cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging Trends in Global Ethics: A Comparative Study of U.S. and International Family Business Values

Although family business comprises the majority of global business, it is significantly under-researched. Yet it is considered to have unique ethical values compared to non-family corporations. This is attributable to its family orientation. Therefore, it is worthwhile to identify and define dominant family business ethics values. The authors compare a sample of the U.S. family business, U.S. corporate entities, and international family business mission statements for frequency of ethics values. The data reveals three primary findings: (1) generally, the U.S. family business expressed a higher frequency of ethical values than its non-family corporate and international counterpart, (2) U.S. family business has a strong lead in “integrity” and “honesty” whereas international family business leads in “environmentalism,” “globalism,” and “social responsibility,” and (3) generally, the frequency of ethics values for all family business globally has increased over time. The family business mission statement continues to provide ethical direction for the majority of global business. The emerging family business values identified in our sample will further impact global business success and promote ethical sustainability world-wide.
A deletion mutation in Slc12a6 is associated with neuromuscular disease in gaxp mice.

Abstract Giant axonopathy (gaxp), an autosomal recessive mouse mutation, exhibits ataxia of the hind legs with a slight side-to-side wobble while walking. Within the genomic region of the gaxp locus, a total of 94 transcripts were identified; the annotation of these genes using OMIM and PubMed yielded three potential candidate genes. By cDNA microarray analysis, 54 genes located on or near the gaxp locus were found to exhibit differential expression between gaxp and littermate controls. Based on microarray data and the known function of genes identified, Slc12a6 was selected as the primary candidate gene and analyzed using the Reveal technology of SpectruMedix. A 17-base deletion was detected from within exon 4 of Slc12a6. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction validated the difference in Slc12a6 expression in different types of mice at the mRNA level, revealing a marked reduction in gaxp mice. Western blot analysis indicated that the protein product of Slc12a6, the K+-Cl- cotransporter Kcc3, was not detectable in gaxp mice. The causative role of the exon 4 mutation within Slc12a6 in the gaxp phenotype was further confirmed by screening multiple inbred strains and by excluding the mutation of nearby genes within the gaxp locus.
A predicted operon map for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The prediction of operons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a first step toward understanding the regulatory network of this pathogen. Here we apply a statistical model using logistic regression to predict operons in MTB. As predictors, our model incorporates intergenic distance and the correlation of gene expression calculated for adjacent gene pairs from over 474 microarray experiments with MTB RNA. We validate our findings with known examples from the literature and experimentation. From this model, we rank each potential operon pair by the strength of evidence for cotranscription, choose a classification threshold with a true positive rate of over 90% at a false positive rate of 9.1%, and use it to construct an operon map for the MTB genome.
The contribution of environmental regulations to the slowdown in productivity growth

Abstract The radical slowdown in productivity growth since 1965 is often attributed to environmental regulations. Several studies, varying widely in method, have attempted to assess this contribution. Here, these analyses are reviewed and critiqued, and a summary appraisal of the likely contribution of environmental regulations to the observed decrease in productivity growth is offered.
Purification and characterization of mandelonitrile lyase from Prunus lyonii

The enzyme mandelonitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.10) which catalyzes the decomposition of the cyanohydrin of benzaldehyde has been isolated and purified to homogeneity from mature seeds of the California cherry (Prunus lyonii). The purification procedure involved chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Con-A-Sepharose with a final recovery of 60% of enzyme activity. Purification of only 4.3-fold yielded a nearly homogeneous preparation. The absorption spectrum of this protein shows maxima at 278, 389, and 463 nm, indicative of its flavoprotein character. The native molecular weight for the lyase was found to be 50,000. The subunit molecular weight of 59,000 was estimated by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The isoelectric point was estimated to be 4.75. The enzyme has a narrow pH optimum around 5.5 and is highly stable at 4 degrees C.
Selecting Career Outcome Assessments: An Organizational Scheme

Increased demands for accountability information have resulted in many career counseling practitioners and researchers seeking sound methods for measuring the effectiveness of career counseling and...
Prognosis and treatment of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis

OBJECTIVE:Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis is a clinical syndrome frequently unrecognized, characterized by vaginal rash and purulent discharge. We describe patient outcomes and treatment at follow-up in a case series of 98 women diagnosed with this syndrome.METHODS:We performed a chart review of
A monotone variational method for optimal probability distributions

LetI(F) be a functional whereF belongs to a class of distribution functions. In order to find an extremalF, a variational technique is developed which is based upon the fact that positive powers ofF remain probability distributions. The resulting necessary conditions derived from this technique reduce to the Euler-Lagrange equations under the condition that the extremal,F, has a continuous derivative. We apply this technique to certain quadratic functionals, and to the maximum entropy problem. This variational method applies generally to positive bounded, and to positive monotone extremals. This is illustrated by proving that the “stoploss” insurance policy is optimal under standard conditions.
Using decision trees to identify tourism stakeholders

