cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrial Hemp: Renewed Opportunities for an Ancient Crop

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been a species of value to humans for much of our history given its broad adaptation and multiple uses. The plant is thought to have originated in Eurasia but has been...
COMPACTA WITH THE HOMOTOPY TYPE OF FINITE COMPLEXES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents compacta with the homotopy type of finite complexes. It is unknown whether there exists a compact topological space X that is homotopy equivalent to a complex but not to any finite complex. The chapter reviews the status of this problem, and presents two new theorems. Together, these theorems show that if such a space X exists, it cannot be constructed as the converse limit of a sequence of compacta of finite homotopy tyope and fibrations. This is because such an inverse limit is either not shape equivalent to any complex, or is homotopy equivalent to finite complex.
Nonstoichiometry and Defect Equilibria in YBa2Cu3Ox

The value of x in YBa2Cu3Ox varies from just under 6 to nearly 7 as a function of temperature and oxygen activity, P(O2). Published data on the oxygen content, determined by thermogravimetry, have been fit by a simple equilibrium oxidation reaction that involves the filling of vacancies in the reference structure, YBa2Cu3O7, A single thermally-activated mass-action constant, with a single enthalpy of oxidation, fits the experimental data quantitatively over the range 450 < T < 850°C, −3 < log P(O2) < 0, and 6.2 < x < 6.9.
THE BALANCING ACT: TOWARDS A TERMINAL LOGIC OF SUSTAINABILITY.

Building on recent work seeking to redress the shortcomings of contemporary sustainability practices, two versions of sustainability are explored. The first, built on the logic of the market with its emphasis on growth, is found to use sustainability as a means to an end; an end which is not sustainable: growth. The second version, built on the logic of equilibrium developed by Georges Bataille (1967/2007), treats sustainability as the end itself and is thus sustainable by definition. The logics underlying and the mechanics of these forms of sustainability are explored. The ability of the Bataille logic to incorporate existing findings and offer a parsimonious goal on which to build strategies is discussed in light of specific connections to recent research. An empirical case is provided to illuminate the existence of the sustainability logic in contemporary business practice. Practical and theoretical implications are provided
Settling of heavy particles in concentrated suspensions of neutrally buoyant particles under uniform shear

Numerical simulations are used to study the settling of heavy particles in a background suspension of equal size, neutrally buoyant particles while the suspension as a whole is subject to a uniform shear flow. The heavy particles are settling in the direction of shear and the system is nominally homogeneous. The total volume fraction of the particles is in the range 20%–40% and the fraction of heavy particles varies between 0.05 and 0.3. While the shear flow is a dominant factor compared to the settling motion, the suspension remains in a mixed homogeneous state but as the Stokes settling velocity increases there is a transition with the heavy particles separating to form a band of rapidly settling particles. Segregation of a bidisperse suspension of particles sedimenting under gravity is a known phenomenon but here the shear flow stabilizes the system. The dependence of the mean particle velocities on the suspension parameters is evaluated both for a mixed state and with segregation. Additional results are given for the velocity fluctuations and the particle stresses of each phase.
The Problem with Tragic Narratives: Lessons from the Los Angeles Uprising

This article considers the different media narratives about the 1992 Los Angeles uprising, in order to explain how the genre of tragedy became the most powerful representational form for talking about race and civil society during the 1990s. Three narrative mechanisms were used to shift discussions of race and civil society toward the tragic frame: (1) a change in temporality, (2) the rhetorical failures of politicians, and (3) the emplotment of new events into the dominant tragic narratives. Because most crises get their dramatic power from the tension between romance and tragedy, the shift to tragic discourse led to cynicism, skepticism, resignation, and inaction. The article concludes by arguing that the search for genre imbalance is an important tool for those interested in studying culture and ideology during times of crisis.
Winning Strategies & Regions

This chapter identifies a simple denotational semantics for hybrid games based on their winning regions, i.e., the set of states from which there is a winning strategy that wins the game for all strategies that the opponent might choose. Such a denotational semantics continues the successful trend in this book of understanding all operators in a compositional way. That is, the meaning of a compound hybrid game is a simple function of the meaning of its pieces. For repetitions in hybrid games, such a semantics will turn out to be surprisingly subtle, which will uncover a surprisingly rich complexity in hybrid games that is characteristically different from that of hybrid systems. This is the first indication that hybrid games come with their own unique sets of challenges beyond what hybrid systems already have in store for us.
Using an Integrated Business Experience to Take the Place of "Introduction to Management" in an Integrated Curriculum.

