cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Concurrent Fast and Slow Models on Drinking Rate

Two male subjects and one female subject drank beer with same sex confederate models in a simulated bar. An ABACA reversal design was used. Condition A indicated subject baseline drinking rate. Condition B consisted of one confederate modeling a high rate concurrent with a second confederate modeling a low rate. For Condition C, confederates modeled in the opposite direction to Condition B. Sessions were of one hour duration. Each condition was continued until stability was reached. Subjects consistently matched the high rate model and ignored the low rate model.
The Challenge of Regulating Agricultural Ceftiofur Use To Slow the Emergence of Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins

My collaborators and I report elsewhere ([22][1]) the detection of Salmonella expressing extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance not previously recognized in U.S. livestock. This new milestone of resistance again raises questions of how to define and regulate the appropriate use of vital classes
Degrees of freedom in interspecific allometry: An adjustment for the effects of phylogenetic constraint

The data used in studies of bivariate interspecific allometry usually violate the assumption of statistical independence. Although the traits of each species are commonly treated as independent, the expression of a trait among species within a genus may covary because of shared common ancestry. The same effect exists for genera within a family and so on up the phylogenetic hierarchy. Determining sample size by counting data points overestimates the effective sample size, which then leads to overestimating the degrees of freedom that should be used in calculating probabilities and confidence intervals. This results in an inflated Type 1 error rate. Although some workers (e.g., Felsenstein [1985] Am. Nat. 125:1–15) have suggested that this issue may invalidate interspecific allometry as a comparative method, a correction for the problem can be approximated with variance components from a nested analysis of variance. Variance components partition the total variation in the data set among the levels of the nested hierarchy. If the variance component for each nested level is weighted by the number of groups at that level, the sum of these values is an estimate of an effective sample size for the data set which reflects the effects of phylogenetic constraint. Analysis of two data sets, using taxonomy to define levels of the nested hierarchy, suggests that it has been common for published studies of interspecific allometry to severely overestimate the number of degrees of freedom. Interspecific allometry remains an important comparative method for evaluating questions concerning individual species that are not similarly addressed by the format of most of the newer comparative methods. With the correction proposed here for estimating degrees of freedom, the major statistical weakness of the procedure is substantially reduced. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intergranular strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline metals

The deformation field near a steady fatigue crack includes a plastic zone in front of the crack tip and a plastic wake behind it, and the magnitude, distribution, and history of the residual strain along the crack path depend on the stress multiaxiality, material properties, and history of stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. An in situ, full-field, non-destructive measurement of lattice strain (which relies on the intergranular interactions of the inhomogeneous deformation fields in neighboring grains) by neutron diffraction techniques has been performed for the fatigue test of a Ni-based superalloy compact tension specimen. These microscopic grain level measurements provided unprecedented information on the fatigue growth mechanisms. A two-scale model is developed to predict the lattice strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline materials. An irreversible, hysteretic cohesive interface model is adopted to simulate a steady fatigue crack, which allows us to generate the stress/strain distribution and history near the fatigue crack tip. The continuum deformation history is used as inputs for the micromechanical analysis of lattice strain evolution using the slip-based crystal plasticity model, thus making a mechanistic connection between macro- and micro-strains. Predictions from perfect grain-boundary simulations exhibit the same lattice strain distributions as in neutron diffraction measurements, except for discrepancies near the crack tip within about one-tenth of the plastic zone size. By considering the intergranular damage, which leads to vanishing intergranular strains as damage proceeds, we find a significantly improved agreement between predicted and measured lattice strains inside the fatigue process zone. Consequently, the intergranular damage near fatigue crack tip is concluded to be responsible for fatigue crack growth.
Interspecies and interregional analysis of the comparative histologic thickness and laser Doppler blood flow measurements at five cutaneous sites in nine species.

Studies in dermatology, cutaneous pharmacology, and toxicology utilize skin from different animal species and body sites. However, regional differences exist in topical chemical percutaneous absorption studies in man and in animals. The objective of this study was to compare epidermal thickness and number of cell layers across species and body sites using both formalin-fixed paraffin and frozen sections. Cutaneous blood flow determined by laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV)was compared to histologic data. Six animals of each of the following species were used: monkeys, pigs, dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, rats, and mice. Cutaneous blood flow was determined and 6-mm skin biopsies were taken directly from the following sites: buttocks, ear, humeroscapular joint, thoracolumbar junction, and abdominal area. When the two histologic methods were compared across all species and body sites, the thickness of the epidermis was significantly greater, and the thickness of the stratum corneum significantly less, in paraffin sections versus frozen sections (p 0.05) to epidermal or stratum corneum thickness. However, regional and species differences were noted in all these parameters. In conclusion, these data indicate that thickness and LDV blood flow are independent and must be evaluated separately when comparisons are made between species and body sites. This work provides a data base for future comparative studies in which a knowledge of skin thickness or blood flow might be important variables.
Management of combat-related urological trauma in the modern era

