cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silicon photonics for LIDAR (Conference Presentation)

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is emerging as a necessity for fully automated self-driving automotive applications. In order to sample the far field with sufficient resolution for this application the system must incorporate many optical elements, leading to challenges for manufacturability and size. Due to the density of optical components required, LIDAR is well suited for photonic integration in order to achieve miniaturization and scalable manufacturability. This talk will give an overview of LIDAR, the components required for a chip-scale solution, and silicon photonics progress with respect to this goal.
Establishing face and content validity of a survey to assess users' perceptions of automated vehicles

Fully automated vehicles hold promise for providing numerous societal benefits, including drastically reducing road fatalities. However, we know little about the adoption practices of individuals r...
How will radar layover impact SWOT measurements of water surface elevation and slope, and estimates of river discharge?

Abstract Water surface elevation (WSE), slope and width measurements from the forthcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will enable spaceborne estimates of global river discharge. WSE will be measured by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). InSAR measurements are vulnerable to contamination from layover, a phenomenon wherein radar returns from multiple locations arrive at the sensor simultaneously, rendering them indistinguishable. This study assesses whether layover will significantly impact the precision of SWOT estimates of global river discharge. We present a theoretical river layover uncertainty model at the scale of nodes and reaches, which constitute nominal 200 m and 10 km averages, respectively, along river centerlines. The model is calibrated using high-resolution simulations of SWOT radar interaction with topography covering a total of 41,233 node observations, across a wide range of near-river topographic features. We find that height uncertainty increases to a maximum value at relatively low values of topographic standard deviation and varies strongly with position in the swath. When applied at global scale, the calibrated model shows that layover causes expected height uncertainty to increase by only a modest amount (from 9.4 to 10.4 cm at the 68th percentile). The 68th percentile of the slope uncertainty increases more significantly, from 10 to 17 mm/km. Nonetheless, the 68th percentile discharge uncertainty increases only marginally. We find that the impact of layover on SWOT river discharge is expected to be small in most environments.
Large-scale chemical-genetics yields new Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitor classes

New antibiotics are needed to combat rising resistance, with new Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drugs of highest priority. Conventional whole-cell and biochemical antibiotic screens have failed. We developed a novel strategy termed PROSPECT (PRimary screening Of Strains to Prioritize Expanded Chemistry and Targets) in which we screen compounds against pools of strains depleted for essential bacterial targets. We engineered strains targeting 474 Mtb essential genes and screened pools of 100-150 strains against activity-enriched and unbiased compounds libraries, measuring > 8.5-million chemical-genetic interactions. Primary screens identified > 10-fold more hits than screening wild-type Mtb alone, with chemical-genetic interactions providing immediate, direct target insight. We identified > 40 novel compounds targeting DNA gyrase, cell wall, tryptophan, folate biosynthesis, and RNA polymerase, as well as inhibitors of a novel target EfpA. Chemical optimization yielded EfpA inhibitors with potent wild-type activity, thus demonstrating PROSPECT9s ability to yield inhibitors against novel targets which would have eluded conventional drug discovery.
Michel Serres: a pedagogical life

In the now well-known series of interviews with Bruno Latour, Michel Serres noted that his philosophy of not partaking in critique and seeking only invention has come “at a very high price—that of ...
Relevance of the dual systems model for predicting drug/alcohol dependence in early adulthood among previously adjudicated young adults.

Abstract Background While the dual system model has been found to have utility for predicting drug use, examinations have yet to extend to the clinically relevant issue of drug/alcohol dependence. This study sought to provide better understanding of how the dual systems model constructs (impulse control and sensation-seeking) predicted risk for drug/alcohol dependence in early adulthood among a sample of young adults who were adjudicated for a serious offense as minors. Methods Data from several waves of the Pathways to Desistance data were used in analyses. Logistic regression was used to model covariate effects on drug/alcohol dependence risk. Results Findings indicated that lower impulse control predicted increased odds of meeting criteria for drug/alcohol dependence in early adulthood. Sensation-seeking was not a significant predictor of drug/alcohol dependence risk at follow-up. Conclusions Lower impulse control was predictive of drug/alcohol dependence risk. Prevention programming should seek to boost impulse control during adolescence to mitigate this risk and treatment programming should focus on impulse control training in order to treat drug/alcohol dependence in inpatient and outpatient contexts.
Unilateral retinopathy post perilesional interferon α2b injections for ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical course of a patient presenting with unilateral retinopathy after perilesional interferon alpha injections for treatment of ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma. Observations A patient, who was being treated with interferon alpha for ocular squamous cell carcinoma, presented with new onset decreased vision in her left eye. Upon examination, she was found to have cotton wool spots and retinal hemorrhages in the affected eye. Conclusions and Importance Retinopathy is a well-documented side effect of systemic usage of interferon alpha. However, retinopathy has not been well discussed in the scenario of perilesional injections of interferon. It is important for clinicians to monitor for such pathology when using interferon alpha not only systemically, but also locally.
What can reanalysis data tell us about wind power

