cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A MEMS AC current sensor for residential and commercial electricity end-use monitoring

This paper presents a novel prototype MEMS sensor for alternating current designed for monitoring electricity end-use in residential and commercial environments. This new current sensor design is comprised of a piezoelectric MEMS cantilever with a permanent magnet mounted on the cantilever's free end. When placed near a wire carrying AC current, the magnet is driven sinusoidally, producing a voltage in the cantilever proportional to the current being measured. Analytical models were developed to predict the applicable magnetic forces and piezoelectric voltage output in order to guide the design of a sensor prototype. This paper also details the fabrication process for this sensor design. Released piezoelectric MEMS cantilevers have been fabricated using a four-mask process and aluminum nitride as the active piezoelectric material. Dispenser-printed microscale composite permanent magnets have been integrated, resulting in the first MEMS-scale prototypes of this current sensor design.
Carabelli & de Vecchi on Keynes and Hayek

Carabelli & De Vecchi dispute competing interpretations of Keynes and Hayek, including ours. They mistakenly impute to us the view that Keynes was inconsistent. They deny that Keynes had a subjectivist theory of expectations by noting his rationalist philosophy. We agree that Keynes had a rationalist philosophy, but deny that this implies an objectivist theory of economic expectations. We persist in viewing Keynes as a subjectivist regarding expectations. This short paper reviews these issues and a few other contentious matters regarding Keynes and Hayek.
Conversations in the Gap Between Mind and Soul: Grammatical Reflections ‘In (the) Place(s) of Thinking'

In December 2013, the Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture sponsored a conference to celebrate the life and work of James Hillman. My article is an open letter to a colleague and friend that continues conversations we had over the years on the issue of the language of psychology and the logos of soul (ψυχολογία). In my letter, I suggest to James that psychology has a monumental problem in its addiction to nouns and, alongside him, I explore the possibility that the soul's speech is a verb the moods, tenses, and voices of which configure psychological life and its style of discourse in ways that offer an alternative to the dominant scientific paradigm and the mode of discourse in psychology today. This letter in memory of James compliments the article I wrote in memory of my mentor, friend, and colleague, J. H. van den Berg, that appeared in these pages last year. Over a period of 35 years, each has been a companion for me in the dialogue between phenomenology and depth psychology.
Performance optimization for hard x-ray/soft γ-ray detectors

This paper discusses the optimization of the performance of imaging scintillation detectors used in the hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray (20-300) keV region of the spectrum. In these devices, absorption of an incident gamma-ray within an alkali halide crystal induces a scintillation light distribution which is centroided by an imaging photomultiplier tube mounted to the crystal. The ultimate imaging resolution is strongly affected by the detailed propagation of the scintillation light within the crystal and at the interface between the crystal and the phototube face plate. A number of refined techniques for preparing the scintillation crystals so as to optimize the imaging resolution have been investigated. The results indicate very good agreement with relatively simple models of the light propagation. It is shown that it is possible to achieve resolution consistent with the most optimistic models.
A simple automatic record of oxygenation and ventilation with a pulse oximeter and a carbon dioxide monitor

Many cases have come to medicolegal attention in which a healthy patient undergoing a routine, elective operation has had an unexpected cardiac arrest attributed to hypoxia or hypercarbia. A simple, objective, automatic, inexpensive record of the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation was obtained by using the Nellcor N-100 pulse oximeter, the Puritan-Bennett/Datex carbon dioxide monitor, and the Nellcor N-9000 recorder in combination. The required interface is described, and a sample record is presented. A second interface allows the recorder to work with the Puritan-Bennett anesthesia and brain activity monitor (ABM-1). Oxygen saturation can also be displayed on the video screen of the anesthesia and brain activity monitor.
ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY FOR ANEURYSMAL VASOSPASM

Vasospasm of the cerebral vessels is a frequent occurrence after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and continues to be responsible for ischemic complications in a subset of patients. Greater understanding of the mechanisms responsible for cerebral vasospasm has been possible through the development of experimental models and pharmacologic investigations. Various medications have been evaluated in human clinical trials for their effect on reducing ischemic complications from vasospasm. Cerebroselective calcium channel blockers have been shown to be effective in improving outcome after SAH and are now routinely used. 2,11 These compounds may provide direct neuroprotection from ischemia as well as have a direct effect on vascular mechanisms. Large clinical trials have also evaluated the effect of 21 aminosteroids that have not been demonstrated to improve overall outcome in patients who have SAH. 14 Another therapy that is routinely employed for the prevention and treatment of ischemic deficits after SAH is triple-H therapy that denotes induced hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution. 1 This treatment is accomplished with crystalloid and colloid solutions as well as with vasopressors to increase blood pressure. Despite the advantages offered by these medical therapies, they are not completely effective in eliminating delayed ischemic neurologic deficits (DINDs) from cerebral vasospasm. Endovascular therapy offers an additional modality for treatment in patients who continue to experience DINDs despite medical therapy.
A simple confocal fibre-optic laser method for intraocular lens power measurement.

