cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of gas adsorption on particle shapes in supported platinum catalysts

Abstract Previous work has shown that the shapes of the metal particles in a supported platinum catalyst are substantially altered when the catalyst is treated in an appropriate adgas. However, at present it is unclear why the shape changes occur. In the work here, simple first-order calculations were done to examine the effects of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide on the equilibrium crystal shape of the platinum particles in a supported platinum catalyst. The calculations assumed that the main effect of the gaseous environment was to change the surface free energy of the facets on the platinum particles. The results of the calculations showed that when a clean platinum particle is equilibrated in nitrogen, the shape should not change significantly. However, Pt(l00) facets should grow in hydrogen while Pt(210) facets should grow in carbon monoxide. By comparison, previous experiments have shown that Pt(l00) facets do grow in hydrogen. Little change in shape is observed in nitrogen. Thus, it seems that changes in the surface free energy of the facets in the metal particles on a supported metal catalyst due to the presence of an adgas play an important role in the shape changes which are observed.
Simultaneous quantitative analysis of N-acylethanolamides in clinical samples.

Abstract A simple and rapid analytical method is described for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of three different N -acylethanolamides in human biological samples: anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). The method is based on a new hybrid solid phase extraction–precipitation technology followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) analysis using d 4 -AEA as the internal standard. The method is linear up to 100 ng/ml with a limit of quantitation of 50 pg/ml for AEA and 100 pg/ml for OEA and PEA. Good reproducibility, accuracy, and precision were demonstrated during the method validation. Application of this new methodology to the analysis of clinical study samples is presented.
PROLONGED TRUNK FLEXION CAN INCREASE SPINE LOADS DURING A SUBSEQUENT LIFTING TASK: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TRUNK FLEXION DURATION AND ANGLE USING A SAGITTALLY SYMMETRIC, VISCOELASTIC SPINE MODEL

Load-relaxation of the human trunk following prolonged flexion has been observed earlier, yet the adverse effects of such viscoelastic behaviors on performing demanding tasks (e.g. lifting) remain poorly understood. Theoretically, trunk stiffness reduces following flexion exposures and requires a compensatory increase in paraspinal muscle activation and spine loads. Here, a multi-segment model with nonlinear viscoelastic properties was developed. After evaluating the model, it was used to predict changes, due to a range of trunk flexion exposures, in several outcome measures (i.e. peak spine load, peak axial stiffness and absorbed energy) at L5/S1 during simulated lifting. All three measures increased during lifting following flexion exposures, including a ~ 9% (~ 284 N) increase in spine loads, and these changes were magnified by increasing flexion duration and angle. These results support prior epidemiological evidence that occupational low back injury risk is elevated when prolonged trunk flexion along with lifting are required. Further, the dependency of spine loads on loading conditions was determined in response to several flexion angles and loading durations. The current modeling approach is considered as an initial step toward implementing Kelvin-solid models in future viscoelastic spine models.
Does valsalva retinopathy occur in infants? An initial investigation in infants with vomiting caused by pyloric stenosis.

Objective. Retinal hemorrhages (RHs) are 1 manifestation of child abuse, and although they often are considered to be diagnostic of abuse in a young child, there are other potential causes. RHs have been described in association with valsalva maneuver, such as forceful vomiting or coughing. Our aim was to describe the incidence of RH in infants with vomiting caused by pyloric stenosis. Methods. A prospective, descriptive study was conducted of infants who underwent pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Dilated retinal examinations were performed, and the findings were documented. Results. A total of 100 infants with HPS were evaluated. Eighty-four infants were male, 92 were white, and 21 had a family history of pyloric stenosis. Thirty-seven examinations were performed in the operating room. Eighteen examinations were confirmed by a second investigator, and 3 children had dilated eye examinations documented independently by a pediatric ophthalmologist. No RHs were identified (0 of 100; 95% confidence interval: 0%–3%). One patient had facial petechiae, and 2 had subconjunctival hemorrhage. Electrolyte levels were abnormal in 63 patients. In 89 cases, the emesis was described as projectile. Patients varied in the number of episodes of emesis, with 30% of patients having >100 episodes of emesis before diagnosis. One patient had a respiratory arrest associated with vomiting in the emergency department and required bag-valve mask ventilation. Conclusions. No RHs were identified in 100 infants with vomiting caused by HPS. These results suggest that RHs do not result from forceful vomiting in infants.
Moms Who Swing, or Why the Promise of the Gender Gap Remains Unfulfilled

In 2004, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the voter turnout rate for women was 60.1% compared with 56.3% for men, and across the United States 8.8 million more women than men voted. Women have voted at higher rates than men in all presidential elections since 1980, with the gap between women and men growing slightly larger in each subsequent election year. Moreover, in 2004, women outvoted men (in terms of both turnout rates and actual numbers) in every racial and ethnic group—African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and whites (Center for American Women and Politics 2005a).
Multi-constrained topology optimization via the topological sensitivity

