cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PERSONAL COMPUTING FOR ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Publisher Summary Computer literacy needs to become a goal for educators and for students. The meaning of computer literacy has never been particularly clear, and it seems to have changed over time. Initially, computer literacy tended to mean a level of understanding at which the student could talk about computers but could not actually work on one. This is now called “computer awareness.” This chapter discusses aspects of personal computing and the way they help define some of the goals set for computer literacy. Students at all grade levels can learn to use a computer in a manner and at a level that is meaningful to them and that which makes a difference in their lives. Personal computing for students can be divided into several categories. The following uses of computers are neither disjoint nor all inclusive but serve to guide our exploration of the concept of computer literacy. Computers can be personally useful to students: (1) as a general aid to learning, (2) as an aid to problem solving, (3) as an object of learning in itself, and (4) as entertainment.
Wirkungsweise und Indikation der Transfusion mit konserviertem Blut

Uber die klinische Anwendung der Bluttransfusion und die damit zusammenhangenden Fragen besteht heute ein Schrifttum von kaum mehr ubersehbarem Ausmas. In einer von Hesse (Forschungsinstitut fur Bluttransfusion in Leningrad) herausgegebenen Bibliographie hat Konig aus dem Weltschrifttum bis 1933 und teilweise bis 1934 uber 4400 Arbeiten, welche die Bluttransfusion betreffen, zusammengestellt.
Integrating Verbal and Nonvebval Input into a Dynamic Response Spoken Dialogue System

In this work, we present a dynamic response spoken dialogue system (DRSDS). It is capable of understanding the verbal and nonverbal language of users and making instant, situation-aware response. Incorporating with two external systems, MultiSense and email summarization, we built an email reading agent on mobile device to show the functionality of DRSDS.
Elder Abuse and Mistreatment

In 2011, the Baby Boom generation began to reach the age of 65 ushering in the beginning of a population aging boom remarkable for both its prevalence and proportion (West, Cole, Goodkind, & He, 2014). This shift in demographics predicts that 20% of US citizens will be over age 65 and 4.5% over the age of 85 by the year 2050 (Ortman, Velkoff, & Hogan, 2014). This aging of the US population has many wide-ranging implications, including changes in policy, community support, and social and family dynamics. As societal needs shift with the growing aging population, economic and perceptual changes are imperative in order to keep individuals safe and quality of life high. One threat to aging-well deserving of special focus is elder mistreatment.
Biphasic functions for the GDNF-Ret signaling pathway in chemosensory neuron development and diversification.

The development of the taste system relies on the coordinated regulation of cues that direct the simultaneous development of both peripheral taste organs and innervating sensory ganglia, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a novel, biphasic function for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the development and subsequent diversification of chemosensory neurons within the geniculate ganglion (GG). GDNF, acting through the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret, regulates the expression of the chemosensory fate determinant Phox2b early in GG development. Ret-/- mice, but not Retfx/fx ; Phox2b-Cre mice, display a profound loss of Phox2b expression with subsequent chemosensory innervation deficits, indicating that Ret is required for the initial amplification of Phox2b expression but not its maintenance. Ret expression is extinguished perinatally but reemerges postnatally in a subpopulation of large-diameter GG neurons expressing the mechanoreceptor marker NF200 and the GDNF coreceptor GFRα1. Intriguingly, we observed that ablation of these neurons in adult Ret-Cre/ERT2; Rosa26LSL-DTA mice caused a specific loss of tactile, but not chemical or thermal, electrophysiological responses. Overall, the GDNF-Ret pathway exerts two critical and distinct functions in the peripheral taste system: embryonic chemosensory cell fate determination and the specification of lingual mechanoreceptors.
Saving van Eyck and Leonardo da Vinci: The Power of Art in the Era of World War II

What appears at first glance as inanimate objects or structures, works of art have the ability to attain great influence and power. Few events highlight their power better than actions taken in World War II. During World War II, the fate of many artworks became uncertain as Adolf Hitler and Hermann Goring set out to plunder Western Europe of its rich culture and precious art works for Germany’s gain. A particular lover of art himself, Hitler saw certain works of art as more desirable than others. He wanted to build the Fuhrer museum in his adopted hometown of Linz, which would house artwork of his choosing from all over Europe. This included a number of early modern pieces such as...
The Verbal Governance of Behavior

The above quotation can be interpreted to mean that some research practices are verbally governed and others are not. The topic of verbal governance is mainly concerned with how human behavior depends on its verbal antecedents. The language in which the topic of verbal governance has usually been framed is fraught with difficulties and inconsistencies (see Catania, Chapter 13). For example, verbal governance has often been discussed under the rubric of rule-governed behavior (e.g., Skinner, 1969). Yet in many disciplines outside of behavior analysis, rules are not regarded as instances of verbal behavior, and issues of verbal governance are often couched in terms of awareness or of distinctions between implicit and explicit learning (e.g., Reber, 1976).
Medial Side Patellofemoral Anatomy: Surgical Implications in Patellofemoral Instability

