cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respect, Responsibility, and Renewal: The Foundations of Anishinaabe Treaty Making with the United States and Canada

In 1904, Kagige pinasi, a Fort Williams Anishinaabe, recounted the story of The Woman Who Married a Beaver to Mesquaki anthropologist William Jones.1 In this story, a young girl blackened her face and went to fast.2 After a while a being approached her and asked her to come live with him. She agreed and eventually married him. The being was very rich and had many impressive things; therefore, the young woman was never in need. In time, they had four children and continued to live without want. The family was always well fed and clothed. Jones recorded:
Chapter 9 – Combustion of nonvolatile fuels

The combustion of nonvolatile fuels including metals, carbon char, and soot is presented. For metals, the criteria for vapor phase versus heterogeneous combustion are discussed. Thermodynamic analyses of metal oxidizer systems are performed with attention given to the effects of pressure and oxidizer composition. The analyses are then extended to the combustion synthesis of materials. Particle combustion of nonvolatile fuels is discussed, particularly with regard to size and the burning limits of diffusion and kinetic control. Specific examples include boron and carbon combustion. Finally, the combustion of coal, including devolatilization and char combustion, is explained along with gasification and oxy-combustion.
Differences in Travel Time to Cancer Surgery for Colon versus Rectal Cancer in a Rural State: A New Method for Analyzing Time‐to‐Place Data Using Survival Analysis

Purpose Rectal cancer is rarer than colon cancer and is a technically more difficult tumor for surgeons to remove, thus rectal cancer patients may travel longer for specialized treatment compared to colon cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether travel time for surgery was different for colon versus rectal cancer patients. Methods A secondary data analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence data from the Iowa Cancer Registry data was conducted. Travel times along a street network from all residential ZIP Codes to all cancer surgery facilities were calculated using a geographic information system. A new method for analyzing "time-to-place" data using the same type of survival analysis method commonly used to analyze "time-to-event" data is introduced. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze travel time differences for colon versus rectal cancer patients. Results A total of 5,844 CRC patients met inclusion criteria. Median travel time to the nearest surgical facility was 9 minutes, median travel time to the actual cancer surgery facilities was 22 minutes, and the median number of facilities bypassed was 3. Although travel times to the nearest surgery facilities were not significantly different for colon versus rectal cancer patients, rectal cancer patients on average traveled 15 minutes longer to their actual surgery facility and bypassed 2 more facilities to obtain surgery. Discussion In general, the survival analysis method used to analyze the time-to-place data as described here could be applied to a wide variety of health services and used to compare travel patterns among different groups.
Data-driven evaluation of HVAC operation and savings in commercial buildings

Abstract Commercial buildings consumed 36% of electricity, or 1.35 trillion kWh, in the United States in 2017, and almost 30% of this energy was wasted. Much of this loss can be attributed to inefficient heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. By improving the operational conditions of HVAC, significant savings can be achieved. However, most buildings and building equipment do not use costly sub-meters to monitor and address performance issues, and on-site auditing can be expensive and insufficient. Alternatively in this study, we propose a data-driven method to identify savings opportunities using only whole building meter data and without setting foot in the building. For this purpose, we introduced two algorithms that virtually quantify the value of a thermostat setpoint setback and HVAC rescheduling. Additionally, we developed novel methods for detecting occupancy patterns and quantifying the baseload of the HVAC operation. Using a clustering algorithm, we identified those buildings for which HVAC savings was significant and further categorized the buildings based on their potential for savings. A population study of over 432 commercial buildings demonstrated a median percentage energy savings of 1.6% from a baseload reduction and 2.1% from HVAC rescheduling. Additionally, results indicate that retail buildings have the highest potential for savings among the building types studied.
Proof Without Words: Sums of Polygonal Numbers

Theorem. Where pnk denotes k-gonal number of side n in Nicomachus of Gerasa’s theorem written in the equivalent form pnk=n+(k−2)pn−13 for k≥3 , ∑j=3kpnj=pn3+pn4+⋯+pnk−1+pnk=(k−2)n+pk−23pn−13 Proof....
Hardware design of a trapped-ion quantum computer for Software-Tailored Architecture for Quantum co-design (STAQ) project

We present the hardware design of a trapped-ion quantum computer for 32 fully-connected 171Yb+ hyperfine qubits. The system is engineered for optomechanical stability to ensure high performance quantum gates utilizing a low vibration cryostat.
Adolescents with and without head and neck burns: comparison of long-term outcomes in the burn model system national database.

