cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY FOR EXAMINATION OF BURROWING IN SEDIMENTS BY MARINE INVERTEBRATE ORGANISMS1

SUMMARY Examination of the primary sedimentary texture of rocks and sediments by X-radiography can be extended to include the study of bioturbation and burrowing by living organisms. This technique involves making time-lapse X-radiographs while the animals are in the process of disturbing the sediment. Artificially and naturally stratified sediments are contained in plexiglass aquaria connected to a continuously flowing seawater system. The burrowing animals to be studied are introduced into these aquaria and the effect of their activities on the sediments is recorded by X-radiography over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Identification of a 1-megabase consensus region of deletion at 1p36.3 in primary neuroblastomas.

Background Deletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 1 occurs frequently in neuroblastoma. In addition, neuroblastoma has been described in children with constitutional deletions within 1p36, supporting the existence of one or more neuroblastoma suppressor genes within this region. Procedure We have pursued a 1p36 tumor suppressor gene identification strategy that has included deletion mapping of 566 primary neuroblastomas and 46 neuroblastoma-derived cell lines, and have determined the parental origin of the deleted 1p homologue in 44 cases to determine whether there is evidence for genomic imprinting within this region. Results and Conclusions We have identified a 1-Mb consensus region of deletion within 1p36.3 defined by primary tumor deletions, constructed a physical map of the region that is being sequenced to completion, and have identified and prioritized candidate genes within this region for further analyses. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 35:512–515, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct observation of intermolecular interactions mediated by hydrogen bonding

Although intermolecular interactions are ubiquitous in physicochemical phenomena, their dynamics have proven difficult to observe directly, and most experiments rely on indirect measurements. Using broadband two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2DIR), we have measured the influence of hydrogen bonding on the intermolecular vibrational coupling between dimerized N-methylacetamide molecules. In addition to strong intramolecular coupling between N–H and C=O oscillators, cross-peaks in the broadband 2DIR spectrum appearing upon dimerization reveal strong intermolecular coupling that changes the character of the vibrations. In addition, dimerization changes the effects of intramolecular coupling, resulting in Fermi resonances between high and low-frequency modes. These results illustrate how hydrogen bonding influences the interplay of inter- and intramolecular vibrations, giving rise to correlated nuclear motions and significant changes in the vibrational structure of the amide group. These observations have direct impact on modeling and interpreting the IR spectra of proteins. In addition, they illustrate a general approach to direct molecular characterization of intermolecular interactions.
Stimulated Photon Echoes from Amide I Vibrations

The amide I band region (ca. 1650 cm-1) of two small globular peptides, apamin and a de novo cyclic pentapeptide, has been investigated by stimulated (three pulse) photon echo experiments. In both ...
Relative Abilities of Fluorine and Chlorine to Stabilize Carbenium Ions: Crystal Structures of Two Fluoro-Substituted Carbocations and of As2F11-

The first crystal structures of fluoro-substituted carbocations and of the As2F11- anion are reported. The experimental geometries of the carbenium ions in [(CH3)2CF]+AsF6-, [(m-CF3C6H4)(C6H5)CF]+AsF6-, and [(m-CF3C6H4)(C6H5)CF]+As2F11- and their comparison with that of the [(o-ClC6H4)(C6H5)CCl]+ cation show that, in accord with previous theoretical calculations, chlorine stabilizes carbenium ions more efficiently than fluorine. The 13C and 19F NMR spectra of the [(m-CF3C6H4)(C6H5)CF]+ cation were recorded and analyzed with the help of RHF/6-31G(d,p) calculations using the GIAO method. In each of the three fluoro-substituted carbocation crystal structures studied, the carbenium centers are further stabilized by forming two fluorine bridges with the anions, resulting in distorted trigonal bipyramidal environments around the carbenium centers. The [F5As−F−AsF5]- anion in [(m-CF3C6H4)(C6H5)CF]+As2F11- possesses a symmetric fluorine bridge with an As−F−As angle of 156.5(13)° and staggered AsF4 groups.
Atmospheric temperature sensing with a multiorder Fabry-Perot interferometer

A Fabry-Perot interferometer has a periodic response. By matching the free spectral range of a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) with the period of the CO2 spectrum, considerable advantages of throughput and spectral resolution can be achieved, leading to high spectral resolution and vertical resolution for atmospheric temperature sounders. In this paper, the concept of a high resolution multiorder Fabry-Perot interferometer using portions of the 15-μm. and 4.3-μm. bands of CO2 for the purpose of atmospheric temperature sounding is discussed. Suitable sounding spectral positions, FPI free spectral range, and weighting functions are calculated. An effective spectral resolution of 0.02 cm−1 can be achieved by the proposed sounder with a FPI finess of ∼100 which is within the present state-of-the-art technology in the infrared region, leading to considerable improvement in the vertical resolution of the atmospheric temperature sounder.
Enhanced growth of mammary adenocarcinoma in rats by chloroquine and quinacrine

