cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases Are Conserved Regulators of Stress Resistance and Metabolism

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases are conserved xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes. Recent studies have revealed endogenous functions of FMOs in regulating longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans and in regulating aspects of metabolism in mice. To explore the cellular mechanisms of FMO's endogenous function, here we demonstrate that all five functional mammalian FMOs may play similar endogenous roles to improve resistance to a wide range of toxic stresses in both kidney and liver cells. We further find that stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity is enhanced in FMO-overexpressing cells, which may lead to increased survival under stress. Furthermore, FMO expression modulates cellular metabolic activity as measured by mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, and metabolomics analyses. FMO expression augments mitochondrial respiration and significantly changes central carbon metabolism, including amino acid and energy metabolism pathways. Together, our findings demonstrate an important endogenous role for the FMO family in regulation of cellular stress resistance and major cellular metabolic activities including central carbon metabolism.
Introducing Undergraduates to Primary Research Literature

All students pursuing STEM careers need to be adept at interpreting and evaluating primary research literature. The complexity of research articles requires significant practice and training in order to become skilled and efficient at this process. Thus, an early start in undergraduate education is essential and allows for development and practice through subsequent coursework and undergraduate research. The project presented here was an effort to develop fundamental literacy skills for a first semester honors general chemistry course. The curriculum included five iterative guided worksheet assignments comprising one secondary article and four related primary research articles. Each subsequent assignment was designed to be more challenging, by selecting more complicated articles and subjects, to encourage and increase literature assessment skills. Two workshops were presented after the first and third assignments to provide formal instruction on strategies to effectively read and understand research literature and promote discussion on the literature assignment articles. Assignment performance was consistently strong throughout the semester as the complexity of the assignments increased for three of the four learning objectives. However, students struggled with identifying research hypotheses despite direct instruction on this learning objective during both workshops. Pre- and post-semester survey data indicated that, while students came to the course with fairly strong confidence in their abilities to interpret and evaluate research literature, they also indicated very strong improvement in these skills by the end of the semester. These results indicate that this one-semester curriculum was an effective means to introduce students to scientific literature and develop basic literacy skills.
Optical theorem for light scattering from a linear atomic chain

The radiation pattern of light scattered from a chain of atoms having $J=0$ ground states and $J=1$ excited states is calculated in the weak driving field approximation. It is shown that, in general, for arbitrary orientation of the driving field to the chain axis, it is not possible to treat the atoms in a two-level approximation owing to cooperative effects. In the limit of large detuning, however, all cooperative decay effects can be neglected in calculating the scattered spectrum. Nevertheless, even in this limit, in order to ensure conservation of energy, it is still necessary to include cooperative decay when calculating the energy lost by the driving field. For arbitrary detunings, conservation of energy can be expressed in the form of a generalized optical theorem.
Scenarios for Type Ia Supernovae

Until about a decade ago, the most commonly used classification scheme for supernovae hinged on whether hydrogen was prominent in the spectrum (type II = SNeII) or apparently absent (type I = SNeI). It was noted that, in early type galaxies, SNeII tended to occur in spiral arms while SNeI were more uniformly distributed across the disk, and that, in elliptical galaxies, SNeII were absent. This led to the suspicion that SNeII derive from massive stars in a young population and that SNeI derive from low mass stars in an old population. Hoyle and Fowler (1960) implicated collapse initiated by a phase transition of iron peak nuclei into alpha particles in the fuel-exhausted core of a massive star as the the root cause of the type II phenomenon and implicated the explosive ignition of a light nuclear fuel in the degenerate core of a low mass star as the root cause of the type I phenomenon.
Modeling MPEG Coded Video Traffic by Markov-Modulated Self-Similar Processes

Markov modulated self-similar processes are proposed to model MPEG video sequences that can capture the LRD (Long Range Dependency) characteristics of video ACF (Auto-Correlation Function). The basic idea is to decompose an MPEG compressed video sequence into three parts according to different motion/content complexity such that each part can individually be described by a self-similar process. Beta distribution is used to characterize the marginal cumulative distribution (CDF) of the self-similar processes. To model the whole data set, Markov chain is used to govern the transitions among these three self-similar processes. In addition to the analytical derivation, initial simulations have demonstrated that our new model can capture the LRD of ACF and the marginal CDF very well. Network cell loss rate using our proposed synthesized traffic is found to be comparable with that using empirical data as the source traffic.
Continuous biooxidation of a refractory gold concentrate

