cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulators, software and small satellites: Testing in tight spaces

In the world of spacecraft integration and test, “Test As You Fly” (TAYF) is the mantra. This is sometimes easier said than done since methods to stimulate the various sensors can be difficult, and commanding many flight actuators while the spacecraft is sitting on the ground is impractical. As such, a mixture of sensor stimulation, sensor emulation and other environment simulations are used to dupe the spacecraft into believing it is flying, thus enabling the flight software (FSW) and control algorithms to be tested in their final flight configurations. When building and testing very small satellites, some additional obstacles are present. For example, installing external simulators and emulators necessary for activities such as attitude determination and control (AD&C) testing and mission simulations late in the integration schedule may be precluded due to a lack of physical access. Using special electrical ground support equipment (EGSE) interfaces to stimulate the spacecraft may introduce other challenges — no one wants to stand before a launch readiness review board and say that one set of FSW was used during final mission tests and simulations, but that another version will be loaded just prior to launch! The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission is a constellation of eight microsatellites that is currently in the integration and test phase. The CYGNSS payload is comprised of a set of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, which compare direct and ocean-reflected signals to measure surface wind speeds. Each microsat has a suite of AD&C sensors and actuators that must be simulated or stimulated during test. Designing a simulation and test environment that was cost-effective for a NASA Class D mission and dealt with the limitations of size, while maintaining a TAYF philosophy, presented significant challenges. This paper discusses how satellite size translated into challenges in the design of the FSW and EGSE, and how this impacted the overall test and simulation approach. Unique and creative solutions developed will be described, such as the use of “man-in-the-middle attack” techniques (commonly used by cyber hackers) to allow the FSW to execute normally even while communicating over non-flight interfaces. Finally, the pros and cons of the various design choices will be discussed.
Adventitious Water Sorption in a Hydrophilic and a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid: Analysis and Implications.

The sorption of water in ionic liquids (ILs) is nearly impossible to prevent, and its presence is known to have a significant effect on the resulting mixtures’ bulk and interfacial properties. The so-called “saturation” water concentrations have been reported, but water sorption rates and mixing behaviors in ILs are often overlooked as variables that can significantly change the resulting mixtures’ physical properties over experimental time frames of several minutes to hours. The purpose of this work is to establish a range of these effects over similar time frames for two model ILs, protic ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and aprotic butyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (N1114 TFSI), as they are exposed to controlled dry and humid environments. We report the water sorption rates for these liquids (270 ± 30 ppm/min for EAN and 30 ± 3 ppm/min for N1114 TFSI), examine the accuracy and precision associated with common methods for reporting water content, and discuss implications of changing wa...
Renewable Energy Research at the Pakistan Navy Engineering College

Rapidly depleting conventional energy sources and a realization of the increasing global warming and its associated climate change forced the world to seriously start looking for alternate and clean energy sources, also called the renewable energy sources, during the mid 1980’s. The world has moved very quickly during recent years to respond to the new challenges. A brief overview of the current state of integration of these resources into the world energy mix is presented first, and then the research efforts to develop cost effective indigenous renewable energy technologies, carried out at the Pakistan Navy Engineering College, Karachi, over the years have been described in this paper. The work has so far generated nine patents.
How Does Wives’ Unemployment Affect Marriage in Reforming Urban China?

This cross-cultural study explores the relationship between wives’ unemployment and marital quality in reforming urban China. Using random survey data from Chengdu (N = 300), we estimate the effect...
Beyond Alkylating Agents for Gliomas: Quo Vadimus?

Recent advances in therapies have yielded notable success in terms of improved survival in several cancers. However, such treatments have failed to improve outcome in patients with gliomas for whom...
Can We Think Locally, Act Globally? Understanding When Local Information Can Facilitate Global Coordination

In this paper we focus on a neglected aspect of common pool resource problems – whether or not actors in a group can find a solution to the underlying coordination issue. Using a simple networked model of coordination we demonstrate that coordination problems are very difficult to solve when there are few solutions and actors possess local information. However, if the number of solutions does not change, then increases in the number of connections in the network can make coordination more likely to occur. These results suggest connections can influence the ability to reach solutions in two different ways. First, if connections reduce the number of solutions to a problem, then coordination may be less likely. Second, if it is possible to build connections between actors without reducing the number of solutions, then these connections facilitate coordination. These insights can help shed light on how institutions may facilitate international policy coordination.
Pentingnya Forma Substansial Dalam Memahami Esensi Kehidupan