This study investigated whether the growth of transplanted mammary tumors is altered in rats by treatment with the antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and quinacrine (QN). Female inbred F344 rats were divided into three experimental groups. Animals were injected i.p. with either CQ, QN or normal saline for 5 days a week throughout the entire experimental period (25 days). After 7 days of drug treatment each rat received subcutaneously one 2-mm2 aliquot of R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma in the mid-thoracic region. Eighteen days after implantation, all rats were sacrificed and tumors were excised, weighed and measured. The results indicate that weights and volumes of tumors as well as tumor-to-body weight ratios were significantly higher in CQ and QN-treated animals than those in saline-treated animals. The final body weights of rats treated with QN were significantly lower than those treated with saline. The prostaglandin E2 content of tumors was significantly reduced by CQ treatment. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient and reduced glutathione concentrations remained unaffected by both treatments. These results suggest that CQ and QN have significant stimulatory effects on the growth of mammary adenocarcinoma in rats.
Social and Psychologic Correlates of Problem Drinking in Old Age

A study of the drinking behavior of 928 noninstitutional residents of Boston, aged 60 or older, showed that 53 per cent were abstainers; 26 per cent had less than one drink per day; 16 per cent, one to two drinks; and 6 per cent, two or more drinks. Nine subjects (1 per cent) were self-reported problem drinkers, and another 31 (3 per cent) reported that drinking had diminished the quality of their lives. Problem drinkers and those with alcohol-related problems were likely to be young-old native-born men. They were less likely to be satisfied with their relationships with family members, spouses, and close friends. All problem drinkers had long-term drinking problems. Most had sought treatment, but only one was being treated at the time of the study. The data suggest that current theories do not adequately explain late-life problem drinking and that current initiatives do not adequately address the needs of the elderly population at large.
The Challenges of Challenge.Gov: Adopting Private Sector Business Innovations in the Federal Government

As part of the Open Government Initiative in the U.S. federal government, the White House has introduced a new policy instrument called "Challenges and Prizes", implemented as Challenge.gov that allows federal departments to run Open Innovation (OI) contests. This initiative was motivated by similar OI initiatives in the private sector and to enhance innovativeness and performance among federal agencies. Here we first define the underlying theoretical concepts of OI, crowd sourcing and contests and apply them to the existing theory of public ness and the creation of public goods. We then analyze over 200 crowd sourcing contests on CHALLENGE.GOV and conclude that federal departments and agencies use this policy instrument for four different purpose: awareness, service, knowledge and technical solutions. We conclude that Challenge.gov is currently used as an innovative format to inform and educate the public about public management problems and less frequently to solicit complex technological solutions from problem solvers.
The influence of feedback and diagnostic data on pseudodiagnosticity

Pseudodiagnosticity is the tendency of people to select diagnostically worthless data in an opinion revision task and then to make a judgment based on those data. University students were presented four problems in which they selected data and then made a judgment based on those data. Knowledge of results was provided on each trial. Half the subjects were “force-fed” truly diagnostic data. Getting the correct answer virtually guaranteed that subjects repeated the data selection strategy that preceded it. Data selection following an incorrect answer was contingent upon whether the subjects had seen diagnostically relevant data.
Proactive Integrated Link Selection for Network Robustness (PILSNER)

This paper describes a research and development program called Proactive Integrated Link Selection for Network Robustness (PILSNER) that is being executed at the Communications-Electronics Research Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC), Ft. Monmouth, NJ. The objective of PILSNER is to develop, mature and integrate networking technologies that will solve the issues of limited network reliability and connectivity, resulting from the inability to make optimal use of all available link types simultaneously. The PILSNER effort therefore focuses on the development of Pro-active Diverse Link Selection (PAD-LS) technologies, which enable automatic link selection based on network characteristics and mission objectives, over a heterogeneous multi-tiered, multi-link network, in order to bypass congestion and outages. The PAD-LS technologies are designed to proactively allocate and manage bandwidth over multiple transmission paths in order to provide a level of redundancy for assured network availability and connectivity. PAD-LS technologies will address issues related to optimal link selection, capturing link local information and neighbor link information across multi-hop connections, adaptive bandwidth management, IP Quality of Service, IP multicast, and functionality within a mobile tactical environment. Demonstration of these technologies shall be integrated and conducted with a variety of transmission media consistent with the projected Warfighter Information Network - Tactical (WIN-T) capabilities. PILSNER is part of the Tactical Mobile Networks (TMN) Advanced Technology Objective (Demonstration) (ATO(D)), and is scheduled to run from FY2006 through FY2009.
Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin’s stag beetle