The objective of this paper is to introduce and demonstrate a robust method for multi-constrained topology optimization. The method is derived by combining the topological sensitivity with the classic augmented Lagrangian formulation. The primary advantages of the proposed method are: (1) it rests on well-established augmented Lagrangian formulation for constrained optimization, (2) the augmented topological level-set can be derived systematically for an arbitrary set of loads and constraints, and (3) the level-set can be updated efficiently. The method is illustrated through numerical experiments.
Transfer Restrictions and Misallocations of Irrigation Water

The hypothesis of the study is that allowing intercompany transfers of irrigation water would significantly increase the marginal value product of water. Regression analysis was used to explain a time series of rental prices for an area in Utah where four companies freely exchanged water after a long period during which only intracompany transfers were permitted. Water delivered per irrigated acre and type of transfer policy in use were the statistically significant variables and explained 89 percent of the variance in rental price. Covariance analysis indicated that the greater flexibility in transfer increased the real price of water per acre‐foot by $1.84.
Strategies for longitudinal research with youth in foster care: A demonstration of methods, barriers, and innovations

Longitudinal research on youth in foster care is important, but often challenging to accomplish. To assist the field, a thorough description of the development of the SPARK (Studying Pathways to Adjustment and Resilience in Kids) project, a longitudinal research project on the mechanisms of resilience for foster youth and their caregivers, is presented. Authors explain the difficult task for researchers in accessing youth in foster care and suggest strategies for success. Recruitment approaches for foster youth and their families are also provided along with examples of effective techniques. Data collection concerns are discussed, and the authors provide recommendations for researchers to consider when asking youth sensitive questions. Finally, data collection on academic information from teachers and how the SPARK project works with the academic community to gain information on school functioning for youth in the project is described. Suggestions for methodology utilized in future research along with examples of innovative adjustments to typical research procedures are provided as guidance for how research on maltreated youth can be conducted.
An Engine-Starting Simulation With Friction Estimation: Background and Model Validation

This paper describes an engine-starting simulation that uses models of the electrical, engine dynamics and engine thermodynamics subsystems combining them with engine friction models. One of these friction models uses the physical parameters of the engine as basis for estimating the friction torque. This allows engine performance prediction, hence the ability to size the electrical starting system, without engine availability. The resultant simulation is developed using SIMULINK/MATLAB™ and it has been validated for two engines; the first is a 4-cylinder engine with a conventional valve train, and relatively high friction by today’s standards, and the second is a more recent 3-cylinder engine with lowfriction. Validation of the first engine was done based on matching its published starting tests with results obtained using this paper’s simulation. The validation of the second engine was carried out by comparing engine test results with simulation results. Tests in the first case were for engine starting including firing and in the second case were for cranking only conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
EUV overlay strategy for improving MMO

EUV lithography (EUVL) is the most promising technology to extend the resolution limit, and is expected to be used if the enough source power is delivered and mask defect mitigation method is developed. However, even in that case, the number of EUV steps will be restricted by its high cost, and ArF immersion will still take a major role in the chip manufacturing. Therefore, it is important to check and improve the mix-match overlay (MMO) between EUV and ArF immersion steps. In this paper, we evaluate EUV MMO with ArF immersion system by comparing with dedicated chuck overlay (DCO). The major contributors on MMO are random and field component from overlay analysis. MMO is expected to be below 3nm by applying 18para CPE TM (correction per exposure) and RegC TM (Registraion error correction). We consider High oder CPE TM need to be developed for further improvement.
Optical communication channel based on coincident photon pairs

Photons emitted in the process of spontaneous parametric downconversion of pump light in a nonlinear crystal are made the basis of a new optical communication scheme, which depends on the fact that two downconverted photons are always produced simultaneously. If the pump light is modulated and the downconverted photons are transmitted in two separate beams which fall on two separate detectors, registering their simultaneous arrival allows great discrimination against background and noise to be achieved. Communication is possible with relatively few photons and even when the signal is ordinarily lost in the noise, so that the communication channel can be made virtually interception proof. The feasibility of the scheme is demonstrated by a pilot experiment.
Mobilizing Interests: Group Participation and Competition in Direct Democracy Elections

We examine group mobilization in direct democracy elections by assessing the conditions under which interests will actively support or oppose ballot measures. Motivating our analysis is that the decision to mobilize is driven by the costs and benefits of group participation, a calculus shaped by issue characteristics, state political institutions, and the electoral context. Using data from initiative and referendum measures appearing on statewide ballots from 2003 to 2008, we find that ballot measures involving social and tax issues are likely to produce competition among groups and increase the overall number of groups involved. In addition, we find that group competition and levels of mobilization increased in response to how difficult it would be for the legislature to undo the change brought about from passage of a ballot measure. Lastly, group competition and levels of mobilization increased for ballot measures appearing in nonpresidential election years and for ballot measures featuring a close election. Taken together, our results suggest that groups engage strategically in direct democracy elections to pursue a mix of policy and political goals.
Spin-Orbit Interaction in Graphite