To develop novel confocal fibre-optic laser method (CFOLM) for accurate and objective measuring of the dioptric power of both positive and negative intraocular lenses (IOLs). The CFOLM principle of operation is based on a simple apertureless single-mode fibre laser confocal design. The key element is a single-mode fibre coupler that serves simultaneously as a point light source (3–5 μm fibre diameter) used for the formation of a collimated Gaussian beam, and as a confocal point receiver that is highly sensitive to spatial displacements of the focused backreflectance laser emission. The basic CFOLM systems include IOL testing set-ups for the measurement of both positive and negative IOLs. The CFOLM designs provide high accuracy (≤1 μm) in spatially locating the IOL focal point and in measuring the focal length in a broad range of both positive and negative powers including high-magnification IOLs with power greater than ±20 D. We have tested various IOL samples with both positive (+5 to +30 D) and negative (−5 to −20 D) powers and we have obtained high levels of power testing repeatability estimated by a SD in the interval of 0.004–0.06/0.003–0.013 D and a relative error in the interval of 0.015–0.3/0.02–0.16%, for positive/negative IOLs, respectively. The presented IOL power testing method offers a simple, accurate, objective, quick, and relatively inexpensive approach for dioptric power measurement of positive and negative IOLs. It provides an independent source of IOL power measurement data and information for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of novel IOL products.
Maternal magnesium sulfate and the development of neonatal periventricular leucomalacia and intraventricular hemorrhage

Abstract Objective: Neonatal periventricular leucomalacia and intraventricular hemorrhage are strong correlates of cerebral palsy. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of maternal magnesium sulfate exposure on the incidence and severity of periventricular leucomalacia and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates. Methods: Nine hundred eighteen consecutive inborn neonates with birth weights from 500 to 1750 g were divided primarily into two groups on the basis of maternal exposure to magnesium sulfate. The groups were divided secondarily into two clinical groups, a physician-initiated group, which consisted of neonates delivered for maternal or fetal indications, and a preterm delivery group, which included neonates delivered as a result of preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. These clinical groups were stratified further into magnesium sulfate–exposed and –unexposed subgroups. Neonatal neurosonograms were performed on days 3 and 7 of life and described as normal or abnormal. Abnormal sonograms included any periventricular leucomalacia or intraventricular hemorrhage. Severe lesions included periventricular leucomalacia, periventricular leucomalacia with intraventricular hemorrhage, or grades 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage. The magnesium sulfate groups and the clinical groups with their magnesium sulfate strata were compared for the incidence and severity of abnormal sonograms. They also were compared for maternal and neonatal characteristics. Results: Maternal magnesium sulfate exposure was not associated with reduction in the incidence of abnormal sonograms when compared with the unexposed group (27% compared with 33%, P = .06). However, fewer severe lesions were observed in the exposed group (14% compared with 21%, P = .004). When clinical groups were examined, magnesium sulfate was not associated with a decrease in abnormal sonograms (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78, 1.52, P = .40) or severe lesions (adjusted OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.73, 1.68, P = .42). Logistic regression analyses of magnesium sulfate exposure within clinical groups controlling for the confounding effects of maternal and neonatal characteristics revealed no protective effect of magnesium sulfate exposure on the incidence of abnormal sonograms (adjusted OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.70, 1.44, P = .97) or severe lesions (adjusted OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.70, 1.74, P = .69). Within clinical groups, the preterm delivery group exhibited an increased risk for abnormal sonograms (adjusted OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.01, 2.67, P = .05) and severe lesions (adjusted OR 9.79, 95% CI 3.27, 29.29, P = .001) when compared with the physician-initiated delivery group, independent of maternal magnesium sulfate exposure. Conclusion: Maternal magnesium sulfate exposure had no protective effect on the incidence or severity of periventricular leucomalacia and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates. The prevalence of these lesions was correlated better with the clinical group of origin and indication for its use.
Conflict today and its demands on international society

Assumes acceptance of the argument that, as the world has become a mere village owing to modern communications systems, trading patterns and the like, it is no longer possible for any individual, community or state to seek to pull down the blinds and ignore what is happening in other parts of the world. This is not merely an ethical issue – although believes that the morality of caring is much in need of an uplift, both in British society and elsewhere – it is a pragmatic and political necessity. Confines discussion to looking at conflicts at the levels where they involve communities or whole states, rather than individuals alone.
I dunno: A usage-based account of the phonological reduction of don't in American English conversation