Abstract Stag beetles (family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804) are one of the earliest branching lineages of scarab beetles that are characterized by the striking development of the male mandibles. Despite stag beetles’ popularity among traditional taxonomists and amateur collectors, there has been almost no study of lucanid relationships and evolution. Entomologists, including Jeannel (1942), have long recognized resemblance between the austral stag beetles of the tribes Chiasognathini, Colophonini, Lamprimini, Pholidotini, Rhyssonotini, and Streptocerini, but this hypothesis of their close relationship across the continents has never been tested. To gain further insight into lucanid phylogeny and biogeography, we reconstructed the first molecular phylogeny of world stag beetles using DNA sequences from mitochondrial 16S rDNA, nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding (NPC) gene wingless for 93 lucanid species representing all extant subfamilies and 24 out of the 27 tribes, together with 14 representative samples of other early branching scarabaeoid families and two staphyliniform beetle families as outgroups. Both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood inference (MLI) strongly supported the monophyly of Lucanidae sensu lato that includes Diphyllostomatidae. Within Lucanidae sensu stricto, the subfamilies Lucaninae and Lampriminae appeared monophyletic under both methods of phylogenetic inferences; however, Aesalinae and Syndesinae were found to be polyphyletic. A time-calibrated phylogeny based on five fossil data estimated the origin of crown group Lucanidae as circa 160 million years ago (MYA). Divergence between the Neotropical and Australasian groups of the Chiasognathini was estimated to be circa 47 MYA, with the South African Colophonini branching off from the ancient Chiasognathini lineage around 87 MYA. Another Gondwanan relationship was recovered between the Australasian Eucarteria and the Neotropical Casignetus, which diverged circa 58 MYA. Lastly, as Jeannel’s hypothesis predicted, divergence within Lampriminae between the Australasian Lamprima and the Neotropical Streptocerus was estimated to be circa 37 MYA. The split of these lineages were generally concordant with the pattern of continental break-up of the super-continent Gondwana, and our biogeographic reconstructions based on the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model (DEC) corroborate our view that the divergences in these austral lineages were caused by vicariance events following the Gondwanan break-up. In addition, the phylogenetic position and geographic origin of the Hawaiian genus Apterocyclus was revealed for the first time. Overall, our results provide the framework toward studying lucanid relationships and divergence time estimates, which allowed for more accurate biogeographic explanations and discussions on ancestral lucanids and the evolutionary origin of the enlarged male mandibles.
Abstract 3215: Detecting low abundance therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer using engineered gold nanoparticles.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely studied for use in disease therapeutics as targeting and imaging agents, drug delivery vehicles and as self-therapeutics. When AuNPs interact with the biological milieu they form a corona layer, which is predominantly composed of proteins. The outer “soft” layer is dynamic and here proteins are free to exchange over time. The inner “hard” layer on the other hand consists of proteins firmly bound to the NP surface. The Vromans effect predicts that given a limited surface area, low affinity, high abundance proteins, that first attach to the surface, are over time replaced by high affinity, low abundance proteins. Our aim was to enrich low abundance proteins on the AuNP surface to probe for differentially expressed proteins that are not detected by traditional methods of protein identification. We studied the binding of ovarian cell lysates (cancerous and non cancerous) to 10 nm sized positively and negatively charged AuNPs. The formation of corona around the AuNPs was characterized by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The composition of the protein corona was identified using mass spectrometry. Proteins were also identified from the cell lysate pool to serve as a control to assess protein enrichment on NP surface. Using this approach, Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor (HDGF) was identified as a low abundance protein that was detected by mass spectrometry in cancer cells only after enrichment on the surface of positively charged AuNPs. HDGF is overexpressed in multiple ovarian cancer cells lines and knock down using siRNA shows decrease in cell proliferation, G2/M arrest and apoptosis. This suggests an important role of HDGF in the tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer, which could serve as an important therapeutic target for the disease. Citation Format: Karuna Giri, Rochelle Arvizo. Detecting low abundance therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer using engineered gold nanoparticles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3215. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3215
The effects of arousal on liking and believability of commercials

This study examines how arousal and the pace of television commercials affect viewers' attitudes toward the ad claims (Aad-c), the non-claim elements (Aad-nc), the advertised brands (Ab), and purchase intentions (PI). Fast paced ads produced higher Aad-nc, Ab, and PI scores than slow paced ads. Arousing ads produced higher Ab and PI, but lower Aad-c. Results also found significant interactions between arousal and pacing on three of the four dependent variables. First, both pacing and content arousal improved Ab, and the two together were more effective than either by itself. The interactions seen for Aad-c and PI are somewhat more difficult to interpret. When ads were calm, the addition of fast pace decreased Aad-c and PI. However, when ads were arousing, the addition of fast pace increased Aad-c and PI. Some practical implications of the results and future research direction are offered.
Experimental pulmonary embolism; effect on pulmonary blood volume and vascular compliance.

