cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of NPY-induced feeding in cobalt protoporphyrin-treated rats is a postreceptor defect.

Abstract The administration of cobalt protoporphyrin results in transient decreases in food intake and prolonged weight loss in rats. After IVC injection of cobalt protoporphyrin, the food intake of treated rats falls to 10% of vehicle-treated control rats within 48 h. At the same time, the concentrations of mRNA for neuropeptide Y increase approximately twofold in the hypothalamus. The failure of these animals to display a feeding response to elevation of endogenous NPY concentration is mimicked by their failure to respond to exogenous, ICV injections of neuropeptide Y. Because NPY binding studies are confounded by high nonspecific binding, radiolabeled PYY was used to measure binding to hypothalamic membranes and for autoradiography with hypothalamic sections. No abnormalities in the number of receptors or the affinity of the binding interaction were noted. In addition, hypothalamic concentrations of cyclic AMP were unchanged following treatment with either cobalt protoporphyrin or NPY. These results indicate that the locus of the failure of CoPP-treated animals to feed after administration of NPY must be either distal to, or unrelated to, the NPY receptor in the hypothalamus.
Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background Several articles describing the efficacy of probiotics in atopic dermatitis (AD) have been published. However, not all studies support a similar outcome. Objective To determine whether probiotics are efficacious in treating AD and to explore whether type of probiotic used, duration of therapy, patient age, severity of disease, and IgE sensitization are factors in determining efficacy. Methods For this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials describing the efficacy of probiotics in AD, a comprehensive search was performed of databases through January 2008. Three reviewers independently evaluated the studies for methodological qualities. All the data were analyzed, and forest plots were evaluated for the overall efficacy of probiotics in AD and the therapeutic benefit to subgroups of selected patient populations. Results Eleven studies were identified, and data from 10 studies (n = 678) were available to analyze. There was an overall statistically significant difference favoring probiotics compared with placebo in reducing the Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index score (mean change from baseline, −3.01; 95% confidence interval, −5.36 to −0.66; P = .01). Children with moderately severe disease were more likely to benefit. Duration of probiotic administration, age, and type of probiotic used did not affect outcome. Conclusion Data from this meta-analysis suggest a modest role for probiotics in pediatric AD. The effect is seen in moderately severe rather than mild disease.
Tradeable permits for pollution control when emission location matters: What have we learned?

Our knowledge about tradeable permit approaches to pollution control has grown rapidly in the two decades in which they have received serious analytical attention. Not only have the theoretical models become more focused and the empirical work more detailed, but we have now had over a decade of experience with them in the U.S. This article draws upon economic theory, empirical studies, and actual experience with implementation to summarize what we have learned about applying tradeable permits to air pollution control in the special circumstance where the spatial aspects of the problem are a prime consideration.
Change Metaphor Grappling with the Two-Headed Organizational Behemoth

This article reports on the authors' studies of change, illustrating the power and effect of metaphorical usage. Both authors have been involved infacilitating change in a higher education institut...
Effect of seed coating protectants on iron deficiency chlorosis and sorghum plant growth

Abstract Chemical coatings on seed are commonly used in the grain sorghum seed industry to protect plants against herbicide damage and to inoculate young plants against certain disease. In this study, grain sorghum grown from seed safened with CGA‐92194 ([(l,3‐dioxolo‐2‐yl‐methoxy)‐imino] benzene‐acetonitrile} against injury from the herbicide, metolachlor, was studied for seedling vigor, seedling emergence, plant growth, and Fe‐deficiency chlorosis. Other seed was additionally treated with a systemic fungicide [(Metalaxyl:N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxyacetyl) alaminemethyl ester)] for control of systemic downy mildew and diseases caused by soilborne Phythium and Phytophthora spp. The experiment was conducted on Fe‐sufficient and Fe‐deficient soils. CGA‐92194 safened seed showed a slight reduction in stand on Goliad sandy loam soils (Fe‐sufficient), while the addition of the fungicide together with the herbicide safener reduced plant emergence by 39%. Sorghum emergence was generally not affected by see...
Syntheses, characterization and properties of soluble and liquid phenanthralocyanines

