cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Microbial Translocation and Progression of Hepatitis C

Background & Aims: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection has been associated with enhanced microbial translocation, and microbial translocation is a mechanism through which alcohol and some enteric conditions cause liver disease. We hypothesized that HIV promotes liver disease by enhancing microbial translocation. Methods: We studied human cohorts in which hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV outcomes were carefully characterized. Results: HIV-related CD4 + lymphocyte depletion was strongly associated with microbial translocation as indicated by elevated levels of circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein, soluble CD14, and fucose-binding lectin (AAL) reactive to immunoglobulin G specific for the α-galactose epitope and suppressed levels of endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAb IgM) in HIV-infected subjects compared with the same persons before they had HIV infection and compared with HIV-uninfected subjects. The same measures of microbial translocation were strongly associated with HCV-related liver disease progression (cirrhosis), eg, LPS, odds ratio, 19.0 ( P = .002); AAL, odds ratio, 27.8 ( P Conclusions: Microbial translocation may be a fundamental mechanism through which HIV accelerates progression of chronic liver disease.
Determining leaching fraction from field measurements of soil electrical conductivity

Abstract Theory for determining leaching fraction from measurements of soil electrical conductivity is presented with experimental data to substantiate its validity.
The Case for Collective Human Rights: The Reality of Group Suffering

In a world increasingly both fragmented and globalized, there is a need for a normative framework of values linking individual and group concerns by means of a conception of collective human rights. Felice argues that individual human rights, which have proven to be of enormous value in the twentieth century, must be extended to communities ranging from the family unit to the entire human community.
Regional Myocardial Protection during Aortic Cross-clamp Ischemia in Dogs: Calcium-Containing Crystalloid Solutions

Abstract To study the effects of calcium in cardioplegic solutions, an in situ dog heart model was used that allowed infusion of two different cardioplegic solutions into separate regions of the same heart. Two concentrations of ionized calcium, 1.0 mM and 0.5 mM, in a cold, potassium-containing solution were tested in two groups of dogs and compared with the same cold, potassium-containing solution but without the calcium, during 100 minutes of global myocardial ischemia induced by aortic clamping. Results were evaluated in terms of percent change of regional systolic shortening measured with ultrasonic piezoelectric crystals, percent change of regional myocardial blood flow, and change of regional left ventricular myocardial diastolic distensibility. No significant differences were found between myocardial regions protected with calcium of either concentration and regions protected without calcium. This study could demonstrate no beneficial or adverse effects of including calcium in this type of crystalloid cardioplegic solution applied to an in situ dog heart model.
Mechanochemical synthesis of Al2O3–ZrB2–ZrO2 nanocomposite powder

Abstract Al2O3–ZrB2 composites were obtained by mechano-chemical synthesis from a mixture of ZrO2, B2O3 and Al powders. The effects of milling time and ball to powder weight ratio (BPR) were investigated. Higher BPRs reduced the required milling time for the formation of this composite. In the BPR 5:1, this composite was formed in the range of 20–25 h with the minimum Fe impurity (0.33%). Rietveld analysis showed that a nanostructured powder with a mean crystallite size less than 25 nm was procured in all samples. The mean crystallite size of 20 nm was calculated for 30 h milled powder with the BPR of 5:1.
T. C. Chamberlin and H2O climate feedbacks: A voice from the past

The interaction of positive and negative climate feedbacks has become a central issue for the global change science community. With many expecting surface air temperatures to rise several degrees due to increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases, the response of H2O (water vapor, liquid, solid) is critical. Will higher temperatures and increased evaporation lead to an enhanced greenhouse effect, especially over the tropical oceans, or will increased cloudiness effectively cap the increase in temperatures? [see Ramanathan and Collins, 1991, 1992; Stephens and Slingo, 1992]. “Greenhouse Warming and Cloud Thermostats” is the name of a talk to be given by V. Ramanathan during the Atmospheric Sciences Section luncheon at the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting on December 8. This topic invites comparison between the current H2O feedback hypotheses and work begun almost a century ago by the celebrated geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (1843–1928) at the University of Chicago [Gillispie, 1970–1980; Schultz, 1976]. Briefly, here are some of Chamberlin's ideas on the roles of water vapor and clouds.
Policymaking in Education: Understanding Influences on the Reading Excellence Act.

