cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feral Swine in the United States Have Been Exposed to both Avian and Swine Influenza A Viruses.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine can cause sporadic infections and pandemic outbreaks among humans, but how avian IAV emerges in swine is still unclear. Unlike domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have many opportunities for IAV exposure through contacts with various habitats and animals, including migratory waterfowl, a natural reservoir for IAVs. During the period from 2010 to 2013, 8,239 serum samples were collected from feral swine across 35 U.S. states and tested against 45 contemporary antigenic variants of avian, swine, and human IAVs; of these, 406 (4.9%) samples were IAV antibody positive. Among 294 serum samples selected for antigenic characterization, 271 cross-reacted with ≥1 tested virus, whereas the other 23 did not cross-react with any tested virus. Of the 271 IAV-positive samples, 236 cross-reacted with swine IAVs, 1 with avian IAVs, and 16 with avian and swine IAVs, indicating that feral swine had been exposed to both swine and avian IAVs but predominantly to swine IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine could potentially be infected with both avian and swine IAVs, generating novel IAVs by hosting and reassorting IAVs from wild birds and domestic swine and facilitating adaptation of avian IAVs to other hosts, including humans, before their spillover. Continued surveillance to monitor the distribution and antigenic diversities of IAVs in feral swine is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs. IMPORTANCE There are more than 5 million feral swine distributed across at least 35 states in the United States. In contrast to domestic swine, feral swine are free ranging and have unique opportunities for contact with wildlife, livestock, and their habitats. Our serological results indicate that feral swine in the United States have been exposed to influenza A viruses (IAVs) consistent with those found in both domestic swine and wild birds, with the predominant infections consisting of swine-adapted IAVs. Our findings suggest that feral swine have been infected with IAVs at low levels and could serve as hosts for the generation of novel IAVs at the interface of feral swine, wild birds, domestic swine, and humans.
Deep learning with raw data from Daya Bay

The Daya Bay experiment uses reactor antineutrino disappearance to measure the θ 13 neutrino oscillation parameter. In this proceeding, the convolutional autoencoder machine learning technique is tested against a well-understood uncorrelated accidental background. The eventual goal for this technique is to reduce the background with the largest contribution to the rate uncertainty in the antineutrino data set, β-n decay of 9Li produced by cosmic-ray muons.
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty With Proximal Humeral Replacement for the Management of Massive Proximal Humeral Bone Loss

BackgroundSubstantial proximal humeral bone loss may compromise reverse shoulder arthroplasty secondary to limited implant support, insufficient soft tissue tension due to shortening, lack of attac...
Management of Eating Disorders When There Is Also Substance Misuse

Some people suffer from a co-occurring eating disorder and substance misuse There are various permutations and directions of overlap Avoidant coping styles and other common predisposing factors can be seen in both disorders The treatment process needs to address both disorders together Some treatments have benefits for one disorder to the detriment of the other Therapy is most effective when it involves family members Discharge planning from hospital to outpatient services and then to community aftercare are crucial.
Body Growth, Growth Hormone, Prolactin and Puberty Response to Photoperiod and Plane of Nutrition in Holstein Heifers

Effects of photoperiod and plane of nutrition on growth, serum concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) and puberty were assessed in Holstein heifers. Sixty pre-pubertal heifers were assigned to one of four treatment groups arranged in a 2 X 2 factorial. The two main effects were photoperiods of 8 h light: 16 h dark (8L:16D) vs 16L:8D, and a low vs high plane of nutrition. Heifers on the low plane of nutrition were fed a diet formulated to achieve a body growth rate of approximately .7 kg/d. Daily feed intake was restricted and similar in both groups of low plane heifers subjected to either 8 or 16 h of light daily. Heifers on the high plane of nutrition were fed ad libitum to achieve a growth rate greater than 1 kg/d. Body weight was recorded every month for 5 mo. The PRL and GH concentrations were measured at d 9, 53 and 132 in serum collected every 30 min for 6 h from five heifers in each treatment group. Progesterone was monitored biweekly in all heifers as an index of puberty (greater than 1 ng/ml). Heifers subjected to 8L:16D-low plane, 16L: 8D-low plane, 8L:16D-high plane or 16L:8D-high plane gained .61, .72, .98 and 1.08 kg/d, respectively. In the same treatment order, averaging across all bleedings, concentrations of PRL were 32, 37, 38 and 46 ng/ml serum, and GH averaged 10.9, 9.3, 9.8 and 9.0 ng/ml serum. Similarly, body weight at puberty averaged 268, 257, 278 and 268 kg, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Hostile-Dependent Personality: Last of a series

The hostile-dependent person is in a state of lasting dissatisfaction with himself, and the sick role is a ready-made vehicle for this dissatisfaction. In treating such a patient, the physician should listen carefully and patiently to complaints, give emotional support and reassurance, and remain calm when confronting inconsiderate, baiting behavior.
Associations between dimensions of religiousness and psychosocial functioning among bereaved youth.

