cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glacial areas, lake areas, and snow lines from 1975 to 2012: status of the Cordillera Vilcanota, including the Quelccaya Ice Cap, northern central Andes, Peru

Abstract. Glaciers in the tropical Andes of southern Peru have received limited attention compared to glaciers in other regions (both near and far), yet remain of vital importance to agriculture, fresh water, and hydropower supplies of downstream communities. Little is known about recent glacial-area changes and how the glaciers in this region respond to climate changes, and, ultimately, how these changes will affect lake and water supplies. To remedy this, we have used 158 multi-spectral satellite images spanning almost 4 decades, from 1975 to 2012, to obtain glacial- and lake-area outlines for the understudied Cordillera Vilcanota region, including the Quelccaya Ice Cap. Additionally, we have estimated the snow-line altitude of the Quelccaya Ice Cap using spectral unmixing methods. We have made the following four key observations: first, since 1988 glacial areas throughout the Cordillera Vilcanota (1988 glacial area: 361 km2) have been declining at a rate of 3.99 ± 1.15 km2 yr−1 (22 year average, 1988–2010, with 95% confidence interval (CI), n = 8 images). Since 1980, the Quelccaya Ice Cap (1980 glacial area: 63.1 km2) has been declining at a rate of 0.57 ± 0.10 km2 yr−1 (30 year average, 1980–2010, with 95% CI, n = 14). Second, decline rates for individual glacierized regions have been accelerating during the past decade (2000–2010) as compared to the preceding decade (1988–1999) with an average increase from 37.5 to 42.3 × 10−3 km2 yr−1 km−2 (13%). Third, glaciers with lower median elevations are declining at higher rates than those with higher median elevations. Specifically, glaciers with median elevations around 5200 m a.s.l. are retreating to higher elevations at a rate of ~1 m yr−1 faster than glaciers with median elevations around 5400 m a.s.l. Fourth, as glacial regions have decreased, 77% of lakes connected to glacial watersheds have either remained stable or shown a roughly synchronous increase in lake area, while 42% of lakes not connected to glacial watersheds have declined in area (58% have remained stable). Our new and detailed data on glacial and lake areas over 37 years provide an important spatiotemporal assessment of climate variability in this area. These data can be integrated into further studies to analyze inter-annual glacial and lake-area changes and assess hydrologic dependence and consequences for downstream populations.
Updated Determination of Stress Parameters for Nine Well-Recorded Earthquakes in Eastern North America

Stress parameters (Δ σ ) are determined for nine relatively well-recorded earthquakes in eastern North America for ten attenuation models. This is an update of a previous study by Boore et al. (2010). New to this paper are observations from the 2010 Val des Bois earthquake, additional observations for the 1988 Saguenay and 2005 Riviere du Loup earthquakes, and consideration of six attenuation models in addition to the four used in the previous study. As in that study, it is clear that Δ σ depends strongly on the rate of geometrical spreading (as well as other model parameters). The observations necessary to determine conclusively which attenuation model best fits the data are still lacking. At this time, a simple 1/ R model seems to give as good an overall fit to the data as more complex models.
Probabilistic Model for Cost Contingency

This paper proposes a probabilistic model for the calculation of project cost contingency by considering the expected number of changes and the average cost of change. The model assumes a Poisson arrival pattern for change orders and independent random variables for various change orders. The probability of cost overrun for a given contingency level is calculated. Typical input values to the model are estimated by reviewing several U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project logs, and numerical values of contingency are calculated and presented. The effect of various parameters on the contingency is discussed in detail.
PD-0332991, a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6, demonstrates inhibition of proliferation in renal cell carcinoma at nanomolar concentrations and molecular markers predict for sensitivity.

Author(s): Logan, Joshua E; Mostofizadeh, Nikayeh; Desai, Amrita J; VON Euw, Erika; Conklin, Dylan; Konkankit, Veerauo; Hamidi, Habib; Eckardt, Mark; Anderson, Lee; Chen, Hsiao-Wang; Ginther, Charles; Taschereau, Eileen; Bui, Peter H; Christensen, James G; Belldegrun, Arie S; Slamon, Dennis J; Kabbinavar, Fairooz F | Abstract: BackgroundPD-0332991 is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, and was evaluated to determine its anti-proliferative effects in 25 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines.Materials and methodsHalf-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of PD-0332991 were determined with cell line proliferation assays, as were its effects on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation. Molecular markers for response prediction, including p16, p15, cyclin D1 (CCND1), cyclin E1 (CCNE1), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), RB, CDK4 and CDK6, were studied using array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and gene expression.ResultsIC50 values for PD-0332991 ranged from 25.0 nM to 700 nM, and the agent demonstrated G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, induction of late apoptosis, and blockade of RB phosphorylation. Through genotype and expression data p16, p15 and E2F1 were identified as having significant association between loss and sensitivity to PD-0332991: p16 (p=0.021), p15 (p=0.047), and E2F1 (p=0.041).ConclusionPD-0332991 has antiproliferative activity in RCC cell lines, and molecular markers predict for sensitivity to this agent.
Dexmedetomidine infusion for the management of opioid-induced hyperalgesia.

