cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FIO2 Capability of a Procedural Oxygen Mask During Different Breathing Patterns and Oxygen Flows

Background: The Procedural Oxygen Mask (POM) is a multiport mask that is designed to allow scopes, probes, and tubes through the mask and into the mouth or nose while claiming to deliver high levels of oxygen. The goal of this study was to determine the actual O2 delivery at the carina while wearing the POM mask at different flows, breathing patterns, and integrity of the masks oral access membrane. Our hypothesis is that there will be no difference in O2 delivery at the carina from the POM based on breathing pattern, flow, or status of the POM masks oral membrane. Methods: A bench model was created by adapting an adult intubation manikin (Armstrong Medical Industries, Lincolnshire, IL) to an Ingmar Medical ASL 5000 (Pittsburgh, PA) breathing simulator. Tygon tubing and appropriate adapters connected the manikin’s trachea with the breathing simulator’s outlet so that as the simulator operates, air flows in and out through the manikin’s mouth and nares. A TED 60T O2 analyzer was connected to the simulated carina of a mannequin. The POM was secured to the face of the mannequin with manufacturer provided equipment and connected to an O2 flow meter. The lung simulator was set at respiratory rates of 6, 12 and 25 breaths/min, and tidal volumes were set at 300 mL, 600 mL, and 925 mL, respectively. The flow meter was set to a flow of 10, 12, or 15 L/min with the manufacturer provided high flow adapter. The FIO2 was measured by the analyzer for each breathing pattern. First with the membrane of the mask completely intact, then with a bronchoscope inserted with the aid of 0.045 oz PDI lubricating jelly, and lastly post mock bronchoscopy with membrane no longer intact. The O2 analyzer was calibrated between each reading. Results: Statistical difference was found in the mean delivered FIO2 between breathing patterns, flow meter settings, and if the masks membrane was intact. However, after the membrane is perforated the patients breathing pattern and O2 flow are the primary factors that impact FIO2 delivery. Average range of delivered FIO2 across all runs was 38-84%. Conclusions: Delivered FIO2 varied from 38-84% using the POM mask. The FIO2 delivered by the POM mask is impacted by breathing pattern, flow of oxygen and intactness of membrane. During clinical use providers should be aware of this range and how these factors will impact the delivered FIO2.
Christian Scott aTunde Adjuah’s critique of the Danziger Bridge shootings

Christian Scott aTunde Adjuah is an African American trumpeter, composer and producerfrom New Orleans, Louisiana. He has written compositions and performed improvisationscommitted to social justice themes. His cultural work is a natural extensionof his community service training directed by his grandfather Donald Harrison Sr. Hiscomposition 'Danziger' (2012) gives voice to the unarmed citizens injured and killed bypolice as they crossed the Danziger Bridge in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. 'Danziger'extends from his stretch music theory which aTunde Adjuah describes as disassemblingand reassembling musical ideas so that his compositions and improvisations canbe understood holistically. While aTunde Adjuah's interpretation of the Danziger Bridgeshootings is funneled through the ontological cornucopia of his trumpet and referenceshis particular community, the message he sends out through his custom-made trumpetbell is universal because his critique supports everyday human rights.
A Preliminary Evaluation of ADPIC Model Performance on Selected Anatex Releases Using Observed, Analyzed, and Dynamically Predicted Winds

The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident demonstrated the need for long-range transport and diffusion models to assist in the real-time evaluation of the consequences of such events on man and his environment. Based on the efforts of the Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) to estimate the dispersion of radioactivity from Chernobyl (Dickerson and Sullivan, 1986; Gudiksen and Lange, 1986), work was undertaken to expand the domain of application of the mesoscale atmospheric diffusion particle-in-cell (ADPIC) model to the hemispheric scale.
I checked the prof on ratemyprofessors: effect of anonymous, online student evaluations of professors on students’ self-efficacy and expectations

Little is known about the effects of Ratemyprofessors.com teaching evaluations relative to university-administered teaching evaluations in students. Therefore, this study investigated differences in use and consideration of these evaluation sources. It also investigated the effects of evaluation source, evaluation valence (mostly positive or mostly negative), and their interaction on students’ decision making, self-efficacy for a course, and expectations about academic outcomes. Participants were 223 undergraduates who viewed either mostly positive or mostly negative teaching evaluations about a fictitious professor and were told that were from either university-administered teaching evaluations or Ratemyprofessors.com. Evaluation valence, but not source, affected participants’ decision making, self-efficacy, and expectations about the professor’s course. Implications for student self-efficacy and expectations are discussed. Additionally, recommendations for students who choose to use Ratemyprofessors.com to inform their course decision making are provided.
Intensity---A Metric Approach to Quantifying Attractor Robustness in ODEs

