cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tranexamic Acid Was Not Associated with Increased Complications in High-Risk Patients with Hip Fracture Undergoing Arthroplasty

Background Tranexamic acid (TXA) is considered safe and efficacious for elective total joint arthroplasty. However, evidence of TXA's safety in high-risk patients with hip fracture requiring nonelective arthroplasty has been lacking. This study aimed to assess whether TXA administration to high-risk patients with a hip fracture requiring arthroplasty increased the risk of thrombotic complications or mortality. Methods All patients who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) for displaced femoral neck fractures between 2011 and 2019 at 4 sites within 1 hospital system were retrospectively identified. Patients were grouped by risk (high-risk or low-risk) and TXA treatment (with or without TXA). Propensity scores were used for risk adjustment in comparisons between surgery with and without TXA for only the high-risk group (n = 1,066) and the entire population (n = 2,166). Differences in the occurrence of postoperative mortality, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke within 90 days of hip arthroplasty were evaluated. Results TXA administration was not associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications or mortality within 90 days in either high-risk or all-patient groups. Specifically, among 1,066 matched high-risk patients who did not or did receive TXA, there were no significant differences in mortality (14.82% and 10.00%; p = 0.295), deep venous thrombosis (3.56% and 3.04%; p = 0.440), pulmonary embolism (2.44% and 1.96%; p = 0.374), myocardial infarction (3.38% and 2.14%; p = 0.704), or stroke (4.32% and 5.71%; p = 0.225). Conclusions In our review of 1,066 propensity-matched high-risk patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures, we found that TXA administration (compared with no TXA administration) was not associated with an increased risk of mortality, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Circulatory interfaces: Perpetuating power through practices, content, and positionality

Abstract As circulation is a type of writing that functions as a habit of citizenship, it has important ethical implications for the power element of social justice. However, the act of circulation cannot be separated from the interfaces in which it is embedded, nor can it be separated from the interfaces which circulate, as those interfaces also perpetuate and produce power dynamics. In this article, I explore the intersection of interfaces and circulation through two computer interfaces and one printed interface. Ultimately, interfaces can create normative circulatory (1) practices, (2) content, and (3) positions. They produce norms about who circulates what information and how people circulate that information. In particular, I examine the Coronavirus Communication Toolkit and the Interactive Coronavirus Prevention Flyer Builder on the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's website as they created norms for circulating pre-existing content, obscured culpability, brought users into mutually transformative ideological assemblages, and maintained power relationships as secondary interfaces circulated and interpellated individuals. I end with heuristic questions for designers and suggestions for future research.
Bending of Sandwich Plates with Large Deflections

A complete solution for a rectangular sandwich plate with isotropic core is presented which uses large deflection theory. The plate is simply supported on all edges and subjected to uniform normal pressure. The governing differential equations for finite deflections of a sandwich plate with isotropic core have already been derived by E. Reissner. The solution of the equations presented herein is in terms of trigonometric series. The first six terms of the series are considered, thus yielding a system of six cubic equations. The equations are solved by digital computer and the results are presented in the form of charts.
The Character of the Questions and the Fitness of the Process: Mental Health, Bar Admissions and the Americans With Disabilities Act

During the decade since the Americans With Disabilities Act went into effect, mental health inquiries by bar examining committees have engendered intense controversy. Courts have reached no clear consensus as to what, if any, questions about mental illness or substance abuse may be posed by licensing agencies. The trend has been towards a form of "relaxed scrutiny" that authorizes inquiries as long as they are focused on serious conditions that may interfere with practice, and are reasonably tailored in scope and time. This article examines the implications of allowing disability inquiries in the lawyer licensing process. The Article begins with a case study of one jurisdiction's mental health screening, and the stories of three bar applicants with mental disabilities who have been affected by it. After analyzing the premises of different judicial approaches in applying Title II of the ADA to mental health inquiries, the author examines whether the "narrow" mental health questions that many jurisdictions have adopted, focusing on conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse, can be justified. In a discussion that draws on the psychiatric literature concerning mental disorders and treatment, the author concludes that many of the questions currently in use cannot be justified under the ADA, even under the premises of "relaxed scrutiny." The remainder of the article addresses the need for changes in the bar admissions process if inquiries into applicants' disabilities are to be allowed. The ADA is concerned not only with outcomes, but also with the processes by which decisions are made. This can be seen most clearly in Title I of the ADA, which regulates employment. Title I allows employers to make certain disability-based inquiries, but only if the selection process is structured in a way that minimizes stigma and the risk of discriminatory treatment. Title II of the ADA is less explicit, but its concept of "discrimination" is properly understood to encompass similar process-based protections. The bar admissions process, as currently structured, is ill-suited to handle disability information. A section of this article is devoted to a close examination of how the structure, functions and history of bar admissions boards, combined with the particularly stigmatizing nature of the disabilities that have been singled out for scrutiny, create serious dangers of demeaning treatment in the bar admissions process. Even if only "narrow" disability questions are allowed, and nearly all applicants who answer "yes" are ultimately admitted, many applicants with disabilities will experience the process as discriminatory. The author argues that the ADA should be construed to prohibit bar examining boards from asking any questions about disability unless the process is restructured in a way that minimizes stigma and the risk of discriminatory treatment. The final section of the article proposes specific reforms to accomplish this goal.
Extending Working Evnrironments for the Development of Reactive/Adaptive Systems with Intelligent Controls

It is very common for reactive/adaptive systems to face a situation where the system has to make a choice among a set of possible contending reactions. Several events may occur simultaneously and an intelligent choice is crucial. Moreover, this intelligent choice might depend on system mode or some data values. Race controls are those controls that enable an intelligent choice.
DESENHO DE CARGOS DO PROFISSIONAL DE RECURSOS HUMANOS E SUA RELAÇÃO COM UM MODELO FUNCIONALISTA DE GESTÃO

Cliente 0 0 2010-11-16T20:27:00Z 2010-11-16T20:27:00Z 1 205 1174 Unisinos 9 2 1377 14.0 Normal 0 false false false PT-BR JA X-NONE O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as caracteristicas do desenho de cargos do profissional de Recursos Humanos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nas ofertas publicas de emprego do Jornal Zero Hora e como essas caracteristicas relacionam-se com um modelo funcionalista de gestao. Para tal foram levantados dados atraves de ofertas publicas de emprego anunciadas no Jornal Zero Hora RS, durante os meses de marco, abril e maio/2013. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem qualitativa com enfoque exploratorio, analisados 34 anuncios e amostra ajustada de 9 anuncios. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que atualmente as organizacoes buscam profissionais com diferentes formacoes, saberes acumulados, bem como caracteristicas pessoais de lideranca, empatia, motivacao, de comunicacao e de desenvolvimento. Tais evidencias demonstram o quanto as caracteristicas dos desenhos de cargos das funcoes de Recursos Humanos estao embasadas em modelos funcionalistas de gestao. Tal entendimento se deve a visao das competencias requeridas como instaveis e com necessidade de constantes provas de adequacao da capacidade do trabalhador a sua funcao, em um entendimento utilitarista. Isso faz com que o trabalhador seja responsabilizado individualmente por seu crescimento e tendo que provar sua capacidade laboral em funcao da sua utilidade para a consecucao dos objetivos organizacionais. DOI: 10.18226/23190639.v1n3.05
Coupled photonic crystal microcavity array laser

We designed a new laser composed of two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays. In these structures we have observed single mode lasing with power conversion efficiency 10 times better than a single microcavity laser
Human Rights in the Constitutional Law of the United States: Introduction

The title of my new book references the subject matter that has been my principal scholarly obsession since the beginning of my academic career: Human Rights in the Constitutional Law of the United States.In the book -- the introduction to which is available here for download -- I elaborate three internationally recognized human rights, each of which, as I explain, is entrenched in the constitutional law of the United States: the right not to be subjected to “cruel and unusual” punishment, the right to moral equality, and the right to religious and moral freedom. I then pursue three inquiries: Does punishing a criminal by killing him violate the right not to be subjected to “cruel and unusual” punishment? Does excluding same-sex couples from civil marriage violate the right to moral equality or the right to religious and moral freedom? Does criminalizing abortion violate the right to moral equality or the right to religious and moral freedom?I also pursue a fourth inquiry: In exercising judicial review of a certain sort -- judicial review to determine whether a law (or other public policy) claimed to violate a constitutionally entrenched human right does in fact violate the right -- should the Supreme Court of the United States inquire whether in its own judgment the law violates the right? Or, instead, should the Court proceed deferentially, inquiring only whether the lawmakers’ judgment that the law does not violate the right is a reasonable one? In short, how large/small a role should the Court play in protecting (enforcing) constitutionally entrenched human rights?I have long been engaged by, and have before written about, questions such as those I address in this book: questions about the implications of constitutionally entrenched human rights -- and the question about the proper role of the Supreme Court in adjudicating such questions. (The title of my first book, published in 1982: The Constitution, the Courts, and Human Rights.) Indeed, I have before written about each of the three constitutional controversies at the heart of this book: capital punishment, same-sex marriage, and abortion. Because I was not satisfied with my earlier efforts, I decided to revisit the controversies.I have recently posted to SSRN two papers that draw on material from the book: The Morality of Human Rights (June 2013), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2274381; Freedom of Conscience as Religious and Moral Freedom (July 2013), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2287436.
A Review of “The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development, and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present”

In The Right Kind of Revolution, Michael Latham surveys the history of foreign economic development projects, tracing the rise and fall of modernization theory through the twentieth century and int...
Bioethics and Disability: Toward a Disability-Conscious Bioethics

1. The struggle: disability rights versus bioethics 2. Clashing perspectives and a call for reconciliation 3. Infancy 4. Childhood 5. The reproductive years 6. Adulthood 7. The end of life 8. Toward a disability-conscious bioethics.
Implementation rules for fiscal dec·entralization

Rule #1 Fiscal decentralization should be viewed as a comprehensive system.Rule #2 Finance follows function.Rule #3There must be a strong central ability to monitor and evaluate decentralization.Rule #4 One intergovernmental system does not fit the urban and the rural sector. Rule #5 Fiscal decentralization requires significant local government taxing powers.Rule #6 Central governments must keep the fiscal decentralization rules that they make .Rule #7 Keep it simple. Rule #8 The design of the intergovernmental transfer system should match the objectives of the decentralization reform .Rule #9 Fiscal decentralization should consider all three levels of government. Rule #10 Impose a hard budget constraint. Rule #11 Recognize that intergovernmental systems are always in transition and plan for this. Rule #12 There must be a champion for fiscal decentralization .
The impact of regulatory costs on small firms

This research updates and delineates thedisproportionality of federal regulations' cost burden on small business. Thereport divides federal regulations into four categories: economic, workplace,environmental, and tax compliance. The two main components of economicregulation are estimated separately. The estimated costs of economic regulations affecting international tradeare mainly derived from the report issued by the U.S. International TradeCommission in 2004. Other data are from the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development, with gaps in the baseline filled with Office ofManagement and Budget (OMB) estimates. The costs of workplace regulations are based on updated estimates from astudy by Johnson (Office of Advocacy, 2005). Environmental regulationsestimates are mainly based on OMB reports. Tax compliance costs are based on the 2002 report from the Tax Foundation.The allocation of costs across employment classes was derived from census datapublished by the Office of Advocacy. In the face of higher costs of federal regulations, findings show that smallbusinesses continue to bear a disproportionate share of the federal regulatoryburden, totaling $1.1 trillion or $7,647 per employee for firms with fewer thantwenty employees. (Abstract compiled from introductory matter)
A Study of an Empirical Equation for the Evaluation of Separation Efficiency in Chromatography

Abstract An empirical equation has been developed to evaluate chromatographic separation efficiency. This equation can be expressed as the product of a “separation” term, a “capacity” term and an “alignment between peaks” term. It can be shown that this equation is insensitive to other column or separation parameters. Its sensitivity depends only upon the resolution between peaks. This in turn allows the linking of the equation with any column or separation parameter during the optimization process as a response function. The utility of this equation has been extensively tested with the aid of computer-simulated overlapping peaks. This method is applicable to any separation technique that is based upon separation of compounds due to differences in partitioning between the stationary and mobile phases (column chromatography, HPLC, counter-current distribution, etc.). This equation can also be used to evaluate the quantity of each separated or overlapped compound giving a true picture of separation efficiency.
Augmentation index and aortic stiffness in bicuspid aortic valve patients with non-dilated proximal aortas

We compared aortic stiffness, aortic impedance and pressure from wave reflections in the setting of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) to the tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) in the absence of proximal aortic dilation. We hypothesized BAV is associated with abnormal arterial stiffness. Ten BAV subjects (47 ± 4 years, 6 male) and 13 TAV subjects (46 ± 4 years, 10 male) without significant aortic valve disease were prospectively recruited. Characteristic impedance (Zc) was derived from echocardiographic images and pulse wave Doppler of the left ventricular outflow tract. Applanation tonometry was performed to obtain pulse wave velocity (PWV) at several sites as measures of arterial stiffness and augmentation index (AIx) as a measure of wave reflection. There were no significant differences between BAV and TAV subjects with regard to heart rate or blood pressure. Zc was similar between BAV and TAV subjects (p=0.25) as was carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and carotid-radial PWV (cr-PWV) between BAV and TAV subjects (p=0.99). Carotid AIx was significantly higher in BAV patients compared with TAV patients (14.3 ± 4.18% versus -3.02 ± 3.96%, p=0.007). Aortic stiffness and impedance is similar between subjects with BAV and TAV with normal aortic dimensions. The significantly higher carotid AIx in BAV, a proxy of increased pressure from wave reflections, may reflect abnormal vascular function distal to the aorta.
Moisture Effects on Copper Thin Film Adhesion

The effects of moisture on copper thin film adhesion have been investigated using a modified version of the superlayer indentation test. Copper films up to 100 nm thick were sputter deposited on thermally oxidized silicon wafers. A 1 μm tungsten superlayer with 1 GPa compressive residual stress was sputter deposited on top of Cu films, providing extra energy for interfacial debonding upon indentation. The samples were first indented to a depth just greater than the thickness of the W/Cu bi-layer and then unloaded. Water was introduced to the indent, and a second higher load indent was made in the exact same location as the first one to drive crack propagation in the wet environment. For the indents made to the same maximum load, there was a dramatic increase in blister size in the wet environment compared to the blister size in the dry environment. Copper film adhesion in the presence of water was up to 20 times lower than in the dry environment (0.1 J/m2 vs. 2 J/m2 ). Chemical reactions at the crack tip along with the surface energy minimization by water are thought to be the causes for the adhesion reduction.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Gradual and tapered overflow and underflow: A functional differential equation and its approximation

A modified structure for floating-point representation, which can essentially eliminate overflow from floating-point calculations, is analyzed. The main part of the paper deals with a computational examination of a model for floating-point exponents and the probabilities of overflow and underflow. Earlier results in the absence of gradual underflow are presented for comparison but the primary focus is on the effect of gradual underflow, a version of gradual overflow, and of a proposal for an extended treatment of these exceptions which we call tapered overflow and underflow. The latter virtually eliminates the exceptions; its overflow threshold is 10^6^0^0^0^0^0^0^0^0. This paper reviews several models for the distribution of exponents of floating-point numbers and their evolution in the presence of repeated multiplicative operations. A continuous model, which closely approximates the discrete case, is seen to satisfy a functional differential equation with both delay and advance terms.
Radioisotopic exchange between chlorine gas and molten PbCl sub 2 -KCl.

Cl gas solubility in molten lead chloride- potassium chloride mixtures, temperature and KCl concentration dependence and existence of exchange process
SUCCESSFUL ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE CULTURE OF JUVENILE LOBSTERS

Purified and semipurified diets yielding good growth and survival of lobsters (Homarus americanus) have been developed. Growth of animals fed the semipurified diet for 18 months at 20±1°C indicates that market size (.5 kg) could be attained within 2.5 years. The semipurified diet contains 53% (dry weight) protein using casein, shrimp meal, gluten, and egg white as different protein sources. Substitution of these particular sources of protein with soy protein, shrimp protein, a soy protein-shrimp meal combination, or bacterial cell protein caused significant reductions in growth. Similar growth can be achieved when the protein level of the semipurified diet is reduced to 30.5%. It appears that if specific protein and energy requirements are met, diets containing low protein levels can be nutritionally adequate for optimal growth, thereby increasing the possibility of cost-effective diets for intensive lobster culture.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Basicity of Phosphino(silyl)carbenes

The reactivity of phosphino(trimethylsilyl)carbenes 1 with several organic acids has been examined in order to evaluate the pKa values of the conjugate acids. Carbenes 1 react efficiently with C-organic acids such as 1,3-dimesitylimidazolium chloride, phenylacetylene, acetonitrile, and acetyltrimethylsilane, which have pKa's in DMSO in the range 18−31. However, the reaction of the conjugate acids 1H+ with the anion perturbs the determination of the genuine basicity of 1. Theoretical calculations have been performed in order to quantify the basicity of phosphino(trimethylsilyl)carbenes 1 and to compare them with that of N-heterocyclic carbenes 2. The pKa of 1H+ in DMSO has been computed to be in the 23.0−23.4 range, so that 1 is not strong enough as a base to spontaneously deprotonate organic acids such as phenylacetylene, acetonitrile, or acetyltrimethylsilane. However, its conjugate acid 1H+ is a strong electrophile and easily reacts with the nucleophilic conjugate bases of these acids leading to the for...
Schottky diodes with high breakdown voltages

Abstract The methods of increasing the breakdown voltages in silicon Schottky diodes is presented. In addition to a guarding ring, screen-diffusion regions were introduced. In this manner, the electrical field near the Schottky contact was lowered and, as a result, higher breakdown voltages were obtained. By using this method, the breakdown voltage can be increased by a factor of 3–5. However, a large device area is required for the same Schottky contact area and, therefore, the junction parasitic capacitance is greater.
ESCA Studies of Laminated Safety Glass and Correlations with Measured Adhesive Forces

Abstract Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analyses (ESCA) has been used to examine surfaces of safety glass specimens. These specimens consisted of tin float glass laminated with plasticized polyvinyl butyral. ESCA was used to characterize the glass surface after the plasticized polyvinyl butyral had been peeled away. The results show clearly that the specimens fail cohesively and a layer of the plasticized polyvinyl butyral is left on the glass surface. The thickness of this layer was measured and was found to be directly proportional to the force of adhesion, measured as 90° peel strength.
Refining the Construct of Classroom-Based Writing-From-Readings Assessment: The Role of Task Representation

This article argues that task representation should be considered as part of the construct of classroom-based academic writing. Task representation is a process that writers move through when creating a unique mental model of the requirements for each new writing task they encounter. Writers' task representations evolve throughout the composing process and continue to change even after a writing assignment is submitted for evaluation. The article presents data from an ethnographic study of an argumentative writing-from-readings assignment given in an academic writing class. The data show that the task representations of the four participants heavily influenced the form and substance of their final written products. It was particularly difficult for these second-language writers to interpret task cues emanating from the teacher and context to understand the boundaries of the writing-from-sources task and construct appropriate task representations. Consequently, two received a score of 0% for plagiarism and...
Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: A case report

With data from the Women's Health Initiative indicating that estrogen plus progesterone are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, many patients and practitioners are looking for alternative therapies to manage menopausal symptoms. One alternative is black cohosh, an herbal product used primarily to treat these symptoms. In recent years there have been several case reports associating this substance with hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure. We present a case of a woman who developed hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation from the use of this herb.
Differential Efficacy of Home Monitoring and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Decreasing Children's Maladaptive Nighttime Fears

A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of brief cognitive-behavioral interventions for treating childhood nighttime fears. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether behavior changes could be initiated and maintained with home monitoring and reinforcement alone. Sixteen children, ages 6 to 11, with severe, disruptive nighttime fears were assigned to either a group receiving only reinforcement and home monitoring or a group receiving reinforcement and home monitoring plus an additional skills component. Results reveal that both groups show a significant reduction in the intensity and frequency of nighttime fears. However, only the group receiving the full treatment package maintained these gains over time.
Role of leukocyte depletion in noncholinergic bronchoconstriction of guinea pigs.

Abstract To test the role of leukocytes in the activation of afferent C-fibers in the lung, 33 guinea pigs, 18 control and 15 experimental or leukocyte depleted, were used. The leukocyte depletion was accomplished with an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) 96 h prior to the study. On the day of the study, bronchial constriction was produced either by exsanguination (n = 17) or by capsaicin injection (16 μg/kg, i.v.) (n = 16) in anesthetized-paralyzed animals. Venous blood samples were collected for leukocyte counts. At 1–30 min following the above treatment, the maximal expiratory flow maneuver was performed and a decrease in the maximal expiratory flow at 50% baseline total lung capacity (zmax50) was used as an index of bronchoconstriction. The leukocyte count decreased significantly following the pretreatment with cyclophosphamide [an average of 6217 ± 612 (control) vs. 2242 ± 334/mm3 (experimental)]. Exsanguination caused a gradual decrease in Vmax50 with time, indicating a temporal increase in bronchoconstriction. Capsaicin injection, on the other hand, caused an immediate (1 min) marked bronchoconstriction, which attenuated gradually with time. At a specific time point, leukocyte depletion did not produce any significant change in Vmax50 compared to the control group for both types of bronchoconstrictions. Based on these results, we conclude that leukocytes may play an insignificant role in the bronchoconstriction caused by the activation of afferent C-fibers in guinea pig lungs under our experimental conditions.
Elastic Moduli of Ultrathin Amorphous Polymer Films

The elastic moduli of ultrathin poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films of thickness ranging from 200 nm to 5 nm were investigated using a buckling-based metrology. Below 40 nm, the apparent modulus of the PS and PMMA films decreases dramatically, with an order of magnitude decrease compared to bulk values for the thinnest films measured. We can account for the observed decrease in apparent modulus by applying a composite model based on the film having a surface layer with a reduced modulus and of finite thickness. The observed decrease in the apparent modulus highlights issues in mechanical stability and robustness of sub-40 nm polymer films and features.
Implementing QALYs in the Analysis of Air Pollution Regulations

In recent years, there has been growing interest in cost-effectiveness analysis for environmental regulations using quality-adjusted life years as the measure of effectiveness. This paper explores the implications of the QALY approach for measuring the impacts of air pollution regulations, with an example using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Heavy Duty Engine/Diesel Fuel regulations. The paper also examines the issues surrounding the potential use of QALY measures in cost-benefit analysis for air pollution regulations. Key findings are that, compared with a cost-benefit approach, the QALY framework gives more weight to reductions in incidence of chronic disease relative to reductions in premature mortality risk, especially when the mortality risk reductions occur in older populations. In addition, use of monetized QALYs in cost-benefit analysis is not recommended, due to fundamental differences in the theoretical grounding of the different measures. However, application of monetized QALYs based on age-specific willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions gives very similar results to typical cost-benefit analysis for mortality risk reductions, as opposed to using values for QALYs based on non-age specific WTP. The paper concludes that in cases where mortality provide the majority of a regulation’s impacts, QALY based cost-effectiveness analysis and WTP based cost-benefit analysis may not differ in their conclusions. However, in cases where morbidity or non-health outcomes are significant, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis may result in different evaulations of the efficiency of the regulation.
Optical detection of the quantization of collective atomic motion.

We directly measure the quantized collective motion of a gas of thousands of ultracold atoms, coupled to light in a high-finesse optical cavity. We detect strong asymmetries, as high as $3\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$, in the intensity of light scattered into low- and high-energy motional sidebands. Owing to high cavity-atom cooperativity, the optical output of the cavity contains a spectroscopic record of the energy exchanged between light and motion, directly quantifying the heat deposited by a quantum position measurement's backaction. Such backaction selectively causes the phonon occupation of the observed collective modes to increase with the measurement rate. These results, in addition to providing a method for calibrating the motion of low-occupation mechanical systems, offer new possibilities for investigating collective modes of degenerate gases and for diagnosing optomechanical measurement backaction.
Pointwise Green's function estimates toward stability for multidimensional fourth-order viscous shock fronts

Abstract For the case of multidimensional viscous conservation laws with fourth-order smoothing only, we develop detailed pointwise estimates on the Green's function for the linear fourth-order convection equation that arises upon linearization of the conservation law about a viscous planar wave solution. As in previous analyses in the case of second-order smoothing, our estimates are sufficient to establish that spectral stability implies nonlinear stability, though the full development of this result will be considered in a companion paper.
Virtual Ventilator: a Win32 application to teach the principles of mechanical ventilation.

Instruction within the veterinary curriculum in many disciplines has traditionally relied upon use of animal intensive laboratories to teach the effects of a technique, procedure or treatment on a living patient. Due to concerns raised about live animal usage in teaching, many veterinary training programs have introduced static models or mannequins into their curricula to facilitate teaching the mechanics of a task such as suturing a wound. Such models, while valuable, provide little feedback to the student as to how poorly the wound will heal if sutured improperly. The practice of clinical anesthesia is in large part concerned with feed back. The response of the patient to anesthetic drugs and techniques dictates how the drugs and techniques will be applied to the individual patient. A static model may suffice when teaching the technique of endotracheal intubation, but clearly ‘patient’ response is invaluable when teaching how one should respond to inadequate ventilation. The Virtual Ventilator (RD Keegan, Moscow, ID, USA) application attempts to combine the simplicity of a static model with user feed back to provide the student a realistic model/simulation of connecting patient to a mechanical ventilator. Virtual Ventilator is a 32-bit application designed for a PC running either Windows 95, 98 or NT (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). The Virtual Ventilator main screen depicts a ventilator bellows, several ventilator controls that are manipulated using the mouse and several digital/analog displays. The student adjusts ventilator settings using the controls while the displays and the position and movement of the bellows provide feedback as to the effects the chosen ventilator settings are having on the patient and on the ventilator itself. A split window permits viewing the patient's capnograph concurrently with the ventilator settings. Student evaluations have indicated that the application has been useful as a training tool to facilitate subsequent live animal anesthesia laboratories using mechanical ventilation.
Scattering of K + Particles

An experiment has been performed to investigate the relative probability of scattering of ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ mesons. If, as is thought on the basis of the analysis of Dalitz and others, these particles differ in spin-parity properties, they may be expected to have different scattering cross sections, and the relative proportions of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ mesons in a beam of scattered $K$ particles would differ from their relative proportions in a beam of directly-produced particles. In the present experiment, a measurement was made of the composition of a ${K}^{+}$-particle beam in which it is estimated that more than \ensuremath{\sim}75% of the particles had undergone scattering. Comparison with other results on the composition of beams consisting predominantly of directly-produced particles indicates that the relative numbers of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ mesons are unchanged, within \ensuremath{\sim}30%. The results are therefore consistent with the assumption that the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ are the same particle.
Bactericidal activity of tripotassium phosphate and potassium oleate on the native flora of poultry skin

Abstract The ability of solutions of tripotassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ) and potassium oleate to reduce the population of the native bacterial flora of poultry skin was examined. Skin from commercial broiler carcasses was washed in solutions of K 3 PO 4 , potassium oleate, or K 3 PO 4 and oleic acid then rinsed in peptone-water. Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter , and enterococci in the rinsates and the washed skin were enumerated on the appropriate bacteriological media. Washing skin in solutions of K 3 PO 4 significantly reduced the number of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacter recovered from rinsates of poultry skin, but did not effect the number of aerobic bacteria and enterococci recovered. Washing poultry skin in mixtures containing both K 3 PO 4 and potassium oleate significantly reduced the number of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter , and enterococci recovered in samples of skin rinsates and in blended suspensions of skin. In vitro inhibition studies showed that K 3 PO 4 is primarily bactericidal towards Gram-negative bacteria, while potassium oleate is bactericidal toward Gram-positive bacteria. Findings indicate that mixtures of phosphates and fatty acids are effective bactericides that can reduce the number of bacteria found on poultry skin.
Hydrologic processes in China and their association with summer precipitation anomalies

A climate version of MM5 is applied to study hydrologic processes in China and their association with precipitation anomalies in 1980 and 1985, which are two anomalous years with opposite signs of summer precipitation anomalies. The study reveals that anomalous atmospheric moisture transport due to synoptic scale circulation was primarily responsible for initiating the anomalous wet (dry) summer in south-central China and dry (wet) summer in northeastern China in 1980 (1985). The recycling ratio (defined as contribution of local evaporation to total precipitation) ranges from less than 4% in northwestern China to more than 30% in south-central China at 1000 km space scale. Higher (lower) values of recycling ratio correspond to drier (wetter) summers in south-central China and northeastern China. However, the opposite is true in northwestern China. The recycling ratio reflects feedback among hydrologic components over both land and atmosphere. In northwestern China, these feedbacks will further sustain drought events that are triggered by anomalous synoptic scale disturbances, and turn them into prolonged and possibly perpetual phenomenon. However, in south-central China and northeastern China, these feedbacks help reducing severity of drought. The large differences in recycling ratio between the dry and wet years of 1980 and 1985 are indicative of powerful feedback between hydrologic and climatic processes, and imply that surface-atmosphere interaction in China is highly sensitive to climatic perturbation.
On the capabilities of multilayer perceptrons

Abstract What is the smallest multilayer perceptron able to compute arbitrary and random functions? Previous results show that a net with one hidden layer containing N − 1 threshold units is capable of implementing an arbitrary dichotomy of N points. A construction is presented here for implementing an arbitrary dichotomy with one hidden layer containing [ N d ] units, for any set of N points in general position in d dimensions. This is in fact the smallest such net as dichotomies which cannot be implemented by any net with fewer units are described. Several constructions are presented of one-hidden-layer nets implementing arbitrary functions into the e-dimensional hypercube. One of these has only [ 4N d ][ e [ log 2 ( N d) ]] units in its hidden layer. Arguments based on a function counting theorem of Cover establish that any net implementing arbitrary functions must have at least Ne log 2 (N) weights, so that no net with one hidden layer containing less than Ne/(d log2(N)) units will suffice. Simple counts also show that if the weights are only allowed to assume one of ng possible values, no net with fewer than Ne log 2 (n g ) weights will suffice. Thus the gain coming from using real valued synapses appears to be only logarithmic. The circuit implementing functions into the e hypercube realizes such logarithmic gains. Since the counting arguments limit below only the number of weights, the possibility is suggested that, if suitable restrictions are imposed on the input vector set to avoid topological obstructions, two-hidden-layer nets with O(N) weights but only O(√N) threshold units might suffice for arbitrary dichotomies. Interesting and potentially sufficient restrictions include (a) if the vectors are binary, i.e., lie on the d hypercube or (b) if they are randomly and uniformly selected from a bounded region.
Cellular differentiation and pattern formation during metamorphosis of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus.

Abstract The integument of Oncopeltus is very different in larvae and adults, and the transformation is sensitive to juvenile hormone. The effects of a synthetic juvenile hormone analog on cellular metamorphosis (here regarded as an example of cellular differentiation) were analyzed at two levels: 1. A. Effects on cuticle secreted by individual cells 1.1. 1. Potent doses (1.25 μg of the crude extract) when injected early in the last molt of Oncopeltus caused complete inhibition of metamorphosis and curtailed the molt cycle. 1.2. 2. After injection of the same dose at 27 and 49 hours after ecdysis, larval cuticle was formed; but injection at 64 and 74 hours produced a series of adult/larval intermediate insects whose abdominal integument consisted of intermediate cells. The whole insect was affected and the epidermal cells responded uniformly. A continuous series of integuments showing increasing cellular metamorphosis was obtained. 1.3. 3. When threshold doses (0.06 μg) of the hormone were injected early in the molt, only the epidermis was affected and the response of the epidermal cells was heterogeneous, resulting in mosaic insects. 2. B. Effects on the hair pattern During metamorphosis in Oncopeltus evenly spaced hairs develop. These structures are distinct from, and much denser than, the larval bristles. Their development is sensitive to the juvenile hormone. 2.1. 1. Injection of potent doses of juvenile hormone within a few hours of the previous ecdysis completely suppressed hair development. After this time and up until 64 hours after ecdysis hair development was only partially reduced, even though the cuticle secreted was completely larval by other criteria. There was no effect on hair density after 64 hours, even though the visible cytological events associated with hair differentiation do not begin until 70 hours. 2.2. 2. The intermediates could be arranged in a continuous series of increasing hair density. The uniformity of distribution was measured quantitatively and found to improve with density. 2.3. 3. Mitomycin C was injected and found to disrupt hair development independently from juvenile hormone, probably by direct interference with hair development. 2.4. 4. The hair and bristle pattern was analyzed quantitatively according to the method of Claxton (1964) : the results supported the adoption of the Wigglesworth model for bristle development as a working hypothesis. Within the terms of this model, the juvenile hormone was shown to maintain the threshold of epidermal cells to the bristle-forming substance, a threshold which falls during normal cellular metamorphosis. 2.5. 5. The process of cellular metamorphosis and differentiation in this system is considered to be a gradual one, which can be halted by juvenile hormone. The development of small numbers of evenly spaced hairs in intermediates is regarded as an expression of partial metamorphosis or differentiation.
Contractile properties of a preparation of the column of Pachycerianthus torreyi (Anthozoa)

Abstract 1. 1. A preparation was developed from the column of Pachycerianthus torreyi . 2. 2. Extension of the unstimulated preparation, that is, primarily of the mesogloea, under various weights was measured. 3. 3. It has been shown that the height of a twitch contraction and the shortening velocity both decreases with increased load. 4. 4. The maximum velocity and the height of contraction are much less under any one load when measured by the after-load than the pre-load method. 5. 5. When the preparation was allowed to extend under a constant weight, the height of the twitch was shown to increase to a maximum and then decline. 6. 6. Comparison is made with muscles in which a fixed reference length can be defined. 7. 7. Background data on the various types of stimulation, including temperature effects on the duration of stimulation, are also given.
An Analytical Method for Interlaminar Stresses Due to Global Effects of Ply Drop-Offs

An analytical method to determine the interlaminar stresses in laminates with ply drop-offs is presented. The mechanisms that cause interlaminar stresses are identified and divided into effects due to global and local discontinuities. The former type of discontinuity arises due to the overall laminate construction, such as the differences in laminate properties from the undropped region to the dropped region and due to the termination of the plies. The latter type of discontinuity arises due to the geometric and related details of the ply drop-offs in the drop-off region. In the current work, the interlaminar stresses due to the global effects of ply drop-offs are obtained via consideration of a simplified model of a laminate with ply drop-offs based on the assumption that the drop-off zone has no effective length and that the load transfer from the terminated plies to the continuous plies occurs completely in the undropped region. Mathematically, closed-form expressions for the interlaminar stresses are ...
A ROTATIONAL HAMILTONIAN FOR THE GROUND VIBRATIONAL STATE OF HYDRAZINE

Abstract A Hamiltonian matrix suitable for fitting rotational energy levels of the hydrazine molecule in its ground vibrational and electronic states was obtained. This matrix is of dimension 16 × 16, where the 16 functions labeling the rows and columns consist of the two members of a near-prolate asymmetric rotor doublet (with given | Ka |) for the eight different, but chemically equivalent, conformers which the molecule can reach by various combinations of -NH2 inversion at either end of the molecule, and internal rotation about the NN bond. The matrix is derived in a phenomenological fashion, by applying group theoretical arguments to a model in which tunneling among the various frameworks is assumed to be very slow compared with the vibrational frequencies. A comprehensive treatment of the large-amplitude vibrational potential surfaces and associated tunneling pathways has not been carried out, nor have quartic (J4) centrifugal distortion effects been considered in a systematic fashion. Preliminary fits indicate that the model developed can be used to fit the hydrazine microwave data in a consistent fashion, and a full treatment of such data has been undertaken.
Treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary macroadenomas with the long-acting non-ergot dopamine agonist CV 205-502.

Abstract Study Objective:Evaluation of the effects of an experimental long-acting non-ergot dopamine agonist, CV 205-502, on serum prolactin, tumor size, gonadal function, visual abnormalities, and...