Abstract: What is life? What does it mean when we say that something is alive? What makes something alive? Biology answers the questions with a lot of answers but the answers to the question what is life? always have its limitation because its status as an empirical science which starts from the diversity of living things on the Earth. In other words, the answers are not sufficient although they are necessary for us to know what life is. Biology needs a metaphysical explanation to understand more completely the question what is life? Metaphysic through the concept of substantial form of the Aristotelian-Thomistic thought can contribute an understanding that complements biology to understand what is life? with its immanent cause. Keywords: Substantial form, immanent cause, formal cause. Abstrak: Apakah itu kehidupan? Apa artinya ketika kita mengatakan sesuatu sebagai yang hidup? Apa yang membuat sesuatu hidup? Biologi menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut dengan berbagai macam jawaban namun jawaban-jawaban biologi terhadap pertanyaan apakah itu kehidupan? selalu memiliki keterbatasan karena statusnya sebagai ilmu empiris yang berangkat dari keanekaragaman hayati yang ada di bumi ini. Dengan kata lain, jawaban-jawaban biologi tidak mencukupi walau merupakan hal yang mutlak perlu untuk mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan kehidupan. Biologi memerlukan penjelasan metafisis untuk bisa mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih lengkap akan pertanyaan apakah itu kehidupan? Metafisika melalui konsep forma substansial Aristotelian-Thomistik dapat menyumbangkan pemahaman yang melengkapi biologi untuk memahami apakah itu kehidupan? dengan Causa imanennya. Kata-kata Kunci: Forma substansial, causa imanen, causa formal.
Confined and Interface Phonons in Quantum Wires

As device dimensions in mesoscopic systems and nanoscale structures are reduced, the characteristics and interactions of dimensionally-confined longitudinal-optical (LO) phonons deviate substantially from those of bulk polar semiconductors. This account emphasizes the properties of LO-phonon modes arising in polar-semiconductor quantum wires. In particular, this review highlights recent results of both macroscopic and microscopic models of LO phonons in polar-semiconductor quantum wires with a variety of cross sectional geometries. Emphasis is placed on the dielectric continuum model of confined and interface phonons. In addition, this review provides brief discussions of how carrier--LO-phonon interactions change in the presence of dynamical screening and metal-semiconductor heterointerfaces.
Mechanics Problems and Material Properties

Rational design methods can be developed for submarine engineering problems, only if nonconservative mechanics problems can be solved. This requires the development of material constitutive equations for submarine soils that can be combined with the classical field equations to yield a unique solution for a given set of boundary and initial conditions.
Combating Cartels in Developing Countries: Implementation Challenges on the Ground

A recent literature review conducted by the World Bank provides evidence that there are significant gains from combating cartels for developing countries (Kitzmuller and Martinez Licetti, 2012). Besides increasing the cost of goods and services, cartels are associated with low labor productivity and low incentives to innovate. At the same time, tough cartel enforcement is an effective tool for reducing the adverse effects of anticompetitive behavior (Symeonidis 2008). Moreover, evidence suggests that international cartels target countries without cartel enforcement (Clarke and Evenett 2002). Evenett, Levenstein, and Suslow (2001), who analyzed a sample of 40 international cartels in the 1990s, found price drops on the order of 20 to 40 percent after cartels were broken up.However, independently of its recognized benefits, anti-cartel enforcement continues to be a challenge in developing countries where government policies still facilitate the creation and sustainability of cartel behavior among firms. This article explores the challenges identified as part of the analytical work and technical assistance provided by the World Bank Group in the competition policy field. It also suggests a few areas to tackle in order to increase the effectiveness of anti-cartel enforcement implementation in less developed economies.
Extinction of Fear Memory Attenuates Conditioned Cardiovascular Fear Reactivity.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a heightened emotional and physiological state and an impaired ability to suppress or extinguish traumatic fear memories. Exaggerated physiological responses may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk in this population, but whether treatment for PTSD can offset cardiovascular disease risk remains unknown. To further evaluate physiological correlates of fear learning, we used a novel pre-clinical conditioned cardiovascular testing paradigm and examined the effects of Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction training on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) responses. We hypothesized that a fear conditioned cardiovascular response could be detected in a novel context and attenuated by extinction training. In a novel context, fear conditioned mice exhibited marginal increases in MAP (~3 mmHg) and decreases in HR (~20 bpm) during CS presentation. In a home cage context, the CS elicited significant increases in both HR (100 bpm) and MAP (20 mmHg). Following extinction training, the MAP response was suppressed while CS-dependent HR responses were variable. These pre-clinical data suggest that extinction learning attenuates the acute MAP responses to conditioned stimuli over time, and that MAP and HR responses may extinguish at different rates. These results suggest that in mouse models of fear learning, conditioned cardiovascular responses are modified by extinction training. Understanding these processes in pre-clinical disease models and in humans with PTSD may be important for identifying interventions that facilitate fear extinction and attenuate hyper-physiological responses, potentially leading to improvements in the efficacy of exposure therapy and PTSD-cardiovascular disease comorbidity outcomes.
Invisible seasons: Title IX and the fight for equity in college sports

Title IX has had its share of attention the last several years. Sexual assault on campuses is the current focus of Title IX, the law passed within the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibited di...
Representing and Using Knowledge with the Contextual Evaluation Model.

