cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle production by planktonic ciliates1

Favella sp. (a tintinnid) and Balanion sp. (a nonloricate ciliate) produce fecal aggregates which overlap in size with their dinoflagellate food. These aggregates have a higher C:N ratio than the dinoflagellates. As the aggregates disintegrate, smaller particles are produced. For Favella grazing on the thecate dinoflagellate, Hetcrocapsa triquetra, the volume of the fecal material produced is 22-23% of the volume of algae consumed. The similarity in size of microplanktonic algae and ciliate fecal aggregates makes the Coulter Counter inappropriate for use in determining clearance or ingestion rates in ciliate feeding experiments unless egestion rates can be estimated. Visual counts were compared with Coulter Counter data for an experiment in which Favella and Balanion grazed Heterocapsa. The Coulter Counter underestimated ingestion rates by 30% for Favella and by 18% for Balanion and confounded the results in respect to particle size selectivity. However: because electronic particle counting measures the net change in particle concentration (ingestion - egestion) it can be used to measure assimilation rates. The assimilation efficiencies for Favella and Bafanion eating Heterocapsa were thus estimated to be 70 and 82%.
On the nature of the protein interior

Abstract An estimate of the atomic densities of six proteins suggests that the protein interior is very densely packed, and that the ‘oil-drop’ picture is not an adequate model. On this basis the compressibility change accompanying protein denaturation is predicted to be positive, as is the volume change on chain unfolding. These predictions are consistent with experimental observations.
Mobile Phospholipid Bilayers Supported on a Polyion/Alkylthiol Layer Pair

The formation of phospholipid bilayers on a polymer/alkylthiol layer pair was investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The organic layer pair between the lipid membrane and the solid gold surface consisted of a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on a gold surface followed by a thin layer of hydrated cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). The lipid layers were formed by vesicular fusion of small unilamellar vesicles of an anionic lipid 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylserine (SOPS), a zwitterionic lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), and mixtures of these two lipids with different compositions. In the case of pure SOPS and lipid mixtures with a POPC composition below 25%, the lipid layer thickness was approximately that of a single bilayer, while multilayers tended to build up with higher concentrations of POPC. The electrostatic interaction of the cationic PDDA with the negatively charged lipid membrane is most probably the driving force fo...
Modeling titanium line emission from ICF capsules in three dimensions

Abstract Hydrodynamic instabilities reduce the yield in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. Line emission from dopants placed in the capsule can be used to diagnose the extent of the instabilities. We present the results of 3D simulations of line emission from titanium placed in the inner layers of the plastic shell of an ICF capsule. The simulations show that the line emission has strong spatial variations and that peak line emission occurs at the same time as peak fusion burn.
High-energy neutrinos from active galactic nuclei.

The spectrum and high-energy neutrino background flux from photomeson production in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is calculated using the recent UV and X-ray observations to define the photon fields and an accretion-disk shock-acceleration model for producing high-energy particles. Collectively, AGN produce the dominant isotropic neutrino background between 10,000 and 10 to the 10th GeV, detectable with current instruments. AGN neutrinos should produce a sphere of stellar disruption which may explain the 'broad-line region' seen in AGN.
Deepening culturally responsive understandings within a teacher preparation program: it’s a process

Given the crucial issues of disproportionality and the growing diversity of our K–12 student population it is imperative that today’s classroom teachers be prepared to critically examine, reflect on and respond to practices for learners with diverse needs and from diverse backgrounds. While effective teachers are the key to meeting the needs of diverse learners and critical in preparing these learners for the twenty-first century, teacher preparation programs must examine how equipped they are in modeling and teaching culturally responsive practices. For one teacher preparation program in the western United States, integrating culturally responsive content and learning experiences into course and field work meant that every aspect of the urban, elementary and secondary and special education programs warranted attention. Informed by an external evaluation of their program that highlighted: a near absence of community-based learning experiences for teacher candidates, a glaring concern regarding our limited...
Formation of modified cleavage termini from the reaction of chromium(V) with DNA.

Abstract Reaction of a 25 bp oligonucleotide with the high valent chromium complex, bis(2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyrato)oxochromate(V) (Cr(V)–EHBA) produced both Frank- and alkali-labile strand breaks that were sequence-neutral. Frank strand break formation was found to be O2-dependent while formation of alkali-labile strand breaks were O2-independent. Reaction of Cr(V)–EHBA with the 5′-32P-labeled oligomer under oxygenated conditions formed the modified 3′-terminus, 3′-phosphoglycolate, as well as the 3′-phosphate terminus. Formation of the 3′-phosphoglycolate termini, and the O2 dependence of the reactions were consistent with a mechanism involving abstraction of the C4′ hydrogen atom from the deoxyribose moiety of DNA. Identical reactions using the 3′-32P-labeled oligomer yielded only 5′-phosphate termini as assigned by co-migration with Maxam–Gilbert markers. Analogous cleavage profiles and modified termini were observed for the reaction of Cr(V)–EHBA and DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. With the addition of hydrogen peroxide, the DNA cleavage reactions were O2-independent and the level of DNA cleavage was enhanced over that observed with Cr(V)–EHBA alone. These findings suggest an oxidation mechanism whereby a reductive intermediate of the carcinogen chromate, Cr(V), can cause DNA damage that mimics oxygen radical DNA damaging pathways.
Visceral brain-body information transfer.

