cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remarks on Levy's reflection axiom

Adding higher types to set theory differs from adding inaccessible cardinals, in that higher type arguments apply to all sets rather than just ordinary ones. Levy's reflection axiom is justified, by considering the principle that we can pretend that the universe is a set, together with methods of Gaifman [8]. We reprove some results of Gaifman, and some facts about Levy's reflection axiom, including the fact that adding higher types yields no new theorems about sets. Some remarks on standard models are made. An obvious strengthening of Levy's axiom to higher types is considered, which implies the existence of indescribable cardinals. Other remarks about larger cardinals are made; some questions of Gloede [9] are settled. Finally we argue that the evidence for V = L is strong, and that CH is certainly true. MSC: 03E30, 03E55.
A generation of astronomical telescopes, their users, and publications

Research astronomers and the telescopes they use each have typical life spans of about 40 years. Most of their journals live a good deal longer, though the second most important one today is only 40 years old. This paper looks at numbers for productivity and impact of specific astronomical facilities, changes in equality of opportunities and achievements in observational astronomy, and some aspects of national contributions. The focus is on optical astronomy, though something is also said about radio telescopes and astronomy from space. In summary, nothing stays “best of class” for very long; the fraction of the community with access to the most valuable facilities has increased with time (more equality of opportunity); but the fraction of citations earned by the few super-star papers has also increased (less equality of achievement); and the USA remains the host of the most-cited journals and the most productive telescopes, though Europe (meaning in this context the member nations of the European Southern Observatory, the European Space Agency, and the supporters of the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics) are fast closing the gap, with the UK retaining its own journal and some observing facilities not shared with either the USA or other European countries. Detailed examination of specific facilities indicates that size (of telescope, community, and budget) are all of great importance, but that the most significant “focal plane instrument” is still the astronomer at the virtual eyepiece. The changes have happened against a background of enormous increases in numbers of astronomers, sizes of available facilities (but not total number), numbers of papers (but not of journals), and numbers of citations per paper. A significant subset of the conclusions on turnover of people and facilities accompanying major growth: opportunity versus achievement; Europe versus the USA; and the trade-off between community size and the influence of individual scientists undoubtedly apply in many other fields.
Darkfield Brightfield and Energy-Filtered Nanotube Image Profiles

Anyone who has been asked to examine carbon nanotubes in the TEM knows that cylindrical symmetry can be a wonderful thing. For example, if you would like to know how many graphene or BN sheets make up a given tube, or whether or not the tube has internal terminations, one image may do the job. In this paper, we discuss projected thickness and diffraction functions that provide a baseline for examining a variety of intensity profiles across nanotube images. These likewise assume that to first order the tube is cylindrically symmetric, the beam encounters the tube perpendicular to its symmetry axis, and that the contrast mechanisms are simple. One can always explore deviations from these assumptions after the fact.
Liquid immiscibility in K2O–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2

DIFFERENTIATION in silicate magmas is usually considered to occur through processes of fractional crystallisation. The possibility that the formation of a second silicate liquid, immiscible with the original silicate magma, may take place has been thought unlikely1. But in lunar rocks textures were found indicating late-stage formation of a K2O-rich silicate liquid2, and serious consideration is being given to the possible importance of silicate liquid immiscibility3. Current investigations on the role of silicate liquid immiscibility were started with the work of refs 4 and 5. Because of the importance of the two-liquid field in the current developments we have re-investigated the K2O–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. Electron scanning microscopy combined with electron microprobe analyses allowed us to delineate the extent of the two-liquid field as well as to determine the compositions of the two coexisting liquids.
Analytical properties of miniaturized oxygen and glucose fiber optic sensors

Abstract A submicrometer fiber optic oxygen sensor and a micrometer sized fiber optic glucose biosensor have been fabricated. The sensors are based on the fluorescence quenching of ruthenium diimine complexes by molecular oxygen. In the oxygen sensors the ruthenium dye is immobilized in an acrylic polymer support at the end of the fiber. In the glucose sensor the enzyme glucose oxidase is immobilized in the polymeric support in addition to the oxygen indicator. The acrylamide support is attached covalently to a silanized optical fiber tip surface by photoinitiated polymerization. Leaching of the sensing reagent from the polymer host matrix has been minimized by the optimization of the ratio between the acrylamide monomer and the cross linker, N , N -methylene bisacrylamide. The sensor is fully reversible and highly reproducible. A standard deviation of around 2% within 10 consecutive fluorescence measurements has been observed for various oxygen and glucose concentrations. An absolute detection limit of sub-femtomoles is achieved. This is an improvement by a factor of 10 6 over existing fiber optic oxygen and glucose sensors. Another advantage of these miniaturized response time is their extremely short response time at the sub-second range. This is an improvement of 2–3 orders of magnitude over conventional optical sensors. An interesting feature of these miniaturized sensors is the dependence of their response on the sensor size. Unlike in larger sensors we find that under normal operating conditions the signal increases with the sensor diameter rather than its volume. This interesting dependence partially negates the signal loss due to the sensor miniaturization.
Tacitness, Learning, and International Expansion: A Study of Foreign Direct Investment in a Knowledge-Intensive Industry

