cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of (2,6-iPr2C6H3)N(quin)2 and [Cu{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N(quin)2}2]BF4

The molecular structure of (2,6-iPr2C6H3)N(quin)2 (1) and both the methanol and toluene solvates of its copper complex [Cu{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N(quin)2}2]BF4, 2·MeOH and 2.2(C6H5Me), respectively, have been determined. The quinolyl rings in 1 adopt anti-syn (CAr–N–C–Nquin) conformation as a result of π–π stacking. The cation in 2·MeOH crystallizes on a C2 axis, while the cation in 2·2(C6H5Me) is crystallographically independent. As a result of intramolecular π–π stacking there are significant changes within the coordination geometry about the copper centers between the two solvates, suggesting that the coordination around copper is supple. Crystal data: 1 group P21/c, a = 8.614(1), b = 16.137(3), c = 17.601(4) A, β = 93.32(3)°, V = 2,442.5(9) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0544, wR 2 = 0.1340. 2·MeOH group P3221, a = 13.254(1), b = 13.254(1), c = 27.214(5) A, V = 4,140(1) A3, Z = 3, R = 0.0392, wR 2 = 0.0917. 2.2(C6H5Me) group P1, a = 11.677(2), b = 16.261(3), c = 17.077(3) A, α = 93.63(3), β = 97.30(3), γ = 96.26(3)°, V = 3,187(1) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0526, wR 2 = 0.1221. The molecular structure of (2,6-iPr2C6H3)N(quin)2 and both the methanol and toluene solvates of its copper complex [Cu{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N(quin)2}2]BF4 have been determined. The presence of inter- and intra-molecular π–π interactions dominates the conformations of the quinolyl substituents.
ALIGNING ACTIONS: TYPES AND SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION*

Research on aligning actions requires a clearer understanding of what types of aligning actions exist. A typology of aligning actions is described which is based on three criteria: temporal focus (retrospective or prospective), claim made (concerning the actor's responsibility or the act itself), and the desirability of the event involved. The typology is shown to incorporate the aligning actions already discussed in the literature and to suggest new possibilities. Using this typology, a number of propositions are offered suggesting how aligning actions are used by actors with differing levels of interpersonal power, as relfected in their gender and age.
Principles of Optimal Design: Modeling and Computation

Design optimization is a standard concept in engineering design, and in other disciplines which utilize mathematical decision-making methods. This textbook focuses on the close relationship between a design problem's mathematical model and the solution-driven methods which optimize it. Along with extensive material on modeling problems, this book also features useful techniques for checking whether a model is suitable for computational treatment. Throughout, key concepts are discussed in the context of why and when a particular algorithm may be successful, and a large number of examples demonstrate the theory or method right after it is presented. This book also contains step-by-step instructions for executing a design optimization project - from building the problem statement to interpreting the computer results. All chapters contain exercises from which instructors can easily build quizzes, and a chapter on 'principles and practice' offers the reader tips and guidance based on the authors' vast research and instruction experience.
Jmjd1a Demethylase-regulated Histone Modification Is Essential for cAMP-response Element Modulator-regulated Gene Expression and Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis, a fundamental process in the male reproductive system, requires a series of tightly controlled epigenetic and genetic events in germ cells ranging from spermatogonia to spermatozoa. Jmjd1a is a key epigenetic regulator expressed in the testis. It specifically demethylates mono- and di-methylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me1 and H3K9me2) but not tri-methylated H3K9 (H3K9me3). In this study, we generated a Jmjd1a antibody for immunohistochemistry and found Jmjd1a was specifically produced in pachytene and secondary spermatocytes. Disruption of the Jmjd1a gene in mice significantly increased H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 levels in pachytene spermatocytes and early elongating spermatids without affecting H3K9me3 levels. Concurrently, the levels of histone acetylation were decreased in Jmjd1a knock-out germ cells. This suggests Jmjd1a promotes transcriptional activation by lowering histone methylation and increasing histone acetylation. Interestingly, the altered histone modifications in Jmjd1a-deficient germ cells caused diminished cAMP-response element modulator (Crem) recruitment to chromatin and decreased expression of the Crem coactivator Act and their target genes Tnp1 (transition protein 1), Tnp2, Prm1 (protamine 1), and Prm2, all of which are essential for chromatin condensation in spermatids. In agreement with these findings, Jmjd1a deficiency caused extensive germ cell apoptosis and blocked spermatid elongation, resulting in severe oligozoospermia, small testes, and infertility in male mice. These results indicate that the Jmjd1a-controlled epigenetic histone modifications are crucial for Crem-regulated gene expression and spermatogenesis.
Linear Stability of the Elliptic Lagrangian Triangle Solutions in the Three-Body Problem

