cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing DSM-IV - Part II: Eysenck (1986) and the essentialist fallacy

In Part I (Wakefield, 1997, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 633-649) of this two-article series, I used the harmful dysfunction analysis of the concept of disorder (Wakefield, 1992a, American Psychologist, 47, 373-388) to 'diagnose' a problem with DSM-IV. I argued that DSM-IV diagnostic criteria often violate the 'dysfunction' requirement by invalidity classifying harms not caused by dysfunctions as disorders. In Part II, I examine Eysenck's (Eysenck, 1986, Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV) argument that DSM commits a 'categorical fallacy' and should be replaced by dimensional diagnoses based on Eysenckian personality traits. I argue that Eysenck's proposed diagnostic criteria violate the 'harm' requirement by invalidly classifying symptomless conditions as disorders. Eysenck commits an 'essentialist fallacy'; he misconstrues 'disorder' as an essentialist theoretical concept when in fact it is a hybrid theoretical-practical or 'cause-effect' concept. He thus ignores the harmful effects essential to disorder that are captured in DSM's symptom-based categories.
Arterial stiffness: a brief review

Physical stiffening of the large arteries is the central paradigm of vascular aging. Indeed, stiffening in the larger central arterial system, such as the aortic tree, significantly contributes to cardiovascular diseases in older individuals and is positively associated with systolic hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure and atrial fibrillation, which are the leading causes of mortality in the developed countries and also in the developing world as estimated in 2010 by World Health Organizations. Thus, better, less invasive and more accurate measures of arterial stiffness have been developed, which prove useful as diagnostic indices, pathophysiological markers and predictive indicators of disease. This article presents a review of the structural determinants of vascular stiffening, its pathophysiologic determinants and its implications for vascular research and medicine. A critical discussion of new techniques for assessing vascular stiffness is also presented.
Stage-specific functions of E-proteins at the β-selection and T-cell receptor checkpoints during thymocyte development

The E-protein transcription factors E2A and HEB function in a lineage- and stage-specific manner to orchestrate many critical events throughout lymphocyte development. The function of E-proteins in both B- and T-lymphocyte development has been extensively studied through the use of single-gene knockout animals. Unlike B cells, which rely primarily on E2A alone, T cells are regulated by the combinatorial expression of both E2A and HEB. Therefore, many of the roles of E-proteins during T-cell development may be masked in single-gene knockout studies due to the compensatory function of E2A and HEB. More recently, our laboratory has established double-conditional knockout models to eliminate both E2A and HEB in a stage-specific manner throughout T-cell development. These models, in combination with other complimentary genetic approaches, have identified new E-protein functions at each of the two major T-cell developmental checkpoints. Here, we will discuss how E-proteins function to regulate the expression of T-cell receptor components and cell cycle at the β-selection checkpoint, and how they control positive selection, survival, and lineage-specific gene expression at the subsequent T-cell receptor checkpoint.
A histological and ultrastructural study of germinal differentiation of interstitial cells arising from gland cells in Hydra viridis.

Gland cells of the gastrodermis of Hydra when isolated from the epidermis are capable of dedifferentiating into interstitial cells. Under proper environmental conditions these interstitial cells are capable of undergoing meiotic divisions and forming normal gametes. This dedifferentiation and redifferentiation sequence has been studied at the level of the light and electron microscope. It is concluded that in Hydra there is no specific germinal cell line determined during embryogeny, and that a somatic cell under proper environmental conditions can be induced to undergo meiosis.
The role of organic modifiers on polar group selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract The influence of the organic modifiers methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (AN) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) on polar group selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography has been studied. In order to elucidate polar group effects, we have first explored the influence of the surface coverage of bonded phase on selectivity. Using a series of synthesized n -octy bonded phases, we have been able to observe significant differences in group contribution with bonded phase coverage, the largest differences arising from MeOH H 2 O as mobile phase and the least from THF H 2 O as mobile phase. The importance of using phases that minimize accessible silanol groups in order to study the influence of the mobile phase has been emphasized. We have selected a high coverage n -octyl phase that is silanized for these studies. In order to examine polar group effects, we have normalized the methylene group increment in the MeOH H 2 O, AN H 2 O and TH H 2 O binary phases. As the hydrophobic selectivity is thus roughly normalized, meaningful relative polar group contributions are observed. Plots of log k ′ (THF H 2 O) vs . log k ′ (MeOH H 2 O) reveal particularly striking polar group differences. The practical usefulness of the plots is shown in the peak reversal of solute mixtures with the two mobile phases. Further studies reveal that polar group selectivity can be powerfully controlled using ternary phases of MeOH THF H 2 O. Thus, the choice of mobile phase can greatly influence separation in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Advanced remote-sensing imaging emission spectrometer (ARIES): an instrument concept for a next-generation imager/sounder