Educators and researchers are being called to participate in language and literacy policy making (Roller & Long, 2001). In order to do so, however, there needs to be an understanding of how policy is made. Although policymaking often appears to be an irrational process, there are theories that exist to explain the influences and mechanisms that work to shape policies. In what follows, I adapt Theodoulou and Cahn's (1995) typology on policymaking in order to discuss how policy is made. These theories of policy making are explored within the context of the Reading Excellence Act to demonstrate how policymaking is read and explained. Given the limitations of these explanations, particularly the sense that there may be no explicit role for educators in such a process, an alternate theory of policymaking, critical pluralism, is proposed. This alternate typology suggests different roles for educators in relation to policymaking.
Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase from rat adipose cytosol

In the present studies, we have made several unique observations. First, we have shown that cytosolic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase from adipose tissue subjected to butyl-agarose chromatography was resolved into four different components. These components, designated as passthrough (PT), D150, D250 and E, were present in the proportions of 51:7:24:16, respectively, in the rat adipose cytosol. Comparison of the properties of these components revealed some similar properties, and also several differences. These components showed the same pH optimum, required Mg2+ for activity and were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, indicating a requirement of active sulfhydryl groups for activity. These components differed from one another with respect to hydrophobicity, sedimentation behavior, Stokes diameter, Km values, thermolability and susceptibility to proteinase treatment. Second, we have shown that each component of this system was associated with lipids which were found to be essential for the catalytic activity. Perturbation of this association by organic solvent or by adding excess amounts of exogenous lipids resulted in the loss of enzyme activity. Finally, we analyzed lipid composition of individual components. These studies suggest that the multi-component system of Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase may be a part of the cytomembrane network.
Ecological and evolutionary aspects of isoprene emission from plants

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3,-butadiene), produced by many woody and a few herbaceous plant species, is the dominant volatile organic compound released from vegetation. It represents a non-trivial carbon loss to the plant (typically 0.5–2%, but much higher as temperatures exceed 30°C), and plays a major role in tropospheric chemistry of forested regions, contributing to ozone formation. This review summarizes current knowledge concerning the occurrence of isoprene production within the plant kingdom, and discusses other aspects of isoprene biology which may be of interest to the ecological community. The ability to produce significant amounts of isoprene may or may not be shared by members of the same plant family or genus, but emitting species have been found among bryophytes, ferns, conifers and Ephedra and in approximately one-third of the 122 angiosperm families examined. No phylogenetic pattern is obvious among the angiosperms, with the trait widely scattered and present (and absent) in both primitive and derived taxa, although confined largely to woody species. Isoprene is not stored within the leaf, and plays no known ecological role as, for example, an anti-herbivore or allelopathic agent. The primary short-term controls over isoprene production are light and temperature. Growth in high light stimulates isoprene production, and growth in cool conditions apparently inhibits isoprene, production of which may be induced upon transfer to warmer temperatures. The stimulation of isoprene production by high irradiance and warm temperatures suggests a possible role in ameliorating stresses associated with warm, high-light environments, a role consistent with physiological evidence indicating a role in thermal protection.
Structural analysis of water adsorbed in silica gel

The melting point, T f of water in a pore decreases as the surface area to pore volume ratio of the pore decreases. Analysis of water absorbed in the pores of silica gels using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) shows that the thickness of the bound, non-freezing water layer adjacent to the pore surface increases as its temperature increases, but that it is independent of the surface silanol concentration, [SisOH]. In contrast, the thickness decreases as the cylindrical pore radius r H decreases. Thus, the increase in the bound water thickness from ∼0.45 nm for gels with r H =1.2 nm to ∼1.2 nm for gels with r H =7.5 nm is due to the increase from −53°C to −7°C of the temperature (e.g., the melting point T f ) at which the bound water thickness was measured, and not due to the increase in t H or the decrease in [SisOH]. The T f of bulk water measured in a DSC was −0.3°C. The boiling point T v of bulk water measured in a DSC was 81.3°C. T v increased to ∼94°C in 7.5 nm pores and to ∼109°C K in 1.2 nm pores.
Optimal topology design using linear programming

Abstract The topology design problem is formulated as a general optimization problem and is solved by sequential linear programming. Two objectives are considered: one is to maximize the stiffness of the structure and the other is to maximize the lowest eigenvalue. A total material usage constraint is imposed for both cases. The density of each finite element is chosen as the design variable and its relationship with Young's modulus is expressed by an empirical formula. Typically, the number of design variables is large, as the finite element mesh must be fine enough to represent the shape of the structure. To handle the large number of design variables, an efficient strategy for sensitivity analysis and optimization must be established. In this research, the adjoint variable is used for sensitivity analysis and the linear programming method is used to obtain the optimal topology. The advantage of this approach is its generality as opposed to the optimality criteria method; it can handle various problems, for example, multiple objective functions and multiple design criteria. Several two- and three-dimensional examples are presented to demonstrate the use of this approach.
The Spontaneous Development of Biology from Chemistry

ABSTRACT Biology arose as a spontaneous development from the chemistry of the early Earth by Free Energy–driven processes that occurred in common environments involving significant populations of systems. Molecular imprinting to matrices is capable of catalysis of polymer formation and reproduction that, in association with self-assembled membranes, could lead to proto-enzymes, proto-ribosomes, and proto-cells. Proto-cells would evolve via processes analogous to Darwinian natural selection. These hypotheses are testable by controlled laboratory experiments. What we call “life” is the sum of properties of such highly evolved systems. Astrobiology 8, 3–8.
Nine novel, polymorphic microsatellite markers for the study of threatened Caribbean acroporid corals

