cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Man Is Known by His Cup: Signaling Commitment via Costly Conformity

Why do unpopular norms persist? Existing approaches see this issue as an information problem, where individuals misconstrue a norm as popular and conform so as to fake their endorsement. But even w...
Dual-Terahertz-Comb Spectrometer on CMOS for Rapid, Wide-Range Gas Detection With Absolute Specificity

This paper describes the design and implementation of a 220–320 GHz spectrometer consisting of a pair of 65-nm CMOS chips. The spectrometer utilizes two counter-propagating frequency-comb signals to seamlessly scan the broadband spectrum and significantly reduces the total scanning time through high parallelism. The comb signal, with ten equally spaced frequency tones, is generated and detected by a chain of inter-locked transceivers on chip. The large reduction of required tuning range for each transceiver enables peak energy efficiency across a wide bandwidth. Each transceiver is based on a multi-functional electromagnetic structure, which serves as a frequency doubler, sub-harmonic mixer and an on-chip radiator simultaneously. In particular, theory and design methodology of a dual-transmission-line feedback scheme are presented, which maximizes the transistor gain near its cutoff frequency $f_{\mathrm{ max}}$ and enhances the harmonic generation efficiency. The spectrometer chip has a measured total radiated power of 5.2 mW and a measured single-sideband noise figure of 14.6 ~ 19.5 dB, representing the highest generated power and sensitivity of silicon-based terahertz circuits. The chip consumes a dc power of 1.7 W. Finally, absorption spectrum of acetonitrile (CH3CN) and carbonyl sulfide is obtained, which agree with the JPL spectroscopy catalog.
Pentostatin therapy for steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease: identifying those who may benefit.

We report outcomes of 60 patients with steroid-refractory (SR)-aGVHD treated with pentostatin. Almost half (47%) of patients had grade 4 GVHD—22% had stage 3–4 liver GVHD and 51% had stage 3–4 lower gastrointestinal tract (LGI) GVHD. Patients received a median of 3 courses (range, 1–9) of pentostatin. Day 28 overall response rate (ORR) was 33% (n = 20) (complete response 18% (n = 11), partial response 15% (n = 9)). Non-relapse mortality was 72% (95% confidence interval (CI) 61–84%) and overall survival (OS) was 21% (95% CI 12–32%) at 18 months. On univariate analysis, age >60 years (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.01–3.7, p = 0.045) and presence of liver GVHD (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–3.3, p = 0.03) were significant predictors of poor OS while patients with LGI GVHD had superior OS than those without (HR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8, p = 0.01). On stratified analysis, patients <60 years with isolated LGI GVHD had the best outcomes with an ORR of 48% and OS of 42% at 18 months. Among older patients, OS was 14% in those with isolated LGI aGVHD and 0% in others. Pentostatin remains a viable treatment option for SR-aGVHD, especially in patients 60 years or younger with isolated LGI involvement.
Assessment of countermeasure effectiveness and informativeness in mitigating wrong-way entries onto limited-access facilities.

Abstract Wrong-way crashes are a major cause for safety concerns along freeways and limited-access facilities. Although wrong-way crashes account for a relatively small portion of total crashes, the impact between two cars crashing into each other at high speeds in opposite directions often results in severe injuries or fatalities compared to any other type of crash. To seek solutions for mitigating wrong-way driving (WWD), multiple field tests involving a number of countermeasures using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies have been conducted in Florida. This study was aimed to evaluate these WWD countermeasures in Florida and develop recommendations regarding the most effective and informing WWD countermeasures through (1) analysis of existing data and studies, (2) field WWD testing using focus groups, (3) a public opinion survey, and (4) capturing human factors elements using simulation via a driving simulator. The results proved that red Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs) are the top countermeasure for mitigating WWD at freeway off-ramps, with wigwag flashing beacons as the second best, and detection-triggered blank-out signs and detection-triggered LED lights around “WRONG WAY” signs (tie) as third best. Red flush-mount Internally Illuminated Raised Pavement Markers (IIRPMs) were found to be statistically significantly effective for possible consideration as a supplemental countermeasure for mitigating WWD at freeway off-ramps. The countermeasure of delineators along off-ramps was found to be the least effective and was not considered for recommendation for deterring WWD at freeway off-ramps. This study further confirms that the newly-developed signing and pavement marking standards in Florida are a positive countermeasure on arterials to mitigate wrong-way entries onto freeway off-ramps.
What Can Happen When Postpartum Anxiety Progresses to Psychosis? A Case Study

