cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A succinct conceptualization of the foundations for a network organization paradigm

The paper concisely proposes a distinguishing paradigm to study a very large, collective group of agents that is called Network Organization. We will formally define and substantially evaluate this paradigm for self-governing agents, in which the state value function changes dynamically, and describe its salient properties.
Gender, Race, and Un/Governability: Mothers, Militance, and the Politics of Disturbance in the U.S. Welfare Rights Movement

Dissident citizens (Sparks 1997) who deliberately disturb the political 'peace' frequently confront powerful charges of antidemocratic disruption and disloyalty that invoke the specter of ungovernability and a wholesale slide into frightening political chaos. These charges can be directed at dissidents on the left (anti-war activists post 9/11) or on the right (Tea Party activists during the health care debates). Although a few contemporary democratic theorists have contested the assumptions animating charges of dissident disloyalty in the U.S. context (e.g., Brown 2005, Berlant 2005), little of this democratic theory work attends to how articulations of loyalty and un/governability also regularly invoke gender, race, and especially discourses of heteronormativity (Cohen 1997, Puar 2007). This paper theorizes these oversights via a case study of the U.S. welfare rights movement from 1966-1974 in which welfare mothers' militant "hell-raising" tactics collided with public heteronormative norms of dissent. This paper thus genealogizes the way heteronormativity continues to serve as a proxy for governability in the U.S. today in ways that the Right suspects but has not clearly articulated and that the Left ignores at its peril.
Membrane cholesterol alters gallbladder muscle contractility in prairie dogs

The cause and effect relationship between membrane cholesterol and gallbladder muscle contractility was examined by altering membrane cholesterol to phospholipid mole ratio using cholesterol-rich or cholesterol-free liposomes. Gallbladder single muscle cells, from prairie dogs that were fed either a regular or high-cholesterol (1.2%) diet, were isolated enzymatically with collagenase. Plasma membranes of gallbladder muscle were purified in sucrose gradient. Cholesterol was measured using the cholesterol oxidase method. Phospholipids were measured with the method of G.R. Bartlett (J. Biol. Chem. 234: 466-468, 1959). The results of this experiment are 1) after high-cholesterol feeding, cholesterol contents and cholesterol/ phospholipid mole ratio in plasma membranes of gallbladder muscle increased 90%, and muscle cell contraction in response to cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased 58%; 2) similar changes were observed when normal gallbladder muscle cells were incubated with cholesterol-rich liposomes for 2 h; and 3) the changes induced either in vivo or in vitro were reversed when muscle cells were subsequently incubated with cholesterol-free liposomes for 2-6 h. We conclude that gallbladder muscle may incorporate excess cholesterol into its plasma membrane when exposed to a cholesterol-rich environment, that excess membrane cholesterol impairs muscle contractility, and that these changes appear to be reversible.
Performance of domestic dogs on an olfactory discrimination of a homologous series of alcohols

Abstract Dogs are deployed for the detection of a wide variety of chemical stimuli. Despite their wide use, little basic research has explored canine olfactory generalization and discrimination. In the present study, we assessed canine odor discrimination amongst a series of chemically-related aliphatic alcohols. Domestic dogs were trained to discriminate 1-pentanol from air in a two-choice operant discrimination procedure until reaching an 85% accuracy criterion. In a series of transfer tasks, we assessed dogs’ generalization and discrimination between related odorants by replacing the S− stimulus with an alcohol related to pentanol, differing only in the length of the carbon chain. Dogs showed an increase in discrimination performance with an increase in the difference in the number of carbon atoms between pentanol and the comparison alcohol (p
Assessing Hypersonic Boundary Layer Stability in the Presence of Panel Scale Protuberances

Accurate prediction of the boundary layer transition location is essential to the design and development of hypersonic vehicles since turbulent heat transfer rates increase by a factor of 3 to 8 relative to laminar flow. While recent research has focused on this need, there is only limited understanding in the interaction between hypersonic boundary layer transition and thermo-structural compliance. However, this is a critical problem of consideration due to the strong desire for light-weight, hot-structure based platforms that could significantly improve the responsiveness and serviceability of high-speed platforms. The authors previously performed a preliminary investigation into this problem, by considering representative thermo-structural responses of a thin-gauge metallic panel in a hypersonic boundary layer stability analysis based on both linear stability theory and solution to the linearized parabolized stability equations. This paper represents an expanded study of the problem through consideration of a broader range of surface compliance and operations conditions. Specifically, the results identify the impact of 1) the combined effect of Mach number and altitude, 2) panel deformation mode shape, 3) wall temperature, and 4) structural boundary conditions on boundary layer stability. The chosen conditions are based on previous research in the open literature on fluid-thermal-structural interactions. The broad set of results provide important insight into the conditions where thermo-mechanical compliance can promote, or even possibly delay, hypersonic boundary layer transition.
Severe Localized Destruction of the Periodontium Secondary to Subgingival Displacement of an Elastic Band

