cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A climatology of polar winter stratopause warmings and associated planetary wave breaking

[1] This work presents a climatology of synoptic-scale disturbances in the upper stratosphere lower mesosphere (USLM) based on 20.5 years of assimilated data analyses from the U. K. Meteorological Office (1991–2012). USLM disturbance criteria are established, based on stratopause warmings at the 2 hPa level, to create climatologies in both hemispheres that delineate their timing, frequency, and geographic location. USLM disturbances occur on average 2.3 times per winter in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) (November through March) and 1.6 times per winter in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) (May through September), persist on average for 8 days in the NH and only 4 days in the SH, occur most frequently in December (July) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, and are predominantly located in the longitude sector between 0oE and 90oE in both hemispheres. This is the first work to show that all major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) over the 20.5 year data record are preceded by USLM disturbances. One third of USLM disturbances evolve into a major SSW; only 22% of minor SSWs evolve into a major SSW. USLM disturbances and minor SSWs illustrate, at times, similar occurrence statistics, but the minor warming criteria seem to include a more diverse range of dynamical conditions. USLM disturbances are more specific in their dynamical construct with strong baroclinicity being a necessary condition. Potential vorticity analysis indicates that all USLM events occur with planetary wave breaking and that subsequent baroclinic instability may lead to the development of USLM disturbances.
Design techniques of neural networks for associative memories

A discussion is presented of several techniques for the design of continuous-time and discrete-time neural networks for the purpose of realizing associative memories. The applicability of the methods is demonstrated by means of specific examples, and their strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. To introduce the subject and provide required background material, comments on associative memory, neural models, and stability concepts are presented. >
Kolomeisky, Newman, Straley, and Qi Reply:

This is a published reply to the comment of Bhaduri and Sen, Physical Review Letters 86, 4708 (2001), cond-mat/0105385, on our original work, Physical Review Letters 85, 1146 (2000), cond-mat/0002282 . In this reply we point out that our continuum theory captures the correct physics of non-interacting fermions in one dimension. In contrast, the two proposed alternative theories of Bhaduri and Sen produce physically incorrect results. We take this opportunity to point out that the abstract of cond-mat/0105385 obscures the contents of the comment and reply. The soliton solutions found in our theory are the continuum analogs of solitonic states which are known from exact studies of non-interacting fermions.
Investigation of gastroprotective compounds at subcellular level in isolated gastric mucosal cells.

We tested the hypothesis that recognized gastroprotective agents exert direct protection against ethanol-induced injury in isolated rat gastric mucosal cells in vitro. If protection exists, we also...
Femur neck bone mineral density and fracture risk by age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin in older US adults from NHANES III

Summary Differences in the relationship between femur neck bone mineral density (FNBMD) and fracture risk were examined by age, sex, and race/ethnicity in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) cohort. FNBMD had similar, significant predictive utility for fracture in the different subgroups, but it did not completely account for subgroup differences in risk.
Atlantic Tropical Cyclogenetic Processes During Sop-3 Namma in the Geos-5 Global Data Assimilation and Forecast System

This article investigates the role of the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) in tropical cyclogenetic processes associated with a non-developing and a developing African easterly wave observed during the Special Observation Period (SOP-3) phase of the 2006 NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA). The two waves are chosen because both interact heavily with Saharan air. A global data assimilation and forecast system, the NASA GEOS-5, is being run to produce a set of high-quality global analyses, inclusive of all observations used operationally but with denser satellite information. In particular, following previous works by the same Authors, the quality-controlled data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) used to produce these analyses have a better coverage than the one adopted by operational centers. From these improved analyses, two sets of 31 5-day high resolution forecasts, at horizontal resolutions of both half and quarter degrees, are produced. Results show that very steep moisture gradients are associated with the SAL in forecasts and analyses even at great distance from the Sahara. In addition, a thermal dipole (warm above, cool below) is present in the non-developing case. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) show that aerosol optical thickness is higher in the non-developing case. Altogether, results suggest that radiative effect of dust may play some role in producing a thermal structure less favorable to cyclogenesis. Results also indicate that only global horizontal resolutions on the order of 20-30 kilometers can capture the large-scale transport and the fine thermal structure of the SAL, inclusive of the sharp moisture gradients, reproducing the effect of tropical cyclone suppression which has been hypothesized by previous authors from observational and regional modeling perspectives. These effects cannot be fully represented at lower resolutions. Global resolution of a quarter of a degree is a minimum critical threshold to investigate Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis from a global modeling perspective.
Evaluation of an Advanced Physical Diagnosis Course Using Consumer Preferences Methods: The Nominal Group Technique