This paper introduces the Contextual Evaluation Model (CEM), a novel method for knowledge representation and manipulation. The CEM differs from existing models in that it integrates facts, patterns and sequences into a single contextual framework. V5, an implementation of the model is presented and demonstrated with multiple annotated examples. The paper includes simulations demonstrating how the model reacts to pleasure/pain stimuli. The 'thought' is defined within the model and examples are given converting thoughts to language, converting language to thoughts and how 'meaning' arises from thoughts. A pattern learning algorithm is described. The algorithm is applied to multiple problems ranging from recognizing a voice to the autonomous learning of a simplified natural language.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Special Section on 3D Printing in Medical Imaging

The editorial introduces the JMI Vol. 6, No. 2 Special Section on 3D Printing in Medical Imaging.
Food Recommendation using Machine Learning for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD, also known as the Chronicrenal disease) is a communal problem to the public with an escalating in either technologically advanced or advancing countries. 10% of the populations internationally are diagnosed with the disease of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and many deaths each day because of poor access to proper treatment or absence of awareness. If necessary, precaution is not taken at the right time the treatment gets complicated and possibly reach the final stage. Thus, to provide a better dietary solution our paper proposes a model to basis of their potassium level in blood. Classification of the patients is implemented recommend food for patients suffering from kidney disease on the using WEKA and then further using query-based matching we recommended food for the identified levels based on the seriousness of the disease.
Extreme rays of the ℓ∞-nearest ultrametric tropical polytope

Abstract The set of ultrametrics on [ n ] nodes that are l ∞ -nearest to a given dissimilarity map forms a ( max ⁡ , + ) tropical polytope. Previous work of Bernstein has given a superset of the set containing all the phylogenetic trees that are extreme rays of this polytope. In this paper, we show that Bernstein's necessary condition of tropical extreme rays is sufficient only for n = 3 but not for n ≥ 4 . Our proof relies on the exterior description of this tropical polytope, together with the tangent hypergraph techniques for extremality characterization. The sufficiency of the case n = 3 is proved by explicitly finding all extreme rays through the exterior description. Meanwhile, an inductive construction of counterexamples is given to show the insufficiency for n ≥ 4 .
Instrumental Variable Analysis for Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes Comparing Inpatient Rehabilitation and Skilled-Nursing Facilities

Date Presented 04/04/19 The study findings revealed significant differences in the outcomes of inpatient and skilled-nursing stroke rehabilitation within US stroke rehabilitation services. Researchers need to investigate patient and facility factors associated with skilled-nursing stroke rehabilitation. Primary Author and Speaker: Timothy Reistetter Additional Authors and Speakers: Ickpyo Hong, Trudy Mallinson, Clark Anderson, Yong-Fang Kuo, Kenneth Ottenbacher, James Goodwin
Magnetotransport in Artificial Kagome Spin Ice

One of the most intriguing features of spin-ice materials is that their elementary excitations behave as emergent magnetic monopoles. While the properties of spin ices suggest applications in magnetism and spintronics, $a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}f\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l$ spin ices---metamaterials built of interacting ferromagnetic nanowires---also exhibit unusual properties that could be utilized in reconfigurable magnetoresistive devices. The circuit model presented in this study provides a simple picture for understanding these systems, underscoring the many-body origin of their complex magnetotransport phenomena. This model also provides a guiding principle for designing devices based on these metamaterials.
Image Processing and Computer Vision iOS App Development: The Basics

This chapter provides an overview of the basic steps in image processing and computer vision as well as selected aspects of the process of developing image processing and computer vision iOS apps.
A cancer cell-intrinsic GOT2-PPARδ axis suppresses antitumor immunity

Despite significant recent advances in precision medicine1,2, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains near-uniformly lethal. While the most frequent genomic alterations in PDAC are not presently druggable3 and conventional therapies are often ineffective in this disease4, immune-modulatory therapies hold promise to meaningfully improve outcomes for PDAC patients. Development of such therapies requires an improved understanding of the immune evasion mechanisms that characterize the PDAC microenvironment, including frequent exclusion of antineoplastic T cells and abundance of immune-suppressive myeloid cells5-9. Here we show that cancer cell-intrinsic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2) shapes the immune microenvironment to suppress antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we find that GOT2 functions beyond its established role in the malate-aspartate shuttle10-13 and promotes the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR{delta}), facilitated by direct fatty acid binding. While GOT2 in PDAC cells is dispensable for cancer cell proliferation in vivo, GOT2 loss results in T cell-dependent suppression of tumor growth, and genetic or pharmacologic activation of PPAR{delta} restores PDAC progression in the GOT2-null context. This cancer cell-intrinsic GOT2-PPAR{delta} axis promotes spatial restriction of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the tumor microenvironment, and fosters the immune-suppressive phenotype of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. Our results demonstrate a non-canonical function for an established mitochondrial enzyme in transcriptional regulation of immune evasion, which may be exploitable to promote a productive antitumor immune response.
Outcomes of open and endovascular repair of Kommerell diverticulum.

