cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of α- and β-Si3N4 formation from oxide-free high-purity Si powder

Available kinetic data for the nitridation of high-purity oxide-free Si powder are analysed. The analysis suggests that the α- and β-phases of Si3N4 are formed by separate and parallel reaction paths, and kinetic expressions for their formation are reported. The formation of the α-phase follows first-order kinetics, while the β-phase is formed by a phase-boundary-controlled rate law. These conclusions are consistent with other kinetic and micrographic analyses reported in the literature.
Pulmonary Edema Following Naloxone Administration in a Patient Without Heart Disease

Un cas d'œdeme pulmonaire apres naloxone. Le diagnostic est fait par les gaz du sang et la clinique. La reaction n'apparait pas etre de matiere allergique
In-situ cure assembly and thermal performance verification of electronic packages using chip heat

An innovative in-situ electronic package assembly process is presented using the on-chip power to cure the package thermal interface and seal materials and to verify the thermal performance of the electronic package. The in-situ curing process was thermally modeled to demonstrate that the thermal interface and seal materials would reach their required curing temperatures by controlling the chip power and heat sink air flow. Experimental validation of the in-situ cure method was conducted using thermal test vehicles. Thermal resistance characterization of the in-situ cured package in comparison to a batch oven cured package showed better thermal performance stability with increasing temperature.
Synthesis and biological activity of ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors. Tetrapeptide analogs with amino methyl and carbon linkages

Abstract Replacement of the central amino methylene linkage of C[ψCH2NH]A[ψCH2NH]AX tetrapeptide inhibitors with carbon tethers led to compounds with potency in the nanomolar range. Some of the more potent olefinic compounds inhibit Ras processing in intact v- ras transformed NIH 3T3 cells with IC50 values in the 0.1 to 1 μM range, and inhibit selectively the anchorage-independent growth of H-ras transformed Rat1 cells at 10 μM.
E pluribus unum: Dual identity and minority group members' motivation to engage in contact, as well as social change

Recent work on social change illustrates that disadvantaged-group members are sometimes less influenced by prejudice-reduction strategies than are advantaged-group members, and interventions to improve intergroup relations (e.g., commonality) can sometimes have the unintended consequence of reducing social-change motivations among members of disadvantaged groups. Focusing on disadvantaged groups' (i.e., racial/ethnic minorities) orientations toward advantaged groups, the present research experimentally investigated the potential of dual, relative to common, identity to produce greater willingness to engage in contact, while maintaining social change motivation. Relative to common identity, dual identity produced not only greater willingness to engage in contact, which was mediated by perceptions of shared values, but also greater social change motivation, mediated by decreased optimism about future relations. Thus, for dual identity, enhancing approach motivation (willingness for contact) does not necessarily undermine social change motivation. Implications for intergroup relations and more broadly social change are discussed.
New concepts in staging and follow-up of bladder carcinoma.

Abstract This article presents new staging systems and methods for properly assessing bladder carcinoma by computerized tomography (CT) scanning and transurethal ultrasound. The practical clinical modalities for following bladder cancer including cytology and random biopsy are presented, in addition to tumor markers. Also, newer methods of detecting recurrence and predicting invasion such as ABO(H) antigen testing, chromosome analysis, and flow cytometry are reviewed in an attempt to understand better the cellular and nuclear abnormalities in malignant transitional cells.
Defluormation of the CFC-substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: comparison in human, rat and rabbit hepatic microsomes

Abstract 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), which lacks ozone-depleting potential, has been selected as a replacement refrigerant for dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) in air-conditioning and chiller applications, and as a propellant for pharmaceutical aerosols. A variety of paradigms using rats and rabbits have shown that HFC-134a has very little toxic potential. To strengthen the prediction of human hazard associated with HFC-134a exposure, we evaluated the rate of metabolism of this halocarbon by human hepatic microsomes relative to similar tissue preparations derived from rats and rabbits. Human microsomes defluorinated HFC-134a in acytochrome-P-450-catalyzed reaction, common also to rat and rabbit. In absolute terms, the maximal rate of HFC-134a metabolism by human microsomes was very low, showed little interindividual variation among the samples evaluated ( 1.3± 0.3 nmol F − /mg protein/15 min, x ± SD, n = 10 ), and did not exceed that in rat or rabbit liver microsomes. These findings support the argument that for characterization of HFC-134a toxicity, especially that which may be mediated by products of halocarbon metabolism, laboratory animals are an adequate surrogate for humans.
An improved protocol for rapid freezing of protein samples for long-term storage

Freezing of purified protein drops directly in liquid nitrogen is a convenient technique for the long-term storage of protein samples. Although this enhances reproducibility in follow-up crystallization experiments, some protein samples are not amenable to this technique. It has been discovered that plunging PCR tubes containing protein samples into liquid nitrogen results in more rapid freezing of the samples and can safely preserve some proteins that are damaged by drop-freezing. The PCR-tube method can also be adapted to a PCR-plate freezing method with applications for high-throughput and structural genomics projects.
Low-Dimensional Models for Control of Leading-Edge Vortices: Equilibria and Linearized Models

