cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative determination of the intracellular fate of internalized plasma membrane in dissociated pituitary prolactin cells utilizing a radioiodinated cationic ferritin probe (CFI*) and electron microscopic autoradiography

Dissociated anterior pituitary cells derived from estrogen-treated female rats were incubated with radioiodinated cationic ferritin (CFI*) for 2 min and subsequently in the absence of CFI* for varying periods of time up to 3 hr in order to quantitate, using electron microscopic autoradiography, the distribution of retrieved plasma membrane in these cells. Following a 2-min incubation with CFI*, autoradiographic grains were found to be associated almost exclusively with the plasma membrane. With increasing periods of incubation in the absence of CFI*, grain-density analysis revealed increasing levels of CFI* in multiple intracellular organelles. The levels of CFI* were greatest for the lysosomes, intermediate for the mature secretory granules, and least for the Golgi cisternae and immature secretory granules. These findings are consistent with the idea that a portion of the retrieved plasma membrane is degraded in lysosomes and that the remainder is recycled to organelles comprising the secretory pathway to be reutilized in successive waves of the secretory cycle.
Status integration and homicide.

Gibbs and Martin (1964) predicted and found that the suicide rate of a population varies inversely with the amount of status integration, the degree to which people in a society have roles that do not conflict (as measured by the frequency of occupation of particular role combinations). The present paper investigated the relationship between the homicide rate and measures of status integration. Suicide and homicide have often been conceptualized as behaviors following opposite laws (e.g., Henry & Short, 1954) and so a direct relationship between the homicide rate and the degree of status integration of a population might be predicted. There are two sources of available data. The Spearman rhos between measures of status integration (weighted and unweighted) for states of the USA (Gibbs & Martin, 1964) and the homicide rates of these states in 1950 (Langberg, 1967) were 0.33 and 0.34 respectively (one-tailed p < 0.05 ). The Spearman rho between measures of status integration for the 9 provinces of Ceylon (Gibbs & Martin, 1959) and their homicide rate (Straus & Straus, 1953) was 0.11; the Spearman rho between these variables over the 5 ethnic groups of Ceylon was 0.60. The data reported here lend strong support to the hypothesis that the homicide rate of a societal group is directly proportional to the degree of status integration of that societal group. Thus, again ic is found that suicide and homicide vary in opposite ways with important variables (e.g., with the economy as shown by Henry and Short).
Computer graphics in a campus environment

Computer graphics is an extremely flexible tool for helping both students and researchers. Three dimensional images of molecules can aid the creation of new drugs. Mathematical surfaces are easily examined. Bridges can be designed, re-designed and re-designed again.It is becoming important for campus computer centers to provide graphics facilities. Professors can use computer graphics to aid their lectures. Graphics can help students with their work, besides giving them useful experience for their future careers.The first part of the presentation will provide an over-view to computer graphics with the goal of helping computer center personnell make rational decisions when establishing or enhancing graphics facilities. The various kinds of graphics equipment currently available will be discussed. The main emphasis will be on terminals and the differences among them, but other devices such as film generators and the "mouse" will be discussed. Current software packages and the proposed standards for basic graphics software will be reviewed.The last part of the presentation will be about establishing a modern graphics facility at a campus computer center. It will discuss come of the problems a computer center encounters when designing the facilities and will offer some advice.
The city as promised land: moral reasoning, evil, and the dark side of capitalism in Ukraine

The theological prescriptions of a believer's burden preached at a large non-denominational Charismatic megachurch in Ukraine involve transforming the city in which one lives into a promised land. The means to do so involve making money and using that money to create ‘blessings’ for others. The actions of a group of entrepreneurs associated with this megachurch who have put this theology into practice have led to cross-cutting indictments of evil. The controversy that ensued over the proper response of a believer to suffering and urban plight reveals how the processes of moral reasoning to determine the sources of evil can be interpreted very differently when there is little agreement over the divine or demonic providence of money and what the public role of religion should be.
Collaborative Research in Mental Health

This paper describes advantages and disadvantages of the National Institute of Mental Health's program for Public Academic Liaison (PAL). Useful administrative lessons gleaned from longstanding connections between state mental health agencies and universities in Ohio, Virginia, and Oregon are reviewed. Important issues such as budgeting and staffing for both agency and university administrators to consider when establishing collaboration are outlined.
Hypertension in elderly persons.

