cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics of Hot Crossflow Ingestion in Film Cooling

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to isolate the flow physics responsible for hot crossflow ingestion, a phenomenon that can cause failure of a film cooled gas turbine component. In the gas turbine industry, new compound-angle shaped hole (CASH) geometries are currently being developed to decrease the heat transfer coefficient and increase the adiabatic effectiveness on film cooled surfaces. These new CASH geometries can have unexpected flow patterns that result in hot crossflow ingestion at the film hole. This investigation examines a 15 deg forward-diffused film hole injected streamwise at 35 deg with a compound angle of 60 deg (FDIFF60) and with a length-to-diameter ratio (LID) of 4.0. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of computed results agreed well with measurements, thus lending credibility to predictions. The FDIFF60 configuration is a good representative of typical CASH geometry, and produces flow mechanisms that are characteristic of CASH film cooling. FDIFF60 has been shown to have impressive downstream film cooling performance, while simultaneously having undesirable ingestion at the film hole. in addition to identifying the physical mechanisms driving ingestion, this paper documents the effects on ingestion of the blowing ratio, the density ratio, and the film hole Reynolds number over realistic gas turbine ranges of 0.5 to 1.88, 1.6 to 2.0, and 17,350 to 70,000, respectively. The results of this study show that hot crossflow ingestion is caused by a combination of coolant blockage at the film hole exit plane and of crossflow boundary layer vorticity that has been re-oriented streamwise by the presence of jetting coolant. Ingestion results when this re-oriented vorticity passes over the blocked region of the film hole. The density ratio and the film hole Reynolds number do not have a significant effect on ingestion over the ranges studied, but the blowing ratio has a surprising nonlinear effect. Another important result of this study is that the blockage of coolant hampers convection and allows diffusion to transfer heat into the film hole even when ingestion is not present. This produces both an undesirable temperature gradient and high temperature level on the film hole wall itself. Lessons learned about the physics of ingestion are generalized to arbitrary CASH configurations. The systematic computational methodology currently used has been previously documented and has become a standard for ensuring accurate results. The methodology includes exact modeling of flow physics, proper modeling of the geometry including the crossflow, plenum, and film hole regions, a high quality mesh for grid independent results, second order discretization, and the two-equation k-∈ turbulence model with generalized wall functions The steady, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a fully elliptic and fully implicit pressure-correction solver with multiblock unstructured and adaptive grid capability and with multigrid convergence acceleration.
Between Peace and War: The Moral Justification of State-Sanctioned Killing of Another State’s Civilian Officials

The subject of this article is not (primarily) state-sanctioned assassination of high officials but of lower officials, such as scientists or engineers working for Iran's nuclear program. The following seem to be the main arguments that might be offered as moral justification of such killing of another state's civilian officials: policing, execution, war, self-defense, defense of the innocent, necessity, fairness, retribution, reasons of state, best option, and mutual consent. From a survey of these arguments, we may conclude that no state-sanctioned killing of civilian officials of another state can be justified under international law as it is or, at least, as it should be—except when, however imprudently, two or more states enter a convention specifically allowing such killings among the parties. Insofar as this conclusion differs from international law today, international law should change.
Dysfunctional Corporations and Flawed Business Education in America

Dysfunctional business and political leaders cause the social, political and economic malaise afflicting America. Their actions have been shaped by flawed business, economic, and law studies. During the last thirty years, invalid economics theories of market fundamentalism have dominated business education. As a result, harmful theories of management and business-government relations have produced dysfunctional corporations and governments. President George W. Bush epitomizes the worst aspects of America's MBA education. Students of business and economics are taught absurd theories and policy paradigms. They produce the MBA mindset that embraces the robber baron culture of market and Christian fundamentalism. The remedies are found in the alternative management theories and leadership training of the Civil Communication Section (CCS) Seminars offered for Japanese executives after World War II.
Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of eriodictyol in urine

Abstract A stereospecific method of analysis of eriodictyol [5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavanone] in biological fluids is necessary to study the kinetics of in vitro and in vivo metabolism, and tissue distribution in fruits and humans. A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the stereospecific determination of eriodictyol in rat and human urine. Separation was achieved on a Chiralpak OJ-RH column with UV detection at 288 nm. The stereospecific calibration curves were linear ranging from 0.5 to 100 μg/ml. The mean extraction efficiency was >98.8%. Precision of the assay was
Adsorption of phosphate on alumina and kaolinite from dilute aqueous solutions