Caribbean reef-building corals in the genus Acropora have been declining dramatically since the 1980s and are now listed as threatened. The study of their complex reproductive system (mixed asexual and sexual) and their population structure requires highly polymorphic nuclear genetic markers. Of eight previously developed microsatellite loci for A. palmata, only five behaved in a Mendelian fashion and only four reliably amplified the sister species, A. cervicornis. Here, nine novel microsatellite markers are presented that dramatically increase the power to distinguish between asexual and sexual reproductive events and may help to refine population boundaries and gene flow across their ranges.
Extraction of plasminogen activator from canine vascular segments in situ.

SummaryPlasminogen activator is easily recovered from canine veins in situ by solutions retained in vessel lumens, previously emptied of blood. The veins can be extracted repeatedly before they become exhausted. A pH of 5, low ion strength, and the presence of digitonon will enhance the plasminogen activator release. Low temperatures will block it. The external jugular vein generally yielded more plasminogen than did the femoral vein. The femoral artery yielded very little activator.
On the properties of the color dipoles in QCD

Abstract In this paper I will undertake a detailed investigation of the local properties of the color dipoles, i.e. two color connected neighbours, in a QCD cascade. It is known that it is a good approximation (which incorporates in particular “the strong angular ordering conditions” corresponding to coherence) to treat the cascade as proceeding through repeated emission of gluons from such dipoles. The dipole motion reflects basically the motion of a Lund String, in which the gluons are treated as internal kink excitations on the string. Therefore a description of the local properties of the dipoles is basically a description of the behaviour of the String before fragmentation. My major findings are that the dipoles have a (logarithmic) size distribution which settles into a gaussian-like shape, that they show short-range correlations and that they have a multiplicity distribution similar to the blackbody radiation in QED. The dipoles in this description are not color neutral objects. The size of a dipole as used in this paper does, however, reflect the phase space region (at the given virtuality) inside which a color produced in the cascade is neutralised. It is interesting to note that the dipoles in a nonabelian field theory like QCD, which are close to “neutrality”, also behave very similar to the (neutral) photon field quanta in the abelian QED. The relative simplicity to describe the rather complex QCD cascades indicates that it may be worthwhile to try to quantise the theory in terms of such objects. I will use classical gain-loss considerations leading to first-order partial differential equations with simple solutions. I show the close relationship to the corresponding renormalisation group treatment in terms of Callan-Symanzik equations.
A randomized trial of ofloxacin versus cefoxitin and doxycycline in the outpatient treatment of acute salpingitis

The object of this randomized study was to compare the safety and efficacy of oral ofloxacin, 400 mg twice daily for 10 days, versus intramuscular cefoxitin, 2 gm, plus oral probenecid, 1 gm, followed by oral doxycycline, 100 mg twice daily for 10 days, in the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated acute salpingitis. Thirty-eight women (53%) had Neisseria gonorrhoeae from their pretreatment endocervical or endometrial cultures, and 18 had Chlamydia trachomatis (25%). Thirty-five of 37 women (95%) treated with the ofloxacin regimen were clinically cured, and 34 of 35 (97%) were cured with the cefoxitin-doxycycline regimen (p = 0.52). One clinical failure occurred in each group with N. gonorrhoeae infection, and one failure occurred in the ofloxacin group because of side effects. The bacteriologic response for N. gonorrhoeae in both groups was 100%. The eradication of C. trachomatis was 100% (10/10) for the cefoxitin/doxycycline group and 86% (6/7) for ofloxacin. The side effects were similar in both groups of subjects. In this study both regimens were effective for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated acute salpingitis.
Portfolio choice and risk attitudes: a household bargaining approach

The goal of this study is to understand how the households decide on portfolio asset allocation when the husband and wife have different risk preferences. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study for 1992–2006, we show that the share of risky assets in portfolios of two-person households increases with the risk tolerance of the spouse who has more bargaining power. The risk tolerance of the spouse who has less bargaining power does not seem to affect the share of household wealth allocated to risky assets. These results are consistent with a cooperative bargaining framework where the investment in risky assets depends on the bargaining power of the more risk tolerant spouse.
Specialized knowledge and its communication in auditing

