cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nursing Students' and Preceptors' Experiences with Using an Assessment Tool for Feedback and Reflection in Supervision of Clinical Skills: A Qualitative Pilot Study.

Background There is a need to improve students' learning in clinical practice. Undergraduate students need guidance when it comes to transferring knowledge from the classroom to clinical practice in community health services. Competence Development of Practical Procedures (COPPs), a simulation assessment tool, was used to explore students' and preceptors' experiences with feedback and reflection during the supervision of clinical skills in real practice. Method This was a pilot study with a qualitative exploratory and descriptive research design. Four students in their first year of a bachelor's programme in nursing and four preceptors participated. Data were collected from eight clinical skills performance assessments, audio recordings of supervision, and open-ended questionnaires. Data were systematized, categorized, and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Findings. Participants' experiences were divided into five categories: "learning environment, an atmosphere of respect, acceptance, and encouragement," "students' reflections on their own personal learning," "students' reflections on various care situations," and "students' and preceptors' assessment and feedback." Participants found COPPs easy to use and providing structure for assessment, feedback, and reflection during supervision. Concepts related to learning clinical skills became visible for both students and preceptors and helped students assess their performance of clinical skills. Through verbalization and reflection in supervision, participants established a consensus around what students knew and what they needed to learn. Conclusions The students and preceptors experienced the tool as a supportive structure to enhance feedback and reflection for the learning of clinical skills in municipal healthcare services. COPPs filled a gap in practice by providing a language for students and preceptors to articulate their knowledge and increasing students' awareness of what constitutes a good performance. The tool supported the coherence of concepts, enhanced clinical reasoning, and promoted deeper thinking and reflection, and the students gained insight into their own needs related to learning clinical skills.
Direct-write microsphere photolithography of hierarchical infrared metasurfaces.

A direct-write configuration of microsphere photolithography (MPL) is investigated for the patterning of IR metasurfaces at large scales. MPL uses a self-assembled hexagonal close-packed array of microspheres as an optical element to generate photonic nanojets within a photoresist layer. The photonic jets can be positioned within the microsphere-defined unit cells by controlling the illumination’s angle of incidence (AOI). This allows the definition of complex antenna elements. A digital micromirror device is used to provide spatial modulation across the microsphere arrays and coordinated with a set of stages providing AOI control. This provides hierarchical patterning at the sub- and super-unit cell levels and is suitable for a range of metasurfaces. The constraints of this approach are analyzed and demonstrated with a polarization-dependent infrared perfect absorber/emitter, which agrees well with modeling.
Definitive surgical therapy for refractory radiation cystitis: Evaluating effectiveness, tolerability, and extent of surgical approach.

Abstract Introduction and Objective The management of severe symptoms secondary to radiation changes to the bladder can be difficult. Many patients often endure costly procedures, hospitalizations, transfusions, and physician visits for intractable symptoms. Our aim was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and feasibility of urinary diversion in patients with severe, debilitating symptoms related to radiation cystitis by focusing on perioperative data examining surgical feasibility and assess for any improvement in the number of procedures, transfusions, hospitalizations, and office visits required. Methods With IRB approval, we queried our institutional database for patients with a diagnosis code of radiation cystitis who underwent urinary diversion with or without bladder removal from 2011 to 2018. We reviewed institutional and regional record to assess pre, peri and postoperative outcomes, including rates of surgical procedures, hospitalizations, transfusions and clinic visits, in the year before and after treatment. Non-parametric statistics and linear regression were used. Results Of the 286 patients with radiation cystitis, 45 patients underwent definitive urinary diversion – 31 with concomitant cystectomy and 14 with diversion alone. Analysis of perioperative variables such as estimated blood loss, surgical time, post-operative hospital stay or complication rates were similar to our experience with cystectomy in non-radiated patients. With a mean follow up of 14.6 months, we found that the number of procedures, hospitalizations and transfusions objectively improved following radical surgery. Office visits, however, did not seem to be impacted by performing urinary diversion. There were no significant differences in post-operative benefits between patients that received a concomitant cystectomy and those that only underwent diversion. Conclusion Patients suffering from severe refractory symptomatic radiation cystitis may be best treated with a radical surgical approach. Definitive urinary diversion with or without cystectomy can lower burden of disease by reducing the need for additional procedures, hospitalizations, and blood transfusions on short term follow-up.
Early Vital Sign Differences in Very Low Birth Weight Infants with Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (sIVH, grades 3 and 4) is a serious complication for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and is often clinically silent requiring screening cranial ultrasound (cUS) for detection. Abnormal vital sign (VS) patterns might serve as biomarkers to identify risk or occurrence of sIVH. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective study was conducted in VLBW infants admitted to two level-IV neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) between January 2009 and December 2018. Inclusion criteria were: birth weight <1.5 kg and gestational age (GA) <32 weeks, at least 12 hours of systemic oxygen saturation from pulse oximetry (SpO2) data over the first 24 hours and cUS imaging. Infants were categorized as early sIVH (sIVH identified in the first 48 hours), late sIVH (sIVH identified after 48 hours and normal imaging in the first 48 hours), and no IVH. Infants with grades 1 and 2 or unknown timing IVH were excluded. Mean heart rate (HR), SpO2, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), number of episodes of bradycardia (HR < 100 bpm), and desaturation (SpO2 < 80%) were compared. RESULTS A total of 639 infants (mean: 27 weeks' gestation) were included (567 no IVH, 34 early sIVH, and 37 late sIVH). In the first 48 hours, those with sIVH had significantly higher HR compared with those with no IVH. Infants with sIVH also had lower mean SpO2 and MABP and more desaturations <80%. No significant differences in VS patterns were identified in early versus late sIVH. Logistic regression identified higher HR and greater number of desaturations <80% as independently associated with sIVH. CONCLUSION VLBW infants who develop sIVH demonstrate VS differences with significantly lower SpO2 and higher mean HR over the first 48 hours after birth compared with VLBW infants with no IVH. Abnormalities in early VS patterns may be a useful biomarker for sIVH. Whether VS abnormalities predict or simply reflect sIVH remains to be determined. KEY POINTS · A higher HR in the first 48 hours is seen in infants with severe IVH.. · Infants with sIVH have lower blood pressure in the first 48 hours.. · Infants with sIVH have more oxygen desaturations in the first 48 hours..
Thermoelastic Behavior of a Simply Supported Sandwich Panel Under Large Temperature Gradient and Edge Compression

