cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innate Immunity and Viral Infections

This chapter reviews the current understanding of the induction and function of innate immune responses to viral infections. The focus is on the characteristics unique to or best characterized in the context of viral rather than nonviral infections. This chapter is organized into six sections. The first reviews the literature on induction of innate cytokine proteins during in vivo infections. The second presents the known molecular pathways to cytokine induction. The third is an overview of biochemical pathways activated by key innate cytokines. The last three sections integrate this information to examine functions of innate cytokines in regulating endogenous immune responses, the accessing of innate cytokines by adaptive immune responses, and the contributions of innate cytokines to viral pathogenesis. The ability of IL-6 to induce secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) and therefore limit the extent of the pathologic inflammatory reactions, as demonstrated in mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), may contribute to such a protective effect. In MCMV infections, MIP-1α is required for induction of an early natural killer (NK)-cell infiltration into livers. It is now clear that systemic proinflammatory cytokines can be part of acute primary responses to some viruses and are likely to contribute to disease during adaptive responses to a number of viral infections.
Experiments with Equality

A comparative examination of ethnic and gender policies in Peru demonstrates the profound difficulties posed for governments which attempt to develop policies to alleviate inequity. Bourque contrasts civilian and military regimes from 1963 to 1980, in the areas of agrarian and educational reform, and discusses government attempts to reduce inequity between the sexes. Both gender and ethnicity prove to be inadequate bases for public policy, however, for rather different reasons. Economic constraints severely restrict the impact of both types of policy, but the unanticipated consequences of reform efforts suggest more extensive long-term change.
A method for estimating the diffuse attenuation coefficient (KdPAR) from paired temperature sensors

A new method for estimating the diffuse attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation (KdPAR) from paired temperature sensors was derived. We show that during cases where the attenuation of penetrating shortwave solar radiation is the dominant source of temperature changes, time series measurements of water temperatures at multiple depths (z1 and z2) are related to one another by a linear scaling factor (α). KdPAR can then be estimated by the simple equation KdPAR = ln(α)/(z2−z1). A suggested workflow is presented that outlines procedures for calculating KdPAR according to this paired temperature sensor (PTS) method. This method is best suited for conditions when radiative temperature gains are large relative to physical noise. These conditions occur frequently on water bodies with low wind and/or high KdPARs but can be used for other types of lakes during time periods of low wind and/or where spatially redundant measurements of temperatures are available. The optimal vertical placement of temperature sensors according to a priori knowledge of KdPAR is also described. This information can be used to inform the design of future sensor deployments using the PTS method or for campaigns where characterizing sub-daily changes in temperatures is important. The PTS method provides a novel method to characterize light attenuation in aquatic ecosystems without expensive radiometric equipment or the user subjectivity inherent in Secchi depth measurements. This method also can enable the estimation of KdPAR at higher frequencies than many manual monitoring programs allow.
Reimagining the Romantic Imagination: Embodied, Proto-Cognitive Psychologies in Joanna Baillie's Introductory Discourse and Orra

In the Biographia Literaria, Coleridge describes the primary imagination as a divinely inspired, supreme faculty of the mind – “a repetition in the finite of the eternal act of creation of the infinite I AM.” This spiritually understood, disembodied, deistic interpretation of the brain's creative center has come to signify the Romantic dualist perspective of the imagination; however, contemporary research in the fields of Romanticism and Cultural Cognitive Studies suggests that there may be a considerable amount to learn from reconsidering Romantic era notions of an embodied psychology. In that spirit, this essay will seek a new paradigm for an embodied, Romantic imagination, considering it from the perspective of the Scottish playwright, poetess, and theorist, Joanna Baillie. Through careful analysis of the Introductory Discourse, her preface to the inaugural Series of Plays on the Passions (originally published in 1798), and Orra, her tragedy on the singular passion of fear, as well as through the use of cognitive literary theory, I will demonstrate how Joanna Baillie proto-cognitively envisions the imagination as a significant means through which the embodied mind relates to and understands the world.
A Half Century of Wheat Improvement in the United States

Publisher Summary Fifty years ago many citizens of the United States doubted that they would consume all the wheat grown within its borders and will be driven to import and scramble for a lion's share of the wheat crop of the world. Allowing nearly a generation for error in timing, it is now clear that these warnings were at least premature, for the United States instead of importing wheat has supplied its own normal needs and produced a large surplus for animal feed, alcohol, and food for its allies, and conquered countries during and after the most devastating war known to mankind. Nobody could have been expected to have anticipated, the tremendous effect that research has had on the capacity of the United States to produce wheat. Some account of them should be of general interest and also of some value, as some believe, a continuing need for all the United States can produce. This chapter presents a detailed record of wheat improvement in the United States. The chapter illustrates the production statistics of wheat of about a half century in the United States. The chapter later discusses the role of improved varieties and improvement in methods of breeding wheat. Finally, a note on control of diseases and pests in wheat production is given.
Cytokine-induced osteoclastic bone resorption in charcot arthropathy: an immunohistochemical study.