Using a sample of recently bereaved youth (N = 2,425; Mage = 15.31, SD = 1.50), this study examined associations between dimensions of religiousness and current functioning. Youth reported on their...
Transradial Approach for Complex Anterior and Posterior Circulation Interventions: Technical Nuances and Feasibility of Using Current Devices

Background Despite several studies analyzing the safety of transradial access (TRA) for neurointervention compared to transfemoral approach (TFA), neurointerventionalists are apprehensive about implementing TRA. From our positive institutional experience, we now utilize TRA first line for a majority of our cases. Here, we present our single-institution experience. Objective To determine safety and feasibility of TRA for neurointervention. Methods Through retrospective review of patients receiving TRA for anterior and posterior circulation cerebrovascular interventions at our institution between December 2015 and January 2018, we present our experience regarding this transition, while focusing on technique, complications, feasibility, indications, and limitations. Results One hundred five procedures were performed on 92 patients (anterior circulation: 77%; posterior circulation: 23%). Radial artery access was achieved in all patients. Twenty-nine cases constituted mechanical thrombectomy, 33 cases represented intracranial aneurysms treatments, and 33 cases included interventions like angioplasty, balloon test occlusion, chemotherapy delivery, and thrombolysis. TRA was used as second-line access to TFA in 5 instances due to aortic arch anomalies and atherosclerotic disease. Minor access-site complications were seen in 2.85% of patients. Ten procedures (9.0%) could not be completed with TRA, with crossover to TFA occurring in 7 cases. Conclusion TRA is safe and feasible for the majority of neurointerventional procedures and provides decreased risk of major access-site complications compared to TFA. Perceived limitations of TRA can likely be eliminated via operator experience and engineering ingenuity; thus, there is a role for TRA for neurointervention, especially in patients with increased risk of access-site complications from TFA.
The Surgical Treatment of Adult Acquired Buried Penis Syndrome: A New Classification System.

BACKGROUND Adult acquired buried penis syndrome may be associated with an inability to void, sexual dysfunction, and recurrent infection. Previously published classification systems rely on intraoperative findings, such as penile skin quality. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes after adult acquired buried penis repair and to develop a classification system based on preoperative assessment. METHODS The authors reviewed data from patients who underwent buried penis reconstruction at a single institution. Patient history and physical examination guided the development of a classification system for surgical planning. RESULTS Of the 27 patients included, the mean age was 56 ± 15 years and mean body mass index was 49 ± 14 kg/m2. Patients were classified into 4 groups based on examination findings: (I) buried penis due to skin deficiency, iatrogenic scarring, and/or diseased penile skin (n = 3); (II) excess abdominal skin and fat (n = 6); (III) excess skin and fat with diseased penile skin (n = 16); and (IV) type III plus severe scrotal edema (n = 2). Surgical treatment (eg, excision and grafting, mons suspension, panniculectomy, translocation of testes, and/or scrotectomy) was tailored based on classification. Complications included wound breakdown (n = 3), cellulitis (n = 4), and hematoma (n = 1). Nearly all patients (96%) reported early satisfaction and improvement in their symptoms postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Classifying patients with buried penis according to preoperative examination findings may guide surgical decision-making and preoperative counseling and allow for optimized aesthetics to enhance self-esteem and sexual well-being. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
A Simple Field-Based Tool to Assess Concussion Symptom Reporting Behavior

Introduction Prevention and treatment of sport-related concussions is an important public health issue and has led to increased research on concussion symptom reporting behavior. To date, there is neither a common understanding of what constitutes concussion symptom reporting behavior nor measures that capture key features of concussion symptom reporting behavior. Concussion symptom reporting behavior can be initiated by an athlete, an athletic trainer, coach, or teammate and can occur in competition, practice, or days after symptoms appear. Follow-up diagnostics range from asking athletes initial questions about their symptoms to conducting rapid standardized sideline assessments to conducting full comprehensive concussion screens. Currently, for athletes who are not formally diagnosed with concussion, no information about concussion symptom reporting behavior sources, screening methods, or context is collected. Methods Pilot data were collected from four National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football programs. Athletic trainers recorded data about key concussion symptom reporting behavior features during the 2016 and 2017 football seasons. The 2016 data were analyzed in Spring 2017 and the reporting form was adapted for the Fall 2017 season. Two programs completed records during the 2017 season. These records were analyzed in Spring 2018. Results Concussion symptom reporting behavior is most often initiated by athletes in practice contexts, followed by athletic trainers in game contexts. The 2017 data revealed that, regardless of source, 45% of initial screens received a comprehensive screen and about 25% of comprehensive screens originated by athlete or athletic trainer concussion symptom reporting behavior resulted in concussion diagnosis. Results led to development of a brief concussion symptom reporting behavior recording tool that can be used in practice, game, and athletic training room settings. Conclusions The smartphone-supported Concussion Symptom Reporting Tool provides a rapid and easy way to record concussion symptom reporting behavior as well as estimate program-specific data for stakeholders interested in understanding concussion symptom reporting behavior.
Chomping at the Bit: A Descriptive Report on Pediatric Clenbuterol Ingestion.

