cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paradoxical embolism to the superior mesenteric artery

Paradoxical embolism occurs when venous thrombi embolize into the systemic arterial circulation by passage of clots through an intracardiac septal defect. This paper describes a case of paradoxical embolism to the superior mesenteric artery in a patient with recent myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. This phenomenon was first described in 1877 (Cohnheim, 1877) and many case reports have followed but most of these have been autopsy findings. We emphasize that this diagnosis should be suspected in all patients who suffer systemic arterial emboli without any evidence of left heart origin and/or in association with pulmonary emboli. One author has reviewed 19 cases since 1930, most of which were reported in the past 15 years (Johnson, 1951). This probably reflects an increased awareness of the diagnosis and more sophisticated diagnostic modalities. It also raises the possibility that paradoxical embolism may be more common than originally believed.
Web crawler middleware for search engine digital libraries: a case study for citeseerX

Middleware is an important part of many search engine web crawling processes. We developed a middleware, the Crawl Document Importer (CDI), which selectively imports documents and the associated metadata to the digital library CiteSeerX crawl repository and database. This middleware is designed to be extensible as it provides a universal interface to the crawl database. It is designed to support input from multiple open source crawlers and archival formats, e.g., ARC, WARC. It can also import files downloaded via FTP. To use this middleware for another crawler, the user only needs to write a new log parser which returns a resource object with the standard metadata attributes and tells the middleware how to access downloaded files. When importing documents, users can specify document mime types and obtain text extracted from PDF/postscript documents. The middleware can adaptively identify academic research papers based on document context features. We developed a web user interface where the user can submit importing jobs. The middleware package can also work on supplemental jobs related to the crawl database and respository. Though designed for the CiteSeerX search engine, we feel this design would be appropriate for many search engine web crawling systems.
Adolescent Journeys: Finding Female Authority in The Rain Catchers and The House on Mango Street

This article compares the first-person narratives of two adolescent girls in the novels The Rain Catchers and The House on Mango Street. I propose that adolescent girls can use literacy to read the world around them as a text and therefore help them to form their own identities enough to ultimately find authority in telling their own stories. I use Judith Langer’s theory of envisionment-building as a primary lens through which to interpret the girls’ narrative work and further elucidate the feminist aspects involved through Belenky et al.’s famous work, Women’s Ways of Knowing.
Synthesis of transcobalamin II in totally hepatectomized dogs.

Abstract Transcobalamin II is the protein found in mammal's serum which will bind vitamin B 12 and transport it into cells. Other workers have suggested that this protein is made in the liver. We have found that rates of synthesis of this proteinin dogs (as shown by cycloheximide sensitivity) are uneffected by total removal of the liver implying that the liver is not the only organ responsible for synthesis of this protein.
Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining “Native.”

Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining “Native.” Beatrice Medicine with Sue-Ellen Jacobs, ed. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2001. 371 pp.
Internal Borders as Naturalized Political Instruments

This article explores how internal borders can become naturalized political instruments that are heavily implicated in the extension of state control over rural populations and rural landscapes. It shows how seemingly innocuous instruments such as national parks and hunting and sport fishing regulations can be utilized to create essentialist ecological arguments for the extension of class and urban-based centers of power. Specific examples of these forms of control are illustrated with material from island Newfoundland to show how neo-liberal agendas have been implemented in the name of ecological conservation. These processes create serious disruptions in the historic political ecology of rural areas and obfuscate the anti-ecological practices of contemporary capitalism and neo-liberal forms of government.
The bisector of a point and a plane parametric curve

Abstract The bisector of a fixed point p and a smooth plane curve C—i.e., the locus traced by a point that remains equidistant with respect to p and C—is investigated in the case that C admits a regular polynomial or rational parameterization. It is shown that the bisector may be regarded as (a subset of) a “variable-distance” offset curve to C which has the attractive property, unlike fixed-distance offsets, of being generically a rational curve. This “untrimmed bisector” usually exhibits irregular points and self-intersections similar in nature to those seen on fixed-distance offsets. A trimming procedure, which identifies the parametric subsegments of this curve that constitute the true bisector, is described in detail. The bisector of the point p and any finite segment of the curve C is also discussed.
Cation control of erythrocyte membrane shape: Ca++ reversal of discocyte to echinocyte transition caused by Mg++ and other cations

Abstract White erythrocyte membranes, or ghosts, were monoconcave discocytes when incubated in 50mM N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid titrated to pH 7.4 with triethanolamine. If 3mM MgCl 2 was included in the incubation medium, the ghosts were predominantly echinocytes. The echinocytic form could also be induced by Co ++ , Ni ++ , Li + , Na + , K + , NH 4 + and tetramethylammonium ion, all as chloride salts. The concentration of cation necessary for 50% of the ghosts to be echinocytes was correlated with the hydrated charge density of the cation with the most highly charged cations being the most effective. The cations Ca ++ , Sr ++ , Ba ++ and La +++ , (also as chloride salts) did not induce the normal echinocytic form, but at high levels induced a few misshapen forms with some resemblance to echinocytes. Instead Ca ++ , Sr ++ , Ba ++ and La +++ suppressed the formation of echinocytes in the presence of Mg ++ and other ions. This suggests the presence of a specific Ca ++ binding site important to shape control in the erythrocyte membrane.
Contemporary outcomes of open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair in octogenarians

