cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the interpretation of neutron-proton scattering data by the Schwinger variational method

Variational methods developed by Schwinger are applied to neutron-proton scattering at energies below 10 Mev. $S$-wave scattering alone is considered, and the tensor force is not taken into account. An expansion is obtained for the phase shift in powers of the energy. The coefficients can be evaluated explicity from the wave function. The first term of the series is related to Fermi's scattering length, the second term involves an "effective range." The third and higher terms turn out to be negligible.The results are used to define an "intrinsic range" for a potential well of arbitrary shape. Thus a reasonable comparison of potential wells of different shapes is made possible. The relation between intrinsic range and effective range is discussed.The experimental data on coherent and incoherent neutron-proton scattering are discussed in terms of a "shape-independent" approximation. The best value for the effective range in the triplet state is ${r}_{t}=(1.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. The effective range in the singlet state is not well determined by the present data.The effect of higher, shape-dependent terms in the expansion of the phase shift is considered. These terms become more important as the well shape becomes more long tailed, but they are found to be negligible within experimental uncertainties for the four well-shapes considered here (square, Gaussian, exponential, and Yukawa).The results for the scattering phase shifts can be extrapolated to negative energy to give an approximate algebraic equation for the energy of the bound state of the deuteron.All the numerical results are shown in graphical form; interpolation formulas are provided where higher accuracy may be needed.
Metal-dielectric layered nanostructures as epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) circuit boards for optical nanocircuits

Using analytical-numerical methods, we study near-zero permittivity of stacks of thin layers of noble metals and dielectric materials as circuit boards for our concept of optical nanocircuits, and discuss nanoscale light manipulations in these nanoboards.
The Incidence of Clinical Infection After Periodontal Surgery: A Retrospective Study*

A large-scale retrospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of clinical infection after periodontal surgery and the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in preventing postoperative infection. All second-year postgraduate students reviewed their patient records and completed a questionnaire. Eight infections were found in 884 operations performed without antibiotics, while one infection was found in 43 operations performed with antibiotics. Of 268 operations involving osseous surgery, six infections were noted while two infections were observed following 336 operations involving flap surgery without osteoplasty or ostectomy. The data indicated that the incidence of infection after periodontal surgery is very low in patients treated with or without antibiotics. It was concluded that unless there is a medical indication, there is no justification for using prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent infection following periodontal surgery.
Determination of kinematically consistent joint centers from segment orientations

A method for locating the centers of articulating joints is developed. The method is based on kinematic constraints imposed by the rigid body model of the lower extremities. No static examination or knee alignment device is required and the derived joint centers are independent of marker placement. The results from five able-bodied subjects show joint centers comparable to those found using regression and knee alignment methods.
A Breast Phantom Lesion Study With the High Resolution Transformable HOTPET Camera

The high-resolution oncologic transformable PET (HOTPET) camera can operate in different modes including breast mode and whole-body mode. In the whole-body mode, HOTPET has a transverse field-of-view (FOV) of 60 cm and an axial FOV of 13 cm. In the breast mode it has a transverse FOV of 39 cm and an axial FOV of 21 cm. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the two modes of HOTPET for observation of small ( <; 10 mm) breast lesions to measure the effective gain in lesion detection by using a dedicated breast ring PET. We compared the two modes of camera by scanning a breast phantom with small lesion insert. The breast phantom was attached to an anthropomorphic torso phantom with lung and cardiac inserts. We scanned several small lesions with inner diameters in the range of 3.95 mm to 7.86 mm for several lesion activity contrasts. The ratio of the activity concentration in the lesions to the activity concentration in the breast background ranged from 1 to 10. Reconstructed images of lesions were compared visually and we also compared the image contrast of lesions and radial profiles of lesions. The 7.86-mm lesion was observable for lesion to breast background activity ratio of 2.2 or higher in HOTPET breast mode and for activity ratio of 3.1 or higher in the whole-body mode. The 4.95-mm lesion was observable for activity ratio of 3.1 in the breast mode and activity ratio of 6.9 in whole-body mode. The 3.95-mm lesion was visually observable for activity ratio of higher than 5 in the breast mode but it was not observable in whole-body mode even at the highest measured contrast. This study demonstrated that a whole-body PET camera such as HOTPET even with 2.9-mm spatial resolution may not be able to detect lesions smaller than 7 mm for lesion to background activity ratio 3.5, while a dedicated full ring breast PET similar to HOTPET breast mode could detect smaller lesions (≤ 5 mm) for similar uptake.
Hong Kong A-2 Influenza Virus Infection among Swine during a Human Epidemic in Taiwan

