cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From green to gold and everything in between: An integrated assessment model of sustainability in corporate facilities

This paper presents a model for assessing corporate facility sustainability that encompasses not only the more tangible energy and waste streams, but also the less tangible influences of work flows and the relationship between landlords and tenants. We explore these issues in the context of two largely distinct facilities, one owned and one leased, of a financial services company. We conducted the study in three phases: data collection, data analysis and the development of recommendations. Our findings include considerations for employee commuting, employee travel, video conferencing, alternative energy, living roofs, landscaping, storm water management, waste management, composting.
Ovarian muscularis of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans: Its structural, motile, and pharmacological properties

The muscles of the ovary of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) appear to consist of two groups: (1) a network of stellate muscle cells that cover the surface of the ovary and (2) fibers that surround the ovarioles. Innervation of the ovaries was largely restricted to the region of the pedicels. The structural arrangements of the ovarian muscles provided the basis for two distinct patterns of movement. The contraction of the sheath that surrounds the ovary produced the appearance of a pulsing sphere, while the activation of muscle fibers that encompass the ovarioles may cause a vertical translation of eggs within the tubes. The various patterns of motility derived from the combined and separate actions of these two groups of muscles are described. Oscillations in the size of the ovary were the most prominent and frequent kind of spontaneous activity observed. A complete cycle of oscillation ranged from 200 ms to 4 s. Day-old stable flies consistently had the highest rate (30%) of ovarian sheath compression of the three age groups examined, while 2-day-old flies had the lowest (less than 10%). Seven-day flies had inconsistent rates that ranged from o to 25%. Two kinds of ovarian compression were recognized on impedance myographs on the basis of small and large amplitudes. Changes in tonus were also detected. Octopamine produced large increases in the amplitude of spherical compressions at 10−7 M. The neuropeptide proctolin (10−9 M) caused changes in both the frequency and amplitude of ovarian contractions. Glutamic acid consistently caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of ovarian compressions.
Ethical considerations in placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials.

Summary Ethical considerations in standard medical care and clinical research are underpinnings to quality medicine. Similarly, the placebo-controlled double-blind randomised clinical trial is the gold standard for medical research and fundamental to the development of evidence-based medicine. Researchers and clinicians are challenged by ethical concerns in the informed consent with a need to maximise understanding and minimise therapeutic misconception. This editorial expands on themes raised by Chen et al’s article ‘Disclosing the Potential Impact of Placebo Controls in Antidepressant Trials’ and serves as an invitation for further submissions to BJPsych Open on ethics, research design and informed consent.
Rapamycin activates Tap42‐associated phosphatases by abrogating their association with Tor complex 1

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Tap42–phosphatase complexes are major targets of the Tor kinases in the rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway. The immunosuppressive agent, rapamycin, induces a prompt activation of the Tap42-associated phosphatases, which is vitally important in Tor-mediated transcriptional regulation. However, the mechanism for the rapid phosphatase activation is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the Tap42–phosphatase complexes exist mainly on membrane structures through their association with Tor complex 1 (TORC1). Rapamycin abrogates this association and releases the Tap42–phosphatase complexes into the cytosol. Disassembly of the Tap42–phosphatase complexes occurs subsequently, following the release but at a much slower rate, presumably caused by Tap42 dephosphorylation. Release of the Tap42–phosphatase complexes from membrane structures also occurs when cells are deprived of nutrient. These findings suggest that the association of the Tap42–phosphatase complexes with TORC1 represents an important mechanism by which nutrient controls Tor signaling activity. In addition, our data support a model in which rapamycin acts not by inhibiting the kinase activity of Tor but by disrupting its interaction with downstream targets.
Scholarship status, controlling coaching behavior, and intrinsic motivation in collegiate swimmers: A test of cognitive evaluation theory.

The purpose of this study was to test the potential moderating role of perceived controlling coaching behavior on the relationship of scholarship status to perceived competence and autonomy and, indirectly, intrinsic motivation in collegiate Division I swimmers. Simultaneously, we tested the mediating roles of perceived competence and autonomy in the relationships of scholarship status and perceived controlling coaching behavior to intrinsic motivation. NCAA Division I male and female swimmers (N 162) in the United States were administered a questionnaire containing measures of all study variables. The results of path analysis revealed a significant interaction between scholarship status and perceived controlling coaching behavior predicting perceived competence ( .26). In addition, the results indicated a significant negative relationship between perceived controlling coaching behavior and perceived autonomy ( .25), and a significant indirect relationship between perceived controlling coaching behavior and intrinsic motivation (R 2 .22), partially supporting the mediation model. The present findings provide additional support for cognitive evaluation theory and the importance of considering interactions between scholarship status and various aspects of the social context of sport in predicting perceptions of competence and autonomy, and intrinsic motivation. The findings expand the literature on the way scholarships function within the context of the coach‐athlete relationship, providing new information on how coaches may impact their athletes’ motivation.
Increased Medial Longitudinal Arch Mobility, Lower Extremity Kinematics, and Ground Reaction Forces in High-Arched Runners

