cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse field interactions of a beam and plasma

The electron beam--plasma interaction in which an initial r-f deflection of the beam increases in amplitude as the beam passes through the plasma is considered. Theory is presented that predicts a whole class of interactions with azimuthally varying fields for which growing waves occur, not only near the electron plasma frequency but also near the ion plasma frequency. An experiment demonstrating deflection amplification at frequencies near the electron plasma frequency is reported. (C.E.S.)
Insulin dose response analysis of free fatty acid kinetics

Insulin regulation of free fatty acid (FFA) release is an important aspect of metabolic function; however, FFA release is exquisitely sensitive to insulin, which complicates the design and analysis of dose response experiments. We measured FFA ([(3)H]palmitate) and glucose ([(3)H]glucose) kinetics in 7 nonobese men, 7 nonobese women, 7 obese men, and 7 obese women by using a two-step insulin clamp (0.25 and 2.5 mU/kg fat-free mass per minute). Obese men and women were characterized as having a BMI of 28 or greater and body fat of 28% and 40% or greater for men and for women, respectively. Nonobese men and women had 22% and 35% or less body fat, respectively. All volunteers were Caucasian. Glucose disposal increased in a linear fashion with plasma insulin concentrations. The nonlinear suppression of plasma palmitate flux and concentrations could be linearized by logarithmically transforming both the insulin concentration and palmitate axes, except in nonobese men. We repeated the studies in 7 nonobese and 7 obese men, using 1.0 mU/kg fat-free mass per minute as the second insulin dose, which linearized the log-transformed lipolysis measures. The indices of insulin regulation of lipolysis predicted using 2 points (basal and second insulin dose) vs 3 points (basal, low, and high dose) were not different provided the proper second dose was selected. The EC(50) for insulin suppression of lipolysis correlated linearly with plasma triglycerides (r = 0.52, P < .001) and exponentially with insulin sensitivity(glucose) (r = 0.70, P < .001). We conclude that log transformation of insulin dose response data for FFA permits straightforward data analysis and simplifies the estimation of metabolically relevant parameters.
Pupillometer* for use during anasthesia

Summary This paper presents the design for a pupillometer based on a fixed focal length microscope; it is suitable for use during anasthesia. The pupillometer has been tested and found to give reliable results. A certain amount of practice is necessary to make measurements quickly. The pupillometer was designed to allow the study of pupil diameter in relation to ‘depth of anasthesia’.
Anthryl-Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Aggregation-Based Sensors for Nonquenching Multicationic Analytes

The fluorescence-based detection of nonquenching, multicationic small molecules has been demonstrated using a blue-emitting, polyanionic poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) doped with green-emitting exciton traps (anthryl units). Multicationic amines (spermine, spermidine, and neomycin) were found to effectively induce the formation of tightly associated aggregates between the polymer chains in solution. This analyte-induced aggregation, which was accompanied by enhanced exciton migration in the PPE, ultimately led to a visually noticeable blue-to-green fluorescence color change in the solution. The aggregation-based sensor exhibited poor sensitivity toward dicationic and monocationic amines, demonstrating that a conjugated polyelectrolyte sensor relying on nonspecific, electrostatic interactions may still attain a certain level of selectivity.
Two-Dimensional Analysis of Peeling Adhesive Tape from Human Skin

Adhesive tapes are attached to human skin for various purposes. When they are removed by peeling, discomfort or trauma may occur. Typically, the removed tape is partially covered by skin cells, and peeling involves failure within the substrate (skin), rather than just interfacial failure between the adhesive and the substrate, or cohesive failure within the adhesive. As an edge of the tape is pulled, first the skin deforms outward, and then peeling occurs after some threshold is attained. The literature is reviewed first, and then a two-dimensional analysis is developed. The tape is modeled as an extensible elastica, while the skin is represented as a nonlinear elastic strip with no bending stiffness. In the numerical results, the peel angle varies from 90° to 170°. Shapes of the tape and skin during pulling are determined, and the corresponding force is computed. For a certain peel criterion, the peel force is obtained.
Is passive immunization for Alzheimer's disease 'alive and well' or 'dead and buried'?

