cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Montana Primary Care Providers’ Access to and Satisfaction With Pediatric Specialists When Caring for Children With Special Health Care Needs

Purpose: Primary care providers (PCPs) of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) in rural areas face challenges in accessing specialty care to support a patient-centered medical home. This study assessed the practice characteristics and attitudes regarding pediatric specialty care among Montana PCPs of CSHCN. Methods: We surveyed 433 Montana PCPs identified through a statewide registry. Demographic and practice information was collected, including the proportion of time spent on CSHCN care coordination. A 5-point Likert scale was used to calculate mean need scores for each pediatric specialty, access to these specialties, and barriers to care. Results were analyzed separately for pediatricians and family physicians, as well as rural and urban providers, using λ2, t tests, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Of the PCPs surveyed, 386 had a valid address and were currently practicing in Montana, 112 (29%) responded, and 91 provided care to CSHCN (averaged 29% of time spent in CSHCN care coordination). Child psychiatry (4.1) and developmental/behavioral pediatrics (3.7) were identified as the most needed specialties, yet they scored lowest in access to care (2.2 and 2.6, respectively). The most important rated specialist characteristics were quality (4.1), availability (3.5), and communication skills (2.8). Among the top barriers to care, lack of appropriate specialists was identified by 82% of PCPs. Conclusions: Specialty care delivery for CSHCN in rural areas such as Montana should focus on matching availability with the identified need for specialty services, and ensuring that systems of communication between PCPs and specialists support the care coordination function of PCPs.
A simple intensity-based drama manager

We have implemented an action-based role-playing game, called Wind's End, that incorporates a simple, practical algorithm to enforce rising dramatic intensity during game play by controlling the choice of goals by nonplayer characters.
Jason Middleton, Documentary’s Awkward Turn: Cringe Comedy and Media Spectatorship

In Documentary’s Awkward Turn: Cringe Comedy and Media Spectatorship, Jason Middleton examines the varied rhetorical uses of awkwardness in contemporary documentary film and reality-based media. Middleton’s analysis is timely given the current popularity of awkward humor, or “cringe comedy,” in contemporary television shows like The Office, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Parks and Recreation, Louie, and Modern Family. Drawing on examples from American documentary film and media from the 1970s to the present, Middleton offers a highly readable, engaging, and sophisticated theorization of awkwardness, a mode of humor intuitively felt by many but logically explained by few.
LabAutomation 2005: Our Conference in a New Format:

JALA December 2004 15A A s my year as ALA president approaches its end, I look forward with great anticipation to ALA’s continued progress in 2005, and to LabAutomation2005 in particular. The changes and new initiatives that will be unveiled at LabAutomation are a testament to ALA’s determination and positive momentum. They are tangible examples of the organization’s success in its strategic and longterm planning initiative. For starters, the structure of the scientific program has been reshaped to serve a more diverse public of scientists, engineers, and technology managers, ultimately a more diverse membership. The five tracks now are organized by technologies, and should thus appeal to not only the biopharma and clinical organizations, but to any industry or organization utilizing laboratory instrumentation and technologies. The five core content tracks include detection and separation, microtechnologies, high-throughput technologies, informatics, and frontiers beyond biopharma. Each of these core tracks features a menu of pertinent focus areas that collectively span the continuum of today’s most important laboratory technologies, including clinical technologies, emerging technologies and systems integration. In addition, the short course offerings have been redesigned, and new events include Techno Jams and what promises to be a very compelling Session in the Round. To reinforce the fact that the ALA LabAutomation conference is the most important place to
I. The relationship between age-related changes in gene expression, protein turnover, and the responsiveness of an organism to stimuli

A general decline in gene expression, translation and transcription, has been observed to occur with increasing age in a wide variety of organisms and tissues. Because the level of most enzymes and proteins remains relatively constant with increasing age, one would predict that the decline in gene expression would result in an age-related decline in protein turnover. Recent studies show that protein turnover in mouse liver and nematodes declines with increasing age. The decline in protein turnover could lead to an age-related decrease in the response of inducible enzymes to stimuli. This could explain the molecular basis for the decline in aging organisms to respond to a variety of environmental factors.
Influences of abundance, behavior, species composition, and ontogenetic stage on active emergence of meiobenthic copepods in subtropical habitats