Abstract Organisms interact with their environments through various afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) mechanisms. While the usual environment of interest has been external to the organism, the internal environment is also of fundamental importance. This article briefly reviews many of the interactive mechanisms between the brain and the visceral environment, along with identification of relevant brain structures and linkages related to these peripheral functions (particularly the hypothalamus). Afferent and efferent neural (autonomic nervous system) and chemical (endocrine, immune, and blood–brain barrier and circumventricular organs) pathways are described, and potential unifying principles (emotion and, especially, homeostasis, including allostasis and stress) are identified. The importance of bidirectional (afferent, efferent) communication is emphasized. These systems of visceral brain–body information transfer are major connections between the central nervous system and the body through which and by which many psychosomatic processes occur.
Analysis of the DCS.v2 authentication protocol

Developers of the UF Distributed Conferencing System, version 2 have proposed a protocol that involves the distribution of a session key by a trusted server to a principal with whom it will communicate. The protocol differs form standard key exchange protocols in that it attempts to address the issue of the delivery of a private key as well as the desired session key in a secure fashion. Because of the complexity of asymmetric keys, it is necessary for human principals to sort either private keys until needed. The DCS v. 2 protocol assumes that principals encrypt their private keys and store them on a network. When they seek to communicate with other principals, they must request that the appropriate encrypted key be issued to them by the server which will in turn be used to decrypt the session key. This paper present the protocol and analysis is using BAN logic.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An experimental study of the effects of upstream obstructions upon subsonic jet noise

Results obtained for noise produced by two obstructions—one circular (1 inch diameter x 2·84 inch long) and another rectangular (0·4 inch thick x 1 inch wide x 2·84 inch long) in shape—immersed in both “clean” and turbulent flows 4·8 inches upstream of the nozzle exit are described. Variations of overall sound pressure levels (OASPL's) and power Watt levels (PWL's) with jet exit velocity (Vj) and the directivities of OASPL's are considered in detail. Considerable care was taken to ensure that any comparison of the obstruction generated noise with the “clean” jet noise is for the same mean jet exit velocity and thrust. The mean jet exit velocity was derived from the measured velocity profile at the nozzle exit in each case. For the same mean exit velocity and nozzle diameter, the noise levels with the circular obstruction were measured to be as much as 40 dB higher than the “clean” jet noise. The rectangular obstruction increased the noise by up to 10 dB. Flow over these obstructions generated discrete tones as well. The velocity index for the obstruction generated noise were between 8 and 9 between Vj=350 ft/s and 1000 ft/s. This contradicts the traditional V6 law. The main reason for the discrepancy has been attributed to the variation of the coefficient of fluctuating lift, C L 2 ¯ , with Reynolds number. The angle of peak overall sound pressure levels (OASPL's) was between 45° and 60°, as compared to between 0° and 20° for the clean jet noise. When the obstructions were immersed in turbulent flows most of the discrete tones which were obtained from the obstructions in smooth flows disappeared. The high frequency noise levels, however, increased by as much as 20 dB.
Theory of the observations made of high-order rainbows from a single water droplet

Over a dozen rainbows have been observed in a single water droplet. They appear as glare spots on the water droplet which take on coloration at the appropriate rainbow angles. The appearance of rainbows as colored glare spots in this situation is understood in terms of the caustics created in the vicinity of the droplet by the refracting light rays. The angular positions of the glare spots are understood in terms of the Fourier transform of the geometric scattering amplitude. The rainbow glare spots are also found to appear numerically in the Fourier transform of the Mie scattered fields. An additional glare spot produced by rays at grazing incidence and not attributable to geometric optics also appears numerically in the Fourier transformed Mie fields.
The Microstructure and Creep Strength of 403Nb Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel

The microstructure and creep strength of 403Nb martensitic heat-resistant steel after tempering at 650°C, 680°C and 730°C were analyzed by SEM and TEM. Microstructural observation shows that 403Nb steel tempered at 650°C provides a finer lath structure and a smaller size of precipitates than that tempered at 680°C or 730°C. The dislocation density is also higher in 403Nb steel tempered at 650°C. The creep rupture strength of 403Nb steel tempered at 650°C is the highest among those tempered. The main creep strengthening mechanisms in 403Nb steel usually include precipitates hardening, dislocation hardening and sub-grain boundary hardening.
The time behavior of temperature and emission measure in X-ray flares

