cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence that maternal conjugated linoleic acid negatively affects lipid uptake in late-stage chick embryos resulting in increased embryonic mortality

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of maternal dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth and composition of surviving chick embryos and residual yolk sacs during the last week of development when lipid utilization becomes prevalent. After 14 d on experimental diets, hatchability of non-cooled eggs obtained from CLA-fed hens (0.5% of the diet) was 10%, where 20% of surviving CLA embryos died after d 13 of incubation. Hatchability was 93% for controls and only 4.36% of mortality occurred after d 13 of incubation. Decline in yolk sac weight in control embryos (0.75 g/d) was significantly greater than that from viable CLA embryos (0.51 g/d). Growth rate (2.6 g/d) of surviving embryos from d 13 to 20 was reduced in CLA embryos in comparison to growth rate of controls (3.0 g/d). Relative proportion of lipid in residual yolk sacs in embryos from control-fed hens decreased from 26.72% (d 13) to 15.94% (d 19) during incubation, whereas little change was evident in residual yolk sac from CLA embryos on d 13 (21.52%) to d 19 (20.39%). Fatty acid analysis of residual yolk sac contents suggested that transport of fatty acids from the contents (liquid yolk) to the yolk sac membrane was not impaired in CLA embryos, as shown by a similar pattern in reduction of total fatty acids in residual yolk sac contents between treatment groups. Apart from 18:1n-9 (d 17), there were no consistent differences in the fatty acid content between embryos from hens fed the control diet or the CLA diet at any time point. Maternal CLA led to increased 18:0 and decreased 18:1n-9 in yolk lipid and embryonic tissues compared with controls across time. These findings could possibly suggest that CLA embryos had less capacity to use yolk lipids from the residual yolk sac during the last week of incubation.
Story stem responses of preschoolers with mood disturbances

Observing the young child's affect regulation and thought processes during a clinic assessment visit is of critical importance although challenging for children referred for mood disturbance. In this study, parents reported symptoms using standardized clinical interviews and story stems narratives were administered to 20 referred and 12 typically developing preschool age children. Comparison of the referred and typically developing children in our sample showed that specific story contexts varied in eliciting responses reflecting disorganization and thought disturbance from the referred children. The experience of using story stem narratives in the clinical assessment process suggests it provides a valuable complement to parent report for children referred for mood disturbance and mania symptoms but additional development and study of the method is necessary.
The Consequences of Elderly Wives Caring for Disabled Husbands: Implications for Practice

This study examines the mental well-being and special problems of 188 elderly wives identified as the primary caregivers who care for their disabled husbands. The findings indicate that the women have low morale scores associated with the arduous tasks of caregiving. Despite low morale scores, the health status of an elderly wife appeared to contribute significantly to her ability to cope with the caregiving responsibilities of a disabled spouse. Constant care and supervision, emotional and physical strain, and reduced social contact and finances were the major problems encountered in the caregiving commitment.
Poster Session: Improved Buffer Size Adaptation through Cache/Controller Coupling

Database workloads seldom remain static. A system tuned by an expert for the current environment, might not always remain optimal. To deal with this situation, database systems have been incorporating self tuning features. An important component is self tuning memory or bufferpools. These often work on a feedback loop and take some time to converge to an optimal state. T)\c transition to the optimal state could be accelerated if future access patterns could be taken into account when making decisions on the bufferpool size. In this paper, we describe a caching algorithm for scans on bufferpools. which keeps track of ongoing scans and the state of each scan. T)\e proposed algorithm results in a better hit ratio and. more importantly, provides a way to predict future access patterns. This property is beneficial for providing feedback to a self-tuning memory controller to make better allocation decisions.
Efficacy of Multiple- or Single-Dose Cidofovir against Vaccinia and Cowpox Virus Infections in Mice

Orthopoxviruses, including variola and monkeypox, pose risks to human health through natural transmission or potential bioterrorist activities. Since vaccination has not recently been utilized for control of these infections, there is renewed effort in the development of antiviral agents not only for postexposure smallpox therapy but also for treatment of adverse reactions following vaccination. The objectives of this study were to expand on the results of others that cidofovir (CDV) is effective in mice inoculated with cowpox virus (CV) or vaccinia virus (VV) and to document the efficacy of single and interval dosing beginning prior to or after infection, particularly including evaluations using suboptimal doses of CDV. We utilized BALB/c or SCID mice inoculated with CV or VV as models for systemic poxvirus infections. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with CV or VV and treated with CDV prior to or after virus inoculation. CDV, at concentrations as low as 0.7 to 6.7 mg/kg of body weight/day for 5 days, conferred significant protection when treatment was initiated as late as 72 to 96 h postinfection. A single-dose pretreatment or posttreatment with CDV at 3 to 100 mg/kg was effective when given as early as 5 days prior to infection or as late as 3 days after infection with either VV or CV. Interval treatments given every third day beginning 72 h postinfection using 6.7 or 2 mg of CDV/kg also proved effective against CV infections. When SCID mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with CV or VV and treated for 7 to 30 days with CDV, all the mice eventually died during or after cessation of treatment; however, significant delays in time to death and reduction of virus replication in organs occurred in most treated groups, and no resistance to CDV was detected.
Steady State Electro-Thermal Modeling For DC-DC Converters