Phenanthralocyanine compounds with cumylphenoxy, nonylphenoxy and oligodimethylsiloxane phenoxy peripheral substitution were synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between 3,6-difluoro-9,10-dicyanophenanthrene and the corresponding phenolic precursor. Structural characterization includes IR, NMR, UV-vis and mass spectroscopies. The nonylphenoxy and oligodimethylsiloxane phenoxy phenanthralocyanines were soluble in common organic solvents, and the siloxane product was an isotropic liquid. Compared with the phthalocyanine analog, the Q bands of the Pb, H2 and Cu phenanthralocyanine were slightly red shifted and variably broadened (small for the Pb compound but large for the H2 and Cu compounds). The nominal red shift is a consequence of an angular annelation of the benzene rings to the phthalocyanine system. Aggregation was not detected in toluene solution, and the Q band broadening was attributed to a distortion of the tetraazaporphyrin ring to a nonplanar conformation. The siloxane substituted lead phenanthralocyanine neat liquid was evaluated as an optical limiter material. As a neat film a substantial broadening and weakening of the Q band results in a broad visible transmission window and a relatively neutral light olive hue. Upon excitation, there is a rapid decay of the initially excited state so the initial optical limiting is predominately due to a thermorefractive effect rather than a nonlinear absorption.
Identifying meaningful return information for XML keyword search

Keyword search enables web users to easily access XML data without the need to learn a structured query language and to study possibly complex data schemas. Existing work has addressed the problem of selecting qualified data nodes that match keywords and connecting them in a meaningful way, in the spirit of inferring a where clause in XQuery. However, how to infer the return clause for keyword search is an open problem. To address this challenge, we present an XML keyword search engine, XSeek, to infer the semantics of the search and identify return nodes effectively. XSeek recognizes possible entities and attributes inherently represented in the data. It also distinguishes between search predicates and return specifications in the keywords. Then based on the analysis of both XML data structures and keyword match patterns, XSeek generates return nodes. Extensive experimental studies show the effectiveness of XSeek.
Injury Patterns and First Aid TrainingAmong Canyoneers

Abstract Objective.—To identify injury patterns in canyoneering and develop a sense of their frequency. Methods.—A web-based survey of canyoneers was developed. Questions regarding injuries experienced or treated, first aid training, and first aid supplies carried were included. Results.—A total of 38 responses were received. Cutaneous injuries were very common (average \[nm2 per person per year), but of apparently low morbidity (no evacuations required). Orthopedic injuries were also common (1 sprain/strain per person every 3 years on average, and major injuries happening to 1 in 2 canyoneers during their career), as were environmental injuries. First aid preparedness, in terms of training and kits, varied quite widely, but there was significant interest in further training. Conclusions.—Minor cutaneous and orthopedic injuries are common, but fortunately do not often require outside assistance. More significant injuries are less common and usually involve orthopedic trauma or environmental exposure. A fi...
Abstract P2-09-07: Inhibition of aurora-A by MLN8237 decreases SMAD5 expression and increases effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer affects thousands of women each year. Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with increased metastatic potential of cancer cells as well as resistance to chemotherapy. Predicatively, presence of EMT leads to worse prognosis in patients with breast cancer. We have recently showed that Aurora-A plays a key role in development of EMT and increased ability of breast cancer cells for self renewal. Therefore we hypothesized that inhibition of Aurora-A in breast cancer cells will lead to increased sensitivity to chemotherapy. RESULTS: Increased Aurora-A expression, as assessed by IHC staining, in patients with locally advanced disease was associated with worse prognosis. We show that in ER+ cell line, MCF7, activating MAPK pathway through overexpression of Raf1 leads to increase in Aurora-A activity. These cells have decreased sensitivity to treatment with paclitaxel when compared to untransfected cells in MTT assays. This effect is even more exacerbated with over-expression of Aurora-A. The sensitivity to paclitaxel was restored with inhibition of Aurora-A by specific inhibitor, Alisertib. This was further explored in triple negative (MDA-MB-231) or Her-2/neu expressing (SUM149) cell lines. These cells express higher levels of Aurora-A. Inhibition of Aurora-A activity in combination with paclitaxel was superior when compared to either therapy alone. Similar effect was seen with use of anthracyclines. Inhibition of Aurora-A resulted in decreased SMAD5 expression as well as decreased Akt phosphorylation. Current studies are looking at a role of Aurora-A in activating SMAD5 and its role in resistance to chemotherapy. In vivo experiments evaluating combination therapies in breast cancer animal model are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of Aurora-A by a specific inhibitor, MLN8237, resulted in decreased SMAD5 expression and increased effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer cells. These results contribute to better understanding of signaling pathways involved in resistance of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. This knowledge could be very useful in developing more effective treatments for breast cancer patients in neo-adjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-09-07.
Effects of stress and REM sleep deprivation on the patterns of avoidance learning and brain acetylcholine in the mouse

