinea pig fetuses. PTP activity in the cytosolic and membrane fractions was significantly lower in the Hx group as compared to the Nx group. The density of cytosolic PTP-1B, cytosolic PTP-SH1 and PTP-SH2 was increased in the Hx group and this increase was prevented in the L-NAME + Hx group. The data show that pretreatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, prevents the hypoxia-induced increased expression of PTP-1B, PTP-SH1 and PTP-SH2 in the membrane and cytosolic fractions of the cerebral cortex of the guinea pig fetus. We conclude that the decrease in PTP activity during hypoxia is not due to protein modification of PTP and due to alteration in PTP expression.
Optimal search on spatial paths with recall, Part II: Computational procedures and examples

This is the second part of a two-part analysis of optimal spatial search begun in Harwitz et al. (1998). In the present article, two explicit computational procedures are developed for the optimal spatial search problem studied in Part I. The first uses reservation prices with continuous known distributions of prices and is illustrated for three stores. The second does not use reservation prices but assumes known discrete distributions. It is a numerical approximation to the first and also a tool for examining examples with larger numbers of stores.
The remediation war at the city University of New York

Little did I know what I was in for and how m u c h I had to learn when, abou t two years ago, I called a mee t ing of those City University o f New York faculty who were member s of the National Association of Scholars (NAS) to form a new group, the City University o f New York Association o f Scholars (CUNYAS). My interest in the NAS per ta ined to such matters as the core curr iculum, speech codes, and academic f reedom. The last thing on my mind was the remedia l p rogram in the three R's of fered by most o f the insti tutions within CUNY. But quite soon the member s of the newly const i tu ted executive commi t t ee of the CUNYAS became aware that there was a m o v e m e n t to re form CUNY spearh e a d e d by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and H e r m a n Badillo, the vice p res iden t o f the CUNY B o a r d o f Trus tees , a n d tha t the r e f o r m e r s h a d s e l e c t e d the remedia t ion p rogram as their first target. The p rob l em of remedia t ion at CUNY originates in the civil rights revolution of the 1950s and 1960s, whose aim was to end racial segregat ion and to p r o m o t e the entry of African Americans and o the r racial minori t ies into all phases of American life. These were and still are legit imate and wor thy aspirations. The form that the revolut ion assumed at CUNY was the policy of o p e n admissions (instituted in 1970) accord ing to which every NewYork high school gradua te was assured admission in one o f CUNY's colleges. The fo rm that open admissions assumed in CUNY was no t as liberal as it was in, say, Kansas when I taught at the University o f Kansas in the early 1960s. Then, any Kansas high school graduate could a t tend any public college or university o f his choice. In CUNY, however, some admiss ion s tandards were main ta ined ; the be t t e r s tudents were able to gain admission to the colleges offer ing bacca laurea te degrees while those less able had to begin by a t t end ing a commun i ty college. And these admission standards were periodically t ightened.
Minimally Invasive Methods of Spinal Fixation

The past decade has witnessed a renaissance in minimally invasive spinal (MIS) surgery. Currently, percutaneous techniques are available for segment fixation of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. The MIS approach has become popularized as a result of its reduction in soft tissue destruction, blood loss, and postoperative pain when compared with open spinal surgery. This review outlines contemporary methods for percutaneous spinal fixation.
Leaf flavonoids of Glycine subgenus Glycine in relation to systematics

Abstract A survey of leaf flavonoids and isoflavonoids in several taxa of the genus Glycne subgenus Glycine was undertaken to see if this would help interpret inter- and intraspecific relationships in the genus. C -Glycosylflavones based on apigenin were found in Glycine tomentelia , G. tabacina and G. falcata . Glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol were also detected in G. tabacina . In the cultivated soybean, G. max , and its wild annual relative, G. soja , only quercetin and kaempferol glycosides have been reported. Interspecific hybrids of Glycine species sometimes show additive flavonoid patterns in F 1 hybrid leaf tissue. All perennial wild species analysed including Glycine canescens and G. latifolia have the isoflavonoids genistin (genesitein 7- O -glucoside), daidzein and coumestrol in the leaves.
Examining public willingness-to-pay for burglary prevention

