cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic and Association Phenomena in Aggregates of Polymers and Micelles

An automatic, continuous-mixing technique is introduced to measure light scattering and viscosity simultaneously over a wide range of solute concentrations in multicomponent systems. Behavior along arbitrary curves in component coordinates can be monitored. This technique is used to investigate the association and electrostatically based excluded-volume interactions that arise in solutions of interacting neutral polymers and charged micelles. In this study, the ionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a neutral polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were chosen. The SDS confers pseudopolyelectrolyte properties on the polymer/micelle aggregates (PSA), such as electrostatically enhanced second and third virial coefficients A2 and A3, respectively. The presence of a large A3 is directly observed as a well-defined maximum in scattering intensity versus [PVP] under saturating SDS conditions. The electrostatically enhanced three-body effects represented by A3 in light scattering are nearly 3 orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding three-body terms in viscosity. A viscosity effect reminiscent of the electroviscous effect seen for linear polyelectrolytes is observed, but it occurs under very different PSA concentration and solution ionic strength conditions.
Negative Index Materials With Gain Media for Fast Optical Modulation

We discuss the origin of negative index behavior that is observed in certain artificial structures known as metamaterials that are periodic structures supporting backward optical waves with generally antiparallel phase and group velocities. Slab-like metamaterials, metal-dielectric, and purely dielectric ones support surface-plasmon polaritons that may be coupled into by an incident field. When this is the case, these surface waves can be pumped by the source, lead to pumping of the evanescent waves, and, as a result, enable subwavelength resolution. The main limiting factors for subwavelength resolution are losses and surface imperfections. Metal-dielectric metamaterials and systems are of special interest to nanophotonics, the focus of this paper, since they obviously provide high dielectric contrast, much larger than all-dielectric/semiconductor systems. This makes them promising for applications in dense integrated optical systems, since the mode volume is small. We consider various ways of combining metallic materials for negative dielectric constant and a gain medium to compensate for optical losses. Ultimately, one would like to make Si-compatible subwavelength optical components using metamaterials.
A proline shuttle in insect flight muscle.

Abstract A proline shuttle for oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH was reconstituted from soluble and mitochondrial fractions of blowfly ( Phormia regina ) flight muscle. The soluble fraction catalyzed reduction of Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline via the action of Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.2). The reaction required NADH as hydrogen donor, NAD (P) H being ineffective in this regard. Mitochondria catalyzed regeneration of Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate from proline via action of proline oxidase. The capacity of the shuttle to operate under conditions of possible competition for Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate between Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.12) was incestigated. Results of these investigations indicate that dehydrogenase activity does not significantly interfere with shuttle activity.
A new design for Information Centric Networks

Information Centric Network (ICN) is a content-based information dissemination approach that improves the content delivery and latency. We introduce a modified architecture for ICN which can reduce the traffic by combining multiple messages and facilitate the data distribution in the network. By observing the similarities between index coding and ICN architectures, we propose to combine these two techniques to arrive at a new architecture that enhances data delivery in networks beyond original ICN scheme. By taking advantage of some concepts such as linear network coding, caching and index coding, we demonstrate that we can reduce the traffic and increase the capacity of ICN architecture by combining (network encoding) multiple messages requested by different nodes and sending them in one transmission. We demonstrate that each node will be able to extract its desired message from the combined encoded messages. To achieve this goal, we first define a modified version of index coding in order to apply index coding for both wired and wireless networks. Further, we introduce a hybrid caching scheme that includes both central and distributed caching to support two different goals. Our hybrid caching approach is a combination of conventional caching in ICN that caches the content in various network locations in order to make the content readily available to nodes and a new distributed caching scheme across nodes in the network to improve the performance of the entire system. The purpose of the second caching scheme is to allow central cache system to combine multiple contents in order to serve several client nodes simultaneously with a single transmission of encoded messages. The focus of this paper is to describe the new ICN architecture and demonstrate the advantages of the new architecture.
Test of the Most Generalized Version of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem

A generalized version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade has been developed by A. V. Deardorff [AER, September, 1982] for the 5factor, m-commodity, and n-country case. This model: 1) shows that a systematic relationship exists between the autarky prices of the factors of production and the factor content of trade; and 2) proves that countries tend to export those goods which use intensively (sparingly) those factors with relatively cheap (expensive) autarky prices. Deardorff's model is not testable because: 1) autarky factor prices are not observable; and 2) the information concerning the techniques used in imported goods (needed for the calculation of the actual factor intensity matrix) is usually unavailable and should not be estimated on the basis of techniques used in import-competing industries. (Remember Leontief's paradox!) To overcome the problem concerning the unobservability of autarky factor prices, the author has proven two theorems which make Deardorff's model testable. These allow for the replacement of the autarky factor prices with the corresponding post-trade prices whenever the former ones should be used in the test. According to the corollaries which follow from these two theorems, any positive test result which is conducted based on post-trade factor prices can be used as supportive evidence to validate Deardorff' s model which has formulated based on pre-trade factor price. However, unsatisfactory results cannot be used to falsify Deardorff' s model due to the fact that the proved conditions are sufficient but not necessary. The second problem discussed above, i.e., the lack of data about the factor content of imported goods, does not arise in the regional test when compared with a national test of this model. This is because the regional tests conducted in this study permit estimation of the actual production techniques used in different regions of the U. S. To test the validity of Deardorff's model, first the factor content and commodity composition of trade between the Pacific Northwest (geographical area containing the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho), and the rest of United States for five different years are estimated. These estimated values are then employed in an g-factor, m-commodity, and two-region model to examine the degree of importance of relatively cheap energy and capital prices and relatively expensive wage rates in determining the level and composition of the Pacific Northwest's trade with the rest of the United States. The results of this study, which is the first regional test of the most generalized version of the H-O Theorem, indicate that the Pacific Northwest has a comparative advantage in the production of those goods which intensively use energy and capital and sparingly use labor in their production processes. This finding is in accord with the prediction of Deardorff's model about the comparative advantage (and disadvantage) of a region with relatively cheap capital and energy prices and relatively expensive wage rates.
Increase in plasma growth hormone level in the monkey following the administration of sheep hypothalamic extracts.

Increase in Plasma Growth Hormone Level in the Monkey Following the Administration of Sheep Hypothalamic Extracts
Rivastigmine reduces “likely to use methamphetamine” in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers

We previously reported that treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine (3mg, PO for 5days) significantly attenuated "Desire for METH". Given that higher dosages of rivastigmine produce greater increases in synaptic ACh, we predicted that 6mg should have more pronounced effects on craving and other subjective measures. In the current study, we sought to characterize the effects of short-term exposure to rivastigmine (0, 3 or 6mg) on the subjective and reinforcing effects produced by administration of methamphetamine (METH) in non-treatment-seeking, METH-dependent volunteers. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants received METH on day 1, and were then randomized to placebo or rivastigmine on day 2 in the morning and treatment continued through day 8. METH dosing was repeated on day 6. The data indicate that METH (15 and 30mg), but not saline, increased several positive subjective effects, including "Any Drug Effect", "High", "Stimulated", "Desire METH", and "Likely to Use METH" (all p's<0.0001). In addition, during self-administration sessions, participants were significantly more likely to choose METH over saline (p<0.0001). Evaluating outcomes as peak effects, there was a trend for rivastigmine to reduce "Desire METH" (p=0.27), and rivastigmine significantly attenuated "Likely to Use METH" (p=0.01). These effects were most prominent for rivastigmine 6mg when participants were exposed to the low dose (15mg, IV), but not high dose (30mg, IV), of METH. The self-administration data reveal that rivastigmine did not alter total choices for METH (5mg, IV/choice). Overall, the results indicate some efficacy for rivastigmine in attenuating key subjective effects produced by METH, though additional research using higher doses and longer treatment periods is likely needed. These data extend previous findings and indicate that cholinesterase inhibitors, and other drugs that target acetylcholine systems, warrant continued consideration as treatments for METH dependence.
Chain transfer during the aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 7-oxanorbornene derivatives

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of exo,exo-5,6-bis(methoxymethyl)-1-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (3) catalyzed by Ru II (H 2 O) 6 (tos) 2 (tos= p-toluenesulfonate) (1) in the presence of terminal acyclic olefins such as 3-buten-1-ol and methyl acrylate affords low molecular weight polymeric materials. Analysis of these oligomer samples by one- and two-dimensional 1 H NMR spectroscopy identifies them as resulting from a true metathesis chain transfer mechanism. These data and the identification of the ring-opened monomer units with alkylidene end groups corresponding to the acyclic chain transfer agent by high resolution mass spectrometry confirm this study as the first example of metathesis of an acyclic olefin by 1
Construction of linear predictors for stationary vector sequences

The class of all linear predictors of minimal order for a stationary vector-valued process is specified in terms of linear transformations on the associated Hankel covariance matrix. Two particular transformations, yielding computationally efficient construction schemes, are proposed. >
Qualitative Dating of Glasses–applied to Tektite-like Objects from the Ries Kessel Meteoritic Crater

Qualitative Dating of Glasses–applied to Tektite-like Objects from the Ries Kessel Meteoritic Crater
Hematite-based solar water splitting: challenges and opportunities