Pure bred DBA/2J mice were subjected to varying degrees of stress and “water tank” REM sleep deprivation using one-animal cages, large platforms and/or poles. Subsequently, the animals were studied for acquisition, short-term and long-term retention using a conditioned avoidance procedure in a Warner type automated shuttle box. In addition, various groups of animals subjected to the same stressful procedures were sacrificed and brain acetylcholine (ACh) was measured by the frog rectus abdominus muscle bioassay. It was found that stress and REM sleep deprivation had no significant effect on acquisition and short-term retention but did impair long term retention of conditioned behavior. Moderate environmental stress also produced significant behavioral changes. Total brain ACh, under these environmental conditions, showed no significant changes from normal.
Effects of Random Dopant Fluctuations (RDF) on the Single Event Vulnerability of 90 and 65 nm CMOS Technologies

Random dopant fluctuation (RDF) induced threshold voltage variations affect two critical parameters used as a measure of single event (SE) hardness (i) single event transient (SET) pulse widths and (ii) critical charge . This causes an increase in the spread of SET pulse widths in sequential logic circuits and in the required for single event upsets (SEUs) in static random access memory cells (SRAMs). Monte Carlo simulations show this can affect the hardness characterization in a commercial 90 nm process and a generic 65 nm technology. This necessitates statistical design approaches for validating conventional hardening schemes, to assure a required level of radiation tolerance in these deep sub-micron technologies.
Balaenoptera musculus (Blue whale)

The fibroblast culture from cornea of one male blue whale was made available by Dr. D. Duffield. It is frozen in liquid nitrogen at San Diego Zoo. The bottom karyotype is prepared by the C-banding technique.
Expression of Distal-less , dachshund , and optomotor blind in Neanthes arenaceodentata (Annelida, Nereididae) does not support homology of appendage-forming mechanisms across the Bilateria

The similarity in the genetic regulation of arthropod and vertebrate appendage formation has been interpreted as the product of a plesiomorphic gene network that was primitively involved in bilaterian appendage development and co-opted to build appendages (in modern phyla) that are not historically related as structures. Data from lophotrochozoans are needed to clarify the pervasiveness of plesiomorphic appendage-forming mechanisms. We assayed the expression of three arthropod and vertebrate limb gene orthologs, Distal-less (Dll), dachshund (dac), and optomotor blind (omb), in direct-developing juveniles of the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Parapodial Dll expression marks pre-morphogenetic notopodia and neuropodia, becoming restricted to the bases of notopodial cirri and to ventral portions of neuropodia. In outgrowing cephalic appendages, Dll activity is primarily restricted to proximal domains. Dll expression is also prominent in the brain. dac expression occurs in the brain, nerve cord ganglia, a pair of pharyngeal ganglia, presumed interneurons linking a pair of segmental nerves, and in newly differentiating mesoderm. Domains of omb expression include the brain, nerve cord ganglia, one pair of anterior cirri, presumed precursors of dorsal musculature, and the same pharyngeal ganglia and presumed interneurons that express dac. Contrary to their roles in outgrowing arthropod and vertebrate appendages, Dll, dac, and omb lack comparable expression in Neanthes appendages, implying independent evolution of annelid appendage development. We infer that parapodia and arthropodia are not structurally or mechanistically homologous (but their primordia might be), that Dll’s ancestral bilaterian function was in sensory and central nervous system differentiation, and that locomotory appendages possibly evolved from sensory outgrowths.
Growth Hormone Secretion in the Unanesthetized Rhesus Monkey in Response to Noxious Stimuli

Serial blood samples, taken from conscious, lightly restrained rhesus monkeys bearing indwelling venous catheters or chronically implanted intracardiac catheters, were assayed for growth hormone (GH) concentration by a radioimmunologic procedure. It was found that sudden perturbations in the environment and painful stimuli were associated with abrupt increases in plasma GH levels. Hemorrhage as well as the administration of histamine, epinephrine, chlorpromazine and, on occasion, of pentobarbital led to precipitous elevations in plasma GH concentration. Arousal from pentobarbital anesthesia was accompanied by marked increases in circulating GH levels. These findings coupled with earlier observations that large doses of vasopressin also cause rapid increases in plasma GH concentration lead to the conclusion that a variety of otherwise unrelated stimuli, all known to augment ACTH secretion, similarly activate the release of GH from the pituitary. (Endocrinology 80:163,1967)
Improving antenatal prediction of small-for-gestational-age neonates by using customized versus population-based reference standards.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of customized fetal reference standards improves the prenatal detection of intrauterine growth restriction. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Singleton pregnancies with a diagnosis of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetus based on the in utero reference standard of Hadlock et al (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151:333-337; Radiology 1991; 181:129-133) were identified from our ultrasound database, and customized percentiles were calculated by adjusting for maternal height, weight, ethnicity, parity, and sex. RESULTS A total of 300 pregnancies were identified as SGA by both the Hadlock and customized standards, and 60 were identified as SGA by the Hadlock standard only. Small-for-gestational age pregnancies identified by the Hadlock standard only were significantly less likely to have any abnormal sonographic findings, including an elevated head to abdominal circumference ratio (8.3% versus 21.7%; P = .019), oligohydramnios (3.3% versus 13%; P = .027), abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings (3.4% versus 14.7%; P = .017), maternal hypertensive disease (3.3% versus 12.7%; P = .041), and preterm delivery (6.7% versus 27.7%; P < .001). There was no difference in neonatal intensive care unit admission rates; however, neonates identified as SGA by the Hadlock standard only were less likely to have a postnatal diagnosis of SGA (9.1% versus 78.3%; P < .001) and had a shorter neonatal intensive care unit stay (median, 2 versus 8 days; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Using a customized standard, we have identified a population of pregnancies with low rates of antenatal complications and sonographic findings associated with pathologic growth. Adoption of customized standards to improve our antenatal detection rate of intrauterine growth restriction may decrease the need for intervention in healthy but constitutionally small fetuses.
Recursive Sampling of Planar Graphs and Fractal Properties of a Two-Dimensional Quantum Gravity