Abstract This paper concerns the linear stability of the well-known periodic orbits of Lagrange in the three-body problem. Given any three masses, there exists a family of periodic solutions for which each body is at the vertex of an equilateral triangle and travels along an elliptic Kepler orbit. Reductions are performed to derive equations which determine the linear stability of the periodic solutions. These equations depend on two parameters – the eccentricity e of the orbit and the mass parameter β=27(m1m2+m1m3+m2m3)/(m1+m2+m3)2. A combination of numerical and analytic methods is used to find the regions of stability in the βe-plane. In particular, using perturbation techniques it is rigorously proven that there are mass values where the truly elliptic orbits are linearly stable even though the circular orbits are not.
Tender offers to influential shareholders

Abstract In this paper I analyze a tender offer to shareholders who can influence the outcome of the offer, and I show that several results from atomistic shareholder models no longer hold when shareholders are influential. I find closed-form solutions for the probability that a shareholder tenders in the presence of a foothold position or dilution, and I examine the relation between a conditional and an unconditional offer.
The Influence of Platelet–Smooth Muscle Cell Interaction on the Oxidative Modification of Low-Density Lipoprotein

Abstract Objective. In view of the recognized association between thrombosis and atherosclerosis, it is hypothesized that exposure of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) to thrombogenic agents such as platelets and thrombin will alter the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and that this effect may be diminished by thrombin inhibition. Methods. Quiescent human aortic SMC in culture were exposed to LDL (40 μg protein/ml) alone or with washed human platelets (5 × 10 6 /ml), thrombin (40 units/ml), or a combination of these agents for 48 h. The media were removed, and both media and cell lysate fractions were assayed for malondialdehyde (MDA) content as an index of oxidation. Isolated platelets exposed to LDL and thrombin were studied in a similar manner to determine their individual oxidative activity. Finally, SMC and platelets were incubated with LDL and varying concentrations of thrombin (10–80 units/ml), both alone and in the presence of the thrombin inhibitors hirudin (u/u), and heparin (u/u), and MDA was measured. Results. SMC and platelets each demonstrated an ability to oxidize LDL, increasing MDA concentrations by 1.8- ( P P P P P P P P P Conclusions. These results indicate that the oxidative potential of SMC and platelets is enhanced by their coincubation and by their concurrent exposure to thrombin. Heparin appears to block thrombin-stimulated oxidation. This interaction could be relevant to the dynamic interaction between atherosclerosis and thrombogenesis.
Making Something Out of Nothing: Welfare Reform and a New Race to the Bottom

The 1996 welfare-reform law has been characterized as a significant act of devolution. For some, this devolution will free states to become "laboratories of democracy" that develop better welfare policies; for others, it will provoke a debilitating "race to the bottom" where states will reduce benefits out offear of becoming "welfare magnets" that attract recipients from other states. This article suggests that neither "laboratories of democracy" nor "race to the bottom" does justice to the complexities of the 1996 reforms. In the case of the former, new federal mandates limit state action and states face informal pressures to "keep up" with one another in developing new restrictions so that they can avoid becoming "welfare magnets. "In the case of the latter, wefind limited empirical support for the existence of welfare migration that is supposed to be provoking a "race to the bottom. " We find that there is limited welfare migration because the real value of welfare benefits to recipients does not vary nearly as much as common portrayals suggest. Given these realities, welfare reform may produce a procedural race to the bottom that turns the myth of migration into a self-fulfilling prophesy.
Simple primary tuberculosis in an elderly woman.

: The diagnosis of primary tuberculous infection was made in a 78-year-old woman. The chest roentgenographic findings were remarkably similar to those often seen in children and adolescents with primary infection. Like the majority of adults with this entity, the patient was asymptomatic; the diagnosis was suspected epidemiologically and was confirmed by culture of M. tuberculosis from the sputum. As the incidence of new tuberculosis cases declines, the diagnosis of primary tuberculosis in the adult may be made more frequently.
Role of Explicit and Implicit Practices in the Production of Situated Preparedness for Disasters

AbstractA major earthquake in southern California could be catastrophic. There are many efforts to plan and prepare for a large earthquake enacted on government, organizational, and community levels. Preparedness practices, while designed to educate and empower residents, do not ensure successful responses in catastrophic events. This paper addresses how people enact preparedness for a major earthquake using inductive research methods. The study site is a large university located in Orange County, California, an area vulnerable to a potentially devastating seismic event. Data collection efforts consisted of in-depth interviews, archival analysis of disaster planning materials, and observation of preparedness activities. A new theory of preparedness is developed as carried out through two sets of practices in this environment, and the case is made that it is a situated social process. Explicit practices are the traditional preparedness actions people engage in accordance with official recommendations. In c...
Sexual offending: Theory of problem, theory of change, and implications for treatment effectiveness

