cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of wave forces on kelp canopies by alongshore currents

The predominant view of the canopy-forming kelp’s mechanical response to water motion is that they sway passively under waves such that they are only rarely stretched out in flow, which reduces relative fluid velocities and decreases the applied force. Such a view is an appropriate first-order approximation but becomes conceptually problematic in the face of the net surface velocities (Stokes drift) that arise under waves of all but infinitesimal height, since such flows can tug organisms into fully extended positions, allowing forces to act unabated. Focusing on Nereocystis luetkeana, the bull kelp, this study examines quantitatively the capacity of alongshore currents to mitigate the consequences of Stokes drift by maintaining canopy-forming macroalgae in ‘‘neutral’’ positions with regard to the onshore‐offshore orbits of the waves. Results indicate that alongshore currents can indeed substantially reduce the forces imposed on canopy-forming kelps, as well as decrease the levels of wave damping that result from the interaction of these organisms with the passing fluid.
Resource and delay efficient matrix multiplication using newer FPGA devices

Matrix multiplication is a fundamental building block for many applications including image processing, coding, and digital signal processing. This paper presents a delay and resource efficient methodology for implementing integer and floating point matrix multiplication using FPGAs. We present a scalable architecture that provides a significant reduction in total computation time and resource utilization over previous solutions. The improvements of our method are attributed to a new method to compute partial products in parallel, utilizing the new features of modern FPGAs. The implementation of our algorithm for various matrix dimensions using Xilinx FPGAs is also described. When compared with the best reported previous method, our approach achieves an improvement in the parallelization of 60% for 64-bit floating point computations.
Ad hoc image retrieval using hierarchical semantic-based index

Content-based image retrieval is a challenging problem in mobile ad hoc networks due to the multiple limitations such as network bandwidth, infrastructure-free nature, and node mobility. The traditional systems employ either centralized or flooding strategies, which may result in low fault tolerance or high search cost. In this paper, we propose a decentralized non-flooding retrieval scheme in multi-hop ad hoc networks - semantic ad hoc image retrieval (SAIR). The novelty of SAIR stems from several factors including: (1) representation of image contents using first-order logic expressions; (2) clustering mobile nodes based on their data contents; and (3) performing content-based image retrieval within a reduced scope of mobile nodes. Through extensive simulations, we show that relative to the flooding strategy, SAIR can retrieve the semantically most similar image objects by accessing only a small portion of the mobile nodes with lower search cost. Moreover, it is scalable to large network sizes and large number of data objects.
Cellular Changes Induced by Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 11 in Keratinocytes That Stably Maintain Viral Episomes

Infections by low-risk papillomavirus types, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 (HPV-6) and HPV-11, induce benign genital warts that rarely progress to malignancy. In contrast, lesions induced by high-risk HPV types have the potential to progress to cancer. Considerable information is available concerning the pathogenesis of high-risk HPV types, but little is known about the life cycle of low-risk HPV types. Although functionally distinct, both high- and low-risk virus types infect keratinocytes and induce virion production upon differentiation. This information suggests that they may share common mechanisms for regulating their productive life cycles. Using tissue culture methods developed to study high-risk HPV types, we examined the ability of HPV-11 to be stably maintained as episomes following transfection of normal human keratinocytes with cloned viral DNA. HPV-11 genomes were found to be maintained in keratinocytes for extended passages in cultures in 14 independent experiments involving transfection of cloned HPV-11 DNA. Interestingly, the HPV-11-positive cells exhibited an extended life span that averaged approximately twofold longer than that of control neomycin-transfected cells. In organotypic cultures, HPV-11-positive cells exhibited altered differentiation patterns, but the extent of disruption was less severe than that seen with high-risk HPV types. In addition, the amplification of HPV-11 DNA, as well as the induction of several viral messages, was observed following differentiation of transfected cells in semisolid media. To determine whether global changes in cellular gene expression induced by HPV-11 were similar to those observed with high-risk HPV-31 (Y. E. Chang and L. A. Laimins, J. Virol. 74:4174–4182, 2000), microarray analysis of 7,075 expressed sequences was performed. A spectrum of cellular genes different from that previously reported for HPV-31 was found to be activated or repressed by HPV-11. The expression of only a small set of genes was similarly altered by both high- and low-risk HPV types. This result suggests that different classes of HPVs have distinct effects on global cellular transcription patterns during infection. The methods described allow for a genetic analysis of HPV-11 in the context of its differentiation-dependent life cycle.
Establishing Terminal Status in End-of-Life Discussions

