cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promotion of nickel catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch reactions

This paper extends previous research in which coprecipitated NiO/Al2O3 catalysts were shown to be active and selective for production of C2C8 hydrocarbons from H2/CO, provided the catalyst is activated by rapid calcination and the heat of reaction is effectively removed. Other supports such as ThO2, kieselguhr, TiO2 and ZrO2 were found to be superior. In particular, ThO2-promoted catalysts gave very high yields (70–75%) of hydrocarbons at 100% conversion. There were indications that other oxides such as Gd2U3 and Tb2U3 could be effective also. Activity for a large number of oxides followed a pattern similar to that of alcohol dehydration, supporting the mechanism in which dehydration of surface enol species at the nickel-support interface is rate determining. Hydrogenolysis was also indicated to be a major source of methane. Catalyst compositions, concentrations and preparations were all consistent with these views.
Identification of Superfluid Phases of He 3 in Uniformly Isotropic 98.2% Aerogel

Superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ confined to high porosity silica aerogel is the paradigm system for understanding impurity effects in unconventional superconductors. However, a crucial first step has been elusive: exact identification of the microscopic states of the superfluid in the presence of quenched disorder. Using a new class of highly uniform aerogel materials, we report pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance experiments that demonstrate definitively that the two observed superfluid states in aerogel are impure versions of the isotropic and axial $p$-wave states. The theoretically predicted destruction of long-range orbital order (Larkin-Imry-Ma effect) in the impure axial state is not observed.
BDNF function as a potential mediator of bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity

Bipolar disorder (BD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur among psychiatric patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) function is associated with core characteristics of both BD and PTSD. We propose a neurobiological model that underscores the role of reduced BDNF function resulting from several contributing sources, including the met variant of the BDNF val66met (rs6265) single-nucleotide polymorphism, trauma-induced epigenetic regulation and current stress, as a contributor to the onset of both illnesses within the same person. Further studies are needed to evaluate the genetic association between the val66met allele and the BD-PTSD population, along with central/peripheral BDNF levels and epigenetic patterns of BDNF gene regulation within these patients.
Investigation of segmentation based pooling for image quantification

A key step in many image quantification solutions is feature pooling, where subsets of lower-level features are combined so that higher-level, more invariant predictions can be made. The pooling region, which defines the subsets, often has a fixed spatial size and geometry, but data-adaptive pooling regions have also been used. In this paper we investigate pooling strategies for the data-adaptive case and suggest a new framework for pooling that uses multiple sub-regions instead of a single region. We show that this framework can help represent the shape of the pooling region and also produce useful pairwise features for adjacent pooling regions. We demonstrate the utility of the framework in a number of classification tasks relevant to image quantification in digital microscopy.
Anti-semitism: Banality or the darker side of genius?

Moshe Zimmermann, Wilhelm Marr, the Patriarch of Antisemitism, Oxford University Press, 1986, 171 pp. Frederick Busi, The Pope of Antisemitism: The Career and Legacy of Edouard-Adolphe Drumont, University Press ofAmerica, Lanham, Maryland, 1986, 221 pp. Jacob Katz, The Darker Side of Genius: Richard Wagner's Anti-Semitism, University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, 151 pp.
Aerial Application of Diazinon Granules for Area Control of the Lone Star Tick (Acari: Ixodidae)

Field assays of 14% diazinon granules against free-living lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), in wooded plots in Oklahoma from 1981 to 1983 indicated that an aerial application method was equal in efficiency to concurrent ground applications of equivalent doses (0.9 to 1.2 kg [AI]/ha) of the same formulation of acaricide. Aerial (and ground) applications of granules were 18 and 33% less effective against nymphs and adults, respectively, when applied in mid-April versus mid-May. Furthermore, these applications provided higher levels of control of nymphs (81% in April and 97% in May) than of adults (57% in April and 85% in May). The mean level of control from both types of application of diazinon granules against early season larvae of the lone star tick was 93%.
Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations for the ground state and n=2 singlet states of heliumlike ions.

Term energies are determined for the ground state and n=2 singlet states of heliumlike ions with nuclear charges in the range 4\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}92. These calculations are based on the relativistic no-pair Hamiltonian which includes both the Coulomb interaction and the retarded Breit interaction. Single-particle wave functions are expanded in a B-spline basis constructed from Dirac-Coulomb orbitals restricted to a finite cavity. The Hamiltonian matrix is evaluated and Davidson's method is used to determine the lowest few eigenenergies and eigenfunctions for each angular symmetry. Quantum electrodynamic corrections are also calculated. We find good, but not precise, agreement between theory and experiment for the K\ensuremath{\alpha} x-ray energies. It is argued that high-precision x-ray measurements for highly charged ions are needed to further test the theory.
Optimal linear combinations of neural networks