Background: Charcot arthropathy is a chronic, progressive destructive process affecting bone architecture and joint alignment in people lacking protective sensation. The etiologic factors leading to progressive bone resorption have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to histologically examine surgical specimens with Charcot arthropathy for cell type and immunoreactivity of known cytokine mediators of bone resorption. Methods: Tissue samples of 20 specimens with known Charcot arthropathy were stained for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) to quantify cell type. Nine of the specimens were stained with interleukin-1 (IL-1) antibody, nine with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha antibody, and nine with interleukin-6 (IL-6) antibody. Distribution of staining was graded as focal (less than 10% of cells), moderate (10% to 50% of cells), and diffuse (more than 50% of cells) by two independent investigators. Inflammatory cells in tissue sections of rheumatoid synovium served as a positive control. Results: O...
Evaluating the cooling and computing energy demand of a datacentre with optimal server provisioning

Abstract As cloud computing continues to gain significance across fields, the energy consumption of datacentres creates new challenges in the design and operation of computer systems, with cooling remaining a key part of the total energy expenditure. We investigate the implications of increasing the room temperature setpoint in datacentres to save energy. For this, we develop a holistic model for the energy consumption of the server room that depends on user workload and service level agreement constraints, and that considers both cooling and computing energy dissipation. The model is applicable to a steady-state analysis of the system and brings insight into the impact of the most relevant parameters that affect the net energy consumption, such as the outside temperature, room temperature setpoint, and user demand. We analyse both static and dynamic server provisioning cases. In the latter case, a global power management scheme determines the optimal number of servers required to handle the incoming user demand to fulfil a target service level objective. Finally, we consider the extra energy needed to maintain service continuity under the expected higher server mortality rate due to warmer operational temperatures. Energy and temperature measurements acquired from a server machine running scientific benchmark programs allow to realistically fix model parameters for the study and to obtain pragmatic conclusions.
New developments surrounding the safety of bisphosphonates.

Purpose of review Several new issues have been linked with the use of bisphosphonates in recent years. This has complicated the use of this important class of agents. This article reviews data surrounding these issues and discusses the impact on patient care. Recent findings Gastrointestinal toxicity has been a classic side effect of oral bisphosphonates. Newer issues such as osteonecrosis of the jaw have clearly been associated with bisphosphonate use, and adjustments to clinical practice need to be made to prevent and address this new complication. Atrial fibrillation has also been associated with bisphosphonates in recent years, but the literature is variable, and the connection is not clear. Limiting musculoskeletal pain is a rare side effect of bisphosphonates, but public awareness has been heightened by a recent Food and Drug Administration alert. Severe suppression of bone turnover is the most recent potential complication, and an increasing literature has made this a much more clinically relevant issue. Summary With all the public exposure regarding the various concerns associated with bisphosphonates, clinicians need to be keenly aware of the details surrounding these issues. Patients need to be presented with a digestible synopsis, such that risks and benefits can be evaluated, an informed decision regarding treatment can be made, and possible complications can be prevented or discovered early.
Nanocrystalline ZnO microwave thin film transistors

Nanocrystalline ZnO films prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition were used to fabricate the first thin film transistors that operate at microwave frequencies. Unlike more conventional amorphous Si and organic thin film transistors, which are only suitable for low speed applications, ZnO-based thin film transistors exhibit figure-of-merit device numbers that are comparable to single crystal transistors. These include on/off ratio of 1012, current density of >400mA/mm and field effect mobility of 110 cm2/V.s. Parameters, including film growth temperature, gate insulators, and device layout designs were examined in detail to maximize performance. We have achieved current gain cut-off frequency, fT, and power gain cut-off frequency, fmax, values of 2.9GHz and 10GHz, respectively with 1.2μm gate length devices demonstrating that ZnO-based TFTs are suitable for microwave applications.
Introduction to Lawrence S. Kubie's "The drive to become both sexes" (1974).

(2011). Introduction to Lawrence S. Kubie’s “The Drive to Become Both Sexes” (1974) The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 357-368.
Steroids IX: Synthesis of Some Thiazolosteroids

The synthesis of thiazolo[d-3,2]-5α-cholest-2-ene, and thiazolo[d-3,2]-17α-methyl-5α-androst-2-en-17β-ol, and eight of their 2′-derivatives is reported. These derivatives include the 2′-methyl, 2′-amino, 2′-allylamino, and 2′-phenylamino substituted thiazolosteroids. Preliminary data indicate that 2′-methylthiazolo[d-3,2]-17α methyl-5α-androst-2-en-17β-ol is a good anabolic agent.
A study of individual, environmental, and interactive effects in explaining adjustment to prison

