cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GM1 ganglioside treatment partially reverses the nigrostriatal dopamine defect in the weaver mutant mouse.

Abstract The weaver mutation in the mouse is a developmental disorder characterized by cerebellar atrophy as well as decreased numbers of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and a striatal dopamine loss. Since the nigrostriatal dopamine loss occurs postnatally, the present study was performed to determine whether early intervention with G M1 ganglioside could alter the extent of this dopamine loss. Weaver mice that received injections of G M1 ganglioside (30 mg/kg) daily, beginning at 7–10 days of age, had significantly higher striatal dopamine levels and significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase-positive substantia nigra pars compacta neurons than weaver mice that received only daily saline injections. These results show that G M1 treatment can alter at least some aspects of this inherited developmental disorder. If the weaver defect is related to a deprivation of trophic support for certain midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the presence of G M1 may be able to enhance the survival of these neurons.
Stimulation of phosphoenolpyruvate formation by oleic acid and other uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in rabbit liver mitochondria.

Abstract Oleic acid, like DNP, stimulates the oxidation of α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate by rabbit liver mitochondria, and at the same time accelerates the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from these substrates. The net production of malate, citrate and acetoacetate similarly depends on the concentration of uncoupler.
Collective excitations of edge state electrons in quasi-one-dimensional quantum well wires

Abstract Collective excitations of edge state electrons in a quasi-one-dimensional quantum well wire under a large transverse magnetic field at zero temperature are investigated theoretically. The plasmon modes for both intrasubband and intersubband excitations are found at different magnetic field strengths and quasi-1D electron density, in the long wavelength limit. The plasmon dispersion relations, which are all acoustic-like, also show an anisotropy which can be attributed to the applied field and the finite width of the wire. These predictions are amenable to experimental verifications.
"Transverse" Acoustic Waves in Rigid Tubes

Recently considerable work has been done, both theoretical and experimental on the transmission of electromagnetic waves through dielectric wave guides and hollow metal tubes. An analogous phenomenon is the propagation of transverse acoustic waves in gaseous media confined by rigid cylindrical tubes. Apparatus and methods are described for the production of some of the lower ordered acoustic waves and measurements are made with a tube of circular section filled with air. Measured values of wave-length, threshold frequency, and pressure distribution for some of the possible harmonic wave types are found to be in excellent agreement with theoretical values. Absorption measurements by the standing wave method in which transverse waves are used are suggested.
Corroborative models of the cobalt(II) inhibited Fe/Mn superoxide dismutases.

Attempting to model superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, we designed two new N3O-donor ligands to provide the same set of donor atoms observed in the active site of these enzymes: KiPr2TCMA (potassium 1,4-diisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N-acetate) and KBPZG (potassium N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolylmethyl) glycinate). Five new CoII complexes (1−5) were obtained and characterized by X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, magnetochemistry, UV−vis, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. The crystal structures of 1 and 3−5 revealed five-coordinate complexes, whereas complex 2 is six-coordinate. The EPR data of complexes 3 and 4 agree with those of the CoII-substituted SOD, which strongly support the proposition that the active site of the enzyme structurally resembles these models. The redox behavior of complexes 1−5 clearly demonstrates the stabilization of the CoII state in the ligand field provided by these ligands. The irreversibility displayed by all of the compl...
Ideal second stages in tandem with parabolic concentrators

Expressions for the concentration capability of parabolic reflectors are derived and extended to include additional ideal second-stage concentration. The ultimate concentration of a parabolic reflector (primary) alone is shown to achieve one-half of the ideal limit in 2-D geometry; the respective two-stage configuration is shown to approach the ideal limit itself at large f/Nos.
Polyplanar optical display electronics

The Polyplanar Optical Display (POD) is a unique display screen which can be used with any projection source. The prototype ten inch display is two inches thick and has a matte black face which allows for high contrast images. The prototype being developed is a form, fit and functional replacement display for the B-52 aircraft which uses a monochrome ten-inch display. In order to achieve a long lifetime, the new display uses a 100 milliwatt green solid-state laser (10,000 hr. life) at 532 nm as its light source. To produce real-time video, the laser light is being modulated by a Digital Light Processing (DLP{trademark}) chip manufactured by Texas Instruments. In order to use the solid-state laser as the light source and also fit within the constraints of the B-52 display, the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD{trademark}) circuit board is removed from the Texas Instruments DLP light engine assembly. Due to the compact architecture of the projection system within the display chassis, the DMD{trademark} chip is operated remotely from the Texas Instruments circuit board. The authors discuss the operation of the DMD{trademark} divorced from the light engine and the interfacing of the DMD{trademark} board with various video formats (CVBS, Y/C or S-video and RGB) including the format specific to the B-52 aircraft. A brief discussion of the electronics required to drive the laser is also presented.
Postmating Behavior of Female Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Apple Orchards