Biooxidation of a refractory gold concentrate in a continuous culture operation utilising a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain was studied. The experiments were conducted in a 5 L bioreactor using a 6% (w/v) pulp density in the feed stream, dilution rate of solids between 0.088 and 0.92 d -1 , pH 1.5 and 33°C. Main sulphur compounds of the concentrate were 41% enargite and 43% pyrite. Cell, ferric ion and sulphate productivity present a maximum at a solids dilution rate in the range of 0.6 – 0.8 d -1 . The presence of iron and negligible amounts of arsenic in solution are indicative that cells utilises pyrite as energy source rather than enargite. Specific growth rate and cell yield associated to solids present a saturation type curve as a function of solids dilution rate. The increment of cell growth and mineral dissolution as consequence of step changes, either lowering particle size or air enrichment with CO 2 , reflect a condition of a double limitation of the continuous culture, energy and carbon sources respectively.
Spontaneous Peritonitis of Cirrhosis Due to Camipylobacter Fetus

An unusual case of spontaneous peritonitis of cirrhosis associated with Campylobacter fetus is reported. This microaerophilic gram-negative bacillus has been increasingly associated with human disease recently, particularly in patients with cirrhosis. The infection is characteristically relapsing in nature and requires protracted antimicrobial therapy.
Digital in-band OSNR estimation for polarization-multiplexed optical transmission

We propose fast digital in-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) estimation technique using pilot sequence for polarization-multiplexed signals. Its estimation accuracy is better than 0.2 dB in simulation. And, its feasibility is experimentally demonstrated.
Toward a Three-Dimensional User Interface

The term user interface refers to the combined environment of data presentation using output devices and different interaction methodologies using input devices. The crucial role that the quality of the user interface plays in the utilization of the system can be appreciated by examining aspects such as responsiveness, capabilities, graphics (colors, two dimensional or three dimensional), ease of use, ease of learning, naturalness, and accuracy.
Non-linear dielectric properties of KTa/sub 1-x/Nb/sub x/O/sub 3/

We report measurements of the non-linear dielectric constant in the mixed crystal KTa/sub 1-x/Nb/sub x/O/sub 3/ with x=15.7% and 1.2%. For both concentrations the dielectric peak is observed to decrease with increasing field and to shift towards higher temperature. The dispersion /spl epsiv/'(w), is also suppressed by the field. On the framework of Landau theory, we fit /spl epsiv/'(E) with an expansion in a power series of the applied dc field E. /spl epsiv//sup (2/) is seen to exhibit two distinct temperature dependencies. At high temperatures, it scales as (T-T/sub c/)/sup -/spl gamma// where /spl gamma/ is found to be in fair agreement with Landau theory for low concentrations. At lower temperatures it then crosses over to a much weaker dependence. This crossover is interpreted as a transition from a weakly correlated (dynamic) regime to a strongly correlated (quasistatic) regime of polar clusters. The non-analyticity due to these polar clusters is discussed.
Temporal Data Mining for Educational Applications

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) acquire rich data about studentsO behavior during learning; data mining techniques can help to describe, interpret and predict student behavior, and to evaluate progress in relation to learning outcomes. This paper surveys a variety of data mining techniques for analyzing how students interact with ITSs, including methods for handling hidden state variables, and for testing hypotheses. To illustrate these methods we draw on data from two ITSs for math instruction. Educational datasets provide new challenges to the data mining community, including inducing action patterns, designing distance metrics, and inferring unobservable states associated with learning.
Evaluation of thyroid function during and after pregnancy.

Abstract Several tests of thyroid function were measured in 24 women during pregnancy and the same tests were repeated 4 to 8 weeks after delivery. It is concluded that during pregnancy: There is a mean increase of 2.5 μg per cent in the level of PBI and T 4 . There is a significant increase in TBG and a significant reduction in the value of the T 3 test. There is no significant change in cholesterol values. The changes in PBI and T 4 correlates very well but there is a variation in magnitude of change of these tests from patient to patient. The PBI value of 8 to 12 μg per cent as has been reported is not always reached in pregnancy; the mean value for our 24 patients was 7.6 μg per cent.
Cone Beam Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Using Two Orbits

It is known that cone-beam projection measurements from a single planar orbit of the focal point do not satisfy Tuy's sufficiency condition for exact reconstruction. It is also known that two such orbits, oriented orthogonally, do satisfy the condition. In this paper, we present a fast convolution-and-backprojection algorithm to perform reconstructions from two orbits of cone-beam data. The algorithm has been applied to simulated data, and phantom data taken on a clinical SPECT system.
High-dispersion spectroscopic studies of Mars. III.. Preliminary results of 1968-1969 water-vapor studies

Abstract Recent high-resolution spectra of Mars have confirmed the existence of water vapor in the atmosphere of that planet. New laboratory measurements and improved temperature corrections have resulted in more accurate abundances than previously. In February and March of 1969, there was a mean vertical water content of 26 ± 5 precipitable microns in the northern hemisphere at a temperature of 225°K. For the southern hemisphere the amount was less than 1 3 of that in the north. Observations from November of 1968 through April of 1969 give similar results. By August and September of 1969, there was less than 5 microns everywhere on the planet. Our abundance and temperature estimates leadto a surprisingly high relative humidity (over 50%), and we feel that the possibility of small amounts of liquid water on the planet cannot be dismissed out of hand.
Life-cycle evaluation of packaging materials

