cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACCRETION OF ROCKY PLANETS BY HOT JUPITERS

The observed population of Hot Jupiters displays a stunning variety of physical properties, including a wide range of densities and core sizes for a given planetary mass. Motivated by the observational sample, this Letter studies the accretion of rocky planets by Hot Jupiters, after the Jovian planets have finished their principal migration epoch and become parked in ~4 day orbits. In this scenario, rocky planets form later and then migrate inward due to torques from the remaining circumstellar disk, which also damps the orbital eccentricity. This mechanism thus represents one possible channel for increasing the core masses and metallicities of Hot Jupiters. This Letter determines probabilities for the possible end states for the rocky planet: collisions with the Jovian planets, accretion onto the star, ejection from the system, and long-term survival of both planets. These probabilities depend on the mass of the Jovian planet and its starting orbital eccentricity, as well as the eccentricity damping rate for the rocky planet. Since these systems are highly chaotic, a large ensemble (N ~ 103) of simulations with effectively equivalent starting conditions is required. Planetary collisions are common when the eccentricity damping rate is sufficiently low, but are rare otherwise. For systems that experience planetary collisions, this work determines the distributions of impact velocities—both speeds and impact parameters—for the collisions. These velocity distributions help determine the consequences of the impacts, e.g., where energy and heavy elements are deposited within the giant planets.
Building Damage-Resilient Dominating Sets in Complex Networks against Random and Targeted Attacks

We study the vulnerability of dominating sets against random and targeted node removals in complex networks. While small, cost-efficient dominating sets play a significant role in controllability and observability of these networks, a fixed and intact network structure is always implicitly assumed. We find that cost-efficiency of dominating sets optimized for small size alone comes at a price of being vulnerable to damage; domination in the remaining network can be severely disrupted, even if a small fraction of dominator nodes are lost. We develop two new methods for finding flexible dominating sets, allowing either adjustable overall resilience, or dominating set size, while maximizing the dominated fraction of the remaining network after the attack. We analyze the efficiency of each method on synthetic scale-free networks, as well as real complex networks.
Regulatory Competition and Environmental Enforcement: Is There a Race to the Bottom?

This article examines several of the key hypotheses suggested by the race to the bottom theory in environmental regulation. The research studies annual state-level enforcement of federal air, water, and hazardous waste pollution control regulation, covering the period from 1985 to 2000. Specifically, the study estimates a series of strategic interaction models to examine whether a state's environmental regulatory behavior is influenced by the regulatory behavior of the states with which it competes for economic investment. While there is clear evidence of strategic interaction in state environmental regulatory behavior, states do not respond in the asymmetric manner suggested by the race to the bottom theory.
The Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds with Hypervalent Organoiodine Reagents

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with hypervalent organo-iodine reagents. The utility of hypervalent organoiodine reagents for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, ranging from classical ring structures to natural products is surveyed in the chapter. The information is organized by reagent and reaction types. The hypervalent iodine reagents are derived from iodoarenes for the clarity of treatment is separated into standard structural categories—namely, the aryl-λ 3 -iodanes, the iodonium salts, the iodonium ylides, and the aryl-λ 5 -iodanes. Some specific hypervalent organoiodine reagents are tabulated in the chapter. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using aryl-λ 3 -iodanes involves oxidations at α-carbon, SET reactions, and biaryl couplings. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using iodonium salts involves diaryliodonium salts and alkynyl iodonium salts. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using iodonium ylides involves iodine (III) –carbon ylides and iodine (III) –nitrogen ylides. The Dess–Martin periodane (DMP) and o -iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) with N-arylalkenamides in two fundamentally different heterocyclization pathways are also illustrated in the chapter.
Transesterification with Hydrated Aluminum Chloride: A Convenient Method for the Transesterification of Long Chain Alcohols and Acid Sensitive Carboxylic Acids

Abstract Transesterification in the presence of aluminum chloride with long chain alcohols provides good yields of esters from the 2-ethylhexyl esters of 4-dimethylaminobenzoic and 4-methoxycinnamic acids.
The transfer of space and computer technology to urban security

The case for the application of systems analysis and computer technology to the problems of urban management has been a "timely" and important subject for the past five years. The automation of administrative procedures appears to have been successful in the Chicago Police Department, where crime statistics, operations reports, traffic accident and citation reports, payroll, financial accounting, and automotive cost accounting are presently working components of the Chicago Police Department's data processing system.
Postsynthetic modification of metal–organic frameworks

