cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic focusing preconcentration technique using a continuous buffer system for capillary electrophoresis

Detection and analysis of dilute small volume samples can be achieved by preconcentration techniques. Published techniques use specialized discontinuous buffer systems (sample stacking, field-amplification, and isotachophoresis) or incorporation of a chromatographic preconcentration chamber–capillary. By carefully exploiting flow and electric fields, preconcentration of analytes can be achieved without the need for discontinuous buffer systems or physical chromatographic devices. This focusing is achieved by independently controlling pressure flow and electrophoretic migration of analytes. Initiation of a voltage field at the immediate entrance of the capillary combined with adjusting bulk flow equal and opposite to the electrophoretic migration of the analytes results in preconcentration. Data are presented indicating an increase in local concentration of 200 nm carboxylate modified latex spheres within the immediate volume of the capillary entrance (specifically ∼15 pL) using laser-induced fluorescence detection. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 98–106, 2000
Correlates of depressed mood in normal children.

Two instruments which have been proposed as measures of clinical depression in children and an ad hoc teacher rating were given to a group of 109 normal children. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Peer Nomination Inventory for Depression (PNID), and a teacher rating of depression were given along with the Conner s Teacher Rating Scale (TRS), teacher ratings of somatic complaints, peer popularity, and absenteeism, and peer ratings of popularity to examine the behavioral correlates of depressed mood in normal children. While few sex differences were found on mean depression scores, different patterns of correlations were found for the two sexes. For males, there were no significant correlations among the three depression measures, but all three depression measures were correlated with unpopularity and conduct problem ratings on the TRS. For females, the three depression measures were adequately intercorrelated. The teacher rating of depression was correlated with general deviance as measured by the TRS, but the CDI and PNID were correlated with TRS ratings of conduct problems, with peer ratings of unpopularity, and with teacher ratings of somatic complaints. Implications for the issue of the possible existence of a clinical syndrome of depression in children were discussed.
PREPARATION OF KAOLINITE-AMINO ACID INTERCALATES DERIVED FROM HYDRATED KAOLINITE

Intercalation of amino acids into 10.0-A hydrated kaolinite was studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis-thermal gravimetry (DTA-TG), and infrared (IR) spec- troscopy. Intercalation was found to be dependent on the chain-length, pH, and the concentration of the amino acid zwitterion. Near the isoelectric point, fully intercalated phases were obtained in solutions of concentration >0.5-1 M for glycine (Gly), 2-3 M for 13-alanine ({3-Ala), and 12 M for both ",/-aminobutyric acid ('y-Aba) and g-aminovaleric acid (g-Ava). e-aminocaproic acid (e-Aca) with a long chain (C = 6) was only partially intercalated. Intercalated amino acid formed a mono-molecular arrangement with the alkyl chain tilting toward the layer at an angle related to H20 content. The compositions of the intercalates of the Gly and (3-Ala are AlzSi2Os(OH)4-(Gly)0.67.0.24H20 and AIzSi2Os(OH)4.((~-Ala)0.63.0.25H20, respec- tively, based on TG data. From IR data, Gly and (3-Ala molecules are found intercalated as zwitterions and these molecules form hydrogen bonds with both the A1-OH and Si-O surfaces of kaolinite. Washing the intercalate with water produced a hydrated kaolinite, which may form a second amino-acid intercalate of high order. Thus, hydrated kaolinite intercalates or deintercalates amino acids depending on concen- tration and conditions.
Politics, Public Opinion, and Project Design in California Road Pricing

Growing numbers of decision makers are becoming more open to charging users of roads to fund transportation improvements, including transit alternatives. Despite significant progress, planners and policy makers still face many obstacles when considering road-pricing projects. This suggests that many of the factors that determine the success or failure of such proposed projects are not well understood and that proposed projects may include one or more aspects that prove to be deal breakers for key supporters. Four geographically diverse California road-pricing projects were selected for detailed case studies. Two projects that succeeded to implementation allow for an analysis of the critical political maneuvers made throughout the life of these priced facilities. One project that was ultimately halted in the later stages of planning and one planned but not yet implemented project are useful in evaluating what went wrong and what lessons can be drawn from these attempts to implement road pricing. The findings suggest that there are numerous ways to adjust pricing projects to gain public and political support. Generally, projects should try to provide more capacity, travel-time savings, and travel options, and avoid pricing facilities that have no free alternatives. Nevertheless, the manner in which projects are designated and revenues are used is highly context-specific, and some concessions in one area can improve acceptability in another. The future of road pricing is uncertain, and pricing projects should be considered only on a case-by-case basis, depending on local attitudes, the use of the revenue generated, and the specific facility in question.
Light Bulbs: A Bright Idea for Teaching and Learning Sustainability