ABSTRACT The postmating behavior of female dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), was examined in a young apple orchard planted on size-controlling rootstock in Virginia. All female dogwood borers captured while exhibiting casting flight near the base of trees were mated, based on the presence of a spermatophore. Surveys of female activity within orchards were conducted at regular intervals throughout the daylight hours, showing a diel periodicity that peaked between 1700 and 1900 hours, with most females located below the graft union of trees. A transition matrix based on 1,108 behavioral sequences exhibited by 66 females was used to produce a first-order Markov chain of behavioral events that occurred significantly more often than expected by chance. Casting flight, probing with ovipositor, and oviposition were the most frequent behaviors observed, representing 31.7, 30.0, and 18.1% of all behaviors recorded, respectively. Our observations showed that 88, 99, and 99% of cas...
The Measurement of Extinction Coefficients Using a New Infrared Micropulse Reactor Technique: Adsorption of CO on Silica-supported Pt

The increased sophistication in infrared instrumentation, coupled with recent advances in the limits of detection of commercially available gas chromatographs, has resulted in the revival of infrared spectroscopy as a useful tool in the study and characterization of supported-metal catalysts. In its initial applications, infrared spectroscopy was used as a tool in the surface characterization of supported-metal catalysts. The general procedure was to use a diatomic molecule, whose adsorptive behavior was well understood, as a surface probe to obtain information regarding the disposition of the underlying surface-metal atoms. In its more recent applications, it has become possible to observe the structure of adsorbed molecules under reaction conditions. For cases in which an infrared cell coupled to a gas chromatograph is used as a single-pass differential reactor, it is possible to measure reaction rates and to study the structure of the species adsorbed on the surface simultaneously. In studying the kinetics of surface reactions, it would be useful to have some knowledge of surface coverages under reaction conditions. This will ultimately enable investigators to test assumed mechanisms derived from experimentally determined rates by obtaining independent measurements of surface coverages. In order to do this quantitatively, it is necessary to measure extinction coefficients for both adsorbed reactants and products at process temperatures and pressures.
Time Series Models for Salinity and Other Environmental Factors in the Apalachicola Estuarine System

Abstract In this study, statistical structures of several key environmental variables in the Apalachicola Bay area are investigated based on daily averages over a 45-month sampling period. Univariate time series models are established for Apalachicola River discharge, local rainfall, transformations of wind speed and wind direction, Apalachicola Bay salinity and water-level fluctuations measured at two stations. Rational form transfer function models, which take into account time-lagged effects of environmental variables and serial correlations of the salinity series, are developed to describe the relationship between salinity and other factors. Compared with time-lagged multiple regression models, transfer function models explain a much larger proportion of salinity variability and give more accurate estimates of the environmental effects. Copyrigt 1998 Academic Press Limited
Impact of the POSSE program on the academic integration of minority engineering students

Lafayette College participates in the POSSE Program which has its own recruitment and retention strategies. We explore if these differences affect behavior, and subsequent commitment to engineering. While our small samples preclude general conclusions, the insights provide the foundation for more in-depth studies of similar programs within a similar campus context. Guided by Tintopsilas theory of student retention, we surveyed group behavior in terms of academic and social integration. Our results show that POSSE students state a high commitment to engineering, and an ability to navigate the academic integration process. Minority students who are not part of the POSSE Program state a similar commitment to engineering, however they report less success navigating the academic integration process.
Marine Aerosol Drop Size Effects on the Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel and High Purity Iron

This research focused on the development and use of a novel methodology to study corrosion under aqueous electrolyte drops ranging in diameter from 20–1000 μm, the most common deposited aerosol size range found in coastal marine environments. A drop-on-demand inkjet printer was custom built by coupling a commercial jetting device with a programmable two-axis stage. Singular droplets of sodium chloride solution were deposited onto steel and pure iron substrates with various surface finishes, followed by an isohumidity exposure for 24 hours. The volume loss increased with drop diameter according to a power law with an exponent of approximately 2 for highly polished steel and iron, increasing to 3 for iron with higher surface roughness. Attack was primarily filiform-like for the smallest drops, whereas deep, separate pits formed under the largest drops. Corrosion was not consistently observed under all drop sizes. The fraction of drops that showed no corrosion increased with decreasing drop size for all substrates. This behavior appears to have a strong dependency on the microstructure and surface finish. Corrosion initiation on 1010 steel was dominated by manganese sulphide inclusions when a mirror surface finish was maintained. For high purity iron, initiation was dominated by surface roughness. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.1171412jes] All rights reserved.
Intelligent energy management agent for a parallel hybrid vehicle-part II: torque distribution, charge sustenance strategies, and performance results

