cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three fish-loading systems to harvest food-size channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract Three fish-loading systems were used to harvest food-size channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ). Loading rates of equipment and their effect on post-harvest fish survival and weight gain during cool and warm weather were studied. The turbine pump loading rate (300·7 kg/min) was greater than the lift net (158·00 kg/min) and vacuum pump (54·1 kg/min), while the lift net was greater than the vacuum pump (p Mean survivals (± SD) for catfish loaded by lift net, turbine pump and vacuum pump from earthen ponds during cool and warm weather were 96·6% (±2·8), 93·9% (±7·4) and 97·7% (±1·1) and 94·0% (±5·7), 85·3% (±8·6) and 89·0% (±12·5), respectively. Mean weight change (± SD) per catfish loaded by the same equipment during cool-and warm-weather tests were −8·2 g/fish (±31·1), −12·4 g/fish (±15·2) and −17·5 g/fish (±19·9), and 67·6 g/fish (±60·6), 33·9 g/fish (±137·4) and 32·4 g/fish (±142·1), respectivley. There were no significant differences among loading systems for survival or mean weight change per fish. The turbine pump is a possible alternative to the traditional life net as a means of loading food-size channel catfish. Further testing on commercial catfish farms is required.
Factors Associated With Refusal of Childhood Vaccines Among Parents of School-aged Children: A Case-Control Study

Background The rate of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements has been increasing, and children with exemptions have contributed to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Objectives To determine why parents claim nonmedical exemptions and to explore differences in perceptions of vaccines and vaccine information sources between parents of exempt and fully vaccinated children. Design Case-control study. Setting Colorado, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Washington. Participants Surveys were mailed to the parents of 815 exempt children (cases) and 1630 fully vaccinated children (controls randomly selected from the same grade and school) recruited from 112 private and public elementary schools. Surveys were completed by 2435 parents (56.1%). Main Outcome Measures Parental reports. Results Most children (209 [75.5%] of 277) with nonmedical exemptions received at least some vaccines. The most common vaccine not received was varicella (147 [53.1%] of 277 exempt children). The most common reason stated for requesting exemptions (190 [69%] of 277) was concern that the vaccines might cause harm. Parents of exempt children were significantly more likely than parents of vaccinated children to report low perceived vaccine safety and efficacy, a low level of trust in the government, and low perceived susceptibility to and severity of vaccine-preventable diseases. Parents of exempt children were significantly less likely to report confidence in medical, public health, and government sources for vaccine information and were more likely to report confidence in alternative medicine professionals than parents of vaccinated children. Conclusion Continued efforts must be made to educate parents about the utility and safety of vaccines, especially parents requesting nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements.
158 RENAL EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSES OF HUMAN PTH, 1–34, IN MEN

Recent study of Puschett et al. (Mineral Electrolyte Metab. 6:190, 1981) showed that infusion of bovine PTH at physiological dose (0.3-0.5 u/kg) in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs produced phosphaturia and a reduction in urinary Ca excretion, but no increase in urinary excretion or renal tissue content of cAMP, suggesting that some effects of PTH may be mediated by mechanisms other than cAMP. In order to assess whether similar phenomena can be observed in human, we infused human PTH, 1-34, at 0.3 u/kg and 3 u/kg in 5 normal adults and measured urinary cAMP (UcAMP), %TRP, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and plasma cAMP (PcAMP) in the next 3 hours. As shown in the table, PTH at 0.3 u/kg induced phosphaturia of a similar magnitude and a comparable urinary excretion of electrolytes to that of 3 u/kg but PcAMP and UcAMP were markedly different. After 0.3 u/kg, there was no rise in PcAMP, and a small rise in UcAMP indicating a difference in handling and production of cAMP after physiological and pharmacological dose of PTH.
On the positive sum property and the computation of Graver test sets

In the first part of this paper we discuss the positive sum property, a property inherent to LP, IP, and MIP Graver test sets, and develop, based on that property, a common notational and algorithmic framework for Graver test sets. Moreover, we show how to find an initial feasible solution with the help of universal test sets and deal with termination of the augmentation algorithm that improves this solution to optimality.
The Use of Different Test Items in Nonliterate Societies