Autologous blood clot was used to produce pulmonary macroembolism, and lycopodium spores to produce microembolism in normal mongrel dogs. Pressures were recorded from the pulmonary artery, left atrium and femoral artery; cardiac output and pulmonary blood volume (PBV) were determined using sequential indicator dilution curves from injections into the pulmonary artery and left atrium. Macro- and microembolism caused comparable elevations of pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance. Macroembolism with blood clots resulted in marked decreases in PBV and pulmonary vascular compliance. However, microembolism with lycopodium spores caused only small decreases in PBV despite a large reduction in pulmonary vascular compliance. Prostaglandin E1 infusion after microembolism had no effect on pulmonary hemodynamics, but caused significant systemic hypotension. After macroembolism PGE1 infusion decreased PBV and decreased systemic arterial pressure.
Gas turbine engine durability impacts of high fuel-air ratio combustors: Part I: Potential for secondary combustion of partially reacted fuel

Demand for greater engine efficiency and thrust-to-weight ratio has driven the production of aircraft engines with higher core temperatures and pressures. Such engines operate at higher fuel–air ratios, resulting in the potential for significant heat release through the turbine if energetic species emitted from the combustor are further oxidized. This paper outlines the magnitude and potential for turbine heat release for current and future engines. The analysis indicates that in the future, high fuel-air ratio designs may have to consider changes to cooling strategies to accommodate heat release resulting from secondary combustion. A characteristic time methodology is developed to evaluate the chemical and fluid mechanical conditions that lead to combustion within the turbine. The local concentration of energetic emissions partly determines the potential for energy release. An energy release parameter, here defined as a maximum increase in total temperature (∆Tt), is used to specify an upper limit on the magnitude of impact. The likelihood of such impacts relies on the convective, mixing, and chemical processes that determine the fate and transport of energetic species through the turbine. Appropriately defined Damkohler numbers (Da)—the comparative ratio of a characteristic flow time (τflow) to a characteristic chemical time (τchem)—are employed to capture the macroscopic physical features controlling the flow-chemistry interactions that lead to heat release in the turbine.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in the chimpanzee.

Abstract Blood samples from 29 male and 25 female chimpanzees were examined for G-6-PD activity and electrophoretic mobility. Wild-type chimpanzee G-6-PD had a slightly slower electrophoretic mobility than human G-6-PD. Fast and slow variants of chimpanzee G-6-PD were detected both by starch gel electrophoresis and by gel isoelectric focusing. The chimpanzees with the slow G-6-PD phenotype had a lower enzyme activity than those with the wild type. Only a single animal heterozygous for the fast type of G-6-PD was found, and although its activity was lower than average, no conclusion could be drawn. The existence of two types of enzyme in some females, but not in males, is consistent with sex linkage of G-6-PD in chimpanzees.
Situational Differences in Intentional Smiling: A Cross-Cultural Exploration

Situational and cultural differences, especially in relation to status, in the way persons intend to smile were studied. Forty-two U.S. and 48 Japanese college students rated smiling in situations involving (a) student-professor relationships and (b) student-student relationships. The results indicated that the status of the other person affected the students' ratings of the tendency to smile and that the types of smiles varied in different situations. Some cultural differences between U.S. and Japanese participants were found, though the similarities were far more prominent than the differences.
Lexical ambiguity and sentence comprehension

Previous models of the computation of word meanings in sentence context have claimed either that context causes only one meaning of an ambiguous word to be processed or that all meanings are processed regardless of context. By contrast, the ordered search model suggested here hypothesizes that access to multiple meanings occurs in a fixed order regardless of context. Thus, whether one meaning or multiple meanings are accessed will depend on whether the primary (most common) sense fits the context. Decision times for determining whether an ambiguous word appearing in an unambiguous context had another possible meaning were consistent with this hypothesis. When the context required the secondary sense, decision times were faster than when the context required the primary sense.
US energy policy Impact of the Reagan Administration

Abstract After three years in power, the Reagan Administration has been able to reverse much of the US federal government's energy policy measures that had occurred since 1973, particularly the build-up that took place during the Carter presidency. Another change is a repudiation of social equity concerns, which were an important part of the energy policies of the Nixon, Ford and Carter presidencies. Instead of using government to direct energy policy, the Reagan Administration has stressed the pre-eminence of the private sector. One exception is nuclear energy, which the Administration strongly supports. While the Reagan policies implemented have increased economic efficiency and reduced federal-related budgets and staffs, they have caused environmental degradation and hardship on the poor. Yet their greatest implication is that of a nation less well prepared to handle a severe energy shortage. The Administration believes this is not a problem, based on its optimistic expectations of the extent of untapped resources worldwide and the resilience of the free market.
Fall Dormancy and Snow Depth Effects on Winterkill of Alfalfa

