cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of “Developing Multicultural Educators (2nd ed.)”

In the second edition of Developing Multicultural Educators, Jana Noel provides a tool with which current and future educators can examine their own identities and better understand how their ident...
Mixed categories in Irish

Abstract In this short paper, I look at the phenomenon of “mixed category” verbal nouns in Irish. Unlike previous accounts, I claim that nominal characteristics of these categories follow from two sources: In one group of verbal nouns, they exhibit nominal properties because they have nominal functional morphology (following Borsley and Kornfilt, 2000 ). In the other group, there is no nominal functional structure and the “nominality” of verbal nouns is epiphenomenal. Instead, I claim that the relevant “nominal” properties of this second group are simply the effect of an inherent-case-as-repair strategy used when a structural case position is unavailable due to a variety of causes, including idiosyncratic selectional effects.
"White men are this nation:" right-wing militias and the restoration of rural American masculinity.

The appearance of right-wing militias was a much-discussed phenomenon during the past decade. Commentators rightly pointed out their rural origins, their lower-middle-class and middle-class composition, and their ideology rooted in racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, and homophobia, but few, if any, have commented on the most salient aspect of all: that these are movements of men, who use narratives about masculinity as an analytic prism through which to understand their own situation and to problematize the identities of "others," and as a rhetorical strategy to recruit and sustain their own membership. In this paper we undertake this analysis, exploring the rural origins of the militia movement, its social composition, ideology, and organization, and its articulation with other white supremacist groups. We argue that their vision of masculinity, particularly a self-reliant, self-made masculinity endemic to American history, is the theme unifying both the ideology and the organization of rural militias with the militant right-wing continuum of which they are only a part. Language: en
The safety of aeroplane travel in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusion

Objective Patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion may be at increased risk for stroke during air travel. Records from the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS), a randomised trial of surgical revascularisation for complete carotid artery occlusion and haemodynamic ischaemia, were examined for evidence of stroke related to air travel. Methods COSS subjects who travelled by aeroplane to a regional Positron Emission Tomography (PET) centre for a screening of cerebrovascular haemodynamic evaluation were identified. Maximum altitude and total flight time were estimated based on the distance between origin and destination. Ischaemic events were determined by a structured telephone interview within 24 h of travel. Patient demographics, comorbidities, oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) data and 24 h interview responses were recorded. Results Seventy-seven patients with symptomatic carotid occlusion travelled by aeroplane to a single PET centre (174 flights). Fifty-two (67.5%) were men and 25 (32.5%) were women. The average age was 58.7±1.4 years. Twenty-seven patients (35.1%) demonstrated evidence of ipsilateral haemodynamic cerebral ischaemia as measured by PET OEF, while 50 (64.9%) had normal OEF. Patients flew an average distance of 418.9±25.9 miles for 107.1±4.7 min per trip. No patient reported symptoms of a transient ischaemic attack or stroke during or within 24 h after aeroplane travel (95% CI 0% to 2.0%). Conclusions The risk of stroke as a consequence of air travel is low, even in a cohort of patients at high risk for future stroke owing to haemodynamic impairment. These patients with symptomatic carotid occlusion should not be discouraged from air travel.
Circular dichroism of N‐phenylnaphthylamine derivatives complexed with the β‐form of poly(L‐lysine)

Complex formation of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) and 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) with the β-form of poly(L-lysine) [(β-Lys)n] has been studied by circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectra measurements. Not only hydrophobic interactions but also hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions contribute to complex formation. The relative importance of these stabilizing factors depends on the relative position of the arylamino group and the sulfonate. For example, ionic interactions play a significant role in the binding of 1,8-ANS and 1,8-TNS, but not in the case of 2,6-TNS. The induced CD of the complexes of (β-Lys)n with 1,8-ANS and 1,8-TNS is consistent with theoretical calculations for nonplanar conformations of these dyes, twisted in a left-handed sense. As expected for steric reasons, the dominant isomer is one in which the arylamino group is oriented away from the 8-sulfonate (α1). The induced CD of complexes with 2,6-TNS can be accounted for by an equimolar mixture of left-handed isomers in which the arylamino group is oriented toward the 1-position (β2) and toward the 3-position (β1). Our results demonstrate that (β-Lys)n is capable of chiral discrimination and suggest its general utility for CD studies of racemic anionic dyes.
PROTECTIVE CD4+ AND CD8+ T CELLS AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS INDUCED BY VACCINATION WITH NUCLEOPROTEIN DNA

DNA vaccination is an effective means of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Using an influenza virus model, we previously demonstrated that injection of DNA encoding influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) induced major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CTL and cross-strain protection from lethal virus challenge in mice (J. B. Ulmer et al., Science 259:1745–1749, 1993). In the present study, we have characterized in more detail the cellular immune responses induced by NP DNA, which included robust lymphoproliferation and Th1-type cytokine secretion (high levels of gamma interferon and interleukin-2 [IL-2], with little IL-4 or IL-10) in response to antigen-specific restimulation of splenocytes in vitro. These responses were mediated by CD4+ T cells, as shown by in vitro depletion of T-cell subsets. Taken together, these results indicate that immunization with NP DNA primes both cytolytic CD8+ T cells and cytokine-secreting CD4+ T cells. Further, we demonstrate by adoptive transfer and in vivo depletion of T-cell subsets that both of these types of T cells act as effectors in protective immunity against influenza virus challenge conferred by NP DNA.
Targeted human papillomavirus vaccination of men who have sex with men in the USA: a cost-effectiveness modelling analysis.