The question of whether standardized and uniformly administered items yield similar results within a particular society is of practical interest since investigators often characterize a nonliterate society on the basis of a limited number of items. In the course of a long interview in three African societies (the Ganda in Uganda, the Luo in Kenya, and the Zulu in the Union of South Africa) representative samples of male informants were given a series of projective and direct items as well as some psychological tests. When pairs of items which seemed to concern the same area of behavior were compared, some items but not others produced similar results in the same society; and the same items yielded similar results in one society but not in another. Leonard W. Doob is Professor of Psychology at Yale University. STANDARDIZED and uniformly administered items are being used with increasing frequency by social scientists in nonliterate societies in order to obtain information about behavior that ostensibly cannot be so efficiently gained in other ways. The Rorschach test, for example, is particularly popular, principally because it is said not to be "culture-bound" and because it is relatively easy to administer.' Other problems besides validity or convenience, however, arise when an item produces a score like a mean or percentage (or their qualitative equivalent) which is then employed to characterize the public opinion or the basic personality of the society. Obviously such a score-whether it springs from a single question, a battery of questions, or a formal test-can inspire confidence only when it reflects a representative sample of the society. It almost always signifies at the most a modal tendency from which there is slight or great deviation. It may or may not adequately represent the behavior which the item allegedly measures. This paper investigates the last-named problem: whether different items which presumably relate to the same general area of behavior yield similar or dissimilar scores within a nonliterate society. The question is a pressing one because most field workers, unlike investigators in western
Clinical relevance of recipient leukocyte infusion as antitumor therapy following nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Objective Graft-versus-leukemia effects of donor lymphocytes have been considered to be central to the therapeutic benefit of nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for malignant diseases. Surprisingly, some patients who reject donor grafts following nonmyeloablative HCT have sustained remissions of advanced, chemorefractory hematologic malignancies. In murine mixed chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning, we previously showed that recipient leukocyte infusions (RLIs) induce loss of donor chimerism and mediate antitumor responses against host-type tumors. We assessed the clinical relevance of our mouse model. Methods Mixed chimeric mice were generated by a nonmyeloablative protocol and some of them received host-derived tumor cells and/or RLIs or donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). We examined chimerism, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and tumor survival. Results RLI is still effective when the leukocytes are obtained from tumor-bearing mice. Established mixed chimerism is required prior to the induced rejection to achieve maximum antitumor effects. The antitumor effects of RLI are not dependent on a specific donor strain or conditioning protocol. In contrast to DLI, RLI leads to donor cell rejection without the risk of GVHD. Conclusion Together, these data reinforce the clinical potential of RLI therapy as a new HCT strategy that does not carry the risk of GVHD.
A camera flash projector-based reconstruction system for digital preservation of artifacts

Computer vision techniques have been applied for rapid and accurate structure recovery in many fields. Most methods perform poorly in areas containing little or no texture and in the presence of repetitive patterns. We present a portable, cost-effective pattern projector system powered by the flash of a camera, to aid the reconstruction of such areas. No calibration is required between the camera-projector, projector-scene, or pattern. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system on various representative surfaces like stone, metal, clay, porcelain, and natural fibers, with different inherent colors/textures. A pipeline is presented to automatically generate textured, true-scale metric models, that can be used for quantitative studies or visualization. The practicability of our system is explored in the specific area of digital archiving of historically significant objects. We show results from field trips to 12th century temples at Belur and Halebidu in South India and objects from the Wintherthur museum, Delaware, USA.
Mode orthogonality in chirowaveguides

The orthogonality relations for modes supported by a general cylindrical chirowaveguide are derived. These waveguiding structures are cylindrical waveguides containing chiral materials. It is pointed out that one of these relations is valid for lossless waveguides, whereas the other holds for the lossy as well as the lossless case. It is demonstrated that the orthogonality relations can be used to express an arbitrary electric or magnetic field within a chirowaveguide in terms of the mode functions. As in conventional waveguides, the orthogonality relations reported can be used to expand an arbitrary E or H field within a chirowaveguide in terms of a complete set of mutually orthogonal modes in the waveguide. >
Baudelaire in Romania

(1973). Baudelaire in Romania. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 180-182.
Characterization of C415 Mutants of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes the oxidation of L-arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide. C415H and C415A mutants of the neuronal isoform of NOS (nNOS) were expressed in a baculovirus system and purified to homogeneity for spectral analysis and activity measurements. UV-visible spectra of each mutant lacked an observable Soret peak, suggesting that neither mutant contained heme. When reduced in the presence of CO, however, a small Soret centered at 417 nm could be detected for the C415H mutant, further supporting the assignment of C415 as the axial ligand to the heme. In addition to a deficiency in bound heme, neither mutant had any detectable bound tetrahydrobiopterin, as compared to wild-type enzyme, which had a ratio of 0.84 mol of bound pteridine:1 mol of nNOS 160 kDa subunit. The C415H mutant contained bound FAD and FMN at levels of 1.0 +/- 0.1 and 0.9 +/- 0.1 mol/mol of nNOS subunit, respectively. UV-visible spectra of both nNOS mutants retained the distinctive absorbance due to tightly associated oxidized flavin prosthetic groups. Further, the spectra suggested the presence of a neutral flavin semiquinone. Ferricyanide oxidation of the C415A mutant yielded a spectrum that was essentially that of oxidized flavin. Ferricyanide titration showed that the C415A mutant contained approximately 1 reducing equiv. Circular dichroism spectra suggested that each mutant was folded properly, in that both spectra were found to be essentially identical to the spectrum of wild-type nNOS. Neither mutant could synthesize nitric oxide, and neither mutant had the ability to oxidize NADPH unless an exogenous electron acceptor was added. The rate of cytochrome c reduction by each mutant was found to be slightly less, but very similar to the rate (approximately 20 mumol mg-1 min-1) observed with wild-type nNOS. In all cases, the rate of cytochrome c reduction increased approximately 15-fold with the addition of calmodulin. Overall, these spectral and activity data suggest that C415 is the axial heme ligand and that a point mutation at C415 prevents binding of heme and tetrahydrobiopterin without interfering with the global folding or the reductase function of nNOS.
Quantification of multilayer-induced dissociative chemisorption : cyclobutane on Ru(001)