Abstract Introduction Facial burns account for persistent differences in psychosocial functioning in adult burn survivors. Although adolescent burn survivors experience myriad chronic sequelae, little is known about the effect of facial injuries. This study examines differences in long-term outcomes with and without head and neck involvement. Methods Data collected for 392 burn survivors between 14–17.9 years of age from the Burn Model System National Database (2006–2015) were analyzed. Comparisons were made between two groups based on presence of a head and neck burn (H&N) using the following patient reported outcome measures: Satisfaction with Appearance Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Community Integration Questionnaire, and Short Form-12 Health Survey at 6, 12, and 24 months after injury. Regression analyses were used to assess association between outcome measures and H&N group at 12-months. Results The H&N group had more extensive burns, had longer hospital stays, were more likely to be burned by fire/flame and were more likely to be Hispanic compared to the non-H&N group. Regression analysis found that H&N burn status was associated with worse SWAP scores. No significant associations were found between H&N burn status and other outcome measures. Conclusions Adolescents with H&N burn status showed significantly worse satisfaction with appearance at 12-months after injury. Future research should examine interventions to help improve body image and coping for adolescent burn survivors with head and neck burns.
Fetal dose evaluation for body CT examinations of pregnant patients during all stages of pregnancy

Abstract Purpose CTDIvol-to-fetal-dose coefficients from Monte Carlo simulations are useful for fetal dose evaluations, but the available data is limited to the fetus being completely inside the abdominopelvic scan range. Whereas in a chest examination, the fetus is completely outside the scan range. In an abdominal examination, the fetus after 16 gestational weeks is partly in the scan region, and an earlier fetus is completely outside of it. This work proposes a practical approach to evaluate fetal dose for pregnant patients undergoing body CT examinations, without using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods The proposed method was based on the z-axis dose profile computed for a CT examination, considering CTDIvol, scan range, mA, and maternal WED (water equivalent diameter) at the fetus centroid. Fetal average dose was calculated over the fetus z-axis coverage. For validation, we considered a reference dataset of 24 pregnant patients, each underwent two abdominopelvic examinations (fixed mA, tube current modulation). WED was 30.1 ± 3.3 (25.3–35.6) cm [mean(range)]. Gestational age was Results The fetal dose difference between profile-based evaluations and Monte Carlo simulations was (5.9 ± 3.8)% for 24 fixed-mA examinations, (5.8 ± 4.6)% for 24 tube current modulated examinations, and (8.8 ± 5.9)% for the whole-body models in three scan ranges. Conclusions Profile-based fetal dose calculations can be performed for patients in body CT, considering maternal size, fetus size and location, and whether fetus is completely inside, partly inside, or outside scan ranges.
In Vivo Activity of Genetically Modified Cells Preseeded in Rat Vascularized Composite Allografts.

ABSTRACT Objective Transplantation of the hand or face, known as vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), has revolutionized reconstructive surgery. Notwithstanding, there are still several areas of improvement to mitigate immune rejection while sparing systemic adverse effects. The goal of this study was to evaluate the engraftment and viability of a genetically modified cell population pre-engrafted into a VCA transplant, to potentially act as a local biosensor to report and modify the graft in vivo. A rat fibroblast cell line genetically modified to secrete Gaussia-Luciferase (gLuc), which served as a constitutive biomarker of cells, was incorporated into a VCA to study the viability of biosensor cells in a syngeneic rat heterotopic partial hindlimb transplantation model. Results Five perfusions were first performed as engineering runs to have a stable limb perfusion protocol, followed by 3 perfusions to analyze the cell engraftment during machine perfusion, and finally 4 perfusions to study in vivo persistence of the cell biosensors. Blood samples were collected to monitor gLuc secretion during perfusion and postoperatively. A time-dependent increase in gLuc secretion in the limb perfusion outflow during machine perfusion indirectly verified the presence of biosensors within the graft. After the ex vivo perfusion, VCA hindlimbs were analyzed for near infrared fluorescence emission that showed a presence of dyed engineered cells in all areas of the limbs. Postoperatively, gLuc was detectable 4 to 5 days after transplantation (W = 16, P = .02857). This study demonstrated that engineered cells could be successfully preimplanted into VCAs—an important step toward development of an in vivo biosensor platform to use in modulating acute VCA outcomes.
Key Considerations and Recommended Strategies for Conducting a School-Based Longitudinal RE-AIM Evaluation: Insights From a 28-School Cluster Randomized Trial.

RE-AIM is an implementation science framework that provides a structure to promote data collection and analysis in the domains of Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Mainte...
Applicator for cervical brachytherapy for MRI or CT guided therapy.

Abstract Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women aged 20 to 39 years in the USA. Radiation therapy for cervical cancer in the definitive setting is delivered by combining external beam radiation and brachytherapy. The procedure of cervical brachytherapy could be associated with significant discomfort and pain to the patient. Here we describe a novel cervical applicator, that can be inserted bedside, with local anesthesia only. The device is similar to intrauterine device and vaginal ring used for contraception, albeit with channels for high dose rate brachytherapy.
Threats to and Opportunities for Low-Income Homeownership, Housing Stability, and Health: Protocol for the Detroit 2017 Make-It-Home Evaluation Study.