This case report describes a primipara without documented psychiatric history prior to complicated delivery. Onset of severe insomnia and anxiety was right after childbirth but not treated. Obsessive thinking pattern became more prominent. The patient became depressed and sought psychiatric help four months after delivery. Insomnia was then treated pharmacologically. Anxiety and depression persisted, suicidal ideation emerged, and the patient became confused, indecisive, overwhelmed, and delusional regarding her child’s health. Medications for depression and anxiety were started six months postpartum yet were ineffective. The patient’s obsessions gradually became fully psychotic and she committed an altruistic infanticide eight months postpartum. Psychiatric hospitalization occurred, followed by a long course of mental, physical, legal, and social rehabilitation. She was minimally responsive to psychopharmacological treatment, which appeared to be partly related to her hormonal dysregulation. Several months into the treatment she gradually started improving and returned to baseline two years later. The Illinois court found the patient not guilty to murder by reason of Insanity.
Photoacclimation Responses in Subarctic Atlantic Phytoplankton Following a Natural Mixing-Restratification Event

Strong physical disturbances in the surface ocean vertically redistribute plankton and lead to new relationships between organisms and their growth environment. Entrainment of phytoplankton to deeper depths decreases light exposure while stratification exposes cells in the surface mixing layer to higher light. Phytoplankton can rapidly respond to alterations in growth irradiance using photoacclimation processes such as nonphotochemical quenching and alterations in pigments and other macromolecules. While it is common to observe photophysiological responses to shifts in growth irradiance in the laboratory it is rare that a study is able to document these processes in the field in a lagrangian framework. We were able to follow a natural phytoplankton community for four days and observe rapid photophysiological responses and net accumulation patterns of biomass down to 200 m following a deep mixing and restratification event in the subarctic Atlantic ocean. Applying flow cytometry and fast rate repetition fluorometry (FRRf) we report on the photoacclimation responses of multiple taxonomic groups in relation to the rapidly evolving physical environment. Significant stratification occurred following the deep entrainment event, isolating cells within an actively mixing and shoaling surface layer, the lower euphotic zone, and below the photic zone. Distinct differences in patterns of accumulation and photoacclimation are apparent between these depths of disparate light histories. Photoacclimation patterns are generally consistent between Synechococcus, picoeukaryote, and nanoeukaryote groups yet diel patterns and variability in the range of photoacclimation suggest divergent physiology. Results from continuous FRRf measurements collected on bulk seawater show a decrease in the number photosystem II reaction centers and a concurrent increase in the functional cross section with implications for maintaining photosynthetic rates throughout the mixed layer. Understanding group specific differences as well as bulk community acclimation strategies will be important for informing models relying on photoacclimation parameters to determine growth and accumulation rates and net primary production. More so, the rates at which cells acclimate within the context of the frequency and spatial dynamics of storm events, such as the one recorded here, directly impact interpretations and applications of remote retrievals of phytoplankton chlorophyll, carbon, and their ratio in the context of unbalanced growth.
An OBTG (Organizational - Business - Technological - Governmental) E-business Adoption Model for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

Despite the increased number of SME adopters of information communication technology for their business, there are limited studies that address the factors affecting SME’s adoption decision. Especially, a theoretical perspective on E-business adoption model for SMEs is required to understand better the SME’s complex adoption decision and, in turn, to provide a realistic means of guidelines for other SME’s for their adoption decision. Thus, the goal of this study is three-fold: i) to review key literature of the factors affecting SME’s adoption decision and then summarize major determinants of key dimensions with definition and literature sources, ii) to propose a theoretical framework of e-business adoption, and iii) to provide an insightful discussion on the driving factors and barriers of the e-business adoption decision by SMEs.
It’s Not Rocket Science: The Impact of Employee Tournaments on Innovation and Teamwork at NASA

Employee promotion tournaments are a key tool for creating performance incentives in both private and public sector organizations. However, the research focus has been on private sector firms. This...
Spatiotemporal changes in soil phosphorus characteristics in a submerged aquatic vegetation-dominated treatment wetland.

Abstract In South Florida, stormwater treatment areas (STAs) are used to reduce phosphorus (P) in runoff from agricultural areas before water is discharged into the Everglades Protection Area. The Everglades STAs retain a significant amount of P and play an important role in Everglades restoration. Wetland soils generally are long-term sinks for P; therefore, the sustainability of STA treatment performance can be assessed by tracking changes in soil characteristics. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal changes in soil P and related physicochemical characteristics in the unconsolidated floc and underlying surface soil layer (0–10 cm) of a 920-ha submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)-dominated wetland (STA-2 Cell 3). Physicochemical properties in soil cores collected in 2003, 2007, 2009, and 2015 were evaluated and compared using geostatistical methods. Results indicated a gradual increase in floc depth over time. Total P (TP) concentrations in the floc were significantly higher than in the surface soil. Slight but statistically nonsignificant increases of mean TP in floc were observed. There was a significant increase in P storage in the floc layer between 2003 and 2007, with more P stored in the surface soil layer. Interpolated maps showed consistently higher TP and P storage values in the floc and surface soil near inflow areas of the cell during all sampling events. Furthermore, the 2003 to 2015 change maps showed TP and P storage decreasing from inflow to outflow. Bulk density (BD) in floc was approximately half of surface soil BD. Significant decline in the percentage of ash-free dry weight (AFDW) in floc from 2003 to 2007 indicated an increase in mineral content. This is consistent with increases in total calcium (TCa) in the floc, which was up to four times higher than in the surface soil layer. This indicates that TCa plays a central role in defining the characteristics of SAV cells. Overall, despite the heterogeneity of sediment attributes in the system, temporal trends and spatial patterns were observed in the physicochemical characteristics of soils. These trends and patterns can be used to understand long-term changes in large-scale treatment wetlands. Such insights are useful for optimizing and sustaining the treatment performance of STAs.
Can a High-grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma be Functional?