One by one, thousands of lights at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have been turned off, taken down from their fixtures, and safely disposed of. In their place, energy-efficient fluorescent lights and light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been installed. These actions were undertaken by leaders at the university physical plant in the interests of lowering costs and reducing environmental impacts. Unnoticed at first, however, was that these lighting upgrades also provided a means to bridge academics and campus operations. Collaboration among members of the physical plant and faculty has recast the lighting upgrades as content in an introductory environmental science course that employs a campus-based approach to sustainability teaching and learning. This article chronicles the lighting upgrades, connects them to larger national trends, and describes the collaborative process between academics and campus operations that brought the lighting upgrades into the classroom, illustrating how a university campus can be a living-learning laboratory for sustainability.
Comparing the Impact of Two Different Designs for Online Discussion

This study examined the impact of two different designs of online discussion on student participation in the discussions and the type of learning that was generated. The results showed that when students were given an opportunity to respond to each other with the instructor mostly absent in the discussion process until the end of the discussions, they would visit the discussion forums more frequently. They were also more likely to pose follow-up questions for their classmates and engage in meaningful inquires. On the other hand, when the instructor posted frequently in the discussion forums, students would respond to him instead of their peers, and the discussions were seldom carried forth in much depth.
Hypothalamic co-localization of substance P receptor and transneuronal tracer from the lordosis-relevant lumbar epaxial muscles in the female rat.

Abstract Previous studies indicated that within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the estrogen receptor α (ERα)-containing neurons express substance P (SP), but do not comprise the majority of projection neurons. The present study tested the hypothesis that projection neurons within the VMH express SP receptors (NK1), allowing responsiveness to signals from ERα-containing neurons. Pseudorabies virus was transneuronally transported from the lordosis-relevant lumbar epaxial muscles to the VMH, labeling 28% of the NK1-containing neurons in the VMH and surrounding area. Thus, SP may influence sexual behavior through its release from the ERα-containing neurons, perhaps synaptically affecting NK1 receptor-labeled lordosis-relevant projection neurons within the VMH.
Accuracy-aware aquatic diffusion process profiling using robotic sensor networks

ABSTRACT Water resources and aquatic ecosystems are facing increasing threats from climate change, improper waste disposal, and oil spill incidents. It is of great interest to deploy mobile sensors to detect and monitor certain diffusion processes (e.g., chemical pollutants) that are harmful to aquatic en-vironments. In this paper, we propose an accuracy-aware diffusion process profiling approach using smart aquatic mobile sensors such as robotic fish. In our approach, the robotic sensors collaboratively profile the characteristics of a diffusion process including source location, discharged substance amount, and its evolution over time. In particular, the robotic sensors reposition themselves to progressively improve the profiling accuracy. We formulate a novel movement scheduling problem that aims to maximize the profiling accuracy subject to limited sensor mobility and energy budget. We develop an efficient greedy algorithm and a more complex near-optimal radial algorithm to solve the problem. We conduct extensive simulations based on real data traces of robotic fish movement and wireless communication. The results show that our approach can accurately profile dynamic diffusion processes under tight energy budgets. More-over, a preliminary evaluation based on the implementation on TelosB motes validates the feasibility of deploying our movement scheduling algorithms on mote-class robotic sensor platforms.
On the etiology of contact/occupational vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder of the skin that results from the selective destruction of melanocytes, generally during the second decade of life and affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Loss of cutaneous pigment appears to render the skin susceptible to premature aging and cancer. In addition this disease can be socially devastating for afflicted individuals. The etiology of vitiligo is poorly understood. The present dogma suggests that genetic factors render the melanocyte fragile thus predisposing individuals to developing vitiligo. When subjected to instigating factors, these susceptible, fragile melanocytes undergo apoptosis. Autoimmune factors then perpetuate the removal of the melanocyte component from the skin. In the majority of cases the instigating factors are not known (idiopathic vitiligo), however a small sub-set of individuals develop contact/occupational vitiligo following exposure to particular chemicals. Many of these chemicals have been implicated in both contact/occupational vitiligo and chemical leukoderma. Both conditions present with well-defined, depigmented skin lesions that develop following exposure. Only in the case of vitiligo does the depigmentation spread beyond the areas of contact, probably via an immune-mediated mechanism. The largest class of chemicals known to trigger contact/occupational vitiligo is the phenolic/catecholic derivatives. Many have been demonstrated to be preferentially cytotoxic to melanocytes, with high-dose exposure resulting in the initiation of apoptosis. Phenolic/catecholic derivatives are structurally similar to the melanin precursor tyrosine, and therefore tyrosinase was originally implicated as a mediator of cytotoxicity. However, our data suggests that tyrosinase-related protein-1, rather than tyrosinase, facilitates toxicity, possibly by catalytic conversion of the compounds, which results in the generation of radical oxygen species. The ensuing oxidative stress then triggers activation of cellular free radical scavenging pathways to prevent cell death. Genetic inability of melanocytes to tolerate and/or respond to the oxidative stress may underlie the etiology of contact/occupational vitiligo.
ORDERING TRANSITIONS IN LIQUID CRYSTALS PERMIT IMAGING OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS FORMED BY PROTEINS PENETRATING INTO LIPID-LADEN INTERFACES