Complex genitourinary injuries--associated with lower-extremity amputation as well as pelvic and abdominal wounding--have emerged as common occurrences in current military combat operations. The nature of combat injuries of the genitourinary tract is varied, as are the strategies used in their management. For example, 5% of all combat injuries include wounds of the urinary system or genitalia. For injuries that are predominantly penetrating in nature, immediate care requires the judicious preservation of viable tissue. Once the patient is stable, urethral, corporal and testicular lacerations are closed primarily, whereas soft tissue injuries are re-approximated in a delayed fashion. Negative-pressure dressings have been a useful aid in wound management; wound coverage is most commonly completed with split-thickness skin grafts and local flaps. Complex penile and urethral reconstructions are often delayed so orthopaedic injuries can heal and the patient can manage activities of daily living. Final reconstruction requires a urologist with a full understanding of reconstructive techniques.
Cooperative bimetallic oxidative addition reactions

The factors that control the oxidation of metals in bimetallic complexes are inves- tigated in relation to the possibility of developing one-site addition two-metal oxidation reac- tions such as those that occur in the respiratory protein, hemerythrin. It is shown that the behavior of bimetallic complexes is not represented by the sum of the analogous monometal- lic parts because of metal and ligand interactions.
Mapping the Inositol Hexakisphosphate Binding Sites on the Human Fibroblast Growth Factor

An investigation of the characteristics of the interaction between inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and the human acidic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-1) was performed. Results of the Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments suggest that binds IP6 to hFGF-1 with a high affinity. Interestingly, differential scanning calorimetry data show a significant reduction in the melting temperature (Tm ) suggesting a reduction in the stability of the protein (hFGF-1) upon binding to IP6. This is further confirmed by the increased rate of proteolytic digestion of hFGF-1 in the presence of IP6. Circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy data indicate that the ligand (IP6) does not induce major secondary structural changes in the protein. 1H 15N chemical shift data reveal that IP6 binds in the heparin binding pocket in hFGF-1. The significance of binding of IP6 to hFGF-1 and the prospects of designing novel therapeutic principles against hFGF-1 induced pathogenesis will be discussed.
Life insurer efficiency and state regulation: evidence of optimal firm behavior

Proponents of an optional federal charter for life insurers argue that the current state-based system of insurer regulation increases insurer costs and reduces their revenues and profits. This study examines the impact of multi-state regulation on life insurer cost, revenue and profit efficiency. The main findings suggest that insurer cost efficiency is inversely related to the number of states licensed and directly related to total assets, after controlling for geographic concentration, insolvency risk and other firm-specific characteristics. Further, the results support the expectation that insurer expansion into additional states is optimal in that the additional regulatory and other costs associated with operating in more states are offset by higher revenues to the extent that insurer profit efficiency is not affected. A robustness test is conducted using an indicator variable for New York licensed insurers to examine the relation between regulatory stringency and insurer efficiency. This test confirms the results, even in the presence of the more stringent regulation of New York. These findings are consistent with the expectation that any regulatory cost savings that result from an optional federal charter, or single regulator, will be passed along to insurance consumers in a competitive insurance market.
The de Haas-van Alphen effect and the Fermi surface of the intermetallic compound AuPb2

The de Haas-van Alphen effect has been measured in the intermetallic compound AuPb2 (body-centered tetragonal structure) by the modulation method in fields up to 100 kG. Thirty-two frequency branches have been observed in the (100), (110), and (001) planes, and several cyclotron effective masses have been determined. The nearly-free-electron model has been used to construct a Fermi surface, which explains the large frequency branches and is compatible with the high-field magnetoresistance results of Bass, Edwards, and Schroeder. It has been possible to determine the shape of some sheets by inversion of the de Haas-van Alphen data. The lattice parameters have been determined at room temperature and at liquid helium temperature.
The ternary system aluminum-gold-silicon

We calculated the two pseudobinary systems Al2AuSi and AlAu2Si and the Si liquidus surface at 1373 K. The AlAu and AlSi binary systems reported by Massalski and Hultgren agree with each other, but differences are present in the AuSi system. In the AlSi system the Si liquidus extends over a temperature range of 800 K, and in the AuSi system over 1000 K. This permits us to check the new equation for the difference in Gibbs energy G(l-s) and specific heat Cp(l-s) derived from the consideration of Tglass, the theoretical glass transition temperature. For the liquid solutions we used the Hoch-Arpshofen model. The only available ternary experimental data are the Si liquidus compositions at 1373 K obtained by Lozovdkiy and Politova. The agreement between experimental and calculated data is very good. The calculated eutectic compositions and temperatures are as follows: for the 13Al2AuSi system a eutectic temperature of 1.195 and an Si content x = 0.175; for the 13AlAu2Si system a eutectic temperature of 0.760 and an Si content x = 0.113.
N+3 and N+4 Generation Aeropropulsion Engine Combustors: Part 1 — Large Engines’ Emissions