Abstract Reanalysis data sets have become a popular data source for large-scale wind power analyses because they cover large areas and long time spans, but those data are uncertain representations of “true” wind speeds. In this work we develop a model that systematically quantifies the uncertainties across many sites and corrects for biases of the reanalysis data. We apply this model to 32 years of reanalysis data for 1002 plausible wind-plant sites in the U.S. Great Plains to estimate variability of wind energy generation and the smoothing effect of aggregating distant wind plants. We find the coefficient of variation (COV) of annual energy generation of individual wind plants in the Great Plains is 5–12%, but the COV of all those plants aggregated together is 3.0%. The year-to-year variability (of interest to system planners) shows a maximum step change of ∼10%, and the wind power varies by ±7.5% over a 32-year period. Similarly, the average variability of quarterly cash flow to equity investors in a single wind plant is 29%, but that can be reduced to 18–21% by creating small portfolios of two wind plants selected from regions with low correlations of wind speed.
Accreditation of Hospitality Administration Programs: an Evaluation

(1996). Accreditation of Hospitality Administration Programs: An Evaluation. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 61-64.
The lipid bilayer concept: Experimental realization and current applications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the experimental realization and current applications of the lipid bilayer concept. The lipid bilayer comprises the fundamental structure of all biomembranes. The recognition of the lipid bilayer as a model for biomembranes dates back to the work of Gorter and Grendel published in 1925. However, the origin of the lipid bilayer concept is much older, and is traceable to black soap bubbles more than three centuries ago. The early observation of “black holes” in soap films had a profound influence on the development of the lipid bilayer concept of biomembranes and its subsequent experimental realization in planar lipid bilayers and spherical liposomes. The lipid bilayer principle of cell or biological membranes may be summarily stated that all living organisms are made of cells, and every cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, the indispensable component of which is a lipid bilayer. The most pivotal function of the lipid bilayer membrane is that it separates the environment by a permeability barricade that allows the cell to preserve its identity, take up nutrients and to remove waste. This 5 nm thick liquid-crystallline lipid bilayer serves not just as a physical barrier but also as a conduit for transposrt, a reactor for energy conversion, a transducer for signal processing, a bipolar electrode for redox reactions or as a site for molecular recognition.
Recombination-deficient mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.

A recombination-deficient (Rec−) ultraviolet-sensitive mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was isolated. The mutant grows more slowly than the wild-type strain and degrades its deoxyribonucleic acid extensively both during normal growth and after ultraviolet irradiation. Evidence is presented that a growing Rec− population consists of two types of cells, one which can divide and one which cannot.
The Influence of Structural Parameters on the Stability of Blade-Casing Interactions in Turbomachinery

Abstract Blade-casing interactions are common in modern turbomachinery. They occur due to small tip clearances between the blades and the casing, which are designed to be minimal for efficiency reasons. Rubbing between the two components may cause severe vibrations, ultimately resulting in structural failure. Recently an analogy between this problem and the machine tool chatter has been proposed. It results in a representation where the dynamics are governed by linear time invariant delay-differential equations. The stability analysis of such systems is complex and clearly of critical importance. Stability characteristics are causally related to the system parameters. Following some earlier results, the present article reveals the relation between these parameters and the stability characteristics of the system. The results are demonstrated on a case study.
Personal implications of functional electrical stimulation standing for older adolescents with spinal cord injuries

Functional Electrical Stimulation [FES]-augmented in-home standing is a life-changing and time consuming assistive technology with the significant potential for increasing the independence of persons with Spinal Cord Injury [SCI]. Although positive psychological benefits are often cited as expected outcomes, little is known of the psychologically related effects of participation in FES research applications. To investigate these variables, four older adolescents/young adults with SCI who used FES to stand in their home environments were recruited. This study explores the age specific constructs of self-image, the disability specific constructs of personal independence and handicap, and the person-specific construct of device match for these older adolescents. Results are described in light of disabled adolescents' needs, and future research areas are identified. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Divertor Physics and Concept Development on DIII-D and Doublet-III Tokamaks

The pioneering research on the Doublet-III (DIII) tokamak and its upgrade the DIII-D has contributed significantly to understanding of the physics of divertor plasmas and the development of the mod...
Aberrant Lymphatic Endothelial Progenitors in Lymphatic Malformation Development