Adsorption isotherms in 0.01 M NaCl solutions at 25°C have been measured over the phosphate concentration range 2 × 10−7−2 × 10−4M and the pH range 2–12. The Langmuir isotherm is approximately obeyed, but there appear to be a few sites of substantially higher energy which are occupied more readily at the lowest concentrations. Curves of total phosphate removed by alumina and kaolinite from a constant volume of solution, as a function of pH, go through a maximum at approximately pH = 4 for both. The effect of some cations (Ca2+ 4. The effect of some anions (humic acid ≈ succinate ≈ polystyrenesulfonate) is to decrease phosphate adsorption for pH < 6. Complexing agents (F− <- tartrate < oxalate < EDTA < citrate) with a high affinity for Al had much larger and quite complex effects, and also decreased phosphate adsorption over a wider range (pH < 8). Similar additions of arginine, methylamine, glycine, acetate, silicate, alkylbenzene sulfonate, HCO3−, Mg2+, and Co2+ had little or no effect.
PAH effects on grass shrimp, Palaeomonetes pugio: interactions with the ecdysteroid system

Abstract The steroid hormone ecdysone controls molting and differentiation in Arthropods. We used a multi-tiered approach to investigate whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) interact with the functional Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) in vitro, and whether PAHs have molting or reproductive effects in vivo. We focused on four PAHs: pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and chrysene. A reporter gene assay using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line which stably expresses the EcR/RXR complex, showed that the four PAHs had no agonistic activity, but were able to enhance reporter gene expression when given in conjuction with an ecdysteroid agonist, muristerone A. An ecdysone-responsive Drosophila cell line (Cl 8+) showed that PAHs alone had no effect, but were able to enhance the differentiation response in the presence of muristerone A. Finally, ablated grass shrimp ( Palaeomonetes spp.) were exposed to 100 nM chrysene, and molted approximately 12 h earlier than the vehicle controls. Since chrysene was able to enhance reporter gene activation and the Cl 8+ cellular response in the presence of an ecdysteroid, the accelerated molting correlates well with the in vitro assays. A chronic 8 week exposure study on intact shrimp is currently underway to determine molting and reproductive endpoints, as well as P450 and lipovitellin levels.
Models of the early life history of Euphausia superba—Part II. Lagrangian calculations

Abstract A three-dimensional time-dependent model of the circulation in the Bransfield Strait-South Shetland Islands region and a physiologically-based, temperature-dependent model of the descent-ascent behavior of the embryos and larvae of Euphausia superba were combined in a Lagrangian particle tracing model to simulate trajectories of krill embryos and larvae. The Lagrangian calculations show that: (1) surface flow is the primary factor influencing the final location of the embryo-larva particle; and (2) timing of krill spawning affects the eventual position of the feeding larvae. Seasonal changes in the wind stress field result in variability in direction and velocity of surface currents, which affects the embryo-larva trajectories. Conditions favourable for the transport of larvae to Bransfield Strait occur early in the spawning season. East of the Antarctic Peninsula larvae have a greater probability of entering Bransfield Strait if the krill embryos are released in mid-summer, January to February. Embryos released to the north of the South Shetland Islands, west of 62°W are transported into Drake Passage. Embryos released to the north of the South Shetland Islands and east of Livingston Island are transported westward where they can eventually enter Bransfield Strait. Krill larvae also are transported into Bransfield Strait from the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas. The Lagrangian trajectories show that the western Bransfield Strait is a region of potentially high larval concentration due to transport from surrounding areas as well as local production. This is in agreement with observed krill larvae distributions, which show higher concentrations in this region.
New Technique for Efficient Computation of Electromagnetic Coupling

Higher integration and smaller layout size, two major trends in today's industry, lead to more prominent parasitic electromagnetic coupling. In this paper, the authors present a fast and efficient method to compute such coupling effects in microwave integrated circuits. Examples of circuit simulation utilizing the proposed technique are demonstrated.
The central circulating blood volume in normal subjects and patients with mitral stenosis

Abstract A precordial dilution method for the measurement of the central circulating blood volume has been used in a group of normal subjects and in patients with predominant mitral stenosis. This technique obviates arterial puncture and cardiac catheterization, and has the advantage of mean transit time boundaries confined to the heart and lungs. In the resting state no significant difference in central blood volume was found between the normal subjects and the patients with mitral stenosis. This finding has prompted a tentative conclusion that the Stewart-Hamilton dilution method for determination of the central blood volume may be inappropriate in situations of pulmonary congestion. Determinations of central blood volume were also made in normal subjects and in patients with mitral stenosis after a standard exercise test. No dependence of the central volume on cardiac output was demonstrated in either group, nor was the ability to increase cardiac output after exercise directly related to the calculated central blood volume.
Abstract 2318:Azadirachta indicaleaf extract attenuates angiogenesis in endothelial cells