The emergence of meiobenthic copepods in subtidal sand and seagrass sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA), was investigated on nine dates from March 1983 to August 1984. Numbers of emerging copepods were dependent on habitat, date and diel sampling period. Greater numbers typically emerged in seagrass sites, and differences between habitats may be related to lower copepod abundances in sand sites. Both copepod abundance and behavior significantly affected numbers emerging among dates. An increase in emergent behavior alone resulted in consistently greater numbers emerging during postsunset periods. Over 30 species in 15 families were found to emerge. Total numbers of emerging copepods were affected by the sporadic presence and seasonal behavior of certain species. Numbers of the predominant speciesParadactylopodia brevicornis, Tisbe furcata, Parategastes sp.,Mesochra pygmea, Laophontid sp., andHarpacticus sp. emerging depended on differences in both species abundance and behavior. The emergent behavior ofParategastes sp.,Harpacticus sp., andT. furcata also was influenced by total copepod densities in the sediment. Juvenile copepods constituted only a small proportion of the total numbers emerging. The consistent postsunset entry of between 103 to 105 copepods m−2 into the water column in subtidal sand and seagrass habitats will contribute to the increased probability of copepod dispersal and reassortment of the benthic community, while providing a pathway for benthic-pelagic exchange.
Synthesis and Properties of Carborane-Appended C3-Symmetrical Extended π Systems

A series of C3-symmetric π-conjugated compounds containing three to six o-carborane clusters have been synthesized by employing palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions and palladium-catalyzed acetylation reactions, followed by silicon tetrachloride mediated trimerization reactions. Carborane-containing extended trimers were found to emit blue light. Incorporation of o-carborane clusters into extended π-conjugated systems led to 22−70% enhancement of their relative fluorescence quantum yields. Decapitation of o-carborane clusters made these extended trimers water soluble, and their aqueous solutions were also found to be fluorescent, but with a reduced fluorescence intensity. The carborane-appended π-conjugated compounds are found to be extremely thermally stable, and for some of these compounds only 10% mass loss occurred at temperatures close to 500 °C. The DSC thermograms of smaller Ccage-appended trimers indicate the occurrence of solid−solid phase transitions.
Stability of Dried Filled Milks

Samples of dried filled milk (DFM) were made with several vegetable fats and compared with dried milk. Several specially prepared vegetble oils, such as Trisun HS-500, hydrogenated cottonseed oil and hydrogenated coconut oil could impart stability to the DFM as high as that imparted by milk fat to conventional dried milk. Stability could be further enhanced by appropriate antioxidant and storage conditions. The simple technique of measuring oxygen consumption by the DFM was as effective as flavor evaluation, gas chromatography of volatiles, or spectroscopy for screening large numbers of samples or as a quality control procedure.
Was typhoid inoculation safe and effective during World War I? Debates within German military medicine.

L'epidemie de la fievre typhoide durant la Premiere Guerre Mondiale a contraint les medecins militaires de l'armee allemande de se persuader de l'interet et de l'efficacite de la vaccination contre la maladie
Bioactive Dietary Polyphenols Inhibit Heme Iron Absorption in a Dose‐Dependent Manner in Human Intestinal Caco‐2 Cells

Although heme iron is an important form of dietary iron, its intestinal absorption mechanism remains elusive. Our previous work revealed that (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and grape seed extract (GSE) markedly inhibited intestinal heme iron absorption by reducing the basolateral iron export in Caco-2 cells. The aims of this study were to examine whether small amounts of EGCG, GSE and green tea extract (GT) could inhibit heme iron absorption, and to test whether the inhibitory action of polyphenols could be offset by ascorbic acid. A heme-55Fe absorption study was conducted by adding various concentrations of EGCG, GSE and GT to Caco-2 cells in the absence and presence of ascorbic acid. Polyphenolic compounds significantly inhibited heme-55Fe absorption in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of ascorbic acid did not modulate the inhibitory effect of dietary polyphenols on heme iron absorption when the cells were treated with polyphenols at a concentration of 46 mg/L. However, ascorbic acid was able to offset or reverse the inhibitory effects of polyphenolic compounds when lower concentrations of polyphenols were added (≤ 4.6 mg/L). Ascorbic acid modulated the heme iron absorption without changing the apical heme uptake, the expression of the proteins involved in heme metabolism and basolateral iron transport, and heme oxygenase activity, indicating that ascorbic acid may enhance heme iron absorption by modulating the intracellular distribution of 55Fe. These results imply that the regular consumption of dietary ascorbic acid can easily counteract the inhibitory effects of low concentrations of dietary polyphenols on heme iron absorption but cannot counteract the inhibitory actions of high concentrations of polyphenols.
How does timing, duration and severity of heat stress influence pollen-pistil interactions in angiosperms?

Reproductive development in sexual plants is substantially more sensitive to high temperature stress than vegetative development, resulting in negative implications for food and fiber production under the moderate temperature increases projected to result from global climate change. High temperature exposure either during early pollen development or during the progamic phase of pollen development will negatively impact pollen performance and reproductive output; both phases of pollen development are considered exceptionally sensitive to moderate heat stress. However, moderately elevated temperatures either before or during the progamic phase can limit fertilization by negatively impacting important pollen pistil interactions required for successful pollen tube growth toward the ovules. This mini-review identifies the impacts of heat stress on pollen-pistil interactions and sexual reproduction in angiosperms. A special emphasis is placed on the biochemical response of the pistil to moderately high temperat...
Multilevel multipole and local operators for potentials of the form r−λ

