cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swoogle: a search and metadata engine for the semantic web

Swoogle is a crawler-based indexing and retrieval system for the Semantic Web. It extracts metadata for each discovered document, and computes relations between documents. Discovered documents are also indexed by an information retrieval system which can use either character N-Gram or URIrefs as keywords to find relevant documents and to compute the similarity among a set of documents. One of the interesting properties we compute is ontology rank, a measure of the importance of a Semantic Web document.
War and Peace in Feng Zikai's Wartime Cartoons:

Despite repeated calls by some historians for increased dialogue between history and art history, few historical works have paid sufficient attention to art as a valuable, legitimate historical source (Rabb, 1973; Paret and Lewis, 1985). There is no question that art plays an important part in our life. It embodies a rich part of human aesthetic and imaginative experience. Studying art will illuminate areas of past history that have been left untouched by documentary evidence. Art be it architecture, painting, or iconography is as important a historical material as are written statements. A piece of art not only tells us much about the creative process of the artist, but also, whether intended or not, sheds light on the complexity of the society from which it emerges. Carl Schorske's study of the Ringstrasse urban architecture, for example, provides insight into the rise of the liberal middle class in late nineteenth-century Vienna (Schorske, 1980); Maurice Agulhon's work on Marianne, the symbol of the French Republic, reveals the rich and intricate interplay between political images and social upheaval during and after the French Revolution (Agulhon, 1980); and Peter Paret's analysis of Alfred Rethel's (1816-1859) sequence of six woodcuts Another Dance of Death uncovers the political and social conflicts in the German Revolution of 1848 (Paret,
A method for determining activity-composition relations using chemical diffusion in silicate melts

Abstract The theoretical basis for a method of determining chemical activity-composition relations for fast diffusing trace components from multicomponent diffusion experiments in silicate melts is developed. The key idea is that in a diffusion couple where two melts of different composition are brought into contact and allowed to begin equilibrating, fast diffusing trace components will closely approach an “equilibrium” state with no gradient in their chemical activity on time scales short compared to that required to erase chemical gradients of the major components of the system. Thus, there is a period of time in the evolution of a suitably designed diffusion couple when the dependence of the tracer's chemical activity on melt composition can be directly determined by probe analysis of the compositional gradients that correspond to there being no gradient in the tracer's chemical activity. Isotopes of the tracer can be used to insure that the tracer has reached “equilibrium” by recognizing that the equilibrium state will have uniform isotopic ratio even when concentration gradients of the tracer are still present. The use and accuracy of the proposed method for determining activity-composition relations is illustrated first by numerical experiments and then applied to some recently published diffusion couple data to obtain the chemical activity of Sr and Nd in silicate melts as a continuous function of silica content. The activities of both Sr and Nd increase by about a factor of two as the silica content of the melt increases from 50 to about 70 wt% SiO 2 , and then increase more rapidly in the vicinity of 75 wt% SiO 2 . The activity-melt composition relations found for Sr and Nd are in good agreement with earlier two-liquid partition experiments and also explain why these elements are more highly enriched in certain minerals in equilibrium with high-silica rhyolitic melts compared to their partitioning behavior between these same minerals and less silica-rich melts.
Effects of dopaminergic drugs and acute medial forebrain bundle lesions on striatal acetylcholine levels

Abstract Placement of radio frequency lesions in the medial forebrain bundle resulted in a 50% depletion of striatal acetylcholine levels but did not change hippocampal levels. A similar result was obtained with the administration of chlorpromazine, haloperidol and pimozide. When these drugs were administered simultaneously with placement of lesions, there was the same 50% depletion of striatal acetylcholine. Apomorphine reversed the depletion due to lesions. These results suggest that the action of antipsychotic drugs on the cholinergic system in the striatum is primarily due to their action at dopamine receptors rather than a direct action on cholinergic receptors which would be due to their anticholinergic activity.
Flow control in a wing/fuselage-type juncture

The laminar flow around a juncture formed by an unswept wing and a flat plate has been studied using a combination of smoke flow visualization, and velocity and pressure measurements. The effectiveness of swept leading-edge fillets in controlling the juncture flow field has been evaluated. Flow separation upstream of the wing leading edge is confined to a small region near the plate. This separation results in periodic shedding of horseshoe type vortices. The pressure gradient measured upstream of the leading edge in this laminar juncture is steeper than that of the turbulent flow case. The use of fillets eliminates the leading-edge flow separation and reduces the size of juncture wake, as observed from flow visualization. For one of the filleted cases, there is a significant increase in the extent of laminar flow in the juncture region, and a sizable reduction in the juncture drag.
Estradiol Antagonism of Glucocorticoid-Induced GILZ Expression in Human Uterine Epithelial Cells and Murine Uterus