Few studies have examined the combined effects of affordability, housing conditions and neighborhood characteristics on the housing stability and health of low-income homeowners. We begin to address these gaps through a mixed-method study design that evaluates the Make-it-Home program (MiH) in Detroit, Michigan, aimed at helping low-income tenants become homeowners when their landlords lose their homes to tax foreclosure. We compare the ‘intervened group’ of MiH homeowners to a ‘comparison’ group of similarly situated households whose homes experience property tax foreclosure at the same time. The comparison group represents the likely outcomes for the participants had they not participated the program. Participants will be surveyed twice (intervened group), or once (comparison group) per year over a three-year period, regarding their housing and neighborhood conditions, health, life events, and socio-economic status, including income and employment. We will use property and neighborhood census data to further examine the conditions experienced. The findings for policy and program development from this study are timely as the nation faces a chronic shortage of affordable housing for both purchasers and renters. The results suggest ways to improve the MiH program and lay out approaches for researchers to navigate some of the complexities associated with this type of research.
Effects of dietary amino acids, carbohydrates, and choline on neurotransmitter synthesis

The ability of a meal to increase or decrease brain neurotransmitter synthesis has been studied. It is concluded that brain serotonin synthesis is directly controlled by the proportions of carbohydrate to protein in meals and snacks that increase or decrease brain tryptophan levels, thereby changing the substrate saturation of tryptophan hydroxylase and the rate of serotonin synthesis. The ability of serotoninergic neurons to have their output coupled to dietary macronutrients enables them to function as sensors of peripheral metabolism, and to subserve an important role in the control of appetite. The robust and selective responses of catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons to supplemental tyrosine and choline suggest that these compounds may become useful as a new type of drug for treating deseases or conditions in which adequate quantities of the transmitter would otherwise be unavailable.
Glycoproteins of Cell Surfaces A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE DIFFERENT CELL SURFACES OF THE RAT

Abstract The glycoproteins of three different cell surface membranes of the rat have been investigated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis with the use of discontinuous buffers in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Liver, kidney brush border, and erythrocyte ghost membranes are solubilized in SDS and after brief exposure to dilute base are reduced with βmercaptoethanol. The gels, after washing free of SDS, are Schiff-stained, and it is demonstrated, by the use of glycoproteins of known molecular weight and subunit composition, that the stained patterns represent size separations of glycoprotein subunits. Each membrane is found to have an identifiable glycoprotein subunit pattern composed of at least 6 to 11 different sized subunits. Most of the staining intensity is present in one to three subunits. Although each membrane has its own unique pattern, liver and kidney brush border have four identically sized subunits. These subunits have molecular weights of 250,000, 195,000, 130,000, and 96,000 when estimated by interpolations of relative mobilities between protein markers. The erythrocyte ghost also contains a 96,000 molecular weight glycoprotein subunit. Sialic acid determinations made on cut gel slices show that all prominent Schiff-positive glycoproteins contain sialic acid.
Regulation of Gene Expression by HIF‐1

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a critical mediator of physiological responses to acute and chronic hypoxia. First, HIF-1 is required for the development of the systems that mediate these responses, including the heart, blood and blood vessels. Mice with complete HIF-1alpha deficiency manifest developmental defects that involve all three components of the circulatory system. Second, HIF-1 mediates changes in gene expression that underlie physiological responses to chronic hypoxia, such as increased erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Hif1a(+/-) mice, which are partially HIF-1alpha deficient, manifest impaired hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling. Smooth muscle cells from pulmonary arteries (PASMCs) of wild-type mice subjected to chronic hypoxia manifest hypertrophy, depolarization, increased [Ca2+]i, and decreased voltage-gated K+ currents. These responses are impaired in PASMCs from Hif1a(+/-) mice. Carotid bodies isolated from Hif1a(+/-) mice are unresponsive to hypoxia despite normal histology and normal responses to cyanide stimulation. Rat PC12 cells share properties with O2-sensing glomus cells of the carotid body, including hypoxia-inducible expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis. In PC12 cells subjected to intermittent hypoxia, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase activity leads to HIF-1 transcriptional activity and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression. Thus, HIF-1 regulates both acute and chronic responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia.
Environment and Safety Major Goals for MARS

The Mirror Advanced Reactor Study (MARS) is a conceptual design study for a commercial fusion power reactor. One of the major goals of MARS is to develop design guidance so that fusion reactors can meet reasonable expectations for environmental health and safety. One of the first steps in the assessment of health and safety requirements was to examine what the guidelines might be for health and safety in disposal of radioactive wastes from fusion reactors. Then, using these guidelines as criteria, the impact of materials selection upon generation of radioactive wastes through neutron activation of structural materials was investigated. A conclusion of this work is that fusion power systems may need substantial engineering effort in new materials development and selection to meet the probable publicly acceptable levels of radioactivity for waste disposal in the future.
Wave packet propagation, nonlinear dynamics, and constructing Chaotic Eigenstates

Wave packets have by now a long history of contributing to our understanding of many physical phenomena and the relationship between quantum and classical mechanics. They forge one important, intuitive bridge between phase space trajectories and evolving wave functions. A recent excellent discussion of the semiclassical propagation theory and molecular applications is Heller's 1989 Les Houches session LII course entitled "Wave packet dynamics and quantum chaology" published in 1991 [1]. As that name suggests, wave packets are playing an important role in attempts to understand the Correspondence Principle for chaotic systems and is one primary motivation for the work presented in this
Growth characteristics of the copepodsEurytemora affinis andE. herdmani in laboratory cultures