Using symmetry arguments, the effective-mass Hamiltonian including spin-orbit interaction is derived for energy bands with extrema near the vertical edge of the hexagonal prism which represents the Brillouin zone of graphite. The energy bands in the plane normal to the vertical edge are described by k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p perturbation theory, whereas along the edge a Fourier expansion is used for all the matrix elements. It is shown that spin-orbit interaction lifts all band degeneracies (other than the Kramers degeneracy), and affects the graphite Fermi-surface topology at the Brillouin-zone boundary ${k}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{{c}_{0}}$, where two de Haas-van Alphen periods are predicted. Magnetic energy levels for a static magnetic field H\ensuremath{\parallel}c are obtained by solution of the effective-mass Hamiltonian. Selection rules for infrared interband transitions are discussed. An evaluation of the spin-orbit band parameters is suggested by analysis of structure in the low-quantum-limit magneto-reflection data and of the low-frequency de Haas-van Alphen oscillations.
Exploitation of photochromic glass

Abstract Photochromic glass has developed into an optical component which can be used to advantage in optical systems. After a brief description of the characteristic properties of the glass, some applications which illustrate its potential and its inherent limitations is practice are detailed. These include digital storage, use in a cathode ray tube, contrast enhancement, and hologram storage.
Utilization of cardiac monitoring tests in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer treated with trastuzumab

Aims: Trastuzumab, one of the best known examples of personalized medicine, requires regular cardiac monitoring because it can cause heart failure. We aimed to assess the utilization of cardiac monitoring in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer receiving trastuzumab-based chemotherapy in routine clinical practice. Patients & methods: The medical records of women continuously enrolled in a large national health insurance plan who were diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer and treated with trastuzumab from 2006 to 2008 were reviewed (n = 109). The primary outcome variables were the use and type of cardiac monitoring testing before and during trastuzumab therapy. An exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for receiving cardiac monitoring both at baseline and during trastuzumab treatment. Results: Monitoring both before and during therapy was less common (62%), although 74% had cardiac monitoring before therapy and 80% had at least one test during the...
Novel nonsurgical left ventricular assist device and system

Treatment options for advanced stages of congestive heart failure remain limited. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have emerged as a means to support failing circulation. However, these devices are not without significant risk such as major open chest surgery. We utilized a novel approach for device placement at the aorto-left atria continuity as a site to create a conduit capable of accommodating a percutaneous LVAD system. We designed and developed an expandable nitinol based device for placement at this site to create a shunt between the LA and aorta. Our experiments support this anatomic location as an accessible and feasible site for accommodation of an entirely percutaneous LVAD. The novelty of this approach would bypass the left ventricle, and thereby minimize complications and morbidities associated with current LVAD placement.
Superexponentiation and Fixed Points of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

(2000). Superexponentiation and Fixed Points of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 111-119.
Preferential selection of central pathways by regenerating optic fibers.

Abstract The time-course and general features of optic nerve regeneration in goldfish were followed in sections prepared at spaced intervals between 3 and 67 days after nerve section. Differential route and destination preferences of fibers from different parts of the retina were then tested by removing specific portions of the retina in combination with complete section of the optic nerve. With the dorsal half of the retina destroyed, surviving ventral fibers became segregated beyond the nerve scar and selectively entered the medial tract to connect with dorsal tectum. Conversely, when dorsal retina remained intact, the regenerating fibers filled selectively the lateral tract and the ventral tectum. Fibers from the posterior (temporal) hemiretina invaded the anterior portion of the tectum and did not extend into the posterior regions. Conversely, those from the anterior hemiretina bypassed the anterior zones to innervate the posterior tectum. Fibers from the center of the retina, after reaching the parallel layer within the tectum, bypassed the plexiform layer in the margin to connect only in the central zone. The plexiform layer in the marginal zones was innervated only when fibers were available from the peripheral retina. The results furnish direct microscopical evidence for the orderly selective termination of optic fibers in the brain centers. They also demonstrate a remarkable and unexpected (presumably chemotactic) selectivity in the tendency of different retinal fiber groups to choose and to follow specific central pathways en route to their synaptic destinations. The thesis that specific chemical affinities govern the formation and maintenance of neuronal associations is extended on the basis of the present results to include the patterning of central fiber pathways.
Low-mass star and planet formation

Low-mass star and planet formation is reviewed through a brief comparison of the results of cosmogonical models with observations ranging from studies of star-forming regions to searches for planetary companions to low-mass stars. Five key phases are described, starting from the dense, interstellar cloud cores that form low-mass stars, through the protostellar collapse and fragmentation phase, to the formation of a protostellar object accreting gas from the surrounding protostellar disk and cloud envelope. Descriptions are given for the phase where planets are formed in the protostellar disk, and the dissipation of the bulk of the protostellar disk and the appearance of an optically visible, premain-sequence star.
Uniform Approximation of Discrete-Time Periodically Varying Systems