Sex hormone signaling regulates a variety of functions in the uterine endometrium essential for embryo implantation and immunity. Epithelial cells of the uterine endometrium are the target of the coordinated actions of estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone. However, little information exists regarding the interplay of estrogens with glucocorticoids in this tissue. Using the human uterine epithelial cell line ECC1, E(2) was found to antagonize induction of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene expression, which is associated with several of the immune-related functions of glucocorticoids. Interestingly, E(2) antagonizes glucocorticoid regulated nascent RNA GILZ expression within 1 h of hormone treatment. Repression of glucocorticoid-induced GILZ expression requires the estrogen receptor (ER), because both treatment with the ER-antagonist ICI 182,780 and small interfering RNA knockdown of ERα block E(2)'s ability to repress GILZ gene expression. Antagonism of glucocorticoid-induced GILZ expression may not be unique to ERα, as the ERβ agonist Liquiritigenin is also able to antagonize glucocorticoid signaling. Transcriptional regulation appears to be at the level of promoter binding. Both the glucocorticoid receptor and ERα are recruited to regions of the GILZ promoter containing glucocorticoid response elements and the transcriptional start site. Glucocorticoid receptor binding to these regions in the presence of dexamethasone decreases with E(2) treatment. GILZ gene expression was also found to be repressed in the whole mouse uterus treated with a combination of dexamethasone and E(2). Regulation of the antiinflammatory gene GILZ by glucocorticoids and E(2) suggests cross talk between the immune modulating functions of glucocorticoids and the reproductive actions of estradiol signaling.
67Ga disposition in BALB/c mice with altered thyroid states

Abstract The effects of altered thyroid states on the whole body retention and tissue distribution of [ 67 Ga]gallium citrate were studied in the BALB/c mouse. Whole-body gallium activity was followed 2–96h after i.v. injection. Gallium activity in the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs and aliquots of blood was determined at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after i.v. administration. Serum total and unsaturated iron binding capacity as well as serum iron concentration were determined for hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid animals. The hyperthyroid state resulted in a significant reduction in whole-body gallium activity at 4–96h after administration of [ 67 Ga] gallium citrate in relation to euthyroid mice. Gallium activity was reduced in the blood, kidney, liver and spleen of hyperthyroid mice at some time intervals in relation to euthyroid animals. Hypothyroidism had a negligible effect on gallium disposition. The hyperthyroid state resulted in elevated serum iron values in relation to euthyroid animals while the hypothyroid state decreased the total iron binding capacity. The relatively rapid loss of gallium activity from the whole body and certain tissues exhibited by hyperthyroid animals is consistent with the findings of others with exogenous iron. The results of the study expand considerations of iron status in a patient to include alterations induced by a disease state.
Relative Bioavailability of Three Different Solid Forms of PNU-141659 as Determined with the Artificial Stomach-Duodenum Model

The artificial stomach-duodenum (ASD) apparatus was designed and constructed to assess the in vitro performance of bulk drugs and their formulations in a device which is able to simulate different species and physiological conditions. As a continued demonstration of its application to a pharmaceutical problem, screening experiments were performed on three different solid forms of a drug candidate, PNU-141659. This compound exhibited poor solubility and permeability, and presented a significant problem in the development of a successful dosage form. Simple formulations of an anhydrous form, a hydrated form and an amorphous form of the drug were all assessed with the ASD set up to simulate dog physiology. The solubility ordering of these three forms was anhydrate < hemihydrate < amorphous and this is the first ASD study to directly compare amorphous and crystalline solid forms. However, the results of the ASD studies showed that the hydrated form, with the intermediate solubility should provide the highest bioavailability, not the more soluble amorphous form. This occurred because the more soluble amorphous form underwent a phase conversion to Form I during the ASD experiment. The results from the ASD compared favorably with those later obtained from in vivo dog studies.
Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition in Hubbard models at high total spin.

We study the metal-insulator transition and magnetic ordering in the Hubbard model using the particle-hole mapping. This representation facilitates the exact solution of the half-filled band in the limit of high spin. We find that the two-dimensional Hubbard model has a charge-excitation gap at half filling for any finite U in the high-spin region on both the bipartite square lattice and the nonbipartite triangular lattice. We show, using the Kohn insulator criteria, that this bound-state phase is indeed insulating. Using the information from the single-pair solution, we construct a generalized BCS type of many-body wave function and derive the gap equation for lower-spin states. We find that in some cases, the system goes through a phase transition to become a metal as the total spin ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{z}}$ is lowered.
Isolation of Tyr-W-MIF-1 from bovine hypothalami

Abstract Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2) was recently isolated from human brain cortex. We have now isolated it from bovine hypothalami by solid phase extraction and several consecutive rpHPLC steps monitored by an RIA originally developed for the endogenous brain peptide Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2). Determination of the sequence of the purified material and comparison of its chromagraphic behavior with synthetic Tyr-W-MIF-1 confirmed the structure. The synthetic peptide and the isolated material showed almost identical binding to mu opiate receptors.
PASA--a program for automated protein NMR backbone signal assignment by pattern-filtering approach.