In recent years, government budgets have begun to diminish, causing funding concerns for various services and programs. This is especially true for crime prevention services, which are often seen as superfluous. Therefore, criminologists have devoted considerable attention to evaluating the cost-benefit of crime prevention programs to establish frugal spending practices. One method utilized to examine the cost-benefits of intangible gains is willingness-to-pay (WTP). Utilizing data from a national survey on the public’s WTP for burglary prevention strategies, this study conducted a qualitative analytic analysis of the verbatim responses in support of and against a fictitious burglary prevention program. Findings indicated that 75 per cent of the public has negative attitudes toward paying out-of-pocket for burglary prevention. The primary cause of these negative perceptions were the inability to financially support the program, high taxes, government mistrust and a lack of knowledge of the topic. Each of these areas is explored with policy implications and recommendations for future WTP surveys.
Analysis of Rock Egg Production Curves Using Generalized Growth Functions

Abstract As increasing terms, three generalized growth curves (Nelder, Richards, and 4-parameter von Bertalanffy) were combined in factorial designs with three decreasing terms (subtracted linear, multiplied or corrected linear, and e−bt or multiplied curvilinear) for modeling flock egg production as a function of time. Two versions of the logistic curve, a special case of the generalized curves, were also combined with the decreasing terms to produce egg-production models. The Marquardt method of the NLIN (nonlinear) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1982) was used to fit models to production data up to 20 or 24 wk of production in 12 first-cycle flocks selected for having ideal egg-production curves. All models were fitted successfully with a mean R2 value of .99. When the fits were extrapolated to predict future egg production and were compared with actual egg production, the Nelder increasing term and the linear decreasing term performed well. None of the models predicted significantly better, however, than either the Adams-Bell model or a simple linear regression from peak production to 20 or 24 wk of production. Errors of prediction in the better models were in the range of 1.5 to 3.0%.
Potential Use of High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography for Visualization of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

High-resolution, two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (HR-2DTTE) can detect the difference in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) wall thickness between patients with coronary artery disease and patients with normal coronary arteries. However, HR-2DTTE measurements of the LAD wall thickness are larger than measurements obtained by intravascular ultrasound and histology. This difference may be due to the inclusion of adventitia by HR-2DTTE. We evaluated the contribution of adventitia to the wall thickness of the normal and atherosclerotic LAD by comparing HR-2DTTE with high-frequency epicardial echocardiography. The LAD wall thickness was significantly greater in patients with coronary artery disease by both HR-2DTTE and high-frequency epicardial echocardiography. Both an increase in the intima plus media thickness and an increase in the thickness of adventitia contributed to the increase in the LAD wall thickness in patients with coronary artery disease. Adventitia represents a significant portion of the LAD wall thickness imaged by HR-2DTTE and its thickness increases significantly with the development of atherosclerosis.
Anuran habitat selection: Early experience and substrate selection in Rana cascadae tadpoles

Abstract Rana cascadae tadpoles from laboratory-hatched eggs were raised in artificial habitats to examine the effects of early experience on their response to substrate patterns. After 14 to 17 days exposure to the artificial habitats, tadpoles reared in featureless or stripe-patterned environments showed no preference for either square-patterned or striped substrate types. Tadpoles raised on a background of squares, however, demonstrated a significant preference for the square-patterned substrate. This preference is the opposite to that of tadpoles of Rana aurora subjected to an identical experimental regime. The difference in the direction in which experience shifts the substrate pattern preferences of these two species may be associated with differences in the habitats in which tadpoles normally mature.
Producer's dilemma experiments

Abstract Embedding profit motivated producers in a simple macroeconomic model creates a system where expansion by one producer is unprofitable, but coordinated expansions are profitable. In this system any level of aggregate demand is a potential equilibrium: the ruling equilibrium is determined by expectations. Rather than close the model with behavioral assumptions, behavioral observations are made of subjects in this incentive environment.
Parametric ego-motion estimation for vehicle surround analysis using an omnidirectional camera

Omnidirectional cameras that give a 360° panoramic view of the surroundings have recently been used in many applications such as robotics, navigation, and surveillance. This paper describes the application of parametric ego-motion estimation for vehicle detection to perform surround analysis using an automobile-mounted camera. For this purpose, the parametric planar motion model is integrated with the transformations to compensate distortion in omnidirectional images. The framework is used to detect objects with independent motion or height above the road. Camera calibration as well as the approximate vehicle speed obtained from a CAN bus are integrated with the motion information from spatial and temporal gradients using a Bayesian approach. The approach is tested for various configurations of an automobile-mounted omni camera as well as a rectilinear camera. Successful detection and tracking of moving vehicles and generation of a surround map are demonstrated for application to intelligent driver support.
Passivity properties and passification of electrohydraulic valves

