cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue Imaging Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Ambient ionization imaging mass spectrometry is uniquely suited for detailed spatially resolved chemical characterization of biological samples in their native environment. However, the spatial resolution attainable using existing approaches is limited by the ion transfer efficiency from the ionization region into the mass spectrometer. Here, we present a first study of ambient imaging of biological samples using nanospray desorption ionization (nano-DESI). Nano-DESI is a new ambient pressure ionization technique that uses minute amounts of solvent confined between two capillaries comprising the nano-DESI probe and the solid analyte for controlled desorption of molecules present on the substrate followed by ionization through self-aspirating nanospray. We demonstrate highly sensitive spatially resolved analysis of tissue samples without sample preparation. Our first proof-of-principle experiments indicate the potential of nano-DESI for ambient imaging with a spatial resolution of better than 12 μm. The si...
Histone Acetylation and Chromatin Assembly: A Single Escort, Multiple Dances?

The remarkable flurry in identification of chromatin-modifying activities in recent times has been accompanied by unexpected connections between these activities and cellular transformation. The possible link between Rb function as a tumor suppressor and the function of p48 as a “histone escort” is intriguing, but is at present very speculative. However, disruption of interactions between a Gcn5p (HAT A) homolog, P/CAF, and its cofactors, p300 or CBP, by the product of the viral E1A oncogene is required for E1A-mediated cellular transformation (Yang et al. 1996xYang, X.J, Ogryzko, V.V, Nishikawa, J, Howard, B.H, and Nakatani, Y. Nature. 1996; 382: 319–324CrossRef | PubMed | Scopus (1184)See all ReferencesYang et al. 1996). Translocation of another putative acetylase, MOZ, and in-frame fusion to CBP is associated with specific subtypes of acute myeloid leukemias (Borrow et al. 1996xBorrow, J, Stanton, V.P Jr., Andresen, J.M, Becher, R, Behm, F.G, Chaganti, R.S.K, Civin, C.I, Disteche, C, Dube, I, Frischauf, A.M, Horsman, D, Mitelman, F, Volina, S, Watmore, A.E, and Housman, D.E. Nature Genet. 1996; 13: 33–41CrossRef | Scopus (518)See all ReferencesBorrow et al. 1996). MOZ is homologous to the yeast gene SAS2 (Something About Silencing) which is required for silencing in yeast (Reifsnyder et al. 1996xReifsnyder, C, Lowell, J, Clarke, A, and Pillus, L. Nature Genet. 1996; 13: 42–49CrossRef | Scopus (212)See all ReferencesReifsnyder et al. 1996), suggesting the human gene may also participate in silencing functions. Understanding the nature, regulation, and specificity of these activities is no longer just the pursuit of those interested in understanding the structure and function of chromatin, but is now directly relevant to our understanding of both normal cellular regulatory processes and abnormal processes which lead to oncogenesis.
Cointegration of U.S. budget and current account deficits: Twins or strangers?

In this paper the authors employ the cointegration approach to explore empirically the existence of a possible long-run equilibrium relationship between the U.S. budget deficits and the current account deficits. This study uses annual nominal data in levels for the postwar period 1946–1988. Both the DW and the ADF tests confirm that the two deficits are not cointegrated. It implies that the two deficits have no possibility of reverting to a long-run equilibrium relation.
Differential expression of tropomyosin during segmental heart development in Mexican axolotl

The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, serves as an intriguing model to investigate myofibril organization and heart development in vertebrates. The axolotl has a homozygous recessive cardiac lethal gene "c" which causes a failure of ventricular myofibril formation and contraction. However, the conus of the heart beats, and has organized myofibrils. Tropomyosin (TM), an essential component of the thin filament, has three known striated muscle isoforms (TPM1alpha, TPM1kappa, and TPM4alpha) in axolotl hearts. However, it is not known whether there are differential expression patterns of these tropomyosin isoforms in various segments of the heart. Also, it is not understood whether these isoforms contribute to myofibril formation in a segment-specific manner. In this study, we have utilized anti-sense oligonucleotides to separately knockdown post-transcriptional expression of TPM1alpha and TPM4alpha. We then evaluated the organization of myofibrils in the conus and ventricle of normal and cardiac mutant hearts using immunohistochemical techniques. We determined that the TPM1alpha isoform, a product of the TPM1 gene, was essential for myofibrillogenesis in the conus, whereas TPM4alpha, the striated muscle isoform of the TPM4 gene, was essential for myofibrillogenesis in the ventricle. Our results support the segmental theory of vertebrate heart development.
Semirigid partial annuloplasty band allows dynamic mitral annular motion and minimizes valvular gradients: an echocardiographic study.