X-ray observations from Vela-5 spacecraft of five flares occurring in November and December 1969 were leduced to temperatures and emission measures as a function of time. This reduction was done assuming a thermal spectrum including free-free and free-bound emission. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain the nature of the time behavior of the temperature and emission measure.
Phytoplankton quantum yield measured on minute time scales in situ

We measure simultaneously, on sub-minute time scales, the downwelling irradiance spectra and the vertical attenuation spectra for downwelling irradiance of a contained phytoplankton culture while the culture is exposed to the full spectrum of an in situ light treatment. This technique incorporates miniature, fiber optical spectrometers and twin self-contained, underwater photosynthesis apparatus (SUPA). One SUPA serves as the reference, with filtered culture media in the exposure chamber. The other SUPA contains the phytoplankton sample in the exposure chamber. Using the assumptions that irradiance reflectance is small in the SUPA and that upwelling vertical attenuation equals downwelling vertical attenuation in the culture, it is possible to approximate the flux absorbed by the phytoplankton by the product of downwelling irradiance and downwelling vertical attenuation. The concurrent measurements of net carbon uptake and net oxygen production in SUPA, each minute, support calculations of net quantum yield of the phytoplankton in situ. Results from a field study using the red tide organism Gymnodinium breve illustrate the ability to quantify the effects high, fluctuating irradiance exposure near the surface.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF VELOCITIES IN TURBULENT FLOW

Abstract A conventional anemometer used in the atmosphere or in a wind tunnel measures velocities projected on a plane independently of their directions in the plane. The relation between the frequency distribution of those velocities and the frequency distribution of the turbulent components parallel to the direction of the mean velocity is discussed. At small intensities of the longitudinal turbulence the two distributions are approximately the same. However, at intensities of turbulence of the order of those measured in the atmosphere, the difference between the two frequency distributions becomes appreciable. Some experimental frequency distributions of wind velocities are presented, and the intensities of atmospheric turbulence are determined from the experiments.
MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL BLANCHING EFFECTS ON CHEMICAL, SENSORY, AND COLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN BROCCOLI

Broccoli (cv. Empress) obtained from a local supplier was blanched within 15 h of harvest. It was blanched by four methods in covered containers : conventional boiling water (1900 mL, 4 min) (BW), steam (300 mL water, 4 min) (ST), microwave heated in I L glass containers (60 ml water, 4 min, 700 W) (MW), and microwave heated in I L Seal-a-Meal bags (45 ml water, 4 min) (MWB). Aliquots were frozen at -18C for 4 weeks. Fresh unblanched broccoli peroxidase activity ranged from 389 to 829 units/min ; activity was essentially zero immediately after all blanching treatments. The highest reduced ascorbic acid (RAA) content occurred in fresh unblanched broccoli. Some peroxidase regeneration occurred during frozen storage. Immediately after blanching, all blanched broccoli had lower RAA content than control broccoli. MW-blanched broccoli retained the greatest amount of RAA and had appearance, visual color, texture scores, and chroma of florets and stems equivalent to ST-blanched broccoli. MW-blanched broccoli had flavor and general acceptability scores similar to BW-blanched broccoli. After 4 weeks in frozen storage, MW-blanched broccoli had the highest RAA content.
From Agents to Continuous Change via Aesthetics: Learning Mechanics with Visual Agent-based Computational Modeling

Novice learners find motion as a continuous process of change challenging to understand. In this paper, we present a pedagogical approach based on agent-based, visual programming to address this issue. Integrating agent-based programming, in particular, Logo programming, with curricular science has been shown to be challenging in previous research on educational computing. We present a new Logo-based visual programming language—ViMAP—and, a sequence of learning activities involving programming and modeling, designed specifically to support seamless integration between programming and learning kinematics. We describe relevant affordances of the ViMAP environment that supports such seamless integration. We then present ViMAP-MoMo, a curricular unit designed in ViMAP for modeling kinematics, for a wide range of students (elementary—high school). Finally, we describe in detail a sequence of learning activities in three phases, discuss the underlying rationale for each phase, and where relevant, report results in the form of observational data from two studies.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Norwegians led the way in training wartime weather officers’”]

I appreciate the acknowledgment of my article and note the discrepancies that were mentioned. The legacy in science of the Bjerknes family was mentioned when I was a student in 1942. C. Bjerknes, who worked with Helmholz, his son, V. Bjerknes, and then, of course, Jakob. I did not know much at that time of the importance of Jakob's father. After my article was printed, I learned of a superb book about V. Bjerknes, Appropriating the Weather, by Robert Marc Friedman.
Comparative toxicity of offshore and oil-added drilling muds to larvae of the grass shrimpPalaemonetes intermedius

