cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
If a Frond Falls in the Kelp Forest (does it make any sound

Science is at the core of ocean conservation. Protecting nature and restoring it to a healthy state requires that we understand how nature works, and that means science. As a result, conservation is likely to be dominated by the scientificmindset, which is fine when it comes to the actual practice of science. But when that mindset begins spilling over into associated disciplines such as socioeconomics, policy, politics, and, most important, communication, the entire practice of conservation can become handicapped. That is what this chapter is about—understanding how “science think” can impede the effective communication of ocean conservation.
Do Men and Women Perform Oral Sex as Mate Retention Behavior

“Mate retention” behaviors are designed to reduce the likelihood of a partner’s infidelity. One mate retention strategy that individuals use is to increase a partner’s relationship satisfaction by provisioning that partner with benefits. Men who report performing more mate retention behaviors, in general, and more benefit-provisioning mate retention behaviors, in particular, also report greater interest in, and more time spent, performing oral sex on their female partner. Likewise, women who report performing more benefit-provisioning mate retention behaviors also report greater interest in, and more time spent, performing oral sex on their male partner—but this relationship is stronger for men. We highlight similarities and differences between men and women, discuss explanations for the results, address limitations of this research, and suggest several future research directions.
A review of chloride transport in alkali-activated cement paste, mortar, and concrete

Abstract In this review, we present a meta-analysis of experimental data concerning chloride transport in alkali-activated cement (AAC) paste, mortar, and concrete. Sixty-six (66) studies were reviewed with a primary focus on measurement methodology, mixture design, and process-structure-property relationships related to microstructural development (i.e., porosity, pore size distribution), chloride diffusion, and chloride binding. In general, this review elucidates that aluminosilicate precursors with high amorphous contents and increased fineness that are activated with solutions of high alkalinity (Na:Al ≥ 0.75) and silica content (Si:Al ≥ 1.5) in combination with heat-curing (>40 °C) lead to microstructural characteristics (e.g., binder gel chemistries) that improve chloride durability, even though interactions between these factors are not well understood. Descriptive statistics of reported AAC paste porosities and AAC concrete chloride diffusion coefficients by aluminosilicate precursor (i.e., fly ash, slag, calcined clay, natural clay, binary blends) are presented, along with a summative discussion regarding new opportunities for advancing current scientific understanding of chloride transport in AACs.
The Role of Vitamin E in the Treatment of NAFLD

There has been a growing interest in the role of vitamin E supplementation in the treatment and/or prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). We performed a systematic review of the medical literature from inception through 15 June 2018 by utilizing PubMed and searching for key terms such as NAFLD, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Data from studies and medical literature focusing on the role of vitamin E therapy in patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were reviewed. Most studies assessing the impact of vitamin E in NAFLD were designed to evaluate patients with NASH with documented biochemical and histological abnormalities. These studies demonstrated improvement in biochemical profiles, with a decline in or normalization of liver enzymes. Furthermore, histological assessment showed favorable outcomes in lobular inflammation and hepatic steatosis following treatment with vitamin E. Current guidelines regarding the use of vitamin E in the setting of NAFLD recommend that vitamin E-based treatment be restricted to biopsy-proven nondiabetic patients with NASH only. However, some concerns have been raised regarding the use of vitamin E in patients with NASH due to its adverse effects profile and lack of significant improvement in hepatic fibrosis. In conclusion, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of vitamin E accompanied by ease-of-use and exceptional tolerability have made vitamin E a pragmatic therapeutic choice in non-diabetic patients with histologic evidence of NASH. Future clinical trials with study design to assess vitamin E in combination with other anti-fibrotic agents may yield an additive or synergistic therapeutic effect.
The Danger of the Extended Hand: A Critique of Humanitarian Aid in Makenzy Orcel’s L’Ombre Animale

Since the 2010 earthquake that destroyed Port-au-Prince, there have been a number of inquiries detailing the material failures of the multi-national humanitarian aid response. Studies have focused on the misuse of funds by large international organizations, and they have attempted to trace the donations made by individuals and governments alike. Still others indicate the neocolonial manner in which Haitians were themselves cut out of negotiations regarding how their nation should be rebuilt. Such criticisms are of particular interest, given the 40,000 Haitians still living under tarps more than eight years after the quake. Despite the documented disappointments of the post-earthquake aid initiative, North Atlantic aid workers and organizations enjoy a privileged position in the collective unconscious of the global North. As is becoming increasingly clear, “Aid” often does more harm than good, whether due to oversight, greed, or the momentum of the global wealth and power disparity. Makenzy Orcel’s 2016 novel L’Ombre animale represents foreign development workers—not as the long-awaited rescuers of Haiti—but as wolves come to feed off the precarity and vulnerability of a rural Haitian village. In this article, I maintain that, through the historically and mythologically salient figure of the wolf, Orcel systematically questions the moral capital attributed to the white savior.
Normal Clinical and Biological Parameters of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Abstract Selected normative data parameters have been described in the common marmoset. In this chapter, normative values for biological parameters and common hematology and serum chemistry parameters will be presented.
Where Are We Vulnerable