ABSTRACT We present a rare high-grade, functional, neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide. This case is unique, given the tumor's aggressive features and high Ki-67 index while also secreting functional hormones, which is unusual in high-grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Our patient initially presented with diarrhea and was found to have a 4.7 × 3.1 × 3.3 cm pancreatic mass with diffuse hepatic metastasis staining positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide, chromogranin A and synaptophysin. She was initially underscored as grade 2 NET due to low mitosis, but subsequently restaged based on Ki-67 index as a grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma. She unfortunately was not a candidate for chemotherapy at that time. We conclude that high-grade NETs have the potential to secrete active peptide hormones. We therefore recommend that NETs with aggressive features be biopsied and assessed for Ki-67 activity and mitosis regardless if they are functional tumors, with goal for early initiation of chemotherapy.
An Envy-Free Auction Mechanism for Resource Allocation in Edge Computing Systems

One of the major challenges in Mobile Edge Computing~(MEC) systems is to decide how to allocate and price edge/cloud resources so that a given system's objective, such as revenue or social welfare, is optimized. One promising approach is to allocate these resources based on auction models, in which users place bids for using a certain amount of resources. In this paper, we address the problem of resource allocation and pricing in a two-level edge computing system. We consider a system in which servers with different capacities are located in the cloud or at the edge of the network. Mobile users compete for these resources and have heterogeneous demands. We design an auction-based mechanism that allocates and prices edge/cloud resources. The proposed mechanism is novel in the sense that it handles the allocation of resources available at the two-levels of the system by combining features from both position and combinatorial auctions. We show that the proposed mechanism is individually-rational and produces envy-free allocations. The first property guarantees that users are willing to participate in the mechanism, while the second guarantees that when the auction is finished, no user would be happier with the outcome of another user. We evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism by performing extensive experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism is scalable and obtains efficient solutions.
FORO DE REFLEXIÓN Y DEBATE: EMPRESAS INTELIGENTES, GENERANDO FUTURO

Se establece un foro de reflexion y debate multidisciplinar y multiprofesional para debatir y definir indicadores relevantesy significativos que faciliten la identificacion, diferenciacion y promocion de las empresas smart-inteligentes, quepromueven el uso de las tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion como medio para mejorar la calidadde vida de los ciudadanos. En coherencia con una revision bibliografica exhaustiva previa, se enfoca el debate atraves de cuatro ejes: tecnologia, innovacion y calidad de vida; comunicacion; liderazgo y direccion de personas, yempresas inteligentes. En las conclusiones se destacan una serie de caracteristicas diferenciales de las empresaSmart-inteligentes en cinco ambitos: Tecnologia: Humanizacion y generacion de trabajos con valor frente a larobotizacion y la digitalizacion; ciberseguridad y proteccion de datos. Administracion y gestion: Conciliacion de laactividad economica y generacion de valor en sus stakeholders; direccion de personas y liderazgo con valores;optimizacion del clima laboral; fomento del trabajo colaborativo; cuidado y gestion adecuada del personal; generacionde orgullo de pertinencia retorno a la sociedad; respeto a la diversidad en general, generacional y multicultural, ypromocion del voluntariado. Investigacion: Innovacion; investigacion dirigida y aplicada transferencia de conocimientoentre universidad y empresa, y generacion de conocimiento. Educacion y formacion: En valores ante los retos queplantea la tecnologia, formacion y reciclaje ante el cambio y Comunicacion: Transparencia; comunicacion dirigidaa los clientes; periodismo social democratizador, webs de opiniones y testimonios que fomentan la mejoraempresarial y brecha digital. La definicion de indicadores cuantitativos y cualitativos permitira disponer de unaherramienta de direccion empresarial entorno a la gestion de las tecnologias en las organizaciones, en un momentode grandes retos sociales y de transformacion debidos a la digitalizacion y a la robotizacion. La reflexion, eldebate y el conocimiento generado en este foro de personas expertas persigue la transferencia sobre cuatroambitos: investigacion, educacion, emprendimiento y empresa.
Confronting Mathematical Pseudo-Community: A Domain-specific Analysis of a Middle School Mathematics Department