Introduction:Clenbuterol hydrochloride is a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist with uses in both humans and animals. Ingestions occurring within the United States are generally due to incidental i...
MAT as a Developmental Pyrogen Test Tool

Parenteral drugs, including products produced by biotechnology, are required to have a pyrogen test by the health authorities in most markets. As described in the prior chapter, the rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) was the earliest test codified by law or compendia, and was used exclusively in the past. For at least two decades, however, the bacterial endotoxin test (BET) has served as an alternative test on the premise and overwhelming evidence that most pyrogens are lipopolysaccharides (LPS). It remains the obligation of the drug manufacturer to demonstrate that the BET is suitable as the sole pyrogen test, typically by confirming that at least three commercial scale batches are non-pyrogenic in the RPT and validating the BET. More recently, the FDA division reviewing biologics has begun requesting additional studies to determine if the BET for a given product is prone to the phenomenon described as low endotoxin recovery (LER) (Chen and Vinther, Presentation at PDA annual meeting, 2013, Orlando). If LER is observed, often with high dose products with formulations containing a surfactant and a chelator, FDA often require manufacturers demonstrate the absence of pyrogenicity by a variety of means until the LER is resolved (Hughes et al., BioPharma Asia, 2015, 4(2):14–24; Chen et al., Lowe Endotoxin Recovery, PDA Technical Report No.82, 2019, pp. 1–128). This may require spiking products to ascertain sensitivity in the RPT. Consequently, the demand has increased for additional RPT studies for LER products, even if they are nonpyrogenic (unspiked).
CPS Design with Learning-Enabled Components: A Case Study

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are used in many applications where they must perform complex tasks with a high degree of autonomy in uncertain environments. Traditional design flows based on domain knowledge and analytical models are often impractical for tasks such as perception, planning in uncertain environments, control with ill-defined objectives, etc. Machine learning based techniques have demonstrated good performance for such difficult tasks, leading to the introduction of Learning-Enabled Components (LEC) in CPS. Model based design techniques have been successful in the development of traditional CPS, and toolchains which apply these techniques to CPS with LECs are being actively developed. As LECs are critically dependent on training and data, one of the key challenges is to build design automation for them. In this paper, we examine the development of an autonomous Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) using the Assurance-based Learning-enabled Cyber-physical systems (ALC) Toolchain. Each stage of the development cycle is described including architectural modeling, data collection, LEC training, LEC evaluation and verification, and system-level assurance.
Circles with a Point: New Insights into Oncogenic Extrachromosomal DNA

For decades, scientists have observed small extrachromosomal DNA fragments in tumor cells, yet comprehensive examination of their structure and function has remained difficult. Three recent studies, published in Nature, Cell, and Nature Genetics, have now shed important light on the architecture, regulatory capacity, and oncogenic nature of tumor-associated extrachromosomal DNA.
Dynamic Tensile Response of a Fe–49Co–2V Alloy at Various Strain Rates and Temperatures

Soft ferromagnetic alloys are often utilized in electromagnetic applications due to their desirable magnetic properties. In support of these applications, the ferromagnetic alloys are also required to bear mechanical load under various loading and environmental conditions. In this study, a Fe–49Co–2V alloy was dynamically characterized in tension with a Kolsky tension bar and a Drop–Hopkinson bar at various strain rates and temperatures. Dynamic tensile stress–strain curves of the Fe–49Co–2V alloy were obtained at strain rates ranging from 40 to 230 s−1 and temperatures from − 100 to 100 °C. All dynamic tensile stress–strain curves exhibited an initial linear elastic response to an upper yield followed by Luders band response and then a nearly linear work-hardening behavior. The yield strength of this material was found to be sensitive to both strain rate and temperature, whereas the hardening rate was independent of strain rate or temperature. The Fe–49Co–2V alloy exhibited a feature of brittle fracture in tension under dynamic loading with no necking being observed.
The Sweet Auburn Historic District in Atlanta: Heritage Tourism, Urban Regeneration, and the Civil Rights Movement