Summary The treatment is concerned with the thermal elastic behavior of a rectangular sandwich panel which is subjected to edge com­ pression, transverse load, and high temperature difference be­ tween the two faces. The differential equations and boundary conditions are formulated from the principle of variational po­ tential energy. The thermal effect on Hoff's boundary condi­ tions is also formulated. For the case of a simply supported panel, an analytic theory is presented to solve for the displacements, the deflection and the stresses. Some preliminary theoretical results and experimental verifications are shown. As a limiting case, an infinitely wide sandwich panel under cylindrical bending is also treated. For application, 17-7PH stainless steel sandwich panel with one face at 900°F and the other at 100°F is illustrated under both edge compression and transverse load. The maximum stresses on both faces are given as a function of edge compression.
Switching tactics: phenotypic plasticity in the alternative mate-finding tactics of burying beetles

Male Nicrophorus burying beetles utilize two alternative mate-finding tactics: searching and signalling. The searching tactic involves flying in search of a carcass on which to mate, while the signalling tactic involves emitting pheromone in the absence of a carcass to attract females. All males use both tactics, but the amount of time spent using each tactic differs between individuals. Because all males are phenotypically plastic in the time spent using alternative behaviours, the expression is likely to be condition dependent on some environmental cue, such as the availability of reproductive resources (i.e. females and carcasses). We tested how the expression of alternative tactics is influenced by previous mating experience and the perceived availability of females versus carcasses by using a repeated measures design in which mate-finding behaviour of males was observed before and after exposure to: (1) multiple females but no carcasses, (2) multiple females and multiple carcasses, (3) multiple carcasses but no females, or (4) no females or carcasses (control). Males in the multiple-female group (but lacking a carcass) allocated significantly more time to signalling, as did males in the control group lacking both mating and carcass experience. Thus, males that did not encounter carcasses during the treatment period increased pheromone emission thereafter. In the two groups that were given carcasses, however, investment in signalling was not altered. With respect to time allocated to searching, control, multiple-female and multiple-carcass groups all significantly decreased time spent searching, whereas males in the female-and-carcass group did not alter time allocated to searching. Our results demonstrate that environmental cues do influence which alternative tactic male burying beetles use, and that the chosen tactic is influenced by the availability of both receptive females and carcasses on which to breed.
One man's trash

Purpose – This paper aims to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and electronic collections in changing times and on a limited budget with limited personnel. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses real-world experiences and anecdotal evidence to provide commentary on progress and the future of libraries as it relates to letting go of traditional practices and procedures and embracing new ideas and directions. Findings – Weeding a large collection of materials with limited personnel and finances is no easy task. Aside from the functional aspects of handling and processing thousands of volumes there are emotional aspects to discarding that can be overwhelming for some. There is also the fear that one may be throwing away something useful or valuable. Originality/value – This paper is a light hearted piece on one librarian's experiences in taking part in a large-scale weeding project.
SAP: natural inhibitor or grand SLAM of T cell activation?