Recent studies have reported that full monolayers of L-α-dilaurylphosphatidylcholine (L-DLPC) and D-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (D-DPPC) formed at interfaces between thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) and aqueous phases lead to homeotropic (perpendicular) orientations of nematic LCs and that specific binding of proteins to these interfaces (such as phospholipase A 2 binding to D-DPPC) can trigger orientational ordering transitions in the liquid crystals. We report on the nonspecific interactions of proteins with aqueous-LC interfaces decorated with partial monolayer coverage of L-DLPC. Whereas nonspecific interactions of four proteins (cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulins, and neutravidin) do not perturb the ordering of the LC when a full monolayer of L-DLPC is assembled at the aqueous-LC interface, we observe patterned orientational transitions in the LC that reflect penetration of proteins into the interface of the LC with partial monolayer coverage of L-DLPC. The spatial patterns fo...
Genomic Discovery Reveals a Molecular System for Resistance to Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cultured Glioma

Oxygen is required for respiration and the energetic processes that enable aerobic life. Reactive oxygen species and free radicals, by-products of oxygen use, cause DNA damage and induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. However, rapidly multiplying cancer cells are resistant to ER and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The present article reports the results of highly specific genome-scale expression discovery used to identify genes differentially expressed in cultured glioma cells vs normal brain tissue. The discovered states of expression reveal a cohesive molecular system that protects rapidly growing glioma cells from ER and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
Noise sources for internal calibration of millimeter-wave radiometers

We have developed noise sources at 90 GHz, 130 GHz and 168 GHz each using a custom-designed beam-lead noise diode from M-Pulse Microwave Inc. These noise sources measure a high excess noise ratio (ENR) of 17 dB, 9.6 dB and 6 dB at 90 GHz, 130 GHz and 168 GHz, respectively and are to be used for internal calibration in the high-frequency millimeter-wave nadir-viewing radiometers, which are expected to provide increased spatial resolution of wet-tropospheric path delay correction for coastal regions and inland water. The noise sources meet the ENR, radiometric stability, mass and size requirements, which enables us to achieve internal calibration for the high-frequency millimeter-wave channels. Furthermore, we have developed a novel approach that utilizes a MMIC LNA as a noise source in the 168 GHz frequency band. Both of these noise sources have demonstrated excellent stability of 0.07% per hour. This translates to A stability for cold ocean scene.
Interstitial lung abnormalities in treatment-naïve advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients are associated with shorter survival.

Objective Interstitial lung diseases are associated with increased risk of lung cancer. The prevalence of ILA at diagnosis of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its impact on overall survival (OS) remain to be investigated.
Degree-Day Models for Emergence and Development of the Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Southwestern Louisiana

Abstract The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, is the most destructive insect pest of rice in the United States. Degree-day (DD) models were developed to predict the emergence date of adult rice water weevils from overwintering in the spring and to describe larval and pupal development on two varieties of rice under field conditions. The model that best described emergence of weevils from overwintering was derived from 14 yr of light trap captures. The temperature threshold for the best-fit model was 15.6°C, the start date for the model (date at which degree-day accumulation begins) was 33 d after 1 January, and the end point for the model was a cumulative light trap capture of six weevils. By using these parameters, emergence of weevils occurred after accumulation of 139.2 DD (°C × day). The model predicted emergence of weevils in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 with an error of 4, 7, 1, and 2 d, respectively. For the model describing larval development, the number of degree-days required ...
652: Paternal influence on preterm birth racial disparities