Summary Background A vaccine targeting human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18, which are associated with 80% of anal cancers, is efficacious in men. High-risk populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM) might especially benefit from vaccination. I aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination of MSM in the USA. Methods I constructed decision-analytic models to estimate the direct health and economic outcomes of HPV vaccination (against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) for prevention of HPV-related anal cancer and genital warts. The model parameters that were varied were age at vaccination (12 years, 20 years, and 26 years), previous exposure to vaccine-targeted HPV types, and prevalence of HIV-1. I used the models to conduct sensitivity analyses, including duration of vaccine protection, vaccine cost, and burden of anal cancer and genital warts. Findings In a scenario of HPV vaccination of MSM at 12 years of age without previous exposure to HPV, compared with no vaccination, vaccination cost US$15 290 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. In scenarios where MSM are vaccinated at 20 years or 26 years of age, after exposure to HPV infections, the cost-effectiveness ratios worsened, but were less than $50 000 per quality-adjusted life-year under most scenarios. For example, HPV vaccination of MSM at 26 years cost $37 830 per quality-adjusted life-year when previous exposure to all vaccine-targeted HPV types was assumed to be 50%. Outcomes were most sensitive to variations in anal cancer incidence, duration of vaccine protection, and HIV prevalence in MSM. Interpretation HPV vaccination of MSM is likely to be a cost-effective intervention for the prevention of genital warts and anal cancer. Funding US National Cancer Institute.
Estimating Surface Rupture Length and Magnitude of Paleoearthquakes from Point Measurements of Rupture Displacement

We present a method to estimate paleomagnitude and rupture extent from measurements of displacement at a single point on a fault. The variability of historic ruptures is summarized in a histogram of normalized slip, then scaled to give the probability of finding a given displacement within a rupture for any magnitude considered. The histogram can be inverted assuming any magnitude earthquake is as likely as another, yielding probability density functions of magnitude and rupture length for any given displacement measurement. To improve these distributions we include a term to account for the probability that the earthquake would cause ground rupture and two alternative distributions of earthquake magnitude. The Gutenberg- Richter magnitude distribution predicts shorter rupture lengths and smaller magnitudes than does a uniform distribution where any magnitude earthquake is considered equally likely. Longer ruptures and larger magnitudes than the uniform model are predicted by an alternative magnitude distribution designed to return site average displacement. This model is a generalization of the characteristic earthquake model, and reasonably describes paleoseismic findings on the southern San Andreas fault, where slip is accommodated by average displacements of a few meters and earthquake recurrence times of 100–250 years. Our results should increase the value of paleoseismic displacement measurements for hazard assessment. In particular, they quantify probability estimates of earthquake magnitude and rupture length where point observations of rupture displacement are available, and so can contribute to probabilistic seismic-hazard analyses. Online material: Rupture profiles used to sample rupture variability.
Self-propulsion of droplets by spatially-varying surface topography

Under partial wetting conditions, making a substrate uniformly rougher enhances the wetting characteristics of the corresponding smooth substrate—hydrophilic systems become even more hydrophilic and hydrophobic systems even more hydrophobic. Here we show theoretically that spatial texturing of the substrate topography may lead to spontaneous propulsion of droplets. Individual droplets tend to be driven toward regions of maximal roughness for intrinsically hydrophilic systems and toward regions of minimal roughness for intrinsically hydrophobic systems. Spatial texturing can be achieved by patterning the substrate with sinusoidal wrinkles whose wavelength varies in one direction (inhomogeneous wrinkling) or lithographically etching a radial pattern of fractal (Koch curve) grooves on the substrate. Richer energy landscapes for droplet trajectories can be designed by combining texturing of spatial topography with chemical or material patterning of the substrate.
Reforming Family Among Remigrants: Hongkongers Come Home

Between 1984 and 1997, nearly that 800,000 Hong Kongers emigrated in advance of the handover of sovereignty from Britain to China. The majority settled in Western countries, primarily Canada and Australia. By 2005, it is estimated that 500,000 had returned to Hong Kong, either as permanent or temporary residents. This chapter explores the psychological experience of the cultural adaptation and re-adaptation of these immigrants, modifications in closely held values, and the profound consequences on self-identity and reforming family life.
High-Quality Extraction of Isosurfaces from Regular and Irregular Grids

Isosurfaces are ubiquitous in many fields, including visualization, graphics, and vision. They are often the main computational component of important processing pipelines (e.g., surface reconstruction), and are heavily used in practice. The classical approach to compute isosurfaces is to apply the Marching Cubes algorithm, which although robust and simple to implement, generates surfaces that require additional processing steps to improve triangle quality and mesh size. An important issue is that in some cases, the surfaces generated by Marching Cubes are irreparably damaged, and important details are lost which can not be recovered by subsequent processing. The main motivation of this work is to develop a technique capable of constructing high-quality and high-fidelity isosurfaces. We propose a new advancing front technique that is capable of creating high-quality isosurfaces from regular and irregular volumetric datasets. Our work extends the guidance field framework of Schreiner et al. to implicit surfaces, and improves it in significant ways. In particular, we describe a set of sampling conditions that guarantee that surface features will be captured by the algorithm. We also describe an efficient technique to compute a minimal guidance field, which greatly improves performance. Our experimental results show that our technique can generate high-quality meshes from complex datasets
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma

Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma is a relatively infrequently encountered tumor of astrocytic derivation that most commonly arises in the region of the foramen of Monro and may extend into either the lateral ventricle or third ventricle. Because of location, the most common clinical presentations are related to signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. There is a well-established association of this lesion with tuberous sclerosis, and it has been hypothesized that these tumors might evolve from enlargement of subependymal hamartomatous nodules which are quite frequently found in tuberous sclerosis (1–3). The radiographic appearance of the lesion is often that of an intraventricular based tumor with variable amounts of calcification and variable degrees of enhancement (1,4).Concomittant hydrocephalus is frequently noted. In the setting of tuberous sclerosis, smaller periventricular nodules, corresponding to small subependymal hamartomatous lesions, are frequently seen.
Usual suspects: experience, reflection and the (en) gendering of knowledge

Much attention in adult learning theory rests on the distinction between ‘experience’ and ‘reflection’, with experience treated as the raw material for learning and reflection as a highly cognitive processing stage in which the learning actually takes place. The distinction thus valorizes emotional detachment, physical distance and rationality, thereby imposing an epistemological hierarchy that is deeply complicitous with power differentials of gender, class and race. This article locates the concept of reflection within the gendered dualisms of Western philosophy and their historically produced understandings of the relationship between experience and thought. I first examine how our notions of reflection deploy theories of knowledge and the state that took shape during the Enlightenment and, second, situate them within a politics of vision closely related to the rise of the middle class. In exploring this necessarily truncated history, I suggest that our notions of reflection internalize relationships o...
TapTap: a haptic wearable for asynchronous distributed touch therapy

TapTap is a wearable haptic system that allows nurturing human touch to be recorded, broadcast and played back for emotional therapy. Haptic input/output modules in a convenient modular scarf provide affectionate touch that can be personalized. We present a working prototype informed by a pilot study.
Determination of subcutaneous tumor size in athymic (nude) mice

The athymic (nude) mouse is a useful model for studying the biology and response to therapies of human tumors in vivo. A survey of recent literature revealed the use of 19 different formulas for determining the size of subcutaneous tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice (2 for determining tumor area, 3 for tumor diameter, and 14 for calculating tumor volume). We compared the volumes, areas, and diameters predicted by each of the 19 formulas with the actual weights of 50 tumors ranging from 0.46 to 22.0 g established in nude mice as xenografts from human cell lines. In addition to determining how well each formula predicted relative tumor size, we analyzed how well each formula estimated actual tumor mass. The ellipsoid volume formulas (π/6 x L x W x H and 1/2 x L x W x H) were best for estimating tumor mass (r=0.93), whereas measurements of diameter correlated poorly with tumor mass (r<0.66). Although determination of tumor area correlated well with tumor mass in small tumors (r=0.89), correlations of area with tumor mass for large tumors were poor (r=0.41). We conclude that determination of the ellipsoid volume from measurements of three axes consistently yields the most accurate estimations of both relative and actual tumor mass.
An edge router based protocol for fault tolerant handling of advance reservations

To provide quality of service guarantees, resource reservation schemes have to maintain reservation states at the nodes along the path of a flow. Advance reservation schemes have to maintain these states for a long period of time. The loss of reservation state caused by node failures, makes advance reservation schemes highly susceptible to node failures. In this paper, we argue that a domain-by-domain reservation approach is inherently more fault tolerant than the traditional hop-by-hop approach. We propose a novel domain-based protocol for handling advance reservations. It requires support only at the edge routers and no changes are required at the core routers. We describe various factors which determine whether a flow's advance reservation is handled properly by a network in the event of router failures. We use simulations to show that our protocol is highly fault tolerant. Our protocol does not require any static partitioning of bandwidth between best effort flows and reserved flows and thus keeps network utilization high.
In and On Friendship

It is fitting to begin with the beginning of these essays. Berger writes of love and friendship in a way that sets my thoughts rambling. How his argument bears — as it does, oddly, far as my own interests have strayed from professional ethics — on my particular philosophical concerns, I shall remark in due course. Meantime, I must say thank you, first to the editors: I have done enough editing myself to know what a chore that is, and am most grateful to them, more deeply than I can say, for all the trouble they have taken in such an odd and unnecessary cause. And thank you, also, to all the friends who have contributed to this wide-ranging collection. “Thank you” is a dull, weak word, but I don’t know a better. Suffice is to say that for someone who was exiled from her profession for some fifteen or twenty years (depending on whether one counts as a return to one’s profession being a pariah in the U.K. — 1959–1965 — or only being a maverick in the U.S. — 1965-), it is most moving that so impressive an aggregate of colleagues should have been willing to lend their names, and thoughts, on this occasion.
In the Founder's Shadow: Conflict in the Family Firm:

This paper examines the extent to which conflict across generations of family firms is due to the effects of two independent variables—generation and generational shadow. The presence of a generational shadow was indicated by whether either or both of the parents continued to influence the company once the next generation assumed control. Hypotheses predicted nonlinear trends in conflict and interactions between generation and generational shadow. Using data from a national telephone survey of over 1,000 family business owners, the results of an ANOVA test confirmed that the presence of generational shadow, in particular, that of the founder, increases organizational conflict.
The foundations of the house (Q 2: 127)

In Quran 2: 127 Ibrāhīm founded “the house” (most probably a reference to the Kaʿba) together with his son Ismāʿīl. This scene does not appear in the Bible and none of the attempts to find a literary precedent for it are satisfactory. This paper argues that this scene reflects post-biblical traditions concerning Genesis 22. The argument is based on a comparison of the Quran, quranic commentaries, rabbinic sources and Syriac homilies on Gen. 22. After suggesting an origin for the story, the paper analyses the ways in which the Quran adapted and appropriated the story to its needs. The replacement of Isaac with Ismāʿīl is a central point addressed in this context.
Knight-shift anomalies in heavy-electron materials

We have studied the Knight shift K({rvec r},T) and magnetic susceptibility {chi}(T) of heavy-electron materials, modeled by the infinite-U Anderson model with the noncrossing approximation method. A systematic study of K({rvec r},T) and {chi}(T) for different Kondo temperatures T{sub 0} (which depends on the hybridization width {Gamma}) shows a low-temperature anomaly (nonlinear relation between K and {chi}) which increases as the Kondo temperature T{sub 0} and distance r increase. We carried out an incoherent lattice sum by adding the K({rvec r}) of a few hundred shells of rare-earth atoms around a nucleus and compare the numerically calculated results with the experimental results. For CeSn{sub 3}, which is a concentrated heavy-electron material, both the {sup 119}Sn NMR Knight shift and positive muon Knight shift are studied. Also, lattice coherence effects by conduction-electron scattering at every rare-earth site are included using the average-T-matrix approximation. The calculated magnetic susceptibility and {sup 119}Sn NMR Knight shift show excellent agreement with experimental results for both incoherent and coherent calculations. The positive muon Knight shifts are calculated for both possible positions of muon (center of the cubic unit cell and middle of Ce-Ce bond axis). Our numerical results show a low-temperature anomaly for the muons ofmore » the correct magnitude but we can only find agreement with experiment if we take a weighted average of the two sites in a calculation with lattice coherence present. For YbCuAl, the measured {sup 27}Al NMR Knight shift shows an anomaly with opposite sign to the CeSn{sub 3} compound. Our calculations agree very well with the experiments. For the proposed quadrupolar Kondo alloy Y{sub 0.8}U{sub 0.2}Pd{sub 3}, our {sup 89}Y NMR Knight-shift calculation do not show the observed Knight-shift anomaly. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Constitution v. Constitutional Theory: The Question of the States v. the Nation.

The relation of the states and the nation is a topic on which there is a good deal of discussion these days. One week last spring brought to my desk four pamphlets on. the subjectall of them from an anti-nationalistic point of view, and most of them emanating from the sovereign state of Maryland. At the same time The Times newspaper carried several articles on the subject. One was a rebuke by the President of the present tendency to look toward the national government for everything. A day or two later another utterance from the same distinguished source called for the establishment of a "federal" bureau of recreation. But, along with this ancient issue, whose infinite variety time has never yet been able to wither or custom to stale, goes another of even broader import. Like other branches of learning, constitutional interpretation pretends to a certain terminology or jargon of its own, but just how accurate this is, is indeed a question. And if it be inaccurate, this fact furnishes all the more reason why some attempt at defining terms should accompany a consideration of the question of the constitutional relationship of the states and the nation. First, we have the term constitution, but even that is of ambiguous significance. In the formal sense the Constitution of the United States is the written instrument which was drafted at Philadelphia in 1787, plus the amendments which have been added since, in accordance with the forms laid down in the same instrument. In a material sense, however, the Constitution of
In vitro osmosensitive hypothalamic neurons from hypertensive and normotensive rats

Single-unit activity was recorded in hypothalamic tissue slices from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to identify differences in neuronal osmosensitivity between these two strains. Neurons were characterized according to location, firing rate, temperature sensitivity, and response to hyposmotic (280 mosmol/kgH2O) and hyperosmotic (320 mosmol/kgH2O) media. More than half of the thermosensitive neurons were also osmosensitive. Three groups of osmosensitive neurons were identified: 1) low-firing neurons excited by hyposmolality and inhibited by hyperosmolality, 2) high-firing neurons excited by hyposmolality, and 3) high-firing neurons excited by hyperosmolality. There were no differences between strains in terms of the proportions of osmosensitive neurons. Compared with WKY neurons, however, SH osmosensitive neurons displayed reduced sensitivity to hyperosmotic media. Also, SH osmotically insensitive neurons displayed lower spontaneous firing rates. These differences in osmosensitivity and spontaneous activity may provide a neuronal basis to explain some of the differences in water and sodium regulation observed in hypertensive rats.
Distributed Flight Control System with Automatic Transient Disturbance Recovery

Systems incorporating digital electronic technology are used to implement aircraft functions that can affect the safe operation of the aircraft. Intense electromagnetic environments (such as lightning and EMP) can be a common cause threat to such digital systems, causing both hard (damage) and soft (digital upset) faults in digital electronics. Traditionally, redundancy has been used to avoid single point failures (hard or soft faults) that could cause loss of an aircraft function affecting safe flight and landing. Relative to soft faults, “rapid” fault clearing has been implemented and evaluated to achieve system soft fault robustness.
Seasonal Dry-Weight Composition in Diets of Mormon Crickets

The dry-weight composition of the diet and the food preferences were determined for Anabrus simplex Haldeman, inhabiting an arid ponderosa pine-bunchgrass community in northern Colorado. Thirty-five plant species were microscopically identified from the crops of this insect. Only 2-4 staple foods occurred in the diet during any period. Although primarily herbivorous, Mormon crickets were found to be carnivorous and fungivorous. Forbs contributed an average of about 50% of the diet, while arthropods and fungi contributed about 21 and 16%, respectively. Grasses, clubmoss. and grasslike plants comprised about 6, 5, and 2% of the diet, respectively. Diet and food preference changed as the season progressed.
Coherency Strain of an Overgrown Island

The lattice misfit strain in an overgrown island is considered to be accommodated by twodistinctive domains; a pure coherency domain (e domain) and a domain of misfit dislocations (δ domain). By introducing such two different constituents, the model predicts the transition condition from a “single phase” state (e phase) to a “two-phase mixture” (e+δ) as a function of misfit strain. Further, as in the chemical thermodynamics of a binary alloy system, energy vs. misfit strain diagrams allow us to understand possible existence of various metastable states which may be associated with an overgrowth.
A new remarkable Xestomyzinae (Insecta, Diptera, Therevidae) genus from Mexican Amber

Peratrimera mexicana n. gen., n. sp. is described from Mexican Amber. The fossil is placed in the Therevidae subfamily Xestomyzinae and its close relationship to the recent genus Henicomyia Coquillett is discussed. This is the first fossil of a Xestomyzinae from the New World and the first Therevidae from Mexican Amber.
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) functions as a late-acting B cell growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 5.

In recent years there has been considerable discussion of possible cross-regulatory mechanisms involving the immune system and the neuroendocrine system. Certainly, evidence of hormonal communication between these two systems would provide at least a partial explanation for the many anecdotal observations of physical and mental stress affecting disease course. In previous studies of a neoplastic lymphokine-responsive B cell clone, BCL1-3B3, we noted that these cells produced a lymphokine which could affect normal B cell growth and viability. Physical characterization of this lymphokine indicated that its molecular weight was identical to that of the neuroendocrine hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Since Blalock and colleagues had reported the production of ACTH by virally-infected B cells, we have investigated whether ACTH can functionally mimic the BCL1-3B3-derived lymphokine. The neuroendocrine hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) can increase in vitro murine B lymphocyte proliferation when added at physiologically relevant concentrations between 10(-9) to 10(-11) M. ACTH does not mimic the action of any lymphokine known to be required for B cell proliferation such as IL-2, IL-4, or IL-5. ACTH requires the presence of one or more of these known B cell stimulatory factors for its action and the most marked increase in B cell proliferation were noted in assays for IL-5 activity where 10(-10) M ACTH increased thymidine incorporation up to five-fold. Using two-stage assays, we determined that ACTH acts during the latter stages of B cell activation (i.e., 3-4 days after initial stimulation with either the combination of IL-4, GAMIg-Sepharose, and IL-1 or the combination of DxS and IL-5). These data indicate a direct role for a stress-induced neuroendocrine hormone in modulating the course of a humoral immune response.
An improved polarized rat hepatoma hybrid cell line. Generation and comparison with its hepatoma relatives and hepatocytes in vivo.

Studies of hepatocyte polarity, an important property of liver epithelial cells, have been hampered by the lack of valid in vitro models. We report here that a new polarized hepatoma-derived hybrid cell line, called WIF-B, has improved characteristics to those of its parent, WIF12-1. This latter line originated from the fusion of non-polarized rat hepatoma Fao cells with human fibroblasts (WI-38) and selection for a polarized phenotype. We generated the WIF-B line by growing WIF12-1 cells as unattached aggregates for three weeks and selecting for survivors. Karyotype analysis showed a broad chromosome pattern in the initial WIF-B population, but this pattern stabilized after a few passages. The growth and phenotypic properties of these cells were quite different from those of their polarized WIF12-1 parent. WIF-B cells attained a 4-fold higher maximal density in monolayer culture, survived at this density for > 5 days rather than 1 day, and exhibited two to three times more apical structures during this period (80 to 95%). We compared several parameters of liver differentiation in the WIF-B cells with those of a related hybrid clone, WIF12-E, which is extinguished for most liver-specific functions, and with the common hepatoma parent, Fao. By immunoblot analysis, the levels of expression of eight plasma membrane proteins were higher in the WIF-B cells than in either of the other two cell lines and ranged from 10 to 200% of those in vivo. Two plasma membrane proteins were not detected in WIF12-E cells. By immunofluorescence, the apical membrane proteins in WIF-B displayed different cellular localizations than in either of the other two cell lines. In WIF-B cells, apical proteins were confined to a plasma membrane region that we have identified as the apical domain by several criteria (Ihrke, G., Neufeld, E.D., Meads, T., Shanks, M.R., Cassio, D., Laurent, M., Schroer, T.A., Pagano, R. E. and Hubbard, A. L. J. Cell Biol., 123, 1761-1765). The same molecules were distributed over the entire plasma membrane of Fao and WIF12-E cells and also (for Fao cells) in intracellular punctate structures that did not colocalize with the majority of structures containing a secretory protein, albumin. Our results indicate that the WIF-B cells are more highly differentiated than any of their ancestors (Fao or WIF12-1 cells) and thus, are promising candidates for in vitro studies of hepatocyte polarity.
Decreased Expression of KLF2 and KLF4 Induced by Antiphospholipid Antibodies Promotes NF-Kb-Mediated Endothelial Cell Activation and Is Modulated by CBP/p300

Abstract 4315 Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy loss in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA). These antibodies are directed primarily against phospholipid-bound β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Anti-β2GPI antibodies activate endothelial cells, enhancing the expression of adhesion molecules and tissue factor, and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Kruppel-like factors (KLF) regulate endothelial cell inflammatory responses. KLF2 and KLF4 mediate anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells, and we have hypothesized that alterations in the expression or activity of KLF2 or KLF4 may modulate the endothelial cell response to APLA. In preliminary studies, we have observed that endothelial cell activation induced by APLA/anti-β2GPI antibodies inhibits the expression of KLF2 and KLF4, and as demonstrated by our laboratory and others, is accompanied by activation of NF-kB. However, forced expression of KLF2 or KLF4 by plasmid-mediated transfection of endothelial cells inhibits neither the phosphorylation of ser536 of the p65 subunit of NF-kB, nor the nuclear translocation of p65 in response to APLA/anti-β2GPI antibodies. Despite the lack of effect on forced KLF2 or KLF4 expression in endothelial cells on p65 phosphorylation, expression of either of these factors inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity with corresponding inhibition of cellular activation as measured by inhibition of cell-surface E-selectin expression as well as E-selectin promoter activity. Inhibition of NF-kB transcriptional activity by KLF2 and KLF4 appears to be due to recruitment of the CBP/p300 cofactor away from NF-kB by KLF2 or KLF4, since augmenting the cellular pool of CBP/p300 by transfection restores NF-κB activity and endothelial cell activation responses. Similarly, treatment of APLA-activated endothelial cells with CBP/p300 siRNA inhibits NF-kB transcriptional activity regardless of the levels of KLF2 or KLF4. These data suggest that APLA inhibit KLF expression and that these changes promote the acquisition of a prothrombotic endothelial cell phenotype. CBP/p300 may serve as a molecular switch that determines the relative antithrombotic activities of KLFs versus the prothrombotic, inflammatory responses induced by NF-kB in APLA/anti-β2GPI antibody activated endothelial cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Towards long-read metagenomics: complete assembly of three novel genomes from bacteria dependent on a diazotrophic cyanobacterium in a freshwater lake co-culture

Here we report three complete bacterial genome assemblies from a PacBio shotgun metagenome of a co-culture from Upper Klamath Lake, OR. Genome annotations and culture conditions indicate these bacteria are dependent on carbon and nitrogen fixation from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, whose genome was assembled to draft-quality. Due to their taxonomic novelty relative to previously sequenced bacteria, we have temporarily designated these bacteria as incertae sedis Hyphomonadaceae strain UKL13-1 (3,501,508 bp and 56.12% GC), incertae sedis Betaproteobacterium strain UKL13-2 (3,387,087 bp and 54.98% GC), and incertae sedis Bacteroidetes strain UKL13-3 (3,236,529 bp and 37.33% GC). Each genome consists of a single circular chromosome with no identified plasmids. When compared with binned Illumina assemblies of the same three genomes, there was ~7% discrepancy in total genome length. Gaps where Illumina assemblies broke were often due to repetitive elements. Within these missing sequences were essential genes and genes associated with a variety of functional categories. Annotated gene content reveals that both Proteobacteria are aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, with Betaproteobacterium UKL13-2 potentially capable of phototrophic oxidation of sulfur compounds. Both proteobacterial genomes contain transporters suggesting they are scavenging fixed nitrogen from A. flos-aquae in the form of ammonium. Bacteroidetes UKL13-3 has few completely annotated biosynthetic pathways, and has a comparatively higher proportion of unannotated genes. The genomes were detected in only a few other freshwater metagenomes, suggesting that these bacteria are not ubiquitous in freshwater systems. Our results indicate that long-read sequencing is a viable method for sequencing dominant members from low-diversity microbial communities, and should be considered for environmental metagenomics when conditions meet these requirements.
Mitigating the U.S. Drug Shortages Through Pareto-Improving Contracts

Drug shortages have been a major challenge facing the US pharmaceutical industry and government in recent years. Although the problem has drawn tremendous attention from the government and media, limited academic research has been devoted to this problem, and few solutions have been proposed based on rigorous research. This study addresses the drug shortage problem from a supply chain perspective, a key aspect missing in the literature, and proposes to mitigate shortages through drug purchase contracts. By modeling the drug supply chain, we capture the objectives of various supply chain parties, and investigate Pareto-improving contracts that mitigate drug shortages, improve drug manufacturer's and group purchasing organization (GPO)'s profits, and cut government spending and healthcare providers’ costs. We explore structural properties of key supply chain decisions and the Pareto-improving contracts, and conduct scenario analysis with realistic industry data to evaluate shortage mitigation solutions. Our analysis shows that increasing drug prices only, a solution advocated by many, is not very effective in shortage mitigation. Price increases must be paired with strengthened failure-to-supply clauses (called the IPS approach) to achieve consistent and significant shortage reduction as well as Pareto improvement. Across all scenarios tested, a 30% price increase under IPS can lead to a minimum, average, and maximum shortage reduction of 25%, 53%, and 70%, respectively. Our analysis also shows the impacts of IPS on different parties in the supply chain and the impacts of various model parameters on shortage mitigation. The IPS approach rewards reliability of drug supply, which is in line with the FDA's strategic plan to reward quality, but is easier to achieve in this regulation-based industry. Interactions with the government and industry practitioners indicate that IPS also challenges the current mindset in pharmaceutical contracting.
Kate Vieira. American by Paper: How Documents Matter in Immigrant Literacy .

As Kate Vieira notes in her introduction, she did not set out to write a book about papers. Instead, she was interested in testing claims that literacy is the “key to upward mobility, national belonging, civic participation, and ultimately assimilation” (2). She found, however, that her study participants frequently invoked papers when she asked about literacy; for them, “papers and literacy are intimately linked.” Vieira’s research challenges the theory that literacy is a means of achieving assimilation. She argues that literacy and papers are seen by migrants as a means of mobility—social, economic, and physical—and that papers serve as “a material lynchpin in the process of writing and being written” (9).
Professional Victorianisms: Immediacy, Urgency, and Interdisciplinarity in/at Work

Inspired by the theme of the Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies (INCS) 2016 conference “Natural and Unnatural Histories,” V21 Collective members hosted a roundtable discussion on “strateg...
Developing Addition with Regrouping Competence among Second Grade Students with Mathematics Difficulties

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using the concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) teaching sequence with integrated strategy instruction for developing addition w...
MicroRNA-22 controls interferon alpha production and erythroid maturation in response to infectious stress in mice

MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) is a highly conserved microRNA that can regulate cell proliferation, oncogenesis, and cell maturation, especially during stress. In hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), miR-22 has been reported to be involved in the regulation of key self-renewal factors, including Tet2. Recent work demonstrates that miR-22 also participates in regulation of the interferon (IFN) response, and expression profiling studies suggest that it is variably expressed at different stages in erythroid differentiation. We thus hypothesized that miR-22 regulates maturation of erythroid progenitors during stress hematopoiesis through its interaction with IFN. We compared the blood and bone marrow of wild-type (WT) and miR-22-deficient mice at baseline and upon infectious challenge with systemic lymphochoriomeningitis (LCMV) virus. miR-22-deficient mice maintained platelet counts better than WT mice during infection, but they showed significantly reduced red blood cells and hemoglobin. Analysis of bone marrow progenitors demonstrated better overall survival and improved HSC homeostasis in infected miR-22-null mice compared with WT, which was attributable to a blunted IFN response to LCMV challenge in the miR-22-null mice. We found that miR-22 was expressed exclusively in stage II erythroid precursors and downregulated upon infection in WT mice. Our results indicate that miR-22 promotes the IFN response to viral infection and that it functions at baseline as a brake to slow erythroid differentiation and maintain adequate erythroid potential. Impaired regulation of erythrogenesis in the absence of miR-22 can lead to anemia during infection.
Effects of osmolytes on stable UUCG tetraloops and their preference for a CG closing base pair.

Osmolytes have the potential to affect the stability of secondary structure motifs and alter preferences for conserved nucleic acid sequences in the cell. To contribute to the understanding of the ...
The Rare Complication and Diagnostic Challenges of Pulmonary Eosinophilia in Graft versus Host Disease Patients after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) is a common complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Eosinophilic lung disease is a rare poorly understood complication in HSCT patients with cGvHD. These patients present similarly to those with Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia (AEP). The purpose of this study is to better elucidate the presentation and potential treatment of this phenomenon. We reviewed over 170 bronchoscopies in post-HSCT patients with respiratory symptoms. Of these, four patients, whose course was complicated by cGvHD, presented with respiratory symptoms, diffuse ground-glass opacities (GGO) on chest computerized tomography (CT), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophilia, and no evidence of infection. The clinical course of these patients was reviewed. Despite clinical presentation similar to AEP, not all patients had > 25% eosinophils on BAL, one criterion for AEP, however all improved with steroids. Steroid initiation was often delayed in favor of empiric antibiotics despite negative infectious workup. Several patients had recurrent episodes. Regarding possible associations, we examined but found no link between particular demographics, reason for HSCT, chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, or peripheral eosinophil count and pulmonary eosinophilia in these patients. GGO present on initial CT imaging became chronic in several of these patients. We propose that in post-HSCT patients with GvHD presenting with respiratory symptoms, GGO on CT, BAL eosinophilia of > 10%, and negative respiratory cultures, an autoimmune eosinophilic process may be occurring. Earlier recognition and initiation of corticosteroids in these patients may improve their outcomes as an autoimmune diagnosis was often delayed in favor of antibiotics.
What Do we Learn About Rape Jokes From Rape Jokes About Rape Jokes

ABSTRACTThis piece takes as its subject rape jokes in which the rape joke itself is thematized. Taking up the functions of condensation, pleasure, and consent in Vanessa Place’s performance piece Rape Joke and Patricia Lockwood’s poem Rape Joke, I consider the proximity of rape to joke in contemporary culture as well as the shifts in address through which joke can become critique.
The effect of calcium on renin, aldosterone and prostaglandin release.

Evidence suggests that calcium (Ca2+) has an important regulatory role in the control of systemic and renal vascular tone. Acute and chronic hypercalcemia can increase blood pressure (Bp) and reduce renal blood flow (1–3). In contrast, pharmacologic blockade of Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle can improve many forms of hypertension (4). The mechanisms of Ca2+ induced changes in vascular tone are complex since Ca2+ can directly produce vascular smooth muscle constriction or mediate the pressor actions of vasopressin, norepinephrine and angiotensin II (AII) (5,6). In addition, other studies reviewed in this paper indicate that Ca2+ may regulate Bp through important interactions with the renin-angiotensin and prostaglandin (PG) systems.
Living with chronic pain: perceptions of breast cancer survivors

Breast cancer treatments may lead to chronic pain. For some breast cancer survivors (BCS), this experience can develop into the perception of living with chronic pain. The majority of BCS are postmenopausal and have hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer requiring aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Neither the prevalence nor risk factors associated with the perception of living with chronic pain among this population are well defined. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among postmenopausal, HR+ BCS who previously took or were currently taking AIs. The primary outcome was patients’ perception of living with chronic pain over the past 6 months. We measured pain and demographic and clinical variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors associated with the perception of chronic pain. Among 1280 participants, 167 (13%) reported having the perception of living with chronic pain before their breast cancer diagnosis; 426 (34%) reported this perception after completion of non-hormonal cancer treatment. Seventy-eight percent of BCSs reported experiencing at least one type of treatment-related pain within the past 7 days, with 23% experiencing at least three types. The most common types of pain were AI-induced musculoskeletal pain (49%) and pain at the surgery or radiation site (31%). Younger age ( 25, and the perception of living with chronic pain before diagnosis were risk factors associated with the perception of living with chronic pain. One in three postmenopausal, HR+ BCS considered themselves to be living with chronic pain. Effective interventions to reduce chronic pain are needed.