Historically, surgical procedures aimed at stabilizing the patella against lateral dislocations involved altering its dynamic stabilizers, most specifically the vastus medialis obliqus muscle. This procedure was often performed in combination with altering the distal bony alignment (medial tibial tubercle transfer). The importance of the medial static patella stabilizers, in particular the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), has more recently been recognized as playing an important role in patellofemoral biomechanics [2, 3, 6]. Multiple studies have supported injury to this ligament with lateral patella dislocation [8, 9, 11].
Buddhism and its relation to women and prostitution in Thai society

OF THE THESIS BUDDHISM AND ITS RELATION TO WOMEN AND PROSTITUTION IN THAI SOCIETY by Sandra Avila Florida International University, 2008 Miami, Florida Professor Steven Heine, Major Professor The purpose of this research was to investigate how Buddhism affects the status of Thai women by (1) not directly addressing concerns regarding the sex trade industry, (2) not allowing for the legitimation of a bhikkhuni sangha (community of higher ordained women), and (3) denying mae chis (5-9 precept nuns) access to education and other privileges. The study is significant from the standpoint of public health since there is a high rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Thailand, and also in regard to human rights because of the growing international interest in women's rights issues. This study is based on a review of key literature on the topic, along with observations and on-the-ground accounts of Thai Buddhism from travel opportunities to the country in recent years. The findings suggest that Buddhism contributes to the low status of women by defining how they are viewed based on Buddhist scripture and traditional Thai culture and by systematically failing to provide the same religious outlets for women that men are allowed.
Clinical uses of 17α-hydroxy-6α-methylprogesterone acetate in gynecologic and obstetric practice

115 patients ranging in age from 13 to 47 participated in studies on the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with and without estrogen in conception control menstrual disorders pregnancy salvage and infertility. Cyclic or continuous medication with MPA or MPA-estrogen effectively prevented ovulation without modification of adrenal activity. Normal pregnancies and deliveries occurred after cessation of therapy. Spotting during cyclic medication was controlled by increasing the daily amounts of MPA in those patients with naturally long cycles or by starting medication earlier in those with short cycles. Studies are being continued.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Obesity and Pulmonary Hypertension

Whether the present obesity epidemic will increase the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension over the next decades is unclear. We review the obesity-related mechanisms that may further the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Systemic and local inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress contribute to the pathobiology of obesity and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Preliminary data suggest that expansion of adipose tissue surrounding the pulmonary artery may hasten the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension in obese persons. Further, obesity-associated cardiac and pulmonary conditions may increase the prevalence of groups 2 and 3 pulmonary hypertension. The obesity epidemic is likely to increase the prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension by enabling vascular remodeling. Obesity-associated cardiac and pulmonary conditions will increase pulmonary hypertension prevalence.
Breast Arterial Calcification in the Mammogram Report: The Patient Perspective.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine patient attitudes about mammographic reporting of breast arterial calcification (BAC), result communication, and action. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. ...
Evaluation of metamaterial unit cell analysis techniques

The field of acoustic metamaterials has produced novel materials in a wide variety of applications. An important step in designing a metamaterial is unit cell analysis with subwavelength geometry. There are several techniques used for unit cell analysis when designing acoustic properties of interest for metamaterial applications. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, band diagrams, effective material properties, or half-space homogenization. This talk discusses the challenges and tradeoffs between analysis techniques and types of structures that lend to one method or another. Unit cell analysis methods will be evaluated to perform trade space exploration, including validation and parametric studies for metamaterial design.
Nature-inspired virus-assisted algal cell disruption for cost-effective biofuel production

