cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of dorsal-horn cell responses by stimulation of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus

✓ The Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) in the dorsolateral pons has been shown to be the major source of catecholamine innervation of the spinal cord. This has important implications in terms of pain control mechanisms, since catecholamine-mediated mechanisms are essential for the expression of opiate and other varieties of antinociception. This study examines the effects of KF stimulation on responses of dorsal-horn cells to innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimuli in anesthetized cats. Stimulation of the KF potently inhibits the responses of dorsal-horn cells to both noxious and innocuous stimuli. The threshold for the inhibitory effect is significantly lower for responses to noxious stimuli as opposed to innocuous stimuli. The inhibitory effect is specific to the stimulus site, as evidenced by a marked decrease in the effect following small changes in the position of the stimulating electrode in the brain stem. The latency of the effects indicates a bulbospinal conduction velocity of 4 to 5 m/sec, which is mu...
Antigen-presenting cells in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.

Abstract The present study attempts to identify the antigen-presenting cells in the retina, utilizing bone marrow-transplanted chimeric rats. Two types of chimeras were used: one produced by transplanting bone marrow cells from F 1 hybrids of Lewis and Brown Norway (BN) into sublethally irradiated Brown Norway rats (LBN/F 1 →BN), followed by adoptive transfer of S-antigen-specific T cells obtained from Lewis rats; the second produced by transplanting bone marrow cells from BN rats into sublethally irradiated F 1 hybrids (BN→LBN/F 1 ), followed by adoptive transfer of S-antigen-specific T cells obtained from F 1 hybrids. As controls, Lewis, F 1 hybrids and BN rats also received adoptive transfer of syngeneic uveitogenic T cell lines. All animals were killed on the seventh day after adoptive transfer and their eyes and pineal glands were analysed immunohistochemically, utilizing antibody directed against Lewis specific MHC class II molecules(OX-3). The analyses revealed the development of uveoretinitis and pinealitis in both types of chimeras and in the Lewis and F 1 hybrid rats. BN rats did not develop uveoretinitis. OX-3-positive cells were found in the retina and the pineal glands of both types of chimeras, and in the Lewis and F 1 hybrid rats but not in the BN rats. These cells in the retina expressed dendritic morphology and perivascular distribution. Retinal pigment epithelia, Muller cells and the vascular endothelia of both chimeras, the two strains, and the F 1 hybrid rats did not demonstrate OX-3-positive staining. These results suggest that the bone marrow-derived cells in the retina and pineal gland may present S-antigen to T cells, initiating the cascade of uveoretinitis and pinealitis.
Steady-state approximations for a multi-echelon multi-indentured repairable-item inventory system

Abstract In this paper we model a two-echelon multi-indentured repairable-item inventory system. Each of several ‘bases’ has a maximum number of identical online machines, and each machine consists of several module types. At random times these machines fail because of module failures. When a machine fails, the failed module is determined and is replaced by an identical spare module if one is available. Otherwise, the module is backordered. Depending on the type of failure, the failed module is repaired at a central depot or at the base where the failure occurs. We assume that separate repairmen are devoted to each module type. Thus, when a module fails, it is repaired by one of its designated repairmen. In calculating the steady-state operating characteristics of this system, the usual Markovian approach leads to a multidimensional state space that is extremely large even for relatively small problems. Solving this multidimensional system exactly is virtually impossible because of the huge number of state. Consequently, we propose an approximation method that enables us to solve large problems relatively quickly. Although our solution is only approximate, results from a variety of test problems indicate that the approximation is quite accurate.
Interaction of α-tocopherol with fatty acids in membranes and ethanol

The techniques of fluorescence polarization, ultraviolet light absorbance and fluorescence quenching by acrylamide are used to probe the structural role of alpha-tocopherol in phospholipid bilayers. Using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and a series of (anthroyloxy)stearic acid (AS) fluorescence probes, alpha-tocopherol is shown to increase fluidity and decrease order of gel state bilayers, and to decrease fluidity and increase order of bilayers in the liquid crystalline state. More complex behavior is noted for bilayers made from mixed acyl chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs) where the sn-1 position is saturated and the sn-2 position unsaturated compared to bilayers composed of PCs where both acyl chains are either saturated or unsaturated. Complexation between alpha-tocopherol and either free fatty acids or fatty acids esterified to the sn-2 position of PCs is indicated by ultraviolet light absorbance in both organic solution and in lipid bilayers. The strength of the complexes, expressed as interaction constants, are dependent upon the number of acyl chain unsaturations from 0 (stearic acid), to 6 (docosahexaenoic acid). Relation of the strength of these complexes to the degree of acyl chain unsaturation is confirmed by monitoring the fatty acid protection from acrylamide bleaching of alpha-tocopherol. These experiments suggest that the extent of acrylamide bleaching is related to the extent of association with the fatty acids.
Circadian rhythms of vasopressin release from individual rat suprachiasmatic explants in vitro