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to describe certain aspects of specialized knowledge communication in auditing. The paper discusses the possible organizational responses an audit firm could make when competitive markets require efficient knowledge sharing among auditors and when economies of scale opportunities through division of responsibilities exist. Experienced auditors were surveyed about their consultation with others in their firms for specific types of clients and for different phases of audit engagements. In general, the results suggest limits to expertise-related economies of scale in the audit setting studied. The required specialized knowledge seems to be close at hand and accessible in most engagements with little need to consult with nonlocal specialists. When consulted, however, the nonlocal specialists are believed to convey important information. Resume. Les auteurs ont pour but de decrire certains aspects de la communication de connaissances specialisees en verification. Ils traitent des differentes reponses organisation-nelles que peut donner un cabinet de verification aux exigences des marches concurrentiels relatives au partage efficient des connaissances chez les verificateurs et a la possibilite de realiser des economies d'echelle grâce au partage des responsabilites. Les auteurs ont interroge des verificateurs experimentes dans le but de determiner s'ils consultaient d'autres verificateurs de leur cabinet au sujet de certains types precis de clients et pour differentes phases des missions de verification. De facon generale, les resultats obtenus donnent a penser que les economies d'echelle reliees a l'expertise dans les contextes de verification etudies sont limitees. Dans la plupart des missions, il semble que les connaissances specialisees requises soient a portee de la main et facilement accessibles, sans qu'il soit necessaire de consulter des specialistes de l'exterieur. On croit cependant que les specialistes de l'exterieur livrent de l'information importante lorsqu'ils sont consultes.
Mortality in a public and a private hospital compared: the severity of antecedent disorders in Medicare patients.

OBJECTIVES. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) if there were significant differences between patients who died at a public hospital and those who died at a university hospital that functions as a private, community hospital, and (2) if those differences were associated with an increased risk of death. METHODS. Chart review collected variables used by the Health Care Financing Administration in mortality analyses to examine how severity of illness data contribute to accurate predictions of death in a public hospital compared with a university hospital. RESULTS. Compared with patients who died at the university hospital, public hospital patients who died had more comorbid disease, were more severely ill, more likely to be emergently admitted, and more likely to be admitted from an extended-care facility. Inclusion of severity of illness with variables previously used to predict mortality significantly improved the accuracy of mortality prediction models for the public hospital but not for th...
Usefulness of autogenous bypass grafts originating distal to the groin

Abstract Purpose: Infrainguinal bypass grafting with a proximal anastomosis distal to the groin has been used increasingly to conserve available conduit and reduce wound morbidity and recovery time. The usefulness of the liberalized use of distal origin grafts (DOGs) is unknown. Methods: Consecutive autogenous DOG procedures that were performed between 1978 and 2000 were reviewed retrospectively with a computerized registry. Procedures performed as revisions to earlier infrainguinal bypass grafting procedures and for popliteal aneurysm were excluded Results: In the 22-year study period, 249 autogenous DOG procedures were performed in 217 patients. Comparison of the 159 DOGs in patients with diabetes mellitus (+DM) with the 90 grafts in patients without diabetes mellitus (–DM) revealed more associated renal disease (33% vs 9%), preoperative foot necrosis (80% vs 52%), distal popliteal artery graft origins (49% vs 37%), and non–greater saphenous conduits used (30% vs 19%) among the +DM subgroup than the –DM subgroup (P Conclusion: Outcome after autogenous DOG revascularization is satisfactory overall. Graft patency and limb salvage after DOG for critical ischemia are significantly better among patients with diabetes mellitus than patients without diabetes mellitus, despite significantly more bypass grafting procedures performed for foot necrosis. DOG revascularization appears to be an appropriate preference for patients with diabetes mellitus with good inflow below the groin; it should be used less liberally among patients without diabetes mellitus. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:48-55.)
A study of the influence of polymyxine combined with chloramphenicol on Salmonella in vitro and in vivo in carriers of S. paratyphi B.

A study was made of the effect of polymyxine and of chloramphenicol on Salmonellae in vitro, and also in vivo in a number of carriers ofS. paratyphi B.
Cholesterol in Physalia physalis.

Abstract 1. 1. Acetone extracts of whole floats of the siphonophore Physalia physalis included an abundant steroid. This was identified as cholesterol by thin-layer chromatography, by infrared absorption, by nuclear magnetic resonance and by mass spectroscopy. 2. 2. Chemical confirmation was achieved by conversion to cholesteryl acetate, by hydrogenation to 3-β-cholestanol and by the formation of the digitonide. 3. 3. Most cholesterol occurred in the pneumatosaccus where it comprised approximately 9 per cent og the total dry weight.
Afterglow of a microwave microstrip plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometry

Abstract A microwave-induced plasma that was previously used for optical emission spectrometry has been repurposed as an afterglow ion source for mass spectrometry. This compact microwave discharge, termed the microstrip plasma (MSP), is operated at 20–50 W and 2.45 GHz in helium at a flow of 300 mL/min. The primary background ions present in the afterglow are ionized and protonated water clusters. An exponential dilution chamber was used to introduce volatile organic compounds into the MSP afterglow and yielded limits of detection in the 40 ppb to 7 ppm range (v/v). A hydride-generation system was also utilized for detection of volatile hydride-forming elements (arsenic, antimony, tin) in the afterglow and produced limits of detection in the 10–100 ppb range in solution. The MSP afterglow was found capable of desorption and ionization of analyte species directly from a solid substrate, suggesting its use as an ion source for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
A one-dimensional Lagrangian model for large-volume mixing

