cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of ${\rm Ca}^{2+}{\rm Co}$ -Doping on the Temperature Dependence of ${\rm Gd}_{2}{\rm SiO}_{5}:{\rm Ce}$ Photoluminescence

The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence properties of Gd2SiO5:Ce,Ca crystals was found to be significantly affected by Ca codoping and shows that presence of additional energy levels in these crystals provides nonradiative energy transfer. The excitation and emission bands also broaden with codoping due to presence of these additional energy levels. Therefore Ca codoping in Gd2SiO5 crystals decreases the scintillation decay very strongly and has a strong adverse affect on scintillation light yield, different from the effect in other members of the oxyorthosilicate family such as Lu2SiO5 and Y2SiO5.
CURRENT STATUS OF ADJUVANT THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF LARGE BOWEL CANCER

Large bowel cancer is a common malignant disease whose surgical treatment is comparatively successful. However, undetected systemic or local dissemination of disease frequently frustrates the surgeon’s well-executed local or regional attack. Thus, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy are being used more often to eradicate distal foci of malignant cells after surgical removal of primary tumor.
The Stigma of Personality Disorders

This article reviews the recent literature on the stigma of personality disorders, including an overview of general mental illness stigma and an examination of the personality-specific stigma. Overall, public knowledge of personality disorders is low, and people with personality disorders may be perceived as purposefully misbehaving rather than experiencing an illness. Health provider stigma seems particularly pernicious for those with borderline personality disorder. Most stigma research on personality disorders has been completed outside the USA, and few stigma-change interventions specific to personality disorder have been scientifically tested. Limited evidence suggests that health provider training can improve stigmatizing attitudes and that interventions combining positive messages of recovery potential with biological etiology will be most impactful to reduce stigma. Anti-stigma interventions designed specifically for health providers, family members, criminal justice personnel, and law enforcement seem particularly beneficial, given these sources of stigma.
Index-finger pointing in generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Abstract Objective Most patients with localization-related epilepsy (LRE) and genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) are classified based on semiology and video-EEG, but both features occasionally fail to provide a definitive diagnosis. Several reliable lateralizing signs have been described, although hand and finger posturing has received little attention. We sought to investigate the frequency of index-finger pointing (IFP) during generalized motor convulsions as a lateralizing semiology in LRE. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 98 videos of generalized convulsions in 64 consecutive patients who were admitted for diagnostic video-EEG (vEEG). Demographics were recorded, and IFP ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral to vEEG ictal correlate was compared between LRE, GGE, and nonepileptic attacks (NEAs). The angle of IFP was measured to quantify the mean degree of IFP in “pointers” versus “nonpointers”. Statistical analysis was completed using JMP 9.0. Results Index-finger pointing was more common in epileptic GTC seizures than in convulsive NEAs (83.6% vs 12.0%; p Significance This is the first study to examine hand and finger postures as a clinical sign to help classify epilepsy type. The presence of IFP was more common in patients with LRE than in patients with GGE and very rarely occurred in NEA. Index-finger pointing and other hand semiologies are potentially quantifiable localizing signs to aid in the characterization of patients with GTC seizures.
Impermeability of the Small Intestine of Rabbits to Botulinum Toxin

Type A toxin used in these experiments was produced by growing CI. botulinum in tubes of beef heart medium for ten days under a vaseline seal. The supernatant fluid from these cultures was centrifuged at high speed for one hour which removed most of the organisms. The rabbit was given an injection with 0.1 gm. of heparin in 5 cc. of sterile (0.85*^) salt solution and placed under ether anesthesia. The small intestine was exposed and placed in warm gauze packs which were kept moist with warm salt (0.859^) solution. A suitable loop of small intestine was selected and the vein coming from it was cannulated, but the artery was left intact. The loop was then carefully ligated and the toxin injected in the end nearest the stomach. The point of injection was touched with tincture of ferric chloride and this portion of the loop was ligated. The loop was carefully manipulated so as to distribute the toxin throughout its length. The animal was kept alive by frequent blood transfusions, using heparinized blood from normal rabbits. Samples of blood were collected at five minute intervals and injected into mice in 0.5 and 0.1 cc. amounts. At frequent intervals, also, mice were given injections with 0.5 cc. of blood and 0.25 cc. of the homologous antitoxin.
Cdk5: An Emerging Kinase in Pain Signaling