We describe a new approach to the Monte-Carlo simulations of two-dimensional gravity. Standard dynamical triangulation technique was combined with results of direct enumeration of the cubic graphs. As a result we were able to build large (128K vertices) statistically independent random graphs directly. The quantitative correspondence between our results and those obtained by standard methods has been observed. The algorithm proved to be so efficient that we were able to conduct all the simulations, which usually require the most powerful computers, on an Iris workstation. An opportunity to generate large random graphs allowed us to observe that the internal geometry of random surfaces is more complicated than simple fractals. External geometry also proved to be rather peculiar.
A refinement of the core equivalence theorem

Abstract It is known that if blocking coalitions are restricted to be small relative to the size of the economy then the approximation of core allocations by competitive allocations can still be assured. This paper proves that the same type of approximation result is valid if the absolute size of the blocking coalition is bounded. The methods of Anderson (1978) are applied.
SYN-dog: sniffing SYN flooding sources

Presents a simple and robust mechanism called SYN-dog to sniff SYN flooding sources. We install SYN-dog as a software agent at leaf routers that connect stub networks to the Internet. The statelessness and low computation overhead of SYN-dog make itself immune to any flooding attacks. The core mechanism of SYN-dog is based on the protocol behavior of TCP SYN-SYN/ACK pairs, and is an instance of the sequential change detection. To make SYN-dog insensitive to site and access pattern, a non-parametric cumulative sum (CUSUM) method is applied, thus making SYN-dog much more generally applicable and its deployment much easier. Due to its proximity to the flooding sources, SYN-dog can trace the flooding sources without resorting to expensive IP traceback.
Abnormal sensory reactivity in preterm infants during the first year correlates with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age

Background Sensory experience is the basis for learning in infancy. In older children, abnormal sensory reactivity is associated with behavioural and developmental disorders. We hypothesised that in preterm infants, abnormal sensory reactivity during infancy would be associated with perinatal characteristics and correlate with 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of infants with birth weight ≤1500 g using the Test of Sensory Function in Infants (TSFI) in the first year. Infants with gestational age ≤30 weeks were tested with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID III) at 24 months. Results Of the 72 participants evaluated at 4–12 months corrected age (median 8 months), 59 (82%) had a least one TSFI score concerning for abnormal sensory reactivity. Lower gestational age was associated with abnormal reactivity to deep pressure and vestibular stimulation (p<0.001). Poor ocular-motor control predicted worse cognitive and motor scores in early childhood (OR 16.7; p=0.004), but was tightly correlated to the presence of severe white matter injury. Poor adaptive motor function in response to tactile stimuli predicted worse BSID III motor (p=0.01) and language scores (p=0.04) at 2 years, even after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions Abnormal sensory reactivity is common in preterm infants; is associated with immaturity at birth, severe white matter injury and lower primary caregiver education; and predicts neurodevelopmental delays. Early identification of abnormal sensory reactivity of very preterm infants may promote parental support and education and may facilitate improved neurodevelopment.
Habit Formation and the Cross Section of Stock Returns

We develop an external habit persistence model where the time series of the aggregate portfolio and the cross section of stock returns are simultaneously studied and tested. By applying a slightly modi…ed version of the model of Campbell and Cochrane (1999), we obtain closed form solutions for individual securities prices and returns and a full characterizations of the dynamics of the risk-return characteristics of individual securities. We …nd that each stock return “beta” with respect to the total wealth portfolios is jointly determined by an aggregate variable that depends on the habit level, and an idiosyncratic asset characteristics that depends on the contribution of the security to total consumption relative to its long-run average contribution. This functional form imposes tight predictions on the cross sectional test, including sign and magnitude of the coe¢cients, and insures that the explanatory power of the beta comes from the predictable part of the realization of returns. An estimate of the model for a set of 20 industry portfolios is able to explain cross-sectional variation in the conditional expected returns. Moreover, the model generates price consumption ratios for individual industries that track well the empirical ones.
Effects of spontaneous heating on fiber composition, fiber digestibility, and in situ disappearance kinetics of neutral detergent fiber for alfalfa-orchardgrass hays.