Management education is an oft-criticized subject, with practitioners and scholars alike offering suggestions for improvement. A gap still exists in how management theory is introduced to students....
U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) Model Reductions Using a Measurement-based Approach

Interconnected power systems experienced a significant increase in size and complexity. It is computationally burdensome to represent the entire system in detail to conduct power system analysis. To derive reduced models of large power systems, this paper proposes a measurement-based dynamic equivalent, which uses a set of measurements at the boundary nodes between the study area and external area for model parameter identification. Case studies on the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI) demonstrate that the measurement-based equivalent technique can capture the external system behaviors accurately and improve computation efficiency.
Finding Commonalities Amidst Increasing Differences in Canadian and U.S. Immigration Policies

Although Canada and the United States share a many-centuries long tradition of receiving the world’s migrants, since the 1960s they have, in fact, moved along differing immigration policy paths. These differences have existed for a long time, but have become more obvious and pronounced since 2017, under the Trump administration. This paper compares immigration policy in the two countries, and finds the similarities to be few and the differences more numerous and substantive. As the United States moves towards clamping down on undocumented migration and, for the first time in decades, reducing legal immigration, Canada is accepting increasing numbers of refugees and raising annual immigrant admissions by over fifty percent. Finding common ground is likely to be more difficult than in the past. One commonality that exists, and is unlikely to diminish, is an increased concern about uncontrolled border crossings on each country’s southern border. Like it or not, Canadian policymakers will find themselves dealing with a number of repercussions as the result of the United States becoming less welcoming to foreigners.
Rameau´s Nephew as an Essay-Form

ABSTRACTIn this article, I analyse Diderot’s enigmatic dialogue, Rameau’s Nephew through a different ‘adornian’ lens. Against the canonical Hegelian reading of this dialogue as a symptom of the dec...
Effect of Real-Time Surveys on Patient Satisfaction Scores in the Emergency Department

Background. Patient satisfaction surveys have become increasingly important as their results help to determine Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reimbursement. However, these questionnaires have known sources of bias (self-selection, responder, attribution, and nonresponse). Objective. We developed a real-time (RT) survey delivered in the hospital ED to evaluate the effect of implementing RT patient satisfaction surveys on physician behavior and hypothesized that the timing of patient satisfaction survey delivery would significantly impact the results. Method. Data from real-time patient satisfaction surveys were collected in phases from 12/2015 to 5/2017. Hospital-sponsored (HS) surveys were administered after discharge from 12/2015 to 12/2016. Results. For RT surveys, resident physicians were significantly more likely to write their names on the whiteboard ( ) and sit down ( ) with patients. Behavior modifications by attending physicians were not significant. Patient satisfaction measures did not improve significantly between periods for RT or HS surveys; however, RT survey responders were significantly more likely to recommend the ED to others. Conclusion. The timing of survey administration did significantly alter resident physician’s behavior; however, it had no effect on patient satisfaction scores. RT responders were significantly more likely to recommend the emergency department to others.
Exploiting Heterogeneity in Teams of Robotic Agents Using Hybrid Communications

Heterogeneous teams of robotic agents using hybrid optical wireless and radio frequency intermittent network communications and cloud based computing resources can achieve complex missions efficiently through improved mission and motion planning. Although radio frequency communications dominate the robotic network field, they are limited in range due to spectrum congestion and subject to interference from noise or hostile jamming. Optical communication has many advantages such as higher bandwidth and focused beam, however the line-of-sight requirement generally limits its range and application. Maintaining a continuously connected network graph between agents is also often overly restrictive, dramatically limiting their freedom of motion and therefore efficiency. In this paper we present a method to coordinate a heterogeneous team of agents using an intermittent optical and radio communication network which improves the execution of the mission considering the abilities and resources of the various agents. Realistic simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this new approach.
What Is “Love”? Octavia Butler’s “Bloodchild”

Situating Butler’s “Bloodchild” as a literary descendant of Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the Narrative of Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig, Japtok examines how Butler’s story addresses the question of whether “love” can exist when power relations are lopsided. Japtok shows how history, or ideology, provides an important touchstone for love in “Bloodchild” in which love between oppressor and oppressed depends largely on whether the lovers share the same “historical universe.” What is perhaps most important about “Bloodchild,” Japtok concludes, is that it asks us to consider what love is, what its functions are, and if anything else besides love, especially in the presence of stark imbalances of power, can lead to conditions exceeding mere survival.
Sutured Floer homology, sutured TQFT and noncommutative QFT

We define a “sutured topological quantum field theory”, motivated by the study of sutured Floer homology of product 3‐manifolds, and contact elements. We study a rich algebraic structure of suture elements in sutured TQFT, showing that it corresponds to contact elements in sutured Floer homology. We use this approach to make computations of contact elements in sutured Floer homology over Z of sutured manifolds .D 2 S 1 ;F S 1 / where F is finite. This generalises previous results of the author over Z2 coefficients. Our approach elaborates upon the quantum field theoretic aspects of sutured Floer homology, building a noncommutative Fock space, together with a bilinear form deriving from a certain combinatorial partial order; we show that the sutured TQFT of discs is isomorphic to this Fock space. 57M50; 57R58, 57M27, 57R56
Pollinators on Cowpea Vigna unguiculata: Implications for Intercropping to Enhance Biodiversity.