We present a new program, PASA (Program for Automated Sequential Assignment), for assigning protein backbone resonances based on multidimensional heteronuclear NMR data. Distinct from existing programs, PASA emphasizes a per-residue-based pattern-filtering approach during the initial stage of the automated 13Cα and/or 13Cβ chemical shift matching. The pattern filter employs one or multiple constraints such as 13Cα/Cβ chemical shift ranges for different amino acid types and side-chain spin systems, which helps to rule out, in a stepwise fashion, improbable assignments as resulted from resonance degeneracy or missing signals. Such stepwise filtering approach substantially minimizes early false linkage problems that often propagate, amplify, and ultimately cause complication or combinatorial explosion of the automation process. Our program (http://www.lerner.ccf.org/moleccard/qin/) was tested on four representative small-large sized proteins with various degrees of resonance degeneracy and missing signals, and we show that PASA achieved the assignments efficiently and rapidly that are fully consistent with those obtained by laborious manual protocols. The results demonstrate that PASA may be a valuable tool for NMR-based structural analyses, genomics, and proteomics.
Preventing HIV/AIDS among Women and Children in India

Jude Mary Antonyappan looks at the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS among women and children in Tamil Nadu, India. The study looked at the prevention, education and treatment of women and children with HIV/AIDS, working with women who were engaged in risky sexual behavior in the construction, hotel and coffee industries. She argues there is an urgent need for understanding how cultural factors compounded by poverty and the poor infrastructure for health delivery can be addressed in the war to combat HIV/AIDS in India.
The Lee identities in Topoi, I

Abstract We investigate conditions under which various topoi satisfy equations, known as the Lee identities, that are similar to and weaker than De Morgan's law.
Effects of intraventricular injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on plasma growth hormone and thyrotropin in conscious ovariectomized rats.

Control injections of saline ip or into the third ventricle (2 fil) failed to modify concentrations of GH or TSH in plasma of conscious, free-moving, ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX, estrogen- and progesteronetreated (OEP) rats. Intraventricular injection of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in doses ranging from 0.1–8 fimol induced a rapid elevation in plasma GH within 10 min of injection which was dose related and the elevation persisted for the 60-min duration of the study in both OVX and OEP rats. This effect was completely blocked by the GABA antagonist, bicuculline, which by itself had no effect on plasma GH in doses of 1 or 2 /imol ip. By contrast, GABA administration lowered plasma TSH, which became apparent within 10 min in OVX rats and persisted for the duration of the experiment and appeared to be dose related at the initial sampling time of 10 min. The inhibitory effect of GABA was lessprominent in OEP rats. Bicuculline, which by itself had no effect on plasma TSH, completely blocked the inhibtory effect...
A framework for unreasonable risk in the toxic substances control act (TSCA).

The purpose of this paper is to put three ingredients of a concept of unreasonable risk into a common framework. The ingredients are: baseline or existing information. the characteristics of the test or combination of tests, and the valuation of the costs and benefits of the various control options. The framework permits systematic consideration of the cost of testing and the value of new information from testing. I will focus directly on some aspects of the cost and incompleteness of information, but I will leave out others or just touch upon them as they go beyond my purpose here. Let me mention from the start that I do not think that it is always necessary to know very much about each of these three ingredients before making a finding of "presents an unreasonable risk" (this finding in Section 6a of TSCA leads to precautionary regulation) or "may present an unreasonable risk" (this finding in Section 4a leads to testing.) When the costs of information are taken into account. the framework suggests procedures that operate on highly incomplete information.
Response of exocrine pancreas to corticosterone and aldosterone after adrenalectomy.

Abstract The long-term effect of adrenalectomy (Adx) on the exocrine pancreas was examined in female adult rats. Pancreatic amylase concentration decrease to 50% of the control level starting 10 days after Adx, whereas the levels of trypsinogen and lipase remained unchanged. Replacement studies beginning 24 h after surgery with corticosterone (B, 1 mg/100g body wt) or aldosterone (ALDO, 8μg/100g body wt) alone did not prevent the decline in amylase after Adx. However, when both hormones were administered together, pancreatic amylase concentration was maintained at a level similar to that of the control group. Serum corticosterone levels in the rats receiving B alone or B + ALDO were not different, and were comparable to levels found in normal rats. Both ALDO and B, given for 5 days starting 10 days after Adx, were required to restore amylase concentrations toward control values. When spironolactone (SPIRO, 3mg/100g body wt), a specific mineralocorticoid receptor blocker was administered bid together with ALDO + B, it blocked the increase in pancreatic amylase seen in ALDO + B treated rats but did not affect the serum corticosterone levels. These results suggest that mineralocorticoids are also involved in modulating the level of amylase in the rat exocrine pancreas.
Rcl1 Protein, a Novel Nuclease for 18 S Ribosomal RNA Production *