Abstract This paper presents multilevel multipole and local operators for potentials of the form r − λ . A new addition theorem which enables the construction of the multilevel operators is stated and proved. Simulations of the new operators are presented that indicate the reduction of error with increasing number of multipoles and O ( N ) complexity of the method.
Organizational Demotion and the Process of Bureaucratization

Demotion, a generally neglected topic in the literature, is rarely linked to the process of bureaucratization, though this link is clearly implied in Weber's ideal bureaucratic type. This paper, with data comprising the careers of 884 men spanning 80 years in the development of a bureaucratizing organization, attempts to show that (1) demotion as a sanctioning process was utilized increasingly in the bureaucratization of the organization, that (2) dismissal declined, that (3) the various social types among the members were differentially subjected to demotion over time, and that (4) this was due partly to the organization's bureaucratization. For future research, the data show a promising connection between bureaucratization and the demotion process.
Analyzing patterns of species diversity as departures from random expectations

Insight into the factors that influence patterns of species diversity can be obtained by comparing real patterns to their counterparts derived under a model of randomness or a null model. For example, intraspecific aggregation is very common among a wide variety of protozoan, plant, and animal taxa. Despite this, ecologists do not yet fully appreciate the potential effect of intraspecific aggregation on patterns of species diversity. Intraspecific aggregation is predicted to limit alpha-diversity (mean species richness of a set of ecological communities) to a level less than that expected based on random distributions of individuals. Conversely, intraspecific aggregation should enhance beta-diversity (differences in species composition among communities). These effects on alpha- and beta-diversity should be related to the mean amount of intraspecific aggregation within a species assemblage (group of taxonomically similar species distributed among a set of communities). I tested these predictions by applying additive diversity partitioning and a randomization routine to 28 arthropod assemblages. Intraspecific aggregation was very common. It significantly limited alpha-diversity to less than that expected under the random model. At the same time, intraspecific aggregation enhanced beta-diversity. These effects were greatest in assemblages where intraspecific aggregation was greatest. The next step for ecologists is to identify those factors that cause conspecifics to aggregate and thus also influence patterns of species diversity.
Efficient Universal Portfolios for Past‐Dependent Target Classes

We present a new universal portfolio algorithm that achieves almost the same level of wealth as could be achieved by knowing stock prices ahead of time. Specifically the algorithm tracks the best in hindsight wealth achievable within target classes of linearly parameterized portfolio sequences. The target classes considered are more general than the standard constant rebalanced portfolio class and permit portfolio sequences to exhibit a continuous form of dependence on past prices or other side information. A primary advantage of the algorithm is that it is easily computable in a polynomial number of steps by way of simple closed-form expressions. This provides an edge over other universal algorithms that require both an exponential number of computations and numerical approximation.
Resolution of cointegrates between transposons gamma delta and Tn3 defines the recombination site

Abstract Transposition of the genetically related insertion elements gamma delta and Tn3 is thought to involve two steps. In the case of transposition from one replicon to another, the first step is fusion of the parent and target replicons with the element appearing in direct orientation at the two junctions. In a subsequent reaction, the cointegrate structure is resolved via a site-specific recombination event. I have constructed two plasmids, each carrying segments of gamma delta and Tn3, that contain the internal resolution site. The tnpR gene product encoded by either Tn3 or gamma delta mediates intramolecular recombination between these two sites. The product of this recombination is a hybrid region that contains gamma delta and Tn3 sequences fused at the point of crossover. DNA sequence analysis of such recombinants indicates that the recombination occurs within a 19-base-pair (bp) region of exact homology between gamma delta and Tn3. The site lies in the 160-bp center intercistronic region, 50 bp before the beginning of the tnpA gene. My results therefore suggest a model for the coupled regulation of the repressor (tnpR) and the transposase (tnpA) genes and site-specific recombination of transposition intermediates. The Tn3/gamma delta recombination system and bacteriophage lambda integration are compared.
Priming the Tip of the Tongue: Effects of Prior Processing on Word Retrieval in Young and Older Adults

Abstract We test the prediction that recent processing of a word will decrease the probability of a tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) to a general knowledge question and that semantic processing will be superior to phonological processing in improving correct recall, but not in reducing TOTs. In Experiment 1, pronunciation of answers in an ostensibly unrelated prior task increased young and older adults’ correct answers to general knowledge questions and decreased TOTs uniformly across age, although older adults produced more TOTs. In Experiments 2 and 3, semantic prior processing increased correct responses to the questions, but did not reduce TOTs more than phonological processing. These results support the Transmission Deficit model in which weakened connections between lexical and phonological nodes cause TOTs. The explanation of aging effects on priming and word retrieval integrates processing and memory systems approaches.
Agent-based approach to a design support system for the synthesis of continuous chemical processes