A comprehensive assessment of emissions characteristics of the 1st, N and N+1 generation rich-dome combustion products has been done to identify the lowest emissions products. Focus of this paper is on the large rich-dome engines with its potential application for the (N+3) and (N+4) mixers with inspirational target takeoff NOxEI of 5 at 55 OPR.A total of ten engine models of the 1st generation were selected in addition to eight recently certified large engines. After evaluating several choices for conducting comparative assessment, the following three expressions were proposed for average takeoff NOxEI, idle COEI and HCEI entitlements, respectively:Display FormulaNOxEIL=0.0288×OPR1.991Display FormulaIdle COEIL=815.36Takeoff NOxEIL1.159Display FormulaIdle HCEIL=0.15×Idle COEIL-2.0In regard to application of the rich-dome technology to the (N+2) cycle based (N+3) mixers, the author tentatively gives it low probability of success barring success story stemming from Lee et al. [2012].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Inhalant use and suicidality among incarcerated youth

Studies consistently indicate that inhalant use is associated with increased mental health problems in adolescents, but few investigations have focused on the potential relationship of inhalant use to suicidality (ideation or attempt). This study examined how different levels of volatile solvent use relate to suicidal ideation and attempted suicide among 723 incarcerated youth (mean age = 15.5, S.D. = 1.2; 87% male) in Missouri, and whether any associations between solvent use and suicidality differ by gender. In bivariate analyses, severity of inhalant use was positively associated with histories of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt for both boys and girls. In multivariate analyses, inhalant use disorders remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt histories even after adjusting for general level of psychiatric symptoms, prior trauma, other substance use, gender, and additional potential confounders. Inhalant use without abuse or dependence also significantly related to suicidal ideation in multivariate analyses, but an interaction between gender and inhalant use signified this relationship was stronger for girls. Inhalant use disorders in incarcerated youth, as well as inhalant use without abuse or dependence (particularly in girls), may signal elevated suicide risk. Suicide risk assessments should, therefore, include questions about inhalation of volatile solvents such as paint, gasoline, and household cleaners.
Complete covalent structure of a proline-rich phosphoprotein, PRP-2, an inhibitor of calcium phosphate crystal growth from human parotid saliva

Human salivary secretions contain many proteins in which proline forms an unusually large fraction of the amino-acid residues present, typically from 20% to over 40% (1,2). These proteins are also unusually rich in glycine and glutamine, generally account for over half the total protein in saliva, and include acidic (3,4), basic (5–7) and glycosylated (8) molecules. The functions of most of these are not clearly defined. One group, however, the acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (PRP), have been shown to be potent inhibitors of secondary precipitation (crystal growth) of calcium phosphate salts (9–11). Acting together with a salivary protein inhibitor of primary precipitation of calcium phosphates, statherin (12), the PRP stabilize saliva which is supersaturated with respect to the calcium phosphate salts which form dental enamel (13). These inhibitory activities act to provide a protective, reparative, but stable environment for dental enamel, which is important for maintaining the health of the teeth (14). The PRP are a complex group of phosphoproteins which include four major (3) and at least eight minor members (15). The primary structures of three of the major proteins have been determined. These are PRP-1, also designated Protein-C (16), PRP-3, also designated Protein-A (17), and PRP-4 (18). The designations PRP-1,-2,-3 and -4 (3) will be used here. The purpose of this paper is to report the complete primary structure of PRP-2 as a further step towards establishing the structural basis of the biological activity of the PRP, and clarifying the genetic and biosynthetic relationships of these closely related proteins.
Palmitoylation by DHHC3 is critical for the function, expression, and stability of integrin α6β4

The laminin-binding integrin α6β4 plays key roles in both normal epithelial and endothelial cells and during tumor cell progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Previous cysteine mutagenesis studies have suggested that palmitoylation of α6β4 protein supports a few integrin-dependent functions and molecular associations. Here we took another approach and obtained strikingly different results. We used overexpression and RNAi knockdown in multiple cell types to identify protein acyl transferase DHHC3 as the enzyme responsible for integrin β4 and α6 palmitoylation. Ablation of DHHC3 markedly diminished integrin-dependent cellular cable formation on Matrigel, integrin signaling through Src, and β4 phosphorylation on key diagnostic amino acids (S1356 and 1424). However, unexpectedly, and in sharp contrast to prior α6β4 mutagenesis results, knockdown of DHHC3 accelerated the degradation of α6β4, likely due to an increase in endosomal exposure to cathepsin D. When proteolytic degradation was inhibited (by Pepstatin A), rescued α6β4 accumulated intracellularly, but was unable to reach the cell surface. DHHC3 ablation effects were strongly selective for α6β4. Cell-surface levels of ~10 other proteins (including α3β1) were not diminished, and the appearance of hundreds of other palmitoylated proteins was not altered. Results obtained here demonstrate a new substrate for the DHHC3 enzyme and provide novel opportunities for modulating α6β4 expression, distribution, and function.
Simulation Tests Of Restoring Truncated Fluorescence Micrographs