This paper presents a method to combine CFD simulation with electrical simulation packages. This approach leads to highly accurate electro-thermal system modeling for DC-DC converters. Based on an initial power loss of main components and a thermal model of the converter, a user friendly CFD thermal simulation is used to obtain an initial point for case steady-state temperatures. These set of temperatures are then fed into temperature-dependent electrical models and simulations. The procedure can be repeated while error levels remain within an acceptable range. This approach can lead to a relatively accurate electro-thermal model at steady state
Equine Testicular Interstitial Cell Tumors

Interstitial cell tumors from nine stallions were described. In all but one horse the tumors were found in undescended testes. Five animals had bilateral tumors. Two animals showed increased aggression. Tumors contained two cell types. The first type were large distinctly bordered eosinophilic cells interpreted to be hyperplastic and hypertrophic interstitial cells. They blended with pleomorphic often spindloid neoplastic cells which had fibrillar, vacuolated cytoplasm and indistinct cell borders. This latter cell population was arranged in nodules or broad sheets as endocrine-like packets or interweaving fascicles. Biologic behavior of the neoplasms could not be ascertained from histologic examination.
A convergent boundary integral method for three-dimensional water waves

We design a boundary integral method for time-dependent, three-dimensional, doubly periodic water waves and prove that it converges with O(h 3 ) accuracy, without restriction on amplitude. The moving surface is represented by grid points which are transported according to a computed velocity. An integral equation arising from potential theory is solved for the normal velocity. A new method is developed for the integration of singular integrals, in which the Green's function is regularized and an efficient local correction to the trapezoidal rule is computed. The sums replacing the singular integrals are treated as discrete versions of pseudodifferential operators and are shown to have mapping properties like the exact operators. The scheme is designed so that the error is governed by evolution equations which mimic the structure of the original problem, and in this way stability can be assured. The wavelike character of the exact equations of motion depends on the positivity of the operator which assigns to a function on the surface the normal derivative of its harmonic extension; similarly, the stability of the scheme depends on maintaining this property for the discrete operator. With n grid points, the scheme can be implemented with essentially O(n) operations per time step.
Socialist Cities without Land Markets

Abstract How does the spatial dynamics of the socialist city compare with that of the market city? What happens when all investment decisions are made administratively in the absence of land markets? Russian development is the longest socialist experiment on record. Its outcome is of paramount interest to urban economists. This paper reports the first analysis of the structure of Russian cities after 70 years of Soviet development. The main finding is a perversely positive population density gradient. The Soviet city also has a disproportionate share of industrial land, often in prime locations. Free property trading started in Russia in 1992. The emerging negative price gradient contrasts totally with the positive population gradient that is the legacy of administrative land allocation. These two conflicting gradients highlight the land misallocation and inefficiency of the socialist city.
Single and Multiple Visual Systems in Arthropods

Extraction of two visual pigments from crayfish eyes prompted an electrophysiological examination of the role of visual pigments in the compound eyes of six arthropods. The intact animals were used; in crayfishes isolated eyestalks also. Thresholds were measured in terms of the absolute or relative numbers of photons per flash at various wavelengths needed to evoke a constant amplitude of electroretinogram, usually 50 microv. Two species of crayfish, as well as the green crab, possess blue- and red-sensitive receptors apparently arranged for color discrimination. In the northern crayfish, Orconectes virilis, the spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye is maximal at about 550 mmicro, and on adaptation to bright red or blue lights breaks into two functions with lambda(max) respectively at about 435 and 565 mmicro, apparently emanating from different receptors. The swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, displays a maximum sensitivity when dark-adapted at about 570 mmicro, that breaks on color adaptation into blue- and red-sensitive functions with lambda(max) about 450 and 575 mmicro, again involving different receptors. Similarly the green crab, Carcinides maenas, presents a dark-adapted sensitivity maximal at about 510 mmicro that divides on color adaptation into sensitivity curves maximal near 425 and 565 mmicro. Each of these organisms thus possesses an apparatus adequate for at least two-color vision, resembling that of human green-blinds (deuteranopes). The visual pigments of the red-sensitive systems have been extracted from the crayfish eyes. The horse-shoe crab, Limulus, and the lobster each possesses a single visual system, with lambda(max) respectively at 520 and 525 mmicro. Each of these is invariant with color adaptation. In each case the visual pigment had already been identified in extracts. The spider crab, Libinia emarginata, presents another variation. It possesses two visual systems apparently differentiated, not for color discrimination but for use in dim and bright light, like vertebrate rods and cones. The spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye is maximal at about 490 mmicro and on light adaptation, whether to blue, red, or white light, is displaced toward shorter wavelengths in what is essentially a reverse Purkinje shift. In all these animals dark adaptation appears to involve two phases: a rapid, hyperbolic fall of log threshold associated probably with visual pigment regeneration, followed by a slow, almost linear fall of log threshold that may be associated with pigment migration.
LFA-1 is required for retention of effector CD8 T cells in mouse lungs