Neural network (NN) based modeling often involves trying multiple networks with different architectures, learning techniques, and training parameters in order to achieve "acceptable" model accuracy. Typically, one of the trained networks is chosen as "best", while the rest are discarded. In this dissertation, using optimal linear combinations (OLCs) of the corresponding outputs of a set of NNs is proposed as an alternative to using a single network. Modeling accuracy is measured by mean squared error (MSE) with respect to the distribution of random inputs. Optimality is defined by minimizing the MSE, with the resultant combination referred to as MSE-OLC. MSE-OLCs are investigated for four cases: allowing (or not) a constant term in the combination and requiring (or not) combination-weights to sum to one. In each case, deriving the MSE-OLC is straightforward and the optimal combination-weights are simple, requiring only matrix manipulations of bias, variance, and covariance information. In practice, information on bias, variance, and covariance is often difficult to obtain. Thus, the optimal combination-weights need to be estimated from observed data: observed inputs, the corresponding true responses, and the corresponding outputs for each component network. Given the data, computing the estimated optimal combination-weights is straightforward. Collinearity among the outputs and/or the errors of the component NNs sometimes degrades the generalization ability of the estimated MSE-OLC. In the presence of degrading collinearity, some of the component NNs may be dropped from the combination in order to improve generalization. Thus, six algorithms for selecting subsets of the NNs for the MSE-OLC are developed and tested. Several examples, including a real-world problem and an empirical study, are discussed. The examples illustrate the importance of addressing collinearity and demonstrate significant improvements in model accuracy as a result of employing MSE-OLCs supported by the NN selection algorithms.
Complex moduli of viscoelastic composites—I. General theory and application to particulate composites

Abstract A correspondence principle is developed by means of which effective complex moduli of viscoelastic composites can be determined on the basis of analytical expressions for effective elastic moduli of composites. The method is applied to determine complex moduli of isotropic particulate composites with special attention to the composite spheres assemblage model. Very good agreement with published experimental results for effective complex moduli is obtained.
Laser Altimetry Sampling Strategies over Sea Ice

With the conclusion of the science phase of the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission in late 2009, and the planned launch of ICESat-2 in late 2015, NASA has recently established the IceBridge program to provide continuity between missions. A major goal of IceBridge is to obtain a sea-ice thickness time series via airborne surveys over the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Typically two laser altimeters, the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) and the Land, Vegetation and Ice Sensor (LVIS), are utilized during IceBridge flights. Using laser altimetry simulations of conventional analogue systems such as ICESat, LVIS and ATM, with the multi-beam system proposed for ICESat-2, we investigate differences in measurements gathered at varying spatial resolutions and the impact on sea-ice freeboard. We assess the ability of each system to reproduce the elevation distributions of two seaice models and discuss potential biases in lead detection and sea-surface elevation, arising from variable footprint size and spacing. The conventional systems accurately reproduce mean freeboard over 25km length scales, while ICESat-2 offers considerable improvements over its predecessor ICESat. In particular, its dense along-track sampling of the surface will allow flexibility in the algorithmic approaches taken to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio for accurate and precise freeboard retrieval.
Youth Psychotherapy Change Trajectories and Outcomes in Usual Care: Community Mental Health versus Managed Care Settings.

Objective The authors compared symptom change trajectories and treatment outcome categories in children and adolescents receiving routine outpatient mental health services in a public community mental health system and a private managed care organization. Method Archival longitudinal outcome data from parents completing the Youth Outcome Questionnaire (Y-OQ) were retrieved for children and adolescents (4-17 years old) served in a community mental health system (n = 936, mean age = 12 years, 40% girls or young women, 28% from families of color) and a managed care organization (n = 3,075, mean age = 13 years, 45% girls or young women, race and ethnicity not reported). The authors analyzed Y-OQ data using multilevel modeling and partial proportional odds modeling to test for differences in change trajectories and final outcomes across the 2 service settings. Results Although initial symptom level was comparable across the 2 settings, the rate of change was significantly steeper for cases in the managed care setting. In addition, 24% of cases in the community mental health setting demonstrated a significant increase in symptoms over the course of treatment, compared with 14% of cases in the managed care setting. Conclusions These results emphasize the need for increased attention to negative outcomes in routine mental health services and provide a stronger foundation for identifying youth cases at risk for treatment failure. In addition, given the overall differences observed across treatment settings for average rate of change and deterioration rates, results suggest that setting-specific model heuristics should be used for identifying cases at risk for negative outcomes.
DERIVATION OF FORCING FUNCTIONS FOR MONTE CARLO ATMOSPHERIC GUST LOADS ANALYSIS

