cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of microorganisms in salad dressing by sucrose and methylglucose fatty acid monoesters

The antimicrobial activity of sucrose and methylglucose esters of medium to long chain fatty acids was studied with two microorganisms involved in the spoilage of salad dressings, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Lactobacillus fructivorans. The microorganisms were inhibited to various degrees by 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% synthesized sucrose or methylglucose monoesters using a modified broth dilution method. Sucrose monoesters were most inhibitory when the esterified fatty acid was myristic (C 14 ) or palmitic acid (C 16 ). Methylglucose monoesters with lauric (C 12 ) or myristic acid (C 14 ) exhibited greater inhibition than those with longer chain fatty acids. The least inhibition was generally observed with sucrose and methylglucose oleate (C 18:1 ). Sucrose monoesters were usually more inhibitory than methylglucose monoesters of the same fatty acid, especially for palmitic and stearic (C 18 ) acids. In salad dressing, 1 % sucrose monoesters of lauric, myristic, or palmitic acid significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of Z. bailii and L. fructivorans, and were comparable with or more effective than 0.1% sodium benzoate. Z. bailii growth was nearly completely inhibited by sucrose laurate, myristate and palmitate by 9 days of salad dressing storage. Sucrose monoesters did not delay the lag phase of L. fructivorans, but reduced the final growth level at 15 days. Sucrose monostearate was not inhibitory to either Z. bailii or L. fructivorans in salad dressing. Selected sucrose and methylglucose fatty acid monoesters have potential for use as antimicrobials in salad dressings and/or other foods.
Structure-based tuning of Tm in lipid-like ionic liquids. Insights from Tf2N− salts of gene transfection agents

Ionic liquids of cations bearing two lipid-like aliphatic tails are shown to have values of Tm that can be very low, and that can be tuned up or down by the addition, deletion, or combination of dipolar modules and side-chain double bonds.
Seasonal growth and reproduction of Ruppia maritima L. s.l. in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA

Ruppia maritima L. s.l. is an important submerged aquatic plant in Lake Pontchartrain, a water quality impaired oligohaline estuary located north of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Efforts to restore Lake Pontchartrain are in progress, and a major restoration goal is the re-establishment of historic submerged macrophyte beds that have declined since first studied in 1953. This study was part of a long-term monitoring program to distinguish natural from anthropogenic causes of macrophyte population changes. Ruppia populations were monitored monthly for a 2-year period to obtain information on seasonal growth, peak biomass periods, flowering, seed production, and germination. We found that Lake Pontchartrain R. maritima had relatively high peak biomass and two seasonal peaks of biomass and flowering due to high water temperature and absence of competition from other macrophytes. However, biomass peaks were often disrupted by storms. Shoot biomass was high from May through November, and low from December through April. Spring shoot growth from seeds, roots, and rhizomes was rapid. Plants matured and produced abundant inflorescences and seeds between May and October. Reproductive shoots bearing seeds were detached in May and June. Remaining shoots formed dense beds through vegetative propagation during the summer. Turion production occurred during the winter.
Cone interactions at high flicker frequencies: Evidence for cone latency differences?*

Spectral sensitivities measured by a constant CFF criterion are much narrower at high frequencies than at low frequencies. Neutralizing the chromatic adaptation produced by the test stimulus eliminates this effect. The proposed explanation of spectral narrowing is that R and G cone responses cancel each other at certain frequencies because of wavelength-dependent latency differences.
On micro-kernel construction

From a software-technology point of view, the μ-kernel concept is superior to large integrated kernels. On the other hand, it is widely believed that (a) μ-kernel based systems are inherently inefficient and (b) they are not sufficiently flexible. Contradictory to this belief, we show and support by documentary evidence that inefficiency and inflexibility of current μ-kernels is not inherited from the basic idea but mostly from overloading the kernel and/or from improper implementation. Based on functional reasons, we describe some concepts which must be implemented by a μ-kernel and illustrate their flexibility. Then, we analyze the performance critical points. We show what performance is achievable, that the efficiency is sufficient with respect to macro-kernels and why some published contradictory measurements are not evident. Furthermore, we describe some implementation techniques and illustrate why μ-kernels are inherently not portable, although they improve portability of the whole system.
Conflicting Growth Expectations Cannot Both Be Real: A Rejoinder to Yen

Different scaling procedures applied to the same empirical data can result in conflicting growth patterns. To retain standing in the norm group, some developmental scales require low-achieving students to gain more annually than high-achieving students. Thus, for low-achieving students, the growth patterns exhibited by grade equivalent scales may be more reasonable than those for developmental standard score scales.
Convenient unimolecular sources of aryloxyl radicals I -- aryloxyoxalyl chlorides