THE role of lower animals in the natural cycle of human strains of influenza virus transmission has been subjected to considerable speculation. With the possible exception of the report of Romvary et al.1, there are few, if any, satisfactorily authenticated cases of human influenza viral strains being isolated from naturally infected animals. That animals could be naturally infected was demonstrated when antibodies against the Asian A-2 strain were found in swine and horses after the 1957 pandemic2.
Upon Further Review: Will The NFL's Trademark Licensing Practices Survive Full Antitrust Scrutiny? The Remand of American Needle v. National Football League

On May 24, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case American Needle v. Nat’l Football League that the National Football League’s trademark licensing practices are subject to review under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. This ruling reversed an earlier decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which had held that the National Football League’s trademark licensing practices are exempt from Section 1 scrutiny. In light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in American Needle, this article explores whether the National Football League’s trademark licensing practices could survive a full antitrust review under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Part I of this article introduces both the National Football League's trademark licensing practices and Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Part II discusses the pleadings and preliminary arguments made by the parties in American Needle. Part III explains why the Supreme Court recently held that the National Football League’s trademark licensing practices are subject to a full antitrust review under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Part IV explores the steps that a district court should take to review the National Football League’s trademark licensing arrangement. Finally, Part V concludes that there is a small but reasonable chance that the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois would find that the National Football League’s trademark licensing practices violate Section 1 of the Sherman Act.
Preconditioned iterative methods for solving Toeplitz-plus-Hankel systems

The use of preconditioned iterative methods to solve a system of equations with a Toeplitz-plus-Hankel coefficient matrix is studied. A preconditioner for Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrices is proposed, and the spectral properties of preconditioned rational Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrices are examined. It is shown that the eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrix are clustered around unity except a finite number of outliers depending on the orders of the rational generating functions, and the clustering radius is proportional to the magnitude of the last elements in Toeplitz and Hankel matrices. With the spectral regularities, an N*N rational Toeplitz-plus-Hankel system can be solved by preconditioned iterative methods with O(N log N) operations. >
Preparation of Low-Density Aerogels at Ambient Pressure

Low density aerogels have numerous unique properties which suggest a number of applications such as ultra high efficiency thermal insulation. However, the commercial viability of these materials has been limited by the high costs associated with drying at high pressures (supercritical), low stability to water vapor, and low mechanical strength. Normally, critical point drying is employed to eliminate the surface tension and hence, the capillary pressure, of the pore fluid to essentially zero. However, we show that by employing a series of aging and surface derivatization steps, the capillary pressure and gel matrix strength may be controlled such that gel shrinkage is minimal during rapid drying at ambient pressure. The properties (density, surface area, pore size, SAXS) of aerogel monoliths prepared from base catalyzed silica gels using this technique, supercritical CO2 drying, and supercritical ethanol drying are compared. An additional advantage of this approach is that the final gels are hydrophobic.
A striking profile: Soil ecological knowledge in restoration management and science

Available evidence suggests that research in terrestrial restoration ecology has been dominated by the engineering and botanical sciences. Because restoration science is a relatively young discipline in ecology, the theoretical framework for this discipline is under development and new theoretical offerings appear regularly in the literature. In reviewing this literature, we observed an absence of in-depth discussion of how soils, and in particular the ecology of soils, can be integrated into the developing theory of restoration science. These observations prompted us to assess the current role of soil ecological knowledge in restoration research and restoration practice. Although soils are universally regarded as critical to restoration success, and much research has included manipulations of soil variables, we found that better integration of soil ecological principles could still contribute much to the practice of ecosystem restoration. Here we offer four potential points of departure for increased dialog between restoration ecologists and soil ecologists. We hope to encourage the view that soil is a complex, heterogeneous, and vital entity and that adoption of this point of view can positively affect restoration efforts worldwide.
A study of 3-dimensional plasma configurations using the two-fluid plasma model

The two-fluid model consists of the complete Euler equations for the ion and electron fluids and Maxwell's equations for the electric and magnetic fields. Two-fluid effects become significant when the characteristic spatial scales are on the order of the ion skin depth and the characteristic time scales are on the order of the inverse ion cyclotron frequency. The ideal two-fluid plasma model is studied for applications of the following plasma configurations in three dimensions, the Z-pinch, the θ-pinch and the field reversed configuration (FRC). Perturbations are applied to a Z-pinch and a θ-pinch equilibrium and the evolution of the lower-hybrid drift instability is observed in 3-d. The FRC tilt instability is determined to be unstable according to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models but experimental observations indicate that the FRC is actually stable to the tilt mode. The tilt instability is studied for the FRC using the two-fluid model and comparisons are made to previous results obtained using MHD, Hall-MHD and hybrid models. Modeling global 3D phenomena using the two-fluid plasma model requires a time-advance method that is not limited to electron plasma oscillations or speed of light propagation. The time advance method will be described.
Interaction between a crack and a circular inhomogeneity with interface stiffness and tension

