cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Externalidades como motor do crescimento

1. Introducao De 1986 para ca, parece que os estudos te6ricos acerca do crescimento e do desenvolvimento economicos comecaram a decolar. A atual onda de artigos foi motivada pela observacao de enormes disparidades nos niveis de renda e taxas de crescimento entre os paises. Em vez de enfocar a con­ vergencia dos padroes de vida, como se fazia com frequencia na literatura antiga, os modelos recentes objetivam gerar grandes diferencas nos resul­ tados de um pais para outro. A maneira mais importante segundo a qual este tipo de trabalho mostra grandes diferencas entre paises e atraves das externalidades. Os atores economicos que investem em capital fisico ou humano, que inovam ou que contratam ma<Hle-obra capturam apenas uma fracao dos rendimentos sociais por suas acoes. Pelo fato de os rendimentos auferidos pelos agentes privados serem pequenos em relacao aos beneficios sociais, muito pouco e realizado neste sentido. Em consequencia, alguns paises crescem mais de­ vagar do que poderiam, ou atingem um mau equilibrio, onde ficam presos e deixam de crescer. Por outro lado, outros paises, que conseguem de al­ gum modo oferecer os incentivos corretos e atividades geradoras de ex­ ternalidades, mostram um rapido crescimento e alto padrao de vida. Com muita frequencia, as intervencoes apropriadas do governo produzem me­ lhorias de Pareto. Neste artigo, sera discutida resumidamente parte deste trabalho recente. Logo de inicio, chamo a atencao para o fato de o mesmo ter apresentado um mimero relativamente pequeno de ideias novas. O que nao surpreende, tendo em vista a intencao declarada de alguns dos participantes desta lite­ ratura de esclarecer ideias mais antigas. De fato, as externai idades foram
Correlation of the Peach Springs Tuff, a large-volume Miocene ignimbrite sheet in California and Arizona

The Peach Springs Tuff is a distinctive early Miocene ignimbrite deposit that was first recognized in western Arizona. Recent field studies and phenocryst analyses indicate that adjacent outcrops of similar tuff in the central and easten Mojave Desert may be correlative. This proposed correlation implies that outcrops of the tuff are scattered over an area of at least 35 000 km2 from the western Colorado Plateau to Barstow, California, and that the erupted volume, allowing for posteruption crustal extension, was at least several hundred cubic kilometres. Thus, the Peach Springs Tuff may be a regional stratigraphic marker, useful for determining regional paleogeography and the time and extent of Tertiary crustal extension.
Embolization of a Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass: Case Report

This case history of a man with bilateral carotid artery occlusions presents angiographic documentation of the embolization of a superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery bypass. The embolic source was thrombotic and/or atheromatous debris that had collected in the persistent stump of one of the occluded internal carotid arteries.
Testimony and Taboo: The Perverse Writings of Ka-Tzetnik 135633

Ka-Tzetnik was one of the most widely read writers of ‘Holocaust literature’ in Israel during the 1950s, but only recently have his works begun to receive much critical attention. His writings continue to raise crucial questions about testimony, about the representation of the Holocaust, and about truth. Do his works give us access to ‘devastating insights’ about the Holocaust, or do the violent, sexual and even pornographic descriptions with their mixture of fact and fiction instead lead us away from understanding the reality of what happened? Is Ka-Tzetnik a mere ‘chronicler’, as he described himself, or a writer whose literary techniques are central to the effects he achieves? In this essay, I explore how these and similar oppositions have framed previous discussions of his work, and attempt to offer some alternatives. I also analyze the ways in which Ka-Tzetnik's writing proceeds by the visualization of fear, and how he turns to conventional representations of evil to shield us from that which cannot ...
Creating cross-functional strategic consensus in manufacturing facilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose and tests a model that plant managers can use to develop cross-functional strategic consensus between purchasing, production, and logistics. The mechanisms studied are grounded in Organizational Information Processing Theory. Design/methodology/approach – The model is tested using a cross-sectional survey of 120 manufacturing facilities. Path Analysis is used to determine the strength of the relationships and the model fit. Findings – The mechanisms studied have a positive effect on the level of cross-functional strategic consensus. Some mechanisms have an effect on consensus on goals, while others have an effect on consensus on priorities. The results suggest that a plant manager must implement these mechanisms in combination to achieve the best result. Research limitations/implications – The survey respondents are all from US manufacturing facilities. Although reasonably representative of the US population of manufacturing firms, results of a similar stu...
Developing Curricular Modules in Context: Mobile Healthcare Security

In this paper, we describe a mobile healthcare security curricular module that has been developed and evaluated for use in the classroom.
Linking Parameters Estimated With the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model: A Comparison of the Accuracy of Characteristic Curve Methods