It is shown that the elements of a large class of discrete-time periodically varying nonlinear input-output maps can be uniformly approximated arbitrarily well, over infinite time intervals, using a certain structure that can be implemented in many ways using, for example, radial basis functions, polynomial functions, piecewise linear functions, sigmoids, or combinations of these functions. For the special case in which these functions are taken to be certain polynomial functions, the input-output map of our structure is a generalized finite discrete-time Volterra series. Results are given for the case in which inputs and outputs are defined on the integers. The case in which inputs and outputs are defined on the nonnegative integers is also addressed.
A Climatological Assessment of the Utility of Wind Machines for Freeze Protection in Mountain Valleys

Abstract The use of wind machines for frost protection is common in several large United States fruit producing areas. However, their potential usefulness in western Colorado's high elevation orchards has been uncertain due to the existence of terrain-generated prevailing nocturnal winds. To investigate this problem, wind speeds and temperature inversions were measured in an orchard area of western Colorado during the critical spring period 1982–1986. Results showed that temperature inversions strong enough to be beneficial in the use of wind machines at the time of the lowest temperature occurred on 4 1% of all nights sampled, on 58% of nights with below freezing temperatures and on 73% of nights with damaging freezes. A weather typing scheme was then employed to separate objectively freeze events that were primarily local in nature (good candidates for mechanical frost protection) from the more widespread advective freezes (difficult to combat with wind machines). Results showed that undisturbed weather...
FK506 Binding Protein 12/12.6 Depletion Increases Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Threonine 495 Phosphorylation and Blood Pressure

Chronic treatment with the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin leads to hypertension; however, the mechanisms are unknown. Rapamycin binds FK506 binding protein 12 and its related isoform 12.6 (FKBP12/12.6) and displaces them from intracellular Ca 2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors) eliciting a Ca 2+ leak from the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum. We tested whether this Ca 2+ leak promotes conventional protein kinase C–mediated endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation at Thr495, which reduces production of the vasodilator NO. Rapamycin treatment of control mice for 7 days, as well as genetic deletion of FKBP12.6, increased systolic arterial pressure significantly compared with controls. Untreated aortas from FKBP12.6 −/− mice and in vitro rapamycin-treated control aortas had similarly decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation responses and NO production and increased endothelial NO synthase Thr495 phosphorylation and protein kinase C activity. Inhibition of either conventional protein kinase C or ryanodine receptor restored endothelial NO synthase Thr495 phosphorylation and endothelial function to control levels. Rapamycin induced a small increase in basal intracellular Ca 2+ levels in isolated endothelial cells, and rapamycin or FKBP12.6 gene deletion decreased acetylcholine-induced intracellular Ca 2+ release, all of which were reversed by ryanodine. These data demonstrate that displacement of FKBP12/12.6 from ryanodine receptors induces an endothelial intracellular Ca 2+ leak and increases conventional protein kinase C–mediated endothelial NO synthase Thr495 phosphorylation leading to decreased NO production and endothelial dysfunction. This molecular mechanism may, in part, explain rapamycin-induced hypertension.
Thermolysis of acetylene terminated sulfone resins. III. Mechanisms of degradation

Abstract Mechanistic pathways are developed to explain the cure chemistry, oxidation, and thermal degradation of resin based on acetylene terminated sulfone (ATS) precursors. The cure reaction is proposed as a copolymerization of primary acetylenes with oxygen to form a defect ridden polyene oligomer. Peroxide chain segments are thermally unstable and decompose to augment the radical population and continue the chain reaction through re-initiation of the polymerization reaction. The oxidation reaction is initiated by thermal decomposition of the polyene to produce methylated phenyl ethers which are successively oxidized to the aldehyde, and the carboxylic acid which finally couple to form benzoate and benzoic anhydride derivatives. The thermal degradation of ATS resin under programmed conditions has been shown to proceed through four reactions which produce volatiles. At low temperatures (process 1) we see a concerted decomposition of the resin backbone to produce sulfur dioxide, phenol, and other sulfone containing products. At higher temperatures (process 2), the residue from process 1 decomposes through more random scissions to produce (for example) benzene, water, etc. Finally, the residue of the degradation condenses around polyene nuclei (processes 3 and 4) and expels heteroatoms to form a residue of glassy carbon.
Binding of Vitamin B12‐Rat Transcobalamin II and Free Vitamin B12 to Plasma Membranes Isolated from Rat Liver