The modification of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in a postsynthetic scheme is discussed in this critical review. In this approach, the MOF is assembled and then modified with chemical reagents with preservation of the lattice structure. Recent findings show amide couplings, isocyanate condensations, ‘click’ chemistry, and other reactions are suitable for postsynthetic modification (PSM). In addition, a number of MOFs, from IRMOF-3 to ZIF-90, are amenable to PSM. The generality of PSM, in both scope of chemical reactions and range of suitable MOFs, clearly indicates that the approach is broadly applicable. Indeed, the rapid increase in reports on PSM demonstrates this methodology will play an increasingly important role in the development of MOFs for the foreseeable future (117 references).
On the Control of Chaos in Extended Structures

A mechanism is proposed for synchronizing the chaotic vibrations of an externally forced array of oscillators with nearest-neighbor viscoelastic coupling. The proposed mechanism involves the application of small time-dependent perturbations to the individual oscillators. The perturbations required to preserve the coherence are of the order of magnitude of any noise present. The mechanism works with any form of external forcing. A modification of the mechanism is used to control the forced chaotic vibrations of a single Duffing oscillator allowed to vibrate out of the vertical plane.
Generic properties of the core and equilibria of pure exchange economies

Abstract We show that for an open dense set of markets with a continuum of traders the number of equilibrium allocations [which by the celebrated theorem of Aumann (Econometrica. 1964, 32. 39–50) coincide with the core allocations for such markets are finite. This presents a limiting case result that complements similar asymptotic theorems for cores of large economies proved by Bewley (Econometrica 1973, 41, 425–454) , and Dierker (Journal of Mathematical Economics 1975, 2. 155–169) . If we require that the measure on the space of agents be one with a finite number of atoms of equal weight, our reasoning recovers the classical results obtained by Debreu (Econometrica. 1970. 38, 387–392) for economies with a finite number of agents.
Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.
Numerical Solutions of the Upper Critical Depth Problem

The phenomenon of upper critical depth occurs when a spherical charge of explosive is detonated near the surface of the ocean or other large body of water. For different depths of charge center it is found that the maximum surface wave resulting from the explosion corresponds to a position approximately one half charge radius below the surface. The wave amplitude for this position is far larger than for higher or lower positions of the charge. The phenomenon has been explained qualitatively by Sakurai. He considers that the impulse applied to the water is mainly responsible for the effect, since a net downward impulse results only if the charge is partially, rather than totally, submerged. To explore Sakurai's hypothesis in more detail a model of a near ocean surface explosion is proposed in the present paper. The model problem is then solved numerically using a technique due to Godunov for different depths of charge. The impulse applied to the water is calculated as a function of time in each case. The full Godunov scheme uses two half time steps, the first employing a characteristics scheme, and the second a cell type scheme, in the present paper a modified form of the first half of the scheme is used.
The K-band luminosity function of nearby field galaxies

We present a measurement of the K-band luminosity function (LF) of field galaxies obtained from near-infrared imaging of a sample of 345 galaxies selected from the Stromlo-APM Redshift Survey. The LF is well-fitted over the ten magnitude range -26 < M_K < -16 by a Schechter function with parameters alpha = -1.16 +- 0.19, M* = -23.58 +- 0.42, phi* = 0.012 +- 0.008 Mpc^-3 assuming a Hubble constant of H_0 = 100 km/s/Mpc. We have also estimated the LF for two subsets of galaxies subdivided by the equivalent width of the Halpha emission line at EW(Halpha) = 10A. There is no significant difference in LF shape between the two samples, although there is a hint (~1 sigma significance) that emission line galaxies (ELGs) have M* roughly one magnitude fainter than non-ELGs. Contrary to the optical LF, there is no difference in faint-end slope alpha between the two samples
Resistive drift waves in a bumpy torus

A computational study of resistive drift waves in the edge plasma of a bumpy torus is presented. The magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium is obtained from a three-dimensional local equilibrium model. The use of a local magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium model allows for a computationally-efficient systematic study of the impact of the magnetic field structure on drift wave stability.
Optical spin polarization and state-sensitive detection of a cesium atomic beam.

A cesium atomic beam having a high degree of polarization is prepared by optical pumping with two circularly polarized diode lasers, and a technique for state-sensitive atomic detection involving laser-induced fluorescence in a magnetic field (LIFB) is introduced. An atomic-beam polarization of 93% is measured using the LIFB technique, and the combined use of optical-state preparation and LIFB detection in an atomic-recoil experiment to study spin-changing electron-atom collisions is demonstrated.
How Accurately Can We Calculate the Depth of the Solar Convective Zone