A seven-year-old male with localized severe periodontal destruction at the maxillary central incisior region presented for treatment. There was a history of acute trauma, but local factors were inconsistent with the clinical picture. Initial treatment consisting of palliative nonsurgical debridement coupled with systemic tetracycline resulted in a more chronic lesion with progressive bone loss. Surgical entry revealed an elastic band close to the apices of the central incisors. Removal of the etiologic agent has resulted in increased radiographic bone density and decreased probing depths. Periodontal lesions induced by elastic bands are difficult to diagnose but have several features in common that may aid in rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Accounting for environmental variability, modeling errors, and parameter estimation uncertainties in structural identification

Abstract This paper presents a Hierarchical Bayesian model updating framework to account for the effects of ambient temperature and excitation amplitude. The proposed approach is applied for model calibration, response prediction and damage identification of a footbridge under changing environmental/ambient conditions. The concrete Young׳s modulus of the footbridge deck is the considered updating structural parameter with its mean and variance modeled as functions of temperature and excitation amplitude. The identified modal parameters over 27 months of continuous monitoring of the footbridge are used to calibrate the updating parameters. One of the objectives of this study is to show that by increasing the levels of information in the updating process, the posterior variation of the updating structural parameter (concrete Young׳s modulus) is reduced. To this end, the calibration is performed at three information levels using (1) the identified modal parameters, (2) modal parameters and ambient temperatures, and (3) modal parameters, ambient temperatures, and excitation amplitudes. The calibrated model is then validated by comparing the model-predicted natural frequencies and those identified from measured data after deliberate change to the structural mass. It is shown that accounting for modeling error uncertainties is crucial for reliable response prediction, and accounting only the estimated variability of the updating structural parameter is not sufficient for accurate response predictions. Finally, the calibrated model is used for damage identification of the footbridge.
Psychiatric considerations in the sexual reassignment of non-intersex individuals.

Only clearly identified and long observed eonists should be considered for surgery. Because of the underlying conflict regarding gender and sexual roles even in the eonist, surgery must be clearly recognized as palliative rather than curative.
Fatality and Severity of Firearm Injuries in a Denver Trauma Center, 2000-2013

This study uses trauma center registry data to describe the severity and mortality of gunshot wounds seen at a Colorado trauma center and its catchment area between 2000 and 2013.
TH-AB-BRA-06: MOSFET-Based Dosimetry in An MR Image-Guided Radiation Therapy System: Comparison with and Without a Static 0.3T Magnetic Field

Purpose: To compare depth-dose and surface-dose measurements without and with the magnetic field in a 0.3T MR image-guided Co-60 treatment unit using MOSFET dosimeters. Methods: MOSFET dosimeters (Best Medical Canada, model TN-502RDH-10) were placed in a solid water phantom at 5cm depth with 8cm backscatter (with the MOSFET wires in different orientations to the couch long axis) and also on the surface of an 8cm solid water phantom. The phantoms were placed in an MR image-guided Co-60 treatment machine at an SAD of 105cm to the MOSFETs. Dose measurements were performed between 50 and 200cGy at 5cm depth in a 10.5cm × 10.5cm radiation field without the magnetic field (during a machine maintenance period) and with the nominal magnetic field of 0.3T. The dose linearity was measured at 5cm depth with an orthogonal field and the angular dose dependence was measured on the surface with an orthogonal field and oblique fields at +60 degrees and −60 degrees. Results: The measured MOSFET readings at 5cm depth were linear with dose with slopes of (2.97 +/− 0.01) mV/cGy and (3.01 +/− 0.02) mV/cGy without and with the magnetic field, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found. The surface dose measurements, however, were lower by 6.4% for the AP field (2.3 σ) with magnetic field, 4.9% for the −60 degree field (1.4 σ), and 0.4% different for the +60 degree field (0.2 σ). Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference in the dose at depth without and with the magnetic field and different orientations of the MOSFET wires. There is a statistically significant difference for the surface dose due to the influence of the magnetic field on secondary electrons from head-scatter and the build-up region in certain field orientations. Clinical surface-dose dosimetry in a magnetic field should apply asymmetric angle-dependent corrections.
Abstract B47: Disparities in stomach cancer characteristics and survival among Hispanics in California