Summary. When dialysed rat serum which contains a single, low molecular weight binder for vitamin B12, rat transcobalamin II (rat TC-II), was labelled in vitro with 57Co-vitamin B12 and then incubated at 30°C (pH 7.5) with vesicles of highly purified plasma membranes separated from microsomal fractions of rat liver by density gradient centrifugation, the 57Co-vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex bound to high affinity sites on the vesicles via a specific (binding after correction for ‘nonspecific’binding in the presence of a large excess of the non-radioactive complex), saturable, and reversible interaction. The apparent affinity constant for the binding reaction was 5.5 × 109 M- 1. Using the same incubation conditions, free vitamin B12 also bound to the vesicles of plasma membranes via a specific, saturable, but apparently irreversible interaction. Preincubation of the membranes with free vitamin B12 did not interfere with the subsequent binding of the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex to the membranes; however, preincubation with the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex did interfere, to some extent, with the subsequent binding of free vitamin B12. Dialysed rat serum, perhaps the free rat TC-II in the dialysed serum, also inhibited the binding of the vitamin B12-rat TC-II complex to the plasma membranes. The relationship of the binding sites identified in this report to the absorption of vitamin B12 by rat liver, and thus their physiological significance remains unknown until further work is done, perhaps using intact hepatocytes.
Physostigmine-induced salivary secretion in the rat

Abstract The purpose of this study was to see if physostigmine, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, affects the secretion and composition of saliva of the major salivary glands of the rat. Low doses of physostigmine did not elicit secretion. At higher doses there was significant flow from the parotid and submandibular glands within 5 min; however, no sublingual secretion was observed. The submandibular flow rate was highest for the first 5 min, then declined rapidly. The parotid flow rate initially was one-fifth of the maximum submandibular rate and then gradually decreased. The concentrations of Ca, Na and K of physostigmine-induced parotid saliva, and the Na of submandibular saliva, were similar to those with carbachol stimulation. The Ca and K concentrations of submandibular saliva were significantly higher than with carbachol or parasympathetic stimulation, and resembled those of α-adrenergic stimulation. The protein concentrations of physostigmine-evoked saliva from both glands were similar. The amylase activity of physostigmine-evoked parotid saliva was much higher than that of carbachol or parasympathetic stimulation. Physostigmine-evoked secretion was completely blocked by atropine, a cholinergic antagonist, and by reserpine, partially blocked by phentolamine, an α-adrenergic antagonist and not affected by surgical sympathectomy. Morphologically, physostigmine resulted in a moderate decrease in the number of acinar, but not ductal, secretory granules of both the parotid and submandibular glands, while the sublingual gland was unaffected. Numerous patches of parotid acini also developed vacuoles or vesicles. These results suggest that physostigmine-induced salivary secretion is mediated primarily by direct effects on cholinergic and α-adrenergic receptors.
Distance field manipulation of surface models

A surface manipulation technique that uses distance fields-scalar fields derived geometrically from surface models-to combine, modify, and analyze surfaces is presented. It is intended for application to complex models arising in scientific visualization. Computing distance from single triangles is discussed, and an optimized algorithm for computing the distance field from an entire closed surface is built. The use of the fields for surface removal, interpolation and blending is examined. The strength of the approach is that it lets simple 3D algorithms substitute for potentially very complex 2D methods. >
Electron affinities of the DNA and RNA bases.

Adiabatic electron affinities (AEAs) for the DNA and RNA bases are predicted by using a range of density functionals with a double-ζ plus polarization plus diffuse (DZP++) basis set in an effort to bracket the true EAs. Although the AEAs exhibit moderate fluctuations with respect to the choice of functional, systematic trends show that the covalent uracil (U) and thymine (T) anions are bound by 0.05−0.25 eV while the adenine (A) anion is clearly unbound. The computed AEAs for cytosine (C) and guanine (G) oscillate between small positive and negative values for the three most reliable functional combinations (BP86, B3LYP, and BLYP), and it remains unclear if either covalent anion is bound. AEAs with B3LYP/TZ2P++ single points are 0.19 (U), 0.16 (T), 0.07 (G), −0.02 (C), and −0.17 eV (A). Favorable comparisons are made to experimental estimates extrapolated from photoelectron spectra data for the complexes of the nucleobases with water. However, experimental values scaled from liquid-phase reduction potenti...
Chronic Effects of Coal-Liquid Dispersions on Fathead Minnows and Rainbow Trout

Abstract Partial-life-cycle bioassays were conducted on fathead minnows Pimephales promelas and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, under continuous-flow regimes, with water-soluble fractions (WSFs) derived from a coal liquid. Phenols constituted 95% of the organic carbon in stock WSFs. Growth of larval fathead minnows was significantly reduced at 0.25 mg/liter total phenols as determined by dye photometry. Spawning of adult fathead minnows exposed to coal-liquid WSFs was inhibited at 1.27 mg/liter total phenols and was significantly reduced at 0.62 mg/liter total phenols. Spawning inhibition was not permanent at concentrations tested; after 21 days of exposure, fathead minnow pairs resumed spawning upon transfer to control water. The minimal concentration of WSF that resulted in significant mortality of rainbow trout embryos was time-dependent. No rainbow trout embryos survived 14 days of exposure to ≥2.98 mg/liter total phenols because of egg mortality or premature hatching. Swim-up rainbow trout suffered ra...
Lateral Buckling Response of Subsea HTHP Pipelines Using Finite Element Methods