Pollinators are on the decline and loss of flower resources play a major role. This raises concerns regarding production of insect-pollinated crops and therefore food security. There is urgency to mitigate the decline through creation of farming systems that encourage flower-rich habitats. Cowpea is a crop that produces pollen and nectar attractive to pollinators. Twenty-four cowpea varieties were planted, and the number of pollinators were counted using three sampling methods: pan traps, sticky traps, and direct visual counts. Five pollinator types (honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees, wasps, and butterflies and moths), 11 and 16 pollinator families were recorded from direct visual counts, pan and sticky traps, respectively. Pollinator distribution varied significantly among varieties and sampling methods, with highest number on Penny Rile (546.0 ± 38.6) and lowest (214.8 ± 29.2) in Iron and Clay. Sticky traps accounted for 45%, direct visual counts (31%), and pan traps (23%) of pollinators. Pollinators captured by pan traps were more diverse than the other methods. The relationship between number of pollinators and number of flowers was significant (r2 = 0.3; p = 0.009). Cowpea can increase resources for pollinators and could be used to improve pollinator abundance and diversity in different farming systems.
Does Whom Patients Sit Next to During Hemodialysis Affect Whether They Request a Living Donation

Background The seating arrangement of in-center hemodialysis is conducive to patients forming a relationship and a social network. We examined how seating in the in-center hemodialysis clinic affected patients forming relationships, whether patients formed relationships with others who have similar transplant behaviors (homophily), and whether these relationships influenced patients (social contagion) to request a living donation from family and friends outside of the clinic. Methods In this 30-month, prospective cohort study, we observed the relationships of 46 patients on hemodialysis in a hemodialysis clinic. Repeated participant surveys assessed in-center transplant discussions and living-donor requests. A separable temporal exponential random graph model estimated how seating, demographics, in-center transplant discussions, and living-donor requests affected relationship formation via sociality and homophily. We examined whether donation requests spread via social contagion using a susceptibility-infected model. Results For every seat apart, the odds of participants forming a relationship decreased (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.90; P=0.002). Those who requested a living donation tended to form relationships more than those who did not (sociality, OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.6; P=0.04). Participants who discussed transplantation in the center were more likely to form a relationship with another participant who discussed transplantation than with someone who did not discuss transplantation (homophily, OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.03 to 3.5; P=0.04). Five of the 36 susceptible participants made a request after forming a relationship with another patient. Conclusions Participants formed relationships with those they sat next to and had similar transplant behaviors. The observed increase in in-center transplant discussions and living-donation requests by the members of the hemodialysis-clinic social network was not because of social contagion. Instead, participants who requested a living donation were more social, formed more relationships within the clinic, and discussed transplantation with each other as a function of health-behavior homophily.
The Self in Teams (Coda)

Team A was formed in early September 2019 to engage in hearty, learning activities over the period September–December 2019, aiming to suggest tips for managers to implement or empower teams in their organizations. Concluding the short journey synopsized in Serrat (The self in teams [Unpublished manuscript]. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2019a; The self in teams (cont’d), [Unpublished manuscript]. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2019b), this precis on the self in teams considers its author’s performance as a member of Team A and ponders how the practice of self-reflection might be enriched for better team performance in general.
What Sticks and Why? A MoRe Institutional Framework for Education Research

ContextFor decades, educational leaders and researchers have faced a puzzle: Too often, promising new initiatives are adopted only to be quickly discontinued, while other longstanding practices per...
Development and validation of an EHR data-based program to identify eligible RCT participants.

338Background: Identifying participants for time-sensitive clinical trials such as those with newly diagnosed cancer presents challenges. Manual identification methods, the current standard, can be...
An Experimental Study to Quantify the Rotor-to-Rotor Interaction Characteristics of a Small Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle

The flow interactions between laterally aligned rotors were investigated experimentally to study the rotor-to-rotor interactions on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Two identical rotors, similar to the dimensions of Phantom 3 (DJI), were mounted separately on different stages in a wide-open space. High-accuracy force and sound measurements were conducted to document the thrust and noise at various separation distances. The detailed flow structures and corresponding vortex evolutions behind the rotors were resolved clearly by using high-resolution PIV measurements. As the rotor separation distance decreased, intensified flow interactions were noted within the rotors. More specifically, the twinrotor with separation distance of L= 0.05D exhibited a significantly enhanced thrust fluctuation (i.e., ~ 240% higher) and augmented noise level (i.e., ~ 3dB) in comparison with that of baseline case. Measured PIV results indicated that a strong recirculation region existed near the top-right of the twin-rotor case, which is believed to be the reason for the increased thrust fluctuations and aeroacoustic noise level.
Mechanisms of tolerance to HGG induced in neonatal and adult mice.