Azadirachta indica (common name: neem) leaves have been found to possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Neem leaves contain multiple bioactive compounds that could target multiple signaling pathways dysregulated in cancer. The present study evaluates anti-angiogenic potential of ethanol extract of neem leaves (EENL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment of HUVECs with EENL inhibited VEGF induced angiogenic response, assessed by the formation of tubes in vitro and the formation of vascular structure in the angioreactor in vivo. The in vitro proliferation, invasion and migration of HUVECs were suppressed with EENL. Nuclear fragmentation and abnormally small mitochondria with dilated cristae were observed in EENL treated HUVECs by transmission electron microscopy. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiling after treatment with EENL revealed differentially regulated genes. Expression changes for the 30 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, increase in the expression of HMOX1, ATF3 and EGR1 proteins were determined by immunoblotting. Analysis of the compounds in the EENL by mass spectrometry with mobile phase containing sodium acetate suggests the presence of nimbolide, 2′, 3′-dehydrosalannol, 6-desacetyl nimbinene and nimolinone. We further confirmed antiproliferative activity of nimbolide and 2′, 3′-dehydrosalannol in HUVECs. Our results suggest that EENL by regulating the genes involved in cellular development and cell death functions could control cell proliferation, attenuate the stimulatory effects of VEGF and exert antiangiogenic effects. EENL treatment could have a potential therapeutic role during cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2318. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2318
Initial experience using a catheterizable ileovesicostomy (Monti procedure) in children

Abstract Objectives. To present a review of our experience using the recently described Monti ileovesicostomy as an alternative to appendicovesicostomy as a continent catheterizable stoma in children. Methods. Between January and December 1997, a Monti ileovesicostomy was performed as part of a reconstructive procedure in 13 children. Mean patient age was 11 years, and diagnosis included neurogenic bladder in 11 patients, cloacal exstrophy in 1, and cloacal anomaly in 1 patient. Simultaneous bladder augmentation was performed in 10 children, bladder neck reconstruction or closure in 7, and Malone antegrade continent enema (MACE) in 4. Results. All 13 patients have continent stomas (100%) and catheterize the Monti ileovesicostomy without difficulty. Mean follow-up was 7 months (range 1 to 14), and there have been no stomal problems or postoperative complications attributed to the ileal channel. Conclusions. The Monti ileovesicostomy is a new technique for creation of a continent catheterizable stoma and has allowed preservation of the appendix for the MACE procedure, providing an additional option in patients with an absent or inadequate appendix. Early results of this technique for pediatric reconstruction have been excellent.
Time of the S allele action.

THE genetic systems of self-incompatibility among the homomorphic flowering plants have been broadly subdivided into two groups1: (1) ‘gametophytic systems’ in which the pollen reaction is determined by the S allele contained in the pollen (Leguminosae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Gramineae) and (2) ‘sporophytic systems’ in which the pollen reaction is determined sporophytically by the maternal S genotype.
Analysis of Radio Frequency Transmission along a Trolley Wire in a Mine Tunnel

An idealized model of a trolley wire communication system in a tunnel is considered. To facilitate the analysis the tunnel cross section is taken to be semicircular and the surrounding rock medium is homogeneous with a finite conductivity. The metallic rails or other conductors on the flat floor of the tunnel are represented by a plane metallic reflecting surface of infinite extent. The trolley wire and associated feeder line are assumed to be equivalent to a single cylindrical conductor that is parallel to the axis of the tunnel but located anywhere within the cross section. The appropriate modal equation is then solved for the propagation constant of the dominant mode. It is shown that the attenuation rate increases significantly as the trolley wire approaches the tunnel wall. However, even when the trolley wire is within 20 cm (8 in) of the wall, the attenuation rate at 200 kHz is still less than 2 dB per kilometer.
Information literacy needs of nontraditional graduate students in social work

Abstract The increased use of technology in academia combined with the challenges posed by growing enrollments of nontraditional graduate students have forced institutions to adapt educational programs to insure student retention and academic success. This case study examines student perceptions and responses to a required information literacy workshop, developed for a Masters in Social Work, herein referred to as an MSW program. A review of the literature on information literacy needs of graduate students (specifically nontraditional students entering MSW programs) is presented below. Also included are the results of a pre/post-questionnaire that was developed and administered in the fall of 2003/2004 along with classroom observations to determine if additional information literacy instruction was necessary. The findings suggested that there was significant need for additional instruction and that graduate students recognize the need for information literacy instruction throughout their MSW track.
On the Theoretical and Methodological Context of Cross-National Inequality Data

The growing interest in economic inequality across the social sciences has coincided with a proliferation of new, cross-national survey data and research findings. In this article, the author argues for a more critical and careful interpretation of the data and techniques used to quantify and analyze income distributions. First, the theoretical underpinnings of the popular Gini index are discussed in relation to what the index does and does not measure. Then, two issues involving the application of inequality measures such as the Gini index are assessed: (1) the high sensitivity of the index to the methodological decisions upon which it is based; and (2) the subjectivity necessarily involved with interpreting its absolute magnitude and intertemporal change. The impact of these issues is substantiated via an analysis of the most recent data on inequality in the indus- trialized countries of the world, demonstrating how researchers' methodological choices can significantly impact their sociological conclusions. The article ends by discussing various solutions to these conceptual problems.
PKI-587 and Sorafenib Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK Pathways Synergistically Inhibit HCC Cell Proliferation