Although mathematical models do not fully match reality, robustness of dynamical objects to perturbation helps bridge from theoretical to real-world dynamical systems. Classical theories of structural stability and isolated invariant sets treat robustness of qualitative dynamics to sufficiently small errors. But they do not indicate just how large a perturbation can become before the qualitative behavior of our system changes fundamentally. Here we introduce a quantity, intensity of attraction, that measures the robustness of attractors in metric terms. Working in the setting of ordinary differential equations on $\mathbb{R}^n$, we consider robustness to vector field perturbations that are time-dependent or -independent. We define intensity in a control-theoretic framework, based on the magnitude of control needed to steer trajectories out of a domain of attraction. Our main result is that intensity also quantifies the robustness of an attractor to time-independent vector field perturbations; we prove this by connecting the reachable sets of control theory to isolating blocks of Conley theory. In addition to treating classical questions of robustness in a new metric framework, intensity of attraction offers a novel tool for resilience quantification in ecological applications. Unlike many measurements of resilience, intensity detects the strength of transient dynamics in a domain of attraction.
The Effects of Mediation Tools on Online Collaborative and Individual Writing

Few studies have examined the effects of using mediation tools (e.g., collaborative dialogs and online searches) on graduate students’ academic writing in a computer-mediated collaborative writing environment. This study investigated what types of co-constructed writing knowledge the graduate students generated from using the mediation tools to solve writing problems, and to what extent the co-constructed writing knowledge facilitated each student’s academic writing. Thirty-six Taiwanese graduate students, who studied English as a foreign language (EFL), volunteered to participate in an online collaborative writing program featuring developing argumentative essays. Data collected in this study include the students’ collaborative dialogs, online search logs, open-ended questionnaires, and the students’ collaborative and individual writing texts. The results show that the students using the mediation tools could generate two types of co-constructed writing knowledge in terms of language forms and skills of expressions, and they outperformed those who did not, in aspects of holistic performance, communicative quality, text organization, argumentation, linguistic accuracy, and linguistic appropriateness. It is concluded that students may co-construct writing knowledge to solve writing problems and improve both collaborative and individual writing through effective use of the mediation tools available in an online collaborative writing environment.
Alcohol Advertising: Orientations and Influence

The paper presents an analysis of the effects of televised alcohol beverage advertising on the consumption of alcohol among a sample of US teenagers. While no effects of exposure on total consumption are demonstrated for the total sample, consistent with other research on alcohol advertising effects, the present analysis reveals the importance of ‘orientations towards advertising’ as linkages between exposure and consumption behaviour. Specifically, a social utility orientation, involving learning of normative expectations about drinking, and a vicarious utility orientation, involving identification with models in alcohol beverage commercials, are shown to be mediating factors which condition the effects of advertising exposure.‘Alcohol Advertising: Content and Controversy’, by the same author, appeared in the last issue of this journal.
Effects of Experimenter Expectancy Set and Experimenter Sex Upon Grip Strength and Hand Steadiness Scores.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the expectancy set of the experimenter, the main effects of the sex of the experimenter, and the interaction effects of the sex of the experimenter and the sex of the subject upon performance of a grip strength task and a hand steadiness task. The subjects were 48 undergraduate males and 48 undergraduate females. Eight graduate males and 8 graduate females served as the experimenters. Each group of 6 subjects and 1 experimenter was randomly assigned to treatment. Half of the experimenters received information as to the performance they should expect from their subjects. The other 8 remained naive regarding expected performance outcomes. Results indicated that the male experimenters with the expectancy set obtained results in accordance with their expectations on the grip strength task. Female experimenters obtained results in direct opposition to their expectations on the same task. No significant experimenter expectancy effects were found...
Mini-Incision Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow

The anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the elbow is the primary restraint to valgus load. It has been well documented that throwing athletes are prone to injury of this structure secondary to the repetitive valgus loads subjected to the elbow with overhead pitching.1–4 Originally described in javelin throwers,5 this injury is almost exclusively seen in overhead-throwing athletes, with baseball pitchers being the most prevalent group of patients. Injury to the MCL has also been shown in wrestlers, tennis players, professional football players, and arm wrestlers.1,5–7 Symptomatic valgus instability can arise in these athletes after a MCL injury, thus necessitating operative intervention. Although injury to the MCL in the nonthrowing athlete can have excellent results with nonoperative intervention,8, 9 the overhead throwing athlete may find an injury to the MCL of the elbow to be a career-ending event if surgical intervention is not employed.
Muhammad Iqbal and the Immanence of God in Islamic Modernism

The Indian Muslim poet and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal is widely known for his influential contribution to Islamic modernist thought. Iqbal's metaphysical account of the nature of reality has attracted a massive body of commentary and provoked substantial scholarly controversy. One of the primary areas of scholarly debate is Iqbal's conception of divine immanence and how it is related to the Quran and to the Islamic theological tradition, particularly doctrines associated with Sufism. This debate concerns question of how faithful Iqbal is to the God of the Quran, whether or not Iqbal rejects traditional Islamic conceptions of God, and to what extent Iqbal adopts Western philosophical notions of God. The present paper surveys this debate in arguing that the tensions between Iqbal's thought on God and traditional Islamic notions shed significant light on the aims of Islamic modernism. The aspects of Iqbal's conception of God that have given rise to controversy are precisely those that make possible an evolutionary, progressive, and human-centered depiction of the universe and of history. For this reason, the scholarly debate over Iqbal's conception of God provides a point of departure for understanding the altered metaphysical assumptions behind the Islamic modernist project.
Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons on nickel: from surface science mechanistic studies to catalysis 1