This paper represents the second part of a two-part paper on development of an intelligent energy management agent (IEMA) for parallel hybrid vehicles. In this part, energy management strategies for the torque distribution and charge sustenance tasks are established and implemented. Driving situation awareness-based fuzzy rule bases are developed to make intelligent decisions on the power split function. A charge sustenance strategy is developed in parallel to maintain adequate reserves of energy in the storage device for supporting an extended range of driving. Simulation study is conducted for the proposed IEMA and performance results are analyzed to evaluate its viability as a possible solution to and an extendable framework for energy management for parallel hybrid electric vehicles.
Compression of Plasma to Megabar Range using Imploding Liner

Axial current discharges were used to implode spherical aluminum shells with thickness tapered to match the external magnetic pressure. These implosions were used to compress hydrogen plasmas with an initial pressure $g100\mathrm{bar}$ and an initial temperature $g1\mathrm{eV}$. The implosion and compressed plasma effect on a central target were observed radiographically. The target's radius vs time indicates that the plasma pressure reaches $\ensuremath{\sim}1\mathrm{Mbar}$ prior to liner-target contact.
Neuronal influence on hormone release from anglerfish islet cells

Pancreatic islets in anglerfish (AF) are macroscopic collections of nearly pure endocrine cells that are densely innervated. Immunohistochemical staining for neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes revealed noradrenergic and cholinergic innervation of AF islets. An in vitro preparation of perifused dispersed AF islet cells was developed to study nutrient and neural control of islet hormone secretion. Glucose stimulated insulin and somatostatin-14 (SS-14) secretion in a dose-dependent manner, and 16.7 mM glucose inhibited glucagon secretion. In 2 mM glucose, norepinephrine and isoproterenol stimulated glucagon and SS-14 release. Isoproterenol stimulated insulin secretion, and norepinephrine stimulated or inhibited insulin release, depending on the concentration. Clonidine potently inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but stimulated glucagon release. Methacholine, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, stimulated insulin, glucagon, and SS-14 release. The control of AF hormone release by neurotransmitter agonists in vitro was similar to that in higher vertebrate species. Therefore we used this tissue preparation to study postsynaptic interactions between glucose and neurotransmitters in islets.
Time Course and Time-Distance Relationships for Surround Suppression in Macaque V1 Neurons

Iso-orientation surround suppression is a powerful form of visual contextual modulation in which a stimulus of the preferred orientation of a neuron placed outside the classical receptive field (CRF) of the neuron suppresses the response to stimuli within the CRF. This suppression is most often attributed to orientation-tuned signals that propagate laterally across the cortex, activating local inhibition. By studying the temporal properties of surround suppression, we have uncovered characteristics that challenge standard notions of surround suppression. We found that the latency of suppression depended on its strength. Across cells, strong suppression arrived on average 30 msec earlier than weak suppression, and suppression sometimes arrived faster than the excitatory CRF response. We compared the relative latency of CRF response onset and offset with the relative latency of suppression onset and offset. Response onset was delayed relative to response offset in the CRF but not in the surround. This is not the expected result if neurons targeted by suppression are like those that generate it. We examined the time course of suppression as a function of distance of the surround stimulus from the CRF and found that suppression was predominantly sustained for nearby stimuli and predominantly transient for distant stimuli. By comparing the latency of suppression for nearby and distant stimuli, we found that orientation-tuned suppression could effectively propagate across 6 - 8 mm of cortex at ∼1 m/sec. This is considerably faster than expected for horizontal cortical connections previously implicated in surround suppression. We offer refinements to circuits for surround suppression that account for these results and describe how feedback from cells with large CRFs can account for the rapid propagation of suppression within V1.
Monolithic Integration of InGaAs–GaAs Quantum-Dot Laser and Quantum-Well Electroabsorption Modulator on Silicon

Monolithic integration of an In0.5Ga0.5As-GaAs quantum-dot laser and an In0.2Ga0.8As-GaAs quantum-well electroabsorption modulator on silicon is demonstrated for the first time by using molecular beam epitaxy and focused-ion-beam etching techniques. The laser-modulator coupling coefficient is larger than 20% and the depth of modulation is 45% and 100% at 3- and 5-V reverse bias, respectively
Theory-based Evaluation: Gaining a Shared Understanding between School Staff and Evaluators.