Objective. Understanding the actions of opioids now encompasses pronociceptive as well as antinociceptive mechanisms. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) refers to increased pain sensitivity due to high-dose or prolonged opioid exposure. It has become more important as patients with pain remain on opioids at higher doses for longer periods of time. One setting that highlights the dilemma of OIH is in the opioid-tolerant patient who is hospitalized for painful medical conditions or procedures and is unable to achieve adequate analgesia despite escalating opioid doses. This patient population often requires agents that act synergistically with opioids through different mechanisms to achieve analgesia. Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has been shown to synergize with opioids. Setting. Tertiary care hospital. Design. Case series. Method. Eleven hospitalized patients with OIH received dexmedetomidine to improve pain control and to lower opioid doses while avoiding opioid withdrawal. Results. A total of 64% (7/11) had substantial reductions in their baseline opioid doses at the time of discharge. Conclusions. The cases presented provide support for the clinical utility of alpha-2 agonists during opioid dose reduction in patients with OIH as well suggesting that they may contribute to the recovery of normal nociceptive and antinociceptive responses.
Multiscale network generation

Relationships between entities in complex systems could be represented using the paradigm of networks. The network representation can then reveal the evolution, structure and dynamics of those systems. Frequently, obtaining the required scientific data about the networks is expensive or infeasible. In other words, the amount of available empirical data is insufficient for simulation, validation, verification, and other scientific tasks. In these situations, empirical data should be augmented by synthetic data generated from models in such a way that properties of the system are preserved in the synthetic data, even when those properties are unique to the system or not fully known, but existing methods only reproduce a limited set of specified network properties. Here we introduce a novel strategy for synthesizing artificial networks that can realistically model a variety of network properties and that is termed multiscale network generation, or as a specific algorithm, MUSKETEER. This strategy first creates a hierarchy of aggregated representations of the original network, and then reformulates the network generation problem at all levels of this hierarchy in order to take into account properties at multiple scales of the system. The network is then edited at any or all scales, depending on the desired variability in the ensemble of synthetic networks. We find that for many complex networks taken from real-world systems, the strategy is able to preserve important properties with little statistical bias while achieving high degree of variability and arbitrary difference from the original.
A supramolecular protecting group strategy introduced to the organic solid state: Enhanced reactivity through molecular pedal motion

A supramolecular protecting group strategy has been applied to achieve solid-state photodimerizations of olefins lined with a combination of hydrogen-bond-donor and -acceptor groups. Esters were used as protecting groups to generate head-to-head photodimers that were readily converted into diacids. A protected olefin equipped with a stilbene unit exhibits enhanced reactivity that is ascribed to pedal motions in the solid state (orange hexagons: template: blur circles: recognition sites). Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Water Stress Induced Alterations of the Stomatal Response to Decreases in Leaf Water Potential

Young growth-chamber-grown cotton plants were subjected to a series of eight periods of soil water stress, which served as a preconditioning treatment. After preconditioning, water was withheld and changes in the stomatal resistance and leaf water potential were determined and compared with similar well watered control plants. The stomatal response of stress preconditioned plants adjusted such that the diffusion resistance of the lower surface of the leaf did not reach a value greater than 20 s cm−1 until the leaf water potential dropped 14 bars below that required to reach the same resistance on previously unstressed plants. The resistance—leaf water potential relation for the adaxial surface was unaltered by the preconditioning treatment. Adjustment of the osmotic potential of the guard cells on the abaxial surface provides at least a partial explanation of this change in response. The lack of adjustment of stomatal response on the adaxial surface of the leaves was correlated with a lack of adjustment in osmotic potential of guard cells on that surface.
The Effect of Differential Time Delays in the LMS Feedback Loop

The effect of differential time delay in the feedback loops of an LMS adaptive array is examined. Differential time delay is shown to have two effects on array performance. First, it causes the weights to oscillate during weight transients. Second, it degrades the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) from the array. Weight oscillation occurs when the phase shifts in the LMS loop are not matched at the signal carrier frequency. SINR degradation depends on signal bandwidth: the wider the bandwidth, the larger the degradation.
Theoretical Analysis of Flame Propagation in Meso and Microscale Channels