Background Deregulated Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to test the inhibitory effects of PKI-587 and sorafenib as single agents or in combination on HCC (Huh7 cell line) proliferation. Materials and Methods 3 H-thymidine incorporation and MTT assay were used to assess Huh7 cell proliferation. Phosphorylation of the key enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways was detected by Western blot. Results We found that PKI-587 is a more potent PI3K/mTOR inhibitor than PI-103. Combination of PKI-587 and sorafenib was a more effective inhibitor of Huh7 proliferation than the combination of PI-103 and sorafenib. Combination of PKI-587 and sorafenib synergistically inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated Huh7 proliferation compared with monodrug therapy. EGF increased phosphorylation of Ras/Raf downstream signaling proteins MEK and ERK; EGF-stimulated activation was inhibited by sorafenib. However, sorafenib, as a single agent, increased AKT (Ser473) phosphorylation. EGF-stimulated AKT (ser473) activation was inhibited by PKI-587. PKI-587 is a potent inhibitor of AKT (Ser473), mTOR (Ser2448), and S6K (Thr389) phosphorylation; in contrast, rapamycin stimulated mTOR complex 2 substrate AKT(Ser473) phosphorylation although it inhibited mTOR complex 1 substrate S6K phosphorylation. PKI-587, as a single agent, stimulated MEK and ERK phosphorylation. However, when PKI-587 and sorafenib were used in combination, they inhibited all the tested kinases in the Ras/Raf /MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Conclusion The combination of PKI-587 and sorafenib has the advantage over monodrug therapy on inhibition of HCC cell proliferation by blocking both PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathways.
Chromatographic separation of copper with an α-hydroxyoxime

Abstract Two aliphatic α-hydroxyoximes have been synthesized and characterized. These reagents are highly selective for the extraction of copper(II) from weakly acidic aqueous solution. A column containing a hydroxyoxime on a solid support effects a quantitative separation of copper(II) from most other metal ions.
Half-Metallicity in Europium Oxide Conductively Matched with Silicon

EuO1-x--a remarkably versatile ferromagnetic semiconductor with variable transport properties--incorporated into a heterostructure with n+ doped silicon is shown to be {approx}90% spin polarized by Andreev reflection (AR) spin spectroscopy. The AR measurements were done in a planar geometry with an InSn superconducting film. A simple reactive growth technique was used to controllably introduce oxygen vacancies into EuO1-x to adjust its carrier concentration. We demonstrate by direct measurements of spin polarization that half-metallicity of EuO1-x can be achieved in the films conductively matched with Si, thus making EuO1-x one of the most attractive materials for silicon-based spintronics.
Automatic parameter tuning and its implementation for robot arms

A computer package, AutoTune, is designed to automatically tune parameters of feedback compensators for robot arms to eliminate the need for time-consuming and labor-intensive manual tuning while maximizing the capability of robot arms. Simulation and real test results are given and show that this autotuning by learning package is robust and efficient. Some practical issues in the actual implementation are discussed. >
Relationship between nitrate reductase and nitrate uptake in phytoplankton in the Peru upwelling region

Nitrate reductase (NR) activity and 15N0,- uptake in phytoplankton were compared under different environmental conditions on two cruises in the upwelling region off Peru. The NR activity and NOs- uptake rates responded differently to light and nutrients and the differences led to variations in the uptake : reductase ratio. Analysis of these variations suggests that the re-cquilibration time of the two processes in response to environmental perturbation is an important source of variability. The nitrate uptake system responds faster than the nitrate reductase system. Considering these differences in response time, the basic differences in the two processes, and the differences in their mcasurcment, we conclude that the NR activity measures the current nitratereducing potential, which reflects N03- assimilation before the sampling time, while IsNO,- uptake measures N03- assimilation in the 6-h period following sampling. Thus, considering the sampling time as a point of reference, the former is a mcasurc of the past and the latter is a measure of the future.
Polybenzimidazoles, new thermally stable polymers

Wholly aromatic polybenzimidazoles were synthesized from aromatic tetraamines and difunctional aromatic acids and characterized as new thermally stable polymers. The melt polycondensation of aromatic tetraamines and the diphenyl esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acids was developed as a general procedure of wide applicability. Polybenzimidazoles containing mixed aromatic units in the chain backbone were prepared from 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene and a variety of aromatic diphenyl dicarboxylates. Phenyl 3,4-diaminobenzoate could also be polymerized by melt condensation to give poly-2,5(6)-benzimidazole. The polymers were characterized by a high degree of stability, showing great resistance to treatment with hydrolytic media and an ability to withstand continued exposure to elevated temperatures. Most of the polymers were infusible, but some had melting points above about 400°C. Many of the polymers exhibited no change in properties on being heated to 550°C. and showed a weight loss of less than 5% when heated under nitrogen for several hours to 600°C. The polymers were soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and formic acid, producing stable solutions. Many of the polymers were soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and some also in dimethylformamide. The inherent viscosities of a number of polymers in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide solution ranged from approximately 0.4 to 1.1. The higher polymers could be cast into stiff and tough films from formic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions.
A History of Writing in Japan