A culture system was developed to study intrinsic oscillations within rat suprachiasmatic nuclei for long periods of time. After isolation in static organ cultures, individual rat suprachiasmatic explants released vasopressin in a circadian fashion for at least 4 cycles. This finding suggests that the suprachiasmatic nucleus contains one or more self-sustained circadian oscillators, and that this method of measuring circadian rhythms from individual suprachiasmatic organ cultures may prove to be a valuable model for elucidating the physiology and biochemistry of mammalian circadian pacemakers.
THE NON-HORMONAL ICDINE STATUS OF MOTHERS OF HYPOTHYROID INFANTS

Excessive intake of iodine by mothers can result in congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in their offspring. To assess such a possibility in a group of 17 newborns with CH, we evaluated the iodine status of their mothers by assessing iodine intake during pregnancy (by dietary recall) and by measuring maternal serum protein bound iodine (PBI) levels 3 weeks after delivery. In 7 out of 17, 24 hr urinary excretion of iodine (UEI) was also measured. Thyroid disfunctions in newborns (low serum T4 levels with elevated TSH) were detected at 3 days of age by the N.Y. State Screening Program for CH and confirmed, usually at 2 weeks of age. Eight infants had goitrous hypothyroidism, 5 ectopic thyroid gland and 4 thyroid agenesis. The dietary recall revealed that none of the mothers was consuming an excessive amount of iodine during pregnancy. The mean ±SD serum PBI levels in all mothers were normal (6.24±1.0ug/dl). The mean±SD PBI levels of mothers of infants with goitrous hypothyroidism were the same as those with other types of CH (5.96±0.8ug/dl). The mean±SD 24 hr UEI was 10.7±6.7 ug/dl. None of the mothers was found to have any abnormalities of the thyroid function, and did not have anti-thyroid antibodies. An excessive intake of iodine during pregnancy appears to be a rather infrequent event and thus an unlikely cause of CH in newborns. Nor a lack of iodine in the mothers' diet appears to be a cause of CH.
Lost Voices of Modernity: A Chinese Popular Fiction Magazine in Context

This title uncovers the story of the most popular and perhaps the most maligned modern Chinese literary journal, "Xiaoshuo yuebao" ("The Short Story Magazine"). First published in Shanghai in 1910, "Xiaoshuo yuebao" boasted a circulation of ten thousand within its first three years of publication. Scholars have long characterized the journal as little more than superficial popular entertainment (primarily action/adventure and love stories) and attributed its early popularity to an urban audience's need for distraction and escape. Now, however, Denise Gimpel's study reveals a journal of serious appearance and intent. By placing publication, contributions, and contributors within their specific cultural, social, and political contexts, Gimpel provides an astonishingly cogent picture of a reform-through-fiction project created and managed by a dedicated body of writers attempting to address the concerns of the day. "Xiaoshuo yuebao" informed the growing reading public of national and international issues, science, and foreign lands. Read in context, the stories, essays, plays, and poems published in its pages - largely in the form of the "new fiction" that had been hailed as the sociopolitical cure-all of the early 20th century - constitute a panorama of the reforms being discussed at the time at all levels of public and private life.
Compensation of group delay ripple in chirped fiber Bragg gratings and its application in chirped pulse laser radar

Spectral phase modulation is used to compensate for the group delay ripple (&#60; +/− 50 ps) of a chirped fiber Bragg grating (dispersion = 1651 ps/nm) to achieve a range resolution of 320 µm in a chirped pulse laser radar. Simulation results are also presented, confirming the improvement in laser radar performance due to compensation of the group delay ripple.
The Clinton administration's policy toward Angola: an assessment

This article assesses President Bill Clinton's foreign policy towards Angola within the context of United States’ post‐World War II foreign policy, Clinton's overall foreign policy, and his approach towards sub‐Saharan Africa. In September, 1992, multi‐party elections based on national reconciliation were held in Angola. After losing those elections to President Jose Eduardo dos Santos and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) Jonas Savimbi and his National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) returned to warfare, quickly gaining control of over 70 per cent of the country. The Bush administration responded to Savimbi's actions by proposing a new round of negotiations based on ‘power sharing’, designed to give Savimbi and UNITA another chance to gain state power. President Clinton extended diplomatic relations to the Government of Angola, but also promoted the power sharing solution. In 1984 an agreement was made between the Government and UNITA, which led to a government o...
Spectroscopic and magnetic studies of human ceruloplasmin: identification of a redox-inactive reduced Type 1 copper site.