In 1973 we repeated some of the experiments initially carried out by Chiller, Weigle, and their colleagues (Chiller et al., 1974) by attempting to terminate the tolerant state to human γ-globulin (HGG) induced in adult A/J mice by reconstitution with normal or immune lymphocytes or by the injection of crossreacting γ-globulin. We found the same results, i.e. that it was nor possible to terminate this tolerant state by either method. One would have thought that if clonal deletion was the sole mechanism responsible for this tolerance, that by providing the missing specific lymphocyte, these mice could be reconstituted to a fully normal status. Both of these methods were highly successful in terminating the tolerance to bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced in neonatal rabbits (Benjamin and Weigle, 1970; Benjamin, 1974). The results obtained in the attempts to terminate this HGG tolerance with heterologous γ-glob-ulins made us suspect that there was much more involved than the simple deletion of HGG-specific clones. The data shown in Table I illustrate this point quite well. Adult A/J male mice that had been injected with 2.5 mg deaggregated HGG (DHGG) do not respond to subsequent injections of aggregated HGG (AHGG) (Group 2), nor is this tolerant state terminated by the injection of aggregated bovine γ-globulin (ABGG) (Group 3). In fact the response of such HGG tolerant mice to the specific determinants on BGG is much reduced (compare the BGG response of Groups 3 and 4 — Table I). The reverse is also true, i.e. mice tolerant to BGG do not respond well to HGG specific determinants. Ruben et al. (1973) attributed this lack of response to non-crossreacting determinants to the loss of crossreactive T-helper cells in these HGG tolerant mice. However, it seemed to us that it could also have been due to the presence of crossreactive suppressor cells induced by the injection of tolerogen.
Construction and Representation of Orderings in Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the conditions that facilitate construction of appropriate mental representations of partially ordered information. The chapter examines several domains of knowledge that are typically portrayed as networks of partially ordered concepts or events. The research program begins from two points: a model of the constructive processes used in integrating the information in a linear ordering and a review of the recent literature on partial orderings. Five experiments are described. First, they point out the limitations of previously published studies and suggest the need for exploration of a greater variety of partial orderings, and second, the experiments are designed to determine whether the acquisition of partial orderings can be understood in the same terms as the acquisition of linear orderings. Retrieval times probably reveal more about search processes in partial orderings than about their representation. These two experiments set the stage for the last three, which verified the importance of activating an appropriate representational schema for the subject and demonstrated that many constructive processes are either the same as, or quite similar to, those described in earlier models of how linear orderings are constructed.
Stimulierbarkeit der Splanchnicusdurchblutung nach säureblockierenden Verfahren — eine Studie am wachen Hund

Durchblutungsveranderungen am Magen nach saureblockierenden Masnahmen wurden seit deren Einfuhrung in die Klinik immer wieder diskutiert und der Therapieerfolg oder Miserfolg haufig auf solche Veranderungen zuruckgefuhrt (1). Unsere Erkenntnisse uber die Folgen der Vagotomie oder der Gabe von H2-Receptorenblockern auf die Durchblutung des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes sind immer noch limitiert, da sie entweder aus akuten Tierversuchen stammen oder unter dem Einflus der Narkose gewonnen wurden. In fruheren Studien konnten wir zeigen, das die Narkose die Durchblutung des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes erheblich beeintrachtigt (2). In der vorliegenden Studie sollten im chronischen Tierversuch am wachen Hund die Durchblutung und deren Stimulierbarkeit nach saureblockierenden Masnahmen ermittelt werden.
A Review of “How to Create and Manage a Mutual Fund or Exchanged Traded Fund: A Professional’s Guide”

This book in Wiley Finance Series, How to Create and Manage a Mutual Fund or Exchanged Traded Fund: A Professional's Guide, is a publication by Melinda Gerber. The author, Melinda Gerber, holds an ...
Knowledge Reuse Mechanisms of Categorizing Related Image Sets

This chapter introduces the concept of classifier knowledge reuse as a means of exploiting domain knowledge taken from old, previously created, relevant classifiers to assist in a new classification task. Knowledge reuse helps in constructing better generalizing classifiers given few training examples and for evaluating images for search in an image database. In particular, we discuss a knowledge reuse framework in which a supra-classifier improves the performance of the target classifier using information from existing support classifiers. Soft computing methods can be used for all three types of classifiers involved. We explore supra-classifier design issues and introduce several types of supra-classifiers, comparing their relative strengths and weaknesses. Empirical examples on real world image data sets are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the supra-classifier framework for classification and retrieval/search in image databases.
Fatal Acute Intracranial Injury, Subdural Hematoma, and Retinal Hemorrhages Caused by Stairway Fall