When an airfoil is pitched up rapidly, a dynamic stall vortex forms at the leading edge and produces high transient lift before shedding and stall occur. The aim of this work is to develop low-dimensional models of the dynamics of these leading-edge vortices, which may be used to develop feedback laws to stabilize these vortices using closed-loop control, and maintain high lift. We first perform a numerical study of the two-dimensional incompressible flow past an airfoil at varying angles of attack, finding steady states using a timestepper-based Newton/GMRES scheme, and dominant eigenvectors using ARPACK. These steady states may be either stable or unstable; we develop models linearized about the stable steady states using a method called Balanced Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, an approximation of balanced truncation that is tractable for large systems. The balanced POD models dramatically outperform models using the standard POD/Galerkin procedure, and are used to develop observers that reconstruct the flow state from a single surface pressure measurement.
Political competition, relative deprivation, and perceived threat: a research note on anti-Christian violence in India

Abstract A preliminary subnational statistical analysis of violence against Christians in contemporary India, this article suggests that whereas the data provide very little support for simple, demographic explanations of this violence, they do more robustly support theories emphasizing the relative status of ethnic and religious minorities (vis-a-vis majorities) and the perception, among Hindus, that Christians (and other minorities) represent a threat to their numerical, political and economic strength.
Wire-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage by using a modified needle knife and therapeutic echoendoscope.

Background Various methods to drain pancreatic pseudocysts by using EUS guidance have been reported in the literature. Objective A new drainage technique is described that uses a modified needle knife advanced over a guidewire positioned in the pseudocyst by EUS guidance. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Consecutive subjects from December 1, 2002, to January 10, 2005, with symptomatic pseudocysts in whom EUS-guided drainage was attempted. Interventions By using a therapeutic linear echoendoscope, a 19-gauge aspiration needle was inserted into the pseudocyst. A guidewire was placed through the needle, and a needle knife with the cutting wire protruding and bent was advanced over the guidewire to contact the stomach mucosa. The needle knife was then advanced by using electrocautery into the pseudocyst. The cystenterostomy was dilated by using a balloon over the guidewire. One to 4 stents were placed through the tract. Main Outcome Measurements Successful pseudocyst drainage. Results A total of 21 of 23 patients underwent technically successful pseudocyst drainage. One patient had self-limited hypotension during the procedure. Another patient had free intraperitoneal air after the procedure but correct stent placement. Limitations Retrospective analysis, small sample size. Conclusions In this preliminary experience, wire-guided pseudocyst drainage with a modified needle knife appears effective and safe while allowing for a more controlled pseudocyst puncture.
Potential contribution of exposed resin to ecosystem emissions of monoterpenes

Abstract Conifers, especially pines, produce and store under pressure monoterpene-laden resin in canals located throughout the plant. When the plants are damaged and resin canals punctured, the resin is exuded and the monoterpenes are released into the atmosphere, a process that has been shown to influence ecosystem-level monoterpene emissions. Less attention has been paid to the small amounts of resin that are exuded from branches, expanding needles, developing pollen cones, and terminal buds in the absence of any damage. The goal of this study was to provide the first estimate of the potential of this naturally-exposed resin to influence emissions of monoterpenes from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystems. When resin is first exuded as small spherical beads from undamaged tissues it emits monoterpenes to the atmosphere at a rate that is four orders of magnitude greater than needle tissue with an equivalent exposed surface area and the emissions from exuded beads decline exponentially as the resin dries. We made measurements of resin beads on the branches of ponderosa pine trees in the middle of the growing season and found, on average, 0.15 cm2 of exposed resin bead surface area and 1250 cm2 of total needle surface area per branch tip. If the resin emerged over the course of 10 days, resin emissions would make up 10% of the ecosystem emissions each day. Since we only accounted for exposed resin at a single point in time, this is probably an underestimate of how much total resin is exuded from undamaged pine tissues over the course of a growing season. Our observations, however, reveal the importance of this previously unrecognized source of monoterpenes emitted from pine forests and its potential to influence regional atmospheric chemistry dynamics.
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE REGULATION OF VERTEBRATE INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), in spite of its name, is synthesized and secreted in vertebrates by both the atria and the ventricles and also a number of extracardiac tissues. Likewise, the list of putative targets of ANP is large and includes, in addition to the kidney and vascular smooth muscle, the ion- and water-transporting intestine. Immunohistochemical staining of the intestine of the euryhaline marine goby Gillichthys mirabilis demonstrates the presence of ANP-ergic neurons in the submucosa suggesting paracrine delivery to intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells. ANP inhibits ion absorption across the goby intestine, supportingan osmoregulatory role for ANP.
The enigmatic TRPCs: multifunctional cation channels

