cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metaphors of Depth in German Musical Thought: From E. T. A. Hoffmann to Arnold Schoenberg

What does it mean to say that music is deeply moving? Or that music's aesthetic value derives from its deep structure? This study traces the widely employed trope of musical depth to its origins in German-language music criticism and analysis. From the Romantic aesthetics of E. T. A. Hoffmann to the modernist theories of Arnold Schoenberg, metaphors of depth attest to the cross-pollination of music with discourses ranging from theology, geology and poetics to psychology, philosophy and economics. The book demonstrates that the persistence of depth metaphors in musicology and music theory today is an outgrowth of their essential role in articulating and transmitting Germanic cultural values. While musical depth metaphors have historically served to communicate German nationalist sentiments, Watkins shows that an appreciation for the broad connotations of those metaphors opens up exciting new avenues for interpretation.
Criteria for affinity chromatography of steroid-binding macromolecules.

Abstract When soluble fractions of rat kidney homogenates were exposed to affinity chromatography columns containing deoxycorticosterone covalently linked to an insoluble agarose matrix, aldosterone-binding activity was reduced by 92%. Similarly, when renal homogenates were exposed to affinity chromatography columns containing estriol linked to agarose, renal estradiol-binding activity was reduced by 93%. Various attempts to recover macromolecules capable of binding steroid from columns of these agarose derivatives previously exposed to cytosol have failed. Moreover, the use of competitive protein-binding techniques to examine 0.3 m KCl or renal homogenate eluted from these columns suggests that most of the reduction in steroid-binding activity which occurred when cytosol was exposed to deoxycorticosterone-agarose or estriol-agarose can be accounted for by the solubilization of steroid from the agarose by the action of cytosol on the steroid-agarose complex. The rate of release of free steroid from the agarose matrix into the eluate was increased between 5- and 7-fold when cytosol rather than 0.3 m KCl was added to the agarose derivatives. The competitive protein-binding technique provides a test for this artifact in the form of a new criterion to be examined when affinity chromatography is used with steroid-binding macromolecules or receptors.
Oculomotor and lower cranial nerve monitoring

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM) of oculomotor and lower cranial nerve (CN) function is based on the same rationale, and uses similar stimulation and recording techniques as those employed for assessing the functional integrity of other motor nerves. The chapter reviews the techniques used to monitor oculomotor and lower CN function. It discusses that continuous monitoring of electromyography (EMG) activity and neurotonic discharges should always be performed, and electrical stimulation is done when it is necessary to localize a nerve or assess its functional integrity. The presence of unchanged CMAP amplitude at the end of a surgical procedure provides supporting evidence that the axons within that nerve segment, from the site of stimulation to the muscle, are intact. Finally, with careful planning, an understanding of the anatomy, and clear knowledge of the technical aspects of electrical stimulation of CNs and its possible adverse effects, IOM can be a safe and important adjunct to surgery.
Best Management Practices in Green Lodging Defined and Explained

Best management practices in green lodging are sustainable or “green” business strategies designed to enhance the lodging product from the perspective of owners, operators and guests. For guests, these practices should enhance their experience while for owners and operators, generate positive returns on investments. Best management practices in green lodging typically starts with a clear understanding of each lodging firm’s role in society, its impact on the environment and strategies developed to mitigate negative environmental externalities generated from the production of lodging goods and services. Negative externalities of hotel operations manifest themselves in energy and water usage, waste generation and air pollution. Hence, best management practices in green lodging are dynamic, cost effective, innovative, stakeholder driven and environmentally sound technical and behavioral solutions that attempt to ameliorate or eliminate the negative environmental externalities associated with lodging operations, while simultaneously generate positive returns on green investments. Thus, best management practices in green lodging should reduce lodging firms’ operating costs, increase guest satisfaction, reduce or eliminate the negative environmental impacts associated with hotel operations while simultaneously enhance business operations.
Effects of Competency-Based Intervention on Student-Teacher and Pupil Behavior.

Abstract Elementary physical education student-teachers (N = 7), 4 females and 3 males, were observed along with one class of pupils from each student-teacher's assignment during baseline and intervention conditions. Nine categories of teacher behavior and three categories of pupil behavior were observed with an interobserver reliability of 95%. Behaviors were observed by event, placheck, and duration recording procedures and were converted to rates per minute or percentages. These rates per minute or percentages were then analyzed by behavior profiles and a multiple baseline design. Findings revealed that the competency-based intervention had a significant effect on teacher behavior and a slight effect on pupil behavior.
From the Paper Chase to the Digital Chase: Technology and the Challenge of Teaching 21st Century Students