This book deals chronologically with the history of writing in Japan, a subject which spans a period of 2,000 years, beginning with the transmission of writing from China in about the first or second century AD, and concluding with the use of written Japanese with computers. Topics dealt with include the adoption of Chinese writing and its subsequent adaptation in Japan, forms of writing employed in works such as the Kojiki and Man'yoshu, development of the kana syllabaries, evolution of mixed character-kana orthography, historical kana usage, the rise of literacy during the Edo period, and the main changes that have taken place in written Japanese in the modern period (ca. 1868 onwards). This is the first full-length work in a European language to provide the Western reader with an overall account of the subject concerned, based on extensive examination of both primary and secondary materials.
Abnormal Cell Differentiation and p21 Expression of Endometrial Epithelial Cells Following Developmental Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Gene expression relevant to abnormal cell differentiation and altered cell cycle in endometrial epithelial cells was investigated immunohistochemically in developing mouse uteri exposed neonatally ...
Eating the competition speeds up invasions

Many introduced species engage in intraguild predation (IGP), the consumption of species with which they compete for shared resources. While the factors influencing local persistence of IG predator and prey species are well-understood, using these factors to predict the invasion speed of an introduced IG predator has received less attention. Existing theory predicts that native competitors slow invasions via depletion of shared resources, but this fails to account for additional resources acquired when an invader consumes competitors. Here, I outline a general framework for understanding the effect of IGP on invasion speeds. I find that invaders that consume native competitors may be able to spread where invasion by pure competitors would fail, and that invasion speed increases with increasing levels of IGP. Notably, if the benefit from consuming competitors outweighs the loss of shared resources to competitors, invasion proceeds faster than invasion in the absence of competitors. This may explain empirical observations of rapid spread rates of invaders that feed at multiple trophic levels.
Cardiac Ventricular Aneurysm in a Child

Cardiac ventricular aneurysms are anomalous developments that are multifactorial in origin. Few pediatric cases have been cited. The majority of the cited cases have had negative consequences. We report an asymptomatic boy with an aneurysm incidentally found, and his identical twin brother with no evidence of aneurysm.
A computational model for stress reduction at the skin‐implant interface of osseointegrated prostheses

Osseointegrated implants (OI)s for transfemoral prosthetic attachment offer amputees an alternative to the traditional socket attachment. Potential benefits include a natural transfer of loads directly to the skeleton via the percutaneous abutment, relief of pain and discomfort of residual limb soft tissues by eliminating sockets, increased sensory feedback, and improved function. Despite the benefits, the skin-implant interface remains a critical limitation, as it is highly prone to bacterial infection. One approach to improve clinical outcomes is to minimize stress concentrations at the skin-implant interface due to shear loading, reducing soft tissue breakdown and subsequent risk of infection. We hypothesized that broadening the bone base at the distal end of the femur would provide added surface area for skin adhesion and reduce stresses at the skin-implant interface. We tested this hypothesis using finite element models of an OI in a residual limb. Results showed a dramatic decrease in stress reduction, with up to ~90% decrease in stresses at the skin-implant interface as cortical bone thickness increased from 2 to 8 mm. The findings in this study suggests that surgical techniques could stabilize the skin-implant interface, thus enhancing a skin-to-bone seal around the percutaneous device and minimizing infection.
AML1-ETO expression is directly involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia in the presence of additional mutations

The t(8;21) is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The translocation, which involves the AML1 gene on chromosome 21 and the ETO gene on chromosome 8, generates an AML1-ETO fusion transcription factor. To examine the effect of the AML1-ETO fusion protein on leukemogenesis, we made transgenic mice in which expression of AML1-ETO is under the control of the human MRP8 promoter (hMRP8-AML1-ETO). AML1-ETO is specifically expressed in myeloid cells, including common myeloid progenitors of hMRP8-AML1-ETO transgenic mice. The transgenic mice were healthy during their life spans, suggesting that AML1-ETO alone is not sufficient for leukemogenesis. However, after treatment of newborn hMRP8-AML1-ETO transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates with a strong DNA-alkylating mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 55% of transgenic mice developed AML and the other 45% of transgenic mice and all of the wild-type littermates developed acute T lymphoblastic leukemia. Our results provide direct evidence that AML1-ETO is critical for causing myeloid leukemia, but one or more additional mutations are required for leukemogenesis. The hMRP8-AML1-ETO-transgenic mice provide an excellent model that can be used to isolate additional genetic events and to further understand the molecular pathogenesis of AML1-ETO-related leukemia.
The moving two-point discrimination test: Clinical evaluation of the quickly adapting fiber/receptor system