MetroHealth Medical Center Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio OBJECTIVE: To determine if racial disparities in preterm birth are influenced by the race of the father. STUDY DESIGN: Deliveries with complete information on maternal and paternal race, gestational age, and maternal education were obtained from 2004 birth certificate data. Deliveries were grouped by race of the mother and father: both white (WW), both black (BB), white mother and black father (WB), black mother and white father (BW). Rates of preterm birth (PTB) 37 weeks were calculated for each racial combination. Rates for each racial combination were stratified by maternal high school education or maternal high school education as a marker for social economic status (SES). Chi square testing and Mantel-Haenszel tests were used to test for significance. RESULTS: 2,292,499 deliveries met study criteria (1,888,807 WW), (52,213 WB), (14,411 BW), (337,068 BB). Overall, 12.04% of deliveries were PTB. PTB varied by race. Rates were lowest for WW (11.15%) and highest for BB (16.89%) (figure p .0001). Rates for WB (12.2%) and BW (14.9%) couples fell in between BB and WW couples. When stratified by maternal education, PTB rates were higher in mothers with less education (OR 1.14 p .0002). However, the relative order of PTB among racial groups remained the same within each educational strata.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Over the past century, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has increasingly become regarded not as being a specific disease resulting from anyone of several initiating causes but actually representing the pathophysiologic final common pathway of the coagulation system which has gone awry. This single unifying concept collapses the nearly infinite list of causes of DIC into an understandable and manageable disorder. Recognizing the underlying and initiating cause of DIC and directing therapy toward control of that cause is key to the patient’s survival. The central role of tissue factor (TF) and various cytokines in the initiation and continuation of coagulation up to and including DIC is now widely accepted. Once begun, the course of DIC is determined by extinguishing the source of TF by arrest of the pathophysiological process generating the TF and the ability of the host to grapple with correcting perturbations.
Induction and Regulation of a Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Specific 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in Streptococcus faecalis

Streptococcus faecalis grown with glucose as the primary energy source contains a single, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-specific 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Extracts of gluconate-adapted cells, however, exhibited 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity with either NADP or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This was shown to be due to the presence of separate enzymes in gluconate-adapted cells. Although both enzymes catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate, they differed from one another with respect to their coenzyme specificity, molecular weight, pH optimum, K(m) values for substrate and coenzyme, and electrophoretic mobility in starch gels. The two enzymes also differed in their response to certain effector ligands. The NADP-linked enzyme was specifically inhibited by fructose-1,6-diphosphate, but was insensitive to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and certain other nucleotides. The NAD-specific enzyme, in contrast, was insensitive to fructose-1,6-diphosphate, but was inhibited by ATP. The available data suggest that the NAD enzyme is involved primarily in the catabolism of gluconate, whereas the NADP enzyme appears to function in the production of reducing equivalents (NADPH) for use in various reductive biosynthetic reactions.
Laser irradiation of bone: III. Long-term healing following treatment by CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers.

Background: Relative few reports exist concerning healing of laser created osteotomies over an extended period of time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term healing, from 21 to 63 days, of osteotomy defects in the rat tibia created with the Nd:YAG and CO2 in the presence of a surface cooling spray of air/water. Methods: The experimental model consisted of 15 large Sprague-Dawley rats. Six treatment modalities were randomly distributed among 6 tibial recipient sites: 1) a negative control (no treatment); 2) a positive control (bur osteotomy); 3) CO2 laser at 5 W (860 J/cm2); 4) CO2 laser at 6 W (1032 J/cm2); 5) Nd:YAG laser at 5 W (714 J/cm2); and 6) Nd:YAG laser at 7 W (1000 J/cm2). All laser irradiation was delivered in the presence of a surface coolant consisting of air (15 psi) and sterile water. Five animals were sacrificed at each of 3 time intervals: 21, 35, and 63 days post-treatment. Multiple histologic sections from each treatment site were examined by light microscopy using hemato...
Logic and the Generative Power of Autosegmental Phonology

Autosegmental Phonology is studied in the framework of Formal Language Theory, which classifies the computational complexity of patterns. In contrast to previous computational studies of Autosegmental Phonology, which were mainly concerned with finite-state implementations of the formalism, a methodology for a model-theoretic study of autosegmental diagrams with monadic second-order logic is introduced. Monadic second order logic provides a mathematically rigorous way of studying autosegmental formalisms, and its complexity is well understood. The preliminary conclusion is that autosegmental diagrams which conform to the well-formedness constraints defined here likely describe at most regular sets of strings.
Biological characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide.