This contribution focuses on the role of heritage tourism as an economic (re)development tool by examining the development of the Sweet Auburn a Historic District located west of downtown in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1976, the site received the National Historic Landmark designation. In 1992, the National Trust for Historic Preservation identified the area as one of the most threatened historic places in the United States. The significance of Sweet Auburn derives from its position as a center of heritage for the city’s African American population as well as its contributions to the civil rights movement. The Big Bethel A.M.E. Church, the Wheat Street Baptist Church, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, and the Ebenezer Baptist Church are all located within its boundaries. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church and his nearby boyhood home is part of the Martin Luther King, Jr National Historic Park (designated in 2018). Many African American businesses and organizations were established along Auburn Avenue in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the first African American owned daily newspaper, the Atlanta Daily World (founded in 1928). The construction of the massive Downtown Connector (Interstate I-75/85) through Atlanta’s urban core in the 1950s and early part of the 1960s divided the Sweet Auburn District. Disinvestment and urban decline followed, further accelerating social problems including population loss, housing decay, crime, and unemployment. The Historic District Development Corporation, an organization founded in 1980, has focused on revitalizing and preserving the area. Since then, the promotion of the historic designation, tourist attractions, and commercial opportunities, helped create a vibrant locale with eateries, bars, outdoor and indoor markets, museums, exhibits, and festivals. The recent addition of a stop by the Atlanta Streetcar has substantially increased the number of visitors, making this one of the most sought-after neighborhoods of the city.
Medical students' perception of behaviors in the clinical learning environment evolve with increasing clinical exposure as measured with situational video vignettes.

This cross-sectional study involved matriculating, mid-level and graduating medical students (n = 723) who participated in specific transition courses in our medical school curriculum between Augus...
Effect of state regulatory environments on advanced psychiatric nursing practice

The first key message in the landmark Future of Nursing report is that "Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training" (Institute of Medicine, 2011). Although there has been significant progress across states to remove or diminish barriers to the exercise of full scope of practice by advanced practice registered nurses (APRN), state regulations continue to unnecessarily restrict APRN practice in most of the United States. This article integrates data from studies that examine how state and local regulation affects psychiatric mental health APRN practice with the literature on how state scope of practice regulation affects the size and distribution of the broader APRN workforce, access to care, health care costs and prices, and innovation in health care service delivery. Common themes include confusion about regulatory requirements and mixed experiences of mandated physician supervision.
Preschool Suspension and Expulsion for Young Children With Disabilities

Despite their negative effect, preschool suspension and expulsion are prevalent. Researchers have explored adverse childhood experiences and teachers’ racial bias that link to disproportionate susp...
Predictors of Urinary Tract Infection after Benign Hysterectomy Performed at a Teaching County Hospital: Can We Improve Our Infection Rate

Study Objective To describe the rate of urinary tract infection (UTI) after benign hysterectomy at the county hospital and to evaluate clinical predictors of UTI at the time of discharge from the hospital. Design This is a retrospective cohort study. Patients were separated in two groups: those with and those without UTI within 30 days of their hysterectomy. Demographics, surgical procedures and outcomes were compared. Setting Teaching county hospital in Texas. Patients or Participants All patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign disease from January 2017 to December 2018. Interventions NA. Measurements and Main Results 474 patients were included in the study. Our patient population was comprised of Hispanics (70%), Obese (58.4%), diabetics (14.3%), menopausal (13.5%) and smokers (12.45%). Our minimally invasive rate was 70%. 14% of patients had an additional urogynecological procedure. Cystoscopy was used in only 49.2% of cases. 18.7% of patients were discharged the same day. 5% of patients were sent home with an indwelling catheter. The rate of UTI was 11.4% (54 patients). On univariate analysis, patients with UTI were more likely to be Hispanic, undergo a vaginal approach compared to a laparoscopic or abdominal route, undergo a concomitant urogynecological procedure, have a Foley catheter for longer than 24 hours and be sent home with an indwelling catheter (all p On multivariate regression and after adjusting for all significant variables, prolonged catheterization was the only significant predictor for UTI in our cohort, (14.8% versus 12.1%, OR=2.86(1.04-7.3), p=0.03). Conclusion Our UTI rate after benign hysterectomy is high and appears to be driven by the rate of prolonged catheterization. Improved patients education related to catheter care and possibly prophylactic antibiotics may be helpful in improving this rate and could be performed as a quality improvement project.
Quantitative assessment of environmental phenomena on maximum pit size predictions in marine environments

Abstract Maximum pit sizes were predicted for dilute and concentrated NaCl and MgCl2 solutions as well as sea-salt brine solutions corresponding to 40% relative humidity (RH) (MgCl2-rich) and 76% RH (NaCl-rich) at 25 °C. A quantitative method was developed to capture the effects of various cathode evolution phenomena including precipitation and dehydration reactions. Additionally, the sensitivity of the model to input parameters was explored. Despite one's intuition, the highest chloride concentration (roughly 10.3 M Cl−) did not produce the largest predicted pit size as the ohmic drop was more severe in concentrated MgCl2 solutions. Therefore, the largest predicted pits were calculated for saturated NaCl (roughly 5 M Cl−). Next, it was determined that pit size predictions are most sensitive to model input parameters for concentrated brines. However, when the effects of cathodic reactions on brine chemistry are considered, the sensitivity to input parameters is decreased. Although there was not one main input parameter that influenced pit size predictions, two main categories were identified. Under similar chloride concentrations (similar RH), the water layer thickness (WL), and pit stability product, ( i · x ) s f , are the most influential factors. When varying chloride concentrations (RH), changes in WL, the brine specific cathodic kinetics on the external surface (captured in the equivalent current density ( i e q )), and conductivity ( κ o ) are the most influential parameters. Finally, it was noted that dehydration reactions coupled with precipitation in the cathode will have the largest effect on predicted pit size, and cause the most significant inhibition of corrosion damage.
Twofers and transaortic valve replacements.