Objectives We sought to evaluate our contemporary outcomes with open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair in octogenarians to determine whether open TAAA repair is a viable option, with acceptable risk, in this elderly cohort. Methods We analyzed clinical data from 1267 enrolled patients who underwent open TAAA repair between 2003 and 2013. Eighty-eight patients (7%) were octogenarians (median age, 82 years; range, 80-92 years) and 1179 were 79 years of age or less. Results Aneurysm rupture was more common in octogenarians (14% vs 4.7%, P = .001), whereas aortic dissections predominated in younger patients (43.9% vs 13%, P P P P P = .004). Among octogenarians, preoperative aortic dissection was most commonly associated with extent I repair (42% vs P P = .001; odds ratio, 11.6), presence of concomitant dissection ( P = .02; odds ratio, 5.6), and aneurysm rupture ( P = .02; odds ratio, 5.7) as independent predictors of operative mortality in octogenarians. Conclusions Open extent II TAAA repair carries significant risk for octogenarians; extent I, III, and IV repairs incur more reasonable postoperative risk. Although TAAA repair should not be denied to octogenarians based solely on age, extensive TAAA repair should be performed with caution.
The mutually reinforcing triad of depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and erectile dysfunction

The conditions of depression, erectile dysfunction (ED), and cardiovascular disease may seem at a superficial level as independent medical problems managed by 3 separate and unrelated healthcare disciplines. Various studies, however, have revealed significant associations between depression and cardiovascular disease, ED and cardiovascular disease, and depression and ED. The purpose of this research was to identify whether the 3 medical conditions share mutually reinforcing associations and predictors. Population-based epidemiologic studies were utilized where possible. Variables including age, heart disease, hypertension, sedentary behavior, related medications, cigarette smoking, and abnormal lipids have been found to be highly associated with depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and ED. It was concluded that all 3 medical conditions share many of the same risk factors and etiologic associations and may be best modeled in a 3-way holistic, mutually reinforcing relation. Of particular relevance, patients with sexual dysfunction have a likely comorbidity of cardiovascular disease and depression, as well as the potential increased risk for cardiac morbidity and mortality.
Enhancement of an L-type calcium current in AtT-20 cells; a novel effect of the m4 muscarinic receptor.

Activation of muscarinic receptors has been shown to inhibit L-type calcium conductances by mechanisms sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX). In this study we show that agonist stimulation of the m4 muscarinic receptor leads to an increase in an L-type calcium conductance in the AtT-20 pituitary cell line, by a PTX-sensitive mechanism. The amplitude of the dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive or L-type calcium current was increased by acetylcholine (ACh), with no shift in the voltage dependence. This action of ACh was completely inhibited by PTX pre-treatment. Forskolin, cAMP and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate reduced, while RpcAMPs, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), increased the L-type calcium conductance. We propose that the m4 muscarinic receptor activates the L-type calcium channel by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase resulting in reduced cAMP levels and, hence, reduced PKA activity. This novel increase in calcium current via the m4 muscarinic receptor appears to reflect the coupling with an L-type channel of the D class, due to the sensitivity of the L-type calcium conductance to both DHPs and ω-conotoxin, and, thus, is distinct from the skeletal muscle and cardiac L-type channels of the C class previously studied.
The evolution of sustainability

Six separate but related strains of thought have emerged prominently since 1950 in discussions of such phenomena as the interrelationships among rates of population growth, resource use, and pressure on the environment. They are the ecological/carrying capacity root, the resources/environment root, the biosphere root, the critique of technology root, the “no growth”/“slow growth” root, and the ecodevelopment root. Each of these strains of thought was fully developed before the word “sustainable” itself was used. Many of the roots are based on fundamentally opposing assessments of the future of mankind. Many of the roots, such as the ecology/carrying capacity root, are based on physical concepts, and they exclude normative values. Others, such as the ecodevelopment root, include such values as equity, broad participation in governance, and decentralized government. When the word “sustainability” was first used in 1972 in the context of man's future, in a British book,Blueprint for Survival, normative concepts were prominent. This continued to be the case when the word was first used in 1974 in the United States to justify a “no growth” economy. “Sustainability” was first used in a United Nations document in 1978. Normative concepts, encapsulated in the term “ecodevelopment,” were prominent in the United Nations publications. After about 1978, the term “sustainability” began to be used not only in technological articles and reports but also in policy documents culminating in the use of the term in the report of the summit meeting of the Group of Seven in 1989. The roots of the term “sustainability” are so deeply embedded in fundamentally different concepts, each of which has valid claims to validity, that a search for a single definition seems futile. The existence of multiple meaning is tolerable if each analyst describes clearly what he means by sustainability.
Inhibition of melanization in homogenates of larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Abstract 1. 1. Melanization is decreased or prevented in homogenates of larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, by reagents that protect sulfhydryl groups, by rotenone, by 8 M urea, by phenylthiourea, by thiourea and by the cationic exchange resin, Dowex 50W-X8. 2. 2. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that “browning enzymes” are activated by oxidation of sulfhydryl to disulfide. 3. 3. Choice of the inhibitor to be used in vitro is dependent upon the biochemical processes under investigation.
Gallium radiopharmaceutical chemistry

There are two gallium radioisotopes, 67Ga and 68Ga, possessing nuclear properties”’ that make them attractive for use in nuclear medicine (Table 1). The first, 67Ga, is cyclotron produced and is commercially available as gallium chloride and gallium citrate. The 3.3 day half-life of this isotope allows it to be employed in studies carried out over the period of several days. The second, 68Ga, has the distinction of being one of the few short-lived positron emitting radionuclides available from a parent/daughter generator system. c2) The 275 day half-life of the parent 68Ge is long enough to avoid problems in generator delivery while the 68 min half-life of the 68Ga daughter is convenient for radiopharmaceutical synthesis and limits the radiation dose received by the patient. The Ge/Ga generator may, therefore, be the “best” source of positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals for institutions that do not have access to a cyclotron, but which wish to do patient imaging by positron emission tomography (PET).“’ Using this technique, three-dimensional reconstruction of in vivo radionuelide distribution is possible following detection and electronic collimation of the two co-linear 511 keV photons produced in the positron-electron annihilation, thus providing images that map and quantitate tissue activity levels. W) The demand for new and novel positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals will continue to increase as more institutions acquire instrumentation for imaging by positron emission tomography (PET).
New zinc phosphates decorated by imidazole-containing ligands.

Four new zinc phosphates [Zn(HPO 4 )(C 6 H 9 N 3 O 2 )] (1), [Zn(HPO 4 )(C 4 H 6 N 2 )].H 2 O (2), [Zn 2 (HPO 4 ) 2 (C 1 4 H 1 4 N 4 )].2H 2 O (3), and [Zn(HPO 4 )(C 1 4 H 1 4 N 4 )] (4) were synthesized in the presence of D-histidine, 1-methylimidazole, 1,4-bis-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L1), and 1,2-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L2), respectively, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. The inorganic framework of compounds 1, 2, and 3 is composed of vertex-shared ZnO 3 N and HPO 4 tetrahedra that form four rings, which, in turn, are linked to generate a one-dimensional ladder structure. In 1 and 2 the organic groups (monoimidazole ligand) are located at each side of the ladders, while in 3 the bisimidazole ligand, 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, links the ladders together to form a novel 2D structure. Compound 1 is the first zinc phosphate framework to be templated by an N-bonded chiral amino acid. In 4 the zero-dimensional four rings are joined together by the linear bridging ligand, 1,2-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, to generate a one-dimensional framework with a new face-to-face structural motif. The 3D structure of compound 4 is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding, π-π interactions, and C-HJr interactions. The approach of incorporating multifunctional ligands into zinc phosphate frameworks and linking the inorganic zinc phosphates subunits by an organic ligand provides opportunities for the design of new inorganic-organic open frameworks.
Temporal, probabilistic mapping of ash clouds using wind field stochastic variability and uncertain eruption source parameters: Example of the 14 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Uncertainty in predictions from a model of volcanic ash transport in the atmosphere arises from uncertainty in both eruption source parameters and the model wind field. In a previous contribution, we analyzed the probability of ash cloud presence using weighted samples of volcanic ash transport and dispersal model runs and a reanalysis wind field to propagate uncertainty in eruption source parameters alone. In this contribution, the probabilistic modeling is extended by using ensemble forecast wind fields as well as uncertain source parameters. The impact on ash transport of variability in wind fields due to unresolved scales of motion as well as model physics uncertainty is also explored. We have therefore generated a weighted, probabilistic forecast of volcanic ash transport with only a priori information, exploring uncertainty in both the wind field and the volcanic source.
SU‐E‐J‐19: Prostate Movement Evaluation During Treatment Delivery Period for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the intra‐fractional prostate movement during the beam delivery period using orthogonal KV image pairs. Methods: To understand the prostate internal motion range during the beam delivery period of conventional treatment, 11 conventional treatments were utilized. We followed RTOG 0815. The total dose is about 75.6 to 79.2 Gy with 1.8 Gy per fraction. The PTV margin is 5 to 10 mm. 2‐arc RapidArc plans are used for the treatment. Once the first arc was delivered, another orthogonal KV image pair was performed to setup the patient based on the prostate seeds. The shift data and the interval time between the first and second orthogonal KV image pair were recorded. Results: The relative error results of OBI QA were within 1mm. The average shift between two arc beam deliveries was 0.38cm (0.20cm ∼ 0.85cm). The interval time between two orthogonal KV image pairs was 6.71 min (4.64min ∼ 9.22 min). For conventional treatment delivery, the 2 arc beam delivery time is within 3 minutes. Hypofractionated treatment will double the beam delivery time. Accordingly, prostate movement might be larger and impair the targeting of cancer tissue. Studies about the prostate movement during longer treatment period will be carried out in the future. Real time tracking method can be employed to verify patient setup during long treatment. However, the orthogonal KV image pair can be an alternative if real time tracking method is not available. Conclusion: Hypofractionated prostate treatment or prostate SBRT need longer beam delivery time. Also the PTV margin is much less than conventional treatment. Therefore verification of patient setup during the beam delivery is critical. Real time tracking system or orthogonal KV image pairs should be used during the beam delivery period to improve treatment delivery quality.
Morphological texture-based classification of abnormalities in mammograms

This paper presents a computer-based classification scheme for masses in mammograms. The developed scheme is based on an introduced measure of surface fluctuation that captures texture roughness associated with the surface of an abnormality mass area. First local maxima/minima along rows and columns of a marked abnormality area in a mammogram are located. Morphological erosion is then applied to these maxima/minima to obtain the degree of surface roughness or coarseness within this area. The erosion is done for many sizes of a structuring element. This process is similar to the texture 'feeling' one gets by moving a finger horizontally and vertically on a surface. The developed scheme was tested on 108 mammograms with pathologically proven results; 55 benign and 53 malignant masses. All mammograms were digitized at 50- micron resolution. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for different sizes of a structuring element were plotted. The average area underneath these curves was obtained to be 0.92. The corresponding clinical evaluation by the radiologist gave an area of 0.86. The results obtained indicate the potential of using this classification scheme as an electronic second opinion to lower the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Reproductive biology and egg mortality of bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, in the Hudson River estuary

Bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, is an ecologically important species in coastal systems, acting as predators on zooplankton while serving as prey for many birds and economically important finfish species. Despite the importance of bay anchovy, limited information exists concerning reproductive biology and egg mortality from the northern parts of its range. Spawner demographics suggested Hudson River fish were older and larger than reported elsewhere. Egg mortality rates were higher in the Hudson River than reported in more southerly systems. Differences in the reproductive biology of bay anchovy suggest either anthropogenic factors or latitudinal differences between populations exist and therefore should warrant further investigations on this species in the northern portions of its range
Abnormal vaginal bleeding secondary to iron deficiency in a thirteen year old

Abnormal vaginal bleeding in perimenarchal females is usually attributed to immaturity of the hypothalmic/pituitary/gonadal axis (i.e., dysfunctional uterine bleeding). Iron deficiency as a cause for abnormal bleeding has been described, but is poorly understood. This case report describes a 13-year-old Hispanic female with iron deficiency anemia as a presumptive cause for two episodes of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Anemia may be a cause as well as an effect of menorrhagia in young teenagers. Work-up should include evaluation of tissue iron stores if other etiologies for abnormal bleeding are not found.
Cell condition, competition, and chimerism in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum

When multicellularity originates through the aggregation of genetically variable cells, the interests of the component cells may conflict with each other. A prediction of conflict is that stronger cells will force weaker cells into non-reproductive tissues. However, if stronger cells are better in the reproductive tissues than in the somatic ones, then the same result may be expected in clonal organisms that optimize their development. We explored these issues in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum by forming chimeras between weakened cells and normal cells that were genetically identical. We reduced the condition of amoebae (measured as increased doubling time) by growing them in media lacking glucose, or more acid than normal. Weakened cells were less competitive compared to healthy cells in becoming spore, supporting our prediction of evolutionary conflict. However, spores from weakened cells also proliferated slightly less rapidly than normal spores, indicating that there may also be an advanta...
Measurements of the6Li(n, α) T cross section in the keV energy range

The6Li(n, α) cross section was measured in the 90–1500 keV energy range with uncertainties of 3–5%. A lithium glass scintillation detector was used for the measurement of the (n, α)-reaction rate. Flat response neutron detectors were used to monitor the neutron flux. A calibrated vanadium bath was employed to obtain absolute values. The results were analysed in terms of the single-level multi-channelR-matrix theory.
Comparison of two treatments and inconsistency of bootstrap

Abstract This paper derives the sharp pointwise bounds of the distribution function of the difference of two treatments' outcomes. The asymptotic distributions of the consistent estimators are discontinuous at nuisance parameters due to two reasons, which make bootstrap estimations inconsistent.
Association of Geographic and Seasonal Variation With Diverticulitis Admissions

Importance The incidence of diverticulitis has been associated with geographic and seasonal variation. Low levels of circulating vitamin D are associated with diverticulitis. We investigated the association between UV light and diverticulitis. Observations We identified nonelective diverticulitis admissions in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and linked hospital locations to UV data. We examined UV exposure in relation to risk of admission for diverticulitis. We identified geographic and seasonal trends among 226 522 nonelective admissions for diverticulitis. Compared with high-UV areas, low-UV areas had a higher rate of diverticulitis (751.8 vs 668.1 per 100 000 admissions; P P P P P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance Low UV light exposure is associated with an increased rate of diverticulitis admissions and greater seasonal variation. Because UV exposure largely determines vitamin D status, these findings support a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of diverticulitis.
Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum: early events associated with penetration and migration of schistosomula through human skin

Migratory pattern of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum through human skin were analyzed in skin organ cultures. These studies showed that the schistosomula of S. mansoni and S. haematobium has similar migratory patterns through human skin. During the first 24h after infection nearly 90% of S. mansoni and S. haematobium schistosomula were present only in the epidermis. Majority of the schistosomula were found in the dermis only after 48h and they appear to reach the dermal vessels around 72h after infection. Migratory pattern of S. japonicum on the other hand was significantly different from the other two species in that over 90% of the parasites had already reached the dermis within the first 24h and schistosomula were present in the dermal vessels within 2h after infection. Analysis of the cytokine pattern at 8h after infection by a macro gene array and RT-PCR analysis showed that out of 24 different cytokines analyzed only IL-1ra, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were increased in the human skin following infections with S. mansoni and S. haematobium, whereas, after infection with S. japonicum there was significant increases in IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, and TNF-alpha. Immunohistochemical analysis of epidermal sheets showed focal accumulation of HLA-DR(+) cells in areas where schistosomula of S. mansoni had entered the human skin.
Statistical assessment of regional time-density measurement of myocardial perfusion.

Abstract Rationale and objectives The measurement of time-density relationships of the myocardium in studies of magnetic resonance perfusion images is a clinical technique used in assessing myocardial perfusion. This article presents a new technique, allowing regional time-density measurement and display of myocardial perfusion with improved accuracy compared with traditional manual trace techniques. Moreover, a method using statistical methods to discriminate relative decreased perfusion regions that differ significantly from the normally perfused myocardial tissue is introduced. Materials and methods Human datasets were obtained using a 1.5 T Signa Echospeed system (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). The perfusion sequence was a 2D cardiac-gated fast gradient echo sequence with echo train readout, generating an in-plane pixel size of 1.46 mm 2 . Seven 10-mm-thick contiguous short axis tomographic slice images were obtained during a prolonged single breathhold. Data was collected at 30 time phases per slice image level during passage of 20 cc gadolinium contrast injected at a rate of 4–5 cc/sec into an antecubital vein. Results Dilution properties can be determined and displayed as color-encoded regions superimposed on the myocardial slice according to the area of interest. Time-density curves throughout the perfusion study can be generated. Moreover, displays of normal and decreased perfusion areas can be used as statistically enhanced diagnosis guides. Conclusion This measurement, display, and diagnosis technique adds diagnostically important information to previous measurement and visualization techniques, providing enhanced detection and quantitative evaluation of regional deficits in myocardial contractility and perfusion, providing improved reliability and reproducibility of clinical diagnoses from MR-perfusion data.
An Open Pilot of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Women with Postpartum Depression

Sleep disturbances and depression are commonly experienced by postpartum women. We evaluated the preliminary efficacy of a modified version of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia on mood, sleep, and fatigue in postpartum women with insomnia and depression in an open pilot study. Twelve postpartum women participated in five weekly individual treatment sessions. Statistically significant improvements were observed in sleep diary-rated sleep efficiency and total wake time, and subjective mood, insomnia severity, sleep quality, and fatigue. Further evaluation of the treatment using a controlled design is warranted.
Xeroradiographic burnout of the hyoid bone

Abstract This study shows that, depending on the amount of x-radiation used, a phenomenon called xeroradiographic “burnout” can be produced. Clinical cases are illustrated which show the disappearance of the hyoid bone with excessive amounts of x-radiation. Xeroradiographic “burnout” occurs in the positive as well as in the negative mode.
UV beam transport

Test results from the Optical Science laser are presented that validate the ability of propagation codes to predict beam filamentation in UV optics. A discussion of IL scaling rules will be given, along with system design curves that relate the allowable rms phase front roughness.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Localization of glucose transporter GLUT 3 in brain: Comparison of rodent and dog using species-specific carboxyl-terminal antisera

The carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences of the canine and gerbil glucose transporter GLUT3 were determined and compared to the published rat sequence. Eleven of 16 amino acids comprising the carboxyl terminus of GLUT3 were found to be identical in rat and dog. However, the canine sequence "ATV" substitutes for the rat sequence "PGNA" at the end of the molecule. The gerbil sequence has 12 of 16 amino acids identical to the rat, including the PGNA terminus. Based on these sequences, four peptides were synthesized, and two polyclonal antisera (one to the canine sequence and one to the rat sequence) were raised to examine the distribution of GLUT3 in canine and rodent brain. Immunoblots of brain membrane preparations showed that both antisera identified peptide-inhibitable protein bands of molecular weight 45,000-50,000. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that binding sites for these antisera were abundantly distributed in neuropil in all brain regions. Areas rich in synapses and areas surrounding microvessels exhibited especially high reactivity. GLUT3 reactivity was similarly distributed in canine and rodent brain, except at the blood-brain barrier. GLUT3 was not detected in the blood-brain barrier in gerbil and rat but was present in many canine cerebral endothelial cells, particularly in cerebellum and brain stem. The carboxyl-terminal antisera employed in this study exhibited high degrees of species specificity, indicating that the three or four terminal amino acids of the immunizing peptides (ATV and PGNA) are important epitopes for binding the polyclonal antibodies. These antisera exhibited only minimal binding to brain tissue of non-target species, yet yielded similar staining patterns in neuropil of rodent and canine brain. This finding provides strong evidence that the observed staining patterns accurately reflect the distribution of GLUT3 in brain. In addition, the presence of vascular GLUT3 in dog brain suggests that the canine blood-brain barrier may be preferable to that of the rat as a model for studies of glucose transport relevant to human brain.
The effect of oxidation state on the viscosity of melts in the system Na2O-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2

Abstract The viscosities of two melts in the system Na2O-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 have been measured as a function of oxidation state. The experiments were conducted by concentric-cylinder viscometry, on melts equilibrated with CO CO 2 gas mixtures in a vertical tube, gas-mixing furnace. Viscosity determinations were made during stepwise reduction and oxidation of the melts. 57Fe Mossbauer spectra were obtained on quenched melt samples recovered during the viscometry experiments. In addition, a series of loop fusion experiments were performed at calibrated ƒO2 values in order to relate viscosity determinations directly to ƒO2. The viscosities of acmite and NS4F40 (Na-rich and Si-poor relative to acmite) melts decrease with reduction of Fe in the melts, as nonlinear functions of Fe 3+ ∑Fe , yielding a region of viscosity invariance at moderate to low values of Fe 3+ ∑Fe ( Fe 3+ ∑Fe indicate the presence of one (network-modifying) ferrous species and two ferric species with ferric iron acting dominantly as a network-former in oxidized melts and dominantly as a network-modifier in reduced melts. The presence of two ferric iron species produces a minimum in the degree of polymerization of the melt at intermediate values of Fe 3+ ∑Fe : the region of viscosity invariance corresponds to this minimum. If viscosity is positively correlated with polymerization for all values of Fe 3+ ∑Fe then the viscosity of very reduced melts will increase with reduction, as the melt polymerizes. The effect of oxidation state on viscosity is large and illustrates that ferric iron should be considered as a separate component in calculation schemes for estimating the viscosity of natural magmas.
Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling bipolar patients.

The rapid-cycling variant of bipolar disorder constitutes about 15%-20% of all bipolar patients, and 72%-82% of these patients exhibit less than adequate response to lithium therapy. Valproate's spectrum of efficacy was examined in 78 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in a prospective, open, 15.8-month trial. Thirty patients received valproate monotherapy and 48 received combination therapy. Treatment assignment was nonrandomized and based on prior treatment history. A marked acute response was seen in 54% of the patients with mania, 87% of those with mixed states, and 19% of those with depression. Marked prophylactic responses were seen in 72% of manic patients, 94% of mixed states patients, and 33% of depressed patients. In addition, moderate acute antimanic responses were observed in another 31% of the patients, prophylactic antimanic responses in 17%, acute antimixed state responses in 0%, prophylactic antimixed state responses in 0%, acute antidepressant responses in 25%, and prophylactic antidepressant responses in mixed states in 34%. Pattern analysis was conducted to examine the spectrum of efficacy of valproate in various cells (e.g., the cohort of patients who had an acute antimanic response to the drug). Pattern analysis showed that 40% of the patients with a marked prophylactic antimanic response had a marked antidepressant response to valproate. However, among the patients with a marked antidepressant response to valproate, 91% had a marked antimanic response. The most common side effects of valproate in our study, as in earlier studies, were gastrointestinal problems (nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea), tremors, lethargy, and hair thinning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Periglacial paleosols and Cryogenian paleoclimate near Adelaide, South Australia

Abstract Late Cryogenian deformation of the Reynella Siltstone near Hallett Cove, South Australia has been interpreted as shallow marine methane seeps, which were furthermore proposed to have played a role in deglaciation from “Snowball Earth”. Re-examination and new analyses of these same outcrops confirms an earlier interpretation of this intrastratal deformation as periglacial paleosols, which are evidence that even at maximum extent, late Cryogenian glaciers did not cover all continental lowlands, let alone the world ocean. Known Miocene and Pliocene methane seeps of California examined for this study are very different in their gray color, rounded nodules and clayey host rock, compared with red, highly deformed, and silty to pebbly Reynella Siltstone of Hallett Cove. Stable isotopic composition of nodular carbonate in the Reynella Siltstone fails to show extreme carbon isotopic depletion or the meteoric oxygen lines characteristic of known methane seeps and sphaerosideritic waterlogged paleosols, but instead shows covariance of carbon and oxygen isotopic composition comparable with that in pedogenic and subaerial carbonate of well drained soils. Mass balance geochemical analyses show modest weathering compatible with sand wedge structures and evaporitic pseudomorphs indicative of arid and frigid paleoclimate. Outcrops of Reynella Siltstone near Hallett Cove represent frigid low latitude floodplains, not submarine methane seeps nor global glaciation.
Intrinsic membrane properties and morphological characteristics of interneurons in the rat supratrigeminal region

The membrane properties and morphological features of interneurons in the supratrigeminal area (SupV) were studied in rat brain slices using whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques. We classified three morphological types of neurons as fusiform, pyramidal, and multipolar and four physiological types of neurons according to their discharge pattern in response to a 1-sec depolarizing current pulse from -80 mV. Single-spike neurons responded with a single spike, phasic neurons showed an initial burst of spikes and were silent during the remainder of the stimulus, delayed-firing (DF) neurons exhibited a slow depolarization and delay to initial spike onset, and tonic (T) neurons showed maintained a discharge throughout the stimulus pulse. In a subpopulation of neurons (10%), membrane depolarization to around -44 mV produced a rhythmic burst discharge (RB) that was associated with voltage-dependent subthreshold membrane oscillations. Both these phenomena were blocked by the sodium channel blocker riluzole at a concentration that did not affect the fast transient spike. Low doses of 4-AP, which blocks low-threshold K+ currents, transformed bursting into low-frequency tonic discharge. In contrast, bursting occurred with exposure to cadium, a calcium-channel blocker. This suggests that persistent sodium currents and low-threshold K+ currents have a role in intrinsic burst generation. Importantly, RB cells were most often associated with multipolar neurons that exhibited either a DF or a T discharge. Thus, the SupV contains a variety of physiological cell types with unique morphologies and discharge characteristics. Intrinsic bursting neurons form a unique group in this region. .
Synthesis of Hydroxy Thio-ether Derivatives of Vegetable Oil

Bio-based additives are desirable commodities due to their eco-friendly nature. These additives can demonstrate physical and chemical properties comparable to those of conventional mineral oil-based products. Sulfur incorporated triacylglycerol can function as an antiwear/antifriction additive for lubricants. The synthesis of four useful hydroxy thio-ether derivatives of vegetable oils, from commercially available epoxidized soybean oil and common organic thiols, is reported in this paper. The common thiols used herein were 1-butanethiol, 1-decanethiol, 1-octadecanethiol, and cyclohexyl mercaptan. Currently, there is no reported literature describing the synthesis of hydroxy thio-ether derivatives of vegetable oil. The reaction was monitored, and products were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. Experimental conditions involving various thiols, solvent, catalyst amount, time, and temperature were optimized for research quantity and laboratory scale-up. The synthetic process retains the vegetable oil...
A review of comet and asteroid statistics

The statistics of Earth-approaching asteroids are first summarized, and an enhanced frequency of objects smaller than 100 meters is noted. Superposed on these random hazards may be a periodic one of new comets due to galactic tides of the Oort Cloud with a period of 26–36 Myr (Rampino, 1998). New asteroids and comets are being found evermore frequently because new telescope-and-detector systems are coming on line. These are intended primarily for the discovery of dangerous objects, but a beginning has been made with the study of statistics of main-belt asteroids. In addition to trans-Neptunian objects, cis-Neptunian “Centaurs” are recognized, which may be a link in the evolution of short-period comets and thereby contribute to the flux of Earth approachers. With the new equipment coming on line, we are beginning to see that the global hazard will be mostly quantified within a few decades. We do see a shortage in astrometric follow up fainter than about the 20th magnitude.
Editorial: A Historical Case for the Role of Regional Geography in Geographic Education

In the history of modern and contemporary academic geography, debates have surged concerning regional geography as both a method of geographical research and a form of pedagogy. Whereas regional ge...
Measuring the Thermal Resistance in Light Emitting Diodes Using a Transient Thermal Analysis Technique

We explore a modified thermal resistance analysis by induced transient method applied to light emitting diodes (LEDs) to discretize the junction-to-package thermal resistance. The temperature response of LED and package configuration is evaluated for discrete contributions from identifiable spatial domains in the multilayered device and package structure to obtain their thermal resistances and thermal capacitances using a Laplace transform-based method. The technique successfully extracts the junction-to-package thermal parameters of a variety of LED package configurations from the experimental temperature transient measurements of the LED junction and provides a straightforward method by which these parameters can be obtained.
Thianthrene as an activating group for the synthesis of poly(aryl ether thianthrene)s by nucleophilic aromatic substitution

A method for the preparation of poly(aryl ether thianthrene)s has been developed in which the aryl ether linkage is generated in the polymer-forming reaction. The thianthrene heterocycle is sufficiently electron-withdrawing to allow fluoro displacement with phenoxides by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The monomer for this reaction, 2,7-difluorothianthrene, can be synthesized in a moderate yield by a simple reaction sequence. Semiempirical calculations at the PM3 level suggest that 2,7-difluorothianthrene is sufficiently activated, whereas NMR spectroscopy ( 1 H and 13 C) indicates that the monomer is only slightly activated or ( 19 F) not sufficiently activated for nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Model reactions with p-cresol have demonstrated that the fluorine atoms on 2,7-difluorothianthrene are readily displaced by phenoxides in high yields, and the process has been deemed suitable for polymer-forming reactions. High-molecular-weight polymers have been produced from bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and 4,4'-biphenol. The polymers have been characterized with gel permeation chromatography, NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The glass-transition temperatures for the polymers of different compositions and molecular weights range from 138 to 181 °C, and all the polymers have shown high thermooxidative stability, with 5% weight loss values in an air environment approaching 500 °C.
The treatment of patients with stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer from N2 disease: who returns to the surgical arena and who survives.

Background Stage IIIA non-small cell lung (NSCLC) from N2 disease is common, but represents a heterogeneous group of patients. Predictors of who completes their neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and undergoes subsequent surgical resection are unknown. Methods This retrospective cohort study used a prospective database. Patients who had biopsy-proven, nonbulky N2 disease underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and were restaged or resected, or both. Results There were 402 patients, and 326 (81%) completed their neoadjuvant therapy. Only 198 (50%) returned for definitive pathologic restaging, and 149 (37%) underwent thoracotomy for attempted resection. Predictors of who returned to the surgical arena were age ( p Conclusions Only 37% of patients with favorable, nonbulky, biopsy-proven N2 disease actually complete their neoadjuvant therapy, undergo restaging, and then return for attempted resection. Only 28% undergo complete resection. However, in this highly selected subset of patients, the 5-year survival is 47% or better if partial or complete pathologic response is achieved. Therefore, surgical resection remains a viable treatment for selected patients with favorable N2 NSCLC.
THE ORAL APPROACH: A RE‐APPRAISAL

Psychologists and transformational linguists have both criticized the oral approach or the audio-lingual habit theory for the teaching of foreign languages. They have pointed out the deficiencies of this method from several different points of view. Some of these criticisms have been justified because the theory of foreign language learning on which this method has been based has certain deficiencies. In other cases, some of the criticisms have been unjustified because they have stemmed from a misunderstanding of this mode of teaching foreign languages. Insofar as the criticisms are justified, suggestions are made for the improvement of foreign language teaching. Insofar as the criticisms are not justified, a rebuttal is attempted. In either case, the contention is supported that many language teachers involved with the audio-lingual approach anticipated a number of the objections to it by not being too doctrinaire.
Localization of the Rho GTPases and some Rho effector proteins in the sperm of several mammalian species

The acrosome reaction is a fundamental event in the biology of the sperm and is a prerequisite to fertilization of the egg. Members of the Rho family of GTPases and their effectors are present in the cytoplasm and/or plasma membrane overlying the acrosome of porcine sperm. We have implicated the Rho family of GTPases and the Rho-activated kinase, ROCK-1, in mediating the zona-pellucida-induced acrosome reaction. Others have implicated the Rho GTPase in regulating the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction in the sperm of several mammalian species as well as in motility of bovine sperm. In this study, the localization of the Rho GTPases (RhoA, RhoB, Rac1 and Cdc42) as well as the effectors RhoGDI, PI(4)P5K and ROCK-1, was determined in boar, human, rat, ram, bull and elephant sperm. The four GTPases were each present in the sperm head of all species examined. RhoGDI was expressed in the head and tail of sperm from all species except pig, where it was present only in the head. PI(4)P5K was expressed in both head and tail of sperm from all species, but expression was typically weaker in the tail. Finally, ROCK-1 was expressed in the heads and tails of all sperm except that of the boar, where it was present only in the acrosomal region. These observations taken together suggest that the expression of Rho GTPases in sperm has been conserved throughout mammalian evolution, most likely due to the role of these GTPases in regulating acrosomal exocytosis.