As the Weber test evaluates the slowly adapting fiber-receptor system (constant touch), the "moving two-point discrimination test" evaluates the innervation density of the quickly adapting fiber-receptor system which mediates the perception of touch stimuli moving across the hand. Results with this test in 39 hands used as controls and in 63 patients with nerve injuries show it to be a simple, quick, and valid diagnostic tool in nerve compression syndromes and nerve lacerations and an accurate prognosticator and monitor during sensory reeducation following nerve repair.
Pat on the Back Versus Kick in the Pants An Application of Cognitive Inference To the Study of Leader Reward and Punishment Behaviors

This laboratory study developed a leader categorization model to provide an application of cognitive inference to understanding the impact of leader reward and punishment behaviors. In addition to traditional leader contingent and noncontingent reward and punishment behaviors, the study divided noncontingent rewards and punishment behav iors into discretionary and required. It was found that whereas both contingent and noncontingent rewards aroused feelings of positive affect toward the leader, it took contingent punishment to result in a significantly higher improvement in production between the first and second production periods. Practitioner implications of these findings are discussed.
Different ontogenetic patterns of testosterone production reflect divergent male reproductive strategies in chimpanzees and bonobos.

Abstract Male reproductive effort is often strongly related to levels of the steroid hormone testosterone. However, little research has examined whether levels of testosterone throughout development might be tied to individual or species differences in the reproductive strategies pursued by adult males. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inter-specific differences in male reproductive strategy are associated with differences in the pattern of testosterone production throughout early life and puberty. We compared testosterone levels from infancy to adulthood in two closely related species where levels of mating competition and male–male aggression differ significantly, bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). We predicted that the reduction in male mating competition found in bonobos would be accompanied by a lesser developmental increase in testosterone production. We performed radioimmunoassay of salivary testosterone levels in a mixed-longitudinal sample of both species, collected from individuals living in semi free-ranging populations. This allowed us to examine the effects of development in a more naturalistic setting than possible in a zoo or laboratory. We found that among chimpanzees, testosterone levels declined slightly from infancy to juvenility, then remained low until increasing markedly during adolescence (with pubertal increases most pronounced among males). In contrast, there was little change in testosterone production with age in bonobos of either sex, with levels of testosterone consistent throughout infancy, juvenility, and the transition to adulthood. Our data are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that the ontogenetic pattern of testosterone production can be subject to rapid evolutionary change, shifting in association with species differences in male reproductive strategy.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Embolization of a Pancreatic Pseudoaneurysm

Pseudoaneurysms are rare complications of chronic pancreatitis and are associated with a high mortality. In this article we demonstrate a novel utilization of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) technology to embolize a large pancreatic pseudoaneurysm when gold standard therapies had proven futile.
The future of poultry science research: Things I think I think

Much poultry research progress has occurred over the first century of the Poultry Science Association. During that time, specific problems have been solved and much basic biological knowledge has been gained. Scientific discovery has exceeded its integration into foundation concepts. Researchers need to be involved in the public's development of critical thinking skills to enable discernment of fact versus fiction. Academic, government, and private institutions need to hire the best people. Issues of insufficient research funding will be remedied by a combination of strategies rather than by a single cure. Scientific advocacy for poultry-related issues is critical to success. Two other keys to the future are funding for higher-risk projects, whose outcome is truly unknown, and specific allocations for new investigators. Diligent, ongoing efforts by poultry scientists will enable progress beyond the challenges.
Early stages of a New Zealand invasion by Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861) (Brachyura: Portunidae) from Asia: behavioral interactions with a native crab species

The Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861), is a relatively recent invader (approx. 10 years) to northeastern New Zealand, and its large size and aggressive nature makes it a potentially formidable competitor with native species. The only endemic, similarly sized, New Zealand paddle crab, Ovalipes catharus (White and Doubleday, 1843), overlaps frequently with C. japonica in both habitat and diet. To understand their probable interactions in the field, we performed a series of experimental behavioral trials in a closed laboratory system to determine whether the crabs interact antagonistically over a shared prey resource (Perna canaliculus (Gmelin, 1791) – green-lipped mussel). In interspecific trials, C. japonica frequently displaced both sexes of O. catharus from the prey, while O. catharus usually failed to acquire prey from feeding C. japonica. In addition, male C. japonica dominated both male and female O. catharus in one-on-one competition for food, regardless of which crab possessed the food initially. Overall, male C. japonica behaved aggressively towards O. catharus and conspecifics of equal size when competing for a prey item; O. catharus showed low levels of aggression throughout all trials and increased time spent evading C. japonica as compared to C. japonica’s high levels of aggression. Our research highlights the importance of understanding how aggressive behavior may influence establishment success of invading species.
Density Functional Theory and f Electron Systems

Density functional theory within the local density approximation has proven to be an extremely successful way to elucidate the electronic structure and ground state properties of a wide variety of electronic systems [1]. Because of the discovery of exotic behavior in f electron systems such as the mixed valent effect and heavy fermion phenomenon, the applicability of the above theory has been questioned [2,3]. Recently, dramatic progress has been made in determining more exact density functionals which have been extensively tested in atomic systems. The purpose of this paper is to speculate what impact these new methods will have on the f electron question. In the first section, a brief review of density functional theory and the local density approximation (LDA) will be given, as well as an equally brief review of results on f electron solids. In the second section, the new density functional techniques will be discussed and results for atoms reviewed, and potential extension of these methods to the case of the lattice, with emphasis on f electron solids, will be presented. Finally, some speculations will be mused over in the final section.
Complementary code pairs that share the same bandwidth via symmetrical linear FM chips

Golay complementary code pairs have the advantage of being biphase, available at a variety of lengths as long as desired, with complete sidelobe cancellation. But, they have the disadvantage of requiring two frequencies/channels with the possibility of inexact sidelobe cancellation due to frequency selective fading. In this paper, the complementary code pair are transmitted at the same frequency band, while maintaining exact sidelobe cancellation by using linear frequency modulated (LFM) chips with mirror image symmetry. One code uses a LFM chip with rising frequency sweep, while the other uses its mirror image with decreasing frequency sweep. These two LFM chips have identical autocorrelations due to their mirror image symmetry. Therefore, addition of the matched filter outputs of the two codes results in exact sidelobe cancellation. These LFM chips are quasi-orthogonal in the convolution sense due to their symmetry. This results in small cross-correlation sidelobes outside the zero-sidelobe region. Since the complementary code pair share the same bandwidth and are symmetric, frequency selective fading does not change the symmetry property and therefore, does not affect sidelobe cancellation.
The Global Digital Divide

The theory, methodology, and historical perspective from the first three chapters are applied in this chapter to study the global digital divide digital divide . A conceptual model is developed based on the general model in Chap. 3, and determinants of utilization of ICTs are examined. Additionally, the worldwide spatial patterns of ICT utilization are analyzed based on data for 110 nations.
The Diagnostic Yield of Repeated Endoscopic Evaluation in Patients with Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly common in patients with advanced heart failure. GI bleeding (GIB) occurs in 20–30 % of these patients and can arise anywhere in the GI tract. Given the high rates of GIB in this population, our aim was to determine the diagnostic yield of repeated endoscopic evaluation in these patients. We performed a retrospective review of all 257 patients who had LVADs placed between 2008 and 2013 at Duke University Hospital and identified all patients who underwent any endoscopic evaluation for GIB. Of the 257 patients with LVADs placed, 78 (30 %) underwent at least one endoscopy for GIB. A source was identified in 36 % of cases, most commonly angioectasias (53.6 %). Treatment was performed in 67.9 % of patients and hemostasis was achieved in all. 64.1 % of the cohort underwent a second endoscopy for GIB. 42.9 % of these exams revealed a bleeding source. Endoscopic treatment was employed in 76.2 %. 38.5 % of the cohort underwent a third endoscopic exam for bleeding and a source was identified in 53.3 % with angioectasias remaining most common (56.3 %). By Fisher’s exact and Chi-square testing, only the presence of a bleeding source (p = 0.0034) and use of hemostatic therapy (p = 0.0127) on the index examination were significantly associated with re-bleeding. GIB is common in patients with LVADs. The diagnostic and therapeutic yield of endoscopy is remains high with repeated interventions. Despite these high yields, a large portion of the cohort requires repeated interventions for recurrent bleeding.
Aqueous Solution Processing of F-Doped SnO2 Transparent Conducting Oxide Films Using a Reactive Tin(II) Hydroxide Nitrate Nanoscale Cluster

Solution deposition is a scalable method to fabricate transparent conducting and semiconducting oxide films that could enable low-cost large-area optoelectronic devices, including solar cells and electrochromic windows. However, high temperatures (>500 °C) are typically required to remove excess counterions and ligands from solution-deposited films. We report the synthesis of reactive F-modified tin(II) hydroxide nitrate nanoscale cluster precursors from the controlled dissolution of SnO and SnF2 in minimal nitric acid (∼1.6 mol HNO3 per mol Sn). After spin-casting to form films, heating at temperatures < 100 °C consumes the nitrate counterions likely by oxidation of the tin(II) precursor to form amorphous F:SnO2. The optical, electrical, structural, and morphological properties of F-doped and undoped SnO2 thin films are reported as a function of annealing temperature on both glass and polyimide (Kapton) substrates. Electron microscopy and X-ray reflectivity results show that the films are uniform and cra...
Partitioning of photoassimilates in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) during flowering and fruit set

