cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Response of a Simplified GCM to Axisymmetric Forcings: Applicability of the Fluctuation–Dissipation Theorem

Abstract Following on their previous work, in which they found the annular modes to be a preferred response of a simplified general circulation model atmosphere to a number of mechanical forcings, the authors now explore the quantitative relationship between forcing and response. In particular, the applicability of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem to this problem is investigated. First, the set of model trials is expanded by including runs in which the applied forcings are thermal rather than mechanical. For thermal forcings confined to the extratropics, “annular mode–like” responses, reminiscent of those found in earlier work, are found, but, as found in previous studies, the response is less like an annular mode when the forcing has significant amplitude in the tropics. Assuming small departures from the control climatology, and making a few further assumptions, the authors derive a theoretical relationship between forcing and response. This relationship is a statement of the fluctuation–dissipation ...
Circulating Currents in Paralleled Untransposed Multicircuit Lines: II - Methods for Estimating Current Unbalance

The current unbalance in a 500-kV double-circuit and a 138-kV triple-circuit, paralleled and untransposed transmission line is analyzed comprehensively. This paper establishes that the magnitudes of individual circuit current unbalances resulting from currents circulating between the paralleled circuits are more significant than the net through system unbalance. Since the former were not considered in previous investigations, the criteria established there for proper phase configurations is shown in this paper to lead to maximum circulatimg current unbalance. The influence of series capacitor-line compensation is also shown and the ramifications of these unbalances are discussed and evaluated on a present worth of annual loss basis.
A new species of Xenobatrachus (Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Papua New Guinea

We describe a new species of Xenobatrachus from the Bewani and Hunstein Mountains of northwestern Papua New Guinea. It is closely similar to X. mehelyi and X. subcroceus, but it keys out to the X. rostratus species group as defined by Blum and Menzies. It differs from the former species in body size, relative leg length, and advertisement call. It differs from its other 15 congeners in morphological and color pattern attributes and advertisement call, and it represents another frog species apparently endemic to the northern coastal ranges of New Guinea, further supporting identification of this area as a center of regional biotic endemism. This reflects the offshore origin of these ranges in the Solomons Arc system, followed by accretion to the New Guinea mainland during the past ten million years.
Improving the storage manageability, flexibility, and security in virtual machine systems

Virtual machine technology is being widely used for many applications such as server consolidation, software testing, and fault isolation. While it provides tremendous benefits to users, it also imposes higher requirements on VM storage manageability, flexibility, and security. Unfortunately, the main form of storage for conventional virtual machines, virtual disks, have serious limitations with respect to flexibility and security. This dissertation proposes a virtualization aware file system (VAFS) named Prism, which works as an alternative to virtual disks, but helps improve manageability, flexibility, and security of virtual machines. Prism extends a conventional distributed filesystem, NFSv3, with new features such as cloning, sharing, and isolation. It presents each VM with a dedicated filesystem that is semantically isolated from filesystems in other VMs. Guest applications can read and write files on the Prism filesystem without requiring any modification. As a central storage, Prism can map identical files in different VMs to one file on disk, substantially reducing storage and disk I/O overhead. If one attempts to write a shared file, Prism performs copy-on-write to preserve isolation between VMs. The thesis describes the Prism file mapping and copy-on-write mechanisms. Prism offers a cloning primitive that can selectively clone one or more VMs' filesystems to compose a new VM's filesystem. The Prism cloning primitive is semantically similar to a copy operation in a conventional filesystem, except much faster. From an end-user perspective, cloning is completed instantaneously, irrespective of the size of the cloned filesystem. The Prism cloning mechanism uses disk space very efficiently. The parent and cloned filesystem share data of unchanged files, which usually occupy a large portion of files. Prism only consumes additional space to store changes between the parent and its clone. In addition, this dissertation proposes two techniques, Virtual Remote Procedure Call (VRPC) and Inter-VM Metadata Sharing , to improve the Prism performance. The two techniques use shared memory to substantially reduce the overhead of Prism communication between VMs on a same physical computer. Experiments show that the two techniques can make Prism performance close to a local filesystem running on virtual disks for normal workloads.
Natural Agents Used in Chemoprevention of Aerodigestive and GI Cancers