The communicative purpose of an end-of-life discussion is to change the goals of treatment for a terminal patient from therapeutic to comfort care. In this study, the authors present a comparative discourse analysis of end-of-life discussions that reached a consensus to change the goals of treatment and discussions that did not. They found that the presentation of medical information was subtly different across these discussions: Decision-making discussions were based on a consistent accumulation of negative evidence, whereas non—decision-making discussions were inconsistent in this respect, including mention of positive rather than negative outcomes of medical problems, discussion of possible treatment options, and mitigating summary statements. The authors note that end-of-life discussions with these specific features do not progress to a decision to change the goals of treatment to comfort care.
The ætiology of the disease syndrome in wuchereria bancrofti infections

Abstract The claims of certain investigators that the presence of bacteria is necessary to the occurrence of most of the pathological changes and all the inflammatory attacks associated with filariasis are called into question on the following grounds: — 1. 1. A striking correlation has been found to exist between the presence of the insect vector of Wuchereria bancrofti and the incidence of filariasis. 2. 2. There is a close relationship between the number of persons in a community with microfilariae in the blood and the amount of clinical filariasis present. 3. 3. In parasitic infections other than filariasis extensive pathological changes occur in the tissues without apparent intervention of bacteria. 4. 4. The changes produced in lymphatic leucaemia, Hodgkin's disease, and other diseases of the lymphatic system create conditions favourable to the growth of pyogenic bacteria, yet the phenomena characteristic of filariasis do not occur in these diseases. 5. 5. There has been no consistency in bacteriological findings in filarial infection. No bacterium has been found directly associated with a series of filarial conditions which is as specific in type as are those caused by the organism of pneumonia or typhoid fever. 6. 6. Positive bacteriological findings in the majority of filarial cases have been made only in purulent material from abscesses either developed or in the process of formation. 7. 7. There is evidence that bacterial infection in filariasis, such as abscess, commonly occurs as the result of direct inoculation of the inflamed area by the finger nails of the patient. 8. 8. The pathological conditions present in filariasis indicate that the filarial worms are responsible for the disease syndrome. It is probable that the dead worms undergoing disintegration and absorption liberate or produce toxic substances which give rise to acute inflammatory changes. The reaction which they cause is believed to be allergic in character. 9. 9. The existence of hyperfilariation, on which the theory of parasite responsibility for filarial symptoms depends, has been demonstrated. 10. 10. With the existence of hyperfilariation, with worms either living or degenerated and with fibrotic changes produced by adults or their microfilariae, the obstructive phenomena of filariasis are readily explicable as due to mechanical blockage. 11. 11. Studies of a few apparently normal persons from endemic areas of filariasis suggest that in hyperendemic areas of filariasis from 90 to 100 per cent. of the people are infected with W. bancrofti.
Effect of Helical Drill Points on Delamination in Drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP)

A study of helical drill points for drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is presented. A helical drill point has an “S” contour with a radiused crown chisel that reduces the thrust force and make the drills self-centering. The S-shape chisel edge has a lower negative rake angle than a conventional chisel edge, and therefore may cut rather than extrude material. Experiments of drilling CFRP with helical drill points and conventional drill points were conducted. The results indicate that the helical drill points can reduce delamination significantly as compared to the conventional drill points under same cutting condition. Otherwise, delamination size decreases with increasing the cutting speed and increases with increasing the feed
World System History: From Traditional International Politics to the Study of Global Relations

The contemporary study of international politics is plagued by state-centrism, conceptions of politics as an autonomous process, an overemphasis on the near term, and Eurocentrism. As a result, the field is poorly equipped to deal with issues like globalization, political and economic crises, systemic instability, or discontinuous change. Important work in the field of world system history, an alternative school of thought, is reviewed in detail, and the manner in which its proponents avoid these shortcomings is considered. Systemic-level theorizing, transdisciplinarity, treatments of the long historical term, and non-Eurocentrism are hallmarks of this school. Proponents of world system history face two methodological challenges: determinism and indeterminancy. Determinism is not evident in our review, but indeterminancy remains an issue. Given the complex and nonlinear nature of global social phenomena, indeterminancy cannot be approached with traditional social science tools like hypothesis testing or predictive modeling. Nor do chaotic processes generally allow us to link microfoundations with macro-outcomes, as constructivists might counsel. Statistical and ideal-type models, and historical narratives, are more appropriate tools of analysis. Completeness is suggested as a more appropriate criterion for evaluation, but requires the perspectives be given time to develop more fully.
Context-aware code optimization