Die calanoiden CopepodenEurytemora affinis (Poppe) undE. herdmaniThompson &Scott wurden uber zahlreiche Generationen im Laboratorium gezuchtet. Mit einem Uberschus an Algennahrung vermehrt sichE. affinis in Salzgehalten zwischen 5 und 33 ‰ und bei Temperaturen zwischen 2° und 23,5° C.E. herdmani pflanzt sich in Salzgehalten unter 15 ‰ und bei 21,5° C und hoheren Temperaturen nicht fort. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen uberein mit Untersuchungen im naturlichen Lebensraum und zeigen, dasE. herdmani an kalteres und salzhaltigeres Wasser gebunden ist als die weiter verbreiteteE. affinis. An den Jungtieren, die von einzelnen Weibchen erhalten worden waren, wurden die Entwicklungszeitspannen vom Ei bis zum ersten Nauplius, ersten Copepoditen, Adultus und eiertragenden Weibchen ermittelt. In 20 ‰ Salzgehalt variiert die Generationszeit beiE. affinis von etwa 105 Tagen bei 2° C bis 9 Tagen bei 23,5° C. Die entsprechenden Generationszeiten furE. herdmani betragen 73 Tage bei 2° C und 19 Tage bei 15° C. Die Korperlange beider Arten nimmt bei niedrigeren Temperaturen zu. Die Errechnung des Zahlenverhaltnisses der Geschlechter der Jungtiere einzelner Weibchen legt die Vermutung nahe, das die Temperatur das Geschlechtsverhaltnis beeinflust. Uberlebenszeiten wurden ermittelt fur Weibchen, welche unter verschiedenen Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsbedingungen gehalten worden waren. Die Lebensspannen von Weibchen beider Arten ubertreffen 100 Tage bei 2° C und nehmen bei hoheren Temperaturen ab. Weibchen beider Arten vermogen noch lange nach der Kopulation fertile Eier zu produzieren. Diese Beobachtungen sprechen dafur, das kleine Lokalpopulationen moglicherweise im Herbst kopulieren, dann uberwintern und das die Weibchen im Fruhjahr ohne erneute Kopulation Junge produzieren.
Pulse trains to percepts: the challenge of creating a perceptually intelligible world with sight recovery technologies

An extraordinary variety of sight recovery therapies are either about to begin clinical trials, have begun clinical trials, or are currently being implanted in patients. However, as yet we have little insight into the perceptual experience likely to be produced by these implants. This review focuses on methodologies, such as optogenetics, small molecule photoswitches and electrical prostheses, which use artificial stimulation of the retina to elicit percepts. For each of these technologies, the interplay between the stimulating technology and the underlying neurophysiology is likely to result in distortions of the perceptual experience. Here, we describe some of these potential distortions and discuss how they might be minimized either through changes in the encoding model or through cortical plasticity.
Triazidocobalt(III) complexes with tridentate amine ligands

The title compounds, [N-(2-aminoethyl)-1, 3-propanediamine-kappa(3)N]triazidocobalt(III), [Co(N(3))(3)(C(5)H(15)N(3))], [N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-methyl-1, 3-propanediamine-kappa(3)N]triazidocobalt(III), [Co(N(3))(3)(C(6)H(17)N(3))], [N-(2-aminopropyl)-1, 3-propanediamine-kappa(3)N]triazidocobalt(III), [Co(N(3))(3)(C(6)H(17)N(3))], and [N-(2-aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1, 3-propanediamine-kappa(3)N]triazidocobalt(III), [Co(N(3))(3)(C(7)H(19)N(3))], each consist of a Co(III) atom, three azide ligands in a meridional configuration and a tridentate amine ligand, namely aepn [N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine] or dpt [N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine], or their N-methylated analogs.
THE POPULATION-DEPENDENT REQUIREMENT BY CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS FOR METABOLITES WHICH THEY CAN SYNTHESIZE

At least seven compounds synthesized by cultured cells in amounts which should suffice for sustained growth have nevertheless proved under certain conditions necessary for survival (asparagine, cystine, glutamine, homocystine inositol, pyruvate, serine). In every instance so far examined, that requirement has been population-dependent, disappearing at cell densities sufficiently large to bring the concentration in the medium and in the cellular pool to metabolically effective levels before the cells died of the specific deficiency. At population densities of less than 100 cells per ml, serine was required by all cultured cells so far studied. With more exigent strains, such as the RT6 strain of rabbit fibroblast and the P388 mouse leukemia, the serine requirement disappeared only at populations in excess of 50,000 and 150,000 cells per ml, respectively. The requirement for pyruvate by the latter cell as an alternative to serine also disappeared at that population density. In a cystine-free medium there were population-dependent requirements for cystine, homocystine, or serine, depending on the experimental conditions. With methionine and glucose as cystine precursors, the critical population density permitting cellular survival and growth was in excess of 200,000 cells/ml. The provision of homocystine as an intermediate reduced the critical population density to 10,000 to 60,000 cells/ml; with the further provision of serine, the critical cell concentration permitting growth was reduced to 50 to 500 cells/ml. Cells adapted to glutamic acid, and capable of utilizing it as a substitute for glutamine, nevertheless required exogeneous glutamine at cellular densities of less than 50,000 cells per ml. In some experiments, the provision of asparagine reduced the critical population density to 10,000 cells/ml, presumably because of its glutamine-sparing action. Inositol is required by most cell lines, despite their demonstrated capacity to synthesize it from glucose. With at least one cell line (HeLa), sustained growth was occasionally achieved in an inositol-free medium if the population density was maintained in excess of 240,000 cells/ml. The possible implications of these findings with respect to the loss of specific organ functions in dispersed cell culture are discussed.
Age-dependent changes in toxicity of N-nitroso compounds to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos

Abstract Three different developmental stages of embryonated eggs of Oryzias latipes were exposed to 2-h pulses of a number of different concentrations of MNU, MNNG, and DENA. Lethality and teratogenic endpoints were assessed through 24 h posthatch. MNU (≥2.5 mM) and MNNG (≥0.75 mM) exposure at the multicell stage was lethal, but the same exposure during early organogenesis was largely teratogenic. Four days before hatching, embryos were very resistant to MNU and proceeded to hatch normally; 7.5 mM MNU was required to significantly reduce the percent normal hatch. Effects of DENA were equivocal and only seen at the multicell stage. In order to differentiate between potential changes in chorion permeability, and toxicity per cell, the same three stages were exposed to a series of radiolabeled compounds of varying hydrophobicity, and apparent uptake measured. There were no differences in uptake rate or equilibrium concentration between any of the compounds at the different stages. These results suggest that, as in mammals, certain stages of development are more susceptible than others, and that these differences are a result of embryo sensitivity rather than chemical bioavailability. The most sensitive indicator of exposure was posthatch inflation of the swimbladder. Other terata included pericardial edema, anisophthalmia, and partial rupture of the chorion.
Ethnic conflict, social science and William Butler Yeats: A Commentary on Russell Hardin's

Hardin argues that ethnic conflicts can be analysed without reference to individual emotions, by using 3 parameters: the initiative of certain elites, the use of exclusive norms, and a good dose of epistemological perversity, admired if not shared. Beyond a certain critical mass, the mixture becomes explosive. Yeats' biography illustrates these arguments: Yeats' own emotions hardly weigh up against forces which cause him to be moved and create his emotion.
Un-Orthodox imagery: voids and visual narrative in the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript*

In the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript (BN, Vitr. 26–2) representations of Orthodox triumph over iconoclast heresy range from startlingly novel to seemingly incoherent. While previous studies have posited that the visual programme of the chronicle originates in Comnenian Constantinople, this article argues that the visual narrative is out of place in a climate of rigorous Comnenian Orthodoxy. The visual narrative actively restructures and revisions Byzantine history: iconoclast arch-villains such as John the Grammarian are assigned symbols of sanctity, Orthodox heroes such as patriarch Methodios and empress Theodora are obscured and misrepresented, and important events in the chronicle are turned into visual voids.
High-Dose Weekly AmBisome Antifungal Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Pharmacokinetic Study

Abstract Disseminated fungal infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The widespread use of prophylactic oral triazoles has limitations of poor absorption, interindividual variability in metabolism, and hepatic toxicity. AmBisome (amphotericin B liposomal complex) has a better safety profile than the parent drug amphotericin B and produces higher plasma and tissue concentrations. We hypothesized that once-weekly high-dose AmBisome therapy could provide adequate fungal prophylaxis for immunocompromised children undergoing HSCT. We performed a pharmacokinetic pilot study to determine whether once-weekly high-dose AmBisome administration would result in effective concentrations throughout the dosing interval. A total of 14 children (median age, 3 years, 1 month; range, 4.5 months–9 years, 9 months) undergoing HSCT received once-weekly intravenous AmBisome prophylaxis (10 mg/kg as a 2-hour infusion). Blood samples for pharmacokinetic measurements were drawn around the first and the fourth weekly doses. The concentration of non–lipid-complexed amphotericin in plasma was determined by a validated bioassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters after single doses and during steady state were calculated using standard noncompartmental methods. AmBisome was well tolerated at this dose. Complete pharmacokinetic profiles for weeks 1 and 4 were obtained in 12 patients. The half-life calculated in this pediatric population was shorter on average than reported in adults (45 hours vs 152 hours). The volume of distribution correlated best with body weight (R2 = .55), and clearance was best predicted by initial serum creatinine level (R2 = .19). Mean (± standard deviation) individual plasma trough concentrations were 0.23 (0.13) mg/L after single doses and 0.47 (0.41) mg/L after multiple doses. Mean steady-state area under the curve was higher at week 4 than after a single dose (P
Trade-offs between ecosystem services: Water and carbon in a biodiversity hotspot

