cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trip Generation Models Using Cumulative Logistic Regression

This paper evaluates the usefulness of the cumulative logistic regression model for estimating trip generation. The cumulative logistic regression model is a type of discrete choice model that estimates relationships between an ordered dependent variable, for example, person trip generation, and a set of independent variables, for example, household size, income, and workers. In addition to testing the model form, life cycle, area type, and accessibility variables are evaluated along with a set of widely used explanatory variables. A secondary focus of this paper is on the issue of temporal stability. Temporal stability is concerned with how models developed during one period of time transfer to a future period. The evaluation includes models based on widely used explanatory variables in addition to models supplemented with life cycle, area type, and accessibility variables to evaluate whether these variables result in improved stability. Analysis includes models estimated using 1995 survey data, applied using 2006 socioeconomic data, and evaluated against 2006 observed data. The results of this analysis show that cumulative logistic regression models are good candidate models for estimating trip generation and for improving the temporal stability of the model results. With respect to life cycle, area type, and accessibility, this research shows that there is benefit in including these variables to help explain trip making and to improve temporal stability.
Thrombin–thrombomodulin activation of protein C facilitates the activation of progelatinase A

The activation of the matrix metalloproteinase progelatinase A (MMP-2) has been of keen interest because an increase in MMP-2 activity has been implicated in disease states such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Activation of MMP-2 occurs on the surface of specific cell types in two steps. In the first step, primary cleavage of MMP-2 by a membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase generates an intermediate. A secondary cleavage and activation of the intermediate is thought to occur autocatalytically. Previous studies have shown that thrombin can also activate progelatinase A in the presence of endothelial cells. We show that this cell-dependent mechanism of MMP-2 activation also occurs with THP-1 cells and involves binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin present on the cell surface and generation of the anti-coagulant protein, activated protein C. We demonstrate that activated protein C is directly responsible for activation and cleavage of the gelatinase A intermediate. This work contributes new mechanistic insights into the activation of MMP-2 and provides a novel link between matrix metalloproteinase activation and anti-coagulation.
Supply Chain Measures of Performance for Wood Products Manufacturing

This article reports the results from a supply chain study in which a performance measurement system for a wood products value stream was developed. We build on findings from a previous study in which the need for supply chain metrics of performance was identified. A five-step method to develop performance measures is suggested as an improvement alternative. Examples of specific metrics for quality and time performance are provided. This approach facilitates collaboration between supply chain partners and provides information that allows a more efficient focus on improvement projects. Supply chain measures of performance are important for seeing beyond a single entity and aligning strategy in the supply chain. Companies that want to integrate their suppliers and customers in their improvement efforts can benefit from the information presented here, because a common set of performance measures is essential in evaluating progress toward a goal.
Effect of locus coeruleus lesion on c-fos expression in the cerebral cortex caused by yohimbine injection or stress

The injection of the α-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, has been shown to increase c-fos immunoreactivity in the rat cerebral cortex. To determine the extent to which this response is mediated by the central noradrenergic system, the present studies examined it in rats previously given unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the locus coeruleus. The lesions were found to produce a significant attenuation of the response. A similar effect on the c-fos immunoreactive response to restraint stress was found. It is concluded that the noradrenergic system plays a necessary role in the above c-fos responses in the cortex to yohimbine and to stress. The c-fos protein therefore appears to be involved in the effects of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the CNS.
Successful long-term use of sitagliptin for the treatment of new-onset diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation: a case report.

Abstract Aims To describe 2.5 years of exposure to sitagliptin on glycemic control, immunosuppressive therapy, and adverse events following solid organ transplantation. Case report A 63-year-old Caucasian male received an orthotopic heart transplantation in June of 2006 secondary to idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy. He was diagnosed with new-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT). Sitagliptin monotherapy was initiated in August 2007 and continued for 2.5 years. Results Hemoglobin A1c increased from 5.8% to 6.1%, but the recommended glycemic target of Discussion This case report demonstrates that long-term sitagliptin treatment for NODAT may be effective, safe, and well tolerated in solid organ transplant recipients.
The effect of catalyst preparation on the performance of alumina-supported ruthenium catalysts: II. The impact of residual chloride

Abstract The impact of residual chloride on the properties and performance of a series of Ru Al 2 O 3 catalysts has been studied. This work departs from previous studies in that it examines the poisoning and promoting effects of this electronegative element in CO hydrogenation as a function of the dispersion of the catalyst. The dispersion and structure of the particles are regulated by the choice of the precursor used during preparation and by the impregnation conditions. We find that, in general, chloride residues poison catalysts with a high dispersion but provide a promotional effect for catalysts with a poor dispersion.
L-arginine and endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan counteract hemodynamic effects of modified hemoglobin.

Pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP), a nitric oxide scavenger, causes systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction in normal and septic sheep. We studied the effect of L-arginine and the endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonist bosentan on the PHP response to determine whether the PHP-induced vasoconstriction resulted predominantly from the action of ET-1 or solely from removal of NO. After 24 h of carrier solution (nonseptic sheep), sheep received PHP (20 mg/kg/h; n = 5), PHP plus L-arginine (at 28 h, 100 mg/kg bolus and 500 mg/kg for 1 h) plus bosentan (at 32 h, 10 mg/kg; n = 6), and only L-arginine and bosentan (n = 5). These protocols were repeated after 24 h of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (S, 6.10 6 colony-forming units/kg/h). PHP induced vasoconstriction in septic and nonseptic sheep for the duration of its infusion. In nonseptic sheep, neither L-arginine nor bosentan significantly lowered systemic (SVRI) and pulmonary (PVRI) vascular resistance and did not antagonize the PHP-induced vasoconstriction. During sepsis, SVRI fell and cardiac index (Cl) rose. L-arginine and bosentan further decreased SVRI (L-arginine: 34 ± 2% * , p <.05; bosentan: 35 ± 5% * , p <.05) and PVRI (L-arginine: 28 ± 2% * , p <.05; bosentan: 33 ± 7% * , p <.05) and increased Cl (L-arginine: 29 ± 4% * , p <.05; bosentan: 11 ± 5%, NS). Both agents antagonized the PHP-induced vasoconstriction lowering SVRI (L-arginine: 29 ± 3% * , p <.05; bosentan: 26 ± 5% * , p <.05) and PVRI (L-arginine: 27 ± 4% * , p <.05; bosentan: 32 ± 4% * , p <.05) to levels before PHP administration. Plasma ET-1 levels increased during sepsis (from 9.8 ±.2 to 15.6 ±.7 * pg/mL, p < .05) and fell during PHP infusion (to 9.7 ± 1.6 * pg/mL, p <.05). In nonseptic sheep, ET-1 levels decreased during PHP (from 8.5 ±.6 pg/mL to 5.9 ±.6 * , p <.05). Bosentan increased ET-1 levels 2.7 times higher in septic than in nonseptic sheep. We conclude that during sepsis, the NO scavenger PHP unmasks an underlying ET-1 mediated vasoconstriction, and its effect is antagonized by L-arginine and bosentan.
Effects of the parental host on host selection, reproductive potential, survival and fecundity of the egg-larval parasitoid,Chelonus sp. Nearcurvimaculatus, reared onPectinophora gossypiella andPhthorimaea operculella

The parasitoidChelonus sp. nearcurvimaculatus Cameron showed higher survival rates when reared on the pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) than the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), demonstrating a developmental host preference for the former. Females reared for one generation on the source host,Pectinophora, demonstrated a higher reproductivity on another, the factitious host,Phthorimaea, than when reared for 30 generations on the latter. An additional expression of suitability ofPectinophora forChelonus sp. was a greater female progeny production. ConditioningChelonus sp. to attackPhthorimaea more effectively by rearing the parasitoid on that host failed, but succeeded by passage through the source host,Pectinophora. The importance of categorizing the degree of host specificity of different parasitoid species prior to mass rearing and field release is discussed.
Free recall of very slowly presented items

Subjects listened to lists of randomly ordered words that were presented from 2 to 6 times in immediate succession at a 3-sec. rate. Total list duration was held constant, but the words occurred either in constant-time lists (every item presented the same number of times) or in variable-time lists (different items presented different numbers of times). An item's probability of being recalled increased in direct proportion to the number of times it occurred within a constant-time list, but was practically independent of its frequency of occurrence within a variable-time list. The average number of items retained from either kind of list was nevertheless the same. These results suggest that S may somehow distribute his attention among the various items in a list so as to equalize their strengths in memory.
Sulfate metabolism in pancreatic acinar cells.

The metabolism of inorganic sulfate in pancreatic acinar cells was studied by electron microscope radioautography in mice injected with sulfate-35S. Labeled sulfate was concentrated in the Golgi complex at 10 min. Within 30 min, much of the radioactive material had been transferred to condensing vacuoles. These were subsequently transformed into zymogen granules. By 4 hr after injection, some of the zymogen granules with radioactive contents were undergoing secretion, and labeled material was present in the pancreatic duct system. The Golgi complex in pancreatic acinar cells is known to be responsible for concentrating and packaging digestive enzymes delivered to it from the endoplasmic reticulum. Our work demonstrates that the Golgi complex in these cells is also engaged in the manufacture of sulfated materials, probably sulfated mucopolysaccharides, which are packaged along with the enzymes in zymogen granules and released with them into the pancreatic secretion.
Food Security and Teenage Labor Supply

This study assesses whether teenage labor force participation may influence the food security of children in their families. We utilize the Current Population Survey annual Food Security Supplement and linked monthly core data from 2001 through 2012 to assess the year-to-year dynamics of food security status in families with teenagers. We estimate the effect of teenage employment on food security while controlling for all time-invariant individual and household characteristics using a fixed-effects model. We find that an employed teen reduces the predicted probability of a family's children having very low food security by an economically and statistically significant 50%.
Kleine borsten schopvormige incisieven

