cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of adult facial vascular anomalies

Vascular anomalies are best classified by biologic behavior-active hemangiomas, and inactive vascular malformations. Hemangioma growth is restricted to infancy, but residual deformity may persist to adult life in the form of redundant skin, bulky fibrofatty tissue, and ectatic cutaneous vessels. Treatment largely consists of scar revision and laser photocoagulation of residual vascular pigmentation. Vascular malformations are present throughout life and can cause increasing facial distortion and disfigurement as capillaries, veins, lymphatics, and/or arteries further dilate and the facial features hypertrophy. A variety of treatment options include laser photocoagulation, sclerotherapy, embolization, and direct surgical excision, and often a combination of techniques yields improved results. In many cases, however, therapy is only palliative, and patients should be advised of the limitations of each treatment option to avoid unrealistic expectations and disappointing results.
On the development of feature detectors in the visual cortex with applications to learning and reaction-diffusion systems

Developmental mechanisms for tuning of visual cortex are derived from adult learning mechanisms: an adaptational property of shunting on-center off-surround networks that prevents saturation of parallel processed patterns at high input intensities, a contrast enhancement and short-term memory mechanism, and plastic synaptic strengths that compute a time average of presynaptic signals and postsynaptic activities and multiplicatively gate signals. The mechanisms can generate fields of feature detectors; e.g., line or picture detectors. A developing hierarchy of such fields can be synthesized in which successive critical developmental periods are triggered as a dynamic equilibrium is established between shortterm memory and long-term memory at each stage. Shunting adaptation can account for some data on spatial frequency adaptation. Shunting network properties resemble properties of certain reaction-diffusion systems that have been used to model developmental data in various species; e.g., Hydra, Xenopus retina, slime molds. For example, positional information due to regulation in reaction-diffusion systems is analogous to constancies due to network adaptation, firing of a developmental gradient is analogous to contrast enhancement, and maintenance of a pattern of morphogens is analogous to short-term memory.
Catalytic Effect of Nanoparticles on Primary and Secondary Phase Nucleation

Nanoparticles were shown to catalyze nucleation of primary and secondary phases in metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs). This catalysis is important as it contributes to the mechanical property enhancement in the MMNCs. Primary aluminium grain refinement was demonstrated in A356 matrix nanocomposites. Various types and sizes of nanoparticles (SiC, TiC, γ-Al2O3; 10-96 nm) were used to make these MMNCs and in all cases the MMNCs had smaller, more equiaxed grains compared to the reference A356. Using the droplet emulsion technique, undercoolings were shown to be significantly reduced. Undercoolings in the MMNCs were in good general agreement with the undercooling necessary for free growth, suggesting the applicability of this model to nucleation on nanoscale catalysts. Secondary phase nucleation catalysis was demonstrated in a zinc alloy AC43A MMNC and a binary Mg-4Zn MMNC. In AC43A, secondary phase nucleation was catalyzed with the addition of various nanoparticles (TiC, SiC, γ-Al2O3). The secondary phase nucleation catalysis in AC43A coincided with ductility enhancement. In Mg-4Zn, SiC nanoparticle addition changed the secondary phases that formed. MgZn2 was formed in the MMNC at relatively high temperatures consuming the Zn and reducing the amount of the low temperature Mg2Zn3 phase that formed in the reference alloy. The change in secondary phase formation coincided with significant enhancement in strength and ductility.
Letter: pathogenicity of Th17 cells may differ in ulcerative colitis compared with Crohn's disease.

SIRS, We read with great interest the work presented by Veny et al. The role of T-helper (Th) 17 cells in the immunopathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases has been examined recently, but their function is more complex than originally thought in gastrointestinal mucosa. Veny et al. demonstrated increased levels of IL-17 in the inflamed mucosa and peripheral blood of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients compared with healthy adults. Whether it is the cause or just a response to the ongoing inflammation is not clear. Blocking IL-17 produced beneficial results in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and uveitis, but not in CD, making IL-17 an unlikely therapeutic target in CD. Two main types of IBD are well-characterised, CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). Historically, CD has been linked with Th1 cells and UC has been linked with Th2 cells. Location, histopathological characteristics of inflammation and cytokine microenvironment make these two sub-types of IBD significantly different. Therefore, the unsuccessful attempts to control CD with IL-17 blocking antibodies should be not be extrapolated to UC. Recent data from our laboratory have shown fundamental differences between UC and CD regarding the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, IL-17 levels were measured in the supernatant of PBMC from UC (n = 7) and CD (n = 10) patients before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation. IL-17 in the supernatant of PBMC without LPS stimulation had a statistically significant correlation with the Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI) in UC (correlation coefficient = 0.882, P = 0.008) but not with CD (correlation coefficient = 0.472, P = 0.199). Similarly, IL-17 levels in the supernatant of PBMC stimulated with LPS had a statistically significant correlation with HBI in UC (correlation coefficient = 0.826, P = 0.022) but not in CD (correlation coefficient = 0.476, P = 0.195). We believe that failure of the therapeutic effect of IL17 blocking antibodies in CD should not discourage us from clinical trials in UC patients, due to the fundamental differences in the pathogenesis of UC and CD. Consequently, blocking IL-17 might produce favourable results in UC, but not CD. Furthermore, plasticity of Th17 cells and their complex interaction with the surrounding mucosal microenvironment warrants additional research for better understanding of their role in UC pathogenesis.
A Community Support Group for Single Custodial Fathers.

Within the context of an identified need for establishing a support group for single custodial fathers, this article discusses a five-session group experience that included such topics as dating, remarriage, homemaking and house maintenance, and the effects of divorce on children.
The effectiveness of web-based, multimedia tutorials for teaching methods of human body composition analysis

This study examined the effectiveness of a series of Web-based, multimedia tutorials on methods of human body composition analysis. Tutorials were developed around four body composition topics: hyd...
Effect of Radiation on the Incorporation of C14-Formate Into RNA Purines in Calf Thyroid Slices in Vitro

This report concerns the effects of external gamma radiation on the incorporation of C 14-formate into acid-soluble and RNA purines and protein in calf thyroid slices in vitro. Formate incorporation into protein was reduced to 50% by 50,000 rads. Incorporation of formate into purines was much more radiosensitive, a reduction of 50% being obtained with 3,500 rads. Evidence is presented that this represents, at least in part, a true inhibition of purine synthesis. It is postulated that such a mechanism might be responsible for the effect of therapeutic radiation on the thyroid.
Fast control of a phase-sensitive fiber-optic parametric amplifier by frequency-swept Brillouin-gain dispersion

We demonstrate in-line control of a phase-sensitive fiber-optic parametric amplifier by tuning the pump frequency of a Brillouin fiber pre-amplifier. This approach achieves an order of magnitude faster response compared to piezoelectric control.
Black feminization of poverty: evidence from the U.S. cross-regional data

We explore the issue of feminization of poverty among Black women despite their much improved labor market advantages relative to White women and Black men. Black women generally possess comparable human capital and positive work ethic attributes and characteristics, and face comparable unemployment rates. One would therefore expect that their overall income levels and degree of poverty be comparable to those of their White female and Black male counterparts. The question then arises as to why Black women experience relatively higher poverty rates than White females and Black males. The work applies a simple theoretical and empirical framework utilizing Current Population Surveys (CPS) sources to analyze cross-regional U.S. data to verify the extent to which the causal factors of Black feminization of poverty can be traced to labor market attributes.
Conflicting emotions : The connection between affective perspective taking and theory of mind

The relation between theory of mind and affective perspective taking was examined in a study with 42 three- to five-year-olds. Children completed tasks measuring affective perspective taking, theory of mind, and receptive language abilities. Significant positive correlations existed between overall affective perspective taking and theory of mind performance, independent of age and language. The relation between theory of mind and affective perspective taking was strongest for those scenarios in which there was a conflict between the child and the friend's emotional responses. These findings indicate that the abilities to understand conflicting emotions and to understand false beliefs are related aspects of social development.
Spatial and temporal variation in surfclam (Spisula solidissima) larval supply and settlement on the New Jersey inner shelf during summer upwelling and downwelling

Abstract To examine the relationship between near-bottom larval surfclam concentrations and surfclam settlement at an inner continental shelf site off New Jersey (USA), four consecutive sets of settlement experiments were carried out at three stations at the Long-term Ecosystem Observatory (LEO-15) from 14 to 31 July 1997 during upwelling and downwelling. Two inshore stations were on the landward and seaward sides of Beach Haven Ridge at ∼12 m depth, and a third station was 8 km further offshore at ∼20 m depth. In each experiment, four replicate trays of azoic sand from Beach Haven Ridge were placed flush with the seafloor and exposed for 3–7 days. Larval surfclam concentrations were measured every 4 h at 1 m above the bottom (mab) using Moored, Automated, Serial Zooplankton Pumps at the three stations. At all three stations, larval surfclam concentrations (1 mab) were low during upwelling, and higher during and after downwelling. Pulses of highest larval surfclam concentrations coincided with the initial arrival of downwelled warm water. In addition, larval surfclam concentrations were higher at the two inshore stations than at the offshore station. Larval surfclam settlement in the trays was higher during and following downwelling than during upwelling at one inshore station and at the offshore station. At the other inshore station (landward of Beach Haven Ridge), surfclam settlement did not increase during and following downwelling. Overall, surfclam settlement was higher inshore than offshore. The results indicate that spatial and temporal variation in larval surfclam supply was controlled by upwelling and downwelling circulation and that surfclam settlement was influenced by larval supply. Bottom flows across Beach Haven Ridge during a storm may have reduced larval surfclam settlement on the upcurrent side of the ridge, affecting initial densities on a small (∼1 km) scale.
Plasma Oxytocin Immunoreactive Products and Response to Trust in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder

Background Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder (GSAD) is characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of several types of social and performance situations. The pathophysiology is not well understood, but research in animals and humans has provided evidence that oxytocin helps regulate normal social affiliative behavior. Previous work in healthy male subjects demonstrated a rise in plasma oxytocin after receiving a high trust signal. To examine the oxytocin system in GSAD, we measured plasma oxytocin in GSAD patients and controls, before and after the social “Trust Game,” a neuroeconomic test examining trust behavior and reaction to trust using real monetary incentives. Methods Thirty-nine subjects with GSAD and 28 healthy controls provided three blood samples for oxytocin measurement before the Trust Game, and one sample after the game. Plasma estradiol was also measured at baseline. The Trust Game protocol version prioritized the sending of a signal of high cooperation and trust to all participants. All analyses controlled for gender and estradiol levels. Results Mean oxytocin levels post-Trust Game (P = .025), and overall (area under the curve, P = .011) were lower in GSADpatients compared to controls, after controlling for sex and estradiol. There was no significant change in oxytocin levels after the game in either group. Conclusions We report low plasma oxytocin levels in patients with GSAD during a prosocial laboratory task paradigm. Additional research will be important to further examine the relationship between oxytocin and social behavior in GSAD.
Sleep facilitates memory by blocking dopamine neuron mediated forgetting

Early studies from psychology suggest that sleep facilitates memory retention by stopping ongoing retroactive interference caused by mental activity or external sensory stimuli. Neuroscience research with animal models, on the other hand, suggests that sleep facilitates retention by enhancing memory consolidation. Recently, in Drosophila, the ongoing activity of specific dopamine neurons was shown to regulate the forgetting of olfactory memories. Here, we show this ongoing dopaminergic activity is modulated with behavioral state, increasing robustly with locomotor activity and decreasing with rest. Increasing sleep-drive, with either the sleep-promoting agent Gaboxadol or by genetic stimulation of the neural circuit for sleep, decreases ongoing dopaminergic activity, while enhancing memory retention. Conversely, increasing arousal stimulates ongoing dopaminergic activity and accelerates dopaminergic-based forgetting. Therefore, forgetting is regulated by the behavioral state modulation of dopaminergic-based plasticity. Our findings integrate psychological and neuroscience research on sleep and forgetting.
Using a novel behavioral stimuli-response framework to Defend against Adversarial Cyberspace Participants

Autonomous Baiting, Control and Deception of Adversarial Cyberspace Participants (ABCD-ACP) is an experimental defensive framework against potentially adversarial cyberspace participants, such as malicious software and subversive insiders. By deploying fake targets (called baits/stimuli) onto a virtualized environment, the framework seeks to probabilistically identify suspicious participants through aggregate suspicious behavior, subvert their decision structure and goad them into a position favorable to the defense. Baits include simulating insertion of readable and writable drives with weak or no password, marked doc/pdf/txt/exe/cad/xls/dat files, processes with popular target names and processes that detect thread injections.
Newer Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis: Nitroimidazole properties with Nanometal oxides in Polymer Cages as Drug-Biomarker Monitors

Nitroimidazoles are radiosensitizers and hypoxia detecting chemosensitizers. Intially nitroimidazoles were single dose antibiotic drugs. Recently, nitroimidazole derivatives have emerged as multifunctional “drug-biomarker monitors” chemical compounds with importance in treatment of tumors, monitoring hypoxia and safer imaging contrast agents to monitor the therapeutic progress. Additionally, the number of nitroimidazole derivatives is growing and identified their importance as multifunctional nanoparticles. The nanoparticle synthesis scheme of nitroimidazole was proposed as nitroimidazole caged with metal oxide inside polymer coating and labeled with marker biomolecules. We report the step by step user-friendly new co-precipitation schemes of nitroimidazole carrier nanoparticles with their mechanisms of drug controlled release behavior, metal oxide sensitivity to imaging modalities and polymer coating chemistry developed at our lab. The multifunctional nitroimidazole nanoparticles were useful in detection and monitoring of hypoxia, cancer chemotherapy and soft tissue infections. In conclusion, nitroimidazoles are potential multifunctional molecules useful in chemotherapy, antiparasitic and monitoring hypoxia with greater possibility of simultaneous use of radiolabeled 2’nitroimidazoles as radiosensitizers, MRI-PET-US contrast imaging agents.
Maximizing data locality in distributed systems

The effectiveness of a distributed system hinges on the manner in which tasks and data are assigned to the underlying system resources. Moreover, today's large-scale distributed systems must accommodate heterogeneity in both the offered load and in the makeup of the available storage and compute capacity. The ideal resource assignment must balance the utilization of the underlying system against the loss of locality incurred when individual tasks or data objects are fragmented among several servers. In this paper we describe this locality-maximizing placement problem and show that an optimal solution is NP-hard. We then describe a polynomial-time algorithm that generates a placement within an additive constant of two from optimal.
Neuromuscular organization and regional EMG activity of the pectoralis in the pigeon.

In order to improve our understanding of the neuromuscular control of the most massive avian flight muscle, we studied the innervation pattern of the pigeon pectoralis. Nine primary branches from the rostral trunk and nine to ten branches from the caudal trunk of the pectoral nerve were identified by microdissection in ten pigeons. The region of muscle that each branch innervates was delineated by nerve stimulation studies (ten pigeons) and six regions were confirmed by glycogen depletion (ten pigeons). In pigeons, branches from the rostral nerve innervate the anterior 3/5 of the sternobrachialis (SB) head of the pectoralis and branches from the caudal trunk innervate the posterior 1/2 of the SB and all of the throacobrachials (TB). In the SB, individual branches of the rostral pectoral nerve innervate wedge-shaped muscle regions (each approximately 1.3 cm wide), collectively forming a fan shaped arrangement along the sternal carina. Adjacent muscle regions partially overlap at their boundaries. Within the thoracobrachialis (TB) head of the pectrolis, muscle regions are wider. There is a region in mid-SB-where the innervation territories of the rostral and caudal nerves oferlap. Electromyographic (EMG) activity patterns were recorded within ten of the identified muscle regions during take-off, level flapping flight, and landing. Onset of EMG activity and EMG intensity within various muscle regions exhibits significant differences both within a wingbeat cycle and among different modes of flight. The innervation pattern of the pectoralis presents the anatomical substrate for neuromuscular compartmentalization and differential EMG activity within the pectoralis may reflect sensory-motor partitioning. The extent to which the neuromuscular compartmentalization of the pectoralis corresponds to its ability to produce an array of force vectors to the wing awaits further more detailed biomechanical studies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptors Contribute to Angiotensin II–Induced Medial Hyperplasia in the Ascending Aorta

Objective— Angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion causes aortic medial thickening via stimulation of angiotensin II type 1a (AT1a) receptors. The purpose of this study was to determine the cellular loci of AT1a receptors that mediate this Ang II–induced aortic pathology. Approach and Results— Saline or Ang II was infused into AT1a receptor floxed mice expressing Cre under control of cell-specific promoters. Initially, AT1a receptors were depleted in aortic smooth muscle cell and endothelium by expressing Cre under control of SM22 and Tie2 promoters, respectively. Deletion of AT1a receptors in either cell type had no effect on Ang II–induced medial thickening. To determine whether this effect was related to neural stimulation, AT1a receptors were depleted using an enolase 2–driven Cre. Depletion of AT1a receptors in neural cells attenuated Ang II–induced medial thickening of the ascending, but not descending aorta. Lineage tracking studies, using ROSA26-LacZ, demonstrated that enolase 2 was also expressed in adventitial cells adjacent to the region of attenuated thickening. To determine whether adventitial fibroblasts contributed to this attenuation, AT1a receptors in fibroblasts were depleted using S100A4 driven Cre. Similar to enolase 2-Cre, Ang II–induced medial thickening was attenuated in the ascending, but not the descending aorta. Lineage tracking demonstrated an increase of S100A4-LacZ positive cells in the media of the ascending region during Ang II infusion. Conclusions— AT1a receptor depletion in fibroblasts attenuates Ang II–induced medial hyperplasia in the ascending aorta. # Significance {#article-title-39}
Manifold Based Analysis of Facial Expression

We propose a novel approach for modeling, tracking and recognizing facial expressions. Our method works on a low dimensional expression manifold, which is obtained by Isomap embedding. In this space, facial contour features are first clustered, using a mixture model. Then, expression dynamics are learned for tracking and classification. We use ICondensation to track facial features in the embedded space, while recognizing facial expressions in a cooperative manner, within a common probabilistic framework. The image observation likelihood is derived from a variation of the Active Shape Model (ASM) algorithm. For each cluster in the low-dimensional space, a specific ASM model is learned, thus avoiding incorrect matching due to non-linear image variations. Preliminary experimental results show that our probabilistic facial expression model on manifold significantly improves facial deformation tracking and expression recognition.
Changes in hepatic branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase activity in response to isoleucine imbalance in growing chickens

Abstract Three experiments were carried out to determine the influence of isoleucine imbalance on hepatic branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) activity in growing chickens. An isoleucine imbalance was induced by adding a 5% imbalancing amino acid mixture to a basal diet that contained adequate concentrations of all indispensable amino acids except isoleucine, which was marginally adequate (0.64–0.76% of the diet). The imbalancing mixture caused depressions (P
Index Methods for Forecasting: An Application to American Presidential Elections

Scott Armstrong and Alfred Cuzan describe Allan Lichtman's Keys Model as an example of an index method of forecasting, which assigns ratings of favorable, unfavorable, or indeterminate to influencing variables. They describe how index methods have been applied in other decision-making contexts, and they discuss when such methods might be useful analytical tools for business forecasters. In the context of presidential election forecasting, they compare the keys model to several regression models and find that it stacks up quite well against these more sophisticated alternatives.
Sunitinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an open-label phase 2 trial

Summary Background No standard treatments are available for advanced thymic epithelial tumours after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. We investigated the activity of sunitinib, an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Methods Between May 15, 2012, and Oct 2, 2013, we did an open-label phase 2 trial in patients with histologically confirmed chemotherapy-refractory thymic epithelial tumours. Patients were eligible if they had disease progression after at least one previous regimen of platinum-containing chemotherapy, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of two or lower, measurable disease, and adequate organ function. Patients received 50 mg of sunitinib orally once a day, in 6-week cycles (ie, 4 weeks of treatment followed by 2 weeks without treatment), until tumour progression or unacceptable toxic effects arose. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed best tumour response at any point, which we analysed separately in thymoma and thymic carcinoma cohorts. Patients who had received at least one cycle of treatment and had their disease reassessed were included in the analyses of response. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01621568. Findings 41 patients were enrolled, 25 with thymic carcinoma and 16 with thymoma. One patient with thymic carcinoma was deemed ineligible after enrolment and did not receive protocol treatment. Of patients who received treatment, one individual with thymic carcinoma was not assessable because she died. Median follow-up on trial was 17 months (IQR 14·0–18·4). Of 23 assessable patients with thymic carcinoma, six (26%, 90% CI 12·1–45·3, 95% CI 10·2–48·4) had partial responses, 15 (65%, 95% CI 42·7–83·6) achieved stable disease, and two (9%, 1·1–28·0) had progressive disease. Of 16 patients with thymoma, one (6%, 95% CI 0·2–30·2) had a partial response, 12 (75%, 47·6–92·7) had stable disease, and three (19%, 4·1–45·7) had progressive disease. The most common grade 3 and 4 treatment-related adverse events were lymphocytopenia (eight [20%] of 40 patients), fatigue (eight [20%]), and oral mucositis (eight [20%]). Five (13%) patients had decreases in left-ventricular ejection fraction, of which three (8%) were grade 3 events. Three (8%) patients died during treatment, including one individual who died of cardiac arrest that was possibly treatment-related. Interpretation Sunitinib is active in previously treated patients with thymic carcinoma. Further studies are needed to identify potential biomarkers of activity. Funding National Cancer Institute (Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program).
Early bone marrow transplantation in Hodgkin's disease

Bone marrow transplantation can be curative for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. Results are better when patients are transplanted after only one chemotherapy regimen at a time of minimal disease. Clinical trials are beginning testing bone marrow transplantation as part of the initial treatment for patients with widely disseminated, poor prognosis Hodgkin's disease.
EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF HYBRID STERILITY AND VIGOR IN TOADS

Hybridization between the Gulf Coast toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmnann, and Fowler's toad, Bufo fowleri Hinckley, is unproductive (Volpe, 1956). F1 hybrids derived from the cross, valliceps 9 X fowleri C, cytolyse in the gastrula stage of embryonic development. In contradistinction, the majority of the hybrids fronm the reciprocal cross, fozvleri 2 X valliceps e, are viable, but all are sterile and of only one sex (male). The sterility of the adult hybrid is due to the rudimentary condition of the testes; spermatogonia are present but spermatocytes are invariably lacking. Since the interspecific hybrids are either inviable or sterile males, one might assume that the evolutionary effects are insignificant. However, a relatively large number of natural hybrids are found in localities in eastern Louisiana where the ranges of the two species overlap (Volpe, 1956, 1957). There is no evidence that the reprodcuctively ill-adapted male hybrids are subj ect to adverse selection. The testicular irregularities of the hybrids stand in sharp contrast to the normality of the soma. Indeed, as shown in the present report, the hybrids appear to be equal, if not superior, in somatic vigor to individuals of either parental species. The hybrids, although sterile, are active participants in mixed breeding congregations. They engage in amplexus with females of each species, although more often with fowleri females, and are capable of causing the females to extrude their eggs. Evidently, the misclasped females' contribution to the gene pool of the next generation is nil. Data are presented herein which suggest that the hybrids are affecting significantly, although not necessarily in a detrimental way, the genetic variability of one of the recurrent species, fowleri.
Circular Cylinder Flow Control Using Plasma Actuators

The Karman vortex street exhibits three-dimensional characteristics which can induce structural vibrations, resonance, acoustic noise, and contribute significantly to drag on a cylindrical body. Cylinder rotation, vibration, and surface blowing/suction techniques have been shown to impart momentum on the flow near the cylinder’s surface, forcing both the condition of lock-in and spanwise coherent shedding at very low Reynolds numbers. Lock-in and spanwise coherence have been shown to be necessary steps in minimizing the effects of the Karman vortex street using closed loop techniques. Success of these techniques is limited at high Reynolds numbers due primarily to mechanical and structural difficulties in producing forcing at the Strouhal frequency. A potential solution is the use of the non-mechanical plasma actuator. The entirely electrical nature of the device means it contains no moving parts allowing it to operate at a higher bandwidth. Application of a pair of plasma actuators near the separation region of a circular cylinder perpendicular to the flow velocity induced lock-in up to Re = 88.0 x 10. In addition, plasma forcing successfully increased the two-dimensionality of the wake over a 30 cm span.
On China's Employment Discrimination from the Law Angel

In the recent years,with the increasing amount of employees and the raising pressure of employment,and other reasons,the phenomenon of employment discrimination is becoming more and more severe in China.The employment discrimination will not only destroy the equal competitive employment environment,but also do harm to the normal development of society,and will bring the hidden trouble of getting unstable for the normal order of society.This article in view of all sorts of performance of our country's employment discrimination,has analyzed reasons and its harmness which the employment discrimination produces,and proposed solution and countermeasures.
Heterojunction and superlattice detectors for infrared to ultraviolet

Abstract The interest in Infrared and Ultraviolet detectors has increased immensely due to the emergence of important applications over a wide range of activities. Detectors based on free carrier absorption known as Hetero-junction Interfacial Workfunction Internal Photoemission (HEIWIP) detectors and variations of these heterojunction structures to be used as intervalence band detectors for a wide wavelength region are presented. Although this internal photoemission concept is valid for all semiconductor materials systems, using a well-studied III–V system of GaAs/ Al x Ga 1 - x As to cover a wide wavelength range from UV to far-infrared (THz) is an important development in detector technology. Using the intervalence band (heavy hole, light hole and split off) transitions for high operating temperature detection of mid Infrared radiation is also discussed. A promising new way to extend the detection wavelength threshold beyond the standard threshold connected with the energy gap in a GaAs/ Al x Ga 1 - x As system is also presented. Superlattice detector technology, which is another promising detector architecture, can be optimized using both Type I and Type II heterostructures. Here the focus will be on Type II Strained Layer (T2SL) Superlattice detectors. T2SL Superlattices based on InAs/(In,GA)Sb have made significant improvements demonstrating focal plane arrays operating around 80 K and with multiple band detection capability. A novel spectroscopic method to evaluate the band offsets of both heterojunction and superlattice detectors is also discussed.
Clinical Analysis of Aged Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Handan City

[Objective]To analyze the clinical characteristic and prevention measures of aged pulmonary tuberculosis in Handan City.[Methods]The clinical data of 342 pulmonary tuberculosis patients more than 60 years old with smear positive were analyzed retrospectively,which enrolled in phthisis prevention item offices from June 2005 to June 2006,and finished the course of therapy.[Results]In 342 aged pulmonary tuberculosis patients,214(62.6%) cases were infected in aged period,and the most cases occurred in the age group of 60～ 69.Among 342 cases,there were 249(72.8%) cases of III type and 93(27.2%) cases of IV type.142 cases had hollows,account for 61.4% of the total cases.Bilateral lesions were detected in 210 cases,account for 61.4%.The rate of delay diagnose was 41.5%(142/342),and 271(79.2%) cases had syndromes.[Conclusion]Reinforcing the control of the aged pulmonary tuberculosis with smear positive can promote the control and prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis obviously.
Catfish genomic studies: progress and perspectives

Catfish is the primary aquaculture species in the United States. Its genome research has been conducted for almost two decades, with the ultimate goal to enhance genetic improvement programs, and better understand the biological characteristics of catfish and evolution. Major progress has been made including development of large-scale molecular markers, construction of high-density genetic maps, BAC-based physical maps, and integration of genetic maps with physical maps. Large-scale expressed sequence tags have been generated from both channel catfish and blue catfish. Microarray platforms have been developed for the analysis of genome expression. Large numbers of BAC end sequences have been generated. Repeat structures in the catfish genome have been characterized. Rapid progress in high-throughput sequencing technology and the simultaneous development of bioinformatics tools facilitated the progress of catfish genome studies. Based on such considerable tools and resources, we have completed a high-quality reference genome sequence of channel catfish and its genome annotation. This reference genome sequence is a historical landmark of catfish research as it opens the real first step of the long march toward genetic enhancement. Followed by this great achievement, the research community needs to focus on aquaculture performance and production traits, taking advantage of the unprecedented genome resources and technology to make real progress toward genetic improvements of aquaculture brood stocks.
Molecular Mechanisms of HCC

Aberrant activation of a number of cellular signaling pathways were shown to contribute to liver cancer. These include wnt/β-catenin, p53, Rb, ras, raf, MAP kinases, JAK/STAT, and growth factor receptors. In addition, proteins involved in the pathogenesis of HCC have been identified by various molecular and ‘omic’-based approaches. More recently, atypical expression of a number of a microRNAs have been shown to result in HCC. While the expression of these miRNAs vary according to the risk factor involved, their aberrant expression causes the dysregulation of critical cellular mechanism promoting HCC.
Recovering the lost landscapes of the Stockton Gardens at Morven, Princeton, New Jersey

A variety of field techniques for the recovery of buried landscapes has been successfully and unsuccessfully used in the Midatlantic. Using examples from Morven, the utility of several are surveyed here. Of particular service was the practice of recording elevations as feet (ft.) above-sea-level readings; it permitted planned variations in garden contours (i.e., terraces, falls, sunken groves, drainage grading) to be observed across wide areas of the site. The system of measurement used in the 18th century, based on Renaissance surveying techniques, and knowledge of its use in designing gardens, enables modern archaeologists to predict where key elements of older landscapes may be found below ground. Other methods discussed include the use of the split spoon auger, the steel T-probe, post hole digger, backhoe trenching, checkerboard excavation, and areal excavation. While none is particularly unique or innovative, using them in combination provides the archaeologist with powerful tools for interpretation of buried historic landscapes.
Neuroticism and Individual Differences in Neural Function in Unmedicated Major Depression: Findings From the EMBARC Study

Abstract Background Personality dysfunction represents one of the only predictors of differential response between active treatments for depression to have replicated. We examine whether depressed patients with higher neuroticism scores, a marker of personality dysfunction, show differences compared with depressed patients with lower scores in the functioning of two brain regions associated with treatment response, the anterior cingulate and anterior insula cortices. Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during an emotional Stroop task were collected from 135 adults with major depressive disorder at four academic medical centers participating in the EMBARC (Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care) study. Secondary analyses were conducted including a sample of 28 healthy subjects. Results In whole-brain analyses, higher neuroticism among adults with depression was associated with increased activity in and connectivity with the right anterior insula cortex to incongruent compared with congruent emotional stimuli (all k ≥ 281, all p p Conclusions This study provides convergent evidence for the importance of the right anterior insula cortex as a brain-based marker of clinically meaningful individual differences in neuroticism among adults with depression. This is a critical next step in linking personality dysfunction, a replicated clinical predictor of differential antidepressant treatment response, with differences in underlying brain function.
Ruxolitinib for symptom control in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a single-group, phase 2 trial

Summary Background Disease-related symptoms impair the quality of life of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) who do not require systemic therapy. Available therapies are not specifically aimed at symptom control. Because stimulation of the B-cell receptor activates JAK2 in CLL cells and the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib improves symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis, we postulated that ruxolitinib would improve disease-related symptoms in patients with CLL. We did a phase 2 trial of ruxolitinib to test this hypothesis. Methods Symptomatic patients with CLL who did not require systemic therapy were enrolled at MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA) between Sept 15, 2014, and Sept 20, 2015. Participants were given 10 mg ruxolitinib orally twice a day. Scores on the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), CLL module of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) and symptom-associated interference in daily activities, were assessed before treatment and after 3 months. This trial is ongoing and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02131584). Findings 41 patients (25 previously untreated for CLL and 16 previously treated) were enrolled. At 3 months, the mean percentage change from baseline in BFI score was 44·3% (SD 35·0, p Interpretation In patients with CLL, ruxolitinib was associated with significant improvements in disease-related symptoms as measured by BFI, MDASI, and symptom interference scores. Further studies to test the therapeutic efficacy of ruxolitinib in CLL are warranted. Funding Incyte, National Cancer Institute.
Interaction between stimulus contrast and pre-saccadic crowding

Objects that are briefly flashed around the time of saccades are mislocalized. Previously, robust interactions between saccadic perceptual distortions and stimulus contrast have been reported. It is also known that crowding depends on the contrast of the target and flankers. Here, we investigated how stimulus contrast and crowding interact with pre-saccadic perception. We asked observers to report the orientation of a tilted Gabor presented in the periphery, with or without four flanking vertically oriented Gabors. Observers performed the task either following a saccade or while maintaining fixation. Contrasts of the target and flankers were independently set to either high or low, with equal probability. In both the fixation and saccade conditions, the flanked conditions resulted in worse discrimination performance-the crowding effect. In the unflanked saccade trials, performance significantly decreased with target-to-saccade onset for low-contrast targets but not for high-contrast targets. In the presence of flankers, impending saccades reduced performance only for low-contrast, but not for high-contrast flankers. Interestingly, average performance in the fixation and saccade conditions was mostly similar in all contrast conditions. Moreover, the magnitude of crowding was influenced by saccades only when the target had high contrast and the flankers had low contrasts. Overall, our results are consistent with modulation of perisaccadic spatial localization by contrast and saccadic suppression, but at odds with a recent report of pre-saccadic release of crowding.
Litigation as a Political Safeguard of Federalism

When federalism scholars write about judicial review, they routinely focus on adjudication and neglect or ignore the process of litigation. Nowhere is this approach clearer than in the literature on the “safeguards” of federalism, which contrasts the “judicial safeguards” of federalism (constituted by what judges do and say at the end of judicial review proceedings) with its “political safeguards” (constituted by an array of interactions and institutional connections outside the courtroom). But the reduction of judicial review to adjudication has obscured the significance of the interactions among federal and state officials and institutions, citizens, and interested members of civil society in and around the litigation of judicial review cases, and particularly the ways in which those interactions may help to maintain and protect American federalism. In other words, it has prevented us from seeing that the process of litigation might constitute a neglected political safeguard of federalism. In this paper I offer a perspective on the litigation of judicial review cases — a perspective that I call “Litigation as Process,” as a complement to the dominant view of “Litigation as Adjudication” — and identify some ways in which it may protect the federal character of the U.S. constitutional order. I argue that Litigation as Process may contribute to the maintenance of American federalism in at least four ways: (1) by providing a forum for direct public opposition between elements of the federal system; (2) by protecting what I call the “independence of voice” of elements of the federal system; (3) by clarifying the lines of responsibility and accountability on which a meaningful federalism depends; and (4) by helping to solve incentive problems that may prevent levels of government from opposing one another in the ways contemplated by federalism theory. The implications for federalism of seeing Litigation as Process clearly — toward which this contribution is just a first step — are at least three-fold: first, it advances the ongoing interpretive project of better understanding the institutional relations that structure “Our Federalism”; second, it provides grounds for treating with caution the prescriptions offered by those writing in the “political safeguards” tradition who favor barring the court door in federalism cases; and, third, it suggests grounds for re-thinking the substantive, institutional, and procedural rules that structure judicial review, in order to maximize the benefits of this unique form of federalism’s politics.
The unattainable criteria for new infant vaccines.

ABSTRACTBackground. In 2013, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) opted against adding meningococcal vaccines to the infant schedule due to poor cost-effectiveness. This raises a policy question: if meningococcal disease is too rare to justify routine vaccination, are there other vaccine-preventable causes of US infant deaths that could be supported?Methods. We tabulated US infant deaths from 2009–2013 using the CDC WONDER database. These causes of death were then categorized into one of 3 categories: 1) vaccine-preventable using currently available interventions; 2) potentially vaccine-preventable within the next 10 years; and 3) not preventable.Results. From 19.8 million births (3.9 million/year), ∼122,000 infants died (0.62%). Of these, 181 (0.15% of all deaths) were preventable using currently available vaccines, while an additional 779 were categorized as potentially preventable in the next 10 y. By exclusion, 121,040 (99.2%) were judged ‘not vaccine-preventable’. Meningococcal ...
The Elementary Spherical Functions

The main reason that harmonic analysis on semisimple groups can be developed in great depth is of course that the irreducible representations and their matrix coefficients can be constructed quite explicitly. In the setting that is of interest to us this means the construction of the principal series representations which in turn leads to integral representations of the associated elementary spherical functions. The fundamental theorem is that all elementary spherical functions are obtained by this method. This theorem sets the stage for the definition and study of the Harish-Chandra spherical transform of functions and distributions on G//K.
Design of a scalable reasoning engine for distributed, real-time and embedded systems

Effective and efficient knowledge dissemination and reasoning in distributed, real-time, and embedded (DRE) systems remains a hard problem due to the need for tight time constraints on evaluation of rules and scalability in dissemination of knowledge events. Limitations in satisfying the tight timing properties stem from the fact that most knowledge reasoning engines continue to be developed in managed languages like Java and Lisp, which incur performance overhead in their interpreters due to wasted precious clock cycles on managed features like garbage collection and indirection. Limitations in scalable dissemination stem from the presence of ontologies and blocking network communications involving connected reasoning agents. This paper addresses the existing problems with timeliness and scalability in knowledge reasoning and dissemination by presenting a C++-based knowledge reasoning solution that operates over a distributed and anonymous publish/subscribe transport mechanism provided by the OMG's Data Distribution Service (DDS). Experimental results evaluating the performance of the C++-based reasoning solution illustrate microsecond-level evaluation latencies, while the use of the DDS publish/subscribe transport illustrates significant scalability in dissemination of knowledge events while also tolerating joining and leaving of system entities.