Pain is an important survival mechanism for an organism. It can turn into severe mental and physical disorder however, if the molecular and/or cellular pathways involved in pain signaling are altered. Chronic pain is characterized by an altered pain perception that includes allodynia (a response to a normally non-noxious stimulus) and hyperalgesia (an exaggerated response to a normally noxious stimulus). Past few years of pain research has been mainly focused on precise understanding of the molecular and cellular nociceptive signatures altered during chronic pain, so that more effective pain relievers can be developed. The importance of protein kinases in normal cellular homeostasis and disease pathogenesis has evolved rapidly in the past few decades. The recent advancement defining the role of multiple protein kinases in regulating neuronal plasticity and pain sensitization has gained enough attention of pharmaceutical industry to develop specific and selective kinase inhibitors as analgesics. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is one such emerging kinase in pain biology. We will discuss here the recent advancement and therapeutic potential of Cdk5 in pain signaling.
Descriptions of and Notes on Larval Habits of Four Immature Phycitines in the Southeastern United States (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Descriptions are given of last-stage larvae and pupae of Nephopterix rubrisparsella (Ragonot), Chorrera extrincica (Dyar), Palatka nymphaeella (Hulst), and Caudellia apyrella Dyar. Host plants of these species are Celtis laevigata Willdenow, Waltheria indica L., Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton, and Cuscuta compacta Jussieu and C. gronovii Willdenow ex Roemer and Schultes, respectively. Other biological information such as feeding behavior and seasonal occurrence also is included.
Culture and the Evolution of Economic Institutions: A Model of Individual Adaptation and Group Self-Organization

In this paper I explore the process of self-organization as it relates to the transition from capitalism to socialism in two contexts: (1) Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, where political and economic institutions are being created at the same time, and (2) the People's Republic of China, where the process of creating market institutions is being guided by a strong central authority. I propose that in both cases, the force that guides self-organization is culture, where culture is defined (inadequately, but tractably) as the shared preferences which identify a group.
The Effect of H.Pylori Infection on Gastric Electrical Parameters in Children with Functional Dyspepsia

Objective To explore the relationship between H.pylori(HP) infection and the functional dyspepsia(FD) by 4-lead electrogastrography(EGG). Methods The data of the gastric electrical activity of 163 children with FD, including 103 children with HP infection(group A), 60 without HP infection(group B) and 22 healthy controls(group C) were measured by 4-lead EGG, which included normal slow wave percentage(N%), bradygastria percentage(B%), tachygastria percentage(T%) and motilin uneven rhythm percentage(A%). EGG frequency and power examination included the main frequency(DF), the main power(DP) and postprandial/pre-prandial gastric electrical main power ratio(P/R). EGG data was compared between three groups. Results There was significant difference in pre-prandial and postprandial percentage of different slow wave frequency between group A and group B. There were no significant differences in pre-prandial and postprandial changes of DF and DP between group A and group B. There was no significant difference in the pre-prandial and postprandial percentage change of different slow wave frequencies in 84 HP negative patients. But the significant change was found in pre-prandial and postprandial change of DF, DP and P/R. Conclusion The eradication of HP improved the gastric electrical activity and relieved the postprandial symptom in children with functional dyspepsia under HP infection.
Peer Effects on Teenage Fertility: Social Transmission Mechanisms and Policy Recommendations

AbstractWe present instrumental variable results suggesting that the likelihood of having a teenage pregnancy is influenced by peers. We show that the instruments (peer-level teen childbearing of mothers and the average age of menarche) are plausibly exogenous across cohorts of students attending the same school. The estimates are large—a 10 percentage point increase in peer pregnancies is associated with a 2–5 percentage point greater likelihood of own-pregnancy. Peer influence is greater in environments with other policy factors that also increase teenage pregnancy rates and may operate primarily through shaping social norms rather than information or knowledge-sharing mechanisms.
Generating Creative Ideas as a Group for Quality Improvement

Creativity can be a significant advantage in the pursuit of quality improvement in medical and health-care settings; however, it is often impeded by various social psychological factors, such as groupthink. This chapter synthesizes empirical research in organizational behavior and social psychology to outline some of the major challenges to creative thinking in groups. Some general suggestions for how to maximize creativity for quality improvement are also provided. By recognizing the barriers to group creativity (regarding idea generation and idea selection), quality improvement teams may be better able to maximize their resources and opportunities as well as avoid some common pitfalls.
Developing a Spanish for Health Professions Course: A Preliminary Mixed-Methods Study.