Hydraulic systems, as power source and transmission, offer many advantages over electromechanical or purely mechanical counterparts in terms of power density, flexibility and portability. Many hydraulic systems require touching and contacting the physical environments; and many of these systems are directly controlled by human. If hydraulic systems are passive, they would be both safer to interact with, and easier for human to control. In this paper, it is shown that a critical hydraulic component, the directional control valve is not passive. However, the directional valve is a one-port or a two-port device passified by imposing appropriate spool dynamics. Methods to passify the valve for both first order and second order spool dynamics are considered. In the case of second order spool dynamics, a method that relies on hardware modification, and an active feedback method are proposed.
System-Level Design for Test of Fully Differential Analog Circuits

Analog IC test occupies a significant fraction of the design cycle. Testing costs are increased by the twin requirements of high precision and accuracy in signal measurement. We discuss a system level ACOB technique for fully differential analog ICs. Our test techniques incorporate analog specific constraints such as device matching, and circuit and switching noise. They have a minimal impact on performance, area and power. The techniques can be used for both discrete and continuous time circuits, over a wide frequency range. The system level DFT scheme is also used to design a self-testing switched capacitor filter. Our checking scheme provides significant fault coverage and is demonstrably superior to other DFT techniques for differential circuits.
`Technology Mining' bibliometrics analysis: applying network analysis and cluster analysis

According to advances in text mining methods and tools, technology mining, or its brevity ‘tech mining’, is one of recent research areas progressively emerged in technology management area. Over past two decades, this area has been attractive for many scholars in business management, technology management, and computer science departments. The majority of tech mining applications is concentrated on analyzing patents which is also called patent mining by some scholars; moreover, there are some researchers reported tech mining applied to other types of technological documents like RD there is a jump in the number of publications after 2005 and a huge rise in the number of citation after 2012.
Descartes' quantity of motion : 'New age' holism meets the cartesian conservation principle

This essay explores various problematical aspects of Descartes’ conservation principle for the quantity of motion (size 3 speed), particularly its largely neglected “dual role” as a measure of both durational motion and instantaneous “tendencies towards motion.” Overall, an underlying non-local, or “holistic,” element of quantity of motion (largely derived from his statics) will be revealed as central to a full understanding of the conservation principle’s conceptual development and intended operation; and this insight can be of use in responding to some of the recent and traditional criticisms of Descartes’ physics.
Effect of ammonium during in vitro maturation on oocyte nuclear maturation and subsequent embryonic development in pigs.

Abstract The effects of ammonium in a chemically defined maturation medium on oocyte nuclear maturation and subsequent embryonic development of pigs after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and parthenogenetic activation (PA) were examined. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were matured in Purdue Porcine Medium (PPM) supplemented with 0mM, 0.02mM, 0.2mM, 2mM, or 20mM ammonium chloride, or TCM199 with 10% porcine follicle fluid (TCM+pFF; positive control) at 38.7°C in 7% CO 2 in air for 40–44h. No significant difference ( P >0.05) in nuclear maturation was found between oocytes matured in TCM+pFF or PPM with 0mM, 0.02mM and 0.2mM ammonium chloride. However, nuclear maturation was decreased ( P P P P in vitro oocyte maturation on nuclear progression to metaphase II. Additionally, the presence of ammonium during in vitro maturation negatively influences subsequent embryonic development, although PA embryos appear to be more sensitive to the negative effects of ammonium during oocyte maturation than do IVF embryos.
Geographic Variation in Host-Specificity and Parasitoid Pressure of an Herbivore (Geometridae) Associated with the Tropical Genus Piper (Piperaceae)

The extraordinary diversity of tropical herbivores may be linked to hostplant specialization driven in part by variation in pressure from natural enemies. We quantified levels of host-specificity and parasitoid attack for the specialist herbivore, Eois (Geometridae). The goals of this research were to examine: 1) whether Eois are specialized on the genus Piper (Piperaceae) and if hostplant specialization varies geographically; 2) whether Eois are equally vulnerable to parasitoid attack across different geographic regions and by the same parasitoid families; and 3) whether parasitism levels vary with precipitation and elevation. Based on over 15,000 rearings, we found Eois caterpillars feeding exclusively on Piper. However, we did not detect geographic differences in host-specificity; each Eois species fed on an average of two Piper species. Parasitism levels of Eois varied significantly with climate and topography; Eois were most vulnerable to parasitoid attack in moist versus dry and wet forests and at low versus high elevations. The diversity of parasitoid families reared from Eois was greater in Ecuador and Costa Rica than in Panama, where parasitoids were primarily in the family Braconidae. The quantitative evidence for host-specificity provides support for the hypothesis that Eois are specialized on Piper. Our results also reveal that Eois are exposed to a mosaic of potential selective pressures due to variation in parasitoid attack over a large spatial scale.
MINI-OPEN ROTATOR-CUFF REPAIR