Abstract Formal theoretical mechanisms have been invoked to describe the variation of full and reduced forms of the English negative auxiliary don't. In actual usage, however, phonetically reduced alternates overwhelmingly appear in declarative constructions preceded by the first person singular pronoun followed by a small group of verbs whose meanings lend themselves to expressing speaker attitude in combination with I (e.g. know, think). In these highly frequent environments, don't is dependent on surrounding material, and its phonetic reduction is part of a more general process of grammaticization of collocations such as I don't know which are highly frequent and exhibit a range of semantic and pragmatic functions in conversation. Such results support usage-based approaches to the investigation of linguistic structure, which by proceeding locally, are able to capture form-function regularities missed by more global structuralist methods.
Indicators of political development

Summary Development implies goals and the positing of goals requires values. Economists have generally agreed that the increase of wealth (or perhaps welfare) is the proper object of economic development. Political scientists, probably happily, have no similar agreement in regard to the appropriate goal for political development. Moreover, it is doubtful that the various aspects of political change are located along a single continuum. This is an empirical question but investigation ought to begin at least with provision for an n‐dimensional space. Finally, political scientists should concentrate on political change that has too often been neglected in favour of economic and purely social change.
Interfacing Condor and PVM to harness the cycles of workstation clusters

A continuing challenge to the scientific research and engineering communities is how to fully utilize computational hardware. In particular, the proliferation of clusters of high performance workstations has become an increasingly attractive source of compute power. Developments to take advantage of this environment have previously focused primarily on managing the resources, or on providing interfaces so that a number of machines can be used in parallel to solve large problems. Both approaches are desirable, and indeed should be complementary. Unfortunately, the resource management and parallel processing systems are usually developed by independent groups, and they usually do not interact well together. To bridge this gap, we have developed a framework for interfacing these two sorts of systems. Using this framework, we have interfaced PVM, a popular system for parallel programming with Condor, a powerful resource management system. This combined system is operational, and we have made further developments to provide a single coherent environment.
A comparison of the precision of seeds deposited as loose seeds versus suture embedded seeds: a randomized trial.

Abstract Purpose Brachytherapy for prostate cancer with permanent low–dose-rate seeds has been shown to be an effective treatment for early stage prostate cancer. Due to the rapid falloff of dose, accurate seed placement is critical for optimal dosimetry. One approach to achieve optimal dosimetry is the use of seeds embedded in suture material. Seeds embedded in suture may not move after implantation as much as loose seeds. This would improve implant dosimetry. To evaluate this hypothesis a formal study was conducted in which half the gland was implanted with seeds embedded in suture and half with loose seeds. Final dosimetry is compared between both halves of the prostate. Methods and materials Patients entered this Investigational Review Board approved prospective trial after completion of informed consent. At time of implant, the side of the gland to be implanted with loose as opposed to suture embedded seeds was randomly assigned. The patients then underwent intraoperative preplanned implantation. None of the preplans directed seed locations outside the prostate. Both the seeds embedded in suture and the loose seeds were implanted using needles with stylettes. At 4–6 weeks post implant, seed location was determined with CT. Both sides of the gland on CT were contoured and used for final dosimetric calculations. A cost function analysis was used to determine individual seed position deviation from intended to actual seed location. Results Eight patients were enrolled in the study. A total of 549 seeds were implanted; 240 seeds embedded in suture and 309 loose seeds. Prostate volumes ranged from 24.0–45.5 cc with a mean of 38.6 cc. The average radial deviation of the loose seeds from planned position was determined to be 3.1 mm compared with the average radial deviation of the suture embedded seeds of 3.7 mm. There was no improvement in the final dosimetry when suture embedded seeds where used. The D90 and V100 values for the half of the prostate implanted with suture embedded seeds were 71–140 (mean, 92.1) and 80.2–99.5 (mean, 89.6), respectively, for the half of the prostate implanted with loose seeds. (All D90, V100 values are % of prescription dose.) Conclusion Seeds embedded in suture material do not lead to superior precision in seed deposition when compared with loose seeds, when implanted inside the prostate.
Effect of Stocking Location of Juvenile Steelhead Trout, Salmo gairdnerii, on Adult Catch

Abstract Marked yearling hatchery-reared steelhead smolts were stocked at varying distances from tidewater in two Oregon coastal streams in April of 1964 and 1965 and the numbers of returning adults caught in the sport fishery were determined. Objectives of the study were to determine the preciseness of the homing mechanism in directing the returning adult fish to particular locations in a stream and the contribution to the sport fishery of adult fish of different release origins. Homing imprint was demonstrated to be influenced by stocking site within a stream. A contribution to the fishery of a particular release group was found to be dependent on a delay in upstream migration in the geographic area of stocking and on the fishing effort in the area.
Controlling ground and excited state properties through ligand changes in ruthenium polypyridyl complexes.