The interaction between a straight crack and a circular inhomogeneity with interface stiffness and energy is considered. The Gurtin and Murdoch model is adopted, wherein the interface between the inhomogeneity and the matrix is regarded as a material surface that possesses its own mechanical properties and surface tension. The elastostatics problem is decomposed into two complimentary problems for (1) a circular disk with unknown distributions of traction and displacements along its boundary and (2) a loaded isotropic plane containing a circular hole with unknown distributions of traction and displacements along its boundary. The unknown distributions are determined through the application of the constitutive relations at the material surface. For selected values of the dimensionless parameters that quantify the geometry, material properties and applied loading, the stress field, stress intensity factors and energy release rates are calculated using a complex boundary integral equation approach. Particular attention is paid to crack-tip shielding and anti-shielding that develops as a result of the stresses introduced by the material surface. An illustrative example involving a perforated plate loaded in tension suggests that the material surface produces a modest level of expected effective toughening.
"Places of the Heart": Female Regionalist Writers in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Literature

This article is the second in a series of articles which revolve around relationships between women and space. While the previous article concentrates on regionalism in general and its place in the development of U.S. literature (especially in the nineteenth century), in this discussion I focus in greater detail on female writers of regionalist and local color fiction in the last half of the nineteenth century. In so doing, I examine major issues concerning traditional interrelationships of gender, place, and literature, and the ways in which narrative style, strategies, and valuations concern identity, particularly gendered identity.
Mitogenic effect of a growth factor derived from myelin on denervated regenerates of newt forelimbs

Fibroblast growth factor injected into denervated early regenerates of adult newt forelimbs promotes mitotic activity in the dedifferentiated mesodermal cells. The effect is dose-dependent and is not produced with similar doses of cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, or growth hormone. Epidermal growth factor has a mitogenic effect less than half as great as that of fibroblast growth factor. The results suggest the possibility of a role for myel in-derived growth factors in blastema formation.
From linear to nonlinear: some complexity comparisons

This paper deals with the computational complexity, and in some cases undecidability, of several problems in nonlinear control. The objective is to compare the theoretical difficulty of solving such problems to the corresponding problems for linear systems. In particular, the problem of null-controllability for systems with saturations (of a "neural network" type) is mentioned, as well as problems regarding piecewise linear (hybrid) systems. A comparison of accessibility, which can be checked fairly simply by Lie-algebraic methods, and controllability, which is at least NP-hard for bilinear systems, is carried out. Finally, some remarks are given on analog computation in this context.
Advanced ceramic materials development and testing

An examination was made of advanced, high performance coatings and substrates for use as thermal protection system (TPS) tiles on space reusable launch vehicles (RLV). The advanced tiles were characterized using thermal performance and rain impact testing. Thermal performance was measured using plasma arcjet and heat exposures. Rain erosion tests were used to evaluate the integrity of the coated tile surfaces. Preliminary results showed that improved impact resistance and thermal performance were attained using AETB-20 tile coated with densified-TUFI.
Computational Aeroelastic Analysis of Micro Air Vehicle With Experimentally Determined Modes

This paper presents the results of a combined computational and experimental aeroelastic analysis of a Micro Air Vehicle. This MAV has a 24 inch wing span, and is designed for local area reconnaissance. The fuselage and leading edge of the wings are made of carbon flber, with nylon parachute material spanned by carbon flber ribs making up the rest of the wing. Wind tunnel data for the MAV with a rigid carbon flber wing and a ∞exible carbon flber ribbed nylon wing are used to validate the computational approach. The general aeroelastic algorithm consists of coupling a structural model based on experimentally determined mode shapes and a conventional deforming grid CFD solution. The mode shapes used in the structural model are measured using laser vibrometry on the harmonically excited vehicle. The aeroelastic algorithm is used to calculate static structural deformations coupled with a steady ∞ow solution, as well as the dynamic structural response coupled with a time accurate ∞ow solution. Quantitative comparisons of the statically deformed results are made with wind-tunnel testing, and a qualitative analysis of the dynamic response is also presented.
Troublesome Symptoms in Cancer Survivors: Fatigue, Insomnia, Neuropathy, and Pain

Patients with cancer suffer from a variety of symptoms associated with both cancer and its treatment. These symptoms may lead to a decreased quality of life for patients and can affect compliance with cancer therapies. The importance of adequately treating cancer-related symptoms is gaining more attention but, overall, many symptoms remain underdiagnosed and undertreated. Fatigue, insomnia, neuropathy, and pain are among the most common troublesome symptoms experienced by cancer survivors. This article will focus on the management of these symptoms, including an assessment of the current research and proposed best- management practices.
Atmospheric Low-Frequency Variability and Its Relationship to Midlatitude SST Variability: Studies Using the NCAR Climate System Model*.