Abstract This paper focuses on the empirical literature concerning the development, maintenance, and treatment of sexual offending and disparities between this research, current theory, and practice in the field of sex offender treatment. We contend that treatment programs result in only modest reductions in sexual recidivism for two main reasons: flaws in the etiological theory of sexual offending upon which they are established (theory of problem), and flaws in the theory of treatment delivery with respect to the methods undertaken to reduce sexual reoffending (theory of change). These flaws arise from aspects of ‘theory of problem’ and ‘theory of change’ which lack empirical investigation or are contrary to research findings in relevant areas. Specifically, we discuss components of accepted etiological theories which do not yet demonstrate evidence of a causal relationship with sexual recidivism, as well as argue for more research differentiating developmental from maintaining factors in sexual offending. We also discuss specific treatment methods that lack empirical evidence justifying their use, are undertaken despite evidence of contraindication, or require further validation of their effectiveness or necessity. Implications of the above limitations are discussed and recommendations for enhancing treatment effectiveness are offered.
Potential Selective Responding in a Parent Questionnaire Study of Post-Institutionalized Children

This study assesses selective responding in a single wave of data collection and a four-wave study. Participants were 121 parents of post-institutionalized children, identified as “never responders,” “previous responders,” or “wave 4 responders.” Parents evaluated their adopted child's family, school, peer, and behavioral adjustment. Children (47% male) were 2 to 20 years old (M = 10.79, SD = 4.59) and adopted between 5 and 54 months of age (M = 15.49, SD = 9.94). Within a single wave of data collection, no evidence suggested that selective responding contributes much bias. Over a multi-wave study, however, results may under-represent adjustment difficulties.
Comparison of the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril treatment in obese patients with high blood pressure

Patients with high blood pressure tend to be insulin resistant, glucose intolerant, hyperinsulinemic, and dyslipidemic. Since these metabolic defects are accentuated by obesity, we thought it important to compare the effects of 3 months' treatment with either lisinopril (20 mg/day) or low dose hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/day) on blood pressure and glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein metabolism in obese patients with hypertension. There were 14 patients in each group, and they were similar (mean +/- SE) in age (54 +/- 3 v 50 +/- 4 years), gender (nine men/five women), and body mass index (33.4 +/- 0.8 v 33.9 +/- 0.9 kg/m2). Patients treated with lisinopril had a somewhat greater fall in both systolic (18 +/- 3 v 10 +/- 3 mm Hg) and diastolic (12 +/- 2 v 8 +/- 1 mm Hg) blood pressure, but only the change in systolic pressure was statistically significant (P < .05). Plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were measured at hourly intervals from 8 AM to 4 PM (breakfast at 8 AM and lunch at 12 PM), and there was a modest increase in all three variables following hydrochlorothiazide treatment (P < .05 to P < .09). However, daylong plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentration did not change with lisinopril treatment. Finally, neither the ability of insulin to mediate glucose disposal nor fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, changed with either treatment. In conclusion blood pressure decreased significantly following treatment with either lisinopril (20 mg/day) or hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/day).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Ligand Binding and Oxidation on Hinge-Bending Motions in S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase

Domain motions of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase have been detected by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Time constants for reorientational motions in the native enzyme were compared with those for enzymes where key residues were altered by site-directed mutation. Mutations M351P, H353A, and P354A were selected in a hinge region for motion between the open and closed forms of the enzyme, as identified in a previous normal-mode study [Wang et al. (2005) Domain motions and the open-to-closed conformational transition of an enzyme: A normal-mode analysis of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase, Biochemistry 44, 7228−7239]. In wild-type, substrate-free AdoHcy hydrolase (NAD+ cofactor in each subunit), reorientational motions were detected on time scales of 10−20 and 80−90 ns. The faster motion is attributed to the domain motion, and the slower motion is attributed to the tumbling of the enzyme. The domain motion was also detected for the enzyme complexes E(NADH/3‘-keto-adenosin...
A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients.

PURPOSE: Constipation is a common complaint; however, clinical presentation varies with each individual. The aim of this study was to assess a standard scoring system for evaluation of constipated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with idiopathic constipation who were referred for anorectal physiologic testing were assessed. A subjective constipation score was calculated based on a detailed questionnaire that included over 100 constipation-related symptoms. Based on the questionnaire, scores ranged from 0 to 30, with 0 indicating normal and 30 indicating severe constipation. The constipation score was then compared with the objective findings of the physiology tests, which include colonic transit time (CTT), anal manometry (AM), cinedefecography (CD), and electromyography (EMG). Colonic inertia was defined as diffuse marker delay on CTT without evidence of paradoxical contraction on AM, CD, or EMG. Pelvic outlet obstruction was defined as paradoxical puborectalis contraction, rectal prolapse or rectoanal intussusception, rectocele, or sigmoidocele. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients (185 females and 47 males) of a mean age of 64.9 (range, 14–92) years were evaluated. All patients had a score of more than 15; on evaluation of the significance of different symptoms in the constipation score with the Pearson's linear correlation test, 8 of 18 factors were identified as significant (P<0.05). These factors included frequency of bowel movements, painful evacuation, incomplete evacuation, abdominal pain, length of time per attempt, assistance for evacuation, unsuccessful attempts for evacuation per 24 hours, and duration of constipation. All 232 patients had objective obstruction attributable to one or more of the following causes: paradoxical puborectalis contraction (81), significant rectocele or sigmoidocele (48), rectoanal intussusception (64), and rectal prolapse (9). CONCLUSION: The proposed constipation scoring system correlated well with objective physiologic findings in constipated patients to allow uniformity in assessment of the severity of constipation.
Hydrogen bonding in the benzene–ammonia dimer