Abstract Algal biofuel has been advocated as a sustainable and environmentally friendly renewable energy source. However, intensive chemical usage, high energy consumption, and high operation and maintenance costs associated with current cell disruption methods have been identified as main challenges to cost-effective production of algal biofuel. Viral infection of algae is a natural process that can lyse algal cells under ambient conditions without using chemicals or energy-intensive equipment. This study, for the first time, provides a comprehensive and in-depth evaluation of the feasibility of using viruses to assist algal lipid extraction. Detailed mechanistic studies were conducted to evaluate the impact on mechanical strength of algal cell walls, lipid yield, and lipid distribution when Chlorella sp. were infected by Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1). Viral disruption with multiplicity of infection of 10−8 was able to disrupt concentrated algal biomass completely in six days. Our results indicated that viral disruption significantly reduced the mechanical strength of algal cells. Lipid yield with viral disruption increased more than three times compared to no disruption controls and was similar to that of ultrasonic disruption. Moreover, lipid composition analysis showed that the quality of extracted lipids was not affected by viral infection. The results showed that viral infection is a highly cost-effective technique to promote lipid extraction without extensive energy input and chemicals required by existing disruption methods. The results of this study provided new insights in the development of nature-inspired lipid extraction methods for cost-efficient biofuel production.
Patterns and co-occurrence of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in four Asian American communities: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives To investigate risk factor patterns and the simultaneous occurrence of multiple risk factors in the viral, metabolic and lifestyle domains among Asian Americans, who have had the highest mortality rates from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Setting Sacramento County, California, USA. Participants Eligible participants were county residents ages 18 and older who had not been screened for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and were born in a CDC-defined endemic area or whose parent was born in that area. Of 1004 enrolled, 917 were foreign-born Chinese (130 women, 94 men), Hmong (133 women, 75 men), Korean (178 women, 90 men) or Vietnamese (136 women, 81 men) with complete risk factor data. Primary and secondary outcome measures We tested participants for HBV and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV); measured haemoglobin A1c and waist circumference; and recorded self-reported history of diabetes, hypertension, alcohol use and smoking status. We identified risk factor patterns using cluster analysis and estimated gender-specific age-standardised prevalence rates. Results We identified four patterns: (1) viral (chronic HBV or HCV); (2) lifestyle (current smoker or alcohol user, no viral); (3) metabolic (≥2 metabolic, no lifestyle or viral); and (4) lower risk (≤1 metabolic, no lifestyle or viral). Vietnamese men (16.3%, 95% CI 7.4% to 25.3%) and Hmong women (15.1%, 95% CI 7.8% to 22.5%) had the highest viral pattern prevalence. Hmong women had the highest metabolic (37.8%, 95% CI 29.8% to 45.9%), and Vietnamese men the highest lifestyle (70.4%, 95% CI 59.1% to 81.7%) pattern prevalence. In multiple domains, Hmong men and women were most likely to have viral+metabolic risk factors (men: 14.4%, 95% CI 6.0% to 22.7%; women: 11.9%, 95% CI 5.6% to 18.3%); Vietnamese men were most likely to have lifestyle+viral (10.7%, 95% CI 2.7% to 18.8%), and lifestyle+metabolic but not viral (46.4%, 95% CI 34.4% to 58.5%) risk factors. Conclusions Efforts to reduce HCC must comprehensively address multiple risk factors. Trial registration number NCT02596438.
Should Adults with Prediabetes Be Prescribed Metformin to Prevent Diabetes Mellitus? No: Evidence Does Not Show Improvements in Patient-Oriented Outcomes.

Discussing with patients the pros and cons of medications for borderline glucose values could distract us from more important topics such as lifestyle changes, smoking cessation, and blood pressure control. Time is the most valuable resource in a physician-patient partnership, and there are better ways to spend it.
High-resolution probing of early events in amyloid-β aggregation related to Alzheimer's disease

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), soluble oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) are emerging as a crucial entity in driving disease progression as compared to insoluble amyloid deposits. The lacuna in establishing the structure to function relationship for Aβ oligomers prevents the development of an effective treatment for AD. While the transient and heterogeneous properties of Aβ oligomers impose many challenges for structural investigation, an effective use of a combination of NMR techniques has successfully identified and characterized them at atomic-resolution. Here, we review the successful utilization of solution and solid-state NMR techniques to probe the aggregation and structures of small and large oligomers of Aβ. Biophysical studies utilizing the commonly used solution and 19F based NMR experiments to identify the formation of small size early intermediates and to obtain their structures, and dock-lock mechanism of fiber growth at atomic-resolution are discussed. In addition, the use of proton-detected magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR experiments to obtain high-resolution insights into the aggregation pathways and structures of large oligomers and other aggregates is also presented. We expect these NMR based studies to be valuable for real-time monitoring of the depletion of monomers and the formation of toxic oligomers and high-order aggregates under a variety of conditions, and to solve the high-resolution structures of small and large size oligomers for most amyloid proteins, and therefore to develop inhibitors and drugs.
Presence and variability of culturable bioaerosols in three multi-family apartment buildings with different ventilation systems in the Northeastern US.

Bioaerosol concentrations in residential buildings located in the Northeastern US have not been widely studied. Here, in 2011-2015, we studied the presence and seasonal variability of culturable fungi and bacteria in three multi-family apartment buildings and correlated the bioaerosol concentrations with building ventilation system types and environmental parameters. A total of 409 indoor and 86 outdoor samples were taken. Eighty-five percent of investigated apartments had indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratios of culturable fungi below 1, suggesting minimal indoor sources of fungi. In contrast, 56% of the apartments had I/O ratios for culturable bacteria above 1, indicating the prominence of indoor sources of bacteria. Culturable fungi I/O ratios in apartments serviced by central heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system were lower than those in apartments with window AC. The type of ventilation system did not have a significant effect on the presence of indoor culturable bacteria. A significant positive association was determined between indoor dew point (DP) levels and indoor culturable fungi (P < .001) and bacteria (P < .001), regardless of ventilation type. Also, residents in apartments with central HVAC did not experience extreme DP values. We conclude that building ventilation systems, seasonality, and indoor sources are major factors affecting indoor bioaerosol levels in residential buildings.
Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess, Hydrosalpinx, Pyosalpinx, and Oophoritis in Emergency Department Patients.