We are in the midst of a communications revolution which is transforming us from a printed-text society to a hypertext society. This screen-based technological revolution, only a few decades old, is having a profound effect on the way humans learn -- as profound an effect as mass print had on society. Having grown-up with television, video games, and computers, students currently entering law schools are vanguard of the new communication revolution. Within a few years, students reared almost entirely on digital information will be arriving in American law schools. These 21st century students learn differently than their professors, who learned primarily from printed text. These new learners present a significant challenge to legal education.This article examines how computers, the Internet and hypertext are affecting the way humans learn in much the same way as printed text did in the 16th century. The article critiques the current state of legal education and asserts that law schools must enlist the tools of the current technology revolution to assist these new learners' transition into the legal profession. The article is not a blind endorsement of technology. It cautions that the integration of electronic technology must be pedagogically sound or it will accomplish little more than technologizing unsound teaching. The article demonstrates that 21st century students identify with and therefore learn better when electronic technology is incorporated into law school teaching. Finally, the article provides a blueprint for law schools to incorporate electronic technology into the curriculum in order to achieve the goals of legal education in the 21st century.
Leaders understand the power of words

Words and phrases have the power to excite our spirits, to free our minds, and to help us envision innovative ideas. “I have a dream,” “Four score and seven years ago,” “A date which will live in infamy,” and “We hold these truths to be self-evident” are phrases that need no explanation. We remember these phrases and we also remember who said them. We remember the speeches because the words had a powerful effect on us, but we also remember them because they were delivered with a deep passion. These words transformed our thinking about slavery, about segregation, about war, and about injustices. In short, leaders understand the power of words.
Molecular Structure and Target Recognition of Neuronal Calcium Sensor Proteins

Abstract Background Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, a sub-branch of the calmodulin superfamily, are expressed in the brain and retina where they transduce calcium signals and are genetically linked to degenerative diseases. The amino acid sequences of NCS proteins are highly conserved but their physiological functions are quite distinct. Retinal recoverin and guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) both serve as calcium sensors in retinal rod cells, neuronal frequenin (NCS1) modulate synaptic activity and neuronal secretion, K + channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) regulate ion channels to control neuronal excitability, and DREAM (KChIP3) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates neuronal gene expression. Scope of review Here we review the molecular structures of myristoylated forms of NCS1, recoverin, and GCAP1 that all look very different, suggesting that the sequestered myristoyl group helps to refold these highly homologous proteins into very different structures. The molecular structure of NCS target complexes have been solved for recoverin bound to rhodopsin kinase, NCS-1 bound to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, and KChIP1 bound to A-type K + channels. Major conclusions We propose the idea that N-terminal myristoylation is critical for shaping each NCS family member into a unique structure, which upon Ca 2 + -induced extrusion of the myristoyl group exposes a unique set of previously masked residues, thereby exposing a distinctive ensemble of hydrophobic residues to associate specifically with a particular physiological target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling.
Characterization of an acid-resistant mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus

A foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant which is stable at pH 6.4 has been isolated from a virus of serotype A. In contrast to the parent (P) virus, which gave a mixture of large and small plaques in BHK21 cells and in a bovine kidney cell line, the acid-resistant (AR) virus gave small plaques which did not increase markedly in size after 24 hr. The infectivity titer of the acid-resistant virus was about 100-fold lower in suckling mice than in BHK21 cells, whether the inoculation was made intraperitoneally or intracerebrally, whereas the parent virus gave similar titers in both systems. Furthermore, in mice the AR virus reached its end point two to three times more slowly. The diameter of the AR virus was almost 20% less than that of the P virus and it had a more distinct topography, but the two viruses cosedimented in sucrose gradients. However, the buoyant density in CsCl of the AR virus was slightly lower (1.42 compared with 1.43 g/cc) in coruns. The RNAs and capsid proteins of the two viruses gave similar profiles in sucrose gradients and by SDS-PAGE, respectively. However, isoelectric focusing of the capsid proteins revealed considerable differences between the two viruses. Whereas the P virus gave four protein bands, corresponding to VP1-VP4, the AR virus gave one band for VP4, two for VP3, two for VP2, and four for VP1. Sequence analysis of the genes coding for the capsid protein regions of the two viruses showed four changes (one silent), resulting in an Ala-3-->Ser substitution in VP1 and Glu-131-->Lys and Asp-133-->Ser substitutions in VP2.
The origins and evolution of “controlled” drug delivery systems

