cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Rates and Patterns Among Cretaceous Bivalvia

Analyses of over 100 lineages of Cretaceous Mollusca, primarily Bivalvia, representing diverse levels of morphological complexity, habitats, and adaptive strategies, clearly show that evolutionary rates (new taxa/unit time; or average taxa duration) vary widely within lineages subjected to changing environmental stresses, and between lineages and/or adaptive strategies subjected to broadly similar sets of environmental parameters through time. Modes of evolution range from gradualistic to punctuated, dependent upon rates and intensity of change in stress, or on levels of ecological opportunity (available ecospace). Extremely rapid rates of species evolution (one sp./0.08 Ma) and abrupt appearance of higher taxa occur during rapid radiations into unoccupied ecospace, and/or during high stress situations affecting whole biotas during short time intervals (e.g. rapid marine regression). Classification and reconstruction of molluscan phylogeny is most difficult over these intervals of geological time. Ecological factors far outweigh purely genetic factors in determining evolutionary rates and patterns among Mollusca, as determined by tests applied to Cretaceous lineages.
Comparison of assay formats for drug-tolerant immunogenicity testing

Background: Immunogenicity testing is required for safety assessment of biotherapeutic drugs. Because levels observed during biotherapeutic administration can approach the mg/ml range, establishing drug tolerance is significantly important for assay development. Results: Three assay formats for immunogenicity assessment were tested with respect to drug tolerance: Meso Scale Discovery® bridging (MSDB), solid-phase extraction with acid dissociation (SPEAD) and affinity capture elution (ACE). Six biotherapeutic drugs were analyzed by the three methods; four monoclonal antibodies, one Fc fusion protein and one Pegylated protein. Overall, ACE performed best for assays involving therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and also functioned well for therapeutic proteins. Despite several advantages, the MSDB assays displayed a potentially significant hook effect. SPEAD was comparable in performance to ACE for the biotherapeutic drugs tested, but suffers the disadvantage of being reagent-intensive. Conclusions: Novel assa...
Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity: Sibling-Sibling Correlation

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity is released into the blood with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves. This enzyme activity has been measured in the blood of 317 normal children and 227 normal adults. A significant sibling-sibling correlation of serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase values was found in the 94 sibling pairs tested. Frequency distributions of serum enzyme values in both children and adults suggest the existence of two populations with regard to serum activity of this enzyme.
Level of Expertise, Interpolated Activity and Contextual Interference Effects on Memory and Transfer:

Effects of contextual interference on memory and transfer were investigated using tasks of coincident anticipation in which subjects had to predict the arrival time of a light stimulus. Female spor...
Equilibrium Composition of Retinal Isomers in Dark-Adapted Bacteriorhodopsin and Effect of High Pressure Probed by Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy

The combination of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy and variations in external parameters offers new opportunities for site-specific studies of proteins. Using excitation at 840 nm, we have measured the near-infrared Raman spectrum of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin at ambient and high pressure. The C=C ethylenic stretching region shows two resolved bands at 1526 and 1534 cm-1, corresponding to the all-trans and 13-cis isomers. From deconvolution of these bands we find an isomeric ratio between 13-cis and all-trans retinal equal to 1 at ambient pressure. The Raman spectrum gives direct spectroscopic evidence that the 13-cis component is favored at high pressure, implying that it has a smaller volume. The pressure dependence of the isomeric ratio yields a molar volume of -6.6 mL/mol, which suggests ionization of one or two residues or the formation of three hydrogen bonds.
Assignment of the N‐methyl hydrogen NMR peaks of caffeine

The NMR spectrum of caffeine exhibits a separate peak for each of the three N -methyl groups. Assignment of each peak to a specific N -methyl group was made by comparison of the spectrum of caffeine with those of two caffeine homologs, in each of which one of the N -methyl groups is replaced with an N -ethyl group.
Work function and gas desorption studies during turn-on of various shelf-stored cathodes

Abstract A comparative study has been made of the oxide-type coated powder cathode (CPC), and impregnated types B, M, tungstate and scandate cathodes in their ability to rapidly turn on after extended periods of shelf life. Particular performance objectives were to attain pulsed emission levels in the 4–5 A/cm2 region within a few seconds after shelf lives corresponding up to several years. Preliminary surface studies indicate that all cathodes significantly poison within a few hours or days after being shut down in a typical sealed-off tube environment. Therefore, apart from bringing the cathode up to thermionic emission temperature, the kinetics of the turn-on step must also involve the kinetics of reactivation. Comparative data are presented of the work function variation with reactivation temperature for the various cathodes, thus showing the degree of poisoning, the thermal reactivation characteristics and the work function-temperature relationship in their respective active states. The results show that in the active state, the CPC has the highest emission, the M and scandate impregnated cathodes are somewhat lower in emission, i.e. ∼50 K higher temperature for the same emission, while the type-B impregnated cathode requires ∼100 K more. The shelf-life poisoning among the impregnated cathodes, on the other hand, was greatest for the M cathodes, a bit less for the scandate and least for the type B. For typical fast turn-on reactivation schedules, the CPC reactivated below its normal operating temperature of ∼1250 K but all impregnated cathodes required activation temperatures of ∼1500 K and above (i.e., about 200 K above their operating temperatures). Studies were also made on the pick-up and desorption of various gases present in the shelf-life vacuum ambient. The data demonstrated a direct correlation between the chemical reactivity that the different cathodes had with the residual ambient gases and the corresponding extent to which these cathodes poisoned during shelf life. While a study of the shelf-life poisoning and reactivation mechanisms for the impregnated-type cathodes is still in progress, initial results have been completed for the oxide-type cathodes and these are presented elsewhere in this issue.
Multiple levels of analysis in psychotherapy research