The concept of twofers is widely used in a variety of situations and applications ranging from cabling devices in theatrical stage lighting to Broadway tickets to 2 hamburgers for a quarter at Tucker’s Twofers to items of merchandise to something that “satisfies 2 criteria or needs
Contemporary management considerations of urinary tract infections for women with spina bifida

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the leading health concerns and causes of hospitalization for adults with spina bifida (SB). The risk factors, evaluation, management, and prevention of UTIs in women with SB must take into consideration their unique pelvic anatomy and function as well as the desire for pregnancy or the occurrence UTI during pregnancy. This article reviews published literature regarding this topic and offers recommendations for UTI evaluation, management, and prevention in the context of the unique pelvic floor health needs of women with SB. A systematic review was conducted using the following keywords: spinal dysraphism, spina bifida, myelomeningocele, meningocele, urinary tract infections, females, and adults. Articles were included if they were in English, published during or after 2000, peer reviewed, included women with spina bifida aged 18 or greater, and included outcomes related to urinary tract infection. No articles met inclusion criteria. As no articles were found based on the initial search criteria, articles pertaining to neurogenic bladder UTI risks, evaluation, and management were discussed to develop consensus recommendations for the unique care of UTIs in women with SB.
Physical activity in the early postpartum period in primiparous women.

Abstract Little is known about early postpartum physical activity (PA). Objectives We aimed to describe PA amount and types and compare moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) at 12–25 (T1) and 33–46 days (T2) postpartum. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Participants, primiparas delivered vaginally, wore wrist accelerometers and completed questionnaires. Median and interquartile range (IQR) describe minutes/day of PA intensities in total minutes, 5- and 10-minute bouts. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test compared MVPA. Results 577 (age: 28.3 (SD: 5.1)) had accelerometry or questionnaire at either time-point. 405 had accelerometry at both time-points. Median (IQR) total minutes/day for light, moderate, vigorous and MVPA were 295.8 (256.1–331.7), 54.6 (40–72.7), 0.4 (0.2–0.8), and 55.5 (40.4–74.3), respectively, at T1 and 329 (289.4–367.1), 63.6 (46.9–82.2), 0.6 (0.3–1.3), and 64.5 (47–84.8), respectively, at T2. Median (IQR) minutes/day for MVPA in 5- and 10-minute bouts were 1.6 (0–5.5) and 0 (0–3.8) at T1, and 3 (0–9.2) and 0 (0–5.5) at T2. At T1, 75% (406/541) and at T2, 72.4% (397/548) reported non-impact activities. At T1, 4% and at T2, 13% reported impact/straining activities. MVPA was greater at T2 than T1 (p Conclusions Women had high daily MVPA, though MVPA in bouts remained low. Significant increases in MVPA from T1 to T2 were small, few women reported impact/straining activities. Realistic return to pre-pregnancy PA levels should recognize the relative lack of sustained/strenuous activity in early postpartum.
Quantum Properties of The Traveling-Wave x (2) Process: Theory, Experiments, and Applications

Novel quantum states of light can be obtained through the interaction of intense light pulses in a x (2) nonlinear medium. Over the past several years we have investigated the processes of parametric amplification, sum-frequency, and second-harmonic generation (SHG) to produce highly squeezed pulses of light. In this paper we give an overview of the various generation schemes including results from our recent SHG experiments. Progress in the application of squeezed light in imaging is also described.
Class, Gender, and Race in the Caribbean: Reflections on an Intellectual Journey

(2012). Class, Gender, and Race in the Caribbean: Reflections on an Intellectual Journey. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des etudes latino-americaines et caraibes: Vol. 37, No. 74, pp. 219-242.
The Function of the Pyrimidine Base in the Ribonuclease Reaction1

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the function of the pyrimidine base in the ribonuclease reaction. The analysis of the chemical course of the enzymatic reaction was concluded that the pyrimidine base acts specifically in the catalysis and not in the binding, and that the increase of electrophilicity at the phosphorus required for reaction is furnished, by the enzyme, through a protonation. The chapter discusses the various mechanism of the nonenzymatic cleavage of 3' ribonucleoside di- and tri-esters. The function of the pyrimidine base can now be seen as an alternate base-acid catalysis for the formation and the decay of the intermediate electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS)a. This role depends first on a steric requirement that the base holds the proton of the 2' OH group, between the attacking and the leaving oxygen. This cannot be done by the purine bases. Secondly, it depends on the easily polarizable system that allows a rapid change of the electron density at the C-2 oxygen. This is required to dissipate the positive charge, by interaction, with the solvent, thus stabilizing the intermediate and producing actual basicities and acidities, corresponding to much stronger bases and acids. These actual values are responsible for the reaction rates. The chapter concludes with the mechanism of the enzymatic reaction of ribonuclease reaction.
On a NeuroIS design science model