This paper describes the earliest days when the "controlled drug delivery" (CDD) field began, the pioneers who launched this exciting and important field, and the key people who came after them. It traces the evolution of the field from its origins in the 1960s to (a) the 1970s and 1980s, when numerous macroscopic "controlled" drug delivery (DD) devices and implants were designed for delivery as mucosal inserts (e.g., in the eye or vagina), as implants (e.g., sub-cutaneous or intra-muscular), as ingestible capsules (e.g., in the G-I tract), as topical patches (e.g., on the skin), and were approved for clinical use, to (b) the 1980s and 1990s when microscopic degradable polymer depot DD systems (DDS) were commercialized, and to (c) the currently very active and exciting nanoscopic era of targeted nano-carriers, in a sense bringing to life Ehrlich's imagined concept of the "Magic Bullet". The nanoscopic era began with systems proposed in the 1970s, that were first used in the clinic in the 1980s, and which came of age in the 1990s, and which are presently evolving into many exciting and clinically successful products in the 2000s. Most of these have succeeded because of the emergence of three key technologies: (1) PEGylation, (2) active targeting to specific cells by ligands conjugated to the DDS, or passive targeting to solid tumors via the EPR effect. The author has been personally involved in the origins and evolution of this field for the past 38 years (see below), and this review includes information that was provided to him by many researchers in this field about the history of various developments. Thus, this paper is based on his own personal involvements in the CDD field, along with many historical anecdotes provided by the key pioneers and researchers in the field. Because of the huge literature of scientific papers on CDD systems, this article attempts to limit examples to those that have been approved for clinical use, or are currently in clinical trials. Even so, it is impossible to know of and include all such examples and to properly credit all the key people who helped to bring the various technologies and devices to the clinic. The author apologizes in advance for all omissions.
Feeding a hungry world: the potential for unmanned aircraft systems

The fusion of next generation sensors and advanced information systems, combined with advances in unmanned aircraft systems that have emerged through aerospace engineering technologies, will contribute to the challenge of feeding our future world in a sustainable manner. Without these advances, the world may find itself short of food and perhaps on the brink of global conflict.
Ovarian carcinoma: Histologic and clinical correlation of cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone binding

Abstract Primary ovarian carcinomas from 18 patients, ages 27–79, were evaluated for the presence of estrogen- and progesterone-binding proteins. The levels of cytosolic sex steroid receptor were compared to histology, nuclear grade, and the patients' clinical course. The data suggest that nuclear grade and receptor status each correlate with the patients' clinical course. The simultaneous presence of both estrogen and progesterone receptor proteins tend to be noted in tumors with more well-differentiated nuclei. It is suggested that the determination of biochemical cytosolic receptor status may become an important addition to tumor type, nuclear grade, and staging as prognostic indicators in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Histochemical staining for estrogen-binding localization did not correlate with SDGA and DCCA receptor analysis nor with clinical parameters.
Turner syndrome with a familial translocation (X;11)

Abstract A patient with Turner syndrome had an unbalanced t(X;11) as a result of a familial translocation. Her mother, grandmother, and sister were carriers of the balanced translocation (X;11)(q13;q11). Clinically, the majority of her abnormalities appeared to be associated with monosomy Xpter → Xq13. R-banding by BUdR using Giemsa (RBG) banding showed late replication of the translocated X with possible partial spreading into the 11p segment.
KB method in two phase flash calculations

Abstract A new algorithm has been developed for rigorous two phase flash calculations. It avoids the need to compute bubble points and dew points that are sometimes required to locate phase regions. Not having to extrapolate property models to extreme dew point or bubble point conditions, this method is faster and more stable than those currently in use.
Linear-log sucrose gradients for estimating sedimentation coefficients of plant viruses and nucleic acids

Abstract Sucrose gradients have been calculated for which a plot of the logarithm of the depth was a linear function of the logarithm of the sedimentation coefficient. Gradients were formed by layering solutions of different sucrose concentrations and allowing the sucrose to diffuse overnight. The gradients gave the expected results when tested with brome mosaic, southern bean mosaic, and tobacco mosaic viruses.
Density, size distribution and home range of American eels, Anguilla rostrata, in a Massachusetts salt marsh

Local American eel stocks were studied by mark-recapture methods along 600m of tidal creeks in Great Sippewisset Marsh, Falmouth, Massachusetts, during summer 1979. The estimated stock density was 350 eels, equivalent to 875 fish ha-1, and movement of individual American eels over the five week study was usually less than 100 m. Large American eels were found to predominate in the wide marsh creeks whereas smaller American eels predominated in narrower creeks at the landward side of the marsh. Territoriality is suggested as a mechanism for maintaining differences in distribution of size classes and a limited home range.
Modeling and performance of a 120° square-wave inverter/induction machine drive

Abstract This paper extends and enhances prior work on the 120° square-wave inverter/induction motor drive to include short periods of regeneration produced by torque pulsations. Particular attention is paid to the accurate calculation of the back e.m.f. of the open-circuited phase. A key feature of this work is the subdivision of the motor equations depending on the particular thyristors that are conducting. The above enhancements lead to improved accuracy (in the order of 20%) in the calculation of motor torque over previously published work. Theoretical predictions are verified by previously published measurements on a six-pole, three-phase, squirrel-cage induction motor producing a maximum motoring power of 185 kW.
Pointer analysis for multithreaded programs