Background: Passive immunization strategies are under investigation as potential disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current approaches, based on data demonstrating behavioral improvement and reduced pathology in transgenic animal models, have focused exclusively on immune targeting of β-amyloid. Objective: To examine immunization strategies for AD. Methods: A review of relevant publications. Results/conclusions: Preliminary results from three Phase II trials suggest both the promise and the need to exercise caution with this method of immunotherapy. The strategies used were distinct, using monoclonal N-terminal, central epitope, and polyclonal antibodies to maximize the efficacy and safety of each approach. The tested compounds are moving into Phase III trials for mild to moderate AD. We await the discoveries that from these studies that may yield the first disease-modifying therapy for AD.
CSE–MECC two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis analysis of proteins in the mouse tumor cell (AtT-20) homogenate

Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis was used for the separation of proteins and biogenic amines from the mouse AtT-20 cell line. The first-dimension capillary contained a TRIS-CHES-SDS-dextran buffer to perform capillary sieving electrophoresis, which is based on molecular weight of proteins. The second-dimension capillary contained a TRIS-CHES-SDS buffer for micel1ar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. After a 61 seconds preliminary separation, fractions from the first-dimension capillary were successively transferred to the second-dimension capillary, where they further separated by MECC. The two-dimensional separation required 60 minutes.
Forest Hydrology and Extreme Rainfall Frequency

Extreme rainfall frequency analysis provides one means to predict, within certain limits of probability, the average time interval between the recurrences of storms of a specified duration and magnitude. This in turn furnishes the forest hydrologist a valuable tool for engineering design and runoff and erosion forecast. A modification in the application of the annual maximum and annual exceedance series analysis described by V. T. Chow can, for special purposes, lead to an even more useful estimate of extreme events on a seasonal basis. This can be particularly important on small forested headwater watersheds where the runoff response to extreme rainfall may vary considerably with seasonal changes in canopy cover and soil moisture characteristics. Although the application of data covering a relatively short period of record has produced some inconsistencies among the frequency diagrams, under certain circumstances for short-term recurrence interval forecast and for non-critical application the analysis of extreme rainfall frequency from less than 20 years data seems justified.
Resistance to Antimalarial Drugs: Molecular, Pharmacologic, and Clinical Considerations

One of the greatest obstacles to the control of malaria has been the spread of resistance to drugs used on a large scale. This review provides an update of the current understanding of the molecular basis for antimalarial drug resistance. Parasite intrinsic resistance is just one component that determines the in vivo efficacy of a drug. Human immune responses and pharmacologic properties play important roles in determining the clinical outcome of treatment. The emergence and spread of resistance also results from an interplay of these factors. Current efforts to characterize and deter resistance to new combination therapy are also discussed.
Abnormal saccades in paralytic strabismus

Saccadic eye movements were measured in ten patients with unilateral limitation of function of an extraocular muscle. With the paretic eye fixating, there were a series of saccades when refixating in the direction opposite to the paralysis. Between each saccade, the eye drifted back toward the starting position; the drift rate decreased as the eye moved into the field of action of the strong agonist muscle. In one patient, the normal (covered) eye was immobilized during attempted refixations. In this case, the abnormal pattern of saccades made by the paretic eye persisted. Thus, the central nervous system uses innervation or efference to calculate the position of the eye in the orbit for saccadic eye movements.
Strengthening the pen computing community

The fledgling pen computing community is 40 years old and except for small applications and text entry on PDA-like devices, pen interfaces and computing are generally still a curiosity. By some estimates, it takes 30 years for technologies (e.g., the mouse and GUI) to transfer from the lab to popular use. Are there changes we can make within the community to accelerate progress?
The temperature in an accreting Earth

The temperature at the surface of an accreting Earth is discussed; it is concluded that the surface is likely to be molten during the later stages of the process. The effect of pressure alone in raising the temperature in the deep interior is also considered; this effect appears to be inadequate to cause melting, but no definite conclusion is drawn, as numerous uncertainties enter into this calculation.
Parental Attitudes Toward Children's Use of Antidepressants and Psychotherapy

Abstract Objective: We assessed parental perceptions of benefits and risks of pediatric antidepressant use relative to another common treatment option, psychotherapy. We also explored sociodemographic and treatment variables that might influence these perceptions. Method: A total of 501 caregivers of children presenting to community mental health centers completed a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, treatment history, and attitudes toward psychotherapy and antidepressant medications. Results: Counseling was perceived as beneficial and having few risks, whereas antidepressant medications were perceived as both beneficial and risky. Fifty two percent of parents believed “somewhat” to “strongly” that antidepressants could make children want to harm themselves. African-American parents had less favorable views of antidepressants relative to parents of other ethnicities. Parental perceptions of benefits and risks of antidepressants predicted future medication visits, but only benefits predic...
Torsion–Rotation Energy Levels and the Hindering Potential Barrier for the Excited Vibrational State of the OH-Stretch Fundamental Band ν1of Methanol