Psychotherapy research can be thought to involve multiple levels of analysis: client, therapist, and group. The authors argue that such research would benefit from the application of multilevel modeling. They illustrate the use of such a procedure for research studies of individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, and rolling group psychotherapy and provide SPSS syntax for all three cases. Psychotherapy is an inherently social process. Individual therapy involves a very complicated interaction between a client and therapist. Group therapy involves relationships between a therapist and each of the clients as well as relationships between clients. It is critical that the analysis of psychotherapy data explicitly recognize these interpersonal aspects of psychotherapy.
Non-Newtonian Effects of Multigrade Oils on Journal Bearing Performance

This study is aimed at predicting the non-Newtonian effects of multigrade oils on journal bearing performance. The governing differential equation, similar to the Reynolds equation, is derived using a general apparent-viscosity function as the constitutive equation in order to be able to accommodate different rheological equations. Treatment of the non-Newtonian effects is confined to nonlinear viscous behavior. Oil elasticity and normal stress effects are not considered. The problem formulation resembles that of the THD problem, and the governing differential equation contains non-Newtonian factors based on the cross-film integrals of viscosity. The problem is solved by the finite difference technique, and the results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. In order to represent the rheology of multigrade engine oils, a new non-linear viscous constitutive equation is proposed. This equation is fitted to experimental data on the rheology of two multigrade engine o...
Baṣran Muʿtazilite Theology: Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad b. Khallād's Kitāb al-uṣūl and Its Reception: A Critical Edition of the Ziyādāt Sharḥ al-uṣūl by the Zaydī Imām al-Nāṭiq bi-l-ḥaqq Abū Ṭālib Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥusayn b. Hārūn al-Buṭḥānī (d. 424/1033)

Baṣran Muʿtazilite Theology starts with an English introduction identifying Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad ibn Khallād al-Baṣrī's position within Muʿtazilite theology. It then gives a short biography using the ...
Resolution of vital sign instability: an objective measure of medical stability in anorexia nervosa

Abstract Purpose To determine the amount of time necessary for stabilization of blood pressure and heart rate in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and the percentage of ideal body weight (IBW) at which this occurs. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 36 adolescent patients (33 F, 3 M) with AN, restricting type (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition [DSM-IV] criteria), admitted to a specialized eating disorders unit for nutritional rehabilitation between October 1996 and August 1998. Mean age was 16.5 ± 2.5 years, range 12–23 years. Each morning, pulse and blood pressure were measured supine and after standing for 2 minutes using an automated blood pressure/pulse measuring device (Dynamap TM ). Orthostasis was defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure > 20 mm Hg with or without a drop in diastolic blood pressure > 10 mm Hg or an increase in heart rate >20 bpm on standing. Time of resolution of orthostasis was defined as the day after which the patient was no longer orthostatic for 48 hours. Results On admission mean pulse rate was 54.4 ± 14.8 bpm (range 38–78) and mean pulse rate slowly increased to 70 bpm by Day 12 of hospitalization. On admission, 60% of patients had orthostatic pulse changes and with refeeding, this number increased to 85% by Day 4 of admission. The mean number of days until patients were no longer orthostatic was 21.6 ± 11.1 days and resolution of orthostasis occurred when subjects reached 80.1 ± 5.7% of IBW. Orthostatic pulse changes were more sensitive indicators of hemodynamic instability than orthostatic blood pressure changes and took longer to resolve. Conclusion This study demonstrates that of patients with AN, the majority have orthostatic pulse changes on admission. Normalization of orthostatic pulse changes was achieved after approximately 3 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation when subjects reached 80% of their IBW. Resolution of orthostasis can be used as one of the objective measures to determine medical stability and readiness for discharge to an alternate level of care.
Increased oocyte production after treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone.