De schopachtige vorm van de snijtanden bij Oost-Aziaten schijnt geen functioneel voordeel te hebben. Maar nu menen sommige biologen te weten hoe en waardoor ze zo geevolueerd zijn.
An evaluation of age effects on driver comprehension of flashing traffic signal indications using multivariate multiple response analysis of variance models

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to identify whether drivers comprehended traffic signals differently when turning left at signalized intersections where traffic signals were in "flashing mode" operation. Method: Multivariate multiple response analysis of variance models were used to analyze the simultaneous effects of displayed color combination, age, and geographical location on signal message interpretation. Data were gathered in a laboratory environment. Results: Left-turn and through-signal color combination had a significant effect on subject comprehension. Comprehension was found to be lowest for displays flashing red only, followed by displays flashing red on the left-turn, and yellow on the through-signal, with best comprehended displays flashing yellow only. No overall significant age effects were identified, with one minor exception. No geographical region effects were identified. Signal section arrangement and the use of an arrow or circular illuminated lens had no significant effect on comprehension. Discussion: Traffic signal displays in "flashing mode" operation were previously identified as the least well-comprehended displays for drivers turning left. The present effort identified that this is mainly due to displays flashing red indications on the through-signal. Comprehension of displays flashing yellow indications on the through-signal is comparable to that of permitted left-turn indications. Impact on the Industry: There is a need to develop alternatives for signal displays flashing red indications on the through-signal because a large percentage of drivers facing such indications mistakenly think they have the right-of-way when, in fact, they do not. However, use of such displays on minor streets intersecting major streets cannot currently be avoided when signals are placed in flashing operation. Practitioners using flashing signal operations need not be concerned about signal message comprehension differences among age groups. They can use any among the analyzed alternative signals that convey a given message without impacting signal message comprehension.
Combining on-demand and opportunistic routing for intermittently connected networks

While current on-demand routing protocols are optimized to take into account unique features of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) such as frequent topology changes and limited battery life, they often do not consider the possibility of intermittent connectivity that may lead to arbitrarily long-lived partitions. In this work, we introduce the space-content-adaptive-time routing (SCaTR) framework, which enables data delivery in the face of both temporary and long-lived MANET connectivity disruptions. SCaTR takes advantage of past connectivity information to effectively route traffic towards destinations when no direct route from the source exists. We show through simulations that, when compared to traditional on-demand protocols, as well as opportunistic routing (e.g., epidemic), SCaTR increases delivery ratio with lower signaling overhead in a variety of intermittently connected network scenarios. We also show that SCaTR performs as well as on-demand routing in well-connected networks and in scenarios with no mobility predictability (e.g., random mobility). In the latter case, SCaTR delivers comparable reliability to epidemic routing with considerably lower overhead.
Continuous Univariate Distributions, Volume 1

(1995). Continuous Univariate Distributions, Volume 1. Technometrics: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 466-466.
The role of facial masculinity/femininity in the attribution of homosexuality

This study examined whether subjects would differentially perceive male and female faces as homosexual based upon facial masculinity/femininity, and the extent to which their attitudes toward homosexuals would influence their perceptions. Sixty-eight undergraduates indicated how likely they thought it was that 6 male and 6 female faces were homosexual; they also rated the individuals on attractiveness. The present sample also completed the Index of Homophobia, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, a conservatism scale, and a demographic questionnaire. The subjects assigned higher homosexuality ratings to feminine male and masculine female faces compared to their masculine and feminine counterparts, respectively. In addition, unattractive female faces received higher attribution of homosexuality ratings compared to the attractive faces; such an effect was not observed for the male photographs. Sex of subject and attitudes toward homosexuality did not significantly affect evaluations.
Voyager 2 photopolarimeter experiment: Evidence for tenuous outer ring material at Saturn

Voyager 2 photopolarimeter data are employed to characterize two regions of optically thin material outside the Saturn F ring. The study consists of a statistical analysis of optical depth value fluctuations caused by occultations of starlight from Delta Sco as viewed through the material. One the optically thin regions surrounds the orbital semimajor axis of the outer F ring shepherd satellite Pandora and the other thin region lies 144,090 km farther outward. The first region, with an optical depth of 0.008-0.016, is about 200 km in radius and the second, with an optical depth of 0.005-0.013, is about 1000 km in radial width. The data had a resolution of 0.5 km.
The expanding diversity of serine hydrolases

Serine hydrolases use a hydroxyl of a serine, assisted by one or more other residues, to cleave peptide bonds. They belong to several different families whose general mechanism is well known. However, the subtle structural differences that have recently been observed across a variety of families shed light on their functional diversity, including variations in mechanism of action, differences in the modes of substrate binding, and substrate-assisted orientation of catalytic residues. Of particular interest are the Rhomboid family serine proteinases that are active within the plasma membrane, for which several new structures have been reported. Because these enzymes are involved in biological and pathological processes, many are becoming important targets of drug design.
Role of residues 311/312 in actin-tropomyosin interaction. In vitro motility study using yeast actin mutant e311a/r312a.