It is now possible to combine high spectral resolution observations (like AIRS) with moderate spatial resolution (like MODIS) in a single instrument. The ARIES instrument concept provides over 3000 spectral channels in the 0.4 - 15.4 μm spectral region with spatial resolution of 1.0 km while still scanning ±55°. The ARIES has size and mass less than half that of AIRS or MODIS primarily due to the advancements in focal plane assemblies and wide field optical systems developed under the NASA IIP and in US industry. The combined capability will allow more cloud free observations per unit area, and improve the overall cloud-clearing approach applied on AIRS. It will also improve sensitivity to atmospheric water vapor, temperature and trace gases in the boundary layer and facilitate studies of surface and atmospheric interaction for global climate studies. Improvements are expected in regional weather forecasts and hurricane prediction. This paper discusses the primary requirements for ARIES, the expected science and operational benefits and an instrument concept that demonstrates the viability and low risk of the approach.
L ∞ stability of finite element approximations to elliptic gradient equations

We examine theL ? stability of piecewise linear finite element approximationsU to the solutionu to elliptic gradient equations of the form ??·[a(x)?u]+f(x, u)=g(x) wheref is monotonically increasing inu. We identify a prioriL ? bounds for the finite element solutionU, which we call "reduced" bounds, and which are marginally weaker than those for the original differential equations. For the general,N-dimensionai, case we identify new conditions on the mesh, such that under the assumption thatf is Lipschitz continuous on a finite interval,U satisfies the "reduced"L ? bounds mentioned above. The new,N-dimensional regularity conditions preclude quasi-rectangular meshes. Moreover, we show thatU is stable inL ? in two dimensions for a discretization mesh on which ??·[a(x)?u] gives rise to anM-matrix, whileU is stable for any mesh in one dimension. The condition that the discretization of ??·[a(x)?u] has to be anM-matrix, still allows the inclusion of the important case of triangulating in a quasi-rectangular fashion. The results are valid for either the pure Neumann problem or the general mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary value problem, while interfaces may be present. The boundary conditions forU are obtained by use of (nonexpansive) pointwise projection operators.
Comparison of Etest and agar dilution for testing the activity of three macrolides against Bordetella parapertussis

Abstract Agar dilution and Etest using Mueller-Hinton II agar supplemented with 5% whole defibrinated horse blood were compared for testing the activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin against 34 clinical isolates of the fastidious species Bordetella parapertussis . There was good overall agreement (100.0% within ± 1 log 2 dilution step) between both methods. The Etest offers an excellent and convenient alternative to agar dilution for testing the activities of macrolides against B. parapertussis .
Evaluation of on-farm irrigation scheduling methods for potatoes

The neutron probe, infrared thermometry and crop water stress index (CWSI), and a computer-assisted irrigation scheduling method were evaluated in terms of their effect on tuber yield, tuber quality, and water use. The experiment was conducted during 1990 and 1991 near Othello, central Washington, using Russet Burbank potatoes grown in a silt loam soil. Irrigation treatments did not commence until after tuber initiation. In general, no differences in total number of tubers and total tuber yield resulted from the different scheduling methods. However, the canopy temperature method showed reduction in the yield of number one tubers in 1990. The least total irrigation water was applied during the growing season with the neutron probe method. Using CWSI values above 0.5 to 1.0 (scale 0 to 10) for two consecutive days as a threshold to schedule irrigations appeared to be adequate for potatoes grown in silt loam soils. However, shortcomings of infrared thermometry suggested that this method may not be practical for scheduling irrigation of potatoes.
Regulation by histamine of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in guinea-pig stomach

The present investigation describes experimental conditions under which histamine stimulates cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the guinea-pig stomach. A histamine-responsive cAMP-dependent protein kinase was shown to be present in the soluble fraction obtained after a low speed centrifugation of the stomach homogenate. There was a small, but detectable stimulation of protein kinase activity and cAMP formation when tissue was incubated with histamine. This response to histamine was highly pronounced in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Protein kinase activation was assessed by measuring protein kinase activity ratio (activity-cAMP/+cAMP). Results indicate that protein kinase activity ratios reflect cAMP tissue levels. Binding of free cAMP by charcoal lowered both cAMP levels and protein kinase activity ratio, but histamine activation was still evident. Results suggest that only a portion of intracellular cAMP, probably in a bound form, is actually responsible for protein kinase activation, and the large accumulation of cAMP in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor probably does not reflect physiological levels.
Mechanism of catalase induction in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: the effects of acridine, acriflavin, and diphenylamine.

The effect of inhibitors of carotenoid synthesis, diphenylamine, acridine, and acriflavin on catalase induction was studied in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The induction of catalase by 40 μM H2O2, was inhibited 5x10-4 M acridine, 5 μM acriflavin and 3x10-4 diphenylamine. Acridine, acriflavin and diphenylamine at 1.0x10-4 M, 1.5 μM and 5x10-5 M respectively, stimulated the induction. The stimulatory effect was shown to be at the transcriptional level rather than at the translational level. The concentration of acridine which stimulated the induction of the enzyme inhibited general protein synthesis in the cell, under similar conditions. Acriflavin also did not stimulate the induction of β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B. It is suggested that these acridine dyes interact with the internal inducer-DNA complex which leads to a higher rate of production of catalase mRNA.
An evaluation of transmission routes for low pathogenicity avian influenza virus among chickens sold in live bird markets.