Abstract Background Current evaluation tools of medical school courses are limited by the scope of questions asked and may not fully engage the student to think on areas to improve. The authors sought to explore whether a technique to study consumer preferences would elicit specific and prioritized information for course evaluation from medical students. Methods Using the nominal group technique (4 sessions), 12 senior medical students prioritized and weighed expectations and topics learned in a 100-hour advanced physical diagnosis course (4-week course; February 2012). Students weighted their top 3 responses (top = 3, middle = 2 and bottom = 1). Results Before the course, 12 students identified 23 topics they expected to learn; the top 3 were review sensitivity/specificity and high-yield techniques (percentage of total weight, 18.5%), improving diagnosis (13.8%) and reinforce usual and less well-known techniques (13.8%). After the course, students generated 22 topics learned; the top 3 were practice and reinforce advanced maneuvers (25.4%), gaining confidence (22.5%) and learn the evidence (16.9%). The authors observed no differences in the priority of responses before and after the course ( P = 0.07). Conclusions In a physical diagnosis course, medical students elicited specific and prioritized information using the nominal group technique. The course met student expectations regarding education of the evidence-based physical examination, building skills and confidence on the proper techniques and maneuvers and experiential learning. The novel use for curriculum evaluation may be used to evaluate other courses—especially comprehensive and multicomponent courses.
Formal Verification and Synthesis for Discrete-Time Stochastic Systems

Formal methods are increasingly being used for control and verification of dynamic systems against complex specifications. In general, these methods rely on a relatively simple system model, such as a transition graph, Markov chain, or Markov decision process, and require abstraction of the original continuous-state dynamics. It can be difficult or impossible, however, to find a perfectly equivalent abstraction, particularly when the original system is stochastic. Here we develop an abstraction procedure that maps a discrete-time stochastic system to an Interval-valued Markov Chain ( IMC ) and a switched discrete-time stochastic system to a Bounded-parameter Markov Decision Process ( BMDP ). We construct model checking algorithms for these models against Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic ( PCTL ) formulas and a synthesis procedure for BMDP s. Finally, we develop an efficient refinement algorithm that reduces the uncertainty in the abstraction. The technique is illustrated through simulation.
Prolonged IFN-gamma-producing NKT response induced with alpha-galactosylceramide-loaded DCs.

Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes mediate a rapid reaction to the glycolipid drug alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha GalCer), which triggers release of large amounts of cytokines into the serum within 12 h, starting with interleukin 4 (IL-4). When alpha GalCer is administered to mice on dendritic cells (DCs) instead, the response is more prolonged (>4 days) and marked by a large expansion in IFN-gamma-producing NKT cells as well as greater resistance to metastases of the B16 melanoma. Nevertheless, DCs from mice given free alpha GalCer are able to induce strong IFN-gamma-producing NKT responses when transferred to naive mice, but not when transferred to alpha GalCer-treated recipients. In the latter, the NKT cells are energized and can respond to glycolipid only in the presence of supplemental IL-2. Therefore, when alpha GalCer is selectively targeted to DCs, mice develop a stronger, more prolonged and effector type of NKT response, but this response can be blocked by the induction of anergy after presentation of alpha GalCer on other cells.
SVM spatio-temporal classification of HR satellite image time series using graph based kernel

Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) are a very useful source of information for geoscientists especially for land cover monitoring. In this paper a new multi-temporal classification approach for High Resolution (HR) SITS is proposed. It is mainly two stages original approach using two different kernels based SVM algorithms. The first step of this approach consists in applying multiband RBF kernel based SVM classification on individual images. Then, for each cartographic region of the first classified image, a graph characterizing its temporal evolution is built using texture features and radiometry for graph labeling. In the second stage, a graph kernel based SVM algorithm is used to analyze and classify the temporal behaviors of these regions that are modeled by different graphs aspects. The resulted temporal map discern between cartographic regions behaviors (stable, periodic, growing, etc.), which is very beneficial in many applications fields. The experimental results have been conducted on synthesized and real data proving the accuracy of the proposed approach.
Avoidance Mediates the Relationship Between Perceived Criticism in the Family of Origin and Psychological Distress in Adulthood

ABSTRACT This study examined a mediational model whereby avoidance was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between higher perceived criticism in the family of origin and psychological distress in adulthood. Undergraduate women (N = 141) completed self-report instruments assessing perceptions of criticism in the family of origin, avoidant coping, experiential avoidance, and psychological distress. The mediational model was tested using procedures outlined by Baron and Kenny (1986). Support was found for the hypothesized model: (a) Higher perceived criticism was associated with higher avoidance, (b) higher avoidance was associated with greater distress, (c) higher perceived criticism was associated with greater distress, and (d) the relationship between perceived criticism and distress was non-significant when adding avoidance into the model. Results suggest that avoidance may be an emotion regulation strategy associated with perceived criticism in the family of origin that exacerbates psychological pr...
Evidence from trichome morphology of interspecific hybridization in Vernoma: Compositae