The lack of a definitive method to assess winter hardiness in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) remains a challenge in the north-central region of the USA where winterkill of alfalfa can be severe. The reliability of fall dormancy ratings for describing alfalfa cultivar susceptibility to winter injury and the role of snow depth in moderating temperatures near the plant were investigated at Chatham, MI on a Chatham Stony loam (Typic Haplorthod). Four cultivars were selected with a range of fall dormancy ratings: Nitro', Magnum IV', Saranac', and 'Vernal'. The cultivars were planted in 1993-1994, 1994-1995, and 1995-1996 seasons in plots over which 0-, 10-, and 20-cm winter snow depths were maintained. Temperatures were monitored for each plot, and stand counts were made each fall and spring to assess winter injury. Nitro suffered the most winterkill across snow cover treatments. The total yield range was 0 to 9 Mg ha -1 in the absence of a snow cover and 0.4 to 12 Mg ha -1 for a snow depth of at least 10 cm, except in 1996. Extreme minimum canopy-level (6 cm) temperatures for 10-cm snow depth averaged over three winter seasons were 12.1°C higher than the 0-cm snow cover treatment, which translated into higher yields. The results suggest that snow cover of 10 cm adequately protects alfalfa from winter injury. Cultivars within the same fall dormancy rating did not necessarily perform similarly, suggesting the need to develop other methods for assessing winter survival.
Exploring Early Childhood Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices About Preschool Outdoor Play: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative case study explored how early childhood teachers’ beliefs and practices influence the function of preschool outdoor play. Teachers believed that supervision was paramount. They perceived that the physical design of the outdoor environment posed limitations for planning, preparation, and implementation. Teachers’ recollections of their own childhood outdoor activities provided a shared value of freedom during play. Yet, during outdoor play teachers displayed an adherence to rules or a “philosophy-reality conflict” (Hatch & Freeman, 1988, p. 158). Teachers believed that outdoor play is important to the development of young children; however, minimal knowledge of outdoor play and motivation to promote it was not evident.
Electron Transport in Gold Nanowires: Stable 1-, 2- and 3-Dimensional Atomic Structures and Noninteger Conduction States

Experimental conductivity measurements made during highly stable tensile deformation of Au nanowires show a rich variety of behaviors, including noninteger quantum conductance plateaus, transitions, and slopes. Using tight binding conductance calculations on simulated nanowires previously deformed using density functional theory, we demonstrate that all of these phenomena arise from structural transitions between deeply metastable ordered atomic configurations that self-organize during tensile deformation.
Event segmentation during first-person continuous events

An important aspect of event cognition is the segmentation of activity into events. However, much of the research of event segmentation has involved materials that are very highly structured narratives or well-scripted everyday activities. The aim of the current work was to assess whether similar event segmentation would occur in first-person perspective events that were more continuous, weak in narrative structure, and less scripted. In this study, people viewed a series of videos of a first-person interactive environment and were asked to make event segmentation judgements. A content analysis of the videos was also done to compare with the event segmentation judgements. The data indicated that viewers monitored multiple dimensions of continuity when viewing the videos. Moreover, the perception of event boundaries was similar to research on narrative text and film, although there were some notable differences. Finally, there was evidence that viewers perceived a hierarchical structure of implicit goals s...
Combined telephone and radiotelemetry of the EEG.

Abstract Multichannel local radiotelemetry of the EEG has been combined with onward transmission of the EEG data by telephone as frequency modulated audio subcarriers from the radio receiver located in the subject's house. Records are presented from a normal 10-year-old child, and are free from major artifacts. On-line spectral analysis was performed, together with acquisition of paper and analog magnetic tape records.
Chronic pain in the classroom: teachers' attributions about the causes of chronic pain.

Background: School absenteeism and other impairments in school function are significant problems among children with chronic pain syndromes; yet, little is known about how chronic pain is perceived in the school setting. The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ attributions about the causes of chronic pain in adolescent students. Methods: Classroom teachers (n = 260) read vignettes describing a hypothetical student with limb pain. They were presented with a list of possible physical and psychological causes for the pain and asked to identify the causes to which they attributed the pain. Vignettes varied by the presence or absence of (1) documented medical evidence for the pain and (2) communication from the medical team. Teachers also responded to questions assessing their responses to the student in terms of support for academic accommodations and sympathy for the student. Results: Teachers tended to endorse a dualistic (ie, either physical or psychological) model for pain rather than a biopsychosocial model. Documented medical evidence supporting the pain was the most influential factor affecting teachers’ attributions about chronic pain. Teachers who attributed the pain to physical causes—either in isolation or in combination with psychological causes—responded more positively toward the student. Conclusions: Many teachers lack a biopsychosocial framework through which to understand chronic pain syndromes in students. How chronic pain is described to school personnel may affect how teachers understand the pain and respond to it.
PTK6 activation at the membrane regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer

The intracellular tyrosine kinase protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) lacks a membrane-targeting SH4 domain and localizes to the nuclei of normal prostate epithelial cells. However, PTK6 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in human prostate tumor cells. Here, we show that while PTK6 is located primarily within the cytoplasm, the pool of active PTK6 in prostate cancer cells localizes to membranes. Ectopic expression of membrane-targeted active PTK6 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in part by enhancing activation of AKT, thereby stimulating cancer cell migration and metastases in xenograft models of prostate cancer. Conversely, siRNA-mediated silencing of endogenous PTK6 promoted an epithelial phenotype and impaired tumor xenograft growth. In mice, PTEN deficiency caused endogenous active PTK6 to localize at membranes in association with decreased E-cadherin expression. Active PTK6 was detected at membranes in some high-grade human prostate tumors, and PTK6 and E-cadherin expression levels were inversely correlated in human prostate cancers. In addition, high levels of PTK6 expression predicted poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Our findings reveal novel functions for PTK6 in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer, and they define this kinase as a candidate therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 73(17); 5426-37. ©2013 AACR.
K-shell dielectronic resonances in photoabsorption: Differential oscillator strengths for Li-like C IV, O VI, and Fe XXIV

¯ r are evaluated in terms of the differential oscillator strength df /de that relates bound and continuum absorption. We present the f ¯ r values from radiatively damped and undamped photoionization cross sections for Li-like C, O, and Fe calculated using relativistic the close-coupling Breit-Pauli R-matrix method. The KLL resonances of interest here are 1s2p( 3 P o )2s @ 4 P1/2,3/2 , 2 P1/2,3/2 # and 1s2p( 1 P o )2s @ 2 P1/2,3/2 #. The KLL photoabsorption resonances in Fe XXIV are fully resolved up to natural autoionization profiles. It is demonstrated that the undamped f ¯ r independently yield the resonance radiative decay rates, and thereby provide a precise check on the resolution of photoionization calculations in general. The predicted photoabsorption features should be detectable by the x-ray space observatories and enable column densities in highly ionized astrophysical plasmas to be determined from the calculated f ¯ r . The dielectronic satellites may appear as redward broadening of resonance lines
Between Group Inequality and Targeted Transfers

Two extensions to Yitzhaki and Lermanos group decomposition of the Gini index are derived and applied to data from Bangladesh to analyze how inequality is affected by education, occupation, and land ownership - and to estimate the impact of group-targeted transfers on the whole population. Wodon provides two extensions to Yitzhaki and Lerman's group decomposition of the Gini index. First, he analyzes stratification (within the group) and inequality (between groups) along several dimensions at once. This makes the determinants of inequality more understandable. Second, he derives the impact on the Gini of marginal changes in income or consumption by group. This can be used to evaluate targeted redistributive policies or to assess the impact of exogenous shocks by group. He applies the analysis to data from Bangladesh, with a focus on how inequality affects land ownership, education, and occupation. Education appears to be a stronger determinant of inequality than occupation, with land ownership ranking third. Marginal targeted transfers and taxes have more effect on redistribution when applied to education (from the well-educated to the illiterate) or occupation groups (from officials and managers to tenants and agricultural workers). This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region - was written as part of background work for the Bangladesh poverty assessment. The author may be contacted at qwodon@worldbank.org.
The Local Economic Effects of Public Housing in the United States, 1940–1970

Between 1933 and 1973 the federal government funded the construction of over 1 million units of low-rent housing. Using county-level data, I find that communities with high densities of public housing had lower median family income, lower median property values, lower population density, and a higher percentage of families with low income in 1970. However, I find no negative effects of public housing in 1950 or 1960, implying that long-run negative effects only became apparent in the 1960s. The effects found in 1970 are partially due to a decline in human capital.
The heat equation in time dependent domains with insulated boundaries

Abstract We study the heat equation in domains in R n with insulated fast moving boundaries. We prove existence and uniqueness theorems in the case that the boundary moves at speeds that are square integrable.
Postreplicative chromatin assembly by Drosophila and human chromatin assembly factor 1

To study the relationship between DNA replication and chromatin assembly, we have purified a factor termed Drosophila chromatin assembly factor 1 (dCAF-1) to approximately 50% homogeneity from a nuclear extract derived from embryos. dCAF-1 appears to consist of four polypeptides with molecular masses of 180, 105, 75, and 55 kDa. dCAF-1 preferentially mediates chromatin assembly of newly replicated DNA relative to unreplicated DNA during T-antigen-dependent simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro, as seen with human CAF-1. Analysis of the mechanism of DNA replication-coupled chromatin assembly revealed that both dCAF-1 and human CAF-1 mediate chromatin assembly preferentially with previously yet newly replicated DNA relative to unreplicated DNA. Moreover, the preferential assembly of the postreplicative DNA was observed at 30 min after inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin, but this effect slowly diminished until it was no longer apparent at 120 min after inhibition of replication. These findings suggest that the coupling between DNA replication and chromatin assembly may not necessarily involve a direct interaction between the replication and assembly factors at a replication fork.
Remembering Left-Right Orientation of Pictures

