cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heme oxygenase-1 deficiency accompanies neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible, detoxifying enzyme that is critical for limiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular injury within the CNS and other tissues. Here, we demonstrate a deficiency of HO-1 expression in the brains of HIVinfected individuals. This HO-1 deficiency correlated with cognitive dysfunction, HIV replication in the CNS, and neuroimmune activation. In vitro analysis of HO-1 expression in HIV-infected macrophages, a primary CNS HIV reservoir along with microglia, demonstrated a decrease in HO-1 as HIV replication increased. HO-1 deficiency correlated with increased culture supernatant glutamate and neurotoxicity, suggesting a link among HIV infection, macrophage HO-1 deficiency, and neurodegeneration. HO-1 siRNA knockdown and HO enzymatic inhibition in HIV-infected macrophages increased supernatant glutamate and neurotoxicity. In contrast, increasing HO-1 expression through siRNA derepression or with nonselective pharmacologic inducers, including the CNS-penetrating drug dimethyl fumarate (DMF), decreased supernatant glutamate and neurotoxicity. Furthermore, IFN-γ, which is increased in CNS HIV infection, reduced HO-1 expression in cultured human astrocytes and macrophages. These findings indicate that HO-1 is a protective host factor against HIV-mediated neurodegeneration and suggest that HO-1 deficiency contributes to this degeneration. Furthermore, these results suggest that HO-1 induction in the CNS of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy could potentially protect against neurodegeneration and associated cognitive dysfunction.
CALCIUM OXALATE URETEROLITH IN A CAT

A 4-year-old cat was presented for polyuria and polydipsia. Unilateral hydronephorosis and hydroureter was diagnosed on ultrasound examination of the abdomen, and right ureteral calculi were seen in survey abdominal radiographs. Intravenous urography confirmed hydronephrosis and indicated poor renal funttion in the right kidney. Surgical removal of the ureteral calculus improved right renal function. Analysis of the calculus indicated composition of calcium oxalate, an uncommon calculus in cats.
Effect of triethylenemelamine on reproductive capacity of mouse spermatozoa.

SummaryTriethylenemelamine (TEM) has been shown to affect adversely the reproductive capacity of male mice by acting on and through spermatozoa without altering their number. motility, or appearance. Females artificially inseminated with spermatozoa from the ductus deferentes and cauda epididymides of treated males showed a marked reduction in per cent fertility as well as litter size. Spermatozoa appeared more sensitive to TEM than late spermatids. No obvious structural changes were induced in testicular elements during treatment. The motility of spermatozoa was unchanged by exposure to a high concentration of TEM in vitro.
PEAZ-1: a new human prostate neoplastic epithelial cell line.

BACKGROUND The generation of prostatic cell lines provides in vitro models for experimental studies of the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma. Therefore, we established and characterized a new human prostate epithelial cell line, PEAZ-1 (prostate epithelial Arizona-1). METHODS The PEAZ-1 cells were grown from a primary human prostate carcinoma specimen obtained from radical prostatectomy. The isolated cells were characterized by immunobiochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and tumorigenicity studies. RESULTS PEAZ-1 cells are near diploid, tumorigenic, and androgen independent for cell growth. PEAZ-1 cells express N-cadherin, α- and β-catenins, and p120 at cell–cell contacts, cytoplasmic laminin 5, vinculin, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine at focal adhesions, vimentin, and cytokeratins 8 and 18. They do not express plakoglobin, E-cadherin, and PSA, and do not form desmosomes and hemidesomomes. PEAZ-1 respond to ocadaic acid, a pro-apoptotic agent, by expression of p53. CONCLUSIONS PEAZ-1 cells is a human prostate cancer cell line that has a number of mesenchymal characteristics. Prostate 48:79–92, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antioxidant therapy for atrial fibrillation: lost in translation?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia, the incidence of which is rising. More than 15.9 million people in the USA will have AF by 2050.1 Current therapies for AF, antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation, have significant limitations. Most current antiarrhythmic drugs target one or a few of the cardiomyocyte ion channels. Current drugs have considerable proarrhythmic and non-cardiac adverse effects. In the treatment of AF, a lack of a significant difference in the outcome of a rhythm control strategy using current antiarrhythmic drugs and a rate control strategy points to the limited efficacy of these drugs. Catheter ablation is based on creation of scar tissue in the heart in order to prevent focal discharges from propagating, or to block the re-entrant circuits of AF. Ablation has somewhat debatable long-term success in management of AF. In addition, catheter ablation of AF is an expensive treatment that probably cannot meet the growing demand for AF therapy and is associated with significant complications. A major reason for the limited success with the aforementioned therapies may be the fact that neither antiarrhythmic drugs nor catheter ablation addresses the upstream underlying pathophysiologies of AF. Current antiarrhythmic drugs block target ion channels, while the ion channel abnormality is often downregulated as a result of upstream signalling events. Similarly, catheter ablation provides an anatomically fixed treatment for focal discharges and re-entry circuits, while the reasons for those abnormal electrical activities remain unaddressed, and while the location of the arrhythmic substrates can change over time. The pathophysiology of AF is complex and is not completely understood, but many studies suggest oxidative stress as …
Near real-time radar interferometry of the Mw 7.1 Hector Mine Earthquake