Abstract UV photolysis of readily synthesized aryloxyoxalyl chloride half-esters provides a new unimolecular source of aryloxyl radicals, as shown by ESR and UV-vis spectroscopy.
Interpretation of the fragmentation patterns in static SIMS analysis of polymers. Part I. Simple aliphatic hydrocarbons

A number of simple aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers have been studied by static SIMS. The low-mass positive spectra reflect structural differences in the polymeric structure, which result in characteristic fingerprint spectra. Unsaturation and differences in branching lead to very distinct spectral features which show promise for the application of SIMS as an analytical technique in polymer-related areas. An attempt is made to interpret the spectra in terms of molecular structure, fragmentation mechanisms and ion stabilities. The chemical nature of ion beam damage in PE and PP was studied to some extent.
Skarbek's Algorithm for t-Ary Trees

This paper presents a new algorithm for generating all n node t-ary trees in linked representation by providing a context and generalizing Skarbek's algorithm for generating binary trees. It initially appeared that Skarbek's algorithm could not be generalized to even 3-ary trees, which motivated the author to previously develop an algorithm for generating all n node t-ary trees in linked representation based on a particular listing of integer sequences representing the trees. The context for the generalization of Skarbek's algorithm turns out to also be a particular listing of integer sequences representing the trees. The paper also gives two constant average time implementations. The first generates the next tree from its predecessor given in linked representation while the second retains additional information about the predecessor beyond just its linked representation.
Revised history of early Tertiary plate motion in the south-west Pacific

Reanalysis of early Tertiary magnetic anomalies on the Pacific plate south of the Campbell Plateau indicates that in early Tertiary time there was a previously unrecognized triple junction of the Pacific, the Antarctic, and a third plate now beneath the Bellingshausen sea. Corresponding revised parameters for Pacific–Antarctica motion do not require early Tertiary displacements within Antarctica or New Zealand, but suggest a change in direction of the Pacific plate over the hotspots of approximately the same sense and timing as the Hawaiian–Emperor bend.
Measurements of mRNA Degradation in Borrelia burgdorferi

The importance of gene regulation in the enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete that causes Lyme disease, is well established. B. burgdorferi regulates gene expression in response to changes in environmental stimuli associated with changing hosts. In this study, we monitored mRNA decay in B. burgdorferi following transcriptional arrest with actinomycin D. The time-dependent decay of transcripts encoding RNA polymerase subunits (rpoA and rpoS), ribosomal proteins (rpsD, rpsK, rpsM, rplQ, and rpsO), a nuclease (pnp), outer surface lipoproteins (ospA and ospC), and a flagellar protein (flaB) have different profiles and indicate half-lives ranging from approximately 1 min to more than 45 min in cells cultured at 35°C. Our results provide a first step in characterizing mRNA decay in B. burgdorferi and in investigating its role in gene expression and regulation.
Antitumour Activity of N -Hydroxyurethane

N-HYDROXYURETHANE is known to be a carcinogen and to induce certain chromosomal aberrations1,2. It contains the hydroxamic acid group, a moiety apparently essential for the antitumour activity of hydroxyurea and its congeners3,4. For this reason, it was considered of interest to determine whether N-hydroxyurethane was active against various transplantable mouse tumours.
Diffractive effect of a scraper mirror in an unstable resonator

In an unstable optical resonator, a scraper mirror located in front of and displaced from the feedback mirror clips the feedback beam twice on each round trip through the resonator. The increased diffractive scattering produced by this double application of the scraper aperture enhances the peaking of the intracavity intensity and raises the feedback ratio. This increased diffractive scattering is proportional to the square root of the scraper displacement and to the equivalent Fresnel number of the resonator.
Learning that a cocaine reward is smaller than expected: A test of Redish's computational model of addiction.

Abstract The present experiment tested the prediction of Redish's (2004) [7] computational model of addiction that drug reward expectation continues to grow even when the received drug reward is smaller than expected. Initially, rats were trained to press two levers, each associated with a large dose of cocaine. Then, the dose associated with one of the levers was substantially reduced. Thus, when rats first pressed the reduced-dose lever, they expected a large cocaine reward, but received a small one. On subsequent choice tests, preference for the reduced-dose lever was reduced, demonstrating that rats learned to devalue the reduced-dose lever. The finding that rats learned to lower reward expectation when they received a smaller-than-expected cocaine reward is in opposition to the hypothesis that drug reinforcers produce a perpetual and non-correctable positive prediction error that causes the learned value of drug rewards to continually grow. Instead, the present results suggest that standard error-correction learning rules apply even to drug reinforcers.
Abstract A203: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) binds to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter and plays a role in its transcriptional control