Risk is present in all systems. It is a naturally occurring characteristic of any innovative venture and therefore should be anticipated before, during, and after a new system is developed. Common points of vulnerability are visible in financial systems, and organizations can apply a range of methods and techniques to identify risk, begin the process of risk treatment, and understand potential outcomes. Risk exists in all aspects of financial systems architecture, including deployed technologies, the enterprise process architecture, and personnel. Interconnectedness creates new vulnerabilities and establishes the potential for cascading impact across connected enterprises.
Combinatorial Library of Cyclic Benzylidene Acetal-Containing pH-Responsive Lipidoid Nanoparticles for Intracellular mRNA Delivery

Lipidoid nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be effective for intracellular delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids. Stimuli-responsive lipidoid nanoparticles are able to further improve delivery efficacy and reduce carrier-induced toxicity. Our group previously developed reduction and photoresponsive combinatorial libraries of lipidoid nanoparticles for small molecule and biologics delivery. Herein, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and intracellular mRNA delivery application of a new library of pH-responsive lipidoid nanoparticles. The acid-degradable cyclic benzylidene acetal-containing cationic lipidoids (R-O16CBA) were synthesized through a multistep reaction and characterized by NMR and MS. The acid-triggered degradation of lipidoids was studied using NMR, MS, DLS, and TEM. The results revealed that the R-O16CBA lipidoid can be completely degraded at pH 5. The R-O16CBA lipidoid nanoparticles were then fabricated with different formulations of DOPE and cholesterol and tested in vitro for intracellular mRNA delivery.
Data-centricity: a challenge and opportunity for computing education

Rethinking the content of introductory computing around a data-centric approach to better engage and support a diversity of students.
TweakIt: Supporting End-User Programmers Who Transmogrify Code

End-user programmers opportunistically copy-and-paste code snippets from colleagues or the web to accomplish their tasks. Unfortunately, these snippets often don’t work verbatim, so these people—who are non-specialists in the programming language—make guesses and tweak the code to understand and apply it successfully. To support their desired workflow and facilitate tweaking and understanding, we built a prototype tool, TweakIt, that provides users with a familiar live interaction to help them understand, introspect, and reify how different code snippets would transform their data. Through a usability study with 14 data analysts, participants found the tool to be useful to understand the function of otherwise unfamiliar code, to increase their confidence about what the code does, to identify relevant parts of code specific to their task, and to proactively explore and evaluate code. Overall, our participants were enthusiastic about incorporating TweakIt in their own day-to-day work.
Hyperspectral Satellite Radiance Atmospheric Profile Information Content and Its Dependence on Spectrometer Technology

Satellite vertical atmospheric sounding was initiated more than 50 years ago and has evolved to provide the most critical component of today's global observation system. However, the operational use of today's polar orbiting satellite hyperspectral infrared (IR) observations in numerical weather prediction (NWP) has been limited to a small fraction of the radiance information being provided. On the other hand, research systems are in operation that combines high vertical resolution polar hyperspectral radiance measurements with high spatial and time resolution geostationary multispectral radiance measurements that demonstrate the promise of future geo-hyperspectral sounding observations to significantly improve the forecast location and warning time for the development of localized tornadic storms. This article has a twofold objective: 1) to demonstrate that there is much more information available in current IR sounding data, than is being used to benefit the current NWP operation and 2) to illustrate the importance of the spectrometer technology (i.e., Fourier transform vs. dispersive grating) used for achieving the vertical profile resolution required to improve both extended range and localized severe weather forecasts. These objectives are achieved by performing both theoretical physics-based radiance information content (IC) studies and empirical analyses of current hyperspectral radiance measurements. The IC studies clearly demonstrate the unique importance of longwave IR (9−15 μm) radiance observations. The empirical studies demonstrate the importance of using Fourier transform spectrometers for providing the high spectral fidelity needed to resolve the small-scale vertical features in atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, which impact weather forecast accuracy.
Revisiting Retirement and Social Security Claiming Decisions

Why do individuals retire and claim their Social Security benefits at the age they do? Understanding the key drivers of these decisions has been an important topic of research as it can help guide policy discussions on the impact of potential reforms to the Social Security program. We revisit this crucial question by exploring new sources of heterogeneity in these decisions as well as novel mechanisms governing these trade-offs. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study and the Understanding America Survey, we first document (1) important heterogeneities in social security claiming behavior of men by their education and marital status, (2) strong correlations between health, labor supply and benefit claiming decisions and (3) significant misinformation related to Social Security program knowledge and survival chances at older ages. We then build a life-cycle model of consumption, savings, labor supply, and Social Security application decisions as well as heterogeneity in education, marital status and SS program knowledge. The model includes uncertainty in health, subjective survival, wages, and job separation as well as rich details of the U.S. Social Security program to understand why a majority of individuals claim Social Security benefits prior to their normal retirement age, despite large penalties associated with these early benefit claims. We show that the estimated model can closely match the claiming behavior as seen in the data and also produce differences in SS claims along the dimensions of heterogeneity considered. Counterfactual experiments indicate that precautionary motives, misinformation, and preferences governing future discounting as well as altruism, together, go a long way in explaining overall claiming behavior. Together, these forces can explain a third of the overall early benefit claims and two-thirds of age 62 claims– with varying intensities across education and marital groups.
Graphical models for nonstationary time series