In this paper, we describe the main features of a new Lagrangian model for mixing in large stably stratified enclosures. This new modeling approach eliminates artificial diffusion in strongly convectively dominated flows. The hyperbolic behavior of the system of PDEs requires a numerical method with no artificial diffusion to preserve the very strong gradients that can be present. We present the rudiments of the model and discuss an important aspect of the discretization error analysis. The new BMIX code is first validated against an analytical model which has been shown to model experimental data very well. Finally, a comparison is presented against experimental data, gathered from a two-enclosure exchange flow set-up. Both comparisons show good agreement and verify the suitability of this new modeling approach and the correctness of the BMIX code. The computer code can simulate mixing in any stably stratified large enclosure containing a multi-component fluid.
Analyzing ERP Implementation at a Public University Using the Innovation Strategy Model

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have revolutionized the way companies are using information technology in their businesses. ERP was created in an effort to streamline business processes and has proven to be successful in many operations. Unfortunately, not all ERP implementations have met expectations. One way that businesses may be able to increase success rates is to embrace creativity and innovation in their ERP implementations. For businesses to do this, they must first understand how creativity originates and how that creativity can be integrated into business solutions. This article presents a case study that examines the ERP implementation at a public university and analyzes the applicability of the Innovation Strategy Model on public sector organizations.
A stepwise approach to the evaluation and treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism.

ABSTRACT Objectives To review a stepwise approach to the evaluation and treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism. Methods English-language articles regarding clinical management of subclinical hyperthyroidism published between 2007 and 2012 were reviewed. Results Subclinical hyperthyroidism is encountered on a daily basis in clinical practice. When evaluating patients with a suppressed serum thyrotropin value, it is important to exclude other potential etiologies such as overt triiodothyronine toxicosis, drug effect, nonthyroidal illness, and central hypothyroidism. In younger patients with mild thyrotropin suppression, it is acceptable to perform testing again in 3 to 6 months to assess for persistence before performing further diagnostic testing. In older patients or patients with thyrotropin values less than 0.1 mIU/L, diagnostic testing should proceed without delay. Persistence of thyrotropin suppression is more typical of nodular thyroid autonomy, whereas thyroiditis and mild Graves disease frequently resolve spontaneously. The clinical consequences of subclinical hyperthyroidism, such as atrial dysrhythmia, accelerated bone loss, increased fracture rate, and higher rates of cardiovascular mortality, are dependent on age and severity. The decision to treat subclinical hyperthyroidism is directly tied to an assessment of the potential for clinical consequences in untreated disease. Definitive therapy is generally selected for patients with nodular autonomous function, whereas antithyroid drug therapy is more appropriate for mild, persistent Graves disease. Conclusion The presented stepwise approach to the care of patients presenting with an isolated suppression of serum thyrotropin focuses on the differential diagnosis, a prediction of the likelihood of persistence, an assessment of potential risks posed to the patient, and, finally, a personalized choice of therapy. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18: 772-780)
Dialectics and reductionism in ecology

The philosophical debates which have accompanied the development of science have often been expressed in terms of dichotomous choices between opposing viewpoints about the structure of nature, the explanation of natural processes, and the appropriate methods for research:
Nutria Survivorship, Movement Patterns, and Home Ranges

Abstract Sixteen Myocastor coypus (Nutria) were implanted with radiotransmitters and monitored on a freshwater floating marsh. Mortality and/or transmitter failure was high, with 5 transmitters failing or being destroyed through predation within 3 days of release. Predation mortality was common, with an additional 5 transmitters recovered from carcasses within 35 days of implantation. The remaining 6 animals survived for a mean of 182 days. After removing first movement distances from the analyses, the mean distance traveled between locations for surviving animals was 77.4 m. Distances varied significantly between seasons, but not between the sexes. The average minimum convex polygon (MCP) for individuals with sufficient data was 28.8 ha and the 95% fixed kernel (FK) estimates averaged 32.7 ha. There was no significant difference between home-range estimates overall or between the sexes.
DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC MOMENT IN METALLIC GADOLINIUM.

Neutron-diffraction experiments with both polarized and unpolarized neutrons have been carried out on single-crystal specimens of $^{160}\mathrm{Gd}$ in order to measure the magnetic-moment distribution in the metal. Data have been obtained in the ferromagnetic state at 96 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for all ($\mathrm{hk}0$) reflections out to $\frac{(sin\ensuremath{\theta})}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}=1.275$ and nearly all ($0kl$) peaks to $\frac{(sin\ensuremath{\theta})}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}=1.04$. Measurements have been made as well at a temperature above the Curie point. The shape of the spin distribution appears to be identical at the elevated temperature (313 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) to that observed at 96 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The form-factor data can logically be separated into diffuse and localized components, which may be identified with the conduction electrons and $4f$ electrons, respectively. The $4f$ density is spherically symmetric, and it has a radial dependence which is significantly expanded relative to Hartree-Fock wave functions for the free trivalent ion. Good agreement can be achieved with theoretical form factors based on relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater wave functions. The diffuse density does not have the distribution expected for $5d$ or $6s$ orbitals: It is long range and oscillatory, however, as one expects for conduction electrons in the rare earths. Measurements of the form factor of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{+3}$ in paramagnetic ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have also been made, and the results are in excellent agreement with the free-ion calculations, except at very small scattering angles.
The Effect of Macroinvertebrate Exclusion on Leaf Breakdown Rates in a Tropical Headwater Stream