Among US Hispanics, stomach cancer has incidence and mortality rates that are more than double the rates observed among non-Hispanic white (NHW) individuals, for both men and women. Disparities in the incidence rates by stomach anatomic subsites have been reported between Hispanics and NHW, suggesting differences in the prevalence of various risk factors between these two populations. Moreover, the decline in mortality due to stomach cancer among Hispanics has been reported to be smaller than among other ethnic groups. Given the heterogeneity among US Hispanics, analyses of cancer clinical characteristics and survival patterns among the major Hispanic subgroups are warranted. We investigated the frequency of demographic and clinical characteristics of stomach cancer patients and survival rates of Hispanics living in California taking into account subgroups defined by the following country or regions of origin: Mexico, Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic), South or Central America, and “other”, which includes Hispanics of no identified origin. Using data from the California Cancer Registry (CCR), we identified 8,268 invasive stomach cancer cases diagnosed during 2000-2010 and defined as Hispanic according to the NAACCR Hispanic Identification Algorithm (NHIA). We identified country of origin using information from NHIA registry variables ‘birthplace’ and ‘Spanish origin’, and also searched Death Records to identify cases of Hispanic origin, for a total of 4,891 cases (59%) of Mexican origin, 1,384 cases (17%) of South or Central American origin, 257 cases (3%) of Caribbean origin, and 1,736 cases (21%) of other/no identified origin. We also included 12,997 NHW for comparisons. Overall, the frequencies of stomach cancer by anatomical subsites were statistically significantly different between Hispanics and NWH for both males and females (p Hazard ratios from Cox regression models adjusted for age, gender, SES, nativity, stage, anatomical subsite, and type of treatment received, using data from 2004-2010, showed that being of Mexican origin is associated with greater risk of cancer death compared to being NHW (HR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.2-1.4; p Our findings highlight the importance of taking into account the heterogeneity within the Hispanic population when studying cancer patterns, as this may help understand cancer determinants and clinical characteristic in this minority population. Citation Format: Mariana C. Stern, Afsaneh Barzi, JuanJuan Zhang, Dennis Deapen, Lihua Liu. Disparities in stomach cancer characteristics and survival among Hispanics in California. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B47. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-B47
Association of Age, Systolic Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate with Adult Morbidity and Mortality after Urgent Care Visits.

Introduction Little data exists to help urgent care (UC) clinicians predict morbidity and mortality risk. Age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) are easily obtainable and have been used in other settings to predict short-term risk of deterioration. We hypothesized that there is a relationship between advancing age, SBP, HR, and short-term health outcomes in the UC setting.
Toward speculative data: “Geographic information” for situated knowledges, vibrant matter, and relational spaces

This essay offers paths for scholars influenced by the critical social sciences and theoretical humanities to contribute to the construction of concepts and digital practices of “data” that will al...
Toward a Designable Extracellular Matrix: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of an Engineered Laminin-Mimetic, Elastin-Like Fusion Protein

Native extracellular matrices (ECMs) exhibit networks of molecular interactions between specific matrix proteins and other tissue components. Guided by these naturally self-assembling supramolecular systems, we have designed a matrix-derived protein chimera that contains a laminin globular-like (LG) domain fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). This bipartite design offers a flexible protein engineering platform: (i) laminin is a key multifunctional component of the ECM in human brains and other neural tissues, making it an ideal bioactive component of our fusion, and (ii) ELPs, known to be well-tolerated in vivo, provide a self-assembly scaffold with tunable physicochemical (viscoelastic, thermoresponsive) properties. Experimental characterization of novel proteins is resource-intensive, and examining many conceivable designs would be a formidable challenge in the laboratory. Computational approaches offer a way forward: molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be used to analyze the structural/physi...
“I’m not a businessman, I’m a business, man”: Typing the neoliberal self into a branded existence

This article discusses personal branding, a performance genre that many job seekers in the United States are told to master in order to get a job. I discuss the specific techniques you are supposed to use to brand yourself, some of the origins of these techniques, and the reasons why people find it challenging to put these techniques into practice. I analyze the self that personal branding assumes everyone should be able to present to others by deploying a set of semiotic practices meant to create the impression of a coherent authentic self. Personal branding is treated as a lens into some lived dilemmas that emerge when one tries to put a model of a neoliberal self into practice, with special attention drawn to the tension between flexibility and legibility.
A Clinical Prediction Score to Guide Referral of Elderly Dialysis Patients for Kidney Transplant Evaluation.

Introduction Dialysis patients aged ≥70 years derive improved life expectancy through kidney transplantation compared with their waitlisted counterparts, but guidelines are not clear about how to identify appropriate transplantation candidates. We developed a clinical prediction score to identify elderly dialysis patients with expected 5-year survival appropriate for kidney transplantation (>5 years). Methods Incident dialysis patients in 2006–2009 aged ≥70 were identified from the United States Renal Data System database and divided into derivation and validation cohorts. Using the derivation cohort, candidate variables with a significant crude association with 5-year all-cause mortality were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to generate a scoring system. The scoring system was tested in the validation cohort and a cohort of elderly transplant recipients. Results Characteristics most predictive of 5-year mortality included age >80, body mass index 90% for the highest risk cohort (42% of the validation cohort). Discussion This clinical prediction score could be useful for physicians to identify potentially suitable candidates for kidney transplantation.
Predicting Risk of Suicide Attempts Over Time Through Machine Learning

Traditional approaches to the prediction of suicide attempts have limited the accuracy and scale of risk detection for these dangerous behaviors. We sought to overcome these limitations by applying...
Analyzing and Quantifying the Effect of $k$ -Line Failures in Power Grids