A program segment such as a function or a basic block sequence may display different behaviors during the execution of the program. For example, a basic block sequence may consistently show few cache misses during the first 10 times it is executed, while the same basic block sequence may experience high number of cache misses when the sequence is invoked in the next 100 times. The divergence within the runtime behavior of program segment implies that different optimization choices should be made even for a single code segment if it shows different behaviors under different runtime contexts. However, traditional compilation technique rarely, if ever, takes advantage of that optimization opportunity. This concept is different from the finding of hot path, which has been done in both static compilation and dynamic optimization, whose purpose is to find the most frequently executed code segment and then to apply more aggressive and more expensive optimizations on that code segment. For the most part, behavior divergence other than execution frequency is not a factor in the determination of which optimizations to be applied to the segment. In this paper, we propose a novel feedback-driven program optimization technique that profiles and determines the runtime behaviors of code segments in a program to find the different patterns of behavior, correlates different runtime behaviors of a program segment with its program source code, and uses an empirical search method to customize the choice of optimization for same program segments under different runtime behaviors. We implement our optimization technique in LLVM and test our approach with SPEC2000 and SPEC2006 benchmarks. The preliminary results show promising performance improvement compared with the standard optimization settings used by the benchmarks.
Pooled Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Tritrichomonas Foetus in Beef Bulls

Preputial scraping samples from 305 mixed breed beef bulls were examined for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus infection. All samples were collected by veterinarians and transported in commercial media to an accredited lab. Upon arrival samples underwent microscopic examination for the presence of Tritrichomonas foetus and were then incubated until 5 days postcollection before final microscopic examination. Culture detected 14 samples with Trichomonad spp.; all were confirmed to be Tritrichomonas foetus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After final examination samples were randomly placed in groups of 5 samples; technicians were blinded as to culture results of the individual samples constituting each pool. From each sample within a group, a portion of the fluid sediment was removed and pooled with the other samples of the group to form 61 pools. From each of the formed pools an aliquot was removed for PCR. PCR detected 16 positive pools; an additional 2 positive samples were then identified on individual PCR on samples previously diagnosed as culture negative. Relative to culture, the 95% confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity of PCR pools to detect Tritrichomonas foetus were 76.8% to 100% (mean value: 100%) and 85.5 to 99.5% (mean value: 93.4%), respectively.
Review of Advances in software maintenance management: Technologies and solutions by Macario Polo, Mario Piattini and Francisco Ruiz, Idea Group Publishing, Idea Group, Inc., U.S.A. 2003

Here is a new offering, now available both as a hardcover and as an e-book, in the much-neglected category of comprehensive texts on software maintenance. It is especially welcome for those of us struggling to provide our students with a text for learning the basics of software maintenance, in preparation for their inevitable first maintenance assignments as junior software engineers. This new book, Advances in Software Maintenance Management: Technologies and Solutions, edited by Macario Polo, Mario Piattini, and Francisco Ruiz at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain, is not intended to be an academic textbook and so is lacking in some areas for that purpose. However, it has some important advantages over the few other choices in this area. It also is a useful volume for managers and others interested in getting an up-to-date understanding of some of the major issues in software maintenance.
Inversion of inhomogeneous continuously varying dielectric profiles using waveguide backed radiating slots

The problem of inverting inhomogeneous, continuously varying dielectric profiles using a common radiating source, such as an open-ended waveguide, is studied. The 'measured' or available data, which are numerically simulated, consist of the self admittance of a waveguide-backed slot or an open-ended waveguide ending in a flange, put in contact with the dielectric medium to be inverted. Here, the basic method is to seek a solution for the direct problem based on discretizing the continuous profile and to approach the inverse problem by using a procedure involving successive refinements of a stratified dielectric model approximating the continuously varying profile. Results obtained are presented. >
Molecular genetic and biochemical approaches for defining lipid-dependent membrane protein folding

Abstract We provide an overview of lipid-dependent polytopic membrane protein folding and topogenesis. Lipid dependence of this process was determined by employing Escherichia coli cells in which specific lipids can be eliminated, substituted, tightly titrated or controlled temporally during membrane protein synthesis and assembly. The secondary transport protein lactose permease (LacY) was used to establish general principles underlying the molecular basis of lipid-dependent effects on protein domain folding, protein transmembrane domain (TM) orientation, and function. These principles were then extended to several other secondary transport proteins of E. coli. The methods used to follow proper conformational organization of protein domains and the topological organization of protein TMs in whole cells and membranes are described. The proper folding of an extramembrane domain of LacY that is crucial for energy dependent uphill transport function depends on specific lipids acting as non-protein molecular chaperones. Correct TM topogenesis is dependent on charge interactions between the cytoplasmic surface of membrane proteins and a proper balance of the membrane surface net charge defined by the lipid head groups. Short-range interactions between the nascent protein chain and the translocon are necessary but not sufficient for establishment of final topology. After release from the translocon short-range interactions between lipid head groups and the nascent protein chain, partitioning of protein hydrophobic domains into the membrane bilayer, and long-range interactions within the protein thermodynamically drive final membrane protein organization. Given the diversity of membrane lipid compositions throughout nature, it is tempting to speculate that during the course of evolution the physical and chemical properties of proteins and lipids have co-evolved in the context of the lipid environment of membrane systems in which both are mutually dependent on each other for functional organization of proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Folding in Membranes
Beclomethasone Dipropionate Aerosol in the Treatment of Steroid-Dependent Asthmatic Patients: An Assessment of 18 Months of Therapy