Abstract Background Traditional mitral annuloplasty devices include both rigid rings, which restrict annular motion, and soft rings and bands, which can locally deform. Conflicting data exist regarding their impact on annular dynamics. We studied mitral annuloplasty with a semirigid partial band and with a nearly complete rigid ring. Methods Intraoperative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiograms (n = 14) and predischarge transthoracic echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed in patients undergoing mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with either a rigid ring (n = 77) or a semirigid partial band (n = 38). Each transesophageal echocardiogram was analyzed with TomTec three-dimensional software to produce cardiac cycle frame planimetry and to measure device geometry. Actual device sizes provided reference dimensions. Blinded analysis of Doppler data from transthoracic echocardiograms was performed. Results Validation of the quantitative transesophageal echocardiogram methodology revealed a 1.3% ± 0.3% (mean ± standard error of the mean) underestimation of actual linear dimension. With the semirigid partial band, systolic valve orifice area and intertrigonal distance decreased from 6.14 ± 0.37 to 5.55 ± 0.24 cm 2 (−9.6%; p = 0.01) and from 2.69 ± 0.08 to 2.55 ± 0.13 cm (−5.2%; p = 0.03), respectively. Systolic anterior-posterior distance decreased from 2.1 ± 0.10 to 1.95 ± 0.06 cm (−7.1%; p = 0.01) compared with diastole. In contrast, rigid ring orifice area was unchanged (4.12 ± 0.15 to 4.10 ± 0.16 cm 2 ; −0.5%; p = 0.48) during the cardiac cycle. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed significantly lower mitral inflow gradients with semirigid partial band (mean gradients compared with rigid ring, 4.0 ± 0.3 versus 5.0 ± 0.3 mm Hg; p = 0.02; peak gradients, 8.9 ± 0.5 versus 11.1 ± 0.5 mm Hg; p = 0.01). Conclusions Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic measurements of annular dynamics are valid and reliable when discrete annuloplasty devices are present. In contrast to the rigid ring, the semirigid partial band permits more physiologic geometric changes and is associated with lower postoperative mitral valve gradients.
Immortal particle for a catalytic branching process

We study the existence and asymptotic properties of a conservative branching particle system driven by a diffusion with smooth coefficients for which birth and death are triggered by contact with a set. Sufficient conditions for the process to be non-explosive are given. In the Brownian motions case the domain of evolution can be non-smooth, including Lipschitz, with integrable Martin kernel. The results are valid for an arbitrary number of particles and non-uniform redistribution after branching. Additionally, with probability one, it is shown that only one ancestry line survives. In special cases, the evolution of the surviving particle is studied and for a two particle system on a half line we derive explicitly the transition function of a chain representing the position at successive branching times.
Clinical spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients

Background While non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been well characterised in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), less is known about NAFLD in non-DM patients. We investigated the clinical characteristics of NAFLD patients with and without DM and accuracy of the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) in these two NAFLD groups.
NADPH-dependent reductases of the dog lens

The presence of several NADPH-dependent reductases has been observed in the dog lens. Applying the purification procedures of gel filtration, affinity chromatography and chromatofocusing to dog lens homogenates resulted in the purification of aldose reductase. This enzyme appeared similar to dog kidney aldose reductase in molecular weight, isoelectric point, kinetic properties, and susceptibility to inhibition by aldose reductase inhibitors. Evidence for the presence of trace amounts of aldehyde reductase in the dog lens was also observed, although this enzyme is not present in sufficient quantities for isolation and characterization. The presence of a labile third enzyme that is immunologically distinct from either aldose reductase or aldehyde reductase was also detected. This enzyme utilizes only glyceraldehyde as substrate and is not inhibited by aldose reductase inhibitors.
Estradiol replacement increases the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) in the mouse brain.

Numerous epidemiology studies have shown protective effects of hormone therapy (HT) on chronic neurological diseases. We have proposed that some of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen are mediated by apolipoprotein E (apoE). Polymorphisms of receptors for apoE modify the risk for dementia. To our knowledge, no reports exist showing CNS effects of estrogen replacement on members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. The current study focused on the effect of estradiol-17β (E2) replacement on protein expression of two members of the receptor family, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-r) and low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) in ovariectomized mice. Five days of E2 replacement significantly increased LRP expression in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb and neocortex but not in cerebellum. In contrast, E2 treatment decreased LDL-r protein expression in olfactory bulb. HT modification of both apoE and LRP could have wide-spread effects on cellular function given LRP's manifold signaling functions.
Tattling on the Teacher: A Study of Factors Influencing Peer Reporting of Teachers Who Violate Standardized Testing Protocol

Allegations of teacher and administrator cheating on standardized tests appear to be rampant. One primary way that cheating is held in check occurs when peers turn in other teachers for cheating. The purpose of this study was to exam five variables as predictors of peer reporting of this particular type of unethical behavior. Three hundred thirty (N = 330) Texas school teachers responded to a survey that included a scenario depicting another teacher violating standardized testing protocol. Results indicated no differences in reporting intentions across impression management tactics (justification vs. intimidation). However, canonical correlation results indicated that a combination of predictor variables was positively and significantly related to peer-reporting intentions. A perception of participatory culture was the primary contributor to the composite. Communication confidence and policy attitude were moderate contributors.
The Role of Frontogenetical Forcing and Conditional Symmetric Instability in the Midwest Snowstorm of 30–31 January 1982