In a study of recognition memory for pictures, we observed an asymmetry in classifying test items as "same" versus "different" in left-right orientation: Identical copies of previously viewed items were classified more accurately than left-right reversals of those items. Response bias could not explain this asymmetry, and, moreover, correct "same" and "different" classifications were independently manipulable: Whereas repetition of input pictures (one vs. two presentations) affected primarily correct "same" classifications, retention interval (3 hr vs. 1 week) affected primarily correct "different" classifications. In addition, repetition but not retention interval affected judgments that previously seen pictures (both identical and reversed) were "old". These and additional findings supported a dual-process hypothesis that links "same" classifications to high familiarity, and "different" classifications to conscious sampling of images of previously viewed pictures.
The Bacterial RecA Protein as a Motor Protein

The bacterial RecA protein plays a central role in the repair of stalled replication forks, double-strand break repair, general recombination, induction of the SOS response, and SOS mutagenesis. The major activity of RecA in DNA metabolism is the promotion of DNA strand exchange reactions. RecA is the prototype for a ubiquitous family of proteins but exhibits a few activities that some of its eukaryotic, archaeal, and viral homologs appear to lack. In particular, the bacterial RecA protein possesses an apparent motor function that is not evident in the reactions promoted by the eukaryotic Rad51 protein. This motor may be needed only in a subset of the DNA metabolism contexts in which RecA protein functions. Models for the coupling of DNA strand exchange to ATP hydrolysis are examined.
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Brain and Blood in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Mechanisms for PTSD Progression

We sought to analyze specific pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the progression of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by utilizing an animal model. To examine PTSD pathophysiology, we measured reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines to determine if oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, adrenal glands, and systemic circulation were upregulated in response to constant stress. Preclinical PTSD was induced in naive male Sprague–Dawley rats via a predator exposure/psychosocial stress regimen. PTSD group rats were secured in Plexiglas cylinders and placed in a cage with a cat for 1 h on days 1 and 11 of a 31-day stress regimen. In addition, PTSD group rats were subjected to psychosocial stress whereby their cage cohort was changed daily. This model has been shown to cause heightened anxiety, exaggerated startle response, impaired cognition, and increased cardiovascular reactivity, all of which are common symptoms seen in humans with PTSD. At the conclusion of the predator exposure/psychosocial stress regimen, the rats were euthanized, and their brains were dissected to remove the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), the three areas commonly associated with PTSD development. The adrenal glands and whole blood were also collected to assess systemic oxidative stress. Analysis of the whole blood, adrenal glands, and brain regions revealed oxidative stress increased during PTSD progression. In addition, examination of proinflammatory cytokine (PIC) mRNA and protein demonstrated neurological inflammatory molecules were significantly upregulated in the PTSD group versus controls. These results indicate oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, adrenal glands, and systemic circulation may play a critical role in the development and further exacerbation of PTSD. Thus, PTSD may not be solely a neurological pathology but may progress as a systemic condition involving multiple organ systems. List of Abbreviations ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone ANOVA Analysis of variance AVP Arginine vasopressin cDNA Complementary DNA CIITA Class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator CMH 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine CNS Central nervous system CO2 Carbon dioxide *Email: jfrancis@vetmed.lsu.edu Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_87-1 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland (outside the USA) 2015
Sitting balance: Its relation to function in individuals with hemiparesis

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate test-retest reliability of sitting balance measures in healthy subjects and individuals with hemiparesis secondary to stroke, to evaluate the ability of the balance measures and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to document changes over time, and to compare changes in the balance measures and FIM to each other. Method: Six nonpatient subjects were evaluated for test-retest reliability. Fourteen subjects with hemiparesis were tested every 2 weeks during their hospitalization on their ability to lean to either side, lean forward, and maintain a symmetrical posture. Maximum displacement was recorded using the Balance System. FIM scores were obtained for each testing session. Results: Test-retest reliability for nonpatient subjects was high and for patients was moderate to high. Leaning forward and to the paretic side showed the greatest number of correlations with the FIM scores. All of the FIM scales and the forward lean measure documented progress. Conclusions: The protocol developed to test sitting balance, using the Balance System, seems appropriate for use with patient populations. The ability to lean maximally to either side or forward or sit symmetrically is not strongly related to function.
The organization of occlusion for natural teeth.