Aerodigestive cancers are on an increasing level in both occurrence and mortality. A major cause in many of these cancers is disruption of the inflammatory pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation, and epigenetic silencing of normal regulatory genes. Here we review the research on several natural products: silibinin, silymarin, quercetin, neem & nimbolide, gingerol, epigallatecatechin-3- gallate, curcumin, genistein and resveratrol conducted on aerodigestive cancers. These types of cancers are primarily those from oral cavity, esophagus/windpipe, stomach, small and large intestine, colon/rectum and bile/pancreas tissues. We report on the utilization in vivo and in vitro systems to research these dose effects on the inflammatory and epigenetic pathway components within the aerodigestive cancer. To follow up on the basic research we will discuss remaining research questions and future directions involving these natural products as putative stand alone or in combination with clinical agents.
Detection of G-Induced Loss of Consciousness (G-LOC) prognosis through EMG monitoring on gastrocnemius muscle in flight

G-Induced Loss of Consciousness (G-LOC) is mainly caused by the sudden acceleration in the direction of +Gz axis from the fighter pilots, and is considered as an emergent situation of which fighter pilots are constantly aware. In order to resist against G-LOC, fighter pilots are subject to run Anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM), which includes L-1 respiration maneuvering and muscular contraction of the whole body. The purpose of this study is to create a G-LOC warning alarm prior to G-LOC by monitoring the Electromyogram (EMG) of the gastrocnemius muscle on the calf, which goes under constant muscular contraction during the AGSM process. EMG data was retrieved from pilots and pilot trainees of the Korean Air Force, during when subjects were under high G-trainings on a human centrifugal simulator. Out of the EMG features, integrated absolute value (IAV), reflecting muscle contraction, and waveform length (WL), reflecting muscle contraction and fatigue, have shown a rapid decay during the alarm phase, 3 seconds before G-LOC, compared to that of a normal phase withstanding G-force. Such results showed consistency amongst pilots and pilot trainees who were under G-LOC. Based on these findings, this study developed an algorithm which can detect G-LOC prognosis during flight, and at the same time, generate warning signals. The probability of G-LOC occurrence is detected through monitoring the decay trend and degree of the IVA and WL value of when the pilot initiates AGSM during sudden acceleration above 6G. Conclusively, this G-LOC prognosis detecting and warning system is a customized, real-time countermeasure which enhanced the accuracy of detecting G-LOC.
What types of fin servos are suitable for interceptor missiles

The history of, and general requirements on, fin servos for interceptor missiles are briefly reviewed. Generally, they are of the following types: Valve-controlled hydraulic, commonly with a "blow-down" (non-recirculating) oil supply, but occasionally with a pump; electric; and cold-gas. Hydraulic servos generally have good performance but are costly, vulnerable to dirt in the oil and sometimes disqualified by the customer. Electric servos are suited to low-tomoderate power applications, but tend to have high complexity and cost. Cold-gas servos are usually lowest in cost for low-power applications, but have problems with stiffness and particularly with gas consumption for all but short missions. Manufacturers of hydraulic and electric fin servos should seek to reduce cost with simpler designs, e.g. with novel servovalves or motor-amplifier combinations.
La robotique nucléaire à Framatome

L'auteur presente les etudes et les realisations engagees a Framatome dans le domaine de la robotique nucleaire.
On the Eradication of Imported Fire Ants: A Theoretical Appraisal

In 1957 the United States Congress established a cooperative Federal-State program which had as its objective the control and containment of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, within the limits of its distribution at that time. Long-lasting insecticides (heptachlor and dieldrin) were used in the early stages of the campaign, but the development of mirex bait (Lofgren et al. 1963, 1964; Stringer et al. 1964) and its adoption as the standard control in the early 1960's eliminated the need for these insecticides in the large-scale control program.
Patterns of flight activity in livestock insects. 1. Preliminary testing of a system for recording flight activity of the stable fly.

To study the effects of environmental factors on the flight activity of certain livestock insects, particularly horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), an aktograph was constructed that can detect, amplify, and record electrical changes on an electrode caused by nearby insect flights. The flight activity of insects held in 2 identical environmental chambers can be continuously monitored. Results of these preliminary studies using stable flies indicated that there was a higher level of activity in light than in dark for both sexes; males were more active than fema'es under all light conditions; there was a difference in the pattern of activity in light as compared with dark and for males as compared with females; and a peak of activity occurred at about 16–18 hr postfeeding followed by a gradual decrease, probably resulting from debilitation of the flies.
Matrix clustering method achieving specific accuracy by modified Apriori algorithm

Matrix clustering is defined as a method to obtain sub-matrices with specified area and density for the given sparse binary matrix. This method has been proposed as a data mining technique for customer relationship management and makes it possible to cluster the related items and customers. In this paper, the Apriori algorithm is extended and a new matrix clustering algorithm, which obtains all sub-matrices satisfying some specific condition is proposed. As a result, it is possible to analyze the purchase information of the customers in detail.
How I Do It: Hybrid Laparoscopic and Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Minimally invasive pancreatic resections remain technically challenging. Distal pancreatectomy has been embraced at multiple centers as an acceptable minimally invasive technique in selected patients. In contrast, minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy has not achieved broad acceptance, partly due to technical challenges. We detail a minimally invasive technique that utilizes both laparoscopic and robotic approaches which capitalizes on the advantages of each. Our early results have encouraged the continued development of this minimally invasive pancreatic surgery program. This hybrid technique may be an approach that is useful for surgeons striving to adopt the advantages of minimally invasive surgery for their patients.
Bowel dysfunction following pullthrough surgery is associated with an overabundance of nitrergic neurons in Hirschsprung disease.