Identification of SH2D1A as the defective gene in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome highlighted the importance of SAP in the regulation of T cell activation. New data suggest an alternative explanation for how SAP controls signaling.
Structure and stability of Con(pyridine)m − clusters: Absence of metal inserted structures

A synergistic approach combining the experimental photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical electronic structure studies is used to probe the geometrical structure and the spin magnetic moment of Con(pyridine)m− clusters. It is predicted that the ground state of Co(pyridine)− is a structure where the Co atom is inserted in a CH bond. However, the insertion is marked by a barrier of 0.33eV that is not overcome under the existing experimental conditions resulting in the formation of a structure where Co occupies a site above the pyridine plane. For Co2(pyridine)−, a ground-state structure is predicted in which the Co2 diametric moiety is inserted in one of the CH bonds, but again because of a barrier, the structure which matches the photoelectron spectrum is a higher-energy isomer in which the Co2 moiety is bonded directly to nitrogen on the pyridine ring. In all cases, the Co sites have finite magnetic moments suggesting that the complexes may provide ways of making cluster-based magnetic materials.
Equatorial wave-mean flow interaction - A numerical study of the role of latitudinal shear

A time-dependent primitive equation model for an equatorial channel is used to assess the interaction of equatorial Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves with the mean flow. The proposed model involves a semiimplicit time-differencing scheme and a finite-difference grid in the meridional plane. It is shown that forced equatorial waves interact with mean flow to produce equatorial jets characterized by downward-moving westerly (Kelvin wave forcing) and easterly (mixed Rossby-gravity wave forcing) shear zones, respectively. For parameters characteristic of the observed waves in the equatorial stratosphere, the wave-mean flow interaction process always reduces the amplitude of any initial cross-equatorial mean wind shear. The mean flow profile tends to become symmetric about the equator as the interaction process continues.
Application of Biochemical Systems Theory to Metabolism in Human Red Blood Cells SIGNAL PROPAGATION AND ACCURACY OF REPRESENTATION

Human erythrocytes are among the simplest of cells. Many of their enzymes have been characterized kinetically using steady-state methods in vitro, and several investigators have assembled this kinetic information into mathematical models of the integrated system. However, despite its relative simplicity, the integrated behavior of erythrocyte metabolism is still complex and not well understood. Errors will inevitably be encountered in any such model because of this complexity; thus, the construction of an integrative model must be considered an iterative process of assessment and refinement. In a previous study, we selected a recent model of erythrocyte metabolism as our starting point and took it through three stages of model assessment and refinement using systematic strategies provided by biochemical systems theory. At each stage deficiencies were diagnosed, putative remedies were identified, and modifications consistent with existing experimental evidence were incorporated into the working model. In this paper we address two issues: the propagation of biochemical signals within the metabolic network, and the accuracy of kinetic representation. The analysis of signal propagation reveals the importance of glutathione peroxidase, transaldolase, and the concentration of total glutathione in determining systemic behavior. It also reveals a highly amplified diversion of flux between the pathways of pentose phosphate and nucleotide metabolism. In determining the range of accurate representation based on alternative kinetic formalisms we discovered large discrepancies. These were identified with the behavior of the model represented within the Michaelis-Menten formalism. This model fails to exhibit a nominal steady state when the activity of glutathione peroxidase is decreased by as little as 9%. Our current understanding, as embodied in this working model, is in need of further refinement, and the results presented in this paper suggest areas of the model where such effort might profitably be concentrated.
Astrophysics in the extreme ultraviolet

The current status of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) astrophysics is reviewed. Seven compact emitters of EUV radiation have been identified in the < 5% of the sky surveyed randomly so far and the existence of a diffuse EUV background firmly established. Our discussion will focus on the quality of astronomical information that can be gleaned from a combined x-ray, EUV, far UV and optical study of these objects and on the impact EUV observations of the Sun and a large number of classes of compact objects will have on our understanding of the structure and evolution of evolved s tars. The diffuse EUV background may be of even greater interest as it probably reveals the distribution of the hot coronal gas responsible for the interstellar OVI absorption and the source of heating and ionization of the interstellar medium. Finally, future mission possibilities are analyzed as to their potential for increased understanding of the EUV universe.
Transformational Organizational Change, Reinforcing Structures, and Formal Communication