The capture and storage of solar energy requires chromophores that absorb light throughout the solar spectrum. We report here the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, and photophysical properties of a series of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2(N–N)]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; N–N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand). In this series, the nature of the N–N ligand was altered, either through increased conjugation or incorporation of noncoordinating heteroatoms, as a way to use ligand electronic properties to tune redox potentials, absorption spectra, emission spectra, and excited state energies and lifetimes. Electrochemical measurements show that lowering the π* orbitals on the N–N ligand results in more positive Ru3+/2+ redox potentials and more positive first ligand-based reduction potentials. The metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorptions of all of the new complexes are mostly red-shifted compared to Ru(bpy)32+ (λmax = 449 nm) with the lowest energy MLCT absorption appearing at λ...
Comparisons of RAS20 relay operating characteristic parameters evaluation methods between Digital Recorded Algorithm and other eight methods

The paper applies the Digital Recorded Algorithm (DRA) to evaluate the characteristic parameters of conventional overcurrent relays. Based on Singular Value Decomposition, the curves are fitted with an equation in state space under modal coordinates. Then, this study compares the DRA with the Adaptive Network and Fuzzy Inference System. Finally, compares with the average of absolute values of percentage errors of coefficient analytical model, fuzzy and six Adaptive Network and Fuzzy Inference System models, and DRA method for RSA20 relay and also demonstrates its accuracy and identification robustness.
A theoretical study of the global F region for June solstice, solar maximum, and low magnetic activity

A time-dependent, three-dimensional, multi-ion model of the ionospheric F region at 120-800 km altitude is presented. Account is taken of field-aligned diffusion, cross-field electrodynamic drifts in equatorial and high latitude regions, interhemispheric flow, thermospheric winds, polar wind escape, energy-dependent chemical reactions and neutral composition changes. Attention is also given to the effects of ion production by solar EUV radiation and auroral precipitation, thermal conduction, diffusion-thermal heat flow, local heating and cooling processes, offsets between the geomagnetic and geographic poles, and bending of field lines near the magnetic equator. The model incorporates all phenomena described by previous models and can be applied to tracing magnetic storm and substorm disturbances from high to low latitudes on a global scale. Sample results are provided for ionospheric features during a June solstice, the solar maximum and in a period of low geomagnetic activity. The model will eventually be used to study coupled ionosphere-thermosphere activity.
EPR of triplet phenanthrene-d10 and naphthalene-dg in single-crystal biphenyl-h10 from 5–80K and its structural implications

Abstract A previously unreported phase transition in mixed biphenyl single-crystals, confined to at most a 5 degree temperature interval near 39 K, is described. Single EPR absorptions by triplet phenanthrene-d10 and naphthalene-dg above 39 K are converted by it into multiplets of four prominent components.
Modelling atmospheric water vapor fluctuations for radio interferometry

The changing index of refraction of atmospheric water vapor introduces a fluctuating error in radio interferometric measurements. Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the water vapor alter the arrival time of electromagnetic signals which are received from extraterrestrial sources at two or more sites on earth. The geometric delay measurement used by geodesists and navigators of deep space vehichles is therefore corrupted by the water vapor's fluctuating signature. Modelling the delay fluctuations by numerically integrating index of refraction fluctuation statistics along arbitrary lines of sight describes the stochastic water vapor effect observed in interferometric and radio metric data. In the reference (Treuhaft and Lanyi, 1987) we present the fundamental physical assumptions of the model, involving the index of refraction statistics. The method for calculating the interferometric delay and delay rate effect is then described. The fluctuation effects on parameters estimated from the delay and delay rate are also discussed. Among these parameters are the angular positions of radio sources and spacecraft in the sky, as well as the vector components of baselines on the earth. The reference also contains comparisons of model results to interferometric delay measurements and to water vapor delay statistics measured by radio metric techniques. The research described above was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Understanding the relationships between body esteem, risk for anorexia nervosa, and domain-dependent decision-making impulsivity in a college sample

Impulsivity has been suggested to interact with low body esteem to elevate risk for anorexia nervosa. Discounting tasks are unique tools for examining impulsivity. Female college students (N=139) at varying levels of body esteem and risk for anorexia nervosa responded to discounting scenarios depicting opportunities to lose/gain weight and to worsen/improve complexion. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between impulsivity and risk for anorexia nervosa and body esteem in four disorder-relevant decision-making contexts. Results indicated that lower decision-making impulsivity predicted lower body esteem levels when the outcome of the task was framed as an opportunity to lose weight. It is suggested that greater self-control regarding weight-loss in women with low body esteem may be problematic, placing them at higher risk for eating- and weight-related problems. Results reiterate the need for continued attention to fostering healthy body esteem and weight-control patterns in women on college campuses.
Histological evaluation of selenium induced cataracts

Injections of selenite, but not selenomethionine, to suckling rats caused nuclear cataracts. These lenses displayed a white opaque mass in the nuclear region and vacuolization of the cortex and anterior epithelium.
Temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol in the Southern California air quality study

