cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerium oxide nanoparticles attenuate acute kidney injury induced by intra-abdominal infection in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Intra-abdominal infection or peritonitis is a cause for great concern due to high mortality rates. The prognosis of severe intra-abdominal infection is significantly diminished in the presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) which is often characterized by renal tubular cell death that can lead to renal failure. The purpose of the current study is to examine the therapeutic efficacy of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles for the treatment of peritonitis-induced AKI by polymicrobial insult. A one-time administration of CeO2 nanoparticles (0.5 mg/kg) in the absence of antibiotics or other supportive care, attenuated peritonitis-induced tubular dilatation and the loss of brush border in male Sprague–Dawley rats. These improvements in renal structure were accompanied by decreases in serum cystatin-C levels, reduced renal oxidative stress, diminished Stat-3 phosphorylation and an attenuation of caspase-3 cleavage suggesting that the nanoparticle treatment improved renal glomerular filtration rate, diminished renal inflammation and reduced renal apoptosis. Consistent with these data, further analysis demonstrated that the CeO2 nanoparticle treatment diminished peritonitis-induced increases in serum kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), osteopontin, β-2 microglobulin and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) levels. In addition, the nanoparticle attenuated peritonitis-induced hyperglycemia along with increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum potassium and sodium. CeO2 nanoparticles scavenge reactive oxygen species and attenuate polymicrobial insult induced increase in inflammatory mediators and subsequent AKI. Taken together, the data indicate that CeO2 nanoparticles may be useful as an alternative therapeutic agent or in conjunction with standard medical care for the treatment of peritonitis induced acute kidney injury.
Regularity of conjugacies between critical circle maps: an experimental study

We develop numerical implementations of several criteria to assess the regularity of functions. The criteria are based on the finite difference method and harmonic analysis: Littlewood-Paley theory, and wavelet analysis. As a first application of the methods, we study the regularity of conjugacies between critical circle maps (i.e., differentiable homeomorphisms with a critical point) with a golden mean rotation number. These maps have a very well-developed mathematical theory as well as a wealth of numerical studies. We compare the results produced by our methods among themselves and with theorems in the mathematical literature. We confirm that several of the features that are predicted by the mathematical results are observable by numerical computation. Some universal numbers predicted can be computed reliably. Our calculations suggest that several simple upper bounds are sharp in some cases, but not in others. This indicates that there may be conceptually different mechanisms at play.
FAD requirement for the reduction of coenzyme F420 by hydrogenase from Methanobacterium formicicum.

Summary Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of coenzyme F 420 -reducing hydrogenase purified from Methanobacterium formicicum depleted protein-bound FAD and eliminated the ability to reduce coenzyme F 420 . Preincubation of the FAD-depleted hydrogenase with FAD restored 85% of the coenzyme F 420 -reducing activity. FMN did not replace FAD. A Kd of 12 μM was estimated for FAD. Analysis of the reactivated hydrogenase following molecular sieve column chromatography showed that FAD was bound to protein. The results indicate that protein-bound FAD is reversibly removed from the coenzyme F 420 -reducing hydrogenase and that this flavin is required for the reduction of coenzyme F 420 .
EFFECTS OF FETAL ACIDOSIS ON FETAL & MATERNAL BLOOD COAGULATION (A FETAL LAMB MODEL)

The effects of two hours of fetal acidosis (mean pH 6.93) on fetal and maternal blood coagulation were measured. Coagulation test results from 10 fetal lambs and mother ewes (127 ± 2 days mean gestation) before and after fetal lactic acid infusion were compared with test results from 8 control fetal lambs and mother ewes (127 ± 3 days mean gestation) before and after control glucose infusion. Tests included Hb, Hct, WBC, platelet count, pH, pCO2, pO2, PT, PTT, thrombin time, fibrinogen, factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII activities, fibrin monomer (FM), AT III, and FDP levels. Significant changes in acidotic fetal lambs not seen in controls included increased WBC (mean 2800/mm3 to 3600/mm3; p=.0009), shortened thrombin time (mean 17.8 sec to 11.2 sec; p=.0001), decreased factor V (mean 57% to 37%; p=.0014), factor IX (mean 35% to 29%; p=.0128), and fibrinogen (mean 147 mg % to 125 mg %; p=.0492). There were no increases in FM or FDP and no decreases in platelet counts or AT III levels. Although there was no change in pH or lactate, a decrease in factor V was found in ewes with acidotic fetuses (mean 141% to 113%; p=.006) and a decrease in factor IX (mean 119% to 102%) approached significance (p=.0564). Fetal acidosis thus induces a hypercoagulable state in the fetus by shortening the thrombin time. Decreases in the levels of factor V and IX are also observed in both fetus and mother, suggesting the liberation of a mediator capable of crossing the placenta.
Random scattering in magnetotellurics

Typical well logs show substantial variations of formation electrical resistivity over small spatial scales, down to the resolution of the logging tool. Using a plane stratified earth model, we examine the effects of this fine‐scale microstructure on scattering of the naturally occurring electromagnetic (EM) waves used in magnetotellurics. We show how 1-D magnetotelluric (MT) data may be viewed as arising statistically from a smoothed effective medium version of the resistivity‐depth profile. The difference between the data produced by the true medium and the effective medium is attributable to random scattering noise. This noise is fundamental to magnetotellurics and other diffusive‐wave EM exploration methods since it arises from the very small spatial scales that are usually ignored. The noise has unique statistical properties, which we characterize. We show that if scattering is the dominant noise source, a thin layer of increased resistivity at depth can be reliably detected only if the noise statist...
On-line Literature: The Challenge of Integrating Web-based Materials

This classroom research discusses the challenges of integrating face-to-face interactions with the use of on-line resources in secondary English classrooms. Examining the lesson plans of pre-service and early career teachers in the US, I found that the uses of on-line resources were frequently neither coherent nor consistent with the goals and objectives teachers had planned for their lessons. As well, on-line resources rarely furthered teachers’ attempts to support students’ analytical or close reading of literary texts, but instead were used primarily to foster student engagement with the literature. Although on-line literature resources provide almost unimaginable possibilities for enriching classrooms, teachers must learn to identify and clarify their objectives for reading, and they must distinguish their objectives from those of website developers and sponsors. If we want on-line resources to transform our classrooms, then we must be willing and able to transform those materials, to translate them f...
An electron microscopic analysis of pathways for bacteriophage T4 DNA recombination.

Abstract Branched DNA molecules that are intermediates in the process of recombination can be observed by electron microscopy of extracts of bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli (Broker and Lehman, 1971). When the phage were defective in various combinations of eleven genes that affect DNA metabolism, DNA structures characteristic of the particular mutants accumulated. From their physical properties and their frequencies of appearance, the intermediates have been arranged into a pathway for DNA exchange in the absence of replication. Recombination of T4 DNA appears to require single-stranded regions (which generally are shorter than 1250 nucleotides) for pairing. At about one-half of the branch points in the recombinational intermediates, one of the branches was single-stranded for a (median) length of 600 nucleotides. Single-stranded fork structures characteristic of strand displacement, a form of branch migration, were observed at one-half of these branch points and indicated that the hetero-duplex pairing region had a minimum median length of 420 nucleotide pairs. Correlated multiple exchanges occurred in about one-third of all branched molecules. Some multiple branches must have arisen in a single pairing event that included separatory migration of the branches by either strand displacement or strand assimilation; others were the consequence of reiterated synapse of chromosomes. The variety of intermediate structures is consistent with alternative enzymatic routes being available to DNA recombination. During wild-type T4 infection cycles, recombination might occur between single-stranded regions generated by displacement (asymmetric) replication in addition to those formed by degradative processes, as in the studies reported here. A model is presented in which linear concatemers are formed by recombination of newly replicated sibling chromosomes at complementary single-stranded ends which remain when the discontinuous mode of replication fails to initiate synthesis of terminally situated segments.
Regulation of human leukocyte microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity by a phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanism

The activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34), obtained from cultured human IM-9 lymphoid cells or freshly isolated human peripheral blood leukocytes, is modulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism. Addition of MgATP + ADP to IM-9 cell microsomal reductase leads to a time-dependent loss of enzyme activity. Inactivated reductase is reactivated by rat liver reductase phosphatase. Kinase-dependent IM-9 cell microsomal reductase, prepared by heating IM-9 microsomes for 15 min at 50 degrees C, is inactivated in the presence of MgATP and ADP only after addition of cytosolic reductase kinase from either IM-9 cells, freshly isolated leukocytes or rat liver. Inactivation is time-dependent and dependent on the cytosolic protein concentration. Inactivated reductase is reactivated by rat liver reductase phosphatase. For cultured IM-9 cells and freshly isolated leukocytes incubated with culture medium for 2 h, the ratios of active (unphosphorylated) to total (phosphorylated + unphosphorylated) reductase activity are 0.22 and 0.43, respectively. Thus, in addition to its regulation by changes in the amount of total enzyme protein, human leukocyte reductase activity is also modulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism.
On-line Estimation of Effective Bulk Modulus in Fluid Power Systems Using Piezoelectric Transducer Impedance

The effective bulk modulus of working fluids plays an important role in the control of hydraulic actuation systems because of its effect on the system response time and performance. Therefore, to e...
A comparison of the triboelectric charging of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and an amine-cured fluoroepoxy resin

Abstract Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and an amine-cured fluoroepoxy resin are compared with respect to the triboelectric charge generated when the surfaces are rubbed against four types of contacting surfaces. In all cases, the fluoroepoxy resin acquires a larger negative voltage than does the poly(tetrafluoroethylene).
Family functioning and eating attitudes and behaviors in at-risk early adolescent girls: The mediating role of intra-personal competencies

The relation between perceived family functioning, intra-personal competence, and eating attitudes and behaviors was examined in a sample of at-risk, ethnically diverse, early adolescents. Both family functioning and intra-personal competencies were related to eating attitudes and behavior. However, adolescent intra-personal competence, defined as self-control, negative, and positive coping, mediated the relationship between family functioning and eating attitudes and behaviors. Results suggest that by early adolescence, important aspects of family environment have consolidated into individual differences in competence and/or personality. Results are discussed within a developmental framework emphasizing the influence of the family on adolescent psychosocial development. The implications of these data for prevention and intervention with at-risk adolescent girls are also discussed.
Conformal mapping for heat conduction in a region with an unknown boundary

8. P. L. T. BRIAN, Gas absorption accompanied by an irreversible reaction of general order, A.I.Ch.E.JI 10, 5 (1964). J. CRANK and P. NICOLSON, A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat conduction type, Proc. Camb. Phil. sot, 43, 50 (1947). G. D. SMITH, N~~r~~a~ ~oi~ti~~ of Partial Deferential Equafio~s. Oxford University Press (1965). R. D. RICHTMEYER, Difference Metho& for Initial Value Problems. Interscience, New York (1957). J. D~uG~.As, The application of stability analysis in the numerical solution of quasi-linear parabolic differential equations, Trans. Am. Math. Sot. 89, 484 (1958). 9. S. R. C. BURCHELL, M.Sc. Report, Imperial College, London (1966). 10. R. H. PERRY and R. L. PIGFORD, Kinetics of gasliquid reactions, Ind. Engng Chem. 45, 1247 (1953). 1 I. H. L. SCHULMAN, C. F. ULLRICH and N. WELLS, Performance of packed columns. I: Total, static and operating holdups, A.I.Ch.E.JI I, 247 (1955). 12. H. L. S~HULM~~, C. F. ULLRICH, N. WELLS and A. 2. PROL’LX, Performance of packed columns. III : Holdup for aqueous and non-aqueous systems, A.I.Ch.E.Jl 1, 259 (1955). 13. T. K. SHERWOOD and R. L. PIGFORD, Absorption and Extraction. McGraw-Hill, New York (1952).
Factors Affecting Selected Area Electron Diffraction Patterns of Micas

Major factors affecting the selected area electron diffraction (SAD) patterns of micas are: lattice properties of the crystal, specimen thickness, orientation of the crystal, properties of the Ewald sphere for electron diffraction, depth of field of the objective lens, and variations in focusing conditions of this lens. Depending on these factors, SAD patterns of 2M 1 muscovite may display different symmetries. Speci- men 'finite' thickness affects the intensity in terms of the 'interference function'. The latter function has been evaluated exactly and the intensity distribution has been calculated along the (hk) rows. The observed intensity variations of (hk) spots indicate that the focusing conditions of the objective lens are rather criti- cal for the symmetry of SAD patterns.
Measuring cost efficiency in the property-liability insurance industry☆

Abstract Escalating prices and periodic availability problems in property-liability insurance markets are often attributed to insurance company inefficiency and lax claims settlement practices. This paper investigates these issues by estimating stochastic cost frontiers for three size-stratified samples of property-liability insurers over the period 1980–1988. A translog cost function and input share equations are estimated using maximum likelihood techniques. The results show that large insurers operate in a narrow range around an average efficiency level of about 90 percent relative to their cost frontier. Efficiency levels for medium and small insurers are about 80 and 88 percent in relation to their respective frontiers. Wider variations in efficiency are present for these two groups in comparison with large insurers. Large insurers slightly over-produce loss settlement services, while small and medium-size insurers under-produce this output. The small and intermediate size groups are characterized by economies of scale, suggesting the potential for cost reductions from consolidations in the industry.
An AHP-weighted aggregated data quality indicator (AWADQI) approach for estimating embodied energy of building materials

Aggregated data quality indicator (ADQI) method has been used to estimate probability distributions of the input data in a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compensate for insufficient data in a statistical analysis. In a traditional ADQI, a multicriteria evaluation process, the impacts of various quality indicators under investigation are often equally weighted or unweighted despite the fact that some of them may weight more than the others on contributing to the overall data uncertainty. An unweighted ADQI (UWADQI) approach, though simple, may lead to incorrect conclusions. This paper aims to develop a weighted ADQI to overcome the deficiency of the unweighted ADQI to make it more reliable for LCA uncertainty analysis. To improve the UWADQI approach, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is introduced in this research for estimating weighting factors in the ADQI aggregation process. An AHP’s pairwise comparison function is used to determine the weighting of each data quality indicator. Three common building materials of concrete, steel, and glass were chosen to validate the presented method. Using the published results from the statistical method as the benchmarks, it was found that the proposed AHP-weighted ADQI (AWADQI) method lead to better estimated probabilistic values of embodied energy intensity than the traditional UWADQI approach for the three building materials. In conclusion, using AHP to incorporate weighing factors into an ADQI process can improve the uncertainty estimate of embodied energy of building materials, and consequently, the method can improve the reliability of a building LCA.
Inclusive Global Education: Implications for Social Justice.

Purpose – The overarching purpose of this paper is to empower K‐12 educators, colleagues in teacher education programs, and educational leadership personnel to address social justice issues within communities where divergent perspectives abound.Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a discursive method to uncover the historical and theoretical differences between global education and inclusive education, identify the ways in which the two fields are complementary, and propose strategies for education leadership personnel that build on the commonalities and best practices of both fields.Findings – The authors argue that the two fields have essential elements that can and should inform each other. They term this intersection “inclusive global education”. They integrate the concepts from global education and inclusive education to define inclusive global education as a pedagogical and curricular stance, a way to honor the diverse cultural, linguistic, physical, mental, and cognitive complexities of al...
Fritz Reiche and the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars

I discuss the family background and early life of the German theoretical physicist Fritz Reiche (1883–1969) in Berlin; his higher education at the University of Berlin under Max Planck (1858–1947); his subsequent work at the University of Breslau with Otto Lummer (1860–1925); his return to Berlin in 1911, where he completed his Habilitation thesis in 1913, married Bertha Ochs the following year, became a friend of Albert Einstein (1879–1955), and worked during and immediately after the Great War. In 1921 he was appointed as ordentlicher Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Breslau and worked there until he was dismissed in 1933. He spent the academic year 1934–1935 as a visiting professor at the German University in Prague and then returned to Berlin, where he remained until, with the crucial help of his friend Rudolf Ladenburg (1882–1952) and vital assistance of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars, he, his wife Bertha, and their daughter Eve were able to emigrate to the United States in 1941 (their son Hans had already emigrated to England in 1939).From 1941–1946 he held appointments at the New School for Social Research in New York, the City College of New York, and Union College in Schenectady, New York, and then was appointed as an Adjunct Professor of Physics at New York University, where his contract was renewed year-by-year until his retirement in 1958.
Perturbation to global tropospheric oxidizing capacity due to latitudinal redistribution of surface sources of NOx, CH4 and CO

Economic and social projections indicate that during next several decades there will be major geographical redistribution of surface emissions of O3 precursors, such as NOx, CH4 and CO. A net decrease in their emissions from northern hemispheric mid-latitudes will be accompanied by substantial increases from the tropics. We have investigated a hypothetical scenario of currently underway transition of such emission patterns using a global two-dimensional photochemical model. With overall O3 precursor releases held constant, a simultaneous transfer of their emissions by 25% from the latitude belt 75°N–35°N to 5°S–35°N increases tropospheric oxidizing capacity such that the methane global lifetime and concentrations fall by more than 3%. Seasonally dependent changes in surface O3 concentrations are also calculated. In influencing OH concentration, redistribution of surface NOx emissions is 2–3 orders of magnitude more efficient per unit mass than CO emissions. Shifts in methane sources have insignificant effects on global photochemistry, but lead to a decrease in its interhemispheric gradient.
THIRTY-FIVE YEARS OF UPPER MISSOURI RIVER BASIN PALEOPATHOLOGY

El proyecto Huesos Mojados consistia en las evaluaciones de hablar/escuchar a y con los nativos de Norteamerica. El proyecto Huesos Secos consistia en estudios conducidos en los huesos recuperados de la region. Durante 35 anos, examinamos los restos esqueletales que representan varias culturas diferentes que vivian en el Territorio Dakota durante 2000 anos. Un factor que mejora la paleopatologia en esta region eran los proyectos arqueologicos de rescate conducidos antes de cerrar las represas que cruzan el Rio Missouri en Dakota del Sur. Las condiciones climaticas no eran favorables para momificacion, asi que el estudio fue limitado a los huesos. En 1966, participamos en y recibimos mucho estimulo del simposio de paleopatologia en la Fundacion Nacional de Ciencia. En 1977, T.A. Cockburn cuestiono si la mastoiditis y sus complicaciones existian en los Estados Unidos, y eso estimulo nuestro entusiasmo. Los resultados del proyecto Huesos Secos son el tema de este trabajo
Cognitive Processing in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Twenty-one pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and 21 matched healthy control (HC) subjects were assessed with 5 untimed tests and 5 timed tests from the computer-based NeuroCognitive Assessment Battery (R. K. Mahurin, 1993). Random effects regression showed no difference between CFS and healthy twins on any of the cognitive tests. Further, the twin groups did not differ from the HC group on any content-dependent measure. In contrast, both sets of twins performed worse than the HC group on all speed-dependent tests except Finger Tapping. Self-rated fatigue and dysphoric mood were only weakly correlated with cognitive performance. These data point toward a shared genetic trait related to information processing that is manifest in the CFS context. The findings have implications for differentiating genetic and acquired vulnerability in the symptomatic expression of the disorder. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
Other problems with phase III best supportive care studies.

TO THE EDITOR: In addition to the problems with such studies as discussed by Zafar et al, another surprisingly unaddressed issue is the frequency of patient visits by health care professionals. In the panitumumab versus best supportive care (BSC) studies, patients who received the drug were presumably seen by health care professionals every 2 weeks at the time of drug delivery, whereas those receiving only BSC were assessed, perhaps only, radiographically every 4 or even 8 weeks. In the cetuximab study, the differences in frequency of visits were even greater, with the treated group seen weekly and the BSC group seen every 4 weeks. This may result in the treated group having a shorter progressionfree survival because of earlier recognition of disease progression. On the other hand, complications and problems can be noted and addressed earlier in the treated group, possibly prolonging time on treatment, progression-free survival, and altering overall survival. In the future, such studies should consider having patients seen with the same frequency in both the treatment and BSC arms. Given that the overall survival differences were either not significant or perhaps not clinically meaningful, especially given the cost of the treatment, collecting the data in such a manner may have led to results different from those obtained.
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

Part 1 Early Indian Art: Early monuments and Sculpture Early Rock-Cut Architecture Mathura The Art of Gandhara. Part 2 The Gupta Period: Introduction Mathura Sarnath, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar Temples and Sculpture The Later or Mahayana Caves at Ajanta. Part 3 The Post-Gupta Period: Later Rock-Cut Temples Western India and Madhya Pradesh Orisssa The Deccan, Meeting-Place of North and South Kashmir Eastern India and Bangladesh. Part 4 The Later Hindu Period: Western India, Malwa, and Madhya Pradesh Orissa The Deccan. Part 5 South India: The Pallavas The Early Cola Period The Later Cola Period Vijayanagara Kerala. Part 6 Painting: Mural Painting and the Beginnings of Miniature Painting Mughal Painting Painting in Rajasthan, Malwa, and Central India Deccani Painting Pahari Painting. Part 7 Indo-Islamic Architecture: The Delhi Sultanate The Provincial Styles The Deccan The Mughal Period. Part 8 Sri Lanka: Buddhism Preserved. Part 9 Nepal: A National Syncretism.
Electrophysiological Identification of a Visual Area in Shark Telencephalon

Optic nerve stimulation in the shark evokes short-latency telencephalic field potentials localized to the ipsilateral, posterior central nucleus. Such a well-defined visual area in elasmobranch telencephalon further challenges classical formulations of forebrain evolution. Moreover, its ipsilateral representation confirms recent evidence for a crossed thalamotelencephalic visual projection.
Seasonal patterns of host tree resistance to fungal associates of the southern pine beetle1,2

Conifer defenses against scolytid beetles are usually considered as two types: a preformed resin system and an induced hypersensitive response. Inoculation of trees with Ceratocystis minor, the bluestain fungus carried by Dendroctonus frontalis, initiates production of hypersensitive lesions. It has been suggested that lesion size can be used as an index of host resistance to scolytid attack. However, the size of the lesion and the rate of growth exhibit seasonal phenologies that must be considered in assessing host resistance. Lesion size was strongly correlated with season, with a significantly greater than average response occurring in September and significantly lower than average responses in November, December and January. Trees which had previously been inoculated with fungi did not, consistently, produce lesions of different size from those that had never been inoculated, but a significant interaction with inoculation date and previous exposure existed. Rate of lesion growth was most rapid from the time of inoculation to day 7 in the summer, but the rate of lesion growth from day 7 to 21 was most rapid in spring. Inoculations made in winter grew slowly and did not achieve large size. The effects of lesion size and growth rate on population dynamics of colonizing scolytids are unknown but may relate directly to the tree's ability to contain fungi inoculated during beetle colonization. Zusammenfassung Saisonale Unterschiede der Wirtsbaum-Resistenz gegen Pilze, die mit Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Col., Scolytidae) vergesellschaftet sind Als Abwehrkrafte von Koniferen gegen Borkenkafer werden grundsatzlich zwei Faktoren betrachtet: das vorhandene Harz-System sowie hinzutretende sensitive Verletzungsreaktionen. Eine Impfung von Baumen mit Ceratocystis minor, dem von D. frontalis ubertragenen Blauepilz, fuhrt zur Bildung hypersensitiver Verletzungen. Es wurde angenommen, das der Verletzungsumfang als Index der Wirtsbaumresistenz gegen den Borkenkaferbefall verwendet werden kann. Jedoch erwiesen sich Umfang und Vergroserung der Verletzung als saisonal abhangig, was zu berucksichtigen ist. Die Grose der Verletzung war streng mit der Jahreszeit korreliert, mit einem signifikanten Maximum im September und einem ebensolchen Minimum zwischen November und Januar. Baume mit vorangegangener Impfung zeigten nicht ubereinstimmend Verletzungen, die von jenen unbeimpfter Baume verschieden waren, jedoch gab es eine signifikante Interaktion zwischen Impfungsdatum und Sichtbarkeit der Reaktion. Die Ausweitung der Verletzung war im Sommer bis zum 7. Tag nach Impfung, im Fruhjahr dagegen zwischen dem 7. und 21. Tag am starksten. Impfungen im Winter fuhrten zu langsamerem Pilzwachstum, das keinen grosen Umfang erreichte. Die Wirkungen der Grose und Ausbreitung der Verletzungen auf die Populationsdynamik der Borkenkafer sind unbekannt, konnten jedoch direkt in Beziehung zur Fahigkeit des Baumes die von den Kafern ubertragenen Pilze aufzunehmen, stehen.
Paget's disease of bone: Orthopedic complications

Orthopedic complications of Paget's disease are among the most common indications for treatment of Paget's disease. These complications include severe bone pain, joint pain, skeletal deformity, pathological fracture, and rarely malignant degeneration. The use of effective pharmacological modalities has transformed the treatment of Paget's disease in the past four decades. Although few patients with Paget's disease ever require surgical therapy, successful surgical management of severe orthopedic complications has improved the quality of life for many sufferers. Selected modalities with promising results include total hip replacement for intractable pagetic arthritis of the hip, proximal tibial osteotomy for painful malalignment of the knees, total knee replacement for intractable arthritis of the knee, and internal fixation for pathological fracture. Common surgical complications of joint replacement include infection, hemorrhage, heterotopic ossification, and aseptic loosening. The medical, surgical, and rehabilitation modalities available in managing primary and secondary orthopedic complications of Paget's disease provide a wide array of options that must be carefully considered in each patient.
The energetics of mimicry: the cost of pedestrian transport in a formicine ant and its mimic, a clubionid spider

. Little information exists on the energetics of locomotion in small insects, and none in small spiders. We examined standard rate of oxygen consumption (SVO2) and net cost of transport (NCOT) in Camponotus sericeiventris (Guerin), a formicine ant, Myrmecotypus rettenmeyeri(Unzicker), its clubionid spider mimic (mean masses 43 and 24 mg, respectively), and an unrelated clubionid, Clubiona barroana (Chickering), mean mass 37mg. All species are from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. NCOT in the species studied was 12, 21 and 27 ml O2g-1 km-1, respectively; NCOT in the two spiders was significantly higher than in the ant. The minimum cost of transport of M. rettenmeyeri (8.6ml O2g-1 km-1), though low, did not differ significantly from the value predicted for an insect of its body mass, while its Y intercept elevation (estimated VO2 at zero running speed/SVO2) was extremely high. Y intercept elevation may be high in spiders as a group, leading to high NCOT at low running speeds, and hence to a tendency to adopt ambush predation. It is also predicted that, to minimize locomotion cost per unit distance, spiders will travel faster than insects of equivalent body mass.
Megahertz tonpilz transducer

The tonpilz configuration is applied to a transducer operating in the megahertz frequency range. The KLM model is used to design the transducer using readily available components. The construction techniques used are the same as those applied to standard high frequency transducers. Modeled and measured pulse-echo results display a high level of agreement, but impedance and sensitivity comparisons are less promising.
Spectrum of Cyanide Toxicity and Allocation in Heliconius erato and Passiflora Host Plants

The larvae of three races of Heliconius erato were fed various species of Passiflora containing varying levels of cyanoglucosides. The mortality rate of larvae and pupae rose when larvae were fed species of Passiflora capable of releasing larger quantities of cyanide. When larvae were fed species of Passiflora with these properties, the resulting adult butterflies also released higher levels of cyanide. This may serve as a defense mechanism. The compounds responsible for the release of cyanide were not evenly distributed throughout the adult butterfly’s body. The thorax contained the highest concentration of cyanogenic substances, followed by the head, wings, and abdomen. The younger tissues of Passiflora plants had higher levels of cyanide-releasing compounds than stems and mature leaves. Cyanogenic glycoside distribution within the plants is consistent with optimal allocation theory. The levels of cyanide-releasing substances in plants varied depending on the season.
In vitro effect of bile salts on rat liver plasma membrane, lipid fluidity, and ATPase activity

Considerable evidence suggests that liver plasma membrane (LPM) NaK-ATPase [(Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase] and Mg-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase) activity and lipid fluidity are important in liver cell functions such as bile formation. However, little is known regarding factors which might alter these membrane properties in vivo. Bile salts are actively concentrated by liver cells under normal conditions and reach even higher tissue concentrations in cholestasis. Since current methodology does not permit investigation of the effect of bile salts on LPM in vivo, we have examined the effects of bile salts in vitro on isolated rat LPM essentially free of organelle contamination and enriched 52.9-, 23.8-, and 27.8-fold in NaK-ATPase, 5′-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatase, respectively, compared with homogenate. We found that taurocholate (0.5 to 4.0 mM), taurochenodeoxycholate (0.25 to 4.0 mM), deoxycholate (0.25 to 4.0 mM), but not dehydrocholate (0.25 to 4.0 mM) caused immediate, concentration-dependent inhibition of LPM Mg- and NaK-ATPase which at low bile salt concentration (1.0 mM) was reversible. By contrast, taurocholate (1 to 4 mM) had no effect on LPM 5′-nucleotidase activity. Both 1 mM taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate caused a decrease in the apparent Km for ATP of NaK-ATPase, but not of Mg-ATPase, and 1 mM taurochenodeoxycholate caused no significant change in the activation of either Mg- or NaK-ATPase by cations. Finally, LPM lipid fluidity measured by fluorescence polarization using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe was reversibly increased by taurocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, and deoxycholate, but not dehydrocholate; the effect of taurochenodeoxycholate on lipid fluidity was confirmed by electron spin resonance using 5-(2,2-dimethyl-N-oxyl-oxayalidine)-stearic acid as a probe. However, by both techniques, the effect of low concentrations of these bile salts on ATPase activity was independent of detectable changes in fluidity. These findings indicate that at concentrations comparable to those reported for liver tissue endogenous, micelle-forming bile salts reversibly inhibit LPM ATPases and reversibly increase LPM lipid fluidity in vitro; these two effects being dissociable at low bile salt concentrations. It is possible that bile salts may have similar effects in vivo, particularly under cholestatic conditions.
Measurement of the 2f1-f2 cubic difference tone with the binaural masking-level difference.

Stimulus‐like properties of the 2f1–f2 cubic difference tone (CDT) were examined by determining whether a binaural masking‐level difference (BMLD) could be obtained for a 500‐Hz physical tone to one ear and a CDT of the same frequency to the other ear. Masked thresholds for the physical tone (signal) were obtained as the phase of this tone varied through 360° relative to harmonically related primaries (f1=625 Hz, f2=750 Hz). A continuous low‐pass (2000 Hz) diotic noise comprised the masking stimulus. The level of this noise was varied to establish thresholds in a two‐interval same–different adaptive procedure with the primaries occurring in both observation intervals. In keeping with other stimulus‐like properties of the CDT, the results show BMLDs of 10–13 dB. Additional BMLDs were obtained with a method of adjustment to derive phase and level estimates of the CDT as a function of primary level. These estimates are compared to cancellation estimates obtained from the same subjects. Both BMLD and cancellation estimates of CDT level show a 10‐dB growth in the CDT with each 10‐dB increase in primary level. However, cancellation‐level estimates are consistently above corresponding BMLD‐level estimates, greater by an average of 4–14 dB, depending on the subject. BMLD and cancellation estimates of CDT phase show a near‐identical dependence on primary level, decreasing by an average of 5°/dB. The agreement between the two procedures argues against the notion that the phase dependence is the result of confounding peripheral interactions between the cancellation tone and the primaries in the cancellation procedure.
The comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission

The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby Mission (CRAF) is described. After gravity assists from Venus and Earth, the spacecraft will fly by the asteroid 46 Hestia en route to a rendezvous with P/Tempel 2 in Nov. 1996, when the comet is near aphelion. The scientific experiments for the CRAF mission are: an imaging system; a visual and infrared mapping spectrometer; an infrared radiometer; a penetrator carrying a gamma-ray spectrometer, a scanning differential calorimeter and evolved gas analyzer, accelerometers, and temperature probes; a neutral gas and thermal ion mass spectrometer; a secondary ion mass spectrometer for analyzing dust, gas, and thermal ions; a scanning electron microscope and particle analyzer; an X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatographic analyzer for collected dust and ice samples; a dust counter and velocity analyzer; a retarding potential ion mass spectrometer; a supra-thermal ion mass spectrometer and electron analyzer; a magnetometer; and a coordinated radio, electron, and plasma wave analyzer.
An Interval-Based Metamodeling Approach to Simulate Material Handling in Semiconductor Wafer Fabs

In this paper, we propose a new efficient metamodeling approach as a simulation platform to estimate the performance of automated material handling systems (AMHS) in a much shorter execution time. Our new mechanism is based on imprecise probabilities, in which the simulation model parameters are represented as intervals to incorporate unknown dependency relationships as total uncertainties. The interval-based metamodel provides reasonably accurate and fast estimates of the performance measures of interest. The performance measures from the interval-based simulation are represented as intervals that enclose the traditional real-valued simulation estimates. Using the SEMATECH virtual fab as a test bed, the metamodel of the wafer fab AMHS is implemented in JSim, a java-based discrete-event simulation environment, and the results are compared to the detailed large-scale simulation model to investigate the validity of the proposed approach.
Determination of kavalactones in dried kava (Piper methysticum) powder using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression.

Kava (Piper methysticum Forst F.), or awa in the Hawaiian language, has been used for thousands of years by the people of the South Pacific Islands, in particular Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Samoa, for social and ceremonial occasions. Kava has the unique ability to promote a state of relaxation without the loss of mental alertness. Kava recently became part of the herbal pharmacopoeia throughout the United States and Europe because of its anxiolytic properties. The active compounds are collectively called kavalactones (or kava pyrones). The need for a less time-consuming and costly method to determine the concentration of kavalactones in dried kava is urgent. The combination of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and partial least-squares (PLS) methods has been found to be a convenient, versatile, and rapid analytical tool for determination of kavalactones in dried kava powder. Calibration equations were developed based on the analyses of 110 samples with variable physical and chemical properties collected over time from Hawaii kava growers and validated by analyses of a set of 12 samples with unknown kavalactones concentration. All six major kavalactones and the total kavalactones were measured using NIRS with accuracy acceptable for commercial use. The NIRS measurements are reproducible and have a repeatability on a par with HPLC methods.
Flight Demonstrations of Cooperative Control for UAV Teams

This paper discusses the development and testing of a unique testbed consisting of a fleet of eight autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that was designed as a platform for evaluating autonomous coordination and control algorithms. Future UAV teams will have to autonomously demonstrate cooperative behaviors in dynamic and uncertain environments, and this testbed can be used to compare various control approaches to accomplish these coordinated missions. A hierarchical configuration of task assignment, trajectory design, and low-level, waypoint following, are used in a receding horizon framework to control the UAV team. Numerous trajectory optimization and team coordination algorithms have recently been developed to execute these UAV missions. This paper highlights several of these algorithms and presents typical results for representative experiments. These demonstrations of the high-level planning algorithms on scaled vehicles operating in uncertain and dynamic environments represent key steps towards transitioning them to future UAV missions.
Identification of a Photooxygenation Product of Chlortetracycline in Hog Lagoons Using LC/ESI-Ion Trap-MS and LC/ESI-Time-of-Flight-Ms

In the present work, a photoproduct of chlortetracycline (CTC) was identified for the first time in hog lagoon samples from confined animal feeding operations. Screening of several samples by LC/ESI-MS indicated the presence of a potential photooxygenation product of CTC with a nominal mass that was 32 Da higher than the parent drug. Generation of this assumed photoproduct (designated M510) was achieved in a 24-h irradiation experiment of an oxygenated alkaline medium containing 50 mg L(-)(1) CTC. Accurate mass measurements with an ESI-TOF-MS of the protonated isomerization product of CTC (iCTC) and the postulated photooxygenation product, bearing two oxygen atoms more than iCTC, were m/z 479.1229 and 511.1109, respectively. These corresponded to errors of -2.8 ppm for iCTC and +1.0 ppm for M510 relative to the theoretical masses. The generation of second- and third-stage mass spectra in an ESI-ion trap-MS showed similar characteristic fragmentation patterns for iCTC and the photoproduct M510, leading to the conclusion that the M510 structure consisted of an iCTC-like skeleton bearing two additional hydroxy groups. The site and configuration of one hydroxylation was confidently assigned, while the position of the other hydroxy group was tentatively assigned. Comparison of the (+)-ESI-MS(3) spectrum and the retention time of M510 in the sample from the irradiation experiment with those from the hog lagoon samples yielded excellent agreement, suggesting that the compounds were identical. Quantitative analysis of seven hog lagoon samples showed iCTC concentrations of 1910-15 800 microg L(-)(1), while the levels of M510 were found to be between 46 and 303 microg L(-)(1).
Toward an Understanding of the Specific Ion Effect Using Density Functional Theory

Although it is now accepted that some anions adsorb at the air–water interface following a reverse Hofmeister series [Kunz, W.; Henle, J.; Ninham, B. W.Curr. Opinion Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 9, 19−37; Tobias, D. J.; Hemminger, J. C.Science 2008, 319, 1197–1198], the nature of the microscopic interactions driving ions to interfaces is currently the subject of active research. We use extensive density functional theory (DFT)-based interaction potentials to study the free energy of transfer of iodide from the interior to the surface in both a cluster and the extended air–water interface. Our research supports a picture that empirical polarizable interaction potentials may overestimate surface adsorption for iodide. These results, in conjunction with previous theoretical and experimental studies on iodide solvation, have implications toward the necessary interactions that give rise to the specific ion effect at the air–water interface.
Cultivation and Slope Position Effects on Soil Organic Matter

Our objective was to determine the effect of land use and slope position on the organic matter (total and active) of two related soils with different A-horizon thicknesses. To accomplish this, we sampled the surface 7.5 cm of soil from top, mid and bottom slope positions of paired native grassland and wheat-fallow cropland toposequences of the Ascalon (Aridic Argiustoll) and Renohill (Ustollic Haplargid) soil series. We measured total organic matter (organic C and Kjeldahl N), and active organic matter (microbial biomass, and mineralized N and respired C in 20-d laboratory incubations) concentrations. Concentrations of all measured properties were much lower in cultivated than in native sites, and smaller fractions of the total organic matter were in microbial biomass or in forms mineralized during incubation. Total organic matter concentrations increased downslope in the Renohill soil, but decreased downslope in the Ascalon soil. Active organic matter concentrations differed less between between slope positions than between land uses or soil series. Concentrations of active organic matter were equal in the two soils, even though the Renohill soil had been tilled longer (>25 yr vs. 1 yr) and had a thinner native A horizon (13 vs. 32 cm). One year of cultivation of the Ascalon soil reduced both its active organic matter concentrations and the fractions of the total organic matter in active forms by approximately the same amount as did 25 yr of cultivation of the Renohill soil. Contribution of the USDA-ARS, High Plains Grasslands Research Station, Cheyenne, WY 82009.
Global magnetic anomaly maps derived from POGO spacecraft data

Abstract Magnetic anomaly maps which are reduced to common elevation and to the pole are derived using data from the POGO spacecraft. The maps are global and are presented in both equatorial and polar projections. Reduction is accomplished using the equivalent source technique, including principal components analysis to deal with instabilities at and near the geomagnetic equator. Data reduction methods are discussed and average anomaly maps are presented together with their standard error. Such maps are derived for four distinct local time regions and intercompared in order to estimate the remaining effects of fields from ionospheric and magnetospheric sources.