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of decision tree analysis in the identification of stakeholders based on their participation in tourism and political activities in a community.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was sent to tourism stakeholders in two rural counties. Responses were collected and analyzed using the exhaustive chi‐square automatic interaction detection decision tree analysis.Findings – Based on the results of the decision tree analysis four tourism stakeholder groups were identified based on their participation in tourism and political activities in a community: high participants, high‐moderate participants, low‐moderate participants, and low participants.Research limitations/implications – Owing to a low response rate, an issue of non‐response bias could exist, but the information from the respondents can give insight on stakeholders in these communities. Also, the specific results of this study can only be applied to eastern North Carolina and are not gene...
Quantum-limited measurement and information in mesoscopic detectors

We formulate general conditions necessary for a linear-response detector to reach the quantum limit of measurement efficiency, where the measurement-induced dephasing rate takes its minimum possible value. These conditions are applicable to both noninteracting and interacting systems. We assess the status of these requirements in an arbitrary noninteracting scattering-based detector, identifying the symmetries of the scattering matrix needed to reach the quantum limit. We show that these conditions are necessary to prevent the existence of information in the detector that is not extracted in the measurement process.
Dendritic patterns of granule cells in organotypic explants of fetal and neonatal mouse hippocampal formation

Granule and granule-like neurons were labeled by Golgi and HRP techniques in the dentate area of fetal and neonatal organotypic hippocampal explants after 1 day-8 weeks in vitro. These cells resembled granule cells labeled in situ with similar techniques, although the dendritic pattern and spine development were not as elaborate as observed on granule cells from adult rodents. Many of these neurons retained basilar or multiple dendrites after 8 weeks in culture, a characteristic often associated with immature granule cells, granule cells in the reeler mutant mouse and tissues removed from human epileptic foci.
Marine Sedimentation of Clastic Volcanic Strata: ABSTRACT

Many sequences of geosynclinal strata are composed of pyroclastic ejecta and detritus eroded from contemporaneous volcanic accumulations. Their lithologic successions are governed largely by secular variations in the type and intensity of the contributory volcanism and their facies patterns, by the spatial distribution of eruptive centers. The linkage between volcanism and sedimentation can be as direct as, for example, when showers of airborne ash rain into the final site of deposition, or the linkage can be as indirect as the subtle influences caused by changes in submarine topography with the construction of volcanic piles within a basin of deposition. To reconstruct the depositional histories of the clastic volcanic sequences, the role of volcanism in controlling envi onments of deposition, determining the dispersal agents of sediment, and creating transitory sources of sediment must be correctly evaluated. The following genetic assemblages of clastic volcanic strata can be recognized in Paleozoic and Mesozoic marine sequences of western North America. 1. Volcanic center assemblages include (a) pillow lavas, pillow breccias, and palagonitic tuffs from submarine eruptions; and (b) lavas, flow-breccias, and pyroclastic breccias from subaerial eruptions. 2. Volcanic shelf assemblages were deposited on (a) narrow shelves flanking volcanic piles and (b) broad platforms of tectonic origin. The rocks of the assemblages are composed of vitroclastic ash and abraded grains in varying proportions, and are commonly fossiliferous. 3. Volcanic slope assemblages were deposited on subaerial or submarine slopes forming the sides of (a) elevated tracts built up by volcanic outpourings and (b) tectonic ridges capped by volcanos. The sedimentary structures of the assemblages include erosive scour, sole markings, cross-bedding, and graded bedding. 4. Volcanic basinal assemblages were deposited in (a) low tracts lying between volcanic piles and (b) tectonic depressions lying within the dispersal radius of volcanic sources. The rocks of the assemblages include vitroclastic tuffs deposited by showers of airborne ash and rocks formed by the setting of suspended sediment. These assemblages have counterparts in other regions where similar rocks are exposed. Modern analogues are present in Recent sediments of the Caribbean and lndonesian regions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 263------------
Stewardship and economic organization: The ethical emphasis in business

Never before has the American business community been challenged to justify and support its ethical standards as today. Hearings before government agencies, attacks by public interest groups, and emphasis on consumer interests have raised serious questions concerning the moral code of industry, the social responsibility of the business community, and what lies ahead for the business firm as it behaved in the past. Somehow much of the public believes that corporate responsibility has been compromised, and that regard for profits has become a way of life that overlooks humane and societal considerations. Management must recognize that it is invested with a definite ethical and moral, as well as legal, responsibility to demonstrate the highest traits of business leadership in its stewardship role. Anything short of such a standard may be catastrophic for the future of the American enterprise system.
A study of controllable motion of a mobile vibration system moving with breakaway from the surface