Abstract A successful, computer-aided design support system can help a process designer focus on making effective design decisions, not merely tedious routine calculations. Such a system is essential to enhance quality of design in terms of economics, environmental benignity, reliability, robustness, and operability. Such a statement is even more accepted when applied to conceptual design problems, where gross design specifications are given while a combinatorial number of design alternatives exists. This paper presents an agent-based approach as a systematic and efficient way to design a computer-aided support system for the synthesis of continuous, single-product chemical processes. An agent-based approach allows us to handle design knowledge as an object and thus greatly improve the modularity and reusability of that knowledge. Such modularity leads to increased ease in the relaxation of design decisions and the generation of design alternatives, both of which functions are critically important in dealing with the complexity and uncertainty of conceptual design problems. Such reusability leads to the increased productivity in the development of a design support system.
Analysis of trace contaminants in hot gas streams using time-weighted average solid-phase microextraction: Pilot-scale validation

Abstract A new method was developed for collecting, identifying and quantifying contaminants in hot process gas streams using time-weighted average (TWA) passive sampling with retracted solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography. The previous lab scale proof-of-concept with benzene was expanded to include the remaining major tar compounds of interest in syngas: toluene, styrene, indene, and naphthalene. The new method was tested on high T (⩾100 °C) process gas from a pilot-scale fluidized bed gasifier feeding switchgrass and compared side-by-side with conventional impingers-based method. Fourteen additional compounds were identified, representing 40–60% improvement over the conventional method’s detection capacity. Differences between the two methods were 1–20% and as much as 40–100% depending on the sampling location. Compared to the inconsistent conventional method, the SPME-TWA offered a simplified, solvent-free approach capable of drastically reducing sampling and sample preparation time and improving analytical reliability. The improved sensitivity of the new method enabled identification and quantification of VOCs beyond the capability of the conventional approaches, reaching concentrations in the ppb range (low mg/m 3 ). RSDs associated with the TWA-SPME were 3 , with successful measurement of tar concentrations at times >4000 ppm (up to 10 g/N m 3 ). The new method can be a valid alternative to the conventional method for light tar quantification under certain conditions. The opportunity also exists to exploit TWA-SPME for process gas streams analysis e.g., pyrolysis vapors and combustion exhaust.
Case Report: Hemochromatosis Heterozygotes May Have Significant Iron Overload When They Also Have Hereditary Spherocytosis

A family is described in which four of six siblings have both hereditary spherocytosis and evidence of abnormal iron metabolism. Three of the four have significant iron overload. HLA typing, which permits the detection of the gene for hemochromatosis, indicates that all family members with hereditary spherocytosis who have abnormal iron metabolism or significant iron overload are heterozygous for the hemochromatosis gene. Family members having hereditary spherocytosis but not the gene for hemochromatosis have normal iron studies as does a family member heterozygous for hemochromatosis but no hereditary spherocytosis. Based on the findings in this kindred, it appears that the combination of chronic hemolysis and the gene for hemochromatosis results in increased iron absorption that may lead to significant iron overload.
Studies of 15N-Labeled amino sugars1. The synthesis and mass spectrometry of derivatives of 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose-6-15N

Abstract Derivatives of 6-amino-6-deoxy- D -glucose-6- 15 N have been synthesized in high yield and high chemical and isotopic purity by reaction of the 6- O - p -tolylsulfonyl or 6-deoxy-6-iodo derivative of 1,2:3,5-di- O -isopropylidene-α- D -glucofuranose with potassium phthalimide- 15 N . The infrared and mass spectra of some of these derivatives are discussed. Comparisons of the mass spectra of the 14 N compounds and 15 N-labeled derivatives afforded confirmation of the pathways of fragmentation.
The effects of the Reach to Recovery Program on the quality of life and rehabilitation of mastectomy patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the Reach to Recovery Program of volunteers sponsored by the American Cancer Society. Effectiveness was defined as enhancing the quality of life and rehabilitation of women who had had a mastectomy, through increasing knowledge of rehabilitative procedures, post-surgery activities and level of self-esteem.
Reexamination of the force relationship of cortical cell discharge patterns with conditioned wrist movements

Single unit recordings were obtained from 103 precentral cortical cells whose activity was related to an alternate wrist flexion-extension task in monkeys. Although the task was carried out under different loads only a weak relationship between cortical cell firing rates and static force levels was observed for force in one direction. A large change in firing rate occurred, however, when direction of force shifted as a result of a change in the predominant activity between extensor and flexor muscles. The firing patterns of the observed cortical cells suggest that the motor cortex is involved in specifying the muscles to be activated for a given movement and not the level of force to be produced by these muscles. During the dynamic phase of the movement little change in cortical cell firing pattern was observed for large changes in the rate of change of force. Motor cortex cell firing patterns appear to be unrelated to the large values of rate of change of force seen in this experiment.
Natural variability of atmospheric temperatures and geomagnetic intensity over a wide range of time scales