During the summer and fall of 1987, the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) was conducted at more than 40 locations to acquire a database with meteorological, air quality, and visibility measurements, and to assess the causes of elevated ozone and suspended particulate matter concentrations throughout metropolitan Los Angeles, CA (the South Coast Air Basin—SoCAB). PM2.5 and PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameters equal to or less than 2.5 and 10 μm, respectively) mass, elements, water-soluble chloride, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium ions, organic and elemental carbon as well as gaseous ammonia, nitric acid, and sulfur dioxide were measured on eleven episode days during the summer and six episode days during the fall. This paper examines the statistical, temporal, and spatial distributions of the SCAQS aerosol measurements. PM2.5 constituted one-half to two-thirds of PM10 at all sampling sites. PM10 mass concentrations were highest during the fall and were dominated by PM2.5. Nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and organic and elemental carbon were the most abundant species in the PM2.5 fraction. The coarse particle (PM10 minus PM2.5) fraction was enriched with soil-related elements (e.g. aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron) at the inland sites and with marine-related elements (e.g. sodium, chloride) at the coastal sites. Average concentrations for most chemical compounds were higher during the fall than during the summer, except for sulfate which was more abundant during the summer. PM2.5 nitrate and ammonium concentrations were negatively biased for daytime samples with respect to nighttime samples, consistent with diurnal changes in temperature and the effect of these changes on the equilibrium between particulate ammonium nitrate and gaseous ammonia and nitric acid. Highest sulfur dioxide concentrations were found at the Long Beach site, the location closest to SoCAB oil refineries and ship traffic; and highest ammonia concentrations were found at the Rubidoux site, a location downwind of dairies and agricultural operations.
Variational optimization via chattering

We develop a chattering approach to solve variational problems that lack traditional properties such as differentiable everywhere and convexity conditions. We prove that our chattering approximation approaches the true relaxed solution as the intervals get smaller. Our chattering approach suggests a nonlinear optimization problem that can be easily solved to recover the optimal trajectory. A numerical example demonstrates our approach.
14 MeV neutron yields from D-T operation of the MIT Cockcroft-Walton accelerator

As part of our fusion-product diagnostic development program, we have begun a series of experiments with 14 MeV neutrons generated in a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator. Two different detectors have been used to measure the neutron yield: a silicon SBD and a Cu foil. The energy of the emitted neutrons has been determined by using two spectrometers: the SBD and a3He proportional counter. The reaction rate is monitored, with about ±5% accuracy, by detecting the α particles from D + T →n +α. The neutron yields obtained from the Si detector and the Cu activation had associated uncertainties of about ±15% and agreed well with the predicted values from α measurements.
Statistical Analysis of Turbulent Two-Phase Pipe Flow

The autocorrelation functions and the power spectral density functions of the axial turbulence fluctuations in the liquid phase were determined. The high frequency content of the power spectrum in bubbly two-phase pipe flow was significantly larger than in single-phase pipe flow
Incremental approaches to establishing trust

We investigate cooperation using an incremental investment game in which the first-mover has the ability to make small, but increasing incremental investments in their counterpart. Our experiment is designed to test whether establishing trust in small increments is more effective than alternatives, including a one-shot investment game, a decrease only condition where the amount the first-mover sends to the second-mover must be less than the amount previously sent, and an unrestricted condition where the first-mover is not restricted by the amount previously sent. Although results were mixed, broadly, iteration affords greater cooperation than one-shot games and, when given the choice, participants seem to prefer to build trust gradually. Implications for institutional design are discussed.
Capital Investment Analysis Involving Estimate Error

ABSTRACT An estimate error may not be avoided when predicting future cash outcomes. The bounded interval estimate is a common allowance scheme to compensate for the inherent estimating error. We introduce the propagation of errors technique to evaluate capital investment alternatives with estimate errors. A number of examples are presented to show its adaptability in capital investment analysis. The results are then compared with other approaches.
The emerging forum for entrepreneurship scholars

Abstract This note is a follow-up on two earlier studies—the first published in 1989 and the second in 1991. A sample of tenured entrepreneurship scholars, with significant track records in publishing, rated key management journals with respect to their appropriateness as outlets for scholarly research in the entrepreneurship field. The results of the survey are reported.
9 × 9 single-mode fiber-optic star couplers

A 9 × 9 single-mode fiber-optic star coupler that displays an excess loss of 1.46 dB and a uniformity of 1.50 dB is described. Design and fabrication are discussed, and performance data are presented.
New cosmological limit on neutrino mass.