The interactionist model of adjustment to prison suggests that inmates have unique characteristics which work as internal determinants of behavior, but do so within the framework of the prison's social environment, which facilitates or impedes satisfaction of needs. Distress occurs at the point of transaction where an individual's adaptive capacity is inadequate to meet internal and/or environmental demands. Past research examined the influence of both individual and environmental characteristics in determining patterns of prison adjustment but failed to investigate the fit between person and environment. Using multiple measures of individual effects, environmental effects, and congruence between person and environment, this study found that all three dimensions are significantly related to how inmates adjust to prison. Implications of these findings for prison administration are discussed.
Acute hemodynamic effects of right ventricular pacing site and pacing mode in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to either ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of pacing in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) remain controversial. Early studies reported that pacing from the right ventricular (RV) apex improved acute hemodynamic parameters in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, but these findings were not confirmed in subsequent controlled studies. More recently, it has been proposed that pacing from the RV side of the ventricular septum improves hemodynamic function compared with intrinsic conduction or apical pacing. Either dual-chamber or ventricular pacing have been evaluated, again with inconsistent findings. To assess the effects of pacing site and mode on acute hemodynamic function, we evaluated 21 subjects with CHF and intrinsic conduction disease. Hemodynamics were compared in AAI, VVI, and DDD modes with pacing from the RV apex or high septum. The pacing rate was constant in each patient and the order of testing was randomized. In the absence of ventricular pacing (AAI mode), the mean systemic arterial pressure was 85 ± 11 mm Hg, the right atrial pressure was 11 ± 4 mm Hg, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 18 ± 8 mm Hg and the cardiac index was 2.4 ± 0.7 L/min/m 2 . Compared with AAI pacing, there were no improvements in any hemodynamic parameter with DDD pacing from either RV site. Hemodynamic function worsened with VVI pacing from both RV sites. Subgroup analyses of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, with prolonged PR interval, or with significant mitral regurgitation also failed to demonstrate an improvement with pacing. We conclude that pacing mode but not RV pacing site affects acute hemodynamic function. Pacing in the DDD mode prevents the deleterious effects of VVI pacing in this patient population.
Characteristics, workload, and job satisfaction of attending physicians from Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship programs

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of academic Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) faculty, the workload of these physicians, and the perceived effect this workload has had or will have on job satisfaction. A self-administered, seven-page, closed-end survey was used. Parti
Effect of stress field parameters on dynamic crack branching

Abstract A review of the existing crack branching criteria is made. Effect of stress intensity factor, crack velocity and remote stress acting parallel to the crack on the predictions of various criteria is investigated. A new criterion based on the strain energy method is proposed. This criterion predicts the influence of the stress field coefficients including the stress intensity factor and the remote stress acting parallel to the crack on the crack branching phenomenon. Experiments have been conducted to verify the predictions of the proposed criterion.
Joint hypocentral location in media with lateral velocity variations and interpretation of the station corrections

Abstract The application of a new implementation of the joint determination of hypocenters, origin times and station correction terms (JHD) technique to data from the Arkansas swarm (USA), the Campi Flegrei (Italy), and the Nazca plate (Argentina) throws new light onto the problem of earthquake location. In all these cases good-quality P- and S-wave arrival times were available. The main results are as follows. (1) Large lateral velocity variations (LLVV) are generally associated with relatively large station corrections. These corrections, in turn, are usually much larger than the average of the station residuals determined when the same set of events is located using a single-event location (SEL) method. (2) The locations determined by the JHD and SEL methods may be substantially different. (3) Since the effect of LLVV on JHD locations is not well established, simple 3-D velocity models are constructed so that the JHD technique applied to synthetic data generated using these models produce station corrections similar to those observed. (4) The analysis of the synthetic data also shows that the locations determined by the JHD method are much closer to the true locations than the locations determined with the SEL method. The use of the weighted average of the SEL station residuals as ‘station corrections’ does not give better located events, although there is a large decrease in the r.m.s. residual computed for each event. Therefore, the use of r.m.s. residuals to estimate the quality of event locations is not always warranted. In view of these results it is possible to conclude that the JHD station corrections can be used to detect lateral velocity variations and to produce locations substantially less affected by these variations than the locations determined by the SEL method. Furthermore, under appropriate conditions the JHD station corrections can also be used in a forward modeling scheme to get a semiquantitative velocity model. Such a model may be the only information that can be obtained from a data set when the station and event distributions are not adequate for 3-D velocity inversion.
Histone modifications accompanying the onset of developmental commitment.