Methods for linking item response theory (IRT) parameters are developed for attitude questionnaire responses calibrated with the generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM). One class of IRT linking methods derives the linking coefficients by comparing characteristic curves, and three of these methods—test characteristic curve (TCC), item characteristic curve (ICC), and operating characteristic curve (OCC)—are extended for use with the GGUM. Alternate versions of these methods are developed to produce both symmetric and asymmetric solutions. The adequacy of these methods for use with the GGUM is evaluated in a simulation that varied the distributions of θ in the groups to be linked and the number of individuals and anchor items used for linking. All methods performed well under the conditions studied. Statistically significant effects were found for sample size and number of anchor items. It is recommended that choice of linking method should consider the context and intent of the linking.
Influence of Education on Knowledge and Attitude Toward Older Adult Sexuality

Addressing the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) needs of patients to include sexuality should be a treatment priority for geriatric therapists. Instruction on older adult sexuality in the Occupationa...
Meeting The Mental Health Needs Of Homeless Students In Schools: A Multi-Tiered System Of Support Framework

The number of homeless youth in the U.S. has reached an all-time high and this represents a growing socialproblem. Research indicates that homeless youth are significantly at-risk for experiencing a range of negativelife-outcomes such as school dropout, the development ofmental health problems, use/abuse of illicit substances,suicidality, and even early mortality. Thus, effective interventions and mental health supports are needed to helpaddress their complex mental health needs. Fortunately, however, many homeless youth regularly attend school,especially younger youth (i.e., under 13 years old) and youth who are members of homeless families. Therefore,as important members of school communities, school-based mental health professionals can help support thesestudents. With this aim in mind, this paper discusses the use of a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS)framework to meet the mental health needs of homeless students in schools. More specifically, following a publichealth service delivery model, service delivery is discussed at universal, selective, and indicated levels. Lastly, toaddress the diverse needs of homeless students, integrated service-delivery across various systems of careis discussed.
Integrating Academic Language into Content Methodology: Supporting Math and Science Teacher Candidates to Meet Students’ Language Needs

This article describes how a teacher-education program (TEP), whose mission is to improve schooling for linguistically diverse students, develops its’ teacher candidate’s critical dispositions and pedagogy related to academic-language (AL) development and how candidate performance on PACT can help TEPs better assess and improve how AL development can be embedded in content methodology courses. We discuss (a) how TEP worked to embed AL into the program course of study, (b) how teacher education faculty support AL in their content methodology courses, (c) the ways in which teacher candidates demonstrate knowledge of AL in two exemplary PACT Teaching Events, and (d) how TEP used data analysis of PACT for program improvement.
Patterns of damage in chronic angle-closure glaucoma compared to primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose To compare patterns of damage in chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) to a control group of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods setting: Academic tertiary-care glaucoma clinic. study population: Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients with CACG and good-quality Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) images (pixel standard deviation Results The average mean deviation was −5.1 dB in both groups. Patients with CACG were more hyperopic (0.6 ± 0.4 vs −1.4 ± 0.5 D; P P = .015). Focal disc damage was not less frequent in PACG eyes (19% vs 24%; P = .545). Eyes with PACG had smaller cup area, cup volume, and mean cup depth and larger rim/disc area ratio ( P P = .709), although CACG eyes were less likely to have paracentral points involved (47% vs 72%; P = .04). Conclusions Patterns of glaucomatous damage seem to be different in CACG compared with POAG. This difference in patterns of damage may adversely affect detection of early disease or its progression in CACG.
A pleiotropic defect in cAMP-regulated gene expression in the Dictyostelium agg− mutant synag 7

Abstract During differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum, cAMP functions as a diffusible, extracellular signal to direct chemotaxis and regulate developmental gene expression. The availability of signal-transduction mutants of Dictyostelium now makes it feasible to pursue a genetic analysis of cAMP signaling. The synag 7 mutant is defective in receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation and cannot relay a cAMP signal. To further characterize this mutant, mRNA levels of several cAMP-regulated genes were measured during development. cAMP-regulated gene expression was found to be dramatically altered in synag 7: several different genes which require cAMP for expression in wild-type cells were induced in synag 7 in the absence of cAMP. In addition, the gene-encoding discoidin I, which is normally expressed in starved cells and repressed by cAMP, is expressed at very low levels in starved synag 7 cells, possibly due to precocious repression. These results suggest that a pleiotropic regulator of cAMP-regulated gene expression is uncoupled from its normal controls during development in synag 7.
Dopamine D1 autoreceptor function: possible expression in developing rat prefrontal cortex and striatum.