We evaluate the logarithmic derivative of the depth of the solar convective zone (CZ) with respect to the logarithm of the radiative opacity, ∂ ln RCZ/∂ ln κ. We use this expression to show that the radiative opacity near the base of the solar CZ must be known to an accuracy of ±1% in order to calculate the CZ depth to the accuracy of the helioseismological measurement, RCZ = 0.713 ± 0.001 R☉. The radiative opacity near the base of the CZ that is obtained from OPAL tables must be increased by ~21% in the 2004 Bahcall-Pinsonneault solar model if one wants to invoke opacity errors in order to reconcile recent solar heavy abundance determinations with the helioseismological measurement of RCZ. We show that the radiative opacity near the base of the CZ depends sensitively on the assumed heavy-element mass fraction, Z. The uncertainty in the measured value of Z is currently the limiting factor in our ability to calculate the depth of the CZ. Different state-of-the-art interpolation schemes using the existing OPAL tables yield opacity values that differ by ~4%. We describe the finer grid spacings that are necessary to interpolate the radiative opacity to ±1%. Uncertainties due to the equation of state do not significantly affect the calculated depth of the CZ.
Surface spin instabilities in the Heisenberg ferromagnet

Abstract We have studied the stability of the ferromagnetic spin configuration in the (100) surface of an FCC ferromagnet with nearest neighbor ferromagnetic exchange, and next nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic exchange. We allow the surface exchange constants to differ from the bulk. We find a range of parameters for which ferromagnetic alignment of surface spins is unstable. The nature of the resulting surface spin arrangement is described, along with the nature of spin waves and spin fluctuations in the new (reconstructed) state.
The type Ia supernova width–luminosity relation

Abstract Observations of type Ia supernovae at high redshifts have become an important tool for studying the geometry of the universe. The relation between the duration of the peak phase of a type Ia supernova’s lightcurve and its luminosity (broader is brighter) forms the cornerstone of this measurement, yet it is a purely empirical relation. In this paper we show that the relation is a natural consequence of the radiation transport in type Ia supernovae and suggest constraints on the nature of the explosions which arise from our interpretation of the observed relation. The principle parameter underlying the relation is the mass of radioactive 56Ni produced in the explosion. The relation is shown to be relatively insensitive to most other parameters in Chandrasekhar-mass explosions. Cosmological results are thus unlikely to suffer from systematic effects stemming from evolution in the explosions’ progenitors.
Two-terminal distributed source coding with alternating messages for function computation

A two-terminal interactive distributed source coding problem with alternating messages is studied. The focus is on function computation at both locations with a probability which tends to one as the blocklength tends to infinity. A single-letter characterization of the rate region is provided. It is observed that interaction is useless (in terms of the minimum sum-rate) if the goal is pure source reproduction at one or both locations but the gains can be arbitrarily large for (general) function computation. For doubly symmetric binary sources and any function, interaction is useless with even infinite messages, when computation is desired at only one location, but is useful, when desired at both locations. For independent Bernoulli sources and the Boolean AND function computation at both locations, an interesting achievable infinite-message sum-rate is derived. This sum-rate is expressed, in analytic closed-form, in terms of a two-dimensional definite integral with an infinitesimal rate for each message.
Nutritionism, commercialization and food comment on "buying health: the costs of commercialism and an alternative philosophy".

In “Buying Health: the Costs of Commercialization and an Alternative Philosophy”, Larry R. Churchill and Shelley C. Churchill discuss the commercialization of health and, in particular, the commercialization of nutrition. In this commentary on their article, I draw a connection between Churchill and Churchill’s account of the commercialization of nutrition and Michael Pollan’s critique of “nutritionism”. I also offer a friendly amendment to Churchill and Churchill’s account, suggesting that the commercialization of nutrition is not a monolithic experience but it is rather widely challenged.
Inequality, public opinion and redistribution

According to the ‘median-voter’ hypothesis, greater inequality in the market distribution of earnings or income tends to produce greater generosity in redistributive policy. We outline the steps in the causal chain specified by the hypothesis and attempt to assess these steps empirically. Prior studies focusing on cross-country variation have found little support for the median-voter model. We examine over-time trends in eight nations during the 1980s and 1990s. Here too the median-voter hypothesis appears to have little utility.
Superposition Frames for Adaptive Time-Frequency Analysis and Fast Reconstruction

In this paper, we introduce a broad family of adaptive, linear time-frequency representations termed superposition frames, and show that they admit desirable fast overlap-add reconstruction properties akin to standard short-time Fourier techniques. This approach stands in contrast to many adaptive time-frequency representations in the existing literature, which, while more flexible than standard fixed-resolution approaches, typically fail to provide for efficient reconstruction and often lack the regular structure necessary for precise frame-theoretic analysis. Our main technical contributions come through the development of properties which ensure that our superposition construction provides for a numerically stable, invertible signal representation. Our primary algorithmic contributions come via the introduction and discussion of two signal adaptation schemes based on greedy selection and dynamic programming, respectively. We conclude with two short enhancement examples that serve to highlight potential applications of our approach.
Iterative Row Sampling