Many theories about the modes of avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission have been proposed, but few have been quantified, and none within a flock or live bird market (LBM) setting where birds are often kept in stacked cages. We describe a novel experimental design and the results collected for the purpose of estimating transmission rates specific to the potential modes of AIV transmission within an LBM. Chickens of the strains and ages found in California LBMs were inoculated with low pathogenicity AIV H6N2. Aerosol exposure was found to be the most important route of transmission for this H6N2 AIV. The handling of infectious chickens resulted in the transmission of H6N2 AIV, though the virus was not detectible by rRT-PCR. Chickens with fecal exposure to infected birds (median = 8.0 DPI) had detectable virus earlier than in those with aerosol exposure only (median = 10.0 DPI). Changes in the hemagglutinin sequence were not found to be associated with oropharyngeal or cloacal shedding in this study.
Estimating Infiltration in the Upper Split Wash Watershed, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

The KINEROS2 rainfall-runoff model was used in this case study to estimate plane and channel infiltration within the Upper Split Wash watershed on Yucca Mountain, Nev. Averaged over the watershed area, estimated mean annual runoff, channel infiltration, and bedrock infiltration were 3.6, 0.6, and 8.7 mm∕year . Most overland flow resulted from saturation of thin soils during low-intensity winter storms. The greatest excess infiltration (the difference between actual infiltration and precipitation) occurs on lower portions of hillslopes having deep soils receiving runoff from upslope areas. The greatest bedrock infiltration occurs on hillslope areas with thin soils and high values of bedrock hydraulic conductivity ( KS ) . A sensitivity analysis suggests that estimated runoff and infiltration rates are most sensitive to soil depth and are less sensitive to bedrock KS , the soil hydraulic parameter defining field capacity and wilting point, the soil capillary drive parameter, and the antecedent precipitation...
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia in a Frail, Nursing Home Population

OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a psychometric evaluation of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) through factor analysis and assessment of criterion validity in an older, frail nursing home population, with a secondary analysis of pre-intervention data from a longitudinal clinical trial aimed at reducing restraints in nursing homes. METHODS The sample for the present study was 642 nursing home residents (mean [SD] age 84.3 [7.6] years; range: 61–105; 82% women) with completed CSDD scores, who were interviewed immediately before the intervention. Nursing home residents' scores from the 19-item CSDD were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and criterion-validity analysis. RESULTS The factor analysis resulted in four distinct clinically interpretable domains: Depression, Somatic/Vegetative, Disturbed Sleep, and Anxiety. Sixteen items were retained in these domains, and summated score indices and a global score were constructed. The global score and the four indices demonstrated adequate internal consistency and reliability. The indices generated by the factor analysis correlated as expected with criterion variables. CONCLUSION Results suggest that in frail, institutionalized older adults with high rates of dementia, medical illness, and functional disability, depression measurement methods that are less dependent on items highly sensitive to comorbid conditions and not necessarily associated with depression may be more appropriate. Authors recommend further validity testing of the CSDD with similar populations of frail, institutionalized older adults.
Exploring stress management training provision for students in the context of post-secondary education: evidence from Greece

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which post-secondary educational institutions in Greece have incorporated into their curriculum modules related to occupational stress management in order to equip graduates with the required knowledge to cope with the stress caused by the precarious and intensified nature of contemporary jobs. Design/methodology/approach – In the present study, extensive secondary data analysis was undertaken, which was complemented by an empirical quantitative survey. Regarding the secondary data analysis, an in-depth examination of all the available core and elective modules was undertaken in 150 programs of 35 Greek post-secondary educational institutions. The analysis involved the detailed examination of the curriculum content across 20 disciplines. As for the empirical part of the study, a self-administered questionnaire survey was used involving 100 students across the 20 selected disciplines. Findings – The findings revealed that in Greek post-seconda...
Outpatient inflatable penile prosthesis insertion.