Tellus Institute has recently completed a study of packaging materials which, unlike previous LCAs (life cycle assessments), considers the differing impacts of environmental releases. A ranking scheme was developed that accounts for the varying health impacts of emissions released from all stages of packaging material production and disposal. The results of the Tellus study are presented. The results of this work will lay out an approach to assist both policy makers and consumers to make informed decisions regarding packaging materials. >
Distance measurements by differential confocal optical ranging

A new technique is described for measuring the distance between a lens and reflecting surface extremely accurately. It is based on the sharply peaked depth response of type II confocal systems. By dithering either the sample or the optical system, a differential measurement is generated, placing a zero-crossing at the peak of the depth response and improving the ranging accuracy. The technique is independent of surface roughness or tilt and hence is useful for robotics or machining applications. Sensitivities to surface vibrations of 0.01 nm and thin film measurements to 0.04 μm demonstrated. Signal-to-noise calculations are presented, and the procedure for measuring the thickness of transparent films is outlined.
Shakespeare on Old Age and Disability

The plays of William Shakespeare were reviewed for references to disabilities, aging and disability, and older characters with disabilities. Shakespeare's references draw from traditional cultural notions about older people with disabilities. These traditional notions include people with physical disabilities being evil, the entertainment value of disabilty, and those who were mentally ill being wild and animal-like. He viewed the aging process as disabling and old age as a time when individuals lost some abilities to function, particularly when it came to mental capacity and physical mobility. His writings show that he used disability as a literary tool to add dimension to characters and set them apart. Contemporary literature continues to share some of Shakespeare's view on aging and disability but also departs from them in important ways. For example, contemporary treatment of disabilities and aging places more emphasis on the human side of the affects of aging and disabilities. Disabilities and aging are not cast in the same negative terms as Shakespeare used.
Fermions and stability in five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory

Abstract We examine, at the one-loop level, the effects of quantized fermion and boson fields in a five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein universe. It is shown that massive fermions, as well as massive twisted bosons, can stabilize the compact fifth dimension against collapse caused by Casimir forces, provided that the sum of an induced cosmological constant and the bare cosmological constant is adjusted to be non-negative.
Response to Miller et al: resistant mutations in CML and Ph(+) ALL – role of ponatinib

Dear editor Miller et al1 recently reviewed the role of ponatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), yet by the omission of an approved agent within the same class of drugs, provided an inaccurate summary of the current treatment landscape for CML. The authors discussed the evolution of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, beginning with imatinib approval in 2001, followed by the introduction of second- and third-generation TKIs, including dasatinib, nilotinib (both approved in the USA in 2010), and ponatinib (approved in the USA in December 2012). However, while citing all other approved TKIs, the authors did not discuss bosutinib (Bosulif®, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA), a new second-generation TKI approved in the USA, in September 2012, for the treatment of patients with Ph+ CML who are resistant or intolerant to prior therapy, and in Europe, for Ph+ CML patients previously treated with one or more TKIs and for whom imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib are not appropriate choices. Bosutinib has manageable toxicity and acceptable tolerability; the most frequent adverse events observed are early-onset and generally low-grade gastrointestinal events, and with appropriate monitoring, the majority of patients are able to continue on therapy.2 Due to its potency3,4 and toxicity profile distinct from other TKIs2, bosutinib is an important option for CML therapy in the second-line and beyond. Mathisen et al recently reviewed the practical aspects of TKI selection for CML and highlighted bosutinib as a viable second- or third-line treatment option with an easy to manage toxicity profile.5 In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of ponatinib in the CML treatment landscape, we strongly recommend reading the articles referenced here.
Evidence for Three-Body Vector Forces in Light Nuclei