We propose NonStGGM, a general nonparametric graphical modeling framework for studying dynamic associations among the components of a nonstationary multivariate time series. It builds on the framework of Gaussian Graphical Models (GGM) and stationary time series Gaussian Graphical model (StGGM), and complements existing works on parametric graphical models based on change point vector autoregressions (VAR). Analogous to StGGM, the proposed framework captures conditional noncorrelations (both intertemporal and contemporaneous) in the form of an undirected graph. In addition, to describe the more nuanced nonstationary relationships among the components of the time series, we introduce the new notion of conditional nonstationarity/stationarity and incorporate it within the graph architecture. This allows one to distinguish between direct and indirect nonstationary relationships among system components, and can be used to search for small subnetworks that serve as the "source" of nonstationarity in a large system. Together, the two concepts of conditional noncorrelation and nonstationarity/stationarity provide a parsimonious description of the dependence structure of the time series.
Nutritional regulation of the genes encoding the acid-labile subunit and other components of the circulating insulin-like growth factor system in the sheep.

In sheep, perinatal maturation of the endocrine arm of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is characterized by two developmental events. First, concentrations of circulating IGF-I increase rapidly after birth and become responsive to changes in nutrition and growth hormone (GH). Second, the liver initiates synthesis of a serum protein called the acid-labile subunit (ALS). The acid-labile subunit promotes the endocrine actions of IGF-I and -II by recruiting them to long-lived complexes of 150 kDa. In this study, we examined the effect of nutrition on hepatic expression of the ALS gene around the time of birth and later in life. Expression of genes encoding other components of the circulating IGF system was also measured. At d 130 of fetal life, fetuses suffering from chronic undernutrition caused by placental insufficiency had lower expression of the ALS and IGF-I genes than well-nourished fetuses, but they did not have any changes in the expression of the IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 or IGFBP-3 genes. In early postnatal life, hepatic gene expression was analyzed between d 12 and 38 in lambs fed a milk replacer at levels sustaining weight gains of 150 or 337 g/d. The lower plane of nutrition decreased the expression of the ALS, IGF-I, and GH receptor genes and increased the expression of the IGFBP-2 gene; expression of the IGFBP-3 gene was not affected by nutrition at this stage of life. Finally, hepatic gene expression was measured in 3-mo-old lambs offered ad libitum levels of a balanced diet or of a diet limiting for both energy and protein. Although the rate of growth of the lambs fed the limiting diet was reduced by 38%, the only effect detected in hepatic gene expression was a ninefold increase in the abundance of IGFBP-2 mRNA. Overall, these results indicate that undernutrition during late fetal and early postnatal life delays hepatic expression of the ALS gene and final maturation of the endocrine IGF system.
Recovering surface curvature and orientation from texture distortion: a least squares algorithm and sensitivity analysis

Shape from texture is best analyzed in two stages, analogous to stereopsis and structure from motion: (a) Computing the ‘texture distortion’, and (b) Interpreting the ‘texture distortion’ to infer the orientation and shape of the surface. We model the texture distortion for a given point and direction on the image plane as an affine transformation and derive the relationship between the parameters of this transformation and the shape parameters. We use non-linear minimization of a least squares error criterion to estimate the shape parameters from the affine transformations, using a simple linear algorithm to obtain an initial guess. Under the assumption that the measurement errors in the affine parameters are independent and normally distributed, we can find error bounds on the shape parameter estimates. We present results on images of planar and curved surfaces under perspective projection. We find all five local shape and orientation parameters with no a priori assumptions about the shape of the surface.
Multiple trapped argon isotope components revealed by 40AR39AR isochron analysis

Abstract Isotope correlation diagrams can be used to obtain geologically meaningful age information from complex, seemingly meaningless, 40 Ar 39 Ar step heating results. A violation of the common assumption that the trapped argon component has a 40 Ar 36 Ar equal to 295.5, the atmospheric value, has been observed for K-feldspar, biotite, muscovite and hornblende, the four terrestrial minerals most commonly dated by the 40 Ar 39 Ar method. This approach has revealed up to three separate trapped argon components in a single sample which are thermally distinct during laboratory heating; that is, as one 40 Ar 36 Ar component is exhausted, another dominates as the trapped phase. The recognition of these trapped reservoirs of excess 40 Ar explain why many release spectra have complex patterns. When multiple trapped argon components do not remain thermally distinct during laboratory heating, only limits on age and trapped argon composition can be obtained.
Assessing the Critical Parameters of eSMART-MH: A Promising Avatar-Based Digital Therapeutic Intervention to Reduce Depressive Symptoms.