We consider a model of a two-mass mechanical system consisting of an external body (box) and an internal body (unbalance), which moves on a rough rigid surface with a breakaway from it. We derive differential equations describing the system motion in the phase of flight and determine the conditions of location on the reference surface. The control parameter is proposed to be the angular velocity of unbalance rotation. To find the dependence of hopping height and length on the control frequency of unbalance rotation, we analyze the equations. An algorithm of numerical integration of the system of differential equations of motion was developed. The numerical solution confirms the theoretical conclusions on the dependence of hopping height and length on rotation frequency. At the same time, the form of trajectory of body mass center was found to depend on the value of the control parameter. Also, we reveal the dependence of the direction of robot motion on hopping height and length, and unbalance (on the ratio of system mass).
Charge Transfer through the DNA Base Stack

Whether the DNA base pair stack might serve as a medium for efficient, long-range charge transfer has been debated almost since the first proposal of the double-helical structure of DNA. The consequences of long-range radical migration through DNA are important with respect to understanding carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. Double-helical DNA has in its core a stacked array of aromatic heterocyclic base pairs, and this molecular π stack represents a unique system in which to explore the chemistry of electron transfer. We designed a family of metal complexes which bind to DNA by intercalative stacking within the helix; these metallointercalators may be usefully applied in probing DNA-mediated electron transfer. Here we describe a range of electron transfer reactions we carried out which are mediated by the DNA base paired stack. In some cases, DNA serves as a bridge, and spectroscopic analyses permit us to probe how the π stack couples DNA-bound donors and acceptors. These studies point to the sensitivity of coupling to DNA intercalation. However, if the DNA π stack effectively bridges donors and acceptors, the base-pair stack itself might serve not only as a conduit for electron transfer in DNA, but also in reactions initiated from a remote position. We carried out a series of reactions involving oxidative damage to DNA arising from the remotely positioned oxidant on the helix. The implications of long-range charge migration through DNA to effect damage are substantial. As in other DNA-mediated charge transfers, these reactions are highly dependent on DNA intercalation and the integrity of the intervening base-pair stack, but not on molecular distance. Furthermore, a physiologically important DNA lesion, the thymine dimers, can be reversed in a reaction initiated by electron transfer. This repair reaction can also be promoted from a distance as a result of long-range charge migration through the DNA base pair stack.
Potentiation of Chemical Ototoxicity by Noise

High-intensity and/or prolonged exposure to noise causes temporary or permanent threshold shifts in auditory perception. Occupational exposure to solvents or administration of clinically important drugs, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics and cisplatin, also can induce permanent hearing loss. The mechanisms by which these ototoxic insults cause auditory dysfunction are still being unraveled, yet they share common sequelae, particularly generation of reactive oxygen species, that ultimately lead to hearing loss and deafness. Individuals are frequently exposed to ototoxic chemical contaminants (e.g., fuel) and noise simultaneously in a variety of work and recreational environments. Does simultaneous exposure to chemical ototoxins and noise potentiate auditory dysfunction? Exposure to solvent vapor in noisy environments potentiates the permanent threshold shifts induced by noise alone. Moderate noise levels potentiate both aminoglycoside- and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in both rate of onset and in severity of auditory dysfunction. Thus, simultaneous exposure to chemical ototoxins and moderate levels of noise can potentiate auditory dysfunction. Preventing the ototoxic synergy of noise and chemical ototoxins requires removing exposure to ototoxins and/or attenuating noise exposure levels when chemical ototoxins are present.
Chaos Theory Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

This paper gives a short historical survey of basic events which had happend during the developmentb of chaos theory.
Local population structure and sex ratio: evolution in gynodioecious plants.

Abstract Although the influence of population structure on evolution has been explored previously in a variety of theoretical studies, there are few examples of specific traits whose fitness is likely to be modified by the local structure. Here we focus on a specific trait, sex expression in gynodioecious plants, and derive a model in which the fitness of females and hermaphrodites is a function of the local sex ratio. By using the concept of subjective frequencies, it is shown that among‐deme variance in the local sex ratio reduces the average fitness of females when pollen availability limits fertility. In contrast, sex ratio variance increases the fitness of hermaphrodites from the perspective of maternally inherited genes and lessens the negative impact of pollen limitation on hermaphrodite fitness when it is measured from the perspective of biparentally inherited genes. As a consequence, when local demes vary in sex ratio, a polymorphism for a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) allele can be maintained...
Occupations, Human Capital and Skills