The role of macroinvertebrates in the process of leaf breakdown is well studied in temperate streams, but less is known about their role in the tropics. We investigated the effect of reducing macroinvertebrate access to leaf material on leaf breakdown rates in a forested headwater stream in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We measured leaf mass loss using fine and coarse mesh bags over 12 weeks for two common riparian species: Cecropia schreberiana (Moraceae) and Dacryodes excelsa (Burseraceae). Coarse mesh allowed freshwater shrimp and other macroinvertebrates to access leaf material, while fine mesh did not. Leaf breakdown rates did not differ between C. schreberiana and D. excelsa in coarse mesh bags (−0.0375/day vs. −0.0395/day, respectively), but C. schreberiana breakdown was significantly slower than D. excelsa in fine mesh bags (−0.0159/day vs. −0.0266/day). Additionally, breakdown in fine mesh bags was significantly slower compared to coarse mesh bags for C. schreberiana, but less so for D. excelsa. Breakdown rates for all treatments were fast relative to those in temperate-zone streams indicating that both macroinvertebrates and macroinvertebrate-independent processing can strongly influence leaf decomposition in tropical streams. The difference between C. schreberiana and D. excelsa indicates that the effect of macroinvertebrate exclusion can change with leaf type.
2,3‐Dihydro‐2‐phenylimidazo[2,1‐b]benzothiazole

[885051-07-0] C15H12N2S (MW 252.33) InChI = 1S/C15H12N2S/c1-2-6-11(7-3-1)12-10-17-13-8-4-5-9-14(13)18-15(17)16-12/h1-9,12H,10H2/t12-/m0/s1 InChIKey = YGCWPCVAVSIFLO-LBPRGKRZSA-N [950194-37-3] (2S-enantiomer) InChI = 1S/C15H12N2S/c1-2-6-11(7-3-1)12-10-17-13-8-4-5-9-14(13)18-15(17)16-12/h1-9,12H,10H2/t12-/m1/s1 InChIKey = YGCWPCVAVSIFLO-GFCCVEGCSA-N (enantioselective acylation catalyst useful for kinetic resolution (KR)1 of benzylic2 and propargylic alcohols3 and oxazolidinones;4 also utilized in desymmetrization of meso-diol lobelanidine5) Alternate Names: Benzotetramisole (BTM). Physical Data: white solid; mp 94.5–95.0 °C (from Et2O-hexanes); [α]D = + 256.7° (c 1.00, MeOH). Solubility: soluble in common solvents, including CHCl3, CH2Cl2, Et2O, THF, MeCN, PhMe, DMF, tert-amyl alcohol, and MeOH. Slightly soluble in hexanes. Insoluble in H2O. Preparative Methods: prepared by heating 2-chlorobenzothiazole with (R)-(+)-phenylglycinol in the presence of diisopropylethylamine at 130 °C, followed by treatment of the resulting intermediate with methanesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine at 0 °C in CH2Cl2 and subsequent reflux.2 Purification: flash chromatography (5% i-PrOH, 1% NEt3/hexanes) and recrystallization (Et2O/hexanes). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: may be stored at room temperature. Should be protected from excessive humidity. Toxicity data are unavailable. The racemic compound has been shown to possess pharmacological activity.6
Managing Quality Fads: How American Business Learned to Play the Quality Game

The article presents a review of the book “Managing Quality Fads: How American Business Learned to Play the Quality Game,” by Robert E. Cole.
“The development of learning modules for the training of content teachers in reading: A focus on process”

(1974). “The development of learning modules for the training of content teachers in reading: A focus on process”. Reading World: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 44-48.
College students’ perception of the flipped classroom: a phenomenographical study

The 'flipped classroom' has become popular among educators; however, research on the topic has been relatively sparse, especially in terms of qualitative research. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore student perceptions of the flipped classroom. Undergraduate students who enrolled in a flipped public health course were invited to participate in the study. Thirteen students participated in semi-structured interviews to discuss their thoughts and experiences regarding the flipped classroom. Students viewed the flipped classroom according to out-of-class and in-class activities. Students felt that out-of-class activities were convenient, accommodated different learning styles, and were important for being prepared for class time. In terms of in-class activities, students enjoyed interactive activities (e.g., hands-on activities, class discussions), but some viewed the activities as anxiety provoking. Students also viewed in-class activities as useful for building student-instructor rapport. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Determinants of technology licensing: the case of licensors