As the most commonly encountered form of iron oxide in nature, hematite is a semiconducting crystal with an almost ideal bandgap for solar water splitting. Compelled by this unique property and other advantages, including its abundance in the Earth's crust and its stability under harsh chemical conditions, researchers have studied hematite for several decades. In this perspective, we provide a concise overview of the challenges that have prevented us from actualizing the full potentials of this promising material. Particular attention is paid to the importance of efficient charge transport, the successful realization of which is expected to result in reduced charge recombination and increased quantum efficiencies. We also present a general strategy of forming heteronanostructures to help meet the charge transport challenge. The strategy is introduced within the context of two material platforms, webbed nanonets and vertically aligned transparent conductive nanotubes. Time-resolved photoconductivity measurements verify the hypothesis that the addition of conductive components indeed increases charge lifetimes. Because the heteronanostructure approach is highly versatile, it has the potential to address other issues of hematite as well and promises new opportunities for the development of efficient energy conversion using this inexpensive and stable material.
Macular Epiretinal Membrane Formation and Treated Retinal Breaks

Purpose We sought to determine the incidence of macular epiretinal membrane formation in eyes treated for retinal breaks after three different modalities of treatment: laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, or both. Methods We reviewed the charts of 262 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of retinal tears and included 205 patients who had more than six months of follow-up. Results One hundred ninety-five patients were treated. One hundred seventy of these patients had retinal breaks in one eye and 25 patients had breaks in both eyes, for a total of 220 treated eyes. Cryopexy was applied in 125 eyes, laser retinopexy in 73 eyes, and both modalities in 22 eyes. Macular epiretinal membranes developed in a total of 26 eyes: 12 in the cryopexy group, ten in the laser-treated group, and four in the dual modality group. No statistically significant difference, at a level of P ≤ .01, was seen in the rate of epiretinal membrane formation between the different treatment modalities. No statistically significant difference, at a level of P ≤ .01, was seen in the rate of epiretinal membrane formation in the presence or absence of vitreous hemorrhage or in the type of precedent retinal break. Conclusions After treatment of retinal breaks with laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy, no statistically significant difference in the incidence of macular epiretinal membrane formation was demonstrated.
Little laws for utility processes and waiting times in queues

Little's law for queueing systems isL=λW: the average queue length equals the average arrival rate times the average waiting time in the system. This study gives further insights into techniques for establishing such laws (i.e. establishing the existence of the terms as limiting averages or expectations) and it presents several basic laws for systems with special structures. The main results concern (1) general necessary and sufficient conditions for Little laws for utility processes as well as queueing systems, (2) Little laws for systems that empty out periodically or, more generally, have regular departures and (3) Little laws tailored to regenerative, Markovian and stationary systems.
Performance Analysis of Leading HPC Architectures With Beambeam3D

High energy colliders are essential to study the inner structure of nuclear and elementary particles. A parallel particle simulation code, BeamBeam3D, has been developed and actively used to model the beam dynamics and to optimize the performance of these colliders. In this paper, we analyze the performance characteristics of BeamBeam3D on several considerably different leading high performance computing architectures that are being employed either as production or research platforms. We examine different performance questions such as: how the workload should be partitioned among the processors to effectively use the computing resources; whether these platforms exhibit similar performance bottlenecks and how to address them; whether some platforms perform substantially better than others; and finally, what are the implications of BeamBeam3D for the design of the next generation supercomputer architectures.
Private self-consciousness and perceptions of self-consistency

Abstract The relationships of self-consciousness and mirror induced self-awareness to judgements of self-consistency were investigated. Ss were selected on the basis of private and public self-consciousness scores (Feningstein, Scheier and Buss, 1975; J. consult. clin. Psychol. 43 522–527). They then completed the Gergen-Morse Self-Consistency measure (Gergen and Morse, 1967; Proc. Am. Psychol. Ass. 75, 207–208) under either low or high self-awareness conditions. High self-awareness condition Ss completed the measure while sitting in front of a mirror; no mirror was present for low self-awareness condition Ss. The results indicated that high private self-consciousness was related to perceptions of enhanced self-consistency. No effects related to level of public self-consciousness or to mirror induced self-awareness emerged. The implications of chronic self-reflection for the nature of one's self-concept are discussed.
Cloning and in vivo expression of bovine growth hormone receptor mRNA