Twenty-nine of 33 steroid-dependent asthmatic patients received 18 months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate. Only four of 29 subjects required concurrent oral therapy with steroids. Twenty-six of 29 patients noted a marked improvement in their asthma; three of 29 described an indeterminate response. A statistically significant improvement in many of the symptoms, the plasma cortisol level, the first-second forced expiratory volume, and the forced expiratory flow at 50 percent of the observed forced vital capacity was present only at the end of three months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate. Steroid-withdrawal symptoms, particularly those related to the nose and sinuses, were initially troublesome but decreased with the passage of time. No oropharyngeal fungal infections were observed. At a dose below the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppressive level, therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate appears to be safe and effective for treating patients with steroid-dependent asthma.
Protein Structure Prediction and Structural Genomics

Genome sequencing projects are producing linear amino acid sequences, but full understanding of the biological role of these proteins will require knowledge of their structure and function. Although experimental structure determination methods are providing high-resolution structure information about a subset of the proteins, computational structure prediction methods will provide valuable information for the large fraction of sequences whose structures will not be determined experimentally. The first class of protein structure prediction methods, including threading and comparative modeling, rely on detectable similarity spanning most of the modeled sequence and at least one known structure. The second class of methods, de novo or ab initio methods, predict the structure from sequence alone, without relying on similarity at the fold level between the modeled sequence and any of the known structures. In this Viewpoint, we begin by describing the essential features of the methods, the accuracy of the models, and their application to the prediction and understanding of protein function, both for single proteins and on the scale of whole genomes. We then discuss the important role that protein structure prediction methods play in the growing worldwide effort in structural genomics.
Fostering Healthy Futures for Teens: Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Program

AbstractObjective: This article describes the process of adapting and implementing a complex, multicomponent intervention for a new population. Specifically, the article delineates the development and implementation of the Fostering Healthy Futures for Teens (FHF-T) program, which is an adaptation and extension of the Fostering Healthy Futures® (FHF) preventive intervention. FHF is a 9-month mentoring and skills group program for 9 to 11 year olds recently placed in foster care. Following the designation of FHF as an evidence-based intervention, there was increasing demand for the program. However, the narrow population for which FHF had demonstrated efficacy limited broader implementation of the existing intervention. FHF-T was designed to extend the reach of the program by adapting the FHF intervention for adolescents in the early years of high school who have a history of out-of-home care. Specifically, this adaptation recognizes key developmental differences between preadolescent and adolescent popula...
Trends in the Epidemiology of Osteomyelitis: A Population-Based Study, 1969 to 2009

Background: The epidemiology of osteomyelitis in the United States is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine long-term secular trends in the incidence of osteomyelitis in a population-based setting. Methods: The study population comprised 760 incident cases of osteomyelitis first diagnosed between January 1, 1969, and December 31, 2009, among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. The complete medical records for each potential subject were reviewed to confirm the osteomyelitis diagnosis and to extract details on anatomical sites, infecting organisms, etiological risk factors, and outcomes. Results: The overall age and sex-adjusted annual incidence of osteomyelitis was 21.8 cases per 100,000 person-years. The annual incidence was higher for men than for women and increased with age (p < 0.001). Rates increased with the calendar year (p < 0.001) from 11.4 cases per 100,000 person-years in the period from 1969 to 1979 to 24.4 per 100,000 person-years in the period from 2000 to 2009. The incidence remained relatively stable among children and young adults but almost tripled among individuals older than sixty years; this was partly driven by a significant increase in diabetes-related osteomyelitis from 2.3 cases per 100,000 person-years in the period from 1969 to 1979 to 7.6 cases per 100,000 person-years in the period from 2000 to 2009 (p < 0.001). Forty-four percent of cases involved Staphylococcus aureus infections. Conclusions: The reasons for the increase in osteomyelitis between 1969 and 2009 are unclear but could comprise a variety of factors, including changes in diagnosing patterns or increases in the prevalence of risk factors (e.g., diabetes) in this population. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Tissue culture of the monocotLilium