The absorption spectrum of methanol vapor has been recorded at room temperature from 3200 to 4200 cm-1 with a 1.24-M path-difference Fourier transform spectrometer. Over 10 000 transitions to the torsion-rotation states n, tau J, K of the OH stretching fundamental band nu1 have been assigned, thereby greatly expanding the results of previous investigations. Approximately 4000 of the cleaner lines have been used to determine 665 excited state torsion-rotation levels with principal torsional quantum number n = 0 as well as 494 levels with n = 1, 286 levels with n = 2, and 14 levels with n = 3. These levels correspond to 86 values of the quantum numbers n, tau, K. Most of the levels of a given n, tau, K are perturbed resulting in irregular P-, Q-, and R-branch series. The J = 0 origins for 64 values of n, tau, K have been fitted and a value of 410 cm-1 obtained for the hindering potential barrier. This is in agreement with a previous study of grating spectra but is lower than that obtained in more recent analyses of n = 0 <-- 0 transitions observed for K </= 3 in very low temperature spectra. The criteria used here to select states to be fitted and the difficulties in estimating the J = 0 origins because of the many perturbing level crossings are discussed. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma associated with submucosal leiomyomatous polyp: The first reported case

Serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) is characterised by non-invasive replacement of endometrial surface epithelium and underlying glands with neoplastic cells resembling serous carci...
Incidental metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma in microvascular reconstruction

Objectives/Hypothesis: Occult papillary thyroid carcinoma has a reported prevalence of 1% to 35% based on autopsy studies. Cervical lymphatic metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma have been associated with a higher likelihood of recurrence with a questionable impact on survival. Without clinically evident disease in the thyroid or cervical nodes, management of these patients presents a treatment dilemma. We propose an individualized treatment plan for patients in whom metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma is incidentally detected during neck exploration for other purposes. Study Design: Retrospective review and discussion of the literature. Methods: The clinical course of two patients with incidentally discovered metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma to the cervical lymph nodes is described. Both patients had previously received head and neck irradiation in childhood and required free flap reconstruction of extensive skull base defects following extirpation of meningiomas. Results: Neck dissection specimens from levels I and II obtained during exposure of recipient vessels for microvascular tissue transfer revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma in both cases. The patients subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy, neck dissection, and postoperative radioactive iodine ablation of residual thyroid tissue. After 1 year of follow-up, both patients were without evidence of recurrent disease. Conclusions: An individualized approach is justified to treat metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma incidentally discovered during other procedures. The case reports underscore the importance of pathological analysis of surgical specimens obtained during head and neck reconstruction.
Soft-stall control for variable-speed stall-regulated wind turbines

Abstract A variable-speed, fixed-pitch wind turbine control strategy was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of constraining rotor speed and power output without the benefit of active aerodynamic control devices. A strategy was postulated to control rotational speed by specifying the demanded generator torque. By controlling rotor speed in relation to wind speed, the aerodynamic power extracted by the blades from the wind was manipulated. Specifically, the blades were caused to stall in high winds. In low and moderate winds, the demanded generator torque and the resulting rotor speed were controlled and the wind turbine operated near maximum efficiency. Turbine models were developed and simulations of operation in turbulent winds were conducted. Results indicated that rotor speed and power output were well regulated. Preliminary investigations of system dynamics (E. Muljadi, K. Pierce, P. Migliore, A conservative control strategy for variable-speed stall-regulated wind turbines, AIAA-2000-31 A Collection of the 2000 ASME Wind Energy Symposium Technical Papers presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 2000). Showed that, compared to fixed-speed operation, variable-speed operation caused cyclic loading amplitude to be reduced for the turbine blades and low-speed shaft and slightly increased for the tower loads. This result suggests that implementation of the proposed control strategy will have a favorable impact on the turbine's fatigue life. The concept was implemented on a 275 kW wind turbine test bed (K. Pierce, P. Migliore, Maximizing the energy capture of fixed-pitch variable-speed wind turbines, AIAA-2000-0032 ASME Wind Energy Symposium Technical Papers presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 2000). Test data show that the wind turbine performance matches the predicted simulation results. The control concept was shown to operate the wind turbine near maximum efficiency in low-to-moderate wind speeds, while stalling the rotor in the high winds to regulate speed and output power.
Understanding and Essence

Modal epistemology has been dominated by a focus on establishing an account either of how we have modal knowledge or how we have justified beliefs about modality. One component of this focus has been that necessity and possibility are basic access points for modal reasoning. For example, knowing that P is necessary plays a role in deducing that P is essential, and knowing that both P and ¬P are possible plays a role in knowing that P is accidental. Chalmers (2002) and Williamson (2007) provide two good examples of contrasting views in modal epistemology that focus on providing an account of modal knowledge where necessity and possibility are basic access points for modal knowledge, and Yablo (1993) provides a good account of how we have justified beliefs about modality. In contrast to this tradition I argue for and outline a modal epistemology based on objectual understanding and essence, rather than knowledge or justification and necessity and possibility. The account employs a non-modal conception of essence and takes objectual understanding of essence, rather than knowledge of essence to be basic in modal reasoning. I begin by articulating Kvanvig’s (2003) account of objectual understanding, on which objectual understanding of Φ is not equivalent to propositional knowledge of Φ. I then argue that an epistemology of essence that uses property variation-in-imagination is better construed as a model that delivers objectual understanding of essence rather than knowledge of essence. I argue that this is so, since the latter and not the former runs into a version of the Meno paradox. I show how this account can be applied to two issues in modal epistemology: the Benacerraf problem for modality, and the architecture of modal knowledge.
Dopamine D2 Modulation of Sign and Goal Tracking in Rats