Abstract Multilayer-induced dissociative chemisorption of cyclobutane on Ru(001) has been quantified using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Monolayer and submonolayer coverages of cyclobutane desorb essentially completely, with negligible dissociative chemisorption upon heating. The adsorption of cyclobutane multilayers, however, results in significant dissociative chemisorption. By varying the initial coverage and the TPD ramp rate, we are able to change the maximum temperature at which multiple layers remain on the surface, thus altering the extent of reaction. From these measurements we are able to quantify the kinetics of the reaction. We find that the reaction kinetics are well described by a rate expression which is first order in the coverage of unreacted cyclobutane in the first layer, and whose rate coefficient can be expressed in Polanyi–Wigner form with a pre-exponential factor of 5.0×10 10 s −1 and an activation energy of 7510±500 cal/mol. The latter represents a significant decrease from the barrier of 10 090±180 cal/mol measured previously for the trapping-mediated dissociative chemisorption of cyclobutane in the submonolayer regime. This reduction in activation barrier has potential implications to the study of catalytic reactions at the solid–liquid interface, which are discussed.
Absorbed bone marrow dose in certain dental radiographic techniques

Radiation doses received in diagnostic procedures from panoramic techniques, in a full-mouth intraoral examination, and in a cephalometric examination were compared. On the basis of the data, a calculation is made of equivalent background exposure to provide an estimate of risk from dental radiography. Dosages of radiation absorbed in the bone marrow of the calvaria, mandible, and cervical spine were measured during dental diagnostic exposures using intraoral, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographic techniques. The use of rectangular collimation in intraoral radiography reduced the total absorbed dose to the bone marrow of the mandible and cervical spine. Doses from the dental radiographic techniques are compared with environmental levels of background irradiation.
An alternate technique for min-max design of multiband finite impulse response digital filters

The practical issue addressed in this paper is the automated design of FIR multiband digital filters. The specific theoretical filter-design problem addressed is what to do over the transition regions if a min-max design criterion is adopted. The technique suggested consists of formulating the design over the entire band [0,π]. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach versus the use of “don't care” bands are examined. Specific comparisons pertaining to FIR multiband design are presented. The specific contribution of the paper is twofold:
Ship's service power systems for naval vessels

Equipment of ship's service electric power and distribution systems for naval vessels, the contrasting conditions of electric power systems on shore and on board ship, and the progress of these systems over the past several years are described in detail in this article.
Editorial: Evidence-based medicine

Bakhsheshian et al. present a review paper evaluating the current state of evidence-based medicine in the nonoperative management of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures.1 They performed a systematic review according to the Cochrane guidelines. This paper is very well written. They identified 45 papers, over 20 years, which primarily investigated nonoperative management, and found 9 of the 45 papers had either Level I or II evidence. The authors have comprehensively reviewed these 9 papers. They excluded papers that assessed osteoporotic or pathological fractures. They determined that for neurologically intact patients, better outcomes were often achieved with conservative treatment regimens compared to operative management. They clearly identified fewer complications in the nonoperative management groups, and often the functional outcomes were superior in the group that did not undergo surgery. The nonoperative management techniques evaluated included bed rest, closed reductions, orthoses, and body casts. They also demonstrated that the presence of a neurological deficit is not necessarily a contraindication to nonoperative treatment; however, they acknowledge that this question has not been satisfactorily addressed in the current literature. They attempted to compare different conservative treatment approaches but their review did not allow for concluding that a specific conservative treatment technique was better than the others. A potential shortcoming of this paper is that the degree of kyphosis present, an indirect indicator of posterior ligamentous complex integrity, was not always stated (it was stated in the paper by Wood et al. and was an exclusion criterion). In reviewing these nonoperative management papers, it appears that they predominantly assessed lesser degrees of severity of bone and/or ligamentous injury. The majority of cases involved patients without neurological deficits. What is readily apparent is that all burst fractures, or what are reported as burst fractures, are not alike. Thoracolumbar burst fractures with significant neurological findings or with gross instability likely require surgical intervention; however, this review paper demonstrates that some lesser “burst” fractures likely are managed quite successfully with conservative treatment regimens. Importantly, the authors recognized the importance of both neurological and functional outcomes in this review. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2014.5.FOCUS14190)
Hybrid Natural Admittance Control for laparoscopic surgery