Abstract Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels are vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila photoreceptor channel. Considerable research has been carried out on the seven members of this family, particularly regarding their possible role in Ca 2+ entry. However, the current literature presents a confusing picture, with different laboratories describing widely differing results and interpretations. In this article, I will discuss the possibility that these diverse experimental findings arise from a true multifunctional ability of TRPC channels that serves distinct physiological functions in different cell types.
Experimental determination of solubilities of lead oxalate (PbC2O4(cr)) in a NaCl medium to high ionic strengths, and the importance of lead oxalate in low temperature environments

Abstract In this study, the solubility product constant (log10 Kso) for crystalline lead oxalate (PbC2O4(cr)) pertaining to Reaction (I) , and the formation constant of PbC2O4(aq) (log10 β1o) pertaining to Reaction (II) , (I) PbC 2 O 4 cr = Pb 2 + + C 2 O 4 2 – (II) Pb 2 + + C 2 O 4 2 – = PbC 2 O 4 aq at infinite dilution, 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa, are determined as − 11.13 ± 0.15 (2σ) and 5.85 ± 0.10 (2σ), respectively, based on solubility data for PbC2O4(cr) in NaCl solutions up to 3.2 mol·kg− 1 (molal) evaluated using the Pitzer model. The above solubility product constant determined in this study is lower than the value of − 10.27 ± 0.30 (2σ) for log10 Kso evaluated from the literature data. The above log10 β1o agrees within the quoted uncertainties with the value of 5.44 ± 0.38 (2σ) derived in this study based on the literature data using the Bronsted–Guggenheim–Scatchard specific interaction theory (SIT) model. In addition, based on solubility data for PbC2O4(cr) in NaCl solutions with 4.4 and 5.0 mol·kg− 1 produced in this work and in a K2C2O4 medium up to 0.51 mol·kg− 1 at 298.15 ± 2 K from the literature, this study also evaluates log10 β2o for the following reaction by using the Pitzer model, (III) Pb 2 + + 2 C 2 O 4 2 – = Pb C 2 O 4 2 2 – as 8.05 ± 0.15 (2σ). The new parameters presented in this study would enable researchers to accurately predict solubilities of PbC2O4(cr) to high ionic strengths, up to 5.0 mol·kg− 1.
Radiolytic modification of basic amino acid residues in peptides: probes for examining protein-protein interactions.

Protein footprinting utilizing hydroxyl radicals coupled with mass spectrometry has become a powerful technique for mapping the solvent accessible surface of proteins and examining protein−protein interactions in solution. Hydroxyl radicals generated by radiolysis or chemical methods efficiently react with many amino acid residue side chains, including the aromatic and sulfur-containing residues along with proline and leucine, generating stable oxidation products that are valuable probes for examining protein structure. In this study, we examine the radiolytic oxidation chemistry of histidine, lysine, and arginine for comparison with their metal-catalyzed oxidation products. Model peptides containing arginine, histidine, and lysine were irradiated using white light from a synchrotron X-ray source or a cesium-137 γ-ray source. The rates of oxidation and the radiolysis products were primarily characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry including tandem mass spectrometry. Arginine is very sensitive to ra...
Polarization of infrared radiation by reflection from germanium surfaces

The percent polarization for the infrared radiation reflected from a germanium mirror has been measured to be greater than 99% from the near to far infrared wavelength regions. The intensity of the polarized beam was about 40% of that of the original unpolarized beam. The advantages of the germanium polarizer are the constant high degree of polarization over the wide wavelength region, the availability and ease of preparation of the mirror, ruggedness, and the polarizing properties which do not change with age or when exposed to intense radiation.
Architectures for WDM Benes interconnection network with simultaneous space-wavelength switching capability

In this paper, we present three switch architectures for WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Benes network that are based on wavelength exchange optical crossbar (WOC). A WOC is capable of performing a single-step space-switching wavelength-conversion between two wavelengths. A WOC can be implemented by the simultaneous power exchange between two optical signals. Unlike existing designs, the proposed architectures do not require separate stages of wavelength converters. This leads to a switch design that has a smaller total number of components as well as a smaller number of components in the signal path. Moreover, wavelength conversion is performed between two predefined and fixed wavelengths. This avoids the need for expensive full-range wavelength converters used in most of the existing designs. Systematic methods to realize switch architectures with an arbitrary number of wavelengths and fibers are given. The three architectures are evaluated and compared to existing architectures on the basis of hardware cost.
Photoluminescence Of Sisnc Alloys Grown On (100) Si Substrates

