cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging and evaluation of patients with high-risk prostate cancer

Approximately 15% of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer have high-risk disease. Imaging is critically important for the diagnosis and staging of these patients, and also for the selection of management. While established prostate cancer staging guidelines have increased the appropriate use of imaging, underuse for high-risk prostate cancer remains substantial. Several factors affect the utility of initial diagnostic imaging, including the variable definition of high-risk prostate cancer, variable guideline recommendations, poor accuracy of existing imaging tests, and the difficulty in validating imaging findings. Conventional imaging modalities, including CT and radionuclide bone scan, have been employed for local and metastatic staging, but their performance characteristics have generally been poor. Emerging modalities including multiparametricMRI, positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, and PET-MRI have shown increased diagnostic accuracy and could improve accuracy in staging patients with high-risk prostate cancer.
Evidence for an error detection mechanism in motor skills.

One of the fundamental predictions of the Adams (1971) closed-loop theory is that S should develop over practice a perceptual trace which forms the basis of an error detection mechanism. If knowledge of results (KR) is withdrawn, S can use the error detection mechanism to guide performance in its place. To test this notion, 10 Ss practiced 170 trials of a discrete ballistic response, attempting to produce a 9.5-in. manual slider movement in exactly 150 msec., with KR present except on Trials 11-20 and 141-170. There was an increasing correspondence between the actual errors and Ss’ estimation of them as practice continued, and ratings of confidence increased, both of which were indicative of a developing error detection mechanism. During KR withdrawal trials, Ss displayed no worsening of performance, and even continued to learn slightly, suggesting that the error detection mechanism acted as a substitute for KR. The results generally supported Adams’ theory.
Too Certain to Invest? Public Safety Nets and Insurance Markets in Ethiopia

Researchers’ efforts to introduce index insurance in developing countries have met with little demand despite its great potential to help farmers mitigate economic risk. I argue that researchers have overlooked institutional context’s critical role in the formation of private markets when designing insurance contracts. Using micro-level evidence from Ethiopia, I show that recipients of a preexisting effective, large-scale public safety net fail to take-up a new highly subsidized private insurance offer. Government safety net programs can decrease demand for private index insurance, forming an additional barrier to index insurance take-up. A direct implication of this research is that policymakers should design private and public insurance products that account for, or even complement, each other.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the relationship between cortisol reactivity and self-reported externalizing behavior in young adolescent males

Although reduced cortisol reactivity to stress and increased circulating testosterone level are hypothesized to be associated with higher levels of externalizing behavior, empirical findings are inconsistent. One factor that may account for the heterogeneity in these relationships is prenatal testosterone exposure. This study examined whether the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker of prenatal testosterone exposure, moderates the relationships of testosterone and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Left and right hand 2D:4D and self-reported externalizing behavior were measured in a sample of 353 young adolescents (M age=11.92 years; 178 females; 79.7% African American). Saliva samples were collected before and after a stress task and later assayed for cortisol. Testosterone levels were determined from an AM saliva sample. 2D:4D interacted with cortisol reactivity to predict externalizing behavior in males, but not females. In males, low cortisol reactivity was associated with higher levels of aggression and rule-breaking behavior, but only among subjects with low 2D:4D (i.e., high prenatal testosterone). Findings suggest the importance of a multi-systems approach in which interactions between multiple hormones are taken into account. Furthermore, results demonstrate the importance of considering the organizational influence of prenatal testosterone in order to understand the activational influence of circulating hormones during adolescence.
Chronic hypoxia modulates diaphragm function in the developing rat.

We studied the effect of chronic hypoxia on contractile properties and neuromuscular transmission in the developing rat diaphragm. We hypothesized that chronic hypoxia delays maturation of neuromus...
Line of Sight Rate Estimation for Guided Projectiles with Strapdown Seekers

The problem of estimating the feedback necessary for the implementation of the proportional navigation guidance law on a guided projectile with a strapdown seeker is addressed through the development of a line of sight rate extended Kalman filter (EKF). The seeker is assumed to be computer vision based, which requires the filter to accommodate significant time delays due to the processing requirements of computer vision algorithms, although specific computer vision algorithms are not discussed here. The effect of errors in the attitude solution on line of sight rate observer performance are analyzed and accounted for in the Kalman filter design. Simulations of a highly maneuverable projectile engaging a moving, but non-maneuvering target are presented to evaluate the filter. It is found that since attitude is not strongly observable on projectiles in free fall, better line of sight rate results might be possible when the attitude solution used to calculate line of sight rate comes directly from angular rate sensor integration instead of an attitude Kalman filter.
The Professor and the Student, Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) and William Sealy Gosset (1876–1937): Careers of two giants in mathematical statistics:

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher and William Sealy Gosset were responsible for laying the foundations of statistical inference. Tests that bear their names are used by students and researchers in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Similar and different in many respects, their lives and careers are the subject of this essay. They were not teacher and pupil; in fact the student was 14 years older than the professor. Their careers did not require them to interact with one another much but they were aware of one another's work. Although Sir Ronald is assigned the role of the professor, his success as a teacher was impaired by his inability to understand the limitations of his students. Meanwhile Gosset was forced to publish his work under the pseudonym 'Student' in order to make contributions to the field of mathematical statistics. Both men are undisputed giants in the field of statistics and we celebrate their achievements as much as we try to understand their struggles.
Human Cytomegalovirus Strategies to Maintain and Promote mRNA Translation

mRNA translation requires the ordered assembly of translation initiation factors and ribosomal subunits on a transcript. Host signaling pathways regulate each step in this process to match levels of protein synthesis to environmental cues. In response to infection, cells activate multiple defenses that limit viral protein synthesis, which viruses must counteract to successfully replicate. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) inhibits host defenses that limit viral protein expression and manipulates host signaling pathways to promote the expression of both host and viral proteins necessary for virus replication. Here we review key regulatory steps in mRNA translation, and the strategies used by HCMV to maintain protein synthesis in infected cells.
Study on the contamination and distribution of virulence genes of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in inland marketing aquatic products and environment

Objective To investigate the contamination of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in inland markets,and reveal the distribution of its virulent genes,so as to provide basis for the effective control of food safety risk caused by Vp.Methods Samples of marketing aquatic products and their environment were collected in Jingzhou city,and Vp was islaoted,identificated,and their virulent genes were analyzed for tlh,trh,tdh,UreC and T3SS2(vsC2,vcrD2).Results Three hundred and sixty samples were collected,and 81 samples were detected for Vp,the total proportion was 22.50%,among which the detection proportion was the highest in marine products 31.28%(56 /179),while it was 16.42%(11 /67) in freshwater products.,There was significant difference between two kinds of products(0.01 P 0.05);The detection rate in supermarkets was 26.60%(50 /188),higher than those of farmers' markets rate,18.02%(31 /172).The monthly detection rate of Vp was from 3.33% to 36.67%,there was significant difference in different months(= 31.398,P 0.01);The tlh gene in 81 isolates derived from food and environments was detected and positive,and the remaining genes were not found.Conclusions This study revealed the prevalence of Vp with low diversity virulence genes in the aquatic products in markets in Jingzhou city,an inland city of China;It revealed Vp's route of transmission from marine products to freshwater products which was through some intermediate links,such as farming water and products' surface etc;the tlh gene can be used for the detection and identification of Vp.
Genotyping of Transgenic Animals by Real-Time Quantitative PCR with TaqMan Probes

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a fast, sensitive, specific, and quantitative method for genotyping transgenic animals. Accurate quantitation of the number of transgenes helps to identify founders and to create and maintain pure lines of transgenic mice, thus reducing experimental variability. Here we describe an accurate method of genotyping using real-time quantitative PCR with primers and MGB TaqMan probes from Life Technologies. The first step in quantitating copy number is isolation of genomic DNA. To accurately compare the copies per genome (c/g) of a transgene in different mice, genomic DNA must be prepared by the same method for all the mice, with sample DNA and calibration standards dissolved in the same buffer. This chapter describes several "tried and true" methods, including an automatic system that isolates 16 samples at once in just 35-45 min, yielding DNA of excellent quality. Next, genomic DNA must be quantitated accurately so that similar amounts of DNA are added to each well. A fluorescent assay that is selective for dsDNA over RNA circumvents interference from RNA contamination and ensures more accurate DNA quantitation than A260 measurements. It is also very important to use appropriate calibration standards for accurate quantitation of transgene copy number. The best calibrator is the DNA fragment used for microinjection, mixed with normal mouse DNA in such a way that the transgene is present in a range of concentrations spanning the expected copy number in the transgenic mice. This chapter provides guidelines and sample calculations for preparing calibration standards that will accurately reflect the number of transgenes in the mice being tested. Finally, guidelines for preparing primers and TaqMan probes and techniques to prepare and run a 384-well plate smoothly and without errors are presented.
The Death of Multiculturalism in the Eu and Commissioning Balkan Cinema

In order to support cultural dialogue in the territory of West Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) the EC has extended the rules on aid for film production until the end of 2012, financing only films with peace-making topics. A number of filmmakers took advantage of this situation and financed their films. As a result of this type of commissioning, we are witnessing the surge of "socially responsible filmmaking" in the region. Although many of the authors were recognized filmmakers that received praise and international awards for their past work, none of their "commissioned" films succeeded artistically and in the box office. As a matter of fact they were either ignored or became an object of public ridicule, failing miserably with topics that were supposed to enlighten Balkan nations. Most recently, the Chancellor Merkel, Prime Minister, Cameron and President, Sarkozy in their public statements pronounced the death of multiculturalism in the EU. Although when those three delivered these provocative statements, they were most likely not having film on their minds. However, one can not ignore the parallel between commissioning Balkan cinema and failure of its "socially responsible filmmaking." By careful analysis of the most prominent EC funded film productions this paper will attempt to find an answer to this dilemma.
Libertas Populi: the introduction of secret ballot at Rome and its depiction on coinage