OBJECTIVES Kommerell diverticulum (KD) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly often associated with an aberrant subclavian artery (ASCA). Definitive indications for intervention remain unclear. We present open and endovascular (EV) operative outcomes in a large contemporary series and propose a management algorithm. METHODS Between 2004 and 2020, 224 patients presented with ASCA and associated KD to our institution. Of the 43 (19.2%) patients who underwent operative repair, 31 (72.1%) had open surgical (OS) repair via thoracotomy and 12 (27.9%) had EV repair. Univariable and bivariable statistical analyses were conducted stratified by approach. The median follow-up time was 5.4 years (IQR, 2.9-9.7). RESULTS Patients in EV group were older (68 years vs 47 years, P < 0.001) and had larger aneurysms (base diameter 3.2 cm vs 21.5 cm, P = 0.007). All patients with dysphagia lusoria were treated with open surgery (n = 20). Asymptomatic patients with incidentally detected KD (50% vs 16.1%), those with chest or back pain (50% vs 19.4%) and patients who presented with an aortic emergency (25% vs 6.5%) were more likely to be treated endovascularly (P = 0.001). Carotid-to-subclavian bypass was used in 38 (88.4%) patients. There were no operative mortalities. In-hospital mortality was similar between groups (3.2% vs 16.7%, P = 0.121). Mid-term mortality was higher in the EV group [4 (33.8%) vs 0, P < 0.001]. There were 2 (15.4%) postoperative strokes in the EV group. There were no statistically significant differences in other postoperative complications or hospital length of stay between groups. CONCLUSIONS KD can be managed using open or EV approaches with low morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategy should depend on clinical presentation and patient factors.
Role of AI in Industry in Emergency Services

Decision-making required in the case of emergency fails to serve its potentiality over artificial intelligence by its call-takers.This can be happened by raising its perfection that detects cardiac arrest out ofthe hospital. Moreover, AI's training can be essential to serving the improvement towards such performance by optimizing its models. All prospects of life can be penetrated by AI and automation slowly and steadily. It can be determined from hospitality industries to the customer services and travel industries. The Internet of Things (IoT) embeds AI to disseminate and to serve its expansion over its whole market vertically. It is stated that it covers a broad range as well as the broader area to do so. It is predicted that the human workforce is still not been replaced by AI. Somehow, it seems valuable for the development of the work by serving its contribution to the system of augmentation and participates in making decisions.
Preferences for, and Familiarity With, Blinding Among HR Practitioners

“Blinding” — purposefully limiting the information incorporated into an evaluation to reduce the risk of bias — is a policy solution employed in various domains to increase the fairness and accuracy of evaluations. However, at many important organizational junctures, such as hiring decisions, promotion assessments, and performance reviews, blinding policies are relatively rare. For example, hiring managers generally have broad, rather than constrained, autonomy in selecting the information that is incorporated into hiring decisions. Consequentially, hiring decisions are susceptible to bias via non-credential information gathered through unstructured interview procedures or internet searches. The goals of the present research were twofold. First, using a sample of HR practitioners with extensive hiring experience, we explored preferences for self-blinding — a personal choice to avoid receiving potentially biasing information about a target of evaluation — in a mock hiring task. Second, we gauged practitioners’ professional experience and familiarity with blinding policies in organizational settings.
Isolated Sub-Pulmonic Valve Endocarditis in a Patient With a History of Konno Procedure and Mechanical Aortic Valve.

Pulmonic and sub-pulmonic valve endocarditis are rarely encountered in clinical practice. We present the first case of isolated sub-pulmonic endocarditis. A 30-year-old man with a history of mechanical aortic valve presented to the emergency department with multiple complaints including nausea, vomiting, body aches, and fevers. The patient underwent surgical resection for sub-aortic stenosis followed by a modified Konno procedure later in life. A modified basal short-axis view on the trans-thoracic echocardiogram revealed a sub-pulmonic mobile structure highly suggestive of infective endocarditis. Blood cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus within 24 hours. Higher oxygen demand prompted chest imaging, chest CT showed the development of bilateral airspace consolidation, suggestive of pneumonia. After treatment with extended intravenous antibiotics, follow-up echocardiogram four months later showed no identifiable sub-pulmonic vegetation. This case describes a situation where clinicians may suspect infective endocarditis in a typical location such as a mechanical aortic valve. However, in patients who develop pneumonia, infective endocarditis of the right heart should be suspected. The pulmonic valve and sub-pulmonic ridge are often difficult to image given their anatomical location, a modified basal short-axis view on trans-thoracic echocardiogram can better image these structures.
Theoretical Methods for the Analysis of Exciton Capture and Annihilation