In this paper, we present a novel frontier for IS research that we have termed "NeuroIS Design Science". Our study introduces a novel framework to the IS community which leverages neuroscience to better understand the design of human-computer interfaces. As a contribution to knowledge, the NeuroIS Design Science Model (NDSM) hopes to provide the scientific community with physiological measurements and thereby potentially advancing artifact design. This may serve as useful data to engineers, psychologists, neuroscientists, and manufacturers. What's more, the design and development of artifact creation could have a host of contributions in computer science, electrical engineering, as well as material sciences. With regard to information systems, this research presents a framework in human and interface interaction which does not currently exist. It allows researchers to follow a structure which may produce efficient technological artifacts for our future.
Overexpression of Manganese-containing Superoxide Dismutase Confers Resistance to the Cytotoxicity of Tumor Necrosis Factor α and/or Hyperthermia

Abstract Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) overexpressing manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) by stable or transient transfection were challenged with the cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), hyperthermia, and a combination of both. In contrast to the vector control and wild-type MCF-7 cells, the stable MnSOD transfectants showed significant resistance to the cytotoxicity of TNF-α (100 units/ml), heat at 43 or 45°C, and a combination of TNF-α and heat at 43°C. To probe the correlation of MnSOD levels with cell survival, cell sensitivity to TNF-α, heat at 43°C, or a combination of both was also measured after MnSOD cDNA transient transfection. The data showed that the level of cell resistance was proportional to the exogenous MnSOD gene expression. These results suggest that superoxide free radicals or their reaction products are responsible for much of the synergistic cytotoxicity of TNF-α and hyperthermia.
Robust architecture for autonomous coherent optical receivers

We propose a new architecture for coherent intradyne optical receivers that autonomously identifies and decodes OOK, BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM modulation formats. The architecture robustly determines the total accumulated chromatic dispersion, the symbol rate that is not tightly constrained, the number of distinct modulated polarizations, and the modulation format using higherorder statistics of the sampled signal. Thus, unknown signals from noncooperating transmitters, including legacy transmitters, can be optimally demodulated yielding minimum BER. Experimental single-channel signals transmitted through 1056 km of large-area fiber are demodulated with the new autonomous receiver with essentially identical performance compared to receivers with prior knowledge of the modulation format.
Rejoinder to Professor Bolino's Note

Professor Bolino makes a number of comments on our article, “Sequential Growth, the Labor Safety-Valve Doctrine and the Development of American Unionism,” in this journal, September 1959, which certainly call for some rejoinder on our part.
Internationalization at Harvard

The aim of this essay is to describe internationalization at Harvard University. Founded by European colonists in 17th century New England, Harvard has historic international roots. By the mid 1900’s it had become an international powerhouse attracting top students, academics and scientists from around the world. Yet, the University is international almost by default as it has reacted to world affairs. Looking toward the future, President Drew Faust has outlined a strategy to become “intentionally global”. One model, begun ten years ago, serves as an example for the future. In 2002 the University established its first overseas office designed to represent the entire institution. The theory was that a modest local infrastructure would encourage students and faculty to expand international collaborations and make a difference in the region benefiting from this presence. The results have been highly successful. The Regional Office in Santiago Chile, representing Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, has catalyzed engagement of over 3000 faculty and students in the last ten years. Over 50 significant collaborative research programs have benefitted thousands of preschool children, pioneered new approaches to disaster relief, improved health care, revolutionized public housing, and led to scientific breakthroughs. This model of a small physical footprint exerting large academic influence will be one of the central strategies as Harvard looks toward the future. DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v3i2.117
Resolving powers of >7900 using linked scans: how well does resolving power describe the separation capability of differential ion mobility spectrometry

Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) separations are described using similar terminology to liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and drift tube ion mobility spectrometry. The characterization and comparison of all these separations are typically explained in terms of resolving power, resolution, and/or peak capacity. A major difference between these separations is that DIMS separations are in space whereas the others are separations in time. However, whereas separations in time can, in theory, be extended infinitely, separations in space, such as DIMS separations, are constrained by the physical dimensions of the device. One method to increase resolving power of DIMS separations is to use helium in the DIMS carrier gas. However, ions have a greater mobility in helium which causes more ions to be neutralized due to collisions with the DIMS electrodes or electrode housing, i.e. the space constraints. This neutralization of ions can lead to the loss of an entire peak, or peaks, from a DIMS scan. To take advantage of the benefits of helium use while reducing ion losses, linked scans were developed. During a linked scan the amount of helium present in the DIMS carrier gas is decreased as the compensation field is increased. A comparison of linked scans to compensation field scans with constant helium is presented herein. Resolving powers >7900 are obtained with linked scans. However, this result highlights the limitation of using resolving power as a metric to describe DIMS separations.
Attitudes Toward Same-Gender Adoption and Parenting: An Analysis of Surveys from 16 Countries