Extinction and flame propagation in a meso and microscale channels are investigated analytically. Emphasis was paid to the coupling of wall heat loss, wall preheating, external heat loss and chemical reaction. The results showed that, wall thermal properties, channel width and flow velocity have dramatic effects on the flame propagation and lead to multiple flame regimes and extinction limits. With the decrease of channel width, flame reaches its first quenching limit, the so called critical quenching distance. However, with a further decrease of channel width, the results show that there exists a slow burning flame. With the increase of wall heat loss the speed of the slow burning flame slightly decreases and eventually reaches its second burning limit. With the change of the flow velocity, the results show that sub-limit flame can only exist at flow velocity larger than a critical value. At moderate flow velocity, flame speed increases with the increase of flow speed. At very large flow velocity, flame will be blown off. The above results are confirmed from the recent experimental data.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
SS7. Hybrid Repair of the Aortic Arch: Long-Term Outcomes After a Decade of Intervention

between EIS and BCS (r 1⁄4 0.53), and both correlated moderately with SF-12 scores (r 1⁄4 0.45 and r 1⁄4 0.39, respectively). Patients under surveillance for AAA had worse EIS than those who had undergone repair (Table). Patients with a higher perceived rupture risk had a worse EIS (45 vs 12) and BCS (30 vs 13; P < .001). Conclusions: We successfully created and validated an AAA-specific QOL instrument that can aid in counseling and clinical decision making. The range of impact on QOL by AAA surveillance is broad. For most patients, the impact is minimal, but for some, especially those with a greater perceived rupture risk, it is severe. AAA repair is associated with improved QOL.
Remote Sensing in Archaeological Sampling Designs

The recent explosion of archaeological research, necessitated by Federal legislation and carried out in conjunction with large construction projects, has produced serious problems for the labor intensive field techniques characteristic of archaeology. Remote sensing and photogrammetry can solve one of the most vexing technical problems, the design of intrasite campling strategies, in a way that is both more cost effective and accurate than the traditional methods. A particular application using a late prehistoric site in Washington State is examined in detail. From specially acquired infrared aerial photographs, classes of archaeologically relevant vegetation patterns were mapped. From this information a stratified random sampling design was constructed. Subsequent excavation tested the accuracy of the procedure. This case emphasizes the need for additional research on the precise nature of the relationship between archaeological materials and surface signatures.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers from aqueous emulsions : I. Preparations, and characterization of the curing and aging processes

Abstract Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers were prepared from aqueous emulsions, in combination with one of several carefully chosen alkoxy silanes as a crosslinking agent, and either stannous-2-ethylhexanoate or dioctylitin dilaurate as catalyst. Conditions were generally chosen so as to generate silica/silicate phases within the elastomeric particles or at their surfaces, for improvements in mechanical properties of films to be cast from the emulsions. A series of such films was obtained from emulsions consisting of various combinations of these ingredients, and was then characterized, primarily by measurements of soluble fractions, and by extents of equilibrium swelling (as inverse measures of degrees of crosslinking). Of primary interest were experimental results clarifying the mechanisms for the PDMS crosslinking and for the subsequent “aging” of these materials. For all the systems, increase in concentration of crosslinking agent was found to decrease the fraction of soluble polymer present a...
UK Charity Donations: Government Grants and Crowding-In

This study examines the determinants of voluntary donations to UK charities, using empirical specifications that combine error-component and simultaneous-equations methods. In a series of tests, we identify the fixed-effects endogenous representations as the best empirical models. When endogeneity is taken into account, government grants cause significant crowding-in. Price coefficients are negative, and fund-raising is a positive stimulant. Legacies are viewed by donors as a substitute to voluntary donations and, hence, cause crowding-out. Health and religion charities are net revenue maximizes; overseas charities are total revenue maximizes; and social welfare charities are neither net revenue nor total revenue maximizes.
Archaeological Palynology in the United States: A Critique

Common problem areas in archaeological palynology include sampling, processing, counting, preservation, and interpretation. In this report, the authors present guidelines for researchers seeking pollen analyses, recommend the kinds of observations palynologists should make on their samples, and suggest ways of determining when samples should be considered invalid for paleoethnobotanical interpretations or paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
Evidence of a Female Sex Recognition Pheromone in the Screwworm Fly