ABSTRACT Objective To provide an overview of the prevalence of hypertension in the elderly population and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various classes of antihypertensive drugs. Methods We review the published clinical trials on treatment of elderly patients with hypertension and describe adverse reactions that are frequently associated with antihypertensive therapy. Results On the basis of the standard for control of hypertension established by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1988-1991 (140/90 mm Hg), almost 75% of all African-Americans and 50% of all whites 60 to 74 years of age have hypertension. If modifications in lifestyle (such as weight reduction and increase in exercise) do not normalize blood pressure levels, drug therapy is warranted. Meta-analyses of major trials of treatment of hypertension have revealed significant reductions in cardiovascular-related mortality and stroke, and available data indicate that prudent use of antihypertensive agents is associated with an acceptable degree of toxicity. Low-dose thiazide diuretics and β-blockers remain the agents of choice. Conclusion Several trials have substantiated the effectiveness of treatment of hypertension in elderly subjects. Drug therapy should be initiated at low doses, and careful follow-up should monitor for adverse effects. (Endocr Pract. 1997; 3:29-41)
Mental health problems, legal involvement, and smoking during pregnancy.

The current study examined predictors of past 30-day cigarette use among a US nationally representative sample of pregnant women over the age of 18 (N = 1,782). The study consisted of secondary data analysis of the 2005–2007 survey years of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Logistic regression analyses indicated that low-income women, those who experienced mental health problems in the past year, and women who experienced legal problems were more likely to smoke during pregnancy. Limitations to the study as well as implications for future research are discussed.
Enantiospecificity of cholesterol function in vivo.

The importance of the absolute configuration of cholesterol for its function in vivo is unknown. To directly test this question in vivo, we synthesized the enantiomer of cholesterol (ent-cholesterol) and tested its ability to substitute for natural cholesterol (nat-cholesterol) in the growth, viability, and behavior ofCaenorhabditis elegans, a cholesterol auxotroph. First-generation animals grown on ent-cholesterol were viable with only mild behavioral defects. However,ent-cholesterol produced 100% lethality/arrest of their second generation progeny. Isotopically labeledent-cholesterol incorporated into animals, indicating that its lethality was not secondary to cholesterol starvation. When mixed with nat-cholesterol, ent-cholesterol was not inert; rather, it antagonized the activity ofnat-cholesterol. These results demonstrate for the first time that the absolute configuration of cholesterol, not just its physical properties, is essential for its functions in vivo.
INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY AND THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS

The idea of what constitutes rationality has always been central to moral philosophy as well as to modern social science and economics; regardless of the fact that its meaning has also greatly changed during the last five hundred years. While for Aristotle and his followers, full rationality implied not only effective deliberation of means towards any given end, but also that such end had to be rationally selected with the guidance of reason or “practical wisdom”, since the age of Thomas Hobbes and David Humes, the concept of rationality has been reduced to one of seeking the best means to any particular end, wise or unwise. In the process, reason was relegated to mere “reckoning”, of adding and subtracting according to arithmetic rules. The good was simply what was desired, motivated by a physiological appetite for survival or otherwise. As could have been expected, such mechanical mode of reasoning readily provided the rudiments of contemporary computational theories of action, in particular game theory (see Cudd, 1993).
Millimeter wave propagation measurements from the applications technology satellite (ATS-V)

A millimeter wave propagation experiment was launched on-board the Applications Technology Satellite (ATSV) in August, 1969, and is providing the first information on the propagation characteristics of the earth's atmosphere for earth-space links in the K_{u} (12.5 to 18 GHz) and K_{a} (26.5 to 40 GHz) frequency bands. Seven participating stations commenced data acquisition operations early in October, 1969. Amplitude and phase measurements on two independent test links at 15.3 GHz (downlink) and 31.65 GHz (uplink) are providing propagation characteristics during defined weather conditions. These measurements will provide the systems designer with a data base to support performance predictions for projected millimeter wave links and will aid in determining the utility of these frequency bands for communications and data-link applications. The satellite did not achieve the 3-axis earth-oriented stabilization condition that was originally planned and is presently spinning at 76 r/min at 105\deg west longitude, in geosynchronous orbit. Modifications have been made to the existing data analysis program which permit the conduct of meaningful propagation measurements, even with spin modulated data. Spacecraft and ground hardware systems are described, including modifications required by the satellite spin. Preliminary measurements acquired at the NASA Rosman, N. C. station during the early months of satellite operation are presented, including comparisons of attenuation with rainfall rate, sky temperature, and weather classification observations. The data available to date (March, 1970) are not yet sufficient to fully describe the long-term propagation statistics over all expected weather conditions, but they are presented here in response to requests for information on the initial characteristics of the first experimental data available from an operational earth-space millimeter wave link.
Ecology of phytoplankton communities dominated by Aureococcus anophagefferens: the role of viruses, nutrients, and microzooplankton grazing