The Hector Mine Earthquake (Mw 7.1, 16 Oc- tober 1999) ruptured 45 km of previously mapped and un- mapped faults in the Mojave Desert. The ERS-2 satellite imagedtheMojaveDeserton15Septemberandagain on20 October, just 4 days after the earthquake. Using a newly- developed ground station we acquired both passes and were able to form an interferogram within 20 hours of the second overflight. Estimates of slip along the main rupture are 1-2 meters greater than slip derived from geological mapping. The gradient of the interferometric phase reveals an inter- esting pattern of triggered slip on adjacent faults as well as a 30 mm deep sink hole along Interstate 40.
Effects of dietary vitamin E on chickens infected with eimeria maxima: observations over time of primary infection.

SUMMARY. Two trials were conducted to define temporal changes in plasma d-α-tocopherol (AT) caused by infection with Eimeria maxima in chickens that consumed either low (25 ppm) or high (225 ppm) levels of dietary dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (VE-AC) from 1 day of age. In both trials, rates of weight gain were depressed between days 5 and 7 postinoculation (PI) and were not influenced by the level of dietary VE-AC. Plasma AT was consistently depressed at 5 and 7 days PI in chickens consuming either level of dietary VE-AC. The pattern and degree of plasma AT depression correlated with those of plasma carotenoids. Plasma levels of NO2− + NO3− were significantly increased at 5 and 7 days PI. In trial 1, the average increase during that period was not as high in chicks consuming 225 ppm VE-AC, but in trial 2, diet had no effect on the degree of increase. Also, there were no consistent effects of dietary VE-AC on lesion scores or amount of oocysts shed. These results are in general accord with findings of earlier e...
Dendritic trafficking for neuronal growth and plasticity.

Among the largest cells in the body, neurons possess an immense surface area and intricate geometry that poses many unique cell biological challenges. This morphological complexity is critical for neural circuit formation and enables neurons to compartmentalize cell–cell communication and local intracellular signalling to a degree that surpasses other cell types. The adaptive plastic properties of neurons, synapses and circuits have been classically studied by measurement of electrophysiological properties, ionic conductances and excitability. Over the last 15 years, the field of synaptic and neural electrophysiology has collided with neuronal cell biology to produce a more integrated understanding of how these remarkable highly differentiated cells utilize common eukaryotic cellular machinery to decode, integrate and propagate signals in the nervous system. The present article gives a very brief and personal overview of the organelles and trafficking machinery of neuronal dendrites and their role in dendritic and synaptic plasticity.
Cometary impact effects at the Moon: Implications for lunar swirl formation

Abstract Relatively recent cometary impacts at the Moon could leave unique traces of their origins: high impact velocities and volatile abundances, combined with the presence of a dust- and ice-laden coma, may thermally and mechanically process the lunar surface in ways distinct from the impact of an asteroid. Here we analytically and numerically assess the consequences of a cometary impact at the Moon by considering the combined effects of a collision by the nucleus and inner coma. Our results show that cometary impacts entrain the finest fraction of lunar soil grains ( 10 4 . This combination of processes is consistent with a mechanism to generate lunar swirls: the diffuse, meandering disturbances in brightness and regolith texture that curl across much of the lunar far-side and are also commonly (but not exclusively) associated with magnetic anomalies. Previous observations of swirl features indicate that bright regions also possess a peculiar, altered regolith structure, which can be produced by the removal of fine soil grains. Regional scouring by an impacting comet explains both the structure and albedo variations: large dynamic pressures entrain the smallest grains within a near-surface flow of dusty plasma, disrupting the backscattering, “fairy-castle” structure of lunar soils in equilibrium with the airless environment. The resulting surface is brightened by compaction of the previously open, porous macrostructure. Darker lanes observed within swirl regions are interpreted as possible melt and/or vapor deposits. Finally, the intense magnetic fields generated during high-speed cometary impacts provide an explanation for correlations between swirl locations and magnetic anomalies.
Angiocrine functions of organ-specific endothelial cells

Endothelial cells that line capillaries are not just passive conduits for delivering blood. Tissue-specific endothelium establishes specialized vascular niches that deploy sets of growth factors, known as angiocrine factors. These cues participate actively in the induction, specification, patterning and guidance of organ regeneration, as well as in the maintainance of homeostasis and metabolism. When upregulated following injury, they orchestrate self-renewal and differentiation of tissue-specific resident stem and progenitor cells into functional organs. Uncovering the mechanisms by which organotypic endothelium distributes physiological levels of angiocrine factors both spatially and temporally will lay the foundation for clinical trials that promote organ repair without scarring.
VENOUS-ARTERIOLAR RESPONSE IN THE CANINE LIVER.