Abstract In the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , three cell types comprise the 16-cell stage embryo: micromeres, macromeres, and mesomeres. We have analyzed these three cell types for nuclear proteins that were synthesized during the earliest stages of embryonic development. The most striking differences in composition of newly synthesized proteins were found between the micromeres, which are the most committed cell type, and the macromeres and mesomeres. First, the micromeres lacked triply modified forms of histone H3; the levels of doubly modified forms of H3 were also greatly reduced. In contrast, micromeres were enriched in a band which migrated at the position of unmodified, unacetylated, histone H3 protein. Second, the overall distribution of H2A histone variants differed among the three cell types. Compared with macromeres and mesomeres, micromeres had a higher ratio of α-stage to cleavage-stage (CS) histone H2A; the micromere nuclei were depleted by 50 and 35%, respectively, in embryonically synthesized histone CS-H2A. Third, micromeres displayed different profiles of H1 histones. (a) They contained a cleavage-stage H1 histone which migrated faster than that of macromeres and mesomeres. This protein displays the electrophoretic behavior expected for a protein with reduced levels of posttranslational covalent modification. (b) Micromeres also had reduced levels of an H1 histone (designated H1 α a ) band found in the α-H1 region of macromeres and mesomeres. These changes in chromatin modification correlate with the degree of commitment of cells in the developing embryo; they may reflect differing activities of the chromatin modifying enzymes in the various cell types at the 16-cell stage. Thus, the newly synthesized chromatin proteins of the individual blastomere types already differ in the developing sea urchin by the 16-cell stage. We suggest that variations in histone subtypes and in the levels of activity of chromatin modifying enzymes, e.g., acetylases and phosphorylases, could be involved in commitment and differentiation of different cell types.
Managing economic risk in value-based marketing of fed cattle

This research investigates optimal price risk management strategies for fed cattle producers engaged in grid pricing. Stochastic simulation is used to determine optimal hedge ratios for fed cattle priced on a live weight basis or on a series of grids that vary in terms of premium/discount structure as well as base price. Results indicate that the optimal hedging strategy is greatly affected by the base price used in a particular grid. This has significant implications for pricing efficiency in the cattle market. Base prices that are linked more closely with downstream markets offer the potential to improve pricing efficiency; however, the risk associated with these prices is difficult to manage effectively with existing futures instruments.
Test program synthesis for modules and chips having boundary scan

BOLD is a system that supports several test aspects of digital hardware units, such as chips, modules (boards), and systems. BOLD consists of three main components, namely a design methodology, special hardware structures, and special test languages and their associated compilers. The goal of the BOLD system is to make it feasible for an engineer to efficiently develop high quality tests for hardware units. These tests usually consist of (1) tests for faults that are internal to a unit and that are supported by one or more design-for-test or built-in self-test methodologies, and (2) interconnect tests between units. The main idea behind BOLD is to be able to easily compose tests for low level hardware units to create a test for a higher level unit.
Supersonic and hypersonic quiet tunnel technology at NASA Langley

Quiet tunnel technology at NASA Langley is reviewed focusing on historical background, basic quiet tunnel concepts, design methodology, and significant results. Each of the NASA Langley quiet tunnels and recent flow quality results for a refurbished Mach 6 quiet nozzle are presented. It is concluded that high-speed quiet tunels should be viewed as a required adjunct to computational and experimental tools being developed to explore issues of instability and transition physics. The quiet tunnel technology can produce and maintain an adequately smooth nozzle finish, control settling chamber disturbances, and keep the facility clean and is capable of adequately measuring flow disturbances.
The comparative distribution of enkephalin, dynorphin and substance P in the human globus pallidus and basal forebrain.

Three neuropeptides, enkephalin, dynorphin, and substance P appear in the globus pallidus in a unique pattern termed woolly fibers as described previously waber and Nauta (1983) Neuroscience 9, 245-2601. The comparative distribution of these fibers are described in the human globus pallidus and basal forebrain area. The results show two main points: (1) The human globus pallidus is a larger, more intricately shaped structure than previously thought, invading several limbic-related basal forebrain regions. (2) There are differences in the distribution patterns of the neuropeptides described, so that they are found in overlapping, but not matching regions. The relationship between the peptide distribution and what is known about the functional (limbic vs motor) circuitry of the region is discussed. It has recently been demonstrated that in the primate central nervous system, enkephalin-like immuno- reactivity appears in a distinct pattern characterized by networks of long ribbon-like fibers,'*.'g which are concentrated in the globus pallidus. This unique morphology, which characterizes pallidal dendrites, is now termed woolly fibers2' They are composed of an unstained central core (a non-reactive pallidal dendrite), ensheathed in a dense plexus of thin striatal enkephalin-positive efferents (Fig. lc, d). Evidence that these fibers are indeed pallidal dendrites en- sleeved in a plexus of striatal efferents is described in detail elsewhere.2' However, briefly stated, the key points are (a) woolly fibers bear a striking resem- blance to the Golgi-impregnated pallidal dendrites demonstrated in the classical study by Fox et a/.;"' (b) enkephalin-positive woolly fibers disappear in pal- lidal regions deafferented by striatal lesions; (c) wher- ever woolly fibers are found, adjacent Nissl sections reveal large pallidal-like neurons; and (d) in all regions where woolly fibers appear outside the con- ventional pallidal boundaries, they are directly con- tinuous with the main body of the globus pallidus. These fibers have recently been used as a marker for the true extent of the globus pallidus in the rat,2' catI and primate.22 These studies indicate that this struc- ture is much larger than conventionally defined, adding further confirmation to reports demonstrating the ventrorostriatal extention of the globus pallidus which stretches beneath the anterior commissure and into the olfactory tubercle. This region is now re- ferred to as the ventral pallidum.9*2"26,35,39 In addition, ramifications were demonstrated extending into the
Should we redefine hypertension