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter is capable of forming secondary DNA structures, called G‐quadruplex and i‐motif, in its proximal promoter region (−85 to −50 from the transcription initiation site) that can mask transcription factor binding sites thereby inhibiting transcription. To understand this dynamic region and its implications in transcriptional control we studied protein‐DNA interactions of this structurally versatile region, specifically those involving transcription factors. Our candidate transcription factor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a single‐stranded DNA binding protein able to binding to cytosine‐rich sequences such as the VEGF polypurine/polypyrimidine tract. We found that the cytosine‐rich 24‐bp oligomer has the potential of forming an i‐motif at pH 6.5 and formed a complex with hnRNP K as shown by CD spectra analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. The binding of hnRNP K to the VEGF promoter was confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and its effect on transcriptional control was demonstrated through RT/PCR of hnRNP K siRNA KO and overexpression assays. We also observed through EMSA/Footprint that the hnRNP K protein changes the oligo conformation from an i‐motif structure to a more unstructured linear conformation. In summary, this work is the first to show that hnRNP K serves a role in the transcriptional control of VEGF and that a bromine solution left to react to the protein‐complex can be used to footprint its binding motif. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A203.
Hydroxyl radical oxidation of phospholipid-coated NaCl particles

Biological organic compounds mixed with NaCl and other inorganic compounds in sea-salt aerosol particles react in air with oxidants such as ozone and hydroxyl (OH) radicals. Laboratory studies of model systems can provide insight into these reactions. We report here studies of the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of unsaturated 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) on NaCl by gas phase OH in air at room temperature and 1 atm pressure using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to identify possible structures of surface-bound reaction products. For comparison, some studies were also carried out on the saturated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) on NaCl. The calculated concentration of hydroxyl radicals, generated by photolysis of isopropyl nitrite, was (1.6-6.4) × 10(8) radicals cm(-3). Surface-bound aldehydes, ketones, organic nitrates and nitrate ions were identified as products of these reactions and structures of potential products were proposed based on mechanistic considerations combined with the MALDI-TOF-MS and DRIFTS spectra. The loss rate of vinyl hydrogen, =C-H, at 3008 cm(-1) was used to obtain a lower limit for the rate constant (k1) for addition of OH to the double bond, k1 > (3 ± 1) × 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (1s), corresponding to a reaction probability of γ(add) > (4 ± 1) × 10(-3) (1s). Assuming that abstraction from -CH2- groups in POPC is the same as for DPPC, the percentage of the reaction that occurs by addition is ~80%. This is similar to the percent addition predicted using structure-reactivity relationships for gas-phase reactions. Decreasing the amount of POPC relative to NaCl resulted in more nitrate ion formation and less relative loss of POPC, and increasing the OH concentration resulted in a more rapid loss of POPC and faster product formation. These studies suggest that under atmospheric conditions with an OH concentration of 5 × 10(6) radicals cm(-3), the lifetime of POPC with respect to OH is <6 days.
Using a Surface Energy Balance Model to Calculate Spatially Distributed Actual Evapotranspiration

Remote sensing algorithms are currently being used to estimate regional surface energy fluxes [e.g., latent heat flux or evapotranspiration (ET)]. Many of these surface energy balance models use information derived from satellite imagery such as Landsat, AVHRR, ASTER, and MODIS to estimate ET. The remote sensing approach to estimate ET provides advantages over traditional methods. One of the most important advantages is that it can provide regional estimates of actual ET at low cost. Most conventional methods are based on point measurements (e.g., soil water sensors, lysimeters, and weather station data), limiting their ability to capture the spatial variability of ET. Another advantage of remote sensing/surface energy balance ET models is that they are able to estimate the actual crop ET as a residual of the energy balance without the need of using reference crop ET and tabulated crop coefficients. This paper focuses on the application of the energy balance-based model “Remote Sensing of ET” (ReSET) that...
Design of Modern Controls for the Controlled Advanced Research Turbine (CART)

Control can improve the performance of wind turbines by enhancing energy capture and reducing dynamic loads. At the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, we are designing control algorithms for regulation of turbine speed and power using state-space control methods. In this paper, we describe the design of a control algorithm for regulation of rotor speed in full-load operation (region 3) for the Controlled Advanced Research Turbine (CART). This turbine is a two-bladed, teetering hub, upwind machine, adapted for testing a variety of control algorithms. We base our control design on simple linear models of a turbine, which contain rotor and generator rotation, drivetrain torsion, rotor flap, and tower fore-aft bending degrees of freedom. We account for wind-speed fluctuations using disturbance accommodating control (DAC). We show the capability of these control schemes to stabilize the modeled turbine modes via pole placement while using state estimation to reduce the required number of turbine measurements. We test these algorithms through simulation, incorporating them into two simulation codes and simulating the controlled system for various operating conditions. Finally, we report conclusions to this work and outline future studies.
Developmental changes in thickness, contractility, and hypoxic sensitivity of newborn lamb cerebral arteries.