Photoluminescence (PL) of SiSnC alloys grown on Si (100) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been investigated. The following epitaxial layers were investigated. The samples were similar in structure, and consisted of a 200 A Si buffer layer grown on a (100) Si substrate followed by the respective alloy layer; a 4500 A Si0.955Sn0.03C0.015, a 1500 A Si0.9Sn0.04, or a 1500 A Si0.985C0.015. The layer composition was measured by Rutherford back scattering spectrometry (RBS) and confirmed by x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). X-ray diffraction measurements of the layers confirmed the Sn and C were substitutional and the layers were pseudomorphic and coherently strained. The Si0.955Sn0.03C0.015 alloy layer was found to be strain compensated. PL spectra of all the layers revealed band edge luminescence as well as a very sharp peak at 0.767 eV superimposed on a very broad peak that exhibited excitonic behavior. The addition of C to the alloys resulted in a reduction of the bandgap, contrary to what is predicted by Vegard’s Law. However, the addition of Sn results in a reduction in the bandgap, which was attributed to the bulk alloy effect and residual strain. The luminescence feature at 0.767 eV was found to be much more intense in alloys that contain carbon. We have observed quite similar deep-level well resolved PL spectra for SiGe, SiC, SiSn, SiGeC, SiSnC, and SiGeSnC alloy layers grown by MBE on Si (100) substrates. Previous studies on PL of silicon have reported a peak at 0.767 eV to be associated with oxygen (P line) and the broad peak to carbon/oxygen complexes.
First-principles study of GaAs(0 0 1)-β2(2 × 4) surface oxidation

Oxygen atom adsorption on GaAs(001)[email protected](2x4) during initial surface oxidation is studied by density functional theory (DFT). The results show that one or two oxygen atom adsorption at back-bond sites satisfy the bond saturation conditions leading to no effect on the surface gap states. However, for an oxygen replacement of an As dimer atom at trough site or row site As dimer atoms, an As-As bond is broken. Mid gap states are produced leading to the Fermi level pining due to the unsaturated As dangling bonds.
Reservoir analog model for oolite-microbialite sequences, Miocene terminal carbonate complex, Spain

Static three-dimensional (3-D) reservoir analog models were constructed for the Miocene terminal carbonate complex (TCC) in southeastern Spain. The models used field data collected from two areas containing exceptional 3-D exposures (La Molata; La Rellana-Ricardillo). Four TCC sequences in each area are composed of oolite, microbialite (thrombolites, stromatolites), bioclastic sands, and coralgal reefs deposited over paleotopographic relief of 33–76 m (108–249 ft). The models integrate field, laboratory, and petrophysical data with results providing a workflow and reservoir analogs useful in evaluating oolilte and microbialite reservoir characteristics in relation to paleotopography and sea level change. Results from this study reveal favorable reservoir-quality values with the potential for substantial hydrocarbon storage for many lithofacies. Flow and baffle facies were distinguished for the models based on thickness, lateral distribution, porosity, and permeability values. Trough cross-bedded ooid grainstone is volumetrically the most abundant lithofacies within both models, is laterally extensive across the entirety of sequences, has large storage capacities with good permeability, and has good connectivity with other flow facies. This facies represents the best reservoir-quality facies and would be the primary target for hydrocarbon exploitation. Microbialites act both as reservoir and baffle facies. Thrombolites, in particular, are concentrated downslope and in a more restricted embayment but vary between porous and nonporous facies. Stromatolites and fenestral ooid grainstones are concentrated at sequence boundaries and would create laterally extensive baffles with significant thicknesses at the sequence boundaries. Sea level interacting with both paleotopography and paleogeography were identified as the main controls on sequence development and reservoir heterogeneity. An understanding of these controls can aid in exploitation and identification of oolite-microbialite sequences.
RF electronics digital chirp for the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C instrument

The SIR-C (Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C) RF electronics subsystem generates the multifrequency RF signals to drive the antenna distributed array high-power amplifiers. The digital frequency step chirp signals are designed to allow flexibility in the selection of radar parameters such a range bandwidth to improve resolution, and pulsewidth to reduce DC power usage. >
Bone stress in runners with tibial stress fracture.

Abstract Background Combinations of smaller bone geometry and greater applied loads may contribute to tibial stress fracture. We examined tibial bone stress, accounting for geometry and applied loads, in runners with stress fracture. Methods 23 runners with a history of tibial stress fracture & 23 matched controls ran over a force platform while 3-D kinematic and kinetic data were collected. An elliptical model of the distal 1/3 tibia cross section was used to estimate stress at 4 locations (anterior, posterior, medial and lateral). Inner and outer radii for the model were obtained from 2 planar x-ray images. Bone stress differences were assessed using two-factor ANOVA (α = 0.05). Key contributors to observed stress differences between groups were examined using stepwise regression. Findings Runners with tibial stress fracture experienced greater anterior tension and posterior compression at the distal tibia. Location, but not group, differences in shear stress were observed. Stepwise regression revealed that anterior–posterior outer diameter of the tibia and the sagittal plane bending moment explained > 80% of the variance in anterior and posterior bone stress. Interpretation Runners with tibial stress fracture displayed greater stress anteriorly and posteriorly at the distal tibia. Elevated tibial stress was associated with smaller bone geometry and greater bending moments about the medial–lateral axis of the tibia. Future research needs to identify key running mechanics associated with the sagittal plane bending moment at the distal tibia as well as to identify ways to improve bone geometry in runners in order to better guide preventative and rehabilitative efforts.
Military applications of localization, tracking, and targeting