Synthesis-modulating dopamine (DA) autoreceptor function was studied in vivo using γ-butyrolactone (GBL) to block propagation along DA axons. DA synthesis was measured by the accumulation of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) after inhibition of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. GBL treatment markedly increased DOPA accumulation in both the striatum and prefrontal cortex of developing rats. The selective DA partial D1 agonist SKF-38393 inhibited this GBL-induced rise in DA synthesis in both the striatum and prefrontal cortex of 15- and 22-day-old rats, but not in adults. The effects of SKF-38393 in developing rats were mimicked by the non-catechol D1 partial agonist CY-208-243, and were blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH-23390, suggesting receptor mediation. The mixed D2/D3 agonist quinpirole attenuated DA synthesis in striatum of both two-week-old and adult rats, but failed to inhibit the GBL-induced increase in DA synthesis in the developing prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that synthesis-modulating D1-like receptor function may emerge transiently in the developing mammalian forebrain. In the adult striatum these functions appear to be subsumed by D2-like receptors, whereas all synthesis-modulating DA receptor function in prefrontal cortex appears to be essentially lost with maturation.
Pre- and postnatal genetic testing by array-comparative genomic hybridization: genetic counseling perspectives

Recently, a new genetic test has been developed that allows a more detailed examination of the genome when compared with a standard chromosome analysis. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH microarray; also known as chromosome microarray analysis) in effect, combines chromosome and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses allowing detection not only of aneuploidies, but also of all known microdeletion and microduplication disorders, including telomere rearrangements. Since 2004, this testing has been available in the Medical Genetics Laboratory at Baylor College of Medicine for postnatal evaluation and diagnosis of individuals with suspected genomic disorders. Subsequently, to assess the feasibility of offering CGH microarray for prenatal diagnosis, a prospective study was conducted on 98 pregnancies in a clinical setting comparing the results obtained from array CGH with those obtained from a standard karyotype. This was followed by the availability of prenatal testing on a clinical basis in 2005. To date, we have analyzed over 8000 cases referred to our clinical laboratory, including approximately 300 prenatal cases. With the clinical introduction of any new testing strategy, and particularly one focused on genetic disorders, issues of patient education, result interpretation, and genetic counseling must be anticipated and strategies adopted to allow the implementation of the testing with maximum benefit and minimum risk. In this article, we describe our experience with over 8000 clinical prenatal and postnatal cases of CGH microarray ordered by our clinical service or referred to the Baylor Medical Genetics Laboratory and describe the strategies used to optimize patient and provider education, facilitate clinical interpretation of results, and provide counseling for unique clinical circumstances.
γ-Glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) tagSNPs have limited utility for predicting warfarin maintenance dose

Summary. Background: The pharmacogenetic factors contributing to warfarin dosing are of great interest to clinicians, and may have utility in the management of at-risk patients prescribed warfarin. γ-Glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), in its role as a key component of the vitamin K cycle, is a potential candidate gene associated with warfarin treatment. Objective: To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and correlated GGCX tagSNPs and test for association with warfarin maintenance dose. Patients/methods: A small discovery population of European-descent individuals (n = 23) were resequenced for GGCX SNPs. Polymorphisms identified with > 5% minor allele frequency (MAF) were genotyped in a larger clinical population of 186 European patients. Univariate, multivariate and haplotype-based linear regression were used to assess the impact of GGCX SNPs on warfarin dose. Results: We identified 37 SNPs in GGCX, of which 21 were present at > 5% MAF. These SNPs were binned, based on linkage disequilibrium, and six informative tagSNPs were identified. A single polymorphism at position 12970 (rs11676382; C/G-11%/89%) was associated with a warfarin maintenance dose across all analysis methods. GGCX-12970 explained 2% of the total variance in warfarin dose, in contrast to 21 and 8%, respectively, for VKORC1 and CYP2C9.Conclusions: The GGCX-12970 SNP had a small, but significant effect, on warfarin maintenance dose. Other polymorphisms in GGCX previously associated with warfarin dose were not confirmed in this study, suggesting that the effects of GGCX are potentially population/treatment-dependent and will not have broad utility for determining warfarin dosing.
Isolation and identification of the messenger RNA for silk fibroin from Bombyx mori.