There has been significant interest and progress recently in algorithms that solve regression problems involving tall and thin matrices in input sparsity time. Given a n * d matrix where n g d, these algorithms find an approximation with fewer rows, allowing one to solve a poly(d) sized problem instead. In practice, the best performances are often obtained by invoking these routines in an iterative fashion. We show these iterative methods can be adapted to give theoretical guarantees comparable to and better than the current state of the art. Our approaches are based on computing the importances of the rows, known as leverage scores, in an iterative manner. We show that alternating between computing a short matrix estimate and finding more accurate approximate leverage scores leads to a series of geometrically smaller instances. This gives an algorithm whose runtime is input sparsity plus an overhead comparable to the cost of solving a regression problem on the smaller approximation. Our results build upon the close connection between randomized matrix algorithms, iterative methods, and graph sparsification.
Micromechanical analysis of ionic clustering in Nafion perfluorinated membrane

The cluster morphology in a water-swollen Nafion perfluorinated membrane is studied using a micromechanics approach. The cluster size is determined from the minimization of the free energy as a function of the equivalent weight of Nafion, the volume fraction of water, and the temperature, taking into account the electrostatic dipole interaction energy, the elastic polymer chain reorganization energy, and the cluster surface energy, leading to results which are in accord with experimental observations. By minimizing the sum of: (1) the electro-elastic interaction energy between an ionic cluster and the fluorocarbon matrix, and (2) the cluster surface energy, it is concluded that the eAective cluster shape is spherical in the absence of an electric field, and becoming an oblate spheroid when an electric field is applied. The eAect of cluster morphology on the eAective electro-elastic moduli and the eAective ionic conductivity is then studied by a micromechanical multi-inclusion model. The result seems to describe the available empirical relation when a spherical cluster shape is assumed. It correctly predicts the insulator-to-conductor transition which occurs in Nafion, as the water volume fraction is increased. ” 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
LOCAL VARIANCE GAMMA AND EXPLICIT CALIBRATION TO OPTION PRICES

In some options markets (e.g., commodities), options are listed with only a single maturity for each underlying. In others (e.g., equities, currencies), options are listed with multiple maturities. In this paper, we analyze a special class of pure jump Markov martingale models and provide an algorithm for calibrating such models to match the market prices of European options with multiple strikes and maturities. This algorithm matches option prices exactly and only requires solving several one-dimensional root-search problems and applying elementary functions. We show how to construct a time-homogeneous process which meets a single smile, and a piecewise time-homogeneous process which can meet multiple smiles.
The role of microorganisms in elemental mercury formation in natural waters

Gas evasion of elemental Hg (Hg°) from the open ocean plays a prominent role in the global mercury cycle. Elemental Hg is formed primarily by reduction of ionic Hg in the mixed layer of aquatic systems. By culturing phytoplankton in defined media, and by incubating natural seawater and freshwater samples, we have demonstrated that Hg° is produced by microorganisms, with formation rates (0.5 to 10% d−1) similar to those estimated from mass balance studies. Our results also suggest that <3 μm microorganisms are the primary Hg reducers in natural waters. Eucaryotic phytoplankton are capable of reducing ionic Hg to Hgf but the rate of reduction is insufficient to account for the observed reduction rates found in incubated field samples. Bacteria are thus the more likely Hg reducers. In seawater, cyanobacteria such as Synecococcus may account for much of the mercury reduction, while in the eutrophic, polluted Upper Mystic Lake north of Boston other procaryotic microorganisms are contributing to the overall Hg reductive capacity of the medium. By reducing ionic Hg, microorganisms play a pivotal role in the aquatic biogeochemistry of Hg, not only by enabling evasion to the atmosphere, but by directly decreasing the amount of ionic Hg available for methylation.
A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis of Korean Immigration Policy

This paper constructs a multi-sector dynamic general equilibrium model for a trading economy. We incorporate three major factors of production: capital, skilled labor and unskilled labor. We solve and calibrate the model using data from Korea. We then consider changes to immigration policy. We are able to examine the effects on output, consumption, wages, and utility. We do this for both the new steady state and for the time-path leading to that steady state. In addition, we are able, if we so wish, to impose a series of unrelated macroeconomic shock to the model. This has the advantage of allowing us to calculate confidence bands around our policy impulse response functions. We find that allowing skilled labor to immigrate leads to greater welfare gains in the steady state. We also show that there is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the exact time path to a new steady state in the presence of the typical fluctuations associated with business cycles. We find a great deal of inertia in the transition to a new steady state.
A room temperature negishi cross-coupling approach to C-alkyl glycosides.