Purpose To assess, from the young adults' (YAs') perspectives, the critical parameters (necessity, acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, and safety) of an avatar-based intervention, eSMART-MH, to reduce depressive symptoms. Design and Methods YAs (n = 60) were randomly assigned to eSMART-MH or control and observed for 12 weeks. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Findings Necessity, acceptability, fidelity, and safety of eSMART-MH were supported. Feasibility results were mixed. When benchmarked against usual care, eSMART-MH demonstrated greater feasibility. Practice Implications eSMART-MH is a promising digital therapeutic for depressive symptoms. Feasibility can be strengthened through “on the go” access via mobile devices and Internet delivery.
Memories and Performance

This study intends to explore one aspect of contemporary architecture, that is, the tension between the universal and the particular. It is the tension between the emphasis onmodernist abstractionism and technology and the concerns about nature, history, and human experiences, both individual and collective. Basically, it is the notions of identity and place. In this line of thought, the discussions on place usually are anchored on the formal and spatial level, which carries symbolic significance. However, architecture has a greater impact on human life in subtle ways, that is, through the ways in which a design operates in relationshipto the social and physical environment. It is what I would call the performative aspect of architecture. How can we establish a mode of reading of the notion of place by focusing on the performative aspect of architecture? This paper examines examples of works related to the notion of place, both design work and architectural texts from the heroic period of Modernism to the contemporary period, including those of Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, Paul Rudolph, to those of critical regionalists. This juxtaposition between textual and formal analysis aims to arrive at a critical understanding of how the cases perform and, in turn, engage the place. Overall, this study hopes to contribute to the intersection between history and theory of architecture and design, as well as to the notion of place and identity inarchitecture.
Deletion of carboxypeptidase N delays onset of experimental cerebral malaria.

Summary Complement contributes to inflammation during pathogen infections; however, less is known regarding its role during malaria and in the severest form of the disease, cerebral malaria. Recent studies have shown that deletion of the complement anaphylatoxins receptors, C3aR and C5aR, does not alter disease susceptibility in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). This does not, however, preclude C3a- and C5a-mediated contributions to inflammation in ECM and raises the possibility that carboxypeptidase regulation of anaphylatoxin activity rapidly over rides their functions. To address this question, we performed ECM using carboxypeptidase N-deficient (CPN−/−) mice. Unexpectedly, we found that CPN−/− mice survived longer than wild-type mice, but they were fully susceptible to ECM. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration was not reduced at the peak of disease in CPN−/− mice, and there was no corresponding reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Our results indicate that carboxypeptidases contribute to the pathogenesis of ECM and that studies examining the contribution of other carboxypeptidase families and family members may provide greater insight into the role these enzymes play in malaria.
Statistical Analysis of ENOB and Yield in Binary Weighted ADCs and DACS With Random Element Mismatch

Mismatch motivates many of the design decisions for binary weighted, ratiometric converters, such as successive approximation (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADC), but the statistical relationship between mismatch and signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) has not been precisely quantified. In this paper, we analyze the effects of capacitor mismatch in a binary weighted, charge redistribution SAR ADC and derive a new analytic expression relating capacitor mismatch and the effective-number-of-bits (ENOB). We then explore the statistics of this new expression and develop a model that accurately predicts yield in terms of ENOB. Finally, the major results of this paper are generalized into a simple and compact design equation that relates resolution, mismatch, and ENOB to yield for all binary weighted, ratiometric converters. The expressions derived in this paper offer practical insight into the relationship between mismatch and performance for all binary, weighted ratiometric converters with these results validated through numerical simulations.
Relay margins as a tool for dynamical security analysis

A new measure that quantitatively describes the dynamical response of a power system under large disturbances is proposed in this paper. The measure is named relay margin/relay space margin. The intention is to find a set of indicators which are well understood and informative enough for use in a power system control centre environment for dynamic security assessment (DSA). The protective system is included in the mathematical model of the power system. Current methods for DSA proposed in the literature ignore discrete devices such as the relays. It is the practice to update relay settings occasionally, depending on planned changes in the power system structure (new source, new load, new line, periodic checking). Thus the current operating state of the power system can be significantly different from the one for which the relay security are selected. The necessity for inclusion of relay models is illustrated by an example. For the dynamic security assessment of the power system it is not necessary to include all the relays present in the system. A set of relays which may trip for a given contingency can be isolated. This set is named the set of vulnerable relays and a procedure to identify them is proposed. The 10-machine, 39-bus system and 3-machine, 9-bus system are used to illustrate the basic idea of this work.
Clinical Utility of the MDASI-BT in Patients with Brain Metastases