Adult females of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were found to produce a chemical(s) that males could detect on contact. This chemical(s) functions as a sex identifier and copulatory stimulant for males; it may also affect other aspects of the mating ritual. The chemical(s) is probably part of the nonpolar, cuticular lipids. It is unlikely that this chemical(s) is related to a previously reported male-produced pheromone.
Modeling and Analysis of Hormone and Mitogenic Signal Integration in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer related death in the United States. Androgens, such as testosterone, are required for androgen dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) growth. Androgen ablation in combination with radiation or chemotherapy remains the primary non-surgical treatment for ADPC. However, androgen ablation typically fails to permanently arrest cancer progression, often resulting in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we analyzed a population of mathematical models that described the integration of androgen and mitogenic signaling in androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer. An ensemble of model parameters was estimated from 43 studies of signaling in androgen dependent and resistant LNCaP cell lines. The model population was then validated by comparing simulations with an additional 33 data sets from LNCaP cell lines and clinical trials. Analysis of the model population suggested that simultaneously targeting the PI3K and MAPK pathways in addition to anti-androgen therapies could be an effective treatment for CRPC. We tested this hypothesis in both ADPC LNCaP cell lines and LNCaP derived CRPC C4-2 cells using three inhibitors: the androgen receptor inhibitor MDV3100 (enzalutamide), the Raf kinase inhibitor sorafenib, and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Consistent with model predictions, cell viability decreased at 72 hrs in the dual and triple inhibition cases in both the LNCaP and C4-2 cell lines, compared to treatment with any single inhibitor. Taken together, this study suggested that crosstalk between the androgen and mitogenic signaling axes led to robustness of CRPC to any single inhibitor. Model analysis predicted potentially efficacious target combinations which were confirmed by experimental studies in multiple cell lines, thereby illustrating the potentially important role that mathematical modeling can play in cancer.
The Use of I Poems to Better Understand Complex Subjectivities

Madison’s poem, an I poem, was created by following the steps of the Listening Guide (e.g., Brown & Gilligan, 1992), a qualitative feminist method. Originally called the Reading Guide, this method was developed to attend to silenced voices and, in particular, to pay attention to the multiplicity of a single voice.
A combination of ceftaroline and daptomycin has synergistic and bactericidal activity in vitro against daptomycin nonsusceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

AbstractThere is an urgent need to optimize therapeutic options in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia who have failed conventional therapy. Two clinical isolates were obtained from a 68-year-old male with persistent MRSA bacteremia before and after the development of daptomycin nonsusceptibility. The pharmacodynamic activity of monotherapies and combinations of ceftaroline, daptomycin, cefoxitin, nafcillin and vancomycin were evaluated in time-kill experiments versus 108 CFU/mL of the pre- and post-daptomycin nonsusceptible MRSA isolates. Cefoxitin, nafcillin and vancomycin alone or in combination with ceftaroline failed to generate prolonged bactericidal activity against the post-daptomycin nonsusceptible isolate whereas a ceftaroline–daptomycin combination resulted in 6, 24 and 48 h log10(CFU/mL) reductions of 3.90, 4.40 and 6.32. Population analysis profiles revealed a daptomycin heteroresistant subpopulation of the pre-daptomycin nonsusceptible MRSA isolate tha...
Chapter 6 – Graphene hybrids with carbon allotropes

s Second-generation graphene nanohybrids, along with other carbon allotropes such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes, are discussed in this chapter. Covalent and noncovalent chemistry of carbon surfaces are used to produce three-dimensional architectures of nanocarbon allotropes displaying synergetic effects useful for energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and biology. Vertically aligned CNT hybrids show superior properties in energy storage and catalysis due to the larger interlayer separation of the graphene layers (100 nm–20 µm). Graphene fullerene assemblies lead to electronically coupled graphene/C60 donor–acceptor systems, which are utilized in solar cell devices with about 4% photo-conversion efficiency. We conclude our discussions with the organic chemistry of graphene where highly reactive intermediates are used for the ring activation of graphene. This route opens a new door to the functionalization of graphene without having to employ harsh oxidation conditions. However, scale-up and improved efficiencies of these reactions are anticipated to happen in the near future. A fruitful collaboration between organic and material chemists might catalyze the development of a more attractive chemistry of graphene in the future, which could be used to tune the bulk properties such as optoelectronic nature of graphene with molecular-level precision.
Perpetuation of the Germ Line

A multicelular organism is a mortal. As such, a two-year-old mouse is a very old mouse indeed, Even with the best medical care, no would expect a mouse to live 5 years. In the case of man, gradual deterioration which accompanies aging appears to begm at about 30; a 100-year-old man is as rare as a 2-year-old mouse. Yet, in a strict sense, only the somatic cells of the body are mortals.
Towards a qualification data set: Expanded SEE data on the P2020 processor

Earlier P2020 SEE data are compared and expanded to a recent die revision, significantly increasing samples tested by protons by five devices, and by heavy ions by five devices. Earlier tested SEE types are found to be fairly similar in register, L1 cache, L2 cache, and CPU crashes. New test methods give SEE performance for the flash memory controller, watchdog circuit, and a built-in Ethernet port on the P2020 processor. Results from heavy ion and proton tests are presented, with data separated over a large number of specific error types and test programs.
Characterizing near-surface elemental layering on Mars using gamma-ray spectroscopy: A proof-of-principle experiment