A cDNA for the bovine growth hormone (bGH) receptor has been cloned out of a cDNA library prepared from liver of a pregnant Holstein heifer. The cDNA clone hybridizes to a single 4.5 kb mRNA species and shares a high degree of sequence homology with growth hormone receptors cloned from other species. Utilizing the bGH receptor cDNA as a probe, a relatively high level of bGH-receptor mRNA was detected in bovine liver. In comparison to liver values, lower concentrations of bGH-receptor mRNA were detected in bovine kidney, anterior pituitary, and mammary gland. Because specific binding sites for bGH have not been convincingly demonstrated in isolated cell membranes from whole bovine mammary tissue, mammary tissue from two pregnant heifers (separate experiments) was separated into fractions enriched for epithelium, stroma, and blood components. These fractions were then probed for growth hormone receptor mRNA using solution hybridization-nuclease protection assays performed on isolated RNA. The assay results indicated that a low level of bGH-receptor mRNA is relatively evenly distributed throughout the mammary tissues of the two cows studied. In contrast, experiments using a probe to bovine insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) indicate that the IGF-I mRNA is localized in the stromal/blood component of the mammary gland. These data suggest a possible paracrine mechanism for bGH action in the mammary gland.
Building Food Service Staff Familiarity With Local Food

Colleges and universities are increasing purchases of local food, which impacts stakeholders along the food supply chain. The dining staff members who prepare locally sourced foods need to have necessary knowledge and skills to support local food-purchasing programs. This article explores the perceptions of dining services staff toward a local food procurement program at a Midwest land grant university. After one year of program implementation, a survey was administered to staff before and after a presentation about local foods.
Etomidate shortens the onset time of neuromuscular block

We have studied 30 healthy patients allocated randomly to receive thiopentone, propofol or etomidate in equipotent doses followed by vecu-ronium 0.1 mg kg−1. Haemodynamic variables and time to 100% neuromuscular block were measured. The patients receiving etomidate had a significantly shorter onset time of neuromuscular block compared with those receiving the two other i.v. induction agents. There was a significant negative correlation between onset time of neuromuscular block and the maximum percent change in mean arterial pressure. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1992; 69: 444–446)
Osteoimmunology in skeletal cell biology and disease.

Scientific advances within the last decade have revolutionized the field of skeletal biology. Genetic and genomic approaches to skeletal cell biology led the revolution with the identification of s...
On the generalizability of advertising pulsation monopoly results to an oligopoly

This paper introduces, for the first time, an analytical framework for modeling and analyzing sales response to advertising pulsation for competitive markets of mature products in continuous time for discrete, piecewise policies that allow unequal cycle lengths. Employing a Nash equilibrium solution concept, this study supported with numerical analysis demonstrates that there is an oligopolistic, as opposed to a monopolistic, justification for advertising at a constant rate in the presence of concave response functions or advertising according to a pulsing policy in the presence of S-shaped response functions. The article employs a modeling framework whereby each of a set of competitors' responses to advertising spending is governed mainly by Lanchester type response is used to analyze the game resulting from cyclical advertising policies that are strictly adhered to by all players. A non-discounted averaged performance is used to assess the purported optimality of different variants of piecewise-constant policies.
Glutathione Augments in Vitro Proliferative Responses of Lymphocytes to Concanavalin A to a Greater Degree in Old than in Young Rats

The proliferative response of spleno- cytes to concanavalin A (Con A) is significantly lower in aged than in young rats. The addition of reduced (GSH) but not oxidized (GSSG) y-glutamylcysteinyl- glycine (glutathione) in vitro totally reverses the defec tive proliferative response of splenocytes from aged rats. The inhibitor of y-glutamylcysteine synthetase, buthionine sulfoximine, abrogates the in vitro prolifer ation of splenocytes from young rats activated with Con A, and this effect is significantly reversed by addition of GSH. The enhancing effects of GSH on proliferation of Con A-activated splenocytes of both young and old rats are apparent as early as 24 h and are still evident as late as 72 h in culture. Both cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol are able to mimic the effect of GSH in causing a greater increase in Con A-induced proliferative responses of splenocytes from old rats (eightfold) as compared to young animals (threefold). Although 2-mercaptoethanol increases expression of membrane-bound transferrin receptors on both Con A-activated splenocytes and T lymphocytes, this alone does not account for the greater enhancement of Con A-induced proliferation of splenocytes from old as compared to young rats. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the glutathione peroxidase- dependent detoxification system is defective in T lym phocytes of aged rats. J. Nutr. 120:1710-1717,
Decomposition-based assembly synthesis for in-process dimensional adjustability

This paper presents a method of assembly synthesis focused on the in-process adjustability, where assembly synthesis is defined as the decomposition of the end product design prior to the detailed component design phase. Focusing on the effect of joint configurations on dimensional integrity of complex assemblies, the method recursively decomposes a product configuration and assigns joint configurations according to simple rules, in order to achieve a designed dimensional adjustability and non-forced fit. The rules employed during the decomposition process are drawn from the previous works of assembly design. An augmented AND/OR graph is utilized to represent a process of assembly synthesis with the corresponding assembly sequences, and the algorithm for generating the AND/OR graph is discussed. The method is applied to two dimensional skeletons of product designs at very early stage of the design process. The relation of the assembly synthesis to Datum Flow Chain (Mantripragada and Whitney, 1998) is discussed. It is also shown that each final design from the assembly synthesis defines its own Datum Flow Chain.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Image analysis methods for diffuse optical tomography