BACKGROUND: The commercialization of new insecticides is important for ensuring that multiple effective product choices are available. In particular, new insecticides that exhibit high potency and lack insecticidal cross-resistance are particularly useful in insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs. Sulfoxaflor possesses these characteristics and is the first compound under development from the novel sulfoxamine class of insecticides. RESULTS: In the laboratory, sulfoxaflor demonstrated high levels of insecticidal potency against a broad range of sap-feeding insect species. The potency of sulfoxaflor was comparable with that of commercial products, including neonicotinoids, for the control of a wide range of aphids, whiteflies (Homoptera) and true bugs (Heteroptera). Sulfoxaflor performed equally well in the laboratory against both insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant populations of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), including populations resistant to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. These laboratory efficacy trends were confirmed in field trials from multiple geographies and crops, and in populations of insects with histories of repeated exposure to insecticides. In particular, a sulfoxaflor use rate of 25 g ha−1 against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) outperformed acetamiprid (25 g ha−1) and dicrotophos (560 g ha−1). Sulfoxaflor (50 g ha−1) provided a control of sweetpotato whitefly equivalent to that of acetamiprid (75 g ha−1) and imidacloprid (50 g ha−1) and better than that of thiamethoxam (50 g ha−1). CONCLUSION: The novel chemistry of sulfoxaflor, its unique biological spectrum of activity and its lack of cross-resistance highlight the potential of sulfoxaflor as an important new tool for the control of sap-feeding insect pests. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Neural circuits underlying crying and cry responding in mammals.

Crying is a universal vocalization in human infants, as well as in the infants of other mammals. Little is known about the neural structures underlying cry production, or the circuitry that mediates a caregiver’s response to cry sounds. In this review, the specific structures known or suspected to be involved in this circuit are identified, along with neurochemical systems and hormones for which evidence suggests a role in responding to infants and infant cries. In addition, evidence that crying elicits parental responses in different mammals is presented. An argument is made for including ‘crying’ as a functional category in the vocal repertoire of all mammalian infants (and the adults of some species). The prevailing neural model for crying production considers forebrain structures to be dispensable. However, evidence for the anterior cingulate gyrus in cry production, and this structure along with the amygdala and some other forebrain areas in responding to cries is presented.
Range image measurement system for a mobile robot navigation

A high-speed laser range image acquisition device using off-the-shelf components is developed. The method uses a frame grabber and a frame processor that are commercially available on a PC to acquire a set of laser stripes in real time (at a frame rate), and process the set of laser stripes in a PC to obtain a range image. The use of a range image for improving the stability of the mobile robot navigation is discussed.
Associations between host plant concentrations of selected biochemical nutrients and Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini, infestation.

The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an economic pest of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) and other graminaceous host crops, and it attacks grassy weeds. Oviposition preference has been known to be for plants with leaves that form folds. This study is the first to associate the nutritional quality of crop and forage plant hosts with Mexican rice borer injury. Three experiments were conducted to determine the levels of selected biochemical nutrients, including free amino acids and sugars, in four grass weeds [barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.); broadleaf signalgrass, Urochloa platyphylla (Munro ex C. Wright); johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.; and Vasey's grass, Paspalum urvillei Steud.], a forage grass [sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moensch spp. drummondi (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan], three crop species [maize, Zea mays L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; and sugarcane, Saccharum spp.], and a sorghum-sudangrass forage hybrid (all Poaceae). Of 16 free amino acids detected among plants in the first two experiments, only high accumulations of free histidine in sudangrass and maize were associated with increased infestations by Mexican rice borer larvae. In all three experiments, high levels of fructose were associated with heightened Mexican rice borer infestation. Ramifications of these findings on the potential dispersal of this invasive pest in the USA and possible applications of fructose in baits are discussed.
Bias optimal admission control policies for a multiclass nonstationary queueing system

We consider a finite-capacity queueing system where arriving customers offer rewards which are paid upon acceptance into the system. The gatekeeper, whose objective is to 'maximize' rewards, decides if the reward offered is sufficient to accept or reject the arriving customer. Suppose the arrival rates, service rates, and system capacity are changing over time in a known manner. We show that all bias optimal (a refinement of long-run average reward optimal) policies are of threshold form. Furthermore, we give sufficient conditions for the bias optimal policy to be monotonic in time. We show, via a counterexample, that if these conditions are violated, the optimal policy may not be monotonic in time or of threshold form.
Major middle Miocene global climate change: Evidence from East Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains

We present a glacial record from the western Olympus Range, East Antarctica, that documents a permanent shift in the thermal regime of local glaciers, from wet- to coldbased regimes, more than 13.94 m.y. ago. This glacial record provides the fi rst terrestrial evidence linking middle Miocene global climate cooling to a permanent reorganization of the Antarctic cryosphere and to subsequent growth of the polar East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The composite stratigraphic record constructed from fi eld mapping and analyses of 281 soil excavations shows a classic wetbased till (Circe till, including an extensive melt-out facies), overlain by a weathered colluvial deposit (Electra colluvium), and then a series of stacked tills deposited from cold-based ice (Dido drift). Chronologic control comes from 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses of concentrated ash-fall deposits interbedded within glacial deposits. The shift from wetto cold-based glaciation refl ects a drop in mean annual temperature of 25‐30 °C and is shown to precede one or more major episodes of ice-sheet expansion across the region, the youngest of which occurred between 13.62 and 12.44 Ma. One implication is that atmospheric cooling, following a relatively warm mid-Miocene climatic optimum ca. 17 to 15 Ma, may have led to, and thus triggered, maximum ice-sheet overriding.
Research issues in scientific visualization

As an emerging research discipline, scientific visualization is developing those trappings that demonstrate growth. New algorithms are just beginning to effectively handle the recurring scientific problem of data collected at nonuniform intervals. Volume visualization today is being extended from examining scientific data to reconstructing scattered data and representing geometrical objects without mathematically describing surfaces. Fluid dynamics visualization affects numerous scientific and engineering disciplines. It has taken its place with molecular modeling, imaging remote-sensing data, and medical imaging as a domain-specific visualization research area. Recently, much progress has come from using algorithms with roots in both computer graphics and machine vision. One important research thread has been the topological representation of important features. Volume and hybrid visualization now produce 3D animations of complex flows. However, while impressive 3D visualizations have been generated for scalar parameters associated with fluid dynamics, vector and especially tensor portrayal has proven more difficult. Seminal methods have appeared, but much remains to do. Great strides have also occurred in visualization systems. The area of automated selection of visualizations especially requires more work. Nonetheless, the situation has much improved, with these tools increasingly accessible to scientists and engineers. >
Cooperative Institutions and Inequality in the OECD: Bringing the Firm Back In*

Objective. To examine the relationship between firm-level cooperation, inequality, and redistribution in 18 advanced industrialized democracies. Methods. The relationships are investigated using multiple regression analyses of institutional, political, and economic variables. Results. Multilevel models reveal that contrary to neocorporatism, firm-level cooperative ties have significant inegalitarian effects, particularly in the distribution of pretax, pretransfer market income. The effects, however, are also felt in the distribution of posttax, posttransfer income. Conclusion. By paying attention to the effect of firm-level cooperation, the study sheds new light on inequality in the OECD as a result of both market-based and nonmarket coordination.
Analysis and measurement of mode polarizers in square waveguide

A general analysis approach for strip metallization structures enclosed in rectangular or square waveguide is presented. The technique involves the novel application of a commercially available 2.5-dimensional (2.5-D) method-of-moments-based (MoM) electromagnetic (EM) analysis tool to a three-dimensional (3-D) waveguide problem. Very good agreement is demonstrated between computed and measured results for several printed strip linear polarizers embedded within a square waveguide environment. This paper, to the authors' knowledge, represents the first such comparison of phase and magnitude between computed and measured data for strip grid polarizers in a waveguide environment. The developed approach involves construction of a theoretical waveguide "test fixture" and an associated theoretical de-embedding procedure. Computational advantages are expected over the alternative approach of using a finite-element-based fully 3-D analysis approach. The polarizer results have potential application to shielded versions of quasi-optic array components that have been demonstrated in open geometries, as well as to multimode antenna feeds, waveguide filters, and matching networks.
EFFECT OF RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS ON THE RABBIT FETUS IN UTERO.

Abstract This report deals with acid-base relationships between maternal and fetal bloods. The new aspect is the presentation of nonsteady state measurements made simultaneously in both mother and fetus during the production of respiratory acidosis in the mother. Pure respiratory acidosis was induced in 12 pregnant rabbits near term by allowing them to breathe selected concentrations of carbon dioxide. The pH, Pco 2 , and standard HCO 3 − determinations were made on maternal arterial and fetal umbilical vein blood. In all instances, both the mother and the fetus showed a decrease in pH and an elevation of arterial Pco 2 without a change in standard HCO 3 − concentrations. Severe respiratory acidosis over a 90 minute period did not produce metabolic acidosis in the mother or the fetus. In the presence of pure respiratory acidosis in the pregnant rabbit, measurements of pH, Pco 2 , and standard HCO 3 − in the mother's blood provide reasonably accurate information of their concentrations in fetal blood. However, it cannot be concluded that other types of acid-base changes in the mother will be reflected by similar changes in the fetus.
Absorption of chlorophyll phytol in normal man and in patients with Refsum's disease