SummaryA series of experiments has been carried out on the dog-perfused liver. The liver was continuously weighed and perfused at constant flow with arterial blood through the hepatic artery, and venous blood through the portal vein. Hepatic vein pressure was increased in steps by means of partial out-flow obstruction with a screw clamp adjustment. Hepatic artery pressure was seen to increase in a profound fashion as a function of elevated hepatic vein pressure in 3 of 5 experiments. An increase in hepatic artery segment resistance occurred, presumably on the basis of a venous arteriolar (myogenic) response. The vascular segment between hepatic and portal veins exhibited only passive changes as a result of increased venous transmural pressure. The peculiar arterial response would serve to decrease flow through the hepatic arterial system in the face of liver pooling in ceratin stress states previously observed in the canine species.
Prognostic features of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis:a report of 77 cases

Objective:To investigate the prognostic features of patients with epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.Methods:The seasonal and age distribution,the clinical features and prognosis,and the complications of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis were analyzed among 77 patients treated in our hospital.Results:The mean age of all cases was(23.96±18.21) years old.The main clinical features were as follows:fever,headache,conscious disturbance and petechia or ecchymosis of skins.In all 77 cases,55 cases were ordinary type,and 22 cases fulminant type.Four patients died in hospital and 6 patients were discharged from hospital without recovery.The factors associated with bad outcome were DIC,shock,cerebral hernia,respiratory failure or other organ function lesions.Neisseria meningitidis were found through bacteriologic culture in 13 cases,and some were identified as serogroup C.Conclusions:Multiple organ function lesion is a significant characteristic for epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.The symptoms of the patients are usually heavier,and it maybe was correlated with vibration of bacterial community.
Analysis on State-of-art of Ground Water Treatment of Tunnels in China and Abroad

The state-of-art of ground water treatment of tunnels is analysed,so as to make further study on the ground water treatment issue often encountered in the design and construction of tunnels and to provide theoretical basis for the design and construction of high-pressure water-srich tunnels.Conclusions drawn are as follows: different standards and different ground water treatment technologies are proposed by different authority departments at different time and under different socio-economic conditions;experts from different authoritiy departments hold different views on the effect of ground water pressure on the lining structures of tunnels in water-rich zones,especially they hold different views on whether the external water pressure can be reduced or not;the experts also have different opions on the effect of ground water.Therefore,the ground water of tunnels should be further studied in terms of concept and method.The principle for further studies on the treatment of tunnel ground water is proposed.
Infections in neurologic surgery. The intraventricular use of antibiotics.

Intraventricular antibiotic therapy appears to be a useful treatment modality in those CSF infections in which systemic therapy may fail. Consideration should be given to using this form of treatment when infecting organisms are only sensitive to antibiotics with poor penetration of the CSF (e.g., aminoglycosides and vancomycin) and for cases in which intravenous therapy has failed to sterilize the CSF, toxicity from systemic therapy precludes further increases in dosages, and shunts or other CSF hardware might be expected to reduce the efficacy of systemic therapy by providing a foreign body to harbor organisms. Shunts or reservoirs that are infected may be successfully sterilized with IVT therapy alone or in conjunction with systemic therapy, but this has a lower success rate than cases in which the shunt is removed. There is a wealth of clinical experience with IVT vancomycin and gentamicin that suggests that they are relatively safe. Until more data are available on other aminoglycosides and newer antibiotics, these two agents should be considered the antibiotics of choice for IVT therapy. In situations in which the organism is sensitive to both vancomycin and gentamicin, vancomycin should be used in view of the documented neurotoxicity seen with gentamicin. When gentamicin resistance occurs, amikacin and tobramycin are appropriate alternatives. The high risk of epilepsy with the penicillins and cephalosporins makes them less suited for IVT therapy, although the newer cephalosporins have some promise for IVT therapy. CNS fungal infections can be treated effectively with IVT amphotericin B but with a high risk of significant toxicity. Miconazole appears to be safer than amphotericin B but there is less clinical experience with this drug. Table 1 summarizes the dosages, indications, and toxicity of those antibiotics commonly used for intraventricular administration, which have been reported previously.
Music therapy in mental health for illness management and recovery