Subsea pipelines are subject to load effects from external hydrostatic pressure, internal pressure, operating temperature, ambient temperature and external reactions (e.g. seabed, structural support). These parameters influence the effective axial force that governs the pipeline global buckling response. Other factors, including installation stress, seabed slope, soil type, and embedment depth, can influence the pipe effective force.Pipelines laid on the seabed surface or with limited embedment may experience lateral buckling. The resultant mode response is a complex function related to the spatial variation in these parameters and kinematic boundary conditions.In this paper, results from a parameter study, using calibrated numerical modelling procedures, on lateral buckling of subsea pipelines are presented. The parameters included pipe diameter to wall thickness (D/t) ratio, pipe out of straightness (OOS), operating temperature and internal pressure, external pressure associated with the installation depth, and seabed lateral and axial friction properties.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Antibody affinity—IV. The synthesis and immunogenicity of a large β-lactoside hapten

Abstract An attempt has been made to evaluate the maximum affinity of anti-lactoside antibody by the use of a large haptenic group (SLAC-lysyl), formula weight 797, containing the p -azophenyl- β -lactoside group as its terminal portion. Its synthesis and that of a number of intermediate compounds are described and their identity established. The preparation and characterization of the corresponding ligand, formula weight 853, used for the measurement of affinity are given, including its synthesis in tritiated form. The immunization of a horse with an immunogen consisting of multiple SLAC groups coupled to poly- L -lysine SLAC-PLL) produced IgG antibodies of functional homogeneity with an association constant of the order of 10 8 M −1 . Bleedings taken over a period of 6 weeks to 25 months following the primary immunization yielded antibody populations which showed no systematic and only minor variations of affinity. In the case of the rabbit, SLAC-PLL proved unsuitable as an immunogen for the indication of anti-SLAC antibody. However SLAC coupled to bovine-γ-globulin was an effective antigen. The rabbit anti-SLAC antibody, obtained after 5 weeks of immunization, also showed functional homogeneity with association constants of the order of 10 7 M −1 .
Metabolic demands of law enforcement personal protective equipment during exercise tasks

Many occupations require the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) but the added metabolic demands are unknown for certain professions. The purpose of this study was to quantify metabolic and perceptual differences between activity with and without the PPE ensemble required for police officers. Twelve participants were asked to complete experimental and control exercise sessions consisting of three modes of exercise (walking, jogging and stepping). A significant main effect (p < 0.01) for gear was found for heart rate (beats per minute) and VO2 (L/min) between conditions. Dependent t-tests revealed significant differences for perceived effort, discomfort and session rating of perceived exertion between trials. Medium to large effect sizes for all variables with significant main effects between modes (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.51–0.96, 1–β = 0.98–1.0, d = 0.42–2.7) were observed. These findings help to increase awareness of how PPE affects metabolic demands and perception of discomfort during exercise.
Application of feedback-induced bifurcation for evaluating steady-state and transient heterogeneous catalysis kinetic models

Abstract Experimental study of bifurcations to steady-state multiplicity and oscillatory dynamics provides a systematic and sensitive data base for evaluating kinetic models. Previously limited to exotic reaction systems which exhibit such behavior naturally, bifurcations can be induced in tame systems using an external feedback loop to manipulate reaction conditions. This strategy has been applied to ethylene hydrogenation over Pt/Al2O3 in a catalytic CSTR by manipulating the ethylene and hydrogen feed rates as functions of the ethylene concentration in the reactor effluent. Pitchfork bifurcations to steady-state multiplicity have been experimentally observed for 0.5% Pt/Al2O3 (30 °C, 1 atm) as functions of ethylene feedback gain, given several different hydrogen gains. The data demonstrate the general result that small discrepencies between the actual and the chosen reference steady state give rise to imperfect, cusp-like bifurcations. These phenomena are well described by a kinetic model proposed by Mullins and Saltsburg. Steady-state rate data were used to find two parameter sets for the model; however, only one of these sets adequately approximates the bifurcation data. Examples of Hopf bifurcation to limit cycles are also presented and compared with results for Hopf bifurcation on 0.05% Pt/Al2O3. Hopf and step-response transient experiments for the 0.5% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst are well described by the model containing only two surface time constants while three or more are required for the low-loaded catalyst. Hydrogen spillover is suggested as the source of this difference.
Fusarium dry-rot resistant potato germplasm