Glycosyl halides serve as effective alkyl halides for room temperature Negishi cross-coupling reactions using functionalized alkyl zinc reagents. The catalyst for these reactions is in situ generated (PyBox)NiCl2. The functional group tolerance on the zinc reagent is typically high, and both benzyl and ester protecting groups on the carbohydrate are tolerated. Anomer selectivities are modest for glucosyl halides but high for mannosyl halides.
Analysis of a capacitor-based hybrid source used for pulsed load applications

This work examines the operation of a capacitor-based hybrid source supplying a pulsed load. A comprehensive and accurate steady-state analysis of a battery or fuel cell in parallel with a double-layer capacitor supplying a pulsed load is performed. Parasitic elements such as battery or fuel cell internal resistance have been included in the models that are studied in this paper. The focus of the paper is on establishing design criteria to help minimize voltage deviations.
Solution-phase synthesis of bowl- and basket-shaped fullerene fragments via benzannulated enyne-allenes*

Benzannulated enyneallenes bearing an aryl substituent at both the alkynyl and allenyl termini are excellent precursors of 5-aryl-11H-benzo(b)fluorenyl derivatives having the carbon frameworks of fullerene fragments. The mildness of the reaction conditions and the availability of several synthetic methods for benzannulated enyneallenes allow the design of new synthetic pathways leading to bowl- and basket-shaped fullerene fragments. Specifically, a bowl-shaped C 28 H 18 hydrocarbon bearing a 27-carbon framework of C 60 and a basket-shaped C 56 H 40 hydrocarbon bearing a 54-carbon framework of C 60 were synthe- sized. The interior 30-carbon core of the C 56 H 40 hydrocarbon can be regarded as a partially hydrogenated (5,5)circulene, a C 30 H 12 semibuckminsterfullerene. In addition, a basket- shaped C 56 H 38 hydrocarbon was also constructed to serve as a precursor toward an end-cap template for (6,6) carbon nanotubes.
National Brand's Response to Store Brands: Throw In the Towel or Fight Back?

Nearly a quarter of all products purchased in U.S. supermarkets and drug stores are store brands SBs. Although the presence of SBs benefits both consumers and retailers, it is a threat to the dominance of the incumbent national brand manufacturers NBMs. When considering the potential threat of an SB, an NBM generally pursues one of three strategies: accommodate, displace, or buffer. Under the accommodation strategy, the NBM repositions the products in his existing product line. Under the displacement strategy, the NBM elects to supply the SB to preempt the entry of the SB supplier. Under the buffering strategy, the NBM adds a defender product, which competes with his own product offering and the new SB. Using a game-theoretic model, we consider a market where consumers are heterogeneous in their valuation of product quality and analyze an NBM's response to an SB threat. We focus on two important drivers: the NBM's ability to differentiate on the quality dimensions and his cost advantage over the outside supplier of SB. To completely characterize the NBM's response, we consider two regimes. In the first regime, the NBM is a monopolist producer. In the second regime, the retailer has the added option of procuring an SB product from an independent, nonstrategic SB manufacturer. By comparing the results from both regimes, we develop a descriptive theory that clarifies the incentives of the NBM to accommodate, displace, or buffer. In doing this, we determine how the NBM's whole product portfolio should be designed, i.e., the positioning quality levels and prices of all its offerings.
Multicolored silver nanoparticles for multiplexed disease diagnostics: distinguishing dengue, yellow fever, and Ebola viruses

Rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices are needed for field-forward screening of severe acute systemic febrile illnesses. Multiplexed rapid lateral flow diagnostics have the potential to distinguish among multiple pathogens, thereby facilitating diagnosis and improving patient care. Here, we present a platform for multiplexed pathogen detection using multi-colored silver nanoplates. This design requires no external excitation source and permits multiplexed analysis in a single channel, facilitating integration and manufacturing.
The mass-zero spin-two field and gravitational theory

It is shown that the conventional theory of the mass-zero spin-two field with sources introduces extraneous non-spin-two field components in source regions and fails to be covariant under the full or restricted conformal group. A modified theory is given, expressed in terms of the physical components of the mass-zero spin-two field rather than in terms of « potentials », which has no extraneous components inside or outside sources and which is covariant under the full conformai group. For a proper choice of source term, this modified theory has the correct Newtonian limit and automatically implies that a symmetric second-rank source tensor has zero divergence. The development given suggests that the weak-field limit of general relativity is not a satisfactory spin-two theory in the interior of sources, but it is shown that possibly a generally covariant form of the spin-two theory derived here can be constructed to agree with general relativity in all currently accessible experimental situations. The completion of the theory of the interacting mass-zero spin-two field and a construction of its generally covariant form will require the identification of a suitable potential for the field, a problem which has not yet been solved.
Two-Dimensional Yang-Mills Theory: A Model of Quark Confinement