In Pavlovian conditioning, sign- and goal-tracking behaviors represent different approaches towards the conditioned stimulus. These behavioral patterns have been associated with predictive or incentive properties of the conditioned stimulus, with a crucial involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system. As it is possible that sign tracking behavior is more sensitive to dopamine modulation, we evaluated the dopamine-dependence of sign- and goal-tracking behavior. We assessed responses to both a D2 agonist and an antagonist, and tested performance in a behavioral paradigm known to activate dopamine projections and in an animal model that affects mesolimbic and mesocortical function. Sign trackers displayed a greater sensitivity to a D2 agonist and smaller prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response than goal trackers, suggesting a reduced inhibitory ability. In addition, a neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion resulted in the loss of incentive salience of cues in sign trackers. Overall, these data indicate that sign-tracking behavior is more heavily controlled by dopamine than goal tracking.
MAPPING THE CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF POLYQUINANES PRODUCED BY 2-FOLD ADDITION OF VINYL ANIONS TO SQUARATE ESTERS. A BICYCLIC CASE STUDY

A highly oxygenated diquinane representative of the product class obtained from the condensation of squarate esters with a pair of vinyl anions has been subjected to a battery of chemical reactions for the purpose of achieving utilitarian functional group transformations. Reduction with lithium aluminum hydride proceeds predominantly, but not exclusively, by 1,4-reduction. Dehydration of the γ-hydroxy-α,β-(bisalkoxy)cyclopentenone to extend conjugation into the B ring was achieved via chlorination and subsequent removal of HCl. Access to dienone 12 in this manner has opened the door to reductive removal of the γ-hydroxyl substituent, to angular methylation, and to allied chemical changes. The global results disclose that the previously unknown functional group array present in 5 and its congeners is amenable to convenient modification, thereby providing the backdrop for more advanced annulation and structural elaboration. The prospects for utilization of the several new compound types as serviceable build...
Identification of immunoreactive forms of thymosin α1 in serum and supernatants by combining HPLC and RIA

Abstract Thymosin α 1 (T α 1 ) is a biologically active peptide, originally isolated from the thymus and currently undergoing clinical trials as an immunomodulator in cancer patients, in individuals with chronic active hepatitis, and as an immunoenhancer of vaccines in immunocompromised individuals. Absorption of rabbit antibody to thymosin α 1 with a synthetic C-14 fragment of T α 1 results in an antiserum with increased affinity for the amino terminal region of T α 1 and the precursor protein prothymosin α (ProTα). Using HPLC methodologies, the predominant form of immunoreactivity in serum and thymus was T α 1 not the precursor. Using this assay we detected a decline in mouse serum T α 1 following irradiation but not thymectomy, an observation consistent with the existence of an important radiation sensitive lymphoid source of serum T α 1 . The secretion of authentic T α 1 but not the precursor into culture medium by thymic epithelial cells as well as in mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes was also demonstrated by HPLC/RIA. HPLC analysis by molecular weight sizing columns demonstrated that unlike thymic epithelial cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes, the immunoreactive T α 1 (IRT α 1 ) form in the supernatants from tumor cells such as MCF-7 breast carcinoma was of a lower molecular weight than authentic T α 1 . These studies suggest that the authentic form of T α 1 is the major immunoreactive form in normal serum and that it is secreted by the medullary thymic epithelial cells as well as by peripheral blood lymphocytes. An additional immunoreactive form, secreted by tumor cells has also been identified and is the subject of future studies.
Differential effects of two types of environmental novelty on activity and sleep in BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice

Change in the sleeping environment can produce significant alterations in sleep. To determine how these alterations may vary with the amount of change and the relative reactivity of the sleeper, we examined the influences of environmental novelty on sleep in two mouse strains that differ in behavioral anxiety. Mice [BALB/cJ (n=7) and C57BL/6J (n=8)] were implanted for recording EEG and activity via telemetry. Following baseline data collection, activity and sleep were examined over 46 h after routine cage change, after placing a simple novel object (PVC Tee) in the home cage, and after handling controls. Mice of both strains showed immediate increases in activity and decreases in rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and non-REM (NREM) after cage change and novel object. Within strain, changes in activity and sleep were greater after cage change than after novel object. Changes in activity and sleep time were significantly correlated in each strain. Compared to C57BL/6J mice, BALB/cJ mice exhibited greater and longer duration initial reductions in sleep time, and greater increases in EEG slow wave activity power after cage change and novel object, but these changes were not followed with subsequent increases in sleep time. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice showed significantly greater subsequent increases in sleep time following the initial reductions induced by both manipulations. The results suggest that initial decreases and subsequent increases in sleep time are related to putative differences in the intensity of environmental novelty (cage change>novel object) and to previously described strain differences in anxiety (BALB/cJ>C57BL/6J).
Multiple digital glomus tumors.

