cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"A Strikingly Rich Zone"-Nutrient Enrichment and Secondary Production in Coastal Marine Ecosystems

Despite a recent review concluding that there is little or no reason to expect that the production of fish and other animals will increase with nutrient enrichment or eutrophication, there is a variety of evidence that anthropogenic nutrients can stimulate secondary production in marine ecosystems. Unique multiple-year fertilization experiments were carried out over fifty years ago in Scottish sea lochs that showed dramatic increases in the abundance of benthic infauna and greatly enhanced growth of fish as a result of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions. These experiments appear to have provided a good qualitative model for the responses of the Baltic Sea to nutrient enrichment and resulting eutrophication. Historical comparisons by others have shown that the weight of benthic animals per unit area above the halocline in the Baltic is now up to 10 or 20 times greater than it was in the early 1920s and that the total fish biomass in the system may have increased 8 fold between the early part of the 1900s and the 1970s. While there are no similar data for the highly enriched central and southern North Sea, there is convincing evidence that the growth rates of plaice, sole, and other species have increased there since the 1960s or 1970s. Cross-system comparisons have also shown that there are strong correlations between primary production and the production and yield of fish and the standing crop and production of benthic macrofauma in phytoplankton-dominated marine ecosystems. Concerns over the growing nutrient (especially N) enrichment of coastal marine waters are clearly valid and deserve the attention of scientists and managers, but the recent demonizing of N ignores the fact that nutrients are a fundamental requirement for producing biomass. Decisions regarding the amount of N or P that will be allowed to enter marine ecosystems should be made with the full knowledge that there may be tradeoffs between increases in water clarity and dissolved oxygen and the abundance of oysters, clams, fish, and other animals we desire.
Some limiting factors in reciprocal inhibition therapy

This paper makes no claim to be an exhaustive discussion of influential variables in the reciprocal inhibition treatment of phobias. Had it been, it would have also mentioned, at length and in detail, such considerations as lack of faith in the method, insufficient motivation to get well, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, the number of conditioning sessions, and the duration and intensity of phobias, all of which apparently play a role in the final outcome4. The paper concentrates on other of the more important or intriguing limiting factors, as follows: the non-utilization of hypnosis, deficiencies in visualization and relaxation, the presence of free-floating anxiety, severe environmental stress, and the amount of secondary gain. The improvement rate in 26 phobic patients immediately after desensitization therapy was 42%. Follow-up, 16 months to three years later, showed a decline in the improvement rate to 31%. Considering the well-recognized and enormous difficulty in successfully treating phobic patients, one should not be too hasty in condemning these results. The rather meager therapeutic achievement merely points up the complexity of factors intervening between stimulus and response, mainly in the person of the patient, that “black box” of almost infinite variegation. In this respect, conditioning therapy faces the same difficulties as any other and in the field of symptom removal probably does better than most. Reciprocal inhibition treatment is a worthwhile addition to the psychiatrist's armamentarium and should be used wherever indications and expectations warrant it.
Transcription factor CHF1/Hey2 regulates coronary vascular maturation

The transcription factor CHF1/Hey2 has been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular developmental abnormalities including ventricular septal defect, deformed valves and cardiomyopathy. To date, its role in coronary vascular development remains unknown. We have found that KO mice developed coronary vascular abnormalities accompanied by a thin compact ventricular myocardium but grossly normal epicardial and subepicardial layers. The coronary vascular anomalies included dysmorphic large vessels and abnormal vascular structures at E15.5 and reduced recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells into the coronary arteries at E18.5. In E18.5 KO hearts, the abnormal coronary veins demonstrated reduced expression of markers for vein identity. Whole-mount PECAM staining of the E18.5 KO hearts indicated that EphB4 negative vein networks were increased in the surface layers of the myocardium compared to those of the controls. CHF1/Hey2 was not expressed in the epicardium in vivo, and cultured epicardium-derived cells isolated from E12.5 wild-type mice showed no CHF1/Hey2 expression. KO mice with a myocardially expressed CHF1/Hey2 transgene partially rescued the vascular phenotypes. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PDGF and Angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling pathways are altered in E12.5 KO hearts. Taken together, global CHF1/Hey2 deficiency caused impaired vascular formation, the reduced recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells into coronary arteries and abnormally remodeled vein networks. These findings suggest that CHF1/Hey2 regulates the later steps of coronary vascular development in both a myocardial-dependent, non-cell autonomous fashion and likely a vascular cell-specific effect as well.
OPINION PIECE: Swimming Pools and Asthma: A New Risk or Premature Concern?