ABSTRACT: The present studies were conducted to examine the possibility that the increased vulnerability of the newborn brain to hypoxia may be due to age-related differences in vascular thickness and contractility. Segments of rostral choroidal (RC), posterior communicating (PC), basilar (B), and common carotid (CC) arteries were taken from 3- to 7-day-old lambs (n = 11) and adult sheep (n = 8) and studied using standard in vitro techniques. In lamb cerebral arteries, maturation was associated with significant increases in vessel thickness and tension generation. Because the increases in tension generation (77, 90, and 135% in PC, B, and RC segments) were proportionately greater than the corresponding increases in thickness (45, 75, and 34% in PC, B, and RC), force per unit area increased with maturation in the cerebral arteries. In the CC segments, the age-related increases in thickness (117%) were greater than the increases in tension generation (30%), such that average force per unit area was actually greater in the lamb than in the sheep. In response to hypoxia (PO2 < 15 torr), all vessels exhibited significant relaxation relative to normoxic controls, although the rates and magnitudes of relaxation varied considerably. In the sheep, the carotid exhibited rapid relaxation of small magnitude (21%), whereas the cerebral arteries relaxed more slowly and more completely (56,52, and 45% in PC, B, and RC). In contrast, the lamb carotid segments relaxed more slowly than the cerebral arteries. Although the average magnitude of relaxation in the lamb carotids (40%) was less than in the lamb cerebral vessels (69, 48, and 79% in PC, B, and RC), it was twice as great as that observed in the sheep carotids (21%). These data indicate that the pattern of response to hypoxia was markedly different in the lamb and sheep and suggest that the carotid artery may play a more important role in the regulation of cerebrovascular resistance in the newborn than in the adult. This may be of clinical importance in the newborn in which variations in cerebral perfusion pressure occur during hypoxia.
The surface free energy of solid molybdenum

Abstract The average surface free energy of solid molybdenum has been measured using the Udin zero creep method at 2500 °C under 1 atm of tantalum-gettered argon. Strains were measured at the creep temperature. Surface energy values agree with previous work in which strains were measured at room temperature. The most probable value is 1900 ergs/cm2 which is about 15% lower than the liquid surface tension. Residual impurity adsorption is believed to be the cause of the low value. Volume diffusion coefficients determined from the Herring-Nabarro creep rate equation agree with the published radioactive tracer results within a factor of 2.
Friction Model for Sliding Bearings under Seismic Excitation

In this article, an experimentally validated model is proposed in order to take into account main sources of performance degradation that could be experienced by friction-based devices during a seismic event. Particular attention is dedicated to the degradation of friction characteristics due to repetition of cycles and consequent temperature rise. This effect can be responsible for overestimate of the dissipation capacity of the device. The proposed model of frictional behavior is suitable for immediate implementation in generalized structural analysis codes and provides an important design tool for realistic assessment of the seismic response of structures equipped with friction-based isolators.
Review and Advances in Heat Pipe Science and Technology

Over the last several decades, several factors have contributed to a major transformation in heat pipe science and technology applications. The first major contribution was the development and advances of new heat pipes, such as loop heat pipes (LHPs), micro and miniature heat pipes, and pulsating heat pipes (PHPs). In addition, there are now many commercial applications that have helped contribute to the recent interest in heat pipes. For example, several million heat pipes are manufactured each month for applications in CPU cooling and laptop computers. Numerical modeling, analysis, and experimental simulation of heat pipes have significantly progressed due to a much greater understanding of various physical phenomena in heat pipes as well as advances in computational and experimental methodologies. A review is presented hereafter concerning the types of heat pipes, heat pipe analysis, and simulations.
A novel role of the lumican core protein in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune response.

Lumican is an extracellular matrix protein modified as a proteoglycan in some tissues. The core protein with leucine-rich repeats, characteristic of the leucine-rich-repeat superfamily, binds collagen fibrils and regulates its structure. In addition, we believe that lumican sequestered in the pericellular matrix interacts with cell surface proteins for specific cellular functions. Here we show that bacterial lipopolysaccharide sensing by the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway and innate immune response is regulated by lumican. Primary cultures of lumican-deficient (Lum-/-) macrophages show impaired innate immune response to lipopolysaccharides with lower induction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6. Macrophage response to other pathogen-associated molecular patterns is not adversely affected by lumican deficiency, suggesting a specific role for the lumican core protein in the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway. An exogenous recombinant lumican core protein increases lipopolysaccharide-mediated TNFα induction and partially rescues innate immune response in Lum-/- macrophages. We further show that the core protein binds lipopolysaccharide. Immunoprecipitation of lumican from peritoneal lavage co-precipitates CD14, a cell surface lipopolysaccharide-binding protein that is involved in its presentation to Toll-like receptor 4. The Lum-/- mice are hypo-responsive to lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock, with poor induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, and interleukins 1β and 6 in the serum. Taken together, the data indicates a novel role for lumican in the presentation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to CD14 and host response to this bacterial endotoxin.
Near-hanging injuries: A 10-year experience