Three major analytical tools in imaging science are summarized and demonstrated relative to optical imaging in vivo. Standard resolution testing is optimal when infinite contrast is used and hardware evaluation is the goal. However, deep tissue imaging of absorption or fluorescent contrast agents in vivo often presents a different problem, which requires contrast-detail analysis. This analysis shows that the minimum detectable sizes are in the range of 1/10 the outer diameter, whereas minimum detectable contrast values are in the range of 10 to 20% relative to the continuous background values. This is estimated for objects being in the center of the domain being imaged, and as the heterogeneous region becomes closer to the surface, the lower limit on size and contrast can become arbitrarily low and more dictated by hardware specifications. Finally, if human observer detection of abnormalities in the images is the goal, as is standard in most radiological practice, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and location receiver operating characteristic curve (LROC) are used. Each of these three major areas of image interpretation and analysis are reviewed in the context of medical imaging as well as how they are used to quantify the performance of diffuse optical imaging of tissue.
Serotonergic modulation of basal ganglia circuits Complexity and therapeutic opportunities

DA= : dopamine; DRN= : dorsal raphe nucleus; GABA= : γ-aminobutyric acid; 5-HT= : 5-hydroxytryptamine; l-DOPA, levodopa= : l-dihydroxyphenylalanine; MPTP= : 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 6-OHDA= : 6-hydroxydopamine; PD= : Parkinson disease; SERT= : serotonin transporter; SNc= : substantia nigra pars compacta; SNr= : substantia nigra pars reticulata; VTA= : ventral tegmental area. Serotonergic innervation of the CNS originates from the raphe nuclei and exerts widespread influence on behavior. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has an important neuromodulatory action that is mediated by a large variety of 5-HT receptor subtypes. The central serotonergic system has been implicated in mechanisms of cognition, emotion, impulse control, circadian and sleep-wake cycle regulation, pain modulation, and respiratory, cardiovascular, and motor functions. Experimental studies have provided a large amount of information on the multiple effects of 5-HT on the basal ganglia circuits at the levels of the prefrontal cortex, striatum, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus, both directly and via 5-HT interactions with the dopaminergic system. Both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems are affected in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, drug addiction, schizophrenia, and other disorders. The complex interactions between the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems at the levels of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex, and their implications for PD and several psychiatric disorders, have been comprehensively reviewed.1–6 Some general concepts and potential clinical implications for PD are emphasized here. ### Anatomy. The raphe nuclei are located in the midline throughout the brainstem and are subdivided into a rostral and a caudal group.6 The rostral raphe nuclei include the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and median raphe nucleus, which provide inputs to the forebrain and upper brainstem; the caudal raphe nuclei provide inputs to the lower brainstem and spinal cord. The DRN provides the major serotonergic input to basal ganglia circuits, including the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) and all their targets, including the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), subthalamic nucleus, and prefrontal cortex (figure 1).3–6 At all these levels, serotonergic …
Adaptive array processing in non-Gaussian environments

In several adaptive array application areas the Gaussian distribution has not proven to be an accurate model of the measured data. Nevertheless, Gaussian based processors have demonstrated robust performance in spite of this statistical mismatch. A need therefore exists for the consideration of (i) problem reformulation and (ii) performance analysis in non-Gaussian environments. The theory of complex multivariate elliptically contoured (MEC) distributions provides an attractive theoretic framework for these considerations especially in the adaptive array setting. We replace the Gaussian data assumption with one of MEC distributed and reexamine the optimality and performance of widely used adaptive detection and beamforming structures.
A second order adaptive Volterra filter using a two-stage lattice preprocessor

A lattice structure for a second-order adaptive Volterra filter is described. This algorithm includes a two-stage adaptive orthogonalization which greatly reduces nonuniform convergence effects. Significantly improved convergence characteristics compared with direct-form implementations are achieved. Furthermore, the system has a fairly simple structure and a relatively low computational burden. The proposed implementation is especially attractive in those applications in which the error signal needs to be minimized, such as echo canceling. In system identification problems, however, some additional offline processing needs to be performed to transform the lattice reflection coefficients into direct-form filter coefficients. >
Effects of long work hours and poor sleep characteristics on workplace injury among full‐time male employees of small‐ and medium‐scale businesses