A methodology developed to derive forcing functions from the turbulent component of measured wind profiles for a new Monte Carlo gust loads analysis approach is described. Several large sets of forcing functions were developed by extracting the short duration, random component of measured Jimsphere wind profiles. A database consisting of Jimsphere wind soundings measured over the past three decades at the Eastern and Western Ranges of the United States was used to derive the forcing functions. Validity of these forcing functions for heavy-lift and medium-lift launch vehicles was established by examining the error contributions from various sources within the wind measurement system and the application of a noise reducing filter. A unique aspect of the method is the extraction of the relatively rapidly changing turbulent component associated with the non-persistent wind features which are expected over a given observation time period.
Winds of War: Enhancing Civilian and Military Partnerships to Assure Readiness: White Paper

This White Paper summarizes the state of readiness of combat surgeons and provides action recommendations that address the problems of how to train, sustain, and retain them for future armed conflicts. As the basis for the 2014 Scudder Oration, I explored how to secure an improved partnership between military and civilian surgery, which would optimize learning platforms and embed military trauma personnel at America's academic medical universities for trauma combat casualty care (TCCC). To craft and validate these recommendations, I conducted an integrative and iterative process of literature reviews, interviews of military and civilian leaders, and a survey of military-affiliated surgeons. The recommended action points advance the training of combat surgeons and their trauma teams by creating an expanded network of TCCC training sites and sourcing the cadre of combat-seasoned surgeons currently populating our civilian and military teaching hospitals and universities. The recommendation for the establishment of a TCCC readiness center or command within the Medical Health System of the Department of Defense includes a military and civilian advisory board, with the reformation of a think tank of content experts to address high-level solutions for military medicine, readiness, and TCCC.
On the Accuracy And Resolution of Radar Signals

Information matrices are derived for estimates of the range parameters of moving targets as obtained by combining a priori information (if available) with reflected radar signals observed in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. The inverse of the information matrix provides a lower bound on the covariance matrix of any unbiased parameter estimates. This bound can be approached with a high signal-to-noise ratio and optimum data processing (matched filters). Arbitrary frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and target motion as well as various assumptions on processing the RF phase are considered. The multiple-target case makes possible investigation of a signal's resolution ability, as well as its accuracy potentials. Results for a carrier frequency much greater than the effective signal bandwidth are obtained as a special case. A main purpose of the paper is the reduction of the original radar problem to a linear model which is equivalent in the sense of having the same information matrix. These models provide valuable insight into the relative effects of multiple targets, choice of modulation, a priori information, and assumptions regarding RF phase and bandwidth. The linear equivalent model also leads to a valuable computational algorithm for investigations using digital or hybrid computers. The various special cases of interest are obtained by simple modifications of the general case, and thus the algorithm can provide a very versatile tool for evaluating and designing radar signals.
Diet restriction prevents aging-induced deficits in brain phosphoinositide metabolism.

Receptor-activated hydrolysis of [3H]inositol-labeled phosphoinositides was evaluated in brain slices of 6-month-old (6M) and 24-month-old (24M) F344 rats that had been fed ad libitum (AL) or restricted (60% of normal) diet (RD). The muscarinic cholinergic agonist, carbachol, and the dopamine receptor agonist, SKF3893, stimulated significantly lower accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates in striatal and cortical slices of the 24M AL rats compared to the 6M AL group. This observation suggests a decreased capacity of the aged brain to respond to receptor-activated phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Furthermore, the 24M RD tissues gave significantly higher responses to carbachol (p < .01) or SKF38393 (p < .01) compared to the 24M AL group. The 24M RD responses were not significantly different from corresponding responses in the 6M AL rats, implying complete prevention of the aging effect in the diet-restricted animals up to at least 24 months of age. Concomitant observations of decreased phosphoinositide labeling in the 24M AL tissues and prevention of this decrease in diet restriction may contribute to the observed effects of aging on inositol phosphate formation.
Stockmayer force constants for the viscosity of polar gases

Relationships have been developed for the calculation of the viscosity of a polar gas at atmospheric pressure from macroscopic parameters available for the substance. The molecular force constants for the Stockmayer potential determined by Monchick and Mason from viscosity data were related to the critical constants of the substance and the parameters ω and × defined through the vapor pressure. For 10 polar gases, an average deviation of approximately 3.0% was obtained between experimental viscosities and values calculated with the relationships of this study. The relationships were also utilized to calculate diffusion coefficients for a number of polar binary mixtures. On a mis au point des equations pour calculer la viscosite d'un gaz polaire, a la pression atmospherique, a partir des parametres macroscopiques dont on disposait a son sujet. On a etabli une relation entre les constantes des forces moleculaires pour le potentiel de Stockmayer (que Monchick et Mason avaient determinees) et les constantes critiques du gaz ainsi que les parametres ω et × definis par la pression de vapeur. On a obtenu, dans le cas de 10 gaz polaires, un ecart moyen d'environ 3.0% entre les viscosites determinees experimentalement et les valeurs calculees avec les equations precitees. On a aussi utilise les relations en question pour calculer les coefficients de diffusion dans le cas d'un certain nombre de melanges binaires et polaires.
The U.C. Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory and Department of Physics Submillimeter Receiver