The sovereignty of the people, its libertas, is the key concept in the civic and political vocabulary of republican Rome. One of the periods in which it was particularly emphasised was the last thirty or forty years of the second century B.C., to judge from the later comments made on the series of leges tabellariae passed in this period, and from the types and themes which appeared on coins issued by the relatives and descendants of those responsible for proposing the laws.
Appreciative Advising with International Students in American Community Colleges

International students in US higher education have received greater attention in the past decades as their enrollment continues to grow. According to the Open Doors report, during academic year 2013–2014, the total enrollment of international students in US higher education reached an all-time record of 886,664, of which 87,963 (10 %) attended Baccalaureate/Associate’s Colleges and Associate’s Colleges (Institute of International Education 2014). This important student population has benefited US higher education in many different ways, such as bringing a global perspective to domestic students who cannot afford to study abroad (Campbell 2012), and providing additional revenue to higher education institutions as public funds continue to diminish (NAFSA 2015).
Der gute Systemdurchschnitt und The Organization Man

Nach dem Rundbogen des vorigen Kapitels uber Seismographen geht es nun eine Stufe tiefer. Der Gewinn eines Systems hangt am Ende vom Durchschnitt der Mitglieder ab. In einem hoheren Sinne ist also der Durchschnitt wichtiger als das Hohere. Am besten ware es, wir lagen alle uber dem Durchschnitt. Deshalb sollten wir alle tadellos arbeiten. In diesem Kapitel wird das klassische System durchleuchtet, das des richtigen Menschen, noch ganz ohne Sucht.
Dual Inhibition of MEK and PI3K/Akt Rescues Cancer Cachexia through both Tumor-Extrinsic and -Intrinsic Activities

Involuntary weight loss, a part of the cachexia syndrome, is a debilitating comorbidity of cancer and currently has no treatment options. Results from a recent clinical trial at our institution showed that biliary tract cancer patients treated with a MEK inhibitor exhibited poor tumor responses but surprisingly gained weight and increased their skeletal muscle mass. This implied that MEK inhibition might be anticachectic. To test this potential effect of MEK inhibition, we utilized the established Colon-26 model of cancer cachexia and the MEK1/2 inhibitor MEK162. Results showed that MEK inhibition effectively prevented muscle wasting. Importantly, MEK162 retained its ability to spare muscle loss even in mice bearing a Colon-26 clone resistant to the MEK inhibitor, demonstrating that the effects of blocking MEK are at least in part independent of the tumor. Because single-agent MEK inhibitors have been limited as a first-line targeted therapy due to compensatory activation of other oncogenic signaling pathways, we combined MEK162 with the PI3K/Akt inhibitor buparlisib. Results showed that this combinatorial treatment significantly reduced tumor growth due to a direct activity on Colon-26 tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, while also preserving skeletal muscle mass. Together, our results suggest that as a monotherapy, MEK inhibition preserves muscle mass, but when combined with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor exhibits potent antitumor activity. Thus, combinatorial therapy might serve as a new approach for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 344-56. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Kobayashi et al., p. 357.
Treatment of carcinoma of the cervix with combined radiation and extensive surgery.

U N T r L the reintroduction of the surgical approach to carcinoma of the cervix, 1 the time-honored method of attacking this disease entity had been radium alone or in combination with external therapy of highenergy x-rays. 2 The latter had been the treatment of choice at the Woman's Clinic of The New York Hospital until 1948 and the results of the years 1933 to 1944 were published in 194 7. s In 1948 a clinical research program was instituted wherein a selected group of patients (those in good physical condition, of a relatively young age group, and with clinically early disease) were to receive a full course of x-ray and radium therapy followed by a "radical hysterectomy"
Using media to improve the informed consent process for youth undergoing pediatric endoscopy and their parents.