Offshore drilling fluids (muds) varied widely in their toxicity to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius) larvae. The 96-hr LC50s for the eleven drilling muds tested ranged from 142 to >100,000 ppm (μl/L). There was a significant correlation between oil content of the drilling muds and their toxicity. Furthermore, addition of diesel oil (No. 2 fuel oil) or mineral oil to an offshore drilling mud having a low oil content or to an oil-free synthetic drilling mud led to a marked increase in the toxicity of these muds. Thus, much of the toxicity of the offshore drilling muds tested can be attributable to the oil content.
Stimulating cost effective behavior in hospitals

Types of influence on the delivery of medical care are divided into monetary and other. These incentives effect care at the system, hospital, care team, physician and patient levels. Selected examples, primarily from the USA, are discussed.
Resonance Tuning in Rhythmic Arm Movements

The hypothesis was tested that the preferred frequency of rhythmic movement corresponds to the resonant frequency of the muscle-limb system, as proposed by the hybrid spring-pendulum model (Kugler Turvey, 1987). In contrast to previous studies, the resonant frequency and stiffness of the system were estimated independently, which permitted quantitative predictions of the preferred frequency to be made. Human subjects (N = 5) were asked to oscillate their forearms in the vertical plane at their preferred frequency under conditions of added mass and external spring loading. Subjects also oscillated their arms at frequencies below and above the preferred frequency, which enabled the investigators to estimate the resonant frequency and stiffness of the elbow joint by using the phase transfer method (Viviani, Soechting, Terzuolo, 1976). The preferred frequency corresponded to the resonant frequency of the muscle-limb system under each condition, as predicted. The oscillation amplitude varied inversely with the preferred frequency, which was also predicted. Finally, the internal joint stiffness was modulated so that it matched the impedance of the external springs but was unaffected by added mass. The results are consistent with an autonomous oscillator model that incorporates proprioception about the dynamics of the periphery.
Cope's Rule and the Dynamics of Body Mass Evolution in North American Fossil Mammals

Body mass estimates for 1534 North American fossil mammal species show that new species are on average 9.1% larger than older species in the same genera. This within-lineage effect is not a sampling bias. It persists throughout the Cenozoic, accounting for the gradual overall increase in average mass (Cope's rule). The effect is stronger for larger mammals, being near zero for small mammals. This variation partially explains the unwavering lower size limit and the gradually expanding mid-sized gap, but not the sudden large increase in the upper size limit, at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
Ethnic Differences in Discharge Destination Among Older Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Chang P-F, Ostir GV, Kuo Y-F, Granger CV, Ottenbacher KJ. Ethnic differences in discharge destination among older patients with traumatic brain injury. Objective To estimate the association between ethnicity and discharge destination in older patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design A retrospective analysis. Setting Nationally representative sample of older patients from the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation in 2002 and 2003. Participants Patients (N=9240) aged 65 years or older who received inpatient rehabilitation services for TBI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Discharge destination (home, assisted living facility, institution) and ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic). Results Multinomial logit models showed that older Hispanics (odds ratio [OR]=2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66–3.02) and older blacks (OR=2; 95% CI, 1.55–2.59) with TBI were significantly more likely to be discharged home than older whites with TBI, after adjusting for relevant risk factors. Older blacks were also 78% less likely (OR=.22; 95% CI, .08–.60) to be discharged to an assisted living facility than whites after adjusting for relevant risk factors. Conclusions Our findings indicate that older minority patients with TBI were significantly more likely to be discharged home than white patients with TBI. Studies are needed to investigate underlying factors associated with this ethnic difference.
Vagally-Mediated Reflex Bronchoconstriction in Allergic Asthma

Our results cannot be explained by the classic theory of asthma and we believe that this theory must be modified. Although some direct, local constriction of airway smooth muscle may occur, a major component of the acute bronchoconstrictor response to antigen inhalation appears to involve a vagally-mediated reflex, possibly arising from epithelial irritant receptors in the airways.
Yanucamides A and B, two new depsipeptides from an assemblage of the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix species.