Summary Objective To review the injury patterns and analyse outcomes in patients who present after near-hanging. Methods This is a trauma registry study that included all patients who were admitted to an academic Level I trauma centre with the diagnosis of attempted suicide by hanging between January 1993 and December 2003. All patients who were dead on arrival or in cardiopulmonary arrest were excluded. Data regarding demographics, injuries, and outcomes were examined. Independent risk factors for poor outcome were identified. Results During the 10-year study period, 63 patients were admitted after near-hanging. A total of 12 patients (19%) had 17 injuries. Cervical spine fractures occurred in nearly 5% of cases. Four factors were found to be significantly associated with poor outcome: systolic blood pressure 15. However, logistic regression analysis found only anoxia on CT scan to be independently associated with poor outcome ( p Conclusion Injuries commonly occurred after near-hanging. Liberal screening using CT scans is warranted. The prognosis is favorable, even with patients who arrive with a GCS ≤8. Overall survival was 90% and only 3.5% were discharged with severe or permanent disability.
Commentary on ‘Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea’

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Commentary2010, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003048. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3. Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
20th Century Postsecondary Practices and Policies to Control Gay Students

This paper traces three forms of control taken by postsecondary regulations of the sexual mores of gay male college students, through institutional responses to particular acts: expulsion of those found, or believed, to engage in homosexual activity; the implementation of undercover "sting" operations; and the attempted prevention of student organizing. Despite changes in these patterns since the 1950s, respondents still comment on how these practices influenced both their activities and their sense of identity.
Configurational assignment in alkyl-branched sugars via the geminal C,H coupling constants

The measurement of the magnitude and sign of 2J(C,H) couplings offers a reliable way to determine the absolute configuration at a carbon center in a fixed cyclic system. A decrease of the dihedral angle ϕ in the O—CA—CB—H fragment always leads to a change of the 2J(CA,HB) coupling to more negative values, independent of the type and position of substituents at the two carbon centers. The orientations of the two substituents at C-3 of the epimeric pair 1 and 2 were determined unambiguously through the measurement of the geminal coupling constants between C-3 and the hydrogen atoms at C-2 and C-4. In particular, 2J(C-3,H-2ax) with −1.5 Hz, ϕ = 174° in 1 and −6.6 Hz, ϕ = 47° in 2, and 2J(C-3,H-4) with +1.5 Hz, ϕ = 175° in 1 and −4.7 Hz, ϕ = 49° in 2 showed the greatest differences between the two epimers. Both couplings therefore allow the determination of the absolute configuration at C-3. It should be noted, however, that the size of the coupling constants can be different for dihedral angles of nearly identical size, when there are different numbers of electronegative substituents on the two coupling pathways, i.e. no O-substituent at C-2, but one axial O-substituent at C-4. It becomes clear that it is not sufficient to measure the magnitude of 2J coupling constants only, but that the sign of the geminal coupling is needed to identify the absolute configuration at a chiral center. The coupling of C-3 with H-2eq is not useful for the determination of the configuration at C-3, as the similarity of the dihedral angles ϕ (O—C-3—C-2—H-2eq) (57° in 1 and 70° in 2) leads to identical coupling constants (−6.1 Hz) for both epimers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence Lifetime Study of Cyclodextrin Complexes of Substituted Naphthalenes.

The interactions of α, β, and γ-cyclodextrins and selected naphthalene derivatives as observed through fluorescence lifetime measurements are discussed in detail. These systems can be quickly characterized with the use of the parameters obtained from experimental fluorescence decay curves. The formation of inclusion complexes can be followed with the appearance of a long-lived fluorophore which contributes to the total fluorescence according to the cyclodextrin concentration. This fluorophore is determined to be an inclusion complex between a naphthalene and cyclodextrin.
UNCLOS III and the new international economic order

Abstract The New International Economic Order has become an all pervasive issue in contemporary international relations and is being discussed, debated, and considered in a number of international organizations and negotiations. Representatives of the Third World have demanded under its banner significant changes in the world's political and economic structure. It is in this context that the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea has been meeting. This study focuses upon the protracted negotiations on seabed mining and seeks to relate continuing North‐South differences to broader trends in international relations. It examines, in light of pressures for a New International Economic Order, disagreements relative to: a) access to seabed resources, b) the resource and commodity policy of the proposed International Sea‐Bed Authority, c) financial arrangements for deep seabed mining, d) transfer of technology, and e) the organizational structure of the International Sea‐Bed Authority.
Mechanosensation through integrins: Cells act locally but think globally