Teacher professional community refers to the extent to which teachers collaborate to further their own and their students’ learning. Peck (1995) drew distinctions between pseudo-community and professional community, where pseudo-communities rely on suppression of conflict and the tacit understandings that it is “against the rules” to challenge others’ beliefs and ideas. The teacher education literature is predominantly composed of domain-general characterizations of teacher community. This study investigates the pseudo-communities of five middle school mathematics teachers’ through a domain-specific characterization of criteria of professional community. These characterizations are made using teacher responses to surveys and interaction analysis during a meeting between middle school mathematics teachers and researchers. These analyses allow for the investigation of why domain-general characterizations of pseudo-community may be limited.
2 Basic Writing Skills

Do not skip this chapter. Yes, there will be the temptation to go directly to the chapter describing the article or research report you want to write, but that would be a mistake. It would be like attempting to build a house without a blueprint and tools. In writing an article or a book chapter, the topic is what you want to “build.” The structure is your blueprint, and the paragraphs, sentences, and words are the contents of your toolbox. So learn your craft and how to use your tools before starting to construct your masterpiece.
Quiescence Entry, Maintenance, and Exit in Adult Stem Cells

Cells of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes can respond to certain environmental cues by arresting the cell cycle and entering a reversible state of quiescence. Quiescent cells do not divide, but can re-enter the cell cycle and resume proliferation if exposed to some signals from the environment. Quiescent cells in mammals and humans include adult stem cells. These cells exhibit improved stress resistance and enhanced survival ability. In response to certain extrinsic signals, adult stem cells can self-renew by dividing asymmetrically. Such asymmetric divisions not only allow the maintenance of a population of quiescent cells, but also yield daughter progenitor cells. A multistep process of the controlled proliferation of these progenitor cells leads to the formation of one or more types of fully differentiated cells. An age-related decline in the ability of adult stem cells to balance quiescence maintenance and regulated proliferation has been implicated in many aging-associated diseases. In this review, we describe many traits shared by different types of quiescent adult stem cells. We discuss how these traits contribute to the quiescence, self-renewal, and proliferation of adult stem cells. We examine the cell-intrinsic mechanisms that allow establishing and sustaining the characteristic traits of adult stem cells, thereby regulating quiescence entry, maintenance, and exit.
Clustering of unhealthy behaviors in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents.

Abstract Poor diet, low physical activity, sedentary behavior and smoking are modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases that often develop early in life. An improved understanding of how unhealthy behaviors co-occur within individual children across childhood and adolescence could inform the development of more effective prevention approaches. Using data from the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we calculated weighted prevalence of five unhealthy behaviors – excessive screen time, poor diet quality, low physical activity, fast food consumption, and smoking (adolescents only) – alone and in combination among U.S. children and adolescents, stratified by age group (2–5, 6–11, 12–15, and 16–19 years). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations between health behavior clustering (≥2 unhealthy behaviors) and sociodemographic characteristics by age group. Among 7714 children and adolescents, the most prevalent behaviors were excessive screen time and poor diet quality. Unhealthy behavior clustering increased significantly with age (from 29.0% for ages 2–5 to 73.9% for ages 16–19 years, p-trend:
Experimental Evaluation of CNN Parameters for Text Categorization in Legal Document Review

Predictive Coding, also called Text Categorization, has been widely used in legal industry. By leveraging machine learning models such as logistic regression and SVM, the review of documents can be prioritized based on their probability of relevance to the legal case, thus improving review efficiency and cutting cost. In recent years, deep learning models—combined with word embeddings—have shown better performance in predictive coding. However, deep learning models involve many parameters and it is challenging and time-consuming for legal practitioners to select appropriate settings. Based on the experiments on several public legal text datasets, this paper shows the preliminary results about how various key parameter settings impact the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs).
Preventing Foodborne Illness: Cyclosporiasis

Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the microscopic parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. People can become infected with Cyclospora by consuming food or water contaminated with the parasite. People living or traveling in countries where cyclosporiasis is endemic may be at increased risk for infection. This 6-page publication is part of the Preventing Foodborne Illness series and describes symptoms and strategies for cyclosporiasis prevention for farmers, restaurants and retailers, and consumers. This major revision was written by Christopher R. Pabst, Jaysankar De, Renee Goodrich-Schneider, and Keith R. Schneider and published by the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs130
Banking Sector Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis

This paper examines the impact of financial sector policy announcements on bank stocks around the world during the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. Overall, we find that liquidity support, borrower assistance programs and monetary easing moderated the adverse impact from the crisis, but their impact varied considerably across banks and countries. By contrast, countercyclical prudential measures led to negative abnormal returns in bank stocks, suggesting that markets price the downside risks associated with these policies.
LIBOR-exit: How is the Financial World Preparing for the Death of a Benchmark?