Abstract The characteristics of atmospheric low-frequency variability and midlatitude SST variability as simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s Climate System Model are analyzed in the vicinity of the North Pacific and North Atlantic basins. The simulated spatial patterns of variability correspond quite well to those seen in observational datasets, although there are some differences in the amplitudes of variability. Companion uncoupled integrations using the atmospheric component of the coupled model are also analyzed to identify the mechanisms of midlatitude SST variability on interannual timescales. These integrations are subject to a hierarchy of SST boundary conditions, ranging from the climatological annual cycle to global monthly mean observed SST. Even uncoupled atmospheric model integrations forced by climatological SST boundary conditions are capable of simulating the spatial patterns of atmospheric variability fairly well, although coupling to an interactive ocean does prod...
Protection of E. Coli in Montmorillonite in Seawater

Increasing pollution of marine estuaries from sewage outfalls has led to intensive research on the mechanisms of decline in enteric microorganisms in the sea. The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate the effect of colloidal material, such as montmorillonite, on the decline of \IEscherichia coli\N in natural seawater. The data show that colloids protect coliforms by adsorbing them. Therefore, in waters containing even small amounts of clays, it is advisable to carry out a parallel analysis of the clay particles to determine concentrations of coliforms adsorbed on the clay particles.
What it feels like to be a mother: Variations by children's developmental stages.

The central question we addressed was whether mothers’ adjustment might vary systematically by the developmental stages of their children. In an internet-based study of over 2,200 mostly well-educated mothers with children ranging from infants to adults, we examined multiple aspects of mothers’ personal well-being, parenting, and perceptions of their children. Uniformly, adjustment indices showed curvilinear patterns across children’s developmental stages, with mothers of middle-schoolers faring the most poorly, and mothers of adult children and infants faring the best. Findings based on children in mutually exclusive age groups -- e.g., mothers with only (one or more) infants, preschoolers, etc. -- had larger effect sizes than those based on the age of the mothers’ oldest child. In contrast to the recurrent findings based on children’s developmental stages, mothers’ adjustment dimensions showed few variations by their children’s gender. Collectively, results of this study suggest that there is value in preventive interventions involving mothers not just in their children’s infancy and preschool years, but also as their children traverse the developmentally challenging years surrounding puberty.
The Historical Evolution of the Fresh-Start Policy in Israeli Bankruptcy Law

This Article represents an attempt to uncover the historical changes in the attitudes and practices in the Jewish tradition towards financially troubled individuals in the bankruptcy context. It also provides an in-depth examination of the restrictive and punitive approach towards individuals who resort to bankruptcy protection in Israel. Lastly, it illustrates the pain inflicted on many of the financially distressed individuals in Israel who have faced a rather hostile and heavily bureaucratic bankruptcy system.
Using Two-Third Power Law for Segmentation of Hand Movement in Robotic Assisted Surgery

In this study, we have developed a robust and accurate algorithm based on concept of two-third power law in human motor control to segment the hand trajectory of robotic surgeons into smaller segments. We hypothesis that tracking a longer trajectory is subjected to higher cognitive workload that may lead in to an imperfect CNS performance in programming muscle activation which will lead to more number of segment trajectories and pause points in hand movements.To test our hypothesis, after segmenting the trajectory, we determine the correlation between affine velocity and workload extracted from Surgeon’s Electroencephalography (EEG) features. EEG features are extracted by using brain waves recorded by wireless brain computer interface (B-Alert X-10 system). In our experimental study, 2 groups of participants three “experts” and five “Competent and Proficient” performed Urethro-vesical Anastomosis on an inanimate model, using the da-Vinci Surgical System® (Sunnyvale, CA).Copyright © 2015 by ASME
An alternative entry guidance scheme for the X-33

1 The entry guidance design for the X-33 involves trajectory optimization, generation of a drag acceleration profile as the nominal, closed-loop trajectory control and update, and satisfaction of trajectory conditions at the end of entry flight. This paper reviews the unique challenges encountered in the X-33 entry guidance and discusses methods used for each of the aforementioned tasks. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the guidance scheme.
The Effect of Ddt on the Metabolism of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia Japonica Newman