Symptom occurrence has been shown to predict treatment course and survival in cancer patients. The M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Brain Tumor Module (MDASI-BT) was recently validated as a tool for primary brain tumor patient self-report of symptoms. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the MDASI-BT in patients with brain metastases. Data collection included demographic and clinical factors, and the MDASI-BT (0-10 scale). Construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, and known-group validity was evaluated by detecting group differences due to disease severity and treatment approach. For reliability, Cronbach's alpha values were computed for each subscale. A sample of 124 patients participated, of which 53.2% were women. Participants were primarily white (79.8%) and married (78.2%), and a variety of solid tumor malignancies were represented. Factor analysis revealed six underlying constructs, including affective symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, focal neurologic deficits, constitutional and gastrointestinal symptoms, and interference with life. The solution with these factors explained 68.4% of the variance. Mean symptom scores were 1.2 and 2.6, and mean interference scores were 1.8 and 4.3 for patients with good and poor Karnofsky scores, respectively (P<0.001). These subscales were also sensitive to opioid analgesic use, with group differences of 1.5 and 2.2 (P<0.001). Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 for each of the two subscales. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, drowsiness, distress, and dry mouth were the most severe symptoms. The MDASI-BT demonstrated validity and reliability in brain metastases patients and can be used to identify and monitor symptom occurrence in relation to treatment course and survival.
Influence of Microbial Inoculation (Pseudomonas Sp. Strain ADP), the Enzyme Atrazine Chlorohydrolase, and Vegetation on the Degradation of Atrazine and Metolachlor in Soil

The concentrations of atrazine in the freshly added soils and the soils that had been incubated for 50 days significantly decreased 1 day after the addition of the enzyme atrazine chlorohydrolase or the soil bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP as compared with those in the uninoculated soils. Atrazine chlorohydrolase or ADP had no effect on the degradation of metolachlor. The half-lives of atrazine in the freshly added soils and in the aged soils after the treatment with atrazine chlorohydrolase or ADP markedly decreased as compared with those in the uninoculated soils. The half-lives of metolachlor in the aged soils were much longer than those of freshly added metolachlor. The percentage atrazine degraded in the freshly treated soils was much higher than that in the aged soils. This indicates that aging significantly decreased the bioavailability of atrazine. Vegetation significantly decreased the concentration of metolachlor. However, vegetation showed no effect on the degradation of atrazine.
Size-related and geographic variation at two enzyme loci in Megalorchestia californiana (Amphipoda: Talitridae)

Genetic variation in the enzymes mannose phosphate isomerase and glucosephosphate isomerase was surveyed in the amphipod Megalorchestia californiana Brandt on the Pacific coast of the United States. In a series of samples from Washington state to southern California, both enzyme loci exhibited differences of allele frequency associated with latitude. Geographic differences among nine Oregon samples were not consistently associated with any obvious environmental variable. Within the Oregon samples, the Mpi locus exhibited a heterozygote deficit in the smallest size class. Larger size classes did not differ from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Possible explanations for this pattern include genotype-related differences in behavior, growth or viability.
The Euro as a Reserve Currency

This paper presents historical and econometric evidence that the euro will come to rival the dollar as a reserve currency only slowly. The fact that it pays for central banks to hold their foreign reserves in a currency that is widely used in international transactions creates a network externality that gives the dollar an incumbency advantage. In addition, creating a market with sufficient stability to be attractive to international investors requires continuous liquidity management and periodic lender-of-last-resort operations by the issuing central bank. That the Maastricht Treaty assumes a strong separation between monetary policy and prudential regulation consequently bodes ill for the euro's prospects as a reserve currency.J. Japan. Int. Econ., Dec. 1998,12(4), pp. 483–506. Department of Economics and Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number F3.
Abstract 3764: Promoter methylation in exfoliated breast cells isolated from breast milk of women who have had a breast biopsy

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Analysis of promoter methylation patterns in genes frequently downregulated in breast cancer may serve as an early indicator of breast cancer risk. To date, studies of methylation patterns in breast epithelial cells from asymptomatic women have been limited to cells obtained from fine nipple aspirate and ductal lavage. Analysis of promoter hypermethylation in exfoliated epithelial cells isolated from breast milk provides a non-invasive opportunity to assess breast cancer risk. Our preliminary data indicate that we can detect a cancer methylation phenotype in the milk of women at high risk. We propose that epithelial cells isolated from breast milk of lactating women scheduled to have a breast biopsy provide a resource for assessing early changes in DNA related to increased breast cancer risk. Two hundred and fifty breast milk samples from women who are scheduled to have, or have had a breast biopsy will be collected. Of these women, we expect that roughly ten percent will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast milk will be collected from both the biopsied and contralateral breast of each participant. To date, 153 participants have donated breast milk, yielding 300 breast milk samples with an average size of 50 ml (±30 ml) per breast. After collection, the epithelial enriched and epithelial depleted cells from each breast were isolated. Subsequent DNA isolation of both the epithelial enriched and depleted fraction of cells yielded an average of 372 ng (range 12-5000 ng) of high quality DNA. Using the DNA extracted from epithelial enriched and depleted fractions of cells isolated from breast milk, the promoter methylation level of 9 genes known to be methylated in breast cancer will be examined using pyrosequencing technology. We will assess the promoter methylation levels of: CDH1, DAP-K, ER-α, GSTP1, HIN1, P16, RAR-s, RASSF1A, and SFRP1 in the epithelial enriched and depleted bisulfite treated DNA of each breast milk sample. Preliminary pyrosequencing assays conducted in our lab have shown that there is a difference in RASSF1A methylation levels between the epithelial enriched DNA from the cancerous breast compared to the epithelial depleted DNA from the non-cancerous breast of the same participant. Further methylation analysis may prove that breast milk can be used as non-invasive alternative to ductal lavage or fine needle aspirate, which may yield accurate breast cancer risk assessment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3764.
Integrated monitoring of wind plant systems