Globally, little progress has been made toward the legalization of same-gender adoption. Of the nearly 200 United Nations members, only 15 countries with populations of 3 million or more have approved LGBT adoption without restrictions. The objectives of this paper are, first, to provide a brief background of the obstacles confronting same-gender adoption including the role of adoption agencies and parenting issues; second, to discuss the current legal status of the 15 countries which have approved same-gender adoption without restrictions; third, to report on recent public opinion regarding the legalization of same-gender adoption and parenting, drawing from previously published surveys conducted in 16 countries; and, fourth, to explore the implications for social work practice including social advocacy and social policy implementation.
Endocrine alterations in response to calorie restriction in humans

This review focuses on research involving calorie restriction (CR) in humans and the resulting changes observed in endocrine and neuroendocrine systems. Special emphasis is given to the clinical science studies designed to investigate the effects of controlled, high-quality, energy-restricted diets on both biomarkers of longevity and on the development of chronic diseases of human aging. Prolonged CR has been shown to extend both the median and maximal lifespan in a variety of lower species such as yeast, worms, fish, rats and mice. The biological mechanisms of this lifespan extension via CR are not fully elucidated, but possibly involve significant alterations in energy metabolism, oxidative damage, insulin sensitivity and functional changes in both neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Most of the difficulty in characterizing the systemic endocrine and neuroendocrine changes with aging and CR is due to the limited capability to collect large and multiple blood samples from small animals, which are usually shorter lived, and hence the most studied. Ongoing studies of prolonged CR in humans are now making it possible to analyze changes in the "biomarkers of aging" to unravel some of the mechanisms of its anti-aging phenomenon. With the incremental expansion of research endeavors in the area of energy restriction, data on the effects of CR in non-human primates and human subjects are becoming more accessible. Detailed analyses from controlled human trials involving long-term CR will allow investigators to link observed alterations from body composition and endocrine systems down to changes in molecular pathways and gene expression, with their possible effects on aging.
Decreased Bone Mineral Density with Off-Label Use of Tenofovir in Children and Adolescents Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

5 of 6 children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) experienced absolute decreases in bone mineral density (BMD). 2 pre-pubertal subjects experienced >6% BMD decreases. 1 subject was the smallest child and experienced a 27% decrease, necessitating withdrawal of TDF. Subsequently, her BMD recovered. Monitoring of children infected with HIV who require treatment with TDF is warranted.
Neutron absorption spectroscopy for identification of light elements in actinides

Abstract We are developing cryogenic high-energy resolution fast-neutron spectrometers using superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) for nuclear science and non-proliferation applications. Fast neutrons are absorbed in 94% enriched 6LiF single crystals with volumes of ∼1 cm3 in an exothermic 6Li(n,α)3H capture reaction. The neutron energy is measured from the subsequent temperature rise with a Mo/Cu multilayer TES. Fast-neutron spectra from a 252Cf source show an energy resolution of 55 kev. Here, we discuss the instrument performance, with emphasis on the identification of light elements in actinide matrices.
Degradation of elastic modulus in elastoplastic coupling with finite strains

Abstract An elastic potential W is postulated for the case of the finite-strain theory of elastoplastic coupling with damage effects. The potential is defined in terms of the invariants of two internal variables p and q. The internal variables are used to express the degradation of the elastic stiffness tensor due to the accumulation of plastic strains. The material damage is independently introduced to both Lame's coefficients H and G . The physical significance of this softening of the elastic stiffness is demonstrated experimentally in uniaxial loading, reverse loading of metals at finite strains. For elastoplastic coupling, the Il'Iushin postulate does not yield normality of the plastic strain increment. An associative flow rule is postulated in this work for the combined components of the plastic strain increment and the elastic coupling strain increment. The formulation is implemented in the Langrangian coordinate system. Through the use of the Oldroyd or Truesdell stress rate, the equivalent consistent spatial coordinate formulation is presented.
The first synthesis of fimbrolides, a novel class of halogenated lactones naturally occurring in the red seaweed delisea fimbriata (Bonnemaisoniaceae)

Abstract Oxidation/dehydration of dibrominated 2-butyllevulinic acid was effected with H 2 SO 4 to give fimbrolide VII together with a small amount of fimbrolide I (X = H, Y = Br, Z = H).
Dynamic stability analysis of high speed axially moving bands with end curvatures

It is shown that a pitch-fork bifurcation from the trivial equilibrium state will occur at the critical speed of a perfectly straight, axially moving band and the original trivial equilibrium configuration will become unstable. However, for bands with finite end curvatures. The equilibrium configuration will continuously change with increasing band speed, but will remain stable. Multiple equilibrium states will occur at sufficiently high band speed
Measuring outpatient mental health care in the United States.