Context: Runners with high medial longitudinal arch structure demonstrate unique kinematics and kinetics that may lead to running injuries. The mobility of the midfoot as measured by the change in arch height is also suspected to play a role in lower extremity function during running. The effect of arch mobility in high-arched runners is an important factor in prescribing footwear, training, and rehabilitating the running athlete after injury. Objective: To examine the effect of medial longitudinal arch mobility on running kinematics, ground reaction forces, and loading rates in high-arched runners. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Human movement research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 104 runners were screened for arch height. Runners were then identified as having high arches if the arch height index was greater than 0.5 SD above the mean. Of the runners with high arches, 11 rigid runners with the lowest arch mobility (R) were compared with 8 mobile runners with the highes...
Understanding and Using Enactments to Further Clinical Work: A Case Study of a Man Unable to Experience Intimacy

This article examines the value of working within enactments-affectively charged, unconscious remnants of painful, past experiences played out in the novel context of the therapeutic relationship-to further the work of psychodynamically oriented therapy in the treatment of a HIV-positive Hispanic gay male in his early 30s with a history of relational trauma. Through clinical vignettes, I highlight how relational uncertainty and its vicissitudes-vulnerability, doubt, safety, and trust-have triggered mutual dissociation in the context of enactment. At times, this has disrupted our ability to communicate honestly and relate intersubjectively. By working within affectively charged enactments, we have expanded our capacities to accommodate to relational uncertainty and used the tension of ambiguity within our relationship to permit the emergence of a shared space for recognition and self-discovery.
A new method for estimating suspended sediment concentrations and deposition rates from satellite imagery based on the physics of plumes

Sediment plumes are typically easy to identify in satellite imagery and there is a great interest in being able to measure suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) from space or airborne instruments. The standard approach to this problem to date has been to try to determine the spectral signatures of different suspended particle mixtures, either empirically or theoretically, and to thereby develop transfer functions that convert multi-band reflectances to SSC. Although this approach has met with some success, there is not yet a robust and accurate algorithm to quantify SSC in plumes in the nearshore environment under varying conditions. This paper describes a completely different and therefore complementary approach to this problem that is based in the hydrodynamics of turbulent 2D jets and the manner in which sediment concentration must decrease along the centerline of a plume. The only data requirement is a measurement or estimate of initial sediment concentrations by grainsize at the river mouth. The end result is a transfer function derived from the physics of plumes that allows pixels in remotely sensed images of plumes to be assigned absolute SSC values by particle size in units of kg/m^3. This paper therefore has the following key goals: (1) to review and extend known results for 2D turbulent jets and sediment plumes, (2) to derive bounds for how SSC must decrease along the centerline of a plume and (3) to show how these results can be used to assign SSC values in sediment plume images. Applications and efforts to validate this approach will be presented in a companion paper.
Unilateral Ureteric Reimplantation for Primary Vesicoureteric Reflux in Children: A Policy Re‐evaluated

Summary— Fifty-one children had unilateral ureteric reimplants for primary vesicoureteric reflux over an 11 -year period. Reflux was abolished in 50 patients but in 8 (15.7%) it developed or became worse on the contralateral side. An isotope renal scan (99mTc DMSA) was carried out in 15 of the 18 patients who had grossly scarred or dysplastic kidneys. Thirteen of these had less than 22% of total function coming from the affected kidney and seven had less than 10% of their total GFR coming from the kidney whose ureter had previously been reimplanted. Five of these children have undergone nephrectomy and it is felt that this would have been a better initial procedure. No patient was hypertensive at the conclusion of the study.
Why Small Firms Are Different: Addressing Varying Needs from Boards of Directors

Board of director member diversity has an impact on the functions each director successfully provides. Appropriate and necessary board member capabilities differ between small and large firms. Although these differences seem apparent, current research has favored studies related to large firms and neglected those related to board member needs of small firms. Grounded in Agency Theory and Resource Dependence Theory, the following manuscript theoretically suggests that firm size moderates the relationship between board member diversity and the two primary functions (monitoring and the provision of resources) of board members. Furthermore, small firms can enhance performance through appropriate member composition in differing ways than large firms.
ART Neural Networks for Medical Data Analysis and Fast Distributed Learning

ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) neural networks for fast, stable learning and prediction have been applied in a variety of areas. Applications include airplane design and manufacturing, automatic target recognition, financial forecasting, machine tool monitoring, digital circuit design, chemical analysis, and robot vision. Supervised ART architectures, called ARTMAP systems, feature internal control mechanisms that create stable recognition categories of optimal size by maximizing code compression while minimizing predictive error in an on-line setting. Special-purpose requirements of various application domains have led to a number of ARTMAP variants, including fuzzy ARTMAP, ART-EMAP, Gaussian ARTMAP, and distributed ARTMAP. The talk at the ANNIMAB-1 conference (Gothenburg, Sweden, May, 2000) will outline some ARTMAP applications, including computer-assisted medical diagnosis. Medical databases present many of the challenges found in general information management settings where speed, efficiency, ease of use, and accuracy are at a premium. A direct goal of improved computer-assisted medicine is to help deliver quality emergency care in situations that may be less than ideal. Working with these problems has stimulated a number of ART architecture developments, including ARTMAP-IC [1]. A recent collaborative effort, using a new cardiac care database for system development, has brought together medical statisticians and clinicians at the New England Medical Center with researchers developing expert systems and neural networks, in order to create a hybrid method for medical diagnosis. The talk will also consider new neural network architectures, including distributed ART (dART), a real-time model of parallel distributed pattern learning that permits fast as well as slow adaptation, without catastrophic forgetting. Local synaptic computations in the dART model quantitatively match the paradoxical phenomenon of Markram-Tsodyks [2] redistribution of synaptic efficacy, as a consequence of global system hypotheses.
ÆtherFlow: Principled Wireless Support in SDN

Software Defined Networking (SDN) drastically changes the meaning and process of designing, building, testing, and operating networks. The current support for wireless networking in SDN technologies has lagged behind its development and deployment for wired networks. The purpose of this work is to bring principled support for wireless access networks so that they can receive the same level of programmability as wireline interfaces. Specifically we aim to integrate wireless protocols into the general SDN framework by proposing a new set of abstractions in wireless devices and the interfaces to manipulate them. We validate our approach by implementing our design as an extension of an existing OpenFlow data plane and deploying it in an IEEE 802.11 access point. We demonstrate the viability of software-defined wireless access networks by developing and testing a wireless handoff application. The results of the experiment show that our framework is capable of providing new capabilities in an efficient manner.
Government Performance and Chief Executives’ Intangible Assets: Motives, Networking, and/or Capacity?

AbstractThis study explores the impact of chief executives’ intangible assets – motives, capacity and networks – on government performance. Three main hypotheses suggesting a direct relationship between these assets and performance are tested using data from municipalities in El Salvador, where the chief executive is the elected mayor. The research involved an in-field survey of 135 Salvadorian mayors (out of 262) and data collected from national agencies, focusing on two dimensions of municipal performance: service delivery (electricity and running water) and expansion of revenue (with national grants). After controlling for municipal and constituent-level factors, findings indicate that the chief executive’s capacity (specifically mayoral expertise) is positively correlated to municipal delivery of electricity and running water; intrinsic motivation is linked to expansion of water services; and municipalities whose chief executives are nationally networked tend to receive more grant monies. This study c...
The Female Sexual Response: Current Models, Neurobiological Underpinnings and Agents Currently Approved or Under Investigation for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

How a woman responds to sexual cues is highly dependent on a number of distinct, yet related, factors. Researchers have attempted to explain the female sexual response for decades, but no single model reigns supreme. Proper female sexual function relies on the interplay of somatic, psychosocial and neurobiological factors; misregulation of any of these components could result in sexual dysfunction. The most common sexual dysfunction disorder is hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). HSDD is a disorder affecting women across the world; a recent in-person diagnostic interview study conducted in the USA found that an estimated 7.4% of US women suffer from HSDD. Despite the disorder's prevalence, it is often overlooked as a formal diagnosis. In a survey of primary care physicians and obstetrics/gynaecology specialists, the number one reason for not assigning an HSDD diagnosis was the lack of a safe and effective therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This changed with the recent FDA approval of flibanserin (Addyi™) for the treatment of premenopausal women with acquired, generalized HSDD; there are still, however, no treatments approved outside the USA. HSDD is characterized by a marked decrease in sexual desire, an absence of motivation (also known as avolition) to engage in sexual activity, and the condition's hallmark symptom, marked patient distress. Research suggests that HSDD may arise from an imbalance of the excitatory and inhibitory neurobiological pathways that regulate the mammalian sexual response; top-down inhibition from the prefrontal cortex may be hyperactive, and/or bottom-up excitation to the limbic system may be hypoactive. Key neuromodulators for the excitatory pathways include norepinephrine, oxytocin, dopamine and melanocortins. Serotonin, opioids and endocannabinoids serve as key neuromodulators for the inhibitory pathways. Evolving treatment strategies have relied heavily on these crucial research findings, as many of the agents currently being investigated as treatment options for HSDD target and influence key players within these excitatory and inhibitory pathways, including various hormone therapies and centrally acting drugs, such as buspirone, bupropion and bremelanotide.
Form and Emptiness: Globalization, Liberalism, and Buddhism in the West