Given the changes forecast to result from global warming, scholars’ and practitioners’ interest in sustainability and organizational change is increasing. Although sustainability-related changes can be piecemeal and incremental, my interest is on transformational change. Transformational organizational changes begin when key individuals become aware of new processes, technologies, opportunities, constraints, and expectations. Once awareness occurs, the challenge becomes transforming information into useable knowledge and diffusing it throughout the system. Factors influencing the adoption of an innovation are reviewed. The characteristics of change adopters and stages of change are identified. Important communication roles during times of change (e.g., board members, top executives, change agents, sustainability champions), the process of communicating about change, guidance for change communicators, and formal structural and communication efforts to facilitate change efforts are discussed. Formal ways to embed a focus on sustainability within an organization include changing an organization’s structure (e.g., creating new roles, creating new inter- and intraorganizational coordinating structures) and designing pathways (e.g., mission and vision statements, goals and plans, formal communication channels). In addition to transformation change, theories or theoretical concepts highlighted include diffusion of innovation theory, the absorptive capacity concept, sensemaking theory, structuration theory, systems theory, transformational leadership, the communication approach to leadership, models of communication and change, and ethos. Interview data spotlights the City of Boulder, the City of Portland, the City and County of Denver, Sam’s Club, Assurity Life Insurance, the HEAL project, the University of Colorado, Portland, the Neal Kelly Company, Tyson Foods, the Portland Trail Blazers, and Aspen Skiing Company.
Reactions at Surfaces: A New Approach Integrating Interferometry and Kinetic Simulations

Significant insight into reaction mechanism can be derived from the analysis of surface topography and kinetics of alteration of interfaces as a function of their environment. These data have largely been the purview of scanning and atomic force instruments, traditional optical microscopy, and electron beam technologies. We introduce here an integrated approach that combines vertical scanning interferometry, atomic force microscopy, and other techniques with kinetic Monte Carlo calculations. The combination of molecular-scale modeling techniques and quantitative laboratory-based measurements creates powerful feedbacks that allow insight not obtainable from any single method. We discuss potential applications for ceramic systems and present results from ceramic UO2 experiments as an example.
Assessment of infiltration heat recovery and its impact on energy consumption for residential buildings

Abstract Infiltration is a major contributor to the energy consumption of buildings, particularly in homes where it accounts for one-third of the heating and cooling loads. Traditionally, infiltration is calculated independent of the building envelope performance, however, it has been established that a thermal coupling exists between the infiltration and conduction heat transfer of the building envelope. This effect is known as infiltration heat recovery (IHR). Experiments have shown that infiltration heat recovery can typically reduce the infiltration thermal load by 10–20%. Currently, whole-building energy simulation tools do not account for the effect of infiltration heat recovery on heating and cooling loads. In this paper, five steady-state IHR models are described to account for the thermal interaction between infiltration air and building envelope components. In particular, inter-model and experimental comparisons are carried out to assess the prediction accuracy of five IHR models. In addition, the results from a series of sensitivity analyses are presented, including an evaluation of the predictions for heating energy use associated with four audited homes obtained from whole-building energy simulation analysis with implemented infiltration heat recovery models. Experimental comparison of the IHR models reveal that the predictions from all the five models are consistent and are within 2% when 1-D flow and heat transfer conditions are considered. When implementing IHR models to a whole-building simulation environment, a reduction of 5–30% in heating consumption is found for four audited residential homes.
Revitalization of Tooth with Necrotic Pulp and Open Apex by Using Platelet-rich Plasma: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction A growing body of evidence is demonstrating the possibility for regeneration of tissues within the pulp space and continued root development in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apexes. The purpose of this case report is to add a regenerative endodontic case to the existing literature about using platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Methods An 11-year-old boy whose maxillary second premolar tooth had been accidently extracted and immediately replanted developed pulpal necrosis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. After preparing an access cavity, its necrotic pulp was removed. The canal was irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl solution and dried with paper points. A triple antibiotic mixed with distilled water was packed in the canal and left for 22 days. Twenty milliliters of whole blood was drawn from the patient’s forearm for preparation of PRP. After removal of the antibiotic mixture, the PRP was injected into the canal space up to the cementoenamel junction level. Three millimeters of grey mineral trioxide aggregate was placed directly over the PRP clot. Three days later, the tooth was double-sealed with permanent filling materials. Results Clinical examination 5 1/2 half months later revealed no sensitivity to percussion or palpation tests. Radiographic examination of this tooth showed resolution of the periapical lesion, further root development, and continued apical closure. Sensitivity tests with cold and an electric pulp test elicited a positive response similar to those found in the first premolar tooth. Conclusions On the basis of short-term results of the present case, it appears that regeneration of vital tissues in a tooth with necrotic pulp and a periapical lesion is possible; PRP is potentially an ideal scaffold for this procedure.
Evaluation Methods for Linked-Course PBL in Engineering

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) has become an increasingly popular method across disciplines in K-12 and higher education worldwide since it was first introduced to medical education in the late 1960’s. However, it has not gained significant popularity in engineering curricula due to the large time-scale needed to solve complex engineering problems. Previous work by the authors in this area has developed a method for combining problem solving opportunities on a small time scale in linked courses that culminate to solve a challenging problem that would normally take a significant amount of class time. This method of problem-based learning provides a practical application that can be used in engineering curricula. While this method has produced favorable response from both students and faculty involved, there is a need for a more comprehensive effort to develop strategies for evaluation of PBL in mathematics, science and engineering courses, both directly and indirectly. In this study, Engineering Statics, Engineering Physics, and Calculus II are linked using PBL to increase both student engagement and success. For smaller problems, group work with directed individual or interactive tasks is facilitated through teacher-guided discussions. Students who are in these linked (co-enrolled) classes work on small mathematics, physics, and engineering problems that are used to solve a challenging engineering problem. The project addresses concepts taught in class, reinforces connections among the courses, and provides real-world applications. A mixed method evaluation approach was utilized by the external evaluators, the West Texas Office of Evaluation and Research (WTER) including surveys, focus groups, and personal interviews.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Unexpected Events Induce Motor Slowing via a Brain Mechanism for Action-Stopping with Global Suppressive Effects