Objective To describe a case of dramatically improved ovarian reserve in a 42.7-year-old woman who was using the dietary supplement dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as well as acupuncture. Design Case report. Setting Private IVF center. Patient(s) A 42.7-year-old patient with initial severely decreased ovarian reserve. Intervention(s) Serial ovulation induction with concomitant use of DHEA dietary supplementation as well as acupuncture. Main Outcome Measure(s) Peak E 2 concentration, oocytes retrieved, and cyropreservable embryos. Result(s) In her first treatment cycle peak E 2 was 1,211 pmol/mL. After seven months of DHEA supplementation her peak E 2 in cycle 8 was >18,000 pmol/mL. Because of fear of hyperstimulation we reduced her gonadotropin stimulation by 25%. In the ninth cycle peak E 2 was 9,178 pmol/mL, resulting in retrieval of 17 oocytes (16 embryos). In the last 11 months the patient has undergone nine treatment cycles while continuously and dramatically improving her ovarian response and banking of 66 embryos overall. Conclusion(s) This case illustrates the possibility that ovarian function may be salvaged, even in women of advanced reproductive age.
Market mystification in capitalist and market socialist societies

(1997). Market mystification in capitalist and market socialist societies. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 1-45.
Playing the Numbers: State Funding for Higher Education: Situation Normal?

In previous work in Change, I have argued that higher education leaders must face up to what has been called the new normal: decreased state funding for higher education on a per-student basis and ...
Gamma knife surgery for craniopharyngioma

We present our results of Gamma Knife surgery for craniopharyngioma in nine patients. The current status of surgery, radiation therapy, intracavitary instillation of radionucleides and Gamma Knife surgery in the management of craniopharyngiomas is discussed.
Nanotube-substrate interactions: Distinguishing carbon nanotubes by the helical angle

We investigate the interaction of a carbon nanotube with a graphite substrate, using an interlayer potential that explicitly treats the registry dependence of the interaction. The carbon-carbon bond lengths in nanotubes differ slightly from those in flat graphite, so that the naively commensurate angular orientations for the tube with respect to the substrate lattice are destroyed. The interaction of a one-dimensional tube with a two-dimensional substrate then leads to an unusual registry phenomenon not visible in standard layer-on-layer growth: the system develops favorable orientations which clearly are incommensurate.
Response to: Hydroxocobalamin for cobalamin C: which dosage? by V. Wiwanitkit

To the editor, Intramuscular hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) has been used empirically for the management of cblC patients for decades. Its beneficial effects are very clear in the newborn period, with patients achieving metabolic improvement shortly after its initiation. However, the optimal regimens for long-term management of cblC remain undefined and are complicated by the great heterogeneity of this condition. It is common practice to continue patients on the same 1-mg dose of OHCbl started in the newborn period throughout their lives. Furthermore, several of these patients are weaned from a daily dose to weekly or every other week as they grow older, mainly because of the concerns associated with daily intramuscular injections and the lack of evidence to do otherwise. It is also unclear whether disease-related complications, such as progressive visual loss, are intrinsic to the natural history of the disease or due to sub-optimal metabolic control and can be modified by therapy. OHCbl is a medication with few recognized adverse effects. Elevated blood pressure has been reported to occur in a dose-dependent fashion in patients given 5,000 and 10,000 mg of intravenous OHCbl. These doses are 200to 500-fold above the dose we have used (Uhl et al. 2006, 2008). Whether chronic doses of 25 mg hydroxocobalamin will have a similar effect remains to be determined. While we agree with Dr. Wiwanitkit in that the results presented in our case report may only represent a short-term outcome, we disagree with his contention that “there are some reports on the long term of using OHCbl and there is no finding that the dose adaptation brings a significant improvement on the outcome”. The opposite is suggested by the only report we are aware of that has attempted a dose escalation. Van Hove et al. (2002) demonstrated convincingly that increasing subcutaneous OHCbl from 1 to 5 mg daily was required to achieve clinical and metabolic control in two patients with cblC and thrombotic microangiopathy. On the other hand, the findings reported by Andersson et al. (1999) suggested cblC is a developmental disorder, not that OHcbl therapy was ineffective. These authors did not attempt dose adaptation studies. We welcome his comments as they highlight what we have emphasized in our report: a well-planned, long-term clinical trial of higher doses of OHCbl will be needed to determine whether it is possible to slow or ameliorate cblC disease-related complications.
High-resolution study of layering within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet

Within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet, the relationship between radar-derived internal reflection horizons and the layered structure of the firn column is unclear. We conducted two small-scale ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with 10 m firn cores that we collected within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet. The two surveys were separated by a distance of 50 km and 340 m of elevation leading to 40 days of difference in the duration of average annual melt. At the higher site (1997 m a.s.l.), which receives less melt, we found that internal reflection horizons identified in GPR data were largely laterally continuous over the grid; however, stratigraphic layers identified in cores could not be traced between cores over any distance from 1.5 to 14.0 m. Thus, we found no correlation between firn core stratigraphy observed directly and radar-derived internal reflection horizons. At the lower site (1660 m a.s.l.), which receives more melt, we found massive ice layers >0.5 m thick and stratigraphic boundaries that span >15 m horizontally. Some ice layers and stratigraphic boundaries correlate well with internal reflection horizons that are laterally continuous over the area of the radar grid. Internal reflection horizons identified at 1997 m a.s.l. are likely annual isochrones, but the reflection horizons identified at 1660 m a.s.l. are likely multi-annual features. We find that mapping accumulation rates over long distances by tying core stratigraphy to radar horizons may lead to ambiguous results because: (1) there is no stratigraphic correlation between firn cores at the 1997 m location; and (2) the reflection horizons at the 1660 m location are multi-annual features.
Health and dietary patterns of the elderly in Botswana.