Introduction Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of illness ranging from mild illness to more severe forms including tubo-ovarian abscess, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, oophoritis (THPO). The objective of the study was to report rates and clinical characteristics of females presenting to the ED with a diagnosis of THPO in relationship to the presence or absence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods A database of ED patient encounters occurring from April 18, 2014, to March 7, 2017 was created. Analysis of women diagnosed with THPO and who had testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas by nucleic acid amplification testing or who had a vaginal wet preparation was performed. Patient demographics, ED diagnoses, laboratory tests, medications administered in the ED, and medications prescribed were examined. Categorical variables were summarized as count and percentages and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Continuous variables were summarized as the mean and standard deviation and analyzed using the t-test. All statistical tests were two-sided with a significance level of 0.05. Results THPO was diagnosed in 0.3% (56/17,905) of patient encounters. There were 50% (28/56) of women with THPO admitted to the hospital. There were 25.0% (12/48) women who received a positive test result for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. Women with THPO were significantly older, more likely to be infected with gonorrhea, and more likely to be diagnosed with sepsis and PID (P<.05 for all). Conclusions THPO is an infrequently encountered entity in the ED. A diagnosis of STI, PID, and sepsis can accompany these presentations. Although an uncommon diagnosis, ED providers must be attentive to patients presenting with pelvic symptoms that could be consistent with THPO to mitigate any complications that may arise and to direct the appropriate treatment.
Subtle Discrimination Overtakes Cognitive Resources and Undermines Performance

Meta-analyses demonstrate that the negative effects of subtle forms of discrimination on a range of work-related outcomes can be worse than those of overt discrimination (Dhanani et al. Personnel Psychology, 71(2), 147–179, 2018; Jones et al. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1588–1613, 2016). Yet, these syntheses and the primary studies on which they are based offer little insight into how or why these effects emerge. In the current study, we examine consequences of both of these types of discrimination on task performance and citizenship intentions via cognitive resource depletion. A total of 131 women experienced (a) overt discrimination, (b) subtle discrimination, (c) overt and subtle discrimination, or (d) no discrimination and were then asked to conduct a series of in-basket performance tasks. Results revealed that subtle (but not overt) discrimination significantly impaired measures of task performance and that cognitive resource depletion mediated these relationships. By pinpointing cognitive resource depletion as the mechanism that transmits the negative consequences of subtle discrimination, this work sheds new light onto this detrimental psychological experience and further opens up new opportunities for its remediation.
SoC Trust Validation Using Assertion-Based Security Monitors

Modern SoC applications include a variety of sensitive modules in which data must be protected against malicious access. Security vulnerabilities, when exercised during the SoC operation, lead to denial of service or disclosure of protected data. Hence, it is essential to undertake security validation before and after SoC fabrication and make provisions for continuous security assessment during operation. This paper presents a methodology for optimized post-deployment monitoring of SoC’s security properties by migrating pre-fab design security assertions to post-fab run-time security monitors. We show that the method is scalable for large systems and complex properties by optimizing the hardware monitors and applying it to a large SoC design based on a OpenRISC-1200 SoC. About 40 security assertions were specified in System Verilog Assertions (SVA). Following formal verification, the assertions were synthesized into finite state machines and cross optimized. Following code generation in Verilog, commercial logic and layout synthesis tools were used to generate hardware monitors which were then integrated with the SoC design ready for fabrication.
Long Term Extension Study of Tofacitinib in Refractory Dermatomyositis.

We previously demonstrated that tofacitinib was effective in treating skin-predominant refractory dermatomyositis (DM) at 12 weeks in a prospective open label clinical trial, Study of Tofacitinib In Refractory dermatomyositis (STIR) (1). Here, we report the long-term extension results of up to 96 weeks to investigate the treatment durability of tofacitinib in refractory DM. Inclusion criteria and outcome measures were the same as the parent study (1). Assessments were conducted at weeks 20, 72, and 96. The baseline demographic features of all 10 trial patients were reported previously (1).
Comment on International Tax Reform Framework Discussion Draft by Senate Committee on Finance Chair Ron Wyden and Senators Sherrod Brown and Mark Warner

This comment letter addresses Senate Finance Committee Chair Ron Wyden’s International Tax Reform Framework Discussion Draft released August 25, 2021 (with Senators Brown and Warner) (the WBW Draft). The comment discusses why U.S. multinationals have competitive advantages compared to international competitors because of access to a favorable cost of capital in U.S. capital markets and other benefits of being based in the United States. Accordingly, it supports adopting the Biden Administration’s proposed international tax reforms. The comment explains why the United States should not wait for completion of the G20/OECD global minimum tax agreement. Finally, the letter makes comments directed at strengthening the WBW draft.
What Is It Like to Have an Ostomy? Colostomy and Ileostomy Issues and IBD