This paper examines the impact of knowledge tacitness on a firm's propensity to establish plants in foreign rather than domestic locations. Our predictions build on knowledge-based, internalization, and evolutionary theories of foreign direct investment. We argue that the tacitness of technology has an inverted-U effect on the propensity to undertake foreign investment. We also expect that as a firm learns about a technology, it will become more likely to make foreign investments. We examine two forms of learning: that which accumulates as a function of the number of plants previously built by the firm (transfer-based learning), and that which accumulates as a function of time since the firm started using a technology (time-based learning). We investigate empirical effects in a sample of investments in the memory segment of the semiconductor industry. Our predictions about the curvilinear effect of tacitness are supported. The results also suggest that learning is a matter of taking time to become acquainted with the use of the technology, and of gaining experience through successive foreign plant investments. The study adds to the understanding of the effects of knowledge on corporate expansion.
A simple and rapid method for the preparation of homologous DNA oligonucleotide hybridization probes from heterologous gene sequences and probes

Summary We describe a simple and rapid method for the preparation of homologous DNA oligonucleotide probes for hybridization analysis and/or cDNA/genomic library screening. With this method, a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide derived from a known heterologous DNA/RNA/protein sequence is annealed to an RNA preparation containing the gene transcript of interest. Any unpaired 3′-terminal oligonucleotides of the heterologous DNA primer are then removed using the 3′ exonuclease activity of the DNA Polymerase I Klenow fragment before primer extension/dideoxynucleotide sequencing of the annealed RNA species with AMV reverse transcriptase. From the determined RNA sequence, a completely homologous DNA oligonucleotide probe is then prepared. This approach has been used to prepare a homologous DNA oligonucleotide probe for the successful library screening of the yeast hybRNA gene starting with a heterologous mouse hybRNA DNA oligonucleotide probe.
Characterization of Riemann Solvers for the Two Phase p-System

Abstract Consider the p-system with a general two phase fluid pressure law. Under an abstract compatibility condition on subsonic phase boundaries we construct a Riemann Solver for this system, globally defined on all state space. This Riemann Solver is uniquely characterized by the properties it enjoys.
Guidelines for the immunologic evaluation of occupational lung disease. Report of the Subcommittee on Immunologic Evaluation of Occupational Immunologic Lung Disease.

mouse 2nd guinea pig antigens. J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUWI. 1085:16.124 79. Swanson MC. Agarwal MK, Yunginger JW, Reed CE. Guineapig-detiied allergens. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984: 129:844. 80. Twiggs JT. Agarwal MK, Dahlberg ME, Yunginger JW. Imnnmoch~:mical measurement of airborne mouse allergens in a laboratory animal facility. J ALLERGY CLIN IMM~N~I 19x2: 69522. 81. \‘irtanan T, Louhelainen K, Mantyjarvi R. Enzyme-linked immunoso-bent assay (ELISA) inhibition method to estimate the level of airborne bovine epidermal antigen in cowsheds. Int Arch Allergy Appl Imnunol 1986:81:253. XL. Chapman MD. Heymann PW, Wilkins SR, et al. Monoclonal irnmunoassays for major dust mite (Der~nafopha~oidesJ allergen. Dcr p 1 and Der f 1, and quantitative analysis of the allergen content of mite and house dust extracts J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUYOL 1987:X0:184. X3. Edwards RC, Beeson MF. Dewdney JM. Laboratory animal allergy: the measurement of airborne urinary allergens and the effects of different environmental conditions Lab Amm 1983;17:235
Characterization of the zebrafish T cell receptor β locus

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an increasingly important model for immunological study. Its immune system is remarkably similar to that of mammals and includes both the adaptive and innate branches. Zebrafish T cells express functional T cell receptors (TCR), and all four TCR loci are present within the genome. Using 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we cloned and sequenced zebrafish TCRβ transcripts. TCRβ VDJ coding joints demonstrate conservation of mechanisms used by other vertebrate species to increase junctional diversity. Using the sequences obtained, along with previously published data, we comprehensively annotated the zebrafish TCRβ locus. Overall, organization of the locus resembles that seen in mammals. There are 51 V segments, a single D segment, 27 Jβ1 segments, a single Jβ2 segment, and two constant regions. This description of the zebrafish TCRβ locus has the potential to enhance immunological research in zebrafish and further our understanding of mammalian TCR repertoire generation.
Multiple isoplanatic patch phase aberration correction in real-time 3D transcranial ultrasound