The splittings of the P-doublet states of Li/sup 7/ and N/sup 15/, and the D-doublet states of O/sup 17/, are calculated with phenomenological two-body vector forces of both Gaussjan and Yukawa shapes with arbitrary ranges and exchange character. It is found to be impossible to fit the experimental data with a two-body force of fixed strength, in agreement with Pearse's calculations based on a relativistic two-body vector force. The splittings are then calculated with a phenomenological three-body vector force of the type expccted to arise from higher order effects of the tensor force. The predicted ratio of the P doublet splitting in N/sup 15/ to that in Li/sup 7/ is found to be quite insensitive to the range or shape of the threebody force, and in excellent agreement with experiment. provided that the exchange character of the force is not chosen close to the Serber mixture. The O/sup 17/ D-doublet splitting, while somewhat more sensitive to the choice of range and exchange mixture, can also be fitted simultaneously, with a wide variety of three-body vector potentials. An attempt is then made to derive the parameters of the three-body vector force from the Gammel-Thaler tensor force parameters, but the resultant forcemore » has the wrong exehange character, and is also much too weak, to fit the experimental data. This is mainly due to the Serber-like exchange character of the Gammel-Thaler tensor force. A moderate increase in the strength or range of the odd-state tensor force would give a satisfactory three-body vector force. The splitting of the /sup 3/D states oft Li/sup 6/ is also examined. Here one-, two-, and three- body vector forces all predict too small a splitting, when the strength of the interaction is normalized to the Li/sup 7/ P-doublet splitting. For the three- body vector force, however, there exists the possibility that the strength parameter is greater for Li/sup 6/ than for Li/sup 7/ which would improve the fitting. (auth)« less
Capillary reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of acetyl-methylprednisolone in feline spinal cord.

Abstract Capillary reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to determine acetylmethylprednisolone (A-MP) that had been administered to feline spinal cord tissue. The method used a 300 mm × 0.32 mm I.D. packed capillary octadecylsilyl (ODS) column and an isocratic mobile phase of 40 mM triethylamine formate (TEAF, pH 3.2)-acetonitrile (50:50, v:v). The chromatographic behavior of A-MP was evaluated with respect to peak-area and peak-height by varying the A-MP concentration (12–190 μM) with a fixed injection volume (1 μl), and by varying the injection volume (1–10 μl) with a fixed concentration (12 μM) of A-MP. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio, 3:1) was 250 pg (600 fmol) of synthetic A-MP. Various amounts of A-MP directly spiked into feline spinal cord segments were solvent extracted, separated, and plotted against peak-area (r2 = 1.00). Background tissue without A-MP gives minimal (
Effects of research disturbance on the behavior and abundance of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at two rookeries in Alaska

We examined the effects of research disturbance on the behavior and abundance of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at rookeries on Marmot and Ugamak Islands in Alaska. During 3 of 6 yr, researchers intentionally drove all adult and juvenile sea lions off at least part of the beach in order to permanently mark and measure sea lion pups. The research disturbance occurred after the majority of females had bred and when most pups were 1 mo old. We used generalized linear models to determine the relationship between research disturbance and sea lion behavior or abundance. Research disturbance was related to changes in the proportion of sea lions exhibiting two to three of nine behavior metrics: agonistic and resting females and active males at Marmot, and active and resting males and females at Ugamak. Model results indicated that changes lasted between 3 and 20 d depending on the sex, behavior, and rookery. Inclusion of research disturbance into Marmot abundance models did not improve the fit to the data, if variability between years was permitted. Optimally timed, low-frequency research disturbance did not appear to have long-term effects on sea lion behavior or abundance and was largely associated with changes that were similar to natural variation.
Expression during embryogenesis of a mouse gene with sequence homology to the Drosophila engrailed gene

Abstract Regions of the mouse and human genomes with strong homology to the Drosophila engrailed gene have been identified by Southern blot analysis. One mouse engrailed -like region, Mo-en.1, has been cloned and partially sequenced; homology with the engrailed gene is localized to a 180 bp engrailed -like homeo box and 63 nucleotides immediately 3′ to it. The protein sequence this region can encode includes 81 amino acids, of which 60 (75%) are identical with those of the putative translation product of the corresponding engrailed sequence. These data suggest that Mo-en.1 represents a mouse homolog of a gene of the Drosophila engrailed gene complex. Mo-en.1 has been mapped to chromosome 1, indicating it is not linked to other homeo box sequences that have been mapped in the mouse genome. Analysis of poly(A) + RNA extracted from teratocarcinoma cells and whole mouse embryos demonstrates that the conserved homeo box region of Mo-en.1 is expressed differentially during mouse embryogenesis.
Incentives versus value in manufacturing systems: An application to high-speed milling

Optimal parameter selection is an important aspect of optimizing system performance. This paper examines the effect of different incentive structures, including reward and penalty based structures, for employees within an engineering firm on the value captured by that firm. Incentives are used to communicate the firm's values to the employee without revealing the firm's value function. We use a high-speed milling example to illustrate the approach and derive results. We show that, in certain cases, simple incentive structures can be aligned such that they induce profit maximizing behaviour. In other cases, we show that incentive structures result in a loss of value that we term the value gap. In the milling case considered, reward-based incentives coincide with optimal parameters while penalty-based incentives result in a greater than four-fold increase in costs. The effect of uncertainty within a system can also be analysed. We consider uncertainty in the process dynamics as well as tool life and that the inclusion of uncertainty in the analysis may not change the results in some cases.
Children Who Witness Parental Murder: Posttraumatic Aspects