Background and study aims Youth undergoing pediatric endoscopic procedures and their parents demonstrate suboptimal comprehension of the informed consent (IC) process. We developed informational videos discussing key IC elements for pediatric endoscopy and evaluated their effects on youth and parental comprehension of the IC process. Patients and methods A randomized controlled trial of the video intervention was performed among youth undergoing endoscopy and their parents at an academic children’s hospital. Randomization occurred at the time of enrollment using permutated blocks. Following the IC process with the proceduralist, subjects underwent structured interviews to assess IC comprehension. An Informed Consent Overall Score (ICOS: range 0 – 4) for comprehension was calculated. Results Seventy-seven pairs of children and their parents participated. Intervention recipients (N = 37 pairs) demonstrated higher ICOS scores as compared to control counterparts (mean (standard deviation): 3.6 (0.7) v. 2.9 (0.9), intervention v. control parents, P < 0.0001 and 2.7 (1.1) v. 1.7 (1.1), intervention v. control youth, P Conclusions A media intervention addressing key elements of the IC process for pediatric endoscopy was effective in improving comprehension of IC for youth undergoing endoscopic procedures and their parents.
Network Sampling: From Snowball and Multiplicity to Respondent-Driven Sampling

Network sampling emerged as a set of methods for drawing statistically valid samples of hard-to-reach populations. The first form of network sampling, multiplicity sampling, involved asking respondents about events affecting those in their personal networks; it was subsequently applied to studies of homicide, HIV, and other topics, but its usefulness is limited to public events. Link-tracing designs employ a different approach to study hard-to-reach populations, using a set of respondents that expands in waves as each round of respondents recruit their peers. Link-tracing as applied to hidden populations, often described as snowball sampling, was initially considered a form of convenience sampling. This changed with the development of respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a widely used network sampling method in which the link-tracing design is adapted to provide the basis for statistical inference. The literature on RDS is large and rapidly expanding, involving contributions by numerous independent research ...
Humeral shaft fractures: national trends in management

The incidence of humeral shaft fractures has been increasing over time. This represents a growing public health concern in a climate of cost containment. The purpose of this study is to analyze national trends in surgical management of humeral shaft fractures and determine factors predictive of surgical intervention. Humeral shaft fractures were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 812.21 and 812.31 in the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was identified by code 79.31 (ORIF, humerus). Other case codes analyzed were 79.01 (closed reduction without internal fixation), 79.11 (closed reduction with internal fixation), and 79.21 (open reduction without internal fixation). Multivariate regression analysis was utilized to determine predictive factors for utilization of ORIF. 27,908 humeral shaft fractures were identified. Utilization of ORIF increased from 47.2% of humeral shaft fractures in 2002 to 60.3% in 2011. Demographically, patients who underwent ORIF were younger (51.5 versus 59.7 years, p < 0.001; odds ratio 0.87 per decade of age). There were modest increases in ORIF usage with private insurance, open fracture, and hospital size, which persisted with multivariate regression analysis. Surprisingly, there was a tendency to shift from a slight increase in ORIF for males with the bivariate case to a slight preference for females in the multivariate case. Utilization of ORIF for humeral shaft fractures has been steadily increasing with time. Surgical intervention was more common with younger patients, female gender, private insurance, and larger hospital size. The increasing incidence of surgical management for humeral shaft fractures may represent a public health burden given the historical success of non-operative management. IV.
The association between obstetrical history and preterm birth in women with uterine anomalies.

AbstractObjective: To estimate the association between obstetric history and preterm birth in women with uterine anomalies.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of women with uterine anomalies managed by one maternal–fetal medicine practice from 2005 to 2016. Women were separated into three groups based on their most recent pregnancy outcome: preterm birth <37 weeks, nulliparous, and term birth. Delivery outcomes were compared across the three groups, with the primary outcome being preterm birth <37 weeks. A subgroup analysis was performed in women with major uterine anomalies (unicornuate, bicornuate, and didelphys).Results: A total of 283 women with uterine anomalies were included. Preterm birth <37 weeks was 60.4% in women with prior preterm birth versus 18.2% in nulliparous women, versus 15.8% in women with a prior term birth (p < .001). The difference between nulliparous women and women with a prior term birth was not significant (p = .635). Among the 118 women with major uterine anomalies, ...
The Dramaturgical Approach to Social Psychology: The Influence of Erving Goffman

When invited to write a chapter on a work that has had a lasting impact, without a moment’s hesitation I thought of the writings of Erving Goffman, especially his first major work, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959; hereinafter Presentation). Although nominally a sociologist, Goffman’s oeuvre was indifferent to disciplinary boundaries—all his perceptive analyses centered on understanding the varieties of conduct at the heart of human interaction. I begin this appreciative essay, first, with some descriptive comments about the basic theme of Presentation. Second, I review briefly a sampling of the conceptual categories in the book that have helped illuminate many dark corners of the phenomena of social interaction. Third, I incorporate some comments to support the claim that the book has had an impact on theory and method in social psychology and offer some observations on the reasons for the book’s impact. Finally, I conclude with a brief coda.
My favourite flowering image: an Arabidopsis inflorescence expressing fluorescent reporters for the APETALA3 and SUPERMAN genes.