Cells sense cues that guide their growth and development by probing their microenvironment with surface membrane receptors that elicit intracellular signals when they bind their ligands. Cell interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules differ from those with soluble regulatory factors, however, because in addition to ligation-induced signaling, cells also apply traction to their integrin receptors that mediate ECM adhesion (1). Tensional forces generated in the actin cytoskeleton and resisted by the ECM feed back to alter cell shape and function, and different cellular responses are produced depending on the ECM's ability to physically balance this stress. Rigid substrates that support high levels of isometric tension in the cell promote cell spreading and growth in the presence of soluble mitogens, whereas flexible ECM scaffolds that cannot resist cytoskeletal forces promote cell retraction, turn off growth, and switch on differentiation in the same medium (reviewed in ref. 1). Cells also sense local changes in ECM compliance that can influence their rate of migration (2). Tension-dependent changes in cell shape seem to be critical to this process: planar substrates that contain microfabricated ECM islands on the size of single cells can similarly control whether a cell will grow, differentiate, undergo directional motility, or die, depending on their ability to support or restrict cell spreading (3–5). The integrin receptors that mediate this form of mechanical signaling cluster together within spot weld-like anchoring complexes, known as focal adhesions. Molecules that form the structural backbone of the focal adhesion both mechanically couple integrins to the actin cytoskeleton (6, 7) and orient much of the cell's signal transduction machinery (8, 9). When cell-generated forces or external stresses are applied to integrins, a local intracellular transduction response is activated that leads to focal adhesion assembly (10, 11) and associated cytoskeletal strengthening (6, …
Spectral Signature Decay Analysis and New Tapered Coaxial Transmission Line Spectrometer Design

A molecule dynamics model and details of a large electrical volume coaxial spectrometer are presented in this paper. The molecule dynamics model gives successful molecular signal decay predictions in coaxial spectrometers and shows that our current design is beyond the wall collision limit. The dimensions of the large electrical volume coax and a solution for practical fabrication of the transmission line that avoids spurious mode coupling are also introduced in this paper. The measured spectrum has an 8-dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over previous techniques, and fast detection was achieved with 100 averages. The better performance of this coaxial transmission line spectrometer improves its potential in the application of microwave chemical sensing, and the molecule dynamics model is useful for future coaxial spectrometer designs for higher operation frequency where molecular signals are stronger.
Experimental ecology of the temperate scleractinian coral Astrangia danae I. Partition of respiration, photosynthesis and calcification between host and symbionts

Calcification, photosynthesis and respiration of the scleractinian coral Astrangia danae were calculated from the changes in total alkalinity, pH, calculated total CO2, and oxygen concentration produced by colonies incubated in glass jars. A correction for changes in ammonia, nitrate and nitrite was taken into account and the method evaluated. The fluxes of oxygen and CO2 were highly correlated (r=0.99). The statistical error of alkalinity determinations was less than 10% of the changes observed in the slowest calcifying samples. Metabolism of polyparium alone was estimated by difference after removal of tissue and reincubation of bare corallum. Zooxanthellae concentration in the polyps was obtained from cell counts made on homogenates of polyp tissue. The calculated photosynthetic rate of the zooxanthellae in vivo was 25 μmol O2 (108 cell)-1 h-1 at a light intensity of 120 μEin m-2 s-1. In corals having 0.5x109 zooxanthellae/dm2 of colony area up to 8% of the total photosynthesis was attributed to the corallum microcosm. Polyp respiration, photosynthesis, and CaCO3 uptake rates were all much higher than rates previously reported from A. danae, apparently because in these experiments the organisms were better fed. This increased photosynthesis in turn enhanced calcification still further. The symbiosis therefore appears to provide a growth advantage even to fed corals, under the conditions of these experiments.
State minimum wage laws: Youth coverage and impact

Federal minimum wage statutes cover only 70 percent of the work force and 30 percent of all employers. State laws are designed to close some of these coverage gaps and in some cases to set higher wage floors. Hence, differences in state wage floors and coverage should affect employment rates and wage distributions, particularly among low-skilled workers. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Ssurveys of Youth is mixed, however: State wage floors appear to have no impact on youth employment or entry wages, but coverage exemptions appear to increase both employment and wages. These observations underscore the need to include state provisions in models of minimum wage impacts, particularly for later periods (e.g., 1988–1991) when state wage floors were relatively higher.
Let's be friends: Relational self‐construal and the development of intimacy