There is no getting around the fact that having an ostomy will impact your life. Whether the ostomy is temporary or permanent, there will be body image issues, social functioning issues, intimacy issues, control issues, and simple daily living issues. Having said all that, you should understand that the vast majority of patients lead normal and fulfilling lives with their ostomies, and in fact, for most patients who ultimately need a stoma for management of their disease, the ostomy means they will get better, they may need fewer or no medications, they will often feel better and function better, and in fact their quality of life will usually, overall, improve as a result of the surgery to remove disease and construct the ostomy. In the long run, 80–90 % of patients with an ostomy report good or excellent physical well-being, 90 % work without restrictions, and only about 10 % experience significant restrictions when it comes to diet, sports, hobbies, travel, and clothing selections. There are over a million people in the United States with an ostomy. You probably pass one, talk with one, or work with one very day, and you probably don’t even know it, and there are specific organizations designed to educate and support those with an ostomy. You should try and focus on the fact that having the ostomy will very likely be much better than being chronically ill or being constantly tied to the nearest toilet. It will be a new start.
TU-G-204-06: Correlation Between Texture Analysis-Based Model Observer and Human Observer in Diagnosis of Ischemic Infarct in Non-Contrast Head CT of Adults

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between texture analysis-based model observer and human observer in the task of diagnosis of ischemic infarct in non-contrast head CT of adults. Methods: Non-contrast head CTs of five patients (2 M, 3 F; 58–83 y) with ischemic infarcts were retro-reconstructed using FBP and Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) of various levels (10–100%). Six neuro -radiologists reviewed each image and scored image quality for diagnosing acute infarcts by a 9-point Likert scale in a blinded test. These scores were averaged across the observers to produce the average human observer responses. The chief neuro-radiologist placed multiple ROIs over the infarcts. These ROIs were entered into a texture analysis software package. Forty-two features per image, including 11 GLRL, 5 GLCM, 4 GLGM, 9 Laws, and 13 2-D features, were computed and averaged over the images per dataset. The Fisher-coefficient (ratio of between-class variance to in-class variance) was calculated for each feature to identify the most discriminating features from each matrix that separate the different confidence scores most efficiently. The 15 features with the highest Fisher -coefficient were entered into linear multivariate regression for iterative modeling. Results: Multivariate regression analysis resulted in the best prediction model of the confidence scores after three iterations (df=11, F=11.7, p-value<0.0001). The model predicted scores and human observers were highly correlated (R=0.88, R-sq=0.77). The root-mean-square and maximal residual were 0.21 and 0.44, respectively. The residual scatter plot appeared random, symmetric, and unbiased. Conclusion: For diagnosis of ischemic infarct in non-contrast head CT in adults, the predicted image quality scores from texture analysis-based model observer was highly correlated with that of human observers for various noise levels. Texture-based model observer can characterize image quality of low contrast, subtle texture changes in addition to human observers.
An Extended Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model: Evaluation of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy on Human IgG Pharmacokinetics in Rats.

Although many studies have evaluated the effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of low molecular weight molecules, there is limited information regarding effects on monoclonal antibodies. Our previous studies have reported significant increases in total (2–4 fold) and renal (100–300 fold) clearance of human IgG, an antibody isotype, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Pioglitazone treatment incompletely reversed the disease-related PK changes. The objective of this study was to construct a mechanistic model for simultaneous fitting plasma and urine data, to yield physiologically relevant PK parameters. We propose an extended minimal physiologically based PK (mPBPK) model specifically for IgG by classifying organs as either leaky or tight vascular tissues, and adding a kidney compartment. The model incorporates convection as the primary mechanism of IgG movement from plasma into tissues, interstitial fluid (ISF) in extravascular distribution space, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sieving coefficient and fraction reabsorbed in the kidney. The model captured the plasma and urine PK profiles well, and simulated concentrations in ISF. The model estimated a 2–4 fold increase in nonrenal clearance from plasma and 30–120 fold increase in renal clearance with T2DM, consistent with the experimental findings, and these differences in renal clearance were related to changes in GFR, sieving coefficient, and proximal tubular reabsorption. In conclusion, the mPBPK model offers a more relevant approach for analyzing plasma and urine IgG concentration-time data than conventional models and provides insight regarding alterations in distributional and elimination parameters occurring with T2DM.
Forecasting Profits in the Short Run: Using a More Reliable Profit Margin Ratio

The percent-of-sales method is a frequently encountered simple approach for estimating cost components and profits in projected income statements. The method assumes that all costs are variable, implying that profit margin is constant. Profit margin ratios are also used to estimate profits directly. This may be reasonable in the long run, but some fixed costs are present in the short-run, resulting in forecast errors. I propose a short equation that incorporates the initial profit margin, the sales growth rate, and the ratio of fixed cost to initial sales that renders more accurate profit estimates while preserving the simplicity of the method.
Impacts of Dams on Flow Regimes in Three Headwater Subbasins of the Columbia River Basin, United States1