We show that considerations of the equilibration of right- and left-handed neutrino seas in the early Universe and the well-known {sup 4}He constraint on the number of relativistic degrees of freedom extant at the nucleosynthesis epoch lead to a new limit on the Dirac neutrino mass of {ital m}{sub {nu}}{much lt}300 keV. This constraint would apply to any neutrino so long as it had a purely Dirac mass and a lifetime exceeding the nucleosynthesis time scale.
The preparation and characterization of a lithium borate glass prepared by the gel technique

The preparation of an amorphous lithium borate gel by the metal organic procedure is described. In addition, a preliminary evaluation of the behaviour of the gel upon heating is given. In particular the crystallization tendency of the gel is studied with the aid of DTA and X-ray diffraction, and the structural changes in the gel are monitored with the aid of IR spectroscopy. The glass produced from the lithium borate gel is compared to both the gel precursor material and a glass of similar composition prepared by conventional techniques. Specifically, the relevant water contents, crystallization behaviour, and structural features are contrasted.
Taeniopterid lamina on Phasmatocycas megasporophylls (Cycadales) from the Lower Permian of Kansas, U.S.A.

Abstract New specimens of Phasmatocycas and Taeniopteris from the original Lower Permian locality in Kansas demonstrate organic attachment of the two and corroborate Mamay's hypothesis that Phasmatocycas and Taeniopteris were parts of the same plant. These forms also suggest that cycads evolved from taxa with entire leaves; i.e. Taeniopteris , rather than from pteridosperms with compound leaves.
If and SR Ca2+ release both contribute to pacemaker activity in canine sinoatrial node cells

Increasing evidence suggests that cardiac pacemaking is the result of two sinoatrial node (SAN) cell mechanisms: a 'voltage clock' and a Ca(2+) dependent process, or 'Ca(2+) clock.' The voltage clock initiates action potentials (APs) by SAN cell membrane potential depolarization from inward currents, of which the pacemaker current (I(f)) is thought to be particularly important. A Ca(2+) dependent process triggers APs when sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release activates inward current carried by the forward mode of the electrogenic Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX). However, these mechanisms have mostly been defined in rodents or rabbits, but are unexplored in single SAN cells from larger animals. Here, we used patch-clamp and confocal microscope techniques to explore the roles of the voltage and Ca(2+) clock mechanisms in canine SAN pacemaker cells. We found that ZD7288, a selective I(f) antagonist, significantly reduced basal automaticity and induced irregular, arrhythmia-like activity in canine SAN cells. In addition, ZD7288 impaired but did not eliminate the SAN cell rate acceleration by isoproterenol. In contrast, ryanodine significantly reduced the SAN cell acceleration by isoproterenol, while ryanodine reduction of basal automaticity was modest ( approximately 14%) and did not reach statistical significance. Importantly, pretreatment with ryanodine eliminated SR Ca(2+) release, but did not affect basal or isoproterenol-enhanced I(f). Taken together, these results indicate that voltage and Ca(2+) dependent automaticity mechanisms coexist in canine SAN cells, and suggest that I(f) and SR Ca(2+) release cooperate to determine baseline and catecholamine-dependent automaticity in isolated dog SAN cells.
Erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus

During a fourteen-month period, 497 men were evaluated for a primary complaint of erectile dysfunction. The initial evaluation consisted of a history taken in a conventional manner and supplemented by a patient-completed sexual function questionnaire, a physical examination, and serum testosterone, serum prolactin, and nocturnal penile tumescence studies. When appropriate, additional evaluations, including penile vascular studies, two-hour oral glucose tolerance tests, and psychiatric consultation were obtained. Abnormal glucose metabolism was present in 161 men (32%). Five men (1%) had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 80 men (16%) had noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 55 men (11.1%) had newly diagnosed noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and 21 men (4.2%) had impaired glucose tolerance tests. One hundred forty-seven of these men (91.3%) had organic pattern impotence, and 14 (8.7%) had psychogenic pattern impotence.
Peripherally inserted central catheters and other intravascular devices: how safe are they for hemodialysis patients?

The growing emphasis on the use of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in hemodialysis patients during the past few years has led to a systematic exploration of the myriad barriers to achieving this goal1, 2. Clearly, maintaining the integrity of the vasculature is one critical element in optimizing AVF maturation and patency. The burgeoning use of intra-vascular devices may promote vascular injury, stenosis, and thrombosis, thereby jeopardizing the success of AVF use in these patients (Table). Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) are a common intra-vascular device with growing popularity since the late 1970s and are deemed a safer and simpler alternative to central venous lines. Over a million PICCs are placed each year in the US alone3. The major advantages of PICCs include greater patient comfort, simpler catheter care, and, possibly, long-term dwell time. The most common indication for a PICC is the need for long-term antibiotic administration, particularly in the outpatient setting. In fact, the guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections promulgated by the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend using PICC lines for antibiotic administration lasting longer than 6 weeks4.
Postencephalitic epilepsy: Clinical characteristics and predictors