This chapter explores how theory-based evaluation can be used to help conduct formative, reflective evaluations in educational settings.
Wald-Type Tests for Detecting Breaks in the Trend Function of a Dynamic Time Series

In this paper, test statistics for detecting a break at an unknown date in the trend function of a dynamic univariate time series are proposed. The tests are based on the mean and exponential statistics of Andrews and Ploberger (1994, Econometrica 62, 1383–1414) and the supremum statistic of Andrews (1993, Econometrica 61, 821–856). Their results are extended to allow trending and unit root regressors. Asymptotic results are derived for both I(0) and I(1) errors. When the errors are highly persistent and it is not known which asymptotic theory (I(0) or I(1)) provides a better approximation, a conservative approach based on nearly integrated asymptotics is provided. Power of the mean statistic is shown to be nonmonotonic with respect to the break magnitude and is dominated by the exponential and supremum statistics. Versions of the tests applicable to first differences of the data are also proposed. The tests are applied to some macroeconomic time series, and the null hypothesis of a stable trend function is rejected in many cases.
Differential forms of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations

Differential forms of the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations provide an alternative to the integral Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations for comparison with finite-bandwidth experimental data. The differential forms of the Kramers-Kronig relations are developed in the context of tempered distributions. Results are illustrated for media with attenuation obeying an arbitrary frequency power law (/spl alpha/(/spl omega/) = /spl alpha//sub 0/ + /spl alpha//sub 1/ |/spl omega/|/sup y/). Dispersion predictions using the differential dispersion relations are compared to the measured dispersion for a series of specimens (two polymers, an egg yolk, and two liquids) exhibiting attenuation obeying a frequency power law (1.00 /spl les/ y /spl les/ 1.99), with very good agreement found. For this form of ultrasonic attenuation, the differential Kramers-Kronig dispersion prediction is found to be identical to the (integral) Kramers-Kronig dispersion prediction.
Towards a Model of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: Evidence from the Case of Daisy Low

Theoretical and empirical research has taken great strides towards understanding the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. However, much less is understood about how social entrepreneurial intentions are formed. While the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been one of the dominant theoretical frameworks offered to explain entrepreneurial intentions, the social psychology literature suggests the inclusion of personal norms to predict intentions with a moral consideration. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to introduce to the entrepreneurship literature this extension of the TPB and explain how attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and personal norms might provide a parsimonious model for entrepreneurial intentions that have a social inclination. We provide support for the revised TPB framework by analyzing the rich life story of Juliette Gordon (Daisy) Low, the founder of the Girl Scouts, to help map an understanding of how a middle aged, divorced, nearly deaf woman during the...
A titanium-nickel shape-memory alloy actuated micropump

The shape memory alloy (SMA) titanium-nickel (TiNi) is used in thin film form as the basis of actuation for a reciprocating micropump. A novel configuration comprising two complementary TiNi actuators is used to perform cyclic motion by utilizing the shape memory effect (SME). Check valves are fabricated from polyimide to ensure unidirectional flow through the pump chamber. The pump is driven by an electrical drive signal, which is passed directly through the TiNi thin films, causing a Joule heating-induced phase transformation and initiating the SME. Cyclic motion is achieved by heating the actuators out of phase. The pump was tested with filtered DI water and attained a pump rate of 50 /spl mu/L/min.
The effect of natural convection on ice crystal growth rates in salt solutions

Many measurements of ice growth rates in NaCl solutions have been made to determine the role of natural convection in the control of such growth rates. The results of two analyses are presented. In one, only thermal natural convection is treated for growth in pure water. The second treats the simultaneous effects of both mass and thermal natural convection in salt solutions. This second analysis correctly predicts higher ice growth rates in dilute salt solutions than in pure water.
Neonatal skin: the ideal nursing interface

Human skin holds much fascination for the average person. It is the first thing that is noticed about a person. From a neonatal perspective it is a dynamic interface with the surrounding environment and provides the surface for our nursing interventions. This article will discuss this dynamic interface and why it provides a good scientific basis for neonatal nursing care.
An Examination of Eligibility Decisions in New York State's Assisted Outpatient Treatment.

Objective:The objective of this study was to compare assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) eligibility characteristics among participants receiving community treatment through AOT and non-AOT referrals.Methods:A total of 131 AOT and non-AOT charts were reviewed from three sites within one treatment agency in New York City. Intake information was coded for AOT eligibility information, suicide history, and risk of future violence according to the Historical Clinical Risk Management−20, version 3 (HCR-20V3), instrument.Results:No significant differences were found between groups for measurable AOT eligibility criteria. Compared with non-AOT participants, the participants referred through AOT scored significantly higher on HCR-20V3 for risk of future violence; however, most charts, including almost half of AOT participants, received low risk ratings.Conclusions:Study findings raise questions about why some individuals, and not others, are referred to AOT in New York City.
Genomic imprinting in plants.