Swimming has been a popular sport among the young and old for years; a near rite of summer passage. However it has recently been called into question by reports linking the chlorine in pool water to adverse respiratory effects and an increased risk of asthma, sending off alarm bells among parents and asthmatics alike. Indeed swimming has long been recommended as a welltolerated activity for asthmatics due to the warm, humid environment, decreased asthmagenecity, and its positive cardiovascular effects. To raise public concern at this point, without solid, reproducible evidence of harm is irresponsible and premature; it may even cause greater detriment in the opportunity lost of beneficial swim programs.
Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood. One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins. Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity. In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining. In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS. Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS. If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle. We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides. We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.
Large-scale volcano-ground ice interactions on Mars

In the present investigation of Martian volcano-ground ice interaction processes, a numerical model is developed that encompasses conductive heat transport, surface radiation, heat transfer to the atmosphere, and H2O phase-changes in an ice-rich permafrost over which lave flows erupt, followed by the intrusion of sills. An examination is made of the two large scale interaction regions formed near Aeolis Mensae and near the volcano Hadriaca Patera, northeast of Hellas. The inferred channel discharges are compared to discharge rates calculated for lava-ground ice interactions, showing that meltwater (probably accumulated under the surface) was rapidly released at a discharge rate that was limited by soil permeability. The volcano-ground ice interactions have been an important Martian geologic process, and could account for the palagonites constituting the Martian dust.
Use of the Splenic and Hepatic Artery for Renal Revascularization in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Disease

Hepatorenal and splenorenal bypasses are gaining an increased popularity as an alternative to renal artery endarterectomy and aortorenal bypass in selected patients. However, there are few reports of the long-term results of this procedure. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the hepatic and splenic arterial sources in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease. We reviewed our 7-year experience between 1988-1995. A total of 146 operative renal artery reconstructions were performed, including 45 hepatorenal and/or splenorenal bypass in 38 patients, (19 male, 19 female, mean age 62 +/- 12 years) for treatment of renovascular hypertension, renal preservation or both. The mean preoperative creatinine was 2.95 mg/dl (2.11-3.47, 95% confidence limits). The average number of antihypertensive medications was 2.63. There was one postoperative death from myocardial infarction and two cases of early graft thrombosis, one of which was treated by thrombectomy reestablishing patency. In two patients with persistent hypertension selective angiography demonstrated high-grade anastomotic stenoses which were successfully dilated by balloon angioplasty. The postoperative mean creatinine decreased to 2.54 mg/dl (1.82-3.27, 95% confidence limits), (p = 0.17) and the average number of antihypertensive medications decreased to 1.9 (p = 0.001). During the median follow-up of 33 months, 10 patients died, mainly from cardiac causes. Our experience indicates that the splenic and hepatic arteries provide useful alternatives to renal revascularization in selected circumstances with an acceptable rate of perioperative mortality and morbidity. The expected long-term survival in this group of patients is low.
Colocation as a Service: Strategic and Operational Services for Cloud Colocation

By colocating with other tenants of an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offering, IaaS users could reap significant cost savings by judiciously sharing their use of the fixed-size instances offered by IaaS providers. This paper presents the blueprints of a Colocation as a Service (CaaS) framework. CaaS strategic services identify coalitions of self-interested users that would benefit from colocation on shared instances. CaaS operational services provide the information necessary for, and carry out the reconfigurations mandated by strategic services. CaaS could be incorporated into an IaaS offering by providers; it could be implemented as a value-added proposition by IaaS resellers; or it could be directly leveraged in a peer-to-peer fashion by IaaS users. To establish the practicality of such offerings, this paper presents XCS – a prototype implementation of CaaS on top of the Xen hypervisor. XCS makes specific choices with respect to the various elements of the CaaS framework: it implements strategic services based on a game-theoretic formulation of colocation; it features novel concurrent migration heuristics which are shown to be efficient; and it offers monitoring and accounting services at both the hypervisor and VM layers. Extensive experimental results obtained by running PlanetLab trace-driven workloads on the XCS prototype confirm the premise of CaaS – by demonstrating the efficiency and scalability of XCS, and by quantifying the potential cost savings accrued through the use of XCS.
Information System Activities in Transnational Corporations: A Comparison of U.S. and Non-U.S. Subsidiaries

This study investigates the structure of IS activities in U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries of transnational corporations. Specifically, activities in the areas of operations, systems development, and planning/control were examined to determine how responsibility for these activities was shared among the parent and subsidiaries. This research seeks to establish whether parent companies treat their U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries differently and, if so, in what manner. The Transnational Information System (TIS) model was developed to provide a framework for this study.
Nitrite exposure and respiration rates in fathead minnows.