Abstract According to the Lorenz et al. (Lorenz, M., Poole, K. J., Popp, D., Rosenbaum, G., and Holmes, K. C. (1995) J. Mol. Biol. 246, 108–119) atomic model of the actin-tropomyosin complex, actin residue Asp-311 (Glu-311 in yeast) is predicted to have a high binding energy contribution to actin-tropomyosin binding. Using the yeast actin mutant E311A/R312A in the in vitro motility assays, we have investigated the role of these residues in such interactions. Wild type (wt) yeast actin, like skeletal α-actin, is fully regulated when complexed with tropomyosin (Tm) and troponin (Tn). Structure-function comparisons of the wt and E311A/R312A actins show no significant differences between them, and the unregulated F-actins slide at similar speeds in thein vitro motility assay. However, in the presence of Tm and Tn, the mutation increases both the sliding speed and the number of moving filaments at high pCa values, shifting the speed-pCa curve nearly 0.5 pCa units to the left. Tm alone (no Tn) inhibits the motilities of both actins at low heavy meromyosin densities but potentiates only the motility of the mutant actin at high heavy meromyosin densities. Actin-Tm binding measurements indicate no significant difference between wt and E311A/R312A actin in Tm binding. These results implicate allosteric effects in the regulation of actomyosin function by tropomyosin.
Reply to Russell S. Kirby: Methodological Issues in Abortion Research

(1995). Reply to Russell S. Kirby: Methodological Issues in Abortion Research. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 585-588.
Regional changes of monoamines in cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of aging rhesus monkeys

Abstract The concentration and rates of synthesis of monoaminergic neurotransmitters were determined in selected cortical and subcortical brain regions of rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 2 to over 18 y of age. Major changes that occur with advancing age include: (1) a decrease in endogenous concentrations of dopamine in restricted regions of the cerebral cortex; the reduction is most drastic in the prefrontal association cortex where the loss is over 50%; (2) cortical levels of norepinephrine and serotonin remain essentially unaltered in prefrontal association cortex and exhibit only slight or modest reductions in other cortical areas over the same time scale; (3) catecholamine biosynthesis is reduced by at least 60% in all sensory and association cortical areas between 2 and 18 y of age but is surprisingly steady in the premotor and motor cortex over the same period of time; (4) serotonergic activity does not change with age in any cortical or subcortical structure examined; (5) age-related losses in subcortical structures occur only in dopamine concentrations and/or catecholamine biosynthesis: dopamine levels fall in the caudate nucleus and hypothalamus and catecholamine synthesis declines to varying degrees in all subcortical structures studied. These findings collectively emphasize the distinctive regional patterns and selective biochemical changes that take place in various neurotransmitter systems of the primate cerebral cortex during the process of aging.
Discourse on Knowledge, Dialogue and Diversity: Peasant Worldviews and the Science of Nature Conservation

This article suggests that people endowed with an ecosystem operate within their own tradition of knowledge and can offer a useful critique of the increasingly globalised schemes of nature conservation such as parks, sanctuaries and biodiversity preserves. I compare and contrast two competing proposals for nature conservation. While one is the conservation strategy based upon in-farm nurturing of the biodiversity that adheres to the cultural diversity of people residing in an ecosystem, the other is a strategy that excludes the ecosystem people in order to conserve nature. But the contest between the two is not about whether nature should be kept pristine or be made available for human use; it is about the scale of use and the mode of use. It is about who should use, how much, and for what purpose. The debate is also about what kinds of technologies are going to be used in preserving as well as harvesting, using as well as enhancing nature. Ultimately, it is about the very nature of the relationship between human collectivity and non-human collectivity.
Multilevel, threshold-based policies for cargo container security screening systems

Abstract To mitigate the threat of nuclear terrorism within the US using nuclear material that has been smuggled into the country, the US Bureau of Customs and Border Protection has expanded its cargo container detection capabilities at ports of entry into the US This paper formulates a risk-based screening framework for determining how to define a primary screening alarm for screening cargo containers given a set of dependent primary screening devices. To do so, this paper proposes two linear programming models for screening cargo containers for nuclear material at port security stations using knapsack problem models. All cargo containers undergo primary screening, where they are screened by a given number of security devices. The objective is to identifying the primary security outcomes that warrant a system alarm for each container risk group such that the system detection probability is maximized, subject to a screening budget. The base model is compared to a second model that explicitly requires a threshold-based policy. The structural properties of the two models are compared, which indicates that all risk groups except at most one have deterministic screening policies. A computational example suggests that the detection probability is not significantly altered by enforcing a threshold policy.
Mergers and Acquisitions in Japan: An Update

Since 2008, Japan's economy has been faltering due to an aging population, deflation, weak consumer spending, and low investor confidence. These factors have had some impact on Japanese mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in recent years. In this article, the authors provide an overview of Japan's M&A for the decade from 2000 to 2010, and also review recent M&A trends for 2011 and 2012. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of High Damping VIV Through Roughness Distribution for Energy Harnessing at 8×103 < Re < 1.5×105

Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder in a steady flow is enhanced using distributed surface roughness. VIV enhancement is needed in harnessing clean and renewable energy from ocean/river currents using the VIVACE (VIV for Aquatic Clean Energy) Converter (Bernitsas et al. 2006a, 2006b; Raghavan et al. 2007). High damping is mandatory in energy harnessing and higher Reynolds numbers are required to reach the high lift TrSL3 regime. Roughness is added to the surface of the cylinder in the form of sandpaper strips to achieve three goals: (1) Trip separation in a controlled manner. (2) Fully correlate the flow regardless of the Reynolds number regime. (3) Energize the boundary layer, thus inducing higher vorticity and circulation and consequently lift. Our experiments show that it is possible to achieve all three goals and reach VIV amplitudes of 2.1 to 2.7 diameters under high damping. The range of synchronization increased dramatically but its end was not observed within the capabilities of our experimental facility.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Failure of taurine to improve fat absorption in cystic fibrosis

Fat absorption in cystic fibrosis (CF) often remains suboptimal despite seemingly adequate pancreatic enzyme replacement and the use of agents which reduce duodenal acidity (Nassif et al., 1981). Children with CF commonly have reduced taurine bile acid conjugates relative to glycine conjugates (i.e. elevated G/T ratio) (Robb et al., 1985) and bile acids conjugated with taurine have theoretically superior qualities to glycine-conjugated bile acids in relation to fat absorption (Darling et al., 1985). These findings have led to two trials of taurine supplementation in CF, results of which are conflicting. While Darling et al. (1985) showed significantly increased fat absorption with taurine supplementation, Thompson et al. (1987) were unable to reproduce these results in a similar group of patients. In neither study was the duodenal juice G/T ratio, which reflects most accurately the adequacy of the taurine dose, routinely measured.
Circulating Cell‐Free Fetal Nucleic Acid Analysis May Be a Novel Marker of Fetomaternal Hemorrhage after Elective First‐Trimester Termination of Pregnancy

Abstract: Analysis of cell-free fetal DNA (fDNA) and RNA in maternal plasma could be useful in the diagnosis and management of complications of pregnancy. In this review, we discuss our studies to investigate the potential of fetal nucleic acid measurement in maternal plasma as a marker of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) after elective first-trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP). Using quantitative real-time PCR amplification of the DYS1 sequence, elevation of plasma fDNA levels after TOP was observed, especially in the late first trimester. This corresponds with the functional development of the placental vascular structure and fetal hematopoiesis. This Y sequence-based PCR amplification assay, however, limits the analysis to pregnant women carrying male fetuses. Therefore, we also developed a real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay of the γ-globin transcript as a marker of fetal erythroid cells. Although plasma γ-globin mRNA levels were decreased after TOP in many patients, an elevation was observed in some patients at greater than 9 weeks' gestation, which is consistent with the increase in plasma fDNA levels. Our data suggest that fetal hematopoietic cells contribute to the pool of fetal nucleic acids in the maternal circulation. Measurement of cell-free fetal nucleic acid levels in maternal plasma may have clinical application as a novel marker of FMH after 9 weeks of gestation.
DETERMINATION OF ULTRAMICROELECTRODE ARRAY DIMENSIONS AT GRAPHITE AND ONE-DIMENSIONAL ORGANIC CONDUCTOR ELECTRODES USING SIMULATIONS, CHRONOCOULOMETRY AND CHRONOAMPEROMETRY

Abstract The dimensions of ultramicroelectrode arrays at graphite and tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodi-methane (TTF-TCNQ) electrodes were determined using a combination of chronoamperometry and a least squares optimization method which was used to fit simulated chronoamperometric responses to experimental data. The ultramicroelectrode array dimensions obtained from the fit were verified with chronocoulometry. The ultramicroelectrode array dimensions obtained for electrochemically treated TTF-TCNQ/poly(vinyl chloride) polymer paste electrodes are consistent with a transition from semi-infinite linear diffusion at slow scan rates to radial diffusion characteristic of ultramicroelectrode arrays at fast scan rates in plots of cyclic voltammetric peak currents vs. scan rate. Scanning electron micrographs of copper electrodeposited on these surfaces support the results obtained by chonoamperometry revealing the random structure of the ultramicroelectrode array. Chronoamperometric and chronocoulometric responses at polished TTF-TCNQ/poly(vinyl chloride), untreated glassy carbon and rough pyrolytic graphite electrodes do not reveal the presence of ultramicroelectrode array behavior. Scanning electron micrographs of electrodeposited copper on polished TTF-TCNQ/poly(vinyl chloride) electrodes demonstrate that the dimensions of the ultramicroelectrode array are too small to be resolved by the methods used. Chronocoulometric responses at electrochemically treated glassy carbon electrodes suggest the presence of a microhole array.
Secondary reinforcement measured with unrelated responses in training and testing