We present an approach for correcting multiple distinct aberrators within a single transcranial imaging volume, i.e. several isoplanatic patches. Aberration is estimated using cross-correlation of RF channel signals followed by least mean squares solution of the resulting overdetermined system. Delay maps are updated and real-time 3D scanning resumes. This adaptive imaging technique, which uses steered unfocused waves transmitted by the “beacon” array on the opposite side of the head, updates the transmit and receive delays of 5 isoplanatic patches within a 64°×64° volume. In phantom experiments, color flow voxels above a common threshold have increased by an average of 92%, while color flow variance decreased by an average of 10%. This approach has been applied to bilateral temporal acoustic windows of two human subjects, yielding increases in echo brightness in 5 isoplanatic patches, with a mean value of 24.3 ± 9.1%.
Colonic Anastomosis Using the Valtrac Biofragmentable Anastomosis Ring: A New and Useful Surgical Technique in Gynecologic Oncology

Patients with a primary malignancy of the female genital tract may present with the majority of their disease confined to the pelvis. Not infrequently, infiltrating contiguous extension of disease may involve the rectosigmoid colon, resulting in symptoms of partial obstruction. This presentation in the patient with an epithelial ovarian malignancy may represent a patient that can be adequately cytoreduced if a segmental resection of the rectosigmoid colon is performed. Following resection, the continuity of the lower GI tract can be restored by anastomosis of the proximal and distal ends of the colon. In our institution three patients explored for large abdominal pelvic masses required segmental resection of the rectosigmoid colon. In each patient the colonic anastomosis was performed using the valtrac biofragmentable anastomosis ring (V-BAR). None of the patients experienced any intraoperative complications, and postoperatively there was no evidence of any anastomotic leaks. The average time of return of GI function was 6 days and there was no prolongation of their hospital stay. Currently, with 3 months of follow-up no patients have reported any symptoms suggestive of anastomotic stricture. Although our experience is limited, we found that this technique can be performed much faster than traditional hand-sewn or staple techniques. We submit that in the presence of uncompromised colon, the V-BAR is a safe and effective new alternative for colonic anastomosis in gynecologic oncological surgery.
Regime Theory, State Government, and a Takeover of Urban Education

State government possesses the resources and authority to directly shape urban education policy but regime theorists understate the roles governors, state legislatures, and other state actors play ...
About neural-network algorithms application in viseme classification problem with face video in audiovisual speech recognition systems

The paper considers the phoneme recognition by facial expressions of a speaker in voice-activated control systems. We have developed a neural network recognition algorithm by using the phonetic words decoding method and the requirement for isolated syllable pronunciation of voice commands. The paper presents the experimental results of viseme (facial and lip position corresponding to a particular phoneme) classification of Russian vowels. We show the dependence of the classification accuracy on the used classifier (multilayer feed-forward network, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor method), image features (histogram of oriented gradients, eigenvectors, SURF local descriptors) and the type of camera (built-in or Kinect one). The best accuracy of speaker-dependent recognition is shown to be 85% for a built-in camera and 96% for Kinect depth maps when the classification is performed with the histogram of oriented gradients and the support vector machine.
Selection of software in the instructional laboratory

In this paper, I discuss a number of issues concerning software selection in instructional laboratories. First, I describe several taxonomies of instructional software and argue that the most important dimension of instructional software is that it must be an efficient tool. Second, I discuss some elements of the context of the instructional lab, including sophistication of users. Third, I explore design features, especially those related to ease of learning to use packages. Several other issues are also considered, such as where to find software reviews.
Effects of ambient pressure in pulsed laser deposition morphology and composition study of epitaxial ZnSe film

Abstract A series of ZnSe films grown on (001) GaAs substrates under low ambient pressures (
Proceedings from the Scientific Symposium: Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease and Implications for Therapies

Abstract A consortium of investigator-thought leaders was convened at the Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and produced the following summary points: Point 1: Important sex differences exist in cardiovascular disease (CVD) that affect disease initiation, diagnosis, and treatment. Implication: Research that acknowledges these differences is needed to optimize outcomes in women and men. Point 2: Atherosclerosis is qualitatively and quantitatively different in women and men; women demonstrate more plaque erosion and more diffuse plaque with less focal artery lumen intrusion. Implication: Evaluation of CVD strategies that include devices should be used to explore differing anatomical shapes and surfaces as well as differing drug coating and eluting strategies. Point 3: Bone marrow progenitor cells (PCs) engraft differently based on the sex of the donor cell and the sex of the recipient. Implication: PC therapeutic studies need to consider the sex of cells of the source and the recipient. Point 4...
Effects of increasing crude protein concentrations on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing steers and heifers