The UCB submm heterodyne receiver is a complete system for high-resolution astronomical spectroscopy in the 350-micron and 450-micron atmospheric windows. This compact system mounts directly at the Cassegrain focus of large optical and IR telescopes. It consists of a laser local oscillator, open structure mixer, quasi-optical coupling system, a broad-band IF system, and an acoustooptical spectrometer. The local oscillator is a 1-m-long submm laser optically pumped by a CO2 laser. The mixer is a quasi-optical corner-cube antenna structure and Schottky diode. The mixer is currently operated at room temperature, and its performance at 77 K is being evaluated. The system noise temperature is less than 7000 K SSB during observations.
Internal conversion coefficients of high-energy gamma rays

Abstract The K conversion coefficients of transitions of 1–9 MeV in 114 Cd were determined by combining measured relative intensities of the γ rays with the conversion-electron data of Von Egidy and Kaiser. These coefficients disagree with those reported by Smither, but agree with recent theoretical estimates.
POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR OF PACKED-BED ELECTRODES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING RESULTS

The current distribution and overall polarization behavior of electrodeposition at a flow-through (packed bed or fluidized bed) electrode are modeled by means of a one-dimensional model involving a primary reacting species and a simultaneous side reaction. The model equations are solved by orthogonal collocation; the time and storage requirements compare favorably to those of finite-difference methods. Experimental data obtained using a packed-bed electrode are compared with the model predictions and various methods of fitting the data are compared.
DeconMSn: a software tool for accurate parent ion monoisotopic mass determination for tandem mass spectra

Summary: DeconMSn accurately determines the monoisotopic mass and charge state of parent ions from high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry data, offering significant improvement for LTQ_FT and LTQ_Orbitrap instruments over the commercially delivered Thermo Fisher Scientific’s extract_msn tool. Optimal parent ion mass tolerance values can be determined using accurate mass information, thus improving peptide identifications for highmass measurement accuracy experiments. For low-resolution data from LCQ and LTQ instruments, DeconMSn incorporates a supportvector-machine-based charge detection algorithm that identifies the most likely charge of a parent species through peak characteristics of its fragmentation pattern. Availability: http://ncrr.pnl.gov/software/ or http://www.proteomics
Designing a National Performance Measurement System

During the past two decades, prison executives have begun to use performance-based management more extensively and frequently. The purpose of performance measurement is to assure accountability by translating agency missions into measurable outcomes, setting performance targets, regularly monitoring performance, and working toward quality improvement. Success among state departments of corrections in improving performance through results-driven management led the Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA) to begin an initiative to establish a national performance measurement system. A national system would clarify misunderstandings, establish standards, design measurable outcomes, allow cross-agency evaluations, encourage management to be future oriented, and provide motivation for using performance-based management with the profession. This article reviews ASCA's efforts to select measures of correctional performance, identify indicators of those measures, and specify measurement rules.
Lightning Current Measurement with Fiber-Optic Sensor

A fiber-optic current sensor is successfully developed with many potential applications for electric current measurement. Originally developed for in-flight lightning measurement, the sensor utilizes Faraday Effect in an optical fiber. The Faraday Effect causes linear light polarization in a fiber to rotate when the fiber is exposed to a magnetic field. The polarization change is detected using a reflective polarimetric scheme. Forming fiber loops and applying Ampere's law, measuring the total light rotation results in the determination of the total current enclosed. The sensor is conformable to complex structure geometry. It is also non-conductive and immune to electromagnetic interference, saturation or hysteresis. Installation is non-intrusive, and the sensor can be safely routed through flammable areas. Two similar sensor systems are described in this paper. The first system operates at 1310nm laser wavelength and is capable of measuring approximately 300 A - 300 kA, a 60 dB range. Laboratory validation results of aircraft lighting direct and in-direct effect current amplitudes are reported for this sensor. The second system operates at 1550nm wavelength and can measure about 400 A - 400 kA. Triggered-lightning measurement data are presented for this system. Good results are achieved in all cases.
Efficacy of a conjugate vaccine containing polymannuronic acid and flagellin against experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice

Vaccines that could effectively prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections in the settings of cystic fibrosis (CF) and nosocomial pneumonia could be exceedingly useful, but to date no effective immunotherapy targeting this pathogen has been successfully developed for routine use in humans. Evaluations using animals and limited human trials of vaccines and their associated immune effectors against different P. aeruginosa antigens have suggested that antibody to the conserved surface polysaccharide alginate, as well as the flagellar proteins, often give high levels of protection. However, alginate itself does not elicit protective antibody in humans, and flagellar vaccines containing the two predominant serotypes of this antigen may not provide sufficient coverage against variant flagellar types. To evaluate if combining these antigens in a conjugate vaccine would be potentially efficacious, we conjugated polymannuronic acid (PMA), containing the blocks of mannuronic acid conserved in all P. aeruginosa alginates, to type a flagellin (FLA) and evaluated immunogenicity, opsonic killing activity, and passive protective efficacy in mice. The PMA-FLA conjugate was highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and elicited opsonic antibodies against mucoid but not nonmucoid P. aeruginosa, but nonetheless rabbit antibody to PMA-FLA showed evidence of protective efficacy against both types of this organism in a mouse lung infection model. Importantly, the PMA-FLA conjugate vaccine did not elicit antibodies that neutralized the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-activating activity of flagellin, an important part of innate immunity to flagellated microbial pathogens. Conjugation of PMA to FLA appears to be a promising path for developing a broadly protective vaccine against P. aeruginosa.
The Heated Condensation Framework. Part II: Climatological Behavior of Convective Initiation and Land–Atmosphere Coupling over the Conterminous United States

AbstractThis is Part II of a two-part study introducing the heated condensation framework (HCF), which quantifies the potential convective state of the atmosphere in terms of land–atmosphere interactions. Part I introduced the full suite of HCF variables and applied them to case studies with observations and models over a single location in the southern Great Plains. It was shown in Part I that the HCF was capable of identifying locally initiated convection and quantifying energetically favorable pathways for initiation. Here, the HCF is applied to the entire conterminous United States and the climatology of convective initiation (CI) in relation to local land–atmosphere coupling (LoCo) is explored for 34 summers (June–August) using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and observations. NARR is found to be capable of capturing the convective threshold (buoyant mixing potential temperature θBM) and energy advantage transition (energy advantage potential temperature θadv) for most of the United Sta...
Figure-ground separation by a dynamical system

This paper describes a neural network inspired dynamical system approach to a perceptual grouping problem-figure-ground separation. In this approach, a nonlinear differential equation is defined at each pixel site and coupled with those at its neighbors. The steady state solution would determine whether a pixel is part of a salient structure or background noise. The neighborhood couplings are used to achieve spatial interactions that are essential to perceptual grouping, such as excitation and inhibition. Experimental results on the grouping of dots in synthetic and real-world images demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Estimating the ground heightwith L-band IfSAR in a wind-blown forest environment

The horizontal and vertical (3D) structure of Earth's forested ecosystems are of great significance to their ecological functioning and societal uses. An IfSAR approach is one methodology whereby a forest's structure and height in particular can be successfully estimated. Critical to the successful estimation is a high correlation between multiple SAR images. Regardless of a forest's location on the Earth, motion due to wind can significantly alter a forest's appearance to a radar system operating at L-band and so too decrease this necessary correlation. In order to investigate and quantize the decorrelation induced by the wind, we have developed a model that is capable of generating both a single-pass and repeat-pass interferometric SAR response of a forest including the application of a randomly oriented wind field. The simulation consists of multiple interconnected parts including the generation of fractal tree geometries, a wind simulator to apply variable wind forces to the generated trees, an electromagnetic model to allow us to calculate a fully polarimetric Single Look Complex value for the SAR return of the combined target, and an IfSAR processing algorithm capable of calculating a scattering phase center in the presence of wind. Results present polarimetric scattering phase centers and interferogram coherence as a function of wind speed. We further deconstruct our SAR processor to yield individual scatting mechanisms and their resultant scattering phase centers. This deconstruction allows for an accurate estimate of the underlying ground to be generated, even in the presence of a strong wind field.
Surface-initiated polymerization of styrene from one-step prepared thiol-functionalized organoclays

Abstract A polystyrene–organoclay composite material was prepared by surface-initiated radical polymerization of styrene from the surface of thiol-functionalized organoclays synthesized in a one-step process. Characterizations of the composite by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed a direct covalent bonding between the polystyrene and the clay layers and an essentially exfoliated structure. The significant amount of SH reactive sites present in the organoclay resulted in a high grafting percentage (PG%, 49.8%) and in a high content of grafted polystyrene in the material (35.8 wt%), indicating that such polystyrene-grafted organoclays could be easily used as polymer fillers for incorporation in various polymeric matrices.
The ethics of teaching in qualitative research

Although new-paradigm researchers often teach enlarged versions of ethics, they rarely, if ever, write about the ethics of teaching interpretivist inquiry. Five problems associated uniquely with th...
Calculation of pion dose distributions in water