Abstract Purpose Recent evidence suggests that patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) have abnormal neurotransmitter expression in the ganglionated proximal colon. These alterations may cause persistent bowel dysfunction even after pullthrough surgery. We sought to quantify the proportion of nitrergic neurons in the ganglionic colon of HD patients and relate these findings to functional outcome. Methods The proximal resection margin from 17 patients with colonic HD who underwent a pullthrough procedure and colorectal tissue from 4 age-matched controls were immunohistochemically examined to quantify the proportion of nitrergic neurons. The incidence of constipation, incontinence, and enterocolitis in HD patients was assessed retrospectively and correlated with the proportion of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expressing neurons. Neuronal subtypes in the ganglionic colon of the Edrnb −/− mouse model of HD were also studied. Results Mice with HD had a significantly higher proportion of NOS+ neurons in ganglionic colon than normal littermates (32.0±5.6% vs. 19.8±1.2%, p Conclusion An overabundance of nitrergic neurons in the proximal resection margin is associated with HD and may predict bowel dysfunction following pullthrough surgery.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of Information-Centric Networks

Information-Centric Networks (ICNs) are currently being proposed as a new paradigm for future networks, where the focus will be more on information dissemination rather than host-centric pairwise communication. In this paper, we develop a modeling framework that is general enough to model the broad set of ICN architectures that are currently being considered. Using our model, we investigate several application level performance metrics such as the steady-state distribution of the number of replicas of a given content in the network (termed as the service capacity), and the expected hop-count from the content requester and the location from where the content is served (termed as the response delay.) Finally, we present some numerical results that demonstrate how our model can be used to gain understanding of traffic and content engineering aspects in the design of ICNs.
Dancing with physics

One of the biggest challenges when teaching physics is to bridge the perceived chasm between the abstract "scientific" world and the "real" world of experience. Newton's first law of motion, for example, states that an object remains in motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force. However, our experience tells us that most objects keep moving only as long as something pushes them. The key to mastering physics lies in the ability to abstract the "law" from a reality that includes friction and other effects.
A device for logging student driver's experience

This paper describes a system for helping teen drivers track there experience while training to obtain their driver's license. The proposed system is a portable in-vehicle device run by an embedded microcontroller that logs student driver hours and mileage and a PC program to create reports from the recorded data. The proposed device uses a GPS receiver to track distance traveled and time spent driving.
Signaling through RNA-binding proteins as a cell fate regulatory mechanism.

Cell identity is controlled by complex gene regulatory networks that are subject to intricately orchestrated regulatory mechanisms.1 Signaling pathways are the master choreographers of these networ...
A cooperative Raman spectrum reconstruction platform for real-time in-vivo nano-biosensing

In the last few decades, the development of miniature biological sensors able to detect and measure different phenomena at the nanoscale has led to transformative disease diagnosis and treatment techniques. Among others, biofunctional Raman nanoparticles have been utilized in-vitro and in-vivo for multiplexed diagnosis and detection of different biological agents. However, existing solutions require the use of bulky lasers to excite the nanoparticles and similarly bulky and expensive spectrometers to measure the scattered Raman signals, which limit the practicality and applications of this nano-biosensing technique. In addition, due to the high path loss of the intra-body environment, the received signals are usually very weak, which hampers the accuracy of the measurements. In this paper, the concept of cooperative Raman spectrum reconstruction for real-time in vivo nano-biosensing is presented for the first time. The fundamental idea is to replace the single excitation and measurements points (i.e., the laser and the spectrometer, respectively) by a network of interconnected nano-devices able to simultaneously excite and measure nano-biosensing particles. More specifically, in the proposed system a large number of nanosensors jointly irradiate and distributively collect the Raman response of bio-functional nanoparticles traveling through the blood vessels. This paper presents a detailed description of the sensing system and, more importantly, proves its feasibility, by utilizing accurate models for intra-body light propagation and nanoparticle scattering processes. The numerical results show that with a certain density of nano-biofunctional particles, the reconstructed Raman spectrum can be recovered and utilized to accurately extract the targeted intra-body information.
Burnout in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery: A Single Academic Center Experience:

Burnout in modern medicine is becoming more recognized and researched. The objective in this study is to evaluate burnout in a tertiary care academic institution and compare results among faculty, trainees, and advanced practice practitioners (APPs) in a cross-sectional survey using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Fifty-two surveys were distributed; 44 participants completed the survey (85%): 25 staff physicians (57%), 14 resident physicians (32%), and 5 nurse practitioners (11%). Staff physicians had low emotional exhaustion, moderate depersonalization, and low result for reduced personal accomplishments; trainees reported low emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization, and moderate reduced personal accomplishment; and nurse practitioners reported moderate on all 3 dimensions. There is overall low burnout in this tertiary care academic center of otolaryngologist providers and no difference in rates among the different groups (trainees, APPs, staff). Measures addressing specific deficiencies among dimensions of burnout would be helpful to prevent disintegration of physician satisfaction into burnout.
Role of Heavy Machinery in Disaster Management

Technology has been underutilized in managing disasters, and in India, it has largely been a very disproportionate investment into inappropriate disaster technology which fails disaster management when required. Disasters in India and much of the South Asian subcontinent have been the work of samaritans and martyrs brought in from the Army or more recently from an army like battalion such as the National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF) or Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). Huge amount of funds are pumped in post-disaster relief and recovery despite the fact that much of this would have been saved if the right investment had been made into technology which is appropriately suited, located at places where the community is already trained to handle it and also available to vulnerable zones.
Beyond Inclusion: Disability Studies in Early Childhood Teacher Education

Since its inception, the field of early childhood special education has been steeped in deficit model understandings of disability. From this vantage point, disability has been reduced to a set of problems or deficiencies inherent in individuals’ bodies. Entangled with problematic ideologies of racism and classism, disability labels soon became a tool for othering “other people’s children.” Recently, however, scholars in Disability Studies in Education have begun the task of troubling these shared histories of exclusion and rewriting the very text of dis/ability. Central to this work involves troubling taken-for-granted ideas about diversity and difference as well as our responses to difference in the classroom. In this chapter we explore what it might mean to embrace a disability studies perspective in early childhood special education. Specifically, we show how this shift would entail: (1) confronting ableism in theory and practice; (2) adopting an ethic of belonging and becoming; and (3) moving beyond inclusion toward honoring disability identity, culture, and politics.
Timing of Reproduction in Large Mammals

This discussion of the reproductive phenology of mammals will focus on large herbivores, sometimes referred to as ruminants or ungulates. Large herbivores have been a major focus of theoretical and empirical studies of the influences of biotic and abiotic factors on reproductive phenology since the pioneering study by (1976) on breeding synchrony in wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). The examples used in this chapter derive mainly from multi-annual studies of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in arctic and sub-arctic environments, and red deer (Cervus elaphus) on the north-temperate Isle of Rhum, Scotland. The former two species illustrate the influences of abiotic (i.e., climatic) factors on reproductive phenology, while the latter illustrates with striking clarity the influence of population density on timing of calving.
Acute Thrombosis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Of all the complications of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), complete acute thrombosis has received the least attention in the literature. Its infrequent occurrence, no doubt, accounts for the paucity of reports. The management of a recent patient with an acutely thrombosed AAA prompted this review of the English-language literature for specific information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of AAA.
Assistant Professors of Counselor Education: First and Second Year Experiences

This article focuses on experiences of counselor education assistant professors during their first two years. Thirty-nine counselor education assistant professors rated their levels of satisfaction...
Multi-physics-based FEM analysis for post-voiding analysis of electromigration failure effects

In this paper, we propose a new multi-physics finite element method (FEM) based analysis method for void growth simulation of confined copper interconnects. This new method for the first time considers three important physics simultaneously in the EM failure process and their time-varying interactions: the hydrostatic stress in the confined interconnect wire, the current density and Joule heating induced temperature. As a result, we end up with solving a set of coupled partial differential equations which consist of the stress diffusion equation (Korhonen's equation), the phase field equation (for modeling void boundary move), the Laplace equation for current density and the heat diffusion equation for Joule heating and wire temperature. In the new method, we show that each of the physics will have different physical domains and differential boundary conditions, and how such coupled multi-physics transient analysis was carried out based on FEM and different time scales are properly handled. Experiment results show that by considering all three coupled physics - the stress, current density, and temperature - and their transient behaviors, the proposed FEM EM solver can predict the unique transient wire resistance change pattern for copper interconnect wires, which were well observed by the published experiment data. We also show that the simulated void growth speed is less conservative than recently proposed compact EM model.
Figment: Fine-grained Permission Management for Mobile Apps