Several researchers have utilized various measures of metabolic rate to ascertain sublethal stress in fish. The conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in nitrite-exposed fish may reduce their oxygen uptake capability, and thereby depress their metabolic rate. This study attempted to determine if nitrite influences the routine weight specific oxygen consumption of fathead minnows, a species found to be particularly tolerant of nitrite exposure.
An Experimental Investigation of the Long-Term Stability of Triple-Point-of-Water Cells

Contamination of triple-point-of-water (TPW) cells by the chemical components of the borosilicate glass that contains the water is now widely recognized as the principal contributor to long-term drift of the cell temperature. To add to the available experimental data, a comparison of 24 TPW cells of various ages (from 10 years to 59 years), manufacturers (NRC, Jarrett, Isotech), and materials (borosilicate glass and fused quartz) was undertaken in 2013. Twelve cells from this group were compared to one another in 1997. By comparing the current inter-cell temperature differences to those determined 16 years earlier, it was found that some cells have remained stable, others have become colder (as might be expected from ongoing dissolution of the glass), and one or two show an apparent increase in temperature that seems anomalous. Also included among the 24 cells are five cells of borosilicate glass and five of fused quartz that were purchased 10 years ago. By comparing the relative temperature differences among this group of borosilcate and fused-quartz-encapsulated cells to the values obtained when they were last compared 6 years ago, it was found that the average temperature of the borosilcate group of cells decreases by $$-6\,\upmu \mathrm{K}\,{\cdot }\,\mathrm{year}^{-1}\,({\pm }2\,\upmu \mathrm{K}\,{\cdot }\,\mathrm{year}^{-1})$$ , in reasonable agreement with an average drift of $$-4\,\upmu \mathrm{K}\,{\cdot }\,\mathrm{year}^{-1}$$ suggested 12 years ago. It was concluded that fused quartz is the superior container for TPW cells.
A FEMINIST CASE AGAINST NATIONAL FAMILY POLICY: VIEW TO THE FUTURE

This paper examines the goals of current family policy proposals from a feminist perspective. It reveals the fundamental pronatalist values that are inherent in such proposals. It reviews recent research that raises questions regarding the actual impact of Scandinavian family policies (which are often used as a model), in terms of actually achieving the stated objective of enhancing equality between the sexes. It briefly explores the family policy that already exists in the United States, having been judicially enacted by the Supreme Court, and finally, it shows how most current family based policy proposals serve to maintain inequality rather than to promote equality, both in society and the home. The paper attempts to raise issues that policymakers need to consider in order to establish a long range policy goals that will truly benefit women and their families.
Studies on human secretory immunoglobulin A. V. Trypsin hydrolysis at elevated temperatures

Abstract Human colostra IgA was hydrolyzed by trypsin for periods of 10–30 min at 50–65°C and for a 6-hr period at 37°C. More fragments were produced during shorter digestion periods at elevated temperatures than during prolonged digestion at 37°C. Molecular weights of all fragments were determined by disc electrophoresis; sedimentation constants were determined by ultracentriugation. After separation of these fragments on a Sephadex G-200 column, fractions were examined for antigenic determinants, amounts of carbohydrates, presence of J chain, and the character of subunits obtained by disulfide-bond cleavage. An F(ab)2α fragment, detected by these criteria, had a sedimentation constant of 5·1 S,a mol. wt. of approximately 115,000–132,000, and a 5·0% carbohydrate content. A small amount of Fabα was produced after hydrolysis at 60°C for 20 min. An Fcα was detected but not isolated. In fractions containing partially digested IgA and Fcα fragment, J chain was detected both immunochemically and by disc electrophoresis but was lacking in F(ab)2α fragments. Secretory component was the first polypeptide to be digested during a 20 min hydrolysis at the temperature of 60°C.
Surface etching of 6H-SiC (0001) and surface morphology of the subsequently grown GaN via MOCVD

The correlation between surface morphological properties of the GaN epilayers and the surface conditions of 6H-SiC (0001) substrates etched in H2, C2H4/H2, and HCl/H2 was studied. Etching 6H-SiC in H2 produced a high quality surface with steps and terraces, while etching in HCl/H2 produced either a rough surface with many pits and hillocks or a smooth surface similar to that etched in H2, depending on the HCl concentration and temperature. The GaN epilayers were subsequently deposited on these etched substrates using either a low temperature GaN or a high temperature AlN buffer layer via MOCVD. The substrate surface defects increased the density and size of the “giant” pinholes (2–4 µm) on GaN epilayers grown on a LT-GaN buffer layer. Small pinholes (<100 nm) were frequently observed on the samples grown on a HT-AlN buffer layer, and their density decreased with the improved surface quality. The non-uniform GaN nucleation caused by substrate surface defects and the slow growth rate of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4Eaiaaig% daceaIXaGbaebacaaIWaGaaGymaiaac2haaaa!3AF0! $$\{ 1\bar 101\} $$ planes of the islands were responsible for the formation of “giant” pinholes, while the small pinholes were believed to be caused by misfit dislocations.
Improved Strategies for Secondary Operations on Infrainguinal Arteries