In the past, hypertension has been defined as a systemic arterial blood pressure chronically exceeding certain levels. However, it is now apparent that there is no blood pressure threshold that separates those with increased cardiovascular risk from those with no or low risk. Hypertension is a complex disease that eventually leads to an increase in blood pressure above optimal values for an individual. Moreover, levels of blood pressure, a physical force, need to be evaluated in the context of other cardiovascular risk factors. This de.nition of hypertension will permit physicians to treat patients with the goal of reducing global risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney disease.
Tuition at PhD-Granting Institutions: A Supply and Demand Model.

This study attempts to build and estimate a model that explains the behavior of the supply of and demand for education at PhD-granting institutions in the US. The statistical analysis based on 1988–1989 data suggests that the quantity of students, cost of education, average SAT score, class size, percentage of faculty members with a PhD, graduation rate, ranking and the existence of a medical college explain variations in tuition at these institutions.
The Role of Involvement on Millennials' Mobile Technology Behaviors: The Moderating Impact of Status Consumption, Innovation, and Opinion Leadership

This study investigates the relationship between millennials' impression-relevant and outcome-relevant involvement and purchase/use behaviors regarding mobile technology. The study focuses on three individual difference variables (status consumption, domain-specific innovativeness, and opinion leadership) and their moderating role between involvement and purchase/usage. The results indicate that millennial consumers with higher levels of domain-specific innovativeness and opinion leadership report a stronger relationship between impression-relevant and outcome-relevant involvement with mobile technology purchase and usage.
A study of methods of analysis for boric acid. I. Visual and potentiometric titration of boric acid.

The visual and potentiometric titrations of boric acid are discussed. A comparison of the relative effectiveness of various replacements for glycerin in the official assay is submitted. Carbohydrates, alcohols, and polyoxyethylene derivatives were used to replace glycerin in the visual titration of boric acid. A potentiometric method of assay for boric acid was devised utilizing some of the abovementioned substances.
Representing the retinal line spread shape with mathematical functions.

Objective: To report a mathematical function that characterizes the double-pass line spread function (LSF) of the human eye. Determining analytical functions that represent the double-pass LSF is important because it allows modeling the optical performance of the eye. Methods: Optical section retinal images, generated in normal human eyes using a modified slit-lamp biomicroscope, were analyzed to derive the double-pass LSF by plotting the intensity distribution of laser light reflected/scattered from the vitreoretinal interface. Three mathematical functions (Lorentzian, Gaussian, exponential) were fitted to the double-pass LSF and the root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated to provide a measure of the goodness of fit. Results: The Lorentzian function provided the best representation of the double-pass LSF of normal human eyes. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Lorentzian fitted curve was positively correlated with age, indicating that the double-pass LSF broadens with age. Furthermore, the goodness of fit of the Lorentzian function was significantly better in younger subjects as compared with older subjects, suggesting that the fitted function to the double-pass LSF may vary according to age. Conclusion: The results demonstrate an age-related change in the double-pass LSF width and the goodness of fit of the Lorentzian function.
Carbon−Phosphorus Bond Activation of Tri(2-thienyl)phosphine at Dirhenium and Dimanganese Centers