When an unexpected event occurs in everyday life (e.g., a car honking), one experiences a slowing down of ongoing action (e.g., of walking into the street). Motor slowing following unexpected events is a ubiquitous phenomenon, both in laboratory experiments as well as such everyday situations, yet the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that unexpected events recruit the same inhibition network in the brain as does complete cancellation of an action (i.e., action-stopping). Using electroencephalography and independent component analysis in humans, we show that a brain signature of successful outright action-stopping also exhibits activity following unexpected events, and more so in blocks with greater motor slowing. Further, using transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure corticospinal excitability, we show that an unexpected event has a global motor suppressive effect, just like outright action-stopping. Thus, unexpected events recruit a common mechanism with outright action-stopping, moreover with global suppressive effects. These findings imply that we can now leverage the considerable extant knowledge of the neural architecture and functional properties of the stopping system to better understand the processing of unexpected events, including perhaps how they induce distraction via global suppression.
Skeletal surveys in children with burns caused by child abuse.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of occult fractures in children with suspicious burns compared with children with other types of physical abuse. METHODS: Child abuse outpatient clinic reports and inpatient consultations from a midwest urban children's hospital for 1989 to 2000 were reviewed. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted for patients seen because of suspected physical abuse. Patients were classified based on reason seen (burns vs other physical injuries), whether they were diagnosed as abused, and whether they had at least 1 skeletal survey. Positive skeletal surveys were defined as having a fracture that was unexplained, highly specific for abuse, or with a perpetrator confession. RESULTS: Of 335 patients evaluated, the mean age (+/-SD) was 1.5 +/- 1.9 years, 63% were boys, 64% were white, and 80% had skeletal surveys performed. Reasons for evaluation included 69 (21%) for burns and 266 (79%) for other injuries. After excluding patients without a final diagnosis of abuse and those presenting with obvious fractures, 5 (14%) of 36 burn patients had positive skeletal surveys compared with 45 (34%) of 133 with nonburn injuries (P = 0.02). Burn patients were older compared with those with nonburn injuries (mean ages, 1.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 1.1 +/- 1.6 years; P = 0.03) and were more likely to be nonwhite (69% vs. 32%; P Language: en
Anticipatory nausea and vomiting does it remain a significant clinical problem

A study performed 5 years ago in our clinic revealed a prevalence rate of 31% for anticipatory symptoms. This finding is consistent with other investigations. It was hypothesized that more effective management of postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting and briefer chemotherapy regimens since the previous study would decrease the prevalence of anticipatory symptoms. The study reported in this article assessed the prevalence of anticipatory symptoms in 121 patients receiving parenteral chemotherapy over a 7-week period. The overall prevalence rate of 33% for anticipatory symptoms was not significantly different from the previous study or other investigations. Length of postchemotherapy nausea was significantly related to the report of anticipatory symptoms. However, the severity of symptoms reported in the investigation was mild. The prevalence in patients on adjuvant therapy for breast cancer was also significantly reduced from the previous investigation. It is concluded that although anticipatory symptoms commonly occur they are only rarely clinically significant.
Endometrial Dye Instillation: A Novel Approach to Histopathologic Evaluation of Morcellated Hysterectomy Specimens

The purpose of this prospective pilot case study was to determine whether instillation of trypan blue dye into the uterine cavity before laparoscopic hysterectomy and morcellation aids in gross identification of endometrium. The most common commercially available trypan blue stain, VisionBlue was used in this study. Instillation was performed at the beginning of the procedure using an embryo transfer catheter. A sterile solution of trypan blue, 0.5 mL, was instilled transcervically into the uterine cavities in 12 patients before laparoscopic hysterectomy with uterine morcellation. The morcellated specimens were sent for routine gross pathologic and histologic examination. It was concluded that intrauterine instillation of trypan blue stained the endometrium, thus aiding the pathologist in identification of the endometrium in morcellated uterine specimens.
The functional basis of face evaluation