Secondary interventions play an important role in achieving the ultimate goal of limb salvage after primary infrainguinal interventions fail. By employing the described strategies and principles for secondary arterial reconstructions below the inguinal ligament, good results in terms of patency of the reoperated primary reconstruction or the secondary reconstruction can be obtained with significantly augmented limb salvage at a low cost in operative morbidity and mortality. These results mandate that vascular surgeons maintain an aggressive attitude toward the use of these secondary operations when a primary procedure fails to achieve or maintain its intended goal and a patient is faced with imminent limb loss because of distal ischemia.
IMMUNIZATION WITH A SYNTHETIC CHOLESTEROL-ESTER ANTIGEN AND INDUCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS.

THE possibility of modifying the atherosclerotic process by immunological means has been suggested recently1–3. Gero et al.1,2 immunized rabbits with β-lipoproteins isolated from serum of cockerels maintained on high cholesterol diets. It was reported that immunized animals developed less atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta when fed a cholesterol-containing diet than did control animals. In experiments which we have performed and also in work reported by others4,5, the results obtained by Gero et al. could not be confirmed.
Measuring Children’s Lexical Diversity: Differentiating Typical and Impaired Language Learners

This study evaluated the extent to which measures of lexical diversity (type-token ratio and number of different words produced) differentiated children with specific language impairment (SLI) from children whose language skills were following typical developmental expectations. Analysis of 50- and 100-utterance samples revealed that children with SLI did not significantly differ from their age- and language-equivalent peers on type-token ratio; however, children with SLI did use significantly fewer different words than their age-equivalent peers in these samples. When samples of 100 and 200 tokens were considered, the children with SLI also used significantly fewer different words than their age-equivalent counterparts. Overall, the findings of this study discourage the use of type-token ratio, as traditionally calculated, in many clinical and research activities related to children with SLI. In contrast, the number of different words produced provides a more sensitive and informative estimate of lexical diversity.
Take a number.

Back-of-the-envelope calculations are an important part of chemistry argues Michelle Francl.
A quantitative analysis of smooth pursuit eye tracking in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia.

Background: Previous studies of discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins have suggested that abnormal smooth pursuit eye tracking is an indicator of genetic liability for schizophrenia. We attempted to replicate this in a different sample of twins. Methods: Probands from 12 sets of MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and their cotwins without psychiatric diagnosis (except 2 with a history of substance abuse) and 12 sets of normal control MZ twins. Psychiatric diagnosis was based on Structured Clinical Interview; monozygosity was based on analysis of 19 red blood cell antigens. Smooth pursuit eye movement gain (equal to the ratio of eye-target velocity) and numbers, amplitudes, and subtypes of saccadic eye movements were compared. Measures were derived from computer analysis of digitized infrared oculographic recordings of constant velocity (16.67%o per second) smooth pursuit eye tracking. Results: Quantitative measures of eye tracking for the affected twin were inferior to those of the unaffected co-twin, with affected twins showing significant decreases in gain and significant increases in numbers and amplitudes of total and intrusive saccades. Moreover, whereas means for the group of affected twins differed significantly from those of normal controls on measures of gain and total saccades, means for the group of unaffected co-twins were well within the normal range. Conclusions: These data are consistent with the hypothesis that abnormal eye tracking is associated with the expression of illness, or phenotype, in schizophrenia, at least in this twin sample. The data raise questions regarding the use of eye tracking measurement for identifying putative gene carriers among at-risk relatives in genetic linkage studies of schizophrenia.
Remodeling protein complexes: Insights from the AAA+ unfoldase ClpX and Mu transposase

Multiprotein complexes in the cell are dynamic entities that are constantly undergoing changes in subunit composition and conformation to carry out their functions. The protein-DNA complex that promotes recombination of the bacteriophage Mu is a prime example of a complex that must undergo specific changes to carry out its function. The Clp/Hsp100 family of AAA+ ATPases plays a critical role in mediating such changes. The Clp/Hsp100 unfolding enzymes have been extensively studied for the roles they play in protein degradation. However, degradation is not the only fate for proteins that come in contact with the ATP-dependent unfolding enzymes. The Clp/Hsp100 enzymes induce structural changes in their substrates. These structural changes, which we refer to as "remodeling", ultimately change the biological activity of the substrate. These biological changes include activation, inactivation (not associated with degradation), and relocation within the cell. Analysis of the interaction between Escherichia coli ClpX unfoldase and the Mu recombination complex, has provided molecular insight into the mechanisms of protein remodeling. We discuss the key mechanistic features of the remodeling reactions promoted by ClpX and possible implications of these findings for other biological reactions.
Structured what if analysis in DSS models