During 2006 and 2007, forages from 3 individual hay harvests were utilized to assess the effects of spontaneous heating on concentrations of fiber components, 48-h neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (NDFD), and in situ disappearance kinetics of NDF for large-round bales of mixed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Over the 3 harvests, 96 large-round bales were made at preset bale diameters of 0.9, 1.2, or 1.5 m, and at moisture concentrations ranging from 9.3 to 46.6%. Internal bale temperatures were monitored daily during an outdoor storage period, reaching maxima (MAX) of 77.2°C and 1,997 heating degree days >30°C (HDD) for one specific combination of bale moisture, bale diameter, and harvest. Concentrations of all fiber components (NDF, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) increased in response to spontaneous heating during storage. Changes in concentrations of NDF during storage (poststorage – prestorage; ΔNDF) were regressed on HDD using a nonlinear regression model (R 2 = 0.848) that became asymptotic after ΔNDF increased by 8.6 percentage units. Although the specific regression model varied, changes (poststorage – prestorage) in concentrations of acid detergent fiber, cellulose, and lignin also increased in nonlinear relationships with HDD that exhibited relatively high coefficients of determination (R 2 = 0.710 to 0.885). Fiber digestibility, as determined by NDFD, was largely unaffected by heating characteristics except within bales incurring the most extreme levels of HDD or MAX. In situ assessment of ruminal NDF disappearance kinetics indicated that disappearance rate (Kd) declined by about 40% within the range of heating incurred over these hay harvests. The change in Kd during storage (ΔKd) was related closely to both HDD and MAX by nonlinear models exhibiting high R 2 statistics (0.907 and 0.883, respectively). However, there was no regression relationship between changes (poststorage – prestorage) in effective ruminal disappearance of NDF and spontaneous heating, regardless of which heating measure was used as the independent variable. The close regression relationship between ΔKd and measures of spontaneous heating indicates clearly that ruminal NDF disappearance was altered negatively by some direct or indirect aspect of spontaneous heating. However, it was equally apparent that these effects were offset by an expanding pool of dry matter recovered as potentially degradable
LS-category of compact Hausdorff foliations

The transverse (saturated) Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of foliations, introduced by the first author in [5, 9], is an invariant of foliated homotopy type with values in {1,2,...,1}. A foliation with all leaves compact and Hausdorff leaf space M/F is called compact Hausdorff. The transverse saturated category cat\| M of a compact Hausdorff foliation is always finite. In this paper we study the transverse category of compact Hausdorff foliations. Our main result provides upper and lower bounds on the transverse category cat\| (M) in terms of the geometry of F and the Epstein filtration of the exceptional set E. The exceptional set is the closed saturated foliated space which is the union of the leaves with non-trivial holonomy. We prove that max{cat(M/F),cat\| (E)} � cat\| (M) � cat\| (E) + q We give examples to show that both the upper and lower bounds are realized, so the estimate is sharp. We also construct a family of examples for which the transverse category for a compact Hausdorff foliation can be arbitrarily large, though the category of the leaf spaces is constant.
Sentencing Asian Offenders in State Courts The Influence of a Prevalent Stereotype

A significant body of literature has developed to explain the controversial issue of sentencing disparity among various racial/ethnic groups. According to the focal concerns perspective, judges may rely on race-based stereotypes, among other factors, in reaching sentencing outcomes. This contention has received support by the empirical literature when examining sentencing differences that emerge between similarly situated White, Black, and Hispanic offenders. Unfortunately, very little research has addressed the relative treatment of Asian offenders to determine whether stereotypes that commonly target these individuals—particularly the “model minority” stereotype—emerge as a potential extralegal factor in judicial sentencing decisions. To address this shortcoming, the current study employs a large sample of offenders processed by state courts to examine the sentencing of Asians relative to White, Black, and Hispanic offenders. Findings are consistent with a focal concerns/model minority perspective and i...
Uncalibrated Eye-in-Hand Visual Servoing:

In this paper we present new uncalibrated control schemes for vision-guided robotic tracking of a moving target using a moving camera. These control methods are applied to an uncalibrated robotic system with eye-in-hand visual feedback. Without a priori knowledge of the robot's kinematic model or camera calibration, the system is able to track a moving object through a variety of motions and maintain the object's image features in a desired position in the image plane. These control schemes estimate the system Jacobian as well as changes in target features due to target motion. Four novel strategies are simulated and a variety of parameters are investigated with respect to performance. Simulation results suggest that a Gauss-Newton method utilizing a partitioned Broyden's method for model estimation provides the best steady-state tracking behavior.
The keratinocyte-specific Epstein-Barr virus ED-L2 promoter is regulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate through two cis-regulatory elements containing E-box and Krüppel-like factor motifs.

We previously employed 782 base pairs of the Epstein-Barr virus ED-L2 early lytic cycle promoter in a transgenic mouse model to target cyclin D1 to the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue and esophagus. This promoter is located 5' to the transcriptional start site of a short open reading frame BNLF-2A and is immediately 3' to the BNLF-1 (LMP-1 oncogene) open reading frame. We studied transcriptional regulation of the ED-L2 promoter by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) as a means of understanding the tissue specificity of this promoter. The transcriptional activity of the ED-L2 promoter was stimulated 40-fold by PMA and could be blocked with the compound H7 through antagonism of protein kinase C. 5' deletion analysis of the 782-base pair promoter demonstrated that the sequences necessary for PMA-stimulated trans-activation were located in two separate cis-regulatory regions of the promoter: -187 to -164 and -144 to -114 base pairs from the transcription start site of BNLF-2A. Importantly, mutation of critical base pairs in each region was sufficient to abolish PMA-stimulated trans-activation in the native ED-L2 promoter. Region -187 to -164 contains a CACCTG (E-box) motif, and region -144 to -114 contains a CACACCC motif. Both of these motifs are necessary for trans-activation by PMA. These regions do not, however, demonstrate enhancer characteristics when tested in a heterologous minimal promoter system. Variations of the CACACCC motif are found in other keratinocyte-specific promoters, as well as in the DNA binding motifs of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with specific competitors and factor-specific antibody supershift assays demonstrated that one complex binding the -187 to -164 region containing the CACCTG nucleotides has characteristics of the helix-loop-helix protein upstream stimulatory factor, whereas a factor binding the CACACCC motif may be a member of the Kruppel-like family. These experiments show how ubiquitous and tissue-specific transcription factors induced by PMA regulate the ED-L2 promoter in squamous epithelial cells.
Who Can Provide Diabetes Self-Management Support in Primary Care?: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThe purpose of this comparative effectiveness study is to compare diabetes self-management support (DSMS) approaches and determine who can be most effective in helping patients maintain/improve clinical outcomes, self-care behaviors, distress, and satisfaction following diabetes self-management education (DSME) delivered in primary care.MethodsAfter receiving DSME, 141 participants were randomized to receive DSMS delivered by a trained supporter: educator, peer, practice staff, or usual education during a 6-month follow-up period. DSMS groups were compared to determine which supporter helped participants to maintain/improve A1C, blood pressure, lipids, weight, self-care, and distress. DSMS satisfaction was also examined.ResultsThere was a significant improvement in A1C, empowerment, aspects of self-care, and distress following DSME at 6 weeks. Those in the educator DSMS group best sustained improved A1C while those in the other DSMS groups maintained glycemic improvements but began to show trends t...
Age Adjustment and Recall Bias in the Analysis of Domestic Violence Data: Methodological Improvements Through the Application of Survival Analysis Methods

This methodological paper presents the utility of survival analysis methods to provide age adjustment in the analysis of domestic violence data. These methods improve the estimation of lifetime probability of domestic violence, improve identification of patterns of first victimization over the lifespan, and provide methods of testing risk factors for first victimization while adjusting for the respondents' age. Most importantly, these methods allow a new investigation of recall bias. Results suggest that lifetime probability of abuse may have been substantially underestimated in previous studies because of problems in recall/disclosure encountered by middle-aged women.
Dual Band Band-Pass Filter With Wide Stopband on Multilayer Organic Substrate

We present the design and development of a compact, dual-band, wide stop-band band-pass filter on a multilayer organic substrate. The filter is designed based on quasi-lumped hybrid LC resonators that are coupled by shunt-inductor impedance inverters. The experimental results show that the filter has two passbands at 1.7 and 4.0 GHz with an out-of-band rejection level better than 50 dB up to 16.5 GHz.
Rapid stem cell differentiation induced by 19-nortestosterone decanoate.