This paper presents a novel interprocedural, flow-sensitive, and context-sensitive pointer analysis algorithm for multithreaded programs that may concurrently update shared pointers. For each pointer and each program point, the algorithm computes a conservative approximation of the memory locations to which that pointer may point. The algorithm correctly handles a full range of constructs in multithreaded programs, including recursive functions, function pointers, structures, arrays, nested structures and arrays, pointer arithmetic, casts between pointer variables of different types, heap and stack allocated memory, shared global variables, and thread-private global variables.We have implemented the algorithm in the SUIF compiler system and used the implementation to analyze a sizable set of multithreaded programs written in the Cilk multithreaded programming language. Our experimental results show that the analysis has good precision and converges quickly for our set of Cilk programs.
Predictors of stimulant abuse treatment outcomes in severely mentally ill outpatients.

Background Severe mental illness is often exclusionary criteria for studies examining factors that influence addiction treatment outcome. Therefore, little is known about predictors of treatment response of individuals receiving psychosocial treatments for addictions who suffer from co-occurring severe mental illness.
Mathematics and its other: (dis)locating the feminine

In this article, the author examines how school mathematics maps itself onto the body, delineating the contours of a gendered learner. The author draws on Judith Butler to discuss the process by which school mathematics contributes to the stabilising/legitimating of a cultural arbitrary like gender, and how mathematics inscribes otherness onto the feminine. A student narrative entitled ‘Im/perfect Other’ is offered as a form of disruptive writing that might provisionally trouble or unfix the binary between the feminine and mathematics. The focus of the narrative is on the passionate attachment to mastery and submission in/through school mathematics, and the possibility of an emergent autonomy erupting through and against the process of subjectification.
The distribution of the callosal projection to the occipital visual cortex in rats and mice.

Abstract The principal finding in this study is that the callosal projection to the occipital cortex in rats and mice follows a complex and highly reproducible pattern which has not previously been described in detail. In some regions, the callosal projection is associated with well defined cytoarchitectonic boundaries such as the border between areas 17 and 18a. However, extrastriate cortex lateral to area 17 receives callosal inputs which are not related to previously defined cytoarchitectonic boundaries. Following intraocular injections of [ 3 H]fucose, transneuronal label occupies area 17 and mainly the posterior part of area 18a. A region in posterolateral area 18a which is ‘subdivided’ into callosal and sparsely callosal regions appears to receive an input from the lateral geniculate nucleus, based on transneuronal autoradiography. Comparison of the distribution of callosal axons and transneuronal label suggests that regions of murid cortex similar to areas 18, 19 and lateral suprasylvian cortex in cats may be located posteriorly in area 18a.
DELAYED SECRETION OF ACTH IN RATS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS.

Studies have been carried out in rats in an attempt to evaluate the impairment in ACTH secretion which follows placement of hypothalamic lesions. The effects of small and large lesions in various regions of the hypothalamus were investigated with respect to the rapidity of stress-induced ACTH release. Changes in both plasma corticosterone and adrenal ascorbic acid were determined and compared following unilateral adrenalectomy. One of the consequences of a hypothalamic lesion was to delay, rather than to prevent entirely, the ACTH secretory response to stress. The duration of the delay was proportional to lesion size: small lesions resulted in a 1-hr delay, whereas larger lesions delayed for 2 hr the increased secretion of ACTH following a stimulus. These results indicate that, although hypothalamic lesions prevented the rapid stress-induced release of ACTH, they did not prevent a substantial delayed response in which the plasma corticosterone concentration attained was almost 90% of that found in control...
Polarization recovery and auto-compensation in quantum key distribution network

A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network can allow multi-user communication via secure key. Moreover, by actively switching communication nodes, one can achieve high key transmission rate for the selected nodes. However, the polarization properties of different fiber path are different and these properties also randomly drift over time. Therefore, polarization recovery after the switching and auto-compensation during key transmission are critical for the QKD network. In this work, we use programmable polarization controllers to implement polarization recovery and auto-compensation in the QKD network. We will also discuss its time limitation and future improvement.
Development of lower energy neutron spectroscopy for areal density measurement in implosion experiment at NIF and OMEGA

Areal density ({rho}R) is a fundamental parameter that characterizes the performance of an ICF implosion. For high areal densities ({rho}R> 0.1 g/cm{sup 2}), which will be realized in implosion experiments at NIF and LMJ, the target areal density exceeds the stopping range of charged particles and measurements with charged particle spectroscopy will be difficult. In this region, an areal density measurement method using down shifted neutron counting is a promising alternative. The probability of neutron scattering in the imploded plasma is proportional to the areal density of the plasma. The spectrum of neutrons scattered by the specific target nucleus has a characteristic low energy cut off. This enables separate, simultaneous measurements of fuel and pusher {rho}Rs. To apply this concept in implosion experiments, the detector should have extremely large dynamic range. Sufficient signal output for low energy neutrons is also required. A lithium-glass scintillation-fiber plate (LG-SCIFI) is a promising candidate for this application. In this paper we propose a novel technique based on downshifted neutron measurements with a lithium-glass scintillation-fiber plate. The details of instrumentation and background estimation with Monte Carlo calculation are reported.
ETD: total cost of ownership – collecting, archiving and providing access