Abstract A 2 × 3 factorial design was utilized to ascertain the effects of three dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentration in steers and heifers. Animals were blocked by gender ( n = 9) and body weight (BW; n = 3/gender), randomly assigned to a diet containing 110, 125 or 140 g/kg dietary CP ( n = 6), subjected to a growing period of 56, 84 or 112 d, depending on start BW, and a finishing period of 84 d. Animals were weighed and bled at 28 d intervals and daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F) were calculated and SUN was analyzed as a repeated measure throughout the study. Following slaughter, carcass data was collected for hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percent (DP), kidney, pelvic and heart fat (KPH), 12th rib backfat (BF), loin muscle (LM) area, marbling score (MS), and yield grade (YG). Growing steers and heifers were programmed to gain 1.02 and 0.91 kg/d, respectively. Therefore, heifers consumed less than steers and steers gained more than heifers (P
Isolation and Characterization of PBP, a Protein That Interacts with Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor

In an attempt to identify cofactors that could possibly influence the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), we used a yeast two-hybrid system with Gal4-PPARgamma as bait to screen a mouse liver cDNA library and have identified steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) as a PPAR transcriptional coactivator. We now report the isolation of a cDNA encoding a 165-kDa PPARgamma-binding protein, designated PBP which also serves as a coactivator. PBP also binds to PPARalpha, RARalpha, RXR, and TRbeta1, and this binding is increased in the presence of specific ligands. Deletion of the last 12 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of PPARgamma results in the abolition of interaction between PBP and PPARgamma. PBP modestly increased the transcriptional activity of PPARgamma, and a truncated form of PBP (amino acids 487-735) acted as a dominant-negative repressor, suggesting that PBP is a genuine coactivator for PPAR. In addition, PBP contains two LXXLL signature motifs considered necessary and sufficient for the binding of several coactivators to nuclear receptors. In situ hybridization and Northern analysis showed that PBP is expressed in many tissues of adult mice, including the germinal epithelium of testis, where it appeared most abundant, and during ontogeny, suggesting a possible role for this cofactor in cellular proliferation and differentiation.
Theory of I-V characteristics of magnetic Josephson junctions

We analyze the electrical characteristics of a circuit consisting of a free thin-film magnetic layer and source and drain electrodes that have opposite magnetization orientations along the free magnet's two hard directions. We find that when the circuit's current exceeds a critical value there is a sudden resistance increase which can be large in relative terms if the currents to source or drain are strongly spin polarized and the free magnet is thin. This behavior can be partly understood in terms of a close analogy between the magnetic circuit and a Josephson junction.
Variation in Mammalian Proximal Femoral Development: Comparative Analysis of Two Distinct Ossification Patterns

The developmental anatomy of the proximal femur is complex. In some mammals, including humans, the femoral head and greater trochanter emerge as separate ossification centres within a common chondroepiphysis and remain separate throughout ontogeny. In other species, these secondary centres coalesce within the chondroepiphysis to form a single osseous epiphysis much like the proximal humerus. These differences in femoral ontogeny have not been previously addressed, yet are critical to an understanding of femoral mineralization and architecture across a wide range of mammals and may have key implications for understanding and treating hip abnormalities in humans. We evaluated femora from 70 mammalian species and categorized each according to the presence of a ‘separate’ or ‘coalesced’ proximal epiphysis based on visual assessment. We found that ossification type varies widely among mammals: taxa in the ‘coalesced’ group include marsupials, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, bats, carnivores and several primates, while the ‘separate’ group includes hominoids, many rodents, tree shrews and several marine species. There was no clear relationship to body size, phylogeny or locomotion, but qualitative and quantitative differences between the groups suggest that ossification type may be primarily an artefact of femoral shape and neck length. As some osseous abnormalities of the human hip appear to mimic the normal morphology of species with coalesced epiphyses, these results may provide insight into the aetiology and treatment of human hip disorders such as femoroacetabular impingement and early-onset osteoarthritis.
Infusing new into the library

Purpose – The purpose of the article is to review possible new technologies which might enhance a Center for Digital Learning, Teaching and Scholarship at the library. Design/methodology/approach – Opinion piece. Findings – There are several cutting edge but increasingly affordable technologies which could attract students to the library and raise the library’s profile. Research limitations/implications – It would be interesting to design a study of library use and determine if the addition of unusual technologies had any effects. Practical implications – Given the affordability of some devices, there is little risk involved in proceeding with establishment and furnishing of a Center for Digital Learning, Teaching and Scholarship at the library. Originality/value – A literature search for drones and libraries retrieved no scholarly articles, but did bring back one or two news pieces about circulating drones at the University of South Florida.
Encounters between aphids and their predators: the relative frequencies of disturbance and consumption