Localization and tracking are among the most general of all navigation applications. The military employs numerous examples of these applications supported by a global navigation architecture. Strategies for dealing with lack of support from portions of this architecture are discussed using some general missions involving localization and/or tracking that highlight particular aspects of these general strategies.
Transplantation Tolerance in NF-κB-Impaired Mice Is Not Due to Regulation but Is Prevented by Transgenic Expression of Bcl-xL

NF-kappaB is a key regulator of transcription after TCR and costimulatory receptor ligation. To determine the role of T cell-intrinsic NF-kappaB activation in acute allograft rejection, we used IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg mice (H-2b) that express an inhibitor of NF-kappaB restricted to the T cell compartment. We have previously shown that these mice permanently accept fully allogeneic (H-2d) cardiac grafts and secondary donor skin grafts, and that splenocytes from these tolerant mice have reduced alloreactivity when restimulated in vitro. These results were compatible with either deletion or suppression of allospecific T cells as possible mechanisms of tolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of transplant tolerance in these mice. IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg mice did not have increased numbers or function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells either before or after cardiac transplantation. In addition, tolerance could not be transferred to fresh NF-kappaB-competent T cells and was not permissive for linked suppression to skin grafts sharing donor and third-party alloantigens, suggesting that dominant suppression is not the mechanism by which IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg mice achieve tolerance. In contrast, overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL in T cells from IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg mice resulted in effective rejection of cardiac allografts and correlated with an increased frequency of splenocytes producing IFN-gamma in response to alloantigen. Together, these results suggest that the death of alloreactive T cells may be partly responsible for the transplantation tolerance observed in mice with defective T cell-intrinsic NF-kappaB activation.
Ductal Access for Prevention and Therapy of Mammary Tumors

In cancer patients and in those at high risk, systemic exposure to agents for therapy or prevention is accompanied by undesirable side effects. We hypothesized that it is possible to prevent and treat breast cancer by introducing anticancer agents into the mammary ductal network. Here, we show the efficacy of intraductally administered anticancer agents 4-hydroxytamoxifen and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer using the rat N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea-induced and spontaneous HER-2/neu transgenic mouse (neu-N) models of breast cancer. Intraductal administration of PLD to neu-N mice caused regression of established tumors and prevented tumor development more effectively than i.v. injection (P < 0.0001). Intraductal administration resulted in lower circulating levels of PLD compared with i.v. administration, with no evidence of systemic toxicity or long-term histopathologic changes in the mammary gland. Compared with systemic administration, intraductal injection provides direct access to breast lesions with higher local and lower systemic drug exposure. These studies suggest that this approach has potential for application to prevention and neoadjuvant therapy of early breast cancer.
Aquatic metabolism in the Everglades: Dominance of water column heterotrophy

Using high-frequency measurements of free water dissolved oxygen (O2), we assessed gross primary production (GPP), respiration (R), and net aquatic production (NAP) in the shallow-water Everglades peatland between 1996 and 2005. We distinguish NAP from net ecosystem production since the boundary for shallow aquatic ecosystems may include aboveground GPP of wetland biota. Metabolism was estimated for 68 sites distributed among nine habitats and yielded 1085 5-d deployments or 5425 site-days. Habitats differed in vegetation composition, trophic status, and hydrology. Systemwide O2 averaged 3.8 6 2.2 mg L21 (mean 6 SD), or 49% 6 30% of atmospheric saturation. GPP, R, and NAP averaged 103 6 76, 220 6 79, and 2117 6 65 mmol O2 m22 d21, respectively. Metabolism was greater during the summer-wet season when greater irradiance, temperature, and material flux stimulate primary production and decomposition. Paradoxically, GPP was inversely related to total phosphorus (TP), with oligotrophic (TP , 7 m gL 21) open-water habitats dominated by periphyton having the highest and eutrophic (TP . 35 m gL 21) habitats with dense emergent macrophytes the lowest rates. R was greatest for moderately enriched (TP 5 15 m gL 21) open-water habitats with floating macrophytes. The prevalence of net heterotrophy, 96% of the 1085 NAP estimates, reveals the importance of aboveground biota in regulating aquatic metabolism and O2 dynamics in shallow ecosystems. R is not only regulated by the influx of aboveground autochthonous carbon but also by aquatic GPP. Carbon turnover is greater in habitats where O2 production by aquatic vegetation enables aerobic respiration. Conversely, water-column GPP is suppressed by dense emergent macrophytes, which limits O2 availability, favors anaerobic respiration, and reduces carbon turnover.
Compact on-chip multiplexed photonic gas sensors

A compact resonator-based integrated photonic sensor for the detection of multiple gas analytes with high resolution is demonstrated. On-chip referencing is employed to compensate for environmental effects and laser instabilities to achieve high accuracy.
Virtual Laryngoscopy: A Real-Time Exploration of Laryngeal System based on Rapid Reconstruction Algorithm

In this paper, we present a real-time approach for effective and automatic manipulation and navigation in a virtual laryngeal environment. Efficient algorithms are developed for 1), automatic segmentation, and 2) volume data organization and 3), surface rendering. Finally a virtual laryngoscope is built for the visualization of laryngeal systems and this visualization system is tested using CT volume data acquired from two normal subjects
Examination of CD8+ T cell function in humans using MHC class I tetramers: similar cytotoxicity but variable proliferation and cytokine production among different clonal CD8+ T cells specific to a single viral epitope.