Abstract Carbon sequestration by afforestation can help mitigate global climate change but may have adverse environmental and economic impacts in some regions. For example, economic incentives for carbon sequestration may encourage the expansion of Pinus radiata timber plantations in the Fynbos biome of South Africa, with negative consequences for water supply and biodiversity. I built a dynamic ecological–economic model to investigate whether afforestation of a Fynbos catchment with Pinus radiata is economically viable when the potential benefits of carbon sequestration and timber production are balanced against the losses to water supply. I found that afforestation appears viable to the forestry industry under current water tariffs and current carbon accounting legislation, but would appear unviable if the forestry industry were to pay the true cost of water used by the plantations. I also found that under various plausible future economic scenarios, afforestation can be associated with either large future economic gains or losses, suggesting a need for future analyses based on branches of decision theory that deal with severe uncertainty. I conclude with a general recommendation that climate legislation should be explicit about the conditions under which afforestation for carbon sequestration of native vegetation is a legitimate climate mitigation strategy.
EDM of the muon, deuteron, and proton in storage rings

I discuss the progression of ideas over the last decade that has led to extremely sensitive dedicated electric dipole moment (edm) storage ring designs. These ideas grew out of our experience in BNL E821: a precision measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (Bennett et al. Phys Rev D73:072003, 2006).
Atom transfer and rearrangement reactions catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium, MTO

Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) catalyzes the desulfurization of thiiranes by triphenylphosphine. Enormous enhancement in rate is observed when the catalyst is pretreated with hydrogen sulfide prior to the reaction. Using 2-mercaptomethylthiophenol as a ligand, the author synthesized several model complexes to study the mechanism of this reaction. With suitable model systems, they were able to show that the active catalyst is a Re(V) species. The reactions are highly stereospecific and very tolerant to functional groups. As part of the studies, he synthesized and crystallographically characterized the first examples of neutral terminal and bridging Re(V)sulfidocomplexes. Some of these complexes undergo fast oxygen atom transfer reactions with organic and inorganic oxidants. Studies on these model complexes led them to the discovery that MTO catalyzes the selective oxidation of thiols to disulfides. This report contains the Introduction; ``Chapter 6: Isomerization of Propargylic Alcohols to Enones and Enals Catalyzed by Methylrhenium Trioxide``; and Conclusions.
Synthesis of LiBC4N4, BC3N3, and Related C−N Compounds of Boron: New Precursors to Light Element Ceramics

The synthesis of a novel framework cyanide with composition LiBC4N4 (1) is described. X-ray powder diffraction as well as 7Li, 11B, and 13C NMR of 1 reveal an ordered structure which consists of two interpenetrating diamond-like networks of BC4 and LiN4 tetrahedra linked by C−N bonds. The structure is simple cubic, symmetry P43m, a = 5476(3) A. In solution the presence of the B(CN)4 anion has been established for the first time by spectroscopic methods. Molecular B(CN)3 is isolated for the first time as a Lewis acid−base complex with bases such as NMe3 and SiMe3CN, and a single-crystal X-ray structure of B(CN)3NMe3 (3) has been obtained. The novel solid-state cyanide BC3N3 (2) is prepared from the thermal elimination of NCSiMe3 from B(CN)3NCSiMe3 (4). In route to 4, compounds B(CN)2(SMe)NCSiMe3 (5) and B(CN)2(SMe)NMe3 (6) have also been isolated. A single-crystal X-ray structure of 6 reveals that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The new crystalline solids 2 and 1 (isoelectro...
Highly Selective and Sensitive Amperometric Biosensing of Glucose at Ruthenium-Dispersed Carbon Paste Enzyme Electrodes

Abstract The selectivity and sensitivity of glucose measurements at carbon-paste based amperometric biosensors are greatly enhanced through the use of ruthenium-dispersed graphite particles. The improved performance is attributed to the substantial lowering of the overvoltage for the reduction of the hydrogen peroxide product. Hence, cathodic measurements of glucose can be caried out at an optimal potential range (-0.15 to +0.20 V). Contributions from easily oxidizable substances (e.g. acetaminophen, ascorbic and uric acids) are eliminated, without the need for mediators or membrane barriers. The electrocatalytic action of the ruthenium sites results also in a substantially improved sensitivity. A fast flow injection operation is illustrated.
Effects of Gas Temperature and Particulate Water on Rabbit Lungs During Ventilation