Two types of foliar trichomes, both T-shaped with a uniseriate stalk and a single transverse cell, are used to document natural hybridization betweenVernonia lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray andV. interior Small in central Texas. The putative hybrid, known asV. guadalupensis Heller, has the same type of foliar trichomes but their stalks are neither as long as those ofV. interior nor as short as those ofV. lindheimeri. The transverse cells of the more conspicuous trichome type are also of intermediate size.
Rapid determination of global moment-tensor solutions

In an effort to improve data services, the National Earthquake Information Center has begun a program, in cooperation with the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center (IRIS DMC), to produce rapid estimates of the seismic moment tensor for most earthquakes with a body-wave magnitude of 5.8 or greater. Although this program is still undergoing testing and fine-tuning, an estimate of the moment tensor can usually be produced within 20 minutes of the arrival of the broadband P-waveform data from the IRIS DMC. Although the speed with which this data can be obtained varies, in many cases a solution can be obtained within two hours of the earthquake. These solutions do not vary significantly from the final solutions determined using the entire network. Because of the manner in which the data and the synthetic seismograms are aligned, the method is insensitive to the effects of timing errors, epicentral mislocation, and lateral heterogeneity in earth structure. This procedure was implemented in May 1993; the results from that month are presented here.
Are T2-weighted images necessary in renal mass characterization?

Abstract Objective To determine what role T2-weighted images play in characterizing renal masses. Methods Forty-four pathologically proven renal masses (34 renal cell carcinomas, 8 oncocytomas, 1 metanephric adenoma, 1 angiomyolipoma without macroscopic fat) and 38 simple renal cysts were evaluated with T1- and T2-weighted images at 1.5 T. Two independent and blinded readers initially characterized all masses using only the T1-weighed images (in- and opposed-phase chemical shift, unenhanced frequency-selective fat-suppressed, gadolinium-enhanced frequency-selective fat-suppressed and subtraction images) and placed each mass into one of three categories: nonsurgical, in need of follow-up, or surgical. The masses were then re-evaluated with the addition of the T2-weighted images. It was determined if the T2-weighted images changed the initial classification. Results Forty-three of the 44 (98%) pathologically proven renal masses were characterized as a surgical mass using only the T1-weighted images. The remaining renal mass (a renal cell carcinoma) was characterized as a mass in which follow-up exams would be suggested. Thirty-eight of 38 (100%) simple renal cysts were correctly characterized using only the T1-weighted images. The T2-weighted images did not change the initial interpretation of the T1-weighted images in any of the cases. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that T2-weighted images are not necessary in the evaluation of all renal masses and are specifically not necessary in the differentiation of solid and cystic renal neoplasms from simple renal cysts.
Two-phase annular flow and evaporative heat transfer in a microchannel

Abstract A physical and mathematical model has been developed to predict the two-phase flow and heat transfer in a microchannel with evaporative heat transfer. Sample solutions to the model were obtained for both constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux conditions. Results are provided for evaporation rate, liquid film thickness, liquid and vapor phase pressure and temperature distributions. In addition to the sample calculations that were used to illustrate the transport characteristics, computations based on the current model were performed to generate results for comparisons with the experimental results of Qu and Mudawar (2004) where two different mass flow rates of the working fluid were used in the experiment. The comparisons of total pressure drops with the experimental data of Qu and Mudawar (2004) cover the wall heat flux range of 142.71–240 W/cm 2 with a total channel mass flux of 400.1 kg/m 2 s and also the wall heat flu range of 99.54–204.39 W/cm 2 with total channel mass flux of 401.9 kg/m 2 s. The calculated results from the current model match closely with those of Qu and Mudawar (2004) .
Pseudofermion approach to binary disordered systems. I. Effective-medium theories and the augmented-space method

A method is developed by which the self-energy rather than the Green's function of a substitutionally disordered system can be directly expressed in terms of augmented-space paths. The method is useful both for systems with diagonal and with off-diagonal disorder. It is shown that Mills' recently proposed modified cumulant expansion and his analytic $n$-cluster generalizations of the coherent-potential approximations for systems with diagonal disorder can be straightforwardly derived by resumming those augmented-space paths with, at most, $n$ pseudofermions at once in a skeleton self-energy graph. Also, the way to make analytic $n$-cluster generalizations of the expansion of Blackman, Esterling, and Berk for their model of off-diagonal disorder is indicated.
On the interlace polynomials of forests

The interlace polynomials were introduced by Arratia, Bollobas and Sorkin (2004) [3-5]. These invariants generalize to arbitrary graphs some special properties of the Euler circuits of 2-in, 2-out digraphs. Among many other results, Arratia, Bollobas and Sorkin (2004) [3-5] give explicit formulas for the interlace polynomials of certain types of graphs, including paths; it is natural to wonder whether or not it is possible to extend these formulas to larger classes of graphs. We give a combinatorial description of the interlace polynomials of trees and forests.
A Submicron Metal Grid Mirror Liquid Crystal Light Valve For Optical Processing Applications