To assess competition for photoassimilates among developing inflorescences, fruitlets and vegetative shoots in avocado (Persea americana Mill.), the distribution of recent photoassimilates was examined before and during flowering, fruit set, and the transition from sink to source of developing vegetative shoots. Mature leaves, located proximal to developing reproductive organs, and developing leaves, located distal to those organs, were exposed to a one-hour pulse of (14)CO(2). Translocation of radiolabeled assimilates was monitored over time and among organs. Overall distribution of assimilates was dependent on dry mass of tissues regardless of organ type. Flowers and fruitlets did not demonstrate greater sink strength than non-autotrophic leaves. Organs receiving assimilates were in phyllotactic alignment with source leaves. Photoassimilates were never limiting, although flower and fruitlet abscission occurred during and long after this competitive period. Carbohydrate availability was sufficient to support the growth of both developing fruitlets and leaves during early stages of reproductive development, and it did not limit fruitlet growth or stimulate fruitlet abscission.
Modeling of a Gallium Nitride Epitaxy Growth System

An iodine vapor phase epitaxy (IVPE) system has been designed and built at North Carolina State University to grow high quality thick gallium nitride layer at the growth rate up to 80 μm/h with the deposition temperature of 1010 °C and the pressure of 200 Torr. In order to optimize the growth process, a numerical model, which is capable of describing multi-component fluid flow, gas/surface chemistry, conjugate heat transfer, radiation heat transfer and multi-species transport, has been developed to help in design and optimization of the IVPE reactor. The gallium source weight reduce rate is converted into flow rate of gallium vapor and has been simulated as an inlet boundary condition of the tubular reactor. By matching predicted and experimental deposition rates, the heterogeneous reaction boundary condition is determined and applied to the substrate. Comprehensive two-dimensional computational simulations have been performed to study the temperature distribution, species mixing process and GaN deposition rate distribution on the substrate under different geometrical configurations and operating conditions; and the operating parameters have been optimized.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An Examination of Methodological Paradigms for Calculating Upper Airway Critical Pressures during Sleep.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to examine different paradigms for determining critical closing pressures (Pcrit). Methods of determining Pcrit were compared, including direct observation of occluded (no flow) breaths versus inferring Pcrit from extrapolated data, and Pcrit generated by aggregating pressure-flow data from multiple runs versus Pcrit averaged across individual pressure-flow runs. The relationship between Pcrit and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was examined. METHODS A total of 351 participants with and without OSA underwent overnight polysomnography with pressure-flow measurements to determine Pcrit. A series of filters were applied to raw data to provide consistent, objective criteria for determining which data to include in Pcrit calculations. Observed Pcrit values were computed as the mean nasal pressure level at which a subject had at least two breaths with peak inspiratory flow < 50 mL/sec. Extrapolated Pcrit was calculated in two ways: (1) separately for each individual run and then averaged; and (2) using all valid data from individual runs combined into one plot. RESULTS Observed Pcrit was calculated in 67% to 69% of participants, a similar or higher proportion of study subjects compared to extrapolated Pcrit values using a ± 3 cm H2O filter. Although raw (unfiltered) extrapolated Pcrit measures were able to be calculated among a greater proportion of participants than filtered, extrapolated Pcrit values, and thus had fewer missing values, they had larger variability. Both extrapolated and observed Pcrit were higher among individuals with OSA compared to those without OSA. CONCLUSIONS Observed Pcrit provides a reliable descriptor of hypotonic upper airway collapsibility. Different methods for determining Pcrit were able to distinguish subjects with and without OSA.
Outcomes of early ileocolectomy after percutaneous drainage for perforated ileocolic Crohn's disease.

Abstract Background The optimal treatment for an intra-abdominal abscess/infection secondary to perforating ileocolic Crohn's disease (PCD) is unclear. Methods Forty-seven consecutive PCD patients treated via an institutional protocol of ileocolectomy after a 7-day period of percutaneous abscess drainage were retrospectively compared with 160 consecutive patients who underwent an elective ileocolectomy for Crohn's disease (ECD) between 1992 and 2014. Outcomes were compared using univariate analysis and propensity score matching. Results Univariate analysis demonstrated significant differences in ileostomy rates (PCD: 48.9% vs ECD: 18.8%; P = .001), 30-day readmissions (PCD: 38.3% vs ECD: 18.8%; P = .01), and overall 30-day postoperative complications (PCD: 29.8% vs ECD: 15%; P = .03). After matching, a statistically significant difference was retained in ileostomy rates ( P = .02) and 30-day readmissions ( P = .01). Conclusions Early operative intervention after percutaneous drainage in perforating CD may be associated with a high incidence of diversions and readmissions.