Techniques for calculating negative pion beam depth and off‐axis dose distributions in a water phantom have been developed at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility in Los Alamos. The superposition of the unmodulated depth‐dose curve produced modulated depth‐dose curves. The addition of the collimatorneutron dose, which has been shown to depend on field size, to the modulated depth‐dose curve yields the collimated depth‐dose distributions. Off‐axis dose distributions under a collimator are produced by calculating the distortion of the uncollimated beam caused by multiple Coulomb scattering and beam phase space. Several comparisons of calculated and measured distributions are shown with agreement of nominally ±3% of peak dose or ±3 mm for a particular dose contour. These distributions are then modified by computerized tomographic data to give patient isodose distributions.
Synthese von Cyclobutanen und Cyclobutenen: katalytische enantioselektive [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen

Cyclobutane und Cyclobutene sind wichtige Strukturmotive, die in zahlreichen biologisch bedeutenden Verbindungen vorkommen, und nutzliche Zwischenstufen in der chemischen Synthese. Entsprechend haben sich [2+2]-Cycloadditionen zur Synthese von Cyclobutanen und Cyclobutenen als besonders nutzliche Umwandlungen erwiesen. In den letzten 10 Jahren ist die Zahl der Publikationen zu katalytischen enantioselektiven [2+2]-Cycloadditionen gestiegen. Diese Reaktionen machen eine Vielzahl zuvor nicht erhaltlicher enantiomerenangereicherter chemischer Verbindungen zuganglich. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird uber die Fortschritte bei katalytischen enantioselektiven [2+2]-Cycloadditionen fur die Synthese von Cyclobutanen und Cyclobutenen berichtet.
To Drop or Not to Drop: Design Principles for Kalman Filtering Over Wireless Fading Channels

It is the general assumption that in estimation and control over wireless links, the receiver should drop any erroneous packets. While this approach is appropriate for non real-time data-network applications, it can result in instability and loss of performance in networked control systems. In this technical note we consider estimation of a multiple-input multiple-output dynamical system over a mobile fading communication channel using a Kalman filter. We show that the communication protocols suitable for other already-existing applications like data networks may not be entirely applicable for estimation and control of a rapidly changing dynamical system. We then develop new design paradigms in terms of handling noisy packets for such delay-sensitive applications. We reformulate the estimation problem to include the impact of stochastic communication noise in the erroneous packets. We prove that, in the absence of a permanent cross-layer information path, packet drop should be designed to balance information loss and communication noise in order to optimize the performance.
Paddock Size and Stocking Density Affect Spatial Heterogeneity of Grazing

The claim that intensive rotational grazing (IRG) can sustain higher stocking rates can be partially explained by more even spatial distribution of grazing such that livestock consume forage from a greater proportion of a pasture. To test the hypothesis that utilization is more even at the higher stocking densities of smaller paddocks, mean absolute deviation (heterogeneity) of utilization estimates by plot was compared in paddocks of sizes and stocking densities representing increasing subdivision from two-paddock deferred rotation grazing (DRG) to 16-, 32-, and 64-paddock, two-cycle IRG. These 70-, 4-, 2-, and 1-ha paddocks were grazed for 7 wk, 4 d, 2 d, and 1 d, respectively, at 32 animal unit days (AUD)·ha−1 during 2000 and 34 AUD·ha−1 during 2001. Within IRG there was no response to the treatment gradient. After one cycle in the IRG paddocks, heterogeneity of use was generally lower than in the DRG paddocks, in both 2000 (3–11% [outlier 18%] vs. 14–19%) and 2001 (9–17% vs. 24–28%). After a second cycle in 2001, heterogeneity in half of the IRG paddocks (17–21%) was nearly as high as the early-grazed (24%), but not the late-grazed (28%), of the DRG paddocks. This lack of a stronger difference between systems was probably due to the fixed two-cycle IRG schedule and lack of plant growth during the nongrazing interval. Across both systems heterogeneity of utilization was strongly positively correlated with paddock size. Because utilization was not severely patchy in the largest treatment, the difference between systems would likely be greater in commercial-scale paddocks. Thus grazing distribution can be more even under intensive than extensive management, but this depends on how adaptively the system, particularly the aspects of timing and frequency, is managed.
Meaningful Mathematics Instruction The Case of Fractions

Many children have difficulty learning mathematics because of developmentally inappropriate instruction. The article discusses a number of recommendations by mathematics educators for making mathematics instruction more developmentally appropriate. More specifically, it suggests that instruction focus on understanding, not rote memorization of facts and procedures. It should entail active, purposeful learning and put less emphasis on direct instruction and paper-and-pencil work. Teachers should foster and build upon children's informal strengths rather than treating students as blank slates. They should link symbolic arithmetic to informal understanding. Moreover, instruction should promote reflection and discussion. With a developmental approach, even a traditionally difficult topic such as fractions can be meaningful, thought provoking, and interesting to children, including those labeled as learning disabled.
Geometric Cooperative Control of Particle Formations