In 28 patients with glomus honors of the digits, 21 were relieved of symptoms bY excision of a solitary ttunor. Severs other patients had multiple tumors, four of which were the cause of recurrent symptoms. Three lurtients had multiple tumors–five in one patient, four in another, and tnvo in a third, which had been tound at the tune of the first operation. A 25% incidence of multiple tranors and a 15% incidence of recurrent sYrnptoms indicates that a careful search should be made fr additional tumors.
Differential effects of diabetes induced by streptozotocin and that develops spontaneously on prostate growth in Bio Breeding (BB) rats

We investigated molecular changes in the response to insulin in prostates of spontaneously developed (Bio Breeding) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats that received sufficient amounts (euglycemic group), or suboptimal doses (hyperglycemic group) of insulin for 32 weeks, using Affymetrix GeneChip analysis of gene expression. Alterations in gene expression levels identified by microarray analysis, having potential biological relevance to prostate growth, were verified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A significant decrease in the weight of ventral prostate was observed in the hyperglycemic STZ-induced but not spontaneously developed diabetic group. Microarray analysis revealed that gene expression profiles were distinctly different in each region of the prostate, and that hyperglycemic diabetes in spontaneously developed and STZ-diabetic rats was associated with differential changes in the prostatic expression levels of 856 genes, of which 35 were related to cell growth, proliferation and death. RT-PCR data verified significant differences in the mRNA expression levels of Igfbp6, Tieg, and Clu between euglycemic and hyperglycemic groups, whereas expression levels of these genes in control and euglycemic diabetic groups were not significantly different. In ventral prostate, the mRNA expression levels of Igfbp6 and Tieg were significantly higher in the hyperglycemic STZ-induced diabetic than in the hyperglycemic spontaneously diabetic BBDP/Wor rats. Our data demonstrate that the diabetes induced by STZ in the BBDR/Wor rats affects prostate growth and the molecular response to insulin differently than that observed in BBDP/Wor rats that develop diabetes spontaneously.
Fragment-Based Drug Discovery Using a Multidomain, Parallel MD-MM/PBSA Screening Protocol

We have developed a rigorous computational screening protocol to identify novel fragment-like inhibitors of N5-CAIR mutase (PurE), a key enzyme involved in de novo purine synthesis that represents a novel target for the design of antibacterial agents. This computational screening protocol utilizes molecular docking, graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated molecular dynamics, and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) free energy estimations to investigate the binding modes and energies of fragments in the active sites of PurE. PurE is a functional octamer comprised of identical subunits. The octameric structure, with its eight active sites, provided a distinct advantage in these studies because, for a given simulation length, we were able to place eight separate fragment compounds in the active sites to increase the throughput of the MM/PBSA analysis. To validate this protocol, we have screened an in-house fragment library consisting of 352 compounds. The theoretical results were ...
Practical implementation of order parameter calculation for directed assembly of block copolymer thin films

A computational procedure is presented to quantify the order achieved in assembled block copolymer films when no disruptive defects are present (i.e., dislocations or disclinations). Both simulated and real systems were used to show that sub-nm variation in the domain position, as well as the corresponding reciprocal lattice vectors, can reduce the accuracy in the quantification of the order of the system. The computational procedure in this work was based on fitting to the measured spatial location of the domain centroids, and incorporated a tolerance factor to account for domain position variation. The procedure was used to analyze the translational and orientational order parameters of block copolymer films assembled on a chemical pattern as well as their corresponding autocorrelation functions. The procedure was applied to a patterned substrate during three stages of a template forming process: an e-beamed patterned photoresist, the domains of a block copolymer directed to assemble on this pattern, and the underlying structure after lift-off. Use of the procedure demonstrated that the order of the block copolymer film could be retained in subsequent processing of the underlying template. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Mitochondrial Inverted Repeats Strongly Correlate with Lifespan: mtDNA Inversions and Aging