The monocot Lilium, possessing very large nuclei and chromosomes, is a favorable material for studying problems of development, parti cularly with regard to the proteins of the nucleus (Sheridan and Stern, 1967). Since it would broaden the possible approaches to such study if successful, an attempt was made to establish Lilium in tissue culture. This communication reports (1) the successful establishment in both agar and liquid shake cultures of callus of Lilium longiflorum Thunb ; (2) the repeated subculturing of the callus on growth factor free media; and (3) the production of large numbers of plantlets from callus under certain growth conditions in liquid suspension cultures. Callus was established by placing tissue expiants from steBi apices onto the basal medium supplemented with 2 mg/1 of indoleacetic acid (IAA). The terminal 10 cm of stems which were approximately 25 cm in height were removed and all but the smallest leaves were stripped off. The apices were washed for 5 min in a solution of the detergent Heikol, 10 min in 10% Clorox, and 5 min in sterile distilled water. Each apex was then placed in a sterile petri dish and the outer portion in cluding all the leaves and primordia was removed with a sc^pel leaving a cylinder which was free of any surface tissue. The terminal 2 cm were removed and placed on the medium. The basal medium was that of Linsmaier and Skoog (1965) con taining major and minor salts, organic supplements of thiamin and inositol, and 40 g of sucrose per liter. Basal agar medium refers to the above medium solidified with 0.8% agar. Fresh weight was used for determining growth response. Within three weeks of explantation, callus appeared on the edge of the tissue block in contact with the medium. The presence of IAA in the culture medium stimulated the production of callus by the stem tissue but was not essential for it. When expiants were placed on medium lacking IAA, buds appeared on the surface of the tissue blocks and shoots and roots were formed producing new plants; on occasion callus was also formed, but usually only after the formation of roots and shoots.
Some Factors Affecting Population Size of the Bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

Some factors which affect the population size of Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) were studied by inspection of its cases collected from the field in witer. Average fecundity, frequency of reproductive females, percentage females, parasitism, and predation varied significantly among samples from different host plants and among samples from trees of Juniperus virginiana L., all in the same grove. Percent mortality from unknown causes was significantly dependent on host species. Frequency of reproductive females was density dependent in bagworms feeding on J. virginiana. Groups of bagworms might escape parasites and other causes of mortality by colonizing new host individuals. Females which fed on Acer palmatum atropurpureum Nichols did not reproduce. If a 1: 1 sex ratio can be assumed to occur in bagworms at birth, males, on the average, suffered higher mortality than females.
Intravenous administration of massive dosages of estrogen to the human subject; blood levels attained.

SummaryThirteen female and 9 male subjects have been given a total of 67 intravenous infusions of from 100 to 400 mg of conjugated natural estrogens dissolved in 200 cc of normal saline. In the main, these infusions were well tolerated. Serum levels of estrogen as determined by bioassay varying from 17.6 to 48 μg were obtained and only negligible quantities of estrogen remained in the blood after 8 hours.The feasibility of rapidly inducing a high serum estrogen level by intravenous infusion is demonstrated. The clinical usefulness of this form of estrogen therapy in carcinoma of the breast and prostate remains to be evaluated.
Azure B Bromide Staining of Regenerating Muscle

Paraffin sections of regenerating muscle fibers color intensely blue or purple with the metachromatic stain azure B bromide. These darkly stained fibers show excellent cellular detail in cytoplasm as well as nuclei. They contrast conspicuously with the pale blue of adjacent normal muscle. Differential staining of nucleic acids is the principle on which this technic is based. With stain dissolved in water at a pH of 4.0, the ribonucleic acid (RNA) stains purple and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) stains blue-green. Early work with azure B bromide was done by Flax and Himes. They and Lash and associates demonstrated that treatment of sections with ribonuclease (RNAse) before staining eliminated the purple color. This stain has been used very satisfactorily in our laboratory for a study of the basophilia of regenerating muscle, the pathology of human muscular dystrophy, and the inflammatory disorders of muscle. We have obtained good results from it also with regenerating diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle of rats which had been inoculated intraperitoneally with the myotoxic substance plasmocid.* 8 ' Procedures for using azure B bromide are not, to our knowledge, generally included in current histologic technic books, nor do they seem to be well known. It is the purpose of the present paper to call attention to some of the literature on this subject, to describe briefly the technic of using azure B bromide, and to emphasize that it is probably not strictly accurate to refer to this stain simply as azure B, as has been done in some previous publications. •"
The 12-Hour Work Day: A 48-Hour, Eight-Day Week

This investigation examined police officers' responses to a change from a forward rotating 8–hour-shift schedule to a 12-hour compressed shift schedule. As predicted, significant improvements were ...
The Simulation Model