Contingency analysis in power grids is one of the most effective ways to improve grids’ resilience against failures. The main goal of contingency analysis is to detect probable failures in the grid that result in a critical state and deploy preventive measures to avoid such a state. Due to the large number of possibilities, however, high-order contingency analysis is computationally expensive and not fully deployed. In order to circumvent this issue, we analytically compute the redistribution of power flows following a $k$ -line failure (i.e., failures in $k$ distinct lines) using the dc power flow model and based on that introduce the disturbance value of a $k$ -line failure. We show that this value can be efficiently computed in $O(1)$ for any set of line failures independent of the size of the grid and can be effectively used to filter out noncritical contingencies. The disturbance value can, therefore, significantly reduce the time complexity of contingency analysis by revealing contingencies that are vital for more in depth analysis and pave the way for the deployment of high-order contingency analysis in power grids.
Gendered geographies in Puerto Rican culture: spaces, sexualities, solidarities

Traditionally, Puerto Rican culture has portrayed the nation through the symbolic representation of the family home. This interpretation upholds the ideal of a patriarchal family where whiteness, C...
Brain Phosphatidylcholine Pools as Possible Sources of Free Choline for Acetylcholine Synthesis

Choline in cholinergic neurons has two fates: it is a constituent of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and other phospholipids (sphingomyelin, choline plasmalogens, lysophosphatidylcholine) and is used as a precursor for synthesis of a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh). The pool of PC in the brain (about 16 µmol/g tissue) is several orders of magnitude larger than the pools of free choline and ACh. A number of experimental observations support the hypothesis that at least a portion of this lipid-bound choline can provide free choline for ACh formation. Firstly, more choline molecules leave the brain than enter it (i.e., there is a negative arteriovenous difference) (Dross & Kewitz, 1972; Aquilonius et al., 1975; Choi et al., 1975; Spanner et al., 1976), even though lipid-bound circulating PC apparently does not enter the brain (Pardridge et al., 1979), indicating that brain cells both produce choline-containing compounds (like PC) de novo, and liberate free choline from these larger molecules. Secondly, when labelled choline was infused intravenously into rats, specific radioactivities of free choline in the brain were found to be lower than those in the blood or liver, suggesting that unlabelled choline, produced within the brain, was diluting the material taken up from the blood (Choi et al., 1975; Kewitz & Pleul, 1976; Spanner et al., 1976). Thirdly, consumption of a choline-deficient diet had no effect on the striatal levels of choline and ACh in rats, even though blood choline concentrations were markedly decreased (Millington & Wurtman, 1982).
Cosmic ray antiprotons 5-12 GeV

Secondary antiprotons are a potentially interesting probe of cosmic ray propagation because their production cross section is strongly energy-dependent, increasing by more than two orders of magnitude between 10 and 1000 GeV/c. This is quite unlike the case for fragmentation cross sections of complex nuclei, which are virtually constant with energy. Moreover, the \( \overline p \) flux depends primarily on the environment seen by protons which need not be identical to that probed by other nuclei.
Precipitation in Fe-Cu and Fe-Cu-Mn model alloys under irradiation: Dose rate effects

Abstract Irradiation effects are studied using accelerated-damage experiments in test reactors and charged-particle accelerator facilities. Neutrons and ions create vacancy and self-interstitial defects, in dose unit of displacements per atom (dpa). It is important to understand the effects of irradiation dose rate on microstructural evolution processes, including irradiation enhanced precipitation, to properly interpret results from experiments using accelerated-damage experiments. Here we report on precipitation in Fe-Cu and Fe-Cu-Mn model alloys irradiated at dose rates ranging from ∼10−10 dpa/s (neutrons) to ∼10−5 dpa/s (70 MeV Fe ions). Atom probe tomography, small angle neutron scattering, and rate theory models show that precipitation is affected by both dose rate and alloy composition. Higher dose rates: 1) decrease the efficiency of radiation enhanced diffusion, due to increased vacancy-self interstitial recombination; and, 2) increase the rate of ballistic mixing that partly dissolves the precipitate constituents. The key parameter is the rate of ballistic mixing relative to the rate that solutes are reacquired by diffusion. The Mn in the ternary alloy traps vacancies and enhances recombination, leading to very different precipitate evolution kinetics.
The Function of the Maize CRINKLY4 Receptor-like Kinase in a Growth Factor Like Signaling System

One of the key questions in developmental biology is how cell fates are decided. In animal systems, complex signaling systems are often involved in establishing the cellular pattern of tissues. Much less is known about how cellular pattern and cell fates are established in plant systems. Studies have shown that, in general, cell fate is determined by position rather than by lineage (Dawe and Freeling 1991, Irish 1991). This implies that plant cells also signal one another during development to organize the differentiation of various cell types in the appropriate pattern for a given tissue. Recent evidence for the importance of receptor protein kinases in plant development support this (Becraft 1998). The maize aleurone provides an excellent system for studying plant cell fate acquisition; it is a simple system, with only a single cell fate decision between aleurone and starchy endosperm. Also, the genetically controlled anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone provides a visible marker that allows convenient screening for mutants disrupted in aleurone formation.
X-Ray Diffraction Determination of The Coefficients of Expansion of Alpha Uranium