In all forms of life, rRNAs for the small and large ribosomal subunit are co-transcribed as a single transcript. Although this ensures the equimolar production of rRNAs, it requires the endonucleolytic separation of pre-rRNAs to initiate rRNA production. In yeast, processing of the primary transcript encoding 18 S, 5.8 S, and 25 S rRNAs has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, most nucleases remain to be identified. Here, we show that Rcl1, conserved in all eukaryotes, cleaves pre-rRNA at so-called site A2, a co-transcriptional cleavage step that separates rRNAs destined for the small and large subunit. Recombinant Rcl1 cleaves pre-rRNA mimics at site A2 in a reaction that is sensitive to nearby RNA mutations that inhibit cleavage in vivo. Furthermore, mutations in Rcl1 disrupt rRNA processing at site A2 in vivo and in vitro. Together, these results demonstrate that the role of Rcl1 in eukaryotic pre-rRNA processing is identical to that of RNase III in bacteria: to co-transcriptionally separate the pre-rRNAs destined for the small and large subunit. Furthermore, because Rcl1 has no homology to other known endonucleases, these data also establish a novel class of nucleases.
A new plastic evacuated tube with plasma separator.

A new plastic-walled, evacuated blood collection tube (Terumo Venoject II) with plasma separator was evaluated for characteristics related to the use of plastic in place of glass. Plastic tubes were highly resistant to breakage through handling mishaps or failure during centrifugation. Higher centrifugation speed (13,600g) was well tolerated, and centrifugation times as short as 3 minutes at 13,600g effectively cleared plasma of cellular components, at high plasma yield. Plastic tubes were nearly completely combustible under incineration conditions commonly used for medical waste, and plastic tubes effectively retained vacuum during the typical shelf life of evacuated blood collection tubes. Collection of carbamezepine specimens in plastic tubes decreased levels an average of 6.8% compared to a heparinized glass tube control under conditions approximating routine use; levels of other drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital, valproic acid, theophylline, and cyclosporine) were less significantly affected. This modest decrease appeared to result from a combination of an immediate interaction with the plastic surface of the tubes and a time-dependent interaction with the olefin-based separator. Modest but clear benefits including reduction in specimen breakage, reduced centrifugation time and reduced solid waste after incineration derive from the use of plastic in place of glass in evacuated blood collection tubes.©1995 wiley-Liss, inc.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the liver: Parenchymal enhancement patterns

A retrospective study of 164 patients undergoing dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed to assess hepatic parenchymal enhancement patterns and to correlate these patterns with hepatic function and disease. Rapid T1-weighted images were acquired before and after gadolinium administration. Hepatic enhancement patterns were analyzed blindly by two observers. Medical records were reviewed to document known liver pathology and liver function test results. A total of 72% of patients had homogeneous enhancement of the liver parenchyma; 28% had heterogeneous enhancement. Of the latter group, 61% of patients had enhancement conforming to segmental or lobar boundaries. Patients with heterogeneous enhancement patterns were more likely to have abnormal liver function test results and hepatic morphological abnormalities on their MR examinations than patients with homogeneous enhancement patterns. Heterogeneous hepatic enhancement on dynamic MR images is associated with a higher likelihood of liver disease and biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction than homogeneous enhancement.
The Impact—Actual and Potential—of Modern Economic Entomology on World Agriculture

Annually, eminent entomologists with worldwide experience convene at the Entomological Society of America meeting to discuss the impact of their research and other activities on many aspects of human welfare. For the 1967 meeting, the dual problem in emerging countries of low levels of basic food crop production coupled with high rates of human population increase seemed of such moment that the Society decided to sponsor a symposium which would deal with this topic. Jointly the sections on Ecology, Behavior and Bionomics, chaired by Karl Maramorosch, and on Crop Protection Entomology, chaired by G. Mallory Boush, met on November 29 to discuss “The Impact—Actual and Potential—of Modern Economic Entomology on World Agriculture “; what part, for example, has pest control played in the past, is it playing today, or may it play in the future in bringing about increased yields of the important food crops abroad for the conquest of hunger?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory and Response Inhibition in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