In this paper the traumatic situation of children witnessing a parent being murdered is examined. The purposes are to (1) evaluate the psychiatric consequences of such a trauma, in terms of meeting diagnostic criteria, and (2) assess the impact on the affective and cognitive functioning of the child. Methodological complications are present in such rare events. When a parent is seriously wounded in an attempted murder but survives, the situation is dissimilar from a parental death; when a child is directly involved, such as being shot at, a key variable has changed; the response to the child may change the outcome; differences in family structure, and the clinical status of the perpetrator (e.g., was the person psychotic and for how long?) are all relevant. This study investigated 16 children between the ages of 5 and 10 who had witnessed a parental murder. The children were assessed clinically as well as by utilizing the Impact of Event Scale. Complex legal situations often arise when children are exposed to a parental homicide. The situations may involve participation in a criminal trial as well as civil issues involving mental distress. Both may demand the child's participation as a witness, beyond the initial traumatic event of witnessing a parent murdered.
Combined Use of Cyclosporine and Ketoconazole in the Treatment of Endogenous Uveitis

Ten patients with endogenous uveitis were in clinical remission attributable to treatment with cyclosporine and prednisone. After the cyclosporine dose was reduced by two thirds, these patients were randomly assigned to treatment with or without ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, in a double-masked placebo-controlled study. The dose was reduced over three days. During a three-month follow-up, no patients treated with ketoconazole had a relapse of uveitis, while four of six (66%) control subjects had a flare-up. Toxicity in the ketoconazole-treated group was limited to a transient decrease in glomerular filtration rate (20% from baseline) at one month in two of six (33%) patients. Renal function was stabilized by further reduction of the cyclosporine dose.
Therapist Self-disclosure and Culturally Competent Care with Mexican–American Court Mandated Clients: A Phenomenological Study

Therapist self-disclosure (TSD) is a skill with numerous potential benefits and risks for the therapeutic alliance. While its effects have been established, little empirical research has examined the impact of TSD in cross-cultural treatment settings with court-mandated clients, a context with unique considerations. In an effort to help fill this gap, results of a phenomenological study examining the effects of TSD on Mexican–American men working with Anglo American therapists in a mandated treatment setting are presented. The results of this study indicate that TSD is a culturally competent intervention with several benefits for mandated clients, including strengthening the therapeutic alliance, normalizing client problems, lessening the therapist-client hierarchy, and modeling the acceptability of self-disclosure. Clinical and marriage and family therapy educational implications are also discussed.
Emission regulator for use in high intensity electron-impact ion source

Abstract A versatile, low cost, easily constructed electron emission regulator for use in the production of stable high intensity beams is described, and the results of stability tests reported.
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of the far western United States. Part 2: Oregon

The mayfly fauna of Oregon consists of 142 species in 45 genera among 11 families. Previous data and new data (from 20 major collections) are given for all species and include first published state data for 52 of the species. In addition, 977 new county records involving all 36 Oregon counties are given for 117 of the species.
ESCA and Solid-State NMR Studies of Ionic Complexes of 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene

A series of ionic complexes of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) with organic and inorganic acids such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HBF4, HNCS, CCl3COOH, 4-nitrosophenol, 4-(dicyanomethyl)nitrobenzene, and 1,2-dichloromaleic acid have been studied by electron spectroscopy (ESCA) and 13C and 1H MAS NMR. Structural and spectroscopic features of this series of compounds are discussed and correlated. We demonstrate the influence of strong ionic [N−H···N]+ hydrogen bonds in proton sponges on the binding energies of core electrons of donor and acceptor atoms in the ionic complexes and give the detailed X-ray structure of the complex of DMAN with 4-(dicyanomethyl)nitrobenzene.
Ownership and control in the modern corporation: Antitrust implications

Abstract As Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, noted over 200 years ago, if a firm's manager is not also its owner, there is a possibility that the manager will not act strictly in the interests of the owners. Following the publication of Berle and Means' influential study, considerable professional attention has been directed toward Adam Smith's observation. What consensus has emerged on the so-called separation of ownership and control issue? What are the antitrust consequences of the separation of ownership and control? Answers to these questions are suggested. Finally, the significance of the recent theoretical contributions of Alchian and Demsetz and Fama are reviewed and policy implications are discussed.
Effect of a chemically depressed amygdala on the behavioral manifestations produced in cats by LSD-25

Abstract The drug, SQ 10,496, an experimental antidepressant, raised the threshold for electrically induced amygdaloid seizures. It also blocked or diminished the behavioral effects of LSD-25. The blocking effect of SQ 10,496 is related to neurophysiological mechanisms which are possibly the bases for the behavioral effects obtained with LSD-25.
Barriers to change: a pain management project

Although considerable effort has been directed toward improving the management of acute pain, ineffective pain management practices remain in many institutions across this country. While educational efforts have increased health care providers' knowledge regarding the management of pain, a concomitant change in practice has not occurred. This project was designed to examine barriers to the effective management of pain encountered in acute care settings. A repeated case study of attempts to change was conducted in six institutions located in the southeastern United States. Results identified seven major barriers to pain management: lack of knowledge, non-facilitative attitudes, inconsistent leadership, poor working relationships, cultural and religious biases, physicians' fears of legal repercussions and a lack of resources.
Chain reaction pulsed HF laser: a simple model.