In this essay, I explore Buddhism in the West in the context of the world-as-it-is, in particular, under the current the conditions of liberalism and globalization. I lay out rough tracks for examining religious practices, which most of us think of as a matter of individual choice in the domain of "private" as already deeply immersed in the "public" domain, conventionally seen as locus of less personal macroprocesses of governance, politics, and economy. In my view, the balance of research in Ethnic Studies, American Studies, and related fields is heavily tilted toward a politics about religion. There does not exist in the recent past a commensurate body of literature focused on theorizing the politics of religion that is not also already deeply embedded in a politics about religion. Discourses already committed to a politics about religion, say in the form of pro-faith-based or anti-Christian faith, though politically compelling, leave important theoretical questions unanswered. It is inaccurate to presu...
Health and Education through the School Lunch Period

(1942). Health and Education through the School Lunch Period. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 381-387.
SUSTAINABILITY OF POSSIBLE MODELS FOR A WIRELESS METROPOLITAN -AREA NETWORK

Many cities are considering the deployment of a wireless metropolitan-area network (WiMAN) based on Wi-Fi technology. Some hope to find the “right” WiMAN policy, but in reality, different policies are appropriate for different cities. City leaders must often balance competing goals, including the desire to maximize the area in which wireless services will be available, to maximize competition among providers, to minimize subsidies from government agencies and non-profit organizations, and to ensure financial sustainability. This paper investigates the extent to which these goals can be met with four basic models: (1) a single citywide monopoly WiMAN provider; (2) facilities-based competition from multiple citywide WiMAN providers; (3) a citywide WiMAN offering wholesale services to competing retail service providers; (4) open competition where multiple providers are free to serve only the more profitable neighborhoods. We estimate costs for constructing and operating a WiMAN in Pittsburgh using a sample architecture. We develop a regression model to roughly predict subscription rates and revenues based on city demographics, and apply that model to Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Minneapolis. Using these rough estimates, we analyze the extent to which competition can be sustained and service can be provided citywide under different models, and with different forms of intervention, such as providing one-time or annual subsidies (from government or non-profit foundations), guaranteeing that city government will be a large customer, advertising wireless services, and facilitating access to locations that are suitable for antenna placement. For Pittsburgh, we conclude that citywide facilities-based competition is not financially sustainable. Citywide monopoly operation and citywide competition at the retail level are almost equally viable financially, and both appear sustainable, but financial failure is well within our margin of error. Moreover, we show that retail competition can only survive if the City has leverage to prevent the monopoly wholesaler from raising prices to the level that maximizes the wholesaler’s profit, as this will end competition. In addition, the City or a powerful third party must provide some form of inducement such as becoming an anchor customer to motivate providers to serve all parts of the city. Otherwise, commercial providers maximize profit by focusing on high-income neighborhoods, leaving much of the city unserved. Finally, we argue that substantial involvement from local government is helpful in some cities but not others. Each city must carefully consider local needs and resources, and state legislatures should refrain from interference.
Asymmetric Syntheses Based on Hexahydro-4,4,7-Trimethyl-1,3-Benzoxathians

Abstract Earlier work concerned with a highly stereoselective asymmetric synthesis based on a 1,3-oxathiane as the ciral auxiliary reagent is reviewed and recent applications to the synthesis of the four stereoisomers of malyngolide, of (R)-(+)-γ-caprolactone (a pheromone of the Trogoderma glabrum beetle) and of (S)-(+)-mevalolactone are presented. The mechanism underlying this asymmetric synthesis is discussed briefly.
Federal Organization of Legal Functions.

Varied tasks throughout the vast field of activities of the executive branch of the federal government can be performed only by persons with training in one of more branches of law. The tasks run all the way from the administration of locally established rules and regulations of the several government agencies to the argument of fundamentally important constitutional questions before the Supreme Court. Down through the years of American history there has been conflict of opinion as to the proper mode of organizing the legal work of the government. It is contended, on the one hand, that functions of a highly specialized and highly professionalized character such as those of law ought, in the interest of symmetry and efficiency, to be integrated under centralized management. To a limited extent, such integration has been brought about in the Department of Justice. On the other hand, it is contended that the work of lawyers merely aids in the performance of more fundamental classifications of work done by the government, and that organization should be in terms of such topics as finance, foreign affairs, commerce, agriculture, and labor, with legal tasks grouped in subordinate categories and subject to control only by the respective heads of the major organizations. In line with this contention, all major departments and most other agencies have staffs of lawyers not directly connected with the Department of Justice.
A Method for Rearing Black Cutworms