A formal approach to conducting hypothetical-situation analysis in decision-support-system models is presented. The formal approach is intended to minimize human weaknesses relating to information search strategies and use of firming evidence. A decision analytic model incorporating notions from experimental design is presented. A computer-assisted process is described, and research implications are considered. >
Borehole petrophysical chemostratigraphy of Pennsylvanian black shales in the Kansas subsurface

Pennsylvanian black shales in Kansas have been studied on outcrop for decades as the core unit of the classic Midcontinent cyclothem. These shales appear to be highstand condensed sections in the sequence stratigraphic paradigm. Nuclear log suites provide several petrophysical measurements of rock chemistry that are a useful data source for chemostratigraphic studies of Pennsylvanian black shales in the subsurface. Spectral gamma-ray logs partition natural radioactivity between contributions by U, Th, and K sources. Elevated U contents in black shales can be related to reducing depositional environments, whereas the K and Th contents are indicators of clay-mineral abundance and composition. The photoelectric factor log measurement is a direct function of aggregate atomic number and so is affected by clay-mineral volume, clay-mineral iron content, and other black shale compositional elements. Neutron porosity curves are primarily a response to hydrogen content. Although good quality logs are available for many black shales, borehole washout features invalidate readings from the nuclear contact devices, whereas black shales thinner than tool resolution will be averaged with adjacent beds. Statistical analysis of nuclear log data between black shales in successive cyclothems allows systematic patterns of their chemical and petrophysical properties to be discriminated in both space and time.
Multi-information integrated trip specific optimal power management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are widely received as a promising means of green mobility by utilizing more battery power. Recently, we have proposed a scheme of two-scale spatial-domain dynamic programming (DP) as a nearly global optimization approach to trip based optimal power management for PHEV through the combination with traffic data and trip modeling. Previously, the segment-wise power demand and SOC change was calculated through numerical integration based on the average speed and acceleration of the segment, and lookup tables were obtained. When more parameters are involved into power management, such as road grade and load change, such process becomes very tedious. In this paper, the spatial-domain DP is improved by calculating the power demand and SOC change in an analytical manner. The power demand is first calculated based on length, initial speed, acceleration, road grade, payload and wind of a road segment. The SOC change is then calculated for different PSR. An adjustable segment scheme used of analytical function is developed in order to improve the computation efficiency of the optimal power management without losing much of fuel economy. Simulation study shows that incorporating additional trip information such as road grade and predictable payload change into the optimization can significantly improve the fuel economy. The computational efficiency is also evaluated. The proposed method can greatly facilitate the development of optimal power management strategy for PHEV with multiple information inputs.
Direct Determination of the Chirality of Organic Molecules by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to study the chiral molecules (R)/(S)-2-bromohexadecanoic acid at the liquid/solid interface. When adsorbed onto the basal plane of graphite, these molecules segregate on the surface into domains of pure R or S enantiomers. The atomic resolution obtained in the STM images of these species allows a direct assignment of the chirality of individual molecules.
Sex Differences in a Causal Model of Mathematics Achievement.

Using data from the "High School and Beyond" study, this paper reexamines the reason men and women differ in mathematics achievement by means of a covariancestructures causal model of mathematics achievement, which permits the estimation of effects while accounting for known measurement error in the predictor variables. Our results indicate that sex continues to have a significant effect on mathematics achievement even after controlling for sex differences in spatial abilities, background in mathematics, and interest in mathematics. Separate analyses by sex, however, indicate that the process of mathematics achievement differs between men and women. In particular, women tend to have less spatial visualization ability than men, but the effects of this variable on mathematics achievement are greater for women.
Cattle rancher and conservation agency personnel perceptions of wildlife management and assistance programs in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi†