The mixed-methods pilot study described in this article traces the development of a Spanish for Specific Purposes: Health Professions course that was designed to help future health care professionals develop their linguistic proficiency and intercultural abilities. The study included nursing, medical, and dental students and was conducted at a large public university in an area of the southeastern United States that has experienced an increase in the Spanish-speaking Limited English Proficiency (LEP) population. The purpose of the study was to explore students’ perceptions of the course and its curricular design, as well as to investigate students’ perceptions with respect to a series of motivation constructs. The findings indicated that Language for Specific Purposes courses focused on health professions can have a positive impact on students’ perceptions, while preparing language-concordant providers to more effectively and sensitively meet the needs of LEP patients. Benefits were related to the context-specific nature of the course and tasks, while challenges included curricular constraints and schedule conflicts.
Global Robust Adaptive Control of a Power System: Primary Control on the Electrical Side

Abstract A robust adaptive control Scheme is presented, using control from the electrical side, which stabilizes a non linear model of a power to disturbances anywhere in the power system. The control is local, in the sense that the control of each machine depends only on information available at the machine. Simulation results are presented which show that the control is very effective against instabilities of current importance such as sustained oscillations following a major system disturbance
Mechanistic modeling of the liquid film shape and heat transfer coefficient in annular-regime microchannel flow boiling

Abstract A methodology is proposed for predictive modeling of the liquid-gas interface shape and saturated flow boiling heat transfer coefficient in two-phase microchannel flows within the annular regime. The mechanistic model accounts for the effects of surface tension and interface curvature, gravity, and shear stress in determining the liquid film shape; one-dimensional conduction is assumed to occur across the variable-thickness film to calculate wall heat transfer coefficients locally along the channel length. Model performance is benchmarked against 251 experimentally measured heat transfer coefficient values taken from the literature for annular-regime flow boiling in microchannels of a rectangular cross-section. These data are successfully predicted with a mean absolute error of 21.7%, and 72.1% of the points lie within an error band of ±30%. The match to data is poorest at lower vapor qualities corresponding to the onset of the annular regime, for which the heat transfer coefficient is underpredicted; an experimental investigation is performed to better understand the disparity under these operating conditions. Liquid film shapes are measured during adiabatic annular flow through microchannels of square cross-section for a range of channel hydraulic diameters (160 µm, 510 µm, 1020 µm) and operating conditions, so as to control the void fraction and Weber number of the flow. Using air and water as the working gas and liquid, respectively, trends in film behavior are identified and compared against model predictions. The experimental findings reveal the non-negligible impact of capillary pumping on the interface morphology at the onset of the annular regime.
Individual and Gender Differences in Spatial Ability and Three Forms of Engineering Self-efficacy

In this study, we explored the relationship between two predictors of engineering success: spatial ability and self-efficacy. Spatial ability, especially mental rotation, has been linked to successful performance in engineering. Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in his or her ability to perform successfully [1] and has received increased attention as a predictor of persistence in STEM fields. We examined the possible relationships between mental rotation, spatial visualization, engineering self-efficacy, and self-efficacy for two subsets of skills important in engineering majors: tinkering and design. Tinkering refers to the hands-on ability to construct, take apart, modify, and repair mechanical devices while design refers to the ability to develop a system, component or set of processes to solve a specific problem. We also investigated the possible role of previous design or tinkering related experience such as certain hands-on hobbies. We found spatial ability was correlated with multiple forms of engineering self-efficacy in less experienced, but not more experienced engineering students. Tinkering and design related hobbies were not related to spatial ability, but were related to tinkering and design self-efficacy. They also predicted performance on a measure of mechanical reasoning. Gender differences in engineering students on spatial ability and general engineering self-efficacy were small. The largest and most consistent gender differences were on tinkering-related experience and tinkering self-efficacy, although the latter appeared to be mitigated by the amount of engineering experience. Individual differences in tinkering-related experience is an understudied possible source of individual and gender differences in STEM fields such as engineering.
Late-stage left ventricular dysfunction in adult survivors of tetralogy of Fallot repair in childhood.

Objective Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in adult survivors of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair in childhood has been observed, although the relationship with long-term outcome remains inadequately described. Methods A cohort of 44 consecutive adult patients with TOF repair in childhood were followed prospectively from January 2001 through June 2016. LVSD was defined as an echocardiographically derived left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction Results The average time from childhood surgical repair to cohort inception was similar between groups (LVSD, 33.7±12.7 years; normal LV function, 36.1±14.9 years; P=0.62) as were their mean ages (LVSD, 36.5±14.5 years; normal LV function, 40.7±15.2 years; P=0.73). Patients with LVSD (n=13) had more prior surgeries, more frequent history of significant pulmonic regurgitation, right ventricular systolic dysfunction and more implantable cardiac devices. Over a total observation time of 15.5 years, patients with LVSD were at significantly higher risk of all-cause death or hospitalisation (P=0.006). Onset of LVSD frequently preceded an adverse outcome. Conclusions In this cohort of adult patients with TOF repair in childhood followed for a total of 550 patient-years, the frequency of LVSD was 30%. LVSD was associated with lower event-free survival. The appearance of LVSD many years after TOF repair may herald the onset of an adverse outcome.
Variation in Coding Practices for Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery.