In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced that by the end of 2021 it would no longer compel banks to provide the information necessary to determine the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The move responded to a rate manipulation scandal and an overall diminution in underlying transaction volume. LIBOR, the rate that banks say they would pay to borrow from one another, is published daily for a number of currencies and tenors. LIBOR is used as a reference rate for hundreds of trillions of dollars’ worth of financial documents,4 some of which did not contemplate a world without it. As the financial world braces for the discontinuation of LIBOR, uncertain abounds. This paper delves into some of the measures taking place to attempt to smooth the transition to new reference rates.
Iminosugar glucosidase inhibitors reduce hepatic inflammation in HAV-infected Ifnar1-/- mice.

Iminosugar compounds are monosaccharide mimetics with broad but generally weak antiviral activities related to inhibition of enzymes involved in glycobiology. Miglustat (N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin), which is approved for treatment of lipid storage diseases in humans, and UV-4 (N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1-deoxynojirimycin), inhibit replication of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in cell culture (IC50 32.13 μM and 8.05 μM, respectively) by blocking the synthesis of gangliosides essential for HAV cell entry. We used a murine model of hepatitis A and targeted mass spectrometry to assess the capacity of these compounds to deplete hepatic gangliosides and modify the course of HAV infection in vivo Miglustat, given by gavage to Ifnar1-/- mice (4800 mg/kg/day) depleted hepatic gangliosides by 69-75%, but caused substantial gastrointestinal toxicity and failed to prevent viral infection. UV-4, similarly administered in high doses (400 mg/kg/day), was well tolerated, but depleted hepatic gangliosides by only 20% after 14 days. UV-4 depletion of gangliosides varied by class. Several GM2 species were paradoxically increased, likely due to inhibition of β-glucosidases that degrade gangliosides. Both compounds enhanced, rather than reduced, virus replication. Nonetheless, both iminosugars had surprising anti-inflammatory effects, blocking the accumulation of inflammatory cells within the liver. UV-4 treatment also resulted in a decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations associated with acute hepatitis A. These anti-inflammatory effects may result from iminosugar inhibition of cellular α-glucosidases, leading to impaired maturation of glycan moieties of chemokine and cytokine receptors, and point to the potential importance of paracrine signaling in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis A.IMPORTANCEHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis. Iminosugar compounds block its replication in cultured cells by inhibiting synthesis of gangliosides required for HAV cell entry, but have not been tested for their ability to prevent or treat hepatitis A in vivo We show that high doses of the iminosugars miglustat and UV-4 fail to deplete gangliosides sufficiently to block HAV infection in mice lacking a key interferon receptor. These compounds nonetheless have striking anti-inflammatory effects on the HAV-infected liver, reducing the severity of hepatitis despite enhancing chemokine and cytokine expression resulting from hepatocyte-intrinsic antiviral responses. We propose that iminosugar inhibition of cellular α-glucosidases impairs maturation of glycan moieties of chemokine and cytokine receptors required for effective signaling. These data highlight the potential importance of paracrine signaling pathways in the inflammatory response to HAV, and add to our understanding of HAV pathogenesis in mice.
Does prospect theory explain ethical decision making? Evidence from tax compliance

Abstract Prospect theory is often used to predict individuals’ risky tax decisions. For example, individuals who are in a tax due (refund) position are predicted to engage in more (less) tax noncompliance. This is known as the “withholding phenomenon”. However, tax noncompliance is not just risky, it is also unethical. We hypothesize that because there is an ethical component inherent in this risky decision, the feelings described by prospect theory are insufficient to cause increased risk-seeking. In a series of experiments, we show that moral disengagement is the primary theoretical mechanism that explains noncompliant tax behavior. The feelings evoked from being in a loss domain provide motivation for individuals to morally disengage, while moral disengagement is directly related to noncompliant tax behavior. We also develop an intervention that deters individuals from morally disengaging, specifically when they are in a tax due position. These results have important practical and theoretical implications.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Labor Epidural Analgesia Using Moderately High Concentrations of Plain Local Anesthetics versus Low Concentrations of Local Anesthetics with Opioids

Purpose Compared to low concentrations of local anesthetics with opioids for labor epidural analgesia, very high concentrations of local anesthetics are associated with an increased risk of assisted vaginal delivery. We aimed to investigate if moderately high concentrations of plain local anesthetics are also associated with this risk. Methods We searched for published randomized controlled trials that compared moderately high concentrations of plain local anesthetics (>0.1% but ≤0.125% bupivacaine, >0.1% but ≤0.125% levobupivacaine, or >0.17% but ≤0.2% ropivacaine) to low concentrations of local anesthetics (≤0.1% bupivacaine, ≤0.1% levobupivacaine, or ≤0.17% ropivacaine) with opioids for labor analgesia. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the risk of assisted vaginal delivery and other perinatal outcomes between these two groups. Results We identified nine randomized controlled trials with a total of 1334 participants. Meta-analysis of these nine trials showed no differences in the risks of assisted vaginal delivery (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-1.49) or Cesarean delivery (OR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.71-1.29) between the two groups. The incidence of motor block was higher in the group of moderately high concentrations (OR = 4.05; 95% CI, 2.19-7.48), while the incidence of pruritus was lower (OR = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03-0.16). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that the current evidence is inadequate to support that moderately high concentrations of plain local anesthetics increase the risk of assisted vaginal delivery compared to low concentrations of local anesthetics with opioids.
Linguistic artistry and flexibility in dual-language bilingual classrooms: young Black children’s language and literacy practices