Following infection by human T cell lymphotrophic virus-I (HTLV-I), high frequencies of polyclonal Tax11–19-reactive CD8+ T cells can be detected in the peripheral blood. To investigate whether there are differences in the effector functions of these cells, we generated a panel of Tax11–19-reactive T cell clones by single cell sorting of HLA-A2/Tax11–19 tetramer binding CD8+ T cells followed by repeated stimulation with PHA and IL-2. Examination of the TCRs revealed 17 different T cell clones with unique clonal origins. Nine representative CD8+ T cell clones showed a similar cytotoxic dose-response activity against Ag-pulsed target cells, even though they express different TCRs. This cytotoxic effector function was not influenced by the engagement of either CD28 or CD2 costimulatory molecules. In contrast to the cytotoxic activity, qualitatively different degrees of proliferative response and cytokine secretion were observed among T cell clones of different clonal origin. The induction of proliferation and cytokine secretion required the engagement of costimulatory molecules, particularly CD2-LFA-3 interaction. These results indicate that functionally diverse, polyclonal CTL populations can be activated specific to a single immunodominant viral epitope; they can manifest virtually identical cytotoxic effector function but have marked differences in proliferation and cytokine secretion.
A Novel Column-Decoupled 8T Cell for Low-Power Differential and Domino-Based SRAM Design

We present a novel half-select disturb free transistor SRAM cell. The cell is 6T based and utilizes decoupling logic. It employs gated inverter SRAM cells to decouple the column select read disturb scenario in half-selected columns which is one of the impediments to lowering cell voltage. Furthermore, “false read” before write operation, common to conventional 6T designs due to bit-select and wordline timing mismatch, is eliminated using this design. Two design styles are studied to account for the emerging needs of technology scaling as designs migrate from 90 to 65 nm PD/SOI technology nodes. Namely we focus on a 90 nm PD/SOI sense Amp based and 65 nm PD/SOI domino read based designs. For the sense Amp based design, read disturbs to the fully-selected cell can be further minimized by relying on a read-assist array architecture which enables discharging the bit-line (BL) capacitance to GND during a read operation. This together with the elimination of half-select disturbs enhance the overall array low voltage operability and hence reduce power consumption by 20%-30%. The domino read based SRAM design also exploits the proposed cell to enhance cell stability while reducing the overall power consumption more than 30% by relying on a dynamic dual supply technique in combination of cell design and peripheral circuitry. Because half-selected columns/cells are inherently protected by the proposed scheme, the dynamic supply “High” voltage is only applied to read selected columns/cells, while dynamic supply “Low” is employed in all other situations, thereby reducing the overall design power. A short bitline loading of 16 cells/BL is adopted to achieve high-performance low-power operation and lower bitline capacitance to improve stability. A newly developed fast Monte Carlo based statistical method is used to analyze such a unique cell, and 65 nm design simulations are carried out at 5 GHz. The feasibility of the cell and sensitivity to sense Amp timing has been proved by fabricating a 32 kb array in a 90-nm PD/SOI technology. Hardware experiments and simulation results show improvements of cell Vddmin over traditional 6T cells by more than 150 mV for 90 nm PD/SOI technology. Also experimental results based on fabricated 65 nm PD/SOI (1.6 kb/site × 80 sites) hardware also asserts half-select disturb elimination and hence the ability to enable significant power savings. The performance and speed are shown to be comparable with the conventional 6T design.
Transesophageal Echocardiography in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Significant medical and surgical advances over the past several decades have dramatically altered the care of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). In the current era, most affected children survive into adulthood. This has resulted in a growing population of adults or “grown-up” patients with CHD, while this patient group continues to increase further. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) represents an important diagnostic tool in the management of adults with CHD. In addition, this modality plays an important role during catheter-based and surgical interventions in this patient group. With continuous evolution of and further refinements in technologies applicable to the cardiovascular system, TEE is likely to remain a key imaging modality in the adult patient with CHD.
Vitamin levels in normal cerebrospinal fluid.