Mitochondrial defects are implicated in aging and in a multitude of age-related diseases, such as cancer, heart failure, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, it is still unclear how mitochondrial defects arise under normal physiological conditions. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions caused by direct repeats (DRs) are implicated in the formation of mitochondrial defects, however, mitochondrial DRs show relatively weak (Pearson's r = -0.22, p<0.002; Spearman's ρ = -0.12, p = 0.1) correlation with maximum lifespan (MLS). Here we report a stronger correlation (Pearson's r = -0.55, p<10(-16); Spearman's ρ = -0.52, p<10(-14)) between mitochondrial inverted repeats (IRs) and lifespan across 202 species of mammals. We show that, in wild type mice under normal conditions, IRs cause inversions, which arise by replication-dependent mechanism. The inversions accumulate with age in the brain and heart. Our data suggest that IR-mediated inversions are more mutagenic than DR-mediated deletions in mtDNA, and impose stronger constraint on lifespan. Our study identifies IR-induced mitochondrial genome instability during mtDNA replication as a potential cause for mitochondrial defects.
Interaction of half-cycle radiation pulse with polarized states of atomic hydrogen

We describe the results of our solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for polarized states of atomic hydrogen exposed to a short pulse of intense, long-wavelength, continuum radiation. The duration of the \ensuremath{\pi}-polarized unipolar pulse is of the order of the Kepler period of the state being irradiated, and the pulse is sufficiently intense to ionize a significant fraction of the initial state. Markedly different behavior is observed for the maximally ``redshifted'' versus the maximally ``blueshifted'' initial state, depending upon whether the pulse duration is less than or greater than the underlying Kepler period. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Localized TIM characterization using deconstructive analysis

Characterizing the thermal performance of thermal interface materials (TIMs) continues to be a challenge for flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packages. Steady-state methods have been studied extensively but due to the difficulty in making accurate case temperature measurements have accuracy limitations. Transient measurement techniques offer an attractive alternative to steady state. However, the implementation of a property extraction analysis is more difficult to perform for thermal die with discrete heater cells as found in this study. An experimentally based deconstruction method is presented to predict the local thermal resistance of TIMs as a function time and position on the die over a short pulse ranging from 0.7ms to 100ms. The model is developed for a particular TIM but can be extended to other TIMs following the proposed calibration procedure.
Anti-Sex Trafficking Movement of Bangladesh and the Theories of Transnational Social Movements

Using reports, interview data, and participant observation, this research examines the anti-sex trafficking movement in Bangladesh, analyzing the effects of internationalization and the growth of regional and transnational efforts to curb sex trafficking in women and children. This research examines the ability of activists of two organizations of Bangladesh to shift their engagement among national, regional, and transnational levels to take advantage provided by complex internationalism and examines the connection between current wave globalization and sex-trafficking. Results indicate that international institutions and transnational coalitions played an important role in shaping the regional networks of activists within South Asia which fostered the development ofa larger regional anti-sex-trafficking movement. Results also indicate that much of the soft and hard laws growing up around sex trafficking are the results of actions by South Asian governments, international forums, and NGO activism and not exclusively by northern intervention.
Intracellular collagen in the nonpregnant and IUD-containing rat uterus

An experiment designed to study the effects of the copper IUD on the virgin rat uterus has revealed the presence of intracellular collagen fibrils in control uteri and in uteri that have contained a copper IUD for three months. The cells containing the collagen are found in the stroma in close proximity to the uterine epithelium. The collagen is found within membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles that vary in morphology. In some cases the fibrils are tightly packed and linear, with no other material evident in the vacuole. In other examples, the fibrils are randomly arranged and the vacuoles contain a punctuate material which is characteristic of phagolysosomes. Finally, cytoplasmic vacuoles are seen which contain ill-defined debris and poorly-visualized structures that exhibit a periodicity, suggesting a terminal phase of fibril breakdown. All animals were sacrificed in metestrus, and the results indicate that intracellular collagen is present in the nulliparous rat uterus at this stage of the cycle. In addition, this phenomenon does not appear to be influenced by the presence of a copper IUD over a period of three months.
Neuroinhibition of xylazine induced emesis.

: Xylazine produces retching and vomiting presumably by activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). The purpose of this project was to investigate whether neuroinhibition can prevent xylazine vomiting. Inhibitory neurons in the cervical vagus nerve of cats were stimulated with implanted cuff electrodes. Female cats, weighing from 3 to 4 kg, were anaesthetized with pentobarbital for surgical implantation of electrodes. After full recovery from surgery, animals were tested in weekly sessions. Stimulation was via a pulse generator connected to photon coupled linear isolator supplying constant current. Videotape was used to record observations. The range of effective stimulation was 1–10 ma, 4–100 Hz and 0.3–0.6 msec. Stimulation was initiated thirty sec. after subcutaneous injection of xylazine, 0.66 mg/kg. Stimulation of the inhibitory nerve group of the cervical vagus was effective in preventing vomiting in over 85% of the experimental trials. In addition to preventing emesis during stimulation, the latency of xylazine emesis was increased over control values. Repeated experimental trials of stimulation coupled with xylazine injection could result in the complete absence of emesis.
BayesHeart: A Probabilistic Approach for Robust, Low-Latency Heart Rate Monitoring on Camera Phones