Epigenetic programming is most likely the least understood part of the control of gene expression and too broad a subject to consider in a single chapter. The difficulty in studying its role in gene expression is that very few Mendelian mutations cause arrest in epigenetic programming and that chromatin changes occurring many cell divisions before transcription starts are difficult to monitor by biochemical means (Lund et al. 1995a). Given this complexity, we shall focus here on one example of epigenetic programming that has already been genetically exploited: parental genomic imprinting. One of the major advantages of studying plant versus animal development is based on the generation of alleles of genes affected in epigenetic programming so that biochemical methods can be applied by comparing tissues of different genetic origin. Here, we consider allelic variations and mutations that specifically focus on epigenetic programming at the gamete level.
Photoconductive CdS: how does it Affect CdTe/CdS Solar Cell Performance?

Photoconductive CdS (PC-CdS) in CdS/CdTe solar cells from five different sources is investigated using spectral sensitization of apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) and J-V analysis. Red bias light significantly enhances the blue AQE, commonly leading to AQE>1 below 550 nm, and blue bias light enhances the red AQE, but to a much smaller extent. These enhancements are more pronounced with increasing forward bias, after stress and in devices with intentionally Cu-doped CdS. This behavior is observed to some degree in all devices with CdS, but is absent in cells without CdS. These effects are consistent with blue light, either ac monochromatic or dc bias, increasing the CdS conductivity. This causes an increase in the field and depletion width in the CdTe to maintain balanced space charge, leading to increased collection of carriers from the CdTe. The CdS conductivity modulation can also change the AQE due to a change in equivalent circuit resistance. Analysis of J-V data measured with white, blue, red or no light indicates little dependence of series resistance or diode quality factor on the illumination spectrum. Thus, the PC-CdS resistance has little effect on the solar cell J-V performance, but does influence AQE.
Underwater contact adhesion and microarchitecture in polyelectrolyte complexes actuated by solvent exchange

Polyelectrolyte complexation is critical to the formation and properties of many biological and polymeric materials, and is typically initiated by aqueous mixing followed by fluid-fluid phase separation, such as coacervation. Yet little to nothing is known about how coacervates evolve into intricate solid microarchitectures. Inspired by the chemical features of the cement proteins of the sandcastle worm, here we report a versatile and strong wet-contact microporous adhesive resulting from polyelectrolyte complexation triggered by solvent exchange. After premixing a catechol-functionalized weak polyanion with a polycation in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), the solution was applied underwater to various substrates whereupon electrostatic complexation, phase inversion, and rapid setting were simultaneously actuated by water-DMSO solvent exchange. Spatial and temporal coordination of complexation, inversion and setting fostered rapid (∼25 s) and robust underwater contact adhesion (Wad ≥ 2 J m(-2)) of complexed catecholic polyelectrolytes to all tested surfaces including plastics, glasses, metals and biological materials.
Investigating the Effects of Pulsed Radiofrequency on Dorsal Root Ganglion in Chronic Lumbar Radicular Pain Patients: Is It Not Important that We Ask the Right Question, the Right Way, on an Appropriate Sample of Patients?

Dear Editor, It is interesting to read the paper by Koh et al. on the investigation of the pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in patients of chronic lumbosacral radicular (CLR) pain [1]. It is noteworthy that the authors attempted to perform a controlled trial on a challenging topic. However, I am afraid that the study design, results, and conclusions have further “muddied the water” instead of bringing clarity to the existing evidence on the efficacy of PRF-DRG in CLR pain patients. I would like to highlight some aspects of the study, which decrease the confidence in their study results and conclusions. The study was conducted on patients of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Note that LSS is a radiological diagnosis, and the clinical diagnosis of spinal stenosis and its symptoms (leg pain) bear no relation to the extent of corresponding imaging findings of either central or foraminal stenosis. However, generally patients with central stenosis present with neurogenic claudication, whereas lateral foraminal stenosis could cause symptoms similar to radicular elements of …
Results from the Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment Risk Reduction Mission

The Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (ANDE) Risk Reduction flight was launched on Dec 9, 2006 and deployed into orbit by the Space Shuttle Discovery on December 21, 2006. The primary mission objective is to test the deployment mechanism from the Shuttle for the ANDE flight in mid 2009. Scientific objectives of the ANDE risk reduction flight include: monitor total neutral density along the orbit for improved orbit determination of resident space objects, monitor the spin rate and orientation of the spacecraft, and provide a test object for polarimetry studies. Each of the two ANDE missions consists of two spherical spacecraft fitted with retro-reflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). The ANDE risk reduction mission spacecraft each contain a small lightweight payload designed to determine the spin rate and orientation of the spacecraft from on-orbit measurements and from ground based observations. The follow-on ANDE mission scheduled for launch in 2009 will consist of two spherical spacecraft also fitted with retro-reflectors for SLR. One of these spacecraft will also carry instrumentation to measure the in-situ atmospheric density, composition and winds. The two ANDERR spacecraft decayed on December 25, 2007 and May 21, 2008, atmospheric densities derived from observations of the ANDERR spacecraft will be presented and compared to atmospheric models and other data sources. A methodology to improve prediction accuracy by augmenting predictions produced with radar observations with combination radar and satellite laser ranging observations will be presented.
Comparison of a torsional and a standard tip with a monitored forced infusion phacoemulsification system.