Six groups of rats were trained by feeding paired with different combinations of light and buzzer stimuli. The test was learning to run in a straight runway for the buzzer, light, or food in the goalbox. The group running for buzzer and light stimuli, which reliably preceded feeding, performed as well as the group receiving food. The learning of a new response different from the training response supports an association model of secondary reward rather than a cognitive model. Other groups demonstrated that secondary reinforcement was more a function of the information value of a stimulus than of contiguity.
Split Carinae on Tyrannosaurid Teeth and Implications of Their Development

Examination of hundreds of shed and intact tyrannosaurid teeth from several taxa and formations revealed that the presence of split carinae is widespread. Approximately 11% of the surveyed teeth sh...
Sweating Race: White Expatriate South African Readers Constructing Race and Racial Identities in JULUKA’s Mail Bag

This article examines the rhetorical construction of race and racial identities by letter writers in a US-based, South African newsletter. I highlight the rhetoric of crime, the strategic rhetoric of implying race, the construction of blackness, the rhetoric of white victimization, and the relationship between whiteness and nationality. I conclude with a brief query as to whether these letters are exemplary of racist discourse.
Perturbation Lagrangian Theory for Dirac Fields-Ward-Takahashi Identity and Current Algebra

In a class of Lagrangian field theories for Dirac spin-\textonehalf{} particles, the Bogoliubov-Parasiuk-Hepp renormalization scheme provides a proof of the operator forms of Euler-Lagrange equations of motion, Noether's theorem, and Ward-Takahashi identities. Time-ordered products for some derivatives of Dirac fields can only be defined with special care in terms of Feynman graphs. Current-algebra Ward-Takahashi identities are obtained if ${\mathcal{L}}^{\mathrm{derivative}}$ is invariant under the algebra; however, Schwinger terms are absent from these identities.
A Gamma-Ray Spectrum Analysis Technique for Low-Level Environmental Radionuclides

The requirements for gamma-ray spectra analysis for low-level environmental radionuclides are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the routine and rapid analysis of large numbers of samples. Pertinent requirements for analysis include the system energy and efficiency calibration, the library of gamma rays of concern, criteria of establishing the limits of sensitivity and techniques used for gamma-ray intensity and background determinations. An analysis code (CETUS) used with a Ge(Li) detector and multichannel analyzer interfaced to a programmable desk-top calculator is described.
Analyzing Child Sexual Abuse Allegations

When children make allegations of sexual abuse, forensic professionals are often involved in attempts to develop a better understanding of these allegations. This article offers a model that can be used by forensic professionals to analyze allegations of abuse. The model seeks to either rule in or rule out plausible hypotheses that often surround abuse allegations. The ten dimensions are: (1) outcry analysis; (2) stake analysis; (3) parent/significant other suggestion analysis; (4) forensic interview analysis; (5) memory analysis; (6) analysis of the developmental sufficiency of abuse details provided by the child; (7) inconsistencies analysis; (8) logistical detail analysis; (9) fantastical details analysis; and (10) personological analysis.
Base Deficit and Alveolar–Arterial Gradient During Resuscitation Contribute Independently But Modestly to the Prediction of Mortality After Burn Injury

The main determinants of mortality after burn injury that can be measured on admission include age, total burn size (% burn), and inhalation injury (INHAL). Other variables, measured during resuscitation, may provide additional information about injury severity. We assessed the utility of early arterial blood gas (ABG) data in predicting mortality after burn injury. Data were limited to samples obtained during the first 2 days after burn injury and to those obtained during high-frequency percussive ventilation. Mean values for each patient's ABG data were calculated; subsequent analysis used these derived variables. Logistic regression analysis (LRA) was used to generate a mortality predictor using burn, age (as a cubic age score, AGE), and INHAL. LRA was then repeated with the ABG variables. A total of 162 patients were included. By univariate analysis, death was associated with increased alveolar-arterial gradient (AaDO2), AGE, % burn, full-thickness burn size, INHAL, and with decreased pH and base excess. LRA of % burn, AGE, INHAL, and full-thickness burn size retained the first three variables. The addition of ABG data demonstrated that mean burn excess and mean AaDO2 also contributed independently to mortality. However, there was no difference in accuracy (86%) between the two equations. By Kaplan Meier analysis, AaDO2 but not BE predicted earlier death in those who died. Measured during resuscitation, metabolic acidosis (ie, a base deficit) and oxygenation failure (ie, increased AaDO2) contributed independently, but modestly, to ultimate mortality after burn injury. The inclusion of these variables did not improve predictive accuracy. Whether therapies targeted at these endpoints would improve outcome is unknown.
Localization of mammary tumors in vivo with 131i-labeled fab fragments of antibodies against mouse mammary epithelial (mme) antigens