The theoretical activity in the field of exciton dynamics in molecular crystals may be considered as being divided into three parts: (i) the search for an appropriate evolution equation or transport instrument to serve as a point of departure for the analysis of exciton motion, (ii) the construction of a practical formalism or scheme to take one from the point of departure to observable quantities, and (iii) the application of the consequences of the scheme to particular experimental results. Such a division is not only analogous to similar logical classifications in entire branches of physics, e.g., in statistical mechanics itself, but, in the case of Frenkel exciton dynamics, it is also, in large part, chronological. In 1932 PERRIN found definite disagreement with experiments — on fluorescence depolarization — on choosing the Schrodinger equation among sharp molecular site states as the transport instrument [1]. In 1948 FORSTER showed that the disagreement stemmed not from the particular transport mechanism assumed by PERRIN — dipole-dipole interactions — but from the transport instrument itself [2].
Early Predictors of Functional Outcome After Trauma.

Abstract Background Despite the availability of routinely collected trauma data, researchers who investigate rehabilitation outcomes, functional evaluation, and comparative effectiveness have not incorporated this potentially clinically meaningful information in their modeling as predictors or adjustors. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify variables from the scene of a traumatic accident and from the emergency department that can be used in assessing functional outcomes of persons who survive trauma. Design Prospective study. Setting Level I academic trauma center. Patients Persons who sustained and survived a spinal cord injury, a traumatic brain injury, or polytrauma. Methods Trauma and rehabilitation registries were merged by matching the 2 data files for each patient by medical record number, and the files were verified by gender and date of birth. Analysis consisted of standard descriptive statistics (frequencies and averages). A 2-staged linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the demographic, scene, and ED data elements and discharge functional outcome. Main Outcome Measure Discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results Older patients with government insurance had poorer discharge FIM scores compared with patients who had commercial insurance. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Glasgow Coma Scale score from the scene of the accident were significantly associated with the discharge FIM. Persons with a lower ISS had significantly higher discharge FIM scores than did persons with a higher ISS ( P P = .030). Conclusion The use of routinely collected trauma data elements can be useful in assessing the continuum of patient care. Incorporating trauma data into research has the potential to improve our models of functional outcomes and provide meaningful risk adjustors when comparing and evaluating rehabilitation care systems and treatments.
Distribution of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin Binding in the Brain of Mexican Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis)

The neurohormone melatonin is an important signal for both time of day and time of year in many seasonally breeding animals. High densities of melatonin receptors have been found in the suprachiasmati
Pericardial/Myocardial Disease Processes

While the current primary clinical use of contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography (CCT) remains the exclusion of coronary artery disease in low to intermediate risk symptomatic patients, this modality offers a unique opportunity to assess both the pericardium and myocardium. Given the associated contrast and radiation exposure, CCT presently serves as an adjunct to echocardiography and cardiac MRI for this purpose. However, CCT provides superb delineation of the pericardium and can precisely localize lesions as well aid in their characterization. Further, CCT can effectively evaluate morphology and function in various myocardial diseases, including the various cardiomyopathies. The volumetric nature of image acquisition with CCT provides an accurate and reproducible method for quantifying ventricular mass, volumes, and function. This chapter will discuss the application of CCT in the assessment of various myocardial and pericardial disease processes.
Labeling of Chromosomes in Cell Development and the Appearance of Monozygotic Twins

Understanding the mechanism behind the structure of the internal cellular clock can lead to advances in the knowledge of origins of pairs of monozygotic twins and higher order multiples as well as other biological phenomena. To gain insight into this mechanism, we analyze possible cell labeling schemes that model an organism's development. Our findings lead us to predict that monozygotic quadruplets are not quadruplets in the traditional sense but rather two pairs of monozygotic twins where the pairs slightly differ—a situation we coin quadruplet twins. From the considered model, the probability of monozygotic twins is found to be (1/2)K, and we discover that the probability of monozygotic quadruplets, or triplets as in the case of the death of an embryo, is (1/8)K, where K is a species-specific integer representing the number of pairs of homologous chromosomes. The parameter K may determine cancerization with a probability threshold that is approximately inversely proportional to the Hayflick limit. Exposure to some cancerization factors such as small levels of ionizing radiation and chemical pollution may not produce cancer.
Parallel performance of DES in ECB mode