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of total cost of ownership (TOC) for Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Only few articles have been published to discuss the costs associated with repository and/or theses and dissertations (TD). Design/methodology/approach – The paper first provides literature reviews in costs associated with repository and TD. By using the DCC life cycle model, the author presents costs for each actionable category: create or receive, appraise & select, ingest, preservation action, store, access, use and reuse and transform. The paper presents four TOCs to illustrate the changes of TOCs from 2005 to current time. Findings – The paper gives one case study of the TOCs for ETD over the years, and illustrates how the University lowered the TOCs. The current ETD's TOC is on a par with these costs of two other studies published related to repository titles. The TOC has been decreased from the traditional paper-based TD of $75 per title to ETD of $69 in 200...
Riser's reflux--an eye-opening experience.

Background Patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) commonly report waking up in the morning with a sour or bitter taste in their mouth. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and frequency of acid reflux events prior to and immediately after awakening from sleep in the morning between GORD patients and normal subjects. Methods Thirty-nine patients with heartburn at least three times a week and abnormal pH test and nine healthy controls were included. All subjects were evaluated by demographic and GORD Symptom Checklist questionnaires. Subjects underwent pH testing concomitantly with actigraphy. A novel technology that simultaneously integrates raw actigraphy and pH monitoring data was utilized to determine the presence, frequency, and characteristics of acid reflux events prior to (up to 1 h) and immediately after (10 and 20 min) awakening from sleep in the morning. Key Results Nineteen (48.7%) of the GORD patients had an acid reflux event within the first 20 min after awakening from sleep in the morning as compared to only seven (17.9%) during the hour prior to awakening. Within the first 10 and 20 min after awakening, patients had a total of 32 and 60 acid reflux events, respectively, as compared to 14 during the 1 h prior to awakening (P < 0.05). None of the healthy control patients demonstrated any reflux events during these three studied periods (P < 0.001). Conclusions & Inferences Risers reflux is very common among GORD patients and possibly may explain reports of early-morning GORD symptoms.
Extending the elements of tree-structured regression

The usage of tree-structured or recursive partitioning methods has grown steadily in the decade since the appearance of the definitive monograph 'Classification and Regression Trees'. Accompanying this growth have been many methodologic and software extensions that have served to give the tree-structured approach even wider applicability. This overview highlights some of these developments, emphasizing the regression setting. An illustrative example describes how tree-structured regression, modified to handle right-censored, left-truncated survival data with time-dependent covariates, can be used to assess whether rates of progression from HIV to AIDS have changed over time.
Dynamic Interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacteriophages in Lake Water

The persistence and interaction between newly isolated strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa and resident bacteriophages indigenous to a freshwater environment was monitored over 45 days in lake water microcosms. The interaction between susceptible and resistant bacteria with pure phage (UT1) particles or a mixed phage population (M1) was investigated by following temporal changes in host density, phage-to-bacteria ratio (PBR), and the appearance of apparent prophage carriers within the host population. Decay rates of the phage (UT1) ranged from 0.054 hour−1 in natural water to 0.027 hour−1 in filtered lake water. About 45% of sensitive bacteria incubated with phase UT1 were pseudolysogenic within 12 hours of incubation in natural lake water. This process was delayed until 72 hours in the steile lake water control, suggesting that host-phage interaction is promoted in the presence of a viable natural microbial community. Phage UT1 appeared to stabilize the density of host bacteria in lake water at a level of 104 colony-forming units (cfu) ml−1. Bacterial coexistence with the mixed phage (M1) population resulted in an oscillating equilibrium with the PBR stabilizing at about 3. The presence of extraneous homoimmune phages appeared to be detrimental to the stability of the pseudolysogens, which were maintained at a lower population density than prophage-free cells in lake water containing the mixed phage (M1) population.
Survey of Arthropods in Vineyards of Erie County, Pennsylvania: Hemiptera-Heteroptera

Intensive sampling of commercial Concord grape vineyards in North East, Erie Co., PA, during 1971–73 revealed the presence of 45 species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Eleven families were represented with the largest number of species occurring in the Miridae (14), Lygaeidae (12), Pentatomidae (5), and Nabidae (4). Abundant species collected were, in descending order of abundance, Orius insidiosus (Say), Geocoris bullatus (Say), Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), Nabis spp., Trigonotylus sp., Nysius spp., and Ligyrocoris diffusus (Uhler). The majority of the species collected were considered merely transients; those species that may feed on grapes or are predators of insects and mites are discussed in more detail and population trends presented. Sprays of carbaryl at recommended rates appeared to have little effect on populations of Nabis, Orius , and Geocoris . Species diversity was greater in the abandoned vineyard than in the commercial vineyards.
Protection studies: Challenging oppression and discrimination