The Fab fragments of antibodies against cell-type-specific surface antigens of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MME-antigens) were used to localize mammary tumors successfully. The radioiodine-labeled anti-MME (Fab) was injected into mice carrying simulated mammary metastases, and after 24 hours the amount of label per gram of excised tissue was several times greater in the tumor than in liver, brain, lung, or muscle. Kidney showed considerable accumulation of label but this appeared to be nonspecific. Kinetic studies revealed a rapid elimination of labeled Fab in the urine with only 1% of the injected dose remaining in the entire blood pool after 24 hours. Wit a high-purity germanium camera, mammary tumors were clearly located ty the /sup 131/I-labeled anti-MME (Fab), and normalization to /sup 99m/Tc-pertechnetate distribution in the animal increased the specificity. The density of /sup 131/I-label was fourfold greater over the mammary tumor than over comparable areas of the mouse. No accumulation of /sup 131/I-anti-MME (Fab) was observed in nonmammary tumors nor in mammary tumors when labeled nonspecific Fab was used. An analogous system using an antihuman mammary epithelial antiserum is being developed for localization of breast metastases in humans.
Teaching the uses of digital computers at the technical university of Denmark

A method for teaching electrical engineering students the use of digital computers in solving electric machinery problems, especially with regard to iterative methods, is explained. By emphasizing the process of stating actual problems and formulating them in flow diagrams, more general principles are brought to light. The method is illustrated with an example of a power transformer winding design. The use of the international computer language ALGOL, is demonstrated and discussed.
A high resolution study of l-type resonance in cyclopropane

Abstract The ν5 + ν10 band of cyclopropane (C3H6) centered at 2089.52 cm−1 has been measured and analyzed taking into account the l-type resonance effect described by Cartwright and Mills. A least-squares fit of more than 300 well-resolved transitions gave a set of band constants which reproduced the measurements with a standard deviation of 0.003 cm−1. The analysis confirms the l-type resonance treatment given by Cartwright and Mills and shows that their band contour fit gave remarkably accurate constants for this band.
Xenon in natural gases

Abstract Analyses of noble gases from four natural gases reveal radiogenic He4 and Ar40, excess Ne21 and Ar38 from α-induced reactions and an excess of the β-unshielded xenon isotopes with an abundance pattern unlike that from the spontaneous fission of U238. The pattern of excess Xe129, Xe131, Xe132, Xe134 and Xe136 in these gas samples is such that a mixture of this xenon with the primordial xenon in meteorites could produce the abundance pattern of atmospheric xenon for all isotopes heavier than Xe128. It is suggested that this strange “fission-yield” pattern is the result of a mechanism suggested earlier by Cameron : The addition of β-shielded xenon isotopes to the atmosphere by the solar wind. By modifying Cameron 's hypothesis so that solar-wind xenon contains excess Xe124 and Xe126 in addition to Xe128 and Xe130, the addition of this solar wind xenon to atmospheric and meteoritic xenon can account for the general isotopic anomaly pattern observed across meteoritic xenon, the very low fission yields of Xe131 and Xe132 reported in xenon-rich meteorites and the high fission yields of Xe131 and Xe132 which have been calculated for xenon in gas wells and in the earth's atmosphere.
Advancing polymers of intrinsic microporosity by mechanochemistry

Herein, we report a fast (15 min) and solvent-free mechanochemical approach to construct polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) with high molecular mass and low polydispersity by solid grinding. The enhanced reaction efficiency results from the instantaneous frictional heating and continuous exposure of active sites within those solid reactants.
Optical properties of thin films of Ni, Cu, and Ni+60% Cu in the wavelength range 3000–6000 Å

Abstract The optical absorption coefficients are measured for thin films of Ni, Cu, and Ni+60% Cu in the wavelength range 3000–6000 A. Local areas are examined by transmission electron microscopy using both bright and dark-field techniques in order to characterize the residual film structure, in addition to measuring the mean film thickness over the optically irradiated zone from twin-fault boundary projections. The variation of absorption coefficients in the series Ni, Cu, Ni+60% Cu, particularly approaching the infrared, appear to indicate a variation with stacking-fault energy. These results suggest the characterization of relative stacking-fault free energy in transition and transition non-transition metal alloys.
The effects of land use on fluvial sediment chemistry for the conterminous U.S. — Results from the first cycle of the NAWQA Program: Trace and major elements, phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur

In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began the first cycle of its National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The Program encompassed 51 river basins that collectively accounted for more than 70% of the total water use (excluding power generation), and 50% of the drinking water supply in the U.S. The basins represented a variety of hydrologic settings, rock types (geology), land-use categories, and population densities. One aspect of the first cycle included bed sediment sampling; sites were chosen to represent baseline and important land-use categories (e.g., agriculture, urban) in each basin. In total, over 1200 bed sediment samples were collected. All samples were size-limited ( or=95% of the concentrations present), rather than total-recoverable chemical data. Land-use percentages, upstream underlying geology, and population density were determined for each site and evaluated to asses their relative influence on sediment chemistry. Baseline concentrations for the entire U.S. also were generated from a subset of all the samples, and are based on material collected from low population (<or=27 p km(-2)) density, low percent urban (<or=5%), agricultural or undeveloped areas. The NAWQA baseline values are similar to those found in other national and global datasets. Further, it appears that upstream/underlying rock type has only a limited effect (mostly major elements) on sediment chemistry. The only land-use category that appears to substantially affect sediment chemistry is percent urban, and this result is mirrored by population density; in fact, the latter appears more consistent than the former.
Emergency room evaluation of the adolescent who attempts suicide: compliance with follow-up.