The unit cell dimensions of orthorhombic uranium have been determined over the temperature range —253° to 640°C. Above room temperature (27°C), these data were found to fit the equations at = a27 [1 + 17.2 × 10-6 (t —27) + 30.8 × 10-9 (t — 27)2] bt = b27[1 — 9.2 × 10-6 (t —27) + 40.4 × 10-9 (t —27) 2 — 67.5 × 10-12 (t —27)3] ct = c27[1+25.1 × 10-6 (t —27) — 21.3 × 10-9 (t —27)2 + 57.5 × 10-12 (t —27)3]. Mean coefficients were computed. Over the range —253° to 100°C, these were compared with dilatometer data.
Engaging Youth in a New Kind of Advocacy

> We are pleased to publish the top 2 submissions from the second annual Section on Pediatric Trainees advocacy essay competition in the November and December issues of Pediatrics. This year’s competition asked participants to consider how we as pediatricians could best advocate for access to quality care for all children. The winning submission by Dr. Michael Mattiucci took this prompt a step further, exploring how we can empower children and their families to be their own best health care advocates. Drawing on earlier, transformative experiences in a small village in Haiti for inspiration, where youth-led initiatives were critical in helping to combat a cholera outbreak, Mattiucci argues that to have the most far-reaching impact, we must move beyond the traditional model of advocating on behalf of patients and instead adopt a more collaborative approach by advocating together with them. By partnering with our patients and their families to build a network of committed advocates, we can help to bring about meaningful and sustainable change. I felt awful, just sitting there with the unrelenting drumming of rain on the tin roof above me. I had just hiked with a small team through the mountainous Haitian countryside to reach a remote village. We were a group of college students researching the cholera outbreak that occurred after the 2010 earthquake, and we had come to this village because it was especially affected by the disease. Soon after we arrived, it began to storm, stranding us inside a small hut on a muddy mountainside. As the rain continued for hours, I began to feel a deep sense of helplessness. I could almost see the bacteria in the water, spreading, crippling the … Address correspondence to Michael J. Mattiucci, MD, MPH, University of Colorado Pediatric Residency Program, 13123 E. 16th Ave, B158, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: michael.mattiucci{at}childrenscolorado.org
Factor Validation of the Staff Perceptions of Behavior and Discipline (SPBD) Survey.

The implementation of schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS) requires a shift from a reliance on reactionary discipline to prevention-oriented supports, and it requires th...
A general formulation for multi-modal dynamic traffic assignment considering multi-class vehicles, public transit and parking

Abstract Travel behavior and travel cost in modern urban transportation systems are impacted by many aspects including heterogeneous traffic (private cars, freight trucks, buses, etc.) on roads, parking availability near destinations, and travel modes available in the network, such as solo-driving, carpooling, ride-hailing, public transit, and park-and-ride. Managing such a complex multi-modal system requires a holistic modeling framework of transportation network flow in terms of both passenger flow and vehicular flow. In this paper, we formulate and solve for spatio-temporal passenger and vehicular flows in a general multi-modal network explicitly considering multi-class vehicles, parking facilities, and various travel modes. Vehicular flows, namely cars, trucks, and buses, are integrated into a holistic dynamic network loading (DNL) model. Travel behavior of passenger demand on modes and routes choices is encapsulated by a multi-layer nested logit model. We formulate the multi-modal dynamic user equilibrium (MMDUE) that can be cast into a Variational Inequality (VI) problem. A simple flow solution performed at the origin-destination level and based on the gradient projection is derived from the KKT conditions and shown to efficiently solve for the VI problem on large-scale networks. Numerical experiments are conducted on a multi-modal network in the Pittsburgh region along with sensitivity analysis with respect to demand and management strategies. We show that many factors including the total passenger demand, parking prices, transit fare, and ride-sharing impedance can effectively impact the system performance and individual user costs. Experiments on a large-scale multi-modal network in Fresno, California also show our model and solution algorithm have satisfactory convergence performance and computational efficiency.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) and WMD Proliferation

Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology is a rising industry with applications that traverse all sectors of the economy. A variety of users can use 3D printing commercially or recreationally to make objects in plastic and metal, thus it has caused concern among the nuclear proliferation community in its dual-use capability to help acquisition by non-weapons states or non-state actors. Despite the concern, current AM capabilities give little cause for alarm. What AM possesses in flexibility, it lacks in depth; AM has limitations in size, material strength, and cost of objects compared to traditional manufacturing methods. Spread of sensitive nuclear technologies is not possible with the technology in the near future. Delivery systems are more worrisome yet their actualization probability remains low. The United States and international community should work together to continually examine AM capabilities in the near term and begin to update export control mechanisms, re-examine signatures of proliferation for the intelligence community, and promote collaborative efforts between the AM technical community and the public sector to alert of disruptive ability of the technology.
Antifungal activity of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana tar on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis, the cause of Bayoud disease of the date palm in Southwest Algeria