A limitation of robotic surgery is deprivation of sensation of contact forces. Gentle interactions with tissue are desired, but at the same time kinematic constraints of the access portal must be obeyed. A new combination of previous algorithms of hybrid force/position control and Natural Admittance Control is described that achieves these objectives. This new algorithm is compared to a variation of Natural Admittance Control to show the need for the merger of two known algorithms. The hybrid controller is shown to be 3.5 times stiffer than the pure NAC controller in conforming to the portal constraint, without reducing tool tip responsiveness.
Improvement of signal intensities in static secondary‐ion mass spectrometry using halide additives and substrate modification

A new approach is reported for secondary-ion time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) sample preparation. The method involves the use of halide additives or halide modification of silver substrate surfaces to promote analyte cationization and protonation. The enhancement of signal intensity has been demonstrated for neutral organic lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds including various small peptides and nucleosides. Improvement factors range from 2–30 for cationized species to 20–2000 for protonated species. However, the new sample preparation does not affect the signal intensities of preformed ionic species. The sample preparation approach is applicable to a wide variety of neutral compounds and should find broad use for organic analysis by TOF-SIMS. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emergence of structure and organization from physical systems

It is indicated that quantum mechanics contains provision for treatment of “organization” and dynamical structure which is more appropriate than that normally employed. This description makes use of observables, to superselection operators, which are stable to fluctuations and perturbations of the system. It is suggested that they may account for structure in a biological system, produced by the “pumping” of collective modes by the environment. It is noted that certain forms of structure may be incompatible, within the same system.
Montelukast is only partially effective in inhibiting aspirin responses in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics

Background Leukotrienes have been implicated as major mediators of ASA-induced respiratory reactions. In several prior studies, pretreatment of ASA-sensitive respiratory disease (ASRD) patients with leukotriene modifiers have sometimes allowed subjects to tolerate previously established provoking doses of oral ASA or inhalation ASA-lysine, without respiratory reactions. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine whether ASA-provoked respiratory reactions would be blocked or attenuated by pretreatment with a cystLT 1 receptor antagonist, montelukast, particularly if ASA doses were increased above their threshold doses. Methods Baseline ASA oral challenges were performed. Eight to 12 days later, following pretreatment with montelukast 10 mg daily, threshold and then escalating doses of ASA were used during repeat oral ASA challenges. The differences in responses between baseline and montelukast protected ASA oral challenges were then compared. Results Nine of 10 patients, despite pretreatment with montelukast, experienced at least naso-ocular reactions during their second oral ASA challenges. In four of nine patients, asthmatic reactions also occurred. In comparing baseline and montelukast protected ASA challenges, there were no statistically significant differences in their responses. Conclusions Pretreatment with montelukast allowed only one patient to proceed through all challenge doses of ASA without any reactions. The remaining nine patients enjoyed only partial protection from respiratory reactions. Montelukast pretreatment was generally not effective in altering upper airway reactions and only partly effective in altering lower airway reactions.
Prostate atypia: clinical and pathological variables associated with cancer diagnosis on repeat biopsy

The clinical significance of atypical glands suspicious for malignancy (atypia) on prostate biopsy is unclear. We studied a cohort of 139 patients with atypia who underwent repeat prostate biopsy. We analyzed clinical and pathological variables that may be associated with cancer on repeat biopsy. Cancer was diagnosed in 41 (29%) of patients with atypia: 26 of 41 (66%) were Gleason 6, 20% were Gleason 7 and 7% were Gleason 8 (Gleason < 6 not reported). There were no significant associations of age, race, family history, PSA, PSA density (PSAd), number of previous biopsies or time to repeat biopsy with cancer diagnosis. In multivariate regression, histological inflammation was associated with an 85% decreased probability of cancer on repeat biopsy (odds ratio; OR 0.15; 95% confidence interval; CI 0.04-0.57; P=0.04). Radical prostatectomy was performed in 14 of 41 (34%) patients with cancer; 6 (43%) were Gleason sum ≥7, 3 (21%) were pT3a and 1 (7%) had lymph node metastases. In conclusion, inflammation was independently associated with a significantly decreased risk of cancer on repeat biopsy. However, some patients with initial atypia have higher-risk prostate cancer. Additional studies are needed to elucidate these associations.
Downdrafts within High Plains Cumulonimbi. Part II: Dynamics and Thermodynamics