Summary. Erythropoiesis was suppressed in mice by hyperoxia (HOX) and/or post-hypoxic plethora (PCT), the cytocidal effects of actinomycin-D (ACT), or by a combination of these techniques. When 19-nortestosterone decanoate (19-ND) was injected during HOX and 24 hr 59Fe incorporation was measured during and following HOX, the increment in androgen-induced erythropoiesis compared to vehicle-treated controls was significantly greater in the post-HOX assay system, where erythropoietin (ESF) titres were increased as compared to the response seen in the ESF suppressed mouse maintained in HOX. When erythropoiesis was suppressed by HOX and ACT, erythropoiesis was sustained in the 19-ND-treated mouse for a longer period than in the vehicle-treated controls. In addition, when these mice were removed from HOX to ambient conditions and all injections were terminated, erythropoiesis recovered more rapidly in the groups previously treated with the androgen. When ESF was injected to PCT-HOX mice only 24 hr after they received a single 19-ND injection, it was observed that these mice had significantly greater levels of 59Fe incorporation than identical mice injected with ESF alone. In addition, it was found that HOX was capable of significantly decreasing the already minimal levels of erythropoiesis found in the plethoric mouse and that this PCT-HOX animal did not respond as markedly to androgen administration as the plethoric animal maintained at ambient conditions. It was concluded that the data presented in this report are compatible with the concept that the androgenic steroid, 19-ND, has a direct affect on the haematopoietic stem cell pool by increasing the size of a stem cell population capable of responding to ESF and that further differentiation of these elements is dependent on the availability of ESF to the target tissue.
A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non-salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non-salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information-theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non-salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.
How (Not) to Criticise Property-Owning Democracy: A Response to Schemmel

Christian Schemmel makes a strong case that John Rawls underplayed the capacity of robust ‘universal welfare states’ to realise in practice liberal egalitarian principles of justice, and that improvements upon the best existing welfare states will more plausibly take the form of movement in the direction of democratic socialism rather than the more individualist regime that Rawls called a property-owning democracy. Nonetheless, I do not believe it follows from these arguments (even if accepted) that highly unjust, deeply flawed welfare states such as the United States should first focus on developing a universal welfare state and leave thoughts of property-owning democracy to the side for the foreseeable future.
Kidney Injury Associated with Telavancin Dosing Regimen in an Animal Model

The elevation of serum creatinine levels is a concern with telavancin therapy. We examined the onset of kidney injury associated with telavancin in an animal model. Urine samples were collected at baseline and daily to determine the concentrations of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), a marker for early kidney injury. When a clinically relevant exposure of telavancin was given daily to rats, some differences in kidney injury were attributed to the dosing regimen. Further investigations of alternative telavancin dosing regimens are warranted.
Clinical Prediction Rules in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics

A variety of prediction scores have been developed to identify at the time of presentation patients with community-acquired pneumonia at risk for intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death within 30 days. The effectiveness of each scoring score is typically assessed by calculation of the area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Although this statistical parameter is helpful in determining the discriminatory value of a score, it assumes equal importance of false negatives and false positives in the tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. Because patient safety takes precedence over cost, the balance between limiting false negatives (unnecessarily strict ICU admission policy) and false positives (unnecessarily liberal ICU admission policy) should favor the reduction of false negatives. Instead of using AUROC as the primary measure to evaluate prediction rules, we propose the use of sensitivity as a more appropriate alternative.
Scaling of keV HHG photon yield with drive wavelength

It is well known that the cutoff energy of high harmonic generation (HHG) increases linearly with the pump intensity and quadratically with pump wavelength [1]. It is also well known that quantum diffusion suppresses the HHG photon yield by a factor that decreases cubically with the pump wavelength [1]. This cubical scaling was one of the reasons why most of the HHG studies focused on 0.8 µm m rather than longer wavelength drive pulses (LWDP), in spite of the increased cutoff energy associated with the latter.
THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASIS OF ANTIBODY CATALYSIS

▪ Abstract Ten years have passed since the initial reports that antibodies could be programmed to have enzymatic activity by immunization with a transition-site analog. Much of the research over the last decade has focused on defining the scope and generality of antibody catalysis; however, during the past two years the first few crystal structures of catalytic antibody transition-state analogs have been reported. This review analyzes four such structures of catalytic antibodies that catalyze markedly different reactions, including ester hydrolysis, sulfide oxidation, and a pericyclic rearrangement. Structure-function relations for these catalysts are discussed and compared to the structure and function of natural enzymes, as well as the chemistry that occurs in solution.
Mutations of the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene in four patients with tyrosinemia, type I

Tyrosinemia type I is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of the enzyme fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAH, EC 3.7.1.2.). We have used reverse transcription and the polymerize chain reaction to amplify the peptide coding region of the FAH cDNA from four patients with tyrosinemia type I. Chemical mismatch cleavage analysis and DNA sequencing were utilized to determine mutant alleles in all cases. A French Canadian patient was homozygous for a splice error mutation in the 3′ portion of the gene. A second patient, from a consanguineous pedigree in Iran, had the identical splice alteration. The third patient has a missense mutation, changing valine to glycine in codon 166. And finally two nonsense mutations in codons 357 and 364 were found in the fourth patient. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Image-Guided Embolization Coil Placement for Identification of an Endophytic, Isoechoic Renal Mass During Robotic Partial Nephrectomy.

Abstract Background: Intraoperative ultrasonography has proven to be a useful tool for tumor identification during robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN). However, its utility is limited in renal tumors that are completely endophytic and isoechoic in nature. We present a novel approach to intraoperative tumor identification using preoperative percutaneous intratumoral embolization coil placement that may be utilized in the management of such cases. Case Presentation: A 42-year-old Caucasian male was referred with an incidentally discovered right renal mass that was posterior and completely endophytic. He desired a RALPN; however, preoperative renal ultrasound demonstrated an isoechoic lesion. Thus, the patient underwent preoperative image-guided placement of an embolization coil within the tumor. This facilitated identification of the tumor intraoperatively using intracorporeal ultrasound centered on the coil and enabled resection with negative margins. Conclusion: Utilizing a novel appro...
Generic Speed–Flow Models for Basic Freeway Segments on General-Purpose and Managed Lanes in Undersaturated Flow Conditions

This paper presents a generic set of undersaturated speed–flow models for basic freeway segments on general purpose and managed lanes (MLs) consistent with the Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010). The proposed models predict segment space mean speed under a wide set of freeway operational conditions that can affect its free-flow speed (FFS) and capacity. Furthermore, the proposed models allow quantifying the impacts of nonrecurring events, such as severe weather conditions, incidents, and work zones on the speed–flow relationship. In addition, the model allows calibration of real-world facilities through adjustments to FFS and capacity. The incorporation of analyses of reliability and active traffic and demand management in the HCM context requires a set of speed–flow models capable of accounting for the effect of nonrecurring sources of congestion. Currently, the HCM 2010 provides a set of speed–flow models to predict space mean speed and consequently other freeway performance measures. This family o...
La lógica práctica del dominio clientelista

On the bases of a series of analytical exams of three rounds of ethnographic field-work in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and with a micro-sociological approach of empirical analysis, this article sets out to reorient the study of clienteles’ politics towards its every day nature, and recognize the relevant role played by the close links mediating agents keep with their closest and most reliable followers- Thus it aims to contribute to better understand and explain the practical features of clientelist domination. Against what’s commonly asserted, this paper maintains clientelist politics takes place in daily life’s routine (and not only in the context of campaigns and elections), and that the behaviour of the most loyal clients must not be understood nor explained as a product of rational action or normative conducts, but as resultant of clientelist habits, that is, a set of cognitive and affective political dispositions, produced by repeated interactions that take place within the inner circles of the followers of the mediating agents.
A thyroid-adrenal interrelationship

Evidence has accumulated during the last few years that the cortical portion of the suprarenal complex of mammals is essential for life. This has been clearly demonstrated by the work of Houssay and Lewis,1 Wislocki and Crowe,2 and the present writer.3 In a series of experiments performed upon forty cats, the writer was able to show clearly the great importance of cortical tissue for the maintenance of life. The following points were brought out: (1) Cats, from which the adrenals have been removed (in two stages 7 days apart), die within three days. (2) Unilaterally operated animals remain perfectly normal. (3) Total extirpation of one adrenal, and removal of the medullary portion of the other (after 7 days), leaving only the cortex, does not induce symptoms, the animals remain normal. (4) Removal of the remaining cortical tissue after an interval of 21 days to three months, causes death within three days. (5) Histological examination of the removed cortex showed no medullary tissue to be present in the m...
Ergcncmic Shovel Design

In spite of increased automation, there still is a need for ergonomically designed manual tools in the modern consumer and industrial environment. For example, many studies have examined the work physiology involved in shovelling but few have referred to the shovel design parameters needed to make the task more efficient. Thus the effects of such parameters as handle length and size and shape of blade, were examined on shovelling performance, energy expenditure and subjective ratings of perceived exertion. The results indicated the following recommendations in shovel design: a long tapered handle for efficient digging and shovelling, a square-point blade for shovelling, a round-point blade for digging, a large blade for low density materials and a small blade for high density materials.