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long work hours and poor sleep characteristics on workplace injury. A total of 1891 male employees, aged 18-79 years (mean 45 years), in 296 small- and medium-scale businesses in a suburb of Tokyo were surveyed by means of a self-administered questionnaire during August-December 2002. Work hours and sleep characteristics, including daily sleep hours, subjective sleep sufficiency, sleep quality and easiness to wake up in the morning, were evaluated. Information on workplace injury in the past 1-year period was self-reported. The risk of workplace injury associated with work hours and poor sleep was estimated using multivariate logistic regression with odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals as measures of associations. Compared with those working 6-8 h day(-1) with good sleep characteristics, positive interactive effects for workplace injury were found between long work hours (>8-10 h day(-1) or >10 h day(-1) ) and short sleep duration (<6 h) [adjusted OR (aOR), 1.27-1.54], subjective insufficient sleep (aOR, 1.94-1.99), sleep poorly at night (aOR, 2.23-2.49) and difficulty waking up in the morning (aOR, 1.56-1.59). Long work hours (aOR, 1.31-1.48), subjective insufficient sleep (aOR, 1.49) and sleeping poorly at night (aOR, 1.72) were also independently associated with workplace injury. This study suggests that long work hours coupled with poor sleep characteristics are synergistically associated with increased risk of workplace injury. Greater attention should be paid to manage/treat poor sleep and reduce excessive work hours to improve safety at the workplace.
Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Rev Function in Murine A9 Cells Involves the Rev C-Terminal Domain

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Rex proteins are essential for the expression of viral structural proteins and productive infection. Both contain a nuclear export signal (NES) in their C-terminal domain and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in their N-terminal domain. The NES and NLS are necessary for shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm and are therefore indispensable for the transport of unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts. HIV-1 Rev function is restricted in A9 cells, a murine fibroblast cell line, whereas HTLV-1 Rex is functional in these cells. Immunofluorescence studies with RevGFP fusion protein demonstrate normal import and export of Rev in A9 cells. To ascertain which domains of Rev are necessary for the restriction of Rev function in A9 cells, we studied a chimeric construct in which the NES domain of Rev was exchanged with Rex C-terminal amino acids 79 to 95, the Rev1-79/Rex79-95 chimera, which restored Rev function in A9 cells. In addition, overexpression of a truncated Rev containing the Rev C-terminal domain in the presence of wild-type Rev, led to restoration of Rev function in A9 cells. These results suggest that the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 Rev plays an important role in restricting Rev function in murine cells.
Optical networking update

This paper presents an inventory of the current state and future prospects for networks in which signal paths between end user nodes remain entirely in optical form without intervening electronic conversions. The emphasis is on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). The applications and system aspects are stressed relative to details of the supporting technologies. The case to be made for optical networks as the basis of an entire possible future generation of networking is examined, after which the various architectural choices are discussed. Next, the limits on what can be achieved, mostly arising from limitations within the available technology, are treated. After a review of the history of all-optical networking, the paper concludes with speculations about where the applications, the technology and the architectural character of these systems will be going in the years ahead.
Wave-front interpretation with Zernike polynomials

Several low-order Zernike modes are photographed for visualization. These polynomials are extended to include both circular and annular pupils through a Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure. Contrary to the traditional understanding, the classical least-squares method of determining the Zernike coefficients from a sampled wave front with measurement noise has been found numerically stable. Furthermore, numerical analysis indicates that the so-called Gram-Schmidt method and the least-squares method give practically identical results. An alternate method using the orthogonal property of the polynomials to determine their coefficients is also discussed.
Changes in expenditures for Medicaid enrollees with a behavioral health diagnosis: 2005-2010

Objective : The Affordable Care Act requires care coordination for individuals with behavioral health problems due to frequent physical health problems. The potential for cost savings is often used to motivate the use of care coordination. This paper examined Medicaid physical and behavioral health expenditures over a six year period for individuals with a behavioral health diagnosis to explore whether current and future costs are sufficient to justify care coordination. Objective: The Affordable Care Act requires care coordination for individuals with behavioral health problems due to frequent physical health problems. The potential for cost savings is often used to motivate the use of care coordination. This paper examined Medicaid physical and behavioral health expenditures over a six year period for individuals with a behavioral health diagnosis to explore whether current and future costs are sufficient to justify care coordination. Methods: The analysis used Florida Medicaid enrollment and claims data. Transitions between expenditure quintiles were examined for people with a behavioral health diagnosis, as was the likelihood of exiting the Medicaid program. We also examined the distribution of expenditures related to physical and mental health problems and how this changed over time. Results: Individuals with a behavioral health diagnosis were in higher expenditure groups in 2005, were more likely to move to higher expenditure groups, and were less likely to exit the Medicaid program between 2005 and 2010 than people without a behavioral health diagnosis. Individuals with behavioral health problems had higher expenditures for physical health care than behavioral health care. Conclusions: Medicaid expenditures are high for people with a behavioral health diagnosis and have a higher likelihood of increasing over time. Given high current and future costs, modest reductions in costs may be sufficient to justify the use of care coordination programs for people with physical and behavioral health diagnoses.
Association of Statin Therapy and Risks of Cholelithiasis, Biliary Tract Diseases, and Gallbladder Procedures Retrospective Cohort Analysis of a US Population