Abstract Gamma-ray spectroscopy investigations characterize the chemical composition of planetary surfaces by measuring element-characteristic gamma rays with energies of ∼100 keV to ∼9 MeV. Over this energy range, the mean free path of a gamma ray varies from about 1 to 25 cm, therefore gamma-ray measurements sample subsurface composition. Many elements emit gamma rays at multiple, often widely spaced energies, so gamma-ray measurements can in principle also be used to identify depth-dependent variations in subsurface composition. We report results from laboratory measurements and radiation transport modeling designed to demonstrate this capability. The laboratory measurements verified the presence of depth-dependent gamma-ray signatures, and were then used to benchmark radiation transport simulations that were used to model realistic Mars-like scenarios. The models indicate that compositionally distinct subsurface deposits, buried to depths of ∼80 cm (125 g/cm2), can be identified using gamma-ray measurements. Going beyond identification to characterization (burial depth, relative composition of the layers) of the deposits requires knowledge of the vertical and horizontal variability in the water content of the near-surface surface materials, the local Galactic Cosmic Ray environment (magnitude and energy distribution), the depth-dependent neutron flux, gamma-ray production cross sections, and knowledge of the composition and column density of the atmosphere. The results of our experiments and models provided a basis for examining the utility of using orbiter- and lander-based gamma-ray measurements to identify subsurface deposits on Mars.
The Reductions and Existence: Bases for Epistemology

The purpose of human science, as opposed to natural science, is to develop knowledge and understanding of humanness. Most of our current attempts at understanding human being are what I will term first-order sciences. The thesis of this paper is that to understand human being more fully, human science must move to a second order of analysis.1
Advances in closure technology and technique for total joint arthroplasty: Stitches in time

Abstract Wound closure is an important, often under emphasized, step in total joint arthroplasty. Meticulous, evidence based, surgical technique is critical for optimizing postoperative function and preventing wound complications. Robust, anatomic closure of the joint capsule in total hip arthroplasty via the posterior approach is essential. Closure of the arthrotomy in total knee arthroplasty in flexion may improve postoperative range of motion, and the use of barbed suture improves efficiency and may lead to cost savings. Skin closure with running subcuticular monofilament suture with topical skin adhesives improves peri-incisional blood flow and decreases postoperative wound drainage.
The Basic Life Processes

This chapter turns to Kant’s account of the internal teleology life to conceive the basic life processes: the complementary functionality of organic unity, metabolism, and reproduction. The chapter further explores the dynamic self-centered individuality of the organism by drawing upon Jonas’ investigation of metabolism. The difference between machines and organisms is then examined, shedding light on why no organism can be a product of intelligent design and why DNA does not function as a blueprint of life.
What’s Next? The New Era of Autonomous Virtual Humans

This paper identifies several key limitations in the representation, control, locomotion, and authoring of autonomous virtual humans that must be addressed to enter the new age of interactive virtual world applications. These limitations include simplified particle representations of agents which decouples control and locomotion, the lack of multi-modal perception in virtual environments, the need for multiple levels of control granularity, homogeneity in character animation, and monolithic agent architectures which cannot scale to complex multi-agent interactions and global narrative constraints. We present this broad perspective with the objective of providing the stimulus for an exciting new era of virtual human research.
The Non-agreeing Subject Resumptive Pronoun in Yoruba

Yoruba has two types of resumptive pronouns – the agreeing and the non-agreeing resumptive pronouns. Agreeing resumptive pronouns agree in Phi-features (number and person) with their antecedents while the supposedly non-agreeing resumptive pronoun o does not agree in Phi-features with its antecedent. This paper shows that the so-called non-agreeing resumptive pronoun is required in Yoruba and Edo only because a null operator cannot satisfy the EPP requirement of T. Thus, the inability of T to attract the null operator into its Spec position forces the insertion of an expletive pronoun in the subject position, to satisfy the EPP requirement of T.
“Yes, you can”: Conversational assessment in the classroom and its role in the management of institutional and social goals

Abstract Human sociality depends on people's ability to relate to and understand one another. Language and other communicative resources are frequently deployed in interaction in order to acquire, maintain, understand and apply this information about one another. This article investigates the role of assessment as a resource for the expression of empathy and thus the maintenance of social affiliation and intersubjectivity in a literacy classroom for indigenous immigrants in the United States. Assessment is a standard pedagogical device, used commonly by teachers to evaluate student performance; they are also frequent in ordinary conversations, in which they can and often do build empathic affiliation. Both kinds of assessments occur in the literacy classroom, with one type often giving way to the other. This study thus demonstrates this dynamic aspect of assessment sequences and their potential to reveal group affiliation in certain cases. The article first discusses assessments deployed by the instructor, typical classroom sequences that offer a venue for public evaluation of student activity. Analysis then turns to examples of assessments made by students, which can invite second assessments that result in a multi-party interaction that, in turn, builds group affiliation. After analysis of these sequences, implications for learning are discussed.
An integrated framework for using mobile sensing to understand response to mobile interventions among breast cancer patients