We analyze the structure of two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory as a model of quark confinement. 't Hooft's solution, in the large-$N$ limit, is extended to investigate the consistency and the properties of the model. We construct the hadronic color singlet bound-state scattering amplitudes. We show that they are unitary, that colored states cannot be produced, and that all long-range interactions are absent. Current amplitudes are constructed, and we show that the theory is asymptotically free and the quark mass sets the scale of mass corrections. The properties of bound states of heavy quarks are discussed, and a dynamical basis for the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule is suggested. We show how confinement can occur with an infrared prescription that leads to finite-mass quarks which decouple from physical states and discuss the dependence of gauge-variant amplitudes on the cutoff procedure. Higher-order effects in $\frac{1}{N}$ are shown not to change the qualitative features of the model.
Efficient task replication for fast response times in parallel computation

Large-scale distributed computing systems divide a job into many independent tasks and run them in parallel on different machines. A challenge in such parallel computing is that the time taken by a machine to execute a task is inherently variable, and thus the slowest machine becomes the bottleneck in the completion of the job. One way to combat the variability in machine response is to replicate tasks on multiple machines and waiting for the machine that finishes first. While task replication reduces response time, it generally increases resource usage. In this work, we propose a theoretical framework to analyze the trade-off between response time and resource usage. Given an execution time distribution for machines, our analysis gives insights on when and why replication helps. We also propose efficient scheduling algorithms for large-scale distributed computing systems.
RFID Threshold Accelerometer

This paper introduces a shock sensor design that requires zero power, is small, low cost, and can be remotely monitored. The sensor combines a latching accelerometer with a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip. The accelerometer is a mechanical element that changes states when threshold acceleration is met. The element's state can be relayed wirelessly to an electronic reader via the RFID chip. Multiple RFID chips can be read simultaneously, making sensor networks possible.
Rete: a fast algorithm for the many pattern/many object pattern match problem

The Rete Match Algorithm is an efficient method for companng a large collection of patterns to a large collection of objects. It finds all the objects that match each pattern The algorithm was developed for use in production system interpreters, and it has been used for systems containing from a few hundred to more than a thousand patterns and objects. This article presents the algorithm in detail It explains the basic concepts of the algorithm, it describes pattern and object representations that are appropriate for the algorithm, and it describes the operations performed by the pattern matcher.
Homology of artinian and Matlis reflexive modules, I☆

Abstract Let R be a commutative local noetherian ring, and let L and L ′ be R -modules. We investigate the properties of the functors Tor i R ( L , − ) and Ext R i ( L , − ) . For instance, we show the following: (a) if L and L ′ are artinian, then Tor i R ( L , L ′ ) is artinian, and Ext R i ( L , L ′ ) is noetherian over the completion R ; (b) if L is artinian and L ′ is Matlis reflexive, then Ext R i ( L , L ′ ) , Ext R i ( L ′ , L ) , and Tor i R ( L , L ′ ) are Matlis reflexive. Also, we study the vanishing behavior of these functors, and we include computations demonstrating the sharpness of our results.
Influence of Catalyst Structure and Reaction Conditions on anti‐ versus syn‐Aminopalladation Pathways in Pd‐Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions of N‐Allylsulfamides

The Pd-catalyzed coupling of N-allylsulfamides with aryl and alkenyl triflates to afford cyclic sulfamide products is described. In contrast to other known Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions, these transformations may be selectively induced to occur by way of either anti- or syn-aminopalladation mechanistic pathways by modifying the catalyst structure and reaction conditions.
Presale Contract and its Embedded Default and Abandonment Options

The presale contract is a popular property selling method that allows a buyer to default on the remaining payment and/or a developer to abandon a project. Using a simple two-period game theoretical model, we derive a closed-form pricing equation for a presale contract that explicitly accounts for a developer's abandonment option and a buyer's default option. Although a developer has an abandonment option under either a spot sale or a presale method, the option is more valuable under a presale contract because of an additional cash inflow from the presale downpayment. A presale also provides a buyer a default option, which is valuable in a real estate market with uncertain demand and price risk. We analyze the implications of the abandonment option on a developer's construction decision and choice of selling method, as well as the implications of the default option on a buyer's purchase decision. Furthermore, our model framework has implications to the pricing of futures contracts that involve both stochastic revenues and costs.
Generalized van Cittert-Zernike theorem for the cross-spectral density matrix of quasi-homogeneous planar electromagnetic sources

A generalized van Cittert–Zernike theorem for the cross-spectral density matrix of quasi-homogeneous planar electromagnetic sources is introduced. We present theoretical examples of using this theorem to generate fields with interesting polarization and spatial coherence properties by choosing the appropriate spectral density distribution of the source. We found that under certain conditions, a quasi-homogeneous, polarized source may produce a beam in the far field that is unpolarized in the typical one-point sense but polarized in the two-point, mutual polarization sense.
Volume independence in large Nc QCD-like gauge theories