Background: Gallstone disease is a leading cause of morbidity in Western countries and carries a high economic burden. Statin medications decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and may, therefore, lower the risk of cholesterol cholelithiasis by reducing the cholesterol concentration in the bile. Population-based evidence, however, is sparse. Objective: To assess the risk of gallbladder diseases among statin users compared with nonusers in an American patient cohort. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients enrolled in the San Antonio Tricare health system using data between October 2003 and March 2012. We defined 2 groups: statin users (use for 90 days or greater) and nonusers (no prior statin). A propensity score based on 82 variables was generated to match statin users and nonusers 1:1. Outcomes included incidence of cholelithiasis, biliary tract diseases, and gallbladder procedures. Results: A total of 43 438 patients were identified; 13 626 (31.4%) were statin users, and 29 81...
1987 AAHE Scholar's Address: Three Ways Research Influences Policy and Practice: The Public's Right to Know and the Scientist's Responsibility to Educate

(1987). 1987 AAHE Scholar's Address: Three Ways Research Influences Policy and Practice: The Public's Right to Know and the Scientist's Responsibility to Educate. Health Education: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 44-49.
Metrics for the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation: Toward Routine Benchmarks for Climate Models

AbstractMetrics are proposed—that is, a few summary statistics that condense large amounts of data from observations or model simulations—encapsulating the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Vector area averaging of Fourier amplitude and phase produces useful information in a reasonably small number of harmonic dial plots, a procedure familiar from atmospheric tide research. The metrics cover most of the globe but down-weight high-latitude wintertime ocean areas where baroclinic waves are most prominent. This enables intercomparison of a large number of climate models with observations and with each other. The diurnal cycle of precipitation has features not encountered in typical climate model intercomparisons, notably the absence of meaningful “average model” results that can be displayed in a single two-dimensional map. Displaying one map per model guides development of the metrics proposed here by making it clear that land and ocean areas must be averaged separately, but interpreting maps from all models ...
Evaluation of the Efficacy of HIV/AIDS Voluntary Counseling and Testing

Objective To investigate the relationship between awareness of AIDS and the acceptance of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) in general public, and to provide supportive information to the community for the promotion of VCT. Methods Investigation was carried out at both the VCT clinic and the central district by means of face-to-face interview. Information concerning demographic data, AIDS knowledge, and attitude to VCT was collected and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and Logistic Regression Modeling. Results Patients attending VCT clinic had a higher degree of awareness of disease transmission(Z=3.24314, P=0.0012) and concern of public health (Z=1.92708, P=0.0540) than the general public. For the individuals with high-risk behavior for HIV,there are 4 predominant factors affecting the acceptance of VCT. These included the sex (OR=0.051,P=0.0001), knowledge on the disease transmission (OR=12.161, P=0.0264), self-efficacy on HIV (OR=3.252, P=0.0343) and consciousness of AIDS epidemic (OR=1.576,P=0.0305). Conclusion Highlighting the epidemic, clarifying the modes of transmission, and introduction of the solution for AIDS treatment and prevention are the key to the success in the promotion of VCT.
Re-ignition Characteristics of 126kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Triple Breaks

To analyze the re-ignition characteristics of a 126 kV vacuum circuit breaker(VCB) with triple breaks,we established a transient equivalent model of a 126 kV VCB with triple breaks,which contained a dielectric re-ignition criteria.Thereby,we simulated the re-ignition current waveform of the break which took higher part of transient recovery voltage(TRV).A damped resistor was added in the grading capacitor branch to extinguish re-ignition current as early as possible.The results show that,the effect of damped resistor is the best when its value is threshold between oscillatory and non-oscillatory decay.Moreover,we simulated and analyzed excessive TRV which appeared across unre-ignition breaks and power frequency recovery voltage(PFRV) which appeared across re-ignition break in the presence and absence of grading capacitors.A metal oxide arrester(MOA) was shunted across each break to ensure breaking successfully and to protect the external insulation of re-ignition break by limiting excessive TRV and PFRV,respectively.Results show that,the voltage limiting effect is preferable when a MOA with reference voltage of 50 kV is in parallel with a grading capacitor of 1 000 pF,also the thermal limit can be satisfied,providing a basis for choosing proper dynamic voltage-sharing measures for a 126 kV VCB with triple breaks.
Shielding effectiveness of metallic door in rectangular tunnel