Wind power is a renewable source of energy that is quickly gaining acceptance by many. Advanced sensor technologies have currently focused solely on improving wind turbine rotor aerodynamics and increasing of the efficiency of the blade design and concentration. Alternatively, potential improvements in wind plant efficiency may be realized through reduction of reactionary losses of kinetic energy to the structural and substructural systems supporting the turbine mechanics. Investigation of the complete dynamic structural response of the wind plant is proposed using a large-scale, high-rate wireless sensor network. The wireless network enables sensors to be placed across the sizable structure, including the rotating blades, without consideration of cabling issues and the economic burden associated with large spools of measurement cables. A large array of multi-axis accelerometers is utilized to evaluate the modal properties of the system as well as individual members and would enable long-term structural condition monitoring of the wind turbine as well. Additionally, environmental parameters, including wind speed, temperature, and humidity, are wirelessly collected for correlation. Such a wireless system could be integrated with electrical monitoring sensors and actuators and incorporated into a remote multi-turbine centralized plant monitoring and control system.
Postnatal alteration in hematocrit and viscosity in normal and polycythemic infants

This study was done to document postnatal alterations in hematocrit andviscosity in the first 18 hours of life in 99 full-term infants, to better understand the age-dependent variations in these measurements that may have a bearing on the diagnosis of neonatal polycythemia. The peripheral venous Hct was highest at 2 hours of age, and dropped to cord blood levels by 18 hours. The whole blood viscosity of peripheral venous samples did not change significantly with age. In infants with peripheral venous Hct ≥64%, and therefore considered to have polycythemia, a similar postnatal variation in Hct level was seen. Only 38% of infants with Hct ≥64%,at 2 hours of age continued to have a high level beyond 12 hours of age. The viscosity level in these infants tended to follow that of the Hct. The mean ±2 SD viscosity values obtained from peripheral venous samples was much higher than the upper limits of viscosity used in previous studies in which cord blood viscosity was used as the norm. Cord blood Hct correlated betfer with peripheral venous Hct than with capillary hematocrit, and provided a noninvasive method for screening. These findings suggest that the postnatal variations in Hct should be taken into consideration in the diagnosis of neonatal polycythemia.
Mechanical Relaxations in Mixed‐Alkali Silicate Glasses: I, Results

The internal friction of silicate glasses containing mixtures of Li-Na, Li-K, Li-Rb, Li-Cs, Na-K, Na-Rb, Na-Cs, and K-Rb was measured from -180° to 500°C at a frequency of 0.4 Hz. Values for the density, index of refraction, and dynamic shear modulus are also reported. With small additions of a second alkali, a new internal friction peak was observed in addition to the two peaks originally present in the glasses containing only one alkali. The magnitude of this new peak was especially sensitive to small amounts (less than 1 mol%) of a second alkali. Activation energies are given for the alkali peak in Li-Cs glasses and for the new internal friction peak in Li-Na glasses.
Structure and stress state of Hawaiian island basalts penetrated by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project deep core hole

[1] As part of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), an exploratory hole was drilled in 1993 to a depth of 1056 meters below sea level (mbsl) and a deeper hole was drilled to 3098 mbsl in 1999. A set of geophysical well logs was obtained in the deeper hole that provides fundamental information regarding the structure and the state of stress that exist within a volcanic shield. The acoustic televiewer generates digital, magnetically oriented images of the borehole wall, and inspection of this log yields a continuous record of fracture orientation with depth and also with age to 540 ka. The data depict a clockwise rotation in fracture strike through the surficial Mauna Loa basalts that settles to a constant heading in the underlying Mauna Kea rocks. This behavior reflects the depositional slope directions of lavas and the locations of volcanic sources relative to the drill site. The deviation log delineates the trajectory of the well bore in three-dimensional space. This path closely follows changes in fracture orientation with depth as the drill bit is generally prodded perpendicular to fracture strike during the drilling process. Stress-induced breakouts observed in the televiewer log identify the orientations of the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses to be north-south and east-west, respectively. This stress state is attributed to the combination of a sharp break in onshore-offshore slope that reduces stress east-west and the emergence of Kilauea that increases stress north-south. Breakouts are extensive and appear over approximately 30% of the open hole.
CYP1A1 variants and smoking‐related lung cancer in San Francisco bay area Latinos and African Americans