The adhesion molecules involved in the migration and retention of activated effector CD8 T cells in the lung microcirculation and their recruitment into lung tissue are largely unknown. Here, we have analyzed the role of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) on adhesion of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD8 T-cell clone D4 under shear conditions in an in vitro binding assay and in an in vivo homing assay to the lungs of naive or transgenic Balb/c mice expressing HA (HA-Tg) by a lung-specific promoter. Blocking LFA-1 or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) significantly inhibited adhesion of D4 cells to lung vascular endothelium and parenchyma of lung sections. However, blocking VLA-4 or vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) had no effect on cell adhesion. Blocking LFA-1 in vivo significantly delayed lethal injury following adoptive transfer of D4 cells into HA-Tg mice as assessed by weight loss and histology. Residence time of adoptively transferred Indium 111 (111In)-labeled D4 cells in lungs of normal and HA-Tg mice as analyzed by dual modality imaging revealed a significantly shorter transit time of 4 hours for the D4 cells upon in vivo blockade of LFA-1. These results demonstrate a crucial role for LFA-1 in retention of activated CD8 T cells in normal mouse lungs and in the progression of lethal injury in HA-Tg mice.
Localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and olfactory marker protein immunoreactivities in the human and macaque olfactory bulb

Abstract These studies utilized specific antisera to examine the distribution and characteristics of tyrosine hydroxylase and olfactory marker protein in the olfactory bulb of the human and macaque monkey. The macaque displayed immunoreactive profiles to both antisera comparable to those described previously for other mammals. Olfactory marker protein antiserum labeled the olfactory nerve layer and glomeruli. Within the glomeruli, labeled processes were interdigitated with unlabeled processes believed to be the postsynaptic dendrites of olfactory bulb neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase antisera labeled somata surrounding the glomeruli as well as putative dendritic processes with the glomerular neuropil. It appeared that only a subset of juxtaglomerular neurons were immunoreactive. A similar pattern was observed in the human for both antibodies. Fasciles of olfactory marker protein immunoreactive olfactory nerves often coursed long distances into the olfactory bulb prior to arborizing within a glomerulus. The data suggest that olfactory receptor cell axons destined for specific glomeruli fasciculate into bundles prior to reaching the target glomeruli. The immunoreactivity in the human to tyrosine hydroxylase was qualitatively similar to the macaque and other mammals although the number of labeled somata and intraglomerular processes as appeared lower. As in the macaque, it appeared that only a subset of juxtaglomerular neurons were labeled.
A structured women's preventive health clinic for residents: a quality improvement project designed to meet training needs and improve cervical cancer screening rates

Introduction Multiple resident-related factors contribute to ‘missed opportunities’ in providing comprehensive preventive care for female patients, including comfort level, knowledge and experience—all of which are compounded by resident turnover rates. Of particular concern among Internal Medicine (IM) residents is their knowledge and comfort level in performing pelvic exams. Aim To evaluate the impact of a quality improvement project of implementing a Women's Preventive Health Clinic (WPHC) on addressing gaps identified by needs assessments: residents' comfort and knowledge with female preventive care and cervical cancer screening. Programme description The WPHC, a multidisciplinary weekly clinic, focused on preventive services for women with chronic conditions. The alternating didactic and clinic sessions emphasised women's preventive health topics for IM residents. Programme evaluation Sixty-three IM residents participated in WPHC between 2002 and 2005. Pre- and post-test design was used to assess resident knowledge and comfort levels. Cervical cancer screening rates of residents' patients were assessed pre- and post-WPHC initiation. There was a significant improvement in general knowledge (64% correct at pretest vs 73% at post-test, p=0.0002), resident comfort level in discussing women's health topics and performing gynaecological exams (p<0.0002). Cervical cancer screening rates among IM residents' patients improved from 54% (pre-WPHC initiation) to 65% (post-WPHC initiation period). Discussion The results indicate that a focused resident preventive programme can meet gaps identified by education and needs assessments, and simultaneously have a positive impact on cervical cancer screening rates and thus may serve as a model for other residency programmes.
Linearization algorithms and heuristics for computer-aided control engineering

Algorithms and heuristic logic for the accurate and robust linearization of nonlinear dynamic system models are presented. This research is robust linearization methods has yielded new conventional methods and algorithms for linearization, as well as a new expert system to aid the controls engineer in determining linearized models for nonlinear systems. The focus here is on conventional methods and algorithms, which incorporate all of the expert knowledge gained in the course of this effort. >
In vitro-matured/in vitro-fertilized bovine oocytes can develop into morulae/blastocysts in chemically defined, protein-free culture media.