In order to investigate the shielding effect of the metallic door on electromagnetic wave,the model of rectangular tunnel in protection engineering was established.With the FDTD(finite-difference time-domain) method,electromagnetic shielding effectiveness(SE) were studied for the TE_(10) and TM_(11) modes.Factors affecting the SE were analyzed.The results indicate that shielding effectiveness is improved when the doorframe is embedded to certain depth in the rock and soil media.The slot on the metallic door degrades the shielding effectiveness,but the shielding effectiveness varies little with different widths of slot.The penetrative wire beside the doorframe has almost no effect on shielding effectiveness and the affection of the wire becomes great when it is close to tunnel's center.
Chemical Understanding of the Mechanisms Involved in Mitigation of Charged Impurity Effects by Polar Molecules on Graphene

It is well-known that the transport properties of monolayer graphene are degraded by charged impurities present between graphene and either a given substrate or air. Such impurities cause charge scattering of holes and electrons in graphene. In previous work, our group has used both fluoropolymer thin films and polar vapor molecules to dramatically improve graphene field-effect transistor (FET) device characteristics, including Dirac voltage and mobility. We attributed the graphene device improvements to mitigation of charged impurities and defects due to electrostatic interaction with the dipoles of the applied fluoropolymers and polar molecules. In this work, we present theoretical support to this hypothesis, in the form of computational chemical simulations involving the interaction of polar molecules and impurities on a graphene sheet. We examine two types of impurities which may occur at graphene interfaces: ionic impurities and molecular dipole impurities. Upon introduction of polar vapor molecules ...
Use of medication orders for monitoring prescribing and documenting consultations

A study of the consultations performed by pharmacists under a documentation system that avoids extra paperwork is described. Pharmacists at a tertiary-care teaching hospital developed a system under which the medication order itself is used to capture the information needed for documenting pharmacist consultations. Orders requiring consultation are flagged, and the consulting pharmacist makes a note on the prescription detailing the problem and the outcome of communication with the prescriber. These orders are collected daily and photocopied. To evaluate the system, data on the consultations and the drug orders they represented were collected from July 1990 through June 1991. The potential of the flagged order, if implemented, to adversely affect patient outcome was used to classify the consultations. During the 12-month period, 1031 clinically significant consultations were documented. The rate of acceptance by prescribers was 83%. Orders with potentially fatal or severe consequences accounted for 18.4% of the consultations. The medical service had the largest percentage of consultations, followed by the psychiatric, surgical, and obstetrics and gynecology services. The data were used to show the positive impact that the pharmacy department has on patient outcomes. A system for documenting pharmacist consultations that avoided the use of forms was simple to use and showed a high rate of acceptance of recommendations.
The Role of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes characterized by the expression of an invariant T cell antigen receptor (TCR) rearrangement, and the recognition of antigens presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC class I-like antigen-presenting molecule. After activation iNKT cells rapidly produce copious amounts of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. As a consequence of their vigorous and early response, iNKT cells have been implicated in a dazzling variety of different immune reactions, ranging from responses to pathogens and tumors to autoimmune diseases. In this review we will focus on the diverse roles of iNKT cells in autoimmune diseases and will consider the proposed mechanisms whereby they exert their influence.
The institute for information literacy: Formal training is a critical need

Le but de cet institut est d'aider les particuliers comme les institutions a integrer la culture de l'information dans le programme des etudes. Projets de l'institut. Description du site Web
Complicating Race Afrocentric Facial Feature Bias and Prison Sentencing in Oregon

Much research on race and sentencing utilizes broad racial categories to estimate the effect of race on sentencing outcomes; however, more nuanced conceptualizations of race have begun to appear in...
Toward Developing a Climatology of Fire Emissions in Central Asia

Fire emissions are a significant mechanism in the carbon cycling from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere, and fire behavior is considerably interacted with weather and climate. However, due to interannual variation of the emissions and nonlinear smoke plume dynamics, understanding the interactions between fire behavior and the atmosphere is challenging. This study aims to establish a climatology of the fire emission in Central Asia and has estimated a feedback of fire emissions to meteorological variables on a seasonal basis using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry. The months of April, May, and September have a relatively large number of pixels, where the plume height is located within the boundary layer, and the domain during these months tends to have unstable conditions at the strongest smoke, showing a lower percentage of stable conditions. From the seasonal analysis, the high fire intensity occurs in the summer as smoke travels above the boundary layer, changing temperature profile and increasing the water vapor mixing ratio.