AMINES have long been characterized as amphoteric (acting as both donor and acceptor) in terms of their hydrogen-bond interactions in the condensed phase. With the possible exception of (NH_3)_2, however, no gas-phase complexes exhibiting hydrogen-bond donation by ammonia, the ‘simplest amine’, have been observed. Here we present high-resolution optical and microwave spectra of the benzene–ammonia dimer in the gas phase, which show that the ammonia molecule resides above the benzene plane and undergoes free or nearly free internal rotation. In the vibrationally averaged structure, the C_3 symmetry axis of NH_3 is tilted by about 58° relative to the benzene C_6 axis, such that the ammonia protons interact with the benzene π-cloud. Our ab initio calcula-tions predict a 'monodentate' minimum-energy structure, with very low barriers to rotation of ammonia. The larger separation of the two molecular components, and the smaller dissociation energy, relative to the benzene–water dimer reflect the weak hydrogen-bond donor capability of ammonia, but the observed geometry greatly resembles the amino–aromatic interaction found naturally in proteins.
Multigrid method for the Equilibrium equations of elasticity using a compact scheme

A compact difference scheme is derived for treating the equilibrium equations of elasticity. The scheme is inconsistent and unstable. A multigrid method which takes into account these properties is described. The solution of the discrete equations, up to the level of discretization errors, is obtained by this method in just two multigrid cycles.
The role of ring aggregates and other structures in the assembly of microtubules.

Beef brain tubulin isolated by cycles of polymerization and depolymerization contains two components, 6S subunit and a 25–35S boundary containing ring-shaped aggregates of tubulin. The rings disappear during microtubule polymerization, and the incorporation of ring tubulin into microtubules has been investigated by studying the changes in the sedimentation of tubulin which occur during polymerization. The “30S” boundary was separated from the 6S boundary by sedimentation at low temperatures. The temperature was then raised by letting a small amount of air into the vacuum chamber and the changes in sedimentation rate and concentration of each component determined as the tubulin polymerized. The 30S material polymerizes preferentially as determined by its decrease in concentration at polymerizing temperatures. Simultaneously with its decrease in concentration the 30S also decreases in sedimentation rate. The decrease in concentration of the 30S correlates well with polymerization while the decrease in sedimentation rate can occur independently of polymerization. The results indicate that the rings are not transformed directly into microtubules, but break down into subunits or small aggregates and these then assemble into microtubules. The rings may serve as a “storage aggregate” of active subunits. The presence of a possible storage aggregate in a dividing cell, the eggs of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima, has been indicated by measurements of particulate tubulin changes during the cell cycle. Microtubule assembly in vitro in homogenates of these eggs indicates that the amount of tubulin which forms microtubules may be controlled by the functioning of the microtubule organizing center.
Phantom Limb Pain and Chemotherapy in Pediatric Amputees

Objective To determine the frequency of phantom limb pain in pediatric patients with cancer-related amputations and the relationship between phantom limb pain and chemotherapy (CHRx). Design We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all pediatric patients who underwent major limb amputations between 5 and 17 years of age during the period from Oct. 1,1983, to Oct. 1,1993, and were treated at the Mayo Clinic. Material and Methods One investigator reviewed 293 medical records and selected cases on the basis of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study group consisted of 75 patients (67 with cancer-related and 8 with trauma-associated amputations). All reports of phantom limb pain and its temporal relationship to administration of CHRx were recorded. Data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. Results Phantom limb pain was reported in 48% of patients with cancer-related amputations in comparison with 12% of patients with trauma-associated amputations. Among patients with cancer, phantom limb pain was experienced by 74% who were exposed to CHRx before or at the time of amputation, 44% who received CHRx after amputation, and 12% who never received CHRx. Patients with trauma-related amputations and those who did not receive CHRx reported phantom limb pain at similar intervals after amputation (a mean of 6 days). In comparison, 76% of patients with cancer and a history of exposure to CHRx reported phantom limb pain within 72 hours after amputation. Three of four patients who first received CHRx after amputation reported phantom limb pain on the day CHRx was begun (a mean of 12.3 days after amputation). Conclusion Our observations suggest that (1) phantom limb pain occurs more often in pediatric amputees with cancer than in those with trauma and (2) the hypothesis that CHRx may be a risk factor in the development of phantom limb pain in pediatric amputees should be investigated further.
A Case-Control Study of Plasma Ascorbate and Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