We examined CYP1A1 T6235C (M1) and A4889G (M2) polymorphisms in San Francisco Bay Area African Americans and Latinos who were newly diagnosed with primary lung cancer from September 1998 to November 2002 and in age-gender-ethnicity frequency-matched controls. Owing mainly to rapid mortality of cases, overall percentages of cases genotyped were 26% and 32% for Latinos and African Americans, respectively. CYP1A1 variants were genotyped for Latinos (104 cases, 278 controls) and African Americans (226 cases, 551 controls). M1 and M2 frequencies in controls were 0.23 and 0.02 for African Americans and 0.38 and 0.29 for Latinos. In Latinos, the overall inverse odds ratio (OR) of 0.51 (95% CI = 0.32–0.81) for M1 variant genotype resulted from an inverse interaction with smoking. Nonsmokers with M1 genotype had a slight elevated OR (1.5; 0.59–3.7), but those with less than 30 or 30 or more pack-year history had 0.20 (0.06–0.70) and 0.21 (0.06–0.81) times (about 1/5) the odds expected if smoking and genotype were independent lung cancer risk factors. African Americans had interactions of similar magnitude that were not statistically significant. Results for M2 were very similar. Inverse interactions of CYP1A1 variants and smoking-associated lung cancer risk in Latinos might be causal, due to undetected bias or confounding, or represent a unique linkage disequilibrium between a new lung cancer locus and CYP1A1 in this highly admixed population.
An Elephant and almost a Palindrome: Two Books on the Body in Art

Image of the Body: Aspects of the Nude by Michael Gill, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Auckland: Doubleday, 1990, 476 pp., 302 b. & w. illus., £12.99 The Body Imaged: The Human Form and Visual Culture since the Renaissance edited by Kathleen Adler and Marcia Pointon, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 214 pp., 42 b. & w. illus., £45.00 hdbk, £14.95 pbk
In vivo recovery of human platelets in severe combined immunodeficient mice as a measure of platelet damage.

BACKGROUND: Clinical performance of human platelet (PLT) products processed or stored under novel conditions is difficult to predict based on in vitro studies alone. Recovery and survival of radiolabeled PLTs in human subjects are used as surrogate markers for PLT efficacy in development of new products. Such experiments pose some risk to the participants, can be a financial burden on the sponsor, and may stifle innovation and development of new PLT products. Animal models for in vivo recovery and survival of human PLTs are limited by rapid, immune-mediated clearance of human cells. The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice allowed prolonged circulation of human PLTs and were used to detect differences in recovery and survival between chemically damaged, aged PLTs, or normal PLTs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Human PLTs were transfused into SCID and wild-type (WT) mice, and the recoveries and survival times were detected in mouse whole blood by flow cytometry with an anti-human CD41–fluorescein isothiocyanate monoclonal antibody. Recoveries of damaged PLTs were compared to normal PLTs. RESULTS: Recoveries were significantly shorter in WT than in SCID mice at 4 hours after transfusion (WT, 20.8 ± 5.4%, n = 12; SCID, 63.8 ± 8.4%, n = 10) and with a t½ estimate of 2 hours for WT and 7 hours for SCID mice. Human PLTs damaged either by chemical treatment or by improper storage exhibited decreased recoveries in SCID mice. CONCLUSION: The SCID mouse model can detect differences between damaged and control human PLTs and could be useful in evaluating novel PLT collection, processing, and storage technologies that may impact PLT quality.
Polyoxoanion-supported, atomically dispersed transition metals: The catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene with dioxygen by the catalyst precursors 6(n-C4H9)4N95Na36(1,5-COD)IraP2W15Nb3O629, 6(n-C4H9)4N95Na36(1,5-COD)RhaP2W15Nb3O629, and 6(n-C4H9)4N94.5Na2.56(C6H6)RuaP2W15Nb3O629

Abstract [( n -C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 5 Na 3 [(1,5-COD)Ir·P 2 W 15 Nb 3 O 62 ], 1 , [( n -C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 5 Na 3 [(1,5-COD)Rh·P 2 W 15 Nb 3 O 62 ], and [( n -C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 4.5 Na 2.5 [(C 6 H 6 )Ru·P 2 W 15 Nb 3 O 62 ] have been shown to catalyze the oxygenation of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen. The polyoxoanion-supported iridium(I) complex, 1 , shows the highest activity of this group with a turnover frequency of 2.9 h −1 at 38°C in CH 2 Cl 2 (540 total turnovers), which is 100-fold greater than its parent iridium compound, [(1,5-COD)IrCl] 2 . Additional experiments using H 2 /O 2 mixtures and H 2 O 2 are also discussed. The apparent rate law for the oxidation of cyclohexene by O 2 by 1 is - d [cyclohexene]/ dt = k 2 obsd · [ 1 ] 1 [cyclohexene] 1 P(O 2 ) 1→0 . These compounds constitute the first examples of oxygenation catalysis using molecular oxygen and a polyoxoanion- supported transition-metal precatalyst.
The Photo-Reaction of Hydrogen and Iodine Monochloride

WE are able to confirm the observations of D. P. Mellor and T. Iredale 1 on the photo-reaction between iodine monochloride and hydrogen, as against the photo inactivity of the mixture reported by Rollefson and Lindquist.2 A rapid photo-reaction between these substances when not specially purified had been observed by us before the appearance of Rollefson and Lindquist's paper ; the reaction, however, is much influenced by traces of impurities, for when special pains are taken to avoid contamination by organic materials, stopcock grease and the like, the rate of reaction under the influence of light is much decreased. There remains, however, an easily measurable reaction under the influence of the light of a mercury arc. The main products are hydrogen chloride (HC1) and iodine (I2); no appreciable amount of hydrogen iodide has been found. The photo-reaction between iodine chloride and methane has also been established in this laboratory ; the rate here is great compared with that of the hydrogen reaction. Both reactions are being investigated in detail.
Issues in homeland security

This chapter provides a framework for the volume by discussing ways that legislative mandates affect higher education institutions with regard to homeland security and the resulting cultural changes necessary at postsecondary institutions.
Simultaneous absorption of carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide in aqueous methyldiethanolamine

Abstract In this work the simultaneous absorption of two and three acid gases in a tertiary amine, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), is studied theoretically and experimentally. Two cases were considered, the absorption of CO2 and COS in MDEA and the absorption of CO2, COS and H2S in MDEA. A film model for the liquid phase is used to calculate the enhancement factors for individual gases. For the case of H2S absorption it was necessary to model the gas phase mass transfer resistance. Experiments were conducted in a stirred cell absorber operated at steady state conditions. Experiments were carried out for a range of MDEA concentrations (10–50 wt%) and stirrer speeds. The experimental absorption rates agree well with model predictions with absolute mean deviations in all cases less than 14%.
I–V and magnetoconductivity measurements on a quasi-two-dimensional crystal

Abstract Electrical conductivity measurements on thin crystals of Bi2(Te1−xSx)3, x=0.48 reveal a nonohmic behavior similar to that observed on silicon inversion layers, and a minimum metallic conductivity of 1.4×10-5ohms-1. At the transition to the high field high noise conductivity region conductivity and field effect mobility change together; the carrier concentration remains constant. The effect of magnetic field on the nonlinear I–V dependence is identical to the effect induced with a gate voltage in an FET configuration.
Magnitude and timing of episodic sea-level rise during the last deglaciation

A succession of elevated ridge deposits on the south Florida margin was mapped using high-resolution seismic and side-scan sonar imaging in water depths ranging from 50 to 124 m. The ridges are interpreted to be subtidal shoal complexes and paleoshorelines (eolian dune or beach) formed during the last sea-level transgression. Oolitic and skeletal grainstones and mixed skeletal-peloidal-ooid packstones were recovered using a research submersible. All of the grains are of shallow-water or intertidal origin, and both marine and nonmarine cements were identified. Formation and preservation of these features are attributed to episodic and rapid changes in the rate of the deglacial sea-level rise at the onset of the termination 1A δ18O excursion. This high-resolution record of sea-level change appears to be related to deglacial processes operating on submillennial time scales and supports increasing evidence of rapid episodic fluctuations in ice volume, climate, and ocean-circulation patterns during glacial-interglacial transitions.
EFFECT OF REPEATED DOSES OF PERFLUOROCARBON (FC100) ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABG) AND LUNG COMPLIANCE (C) IN PRETERM LAMBS (PL)

EFFECT OF REPEATED DOSES OF PERFLUOROCARBON (FC100) ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABG) AND LUNG COMPLIANCE (C) IN PRETERM LAMBS (PL)
Effect of trap placement on detection of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The importance of trap placement for the detection of adult screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), was studied near Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, during the period August through November 1984. Collections from traps located in woods and suspended below isolated trees and tripods in an open pasture were analyzed for differences. x2 analysis indicated traps within pastures collected significantly more sterile released flies than traps located in woods. In pastures, traps suspended below isolated trees collected significantly more flies than traps below tripods. Males and females exhibited the same recapture patterns. Collections of unmarked C. hominivorax and other fly species exhibited the same capture patterns as marked flies. During periods when trees and other vegetation are in full foliage, detection and survey of adult populations of screwworms may be better accomplished by placing traps in pastures rather than woods. Increased efficiency also may be achieved by suspending traps from isolated trees rather than tripods in pastures.