Abstract The messenger RNA for the protein silk fibroin has been isolated from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori and identified by partial sequence analysis. The sequence of mRNA could be predicted because the protein has a simple repetitious primary structure in which glycine residues comprise 45% of all residues and alternate predominantly with alanine and serine. Codon assignments from the ammo-acid composition of fibroin predict that the fibroin mRNA should have a minimum G + C content of 57% with a G content of about 40%. An RNA which sediments between 45 s and 65 s has been isolated from the posterior silk gland; its base composition is about 40% G and 19% C. Kinetics of synthesis show that fibroin mRNA accumulates slowly over a period of hours and is relatively stable compared to heterogeneous nuclear RNA or the precursor to ribosomal RNA. The mRNA comprises 0.8 to 1.4% of the total RNA in the posterior gland at the end of the larval life of the animal. From the known structure of a repetitious polypeptide comprising about 60 to 75% of the fibroin molecule, the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA was predicted to be GGX-GCY-GGX-GCY-GGX-[UCZ (or AGCU)-GGX-(GCY-GGX)2]8-UCZ (or AGCU)-GGX-GCY-GCY-GGX-UACU, where X, Y and Z can be any ribonucleotide. Digestion of this sequence with RNase T1 or pancreatic RNase should produce a simple pattern of oligonucleotides. Assuming that the serine codon is UCZ and that neither X, Y nor Z is a G residue, an RNase T1 digest of the predicted sequence should yield 16, 22, 34, 0, 28 and 0% of mono-(Gp), di-(XpGp), tri-(CpYpGp), tetra-(none), penta-(25% of XpUpCpZpGp and 3% of XpUpApCUpGp), and hexanucleotides (none), respectively. The actual percentages of these oligonucleotides found were 19, 19, 28, 4, 17 and 5, respectively. Subfractionation of these oligonucleotides demonstrated that single components comprise 50 to 60% of each oligonucleotide class as follows: UpGp, CpUpGp and UpUpCpApGp. These results as well as the analysis of minor components of RNase T1 digest and the oligonucleotides produced by pancreatic RNase have unequivocally identified this RNA as the fibroin mRNA. In addition, the sequence analyses permitted assignments for the major codons for the principal three amino acids of fibroin as GGU and GGA for glycine, GCU for alanine, and UCA for serine. From the base composition and the abundance of tetranucleotides obtained by RNase T1 digestion, the purity of the mRNA was estimated to be greater than 80%. Furthermore, the close agreement between the predicted and actual sequence of the mRNA suggests that few if any of its sequences are involved in functions other than coding for the amino acids of fibroin.
Classification of Pallidal Oscillations with Increasing Parkinsonian Severity

The firing patterns of neurons in the basal ganglia are known to become more oscillatory and synchronized from healthy to parkinsonian conditions. Similar changes have been observed with local fiel...
Visual Refinement of Haptic Activity

48 children 3.5 to 5.2 yr. old inspected blocks supporting two three-dimensional patterns. Subjects allowed simultaneous haptic and visual exploration and those merely seeing the standard showed greater visual recognition of the patterns than children who only inspected the blocks haptically. Compared with haptic exploration alone, bimodal inspection reduced the time children spent touching the patterns and sharply lowered the frequency of palmar grasping and simultaneous exploration by more than one finger. Under bimodal conditions, haptic activity thus seemed under visual guidance.
Nonlinear theory of the free-electron laser with an axial magnetic field

A nonlinear, one-dimensional formulation of the free-electron laser with an axial magnetic field is presented. The problem is formulated in the cold-fluid approximation for the electron beam, and is reduced to a system of the first-order, nonlinear, coupled, ordinary differential equations. Nonlinear effects due to the departure of the electrons in the beam from the conventional helical orbits are considered and illustrated in numerical examples. The formalism also allows the study of the initial phase of saturation in the laser. In the presence of the axial magnetic field the saturation is shown to be mainly due to the development of undesirable large radial excursion of the electron trajectories.
Photochemical image generation in a cyanogel system synthesized from tetrachloropalladate(II) and the trimetallic mixed-valence complex [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(4)-NC-Fe(II)(CN)(5)](4-): consideration of photochemical and dark mechanistic pathways of Prussian blue formation.

The cyanogel system involving PdCl42- and the mixed-valence complex [(NC)5FeII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−FeII(CN)5]4- is reported. The system has been characterized by UV−vis absorption, diffuse reflectance infrared, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Gelation occurs through coordination of Pd(II) to the nitrogen atom of terminal cyanide ligands in the mixed-valence complex. Irradiation into the Fe(II) → Pt(IV) intervalent electron transfer (IT) band of [(NC)5FeII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−FeII(CN)5]4- results in the formation of a variety of Prussian-blue-like species within the rigid cyanogel matrix. Photochemical and dark mechanisms involving coupled cyanide loss and Fe(II) oxidation are proposed for the formation of Prussian-blue-like species. The optical contrast between irradiated and nonirradiated regions of the gel enables photochemical image generation with at least 12 μm resolution. This capability is demonstrated through the production of a series of diffraction gratings in cyanogel samples.
When is the Play the Thing?—Analytic Aesthetics and Dramatic Theory

When the Prague semiotician Jiri Veltrusky maintains that ‘in theater, the linguistic sign system, which intervenes through the dramatic text, always combines and conflicts with acting, which belongs to an entirely different sign system’, he makes explicit a commonplace premise: that the performance and the play constitute two distinct and parallel sign systems. This premise underlies the standard distinction between the dramatic text and the performance text, and forms the basis of what I will call the ‘two-text’ model of the play/performance relationship. The difference between a play and its performance is a difference between the ‘languages’ in which the two ‘texts’ are ‘written’: a play is a text constructed of linguistic signs, and a performance, a text constructed of theatrical signs.
Pulsed‐Laser Deposition of Barium Titanate Thin Films

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin films have been deposited on single-crystal magnesia (MgO) substrates by pulsed-laser ablation. Temperature dependence of capacitance measurements show a peak of 110°C, indicative that a ferroelectric phase transition has occurred at this temperature. This value is lower than that determined for single-crystal BaTiO3, but consistent with that found for BaTiO3 thin films produced by other methods. It has been demonstrated that the microstructure of the films can be varied by changes in the deposition parameters. Optimizing these variations permits the formation of thin films with controlled microstructures and properties.
The performance of a thermosiphon solar domestic hot water system with hot water removal

INTRODUCTION Thermosiphon (natural circulation) solar domestic hot water systems were investigated, both experimentally and numerically, by Close[l], Gupta and Garg[2], Ong[3], and Young and Bergquam[4]. Close used a 1.6m 2 (17.3ft 2) collector and a 113.6L (30gal) storage tank, while Ong utilized a 1.4m 2 (15ft 2) collector and a 106L (28gal) storage tank. These systems do not represent practical size systems although they do maintain the ratio between the storage tank volume and collector area, in English units, at about 2 which is a design rule of thumb[5]. Larger systems can have higher mass flow rates which can lead to transition or turbulent flow throughout the system. These higher mass flow rates increase the mixing in the storage tank and can complicate numerical modeling efforts. In the investigation of Young and Bergquam, a practical size thermosiphon system was tested, e.g. a 3.47 m 2 (37.4 ft 2) collector and 250L (66gal) storage tank§ Numerical models were presented in [4] for the collector, storage tank, and the thermosiphon mass flow rate. The relatively low velocities typical of natural circulation systems make the measurement of collector mass flow rates difficult. Consequently, only a few investigators have attempted to measure the flow rate in these systems. Even a small flow restriction placed in the flow to measure the flow rate can drastically reduce the flow and change the hydrodynamic behavior of the system. Ong[3] measured the mass flow rate by timing the passage of a single dye streak. A laser doppler anemometer was used by Morrison and Ranatunga[6] to measure mass flow rates of a scaled down laboratory system (an electric heater for the collector and a 66.7L (17.6gal) storage tank were used). The velocity profile was measured across a transparent test section and the resulting velocity profile integrated to obtain the mass flow rate. In all cases the flow was laminar. Accuracies of 2 per cent were reported in [6]. Although a laser doppler anemometer does not introduce any restrictions in the flow field its expense and complexity limit its use. An energy balance on the storage tank was used in [4] to calculate collector mass flow rates. The technique was verified by comparison to measurements taken on a pumped system using a turbine flow meter.
Empirical Study of Data Sharing by Authors Publishing in PLoS Journals

Background Many journals now require authors share their data with other investigators, either by depositing the data in a public repository or making it freely available upon request. These policies are explicit, but remain largely untested. We sought to determine how well authors comply with such policies by requesting data from authors who had published in one of two journals with clear data sharing policies. Methods and Findings We requested data from ten investigators who had published in either PLoS Medicine or PLoS Clinical Trials. All responses were carefully documented. In the event that we were refused data, we reminded authors of the journal's data sharing guidelines. If we did not receive a response to our initial request, a second request was made. Following the ten requests for raw data, three investigators did not respond, four authors responded and refused to share their data, two email addresses were no longer valid, and one author requested further details. A reminder of PLoS's explicit requirement that authors share data did not change the reply from the four authors who initially refused. Only one author sent an original data set. Conclusions We received only one of ten raw data sets requested. This suggests that journal policies requiring data sharing do not lead to authors making their data sets available to independent investigators.
Effect of deformation rate on the flexural strength of human ribs

In order to characterize the mechanical behavior of bones under various loading conditions, it is important to determine the effect of strain rate on the load carrying capacity and fracture behavior of various members of our skeletal system. In this study we tested five groups of human rib samples at five different loading rates. The ultimate stress for the two groups tested at the highest deformation rates increased compared to groups tested at the lowest deformation rates as did the elastic modulus. Ultimate strain decreased between the group loaded at 0.4 mm/s compared to the group loaded at 50 mm/s. These data show bone to be viscoelastic in nature and its mechanical properties to change with a variation in the strain rate.
Epilepsy and Anxiety

Although the affective and cognitive effects of seizures have long received attention, the anxiety spectrum of psychiatric complications of epilepsy has not been well-studied. Neither purely a mood, thought, or autonomic disorder, anxiety is a unique phenomenon in genesis and expression. Multidisciplinary efforts (neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuroendocrine, cognitive neuroscience, functional neuroimaging) are attempting to create a unified neuropsychiatric account of anxiety which, like epilepsy, can be regarded as a model phenomenon in the history of the relationship between neuroscience and mental illness. Comorbid anxiety and epilepsy offers a potentially rich nexus for theoretical and empiric investigation of the neurocircuitry and psychological mechanisms underlying each phenomenon.
Reducing Use of Restraints and Seclusion to Create a Culture of Safety

The purpose of this article is to describe the structure that empowered staff of a locked community hospital unit to reduce the use of restraints and seclusion to create a culture of safety. Themes garnered from interviews with and observations of key informants fit into the categories of a structural empowerment model, with leadership creating opportunities available for staff to develop new knowledge, information on trauma-informed care, support for feedback, and resources for the unit; thus, relationships with patients flourished. In turn, staff engaged in relationships with patients to provide opportunities to develop new knowledge and offer information, support, and resources.
Burst patterns late in chick development and their behavioral implications

Abstract The development of the correspondence between multiunit burst activity (polyneuronal bursts) occurring in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of chick embryos was studied from day 14 to day 19 of incubation.Two patterns of activity were described; one revealed a high degree of temporal correspondence between bursts at both locations (synchronous), and the other a temporal independence of burst activity. Burst durations during synchronous activity were always longer in the sciatic nerve, whereas no such relationship existed for asynchronous patterns. Synchronous relationships may be reestablished from asynchronous activities by application of a putative blocker of postsynaptic inhibitory systems (strychnine). This evidence, coupled with available behavioral data, suggests the emergence of additional inhibitory systems late in chick development (16–17 days) that may partially initiate coordinated prehatching behavior.
Computed tomography for subarachnoid hemorrhage: What should we make of the “evidence”?

Abstract [Hoffman JR. Computed tomography for subarachnoid hemorrhage: what should we make of the "evidence"? Ann Emerg Med. March 2001;37:345-349.]
Surface Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes Impacts the Growth and Expression of Water Channel Protein in Tomato Plants

Specific properties of carbon nanotubes, such as their level of agglomeration in the medium and their surface characteristics, can be critical for the physiological response of plants upon application of carbon nanotubes. The correlations among the level of aggregation, the type of functional group on the surface of the carbon nanotubes, and the growth performance of tomato plants are documented.
Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide

Abstract Seventy-four mass spectrometric analyses have been made on eight isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen. The standards reported on are the National Bureau of Standards limestone, water, and graphite reference samples, the Solenhofen standard used by Niee for absolute measurements, and the carbonate standards used by the Stockholm, Basel, Wellington and Chicago laboratories. The basic measurements are reported as δ values relative to the Chicago PDB standard and as absolute isotope ratios. The absolute ratios are based on new figures for Nier's standard, derived from a reevaluation of his data and new measurements on atmospheric oxygen. The correction factors for instrumental effects and for the nature of the mass spectra have been studied. Simple but precise equations for the mass spectra effects have been derived, which give the correction factors as functions of the measured differences between sample and standard. The oxygen isotopic composition of carbon dioxide produced by combustion of carbon has been studied and the derived correction factors for carbon measurements were checked experimentally by varying the oxygen-18 content of carbon dioxide.
The social cognition of gifted adolescents: An exploration of the stigma of giftedness paradigm

An investigation was conducted to explicate the school‐based social cognition of gifted adolescents using the Stigma of Giftedness Paradigm (Coleman, 1985) as a theoretical framework. One thousand four hundred and sixty‐five attendees of the Tennessee Governor's School Program completed a questionnaire which asked them to depict their perceptions and experiences of being gifted in high school. The questionnaire data were analyzed using the Stigma of Giftedness Paradigm which states that: 1) gifted and talented students want to have normal social interactions, 2) they believe that people treat them differently when aware of their giftedness, and 3) they can influence how others interact with them by manipulating the information others have about them through various coping strategies. The paradigm was found to be an efficacious framework within which to contextualize the psycho‐social development of gifted students.
Fructose as a carbohydrate constituent of fertilizin from the sand-dollar, Echinarachnius parma.

FERTILIZIN, the sperm-agglutinating substance derived from the jelly-coat of the egg, has been regarded as playing a significant part in the fertilization process in a variety of animals1,2. Studies2–4 of the chemical properties of fertilizin have shown that it belongs to that category of amino-acid- and sugar-containing substances termed glycoproteins or muco-polysaccharides. Many of the constituent amino-acids and sugars have been identified2,5–9 in several species of echinoids. With regard to the carbohydrate components, galactose has been found in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus5,6 and in Echinus esculentus8, fucose in Echinocardium cordatum8, and both these sugars in S. draebachiensis and Paracentrotus lividus8. While not implying that sugar composition is the main basis for the specificity of the fertilizin reaction, we wish to report the presence of fructose as the main monosaccharide derived from the egg-water of the sand-dollar, Echinarachnius parma.
Nonlinear optical absorption in intrinsic stark effect superlattices

Abstract We have investigated the nonlinear optical properties of a new class of strained-layer superlattices, the intrinsic Stark effect superlattices (ISES). The superlattices consisted of GaInAs/GaAs grown along the (211) B direction. We observed a shift of the excitonic absorotion to higher energies (blue shift) with increasing intensity of the transmitted beam. The observed optical nonlinearity was about one order of magnitude stronger than the one due to excitonic screening in the (100) oriented reference material. This effect is attributed to the screening of the internal electric fields by photogenerated carriers.
Validation of algorithm to identify American Indian/Alaska Native pregnant women at risk from pandemic H1N1 influenza

Pregnant women and American Indian and Alaska Native people are at elevated risk of severe disease and mortality from 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1. We validated an electronic health record–based algorithm used by Indian Health Service to identify pregnant women in near real-time surveillance of pandemic influenza A/H1N1. We randomly selected a stratified sample of 515 patients at 3 Indian Health Service–funded hospitals with varied characteristics. With comprehensive review of patients' electronic health records as the gold standard, we calculated the positive predictive value and sensitivity of the pregnancy algorithm. The sensitivity of the algorithm at individual hospitals ranged from 94.1–96.0%. Positive predictive value ranged from 94.4–98.3%. Despite differences among hospitals on key characteristics, the pregnancy algorithm performed nearly equivalently with high positive predictive value and sensitivity at all facilities. It may prove helpful for surveillance during future epidemics and for targeting interventions for pregnant women and infants.
Reactions of the bis(iminophosphoranyl)methane ligand CH2(Ph2PNSiMe3)2 with nickel(II) halides and the structural characterization of ligand fragmentation products

Abstract While anhydrous nickel(II) chloride reacts with CH2(Ph2PNSiMe3)2 to afford the pseudotetrahedral complex NiCl2[CH2(Ph2PNSiMe3)2] (2), the analogous reaction with anhydrous nickel(II) iodide gives the structurally related complex NiI2[CH2(PPh2NSiMe3)(PPh2NH)] (3) in which one of the trimethylsilyl groups of 1 has been replaced by hydrogen. Another reaction in which the fragmentation of 1 occurs is that with the hydrate NiCl2·6H2O; in this case a square-planar nickel(II) complex of composition [Ni{Ph2PCH2PPh2(NH)}2]Cl1.25(NO3)0.75 (4) was identified as one of the products. The phosphonium salt [Ph2P(NH2)NPPh2(CH3)]I (5) is found to be a major product of the reaction between 3 and CO. The structures of 2–5 have been established by X-ray crystallography.
Verbal fluency characteristics of normal and aphasic speakers.

Fourteen mildly aphasic and 14 normal speakers responded to an oral verbal fluency task for five different semantic categories. Retrieved words were scored within each 15-s time interval of a 60-s task as highly representative (i.e., having a high frequency of occurrence in a previous normative study), moderately representative (i.e., having a moderate frequency of occurrence), or highly unrepresentative (i.e., having a low frequency of occurrence). Both speaker groups were affected similarly by category type, and both retrieved words according to prior data-based notions of semantic categorical organization. The two groups differed with respect to the interaction between time intervals and representativeness levels. The different verbal fluency performance of the aphasic subjects was related to both the temporal occurrence of a word within a 60-s response interval and to its representativeness level (prototypicality) within a particular semantic category.
Nanoparticles with targeting, triggered release, and imaging functionality for cancer applications

The tendency for nanoparticles to accumulate in tumor regions as a result of the enhanced permeability and retention effect has proven to be an advantageous feature for delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics and contrast agents for cancer detection. However, efficient drug delivery is dependent on nanoparticle stability in the circulation, accumulation and penetration into tumor tissues, and release of drugs to their sites of activity. Nanoparticles can be engineered bearing multiple functionalities to achieve optimal therapeutic and diagnostic effects. This review examines functionalities engineered into nanoparticles, including active targeting, triggered release of contents, and imaging capabilities.
Biomarkers for evaluating renal function decline in diabetes: where are we now?

SUMMARY Diabetes causes increased mortality and healthcare costs, and prevalence is increasing worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and is closely tied to cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in people with diabetes. Renal function decline as measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate has emerged as a more reliable marker of kidney damage than urinary albumin, and markers for renal function decline are discussed in this review. Renal damage appears to be related to a series of effects of the hyperglycemia and insulin resistance that accompanies both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, including insulin resistance, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, uric acid and oxidative stress, often mediated by genetic susceptibility.
Freeze-fracture study of the perineurium around frog dorsal root ganglia

The perineurium around frog dorsal root ganglia consists of layers of flattened cells separated by extracellular connective tissue elements. The number of layers is smaller than that in the perineurium around adjacent peripheral nerves, and some of the layers are discontinuous, but in both cases, cells in the same layer overlap and form tight junctions with each other, sometimes accompanied by desmosomes or gap junctions. In freeze-fracture replicas the tight junctions between perineurial cells around peripheral nerves consist of 13–91 strands (mean: ∼38). Some of these are parallel to the cell borders and some are oblique, forming elaborate meshworks. The overall width of each junction averages ∼12 (μm. In contrast, the tight junctions between perineurial cells around ganglia are much narrower, averaging ∼2 μm in width, and they consist of only 1–14 strands (mean: ∼6) with few anastomoses and many free ends. These structural differences provide a morphological basis for a less complete diffusion barrier around dorsal root ganglia.
On Linear Failure Rates

This paper considers a reliability model in which the failure rate increases linearly in time. Methods of parameter estimation are discussed, and two applications are given.
Comparison of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral one-session exposure treatments for small animal phobias

This study evaluated the efficacy of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral one-session exposure treatment procedures with and without programmed generalization for participants with small animal phobias. Forty participants were randomly assigned to the treatment and generalization conditions. Both treatments produced significant improvements from pre-test to post-test and these results were maintained for 1 year. The treatment effect sizes ranged from large to very large across behavioral, self-report, and subjectively rated measures. Participants in the behavioral treatment condition reported that the treatment was significantly more intrusive than participants in the cognitive-behavioral treatment group. The programmed generalization condition did not produce additional measured benefit. The results are discussed in terms of the overall effectiveness of one-session exposure treatment components for small animal phobias.
Space Shuttle main engine technology and enhancements

The SSME Project Office is taking several paths to meet future needs for the Shuttle system. The producibility program focuses on manufacturing concerns. The product improvement program is attempting to address and correct limitations. The Alternate Turbopump Development Program focuses on the development of a more advanced and reliable turbopump design, and the Technology Test Bed Program focuses on the demonstration and verification of new technology and initial concept verification. A program has been structured to meet the needs of the payload community and to look forward toward the incorporation of advanced fabrication concepts.
Acute colitis resembling ulcerative colitis in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

The case report of a 10-year-old boy, admitted to the hospital after he had experienced 4 days of periumbilical abdominal pain, intermittent vomiting, and diarrhea, is presented. He had proctoscopic and radiologic findings resembling ulcerative colitis. However, further analysis of laboratory data suggested hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Since the patient in the pediatric age group presents with a clinical picture mimicking ulcerative colitis, this hemolytic-uremic syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis. Examination of a peripheral smear revealing typical findings of microangiopathic, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a rising blood urea nitrogen value will lead to the diagnosis of hemolytic-uremic syndrome and early appropriate therapy.
Electric-field-induced macroscopic asymmetry in blue bronze K 0.3 MoO 3

The hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics, observed previously in several charge-density-wave compounds, was investigated in blue bronze (${\mathrm{K}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{MoO}}_{3}$) at 77 K. We found that currents close to or above the threshold current for the nonlinear conduction induce asymmetric changes in the low-field resistance of the sample: While the resistance increases where the current enters, it decreases in the other half of the sample. The relationship of our findings to the recent observations of macroscopic polarization and metastable states is discussed.
Outcomes of medical abortion through 63 days in women with twin gestations

Background Twin gestation is not considered a contraindication to medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol. However, data comparing the efficacy of medical abortion for singleton gestations as compared with multiple gestations are limited. We examined medical abortion outcomes for twin gestations through 63 days.
Talking Smack: Verbal Aggression in Professional Wrestling

The current study presents the results of a content analysis of the verbal aggression found in 36 hours of televised professional wrestling. The coding scheme was adapted from the National Television Violence Study and past research on television verbal aggression. Results show that an abundance of verbal aggression occurs in televised professional wrestling, with swearing, competence attacks, and character attacks being the most common types. In addition, the primary motives for verbal aggression use are amusement and anger. Furthermore, verbal aggression tends to be communicated and received by White, male individuals with no clear dispositional characteristics. The results are discussed in terms of potential effects of exposure to the verbal aggression found in professional wrestling.
Mitigating the uncertainties in life cycle assessment of photovoltaic cells

LIFE cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) electric power generation investigates the energy requirement over the whole manufacturing and operational phases. Existing LCA results of PV have been based on process LCA method which considers the material and energy flow on physical level. This method has an obvious shortcoming of limited boundary. Many processes over the life cycle of PV are excluded from the process LCA, such as producing chemicals, manufacturing facilities and equipment, services and transportation. This paper proposes a step-by-step hybrid LCA method to mitigate the error induced by process LCA of PV. Besides the energy requirement analyzed by process LCA, there are energy requirements analyzed by economic input-output (EIO) LCA. In EIO LCA, the energy requirements fall into two categories--additive and remaining value. The gross energy requirements (GER) from the hybrid LCA result is 3240MJ/m2 for multi-crystalline silicon PV module. This result is higher than previous results: 2300MJ/m2 [1] and 3600MJ/m2 [2]. It is not surprising, because the hybrid LCA covers the whole spectrum from direct energy requirement in manufacturing process, embodied energy in chemicals and equipments to transportation and services, as well as the energy requirements in upstream manufacturing process. While the LCA results of previous study are from process analysis with a limited boundary.