Abstract A biomechanical analysis of an occlusal plan for dentitions has been presented. The need to integrate occlusal relations with temporomandibular joint anatomy and movements was stressed. When established, the gnathic parts function in harmony and, this promotes tranquility and efficiency and helps to maintain the relationships of all of the parts. This occlusal plan organizes the teeth to permit group function as well as mutual (tooth) protection. The main load of centrically related jaw closures is borne by the posterior teeth. The anterior teeth protect the posterior teeth in eccentric closures. The incisor, canine, or posterior teeth may function independent of each other. All of the teeth remain just outside the routine functional arena of cyclic motions. The muscles are permitted to move the condyles to any position in the joint compartments in eccentric occlusal positions without guidance or interference from the teeth.
Medieval modernity: On citizenship and urbanism in a global era

This paper examines forms of citizenship associated with contem- porary urbanism. Focusing on three paradigmatic spaces: the gated enclave, the regulated squatter settlement and the camp, the authors argue that the land- scape of urban citizenship is increasingly fragmented and divided. These geographies are constituted through multiple and competing sovereignties which, when territorially exercised, produce fiefdoms of regulation or zones of 'no-law'. In order to understand these practices, the authors employ the con- ceptual framework of the 'medieval city'. This use of history as theory sheds light on particular types of urban citizenship, such as the 'free town' or the 'ethnic quarter', that were present at different moments of medievalism and that are congruent with current processes. The 'medieval' is invoked not as an historical period, but rather as a transhistorical analytical category that interrogates the modern at this moment of liberal empire.
Identifying Quantitative Trait Locus by Genetic Background Interactions in Association Studies

Association studies are designed to identify main effects of alleles across a potentially wide range of genetic backgrounds. To control for spurious associations, effects of the genetic background itself are often incorporated into the linear model, either in the form of subpopulation effects in the case of structure or in the form of genetic relationship matrices in the case of complex pedigrees. In this context epistatic interactions between loci can be captured as an interaction effect between the associated locus and the genetic background. In this study I developed genetic and statistical models to tie the locus by genetic background interaction idea back to more standard concepts of epistasis when genetic background is modeled using an additive relationship matrix. I also simulated epistatic interactions in four-generation randomly mating pedigrees and evaluated the ability of the statistical models to identify when a biallelic associated locus was epistatic to other loci. Under additive-by-additive epistasis, when interaction effects of the associated locus were quite large (explaining 20% of the phenotypic variance), epistasis was detected in 79% of pedigrees containing 320 individuals. The epistatic model also predicted the genotypic value of progeny better than a standard additive model in 78% of simulations. When interaction effects were smaller (although still fairly large, explaining 5% of the phenotypic variance), epistasis was detected in only 9% of pedigrees containing 320 individuals and the epistatic and additive models were equally effective at predicting the genotypic values of progeny. Epistasis was detected with the same power whether the overall epistatic effect was the result of a single pairwise interaction or the sum of nine pairwise interactions, each generating one ninth of the epistatic variance. The power to detect epistasis was highest (94%) at low QTL minor allele frequency, fell to a minimum (60%) at minor allele frequency of about 0.2, and then plateaued at about 80% as alleles reached intermediate frequencies. The power to detect epistasis declined when the linkage disequilibrium between the DNA marker and the functional polymorphism was not complete.
Comparison and Optimization of hiPSC Forebrain Cortical Differentiation Protocols

Several protocols have been developed for human induced pluripotent stem cell neuronal differentiation. We compare several methods for forebrain cortical neuronal differentiation by assessing cell morphology, immunostaining and gene expression. We evaluate embryoid aggregate vs. monolayer with dual SMAD inhibition differentiation protocols, manual vs. AggreWell aggregate formation, plating substrates, neural progenitor cell (NPC) isolation methods, NPC maintenance and expansion, and astrocyte co-culture. The embryoid aggregate protocol, using a Matrigel substrate, consistently generates a high yield and purity of neurons. NPC isolation by manual selection, enzymatic rosette selection, or FACS all are efficient, but exhibit some differences in resulting cell populations. Expansion of NPCs as neural aggregates yields higher cell purity than expansion in a monolayer. Finally, co-culture of iPSC-derived neurons with astrocytes increases neuronal maturity by day 40. This study directly compares commonly employed methods for neuronal differentiation of iPSCs, and can be used as a resource for choosing between various differentiation protocols.
The QAME of Trans-disciplinary Ethnography: Making Visible Disciplinary Theories of Ethnographic Praxis as Boundary Object

Framed by the idea that ethnography is a trans-disciplinary praxis, this paper adopts Alan Barnard's framework of the theory as questions, assumptions, methods, and evidence (QAME) to compare how ethnographic praxis is approached across the domains of anthropology, marketing, and design. The companies Intel, Cheskin, and IDEO serve as exemplars for each domain, respectively. Through a content analysis of academic journals and popular media, the paper explores the discursive meanings of ethnography as a “boundary object” across many domains. The paper concludes with how Barnard's QAME framework can be used to make visible ethnography's multiple meanings so that practitioners can improve interdisciplinary collaborations within organizations and better articulate ethnography's value to business.