The level ofFusarium dry-rot resistance found in important potato varieties has been improved with agronomically acceptableSolanum tuberosum genotypes. Three breeding selections, A74114-4, A76260-16, and BR6316-7 were highly resistant to the two commonFusarium dry-rot species (F. roseum Lk ex Fr. f. sp.sambucinum [Fs], andF. solani var.coeruleum (Sacc), Booth [Fc]). Resistance was determined separately for each of these species. Resistance to Fs was genetically distinct from resistance to Fc since there was no correlation between Fs and Fc reaction for 180 progeny clones from six crosses representing all combinations of resistance. Resistance to each of theseFusarium species was readily transmitted to progeny. Seventy-five percent of the progeny from resistant X resistant parents were also resistant to Fs, while 95% of the progeny from susceptible X susceptible parents were susceptible. Mixed infections withErwinia atroseptica and eitherFusarium species resulted in a qualitative change from a resistant reaction to a susceptible reaction. Bacterial interaction withFusarium spp. is, therefore, an important consideration in determining storage-rot resistance.
Investigation of the ionic strength dependence of Ulva lactuca acid functional group pKas by manual alkalimetric titrations.

We performed a series of manual alkalimetric titrations in NaCl solutions (0.01−5.0 M) at T = 25 °C on both fresh and dehydrated samples of the marine chlorophyte Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce), a strong metal accumulator holding considerable promise in biosorbent and biomonitor applications. Functional groups were characterized in terms of their number, site densities, and acid dissociation constants (pKas). FITEQL4.0 modeling shows that, at any ionic strength, titration curves for dehydrated biomass in the pH range 2−10 are adequately described by three functional groups with remarkably uniform site densities of about 5 × 10−4 mol/g. Lower site densities for fresh U. lactuca are consistent with ∼87% water content. The pKas display pronounced ionic strength dependent behavior obeying an extended Debye−Huckel relation. Extrapolation to I = 0 yields values of 4.26 ± 0.04, 6.44 ± 0.02, and 9.56 ± 0.04. This information by itself is insufficient to unambiguously identify the groups. Similar site densities sugges...
Experimental design of bioassays for screening and low dose extrapolation.

Relatively high doses of chemicals generally are employed in animal bioassays to detect potential carcinogens with relatively small numbers of animals. The problem investigated here is the development of experimental designs which are effective for high to low dose extrapolation for tumor incidence as well as for screening (detecting) carcinogens. Several experimental designs are compared over a wide range of different dose response curves. Linear extrapolation is used below the experimental data range to establish an upper bound on carcinogenic risk at low doses. The goal is to find experimental designs which minimize the upper bound on low dose risk estimates (i.e., maximize the allowable dose for a given level of risk). The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is employed for screening purposes. Among the designs investigated, experiments with doses at the MTD, 1/2 MTD, 1/4 MTD, and controls generally provide relatively good data for low dose extrapolation with relatively good power for detecting carcinogens. For this design, equal numbers of animals per dose level perform as well as unequal allocations.
Measurement of Optical Constants: Optical Constants of Liquid Mercury at 5461 Å*

The optical constants of liquid mercury have been measured by ellipsometry at a wavelength of 5461 A. The measured results are n = 1.485 and κ = 3.061. Discrepancies among values from the literature are discussed and the magnitude of the important sources of error are evaluated. The effects on the measured index of several different types of surface films between the mercury and several contact media have been calculated and compared. Errors in alignment are shown to cause large changes in the measured refractive index as well as an apparent dependence upon the angle of incidence.
An Estimate of Carbon-14 Inventory at Wolsong Nuclear Power Plant in the Republic of Korea

In this paper, carbon-14 inventory of Wolsong Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) which has CANDU type reactors was estimated for 1984–2002. The carbon-14 inventory can be estimated based on a simple relation: [carbon-14 inventory]=[carbon-14 production]—[carbon-14 emission]. The second term can be calculated whereas the third term should be measured. However, all the measured data for carbon-14 emissions at Wolsong NPP are not available. So an empirical relation is employed: [98.283%]=[100%]—[1.717%]. From this relation, the theoretical values for the total production, emission and inventory of carbon-14 at Wolsong NPP for 1984–2002 are estimated to be 694.2 TBq, 11.9 TBq and 682.3 TBq, respectively. Comparison of carbon-14 emission levels at Wolsong NPP and Pickering A NPP in terms of rates for theoretical productions and measured emissions of carbon-14 per unit power generated shows that although more carbon-14 is produced, less carbon-14 is released at Wolsong NPP except for 1999. Furthermore, comparison of the...
Gaussian variational equations for osculating elements of an arbitrary separable reference orbit.