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) adults were brought into the laboratory in 1968 and used to start a laboratory culture. An adult diet consisting mainly of water, beer, and honey, and a larval diet consisting mainly of water and pinto beans have maintained the culture continuously since 1968 with no addition of wild stock. Approximately 800 larvae were reared weekly. However, this method will allow for rearing more cutworms depending on labor input. Under laboratory conditions (20-25°, 75-8.5% RH), larvae increased in weight by 4500-fold in 15 days. Over 82% of the measured larvae completed 7 stadia before pupation. Hatching to pupation took 23.9 days. Survival rates of over 80% were achieved for the larvae.
Direct and indirect effects of estrogen on osteoclasts.

Extensive bone metabolism studies have shown that the rate at which osteoclasts resorb bone and osteoblasts replace the lost bone with new bone are tightly coupled, creating a scenario in which osteoclasts and osteoblasts communicate to maintain a balance of bone resorption and formation. Although it has been recognized for many years that estrogen depletion at menopause results in a net loss of bone and that this can be prevented by estrogen replacement therapy, the mechanisms by which estrogen has this impact have remained somewhat elusive. This breakdown in the balance of resorption and formation implies that estrogen loss uncouples the resorption and formation phases of bone metabolism. Discoveries of the mechanisms by which resorption and formation are coupled and how estrogen loss disrupts this coupling have been complicated by a number of factors including the fact that the tissue is mineralized, there is cellular heterogeneity of the tissue, a relatively small number of cells are available and they are difficult to recover intact from the tissue, and there is a lack of suitable cell lines for all stages of differentiation. In addition, the most powerful method for studying bone metabolism, dynamic histomorphometry, is invasive and cannot be accomplished on live tissue. Recent advances in all of these areas have allowed for a more complete picture of how estrogen modulates bone balance by directly and indirectly targeting bone resorbing osteoclasts. This summary will outline current knowledge of both of these mechanisms by which estrogen impacts bone resorption.
Effects of an Invasive Grass ( Phalaris Arundinacea ) on Water Availability in Semi-Arid Riparian Zones

In much of the western United States, riparian zones are shifting from native woody and herbaceous species to invasive grasses, potentially altering plant water use and availability. Compared to the woody species they often replace, dense grass stands may have higher productivity and transpiration, causing them to use more water. We investigated evidence of this effect in semiarid eastern Washington, where many streams experience low flow that degrades water quality and habitat. Most of these riparian zones have extensive stands of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), which could reduce stream flow through high transpiration rates. We tested how growing season, transpiration, and specific leaf area of reed canary grass compared to native riparian plant species to assess its effects on plant water use and water availability. Reed canary grass had a longer growing season by two weeks compared to eight other common riparian species. Although its transpiration rates per leaf area are not exceptional, its high specific leaf area and ability to produce dense stands of biomass resulted in more photosynthetic surface through which to transpire water than any other species tested, and substantially higher estimates of transpiration per ground surface area. We present strong evidence that reed canary grass is altering the patterns of water availability and use in these systems.
Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft der Neurowissenschaft

Am Anfang des Buches steht ein kurzer Ausflug durch die Neurowissenschaft. Welche Vorstellungen vom Gehirn hatten die Wissenschaftler im Lauf der Jahrhunderte? Wer sind die heutigen Neurowissenschaftler und wie gehen sie bei der Erforschung des Gehirns vor? In Kapitel 1 wahlen wir einen historischen Ansatz, um einige grundlegende Funktionsprinzipien von Nervensystemen nachzuvollziehen. Anschliesend beschreiben wir, wie neurobiologische Forschung heutzutage durchgefuhrt wird. Dabei stellen wir uns auch ihren ethischen Aspekten, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Tierversuchen.
Tissue Procurement, Sampling, and Preparation

The approach to the morphological diagnosis of lung disease varies with the type of tissue sample submitted and the associated clinical setting. Tissue samples can be roughly grouped into three major categories: (1) small biopsy specimens; (2) surgical lung biopsy specimens; and (3) large specimens including those obtained by lobectomy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy. The clinical situation usually dictates the manner of tissue procurement. For example, a central endobronchial lesion is approached via endoscopic biopsy under direct visualization, whereas a peripheral or perihilar mass is better accessed by a computed tomography (CT)-guided transthoracic or an endoscopic transbronchial needle biopsy, respectively. Transbronchial forceps lung biopsy is often the initial procedure in stable immunocompetent patients with interstitial lung disease, but an open lung biopsy or a biopsy obtained by video-assisted thoracoscopc surgery (VATS) may be the preferred diagnostic modality in immunosuppressed patients with rapidly evolving pulmonary infiltrates. Regardless of the means of tissue procurement, a review of the clinical and radiological data by the pathologist is essential for appropriate tissue handling and interpretation.
Use of creep recovery protocol to measure static yield stress and structural rebuilding of fresh cement pastes