1. The Social Impact, Prevalence, and Contemporary Short-Term Treatment of Mental Illness 2. Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments for People with Mental Illnesses 3. An Overview of Music Therapy as a Psychosocial Intervention for Psychiatric Consumers 4. Continuum Model of Music and Therapy within Music Therapy 5. Educational Music Therapy for Illness Management and Recovery 6. Therapeutic Mechanisms in Psychiatric Music Therapy 7. Transdiagnostic Theory for Group-Based Psychiatric Music Therapy 8. The Process of Psychiatric Music Therapy 9. Interventions in Psychiatric Music Therapy 10. Music Therapy for Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Misuse Disorders 11. Psychiatric Music Therapy with Diverse Client Populations 12. Research in Psychiatric Music Therapy 13. Evidence-Based Practice and Decision Making in Psychiatric Music Therapy 14. Future Treatments for Psychiatric Consumers: Advancements, Models, and the Potential Relevance of Psychiatric Music Therapy
Glomus tumour of the stomach

Glomus tumours are benign tumours typically arising from the glomus bodies and primarily found under the fingernails or toenails. These rare neoplasms account for
The face of emerging physical activity promotion initiatives across the country: Something for everyone, everywhere

Despite evidence-based physical activity recommendations, and overwhelming evidence that physical inactivity is linked to many chronic diseases only 15% of Canadians meet recommended physical activity levels and participation rates among special populations such as those with chronic conditions, the elderly and those with disabilities are even lower. The burden of inactivity in Canada is clear and implementing effective programs to promote physical activity is a public health priority. In light of this, researchers, exercise professionals, and increasingly health care providers have taken up this challenge, with innovative programs and initiatives across the country. This integrated symposium brings together experts in behaviour change, nutrition, and health care delivery to discuss the design, implementation and evaluation of emerging physical activity promotion programs across Canada including those at the regional, provincial and national level. Specifically, five separate physical activity promotion initiatives will be discussed including Exercise is Medicine Canada, Igniting Fitness Possibilities for youth with disabilities, Small Steps for Big Changes for those with prediabetes, Prescription to Get Active, and Healthy Eating and Active Living for Diabetes in Primary Care Networks. Initial evidence suggest that these action-oriented, community-based initiatives are making a difference for participating individuals and the health care professionals delivering the interventions including changes in perceptions and physical activity behaviours. These symposium presentations will highlight the ongoing evolution of the integration of physical activity promotion within the broader approach to health care including the successes and ongoing challenges with implementation of physical activity promotion programs for everyone, everywhere.
Parent emotion socialization and pre-adolescent's social and emotional adjustment: Moderating effects of autonomic nervous system reactivity.

Abstract This study examined whether measures of children’s autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity to social stress moderated the effect of parent emotion socialization on children’s social and emotional adjustment. Sixty-one children (9–13 years) completed a peer rejection task while their respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity (RSA-R) and skin conductance level reactivity (SCL-R) were assessed. Parents’ report of supportive and non-supportive reactions to their child’s negative emotions served as measures of emotion socialization. Measures of children’s social and emotional adjustment included: teacher-rated peer rejection, aggression, and prosocial behavior and parent-rated aggressive/dysregulated behavior and emotion regulation skills. Measures of children’s ANS reactivity moderated the effect of parent emotion socialization on children’s adjustment. Supportive responses were more protective for children evidencing RSA augmentation whereas non-supportive responses were more detrimental for children evidencing low SCL-R. Thus children’s ANS reactivity during social stress may represent a biological vulnerability that influences sensitivity to parent emotion socialization.
The Dynamic Stability of Progressive Taxation

The optimality of progressive taxation is influenced by various factors including elasticities of response, taxpayers’ ability to hide income, the technology of government enforcement, et cetera. In Taxing the Rich, Scheve and Stasavage point to the large increases in taxes on the rich which accompanied the entrance of various countries into the two world wars of the twentieth century and conclude that high taxes on the rich have been sustained essentially only in times of mass mobilization for war, the prime examples of which being the two world wars. Although they are careful not to assert that it is the only setting in which significantly progressive taxes can be implemented and maintained, the authors argue that mass mobilization is the only factor which can be isolated as correlative with highly progressive taxation. Based on the Scheve and Stasavage data – including observations from the tax systems of twenty-one countries between 1800 to 2010 – and the Stata commands used in their analysis online, we conclude that not only are there other factors that have determined the dynamics of progressivity, but that these factors appear to be more important than military mobilization. Based on our analysis, for example, we strongly suspect that social cohesion and stability may be another, and arguably more important, factor.
Patterns of physical activity in sedentary older individuals with type 2 diabetes

The Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) survey, summarized into weekly caloric expenditures, is a common physical activity (PA) assessment tool among older adults. Specific types of PA reported in the CHAMPS have not been systematically analyzed. We applied latent class analysis to identify the patterns of PA among sedentary older adults with diabetes reported in the CHAMPS survey. Latent class models of PA were identified using the CHAMPS survey data reported by 115 individuals aged ≥60 years with type 2 diabetes whom volunteered for a clinical study of PA. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors of a specific latent class, including age, sex, and performance in physical function tests. Ninety-three percent of the participants were classified into 3 latent classes. Participants in latent class 1 (60.9%) primarily reported domestic-focused activities. Participants in latent class 2 and 3 (19.5% and 19.6%, respectively) reported domestic-focused activities, in addition to leisure-time physical activities and structured exercise activities. Latent class 1, with more women than men (73% vs.27%), had the lowest caloric expenditure, whereas class 3, with fewer women than men (28% vs. 72%), had the highest caloric expenditure (all p < 0.001). Latent class 2 had the fastest Timed-Up- and Go (7.65 ± 1.28 s; p = 0.03). Individual PA response in CHAMPS can be categorized using latent class models into meaningful patterns which can inform PA interventions. Customized PA programs should consider the heterogeneity of the activities among sedentary older adults. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00344240 ; retrospectively registered 23 June 2006.
Clinical risk factors for acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in patients with infective endocarditis.

Background Stroke as a complication of infective endocarditis portends a poor prognosis, yet risk factors for stroke subtypes have not been well defined. Aim To identify risk factors associated with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes. Methods A retrospective patient chart review was performed at a single US academic centre to identify risk factors and imaging for patients who were 18 years or older with infectious endocarditis (IE) and stroke diagnoses. Differences in patient characteristics by stroke status were assessed using univariate analysis, χ2 or student's t-test as well as logistic regression models for multivariable analyses and correlation matrices to identify possible collinearity between variables and to obtain odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals. Results A final sample of 1157 participants was used for this analysis. The total number of non-surgical strokes was 178, with a prevalence of 15.4% (78% ischaemic, 10% parenchymal haemorrhages, 8% subarachnoid haemorrhages and 4% mixed ischaemic/haemorrhagic). Multivariate risk factors for ischaemic stroke included prior stroke (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.1), Staphylococcus infection (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.0), mitral vegetations (OR 2.2, 1.4-3.3) and valvular abscess (OR 2.7, 1.7-4.3). Risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke included fungal infection (OR 6.4, 1.2-34.0), male gender (OR 3.5, 1.4-8.3) and rheumatic heart disease (OR 3.3, 1.1-10.4). Conclusion Among patients with IE, there exist characteristics that relate differentially to ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke risk.
Anesthesia for Patients with Valvular Heart Disease

In patients with valvular heart disease, cardiovascular stability will depend on the determinants of cardiac output—namely, heart rate, preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility—as well as the cardiac rhythm and myocardial oxygen balance. In anesthetizing patients with valvular disease, the anesthesiologist must consider the pathophysiologic effects of the disease process, compensatory cardiovascular changes, and the effects of anesthetic agents and techniques on both processes. Compensatory mechanisms for the loss of forward stroke volume include: 1. Increased preload (Frank-Starling mechanism); 2. Ventricular hypertrophy; and 3. Increased sympathetic activity.
Perfective and corrective uml pattern-based design maintenance with design constraints for information systems

Pattern-based design, the use of design pattern during the design process, has become widely used in the object-oriented community because of the reuse benefits that take less cost and effort, but result in high quality in software development and maintenance. However, design pattern defects can be injected in early design without mandatory control of the evolution of a pattern-based design and assessment of pattern-based designs after changes. It is crucial to maintain correct designs during early design maintenance because defects in early design may cause serious damage to software systems in later software development and maintenance. Hence, there is a need of a systematic design method for preventing design pattern defects being injected during pattern-based design maintenance so that the change results of pattern-based designs conform to the corresponding design patterns. Conventional Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0 design methods do not provide systematic ways of assessing pattern-based design conformance. Pattern Instance Changes with UML Profiles (PICUP) design method is developed as an improved design method for perfective and corrective UML pattern-based design maintenance and assessment. Design pattern in UML Profiles (DPUP) is developed for formal specification of a design pattern. DPUPs are used for instantiation, maintenance, and assessment of UML pattern-based designs. DPUPs, as the main part of PICUP design method, provide metamodel-level UML design constraints using UML stereotype notations and metamodel-level Object Constraint Language (OCL) design constraints. In this research, assessments of pattern-based designs in UML class diagram with the corresponding DPUPs enforce maintainers to make correct changes of the designs. Pattern-related information is annotated in pattern-based design using stereotype notations. Furthermore, the conformance checking of a given UML pattern-based design can be automated by using the assessment tool. An explanatory two-case study is used to evaluate the effectiveness of PICUP design method with DPUPs, and applied to (1) the Lexi document editor and (2) the ARENA game information system. Questionnaire answers and design pattern defect counts from the two-case study conducted by subject matter experts support the hypothesis that the PICUP method is an improved design method ensuring structural conformance of UML pattern-based designs to the corresponding design patterns during perfective and corrective design maintenance for information systems.
Advances in videoassisted anterior surgical approach to the craniovertebral junction