Abstract The dynamical and thermodynamical properties of precipitation-associated downdrafts are examined using a Lagrangian trajectory analysis approach applied to parcels passing through the low-level downdraft of precipitating convection. Both observations and three-dimensional cloud model results for one particular case presented in Part I are included. For this case, negative buoyancy within the low-level downdraft is very rapidly produced over the lowest 2 km by melting and evaporation of precipitation. Cooling profiles from the melting and evaporation cooling components show a significant overlap in the case considered. Both diagnosed and modeled low perturbation pressure located near the 2 km level appear to be generated by the rapid onset of negative buoyancy. The diagnosed and modeled behavior along two low-level downdraft branches defined in Part I are examined for this particular case. It is found that the low-level downdraft is forced in varying amounts by condensate loading, negative buoyanc...
Specialists' Use of Tests and Clinical Judgment in the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities

The purposes of this study were to determine (a) which tests are most frequently used in the identification of learning disabilities, (b) how knowledgeable specialists are about the technical properties of the tests, (c) how knowledgeable professionals are about interpreting discrepancy scores, and (d) what practices are used to safeguard valid diagnoses when psychometrically inadequate tests are used clinically. A representative sample of learning disabilities teachers (n = 542), school psychologists (n = 130), and speech/language teachers (n = 179) in Colorado was selected and surveyed by questionnaire. Although subjects generally preferred tests with higher reliability and validity, poor tests were still used frequently even when superior substitutes were available. All groups of specialists tended to overrate the tests they used, and generally indicated a lack of familiarity with the psychometric properties of commonly used tests. Although a majority of specialists valued clinical judgment over test s...
Fullerene shape transformations via Stone-Wales bond rotations

Coalescence of fullerene cages and nanotubes can lead to the formation of novel and useful structures. We analyze the Stone-Wales (SW) paths for such fusion processes, compute and compare their energy costs, and demonstrate how the paths are determined by the initial orientation of the merging fragments. We also emphasize the versatility of SW transformation by presenting the topological possibility of the gradual penetration of a buckyball through the wall of a nanotube.
Differentiation of Abnormal Blood Flow Patterns in Coronary Arteries Based on Doppler Catheter Recordings

Abnormal arterial blood flow patterns have been implicated as etiologic factors in thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Intravascular pulsed Doppler ultrasound techniques with fast-Fourier transform analysis offer the opportunity to measure these abnormalities. The authors hypothesized that statistical analysis of radial-directed beam spectra could be used to distinguish disturbed from non-disturbed flow and that analysis of conventional axial-directed beam spectra could then be used to distinguish laminar high-shear from laminar low-shear flow. They developed a scaled-up in-vitro model of coronary flow consisting of a glycerol/H2O test fluid flowing through an acrylic cylinder at Reynolds numbers spanning the typical physiologic range within the coronary arteries. A scaled-up Doppler catheter with the capacity for 90 degrees reflection of the beam was placed centrally. Disturbed flow was created by introducing a flow screen, and altered shear rates were produced by changing the Reynolds number. For the radial-directed beam studies, the coefficients of variation of the Doppler spectra for the disturbed flow states were significantly greater than for the nondisturbed flow states (p less than 0.01). For the axial-directed beam studies, the coefficients of variation of the Doppler spectra for the laminar high-shear flow states were significantly greater than for the laminar low-shear flow states (p less than 0.01). They conclude that abnormal blood flow patterns can be differentiated by the selective use of radial-directed and axial-directed Doppler catheter recordings.
A bacterial activator of frog erythrocyte adenyl cyclase.

Abstract Several preparations of clostridial neuraminidase were found to contain a substance which was an activator of the adenyl cyclase present in the membrane of the frog erythrocyte. Activation was most marked in the presence of catecholamines although it was also detectable in the presence of NaF or in the absence of either fluoride or catecholamines. The activator was neutralized by a commercial polyvalent anticlostridial antitoxin. It was characterized as nondialyzable, relatively heat stable, insensitive to treatment with DNAse or RNAse, and separable, by electrophoresis, from neuraminidase activity. The activator did not stimulate adenyl cyclase activity in tadpole erythrocytes or in rabbit cerebral cortex, preparations which are not stimulated by β-adrenergic amines. When added to frog erythrocyte adenyl cyclase, it potentiated the activity of only those catecholamines which fulfilled the structural requirements for stimulating this enzyme.
Janus Kinases: An Ideal Target for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases

Cytokines have pivotal roles in the maintenance of an appropriate immune response. Targeting cytokine receptors has been an effective means of treating immune-related disorders. In the past few years, research efforts have been directed toward cytokines' intracellular signaling pathways and, in particular, the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducers and activation of transcription) signaling cascade. Recently, spearheaded by the development of effective drugs in cancer treatment, it has become clear that the targeting of intracellular protein kinases is a very attractive and feasible possibility for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. The targeting of the Janus kinases (JAKs) has been quite successful and two JAK inhibitors are now approved to be used in humans. Interestingly, although some of the inhibitors developed and tested to date have been shown to target more than one kinase, this promiscuity does not appear to be problematic. Novel second-generation, more specific inhibitors are under development, and in the next few years, we expect this class of drugs to become a powerful tool in the hands of clinician treating autoimmune diseases.
+CLICK: harnessing web-based training to reduce secondary transmission among HIV-positive youth