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are vascular anomalies thought to arise from dysregulated lymphangiogenesis. These lesions impose a significant burden of disease on affected individuals. LM pathobiology is poorly understood, hindering the development of effective treatments. In the present studies, immunostaining of LM tissues revealed that endothelial cells lining aberrant lymphatic vessels and cells in the surrounding stroma expressed the stem cell marker, CD133, and the lymphatic endothelial protein, podoplanin. Isolated patient-derived CD133+ LM cells expressed stem cell genes (NANOG, Oct4), circulating endothelial cell precursor proteins (CD90, CD146, c-Kit, VEGFR-2), and lymphatic endothelial proteins (podoplanin, VEGFR-3). Consistent with a progenitor cell identity, CD133+ LM cells were multipotent and could be differentiated into fat, bone, smooth muscle, and lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro. CD133+ cells were compared to CD133− cells isolated from LM fluids. CD133− LM cells had lower expression of stem cell genes, but expressed circulating endothelial precursor proteins and high levels of lymphatic endothelial proteins, VE-cadherin, CD31, podoplanin, VEGFR-3 and Prox1. CD133− LM cells were not multipotent, consistent with a differentiated lymphatic endothelial cell phenotype. In a mouse xenograft model, CD133+ LM cells differentiated into lymphatic endothelial cells that formed irregularly dilated lymphatic channels, phenocopying human LMs. In vivo, CD133+ LM cells acquired expression of differentiated lymphatic endothelial cell proteins, podoplanin, LYVE1, Prox1, and VEGFR-3, comparable to expression found in LM patient tissues. Taken together, these data identify a novel LM progenitor cell population that differentiates to form the abnormal lymphatic structures characteristic of these lesions, recapitulating the human LM phenotype. This LM progenitor cell population may contribute to the clinically refractory behavior of LMs.
Estimating hyperconcentrated flow discharge

Determining flow discharge in torrential mountain floods can help in managing flood risk. However, standard methods of estimating discharge have significant uncertainties. To reduce these uncertainties, Bodoque et al. developed an iterative methodological approach to flow estimation based on a method known as the critical depth method along with paleoflood evidence. They applied the method to study a flash flood that occurred on 17 December 1997 in the Arroyo Cabrera catchment in central Spain. This large flow event, triggered by torrential rains, was complex and included hyperconcentrated flows, which are flows of water mixed with significant amounts of sediment.
The role of fathers in reducing dating violence victimization and sexual risk behaviors among a national sample of Black adolescents

Abstract Purpose Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the impact of father-figures' involvement on reducing both dating violence and sexual risk among a national sample of Black American youth well as the possible mediating effect of dating violence on the relationship between father figure involvement and sexual risk behaviors. Methods To explore this phenomenon, sexually active Black adolescents between the ages of 13–21 with a romantic partner in the previous 18 months were selected (N = 422) from wave II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results The analyses indicated that overall, perceived closeness to father figures reduced dating violence victimization among Black youth. When separated by gender, our hypothesis for male respondents was supported indicating that perceived closeness with their father figures resulted in a reduction in dating violence. However, the same hypothesis was not supported for female respondents. On the other hand, perceived closeness to father figures resulted in lower sexual risk behaviors for girls. Conclusion Given the study's findings, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers should consider the importance of the father–child relationship in reducing problem behaviors among Black adolescents. In particular, emphasis should be given to the quality of the father–child relationship rather than general father involvement in reducing dating violence victimization and risky sexual behavior among sexually experienced Black adolescents.
Differential backfilling of interneuron populations based upon axon projections in a lobster abdominal ganglion

Intersegmental interneurons in the lobster second abdominal ganglion were differentially stained by simultaneously backfilling their axons in the anterior and posterior hemiconnectives with nickel and cobalt ions. When precipated with rubeanic acid the nickel and cobalt formed different colors in the cell bodies depending upon the location of the axon(s) in the connectives. In the most completely stained preparations 55 ascending, 56 descending, and 25 bidirectional interneurons were observed. Soma diameters ranged from 157ndash;120 μm. One of the somata was located in the connective. The differential staining technique has advantages over conventional backfilling techniques for examining the morphological relationships of populations of neurons having different axon projections.
Virtual pinhole-scanning spectroscopic imaging platform using low-coherence enhanced backscattering

We present that multiple mutually independent coherence areas can be used for simultaneous spatial filtering in an imaging platform as effective as pinhole scanning. In this imaging platform, the unique combination of low-spatial-coherence illumination and differential angle imaging allows us to take advantage of low-coherence enhanced-backscattering (LEBS) phenomenon to permit self-generated optical sectioning to the subsurface in a relatively large area. We further demonstrate that LEBS spectroscopic imaging substantially minimizes cross talk among adjacent pixels, rejects the background light caused by out-of-plane scattered light, and thereby enhances image contrast and resolution.
The horizontal plane in patient positioning for panoramic radiography

The average angles between the horizontal and occlusal planes and the ala-tragus and orbito-meatal lines were measured for 96 patients in a panoramic x-ray machine. The angles required to produce clinically acceptable radiographs are described. Some operator judgment is required when positioning each patient's head for radiographs of optimum quality.
Simulating Spatial Pattern and Dynamics of Military Training Impacts for Allocation of Land Repair Using Images