Data from animal studies and from studies of patients with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) have provided suggestive evidence for an association between ascorbate deficiency and disease risk. Further, there is biological plausibility for such an association, due to the role of ascorbate in collagen synthesis and leukocyte function. A case-control study of plasma ascorbate and ANUG was performed on 60 patients with a history of ANUG infection and 60 age-race-sex-matched controls. No cases had had active lesions for at least two months prior to their vitamin assay to avoid any potential reduction of dietary intake of ascorbic acid due to the presence of painful mouth lesions. According to results obtained by use of a modification of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method for determination of total plasma ascorbate, the mean and standard error of the mean of plasma ascorbate for all ANUG cases was 0.07 +/- 0.006 mmol/L; the mean for all controls was 0.10 +/- 0.006 mmol/L. Paired differences in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations between cases and controls were significantly different from zero (p less than 0.001). The unadjusted relative risk (RR) of ANUG as obtained by conditional logistic regression for subjects whose plasma ascorbic acid concentration was at or below the median value for controls, relative to subjects with higher values, was 7.3 (90% confidence interval, 3.0 - 17.4; one-sided p value less than 0.001). Patients with a history of ANUG ingested a daily average of 1.2 +/- 0.2 servings of dietary ascorbic acid, as compared with a daily average of 1.9 +/- 0.2 servings for healthy controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Noyola's Institutional Approach to Inflation

Juan Noyola is widely credited as an originator of the Latin American “structuralist” theory of inflation. His key contribution is a 1956 article comparing inflation in Mexico and Chile. However there is disagreement about the nature of this contribution, or even what “structuralist” means in this context. I argue that Noyola's innovation was grounding money and credit in a highly institutional political economy of class conflict. This grounding endogenized not only money, but also policymaking and the State.
Glyceraldehyde bridging between flavanols and malvidin-3-glucoside in model solutions.

Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) seem to have an important role in the oxidation of wine constituents and the production of important electrophilic aldehydes and ketones. In this experiment, glyceraldehyde, a •OH oxidation product of glycerol, recently described in wine, reacts with (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv3gl), in model solutions, yielding new condensed phenolic compounds. The adduct compounds formed were separated by means of reversed phase liquid chromatography and detected and characterized using UV−vis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Flavanol−flavanol and anthocyanin−flavanol adducts linked with glyceraldehyde yielded compounds with m/z ratios for their main ions, in positive ion mode, of 653.2 for the (+)-catechin dimer or the (-)-epicatechin dimer and 855.5 for Mv3gl/(+)-catechin or Mv3gl/(−)-epicatechin dimers. The possible occurrence of these compounds in wine is suggested, and the potential role of these and related reactions in wine aging is discussed. K...
LOW FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF CRANIAL VAULT MENINGIOMAS IN 13 DOGS

Meningiomas are common intracranial masses in the dog, and surgical or radiation treatment of meningiomas depends on accurate identification and location. In this review of 13 patients with confirmed meningioma, low field magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of cranial vault meningiomas included increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images, decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images, and marked contrast enhancement that was usually nonhomogeneous and well-defined. Mass effect and edema were usually present. Cyst formation and meningeal enhancement were also found in some patients. Low field magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the meningiomas in these patients were similar to those magnetic resonance imaging findings reported in humans and the few reports pertaining to animals.
Determination of the Electron Density Matrix from X-Ray Diffraction Data

We present a method for the conversion of x-ray diffraction data into an electron density which reflects the antisymmetry of the $N$-electron wave function.
Symmetry properties of the dyadic Green's function for a magnetoionic medium

The symmetry properties of the dyadic Green's function for an unbounded lossless magnetoionic medium are derived and their usefulness is indicated.
Air permeability in a seismically loaded shear wall

Abstract We performed an experimental study to measure the air leakage from a seismically damaged concrete shear wall. In this study, we used static load‐cycle testing to simulate earthquake loading and made permeability measurements by pressurizing one side of the shear wall above atmospheric conditions and recording the transient‐pressure decay. The air permeability measurements made on the shear wall before loading fell within the range of values published in the literature for concrete permeability. As long as the structure exhibited linear load‐displacement response, no variation in the air permeability was detected. Experimental results indicate that the air permeability in the shear wall increased by a factor of 40 after the wall had been damaged (cracked).
Limits of areas under lattice paths

We consider sequences of polynomials which count lattice paths by area. In some cases the reversed polynomials approach a formal power series as the length of the paths tend to infinity. We find the limiting series for generalized Schroder, Motzkin, and Catalan paths. The limiting series for Schroder paths and their generalizations are shown to count partitions with restrictions on the multiplicities of odd parts and no restrictions on even parts. The limiting series for generalized Motzkin and Catalan paths are shown to count generalized Frobenius partitions and some related arrays.
Standardization issues and solutions toward flexible/elastic optical networks

This paper reviews the current standards on optical networks and then discusses the issues and solutions toward flexible/elastic optical networks, especially from the viewpoint of the Optical Transport Network (OTN).
Expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and subunit messenger RNAs in the enteric nervous system of the neonatal rat