Two studies examined the role of relational self-construal in the development and maintenance of intimacy in roommate relationships. In Study 1, 98 roommate pairs completed questionnaires assessing attitudes toward their relationship. Results showed that high relationals disclosed more personal information than lows, which was then associated with their roommates’ perceptions of relationship quality. In Study 2, 142 roommate pairs followed the Study 1 procedure with a 1-month follow-up session for the participants (86% returned). Results replicated the findings of Study 1 and showed reciprocated disclosure from the roommates, followed by increased disclosure by the participants at Time 2. These findings support the H. T. Reis and P. Shaver (1988) intimacy model and indicate the importance of the self-construal in this interpersonal process.
Impacts of Flood Damage on Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in Homes after the 2013 Colorado Front Range Flood

Flood-damaged homes typically have elevated microbial loads, and their occupants have an increased incidence of allergies, asthma, and other respiratory ailments, yet the microbial communities in these homes remain under-studied. Using culture-independent approaches, we characterized bacterial and fungal communities in homes in Boulder, CO, USA 2-3 months after the historic September, 2013 flooding event. We collected passive air samples from basements in 50 homes (36 flood-damaged, 14 non-flooded), and we sequenced the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V4-V5 region) and the fungal ITS1 region from these samples for community analyses. Quantitative PCR was used to estimate the abundances of bacteria and fungi in the passive air samples. Results indicate significant differences in bacterial and fungal community composition between flooded and non-flooded homes. Fungal abundances were estimated to be three times higher in flooded, relative to non-flooded homes, but there were no significant differences in bacterial abundances. Penicillium (fungi) and Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (bacteria) were among the most abundant taxa in flooded homes. Our results suggest that bacterial and fungal communities continue to be affected by flooding, even after relative humidity has returned to baseline levels and remediation has removed any visible evidence of flood damage.
What Can Be “Perceived” in the Absence of Visual Awareness?:

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The analysis of spatial diffusion processes

In this paper, I have tried two things: (1) to develop a formal mathematical description of the innovation diffusion process under the simplest conditions and (2) to do the same for expenditure streams, migration, and price movements considered as spatial diffusion processes. My aim has been to demonstrate similarities and differences among these processes. The theoretical study of diffusion models appears to me to be fruitful as an extension of economic stability analysis to spatial situations and also as an alternative approach to predicting the movement in space of economic phenomena.
Post-resuscitation complications in term neonates.

It has been recommended that all newborn babies who have received substantial resuscitation be cared for in an environment where post-resuscitation care can be provided. To test this recommendation, we examined whether infants who received delivery room resuscitation and seemingly recovered by 5 min age are at increased risk of short-term morbidity. We undertook a retrospective analysis of the outcomes of babies who received delivery room resuscitation, and who had seemingly recovered by 5 min age, over a 1 year time period at a single academic institution. The 33 babies were compared with outcomes of 33 controls who received no resuscitation with normal 1 and 5 min Apgar scores. Complication rates and admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were compared between the two groups using the χ2 test. Fifty-two percent of the study group and three percent of the control group were admitted to the NICU (P<0.01). Short-term complications were noted in 61% of the study group and three percent of the control group (P<0.01). Increased short-term morbidity is demonstrated in neonates who receive delivery room resuscitation and are seemingly recovered at 5 min, when compared to a group of infants with normal Apgar scores at one and 5 min; and these infants should be cared for in an environment where ongoing evaluation can be provided.
Regulation of amino acid-sensitive TOR signaling by leucine analogues in adipocytes.

In adipocytes, amino acids stimulate the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway leading to phosphorylation of the translational repressor, eIF-4E binding protein-I (4E-BP1), and ribosomal protein S6. L-leucine is the primary mediator of these effects. The structure-activity relationships of a putative L-leucine recognition site in adipocytes (LeuR(A)) that regulates TOR activity were analyzed by examining the effects of leucine analogues on the rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation of the translational repressor, eIF-4E binding protein-I (4E-BP1), an index of TOR activity. Several amino acids that are structurally related to leucine strongly stimulated 4E-BP1 phosphorylation at concentrations greater than the EC(50) value for leucine. The order of potency was leucine > norleucine > threo-L-beta-hydroxyleucine approximately Ile > Met approximately Val. Other structural analogues of leucine, such as H-alpha-methyl-D/L-leucine, S-(-)-2-amino-4-pentenoic acid, and 3-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, possessed only weak agonist activity. However, other leucine-related compounds that are known agonists, antagonists, or ligands of other leucine binding/recognition sites did not affect 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. We conclude from the data that small lipophilic modifications of the leucine R group and alpha-hydrogen may be tolerated for agonist activity; however, leucine analogues with a modified amino group, a modified carboxylic group, charged R groups, or bulkier aliphatic R groups do not seem to possess significant agonist activity. Furthermore, the leucine recognition site that regulates TOR signaling in adipocytes appears to be different from the following: (1) a leucine receptor that regulates macroautophagy in liver, (2) a leucine recognition site that regulates TOR signaling in H4IIE hepatocytes, (3) leucyl tRNA or leucyl tRNA synthetase, (4) the gabapentin-sensitive leucine transaminase, or (5) the system L-amino acid transporter.
Structural alignment in similarity and difference judgments