Social work students on qualifying programmes should have abundant opportunities to challenge racism, sexism, disablism and other oppressions in society, that is in the macro environment. Equally they are required to confront oppression in the micro environments of the family home or small institution. One way of achieving this is through integration of the issues into the whole curriculum but also through a specific module devoted to protection studies. Child and ‘elder’ abuse and the mistreatment of dependent younger adults is at one end of a continuum of oppression with societal discrimination at the other. Oppression, whatever its form, has four essential components: the misuse of power, processes of objectification, the silence of witnesses and the entrapment or accommodation of victims. Social work students who do not fully appreciate the dynamics of the abuse of power, and the perspectives of victims are ill equipped to challenge oppression. A rationale for a protection studies module is given. The...
The role of intestinal endotoxin in liver injury: A long and evolving history

From the mid-1950s, it was observed that liver injury by a variety of toxins greatly sensitized the host to the effects of administered lipopolysaccharide. In the nutritional cirrhosis of choline deficiency, and in acute toxic injury as well, the need for the presence of enteric endotoxin was demonstrated. The universality of this association was striking for almost all agents associated with liver injury. In addition, the presence of endotoxemia in human liver disease was documented in the 1970s, when the hypothesis was first proposed, and correlated with the severity of the disease. Despite imposing evidence of the critical role of enteric endotoxin in liver injury, it did not excite much interest in investigators until the 1980s. With the ability to study effects of alcohol in newer delivery systems, and an increased understanding of the role of Kupffer cells in the process, the original hypothesis has been accepted. This historical review details the progress of this novel concept of disease initiation and suggests future directions to bring potential therapies to the bedside.
The role of K+ in the regulation of the increase in intracellular Ca2+ mediated by the T lymphocyte antigen receptor

Abstract The regulation of the increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) occurring in cytolytic. T lymphocytes (CTLs) upon their interaction with antigen was examined. This [Ca 2+ ] i increase and lytic function were insensitive to verapamil, a Ca channel blocker. An antigen-independent increase in [Ca 2+ ] i was not induced by depolarization of CTLs with excess extracellular K + , suggesting that Ca 2+ influx is not mediated by the ubiquitous voltage-gated Ca channel. The antigen-induced [Ca 2+ ] i increase was inhibited by prior membrane hyperpolarization with valinomycin. Hyperpolarization occurred under normal circumstances in CTLs exposed to antigen-receptor-specific antibodies. This potential change was Ca 2+ -dependent and inhibited by K channel blockade. Conversely, K channel blockade augmented the antigen-specific [Ca 2+ ] i increase while markedly decreasing the K + efflux associated with CTL lytic function. Therefore, either membrane potential or intracellular K + regulates the antigen-specific [Ca 2+ ] i increase in CTLs.
A Century Of Effect: Legacies Of E. L. Thorndike's Animal Intelligence Monograph.

Edward L. Thorndike’s monograph, Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals, is reviewed with respect to three contemporary issues: the relation between human behavior and that of other animals, the law of effect, and research methods for studying behavior. Thorndike employed an experimental analysis, rather than relying on either anecdote or naturalistic observation, to study problem solving and other behavioral processes of cats, dogs, and chicks. His analysis focused on whether the similarities between humans and other animals were homologous, that is, functionally equivalent, or whether they were merely analogous in form. Concluding the latter, he used the law of effect, not stated as such until long after the monograph was published, to account for the behavioral processes he studied, without appeal to reason or other cognitive mechanisms. His combination of applying experimental methods to the study of animal behavior and his insistence on objectivity in behavioral description were prescient of such later behaviorists as Watson and Skinner. The year 1998 marks the centennial of the publication of E. L. Thorndike’s Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals. Given the historical significance of this monograph, its centennial seems a fitting time to revisit some of its enduring effects on psychology and its relevance to contemporary behavior analysis. As may be expected with any scientific treatise entering its second century, many of the concepts and issues, as well as the language, seem arcane and obsolete. Nonetheless, there remains in the monograph a freshness and relevance to core values in the experimental investigation of nonhuman animal (hereafter, animal) and human animal (hereafter, human) behavior. This review considers three major themes of Animal Intelligence that are among its legacies to behavior analysis: the relation between animal and human behavior, the law of effect, and research methods for studying behavior. Background
Adaptive monitoring of software requirements