Summary Objective To describe the etiologies, clinical presentations, outcomes, and predictors of postencephalitic epilepsy (PE) in a large series of adult patients with acute encephalitis. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with acute encephalitis at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, between January 2000 and December 2012. The patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of PE at last follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors associated with PE. Results We identified 198 consecutive patients (100 [50.5%] male and 98 [49.5%] female) with a median age of 58 years (range 41.8–69). Etiologies included viral infection (n = 95, 48%), autoimmune (n = 44, 22%), and unknown/others (n = 59, 30%). During hospitalization, seizures were seen in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (n = 24, 54.5%), unknown/others (n = 20, 33.9%), and viral encephalitis (n = 23, 24.2%). Interictal epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography (EEG) were present in 34 (54%), whereas periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) and generalized periodic discharges (GPDs) were seen in 14 (41.2%) and 2 (5.9%) patients. Forty-six patients with seizures (70.8%) had fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)/T2 abnormalities, 20 (31.3%) diffusion abnormalities, and 43 (66.2%) cortical involvement. Good outcome at discharge among patients with seizures was seen in 8/23 patients with viral etiology (34.8%), 10/24 patients with autoimmune encephalitis (45.5%), and 12/20 patients with unknown cause (60%). PE was present in 43 patients (29.9%). On multivariate regression analysis, the factors associated with PE were generalized seizures during hospitalization (p = 0.03), focal seizures (p ≤ 0.001), and the presence of FLAIR/T2 abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (p = 0.003). Significance The presence of seizures during hospitalization and an abnormal brain MRI are the strongest predictors of the development of PE. The etiology of encephalitis, presence of focal neurologic deficits, and interictal EEG abnormalities did not influence the development of PE.
HOST PLANT EXPLOITATION BY THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR

The natural occurrence of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) on different tree species in New England is compared with experimental results on host plant preference, utilisation of food and overall suitability of the different species as food plants. Highest numbers were found on red and white oak (Quercus rubra and Quercus alba), but leaves of some other species were acceptable. Some others were also suitable for development. The importance of variation between individuals is stressed, as is the need to consider the whole biological need of the animal in the environment, and not just individual factors such as feeding. RESUME EXPLOITATION DE LA PLANTE-HOTE PAR LE ZIGZAG LYMANTRIA DISPAR Bien que Lymantria dispar soit tres polyphage, son comportement alimentaire et son ecologie s'adaptent aux variations du milieu et a d'autres changements, notamment l'âge larvaire. La nature et l'etendue de ces reactions, qui determinent l'exploitation de la plante-hote par les larves, se refletent en partie dans des facteurs tels que l'acceptabilite de la plante-hote pour les larves, et son adaptation a leur developpement et la transformation metabolique du feuillage de l'hote. En general, il y a concordance entre ces parametres pour les hotes tres recherches comme le chene rouge et pour les hotes relativement peu recherches comme l'erable rouge (Acer rubrum). Ainsi, le chene rouge est aisement accepte par les larves et produit des larves a croissance rapide qui deviennent de grosses pupes. L'erable rouge a l'effet oppose. Ces caracteristiques determinent la structure fine de l'exploitation de la plante-hote mais d'autres facteurs non nutritionnels peuvent intervenir dans l'exploitation de la plante-hote. La presence de lambeaux d'ecorce, permettant le repos essentiel a la survie, peut etre tres importante dans le choix de l'hote pouvant etre utilise avec succes.
A comprehensive evaluation of SiC devices in traction applications

With the increasing attentions on electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), the significance of power electronics in traction power converter increased through the last decades. Having dominated for years, silicon is now reaching its material limits. As an alternative, wide band gap device such as silicon carbide (SiC) device received more attention. Market of SiC devices has been growing for years and major manufacture are now willing to participate in the SiC business. Physical properties gives SiC advantages over Si, such as high breakdown voltage, low drift region resistance, high temerperature operation. For traction inverters, power loss in switches are discussed. It has been demonstrated that SiC devices have lower power losses than Si IGBT which also helps with the sizing and design of the heatsink. In DC-DC converters, the advantage of high switching frequency of SiC devices would have a hugh impact on the overall system for reducing the power loss, size of passive components and total weight. However, high cost, low productivity and reliability under harsh environment are problems facing by SiC devices currently and they are expected to be solved in the future.
Effect of synthetic protease inhibitors of the amidine type on cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii.

Abstract To evaluate the importance of proteolytic activity in the pathogenesis of cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii, a series of four aromatic amidine inhibitors of trypsin-like proteases were introduced into the plaque model. The compounds were shown to be active toward plaque reduction with their order of effectiveness parallel to their antitrypsin activity. One of the compounds, bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)-methane, at a concentration of 10(-5) M demonstrated complete inhibition of plaque formation on day 6. Bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane at the same concentration reduced cell injury even when added to the system after 72 h of rickettsial infection. The reduction in morbidity in guinea pigs experimentally infected with R. rickettsii and treated with bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane as compared with morbidity in infected, untreated animals, comprised delay in the onset of fever and slightly fewer febrile animals. Because bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane had no effect on phospholipase A2, the enzyme activity associated with penetration-induced cell injury, it is likely that a trypsin-like protease also plays an essential role either in the physiology of R. rickettsii or as its pathogenic mechanism.
Second somatosensory cortical area in macaque monkeys. I. Neuronal responses to controlled, punctate indentations of glabrous skin on the hand