We investigated the impact of viruses, nutrient loading, and microzooplankon grazing on phytoplankton communities in two New York estuaries that hosted blooms of the brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferensduring 2000 and 2002. The absence of a bloom at one location during 2002 allowed for the fortuitous comparison of a bloom and non-bloom year at the same location as well as a comparison of two sites experiencing bloom and non-bloom conditions during the same year. During the study, blooms were found at locations with high levels of dissolved organic nitrogen and lower nitrate concentrations compared to a non-bloom location. Experimental additions of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus yielded growth rates within the total phytoplankton community which significantly exceeded control treatments in 83% of experiments, while A. anophagefferens experienced significantly increased growth during only 20% of experimental inorganic nutrient additions. Consistent with prior research, these results suggest brown tides are not caused by eutrophication, but instead are more likely to occur when sources of labile DOM are readily available. Microzooplankton grazing rates on the total phytoplankton community during a bloom were lower than grazing rates at a non-bloom site, and grazing rates on A. anophagefferenswere lower than grazing rates on the total community on some dates, suggesting that reduced grazing mortality may also promote brown tides. Mean densities of viruses during blooms (3 × 10 8 ml −1 ) were elevated compared to most estuarine environments and were twice the levels found at a non-bloom site. Experimental enrichment of the natural viral densities yielded a significant increase in A. anophagefferens growth rates relative to control treatments when background levels of viruses were low (<1.7 × 10 8 ml −1 ), suggesting that viruses may promote bloom occurrence by regenerating DOM or altering the composition of microbial communities.
Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei Strain ANKA

Cerebral malaria complicated by cognitive sequelae is a major cause of morbidity in humans infected with Plasmodium falciparum. To model cognitive function after malaria, we created a rodent model of cerebral malaria by infecting C57BL/6 mice with Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. After 7 days, an object-recognition test of working memory revealed a significant impairment in the visual memory of infected mice. This impairment was observed in the absence of confounding effects of infection. The cognitive dysfunction correlated with hemorrhage and inflammation. Furthermore, microglial activity and morphological changes detected throughout the brains of infected mice were absent from the brains of control mice, and this correlated with the measured cognitive defects. Similar testing methods in human studies could help identify subjects at risk for an adverse cognitive outcome. This murine model should facilitate the study of adjunctive methods to ameliorate adverse neurological outcomes in cerebral malaria.
BER and error-floor calculation for multi-access PCTH

Pseudo-chaotic time hopping (PCTH) is a recently proposed modulation scheme for UWB impulse radio. PCTH exploits concepts from symbolic dynamics to generate aperiodic spreading sequences. In this paper, we present a general analytical expression for the average BER (bit-error-rate) of a synchronous multi-access PCTH system, as a function of the cross-correlation between the users' signatures in an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel. Also, it is shown that with enough users an error floor in the BER can develop.
Mesenchymal stem cells mediate the clinical phenotype of inflammatory breast cancer in a preclinical model

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer, characterized by very rapid progression, enlargement of the breast, skin edema causing an orange peel appearance (peau d’orange), erythema, thickening, and dermal lymphatic invasion. It is characterized by E-cadherin overexpression in the primary and metastatic disease, but to date no robust molecular features that specifically identify IBC have been reported. Further, models that recapitulate all of these clinical findings are limited and as a result no studies have demonstrated modulation of these clinical features as opposed to simply tumor cell growth. Hypothesizing the clinical presentation of IBC may be mediated in part by the microenvironment, we examined the effect of co-injection of IBC xenografts with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs co-injection significantly increased the clinical features of skin invasion and metastasis in the SUM149 xenograft model. Primary tumors co-injected with MSCs expressed higher phospho-epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR) and promoted metastasis development after tumor resection, effects that were abrogated by treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, erlotinib. E-cadherin expression was maintained in primary tumor xenografts with MSCs co-injection compared to control and erlotinib treatment dramatically decreased this expression in control and MSCs co-injected tumors. Tumor samples from patients demonstrate correlation between stromal and tumor p-EGFR staining only in IBC tumors. Our findings demonstrate that the IBC clinical phenotype is promoted by signaling from the microenvironment perhaps in addition to tumor cell drivers.
Implementation and experiments of passive set-position modulation for internet teleoperation and slow/varying-rate haptics

In previous papers we proposed passive set- position modulation (PSPM) framework which enables us to connect continuous-time robot's position to a sequence of discrete set-position signals via spring coupling with damping injection while enforcing passivity. In this paper we present experimental results to show its stability and performance. We will also discuss some practical implementation details.
Intraoperative imaging during Mohs surgery with reflectance confocal microscopy: initial clinical experience.