Ecologists may wish to evaluate the potential for predators to suppress prey populations through the costs of induced defensive behaviors as well as through consumption. In this paper, we measure the ratio of non-consumptive, defense-inducing encounters relative to consumptive encounters (henceforth the ‘disturbed : consumed ratio’) for two species of aphids and propose that these disturbed : consumed ratios can help evaluate the potential for behaviorally mediated prey suppression. For the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), the ratio of induced disturbances to consumption events was high, 30 : 1. For the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae), the ratio of induced disturbances to consumption events was low, approximately 1 : 14. These results indicate that the potential for predators to suppress pea aphid populations through induction of defensive behaviors is high, whereas the potential for predators to suppress cotton aphid populations through induced behaviors is low. In measuring the disturbed : consumed ratios of two prey species, this paper makes two novel points: it highlights the variability of the disturbed : consumed ratio, and it offers a simple statistic to help ecologists draw connections between predator‐prey behaviors and predator‐prey population dynamics.
Family Strategies in Nineteenth-Century Cabinda

In the nineteenth century, the entrenched power of three Cabindan families, Nsambo, Npuna and Nkata Kolombo, was challenged by the rise of the Franques. The dominant figure, Francisco Franque, amassed wealth through a close alliance with Brazilian slave traders and through freighting goods and passengers in ‘coasting’ vessels which were locally built. At the same time he invested in a large household and attracted to his village dependents who provided labour and armed support for the expansion of his territorial base. Beyond the village, Franque, like other ‘big men’ at Cabinda, depended on an alliance with kinsmen for the defence of family interests. In the last quarter of the century, the Franques were weakened by the end of the slave trade, by disputes over inheritance rights, following the death of Francisco Franque, by the challenge of Manuel Jose Puna and by the emigration of junior family members in search of employment in the colonial economy of Angola and neighbouring territories. After 1885, under Portuguese colonial rule, the household was no longer a principal unit of production and family cohesion was no longer relevant. European settlers and companies moved into prime land and the emigration of workers, including women, intensified in the face of deteriorating economic conditions. Some individuals continued to have access to privilege, as far as that was possible in Angolan colonial society, through education. At Cabinda, the Portuguese authorities gave at least nominal recognition to some senior family members, for example at official celebrations. The name of the old families lived on through prominent individuals although their collective power and influence had been drastically undermined.
Vortex dynamics of the two-dimensional turbulent shear layer

The role of large vortex structures in the evolution of a two-dimensional shear layer is studied numerically. The motion of up to 4096 vortices is followed on a 256 x 256 grid using the cloud-in-cell algorithm. The scaling predictions of self-preservation theory are confirmed for low-order velocity correlations, although the existence of vortex structures produces large fluctuations even in a simulation of this size. The simple picture of the shear layer as a line of vortex blobs, that merge painvise thus thickening the layer, is not seen. On the contrary, the layer seems to thicken by the scattering of vortex structures of roughly fixed size about the midline. The size of the vortex structures does not scale with the layer thickness. A study of the entrainment of a passive marker shows that flow visualization experiments may have overestimated the size of the vortex structures. It appears that the finite area vortices have time to equilibrate between mergings, and the consequences of applying equilibrium statistical mechanics to their internal structure are explored. A simple model is presented which demonstrates how the size and separation of vortex structures may lock into a fixed ratio. This is precisely the type of mechanism that is needed to produce simple scaling in a flow that has initially several distinct length scales. Anumber of consistency checks on the numerical results are performed. In particular, the evolution of the same vortex configuration on two grids of different size is compared. This test showed that, although errors on subgrid scales do propagate to small wavenumbers, the dominant wavenumber of vorticity cascades back ahead of the peak in the error spectrum.
The spectrum of psychocognitive morbidity in the critically ill: a review of the literature and call for improvement.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study is to review the cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction experienced by critically ill patients during and after hospitalization. Methods A structured PubMed search identified studies and reports in English pertaining to intensive care unit (ICU)–related cognitive and psychological dysfunction, known risk factors, and treatment modalities. Data synthesis This article summarizes recent literature on psychological sequelae experienced by critically ill patients including delirium, cognitive impairment, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Known risk factors for cognitive dysfunction and psychological trauma are discussed, encompassing clinical, demographic, socioeconomic, and psychiatric domains as well as the memories of the ICU stay. Specific treatment and prevention modalities are discussed including post-ICU physical rehabilitation and psychotherapeutic interventions as well as interventions available to patients still in the ICU, including early mobilization, minimization of sedation, improved sleep hygiene, and available psychological interventions. Conclusions We propose a paradigm change highlighting the need for interventions focused on early psychological support applied in parallel with stabilization of physiologic status in the ICU.
Progressive Simplification of Tetrahedral Meshes Preserving All Isosurface Topologies