When asked to provide a picture for the cover of the Flowering Newsletter, I picked this image of an Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence expressing fluorescent reporters for two key regulators of flower development: APETALA3 (AP3), which promotes petal and stamen identity, and SUPERMAN (SUP), which encodes a transcriptional repressor that defines the boundary between stamens and pistil (Fig. 1). The choice was easy: it was an important breakthrough in my research on the role of SUP in the separation of stamens in whorl 3 and carpels in whorl 4; and among the images of flowers I have taken with a confocal microscope, it is also one my favourites aesthetically. The image won awards at the 2015 Nikon Small World and FASEB BioArt competitions and is published in Prunet et al. (2017).
The Flint Water Crisis Shows the Need for Long-Term Commitment to Health Care

iStock/Moussa81The Flint, Michigan, drinking-water crisis (“The Paradox of Water and the Flint Crisis,” Bhawani Ven-kataraman, Environment, January/February 2018) is poised to enter the national co...
EMLA cream effectively reduces the pain of spinal needle insertion.

Background and Objective EMLA cream is an effective topical anesthetic, which is commonly used for analgesia during venous cannulation in the pediatric population. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of EMLA cream with that of infiltration with lidocaine in relieving the pain associated with administration of spinal anesthesia. Methods The patient population consisted of 41 ASA status I and II women scheduled for postpartum tubal ligation. Spinal anesthesia was administered with a 25-gauge spinal needle via a 20-gauge introducer. The patients were randomly allocated to receive either EMLA cream for a minimum of 30 minutes or infiltration with 3 mL of 1% lidocaine prior to spinal needle insertion. Pain during spinal needle insertion was assessed immediately after each procedure by a 10-cm visual analog scale. Results Pain scores were significantly lower in the EMLA group (mean, 1.5) than in the lidocaine group (mean, 3.52) (P Conclusion EMLA cream is an effective alternative to lidocaine infiltration for analgesia during the administration of spinal anesthesia when using a 25-gauge spinal needle via a 20-gauge introducer. Application of EMLA cream for at least 30 minutes prior to spinal needle insertion is adequate to provide good anlagesia during needle insertion.
The heats of formation of diazene, hydrazine, N2H3+, N2H5+, N2H, and N2H3 and the Methyl Derivatives CH3NNH, CH3NNCH3, and CH3HNNHCH3.

The heats of formation of N2H, diazene (cis- and trans-N2H2), N2H3, and hydrazine (N2H4), as well as their protonated species (diazenium, N2H3+, and hydrazinium, N2H5+), have been calculated by using high level electronic structure theory. Energies were calculated by using coupled cluster theory with a perturbative treatment of the triple excitations (CCSD(T)) and employing augmented correlation consistent basis sets (aug-cc-pVnZ) up to quintuple-ζ, to perform a complete basis set extrapolation for the energy. Geometries were optimized at the CCSD(T) level with the aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. Core-valence and scalar relativistic corrections were included, as well as scaled zero point energies. We find the following heats of formation (kcal/mol) at 0 (298) K: ΔHf(N2H) = 60.8 (60.1); ΔHf(cis-N2H2) = 54.9 (53.2); ΔHf(trans-N2H2) = 49.9 (48.1) versus ≥48.8 ± 0.5 (exptl, 0 K); ΔHf(N2H4) = 26.6 (23.1) versus 22.8 ± 0.2 (exptl, 298 K); ΔHf(N2H3) = 56.2 (53.6); ΔHf(N2H3+) = 231.6 (228.9); and ΔHf(N2H...
Retroviral Gene Transfer: Applications to Human Therapy

The understanding of gene expression has been greatly enhanced by the ability to transfer cloned genes into cells and to study the mechanism of their regulation. For the past several years it has been recognized that retroviruses are good candidates as vehicles, or vectors, to introduce genes into eucaryotic cells. Retrovirus-derived vectors utilize the biochemical processes unique to this group of viruses, to transfer genes with high efficiency into a wide variety of cell types, in vitro and in vivo. By using retrovirus derived vectors, the effect of newly introduced genes and the mechanism of gene expression can be studied in cell types so far refractory to gene transfer. The special features of this new gene transfer technology have provided for the first time the opportunity of introducing genes into the somatic cells of live animals. Although at present limited to gene transfer into hemopoietic cells, its potential in general studies and applications to human therapy is beginning to be recognized.
Effects of acid-base imbalance on myocardial pacing thresholds

The effects of acid-base imbalance on ventricular pacing thresholds were studied in anesthetized dogs with complete heart block with the use of an oscilloscope and current probe. Acidosis (base excess-15) and alkalosis (base excess + 15)both resulted in significant increases in threshold voltage and current requirements at all stimulus durations tested. Chronaxie, however, was not significantly affected by shifts in acid-base balance. Abnormalities of acid-base status may adversely affect the accuracy of threshold values obtained during evaluation of different electrode designs and during electrodes implantation for clinical cardiac pacing.
New and Noteworthy: Design Thinking in Libraries