Abstract Objective To describe associations among socioeconomic conditions and dietary patterns of Botswana elderly. Design Secondary analysis from a cross-sectional nationwide survey. Participants Subjects (N = 1086, 60-99 years old) were selected after multistage sampling. Main Outcome Measures Dietary patterns were dependent variables; health and socioeconomic variables were independent variables. Analysis Factor analysis with varimax rotation; least squares regression. Results The most widely consumed food items were tea (91%), sorghum (82%), and maize-meal (63%). Five dietary patterns emerged: beer; meat/fruit; vegetable/bread; seasonal produce; and milk/tea/candy patterns. Elderly women, those attending church, and those living with grandchildren were less associated with the Beer Pattern. The Vegetable and Bread Pattern was more common among grandparents living with children and those living in towns (urban). Widowed elders were less likely to consume meat/fruit (P Conclusions and Implications Dietary patterns suggested both food to be emphasized in nutrition education programs and those who may benefit most. Nutrition education efforts in Botswana should focus on improving food diversity, with particular targeting of widowed elderly and those in rural areas, and on increasing vegetable, fruit, meat, and milk intake.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of a metastatic merkel‐cell carcinoma

The cytologic features of Merkel-cell carcinoma metastatic to inguinal lymph nodes are described. The primary tumor was in the buttocks. The cytologic smears from the inguinal lymph node were highly cellular, with small to medium-sized cells in a predominantly discohesive or single-cell pattern, as well as large clusters surrounding segments of capillary-sized blood vessels. The nuclei were uniform, round to oval, with delicate nuclear membranes. The chromatin pattern was fine and "powdery" with multiple small micronucleoli. The cytoplasm was very scanty. Intermediate filament "buttons" were abundant. Rosette formation was very rare. Frequent mitotic figures and individual cell necrosis were observed. These features are helpful in the differential diagnosis from other small-cell tumors that may involve the skin.
General structure of excitations in many-body systems: Applications to atoms

It is found that a general description of excitations in terms of self-energy effects such as relaxation, correlation, and electron-hole interactions, is possible. A formalism is developed to analyze the contributions to each of these effects, and criteria are established which, if met, allow a much simpler description of the excitation processes than with the general formalism. These procedures are tested by calculations on atomic Be and Ne, and the structure of each of the processes contributing is studied.
Bringing order to the Web: automatically categorizing search results

We developed a user interface that organizes Web search results into hierarchical categories. Text classification algorithms were used to automatically classify arbitrary search results into an existing category structure on-the-fly. A user study compared our new category interface with the typical ranked list interface of search results. The study showed that the category interface is superior both in objective and subjective measures. Subjects liked the category interface much better than the list interface, and they were 50% faster at finding information that was organized into categories. Organizing search results allows users to focus on items in categories of interest rather than having to browse through all the results sequentially.
Ibéroes: Racismo y crítica social en la apropiación españolizada de la estética del superhéroe estadounidense

The comic scene in Spain has been growing since the end of Francisco Franco’s dictatorship in 1975 and has recently become more widely accepted due to (1) the influence of Hollywood films, (2) the interest in Japanese animation and (3) the rise of the graphic novel. Spanish comic books are proliferating through publications, readers and outreach in the public sphere, as well as the mainstream. Iberoes: La guerra de las rosas (2009) by Inigo Aguirre and Javier Tartaglia presents a group of characters as national superheroes that struggle against a massive attack from the Chinese collective already living within country’s borders. This article not only analyses the relevance of popular culture, particularly comics, but also aims to unveil racism and other social concerns directly related to immigration, in the configuration of the new Spain. Taking into account these premises and focusing on the presence of Asian immigrants in the country, the study discusses how Iberoes, in an attempt to create a parody of...
Cu(II)-mediated intramolecular carbene cation radical formation: Relevance to unimolecular metal-ligand radical intermediates

We report the syntheses of the photochemically labile 9-diazo-4,5-diazafluorene (1) framework and the corresponding Cu(9-diazo-4,5-diazafluorene)(2)(NO(3))(2) compound (2). The X-ray structure of 2 reveals a 6-coordinate, tetragonal geometry with one nitrogen donor of an asymmetrically chelated diazafluorene in the equatorial position and the other defining the weak Jahn-Teller axis. The nitrate counterions bind in a monodentate fashion in the equatorial plane to complete the coordination sphere. Extended Huckel calculations reveal that the unusual solid-state structure derives from the enlarged bite angle of the fluorene skeleton and steric interactions between the adjacent hydrogen atoms in the higher energy (0.45 eV) symmetrically coordinated state. This is in contrast to Cu(py)(4)(NO(3))(2) which is 1.3 eV more stable with the nitrate counterions bound along the Jahn-Teller axis. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies in solution reveal that the nitrates dissociate to yield 6-coordinate CuN(2)X(2)N(2)' structures with either a bound chloride ion (g(x) = 2.10, g(y) = 2.04, g(z) = 2.23, A(z) = 177 x 10(-4) cm(-1)) or a mixture of counterion and solvent (g(x)(a) = 2.05, g(y)(a) = 2.06, g(z)(a) = 2.29, A(z)(a) = 170 x 10(-4) cm(-1); g(x)(b) = 2.07, g(y)(b) = 2.08, g(z)(b) = 2.34, A(z)(b) = 155 x 10(-4) cm(-1)). Photolyses of 1 and 2 indicate loss of N(2) and formation of either carbene ([D/hc] = 0.408 cm(-1), [E/hc] = 0.0292 cm(-1)) or Cu(I)-L(*)(+) (S = (1)/(2), g = 2.0019) intermediates, which are identified by EPR, UV-vis, and time-dependent density functional theory methods. The results illustrate the important role redox active transition metals play in determining the nature of fundamental metal-ligand radical intermediates.
Discontinuous diffusion synthetic acceleration for Sn transport on 2D arbitrary polygonal meshes

In this paper, a Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (DSA) technique applied to the S"n radiation transport equation is developed using Piece-Wise Linear Discontinuous (PWLD) finite elements on arbitrary polygonal grids. The discretization of the DSA equations employs an Interior Penalty technique, as is classically done for the stabilization of the diffusion equation using discontinuous finite element approximations. The penalty method yields a system of linear equations that is Symmetric Positive Definite (SPD). Thus, solution techniques such as Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) can be effectively employed. Algebraic MultiGrid (AMG) and Symmetric Gauss-Seidel (SGS) are employed as conjugate gradient preconditioners for the DSA system. AMG is shown to be significantly more efficient than SGS. Fourier analyses are carried out and we show that this discontinuous finite element DSA scheme is always stable and effective at reducing the spectral radius for iterative transport solves, even for grids with high-aspect ratio cells. Numerical results are presented for different grid types: quadrilateral, hexagonal, and polygonal grids as well as grids with local mesh adaptivity.
Alternative Structural Approaches to Farm Bargaining: A Cooperative Systems Model

TRUCTURAL considerations of organization for bargaining are among the key, yet least understood, determinants of successful negotiating efforts. As structural change in the economic organization of American agriculture points to the prevalence of large-scale voluntary organizations, the structural attributes of various organizational forms and organizational interrelationships become of increasing importance. Basic questions arise about relationships of producer members to their organizations and about the interaction of various organization forms in pursuit of income maximization on behalf of farm operators. At issue is whether these large-scale organizations can provide collective goods to members and whether members are the ultimate recipients of the benefits of group-oriented behavior in these organizations. Farm bargaining, the direct confrontation and interaction of pressure groups and firms (or government) in the determination of prices and other terms of trade, has become the focal point of contemporary farmer movements in the 1960's and is destined to become a working part of farm marketing in the 1970's. Agricultural pressure groups involved in the process of bargaining include cooperative business organizations and professional associations (individual and general farm) that are both single and cross-commodity in nature. Debate over the attributes of the centralized versus federated form of cooperative organizations has been renewed recently in the dairy industry with the evolution of multimarket combines. Spokesmen for the dairy industry conclude that the centralized organization form (with direct membership in the regional or national organization) is most appropriate for bargaining. Structural issues among general farm organizations were not a concern so long as government programs were a major determinant of farm income levels. The federated county-state-national structure was uniquely adapted to lobbying activities with administrative and legislative bodies. With deemphasis of government farm programs and rise in popularity of collective bargaining, professional associations such as the National Farmers' Union, National Grange, and American Farm Bureau Federation have undertaken a reappraisal of their organizational dilemma. To date only the AFBF has initiated structural change, and then only through a parallel federated structure-the AAMA-that re-
Prospective neurochemical characterization of child offspring of parents with bipolar disorder.

Abstract We wished to determine whether decreases in N -acetyl aspartate (NAA) and increases in myoinositol (mI) concentrations as a ratio of creatine (Cr) occurred in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of pediatric offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) and a healthy comparison group (HC) over a 5-year period using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS). Paticipants comprised 64 offspring (9–18 years old) of parents with BD (36 with established BD, and 28 offspring with symptoms subsyndromal to mania) and 28 HCs, who were examined for group differences in NAA/Cr and mI/Cr in the DLPFC at baseline and follow-up at either 8, 10, 12, 52, 104, 156, 208, or 260 weeks. No significant group differences were found in metabolite concentrations at baseline or over time. At baseline, BD offspring had trends for higher mI/Cr concentrations in the right DLPFC than the HC group. mI/Cr concentrations increased with age, but no statistically significant group differences were found between groups on follow-up. It may be the case that with intervention youth at risk for BD are normalizing otherwise potentially aberrant neurochemical trajectories in the DLPFC. A longer period of follow-up may be required before observing any group differences.
Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear in children: a clinical and histopathological report.