The majority of numerical models in climatology and geomagnetism rely on deterministic finite-difference techniques and attempt to include as many empirical constraints on the many processes and boundary conditions applicable to their very complex systems. Despite their sophistication, many of these models are unable to reproduce basic aspects of climatic or geomagnetic dynamics. We show that a simple stochastic model, which treats the flux of heat energy in the atmosphere by convective instabilities with random advection and diffusive mixing, does a remarkable job at matching the observed power spectrum of historical and proxy records for atmospheric temperatures from time scales of one day to one million years (Myr). With this approach distinct changes in the power-spectral form can be associated with characteristic time scales of ocean mixing and radiative damping. Similarly, a simple model of the diffusion of magnetic intensity in Earth's core coupled with amplification and destruction of the local intensity can reproduce the observed 1/f noise behavior of Earth's geomagnetic intensity from time scales of 1 (Myr) to 100 yr. In addition, the statistics of the fluctuations in the polarity reversal rate from time scales of 1 Myr to 100 Myr are consistent with the hypothesis that reversals are the result of variations in 1/f noise geomagnetic intensity above a certain threshold, suggesting that reversals may be associated with internal fluctuations rather than changes in mantle thermal or magnetic boundary conditions.
Using Queer and Psychoanalytic Times to Explore the Troubling Temporalities of Fetal Personhood

This article was originally presented on a panel of psychoanalysts and queer theorists writing about time. The article integrates psychoanalytic and queer theories of temporality to explore the raft of new legislative proposals and laws imbuing the fetus with status as a person. These laws create drastic changes in the citizenship and rights of the pregnant woman, in particular women of color and economically disadvantaged women, who are subject to increasing levels of criminal justice surveillance. Exploring the affective dynamics of the cultural body, this fetishization of the fetus is conceptualized as a way of splitting off anxieties, containing them within the vulnerable fetal body who, in this fantasy, is in need of rescue from the irresponsible and dangerous maternal body. As such, the cultural body is described as playing with time and futurity in order to disavow feelings of humiliation and vulnerability in the face of increasing global instabilities.
Flowcharting with D-charts

A D-Chart is a style of flowchart using control symbols highly appropriate to modern structured programming languages. The intent of a D-Chart is to provide a clear and concise one-for-one mapping of control symbols to high-level language constructs for purposes of design and documentation. The notation lends itself to both high-level and code-level algorithmic description. The various issues that may arise when representing, in D-Chart style, algorithms expressed in the more popular high-level languages are addressed. In particular, the peculiarities of mapping control constructs for Ada, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77, C, PL/I, Jovial J73, HAL/S, and Algol are discussed.
Molecular epidemiology and prevention of cancer.

Preventable environmental causes of cancer, including tobacco smoke and other carcinogens in the diet, workplace, and ambient environment are responsible for the vast majority of human cancers. This paper reviews recent molecular epidemiologic studies that have focused on environmental carcinogenesis and environment-host interactions. Biomarkers such as carcinogen-DNA and carcinogen-protein adducts, mutations in reporter or target genes (e.g., HPRT, GPA, ras, p53), or genetic or acquired susceptibility factors (e.g., polymorphisms in the P450 or glutathione-S-transferase genes and serum levels of antioxidants) have shown significant potential in prevention. They should be useful in early identification of at risk individuals and in designing and monitoring interventions (smoking cessation, exposure reduction, and chemoprevention).
Haptoglobin and Posttranslational Glycan-Modified Derivatives as Serum Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND. The purpose was to evaluate the clinical utility of serum haptoglobin (Hp) and posttranslational glycan modifications of Hp for the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS. Serum proteins from patients with a new diagnosis of NSCLC and age- and sex-matched controls without cancer were compared using 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Four of the differentially expressed gel spots were identified as the b chain of Hp. Immunoblots confirmed sialyl and fucosyl group posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of Hp. Serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for total Hp, sialylated Hp (SAHp), and fucosylated Hp (FHp) were designed, and levels of each were measured in an independent sample set of 74 patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed the clinical diagnostic utility of each marker. RESULTS. Statistically significant differences between lung cancer patients and matched controls were found by ELISA for Hp (P < .002), SAHp (P < .001), and FHp (P < .04). ROC analysis determined an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.754 for Hp, 0.740 for SAHp, and 0.794 for FHp. In addition, serum concentrations correlated with stage; Hp (r 5 0.388; P 5 .018), SAHp (r 5 0.300; P 5 .072), and FHp (r 5 0.363; P 5 .027). CONCLUSIONS. Hp and 2 of its glycoforms, SAHp and FHp, are potentially useful in the clinical diagnosis of NSCLC. The markers increase with stage, suggesting they may also be useful in stratifying patients at presentation and in following patients after treatment. Cancer 2007;110:2260–8. � 2007 American Cancer Society.
Conservation Laws and Material Momentum in Thermoelasticity