SummaryUsing our microbiological assay methods, we established normal ranges in CSF for folic acid, folinic acid, thiamine, cyanocobalamin, pantothenic acid and the Vit. B6-group. The ratios of CSF levels to blood levels of these vitamins are shown in Table 1.
The Relationship Between Invasion of Personal Space and Stress

This study examines the relationship between the invasion of personal space and stress in an interview situation. Fifty-three subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions. The first condition served as a control group in which no spatial manipulation was made. In condition two, the interviewer (experimental confederate) unobtrusively moved toward the subject (interviewee) approximately one-third of the way through the interview. The third condition involved invasions at one-third and again at two-thirds of the way through the interview. From video-tapes made of each inteview, trained raters assessed the subjects' stress using a ratio-scaled direct observational measurement procedure. Paralleling the findings of previous research, the results of this study provide evidence demonstrating that spatial invasions are stress producing.
Deep-water plunging breakers: a comparison between potential theory and experiments

The primary objective of this paper is to provide a detailed confirmation of the validity of potential-flow theory for describing steep gravity waves produced in an experimental tank. Very high-resolution computations are carried out which use a refined mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian solution scheme under the assumptions of potential flow. The numerical results for a plunging breaker produced by a programmed piston-type wavemaker are found to be in excellent agreement with tank measurements up to and including overturning. The calculated free-surface elevations are almost indistinguishable from measured profiles, even close to where the wave plunges. The horizontal and vertical water-particle velocities measured with a laser anemometer throughout the water depth at two longitudinal stations are also well predicted by the theory. In contrast to the fully nonlinear theory, predictions based on linearized theory become poorer as the wave packet moves down the tank. To allow other investigators to evaluate the computations and experiments, the Fourier amplitudes and phases which completely specify the time history of the wavemaker's velocity are given in Appendix B.
The Phratry from Paiania

There is little evidence to support any estimate of the sizes and number of the phratries in Classical Attica. According to the author of the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia , there were four tribes, 12 phratries and 360 gene, corresponding respectively to the seasons, months and days of the year. Most older discussions of the tribal organization of Attica were based on this passage. More recently, however, scholars have come to agree that this information is too schematic to be historical, and in any event was not intended to describe the constitution of Attica in the Classical period. Currently, in spite of this passage, many contend that there were probably numerous phratries in Classical Attica (perhaps as many as there were demes or gene ), which varied greatly in size.
Forecasting Short Time-Series Tourism Demand with Artificial Intelligence Models:

This study examines the forecast accuracy of fuzzy time series and grey theory in predicting annual U.S. tourist arrivals. The performance of the two artificial intelligence (AI) models is compared to that of two simple methods—double moving average and double exponential smoothing. The rigorous testing approach includes a large sample stratified to adequately represent four generic trend patterns: a rolling short-term forecast, a large holdout sample, models fitting with both equal number of years and optimal number of years, and tests of statistical significance using Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks nonparametric test. This study’s findings indicate, in contrast to recent findings, that the complicated models are not likely to generate a more accurate forecast than the simple traditional models. Given the notable cost associated with these AI forecasting methods, our finding of no significant accuracy advantage suggests that tourism forecasters should not rush to adopt these two methods without careful consider...
Current status of the artificial heart and cardiovascular assist devices

Assist devices in existence today include extracorporeal blood pumps, intraaortic balloon pumps (IABP), external and implantable ventricular assist devices (VAD), autologous biological pumps, and the total artificial heart (TAH). The intraaortic balloon pump is in widespread clinical use and various extracorporeal pumps are available for temporary cardiac support during cardiac surgery. Ventricular assist devices and the artificial heart are still in the experimental stage. Several implantable VADs are presently undergoing clinical testing. Several experimental TAH units have already been implanted in humans. Until all clinical problems are solved, the TAH is now used primarily as a bridge to transplantation. >
Molecular mimicry of parasite antigens using anti-idiotypic antibodies.

Current interest in the molecular mimicry of microbial, transplantation, and tumor antigens using anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies is theoretically grounded in Jerne’s network model (1974), which argues the following: The antigen- combining site, designated paratope, of every antibody molecule recognizes the idiotope of some other antibody molecule. This requires that external (non- immunoglobulin) epitopes and internal idiotopes must be largely overlapping, since they are each recognized by the same set of paratopes. Therefore, for each foreign epitope there must be an idiotope which bears its internal image. In order to obtain antibody molecules which bear epitope-related conformational structures, the strategy has been to immunize with antibody molecules, designated Abl, expressing a paratope for a given epitope, with the intent of inducing a population of antibodies, designated Ab2, some of which share with the epitope a complementary structure to the Abl paratope (Fig. 1). This subpo- pulation of paratope-induced, anti-Abl antibodies has been termed Ab2β, to distinguish it from the more classically considered population pf anti-Id antibodies, termed Ab2α, which are induced by Abl idiotopes and therefore lack any epitope-related structures (Jerne et al. 1982). Assuming that the interaction with receptors through either their paratopes or idiotopes can provide identical signals to the cells which bear them, then both Ab2 populations should be induced by Abl.
How The Technological Society Became More Important in the United States than in France