Introduction Nationwide databases are frequently used resources for assessing practice patterns and clinical outcomes. However, analyses based on billing codes may be limited by the inconsistent application of current procedural terminology (CPT) codes to specific operations. We investigated the variability among commonly used CPT codes for vestibular schwannomas resection and sought to identify factors that underlie this variation. Methods The surgical procedure for 274 cases of vestibular schwannoma resections from two institutions was reviewed and classified as retrosigmoid, translabyrinthine, or middle fossa approaches. We then assessed the CPT codes assigned to each case and analyzed their association with surgical approach, surgeons involved, the coding specialty, and year of surgery. We further compared the incidence of CPT codes assigned for vestibular schwannoma surgeries in the American College Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database from 2010 to 2014. Results The majority (65%) of vestibular schwannoma resections within the institutional cohort were billed with skull base approach and/or excision codes, whereas 76% of cases in NSQIP were associated with a single craniotomy for tumor code. The use of skull base codes over the past decade increased within our institutional cohort but remained relatively stable within NSQIP. CPT codes did not consistently reflect the operative approaches for vestibular schwannomas. Conclusion We observed significant variability in coding patterns for vestibular schwannoma surgeries within institutions, surgical practices, and national databases. These results call for discretion in interpretation of data from aggregated billing code-based nationwide databases and suggests a role for institutional standardization of CPT assignments for the same approaches.
Global Challenges for Accounting Education

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the global challenges for accounting education. There is a widespread sense among accounting researchers, and practitioners that academic accounting, particularly on the research level, currently faces a serious crisis. The regulation of financial accounting may be one of the reasons for the lack of interest of accounting practitioners in research. Much of the demand for financial accounting services presently stems from regulatory processes, the SEC, the FASB, the AICPA, and others. Contrast this with the finance industry, which is much more responsive to market forces. There, the initiative comes from entrepreneurs who are alerted to market opportunities, whereas within the accounting industry, demands for new products are generated primarily as a result of the regulatory process. Another serious impediment to educational efforts coming from the current environment is the paradigm shift toward information technology. The Accounting Education Change Commission is embarked on several initiatives to put teaching back into the accounting education mainstream.
Prostate cancer navigation: initial experience and association with time to care.

To evaluate factors associated with use of patient navigation in a prostate cancer population and identify whether navigation is associated with prolonged time to care. Cancer patient navigation has been shown to improve access to cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment, but little is known about patient navigation in prostate cancer care. All men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2009 and 2015 were abstracted from the MaineHealth multi-specialty tumor registry. Regression analyses controlling for patient-, disease-, and system-level factors evaluated characteristics associated with navigation utilization. The association between navigation utilization, barriers to care, and longer time to treatment was assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression. Of the patient population (n = 1587), 85% of men were navigated. Navigation use was associated with earlier year of diagnosis, treatment by a high-volume urologist, and lower risk disease (p < 0.05). Treatment delay was associated with low-risk disease (vs: intermediate OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46–0.85 and high OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.1–0.25) and receipt of navigation services (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12–2.45) but not distance to care, insurance, or treatment choice. We observed that patients with low-risk prostate cancer were more likely to utilize navigation, but traditional barriers to care were not associated with utilization. Navigation was associated with longer time to treatment, which likely reflects clinically appropriate delays associated with greater shared decision making. Time to treatment may not be the ideal metric for evaluating navigation in prostate cancer; shared decision making, patient satisfaction, and psychosocial outcomes may be more appropriate.
A Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique in Japanese Real-World Clinical Setting.

BACKGROUND It is debatable whether mechanical thrombectomy has benefits in a real-world setting outside the more rigid and selective clinical trial environment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes, efficacy, and safety of mechanical thrombectomy in single-center retrospective cohort case series. METHODS We reviewed prospectively collected data from our large-vessel occlusion stroke database to identify patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy using Penumbra catheters (Penumbra, Almeida, California) as first-line devices. The primary outcomes were the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 d and recanalization rate. The secondary outcomes included the rates of hemorrhagic complications and mortality. RESULTS The entire study population included 298 patients. Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Scale ≥2b was achieved in 86.6% of patients. Fifty-five patients (18.5%) were outside the 6 hr time window and 82 patients (27.5%) were over 80-yr old. The posterior circulation thrombectomy rate was 12.4%. At 90 d from onset, 49.3% of patients had favorable outcomes. The parenchymal hemorrhage type 2 (PH2) and subarachnoid hemorrhage rates were 2.3% and 11.7%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, cerebral blood flow/cerebral blood volume mismatch (odds ratio [OR] = 9.418; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.680-27.726; P < .0001), onset to recanalization time (OR = 0.995; 95% CI, 0.991-0.998; P = .0003), and hemorrhagic complications including PH2 and subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR = 0.186; 95% CI, 0.070-0.455; P = .0002) were associated with favorable outcomes. CONCLUSION A direct aspiration first pass technique with an adjunctive device demonstrated high recanalization rates in old Japanese patients. Our patient cohort may reflect the application of endovascular techniques in acute ischemic stroke treatment in a real-world setting.
Narrow band imaging evaluation of duodenal villi in patients with and without celiac disease: A prospective study