Abstract In this study, a creep recovery shear rheological protocol was applied to fresh cement pastes. A viscosity bifurcation behavior was observed through applying a range of creep stresses. When applied stress is sufficiently low viscosity increases and the material yields, exhibiting viscoelastic solid-like behavior. Beyond a critical stress viscosity decreases and the material flows, exhibiting viscoelastic liquid-like behavior. Through examining this bifurcation behavior we found that the transition of viscosity occurs at very low strains. The strains at which this transition occurred were compared with critical strains measured through low amplitude oscillatory shear. Results provided support that the solid-liquid transition occurs beyond the critical stress measured through creep, thereby tying it to static yield stress. The protocol was implemented to probe pastes modified with attapulgite clays, a highly thixotropic system, and was found to be effective in characterizing static yield stress and thixotropic rebuilding.
John Bardeen: an extraordinary physicist

On the morning of 1 November 1956 the US physicist John Bardeen dropped the frying-pan of eggs that he was cooking for breakfast, scattering its contents on the kitchen floor. He had just heard that he had won the Nobel Prize for Physics along with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for their invention of the transistor. That evening Bardeen was startled again, this time by a parade of his colleagues from the University of Illinois marching to the door of his home bearing champagne and singing "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow".
Motor Circuit Dysfunction in Spinal Muscular Atrophy

During development, normal motor behavior is established via a timely and coordinated pattern of synaptic connections between neurons in the central nervous system. Spinal motor neurons receive direct synaptic inputs from local interneurons, sensory neurons, and descending pathways from the brain during embryogenesis, which continues to increase during early postnatal development. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by motor deficits, motor neuron loss, and muscle atrophy, features that are closely recapitulated in SMA animal models. Studies involving mice and fly mutants demonstrate that perturbations in the normal sequence of neuronal connectivity result in motor circuit vulnerability. In particular, early loss of sensory information from proprioceptive neurons triggers maladaptive homeostatic mechanisms in motor neuron behavior, resulting in motor-circuit dysfunction and perhaps ultimately disease.
Urine drug screen findings among ambulatory oncology patients in a supportive care clinic

Professional organizations provide no guidelines regarding assessment and management of opioid abuse risk in cancer. Universal precautions (UP) developed for non-cancer pain, include assessments for aberrant behavior, screening questionnaires, and urine drug screens (UDS). The role of UDS for identifying opioid abuse risk in cancer is uncertain. Our aim is to characterize inappropriate UDS, and identify a potential role for UDS in therapeutic decision-making. An observational retrospective chart review of 232 consecutive supportive care clinic patients were seen during the study. Twenty-eight of the two hundred thirty-two did not meet inclusion criteria. One hundred fifty of the two hundred four had active cancer, while 54 had no evidence of active disease. Clinicians ordered UDS based on their clinical judgment of patients’ substance misuse risk. Edmonton symptom assessment scores, history of substance abuse, alcohol use, tobacco use, aberrant behavior, and morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) were obtained. Pain scores and MEDD were higher (p = 0.021; p < 0.001) in the UDS group vs non-UDS. Forty percent of the patients (n = 82/204) had at least one UDS and 70% (60/82) had an inappropriate result. Thirty-nine percent (32) were inappropriately negative, showing no prescribed opioids. Forty-nine of the eighty-two were positive for non-prescribed opioids, benzodiazepine, or illicit substance. Eleven of the forty-nine had only cannabis metabolites in their urine. There were no significant differences between appropriate and inappropriate UDS groups regarding pain scores, MEDD or referral to psychology, psychiatry, or substance abuse specialists. UDS on the 82 oncology patients at high risk for substance misuse were frequently positive (46%) for non-prescribed opioids, benzodiazepines or potent illicit drugs such as heroin or cocaine, and 39% had inappropriately negative UDS, raising concerns for diversion.
Emerging Subspecialties in Neurology: Headache medicine.