The mini-open rotator-cuff repair technique developed as a less invasive method to treat rotator-cuff tear pathology.The technique became possible with the advancement in shoulder arthroscopy and the ability to perform an arthroscopic acromioplasty. The arthroscopically assisted mini-open rotator-cuff repair allows assessment and treatment of glenohumeral pathology. It allows for assessment of rotator-cuff-tendon tear size, location, mobility, and quality. A lateral split in the deltoid muscle allows repair of the tear without detachment of the anterior deltoid. The technique has been well accepted, with less peri-operative morbidity compared to open repairs. It is most appropriate for small- and medium-sized supraspinatus tears. The mini-open approach can be converted to a formal open approach if the tear is found to require greater exposure for repair. When tendon quality or mobility issues prevent a satisfactory repair, the mini-open approach can be converted to from an all-arthroscopic approach. The indications, contraindications, operative technique, aftercare, complications, and results to be expected are discussed.
Effect of Nitriding on the Hydrogen Diffusion Coefficient through AISI 4340

The effect of plasma nitriding on hydrogen permeation through AISI 4340 was studied both experimentally and theoretically. Effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients were measured for three different AISI 4340 membrane specimens: as-received, nitrided, and nitrided specimens with the compound layer removed by mechanical abrasion. The as-received specimen had a higher diffusion coefficient (2.8 × 10 −6 cm 2 /sec) than the nitrided specimens. The nitrided specimen with the compound layer intact had a much lower hydrogen diffusion coefficient (0.65 × 10 −6 cm 2 /sec) than the specimen without the compound layer (1.9 × 10 −6 cm 2 /sec). These results demonstrate that the γ � -Fe4N rich compound surface layer and the N that diffuses more deeply into AISI 4340 during plasma nitriding both reduce the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient. Multiple permeation transients yield evidence for the presence of only reversible trap sites in as-received specimens and the presence of both reversible and irreversible trap sites in nitrided specimens, with and without the compound zone intact. In addition, density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations yield hydrogen diffusion coefficients through γ � -F e4 N( 1.5× 10 −5 cm 2 /sec) one order of magnitude lower than through α-Fe (1.2 × 10 −4 cm 2 /sec), which supports the experimental measurements of hydrogen permeation.
Target DNA chromatinization modulates nicking by L1 endonuclease

L1 elements are human transposons which replicate via an RNA intermediate. At least 15% of the human genome is composed of L1 sequence. An important initial step in the transposition reaction is nicking of the genomic DNA by L1 endonuclease (L1 EN). In vivo much of the genome exists in the form of chromatin or is undergoing biochemical transactions such as transcription, replication or repair, which may alter the accessibility of the L1 transposition machinery to DNA. To investigate this possibility we have examined the effect of substrate chromatinization on the ability of L1 EN to nick DNA. We find that DNA incorporated into nucleosomes is generally refractory to nicking by L1 EN. Interestingly, nicking of a minority of DNA sequences is enhanced when included in chromatin. Thus, dynamic epigenetic factors such as chromatinization are likely to influence the relatively permanent placement of L1 and other retroelements in the human genome.
Multivariate Normal and Related Distributions

Multivariate normal distribution is the natural extension of the bivariate normal to the case of several jointly distributed random variables. Dating back to the works of Galton, Karl Pearson, Edgeworth, and later Ronald Fisher, the multivariate normal distribution has occupied the central place in modeling jointly distributed continuous random variables. There are several reasons for its special status. Its mathematical properties show a remarkable amount of intrinsic structure; the properties are extremely well studied; statistical methodologies in common use often have their best or optimal performance when the variables are distributed as multivariate normal; and, there is the multidimensional central limit theorem and its various consequences which imply that many kinds of functions of independent random variables are approximately normally distributed, in some suitable sense. We present some of the multivariate normal theory and facts with examples in this chapter.
Operating Accelerators In Accordance With New Doe Orders Regarding Environment, Safety, And Health