The results of a computer simulation of restoring truncated fluorescence micrographs is presented. The particular application that is considered is that of three-dimensional (3-D) optical sectioning with a conventional microscope and a photon-counting camera.1,2 Practicalities that are considered in the simulation include quantum-photon noise, the degrading effects of the missing cone in the 3-D optical transfer function (OTF), and the effects of a truncated image. The restoration algorithT used, based on maximum-likelihood estimation, has been presented previously in a nonregularized4form. Herein we present an adaptation of a regularization method developed by others for positron-emission tomography. The restored images indicate that it may be feasible to use this method for optical sectioning with a conventional microscope. We suggest that this might provide an economical alternative to optical sectioning with a confocal microscope.
Zone-Refinement Effect in Small Molecule−Polymer Blend Semiconductors for Organic Thin-Film Transistors

The blend films of small-molecule semiconductors with insulating polymers exhibit not only excellent solution processability but also superior performance characteristics in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) over those of neat small-molecule semiconductors. To understand the underlying mechanism, we studied triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (TESADT) with small amounts of impurity formed by weak UV exposure. OTFTs with neat impure TESADT had drastically reduced field-effect mobility (<10−5 cm2/(V s)), and a disappearance of the high-temperature crystal phase was observed for neat impure TESADT. However, the mobility of the blend films of the UV-exposed TESADT with poly(α-methylstyrene) (PαMS) is recovered to that of a fresh TESADT−PαMS blend (0.040 cm2/(V s)), and the phase transition characteristics partly return to those of fresh TESADT films. These results are corroborated by OTFT results on “aged” TIPS−pentacene. These observations, coupled with the results of neutron reflectivity study, indic...
Depression in Women: The Postpartum Experience

Both the popular and professional literature acknowledge that postpartum depression is the most common emotional problem following childbirth. The popular literature cautions new mothers that they ...
Use of life-cycle analysis to support solid waste management planning for Delaware.

Mathematical models of integrated solid waste management (SWM) are useful planning tools given the complexity of the solid waste system and the interactions among the numerous components that constitute the system. An optimization model was used in this study to identify and evaluate alternative plans for integrated SWM for the State of Delaware in consideration of cost and environmental performance, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The three counties in Delaware were modeled individually to identify efficient SWM plans in consideration of constraints on cost, landfill diversion requirements, GHG emissions, and the availability of alternate treatment processes (e.g., recycling, composting, and combustion). The results show that implementing a landfill diversion strategy (e.g., curbside recycling) for only a portion of the population is most cost-effective for meeting a county-specific landfill diversion target. Implementation of waste-to-energy offers the most cost-effective opportunity for GHG e...
Assessment of spectral vegetation indices for riparian vegetation in the Colorado River delta, Mexico

This study tested the relationship between three, commonly-used vegetation indices (VIs), percent vegetation cover (% cover) and leaf area index (LAI) over a complex riparian landscape in the Colorado River delta, Mexico. Our objective was to correlate vegetation and soil features with VIs using low-level aerial photography, in preparation for scaling up to analysis of vegetation features using satellite imagery. We used a three-band digital imaging camera (Dycam) to collect data from an aircraft flying at 150 m. A series of 84 images (67×100 m) were analysed. Nine of these sites were ground-truthed; the species, % cover, and LAI were determined. Measured LAI (nine sites) from tree, shrub, and groundcover categories were used to determine a global (GLAI) value for 63 images. We conducted both VIs:% cover and VIs:GLAI regression analyses. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was the VI that best predicted % cover (r2=0·837), but the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) gave nearly equal results (r2=0·807 and 0·796, respectively). Normalized difference vegetation index, SAVI and EVI were less useful in predicting GLAI (r2=0·73, 0·65, 0·64, respectively). Variability in GLAI was due mainly to differences in % cover among images rather than differences in LAI among vegetation types. We also measured reflectance values of the major plant types between 450 and 900 nm, and found small but significant (p<0·05) differences among some of the species. The results support the conclusion that vegetation indices are most simply related to % vegetation cover, rather than species differences in LAI or VIs, even in this mixed riparian biome. There was also a near 1:1 correspondence between the Dycam and Thematic Mapper (TM) NDVI values over a wide range of landcover types (water, bare soil, partial and complete vegetation cover), which indicate that reflectance-based NDVI values can be scaled from low-level aerial Dycam images to satellite images for this ecosystem.
Homo- and copolymerization of some norbornadiene dimer monomers