Drawing on translanguaging and raciolinguistics frameworks in an ethnographic case study, this article contextualizes how young Black American children engage in rich literacy practices to validate...
Wealth Through Christ

There are two major areas that need to be explored in dealing -with the theory of the effect of being Christian on economic wellbeing--whether it might have a positive or negative effect, and whether the relationship is significant or not. This paper will first look at the theory behind the positive I negative argument, and then the theory behind the significant 1 insignificant argument. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol5/iss1/12 Wealth Through Christ?
A Narrative Approach to the Clinical Reasoning Process in Pediatric Intensive Care: The Story of Matthew

This paper offers a narrative approach to understanding the process of clinical reasoning in complex cases involving medical uncertainty, moral ambiguity, and futility. We describe a clinical encounter in which the pediatric health care team experienced a great deal of conflict and distrust as a result of an ineffective process of interpretation and communication. We propose a systematic method for analyzing the technical, ethical, behavioral, and existential dimensions of the clinical reasoning process, and introduce the Clinical Reasoning Discussion Tool—a dialogical and interpretive device aimed at improving communication, understanding, empathy, and moral deliberation in the clinical setting.
Neuroarthropathy of the wrist in paraplegia: A case report.

Background/objective Neuroarthropathy, also known as Charcot joint, is most commonly seen in the spine and other weight-bearing joints in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). It is rarely seen in the joints of the upper extremities because the pathophysiology of the neuroarthropathy is thought to be significant repetitive trauma such as with weight bearing in an insensate joint. Methods Case report of neuroarthropathy in the wrist of a 46-year-old man with a 30-year history of T4 paraplegia caused by ependymoma. Results The patient recently developed a nonpainful swelling in the left wrist, which had decreased sensation since the time of his initial SCI. Radiological evaluation showed marked degenerative changes consistent with neuroarthropathy. A magnetic resonance image of the spine showed spinal cord atrophy at the cervicothoracic junction. Conclusions This case shows an unusual presentation of a neuroarthropathy in a wrist in an individual with functional paraplegia. Because the treatment options for neuroarthropathy in the upper extremity in individuals with SCI are limited, early diagnosis is crucial to implement conservative management before significant destruction of the joint occurs.
Use of current density an the regularization of the inverse problem of electrocardiography

The inverse electrocardiographic problem is aimed at reconstructing epicardial potentials from body surface potential data, or reconstructing endocardial potentials from intracavitary potential data. Due to the ill-posed nature of the problem, regularization is employed to obtain stable, physical solutions. This report demonstrates the use of current density in the regularization of the inverse problem. It is concluded that use of current density provides a significant improvement in the inverse solution. >
Southeastern Peanut-Production Cost Efficiency Under the Quota System: Implications for the Farm-Level Impacts of the 2002 Farm Act

In the article, stochastic frontier analysis of peanut-production efficiency in the Southeastern region of the United States is conducted with a view of assessing the likely farm-level impacts of the 2002 Farm Act. Results indicate that, although quota ownership did not significantly impact inefficiency, it is likely that limitations on the quota's transferability to areas with better growing conditions were a significant cause of inefficiency. The acreage shifts and improved yields following the passage of the 2002 Farm Act support this conclusion. Certain farm characteristics, such as farm size and operator's education and age, were also important for efficiency.
Factors influencing the communication of emotional intent by facial expressions

Forty-eight Ss attempted to communicate 10 emotions to four judges by means of facial expressions. Results agreed with those reported by Thompson & Meltzer (1964) in showing that happiness was easiest and contempt most difficult to communicate, and that the Woodworth-Schlosberg scale consisted of five categories and was not circular. Also, females were found to be more effective than males in communicating happiness, love, fear, and anger. A measure of situational anxiety (the AACL) failed to show the expected negative relationahip to accuracy of communication.
Moses and Machiavellism

Le Prince de Machiavel se termine par une exhortation a prendre l'Italie et a la liberer des Barbares. Machiavel utilise des references bibliques et adopte le role de Moise en tant que narrateur. Lui-meme va essayer de devenir le liberateur de sa nation. Son exhortation ressemble a celle de Deuteronome 29 et 30. Tandis que Moise s'adresse au peuple d'Israel, Moise s'adresse a Laurent de Medicis. Dans les deux cas, on prevoit l'echec si les peuples n'arrivent pas a se liberer de leur servitude. Apres cette liberation, la nation connait enfin le bonheur economique et politique
Low Energy Availability in the Marathon and Other Endurance Sports