Abstract Despite the proliferation of mobile interventions that are delivered through smartphones, and their potential impact on promoting mental health in chronic health populations, little research has examined how to leverage the advanced technological capabilities of smartphones to also monitor response to app-based interventions. Current methods used to evaluate response to digital interventions rely on static and retrospective self-report measures to infer crucial behavioral and affective patterns, which provide little contextual information and limits generalizability. Importantly, this approach can also increase burden among chronic health populations that are already experiencing a heavy treatment load. Using data collected from 7 recently diagnosed breast cancer patients undergoing active cancer treatment (average time from initial diagnosis to study enrollment is 13 days), we propose a framework for integrating self-report surveys and fine-grained mobile sensing data. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this framework to reduce burden and improve detection of mood in response to an app-based intervention among chronic health populations.
Poste Restante, Dead Letters and General Delivery (Hawthorne Writes Home from Rome)

The question of culture in America and the conditions under which it becomes possible to say "we", with particular reference to Hawthorne's Marble Faun.
Spatial contextual effects in primary visual cortex limit feature representation under crowding.

Crowding is a profound loss of discriminability of visual features, when a target stimulus is surrounded by distractors. Numerous studies of human perception have characterized how crowding depends on the properties of a visual display. Yet, there is limited understanding of how and where stimulus information is lost in the visual system under crowding. Here, we show that macaque monkeys exhibit perceptual crowding for target orientation that is similar to humans. We then record from neuronal populations in monkey primary visual cortex (V1). These populations show an appreciable loss of information about target orientation in the presence of distractors, due both to divisive and additive modulation of responses to targets by distractors. Our results show that spatial contextual effects in V1 limit the discriminability of visual features and can contribute substantively to crowding. Visual crowding can strongly limit perceptual discriminability, yet its neural basis remains unclear. Here, the authors show that perceptual crowding is similar in monkeys and humans, and that feature encoding in neuronal populations in primary visual cortex is limited for displays inducing crowding.
Preterm birth impedes structural and functional development of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the developing baboon cerebellum.

Human cerebellar development occurs late in gestation and is hindered by preterm birth. The fetal development of Purkinje cells, the primary output cells of the cerebellar cortex, is crucial for the structure and function of the cerebellum. However, morphological and electrophysiological features in Purkinje cells at different gestational ages, and the effects of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) experience on cerebellar development are unexplored. Utilizing non-human primate baboon cerebellum, we investigated Purkinje cell development during the last trimester of pregnancy and the effect of NICU experience following premature birth on developmental features of Purkinje cells. Immunostaining and whole-cell patch clamp recordings of Purkinje cells in the baboon cerebellum at different gestational ages revealed that molecular layer width, driven by Purkinje dendrite extension, drastically increased and refinement of action potential waveform properties occurred throughout the last trimester of pregnancy. Preterm birth followed by NICU experience for 2 weeks impeded development of Purkinje cells, including action potential waveform properties, synaptic input, and dendrite extension compared with age-matched controls. In addition, these alterations impact Purkinje cell output, reducing the spontaneous firing frequency in deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) neurons. Taken together, primate cerebellum undergoes developmental refinements during late gestation, and NICU experience following preterm birth alters morphological and physiological features in the cerebellum that can lead to functional deficits.
Social Artrepreneurship and Collectives: Lessons for Social Entrepreneurs from the Wanderers Art Movement in Imperial Russia

We draw on a hybrid organisation of artists in Imperial Russia to examine the experience of ‘social artrepreneurs’ – artists who pursued both social and commercial goals. Using contemporary theorie...
Oral immunotherapy for treatment of peanut allergy.

The US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of a peanut oral immunotherapy product in January 2020 is a landmark development in the field of food allergy therapy. While food allergy prevalence has been increasing, this product is the first approved therapy for food allergy. Oral immunotherapy has many similarities to subcutaneous immunotherapy and drug desensitization protocols, but does not lead to sustained unresponsiveness. The studies leading to approval of the Palforzia product demonstrated increase in the amount of peanut protein able to be consumed, with 67% of subjects randomized to the treatment arm able to consume 600 mg of peanut protein in double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge at study exit. However, side effects are an important consideration, and dropout rates in studies of Palforzia ranged from 11% to 21%. Postmarketing surveillance of this product will be critical in assessing its long-term risks and benefits.
A Mental Winner Effect? Competitive Mental Imagery Impacts Self-Assurance but not Testosterone in Women