Requirements monitoring continuously probes system components and sensors to assess whether the system satisfies its requirements and to detect conditions conducive to a requirement violation. Monitoring, however, is typically computationally expensive, intrusive, and presents tradeoffs between monitoring costs and accuracy, or the degree of coverage and coherence of gathered data. As such, it may be desirable to adapt the monitoring behavior of a software system in response to changing system and environmental conditions, as these may differ from those anticipated at design time. This paper presents Plato-RE, an evolutionary computation-based approach for adaptively monitoring the satisfaction of requirements. In particular, Plato-RE detects conditions conducive to a requirements violation and generates, at run time, new monitoring configurations to minimize monitoring costs and maximize monitoring accuracy. Each generated configuration specifies the frequencies for gathering data from each monitoring component and sensor. We applied Plato-RE to dynamically adapt the monitoring behavior of a simulated mobile robot that must track and navigate towards a mobile target while avoiding collisions. Preliminary results suggest Plato-RE is capable of adapting the requirements monitoring behavior of a system to minimize monitoring costs while maximizing accuracy.
Analytic Correction For Wavelet Stretch Due to Imaging

The presence of wavelet stretch due to imaging presents serious difficulty in AVO or inversion analysis, especially for 3-term wide-angle analysis. Wavelet stretch significantly alters the gradient and wide-angle coefficient and reduces resolution of stacks. In this paper we present a method for correcting wavelet stretch that is exact for any v(z) (layered) medium. It does not depend on an underlying AVO/AVA approximation and is therefore applicable for 2or 3-term AVA analysis. The required input is an extracted wavelet from any known reflection angle. The resulting correction operator is stationary over the time coordinate of the angle domain and is robustly implemented by a Weiner-Levinson method. This filter corrects angle gathers for wavelet stretch, producing improved resolution in subsequent angle stacks or gradient computations. Wavelet stretch correction is essential for linear inversion for density.
A high-resolution, charged-particle spectrometer with doppler correction

Abstract A magnetic spectrometer for high-resolution analysis of charged nuclear reaction products is described. This instrument consists of a broad-range spectrograph with its median plane perpendicular to the reaction plane and a magnetic quadrupole singlet placed between the target and the spectrograph magnet to enhance the solid angle and to correct for Doppler (kinematic) broadening of the image. Doppler correction is obtained when the quadrupole lens is rotated through a small angle so that force components are introduced that aid the dipole magnet in achieving a focus. This instrument has been tested by studying the elastic scattering of 5.5-MeV protons from thin foils of gold and copper at the MIT-ONR Van de Graaff accelerator facility. A solid angle μ = 32 msterad and a resolving power E / gDE = 920 were measured, and evidence of the Doppler correction was clearly observed.
Tetraethylammonium Chloride as an Antidote for Certain Insecticides in Mice

In tests on mice, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) was superior to atropine sulfate as an antidote for some carbamate insecticides and nicotine; it did not produce the traumatic and sometimes fatal reactions caused by atropine sulfate, although injections of the two antidotes provided equal protection against lethal oral doses of the carbamates Zectran, NIA-10242, and Lannate. The effects of TEAC were not evaluated against the carbamates Sevin and Baygon because acute oral toxicity values could not be determined. Results with Matacil were inconclusive. Tetraethylammonium chloride was not an effective antidote against the organophosphate Parathion, but its use fully eliminates the effects of nicotine intoxication.
Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Voice

The anatomy and physiology of voice include not only the larynx but also all body systems. The larynx consists of a skeleton, mucosa, intrinsic muscles, and extrinsic muscles. The vocal folds form the oscillator of the vocal tract, the subglottic vocal tract acts as a power source, and the supraglottic vocal tract functions as a resonator. Complex interactions are responsible for voice production.
Structure:function studies of receptors for thyrotropin and tetanus toxin: lipid modulation of effector binding to the glycoprotein receptor component.

Abstract 125 I-labeled tetanus toxin interacts with the glycoprotein component of the thyroid thyrotropin receptor when this component is in solution or when it is incorporated into a liposome. Binding can be inhibited by both unlabeled thyrotropin and tetanus toxin but not by unlabeled prolactin, glucagon, insulin, ACTH, or growth hormone; binding can also be inhibited by a purified fragment of the glycoprotein component of the receptor. Changing the phospholipid of the liposome matrix from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine to dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine significantly increases the binding of 125 I-TSH to the glycoprotein component of the receptor but does not affect 125 I-tetanus toxin binding.
Origin of impact craters: Ideas and experiments of Hooke, Gilbert, and Wegener

Many scientists in the past have devoted time and thought to the origin of lunar craters; three deserve special attention for their imaginative ideas and original experiments. Robert Hooke, in seventeenth-century England, devised experiments to produce model craters, and he proposed impact and “gas bubble” hypotheses to explain crater origins, introducing ideas of long-lasting influence. The work on lunar craters by the distinguished nineteenth-century American geologist G. K. Gilbert led him to a hypothesis for the origin of the Moon, introducing ideas that have only recently received supporting evidence. Finally, Alfred Wegener, the German meteorologist best known for his development of the hypothesis of continental drift, performed a series of excellent experiments to support the impact origin for lunar craters and also for the terrestrial Meteor Crater.
Degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in milk and butteroil by ultraviolet energy.