Headache disorders affect half of the adult population and are considered one of the top 3 medical causes of disability worldwide.1 There are over 300 different headache disorders. Hence, the diagnosis requires critical thinking.2 Patients' symptoms often improve, so the treatment process is rewarding. While headache subspecialists have been studying the causes and potential treatments for a long time, substantial progress is now being made in the headache field. The headache field is emerging with the growth of academic headache centers and headache fellowship programs, new understanding of the pathophysiology of headache disorders, expanding therapeutic options, and the development of neurostimulation devices and immunotherapy. Headache fellowship programs started to be accredited in 2005 and have been rapidly increasing in number.3 There are still not enough headache subspecialists to meet the national need and the majority of neurology residents are not exposed to the headache field while in residency.3–5 We describe the history of the headache field, recent advances, and information about training and working in the headache field.
Babinet’s principle for mutual intensity

In classical diffraction theory, Babinet's principle relates the electromagnetic fields produced by complementary sources. This theorem was always formulated for single-point quantities, both intensities or field amplitudes, in conditions where the full spatial coherence is implicitly assumed. However, electromagnetic fields are, in general, partially coherent, and their spatial properties are described in terms of two-point field-field correlation functions. In this case, a generalized Babinet's principle can be derived that applies to the spatial coherence functions. We present both the derivation and the experimental demonstration of this generalized Babinet theorem.
Africa and the Media

The advent of new technologies is usually accompanied by several opportunities and challenges. It is, however, important to address these complexities with social theories. This chapter employs the instrument of theorization within the context of the larger media and communication theories. The subject of mediated development defines the outlook of this chapter because it includes the role of the media in tackling current development challenges, particularly in relation to open governance and participatory democracies in places like Benin, Tanzania and Nigeria and the prospects these moves signal for Africa’s development. While this chapter is not a treatise on media theories, attention will be focused on three media and communication theories, namely, development communication theory, social responsibility theory and democratization-democratic-participant media theory. Social media is important to Africa’s development agenda, largely as a result of the rapid fall in the cost of internet bandwidth and the affordability of mobile phones which have put this invention within reach of almost everyone across economic strata. East African countries that have experimented with mobile money like the M-Pesa have seen some level of economic stimulation, particularly with regard to the previously unreached people in rural communities. The chapter looks at selected cases showcasing the impact of these processes on rural development. The FrontlineSMS and the Ushahidi projects have helped to propagate community involvement and participation in democratic processes through the use of SMS and crowdmapping technologies. The power of the media in this regard has prompted several dictatorial governments, including Zimbabwe, Congo, and Uganda, to attempt to stifle the internet. Citizens now aggregate election results using several crowdsourcing tools, thereby wresting power away from the leaders who once unilaterally controlled governance. This further promotes increased citizen intervention in politics and policy decision-making. This chapter also examines some problems portended by the media. Africans have embraced the media, especially social media, but governments are still skeptical about their use; they are still holding on to the old methods of media control. Consequently, several attempts by African governments to promulgate laws seeking to control media will be examined. In addition, this chapter focuses on several problems associated with the media; there are ready examples of how the media have been used in the past, especially radio, in spreading violence in places like Rwanda and Ethiopia where people were literally egged on to cut down members of opposition ethnic groups.
Alleviating surface tensile stress in e-beam treated tool steels by cryogenic treatment

Abstract Electron beam (e-beam) treatment of tool steel surfaces has been available for several decades as an approach to create hard surface layers on tool steels. The e-beam process produces ultrafine grain sizes through ultra-rapid cooling of the melt layer, which helps with improving wear resistance to increase the service life of tools. However, its implementation in many applications has been limited by the accompanying residual tensile stresses in the surface layer, which is undesirable and may lead to premature fracture. Here we report the utilization of cryogenic freezing after e-beam treatment to reduce the residual tensile stress. The e-beamed specimen contained high levels of retained austenite in the surface layer. The cryogenic treatment converted the retained austenite into martensite, and the corresponding volume expansion reduced the peak tensile residual stress by 28%, which makes it a promising method to expand the applications of e-beamed tool steel.
Stewardship opportunities in viral pneumonia: Why not the immunocompromised?

Antimicrobial management of viral pneumonia has proven to be a challenge in hospitalized immunocompromised patients. A host of factors contribute to the dilemma, such as diagnostic uncertainty, lack of organism identification, and clinical status of the patient. Respiratory virus panel (RVP) use was compared between 131 immunocompromised patients who received send-out (n = 56) vs in-house (n = 75) testing. Antimicrobial optimization interventions consisted of antiviral addition/discontinuation, antibiotic discontinuation/de-escalation, or modification of immunosuppressive regimen. After implementation of an in-house test with audit and feedback, turnaround time of the RVP was reduced from 46.7 to 5.5 hours (P < .001) and time to intervention was reduced from 52.1 to 13.9 hours (P < .001), yet the frequency of antimicrobial optimization interventions was unchanged (30.7% vs 35.7%). Differences were not observed in duration of empiric antibiotic therapy or length of stay. The overall discontinuation rate for patients tested with a RVP was low (4.6%), and those with positive RVP (n = 43) had antibiotics stopped in 14% of cases. Bacterial pneumonia coinfection was confirmed in 2 patients. Further systematic efforts should be taken to reduce antibiotic use in viral pneumonia and identify the major barriers in the immunocompromised population.
Scoping review: Hospital nursing factors associated with 30-day readmission rates of patients with heart failure.