Mohs surgery for the removal of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) is performed in stages, while being guided by the examination for residual tumor with frozen pathology. However, preparation of frozen pathology at each stage is time consuming and labor intensive. Real-time intraoperative reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), combined with video mosaicking, may enable rapid detection of residual tumor directly in the surgical wounds on patients. We report our initial experience on 25 patients, using aluminum chloride for nuclear contrast. Imaging was performed in quadrants in the wound to simulate the Mohs surgeon’s examination of pathology. Images and videos of the epidermal and dermal margins were found to be of clinically acceptable quality. Bright nuclear morphology was identified at the epidermal margin and detectable in residual NMSC tumors. The presence of residual tumor and normal skin features could be detected in the peripheral and deep dermal margins. Intraoperative RCM imaging may enable detection of residual tumor directly on patients during Mohs surgery, and may serve as an adjunct for frozen pathology. Ultimately, for routine clinical utility, a stronger tumor-to-dermis contrast may be necessary, and also a smaller microscope with an automated approach for imaging in the entire wound in a rapid and controlled manner.
Origin of Meter-Scale Submarine Cavities and Herringbone Calcite Cement in a Cambrian Microbial Reef, Ledger Formation (U.S.A.)

Abstract Meter-scale submarine cavities in Middle Cambrian shelf-margin microbial reef strata indicate large-scale dewatering processes, in conjunction with substrate instability related to interreef channeling and shelf-edge downslope creep and slip. Syndepositional cement precipitation within the cavities preserved delicate microbial fabrics and stabilized the reef system. Radiaxial fibrous calcite and herringbone calcite cements line the cavity interiors isopachously. The two phases cannot be discriminated on the basis of Fe, Mn, or Sr contents, but do have different isotopic signatures. Slightly more negative δ13C values in herringbone calcite suggest that abrupt transitions between radiaxial fibrous and herringbone calcite cement are the result of rapid and repeated changes in pore-fluid oxygen levels. Storm-driven pore-water circulation renewed oxygenated seawater flow into the cavities, resulting in precipitation of radiaxial fibrous calcite. A threshold level of oxygen reduction resulted in the change to herringbone calcite precipitation. The pore fluids associated with herringbone calcite did not have elevated Mn or Fe concentrations, as suggested in previous studies. Herringbone calcite appears to be more susceptible to diagenetic alteration than radiaxial fibrous cement however, as indicated by greater resetting of oxygen isotope values.
Working Together Apart: Collaboration over the Internet

Abstract Download Free Sample Increasingly, teams are working together when they are not in the same location, even though there are many challenges to doing so successfully. Here we review the latest insights into these matters, guided by a framework that we have developed during two decades of research on this topic. This framework organizes a series of factors that we have found to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful distributed collaborations. We then review the kinds of technology options that are available today, focusing more on types of technologies rather than specific instances. We describe a database of geographically distributed projects we have studied and introduce the Collaboration Success Wizard, an online tool for assessing past, present, or planned distributed collaborations. We close with a set of recommendations for individuals, managers, and those higher in the organizations who wish to support distance work. Table of Contents: The Changing Landscape / Types of Distribut...
Use of communication technologies in romantic relationships Self-disclosure and the role of relationship development

Self-disclosure is vital to the maintenance and development of personal relationships, but research regarding the use of communication technologies (CTs) for self-disclosure in relationships is mixed. This study extends previous research on the topic by examining associations between reduced-cue CT use, relationship development, and self-disclosure in specific conversations in proximal romantic relationships. Participants (N = 64) reported on each conversation with their partners over a 4-day period. Use of a reduced-cue CT in a conversation was negatively associated with self-disclosure breadth and depth in that conversation. Furthermore, the negative association between text-based CT use (text messaging, instant messaging, and e-mail) and self-disclosure breadth was weaker at higher levels of relationship development, and the negative association between voice-based CT use (telephone) and self-disclosure depth was stronger at higher levels of relationship development. These findings suggest that CTs fun...
Time of Pinedale deglaciation in north-central Colorado: further considerations.

The stratigraphy and 14 C ages obtained at three sites near Buffalo Pass, in the Park Range, and at two sites on La Poudre Pass., in the Front Range, Colorado, suggest that (1) termination of Pinedale Glaciation in most of the Park Range and Front Range occurred at least 10,000 yr ago, and possibly as early as 11,000 B.P.; (2) in the southern part of the Park Range, where the Continental Divide is relatively low and broad and glaciers descended from an ice cap rather than from cirques, Pinedale deglaciation was completed before 11,000 B.P.; (3) the deposits of the Long Draw Stade or Wisconsin IV of previous publications are at least 10,000 14 C yr old; and (4) the recession of Pinedale glacier margins from the terminal moraines into the cirques appears to have occurred in less than 4,000 yr in north-central Colorado.
Adjuvant activity of naturally occurring monophosphoryl lipopolysaccharide preparations from mucosa-associated bacteria.

