cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corrigendum to: The 2019 National Natural language processing (NLP) Clinical Challenges (n2c2)/Open Health NLP (OHNLP) shared task on clinical concept normalization for clinical records.

Objective The 2019 National Natural language processing (NLP) Clinical Challenges (n2c2)/Open Health NLP (OHNLP) shared task track 3, focused on medical concept normalization (MCN) in clinical records. This track aimed to assess the state of the art in identifying and matching salient medical concepts to a controlled vocabulary. In this paper, we describe the task, describe the data set used, compare the participating systems, present results, identify the strengths and limitations of the current state of the art, and identify directions for future research. Materials and methods Participating teams were provided with narrative discharge summaries in which text spans corresponding to medical concepts were identified. This paper refers to these text spans as mentions. Teams were tasked with normalizing these mentions to concepts, represented by concept unique identifiers, within the Unified Medical Language System. Submitted systems represented 4 broad categories of approaches: cascading dictionary matching, cosine distance, deep learning, and retrieve-and-rank systems. Disambiguation modules were common across all approaches. Results A total of 33 teams participated in the MCN task. The best-performing team achieved an accuracy of 0.8526. The median and mean performances among all teams were 0.7733 and 0.7426, respectively. Conclusions Overall performance among the top 10 teams was high. However, several mention types were challenging for all teams. These included mentions requiring disambiguation of misspelled words, acronyms, abbreviations, and mentions with more than 1 possible semantic type. Also challenging were complex mentions of long, multi-word terms that may require new ways of extracting and representing mention meaning, the use of domain knowledge, parse trees, or hand-crafted rules.
Circuits of Mobile Workers in the 19th-Century Central Balkans

This article compares the geographic and social mobility of two “lesser known” groups of workers: merchants’ assistants and maidservants. By combining labor mobility, class, and gender as categories of analysis, it suggests that such examples of temporary and return migration opened up new economic possibilities while at the same time reinforcing patriarchal order and increasing social inequality. Such transformative social practice is placed within the broader socio-economic and political fabric of the late Ottoman and post-Ottoman Balkans during the “long 19th century.”
Adoptive Cell Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancers

The reinfusion of autologous or allogeneic immune cells that have been educated and/or engineered ex vivo to respond to tumor-specific antigens is termed “adoptive cell therapy.” While adoptive cell therapy has made tremendous strides in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, its utilization for solid tumors has lagged somewhat behind. The purpose of this article is to concisely review the clinical research that has been done to investigate adoptive cell therapy as a treatment for gastrointestinal malignancies.
Power Plane Defect Findings in Silicon with Lock- In Thermography & OBIRCH/TIVA Techniques

In this work, we present a study on power plane defect findings using both lock-in thermography & OBIRCH / TIVA techniques on Intel 14 nm & Intel 10 nm products. By using lock-in thermography, defect localization of a short defect in the silicon can be achieved quickly in macroscopic view. The use of OBIRCH / TIVA technique allows the defect to be localized down to sub-micron region with a solid-immersion lens. Combining both techniques generate significant time saving in the fault isolation process, especially on multi-chip packaging with 2 or more silicon. 3 different defect modes are being discussed, including (1) silicon damage at diffusion, and (2) metal-insulator-metal damage, and (3) metal stacked damage without diffusion damage. Additional discussion and benefits of using both backside & frontside lock-in thermography fault isolation techniques are also being presented.
On Agency and its Limits: The Asymmetric Effects of Offsites on Network Tie Formation

Corporate offsite meetings are a multi-billion-dollar industry, premised on the assumption that they play a crucial role in intra-organizational collaboration. In this paper, we empirically examine offsites – for the first time, to our knowledge – as opportunity shocks for intra-organizational networking and catalysts for meaningful changes in an organization’s collaboration network. We find that attending an offsite leads participants to significantly increase the number of new network ties that they initiate, but that people who are unable to attend the offsite similarly increase their network outreach, suggesting deliberate compensatory behavior. However, attendees also receive more incoming requests from new collaborators following offsites, a benefit that does not accrue to non-attendees. These results are consistent with a conceptualization of opportunities as affecting network change in two distinct ways: through the changes the individual makes in her own network, which are subject to individual agency, and through the decisions made by others, which also shape the focal individual’s network, but which fall outside of the focal individual’s agency. Integrating the traditional egocentric perspective with an “altercentric” perspective moves us closer to understanding both an individual’s agency to shape her evolving network and the limits on that agency.
Tensile Properties and Fracture Behavior of ATI 718Plus Alloy at Room and Elevated Temperatures

The effect of temperature over the range of ambient to 704 °C and strain rate from 10−4 to 10−2 s−1 on the tensile properties and fracture behavior of ATI 718Plus was investigated. The results showed that with increase in temperature at a strain rate 10−4 s−1, there is a small reduction in the yield strength, but a large drop in ductility at 704 °C. This reduction was accompanied by a change in fracture mode from ductile transgranular to brittle intergranular cracking. Detailed analysis of the microstructure and microchemistry of the areas around the crack using electron microscopy showed that the driving mechanism behind the failure at elevated temperatures and slow strain rates is oxygen-induced intergranular cracking, a dynamic embrittlement mechanism. In addition, the results suggest that the δ precipitates on the grain boundaries tend to oxidize and may facilitate the oxygen-induced intergranular cracking. Finally, an increase in strain rate at 704 °C caused a small increase in the yield strength and a huge increase in ductility. This increase in ductility was accompanied by a change in fracture mode from brittle-to-ductile failure. Possible mechanisms for the deformation, failure mechanisms, and strain rate dependence are discussed.
Limb Length Discrepancy in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Is the Lesser Trochanter a Reliable Measure of Leg Length?

Abstract Background Limb length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty may affect clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Preoperative LLD estimates on anteroposterior pelvic radiographs fail to account for anatomical limb variation distal to the femoral reference points. The objective of this study is to determine how variations in lower limb skeletal lengths contribute to true LLD. Methods Full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs were used to measure bilateral leg length, femoral length, and tibial length. Leg length was evaluated using 2 different proximal reference points: the center of the femoral head (COH) and the lesser trochanter (LT). Mean side-to-side discrepancy (MD) and percentage asymmetry (%AS) for each measurement were evaluated in the overall cohort and when stratified by patient demographic variables. Results One hundred patients were included with an average age of 62.9 ± 11.2 years. Average femoral length was 434.0 ± 39.8 mm (MD 4.3 ± 3.5 mm) and tibial length was 379.9 ± 34.6 mm (MD 5.9 ± 12.7 mm). Average COH-talus was 817.5 ± 73.2 mm (MD 6.4 ± 5.1 mm). Average LT-talus was 760.5 ± 77.6 mm (MD 5.8 ± 5.1 mm). Absolute asymmetry >10 mm was detected in 16% of patients for COH-talus and 15% for LT-talus, while %AS >1.5% was detected in 13% of patients for COH-talus and 18% for LT-talus. Female gender was associated with increased femoral length %AS (P = .037). Conclusion Approximately 1 in 6 patients have an LLD of >10 mm when measured from either the LT or COH. Surgeons using either of these common femoral reference points to estimate LLD on pelvic radiographs should consider these findings when planning for hip reconstruction. Level of Evidence Level III.
Head & neck melanoma: A 22-year experience of recurrence following sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Objective To examine the clinicopathologic factors that contribute to regional and distant recurrence in intermediate to high risk head and neck melanoma patients after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Methods This study is a retrospective review from an academic tertiary care center. Patients treated with SLNB for head and neck melanoma from 1997 to 2019 were reviewed and characterized by sentinel lymph node (SLN) status. Clinical variables were examined for the impact on regional and distant recurrence in SLNB-negative patients using univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results One hundred and fifty four patients were included. Of note, 127 (82.5 %) were men, and the average age was 61.3 years. Median follow-up was 68.6 weeks. Pathologic review of SLNs found 3.9% positive for metastatic melanoma; 96.1% were negative. Regional recurrence was significantly associated with tumor stage and age on multivariate analysis. A total of 4.5% of patients recurred in a previously labeled negative basin. Scalp subsite accounted for 30.5% of primary tumors and was more likely to yield a positive SLN on univariate analysis (P = .023). Tumor stage and age were significantly associated with distant metastasis on multivariable analysis (P = .026, P < .001 respectively). Conclusion We report a number of prognostic trends in head and neck melanoma. SLN positivity was found more often in patients with a primary tumor of the scalp. Regional recurrence was significantly associated with age and tumor stage, whereas distant recurrence was significantly associated with tumor staging and scalp subsite. Scalp subsite was associated with an increased risk for nodal metastasis and distant recurrence. Level of evidence 3.
Differences in the Delivery of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression When Therapists Work with Black and White Patients

Although Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) appears to be an effective treatment for depression, studies of CBT have largely been composed of White patients. Whether the benefits or process of change in CBT differ among ethnic/racial minority patients requires further investigation. We drew data from three previous studies to examine differences among Black and White patients. Our combined sample consisted of 229 patients with depression who had participated in CBT (23 Black and 206 White patients). Observer ratings of therapist use of cognitive methods, behavioral methods, and alliance were available for early sessions. Depressive symptoms were assessed at each session. Patient race was not associated with slope of symptom change or the risk of dropout. There were no differences in therapists’ use of behavioral methods or the alliance. However, CBT therapists used cognitive methods less extensively when working with Black as compared to White patients. Patient race did not moderate the relation between cognitive methods and symptom change. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that standard CBT can be implemented in ways that are culturally responsive, but also call into question whether some of the recommended ways to personalize CBT enhance outcome. We encourage future research investigating CBT for Black patients.
A Multi-proxy assessment of the impact of climate change on Late Holocene (ca 4500-3800 BP) Native American villages of the Georgia coast

Circular shell rings along the Atlantic Coast of southeastern North America are the remnants of some of the earliest villages that emerged during the Late Archaic Period (5000 – 3000 BP). Many of these villages, however, were abandoned during the Terminal Late Archaic Period (ca 3800 – 3000 BP). Here, we combine Bayesian chronological modeling with multiple environmental proxies to understand the nature and timing of environmental change associated with the emergence and abandonment of shell ring villages on Sapleo Island, Georgia. Our Bayesian models indicate that Native Americans occupied the three Sapelo shell rings at varying times with some generational overlap. By the end of the complex’s occupation, only Ring III was occupied before abandonment ca. 3845 BP. Ring III also consists of statistically smaller oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) that people harvested from less saline estuaries compared to earlier occupations. These data, when integrated with recent tree ring analyses, show a clear pattern of environmental instability throughout the period in which the rings were occupied. We argue that as the climate became unstable around 4300 BP, aggregation at shell ring villages provided a way to effectively manage fisheries that are highly sensitive to environmental change. However, with the eventual collapse of oyster fisheries and subsequent rebound in environmental conditions ca. 3800 BP, people dispersed from shell rings, and shifted to non-marine subsistence economies and other types of settlements. This study provides the most comprehensive evidence correlations between large-scale environmental change and societal transformations on the Georgia coast during the Late Archaic period.
Prevalence of Pancreatitis in Female and Male Pediatric Patients in Eastern Kentucky in the United States.

Background & aims Studies in the past decade report worldwide increase of pediatric pancreatitis. The present study focuses on aUnited States region where the first genes associated with hereditary pancreatitis were identified. Aim of the study was to investigate incidences of acute pancreatitis, recurrent acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis, collecting demographics, etiologies, and comorbid conditions using charted ICD-9-CM codes. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on de-identified patient records of hospitalizations at University of Kentucky hospitals between 2005 and 2013. Results Of 234 children diagnosed during the 9 year time period, 69.2% (n=162) had a single episode of acute, 27.8% (65) recurrent acute, and 16.2% (38) chronic pancreatitis. Surprisingly, the annual incidence for first time diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was significantly higher for female patients (16.1, 95% CI: 13.5-18.7 per 100,000, P<0.005) compared to males (9.1, 95% CI: 6.8-11.4). Comorbid conditions varied widely depending on patients' age. Between 33.3-46.2% presented with digestive system symptoms, 12.8-26.3% with diseases of stomach and duodenum, and 10.6-31.6% with systemic diseases. Biliary disease was the most common etiology for single acute (28.4% of cases) and recurrent acute pancreatitis (16.9% of cases). Nineteen of 65 patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis developed chronic pancreatitis (29.2%), while only 3 of 162 with a single bout of acute pancreatitis returned with chronic pancreatitis (P<0.0001). Conclusions These findings identify a prevalent disease progression from recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis in the Kentucky pediatric patient population that could be due to hereditary predisposition and other geographically relevant health factors.
Poliovirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (3Dpol): Structure, Function, and Mechanism

Replication of the poliovirus genome has been studied for many decades by using a variety of molecular, genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches. These studies have uncovered most, if not all, of the virus encoded proteins and RNA sequences/structures required for genome replication. Proteins encoded by the P3 region of the genome, however, are thought to participate more directly in the genome replication process. The fourth and final protein domain of the P3 region of the viral polyprotein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) 3Dpol, the core component of the replication machinery. One of the most important contributions to one’s understanding of 3Dpol function was the solution of the crystal structure of 3Dpol by researchers in 1997. This structure provided the first glimpse into the architecture of an RdRP. The preceding discussion highlights the similarity of 3Dpol with other classes of nucleic acid polymerase. While features unique to 3Dpol may exist, for example, the so-called fingertips, this subdomain likely exists in all RdRPs based on the two RdRP structures available to date. In contrast, two potential interaction/oligomerization domains were also observed in the crystal structure of 3Dpol. These interaction surfaces have no structural homologues in any other polymerases for which structural information is available, including the RdRP from hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is clear that the availability of structural information for 3Dpol has shed light on one’s understanding of 3Dpol function.
Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes.

The small size of nuclei of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits the utility of light microscopy for analysis of the subnuclear distribution of chromatin-bound proteins. Surface spreading of yeast nuclei results in expansion of chromatin without loss of bound proteins. A method for surface spreading balances fixation of DNA bound proteins with detergent treatment. The method demonstrated is slightly modified from that described by Josef Loidl and Franz Klein1,2. The method has been used to characterize the localization of many chromatin-bound proteins at various stages of the mitotic cell cycle, but is especially useful for the study of meiotic chromosome structures such as meiotic recombinosomes and the synaptonemal complex. We also describe a modification that does not require use of Lipsol, a proprietary detergent, which was called for in the original procedure, but no longer commercially available. An immunostaining protocol that is compatible with the chromosome spreading method is also described.
Plasmonic random lasing in strongly scattering regime with slanted silver nanorod array

We present a plasmonic approach employing a slanted silver nanorod array for achieving controllable random lasing in a strongly scattering regime. Such random lasers can serve as a bright optical source for speckle-free imaging.
Vaccination of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia with bcr-abl oncogene breakpoint fusion peptides generates specific immune responses

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) presents a unique opportunity to develop therapeutic strategies using vaccination against a truly tumor-specific antigen that is also the oncogenic protein required for neoplasia. CML is characterized by the t(9;22) that results in the bcr-abl fusion oncogene and in the expression of a chimeric protein product p210. Previously we have shown that peptides derived from amino acid sequences crossing the b3a2 fusion breakpoint in p210 elicit class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and class II responses, respectively, in vitro. Such sequences may thus comprise absolutely tumor-specific antigens in a peptide-based vaccine. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a multidose, bcr-abl breakpoint peptide vaccine in 12 adults with chronic-phase CML. Cohorts of 3 patients each received either 50 microg, 150 microg, 500 microg, or 1500 microg total peptide mixed with 100 microg QS-21 as an immunological adjuvant. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), humoral responses, and unprimed ex vivo autologous proliferation ((3)H-thymidine incorporation) and cytotoxicity (chromium-51 release) responses were measured. All 68 vaccinations were well tolerated without significant adverse effects. In 3 of the 6 patients treated at the 2 highest dose levels of vaccine, peptide-specific, T-cell proliferative responses (n = 3) and/or DTH responses (n = 2) were generated that lasted up to 5 months after vaccination. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes have not been identified. In conclusion, a tumor-specific, bcr-abl derived peptide vaccine can be safely administered to patients with chronic-phase CML and can elicit a bcr-abl peptide-specific immune response despite the presence of active disease in these patients and approximately 10(12) leukemia cells. (Blood. 2000;95:1781-1787)
Female Labor Force Participation and Dependency Ratios in Border States

AbstractResearchers have identified some of the factors affecting female labor force participation (FLFP) as: economic dependency, income inequality, family structure, and fertility, among others. This paper will study the impact of dependency ratios on female labor force participation in the US Border States with Mexico (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California). We use dependency ratios to measure the role of females’ as economic producers and active members of the labor force. The most important finding was that changes in population age structure, affects the female labor force participation rate in the Border States. By following Kelley's approach on dependency ratios, we found that children have a negative effect on the female labor force participation rate. The constant care and attention required by children seems to impede females’ participation in the labor force. However, the elderly population was found to have a positive effect on female labor force participation rate, which could suggest t...
Pathfinding by neuronal growth cones in grasshopper embryos. II. Selective fasciculation onto specific axonal pathways

In the previous paper (Raper, J.A., M. Bastiani, and C.S. Goodman (1983) J. Neurosci. 3:20-30) we showed that the growth cones of two sibling neurons, the G and C cells, follow the same route in the developing grasshopper neuropil until they reach a stereotypic choice point. Here their growth cones diverge from each other as G turns and extends anteriorly and C turns and extends posteriorly. In this paper we show that the G and C growth cones fasciculate and extend in opposite directions upon a specific bundle of four axons. This occurs even though many other axons are within filopodial reach of the G and C growth cones. We identified the four neurons (the A1, A2, P1, and P2 cells) whose axons form the bundle that G and C extend upon by filling individual axons with Lucifer Yellow and viewing the filled cells in living embryos and by filling individual neurons with HRP and reconstructing the axon bundle from electron micrographs. The G neuron extends anteriorly in the bundle containing these four axons; the C neuron extends posteriorly in the same bundle only after several other axons have joined in. These results suggest that the growth cones of the G and C neurons are determined to recognize and extend upon labeled axons, leading us to propose the "labeled pathways" hypothesis.
123I-MIBG Imaging for Prediction of Mortality and Potentially Fatal Events in Heart Failure: The ADMIRE-HFX Study

ADMIRE-HF (AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) established the prognostic significance of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) imaging in heart failure subjects (median follow-up, 17 mo) using a composite endpoint dominated by heart failure progression. The ADMIRE-HF extension (ADMIRE-HFX) extended follow-up to a median of 24 mo and used mortality as the primary endpoint. The objective of these analyses was to use multiple multivariate risk modeling techniques to determine the independent predictive ability of 123I-MIBG imaging for mortality outcomes. Methods: Data from 964 New York Heart Association class II–III subjects in ADMIRE-HFX were included. All-cause mortality and a composite endpoint of death or death-equivalent events (resuscitated arrest, successful defibrillation for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation) were analyzed with multivariate Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression techniques using demographic and clinical variables and the 123I-MIBG heart-to-mediastinum ratio (H/M). The incremental value of H/M was also examined for the logistic regression models using receiver-operating-characteristic curve methods and for the proportional hazards models using net reclassification improvement. Results: There were 101 deaths, and 136 subjects had a composite event during follow-up. H/M was significant in all multivariate proportional hazards and logistic regression models for the 2 mortality endpoints, both models developed with only clinical variables and those including left ventricular ejection fraction and b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). For baseline models including BNP, the addition of H/M did not significantly increase receiver-operating-characteristic curve area. However, there was significant net reclassification improvement with the addition of H/M to a proportional hazards model containing BNP and left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion: The multivariate Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression analyses demonstrated consistent significance for H/M when added to the baseline risk models for mortality and mortality-equivalent events.
Detection of erythromycin resistant methylase gene by the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed that could specifically amplify a 520-bp region of the erythromycin resistant methylase ( ermC ) gene sequence. The identity of the PCR-amplified 520-bp DNA was confirmed by Hin CII endonuclease restriction digestion, which produced the predicted 440-bp and 80-bp DNA fragments. A 20-mer (α- 32 P) oligonucleotide probe specifically hybridized with these amplified products confirming the specificity and reliability of this diagnostic assay. The assay could detect the ermC gene in bacterial suspensions containing as few as 10 3 cells ml −1 . The assay was used to detect the presence of the ermC gene in several Gram-positive bacterial strains identified as Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp. and Enterococcus sp., isolated from water samples maintained in experimental animal cages and clinical sources. Only bacteria identified as Staphylococcus sp. were resistant to the antibiotic. Although 17 strains of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from clinical samples were resistant to erythromycin, only seven of these isolates tested positive for the presence of the ermC gene. Of these strains, five were identified as coagulase-positive S. aureus and the rest were identified as coagulase-negative S. epidermidis . The erythromycin resistance in all seven ermC positive isolates was constitutive. The entire diagnostic assay, including template preparation, amplification and electrophoresis can be completed within 6 h.
Does familiarity breed trust? Revisiting the antecedents of trust

This paper investigates how the history of interaction between organizations and between organizational boundary spanners contributes to the formation of trust between firms. Our findings, using data on the supplier–buyer relationships of two major US auto manufacturers, suggest that history affects trust formation in a complex non-linear fashion, involving a period of ambivalence early in a relationship. We show that certain kinds of exchange partners can systematically reap differential returns from a common history of interaction. Organizational similarity significantly enhances the ability of exchange partners to translate the benefits of the joint history of interaction into a stock of trust. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonic amplifier noise figure

Experimental ultrasonic noise figures of the CdS ultrasonic amplifier are presented along with values of drift potential at which noise saturation is observed to occur.
Multi-objective optimal design of composite rotorcraft driveshaft including strain rate and temperature effects

Abstract Single-piece composite driveshafts offer the potential to reduce weight, parts inventory, and maintenance costs in rotorcraft, compared to multi-segmented drivelines with flexible connectors. This innovative application of composites is enabled by the high cyclic strain capacity of composites, which allows operation under misaligned conditions. Trade space visualization was used to demonstrate how material, ambient temperature, bending strain, and torque/speed combination (for constant power) affect the design space. Design variables included stacking sequence and number of layers and hanger bearings. Failure criteria included overheating, whirl instability, torsional buckling, and material failure. The design goals minimized mass and maximized the lowest factor of safety by adaptively generating solutions to the multi-objective problem. Rate- and temperature-dependent viscoelastic properties and temperature-dependent strengths of five composites were experimentally characterized and used as model inputs. Design space inspection highlighted shaft whirling as a common limiting factor in addition to fiber direction compressive strength for flexible composites. Mass reductions of 15.15 and 13.65 kg were realized for rigid and flexible composite driveshafts respectively (original mass of 31.3 kg) in a case study, primarily due to the elimination of mid-span flexible couplers and one hanger bearing. Larger mass reductions were demonstrated by trading operating speed and torque.
Modeling Ideally Expanded Supersonic Turbulent Jet Flows with Nonpremixed H2-Air Combustion

A prediction model for a turbulent axisymmetric diffusion flame with equilibrium and nonequilibrium hydrogen-air kinetics is presented for supersonic jet flows. For the first time, turbulence-chemistry interactions are included in a supersonic combustion model. In the finite rate chemistry analysis, the fast shuffle reactions in the H 2 -air reaction system are assumed to be in partial equilibrium and three-body recombination reactions are treated kinetically. The turbulence model consists of the Navier-Stokes equations in Favre-averaged form with a modified two-equation turbulence closure adapted for supersonic flows
Pushing the envelope: challenges in a frame-based representation of human anatomy

One of the main threads in the history of knowledge-representation formalisms is the trade-off between the expressiveness of first-order logic on the one hand and the tractability and ease-of-use of frame-based systems on the other hand. Frame-based systems provide intuitive, cognitively easy-to-understand, and scalable means for modeling a domain. However, when a domain model is particularly complex, frame-based representation may lead to complicated and sometimes awkward solutions. We have encountered such problems when developing the Digital Anatomist Foundational Model, an ontology aimed at representing comprehensively the physical organization of the human body. We show that traditional frame-based techniques such as is-a hierarchies, slots (roles) and role restrictions are not sufficient for a comprehensive model of this domain. The diverse modeling challenges and problems in this project required us to use such knowledge-representation techniques as reified relations, metaclasses and a metaclass hierarchy, different propagation patterns for template and own slots, and so on. We posit that even though the modeling structure imposed by frame-based systems may sometimes lead to complicated solutions, it is still worthwhile to use frame-based representation for very large-scale projects such as this one.
Values and Uncertainties in the Predictions of Global Climate Models

Over the last several years, there has been an explosion of interest and attention devoted to the problem of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) in climate science-that is, to giving quantitative estimates of the degree of uncertainty associated with the predictions of global and regional climate models. The technical challenges associated with this project are formidable, and so the statistical community has understandably devoted itself primarily to overcoming them. But even as these technical challenges are being met, a number of persistent conceptual difficulties remain. So why is UQ so important in climate science? UQ, I would like to argue, is first and foremost a tool for communicating knowledge from experts to policy makers in a way that is meant to be free from the influence of social and ethical values. But the standard ways of using probabilities to separate ethical and social values from scientific practice cannot be applied in a great deal of climate modeling, because the roles of values in creating the models cannot be discerned after the fact-the models are too complex and the result of too much distributed epistemic labor. I argue, therefore, that typical approaches for handling ethical/social values in science do not work well here.
Self Control of Stress-Induced Cardiovascular Change Using Transit Time Feedback

Forty-eight normotensive subjects underwent one of four training conditions: Transit time plus stress (TTPS), Transit time minus stress (TTMS). False feedback plus stress (KF), and a stress only Control (C). In the first session, all subjects received an arithmetic stressor but without training. In the second and third sessions, subjects received training appropriate to their conditions. The TTPS and FF groups received arithmetic stressors prior to the transit time training, whereas the TTMS group rested prior to training. Training in the TTPS and TTMS groups consisted of beat-to-beat pulse transit time feedback. During the training period the FF group received bogus feedback. In the fourth session, all subjects received the stress-or followed by instructions to lower blood pressure (increase transit time). No feedback was available. Significant transit time decreases occurred in response to the stress in all groups during the first session. However, in the fourth session, the TTPS group showed virtually no transit time decrease during the stressor, while the remaining three groups continued to show significant transit time decreases to the stressor. It was concluded that self control over the subjects' reactivity to the arithmetic stressor had occurred in the transit time plus stress group. This effect did not appear to be due solely to either repeated exposure to the stressor or to learned control via feedback training. Rather, the effect seemed to result from the combination of exposure and training.
Comparative jet wake structure and swimming performance of salps

Salps are barrel-shaped marine invertebrates that swim by jet propulsion. Morphological variations among species and life-cycle stages are accompanied by differences in swimming mode. The goal of this investigation was to compare propulsive jet wakes and swimming performance variables among morphologically distinct salp species (Pegea confoederata, Weelia (Salpa) cylindrica, Cyclosalpa sp.) and relate swimming patterns to ecological function. Using a combination of in situ dye visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, we describe properties of the jet wake and swimming performance variables including thrust, drag and propulsive efficiency. Locomotion by all species investigated was achieved via vortex ring propulsion. The slow-swimming P. confoederata produced the highest weight-specific thrust (T =53 N kg^(–1)) and swam with the highest wholecycle propulsive efficiency (η_wc= 55%). The fast-swimming W. cylindrica had the most streamlined body shape but produced an intermediate weight-specific thrust (T=30 N kg^(–1)) and swam with an intermediate whole-cycle propulsive efficiency (η_wc =52%). Weak swimming performance variables in the slow-swimming C. affinis, including the lowest weight-specific thrust (T=25 N kg^(–1)) and lowest whole-cycle propulsive efficiency (η_wc=47%), may be compensated by low energetic requirements. Swimming performance variables are considered in the context of ecological roles and evolutionary relationships.
Molecular mechanism of multivesicular body biogenesis by ESCRT complexes

When internalized receptors and other cargo are destined for lysosomal degradation, they are ubiquitinated and sorted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complexes 0, I, II and III into multivesicular bodies. Multivesicular bodies are formed when cargo-rich patches of the limiting membrane of endosomes bud inwards by an unknown mechanism and are then cleaved to yield cargo-bearing intralumenal vesicles. The biogenesis of multivesicular bodies was reconstituted and visualized using giant unilamellar vesicles, fluorescent ESCRT-0, -I, -II and -III complexes, and a membrane-tethered fluorescent ubiquitin fusion as a model cargo. Here we show that ESCRT-0 forms domains of clustered cargo but does not deform membranes. ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II in combination deform the membrane into buds, in which cargo is confined. ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II localize to the bud necks, and recruit ESCRT-0-ubiquitin domains to the buds. ESCRT-III subunits localize to the bud neck and efficiently cleave the buds to form intralumenal vesicles. Intralumenal vesicles produced in this reaction contain the model cargo but are devoid of ESCRTs. The observations explain how the ESCRTs direct membrane budding and scission from the cytoplasmic side of the bud without being consumed in the reaction.
Knowledge transfer through technological hyperlearning in five industries

Abstract The Strategic or Active Incrementalism style and the Meta-Cognitive paradigm of strategic decision making are proposed as self-organizing cognitive filters for facilitating technology transfer, which is viewed as a knowledge transfer process of technological (technical and administrative) cognition and learning as well as unlearning. Furthermore, the case is made for an architecture of hyperlearning conceived as a four-level (operational, tactical, strategic, and meta-strategic level) and four-mode (individual, intra-organizational, inter-organizational, and supra-organizational mode), feedback-driven system of technological learning and unlearning. Such an architecture for a self-organizing system of technological learning, could serve as a major source of sustainable competitive advantage from a resource-based, firm-specific perspective within hypercompetitive and technology-driven environments. To validate our proposed typology of multiple level and mode technological learning that underlies the Strategic Incrementalism style and the Meta-Cognitive paradigm of strategic decision making, we attempted to empirically identify the presence of multiple-level technological learning through in-depth-interview-driven, two to three year long, ethnographic case studies of nineteen companies headquartered in the USA, Canada, Germany, and France, that operate in high risk and/or uncertainty, very dynamic (due to intensity of competition and/or technological complexity), and technologically intensive (where technology has strategic import, and in many cases one has to “bet the company” when deciding for or against a certain project or technology) business environments. Specifically, the industries the companies operate in are: multimedia, pharmaceuticals/biotechnology, transportation, industrial chemicals/materials, and power generation.
Planning horizons for capacity expansion

Abstract This paper develops procedures for determining the appropriate length of the forecast horizon in the context of a capacity expansion problem. An infinite horizon framework would, in general, render the problem intractable. An arbitrary choice of the horizon length would no longer guarantee the optimal solution. In the context of a rolling horizon procedure, it is only the initial decision that is relevant. The approach, therefore, is to solve longer and longer horizon problems until the optimal initial decision stabilizes. A finite set of capacity additions is available. The cost trade-off is between economies of scale and discounting effects.
Electrocardiographic changes during postnatal development in conscious swine with cardiac autonomic imbalance

Using a conscious swine model, we studied the effects of different patterns of cardiac autonomic denervation on alterations of R-R and Q T intervals for 8 postnatal weeks. Newborn pigs were assigned randomly to four different groups: sham-operated controls (C), stellate ganglion ablation (SGX), either left (LSGX) or right (RSGX), and the right cardiac vagus nerve (RCVX) transection. The ECGs were recorded by telemetry while animals rested quietly or were judged behaviorally to be asleep. Analyses of the ECG included measurements of R-R and Q-T intervals, as well as corrected Q-T intervals (QTc). Poincare plots were used to display age-related differences in R-R and Q-T intervals. For stellectomized animals, significantly prolonged R-R intervals were first observed at post-surgical week 3 in the RSGX group and at week 5 in the LSGX group. Significantly prolonged QTc was found only in the RSGX group. In the RCVX group, shortened QTc and R-R intervals were noted at 6 and 7 weeks after denervation. Furthermore, three of six RSGX animals (50%) and one of four RCVX animals (25%) exhibited marked pauses in sinus rhythm that were unrelated to changes in heart rate or to sinus arrhythmia. These results in conscious animals support our hypothesis that abnormal autonomic innervation of the heart during maturation, e.g., withdrawal of vagal cardiac modulation or asymmetry of sympathetic innervation, impairs cardiac electrical stability.
Hydrogen Phosphide and Ethyl Formate: Fumigation of Insects Infesting Dates and Other Dried Fruits

The relative toxicity of hydrogen phosphide was determined for the life stages of Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson; the driedfruit beetle, C. hemipterus (L.); the pineapple beetle, Urophorus humeralis (F.); the yellowish nitidulid. Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson); the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); the Indian meal moth. Plodia interpunctella (Hubner); And the raisin moth, Cadra figulilella (Gregson). The relative toxicity of ethyl formate was determined for the life stages of C. hemipterus. O. surinamensis, C. figulilella , and P. interpunctella . In general, with hydrogen Phosphide the egg stage of each species was the most difficult to kill, followed by the pupal sage, while the larval and adult stages were the most susceptible. The pupal stage was the most resistant to ethyl formate fumigation, whereas the adult stage was the most susceptible. With the exception of the driedfruit beetle, the egg stage was more susceptible than the larval stage to ethyl formate fumigation.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL RECEPTOR FOR AMINO-TERMINAL PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN ON KERATINOCYTES AND SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA CELL LINES

PTH and PTH-related peptides (PTHrPs) interact with a common PTH/PTHrP receptor (type I), which is expressed in many tissues, including bone and kidney. Amino-terminal PTH and PTHrPs also recognize receptors in several nonclassical PTH target tissues, and in some of these, the signaling mechanisms differ qualitatively from those of the classical type I receptor. In normal keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cell lines, PTH and PTHrP stimulate a rise in intracellular calcium, but not cAMP, suggesting the existence of an alternate, type II PTH/PTHrP receptor. SqCC/Y1 squamous carcinoma cells stably expressing the type I receptor displayed sensitive intracellular cAMP responses to PTHrP and PTH, indicating that these cells express functional GS proteins and that the type I receptor is capable of signaling through adenylyl cyclase in this cell line. Therefore, the endogenous type II receptor in SqCC/Y1 cells differs from the cloned type I receptor. We next examined whether messenger RNA (mRNA) from keratinoc...
A unique case of the rapid onset of a large cystic hygroma in the adult

Cystic hygroma is an uncommon lymphatic tumor seen rarely in adults, with less than 100 cases reported in the literature. The etiology and pathophysiology of this lesion is still in question. The majority of cystic hygromas occur in the head and neck, particularly in the posterior triangle. Although cystic hygromas tend to enlarge progressively over a span of weeks or months, relatively rapid enlargement over a span of days has been described. We present the unique case of an adult woman who experienced sudden onset of a large cystic hygroma in the neck without history of antecedent swelling, infection, or trauma. Successful surgical removal of the hygroma was performed. A brief review of the literature is presented.
Quantum noise in gravitational wave interferometers: an overview and recent developments

We present an overview of quantum noise in gravitational wave interferometers. Gravitational wave detectors are extensively modified variants of a Michelson interferometer and the quantum noise couplings are strongly influenced by the interferometer configuration. We describe recent developments in the treatment of quantum noise in the complex interferometer configurations of present-day and future gravitational-wave detectors. In addition, we explore prospects for the use of squeezed light in future interferometers, including consideration of the effects of losses, and the choice of optimal readout schemes.
Global and Regional Water Availability and Demand: Prospects for the Future

One of the most pressing global issues currently facing mankind is the increase in world population and its impact on the availability of freshwater. Recent estimates of water stocks and flows through the world's hydrologic cycle and their spatiotemporal variability illustrate the nature of current and projected water disparities throughout the world. As all such problems manifest themselves at smaller scales, a major challenge in freshwater assessments is how to handle this on different geographical scales. Increasing use of water is creating water shortages in many countries that are projected to have significant population increases in the next 25 years. Humankind is projected to appropriate from 70% to 90% of all accessible freshwater by 2025. Agriculture is the dominant component of human water use, accounting for almost 70% of all water withdrawals. Hence, many of the solutions to water-related food and environmental security come from within agriculture by increasing the efficiency and productivity of water use. Many factors significantly impact the increasing water demand, including population growth, economic growth, technological development, land use and urbanization, rate of environmental degradation, government programs, climate change, and others. Demand management, not increasing supply availability, is the realistic way forward. Although, thanks to market forces, the threatened exhaustion of nonrenewable resources has not happened, renewable resources, such as freshwater, remain problematic because they are vulnerable to human overuse and pollution. Climate change adds further risks and uncertainties to the global picture requiring the adoption of adaptive management in water resources based on monitoring and reevaluation. Although climate change may be perceived as a long-term problem, it needs to be addressed now because decisions today will affect society's ability to adapt to increasing variability in tomorrow's climate. If we are to balance freshwater supply with demand, and also protect the integrity of aquatic ecosystems, a fundamental change in current wasteful patterns of production and consumption is needed. Recognition of the links between rapidly growing populations and shrinking freshwater supplies is the essential first step in making water use sustainable.