The land management of US Army installations requires information on land conditions and their history for planning future military training activities and allocation of land repair. There is thus a strong need for methodology development to estimate the land conditions and cumulative military training impacts for the purpose of repair and restoration. In this study, we simulated at Fort Riley, USA, spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of military training impacts on land conditions quantified as percent ground cover using an image-aided spatial conditional co-simulation algorithm. Moreover, we estimated the historical percent ground cover as a measure of the cumulative impacts, and then calculated the allocation of land repair and restoration based on both current and historical land conditions. In addition, we developed a loss function method for allocation of land repair and restoration. The results showed: (1) this co-simulation algorithm reproduced spatial and temporal variability of percent ground cover and provided estimates of uncertainties with the correlation coefficients and root mean square errors between the simulated and observed values varying from 0.63 to 0.88 and from 23% to 78%, respectively; (2) with and without the cumulative impacts, the obtained spatial patterns of the land repair categories were similar, but their land areas differed by 5% to 40% in some years; (3) the combination of the loss function with the co-simulation made it possible to estimate and computationally propagate the uncertainties of land conditions into the uncertainties of expected cost loss for misallocation of land repair and restoration; and (4) the loss function, physical threshold, and probability threshold methods led to similar spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of the land repair categories, however, the loss function increased the land area by 5% to 30% for intense and moderate repairs and decreased the area by 5% to 30% for no repairs and light repairs for most of the years. This approach provided the potential to improve and automate the existing land rehabilitation and maintenance (LRAM) system used for the land management of the U.S. Army installations, and it can be applied to the management of other civil lands and environments. In conclusion, this study overcame the important gaps that exist in the methodological development and application for simulating land conditions and cumulative impacts due to human activities, and also in the methods for the allocation of land for repair and restoration.
A second example of a white family in which Gm(c) occurs, and a further analysis of the first example.

Summary Gm(c) was found in 5 of 250 (2%) unrelated Dutch individuals not known to have Negro ancestry. In three cases Gm(c) was determined by a Gmb(1,2,3,4)c allele and in one by a Gmb(1,2)c allele. The genotype of the fifth individual could not be determined from his phenotype. Gm(c) was determined by a Gmb(1,2,3,4)c allele in eight members of a Dutch family and by a Gmb(1,2)c allele in six members of a previously reported English family. The alleles which determine Gm(c) in Caucasoids appear to be Gm(b2 +), while the allele which determines Gm(c) in Negroids is usually Gm(b2 -). Resume Gm(c) a ete trouve chez 5 sur 250 (2%) Hollandais pris au hasard connus pour n'avoir pas une ascendance de race noire. Dans 3 cas, le Gm(c) etait conditionne par un allele Gmb(1,2,3,4)c et dans un cas par un allele Gmb(1,2)c. Le genotype d'un cinquieme sujet n'a pu etre determine a partir de son phenotype. Gm(c) etait conditionne par un allele Gmb(1,2,3,4)c chez 8 membres d'une famille hollandaise et par Gmb(1,2)c chez 6 membres d'une famille anglaise deja decrite precedemment. Les alleles qui conditionnent Gm(c) chez les caucasoides semblent etre Gm(b2 +) tandis que les alleles qui determinent Gm(c) chez les negroides est habituellement Gm(b2-). Zusammenfassung Die Gm-Eigenschaft Gm(c) wurde bei 5 von 250 (2%) unter sich nicht verwandten hollandischen Individuen ohne nachweisbare Negervorfahren gefunden. In 3 Fallen beruhte die Gm(c)-Eigenschaft auf einem Gmb(1,2,3,4)c-Allel; in einem einzigen Fall beruhte sie auf einem Gmb(1,2)c-Allel. Der Genotyp des funften Individuums konnte auf Grund seines Phanotypus nicht bestimmt werden. Bei acht Angehorigen einer hollandischen Familie beruhte die Gm(c)-Eigenschaft auf einem Gmb(1,2,3,4)c-Allel. Bei sechs Angehorigen der fruher veroffentlichten englischen Familie beruhte sie auf einem Gmb(1,2)c-Allel. Bei Kaukasiern sind die Allele, welche die Gm(c)-Eigenschaft hervorbringen, offenbar Gm(b2 +); bei Negern sind sie hingegen Gm(b2 -).
Evolution of a paradigm for free tissue transfer reconstruction of lateral temporal bone defects.

Background Tumors of the lateral skull base are best treated with surgery plus or minus radiation thereapy. Surgical ablation may involve cutaneous structures, the auricle, the parotid, and the lateral temporal bone. These composite soft tissue defects are best reconstructed with composite tissue. Multiple pedicled flaps have been used to reconstruct these defects. Free flaps have been shown to provide the best tissue for these reconstructions. We review our experience and present an algorithm for their reconstruction. Methods A case series of consecutive patients treated between 1999 and 2006 at 2 tertiary care institutions, Oregon Health and Science University and University of Alabama at Birmingham were reviewed. There were 73 patients who had periauricular defects requiring 74 free tissue transfers in this retrospective chart review. All defects had extensive cutaneous loss and underwent some form of parotidectomy. There were 57 lateral temporal bone defects and 16 periauricular defects where the external auditory canal was preserved. The majority of patients had nonmelanoma skin malignancies (65%). Eighty percent of patients had undergone previous treatment (radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination therof). Results Early on, reconstruction was performed using a radial forearm (RFFF, n = 29), evolving to lateral arm (n = 6), rectus (n = 11), and finally an anterolateral thigh (ALT, n = 28) free flap. The average hospital stay was 6 days, and the overall complication rate was 22%. The rectus flap needed debulking in 34% of patients, and the anterolateral thigh in 9%. Periauricular defects were classified based on preservation of the external auditory canal (class I), lateral temporal bone resection with preservation of the auricle (class II), or lateral temporal bone with total auriculectomy (class III). Conclusion Class I defects were best managed by RFFF reconstruction, class II defects were managed well with the ALT flap, and class III defects required the ALT or rectus flap. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Post-transcriptional control of tryptophan hydroxylase gene expression in rat brain stem and pineal gland.

Abstract We have cloned a segment of the rat tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene and used it to investigate differences in mRNA levels in two tissues: brain stem and pineal gland. The cloned, 13-kb genomic region contains five exons corresponding to cloned TPH cDNA sequence. Most intron/axon junctions are homologous to those found in the closely related genes encoding tyrosine and phenylalanine hydroxylase. The gene segment contains a region of low complexity that is repeated in the genome, but the remainder of the segment is single-copy sequence. TPH mRNAs can be detected by RNase protection assays and demonstrate a large difference in steady-state mRNA levels between pineal gland and brain stem dissections, agreeing with the results of Dumas and collaborators (1989, J. Neurosci. Res. 24:537–547). However, nuclear run-on assays of TPH gene transcription rates reveal similar levels of gene expression for pineal and brain stem. Control of TPH mRNA levels, therefore, appears to be post-transcriptional.
For a History of Geography: Response to Comments

(1988). For a History of Geography: Response to Comments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 159-163.
Induction of photosensitivity by heterologous expression of melanopsin

The recent discovery of inner retinal photoreceptors in mammals and fish was a major surprise. Present in addition to the well known rods and cones, these receptors are thought to detect irradiance levels, and to be linked to the night-and-day regulation of the circadian system. Two new studies show that melanopsin, found almost exclusively in these ‘ganglion-cell photoreceptors’, is photosensitive. Qiu et al. turn mammalian kidney cells into functional photoreceptors by introducing melanopsin, and Melyan et al. do a similar trick in neuronal cells. These findings could have clinical applications, possibly allowing selective stimulation of cells in the brain and helping to restore sight lost due to retinal degeneration. A further study identifies a previously unknown retinal population of ‘giant’ melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells. They are photosensitive but are also activated by rods and cones, thereby merging the conventional ‘image forming’ pathway with the radiance-detecting pathway in primates. Melanopsin1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 has been proposed to be the photopigment of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15; these photoreceptors of the mammalian eye drive circadian and pupillary adjustments through direct projections to the brain5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18. Their action spectrum (λmax ≈ 480 nm) implicates an opsin10 and melanopsin is the only opsin known to exist in these cells. Melanopsin is required for ipRGC photosensitivity13 and for behavioural photoresponses that survive disrupted rod and cone function14,17. Heterologously expressed melanopsin apparently binds retinaldehyde and mediates photic activation of G proteins19. However, its amino-acid sequence differs from vertebrate photosensory opsins1,20 and some have suggested that melanopsin may be a photoisomerase, providing retinoid chromophore to an unidentified opsin3,20. To determine whether melanopsin is a functional sensory photopigment, here we transiently expressed it in HEK293 cells that stably expressed TRPC3 channels. Light triggered a membrane depolarization in these cells and increased intracellular calcium. The light response resembled that of ipRGCs, with almost identical spectral sensitivity (λmax ≈ 479 nm). The phototransduction pathway included Gq or a related G protein, phospholipase C and TRPC3 channels. We conclude that mammalian melanopsin is a functional sensory photopigment, that it is the photopigment of ganglion-cell photoreceptors, and that these photoreceptors may use an invertebrate-like phototransduction cascade.
Impact of Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Duration of Infestation on Cotton Seedlings

ABSTRACT The yield response of cotton, Gossypium hirsulum L., to twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, duration of infestation during the seedling stage was measured at Starkville and Stoneville, MS, during 2010 and 2011. The treatments included a noninfested control, infestations lasting for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d, and a season long infested control. Twospotted spider mites from a greenhouse colony were inoculated on all of the infested cotton plots during the three-leaf stage. Applications of miticides were made to terminate infestations at the desired timings for each treatment. Twospotted spider mite densities and injury ratings were determined for each treatment at the end of the infestation period and yield was measured at the end of the season. Twospotted spider mite densities and injury rating significantly increased as duration of infestation increased. Significant differences in yield were observed between treatments. These data suggest infestations initiated at the three-leaf cotton gro...
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis and hepatitis in a neonate with congenital human immunodeficiency virus infection

We present a case report of a term neonate with congenital human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection born with nonimmune hydrops fetalis who developed hepatitis shortly after birth. Maternal HIV infection was diagnosed after delivery. An extensive evaluation for known causes of nonimmune hydrops, both infectious and noninfectious, was negative. After beginning highly active antiretroviral therapy, hepatitis resolved and the HIV viral load became undetectable. We believe this is the first report of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and hepatitis in an infant with congenital HIV infection.
Post-reinforcement delay in extinction: A failure to replicate

Three groups of rats were run in a straight runway to sucrose reinforcement. Group 10 received 10 sec. of immediate reinforcement; Group 10D received 10 sec. of reinforcement followed by 20 sec. delay in the goalbox; Group D10 received 10 sec. reinforcement after a 20 sec. delay in the goalbox. Unlike an earlier study, which the present investigation attempted to replicate, Groups D10 and 10D were less resistant to extinction than Group 10 when start and run times were considered.
Principles of Siphons

A simple siphon raises water over a crest and discharges it at a lower level. As water flows through a siphon, energy due to pressure and elevation is either lost to pipe friction or converted to velocity energy. For most practical siphons, between 50 and 75% of the elevation energy available to drive flow will be converted to velocity energy. A standpipe covered with a dome will begin to siphon when the standpipe flows full. During siphoning, the flow rate may be several times higher than the flow through an uncovered standpipe of the same size. Furthermore, the covered standpipe can be designed to lower the water level to a point below the top of the standpipe before siphoning is allowed to stop. Flow into the covered standpipe can be drawn from the bottom of the reservoir by extending the skirt of the dome. A vent tube allows easy adjustment of the elevation at which air enters the dome and siphoning stops. Flow rate and water level required to start the siphon depend on the pipe diameter. Some flow through the standpipe will occur before siphoning begins. Flow into the reservoir must be greater than the flow required to start siphoning. Maximum flow through the standpipe during siphoning depends on pipe diameter and the elevation energy driving the flow. Adding a trap to the outlet of the covered standpipe eliminates the leakage flow prior to the start of siphoning. When air bubbles out the trap at the end of the standpipe, pressure inside the dome is released suddenly allowing the water level to jump above the critical level needed to start siphoning. For reliable operation, the crest height of the trap should be about equal to one diameter of the standpipe. The vent tube opening must be below the top of the standpipe to prevent premature overflow of the standpipe. Because a trapped outlet siphon has no minimum flow limit, the standpipe can be sized to carry any maximum flow. While the trapped outlet siphon eliminates low rate leakage flow prior to the onset of siphoning, the height differential between the start and stop of siphoning cannot be as small or as easily adjusted as with a covered standpipe without a trap. The simple siphon is convenient for some applications, but it does not lend itself to automatic cycling operation. The choice depends on the needs of the situation.
Macroeconomic Fundamentals and Net Portfolio Investment Between Developed Regions

Our paper investigates how macroeconomic fundamentals correlate with net capital inflows in the US. Understanding the factors associated with capital flows helps policy makers to predict future capital flows and analyse the international implications of domestic macroeconomic policy. Yet the theoretical relationship between net capital inflows and relative economic conditions is ambiguous. Using quarterly data from 1988 to 2003, we analyse the relation between a set of relative macroeconomic variables and net purchases of US stocks and bonds from Western Europe, Canada, Japan and Australia. We find that relative output growth is uncorrelated with net US investment for all regions. However, other macroeconomic factors matter; for example, an increase in US interest rates relative to European interest rates is associated with an increase in net portfolio investment from Europe. The linkages between macroeconomic factors and net foreign investment in the US are strongest for Western Europe, implying that information costs, home bias and other capital frictions are less relevant for US–Europe flows compared with capital flows between the US and the other three source regions. Lastly, stock purchases are more correlated with macroeconomic fundamentals than bonds, a striking finding suggesting that equity traders are more likely than bond traders to change their net asset holdings as a result of a macroeconomic event.
Some properties and occurrence of glutamine synthetase in fish.

Abstract 1. 1. Transferase activity of glutamine synthetase, K m for glutamine, and pH optimum were determined in brain and liver tiflaes of several species of fish. 2. 2. Specific activity was high in elasmobranch liver and below limits of detection in teleost liver. 3. 3. Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) glutamine synthetase was inhibited by higher than optimal concentrations of hydroxylamine, a substrate which also affected the K m value for glutamine. 4. 4. The enzyme from Chinook salmon brain is inhibited by (in decreasing order): Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Mg 2+ . 5. 5. The assay method, activities, and inhibition are discussed relative to environment, physiology, and phylogeny of the species studied.
Extracellular calcium is a direct effecter of VDR levels in proximal tubule epithelial cells that counter-balances effects of PTH on renal Vitamin D metabolism.

Abstract In renal proximal tubules, VDR is transiently decreased by parathyroid hormone (PTH) during times of hypocalcemia and returns to normal levels with the rise in serum calcium (Ca). In this study we tested the hypothesis that elevated extracellular Ca induces VDR in a human renal proximal cell line (HK-2G) stably expressing PTH receptor type I. Exposure of HK-2G cells to increasing Ca concentration, up to 3 mM, induced the expression of VDR. The increase in VDR occurred within 1 h and was sustained over 24 h. The increase in VDR was also dose-dependently increased using 20–100 nM gadolinium, suggesting the induction of VDR is regulated via the extracellular Ca sensing receptor (CaSR) with is naturally expressed in HK-2G cells. In conclusion, an extracellular Ca concentration in the physiological range is capable of direct increase of renal proximal VDR expression, and the induction mechanism represents a strategy the body may use to counterbalance effects of PTH on renal Vitamin D metabolism.
Goldfish ganglion cells with unusual receptive field properties

Goldfish retinal ganglion cells with unusual response properties are described. Each cell was classified as either Y-like or W-like, based upon its responses to sinusoidally modulated contrast-reversal gratings presented at various positions across the cell's receptive field. The unusual responses of the cells (which distinguish them from typical Y-like and W-like cells) occurred when sinusoidal gratings were drifted across the receptive field at a constant temporal rate. These cells responded at double the stimulus temporal rate to low-spatial-frequency gratings; a Fourier decomposition of the response revealed a large second harmonic component. However, to high-spatial-frequency stimuli, the response modulated at the temporal frequency of the stimulus; the Fourier fundamental component dominated the response. To examine the underlying receptive field mechanisms of these cells, each cell's response was analyzed using several different response measures. The results suggest that the receptive field properties of these unusual cells differ from the typical center/surround organization and confirm recent findings that the receptive fields of goldfish ganglion cells consist of inhomogeneities and subareas.
Relations of Women Exercisers' Mastery and Performance Goals to Traits, Fitness, and Preferred Styles of Instructors

This study addressed the influence of both mastery and performance goals of 144 women (M=21.8 yr.) exercising at a campus fitness center. Five goal patterns were compared: mastery alone, performance alone, both-low, mastery-performance, and, performance-mastery. These five patterns were compared in terms of optimism, social physique anxiety, and fitness as well as preferences for instructors' mastery, performance, or supportive responses. Those with dual motivational goals (mastery-performance and performance-mastery) preferred instructors to emphasize mastery and supportive responses, and they had higher fitness than the mastery or low groups. However, the performance-mastery group endorsed significantly lower optimism than all other groups. There were no group differences on the measure of anxiety about physique. Results support the importance of addressing both mastery and performance goals when seeking to understand and influence the attitudes of women who work out in a fitness center. Instructors would do best to emphasize autonomy and supportiveness and avoid comparisons among women exercisers.
A theoretical analysis of the case for a balanced budget amendment

A balanced federal budget is not a best outcome for all situations, and a constitutional amendment to require annually balanced budgets is not well defended on grounds that it is. However, the case for a balanced budget amendment may have some merit on other, subtler grounds. This article outlines a set of such grounds.
The Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis Cholinergic System: One Hundred Years of Progress

The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) contains a population of large cholinergic (Ch) neurons that send their axons to the entire cortical mantle, the olfactory bulbs, and the amygdala. This is the centennial anniversary of the first exact description of this nucleus by Von Kolliker, who named it in honor of its discoverer. This review will focus upon recent attempts to understand the role of the NBM Ch neurons in higher cognitive function by the use of selective lesion analyses and electrophysiological recording techniques. Behavioral deficits associated with NBM lesions produced by injections of excitatory amino acid agonists have been demonstrated in a variety of tasks. Performance decrements produced by these lesions were initially interpreted as being the result of impairments in learning and memory abilities. However, the precise role of the Ch NBM neurons in these performance deficits could not be more thoroughly investigated until it became possible to produce selective and discrete lesions by injection of the immunotoxin, IgG-192 saporin. The results of investigations using this immunotoxin supported a role for NBM Ch neurons in the performance of tasks that require selected attentional abilities rather than learning and memory per se. These lesion analysis studies suggested that the corticopetal NBM Ch system may be involved in the control of shifting attention to potentially relevant, and brief, sensory stimuli that predict a biologically relevant event, such as a food reward. Electrophysiological evidence has implicated NBM Ch cells in the control of attentional processes, as well as a role in the control and maintenance of arousal and sleep states. Electrophysiological studies also suggest that NBM Ch neurons might influence cortical EEG activity in two ways, by its direct excitatory inputs and by an indirect inhibitory projection to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Taken together with the results of histological and anatomical studies of the basal forebrain, NBM Ch cells appear to be ideally located within the basal forebrain for evaluating sensory stimuli for their level of significance, via inputs from the midbrain and limbic system, and also to modulate intrinsic cortical responsiveness appropriately in order to attend to brief, highly salient sensory stimuli.
Nonparametric spectral analysis of heart rate variability through penalized sum of squares

Frequency domain properties of heart rate variability (HRV), or the elapsed time between consecutive heart beats, are utilized by biomedical researchers in a variety of fields. HRV is measured from the electrocardiograph signal through the interbeat interval series. Popular approaches for estimating power spectra from these interval data apply common spectral analysis methods that are designed for the analysis of evenly sampled time series. The application of these methods to the interbeat interval series, which is indexed over an uneven time grid, requires a bias inducing transformation. The goal of this article is to explore the use of penalized sum of squares for nonparametric estimation of the spectrum of HRV directly from the interbeat intervals. A novel cross-validation procedure is introduced for smoothing parameter selection. Empirical properties of the proposed estimation procedure are explored and compared to popular methods in a simulation study. The proposed method is used in an analysis of data from an insomnia study which seeks to illuminate the association between the power spectrum of HRV during different periods of sleep with response to behavioral therapy.
Daunorubicin reductase activity in human normal lymphocytes, myeloblasts and leukemic cell lines

To exploit the full potential of daunorubicin chemotherapy, it is necessary to understand its metabolism. We have shown previously that daunorubicin reduction in human liver is mediated by both aldehyde and ketone reductases. This study shows that this is also the case in normal blood cells. However, myeloblasts from AML patients show different pH profiles from those observed for normal lymphocytes. Human myeloid cell lines (KG1, ML1 and K562) accurately reflect the reductase heterogeneity seen in AML patients. This is in contrast to L1210 and P388 murine cell lines, which do not readily metabolize daunorubicin. When studying daunorubicin metabolism, it is important to use only cell lines that metabolize the drug because daunorubicin is extensively metabolized to daunorubicinol in AML patients. The use of human rather than rodent cell lines may provide useful information to increase our understanding of the in vivo situation.
Chandra Detection of X-Ray Absorption Associated with a Damped Lyα System

We have observed three quasars, PKS 1127-145, Q1331+171, and Q0054+144, with the ACIS-S aboard the Chandra X-Ray Observatory in order to measure soft X-ray absorption associated with intervening 21 cm and damped Ly? absorbers. For PKS 1127-145, we detect absorption that, if associated with an intervening zabs = 0.312 absorber, implies a metallicity of 23% solar. If the absorption is not at zabs = 0.312, then the metallicity is still constrained to be less than 23% solar. The advantage of the X-ray measurement is that the derived metallicity is insensitive to ionization, inclusion of an atom in a molecule, or depletion onto grains. The X-ray absorption is mostly due to oxygen and is consistent with the oxygen abundance of 30% solar derived from optical nebular emission lines in a foreground galaxy at the redshift of the absorber. For Q1331+171 and Q0054+144, only upper limits were obtained, although the exposure times were intentionally short, since for these two objects we were interested primarily in measuring flux levels to plan for future observations. The imaging results are presented in a companion paper.
Rapid determination of thalamic CT-stereotactic coordinates: a method.

The anterior and posterior commissures (AC; PC) are the most frequently used reference points for target determination in functional stereotactic surgery. Computerized tomography (CT) has been slow in replacing ventriculography for identification of these points, primarily because in most methods described to date, the AC/PC plane had to be identified by reformatted CT images or cumbersome mapping procedures. The authors describe their methodology for determination of functional CT-stereotactic coordinates using the Brown-Robert-Wells (BRW) stereotactic system, axial CT imaging, and a proportional method to rapidly scale standard stereotactic map coordinates to the diencephalic size of any individual patient. The method was been successfully employed in 25 functional thalamic procedures.
Avian communities in riparian forests of different widths in Maryland and Delaware

In agricultural landscapes, much of the remaining forest is in linear tracts along streams. These riparian forests provide habitat for forest birds, but their use by forest interior birds may depend on forest width. We conducted point-count surveys of birds in riparian forests on the Eastern shore of Maryland and Delaware to assess whether the presence of any species was dependent on corridor width. We surveyed 117 corridors that ranged from 25- to 800-m wide. Several area-sensitive neotropical migrants were encountered more frequently in wider riparian forests, and probabilities of occurrence increased most rapidly between 25 and 100 m. Based on these surveys, we recommend that riparian forests be at least 100-m wide to provide some nesting habitat for area-sensitive species. Wider riparian forests would be preferable and should be preserved.