Purpose To compare the relative efficiency and chatter of the 30-degree 0.9 mm Kelman tip (standard tip) and Ozil Intrepid Balanced tip (torsional tip) with identical optimum settings. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Porcine nuclei were fixed in formalin and cut into 2.0 mm cubes. Lens cubes were phacoemulsified with standard and torsional tips at 60% and 100% torsional amplitude with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% longitudinal power with monitored forced infusion. Experiments were performed at a constant vacuum, aspiration rate, and intraocular pressure. Results Linear regression showed increased efficiency with up to 75% longitudinal power at 60% torsional amplitude for both tips ( P = .046 standard; P = .0093 torsional). Longitudinal did not significantly increase efficiency at 100% torsional power for either tip. Torsional tips were on average 29% more efficient than standard tips throughout the range tested ( P P = .0028). Chatter was minimal except at 100% longitudinal power, which was greater than at 75% longitudinal power ( P P P = .0022). Conclusions Increasing up to 75% longitudinal power increased the efficiency at 60% torsional for standard and torsional tips. Torsional tips were more efficient than standard tips. Chatter was generally minimal. Torsional tips showed more chatter than standard tips at 100% longitudinal power. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
New progress in tumor marker of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a global prevalence malignant tumor with high malignant level and mortality.The development of HCC is insidious.So early diagnosis is a key factor to raise the survival rate.Now,alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) together with iconography and pathology detection are commonly used in clinical early diagnosis for liver cancer.But the specificity and sensibility of AFP used in liver cancer's screening are not good enough.With the development of molecular biology,many new kinds of tumor markers are discovered.These include proteantigen,enzymes and isoenzyme,cytokine and related genes of liver cancer.These new markers become the hot spots for research in liver cancer,which is expected to alter the current situation for early diagnosis of liver cancer and curative effect monitoring.
STUDY ON ARTIFCIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND ITS APPLICATION TO ANALYZE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT IRONAND STEEL ENTERPRTSE

Artificial neural networuks,as a tool to simulate the mode of thinking,analyzing and computing are widely applied in many fields of science and technology,thefundamentals,basic mechanism and main features and applied methods to analyze energyconsumption at iron and steel enterprise are introduced in the paper.The artificial neuralnetworks will provide essential foundation for seeking method of energy saving,drawingplan of energy saving and making decision of energy saving.
Device-Circuit Cosimulation for Energy Efficiency in Sub-10-nm Gate Length Logic and Memory

Sub-10-nm gate length devices are expected to have severe short channel effects along with new leakage mechanisms, such as direct source-to-drain tunneling (DSDT). In this paper, in order to improve the leakage and to obtain the highest performance/stability in such deeply scaled devices, we perform device–circuit cosimulation for sub-10-nm gate length to optimize devices for logic and memory. For that purpose, double-gate MOSFETs with sub-10-nm gate length are optimized using symmetric/asymmetric gate-to-source/drain underlaps to improve the ON-state current to the OFF-state current ratio and the intrinsic gate delay. Using resulting device characteristics, the effectiveness of supply gating to improve standby leakage in the circuits is studied. We show that supply gating is effective in reducing DSDT current, as well as thermionic leakage current. Also, various SRAM designs are explored to improve stability and leakage in sub-10-nm gate length bit-cells. The analysis shows that 6T SRAM bit-cells with asymmetrically underlapped devices can provide improvement in read stability over symmetric 6T bit-cells, as well as traditional 6T bit-cells. However, the need for higher stability in the sub-10-nm gate length regime due to parameter variation would require us to investigate other bit-cell configurations. Our analysis on 1R/1W differential 8T SRAM bit-cells show that significant increase in read/write stability as well as improvement in write time, and leakage can be achieved compared with the optimized 6T SRAM bit-cells.
Endocrine Disruption of Reproduction in Amphibians