Recent technological advances have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring people's heart rates through commodity cameras by capturing users' skin transparency changes, color changes, or involuntary motion. However, such raw image data collected during everyday interactions (e.g. gaming, learning, and fitness training) is often noisy and intermittent, especially in mobile contexts. Such interference causes increased error rates, latency, and even detection failures for most existing algorithms. In this paper, we present BayesHeart, a probabilistic algorithm that extracts both heart rates and distinct phases of the cardiac cycle directly from raw fingertip transparency signals captured by camera phones. BayesHeart is based on an adaptive hidden Markov model, requires minimal training data and is user-independent. Through a comparative study of twelve state-of-the-art algorithms covering the design space of noise reduction and pulse counting, we found that BayesHeart outperforms existing algorithms in both accuracy and speed for noisy, intermittent signals.
Structural Basis for Membrane Binding and Remodeling by the Exomer Secretory Vesicle Cargo Adaptor

Cargo adaptor subunits of vesicle coat protein complexes sort transmembrane proteins to distinct membrane compartments in eukaryotic cells. The exomer complex is the only cargo adaptor known to sort proteins at the trans-Golgi network into secretory vesicles. Exomer function is regulated by the Arf1 GTPase, a master regulator of trafficking at the Golgi. We report the structure of exomer bound to two copies of Arf1. Exomer interacts with each Arf1 molecule via two surfaces, one of which is a noncanonical interface that regulates GTP hydrolysis. The structure uncovers an unexpected membrane-proximal hydrophobic element that exomer uses in cooperation with Arf1 to remodel membranes. Given the constrained motion of the exomer hinge region, we envision that exomer dynamically positions multiple membrane insertion elements to drive membrane fission. In contrast to other known cargo adaptors, exomer therefore couples two functions, cargo sorting and membrane fission, into a single complex.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND SEXUALITY IN UNIVERSITY WOMEN

The relationship between use of oral contraceptives and sexuality in university women who completed the McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire was examined. Pill users reported sexual intercourse earlier, were less likely to be virgins, more likely to have a sex partner, more apt to be engaging in petting and intercourse than nonusers, and reported more frequent intercourse than sexually active nonusers. Nonusers reported a greater frequency and enjoyment of anal intercourse than pill users. The prediction that pill users would have less vaginal lubrication than nonusers was supported. Contrary to prediction, pill users reported a higher frequency of sexual thoughts and fantasies, and level of sexual interest than active nonusers. Triphasic Orthonovum 7/7/7 (OR7/7/7) users reported more sexual thoughts and fantasies and had higher Sexual Interest (Factor 1) scores than monophasic Orthonovum 1/35 (OR1/35) users. Triphasic users as a group enjoyed sexual activity more, were more aroused during sexual activity, and had higher Sexual Interest factor scores than monophasic users. Triphasic users reported more sexual thoughts and fantasies, sexual interest and had higher Sexual Interest factor scores than nonusers, while monophasic users did not. Monophasic users reported less vaginal lubrication than nonusers, whereas triphasic users did not. Comparisons of OR7/7/7 and OR1/35 users with nonusers revealed the same findings. Results suggest that women using triphasic pills experience greater sexual interest and response than those using monophasics. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
The effect of offline brand trust and perceived internet confidence on online shopping intention in the integrated multi‐channel context

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine the influences of consumer trust and perceived internet confidence on consumer apparel shopping intention via the online retailer operated by a multi‐channel retailer.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 261 students in a large US Midwestern University participated in the paper‐based survey and provided usable responses. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses.Findings – Consumer trust in an online retailer was a significant predictor of perceived internet confidence and search intention for product information via the online retailer. Search intention for product information via the online store and perceived internet confidence were significant and strong predictors of consumers' behavioral intention toward the online retailer.Research limitations/implications – Limitations of the present study include sampling, which prevents the generalization of the results to all multi‐channel shoppers.Practical implications – The findings of ...
Sex Differences in Line Judgment: Relation to Mathematics Preparation and Strategy Use

Summary This study explored visuospatial ability using a new group-administered task, the Judgment of Line Angle and Position-15 test (JLAP-15). We investigated how this task relates to the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test and whether the sex difference in performance could be explained by the number of prior mathematics courses or strategy used. Undergraduates (n = 86 men and 112 women) completed the two tests and reported their strategies. Men had higher scores than women on both tests (d = 1.04 for JLAP-15 and 1.10 for the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test), with a significant intertask correlation of .41. Regression analyses indicated that strategy type, number of mathematics courses completed, and sex were significant predictors of performance on the JLAP-15 but only accounted for 21% of the variance.
Low-head bubbler irrigation systems. Part I: Design

Abstract Low-head bubbler systems differ from other micro-irrigation systems because they are based on gravity-flow, can operate at pressures as low as 1 m (3.3 ft) and do not require elaborate filtration systems. Despite their simplicity and advantages, low-head bubbler systems lack a well-defined design procedure to facilitate design and installation. A comprehensive design procedure for low-head bubbler systems is presented and an example gradual slope design is given in detail. The design procedure utilizes head loss gradient charts based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the delivery hose elevations are calculated from the energy equation.
Winning at Reading Games.