Yanucamides A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the lipid extract of a Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix sp. assemblage collected at Yanuca Island, Fiji. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by spectroscopic methods. Both compounds contain a unique 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-7-octynoic acid, which has previously been described only as a component of kulolide-1 (3) and kulokainalide-1 (4), metabolites from the marine mollusk Philinopsis speciosa. Thus, the isolation of the yanucamides from this cyanobacterial assemblage supports the hypothesis that the kulolides and related metabolites are of cyanobacterial origin.
Effect of intestinal hyperthermia in the Chinese hamster

Abstract If hyperthermia is to become a useful cancer therapeutic modality, normal tissue response must be thoroughly understood. The hyperthermia response of Chinese hamster intestine was studied by immersion of the exteriorized small intestine in heated tissue culture medium. After heating, the small intestine was reinserted, the incision closed, and animals observed until death. Animals exposed to 42.5°, 43.5°, or 44.5°C intestinal hyperthermia exhibited LD 5 7 values (including 95% intervals) of 56 min (52.9–59.3), 29 min (26.4–31.8), or 14 min (13.2–14.6), respectively. An Arrhenius plot of LD 50 7 vs 1 T ° K exhibited an inactivation energy of 139 kcal/mole, which corresponds well with values generally reported for cellular inactivation. Hamster intestine conditioned with a sublethal exposure of 8 min at 44.5°C developed thermotolerance to subsequent 44.5°C hyperthermia. Thermotolerance induction was maximal by 24 hr; the LD 50 7 for the second dose of hyperthermia increased from 6 min at 44.5°C at zero time to 21 min at 44.5°C after a treatment interval of 24 hr (thermotolerance ratio of 3.5). The LD 50 7 subsequently decreased from 21 min to 12 min at 44.5°C (the control value) by 96 hr. The hyperthermia response of this tissue was predicated by previous results from the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblast cell line in tissue culture, and is also similar to several mouse normal tissues.
Exploring the relationship between cell phone use and leisure: an empirical analysis and implications for management

With the functionality of an internet-connected computer and an array of creative software, the modern cell phone is designed to entertain. Yet, the potential intersection of cell phone use and leisure has not been well explored. For this study, a random sample of 379 students from a large public US university completed a brief survey measuring cell phone use, perceptions of leisure, and perceptions of the cell phone's role in facilitating leisure. An analysis of variance was used to compare mean responses among low-, medium-, and high-frequency cell phone users. Results showed no difference between the three groups' understanding of leisure. However, significant differences emerged when comparing the three groups' perceptions of the cell phone's role in facilitating leisure. Specifically, high-frequency users appeared more dependent on the cell phone for experiencing leisure. Management implications are discussed in the context of Yellowstone National Park which recently became the first US National Park...
A novel mechanism of soluble HLA-G mediated immune modulation: downregulation of T cell chemokine receptor expression and impairment of chemotaxis.

Background In recent years, many immunoregulatory functions have been ascribed to soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G). Since chemotaxis is crucial for an efficient immune response, we have investigated for the first time the effects of sHLA-G on chemokine receptor expression and function in different human T cell populations.
Optimal Comparable Weighting and Selection: A Comment

Vandell (1991) and Gau, et al. (1992) have recently developed rigorous methods for selecting and weighting comparables for the market comparison approach to valuation. This paper compares the statistical properties of the Vandell and Gau approaches; specifically, it examines the bias and variance produced by both approaches. Under classical OLS assumptions, Vandell's method is preferable; when these assumptions are violated, the size and direction of the violation will determine which method is preferable. Finally, the paper concludes that when the regression producing the adjustment factors has an heteroskedastic error structure, corrections should be made to the regression itself, rather than as part of the comparable weighting and selection process.
Differential regulation of accessory mitogenic signaling receptors by the T cell antigen receptor

In addition to the antigen receptor, resting T cells express a number of receptors that can be stimulated to generate proliferative signals. These "accessory" receptors require co-expression of the T cell receptor (TCR), suggesting that they channel their signals via secondary activation of the signal transduction function of the CD3-TCR complex. Little is known about how different receptors control each other's function when one or more stimuli are presented at the same time. In order to study the regulation of accessory receptors by the CD3-TCR and vice versa, we have investigated the activation of the CD2 cell adhesion molecule receptor and the pertussis toxin receptor, a 43 kDa plasma membrane protein. Both receptors can activate signal transduction pathways in T cells similar to that of the CD3-TCR, including increases in Ca2+ and phosphatidylinositol turnover. They are also similar in that they utilize the antigen receptor to transmit their signals to the cell since CD3-TCR(-) mutants cannot be activated via either CD2 or the toxin receptor. We have previously shown that submaximal stimulation of the CD3-TCR blocks second messenger generation and proliferation in response to pertussis toxin. This heterologous desensitization was unidirectional since activation of the toxin receptor had no effect on CD3-TCR function. Here we extend these studies to show that activation of both CD2 and the toxin receptor led to rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of three similar proteins. Submaximal stimulation of the CD3-TCR completely inhibited toxin receptor-stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity but did not desensitize CD2 function as determined by activation of tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, CD2 stimulation did not lead to desensitization of the pertussis toxin receptor. These data support a system of complex regulatory relationships between different signaling receptors and suggest a model for signal integration and inter-receptor cross-talk in T cell activation.
Potassium is responsible for salinity in soils amended with poultry manure 1