Adolescents and young adults account for over 10 million HIV infections worldwide. Prevention of secondary transmission is a major concern as many HIV-positive youth continue to engage in risky sexual behavior. This study pilot-tested " + CLICK", an innovative, web-based, sexual risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive youth as an adjunct to traditional clinic-based, self-management education. The theory-based application, developed for perinatally and behaviorally infected youth 13-24 years of age, provides tailored activities addressing attitudes, knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy related to sexual risk reduction. HIV-positive youth (N=32) pilot-tested " + CLICK" to assess usability (ease of use, credibility, understandability, acceptability, motivation) and short-term psychosocial outcomes (importance and self-efficacy related to abstinence and condom use) using a single group, pre-/post-test study design in a hospital-based pediatric clinic and community locations. A subsample of participants (n=20) assessed feasibility for clinic use. Participants were 62.5% female, 68.8% Black, and 28.1% Hispanic. Mean age was 17.8 years (SD = 2.55), 43.8% were infected behaviorally, 56.2% perinatally, and 68.8% were sexually experienced. Usability ratings were high: 84.4% rated the application very easy to use; 93.8% perceived content as trustworthy; 87.5% agreed most words were understandable; 87.5% would use the application again. Short-term psychosocial outcomes indicate a significant increase in condom use self-efficacy (p=0.008) and positive trends toward importance (p=0.067) and self-efficacy (p=0.071) for waiting before having sex. Regarding feasibility, participants accessed " + CLICK" during waiting periods (average time, 15 minutes) in their routine clinic visit. Clinic staff rated " + CLICK" highly in providing consistent, confidential, and motivational sexual health education without significant disruption to clinic flow. Results suggest that the application is a feasible tool for use in the clinic and has the potential to affect psychological antecedents to sexual behavior change. Further research on long-term and behavioral effects is indicated prior to broader dissemination into clinical practice.
Febrile seizures : recognition and management

The majority of all febrile seizures represent a benign syndrome that does not require extensive testing or long term medication. A careful history of the febrile seizure, family history, developmental history and physical examination can identify those infants and children with this syndrome. While one-third of this group will experience additional febrile seizures, there is no significant increase in the incidence of later epilepsy or neurological sequelae. The parents of these children need to be reassured and educated about this syndrome. They should understand the emergency treatment of seizures and aggressively treat fever. The more difficult task for the physician is to correctly identify those children who experience nonbenign seizures. Careful history and physical examination can accurately identify this group. Further evaluation including neuroimaging, electroencephalogram and developmental assessment may be necessary. In those children with a high risk of later epilepsy, treatment with an antiepileptic drug should be considered.
Covalent immobilization of stem cell factor and stromal derived factor 1α for in vitro culture of hematopoietic progenitor cells

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are currently utilized in the treatment of blood diseases, but widespread application of HSC therapeutics has been hindered by the limited availability of HSCs. With a better understanding of the HSC microenvironment and the ability to precisely recapitulate its components, we may be able to gain control of HSC behavior. In this work we developed a novel, biomimetic PEG hydrogel material as a substrate for this purpose and tested its potential with an anchorage-independent hematopoietic cell line, 32D clone 3 cells. We immobilized a fibronectin-derived adhesive peptide sequence, RGDS; a cytokine critical in HSC self-renewal, stem cell factor (SCF); and a chemokine important in HSC homing and lodging, stromal derived factor 1α (SDF1α), onto the surfaces of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. To evaluate the system’s capabilities, we observed the effects of the biomolecules on 32D cell adhesion and morphology. We demonstrated that the incorporation of RGDS onto the surfaces promotes 32D cell adhesion in a dose-dependent fashion. We also observed an additive response in adhesion on surfaces with RGDS in combination with either SCF or SDF1α. In addition, the average cell area increased and circularity decreased on gel surfaces containing immobilized SCF or SDF1α, indicating enhanced cell spreading. By recapitulating aspects of the HSC microenvironment using a PEG hydrogel scaffold, we have shown the ability to control the adhesion and spreading of the 32D cells and demonstrated the potential of the system for the culture of primary hematopoietic cell populations.
Time-course and specificity of the arginine requirement for adenovirus biosynthesis