At the present time, an update to the classical microsurgical transoral decompression is supported by the most recent literature dealing with the introduction of the endoscopy in spine surgery. In this paper, we present all the reported experience on the surgical approaches to anterior cranioveretebral junction (CVJ) compressive pathology managed by endoscopy. Surgical strategies dealing with decompressive procedures by using an open access, microsurgical technique, neuronavigation and endoscopy are summarized.Endoscopy represents a useful complement to the standard microsurgical approach to the anterior CVJ. Endoscopy can be used via transnasal, transoral and transcervical routes; it facilitates visualisation and better decompression without the need for soft palate splitting, hard palate resection, or extended maxillotomy. Although neuronavigation enhances orientation within the surgical field, intraoperative fluoroscopy helps to recognize residual compression.Under normal anatomical conditions, there appear to be no surgical limitations for the endoscopically assisted transoral approach compared with the pure endonasal and transcervical endoscopic approaches.The endoscope has a clear role as "support" to the standard transoral microsurgical approach since 30° angulated endoscopy increases the surgical area exposed over the posterior pharyngeal wall and the extent of the clivus.
Effect of Ga-68 PSMA-11 PET on management in patients with recurrent prostate cancer.

5057Background: PET imaging of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been shown to have a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional imaging. The objective was to evaluate ...
Pre and postradiation lymphopenia predicts survival in management of bone metastases.

9563 Background: Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) has recently been identified as an adverse prognostic factor in select solid tumors, yet its prognostic value is unknown in the management of me...
Orbital Nasal-Type Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma: An Ongoing Diagnostic Challenge Further Confounded by Small-Cell Predominance.

Purpose To highlight the histopathologic diagnostic challenges of small-cell predominant extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENTNKT) of the orbit. Methods Retrospective chart review and histopathologic study with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of 3 cases. Results Three cases of ENTNKT presented to the Mass Eye and Ear emergency room as orbital cellulitis over 1 year. The first case was unusual in that there was a predominance of small cells, giving the ENTNKT the histopathologic appearance of a nonmalignant inflammatory process. This challenging case is juxtaposed alongside 2 other cases, which exhibited the more typical lymphomatous microscopic appearance. Discussion ENTNKT can extend into the orbit from the adjacent sinuses or rarely arise primarily in the orbit. A diagnosis is typically made with a biopsy. Occasionally, however, the histopathologic diagnosis can be elusive when a predominance of small lymphomatous cells that are virtually indistinguishable from non-neoplastic inflammatory cells is present. Demonstration of CD56 positivity by immunostaining and in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus are essential in confirming the diagnosis. Conclusions ENTNKT should be considered both in the clinical and histopathologic differential diagnoses of orbital infections and idiopathic inflammations (pseudotumor).
Protein aggregation in aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions

Proteins that have previously been self-assembled into β-sheet-containing structures in aqueous solution are incubated in aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solutions of varying PVA molecular weight...
Fast segmentation for large and sparsely labeled coral images

Marine organism datasets often present sparse annotated labels and with many objects in cluttered background. Therefore, there are two challenges to do image segmentation on these sparsely labeled datasets: one is to obtain denser labeled training data and the other is to improve the speed of testing on large images. In this paper, we propose a label augmentation method to generate more labels for training based on the superpixel algorithm, and we also create coarse-to-fine approach to detect the coral areas quickly in the large images. Our experiments run on coral image dataset collected in Pulley Ridge1, proving that this label augmentation and coarse-to-fine approach allows us to speed up the process of quantifying the percent of corals in large images while preserving accuracy.
Lycanthropy and Lunacy: Cognitive Disability in The Duchess of Malfi

In the tradition of the Jacobean Gothic, John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi interweaves images of lycanthropy, madness, and incest to produce a play haunted by figures that could be potentially perceived as both monstrous and disabled. Telling the sensational story of a widowed Duchess who secretly re-marries beneath her station, the play follows the Duchess’s two brothers, Ferdinand and the Cardinal, as they seek to discover the truth about what their sister has done and to punish her for her marriage with her servant Antonio. Throughout the play, Ferdinand’s obsessive interest in his sister reveals incestuous impulses and the tale’s shocking finale ultimately reveals this murderous “madman” to be a werewolf. As modern understandings of mental disorder meld with early modern conceptions of supernatural (and sexual) threat, readings of Ferdinand that psychologize his lycanthropy present the Duchess’s incestuous brother as simultaneously disabled and monstrous.
Mixed convection boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid on a horizontal plate

A boundary layer analysis is presented to study the effects of buoyancy-induced streamwise pressure gradients on laminar forced convection heat transfer to micropolar fluids from a horizontal plate. A numerical solution of the transformed boundary layer equations has been carried out for different values of the buoyancy and material parameters. A discussion is provided for the effect of the bouyancy force on the friction factor, the dimensionless heat transfer rate, and the details of the velocity as well as temperature field.
Treating Youth Obesity: Review and Application of APA Practice Guidelines