DDT is extremely toxic to certain insects, but precise information concerning its mode of action is lacking. Histological studies have failed to show any significant morphological changes following exposure. Hence, it is likely that the insecticide acts on metabolic processes of the insect, producing modifications which eventually lead to its death. To determine whether such modifications occur, normal insects and others poisoned with various concentrations of DDT were compared with respect to weight, rate of desiccation over anhydrous CaCl2, and the content of water, glycogen, glucose, fat, and protein. This information may assist in understanding the action of the compound and may eventually lead to the production of more effective insecticides and methods of insect control.
Toward a Bayesian Network Model of Events in International Relations

Formal models of international relations have a long history of exploiting representations and algorithms from artificial intelligence. As more news sources move online, there is an increasing wealth of data that can inform the creation of such models. The Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) extracts events from news articles from around the world, where the events represent actions taken by geopolitical actors, reflecting the actors’ relationships. We can apply existing machine-learning algorithms to automatically construct a Bayesian network that represents the distribution over the actions between actors. Such a network model allows us to analyze the interdependencies among events and generate the relative likelihoods of different events. By examining the accuracy of the learned network over different years and different actor pairs, we are able to identify aspects of international relations from a data-driven approach. We are also able to identify weaknesses in the model that suggest needs for additional domain knowledge.
Suppression of autophagy and antigen presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS47

Suppression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen presentation is believed to be among the major mechanisms used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to escape protective host immune responses. Through a genome-wide screen for the genetic loci of M. tuberculosis that inhibit MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by mycobacteria-infected dendritic cells, we identified the PE_PGRS47 protein as one of the responsible factors. Targeted disruption of the PE_PGRS47 (Rv2741) gene led to attenuated growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo, and a PE_PGRS47 mutant showed enhanced MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation during in vivo infection of mice. Analysis of the effects of deletion or over-expression of PE_PGRS47 implicated this protein in the inhibition of autophagy in infected host phagocytes. Our findings identify PE_PGRS47 as a functionally relevant, non-redundant bacterial factor in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by M. tuberculosis, suggesting strategies for improving antigen presentation and the generation of protective immunity during vaccination or infection.
Social Work Practice and Sexuality: Applying a Positive Sexuality Model to Enhance Diversity and Resolve Problems:

In recent years, there has been considerable attention within the social work profession surrounding diverse personal, family, and community issues pertaining to sexuality, yet social workers typically receive very little training on sexuality. This article discusses several such issues before introducing a recently proposed positive sexuality framework, which was designed to help facilitate sexual diversity and resolve a wide range of sociosexual problems. The positive sexuality framework is comprised of eight interrelated dimensions and, while designed to address sexual issues specifically, overlaps with and complements social work generalist practice. Thus, social workers and helping professionals may find increased success in better understanding and addressing a wide variety of sociosexual problems and issues by utilizing a positive sexuality framework in conjunction with generalist practice.
The sluggish speed of making abiotic methane.

In searching for life beyond Earth, scientists have focused considerable attention on terrestrial bodies containing liquid water. These bodies are considered to be among the most promising locations for hosting the conditions and chemistry required for life (1). To understand how to detect the presence of habitable or inhabited environments, the study of analog systems on Earth has been especially useful. Our knowledge of the chemistry of terrestrial materials and systems facilitates predictions about the theoretically spontaneous chemical reactions that might be common. This knowledge also enables experiments aimed at understanding how fast these reactions might occur. With this knowledge in hand, we can begin to better understand the chemical gradients of which emerging life might take advantage. In PNAS, McCollom (2) provides critical experimental constraints on the rates at which methane can be produced under hydrothermal conditions. Terrestrial planets are likely to be replete with a rock known as peridotite, which reacts with water in a process called serpentinization (3). This reaction transforms peridotite into serpentine and other minerals and produces alkaline fluids. Arguably, the most important consequence of this reaction is that it produces abundant molecular hydrogen (H2). Hydrogen is a feedstock for a wide range of chemical reactions, many of which are capable of supporting microbial metabolism. For example, methanogenic microbes make their living by capturing the energy released when hydrogen is used to chemically reduce carbon dioxide to methane. In terrestrial settings with temperatures amenable to hosting life, the high concentrations of hydrogen produced by serpentinization promote methanogenesis, rendering this metabolism thermodynamically feasible wherever there is peridotite and water. Given this understanding, reports have pointed to the transient detection of methane in the Martian atmosphere as a possible indication of biological activity (4). Complicating this interpretation, however, is the fact that hydrothermal environments with active … [↵][1]1Email: abradley{at}eps.wustl.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Strategic Choice in Hilbert Space