Reaction of [Re-2(CO)(9)(NCMe)] with tri(2-thienyl)phosphine (PTh3) in refluxing cyclohexane affords three substituted dirhenium complexes: [Re-2(CO)(9)(PTh3)] (1), [Re-2(CO)(8)(NCMe)(PTh3)] (2), and [Re-2(CO)(8)(PTh3)(2)] (3). Complex 2 was also obtained from the room-temperature reaction of [Re-2(CO)(8)(NCMe)(2)] with PTh3 and is an unusual example in which the acetonitrile and phosphine ligands are coordinated to the same rhenium atom. Thermolysis of 1 and 3 in refluxing xylene affords [Re-2(CO)(8)(mu-PTh2)(mu-eta(1):kappa(1)-C4H3S)] (4) and [Re-2(CO)(7)(PTh3)(mu-PTh2)(mu-H)] (5), respectively, both resulting from carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage of a coordinated PTh3 ligand. Reaction of [Re-2(CO)10] and PTh3 in refluxing xylene gives a complex mixture of products. These products include 3-5, two further binuclear products, [Re-2(CO)(7)(PTh3)(mu-PTh2)(mu-eta(1):kappa(1)-C4H3S)] (6) and [Re-2(CO)(7)(mu-kappa(1):kappa(2)-Th2PC4H2SPTh)(mu-eta(1):kappa(1)-C4H3S )] (7), and the mononuclear hydrides [ReH(CO)(4)(PTh3)] (8) and trans-[ReH(CO)(3)(PTh3)(2)] (9). Binuclear 6 is structurally similar to 4 and can be obtained from reaction of the latter with 1 equiv of PTh3. Formation of 7 involves a series of rearrangements resulting in the formation of a unique new diphosphine ligand, Th2PC4H2SPTh. Reaction of [Mn-2(CO)(10)] with PTh3 in refluxing toluene affords the phosphine-substituted product [Mn-2(CO)(9)(PTh3)] (10) and two carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage products, [Mn-2)(CO)(6)(mu-PTh2)(mu-eta(1):eta(5)-C4H3S)] (11) and [Mn-2(CO)(5)(PTh3)(mu-PTh2)(mu-PTh2)(mu-eta(1):eta(5)-C4H3S)] (12). Both 11 and 12 contain a bridging thienyl ligand that is bonded to one manganese atom in a eta(5)-fashion. The molecular structures of eight of these new complexes were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, allowing a detailed analysis of the disposition of the coordinated ligands.
Selective Methylation Changes on the Bacillus subtilis Chemotaxis Receptor McpB Promote Adaptation

The Bacillus subtilis McpB is a class III chemotaxis receptor, from which methanol is released in response to all stimuli. McpB has four putative methylation sites based upon theEscherichia coli consensus sequence. To explore the nature of methanol release from a class III receptor, all combinations of putative methylation sites Gln371, Gln595, Glu630, and Glu637 were substituted with aspartate, a conservative substitution that effectively eliminates methylation. McpB(Q371D,E630D,E637D) in a Δ(mcpA mcpB tlpA tlpB)101::cat mcpC4::erm background failed to release methanol in response to either the addition or removal of the McpB-mediated attractant asparagine. In the same background, McpB(E630D,E637D) produced methanol only upon asparagine addition, whereas McpB(Q371D,E630D) produced methanol only upon asparagine removal. Thus methanol release from McpB was selective. Mutants unable to methylate site 637 but able to methylate site 630 had high prestimulus biases and were incapable of adapting to asparagine addition. Mutants unable to methylate site 630 but able to methylate site 637 had low prestimulus biases and were impaired in adaptation to asparagine removal. We propose that selective methylation of these two sites represents a method of adaptation novel from E. coliand present a model in which a charged residue rests between them. The placement of this charge would allow for opposing electrostatic effects (and hence opposing receptor conformational changes). We propose that CheC, a protein not found in enteric systems, has a role in regulating this selective methylation.
The novelty of research article: Whose responsibility is it?

Sir, I would like to comment on the article entitled “Effective control of sickle cell disease with hydroxyurea therapy”[1] published in Jan-Feb, 2010 issue of Indian Journal of Pharmacology. I have found nothing novel about the topic which makes it to be published. Any research article must meet certain criteria and standards that are set by the editorial and review committee before it can be published. That said, I saw nothing novel in the study, the main objective of which was the evaluation of hydroxyurea therapy in sickle cell patients. This has already been well studied and established for some time;[2,3] indeed, this is referenced in the article itself and in standard pharmacology texts.[4,5] In the 15 years that I have instructed undergraduate and postgraduate medical students in Pharmacology, I have routinely taught about the effectiveness and safety of hydroxyurea in the control of sickle cell disease. I would therefore enquire the authors and other concerned members about the criteria that merited publication of the article in the journal.
Dichotic listening deficits and the prediction of substance use in young boys.

ABSTRACT Objective Prior studies note relationships among verbal deficits, disruptive psychopathology, and substance use. The current study examines the relationship between verbal deficits, assessed through a dichotic listening test, and children's substance use. Method A series of 87 young boys was prospectively followed over a 1− to 2-year period. A prior study in these boys noted a cross-sectional relationship between disruptive psychopathology and deficits on a dichotic consonantvowel listening test. The current study examines the predictive relationship between this language-related deficit at one study wave and substance use assessed during a follow-up study wave. Results Reduced right ear accuracy, reflecting a deficit in left hemisphere processing ability, predicted substance use at follow-up. This association was independent of any other predictors, including cognitive or behavioral indices of substance use risk. Conclusions A lateralized deficit in verbal processing on a dichotic listening task predicts change in substance use by follow-up. Findings are consistent with other evidence linking early childhood lateralization abnormalities to development of disruptive psychopathology. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(8):1032–1039.
Responding to a Forest Catastrophe: The Emergence of New Governance Arrangements in Southern California