Economists have long recognized that occupations can be used as proxies for skills in wage regressions. Yet the potential existence of non-market factors such as discrimination and occupational choice (sorting) on the basis of job attributes that are separate from, but potentially correlated with, wages makes occupations an imperfect control for skills. In this paper, we consider whether inter-occupational wage differentials that are unexplained by measured human capital are indeed due to differences in unmeasured skill. Using the National Compensation Survey, a large, nationally-representative dataset on jobs and ten different components of job requirements, we compare the effects on residual wage variation of including occupation indicators and these skill requirements measures. We find that although these skill requirements vary across 3-digit occupations, occupation indicators decrease wage residuals by far more than can be explained by skill alone. This indicates that “controlling for occupation” does not equate to controlling for only these skill measures, but also for other factors. Additionally, we find that there is considerable within-occupation variation in skill requirements, and that the amount of variation is not constant across skill levels. As a result, including occupation indicators in a wage model introduces heteroskedasticity that must be accounted for. We suggest that caution be applied when using and interpreting occupation indicators as controls in wage regressions.
Applied Stochastic Hydrogeology.

YORAM RUBIN. 2003. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Hardcover, 368 pp. $94.50. ISBN 0-1951-3804-X. Stochastic methods were introduced to subsurface hydrology during the 1970s to address uncertainty in predictions caused by spatial variability of hydrologic properties. Since then, research using
Time-dependent Soret transport: Applications to brine and magma☆

Abstract We have developed a numerical model which simulates the coupling of a compositional field to a time-dependent temperature field and have applied it to natural salt and magma systems. An implicit central difference numerical approach is used in which the coupling of mass and heat is taken into account by chemical and thermal diffusion mass fluxes and a conductive heat flux. Unique in this analysis is the time dependency of the thermal regime and the role of transient thermal gradients in enhancing mass transport. Zero mass flux at the two end boundaries of a Soret cell is required in modeling certain thermal diffusion experiments for deriving the Soret coefficients of brines. For the case of an evolving temperature field, the numerical analysis predicts a transient period where thermal diffusion creates an unexpected enrichment at the hot end of the Soret cell and a depletion at the cold end. For a fixed linear temperature gradient, all NaCl enrichment normally occurs at the cold end of the cell. In a second application, several initial and boundary conditions are incorporated in the one-dimensional model in order to evaluate a variety of magmatic boundary layer scenarios. The results of the magmatic system model indicate that minimal chemical fractionation will occur as the thermal field propagates through the boundary layer.
The Contradictions of Inclusion: Mapuche Women and Michelle Bachelet

The center-left Concertacion held the presidency in Chile from the end of the Pinochet dictatorship in 1990 until 2010. The coalition's loss of the office provides a unique opportunity to evaluate its performance. I focus in this essay on the government of socialist Michelle Bachelet, Chile's first woman president, who held the office from 2006 to 2010. I am interested in the contradictions in the evaluations of her presidency by feminists (including feminist scholars) and Mapuche activists (and scholars of Mapuche politics). While both groups shared a mix of hope and skepticism at the beginning of her government, one of the things that most struck me in field visits to Chile as her term progressed was growing enthusiasm on the part of Chilean feminist acquaintances and growing bitterness on the part of Mapuche ones. I am particularly concerned with what this means for indigenous women who find themselves at the intersection of these two identifications, and suggest that their positionality and experiences represent a long-standing and still unanswered challenge to feminist methods and praxis.
Temporal Lobe Epileptogenesis and Epilepsy in the Developing Brain: Bridging the Gap Between the Laboratory and the Clinic. Progression, But in What Direction?

The origins of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis are still not well understood. Hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epileptogenesis involve a series of pathologies including hippocampal neuronal loss and gliosis, axonal reorganization, and maybe hippocampal neoneurogenesis. However, the causality of these events is unclear as well as their relation to the factors that may precipitate epileptogenesis. Significant differences between temporal lobe epileptogenesis in the adult and immature brain may require differential approaches. Hereditary factors also may participate in some cases of hippocampal sclerosis. The key point is to identify the significance of these age-dependent changes and to design preventive treatments. Novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis may include rational use of neuroprotective agents, hormonotherapy, immunizations, and immunotherapy.
Growth and reproduction during chronic exposure to carbon monoxide

Weaned rats were divided into 2 groups of 48, one of which was exposed to 400 ppM CO daily (continuous). Growth and ability to conceive were unaffected by CO, but exposed rats tended to abort more, had smaller litters with smaller rats, and failed to nurse their young.
Becoming Teachers: The Payne Effect

In this qualitative study, the authors explore the connections between a preservice teacher education curriculum and the development of teacher identity. Focus is given to the impact Ruby Payne's (2001) A Framework for Understanding Poverty has on the ideological development of preservice special education teachers embarking on an urban practicum. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
An iterative approach to item-level tactical production and inventory planning

In this paper, we propose an iterative approach to jointly solve the problems of tactical safety stock placement and tactical production planning. These problems have traditionally been solved in isolation, even though both problems operate in the same decision making space and the outputs of one naturally serve as the inputs to the other. For simple supply chain network structures, two stages and one or many products, we provide sufficient conditions to guarantee the iteration algorithm’s termination. Through examples, we show how the algorithm works and prove its applicability on a realistic industrial-scale problem.
Misexpression of a bHLH gene, cNSCL1, results in abnormal brain development.