A submicron metal grid mirror was incorporated into the structure of a silicon liquid light valve. In our experiment, a 0.5 μm-period, aluminum wire grid mirror was used in conjunction with a 90°-twisted nematic configuration. A sharp threshold with a peak-to-threshold ratio of 3:1 was experimentally observed. The threshold intensity level was tunable from 2.5 μW/cm2 to 50 μW/cm2 by changing the bias voltage from about 5 to 25 volts. These properties allow the polarization-sensitive mirror-based LCLV to be used as a non-linear SLM with applications in optical computing (bistable device) and adaptive image thresholding. The device can also be used as an interfacing device for an optical co-processor as well as for optical implementation of Hopfield-Anderson association and phase conjugation.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of Age, Parity, Season of Calving, and Sire on Milk Yield of Carora Cows in Venezuela

Age-parity-season of calving, mature equivalent factors were developed for the Carora breed of Venezuela from more than 13,000 244-d milk yield records from the Venezuelan milk recording program from 1975 to 1986. Age-parity-season interactions with parity-age were most important for young cows and seasonal effects most important for old cows. Multiplicative factors were verified as useful to adjust milk yields of Carora and Brown Swiss crossbred cows. Repeatabilities for mature equivalent adjusted milk were .47, .36, and .38 between pairs of repeated records through fourth lactation. Heritability of milk in first lactation by REML procedures was 12% based on 44 Carora sires with 14 effective daughters per sire. Small population size for Carora cattle hinders usefulness and cost effectiveness of progeny testing as the primary investment in genetic gain. Greater potential economy is likely from exploiting the dams of sires genetic pathway.
Influence of structural variation in room-temperature ionic liquids on the selectivity and efficiency of competitive alkali metal salt extraction by a crown ether.

An improved method for the preparation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphates provides a series of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) in which the 1-alkyl group is varied systematically from butyl to nonyl. For competitive solvent extraction of aqueous solutions of alkali metal chlorides with solutions of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in these RTILs, the extraction efficiency generally diminished as the length of the 1-alkyl group was increased. Under the same conditions, extraction of alkali metal chlorides into solutions of DC18C6 in chloroform, nitrobenzene, and 1-octanol was undetectable. The extraction selectivity order for DC18C6 in the RTILs was K+ > Rb+ > Cs+ > Na+ > Li+. As the alkyl group in the RTIL was elongated, the K+/Rb+ and K+/Cs+ selectivities exhibited general increases with the larger enhancement for the latter. For DC18C6 in 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, the alkali metal cation extraction selectivity and efficiency were unaffected by variation of...
Coupled metallic thin-film/nanoparticle-array systems for far-field engineering of quantum-well luminescence

Metal nanostructures consisting of coupled Ag films and nanoparticle arrays are fabricated, characterized via measurements of their plasmonic dispersion curves, and used to demonstrate collimation of the emitted light from nitride quantum wells.
Tris[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]amine-boric acid (1/1).

Cocrystallization of a poly­imidazole compound with boric acid results in the formation of the title compound, C15H21N7·B(OH)3, which has an extensive hydrogen-bonding network. The O⋯N(im) separations (im is imidazole) range from 2.6991 (15) to 2.7914 (14) A, with O—H⋯N angles ranging from 170.6 (18) to 175 (2)°. In addition, symmetry-related boric acid mol­ecules form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, with an O⋯O distance of 2.7582 (14) A, and symmetry-related imidazole groups form π–π stacks, with a centroid-to-centroid separation of 3.533 A.
Binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to the LM cell, a transformed murine fibroblast.

Abstract LM cells have a saturable, high affinity binding site for [ 3 H]flunitrazepam with a K D of 13 nM and a B max of 19 pmoles/mg protein. The IC 50 values for Ro 5-4864, flunitrazepam and clonazepam against [ 3 H]flunitrazepam were 6, 23 and 2800 nM, respectively, indicating that this receptor is of the peripheral type. A decrease of 37, 26 and 26% in B max was associated with substituting dimethylethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine or ethanolamine, respectively, for choline in the cell culture medium. These treatments did not change either the K D of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding or the IC 50 values of the different benzodiazepine drugs. Metastatic cell lines of the LM cell obtained from either athymic or C 3 H/Hef mice exhibited alterations in the binding parameters of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam. There was a reduction in the B max values of the athymie (34%) and the C 3 H/Hef (44%) cell lines compared to the LM cell. In both groups there was a 90% increase in the K D . In the C 6 astrocytoma, the peripheral type receptor appears to regulate plasma membrane mediated synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine. However, this was not observed in the LM cell. Nor did it modulate cyclic AMP metabolism as assessed by measurement of cyclic AMP levels in whole cells after drug treatment.
Preoperative Diagnosis of Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Using Doppler Ultrasound

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) of the tunica vaginalis is a rare aggressive tumor with a high predilection for metastatic spread. Because there is no preoperative diagnostic modality available, it has high recurrence and mortality rates, which emphasizes the importance of early preoperative diagnosis for proper and adequate treatment. We describe a case of MM of the tunica vaginalis in a 73-year-old man who presented with hydrocele and was preoperatively diagnosed with MM using Doppler in addition to scrotal ultrasound. He underwent early radical orchiectomy through an inguinal approach, resulting in improved survival.
The Conceptualization of Health

The meaning of health is complex and subject to change. In this article, four conceptual models of health are presented to summarize the current meanings for health. The medical model is the most widely used definition in the United States, but the World Health Organization model has gained in popularity during the past several decades. In addition, there are other newer models--the wellness model and the environmental model--that are adding new meanings to the definition of health. By understanding and combining these different meanings, the prospects for improving medical outcomes and the quality of care are enhanced. This conceptual work is a prelude to improving health status assessment in a variety of contexts.
A flowing experimental system with filtered and temperature-regulated seawater

A method of setting up an inexpensive and easily maintained system with flowing filtered and temperature-regulated seawater is described. Filtration is by a combination of filter bags and cartridges of various porosities that results in 1 μ-filtered seawater with particulate carbon concentrations of less than 30 μ-grams/liter. The temperature of the water is regulated by a titanium heat transfer panel. Water is then pumped to a head tank for distribution to experimental trays. Alarm systems for excessive temperature and water level fluctuations are described.
Differential calmodulin-modulatory and electron transfer properties of neuronal nitric oxide synthase mu compared to the alpha variant

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase μ (nNOSμ) contains 34 additional residues in an autoregulatory element compared to nNOSα. Cytochrome c and flavin reductions in the absence of calmodulin (CaM) were faster in nNOSμ than nNOSα, while rates in the presence of CaM were smaller. The magnitude of stimulation by CaM is thus notably lower in nNOSμ. No difference in NO production was observed, while electron transfer between the FMN and heme moieties and formation of an inhibitory ferrous-nitrosyl complex were slower in nNOSμ. Thus, the insert affects electron transfer rates, modulation of electron flow by CaM, and heme-nitrosyl complex formation.
Mutations and addiction to EGFR: the Achilles ‘heal’ of lung cancers?

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene product is a receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) that affects many important downstream pathways. The recent finding that mutations in EGFR predict the response of lung cancers to therapies that target the TK domain of the gene product has generated considerable interest. The mutations are associated with adenocarcinoma histology, oriental origin, female gender and never-smoker status. Most mutations target structures in the TK domain that appear to be essential for the phosphorylation function of the gene. Cancer cells with mutant EGFR genes might become physiologically dependent on the continued activity of the gene for the maintenance of their malignant phenotype; however, this might also be a target for therapy.
Development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for iothalamate measurement to assess renal function for potential kidney donation.

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease often goes undetected due to the insensitivity of current methods to accurately assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in early stages of renal dysfunction. The clearance of exogenously introduced iothalamate, a commonly used radiopaque agent, is an alternative to inulin clearance for the assessment of renal function and its use in calculating GFR can serve as a screening tool for kidney transplant donors. Methods A method was developed to measure iothalamate in plasma and urine samples by HPLC combined with electrospray positive ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Iothalamate is isolated from plasma by methanol extraction and urine using a quick-spin filtration approach, then monitored by multiple reaction monitoring using the hydrogen adduct mass transitions. Iohexol was used as an internal standard. Results Iothalamate was measured within an analytical run time of 5 min, with a lower limit of quantification of 18.75 ng/ml. The intraassay and interassay variations of the plasma and urine iothalamate assays were both Conclusions We developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for quantitating iothalamate in plasma and urine to calculate GFR used for screening potential kidney donors in our hospital system. A less sensitive mass spectrometry system does not sacrifice analytical or clinical sensitivity for measuring GFR.
Evidence for a pressure-driven instability in the CTX spheromak.

Recent improvements in the operation of the CTX spheromak device have produced discharges containing evidence for a pressure-driven instability. The instability leads to a distinct event in the discharge, which can be studied in detail. Data are presented which reasonably discount Taylor relaxation of the current profile as the cause of the event. The critical value of the normalized pressure gradient has been measured and is compared with the Mercier limit.
Generalized lattice Boltzmann equation with forcing term for computation of wall-bounded turbulent flows.

In this paper, we present a framework based on the generalized lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) using multiple relaxation times with forcing term for eddy capturing simulation of wall-bounded turbulent flows. Due to its flexibility in using disparate relaxation times, the GLBE is well suited to maintaining numerical stability on coarser grids and in obtaining improved solution fidelity of near-wall turbulent fluctuations. The subgrid scale (SGS) turbulence effects are represented by the standard Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model, which is modified by using the van Driest wall-damping function to account for reduction of turbulent length scales near walls. In order to be able to simulate a wider class of problems, we introduce forcing terms, which can represent the effects of general nonuniform forms of forces, in the natural moment space of the GLBE. Expressions for the strain rate tensor used in the SGS model are derived in terms of the nonequilibrium moments of the GLBE to include such forcing terms, which comprise a generalization of those presented in a recent work [Yu et al., Comput. Fluids 35, 957 (2006)]. Variable resolutions are introduced into this extended GLBE framework through a conservative multiblock approach. The approach, whose optimized implementation is also discussed, is assessed for two canonical flow problems bounded by walls, viz., fully developed turbulent channel flow at a shear or friction Reynolds number (Re) of 183.6 based on the channel half-width and three-dimensional (3D) shear-driven flows in a cubical cavity at a Re of 12 000 based on the side length of the cavity. Comparisons of detailed computed near-wall turbulent flow structure, given in terms of various turbulence statistics, with available data, including those from direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments showed good agreement. The GLBE approach also exhibited markedly better stability characteristics and avoided spurious near-wall turbulent fluctuations on coarser grids when compared with the single-relaxation-time (SRT)-based approach. Moreover, its implementation showed excellent parallel scalability on a large parallel cluster with over a thousand processors.
Solution of elasticity problems by a self‐adaptive mesh refinement technique for boundary element computation

A self-adaptive mesh refinement technique is developed for boundary element solutions of the two-dimensional Navier's equation. The method is based on error reduction and applied on the element and global level to estimate the residual error associated with each mesh. Results for several problems employing constant two-dimensional isotropic elastostatic boundary elements are presented.
Middle-ear function at high frequencies quantified with advanced bone-conduction measures

Auditory thresholds with standardized clinical procedures are obtained over a much narrower frequency range by bone conduction than by air conduction. As a result, diagnostic information for both sensorineural and conductive-mechanism function is incomplete for high frequencies. A new magnetostrictive bone-conduction transducer that has the potential for improved output in the high-frequency range was evaluated in the laboratory and in a variety of subjects with normal hearing (N=11) or sensorineural hearing loss (N=9). Laboratory results indicated that harmonic distortion and acoustic radiation were both sufficiently low to allow accurate threshold measurements. Auditory thresholds obtained with this magnetostrictive bone-conduction transducer can be measured accurately under conventional clinical conditions for frequencies up to 16 kHz and levels up to 85 dB HL. These measures can be used to accurately characterize sensorineural hearing sensitivity for high frequencies and, when combined with standard air-conduction measures for high frequencies, to accurately characterize conductive-mechanism function for frequencies higher than possible with current diagnostic bone-conduction technology.
Prospective implementation of an algorithm for bedside intravascular ultrasound-guided filter placement in critically ill patients.

Background Although contrast venography is the standard imaging method for inferior vena cava (IVC) filter insertion, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging is a safe and effective option that allows for bedside filter placement and is especially advantageous for immobilized critically ill patients by limiting resource use, risk of transportation, and cost. This study reviewed the effectiveness of a prospectively implemented algorithm for IVUS-guided IVC filter placement in this high-risk population. Methods Current evidence-based guidelines were used to create a clinical decision algorithm for IVUS-guided IVC filter placement in critically ill patients. After a defined lead-in phase to allow dissemination of techniques, the algorithm was prospectively implemented on January 1, 2008. Data were collected for 1 year using accepted reporting standards and a quality assurance review performed based on intent-to-treat at 6, 12, and 18 months. Results As defined in the prospectively implemented algorithm, 109 patients met criteria for IVUS-directed bedside IVC filter placement. Technical feasibility was 98.1%. Only 2 patients had inadequate IVUS visualization for bedside filter placement and required subsequent placement in the endovascular suite. Technical success, defined as proper deployment in an infrarenal position, was achieved in 104 of the remaining 107 patients (97.2%). The filter was permanent in 21 (19.6%) and retrievable in 86 (80.3%). The single-puncture technique was used in 101 (94.4%), with additional dual access required in 6 (5.6%). Periprocedural complications were rare but included malpositioning requiring retrieval and repositioning in three patients, filter tilt ≥15° in two, and arteriovenous fistula in one. The 30-day mortality rate for the bedside group was 5.5%, with no filter-related deaths. Conclusions Successful placement of IVC filters using IVUS-guided imaging at the bedside in critically ill patients can be established through an evidence-based prospectively implemented algorithm, thereby limiting the need for transport in this high-risk population.
Individual differences in human-computer interaction

Abstract A comprehensive review of the studies involving individual differences in human-computer interaction is presented. Past studies have revealed that certain user characteristics and user performance and preferences might be significantly related. In this review, user characteristics are classified into four groups: level of experience, personality traits, demographic characteristics and others. User characteristics that may affect user performance are discussed along with the advantages of incorporating them into human-computer interfaces.
Flexible Joint Actuator for Patient's Rehabilitation Device

Rehabilitation devices require a very precise actuating system. In this paper, a flexible joint actuator is proposed as an actuating system of an intelligent active orthosis. To generate joint torque as desired, a spring is installed between a motor and human joint and the motor is controlled to have a proper spring deflection for torque control. When the desired torque is zero, the motor should follow human joint motion which requires that the friction and inertia of the motor are compensated. The human joint and body part represent the load to the flexible joint actuator. They interact with environment and their parameters are not fixed. The controller for the flexible joint actuator must operate under these conditions.
INTERACTIONS OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE T4 GENE 59 PROTEIN WITH SINGLE-STRANDED POLYNUCLEOTIDES : BINDING PARAMETERS AND ION EFFECTS

The gene 59 protein (gp59) of bacteriophage T4 is an important accessory protein of the phage-encoded replicative DNA helicase, gp41. The properties of this 26 kDa protein include selective binding to ssDNA, and specific interactions with both gp41 and gp32, the T4-encoded ssDNA- binding protein. gp59 stimulates many of the DNA-dependent activities of the gp41 enzyme by promoting its assembly onto gp32-ssDNA complexes. Direct interactions between gp59 and gp32-ssDNA complexes are essential for helicase assembly, and gp59-gp32 protein-protein interactions have been shown to play a central role. Presumably, the ssDNA-binding activity of gp59 is also important for helicase assembly; however, to date this activity has been poorly characterized. In this study, we present the first detailed biochemical investigation of the interactions of gp59 with single-stranded polynucleotides. Using etheno-DNA fluorescence enhancement and quantitative ssDNA-cellulose methods, we demonstrate the following: (1) gp59 binds to single-stranded polynucleotides with a binding site size of nine to ten nucleotide residues per monomer; (2) gp59 exhibits relative affinities towards four different ssDNA lattices used in this study according to the heirarchy: ssDNA (random sequence) > epsilonDNA (random sequence) > poly(dA) > poly(depsilonA); (3) gp59 exhibits two or more different polynucleotide binding modes distinguished by their cooperativities of binding, and modulated by salt and/or lattice effects; (4) gp59-ssDNA binding is characterized by a large salt effect on the association constant, consistent with multiple ionic contacts between protein and ssDNA phosphate residues and with the displacement of anions from the protein. The implications of our findings for the mechanism of action of gp59 in helicase-ssDNA assembly are discussed.
Fabrication of read-only type triple-layered disc

The approach to increase optical recording density has become very popular research subject in these years. One direct and effective method is to increase the recording layer stack number. That is to say, to add one more recording layer can get one more recording capacity. In this paper, we will propose a new method for manufacturing read only type multi-layered disc. The process is described in the following. This first recorded data layer (called L0) still follows the traditional DVD disc manufacturing process. We obtain the polycarbonate substrate by replicating from Ni stamper. Then polycarbonate substrate is sputtered thin silicon film for semi-reflection layer. As for second layer (L1) and even more layer (Ln-1) producing, one special kind of duplication (called SKD) method is proposed. The duplication (or replication) source of second or nth recorded data is not only limited from Ni stamper. Even polycarbonate or PMMA substrate has recording data are also acceptable sources. At next step, the duplication source is deposited by thin gold film. Then we apply spin coating to bond the first layer (L0) substrate and second layer (L1) duplication source by choosing suitable UV curing glue. After being emitted by UV lamp for several seconds, we can easily separate the duplication source of second layer (L1) from (L0) substrate. Then we find the thin second data layer (L1) is replicated and stacks upon the first layer. On the same way, we sputter thin AgTi layer on the thin second data layer for another semi- reflective layer. By following the above manufacture step, we can produce more layers. In our experimental, we prepare triple layered read-only type disc. The total capacity is almost 12GB for one side of disc, and 24GB for two side of disc. The read-out intensity of laser from each data layer is expected to be similar. Thus we have designed particular reflectance and transmittance for each data layer by controlling the thickness of thin silicon film. We can verify our design by checking the focusing error signal in S-curve search of optical pickup head. The signal quality for each layer can be found from the signal eye pattern and jitter. For compatibility with present drive system, the requirement of the readout signal from each layer should be same as DVD or CD specification
Pancreatic carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis (2-oxobutyl)_amine and N-nitroso (2-oxobutyl) (2-oxopropyl)amine in Syrian hamster

Abstract A single subcutaneous injection of N-nitrosobis(2-oxobuty)amine (BOB) and N-nitroso(2-oxobutyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (OBOB) induced a high incidence of pancreatic ductular neoplasms in Syrian hamsters. Both compounds showed a cytotoxic effect on pancreatic islet cells in toxic doses. Since both compounds, like N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl) (2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP), can form cyclic structures resembling the hexose sugars and the glucose-moiety of the streptozotocin, it can be assumed that the ability of these 2 carcinogens to cyclize is important in their affinity for the pancreas. However, OBOP had a greater pancreatic carcinogenic effect than BOB, the primary target tissue of which was the liver. Hence factors other than cyclization, such as the presence of the 2-oxo group in the aliphatic chains, also appear to be important for the pancreatic carcinogenicity of this class of nitrosamines.
THE HOLY GHOST FATHERS IN EASTERN NIGERIA, 1885-1920: OBSERVATIONS ON MISSIONARY STRATEGY

The Holy Ghost Fathers have been in Kastern Nigeria for about eighty-five years. Not until after the recent Nigeria-Biafra War has their influence been somewhat minimized. Arriving originally from France in 1885, the Roman Catholic missionaries, as we shall see later in this essay, exerted a considerable influence far out of proportion to their number. But despite that they had become a factor to be reckoned with ever since, their missionary activity has scarcely been studied systematically. One principal reason for this has been the reluctance of the Roman Catholic authorities to permit scholars to use their private archives in Paris. In the last few years, however, the Roman Catholic authorities seem to have relaxed their one-hundred-year rule which has often been invoked to deny bone fide researchers access to the archival source materials. I am not sure, however, that this is yet an official policy, but I was permitted in 1968 and again in 1970 to use the archives. It is perhaps important to point out that the archival materials are still jealously guarded. During my research, for example, I was not permitted to examine certain dossiers perceived by the Archivist as “sensitive” and “not proper for public use.” The study that follows is partly based on the materials collected from the archives and partly from other sources, especially from the archives of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in London.
Object Retrieval in the 1st Year of Life: Learning Effects of Task Exposure and Box Transparency.

Before 12 months of age, infants have difficulties coordinating and sequencing their movements to retrieve an object concealed in a box. This study examined (a) whether young infants can discover effective retrieval solutions and consolidate movement coordination earlier if exposed regularly to such a task and (b) whether different environments, indexed by box transparency, would impact the rate of learning and time of discovery of these solutions. Infants ( N 12) were presented with an object retrieval task every week from 61⁄ 2 months of age until they were able to retrieve the toy from the box using coordinated two-handed patterns for 3 weeks. To reach that criterion, infants tested with an opaque box took 21⁄ 2 months and infants tested with a semitransparent box took 11⁄ 2 months. Both groups outperformed age-matched controls who received a one-time exposure to the task. Repeated exposure to the task and vision of the toy significantly enhanced this process of solution discovery. Adults routinely retrieve objects that are concealed in containers by performing simple two-handed movements that are spatially and temporally organized. For instance, most adults open a cupboard with one hand while retrieving a pan located inside with the other hand, or they open the door of the mailbox with one hand while grabbing the mail with the other hand. The successful achievement of these tasks greatly depends on the performer’s
From irritable heart to mitral valve prolapse: The osier connection

Osler’s vagrant career in Toronto, Montreal, London, Berlin and Vienna as a student, and in Montreal, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Oxford as a teacher, serves as the background for his role in the Irritable Heart-Soldiers Heart-Neurocirculatory Asthenia story. The Philadelphia connection: Osler’s “Philadelphia sojourn” began in 1884 and lasted until 1889 while he served as Professor of Clinical Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. S. Weir Mitchell, an active member of the recruiting group that brought Osler to Philadelphia, shared many of Osler’s medical and literary interests, and they enjoyed a lifelong friendship. Years earlier, a younger Weir Mitchell performed an important role in Philadelphia medicine during the Civil War, which also involved close contact with a key figure in this story, Jacob M. DaCosta. The War Between the States affected Philadelphia in a unique way. Philadelphia became a major hospital center as the war progressed, and by 1865 there were 27 hospitals and 25,000 beds in or near the city. Weir Mitchell recalled1 that it “. . . became necessary to provide additional help in the hospital service, and this was supplied by employing what were known as acting assistant surgeons. They served at home, but were liable to be called into duty in the field. Except in the case of Antietam and Gettysburg this was rare. Among these were Agnew, Gross, Morton, Stilli.5, DaCosta, Harry Hart and many more.” A number of specialized infirmaries developed as the war progressed; the U.S. Army Medical Department designated one of these as the U.S. Army Hospital for Injuries and Diseases of the Nervous System, Turner’s Lane. Weir Mitchell1 described the move from the building known as Moyamensing Hall on Christian Street to the Turner’s Lane Hospital: “. . . the space proving insufficient, a suburban estate on Turner’s Lane was rented in August 1862, and pavillions built for 400 men. One was assigned to DaCosta, and afforded
The Redivision of Labor: Women and Economic Choice in Four Guatemalan Communities

Laurel Herbenar Bossen 1984 The Redivision of Labor: Women and Economic Choice in four Guatemalan Communities, Albany, N.: State University of New York Press.