A small-but-growing number of social scientists have in recent years begun to explore the purchase of formalisms and a probability theory originally developed to accommodate nonclassical experimental results in particle physics. Motivated by the desire to explain empirical outcomes that do not fit comfortably with the axioms of rational choice theory—and that are thus related tenets of classical probability theory—these scholars have begun to examine and embrace the theory of probability namesaked for Max Born as a general framework for understanding and modeling choice. Born’s (1926) account of probability differs from the familiar, classical context of Kolmogorov both in terms of its mathematical exposition/foundation and with respect to its governing axioms. The Born theory is expressly geometric as opposed to set-theoretic. Its axioms are formalized in the (usually) complex planes of Hilbert spaces, where distances are most generally conceptualized as metrics between (sometimes high-dimensional) spaces as opposed to points. In this framework, certain of Kolmogorov’s set-theoretic axioms can be relaxed, and empirical results that do not agree with them can be systematically accommodated.
Emotion contagion in a cognitive architecture

The issue of emotion contagion in various settings has been gaining attention recently. Humans share emotions, for example, through gestures or speech or through online text via social media. There have been computational models in the past to try to capture emotion contagion. However, these models are limited as they tend to represent human agents mainly through simple equation-based or rule-based systems. We use a more psychologically realistic model --- the Clarion cognitive architecture --- as the basic building block to model emotion and emotion contagion. In particular, we use Clarion to capture and explain human data from a human experiment on emotion contagion.
SurR is a master regulator of the primary electron flow pathways in the order Thermococcales.

Abstrac The sulfur response regulator, SurR, is among a handful of known redox-active transcriptional regulators. First characterized from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus, it is unique to the archaeal order Thermococcales. P. furiosus has two modes of electron disposal. Hydrogen gas is produced when the organism is grown in the absence of elemental sulfur (S0) and H2S is produced when grown in its presence. Switching between these metabolic modes requires a rapid transcriptional response and this is orchestrated by SurR. We show here that deletion of SurR causes severely impaired growth in the absence of S0 since genes essential for H2 metabolism are no longer activated. Conversely, a strain containing a constitutively active SurR variant displays a growth phenotype in the presence of S0 due to constitutive repression of S0-responsive genes. During a metabolic shift initiated by addition of S0 to the growth medium, both strains demonstrate a de-regulation of genes involved in the SurR regulon, including hydrogenase and related S0-responsive genes. These results demonstrate that SurR is a master regulator of electron flow within P. furiosus, likely affecting the pools of ferredoxin, NADPH and NADH, as well as influencing metabolic pathways and thiol/disulfide redox balance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The core structure and recombination energy of a copper screw dislocation: a Peierls study

The recombination process of dislocations is central to cross-slip, and transmission through 3 grain boundaries among other fundamental plastic deformation processes. Despite its importance, a detailed mechanistic understanding remains lacking. We apply a continuous dislocation model, inspired by Peierls and Nabarro, complete with an ab-initio computed -surface and continuous units of infinitesimal dislocation slip, towards computing the stress-dependent recombination path of both an isotropic and anisotropic Cu screw dislocation. Under no applied stress, our model reproduces the stacking fault width between Shockley partial dislocations as predicted by discrete linear elasticity. Upon application of a compressive Escaig stress, the two partial dislocations coalesce to a separation of . Upon increased loading the edge components of each partial dislocation recede, leaving behind a spread Peierls screw dislocation, indicating the recombined state. We demonstrate that the critical stress required to achieve...
The "Perfect Storm" as a Metaphor for the State of Undergraduate Business Education

There is considerable evidence that many students show little improvement in critical thinking, complex reasoning, and written communication while in undergraduate school. The findings are especial...
Implementation Potential of Structured Risk Assessments for Criminal Recidivism in the Veterans Health Administration: Qualitative Perspectives From Providers:

Utilization of tools to evaluate recidivism risk among justice-involved individuals is central to the risk-need-responsivity model of offender rehabilitation. Veterans Health Administration’s (VHA)...
Neurohormonal Control Systems

As discussed in Chapter 2, the central nervous system directly controls physiological activity throughout the body. Hormones secreted by the endocrine gland system also exert a direct influence on physiological activity of specific organs. The CNS and endocrine gland system interact in reciprocal fashion. CNS stimulation can stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones by the endocrine glands, and endocrine hormones can stimulate or inhibit specific areas of the CNS. The CNS and endocrine gland system normally act in unison to produce integrated physiological activity. Accordingly, this “secondary” control system is called neurohormonal.
Neurobiology of habit formation