Economists since Adam Smith have been interested in hedonic equilibrium, or how the characteristics of a good or service are related to its price. The interest encompasses both product markets, as typified by the automobile industry study of Griliches (1971), and labor markets, as in the study of worker safety and compensating wage differentials by Thaler and Rosen (1975). Econometric research summarized in Chapter 2 reveals the difficulty of estimating the hedonic equilibrium price function (Brown and Rosen 1982, Brown 1983, Epple 1987, and Kahn and Lang 1988). Theoretical research also demonstrates the impossibility of deriving an analytical solution for the hedonic equilibrium locus in the presence of uncertainty caused, for instance, by the possibility of a work-related accident or disease (Epple, p. 63). To overcome the limitations of existing econometric and theoretical research we developed a numerical simulation model capable of examining both th direct and the indirect effects of public policies geared toward improving workplace safety.
Air cavity low-loss transmission lines for high speed serial link applications

This paper reports on the design, optimization, processing and measurement of an air-cavity transmission line structure on FR-4 boards for high-speed chip-to-chip links. The proposed structure has air as the insulating material, thereby minimizing the dielectric loss. Full-wave electromagnetic simulation is used to predict the performance of the proposed air-cavity structure. Compared to conventional transmission lines on an FR4 substrate, the effective dielectric constant is reduced by 25% from 2.75 to 2.07, and the dielectric loss is reduced by 26% from 0.48 dB/cm (1.22 dB/inch) to 0.35 dB/cm (0.9 dB/inch) at 20 GHz. Simulation also shows that conductor surface roughness contributes significant loss, which is confirmed by the measurement results. An active low power electrical link demonstration is also reported herein. The transmitter (TX) utilizes a 1-tap feed-forward-equalization (FFE) for pre-cursor cancellation and the receiver (RX) a 1-tap decision-feedback-equalization (DFE) for post-cursor cancellation. The TX and RX frontends implement a current-sharing scheme to reduce the overall link power consumption. The circuitry and interconnect were co-designed to achieve 6.25 Gb/s at ∼0.6 mW/Gb/s (or 0.6 pJ/bits) in 0.13 μm 1.2V CMOS process.
Efficient relaxed-Jacobi smoothers for multigrid on parallel computers

Abstract In this Technical Note, we present a family of Jacobi-based multigrid smoothers suitable for the solution of discretized elliptic equations. These smoothers are based on the idea of scheduled-relaxation Jacobi proposed recently by Yang & Mittal (2014) [18] and employ two or three successive relaxed Jacobi iterations with relaxation factors derived so as to maximize the smoothing property of these iterations. The performance of these new smoothers measured in terms of convergence acceleration and computational workload, is assessed for multi-domain implementations typical of parallelized solvers, and compared to the lexicographic point Gauss–Seidel smoother. The tests include the geometric multigrid method on structured grids as well as the algebraic grid method on unstructured grids. The tests demonstrate that unlike Gauss–Seidel, the convergence of these Jacobi-based smoothers is unaffected by domain decomposition, and furthermore, they outperform the lexicographic Gauss–Seidel by factors that increase with domain partition count.
Executive functioning in a racially diverse sample of children who are overweight and at risk for eating disorders.

Difficulties with executive functioning may underlie both overweight and loss of control (LOC) eating behavior across the age spectrum, but there is a relative paucity of research in children with both conditions. This study aimed to characterize general executive functioning among children with overweight and LOC eating as compared to their overweight and normal-weight peers. Participants were 75 racially diverse children (58.7% female; 81.3% African-American), aged 9-12y (M age = 10.5 ± 1.1), of whom 26 were overweight/obese and endorsed LOC eating (OW-LOC), 34 were overweight controls (OW-CON), and 15 were normal-weight controls (NW-CON). All children completed interview-based measures of eating pathology, and behavioral measures of executive functioning. Parents reported on behavioral facets of children's executive functioning. Groups were compared across parent-report measures and behavioral tasks using analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) and multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) which adjusted for general intellectual functioning. Significant group differences were revealed on a behavioral measure of planning, the Tower of London task [F (5,65) = 3.52; p = 0.007], and a behavioral measure of working memory, the List Sorting task [F (2,71) = 6.45; p = 0.003]. Post-hoc tests revealed that OW-LOC and OW-CON performed worse than NW-CON on the Tower of London, with relative decrements in accuracy rather than performance time. Further, OW-LOC performed worse than both OW-CON and NW-CON on the List Sorting task. Overweight with or without concomitant LOC eating in children may characterize a unique pattern of executive dysfunction. Interventions for eating- and weight-related problems in youth should address underlying deficits in planning and working memory.
Venture Labor| Venture Labor, the News Crisis, and Journalism Education