Upon becoming Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE), Admiral Watkins first pledged to Congress that he would "clean-up" the nuclear weapons production complex and then initiated many changes in the way DOE facilities are operated. He generated new orders regarding environment, safety, and health and created investigation units called "Tiger Teams" to check on how well his orders were being followed. During the spin-up of this massive undertaking, DOE decided to include all its facilities and not just the ones involved in nuclear production. This resulted in research and development labs, such as Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia National Laboratories being subjected to more stringent regulations. This paper addresses the action Sandia National Laboratories has taken during the past year, particularly in regard to its pulsed-power accelerators, to come into compliance with the new DOE orders.
Enhanced luminescence from InAlP-InGaP quantum wells with native-oxide windows

Data are presented on the luminescence performance of InAlP/InGaP quantum well heterostructures with oxidised InAlP cladding layers. The test structures are grown by MOCVD and consist of a 20 nm thick In0.5Ga0.5P quantum well sandwiched between two 10 period In0.5Al0.5P/INxGa1-xP superlattice barriers, InAlP top and bottom cladding layers, and a GaAs capping layer. Extensive photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence studies at room temperature show that, as a result of the oxidation of a portion of the top InAlP cladding layer, the photoluminescence emission intensity and lifetime from the InGaP QWs increase significantly.
Chinese Immigrant Families and Christian Faith Community: A Qualitative Study

Like most other immigrants, Chinese immigrants in the U.S. have experienced challenges in acculturation to the American mainstream culture. Major challenges for Chinese immigrants include identity problems, language barriers, relationships problems, and lack of economic and social resources (Families and change: Coping with stressful events and transitions (pp. 307–332). New York: Sage). With respect to social resources, the Chinese Christian Church plays an important role in coping, acculturation, and assimilation processes for many Chinese immigrant families (Sociology of Religion, 67, 149–159). However, for some, conversion to the Chinese Christian Church becomes an existential as well as a social force—a source of meaning in their new life, and a source of transformation of their marriage and family life. This qualitative study examines the social, cultural, and spiritual roles of faith community in Chinese immigrants' marriages and family lives. Also, the research-based connections between: (i) families and religion, and more specifically, (ii) Chinese Christian families and religion are examined.
Greedy Δ-Approximation Algorithm for Covering with Arbitrary Constraints and Submodular Cost

This paper describes a simple greedy Δ-approximation algorithm for any covering problem whose objective function is submodular and non-decreasing, and whose feasible region can be expressed as the intersection of arbitrary (closed upwards) covering constraints, each of which constrains at most Δ variables of the problem. (A simple example is Vertex Cover, with Δ=2.) The algorithm generalizes previous approximation algorithms for fundamental covering problems and online paging and caching problems.
Development of a protocol for frost-tolerance evaluation in rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract Spring frost can severely damage or even kill rapeseed/canola ( Brassica napus L.) seedlings. A protocol for large scale screening of rapeseed germplasm under frost-simulating conditions has not yet been developed. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to develop a protocol for screening rapeseed germplasm under artificial frost-simulation conditions in a plant growth chamber and in a greenhouse. Nine rapeseed varieties, including three commercial hybrids, three spring types, and three winter types were used. Cold acclimation at 4 °C was applied for 0, 7, or 14 days to two-week old seedlings. The seedlings were treated with four freezing temperatures (− 4 °C, − 8 °C, − 12 °C, and − 16 °C). The length of the freezing period was 16 h, including the ramping of temperature down from 4 °C and up from the respective freezing temperature to 4 °C. Plants were allowed to recover at 4 °C for 24 h before they were moved back to the greenhouse. Frost damage was scored on a 0–5 scale, where 0 denotes completely dead and 5 denotes no damage. Seedling survival from the freezing treatment increased from the non-acclimation to the cold acclimation treatment. However, no significant differences (P
Lead fractionation and bioaccessibility in contaminated soils with variable chemical properties.