With economical, yet accurate, predictions of pulsed H2 + F2 laser performance as a goal, a rate equation model is formulated that includes only the dominant kinetic mechanisms in the active medium. Effects of model assumptions are examined, and predictions of pulse characteristics are compared with results from a more comprehensive model presented in an earlier study. Computing costs for the present model are less than 1% of those for the comprehensive model; moreover, the present model yields laser pulse characteristics that are consistent with experiment and in excellent agreement with the more comprehensive model. In order to illustrate the model’s capability, the effects of initial gas mixture composition and cavity threshold on laser performance are studied over the regime of practical interest. Some possible extensions and applications of the model are also discussed.
Ionization of helium by antiprotons: Fully correlated, four-dimensional lattice approach

The single ionization of helium by antiproton impact has been studied utilizing a fully correlated, planar model in which the time-dependent Schroedinger equation was solved on a four-dimensional (4D) Cartesian lattice. The choice of a 'softcore' Coulomb potential was shown to enable approximate reproduction of the full six-dimensional p-barHe adiabatic electronic eigenenergy curves in the dynamically important region of the 4D space, thus providing a reasonable model to treat p-bar+He collisions. In addition, the applicability of this approach was demonstrated by favorable comparison of analogous two-dimensional lattice solutions for ionization of atomic hydrogen by antiprotons with previously computed three-dimensional lattice results. The present work aids in the interpretation of existing theoretical and experimental studies considering the low-energy behavior of the single-ionization cross section for antiproton impact of few-electron targets and explores the applicability of the planar model in describing correlated two-electron systems.
Many-fold coincidence pileup in silicon detectors: Solar X-ray response of charged particle detector systems for space

Abstract A technique for computing counting rates of silicon detectors in case of multiple absorption events has been developed. It enables quantitative analysis of the response of solid-state detectors flown in space to solar X-ray events of different intensities and temperatures. The technique is applied to computing the responses of generic types of satellite detectors to solar X-ray emission spectra in the 5 to 40 MK temperature range. Comparison with the data available for the Energetic Particle Experiment (EPE) flown on the IMP 8 satellite confirms that many-fold coincidence of photon absorption pulses can account for the response of solid-state detectors to solar X-rays. With an example of a two-threshold detector, it is shown that silicon detectors can be used to measure both the temperature and the emission measure of solar X-ray flares.
Homeless Youth: Causes, Consequences and the Role of Occupational Therapy

This paper reviews the current literature on youth homelessness in the United States and the role of occupational therapy with this population. Youth homelessness is increasing with many youths bec...
Fluctuations in Charged Particle Cross Sections

In 1960 Ericson (1) pointed out that when the excitation energy of the nucleus is high enough that the average width of the compound nucleus levels greatly exceeds their average spacing the cross section as a function of energy should exhibit random fluctuations. In the limit of Γ/D » 1 the coherence width of the fluctuations depends only on the average lifetime of the compound nucleus. The mathematical picture that he presented at that time remains valid in its essentials today. Let us spend a few minutes reviewing this picture.
Particle Injection in Direct Current Air Plasma Spray: Salient Observations and Optimization Strategies

External injection of high-melting point low thermal conductivity ceramics orthogonal to a typical direct current thermal plasma jet plays a vital role in determining the in-flight state of the particles and the process downstream. The interactions between low density ceramic particles and high temperature plasma jet is quite complex, which influences the spray process and associated deposition. Detailed in-flight particle diagnostics as well as spray stream visualization have significantly enhanced our capability to diagnose and control the process. In this paper we present some salient observations on the role of key variables on particle injection. A number of experiments were conducted using a 7MB torch (Sulzer Metco, Westbury, NY) with both Ar–H2 and N2–H2 plasma gases, where the carrier gas flow to inject Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) was varied systematically and the resulting in-flight particle state was captured using an array of particle and spray stream sensors arranged in a 3D set-up. A notable observation is the existence of a “sweet-spot” in the plasma jet where the particle temperatures and velocities achieved a maximum. This sweet-spot can be characterized by the plume position (location of centroid of the spray stream) rather than carrier gas flow rate and is independent of primary gas flows and other process/material conditions. This result suggests a possible approach to optimize particle injection independent of plasma-forming-torch-parameters. Controlling particle injection at this sweet-spot has shown to benefit the overall process efficiency (in terms of melting) and process reliability (both in-flight measurement and coating build-up) with concomitant application benefits.
Dynamical models for plates and membranes. An asymptotic approach