The main goal of this paper is to construct a Lagrangian function such that not only the well-known equations of thermoelasticity, but also material conservation laws can be derived. As action variables, the position x of a material particle and a scalar function η related to temperature are used. The material momentum for thermoelasticity is derived. Here, by contrast to the purely elastic case, the material momentum depends on a time interval rather than on an instant of time. The balance of material momentum is integrated over time to produce a relation reminiscent of the impulse-momentum equation in classical mechanics.
Nitrate concentrations in Karst springs in an extensively grazed area

: The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian Region. Karst areas comprise about 18 percent of the Region's land area. An estimated one-third of the Region's farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are located on karst terrain. Nitrate concentrations were measured in several karst springs in Southeastern West Virginia in order to determine the impact of animal agriculture on nitrate pollution of the karst ground water system. Karst basins with 79, 51, 16, and 0 percent agriculture had mean nitrate concentrations of 15.8, 12.2, 2.7, and 0.4 mg/l, respectively. A strong linear relationship between nitrate concentration and percent agricultural land was shown. Median nitrate concentration increased about 0.19 mg l-1 per percent increase in agricultural land. Weather patterns were also found to significantly affect the median nitrate concentrations and the temporal variability of those concentrations. Lower nitrate concentrations and lower temporal variability were observed during a severe drought period. It was concluded that agriculture was significantly affecting nitrate concentrations in the karst aquifer. Best management practices may be one way to protect the ground water resource.
Studies on the Basis for the Toxicity of Acrolein Mercapturates

Abstract Acrolein, 3-oxopropyl glutathione (oxoPrGSH), andS-3-hydroxypropylN-acetylcysteine (hydroxyPrMCA) are confirmed metabolic products of cyclophosphamide. Other potential metabolites include the mercapturic acidS-3-oxopropylN-acetylcysteine (oxo- PrMCA), its sulfoxide, and their corresponding diacid forms. The reactivity of acrolein would appear to preclude its movement from the main site of formation (liver) to the sites of toxicity (lung and bladder). However, the rerelease of acrolein from various thiol conjugates via a β-elimination reaction is possible. It is also possible that the parent conjugate is directly toxic. The current study examined the toxicity of various acrolein–thiol conjugates and related analogs to human lung adenoma A549 cells. The expected enhancement of acrolein, oxoPrMCA, and oxoPrMCAS-oxide toxicity (assessed as cell proliferation by the alamarBlue assay) following a 2-hr exposure of cells treated with diethyl maleate (DEM) to deplete GSH was observed. OxoPrGSH was toxic when present for 24 hr, and this toxicity was also enhanced by pretreatment with DEM. When treated with these conjugates alone, the depletion of intracellular GSH only occurred at doses above those needed to significantly inhibit cell proliferation. There were no changes in protein thiols as determined using the membrane impermeant fluorescent thiol probepara-sulfobenzoyloxybromobimane. The diacid conjugate was not toxic to A549 cells indicating further oxidation products of the mercapturic acids are not a factor in toxicity. ButanoneMCA, an analog of oxoPrMCA that cannot exist in the geminal diol form, inhibited A549 cell growth only slightly less effectively than oxoPrMCA, suggesting the geminal diol is not toxicologically significant. OxoBuMCA, which cannot undergo β-elimination of acrolein, showed no toxicity to these cells, suggesting that the release of acrolein could be required. Exogenous GSH provided protection from all toxic compounds suggesting that the toxic species is electrophilic. Overall, the data suggest that toxicity, in terms of an inhibition of cell proliferation, is not due to the parent molecule but rather is the result of rereleased acrolein that then affects factors necessary for cell proliferation.
Light-induced stress relief to improve flaw tolerance in network polymers

We demonstrate the ability to use photoactivated stress relaxation to improve flaw tolerance in network polymers. Unlike most self-healing polymers, which effectively close flaws by locally introducing healing agents (such as uncured resins), here light is used to relax elevated stresses around a flaw before it reaches a critical state, which reduces the threat that the flaw poses to the structural integrity of the material. In this study, we fabricate specimens with well-defined flaws and uniaxially stretch them to failure. By irradiating the specimens with UV light (365 nm) before failure, the nominal strain at failure is increased by 70% and the corresponding nominal stress is increased by 30% compared with nonirradiated specimens. To better understand the phenomena that occur at the multiaxial stress state at the flaw, we model the photomechanics using a recently developed finite element approach that accurately describes the light propagation, photochemistry, radical-induced network evolution, and the mechanical behavior of the material. Model predictions agree well with the experimental results and elucidate the role that photoinduced stress relaxation has on improving flaw tolerance.
A Chemical interstitial order—based model for nitrogen strengthening of FeNiCr austenite