The current pilot study examined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) during tasks of working memory and inhibitory control, both of which are vulnerable to impairment following mTBI. Thirteen children with symptomatic mTBI and a group of controls completed a version of the Tasks of Executive Control (TEC) during fMRI scanning. Both groups showed greater prefrontal activation in response to increased working memory load. Activation patterns did not differ between groups on the working memory aspects of the task, but children with mTBI showed greater activation in the posterior cerebellum with the addition of a demand for inhibitory control. Children with mTBI showed greater impairment on symptom report and "real world" measures of executive functioning, but not on traditional "paper and pencil" tasks. Likewise, cognitive testing did not correlate significantly with imaging results, whereas increased report of post-concussive symptoms were correlated with increased cerebellar activation. Overall, results provide some evidence for the utility of symptom report as an indicator of recovery and the hypothesis that children with mTBI may experience disrupted neural circuitry during recovery. Limitations of the study included a small sample size, wide age range, and lack of in-scanner accuracy data.
Pioneer neuron pathfinding from normal and ectopic locations in vivo after removal of the basal lamina

Abstract The contribution of the basal lamina to Ti1 pioneer axon guidance in grasshopper limb buds was investigated by allowing growth cones to migrate in 30%–31% stage limbs from which the basal lamina had been removed by enzymatic treatment. When the Til axons extended from heir normal location, the pathways established in the absence of basal lamina were normal. This indicates that the basal lamina is not required for initial proximal axon outgrowth, recognition of limb segment boundaries, or selective interaction with neuronal somata. Removal of the basal lamina from slightly older (32% stage) embryos resulted in displacement of the Tit somata to ectopic locations in approximately 50% of the limbs. Pathfinding from ectopic locations was aberrant in 45% of the cases observed. This demonstrates that if orienting information is present in the basal lamina-free epithelium at this stage, it is not the predominant factor in determining growth cone orientation from ectopic locations.
INTERACTION OF PHE8 OF ANGIOTENSIN II WITH LYS199 AND HIS256 OF AT1 RECEPTOR IN AGONIST ACTIVATION

Abstract The acidic pharmacophores of selective ligands bind to Lys199 and His256 of the AT1 receptor (Noda, K., Saad, Y., Kinoshita, A., Boyle, T. P., Graham, R. M., Husain, A., and Karnik, S.(1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2284-2289). In this report we examine how interactions between these residues and agonists activate inositol phosphate production in transiently transfected COS-1 cells. [Sar1] angiotensin (Ang II) II and [Sar1]Ang II-amide stimulated a 5-fold inositol phosphate response from wild-type AT1 receptor. The peptide antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]Ang II and the non-peptide agonist L-162,313 produced a partial but saturating response. Stimulation of wild-type receptor by [Sar1]Ang II-amide and the mutant K199Q and K199A receptors by [Sar1]Ang II demonstrates that AT1 receptor activation is not critically dependent on the ion-pairing of the α-COOH group of Ang II with Lys199. The mutation of His256 produced diminished inositol phosphate response without commensurate change in binding affinity of ligands. The His256 side chain is critical for maximal activation of the AT1 receptor, although isosteric Gln substitution is sufficient for preserving the affinity for Phe8-substituted analogues of [Sar1]Ang II. Therefore, AT1 receptor activation requires interaction of Phe8 side chain of Ang II with His256, which is achieved by docking the α-COOH group of Phe8 to Lys199. Furthermore, non-peptide agonists interact with Lys199 and His256 in a similar fashion.
Perturbations of the Modular Automorphism Group

It is shown, under a necessary condition, that strong (pointwise) convergence of modular automorphism groups to a one parameter family of maps implies weak convergence of the respective states in the factor case. Moreover the limiting one parameter family of maps is the modular automorphism group for the limiting state. In the type I case weak convergence of the automorphism groups suffices. Norm convergence of the states is obtained in some cases.
Landscape scale vegetation-type conversion and fire hazard in the San Francisco bay area open spaces

Successional pressures resulting from fire suppression and reduced grazing have resulted in vegetation-type conversion in the open spaces surrounding the urbanized areas of the San Francisco bay area. Coverage of various vegetation types were sampled on seven sites using a chronosequence of remote images in order to measure change over time. Results suggest a significant conversion of grassland to shrubland dominated by Baccharis pilularison five of the seven sites sampled. An increase in Pseudotsuga menziesii coverage was also measured on the sites where it was present. Increases fuel and fire hazard were determined through field sampling and use of the FARSITE fire area simulator. A significant increase in biomass resulting from succession of grass-dominated to shrub-dominated communities was evident. In addition, results from the FARSITE simulations indicated significantly higher fire-line intensity, and flame length associated with shrublands over all other vegetation types sampled. These results indicate that the replacement of grass dominated with shrub-dominated landscapes has increased the probability of high intensity fires.
Chemical laser modeling with genetic algorithms

A genetic algorithm technique was implemented to determine a set of unknown parameters that best matched the Blaze II chemical laser model predictions with experimental data. This is the first known application of the genetic algorithm technique for modeling lasers, chemically reacting flows, and chemical lasers. Overall, the genetic algorithm technique worked exceptionally well for this chemical laser modeling problem in a cost effective and time efficient manner. Blaze II was baselined to existing chemical oxygen-iodine laser data taken with the research assessment and device improvement chemical laser device with very good agreement. Mixing calculations for the research assessment and device improvement chemical laser nozzle indicate that higher iodine flow rates are necessary to maintain a significant fraction of the nominal performance as the total pressure is increased by the addition of helium ; this agrees with research assessment and device improvement chemical laser experimental data. It may be possible to implement this genetic algorithm technique to optimize the performance of any chemical laser as a function of any of the flow rates, mirror location, mirror size, nozzle configuration, injector sizes, and other factors. This modeling procedure can be used as a method to guide experiments to improve chemical laser performance.
Dietary fiber and diabetes: what else do we need to know?