Narrow band imaging evaluation of duodenal villi in patients with and without celiac disease: A prospective study
Joint Radio and Computation Resource Management for Low Latency Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is a new networking paradigm that enables low-latency computation offloading for compute-intensive mobile applications. The dynamic wireless channel, non-uniform spatiotemporal traffic, and limited computation resources impair the service latency of mobile edge computing. Therefore, jointly managing radio and computation resources is needed to achieve low latency MEC. In this paper, we propose a joint radio and computation resource management (iRAR) algorithm which minimizes users' service latency by optimizing the uplink transmission power, receive beamforming, computation task assignment, and computation resource allocation. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with three different algorithms and demonstrate that the iRAR algorithm reduces up to 52% average service latency as compared to the other algorithms.
Association of Obesity With Colonic Diverticulosis in Women.

Background & Aims Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of colonic diverticulosis. Evidence for this association is limited. We assessed whether anthropometric measures of obesity were associated with colonic diverticulosis. Methods We analyzed data from a prospective study of 623 patients undergoing screening colonoscopies from 2013 through 2015; colonoscopies included examinations for diverticulosis. Body measurements were made the day of the procedure. Multivariate analyses were performed using modified Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs while adjusting for confounding variables. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results Among men, there was no association between any measure of obesity and diverticulosis. After adjustment, women with an obese body mass index (BMI ≥ 30) had an increased risk of any diverticulosis (PR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.08–2.04) compared with women with a normal body mass index (BMI 18.5–24.9). The strength of this association was greater for more than 5 diverticula (PR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.23–3.40). There was no significant association between measures of central obesity and diverticulosis in women. Stratified by sex, colonic diverticulosis was significantly less prevalent in women compared with men before the age of 51 years (29% vs 45%, P = .06). The prevalence of diverticulosis did not differ by sex in older age groups. Conclusions In an analysis of data from 623 patients undergoing screening colonoscopies, we found that obesity (BMI ≥30) significantly increased the risk of colonic diverticulosis in women but not men. Colonic diverticulosis was less prevalent in premenopausal-age women compared with similar-age men. These findings suggest that sex hormones may influence the development of diverticulosis.
The Effects of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and other Drugs on the Actions of Alcohol

During the past several years, our laboratory has sought compounds that would antagonize actions of ethanol. This strategy was undertaken not only to study putative amethystic agents (Erickson, 1979), but also to provide information about biological mechanisms by which ethanol alters central nervous system (CNS) function. Thus, if a putative antagonist were found that altered all actions of ethanol, it might be possible to link the effects of ethanol to a single neurobiological mechanism. Furthermore, if the pharmacological actions of the antagonist were well enough defined, predictions could be made concerning specific neural mechanisms intrinsic to specific actions of ethanol. The research described will use this general perspective, and focus on studies that were conducted to examine the effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) against ethanol.
E-029 LVIS JR. stent for treatment of intracranial aneurysms with parent vessel diameter 2.5 mm or less

Background and purpose This retrospective study evaluates the safety, effectiveness and long-term clinical and angiographic follow up of intracranial aneurysms treated with LVIS Jr. stent and parent vessels diameter equal or less than 2.5 mm. Materials and methods We included all patients treated with LVIS Jr stent in aneurysms with small parent vessel diameter between March 2015 and July 2017. Periprocedural adverse events, immediate aneurysm occlusion rates and clinical and angiographic follow-up are reported. Results A total of 35 patients with 35 aneurysms were included. Ten aneurysms were ruptured (28.6%) and 25 were unruptured (71.4%). The parent arteries measured 0.9 mm to 2.5 mm in diameter (mean, 2.2 mm). Intra-procedural thromboembolic complications occurred in 4 patients (11.4%) and an intra-operative aneurysm rupture in 1 patient (2.8%). Immediate complete aneurysm occlusion was noted in 21 out of 35 patients (60%). The clinical follow-up ranged between 1 and 25 months (mean, 10.5 months) and the MRA follow up ranged between 4 and 24 months (mean, 10.4 months). Complete aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 21 out of 29 patients (72.4%) at last angiographic follow-up (mean, 9.4 months; range 4 to 23 months). In-stent stenosis occurred in 1 out of 29 patients (3.4%), which was asymptomatic. From the 4 patients with in-stent thrombosis, 3 patients were treated with ‘Y configuration’ (2 patients with MCA aneurysms and 1 patient with an Acomm aneurysm). Mortality rate was 0%. Neurological morbidity was 2.9%. Disclosures A. Santillan: None. S. Boddu: None. J. Schwarz: None. N. Lin: None. Y. Gobin: None. J. Knopman: None. A. Patsalides: None.
Estimating Hidden Population Sizes with Venue-based Sampling: Extensions of the Generalized Network Scale-up Estimator.