In the enteric nervous system (ENS) excitatory nicotinic cholinergic transmission is mediated by neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and is critical for the regulation of gastric motility. nAChRs are ligand-gated pentameric ion channels found in the CNS and peripheral nervous system. The expression of heteromeric nAChR and receptor subunit mRNAs was investigated in the neonatal rat ENS using receptor autoradiography with the radiolabeled ligand (125)I-epibatidine, and in situ hybridization with subtype specific probes for ligand binding alpha (alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha6) and structural beta (beta2, beta3, beta4) subunits. The results showed strong nicotine sensitive binding of (125)I-epibatidine around the stomach, and small and large intestines. The binding was partially displaced by A85380, a nicotinic ligand which differentiates between different heteromeric nAChR subtypes, suggesting a mixed receptor population. Radioactive in situ hybridization detected expression of alpha3, alpha5, alpha7, beta2 and beta4 mRNA in the myenteric plexus of the stomach, and small and large intestines. In the submucosal plexus of the small and large intestines expression of alpha3, alpha5 and beta4 was found in some ganglia. There was no signal for alpha4, alpha6 and beta3 in the ENS but positive hybridization signal for alpha2 transcripts was seen in some areas of the small intestines. However, the signal was not associated with any ganglion cells. The results confirm the presence of heteromeric nAChRs in the ENS similar to those found in the peripheral nervous system, with the majority being composed of alpha3(alpha5)beta4, and a few alpha3beta2 nAChRs. In addition, homomeric alpha7 nAChRs could be present.
The Bonds of Brotherhood: New Evidence on Sino-North Korean Exchanges, 1950–1954

Drawing on recently declassified documents from the archive of the Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), this article looks at China’s relationship with North Korea during and immediately after the Korean War. Although previous scholarship has touched on PRC–North Korean military ties during the war, this article is the first in-depth analysis of issues that are less well understood, notably China’s efforts to cope with a huge influx of refugees from North Korea, the PRC’s economic assistance during the war and in the early postwar reconstruction, and Chinese educational and ideological support for North Korean professionals and party cadres. The article shows that the extensive military coordination between Beijing and Pyongyang was only one way in which the war brought North Korea and the PRC into a closer relationship.
Resistance Is Futile: Assimilation of Cellular Machinery by HIV-1

HIV-1 budding appears to require Vps4 and Tsg101-two proteins that have links to endosomal sorting machinery. A picture emerges wherein divergent viruses recruit endosomal proteins like Tsg101 to gain access to ubiquitin processes that play a crucial role during viral budding.
Student research abstract: android malware detection based on Kullback-Leibler divergence

A recent study shows that more than 50% of mobile devices running Google's Android mobile operating system (OS) have unpatched vulnerabilities, opening them up to malicious applications and malware attacks. The starting point of becoming a potential victim due to malware is to allow the installation of applications without knowing in advance the operations that an application can perform. In particular, many recent reports suggest that malware applications caused unwanted billing by sending SMS messages to premium numbers without the knowledge of the victim [1, 2]. Given that, there is a need for techniques to identify malicious behaviors of applications before installing them.
Characterization of medical errors in initiation of postexposure prophylaxis in sexual assault victims in the emergency department

Study objectives: We characterize common medical errors when postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is initiated to prevent HIV transmission after sexual assault. Methods: This was a retrospective review of cases of sexual assault presenting to a university urban emergency department (ED) from November 2002 to November 2003. The ED has existing guidelines specifying the indications for PEP, as well as the criteria for high-risk cases in which a protease inhibitor should be added to the standard regimen of Combivir for 30 days. The guidelines also state that PEP should be initiated only within 72 hours. Using the guidelines as a standard, 2 trained abstractors reviewed each case and determined whether PEP was indicated and the correct drug regimen. Type and time of exposure, medications given, laboratory studies, and follow-up arrangements were recorded. A κ coefficient was calculated. Results: Sixty-eight cases were reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 24.2 years. Fifty-seven patients presented fewer than 72 hours after the assault; 11 patients presented outside the treatment window for PEP. According to type and time of exposure, PEP was indicated in 51 (75%) of 68 cases. PEP was offered 41 of 51 times it was indicated (80%). Four patients received PEP outside of the 72-hour window. Seven patients refused PEP. Of the remaining 38 patients receiving PEP, the correct drug regimen was given 29 times (76%), and the incorrect regimen was prescribed 9 times (24%). One patient did not have blood drawn for baseline laboratory test levels. The assessment of the HIV status of the assailant was not documented in any case. Of the patients offered PEP, only 24 (53%) of 45 were given documented follow-up instructions. The κ coefficient was 1. Conclusion: Despite department guidelines, errors in initiating PEP after sexual assault were common. Because effective PEP involves a strict adherence to a regimen and close follow-up, we are now studying the effectiveness of a real-time computerized prompt referring the physician to the PEP recommendations.
Using MEL in a networked classroom

With Micro Experimental Laboratory (MEL) and network software in a computer-assisted classroom, an instructor can run class demonstrations and projects with great control and flexibility. The network allows quick file transfer between the instructor’s and the students’ machines. MEL allows easy reprogramming of experiments for more interactive demonstrations, and data merging for comparison of individual and group data. In this article, the pros and cons of running MEL on a network are discussed, and its use at the University of California at Berkeley is outlined.
A Mathematical model of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata with control strategies.