Ceruloplasmin is unique among the multicopper oxidases in that in addition to the usual copper stoichiometry of one Type 1 copper site and a Type 2/Type 3 trinuclear copper cluster, it contains two other Type 1 sites. This assignment of copper sites, based on copper quantitation, sequence alignment, and crystallography, is difficult to reconcile with the observed spectroscopy. Furthermore, some chemical or spectroscopic differences in ceruloplasmin have been reported depending on the method of purification. We have studied the resting (as isolated by a fast, one-step procedure) and peroxide-oxidized forms of human ceruloplasmin. Using a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, a chemical assay, magnetic susceptibility, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and absorption spectroscopy, we have determined that peroxide-oxidized ceruloplasmin contains one permanently reduced Type 1 site. This site is shown to have a reduction potential of ∼1.0 V. Thus, one of the additional Type 1 sites in cerul...
5.4.3 Architecting and Innovating

Innovating is essential to sustained industrial growth and profitability. But experience amply demonstrates how difficult innovation is, especially for large companies. The synthesis of valued offerings by aligning customer needs with technology possibilities lies at the heart of innovation. System architects working at the strategic level are ideally positioned, as a consequence of their experience and training, to play a key and even a leadership role in enabling, energizing, and leading this synthesis. The scope of the architecting effort must include the process architecture of the entire value chain as well as the more conventional product architecture to address all potential wellsprings of innovation. This paper outlines an architecture-centric approach to innovation, based on the concept of the system platform architecture.
Terminations: Stanley Elkin's Magic Kingdom and the Politics of Death

A politics and political economy of death are explored through a reading of Stanley Elkin's The Magic Kingdom. The theoretical frames applied to this reading include Michel Foucault on space, Georges Bataille on death, eros and political economy, and Paul Virilio on death.
Investigation of the closure and simplified Green's function approximations in second-order distorted-wave calculations for the (e, 2e) processes

Triple-differential cross sections for electron impact ionization of helium at 102 eV are presented for both coplanar and perpendicular plane asymmetric geometries within the framework of second-order distorted-wave theory. The closure approximation and the simplified Green's function approximation, which are currently used in the evaluation of the second-order amplitudes, are investigated and the accuracy of the approximations is examined. It is found that second-order effects are significant for this incident energy and the simplified Green's function approximation is generally more valid than the closure approximation.
Multiple forms of trehalase in Phormia regina. Partial purification, tissue specificities, and some kinetic properties of adult enzymes

Abstract Trehalase in adult Phormia regina is not electrophoretically or kinetically homogeneous, but appears to be two species. Isozyme A is restricted to midgut and blood and has an optimum pH around 4·5, K m trehalose of 1·5–1·9 mM, and molecular weight about 115–117,000. Isozyme B is restricted to head, muscle, and rectal papillae and has an optimum pH of 5·0 to 5·5, K m trehalose of 3·1 to 3·5 mM and molecular weight of 78–90,000. Both isozymes are inhibited by an inhibitor normally found in the blood.
Impedance of thin-wire loop antennas

THE THIN-wire loop is one of the first antennas to receive theoretical consideration, having been discussed by Pocklington1 in 1897. Pocklington treated a closed loop excited by a plane wave; he obtained an exact solution for the current on the loop in the form of a Fourier series. More recently, Hallen2 considered a driven loop and obtained a solution, again in the form of a Fourier series, for the current and the impedance. However, Hallen pointed out that the coefficients of this series contained a singularity which made the series only quasiconvergent and hence useful only for loops small in comparison to a wave length. Moreover, the individual terms were complicated and their evaluation and a summation involved a somewhat difficult numerical task.
ON THE KINETICS OF THE EXCHANGE OF RADIOACTIVE HYDROGEN BETWEEN HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID AND WATER. THE MECHANISM OF THE OXIDATION OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID

Abstract The rate of exchange of tritium between triated water and hypophosphorous acid has been studied. It was found that the rate law for this reaction can be expressed as R = (H3PO2)Σaka(HA)a, where Σaka(HA)a represents summation over all the Bronsted acids in the system. This rate law is identical with the rate law for the oxidation of hypophosphorous acid by a variety of oxidizing agents, and it is therefore suggested that the exchange and oxidation reactions take place by similar mechanisms. These mechanisms involve two tautomeric forms of hypophosphorous acid in aqueous solution.
Asymmetric Devolution and Ethnoregionalism in Spain: Mass Preferences and the Microfoundations of Instability

This article examines the impact of asymmetrical devolution on mass preferences for devolution and voting behavior in the regions of Spain. Rather than mitigating demands for greater devolution, asymmetry encourages the escalation of such demands in both the ethnically distinct and the majority-dominated regions. Preferences for symmetry and perceptions of inequality that result from asymmetry are transformed into pressures for further devolution via the electoral mechanism. These findings suggest asymmetrical devolution may be an unstable solution for managing ethnoregionalism, and that Stepan, Linz, and Yadav's strong endorsement of asymmetrical federalism as a tool for the management of ethnoregionalism in democracies should be qualified.
Model for accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrient elements by tobacco

Abstract Accumulation of dry matter by warm‐season annuals depends upon time of season, including planting time. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the growth process. The model contains a Gaussian environmental function and a linear‐exponential intrinsic growth function. Previous work has shown the applicability of the model to data for the perennials bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and to the warm‐season annual corn (Zea mays). This article applies the model to field data for the warm‐season annual flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), demonstrating that it applies to a broad‐leafed crop. A hyperbolic relationship between plant nutrient element accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or magnesium (Mg)] and dry matter accumulation has been included. Since total plant dry matter accumulates at a faster rate than plant nutrient elements, plant nutrient element concentrations for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg all decrease rapidly w...
Diffusive Lotka-Volterra System: Lie Symmetries and Exact and Numerical Solutions

We present a complete description of Lie symmetries for the nonlinear diffusive Lotka-Volterra system. The results are used for the construction of exact solutions of the Lotka-Volterra system, which, in turn, are used for solving the corresponding nonlinear boundary-value problems with zero Neumann conditions. The analytic results are compared with the results of computation based on the finite-element method. We conclude that the obtained exact solutions play an important role in solving Neumann boundary-value problems for the Lotka-Volterra system.
Effect of estrogen on dehydroepiandrosterone formation by baboon fetal adrenal cells in vitro.

Abstract The present study determined if estrogen modulates the responsivity of the adrenal gland of the baboon fetus to tropic hormones such as adrenocorticotropic homone and prolactin. Adrenal glands were obtained from seven baboon fetuses at midgestation (days 100 to 105). Adrenal cells were dispersed in medium 199 with 0.2% collagenase for 10 minutes at 37° C. Approximately 10 5 cells/4.0 ml of medium 199 were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C with 10 nmol of adrenocorticotropic hormone or 10 nmol of ovine prolactin in the presence or absence of 10 −5 or 10 −6 mol/L of estradiol. The major steroid formed and secreted into the medium was dehydroepiandrosterone. Mean ± standard error basal formation of dehydroepiandrosterone was 176 ± 64 ng/10 5 cells/24 hours. Dehydroepiandrosterone formation was increased (p −5 mol/L prevented the response in dehydroepiandrosterone obtained with adrenocorticotropic hormone alone. Estradiol alone had no effect on dehydroeplandrosterone. The results suggest that estrogen modulates the regulatory effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone on dehydroepiandrosterone formation by the adrenal gland of the baboon fetus.
On the compensation of multivariable control systems

The matrix equation AXD - G = 0, where A, D, and G are real, analytic matrix functions of the complex variable s, arises in compensator specification for a multivariable control system. The generalized inverses of A and D may be used to solve for X if the equation has a solution, or to determine that X which minimizes AXD - G if the equation has no solution. Intermediate calculations in the first case involve s, a variable which does not appear in the solution. A nonrealizable compensator is the result in the second case. These undesirable features do not occur if a semi-inverse, other than the generalized inverse, is used. One such semi-inverse is presented.
11-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid is the major dioxygenation product of lipoxygenase isolated from hairy root cultures of Solanum tuberosum.

Abstract The profile of primary dioxygenation products of arachidonic acid catalyzed by lipoxygenase isolated from hairy root cultures of Solanum tuberosum treated with a fungal elicitor was compared to that obtained for the enzyme from potato tubers. 11-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (11-HPETE) was the most abundant dioxygenation product formed followed by 8- and 5-HPETEs in the decreasing order of abundance. In contrast, 5-HPETE is the predominant oxidation product of lipoxygenase from potato tubers. Differences in the defense requirements of storage tuber as compared to roots may be the basis of the differences in regiospecificity demonstrated in this work.
Entre la criminalidad y el patriotismo: los mayas icaichés y los nexos entre el poder legítimo e ilegítimo

El trabajo examina la historia de los mayas icaiches, y su contexto en el sureste yucateco a mediados del siglo xix, para argumentar lo inadecuado del modelo de un “centro” politico y economico que domina su “periferia” empobrecida. Grupo de mayas rebeldes que lograron su nivel de poder al convertirse en paramilitares antirrebeldes al servicio, y a las expensas de los gobiernos de Merida, Campeche, Belice, Guatemala y Mexico, los icaiches representan la aparente inversion del modelo de poder del centro sobre la periferia. Su caso tambien sugiere que, probablemente, el intento de aplicar un modelo ideal y fantasioso de control fue lo que permitio que las regiones fronterizas cobraran mayor poder, a expensas de la legitimidad de un centro debilitado, con la consiguiente demanda de interaccion y cooperacion entre las dos regiones, entidades y culturas. En este sentido, el articulo tambien sugiere que el poder politico de una idealizada Nacion-Estado no dependia de la uniformidad e integralidad anhelada de la region, sino de la tension constante en sus fronteras.
EOS Modeling and Reservoir Simulation Study of Bakken Gas Injection Improved Oil Recovery in the Elm Coulee Field, Montana

The Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin is the most productive liquid- rich unconventional play. The middle Bakken member is the primary target for horizontal wellbore landing and hy draulic fracturing because of the better rock properties. Even with the new technology available, the primary rec overy factor is believed to be around 10%. Previous studies have shown that gas injection could increase oil recover y factor for these types of reservoirs. In this study, the Elm Coulee Oil Field is selected as the area of interest, and CO 2 is selected as the injection gas. The primary goal for this study is to build an EOS model for compositional simulation based on PVT tests from Bakken reservoir fluids and investigate different factors which might influence recovery for CO2 injection. Liquid samples were collected as recombined fluid from the Elm Coulee Field; s tandard PVT tests were performed. By matching the reservoir fluid EOS model with PVT tests, an EOS-based compositional fluid model is created. The resulting EOS model is used to investigate production outcomes of CO 2 injection for the Bakken Formation in the Elm Coulee Field. It is believed that a logarithmically gridded reservoir model could represent hydrau lically fractured reservoir better, and it is used in this study. The middle Bakken member could be div ided into different lithofacies based on depositional environment; thus, different rock properties are assigned to diff erent lithofacies. A homogenous reservoir model is used to compare the production outcomes with the heterog eneous cases. Two producers and one injector are positioned in one section area. For base production run, producers produce without gas injection for 30 years; for gas injection cases, produ cers produce for 5 years without gas injection, and then production rate is simulated with CO2 injected for next 25 years. Without gas injection, oil recovery factor is around 12%, while gas injection could boost overall oil recovery factor by additional 8% to 14% of the OOIP. Lean gas and separator gas were also evaluated as injecting fluids, and it was discovered that these gases performed similar to CO2. Heterogeneous reservoir models result in slight higher oil recover y factors, but with earlier gas break-through and more gas production.
Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Absorption and Metabolism

*Presented in part at the symposium on Application of New Techniques to Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics sponsored by the North Jersey ACS Drug Metabolism Discussion Group and held on September 2 1, 1995 in Somerset, NJ. Refereed by K. Sandy Pang, Ph.D., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S2. tTo whom correspondence should be addressed at University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455. Fax: (612) 626-2125. E-mail: zimme005@maroon.tc.umn.edu *Present address: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. F1.3804, F13-08, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000. #Present address: 3M Pharmaceuticals, 3M Center Building 270-38-05. St.Pau1, MN 55144-1000. I IPresent address: 17.2256C, Glaxo Wellcome, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Empirical performance model-driven data layout optimization and library call selection for tensor contraction expressions

Empirical optimizers like ATLAS have been very effective in optimizing computational kernels in libraries. The best choice of parameters such as tile size and degree of loop unrolling is determined in ATLAS by executing different versions of the computation. In contrast, optimizing compilers use a model-driven approach to program transformation. While the model-driven approach of optimizing compilers is generally orders of magnitude faster than ATLAS-like library generators, its effectiveness can be limited by the accuracy of the performance models used. In this paper, we describe an approach where a class of computations is modeled in terms of constituent operations that are empirically measured, thereby allowing modeling of the overall execution time. The performance model with empirically determined cost components is used to select library calls and choose data layout transformations in the context of the Tensor Contraction Engine, a compiler for a high-level domain-specific language for expressing computational models in quantum chemistry. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through experimental measurements on representative computations from quantum chemistry.
SOCIAL INTERACTION EFFECTS FOLLOWING A TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION

This study was a longitudinal investigation of alternative sources of social influence and the role of interpersonal relationships in spreading beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in an organization following a technological change. Network analysis techniques were used to test the relationships of belief, attitude, and behavior difference matrixes with structural matrixes depicting interaction distance and similarity in patterns of interaction (structural equivalence). The majority of the findings show that the individuals with whom a person interacts directly influence beliefs about personal mastery, but attitudes and behaviors are more affected by structurally equivalent co-workers. Self-monitoring moderated the extent to which interaction with others influenced individuals. Technological change has received a wealth of both theoretical and empirical attention. However, longitudinal research examining the processes by which people come to understand the technologies they employ is sparse. Research and theory on social influence may help illuminate these processes. Several authors (Berger & Luckmann, 1967; Festinger, 1954; Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978; Weick, 1969; Zalesny & Ford, 1990) have addressed the impact of social influence on the development of attitudes and behaviors. They have suggested that individuals develop attitudes and behaviors in part as a result of the social information available to them. However, little research has investigated changes in attitudes and behaviors following an organizational change. In addition, although research has established a relationship between attitudes and social influence, there is little evidence to imply causality, or that social context affects attitudes and behaviors. It is just as likely that people with similar attitudes and behaviors come to socialize with one another. Or perhaps the relationship between attitudes and social relations is spurious. Investigating whether social influence processes do indeed occur and determining their role in the development of attitudes and behaviors regarding a technological change requires longitudinal investigation.
Use of nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics in detecting drug resistance in cancer.

Cancer cells possess a highly unique metabolic phenotype, which is characterized by high glucose uptake, increased glycolytic activity, decreased mitochondrial activity, low bioenergetic and increased phospholipid turnover. These metabolic hallmarks can be readily assessed by metabolic technologies – either in vitro or in vivo – to monitor responsiveness and resistance to novel targeted drugs, where specific inhibition of cell proliferation (cytostatic effect) occurs rather than direct induction of cell death (cytotoxicity). Using modern analytical technologies in combination with statistical approaches, ‘metabolomics’, a global metabolic profile on patient samples can be established and validated for responders and nonresponders, providing additional metabolic end points. Discovered metabolic end points should be translated into noninvasive metabolic imaging protocols.
A cross-sectional comparison study on the iodine nutritional status between rural and urban residents in Zhejiang Province, China

Objectives To evaluate the difference of iodine nutritional status between rural and urban residents under the universal salt iodisation policy. Setting A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed in the present cross-sectional study. In total, 3300 rural and 3300 urban households were selected where the investigation was conducted. Participants A total of 8553 rural and 8909 urban residents participated in this provincial survey. Primary and secondary outcome measures Spot urine samples were collected and the iodine concentration in urine was determined by the modified acid-digestion method. Results The median urinary iodine concentration of rural residents was 170.1 μg/L, which was higher than that of urban residents with 153.5 μg/L. For school-aged children, middle-aged people and older people, the median urinary iodine concentration of rural residents was 191.2, 160.2 and 154.0 μg/L, respectively, which was higher than that of urban residents with 166.2, 153.8 and 129.5 μg/L, respectively. Risk factors for urinary concentration of rural residents were age (OR=0.99), terrain (OR=0.83), usual intake of pickled products (OR=1.45) and non-iodised salt intake (OR=0.39), while those for urban residents were age (OR=0.99), terrain (OR=0.83), usual intake of aquatic products (OR=1.24) and non-iodised salt intake (OR=0.27) compared with iodised table salt intake. Conclusions The median urinary iodine concentration of rural residents was higher than that of urban residents although they were both falls in optimal iodine status as recommended by WHO/UNICEF/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Iodised salt intake is the major factor which influences the iodine nutritional status mostly for rural and urban residents. The ongoing monitoring of population iodine status remains crucially important.
Assessing the Quality of Inservice Training for Special Education

Inservice programs were implemented in five New York City school districts as part of an effort to improve instruction and integrate special and general education. In this study the quality of these programs was assessed with criteria derived from reviews of research on effective inservice education. Consensus was found in the literature for 10 characteristics of quality inservice education. The analysis of the inservice education conducted by the five districts revealed that training for classroom special education teachers lacked most characteristics of quality inservice training, while the training for administrators and resource room teachers had many of the criteria found in effective in service education. Among the obstacles to providing quality inservice programs to classroom teachers were limited time available for training, few skilled trainers, and competing goals for educational change. Some recommendations for implementing quality inservice education are made.
They paved paradise and put up a parking lot

A doctor ponders his public health role when a patient loses a place to exercise and his health sharply deteriorates.
A functional link between area MSTd and heading perception based on vestibular signals

Recent findings of vestibular responses in part of the visual cortex—the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd)—indicate that vestibular signals might contribute to cortical processes that mediate the perception of self-motion. We tested this hypothesis in monkeys trained to perform a fine heading discrimination task solely on the basis of inertial motion cues. The sensitivity of the neuronal responses was typically lower than that of psychophysical performance, and only the most sensitive neurons rivaled behavioral performance. Responses recorded in MSTd were significantly correlated with perceptual decisions, and the correlations were strongest for the most sensitive neurons. These results support a functional link between MSTd and heading perception based on inertial motion cues. These cues seem mainly to be of vestibular origin, as labyrinthectomy produced a marked elevation of psychophysical thresholds and abolished MSTd responses. This study provides evidence that links single-unit activity to spatial perception mediated by vestibular signals, and supports the idea that the role of MSTd in self-motion perception extends beyond optic flow processing.
Influence of Age and Nature of Primary Infection on Varicella-Zoster Virus—Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)–specific cell-mediated immunity responses are essential for recovery from primary (varicella) or reactivation (herpes zoster) infection with VZV [1-4]. Patients who lack adequate VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity often have severe and prolonged infections with VZV, some of which are fatal [3-5]. Thus, VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity is a marker for protection against primary VZV infection, and the presence and magnitude of this response correlates with recovery from varicella and with the incidence and severity of reactivation as manifested by herpes zoster. VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity is also a component of primary responses to varicella vaccine administered to susceptible children and adults and has been used to evaluate candidate vaccines to prevent herpes zoster in immunocompromised and elderly individuals [6-9]. In this report, we present a regression model of VZV-specific memory CD4 responses as a function of age, from early childhood to advanced adulthood among healthy individuals with prior VZV wild-type infectionas a reference against which responses of other select groups of individuals are compared. Comparisons are made to elderly recipients of a zoster vaccine and to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected children and adults. We demonstrate that VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity is determined by the nature of primary immunization (natural infection vs VZV vaccination) and the age and immune status of the subject tested.
Effects on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors of a neuroactive steroid that negatively modulates glutamate neurotransmission and augments GABA neurotransmission

Neurosteroids positively and negatively modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors and glutamate receptors, which underlie most fast inhibition and excitation in the central nervous system. We report the identification of a neuroactive steroid, (3 alpha,5 beta)-20-oxo-pregnane-3-carboxylic acid (3 alpha 5 beta PC), with unique cellular actions. 3 alpha 5 beta PC positively modulates GABA(A) receptor function and negatively modulates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function, a combination that may be of particular clinical benefit. 3 alpha 5 beta PC promotes net GABA(A) potentiation at low steroid concentrations (<10 microM) and at negative membrane potentials. At higher concentrations, the steroid also blocks GABA receptors. Because this block would presumably counteract the NMDA receptor blocking actions of 3 alpha 5 beta PC, we characterize the GABA receptor block in some detail. Agonist concentration, depolarization, and high extracellular pH increase the block. The apparent pK for both potentiation and block was 6.4 to 6.9, substantially higher than expected from carboxylated steroid in an aqueous environment. Block is not dependent on the stereochemistry of the carboxylic acid at carbon 3 and is relatively insensitive to placement of the carboxylic acid at the opposite end of the steroid (carbon 24). Potentiation is critically dependent on the stereochemistry of the carboxylic acid group at carbon 3. Consistent with the pH dependence of potentiation, effects of the amide derivative (3 alpha,5 beta)-20-oxo-pregnane-3-carboxamide, suggest that the un-ionized form of 3 alpha 5 beta PC is important for potentiation, whereas the ionized form is probably responsible for block. Further refinement of the neuroactive steroid to promote GABA potentiation and NMDA receptor block and diminish GABA receptor block may lead to a clinically useful neuroactive steroid.
Decreasing the radiated acoustic and vibration noise of a mid-size AUV

An Odyssey IIb autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) made by Bluefin Robotics, Inc., was acquired by the Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to conduct research in underwater acoustics as well as provide a platform for other scientific studies. The original Odyssey IIb tail cone was replaced with a ducted fan, vectored thrust system installed on vehicles currently sold by Bluefin. In initial sea tests with the new thrust system, the acoustic self noise levels of the vehicle while underway were 20 to 50 dB higher than typical ocean background noise levels, preventing the vehicle's use as a receiver of low level sounds. Controlled tests were performed to characterize the radiated and vibration noise of the AUV propulsion and actuators. Once this baseline was established, changes were made, mostly to the tail cone propulsion, to decrease the vehicle's self noise. The resulting self noise levels of the AUV from 10 Hz up to 10 kHz measured while underway by a hydrophone mounted on the AUV's inner shroud now are at or below typical shallow water background noise levels except in three bands; below 250 Hz, around 500 Hz, and from 0.9 to 2.0 kHz. The goal of this paper is to describe these changes and their effects in lowering vehicle noise levels.
A Meta-Analysis of Peer Rating Sociometric Studies of Pupils with Learning Disabilities

This meta-analysis examined the peer rating sociometric research on students with learning disabilities. Seventeen studies yielded 37 effect sizes calculated in three ways: Glass's (1977) effect size' (g) standardized by using the standard deviation of the control group, Hunter and Schmidt's (1990) effect size (d) standardized by using the pooled within-groups standard deviation, and Hedges and Olkin's (1985) unbiased effect size (d). The mean g was -.69; the mean d was -.66, and the mean d was-64, all of which indicate that pupils with learning disabilities have lower sociometric status when compared with their nonhandicapped counterparts. The moderator variables of ratee gender, grade level, research design, and sociometric scale type did not have an influence on effect size. The variable of rater gender, however, did moderate effect size. Future within-group sociometric research identifying behavioral profiles of students with learning disabilities classified into different status groups is recommended.
Smallpox and Epidemic Threat in Nineteenth-Century Xhosaland

The most significant advance to date in the historiography of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing connects the slaughter of cattle with lungsickness. In The Dead Will Arise, Jeff Peires (1989) established the...
Reconstitution and characterization of the Vibrio cholerae vibriobactin synthetase from VibB, VibE, VibF, and VibH.

Vibriobactin [N(1)-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N(5),N(9)-bis[2-(2, 3-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-methyloxazolinyl-4-carboxamido]norspermidine] , is an iron chelator from the cholera-causing bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The six-domain, 270 kDa nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) VibF, a component of vibriobactin synthetase, has been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. VibF has an unusual NRPS domain organization: cyclization-cyclization-adenylation-condensation-peptidyl carrier protein-condensation (Cy(1)-Cy(2)-A-C(1)-PCP-C(2)). VibF activates and covalently loads its PCP with L-threonine, and together with vibriobactin synthetase proteins VibE (adenylation) and VibB (aryl carrier protein) condenses and heterocyclizes 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoyl-VibB with L-Thr to 2-dihydroxyphenyl-5-methyloxazolinyl-4-carboxy-VibF in the first demonstration of oxazoline formation by an NRPS cyclization domain. This enzyme-bound aryl oxazoline can be transferred by VibF to various amine acceptors but most efficiently to N(1)-(2, 3-dihydroxybenzoyl)norspermidine (k(cat) = 122 min(-1), K(m) = 1.7 microM), the product of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-VibB, norspermidine, and VibH. This diacylated product undergoes a second aryl oxazoline acylation on its remaining secondary amine, also catalyzed by VibF, to yield vibriobactin. Vibriobactin biosynthesis in vitro has thus been accomplished from four proteins, VibE, VibB, VibF, and VibH, with the substrates 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, L-Thr, norspermidine, and ATP. Vibriobactin synthetase is an unusual NRPS in that all intermediates are not covalently tethered as PCP thioesters and in that it represents an NRPS pathway with two branch points.
Antistaphylococcal Activity and β-Lactamase Resistance of Newer Cephalosporins

Four newer cephalosporins (cefazolin, cefamandole, SK&F 59962, and cefoxitin) were investigated for determination of their antistaphylococcal activity and relative stability to staphylococcal beta-lactamase (penicillinase). Crude preparations of beta-lactamase from recent clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were used. Cefamandole and SK&F 59962 were highly active against both large and small inocula of staphylococci and were resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Cefoxitin, although resistant to beta-lactamase, possessed less antibacterial potency but was still approximately as active as methicillin. Cefazolin was somewhat more susceptible to staphylococcal beta-lactamase than the other three agents and resembled cephaloridine in this respect. With minor exceptions, a correlation was found between the susceptibility of different agents to beta-lactamase and the magnitude of the effect of inoculum size when the drugs were tested against large and small inocula of staphylococci.
Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications

Theoretical conceptualizations of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) continue to undergo scrutiny and refinement. The current paper critiques five contemporary models of GAD: the Avoidance Model of Worry and GAD [Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In: G. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: perspectives on theory assessment and treatment (pp. 5–33). Sussex, England: Wiley & Sons; Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized
Morphometrics within dog breeds are highly reproducible and dispute Rensch’s rule

Using 27 body measurements, we have identified 13 breed-defining metrics for 109 of 159 domestic dog breeds, most of which are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC). The data set included 1,155 dogs at least 1 year old (average 5.4 years), and for 53 breed populations, complete measurement data were collected from at least three males and three females. We demonstrate, first, that AKC breed standards are rigorously adhered to for most domestic breeds with little variation observed within breeds. Second, Rensch’s rule, which describes a scaling among taxa such that sexual dimorphism is greater among larger species if males are the larger sex, with less pronounced differences in male versus female body size in smaller species, is not maintained in domestic dog breeds because the proportional size difference between males and females of small and large breeds is essentially the same. Finally, principal components (PCs) analysis describes both the overall body size (PC1) and the shape (length versus width) of the skeleton (PC2). That the integrity of the data set is sufficiently rich to discern PCs has strong implications for mapping studies, suggesting that individual measurements may not be needed for genetic studies of morphologic traits, particularly in the case of breed-defining traits that are typically under strong selection. Rather, phenotypes derived from data sets such as these, collected at a fraction of the effort and cost, may be used to direct whole-genome association studies aimed at understanding the genetic basis of fixed morphologic phenotypes defining distinct dog breeds.
Hemodynamics of the ventricular outflow tract

Abstract The purpose of this report is to formulate from the equations of fluid mechanics, assuming inviscid flow of an incompressible fluid, an equation for the fluid dynamics of the ventricular outflow tract. The unsteady flow term of the equation implies the possibility of a negative pressure gradient from the left ventricle to the proximal aortic arch in the latter half of systole. A numerical computation based on experimental data of others verifies this observation in the left ventricle-proximal aortic arch of dogs. The unsteady flow term gives new incentive to the use of ventricular hydrostatic pressure in the definition of total vascular impedance and ventricular work and energy.