Summary: Anesthetized young rabbits were ventilated for 6 hr at 20 cm H2O peak airway pressure using air nebulized with water at 22°C (cold nebulized group, n = 11), at 36°C (warm nebulized group, n = 11) and humidified air at 36°C (warm humidified group, n = 10). Their biochemical status during ventilation and pulmonary morphology at autopsy were compared to those of ten control rabbits. Both nebulized groups had particulate water in the inspired air and water of condensation in the endotracheal tube. The rabbits ventilated with warm humidified air and the control group breathing spontaneously maintained their blood pressure and pHa within physiologic range. Rabbits ventilated with air nebulized with water at 22 and 36°C had a significant decline in mean blood pressure (96 mm Hg → 61 mm Hg in cold nebulized and 91 mm Hg → 61 mm Hg in warm nebulized) and mean pHa (7.43 → 7.23 in cold nebulized and 7.42 → 7.31 in warm nebulized). All rabbits in the control and warm humidified groups survived the study whereas 9 of 22 in the nebulized groups died before completion of study (P < 0.005). Morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in the mean vascular wall thickness in both nebulized groups of rabbits when compared to that in the control and warm humidified groups (P < 0.05). The cold nebulized group also had significantly less air space and correspondingly more interstitial thickness and intraalveolar edema (P < 0.05) compared to control and warm humidified groups. These findings of pulmonary parenchymal damage in rabbits ventilated with air containing particulate water and the greater degree of both physiologic and anatomic change evident in the cold nebulized animals suggest that particulate water and low inspired air temperature may contribute to the genesis of pulmonary damage during intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Speculation: The phenomenon of reflex pulmonary hypertension following instillation of small quantities of fresh water to the lung (5) might occur even if miniscule amounts of particulate water are delivered during intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Particulate water in inspired air could therefore play a role in the pulmonary parenchymal damage seen in babies treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Failure to maintain temperature of the inspired air at body temperature during intermittent positive pressure ventilation (25) may also have a deleterious effect in the human infant.
A Reflection on the Ph.D. Program in Spatially Integrated Social Science at the University of Toledo

The use of spatial analysis tools is on the rise in many academic fields and practical applications. These tools enhance the ability to examine data from spatial perspectives. Though the study of place and space has traditionally been the domain of the field of geography, growing numbers of researchers are turning to these tools in the social sciences and beyond. The University of Toledo has established a unique Ph.D. granting program to encompass the theories, tools, and applications of spatially integrated social science. In the first couple of years of its inception the program has attracted students from different places and diverse backgrounds. It is expected that the program will continue to thrive in attracting diverse students, securing external grants, and positively impacting on the economy of Northwest Ohio. This paper is a personal reflection of the views of the authors on the Ph.D. program in Spatially Integrated Social Science at the University of Toledo two years after its inception in fall 2009. The views, by no means, are of the University of Toledo, its SISS program, or any of the participating departments and faculty members.
A simplified approach to laparoscopic fundoplication

Background: There is a certain amount of controversy regarding the need to divide the short gastric vessels (SGV) in laparoscopic fundoplication for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In addition, there is often difficulty in identifying the crural fibers when encircling the lower esophagus.
Hereditary angiodema: a current state-of-the-art review, VI: novel therapies for hereditary angioedema

Objective To provide a comprehensive overview on clinical trial design and results of emerging therapies for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE). Data Sources MEDLINE or PubMed literature searches were conducted to identify double-blind, placebo-controlled trials investigating C1 esterase replacement, kallikrein inhibitor, and bradykinin receptor 2 antagonist therapies. Study Selection Ongoing trials or those just recently completed from all companies developing a product for the treatment of HAE are discussed. Results All of these agents are believed to be effective when tested in patients in phase 1 or phase 2 trials. The studies have many features in common, including being placebo-controlled and blinded; having a preliminary screening visit at which the diagnosis is confirmed; having either low circulating C1 inhibitor protein levels or low levels of functional C1 inhibitor, low C4 levels, and normal C1q levels; enrolling individuals who are relatively early in attacks (4-6 hours from the onset); and stipulating that patients continue taking the medications that they have been taking in the long term. The type of attack acceptable for each treatment protocol varies from study to study. Some allow peripheral edema attacks, some facial attacks, and in some studies, the Food and Drug Administration has allowed purified serum C1 inhibitor to be used as a rescue medication if the patient remains in difficulty after the study drug has been used and found to be ineffective. Conclusion The outlook for new, effective short-term therapy appears to be excellent. In the near future, a whole new therapeutic armamentarium to care for patients with HAE should be available in the United States.
Cooperation of adenosine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in amplification of cAMP-PKA signaling and immunosuppression.

We hypothesize that adenosine and PGE2 could have a complementary immunosuppressive effect that is mediated via common cAMP-PKA signaling. To test this hypothesis, the effect of adenosine and PGE2 on the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was investigated. PGE2 and adenosine inhibited LAK cells cytotoxic activity and production of INF-γ, GM-CSF and TNF-α. In combination they showed substantially higher inhibition than each modality used alone. Using agonists and antagonists specific for PGE2 and adenosine receptors we found that cooperation of PGE2 and adenosine in their inhibitory effects are mediated via EP2 and A2A receptors, respectively. LAK cells have 35-fold higher expression of EP2 than A2A. Combined PGE2 and adenosine treatment resulted in augmentation of cAMP production, PKA activity, CREB phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Wortmannin and LY294002 enhanced the suppressive effects of adenosine and PGE2. In contrast, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, an inhibitor of PKA type I blocked their immunosuppressive effects, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of PGE2 and adenosine are mediated via common pathway with activation of cAMP-PKA and inhibition of Akt. In comparison to other immunosuppressive molecules (TGF-β and IL-10), adenosine and PGE2 are unique in their ability to inhibit the executive function of highly cytotoxic cells. High intratumor levels of adenosine and PGE2 could protect tumor from immune-mediated destruction by inactivation of the tumor infiltrating functionally active immune cells.
A multiplexable, microfluidic platform for the rapid quantitation of a biomarker panel for early ovarian cancer detection at the point-of-care