AbstractThe hazard imposed by trace elements within soils is dependent on soil properties and the relative distribution of metal species. Hence, a greenhouse column study was conducted to investigate the geochemical speciation and bioaccessibility of lead (Pb) as a function of soil properties. Four different soil types (Immokalee, Belle Glade, Tobosa and Millhopper series) varying in physico-chemical properties were selected and amended with Pb as Pb(NO3) at 400, 800, and 1,200 mg kg−1. A sequential extraction was employed to define the reactive metal pool, which was correlated with Pb bio-accessibility as determined by the physiologically based extraction test. Results show that Pb was mainly distributed in soluble+exchangeable phase in Immokallee (82%) and Millhopper (45%) series, and carbonate and Fe+Mn oxide fractions in Belle Glade (14–74%) and Tobosa (31–64%) series at time zero. With soil aging, Pb underwent chemical transformations in the soils and the majority of added Pb was associated with Fe+M...
Unified PMU Placement for Observability and Bad Data Detection in State Estimation

This paper presents a unified algorithm for optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement in power system state estimation. Considering the similarity of the cases that the system is unobservable and that the system becomes unobservable if a critical measurement or a critical pair is removed from the measurement set, a unified algorithm of PMU placement for state estimation combining observability analysis and bad data detection into a single iterative procedure is presented. In each iteration of the algorithm, PMU placement is performed to make the system observable, or make critical measurements become non-critical, or make critical pairs become non-critical pairs, respectively. Based on Theorem 3.1 in “A direct numerical method for observability analysis” (Gou and Abur, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 625-630, May 2000), this paper presents an improved optimal PMU placement algorithm wherein each iteration is performed by a significantly smaller integer linear programming (ILP) model whose size is governed by the rank deficiency of the Jacobian matrix resulting from the configuration of conventional measurements. The proposed formulation thus leads to a far more smaller and simpler ILP problem compared to existing methods. Additional results are also presented to identify critical measurement pairs. The proposed approach is illustrated on the IEEE 14- and 118-bus systems.
Residues in Tissues and Eggs of Poultry Receiving Co-Ral (Bayer 21/199) in the Feed

Radiophosphorus Co-Ral® ( O,O -diethyl O -(3-chloro-4-methylumbelliferone) phosphorothioate or Bayer 21/199) was mixed in laying mash at 100 p.p.m. and fed to laying hens for a maximum of 7 days. The highest concentration of total radioactive residues was in the liver and kidney; deposition of Co-Ral or metabolites in the fat was minor. The liver, kidney, and gizzard contained the highest concentration of acetonitrile-soluble materials. Acetonitrile-soluble residues were not present in any tissue after the hens were returned to normal feed for 7 days. Small hut detectable amounts of acetonitrile-soluble materials Were present in egg yolks analyzed at 11 to 15 days after treatment, but none was present in the albumin. about 79% of the radioactivity consumed in the feed was excreted in the feces by 28 days posttreatment; more than 85% of the excreted radioactive materials were hydrolytic products. Un-changed Co-Ral, the oxygen analog of Co-Ral ( O, O -diethyl phosphoric acid) and O, O -diethyl phosphorothioic acid were isolated and characterized from the feces.
Anisotropic exchange interactions in CuGeO 3 probed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy

The analysis of the anisotropy of the electron-spin resonance (ESR) linewidth in ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}$ taken at different temperatures, allows one to obtain relations between the anisotropic exchange-interaction parameters. The anisotropy of the ESR linewidth can be understood purely in terms of the symmetric anisotropic exchange interaction. The intrinsic anisotropic exchange parameters of the copper spins are determined for intrachain and interchain interactions and their microscopic origin is explained. All conclusions about the nature of the anisotropy are in agreement with the reported crystal structure for ${\mathrm{CuGeO}}_{3}.$ The temperature dependence of the anisotropic exchange parameters can be related to the lattice fluctuations as detected by other experimental techniques. An empirical formula for the temperature dependence of the ESR linewidth is suggested.
The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization. XXXV. The crystallization behaviour of {cis-α-Co(trien)ox]Cl}2·9H2O (1), cis-β-Co(3,2,3-tet)ox]Cl·4H2O(2), {cis-α-Co(trien)ox]NO3}2· H2O (3), and [mer-Co(dien)ox (NO2)] (4)