Abstract The mechanistic details of hydrocarbon partial oxidation reactions were studied with both ultra-high vacuum (UHV) modern surface-sensitive techniques and a micro-batch reactor. The focus of this work was to characterize the reactivity of alkyl species and of alcohols on nickel substrates. In the UHV experiments the chemistry of oxides was mimicked via the oxidation of metal surfaces under controlled conditions, and alkyl surface moieties were prepared by thermal excitation of adsorbed alkyl halides. The oxidation of 2-iodopropane on Ni(100) in particular was found to yield several products in a distribution dependent on oxygen pre-coverage, with partial oxidation being favored at low oxygen coverages and total oxidation dominating on thin oxide films. X-ray photoelectron (XPS) I 3d core level spectra indicate that the adsorption of 2-iodopropane below 100 K is always molecular, and ion-scattering spectra (ISS) data strongly suggest preferential bonding to Ni (not O) sites. Annealing the alkyl iodide adsorbed on O/Ni(100) surfaces below 200 K leads to the dissociation of the C–I bond, and generates 2-propyl groups bonded to nickel atoms, the same as on the clean nickel metal. For submonolayer oxygen coverages the 2-propyl groups then follow one of two reaction pathways: they either undergo hydrogenation–dehydrogenation on the nickel sites to form propane, propene, and hydrogen, or, in the case of the moieties adsorbed near the oxygen sites, they incorporate an oxygen atom to form 2-propoxide groups. 2-Propoxide moieties, which can also be prepared by decomposition of 2-propanol, are stable on the surface up to ∼325 K, at which point they follow a β-hydride elimination step to yield acetone. Additional temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments indicated that propene does not convert directly to acetone on these O/Ni(100) surfaces, and that the presence of hydroxo groups greatly enhances the yield for ketone production. Lastly, preliminary atmospheric pressure experiments proved that alcohols can be oxidized catalytically to aldehydes or ketones on nickel surfaces under controlled conditions, a result that validates the knowledge developed by the mechanistic surface-science studies.
Will Gene Patents Impede Whole Genome Sequencing?: Deconstructing the Myth that 20% o the Human Genome Is Patented

A 2005 Science article by Jensen and Murray is widely cited for the proposition that 20% of human genes are patented, and has led to a pervasive assumption that thousands of human genes cannot be used, studied or even 'looked at' by researchers and healthcare providers without infringing a gene patent. Many have voiced concern that this perceived thicket of gene patents will impede the implementation of next-generation genetic technologies, particularly personal whole genome sequencing (WGS). In fact, Jensen and Murray only showed that, with respect to 20% of human genes known at the time they conducted their study, either (1) the DNA sequence of the gene, or (2) the amino acid sequence encoded by the gene, was mentioned in a US patent claim. The myth that 20% of human genes are “patented” has taken root because too many have incorrectly inferred that the mere “mention” of a gene in a patent claim precludes all uses of the gene. To better understand the actual implications of Jensen and Murray’s findings, I analyzed the claims from a random sampling of 533 of the 4270 patents identified in their article as “gene patents.” I found that, under any reasonable interpretation, 140 of the 533 patents would not be infringed by any form of genetic testing. The remaining 393 patents include claims with respect to which I cannot rule out the possibility that at least some form of genetic testing would be found infringing. These claims fall into two categories - products claims directed to polynucleotides (e.g., DNA molecules), and method claims. The language used in these claims is extremely heterogeneous, and it is impossible to predict with any certainty exactly how broadly a court would interpret their scope if they were ever asserted in litigation, but to varying degrees a majority of these patents would appear not to be infringed by at least some, perhaps all, forms of genetic testing. In particular, few (if any) of these patents would appear likely to be infringed by some next-generation WGS technologies, particularly those that do not require DNA amplification. In short, there is absolutely no basis to infer from the Jensen & Murray article that personal WGS, and other multiplex genetic diagnostic testing technologies, would result in the infringement of a large number of human gene patents. To the contrary, it appears that a vast majority of these patents were drafted in a manner that would not encompass WGS.
Restraint coping predicts cortisol response but not subjective distress following a standardized social stressor