NSCL1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in the development of the nervous system. To elucidate its role in neurogenesis, we cloned chick NSCL1 (cNSCL1) and examined its expression pattern and the effect of its misexpression on brain development. cNSCL1 was predominantly expressed during active neurogenesis. Double-labeling experiments showed that proliferating neuroblasts in the ventricular zone lacked cNSCL1 expression and cells expressing cNSCL1 were located just outside the ventricular zone. Retroviral misexpression of cNSCL1 in chick embryos produced a brain with abnormal structure. While the forebrain of the embryonic day-12 (E12) brain appeared normal, the tectum was enlarged. The enlargement was likely due to an increase in cell proliferation, since more radioactivity was detected in this region of the brain after [3H]thymidine labeling at E9. The cerebellum, on the other hand, was reduced in size. Fewer cells were labeled with BrdU in the external granule layer (a secondary germinal layer required for cerebellum development) in experimental embryos than in the controls, suggesting that misexpression of cNSCL1 might interfere with cell proliferation in the external granular layer. Our data indicate that regulated expression of cNSCL1 is required for normal brain development. They also imply that cNSCL1 might be involved in preventing some postmitotic cells from reentering the cell cycle during neurogenesis. Dev Dyn 1999;215:238-247.
Single molecule measurements of ATP-myosin V and ADP-myosin V

We investigate the conformations of myosin V bound to ATP and to ADP via single molecule FRET measurements. The myosin V is labeled with FlAsH in the upper 50kDa domain, and the bound nucleotides are labeled with Rhodamine 101. We have carried out two types of single molecule FRET measurements on this complex: 1) we record the transit of single molecules diffusing through the focal region of a probe laser (473 nm); 2) we record the time trajectory of each molecule while it is encapsulated within an optically trapped femtoliter aqueous nanodroplet (hydrosome). In the latter measurements, an infrared (1064 nm) optical trap holds a single hydrosome within the focal region of the probe (473 nm) beam, which fluorescently excites the single molecule contained within the hydrosome. Our preliminary results to date indicate that our single molecule FRET measurements are consistent with each other and with previous ensemble measurements.
The relative importance of stabilizing mechanisms of coexistence

Stabilizing mechanisms of coexistence, by definition, cause a species to experience greater intraspecific competition than interspecific. This results in negative frequency-dependent growth rates for that species causing a negative relationship between its relative frequency in the community and its growth rate in the next year. The most crucial aspect of this negative relationship for persistence is that it enables a species to increase when rare. This has been empirically demonstrated for pairwise interactions. However, in species-rich communities, the effects of competition are not realistically pairwise. In cases where multiple species are competing for a resource, stabilizing mechanisms become increasingly important to ease the effects of that competition. Thus, for rare species, increasing the strength of stabilization may be essential to their persistence in the community, or their ability to invade. A mathematical model of negative frequency-dependent growth is used to explore how the strength of stabilization affects a species’ ability to persist in a community. Increasing the steepness of the negative frequency-dependent growth relationship for rare species significantly increases their mean time to extinction in this simulated community. Significantly, the desert rodent community at the Portal LTREB site shows this predicted pattern, in which rare species experience stronger negative frequency-dependant growth relationships than the dominant species. This pattern may be a characteristic of species-rich communities, and thus have implications for the ability of those communities to maintain stable structure despite change (climate change, invasive species, habitat loss).
dlk modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling to allow or prevent differentiation.

The EGF-like membrane protein dlk plays a crucial role in the control of cell differentiation. Overexpression of the protein prevents, whereas inhibition of its expression increases, adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in response to Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-1) or insulin. We have investigated whether dlk modulates the signaling pathways known to control this process. We found that the levels of dlk expression modulated signaling through the IGF-1 receptor, causing changes in the activation levels and kinetics of Extracellular-Regulated Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (ERK/MAPK) that correlated with differentiation outcome. These changes occurred in response to IGF-1 or insulin but not in response to Epidermal Growth Factor. However, the levels of expression of IGF-1 receptor, or the activation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 in response to IGF-1, were not affected by the levels of dlk expression. Therefore, dlk appears to modulate ERK/MAPK signaling in response to specific differentiation signals.
Effects of metal-support interactions on the hydrogenation of CO over Pd/SiO2 and Pd/La2O3