The exo-exo and endo-endo norbornadiene dimers were synthesized and homopolymerized using the Re(CO)5Cl/EtAlCl2 catalyst system. The exo-exo dimer was copolymerized with norbornene, both as a random polymer and as a diblock. In all cases, the polymers obtained were mainly of the ring-retained, rather than ring-opened type, even though Re(CO)5Cl/EtAlCl2 is an olefin metathesis catalyst and the monomers are strained ring systems.
Simple fabrication of metallic colloidal doublets having electrical connectivity.

A method is described for fabricating metallic colloidal doublets of gold−gold, silver−silver, and gold−silver. Individual gold and silver spheres of micrometer diameter were synthesized by the aggregation of nanoparticles. Then, by controlling aggregation using ionic strength, yields of doublets above 20% were obtained by the salting-quenching technique. The gold−gold and silver−silver homodoublets were very stable mechanically, even in sonication; the gold−silver heterodoublets were slightly less stable than the homodoublets in sonication. Electrical connectivity between the gold−silver heterodoublets was verified by observing the autoelectrophoresis of gold−silver doublets in 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. The generality of the salting out and quenching technique is demonstrated here, and the finding that the particles are electrically connected will be of great significance in a number of applications.
Case of rapidly enlarging Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans during pregnancy followed by metastasis in the absence of local recurrence.

Dermatobrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon tumor of the dermis that accounts for less than 0.1% of malignant tumors.1 DFSP has a high rate of local recurrence but rarely metastasizes. The tumor is locally aggressive, tending to exhibit tentacle-like spread both laterally and deeply, with invasion of the subcutaneous fat, fascia, muscle, and sometimes bone.1 DFSP metastasizes in only 5% of cases, the most common sites of spread being the regional lymph nodes and the lung.2 Metastasis is most often preceded by multiple recurrences.2 DFSP has also been noted to grow more rapidly during pregnancy.3
The effective entropies of some extensions of context-free languages

Abstract In this paper, we continue our study of the ( C 1 , C 2 )-effective entropy of a language L , where C 1 , C 2 are complexity classes and L is a language accepted in deterministic polynomial time. The ( C 1 , C 2 )-effective entropy of a language L is used to measure how much a string x of length ⩽ n in L can be compressed to a string y by a C 1 algorithm so that given y , x can be recovered by a C 2 algorithm. The results are: (1) For any EDOL language L , the (DET,P)-effective entropy of L is equal its absolute entropy, for any degree k simple matrix language L generated by an unambigous degree k simple matrix grammar, the (NC (2) ,P)-effective entropy of L is, up to a constant factor, equal its absolute entropy.
Flow cytometric detection of perforin in normal human lymphocyte subpopulations defined by expression of activation/differentiation antigens

Abstract We investigated with three-color flow cytometry the expression of perforin (Pf) in normal human lymphocyte subpopulations identified by means of activation and differentiation-related antigens. Interestingly, Pf could be detected in a substantial subset (13±2%) of memory CD4 + CD45RO + cells, on relevant percentages of memory (CD45RO + ) and naive (CD45RA + ) CD8 + cells and on virtually all CD3 − CD16 + , CD3 − CD56 + and NKB1 + natural killer cells, as expected. The analysis of fluorescence intensity showed higher levels of Pf expression on CD8 dim and NK cells compared to CD8 bright and CD4 + lymphocytes, Pf and CD69, HLA-DR, CD95 and CD25 activation/differentiation-related antigens were never co-expressed. On average, 15±3% of CD3 + CD28 + cells were found to be Pf + , in line with a previously activated or memory cell type. Comparable percentages of CD8 + CD11b − (cytotoxic) and CD8 + CD11b + (suppressor) T cells were Pf + . Multiparameter flow cytometry is a powerful tool to detect minute fractions of Pf-expressing cells in heterogeneous populations.
Contact application of Nd:YAG laser through a fiberoptic and a sapphire tip.

We evaluated the effects of Nd:YAG laser energy directly applied to ocular tissue through a fiberoptic and a sapphire tip. All ocular tissue could be easily cut with the maximum 4 watts of energy. The coagulated borders extended 20 to 200 μ into the healthy tissue depending on the speed with which the cutting was performed.
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids by adolescents: a review of the literature.