We examine the asymptotic expansion of a time-dependent displacement field defined over a three-dimensional elastic body whose shape corresponds to a thin plate. We show that under simple assumptions it is possible to derive from the principles of virtual work two known plate equations and three membrane models. Our results modify the displacement-stress method used by P.G. Ciarlet to derive von-Karman plate equations. The modified algorithm allows one to employ techniques of algebraic geometry which simplify the computational aspects of the analysis.
Total Grain-Arsenic and Arsenic-Species Concentrations in Diverse Rice Cultivars under Flooded Conditions

Arsenic (As) is not an essential element and can be toxic to both plants and animals. Low As concentrations in all foodstuffs, including rice grain, is a desirable goal because of the potential detrimental impacts of As on plant growth and yield and its potential toxicity to humans. Twenty-five diverse rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, including both indica and japonica subspecies, were grown over a 3-yr period (2004, 2005, and 2007) on a moderate As-concentration, paddy soil (Dewitt silt loam, fine, smectitic, thermic Typic Albaqualf) under continuously flooded field conditions. The total grain-As [TGAs; HNO 3 H 2 O 2 digestion and analysis by inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectroscopy (ICP-MS)] and As-species [trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) extraction and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS] concentrations and their relationships with plant-growth parameters (e.g., heading date and yield) were assessed. The only As species detected in milled (polished) rice grain were inorganic As III (arsenite) (iAs III ) and dimethylarsinic acid (with pentavalent As) (DMAs V ). Total grain-As (TGAs) and As-species concentrations, as well as iAs III / TGAs ratio, each varied widely between cultivars. Arsenic concentration and speciation were mostly dependent on genotype (G), but there were also significant genotype by year (G x Y) and year (Y) effects that were likely impacted by annual differences in environmental conditions, such as temperature, and local soil characteristics. This study indicates the significant potential for lowering rice-grain As concentration through genotype selection and plant breeding.
Adhesion of elastomers to rigid substrates—three substrates with unexpectedly high adhesion

Abstract : An unexpectedly high level of adhesion has been observed for simple hydrocarbon elastomers applied to certain glassy substrates: polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone and polycarbonate. The force required to separate an elastomer layer from these substrates was more than six times larger than for other glassy substrates, e.g., polystyrene and polyethyleneterephthalate. The origin of this anomalously high adhesion is not known. (Author)
NMR study of phenobarbital complexed with dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylacetamide☆

Abstract NMR studies are reported of phenobarbital NH hydrogen-bonding to an electron donor D[D = dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N, N -dimethylacetamide (DMAC)] in carbon tetrachloride medium. Values of ν 0 , the extrapolated value of ν NH at zero mole fraction of phenobarbital (B) in a given medium, are treated in a manner which permits the equilibrium constants K 1 and K 2 of the reactions B+D=B··D and B··D+D=BD 2 , respectively. K 1 for B·DMSO is 2.7 times greater than for B·DMAC, while the values of K 2 for both are about the same. In a given DMACCCl 4 medium, the NCH 3 (α) signal is shifted upfield while the NCH 3 (β) frequency is unchanged, with increasing concentration of phenobarbital. This result is surprising, and we proceed to examine other barbiturates in which no aromatic group is present. For the latter compounds, the signals of both NCH 3 (α and β) in DMAC are shifted downfield on the addition of barbiturate. The difference between phenobarbital and the other barbiturates is that phenobarbital contains an aromatic group, the π-electrons of which interact with the NCH 3 (α) in DMAC. This interaction is absent with the other barbiturates.
Evidence for an internal entropy contribution to phosphoryl transfer: a study of domain closure, backbone flexibility, and the catalytic cycle of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

While there is no question that ligands can induce large-scale domain movements that narrow (close) the active-site cleft of the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), the results from small-angle X-ray scattering, protein footprinting, and thermostability studies are inconsistent with regard to which ligands induce these movements. This inconsistency suggests a greater complexity of cAPK conformational dynamics than is generally recognized. As an initial step to study this issue in relation to the catalysis, a new method to measure cAPK domain closure was developed, and the state of domain closure and the local segmental flexibility at major steps of the cAPK catalytic cycle were examined with site-directed labeling and fluorescence spectroscopy. To achieve this, a C subunit mutant (F239C/C199A) was engineered that allowed for fluorescein 5-maleimide (donor) conjugation of F239C in the large lobe and tetramethylrhodamine (acceptor) conjugation of C343 in the small lobe. Domain closure was assessed as an increase in the efficiency of energy transfer between donor and acceptor. The anisotropy decay of fluoroscein 5-maleimide, conjugated to a site of cysteine substitution (K81C) in the small lobe of the C subunit was used to assess the local backbone flexibility around the B helix. The effects of substrate/pseudosubstrate (ATP and PKI(5-24)), a fragment of protein kinase inhibitor) and products (ADP and phosphorylated PKS) on domain closure and B helix flexibility were measured. The results show that domain closure is not tightly coupled to the flexibility around K81C. Moreover, although substrates/pseudosubstrate and products independently close the active-site cleft, only the substrates substantially decreased the backbone flexibility around the B helix. Because this order-to-disorder transition coincides with the phosphoryl transfer transition, the results suggest the existence of an internal entropy contribution to catalysis.
Conceptualizing Youth Empowerment within Tobacco Control