Moore, Johnnie N., Alicia S. Arrigoni, and Andrew C. Wilcox, 2012. Impacts of Dams on Flow Regimes in Three Headwater Subbasins of the Columbia River Basin, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 925-938. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00660.x Abstract: We compared long-term changes in flow regimes resulting from climate change with those resulting from dams in three matched pairs of natural and modified headwater subbasins of the Columbia River. Based on the analysis of 12 flow-regime metrics, we found that damming had minimal effect on most quantity of flow metrics, but major effect on timing of flow metrics, especially those representing “spring runoff.” In all modified subbasins, “spring runoff” metrics occurred much earlier than natural flow (up to ∼44 days earlier for April-July flows). Storage capacity modulated the magnitude of timing of flow-metric changes, with the largest storage capacity leading to the most change. However, even in subbasins with low storage capacity, we found significant change in most timing of flow metrics. We also found that damming, especially in subbasins with higher storage capacity, overwhelmed climate variability in all basins for most flow metrics. This shows that reservoir operations need to be modified to more closely match the natural timing of flow regimes to promote positive ecologic response in modified rivers, even in basins where quantity of flow metrics have not changed substantially as a result of damming.
Comparative Mammalian Respiratory Control

The sections in this article are: 1 Problems of Size 1.1 Metabolic Rate and Controller Gain 1.2 Scaling of Hemoglobin (Hb)-O2 Affinity and Threshold of Hypoxic Ventilatory Response 1.3 Oscillations of Blood-Borne Chemical Signals 1.4 Relative Influences of Various Arterial Chemoreceptors 2 Normal Variations of Body Temperature 2.1 Questions About Homeostasis 2.2 Panting and Nonpanting Responses 3 Activity Pattern 3.1 Exercise 3.2 Synchrony of Limb and Respiratory Movements 4 Mechanical Considerations: Optimization of Respiratory Frequency 5 Special Behavioral Features 5.1 Hibernation, Estivation, and Torpor 5.2 Sham Death 6 Variations of Habitat 6.1 High Altitude 6.2 Burrowing 6.3 Diving 6.4 Flying 6.5 Cave Dwelling 7 Unique Problems 7.1 Air Breathing With Very Immature Control Systems 7.2 Sluggish Motor Systems 7.3 Purring 8 Conclusion
A Review of: “Sherman, M. D., & Sherman, D. M. (2006). I'm not Alone: A Teen's Guide to Living with a Parent who has a Mental Illness. Minnesota: Beaver's Pond Press”

Sherman and Sherman's mother-daughter team have produced an important tool that addresses key issues in dealing with a parent who has a mental illness. This resource is uniquely designed not only t...
Resistance of chinese hamster ovary cell chromatin to endonuclease digestion: I. Reversal by cAMP

Summary A portion of the DNA within intact nuclei of a spontaneously transformed Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO-Kl) is relatively resistant to digestion by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, as compared to nuclei from primary cultures of Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. Treatment of CHO-Kl cells with derivatives of 3′,5′ cyclic AMP (cAMP) under conditions which effect the reverse transformation (RT) of these cells, results in restoration of the increased sensitivity of their DNA to hydrolysis by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, to the level characteristic of an untransformed, morphologically normal Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line. Dibutyryl (db-)cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP (Br-cAMP) yielded similar results. The cAMP derivatives employed had no effect on the normal fibroblasts.
The 5'-Nucleotidase of Escherichia coli II. SURFACE LOCALIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE ESCHERICHIA COLI 5'-NUCLEOTIDASE INHIBITOR

Abstract Escherichia coli 5'-nucleotidase has been shown to be a constitutive enzyme uninfluenced by the phosphate, sugar, or ionic content of the growth medium. It is a periplasmic located enzyme. 5'-Nucleotidase activities stimulated by Co++, with pH optima of 5.7 to 6.0, have been partially purified from Aerobacter aerogenes, Shigella sonnei, and Salmonella typhimurium. A specific protein inhibitor for the 5'-nucleotidase has been found in the cell cytoplasm. It inhibits the 5'-AMP, ATP, and uridine diphosphate glucose activity of the 5'-nucleotidase of E. coli and also inhibits the 5'-AMP hydrolysis of 5'-nucleotidases of A. aerogenes, S. sonnei, and S. typhimurium. The inhibitor is heat-labile at 45°. It combines with the 5'-nucleotidase at 0° as well as at 21°. Inhibitory activity is altered only by urea and is not affected by mercaptoethanol or metals.
Structural and mechanical characterization of bioresorbable, elastomeric nanocomposites from poly(glycerol sebacate)/nanohydroxyapatite for tissue transport applications