Bayoud caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis (Foa), is the most destructive disease of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Morocco and Algeria and there is no effective control strategy. We found that although Foa isolates vary morphologically, Foa strains can be identified by species-specific primers. PCR analysis revealed that the strains that we isolated from infected date palm rachis were the Bayoud pathogen Foa. We used these strains to evaluate the antifungal activity of tar extracted from Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana. The A. raddiana tar had a density of 1.15, a refraction index of 1.3850, a pH of 5.2 and a dried matter ratio of 48.75%. The A. raddiana tar effectively inhibited the growth of Foa in vitro with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3 µg/ml.
The other within: Agency and resistance under conditions of exclusion:

This essay puts in conversation some of Seyla Benhabib’s insights about exiled, stateless and migrant populations with ongoing discussions in critical race theory about the racial exclusions of ind...
Millennial-scale increase in winter precipitation in the southern Rocky Mountains during the Common Era

We employed the modern analog technique to quantitatively reconstruct temperature and precipitation over the past 2500 yr based on fossil pollen records from six high-elevation lakes in northern Colorado. Reconstructed annual temperatures for the study area did not deviate significantly from modern over the past 2500 yr despite hemispheric expressions of Medieval Climate Anomaly warmth and Little Ice Age cooling. Annual precipitation, however, shifted from lower than modern rates from 2500 to 1000 cal yr BP to higher than modern rates after 1000 cal yr BP, a greater than 100 mm increase in precipitation. Winter precipitation accounts for the majority of the change in annual precipitation, while summer precipitation rates did not change significantly over the past 2500 yr. The large change in winter precipitation rates from the first to second millennium of the Common Era is inferred from a shift in fossil pollen assemblages dominated by subalpine conifers, which have southern sites as modern analogs, to assemblages representing open subalpine vegetation with abundant Artemisia spp. (sagebrush), which have more northern modern analogs. The change helps to explain regional increases in lake levels and shifts in some isotopic and tree-ring data sets, highlighting the risk of large reductions in snowpack and water supplies in the Intermountain West.
Development of Tetraarylphosphonium/Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (TAPR/TFAB) salts as non-aqueous electrolytes for organic redox flow batteries

A series of weakly coordinating cations/anions (TAPR/TFAB) ion pairs are, herein, being proposed as non-aqueous electrolytes for high capacity ORFBs. These were accessed via a Palladiumcatalyzed approach followed by the simple filtration/isolation of the product. These substituted tetraarylphosphonium/tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate salts 1-4 where the substituents are a pmethoxy (1), a 3,4-dimethoxy (2), a p-phenyl (3), and a p-trimethylsilylacetylene (TMSA) (4) have potential use in several industries owing to their unique solubility in low polarity solvents. These salts constitute a new class of molecular ion pairs which can promote charge dissociation even in low polarity solvents because of their large size and bulkiness. The result being an increased conductivity in those media that can be useful for electrochemistry, advances in catalysis, battery technology, petroleum handling etc. This work supports the national security goal of fostering the development of affordable, clean and renewable energy source and storage.
Cognitive and Behavioral Functioning in Hearing-Impaired Children with and without Language Delay:

Poor language development in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) may be related to an auditory deficit and/or other neurologic condition that influences the ability to communicate. A retrospective chart review of children (mean age = 4.0 years) with congenital, bilateral SNHL was performed to assess for linguistic and nonlinguistic neurodevelopmental differences between those who were language-impaired (LI) versus non-language-impaired (NLI). Language, neurodevelopmental functioning, and behavior were assessed. Twenty-two patients were identified: 12 were LI and 10 were NLI. Average pure-tone thresholds and nonverbal intelligence were not different between the language groups, but the LI group demonstrated significantly lower median overall adaptive skills, personal living skills, and motor skills. Behavioral dysregulation was significantly higher in the LI versus NLI group (58% vs 10%; P = .031), although the median neurodevelopmental scores did not differ significantly. These findings introduce the possibility that nonlinguistic processing deficit(s) may be confounding the ability to develop language.
Trajectory Reduced-Order Modeling Using Indirect Methods

Trajectory optimization by indirect methods yields high-quality solutions in a computationally efficient manner. Using continuation strategies a large set of data is generated representing a great number of different missions. From this large data set, a reduced-order model is generated that exhibits benefits in both performance and size-on-disk. This reduced-order model efficiently and accurately predicts optimal vehicle motion lending itself as a great alternative to solving the trajectory optimization problem from scratch. This is due to the benefits of compression and rapid evaluation.
Neurexin and Frizzled signaling intercept axonal-transport at microtubule minus-ends to control synapse formation