Volume independence in large Nc gauge theories may be viewed as a generalized orbifold equivalence. The reduction to zero volume (or Eguchi-Kawai reduction) is a special case of this equivalence. So is temperature independence in confining phases. A natural generalization concerns volume independence in ``theory space'' of quiver gauge theories. In pure Yang-Mills theory, the failure of volume independence for sufficiently small volumes (at weak coupling) due to spontaneous breaking of center symmetry, together with its validity above a critical size, nicely illustrate the symmetry realization conditions which are both necessary and sufficient for large Nc orbifold equivalence. The existence of a minimal size below which volume independence fails also applies to Yang-Mills theory with antisymmetric representation fermions [QCD(AS)]. However, in Yang-Mills theory with adjoint representation fermions [QCD(Adj)], endowed with periodic boundary conditions, volume independence remains valid down to arbitrarily small size. In sufficiently large volumes, QCD(Adj) and QCD(AS) have a large Nc ``orientifold'' equivalence, provided charge conjugation symmetry is unbroken in the latter theory. Therefore, via a combined orbifold-orientifold mapping, a well-defined large Nc equivalence exists between QCD(AS) in large, or infinite, volume and QCD(Adj) in arbitrarily small volume. Since asymptotically free gauge theories, such as QCD(Adj), are much easier to study (analytically or numerically) in small volume, this equivalence should allow greater understanding of large Nc QCD in infinite volume.
Diastereoselective synthesis of α-(aminomethyl)-γ-butyrolactones via a catalyst-free aminolactonization

An auto-catalytic domino reaction, presumably involving an aza-Michael reaction, proton transfer, and lactonization, furnishing α-(aminomethyl)-γ-butyrolactones in near quantitative yields and excellent diastereoselectivity is described.
Structural change and demand analysis: a cursory review*

Summary We address the issue of structural change in demand analysis. After a brief discussion of the major problems and questions that arise in this context, the main body of the paper is devoted to a review of analytical methods that are relevant to investigating structural change in demand. This survey is organised within the broad categories of'nonparametric' and 'parametric' methods. Along with the main theoretical contributions, we try to cover a rather large body of applied studies. We strive to offer a critical and unified treatment of this assorted set of contributions , stressing the pros and cons of alternative approaches and methods.
Quantization of four-form fluxes and dynamical neutralization of the cosmological constant

A four-form gauge flux makes a variable contribution to the cosmological constant. This has often been assumed to take continuous values, but we argue that it has a generalized Dirac quantization condition. For a single flux the steps are much larger than the observational limit, but we show that with multiple fluxes the allowed values can form a sufficiently dense `discretuum'. Multiple fluxes generally arise in M-theory compactifications on manifolds with non-trivial three-cycles. In theories with large extra dimensions a few four-forms suffice; otherwise of order 100 are needed. Starting from generic initial conditions, the repeated nucleation of membranes dynamically generates regions with λ in the observational range. Entropy and density perturbations can be produced.
MEAN FIELD, INSTANTONS AND FINITE BARYON DENSITY

Abstract Instantons create a non-local interaction between the quarks, which at finite baryon density leads to the formation of a scalar diquark condensate and color superconductivity. A mean field approach leads to a self-consistent description of the q q> and condensates and shows the inevitability of a BCS type instability at the Fermi surface. The role of the rearrangement of the instanton ensemble for the QCD phase transitions is also discussed.
The Internet, children, and privacy: the case against parental monitoring

It has been recommended that parents should monitor their children's Internet use, including what sites their children visit, what messages they receive, and what they post. In this paper, I claim that parents ought not to follow this advice, because to do so would violate children's right to privacy over their on-line information exchanges. In defense of this claim, I argue that children have a right to privacy from their parents, because such a right respects their current capacities and fosters their future capacities for autonomy and relationships.
Kinetic modeling for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated creeping wild ryegrass

A semimechanistic multi-reaction kinetic model was developed to describe the enzymatic hydrolysis of a lignocellulosic biomass, creeping wild ryegrass (CWR; Leymus triticoides). This model incorporated one homogeneous reaction of cellobiose-to-glucose and two heterogeneous reactions of cellulose-to-cellobiose and cellulose-to-glucose. Adsorption of cellulase onto pretreated CWR during enzymatic hydrolysis was modeled via a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. This is the first kinetic model which incorporated the negative role of lignin (nonproductive adsorption) using a Langmuir-type isotherm adsorption of cellulase onto lignin. The model also reflected the competitive inhibitions of cellulase by glucose and cellobiose. The Matlab optimization function of "lsqnonlin" was used to fit the model and estimate kinetic parameters based on experimental data generated under typical conditions (8% solid loading and 15 FPU/g-cellulose enzyme concentration without the addition of background sugars). The model showed high fidelity for predicting cellulose hydrolysis behavior over a broad range of solid loading (4-12%, w/w, dry basis), enzyme concentration (15-150 FPU/ g-cellulose), sugar inhibition (glucose of 30 and 60 mg/mL and cellobiose of 10 mg/mL). In addition, sensitivity analysis showed that the incorporation of the nonproductive adsorption of cellulase onto lignin significantly improved the predictability of the kinetic model. Our model can serve as a robust tool for developing kinetic models for system optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolysis reactor design, and/or other hydrolysis systems with different type of enzymes and substrates.
Energy Security, Economic Development and Global Warming Addressing short and long term challenges