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)/nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) composites were assessed to develop new materials for closure via tissue transport for nonhealing defects (e.g., cleft palate and large skin wounds). The elastic shape memory polymer, PGS, was reinforced with nHA at 3 and 5% loading to increase the mechanical properties compared with the undoped PGS. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was utilized to identify a glass transition temperature (Tg ) of -25°C. X-ray diffraction demonstrated a reduction in the amorphous nature of the material. The Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectral (FTIR-PAS) data showed decreased CO bonding and increased hydrogen bonding with increased nHA incorporation. Composites exhibited Young's moduli in the range of 0.25-0.5 MPa and tensile strength of 1.5-3 N. No significant difference in extension to break (∼50 mm) with addition of nHA was observed. The elastic modulus significantly increased for 5% PGS/nHA compared to 0 and 3% PGS/nHA and tensile strength significantly increased for 3% PGS/nHA compared to 0 and 5% PGS/nHA. Degradation of 5% nHA/PGS significantly increased during the second week compared to PGS 0 and 3% PGS/nHA. The accelerated degradation for 5% PGS/nHA coupled with decreased flexibility and tensile strength implies an interruption in crosslinking. By maintaining flexibility and extension while increasing tensile strength, the 3% PGS/nHA doped satisfied the force range desired for closure of soft tissue defects. Based on this work, PGS with 3% nHA shape memory polymers should serve as a good candidate for closure of nonhealing soft tissues. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1366-1373, 2016.
Transient Thermal Simulation of Apollo Spacecraft and ECS

Apollo spacecraft command module analytical thermal model, discussing correlation of model with test data
Raman scattering in C60 and alkali-metal-saturated C60.

Experimental results on Raman-scattering spectra of C 60 and M 6 C 60 (M=K, Rb, and Cs) taken at room temperature are presented and discussed. The spectra for the M 6 C 60 compounds are all quite similar, and show only weak dependence on the alkali-metal mass or radius. Several of the fivefold degenerate H g symmetry C 60 lines are observed to split upon doping
Statistics as Psychometrics.

In this paper, modern statistics is considered as a branch of psychometrics and the question of how the central problems of statistics can be resolved using psychometric methods is investigated. Theories and methods developed in the fields of test theory, scaling, and factor analysis are related to the principle problems of modern statistical theory and method. Topics surveyed include assessment of probabilities, assessment of utilities, assessment of exchangeability, preposterior analysis, adversary analysis, multiple comparisons, the selection of predictor variables, and full-rank ANOVA. Reference is made to some literature from the field of cognitive psychology to indicate some of the difficulties encountered in probability and utility assessment. Some methods for resolving these difficulties using the Computer-Assisted Data Analysis (CADA) Monitor are described, as is some recent experimental work on utility assessment.
Variational solution of the Thomas‐Fermi equation for compressed atoms at high temperatures

The purpose of the present work is to show that the temperature-perturbed Thomas-Fermi (TF) equation of Marshak and Bethe may be solved approximately for compressed neutral atoms by formulating two variational principles. One variational principle is formulated for obtaining an approximate analytical solution ϕ0 of the TF equation for a compressed atom at T = 0 K, and another one for obtaining an approximate analytical correction function θ In terms of these quantities the approximate finite-temperature solution of the TF equation is given by ϕT = ϕ0 + (T/θ)2θ, where θ is a constant depending on the atomic number Z.
Esthetic veneer cementation.

E sthetic facial veneers can be constructed directly on the teeth with microfilled resins or veneers of microfilled resin, or dental porcelain fabricated by a dental laboratory can be cemented to the teeth. Although studies have addressed the transverse strength, repair strength, shear strength, and effects of surface condition and preparation on repair strength, few have considered the tensile bond strength of the cementing resins that are used to attach resin or porcelain veneers to tooth structure.‘-5 The purpose of this study was to determine the tensile bond strengths of several cementing resins to Visio Gem (ESPE/Premier, Norristown, Pa.) and Dentacolor (Kulzer, Irvine, Calif.). The choice of cementing resins was based on product fluidity and, in particular, the ability to match the shade of the prefabricated veneer materials.
Procedure for the Empirical Evaluation of Lateral Spread Displacement Hazard Curves

AbstractLiquefaction-induced lateral spread has caused substantial damage to buildings, bridges, embankments, buried utilities, and other critical components of infrastructure in numerous past earthquakes. Although many practitioners use analytical Newmark-based seismic slope displacement models to estimate liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacements, empirical regression models remain popular among most practicing professionals today. However, all lateral spread estimates have a significant level of uncertainty. This paper introduces a procedure to develop performance-based estimates of liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement by incorporating a widely used empirical model into a probabilistic framework. Utilizing the same principles used in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the empirical lateral spread equation is modified and inserted into a performance-based framework modeled after the framework introduced by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Lateral spread hazard ...
Error Message Recording and Reporting in the SLC Control System

Error or information messages that are signaled by control software either in the VAX host computer or the local microprocessor clusters are handled by a dedicated VAX process (PARANOIA). Messages are recorded on disk for further analysis and displayed at the appropriate console. Another VAX process (ERRLOG) can be used to sort, list and histogram various categories of messages. The functions performed by these processes and the algorithms used are discussed.
Subtypes of dorsal root ganglion neurons based on different inward currents as measured by whole-cell voltage clamp.

Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties distinguished subtypes of adult mammalian dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGn) in monolayer dissociated cell culture. By analogy of action potential waveform and duration, neurons with short duration (SDn) and long duration (LDn) action potentials resembled functionally distinct subtypes of DRGn in intact ganglia. Patch clamp and conventional intracellular recording techniques were combined here to elucidate differences in the ionic basis of excitability of subtypes of DRGn in vitro. Both SDn and LDn were quiescent at the resting potential. Action potentials of SDn were brief (less than 2 msec), sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX, 5-10 nM), exhibited damped firing during long depolarizations, and did not respond to algesic agents applied by pressure ejection. Action potentials of LDn were 2-6 msec in duration, persisted in 30 microM TTX, and fired repetitively during depolarizing current pulses or exposure to algesic agents (e.g., capsaicin, histamine and bradykinin). Whole-cell recordings from freshly dissociated neurons revealed two inward sodium currents (INa; variable with changes in sodium but not calcium concentration in the superfusate) in various proportions: a rapidly activating and inactivating, TTX-sensitive current; and, a slower, TTX (30 microM)-resistant INa. Large neurons, presumable SDn, had predominantly TTX-sensitive current and little TTX-resistant current. The predominant inward current of small neurons, presumably LDn, was TTX-resistant with a smaller TTX-sensitive component. By analogy to findings from intact ganglia, these results suggest that fundamentally different ionic currents controlling excitability of subtypes of DRGn in vitro may contribute to functional differences between subtypes of neurons in situ.
Scripts or scraps: reconsidering the development of sequential understanding.

Abstract A growing literature attests to temporally ordered recall of events by children under 2 years of age. Other data suggest a developmental sequence wherein the ability to reproduce unfamiliar and/or arbitrarily ordered events, and familiar events in other than canonical order develops well after the first ordered productions of events. Early ordering is thus argued to be dependent upon familiarity, rather than upon general temporal principles. This suggestion was investigated by using elicited imitation to assess 21-month-olds' recall of familiar-canonical, familiar-reversed, novel-causal, and novel-arbitrary event sequences. Subjects reproduced canonical and both types of novel sequences in modeled order. On reversed sequences they vacillated between reproducing the events as modeled and “correcting” them to canonical order. The results suggest that temporal organization is not imposed upon an existing unordered event representation, but rather, is an integral aspect of the representation from its initial construction. It is suggested that young children's difficulty with reversed sequences may be attributed to a reluctance to reorganize existing representations, rather than to the absence of applicable temporal principles.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies of protein cooperativity using urea-induced folding/unfolding of a Ubq–UIM fusion protein

Abstract Understanding the origins of cooperativity in proteins remains an important topic in protein folding. This study describes experimental folding/unfolding equilibrium and kinetic studies of the engineered protein Ubq–UIM, consisting of ubiquitin (Ubq) fused to the sequence of the ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM) via a short linker. Urea-induced folding/unfolding profiles of Ubq–UIM were monitored by far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies and compared to those of the isolated Ubq domain. It was found that the equilibrium data for Ubq–UIM is inconsistent with a two-state model. Analysis of the kinetics of folding shows similarity in the folding transition state ensemble between Ubq and Ubq–UIM, suggesting that formation of Ubq domain is independent of UIM. The major contribution to the stabilization of Ubq–UIM, relative to Ubq, was found to be in the rates of unfolding. Moreover, it was found that the kinetic m-values for Ubq–UIM unfolding, monitored by different probes (far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies), are different; thereby, further supporting deviations from a two-state behavior. A thermodynamic linkage model that involves four states was found to be applicable to the urea-induced unfolding of Ubq–UIM, which is in agreement with the previous temperature-induced unfolding study. The applicability of the model was further supported by site-directed variants of Ubq–UIM that have altered stabilities of Ubq/UIM interface and/or stabilities of individual Ubq- and UIM-domains. All variants show increased cooperativity and one variant, E43N_Ubq–UIM, appears to behave very close to an equilibrium two-state.
Effects of disorder on the non-zero temperature Mott transition

The physics of the metal-insulator coexistence region near the nonzero temperature Mott transition is investigated in presence of weak disorder. We demonstrate that disorder reduces the temperature extent and the general size of the coexistence region, consistent with recent experiments on several Mott systems. We also discuss the qualitative scenario for the disorder-modified Mott transition, and present simple scaling arguments that reveal the similarities to, and the differences from, the clean limit.