We present a geometric approach for formation control that explicitly decouples translation dynamics from the orientation and shape dynamics. The formation dynamics are modeled as controlled Lagrangian systems on Jacobi shape space, and measurements of shape variables are used as feedback to control the entire formation. This geometric approach allows each member of the formation, modeled as a Newtonian particle, freedom to choose different coordinate frame and shape variables to describe observed orientation and shape of the formation. We derive a class of cooperative control laws and shape consensus algorithms with provable convergence. They can be implemented in a distributed fashion thanks to gauge covariance and coordinate independence associated with the geometric approach.
Interactions of metallic quantum dots on a semiconductor substrate

Experiments have shown that uniform metallic quantum dots may self-assemble on a semiconductor substrate. The observation calls for a repulsive force when the dots are close. In a traditional quantum dot system, such as Ge dots on a Si substrate, such an action is achieved by elastic interaction. This paper proposes a mechanism for metallic dots without coherent lattice or lattice mismatch, so that elastic effect may not account for the phenomena. We show that electric double layers due to contact potential can lead to size-dependent repulsion, which counterbalances van der Waal attraction and determines feature sizes.
Energy-related applications of functional porous metal–organic frameworks

As a new type of functional materials, porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have experienced tremendous development in the past decade. Their amenability to design, together with the functionalizable nanospace inside their frameworks, has afforded them great potential for various applications. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the cur- rent status of porous MOFs in energy-related applications, mainly, energy gas storage, CO 2 capture, gas separation, catalysis, and fuel cells.
On Knowing What You Like and Liking What You Smell: Attitudes Depend on the Form in Which the Object is Represented

Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object. Three studies examined whether responses elicited by an attitude object depend on the form in which the object is mentally represented. Subjects indicated their preferences for odors in response to descriptive labels (a symbolic representation) and in response to unlabeled scratch-and-sniff patches (a perceptual representation). The correspondence between ratings of symbolic and perceptual object representations was substantially lower than the reliability of ratings within either representational domain. Accessibility of attitudes (indexed by judgment times) was increased by prior expression of attitudes within the same representational domain but not by prior expression of attitudes in the other domain. Discussion considers the importance of these results for models of attitude structure and function.
Spatial Sensitivity in the Dorsal Zone (Area DZ) of Cat Auditory Cortex

We compared the spatial sensitivity of neural responses in three areas of cat auditory cortex: primary auditory cortex (A1), the posterior auditory field (PAF), and the dorsal zone (DZ). Stimuli we...
Diverse Domains of THREAD/DIAP1 Are Required to Inhibit Apoptosis Induced by REAPER and HID in Drosophila

Significant amounts of apoptosis take place during Drosophila development. The proapoptotic genes reaper (rpr), grim, and head involution defective (hid) are required for virtually all embryonic apoptosis. The proteins encoded by these genes share a short region of homology at their amino termini. The Drosophila IAP homolog THREAD/DIAP1 (TH/DIAP1), encoded by the thread (th) gene, negatively regulates apoptosis during development. It has been proposed that RPR, GRIM, and HID induce apoptosis by binding and inactivating TH/DIAP1. The region of homology between the three proapoptotic proteins has been proposed to bind to the conserved BIR2 domain of TH/DIAP1. Here, we present an analysis of loss-of-function and gain-of-function alleles of th, which indicates that additional domains of TH/DIAP1 are necessary for its ability to inhibit death induced by RPR, GRIM, and HID. In addition, that analysis of loss-of-function mutations demonstrates that th is necessary to block apoptosis very early in embryonic development. This may reflect a requirement to block maternally provided RPR and HID, or it may indicate another function of the TH/DIAP1 protein.
Organization Culture Dimensions as Antecedents of Internet Technology Adoption

In recent years, growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web has had an impact on the way local, state, and national governments work. In this research, we examine the factors that influence adoption of Internet technology in a government organization in India using an integrated model, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, and Davis, 2003). This research examines organizational culture as an important antecedent to the UTAUT to evaluate user acceptance of Internet technology in a governmental organization.
Genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes: possible role in human disease.