When dietary fiber was reaching its peak in popularity for use in diabetes one research title claimed ‘A high carbohydrate leguminous fiber diet improves all aspects of diabetes control’ [ 11. Other authors, however, pointed out that ‘Guar gum is not a panacea in diabetes management’ [2]. More recently, this topic was debated in the British Medical Journal [ 3,4]. These articles [ l-41 and recent review [ 5-71 indicate that many questions regarding dietary fiber and diabetes remain to be answered. These questions relate to whether fiber has a significant effect on glycemic control in diabetes, whether the general benefits of fiber outweigh the risks in diabetes, and, finally, how fiber works. Does dietary fiber intake have a significant effect on glycemic control in diabetes? This question has not been rigorously approached using either a long-term clinical trial or an objective analytical technique such as meta-analysis. Recently, we updated a handbook chapter [8] and tabulated scientific articles published in the English language between 1976 and 1990 related to clinical studies of human diabetic individuals using dietary fiber [ 91. Review of 35 clinical studies [ 91 indicates that soluble fibers such as guar significantly reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in individuals with either insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or Type 1) or non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type 2).
R-invariances of strong and weak interactions

Three alternative formulations of invariance under hypercharge (R) conjugation are considered. Some consequences of the three forms ofR-invariance are presented for weak interactions (both leptonic and nonleptonic) as well as for strong and electromagnetic interactions. Existing experimental data disfavor the standard form but are consistent with the other two forms ofR-invariance. Further experimental tests are needed to confirm the value of the new symmetry principle.
Some implications of ternary diffusion in the lung.

Abstract Diffusion in the lung normally involves three gases and the governing laws are Stefan-Maxwell equations rather than the more familiar Fick's law. A simple gas film model is studied mathematically to (1) demonstrate that the rate of diffusion of a component gas may be zero even though its concentration gradient is not zero (known as “diffusion barrier”), that the rate of diffusion of a component gas may not be zero even though its concentration gradient is zero (“osmotic diffusion”), and that a component gas may diffuse against the gradient of its concentration (“reverse diffusion”); (2) compare the discrepancy between results obtained by binary and ternary laws separately; (3) determine the importance of ternary diffusion at high pressure. The findings from the model study suggest that the effects of ternary diffusion may not be pronounced when air is breathed under normal conditions, but the behavior of helium mixtures deviate significantly from that described by binary diffusion laws.
Partitioned storage for temporal databases

Abstract Efficiently maintaining history data on line together with current data is difficult. This paper discusses one promising approach, the temporally partitioned store. The current store contains current data and possibly some history data, whil the history store holds the rest of the data. The two stores can utilize different storage formats, and even different storage media, depending on the individual data characteristics. We discuss various issues on the temporally partitioned store, investigate several formats for the history store, and evaluate their performance on a set of sample queries.
Hybrid Fuel Cell Gas Turbine System Design and Optimization for SOFC

Fuel Cell–Gas Turbine (FC-GT) hybrid technology portends a significant breakthrough in electrical generation. Hybrid systems reach unprecedented high efficiencies, above 70% LHV in some instances, with little to no pollution, and great scalability. This work investigates two high temperature fuel cell types with potential for hybrid application ranging from distributed generation to central plant scales; sub MW to 100MW. A new library of dynamic model components was developed and used to conceptualize and test several hybrid cycle configurations. This paper outlines a methodology for optimal scaling of balance of plant components used in any particular hybrid system configuration to meet specified design conditions. The optimization strategy is constrained to meet component performance limitations and incorporates dynamic testing and controllability analysis. This study investigates seven different design parameters and confirms that systems requiring less cathode recirculation and producing a greater portion of the total power in the fuel cell achieve higher efficiencies. Design choices that develop operation of the fuel cell at higher voltages increase efficiency, often at the cost of lower power density and greater stack size and cost. This work finds existing SOFC technology can be integrated with existing gas turbine and steam turbine technology in a hybrid system approaching 75% fuel to electricity conversion efficiency in optimized FC-GT hybrid configurations.
Radiating and nonradiating classical current distributions and the fields they generate

Several general theorems are established relating to well-behaved, localized, monochromatic current distributions and the fields that they generate. In particular, a necessary and sufficient condition for such a current distribution to be nonradiating is established and a general expression for all nonradiating current distributions of this class is obtained.
Influence of Toxoplasma on manifestations of Moloney virus infections.