As expected from previous studies, the four title compounds crystallize as racemates from H2O solutions allowed to evaporate at room temperature (ca. 18° C). All four complexes have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The outer, six-membered rings in (2) are in the chair conformation; and, in the first three species, the secondary nitrogens are chiral centres. In (1) the five-membered rings of the two cations in the asymmetric unit are characterized: Co(1), δ, δ and λ, with the chiralities of the secondary nitrogens (S) and (S); Co(2), λ, λ and δ, with secondary nitrogens (R) and (R). In (3), the five-membered rings of the two cations in the asymmetric unit are: Co(1), δ, δ and λ, with secondary nitrogens (S) and (S); Co(2), δ, λ and δ, with secondary nitrogens (S) and (S). In (2), the five-membered ring is δ and the chiralities of the secondary nitrogens are (R) and (R). In (4), the unique five-membered ring is λ and the central —NH— fragment lies at a mirror plane. Comparison of the crystallization pathways of these complexes with those of related substances are made, and suggestions as to why (1)–(4) select the racemic crystallization pathway are offered.
The Pathologist’s Duty in Obtaining Permission for Autopsy

The hospital pathologist who concerns himself only with the performance and diagnoses of such autopsies as are requested is shirking a very important part of his duty. Unless he takes an active part and interest in methods of stimulating an increase in the number of autopsies he hinders the scientific advancement of the staff and institution which he serves. The need and value of a larger percentage of necropsies have been well shown by many leaders in the medical profession. Waite stated that "All roads in medicine lead to, or emanate from, the postmortem table." Christian believed that any hospital service is incomplete without a check-up of the clinical diagnoses in those cases that are fatal and that the autopsy number and percentage is the best single index of the professional efficiency of a hospital. The latter statement is undoubtedly stretching the point a good deal. A more conservative attitude would be to the effect that the percentage of autopsies is one of the best indices of the scientific attitude of a hospital. Bluestone was more emphatic; "no hospital is larger than its pathological laboratory The progressiveness of a hospital is in direct ratio to the laboratory spirit which it maintains." This "laboratory spirit" must essentially emanate from the pathologist, as Bell emphasized, the pathologist must make the physician want to see autopsies on all the clinical cases that die. Bluestone believed that the medical profession should regard every death from disease as a symbol of their failure to save life. The pathologist therefore, attempts to learn from and help decrease the number of these failures. If the autopsy is regarded as such a valuable adjunct in the study and knowledge of disease
The Effects of Various EDTA Complexes on Coagulation

The one-stage prothrombin time of oxalated plasma was prolonged on incubation with disodium EDTA. This was due to the destruction of Ac-Globulin or the inhibition of its production from a precursor stage. There was a similar change with disodium calcium EDTA, indicating some metal other than calcium was probably being chelated. A marked prolongation of the prothrombin time of oxalated plasma occurred on incubation with cupric, ferrous, stannous, cobaltous, and magnesium EDTA, but manganous, zinc and nickel EDTA produced no prolongation of the prothrombin time. This would support the concept that a metal ion may be concerned with the maintenance of Ac-Globulin or its conversion into an active form. The cobaltous, cupric, ferrous and ferric ions produced a prolongation of the prothrombin time. This effect was corrected by the use of prothrombin free plasma except in the case of cobalt. The manganous, barium and nickel ions did not prolong the prothrombin time and nickel was effective in maintaining the prothrombin time at its original level. Its most effective concentration was .001 M. At higher concentrations it produced a prolongation which was not corrected by the addition of prothrombin-free plasma.
The upgrade of the Thomson scattering system for measurement on the C-2/C-2U devices.

The C-2/C-2U Thomson scattering system has been substantially upgraded during the latter phase of C-2/C-2U program. A Rayleigh channel has been added to each of the three polychromators of the C-2/C-2U Thomson scattering system. Onsite spectral calibration has been applied to avoid the issue of different channel responses at different spots on the photomultiplier tube surface. With the added Rayleigh channel, the absolute intensity response of the system is calibrated with Rayleigh scattering in argon gas from 0.1 to 4 Torr, where the Rayleigh scattering signal is comparable to the Thomson scattering signal at electron densities from 1 × 1013 to 4 × 1014 cm−3. A new signal processing algorithm, using a maximum likelihood method and including detailed analysis of different noise contributions within the system, has been developed to obtain electron temperature and density profiles. The system setup, spectral and intensity calibration procedure and its outcome, data analysis, and the results of electron tem...
Expert opinion on body mass index percentiles for figure drawings at menarche