We describe and analyze a mathematical model for schistosomiasis in which infected snails are distinguished from susceptible through increased mortality and no reproduction. We based the model on the same derivation as Anderson and May (J. Anim. Ecol. 47:219–247, 1978), Feng and Milner (A New Mathematical Model of Schistosomiasis, Mathematical Models in Medical and Health Science, Nashville, TN, 1997. Innov. Appl. Math., Vanderbilt Univ. Press, Nashville, pp. 117–128, 1998), and May and Anderson (J. Anim. Ecol. 47:249–267, 1978), but used logistic growth both in human and snail hosts. We introduce a parameter r, the effective coverage of medical treatment/prevention to control the infection. We determine a reproductive number for the disease directly related to its persistence and extinction. Finally, we obtain a critical value for r that indicates the minimum treatment effort needed in order to clear out the disease from the population.
Research Trends in Engineering Economy

An examination of publication trends in The Engineering Economist was presented at the recent Industrial Engineering Research Conference held in Reno, Nevada. Specifically, 686 articles published from 1964 to the present were assigned to 14 categories and analyzed over time. Those trends are summarized here along with a discussion about past, present, and future research trends in engineering economics.
Nmr studies on linear homo-oligopeptides: A perspective view

The use of high-resolution nmr to determine the structure of linear homo-oligopeptides in solution is described. Complete assignments of NH and α-CH resonances were elucidated based upon a guest–host series of compounds and selective α-deuteration of residues in the chain. The conformations for oligomethionines and oligoglutamates in dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, and trifluoroethanol are discussed, and molecular models are described. Recent studies of L-glutamate peptides attached to polyoxyethylene are also included. These peptide–polyoxyethylene conjugates are soluble in a broad range of solvents, such as dimethyl-sulfoxide, chloroform, trifluoroethanol, and water. Preliminary conclusions are drawn concerning the effects of amine terminal end groups and the nature of the solvent on the conformations of these peptide derivatives.
Geochemistry of Upper Proterozoic rift-related volcanics, northern Utah and southeastern Idaho

Mafic volcanic rocks associated with Upper Proterozoic diamictites are widespread in western North America, and a continental rift setting has been proposed for their origin. We report trace-element and rare-earth-element geochemistry for these volcanics from northern Utah and southeastern Idaho. The analyzed samples are high-Ti within-plate basalts, and they vary from transitional tholelitic-alkaline in the south to alkaline in the north. The geochemistry, together with the geologic setting of the volcanics, indicates a rift setting, but the timing of this rifting and its relationship to final continental separation are still controversial.
Cochlin in normal middle ear and abnormal middle ear deposits in DFNA9 and Coch (G88E/G88E) mice.

DFNA9 sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular disorder, caused by mutations in COCH, has a unique identifying histopathology including prominent acellular deposits in cochlear and vestibular labyrinths. A recent study has shown presence of deposits also in middle ear structures of DFNA9-affected individuals (McCall et al., J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 12:141–149, 2004). To investigate the possible role of cochlin in the middle ear and in relation to aggregate formation, we evaluated middle ear histopathology in our Coch knock-in (CochG88E/G88E) mouse model, which harbors one of the DFNA9-causative mutations. Our findings reveal accumulation of acellular deposits in the incudomalleal and incudostapedial joints in CochG88E/G88E mice, similar to those found in human DFNA9-affected temporal bones. Aggregates are absent in negative control Coch+/+ and Coch−/− mice. Thickening of the tympanic membrane (TM) found in humans with DFNA9 was not appreciably detected in CochG88E/G88E mice at the evaluated age. We investigated cochlin localization first in the Coch+/+mouse and in normal human middle ears, and found prominent and specific cochlin staining in the incudomalleal joint, incudostapedial joint, and the pars tensa of the TM, which are the three sites where abnormal deposits are detected in DFNA9-affected middle ears. Cochlin immunostaining of CochG88E/G88E and DFNA9-affected middle ears showed mutant cochlin localization within areas of aggregates. Cochlin staining was heterogeneous throughout DFNA9 middle ear deposits, which appear as unorganized and overlapping mixtures of both eosinophilic and basophilic substances. Immunostaining for type II collagen colocalized with cochlin in pars tensa of the tympanic membrane. In contrast, immunostaining for type II collagen did not overlap with cochlin in interossicular joints, where type II collagen was localized in the region of the chondrocytes, but not in the thin layer of the articular surface of the ossicles nor in the eosinophilic deposits with specific cochlin staining.
The economic effects of labor unions revisited