This study presents the design and implementation of DES encryption in ECB (electronic codebook) mode under three different parallelization schemes. The first method we suggest is block based, where 64-bit blocks of text are distributed among the parallel processors. The second approach is pipeline based, where we parallelize each of the 16 internal rounds of DES. The third parallelization scheme is plaintext based which divides the plaintext into equal partitions first and then assigns the 64-bit blocks of each partition to parallel processors. We obtained runtime performances for each parallelization. To observe whether the source language has an effect on the overall performance, we run our algorithm on text from 5 different languages as English, French, German, Spanish and Turkish.
Do Seasonal Tropical Storm Forecasts Affect Crack Spread Prices

Individual storms in the Gulf of Mexico have been shown to affect crack spread futures prices. As hurricanes strike refiner-dense areas, prices of refined petroleum products rise. We find that crack spread prices are even affected by seasonal hurricane forecasts. We find this despite the difficulties of long horizon forecasting, and that refiners are only exposed in a small portion of the Atlantic basin. These effects are economically important. For example, a one standard deviation increase in the June forecast of the net tropical cyclone activity in the upcoming season increases 3-2-1 crack spread prices by over 9%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:420–433, 2014
Human‐computer interaction: A critical synthesis

(1987). Human‐computer interaction: A critical synthesis. Social Epistemology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-25.
DLX5 Regulates Development of Peripheral and Central Components of the Olfactory System

Induction, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis of the olfactory bulb are thought to require interactions with the olfactory epithelium. The Dlx family of homeobox genes is expressed in both the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium. In particular, Dlx5 is expressed in the olfactory placode, olfactory epithelium, and local circuit neurons of the olfactory bulb. Here we analyzed mice lacking DLX5 function. The Dlx5 −/− mutation reduces the size of the olfactory epithelium. Although some olfactory neurons are formed, they fail to generate olfactory axons that innervate the olfactory bulb. Despite the lack of innervation, the olfactory bulb forms, and neurogenesis of projection and local circuit neurons proceeds. However, the mutation has a cell-autonomous effect on the ability of neural progenitors to produce olfactory bulb local circuit neurons, with granule cells more severely affected than periglomerular cells. In addition, the mutation has a noncell-autonomous effect on the morphogenesis of mitral cells.
Cost-effectiveness of new antiviral regimens for treatment-naïve U.S. veterans with hepatitis C.

Recently approved, interferon-free medication regimens for treating hepatitis C are highly effective, but extremely costly. We aimed to identify cost-effective strategies for managing treatment-naive U.S. veterans with new hepatitis C medication regimens. We developed a Markov model with 1-year cycle length for a cohort of 60-year-old veterans with untreated genotype 1 hepatitis C seeking treatment in a typical year. We compared using sofosbuvir/ledipasvir or ombitasvir/ritonavir/paritaprevir/dasabuvir to treat: (1) any patient seeking treatment; (2) only patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis; or (3) patients with advanced disease first and healthier patients 1 year later. The previous standard of care, sofosbuvir/simeprevir or sofosbuvir/pegylated interferon/ribavirin, was included for comparison. Patients could develop progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, undergo transplantation, or die. Complications were less likely after sustained virological response. We calculated the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and varied model inputs in one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We used the Veterans Health Administration perspective with a lifetime time horizon and 3% annual discounting. Treating any patient with ombitasvir-based therapy was the preferred strategy ($35,560; 14.0 QALYs). All other strategies were dominated (greater costs/QALY gained than more effective strategies). Varying treatment efficacy, price, and/or duration changed the preferred strategy. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, treating any patient with ombitasvir-based therapy was cost-effective in 70% of iterations at a $50,000/QALY threshold and 65% of iterations at a $100,000/QALY threshold. Conclusion: Managing any treatment-naive genotype 1 hepatitis C patient with ombitasvir-based therapy is the most economically efficient strategy, although price and efficacy can impact cost-effectiveness. It is economically unfavorable to restrict treatment to patients with advanced disease or use a staged treatment strategy. (Hepatology 2016;63:428–436)
Characteristics of depressed and non-depressed children and their parents.

In a study of 186 outpatient children the parents of those who were depressed were more overprotective, more likely to have communication problems, and more likely to undermine their children's learning than the parents of children who were not depressed.
Some Biological Properties of Dimethyl Sulphoxide

Dimethyl sulphoxide decreases the viability of HeLa cells actively metabolizing in tissue culture. It inhibits attenuated virus strains more strongly than virulent strains, but seems to have little effect on the rate of virus adsorption.
Broadening the examination of sociocultural constructs relevant to African-American colorectal cancer screening.