A study of CO hydrogenation over PdSiO2 and PdLa2O3 has been carried out for the purpose of identifying the effects of Pd dispersion, Pd morphology, and support composition on the catalytic activity of supported Pd. The specific activity of each catalyst for methanol and methane synthesis was determined from microreactor studies carried out at a fixed set of reaction conditions. Palladium dispersion was measured by H2O2 titration, and the morphology of the Pd crystallites, as expressed by the distribution of Pd(100) and Pd(111) planes, was determined from in situ infrared spectra of adsorbed CO. The crystallite morphology of the PdSiO2 catalysts is the same, independent of Pd weight loading: 90% of the surface is comprised of Pd(100) planes and 10% of the surface is comprised of Pd(111) planes. By contrast, the crystallite morphology of the PdLa2O3 catalysts changes with Pd loading. Primarily Pd(100) planes are exposed at low-weight loadings while Pd(111) planes are exposed at high-weight loadings. The Pd dispersion has little effect on the methanol turnover frequency over both PdSiO2 and PdLa2O3, for dispersions between 10 and 20%. On the other hand, the methane turnover frequency is independent of Pd dispersion over PdSiO2, but increases with decreasing dispersion over PdLa2O3. It is further observed that the Pd morphology influences the specific activity of PdLa2O3 for methanol synthesis: Pd(100) is nearly threefold more active than Pd(111). For a fixed morphology, the specific methanol synthesis activity of PdLa2O3 is a factor of 7.5 greater than that of PdSiO2.
Osmosis and Diffusion in Tissue: Half-times and Internal Gradients.

The Individual Cell: The use of the "halftime" to describe the dynamics of diffusion between an individual cell and a large body of solution in which it is placed seems to have originated with Collander and B?rlund (4). The concept depends on the primary resistance to diffusion residing in the membrane or wall enclosing the cell. It is simply shown that, if such a cell is suddenly immersed in the solution, the concentration of solute inside the cell, 0, is given by the equation
Comparison of the Sensitivity of Laboratory Diagnostic Methods from a Well-Characterized Outbreak of Mumps in New York City in 2009

ABSTRACT A mumps outbreak in upstate New York in 2009 at a summer camp for Orthodox Jewish boys spread into Orthodox Jewish communities in the Northeast, including New York City. The availability of epidemiologic information, including vaccination records and parotitis onset dates, allowed an enhanced analysis of laboratory methods for mumps testing. Serum and buccal swab samples were collected from 296 confirmed cases with onsets from September through December 2009. All samples were tested using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) capture IgM enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) that targets the short hydrophobic gene. A subset of the samples (n = 205) was used to evaluate 3 commercial mumps IgM assays and to assess the sensitivity of using an alternative target gene (nucleoprotein) in the rRT-PCR protocol. Among 115 cases of mumps with 2 documented doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the CDC capture IgM EIA detected IgM in 51% of serum samples compared to 9% to 24% using three commercial IgM assays. The rRT-PCR that targeted the nucleoprotein gene increased RNA detection by 14% compared to that obtained with the original protocol. The ability to detect IgM improved when serum was collected 3 days or more after symptom onset, whereas sensitivity of RNA detection by rRT-PCR declined when buccal swabs were collected later than 2 days after onset. Selection of testing methods and timing of sample collection are important factors in the ability to confirm infection among vaccinated persons. These results reinforce the need to use virus detection assays in addition to serologic tests.
Sandwich module testing for space solar power

Solar power satellites have been envisioned as a means to provide electricity for terrestrial use. The approach entails collection of solar energy in space and its wireless transmission to the earth. This potentially gives the benefit of provision of baseload power while avoiding the losses due to the day/night cycle and tropospheric effects that are associated with terrestrial solar power. Proponents have contended that the implementation of such systems could offer energy security, environmental, and technological advantages to those who would undertake their development. Among recent implementations commonly proposed for SSP, the Modular Symmetrical Concentrator and other modular concepts have received considerable attention. Each employs an array of modules for performing conversion of concentrated sunlight into microwaves or laser beams for transmission to earth. The research described herein details efforts in the development and testing of photovoltaic arrays, power electronics, microwave conversion electronics, and antennas for 2.45 GHz microwave-based “sandwich” module prototypes. Prototypes were designed, fabricated, and subjected to the challenging conditions inherent in the space environment, including the solar concentration levels in which an array of modules might be required to operate.
A remission of goitrous hypothyroidism during pregnancy.