There are several important questions to address on the subject of genetic versus environmental contributions to individual risk of cancer and toxicity, (i) How large is the genetic contribution and how large is the environmental contribution? (ii) How great is the genetic variability between individuals? (iii) How can these differences be explained on a molecular basis? (iv) Is it possible to detect these differences in a routine assay? (v) Is it financially feasible to screen populations to determine risk? (vi) Who will want to know such information and why?
Does the “Glass Escalator” Compensate for the Devaluation of Care Work Occupations? The Careers of Men in Low- and Middle-Skill Health Care Jobs

Feminized care work occupations have traditionally paid lower wages compared to non–care work occupations when controlling for human capital. However, when men enter feminized occupations, they often experience a “glass escalator,” leading to higher wages and career mobility as compared to their female counterparts. In this study, we examine whether men experience a “wage penalty” for performing care work in today’s economy, or whether the glass escalator helps to mitigate the devaluation of care work occupations. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation for the years 1996-2011, we examine the career patterns of low- and middle-skill men in health care occupations. We found that men in occupations that provide the most hands-on direct care did experience lower earnings compared to men in other occupations after controlling for demographic characteristics. However, men in more technical allied health occupations did not have significantly lower earnings, suggesting that these occupati...
Measuring Financial Performance: An Overview of Financial Statements

The need for enhanced financial management skills and techniques is critical for management in this ever-changing economic environment. Knowledge of financial statements including their preparation, purpose, and analysis attributes serve as a valuable resource to the decision-making process. The recommendations of the Farm Financial Standards Task Force are key elements to consistent preparation and evaluation of financial conditions of any agricultural entity.
A Manufacturing Agent to Retrieve Machining Knowledge in Model-Based Manufacturing

Model-Based Definition (MBD) gathers and manages all the product and process data using computer models. It is believed that applying MBD in product development can bring benefits such as: reduction in cost, increase in quality, and decrease in schedule. However, the application of MBD to downstream manufacturing and inspection processes still has not been fully realized, and more effort is needed to fully implement a model-based manufacturing system. In this paper, a Manufacturing Agent module is proposed and developed to retrieve machining knowledge for process engineers, which connects design phase to manufacturing phase in a pure 3D environment. The design intent and manufacturing information is defined in the MBD and is interpreted and analyzed to extract the manufacturing knowledge for the machining process. In this solution, the master 3D MBD is used in both design and manufacturing, and thus time and cost promises to be saved by eliminating engineering drawings and redundant models. The system framework and the core functional modules are presented, and a prototype system is implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the system and its effectiveness.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Mind the Gap: Navigating between the WTO Agreement and Its Accession Protocols

Since its inception in 1995, the World Trade Organization has prescribed numerous country-specific rules for its acceded members. Set out in WTO accession protocols, the country-specific rules elaborate, expand or derogate from the standard provisions of the WTO Agreement. Despite this practice, the precise status of the accession protocols and their relationship with the WTO multilateral agreements remain unclear. In the past decade, accession protocols have given rise to claims in more than twenty WTO disputes, most of them involving China. Due to the lack of textual guidance, WTO adjudicators have had to fill large gaps in interpreting the relationship between the accession provisions and the provisions of WTO multilateral agreements. Judicial interpretations hitherto, however, have not succeeded in clarifying such relationship. In some cases, they have led to problematic jurisprudence, creating systemic incoherence and inconsistencies in WTO law and policy. This article provides an overview of the WTO disputes involving accession protocols, and analyzes the fraught relationship between accession protocols and WTO multilateral agreements. At the systemic level, it questions the commonly accepted legal basis for country-specific rulemaking under WTO law, and advocates the need to focus on systemic coherence in navigating between the WTO Agreement and its accession protocols. To achieve systemic coherence, it is proposed that tools of conflict rules should be utilized in interpreting the relationship between country-specific rules and general WTO provisions, and that any gaps and ambiguities in the text of accession provisions should be construed in a way that will preserve WTO’s fundamental principle of nondiscrimination. The article further addresses four specific interpretive issues: (i) how to determine the availability of general exceptions of WTO agreements to country-specific obligations; (ii) how to determine the scope of derogation from WTO provisions by the country-specific rules; (iii) relevance of accession protocols to the interpretation of WTO multilateral agreements; and (iv) relevance of the accession protocol of one member to the interpretation of the accession protocol of another member.
Probabilistic Models Based Evaluation Method for Capacity Credit of Photovoltaic Generation

As the penetration level of photovoltaic(PV) generation increases rapidly in recent years,PV capacity credit evaluation is becoming one of the most important issues in the power system planning.Considering the uncertainties of PV output and network loads,a probabilistic model based on improved-sequential hour-deterministic method is established.The deterministic model reflects the long-time scale correlation between the PV output and the network load and also between different PV outputs.The rank correlation coefficients reflect the short-time ones.Based on Latin hypercube sampling(LHS) technique,a novel evaluation method for the PV capacity credit is proposed by considering the correlations between random variables.The effectiveness and accuracy of the method are proved by simulation tests on IEEE-RTS 79 system.