Abstract On 30-31 January 1982 a modest low pressure system moved through the lower Mississippi Valley into western Tennessee. During this 24-hour period rain changed to snow over central Missouri and Illinois, increasing in intensity over the last 12 hours, In addition, embedded convection took place over east-central Missouri- Illinois including the St. Louis metropolitan area. Overall snow totals were over 25 cm within a narrow band along the edge of the precipitation shield. Frontogenetical forcing together with conditional symmetric instability are discussed as possible physical explanations for the intense precipitation which was not well forecast. It is shown that moderate-strong ascent was part of a thermally direct ageostrophic circulation created by frontogenetical forcing. Frontogenesis is shown both at the surface and aloft to increase in the 12 hour period prior to the heavy precipitation. It is strongest in the low levels and slopes to the west-northwest with height along an advancing cold f...
Abstract 3185: Rapid and efficient methods for preparing rRNA-depleted and directional RNA-Seq libraries from low-input and FFPE RNA samples

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Massively parallel sequencing of cDNA libraries (RNA-Seq) is rapidly becoming the preferred method for transcript profiling, and analysis of novel transcripts, novel isoforms, alternative splice sites, rare transcripts and cSNPs, compared to microarrays. Preparing NGS RNA-Seq libraries typically require first isolating rRNA-depleted RNA or enriching for poly(A)+ mRNA. However, total RNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) patient tissue samples is normally fragmented, making it not suitable for rRNA-depletion using some commercially available kits or poly(A)+ enrichment, which results in a 3′ sequence bias. Here, we present an efficient “single-pass” rRNA-depletion method (Ribo-Zero™ technology) for use with as little as 100 ng total RNA input from either intact or fragmented (e.g., FFPE) RNA samples. Additionally, an improved, more user-friendly version of the ScriptSeq™ RNA-Seq method (ScriptSeq™ v2) is used to rapidly prepare directional (∼99% strandedness) RNA-Seq libraries in about 2.5 hours, in a single-tube workflow, from either the intact or fragmented Ribo-Zero™ treated RNA samples. The ScriptSeq™ method does not require end-polishing, adaptor-ligation, cDNA fragmentation, or gel-size selection. The combined Ribo-Zero™ and ScriptSeq™ workflow is completed in about 5 hours, generating cluster-ready NGS libraries that contain <2 % of reads that map to rRNA sequences (nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded) and ∼98% of reads that map to the genome, while maintaining the representation of coding and non-coding transcripts, independent of polyadenylation. This reduction in rRNA sequence reads improves sequence depth and coverage of mRNA, and increases the percentage of uniquely mapped reads required for transcriptome analysis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3185. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3185
Efficient Bayesian Mechanisms for Collective Goods: Is a Deficit Inevitable?

This paper considers efficient Bayesian mechanisms for the provision of collective goods. We study the impact of excludability and the nature of externalities exhibited by collective goods upon incentives. We demonstrate that if a good is rivalrous only excludability of benefits allows a designer to restrict each agent's payoff enough to achieve efficiency in the limit. The more exclusive a rivalrous good, the smaller is the financial deficit in the mechanism relative to the size of the surplus of the economic activity. In contrast, if a good exhibits positive externalities, excludability is no longer necessary to achieve efficiency in provision.
The Motion Pictures Experts Group digital compression standard and its role in satellite systems

The author discusses the general scope of audio and video compression and what role the Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) standard has played in its development. The MPEG standard began in 1988 as an effort of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to develop a working standard for encoding and decoding compressed digital video. MPEG is also specifically addressed within the context of how it will be used in satellite systems. Texas Instruments' involvement in the digital compression area is described. >
Electrolyte Solutions at Equilibrium

This chapter describes statistical—mechanical tools for the study of ionic solutions at equilibrium. We have attempted to cover those topics which are essential to prospective workers in the field, assuming only that the reader is familiar with the main features of grand ensemble theory, including spatial distribution functions.(1–3)
Gender and friendship: relationships within peer groups of young children

We examined the influences of developing gender segregation on children's friendship maintenance in a longitudinal sample of 40 (17 girls) children who began their peer group experiences as infants. Friendships were behaviorally identified and social interaction was observed and rated six times between average age 16.3 months and average age 49.1 months. The proportion of cross-gender friendships increased with age only when children formed friendships outside of the core group of peers with whom they had begun infant care. Girl-girl and cross-gender friendships were more likely to be maintained than boy-boy friendships. Cross-gender friends tended to be similar in gregariousness in both toddler and preschool periods, similar in hostile aggression as toddlers, and similar in withdrawn behavior as preschoolers. Same-gender friends were not similar in social interaction style. Social skill similarity was generally more important as a basis for friendship in the toddler periods than in the preschool periods. However, cross-gender friends tended to be similar in social skills throughout both the toddler and preschool periods.
Hemodynamic effects of vasopressor agent (metaraminol) on hypotension in dogs produced by endotoxin.