The San Bernardino National Forest in southern California experienced an unprecedented bark beetle outbreak in the early 2000s. The outbreak, coupled with a looming threat of catastrophic wildfire, droughts, changing forest management priorities, and a legacy of poor forest management practices coalesced to create a challenge that existing institutions and management agencies could not address. In response, an interagency collaborative effort, the Mountain Area Taskforce (MAST), was initiated. Based on key informant interviews, this paper details how this new governance organization emerged and how it effectively addressed a landscape scale forest challenge. Forest governance analyses often focus attention on macroscales, overlooking the microlevel arrangements that set MAST apart from other responses to bark beetle outbreaks. Interagency collaboration has taken on greater importance in efforts to address forest management at landscape scales and this case study provides important insights into the challenges and opportunities of these new governance arrangements.
Diuretic therapy of heart failure in infants and children

Diuretics are the mainstay of traditional therapy for congestive heart failure. The syndrome of heart failure is now understood to involve complex interactions of neurohumoral substances released in response to poor cardiac function. Developmental changes during infancy and childhood will affect both the activation of systemic neurohumoral responses and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of diuretics. Few human studies directly evaluate the efficacy of diuretic therapy in heart failure in adults. The pharmacodevelopmental aspects of diuretic therapy in infants and children are also incompletely studied. This review will describe the kidney's role in the pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in heart failure and the developmental changes in the kidney related to fluid retention. Known principles of diuretic therapy in congestive heart failure will be described. All these factors can then be used by the reader to evaluate the role of diuretic therapy in the complex syndrome of heart failure in infants and children.
Natural and induced immunological infertility.

Given the observation that naturally occurring antibodies to eggs and sperm can cause infertility it seems feasible to pursue development of an infertility vaccine based on the induction of a specific immune response to gamete or early embryo antigens. Antibodies directed to the zona pellucida have been researched but at current levels of purification result in reduced ovarian hormone production. Of the numerous sperm antigens LDH-C4 appears most promising for use in a vaccine. In the past decade antisperm antibody investigations have focused on surface antibodies and sperm mixed agglutination reactions. It appears that antibodies in accessory fluids bind to sperm during ejaculation and/or antisperm antibodies enter the male tract at the epididymal level or higher. Antibodies directed against egg or sperm may prevent or modify the normal process of capacitation in which sperm undergo a series of biochemical and morphological transformations. Antisperm antibodies can suppress fertility by preventing sperm transport through cervical mucus or impeding the sperm-egg interaction during fertilization. The definition of sperm antigens associated with infertility--essential for development of a contraceptive vaccine--is being facilitated by monoclonal antibody techniques and DNA technology. Since the sperm surface is organized into highly specialized and distinct regions cell recognition is an important research area. Most salient to the recognition and regulation of cell interaction are the components of the sperm plasma membrane and the zona pellucida.
Distribution and transport patterns of northern rock sole, Lepidopsetta polyxystra, larvae in the southeastern Bering Sea

Abstract We report the size, abundance, and distribution (horizontal, vertical) of northern rock sole, Lepidopsetta polyxystra, larvae collected from ichthyoplankton surveys on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf near Unimak Island, in Unimak Pass, and in the Gulf of Alaska south of Unimak Island. The greatest abundances of larvae occurred within Unimak Pass and in the Bering Sea northeast of Unimak Island. Larvae were smaller and more abundant in 2002 than in 2003. Larval abundance and size varied with depth. Highest abundances were at depths of 10–30 m during the day, and larger fish appeared to migrate from below 20 m to 0–10 m at night. There was evidence of multiple spawning locales and larval dispersal pathways that were depth- and area-specific. Northern rock sole larvae spawned west of Unimak Pass along the Aleutian Islands may be transported northward by the Bering Slope Current. Larvae spawned in the Gulf of Alaska and advected through Unimak Pass are differentially dispersed, primarily to the middle and outer shelves along the 100 m and 200 m isobaths, or along the Alaska Peninsula. Larvae spawned along the Alaska Peninsula east of Unimak Island appear to have the greatest chance of being transported to nursery areas in the coastal domain. Dispersal of near-surface northern rock sole larvae in any of these locations is likely influenced by wind-driven advection, but below-surface (>10 m) northern rock sole larval transport is probably more affected by factors that modulate geostrophic flow rather than wind-driven surface currents.
Elastic and thermal properties of magnesite-chrome brick which has been used in open-hearth furnace roofs and artificially saturated with iron oxide

The elastic and thermal properties of roof basic refractories which have been artifically saturated with iron oxide and have served in a roof do not reveal any great changes, compared with the initial brick; hence it should be considered the importance attributed to the differences in the properties of zones of chrome-magnesite refractories, forming through the action of iron oxides as the dominating factor in cracking bricks during temperature variations is an exaggeration.
A High Dynamic Restoring Force Electrostatic Actuator