ABSTRACT Natural heterogeneity in the structure of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces differential effects on the innate immune response. Gram-negative bacterial species produce LPS structures that differ from the classic endotoxic LPS structures. These differences include hypoacylation and hypophosphorylation of the diglucosamine backbone, both differences known to decrease LPS toxicity. The effect of decreased toxicity on the adjuvant properties of many of these LPS structures has not been fully explored. Here we demonstrate that two naturally produced forms of monophosphorylated LPS, from the mucosa-associated bacteria Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Prevotella intermedia, function as immunological adjuvants for antigen-specific immune responses. Each form of mucosal LPS increased vaccination-initiated antigen-specific antibody titers in both quantity and quality when given simultaneously with vaccine antigen preparations. Interestingly, adjuvant effects on initial T cell clonal expansion were selective for CD4 T cells. No significant increase in CD8 T cell expansion was detected. MyD88/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TRIF/TLR4 signaling pathways showed equally decreased signaling with the LPS forms studied here as with endotoxic LPS or detoxified monophosphorylated lipid A (MPLA). Natural monophosphorylated LPS from mucosa-associated bacteria functions as a weak but effective adjuvant for specific immune responses, with preferential effects on antibody and CD4 T cell responses over CD8 T cell responses.
Cultural Change in the Twenty-First Century Shop Class

Introduction The phrase “shop class of the twenty-first century” has recently appeared as a news headline and political talking point.1 The phrase is meant to summarize and introduce Maker culture to mainstream audiences and to communicate its potential for much needed educational reform. The shop class of the twenty-first century has come to be associated with hands-on and problembased learning, design and systems thinking, technological knowhow, and a do-it-yourself (DIY) attitude, all of which are seen as skills inherent to creating a “culture of innovation” and have long been touted as better ways for students to learn. These skills are deeply engrained in the Making ethos and have been missing in an educational system that is struggling to keep students engaged and to prepare them for the jobs of the future. The phrase is an effective one because it calls to mind the familiar shop class of the twentieth century, the machine shop or the wood shop, providing convenient shorthand for the kind of environment and style of work intended to occur there. However, this new shop class also subtly communicates the kind of progress that we have come to associate with technological innovation in the current century. What lies behind this rhetoric is a set of oppositions that positions the shop class of the twenty-first century as a new, yet familiar, educational innovation. In actuality, it is not the shop class that has changed, but our assessment of it. Machines in the old shop class were everyday items, common to a mechanic’s garage or a garage workshop, slick with dirt and grease. Machines in the new shop class are semi-autonomous precision instruments (the 3D printer is almost always the example) that seem to create things directly from your imagination— slick in a very different sense of the word. The inhabitants of the shop class have been updated as well. No longer is it populated with the common trope, “grease monkey” delinquents who were ill-suited to academic pursuits of the mind and relegated to a life of manual labor. The shop class of the twenty-first century is the habitat of the mythical technology entrepreneur who (a common myth suggests) escapes higher education altogether to do something more productive in the real world. Learning a trade to earn a 1 Note a representative sample from a few mainstream news sources: http://www.edutopia.org/shop-classesvocational-education-technology (accessed April 12, 2014); http://ebmakerfaire.wordpress.com/2011/09/30/ the-21st-century-shop-class/ (accessed April 12, 2014); http://remakelearning. org/blog/2013/06/03/21st-century-shopclass/ (accessed April 12, 2014); and http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/13/tech/ innovation/obama-3d-printing/ (accessed April 15, 2014).
The Trend towards Statistical Models in Natural Language Processing

Over the past few years, we have seen a significant increase in the number and sophistication of computational studies of large bodies of text and speech. Such studies have a wide variety of topics and motives, from lexicography and studies of language change, to methods for automated indexing and information retrieval, tagging and parsing algorithms, techniques for generating idiomatic text, cognitive models of language acquisition, and statistical models for application in speech recognizers, text or speech compression schemes, optical character readers, machine translation systems, and spelling correctors.
Locked-In Syndrome: Case Report and Discussion of Decisional Capacity

Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a rare neurologic disorder rendering an individual quadriplegic and anarthric with preserved self-awareness and normal if not near-normal cognition. A lesion to the ventral pons causes the classic form of LIS, and patients can typically interact with their environment with eye/eyelid movements. LIS patients may live for years with preserved quality of life (QoL) and cognitive function, but with severe disability. However, medical providers and family often underestimate the patient's QoL, and choose less aggressive care. Prompt assessment of decisionality in LIS patients is challenging, but it must be done to allow these patients to participate in their care. We present the case of a 54-year-old man with LIS. The medical team recommended comfort measures, but the family advocated involving the patient in goals of care discussions. The patient was determined to be decisional during the acute hospitalization, and he elected for life-prolonging care. This case emphasizes the importance of unbiased shared decision making, but also the importance of utilizing a practical framework to assess the decision-making capacity in these patients. We provide a suggested approach to determining decision-making capacity in similar cases or conditions.
Development of radiocontrast agents for vascular imaging: progress to date.