Similarity is a central construct in models of cognitive processing, and as such has been the focus of psychological inquiry. This work has revealed that similarity and difference judgments are not always inverses. One explanation for this effect is that similarity judgments focus on matching relations between the items, while difference judgments focus on the mismatching attributes. A second explanation is that both similarity and difference judgments involve a process of structural alignment, and that they use the output of this process differently. These views are contrasted by using the one-shot mapping technique that places attribute similarity and relational similarity in competition. The results suggest that similarity and difference judgments both involve structural alignment.
A Geochemical Trophic Cascade in Yellowstone's Geothermal Environments

We contrast the geochemistry of the Madison drainage, which has high concentrations of geothermal features, with the Lamar drainage of Yellowstone National Park, USA, and trace the consequences of geochemical differences through abiotic and biotic linkages in the ecosystem. Waters in the geothermal-dominated drainage contained anomalously high levels of fluoride (F) and silica (SiO2). Soils, stream sediments, and surface waters that interact or mix with geothermal waters, in turn, had elevated F and SiO2 concentrations compared to similar samples from the Lamar drainage. The geochemical differences were reflected in the chemistry of forage plants, with some plants from geothermally influenced areas containing four- to eightfold higher concentrations of F and SiO2 than similar plants in the Lamar drainage. Geothermal heat reduced snowpack, and we found that elk (Cervus elaphus) concentrated in these refugia as snowpack increased each winter. The consequent high dietary intake of F in animals associated with the geothermal areas was confirmed by the finding that bone samples from elk living in the Madison drainage contained sixfold higher concentrations of F than samples collected from animals wintering in the Lamar drainage. High F exposure resulted in compromised dentition due to fluoride toxicosis, which was undoubtedly exacerbated by the abrasive action of silica. The consequent accelerated and aberrant tooth wear resulted in early onset of senescence, reduced life span, and an abbreviated age structure. We speculate that these altered demographics, combined with spatial heterogeneity of snowpack, will result in increased vulnerability of this large herbivore population to wolf predation and less resiliency to compensate demographically for predation.
Society Reified: Herbert Spencer and Political Theory in Early Meiji Japan

During the early Meiji period of the 1870s and 80s, Japanese leaders were in the process of constructing a new state. The old regime of the Tokugawa shogunate had been overthrown in 1867, and its “feudal” ways were to be replaced with institutions that valued another, “Western” set of priorities—including applied science and industrial capitalism, constitutional law and deliberative assemblies. This program of institutional change, called “civilization” or “enlightenment” by its proponents, enlisted a range of foreign consultants, from engineers and military officers to teachers and legal experts. Equally important were Western books, the translation of which had begun under the old regime. Among the works that made a powerful impression on Japanese readers at the start of the Meiji period were William and Robert Chambers' Political Economy, Samuel Smiles' Self-Help, and John Stuart Mill's On Liberty. The “liberal” tradition defined by these authors provided an introduction for the works of Herbert Spencer. Although his reputation today most often places him among conservative or libertarian political philosophers, it was Spencer's liberal defense of natural rights that initially interested Japanese readers in the 1870s. For Spencer's appearance coincided with a growing advocacy of “people's rights” in Japan, as private citizens pressured the authoritarian oligarchy ruling Japan to grant them the rights to freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and to participation in governmental process through the institution of a national assembly.
Landmark learning by honey bees

Abstract There are two published models for landmark learning by honey bees: (1) bees remember only the presence or absence of landmarks in each of several sectors around a food source, or (2) bees store a visual image of the landmarks. Experiments reported here indicate that bees are able to remember landmarks pictorially, and store their location, shape and colour. The angular resolution of the memory near the visual horizon is about 3·1° horizontally and about 5·5° vertically; this suggests that landmark memory has a higher resolution than the 8–10° measured for flower memory.
The Re-Libidinalization of the Internal World of a Refugee Family

This article describes the effects that forced migration has on refugees’ identities and explores their difficulty in mourning. To illustrate the aftermath of forced migration, I will describe the internal world of a refugee family driven from their homes after massive ethnic violence. It took nine years from the time of their dislocation for them to be able to ‘re-libidinalize’ their self-representations. The re-libidinalization process allowed them to resolve their sense of helplessness and humiliation. After working through these feelings, they could tame the derivatives of their aggression, bring the mourning process to a practical end, and improve their abilities to test reality and adapt to their new environment. I will focus on their utilization of linking objects as one expression of their difficulty in mourning.