Research across multiple health-related fields has consistently indicated significant associations among coping style, illness susceptibility, and levels of perceived stress. However, whether specific coping style affects reactivity to an acute stress provocation in a laboratory setting is unknown. As part of a larger clinical laboratory study measuring stress reactivity ( NIH Grant P50AA010761 ), 58 healthy young adult participants were enrolled. Stress coping styles were assessed with a validated questionnaire (COPE Inventory; Carver et al., 1989). Participants were grouped via median split of scores for restraint coping (the degree to which one refrains from acting to resolve a stressful situation). Participants were exposed to a standardized stress provocation (Trier Social Stress Test) (n = 31) or non-stressor control (n = 27). Stress reactivity was measured using serum cortisol (mcg/dL) and subjective units of distress (SUDS). Although subjective distress response did not differ between high and low restraint copers, participants who endorsed high restraint coping had an elevated cortisol response to the stressor ( p = . 038 ). Findings suggest restraint coping style may be associated with dysregulated HPA axis reactivity. This exploratory analysis provides direction for future prospective intervention studies examining whether altering specific coping style—for instance, to a more active style—could result in normalizing cortisol response. Such changes may lessen susceptibility to illnesses associated with dysfunctional HPA axis reactivity to stress.
Developing BS7000 Part 6 – Guide to Managing Inclusive Design

Companies are increasingly finding themselves having to ensure that their products and services are accessible and inclusive, or else be exposed to the possibility of litigation and damage to their brand reputation. However, the adoption of inclusive design within industry has been patchy at best. While there are undoubtedly companies that have yet to be persuaded of the merits of inclusive design, there is a growing number that want to design inclusively, but do not know how to set about doing so. In response to this need, a new technical guidance Standard is currently being prepared by the British Standards Institute (BSI). The new document, BS 7000-6: 2004 – Guide to managing inclusive design, will form part of the BS 7000 Design Management Systems series. The aim of this paper is to explain the rationale behind the development of the new Standard and an overview of its contents. Due to copyright restrictions, this paper does not attempt to provide a summary of the contents of the new Standard.
Berechnung der Gegenstromextraktionen fest/flüssig. für langsam verlaufende Lösungsvorgänge oder bei gleichzeitigen Adsorptionsvorgängen

Es wird die Berechnung von Fest/flussig-Gegenstromextraktionen beschrieben, die entweder durch geringe Auflosungsgeschwindigkeit des Extraktes oder durch Adsorption des Extraktes am Gut gekennzeichnet sind. Die fur die Berechnungen notwendigen Experimentalarbeiten werden aufgezahlt und die Berechnungsmethoden beschrieben, die gegenuber Berechnungen unter den bisher ublichen Annahmen bessere Ergebnisse liefern.
Translational nanomedicine – through the therapeutic window

Translational nanomedicine occurs only through the successful integration of multiple inputs and iterative modifications. The therapeutic window plays a pivotal role in the trajectory of translational nanomedicine. Often defined in terms of the range of dosage for safe and effective therapeutic effect, a second definition of the therapeutic window refers to the often narrow temporal window in which a therapeutic effect can be obtained. Expanding the second definition to explicitly include the spatial dimension, this article explores aspects of the therapeutic spaces created by nanomedicine that shift the traditional dimensions of symptom, sign and pathology. This article analyzes three aspects of the therapeutic window in nanomedicine - temporal, spatial and manner of construction and their impact on the dimensions of modern medicine.
Aggregation kinetics of CeO 2 nanoparticles in KCl and CaCl 2 solutions: Measurements and modeling

To characterize the environmental transport and health risks of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs), it is important to understand their aggregation behavior. This study investigates the aggregation kinetics of CeO2 NPs in KCl and CaCl2 solutions using time-resolved dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS). The initial hydrodynamic radius of CeO2 NPs measured by DLS was approximately 95 nm. Attachment efficiencies were derived both from aggregation data and predictions based on the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The deviations of the DLVO predictions were corrected by employing the extended DLVO (EDLVO) theory. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of CeO2 NPs at pH = 5.6 is approximately 34 mM for KCl and 9.5 mM for CaCl2. Furthermore, based on the EDLVO theory and the von Smoluchowski’s population balance equation, a model accounting for diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) kinetics was established. For the reaction-limited aggregation (RLA) kinetics, a model that takes fractal geometry into account was established. The models fitted the experimental data well and proved to be useful for predicting the aggregation kinetics of CeO2 NPs.
Growth profiles of human autosomal trisomies at midgestation.

Somatic and visceral growth profiles of midgestation human fetuses with trisomy 21, 18, or 13 demonstrate that each disorder has a characteristic pattern of growth aberration. The most striking deviations are short limbs in trisomy 21, subnormal adrenal and lung weights in trisomy 18, and supranormal spleen and kidney weights in trisomy 13. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Asymptotic formulas on flat surfaces

We find asymptotics for the number of cylinders and saddle connections on flat surfaces. These results extend previous results of Veech.
Sorption of trace metals by humic materials in soils and natural waters

Trace metal sorption by coagulated humic acid and peat materials can be described macroscopically either as a complexation or a cation exchange phenomenon. Model equilibrium constants or selectivity coefficients for trace metal sorption by H‐form humic materials are special cases of two general models which do not depend on the sorption mechanism. Sorption mechanisms can be elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, both optical and magnetic resonance, but no information about mechanisms can be inferred from equilbrium constants.
Nonlinear Optical Processes in Photonic Crystal Microcavities

Photonic crystal cavities with ultra-small mode volumes and high Q-factors demonstrate 20GHz optical switching with 60fJ pulses, lasers operating at W thresholds and modulation speeds approaching THz, and a single quantum-dot control of cavity spectrum.
Improved methods for the enrichment and analysis of glycated peptides.