This paper empirically analyzes the behavior of technology licensors using a large dataset of US-traded companies. The stock of technological knowledge of the licensor, this company's prior exposure to licensing, the rate of growth of its primary sector, the strength of IPR protection, and the nature of the technology are found to be important determinants of the propensity to sell technology through nonexclusive licenses. Smaller firms in industries with ‘simpler’ technologies tend to sell technology through exclusive licenses more than others. In contrast, larger firms in industries dealing with more ‘complex’ technologies engage relatively more in cross licensing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cross-National Examination of Marriage and Early Life Stressors as Correlates of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress

This study examined the relationship between marital status, early life stressors (ELS) and depression, anxiety, and stress in a nonclinical population of individuals aged 20 and older. Individuals with a history of ELS reported stressors such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, poverty, and/or physical illnesses in childhood. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that current symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress scores were positively associated with a history of ELS. In addition, anxiety and depression scores were negatively associated with being married when high (defined as three or more experiences) ELS was entered as the second predictor variable. This implies that for those individuals experiencing a greater number of stressing events in childhood, maintaining a stable romantic relationship may be beneficial for their mental health. However, the relationship between marital status, depression, and anxiety needs further exploration in order to either confirm or deny this suggestion. Finally, being married was positively associated with stress scores.
Ethnic Differences in Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Disadvantage in Family Background, High School Experiences, and Adult Characteristics∗

Although research investigating ethnic differences in mental health has increased in recent years, we know relatively little about how mental health trajectories vary across ethnic groups. Do these differences occur at certain ages but not others? We investigate ethnic variation in trajectories of depressive symptoms, and we examine the extent to which disadvantages in family background, high school experiences, and adult characteristics explain these diferences. Employing random-coefficient modeling using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that blacks and Hispanics experience higher symptom levels in early adulthood in comparison to whites, but equivalent levels by middle age. Ethnic differences remained in early adulthood after including all covariates, but those differences were eliminated by middle age for Hispanics after controlling for demographics only, and for blacks after accounting for the age-varying relationship between income and depressive symptoms. These results highlight the importance of integrating a life course perspective when investigating ethnic variations in mental health.
Adaptive Prefetching Scheme Using Web Log Mining in Cluster-Based Web Systems

The main memory management has been a critical issue to provide high performance in web cluster systems.To overcome the speed gap between processors and disks,many prefetch schemes have been proposed as memory management in web cluster systems. However, inefficient prefetch schemes can degrade the performance of the web cluster system. Dynamic access patterns due to the web cache mechanism in proxy servers increase mispredictions to waste the I/O bandwidth and available memory. Too aggressive prefetch schemes incur the shortage of available memory and performance degradation. Furthermore, modern web frameworks including persistent HTTP make the problem more challenging by reducing the available memory space with multiple connections from a client and web processes management in a prefork mode. Therefore, we attempt to design an adaptive web prefetch scheme by predicting memory status more accurately and dynamically.First, we design Double Prediction-by-Partial-MatchScheme (DPS) that can be adapted to the modern web framework. Second, we propose Adaptive Rate Controller(ARC) to determine the prefetch rate depending on the memory status dynamically. Finally, we suggest Memory Aware Request Distribution (MARD) that distributes requests based on the available web processes and memory.For evaluating the prefetch gain in a server node, we implement an Apache module in Linux. In addition, we build a simulator for verifying our scheme with cluster environments. Simulation results show 10% performance improvement on average in various workloads.
Effect of Out-Phase Electromagnetic Field on the HDC Casting Process of Commercial Aluminum

Commercial aluminum ingot with the diameters of 100 mm is produced by conventional out-phase electromagnetic field HDC casting process. The out-phase electromagnetic field is applied on the HDC casting process. The effect of out-phase electromagnetic filed on the ingot surface and structure is investigated. The result shows that the out-phase electromagnetic field is more effective in improving the upper surface, while, has little function on the bottom surface. The macro/microstructure of the ingot is changed by the out-phase electromagnetic field. Very long and coarse columnar grains evolve to short and thin columnar grains with the application of the out-phase electromagnetic field.
Carrier-mediated jejunal absorption of conjugated bile acids in the guinea pig.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Conjugated bile acid absorption is known to occur in the jejunum in mammals, but the mechanism has not been well defined. The aim of this study was to define the mechanisms by which conjugated bile acids are absorbed from the jejunum. METHODS: The steady-state absorption of eight conjugated bile acids from a perfused jejunal segment was measured in the anesthetized biliary fistula guinea pig. Experiments defined the effect of bile acid structure, tested for competitive inhibition and saturation of transport, and compared the absorption rate of taurine conjugates with that of glycine conjugates at pH 7.6 or 5.0. RESULTS: Dihydroxy conjugates were absorbed twice as rapidly as cholyl conjugates from the perfused jejunum; glycine and taurine conjugates of a given bile acid were absorbed at a similar rate. Absorption of ursodeoxycholate taurine showed saturability and competitive inhibition by other conjugated bile acids. When intraluminal pH was decreased to pH 5.0, the absorption rate of glycine (but not taurine) conjugates increased, indicating passive absorption of the protonated species of glycine-conjugated bile acids. CONCLUSIONS: Uptake of glycine- or taurine-conjugated bile acids by the guinea pig jejunum occurs by at least two mechanisms: carrier-mediated transport (dihydroxy conjugates greater than trihydroxy conjugates) and passive absorption in protonated (uncharged) form of glycine conjugates. (Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;110(4):1098-106)
NiFeCo--An alternative to permalloy for bubble domain detection?

The characteristics of bubble domain sensors fabricated from ternary NiFeCo films have been studied and compared with Permalloy film sensors. In 350 A thick films, the ternary alloy exhibits a magnetoresistance ratio of 3.5 percent in contrast to 2.8 percent for Permalloy films prepared under similar conditions. Sensor sensitivity in functional bubble chips is correspondingly greater, while the sensor noise level is equal to-or lower than-that obtained with the Permalloy detector. Low coercivity and dispersion in NiFeCo films aid in producing an overall improvement in signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of NiFeCo sensors operating in 1-μm bubble ion-implanted contiguous-disk devices is described.
Incidental radiologic findings in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common genetic microdeletion syndrome that results in cognitive delays and an increased risk of several psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. The current study investigates the prevalence of incidental neuroradiologic findings within this population and their relationships with psychiatric conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brain MR imaging from 58 individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was reviewed by board-certified radiologists by using standard clinical procedures. Intracranial incidental findings were classified into 8 categories and compared with a large typically developing cohort. RESULTS: The rate of incidental findings was significantly higher (P .0001) in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome compared with typically developing individuals, driven by a high prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum (19.0%) and white matter abnormalities (10.3%). Both of these findings were associated with psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Cavum septum pellucidum and white matter hyperintensities are significantly more prevalent in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and may represent biomarkers for psychosis. ABBREVIATIONS: CSP cavum septum pellucidum; PNC Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort; 22q11DS 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; TD typically developing
ASSESSING HABITAT SELECTION BY FORAGING EGRETS IN SALT MARSHES AT MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES

We assessed salt marsh use by foraging egrets in coastal Rhode Island, USA. Two species [great egret (Ardea alba) and snowy egret (Egretta thula)] nest in mixed-species colonies on islands in Narragansett Bay and regularly forage in adjacent salt marshes. We surveyed 13 salt marshes approximately twice weekly during the breeding and post-breeding seasons in 2001 and 2002. Based on resource selection functions, foraging great and snowy egrets strongly preferred pools within salt marshes, while mosquito control ditches were rarely used. Foraging egrets were never detected in stands of common reed (Phragmites australis). The number of egrets using individual marshes varied considerably, although density estimates were far less variable. Salt marsh area was better at predicting the mean number of foraging egrets using a marsh than landscape-level parameters, such as distance to the nearest nesting colony or the total area of salt marsh within 5 km. Carefully designed salt marsh restoration projects could benefit local egret populations because it appears that foraging habitat availability may be a limiting factor. To ensure use by foraging egrets, salt marsh restoration designs should increase the availability of pool and open water habitat, reduce common reed, and modify deep ditches and channels to make them more accessible for foraging egrets.
The effect of aortic stenosis on elderly hip fracture outcomes: A case control study.

Abstract Introduction Aortic stenosis (AS) is an established predictor of perioperative complications following both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of mortality and perioperative complications among surgically treated hip fractures in elderly patients with moderate or severe AS compared to those without AS (negative controls). Materials and methods A retrospective case-controlled review (1:2) of elderly (≥65 years) surgically treated hip fractures from 2011 to 2015 with moderate/severe AS (according to American Heart Association criteria) was conducted. Postoperative complication rates, 30 days and 1 year mortality were reviewed. Results Moderate/severe AS was identified in 65 hip fracture cases and compared to 129 negative controls. AS cases were significantly older with higher rates of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation ( p p p =0.002) were significantly higher among AS cases compared to controls. Kaplan Meier estimates of 30-day mortality (14.7% vs. 4.2%, p p p =0.001), pulmonary disease (OR 7.36, p =0.002) and renal disease (OR 3.27, p =0.04) as independent predictors. Moderate/severe AS (OR 3.38, p =0.03), atrial fibrillation (OR 3.73, p =0.03) and renal disease (OR 4.44, p =0.02) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Moderate/severe AS (OR 5.79, p p =0.02) were independent predictors of 1-year mortality. Conclusion Aortic stenosis is associated with a significantly increased risk of perioperative complications, 30-day mortality and 1-year mortality in elderly patients undergoing surgical treatment of hip fractures.