This article presents a conceptual framework that was developed to guide a national evaluation of the American Legacy Foundation’s (Legacy) Statewide Youth Movement Against Tobacco Use (SYMATU) program. This program was designed to develop youth-led, youth-directed initiatives within local communities. Two evaluation studies were designed and implemented from 2000 through 2003: a cross-site study that collected standard data elements across all 17 programs and a case study of five programs that collected formative data on variables thought to affect program implementation. In developing the youth empowerment (YE) conceptual framework, the authors started by reviewing literature to identify the concepts necessary for these types of initiatives and present a summary of their findings here. This article focuses on the development of the authors’overarching conceptual framework used to guide their evaluation studies. Other articles contained within this special issue present results from each of the SYMATU ev...
An ICSCF investigation of Walsh's rules

The ICSCF method is applied to the calculation of orbital energies as a function of bond angle for several AH2 molecules. The resulting orbital energy diagrams are quite similar in appearance to the canonical SCF results even though the sum of the ICSCF energies is the SCF energy. The method is also applied to Li2O, CO2, HCN and a few AH3 molecules with similar results. The sum of the ICSCF valence orbital energies generally correlates better with the equilibrium bond angle than does the similar sum of canonical orbital energies.
Role of shear and leukocyte adherence on venular permeability in the rat mesentery

The role of fluid shear stress on permeability has been controversial. In vitro studies have shown higher endothelial permeability with an increase in shear, but in vivo higher shear can also decrease permeability by attenuating leukocyte adherence (e.g., during an inflammatory response). The potential contribution of fluid shear and leukocyte adherence acting simultaneously to determine basal levels of permeability remains unresolved. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the effects of basal shear and leukocyte adherence on venular permeability of the rat mesentery. Using a modification of current measurement techniques, we were able to quantify permeability under physiological flow and estimate its convective and diffusive components. We found that water filtration plays a minor role in the transport of albumin across venular endothelium, that permeability exhibits a moderately linear correlation with shear, and that the number of leukocytes adherent to the endothelium accounts for the majority of the scatter in this correlation. Multiple regression analysis of permeability as a function of shear rate and leukocyte adherence revealed significant roles for both factors (regression P < 0.01, r2 = 73.9%).
Receptor binding sites for substance P and substance K in the canine gastrointestinal tract and their possible role in inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract The mammalian tachykinins, substance P, substance K (neurokinin A) and neuromedin K (neurokinin B), are putative peptide neurotransmitters in both the brain and peripheral tissues. We used quantitative receptor autoradiography to localize and quantify the distribution of binding sites for radiolabeled substance P, substance K and neuromedin K in the canine gastrointestinal tract. Substance P binding sites were localized to smooth muscle cells in the muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa, the smooth muscle and endothelium of arterioles and venules, neurons in the myenteric plexus, mucosal epithelial cells, exocrine cells and lymph nodules. Substance K binding sites were distributed in a pattern distinct from substance P binding sites and were localized to smooth muscle cells in the muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa, the smooth muscle and endothelium of arterioles and venules, and neurons of the myenteric plexus. Neuromedin K binding sites were not observed in any area of the canine gastrointestinal tract although they were localized with high specific/non-specific binding ratios in the canine spinal cord. These results indicate that there are at least two distinct types of tachykinin receptor binding sites in the canine gastrointestinal tract, one of which probably recognizes substance P and the other substance K as endogenous ligands. In correlation with previous physiological data, these substance P and substance K receptor binding sites appear to be involved in the regulation of a variety of gastrointestinal functions including gastric motility, mucosal ion transport, hemodynamics, digestive enzyme secretion and neuronal excitability. In addition these results demonstrate that receptor binding sites for substance P and substance K are expressed by cells involved in mediating inflammatory and immune responses. These data, together with our studies on surgical specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, suggest that in a pathophysiological state tachykinins and their receptors may play a role in inflammatory bowel disease and should permit a rational approach to designing neuropeptide antagonists which may prove effective in treating inflammatory diseases.
Tinbergen on Economic Policy

* An invited review article on Jan Tinbergen, Economic Policy: Principles and Design. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1956. Pp. xxviii, 276. 26.50 guilders or $7.00.