We describe an infant with an acute subdural hematoma, a fatal head injury, and severe hemorrhagic retinopathy caused by a stairway fall. His cerebral and ocular findings are considered diagnostic of abusive head trauma by many authors. Our literature search of serious injuries or fatalities from stairway or low-height falls involving young children yielded 19 articles of primary data. These articles are discrepant, making the classification of a young child's death following a reported short fall problematic. This case report contradicts the pre- valent belief of many physicians dealing with suspected child abuse that low-height falls by young children are without exception benign occurrences and cannot cause fatal intracranial injuries and severe retinal hemorrhages. The irreparable harm to a caregiver facing an errone- ous allegation of child abuse requires physicians to thoroughly investigate and correctly classify pediatric accidental head injuries.
Efficient Estimation in a Semiparametric Autoregressive Model

This paper constructs efficient estimates of the parameter ρ in the semiparametric auto-regression model\({\text{X}}_{\text{t}} = \rho {\text{X}}_{{\text{t}}--{\text{1}}} + \gamma ({\text{X}}_{{\text{t}}--2} ) + \in _t \),with a smooth function γ and independent and identically distributed innovations ∈t with zero means and finite variances. This will be done under the assumptions that \(\left| \rho \right| + \mathop {{\text{lim sup}}}\limits_{\left| x \right| \to \infty } {\text{ }}\frac{{\left| {\gamma {\text{(x)}}} \right|}}{{\left| x \right|}} < 1\)and that the errors have a density with finite Fisher information for location. The former condition guarantees that the process can be chosen to be stationary and ergodic.
Lessons from Over 30 Years of Buy versus Rent Decisions: Is the American Dream Always Wise?

Homeownership is touted as the “American Dream.” It is credited with enhancing wealth; increasing civic pride; and improving self-esteem, crime prevention, child development and educational outcomes, among other benefits. This article does not dispute any of these claims. Instead, this study hypothesizes that crowding toward homeownership raises the price of homes above their fundamental value resulting in the purchase of a home becoming a contraindicative action. After setting the holding period to the average American's tenure in a residence, renting (not buying) proves to be the superior investment strategy over most of the study period.
Analysis and visualization of chromosomal abnormalities in SNP data with SNPscan

Background A variety of diseases are caused by chromosomal abnormalities such as aneuploidies (having an abnormal number of chromosomes), microdeletions, microduplications, and uniparental disomy. High density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays provide information on chromosomal copy number changes, as well as genotype (heterozygosity and homozygosity). SNP array studies generate multiple types of data for each SNP site, some with more than 100,000 SNPs represented on each array. The identification of different classes of anomalies within SNP data has been challenging.
Suggested modifications for disk diffusion susceptibility testing criteria for levofloxacin and sparfloxacin following tests with a predictor panel of ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates.

A predictor panel of 300 clinical bacterial isolates (200 resistant to ciprofloxacin) was used to compare 5-micrograms disk diffusion test results with the MICs of ofloxacin (control), levofloxacin, and sparfloxacin. Regression analysis demonstrated high correlations between the methods for all three fluoroquinolones (r > or = 0.95). In order to minimize disk diffusion testing errors among the fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, the following modifications to previously proposed or published interpretive criteria were suggested: for levofloxacin, susceptible at > or = 17 mm ( or = 8 micrograms/ml); for sparfloxacin, susceptible at > or = 20 mm ( or = 4 micrograms/ml). The study control drug, ofloxacin, did not appear to possess a significant error rate (5% minor error) when fluoroquinolone-resistant strains were tested, and no modifications were proposed. Under these proposed interpretive criteria, the absolute categorical agreements between standardized susceptibility testing methods for levofloxacin and sparfloxacin results were 91.3 and 94.0%, respectively (< or = 0.3% major errors and nil very major errors).
Civic agriculture and community engagement

Several scholars have claimed that small-scale agriculture in which farmers sell goods to the local market has the potential to strengthen social ties and a sense of community, a phenomenon referred to as “civic agriculture.” Proponents see promise in the increase in the number of community supported agriculture (CSA) programs, farmers markets, and other locally orientated distribution systems as well as the growing interest among consumers for buying locally produced goods. Yet others have suggested that these novel or reborn distribution mechanisms are still primarily means of instrumental economic exchange and that optimistic characterizations of a renewed sense of community emerging from these practices are unfounded. This study provides an empirical assessment of the extent to which these community-based agriculture markets are associated with connection to community, volunteerism, and civic and political activities. In order to assess the relationship between civic agriculture and community engagement, we surveyed over 1,300 people in the Mid-Hudson region of New York State. The study design includes “civic agriculture participants” as the unit of analysis, defined as CSA farm members, shoppers at independent health food stores, and farmers market patrons. For comparison, a telephone survey of randomly selected residents of the region’s general population was also conducted. Unlike studies that focus solely on the perceptions of certain civic agriculture participants (e.g., CSA members), by comparing the perceptions and behaviors of those engaged in a range of civic agriculture practices, we are able to identify the effects of different forms of participation. The results demonstrate higher levels of voluntarism and engagement in local politics among civic agriculture participants relative to the general population. In addition, we found variation among those engaged in different forms of civic agriculture, with those immersed in more socially embedded forms of exchange demonstrating greater community and political involvement. These findings lend empirical support to the civic agriculture thesis.
The precipitation response of 20%-cold-worked type 316 stainless steel to simulated fusion irradiation☆