A 21-yr-old female with a diffuse goiter, hypothyroidism, elevated thyroid autoantibodies, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on needle biopsy, was subsequently nongoitrous and euthyroid with normal antibody titers during pregnancy. Following delivery, the goiter reappeared, autoantibody titers rose and hypothyroidism recurred. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis may undergo spontaneous remission during pregnancy.
Characterization of Ventricular Myocytes from the Newborn Pig Heart

Abstract The differential rate of growth of the left-ventricular free wall (LVFW) and the right-ventricular free wall (RVFW) of the newborn pig has been studied by measuring the rates of ribosome formation and protein synthesis in the isolated perfused heart. These measurements are limited by the heterogeneity of the cells and the stability of the preparation. The hypothesis of the present study was that isolated cultured myocytes would offer much less cellular heterogeneity and a more prolonged period to explore the actions of anabolic agents. The rate of [ 3 H] phenylalanine incorporation into total protein during 24 h of culture was established as a monitor of the rate of protein synthesis in myocytes and was found to be 64 and 61% of the rates measured in the LVFW and RVFW, respectively, of the perfused heart. The relative rates of protein synthesis in LVFW and RVFW were the same in myocytes and perfused hearts. Myocytes from the LVFW had increased rates of protein synthesis after exposure to a combination of norepinephrine and propranolol or endothelin for 24 h. Exposure to endothelin for 3 days increased rates of protein synthesis to a greater extent in LVFW myocytes than in RVFW myocytes. In LVFW myocytes from enalapril-treated pigs or in LVFW myocytes exposed to 40 m m KCl, angiotensin II increased the rate of protein synthesis by 14% during the third day of incubation. These studies indicated that cultured myocytes reflected the rates of protein synthesis observed in LVFW and RVFW of the perfused piglet heart. Differential effects of an α -adrenergic agonist, endothelin and angiotensin II in LVFW as compared to RVFW myocytes was observed. In each case, the response to the agonist was decreased or absent in RVFW as compared to LVFW myocytes.
Perillartine and some derivatives: clarification of structures.

Viene confermato che la struttura dell'agente dolcificante perillartina e quella di unasim ossima. Il tentativo di ottenere l'isomeroanti per azione dell'acido cloridrico ha condotto invece all'addotto tra HCl e gruppo isopropenilico, mentre il trattamento con trifluoruro di boro ha provocato solo la migrazione del doppio legame per formare l'analogo derivato dell'1, 3-cicloesadiene.
Recent trends in research on teacher–child relationships

Theoretical and empirical work on relationships between teachers and children relies on developmental systems theory as the foundational conceptual model, drawing heavily from basic work in attachment as well as research on social development. Recently, the focus on relational processes in effort to support children's development in the classroom has proliferated, with multiple disciplines and fields engaging in research on teacher-child relationship quality to understand and improve the experiences and learning of students. This paper updates the conceptual framework and continues the necessary integration between disciplines by exploring three areas of research: (1) concordance between children's relationships with teachers and parents; (2) the moderating role of teacher-child relationships for the development of at-risk children; and (3) training teachers from a relational perspective. Each of the three areas of research on teacher-child relationships is examined in light of recent findings and considers implications for understanding the nature and impact of relationships between teachers and children.
Teens in trouble: cigarette use and risky behaviors among private, high school students in La Paz, Bolivia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking and to identify risky behaviors associated with smoking among adolescents attending high schools in a district of La Paz, Bolivia. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to a sample of 394 males and 182 females, from 13-18 years of age, at six, randomly-selected schools in District II of La Paz. Frequencies, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were employed to identify factors associated with cigarette use during the 30 days prior to the survey. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the sample (39.4% of males and 33.7% of females) had smoked cigarettes in the 30 days prior to interview. For both males and females, consumption of alcohol was the single greatest risk factor associated with cigarette use. The males and females who reported consuming at least one alcoholic beverage on three or more occasions in the previous 30 days were 22.3 and 58.5 times (95% CIs: 6.7, 74.1 and 6.8, 502.6, respectively) more likely to smoke tobacco than those who reported no alcohol consumption. Additional risk factors included having participated in a physical fight, having carried a weapon, having had sexual intercourse, and having used illicit drugs during the previous 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Because teenagers who smoke are also likely to engage in a variety of other risky behaviors, parents, school administrators, and health educators may wish to use smoking to identify at-risk individuals. Among Bolivian teenagers, interventions should focus on preventing cigarette use and associated risk behaviors.
Progress of artificial pancreas devices towards clinical use: the first outpatient studies.

Purpose of review This article describes recent progress in the automated control of glycemia in type 1 diabetes with artificial pancreas devices that combine continuous glucose monitoring with automated decision-making and insulin delivery.
What causes the aurora

The aurora is the luminous emission of atoms and molecules in the polar upper atmosphere that appears as permanent, ringshaped belts called the auroral oval around the north and south geomagnetic poles (see Figure 1). It is associated with a global electrical discharge process that requires about 1 million MW or more. In fact, electric currents of a few million amperes flow along the aurora. Except for specialized books for professionals in this field, however, most books describe the aurora as a result of the direct entry of energetic particles from the Sun toward the polar region. This view is obviously too simplistic in terms of the progress we have made in this field since the advent of the satellite age. Indeed, we have begun to understand the generator process that powers the auroral discharge. In this article, the auroral process is described in terms of this latest knowledge.
Childhood Psychosocial Predictors of Adulthood Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Physical Activity1