Lagrange-type equations are often used in planetary theory and sometimes in satellite theory. The equations express the variation of osculating Keplerian elements in terms of derivatives of a disturbing function or a perturbing potential. When the perturbing force is derivable from a potential, it is possible to convert the Lagrange-type equations to another form. This form, usually, attributed to Gauss, contains the perturbing forces instead of the derivatives of the potential. The case of an arbitrary separable reference orbit is discussed together with a lemma, a Keplerian check, and questions of the applicability of the equations to the spheroidal method.
Molecular aspects of glutamate dysregulation: implications for schizophrenia and its treatment

The glutamate system is involved in many aspects of neuronal synaptic strength and function during development and throughout life. Synapse formation in early brain development, synapse maintenance, and synaptic plasticity are all influenced by the glutamate system. The number of neurons and the number of their connections are determined by the activity of the glutamate system and its receptors. Malfunctions of the glutamate system affect neuroplasticity and can cause neuronal toxicity. In schizophrenia, many glutamate-regulated processes seem to be perturbed. Abnormal neuronal development, abnormal synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration have been proposed to be causal or contributing factors in schizophrenia. Interestingly, it seems that the glutamate system is dysregulated and that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors operate at reduced activity. Here we discuss how the molecular aspects of glutamate malfunction can explain some of the neuropathology observed in schizophrenia, and how the available treatment intervenes through the glutamate system.
The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform

I t is increasingly apparent that the traditional Soviet-type command economy is a catastrophic failure. Despite the touted statistical gains of "real socialism" during the last 40 years, we now understand that these gains were largely a statistical illusion, fostered by mismeasurement, faulty methodology, systemic incentives for exaggeration, and ideologically and politically motivated distortion (Winiecki, 1988; Ericson, 1990). Moreover, the economic system of "real socialism" in each of these states has imposed large negative social, political, ecological, and personal externalities. Significant economic reform is now generally accepted as an imperative. I am, however, convinced that successful economic reform of the Soviet-type economy will require a more comprehensive attack than hitherto attempted. To understand the immense difficulties facing radical reform in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, one needs to perceive the Soviet-type economy as a coherent whole-a true system-with its own inherent logic, necessary components, and natural interaction of those components. It, like any other economic system, is as much an organism as a mechanism, tending to counteract forces impinging frorn outside and to equilibrate the natural forces and tendencies that arise within it. The logic and natural "equilibrium" of a command economy differ qualitatively and significantly from that of a largely private enterprise market economy.' Hence reforms of a Soviet-type economy that are consistent with the basic nature of the system survive, without altering the qualitative characteristics of
Parallel three-dimensional mesh generation

Abstract This paper discusses the development of an automatic mesh generation technique designed to effectively operate on multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) parallel computers. The paper first provides an overview of a new octree-based procedure designed for the parallel generation of meshes of large numbers of elements directly from solid model representations. The techniques required to implement such a procedure using message passing on MIMD computers are emphasized. Technical issues considered include the region meshing algorithm, multiple octant migration and incremental load balancing.
The complete gene cluster of the antitumor agent gilvocarcin V and its implication for the biosynthesis of the gilvocarcins.

Gilvocarcin V, an antitumor agent produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseoflavus Go 3592, is the most studied representative of the distinct family of benzo[d]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-6-one aryl C-glycoside antibiotics, which show excellent antitumor activity and a remarkably low toxicity. Its biosynthesis contains many intriguing steps, including an oxidative rearrangement, the C-glycosylation, and the generation of a vinyl side chain. These steps all contribute to structural elements of the drug, which are essential for its biological activity, but only poorly understood. Herein we report the cloning and characterization of the gilvocarcin (gil) gene cluster from S. griseoflavus Go 3592, and its heterologous expression in a foreign host (S. lividans). This is the first reported gene cluster encoding the biosynthesis of a benzo[d]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-6-one aryl C-glycoside antibiotic, which not only provides insights regarding the biosynthesis of gilvocarcin V but also lays the foundation for the detailed...
Experiments for Reliability Achievement

In this review article, the authors describe the problem of using designed experiments to model the distribution of lifetimes and, in particular, how the lifetimes depend on a set of predictor variables.
Insulin increases deformation-induced lung cell death

With insulin use increasing to treat ICU hyperglycemia, we wished to determine whether insulin is cytoprotective in the presence of deformation-induced lung cell injury.
Hyperthyroxinemia with Bradycardia and Normal Thyrotropin Secretion after Chronic Amiodarone Administration

Pituitary-thyroid function was tested in 15 euthyroid patients before, during, and after long term oral treatment with amiodarone (2-n-butyl-3,4′-diethylaminoethoxy-3′,5′-diiodobenzoylbenzofurane; 600–1200 mg daily), an iodine-containing potent antiarrhythmic drug. The drug caused increases in serum total T4, free T4, and rT3, with a concomitant decrease in T3. Baseline serum TSH was significantly higher after 1 week of drug treatment and returned to normal levels after 12 weeks of treatment. All patients receiving amiodarone had a slowing of their heart rate (P < 0.01), and heart rate gradually increased 6 weeks after drug withdrawal, concurrent with the slow fall in T4 and rT3 levels. Amiodarone did not cross-react in the iodothyronine RIAs. The results suggest that amiodarone inhibits the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 and may block the metabolic action of thyroid hormone in man.