Concomitant with increases in prescriptions for controlled opioids, rates of nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) have increased, including among adolescents aged 12–19 years. Adolescent NMUPO poses particular problems for clinicians, as prescribing physicians and dentists serve as the primary source of opioids for NMUPO in the majority of cases. Furthermore, early initiation of NMUPO appears to increase the risk of developing opioid dependence in adulthood. Given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with adolescent NMUPO, steps taken by clinicians to limit the scope of this phenomenon are needed. This article aims to aid clinicians by reviewing the literature on adolescent NMUPO and making specific recommendations to limit the scope of adolescent NMUPO.
Limitations on digital filtering of the DNAG magnetic data set for the conterminous U.S.

The magnetic data set compiled for the Decade of North American Geology (DNAG) project presents an important digital data base that can be used to examine the North American crust. The data represent a patchwork from many individual airborne and marine magnetic surveys. However, the portion of data for the conterminous U.S. has problems that limit the resolution and use of the data. Now that the data are available in digital form, it is important to describe the data limitations more specifically than before. The primary problem is caused by datum shifts between individual survey boundaries. In the western U.S., the DNAG data are generally shifted less than 100 nT. In the eastern U.S., the DNAG data may be shifted by as much as 300 nT and contain regionally shifted areas with wavelengths on the order of 800 to 1400 km. The worst case is the artificial low centered over Kentucky and Tennessee produced by a series of datum shifts. A second significant problem is lack of anomaly resolution that arises primar...
Demand-Driven Data Flow Analysis for Communication Optimization

Exhaustive global array data flow analysis for communication optimization is expensive and considered to be impractical for large programs. This paper proposes a demand-driven analysis approach that reduces the analysis cost by computing only the data flow information related to optimizations. In addition, the analysis cost of our scheme can be effectively managed by trading space for time or compromising precision for time.
Detecting incipient stripe order in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x

Abstract We review recent spectroscopic mapping measurements on Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x that establish experimental signatures of incipient stripe order. Model calculations show how to disentangle the effects of band structure and incipient order and allow us to model details of the energy-dependence of the observed modulations associated with incipient stripe order. Comprehensive doping and temperature studies reveal the correlation between the onset of the pseudogap and incipient stripe order in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x , yet they also show that stripes are most likely the consequence of the pseudogap rather than its cause.
Syntactic Ergativity: Analysis and Identification

Some languages showing morphological ergativity in case and/or agreement also show ergative patterns in core syntactic domains—syntactic ergativity. The most-studied type of syntactic ergativity is a ban on the ¯ A movement of ergative subjects; an additional type concerns the distribution of absolutives in nonfinite clauses. This article first presents the standard view of syntactic ergativity, which is closely connected to the treatment of ergative as an inherent case. Evidence from Shipibo suggests that a ban on ergative ¯
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Elicits Rate-Dependent Brain Network Responses in Non-human Primates

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has the potential to treat brain disorders by tonically modulating firing patterns in disease-specific neural circuits. The selection of treatment parameters for clinical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) trials has not been rule based, likely contributing to the variability of observed outcomes. Objective: To utilize our newly developed baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) model of rTMS during position-emission tomography (PET) to quantify the brain’s rateeresponse functions in the motor system during rTMS. Methods: We delivered image-guided, suprathreshold rTMS at 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz and rest (in separate randomized sessions) to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the lightly anesthetized baboon during PET imaging; we also administered a (reversible) paralytic to eliminate any somatosensory feedback due to rTMS-induced muscle contractions. Each rTMS/PET session was analyzed using normalized cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements; statistical parametric images and the resulting areas of significance underwent post-hoc analysis to determine any rate-specific rTMS effects throughout the motor network. Results: The motor system’s rateeresponse curves were unimodal and system widedwith all nodes in the network showing highly similar rate response functionsdand an optimal network stimulation frequency of 5 Hz. Conclusion(s): These findings suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation may be more efficiently delivered at (system-specific) optimal frequencies throughout the targeted network and that functional imaging in non-human primates is a promising strategy for identifying the optimal treatment parameters for TMS clinical trials in specific brain regions and/or networks.
Efficient standard cell generation when diffusion strapping is required

The authors have proposed a single contact layout style (SC style) for CMOS standard cells with regular and compact structure, based on the assumption that a single diffusion contact is sufficient. In reality, the assumption is not always true. They therefore propose a partial strapping style (PS style) for use when diffusion strapping is required. The PS style keeps all the features of the SC style. The structure uses less area for individual cells, allows easy embedding of feedthroughs in the cell, and enables output pins to occur at any grid location. Using an exact algorithm to generate static CMOS cells with a minimum number of diffusion breaks ensures that the width of the cells is minimized. For the PS style, a constructive routing algorithm is used to perform the intra-cell routing. An exhaustive search among the minimum width cells produces the minimum height cell. Results show that cells in the PS style have cell height very close to those in the SC style. Furthermore, cells using either layout style achieve significant area savings compared to cells using the traditional full strapping style.
North American Federalism And Its Legal Implications