Conclusions and summaryThe early shock produced in the dog by the injection of Gram-negative endotoxin is the result of venous pooling and greatly diminished venous return. Intravenous administration of metar-aminol (Aramine) prevented further pooling. Venous return was effectively increased and the mechanism through which the shock was initiated was therefore counteracted.
Observations on using empirical studies on developing a knowledge-based software engineering tool

There exist a wide variety of techniques for performing empirical studies which researchers in human-computer interaction have adapted from fields of cognitive psychology, sociology and anthropology. An analysis of several of these techniques is presented through an approach that balances empirical study with tool development. The analysis is based on, and illustrated with, a several-year experience of consulting in a scientific software environment and in building an evaluating a prototype knowledge-based tool to capture aspects of that experience. Guidelines for applying specific techniques and cautions about potential pitfalls are discussed. Many additional examples of using the techniques are cited from the literature. >
Cues to Quality in Quantitative Research Papers

In this paper I propose three criteria by which quantitative research manuscripts may be judged: Contribution, Clarity, and Citizenship. A manuscript's scientific contribution is the most critical criterion to consider when assessing its value. Structural clarity refers to the extent to which the manuscript follows journal article reporting standards, whereas content clarity refers to how the research is conveyed in both text and tabular form. Citizenship is evidenced by cues that the study was ethically conducted, honestly reported, and described with enough detail that others may replicate or extend the research. Reading a well-conceptualized and skillfully presented quantitative research article ranks as one of the professional activities that I enjoy most. The primary reason I enjoy reading quantitative research is that despite claims to the con- trary, numbers do not speak for themselves. Rather, through the process of operationalizing concepts so they are measurable, developing hypotheses under the guidance of an appropriate theory, then careful, ethical interpretation and reporting of the resulting analyses, researchers breathe life into the numbers that reflect the actual social, economic, psychological, and other concepts of interest. When this process is executed well, a quantitative research paper offers meaning beyond the otherwise lifeless numbers. But how does one know whether a quantitative research manuscript is con- ceptualized well, skillfully presented, and responsibly completed? For this, we necessarily turn to the experience and judgment of experts in our fields. In the same way that experience and judgment is exercised by the jeweler charged with assessing the quality of a diamond according to its cut, color, carats, and clarity, or the loan officer tasked with assessing a loan applicant's capacity, character, and collateral, Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal (FCSRJ) reviewers and editors assess the quality of each manuscript submitted for pub- lication. Of course, whether assessing diamonds, loans, or research, there are cues that signal the level of quality. With due apologies for forcing a 3-Cs anal- ogy even further, I have categorized those cues to quantitative research quality as: Contribution, Clarity, and Citizenship.
Cervical cancer screening practices among Latino women in Chicago.

Previous studies have determined that Latino women, especially Mexican women, have the lowest rates of cancer-screening practices of any racial and ethnic group in the United States (L. S. Caplan, B. L. Wells, & S. Haynes, 1992; L. C. Harlan, A. B. Bernstein, & L. G. Kessler, 1991). The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify factors associated with irregular Papanicolaou (Pap) screening among Latino women. The convenience sample consisted of 111 Mexican and Puerto Rican women ages 40 and older, recruited through two innercity clinics, located in two major Latino communities in Chicago. The women were interviewed face-to-face by trained bilingual interviewers, using a structured questionnaire. Mexican ethnicity and older age were found to be associated with irregular cervical cancer-screening practices. These results suggest that interventions need to be developed for educating Latino women about the purpose and importance of Pap test-screening practices. Further research is needed to examine other barriers that impede these women from using cervical cancer-screening services.
Hydrogen-Bonded Ribbons, Tapes and Sheets as Motifs for Crystal Engineering

The design of new architectures for the purpose of crystal engineering has generated great interest in recent years. In particular, organic compounds have been the focus of many studies due to the presence of functional groups that can form strong and stable intermolecular interactions. Therefore, recognizing geometry and functionality at the molecular level has relevant implications in the design of supramolecular patterns. These patterns in turn can be translated to physical or chemical properties in a solid. This article is a presentation of compounds that have been designed for the purpose of molecular recognition and crystal engineering. In particular our focus will be directed towards organic structures based on the tape, ribbon, and sheet motifs. Several approaches in the design of functional solids will be presented, emphasizing the use of certain complementary intermolecular interactions for this purpose. It is not our attempt to define all concepts used for crystal engineering, but to present recent advances in this field.
Rapid-Rate Compression Testing of Sheet Materials at High Temperatures