Abstract Objectives. To assess the initial results of an ambulatory, outpatient, multiple-component inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) insertion protocol. Methods. Ninety-five consecutive men with organic impotence were implanted with a multiple-component IPP on an outpatient basis. Short-term complications were assessed by direct patient examination, phone interview, and office visits. Results. Complications seen with this approach included 1 patient who required hospitalization for gross hematuria, 1 patient with a periprosthetic infection, and 4 patients who were unable to void and were sent home with a urethral catheter. Conclusions. Multiple-component IPP insertion is easily adaptable to the outpatient setting. The prosthetic infection rate (1%) was similar to that seen with inpatient implantation protocols. Urinary retention (4%) was the most frequent complication, and it was easily managed with temporary catheterization. Early results suggest that outpatient IPP insertion is a safe, effective treatment for men with organic impotence.
Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to Chemicals

With increased availability and decreased cost, ethanol is potentially a promising platform molecule for the production of a variety of value-added chemicals. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of recent advances in catalytic conversion of ethanol to a wide range of chemicals and fuels. We particularly focus on catalyst advances and fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms involved in ethanol steam reforming (ESR) to produce hydrogen, ethanol conversion to hydrocarbons ranging from light olefins to longer chain alkenes/alkanes and aromatics, and ethanol conversion to other oxygenates including 1-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate.
Order-of-Magnitude reasoning with O[M]

Abstract The O[M] formalism for Order-of-Magnitude reasoning is described. O[M] is based on seven primitive relations among absolute magnitudes of quantities: ‘much less than’ ( ∼), ‘moderately greater than’ (> −), and ‘much greater than’ (> >). 21 compound relations are formed as implicit disjunctions of consecutive primitive relations. A strict interpretation of the relations allows exact conservative inferences, while a heuristic interpretation allows more aggressive and human-like inferences, by permitting some slack at each inference step. Inference strategies are based on propagation of order-of-magnitude relations through properties of the relations, algebraic constraints, and rules. O[M] operates mainly in the data-driven direction with assumption-based truth-maintenance for the resolution of contradictions. O[M] provides efficient integration of quantitative and qualitative knowledge in the expression and solution of engineering problems. The system has been applied in process engineering and biochemical engineering.
WULFF DROPLETS AND THE METASTABLE RELAXATION OF KINETIC ISING MODELS

We consider the kinetic Ising models (Glauber dynamics) corresponding to the infinite volume Ising model in dimension 2 with nearest neighbor ferromagnetic interaction and under a positive external magnetic field h. Minimal conditions on the flip rates are assumed, so that all the common choices are being considered. We study the relaxation towards equilibrium when the system is at an arbitrary subcritical temperature T and the evolution is started from a distribution which is stochastically lower than the (−)-phase. We show that as h↘ 0 the relaxation time blows up as exp(λc(T)/h), with lgr;c(T) =w(T)2/(12 T m*(T)). Here m*(T) is the spontaneous magnetization and w(T) is the integrated surface tension of the Wulff body of unit volume. Moreover, for 0 < λ < λc, the state of the process at time exp(λ/h) is shown to be close, when h is small, to the (−)-phase. The difference between this state and the (−)-phase can be described in terms of an asymptotic expansion in powers of the external field. This expansion can be interpreted as describing a set of ?∞ continuations in h of the family of Gibbs distributions with the negative magnetic fields into the region of positive fields.
Allelic sequence variations in the hypervariable region of a T-cell receptor beta chain: correlation with restriction fragment length polymorphism in human families and populations.

Abstract Direct sequence analysis of the human T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) V beta 1 variable gene identified a single base-pair allelic variation (C/G) located within the coding region. This change results in substitution of a histidine (CAC) for a glutamine (CAG) at position 48 of the TCR beta chain, a position predicted to be in the TCR antigen binding site. The V beta 1 polymorphism was found by DNA sequence analysis of V beta 1 genes from seven unrelated individuals; V beta 1 genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, the amplified fragments were cloned into M13 phage vectors, and sequences were determined. To determine the inheritance patterns of the V beta 1 substitution and to test correlation with V beta 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism detected with Pvu II and Taq I, allele-specific oligonucleotides were constructed and used to characterize amplified DNA samples. Seventy unrelated individuals and six families were tested for both restriction fragment length polymorphism and for the V beta 1 substitution. The correlation was also tested using amplified, size-selected, Pvu II- and Taq I-digested DNA samples from heterozygotes. Pvu II allele 1 (61/70) and Taq I allele 1 (66/70) were found to be correlated with the substitution giving rise to a histidine at position 48. Because there are exceptions to the correlation, the use of specific probes to characterize allelic forms of TCR variable genes will provide important tools for studies of basic TCR genetics and disease associations.
MODULAR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF CHAOS IN CHUA'S CIRCUIT

In this paper, a modular adaptive design is developed for the control of chaos in a Chua's circuit. The dynamics of the Chua's circuit are represented in a parametric strict feedback form. For the purpose of design, it is assumed that all the system parameters are unknown, but the sign of certain parameters and lower bounds on their absolute values are known. Then, an adaptive modular backstepping design approach is used to derive the control system for trajectory tracking of a selected output variable (node voltage). Unlike the direct adaptive controllers for the Chua's circuit available in literature, an input-to-state-stabilizing control law is used herein. The control law accomplishes input-to-state-stability with respect to parameter estimation errors and their derivatives as disturbance inputs. The control system includes a passive identifier (an observer and an adaptation law) for the parameter estimation. In the closed-loop system, control of the node voltage is accomplished, and the remaining state variables remain bounded. Simulation results are presented which show that the controller is effective in accomplishing the precise tracking of the reference trajectory and suppression of the chaotic motion.
Soliton wall superlattice charge-density-wave phase in the quasi-one-dimensional conductor (Per) 2 Pt(mnt) 2