Energy availability is the amount of dietary energy remaining after exercise training for all other metabolic processes. Excessively low energy availability impairs reproductive and skeletal health, although genetics and age may alter an individual's initial conditions and sensitivity when low energy availability is imposed. Many marathon runners and other endurance athletes reduce energy availability either (i) intentionally to modify body size and composition for improving performance; (ii) compulsively in a psychopathological pattern of disordered eating; or (iii) inadvertently because there is no strong biological drive to match energy intake to activity-induced energy expenditure. Inadvertent low energy availability is more extreme when consuming a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. Low energy availability, reproductive disorders, low bone mineral density and stress fractures are more common in female than male athletes. Functional menstrual disorders caused by low energy availability should be diagnosed by excluding diseases that also disrupt menstrual cycles. To determine energy availability (in units of kilocalories or kilojoules per kilogram of fat-free mass), athletes can record their diets and use diet analysis software to calculate energy intake, measure energy expenditure during exercise using a heart monitor and measure fat-free mass using a bioelectrical impedance body composition scale. All are commercially available at consumer prices.
Investigating and Understanding the Bending Fatigue Response and Fracture Behavior of Two High Strength Steels

In this paper, the results of a recent study aimed at understanding the bending fatigue response of two carbon steels is presented and discussed. The two carbon steels chosen are the ones preferred and used for a spectrum of industrial applications. Bend test specimens of the two carbon steels were prepared and conformed to specifications used in several earlier studies. The machined test specimens were deformed in bending fatigue over a range of maximum load, at a positive load ratio of 0.1, and the number of cycles to failure was recorded. The specific influence of chemical composition on bending fatigue life of the carbon steels is presented. The fracture surfaces of the deformed and failed specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope to establish the macroscopic mode of fracture and to concurrently characterize the intrinsic features and establish the microscopic mechanisms governing fracture. The influence of nature of loading and maximum load on bending fatigue life is discussed in light of chemical composition and intrinsic microstructural features of the chosen carbon steel.
CuKα1 x-ray laser

Abstract The resonance X-ray optical pumping by a Cu-W X-ray tube of K-shell electrons at Cu(111) faces stores standing Bragg resonance CuKα 1 modes. A directed CuKα 1 beam induces stimulated CuKα 1 emission with nondivergence, a nonlinear gain beyond a threshold, the suppression of the Kα 1 mode, a high signal to noise ratio and an unusually high count rate.
Perception of simultaneous simulations of two rotating spheres in the same visual locale

In many three-dimensional (3-D) simulations of a rotating object, the perceptual task facing the observer is formidable. Nonetheless, the spontaneous percept is usually coherent; that is, a rigid 3-D object rotating in depth is perceived. In the present experiment, observers viewed a stroboscopic display consisting of 100 randomly located luminous dots that simulated the simultaneous rotation of two concentric spheres. Under appropriate conditions of presentation, observers could spontaneously discriminate the relative rotations of the two spheres. Phenomenal reports of the subjects were also recorded.
Disequilibrium for Ca during growth of pelitic garnet

Compositional zoning in hundreds of almandine-rich garnets in amphibolite by facies micaceous quartzites from the Picuris Range, north-central New Mexico USA, indicates that although Mn, Mg and Fe achieve chemical equilibrium at hand-sample scale during garnet growth, Ca does not. Instead, Ca concentrations at the surface of growing garnets appear to depend strongly on kinetic factors that govern the local chemical environment, yielding disequilibrium for Ca at scales larger than the region immediately surrounding an individual porphyroblast. Detailed zoning profiles were obtained for 371 garnet crystals in a small volume of a single sample of garnetiferous quartzite, and core analyses were made of 97 additional crystals. Each analysis was made on a section that passed precisely through the morphological centre of the crystal, located by means of 3-D imagery from computed X-ray tomography. The data reveal strong correlations between crystal size and concentrations of Mn, Mg and Fe (but not Ca) in garnet cores; a relationship between crystal size and isolation; rigorous cross-correlations among concentrations of Mn, Mg and Fe (but not Ca); and systematic variations in Ca concentrations as a function of crystal size and core composition that are anomalous in comparison to the behaviour of the other divalent cations. We interpret these observations as the result of thermally accelerated diffusion-controlled garnet growth, in circumstances that promoted rapid intergranular diffusion and thus rock-wide equilibration of Mn, Mg and Fe, but that prevented equilibration at similar scale for Ca because of its more sluggish intergranular diffusion. The anomalous behaviour of Ca is made evident in these garnets by the presence of sharp spikes in Ca concentration, which are demonstrably not a consequence of any simultaneous rock-wide event, such as a change in pressure, temperature, or some other intensive parameter. Instead, Ca concentrations probably reflect the local extent of reaction in the immediate vicinity of each porphyroblast. To the degree that such kinetic factors introduce departures from chemical equilibrium for Ca, thermobarometric estimates that involve grossular contents of pelitic garnet will be in error.
Fine structure of the taste bud in the mud puppy, Necturus maculosus†