Precise synaptic connectivity defines neuronal circuits. Synapse formation is locally determined by transmembrane proteins, yet synaptic material is synthesized remotely and undergoes processive transport in axons. How local synaptogenic signals intercept synaptic cargo in transport to promote its delivery and synapse formation is unknown. We found that control of cargo delivery from microtubule minus-ends mediates pro- and anti-synaptogenic activities of presynaptic Neurexin and Frizzled in C. elegans , and identified the atypical kinesin VAB-8/KIF26 as a key molecule in this process. VAB-8/KIF26 levels on synaptic microtubule minus-ends are controlled by Frizzled and Neurexin, its loss mimics neurexin mutants or Frizzled hyperactivation, and its overexpression can rescue synapse-loss in these backgrounds. VAB-8/KIF26 protects other minus-end proteins and promotes pausing of retrograde transport to allow delivery into synapses. Consistently, reducing retrograde transport rescues synapse-loss in vab-8 and neurexin mutants. These results uncover an important mechanistic link between synaptogenic signaling and axonal transport.
Review on phase transformations, fracture, chemical reactions, and other structural changes in inelastic materials

Review of selected fundamental topics on the interaction between phase transformations, fracture, and other structural changes in inelastic materials is presented. It mostly focuses on the concepts developed in the author's group over last three decades and numerous papers that affected us. It includes a general thermodynamic and kinetic theories with sharp interfaces and within phase field approach. Numerous analytical (even at large strains) and numerical solutions illustrate the main features of the developed theories and their application to the real phenomena. Coherent, semicoherent, and noncoherent interfaces, as well as interfaces with decohesion and with intermediate liquid (disordered) phase are discussed. Importance of the surface- and scale-induced phenomena on interaction between phase transformation with fracture and dislocations as well as inheritance of dislocations and plastic strains is demonstrated. Some nontrivial phenomena, like solid-solid phase transformations via intermediate (virtual) melt, virtual melting as a new mechanism of plastic deformation and stress relaxation under high strain rate loading, and phase transformations and chemical reactions induced by plastic shear under high pressure are discussed and modeled.
Postoperative Shoulder Stiffness: Arthroplasty and SLAP Repair

Postsurgical stiffness is commonly seen after shoulder procedures, but it usually resolves with time. In some instances, it may remain and require more extensive management. Once thought to be relatively rare in the absence of infection, stiffness after shoulder arthroplasty may be a significant cause of functional limitation. The incidence of postarthroplasty stiffness is most likely underestimated due to patient satisfaction with pain relief. In all cases of postoperative stiffness, it is inherent on the treating physician to rule out infection. Once routine lab work, aspiration, and even tissue biopsy and culture are negative, management of the stiffness may begin. Initial management usually centers on injection and therapy. In cases refractory to this method, arthroscopic extensive release may be considered. The technique is quite extensive and is described in the body of this chapter. Results can be quite rewarding.
Probing the interaction of the ipsilateral posterior parietal cortex with the premotor cortex using a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation technique

Abstract Objective Functional imaging studies have shown that control of planned movement involves a distributed network that involves the premotor (PMv) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC). Similarly, anatomical studies show that these regions are densely interconnected via white matter tracts. We therefore hypothesized that the PPC influence over the motor cortex is partly via a connection with the PMv. Methods Using a novel three-pulse ipsilateral transcranial magnetic stimulation technique, we preconditioned the PPC (80% RMT) at ISIs from 4–15 ms prior to stimulating the PMv and M1 at ISIs of 4 and 6 ms. Results As previously shown, PMv–M1 paired-pulse stimulation resulted in inhibition of the MEP (90% RMT, 4–6 ms) and PPC–M1 paired-pulse stimulation resulted in facilitation of the MEP (90% RMT, 4–8 ms). PPC–M1 paired-pulse stimulation at 80% RMT preconditioning had no effect on M1. PPC–PMv–M1 stimulation resulted in reversal of inhibition observed with PMv–M1 stimulation at ISIs ranging from 6 to 15 ms. Conclusions The reversal of inhibition observed with PPC–PMv–M1 stimulation suggests that the parietal connection to the PMv plays a role in the modulation of M1. Significance This is the first study to stimulate three intrahemispheric regions in order to test a disynaptic connection with M1. The described network may be important in a variety of movement disorders.
Syringomyelia and Related Diseases