Development of bovine embryos derived from in vitro-matured/in vitro-fertilized (IVM/IVF) oocytes was examined in two culture media: hamster embryo culture medium (HECM), a relatively simple, chemically defined, protein-free medium containing 20 amino acids; and tissue culture medium (TCM)-199, a more complex medium designed for culture of somatic cells. The first experiment studied (1) effects of glucose and/or phosphate (Pi) using HECM and (2) the development of bovine IVM/IVF embryos in four different conditions: HECM, TCM-199, TCM-199 + 10% unheated bovine calf serum (BCS), and oviduct cell-conditioned TCM-199 + 10% BCS. After IVF, 45% of the inseminated oocytes developed to the morula/blastocyst stages (MB blastocyst development was depressed in the presence of glucose and Pi when compared to Pi alone. When the four culture conditions were compared, there was no significant difference in M&B development (42-51% of inseminated oocytes). However, blastocyst development in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% BCS (29.7%) or with BCS + oviduct cell-conditioned medium (21.6%) was significantly greater than in nonsupplemented HECM (9.7%) or TCM-199 (13.8%). In the second experiment, the effects of serum supplementation and/or oviduct cell conditioning on HECM and TCM-199 were examined in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment. Oviduct cell conditioning of either HECM or TCM-199 without serum supplementation did not enhance bovine embryo development. Serum supplementation exhibited a biphasic effect, with inhibition at the first cleavage and stimulation of morula compaction and blastocyst formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electrophysiologic imaging of retinal and optic nerve damage: the multifocal technique

Multifocal VEP technology is still in its infancy. Although many aspects of the recording and analysis will be improved with time, the mfVEP can be used in the clinic today. It can help to identify functional (nonorganic) problems, demyelinating diseases, glaucomatous damage, and poor field takers. Given the software and techniques needed to record and interpret the results, mfVEP testing should be performed in centers experienced with this technique.
Structural dynamics of actin during active interaction with myosin: different effects of weakly and strongly bound myosin heads.

We have used optical spectroscopy (transient phosphorescence anisotropy, TPA, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET) to detect the effects of weakly bound myosin S1 on actin during the actomyosin ATPase cycle. The changes in actin were reported by (a) a phosphorescent probe (ErIA) attached to Cys 374 and (b) a FRET donor-acceptor pair, IAEDANS attached to Cys 374 and a nucleotide analogue (TNPADP) in the nucleotide-binding cleft. Strong interactions were detected in the absence of ATP, and weak interactions were detected in the presence of ATP or its slowly hydrolyzed analogue ATP-A-S, under conditions where a significant fraction of weakly bound acto-S1 complex was present and the rate of nucleotide hydrolysis was low enough to enable steady-state measurements. The results show that actin in the weakly bound complex with S1 assumes a new structural state in which (a) the actin filament has microsecond rotational dynamics intermediate between that of free actin and the strongly bound complex and (b) S1-induced changes are not propagated along the actin filament, in contrast to the highly cooperative changes due to the strongly bound complex. We propose that the transition on the acto-myosin interface from weak to strong binding is accompanied by transitions in the structural dynamics of actin parallel to transitions in the dynamics of interacting myosin heads.
Serum dexamethasone levels after decadron phonophoresis.

Abstract Objective: To determine serum levels of dexamethasone at several intervals after administration of Decadron (dexamethasone sodium phosphate) phonophoresis. Design and Setting: This study was designed as a 2-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures on 1 factor (blood draws). Independent variables were group (gel/sham, gel/ ultrasound, dexamethasone/sham, dexamethasone/ultrasound) and blood draws (pretreatment, posttreatment, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes). The dependent variable was the serum level of dexamethasone. Subjects: Forty healthy college students (21 males, 19 females; mean age = 22 ± 1.3 years) with no known drug allergies or current medication use were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups. The treatment site was the left forearm. Measurements: After the pretreatment blood draw, a 10- minute ultrasound treatment was administered, followed by a posttreatment blood draw. Two additional blood draws followed at 15-minute intervals. A total of 4 serum samples (5 cc each) from each subject were centrifuged, and the pipetted serum was frozen for later analysis by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Results: No significant amounts of serum dexamethasone were detected in 12 consecutive samples. Testing of additional samples was, therefore, discontinued. Conclusions: Decadron phonophoresis as used in this experiment did not result in detectable serum levels of dexamethasone. More study is needed to validate the efficacy of Decadron phonophoresis on serum dexamethasone levels.
Proteolytic Remodeling of the 3D Extracellular Matrix Controls the Nuclear Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate and Function

In vitro, topographical and biophysical cues arising from the extracellular matrix (ECM) direct mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) commitment and differentiation. While the mechanisms by which the MSC-ECM interface is regulated and the outcome of such interactions on stem cell fate in vivo remains largely unexplored, we recently demonstrated that the membrane-anchored metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP (Mmp14), directs MSC fate decisions, including osteogenesis as well as adipo- and chondro-genesis. By effecting ECM remodeling, MT1-MMP regulates stem cell shape, thereby activating a β1 integrin/RhoGTPase signaling cascade and triggering the nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivators, YAP and TAZ, that serve to control MSC lineage commitment. Furthermore, we find that MT1-MMP-mediated proteolysis of the ECM additionally, but unexpectedly, controls nuclear architecture, chromatin remodeling and RNA transcription via a process dependent on the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. These da...
Child Abuse Intervention in the Emergency Room

The pediatrician and other emergency room caregivers are often on the frontlines in the identification and treatment of child abuse and neglect. The ability to recognize the possibility of intentional injury is crucial because immediate intervention may be necessary to prevent further harm to the child. The evaluation requires a careful taking of history, thorough physical examination, and detailed documentation. Reporting of suspected abuse or neglect is mandated and must be made to appropriate authorities. Follow-up of medical treatment, services, and available therapy should be emphasized to assure the continued safety of the child.
Unconventional hydrocarbon resources: Prospects and problems

The global energy landscape has changed significantly in the last few years as a result of technological advances in the recovery of unconventional hydrocarbon resources such as tight oil and shale gas. Studies have been initiated to assess the impacts of extraction and production of unconventional hydrocarbons on surface water, groundwater, and local air quality. There is additional concern over how their extraction and utilization on a global scale may contribute to atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. This article provides an overview of opportunities and challenges offered by the abundance of unconventional hydrocarbons, the driving forces that encourage our rush to employ them, and the need for Earth scientists to engage in studies of their properties and impacts on the environment. A fundamental understanding of geological, mineralogical, and geochemical processes is integral to how we responsibly extract and utilize these resources.
Abstract 2085: Reactive oxygen species promote signaling in neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer of the sympathetic nervous system that is commonly diagnosed in children before the age of five. Neuroblastoma affects 1 out of 100,000 children and about 700 new cases of neuroblastoma each year. Most cases of neuroblastoma begin in the abdomen in the adrenal gland, or next to spinal cord and in the chest. Neuroblastoma is known to spread to the bones, face, skull, pelvis, shoulder, arms, legs, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, skin and around the eyes. Currently, there is no explanation for the cause of neuroblastoma. Our lab seeks to understand the mechanisms used for these cells to metastasize. The Erk pathway, part of the mitogen activated protein kinases, helps to regulate the cell cycle, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. The PI3k/Akt pathway regulates cell growth, survival, and activation of transcription factors such as hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). Hypoxia is a state where the cell is experiencing a lower than normal oxygen tension activating HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 to cause an expression of target genes for angiogenesis, (generation of new blood cells), erythropoiesis (formation of new blood cells), and glucose transport into cells enabling them to survive under hypoxic conditions and acquire access to an oxygen supply. Hypoxia increases reactive oxygen species used to stabilize HIF-1 alpha. Reactive oxygen species generation is dependent on oxygen induced changes in the redox state of the electron transport chain. Low levels of reactive oxygen species can regulate controlled proliferation. However, high levels of reactive oxygen species lead to DNA damage and genomic instability by activating these signaling pathways stopping cell death in senescence leading to uncontrolled proliferation. Therefore, our hypothesis is that low levels of reactive oxygen species promote neuroblastoma cell survival through upregulation of survival signaling, whereas high levels of reactive oxygen species induce neuroblastoma cell apoptosis. To test this idea, we exposed an aggressive, metastatic cell lines, IMR 32 neuroblastoma cells, to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, used to induce reactive oxygen species formation. Cells were analyzed morphologically for apoptosis. With increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, IMR32 neuroblastoma cells round up and become less adherent. High doses of hydrogen peroxide induce cell fragmentation indicative of apoptosis. We are currently investigating the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the induction of caspase-3, a proapoptotic molecule, and DNA fragmentation, measured by TUNEL assay. Our data suggest that reactive oxygen species induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2085. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2085
Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure in Relation to Body Weight and Composition Following Gastric Restriction: A Systematic Review

In comparison to gastric bypass surgery, gastric restriction without malabsorption more closely simulates dietary adherence while still producing durable weight loss. The latter is achieved despite considerable reductions in resting energy expenditure (REE), and whether REE is adjusted for body weight/composition using ratio- or regression-based methods could influence understanding of how these procedures affect energy balance. This systematic review identified studies that reported REE before and after gastric restriction in order to compare changes using each method. Ratio assessments revealed increases and decreases when REE was expressed per kilogram of body weight and per kilogram of fat-free mass, respectively. In comparison, measured REE tended to be less than predicted from linear regression after surgery. Explanations for these seemingly disparate findings and future directions are discussed.
Prevalence of Sleep Disorders Among Primary School Children

To screen symptoms of sleep disorders among primary school children. Four schools from urban area and four rural schools were included in this study. Symptoms of sleep disorders were assessed using the validated Hindi version of Childhood Sleep Habit Questionnaire in 8–13 y old children. Comparison was made between urban and rural group and between boys and girls. Descriptive statistics was calculated. Mean age of the subjects included in this study was 8.9 ± 1.5 y. Boys and girls were equally distributed, however, rural sample was smaller. More than one awakening each night was found in 12.2 % children. In the whole group, prevalence of bed-wetting was 8.7 %, sleep-talking 20.9 %, sleep-walking 3.2 %, teeth grinding 15.4 % and night terrors 8.4 %. Daytime sleepiness was reported by 25.5 % and napping by 56.4 %. 17.3 % used to fall asleep in unusual circumstances and the teacher or the friend in 6.9 % students noticed it. Snoring was reported by 11.4 % children, and 6.3 % reportedly struggled to breathe during sleep. Domicile and gender did not affect prevalence of parasomnia, however, symptoms of sleep apnea were more frequent among rural children. Daytime sleepiness was more common among rural children as compared to urban. Symptoms of sleep disorders are prevalent among primary school children. Common disorders are parasomnia, sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness.
Hydroxyl Radical Dosimetry for High Flux Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting Applications Using a Simple Optical Detection Method.

Hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) by fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a powerful benchtop tool used to probe protein structure, interactions, and conformational changes in solution. However, the reproducibility of all HRPF techniques is limited by the ability to deliver a defined concentration of hydroxyl radicals to the protein. This ability is impacted by both the amount of radical generated and the presence of radical scavengers in solution. In order to compare HRPF data from sample to sample, a hydroxyl radical dosimeter is needed that can measure the effective concentration of radical that is delivered to the protein, after accounting for both differences in hydroxyl radical generation and nonanalyte radical consumption. Here, we test three radical dosimeters (Alexa Fluor 488, terepthalic acid, and adenine) for their ability to quantitatively measure the effective radical dose under the high radical concentration conditions of FPOP. Adenine has a quantitative relationship...
Observations on the floral morphology and embryology ofUtricularia stricticaulis stapf

The present paper deals with some aspects of floral morphology and embryology ofU. stricticaulis.
Separating the effects of phenology and diffuse radiation on gross primary productivity in winter wheat

Gross primary productivity (GPP) has been reported to increase with the fraction of diffuse solar radiation, for a given total irradiance. The correlation between GPP and diffuse radiation suggests effects of diffuse radiation on canopy light-use efficiency, but potentially confounding effects of vegetation phenology have not been fully explored. We applied several approaches to control for phenology, using 8 years of eddy-covariance measurements of winter wheat in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. The apparent enhancement of daily GPP due to diffuse radiation was reduced from 260% to 75%, after subsampling over the peak growing season or by subtracting a 15 day moving average of GPP, suggesting a role of phenology. The diffuse radiation effect was further reduced to 22% after normalizing GPP by a spectral reflectance index to account for phenological variations in leaf area index LAI and canopy photosynthetic capacity. Canopy photosynthetic capacity covaries with diffuse fraction at a given solar irradiance at this site because both factors are dependent on day of year or solar zenith angle. Using a two-leaf Sun-shaded canopy radiative transfer model, we confirmed that the effects of phenological variations in photosynthetic capacity can appear qualitatively similar to the effects of diffuse radiation on GPP and therefore can be difficult to distinguish using observations. The importance of controlling for phenology when inferring diffuse radiation effects on GPP raises new challenges and opportunities for using radiation measurements to improve carbon cycle models.
Reference Letters for Students: A Legal Trap for the Uninformed Marketing Educator

Reference forms and letters written by professors on behalf of students continue to play a central role in hiring decisions. However, writing such letters can expose professors to legal redress under privacy and defamation laws. A professor may find that he devotes considerable time to writing references that have the potential for significant legal consequences. Since the demand for these references does not appear to be waning, it is in the interests of the student and the prospective employer that these letters are as informative as possible, while safeguarding against resultant liability.
The Influence of the Combustion of Fossil Fuels on the Climate

The average temperature of the surface of the earth depends critically on the presence of three relatively rare gases in our atmosphere: carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. The most numerous molecules in our atmosphere, oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, have almost no direct influence on the climate. They have negligible absorption of electromagnetic radiation at visible and infrared frequencies. Carbon dioxide (0.032% by volume), water vapor (variable, usually less than 2% by volume), and ozone (variable, usually less than 10−7ppm) have strong absorption bands, particularly at certain wavelengths in the infrared, and in the case of ozone also in the ultraviolet. Thus, these relatively rare atmospheric molecules determine how much solar energy reaches the earth’s surface and how much infrared radiation is radiated back to space. The proportion of all three of these gases in the atmosphere varies with time. A sufficiently large change in the concentration of any one of these gases changes the temperature of the earth’s surface. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, for example, increases the temperature of the earth’s surface.
NEEDS FOR NEW EMPHASES IN SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY TOWARD THE ELDERLY

It is time for social policy to look beyond the basic maintenance needs of the elderly to the higher needs of sharing and participation. Research in the needs of the aged has recognized these higher needs as central to adaptation and continued growth in later life. Research in the learning ability of the aged, while leading to much debate as to specific cognitive abilities, has produced no opinion that the elderly can not benefit from continued learning. Much of the research argues that there are great benefits to be achieved through continued exposure to learning. The elderly have been found, however, to prefer informal programs in settings which are familiar to them to programs in schools or colleges. Research in group formation among the elderly and in the leadership abilities of the elderly has found both to be feasible and rewarding to the older person. The indications of the research and writing cited are that policy toward the elderly should emphasize small‐scale social participation and informal l...
Preemptive kidney transplantation is associated with survival benefits among pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease.

Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for pediatric end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Preemptive transplantation avoids the increased morbidity and mortality of dialysis. Yet, previous studies have not demonstrated significant graft or patient survival benefits for children undergoing transplantation preemptively versus nonpreemptively. These previous studies were limited by small samples sizes and low rates of adverse events. Here we compared graft failure and mortality rates using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression among a large national cohort of children with ESRD undergoing preemptive versus nonpreemptive kidney transplantation between 2000 and 2012. Among 7527 pediatric kidney transplant recipients in the United States Renal Data System, 1668 underwent preemptive transplantation. Over a median 4.8 years follow-up, 1314 experienced graft failure, and over a median 5.2 years of follow-up, 334 died. Dialysis exposure versus preemptive transplantation conferred a higher risk of graft failure (hazard ratio 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.56) and a higher risk of death (hazard ratio 1.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.22–2.33) in multivariable analysis. Compared with children undergoing preemptive transplantation, children on dialysis for >1 year had a 52% higher risk of graft failure and those on dialysis >18 months had an 89% higher risk of death, regardless of donor source. Thus, preemptive transplantation is associated with substantial benefits in allograft and patient survival among children with ESRD, particularly when compared with children who receive dialysis for >1 year. These findings support policies to promote early access to transplantation and avoidance of dialysis for children with ESRD whenever feasible.
Spaces of Resistance, Everyday Activism, and Belonging: Youth Reimagining and Reconfiguring the City in Oaxaca, Mexico

Resumen Los procesos relacionados con la urbanizacion, las reformas neoliberales y la militarizacion, ponen cada vez mas en conflicto los intereses del estado, los de los capitalistas, y de la sociedad civil en cuanto a ideas encontradas sobre el uso, significado y naturaleza de los espacios publicos. Este articulo esta arraigado en un trabajo etnografico conducido en Oaxaca, Mexico, y se enfoca en como una red de jovenes activistas—inspirados por su previa participacion en un movimiento social que tomo control de la ciudad capitalina por seis meses, durante el 2006—construye redes que combinan espacios fisicos y simbolicos con mas espacios territorializados tales como lo son los centros culturales dirigido por jovenes. A traves de un analisis de los eventos, este articulo sostiene que al enfocarse en la constitucion material y social del poder y del espacio, se nos brinda la oportunidad de entender mejor las complejidades de como se producen, impugnan y negocian el poder y la resistencia de modo que podamos imaginar nuevas maneras de comprender y auscultar los movimientos sociales.
Exponential reduction of finite volume effects with twisted boundary conditions

Flavor-twisted boundary conditions can be used for exponential reduction of finite volume artifacts in flavor-averaged observables in lattice QCD calculations with $SU({N}_{f})$ light quark flavor symmetry. Finite volume artifact reduction arises from destructive interference effects in a manner closely related to the phase averaging which leads to large ${N}_{\mathrm{c}}$ volume independence. With a particular choice of flavor-twisted boundary conditions, finite volume artifacts for flavor-singlet observables in a hypercubic spacetime volume are reduced to the size of finite volume artifacts in a spacetime volume with periodic boundary conditions that is four times larger.
The Heritability Fallacy

The term ‘heritability,’ as it is used today in human behavioral genetics, is one of the most misleading in the history of science. Contrary to popular belief, the measurable heritability of a trait does not tell us how ‘genetically inheritable’ that trait is. Further, it does not inform us about what causes a trait, the relative influence of genes in the development of a trait, or the relative influence of the environment in the development of a trait. Because we already know that genetic factors have significant influence on the development of all human traits, measures of heritability are of little value, except in very rare cases. We, therefore, suggest that continued use of the term does enormous damage to the public understanding of how human beings develop their individual traits and identities. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1400. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1400 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Movement of Light, Heat, and Chemicals in Water

This chapter discusses the movement of light, heat, and chemicals in water. The movement of chemicals in water is a key factor to the survival and growth of most aquatic organisms and is central to the understanding of water pollution and material transport. Diffusion of materials in water can be described by Fick's law. In this relationship, diffusion flux is related positively to diffusion constant, the concentration gradient, and the reciprocal of distance between the diffusion source and location to which it is diffusing. The temperature and movement of water are tied closely to the rate at which chemicals move through water. Quantity and quality of light entering water can be altered by the atmosphere, the surface of the water, and any ice or snow cover over water. Biological activities related to light and water column heating are constrained by the amount of light that is transmitted to different depths. Light intensity decreases logarithmically with depth in a water column (attenuation). Movement of heat can be described with equations similar to those used to describe diffusion of dissolved materials in water. Heat balance accounting can characterize dynamics of temperature and stratification in aquatic ecosystems.
Influence of Psychiatric Symptoms on Decisional Capacity in Treatment Refusal.

Decision-making capacity can be preserved in patients with mental illness and should be formally assessed in the context of their values and past decisions.
(En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives, by Swan, A., Aboshiha, P. and Holliday, A. (Eds.)

Schools in non-English-dominant countries that offer English language courses place advertisements in job forums seeking teachers who are specifically native speakers of English. The criteria that ...
Ultrahigh–current density anodes with interconnected Li metal reservoir through overlithiation of mesoporous AlF3 framework

Lithium (Li) metal is the ultimate solution for next-generation high–energy density batteries but is plagued from commercialization by infinite relative volume change, low Coulombic efficiency due to side reactions, and safety issues caused by dendrite growth. These hazardous issues are further aggravated under high current densities needed by the increasing demand for fast charging/discharging. We report a one-step fabricated Li/Al 4 Li 9 -LiF nanocomposite (LAFN) through an “overlithiation” process of a mesoporous AlF 3 framework, which can simultaneously mitigate the abovementioned problems. Reaction-produced Al 4 Li 9 -LiF nanoparticles serve as the ideal skeleton for Li metal infusion, helping to achieve a near-zero volume change during stripping/plating and suppressed dendrite growth. As a result, the LAFN electrode is capable of working properly under an ultrahigh current density of 20 mA cm −2 in symmetric cells and manifests highly improved rate capability with increased Coulombic efficiency in full cells. The simple fabrication process and its remarkable electrochemical performances enable LAFN to be a promising anode candidate for next-generation lithium metal batteries.
Clinical Significance of Discordance Between Fetal Biparietal Diameter and Femur Length

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if fetal biometric discordance (FBD) between biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) has an association with estimated fetal weight (EFW), fetal birth weight (FBW) and gestational age (GA) at delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Records of 1496 women with singleton pregnancies who attended to our institution for pregnancy follow-up between January 1st 2009 and January 1st 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Fetuses with FBD lasting until delivery were identified. Degree of discordance (DOD) was defined as the variation between BPD and FL in terms of days. DOD at the time of initial diagnosis of FBD (DOD-ID) and before delivery (DOD-BD), initial GA at diagnosis of discordance (GADD), GA at delivery, EFW and fetal birth weight (FBW) were determined for each fetus. Correlation and linear regression analysis was used to determine associations between study parameters. RESULTS: GADD positively correlated with FBW (r:0.497, p<0.001) and gestational age at delivery (r:0.313, p=0.001), and negatively correlated with preterm delivery(PD) (r: -0.404, p<0.001). DOD before delivery positively correlated with difference between EFW prior to delivery and actual FBW (r:0.491, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Fetal biometric discordance, especially when diagnosed early in pregnancy is associated with increase in preterm and low birth weight deliveries. Also, increase in DOD-BD may result in FBW miscalculations.
Does knowing that a suicide was "rational" influence grief?

Counseling professionals and graduate students (N = 117) recruited online read a randomly assigned one-paragraph vignette about either a nonrational or rational suicide involving an imaginary loved...