Background:Researchers use a variety of population size estimation methods to determine the sizes of key populations at elevated risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), an important step in quantifying epidemic impact, advocating for high-risk groups, a
The Big Ten Academic Alliance Library Directors: An Exploratory Study of Leadership Development and Attainment

This study examines the managerial and leadership attributes of the 14 library directors of the Big Ten Academic Alliance’s universities prior to being appointed to their current positions. Special attention will be given to the managerial and leadership attributes that the decision-makers (e.g., university presidents, provosts, members of search committees, or members of the board of trustees) considered to be important. This study hopes to provide examples of leadership attributes that aspiring academic library leaders, especially those who desire to lead large academic and research libraries, may want to develop.
Prototyping a collaborative data curation service for coastal science

The growing push for open data has resulted in an abundance of data for coastal researchers, which can lead to problems for individual researchers related to discoverability of relevant data. One solution is to explicitly develop services for coastal researchers to help curate data for discovery, hosting discussions around reuse, community building, and finding collaborators. To develop the idea of a coastal data curation service, we investigate aspects of the UNESCO International Coastal Atlas Network member sites that could be used to build a curation service. We develop a minimal example of a coastal data curation service, deploy this as a website, and describe the next steps to move beyond the prototype phase. We envision a coastal data curation service as a way cultivate a community focused on coastal data discovery and reuse.
Entrepreneurship: toward the Nirvana state of rest

In this paper, we reconsider the various states of rest within Austrian market process theory. While this theory certainly embodies a superior representation of market processes to the neoclassical general equilibrium theory, it falls short of producing a holistic theory of human action. The analysis left out those human actions that produce changes to the so-called ‘final state of rest,’ which have so far been taken as exogenous to the market process. These exogenous shocks include knowledge generation and preference shifting. However, I argue that these can and ought to be understood as market phenomena, and so belong within the scope of praxeological analysis. To capture these types of human action, I propose that a new and truly ‘final’ state of rest be introduced, which we term the ‘nirvana state of rest.’ This new state represents a ‘true’ final state, in which human action ceases because all needs, and thus all motivation to act, are completely and perpetually assuaged. Introducing this state into the analysis, we can break free from myopic analyses of mere present states of knowledge and values to observe and explain general tendencies in market processes, prices, and entrepreneurship. I also show how quarrels within Austrian circles might be resolved through this expanded, macroscopic lens.
"Did you wash your hands?": a prospective study of patient empowerment to prompt hand washing by healthcare providers.

Background:Hand hygiene is paramount in preventing the spread of healthcare-associated infections especially during disease epidemics. Compliance rates with hand hygiene policies remain below 50% i...
Single-cell transcriptomics identifies Gadd45b as a regulator of herpesvirus-reactivating neurons

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technique for dissecting the complexity of normal and diseased tissues, enabling characterization of cell diversity and heterogeneous phenotypic states in unprecedented detail. However, this technology has been underutilized for exploring the interactions between the host cell and viral pathogens in latently infected cells. Herein, we use scRNA-seq and single-molecule sensitivity fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) technologies to investigate host single-cell transcriptome changes upon the reactivation of a human neurotropic virus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). We identify the stress sensor growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 beta (Gadd45b) as a critical antiviral host factor that regulates HSV-1 reactivation events in a subpopulation of latently infected primary neurons. We show that distinct subcellular localization of Gadd45b correlates with the viral late gene expression program, as well as the expression of the viral transcription factor, ICP4. We propose that a hallmark of a "successful" or "aborted" HSV-1 reactivation state in primary neurons is determined by a unique subcellular localization signature of the stress sensor Gadd45b.
Markov-Property Applications to Ising Model Calculations

The Markov property is described. Its application to parallel computation and the potential for computational speed-up from its use are illustrated in both exact and Monte Carlo computations for the one and two dimensional, near-neighbor Ising models.
Geologic, Hydrologic, and Atmospheric Evolution of Earth

This chapter discusses the changes that have taken place on the Earth since its formation that have given rise to its current geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric features. It has been explained that the Earth has a layered structure and the evidence for the layered structure comes from studies of seismic waves. Core formation occurred during the first 100 million years of the Earth's history and the continental movements reflect geologic activity within the mantle. The tectonic plates are composed of old granites and young basalts. Volcanoes and quakes reflect the existence of convection cells in the upper mantle. Liquid water covers two-thirds of the Earth's surface. The Earth is only about 0.5% water by weight and yet two-thirds of the lithosphere is covered by water. Magnetic fields protect some planets from the solar winds. Such solar winds that emanate from the outer layers of the Sun's atmosphere in all directions can be very destructive to planetary atmospheres. Surface temperature has been delicately balanced for almost 4 billion years. The isotopic dating of sedimentary rock indicates that these rocks have been forming more or less continuously for the past 3.8 billion years. For the inner terrestrial planets, the heat received from the Sun is the major source of heat. As the planets exist in a near vacuum, the only way they can exchange heat is by radiation. The Earth's atmosphere is subdivided into four regions: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. An atmosphere rich in substances that can give up electrons to other substances is referred to as a reducing atmosphere.
Directly deposited lead-indium-gold composite solder

Lead-indium-gold multilayer composite solder has been developed for bonding electronic devices. The composite is deposited directly on GaAs wafers in high vacuum to prevent indium oxidation. The gold layer on the composite further protects the indium layer from oxidation in the atmosphere. The GaAs dies are bonded to a gold-coated alumina substrate at a process temperature of 250/spl deg/C. Nearly perfect joints are achieved as verified by a scanning acoustic microscope. Scanning electron microscope and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray analysis) results indicate that the alloy joint consists of AuIn/sub 2/ grains embedded in a In-Pb solid solution phase, as predicted from the Au-In-Pb phase diagram. Compared to lead-tin solder, indium-lead solder has been shown to exhibit much better fatigue resistance and have much less of a scavenging effect. >
The Constant Shape Parameter Assumption in Weibull Regression

ABSTRACTThe usual assumption in Weibull regression is that the scale parameter is a function of the predictor variables, and the shape parameter is constant. We consider the problem of estimating parameters in the presence of a nonconstant shape parameter and the effect of assuming a constant shape parameter when it really is not constant. We consider both classical and Bayesian methods of estimation. The misspecification of a constant shape parameter can lead to a loss of power for tests regarding the slope parameters. We find that prediction intervals can be inaccurate when the shape parameter is incorrectly assumed to be constant.
Socio-demographic correlates of multiple causes of death: Real or artifactual?

The socio-demographic and epidemiological correlates of the total number of causes of death (TC) reported on death certificates were examined with multiple classification analysis (MCA). The data were all death certificates on white and black adult residents of Michigan who died at ages 25 or older in 1989 to 1991 (n = 222,763). TC was the sum of every morbid condition named as an underlying, intermediate, or immediate cause of death, or other medical condition contributing to death but not to its underlying cause. Autopsies performed for non-forensic reasons by physicians who are not Medical Examiners (MEs) likely yield the most accurate diagnoses of the underlying medical cause and counts of all other attendant causes, but they are extremely selective of decedents who are most closely integrated into the health care system. Thus we required a socio-demographic pattern in TCs to appear in a multivariate analysis not only for this special group of autopsied decedents but also for the non-autopsied masses before accepting the pattern as ‘real’' (not an artifact of underreporting of TC or confoundment with another socio-demographic variable).
Refinements in training schemes for the Coulomb Energy network

We discuss the interesting perspective offered by the Coulomb Energy network and we identify certain disadvantages with the existing approach to training it. We address these problems by constraining its architecture (topology) and offer a derivation of the new associated training algorithm. We study further refinements of this algorithm. Most notably, existing genetic algorithms are employed as initial search techniques and simulation results are provided.
The Visual Representation of Information Structures

It is proposed that research into human perception can be applied in designing ways to represent structured information. This idea is illustrated with four case studies. (1) How can we design a graph so that paths can be discerned? Recent results in the perception of contours can be applied to make paths easier to perceive in directed graphs. (2) Should we be displaying graphs in 3D or 2D space? Research suggests that larger graphs can be understood if stereo and motion parallax depth cues are available. (3) How can heterogeneous information structures be best represented? Experiments show using structured 3D shape primitives make diagrams that are easier to discover and remember. (4) How can causal relationships be displayed? Michotte's work on the perception of causality suggests that causal relationships can be represented using simple animations. The general point of these examples is that data visualization can become a science based on the mapping of data structures to visual representations. Scientific methods can be applied both in the development of theory and testing the value of different representations.
Unusual forms of immature sporulating Coccidioides immitis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Abstract Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic infection acquired by inhalation of the spores (arthroconidia) of the thermally dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides immitis. The arthroconidia transform into spherical cells called mature spherules in the lung. Immature spherules and other atypical forms of immature C immitis have rarely been found in vivo. We report on a case that presented unusual forms of immature sporulating C immitis in a fine-needle aspiration specimen. A 36-year-old Chinese woman, living in New Jersey for the past 10 years, presented with fever, night sweats, hemoptysis, and an abnormal chest radiograph approximately 9 months after a brief vacation trip to the Grand Canyon in Arizona. She was treated with antibiotics for 4 weeks without improvement. Subsequent chest computed tomography showed a 3-cm cavitary lesion in the right lower lobe of the lung. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed diverse morphologic forms of a fungus that was confirmed by culture as immature sporulating C immitis.
Measuring Vertical Specialization: The Case of China