The importance of sociocultural constructs as influences on cancer attitudes and screening has been established in the literature. This paper reports on the efforts to explore alternatives to sociocultural constructs previously associated with African-American cancer screening, but with low acceptance among community members or incomplete measurement (empowerment and collectivism) and develop a measure for a recently identified construct of interest (privacy). We report preliminary psychometric data on these sociocultural scales and their associations with cancer attitudes. African-Americans (N = 1021), 50–75 years of age participated in this study. Participants were identified via a listed sample and completed a telephone survey administered via call center. Sociocultural attitudes were assessed using items identified through computerized database searches, reviewed by advisory panels, edited and tested using cognitive response strategies. Cancer screening pros and cons, cancer worry, perceived cancer ri...
The effects of loneliness: A review of the literature

Abstract The literature on loneliness is reviewed in regard to prevalence, demographics, its relationship to psychiatric disorders, and physical disease. Loneliness was found to be a problem for a significant portion of the population, reported more in the young and in women with the exception of older unmarried men. Studies which examine the relationship between loneliness, depression, alcoholism, child abuse, and bereavement are discussed. Studies of the relationship of loneliness with other psychiatric disorders are lacking. There are data relating loneliness to physical disease and possible mechanisms for this relationship are reviewed.
Reactive Plasma Sputter Deposition of Silicon Oxide

Silicon dioxide films were reactively sputter deposited in argon/oxygen ambient using RF magnetron sputter deposition techniques. A substantial drop in the deposition rate at high enough partial pressure of the oxygen which is typical in reactive sputtering was observed. The best quality silicon dioxide films were obtained at the lower deposition rate, close to the deposition rate transition point. Higher quality films were obtained at higher RF powers with higher deposition rates. However, at 800 Watts RF, the so called negative ion effect dominates and results in higher surface roughness of the films, as seen by AFM results. Various characterization techniques including ellipsometry and wet chemical etching were used to compare stoichiometry and film density, respectively. MOS capacitor characterization along with breakdown voltages were also measured as a means of qualifying the films.
Flavor reversion in soybean oil. VII. The autoxidation of isolinoleic acid

Methyl isolinoleate has been prepared by the partial catalytic hydrogenation of a highly purified methyl linolenate obtained from linolenic acid which has been purified by bromination-debromination procedures. After concentration by a low temperature fractional crystallization procedure from methanol, the crude material was molecularly distilled to give a product which analyzed 94.8% methyl isolinoleate and contained less than 0.5% methyl linolenate and 1.5% methyl linoleate. The reversion of methyl isolinoleate has been shown to yield a mixture of off-flavor products which has a strong odor similar to that of reverted soybean oil. From the autoxidation products there were isolated the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of six compounds. The chemical and physical properties of four of these derivatives were in close agreement with those of the corresponding dinitrophenylhydrazones of 2-hexenal, 2,6-decadienal, propionaldehyde, and acetone. One of the remaining compounds was believed to be the dinitrophenylhydrazone of an α,β-unsaturated ketone. The isolation of derivatives of saturated and unsaturated carbonyls from the autoxidation products of methyl isolinoleate together with the relatively large yield of off-flavor materials compared to those obtained from partially hydrogenated and unhydrogenated soybean oil indicates that isolinoleic acid may be one of the precursors of reversion compounds.
Signaling diversity of PKA achieved via a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit

Many protein kinases are key nodal signaling molecules that regulate a wide range of cellular functions. These functions may require complex spatiotemporal regulation of kinase activities. Here, we show that protein kinase A (PKA), Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) oscillate in sync in insulin-secreting MIN6 beta cells, forming a highly integrated oscillatory circuit. We found that PKA activity was essential for this oscillatory circuit and was capable of not only initiating the signaling oscillations but also modulating their frequency, thereby diversifying the spatiotemporal control of downstream signaling. Our findings suggest that exquisite temporal control of kinase activity, mediated via signaling circuits resulting from cross-regulation of signaling pathways, can encode diverse inputs into temporal parameters such as oscillation frequency, which in turn contribute to proper regulation of complex cellular functions in a context-dependent manner.
Sex pheromone components of fall cankerworm moth,Alsophila pometaria : Synthesis and field trapping.

(Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene, sex pheromone components ofAlsophila pometaria, were synthesized by stereoselective Wittig reactions and found to be spectroscopically and chromatographically identical to isolated natural material. Flight-tunnel bioassays and field-trapping experiments confirmed that the two tetraenes together with (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene are sex pheromone components. While traps baited with either tetraene individually captured conspecific males in field-trapping experiments, addition of the triene, which captured no males by itself, to either tetraene resulted in synergistic responses.
Genomic diversity and introgression in O. sativa reveal the impact of domestication and breeding on the rice genome.