La Technique ou L’enjeu du siecle has an unusual history. The original French was published in 1954 and made scarcely a ripple in a cultural world dominated by Jean-Paul Sartre (L’etre et le neant, 1943; Saint Genet, comedien et martyr, 1952; Question de methode, 1957) and Albert Camus (La peste, 1947; La chute, 1956). Although La Technique received ten reviews, most were in periodicals associated with French Protestant intellectual life; only one appeared outside France, in Germany. Somewhat surprisingly, the following decades witnessed translations into Spanish (1960), English (1964), Portuguese (1968), Italian (1969), and Japanese (1975). But most publishing houses were second tier and all non-English translations received little notice.
Multimode transmission technologies

We investigate technologies recently developed for fewmode fibers. We review the principles amplification in few-mode erbium-doped fiber, and study the frequency responses and switching performance of spatial light modulator-based wavelength-selective switches.
Modulation of murine granulocyte proliferation in diffusion chamber cultures.

Normal mouse marrow cells were cultured in Millipore diffusion chambers for long periods of time and at a variety of cell concentrations. All cultures showed a pattern of granulocyte proliferation characterized by logarithmic growth followed by prolonged stabilization of cell number starting a 7 days thereafter. The height of this “plateau” varied in relationship to the level of cell input and characteristically was far lower than the maximum cell density that can be maintained in this culture system. Additional studies showed that the plateau represented a steady state of granulocyte turnover and was not due to alterations in the diffusion chambers or the host mice. Regulatory mechanisms intrinsic to the cultured cell population appeared to play a primary role in maintaining this stable plateau. Modulation of granulocyte proliferation was partly due to increasing cell density; particularly with high input concentrations. In addition, differential cell counts suggested that critical changes in the relationship between immature and mature granulocytes partially accounted for this apparent autoregulation of cell growth. The plateau period in diffusion chamber cultures in many ways resembles granulocyte proliferation in normal mouse bone marrow and is a useful model for the study of regulatory functions in granulocytopoiesis.
Back-action evading devices with cavities and second-order nonlinearities

Conventional devices for measuring the amplitude of a lightwave absorb the light, thus destroying it. Recently, methods based on the optical Kerr effect have been shown capable of measuring optical amplitude fluctuations with near-quantum-limited sensitivity without absorption.1
Smoking during pregnancy and ADHD risk: A genetically informed, multiple-rater approach

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is a significant public health concern with adverse consequences to the health and well-being of the developing child, including behavioral outcomes such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There is substantial interest in understanding the nature of this reported association, particularly in light of more recent genetically informed studies that suggest that the SDP-ADHD link is less clear than once thought. In a sample of families (N = 173) specifically selected for sibling pairs discordant for prenatal smoking exposure, we use a sibling-comparison approach that controls for shared genetic and familial influences to assess the effects of SDP on ADHD symptom dimensions. ADHD was measured by both parent and teacher report on the Conners report forms and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form (CBCL/TRF). Results for the CBCL/TRF Total ADHD score are consistent with prior genetically informed approaches and suggest that previously reported associations between SDP and ADHD are largely due to familial confounding rather than causal teratogenic effects. However, results from the Conners parent report suggest a potentially causal effect of SDP on hyperactive/impulsive and, to a lesser extent, total ADHD symptoms; SDP results in increased parent-reported hyperactive/impulsive and total ADHD symptoms even after accounting for genetic and familial confounding factors. This suggests that the Conners assessment (parent-report) may provide a sensitive measure for use in studies examining child specific SDP effects on continuous and dimensional aspects of ADHD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
K0 and K1, — An Introduction to Algebraic K-Theory

(1975). K0 and K1, — An Introduction to Algebraic K-Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 329-364.
The Effect of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery on Pre-existing Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder (OAB) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) are both significant and debilitating conditions for many women. They often coexist but a causal relationship is not known. Surgical repair of POP has been found to improve OAB symptoms to varying degrees. Some studies have examined possible factors associated with OAB improvement after surgery for POP such as exam findings, symptoms, and urodynamic parameters, but none have been robustly shown to predict outcomes. When counseling patients regarding expectations after prolapse correction surgery, it is important to appreciate that it cannot be predicted which OAB symptoms would improve, to what degree, and in which patient.
Prolactin Production by Rat Pituitary in vitro.

SummaryAnterior pituitary explants from female immature, mature and postpartum lactating rats were cultured in vitro on “199” or Trowell T-8 medium at 35 ± 1°C for periods of 6-14 days. Medium was assayed for prolactin by the intradermal pigeon crop method. Pituitary explants from mature female rats, gassed continuously with 95% O2 − 5% CO2 released 5-10 times more prolactin into medium each day than explants exposed only to air atmosphere. The amount of prolactin per AP recovered each day from the culture medium, under continuous gassing, was 2-3 times greater than that present in a fresh AP prior to culture. This proves that prolactin was actively synthesized and released and not merely “leached” out from AP explants. Explants from immature rats elaborated about half as much prolactin per AP per day as explants from mature rats, and ex-plants from lactating rats about twice as much as explants from mature rats. Assays of some explants at the end of culture revealed a low prolactin content, indicating ra...