Today’s Android systems do not allow users to manage the permissions granted to applications (apps) in a flexible and dynamic way. Recent studies show that apps often misuse these permissions to access private information, or have trapdoors via which other malicious apps can do the same. In this paper, we develop a framework Figment, which consists of set of libraries that developers can easily use to build in fine-grained dynamic permission management capabilities. The users of their apps can readily invoke these capabilities during execution. The apps would potentially run with reduced functionalities if the user does not wish to allow certain permissions. Figment also allows either the developer or a user to specify context aware permissions, which cause different permissions to be granted to the app in different functional modes (contexts). We believe that Figment reduces the attack surface exposed to potentially malicious apps and offers a significant step in preserving user privacy. While the rudimentary version of Figment uses aspect-oriented programming and does not need rooting of the phone or changes to the Android sub-system, we also provide an optional root-level fail safe implementation that facilitates the embedding of dynamic permission management functions in old applications not built by using Figment libraries. We show that Figment offers significant benefits over the Android Marshmallow permission management system with lower runtime overheads; the main penalty is a one time higher compilation overhead.
Understanding the effect of host structure of nitrogen doped ultrananocrystalline diamond electrode on electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

Abstract Despite recent literature reporting the remarkable electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) performance of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon materials (sp2-carbon) and nitrogen-doped diamond materials (sp3-carbon), no systematic studies have been conducted on the catalytic activities of hybrid carbon nanomaterials between diamond and graphitic extremes. In this study, nitrogen-doped ultra-nanocrystalline diamond thin films were prepared by a microwave-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique. The ratio of sp2-carbon phase to sp3-carbon phase was controlled by varying growth conditions. Our results confirm that nitrogen-doped sp2-carbon (graphitic) rich electrodes have better selectivity for the CO2RR products over the nitrogen-doped sp3-carbon rich electrodes, indicating that the host structure of nitrogen dopants is crucial for the catalytic activity. Nitrogen-doped sp2-carbon electrodes present Faradaic efficiency for CO production up to 82% with excellent activity and selectivity. The vital role of the host structure and the potential catalytic sites were detailed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Primary Cardiac Lymphoma in a Cat

A 5-year-old neutered male domestic shorthaired cat was presented with neurological signs. A primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) with metastasis to the meninges of the brain was diagnosed histologically. Immunohistochemistry confirmed a B-cell lymphoma. Reports of PCL in cats are scarce. The current case describes a primary cardiac B-cell lymphoma in a cat confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, and underscores the significance of histopathology for definitive diagnosis.
Trait perspective-taking and need for cognition in the formation of stereotypes about people who stutter.

Abstract People who stutter (PWS) suffer from stereotypes portraying them as timid and anxious, which may affect their relationships and careers. One of the mechanisms for this stereotyping is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, whereby individuals make judgements about PWS by using previous experiences for the initial judgement and then adjust accordingly. In the current study (n = 309) we replicate previous findings that individuals stereotype PWS by anchoring to experiences with episodic stuttering and adjusting toward typical non-stuttering individuals, although insufficiently. We extend this finding by testing whether trait perspective-taking and need for cognition moderate this relationship. The results show that trait perspective-taking decreases stereotyping of non-PWS, while having no effect on PWS stereotyping. However, need for cognition exhibited no consistent moderating effect on stereotyping.
Regulatory mechanisms of RIPK1 in cell death and inflammation

Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 are key adaptors that play critical roles in inflammatory and cell death signaling. Work in recent years have shown that their activities are tightly regulated by ubiquitination, phosphorylation and proteolysis. In addition to these post-translational modifications, the expression and activities of these kinases can further be tuned by environmental changes in pH and oxygen content. Proper control of these regulatory processes is crucial for the RIP kinases to execute their functions in immune responses and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent advance in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activities of the RIP kinases. We will also discuss how the different regulatory mechanisms contribute to the functions of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in different pathophysiological settings.
Plant Biology: Genome Reveals Secrets of the Alien Within

Summary The genome of the parasitic plant Sapria himalayana reveals extraordinary changes that reflect its endoparasitic lifestyle. The genome has lost many genes, including the entire chloroplast genome, but has gained genes through horizontal gene transfer and repeated transposable elements.
Personalized fusion of ultrasound and electromyography-derived neuromuscular features increases prediction accuracy of ankle moment during plantarflexion