This essay applies Neff’s venture labor concept to crisis in journalistic production and attempts by journalism schools to reconcile their roles of training students for a professional workforce with the slow-motion disintegration of that workforce. Specifically, it looks at entrepreneurial journalism training programs in the United States and the complex ways these programs both reify and challenge notion of venture labor.
Study of the electric field enhancement in resonant metasurfaces

The electric field properties (distribution and enhancement) of high impedance surfaces under radiation are studied. It is shown that the electric field enhancement at the gap between metal plates has a linear relation with a geometrical factor and is independent of the resonator quality factor. Conditions under which the metasurface can act as an efficient optical absorber are also studied. At the end, wavelengths around 800 nm are suggested for silver (plasmonic) resonators at optical frequencies to maximize the electric field enhancement.
Work, Family, and Their Intersection

In 1972, Leonard Pearlin fielded a study of adults living in the Chicago Urbanized Area. The interview booklet was titled, “Problems of Everyday Life,” and with this disarmingly simple title Pearlin helped to expand social understandings of the linkages between social experiences and emotional distress. In the design of that survey and of its follow-up in 1976, and in the many empirical analyses as well as conceptual developments that flowed from it and subsequent projects, Pearlin inspired a wide range of scholars across many fields to give more sustained and careful attention to the persistent rewards and strains that are embedded in ordinary lives, and in particular those embedded in ordinary and normatively expected adult social roles, including marriage, parenting, and employment. This body of work also drew new attention to the social-psychological resources that people may draw upon in managing those rewards and strains, such as their own sense of mastery and self-esteem, as well as their social supports and coping efforts.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a rodent-borne virus that is an uncommon cause of congenital infection. Affected infants present with brain and eye lesions, including periventricular calcifications, neuronal migration defects, and chorioretinitis. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus mimics the presentation of congenital cytomegalovirus, and it should be considered in symptomatic infants whose cytomegalovirus testing is negative.
Solutions of ODEs with Removable Singularities

Automatic differentiation (AD) can be used to compute a Taylor polynomial approximation to a function x(t) of a single variable at a base point t0 to any desired degree. AD can handle functions with removable singularities, such as x(t) = t/(1 − cos t) at t0 = 0. The standard convolution algorithm for computing the expansion of a quotient H = F/G from F = G ∗ H, given the expansions of F and G, must first be preprocessed by determining the lowest terms t and t appearing in F and G, respectively. Then if m ≥ n, the algorithm, slightly modified, works. AD also can be used to compute Taylor polynomial approximations to solutions of the IVP (Initial Value Problem) for a single ODE (Ordinary Differential Equation) or a system of ODEs of the form dx dt = f(t, x), x(t0) = x0 .
Lessons of US Subnational Experience for EU CCCTB Iniative

I am extremely grateful for the opportunity to share with this most distinguished audience my thoughts on the lessons that the US subnational experience may have for the EU CCCTB initiative. My remarks are based on 35 years of writing about — and, more importantly, working in the trenches of — state tax practice in the US.
Controllability of One Spin and Two Interacting Spins

We consider the problem of steering control for the systems of one spin ½ particle and two interacting spin ½ particles in an electro-magnetic field. The models described are bilinear systems whose state varies on the Lie group of special unitary matrices of dimensions two and four, respectively. By performing decompositions of Lie groups, taking into account the described equations at hand, we derive control laws to steer the state of the system to any desired final configuration. Explicit formulas are given for the parameters involved in the control algorithms. Moreover, the proposed algorithms allow for arbitrary bounds on the magnitude of the controls and for some flexibility in the specification of the final time which must be greater than a given value but otherwise arbitrary. The controllability of the two models is also analyzed.
Accelerated Learning by Experimentation

In most technologies and most industries, experiments play a central role in organizational learning as a source of knowledge and as a check before changes are implemented. There are four primary types of experiments: controlled, natural, ad-hoc, and evolutionary operation. This paper discusses factors that affect learning by experimentation and how they influence learning rates. In some cases, new ways of experimenting can create an order of magnitude improvement in the rate of learning. On the other hand, some situations are inherently hard to run experiments on, and therefore learning remains slow until basic obstacles are solved. Examples of experimentation are discussed in four domains: product development, manufacturing, consumer marketing, and medical trials.
The Non-Tested Years: Policy’s Impact on Early Childhood Curriculum

Early childhood and elementary education emerged from a variety of knowledge and research bases. Tensions emerged as they were brought together in a unified public kindergarten through 12th-grade e...
De Teotihuacan a Tenochtitlan. Dos trayectorias de cambio social