People automatically evaluate faces on multiple trait dimensions, and these evaluations predict important social outcomes, ranging from electoral success to sentencing decisions. Based on behavioral studies and computer modeling, we develop a 2D model of face evaluation. First, using a principal components analysis of trait judgments of emotionally neutral faces, we identify two orthogonal dimensions, valence and dominance, that are sufficient to describe face evaluation and show that these dimensions can be approximated by judgments of trustworthiness and dominance. Second, using a data-driven statistical model for face representation, we build and validate models for representing face trustworthiness and face dominance. Third, using these models, we show that, whereas valence evaluation is more sensitive to features resembling expressions signaling whether the person should be avoided or approached, dominance evaluation is more sensitive to features signaling physical strength/weakness. Fourth, we show that important social judgments, such as threat, can be reproduced as a function of the two orthogonal dimensions of valence and dominance. The findings suggest that face evaluation involves an overgeneralization of adaptive mechanisms for inferring harmful intentions and the ability to cause harm and can account for rapid, yet not necessarily accurate, judgments from faces.
Orientation summary statistics are limited in processing capacity

The visual system may condense the vast amount of information in the natural world by summarizing properties across collections of similar items (Ariely, 2001). Under this view, once these summary ...
Proinflammatory gene expression and macrophage recruitment in the rat remnant kidney

Proinflammatory gene expression and macrophage recruitment in the rat remnant kidney. Background Macrophage (Mφ) infiltration may contribute to chronic renal injury. We therefore sought to examine the expression of genes associated with Mφ recruitment in the rat remnant kidney model. Methods Male Munich Wistar rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy or sham operation (SHM, N = 18) and received no treatment (VEH, N = 18), enalapril 100 mg/L (ENA, N = 18), or candesartan 70 mg/L (CSN, N = 24) in drinking water. Competitive, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine renal cortex mRNA levels for cell adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the Mφ chemoattractant monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Mφ products interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), at intervals post-nephrectomy. Results Glomerular and interstitial Mφ infiltration in VEH rats was associated with an early (4 week) and sustained rise in MCP-1 and TGF-β1 mRNA levels. Progressive increases in ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression followed at 8 and 12 weeks. Immunostaining in VEH rats localized TGF-β1 to glomeruli, tubules, and interstitium; MCP-1 to tubules and interstitial cells; ICAM-1 to glomeruli; and IL-1β and TNF-α to tubules and interstitial cells. At 12 weeks, both treatments normalized systolic blood pressure (ENA, 105 ± 6; CSN, 97 ± 3 mm Hg) and the urinary protein excretion rate (ENA, 8.4 ± 0.9; CSN, 5.7 ± 0.8 mg/day), prevented renal injury (focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis: ENA, 3.3 ± 0.9; CSN, 1.3 ± 0.4%), and suppressed Mφ infiltration and cytokine expression (with the exception of TNF-α) to near SHM levels. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that the coordinated up-regulation of several molecules regulating Mφ recruitment and activation is a fundamental response to renal mass ablation and is dependent on an intact renin-angiotensin system. We speculate that these responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of the ensuing glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
Serotonergic suppression of interhemispheric cortical synaptic potentials.

Abstract The inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on interhemispheric and intracortical synaptic potentials in layer V neurons of the rat medial prefrontal (MFC) cortex were examined. Low concentrations (1–3 μM) of 5-HT selectively attenuated polysynaptic potentials that were similarly evoked by callosal or white matter stimulation. Maximally effective concentrations of 5-HT blocked interhemispheric transmission by 50–90%, as evidenced by an attenuation of the short latency callosal depolarizing synaptic potential (e-DPSP). These effects of 5-HT were not associated with a change in membrane potential or input resistance. The e-DPSP was characterized as having an N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and a non-NMDA component; the non-NMDA component was attenuated by 5-HT. Attenuation of the synaptic potential was accompanied by an attenuation of a postsynaptic glutamate potential. Suppression of both the e-DPSP and the glutamate potential was concentration dependent with 10–100 μM being maximally effective. The 5-HT 1A/2 antagonist, spiperone, antagonized the effects of 5-HT on synaptic and glutamate potentials. Spiperone (1 μM) shifted the concentration-effect curves for suppression of the e-DPSP and the glutamate potential to the right; however, the K b for the glutamate potential concentration-effect curve was 10 times that for the e-DPSP curve. The differential antagonist sensitivity of synaptic and glutamate potentials was an indication that serotonin acted on more than one receptor subtype to reduce interhemispheric transmission.
Pre-Steady-State Analysis of ATP Hydrolysis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA Topoisomerase II. 2. Kinetic Mechanism for the Sequential Hydrolysis of Two ATP†