This issue's New and Noteworthy column summarizes recent publications on design thinking, an iterative and collaborative problem-solving methodology finding applications in public, school, academic, and other library settings.
Agreement Between Arterial Carbon Dioxide Levels With End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Levels and Associated Factors in Children Hospitalized With Traumatic Brain Injury

Importance Alterations in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, arterial (Paco2) can affect cerebral perfusion after traumatic brain injury. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) monitoring is a noninvasive tool used to estimate Paco2values. Objective To examine the agreement between Paco2and EtCO2and associated factors in children with traumatic brain injury. Design, Setting, and Participants A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a prospective cohort study of 137 patients younger than 18 years with traumatic brain injury who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a level I trauma center between May 1, 2011, and July 31, 2017. Analysis was performed from December 17, 2018, to January 10, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures The closest EtCO2value obtained within 30 minutes of a Paco2value and the closest systolic blood pressure value obtained within 60 minutes prior to a Paco2value during the first 24 hours after admission were recorded. The main outcome of Paco2-EtCO2agreement was defined as Paco2between 0 and 5 mm Hg greater than the paired EtCO2value, and it was determined using Bland-Altman analysis, Passing and Bablok regression, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Multivariable regression models determined which factors were associated with agreement. Results The analysis included 137 patients (34 girls and 103 boys; mean [SD] age, 10.0 [6.3] years) and 445 paired Paco2-EtCO2data points. On average, Paco2was 2.7 mm Hg (95% limits of agreement, –11.3 to 16.7) higher than EtCO2. Overall, 187 of all Paco2-EtCO2pairs (42.0%) agreed. There was larger variation in the Paco2-EtCO2difference during the first 8 hours compared with 9 to 24 hours after admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Development of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome within 24 hours of admission was associated with a lower likelihood of Paco2-EtCO2agreement (adjusted odds ratio, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.51) compared with no development of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. A diagnosis of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome 1 to 7 days after admission was associated with a larger first-day Paco2-EtCO2difference compared with those who never developed pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (mean [SD] difference, 4.48 [3.70] vs 0.46 [5.50] mm Hg). Conclusions and Relevance In this study of pediatric traumatic brain injury, Paco2-EtCO2agreement was low, especially among patients with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Low Paco2-EtCO2agreement early in hospitalization may be associated with future development of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data on EtCO2should not be substituted for data on Paco2during the first 24 hours.
Early childhood predictors of global competence in adolescence for youth with typical development or intellectual disability.

Abstract Background and aims We aimed to determine whether a second-order global competence latent factor could be identified as underlying relations between adolescent mental health, social skills, and academic functioning. A secondary aim was to test whether early childhood characteristics predict adolescent global competence. A final aim was to test differences in these models across youth with typical cognitive development (TD) or intellectual disability (ID). Methods and procedures Participants were 246 youth with TD (n = 148) or ID (n = 98), with assessments from early childhood (3, 4, 5 years) and adolescence (13, 15). These youths' parents and teachers provided measures. A Multiple Indicator, Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model was tested using structural equation modeling, in which parenting, maternal depression, and emotional dysregulation in early childhood were entered as predictors of adolescent global competence. Outcomes and results A second-order global competence factor emerged, and was predicted by early childhood variables. The final MIMIC model demonstrated excellent fit. Negative parenting in early childhood predicted lower adolescent global competence for both TD and ID youth. Maternal depression predicted adolescent global competence only for youth with ID, while emotion dysregulation predicted only for youth with TD. Conclusions and implications Results have implications for longitudinal mechanisms of influence and early intervention targets for specific populations.
Significant Improvements in Mortality After the Fontan Operation in Children With Down Syndrome.

Background Down syndrome (DS) is considered a risk factor for mortality associated with the Fontan operation. The objective was to show the contemporary short-term outcome of the Fontan operation for a functionally univentricular heart in patients with DS and non-DS, along with an analysis of significant predictors for in-hospital mortality. Methods This was a retrospective study using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Database to assess in-hospital mortality and its predictors in patients with DS and non-DS undergoing the Fontan operation over 16 years (2001-2016). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Results Our study cohort consisted of 12,074 patients (81 DS and 11,993 non-DS). The overall in-hospital mortality rate significantly improved in the recent era (2009-2016): 2.4% to 1.3%, P Conclusions The in-hospital mortality for the Fontan operation significantly improved in the contemporary era. DS was a significant risk factor for in-hospital morbidity and mortality associated with the Fontan operation.
Analysis of substance use and its outcomes by machine learning: II. Derivation and prediction of the trajectory of substance use severity.