Abstract Soil salinity increases when heavy rates of poultry manure are applied to sandy coastal plain soils. Analysis of soils involved in a poultry manure study during 1970, 1971 and 1972 has shown that soil salinity is primarily associated with a high concentration of ? in the soil solution. Although concentrations of other elements increased with the application of poultry manure also, the increases were not sufficient to account for the salinity in these soils.
Planar chirowaveguide with discontinuities

We propose and develop an exact and efficient approach to analyze the effect of discontinuities on guided waves for open planar chirowaveguides. We use a technique that combines a one-dimensional finite-element method for the eigenvalue problem in the transverse direction with a rigorous mode-matching procedure for the discontinuities in the longitudinal direction. Both the scattering of discrete spectra surface-wave modes and the continuous spectra radiation and evanescent modes are discussed in this article. Equivalent transmission-line networks are introduced in the longitudinal direction so that multimode network theory can be used to simplify the analysis. Features such as symmetrical properties of the structure are also discussed. Based on the analysis, we investigate mode conversion and radiation characteristics and propose a mode converter whose converted power is over 90% for moderate values of the chirality parameter. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 14:280-284, 1997.
Using microbial fuel cell output metrics and nonlinear modeling techniques for smart biosensing

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are promising tools for water quality monitoring but the response peaks have not been characterized and the data processing methods require improvement. In this study MFC-based biosensing was integrated with two nonlinear programming methods, artificial neural networks (ANN) and time series analysis (TSA). During laboratory testing, the MFCs generated well-organized normally-distributed peaks when the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 150 mg/L or less, and multi-peak signals when the influent COD was 200 mg/L. The area under the response peak correlated well with the influent COD concentration. During field testing, we observed normally-distributed and multi-peak profiles at low COD concentrations. The ANN predicted the COD concentration without error with just one layer of hidden neurons, and the TSA model predicted the temporal trends present in properly functioning MFCs and in a device that was gradually failing. This report is the first to integrate ANN and TSA with MFC-based biosensing.
The Phillips curve and the natural rate of inflation

Theoretical and empirical evidence is presented which indicates that a ‘natural rate of inflation’ may exist for the U.S. economy, with the value of this rate being influenced both by cost conditions and by managerial target rates of return. A microfoundations model of the Phillips curve is developed which identifies some of the factors contributing to a relatively flat Phillips curve and the existence of a natural rate of inflation.
New Treatments for Fecal Incontinence: Update for the Gastroenterologist

Fecal incontinence is one of the most emotionally devastating of all nonfatal conditions. Many patients do not respond satisfactorily to conservative measures, and there is a need for new and effective strategies when medical therapy fails. The development of sacral nerve stimulation and other forms of neuromodulation and the injection of biologically compatible substances into the anal sphincter complex have brought renewed enthusiasm for using these novel treatments in this underserved population. Because injectable bulking agents such as dextranomer in stabilized hyaluronic acid can be administered in an outpatient setting, this procedure is being marketed to both gastroenterologists and surgeons. This article reviews both sacral nerve stimulation and dextranomer bulking agents and compares their strengths and potential limitations in patients with fecal incontinence.
Photodeoxygenation of Dibenzothiophene Sulfoxide: Evidence for a Unimolecular S−O Cleavage Mechanism1

Photolysis of dibenzothiophene sulfoxide results in the formation of dibenzothiophene and oxidized solvent. Though quantum yields are low, chemical yields of the sulfide are quite high. Yields of the oxidized solvents can also be high. Typical products are phenol from benzene, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexene from cyclohexane and 2-cyclohexenol and epoxycyclohexane from cyclohexene. A number of experiments designed to elucidate the mechanism of the hydroxylation were carried out, including measurements of quantum yields as a function of concentration, solvent, quenchers, and excitation wavelength. These data are inconsistent with a mechanism involving a sulfoxide dimer, which also does not properly account for the solvent oxidations. It is suggested that the active oxidizing agent may be atomic oxygen O(3P) or a closely related noncovalent complex, based on the nature of the oxidation chemistry, comparison to known rate constants for O(3P) reactivity, and the quantum yield data.
EARLY DISCHARGE OF PREMATURE INFANTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY.† 1242

The purpose of this study is to test an early discharge model of care for preterm infants. It is hypothesized that a multidisciplinary approach, utilizing hospital, homecare company, and third party payor expertise and resources, would permit safe and effective earlier discharge of premature infants. We report the first 50 infants enrolled in a randomized clinical trial for discharge of infants born at 2100 gms. These data suggest that a comprehensive approach to discharge and home care can permit the earlier discharge of premature infants that is safe, beneficial to the infant, and reduces cost. Funded by Keystone Health Plan East, Paidos Healthcare and Jeff Med Col.
Exciting times: bountiful data to facilitate studies of cis-regulatory control.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast one-hybrid systems are complementary approaches to identify protein-DNA interactions. Improvements to these methods now make them more versatile and high-throughput, and should lead to the generation of rich datasets for the study of gene regulation.
New Safety-Based Checking Procedure for Overloads on Highway Bridges