Using a variety of statistical techniques, we conclude that labor unions have reduced U.S. output by significant amounts —trillions of dollars over time. Additionally, the employment- population ratio and the unemployment rate have been adversely affected by the presence of unions. From the very beginning, unionization materially lowered employment in the auto and steel industries, and union militancy in coal mining has contributed importantly to largely eliminating employment in this once large industry. While some individual workers have profited from unions, the aggregate economic impact is strongly negative.
What Right Has Language Study to Survive? A Manifesto for Languages

Author's Summary— A reconsideration of the case of language study along original lines, based upon the premise that thought and the Word go hand in hand.)
Ammonia adsorption on Zr(0001): effect of electron bombardment on hydrogen production

With the ultimate goal of modifying the surface chemistry of zirconium, we present a temperatureprogrammed desorption (TPD) study of ammonia adsorbed on Zr(0001) followed by soft electron bombardment. The TPD data indicate that water accompanies the thermal desorption of ammonia near 730 K, which is a result of the mixing of oxygen atoms from the subsurface region with ammonia dissociation products. Nitrogen is left at the surface following TPD and can be removed only by repeated sputtering cycles. These thermal effects occur with or without electronic excitation. Electron bombardment does, however, result in the desorption of hydrogen gas in TPD near 310 K, indicating the formation of new hydrogenic species at the surface via electronic excitation. The electron-induced cross-sections for the production of these species are determined to be in the 1–5(×10 −18 )c m 2 range. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of 2-methoxyestradiol, a HIF-1α inhibitor, in global cerebral ischemia in rats

AbstractGlobal cerebral ischemia is an important clinical problem with few effective treatments. The hippocampus, which is important for memory, is especially vulnerable during global ischemia. Brain-specific knockout of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to be protective in focal ischemia in vivo. 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is a natural metabolite of estrogen that is known to inhibit HIF-1α. We tested 2ME2 in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. Global ischemia was induced with the two-vessel occlusion model (2VO) which entailed hemorrhagic hypotension to a mean arterial pressure of 38–42 mmHg with simultaneous bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 8 minutes. Sprague–Dawley rats (male, 280–350 g) were randomly assigned to three groups: global ischemia (GI, n=17), global ischemia with 2ME2 treatment (GI + 2ME2, n=17) and sham surgery (sham, n=12). 2ME2 treatment (15 mg/kg in 1% DMSO) was rendered 10 minutes after reperfusion. Rats in the GI and sham groups received similar dose...
Splitting the spectral flow and the Alexander matrix

This paper is concerned with a procedure for computing the spectral flow of a path of self-adjoint operators of the form D, = *dA, -dA,*, where the At are SU(2) connections on a 3-manifold Z which is split along a torus, and A0 and A~ are fiat. Recent theorems of Yoshida [Y1, Y2] show how to carry this out when Z is obtained by surgery on a knot, under certain nondegeneracy conditions. Under the assumption that there is a path A, of flat connections on the knot complement and that the space of flat connections modulo gauge transformation is a smooth l-dimensional variety near this path, Yoshida shows with an explicit formula that the spectral flow is determined by the restriction of the path to the boundary torus. As a consequence of our main result we show that when the path A, has singularities, the spectral flow is not determined by its restriction to the boundary torus. We give explicit computations in w comparing the spectral flow on a surgery of a Whitehead double of a knot to the spectral flow on the corresponding surgery of the Whitehead double of the unknot. These examples have paths of flat connections on the knot complements whose restrictions to the boundary are the same, while their spectral flows differ. Suppose Z = X w Y, where X is the complement of a knot in S 3. Let A0 and Al be flat connections on Z whose restrictions to X are reducible. Then there are corresponding flat connections A ~ and At on Z ' = X ' u Y, where X' is the unknot complement (i.e., a solid torus). In ~4 we show that the difference between the spectral flow from A~ to AI on Z ' and the spectral flow from Ao to A~ on Z is a classical knot signature, and in fact is equal to the spectral flow of the Alexander matrix of the knot. Applying this theorem to satellite knots yields examples in
Algorithms for staggered-grid computations for poroelastic, elastic, acoustic, and scalar wave equations

Heterogeneous wave equations are more complicated numerically than homogeneous wave equations, but are necessary for physical validity. A wide variety of numerical solutions of seismic wave equations is available, but most produce strong numerical artefacts and local instabilities where model parameters change rapidly. Accuracy and stability of heterogeneous equations is achieved through staggered-grid formulations. A new pseudospectral staggered-grid algorithm is developed for the poroelastic (Biot) equations. The algorithm may be reduced to handle the elastic and acoustic limits of the Biot equations. Comparisons of results from poroelastic, elastic, acoustic and scalar computations for a 2D model show that porous medium parameters may affect amplitudes significantly. The use of homogeneous wave equations for modelling of a heterogeneous medium, or of a centred rather than a staggered grid, or of simplified (e.g. acoustic) wave equations when elastic or poroelastic media are synthesized, may produce erroneous or ambiguous interpretations.