The precipitation response of 20%-cold-worked type 316 stainless steel has been examined after irradiation in HFIR at 380-600/sup 0/C, after irradiation in EBR-11 at 500/sup 0/C, and after thermal aging at 600 to 750/sup 0/C. Eta phase forms during exposure to all environments, and it constitutes a major portion of the precipitation response. It is normally reported in 20%-cold-worked type 316 stainless steel. Qualitatively, for eta phase, M/sub 23/C/sub 6/, Laves, sigma and chi, the precipitate phases appear at similar temperatures after HFIR, EBR-II, or thermal exposure. There are, however, some differences in relative amounts of phases, size, and distribution when compared among the various environments. Eta phase is the only carbide-type phase observed after irradiation in HFIR from 380 to 550/sup 0/C. The large cavities associated with it at 380/sup 0/C contribute significantly to swelling. Precipitate re-solution and re-precipitation of massive particles of sigma, M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ and chi are observed after recrystallization in HFIR.
Children's Developing Understanding of Differences between Their Own Intentional Action and Passive Movement.

Four studies examined 3- and 4-year-olds' ability to judge accurately whether they acted intentionally. Children self-initiated action to attain an outcome, or their arm was moved by the experimenter to create an outcome. In Experiment 3, children in both age groups accurately claimed they were agents of self-guided action but not of passive movement. In contrast, in Experiments 1, 2 and 4, children in both age groups found it difficult to deny they intended to bring about the outcome, even though their movement was passive and, in some cases, the outcome was unexpected. They were consistently successful only when exclusively involved in creating one of two outcomes and asked which one they intended (Experiment 4). In sum, 3-and 4-year-olds can distinguish when their movements are self-directed and when they are passive. They are limited, however, in applying this distinction to self-judgments concerning whether they acted intentionally. These findings are discussed with respect to linguistic and cognitive limitations that may influence the role first-person knowledge plays in theory-of-mind development.
Effect of Vulcanization on Rubber Structure. A Problem in Probabilities

Abstract In Goodyear's day, the problem of understanding the process of vulcanization could be expressed by the question: “Why does heating rubber with sulfur keep it from getting soft and tacky on a hot summer day, and hard and boardy in cold winter weather?” The deceptive simplicity of this question probably inspired the hope, which has come down almost to the present day, that the secrets of vulcanization and even of the elasticity of rubber could be explained in terms of the properties and reactions of simple organic molecules, such as the reactions of sulfur with simple olefins. The vast increase in the knowledge of giant molecules during the past decade has shattered any basis there may have been for such a hope, but occasional articles show that this desire for simplicity continues to live and to color our thinking on this problem. This paper discusses some of the inherent limitations of the old, simpler pictures of vulcanization and the structure of rubber, and some of the implications of the pres...
Acid lipase activity of human lymphocytes.

Abstract Acid lipase activity was examined in human leukocytes using 4-methylum-belliferyl esters in a fluorimetric assay. Mononuclear leukocytes had 10–15 times the acid lipase activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The enzyme activity was highest using the oleate ester of 4-methylumbelliferoneat pH 4.0, in the presence of l -α-phosphatidylcholine and taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt). Acid lipase activity was inhibited by diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, sodium chloride and fluoride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and albumin, but was unaffected by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate or sulphydryl reagents. There were at least two forms of acid lipase activity: one (A form) was sensitive to heat inactivation (56°C) and corresponded to the enzyme activity deficient in patients with Wolman's disease; the other (B form) was resistant to heat inactivation and corresponded to the residual enzyme activity found in Wolman's disease.
Role of computed tomography in the surgical management of patients with bowel obstruction secondary to recurrent ovarian carcinoma.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential role of preoperative computed tomography (CT) and clinical features for predicting the outcome of patients with bowel obstruction secondary to ovarian cancer. We identified a subpopulation of patients admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital for bowel obstruction caused by recurrent ovarian cancer from January 1, 1995, to August 1, 2007. A retrospective review of 10 clinical features and 6 radiographic findings was performed. These findings were analyzed as variables with probable prognostic influence on survival and ability to predict successful palliation, defined as the ability to tolerate a regular or low-residue diet 60 days after discharge. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Fisher exact test. Univariate analysis was done by constructing probability curves according to the Kaplan–Meier method and comparing them by the log-rank test. The study population consisted of 55 patients. Absence of carcinomatosis on CT scan and albumin ≥3 g/dL were found to be able to predict successful palliation. Platinum resistance, albumin ≥3 g/dL, and peritoneal carcinomatosis on CT scan were identified as variables with prognostic influence on survival in the univariate analysis. In the Cox regression analysis, only the absence of CT findings of carcinomatosis (P = .009) and albumin ≥ 3 g/dL (P = .05) were independently associated with survival. CT scan seems to be helpful in patients with a solitary site as the cause of bowel obstruction. All the patients in our study with this finding had a successful palliation. On the other hand, successful palliation is still feasible in the presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis on CT scan; therefore, this finding alone should not be the reason to avoid surgery in well-selected patients.
Insertions of Silylenes into Vinyl Epoxides: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized, Optically Active trans-Dioxasilacyclooctenes