This study was made to determine the extent of absorption of chlorophyll phytol from the intestine of man, and the importance of chlorophyll as a source of the phytanic acid that accumulates in Refsum's disease. Uniformly (14)C-labeled pheophytin a (the Mg-free derivative of chlorophyll a) was fed to normal human subjects and to patients with Refsum's disease. Feces were collected and analyzed. In all subjects, 90-95% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the feces, still largely in the form of pheophytin a. The phytol radioactivity recovered in the feces averaged about 95% of that in the administered material, which indicates that there had been little absorption of the phytol moiety. Similarly, after 250 g of cooked spinach had been fed to a normal subject, almost the entire phytol content was found in the feces. Less than 5% of the ingested spinach phytol was accounted for in the thoracic duct lymph of another subject. It was concluded that not more than about 5% of the ingested chlorophyll phytol is absorbed by man, whether normal or afflicted with Refsum's disease. On this basis we conclude that the major portion of the phytanic acid that accumulates in Refsum's disease could not be derived from dietary chlorophyll.
Managing Pediatric Knowledge Resources in Practice

Information and communication technology (ICT) provides busy clinicians with access to timely health information: e-mail updates, online educational programs, podcasts etc. to the point of overload. The abundance of information has increased user expectations about the availability of timely and useful medical information, but has perhaps reduced user objectivity in distinguishing evidence from opinion and advertisement as messages from different sources: professional associations, patient groups, pharmaceutical companies, news agencies and policymakers are all cast along the same channels in similar formats.
Nuclear Radiofrequency Spectra of H 2 and D 2 in High and Low Magnetic Fields

A new molecular beam apparatus of improved design is described which utilizes, among other improvements, a long homogeneous magnetic field with two separated oscillatory fields for high resolution and a method of phase shifting of the two fields which permits more accurate data-taking. The apparatus has been used to study the nuclear radiofrequency spectrum of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ in magnetic fields of 1600 gauss and 6 gauss. The results are found to be consistent with Ramsey's theoretical expressions, provided the adjustable parameters are suitably selected. For ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ the values for these parameters are that $c$ equals 113,800\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}210 cps and $d$ equals 57,680\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 cps, while for ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ $c$ equals 8790\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}60 cps and $d$ equals 25,240\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 cps. These values for the parameters imply that the rotational magnetic field ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ at the nucleus in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is 26.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 gauss while in ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ it is 13.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 gauss, that the internuclear spacing $r$ in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is such that when averaged over the zeroth vibrational state and the first rotational state ${〈\frac{1}{{r}^{3}}〉}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$ equals (0.74673\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00018)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm, that the deuteron quadrupole interaction $eQ(\frac{{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{2}{V}^{e}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{{z}_{0}}^{2}})$ equals (1.4907\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ erg, that the quadrupole moment $Q$ of the deuteron equals (2.738\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and that the nuclear magnetic shielding constant $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is (2.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$.
The Economics of Caring for Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease

The devastation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well known. It robs victims of cognitive ability and eventually steals their ability to function independently. To manage this loss of independence, individuals with AD receive care from a wide variety of sources. Most patients with AD prefer to live at home for as long as possible before disease progression makes home living difficult or impossible and the patient is institutionalized. Although preference of home living and the need to curb high cost of institutionalization concur with each other, the care provided at home comes at tremendous cost to the family and friends of AD patients both financially and also in terms of human cost. Estimating the economic value of the system of care at home for the AD patient is difficult. In this chapter, we will explore economic issues associated with caring for AD patients. Models of cost estimation will be reviewed. Sources, distribution, who pays for the costs of care, and factors that affect costs of care will be discussed. The perspectives of the payer and of the caregiver will be addressed. The human costs of care and cultural differences will be explored. Early diagnosis and treatment and their effect on caregiving cost will be discussed.
Application of Dual-process Theory to Information Systems: Current and Future Research Directions

Application of Dual-process Theory to Information Systems: Current and Future Research Directions addresses the dual-process approach to attitude formation as it has been applied to the domain of Information Systems (IS). It describes twenty six empirical research studies published in the IS literature that have been based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) or the Heuristic Systematic Model (HSM) - variants of the dual-process approach. Some of the IS phenomena that these studies have explored include the IS training process, website trust and privacy assurance, perceptions of online health records, adoption of expert systems' advice, design of recommendation systems, computer-mediated communication, and knowledge management. Application of Dual-process Theory to Information Systems: Current and Future Research Directions starts by clarifying exactly what a dual-process approach is and how to apply it. The author then defines a logical schema for categorizing the extant dual-process IS research, using it to group these studies into these categories and briefly reviewing each study. This helps to address the need to understand these studies in relation to each other with the aim of integrating them and forestalling fragmentation of this body of work. The discussion section begins by identifying three streams of this research that are outliers, and then examines those heuristic cues and moderating factors in the studies reviewed that are clearly IS constructs; suggesting they bear further dual-process based IS research. Finally, the author elucidates three particular IS phenomena that present excellent opportunities for applying this approach in the future: (1) information filtering during complex problem solving, (2) how trust and credibility assessment interact with system design features, and (3) organizational knowledge work.
Lateral Joint Movement Capability - The Key to Durable Formed-In-Place Gasketing