Natural resource agencies in the United States continue to design and expand technical and financial assistance programs that benefit private landowners managing for wildlife. Cattle ranchers, one of the primary stakeholders, are well poised to benefit from these programs, especially if they can easily integrate wildlife management activities into cattle operations. A key component to implementing successful wildlife management programs on ranches is to understand how ranchers perceive wildlife management and assistance programs. It is also important that conservation agency personnel working with these ranchers are able to assess rancher perceptions of wildlife management accurately so they can tailor programs that meet rancher needs and foster strong working and interpersonal relationships. We surveyed 1,634 ranchers to understand their perceptions of wildlife benefits and problems, attitudes toward wildlife, and likeliness to participate in financial and technical assistance programs. We also surveyed 52 natural resource-agency personnel regarding their perceptions of ranchers on similar topics, to allow for direct comparison of responses. Rancher and agency responses were similar for many wildlife benefits and attitudes toward wildlife, yet agency personnel overestimated rancher perceptions of wildlife problems and the economic benefits of wildlife enterprises. We suggest ways conservation agencies can improve current assistance programs for cattle ranchers based on both rancher and agency employee perceptions of wildlife management. This includes emphasizing programs that feature preferred species and better integrating wildlife management with routine cattle operations. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SCHEDULING POLICIES FOR HOSPITAL NURSES

The persistent shortage of nurses adversely affects the productivity, quality of care, and operating costs in most acute care hospitals. Aggravating the shortage are high nurse turnover rates, approaching 200% in some institutions. Policies to ensure adequate staffing levels and provide more attractive work schedules are alleged to improve nurse retention. However, their cost is seldom discussed. We compared expected nursing expense and workforce requirements to staff eight medical and surgical nursing units of a large hospital for 1 month, under 12 different scheduling policies alleged to improve turnover. Using simulation and an integrated staffing and scheduling methodology, we found that the expected nursing wages and workforce requirements for some policies differed by as much as 33%. In this hospital, the expected labor costs for certain policies could erode the benefits expected from improved retention. In contrast, other policies appear to allow high utilization of nursing resources, enhancing the expected benefits of reduced turnover with significant reductions in expenses for labor, recruiting, training, and fringe benefits.
Metabolic response of perfused livers to various oxygenation conditions

Isolated liver perfusion systems have been used to characterize intrinsic metabolic changes in liver as a result of various perturbations, including systemic injury, hepatotoxin exposure, and warm ischemia. Most of these studies were done using hyperoxic conditions (95% O(2)) but without the use of oxygen carriers in the perfusate. Prior literature data do not clearly establish the impact of oxygenation, and in particular that of adding oxygen carriers to the perfusate, on the metabolic functions of the liver. Therefore, herein the effects of oxygen delivery in the perfusion system on liver metabolism were investigated by comparing three modes of oxygenation. Rat livers were perfused via the portal and hepatic veins at a constant flow rate of 3 mL/min/g liver in a recirculating perfusion system. In the first group, the perfusate was equilibrated in a membrane oxygenator with room air (21% O(2)) before entering the liver. In the second group, the perfusate was equilibrated with a 95% O(2)/5% CO(2) gas mixture. In the third group, the perfusate was supplemented with washed bovine red blood cells (RBCs) at 10% hematocrit and also equilibrated with the 95% O(2)/5% CO(2) gas mixture. Oxygen and CO(2) gradients across the liver were measured periodically with a blood gas analyzer. The rate of change in the concentration of major metabolites in the perfusate was measured over time. Net extracellular fluxes were calculated from these measurements and applied to a stoichiometric-based optimization problem to determine the intracellular fluxes and active pathways in the perfused livers. Livers perfused with RBCs consumed oxygen at twice the rate observed using hyperoxic (95% O(2)) perfusate without RBCs, and also produced more urea and ketone bodies. At the flow rate used, the oxygen supply in perfusate without RBCs was just sufficient to meet the average oxygen demand of the liver but would be insufficient if it increased above baseline, as is often the case in response to environmental perturbations. Metabolic pathway analysis suggests that significant anaerobic glycolysis occurred in the absence of RBCs even using hyperoxic perfusate. Conversely, when RBCs were used, glucose production from lactate and glutamate, as well as pathways related to energy metabolism were upregulated. RBCs also reversed an increase in PPP fluxes induced by the use of hyperoxic perfusate alone. In conclusion, the use of oxygen carriers is required to investigate the effect of various perturbations on liver metabolism.
Transient suppression of seizures by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a case of Rasmussen’s encephalitis

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been applied with variable success to terminate the seizures of epilepsia partialis continua. The rationale for using this technique to suppress ongoing seizures is the capacity of rTMS to interrupt ongoing neuronal activity, and to produce a lasting decrease in cortical excitability with low-frequency (1 Hz) stimulation. We report a case of epilepsia partialis continua in a child with Rasmussen's encephalitis, in whom seizures were transiently suppressed by 1-Hz rTMS delivered in nine daily 30-minute sessions. In this case, total ictal time was significantly reduced during stimulation, but the daily baseline seizure rate remained unchanged. Notably, the detection and quantification of this short-lived improvement were enabled by recording EEG continuously during the rTMS session. Thus, we present this case to illustrate a potential utility of combined continuous EEG recording and rTMS in seizure treatment.
Evaluation of Signs and Markings for Partial Continuous Flow Intersection