This communication describes a direct route to functionalized nonracemic trans-dioxasilacyclooctenes that involves stereoselective silylene insertions into vinyl epoxides to provide vinyl silaoxetane intermediates. These strained allylic silanes then undergo uncatalyzed allylation of aldehydes to afford trans-dioxasilacyclooctenes. Diastereoselective additions to these alkenes allow efficient transfer of planar chirality to chirality at stereogenic carbon atoms.
Explosive east coast cyclogenesis over the west-central North Atlantic Ocean - A composite study derived from ECMWF operational analyses

This paper describes the observational aspects of explosive east-coast cyclogenesis using composites constructed from the daily global analyses generated and archived by ECMWF. An explosively deepening storm or bomb is defined as an extratropical cyclone whose mean sea-level pressure falls at least 1 mb/h for 24 h. The ECMWF data sets are used to examine the three-dimensional kinematic and thermodynamic structure of bombs over the entire depth of the troposphere. The evolution and structure of the composite bomb is diagnosed using a moving coordinate system consisting of a box with dimensions of 35 x 35 deg of latitude-longitude. The results reveal that explosive cyclogenesis is a baroclinic phenomenon in which the rapid development in the presence of strong upper tropospheric forcing is most likely enhanced by a highly destabilized lower troposphere.
Biological transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by soil bacteria isolated from TNT-contaminated soil

Abstract Four Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from a soil consortium enriched from soil contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). All four species extensively transformed TNT. The rate of transformation varied among species. In isolate 4, 100% of TNT (100 ppm) was transformed in 4 days. The TNT transformation was achieved by the four isolates through a co-metabolic process with a succinate co-substrate. The four isolates produced NO 2 − from TNT. The maximum NO 2 − production, observed for isolate 1, was equal to 30% of the NO 2 − available from the nitro groups of TNT. For other isolates the NO 2 − production varied from 10 to 16%. The radiolabeling studies showed signs ring cleavage. Isolate 3 used 13% of 14 C-TNT to make cellular material, and isolate 4 converted 6% of 14 C-TNT to biomass. The production of 14 C-CO 2 was observed for all four isolates, but the amount of 14 C-CO 2 produced was quite low: isolate 4 produced 14 C-CO 2 from approximately 1% of 14 C-TNT. The rate of degradation of TNT intermediates was very slow, reflecting possible difficulties in metabolizing the intermediates of TNT to CO 2 . The main intermediates were identified as 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene.
Females excel at basic face perception

Females are generally better than males at recognizing facial emotions. However, it is not entirely clear whether and in what way females may also excel at non-affective face recognition. Here, we tested males and females on two perceptual face recognition tasks that involved only neutral expressions: detection and identity discrimination. On face detection (Experiment 1), females were significantly more accurate than males in detecting upright faces. This gender difference was reduced during inverted face detection, and not present during tree detection, suggesting that the magnitude of the gender difference for performance co-varies with the extent to which face processing mechanisms are involved. On facial identity discrimination (Experiment 2), females again outperformed males, particularly when face images were masked by visual noise, or the delay between comparison face images was extended from 0.5 to 3 s. These results reveal a female advantage in processing face-specific information and underscore the role of perceptual factors in socially relevant gender differences.
What have novel imaging techniques revealed about metabolism in the aging brain

ABSTRACT: Brain metabolism declines with age and do so in an accelerated manner in neurodegenerative disorders. Noninvasive neuroimaging techniques have played an important role to identify the metabolic biomarkers in aging brain. Particularly, PET with fluorine-18 (18F)-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose tracer and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have been widely used to monitor changes in brain metabolism over time, identify the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and predict the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD. Novel techniques, including PET carbon-11 Pittsburgh compound-B, carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 MRS, have also been introduced to determine Aβ plaques deposition, mitochondrial functions and brain bioenergetics in aging brain and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we introduce the basic principle of the imaging techniques, review the findings from 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-PET, Pittsburgh compound-B PET, proton, carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 MRS on changes in metabolism i...
High energy density nanocomposite capacitors using non-ferroelectric nanowires