El futuro de la cooperacion continental en America del Norte sigue siendo incierto. Sin embargo, si los tres paises principales de la region intentan profundizar los lazos que han construido con el Tratado de Libre Comercio de America del Norte necesitaran transitar por el proceso de impulsar los acuerdos internacionales, tanto en terminos de los tratados como de negociar cambios en las leyes internas. Una caracteristica importante, aunque ignorada, de este proceso es el hecho de que cada uno de los tres paises tiene un sistema federal diferente del de los otros en terminos de la fuerza institucional en general y de los grados de centralizacion y descentralizacion. Como la Union Europea (particularmente en relacion con el sistema federal aleman y el principio de subsidiaridad), los paises de America del Norte necesitaran tomar en consideracion el federalismo al negociar e instrumentar cualquier arreglo legal e institucional futuro. Un sistema centralizado federal con una debil presencia institucional puede facilitar la negociacion y la imposicion de nuevos arreglos legales que provean un impulso a la cooperacion economica y politica. Sin embargo, un sistema descentralizado mas solido con una presencia institucional fuerte (a semejanza del modelo canadiense) podria potencialmente crear el impetu para una instrumentacion mas efectiva de estos acuerdos legales, asi como fomentar un mayor sentido de aceptacion e involucramiento entre regiones y comunidades locales en una mas amplia comunidad norteamericana.
Like herbivores, parasitic plants are limited by host nitrogen content

Herbivores generally benefit from increased plant nitrogen content, because the nitrogen content of animals is much higher than that of plants. Consequently, high plant nitrogen alleviates the profound stoichiometric imbalance that herbivores face in their diets. Parasitic plants provide the opportunity to test this generalization for consumers across kingdoms. We fertilized two microhabitats in a California salt marsh that were dominated by Salicornia virginica or a mixture of S. virginica and Jaumea carnosa. The nitrogen content of both host plants and of the holoparasite Cuscuta salina (dodder) increased in fertilized plots in both microhabitats. Cuscuta preferred to attack Jaumea, although Jaumea had lower nitrogen content than Salicornia. When host nitrogen content was altered by fertilizing plots, however, the percent cover of the parasite doubled. Although parasitic plants and their hosts have similar tissue nitrogen contents, suggesting no stoichiometric imbalance between host and consumer, parasitic plants do not feed on host tissue, but on host xylem and phloem, which are very low in nitrogen. Consequently, parasitic plants face the same dietary stoichiometric constraints as do herbivores, and both herbivores and holoparasitic plants may respond positively to increases in host nitrogen status.
Suicide prevention in the dot com era: technological aspects of a university suicide prevention program.

Abstract Western Michigan University's Suicide Prevention Program utilizes multiple technological components, including an online training course, a Web site, and 2 social networking Web site profiles, as integral aspects of a comprehensive program. This article discusses the development, maintenance, use, and impact of the technological aspects of this program, which complement other program activities in meeting program goals. The Web site and use of social networking Web sites have been very well received by members of the university and wider community. Although initial outcomes of each component are positive, low participation in the online training course has limited the usefulness of pretest–posttest comparisons. It is thought that other campus suicide prevention programs may benefit from using technology as a primary method in their suicide prevention programming efforts.
Genetic and Physiologic Characterization of Urease of Actinomyces naeslundii

Ammonia production from urea by ureolytic oral bacteria is believed to have a significant impact on oral health and the ecological balance of oral microbial populations. In this study we cloned and characterized the urease gene cluster of Actinomyces naeslundii, which is one of the pioneer organisms in the oral cavity and a significant constituent of supragingival and subgingival dental plaque in children and adults. An internal fragment of the ureC gene of A. naeslundii WVU45 was initially amplified by PCR with degenerate primers derived from conserved amino acid sequences of the large catalytic subunit of urease in bacteria and plants. The PCR product was then used as a probe to identify recombinant bacteriophages carrying the A. naeslundii urease gene cluster and roughly 30 kbp of flanking DNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the gene cluster was comprised of seven contiguously arranged open reading frames with significant homologies at the protein and nucleotide sequence levels to the ureABCEFGD genes from other organisms. By using primer extension, a putative transcription initiation site was mapped at 66 bases 5' to the start codon of ureA. A urease-deficient strain was constructed by insertion of a kanamycin resistance determinant within the ureC gene via allelic replacement. In contrast to the wild-type organism, the isogenic mutant was unable to grow in a semidefined medium supplemented with urea as the nitrogen source and was not protected by the addition of urea against killing in moderately acidic environments. These data indicated that urea can be effectively utilized as a nitrogen source by A. naeslundii via a urease-dependent pathway and that ureolysis can protect A. naeslundii against environmental acidification at physiologically relevant pH values. Therefore, urease could confer to A. naeslundii critical selective advantages over nonureolytic organisms in dental plaque, constituting an important determinant of plaque ecology.
A geological framework for interpreting the low‐flow regimes of Cascade streams, Willamette River Basin, Oregon