We demonstrate that the Pauli spin-splitting effects in a magnetic field improve nesting properties of a realistic quasi-one-dimensional electron spectrum. As a result, a high resistance Peierls charge-density-wave (CDW) phase is stabilized in high enough magnetic fields in ${(\text{Per})}_{2}\text{Pt}{(\text{mnt})}_{2}$ conductor. We show that, in low and very high magnetic fields, the Pauli spin-splitting effects lead to a stabilization of a soliton wall superlattice (SWS) CDW phase, which is characterized by periodically arranged soliton and antisoliton walls. We suggest experimental studies of the predicted first-order phase transitions between the Peierls and SWS phases to discover a unique SWS phase. It is important that, in the absence of a magnetic field and in a limit of very high magnetic fields, the suggested model is equivalent to the exactly solvable model of Brazovskii, Dzyaloshinskii, and Kirova for the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger solitons.
Correlating viscosity with temperature and other properties

Simple viscosity equations based on linearities [1/ηe (or φe) vs. T; T/ηe vs. T and φe vs. P; (η, viscosity; φ, fluidity; T, temperature; and P, any property or property function linear with T, such as, density, refractivity, and surface tension)] are given for glycerol, triglycerides, glyceride oils, n-fatty acids, esters, an alcohol, and an amine.
A two degree-of-freedom earthquake model with static/dynamic friction

Can a simple multi-block-spring model with total symmetry make interesting predictions for fault behaviour? Our model consists of a symmetric, slowly driven, two degree-of-freedom block-spring system with static/dynamic friction. The simple friction law and slow driving rate allow the state of this fourth order system to be described between slip events by a single variable, the difference in the stretch of the driving springs. This stretch difference measures the locked-in stress and is closely related to fault stress inhomogeneity.
Chemical Genetics: Where Genetics and Pharmacology Meet

Genetics and pharmacology can elicit surprisingly different phenotypes despite targeting the same protein. This Essay explores these unexpected differences and their implications for biology and medicine.
Habitat Use by Weddell Seals and Emperor Penguins Foraging in the Ross Sea, Antarctica1

The only apex predators that live year-round at high latitudes of the Ross Sea are the Weddell seal and emperor penguin. The seasonal distribution, foraging depths, and diet of these two species appear to overlap. What makes it possible for emperor penguins and Weddell seals to co-exist at high latitude throughout the winter when other marine tetrapods apparently cannot? Both species have similar adaptations for exploitation of the deep-water habitat, forage on the same species, and routinely make long and deep dives. Yet, despite these similarities, there is probably little trophic overlap between the adults of both species due to geographical and seasonal differences in habitat use. For example, during the winter months while female emperor penguins are ranging widely in the pack ice, adult seals are foraging and fattening for the upcoming summer fast, literally beneath the feet of the male penguins. However, there is more extensive overlap between juvenile seals and adult penguins, and shifts in prey abundance and/or distribution would likely affect these two groups similarly. In contrast, juvenile penguins appear to avoid inter- and intra- specific competition by leaving the Ross Sea once they molt.
Herpes Simplex Virus with Highly Reduced gD Levels Can Efficiently Enter and Spread between Human Keratinocytes

The rapid spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in mucosal epithelia and neuronal tissue depends primarily on the ability of the virus to navigate within polarized cells and the tissues they constitute. To understand HSV entry and the spread of virus across cell junctions, we have previously characterized a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. These cells appear to reflect cells infected in vivo more accurately than many of the cultured cells used to propagate HSV. HSV mutants lacking gE/gI are highly compromised in spread within epithelial and neuronal tissues and also show defects in cell-to-cell spread in HaCaT cells, but not in other, nonpolarized cells. HSV gD is normally considered absolutely essential for entry and cell-to-cell spread, both in cultured cells and in vivo. Here, an HSV-1 gD mutant virus, F-US6kan, was found to efficiently enter HaCaT cells and normal human keratinocytes and could spread from cell to cell without gD provided by complementing cells. By contrast, entry and spread into other cells, especially highly transformed cells commonly used to propagate HSV, were extremely inefficient. Further analyses of F-US6kan indicated that this mutant expressed extraordinarily low (1/500 wild-type) levels of gD. Neutralizing anti-gD monoclonal antibodies inhibited entry of F-US6kan, suggesting F-US6kan utilized this small amount of gD to enter cells. HaCaT cells expressed high levels of an HSV gD receptor, HveC, and entry of F-US6kan into HaCaT cells could also be inhibited with antibodies specific for HveC. Interestingly, anti-HveC antibodies were not fully able to inhibit entry of wild-type HSV-1 into HaCaT cells. These results help to uncover important properties of HSV and human keratinocytes. HSV, with exceedingly low levels of a crucial receptor-binding glycoprotein, can enter cells expressing high levels of receptor. In this case, surplus gD may be useful to avoid neutralization by anti-gD antibodies.
Efficacy of follow-up evaluation in penetrating thoracic injuries: 3- vs. 6-hour radiographs of the chest

