cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Payload modeling for network Intrusion Detection Systems

A number of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) research efforts have demonstrated that network-based attacks can be detected by modeling normal network packet payloads and watching for anomalies. In this paper, we explore a data mining technique based on Principal Component Analysis that can identify specific features within packet payloads that are highly representative of the network traffic. of their respective services. Apart from reducing the processing overhead through minimization of the feature space, the autonomous identification of such sub-groups of features can readily enable IDS's to develop classifiers that are more apt at separating normal traffic from anomalous traffic. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this techniques by generating feature sets from a collection of network traffic and applying them to the training and detection phases of a payload-based IDS. The results show that it is able to separate network attacks while maintaining low false positive rates. We also show that random sampling of less than 100% of the payload is possible and allows the IDS to combat attack obfuscation.
Angular Distribution of Radiation Reflected from Roughened Spheres

Introduction T Note is concerned with four models for nonregular reflection from a flat plate: Lambert, Lommel-Seeliger, Euler, and the shape factor. A complete bibliography of reflectance from surfaces has been compiled by Rau and Look. This compilation includes the efforts of Russell and Schoenberg who investigated reflection from spheres using three of the aforementioned models. The fourth model is the result of an investigation whose aim was to deduce an expression that closely agreed with the experimental data of light reflected from a flat surface of pressed aluminum oxide. For the four analyses, based on the flat plate engineering intensity, equations were deduced for the radiometric intensity, the flux, and the power reflected from a roughened sphere. An experiment was then performed to obtain a limited amount of data descriptive of the radiant power bidirectionally reflected from four samples of nonregularly reflecting white spheres. The data was then compared to the four models to determine which model's theoretical results best fit the experimental data.
Evidence for the identity of P430 of Photosystem I and chloroplast-bound iron-sulfur protein.

The EPR spectrum of Photosystem-I subchloroplast particles, which had been pre-illuminated in the presence of methyl viologen, showed a large P700+ signal whereas bound iron-sulfur proteins were not detected. This observation is consistent with a “one-way” electron discharge by the primary electron acceptor, P430−, subsequent to the primary photochemical charge separation, and an accumulation of photooxidized P700+. Subsequent illumination of the same sample at 77 °K did not change the EPR spectrum. However, if the pre-illuminated subchloroplast particles were allowed to recover at room temperature by standing in the dark for 10 min or by addition of a chemical reductant, subsequent illumination of the sample at 77 °K yielded an EPR spectrum consisting of signals due to both P700+ and reduced iron-sulfur protein.
Background spatial frequency influences perception of luminance-based apparent movement.

Apparent movement occurs when stimulus figures are presented at different spatial locations at different times. In the present studies, the periodicity of the background upon which stimuli were presented was manipulated. Subjects viewed a bistable movement display presented on a background consisting of a variable-frequency grating. The type of movement perceived varied systematically with the spatial frequency of the background, suggesting that more than the target stimuli are processed in the generation of apparent movement.
We Do It Best: Commitment and Positive Construals of Sex

Rusbult's relationship maintenance theory (Rusbult, Olsen, Davis, & Hannon, 2001) suggests that relationship commitment may be associated with motivated cognitions about one's sex life. In Study 1, college students were more optimistic about their own sexual relationship than others'; commitment was positively associated with sexual optimism and beliefs that one's partner resembles one's ideal sexual partner. Study 2 replicated those findings in a larger community sample and found evidence that commitment is associated with perceived superiority of one's sex life. Implications for relationship well-being and therapy are discussed.
Effect of Ba2+ on the K+ conductance pathways in the frog cornea.

Two types of transepithelial potential difference (PD) responses have been observed in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, when the K+ concentration is changed in the aqueous solution. (1) A normal response, that is, a decrease in the positivity of the aqueous solution when the K+ is increased in this solution. (2) An anomalous response, that is, an increase in PD when K+ is increased from 0 to 4 mM in the aqueous solution. In present experiments 2 mM Ba2+ results in a significant decrease in transepithelial PD and an increase in resistance (R), consistent with the well-known effect of Ba2+ on the K+ conductance in other biological membranes. In the presence of Ba2+ compared to its absence the normal PD responses were decreased when K+ was increased from 4 to 20 or to 79 mM in the aqueous solution. Barium enhanced, but not significantly, the anomalous PD response (PD increase) when K+ was increased from 0 to 4 mM. An anomalous PD response (PD decrease) was obtained with Ba2+ when K+ was changed from 4 to 0 mM while in its absence the response was normal (PD increase) or did not change. These findings support the concept that anomalous PD responses as a result of the electrogenic (Na++K+)-ATPase may be obtained when the resistance of the simple K+ pathway is increased.
Tryptophan at position 181 of the D2 protein of photosystem II confers quenching of variable fluorescence of chlorophyll: implications for the mechanism of energy-dependent quenching.

The lumenal CD loop region of the D2 protein of photosystem II contains residues that interact with a reaction center chlorophyll and the redox-active TyrD. Using combinatorial mutagenesis, photoautotrophic mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 have been generated with multiple amino acid changes in this region. The CD loop mutations were transferred into a photosystem I-less Synechocystis strain to facilitate characterization of photosystem II properties in the mutants. Most of the combinatorial photosystem I-less mutants obtained had a high yield of variable fluorescence, FV. However, in three mutants, which shared a replacement of Phe181 by Trp, the FV yield was dramatically reduced although a high rate of oxygen evolution was maintained. A site-directed F181W D2 mutant shared similar properties. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements revealed that in the combinatorial F181W mutants the fluorescence lifetimes in closed and open photosystem II centers were essentially identical and were simi...
Interest Rate Risk at Commercial Banks: An Empirical Investigation

This paper develops and estimates models to measure banks' exposure to interest rate risk. The models are estimated for the 1976–1983 period to determine whether banks' exposure to interest rate risk increased as a result of increased interest rate volatility and financial deregulation. The major findings are that banks changed their risk management strategies after 1979 and that total exposure to interest rate risk remained quite small.
A computer graphics course for the two cultures

Abstract The subject of computer graphics offers a special educational opportunity for bringing together students from the two cultures of the arts/humanities and of the sciences/technologies. The author describes a computer graphics course with this approach. Several important problems arise because of students' varying backgrounds in programming and their expectations, the lack of suitable texts, and the lack of suitably-oriented computer graphics centers. The course schedule is composed of lectures, discussions of readings, and workshops in a computer graphics facility. The hardware and software basis of the course is flexible. Students complete an assigned initial project, a final project of their choice, and are responsible for documenting their project visually and verbally before the close of the semester. Student performance and evaluation of the course suggest this cross-cultural approach is a valid, worthwhile experiment to introduce the structure and significance of computer graphics imagery and computer graphics display systems.
From Hardtack to Home Fries. An Uncommon History of American Cooks and Meals.

From Hardtack to Home Fries. An Uncommon History of American Cooks and Meals. by Barbara Haber New York: The Free Press, 2002
Nonlinear resonance set for nonlinear matrix equations

Abstract We study nonlinear matrix equations of the form A x =f( x ) , where f is mildly nonlinear. We identify a particular set, called the Fucik spectrum or resonance set, which is relevant to questions of solvability of the equation. We develop theorems to describe the spectrum and show how it relates to the solvability of the matrix equation. We see that a small perturbation in the constant coefficients in f may cause a radical change in the character of the solutions of A x =f( x ) .
SU‐FF‐P‐03: Combined Role Of Physicist And Technologist In Optimizing CR, DR Techniques To Meet The Regulations And ALARA!

With advancement of CR and DR, many facilities are switching from regular FILM‐Screen combination to these new technologies. While manufacturers suggest basic techniques for different projections to be used in the radiography rooms, it is our experience, to notice that, some of the prescriptions may not meet the need. Adjusting to a different technique may make the entrance skin exposures for different projections exceed the regulatory limits. It is the responsibility of the Medical Physicist to make sure that ALARA is met in these situations while making sure that image quality is not compromised. Role of the technologist is very important to optimize the exposures. This paper will discuss the failure part and the necessary problem solving steps. Tables for entrance exposures for Filmscreen, CR and DR will be discussed with optimum techniques used in our institution as a model.
Fat-saturated contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI in evaluation of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.

To assess contrast-enhanced (C+), fat-saturated (FatSat), T1-weighted (T1W) imaging in the characterization of the soft tissue mass associated with primary bone tumors, we compared it with T2-weighted (T2W) imaging in patients with osteosarcoma (n = 36) and Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (Ewing sarcoma; n = 11). Periosseous tumor compared with normal muscle had greater contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) on the FatSat T1W C+ image than on T2W for 81% (38/47; P < .0001) of patients. The CNR of periosseous tumor compared with subcutaneous fat was greater on FatSat T1W C+ for 98% (46/47; P < .0001). Radiologists found it easier to evaluate neurovascular bundle proximity to tumor with FatSat T1W C+ images than with T2W for 64% of patients (30/47; P < .0001). They judged FatSat T1W C+ superior to T2W for periosseous tumor conspicuity and visualization of soft tissue necrosis in 62% (29/47; P < .0001). In patients with osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma, FatSat T1W C+ imaging may replace T2W imaging for soft tissue mass evaluation, especially if contrast is being used for dynamic enhancement.
Geologic storage of carbon dioxide as a climate change mitigation strategy: performance requirements and the implications of surface seepage

The probability that storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in deep geologic formations will become an important climate change mitigation strategy depends on a number of factors, namely (1) public acceptance, (2) the cost of geologic storage compared to other climate change mitigation options, and (3) the availability, capacity, and location of suitable sites. Whether or not a site is suitable will be determined by establishing that it can meet a set of performance requirements for safe and effective geologic storage. To date, no such performance requirements have been developed. Establishing effective requirements must start with an evaluation of how much CO2 might be stored and for how long the CO2 must remain underground to meet goals for controlling atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Answers to these questions provide a context for setting performance requirements for geologic storage projects. According to the results presented here, geologic storage could be an effective method to ease the transition away from a fossil-fuel based economy over the next several centuries, even if large amounts of CO2 are stored and some small fraction seeps from storage reservoirs back into the atmosphere. An annual seepage rate of 0.01% or 10-4/year would ensure the effectiveness of geologic carbon storage for any of the projected sequestration scenarios explored herein, even those with the largest amounts of storage (1,000 s of gigatonnes of carbon-GtC), and still provide some safety margin. Storing smaller amounts of carbon (10 s to 100 s of GtC) may allow for a slightly higher seepage rate on the order of 0.1% or 10-3/year. Based on both the large capacity of geologic storage formation and the likelihood of achieving leakage rates much lower than the rates estimated here, geologic storage appears to be a promising mitigation strategy.
On the size distribution of Atlantic tropical cyclones

[1] The size of a tropical cyclone is known to vary considerably across storms, though little is understood about the environmental and internal factors that modulate it. Making use of newly available extended tropical cyclone records that include information about storm structure, we examine the size distribution of Atlantic tropical cyclones, using as a metric the radius of vanishing storm winds normalized by the theoretical upper bound given by the ratio of the potential intensity to the Coriolis parameter. We find that the distribution of this normalized outer radius is closely log-normal.
Deposit free electrolytic brain lesions: Methodologic and histologic observations

Abstract The morphologic features of deposit free electrolytic brain lesions made by passing cathodal current through stainless steel electrodes or anodal current through platinum-iridium electrodes were studied. Both procedures produced lesions which resemble those made with radio frequency current in that they are composed of a central cavity surrounded by a narrow annulus of pathologic tissue and are equally effective in grey and white matter. It was found that problems of current blockage due to gas formation and of irregular lesion configuration can be minimized by increasing the electrode tip exposure and decreasing the intensity of the current. Lesions made with a platinum anode were more uniformly of smooth, spherical shape than were cathodal lesions. Reliable relationships between coulombs of current and lesion volumes were demonstrated for both cathodal and anodal deposit-free procedures.
Routine platelet transfusion in patients undergoing emergency coronary bypass surgery after receiving abciximab.

Abstract The routine use of platelet transfusions to reverse the effects of abciximab in patients proceeding to emergent coronary bypass surgery after failed coronary angioplasty appears reasonable.
Empathy as a hermeneutic practice.

This essay will argue for the centrality of empathy in the doctor-patient relationship — as a core of ethically sound, responsible therapeutics. By “empathy,” I intend an explicitly hermeneutic practice, informed by a reflexive understanding of patient and self. After providing an overview of the history of the concept of empathy in clinical medicine, I discuss current definitions and the use of Balint groups in residency training as a way to develop empathic competence in novice physicians.
Gas absorption accompanied by a liquid‐phase chemical reaction

The rate of absorption of chlorine from chlorine-nitrogen mixtures into solutions of ferrous chloride in 0.203 N aqueous hydrochloric acid was studied in a short wetted-wall column. Dimensional analysis and the film and penetration theories were used to infer, from the absorption rate data, that the chemical reaction between chlorine and the ferrous ion is second order. The absorption-rate results for experiments with a dilute gas phase agreed with theoretical predictions for absorption accompanied by a second order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 188 liters/(g. mole) (sec.). The results for experiments with pure chlorine gas deviated from the rest of the results, and they did not agree with the theoretical equations. It was shown that the assumption of a three-step mechanism for the chemical reaction, including the formation of a complex ion and the decompositon of this complex ion, explains, at least qualitatively, the deviations observed for the pure chlorine gas runs.
Two-Point MMPI Code Types and Academic Achievement: Replication and Reanalysis

The purpose of this study was to relate two-point MMPI code types to choice and success in physical and social science majors. Four hypotheses, derived from an earlier study, were tested: (a) the 3-4/4-3 students are the modal code types in sociology, (b) the 4-9/9-4 students are the modal code types in history, (c) the 2-7/7-2 students in the physical sciences are significantly above the mean on GPA for their majors, and (d) the 8-9/9-8 students in the social sciences are significantly below the mean on GPA for their majors. Strong support was found for the first two hypotheses, and moderate support was found for the third. Finally the need for replications of this kind of research was emphasized.
Topological reasoning and the logic of knowledge

Abstract We present a bimodal logic suitable for formalizing reasoning about points and sets, and also states of the world and views about them. The most natural interpretation of the logic is in subset spaces, and we obtain complete axiomatizations for the sentences which hold in these interpretations. In addition, we axiomatize the validities of the smaller class of topological spaces in a system we call topologic. We also prove decidability for these two systems. Our results on topologic relate early work of McKinsey on topological interpretations of S4 with recent work of Georgatos on topologic. Some of the results of this paper were presented (Moss and Parikh, 1992) at the 1992 conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge.
HIV-1 coreceptor activity of CCR5 and its inhibition by chemokines: independence from G protein signaling and importance of coreceptor downmodulation.

HIV-1 infection requires the presence of specific chemokine receptors on CD4+ target cells to enable the fusion reactions involved in virus entry. CCR5 is a major fusion coreceptor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1 isolates. HIV-1 entry and fusion are mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) and are inhibited by CCR5 ligands, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here, we test the role of G protein signaling and CCR5 surface downmodulation by two separate approaches: direct inactivation of CCR5 signaling by mutagenesis and inactivation of Gi-type G proteins with pertussis toxin. A CCR5 mutant lacking the last 45 amino acids of the cytoplasmic C-terminus (CCR5306) was created that was expressed on transfected cells at levels comparable to cells expressing CCR5 and displayed normal chemokine binding affinity. CCR5 ligands induced calcium flux and receptor downmodulation in cells expressing CCR5, but not in cells expressing CCR5306. Nevertheless, CCR5 or CCR5306, when coexpressed with CD4, supported comparable HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion. Consistent with this, treatment of CCR5-expressing cells with pertussis toxin completely blocked ligand-induced transient calcium flux, but did not affect Env-mediated cell fusion or HIV-1 infection. Also, pertussis toxin did not block chemokine inhibition of Env-mediated cell fusion or HIV-1 infection. However, chemokines inhibited Env-mediated cell fusion less efficiently for CCR5306than for CCR5. We conclude that the C-terminal domain of CCR5 is critical for G protein signaling and receptor downmodulation from the surface, but that neither function is required for CCR5 fusion coreceptor activity. The contrasting phenotypes of CCR5 and CCR5306suggest that coreceptor downmodulation and direct blockage of Env interaction sites both contribute to chemokine inhibition of HIV-1 infection.
The Impact of Recession on the Prediction of Corporate Failure

In this paper, we hypothesize that recessionary business cycles can contribute to corporate failure. Specifically, we test for a relationship between failure and (1) knowledge that failure occurred during a recession and (2) knowledge that the predictor variables were measured during a recession. We are able to show that accounting-based logistic regression models used to predict corporate failure are sensitive to the occurrence of a recession. Furthermore, our results indicate that such models are sensitive to knowledge that the predictor variables were generated during a recession and to knowledge that failure ultimately occurred during a recession.
Measurement of social power, opportunity costs, and the theory of two-person bargaining games.

Recent papers by Simon (1957), by March (1955, 1957), and by Dahl (1957) have suggested measuring person A’s power over person B in terms of its actual or potential effects, that is, in terms of the changes that A causes or can cause in Bs behavior.1 As Dahl puts it, A has power over B to the extent to which ‘he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do’ (1957, p. 203).
Tara Hamling and Catherine Richardson, eds. Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and Its Meanings. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010. Pp. 378. $104.95 (cloth).

Author(s): Lupton, Julia Reinhard | Abstract: This ambitious and engaging volume gathers together papers delivered at a conference at the University of Birmingham’s Shakespeare Institute in 2007. Contributors include art historians, archaeologists, historians, curators, and literary scholars. Essays are grouped thematically, while a second table of contents lists essays by object type (clothing, shoes, tableware, domestic goods, etc.). The volume is weighted heavily toward historical study, with very little theoretical or phenomenological reflection. Instead, archaeologists like David Gaimster and Dinah Eastop and established literary scholars like Natasha Korda and Lena Cowen Orlin provide very precise object histories, always tuned, however, to scenes of meaning and use, both in situ and over time. The diverse pieces converge in their commitment to understanding the performative, practical, and sensuous life of objects in acts of worship, courtship, care, consumption, conviviality, and commensality. Some highlights from the volume follow.
Assay and antigenic interrelationships of the recently isolated bovine herpesviruses, DN599, FTC, and V11.

Various parameters of plaque production by the herpesviruses, DN599, FTC1, and V11 viruses in embryonic bovine trachea cells were investigated. Optimum plaque production by these viruses occurred when freshly seeded cells were infected and covered with a protamine-supplemented agar overlay. The rate at which DN599, FTC1, and V11 viruses were neutralized by specific antiserum was exceptionally slow but relatively high antiserum titers were observed. Reciprocal virus neutralization and indirect fluorescent antibody tests suggested that DN599, FTC1, and V11 viruses were antigenically related. Neutralization tests also revealed that the latter 3 viruses were not serologically related to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.
Hypertension outcomes in an urban nurse-managed center.

PURPOSE To assess the quality of hypertension (HTN) care in an urban nurse-managed center (NMC) by chart audits of insured and uninsured (N = 52) African Americans who were managed by nurse practitioners. DATA SOURCES A chart audit form was developed by the authors that merged Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) criteria with the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) criteria. CONCLUSIONS There was near comparable hypertension control among the two groups. No difference was found in systolic blood pressure (BP) control; however, the uninsured group had a slightly greater average diastolic BP compared with the insured group. There was no significant difference in the number of HTN medications or the number of risk factors. A significant difference was found in the number of NP visits per year between the two groups; the uninsured group averaged 3.2 more visits per year. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Nurse practitioners in this NMC were able to manage HTN in a high-risk population despite a lack of insurance coverage for anti-hypertensive prescriptions. The finding that the uninsured group had more clinic visits per year than the insured group is significant in that it increases the cost of providing care for these patients and the health care system. The patient cost in time, transportation and burden needs further assessment.
Measuring anisotropic thermal conduction in polyisobutylene following step shear strains

The connection between polymer chain orientation and several macroscopic properties in a polymer melt was studied using mechanical and optical techniques. Anisotropic thermal conductivity following shear deformation was measured using forced Rayleigh light scattering, the refractive index tensor is followed using birefringence measurements, and the stress was measured mechanically in a parallel-plate rheometer. The thermal diffusivity measured in the flow and neutral directions increased and decreased, respectively, immediately following the deformation. These quantities then relaxed to the equilibrium value on the time-scale of the stress-relaxation memory. Comparison of the difference between measured flow and neutral direction thermal diffusivities with the analogous flow-induced birefringence in the same deformation provided indirect evidence for a linear relation between stress and thermal diffusivity at two different values of strain. Mechanical measurements were used to characterize the memory of the fluid.
Increased levels of ligands of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in type 1 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis Type 1 diabetes is a proinflammatory state characterised by increased levels of circulating biomarkers of inflammation and monocyte activity. We have shown increased Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 expression and signalling in monocytes from type 1 diabetic patients. Several endogenous ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 have been identified; however, there is a paucity of data on levels of these endogenous ligands in diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine circulating levels of exogenous/ endogenous ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 in type 1 diabetic patients and to compare these with the levels in matched healthy controls. Methods Healthy controls (n=37) and type 1 diabetic patients (n=34) were recruited, and a fasting blood sample was obtained. Circulating levels of endotoxin, heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) proteins were assessed by ELISA, and TLR2 and TLR4 expression was determined by flow cytometry. Results Levels of the classical TLR4 ligand, endotoxin, were significantly elevated in type 1 diabetic patients compared with those in matched controls. Hsp60 and HMGB1 concentrations were also significantly increased in the patients (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). No significant differences were observed in GAS6. Conclusions/interpretation We report the novel observation that levels of ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 are significantly elevated in type 1 diabetes, and this, in concert with hyperglycaemia, accounts for the increase in TLR2 and TLR4 activity, underscoring the proinflammatory state of type 1 diabetes.
Respiratory Response of Acer pseudoplatanus Cells to Pyruvate and 2,4-Dinitrophenol

The endogenous respiration rate of unstarved cultured cells of Acer pseudo-platanus L. is markedly stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Pyruvate is also stimulatory but to a lesser degree than dinitrophenol. Exogenously supplied sugars cause no short-term stimulation. Pyruvate does not enhance the elevated rate of O(2) uptake in the presence of dinitrophenol but does cause additional CO(2) evolution. The endogenous concentration of pyruvate is elevated in the presence of dinitrophenol. These observations suggest that the rate of O(2) uptake by the unstarved intact cells is limited by the rate of glycolysis and that rate of glycolysis is regulated by the intracellular concentration of adenine nucleotides or inorganic phosphate. Dinitrophenol stimulation of endogenous respiration is due in part to an indirect acceleration of glycolysis but also to a more direct facilitation of oxidation in the presence of excess mitochondrial substrate.
Demonstration and modeling of a tapered-lensed optical fiber trap

Optical trapping is a novel technique that utilizes radiation pressure for the non-contact manipulation and control of micron sized particles including living cells and micro-organisms. Typically, optical trapping is performed using a high power microscope and a complicated optical setup to form a single beam optical gradient trap or `optical tweezers.' Recent work has demonstrated three dimensional optical trapping using the counterpropagating beams from two optical fiber cleaves. This results in a simple and low cost implementation of an optical trap. Our paper discuses a refinement of this technique using pigtailed 1.3 micrometers semiconductor lasers and tapered lensed optical fibers with hemispherically machined microlens ends. Our optical trap consists of two tapered fiber lenses separated by distances of between 100 and 400 microns, with optical power ranges between 2 and 40 mW. Adjusting the relative powers of the optical fibers allowed us to trap and position 3, 5 and 10 micron beads over axial distances of several hundred microns. Our refinements improve trap accessibility while simultaneously increasing the trap stability. We have also used a ray optics model to simulate the performance of the optical fiber trap and predict the forces generated throughout the trapping volume. Axial and transverse trapping efficiencies up to 0.1 are predicted. The model can be used to predict trap strength and stability for various combinations of fiber spacings and particle sizes. Experimental observations of trapping and manipulation of 3 micrometers , 5 micrometers , and 10 micrometers beads are also presented and compared to the model.
Weeding an Outdated Collection in an Automated Retrieval System

In 2008 Grand Valley State University Libraries began a large weeding project in the automated retrieval system (ARS) at its Steelcase Library. An estimated 19,000 volumes were to be removed from the ARS. A systematic weeding of the ARS had never been undertaken and it presented a number of logistical challenges. This article discusses the process that was devised for this large weeding project.
E-Selectin expression in a murine model of chronic colitis.

The objective of this study was to quantify E-selectin surface expression in the colon as well as other tissues in a CD4+ T-cell model of chronic colitis in mice using the newly developed dual radiolabel monoclonal antibody technique. Male SCID mice were reconstituted with either 5 × 105 CD4+ CD45RBlow or CD45RBhigh T-cells isolated from normal CB-17 donor mouse spleens and subsequently monitored for clinical signs of colitis. We found that animals injected with CD45RBhigh but not CD45RBlow T-cells nor PBS developed colitis at 6–8 weeks following reconstitution as assessed by loss of body weight, development of loose stools and/or diarrhea, and histopathology. Concurrent with the onset of distal bowel inflammation was enhanced expression of E-selectin compared to SCID mice injected with PBS or reconstituted with CD45RBlow T-cells, both of which did not develop colitis. We also observed significant increases in E-selectin expression in cecum, small intestine, mesentery, and liver of colitic mice. Our data confirm that reconstitution of SCID mice with CD45RBhigh but not CD45RBlow T-cells induces chronic colitis and demonstrate that this chronic colitis is associated with enhanced expression of an endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that reconstitution of SCID mice with CD45RBhigh T-cells enhances E-selectin expression in a variety of tissues distant from the site of active inflammation.
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with TGA as a technique for guest analysis in crystal engineering

A method has been developed to extract evolved guest molecules from a TGA exhaust stream using solid phase microextraction fibers (SPME). The study was conducted using a known hydrogen bonded framework consisting of Zn(HPDCA)2·(H2O)2 and o-tolidene which has been shown to contain guest molecules. These guests co-crystallize inside the 1-D channels formed during the self-assembly of the hydrogen bonded framework. Single guest as well as mixed-guest-containing host frameworks have been analysed using this method. Guest molecules extracted in this fashion were successfully characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry without the necessity of coupled TGA/GCMS.
Test of Axel-Brink predictions by a discrete approach to resonance-averaged (n, γ) spectroscopy

The limitations imposed by Porter-Thomas fluctuations in the study of primary ..gamma.. rays following neutron capture have been partly overcome by obtaining individual ..gamma..-ray spectra from 48 resonances in the /sup 173/Yb(n,..gamma..) reaction and summing them after appropriate normalizations. The resulting average radiation widths (and hence the ..gamma..-ray strength function) are in good agreement with the Axel-Brink predictions based on a giant dipole resonance model.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Pegylated Dendrimeric Nanocarrier for Pulmonary Delivery of Low Molecular Weight Heparin

Purpose This study tests the hypothesis that pegylated dendrimeric micelles prolong the half-life of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and increase the drug’s pulmonary absorption, thereby efficacious in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in a rodent model.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug–drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice

Accumulating evidence indicates that modulation of the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is responsible for many drug–drug interactions. The potential interaction of risperidone (RISP), which is metabolized by 2D6 and transported across the blood brain barrier (BBB) by P-gp, was studied in combination with bupropion (BUP) and also with sertraline (SERT). BUP, SERT, and RISP were administered intraperitoneally into CF1 mice at doses of 100, 10, and 1 μg/g mouse, respectively. Plasma and brain samples were collected at timed intervals from 0.5 to 6 h. A pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using both traditional compartmental modeling and a population pharmacokinetic approach. BUP increased the RISP plasma (5.9-fold, P<0.01) and brain (2.2-fold, P<0.01) area under the drug concentration vs time curve (AUC), but did not alter the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio. SERT did not significantly change the plasma AUC of RISP and 9-hydroxy-RISP, but increased the brain AUC of RISP and 9-hydroxy-RISP 1.5-fold (P<0.05) and 5-fold (P<0.01), respectively. RISP did not produce significant alterations of plasma or brain concentrations of BUP. It increased the plasma AUC and elimination half-life (T 1/2e) of desmethyl-SERT 12.5-fold (P<0.01) and 107-fold (P<0.01), respectively. These results suggest that pharmacokinetic interactions exist among these three psychoactive drugs involving inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes and/or P-gp and other drug transporters present in the BBB. The mechanisms and consequences of these interactions require further study in humans to establish clinical relevance.
Mass spectroscopy of recoiled ion investigation of electrode segregation effects during the initial stages of SrBi2Ta2O9 film growth

Abstract The thermodynamic stability of Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si, Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si, Pt/Ta/SiO2/Si, Ir/SiO2/Si, and RuO2/SiO2/Si electrode layers has been studied using mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions (MSRI), a new technique which provides monolayer-specific in situ surface analysis under conditions of modest oxygen partial pressures required for oxide film growth using sputter-deposition. Results of the initial stages of growth of SrBi2Ta2O9 films on the various substrates listed above are presented also. It is found that the initial growth of SrBi2Ta2O9 films strongly depends on the composition of the bottom electrode surface, on diffusion and segregation processes, and the presence of reactive species on the electrode surface.
Uhl's Anomaly A Case Report

The authors present a patient with Uhl's anomaly and discuss the management over a twenty-year period.
A new in vitro, live-cell imaging methodology to assess efficacy of contact lens care solutions against acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites

fluorescence microscope to identify levels of hyperfluorescence in the dead cell population. Results: The maximum levels of cell death were detected after treatmentwith rotenone andBKC,with the proportion of dead cells being 80% and 98%, respectively. The staining profiles of individual cells showed that hyperfluorescence did not occur extensively in dead cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that cellular hyperfluorescence is not necessarily indicative of cell damage and that it may reflect a simple cellular uptake of fluorescein by cells with intact cell membranes. The absence of hyperfluorescence in lysed cells may be due to a loss ofmembrane integrity or the lack ofmetabolic energy, both of which occur in cell death.
Sediment Transport Model Validation in Lake Michigan

Abstract A multiple sediment type, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model was applied to Lake Michigan to simulate conditions during the Spring 2000 resuspension event. Model predictions were compared to data gathered by the EEGLE project including turbidity and downward mass flux. The model predictions for turbidity compared well to observed data, especially in capturing the distinctive peaks in turbidity due to advection that occurred in the area of the resuspension feature. The advection peaks seemed tied to the presence of a highly-resuspendable pool of sediments that was transported by weaker winds during early Spring 2000. The model predictions at depths of 40 m in the area of the resuspension feature were more problematic, as the observed data in one location showed a significant turbidity peak at the time of maximum winds. The model underestimated turbidity at that particular location, yet model predictions of a very similar turbidity peak were seen at a similar depth. The different turbidity predictions at these locations were due to underestimation of offshore flow by the hydrodynamic model. The model generally underestimated downward mass flux, though the predictions for the time-intervals that included the time of peak winds and the following week were good to excellent. These intervals generally showed the highest downward mass flux. This work highlights the importance of multiple sediment types, their associated critical shear stresses for resuspension, and the presence of a very easily resuspendable sediment layer. The availability of comprehensive data set was also important.
Apoptosis in batch cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

One of the main problems in the culture of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells continues to be the inability to maintain the viability of the cultures over an extended period of time. The rapid decline in viability at the end of the culture is exacerbated by the absence of serum. In trying to reduce the extent of death in these cultures, we first tried to determine the mode of death. We found that more than 80% of the cells in a standard serum-free batch culture of CHO cells in suspension died via apoptosis--as evidenced by condensed chromatin and the appearance of a characteristic DNA ladder. Furthermore, when protein synthesis was inhibited using cycloheximide, the cells underwent rapid apoptosis indicating that death proteins were present in greater abundance than survival proteins in our CHO cells. Cell lysate from CHO cells showed evidence of cysteine protease (caspase) activity. Caspases of the Interleukin-1-beta-Converting Enzyme (ICE) family, e.g., CPP32, Mch-1, etc., have been implicated in the apoptotic process. Surprisingly, a caspase peptide inhibitor, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoro-methyl-ketone (z-VAD.fmk), was unable to substantially extend the life of a serum-free batch culture of CHO cells. In addition, z-VAD.fmk was only marginally able to extend viability in response to withdrawal of growth and survival factors, insulin and transferrin. In both these instances, z-VAD.fmk was able to prevent cleavage of caspase substrates, but not protect cells from death. However, we found that bcl-2 expression was able to significantly extend viabilities in CHO batch culture. Bcl-2 expression also substantially extended the viability of cultures in response to insulin and transferrin withdrawal. These results provide interesting insights into the pathways of death in a CHO cell.
Optimization analysis of the four-level-time schemes

A procedure was implemented to determine some optimum values for the parameters of the four-level-time scheme which can be utilized for the numerical solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. A multi-variable search method was employed to estimate these optimum parameters. Two different optimization studies were performed. The resultant optimum four-level-time schemes produced very accurate results, satisfied physical reality, and did not produce any oscillations for the specific problems that were studied. The optimum values for the three parameters α, β and γ in the four-level-time scheme were α = 16.72, β = 6.26 and γ = 2.46. The optimum value of θ for the Wilson-θ method was θ = 1.42. The optimum schemes were compared to some existing four-level-time schemes. The outcome demonstrated that the optimum schemes were superior. The Houbolt method and the Galerkin weighting procedure were shown to have greater inaccuracies than the optimum schemes.
Do prosocial motives have any business in business

Challenging the assumption that the only motive in business is egoism (self-interest), four distinct potential prosocial motives are identified: egoism, collectivism, altruism, and principlism. It is suggested that each of these motives may, under certain nonextraordinary conditions, operate in business settings. None is a sure-fire source of ethical business practices, however. Each may at times lead to action that makes more people better off and fewer people worse off; each may also lead to action that does the opposite.
Single-Molecule Analysis of the Functional Structure of Telomerase RNP

Telomerase is a cellular ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex comprised of telomerase RNA, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and other protein cofactors. The activity of the telomerase enzyme is essential for the maintenance of genome stability and normal cell development. Despite the biomedical importance of telomerase activity, detailed structural models for the enzyme remain to be established. Here we report the development and application of a single-molecule assay for direct structural analysis of catalytically active telomerase enzymes. In this assay, oligonucleotide hybridization was used to probe the primer-extension activity of individual telomerase enzymes with single nucleotide sensitivity, allowing precise discrimination between inactive, active and processive enzyme binding events. FRET signals from individual enzyme molecules during the active and processive binding events were then used to determine the global organization of telomerase RNA within catalytically active holoenzymes. Using this assay, we have identified an active conformation of telomerase among a heterogeneous population of enzymes with distinct structures. In particular, we have established that the phylogenetically conserved pseudoknot motif within telomerase RNA is properly folded in catalytically active enzymes. Interestingly, the pseudoknot motif is misfolded in the absence of proteins, and the protein subunits of the telomerase holoenzyme counteract RNA misfolding and allow a significant fraction of the RNPs to form the pseudoknot structure. Only those RNP complexes containing a properly folded pseudoknot are catalytically active. These results not only demonstrate the functional importance of various telomerase RNA regions such as the pseudoknot but also establish a direct method for elucidating how the structure of telomerase enables its function.
Accelerating Single Iteration Performance of CUDA-Based 3D Reaction---Diffusion Simulations

The most commonly used approach for solving reaction---diffusion systems relies upon stencil computations. Although stencil computations feature low compute intensity, they place high demands on memory bandwidth. Fortunately, GPU computing allows for the heavy reliance of stencil computations on neighboring data points to be exploited to significantly increase simulation speeds by reducing these memory bandwidth demands. Upon reviewing previously published works, a wide-variety of efforts have been made to optimize NVIDIA CUDA-based stencil computations. However, a critical aspect contributing to algorithm performance is commonly glossed over: the halo region loading technique utilized in conjunction with a given spatial blocking technique. This paper presents an in-depth examination of this aspect and the associated single iteration performance impacts when using symmetric, nearest neighbor 19-point stencils. This is accomplished by closely examining how the simulated space is partitioned into thread blocks and the balance between memory accesses, divergence, and computing threads. The resulting optimization strategy for accelerating 3-dimensional reaction---diffusion simulations offers up to 2.45 times speedup for single-precision floating point numbers in reference to GPU-based speedups found within the previously published work that this paper directly extends. In reference to our multithreaded CPU-based implementation, the resulting optimization strategy offers up to 8.69 times speedup for single-precision floating point numbers.
Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of Pulmonary Nodules: Impact of Nodule Size on Diagnostic Accuracy

Abstract Purpose This study was undertaken to compare the diagnostic accuracy and complication rate of computed tomography (CT)—guided percutaneous lung biopsies of lung nodules ≤ 1.5 cm versus > 1.5 cm in diameter. Patients and Methods A total of 139 patients (age range, 18-89 years; mean, 62.5 years) underwent CT-guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy or 20-gauge core biopsy using an automated biopsy gun. In 37 patients, the lung nodule measured ≤ 1.5 cm (mean, 1.1 cm), and in 102 patients, the lung nodule was > 1.5 cm (mean, 2.8 cm). Diagnostic accuracy was determined by cytopathology results. Major and minor complications were documented. Results Overall diagnostic accuracy, pneumothorax rate, and thoracostomy tube insertion rates were 67.6%, 34.5%, and 5%, respectively. Of the 98 patients with malignancy, 77 patients (78.6%) had a definite diagnostic biopsy. Overall, nodules > 1.5 cm were statistically more likely to result in a diagnostic specimen (73.5%) than nodules ≤ 1.5 cm (51.4%; P = .012). Similarly, diagnostic accuracy for malignancy was higher in nodules > 1.5 cm than in those ≤ 1.5 cm (81.3% vs. 69.6%); however, this was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between nodule size and the incidence of complications. Conclusion Overall, diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy of lung nodules ≤ 1.5 cm is slightly lower than that of nodules > 1.5 cm. However, the diagnostic accuracy for malignancy is high in both groups, with a low risk of complications