[1] In ungauged basins, predicting streamflows is a major challenge for hydrologists and water managers, with approaches needed to systematically generalize hydrometric properties from limited stream gauge data. Here we illustrate how a geologic/geomorphic framework can provide a basis for describing summer base flow and recession behavior at multiple scales for tributaries of the Willamette River in Oregon. We classified the basin into High Cascade and Western Cascade provinces based on the age of the underlying volcanic bedrock. Using long-term U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge records, we show that summer streamflow volumes, recession characteristics, and timing of response to winter recharge are all linearly related to the percent of High Cascade geology in the contributing area. This analysis illustrates how geology exerts a dominant control on flow regimes in this region and suggests that a geological framework provides a useful basis for interpreting and extrapolating hydrologic behavior.
Longitudinal Assessment of Sleep–Wake Regulation and Attachment Security with Parents

The development of sleep–wake regulation occurs within the context of the infant–parent relationship. The present study investigated (1) patterns of change in night waking across infancy and attachment to parents and (2) if dependency, a characteristic of secure subgroup B4 and insecure-resistant infants, accounted for differences in night waking. Forty-six families reported on the number of infant night wakings at 7, 12, and 14 months of age. Attachment was measured at 12 (infant–mother) and 14 (infant–father) months. Findings suggest that infants with a secure (including the dependent-secure, B4) pattern of attachment with mothers decreased in the number of night wakings over time, whereas infants with an insecure-resistant pattern of attachment with mothers continued to wake at night into the second year. Attachment dependency did not account for differences in night waking. These findings are important to understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the relation between attachment and sleep–wake regulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the type III InsP3 receptor by InsP3 and calcium

Abstract It has been proposed that the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP 3 R) type III acts as a trigger for InsP 3 -mediated calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling, because this InsP 3 isoform lacks feedback inhibition by cytosolic Ca 2+ . We tested this hypothesis in RIN-m5F cells, which express predominantly the type III receptor. Extracellular ATP increases Ca 2+ in these cells, and we found that this effect is independent of extracellular Ca 2+ but is blocked by the InsP 3 R antagonist heparin. There was a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells responding to ATP and two-photon flash photolysis of caged-Ca 2+ heightened the sensitivity of RIN-m5F cells to this increase. These findings provide evidence that Ca 2+ increases the sensitivity of the InsP 3 R type III in intact cells and supports the idea that this isoform can act as a trigger for hormone-induced Ca 2+ signaling.
The Members of the Family Reoviridae

The studies of Gomatos and collaborators in the early 1960s that indicated that the RNA in reovirus particles was double-stranded created a great deal of interest because although dsRNA was at that time under active investigation as the replicative form of viral genomes consisting of single-stranded RNA, they pinpointed for the first time a source of stable dsRNA (Gomatos et al., 1962).
Joining a distributed simulation enivronment via ALSP

The Aggregate-Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) provides a common platform where a simulation can import objects owned by other simulations (ghosting) into its local modeling framework, and can export its objects to other simulations. In ALSP, simulations are referred to as actors, and an aggregate of simulations form the ALSP Confederation. The first pair of actors to successfully join the confederation are the Corps Battle Simulation (CBS) and the Air Warfare Simulation (AWSIM). CBS is currently undergoing changes to interface with the Combat Service Support Training Simulation System (CSSTSS). This paper describes the approach and changes that allow CBS to successfully join the ALSP Confederation. There are two distinct areas of changes that CBS had to undertake: functional changes and interface changes. The functional changes give CBS the ability to generate the simulation event data and object state changes needed to support the modeling interface with other actors. This was achieved by enhancing or inhibiting certain functionality in the model. The interface changes provide CBS with the ability to recognize and generate ALSP messages needed to support the functional changes. The implementation approach to the above changes was based on the philosophy that CBS's stand- alone functionality should be kept intact.
Estimating electron drift velocities in magnetron discharges

Abstract Electron motion in magnetron discharges is complicated. In a first approximation, single particle motion can be considered in given electric and magnetic fields to estimate drifts. Based on magnetic and electric field measurements for discharges in an unbalanced magnetron with a strong magnet it is shown that, for the most energetic electrons, the ∇ B and curvature drift velocities can be comparable to or even larger than the commonly mentioned E × B drift velocity. In the fluid approximation, the electron pressure gradient adds yet another drift component. Since all of those drifts are generally additive, the term “ E × B drift” can be generically used but should be understood to include other drifts. Strong velocity gradients and direction reversal can be found, which suggest velocity shear as a source of waves and instabilities, likely creating the density-fluctuation “seeds” for ionization zones seen in high power impulse magnetron sputtering.