Patterns of management for adolescent patients brought to an emergency room after a suicide attempt were evaluated, and their compliance with follow-up treatment assessed. Those who were older adolescents with a history of depression and prior suicide attempts and were expected to have pharmacologic sequelae, were admitted for short-term hospitalization. The remaining 50% was discharged from the emergency room. All of the study group were referred for follow-up care using a variety of resources. Only one-third of those studied—for whom this was the first suicide attempt—complied with the referral recommendation. The study suggests that even in the absence of formal guidelines for emergency room evaluation, there appears to be a consistency in making a decision as to whether or not to admit an adolescent who has attempted suicide. The noncompliance with recommended follow-up among two-thirds should prompt a reconsideration of the use of short term hospitalization or immediate E.R. discharge for these patients.
Effect of aging on cardiac contractility in a rat model of chronic daunorubicin cardiotoxicity.

Because the risk of chronic anthracycline cardiotoxicity increases with age, the effect of chronic daunorubicin was compared in young (6–9 mo) and senescent (24–26 mo) Fischer 344 rats in cumulative doses of 12 or 18 mg/kg. Senescent rats treated using 18 mg/kg of daunorubicin did not survive because of daunorubicin toxicity. Rats were euthanized 1 wk after the last dose of daunorubicin and ex vivo studies of isometric cardiac contractile function were done in left ventricular trabeculae carneae. In senescent rats given 12 mg/kg of daunorubicin, it caused significant impairment of contractility (dS/dt at 15 cpm; p=0.001) that was not observed in either young adult group. In addition, the effect of 12 mg/kg of daunorubicin on contractility in senescent rats was significantly reduced compared to that in young rats administered 12 mg/kg of daunorubicin (p<0.001), although the effect was similar to that in young rats given 18 mg/kg of daunorubicin. In rats receiving 12 mg/kg of daunorubicin, there was an age-dependent effect of daunorubicin on rate-related contractility and on Ca2+-induced contractility. Daunorubicinol, but not daunorubicin, concentrations were increased in the senescent rat heart tissue. This suggests that chronic daunorubicin cardiotoxicity increases with age, at least partly resulting from sarcoplasmic reticulum dysfunction caused by increased anthracycline exposure.
Main Verb Versus Reduced Relative Clause Ambiguity Resolution in L2 Sentence Processing

This study investigated how adult learners of English as a second language (ESL) process sentences containing verbs that are temporarily ambiguous in interpretation between a main verb and a reduced relative clause. Seventeen Chinese, 17 Korean or Japanese, and 17 Romance learners with advanced ESL proficiency and a comparison group of 17 monolingual native speakers (NSs) of English provided word-by-word reading times for 6 sentence types. The evidence showed that they used both verb subcategorization information and post-ambiguity cues to resolve main verb/reduced relative clause ambiguity The data also indicated that bad post-ambiguity cues misled some ESL users more than others, differences that can be attributed to their first languages (L1s). These results suggest that (a) like native speakers, ESL speakers are sensitive to the complex interaction of information sources when parsing a sentence; (b) adult ESL learners are influenced by typological properties of their L1s that are linked to L1 parsing strategies when processing ESL.
Predicting Language Outcomes for Children Learning Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Child and Environmental Factors

Purpose To investigate a model of language development for nonverbal preschool-age children learning to communicate with augmentative or alternative communication. Method Ninety-three preschool chi...
Influenza A Virus Infection of Human Respiratory Cells Induces Primary MicroRNA Expression

The cellular response to virus infection is initiated by recognition of the invading pathogen and subsequent changes in gene expression mediated by both transcriptional and translational mechanisms. In addition to well established means of regulating antiviral gene expression, it has been demonstrated that RNA interference (RNAi) can play an important role in antiviral responses. Virus-derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a primary antiviral response exploited by plants and invertebrate animals, and host-encoded microRNA (miRNA) species have been clearly implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals and other vertebrates. Examination of miRNA abundance in human lung cell lines revealed endogenous miRNAs, including miR-7, miR-132, miR-146a, miR-187, miR-200c, and miR-1275, to specifically accumulate in response to infection with two influenza A virus strains, A/Udorn/72 and A/WSN/33. Known antiviral response pathways, including Toll-like receptor, RIG-I-like receptor, and direct interferon or cytokine stimulation did not alter the abundance of the tested miRNAs to the extent of influenza A virus infection, which initiates primary miRNA transcription via a secondary response pathway. Gene expression profiling identified 26 cellular mRNAs targeted by these miRNAs, including IRAK1, MAPK3, and other components of innate immune signaling systems.