In this paper, we propose a novel technique for constructing multiple levels of a tetrahedral volume dataset while preserving the topologies of all isosurfaces embedded in the data. Our simplication technique has two major phases. In the segmentation phase, we segment the volume data into topological-equivalence regions, that is, the sub-volumes within each of which all isosurfaces have the same topology. In the simplication phase, we simplify each topological-equivalence region independently, one by one, by collapsing edges from the smallest to the largest errors (within the user-specied error tolerance, for a given error metrics), and ensure that we do not collapse edges that may cause an isosurface-topology change. We also avoid creating a tetrahedral cell of negative volume (i.e., avoid the fold-over problem). In this way, we guarantee to preserve all isosurface topologies in the entire simplication process, with a controlled geometric error bound. Our method also involves several additional novel ideas, including using the Morse theory and the implicit fully augmented contour tree, identifying types of edges that are not allowed to be collapsed, and developing efcient techniques to avoid many unnecessary or expensive checkings, all in an integrated manner. The experiments show that all the resulting isosurfaces preserve the topologies, and have good accuracies in their geometric shapes. Moreover, we obtain nice data-reduction rates, with competitively fast running times.
Semiconductor-network technology&#8212;1964

Technology peculiar to the fabrication of monolithic, semiconductor-network, integrated circuits is discussed. In particular, the status of diffusion, epitaxy, photo processing, thin films, and thick films are discussed. The problem of component isolation is considered separately as a particular application of these technologies. The discussion is primarily qualitative and is designed to acquaint the device and circuit design engineer with the technology of semiconductor networks.
The Double Bind and Social Change in Communal Amana

The sectarian Amana Society of Iowa existed for 89 years as a communal enterprise. In 1932, for a combination of reasons, the Society abandoned communalism and reorganized as a joint-stock corporation. The reasons for the change are discussed in terms of double-bind theory. It is argued that all members faced a conflict between the demands of the sect's plan for salvation and the group's economic dependence on external markets. In addition, the elders experienced a second bind between preserving the community and upholding its rules. The stresses in the Society were resolved through reorganization.
Automatic extraction of vertical obstruction information from interferometric SAR elevation data

Vertical obstructions (VOs) such as radio towers, power pylons, and windmills present a hazard to low-flying aircraft. We describe an automated VO detection scheme that processes digital surface models (DSMs) provided by interferometric SAR (InSAR) systems to produce heights and locations of VOs. By using only the height data from the InSAR, the resulting techniques can be applied to other DSM sources, such as lidar. Innovative morphological filtering algorithms are described, which optimize detection performance against various DSM resolutions over smooth or rough terrain. The height and position estimates of the detected VOs are computed, and they compare favorably to ground truth. Software that implements these algorithms has been packaged as an add-on module to ERDAS IMAGINE/spl reg/.
Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in the management of cyanotic congenital heart defects.

Twenty-three children with cyanotic congenital heart defects, aged 3 days to 11.5 years, weighing 2.9 to 30 kg, underwent percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty to improve pulmonary oligemia. The patients were divided into two groups: group I with intact ventricular septum and group II with ventricular septal defect. In 12 group I patients, there was an increase of systemic arterial oxygen saturation [83 ± 8% (mean ± SD) vs. 94 ± 5%, P 0.001) from 105 ± 48 to 25 ± 18 mm Hg. In 11 group II patients, arterial oxygen saturation (67 ± 13 vs. 83 ± 13%, P 0.1). Immediate surgical intervention was avoided in all cases in both groups. On follow-up, 1 to 36 months after valvuloplasty, arterial oxygen saturation, pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, and pulmonary valve gradients remain improved in both groups. However, in group I, repeat balloon valvuloplasty was required in two children. In group II, six children with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) underwent successful total surgical correction 4 months to 2 years after valvuloplasty. Two children with transposition of the great arteries required Blalock-Taussig shunts 6 and 18 months after valvuloplasty for further improvement of hypoxemia. Demonstrable increase in pulmonary artery diameter occurred in several children. These data suggest that pulmonary valvuloplasty offers an excellent relief of pulmonary valve obstruction in the intact ventricular septum group and palliation of pulmonary oligemia in the ventricular septal defect group. In the latter group, avoiding immediate surgical shunts in all patients and achieving growth in pulmonary arterial size in many patients, thus making them suitable for further surgical palliation or correction, are additional advantages.
Emotional disorders in evolutionary perspective

Understanding emotional disorders requires understanding the evolutionary origins and functions of normal emotions. They are special states, shaped by natural selection to adjust various aspects of the organism in ways that have tended to give a selective advantage in the face of the adaptive challenges characteristic of a particular kind of situation. They are designed to maximize reproductive success, not happiness. Negative emotions such as anxiety and low mood are not disorders, but, like the capacity for pain, evolved defences. Excessive anxiety or low mood is abnormal, but we will not have confidence about what is excessive until we understand their functions better than we do. Emotional disorders arise often from social emotions because of the conflicts inherent in social life, and because of the strategic advantages of demonstrating commitments to follow through on threats and promises. An evolutionary understanding of individuals in terms of their relationship strategies and the social emotions offers great promise for psychotherapists.
Bycatch of the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in a commercial fishery for shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus)