This Report describes the test equipment that was developed and the procedures that were used to evaluate structural sheet-material compression properties at preselected constant strain rates and/or loads. Electrical self-resistance was used to achieve a rapid heating rate of 200 F/sec. Four materials were tested at maximum temperatures which ranged from 600 F for the aluminum alloy to 2000 F for the Ni-Cr-Co iron-base alloy. Tests at 0.1, 0.001, and 0.00001 in./in./sec showed that strain rate has a major effect on the measured strength, especially at the high temperatures. The tests, under conditions of constant temperature and constant compression stress, showed that creep deformation can be a critical factor even when the time involved is on the order of a few seconds or less. The theoretical and practical aspects of rapid-rate compression testing are presented, and suggestions are made regarding possible modifications of the equipment which would improve the over-all capabilities.
Exploring the determinants of pedestrian–vehicle crash severity in New York City

Pedestrian-vehicle crashes remain a major concern in New York City due to high percentage of fatalities. This study develops random parameter logit models for explaining pedestrian injury severity levels of New York City accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in the population and across the boroughs. A log-likelihood ratio test for joint model suitability suggests that separate models for each of the boroughs should be estimated. Among many variables, road characteristics (e.g., number of lanes, grade, light condition, road surface, etc.), traffic attributes (e.g., presence of signal control, type of vehicle, etc.), and land use (e.g., parking facilities, commercial and industrial land use, etc.) are found to be statistically significant in the estimated model. The study also suggests that the set of counter measures should be different for different boroughs in the New York City and the priority ranks of countermeasures should be different as well. Language: en
A p53-dependent G1 checkpoint function is not required for induction of apoptosis by acute choline deficiency in immortalized rat hepatocytes in culture

Abstract Apoptosis is an intrinsic cell program that causes unwanted or damaged cells to commit suicide. It is not well appreciated that nutrients can modulate this significant process. Choline is a nutrient that is crucial for the normal function of all cells, and its absence induces apoptosis. We examined whether p53 or p21 Waf/Cip1 were required for induction of apoptosis by choline deficiency in CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes immortalized with SV40 large T antigen. When grown in a defined, serum-free, choline-sufficient (70 μM) medium, CWSV-1 cells failed to undergo apoptosis in response to γ-irradiation, a well-known p53-dependent trigger of apoptosis. However, primary hepatocytes with an intact p53 gene expressed typical morphologic features of apoptosis and underwent G1 cell cycle arrest in response to γ-irradiation. CWSV-1 cells continued to proliferate following γ-irradiation, which is consistent with the loss of the G1 checkpoint response. These cells also failed to undergo apoptosis in response to cisplatin, whereas the p53-competent primary hepatocytes underwent apoptosis in response to this drug. When maintained for 48 hours in choline-deficient (CD) medium (5 μM choline), CWSV-1 cells exhibited terminal dUTP nucleotide DNA end-labeling assay (TUNEL)-positivity, a DNA ladder typical of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and classical cellular features of apoptosis. CD also induced apoptosis in Hep3B hepatocytes, a p53 deletion-mutant. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that choline deficiency is capable of overcoming a block in the p53 pathway, activating an alternative apoptosis signaling pathway.
Women and Feminism in Technical Communication—An Update:

The purposes of this study are to determine the current status of scholarship published in five major technical communication journals about women and feminism and to identify changes in focus that may have occurred over the last five years. We begin with a discussion of the frequency of publication for articles whose titles have keywords relating to women and feminism. After identifying 21 articles, we consider the thematic patterns in the narrowed corpus. We conclude that scholarly publication about women and feminism in technical communication has moved from a moderate or radical concern for inclusion to a postmodern concern for critique of visual, verbal, and mechanical “technologies,” which previously were not considered political.
AMYLOSE IN FLORIDEAN STARCH

Previous reports, based on studies involving approximately 10 genera of the higher red algae, have concluded that floridean starch is composed of amylopectin only. Our investigations on seven members of the Porphyridiales and a member of the Bangiales (Erythrocladia) have demonstrated conclusively the presence of amylose in red algal starch.
Effects of Cooking Conditions on the Lycopene Content in Tomatoes

ABSTRACT: Raw tomato contains a high level of lycopene, which has been reported to have many important health benefits. However, information on the changes of the lycopene content in tomato during cooking is limited. In this study, the lycopene content in raw and thermally processed (baked, microwaved, and fried) tomato slurries was investigated and analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. In the thermal stability study using a pure lycopene standard, 50% of lycopene was degraded at 100 °C after 60 min, 125 °C after 20 min, and 150 °C after less than 10 min. Only 64.1% and 51.5% lycopene was retained when the tomato slurry was baked at 177 °C and 218 °C for 15 min, respectively. At these temperatures, only 37.3% and 25.1% of lycopene was retained after baking for 45 min. In 1 min of the high power of microwave heating, 64.4% of lycopene still remained. However, more degradation of lycopene in the slurry was found in the frying study. Only 36.6% and 35.5% of lycopene was retained after frying at 145 and 165 °C for 1 min, respectively.
FEINBERG AND THE FAILURE TO ACT