Energy security, economic development and averting global warming are conflicting objectives in a fossil fuel economy. In the long run, sustainable development requires a shift to renewable energy sources. In the short run it requires swift action (IPCC) and different strategies 1 . The article analyses a negative carbon process to co-produce electricity while reducing carbon concentration in the atmosphere (Jones, 2008, 2009; Chichilnisky, 2008b; Chichilnisky and Eisenberger, 2009; Eisenberger et al., 2009). While providing additional energy the process makes fossil power plants net carbon sinks. The article addresses short and long run challenges with this capability in the context of the economic incentives provided by the carbon market of the UN Kyoto Protocol, created by one of the authors in 1997 (Chichilnisky, 1993, 1996; Chichilnisky and Heal, 1994, 1995; Chichilnisky and Sheeran, 2009; Pagnamenta, 2009). We propose extending Kyoto's clean development mechanism (CDM) in a way that benefits Latin America and Africa (Chichilnisky and Heal, 1999; Chichilnisky, 1996), and analyse the global transition from a fossil to a renewable economy.
MATTER AT HIGH DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE AT RHIC

The status of current investigation of hot and dense matter at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is reviewed. Indications for the creation of a dense, strongly interacting system have been seen. Further experimental and theoretical work is needed to convert these indications into quantitative measurements of the properties of the system created.
Phase-conjugating mirror with continuous-wave gain

We demonstrate a phase-conjugating mirror that has a continuous-wave power reflectivity much greater than unity (gain ~100). This mirror uses nonresonant degenerate four-wave mixing in a single crystal of barium titanate (BaTiO3). With our mirror we have (1) observed cw self-oscillation in an optical resonator formed by this mirror and a normal mirror, (2) demonstrated a cw oscillator that, in spite of phase-distorting material placed inside the resonator, will always emit a TEM00 mode, and (3) demonstrated an optical image amplifier. This mirror will work at any visible wavelength and with weak (milliwatt or weaker) pump beams.
Rationale for low-molecular weight heparin in coronary stenting.

Abstract Stents have been as revolutionary for the practice of coronary revascularization in recent years as was the coronary angioplasty balloon 15 years ago, but they have also been associated with a high rate of stent thrombosis. The Enoxaparin and Ticlopidine After Elective Stenting (ENTICES) trial is designed to determine the impact of a reduced anticoagulation regimen on clinical outcomes after stent deployment. Patients are randomly assigned 2:1 to enoxaparin-ticlopidine-aspirin versus the conventional warfarin regimen, and surrogate markers of platelet activation and thrombin activity are measured after 3 days. Three factors underpin ENTICES: (1) a desire to eliminate stent thrombosis, (2) a desire to reduce length of stay after stent placement by avoiding the prolonged hospitalization required with the five-drug regimen of heparin, aspirin, dipyridamole, dextran, and warfarin, and (3) a desire to reduce the bleeding complications associated with the intense anticoagulation typically used in patients receiving stents. Patients are enrolled at seven sites in the United States and include patients with recent infarctions, restenotic lesions, and lesions as large as 30 mm in length. Other trials have also addressed issues concerning anticoagulation in patients undergoing stenting. The Stent Antithrombotic Regimen Study (STARS) trial compared aspirin, aspirin plus ticlopidine, and aspirin plus warfarin in 1650 patients receiving stents. The Aspirin/Ticlopidine vs Low-Molecular Weight Heparin/Aspirin/Ticlopidine High-Risk Stent Trial (ATLAST) is comparing aspirin plus ticlopidine with enoxaparin, aspirin, and ticlopidine in a group of patients at high risk undergoing stenting. The Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen (ISAR) trial, a trial of ticlopidine, aspirin, and 12 hours of postprocedural heparin versus phenocoumaron on and aspirin after stenting in 517 patients, found a significantly lower incidence of the combined end point of death, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery, or repeated percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the patients who received antiplatelet therapy, but the patients enrolled were not representative of the usual population undergoing stenting. New trials of stents and their sequelae should include low–molecular weight heparins and should gather cost and outcome data to satisfy capitated systems and managed care. Innovative stent designs may also permit changes in antithrombotic regimens. (Am Heart J 1997;134:S81-S87)
Indigenous peoples in Latin America : economic opportunities and social networks

Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors.