cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force Exertion during Lifting with Light Loads

A single male subject lifted a tote box 12 times at each of 24 conditions while standing on a force platform. The 24 conditions were 6 combinations of initial and final position (floor to 12,24 and 36 in. shelf, floor plus 12 in. to 24 and 36 in. shelf, and floor plus 24 in. to 36 in. shelf) x 2 box weights (11 and 22 lbs.) and 2 distances of the box from the body center of gravity (16 and 20 in.).Averaged over all 24 conditions, peak vertical force was 46 lbs., frontal force was 6 lbs., lateral force was 2 lbs., somersault torque was 417 in.-lbs., cartwheel torque was 75 in.-lbs., twist torque was 59 in.-lbs. and peak box acceleration was .3 g.For lifting with light loads, object weight has much less effect on stress than might be expected. Peak forces occurred in the .5 sec. before and after grasping the box. In fact, peak stress occurred before the box was grasped in 66% of the lifts.
Effects of hypophysectomy on vascular insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression after balloon denudation in rats

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a widely distributed mediator of the growth promoting effects of growth hormone (GH). We sought to determine whether the relationship between GH and IGF-I extends to the vascular system, where IGF-I is proposed to participate in the process of neointimal proliferation after balloon denudation. We show that in hypophysectomized rats basal aortic IGF-I mRNA is one-tenth that of normal rats and is increased after balloon denudation. The induction peaks at 7 days after balloon denudation at about 10-fold control levels, similar to normal rats. Treatment with GH restores basal IGF-I mRNA content to approximately half that of normal rats, without further increase in the relative magnitude of induction after balloon denudation. This local induction of IGF-I gene expression in the vessel wall following injury might explain why neointimal proliferation is not inhibited more profoundly after hypophysectomy.
The geometric structure of generalized state spaces

The facial structure of the generalized state space of a C∗-algebra A is investigated. The norm closed and w∗-closed faces are characterized in terms of projections in A∗∗ ⊗ Mn. Matricially convex faces are introduced and shown to correspond to the faces of the state space of A.
Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere-telomere fusion.

Abstract We have identified two allelic genomic cosmids from human chromosome 2, c8.1 and c29B, each containing two inverted arrays of the vertebrate telomeric repeat in a head-to-head arrangement, 5'(TTAGGG)n-(CCCTAA)m3'. Sequences flanking this telomeric repeat are characteristic of present-day human pretelomeres. BAL-31 nuclease experiments with yeast artificial chromosome clones of human telomeres and fluorescence in situ hybridization reveal that sequences flanking these inverted repeats hybridize both to band 2q13 and to different, but overlapping, subsets of human chromosome ends. We conclude that the locus cloned in cosmids c8.1 and c29B is the relic of an ancient telomere-telomere fusion and marks the point at which two ancestral ape chromosomes fused to give rise to human chromosome 2.
Bounding solutions of systems of equations using interval analysis

We introduce some variations of the interval Newton method for bounding solutions to a set ofn nonlinear equations. It is pointed out that previous implementations of Krawczyk's method are very inefficient and an improved version is given. A superior type of Newton method is introduced.
Supplementary report: Transfer as a function of meaningfulness

This study attempted to replicate the Merikle and Battig (1963) findings with respect to the effects of meaningfulness and paradigm upon transfer in a mixed-list design. In close agreement with their data, the A–B, A–Br paradigm produced negative transfer when the learning materials were highly meaningful, no transfer under conditions of medium meaningfulness, and significant positive transfer when the meaningfulness of the materials was low. Although no significant transfer was obtained in an A–B, A–C situation, the difference between the A–B, A–C paradigm and an A–B, C–D control situation decreased, as it did in the Merikle and Battig study, as meaningfulness decreased.
CO replacement in Ru3(CO)12 by 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma). X-ray structures of Ru3(CO)10(bma)·H2O and Open image in new window

Thermolysis of Ru3(CO)12 with 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma) in toluene solution gives the new compounds Ru3(CO)10(bma) (2), Ru2(CO)6(bma) (3), and Open image in new window (4). All compounds have been isolated and characterized in solution by IR and31P NMR spectroscopy. The solid-state structures of2, as the monohydrate, and4 were established by X-ray crystallography. Ru3(CO)10(bma)·H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/c,a=12.741(2) A,b=19.548(2) A,c=32.973(4) A, β=96.847(9)°,V=8154(2) A3,Z=8,d calc=1.740 g cm−3;R=0.046,R w =0.051 for 2541 observed reflections withl>3σ(l). The bma ligand in2 is bound to the triruthenium frame in a bridging fashion, with equatorially disposed PPh2 groups. The X-ray structure of2 reveals an extreme twisting of the maleic anhydride ring away from the plane defined by the plane of the three ruthenium atoms, along with a significant lengthening of the maleic anhydride C=C π bond. Open image in new window crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c,a=9.3113(5) A,b=18.164(1) A,c=20.097(1) A, β-102.021(4)°,V=3324.5(3) A3,Z=4,d calc=1.671 g cm−3;R=0.024,R w =0.030 for 3499 observed reflections withl>3σ(l). The presence of the μ2 moiety and P−C (maleic anhydride) bond cleavage attendant in the formation of4 are confirmed by X-ray analysis. The relationship of the compounds3 and4 to the dimeric compounds Ru2(CO)6(bpcd) and Open image in new window [where bpcd=4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione] is discussed. Independent studies dealing with Ru3(CO)10(bma) (bridging isomer) have shown that cluster2 is stable in toluene solution at elevated temperature and does not afford compounds3 and4, suggesting the intermediacy of the putative chelating isomer of Ru3(CO)10(bma) (1) as the source of3 and4.
Preliminary mossbauer investigation of polycrystalline iron whiskers

In 1968, Schladitz described polycrystalline steel whiskers with tensile strengths of up to almost 8 GPa (i). This material was produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and, naturally, is of interest as reinforcement for composites (2,3). Another point of interest is the nature of the strengthening mechanisms in a polycrystalline material exhibiting an ultimate tensile strength not too far off the theoretical cohesive strength. Certain details of the whiskers' microstructure have been rather elusive; in particular, the distribution and form of carbon which is present in the amount of approximately 1.5 w/o has not been determined satisfactorily. This communication will report the first results of a Mossbauer investigation of polycrvstalline steel whiskers.
Mechanisms of helium interaction with radiation effects in metals and alloys: A review

Abstract Helium has been shown to cause major changes in the radiation effects response of metals and alloys. Examples are described. Physical mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed in terms of the theory of radiation effects. An extended treatment of the critical cavity radius concept is developed. Several new analytical results are presented. Applications are reviewed covering the temperature extension of swelling by gas, the evolution of bimodal cavity size distributions and the necessity for gas as a prerequisite to swelling under some conditions. The effect of helium on the dose dependence of swelling is described in terms of its effects on the balance of point defect sink strengths. Mechanisms underlying the enhanced formation and growth of cavities on precipitates when helium is present are discussed. A proposal is described to explain recently observed large effects of helium on phase stability.
Analysis of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons extracted from Late Archean sediments by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)

Abstract Hydrocarbon mixtures too complex to resolve by traditional capillary gas chromatography display gas chromatograms with dramatically rising baselines or “humps” of coeluting compounds that are termed unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs). Because the constituents of UCMs are not ordinarily identified, a large amount of geochemical information is never explored. Gas chromatograms of saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons extracted from Late Archean argillites and greywackes of the southern Abitibi Province of Ontario, Canada contain UCMs with different appearances or “topologies” relating to the intensity and retention time of the compounds comprising the UCMs. These topologies appear to have some level of stratigraphic organization, such that samples collected at any stratigraphic formation collectively are dominated by UCMs that either elute early- (within a window of C15–C20 n-alkanes), early- to mid- (C15–C30 n-alkanes), or have a broad UCM that extends through the entire retention time of the sample (from C15–C42 n-alkanes). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–MS) was used to resolve the constituents forming these various UCMs. Early- to mid-eluting UCMs are dominated by configurational isomers of alkyl-substituted and non-substituted polycyclic compounds that contain up to six rings. Late eluting UCMs are composed of C36–C40 mono-, bi-, and tricyclic archaeal isoprenoid diastereomers. Broad UCMs spanning the retention time of compound elution contain nearly the same compounds observed in the early-, mid-, and late-retention time UCMs. Although the origin of the polycyclic compounds is unclear, the variations in the UCM topology appear to depend on the concentration of initial compound classes that have the potential to become isomerized. Isomerization of these constituents may have resulted from hydrothermal alteration of organic matter.
Activation of brain adenosine triphosphatase activities with lubrol WX

Abstract 1. 1. (Na+ + K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase. in crude and partially purified (microsomal, NaI-treated) preparations derived from mouse brain cortex, were activated by the nonionic detergent, Lubrol WX. 2. 2. The ligand requirements and activatability of the crude and purified preparations were markedly different. 3. 3. In the crude enzyme preparation, both the total and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities were activated 2-fold with 0.01% Lubrol in a similar manner. 4. 4. Also, the activatable activities were similarly destroyed by heating at 50°C and could not be regenerated by cooling at 0°C. 5. 5. These observations suggest that the Lubrol activatable activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase is one and the same.
Help With Teaching Reading Comprehension: Comprehension Instructional Frameworks

This article presents five instructional frameworks demonstrated by research as being effective in teaching reading comprehension: The Scaffolded Reading Experience (SRE) Questioning the Author (QtA) Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) The frameworks focus on two components of comprehension instruction: instruction in understanding the content of a given text, and instruction in using comprehension strategies to understand all texts. A vignette is presented for each framework to show what it looks like in the classroom, and various aspects of the frameworks are discussed to assist educators in making instructional decisions about their use.
Polymeric Nanofibers from Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution

The use of the supercritical fluid technique, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution into a liquid solvent (RESOLV), to process polymers into nanofibers (less than 100 nm in diameter) is reported. It is found that the polymer concentration in the preexpansion supercritical solution plays a critical role in determining the dominating product morphology between nanoparticles and nanofibers. For the CO2-soluble poly(heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate) (PHDFDA), as an example, the rapid expansion of the polymer solutions in supercritical CO2 with low and high PHDFDA concentrations into an ambient aqueous NaCl solution produces exclusively nanoparticles and nanofibers, respectively. The RESOLV processing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and biodegradable polymer poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) in supercritical CO2−cosolvent system into nanofibers is also described and discussed.
Natural Connections: Bees Sting and Snakes Bite, But They Are Still Nature

Three studies are reported that examine the effects of valence on connectedness with nature. In Study 1, results showed that the implicit association test (IAT) effect is robust to the valence of the stimuli. Participants showed stronger self-nature than self-built associations, regardless of whether the stimuli were positively or negatively valenced. Study 2 further tested that the positive IAT effect is due to the valence of the stimuli and showed an equally large IAT effect and a strong positive correlation between the positively and negatively valenced IAT stimuli. In Study 3, we address potential confounding effects of valence with a newly matched set of stimuli. Results were consistent with our prior findings in showing that valence of the stimuli did not affect the IAT scores. We conclude that while there are individual differences in connectedness with nature, such beliefs are not affected by positive or negative aspects of natural or built environments.
Tidal and diel fluctuations in the temporal concentrations of chlorophyll a and pheophytin at a station monitoring a high-marsh creek

Abstract The temporal distribution of chlorophyll a and pheophytin at a transect monitoring the flow at a high-marsh creek was investigated. The observed fluctuations in chlorophyll a concentration consisted of complex, superimposed, tidal and diel rhythms; pheophytin variability, on the other hand, was controlled by the tides. Transport measurements and correlation analyses supported the hypothesis that tidal forces have a major influence on the temporal fluctuation of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin concentrations in high-marsh creeks. The data indicate that it is important to consider tidal flux when designing programs to study seasonal effects, primary productivity, and phytoplankton species composition.
Cyclides in pure blending I

Abstract In this the second of a two part paper, we continue our study of pure blends between natural quadrics using both Dupin ring cyclides and parabolic cyclides. Note, we make a distinction between blends and joins. If and only if conditions for the existence of cyclide blends and constructive proofs of their correctness are given in each quadric/quadric case. Easily implementable tests are given for these conditions. The relationship of the existence of cyclide blends to the common inscribed sphere condition is examined. Finally, an example that contains at least one of each type of cyclide blend is presented.
Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Myeloproliferative Disorders in the JAK2V617F Era

JAK2V617F, a somatic gain-of-function mutation involving the JAK2 tyrosine kinase gene, occurs in nearly all patients with polycythemia vera (PV) but also in a variable proportion of patients with other myeloid disorders; mutational frequency is estimated at approximately 50% in both essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myelofibrosis (MF), up to 20% in certain subcategories of atypical myeloproliferative disorder (atypical MPD), less than 3% in de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia, and 0% in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Accordingly, there is now molecular justification for grouping PV, ET, and MF together in a distinct MPD category (i.e., classic, BCR-ABL(-) MPD) that is separate from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), MDS, and atypical MPD. To date, JAK2V617F has not been described in patients with reactive myeloproliferation, lymphoid disorders, or solid tumor. Therefore, the presence of JAK2V617F strongly suggests an underlying MPD and it is therefore reasonable to consider JAK2V617F-based laboratory tests for the evaluation of polycythemia, primary thrombocytosis, unexplained leukocytosis, bone marrow fibrosis, or abdominal vein thrombosis. Current information on disease-specific prognostic relevance of JAK2V617F is inconclusive and confounded by inter-study differences in the performance of mutation screening assays. Regardless, the discovery of JAK2V617F has reinforced the pathogenetic contribution of JAK-STAT signaling in MPD and identifies JAK2 as a valid drug target.
Small sample properties of random coefficient regression estimators: a monte carlo simulation

Data measured over time on a number of individuals are referred to in the econometrics literature as pooled cross-sectional and time series data. A number of methods have been suggested for analyzing pooled data. This paper examines the performance of Swamy's random coefficient regression model under a variety of assumptions. The behavior of estimators and tests in small samples is investigated with a Monte Carlo simulation.
CALPHAD XXXIII 2004 conference proceedings

Abstract The thirty-third annual CALPHAD meeting was held at The Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, on May 30–June 4, 2004. The local organizing committee consisted of Prof. Zbigniew Moser, Prof. Krzysztof Fitzner, Dr. Rafal Kozubski, and Dr. Wojciech Zakulski. There were 148 delegates and 16 accompanying guests attending the CALPHAD XXXIII, who presented 97 oral lecture and 59 posters. The conference opened with a welcome by Prof. Moser. The scientific topics were presented in the following schemes: Calphad Calculations and Model, Experimental Studies, Calphad Approach to Computational Thermodynamics, Diffusion and Kinetics, Experiment Modelling, Ab Initio—Calphad Calculations and Modeling, Experimental Studies and Soldering Materials, Soldering Materials, Databases, Experiment Modelling, and Applications. Summaries of papers and posters are presented in this paper.
Parameter extraction with neural networks

In semiconductor processing, the modeling of the process is becoming more and more important. While the ultimate goal is that of developing a set of tools for designing a complete process (Technology CAD), it is also necessary to have modules to simulate the various technologies and, in particular, to optimize specific steps. This need is particularly acute in lithography, where the continuous decrease in CD forces the technologies to operate near their limits. In the development of a 'model' for a physical process, we face several levels of challenges. First, it is necessary to develop a 'physical model,' i.e. a rational description of the process itself on the basis of know physical laws. Second, we need an 'algorithmic model' to represent in a virtual environment the behavior of the 'physical model.' After a 'complete' model has been developed and verified, it becomes possible to do performance analysis. In many cases the input parameters are poorly known or not accessible directly to experiment. It would be extremely useful to obtain the values of these 'hidden' parameters from experimental results by comparing model to data. This is particularly severe, because the complexity and costs associated with semiconductor processing make a simple 'trial-and-error' approach infeasible and cost- inefficient. Even when computer models of the process already exists, obtaining data through simulations may be time consuming. Neural networks (NN) are powerful computational tools to predict the behavior of a system from an existing data set. They are able to adaptively 'learn' input/output mappings and to act as universal function approximators. In this paper we use artificial neural networks to build a mapping from the input parameters of the process to output parameters which are indicative of the performance of the process. Once the NN has been 'trained,' it is also possible to observe the process 'in reverse,' and to extract the values of the inputs which yield outputs with desired characteristics. Using this method, we can extract optimum values for the parameters and determine the process latitude very quickly.
Packing dimension of the range of a Lévy process

Let {X(t)} t≥0 denote a Levy process in R d with exponent Ψ. Taylor (1986) proved that the packing dimension of the range X([0,1]) is given by the index (0.1) γ' = sup {α ≥ 0: lim inf r→0 + ∫ 1 0 P|X(t)|≤r r α dt=0}. We provide an alternative formulation of γ' in terms of the Levy exponent Ψ. Our formulation, as well as methods, are Fourier-analytic, and rely on the properties of the Cauchy transform. We show, through examples, some applications of our formula.
Intelligent systems based on ordered arrays of biological molecules using the LB technique

The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique has been used to incorporate photodynamic proteins into molecular assemblies. One technique of incorporation involves a generalized cassette attachment methodology which employs a biotin-streptavidin complexation with an electroactive polymer matrix. We have focused the efforts described here on phycobiliproteins and bacteriorho dopsin, although antibodies, enzymes, gene probes and other moieties could also be coupled into the system to build in selectivity. Photoconductivity and photobleaching of these protein systems were investigated. These results suggest that coupling these proteins, either in mixed monolayers or in multilayers, with appropriate conductive polymers or other materials will provide the opto electronic signal transduction needed for biosensor, optical display and other applications. Initial studies involving the integration of conductive polymers into the molecular assemblies to enhance optical signal transduction are also discussed.
Geo-neutrinos and silicate earth enrichment of U and Th

Abstract The terrestrial distribution of U, Th, and K abundances governs the thermal evolution, traces the differentiation, and reflects the bulk composition of the earth. Comparing the bulk earth composition to chondritic meteorites estimates the net amounts of these radiogenic heat-producing elements available for partitioning to the crust, mantle, and core. Core formation enriches the abundances of refractory lithophile elements, including U and Th, in the silicate earth by ∼ 1.5. Global removal of volatile elements potentially increases this enrichment to ∼ 2.8. The K content of the silicate earth follows from the ratio of K to U. Variable enrichment produces a range of possible heat-producing element abundances in the silicate earth. A model assesses the essentially fixed amounts of U, Th, and K in the approximately closed crust reservoir. Subtracting these sequestered crustal amounts of U, Th, and K from the variable amounts in the silicate earth results in a range of possible mantle allocations, leaving global dynamics and thermal evolution poorly constrained. Terrestrial antineutrinos from β-emitting daughter nuclei in the U and Th decay series traverse the earth with negligible attenuation. The rate at which large subsurface instruments observe these geo-neutrinos depends on the distribution of U and Th relative to the detector. Geo-neutrino observations with sensitivity to U and Th in the mantle are able to estimate silicate earth enrichment, leading to a more complete understanding of the origin, accretion, differentiation, and thermal history of the planet.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas is highly predictive of pancreatic neoplasia

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) have been considered difficult to diagnose by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. We identified 57 cases diagnosed as IPMN or consistent with IPMN by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided FNA over a 9-yr period. Histologic follow-up was available for 20 patients (35%). Pancreatic neoplasia was demonstrated in 18 of these cases (90%). The histologic diagnoses were IPMN (16 cases), pancreatic intraductal neoplasia (grade 1b, 1 case), invasive mucin-producing adenocarcinoma (1 case), and chronic pancreatitis with a pseudocyst (2 cases). Sixty-two cases of IPMN without coexisting adenocarcinoma were diagnosed by histology during this time period. Of these, 35 (56%) had a preceding EUS-guided FNA. The diagnosis made by EUS-guided FNA in these 35 cases was negative or nondiagnostic (6 cases), benign cyst (1 case), chronic pancreatitis (2 cases), atypical ductal cells (2 cases), adenocarcinoma or suspicious for adenocarcinoma (3 cases), consistent with mucinous cystic neoplasm (4 cases), and IPMN or consistent with IPMN (16 cases). An EUS FNA diagnosis of probable or definite neoplasia was, therefore, made in 71% of cases of histologically proven IPMN. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:457–462. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Radioimmunotherapy of fungal diseases: The therapeutic potential of cytocidal radiation delivered by antibody targeting fungal cell surface antigens

Radioimmunotherapy is the targeted delivery of cytocidal radiation to cells via specific antibody. Although mature for the treatment of cancer, RIT of infectious diseases is in pre-clinical development. However, as there is an obvious and urgent need for novel approaches to treat infectious diseases, RIT can provide us with a powerful approach to combat serious diseases, including invasive fungal infections. For example, RIT has proven more effective than standard amphotericin B for the treatment of experimental cryptococcosis. This review will discuss the concepts of RIT, its applications for infectious diseases, and the strides made to date to bring RIT of infectious diseases to fruition. Finally, we will discuss the potential of PAN-FUNGAL RIT, the targeting of conserved fungal cell surface antigens by RIT, as a treatment modality for fungi prior to the formal microbiological identification of the specific pathogen. In sum, RIT provides a mechanism for the targeted killing of drug susceptible or resistant fungi irrespective of the host immune status and may dramatically reduce the length of therapy currently required for many invasive fungal diseases.
Mössbauer effect following Coulomb excitation of 183W

Abstract The Mossbauer effect of the gamma radiation from the 46.5 keV state of 183 W has been observed following Coulomb excitation with 3.3 MeV protons. The spectrum is a single line with maximum absorption 8.1 ± 0.5% at 77°K and half width 4.72 ± 0.24 cm/sec.
Effect of the metal-insulator transition on vanadium K-photoabsortion spectrum in V2O3

Abstract The effect of the metal-insulator phase transition on the X-ray K-absorption spectrum of V in V 2 O 3 was measured by synchrotron radiation. A different behavior of the transition to 3 d vs 4 p states in the two phases was observed. These results have been correlated with the change in the screening of the 1 s hole due to the variation of the dielectric constant ϵ ( q , ω ) in the two phases.
Effectiveness of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in adults: a clinical cohort study during epidemic seasons 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 in Finland.

Background One dose of pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix (GlaxoSmithKline) was offered to the entire population of Finland in 2009–10. We conducted a prospective clinical cohort study to determine the vaccine effectiveness in preventing febrile laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during the influenza season 2009–10 and continued the study in 2010–11.
Impact of Biochar on Manure Carbon Stabilization and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Previous studies indicate that biochar additions sometimes increase soil respiration and CO 2 emissions which could partially offset C credits associated with soil biochar applications. Little is known, however, about the impact of biochar on the mineralization of manure in soil systems and how interactions between biochar and manure impact C sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. We studied the effect of biochar and dried swine manure additions on changes in soil bulk density (D b ), total soil organic carbon (SOC), and emissions of N 2 O and CO, during a 500-d soil column incubation study. The addition of biochar to the soil increased SOC content measured after the 500-d incubation by 17.6 to 68.8%, depending on the treatment. Biochar additions reduced N 2 O emissions measured once near the end of the incubation. The N 2 O emissions were weakly correlated with D b , suggesting that enhanced soil aeration contributed to the reductions in N 2 O emissions. Biochar additions consistently increased CO 2 emissions (measured 13 times during the incubation) relative to no-biochar controls with cumulative CO 2 ―C emissions equivalent to 17 to 23% of biochar C applied. However, a distinct biochar-by-manure interaction for CO 2 flux indicated that biochar either helped stabilize manure C or the presence of manure reduced the effect of biochar on the mineralization of SOC. For the studied system, we conclude that biochar additions sequestered large amounts of highly stable C, reduced N 2 O emissions, increased CO 2 emissions from the soils, and reduced rates of CO 2 emissions following a manure addition.
Who Presses the Elevator Button after Someone Else: Dominance/Deference, Sex, and Authority Figure Determinants

The present study analyzed personality and situational determinants of elevator button-pressing following a press by another person. 88 undergraduates participated to test the hypotheses: (a) males...
Intracluster rearrangement of protonated nitric acid: Infrared spectroscopic studies of H+(HNO3)(H2O)n

Infrared spectra of clusters of protonated nitric acid and water exhibit a marked change with cluster size, indicating that an intracluster reaction occurs with sufficient solvation. In small clusters, H_2O binds to a nitronium ion core, but at a critical cluster size the NO^+_2 reacts. A lower bound of 174 kcal/mol is found for the proton affinity of HNO_3.
Comparison of methods for obtaining milk samples from well-nourished and malnourished rats☆

Milk samples from well-nourished and malnourished rats were obtained at day 14 of lactation by a standard pumping procedure and an alternative procedure in which the pups were allowed to nurse and milk was collected from their stomachs. Samples obtained by the 2 methods from well-nourished rats did not differ in their concentrations of water, protein, and fat. However, among malnourished rats, pumped samples had significantly higher protein and fat concentrations than nursed samples because they were excessively dehydrated. For both dietary groups, a consistently larger proportion of the available milk was obtained by the nursing method. The results suggest that the nursing method is superior to pumping for obtaining milk samples when rats varying in nutritional status are to be compared.
Translational and Rotational Diffusions of Nanorods within Semidilute and Entangled Polymer Solutions

Nanoparticle transport through macromolecular fluids plays important roles in several interdisciplinary fields of studies ranging from polymer science to drug delivery. But the diffusion of asymmetric nano-objects, such as rods, through polymer solutions is poorly understood in spite of their growing applications. Here by using a novel multiphoton fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (MP-FCS) technique, we investigated the translation and rotational diffusion of gold nanorods (AuNRs) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions of varying volume fraction and molecular weights. We determined the nanoviscosity experienced by the NRs and compared it with the theoretical studies of nanosphere diffusion in semidilute and entangled polymer solutions. Our results showed the importance of nonhydrodynamic friction and the effects of polymer dynamics in determining the transport of the nanoparticles.
Polypseudorotaxanes and polyrotaxanes

Abstract The latest progress in the field of polypseudorotaxanes and polyrotaxanes is reviewed in four parts: (1) main chain systems, (2) side chain systems, (3) other systems with related structures and (4) properties, potential applications and future directions.
Axonal Domains: Role for Paranodal Junction in Node of Ranvier Assembly

A new study shows that communication between axons and glia at the paranodal junction can orchestrate the formation of the node of Ranvier.
Efferent connections of area 17 in Galago.

Lesions were made in dorsal area 17 of ten Galago. Subsequently degenerating efferent fibers were traced to their termination sites with the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation method. The supragranular layers of area 17 send a strong projection onto the underlying layer V and onto the ipsilateral area 18. Area MT, the superior colliculus, the pulvinar, and the pons also receive a projection from the ipsilateral area 17.
Femtosecond versus nanosecond surface photochemistry: O2+CO on Pt(111) at 80 K.

Desorption of O[sub 2] and production of CO[sub 2] from O[sub 2] coadsorbed with CO on Pt(111) at 80 K were induced by laser pulses of femtosecond and nanosecond durations. The photoyields with femtosecond pulses show highly nonlinear dependence on fluence, large enhancement of cross section, and increase of the O[sub 2] desorption to CO[sub 2] production branching ratio, when compared with desorption and reaction induced by nanosecond pulses. These differences are attributed to multiple excitations occuring within the time scale of relaxation of the excited adsorbate-surface comples, which are possible with high intensity femtosecond pulse laser irradiation.
Identification of genes that promote or antagonize somatic homolog pairing using a high-throughput FISH-based screen.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes is a fundamental feature of the meiotic cell. In addition, a number of species exhibit homolog pairing in nonmeiotic, somatic cells as well, with evidence for its impact on both gene regulation and double-strand break (DSB) repair. An extreme example of somatic pairing can be observed in Drosophila melanogaster, where homologous chromosomes remain aligned throughout most of development. However, our understanding of the mechanism of somatic homolog pairing remains unclear, as only a few genes have been implicated in this process. In this study, we introduce a novel high-throughput fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technology that enabled us to conduct a genome-wide RNAi screen for factors involved in the robust somatic pairing observed in Drosophila. We identified both candidate “pairing promoting genes” and candidate “anti-pairing genes,” providing evidence that pairing is a dynamic process that can be both enhanced and antagonized. Many of the genes found to be important for promoting pairing are highly enriched for functions associated with mitotic cell division, suggesting a genetic framework for a long-standing link between chromosome dynamics during mitosis and nuclear organization during interphase. In contrast, several of the candidate anti-pairing genes have known interphase functions associated with S-phase progression, DNA replication, and chromatin compaction, including several components of the condensin II complex. In combination with a variety of secondary assays, these results provide insights into the mechanism and dynamics of somatic pairing.
Making Decisions in the Dark: Disconnects Between Retention Research and Middle-Level Practice:

This study of grade-level advancement/retention policies and procedures in 10 school districts shows how retention policy and procedure are disconnected from retention research. Administrators and teachers experience ethical dilemmas when district policy and prescribed practice collide with realities that underlie student failure. However, acts of discretionary insubordination offer compromises. As the study demonstrates, when policy and research align and when educators acknowledge that neither retention nor social promotion is acceptable, viable alternatives and intervention programs can be explored.
The evolution of the corporate IT function and the role of the CIO at Texaco: how do perceptions of IT's performance get formed?

While senior management's confidence in the IT function and the CIO appears to be at an all time low, the field's understanding of why this condition exists is still confused. This paper suggests that the problem lies in how perceptions about IT are formed. To this end, the paper briefly looks at the growth and evolution of the corporate IT department at the oil giant Texaco, Inc. The analysis paints a somewhat disturbing picture of a top performing IT organization, intimately responsible for the success of the corporation, yet being perceived by much of senior management as an overhead that was costly and ineffective. The paper suggests some reasons as to why such perceptions might have come about, and what lessons the field can learn from what happened at Texaco. It is our belief that through such historical analyses, like the one performed at Texaco, a richer and broader understanding of the nature of organizational IT units is possible. These analyses shed light on the root causes for why IT is often perceived negatively. We suggest that IT organizations might change these perceptions by partnering with business units to share the credit for successful implementations and managing the perceptions about IT's contribution.
Vaginal injury from a water slide in a premenarcheal patient.

Background Water under high pressure can produce vaginal injury. Previous reports suggest that postmenarcheal maturation and the presence of a vaginal foreign body contributed to water slide injuries in women. Methods A case of a vaginal injury from a water slide in a premenarcheal patient is presented. A literature review of water-related vaginal injuries in adults and children compares the mechanism of injury with that previously reported. Results The patient underwent operative repair of her injury. Conclusions Vaginal injury in premenarcheal patients may result from a water slide. The emergency physician must be aware of this potential injury mechanism and the need for complete examination under anesthesia when vaginal bleeding is present SUMMARY This case of a vaginal injury from a water slide in a premenarcheal female patient emphasizes that serious vaginal injury can be present without significant external injury. Emergency physicians examining girls with water jet injuries need to be aware that the physical findings are similar to those described with penetrating genital injuries. Any patient with vaginal bleeding following trauma, not explained by an obvious external injury, requires a complete examination, often under general anesthesia. Operative repair may be necessary. Increasing awareness in the public may lead to changes in swim suit design and information to water park attendees regarding the potential for injury. Physicians can be integral in education and advocacy to reduce high pressure water injury.
Humor: A coping response for student nurses

This qualitative study describes various situations that elicited a humorous coping response in student nurses assigned to a state psychiatric hospital. The research question asked was: Under what circumstances do student nurses choose to use humor as a coping method? Forty-three senior student nurses enrolled in a north-central United States university were invited to participate anonymously in the study. A content analysis of 38 narratives describing humorous situations was conducted and the emergent categories were evaluated for compatibility with Lazarus's theory of stress and coping. Novel and bizarre behaviors, novel and bizarre thoughts, negative evaluations of self and role, perceived threats to physical well-being, and wit were common antecedents fostering tension in the form of anxiety, frustration, fear, and puzzlement. Students used cognitive appraisal and humorous coping to mediate the stressful person-environment relations for positive outcomes. The cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage these emotions in a humorous manner were identified.
New method for extracting the bottom quark Yukawa coupling at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Abstract We propose a new method for measuring the H→b b rate at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in a manner which would allow extraction of the b quark Yukawa coupling. Higgs boson production in purely electroweak WHjj events is calculated. The Standard Model signal rate including decays W →l ν and H→b b is 11 fb for M H =120 GeV. It is possible to suppress the principal backgrounds, Wb b jj and t t jj , to approximately the level of the signal. As the top quark Yukawa coupling does not appear in this process, it promises a reliable extraction of g Hbb in the context of the Standard Model or some extensions, such as the MSSM.
Skeletal safety of tiludronate.

Abstract The medical uses of bisphosphonates derive from their exceptional ability to inhibit bone resorption. However, bone resorption is essential for the healing of fractures, the repair of microscopic fatigue cracks in bone, and the internal reorientation of trabecular and cortical bone in response to altered mechanical strains. In theory, overdose with bisphosphonates might interfere with the repair of fractures or weaken bone strength (by forcing bones to accumulate and propagate fatigue cracks or by abolishing the skeleton's adaptive powers). Regulatory agencies (particularly in the USA) have, therefore, set comprehensive and stringent safety criteria before the marketing of bisphosphonates can be approved. Some bisphosphonates can also inhibit bone mineralization, alter hepatic function, or cause gastritis/ esophagitis. The safety profile of tiludronate will be described from this perspective, emphasizing the results of prolonged treatment in animals, and studies in humans.
Randomized controlled trial of emergency transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus emergency portacaval shunt treatment of acute bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis.