The continuous flow intersection (CFI) supports high traffic flow where there is a large volume of left turns. The CFI accomplishes this by moving left-turning traffic to the left side of a highway before the main intersection. Left turns can then be made at the same time as the opposing through movement. This eliminates the need for separate left turn signal phasing and reduces the potential conflict points between left-turning and through traffic. Because CFI left turn movements begin well in advance of the road junction, signing and marking requirements are different from those for conventional intersections. This study reports the results of a driving simulator study that compared alternative signing and marking options. Three strategies for navigation signing in advance of the crossover were evaluated: overhead signing and two different ground-mounted sign alternatives. In addition, on a leg of the CFI that did not cross left-turning traffic to the left side of the roadway, alternative schemes for emphasizing the location of the stop line were evaluated. The results showed that the ground-mounted navigation signing treatment that included a "Keep Left" advance sign was as effective as an overhead navigation sign. All treatments for designating the stop line were equally effective.
The Locus of Control Attribute and the Job Search Process

Numerous psychological differences among ethnic groups have been reported. These differences affect the economic performance of the groups and influence the efficiency of policy actions taken to alter the economic behavior. Only through the effective integration of both psychological knowledge and economic policy can the job search process be optimized for the externally oriented hard-core unemployed.
Analyzing patient choices for routine procedures in the United States vs overseas before and after the affordable care act: a case study

Low prices and good medical care have caused an increasing number of Americans to travel abroad for affordable health care (medical tourism). This study analyzes the viability of medical tourism as an alternative to United States (U.S.) hospitals for routine surgical procedures by considering the total charges paid by U.S. insurance companies and by patients (out of pocket) to hospitals. A mathematical model based on rational choice theory is developed to approximate the most-favorable decisions for both patients and payers, and this is illustrated through an example involving the decision to undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in India or the U.S. Before the Affordable Care Act (ACA), medical tourism positively offset the total treatment charges associated with CABG procedures, some fully insured and underinsured patients would often opt for overseas treatment. After the enactment of the ACA, more fully insured patients and more people from a much smaller set of underinsured patients may opt for overseas CABG treatment. This paper finds that the ACA pushes individual decisions closer to the system optimal situation, and that if the U.S. health-care industry is unable to eliminate waste and inefficiency and thus curb rising costs, it will continue to lose surgical revenue to foreign health providers.
Relationship of angiographic and echographic dimensions in chronic left ventricular dilatation.

Abstract Recently discrepancies have been reported between echocardiographic (Echo) %ΔD and angiocardiographic (Angio) ejection fraction (EF), particularly in valvular regurgitation. One hundred and twelve patients with varying degrees of LV dilatation were studied in the right anterior oblique position with M-mode Echo. None had localized contraction abnormalities. There were 20 normals, 33 with primary myocardial disease, and 59 with mitral and/or aortic regurgitation. Echo end-diastolic diameter (EDD) and end-systolic diameter (ESD) were consistently smaller than Angio calculated EDD and ESD, and the difference was magnified at larger EDDs (p
Juvenile delinquency; considerations of etiology and treatment

IN PSYCHIATRY, as in any other branch of medicine, diagnosis and as full as possible an understanding of etiology and pathology are prerequisites to the prescribing of a treatment program. Unfortunately, in problems of delinquency, often the factors at play are more complex than in most diseases and, therefore, treatment needs are also more complex amid less clearly defined. Delinquency, of course, is not a diagnosis but a symptom. The delinquent act is like fever or a swelling; the factors underlying it are multiple and varied. I shall try, somewhat in summary form, to describe treatment needs in terms of basic causes of delinquency. Our material is drawn from experience in a large public clinic in a medical school that serves the State of Michigan, and provides opportunity for intensive inpatient as well as outpatient study. First, however, a note of caution: That juvenile delinquency has increased in recent years, especially acts of violence or destruction, is indicated by the statistics at hand. Reading many popular accounts today, one might well get the impression that all teen-agers have "gone to the dogs," that, as a group, they are marauding vandals without capacity for feeling or responsibility. This is, of course, far from the truth. Delinquency is a major social problem but our understanding of it is not helped if in our concern for the more dramatic we exaggerate and lose perspective. The tendency in recent years has been to describe the teen-ager in terms of only negatives. Some writers have gone so far as to stretch absurdity to the point of representing the most vicious, sadistic crime of the year as typical adolescent behavior.
Emerging In Situ and Operando Nanoscale X‐Ray Imaging Techniques for Energy Storage Materials