The revolution in molecular imaging techniques is profoundly changing the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of atherosclerosis. With these rapid changes there is an increasing demand for development of sensitive and well tolerated novel imaging agents that can be rapidly translated from small animal models into patients with atherosclerosis. Nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography techniques have the ability to detect and serially monitor a variety of biologic and pathophysiologic processes usually with tracer quantities of radiolabeled peptides, drugs, and other molecules at dosages free of pharmacologic adverse effects unlike the current generation of intravenous agents required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed axial tomography (CT) scanning. A representative sampling of the wide array of radiopharmaceuticals developed specifically for radionuclide imaging of atherosclerosis, that have been approved for clinical use and those in pre-clinical trials, have been reviewed in this article. The presence of an inflammatory stimulus increases expression of CC (cysteine-cysteine motif) chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 on monocytes and macrophages, and somatostatin receptors on T lymphocytes. Radiolabeled monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 binds with high affinity to CCR-2 and can be used to detect subacute and chronic inflammatory lesions. Similarly, radiolabeled octreotide or depreotide can be used to detect activated T lymphocytes which may identify the vulnerable plaque. Animal models indicate that 99mTc-annexin V, 125I-MCP-1 and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose are effective in identifying apoptotic cell death, macrophage infiltration and metabolic activity in atheromatous lesions, respectively. Expression of αvβ3 integrin is increased in activated endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells after vascular injury, and αvβ3 integrin is minimally expressed on smooth muscle cells and is not expressed on quiescent epithelial cells. Radiolabeled high-affinity peptides can be used to target the αvβ3 integrin and visualize areas of vascular damage. Advances in technology such as the micro-single photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT) have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of older CT and MRImethodologies, such as lack of biologically relevant ligands and compatible blood pool contrast agents for imaging. Despite these advances in imaging technology, the small size of atheromatous lesions makes it difficult to detect using external imaging techniques. Therefore, recently there has been renewed interest in the use of intravascular catheter-based radiation detectors.
Matrix-based Methods for College Football Rankings

College football season is one of the most popular and anticipated sports competitions in the United States. Many of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A football games are surrounded by enormous fan interest and receive extensive media coverage. They are attended by tens of thousands of spectators and are followed by millions through the media. As a result, success of a team on the football field brings increased student applications and substantial financial profits to the institution it represents.
Book Review of Todd C. Peppers, Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk (2006)

This Essay reviews Todd C. Peppers, Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk.
Improving accuracy and usability of growth charts: case study in Rwanda.

Objectives We evaluate and compare manually collected paper records against electronic records for monitoring the weights of children under the age of 5. Setting Data were collected by 24 community health workers (CHWs) in 2 Rwandan communities, 1 urban and 1 rural. Participants The same CHWs collected paper and electronic records. Paper data contain weight and age for 320 boys and 380 girls. Electronic data contain weight and age for 922 girls and 886 boys. Electronic data were collected over 9 months; most of the data is cross-sectional, with about 330 children with time-series data. Both data sets are compared with the international standard provided by the WHO growth chart. Primary and secondary outcome measures The plan was to collect 2000 individual records for the electronic data set—we finally collected 1878 records. Paper data were collected by the same CHWs, but most data were fragmented and hard to read. We transcribed data only from children for whom we were able to obtain the date of birth, to determine the exact age at the time of measurement. Results Mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) provide a way to quantify the magnitude of the error in using a given model. Comparing a model, log(weight)=a+b log(age), shows that electronic records provide considerable improvements over paper records, with 40% reduction in both performance metrics. Electronic data improve performance over the WHO model by 10% in MAPE and 7% in MAE. Results are statistically significant using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at p Conclusions This study demonstrates that using modern electronic tools for health data collection is allowing better tracking of health indicators. We have demonstrated that electronic records facilitate development of a country-specific model that is more accurate than the international standard provided by the WHO growth chart.
The curious case of intracranial lymphatics