Abstract Background This longitudinal study explored the utility of machine learning (ML) methodology in predicting the trajectory of severity of substance use from childhood to thirty years of age using a set of psychological and health characteristics. Design Boys (N = 494) and girls (N = 206) were recruited using a high-risk paradigm at 10–12 years of age and followed up at 12–14, 16, 19, 22, 25 and 30 years of age. Measurements At each visit, the subjects were administered a comprehensive battery to measure psychological makeup, health status, substance use and psychiatric disorder, and their overall harmfulness of substance consumption was quantified according to the multidimensional criteria (physical, dependence, and social) developed by Nutt et al. (2007) . Next, high- and low- substance use severity trajectories were derived differentially associated with probability of segueing to substance use disorder (SUD). ML methodology was employed to predict trajectory membership. Findings The high-severity trajectory group had a higher probability of leading to SUD than the low-severity trajectory (89.0% vs 32.4%; odds ratio = 16.88, p Conclusion These findings demonstrate the applicability of the machine learning methodology for detecting membership in a substance use trajectory with high probability of culminating in SUD, potentially informing primary and secondary prevention.
Matrix Profile IX: Admissible Time Series Motif Discovery With Missing Data

The discovery of time series motifs has emerged as one of the most useful primitives in time series data mining. Researchers have shown its utility for exploratory data mining, summarization, visualization, segmentation, classification, clustering, and rule discovery. Although there has been more than a decade of extensive research, there is still no technique to allow the discovery of time series motifs in the presence of missing data, despite the well-documented ubiquity of missing data in scientific, industrial, and medical datasets. In this work, we introduce a technique for motif discovery in the presence of missing data. We formally prove that our method is admissible , producing no false negatives. We also show that our method can “piggy-back” off the fastest known motif discovery method with a small constant factor time/space overhead. We will demonstrate our approach on diverse datasets with varying amounts of missing data.
The Association of Serum Eosinophilia with Structured Histopathology in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Background:Prior studies have demonstrated associations between serum eosinophilia and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathogenesis. However, the association of serum eosinophilia with histopathology ...
Aspects of the Theory of Disordered Systems

Questions related to the structural instabilities and the disorder of non periodic solids are briefly reviewed. Disorder may cause localization of the one particle eigenstates thus affecting seriously the transport properties of the materials. The metastability of the amorphous state is revealed physically through a linear (in T) contribution to the specific heat in the limit T → 0.
Illustrating human PLD.

Phospholipase D (PLD) regulates various cellular functions through the signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). New crystal structures of human PLD1 and PLD2 reveal a catalytic mechanism, inhibitor binding, and regulation, enabling future structure-based inhibitor design and functional studies of PLD.
Security of Distributed Machine Learning: A Game-Theoretic Approach to Design Secure DSVM

Distributed machine learning algorithms play a significant role in processing massive data sets over large networks. However, the increasing reliance on machine learning on information and communication technologies (ICTs) makes it inherently vulnerable to cyber threats. This work aims to develop secure distributed algorithms to protect the learning from data poisoning and network attacks. We establish a game-theoretic framework to capture the conflicting goals of a learner who uses distributed support vector machines (SVMs) and an attacker who is capable of modifying training data and labels. We develop a fully distributed and iterative algorithm to capture real-time reactions of the learner at each node to adversarial behaviors. The numerical results show that distributed SVM is prone to fail in different types of attacks, and their impact has a strong dependence on the network structure and attack capabilities.
Photographic Silhouettes and Human Rights in Africa: Confronting and Deterring Female Genital Mutilation in Aida Silvestri’s Unsterile Clinic

In 2016, Eritrean artist Aida Silvestri addressed female genital mutilation (FGM) in her solo exhibition, Unsterile Clinic. Silvestri interviewed and photographed East African-born women who were forced to undergo FGM. Unsterile Clinic presented photographic silhouettes of some of these women. Silvestri sewed beads and flowers to pieces of leather whose shapes resemble stylized vulvas in order to evoke the effects of the different kinds of FGM. She affixed the leather pieces to the mouth areas of the silhouettes to visualise the silencing of the women’s voices. As children, their cries of pain and protest against the procedure went unheard and, as adult women, their shame and the taboo nature of the subject made the women reluctant to speak of it. Through Unsterile Clinic, Silvestri intends to bring greater awareness of FGM’s harmful physical and psychological effects thereby encouraging individuals to take a stand against culturally sanctioned gender-based violence. Due to international migration, FGM does not only occur in Africa but has also been reported in Europe, North America, and Australia. Despite the widespread recognition of FGM as a violation of the rights of girls and women and various laws banning FGM in multiple countries, the World Health Organization estimates that millions of girls are still at risk of being subjected to the procedure. For Silvestri, this is unacceptable and the photographic work comprising Unsterile Clinic functions as a means for her to serve as an advocate for the abused, a voice for the silenced, and an educator for the unaware.
Some Not-So-Easy Integrals