Here's a four-phase reading game plan to help students and teachers make the most of the learning game experience and, as a result, develop reading skills.
A system for gaging plating thickness

The nondestructive measurement of cladding thickness when the cladding metal and the base metal are nonmagnetic has presented a major problem for a number of years. There have been several different approaches to the problem such as ultrasonics, back scattering of beta or gamma rays, and eddy currents. At present, the eddy-current method appears to have the greatest chance for success. Several eddy-current instruments have been developed, but there is still a need for improved instruments.
Choice behavior of rats searching for food

Abstract The experiments reported here were designed to determine if several general principles drawn from appetitively motivated discrimination experiments in standard laboratory apparatus might also apply to food-searching behavior under more naturalistic conditions. Food-deprived rats searched for food in an open observation area. Choice behavior after finding food and after not finding food was analyzed. In all cases, not finding food in a possible food location was sufficient to direct subsequent search behavior away from that location for the remainder of the day's test. Finding food had variable effects on subsequent choice behavior, depending on the number of locations that actually contained food and the number of days food was in one location before being shifted to another. The results indicate that the rat's search strategy was influenced by food availability and distribution in ways that are predicted by discrimination learning experiments.
Rho-independent termination: dyad symmetry in DNA causes RNA polymerase to pause during transcription in vitro

Abstract Termination of transcription by RNA polymerase at rho-independent sites appears to depend primarily upon two structural features, a region of GC-rich dyad symmetry in the DNA preceding the stop point and a stretch of uridines at the 3' end of the transcript. The possibility that the former might be responsible for slowing elongation prompted us to perform a kinetic analysis of transcription across the leader and terminator regions of the E. coli tryptophan (trp) operon. Regions where the elongation rate is dramatically slowed or stopped are identifiable because they generate discrete transcript hands on a gel. Species derived from pause sites, unlike those resulting from termination sites, are transient and detectable only within the first two minutes of transcription, since polymerase eventually resumes elongation. At two mutant trp attenuator sites (trp a135 and trp a1419), where termination is incomplete or absent in vitro, a substantial pause is nevertheless observed. Likewise, a significant pause occurs at trp t, the termination site at the end of the operon. Our experiments also reveal a major pause site at about position 90 in the trp leader sequence, just past a region of dyad symmetry. The RNA hairpin corresponding to this site is U-rich, and pausing is strongly enhanced by incorporation of BrUTP. In contrast, this analog does not affect pausing at the attenuator or terminator sites with hairpins that are GC-rich. These results strongly support the hypothesis that pausing of the polymerase is an obligatory prelude to rho-independent termination. Moreover, the termination event evidently results from consecutive but discrete responses to separate structural features of these sites.
Frequency-Dependent Seismic Attenuation in the Eastern United States as Observed from the 2011 Central Virginia Earthquake and Aftershock Sequence

Abstract Ground shaking due to earthquakes in the eastern United States (EUS) is felt at significantly greater distances than in the western United States (WUS) and for some earthquakes it has been shown to display a strong preferential direction. Shaking intensity variation can be due to propagation path effects, source directivity, and/or site amplification. In this paper, we use S and Lg waves recorded from the 2011 central Virginia earthquake and aftershock sequence, in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone, to quantify attenuation as frequency‐dependent Q ( f ). In support of observations based on shaking intensity, we observe high Q values in the EUS relative to previous studies in the WUS with especially efficient propagation along the structural trend of the Appalachian mountains. Our analysis of Q ( f ) quantifies the path effects of the northeast‐trending felt distribution previously inferred from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) “Did You Feel It” data, historic intensity data, and the asymmetrical distribution of rockfalls and landslides.
A Proposed Framework for Behavioral Accounting Research

ABSTRACT: Behavioral accounting research (BAR) is richer today, in the topics covered, the methods used, and the range of sub-areas of accounting in which it is performed, than ever before. This paper offers a framework within which BAR literature can be viewed as a whole rather than in segments, such as by accounting sub-areas or by research method. The framework classifies BAR by the focus of the research: the individual, group, organization, or the society within which accounting exists. The purpose of the framework is to help researchers in BAR to appreciate the insights to their research questions that can be found in BAR using another research method or studying a similar issue in another sub-area of accounting. Existing research in each of these four areas is discussed to illustrate the usefulness of the framework. In addition, behavioral research in other disciplines that could impact BAR and areas of potential future research are discussed.