Pneumothorax (PTX) in patients with penetrating thoracic trauma is routinely ruled out with serial chest radiographs (CXRs). This study examined the efficacy of a shortened time period between initial and follow-up radiographs. Patients with penetrating torso injuries treated at a Level-1 trauma center received a CXR during their initial evaluation. If no pneumothorax or hemothorax was noted, and the patient did not require immediate admission to the Intensive Care Unit or operating room, a repeat chest film was taken at 3 and 6 h. Findings were treated as clinically indicated, and patients were discharged home if the last radiograph revealed no evidence of pathology. Over a 15-month period, 116 patients were evaluated for penetrating thoracic injuries (93 stabbings, 23 gunshot wounds) and had no pneumothorax detected on initial CXR. Two patients had pneumothorax detectable only by computed tomography. One patient had a normal initial CXR, but developed a PTX on the 3-h film, requiring tube thoracostomy. No patients developed a PTX on the 6-h study that was not present on the initial or 3-h CXR. In conclusion, extending the time between initial and final CXRs to 6 h in patients with penetrating thoracic trauma provided no additional information that was not available on the 3-h film.
Some spectroscopic evidence on deformation mechanisms in elastomeric networks at very high elongations

Bimodal elastomeric networks are unusually tough materials in that they generally show large increases in modulus at high elongations. In the present study such networks were prepared by end-linking mixtures of very short and relatively long chains of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) [Si(CH3)2O]n, which is known to have easily deformable SiOSi bonds. Their stress-strain isotherms were then determined in order to locate the range of elongations over which the upturns were most pronounced. Raman and infrared spectra were then obtained in this range using both a double monochromator Raman spectrophotometer and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer with attenuated total reflection. The elongations imposed were found to cause small but not negligible frequency shifts for the stretching and bending modes of the SiOSi backbone. These shifts are probably due to rotational isomerization of the PDMS skeletal bonds, but there could also be a small contribution from bond-angle deformations. The results thus support the usual assumption that the increases in modulus observed for bimodal networks are primarily due to the very limited number of spatial configurations available to the short network chains, particularly in the case of chains having skeletal bonds that are less easily deformed than those in PDMS.
Moderns Abroad: Architecture, Cities and Italian Imperialism

Mia Fuller (2007) Moderns Abroad: Architecture, Cities and Italian Imperialism (London: Routledge), 274 pp., ISBN 9780415194631, $88.00, hard cover Mia Fuller's Moderns Abroad accomplishes many thi...
Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk among long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - From the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort

Adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have a four-fold excess risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease. This cardiovascular risk has not been fully characterized. ALL survivors [n = 784, median age 31·7 years (18·9-59·1)] in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study underwent evaluation for cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Comparisons were made to 777 age-, sex-, and race-matched controls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). MetS was identified in 259 survivors (33·6%) and associated with older age in 5-year increments (relative risk [RR] 1·13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·06-1·19) and prior cranial radiotherapy (CRT) (with craniospinal radiation: RR 1·88, 95%CI 1·32-2·67; without: RR 1·67, 95%CI 1·26-2·23). Measures of obesity were highly prevalent among female survivors and CRT recipients. Compared to NHANES controls, ALL survivors had a higher risk of MetS (RR 1·43, 95%CI 1·22-1·69), hypertension (RR 2·43, 95%CI 2·06-2·86), low high-density lipoprotein (RR 1·40, 95%CI 1·23-1·59), obesity (RR 1·47, 95%CI 1·29-1·68) and insulin resistance (1·64, 95%CI 1·44-1·86). This large study of clinically evaluated ALL survivors identified a high prevalence of MetS, obesity and cardiovascular risk, particularly in CRT recipients, underscoring the need for screening and aggressive reduction of modifiable risks.
Cleavage in Conical Sand Dollar Eggs

Previous experiments have shown that the mitotic apparatus and the surface can interact and produce functional furrows in various unusual geometrical circumstances. The consistent development of the furrow in the plane equidistant from the aster centers has led to conjecture about the need for a special structural configuration of the subsurface in the future cleavage plane. In most experiments involving altered cell geometry, the relation between each aster and nearby surface was symmetrical, and the effect of that symmetry upon the position and orientation of the cleavage mechanism in the cortex has not been systematically analyzed. The normal symmetry of sand dollar eggs can be changed by reshaping them into cones. When the cone and mitotic axes are parallel, the aster center closer to the vertex is also closer to the nearby surface, and the cleavage plane develops on the vertex side of the midpoint between the asters. A mitotic apparatus oriented perpendicular to the cone axis produces in the base of the cone a normal unilateral furrow that advances toward the vertex, and a second contractile band that isolates the vertex region. This event only occurs when the surface is conical and the mitotic apparatus is perpendicular to the cone axis. Furrow formation is not restricted to the plane of the metaphase plate or the midpoint between the aster centers. The orientation of mitotic apparatus-produced contractile bands is not limited to the circumstances in normal cytokinesis, but may vary according to surface contour. These results confirm predictions of the Harris and Gewalt model of contractile ring induction.
Architecture and public space: between reassurance and threat.