This study prospectively addresses whether aspects of the childhood home environment (SES and parental divorce) and personality are predictive of smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity in middle adulthood. Subjects were 972 males and females who participated in the Terman Life-Cycle Study. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that childhood unconscientiousness, cheerfulness, and parental divorce predicted adult smoking. Childhood unconscientiousness and sociability predicted adult alcohol consumption. Physical activity was predicted by a higher energy/activity level in childhood. Results suggest that the previously found associations between childhood characteristics and health-related behaviors over shorter periods are not simply reflective of early experimentation with such behaviors, but may be indicative of long-term lifestyle patterns.
Commentary: Expanding Notions of Acceptable Research Evidence in Educational Technology--A Response to Schrum et al.

"Developing Acceptable Evidence in Educational Technology Research" (Schrum et al., 2005) and its precursor editorial, "A Proactive Approach to a Research Agenda for Educational Technology" (Bull, Knezek, Roblyer, Schrum, & Thompson, 2005), are unprecedented collaborative efforts by journal editors to influence research in our field. This response aims to highlight the inherent complexity within each of the four main issues addressed by Schrum et. al. and to expand the conversation. We appreciate both the editors’ efforts to be proactive with the problems and solutions as well as their open invitation to comment on their ideas for advancing the field. We look forward to continued dialogue.
Narrow-band recursive filters with error spectrum shaping

Earrrs due to Finite wordlength can be quite large in narrowband recursive digital filters. It has been shown that these errors may be considerably reduced by using a technique known as error spectrum shaping (ESS), which utilizes quantizer feedback. In this letter we first derive closed-formn bounds on the amplitude of zero-input limit cycles in ESS filters. An expression is then derived for the mean squared roundoff error (MSE) in a inultiplierless ROM/ACC type implementation, including the effects of scaling and finite wordlength ROM.
Hepatic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a hepatologist's user guide.

: Hepatic phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) offers the exciting potential of studying metabolic processes in the human liver in vivo. Many investigators have utilized 31P MRS to research a broad range of metabolic questions, and there is outstanding potential for this imaging modality in the future. However, at times it is difficult to appreciate this potential because most published series have been small, and comparisons between studies are difficult. Indeed, the published literature contains significant variation in data acquisition and data analysis techniques and, perhaps most importantly, the interpretation of the data itself. As MR technology continues to evolve and more studies are being performed, perhaps a greater consensus of study techniques and endpoints will emerge. This review summarizes the present literature on human hepatic 31P MRS.
Insolation in Titan’s troposphere

Abstract Seasonality in Titan’s troposphere is driven by latitudinally varying insolation. We show that the latitudinal distributions of insolation in the troposphere and at the surface, based on Huygens DISR measurements, can be approximated analytically with nonzero extinction optical depths τ, and are not equivalent to that at the top of the atmosphere (τ = 0), as has been assumed previously. This has implications for the temperature distribution and the circulation, which we explore with a simple box model. The surface temperature maximum and the upwelling arm of thermally-direct meridional circulation reach the midlatitudes, not the poles, during summertime.
The Growth and Natural History of the Caddisfly Pyncopsyche luculenta (Betten) (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

ABSTRACT A population of limnephilid caddisflies, Pycnopsyche luculenta was studied in a first order stream, the Reservoir Hollow Branch Hollow, in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Active fifth instar larvae, “diapausing” larvae, and pupal cases were collected from twigs, cobbles, or logs. Adult caddisflies were collected by light-trapping techniques. A weight/size correlation was determined for active and non-active terminal instar larvae using head capsule width to predict fresh weight. The maintenance cost during diapause, pupation and adult flight period was calculated. The population density was established for the composite breeding population through pupal exuviae analyses. A technique to determine the sex of terminal instar larvae was established.
Leakage-proof domino circuit design for deep sub-100 nm technologies

The leakage power consumption in deep sub-100 nm CMOS systems is projected to become a significant part of the total power dissipation. Although the dual Vt CMOS process helps reduce the subthreshold leakage current in domino circuits, the gate leakage problem poses a significant design challenge. We propose two new circuit techniques to suppress both subthreshold leakage current and gate leakage current in domino circuits. In standby mode, subthreshold leakage current is suppressed by using dual Vt devices in the two proposed circuits. The proposed circuits generate low inputs and low outputs to suppress gate leakage current in the NMOS logic tree in standby mode. Simulation results based on 45 nm BSIM4 models show that 32-bit adders using the two proposed circuits can reduce the total standby leakage by 83.2% and 93.2%, respectively, compared with the adder using single Vt domino circuits. Proposed adders have 7% active power overhead to achieve the same speed as single Vt domino adder and the area penalty is minimal with careful layout.