In Chapter 4 of his famous work, Harm to Others, Joel Feinberg, with characteristic clarity and insight, outlined the major problems associated with analyzing the foundations of responsibility for the failure to act. In that chapter he made a number of controversial claims supported by arguments that have generated debate ever since he made them in 1984. His analysis led him to conclude that liability (or responsibility) for the failure to act falls within the moral limits of the criminal law in cases in which a random bystander could easily rescue a seriously imperiled stranger.
Fragmentation chemistry of [M + Cu]+ peptide ions containing an N-terminal arginine.

[M + Cu]+ peptide ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization from direct desorption off a copper sample stage have sufficient internal energy to undergo metastable ion dissociation in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. On the basis of fragmentation chemistry of peptides containing an N-terminal arginine, we propose the primary Cu+ ion binding site is the N-terminal arginine with Cu+ binding to the guanidine group of arginine and the N-terminal amine. The principal decay products of [M + Cu]+ peptide ions containing an N-terminal arginine are [an + Cu − H]+ and [bn + Cu − H]+ fragments. We show evidence to suggest that [an + Cu − H]+ fragment ions are formed by elimination of CO from [bn + Cu − H]+ ions and by direct backbone cleavage. We conclude that Cu+ ionizes the peptide by attaching to the N-terminal arginine residue; however, fragmentation occurs remote from the Cu+ ion attachment site involving metal ion promoted deprotonation to generate a new site of protonation. That is, the fragmentation reactions of [M + Cu]+ ions can be described in terms of a “mobile proton” model. Furthermore, proline residues that are adjacent to the N-terminal arginine do not inhibit formation of [bn + Cu − H]+ ion, whereas proline residues that are distant to the charge carrying arginine inhibit formation of [bn + Cu − H]+ ions. An unusual fragment ion, [cn + Cu + H]+, is also observed for peptides containing lysine, glutamine, or asparagine in close proximity to the Cu+ carrying N-terminal arginine. Mechanisms for formation of this fragment ion are also proposed.
Safety of β-blockers in the acute management of cocaine-associated chest pain

Abstract Background Cocaine is the most commonly abused illegal drug in patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) because of chest pain and accounts for almost 40% of all drug-related visits. It is not known whether all β -blockers (BB) and β 1-selective agents or mixed α 1/ β -adrenergic antagonists ( α 1/ β -BB) are safe in the acute management of cocaine-associated chest pain, due to concerns of unopposed α -receptor activity resulting in coronary artery spasm and hypertensive urgency. Methods Patients who presented to the EDs of 2 large inner city hospitals because of chest pain and who tested positive for cocaine were identified by retrospective chart review. Demographic characteristics, symptoms, vital signs, electrocardiographic abnormalities, medication use, comorbidities, and troponin values were documented. The presence and type of BB used were studied in relation to peak elevation in troponin T and troponin I. Troponin elevation was defined as a troponin I greater than 0.6 ng/mL and troponin T greater than 0.1 ng/mL if serum creatinine was less than 2 mg/dL. Results A total of 378 patients were included in the study; of these, 78% (n = 296) were black; 12% (n = 44), white; and 10% (n = 38), of other race. Twelve percent (n = 46) of the patients had typical chest pain, 22% (n = 84) had coronary artery disease, 56% (n = 213) had hypertension, and 21% (n = 79) had diabetes mellitus. The admission electrocardiogram showed changes (ST elevation, ST depression, or T-wave inversion) in 43% (n = 163) of the patients. β -Blockers were used in 43% (n = 162) of the encounters. Troponin elevation occurred in 11% (n = 42) of patients. There was no difference in the number of patients with troponin rise in the BB and non-BB groups, 22 of 162 vs 20 of 213 ( P = .2). There was no difference in mean peak troponin levels in patients with troponin rise who were treated with BB vs no BB, 6.7 vs 5.7 ng/mL ( P = .6). There was no difference in mean peak troponin levels in patients with troponin rise who were treated with a β 1-selective agents vs a α 1/ β -BB, 7.5 vs 4.1 ng/mL ( P = .4). No cases of hypertensive urgency were identified after taking any BB. Conclusion Troponin rise is not uncommon in patients with cocaine-associated chest pain and occurred in 11% of the patients. In patients with cocaine-associated chest pain, BBs did not appear to change the incidence of troponin rise. β 1-Selective BBs did not appear to worsen troponin levels compared with mixed α 1/ β -BB.
History of Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships

This chapter gives an overview of the historical development of the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) paradigm with a particular emphasis on the past 50 years. Parameters used to formulate various mathematical models are described as originally delineated. Refinement and fine-tuning of these variables as they evolved and were utilized, is also described. They are sequestered according to their electronic, hydrophobic, steric, and molecular orbital properties. Recent emphasis on molecular descriptors in high-throughput screening mandates their inclusion in this chapter. Various QSAR models spanning two-dimensional space to six-dimensional space are described and applied to various chemicobiological systems in isolated receptors, in vitro systems and in vivo systems. The presence of outliers in QSAR is also discussed in this chapter. Validation methods that are pertinent to QSAR model development are also addressed. The development of databases that encapsulate significant data on variables and models that allow for rapid retrieval, usage, and validation of chemical reactions and biological interactions is included in this analysis of QSAR. Keywords: bilinear model; Hammett equation; hydrophobicity; lateral validation; molar refraction; multiregression analysis; partition coefficient; sigma constants
Quandaries in prescribing an emergency action plan and self-injectable epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis in the community

Anaphylaxis often occurs in the community in the absence of a health care professional. Prompt administration of self-injectable epinephrine as first-aid treatment in the context of a personalized emergency action plan is the key to survival. There is little argument that physicians should prescribe self-injectable epinephrine for individuals who have already experienced anaphylaxis involving respiratory distress or shock triggered by allergens that might be encountered in the community. A quandary faced by physicians is that additional individuals with identified allergy who have no recognized prior history of anaphylaxis or who have a history of mild symptoms after exposure to a known trigger might also be at risk for subsequent life-threatening anaphylaxis and might also warrant prescription of self-injectable epinephrine. Prescribing for the latter individuals requires considerable clinical judgment and has led to controversy regarding possible overprescription or underprescription of self-injectable epinephrine. A second quandary for physicians occurs with regard to the advice they should give to at-risk individuals about actual use of their self-injectable epinephrine. It is difficult for health care professionals, let alone persons with no health care training, to predict whether anaphylaxis symptoms will occur in an at-risk individual after exposure to a known trigger. Moreover, at the onset of an acute allergic reaction, it is difficult to predict the symptoms that will ultimately develop. We examine these 2 common quandaries and provide examples of clinical scenarios and potential pitfalls in the management of persons identified as being at risk for anaphylaxis in the community. Additional studies of the recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis in the community are needed to develop comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for its management in this setting.
Iodine stabilized dye laser system for traceable calibration of secondary wavelength standard HeNe lasers

A dye laser system tuneable from 540 nm to 670 nm and stabilized to reference iodine saturated absorption resonances is described. The current system allows traceable calibration of a number of visible and near IR HeNe reference frequencies. Evaluation of the system's stability and accuracy were obtained via a heterodyne intercomparison with a NRC 633 nm iodine stabilized HeNe laser.
Organizing Around Transaction Costs: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here?

Transaction cost economics has long been a key perspective on the organization of economic activity. Over the past three decades, numerous studies have examined transaction cost economics' assertion that the costs surrounding exchanges, called transaction costs, direct managers' decisions about whether to organize activities via market, hybrid, or hierarchy, and whether organizing this way enhances performance. By aggregating the results of 143 studies via meta-analysis, we take a step toward better understanding the extent to which transaction cost economics' core predictions are supported and whether more recent theoretical developments shed additional light on organizing decisions. Our results reveal that transaction cost economics explains organizing decisions and resulting performance, but the size of the effects reveals that there is still much to learn. Overall, our findings suggest that transaction cost economics must be augmented with other perspectives to explain how firms organize economic acti...
Fecal steroid hormone analysis as an indicator of reproductive function in the cheetah

Techniques were developed and validated to measure fecal estrogen and progesterone concentrations of the female cheetah. Fecal samples were collected from seven mature females. Cheetahs were monitored before mating and continued until parturition. Four females had normal pregnancies, one conceived but the pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion, one was mated but apparently did not conceive and one was treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce follicular growth and ovulation. Vaginal superficial cells increased with increasing estrogen concentrations. Peak estrogen occurred one day postcopulation. Increases in fecal progesterone concentrations, indicative of ovulation, occurred after copulation and hormonally induced ovulation. For the first time reproductive function can be monitored in the cheetah using noninvasive sample collection. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Surgical management of dog bites in a neonate

Objective – To describe a rare case of a very young female infant who suffered life threatening injuries by the family owned pet dog because she was ravaged at 10 days of life. Case report – The clinical conditions and vital signs of the infant on admission were stable. The buccal tissue presented multiple lacerations and the oral cavity was obstructed by multiple blood clots. Plastic surgery reconstruction was undertaken according to functional and aesthetic requirements. Antibiotic prophylaxis, tetanus vaccine and specific immunoglobulin were administered to the baby. Wound healing was excellent, despite contaminated wounds. Early and long term results of the intervention of reconstructive surgery are shown. We also review the literature to understand the background of this unexpected accident and its possible prevention. Conclusions – In children injuries by dog bites can be life-threatening, often imply aesthetic problems, as they involve mostly the neck and the head, and require medical and challenging surgical treatments. Despite the fact that infections do not occur frequently, in neonates, because of the lack of an efficient immune response, it is highly recommendable to start antibiotics and perform tetanus immunization together with the administration of specific immunoglobulins.
Row width, population density, and harvest date effects on marketable yield of table beet