Abstract Among the essential characteristics of the mechanical behavior of nitrogen strengthened austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr alloys are planar slip in all alloys containing more than a small concentration of N over wide ranges of temperature and strain rate and a linear dependence of the athermal flow stress on the mole fraction of nitrogen. These characteristics of the deformation mechanism are analyzed using a model which assumes that in the undeformed, equilibrium crystal, the metal atoms are randomly arranged on the f.c.c. lattice but that the N atoms are distributed among the interstitial sites so as to minimize the free-energy. The flow stress is identified by equating the increase in free energy resulting from the redistribution of the N atoms with the work done in moving a dislocation through the lattice. Decrease in the atomic order, caused by the passage of dislocations, reduces the friction on their glide planes promoting planar slip.
1711 ENERGY STATE OF THE BRAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL NEONATAL STATUS EPILEPTICUS

Cerebral metabolic responses to status epilepticus (SE) were investigated for the first time in neonatal primates. Ten 14-day old Marmoset monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine & monitored for systemic BP, blood gases & glucose. An IM injection of bicuculline produced tonic-clonic convulsions without hypoxemia, hypoglycemia or hypotension for 30 min,; thereafter, brains were quick frozen & prepared for regional NADH reflectance fluorometry & ATP bioluminescence. Micro-samples of forebrain were analyzed for ATP (C-2.66, SE-2.04), P-creatine (C-3.45, SE-0.92), Glucose (C-3.57, SE-0.20) and Lactate (C-1.23, SE-10.05)mmol/kg. Similar alterations in metabolite levels were noted in diencephalon and in deep cerebral cortical structures. NADH fluorometry produced patchy relatively symmetrical areas of enhanced fluorescence in boundary zones between anterior & middle cerebral arteries of cerebral cortex, in cingulate gyri & diencephalon. Regional ATP was decreased globally in SE animals. Furthermore, ATP levels were not statistically different in brain regions with high or low NADH fluorescence. Thus, glycolytic intermediates & high energy reserves are disrupted in brains of neonatal Marmosets sustaining SE. The insult follows in part a vascular distribution. Whether or not the altered energy state is severe enough to be associated with brain damage is under investigation. (Supported by Research Service of the Veterans Administration and by NIH #PNS-13515 and #HD-15738.
Tidier Drawings of Trees

Various algorithms have been proposed for producing tidy drawings of trees–drawings that are aesthetically pleasing and use minimum drawing space. We show that these algorithms contain some difficulties that lead to aesthetically unpleasing, wider than necessary drawings. We then present a new algorithm with comparable time and storage requirements that produces tidier drawings. Generalizations to forests and m-ary trees are discussed, as are some problems in discretization when alphanumeric output devices are used.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of quantum jumps with Rydberg atoms

We study the nonequilibrium dynamics of quantum jumps in a one-dimensional chain of atoms. Each atom is driven on a strong transition to a short-lived state and on a weak transition to a metastable state. We choose the metastable state to be a Rydberg state so that when an atom jumps to the Rydberg state, it inhibits or enhances jumps in the neighboring atoms. This leads to rich spatiotemporal dynamics that are visible in the fluorescence of the strong transition.
The Puzzle of the Metallic Line Stars

In the puzzle of the metallic line (Am) stars, there still seem to be missing pieces. While the "normal" A stars have elemental abundances close to solar, the classical Am stars show stronger absorption lines for most heavy elements in their spectra. Elements with ionization potentials that nearly agree with those of hydrogen or helium have reduced abundances. The Ca ii and Sc ii lines are especially weak. The Am stars have no ultraviolet emission lines. They are binaries that, with very few exceptions, have rotational velocities v sin i lower than 100 km s 1 . Of the main-sequence A stars, 20% to 30% are Am stars. Here we rediscuss previous suggestions that tried to explain the peculiar line strengths in the Am star spectra. In particular, we compare the well-studied properties of Hyades A and Am stars in order to identify reasons that can or cannot explain the differences. We find that accretion of interstellar material by A stars with distorted magnetic fields, which are weaker than those in peculiar A (Ap) stars, has the best chance of explaining the main characteristics of the peculiar heavy-element abundances in Am star photospheres. Charge-exchange reactions also seem to be important.
Design of passive dampers using active-control theories

The design of passive dampers involves the determination of the required capacity of each damper installed at selected locations. Generally, dampers with identical capacities are installed in various story units of a building. However, installing identical dampers in various story units does not achieve the optimal performance for the building and it may result in a conservative and more expensive design. In this paper, a design method, based on the concepts of active control theories, is proposed for the design of the capacities of passive dampers. For most of the passive dampers, the force applied to the structure depends on the drift and velocity across the dampers. From the standpoint of active control, the control force depends only on the local measurements of the displacement (i.e., drift across the damper) and velocity. Controllers of the form described above are designed by decentralized control theories. For this purpose, the method of static output optimal control is modified and applied to the design of passive dampers. Advantages of the proposed method for different types of passive dampers are demonstrated through numerical simulations.
Genotyping and sequence analysis of apolipoprotein E isoforms