Overweight trucks exceeding legal weight limits are seen crossing highway bridges. Many states adopt the AASHTO rating concept with or without an overstress criterion to check overweight permits for bridge evaluation. However, the basis of these overstress criteria has not been well documented, and the AASHTO load-rating concept is not intended to be applicable to overweight truck traffic. The development of a new overload-permit checking procedure for bridge evaluation, in the format of load and resistance factors and based on relatively uniform bridge safety, is presented. Annual and trip overload permits for nondivisible loads are covered. This procedure may be included in bridge evaluation codes for overload checking.
The social construction of gender

The categories provided by the language of our culture give us a meaning-making framework that guides our perception of the world. This paper views the process of categorizing people from a constructivist perspective. It argues that many categories such as race, nationality, homosexuality, and gender are arbitrary social constructions created to fill some human purpose based on sociopolitical rather than biological or “natural” considerations. Similarity among people may arise from a history of being in the same category rather than being the basis for categorization. Whereas people are attached to categories that shape their identity and unite with other persons from similar categories to fight for their rights, they should also envisage the possibility of revising these arbitrary categories.
Preparing Reflective Teachers: An Overview of Instructional Strategies which Have Been Employed in Preservice Teacher Education.

Abstract This chapter describes several of the most common approaches to the preparation of more reflective teachers during preservice teacher education. After identifying the characteristics of and variability within this paradigmatic orientation, six specific strategies are discussed: action research; ethnographic studies; writing exercises; and the Ohio State ‘reflective teaching’ exercises. The paper also assesses the degree to which the benefits thought to be associated with inquiry-oriented strategies have been empirically validated by research.
Planetary Engineering on Mars

Some 1 to 10 billion metric tons of low albedo material, transported during the course of a century to the permanent Martian polar caps, may be capable of rapidly transforming Mars to much more earth-like conditions. Alternatively, the introduction to Mars of a dark plant which grows on the polar snows might accomplish the same objective.-
A Monte Carlo investigation of the robustness of the Wald, Likelihood Ratio, and Median tests with specified symmetric and asymmetric marginal distributions

Abstract The effect of nonnormality on the Type I (τ) error when comparing two independent binomial proportions (P) or the nonparametric alternatives, the Median (Me), Wald (W), and Likelihood Ratio (LR), has not been investigated. If these selected tests are overly conservative the implied loss of power would moderate their practical use. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of nonnormality on small to moderate sample sizes on the estimated τ for α = 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 for the P, Me, W, and LR tests. Samples were generated from nine long-tailed symmetric and asymmetric distributions using a multiplicative congruential generator. For each marginal distribution and for a variety of sample sizes, the proportion of samples for which the test statistic exceeded the 10, 5, and 1 percentage points was tabulated. For data that mimic a symmetric distribution, the median test uniformly yields an empirical α considerably less than τ, while the likelihood ratio consistently overestimates τ for small samples ( n ≤ 15) over all symmetric distributions and empirical α levels. For asymmetric distributions, the median test again yields an empirical α significantly less than τ. Similar underestimates of τ were found for the chi-square (2 df), chi-square (4 df) log normal, and gamma (2, 1) distributions. The likehood ratio test consistently overestimates τ for small samples ( n ≤ 15) over all asymmetric distributions and empirical α levels. The independent proportions test produces an empirical α closest to τ for n = 10 for all asymmetric distributions. The most consistent test procedure, disregarding sample size or distribution characteristics, is the independent proportions test procedure.
Task demands and age‐related differences in retrieval and response inhibition

This study investigates the role of task demands on children ’s ability to inhibit irrelevant information using a block-cued directed-forgetting task. Recall performance was compared in a block-cued directed-forgetting task in which task demands had been decreased by presenting blocks of semantically related words with that in which unrelated words were presented. Inhibition patterns of recall were found at a younger age in the task that contained the related words than in the task that contained the unrelated words. These results suggest that previous results charting the development of cognitive inhibition may not have been exclusively the product of the development of inhibition, but rather a product of both the difficulty of the task and the development of inhibition.
Immunization of mice with poliovirus replicons expressing the C-fragment of tetanus toxin protects against lethal challenge with tetanus toxin