Utilisation de joints d'etancheite formes apres montage. Possibilite de compenser les deplacements lateraux dans l'assemblage
Airborne laser altimetry and multispectral imagery for modeling Golden-cheeked Warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) density

Robust models of wildlife population size, spatial distribution, and habitat relationships are needed to more effectively monitor endangered species and prioritize habitat conservation efforts. Remotely sensed data such as airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR) and digital color infrared (CIR) aerial photography combined with well-designed field studies can help fill these information voids. We used point count-based distance sampling survey data and LiDAR-fused CIR aerial photography to model density of the Golden-cheeked Warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), an endangered songbird, on the 10 000-ha Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge (BCNWR). We developed a novel set of candidate models to explain Golden-cheeked Warbler detection probability and density using habitat covariates characterizing vegetation structure, composition, and complexity as well as habitat fragmentation, topography, and human infrastructure. We had the most model support for covariates calculated using focal means representing a 3.2 ha territory size (100 m radius) vs. 1.8 and 7.0 ha territory sizes. Detection probability decreased with canopy cover and increased with topographic roughness. Golden-cheeked Warbler density increased with canopy cover, was highest at a 7:3 ratio of Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) to broadleaf tree canopy cover, and decreased with global solar radiation. Predicted warbler densities using 3 min point counts were similar to six estimates from independently collected warbler territory mapping on BCNWR with a mean difference of 6% and a Root Mean Squared Error of 1.88 males/40 ha. The total population size for BCNWR was estimated at 884 Golden-cheeked Warbler males (95% CI 662, 1206) and predicted densities across the refuge ranged from 0.0 to 0.50 male warblers per ha. On the basis of observed habitat relationships, we defined high quality habitat as having at least 60% canopy cover with Ashe juniper comprising 50-90% of the canopy. We estimated 48% of the area at BCNWR managed for Golden-cheeked Warblers was in high quality habitat conditions and identified patches within the lower habitat quality areas (14% of warbler management areas) that had the greatest potential to become high quality habitat with management. Our approach combined robust wildlife surveys with highly scalable remotely sensed data to examine habitat relationships, estimate population size, and identify existing areas of high quality habitat. This method can be applied to other species of conservation interest and can be used with multiple years of remotely sensed data to assess changes in habitat at local to regional scales.
The Effect of Sodium and Chloride Salts on the Germination of Gigaspora Margarita

At various Na+ and Cl- concentrations, germination rates of azygospores of Gigaspora margarita were reduced more in the presence of Cl- than Na+. Viable spores, which had not germinated after 12 da...
Dispersal of Fungus-Infected Periodical Cicadas to New Habitat

Infected periodical cicadas, Magicicada cassini (Cicadidae: Homoptera), that are developing resting spores of the fungus Massospora cicadina (Entomophthorales) invade new habitat (nearby young trees) about as readily as do uninfected cicadas, although this may not be true for another periodical cicada species, M. septendecim . Proportions of the two sexes infected by the fungus are variable in different situations. Infected females do not oviposit, although they readily mate. Mated females tend to disperse. In M. cassini , males may also disperse en masse, especially if crowded. This may help certain individuals to escape infection in the current generation, but it also serves to spread the resting spores to newly invaded habitat, where they will infect emerging cicada nymphs of the following generation.
Calculation Method and Model of Wind Power Curtailment

With an in-depth analysis of the causes of wind power curtailment,this paper proposes a calculation method based on hour by hour power balance at the power dispatching level.With comprehensive consideration given to the technical characteristics of thermal power,hydropower and wind power generation,and to constrain of the power and heat balance and the power transmission capacity,a calculation model is establi-shed with the target of the minimum system operation cost.Taking a province with rich wind power resources as an actual case,the method presented in this paper is used to calculate the wind power curtailment level under different wind power scales.The calculation result proves the superiority of the method and model as proposed.
Peripheral vasodilators in low cardiac output states.

Vasodilators such as sodium nitroprusside and phentolamine have been used to reduce the afterload of the damaged and failing heart and increase the cardiac output. Only by understanding the basic physiology and how it may be altered can these agents be used appropriately in the care of the critically ill.