Background: The domestication of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) was a complex process punctuated by episodes of introgressive hybridization among and between subpopulations. Deep genetic divergence between the two main varietal groups (Indica and Japonica) suggests domestication from at least two distinct wild populations. However, genetic uniformity surrounding key domestication genes across divergent subpopulations suggests cultural exchange of genetic material among ancient farmers. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we utilize a novel 1,536 SNP panel genotyped across 395 diverse accessions of O. sativa to study genome-wide patterns of polymorphism, to characterize population structure, and to infer the introgression history of domesticated Asian rice. Our population structure analyses support the existence of five major subpopulations (indica, aus, tropical japonica, temperate japonica and GroupV) consistent with previous analyses. Our introgression analysis shows that most accessions exhibit some degree of admixture, with many individuals within a population sharing the same introgressed segment due to artificial selection. Admixture mapping and association analysis of amylose content and grain length illustrate the potential for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits in domesticated plant populations. Conclusions/Significance: Genes in these regions control a myriad of traits including plant stature, blast resistance, and amylose content. These analyses highlight the power of population genomics in agricultural systems to identify functionally important regions of the genome and to decipher the role of human-directed breeding in refashioning the genomes of a domesticated species.
SU-FF-T-677: Dosimetry for Small Animal Irradiation Using Gamma Knife Perfexion

Purpose: To characterize the dosimetry of the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion for irradiation of small animals. Methods: The dosimetric properties of the Gamma Knife Perfexion were measured by irradiating EBT radiochromic film in a “cylindrical” phantom, length: 40mm, radius: 10mm, having rounded ends of similar radius. The phantom was composed of hard‐rubber, tissue‐like material, split along the cylinder's long axis and was supported by two Styrofoam slabs, 120mm by 140mm by 8mm‐thick, cantilevered in air within a plane parallel to the floor, perpendicular to the Leksell ring. EBT film was “sandwiched” between the phantom halves and Styrofoam in a plane. Film dosimetry was possible within the irradiated cylindrical phantom and in the surrounding “air” simultaneously. Irradiating one end of the phantom with the 16mm aperture (whole mouse brain) was planned with GammaPlan PFX, version 8.3.1, using a phantom model, manually entered as Skull‐Scaler dimensions. This allowed comparing theoretical dose computations with measurements. Calibrated film dosimetry was performed using a PC running RIT113 software, v.4.x, and a Vidar scanner.Results: Dose profiles showed rapid fall‐off at phantom edges. The “prescription” volume shape within the phantom was similar to GammaPlan calculations and could be manipulated by sector blocking. Absolute dose within the phantom was higher by 10–20% than that predicted by Gamma Plan. Dose in surrounding “air” was 4–8% of the maximum dose to the phantom, 2cm away when blocking sectors projecting parallel to the film plane. Rough dose estimates at the end opposite phantom end from that irradiated indicate that the surrounding “air” dose is from scattered low energy photons, having about 15keV average energy. Conclusions: For irradiation of small animals with Gamma Knife Perfexion, GammaPlan predicts irradiated volumes reasonably. Absolute dose should be determined with measurements. Non‐irradiated regions of the animal should be easily shielded from surrounding “air” dose.
Interference in recognition memory: A replication

The subjects were given a single presentation of lists containing A-B, A-D pairs, following which pair recognition tests were administered. Four successive lists were given each subject. For one group, the response words were the same across the four lists, for the other group, they were different. No retroactive inhibition Was found in recognition, and the amount of proactive inhibition measured was very small in amount. These results confirm those reported by Bower and Bostrom (1968).
The front on the Northern Flank of Georges Bank in spring: 1. Tidal and subtidal variability

[1] During March–April 1999, 2 weeks of undulating CTD and shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys revealed the variability of the intense internal tide on the northern edge of Georges Bank. The nature of the internal tide was modulated by episodic surface intrusions of cool, fresh Scotian Shelf Water (SSW), stratifying the otherwise vertically well-mixed outer bank. The introduction of SSW created a system analogous to that in summer, when the outer bank is thermally stratified and separated from well-mixed regions by a tidal mixing front. During SSW intrusions, internal tidal behavior is characterized by tidal advection that is significantly faster than internal wave propagation speeds on the bank (supercritical flow) and slower than the lowest internal modes in deeper water to the north (subcritical flow). A large-amplitude internal lee wave develops over the slope during off-bank tidal flow. This stalled energy is released to propagate on-bank as a high-frequency internal wave when the tide reverses. It is suggested, by analogy with the summer case, that a portion of this energy is used by mixing at the on-bank limit of SSW. The presence of SSW thus modifies the internal tidal response, enabling a mechanism that contributes to its assimilation with ambient bank water. The off-bank-propagating internal tide is dominated by a mode 1 internal wave at the M2 frequency, with cross-bank velocities comparable to the barotropic tide.
Sensitivity to electric shock after ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract Bilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions were produced in mice with gold-thioglucose and in rats with electric current. Shock thresholds were measured in both species of animals. Animals with lesions showed markedly lower shock threshold levels than the control subjects. Lesions in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus may alter the emotionality of the animals and increase or escalate its response to noxious stimuli.