No longer an obscure research backwater, the physiology of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and solute drainage at the brain barriers is important for Alzheimer's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and other prevalent brain diseases. In the latest advance, Aspelund et al. confirm the existence of a lymphatic system in the mouse dura mater (the tough membrane that surrounds the brain inside the skull) and investigate its function in transgenic mice. Known since the late 1870s from experiments with vital dyes, CSF drainage outside the skull occurs along cranial nerves, with outflow to the nasal and cervical lymphatics. The evidence for intracranial dural-based lymphatics was more elusive but was reported in dogs in 1966 and in rodents in 1987. Within the brain itself, perivascular conduits act as a substitute for intraparenchymal lymphatic ducts. These passages for recycling brain CSF were recently renamed "glymphatics" in view of the fact that they are bordered by glia, but a true lymphatic system is lacking in the brain parenchyma. The new work by Aspelund et al. is significant because the authors have used newly available molecular tools from lymphatic biology to map the dural lymphatic anatomy in unprecedented detail. They harnessed a number of highly specific promoters and antigens for lymphatic capillaries to create transgenic mice in which the dural lymphatics were specifically targeted. For example, in VEGFR3-Ig mice, in which the dural lymphatics were missing, a fluorescently labeled protein showed impaired efflux from the CSF to extracranial deep cervical lymphatics, supporting a role for lymphatics in waste clearance. Despite a total absence of dural lymphatics in this mouse model, brain interstitial pressure and whole-brain water content surprisingly were unchanged, suggesting the presence of compensatory mechanisms. The physiological relevance of these findings for humans remains to be seen, especially because in animals with well-developed olfactory systems such as mice, CSF is shunted to nasal mucosa, whereas efflux through arachnoid granulations likely dominates in adult humans. There are still many open questions, such as how the intracranial and extracranial lymphatics are connected; their precise spatial relationship with arachnoid, veins, arteries, and perineurium; and the role of the lymphatic system in diseases with abnormal brain solute clearance and neuroinflammation. A. Aspelund et al. , A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J. Exp. Med. 212 , 991–999 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://jem.rupress.org/content/212/7/991.abstract
Differential Forms for Constrained Max-Min Problems: Eliminating Lagrange Multipliers

(1998). Differential Forms for Constrained Max-Min Problems: Eliminating Lagrange Multipliers. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 387-396.
Second Line Therapy for Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

Most patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Although single agent gemcitabine is widely accepted as first-line therapy, there is no current standard of care for gemcitabine-refractory patients. Common second-line chemotherapy regimens included oxaliplatin and 5-FU/leucovorin (OFF), gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX), oxaliplatin and capecitabine (XELOX), and irinotecan-oxaliplatin. At the 2010 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting, several new second-line chemotherapy regimens were presented, including gemcitabine and oxaliplatin with imatinib, single agent nab-paclitaxel, and the combination of high-dose capecitabine with oxaliplatin and sorafenib. These abstracts provide exciting new directions for the treatment of gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer. Image: Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT, USA
Research methods for pharmaceutical practice

The pharmacist's role in scientific research is discussed, and the sequential learning units for self-study of research methods are presented. These learning units will be developed in a 16-part continuing education series on research methods that will be supplemented by learning objectives, test items, and lists of supplementary readings.
Nicotinamide as a rapid-acting inhibitor of renal brush-border phosphate transport.

Administration of nicotinamide to rats produces specific dose-dependent inhibition of Na+-dependent phosphate transport across the renal brush-border membrane (BBM) and an increase in urinary excretion of phosphate. The intracellular mechanism of action of nicotinamide is not well established. As a step in this direction, the present studies determined whether nicotinamide was a rapid- or slow-acting regulator of the BBM phosphate transport system. Nicotinamide (0.5 g/kg) inhibited Na+-dependent BBM phosphate transport under conditions when de novo protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide (1.0 mg/kg). Furthermore, the degree of inhibition was not different from that achieved by nicotinamide alone, suggesting that the action of nicotinamide does not require de novo protein synthesis. Studies on the time course of the onset of nicotinamide action revealed inhibition of BBM phosphate transport within 1 h after injection of nicotinamide, even in rats pretreated with cycloheximide. The rapid response t...
Multivariate Fuzzy Perturbed Neural Network Approximations

This chapter studies the determination of the rate of convergence to the unit of each of three newly introduced here multivariate fuzzy perturbed normalized neural network operators of one hidden layer. These are given through the multivariate fuzzy modulus of continuity of the involved multivariate fuzzy number valued function or its high order fuzzy partial derivatives and that appears in the right-hand side of the associated fuzzy multivariate Jackson type inequalities.
Timing verification and optimization of circuits with level-sensitive latches