Responses of 492 single neurons from the second somatosensory cortical area of macaque monkeys were studied using computer controlled ramp indentations. Results were obtained using chronic recording techniques from lightly tranquilized or awake animals. Amongst those cells that were activated by punctate tactile stimuli, various subclasses of responses were identified that included neurons with phasic and sustained adaptation characteristics. In addition, several cells showed unusual firing patterns, such as delayed responses and reverberating afterdischarges. Latency measurements from 90 cells showed a modal latency to ramp stimuli of 34 ms and a second group of cells whose latency exceeded 75 ms. Measurements of response functions to different velocities of indentation revealed that some cells maintained relatively shallow ascending functions but that most cells were insensitive to the velocity variable. The response characteristics of these neurons in primates are discussed in reference to the hypothesis that in the somatosensory cortex, SII occupies a higher order, serially dependent region in a hierarchy from SI to other parts of the brain.
Patterns of combustible tobacco use in U.S. young adults and potential response to graphic cigarette health warning labels

Abstract In the evolving landscape of tobacco use, it remains unclear how tobacco control efforts should be designed and promoted for maximum impact. The current study links the identification of latent classes of young adult combustible tobacco users with anticipated responses to graphic health warning labels (HWLs). Data were collected in January 2012 using an online address-based panel as part of the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study, and analyses were conducted in 2013. Latent class analyses identified five groups of tobacco users in a national sample of 4,236 young adults aged 18–34 years: (1) little cigar/cigarillo/bidi (LCC) and hookah users (4%); (2) nonusers, open to smoking (3%); (3) daily smokers who self-identify as “smokers” (11%); (4) nondaily, light smokers who self-identify as “social or occasional smokers” (9%); and (5) nonusers closed to smoking (73%). Of the nonusers closed to smoking, 23% may be better characterized as at risk for tobacco initiation. Results indicate differences in the potential effectiveness of HWLs across classes. Compared to the daily “smokers,” LCC and hookah users (RRR = 2.35) and nonusers closed to smoking (RRR = 2.33) were more than twice as likely to report that new graphic HWLs would make them think about not smoking. This study supports the potential of graphic HWLs to prevent young nonusers from using tobacco products. It suggests that the extension of prominent HWLs to other tobacco products, including LCCs and hookah tobacco, may also serve a prevention function.
Surface chemistry of polyimide formation on Cu(111)

Abstract We have investigated the adsorption and reaction of the monomers pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and oxydianiline (ODA) to form the intermediate amic acid and then polyimide adsorbed on Cu(111) using solventless vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. Unenhanced surface Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the adsorbed species. The initial reaction of PMDA and ODA at 383 K created an amic acid ion that was bound to the surface via carboxylate and surface amide linkages. Upon heating the intermediate acid to 473 K, polyimide was formed; it was bound to the surface only via a surface carboxylate. The interfacial polymerization produced only relatively short polyimide chains. The surface Raman spectrum of the amic acid was resonantly enhanced.
Genetics and Natural History of a Relictual Pocket Gopher, Zygogeomys (Rodentia: Geomyidae)

Levels of protein heterozygosity (H = 0.008) and polymorphism ( P = 0.097) in three populations of Zygogeomys trichopus are unusually low by mammalian standards. No chromosomal variation is evident based on non-preferentially stained karyotypes. Populations of this monotypic genus are presently restricted to high elevations (above 2,200 m), whereas Pappogeomys , a larger pocket gopher, is common at lower elevations. Where deforestation has occurred at higher elevations, the range of Pappogeomys has expanded upward and that of Zygogeomys has contracted. With increasing deforestation in Michoacan, Z. trichopus may be in danger of extinction.
Germline INI1 mutation in a patient with a central nervous system atypical teratoid tumor and renal rhabdoid tumor.

We describe a four-month-old child who presented with an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the brain and subsequently developed a renal rhabdoid tumor. Distinct histologic features, immunophenotypic profiles, and deletions of chromosome 22 were supportive of two primary tumors. An identical mutation in exon 7 of the INI1 rhabdoid tumor suppressor gene was identified in both tumors, as well as in normal kidney tissue. We propose that this germline INI1 mutation predisposed the child to the development of both malignancies. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that rhabdoid tumors in all sites have a common genetic etiology. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:31–37, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The architecture curriculum at UC-Davis

In this paper an overview of the architecture curriculum at UC-Davis will be presented, with an emphasis on the classes offered through the Computer Science Department. Each particular class will be described briefly, and then some personal opinions about one class in particular and experiences with teaching in general will be presented.