A surface-micromachined parallel-plate microelectromechanical systems actuator with a unique dynamic restoring force mechanism to overcome the stiction and electrostatic hold-down issues commonly faced by surface micromachined actuators has been designed and fabricated. This dynamic boost results in a ~4 × increase in the voltage required to hold the actuator down compared with static actuation, implying a ~16 × increase in effective restoring force. The device's initial pull-in voltage is unaffected. Also, a generalized mass-spring analytical model has been developed to describe the design of the spring suspension with agreement to measured results within 15%.
Changing value through cued approach: An automatic mechanism of behavior change

It is believed that choice behavior reveals the underlying value of goods. The subjective values of stimuli can be changed through reward-based learning mechanisms as well as by modifying the description of the decision problem, but it has yet to be shown that preferences can be manipulated by perturbing intrinsic values of individual items. Here we show that the value of food items can be modulated by the concurrent presentation of an irrelevant auditory cue to which subjects must make a simple motor response (i.e., cue-approach training). Follow-up tests showed that the effects of this pairing on choice lasted at least 2 months after prolonged training. Eye-tracking during choice confirmed that cue-approach training increased attention to the cued items. Neuroimaging revealed the neural signature of a value change in the form of amplified preference-related activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
The 29 June 2000 Supercell Observed during STEPS. Part I: Kinematics and Microphysics

This is a two-part study that addresses the kinematic, microphysical, and electrical aspects of a severe storm that occurred in western Kansas on 29 June 2000 observed during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) field campaign. In this first part, polarimetric and Doppler radar data are used along with a simple particle growth model to examine the evolution of the kinematic and microphysical properties of the storm from its earliest developing phase through its mature and dissipating phases. During its severe stage, the storm exhibited frequent positive cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, very large (5 cm) hail, and a tornado. Doppler-derived winds, radar reflectivity, and hydrometeor classifications from the polarimetric data over a nearly 4-h period are presented. It is shown that updraft velocity and vertical vorticity had to reach magnitudes of at least 10 m s 1 and 10 2 s 1 and occupy major portions of the storm before it could produce most of the observed severe storm characteristics. Furthermore, the establishment of cyclonic horizontal flow around the right flank of the updraft core was essential for hail production. Most of the largest hail grew from near millimeter-sized particles that originated in the mid- to upper-level stagnation region that resulted from obstacle-like flow of environmental air around the divergent outflow from the upper part of the updraft. These recycling embryonic particles descended around the right flank of the updraft core and reentered the updraft, intermingling with other smaller particles that had grown from cloud base along the main low-level updraft stream.
Delayed and Space-Displaced Sensory Feedback and Learning:

These experiments test a new interpretation of the S-R concept and its role in learning. It is assumed that the reinforcement factors in psychomotor learning do not determine behavior integration d...
Rural Poverty among Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Historically, rural minorities in the United States have been economically and socially disadvantaged.' Their disadvantaged status has its origins in institutional racism, human capital deficits, and geographical concentration in persistently poor areas with a low tax base and consequently minimal capital to invest in improving their socioeconomic conditions (Bedics, Durant and Knowlton, Kuvlesky et al., Moland, Tienda). Over the past twenty-five years, their plight has improved largely because of dismantling of de jure segregation; higher educational attainment; growth in the national economy; and expansion of education, training, and public transfer programs (Durant and Knowlton, Moland, Rodgers and Weiher). Nevertheless, rural minorities continue to be disadvantaged relative to minorities in urban areas and to whites in rural areas
Effects of Long Supplementation with Lipids on Lacting Dairy Cows

Abstract Effects of long term feeding of large amounts of an oil seed supplement treated with formalin upon metabolite patterns in blood of the dairy cow, milk composition, and general performance were studied. Cholesterol and cholesterol esters in plasma rose to 1000 mg/100 ml at peak lactation when lipid intakes were declined in later lactation. High concentrations of cholesterol did not induce hemolytic anema. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acid in serum peaked at 700 microequivalents per liter when lipid intakes were greatest and declined thereafter. The pattern of triacylglycerol concentrations in plasma seemed to reflect both lipid intake and mammary uptake. No changes in blood hematocrite, hemoglobin content, plasma protein, amino acid nitrogen, urea glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, or creatine phosphokinase were noted, excepting a temporary decrease in urea concentrations when initiating feeding of the supplement. Milk protein and lactose contents were unaffected by the supplement while percentage of milk fat was increased. Since the supplement was high in linoleate, a major increase was in percentage of this fatty acid in milk fat. Changes in the fatty acid pattern in milk fat adjusted rapidly to the change in diet and remained constant thereafter. There was indication that the supplement increased lactational performance during early lactation. This apparent advantage was more than offset by a subsequent depression in milk yields and shortcoming of lactation in several cows under the ad lib feeding regime. if high lipid supplements are to be used in practice, research on appropriate feeding regimes is required.