Aims and objectives To review the current literature on hospital nursing factors associated with 30-day readmission rates of patients with heart failure. Background Heart failure is a common, yet debilitating chronic illness with high mortality and morbidity. One in five patients with heart failure will experience unplanned readmission to a hospital within 30 days. Given the significance of heart failure to individuals, families and healthcare system, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has made reducing 30-day readmission rates a priority. Design Scoping review, which maps the key concepts of a research area, is used. Methods Published primary studies in English assessing factors related to nurses in hospitals and readmission of patients with heart failure were included. Other inclusion criteria were written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals. Results The search resulted in 2,782 articles. After removing duplicates and reviewing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, five articles were selected. Three nursing workforce factors emerged as follows: (i) nursing staffing, (ii) nursing care and work environment, and (iii) nurses' knowledge of heart failure. Conclusions This is the first scoping review examining the association between hospital nursing factors and 30-day readmission rates of patients with heart failure. Further studies examining the extent of nursing structural and process factors influencing the outcomes of patients with heart failure are needed. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses are an integral part of the healthcare system. Identifying the factors related to nurses in hospitals is important to ensure comprehensive delivery of care to the chronically ill population. Hospital administrators, managers and policymakers can use the findings from this review to implement strategies to reduce 30-day readmission rates of patients with heart failure.
Association of differential mucosal microbiome composition with clinicopathologic characteristics of rectal adenocarcinoma.

656Background: Alterations in gut microbial composition are associated with development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), and may contribute to interpatient biologic and clinical heteroge...
La pollution maritime et la notion de passage inoffensif

La Notion de Passage inoffensif constitue l’un des principes les plus anciens du droit de la mer. Actuellement confronte avec la menace croissante de la pollution maritime, ce principe se trouve fortement conteste dans un mouvement general de defense orchestre par les Etats cotiers. Parmi ceuxci se trouve le Canada, qui s’est fait recemment le champion de leur cause.
Advanced Heart Failure Therapies and Cardiorenal Syndrome

Heart failure (HF) is extremely prevalent and for those with end-stage (stage D) disease, 1-year survival is only 25-50%. Several studies have captured the mortality impact of kidney disease on patients with HF, and measures of kidney function are a component of many HF risk stratification scores. The management of advanced HF complicated by cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is challenging, and irreversible kidney failure often limits patient candidacy for advanced HF therapies, such as transplant or left ventricular assist device therapy. Thus, prompt institution of aggressive therapy is warranted in stage D HF patients with CRS to prevent irreversible kidney failure. In this chapter, we discuss the assessment and management of patients with CRS with end-stage HF. In addition to discussing medical therapy aimed at decongestion and increased cardiac inotropy, we provide a summary of temporary circulatory support devices that can be considered for those whom hospice is not desired. In all circumstances, a close collaboration between the advanced HF specialist and nephrologist is needed to achieve the best patient outcomes.
Design And Control Of Plasma Actuated Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

Unmanned aerial vehicles has been significantly gaining national and international interest recently. Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi has been recently approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as one of the six fully operational test site for unmanned vehicles in the United States in order to seamlessly integrate all UAS operations into the national airspace. The Unmanned aerial vehicles has been attracting researchers, industries and consumers for varied applications. Controlling the airflows over an airfoil or other aerodynamic surfaces for separation control and drag reduction are of significant interest to Airforce. The planar or surface plasmas have shown to have a significant effect on the drag reduction especially at high angle of incidences. The use of surface plasmas generated using plasma actuators on medium to large aerial vehicles has been of interest to the plasma actuator research community and has been widely researched. However, in the case of unmanned aerial vehicles that are usually small and light in weight and they do not have significant payload capacity. Contrarily, the power supply required to generate high-frequency high-voltage signal to create uniform surface plasmas in the plasma actuators are usually bulky and heavy, making it not suitable for the UAV application. The weight of the plasma power supply has been the limiting factor for the plasma actuator application on UAVs. Our research group has been developing a method to develop a light weight highfrequency high-voltage power supply and incorporate it in a plasma actuator on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this work we will present the results of the plasma actuator performance and the performance of the UAV controlled with default servo motor based controls and plasma actuated control dynamics, mechanisms and efficiencies.
Carnosic Acid Improves Outcome after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract In the majority of cases, the cognitive and behavioral impairments resulting from a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) (also referred to as concussion) wane within days to weeks. In contras...