Replicating adenovirus specifically requires arginine from the medium. A higher rate of tracer arginine utilization was measured in adenovirus infected cells during active synthesis of new virions. This implies that arginine is utilized for the synthesis of virus protein. The requirement cannot be solely explained on the basis of amino acid composition of virus protein, since the latter contains also leucine. Leucine had been shown to be also depleted by contaminating PPLO in the medium overlaying infected cells without interfering with virus biosynthesis. A mechanism is hypothesized, by which replicating adenovirus prevents the release of endogenous arginine, but not that of other amino acids.
What is the neutrality of money

Abstract Two objections are made to the concept of superneutrality of money. It is not the logical counterpart to static neutrality of money. Secondly, it would be preferable to focus on the impact of real balances not solely on the capital-labor ratio and the real rate but on a broader range of real variables.
The empirical relationship between home equity borrowing and durable goods purchases

The current financial crisis has drawn attention to consumers' use of the Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC) to finance consumption. Although many economists have repeatedly noted that such borrowing fueled additional consumption, attempts to quantify the boost to consumer spending have been relatively few. Similarly, attempts to classify the types of goods consumers purchased with their HELOC facilities have been sparse. The present article remedies both situations. The article shows that, in the aggregate, for every one percentage increase in HELOC lending, durable goods consumption increased by between 17% and 25% (on average, from 1991 to 2008). The article uses aggregate consumption data compiled from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, and HELOC data taken from banks' reported financial statements as filed with the Federal Financial Institution Examination Council (FFIEC). A regional-level panel of aggregate consumption and lending is constructed for the years 1991 to 2008. We examine several different...
Interface separation caused by a plane elastic wave of arbitrary form

The paper considers the separation between two contacting solids caused by an incident elastic wave. The wave is assumed to be plane, but may have an arbitrary form. The unilateral interface between the solids is taken as frictionless and incapable of transmitting tension. If the disturbance propagates along the interface with a speed that is supersonic with respect to both solids, the problem can be solved in closed form, and simple results for the extent of the separation zones and the respective gaps are obtained. Several specific examples are included.
Even-odd electron number effects in a small superconducting island: Magnetic-field dependence.

As a consequence of electron pairing, the free energy of a small superconducting island at low temperatures depends on whether it contains an even or odd number of electrons, i.e., on the parity of the total number of electrons. This produces a 2e periodicity in the tunneling current versus gate-induced charge characteristics of a superconducting single-electron tunneling transistor. Magnetic-field data show that the 2e to e periodicity crossover temperature decreases approximately as H 2 , in good agreement with our statistical mechanical parity model extended to include magnetic-field pair-breaking effects
Realistic Use of the Perioperative Nursing Data Set in Academic Nursing

Student guidelines that are specific to patient populations in clinical units can provide a welcomed specificity to planning nursing care. When these guidelines also interrelate with previous learning, such as nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, classifications, and nursing outcomes, they add reinforcement and reassurance for learners who can be easily distracted in new clinical environments. The Perioperative Nursing Data Set provides a standardized language for use with perioperative patients to meet patient-focused outcomes that reflect use of nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor β2 Promoter Activity in Pituitary Cells Is Regulated by Pit-1

There are three known thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms that arise from two distinct alpha and beta gene loci. TRalpha1 and TRbeta1 mRNAs are found in many tissues, whereas mRNA for the N-terminal TRbeta2 variant derived from the beta locus is readily detectable only in the pituitary gland and derived cell sources such as GH3 somatotropes and TtT-97 thyrotropes. We previously isolated the genomic region governing expression of the TRbeta2 isoform in thyrotropes and showed that transcription arose from multiple origins within a 400-base pair (bp) region. We now report that the region extending 500 bp upstream of the putative AUG codon (A is +1) contains six areas of interaction with the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1. In addition there are separate areas that bind other factors present in thyrotrope cells. Promoter deletions revealed that removal of regions containing the Pit-1 sites at -456 to -432, -149 to -127, and -124 to -102 progressively decreased TRbeta2 promoter activity in thyrotropes. A more proximal footprinted area from -65 to -19, which accounted for the remaining promoter activity, contained sites that interacted with recombinant Pit-1; however, extracts of TtT-97 thyrotropes, which express Pit-1, footprinted this proximal region with a pattern of protection that differed from that produced by Pit-1. A comparative deletional analysis demonstrated that a shorter region extending only 204 bp from the AUG was sufficient to support TRbeta2 promoter activity in GH3 somatotropes. The more proximal Pit-1 sites, including the area from -53 to -19, whose pattern differed from Pit-1 in thyrotrope extracts, showed protection patterns with GH3 extracts that were indistinguishable from recombinant Pit-1. Site-directed mutagenesis that abrogated binding of both recombinant Pit-1 and Pit-1-containing nuclear extracts revealed that the two Pit-1 sites between -149 and -102 were important for TRbeta2 promoter activity with the more proximal being most critical. Finally, we showed that TRbeta2 promoter activity in alpha-TSH cells, which do not transcribe the endogenous TRbeta2 locus or produce Pit-1 protein, could be reconstituted to a level approaching that seen in expressing TtT-97 thyrotropes by cotransfecting a Pit-1 expression vector. Activation by Pit-1 was dependent on the same Pit-1 sites shown to be important for basal TRbeta2 promoter activity in thyrotropes as constructs lacking them by deletion or mutation were not stimulated by Pit-1.
A comparative analysis of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in man, monkey, cat, and rat.