Electrical vehicles (EVs) are an attractive option for moving towards a CO2 neutral transportation sector, but in order for widespread commercial use of EVs, the cost of electrical energy storage (i.e., batteries) must be reduced and the energy storage capacity must be increased. New, higher performing but Earth abundant electrodes are needed to accomplish this goal. To aid the development of these materials, in situ characterization to understand battery operation and failure is essential. Since electrodes are inherently heterogeneous, with a range of relevant length scales, imaging is a necessary component of the suite of characterization methods. In this Feature Article, the rapidly growing and developing field of X-ray based microscopy (XM) techniques is described and reviewed focusing on in situ and operando adaptations. Further, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is briefly discussed in this context and its complement to XM is emphasized. Finally, a perspective is given on some emerging X-ray based imaging approaches for energy storage materials.
Effects of Thermal Stratification on Natural Convection from Heat Source Buried in Porous Medium

Numerical results are presented for natural convection from a heat source buried in a saturated, porous layer. The porous layer is thermally stratified with a negative temperature gradient but its corresponding Rayleigh number is no greater than that of the critical value (Ra = 40). The effects of the size of the heat source and its buried depth are also investigated. The results, which include the buoyancy-induced flow patterns and temperature profiles, as well as the heat transfer coefficient in terms of the Nusselt number, are presented for a wide range of Rayleigh number and stratification parameter. The results thus obtained have important implications for applications in geothermal energy and underground disposal of nuclear wastes.
Samina Hadi-Tabassum: Language, Space and Power: A Critical Look at Bilingual Education

Bilingual education is often viewed as a controversial topic. Perceptions range from its validity as an educational program to support linguistic minorities, an opportunity to expand linguistic and cultural capital for all students, to an unnecessary and even harmful ‘‘crutch’’ for marginalized populations. It is among these divergent perceptions that Samina Hadi-Tabassum critically examines one specific type of bilingual program, the dual immersion model. Her book employs an ethnographic critical analysis that considers the various power structures of language, culture and race to examine one fifth-grade dual immersion classroom. While noteworthy for its consideration of the power dynamics between the two languages at play in that classroom, the book is more suited for academics and those interested in the specifics of linguistic equity and critical theory than for practitioners in the field. Following a dual immersion model, this classroom’s goals are to use English and Spanish equally in instruction with a balanced mix of Englishand Spanish-speaking students. The aim is to create students who are fully bilingual, biliterate individuals who have an appreciation for multicultural perspectives (Torres-Guzman 2002; Freeman 1998). Hadi-Tabassum takes this program model and uses it to critically analyze the degree to which true bilingualism, biliteracy and cultural pluralism are able to exist in this New York City classroom. In the six chapters of the book, the issue of equity within this classroom context is examined. The first chapter describes the research setting, paying close attention to the various backgrounds of the students and teachers. She shows that students are mixed ethnically, while linguistically there are more English-dominant students than Spanish-dominant ones. Chapter Two considers how the use of physical space in the classroom can create an unequal division between languages. Because the aim of the program is to create
Computational Platform for Predicting Lifetime System Reliability Profiles for Different Structure Types in a Network

This paper presents a computational platform for predicting the lifetime system reliability profiles for different structure types located in an existing network. The computational platform has the capability to incorporate time-variant live load and resistance models. Following a review of the theoretical basis, the overall architecture of the computational platform is described. Finally, numerical examples of three existing bridges (i.e., a steel, a prestressed concrete, and a hybrid steel-concrete bridge) located in a network are briefly presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed computational platform.
The Changing Politics of Science Policy

What accounts for changes in public policies affecting science, technology, and the environment? This should be a central question for political observers and policy analysts. Policies, after all, are the main outcomes of political systems. Scholars study political institutions and behavior because they relate to the decisions made by government on policy. Scientists study public policy because they believe that scientific evidence, research reports, or communities of scientists can influence policy outcomes. Yet we rarely consider all of the potential determinants of science policy change in one setting because the policymaking process potentially involves all branches of government, an array of outside actors, and many circumstantial factors. Ideally, science would have a large role in the creation of scientific and environmental policy. Any effort to assess the influence of scientific evidence, scientists, or research reports on policy, however, should begin with the acknowledgement that dozens of other factors influence public policy. We cannot understand the influence of science on science policy in isolation from the wider political process that produces policy change. We may have good reason to hope that policymakers use science to develop and modify public policy, rather than interest group pronouncements, media reports, or partisan principles. Given scholarship on the U.S. federal government’s policy process, however, we have no reason to assume that science is the most influential of these factors.