This work describes the development of a model for the static timing analysis of circuits with level-sensitive latches and applies it to three major timing analysis problems: timing verification, optimal clocking, and timing-driven design. The model describes both level-sensitive latches and edge-triggered flip-flops; it is used to accurately verify circuit timing and to demonstrate that the properties of level-sensitive latches can be exploited to improve circuit performance. An extended formulation of the Critical Path Method (CPM) is developed which incorporates the timing model for level-sensitive latches. The types of critical paths which can arise within this formulation are discussed, analyzed, and related to existing procedures for timing verification of circuits with level-sensitive latches. After describing the optimal clocking problem, we present methods for finding solutions for several simplified cases and present an extended formulation that allows branch-and-bound and MILP solutions for the general problem, allowing the first exact solutions of unrestricted optimal clocking problems. Finally, we explore the application of common critical-path based optimizations to the extended CPM formulation for level-sensitive latches. Two problems are studied: the problem of timing- and area-driven part selection and the problem of ordering inputs of CMOS gates to minimize cycle time. For each problem, we show that optimization results can be significantly improved by using the extended CPM formulation.
La producción de presencia y las humanidades. Entrevista a Hans-Ulrich Gumbrecht

“Produccion de presencia” es un concepto que subsume en el todos aquellos fenomenos y dimensiones de la cultura ante los cuales no se puede reaccionar adecuadamente a traves de actos de interpretacion. Despues de haber estado largamente reprimida por una auto-referencia humana “espiritual” (“cartesiana”) que ha caracterizado a la cultura Occidental a lo largo de los siglos de la Modernidad, el redescubrimiento de la “presencia” supone un complejo desafio a las Humanidades, tanto en el trabajo academico de estas, como en el modo en que se entienden a si mismas en relacion con la politica
Twist and shout: Experiments in ancient Maya blood-letting by piercing with obsidian blades and splinters

Abstract The ancient Maya engaged in complex rituals to communicate with the supernatural world of gods and ancestors. Among the most important of these rituals was auto-sacrificial blood-letting. Blood-letting was accomplished using a variety of sharp implements, including bone awls and needles, stingray spines, thorny ropes, and obsidian blades. Our understanding of the importance of auto-sacrificial blood-letting to the Maya and the means by which it was done are primarily based on the recovery of material culture from ritually significant contexts, hieroglyphic inscriptions, iconographic representations produced in various media, and Spanish ethnohistoric documents. Based on this information, obsidian blades recovered from ceremonial or ritual contexts, like caches, burials, and caves, are usually assumed to have been blood-letters. Past interpretations of blades as blood-letters have not typically included any use-wear analysis of the blades themselves. This paper presents the results of a microscopic use-wear experiment to replicate one type of auto-sacrificial blood-letting method – piercing using obsidian lancets. In this experiment, seven obsidian lancet replicates and two flake splinter replicates were used to pierce domestic pig skin/flesh 35 times each. The use-wear that developed on the experimental tools would be helpful in identifying suspected blood-letters recovered archaeologically. Importantly, the combinations of wear features observed on the obsidian replicates differed when tools were only pushed into the pig tissue versus when they were pushed into the tissue and rotated. By combining the results of use-wear analyses like those presented in this paper with a consideration of context of recovery, the identification of obsidian blades used as blood-letters by the ancient Maya will be much more likely.
Correlation of Driver Gender with Injury Severity in Large Truck Crashes in Missouri

Large trucks are vital for shipping freight in the United States but are also a dangerous mode of transportation. From 2002 to 2012, 91,145 crashes involving large trucks were recorded in Missouri, resulting in 1,156 fatalities and 18,457 injuries. Many factors contribute to the severity of a large truck crash; these factors and their effects on severity may vary as a function of gender. Missouri crash data from 2002 to 2012 were analyzed to identify circumstances that increased the probability of injury severity outcomes in the event of a large truck crash. Chi-square automatic interaction detector decision tree models were developed for each gender to understand predictor importance better and to uncover interactions between contributing factors. Results suggest that the major correlations with levels of injury severity are following too closely, physical impairment, and improper passing for female Missouri drivers with a commercial driver’s license (CDL) and driving too fast for conditions, failing to ...
R.E.A.C.H.: An After-School Approach to Physical Education.

After-school physical activity programs are great opportunities to increase daily physical activity for adolescent youth in urban environments who often do not get the recommended amounts of physical activity needed for health benefits. Black and Hispanic youth in urban environments are particularly under-resourced in not just facilities but opportunities for being physically active during the school week. The lack of structured after-school programming, specifically physical activity programming, in many urban environments has been suggested as a meaningful contributor to the high levels of physical inactivity and risky behaviors among adolescents in urban environments. The purpose of this article is to introduce and describe the components, processes and methods of an innovative after-school program called R.E.A.C.H., which, through positive youth development, aims to positively influence urban adolescents through physical, character and health education.