Abstract: A standard definition of outpatient mental health care does not now exist. Data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey are used to examine how varying the definition influences utilization estimates. A broad definition of mental health care, which requires purchase of a psychotropic medication or a psychotherapy visit or a visit for a mental health condition, captures nearly seven times as many persons as a definition that requires a visit to a mental health specialist for a mental health condition and either purchase of a psychotropic medication or psychotherapy. Because estimates of mental health service use are highly sensitive to how treatment is defined, caution should be exercised in evaluating mental health utilization data.
Education, training and the economy

Report* on an international conference on “Human Capital Investments and Economic Performance”, Santa Barbara, California, November 1993
Quantifying the relation between adhesion ligand–receptor bond formation and cell phenotype

One of the fundamental interactions in cell biology is the binding of cell receptors to adhesion ligands, and many aspects of cell behavior are believed to be regulated by the number of these bonds that form. Unfortunately, a lack of methods to quantify bond formation, especially for cells in 3D cultures or tissues, has precluded direct probing of this assumption. We now demonstrate that a FRET technique can be used to quantify the number of bonds formed between cellular receptors and synthetic adhesion oligopeptides coupled to an artificial extracellular matrix. Similar quantitative relations were found between bond number and the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and C2C12 myoblasts, although the relation was distinct for each cell type. This approach to understanding 3D cell–extracellular matrix interactions will allow one to both predict cell behavior and to use bond number as a fundamental design criteria for synthetic extracellular matrices.
Off-Body Boundary-Layer Measurement Techniques Development for Supersonic Low-Disturbance Flows

Investigations were performed to develop accurate boundary-layer measurement techniques in a Mach 3.5 laminar boundary layer on a 7 half-angle cone at 0 angle of attack. A discussion of the measurement challenges is presented as well as how each was addressed. A computational study was performed to minimize the probe aerodynamic interference effects resulting in improved pitot and hot-wire probe designs. Probe calibration and positioning processes were also developed with the goal of reducing the measurement uncertainties from 10% levels to less than 5% levels. Efforts were made to define the experimental boundary conditions for the cone flow so comparisons could be made with a set of companion computational simulations. The development status of the mean and dynamic boundary-layer flow measurements for a nominally sharp cone in a low-disturbance supersonic flow is presented.
Development of a piezoelectrically actuated cell stretching device

In this study a piezoelectric actuator was designed and built to subject osteoblasts and human endothelial cells to cyclic tensile strains in order to study the effects of such loading on cell growth. As the cells are quite sensitive and must be kept submerged in a culture media at all times, a device was constructed to hold the cells in place and to subject them to loads inside a petri dish. Critical aspects of the design were a limited choice of materials because of biocompatibility and the need for sterilization, and the required strain levels to which the material was to be subjected. Current deices for stretching cells cannot consistently produce such small strains. This paper describes how a THUNDER piezoelectric actuator was used as the prime mover in a device designed to excite cells under conditions that have not yet been achieved in the lab.
Arms transfers and the onset of war part II: Wars in third world states, 1950–1965

This paper analyzes the relationships between actual arms transfers and conflict from a different perspective from the preceding paper. Here we report tests of three hypotheses relating war occurre...
Understanding Ultimate Use Data and Its Implication for Digital Library Management: A Case Study

Information professionals and librarians have been studying, discussing, and developing digital libraries for more than two decades, but understanding ultimate use of images from digital libraries remains a mystery for many of them. Most articles written on digital library use focus on users’ search retrieval needs and behavior. Few mention how digital library patrons use the images they request. Like many digital libraries, archives, and special collections, the University of Houston Digital Library makes high resolution images available to its patrons. Image delivery is achieved by an automated system, titled the Digital Cart Service. An unexpected benefit of the Digital Cart Service is the reporting mechanism that produces data that includes intended use information. This article discusses the analysis of this data to determine why images were used, what products were created from the images, and what implications this has on digital library management. The authors believe that answering these question...
Fundamental capacity limits on compact MIMO-OFDM systems

We undertake an information-theoretic approach to characterize the optimal design of a broadband multi-antenna system in the presence of mutual coupling. It was shown recently that mutual coupling effectively decomposes otherwise spectrally-identical spatial modes of an antenna array into spectrally non-identical eigen-modes. We shall use Shannon's information theory and Fano's broadband matching theory to develop optimal transceiver designs for a compact broadband MIMO system. It will be shown that in the presence of channel state information, optimal transmit power allocation and matching characteristic follow a mutual space-frequency water-pouring solution.
Generation of k trees

The letter describes an efficient method of generating all k trees of a connected linear graph in which k specific vertices are required to be in k separate parts, by using the concept of cutsets.