Abstract High-intensity ultraviolet energy produced by a carbon arc lamp will degrade organochlorine insecticides contaminating fluid whole milk or butteroil. Rate of degradation was a function of the film thickness and depth of penetration of the rays when operating conditions were held constant. Degradation of methoxychlor in butteroil was 96% after one exposure; smaller percentages of other insecticides were degraded. The degradation products for methoxychlor were identified and are structurally similar to those reported for DDT. Removal of pesticides from milk and butteroil by ultraviolet light is still unsatisfactory. Apparently, the most satisfactory control measures involve monitoring the contaminants in the rations fed to lactating animals.
Nutritional Composition of Sweet- and Acid-Type Dry Wheys. I. Major Factors Including Amino Acids

Abstract At monthly intervals for a year, commercially produced sweet- and acid-type dry whey samples from 12 to 15 plants in various geographical areas were analyzed. The means of lactose for sweet- and acid-type wheys were 69.4 and 63.2%, total protein, 13.0 and 11.7%, nonprotein nitrogen .50 and .58%, total ash, 8.3 and 10.6%, fat 1.03 and .48%, moisture 5.0 and 6.2% by toluene method, 3.0 and 3.1 by vacuum oven, 3.7 and 4.6 by Karl Fischer, and acidity .10 and .39%. The amino acids means (g/100g of protein) also respectively were lysine 8.8 and 10.3, histidine 2.0 and 2.3, arginine 2.6 and 2.8, tryptophan 2.4 and 2.4, aspartic acid 10.2 and 10.2, threonine 6.8 and 4.9, serine 5.3 and 4.7, glutamic acid 18.0 and 18.4, proline 6.9 and 6.4, glycine 1.9 and 1.7, alanine 4.6 and 4.1, cystine 2.3 and 2.2, valine 5.9 and 5.2, methionine 1.8 and 1.8, isoleucine 5.9 and 5.4, leucine 10.3 and 10.5, tyrosine 2.7 and 3.1, and phenylalanine 3.5 and 3.7.
Constrained Semi-Markov decision processes with average rewards

This paper deals with constrained average reward Semi-Markov Decision Processes (SMDPs) with finite state and action sets. We consider two average reward criteria. The first criterion is time-average rewards, which equal the lower limits of the expected average rewards per unit time, as the horizon tends to infinity. The second criterion is ratio-average rewards, which equal the lower limits of the ratios of the expected total rewards during the firstn steps to the expected total duration of thesen steps asn → ∞. For both criteria, we prove the existence of optimal mixed stationary policies for constrained problems when the constraints are of the same nature as the objective functions. For unichain problems, we show the existence of randomized stationary policies which are optimal for both criteria. However, optimal mixed stationary policies may be different for each of these critria even for unichain problems. We provide linear programming algorithms for the computation of optimal policies.
Period effects on race- and parity-specific birth probabilities of American women, 1917–1976: A new measure of fertility

Abstract A new measure of fertility—period coefficients in a prediction of the probability of birth by parity and race—for American women during the period 1917–1976 is explained and displayed. The measure estimates the probability that a next birth will be due to annual conditions, net of age, and is specific to race and parity. We controlled effects of age including a parameter based on an explicit theoretical conception about how age and period influences combine. This refined measure promises greater explained variance, more parsimoniously and more realistically, than has been true of earlier analyses of U.S. fertility trends.
Are child sexual experiences related to eating-disordered attitudes and behaviors in a college sample ?

Clinicians and theorists have suggested a link between child sexual abuse (CSA) and the later development of eating disorders. Finkelhor and Browne (1986) argue that this link is mediated by abuse characteristics, personality variables, and levels of family support. The present study investigated child sexual experiences and family support as predictors of disordered attitudes and behaviors in a well-functioning female college sample. Abused respondents had higher total scores on the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) than nonabused respondents, but a MANOVA revealed no between-group differences on the EDI subscales. Further, abuse characteristics were either unrelated (e.g., severity) or weakly related (e.g., reaction to abuse) to EDI scores. Family support, especially parental reliability, did predict EDI scores. This was more true for CSA victims. Thus, there appeared to be an interactive relationship between abuse status and family variables in influencing EDI scores.
Changing views of what is curative in 3 psychoanalytic methods and the emerging, surprising common ground

The author explores the common ground between 3 psychoanalytic perspectives previously viewed as disperate (i.e., French psychoanalysis, some London Kleinians, and some American Freudians). Further, nested within these commonalities are certain paradigm shifts in the goals of psychoanalysis and the methods to reach them.