“We modern civilizations have learned to recognize that we are mortal like the others,” declared the French poet Paul Valery shortly after the end of World War I in his essay La Crise de l’Esprit.1 In the aftermath of September 11, architecture and urban design have been struck by a similar realization of the frailty of what they had tried to achieve from the very beginning of modernity: an environment that would contribute to the political and social pacification of the planet. The attack against the World Trade Center meant that the twin towers were not interpreted as innocent symbols. Although initially they had been intended as a tribute to global prosperity, the terrorists targeted them as the embodiment of a worldwide system of economical and cultural oppression.2
Intracavitary Therapy with Bleomycin for the Treatment of Malignant Pleural Effusions

This paper briefly reviews the incidence of malignant pleural effusions (MPE) and the measures that have been used to treat this condition. The role of intracavitary bleomycin in controlling MPE, the doses used, and morbidity associated with its use are reviewed in depth with reference to multicenter studies that the author has coordinated as well as the published literature. The short- and long- term results reported when bleomycin was used alone or as compared with other agents are discussed. The author concludes that intracavitary bleomycin is an effective agent comparable to, if not more effective than, most agents used to prevent the recurrence of MPE after simple drainage procedures: it is safe and convenient to use; toxicity is low with minimal side effects and no myelosuppression. It can be safely administered to immunocomprised patients and those undergoing systemic chemotherapy.
Intricacies of Fat

One of the most exciting cell biology fields of study concerns the physiology and pathology of fat. The basic assumptions once held concerning the function of adipose tissue have been shown to be oversimplified or sometimes completely wrong. Fat does more than store excess energy; it is actually the largest endocrine organ in the body, and it may be one of the most active. Adipocytes release hormones and other molecules that act on nearby tissues and travel through the vasculature to distant sites, such as the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver. Under conditions of normal weight, those signals help the body to suppress hunger, utilize glucose, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, under conditions of obesity, the hormones (or the proteins that bind the hormones) become abnormal and can result in states of chronic inflammation leading to diabetes and heart disease. In addition, excessive fat can lead to the accumulation of lipid droplets in nonfat cells, including skeletal and cardiac muscle. Although some lipid droplets are used as an immediate source of energy for cells, large numbers of stored droplets can cause cellular damage and cell death. The purposes of this article are to review the normal and deviant signals released by fat cells, to draw a link between those signals and chronic diseases such as diabetes, and to discuss the role of exercise in reversing some of the deviant signaling perpetrated by excess fat.
Exploiting statistical correlations for proactive prediction of program behaviors

This paper presents a finding and a technique on program behavior prediction. The finding is that surprisingly strong statistical correlations exist among the behaviors of different program components (e.g., loops) and among different types of program level behaviors (e.g., loop trip-counts versus data values). Furthermore, the correlations can be beneficially exploited: They help resolve the proactivity-adaptivity dilemma faced by existing program behavior predictions, making it possible to gain the strengths of both approaches--the large scope and earliness of offline-profiling--based predictions, and the cross-input adaptivity of runtime sampling-based predictions.The main technique contributed by this paper centers on a new concept, seminal behaviors. Enlightened by the existence of strong correlations among program behaviors, we propose a regression based framework to automatically identify a small set of behaviors that can lead to accurate prediction of other behaviors in a program. We call these seminal behaviors. By applying statistical learning techniques, the framework constructs predictive models that map from seminal behaviors to other behaviors, enabling proactive and cross-input adaptive prediction of program behaviors. The prediction helps a commercial compiler, the IBM XL C compiler, generate code that runs up to 45% faster (5%-13% on average), demonstrating the large potential of correlation-based techniques for program optimizations.
DNA amplification and reverse dot blot hybridization for detection and identification of mycobacteria to the species level in the clinical laboratory.