We contacted clinicians and researchers who work in the area of childhood obesity to obtain a reasonable estimate of body mass index (BMI) percentile at menarche associated with a series of widely used figure drawings. Forty of 108 subscribers to the electronic listserv of the Pediatric Obesity Interest Group of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity responded to a request to estimate the BMI percentile at menarche for each of seven drawings. Median BMI percentile values ranged from three to 98 and means from 4.0 to 97.6, with the greatest agreement at the high end and the poorest agreement in the central part of the range. This approach may be useful in situations where weight and height are not readily recalled.
The effects of safety behaviors during exposure therapy for anxiety: Critical analysis from an inhibitory learning perspective

In the context of clinical anxiety, safety behaviors are actions performed to prevent, escape, or minimize feared catastrophes and/or associated distress. Research consistently implicates safety behaviors in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders; accordingly, safety behaviors are traditionally eliminated during exposure treatments for pathological anxiety. The notion that safety behaviors are ubiquitously deleterious in the context of exposure has recently been challenged, yet findings regarding safety behaviors' effects on exposure outcomes are limited, mixed, and controversial. Furthermore, developments in explanatory models for exposure's effectiveness (e.g., inhibitory learning theory) highlight other possible consequences of safety behaviors performed during exposure. Unfortunately, these theoretical advances are neglected in experimental research. The present review critically examines the literature addressing the role of safety behaviors in exposure therapy from an inhibitory learning perspective. Limitations, future directions, and clinical recommendations are also discussed.
Exploring Pore Formation of Atomic Layer-Deposited Overlayers by in Situ Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering

In this work, we explore the pore structure of overcoated materials by in situ synchrotron small-angle (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Thin films of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) with thicknesses of 4.9 and 2.5 nm, respectively, are prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on nonporous nanoparticles. In situ X-ray measurements reveal that porosity is induced in the ALD films by annealing the samples at high temperatures. Moreover, this pore formation can be attributed to densification resulting from an amorphous to crystalline phase transition of the ALD films as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction and the pair distribution function. Simultaneous SAXS and WAXS results show not only that the porosity is formed by the phase transition but also that the pore size increases with temperature.
Arithmetic in an Algebraic Number Field

6.1. Let F be a field. A map \(\,\nu : F\to {\bold{R}}\cup\{\infty\}\) is called an order function of F if it satisfies the following conditions:
Minority Language Policy in China

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been struggling since 1949 to make and practice a minority (language) policy that is supposed to serve its ideological goals, safeguard its territorial integrity and national unity, and accommodate the minority communities’ linguistic and cultural diversities and that has often swung between integrationism and accommodationism in order to achieve whichever of those three objectives is the top priority on its agenda at a given time in the last five decades of the history of the PRC (see Dreyer, 1997; Zhou, 2001a). In is chapter, I examine the relationship between the theory/law of the PRC’s minority language policy and the PRC’s practice of it at both its best and its worst. I first review the concepts of language rights, language equality, and language laws from broad international perspectives to build a framework for the discussion of the Chinese case in perspectives. Second, I analyze the theoretical and legal foundation of the PRC minority language policy in comparison to international practices. Third, I scrutinize the PRC’s practice of its policy against its own laws in three areas: legal status for minority languages, opportunities for minority language use/development, and government service in minority languages in minority communities. In conclusion, I briefly discuss reasons behind the theory-practice gap and the constitutionality of the PRC’s current minority language policy and practice.
Engineering stress in thin films for the field of bistable MEMS

While stress-free and tensile films are well-suited for released in-plane MEMS designs, compressive films are needed for released out-of-plane MEMS structures such as buckled beams and diaphragms. This study presents a characterization of stress on a variety of sputtered and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)-deposited films, including titanium tungsten, invar, silicon nitride and amorphous silicon, appropriate for the field of bistable MEMS. Techniques and strategies are presented (including varying substrate bias, pressure, temperature, and frequency multiplexing) for tuning internal stress across the spectrum from highly compressive (−2300 MPa) to highly tensile (1500 MPa). Conditions for obtaining stress-free films are also presented in this work. Under certain conditions during the PECVD deposition of amorphous silicon, interesting 'micro-bubbles' formed within the deposited films. Strategies to mitigate their formation are presented, resulting in a dramatic improvement in surface roughness quality from 667 nm root mean square (RMS) to 16 nm RMS. All final deposited films successfully passed the traditional 'tape test' for adhesion.
Local Intraluminal Irrigation With Argatroban During Free Flap Repair in a Patient With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia.

Objective:This study describes a case of a successful free flap repair using argatroban for local intraluminal irrigation as a substitute to heparin in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopen...