cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the twenty-first-century wet season projections over the Southeastern United States

This paper reconciles the difference in the projections of the wet season over the Southeastern United States (SEUS) from a global climate model (the Community Climate System Model Version 3 [CCSM3]) and from a regional climate model (the Regional Spectral Model [RSM]) nested in the CCSM3. The CCSM3 projects a dipole in the summer precipitation anomaly: peninsular Florida dries in the future climate, and the remainder of the SEUS region becomes wetter. The RSM forced with CCSM3 projects a universal drying of the SEUS in the late twenty-first century relative to the corresponding twentieth-century summer. The CCSM3 pattern is attributed to the “upped-ante” mechanism, whereby the atmospheric boundary layer moisture required for convection increases in a warm, statically stable global tropical environment. This criterion becomes harder to meet along convective margins, which include peninsular Florida, resulting in its drying. CCSM3 also projects a southwestward expansion of the North Atlantic subtropical high that leads to further stabilizing of the atmosphere above Florida, inhibiting convection. The RSM, because of its high (10-km grid) resolution, simulates diurnal variations in summer rainfall over SEUS reasonably well. The RSM improves upon CCSM3 through the RSM’s depiction of the diurnal variance of precipitation, which according to observations accounts for up to 40 % of total seasonal precipitation variance. In the future climate, the RSM projects a significant reduction in the diurnal variability of convection. The reduction is attributed to large-scale stabilization of the atmosphere in the CCSM3 projections.
Implications of correlated Nd and Sr isotopic variations for the chemical evolution of the crust and mantle

Published data showing a linear correlation between initial Nd and Sr isotope compositions in young basalts indicate the existence of a spectrum of isotopically distinct reservoirs in the mantle which represent either (1) mixtures of two homogeneous endmember reservoirs, one of which may be undifferentiated material or (2) fractionated reservoirs all derived from a homogeneous initial reservoir with the same ratio of enrichment factors for Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr. The slope of the correlation, which can be described approximately by (87Sr/86Sr) = −3.74114 (143Nd/144Nd) + 2.61935oreNd = −2.7 eSr, places constraints on the origin of these reservoirs and hence on the chemical evolution of the crust-mantle system. The reservoirs could be residual regions of the mantle left after ancient partial melting events. If so, the requirement of constant relative fractionation of Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr in refractory residues is a strong constraint on partial melting models. Calculations suggest that batch melting models are more compatible with this constraint than are fractional melting models, but models incorporating currently accepted distribution coefficients and residual phase assemblages cannot reproduce the observed isotope effects except under highly specific conditions. The slope of the correlation is not consistent with the hypotheses that chemical structure in the mantle is due to accretional heterogeneity or variable loss of elements to the core. If the mantle reservoirs are complementary in composition to the continental crust, and if the crust + mantle has eNd = 0andeSr = 0 and chondritic Sr/Nd, then Rb/Sr in the crust is calculated to be less than 0.10, suggesting that the crust may be more mafic in composition and contain a smaller proportion of the earth's Rb and heat-producing elements than previously estimated.
Synergistic effect on reduction in blood pressure with coadministration of a renin inhibitor or an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist

The effects of coadministration of a renin inhibitor, terlakiren, and an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, losartan, on blood pressure of sodium-depleted guinea pigs were studied. Dose-response relationships for terlakiren (0.1 to 3.0 mg/kg, iv), captopril (0.03 to 1.0 mg/kg, iv), and losartan (0.1 to 6.0 mg/kg, iv) were obtained either alone or in the presence of a submaximal dose of the other inhibitor. The hypotensive response calculated for each compound individually was subtracted from the response to each dose of the combination of inhibitors, and the results showed that statistically significant synergy with terlakiren and captopril occurred in the presence of losartan. The degree of the synergy indicated that to achieve the same response on blood pressure, the dose of each drug could be decreased approximately 2- to 7-fold when administered in combination. These results indicate that by inhibiting multiple sites in the renin-angiotensin system, synergistic effects can be produced. The relative safety of each inhibitor could be improved by large reductions in dose when used concurrently. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
School choice: Impossibilities for affirmative action

Abstract This paper investigates the welfare effects of affirmative action policies in school choice. We show that affirmative action policies can have perverse consequences. Specifically, we demonstrate that there are market situations in which affirmative action policies inevitably hurt every minority student – the purported beneficiaries – under any stable matching mechanism. Furthermore, we show that another famous mechanism, the top trading cycles mechanism, suffers from the same drawback.
Integrated approach for active coupling of structures and fluids

Strong coupling of structure and fluids is common in many engineering environments, particularly when the flow is nonlinear and very sensitive to structural motions. Such coupling can give rise to physically important phenomena, such as a dip in the transonic flutter boundary of a wing. The coupled phenomenon can be analyzed in closed form for simple cases that are defined by linear structural and fluid equations of motion. However, complex cases defined by nonlinear equations pose a more difficult task for solution. It is important to understand these nonlinear coupled problems, since they may lead to physically important new phenomena. Flow discontinuities, such as a shock wave, and structural discontinuities, such as a hinge line of a control surface of a wing, can magnify the coupled effects and give rise to new phenomena. To study such a strongly coupled phenomenon, an integrated approach is presented in this paper. The aerodynamic and structural equations of motion are simultaneously integrated by a time-accurate numerical scheme. The theoretical simulation is done using the time-accurate unsteady transonic aerodynamic equations coupled with modal structural equations of motion. As an example, the coupled effect of shock waves and hinge-line discontinuities are studied for aeroelastically flexible wings with active control surfaces. The simulation in this study is modeled in the time domain and can be extended to simulate accurately other systems where fluids and structures are strongly coupled.
Conservation laws associated with long surface waves

Long waves at the free surface of an inviscid fluid are known to have many interesting properties. In this review the existence or nonexistence of conservation laws is explored. While it is known that there are an infinite number of moment type conservation laws in two spatial dimensions, this does not appear to be true in three and higher dimensions.
Familial density of alcoholism: effects on psychophysiological responses to ethanol.

Recent research finding suggest that the patterning of familial alcoholism may critically determine ethanol sensitivity and severity of alcohol-related problems in the offspring. The present study examined the effects of familial alcoholism density on psychophysiological responses to ethanol administration in college males. Subjects with a positive family history of alcoholism were classified into affected biological father only (LD-FHP) versus both father and at least one second-degree affected relative (HD-FHP), and were compared to family history negative (FHN) subjects. Subjects received 1 g/kg ethanol or placebo in a double-blind procedure. A battery of subjective, physiological and psychomotor measures was collected once prior to and four times following drink administration. HD-FHP subjects showed significantly greater subjective effects, body sway and skin conductance after alcohol ingestion than either FHN or LD-FHP subjects; in contrast, there was no difference on any measure for LD-FHP versus FHN subjects. Our findings of increased ethanol sensitivity as a function of familial density of alcoholism strongly suggest the importance of carefully defining family history characteristics in all studies examining potential markers or risk factors for alcoholism.
The System Design and Parameterized Modeling of Juice Extractor Screw

The ordinary screw designed in traditional method will increase the power consumption and decrease the juice yield in the process of squeeze. Presented the system design of juice extractor firstly, then used the UG software and dimension driving technology to construct the 3d model entity of the screw with variable pitches and diameters, followed by systems three-dimensional model. Finished the static analysis of the screw blade by ANSYS, completing a follow-up study of parameterized modeling.
Primary herpes simplex pneumonia in a neonate.

• A 6-day-old male infant was treated for rapidly progressive pneumonia. The infection was not responsive to antibiotic and symptomatic treatment, and the infant died within 48 hours of admission. Herpes simplex type II grew from premortem respiratory and postmortem lung cultures, and immunoperoxidase staining confirmed the presence of this organism in lung tissue. Pathologic findings were limited to the lungs. A maternal origin for the virus was suspected but could not be proved. We believe this patient represents the first reported case of isolated herpes simplex type II pneumonia in a neonate. (Am J Dis Child1983;137:464-465)
Transient Analysis of Simultaneous Unbalanced Short Circuits of Synchronous Machines

The problem of simultaneous unbalanced short circuits of synchronous machines is solved for the first time. The complete solutions for armature, field, and damper-circuit currents and for the short-circuit torque are derived directly by mathematical analysis. A numerical example is given and the results are presented by graphs. Comparisons of the present case with single-phase short circuit cases are summarized in Appendix II of this paper.
A numerical study of bubble growth during low pressure structural foam molding process

The bubble size distribution created by the expanding foam plays a key role in controlling the load-bearing and other mechanical properties of the manufactured structural foam part. A numerical method to study the bubble growth and predict the bubble size distribution in polymeric foams is presented. On the microscopic scale, a cell model has been used. A cell is a system composed of a hypothetical spherical gas bubble and an envelope of polymer with constant mass surrounding the bubble. On the macroscopic scale, the foam has been modeled as a compressible medium consisting of a number of cells growing in close proximity to each other. The coupled system of the bubble growth equations for a cell and the field equations for the polymeric fluid are solved numerically to predict the spatial bubble size distribution and the flow front movement during the expansion process. The influence of different dimensionless parameters on the growth of spatially distributed bubbles and on the relative reduction in the transient bulk foam density, under isothermal condition; has been predicted. The existence of an axial pressure gradient in the mold due to the spatial variation of bubble growth is demonstrated through numerical experiments.
Further studies on effects of water soluble vitamins in experimental diabetes.

WITHIN a few weeks after withdrawal of yeast from their diet, depancreatized dogs receiving constant and adequate amounts of food, insulin, and pancreatin may develop glycosuria and lose nitrogen. In a preliminary attempt (Gaebler and Ciszewski, 1945) to relate this finding to known vitamins several of them were added at a time, for prolonged deficiency causes refusal of food and thus complicates experiments. Some results with individual vitamins can now be reported. In one animal which never responded like the others, an effort was made to exclude synthesis of vitamins by intestinal bacteria. We next determined whether or not glycosuria produced by slight insulin deficiency was influenced by the vitamin content of the food. Finally, we compared the amounts of glucose excreted during short fasts without insulin, after feeding complete and incomplete diets.
Laser cooling of GaN based on anti-Stokes Raman scattering

Based on our recent experimental result, we show that GaN holds promise for achieving laser cooling based on anti-Stokes Raman scattering.
Multi-Color Quantum Dot Tracking to Correlate FcɛR1 Aggregate Size with Mobility

The high affinity IgE receptor, FcɛRI, is the primary immune receptor expressed on mast cells and basophils. These receptors bind circulating IgE with high affinity and are activated when multivalent allergen crosslinks IgE-bound receptors, initiating a complex signaling cascade that leads to the release of inflammatory mediators by degranulation. It is also well documented that FcɛRI crosslinking leads to receptor immobilization. However, the exact mechanism of crosslink-induced activation is not completely understood.We have used single quantum dot (QD) tracking to characterize the mobility of QD-IgE-FcɛRI in the resting and activated state. We have previously shown that crosslink-induced immobilization is depended on the actin cytoskeleton as well as the antigen dose. Furthermore, we have determined that small, mobile clusters are signaling competent and that immobilization is the trigger for internalization rather than signal initiation. In these experiments, a combination of QD-IgE and dark IgE were crosslinked with multivalent antigen; therefore, the cluster size could not be directly correlated with mobility. We have now developed an experimental strategy and algorithmic approach to differentiate between monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers. Using a four-color beam splitter, we can simultaneously track FcɛRI complexes labeled with four spectrally distinct QDs (525, 585, 655, and 705) at rates up to 30 frames/s. From these data, we use QD localization and channel overlay accuracies to identify monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers and determine the diffusion coefficient for each type of aggregate. We demonstrate this approach with both simulated and experimental data.
Estimation efficiency with omitted covariates in generalized linear models

Abstract Although omitting covariates associated with the response in generalized linear models can yield seriously biased estimates of the effects of the included covariates, in certain settings there is no bias. This article considers the effect of omitted covariates on the efficiency of the estimated effects of the included covariates in these cases. I consider the case where the omitted covariate is independent of the included covariates, as in studies with randomized treatment assignment, as well as the case where the omitted covariate is correlated with the included but not a confounder. I present expressions to show that omitting covariates associated with the response and independent of the included covariate can result in serious efficiency losses for estimates of the effects of the included covariates. I also present expressions to show that omitting nonconfounding covariates can lead to efficiency gains. These expressions also quantify the magnitude of estimation efficiency with omitted covaria...
Complex biomarker discovery in neuroimaging data: Finding a needle in a haystack

Neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease are major public health problems. However, despite decades of research, we currently have no validated prognostic or diagnostic tests that can be applied at an individual patient level. Many neuropsychiatric diseases are due to a combination of alterations that occur in a human brain rather than the result of localized lesions. While there is hope that newer imaging technologies such as functional and anatomic connectivity MRI or molecular imaging may offer breakthroughs, the single biomarkers that are discovered using these datasets are limited by their inability to capture the heterogeneity and complexity of most multifactorial brain disorders. Recently, complex biomarkers have been explored to address this limitation using neuroimaging data. In this manuscript we consider the nature of complex biomarkers being investigated in the recent literature and present techniques to find such biomarkers that have been developed in related areas of data mining, statistics, machine learning and bioinformatics.
Carbon redox and climate control through earth history: A speculative reconstruction

Maintenance of the temperatures required for oceans at the Earth's surface since the beginning of the geologic record almost 4 Ga ago has been accomplished in the face of the Sun's increasing luminosity as a function of its evolution as a main sequence star by a progressive drawdown of the Earth's atmospheric “greenhouse” gases (chiefly CO2). Atmospheric CO2 has decreased roughly a hundred fold in the past 3 Ga with a halving time of about 0.4 Ga. As a by-product of a portion of this drawdown, O2 has increased about a thousand fold in the same interval with a doubling time of about 0.25 Ga. O2 reached saturation at today's level some 0.25 Ga ago. This drawdown of greenhouse gases has been implemented in large part (about 80% today) by the carbonate-silicate cycle in which increases in surface temperatures are buffered by increased rates of acid rainout of atmospheric CO2 and its reaction with crustal silicates to form carbonate (Ccarb). Decreases in surface temperatures curtail this process and allow buildup of atmospheric CO2 from volcanic sources. Photosynthesis and the burial of organic carbon (Corg) accounts for some 20% of today's CO2 drawdown. For the early Earth, the negative feedback mechanism of the carbonate-silicate buffer alone is likely to have lowered surface temperatures despite a brightening Sun as CO2 degassing rates declined and land areas grew. However, evidence of an icecap at c. 2.7 Ga and the increasing frequency of continental glaciation thereafter suggest that post-Archean Earth has remained cool despite stabilization of CO2 degassing rates and continental growth: an unlikely consequence of purely negative feedback. Maintenance of constant and perhaps even slightly declining surface temperatures since the Archean may therefore involve the redox cycle of crustal carbon and apparently mandates a continuous, organism-mediated increase in the burial ratio of reduced carbon (Corg) to oxidized carbon (Ccarb) with time via more efficient use of phosphorus (Porg) in Corg burial. This path would require the δ13C value of Corg burial to decrease with age if the bulk Earth δ13C value is to be preserved. Comparison with the δ13C record of Corg is consistent with this conclusion. Furthermore, the record suggests that the Earth's climatic evolution as preserved on the continents has been tectonically punctuated by alternating intervals of “greenhouse” drowning and “icehouse” emergence; respectively marked by episodes of Corg isotope clustering and scatter. Icehouse intervals, which appear to coincide with either supercontinents or periods of maximum continent dispersal, typically correspond to episodes of biotic innovation, phosphate deposition and probable step-function increases in Corg: Porg burial ratios that have kept the Earth's surface close to the freezing point despite increasing solar luminosity.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium for 1-methylnaphthalene/methanol mixtures at elevated temperatures and pressures

Vapor and liquid equilibrium compositions have been measured for binary 1-methylnaphthalene/methanol mixtures at 246.4, 272.2, and 296.9/sup 0/C over a range of pressures from approximately 1.3 MPa to the respective mixture critical pressures. Mixture critical pressures are obtained by visual observation of critical opalescence within the view cell.
Sensing RF signals with the optical wideband converter

The optical wideband converter (OWC) is a system for measuring properties of RF signals in the GHz band without use of high speed electronics. In the OWC the RF signal is modulated on a repetitively pulsed optical field with a large wavelength chirp, the optical field is diffracted onto a spatial light modulator (SLM) whose pixels are modulated with a pseudo-random bit sequences (PRBSs), and finally the optical field is directed to a photodiode and the resulting current integrated for each PRBS. When the number of PRBSs and measurements equals the number of SLM pixels, the RF signal can be obtained in principle by multiplying the measurement vector by the inverse of the square matrix given by the PRBSs and the properties of the optics. When the number of measurements is smaller than the number of pixels, a compressive sensing (CS) measurement can be performed, and sparse RF signals can be obtained using one of the standard CS recovery algorithms such as the penalized l1 norm (also known as basis pursuit) or one of the variants of matching pursuit. Accurate reconstruction of RF signals requires good calibration of the OWC. In this paper, we present results using the OWC for RF signals consisting of 2 sinusoids recovered using 3 techniques (matrix inversion, basis pursuit, and matching pursuit). We compare results obtained with orthogonal matching pursuit with nonlinear least squares to basis pursuit with an over-complete dictionary.
Conflict resolution support for parallel software development

Parallel changes, in which separate lines of development are carried out by different developments, are a basic fact of developing and maintaining large-scale software systems. Merging parallel versions and variants of source code is a common and essential software engineering activity. When a non-trivial number of conflicts is detected, there is a need to support the maintainer in investigating and resolving these conflicts. In this study, the authors present software conflict resolution recommender (scoreRec), a cost-benefit approach to ranking the conflicting software entities. The contributions of scoreRec lie in the leverage of both structural and semantic information of the source code to generate conflict resolution recommendations, as well as the hierarchical presentation of the recommendations with detailed explanations. The authors evaluate scoreRec through an industrial-strength legacy system developed by computational scientists. The results show that scoreRec offers relevant and insightful information and sound engineering support for conflict resolution. The authors- work also sheds light on the future development of recommendation systems in the context of software merging.
Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems: Differences in Substance Use Expectancy Organization and Activation in Memory

We used multidimensional scaling to model the semantic network of alcohol and marijuana expectancies (N = 897). Preference mapping was used to estimate vectors representing patterns of activation through the network as a function of levels of behavioral inhibition (BIS) and behavioral activation (BAS). Individuals with low BIS combined with high BAS levels exhibited patterns of activation emphasizing behavioral activation similar to heavier drug users in previous research. High BIS, low BAS individuals exhibited activation patterns with greater emphasis on inhibitory expectancies similar to low-level users. Differences in expectancy activation patterns were maintained after controlling for substance use and gender. Individual differences in BIS/BAS are associated with the organization of semantic networks and patterns of activation of expectancies contributing to differences in substance use behavior.
Redox-Dependent Surface Tension and Surface Phase Transitions of a Ferrocenyl Surfactant: Equilibrium and Dynamic Analyses with Fluorescence Images

The surface tension data for the surfactant Fc−CH2−N+(CH3)2−(CH2)14CH3−Br- (where Fc represents the ferrocenium cation) display the signatures of a surface gaseous−surface liquid expanded transition with binodals that depend on the oxidization state of the Fc headgroup. The phase transition is imaged using fluorescence microscopy. The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension data (obtained by the pendant bubble method) are analyzed in terms of an equilibrium model that accounts for surface phase transitions and electrostatic interactions and a dynamic model that accounts for the mass transfer kinetics of surfactant adsorption to the interface. The dynamic surface tension of the reduced form of the surfactant is controlled by bulk diffusion to the interface. The dynamic surface tension of the oxidized form of the surfactant is diffusion-controlled at dilute concentrations, but not at more elevated concentrations where adsorption−desorption barriers are important. The kinetic constants are determined from th...
A comparative study of histidase activity in amphibian, avian, reptilian and mammalian epidermis

Abstract 1. 1. Histidase activity and urocanic acid have been demonstrated in the epidermis of most, but not all, eutherian mammals. 2. 2. The enzyme could not be detected in a variety of amphibian, avian and reptilian species. It was also absent in the one marsupial species tested. 3. 3. It is suggested that the presence of the histidine-to-urocanic acid pathway has significance as an evolutionary change and may be related to the formation of keratohyalin granules.
Spaces whose finite sheeted covers are homeomorphic to a fixed space

Abstract Finitely generated groups that have the property that all their finite index subgroups are free Abelian are shown to be either free Abelian themselves or to have prime cyclic first homology. This group theoretic result allows one to show that the first homology of a finite connected cell complex that has the property that all of its non-trivial finite index covers have total space homeomorphic to a given space must be either cyclic of prime order or free Abelian. Other topological corollaries include a classification of such 2-complexes and a classification of compact 3-manifolds that have a non-trivial finite sheeted cover and have the property that all their finite-sheeted covers are themselves.
Ultrafast fluorescence polarization spectroscopy of near infrared dye in picosecond dynamic range: model and simulation

Near-infrared (NIR) dyes which absorb and emit light within the range from 700 to 900 nm have several benefits in biological studies. However, because of short fluorescence lifetime in picosecond range, no significant efforts have been made to recognize the theory of these dyes in time-resolved polarization dynamics. For the first time, a set of first-order linear differential equations was developed to model fluorescence polarization dynamics of NIR dye in picoseconds range and verify it by the ultrafast spectra obtained by streak camera.
Bivariate interpolatory rational splines

Smoothing conditions in terms of Bezier coefficients of piecewise rational functions on an arbitrary triangulation are derived. This facilitates the solution of the problem of bivariate rational spline interpolation, with or without convexity constraints, particularly on the three and four-directional meshes. For such a triangulation, we also derive the conformality condition that a bivariate rationale spline function must satisfy, and we demonstrate the interpolation scheme with a low-degree example.
An α-amino ketone to α-ketol transformation in the reduction of 16-oximino-17-ketosteroids

Abstract The unusual conversion of 16-oximino-5-androsten-3β-ol-17-one (I) to 5-androsten-3β, 17β-diol-16-one (III) with zinc acetic in acid is shown to proceed via the 16-amino-17-ketosteroid intermediate II. Deuterium labelling experiments were used to elucidate the reaction path.
Carbon isotope composition of organic compounds produced by abiotic synthesis under hydrothermal conditions

Although it is widely believed that production of organic compounds by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and related processes occurs in many geologic environments, unambiguous identification of compounds with an abiotic origin in natural samples has been hampered by a lack of means to discriminate between abiotic compounds and organic matter from biological sources. While isotopic compositions might provide a means to discriminate between biologic and non-biologic sources of organic matter, there are few data presently available to constrain the isotopic composition of compounds produced by abiotic processes in geologic systems. Here, we report results of laboratory experiments conducted to evaluate the isotopic composition of organic compounds synthesized abiotically under hydrothermal conditions. We find the organic products are depleted in 13C to a degree typically ascribed to biological processes, indicating that carbon isotopic composition may not be a particularly effective diagnostic means to differentiate between biologic and non-biologic sources. Furthermore, our results suggest that the isotopic compositions of reduced carbon compounds found in many ancient rocks that have heretofore been attributed to biological sources could be consistent with an abiotic origin in a hydrothermal setting.
Dose–Response Effect of Mother–Infant Clinical Home Visiting on Aggressive Behavior Problems in Kindergarten

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this follow-up study was to assess the long-term effects of clinical infant home-visiting services on child outcomes at school entry. Method Participants were 63 five-year-olds from low-income families, half of whom were referred to parent–infant home-visiting services during the first 18 months of life due to concerns about the caretaking environment. Families received between 0 and 18 months of weekly home visits based on infant age at entry into the study. At age 5, children were rated by teachers on the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire for behavior problems in the classroom and by parents both on the Simmons Behavior Checklist for behavior problems at home and on the Achenbach Social Competence Items for positive play behaviors with friends. Results With initial family risk status and child gender controlled, teacher-rated hostile behavior problems decreased in dose–response relation to the duration of early home-visiting services, which accounted for 15% of the variance in child hostile behavior. Parents’ reports of positive play behaviors were positively linearly related to service duration. Parents’ reports of behavior problems were less reliably related to service duration than teacher reports. Conclusions Early home-visiting services reduced the incidence of aggressive behavior problems among socially at-risk children for up to 3.5 years after the end of services.
Habit planes, inclusion theory, and twins

Abstract This study follows a previous one by the authors, who calculated martensite habit planes by two methods: (1) invariant-plane strain based on a theory proposed by Wechsler–Lieberman–Read (WLR) and Bowles–Mackenzie (BM) and (2) elastic-strain energy minimization of a thin-disc inclusion based on a theory similar to those described by Eshelby, Mura, Khachaturyan, and others. Our previous study considered three example materials (In–Tl, Au–Cd, Fe–Ni) but neglected twins. The present study introduces twins. Our model contains specifically the twinning plane, often (011)A, and the WLR angle φ, the relative rigid-body rotation to ensure twin-interface coherency. We focused on the much-studied f.c.c.–b.c.c. transition in Fe–31Ni. Using inclusion theory, we found that the two-Bain strain (twinned) theory gives much better agreement with invariant-plane-strain theory calculations and with observation than did the twin-free theory.
Libraries in Iraq and Egypt: A comparative study

Libraries have existed in both Iraq and Egypt since the very early period of recorded history, and since the earliest period of human civilization. In Iraq, or what was known as Mesopotamia, the earliest accumulations of written records were stored in the Sumerians’ temples. Those records contained writings on various subjects, such as: history, commercial accounts, mathematics, medicine, astrology, hymns, religions and the beginning of literature. At Nippur, in the southern part of Iraq, part of a large temple library and archives containing clay tablets have been discovered. These tablets were dated partly from the Sumerian period, about 4000 B.C., and partly from the Babylonian and Assyrian periods, about 3000 B.C. At the temple of this city there were several rooms used for the library and archives. In the period of the Assyrian greatness, which followed that of the Babylonians, the library and archives of King Ashur-Bani-Pal were established in the city of Nineveh, in the northern part of Iraq, which was the capital of the Assyrians. More that 20 000 tablets were excavated in this city. Some private Assyrian libraries have also been found. A general classification was also found in the Nineveh library, called the Royal Classification, for the main subjects dealt with. The tablets were arranged on shelves or in large pots and vessels.1 It was reported that about half a million tablets have been excavated to date from the ruins of ancient Iraq (Mesopotamia) and some other parts of the Near East. Many of these tablets were moved to European museums, particularly the British Museum, during the British occupation and mandate in the area. Like Iraq, the Egyptian temples were believed to contain one of the first organized library collections. The library of King Ramses II
An electrochemical sensor for distinguishing two-stroke-engine oils

Abstract An electrochemical sensor, which is composed of two gold-plated iron electrodes, was developed to distinguish two-stroke-engine oils from four-stroke-engine oils, so that the catalytical converter on a two-stroke-engine car would not be poisoned by the antiwear agents (zinc organodithiophosphates or ZDP's) or metallo-organic detergents (such as calcium sulfonates) existing in four-stroke-engine oils. The sensor has demonstrated its capability in detecting metallo-organic detergents, ZDP's, and ashless detergents. At 23 and 50°C, the sensor outputs obtained from the four-stroke-engine oils are much higher than those from the two-stroke-engine oils (with the exception of Pro-Series and Yamalube). High sensor outputs obtained from Pro-Series and Yamalube are due to the addition of an ashless detergent, amide, in these two-stroke-engine oils. Therefore, the sensor has the potential of distinguishing two-stroke-engine oils; (without ashless detergents) from four-stroke-engine oils and two-stroke-engine oils containing ashless detergents. At present, it is not clear whether the ashless detergents would poison the catalytic converter on a two-stroke-engine car.
Monitoring Matters: Meta-analytic review reveals the reliable linkage of parental monitoring with adolescent marijuana use

Parental monitoring is commonly accredited as an important protective factor against risky adolescent behaviors. In this meta-analytic review, associations of adolescents' perceptions of parental m...
Establishment and organization of territories in the dragonfly Sympetrum rubicundulum (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Abstract Territory formation by males of the dragonfly Sympetrum rubicundulum was studied at a shallow temporary pond in Pennsylvania. Most males arrived at the pond between 1100 and 1200 hours and sought unoccupied sites in which to land, which they immediately began defending against conspecific males. Incoming males were never observed to challenge previous residents for possession of territories. Most conflicts between males occurred in the mid-afternoon and involved occupants of adjacent territories; residents experienced a clear ownership advantage in these conflicts. Escalated contests for possession of territory sites did not occur, perhaps because unoccupied sites were continually becoming available due to territory abandonment. Certain regions of the pond were consistently favoured by both sexes and most mating occurred in them: the spatial distributions of copulating pairs, ovipositing females and unpaired females were in close agreement with the spatial distribution of territorial males. High density sites were also the first sites occupied in the morning by incoming males. Although most of the pond and the surrounding land was thickly vegetated, territorial males and ovipositing females were both significantly clumped along the water's edge. The spatial distribution of males may have resulted from a balance of factors: peripheral sites were better than central ones for encountering incoming females, but areas far from the water's edge were unsuitable for female oviposition.
Abscisic acid: a role in shoot enhancement from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) cotyledon explants.

Enhancement of shoot regeneration from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) cotyledon explants was studied by addition of abscisic acid (ABA) to Gresshoff-Doy (GD) shoot induction medium containing benzylaminopurine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Addition of ABA (10−7 M) doubled the morphogenic area of cotyledons and increased the fresh weight of cotyledon explants by 40 to 45% after 4 weeks. A 4-week exposure to ABA resulted in a larger morphogenic area per cotyledon than 3, 2, or 1 week(s) respectively. The enhancement by ABA was related to the explant seed source and was not increased by prolonged exposure. Compared to controls, shoot number was enhanced by 31% and 56% with 2 and 4 weeks of ABA (10−7 M) exposure, respectively. Abscisic acid has a role in enhancing shoot morphogenesis in loblolly pine.
Information and representation in autonomous agents

Information and representation are thought to be intimately related. Representation, in fact, is commonly considered to be a special kind of information. It must be a special kind, because otherwise all of the myriad instances of informational relationships in the universe would be representational - some restrictions must be placed on informational relationships in order to refine the vast set into those that are truly representational. I will argue that information in this general sense is important to genuine agents, but that it is a blind alley with regard to the attempt to understand representation. On the other hand, I will also argue that a different, quite non-standard, form of information is central to genuine representation. First, I turn to some of the reasons why information as usually considered is the wrong category for understanding representation; second, to an alternative model of representation - one that is naturally emergent in autonomous agents, and that does involve information, but not in standard form; and third, I return to standard notions of informational relationships and show what they are in fact useful for.
Increasing BCI communication rates with dynamic stopping towards more practical use: an ALS study

Objective. The P300 speller is a brain–computer interface (BCI) that can possibly restore communication abilities to individuals with severe neuromuscular disabilities, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), by exploiting elicited brain signals in electroencephalography (EEG) data. However, accurate spelling with BCIs is slow due to the need to average data over multiple trials to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the elicited brain signals. Probabilistic approaches to dynamically control data collection have shown improved performance in non-disabled populations; however, validation of these approaches in a target BCI user population has not occurred. Approach. We have developed a data-driven algorithm for the P300 speller based on Bayesian inference that improves spelling time by adaptively selecting the number of trials based on the acute SNR of a user’s EEG data. We further enhanced the algorithm by incorporating information about the user’s language. In this current study, we test and validate the algorithms online in a target BCI user population, by comparing the performance of the dynamic stopping (DS) (or early stopping) algorithms against the current state-of-the-art method, static data collection, where the amount of data collected is fixed prior to online operation. Main results. Results from online testing of the DS algorithms in participants with ALS demonstrate a significant increase in communication rate as measured in bits/min (100–300%), and theoretical bit rate (100–550%), while maintaining selection accuracy. Participants also overwhelmingly preferred the DS algorithms. Significance. We have developed a viable BCI algorithm that has been tested in a target BCI population which has the potential for translation to improve BCI speller performance towards more practical use for communication.
Control of juvenile diabetes mellitus and its relationship to endogenous insulin secretion as measured by C-peptide immunoreactivity.

Proinsulin is converted to insulin and C-peptide in the pancreatic β-cells; the latter two peptides are secreted in equimolar concentrations. Thus measurements of C-peptide immunoreactivity may provide a means of assessing residual pancreatic function in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Thirty-five patients with a mean (±SE) age of 13.4±.6 years who had diabetes mellitus for 4.8±.3 years were included in this study. Glucose and CPR were measured in the fasting state and one hour after 1 gm/kg (maximum 50 gm) of oral glucose. Patients were assigned to one two groups on the basis of adequate or poor control of diabetes. Twenty-five of the 35 (71%) patients had evidence of endogenous β-cell function, i.e., CPR>0.5 ng/ml. CPR levels over 0.5 ng/ml were present in a significantly (p 5 years duration (6/14). Only one patient showed a rise in CPR after the glucose load. All patients with CPR>2.0 ng/ml were in the adequately controlled group, but there were patients with CPR
Methods for Target-Setting and Rule Compliance in Automotive Engineering

Automotive design relies heavily upon the use of targets. In addition to providing direction and context for the development of new products, the target-setting process forms links between the subjective and objective characteristics of a product and, when executed properly, can help ensure compliance with regulations and feasibility guidelines. At the start of the target-setting process, business and marketing activities define a desired competitive position for a proposed product using data gathered in the various methods of market analysis. From this desired position, business and marketing develop high-level targets for attributes like performance, comfort, and cargo capacity based upon the current and predicated future qualities of products that are perceived to be potential competitors in the marketplace. These business targets guide the formulation of engineering targets. Engineers interpret the business targets to determine what combination of engineering attributes would best accomplish them. These attributes form the basis of a starting set of engineering targets that must be evaluated against databases of corporate, industry, and governmental regulations as well as rules that indicate the design viability and manufacturability of the product. This paper discusses the source, development, and use of targets in automotive engineering as well as formalisms and methods to describe and handle the target-setting and verification processes. In addition, this paper discusses proposed information technology-based and knowledge-based techniques to strengthen and streamline this critical aspect of the engineering design process.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Interactions of Eph-related receptors and ligands confer rostrocaudal pattern to trunk neural crest migration

Background: In the trunk of avian embryos, neural crest migration through the somites is segmental, with neural crest cells entering the rostral half of each somitic sclerotome but avoiding the caudal half. Little is known about the molecular nature of the cues – intrinsic to the somites – that are responsible for this segmental migration of neural crest cells. Results: We demonstrate that Eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands are essential for the segmental migration of avian trunk neural crest cells through the somites. EphB3 localizes to the rostral half-sclerotome, including the neural crest, and the ligand ephrin-B1 has a complementary pattern of expression in the caudal half-sclerotome. To test the functional significance of this striking asymmetry, soluble ligand ephrin-B1 was added to interfere with receptor function in either whole trunk explants or neural crest cells cultured on alternating stripes of ephrin-B1 versus fibronection. Neural crest cells in vitro avoided migrating on lanes of immobilized ephrin-B1; the addition of soluble ephrin-B1 blocked this inhibition. Similarly, in whole trunk explants, the metameric pattern of neural crest migration was disrupted by addition of soluble ephrin-B1, allowing entry of neural crest cells into caudal portions of the sclerotome. Conclusions: Both in vivo and in vitro, the addition of soluble ephrin-B1 results in a loss of the metameric migratory pattern and a disorganization of neural crest cell movement. These results demonstrate that Eph-family receptor tyrosine kinases and their transmembrane ligands are involved in interactions between neural crest and sclerotomal cells, mediating an inhibitory activity necessary to constrain neural precursors to specific territories in the developing nervous system.
User Perceptions of Security Technologies

In this paper, user perceptions of information systems security are explored through a study of university students. Server authentication, which is often ignored by users, clouded by system administrators, and exploited by hackers, is explored in detail, as it significantly affects usability and requires user knowledge and participation. The study also investigates the respondents' consistency, gender differences, and assessment of their own knowledge. Although users appear knowledgeable about security technologies, they rely more on peer opinion and reputation of web sites when making security decisions.
Visibility methods for convenient and accurate measurement of ultrasonic wave velocity

Knowledge of the velocity of sound waves in a medium allows one to characterize many aspects of the medium. It enters directly into determination of the adiabatic compressibility, the adiabatic bulk modulus, and the acoustical dispersion. Its variation is associated with anisotropic behavior. This anisotropy is evaluated in the recently developed resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS) technique from which one can evaluate elastic moduli of anisotropic samples.
An inversion-based iterative learning control algorithm for a class of nonminimum-phase systems

In a new inversion-based iterative learning algorithm for a class of nonminimum-phase systems the least-squares method is used to estimate the system parameters after each repetitive trial. The output tracking error and the identified system model are used through stable inversion to find the feedforward input, together with the desired state trajectories, for the next trial. A robust controller is used in each trial to ensure the stability of the systems and the output tracking error convergence. Sufficient conditions for learning control convergence are provided. Simulation studies on systems with gain uncertainty and time constant uncertainty are also presented. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed learning control scheme is effective in reproducing the desired trajectories.