cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factor analysis and the cerebral hemispheres: Pilot study and parietal functions

Abstract Although research on lateral differences has proliferated, attempts to specify fundamental dichotomies of hemispheric processing have yielded less than satisfactory results. The factor analysis of behavioral asymmetries can provide a different approach by helping to identify common functions underlying disparate tasks. It can also provide information on individual differences and interrelationships among functions. Here, the viability of the approach is demonstrated with a small pilot study ( N =29), and with two larger experiments ( N =70 and N =60) that stress parietal lobe function. Seven lateralized functions were identified: auditory lexical, spatial positional, spatial quantitative, tactile figural, visual emotional and visual lexical. A range of positive, negative and null correlations was found between functions, contrary to lateralization strength, hemisphericity, and independence models of individual differences in lateralization. However, a pattern of intercorrelations was observed among functions believed to be localized to the perisylvian region (Brodmann areas 22 and 39), which is consistent with the neurodevelopment theory of Geschwind and Galaburda ( Cerebral Lateralization Biological Mechanisms, Associations and Pathology , The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987).
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of the Retina for Diagnosis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

The feasibility of exploiting fluorescence spectra of the eye for diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) was examined. Retinas from scrapie-positive sheep were compared with scrapie-negative sheep using fluorescence spectroscopy, and distinct differences in the fluorescence intensity and spectroscopic signatures were observed. The characteristic fluorescent signatures are thought to be the result of an accumulation of lipofuscin in the retina. It appears that the eye, in particular the retina, is a useful tissue for noninvasive examination of some neurological pathologies such as scrapie. The development of procedures based on examinations of the eye that permit the detection of neurological disorders in animals holds great promise.
Pharmacological evaluation of central adrenergic involvement in chlordecone-induced hypothermia.

Adrenergic involvement in the hypothermia produced by systemically administered chlordecone (CLD) was evaluated in the rat using intracisternal pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), α-adrenergic receptor antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) and β-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol and atenolol). The effect of intraperitoneal administration of 75 mg/kg of chlordecone on colonic temperature (Tcol) in male Fischer-344 rats was measured 7 days after administration of 6-OHDA and 30 min following pretreatment with the receptor antagonists. Prior depletion of catecholamines in brain with 250 μg of 6-OHDA administered intracerebrally attenuated hypothermia induced by chlordecone, without affecting basal Tcol. Phenoxybenzamine (10 or 20 μg) and phentolamine (5 or 10 μg) also reduced the hypothermic response to chlordecone. The β-adrenergic receptor antagonists propranolol (50 or 100 μg) and atenolol (10 or 20 μg) did not attenuate chlordecone-induced hypothermia. These data suggest that the hypothermia induced by chlordecone is a result of alterations in central α-adrenergic functions, possibly involved with the sympathetic control of vasomotor tone.
Effects of non-homogeneity on the stresses in a gravitating sphere

The effects of non-homogeneity on the stresses in respect of rigidity have been exhibited in a gravitating sphere i) with homogeneous core and ii) with rigid core and compared graphically with those in the corresponding homogeneous case. The effect has been computed on the stress concentration on the interface and the region of compression and extension.
Performance of Para-Pak™ Ultra ECOFIX™ compared with Para-Pak™ Ultra formalin/mercuric chloride-based polyvinyl alcohol for concentration and permanent stained smears of stool parasites

ECOFIX is a mercury and formalin-free fecal preservative that can be used for concentration of stool specimens and preparation of permanently-stained slides. In this study, the standard two-vial ParaPak Ultra system was compared with ECOFIX Ultra for the detection of intestinal parasites. A total of 261 specimens in 92 sets (77 with 3 specimens, 15 with 2 specimens) were collected in ECOFIX, formalin, and low viscosity polyvinyl alcohol (LV-PVA). Concentrations were performed from ECOFIX using Hemo-De and saline and from formalin using ethyl acetate and formalin. To prepare permanently-stained smears, ECOSTAIN (a modification of Wheatley's trichrome stain) was used on ECOFIX material and Wheatley's trichrome stain was used on specimens preserved in PVA. A total of 157 protozoa and helminths were detected; 132 (84.1%) were recovered in formalin/PVA and 129 (82.2%) in ECOFIX. In permanently-stained smears, 139 protozoa were observed, 116 (83.5%) in PVA-preserved material and 117 (84.2%) in ECOFIX. Fecal concentration yielded 111 parasites (103 protozoa and 8 helminths), of which 98 (88.3%) were detected in formalin-fixed stool and 48 (43.2%) in ECOFIX. Significantly fewer ECOFIX-preserved concentrates were positive for Blastocystis hominis (35 versus 15, p-value <0.001) and Endolimax nana (19 versus 2, p-value <0.001). In conclusion, use of the ECOFIX Ultra collection device in combination with ECOSTAIN resulted in largely comparable recovery of enteric parasites to the conventional two-vial ParaPak Ultra system when both sedimentation-concentration and permanently stained smears were performed, and 2-3 specimens per patient were evaluated.
Communication ties across the national network of local health departments.

Background Using evidence-based strategies within U.S. local health departments (LHDs) to provide community services can increase the likelihood of success and efficient use of resources. Dissemination of such strategies, a necessary precursor to implementation, occurs through networks of relationships and can be facilitated by weak network ties, whereas implementation is associated with strong network ties. Purpose To identify LHD characteristics associated with weak and strong ties in the national network of LHDs. Methods Data on the structure and functions of participating LHDs ( n =2107) were taken from the 2010 National Association of County and City Health Officials Profile of Local Health Departments (Profile Study). The 2010 Profile Study was the first to include a question on communication links across the national network of LHDs. Descriptive network analysis and exponential random graph modeling were used to identify LHD characteristics associated with weak and strong communication ties. Analysis was conducted in 2012. Results The LHD network was relatively sparse overall, indicating that dissemination across the entire network would be difficult. Few strong nationwide ties were found, indicating a lack of structural influences encouraging implementation. Several LHD characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of weak and strong ties. In bivariate analyses, larger health departments were more likely to have strong ties. Weak ties were more likely among LHDs sharing jurisdiction and organizational characteristics. The only network predictor of strong ties was being in the same state. Conclusions Public health efforts aimed at broad dissemination and implementation of evidence-based programming may benefit from strengthening partnerships in each state. The largest jurisdictions within each state may be identified as partners in order to facilitate implementation, whereas identification of partners with differing levels of staffing, funding, and leadership is key to ensuring widespread dissemination across LHDs.
A rat alcoholism model in a free choice situation.

Eleven male Charles River rats, intubated with alcohol for 3 weeks, self-administered significantly more alcohol in a free choice situation than did eleven control animals which had been intubated with water. Alcohol intake was measured in a counterinjection apparatus which eliminated the taste and smell of alcohol as factors controlling intake. Five of the alcohol-intubed animals were subsequently reintubed and tested. These rats showed further increases in voluntary alcohol intake and a 70% preference ( P
THE EFFECT OF AN ACTIVE MARKET IN FEDERAL FUNDS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF MONETARY POLICY

THE FEDERAL-FUNDS MARKET is a medium used by commercial bankers in the United States for the short-term transfer of reserve balances among themselves; it is used both to eliminate reserve excesses and deficiencies and to generate additional lendable funds at particular banks. Part One of this study analyzes these functions to determine the possible economic consequences of the market. Part Two considers the context in which the market operates; a model of the financial sector of the economy is developed and is used to test a set of hypotheses based on the background obtained in Part One. The importance of the federal-funds market derives primarily from its role in the transmission of monetary-policy actions through the banking system. Because the market affects the liquidity of the system, because the interest rate charged for loans of federal funds affects the general level of short-term interest rates, and because changes in the volume of transactions in the market may affect the ability of a given volume of reserves to support bank credit, the actions taken by commercial bankers in their own interest could have important implications for the public interest. Earlier work on this problem divides into two distinct schools of thought. These may be identified as the "lubrication" and "offset" schools. The former holds that the federal-funds market may be expected to enhance the effectiveness of monetarypolicy actions by lubricating the mechanism by which policy actions are transmitted through the economy. The second school considers the market to be a potential offset to the monetary policy through its supposedly perverse effects on the velocity of the reserve base. To resolve this controversy, the present study attacks the issue in two ways: through the construction of a theoretical model of the market mechanism, which is seen to be part of a broader market for borrowed reserves on the one hand and part of a market for secondary reserve investments on the other; and through the use of an econometric model of the macroeconomic functions to which the federal-funds market may be related. The two schools of thought are summarized in a null hypothesis, that the market does not act to reduce the effectiveness of monetary policy. Finally, computer simulation of the macro-model is used to test the validity of this hypothesis. Two principal conclusions emerge from this study. The first is that monetary policy is indeed enhanced by the behavior of the federal-funds market, at least when policy decisions are effected through the use of open-market operations. There is some evidence that the effectiveness of the discount rate as a credit-control device may be slightly diminished by the existence of the funds market, but this finding does not appear of major significance. Marginal shifts in demands for cash balances are found to be an ineffective means of offsetting the effects of Federal Reserve policy. The second conclusion is that the federal-funds market serves an important function in the economy. It is important to the commercial banker, for it has become
The orphan nuclear receptors COUP-TFI and COUP-TFII regulate expression of the gonadotropin LHβ gene

Normal sexual development and reproductive function depend on precise temporal and quantitative expression of the pituitary gonadotropins, LH and FSH. LHβ-subunit gene expression is achieved by transcription factors acting at highly conserved and closely spaced cis-elements in the proximal 200 base pairs of the promoter. We now demonstrate that LHβ promoter activity is further regulated by the orphan nuclear receptors, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factors (COUP-TFI and COUP-TFII). These data establish that COUP-TFs are expressed in primary pituitary gonadotropes and two gonadotrope-derived cell lines. COUP-TFs bind to two promoter regions in the LHβ gene which overlap but are distinct from two previously defined cis-elements for another orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). Transient transfection studies demonstrated that COUP-TFs stimulate LHβ gene promoter activity in the absence of SF-1, but blunt SF-1-mediated stimulation of gene expression in a reporter construct containing both SF-1 cis-elements (GSEs). Evaluation of constructs containing mutations or truncations in the GSEs revealed a complex pattern of activation and inhibition by COUP-TF on this promoter, suggesting multiple mechanisms by which this factor modulates LHβ gene expression. To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate COUP-TF expression and function in pituitary gonadotropes.
Effects of cholinolytic agents on behavior following development of tolerance to low cholinesterase activity.

The development of tolerance during periods of chronically low levels of cholinesterase (ChE) induced by administration of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) is evidenced in systematic changes in behavioral variables. The present experiment was designed to study the biochemical mechanism(s) involved by challenging tolerant and control subjects with pharmacological agents known to affect the cholinergic system: the cholinolytics, atropine and methylatropine. Measures of the free operant behavior showed tolerance to have developed by the 9th injection of DFP, after which the challenge series began. Clear differences were apparent between the effects of the cholinolytic agents on the tolerant and control groups. Dose-response curves for both groups showed similar trends of decreasing performance with increasing dose level until a critical point was reached. With further increases in dose, there was a complete absence of responding in the majority of tolerant subjects, while control animals continued to perform at about 40 per cent normal. The fact that effects of the methylatropine challenge were not significantly different in tolerant and control subjects implies that the biochemical process(es) of tolerance had a major central component.
Dynamics of nonspherical bubbles surrounded by viscoelastic fluid

Abstract The effect of viscoelasticity of dynamics on single nonspherical bubbles has been determined for donditions comparable to those present during cavitation. It is shown that, in contrast to dynamics of spherical bubbles under cavitation conditions, fluid rheology has a noticeable influence on the bubble dynamics. Earlier non-Newtonian studies have been restricted to bubbles of fixed volume oscillating around a spherical shape, but in the present work an approach has been developed which allows one to study nonsphericities associated with bubble growth or collapse. An important feature of these problems is the coupling provided by fluid rheology between bubble dynamics and deformation history of the surrounding fluid.
Micro- and macromechanical stress and failure analyses of laminated composites

Abstract The micro- and macromechannical responses of laminated composites in regions of high stress gradients are examined within the framework of linear plane elasticity. The micromechanical model is based on a system of alternating layers of heterogeneous reinforcement and matrix, whereas the macromechanical counterpart is characterized by the effective homogeneous, orthotropic properties of the constituents. The Fourier transform and the stiffness matrix formulation are employed. As a numerical illustration, a semi-infinite medium made of aluminum and boron layers subjected to a concentrated load is considered. The micro- and macromechanical stress fields as well as the corresponding failure stresses are presented to measure the degree of correspondence between the two models.
CMB mapping experiments: a designer's guide

We apply state-of-the art data analysis methods to a number of fictitious cosmic microwave background (CMB) mapping experiments, including $1/f$ noise, distilling the cosmological information from time-ordered data to maps to power spectrum estimates, and find that in all cases the resulting error bars can be well approximated by simple and intuitive analytic expressions. Using these approximations, we discuss how to maximize the scientific return of CMB mapping experiments given the practical constraints at hand, and our main conclusions are as follows. (1) For a given resolution and sensitivity, it is best to cover a sky area such that the signal-to-noise ratio per resolution element (pixel) is of order unity. (2) It is best to avoid excessively skinny observing regions, narrower than a few degrees. (3) The minimum-variance map-making method can reduce the effects of $1/f$ noise by a substantial factor, but only if the scan pattern is thoroughly interconnected. (4) $1/f$ noise produces a $1/\mathcal{l}$ contribution to the angular power spectrum for well-connected single-beam scanning, as compared to virtually white noise for a two-beam scan pattern such as that of the MAP satellite.
Multiple Antibiotics Exert Delayed Effects against the Plasmodium falciparum Apicoplast

Several classes of antibiotics exert antimalarial activity. The mechanisms of action of antibiotics against malaria parasites have been unclear, and prior studies have led to conflicting results, in part because they studied antibiotics at suprapharmacological concentrations. We examined the antimalarial effects of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, doxycycline, and rifampin against chloroquine-resistant (W2) and chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) Plasmodium falciparum strains. At clinically relevant concentrations, rifampin killed parasites quickly, preventing them from initiating cell division. In contrast, pharmacological concentrations of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and doxycycline were relatively inactive against parasites initially but exerted a delayed death effect, in which the progeny of treated parasites failed to complete erythrocytic development. The drugs that caused delayed death did not alter the distribution of apicoplasts into developing progeny. However, the apicoplasts inherited by the progeny of treated parasites were abnormal. The loss of apicoplast function became apparent as the progeny of antibiotic-treated parasites initiated cell division, with the failure of schizonts to fully mature or for erythrocyte rupture to take place. These findings explain the slow antimalarial action of multiple antibiotics.
SU‐GG‐T‐401: Cell Survival Following X‐Ray Activated Auger Electron Radiotherapy

Purpose: To examine enhancement of cell killing as a function of both radiosensitizer (IUdR) concentration and x‐ray beam energy by measuring CHO cell survival following monochromatic x‐ray activated Auger electron radiotherapy.Method and Materials: The dose‐response of CHO cells was measured by irradiating monolayers of log‐phase cells to 1–8 Gy using 30 keV, 35 keV, and 4 MV x‐rays. Estimated maximum radiosensitizer DNA‐incorporation (18% thymidine replacement) was obtained by adding 8 μL IUdR (20 μM in media) 21–39 hours before irradiation. Cell culture tubes were irradiated at 30 and 35 keV by an effective field size of 2.8×2.5‐cm2 on a monochromatic, x‐ray beamline at LSU's CAMD synchrotron. Dose was determined from ionization chamber‐measured dose rates (18–27 cGy⋅min−1 at 100 mA) and verified with GAFCHROMIC® EBT film. Cell culture flasks were also irradiated with 4 MV x‐rays produced using a Varian Clinac 21EX (30×30‐cm2 field, 0.5‐cm depth). Clonogenic assays were performed at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, where cells were plated, incubated, and allowed to grow for 1 week, then fixed and stained with crystal violet. Colonies of 50 or more cells were scored as survivors. Sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) was calculated as the ratio of doses at 10% surviving fraction. Results: Survival curves for control cells (without IUdR) were identical for the 30 keV, 35 keV, and 4 MV beams. Cells with DNA‐incorporated IUdR showed increased sensitization: SER≈2 with 4 MV, SER≈4 with 30 keV, and SER≈5 with 35 keV x‐ray beams. Conclusion: Our initial results are consistent with those reported previously by others. Future work studying SER as a function of photon energy and percent IUdR replacement of thymidine in DNA is intended to provide sufficient data to develop radiobiological models, which when utilized with the dose distribution, will provide a mechanism for planning x‐ray activated Auger electron therapy.
Population Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of Both Normative and Coercive Ties to the World Polity

During the 1980s and 1990s, two-thirds of sub-Saharan African countries adopted national population policies to reduce population growth. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, I show that countries with more ties to the world polity were more likely to adopt population policies. In order to refine world polity theory, however, I distinguish between normative and coercive ties to the world polity. I show that ties to the world polity via international nongovernmental organizations became predictive of population policy adoption only after the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development institutionalized reproductive health as a global norm to which countries could show adherence through population policies. Ties to the World Bank in the form of indebtedness, presumed to be coercive, were associated with population policy adoption throughout the time period observed. Gross domestic product per capita, democracy, and religion also all predicted population policy adoption. The case of population policy adoption in sub-Saharan Africa thus demonstrates that ties to organizations likely to exert normative pressure are most influential when something about international norms is at stake, while ties to organizations with coercive capacity matter regardless of time, but may be easier for wealthier countries to resist.
Financial profiles and the disclosure of expenditures for socially responsible purposes

Abstract Recently the relationship between “socially responsible” activities and the financial performance of corporations has received attention in the business literature. Most studies have focused on the market reaction of shareholders to the disclosure of both monetary and nonmonetary corporate contributions relating to pollution control, employee welfare, affirmative action, and other activities deemed to be in the public interest. Results of this research have been mixed, with some authors finding favorable market response to socially responsible actions, and others finding no difference between the market performance of more and less responsible firms. The purpose of this paper is to examine financial performance and socially responsible activities from a different perspective. Specifically, it examines the relationship between the disclosure of monetary expenditures for various social initiatives and composite financial accounting profiles of disclosing and nondisclosing firms. Using two-group discriminant analysis, the authors conclude that management tends to disclose monetary expenditures for these generally nonproductive purposes at times when the financial statements of the firm otherwise look favorable to shareholders. Such disclosure in a sample of Fortune 500 firms in 1976 and 1977 was clearly not unrelated to financial performance, and neither did it appear to occur in order to explain relatively poor financial statements.
The global attractor for the 2D Navier-Stokes flow on some unbounded domains

We extend previous results on the existence of the global attractor for the 2D Navier-Stokes equations on some unbounded domains in the sense that the forcing term need not lie in any weighted space nor is the boundary of the domain required to be smooth. The existence of the global attractor is obtained on arbitrary open sets such that the Poincare inequality holds and for forces in the natural dual space V ′. The proof is based on the energy equation and the concept of asymptotic compactness. An estimate of the Hausdorff and fractal dimensions of the attractor is also given.
Ion accelerator system mounting design and operating characteristics for a 5 kW 30-cm xenon ion engine

Results from a series of experiments to determine the effect of accelerator grid mount geometry on the performance of the J-series ion optics assembly are described. Three mounting schemes, two flexible and one rigid, are compared for their relative ion extraction capability over a range of total accelerating voltages. The largest ion beam current, for the maximum total voltage investigated, is shown to occur using one of the flexible grid mounting geometries. However, at lower total voltages and reduced engine input power levels, the original rigid J-series ion optics accelerator grid mounts result in marginally better grid system performance at the same cold interelectrode gap.
Determination of the valence band offset at a HgTe/CdTe heterojunction by magnetooptics

Abstract A new approach is employed to determine the value of the valence band offset Vp at a HgTe/CdTe heterojunction. The values of the energy difference ΔE between the first two valence subbands - namely the first heavy hole subband and the first light hole subband - at the Brillouin zone center of two HgTe/CdTe superlattices are obtained from the results of far-infrared magnetooptical measurements. The values of ΔE for the two superlattices are then compared with theoretical calculations, using Vp as the only fitting parameter. A single value of Vp = 63 ± 13 meV is found which fits the values of ΔE for both superlattices.
Inter‐Organizational Learning in Supply Chains: A Focus on Logistics Service Providers and Their Customers

The learning process between supply chain entities is explored from the perspective of senior third-party executives. Through grounded theory, a theoretical framework emerged that extends our understanding of learning within a supply chain by identifying the major constructs and learning stages comprising the basic social process of inter-organizational learning. This framework provides significant insights into the complex process employed in a supply chain to share, disseminate, and store information; co-create knowledge; and to derive a competitive advantage.
Thematic Issue: Immunity, Inflammation and Fungal Infections

The evolution of animals occurred in the setting of intensive exposure to ubiquitous fungi, both in the environment and as part of the commensal flora of animals. Seen in this light, it is essentia...
Two dimensional modeling of momentum and thermal behavior during spray atomization of γ-TiAl

A two dimensional model was formulated for the study of the momentum and thermal behavior of atomized droplets of {gamma}-TiAl. The velocity, temperature, flight time, cooling rate and solidification behavior of droplets were numerically investigated as a function of the axial distances from the atomization zone and the radial distances from the central line of the spray cone. The velocity, temperature, cooling rate, flight time and solidification behavior of a droplet strongly depend on the initial position (r{sub 0}) and the diameter of the droplet (D). The two dimensional droplet size distribution in the spray cone changes from being heterogeneous to being almost homogeneous as axial flight distance increases. The two dimensional distribution of the fraction solidified in the spray cone is heterogeneous. The fraction solidified in the spray at any given axial distance increases with increasing radial distance from the spray axis.
Use of Audio‐Visual Aids in Foreign Language Teaching

Author's summary. There is no academic subject in which all kinds of audio-visual aids are so essential for the achievement of both linguistic and cultural objectives as in the field of foreign languages. Use of such material should be carefully planned and utilized as an integral part of the course; the use of audio-visual aids does not interrupt the learning; it is a vital part of the learning process.
Algebraic Modeling of an ad Hoc Network for Mobile Computing

We develop an algebraic model of an ad hoc network 9] for mobile computing. The ad hoc network's structure and functionality is based (in our approach) on a pathset algebra. A pathset is the set of all paths in the network having specific source(s) and destination(s). The pathsets' set refers to a multi-digraph that constitutes the physical infrastructure of an ad hoc network. The applications, actions, and/or services (referred to further under the general term services) are organized as multi-agent systems. The formal model of every multi-agent system is based on a modal algebra. An additional function (or special operation) couples the two algebras specifying thus the interface of their interoperability. This operation is analogous to the scalar multiplication of a vector space on a field.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1999

Abstract The 1999 Atlantic basin hurricane season produced 4 tropical storms and 8 hurricanes for a total of 12 named tropical cyclones. Seven of these affected land. Hurricane Floyd—the deadliest U.S. hurricane since Agnes in 1972—caused a disastrous flood event over the U.S. mid-Atlantic and northeastern coastal states, resulting in 56 U.S. deaths and 1 death in the Bahamas. Heavy rain from a tropical depression contributed to some 400 inland flood deaths in Mexico.
Donor-Recipient Size Mismatch in Lung Transplantation Does Not Negatively Impact Survival: An Review of the UNOS Database

Purpose Depending on center preference, height or predicted total lung capacity (pTLC) is used for size matching in lung transplantation. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the impact of donor-recipient size mismatch on outcomes, and the interactions between lung size, recipient diagnosis, and single vs. bilateral transplantation have not been described. Methods and Materials We reviewed the UNOS database for all lung transplants performed for COPD or IPF from 1995-2011. Donor and recipient pTLC were calculated, and degree of mismatch was defined as donor/recipient height or pTLC. Lungs were considered mismatched if this ratio was ≤0.75 or ≥1.25. Within each diagnostic category, the effect of over- or under-sizing on 30-day, 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year mortality and rates of BOS were evaluated. Results In total, 10,375 patients were identified (COPD, n=6,113; IPF, n=4,262). Bilateral transplantation was more common in IPF (52% vs. 47%, p 0.199). The incidence of BOS (COPD, 12.2%; IPF 8.3%) and median time to BOS-related death (COPD 1,050; IPF 1,346 days) were independent of size mismatch. Subset analysis of oversized double lung transplant in IPF and undersized single lung transplant in COPD also showed no effect on overall or BOS-related mortality. Analyses using height for evaluating size mismatch yielded similar results. Conclusions In this study, significant donor-recipient size mismatch did not result in poorer overall or BOS-related mortality. These results suggest that acceptable outcomes can be achieved even in the setting of significant size mismatch, affording considerable flexibility in donor selection and increasing organ utilization.
Linkages between organizational goals, strategies, and the budget process

Abstract This case is ideally suited to integrate organizational goals and strategies with budgeting, feedback, and variance analysis. It demonstrates the interplay between the budget process and organizational goals and strategies. The case is also useful in integrating accounting concepts with concepts which students have studied in management or organizational behavior courses. It suggests that the way that managers respond to variances is affected by the environment in which the firm operates and the product(s) manufactured by the firm. This case is based upon an actual situation in which a firm experienced rapid growth through acquisition. Integration of the budget process with organizational goals and strategies enhances the students' interest and their understanding of the role of budgets in the planning and control process. The case demonstrates that budgets are part of a “big picture,” and can be traced and related to managerial goals and strategies. Further, the case allows students to develop an understanding and appreciation of variance analysis. The case has been used successfully with undergraduate cost accounting students and with participants in a 2-week executive-education program. The students find the case interesting and are eager to participate in the discussion.
Extrapolation designs with constraints

The author considers (asymptotically) minimax extrapolation designs for an approximately multiple linear model with the model contaminant f being restricted only by its L2 norm. He splits the integrated mean squared prediction error (IMSPE) of the fitted value over the extrapolation space into two parts, namely the integrated prediction variance (IPV) and the integrated prediction bias (IPB). For a spherical design space and an annular extrapolation space, he constructs the design that minimizes the maximum value, over f, of IPB subject to bounding IPV. He also constructs the design that minimizes IPV subject to bounding the maximum IPB. L'auteur s'interesse aux plans d'extrapolation (asymptotiquement) minimax pour un modele lineaire multiple approximatif dont le facteur de contamination f n'est specifie qu'a sa norme L2 pres. Il decompose l'erreur predictive carree moyenne integree (EPCMI) de la valeur ajustee sur l'espace d'extrapolation en deux parties, soit la variance previsionnelle integree (VPI) et le biais previsionnel integre (BPI). En supposant que le plan prend ses valeurs dans un espace spherique et que l'espace d'extrapolation est annulaire, il identifie le plan qui minimise, sur l'ensemble des f, la valeur maximale du BPI, etant donne une borne sur la VPI. n trouve aussi le plan minimisant la VPI, etant donne une borne sur le BPI maximal.
No defect in T-cell priming, secondary response, or tolerance induction in response to inhaled antigens in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand–deficient mice

Background Respiratory tract dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the regulation of immune responses to inhaled antigens. However, the precise function of the multiple DC subsets present in the lungs and the lung-draining lymph nodes is unknown. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) is a hematopoietic growth factor that drives the development of multiple subsets of DCs in the lymphoid organs. Objective We sought to study the contribution of DC subsets in the regulation of the balance between tolerance and immunity against respiratory antigens by using FLT3L knockout mice. Methods Phenotypic analysis of DC subsets in the airways and lungs of FLT3L knockout mice was performed. By using various experimental models, the role of FLT3L-dependent DCs in the priming of naive T cells, the presentation of inhaled antigen to previously primed T H 2 cells, and intranasal tolerance induction was addressed. Results FLT3L knockout mice display a 90% reduction in lung parenchyma DCs but a normal number of airway DCs and blood monocytes. FLT3L knockout mice had a normal induction of eosinophilic inflammation in response to intranasal administration of allergen. FLT3L-dependent DCs were not required for the presentation of inhaled antigen to previously primed T H 2 cells, and normal induction of T-cell tolerance in response to inhaled antigen was observed in FLT3L knockout mice. Conclusion Airway DC development is independent of FLT3L. FLT3L-dependent DCs are not required for the development and maintenance of airway inflammation or for the induction of intranasal tolerance. Our results point to airway DCs as the major regulators of the balance between tolerance and immunity to inhaled antigens.
Architectural Practice A Critical View

(1990). Architectural Practice A Critical View. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 51-52.
An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail for fixation of diaphyseal tibial fractures in adult horses

The compressive, bending and torsional mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with an interlocking intramedullary nail (nail-tibia composite) were compared with those of intact tibiae to determine the clinical applicability of the the nail for repair of tibial fractures in adult horses. The mean yield load, failure load, and stiffness for the nail-tibia composites were significantly less (P < .05) than those for the intact tibiae in all loading configurations. The mean compressive yield load for the nail-tibia composites was greater than the compressive load calculated from previously reported in vivo data for walking and trotting, and was equal to the load calculated for recovery from anesthesia. The mean yield bending moment for the nail-tibia composites was greater than the bending moment previously calculated for standing, walking, and recovery from anesthesia. The mean torsional yield load for the nail-tibia composites was less than the torsional load determined for the walk from another in vivo study. The design of the interlocking nail evaluated in the present study should be modified to increase torsional and compressive yield strengths and torsional stiffness before reasonable success could be expected for the treatment of adult equine tibial fractures.
Incorporation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein VP22 into the virus particle is independent of interaction with VP16

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virions contain a proteinaceous layer termed the tegument that lies between the nucleocapsid and viral envelope. The mechanisms underlying tegumentation remain largely undefined for all herpesviruses. Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldowns and coimmunoprecipitation studies, we have identified a domain of the tegument protein VP22 that facilitates interaction with VP16. This region of VP22 (residues 165-225) overlaps the glycoprotein E (gE) binding domain of VP22 (residues 165-270), which is sufficient to mediate VP22 packaging into assembling virus particles. To ascertain the contribution of the VP16 and gE binding activities of VP22 to its virion incorporation, a transfection/infection based virion incorporation assay, using point mutants that discern between the two binding activities, was utilized. Our results suggest that interaction with VP16 is not required for incorporation of VP22 into virus particles and that binding to the cytoplasmic tail of gE is sufficient to facilitate packaging.
Gentle neutrino scattering and the Davis experiment

Abstract Energy loss from many very soft elastic scatterings of neutrinos could remove the energy from the neutrinos from the sun. This might be detectable through gross heating of cryogenic preparations by currently available neutrino beams.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a packed binary distillation column

Abstract A simultaneous heat and mass transfer model was applied to a binary system in a 3-in. distillation column packed with 1 4 in. Raschig Rings. Ma The experiments carried out with the toluene-trichloroethylene system show that the liquid phase is saturated, indicating no resistance to mass transfe
Purification of Calcium-Activated Neutral Proteinase (CANP) From Purified Myelin of Bovine Brain White Matter

A calcium-activated neutral proteinase was purified from myelin of bovine brain white matter. Myelin purified in the presence of EDTA (2 mM) was homogenized in 50 mM Trisacetate buffer at pH 7.5, containing 4 mM EDTA, 1 mM NaN3, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.1% Triton X-100 for two hours. After centrifugation at 87,000g for 1 hour, the supernatant was subjected to purification through successive column chromatography as follows: i) DEAE-cellulose, ii) Ultrogel (AC-34) filtration, iii) Phenyl-Sepharose, iv) a second DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme activity was assayed using azocasein as substrate. The myelin enzyme was purified 2072-fold and SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme revealed a major subunit of 72–76 K. The enzyme was inhibited by iodoacetate (1 mM), leupeptin (1 mM), E-64C (1.6 mM), EGTA (1 mM), antipain (2 mM) and endogenous inhibitor calpastatin (2 μg). It required 0.8 mM Ca2+ for half-maximal activation and 5 mM Ca2+ for optimal activation. Mg2+ (5 mM) was ineffective while Zn2+ and Hg2+ were inhibitory. The pH optimum was ranged from 7.5–8.5. Treatment of myelin with Triton X-100 increased the enzyme activity by 10-fold suggesting it is membrane bound whereas the purufied enzyme was not activated by Triton X-100 treatment. The presence of CANP in myelin may mediate the turnover of myelin proteins and myelin breakdown in degenerative brain diseases.
Observations on the reproductive cycle of cultures white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

Males and females of cultured white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, mature at an average age of 4 and 8 years, respectively. However, the onset of ovarian vitellogenesis and puberty are highly asynchronous in the female stock. Gonadal cycles are annual in males and biennial in females, and gametogenesis is influenced by season. Neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction appears to involve a dual gonadotropin system controlling gonadal development and spawning. Labile puberty and sex-specific duration of the gonadal cycle are distinct characteristics of cultured and wild sturgeon. Photoperiod and temperature play a significant role in environmental regulation of the reproductive cycle, but further studies are necessary to elucidate the roles of endogenous and environmental factors in sturgeon reproduction which is critically important for both aquaculture and conservation of endangered wild stocks.
Leptin regulates amyloid β production via the γ-secretase complex

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, affecting an estimated 5.3 million people in the United States. While many factors likely contribute to AD progression, it is widely accepted that AD is driven by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), a small, fibrillogenic peptide generated by the sequential proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein by the β- and γ-secretases. Though the underlying causes of Aβ accumulation in sporadic AD are myriad, it is clear that lifestyle and overall health play a significant role. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has varied systemic affects, including neuropeptide release and neuroprotection. A recent study by Lieb et al. (2009) showed that individuals with low plasma leptin levels are at greater risk of developing AD, through unknown mechanisms. In this report, we show that plasma leptin is a strong negative predictor of Aβ levels in the mouse brain, supporting a protective role for the hormone in AD onset. We also show that the inhibition of Aβ accumulation is due to the downregulation of transcription of the γ-secretase components. On the other hand, β-secretase expression is either unchanged (BACE1) or increased (BACE2). Finally, we show that only presenilin 1 (PS1) is negatively correlated with plasma leptin at the protein level (p < 0.0001). These data are intriguing and may highlight a role for leptin in regulating the onset of amyloid pathology and AD.
Double Coset Density in Exceptional Algebraic Groups

Let G be a simple algebraic group of exceptional type, defined over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic p ≥ 0. In this paper, we classify all pairs (X,Y ) of reductive subgroups of G which have a dense (X,Y )-double coset in G. In fact, we show that there is a dense (X,Y )-double coset in G precisely when G = XY is a factorisation.
Structure and Electronic Properties of Solid Acids Based on Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures

UV−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to probe the electronic structure and domain size of tungsten oxide species in crystalline isopolytungstates, monoclinic WO3, and dispersed WOx species on ZrO2 surfaces. UV−visible absorption edge analysis, CO2 chemisorption, and Raman spectroscopic results show that three distinct regions of WOx coverage on ZrO2 supports appear with increasing WOx surface density: submonolayer region (0−4 W nm-2), polytungstate growth region (4−8 W nm-2), and polytungstate/crystalline WO3 coexistence region (>8 W nm-2). The structure and catalytic activity of WOx species on ZrO2 is controlled only by WOx surface density (W nm-2), irrespective of the WOx concentration, oxidation temperature, and ZrO2 surface area used to obtain a particular density. The submonolayer region is characterized by distorted octahedral WOx species that are well dispersed on the ZrO2 surface. These species show a constant absorption edge energy, they are difficult to reduce, and contain few a...
A midpoint assessment of the American Cancer Society challenge goal to halve the U.S. cancer mortality rates between the years 1990 and 2015.

BACKGROUND. The American Cancer Society has challenged the U.S. to reduce cancer mortality rates 50% over the 25 years from 1990 to 2015. The current report is an analysis and commentary on progress toward that goal through 2002, the midpoint of the challenge period. METHODS. Cancer mortality rates were examined from 1990 through 2002, and projections to the Year 2015 were made. Cancer deaths that were prevented or deferred by the declining death rates were expressed as the difference between the observed and projected numbers of deaths and the numbers that would have been observed over that period had the 1990 death rates persisted. RESULTS. Since 1990, cancer mortality rates have been declining in the U.S. by approximately 1% per year. Trends especially have been favorable for cancers of the breast, prostate, and colorectum and for lung cancer among men. Should this rate of decline continue over the coming decade, death rates from cancer will be approximately 23% lower in the Year 2015 than they were in 1990, and approximately 1.8 million deaths from cancer will have been prevented or deferred. CONCLUSIONS. At this midpoint of the 25-year challenge period, it appears that fully reaching the goal will require substantial breakthroughs in cancer early detection and/or in cancer therapy. Between now and 2015, however, many more cancer deaths can be averted by concerted action to control tobacco and obesity, by redoubling efforts in mammography and colorectal screening, and by enacting policies to close gaps in access to cancer detection and treatment services. Cancer 2006. ©2006 American Cancer Society.
Taxonomic notes on myrmecophilous Melastomataceae: A new species, two new synonyms, and an old species reconsidered

Taxonomic work on the myrmecophilous members of Miconieae (Melastomataceae) has uncovered a previously undescribed species as well as other taxonomic problems that are addressed here. Miconia daironii, a new species of myrmecophilous Miconieae, is described. This new species can be recognized by domatia fully immersed in the leaf blade, lateral inflorescences, and winged hypanthia. The new species is compared to other myrmecophilous species in the genera Clidemia, Maieta, and Tococa. For Tococa setifera, a complete description, justification for its recognition, and lectotypification is given. Tococa setifera has been considered a synonym of Tococa coronata; however, additional collections show that its recognition as a separate species is warranted. Notes are also included justifying the placement of Tococa stenoptera in synonymy under Tococa stellata, and placing Miconia stylosa in synonymy under Tococa subciliata.