I review quantitative data for several major social and economic changes in central Mexico from the Classic Period through the Late Postclassic Period. Two kinds of trajectories through time can be identified. First, population and urbanization exhibited U-shaped curves of change: High values for Teotihuacan in the Classic, then lower values during the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods, followed by high values again in the Late Postclassic (Aztec) Period. On the other hand, economic measures (trade and commercialization) increased over this interval, while measures of well-being or standard of living declined. This is a preliminary study that points to the importance of quantitative archaeological data for research on the changes that took place in ancient Mesoamerica.
Identification of the major diacylglycerol acyltransferase mRNA in mouse adipocytes and macrophages

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major form of energy storage in eukaryotes. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze the final and rate-limiting step of TAG biosynthesis. Mammalian DGATs are classified into DGAT1 and DGAT2 subfamilies. It was unclear which DGAT was the major isoform expressed in animal cells. The objective was to identify the major DGAT mRNA expressed in cultured mouse adipocytes and macrophages and compared it to that expressed in tung tree seeds. qPCR evaluated DGAT mRNA levels in mouse 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages and tung tree seeds. TaqMan qPCR showed that DGAT2 mRNA levels were 10–30 fold higher than DGAT1 in adipocytes and macrophages, and DGAT mRNA levels in adipocytes were 50–100-fold higher than those in macrophages. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory tristetraprolin/zinc finger protein 36 (TTP/ZFP36) mRNA levels were 2–4-fold higher in macrophages than those in adipocytes and similar to DGAT1 in adipocytes but 100-fold higher than DGAT1 in macrophages. SYBR Green qPCR analyses confirmed TaqMan qPCR results. DGAT2 mRNA as the major DGAT mRNA in the mouse cells was similar to that in tung tree seeds where DGAT2 mRNA levels were 10–20-fold higher than DGAT1 or DGAT3. The results demonstrated that DGAT2 mRNA was the major form of DGAT mRNA expressed in mouse adipocytes and macrophages and tung tree seeds.
Are Atlantic goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, establishing more northerly spawning sites? Evidence from the northeast Gulf of Mexico

Many fish migrate long distances to form spawning aggregations—important life history events that reflect population reproductive potential—often at predictable times and places. However, we often do not know where and when aggregations form, or if they are characteristically similar across spatial gradients. For Atlantic goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822), spawning aggregations have been verified from subtropical sites off the southeast and southwest coasts of Florida, and off the southern coast of Brazil. Here, we verify a spawning aggregation off the northwest Florida coast in warm temperate waters of the Gulf of Mexico and characterize the aggregation relative to those in south Florida. Evidence of a spawning aggregation was derived from seasonal differences in gamete stages, nocturnal sound production, and relative abundance on the presumed aggregation site. These patterns all paralleled those of south Florida spawning aggregations, but with a shorter spawning season. In northwest Florida, there was a spatiotemporal relationship with reproductive timing and surface water temperature, and with wind speed/water current direction, which indicate that timing of goliath grouper reproduction is optimal for larval transport and survival. This northwest Florida spawning aggregation is significant because it represents an expansion of approximately 3° farther north than previously verified aggregations.
Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common problem managed by the acute care surgeon. A structured approach to evaluation, management, and treatment is recommended. Resuscitation is the first and most important step, followed by identification of the bleeding site. History and physical exam can help determine the severity and any potential sources of the bleed. Any medical management is based on the etiology of the GI bleed. Typically, an upper gastrointestinal bleeding source can be diagnosed and treated with upper endoscopy. Endoscopic, angiographic, and surgical techniques are used to manage lower gastrointestinal bleeding and determine the source of bleeding and treatment. Specific algorithms are based on location and severity of the bleeding and recurrence.
Cryo-EM structure of a 40 kDa SAM-IV riboswitch RNA at 3.7 Å resolution.

Specimens below 50 kDa have generally been considered too small to be analyzed by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The high flexibility of pure RNAs makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution structures by cryo-EM. In bacteria, riboswitches regulate sulfur metabolism through binding to the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ligand and offer compelling targets for new antibiotics. SAM-I, SAM-I/IV, and SAM-IV are the three most commonly found SAM riboswitches, but the structure of SAM-IV is still unknown. Here, we report the structures of apo and SAM-bound SAM-IV riboswitches (119-nt, ~40 kDa) to 3.7 A and 4.1 A resolution, respectively, using cryo-EM. The structures illustrate homologies in the ligand-binding core but distinct peripheral tertiary contacts in SAM-IV compared to SAM-I and SAM-I/IV. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of resolving small RNAs with enough detail to enable detection of their ligand-binding pockets and suggest that cryo-EM could play a role in structure-assisted drug design for RNA. The conformational heterogeneity of RNA molecules makes their structure determination by X-ray crystallography and NMR challenging. Here the authors show that RNA structures can be solved by cryo-EM and present the structures of a 40 kDa SAM-IV riboswitch in the apo form and bound to its ligand S-adenosylmethionine.