This chapter is devoted to doing a number of very difficult integrals (including a triple integral) that eventually give up their secrets, but only after being attacked with all the power of the tricks developed in earlier chapters. Elliptic integrals in physics get some attention, too.
Molecular confirmation of resistance to PPO inhibitors in Amaranthus tuberculatus and Amaranthus palmeri, and isolation of the G399A PPO2 substitution in A. palmeri

During the 2017 to 2019 growing seasons, samples of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth that had reportedly survived field-rate applications of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)–inhibiting herbicides were collected from the American Midwest and tested for target-site mutations known at the time to confer resistance. Target-site resistance was identified in nearly all (135 of 145) tested common waterhemp populations but in only 8 of 13 Palmer amaranth populations. Follow-up research on one population of Palmer amaranth (W-8), which tested negative for all such mutations, confirmed it was resistant to lactofen, with a magnitude of resistance comparable to that conferred by the ΔG210 PPO2 mutation. Gene sequences from both isoforms of PPO (PPO1 and PPO2) were compared between W-8 and known PPO inhibitor–sensitive sequence. A glycine-to-alanine substitution at the 399th amino acid position (G399A) of PPO2, recently identified to reduce target-site herbicide sensitivity, was observed in a subset of resistant W-8 plants. Because no missense mutation completely delimited resistant and sensitive sequences, we initially suspected the presence of a secondary, non-target-site resistance mechanism in this population. To isolate G399A, a segregating F2 population was produced and screened with a delimiting rate of lactofen. χ2 goodness-of-fit analysis of dead/alive ratings indicated single-locus inheritance of resistance in the F2 population, and molecular markers for the W-8 parental PPO2 coding region co-segregated tightly, but not perfectly, with resistance. More research is needed to fully characterize Palmer amaranth PPO inhibitor–resistance mechanisms, which appear to be more diverse than those found in common waterhemp.
Next-Generation Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Design: Advances and Opportunities

National and international security communities (e.g., U.S. Department of Defense) have shown increasing attention for innovating critical infrastructure and installations due to recurring high-profile flooding events in recent years. The standard infrastructure design approach relies on local precipitation-based intensity-duration-frequency (PREC-IDF) curves that do not account for snow process and assume stationary climate, leading to high failure risk and increased maintenance costs. This paper reviews the recently developed next-generation IDF (NG-IDF) curves that explicitly account for the mechanisms of extreme water available for runoff including rainfall, snowmelt, and rain-on-snow under nonstationary climate. The NG-IDF curve is an enhancement to the PREC-IDF curve and provides a consistent design approach across rain- to snow-dominated regions, which can benefit engineers and planners responsible for designing climate-resilient facilities, federal emergency agencies responsible for the flood insurance program, and local jurisdictions responsible for developing design manuals and approving subsequent infrastructure designs. Further, we discuss the recent advances in climate and hydrologic science communities that have not been translated into actional information in the engineering community. To bridge the gap, we advocate that building climate-resilient infrastructure goes beyond the traditional local design scale where engineers rely on recipe-based methods only; the future hydrologic design is a multi-scale problem and requires closer collaboration between climate scientists, hydrologists, and civil engineers.
Impact of surgical para-aortic lymph node staging for patients with advanced-stage cervical carcinoma undergoing definitive chemoradiation

Objectives: Evaluate the utilization and impact of surgical para-aortic surgical staging on the survival of patients with locally advanced-stage cervical carcinoma receiving definitive chemoradiation. Methods: Patients diagnosed between 2004-2015 with advanced stage (IIA-IVA) squamous, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix with no distant metastases who did not undergo hysterectomy and received primary chemoradiation (external beam with or without brachytherapy) with at least one month of follow-up were identified in the National Cancer Database. Two groups were formed based on the assessment method of the para-aortic lymph node status; radiologic assessment versus surgical lymphadenectomy (PaLND). Overall survival was compared with the log-rank test following generation of Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox multivariate model was constructed to control for a priori selected confounders. Results: A total of 3610 patients who met the inclusion criteria were identified. Surgical para-aortic staging was performed for 287 (8%) patients. Patients who had PaLND were younger (median 49 vs 53 years, p Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients with locally advanced stage cervical carcinoma, undergoing primary chemoradiation, staging PaLND was rarely performed and not associated with a survival benefit.
On the Optimal On-Line Management of Photovoltaic-Hydrogen Hybrid Energy Systems

We present an on-line management strategy for photovoltaic-hydrogen (PV-H2) hybrid energy systems. The strategy follows a receding-horizon principle and exploits solar radiation forecasts and statistics generated through a Gaussian process model. We demonstrate that incorporating forecast information can dramatically improve the reliability and economic performance of these promising energy production devices.