Abstract The spatial and temporal properties of the early portion of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were assessed in normal human subjects and in monkeys, cats, and rats. When recorded from comparable loci, the SEP evoked by median nerve stimulation was similar in waveform and topography in all species, suggesting direct correspondences between human and animal components. To assess the neural origins of this activity, simultaneous surface and depth recordings were obtained from cats and monkeys, and the effects of lethal doses of sodium pentobarbital were studied in all animals. Components identifiable in most humans and in the animals tested, and the structures thought to be their primary generators, are: N10, peripheral nerve at the level of the brachial plexus; N12a and N12b, primary afferent fibers at caudal and rostral levels of the cervical cord; N13a, dorsal horn; N13b, cuneate nucleus; N14, medial lemniscus; P15, n. ventralis posterolateralis; P16 and P18, uncertain; N20 or P20, primary somatosensory cortex.
Properties of sensory neurons innervating synovial joints.

While it is clear that the TMJ joint has a sensory innervation like other synovial joints, there is little specific information about the function of the innervation of the TMJ. In order to provide a template upon which future studies might build, this article briefly reviews the function of sensory neurons in other synovial joints.
Effect of confining layer aluminum composition on AlGaAs‐GaAs‐InGaAs strained‐layer quantum well heterostructure lasers

Data are presented on laser threshold current density and emission wavelength of strained‐layer InGaAs‐GaAs‐AlxGa1−xAs single quantum well lasers having confining layer aluminum compositions in the range 0.20≤x≤0.85. A decrease in threshold current density with increasing confining layer composition is related to the increased confinement factor of the waveguide structure. An increase in the laser emission wavelength is observed as a consequence of reduced bandfilling.
Parental risk and resistance factors among children with juvenile rheumatic disease: a four-year predictive study.

Examined the extent to which baseline functioning and parental risk and resistance factors predicted disease-related (functional disability and pain) and psychosocial functioning (social competence and behavior problems) 4 years later among 172 children with juvenile rheumatic disease. The study also examined the extent to which fathers' risk and resistance factors explained patients' adaptation, above and beyond maternal factors. Poorer baseline functioning was a strong risk factor that predicted poorer functioning 4 years later. In addition, parental risk and resistance factors at baseline predicted patients' adjustment after patients' age and baseline functioning were controlled. Mothers' and fathers' personal strain and depressed mood, and fathers' drinking problems, were associated with poorer patient adjustment; mothers' and fathers' social functioning appeared to aid patients' adjustment. Fathers' risk and resistance factors contributed independently from those of mother, to predict patients' outcomes.
Exposure to chemicals and radiation during childhood and risk for cancer later in life

Abstract Purpose Many chemical carcinogens are in food, water, air, household products, and personal care products. Although genetic susceptibility is an important factor in how an individual responds to exposure to a carcinogen, heritable genetic factors alone account for only a minor portion of cancer rates. Methods We review the evidence that early life exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and ionizing radiation results in elevations in cancer later in life. Results Because cells are rapidly dividing and organ systems are developing during childhood and adolescence, exposure to carcinogens during these early life stages is a major risk factor for cancer later in life. Because young people have many expected years of life, the clinical manifestations of cancers caused by carcinogens have more time in which to develop during characteristically long latency periods. Many chemical carcinogens persist in the body for decades and increase risk for all types of cancers. Carcinogens may act via mutagenic, nonmutagenic, or epigenetic mechanisms and may also result from disruption of endocrine systems. The problem is magnified by the fact that many chemical carcinogens have become an integral part of our food and water supply and are in air and the general environment. Conclusions The early life onset of a lifelong exposure to mixtures of multiple environmental chemical carcinogens and radiation contributes significantly to the etiology of cancer in later life.
Fractional pixel translations of Fresnel lenses written onto spatial light modulators

The focal point of a lens written onto a spatial light modulator can be translated laterally by displacement of the central location of the encoded lens function. We show that the beam can be translated by a fraction of a pixel, in contrast to the expected single-pixel limitation. This increases the positional sensitivity obtainable with this technique. Experimental results are presented.
Research base on mentoring for educational leaders: what do we know?

Presents an integrative literature review in which the subject of the review was recent research on mentoring as part of the professional development of educational leaders. It was discovered that research foci and methodologies are limited. Suggestions are provided for the improvement of future research.