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a polymorphic plasma protein, is essential for catabolism of lipoproteins by receptor-mediated endocytosis. One of the apoE isoforms (E2) differs in its binding affinity to specific receptors and contributes to variations in lipoprotein metabolism. Diagnosis of apoE isoforms is done by isoelectric focusing, but it is hindered by various degrees of post-translational sialylation of the apoE protein. Electrophoretically silent structural variations may also escape detection by this technique. We describe a method for genotyping apoE based on hybridization of allele-specific oligonucleotides with enzymatically amplified genomic DNA, which permits unambiguous diagnosis of six common apoE phenotypes within 24 h. Among 100 E2 alleles present in 81 unrelated individuals genotyped by this technique, we found two rare structural mutants of apoE in addition to the common E2 form, E2(158Arg----Cys). Automated sequencing of amplified DNA identified the rare mutants as E2(136Arg----Ser) and E2(145Arg----Cys). The genotypic method may complement or even replace isoelectric focusing for routine determination of apoE phenotypes and for identification of rare structural variants.
Perethylcyclopolysilanes: (Et2Si)4 through (Et2Si)8

Abstract Preparation and characterization by UV spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis of perethylcyclopolysilanes, (Et 2 Si) n , ( n = 5—8), is described. The compounds with n = 5 and 7 are the major products while the n = 6 compound is the most stable in the (Me 2 Si) n series.
Not Three People: The Fundamental Themes of Gregory of Nyssa’s Trinitarian Theology as Seen in To Ablabius: On Not Three Gods

Gregory of Nyssa’s small text On Not Three Gods has often been treated as a key statement of his supposedly “pluralistic” and/or “social” Trinitarianism. I argue, first, that Gregory’s intention here is to shift discussion away from a focus on the possible analogies between the divine life and three seemingly distinct human beings, toward themes more fundamental in his theology. Second, I offer a reading of On Not Three Gods to show how Gregory’s Trinitarian theology—as all pro–Nicene theologies—revolves around a strong commitment to the unity of the divine power and activity and an equally strong insistence that all statements about the divine life and persons are governed by an account of the divine incomprehensibility.
Highly Aligned Lamellar Lipid Domains Induced by Macroscopic Confinement

We have carried out neutron diffraction experiments on a lipid mixture in a macroscopically confined sample geometry (1 mm gap) and have observed the transformation of bilayered micelles into two distinct orientationally aligned domains of perforated lamellae seemingly littered with defects. Depending on the separation of the confining surfaces, the defects can lie on a two-dimensional centered rectangular lattice where the angle, φ, between lamellar domains can vary. The particular lamellar phase is shown to be metastable and eventually relaxes, either in time or by perturbation of the sample by centrifugation, into aligned multibilayer stacks of single orientation.
Fracture toughness of unidirectional graphite fibre reinforced/epoxy composite in mode ii (forward shear), using a thin tubular specimen

The fracture toughness of graphite fibre reinforced unidirectional composite in mode II has been determined using a thin tubular specimen, by the method developed by Giare and Campbell, accepted for publication in Engng Fracture Mech. The crack growth resistance at instability and the corresponding initial strain energy release rates were independent of the initial crack in the range of the crack length investigated. GIIC obtained by thin tubular torsion specimen is 42% greater as compared to end-cracked beam method. The end-cracked beam method underestimated the GIIC as reported by J. W. Gillespie Jr, L. A. Carlson and R. B. Pipes [Compos. Sci. Technol.27, 177–197 (1986)]. They presented a finite element analysis of the End-Notched Flexure test specimen for mode II interlaminar fracture testing of composite materials. They predicted, using finite elements, that data reduction schemes based upon beam theory underestimate GIIC by approximately 20–40% for typical graphite fibre composite test specimen. It is very encouraging that our results follow very close to their prediction. It is concluded that the thin tubular torsion specimen method is accurate as compared to the end cracked beam method. GIIC of graphite fibre reinforced epoxy composite is found to be half of the glass fibre reinforced/epoxy composites, for practically the same Vt of fibres.
Local tumor recurrence following hepatic cryoablation: radiologic-histopathologic correlation in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE: To use radiologic-histopathologic correlation in an animal model to distinguish normal postoperative findings from evidence of residual tumor after cryoablation of malignant hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepatic cryoablation was performed in 12 rabbits with VX2 tumors and in two healthy rabbits. Nonenhanced and dynamic contrast material–enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and power and color Doppler flow ultrasonography (US) were performed 7–8 days after cryoablation. Histopathologic findings were correlated with imaging findings. RESULTS: Twenty tumors of 5–20 mm (mean, 10 mm) and seven areas of normal liver were treated with cryolesions of 11–21 mm (mean, 15 mm). All cryolesions exhibited arterial phase rim enhancement at CT and MR imaging, and 13 (57%) of 23 lesions demonstrated peripheral flow at US because of granulation tissue. There was macroscopic recurrence in 15 (75%) of 20 treated tumors; 14 (93%) appeared as peripheral nodularity with low-gra...