Abstract Forty-one children with congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear seen from 1978 through 1989 are reviewed. The most common presentation was that of an asymptomatic white mass behind a normal intact tympanic membrane. Computed tomography (CT) scan was useful in documenting extension beyond the mesotympanum. Surgical removal was performed using an extended tympanotomy for lesions in the middle ear and tympanomastoidectomy for those that had extended into attic and mastoid air cells. Observation over an average 3.1-year period indicated that 80% of children were free of disease after initial surgery. Residual disease that required further surgery was present in 20%. The importance of early diagnosis of congenital cholesteatoma is strongly advocated. The prognosis is better when the cholesteatoma is confined to the anterosuperior quadrant of the middle ear. Seventeen patients in this study had such a lesion, and extended tympanotomy allowed removal of an encapsulated closed cholesteatoma with normal postoperative hearing and no residual cholesteatoma. The average age was 2.3 years. Temporal bone histopathological studies of three cases of congenital cholesteatoma demonstrate two distinct pathological types of congenital cholesteatoma. A "closed" keratotic cyst in the anterior mesotympanum, which is easily removed, and an "open" infiltrative type in which there is no containment of the keratotic debris and the cholesteatoma matrix is in direct continuity with middle ear mucosa. Surgical extirpation of the "open" type is difficult and more likely to be associated with residual disease.
Brain α-adrenergic receptors: comparison of [3H]WB 4101 binding with norepinephrine-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat cerebral cortex

The ability of a series of adrenergic agents to displace the binding to brain membranes of [3H]WB 4101, a potent α-adrenergic antagonists (WB4101 = 2[2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylaminomethyl]-1,4-benzodioxane hydrochloride), has been compared with the potency of these agents in stimulating or inhibiting the α-adrenergic component of cyclic AMP accumulation in rat cerebral cortex slices. [3H]WB 4101 rapidly bound to a high affinity site (KD = 2.7nM) in membranes from cerebral cortex Binding came to equilibrium by 2 min at 37°C and was rapidly reversed in the presence of phentolamine. The potencies of adrenergic agents (WB 4101 > phentolamine > naphazoline) in displacing binding of [4H]WB 4101 were comparable to the potencies of these agents as inhibitors of the α-adrenergic component of norepinephrine-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulations. Phenoxybenzamine, clonidine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol were about 10–30 times more potent in inhibiting cyclic AMP accumulation than in displacing [3H]WB 4101 binding. The potency of classical α-adrenergic agonists in displacing WB 4101 (epinephrine > norepinephrine > methoxamine) correlated with the ability of these agonists to increase cyclic AMP levels. Overall a significant correlation (r = 0.87, P < 0.005) was found between WB4101 binding and α-AAadrenergically mediated cyclic AMP accumulation in brain. Several ligands bind to specific sites in brain membranes with α-adrenergic receptor properties. The identificatiom of these binding sites as receptors depends on a correlation of binding with a known α-adrenergic receptor-mediated response in brain. These data demonstrating that WB4101 correlates with norepinephrine-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation suggest that WB 4101 may bind to the membrane receptor sites mediating the α-adrenergic accumulation of cyclic AMP in rat cerebral cortex.
Hepatic resection for metachronous metastases from ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objective Hepatic resection for recurrent ovarian carcinoma is controversial because of the paucity of relevant published data. The principles of cytoreduction before chemotherapy suggest that resection of measurable liver lesions in properly selected patients would be beneficial. To determine the effect of resection of metachronous liver metastases on morbidity and survival, we reviewed our experience with this treatment. Methods Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for all patients who had anatomic hepatic resection for metachronous parenchymal liver metastases from ovarian carcinoma (epithelial or malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) at Mayo Clinic from 1976 to 1999. Results We identified 26 patients (median age at hepatic resection, 62 years; range, 39–75 years) who had hepatic resection requiring complete segmentectomies or more extensive hepatic surgery for recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Cytoreduction was optimal (extrahepatic and hepatic residual disease ≤1 cm) in 21 patients and suboptimal in 5. No intraoperative or postoperative deaths occurred. Aside from blood loss requiring transfusion of more than 4 units of erythrocytes in 4 patients, only two complications were noted: one superficial wound infection and one small-bowel perforation that required reoperation. The overall median disease-related survival was 26.3 months after hepatic resection; 18 patients (69%) died of disease at a median of 14.6 months (range, 5.0–41.3 months). However, 8 patients (31%) were alive at median follow-up of 33.2 months (range, 3.6–49.6 months). Factors significantly associated with improved disease-related survival were consistent with known prognostic factors associated with cytoreductive surgery, including more than 12 months since original diagnosis (27.3 vs 5.7 months, P = 0.004) and less than or equal to 1 cm of residual disease after hepatic resection (27.3 vs 8.6 months, P = 0.031). Conclusion We present evidence that hepatic resection can be performed with minimal surgical morbidity and mortality by surgical teams trained in the procedures. Because of the disease-related survival advantage afforded women by optimal cytoreductive surgery, parenchymal liver metastases should not preclude secondary cytoreductive surgical efforts.
Cyanate Ester-Alumina Nanoparticle Suspensions: Effect of Alumina Concentration on Viscosity and Cure Behavior

The effect of alumina nanoparticles on the viscosity and curing behavior of a bisphenol E cyanate ester monomer suspension was investigated by rheometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The viscosity was found to increase with solids content and was fit well by the Mooney equation. Cure experiments indicate that alumina particles catalyze the curing of the suspensions. The viscosity reduction achieved at high particle loadings by the addition of benzoic acid was also investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Objective factors associated with physicians' and nurses' perceptions of intensive care unit capacity strain.

Rationale: Time-varying demand for critical care may strain the capacities of intensive care units (ICUs) to provide optimal care. Intensivists and ICU nurses may be the best judges of the strain on their ICU. Yet, it is not clear what ICU and hospital factors contribute to this perceived sense of strain among ICU providers. Objectives: To identify measureable ICU and hospital factors associated with perceived strain by intensivists and ICU nurses. Methods: During a 6-month prospective cohort study, we surveyed nurses and physicians responsible for bed management regarding the ability of a 24-bed medical ICU (MICU) to provide optimal critical care. We simultaneously assessed time-varying ICU-level factors, including patient census, number of admissions, average patient acuity, number of interhospital transfer requests, and censuses of other hospital units. To identify factors associated with strain, we used an algorithm for covariate selection in regression models that selects variables that contribute sufficiently to model prediction to justify their inclusion. Measurements and Main Results: Of 254 surveys, 226 (89%) were completed by 18 charge nurses and 17 physicians. On a scale of 1 to 10 (where a higher score indicated more strain), the median perceived strain score among nurses was 6 (interquartile range, 3–7) and among physicians was 5 (interquartile range, 3–7), with moderate correlation within days (interclass correlation coefficient, 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.30, 0.60). Average patient acuity, MICU census, number of MICU admissions, and general ward census were included in the most efficient model of strain perceived by nurses. Only MICU census was strongly associated with strain perceived by physicians. Conclusions: A model containing commonly available metrics of ICU census, average patient acuity, and the proportion of new admissions has validity as a model of ICU nurses’ perceived ICU capacity strain. However, only ICU census was associated with increased perceived capacity strain by physicians, highlighting the need for involvement of multiple stakeholder groups to improve our understanding of ICU capacity strain.
Age and dosage differences in response of genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats to estrogen treatment.

Abstract 1. Normotensive rats (6 months old) showed a 4% increase in blood pressure (B.P.) after low doses of estrogen, with no decreases in norepinephrine (NE) levels as were found previously in younger rats. 2. Genetically hypertensive (GH) rats (6 months old) treated with low or high doses of estrogen showed no significant increases in B.P. nor changes in NE levels. 3. GH rats (3 months old) showed a greater response to high doses of estrogen as seen in greater increases in B.P. and changes in hypothalamic and adrenal NE content.
Xenopus 5S gene transcription factor, TFIIIA: Characterization of a cDNA clone and measurement of RNA levels throughout development

Initiation of 5S RNA gene transcription in Xenopus oocytes requires a 38,500 dalton polypeptide, TFIIIA. The levels of both 5S RNA and TFIIIA are regulated throughout oogenesis and embryonic development. To delineate the mechanisms by which the corresponding genes are regulated, as well as to determine the primary structure of TFIIIA, we have isolated a cDNA clone that encodes TFIIIA. Using the cDNA clone, we have determined that there is (are) one or a small number of TFIIIA gene(s) per Xenopus haploid genome, and we have estimated the size and levels of TFIIIA RNA throughout Xenopus development. We report sequence homologies between TFIIIA cDNA and regulatory regions of the Xenopus tmet and 5S RNA genes. Implications of these data for developmental regulation of the TFIIIA and 5S RNA genes are discussed.
Western households' water knowledge, preferences, and willingness to pay.

Water conflicts are intensifying as the population grows in the American West. Stakeholders seek a better understanding of households’ water knowledge, preferences, and willingness to pay (WTP) as they contemplate various water allocation initiatives. An Internet survey provides insight into western households’ perceptions and preferences regarding water use and management, their familiarity with water terminology, and their WTP a fee in support of eight potential water initiatives regarding water acquisition, conservation, and reallocation. Further analysis identifies factors that influence the decision. Just over half of all respondents express a WTP the fee, with an estimated median WTP among survey respondents of $15.65 per summer month. Respondents with higher self-reported water knowledge are more likely to support the fee. The probability of supporting the fee is also influenced by respondents’ demographic characteristics and attitudes toward water scarcity and management. Les conflits lies a l’eau s’intensifient a mesure que la population s’accroit dans l’Ouest americain. Les parties prenantes cherchent a decouvrir les connaissances sur l’eau, les preferences et le consentement a payer des menages etant donne qu’elles envisagent divers schemas d’allocation de l’eau. Un sondage en ligne a donne un apercu des perceptions et des preferences des menages de l’Ouest americain concernant l’utilisation et la gestion de l’eau, de leur degre de connaissance de la terminologie de l’eau et de leur consentement a payer une taxe pour appuyer huit projets eventuels d’acquisition, de conservation et de reallocation de l’eau. Une analyse plus detaillee a determine les facteurs qui influencaient les decisions. Un peu plus de la moitie des repondants ont indiqueetre prets a payer une taxe. Chez les repondants, le consentement a payer median s’elevait a 15,65 $ par mois durant la saison estivale. Les repondants qui ont indique avoir de bonnes connaissances sur l’eau sont plus susceptibles d’appuyer l’imposition d’une taxe. Les caracteristiques demographiques et les attitudes des repondants envers la rarete et la gestion de l’eau influencent la probabilite d’appuyer l’imposition d’une taxe.
High-frequency transfection and cytopathology of the hepatitis B virus core antigen gene in human cells

A protoplast fusion method was developed to stably transfect human cells with pSV2-derived plasmids at frequencies greater than 10(-3). This procedure made it possible to test the biological effect of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene independent of the viral structures required for infection. A pSV2gpt+ plasmid constructed to carry a subgenomic fragment of HBV that contained the core antigen gene (HBc gene) was transfected into human cells. A human epithelial cell line was stably transfected with the HBc+ gene by selecting recipient cells for expression of guanine phosphoribosyl transferase expression. With this gpt+/HBc+ cell line it was shown that growth in serum-free medium or treatment with 5'-azacytidine stimulates the production of the HBV core antigen. A hepatocellular carcinoma carrying the entire HBV genome was stimulated to produce the HBc gene product in response to the same factors that stimulated HBcAg production in the gpt+/HBc+ cell line constructed by transfection. The temporal relation between the cytopathologic response and HBc gene expression was similar for both cell types, indicating a primary role for HBc gene expression in the cytopathology of HBV-infected human liver.
(+) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy') transiently increases striatal 5-HT1B binding sites without altering 5-HT1B mRNA in rat brain.

(+) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychedelic drug of abuse that causes selective degeneration of serotonergic fibers of dorsal raphe neurons that project throughout the forebrain. Previous studies using pharmacological and behavioral approaches suggested that MDMA treatment leads to desensitization of 5-HT1B receptors. We proposed to test whether this occurs by downregulation of 5-HT1B messenger RNA in dorsal raphe, striatum or CA1 hippocampal neurons and/or 5-HT1B binding site density in hippocampus and basal ganglia. In Experiment I, rats were treated with MDMA using several dosing protocols (2.5 or 10 mg kg-1 day-1 s.c. given a single time or twice daily for 4 days). The animals were killed 24 h after the last dose. [3H]-citalopram binding to serotonin transporters in hippocampus was reduced in the high dose protocol, indicating degeneration of forebrain serotonergic fibers. Despite the extensive reduction in serotonergic content, 5-HT1B mRNA did not change from control levels in any region when measured by in situ hybridization. [125I]-Iodocyanopindolol binding to 5-HT1B sites in hippocampus was also not changed. In Experiment II, high dose MDMA had no effect on 5-HT1B mRNA in any brain region either 1 or 14 days after treatment. However, [125I]-iodocyanopindolol binding more than doubled in striatum 1 day after MDMA treatment but returned to control levels by 14 days. This may have been a transient compensation to early neuronal damage caused by MDMA exposure. These results suggest that previously described changes in 5-HT1B function following MDMA treatment involve only posttranscriptional changes in receptor regulation and do not alter 5-HT1B mRNA levels.
Beliefs about eating and eating disorders

Beliefs about foods and binge eating may influence the development and maintenance of eating disorders and the likelihood that people will seek treatment. We found that the majority of a random sample of members of a large health maintenance organization considered binge eating a problem for which there are effective treatments. Self-reported binge eaters, however, were significantly less likely to agree that there are effective treatments. Two thirds of the sample reported that certain foods are addictive and also believed that strict dieting is an effective means of reducing binge eating. Therapeutic implications of these attitudes are discussed.
Design of a modified Serrurier truss for an optical interferometer

A modified Serrurier truss was designed to support a beam collapser for the USNO Optical Interferometer. The truss was designed to maintain the primary and secondary mirrors within the allowed specified optical and stress tolerances under gravity, wind, thermal, and earthquake loading. A NASTRAN finite element model and closed-form equations were developed to design the truss members.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Glucose potentiates haloperidol-induced catalepsy.

Abstract Treatment of rats with D-glucose greatly potentiates the cataleptic response to haloperidol. Neither L-glucose, which is not metabolized, nor saline administration alters haloperidol-induced catalepsy. These results are discussed in relation to our previous observation that D-glucose administration suppresses the firing of central dopamine-containing neurons.