Nonenzymatic glycation of tissue proteins has important implications in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. Herein we report improved methods for the enrichment and analysis of glycated peptides using boronate affinity chromatography and electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry, respectively. The enrichment of glycated peptides was improved by replacing an off-line desalting step with an online wash of column-bound glycated peptides using 50 mM ammonium acetate, followed by elution with 100 mM acetic acid. The analysis of glycated peptides by MS/MS was improved by considering only higher charged (≥3) precursor ions during data-dependent acquisition, which increased the number of glycated peptide identifications. Similarly, the use of supplemental collisional activation after electron transfer (ETcaD) resulted in more glycated peptide identifications when the MS survey scan was acquired with enhanced resolution. Acquiring ETD-MS/MS data at a normal MS survey scan rate, in conjunc...
Intrarenal hypertonic saline infusions in dogs with thoracic caval constriction

Intrarenal hypertonic saline infusions in dogs with thoracic caval constriction. Intrarenal artery infusions of hypertonic saline can activate tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), decreasing renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The response to infusion of hypertonic saline is enhanced by salt depletion and attenuated by salt loading, but has not previously been investigated in pathophysiological states where expanded extracellular fluid volume due to salt retention is associated with avid, renal sodium reabsorption. The renal response following intrarenal infusions of hypertonic saline was investigated in five control dogs and eleven dogs with partial constriction of the thoracic portion of their inferior vena cava, which resulted in salt retention and the formation of ascites. Intrarenal infusion of hypertonic saline induced significant reductions in RBF and GFR in both control and caval constricted dogs. The extent of these reductions were positively correlated with baseline renal function. An intravenous infusion of 50 ml/kg of 0.9% sodium chloride, which abolished the vasoconstrictor response in normal dogs, failed to abolish the decrease in RBF and GFR in response to intrarenal hypertonic saline infusion in dogs with ascites which had an initial vasoconstrictor response. We conclude that the potential for TGF is preserved in early stages of caval constriction syndrome in dogs, but that this potential activity decreases when basal renal function decreases.
Lack of behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to THC in mice and comparison to methamphetamine

Rationale Recent evidence has provided support for the incentive-sensitization model of addiction, where repeated stimulation of neural reward circuits leads to a long-lasting sensitization of mesolimbic dopaminergic activity. This phenomenon has been demonstrated with many drugs of abuse, most often by measuring progressively increased activating effects of drugs on locomotor activity, thought to reflect an underlying neural sensitization. Whether cannabinoids, and in particular Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), produce similar effects in this model is somewhat controversial, with mixed evidence in the literature.
Localization of hexokinase in neural tissue: electron microscopic studies of rat cerebellar cortex.

: The distribution of hexokinase (ATP:d-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) in the rat cerebellar cortex has been studied at the electron microscopic level using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. Extensive staining of cytoplasmic regions, with some increased staining at mitochondrial profiles, was seen in the cell bodies of both neurons (basket, stellate, Lugaro, Golgi, and granule cells) and astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes showed little or no detectable staining. Purkinje cell perikarya were much less intensely stained than were the perikarya of other neurons. The initial portion of the Purkinje dendrite was, like the perikaryon from which it emerged, lightly stained. More intense staining was seen in the secondary and tertiary branches of the Purkinje dendrite, but the terminal branches were devoid of stain. Granule cell dendrites were well stained in their initial portions but devoid of stain in their terminal dendritic digits which form part of the cerebellar glomeruli. In contrast to the unstained granule cell dendritic digits, the central mossy fiber nerve terminal of the glomerulus exhibited intense staining of the mitochondrial profiles and of synaptic vesicles adjacent to the mitochondria. Axons of basket cells showed intense staining in the segments adjacent to the Purkinje cell soma, while terminal twigs of the basket axons in the pinceau surrounding the (unstained) initial segment of the Purkinje axon showed markedly decreased staining intensity. These results indicate that there may be substantial variation in hexokinase levels between the various regions of neuronal processes. Hexokinase was seen at both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial locations in a variety of cells. It does not appear likely that location of hexokinase can be directly correlated with cell type, i.e., with neurons versus glia.
Convective Boundary Layer Depth Estimation from Wind Profilers: Statistical Comparison between an Automated Algorithm and Expert Estimations