In this study, we describe the construction of poliovirus genomes or "replicons" which contain the C fragment gene of tetanus toxin substituted for the poliovirus P1 capsid. Upon transfection of replicon RNA into cells, we immunoprecipitated a protein corresponding to the C-fragment of tetanus toxin using tetanus-specific antibodies. Using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing poliovirus P1 capsid protein (VV-P1) to provide P1 protein, the replicon RNA was encapsidated; stocks of the replicons were generated by passage with VV-P1. The immunogenicity of the replicons was determined by immunization of transgenic mice which are susceptible to poliovirus. A serum antibody response to poliovirus and tetanus toxoid was detected in all of the immunized mice. Protection against a lethal dose of tetanus toxin generally correlated with the levels of serum anti-tetanus antibodies. To address whether pre-existing antibodies to poliovirus limit the effectiveness of the replicon as a vaccine vector, mice were first immunized with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by immunization with the replicons expressing C-fragment protein. Anti-tetanus antibodies were detected in these mice after a single administration of the replicon; these antibodies conferred protection upon challenge with tetanus toxin. These results demonstrate the potential use of poliovirus replicons encoding foreign proteins to induce a protective antibody response, even in the presence of pre-existing antibodies to poliovirus.
Familial correlation of dietary intakes among postmenopausal women

A positive family history is a risk factor for many chronic diseases, including most cancers, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Since diet is also associated with most chronic diseases, one possible explanation for non-Mendelian familial clustering is shared eating habits. Food frequency data were obtained on 3,515 sisters in the Iowa Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. Intraclass correlations between sisters were computed on a range of energy-adjusted nutrients to determine whether dietary intakes were more similar among siblings than among unrelated individuals. Two methods were used to calculate correlations: analysis of variance modeling and weighted sibling correlations. F-tests and randomization tests were used to determine statistical significance. The intraclass correlations for all of the nutrients examined were statistically significantly greater than the hypothesized value of zero (P < 0.05). Representative correlations include dietary fiber (0.15), animal fat (0.12), vegetable fat (0.13), calcium (0.14), iron (0.04), cholesterol (0.08), sodium (0.10), vitamin D (0.16), and total energy intake (0.11). When corrected for measurement error, the magnitude of these correlations increased, on average 62%. Although modest in magnitude, these correlations may be high enough to influence familial clustering of complex diseases that are attributed, in part, to diet.
Adult diapause in Chrysopa carnea: photoperiodic control of duration and colour.

Diapause was induced in two ways and the duration of reproductive diapause in Chrysopa carnea was then measured in each case under conditions which maintained diapause (LD 12 : 12) and conditions which terminated diapause (LD 16 : 8). A relatively short reproductive diapause resulted in all animals when the insects were reared and maintained in a constant LD 12 : 12 photoperiod. This regime also produced a pale winter colour—waxy-green or waxy-yellow. A more enduring diapause ensued in animals reared, or reared and maintained, under LD 16 : 8 prior to being transferred to LS 12 : 12 and most of these animals achieved a darker winter hue—waxy-green with dark reddish-brown dorsal markings or waxy-brown with darker reddish-brown on the dorsum. Thus, the two indices—duration of diapause and change in colour—revealed that transfer from one stationary photoperiod to another (LD 16 : 8 to LD 12 : 12) may have produced a more intense diapause, i.e. a greater suppression of physiological processes, than that elicited by a constant LD 12 : 12 lighting regimen. A high proportion of the experimental animals entered diapause and there was no apparent relationship between the percentage response and the intensity of the diapause evoked by the different conditions. Newly emerged adults ceased ovipositing under LD 12 : 12 and entered diapause more quickly than did reproductively active adults put under the same conditions. Both the pupa and the adult perceive a change in photoperiod.
Three-dimensional sonography of placental mesenchymal dysplasia and its differential diagnosis.

Objective—Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is an uncommon vascular anomaly of the placenta characterized by mesenchymal stem villous hyperplasia. Its main sonographic features is a thickened placenta with hypoechoic areas, and an accurate sonographic diagnosis is challenging. The aim of this study was to report two cases of PMD, and discuss the differential diagnosis of its sonographic features. Methods—Cases of placental masses studied by two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D) and Color Doppler imaging. Results—Case 1 - a thick placenta with multiple hypoechoic areas was noted at 13 weeks of gestation. At 19 weeks, the multi-cystic area, clearly demarcated from a normal looking placenta, measured 6.5×8.5cm and enlarged gradually. The patient delivered a 625 gram female after a spontaneous labor at almost 26 weeks’ gestation. Case 2 - a first sonographic examination at 25 weeks’ gestation revealed a thickened placenta with hypoechoic areas and a fetus with a single umbilical artery and a ventricular septal defect. At 27 weeks, the abnormal area of the placenta measured 14.5×7.5cm. At 32 weeks’ gestation, a caesarean section was performed due to nonreassuring fetal heart tracing and a 1415 gram female infant was delivered. Both cases were evaluated by 2D, 3D and Color Doppler imaging and the pathologic features of both placentas were consistent with PMD. Conclusions—Placental mesenchymal dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every placental mass, especially in cases of multi-cystic placental lesion with lack of high velocity signals inside the lesion, and a normal karyotype.