Summary We quantified the bycatch of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in Tennessees shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) fishery by accompanying commercial fishers and monitoring their catch on five dates in spring 2007. Fishers were free to keep or discard any sturgeon they collected in their gillnets and trotlines and we were afforded the opportunity to collect meristic and morphometric data and tissue samples from discarded and harvested specimens. Fishers removed 327 live sturgeon from their gear in our presence, of which 93 were harvested; we also obtained the carcasses of 20 sturgeon that a fisher harvested out of our sight while we were on the water with another fisher. Two of the 113 harvested sturgeon were confirmed pallid sturgeon based on microsatellite DNA analyses. Additionally, fishers gave us five, live pallid sturgeon that they had removed from their gear. If the incidental harvest rate of pallid sturgeon (1.8% of all sturgeon harvested) was similar in the previous two commercial seasons, at least 169 adult pallid sturgeon were harvested by commercial fishers in the Tennessee waters of the Mississippi River in 2005–2007. If fishers altered their behavior because of our presence (i.e. if they were more conservative in what they harvested), the pallid sturgeon take was probably higher when they fished unaccompanied by observers. While retrieving a gill net set the previous day, a fisher we were accompanying retrieved a gillnet lost 2 days earlier; this ghost net caught 53 sturgeon whereby one fish was harvested but most fish were dead, including one confirmed pallid sturgeon.
Time-resolved measurements of self-heating in SOI and strained-silicon MOSFETs using photon emission microscopy

A simple noninvasive optical technique for characterization of self-heating dynamics in advanced metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors is reported for the first time. The technique uses time-resolved photon emission microscopy to measure the temperature-dependent luminescence of off-state leakage current. It measures the temperature of the device channel, independent of surrounding materials or interconnects. The technique has been used to measure, for the first time, self-heating dynamics in silicon-on-insulator and strained-silicon n-field-effect transistors.
Hysteresis compensation using LPV gain-scheduling

This paper proposes a linear parameter varying (LPV) approach to control nonlinear systems with hysteresis. An equivalent representation of the hysteretic system as a quasi - LPV system is provided. The design approach is demonstrated using a two-mass-spring system with a hysteretic spring force. The LPV controller is scheduled based on real-time measurements of the spring stiffness. The results are compared to a robust H/sub /spl infin// control design that considers the hysteretic stiffness variability as system uncertainty. It is shown that the LPV design provides superior performance and avoids the conservatism of the robust H/sub /spl infin// design. The results demonstrate that with an appropriate formulation, LPV gain-scheduling is an effective alternative to inverse compensation.
Calcium dependence of fibrin nanomechanics: the γ1 calcium mediates the unfolding of fibrinogen induced by force applied to the "A-a" bond.

fibrin monomers is reported. The presence of calcium was shown to influence the incidence of the last event in the unfolding pattern characteristic of “A-a” rupture. This effect, attributed to the function of the γ1 calcium-binding site, wasfoundtobereversible andspecific. Our resultsindicatethatbindingof calciumatthe γ1site hasnoeffectonthe strength of the knob-hole bond prior to unfolding of the hole-containing γ module. Rather, calcium bound at the γ1 site makes the structure of the hole more resilient to such forced unfolding, leading to survival of the “A-a” knob-hole bond during larger extensions of the fibrinogen molecule but at the cost of rupture of the bond at lower forces.
Apomediation and the significance of online social networking.

Famously, when research dermatologist Albert Kilgman first entered Holmesburg (Philadelphia, PA) prison, he said that instead of individual prisoners, all he saw before him, “were acres of skin. It...
A self-learning neural tree network for recognition of speech features

The author presents a self-learning neural tree network (SL-NTN) for classification of speech features into phones. The SL-NTN employs a farthest-neighbor fuzzy-clustering algorithm to establish the intra-class correlation among speech phones, thus splitting the phone in such a way as to maximize the recognition performance while reducing the computational complexity. When evaluated on the 61 phones of the TIMIT database, the SL-NTN has been shown to provide an optimal trade-off between computational complexity and recognition performance. It also provides insight into the relationship among the applied speech patterns. >
THE MISFORTUNE OF THE HAPPY

Levinas himself raises the question: “why would I feel responsible in the presence of the Face” since “we are separate ontological beings?” This questions the character of our response to the other—both in terms of agency and motivation. While the general reception of Levinas's thought has focused on his description of us as “hostage”—that is, on the moment of assignation (or assignment) by the other—I suggest that Levinas himself also, though not as directly, addresses (as he needs to) the correlative moment, the moment of response. My essay reconstructs Levinas's implicit understanding of the character of our initiative in the light of his concept of Desire. I explore the different dimensions of Desire as appetite and generosity, and I argue that the “transition to moral consciousness” that Levinas wants to “justify” is one from complacent happiness to “non-complacent happiness” and can be illuminated by the notion of “passion seeking its downfall.”
The effect of oral niacinamide on plasma phosphorus levels in peritoneal dialysis patients.