Abstract A method incorporating DNA amplification and reverse dot blot hybridization for the detection and identification of mycobacteria to the species level is described. The amplification procedure allowed for the incorporation of digoxigenin-labeled UTP, which was detected by chemiluminescence, removing the need for radioactivity. Using a set of primers and probes from the gene for the 65-kDa heat shock protein of mycobacteria, previously reported in the literature, the reverse dot blot method correctly identified 12 of the 12 M. tuberculosis isolates and 45 of the 50 M. avium complex isolates. Two of the nonhybridizing M. avium complex isolates were reidentified as M. xenopi. The other three nonhybridizing M. avium complex isolates, which were identified as M. intracellulare, hybridized with the probe for M. tuberculosis, as did two ATCC strains of M. intracellulare. The amplified DNA of M. intracellulare was sequenced, and the sequence was compared with the sequence from M. tuberculosis. The sequence for M. avium differed from M. tuberculosis by 5 of 20 bases. The sequence for M. intracellulare differed from M. tuberculosis by 2 of 20 bases, but this difference did not result in sufficient thermal instability to affect hybridization. The use of chemiluminescence allowed as few as 10(2) CFU to be detected. The format of the assay is readily applicable for implementation in the clinical laboratory.
Calcium Cycling Proteins and Their Association With Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and is one of the most important challenges to public health. Severe congestive HF is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. HF afflicts approximately 5 million patients and contributes to 3 million hospitalizations and 300,000 deaths yearly. Late-stage HF has a poor prognosis, and therapeutic options are limited. Defective excitation–contraction (EC) coupling in HF may result from altered density or function of proteins relevant for Ca2+ homeostasis.
Long-Range Activation of GREB1 by Estrogen Receptor via Three Distal Consensus Estrogen-Responsive Elements in Breast Cancer Cells

The estrogen receptor (ER) binds to estrogen-responsive elements (EREs) to activate gene transcription. The best characterized EREs are located in proximal gene promoters, but recent data indicate that only a minority of ER binding sites lie within proximal promoter regions. GREB1 (gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1) is an ER target gene that regulates estrogen-induced proliferation in breast cancer cells. We identified three consensus EREs, located at -21.2, -9.5, and -1.6 kb upstream of the closest GREB1a transcription start site that appear to mediate long-range GREB1 gene activation by ER. All three ERE sites nucleate ER, steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and undergo histone acetylation in response to estradiol. Estrogen-stimulated ER binding at all three EREs was cyclic and synchronous. SRC-3 and Pol II recruitment to all three EREs was activated by estrogen but not tamoxifen. In contrast, estrogen stimulated only Pol II and not ER or SRC-3 recruitment to the GREB1 core promoter regions. Long-range histone acetylation, centered on the three ERE motifs and the GREB1 core promoters, was observed in response to estrogen but not to tamoxifen. These data suggest that estrogen-stimulated GREB1 transcription may involve coordinated ER binding to all three distal consensus ERE motifs. Long-range activation by ER acting at multiple EREs may be more common than previously appreciated.
Laminar tube flow through an abrupt contraction

The general equations of motion were solved numerically for the laminar isothermal flow of Newtonian fluids from a large tube of circular cross section through an abrupt contraction into a coaxial tube of smaller diameter and through the flow-development region of the smaller tube. The ratio of the diameter of the large tube to that of the smaller tube was varied from one to eight (the latter in one case). Solutions were obtained for the case where the larger tube is real, with no slip at the wall, and for the case where it is a frictionless “stream” tube. The results are presented as charts giving excess pressure losses attributable to contracted and developing flow in terms of equivalent smaller-tube diameters as functions of the tube-contraction ratio and the Reynolds number, which was varied from 0.01 to as high as 500 in one case. Both radial- and axial-velocity profiles are presented. The computed results are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with some experimental data. The results are presented in a manner convenient for use in the design of equipment in which contracted Newtonian flow occurs, such as fiber spinnerettes and heat exchangers, and in the analysis of experimental data for contracted flow.
Dichloroacetate selectively improves cardiac function and metabolism in female and male rainbow trout.

Cardiac tissue from female rainbow trout demonstrates a sex-specific preference for exogenous glucose and glycolysis, impaired Ca2+ handling, and a greater tolerance for hypoxia and reoxygenation than cardiac tissue from male rainbow trout. We tested the hypothesis that dichloroacetate (DCA), an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase, enhances cardiac energy metabolism and Ca2+ handling in female preparations and provide cardioprotection for hypoxic male tissue. Ventricle strips from sexually immature fish with very low (male) and nondetectable (female) plasma sex steroids were electrically paced in oxygenated or hypoxic Ringer solution with or without 1 mM DCA. In the presence of 5 mM glucose, aerobic tissue from male trout could be paced at a higher frequency (1.79 vs. 1.36 Hz) with lower resting tension and less contractile dysfunction than female tissue. At 0.5 Hz, DCA selectively reduced resting tension below baseline values and lactate efflux by 75% in aerobic female ventricle strips. DCA improved the functional recovery of developed twitch force, reduced lactate efflux by 50%, and doubled citrate in male preparations after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Independent of female sex steroids, reduced myocardial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and impaired carbohydrate oxidation might explain the higher lactate efflux, compromised function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and reduced mechanical performance of aerobic female tissue. Elevated oxidative metabolism and reduced glycolysis might also underlie the beneficial effects of DCA on the mechanical recovery of male cardiac tissue after hypoxia-reoxygenation. These results support the use of rainbow trout as an experimental model of sex differences of cardiovascular energetics and function, with the potential for modifying metabolic phenotypes and cardioprotection independent of sex steroids.