Our knowledge of the brain changes that enable habits to be formed continues to grow rapidly. As a key hub for habits, many studies have focused on neurobiological processes related to habits in the striatum. Attention has been paid to the contributions of the direct and indirect pathways, interneurons, dopaminergic inputs, and potential cortical and amygdala influences. We highlight this research here and conclude with a discussion of several additional topics that are also being addressed to propel our understanding of habits further forward.
Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins

Elevated plasma triglycerides (TGs) are an indicator of increased risk of ­arteriosclerotic vascular disease. However, the relationship between atherogenesis and increased levels of specific TG-carrying lipoproteins is complex and ­convoluted. Several primary and secondary disorders cause plasma TG elevations. An increase in the risk of arteriosclerotic disease is observed in some of these disorders. Risk appears to be more strongly associated with concomitant alterations in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism and with the accumulation of partially digested TG-rich lipoproteins, commonly referred to as “remnant” lipoproteins. In addition, the association of hypertriglyceridemia with other risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure, causes linkage to atherosclerosis in epidemiologic studies to be less clearcut.
Age-related strength loss affects non-stepping balance recovery

Aging is associated with a higher risk of falls, and an impaired ability to recover balance after a postural perturbation is an important contributing factor. In turn, this impaired recovery ability likely stems from age-related decrements in lower limb strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age-related strength loss on non-stepping balance recovery capability after a perturbation while standing, without constraining movements to the ankle as in prior reports. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, five young adults (ages 20–30) and six community-dwelling older adults (ages 70–80) recovered their balance, without stepping, from a backward displacement of a support surface. Balance recovery capability was quantified as the maximal backward platform displacement that a subject could withstand without stepping. The maximal platform displacement was 27% smaller among the older group (11.8±2.1 cm) vs. the young group (16.2±2.6 cm). In the second experiment, forward dynamic simulations of a two-segment, rigid-body model were used to investigate the effects of manipulating strength in the hip extensors/flexors and ankle plantar flexors/dorsiflexors. In these, typical age-related reductions in strength were included. The model predicted lower maximal platform displacements with age-related reductions only in plantar flexion and hip flexion strength. These findings support the previously reported age-related loss of balance recovery ability, and an important role for plantar flexor strength in this ability.
Integrated Assessment of Wastewater Reuse, Exposure Risk, and Fish Endocrine Disruption in the Shenandoah River Watershed.

Reuse of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is used to augment freshwater supplies globally. The Shenandoah River Watershed (U.S.A.) was selected to conduct on-site exposure experiments to assess endocrine disrupting characteristics of different source waters. This investigation integrates WWTP wastewater reuse modeling, hydrological and chemical characterization, and in vivo endocrine disruption bioassessment to assess contaminant sources, exposure pathways, and biological effects. The percentage of accumulated WWTP effluent in each river reach (ACCWW%) was used to predict environmental concentrations for consumer product chemicals (boron), pharmaceutical compounds (carbamazepine), and steroidal estrogens (estrone, 17-β-estradiol, estriol, and 17-α-ethinylestradiol). Fish endocrine disruption was evaluated using vitellogenin induction in adult male or larval fathead minnows. Water samples were analyzed for >500 inorganic and organic constituents to characterize the comple...
Utilization of Intensive Care Unit Nutrition Consultation Is Associated With Reduced Mortality.

BACKGROUND The aim of this project was to investigate the prevalence of nutrition consultation (NC) in U.S. intensive care units (ICUs) and to examine its association with patient outcomes. METHODS Data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's state inpatient databases was utilized from 2010 - 2014. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between NC and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Institutional ICU NC rates varied significantly (mean: 14%, range: 0.1%-73%). Significant variation among underlying disease processes was identified, with burn patients having the highest consult rate (P < 0.001, mean: 6%, range: 2%-25%). ICU patients who received NC had significantly lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-0.74, P < 0.001), as did the subset with malnutrition (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-0.99, P = 0.047) and the subset with concomitant physical therapy consultation (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38-0.74, P < 0.001). NC was associated with significantly lower rates of intubation, pulmonary failure, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal bleeding (P < 0.05). Furthermore, patients who received NC were more likely to receive enteral or parenteral nutrition (ENPN) (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.3, P < 0.001). Patients who received follow-up NC were even more likely to receive ENPN (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.1-4.2, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Rates of NC were low in critically ill patients. This study suggests that increased utilization of NC in critically ill patients may be associated with improved clinical outcomes.
Columnar architecture and computational anatomy in primate visual cortex: segmentation and feature extraction via spatial frequency coded difference mapping