The explosive growth of Chinese trade may be due to international production fragmentation, but few have assessed these phenomena together, in part, because it is difficult to measure the vertical specialization (VS) of China's trade. Unique features of China's processing trade cause both identification of imported inputs and their allocation across sectors to vary by trade regime. This paper estimates the VS of Chinese merchandise exports, addressing these two challenges. A new method to identify Chinese imported inputs is developed, and used to calculate VS by sector and destination. VS estimates based on the official Chinese input–output table are contrasted with those based on a split table, capturing processing and normal exports separately. Last, the paper tests whether Chinese “export sophistication” can be explained by VS.
Best achievable control system performance: the saturation paradox

This paper proposes a methodology for the quantification of the best achievable closed loop control system performance for a linear process in the presence of input saturation constraints. Closed loop stability is guaranteed through the use of a parametrization of all nonlinear stabilizing controllers in terms of a finite gain stable parameter Q. Closed loop performance is quantified with respect to a finite number of disturbances. The best achievable performance is quantified over a class of nonlinear stabilizing controllers parametrized in terms of absolutely summable second order Volterra operators. The proposed computational procedure involves the solution of a sequence of mixed integer linear programs. Through the example it is shown that, in certain cases, there may exist a value of the saturation bound for which the best achievable control system performance is significantly better than the corresponding best achievable linear performance. >
Measurement of interface strength by laser-pulse-induced spallation

Abstract The strength of planar interfaces between a substrate and a thin coating can be measured quite effectively by a laser spallation technique. In this technique a laser pulse of a high enough energy and a pre-determined length is converted into a pressure pulse of a critical amplitude and width that is sent through the substrate toward the free surface with the coating. The reflected tensile wave then pries off the coating. The critical stress amplitude that accomplishes the removal of the coating is determined from a computer simulation of the process. The simulation itself is verified by means of a piezoelectric crystal probe which is capable of mapping out the profile of the stress pulse generated by the laser pulse. In this paper the basic methodology is described and some preliminary results are given of the actual spallation measurements.
Fine structural alterations in the aging rat pineal gland.

Abstract The pineal glands of 1 mo to 28 mo old male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. With increasing age the following observations were made: (1) the capsule thickness increases; (2) there is an increase in collagen infiltration; (3) increased amounts of granular deposits are seen between cells; (4) there is a greater variability in the number of light pinealocytes; (5) pinealocytes with nuclear invaginations and pinealocytes with nuclear inclusions increase in number; (6) more cytoplasmic dense bodies are seen in pinealocytes and gliocytes; (7) the maximum diameter of pinealocyte lipid droplets tends to increase; (8) no definite change is observed in granular endoplasmic reticulum; (9) occasional cells are found to contain reticulated mitochondria, and a few cell processes have an appearance similar to neuroaxonal dystrophy. Besides illustrating age-related changes, the present study proves the existence of pinealocyte nuclear inclusions, suggests the possibility of pineal concreti...
Sifting data in the real world

Abstract In the real world, experimental data are rarely, if ever, distributed as a normal (Gaussian) distribution. As an example, a large set of data—such as the cross sections for particle scattering as a function of energy contained in the archives of the Particle Data Group [K. Hagiwara et al., Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002) 010001]—is a compendium of all published data, and hence, unscreened. Inspection of similar data sets quickly shows that, for many reasons, these data sets have many outliers—points well beyond what is expected from a normal distribution—thus ruling out the use of conventional χ 2 techniques. This note suggests an adaptive algorithm that allows a phenomenologist to apply to the data sample a sieve whose mesh is coarse enough to let the background fall through, but fine enough to retain the preponderance of the signal, thus sifting the data. A prescription is given for finding a robust estimate of the best-fit model parameters in the presence of a noisy background, together with a robust estimate of the model parameter errors, as well as a determination of the goodness-of-fit of the data to the theoretical hypothesis. Extensive computer simulations are carried out to test the algorithm for both its accuracy and stability under varying background conditions.