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the endocrine disruption that is used to describe the disturbance of endocrine systems by chemicals introduced or artificially concentrated in the environment by human activities. Amphibians bridge the aquatic and terrestrial habitats and are subjected to both aquatic and terrestrial pollutants. These pollutants include endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can affect amphibian reproduction and survival. Many amphibian species are declining worldwide because of a number of causes. Environmental contamination by mixture of chemicals and the effects of endocrine-disrupting contaminants may be important contributing factors. Disruption of the amphibian thyroid system upon which metamorphosis depends may affect survival and the opportunity to reproduce. Disruption of sexual differentiation, gonadal maturation, and reproductive behavior likewise may be contributing to the worldwide decline of amphibians.
An adaptive genetic algorithm

This paper presents an adaptive genetic algorithm that learns to adjust some of its parameters for rapid solution based on the current state of the population. The mapping from population states to parameter values is learned during a training phase that is followed by an execution phase during which the algorithm uses the learned mapping to solve the problem. The algorithm learns which crossover rate, mutation rate, and fitness scale factor produce the best fitness growth for the problem. Two variations of the method were tested on the DeJong problem suite, and in some cases produced a 66% improvement over a non-adaptive approach.
Quality of life after radical trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer: A 5-year prospective evaluation.

Abstract Objectives To longitudinally assess quality of life (QOL) in women undergoing radical trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. Methods We prospectively enrolled patients with stage IA1-IB1 cervical cancer prior to undergoing radical trachelectomy to complete validated QOL instruments. These instruments included the General Health-Related QOL (SF-12), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cervix (FACT-Cx), MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI), and Satisfaction with Decision scale (SWD). Instruments were filled out at baseline, postoperatively at 6weeks, 6months, 1year, and annually thereafter for 4years. Results Thirty-nine patients enrolled in the study, and 32 patients were evaluable. The scores for FSFI-arousal (p=0.0002), lubrication (p Conclusions Several quality of life assessments decline immediately postoperatively after radical trachelectomy, however, return to baseline thereafter. The long-term emotional impact of this surgery highlights a need for perioperative counseling in these patients.
Reliability enhancement of wafer level packages with nano-column-like hollow solder ball structures

In this paper, hollowed solder ball structures in wafer level packages are investigated. Detailed 3-D finite element modelling is conducted for stress and accumulated inelastic strain energy density or creep strain analysis. Three cases are studied in this paper: a regular solder ball, a solder ball with a polymer core of sphere shape, and a hollowed solder ball. Two different creep models are applied: 1) anand model; and 2) hyperbolic sine creep model. Testing data of polymer-cored solder ball WLP are used for verification. Hollowed ball WLP appears to have further improved thermal-cycling performance. When anand model is used, some unexpected results are obtained: 1) maximum inelastic strain energy density and von Mises stress occur in the balls of the middle of the diagonal row; and 2) von Mises stress is almost equally distributed among all balls. However, when hyperbolic sine creep model is used, the obtained results are consistent with the observations in conventional solder ball WLP. Nevertheless, both creep models predict the significant reduction in solder ball stress and accumulated creep strain or inelastic strain energy density for hollow ball WLP. Existing experimental results of polymer-cored WLP from literature can indirectly validate the benefit from hollowed balls.
Joint transceiver design and base station clustering for heterogeneous networks

In this work, we consider the problem of partial cooperative transmission in a heterogeneous network with densely deployed base stations. The objective is to design downlink transmit strategies in a way that optimizes the system spectrum efficiency while using small size base station clusters for partial cooperative joint transmission. We propose a sparse optimization approach for this problem, by utilizing the fact that having small cluster sizes is equivalent to imposing a certain group sparsity structure on the precoders of the base stations. Specifically, our formulation is based on the maximization of a penalized system utility function, with the penalization term chosen to induce the desired sparsity pattern. We then propose two algorithms to solve this problem and demonstrate their effectiveness via numerical experiments.
4-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic Acid Lactone Induces Angiogenesis through Several Different Molecular Pathways

Oxidative stress and angiogenesis have been implicated not only in normal phenomena such as tissue healing and remodeling but also in many pathological processes. However, the relationships between oxidative stress and angiogenesis still remain unclear, although oxidative stress has been convincingly demonstrated to influence the progression of angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. The retina is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress because of its intensive oxygenation and high abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acyls. In particular, it has high levels of docosahexanoates, whose oxidative fragmentation produces 4-hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic acid lactone (HOHA-lactone). Previously, we found that HOHA-lactone is a major precursor of 2-(ω-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) derivatives, which are tightly linked to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). CEPs promote the pathological angiogenesis of late-stage AMD. We now report additional mechanisms by which HOHA-lactone promotes angiogen...
The Acoustics Section; A Profile of the Laboratory

When Editor Deirdre Benwell invited me to open this series, my first inclination was to offer a simple account of our tasks and responsibilities. On reflection, however, it became apparent that a narrative which failed to bring out the philosophy and style of a scientific institution would miss the mark. That is why I have gone back to our roots and provided some context to frame the diverse activities in which we have engaged over the years.
From macro-state to meso-organizing: A sociological review of the transition of Chinese local governments in the past 30 years:

Studying the transition of Chinese local governments has continuously been the main theme for sociologists since the fiscal, administrative, and market reforms launched in the 1980s. In reference t...
Pain Sensitivity Associated With the Length of the Maximum Interblink Period.