In the preceding paper, we showed that DNA topoisomerase II from Saccharomyces cerevisiae binds two ATP and rapidly hydrolyzes at least one of them before encountering a slow step in the reaction mechanism. These data are potentially consistent with two different types of reaction pathways: (1) sequential ATP hydrolysis or (2) simultaneous hydrolysis of both ATP. Here, we present results that are consistent only with topoisomerase II hydrolyzing its two bound ATP sequentially. Additionally, these results indicate that the products of the first hydrolysis are released from the enzyme before the second ATP is hydrolyzed. Release of products from both the first and second hydrolyses contributes to the rate-determining process. The proposed mechanism for ATP hydrolysis by topoisomerase II is complex, having nine rate constants. To calculate values for each of these rate constants, a technique of kinetic parameter estimation was developed. This technique involved using singular perturbation theory in order to estimate rate constants, and consequently identify kinetic steps following the rate-determining step.
An evaluation of the far field overpressure integral

Exact equation for cross-sectional area distribution of maximum sonic boom over pressure at zero lift for two configurations
STUDIES ON A RADIOLIGAND - RECEPTOR ASSAY SYSTEM FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

ABSTRACT The binding of 125I-Labelled human luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to the interstitial cell fraction of the rat testis has been applied to the development of a radioligand-receptor assay system for gonadotropins.
Infrared Study of Trimethylgallium Adsorption on GaAs(100)

Trimethylgallium (TMGa) adsorption on GaAs(100) has been studied by infrared spectroscopy. The adsorbed TMGa exhibits up to five C-H stretching vibrations between 2700 and 3000 cm−1 and five C-H deformations between 1100 and 1500 cm−1. The adsorbate uptake is a maximum at arsenic coverages of–65%. These and other results indicate that TMGa dissociatively adsorbs onto As dimers with methyl transfer to second-layer Ga atoms and to As atoms. Above 333 K, molecular desorption competes with adsorption, causing the saturation coverage to fall with increasing temperature. The desorption kinetics depend on the composition of the GaAs(100) surface. These kinetics suggest that above 773 K, TMGa is more likely to decompose on the c(2×8) than on a more Ga-rich surface.
Spine patient outcomes research trial: radiographic predictors of clinical outcomes after operative or nonoperative treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis.

STUDY DESIGN Subgroup analyses according to treatment received. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether baseline radiographic findings predicted outcomes in patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The spine patient outcomes research trial combined randomized and observational DS cohorts. METHODS The Meyerding listhesis grade was determined on the neutral radiograph (n = 222). Patients were classified as having low disc height if disc height was less than 5 mm. Flexion-extension radiographs (n = 185) were evaluated for mobility. Those with greater than 10 degrees rotation or 4 mm translation were considered hypermobile. Changes in outcome measures were compared between listhesis (grade 1 vs. grade 2), disc height (low vs. normal), and mobility (stable vs. hypermobile) groups using longitudinal regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Outcome measures included SF-36 bodily pain and physical function scales, oswestry disability index (ODI), stenosis bothersomeness index, and low back pain bothersomeness scale. RESULTS Overall, 86% had a grade 1 listhesis, 78% had normal disc height, and 73% were stable. Baseline symptom severity was similar between groups. Overall, surgery patients improved more than patients treated nonoperatively. At 1 year, outcomes were similar in surgery patients across listhesis, disc height, and mobility groups (ODI: grade 1 -23.7 vs. grade 2 -23.3, P = 0.90; normal disc height -23.5 vs. low disc height -21.9, P = 0.66; stable -21.6 vs. hypermobile -25.2, P = 0.30). Among those treated nonoperatively, grade 1 patients improved more than grade 2 patients (bodily pain + 13.1 vs. -4.9, P = 0.019; ODI -8.0 vs. + 4.8, P = 0.010 at 1 year), and hypermobile patients improved more than stable patients (ODI -15.2 vs. -6.6, P = 0.041; stenosis bothersomeness index -7.8 vs. -2.7, P = 0.002 at 1 year). DISCUSSION Regardless of listhesis grade, disc height or mobility, patients who had surgery improved more than those treated nonoperatively. These differences were due, in part, to differences in nonoperative outcomes, which were better in patients classified as grade 1 or hypermobile.
The role of extracellular matrix in human astrocytoma migration and proliferation studied in a microliter scale assay.

Ligands in the extracellular matrix (ECM) are known to mediate migration of normal as well as tumor cells via adhesion molecules such as the integrin receptor family. We developed a microliter scale (15-20 fu total volume) monolayer migration assay to investigate the ability of astrocytoma cells to disperse on surfaces coated with purified human ECM protein ligands. In this system the rate of radial migration of the cell population was constant over time. For human astrocytoma cell lines U-251 and SF-767, laminin and collagen type IV supported a migratory phenotype; fibronectin and vitronectin only minimally supported migration. The different ECM proteins also influenced growth rate: cells on laminin and collagen had a protracted lag phase. Furthermore, migrating cells seeded on laminin or collagen showed a lower labeling index than did stationary cells in the central, crowded region on the same substrate. This micro-scale migration assay should enable detailed molecular and biochemical studies of the determinants of migration.
A SIMS study of the filling of traps for deuterium in krypton-implanted nickel

Abstract A new technique for depth profiling inert-gas atoms in metals using a secondary ion mass spectrometer has provided experimental confirmation of mathematical model simulations of the filling of traps by deuterium diffusing in one dimension. The depth profile when traps are being filled by diffusion from one direction has a characteristically steep leading edge, indicating that almost all the traps are filled before the diffusion front moves further into the metal. Annealing at a higher temperature reduces the steep leading gradient, demonstrating that deuterium leaves the completely filled region and diffuses into some of the unfilled traps. At saturation, the depth distribution of the traps which hold deuterium at room temperature ( Q i ⪆ .45 eV ) matches that of the implanted krypton for the implant conditions used in this experiment.
Robotics for Functional Recovery in Stroke

Multiple robotic systems are under development for training of both upper and lower extremity function in neurologically impaired subjects with spinal cord injury or stroke, yet we currently lack the framework for designing and evaluating mechanical devices and approaches for treatment of such disorders. This paper will describe possible approaches towards evaluating the optimal approach for rehabilitation treatment of such disorders
Phosphoregulation of the RNA-binding Protein Hu Antigen R (HuR) by Cdk5 Affects Centrosome Function

Hu antigen R (HuR) is an mRNA-binding protein belonging to the ELAV family. It is highly expressed in cancer and involved in cell survival and proliferation. The impact of post-translational regulation of HuR and resulting cellular effects are poorly understood. In the current report, we describe a direct interaction between HuR and Cdk5 in glioma. We determined that Cdk5 specifically phosphorylates HuR at the serine 202 residue in the unique hinge region. The molecular consequences of this interaction are an altered HuR ability to bind, stabilize, and promote translation of mRNAs. At the cellular level, the anomalous HuR phosphorylation at this site evokes robust defects in centrosome duplication and cohesion as well as arrest of cell cycle progression. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence technique confirm a direct integration of HuR and Cdk5 with centrosomes. We propose that HuR stores mRNA in the centrosome and that HuR phosphorylation by Cdk5 controls de novo protein synthesis in near proximity to centrosomes and, thus, impacts centrosome function.
Nonlinear Refraction of Semiconductor Quantum Dots Using Single Wavelength and White-Light Continuum Z-scan

The nonlinear refractive index is measured in semiconductor quantum-dots using white light continuum Z-scan, which can measure nonlinear refraction as small as 10−16cm2/GW. The magnitude of the nonlinearity decreases for smaller quantum-dots.
How to solve a quadratic equation. Part 2

We derived an algorithm to find the real roots of the homogeneous quadratic equation, Ax/sup 2/+2Bxw+Cw/sup 2/=0. Because the equation is homogeneous, a root consists of an [x, w] pair where any nonzero multiple represents the same root. We strove to find an algorithm that didn't blow up no matter what values of A, B, and C we were given, including various combinations of zeroes. At the end of the article the author wrote the final algorithm in tabular form.
Cauchy Flux and Sets of Finite Perimeter

Abstract : A Cauchy flux Q is a real-valued, additive, area-bounded function whose domain is the class of all Borel subsets of the reduced boundary of sets of finite perimeter. If the flux Q is also volume bounded, it is shown that Q can be represented as the integral of the normal component of some vector field. (Author)
Prolyl Hydroxylase EGLN3 Regulates Skeletal Myoblast Differentiation through an NF-κB-dependent Pathway

The egg-laying abnormal-9 (EGLN) prolyl hydroxylases have been shown to regulate the stability and thereby the activity of the α subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) through its ability to catalyze their hydroxylation. We have previously shown that EGLN3 promotes differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that exposure of C2C12 cells to dimethyl oxalylglycine (DMOG), desferrioxamine, and hypoxia, all inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylase activity, led to repression of C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Inactivation of HIF by expression of a HIF dominant-negative mutant or deletion of HIF-1α by RNA interference did not affect the inhibitory effect of DMOG, suggesting that the effect of DMOG is HIF-independent. Pharmacologic inactivation of EGLN3 hydroxylase resulted in activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. The inhibitory effect of DMOG on myogenic differentiation was markedly impaired in C2C12 cells expressing a dominant-negative mutant of IκBα. Exogenous expression of wild-type EGLN3, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, significantly inhibited NF-κB activation induced by overexpressed TRAF2 or IκB kinase 2. In contrast, deletion of EGLN3 by small interfering RNAs led to activation of NF-κB. These data suggest that EGLN3 is a negative regulator of NF-κB, and its prolyl hydroxylase activity is required for this effect. Furthermore, wild-type EGLN3, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, potentiated myogenic differentiation. This study demonstrates a novel role for EGLN3 in the regulation of NF-κB and suggests that it is involved in mediating myogenic differentiation, which is HIF-independent.