Youth obesity is an epidemic in the U.S. today, after five decades of increasing weight gains. The APA recently released clinical practice guidelines related to youth obesity to help inform and guide practitioners, based on available research evidence. The primary overarching recommendation is family-based multicomponent behavioral intervention of at least 26 hours in duration. This article covers a range of issues, clinical challenges, and practice topics that must be addressed within such intervention.
Sub-Degree-Per-Hour MEMS Gyroscope for Measurement While Drilling at 300°C

The orientation module of MWD tool provides the critical drill bit orientation information, including azimuth, inclination and toolface in order to control the path of wellbore. Although high end navigation grade gyroscope can meet the accuracy requirement for azimuth finding, the requirements of cost, size and reliability under harsh environment have largely limited the deployment of gyroscopes in MWD tools. To overcome these constraints, GE Research has developed a low cost, MEMS based Multi-Ring Gyroscope (MRG) capable of azimuth-seeking in MWD applications at 300°C. The MRG prototype has been demonstrated to achieve angular random walk (ARW) better than 0.003 deg/rt(hr) and bias instability of 0.01 deg/hr, capable of meeting azimuth finding accuracy better than 0.25 deg. It has also been tested to remain fully operational at 300 °C.
Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes

Objective To analyse genome variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Between 1 February and 1 May 2020, we downloaded 10 022 SARS CoV-2 genomes from four databases. The genomes were from infected patients in 68 countries. We identified variants by extracting pairwise alignment to the reference genome NC_045512, using the EMBOSS needle. Nucleotide variants in the coding regions were converted to corresponding encoded amino acid residues. For clade analysis, we used the open source software Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees, version 2.5. Findings We identified 5775 distinct genome variants, including 2969 missense mutations, 1965 synonymous mutations, 484 mutations in the non-coding regions, 142 non-coding deletions, 100 in-frame deletions, 66 non-coding insertions, 36 stop-gained variants, 11 frameshift deletions and two in-frame insertions. The most common variants were the synonymous 3037C > T (6334 samples), P4715L in the open reading frame 1ab (6319 samples) and D614G in the spike protein (6294 samples). We identified six major clades, (that is, basal, D614G, L84S, L3606F, D448del and G392D) and 14 subclades. Regarding the base changes, the C > T mutation was the most common with 1670 distinct variants. Conclusion We found that several variants of the SARS-CoV-2 genome exist and that the D614G clade has become the most common variant since December 2019. The evolutionary analysis indicated structured transmission, with the possibility of multiple introductions into the population.
Clinton and the Lewinsky Affair

As a sex scandal, the Clinton-Lewinsky affair is unique among the book’s case studies. Sex scandals offer great peril for a president, but also the possibility of successful scandal management. Because the affair was largely seen by the public as immoral rather than legally or political corrupt, the scandal lacked the measure of outcry that could have been more injurious or even fatal to Clinton’s presidency. Clinton contemplated the use of a backfire in the form of an attack on Monica Lewinsky to discredit her, but he quickly dismissed the plan as too dangerous and of limited value. Hillary Clinton may have endeavored to create a counter-scandal about the “vast rightwing conspiracy” and its role in fostering what she portrayed as the unfounded attacks on the president and herself.
Periplasma, gen. nov., a new oomycete lineage with isogamous sexual reproduction.

This paper describes the taxonomy, developmental morphology, and phylogeny of Periplasma isogametum, a new monotypic member of the Leptomitales (Oomycota). In phylogenetic trees inferred from conca...
Respiratory quotient: Effects of fatty acid composition.

Respiratory quotient (RQ) is commonly used to infer which substrates are oxidized, with glucose yielding RQ = 1 and fat normally thought to yield an average of RQ = 0.71. Because fat depot compositions differ among species, we examined how the various common fatty acids affect RQ. RQs ranged from less than 0.7 (e.g., stearic acid) to greater than 0.76 (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid). Furthermore, we conducted a survey of the fatty acid composition of fuel lipids of several vertebrate taxa to determine how the RQ for lipid oxidation during fasting should vary among species. Our survey indicates that most fasting vertebrates from terrestrial ecosystems oxidizing fat should have RQs equaling approximately 0.71, as normally expected. However, some fasting animals in aquatic or marine systems-particularly fish-should have RQs as high as 0.73 when oxidizing only fat. Selective mobilization of fatty acids increased the lipid RQ, but probably by a negligible amount. We conclude that researchers should take habitat and taxon into account when choosing a value for lipid RQ, and preferably should use fatty acid composition for their study species to determine an appropriate RQ for lipids. In the absence of species-specific fatty acid composition data, we suggest assuming a lipid RQ of 0.725 for cold-water fish.
Compounded inequality: how the U.S. Paycheck Protection Program is failing Los Angeles Latino small businesses