Abstract Objective Compared to mechanical signals that are used for estimating human limb motion intention, non-invasive surface electromyography (sEMG) is a preferred signal in human-robotic systems. However, noise interference, crosstalk from adjacent muscle groups, and an inability to measure deeper muscle tissues are disadvantageous to sEMG’s reliable use. In this work, we hypothesize that a fusion between sEMG and in vivo ultrasound (US) imaging will result in more accurate detection of ankle movement intention. Methods Nine young able-bodied participants were included to volitionally perform isometric plantarflexion tasks with different fixed-end ankle postures, while the sEMG and US imaging data of plantarflexors were synchronously collected. We created three dominant feature sets, sole sEMG feature set, sole US feature set, and sEMG-US feature fusion set, to calibrate and validate a support vector machine regression model (SVR) and a feedforward neural network model (FFNN) with labeled net moment measurements. Results The results showed that, compared to the sole sEMG feature set, the sEMG-US fusion set reduced the average net moment prediction error by 35.7% (p Conclusion These findings indicate that the combination of sEMG signals and US imaging is a superior sensing modality for predicting human plantarflexion intention and can enable future clinical rehabilitation devices.
Characterization of Odorants in a 10-Year-Old Riesling Wine.

Riesling wines are mostly enjoyed as young wines, usually consumed within the first few years after bottling. Throughout several years of aging, Riesling wines begin to develop more robust flavor profiles, often displaying less fruity and floral notes and more pronounced maple, honey, and caramel notes. A body of scientific literature has been conducted on the aroma chemistry of young Riesling wines; however, comparatively less scientific reports have been published on the aroma chemistry of aged Riesling wines, and a comprehensive aroma analysis of a 10-year-old Riesling wine has not been previously completed. In this study, a total of 36 odorants were identified in a 10-year-old aged Riesling wine using solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and aroma extract dilution analysis. A total of 26 odorants were quantitated by employing stable isotope dilution assays. Odorants with high odor activity values (OAV) included wine lactone (coconut, OAV 460), ethyl octanoate (fruity, OAV 240), ethyl hexanoate (fruity, OAV 97), s-damascenone (cooked apple, OAV 60), 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-(5H)-furan-2-one (maple, OAV 33), (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (fruity, OAV 22), 3-(methylsulfanyl) propanal (cooked potato, OAV 20), ethyl 2-methylpropanoate (fruity, OAV 9.5), ethyl butanoate (fruity, 7.1 OAV), and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronapthalene (petrol, OAV 6.4). An odor simulation model prepared from all the odorants with an OAV greater than 1 closely matched the sensory profile of the authentic wine. The results of this study provide insight about odorants present in a 10-year-old bottle aged Riesling wine, and this knowledge may be useful for future studies aimed at probing the influence of aging on the aroma chemistry of Riesling wines and other white wines.
Small angle X-ray scattering reveals a compact intermediate in RNA folding

We have used small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to monitor changes in the overall size and shape of the Tetrahymena ribozyme as it folds. The native ribozyme, formed in the presence of Mg2+, is much more compact and globular than the ensemble of unfolded conformations. Time-resolved measurements show that most of the compaction occurs at least 20-fold faster than the overall folding to the native state, suggesting that a compact intermediate or family of intermediates is formed early and then rearranges in the slow steps that limit the overall folding rate. These results lead to a kinetic folding model in which an initial 'electrostatic collapse' of the RNA is followed by slower rearrangements of elements that are initially mispositioned.
AGE-SPECIFIC PEDIATRIC CERVICAL SPINE BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSES: THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

In this study, three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element models (FEM's) of age-specific one-year-old, three-year-old, and six-year-old pediatric human cervical spine (C4-C5-C6) structures were developed. The adult human cervical spine model was modified to create one, three and six year old pediatric spines by incorporating the local geometrical and material characteristics of the developmental anatomy. The biomechanical force-displacement/moment-rotation responses of the pediatric structures under compression, flexion and extension forces were nonlinear. All pediatric structures were consistently more flexible than the adult spine under all loading modes and at all load levels. The responses of the pediatric structures were compared to the well-developed adult structure using three approaches: (1) pure overall structural scaling (reduce size) of the adult model without incorporating the local component geometrical and material property changes; (2) using three separate age-specific pediatric models incorporating local component geometrical and material property changes; and (3) using the three pediatric models constructed and combining the overall structural scaling effects. The present findings of significant increase in biomechanical response due to local geometry and material property changes emphasize the need to consider the developmental anatomical features in pediatric structures to better predict their biomechanical behaviour. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201172.
Structural and genetic analysis of protein folding and stability