Abstract Considerable evidence documents the importance of co-factors, including the immune response, in expression of oncogenicity of tumour viruses. To determine whether a common protozoal infection that can depress lymphocyte function alters manifestations of oncogenic virus infection, a mouse model of Toxoplasma infection with depressed T lymphocyte function was developed. In this model, Toxoplasma depressed blastogenic transformation to the T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A and primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells which requires T cell help. Uninfected and Toxoplasma-infected mice were then infected with Moloney leukaemia or Moloney sarcoma viruses and development of lymphoma and sarcoma were evaluated. Toxoplasma infection, which induced depression of T-cell function, decreased the incidence of Moloney sarcoma virus induced rhabdomyosarcomas but did not alter progression or regression of tumour in those mice that developed tumour. Conjoint infection with Toxplasma and Moloney leukaemia virus did not increase incidence of lymphoma when compared with incidence of lymphoma in mice infected with Moloney leukaemia virus alone.
Size, Composition, and Culture of High-Performing Hospital Boards:

At the national, state, and community levels of American society, there is a growing cry for more accountability and better performance by the governing boards of business firms, institutions of higher learning, and health care organizations. A recently completed study has examined selected aspects of governance in a set of high-performing nonprofit hospitals versus hospitals that are similar in several respects but whose performance is midrange. This article discusses the findings with respect to the boards' size, composition, and culture.
Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transitions of Individual Carbon Nanotubes of Defined Crystal Structure

By combining electron diffraction with Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy, we simultaneously determine the crystal structure and the optical transition energies of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes.
The Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Meditation as an Intervention for PTSD

In spite of the existence of good empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), consumers and providers continue to ask for more options for managing this common and often chronic condition. Meditation-based approaches are being widely implemented, but there is minimal research rigorously assessing their effectiveness. This article reviews meditation as an intervention for PTSD, considering three major types of meditative practices: mindfulness, mantra, and compassion meditation. The mechanisms by which these approaches may effectively reduce PTSD symptoms and improve quality of life are presented. Empirical evidence of the efficacy of meditation for PTSD is very limited but holds some promise. Additional evaluation of meditation-based treatment appears to be warranted.
The flavoproteins of ascites tumor cells

Abstract The mitochondrial flavoproteins in intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells have been characterized on the basis of the relative quantum efficiency of the fluorescence using inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Two main flavoprotein pools are described on the substrate and oxygen side of the rotenone-sensitive site, which are, respectively, highly and weakly fluorescent. The cytoplasmic flavoprotein, DT-diaphorase, has also been identified by vitamin K3 and dicumarol, as a very low-fluorescent flavoprotein with a relative quantum efficiency of about 3% of that of the mitochondrial flavins.
Negative implications for the inclusion of citizenship performance in ratings

Although citizenship performance has been deemed important to organizational effectiveness, potential negative consequences related to including these behaviours in assessments of performance have received far less attention. Furthermore, although numerous researchers have demonstrated that performance ratings include task and citizenship performance, none have specifically examined the potential negative implications this has for performance ratings, employees, and organizations. This article conceptually explores the implications of including citizenship performance in formal ratings of performance. Specifically, the negative implications of including citizenship performance in the formal performance appraisal process are explored in terms of the consequences for the performance rating, including inaccurate appraisals; effects on employees, including reactions to the procedure; potential organizational outcomes, including performance and competitive advantage concerns; potential international and legal ...
The effects of channel-selective attention on the mismatch negativity wave elicited by deviant tones.

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related brain potential elicited by infrequent, physically deviant sounds in a sequence of repetitive auditory stimuli. Two dichotic listening experiments that were designed to optimize the selective focusing of attention provided a strong test of Naatanen's proposal that the MMN is unaffected by attention and reflects the operation of a strongly automatic mismatch detection system. In Experiment 1, tones were presented at intervals of 120-320 ms, and the deviant tones (intensity decrements) in both the attended and unattended ears elicited negative waves consistent in waveshape, latency, and distribution with previously described MMNs. In contrast to previous reports, however, the MMN elicited by the unattended-channel deviant was markedly reduced (peak amplitude of less than 1 microV) relative to the corresponding negative wave elicited by the attended-channel deviants (3-4 microV), as well as relative to previously reported MMNs (3-6 microV) elicited by comparable deviations in stimulus intensity. In Experiment 2, which employed interstimulus intervals of 65-205 ms, the unattended-channel MMN elicited by the deviant fainter tones was barely discernible, whereas the corresponding attended-channel negativity was again about 3-4 microV. These findings call into question the assertion that the auditory mismatch detection process and the associated MMN wave are wholly independent of attentional influence. Rather, these data provide evidence that the processing of stimuli in unattended channels can be attenuated or gated at an early sensory level under conditions of highly focused auditory selective attention.
Effective Diffusion-Medium Thickness for Simplified Polymer-Electrolyte-Fuel-Cell Modeling