Author(s): Li, Wing; Lin, Meng C | Abstract: Pain sensitivity has been identified as a factor that affects how individuals answer dry eye questionnaires, but it is unknown how it affects ocular discomfort. This study used the time that individuals could refrain from blinking as an indicator of ocular discomfort and set out to determine whether it was related to pain sensitivity, while adjusting for ocular surface conditions.Subjects first completed the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire to quantify pain sensitivity levels. Exposed interpalpebral area, tear meniscus height, tear-film lipid layer thickness, ocular surface cooling, and noninvasive tear breakup were assessed. Subjects were then asked to refrain from blinking until the initial onset of discomfort, which was termed "the maximum interblink period" (MIBP), while ocular surface cooling rate was simultaneously measured. Subjects were seen for four visits over a course of 2 days.Forty-two subjects (36 females, 6 males) completed the study, with a mean (SD) age of 23.2 (3.8) years. A longer MIBP was associated with decreased pain sensitivity (P = 0.04), lower ocular surface cooling rate (P l 0.001), and Asian ethnicity (P = 0.005). Based on the results from the mixed-effect model, it is estimated that individuals would be able to refrain from blinking for an additional 4 seconds if they had the lowest (0.6) compared to the highest (6.1) pain sensitivity in the study cohort.The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire was associated with the MIBP length even after adjusting for ocular surface conditions, which suggests that pain sensitivity plays a role in influencing how ocular discomfort is perceived.
Temporal-Spatial Values During a 180° Step Turn in People with Unilateral Lower Limb Amputation.

Abstract Background Daily ambulation with a prosthesis often involves turning to negotiate within the home and community environments, however how people with lower limb loss perform turns is infrequently studied. Administering a common clinical outcome measure to capture turn performance data provides a convenient means of assessing this ubiquitous activity. Research question What temporal-spatial parameters are exhibited by people with unilateral lower limb amputation while performing a 180˚ turn task? Methods Forty community-ambulating subjects with unilateral lower limb amputation (20 transtibial amputees, 20 transfemoral amputees) performed the Component Timed-Up-and-Go (cTUG) test turning once in each direction, both toward the intact and toward the prosthetic limb. An instrumented walkway captured temporal-spatial parameters during performance of the 180˚ turn task of the cTUG, while a custom iPad application recorded time and number of steps to perform the turn. Comparisons between turn direction and level of amputation during the cTUG and temporal-spatial results were assessed. Results People with lower limb amputation spent more time on their intact limb while turning than their prosthetic limb regardless of the position of the intact limb, and those with transfemoral amputation spent significantly more time over the intact limb than those with transtibial amputation. Additionally, subjects with transfemoral amputation performed the turn significantly faster when turning with an inner intact limb. Significance Amputees use different movement strategies with altered temporal-spatial characteristics to turn depending on the direction of the turn and the level of amputation. Clinical use of the cTUG could provide evidence supporting prosthetic prescription practice and introduction of novel physical therapy interventions for individuals with lower limb amputation.
Impact of Different Visual Field Testing Paradigms on Sample Size Requirements for Glaucoma Clinical Trials.

Visual field testing is an important endpoint in glaucoma clinical trials, and the testing paradigm used can have a significant impact on the sample size requirements. To investigate this, this study included 353 eyes of 247 glaucoma patients seen over a 3-year period to extract real-world visual field rates of change and variability estimates to provide sample size estimates from computer simulations. The clinical trial scenario assumed that a new treatment was added to one of two groups that were both under routine clinical care, with various treatment effects examined. Three different visual field testing paradigms were evaluated: a) evenly spaced testing, b) United Kingdom Glaucoma Treatment Study (UKGTS) follow-up scheme, which adds clustered tests at the beginning and end of follow-up in addition to evenly spaced testing, and c) clustered testing paradigm, with clusters of tests at the beginning and end of the trial period and two intermediary visits. The sample size requirements were reduced by 17–19% and 39–40% using the UKGTS and clustered testing paradigms, respectively, when compared to the evenly spaced approach. These findings highlight how the clustered testing paradigm can substantially reduce sample size requirements and improve the feasibility of future glaucoma clinical trials.