Abstract Some proteins are very tolerant to amino acid substitution, not only on the surface but within the core. Proteins can, however, respond very differently to the same type of replacement in different parts of the molecule. From the knowledge of these structural responses, it is becoming possible to understand in detail the factors that stabilize proteins, which include, for example, the hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interactions and helix-dipole interactions.
IDENTIFICATION OF LOW-ORDER DYNAMIC MODELS FOR DEEPLY-TOWED UNDERWATER VEHICLE SYSTEMS

The horizontal dynamics of deeply-towed underwater vehicle systems can be effectively modelled by nonlinear partial differential equations. However, high resolution numerical solutions are of limited use in controller design, where methods for systems of very high or infinite order are not well developed. This paper examines the possibility of finding low-order dynamic models in differential equation form, in order to present a more tractable control problem. A learning model method is used, and the identification process is novel in that a verified high-order model provides the primary data set. This approach allows a priori characterisation of system responses in regimes or scenarios for which no experimental data exist. The performances of the reduced-order forms are verified through comparison of model output with actual sea data obtained during recent deepwater tests.
Practical routing-layer support for scalable multihoming

The recent trend of rapid increase in routing table sizes at routers comprising the Internet's core is posing a serious challenge to the current Internet's scalability, availability, and stability. Multihoming is a prime contributor to this table size explosion. This paper argues that it is possible to a) scale the Internet's routing table sub-linearly with degree of multihoming, and b) improve routing convergence times even under pervasive multihoming using simple and incrementally deployable extensions to today's routing protocols. We present an addressing and routing protocol called SIMPLER (scalable IP multihoming protocol leveraging routing), which is designed to minimize and contain the propagation in space and time of non-aggregatable routes. SIMPLER's prefix containment property results in lower lookup and route processing costs (promotes scalability), and faster convergence time (helps network availability and stability). SIMPLER vastly diminishes the number of non-aggregatable prefixes appearing in the Internet core due to multihoming (to zero in the absence of network faults, and O(number of faults) otherwise), and always leaks fewer non-aggregatable prefixes than today's dominant multihoming strategy of "hole punching". Additionally, SIMPLER provides transport-layer survivability (TLS) and better routing policy management, while offering the same routing robustness as today's multihoming. The main cost of SIMPLER is the increased use of address space (O(log(network size)) in the average case). SIMPLER is carefully designed to be useful to both multihomed transit providers and multihomed leaf sites.
Sterols and the Sensitivity of Pythium Species to Filipin

Schlosser, Eckart (University of Illinois, Urbana), and David Gottlieb. Sterols and the sensitivity of Pythium species to filipin. J. Bacteriol. 91:1080-1084. 1966.-The growth of several Pythium species was not affected by filipin. No leakage of inorganic phosphate was observed after treatment with the antibiotic. No sterol could be detected in 1 g (dry weight) of mycelium. Thus, the insensitivity of these fungi to the antibiotic may be explained by the lack of sterols, the postulated reaction site for filipin in the cell membrane. Though not capable of synthesizing sterols, Pythium species can incorporate exogeneous sterols, which renders them sensitive to filipin; such treatment causes a lag in growth and leakage of inorganic phosphate. The leakage after filipin treatment is indirect evidence that the sterols have been incorporated into the cell membrane. Induced sensitivity to filipin was reversible; it was lost when the sterols were diluted out by one transfer through a medium free from sterols. The hypothesis that the primary site of interaction of filipin is the sterol located in the cell membrane was strengthened by these studies. The experiments further demonstrated a change in sensitivity of a fungus to a toxic agent due to nutritional conditions.
Protein C concentrate prevents peripartum thrombosis

A protein C deficient woman, with a past history of recurrent thrombosis and purpura fulminans, was successfully treated with protein C concentrate in the peripartum period. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Semi-relativistic approximations of the Dirac equation: First and second order corrections

Abstract We deal with the Dirac equation with time-dependent, non-homogeneous electro-magnetic potential, in particular with its approximation in the limit of infinite speed of light. For the linear case (given potential) we present a rigorous derivation of approximations in first and second order in the small parameter ∊ = 1/c. Our method is based on the use of appropriate projection operators for the electron and the positron component of the spinor which are better suited than the simple splitting into “upper (large)” and “lower (small) component”. We also discuss the question of a self-consistent modeling of the Pauli equation as the O(∊) approximation. We suggest a coupling to an equation which is an “electro-magneto-static” O(∊) approximation of the Maxwell equations consisting of Poisson equations for the four components of the potential.
A revised socioeconomic index of occupational status