Abstract A previous study showed success in determining the convective boundary layer depth with radar wind-profiling radars using fuzzy logic methods, and improvements to the earlier work are discussed. The improved method uses the Vaisala multipeak picking (MPP) procedure to identify the atmospheric signal in radar spectra in place of a fuzzy logic peak picking procedure that was previously used. The method then applies fuzzy logic techniques to calculate the depth of the convective boundary layer. The planetary boundary layer depth algorithm is improved with respect to the one used in the previous study in that it adds information obtained from the small-scale turbulence (vertical profiles of the spectral width of the vertical velocity), while also still using vertical profiles of the radar-derived refractive index structure parameter C2n and the variance of vertical velocity. Modifications to the fuzzy logic rules (especially to those using vertical velocity data) that improve the algorithm’s accuracy...
Impact of Valley Fills on Streamside Salamanders in Southern West Virginia

Abstract Valley fills associated with mountaintop-removal mining bury stream headwaters and affect water quality and ecological function of reaches below fills. We quantified relative abundance of streamside salamanders in southern West Virginia during 2002 in three streams below valley fills (VFS) and in three reference streams (RS). We surveyed 36 10- × 2-m stream transects, once in summer and fall, paired by order and structure. Of 2,343 salamanders captured, 66.7% were from RS. Total salamanders (adults plus larvae) were more abundant in RS than VFS for first-order and second-order reaches. Adult salamanders had greater abundance in first-order reaches of RS than VFS. Larval salamanders were more abundant in second-order reaches of RS than VFS. No stream width or mesohabitat variables differed between VFS and RS. Only two cover variables differed. Silt cover, greater in VFS than RS first-order reaches, is a likely contributor to reduced abundance of salamanders in VFS. Second-order RS had more boulder...
Organic compounds in meteorites. V - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies on the isoprenoids and other isomeric alkanes in graphitic nodules of iron meteorites

Iron meteorites graphite-troilite nodules isomeric alkane composition, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Focal positive spikes in electroencephalography

Abstract Focal positive spikes and sharp waves in clinical EEG are uncommon (about 1.3 per 1,000 EEGs in this series) and encountered chiefly in early life. All of our seven patients suffered from a convulsive disorder. These discharges must be differentiated from 14 and 6 c/sec positive bursts. Artifactual electrical transients with apparent focal positivity must always be ruled out. Whenever focal positive spikes and sharp waves are identified, it is advisable to search for simultaneous focal negative discharges. The literature indicates that focal positive spikes and sharp waves could be classified according to the presumed pathophysiological mechanisms and illustrative patients were described.
Using back trajectories and process analysis to investigate photochemical ozone production in the Puget Sound region

Abstract A photochemical Eulerian grid modeling system, consisting of MM5/CALMET/CALGRID, was modified to include a process analysis scheme, and a back trajectory method using the CALPUFF model in a reverse diffusion mode was implemented to define the air mass transport path reaching a downwind receptor from urban Seattle, WA. Process analysis was used to determine the relative importance of chemical production, advection, diffusion and deposition within the receptor grid cell and also along the air mass transport path from the urban source area to the receptor. This analysis was applied to an ozone episode occurring during 11–14 July 1996, in the Puget Sound region of Washington State. Within the receptor grid, the process analysis showed that ozone concentrations increase during the day as chemical production exceeds the net effects of deposition and vertical diffusion. Concentrations decrease after mid-afternoon when horizontal advection begins to dominate the other processes. When applied along the air mass transport path, process analysis shows that during most of the day, chemical production is larger than the other processes and causes the air mass ozone concentration to steadily increase during transport downwind of the urban core. Maximum ozone production rates equaled 20–25 ppb/h along the trajectory to the rural monitoring site where peak ozone levels occurred approximately 40 km downwind of urban Seattle, WA. The chemical production rates during this ozone evolution process play an important role in the peak ozone values. Higher peak ozone concentrations that occurred on Sunday, 14 July 1996 (118 ppbv), compared to those on Friday, 12 July 1996 (80 ppbv), were due, in part, to the higher ozone production rates along the trajectory to the rural monitoring site on 14 July compared to 12 July. These differences in chemical production appear to be related to differences in VOC/NOx ratios within the urban air mass for each day. The importance of VOC/NOx effects on the 2 days versus differences in meteorology was confirmed by running the simulation for Friday with Sunday emissions and using Sunday meteorological fields with Friday emissions. Differences in emissions for the 2 days produced almost twice the effect on peak ozone concentrations at the downwind receptor compared to the effects of differences in meteorology for these 2 days.
Management of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism

THE ACCURATE diagnosis and proper management of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism is a topic that has become of increasing interest for several reasons: the disease is more common than was previously appreciated, many of the patients with the disease are recognized in medical practice because of the widespread use of multiphasic screening tests that lead to detection of hypercalcemia, and the lack of symptoms raises obvious questions about the necessity of surgical correction of hyperparathyroidism. At the same time, it is not clear that the course of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism is necessarily benign; as with many other disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia or hypertension, there is an appreciation that the condition may be a risk factor for disease processes that have significant morbidity and mortality. A survey of published reports dealing with the topic leads to the conclusion that in the opinion of many, but by no means all, it is reasonable to recommend medical surveillance in older patients r...
Clinical evaluation of resilient denture liners. Part 2: Candida count and speciation.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to count and to speciate Candida isolated from 2 resilient denture liners, Molloplast-B and MPDS-SL. Materials and methods A group of 20 patients each had 1 maxillary denture and 2 mandibular dentures fabricated. One mandibular denture was lined with Molloplast-B, and 1 was lined with MPDS-SL. Each denture was used for 3 months. At the end of the 3-month period, the mandibular denture was surrendered, and a 5 x 5-mm circular resilient liner sample was obtained from the tissue surface of the lingual flange. Samples were processed, and Candida was isolated and counted. Speciation of Candida was performed using CHROMagar Candida and API 20C AUX strips. Results Molloplast-B had, on average, 5 times as many CFU/sample as MPDSL-SL, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.26). A sign test gave a similar nonsignificant trend (p = 0.057). CHROMagar identified several Candida species, and confirmation was made using API 20C AUX strips. One patient was lost to follow-up. Of 19 Molloplast-B samples, 7 had no growth, 4 grew C. albicans, 3 grew C. parapsilosis, 2 grew C. glabrata, 1 grew C. tropicalis, 2 grew a Trichosporon spp., and 2 grew a nonidentifiable colony. The analogous counts for 19 MPDS-SL samples were 10, 4, 1, 3, 0, 1, and 1 (p = 0.45 for culture positively, exact McNemar test). Conclusions Candida growth on Molloplast-B was not significantly different from growth on MPDS-SL. Several yeast species were cultured from each material. The rates of culture-positive testing did not differ between the 2 resilient denture liners.
Diurnal variation in plasma norepinephrine in patients with heart failure.

Diurnal variation in plasma norepinephrine (PNE) levels is well documented in healthy individuals but not in patients with heart failure. Therefore, we attempted to determine variations in PNE levels over 24 hours, measured hourly, in six patients with an ejection fraction below 40% and a history of heart failure of longer than 3 months. Three controls without a history of heart failure also were evaluated. Both patients and controls had diurnal variations in PNE, with highest levels occurring during the day and lowest at night. When data in patients were evaluated by 6-hour time intervals the mean value for 6:00 A.M.-12:00 noon was approximately twice as high as 12:00 midnight-6 :00 A.M. (689 ± 329 vs 338 ± 166 pg/ml, p<0.05, respectively). Patients also had significant peak to trough variation in PNE levels compared with controls (959 ± 396 vs 386 ± 84 pg/ml, p<0.02, respectively). These results suggest that significant intrapatient variations in PNE occur over 24 hours in patients with heart failure. These variations may have to be accounted for when evaluating and treating patients with heart failure.
Comparative geochemistry of basalts from the moon, earth, HED asteroid, and Mars: implications for the origin of the moon

Abstract Most hypotheses for the origin of the Moon (rotational fission, co-accretion, and collisional ejection from the Earth, including “giant impact”) call for the formation of the Moon in a geocentric environment. However, key geochemical data for basaltic rocks from the Moon, Earth, the howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) meteorite parent body (probably asteroid 4-Vesta), and the shergottite-nakhlite-chassignite (SNC) meteorite parent body (likely Mars), provide no evidence that the Moon was derived from the Earth, and suggest that some objects with lunar-like compositions were produced without involvement of the Earth. The source region compositions of basalts produced in the Moon (mare basalts) were similar to those produced in the HED asteroid (eucrites) with regard to volatile-lithophile elements (Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Tl), siderophile elements (Ni, Co, Ga, Ge, Re, and Ir), and ferromagnesian elements (Mg, Fe, Cr, and V), and less similar to those in the Earth or Mars. Mare and eucrite basalts differ in their Mn abundances, Fe/Mn values, and isotopic composition, suggesting that the Moon and HED asteroid formed in different nebular locations. However, previous claims that the Moon and HED parent body differ significantly in the abundances of some elements, such as Ni, Co, Cr, and V, are not supported by the data. Instead, Cr-Mg-Fe-Ni-Co abundance systematics suggest a close similarity between the source region compositions and conditions involved in producing mare and eucrite basalts, and a significant difference from those of terrestrial basalts. The data imply that the Moon and HED asteroid experienced similar volatile-element depletion and similar fractionation of metallic and mafic phases. Among hypotheses of lunar origin, rotational fission, and small-impact collisional ejection seem less tenable than co-accretion, capture, or a variant of giant-impact collisional ejection in which the Moon inherits the composition of the impactor. Both the Moon and HED asteroid may have been derived from a class of objects that were common in the early solar system. “The most plausible model for the origin of the Moon in line with geochemical and cosmochemical constraints is an impact-induced “fission” of the proto-Earth.” — Wanke and Dreibus (1986 ) “Clearly, the Moon and eucrite parent body resemble each other to a high degree. Nature produced such a composition not once but at least twice. This calls into question an entire class of models that invoke ad hoc processes to explain the Moon by a unique chance event.” — Anders (1977 ) “The similarity between eucrites and lunar mare basalts are remarkable. Were it not for the differences in age and oxygen-isotope signature, it might be difficult to distinguish them on petrological or geochemical grounds.” — Taylor (1986 )
Overcrowding, a disease of social growth