⇔ Background: Hyperphosphatemia remains a significant problem for patients requiring dialysis and is associated with increased mortality. Current treatment options include dietary restriction, dialysis, and phosphate binders. Treatment using the latter is frequently limited by cost, tolerability, and calcium loading. One open-label trial found niacinamide to be effective at decreasing serum phosphorus values in hemodialysis patients. Niacinamide may effectively reduce phosphorus levels in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients already receiving standard phosphoruslowering therapies. ⇔ Methods: An 8 week, randomized, double blind, placebocontrolled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of niacinamide to reduce plasma phosphorus levels in PD patients. Patients had to demonstrate a baseline phosphorus value > 4.9 mg/dL. Patients were randomized to niacinamide or placebo and prescribed 250 mg twice daily, with titration to 750 mg twice daily, as long as safety parameters were not violated. Phosphate binders, active vitamin D, and cinacalcet were kept constant during the study. The primary end point was change in plasma phosphorus. Secondary end points included changes in lipid parameters. ⇔ Results: 15 patients started on the study drug (8 niacinamide, 7 placebo) and 7 in each arm had at least one on-study phosphorus measurement. The niacinamide treatment group experienced an average 0.7 ± 0.9 mg/dL decrease in plasma phosphorus and the placebo-treated group experienced an average 0.4 ± 0.8 mg/dL increase. The treatment effect difference (1.1 mg/dL) was significant (p = 0.037). No significant changes in high- or low-density lipoproteins or triglycerides were demonstrated. Two of the 8 patients randomized to the niacinamide treatment arm had to withdraw from the study due to drug-related adverse effects. Adverse effects may limit the use of niacinamide in PD patients. ⇔ Conclusion: Niacinamide, when added to standard phosphorus-lowering therapies, resulted in a modest yet sta
A Phase-Partitioning Model for CO2-Brine Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures: Application to CO2-Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Correlations are presented to compute the mutual solubilities of CO2 and chloride brines at temperatures 12-300 ◦ C, pressures 1-600bar (0.1-60MPa), and salini- ties 0-6m NaCl. The formulation is computationally efficient and primarily intended for numerical simulations of CO2-water flow in carbon sequestration and geothermal studies. The phase-partitioning model relies on experimental data from literature for phase parti- tioning between CO2 and NaCl brines, and extends the previously published correlations to higher temperatures. The model relies on activity coefficients for the H2O-rich (aqueous) phase and fugacity coefficients for the CO2-rich phase. Activity coefficients are treated using a Margules expression for CO2 in pure water, and a Pitzer expression for salting-out effects. Fugacity coefficients are computed using a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state and mixing rules that incorporate asymmetric binary interaction parameters. Parameters for the calculation of activity and fugacity coefficients were fitted to published solubility data over the P-T range of interest. In doing so, mutual solubilities and gas-phase volumetric data are typically reproduced within the scatter of the available data. An example of multiphase flow simulation implementing the mutual solubility model is presented for the case of a hypothetical, enhanced geothermal system where CO2 is used as the heat extraction fluid. In this simulation, dry supercritical CO2 at 20 ◦ C is injected into a 200 ◦ C hot-water reservoir. Results show that the injected CO2 displaces the formation water relatively quickly, but that the produced CO2 contains significant water for long periods of time. The amount of water in the CO2 could have implications for reactivity with reservoir rocks and engineered materials.
Student Opinions of the Quality of Teaching Activities Poorly Predict Pedagogical Effectiveness

As universities increase expectations for evidence of student learning, journals like Teaching of Psychology (ToP) have come to expect outcome data from authors describing teaching techniques. Our comparison of ToP articles published in 1996 and 2006 showed a significant decrease in reliance on student opinion and an increase in the use of more direct assessment data. In a second study, we evaluated whether requiring more direct measures of learning is justified. For 2 classroom activities, students' opinions regarding enjoyment and usefulness of teaching activities poorly correlated with exam performance. It appears that the expectation for direct measures of pedagogical effectiveness is warranted.
Application of sparse signal recovery to pilot-assisted channel estimation

We examine the application of current research in sparse signal recovery to the problem of channel estimation. Specifically, using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) transmission scheme with pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM), we consider the problem of identifying a frequency selective channel from a limited number Q out of a possible M tones of an OFDM symbol. The main observation is that if M is chosen as prime, one can identify the channel uniquely if Q ges 2T, where T is the number of nonzero taps in the frequency-selective channel. The identifiability result requires the minimization of the lo norm, leading to an intractable combinatorial search problem. Several methods have been proposed to deal with these issues, and the one we examine involves l1 norm regularization known as basis pursuit, We apply these methods specifically to the problem of estimating a frequency selective channel with PSAM. As a result, the bandwidth efficiency of the system is increased due to the sparsity of the channel.