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Beta vulgaris, root size, stand establishment, plant spacing SUMMARY. To maximize the yield of desirable grades of beet roots for processing, ‘Ruby Queen’ beet (Beta vulgaris) plants were grown at four row widths (18, 20, 22, and 24 inches) and two population densities (25 and 35 plants/ft) within the row in 2006. A third density (15 plants/ft) was added to the 18- and 20-inch row-width treatments in 2007. Beet plants were hand harvested 80, 100, and 120 days after planting, and the roots were graded by size and were weighed. A large number of seedlings died between the time of the initial stand counts 14 to 20 days after planting and the first harvest. Greater seedling loss at higher plant densities within rows was attributed in part to an increased incidence of wirestem disease (Rhizoctonia solani). The percentage of seedlings that produced marketable roots was less at higher seeding rates even though there were more total roots. Harvest date and plant population significantly affected root size and yield, whereas row width had no effect. High seeding rates and fewer days to harvest significantly increased the yield of undersize ( 2 1/2 inches in diameter). The highest yield of premium size 1 roots (3/4 inch to <1 5/8 inches in diameter) was obtained with the 35 plants/ft population. While the number of size 1 roots did not increase over the harvest period, the fresh weight per foot of row was significantly higher at 100 or 120 days compared with 80 days. In contrast, the number and fresh weight of larger size 2 roots (1 5/8 to <2 1/2 inches in diameter)/ft of row was highest at 25 plants/ft and did increase with number of days to harvest. The highest marketable yield (sizes 1 and 2 roots) increased significantly with number of days to harvest and was 1.6 to 1.8 tons/acre higher with 25 plants/ft compared with 35 plants/ft. High seeding rates and narrower row spacing increased the cost of seeds per acre and the risk for wirestem and other beet diseases, but did not improve yields in this study.
Changing Income Inequality in OECD Countries: Updated Results from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)

The purpose of this study is to update the results first presented in 1995 in the OECD Monograph, “Income Distribution in OECD Countries: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study” by Atkinson, Rainwater, and Smeeding (1995). Though only five years have passed since the publication of this volume, we are now able to compare the level of disposable income inequality across 20 nations, including Germany, in three separate periods using US. Moreover, we are now able to use several sets of national data to assess the changes in inequality that have taken place in recent years. The brief results are that the ranking of nations by the level of inequality at a point in time are more or less the same regardless of the year of comparison from roughly 1980-1997. But large changes in the distribution of income have taken place within many nations, with most finding a higher level of inequality in the mid-to-late 1990s than in the 1980s, and with Western Germany being no exception. Inequality, however, has not risen in Denmark or in Canada over this period, while its rise has slowed in several nations. This suggests that rising economic inequality is not inevitable. Strategies for improving these estimates are also discussed.
Cross-lingual Discourse Relation Analysis: A corpus study and a semi-supervised classification system

We present a cross-lingual discourse relation analysis based on a parallel corpus with discourse information available only for one language. First, we conduct a corpus study to explore differences in discourse organization between Chinese and English, including differences in information packaging, implicit/explicit discourse expression divergence, and discourse connective ambiguities. Second, we introduce a novel approach to learning to recognize discourse relations, using the parallel corpus instead of discourse annotation in the language of interest. Our resulting semi-supervised system reaches state-of-art performance on the task of discourse relation detection, and outperforms a supervised system on discourse relation classification.
The Influence of Height of Exposure of Virgin Female Japanese Beetles on Captures of Males

Ellisco® traps baited with virgin female Popillia japonica Newman exposed 11 inches above ground captured significantly more male beetles during the summer of 1970 in Monroe County, Tenn., than those exposed 44 inches above ground. However, femalebaited traps captured 11 and 7 times as many male beetles with the low and high exposure, respectively, as standard traps baited with phenethyl propionate + eugenol (7:3). When virgin female beetles were similarly exposed at heights of 0, 11,22, and 44 inches in Burlington County, N. J., those exposed at 11 inches captured significantly greater numbers of males.
MBE Growth and Properties of Fe Films on Lattice-Matched InxGa1−xAs Films

We report the growth and magnetic properties of epitaxial Fe films, prepared by MBE on films of GaAs and In0.2Ga0.8As, on GaAs (100) substrates. We find that the magnetic properties of the Fe films, which are in the thickness range 300–900A have virtually no dependence on the nature of the buffer film between the GaAs substrate and the Fe film. In terms of FMR linewidth, 4πMs and anisotropy, the Fe films are of the highest quality yet reported. Values of exchange constant and surface anisotropies were derived from an analysis of spinwaves observed in the thickest films.