Emergency treatment of bleeding esophageal varices (BEV) in cirrhosis is of paramount importance because of the resultant high mortality rate. Emergency therapy today consists mainly of endoscopic and pharmacologic measures, with use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) when bleeding is not controlled. Surgical portosystemic shunt has been relegated to last resort salvage when all other measures fail. Regrettably, no randomized controlled trials have been reported in which TIPS and surgical portosystemic shunt were compared in unselected patients with acute BEV, with long-term follow-up. This is a report of a long-term prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared TIPS with emergency portacaval shunt (EPCS) in patients with cirrhosis and acute BEV. A total of 154 unselected, consecutive cirrhotic patients (“all comers”) with acute BEV were randomized to TIPS (n = 78) or EPCS (n = 76), and the two treatments were compared with regard to effect on survival, control of bleeding, portal–systemic encephalopathy (PSE), and disability. Diagnostic workup was completed within 6 h and TIPS or EPCS was initiated within 24 h. Regular follow-up was accomplished in 100 % of patients and lasted for 5 to 10 years in 85 % and 3 to 4.5 years in the remainder. This report focuses on control of bleeding and survival. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were similar, and the distribution of Child classes A, B, and C was almost identical. TIPS was successful in controlling BEV for 30 days in 80 % of patients but achieved long-term control of BEV in only 22 %. In contrast, EPCS controlled BEV immediately in all patients and permanently in 97 % (p < 0.001). TIPS patients required almost twice as many units of blood transfusion as EPCS patients. Survival rate at all time intervals and in all Child classes was significantly greater following EPCS than after TIPS (p < 0.001). Median survival was over 10 years following EPCS, compared to 1.99 years following TIPS. Stenosis or occlusion of TIPS was demonstrated in 84 % of patients who survived 21 days, 63 % of whom underwent TIPS revision, which failed in 80 %. In contrast, EPCS remained permanently patent in 97 % of patients. Recurrent PSE was threefold more frequent following TIPS than after EPCS (61 versus 21 %). EPCS was uniformly effective in the treatment of BEV, while TIPS was disappointing. EPCS accomplished long-term survival while TIPS resulted in a survival rate that was less than one fifth that of EPCS. The results of this RCT in unselected, consecutive patients justify the use of EPCS as a first-line emergency treatment of BEV in cirrhosis (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT00734227).
Perceiving action boundaries: learning effects in perceiving maximum jumping-reach affordances.

Coordinating with another person requires that one can perceive what the other is capable of doing. This ability often benefits from opportunities to practice and learn. Two experiments were conducted in which we investigated perceptual learning in the context of perceiving the maximum height to which an actor could jump to reach an object. Those estimates were compared with estimates that perceivers made for themselves. In Experiment 1, participants initially underestimated the maximum jumping-reach height both for themselves and for the actor. Over time, without explicit feedback, the participants were able to improve estimates of their own maximum jumping-reach height, but estimates for the actor did not improve. In Experiment 2, participants observed the actor perform either an action related but nonidentical to jumping (lifting a weight by squatting) or a nonrelated activity (rotating the torso). The participants who observed the actor perform the related action were able to improve the accuracy of their perceptual reports for the actor’s maximum jumping-reach height, but the participants who watched the actor perform the nonrelated task were unable to do so. The results indicate some degree of independence between perceived affordances for the self and others, suggesting that affordance judgments are not entirely dependent on or determined by characteristics of the perceiver.
Evolutionary Theory and Neighborhood Quality: A Multilevel Selection-inspired Approach to Studying Urban Property Conditions

Actions that increase individual quality of life (QoL) can often undermine QoL at some higher level of aggregation. In cities, this “fundamental problem of social life” is regularly played out in the form of physical disorder. When an urban actor allows his or her property to fall into disrepair, perhaps to allocate resources to more essential uses, this decision reduces the relative quality of that actor’s neighborhood by contributing to local disorder. Researchers and policymakers therefore devote significant attention to understanding and controlling patterns of such behaviors. The central thesis of this paper is that evolutionary theory has much to offer this discourse. First, through synthesizing existing arguments from the urban disorder/decline literature, I develop a framework for studying intra-city disorder that is inspired by evolutionary multilevel selection (MLS) theory. Next, to empirically demonstrate the utility of this framework, I draw on longitudinal data and space-time analysis to find that population-level patterns of substandard property conditions in a given study area—i.e., measurable manifestations of physical disorder—are generated by a combination of individual and group “selective” pressures on property maintenance behavior. The results suggest that adopting an MLS perspective might aid policymakers in managing the processes that produce patterns of urban disorder, which can ultimately help to improve urban QoL.