In humans and other species, winning or losing a competition elicits changes in testosterone that may influence engagement or performance in subsequent competitive events. Furthermore, anticipating or observing competition can change mood and testosterone, suggesting that cognitions surrounding competitive events may at least partially drive specific physiological and emotional responses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of imagined competition on mood and testosterone in women. Participants (62 women) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions (high-investment win, high-investment loss, low-investment win, low-investment loss) and were asked to imagine and write about experiencing both the competition and its outcome. Salivary testosterone levels and self-reported mood were assessed before and after the competitive cognition task. Although imagining a competitive scenario was not salient enough to elicit significant changes in testosterone, imagining a high-investment competition and imagining a win each significantly increased feelings of self-assurance. Participants were more likely to write about their motivation to compete again when imagining a loss than when imagining a win, but testosterone did not predict including content about competing again. Visualizing oneself winning a contest of personal importance increased feelings of self-assurance in the absence of a testosterone response in women. Future research is needed to determine how the combination of positive mental imagery and physical competition could influence mood and testosterone, and whether self-assurance induced by mental imagery can increase the chance of future victories.
Alternation in Two-Way Finite Automata

Abstract The study of alternation in two-way finite automata ( 2 fa s) has been quite non-systematic. Since the 1970's, various authors with a variety of motivations have studied 2 fa s with various types of alternation and a variety of names, creating a fairly long list of sporadic contributions with little internal consistency. This article attempts to organize the subject into a single unifying framework. We start with a detailed account of all contributions to date, that reveals the large variety of approaches and the lack of consistency between them. We then identify and name four types of automata that these contributions have really studied over the years: general two-way Boolean finite automata ( 2 b fa s); monotone 2 b fa s; basic 2 b fa s; and (monotone basic, or) alternating 2 b fa s ( 2 a fa s). Next, we identify four different ways by which authors have described how such automata compute, each offering a distinct view onto their operation: the circuit view, where computation is modelled by a circuit of Boolean gates; the formula view, where computation is modelled by a Boolean formula over configuration-variables; the run view, where decisions are determined by the existence of appropriate trees of configuration-goal pairs, called “runs”; and the (most classic) tree view, where computation is modelled by a tree of configurations. After carefully defining each 2 b fa type and each view, we prove the following. First, that within each type, every two of the four views are equivalent to each other, in the strong sense that each of them closely mimics the other at every step of the computation. Second, that not all types of 2 b fa s are equivalent: although general 2 b fa s are as powerful as monotone 2 b fa s, and basic 2 b fa s are as powerful as 2 a fa s (up to polynomial differences in the number of states), general 2 b fa s may need exponentially fewer states than 2 a fa s.
Mismatch in Supply and Demand for Neuro-Ophthalmic Care.

BACKGROUND Previous research suggests the number of neuro-ophthalmologists in the United States may be below a level that provides sufficient access to neuro-ophthalmic care in much of the United States. However, national estimates of the amount of clinical time spent on neuro-ophthalmology are lacking. METHODS The North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society administered a survey on professional time allocation to its active members. Survey response was 95%. The survey characterized the hours each week each respondent allocated to overall work, clinical work, clinical work in ophthalmology/neurology, and clinical work in neuro-ophthalmology specifically. The survey additionally collected information regarding demographics, current wait times to be seen for new patients, and the difference in clinical time spent in neuro-ophthalmology spent between the current day compared with that shortly after completing clinical training. Linear regression was used to identify potential relationships between the above and average wait time. RESULTS On average, responding physicians spent 70% of their clinical time on neuro-ophthalmology. In 6 states, there were no reported practicing neuro-ophthalmologists, and in only 8 states was the clinical full-time equivalent to population ratio below the suggested threshold of 1 for every 1.2 million. The median wait time for a new patient was 6 weeks. This wait time was associated with the fraction of clinical time spent in neuro-ophthalmology (0.2 weeks longer wait for a 10 percentage point increase in the fraction of time spent in neuro-ophthalmology; P = 0.02), and suggestively associated with training (training in ophthalmology was associated with 1.0 week shorter wait time; P = 0.06). CONCLUSION The survey suggests that neuro-ophthalmologists are unable to see patients in a timely manner and a decreasing number of clinicians are entering the field. Future interventions should be considered to incentivize neuro-ophthalmology training in ophthalmology and neurology residents such that the United States population is able to appropriately access neuro-ophthalmic care.
Peripheral blood interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and T lymphocyte levels are associated with checkpoint inhibitor induced pneumonitis: a case report.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a breakthrough in therapy for many solid malignancies. ICIs suppress the inhibitory signaling of several immune cell subtypes by the blocking the ligation of...
MPN-280: Transfusion Independence Achieved with Combination Fedratinib and Luspatercept in an Elderly Male with Heavily Pretreated INT-2 Primary Myelofibrosis

Context: Myelofibrosis (MF)-associated anemia and transfusion dependency are associated with inferior quality of life and poor prognosis. Combination JAK2 inhibitors and TGF-β superfamily ligand traps are being explored as treatment options for MF-associated anemia. Objective: To demonstrate the efficacy and tolerability of combination fedratinib and luspatercept in transfusion-dependent MF. Design: Case report. Setting: Academic referral center. Patients or Other Participants: 66-year-old male was diagnosed with JAK2-positive PMF 8 years ago. IPSS at diagnosis was 0 (low-risk group). After 3 years of observation, he developed worsening anemia. Repeat bone marrow biopsy showed stable hypercellularity and reticulin fibrosis without increased myeloid blasts. DIPSS-PLUS score placed him in the INT-2 risk group. Interventions: Ruxolitinib yielded a 50% reduction in spleen size. However, it resulted in worsening anemia and transfusion dependence, leading to dose reduction, followed by discontinuation. The patient declined evaluation for bone marrow transplantation. He was then enrolled in a clinical trial for pacritinib, which resulted in the stabilization of splenomegaly without improvement in transfusion requirements. Pacritinib was discontinued after the development of empyema and drug-induced pneumonitis. Darbepoetin alfa was initiated without improvement in transfusion requirements. Ultimately, he was started on fedratinib 300 mg daily, then 400 mg daily, without significant side effects. Four months later, luspatercept 1 mg/kg every 3 weeks was added to fedratinib. Main Outcome Measures: Transfusion independence and spleen size. Results: Spleen size decreased from 20 cm to 12 cm by palpation 5 months after starting fedratinib. Hemoglobin increased from a baseline of 6 g/dL to 8.9 g/dL 18 days after the first dose of luspatercept. 8 months after the initiation of luspatercept, hemoglobin has stabilized around 11 g/dL. Luspatercept was held on several occasions due to hemoglobin >11.5 g/dL (highest 11.8 g/dL). The patient had significant improvement in his performance status and is now working full time. Conclusions: Combination fedratinib and luspatercept is a promising therapy for anemia in patients with transfusion-dependent INT-2 MF. Currently, 3 clinical trials are evaluating luspatercept alone (NCT03194542) or in combination with a JAK2 inhibitor (NCT04717414 and NCT03755518) for the treatment of MF-associated anemia. No grant was received for this article.
Increasing Acceptability and Outcome Expectancy for Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: e-Health interventions for mental health have the potential to reduce burdens on health care systems, but large survey studies find low acceptability for these interventions. The COVID-19 pandemic may make attitudes toward e-health more malleable. The current study examined whether an intervention to improve attitudes toward Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) has a greater impact during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic. Materials and Methods: Individuals (N = 662) recruited from a large university and surrounding community who participated in a study about the acceptability of iCBT in 2018 and 2019 were asked to participate in a follow-up survey. In the original study, participants were randomized to receive or not receive a rationale designed to increase acceptability of iCBT, and then they completed measures of acceptability and outcome expectancy for iCBT. Fifty-one participants enrolled in the follow-up study from May to July 2020. They received a treatment rationale for iCBT (or not) in keeping with randomization from the parent study and re-completed measures assessing the acceptability and outcome expectancy for iCBT. Results: Contrary to hypotheses, two-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVA's) demonstrated that there was no significant interaction between time point and rationale condition on acceptability or outcome expectancy for iCBT. There was a significant main effect of rationale condition on acceptability, such that participants who received a treatment rationale reported greater acceptability for iCBT. There were no significant main effects of time. Conclusions: A treatment rationale was effective in improving acceptability for iCBT in a general population sample, but not more so during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay: Examining the Interaction of NFkB with the VEGF Promoter

The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay is a versatile technique used to evaluate the association of proteins with specific DNA regions both in vivo and in vitro. This assay can be used to identify proteins associated with a specific region of the genome, or the opposite, to identify the many regions of the genome associated with a particular protein. The ChIP assay can also be used to analyze binding of transcription factors, transcription cofactors, DNA replication factors, and DNA repair proteins. Here we describe a useful ChIP-qPCR protocol to examine the interaction of NFkB with the VEGF promoter in adult rat primary cardiomyocytes that have been mechanically stretched after attaching to the extracellular matrix protein laminin.
Towards a model of loudness recalibration

The Zwicker (1977, 1990) loudness model is a standard for predicting the loudness of a sound. This model, along with Moore and Glasberg's (see Acustica, vol.82, p.335-45, 1996) revision of it, is fairly accurate at predicting the loudness of steady-state sounds, but falls short for many types of temporally varying sounds. One temporal effect not accounted for in the Zwicker model is loudness recalibration. Loudness recalibration is a fatigue-like effect that makes a quiet tone at one frequency even quieter when it is preceded by a louder tone at the same frequency. The evidence suggests that loudness recalibration occurs in the central nervous system. Two means of modeling loudness recalibration are proposed. The first is an algorithmic description of the recalibration effect that could be added to the later stages of the Zwicker model. The other method uses a neural network and is based on a spike-train timing theory of hearing rather than a rate-place theory as assumed by the Zwicker model. This spike-train timing approach is unique in that spike-train averaging is postponed until a final loudness estimate is made. A more complete and accurate model of loudness recalibration will have to wait until more experimental data is collected.