A high energy density nanocomposite capacitor is fabricated by incorporating high aspect ratio functionalized TiO2 nanowires (NWs) into a polyvinylidene-fluoride matrix. These nanocomposites exhibited energy density as high as 12.4 J/cc at 450 MV/m, which is nine times larger than commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene polypropylene capacitors (1.2 J/cc at 640 MV/m). Also, the power density can reach 1.77 MW/cc with a discharge speed of 2.89 μs. The results presented here demonstrate that nanowires can be used to develop nanocomposite capacitors with high energy density and fast discharge speed for future pulsed-power applications.
Planning for Assembly with Robot Hands 1

If an autonomous robot system is to make effective use of a dextrous hand for assembly, it must be able to (1) reason about how objects are intended to fit together and design mating trajectories, (2) derive uncertainty constraints which accommodate perturbations from the nominal trajectories, (3) and determine how objects should be grasped to exert the forces expected during execution. This paper discusses a planning system which exploits the knowledge of symmetry incorporated in a group theory based reasoner to arrive at a nominal assembly plan. The plan is then refined by establishing bounds on the permissible uncertainty and required forces. A final stage plans force mediated interaction by incorporating multiple agents which enforce the wrench closure requirements and uncertainty constraints over the space of possible grasps.
Similar roles for yeast Dbp2 and Arabidopsis RH20 DEAD-box RNA helicases to Ded1 helicase in tombusvirus plus-strand synthesis

Recruited host factors aid replication of plus-strand RNA viruses. In this paper, we show that Dbp2 DEAD-box helicase of yeast, which is a homolog of human p68 DEAD-box helicase, directly affects replication of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). We demonstrate that Dbp2 binds to the 3'-end of the viral minus-stranded RNA and enhances plus-strand synthesis by the viral replicase in a yeast-based cell-free TBSV replication assay. In vitro data with wt and an ATPase-deficient Dbp2 mutant indicate that Dbp2 unwinds local secondary structures at the 3'-end of the TBSV (-)RNA. We also show that Dbp2 complements the replication deficiency of TBSV in yeast containing reduced amount of Ded1 DEAD-box helicase, another host factor involved in TBSV replication, suggesting that Dbp2 and Ded1 helicases play redundant roles in TBSV replication. We also show that the orthologous AtRH20 DEAD-box helicase from Arabidopsis can increase tombusvirus replication in vitro and in yeast.
The impact of exchange rate volatility on international trade: Reduced form estimates using the GARCH-in-mean model

Abstract In this paper, we use a multivariate GARCH-in-mean model of the reduced form of multilateral exports to examine the relationship between nominal exchange rate volatility and export flows and prices. The model imposes rationality on perceived exchange rate volatility, unlike conventional, two-step strategies. Tests are performed for five industrialized countries over the post-Bretton Woods era. We find that the GARCH conditional variance has a statistically significant impact on the reduced form equations for all countries. For most of the countries, the magnitude of the effect is stronger for export prices than quantities. In addition, the estimated magnitude of the impact of volatility on exports is not robust to using the conventional estimation strategy. (JEL F41, F31).
Green Transistor - A V DD Scaling Path for Future Low Power ICs

IC power consumption is not only a package thermal issue but also a significant and fast growing part of the world electricity consumption. A new low voltage transistor could contribute greatly to the need for a new Vdd scaling scenario. Green transistor (gFET) is based on tunneling and provides Ion and Ioff far superior to MOSFET at 0.2 V if suitable low-Eg material is introduced into IC manufacturing.
TNFα, Interferon, and Stress Response Induction as a Function of Age-Related Susceptibility to Fatal Sindbis Virus Infection of Mice

Abstract The age-related acquisition of resistance to fatal Sindbis virus infection was examined using a molecularly cloned laboratory strain of the AR339 isolate designated TRSB. TRSB caused 100% mortality in mice up to 5 days of age. Resistance to fatal infection developed abruptly between 5 and 9 days of age. Lethal Sindbis virus infection of mice inoculated at 4 days of age was characterized by high levels of virus replication, induction of high levels of interferon-α/β and TNF-α and severe thymic involution indicative of a systemic stress response. These changes correlated with predominantly noninflammatory lesions. In contrast, TRSB infection of older mice was characterized by survival, more limited virus replication, reduced cytokine induction, and the development of inflammatory responses leading to encephalitis, myositis, and myocarditis. Previous studies utilized infections of neonatal mice with TRSB and an attenuated mutant of TRSB to compare fatal and nonfatal Sindbis infection (Trgovcich et al., 1996. Virology 224, 73–83). The experiments reported here utilize mouse age at the time of infection to create conditions for examination of fatal and nonfatal TRSB infections. Both experiments suggest that fatal infection is associated with a shock-like syndrome and little or no inflammatory pathology, while survival is correlated with greatly reduced cytokine levels and inflammatory lesions.