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms have the potential to enable low-cost, large-scale screening. As no single biomarker is shed by all ovarian cancers, multiplexed biomarker panels promise improved sensitivity and specificity to address the unmet need for early detection of ovarian cancer. We have configured the programmable bio-nano-chip (p-BNC)-a multiplexable, microfluidic, modular platform-to quantify a novel multi-marker panel comprising CA125, HE4, MMP-7, and CA72-4. The p-BNC is a bead-based immunoanalyzer system with a credit-card-sized footprint that integrates automated sample metering, bubble and debris removal, reagent storage and waste disposal, permitting POC analysis. Multiplexed p-BNC immunoassays demonstrated high specificity, low cross-reactivity, low limits of detection suitable for early detection, and a short analysis time of 43 minutes. Day-to-day variability, a critical factor for longitudinally monitoring biomarkers, ranged between 5.4% and 10.5%, well below the biologic variation for all four markers. Biomarker concentrations for 31 late-stage sera correlated well (R(2) = 0.71 to 0.93 for various biomarkers) with values obtained on the Luminex platform. In a 31 patient cohort encompassing early- and late-stage ovarian cancers along with benign and healthy controls, the multiplexed p-BNC panel was able to distinguish cases from controls with 68.7% sensitivity at 80% specificity. Utility for longitudinal biomarker monitoring was demonstrated with prediagnostic plasma from 2 cases and 4 controls. Taken together, the p-BNC shows strong promise as a diagnostic tool for large-scale screening that takes advantage of faster results and lower costs while leveraging possible improvement in sensitivity and specificity from biomarker panels.
Temporal Effects of St. Clair River Dredging on Lakes St. Clair and Erie Water Levels and Connecting Channel Flow

A Great Lakes hydrologic response model was used to study the temporal effects of St. Clair River dredging on Lakes St. Clair and Erie water levels and connecting channel flows. The dredging has had a significant effect on Great Lakes water levels since the mid-1980s. Uncompensated dredging permanently lowers the water levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron and causes a transitory rise in the water levels of Lakes St. Clair and Erie. Two hypothetical dredging projects, each equivalent to a 10 cm lowering of Lakes Michigan and Huron, were investigated. This lowering is approximately half the effect of the 7.6 and 8.2 meter dredging projects. In the first case the dredging was assumed to occur over a single year while in the second it was spread over a 2-year period. The dredging resulted in a maximum rise of 6 cm in the downstream levels of Lakes St. Clair and Erie. The corresponding increase in connecting channel flows was about 150 m3s−1. The effects were found to decrease over a 10-year period with a half-life of approximately 3 years. The maximum effects on Lake Erie lagged Lake St. Clair by about 1 year.
Conceptual Disorganization in Children at Risk for Schizophrenia

The present study investigated the presence of conceptual disorganization among children at risk for future emotional disturbance. 105 children born to schizophrenic, depressed, and unaffected mothers were administered the Object Sorting Test (OST) which was scored for both developmental quality and the gradations of deviant responses. The results indicated that children with schizophrenic mothers exhibited more conceptual disorganization and lower scores for developmental quality in concept formation on the OST than did children of either depressed or unaffected mothers. For the three groups of children, lower scores for developmental quality in concept formation were significantly associated with ratings of greater severity in overall behavior dysfunction.
Retrieving high spatial frequency information in sonography for improved microcalcification detection

The process of echo-signal demodulation within the display stage of ultrasonic image formation discards signal phase. It has long been hypothesized that demodulation could be eliminating important clinical task information but the tools to study this effect were not developed. We have now developed a task-energy analysis to show how signal energy flows through different stages of image formation. In this paper, we show how traditional displaystage processing eliminates high spatial-frequency task information, and how simple methods can recover the loss for improved diagnostic performance. We also study the improvement in detecting breast microcalcifications using the proposed method.
Carbon Isotopes Profiles of Human Whole Blood, Plasma, Red Blood Cells, Urine and Feces for Biological/Biomedical 14C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Applications

Radiocarbon (14C) is an ideal tracer for in vivo human ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) and PBPK (physiological-based pharmacokinetic) studies. Living plants peferentially incorporate atmospheric 14CO2 versus 13CO2 versus 12CO2, which result in unique signature. Furthermore, plants and the food chains they support also have unique carbon isotope signatures. Humans, at the top of the food chain, consequently acquire isotopic concentrations in the tissues and body fluids depending on their dietary habits. In preparation of ADME and PBPK studies, 12 healthy subjects were recruited. The human baseline (specific to each individual and their diet) total carbon (TC) and carbon isotope 13C (δ13C) and 14C (Fm) were quantified in whole blood (WB), plasma, washed red blood cell (RBC), urine, and feces. TC (mg of C/100 μL) in WB, plasma, RBC, urine, and feces were 11.0, 4.37, 7.57, 0.53, and 1.90, respectively. TC in WB, RBC, and feces was higher in men over women, P < 0.05. Mean δ13C were ran...