The taste receptor of Necturus was studied because of its potential usefulness in electrophysiological intracellular recording. The taste bud has about twice the length and twice the diameter of buds in most other vertebrates. The large size can be attributed to both a greater number of cells and a greater size of the individual cells. The cells of Necturus taste buds appear to be homologous to those in other vertebrates. Three distinct cell types were found: dark cells (60%), light cells (30%), and basal cells (10%). Dark cells contained granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and many clusters of characteristic granules that reacted positively when treated with the periodic acid-silver methenamine technique. They are probably secretory cells. Light cells, found in the center of the taste bud, were virtually filled with agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi bodies. Their morphology is similar to that of chloride cells in fish gills, and they may have an ion transport function important in the gustatory response. Basal cells, located at the periphery in the basal half of the bud, contained characteristic dense-core vesicles about 70–90 mμ in diameter. The lower half of the taste bud contained many intraepithelial nerve processes adjacent to the cells.
An examination of soot composition in premixed hydrocarbon flames via laser ablation particle mass spectrometry

Abstract The goal of this work is to explore soot particle composition as it develops in flames. The paper presents three main findings: (a) A comprehensive soot particle mass spectrum up to ∼1000 m/z, including positive and negative fragment ions, (b) the impact of particle size on mass spectral lineshapes, and (c) an examination of soot composition as a function of fuel, height in flame, equivalence ratio, and fuel/air flow rate. The positive ion spectrum reveals a long sequence of C x H y + fragments, a wide range of stabilomer PAHs extending from pyrene to beyond coronene, and an extensive series of fullerenes from C 32 + to C 80 + . The negative ion mass spectrum includes simply a weak series of C x - and C 2 x H - ions. Positive and negative ion peaks are found to exhibit distinct particle size dependent lineshapes characteristic of their particulate origins. The overall ion count tracks soot volume fraction with height above the burner and fuel/air ratio. But the composition revealed by the fragment ion pattern is relatively independent of these parameters and to the choice of ethylene, acetylene, ethane, and methane fuels. These observations are discussed in the context of the mechanisms for soot growth.
Catenaria anguillulae in the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax

Disease epizootics in laboratory cultures of the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax were caused by a chytridiomycetous fungal parasite, Catenaria anguillulae. Techniques used for mass rearing the nematode provided ideal conditions for dispersal of zoospores and multiplication of the fungus; up to 90% of the postparasites of R. culicivorax were parasitized. The fungus was isolated and grown on yeast extract-soluble starch agar, and the effects of different temperature and pH regimes on the fungus were investigated as possible methods for prevention or control. A temperature suitable for mass rearing the nematodes but unsuitable for the fungus could not be found, as C. anguillulae had a broad temperature range. Adjustment of pH or a short period of chilling (0°C) were more promising control measures. At acid pH (<5), zoospore motility and germination and infection of postparasites were suppressed. The disease was controlled by rearing nematodes in water adjusted to a pH of 4.5.
Experimental Chronic Right Ventricular Failure Produced by Endocardial Application of Dilute Iodine Solution.

SummaryA method has been described for production of experimental chronic congestive cardiac failure. Elevation of the central venous pressure becomes evident in one to two weeks. The process is progressive and results in eventual death of the animal. The average survival period following the surgical procedure was 61 days.
Insulin-like growth factor-I decreased etoposide-induced apoptosis in glioma cells by increasing bcl-2 expression and decreasing CPP32 activity

AbstractAims: In a variety of tumors, the susceptibility of the tumor cells to apoptotic cell death following chemotherapy is a major determinant of therapeutic outcome. Gliomas are resistant to most chemotherapeutic agents, and its mechanism is not known in detail. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of chemo-resistance, we investigated the roles of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-I receptors (IGF-IR), and their relationship with the apoptotic response of two glioma cell lines to etoposide, a chemotherapeutic agent for malignant gliomas.Methods: Two human glioma cell lines, U-87MG and KNS-42, were used. Etoposide-induced cell growth inhibition was quantified using a modified MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrasodium bromide), colorimetric assay. Hoechst 33258 staining, DNA fragmentation assay, and western blot were used for the evaluation of apoptosis. ApoAlertTM caspase assay was used for measuring the activity of caspase-3 (CPP32) and interleukin-1 β -converting enzyme ...
Behavior of Endothelial Cells Cultured on Silastic and Dacron Velour Under Flow Conditions In Vitro: Implications for Prelining Vascular Grafts with Cells

Tissue-cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were subjected to flow in an in vitro circulatory loop designed to simulate the flow and pressure conditions in the aorta. The cells were cultured under stationary conditions on tubes of fibronectin-coated Silastic or of Dacron velour. The tubes were then added to the flow loop, which circulated complete tissue culture medium in a pulsatile mode. Light microscopy and cell counts showed that the cells not only remained adherent for up to 2 weeks under flow conditions, but also underwent hypertrophy and proliferation in response to the flow regimen.