Abstract Duncan's Socioeconomic Index (SEI), a widely used indicator of occupational ranking, is based on education and income data from the 1950 census. The major purpose of this paper is to offer a more contemporary version of this index. There are several reasons for doing so. Not only has the occupational classificatory scheme been altered, but the educational and economic characteristics of the American labor force and of specific occupational groups have changed since 1950. The two decades may also have seen a shift in the relations between the educational and economic attributes of an occupational grouping and its social standing or prestige. Second, the construction of the original SEI rested on the characteristics of the male labor force, rather than those of the total labor force. Third, in the process of updating the index, we illustrate how certain arbitrary decisions (dictated by data limitations) in the construction of the Duncan SEI served to vest the socioeconomic index with some artifactual properties. In the production of an updated version of the socioeconomic index, we use three approaches. First, we experiment with differing measures of the income and educational criteria. Second, we reconstruct the dependent variable, occupational standing, to provide a better approximation of the prestige measure used by Duncan (1961) . Third, we consider the attributes of both the male and total labor forces in generating contemporary indexes of occupational status. We also compare the performance of the new socioeconomic indexes in models of occupational attainment against the performance of the original Duncan index and subsequent occupational prestige measures. The paper appends new socioeconomic indexes for detailed occupational titles based on the 1970 census classification of occupations.
Fatigue Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete from Asphalt Slab Tests

It is widely known that pavement fatigue life is often greater than that predicted based on lab bending beam or indirect tensile fatigue tests. Among many factors contributing to this difference is that the effect of sample dimensions on fatigue life can be significant due to the multiphase nature of asphalt concrete. In this research, fatigue tests were conducted on asphalt slabs, which realistically simulate the fatigue cracks in pavements, to investigate crack initiation and propagation. The fatigue crack at the underside of asphalt slabs was identified as a semielliptical surface crack, which is the same type of fatigue crack found in pavements. A 3-D finite-element analysis was conducted to evaluate the stress intensity factor. Paris's law was used to characterize the crack propagation rate. The fatigue crack initiation life and propagation life determined from this research were compared with those calculated using the Strategic Highway Research Program existing parameters and equation. It was found that the 2 results are significantly different. The factors that may contribute to this difference were discussed.
Single Molecule Observation of Direct Transfer of Escherichia Coli Single-Strand Binding Protein (SSB) between Single-Stranded DNA Molecules

Echerichia coli Single-Strand Binding (SSB) protein is essential in DNA replication and repair processes owing to its ability to bind the intermediate single stranded DNA (ssDNA), thereby preventing unwanted reannealing or degradation. It was proposed that SSB is recycled by redistributing itself along long ssDNA, for example between two adjacent Okazaki fragments. The mechanism of this process was investigated by the Lohman group using ensemble kinetics methods and they proposed a “direct transfer” mechanism - forming a transient intermediate composed of SSB and two ssDNA prior to the transfer. We developed a single molecule assay to examine this direct transfer in detail through real-time observation of single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) signals. The introduction of competitor ssDNA oligonucleotides to an SSB protein bound to a surface immobilized ssDNA ultimately led to the dissociation of SSB from the surface immobilized DNA. The rate of SSB transfer is linearly dependent on the competitor DNA concentration up to 50 nM, suggesting that only one ssDNA molecule is involved in the rate-determining step of the transfer process. Prior to the full unwrapping of the original DNA bound to an SSB protein, fast FRET fluctuations with 100 ms time scale were observed with the distribution of the FRET signal shifted toward the lower value, indicating the structural destabilization of the ssDNA-SSB complex induced by multiple events of competitor ssDNA binding. The final dissociation event measured as a high to low FRET transition occurs rapidly. These findings are consistent with the kinetic model_short-lived, partially unwrapped, intermediate states were induced by the fast binding and unbinding of competitor oligos and only a small fraction of the intermediate state molecules can achieve complete transfer of SSB.
Experimental verification of the rule of moisture moment

According to the “rule of moisture moment,” the gain in fire endurance due to moisture is proportional to the moment of moisture about the exposed surface of the test specimen. The experimental results presented here confirm this suggestion.
Using the Tactile Modality as a Communication Medium for Dismounted Soldiers

This study examined the issues related to the detection and identification of tactile patterns as combat assault maneuvers were being performed. Three obstacles were used in this study: tires, windows, and high crawl. A baseline condition, in which participants received tactile patterns while standing, was also included in the analysis. In the baseline condition, participants detected and identified 100% of the tactile patterns. Analysis of the obstacle data showed that the obstacles had a significant effect on the detection and identification of the tactile signals. Participants detected 62.5% of the tactile patterns during the high crawl, which was significantly lower than for the tires and windows, with 92% and 88% of signals detected, respectively. With regard to the correct identification of tactile patterns, participants correctly identified 51% of the patterns during the high crawl, as compared to 88.5% for the tires and 77% for the windows.