The CARES Act, passed in March 2020, included the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) which designated $350-billion for small businesses in the United States. Data shows that small businesses, partic...
An In Vitro Cell Culture Model for Pyoverdine-Mediated Virulence.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen that utilizes a wide-range of virulence factors to cause acute, life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, especially those in intensive care units. It also causes debilitating chronic infections that shorten lives and worsen the quality of life for cystic fibrosis patients. One of the key virulence factors in P. aeruginosa is the siderophore pyoverdine, which provides the pathogen with iron during infection, regulates the production of secreted toxins, and disrupts host iron and mitochondrial homeostasis. These roles have been characterized in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and mice. However, an intermediary system, using cell culture to investigate the activity of this siderophore has been absent. In this report, we describe such a system, using murine macrophages treated with pyoverdine. We demonstrate that pyoverdine-rich filtrates from P. aeruginosa exhibit substantial cytotoxicity, and that the inhibition of pyoverdine production (genetic or chemical) is sufficient to mitigate virulence. Furthermore, consistent with previous observations made in C. elegans, pyoverdine translocates into cells and disrupts host mitochondrial homeostasis. Most importantly, we observe a strong correlation between pyoverdine production and virulence in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, confirming pyoverdine’s value as a promising target for therapeutic intervention. This in vitro cell culture model will allow rapid validation of pyoverdine antivirulents in a simple but physiologically relevant manner.
The impact of competition and bank market regulation on banks’ cost efficiency

Abstract With a comprehensive dataset covering 148 countries over 1995–2015, this study investigates the relationship between competition and efficiency in the banking industry. Evidence shows that bank competition is detrimental to cost efficiency, which is at variance with the intuitive “quiet life” hypothesis. The bank regulatory and institutional environment in which banks operate not only influences bank efficiency, but also affects the link between competition and efficiency. Restrictive regulations on bank activities and stringent capital requirements reduce, whereas effective supervision and information sharing of credit registries increase efficiency. The adverse impact of competition on efficiency can be mitigated or even reversed by well-implemented regulations, supervision, and information sharing mechanisms.
Reflections on the Matter of 3d $\mathcal{N} = 1$ Vacua and Local $Spin(7)$ Compactifications

We use Higgs bundles to study the 3d $\mathcal{N} = 1$ vacua obtained from M-theory compactified on a local $Spin(7)$ space given as a four-manifold $M_4$ of ADE singularities with further generic enhancements in the singularity type along one-dimensional subspaces. There can be strong quantum corrections to the massless degrees of freedom in the low energy effective field theory, but topologically robust quantities such as "parity" anomalies are still calculable. We show how geometric reflections of the compactification space descend to 3d reflections and discrete symmetries. The "parity" anomalies of the effective field theory descend from topological data of the compactification. The geometric perspective also allows us to track various perturbative and non-perturbative corrections to the 3d effective field theory. We also provide some explicit constructions of well-known 3d theories, including those which arise as edge modes of 4d topological insulators, and 3d $\mathcal{N} = 1$ analogs of grand unified theories. An additional result of our analysis is that we are able to track the spectrum of extended objects and their transformations under higher-form symmetries.
Hydrothermal Transformations of Alcohols with Copper(II) and Iron(III) Salts

Organic reactions in hydrothermal systems are important and unique for many geochemically relevant processes such as petroleum maturation and carbon cycling in the deep ocean. Reaction pathways tha...
Solvation-Protection-Enabled High-Voltage Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries

Abstract To facilitate the practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs), stable interfaces between the electrolyte and the lithium metal must be achieved. Herein, we introduce a solvation protection strategy for designing a functional electrolyte for high-voltage LMBs. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was introduced as a solvation protection solvent for the difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC)/trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC) electrolyte system to enable the cycling of lithium metal anode. The addition of FEC alters the structures of lithium complexes in solution because of its relatively high solvating power. Through the precise control of the solvation number (> 1) of fluorinated cyclic carbonate (i.e., FEC:DFEC > critical ratio), lithium complexes with Li+ solvated solely by FEMC, which decompose on the lithium surface to form detrimental by-products, can be effectively eliminated. The new ternary FEC/DFEC/FEMC system not only maintains the beneficial effect of DFEC in forming a robust solid-electrolyte interphase on the lithium anode, but also confers outstanding anodic stability provided by FEMC, while eliminating detrimental FEMC decomposition through the solvation protection effect of FEC. Clearly, this ternary system outperforms the FEC/FEMC and DFEC/FEMC binary systems in facilitating the stable cycling of LMBs.
A Review of “Attachment Theory and Research in Clinical Work With Adults”

In Attachment Theory and Research in Clinical Work With Adults, editors Obegi and Berant assemble a team of experts in attachment theory and clinical application. Many of the contributors, consider...