Abstract Overcrowding satisfies the physician's criteria for a disease—of society, caused by the lack of a doctrine for the future. This article is a clinical examination of the disease, its symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Achieving the theoretical maximum light yield in scintillating fibers through non-uniform doping

Abstract It is shown that non-uniform doping of scintillating and wavelength shifting fibers can be used to produce the theoretical maximum light yield for any combination of fiber material and fluors. It is calculated that a threefold increase in light yield is possible. Other doping profiles may be used where high speed timing behaviour is the major objective.
The effect of temperature, soil nitrogen and gastropods on Thuja plicata growth and reproduction

Humans are changing the environment. For example, nitrogen deposition, rising temperatures, and non-native species are influencing plant communities. These changes have and will continue to affect trees, thus, understanding the response of species to global change will help conservationists plan for the future. Urban areas already experience higher temperatures, elevated CO~2~, greater nitrogen levels, and more non-native species compared to rural areas. The response of trees to urban parks and park edges can therefore be used as a proxy for the net effects of global change on trees. We investigate the growth and reproduction of Thuja plicata, a native Pacific Northwest conifer, in both urban and rural forest fragments to understand global change impacts. Data collected from sites include hourly temperature, soil NO~3~^-^, seedling counts, and an increment core. After observing extremely low conifer germination rates across sites, we concluded that factors such as herbivory might be important. Gastropods have been shown to impact communities through consumption of plants at the seedling stage, and to limit seedling survival of a European conifer. The effects of soil moisture, soil nitrogen, and gastropod herbivory on Thuja plicata seedlings was analyzed experimentally to determine the relative effect each might be having on the observed germination rate. Our results suggest that urban forest edges resemble future global change conditions of higher temperature and nitrogen. These global change factors appear to be positively influencing tree growth, suggesting that Thuja plicata will benefit from future conditions. However, low seedling recruitment may be a concern, because it appears that urban and rural forests are currently failing to regenerate on their own. Introduced gastropods could play a role, as they have the ability to reduce seedling biomass significantly. The relative impacts of invasive slug herbivory and other global change factors on native conifer recruitment should be prioritized in future study.
Maturation as a factor in pulmonary oxygen toxicity: a preliminary report.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE has suggested that pulmonary oxygen toxicity is a major factor in the etiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? Continuous exposure of C57 black newborn mice to 100% oxygen for up to six weeks has produced necrotizing bronchiolitis, peribronchiolar fibrosis, emphysema and atelectasis, and interstitial fibrosis similar to the histopathology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia seen in human infants. 3 Biochemical analysis of these oxygen-exposed lungs has indicated that, in addition to the severe pathologic changes, there is a growth disturbance manifested by inhibition of lung DNA synthesis, diminished total lung DNA, and a decrease in the ratio of lung DNA to body weight? '~ Several investigators have noted the ability of certain immature animals to survive continuous exposure to high concentrations of oxygen longer than adult animals of the same species. 7 Newborn C57 black mice have survived continuous exposure to 100% oxygen for six weeks, whereas adult mice of the same strain similarly exposed all die within seven days. 3 This observation suggests that analysis of the period of change from the newborn survival response to continuous exposure to 100% oxygen to the adult response could provide further insight into the mechanisms responsible for the relative protection against pulmonary oxygen toxicity present in the newborn mouse. Further understanding of the mechanisms present in the immature lung which protect against pulmonary oxygen toxicity has great importance in management of both adult and neonatal respiratory disease. Identification of agents or drugs which can induce or augment this protection may provide a means to reduce the hazards of the use of supplemental oxygen in infants, children, and adults.
Spinal seizures and excitatory amino acid-mediated synaptic transmission

Abstract In the isolated frog spinal cord penicillin or strychnine produced spinal seizures with spontaneous slow paroxysmal ventral root depolarizations (pVRDs) and superimposed motoneuron spikes. Mn 2+ , tetrodotoxin, mephenesin and low [Na + ] o suppressed pVRDs, an indication that paroxysmal activity requires intact excitatory synaptic transmission involving interneurons. Compounds reducing the release of amino acids ((—)baclofen) or interfering with the activation of N-methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors ( d,l -α-aminoadipate, d -2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, γ- d -glutamylglycine) eliminated pVRDs. The results suggest that synaptic release of excitatory amino acids (e.g. l -glutamate, l -aspartate) and subsequent activation of specific receptors sensitive to the action of NMDA underlie spinal convulsions.