In this manuscript, conformal mapping is applied to a rib/channel domain of a polymer-electrolyte-fuel-cell diffusion medium. The analysis leads to the calculation of an effective diffusion-medium thickness, which can subsequently be used in 1-D simulations to account for the average rib/channel 2-D geometric effect. Extensions of the analysis to anisotropic and multilayer diffusion media are also given. Both equations and figures show the impact on a given variable at the catalyst layer of having a combined conducting/nonconducting boundary across from it.
Linking the web and the street: Internet-based “dotcauses” and the “anti-globalization” movement

Summary Dotcauses (Internet-based networks) and the transnational protest movement about globalization are prominent features of contemporary civil society. We argue that these phenomena are related. Dotcauses are important mobilizing structures within the movement, attracting support, coordinating action, and disseminating alternatives. They therefore influence many of its characteristics—its transnational action, leaderlessness, profusion of concerns, tactical schisms, and digital/language divides. Social movement theory is employed to study these issues. Dotcauses, and the Internet more generally, are changing social movement and activist dynamics. Policy makers have difficulty in responding to this dispersed organizational design, as do traditional civil society organizations.
Results and complications of intraaortic balloon pumping in surgical and medical patients

The intraaortic balloon was attempted for therapy in 94 patients and successfully placed in 86. The balloon catheter could not be passed through the femoral or iliac artery in 12 patients (13 percent) of the group; in 4 of these the balloon was inserted through an aortic arch graft. The medical indications were cardiogenic shock and preinfarction angina. Ten of the 14 patients in the group with shock survived when treated with an aortic balloon without emergency surgery. Indications for balloon pumping in the surgical group included inability to wean the patient from the pump-oxygenator, postoperative shock and prophylactic placement of the balloon for poor ventricular function. Inability to remove a patient from pump-oxygenator support was the most common surgical indication, and 47 percent of patients were long-term survivors. Only 1 of the 17 patients for whom balloon pumping was used prophylactically died. Complications occurred in 17 percent of the entire group of 86 patients although the rate for medical patients with cardiogenic shock was 50 percent. The most common complication was arterial insufficiency requiring removal of the balloon. Four patients had permanent damage to the legs from ischemia, one patient requiring bilateral amputation. The overall incidence of serious arterial obstruction was 10 percent. Other complications included balloon displacement with arterial obstruction and pericardial tamponade from anticoagulant agents resulting in death.
WebDigest: layout-preserving visually enhanced Web pages

As the Web becomes a platform for social activities, it is a serious problem that people unfamiliar with information technologies, especially elderly people, cannot use the Web effectively. Many systems to enlarge fonts and increase line spacing have been developed to improve the readability of Web pages. Although magnifying text assists reading by elderly people, it may cause secondary problems that trouble them from different aspects. To solve such problems, we propose a new "WebDigest" mechanism for modifying the visual formats of existing Web pages making them more accessible, especially for elderly users. The mechanism, which is incorporated into an annotation-based transcoding system, digests and simplifies the Web content while preserving the structural format. Evaluation of the method with senior citizens showed that this approach improves their ease of information access using the Web.
Troubling gifts of care: vulnerable persons and threatening exchanges in Chicago's home care industry.

By tracing the transformations of troubling exchanges in paid home care, this article examines how differently positioned individuals strive to build caring relations within potentially restrictive regimes of care. In paid home care in Chicago, older adults and their workers regularly participate in exchanges of money, time, and material goods. These gifts play a crucial role in building good care relationships that sustain participants’ moral personhood. Amid widespread concern about vulnerable elders, home care agencies compete in a crowded marketplace by prohibiting these exchanges, even as they depend on them to strengthen relationships. Supervisors thus exercise discretion, sometimes reclassifying gift exchanges as punishable thefts. In this context, the commodification of care did not lead to the actual elimination of gift relations, but rather transformed gift relations into a suspicious and troublesome source of value.
Period and height control during the microcontact printing of alkoxysilane for optical gratings

We present a one-step replication technique for optical gratings that allows the control of the corrugation height and period. By using an ink that slowly condenses into a multilayer polymer, it is possible to control the corrugation height by changing the condensation time. In addition, by applying a mechanical strain on the stamp, it is also possible to change the period of the grating. The combination of these two features added to the ease of use and low cost of this technique makes it very attractive for the fast prototyping of optical gratings for applications such as the measurement of surface plasmon band gaps. Corrugation heights in the range of 100 to 250 nm and period variations up to 10% are achieved.