Columnar architecture is a well established organizational principle for a variety of cortical systems. If two topographically mapped receptor systems, which receive slightly different "views" of the same physical stimulus, are interlaced as "columns", then the difference map of the afferent inputs is coded within a spatial frequency channel of the resultant map. The difference map of the left and right retinal views of a three dimensensional scene contains cues for the binocular disparity of the objects in the scene. Physical objects which are located at a common distance from the observer will be represented by area's of difference mapping which possesss common cortical textural values. Thus, segmentation of the cortical representation of the visual scene by values of positional disparity may be accomplished by conventional monocular segmentation techniques, applied to the cortical representation. The difference map is carried by a spatial frequency modulation determined by the period of the columnar interlacing. Ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex suggest a spatial frequency carrier which is roughly equal to the inverse of Panum's area. Since the difference mapping is a global attribute of the cortical representation, and is not contingent on the existence of labeled single cell feature extractors, the difference mapping algorithm represents a distinct alternative to conventional single cell approaches to feature extraction. The difference mapping algorithm is briefly discussed in relation to other difference channels, such as color opponent segmentation and binocular orientation disparity. It is suggested that difference mapping may reflect a general synergistic mechanism relating topographic mapping and columnar architecture, which reduces the problem of feature extraction and segmentation for depth and color opponent channels to a single "textural" mechanism.
Method development and feasibility assessment for diagnosing 12 needle cores within an hour of biopsy

An ~45-minute workflow, consisting of fluorescence labeling, tissue clearing, and 3D non-destructive, open-top light-sheet (OTLS) microscopy, has been developed for diagnosis of 12 human prostate needle cores within an hour after biopsy.
Non-iterative image reconstruction from sparse magnetic resonance imaging radial data without priors

The state-of-the-art approaches for image reconstruction using under-sampled k-space data are compressed sensing based. They are iterative algorithms that optimize objective functions with spatial and/or temporal constraints. This paper proposes a non-iterative algorithm to estimate the un-measured data and then to reconstruct the image with the efficient filtered backprojection algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated with a patient magnetic resonance imaging study. The proposed method is also compared with the state-of-the-art iterative compressed-sensing image reconstruction method using the total-variation optimization norm.
CEO Employee Approval and Firm Value: Evidence from Employees' Choice Awards

This study examines the impact of a chief executive officer (CEO) winning an employee opinion award on firm value. Leveraging close employee vote shares in a regression discontinuity specification from Glassdoor's "Top CEOs Employees' Choice" award list suggest a causal link of the relationship. Narrowly winning an employees' choice CEO award results in an increase in firm value in following years. An increase in firm efficiency is the likely economic channel that influences an increase in firm value. The findings imply that CEO and employee relationships are an important intangible good for corporate governance.
A Legal Game of Crime Control: Bifurcation Policy and DUI Law in Taiwan

The article examines Taiwan’s adoption of a bifurcated criminal policy through the process of legal actors creating, amending, interpreting, and enforcing laws regarding Driving Under the Influence. In this article, the author uses responses from the legal actors in Taiwan, such as the police, prosecutors, and judges, to provide an analogy to computer role-playing games. The analogy analyzes Driving Under the Influence offenses under a bifurcated criminal policy to provide an analytic framework to understand the game of legality construction in day-to-day practice of criminal procedure and illustrate the outcome of foreign-imported criminal policy encounters with an endemic problem of crime control.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression: Comparing Commonly Used Clinical Protocols

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly being used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD). Yet, identifying the most effective stimulation parameters remains an active area of research. We recently reported on the use of 5 Hz TMS to reduce PTSD and MDD symptoms. A recently developed form of TMS, intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), appears noninferior for treating MDD. Because iTBS can be delivered in a fraction of the time, it provides significant logistical advantages; however, evaluations of whether iTBS provides comparable PTSD and MDD symptom reductions are lacking. We performed a retrospective chart review comparing clinical outcomes in veterans with PTSD and MDD who received iTBS (n = 10) with a matched cohort that received 5-Hz TMS (n = 10). Symptoms were evaluated using self-reported rating scales at baseline and every five treatments for up to 30 sessions. Both protocols were safe and reduced symptoms, ps < .001, but veterans who received iTBS reported poorer outcomes. These results were observed using mixed-model analyses, Group x Time interaction: p = .011, and effect sizes, where 5 Hz TMS demonstrated superior PTSD and MDD symptom improvement, ds = 1.81 and 1.51, respectively, versus iTBS, ds = 0.63 and 0.88, respectively. Data from prior controlled trials of iTBS, with increased stimulation exposure, have appeared to provide comparable clinical outcomes compared with 5 Hz TMS. Prospective and controlled comparisons are required; however, the present findings provide important information for clinicians using TMS to treat these commonly comorbid disorders.