Syringomyelia is an uncommon medical condition in which a cyst (syrinx) develops in the spinal cord. Untreated, the syrinx will displace, injure and destroy the spinal cord, resulting in neurological deterioration in the affected region of the body. The Chiari I malformation is the most frequent cause of syringomyelia. Symptoms of paralysis, sensory loss and chronic pain usually develop during the second through the fifth decades of life in these patients. Syringomyelia may also develop months to years after trauma or meningitis. The natural history of syringomyelia is typically one of gradual, stepwise neurological deterioration over many years. The objective of surgical treatment of syringomyelia is to eliminate the syrinx and prevent progression of spinal cord dysfunction, known as myelopathy. Syringomyelia usually resolves after surgical treatment that eliminates the effects of the underlying condition by opening the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pathways at the foramen magnum or spinal canal. Key concepts: Syringomyelia is a cyst within the spinal cord that results in dysfunction of the spinal cord, which is known as myelopathy. The fluid within the syrinx is chemically identical to normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when there is an associated condition that obstructs the CSF pathway at the foramen magnum or within the spinal canal. The fluid within the syrinx has a protein content that is in excess to that of normal CSF when the syrinx is associated with a tumour within the spinal cord (an intramedullary tumour). The syrinx injures sensory nerve cell bodies (posterior horn cells) near the centre of the spinal cord and results in loss of sensation, uncomfortable sensations known as dysesthesias and perception of pain in the anatomic region supplied by the sensory nerves. The syrinx injures motor nerves cell bodies (anterior horn cells) near the centre of the spinal cord and results in loss of strength and atrophy in the muscles supplied by those nerves. The syrinx may expand over time to compress the long tracts of neurons that pass to the inferior part of the spinal cord and disrupt their function, resulting in spasticity, paralysis and loss of sensation in the lower extremities. Treatment of syringomyelia requires a surgical procedure that successfully addresses the condition that causes syringomyelia, by opening obstructed CSF pathways or by removing a spinal cord tumour. Successful treatment of syringomyelia arrests the progression of syringomyelia but results in limited improvement in signs and symptoms of spinal cord injury. Because treatment of syringomyelia can prevent disease progression, but cannot restore neurons lost to the disease, early diagnosis and treatment is the key to maintain optimal function. Keywords: spinal cord diseases; nervous system malformations; cerebrospinal fluid; neurosurgical procedures; paralysis; intractable pain
Cutting edge : Critical role for A2A adenosine receptors in the T cell-mediated regulation of colitis

A(2A) adenosine receptors (A(2A)AR) inhibit inflammation, although the mechanisms through which adenosine exerts its effects remain unclear. Although the transfer of regulatory Th cells blocks colitis induced by pathogenic CD45RB(high) Th cells, we show that CD45RB(low) or CD25+ Th cells from A(2A)AR-deficient mice do not prevent disease. Moreover, CD45RB(high) Th cells from A(2A)AR-deficient mice were not suppressed by control CD45RB(low) Th cells. A(2A)AR agonists suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines by CD45RB(high) and CD45RB(low) T cells in association with a loss of mRNA stability. In contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta, were minimally affected. Oral administration of the A(2A)AR agonist ATL313 attenuated disease in mice receiving CD45RB(high) Th cells. These data suggest that A(2A)AR play a novel role in the control of T cell-mediated colitis by suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines while sparing anti-inflammatory activity mediated by IL-10 and TGF-beta.
Internalization of insulin and its receptor in the isolated rat adipose cell: Time-course and insulin concentration dependency

Abstract The time-course and insulin concentration dependency of internalization of insulin and its receptor have been examined in isolated rat adipose cells at 37°C. The internalization of insulin was assessed by examining the subcellular distribution of cell-associated [125I]insulin among plasma membrane, and high-density (endoplasmic reticulum-enriched) and low-density (Golgi-enriched) microsomal membrane fractions prepared by differential ultracentrifugation. The distribution of receptors was measured by the steady-state exchange binding of fresh [125I]insulin to these same membrane fractions. At 37°C, insulin binding to intact cells is accompanied initially by the rapid appearance of intact insulin in the plasma membrane fraction, and subsequently, by its rapid appearance in both the high-density and low-density microsomal membrane fractions. An apparent steady-state distribution of insulin per mg of membrane protein among these subcellular fractions is achieved within 30 min in a ratio of 1:1.54:0.80, respectively. Concomitantly, insulin binding to intact cells is associated with the rapid disappearance of approx. 30% of the insulin receptors initially present in the plasma membrane fraction and appearance of 20–30% of those lost in the low-density microsomal membrane fraction. However, the number of receptors in the high-density microsomal membrane fraction does not change. This redistribution of receptors also appears to reach a steady-state within 30 min. Both processes are insulin concentration-dependent, correlating with receptor occupancy in the intact cell, and are partially inhibited at 16°C. While the steady-state subcellular distributions of insulin and its receptor do not correlate with that of acid phosphatase, chloroquine markedly increases the levels of insulin associated with all three membrane fractions in apparent proportion to the distribution of this lysosomal marker enzyme activity, without more than marginally potentiating insulin's effects on the distribution of receptors. These results demonstrate that insulin, initially bound to the plasma membrane of the isolated rat adipose cell, is rapidly translocated by a receptor-mediated process into at least two intracellular compartments associated with the cell's high- and low-density microsomes. Furthermore, insulin simultaneously induces the translocation of its own receptor from the plasma membrane into the latter compartment. These translocations appear to represent the internalization and partial dissociation of the insulin-receptor complex through insulin-induced receptor cycling.