cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Encounters with Pinyon-Juniper Influence Riskier Movements in Greater Sage-Grouse Across the Great Basin☆,☆☆

Fine-scale spatiotemporal studies can better identify relationships between individual survival and habitat fragmentation so that mechanistic interpretations can be made at the population level. Recent advances in Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and statistical models capable of deconstructing high-frequency location data have facilitated interpretation of animal movement within a behaviorally mechanistic framework. Habitat fragmentation due to singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla; hereafter pinyon) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma; hereafter juniper) encroachment into sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) communities is a commonly implicated perturbation that can adversely influence greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter sage-grouse) demographic rates. Using an extensive GPS data set (233 birds and 282,954 locations) across 12 study sites within the Great Basin, we conducted a behavioral change point analysis and constructed Brownian bridge movement models from each behaviorally homogenous section. We found the probability of encountering pinyon-juniper among adults was two and three times greater than that of yearlings and juveniles, respectively. However, the movement rate in response to the probability of encountering pinyon-juniper trees was 1.5 times greater for juveniles. Parameter estimates indicated a 6.1% increase in the probability of encountering pinyon-juniper coupled with a 6.2 km/hour increase in movement speed resulted in a 56%, 42% and 16% increase in risk of daily mortality, for juveniles, yearlings, and adults, respectively. The effect of pinyon-juniper encounters on survival was dependent on movement rate and differed among age class. Under fast speed movements (i.e., flight), mortality risk increased as encountering pinyon-juniper increased across all age classes. In contrast, slower speeds (i.e., average) yielded similar adverse effects for juveniles and yearlings but not for adults. This analytical framework supports a behavioral mechanism that explains reduced survival related to pinyon-juniper within sagebrush environments, whereby encountering pinyon-juniper stimulates riskier movements that likely increase vulnerability to visually acute predators.
THE IMPACT OF TRANSAORTIC GRADIENT AND TRANSAORTIC FLOW ON THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION EVALUATION OF SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION

Background: Current guidelines discourage aortic stenosis (AS) evaluation by direct pressure measurement if echocardiography (echo) is adequate. However several studies show sizable discrepancies between echo and catheterization (cath) lab measurements. We wanted to investigate the impact of both
Institutional Pressures on Interprofessional Education in Health Care: Canada's Experience

Despite the permeation of interprofessional education (IPE) activities in health care, there is a lack of scientific consensus for its constituent elements, outcomes, underlying mechanisms, and cos...
Laws Facilitating Gun Carrying and Homicide.

An editorial is presented which addresses right-to-carry (RTC) firearms and homicide laws in America, and it mentions the article "Easiness of Legal Access to Concealed Firearm Permits and Homicide Rates in the United States" by Siegel et al. which appears in the same issue of the journal. Murder data from the U.S. National Vital Statistics system is examined, along with information about crime and a crack cocaine epidemic in American history.
The Promise of Place-Based Investment in Postsecondary Access and Success: Investigating the Impact of the Pittsburgh Promise

Place-based promise scholarships are a relatively recent innovation in the space of college access and success. Although evidence on the impact of some of the earliest place-based scholarships has ...
Enhanced-resolution SMAP soil moisture using image reconstruction

The loss of the active sensor channels limits the spatial resolution capability of the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission in measuring soil moisture. Image reconstruction techniques can provide an enhanced resolution product. Using such processing techniques and code developed for the NASA MEaSUREs Calibrated Passive Microwave Daily Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE) Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature (CETB) Earth System Data Record (ESDR) project, we are generating enhanced-resolution SMAP TB products on both 3 km SMAP project grids and 3.125 km CETB-compatible grids. The intrinsic tradeoff between resolution and noise is explored using multiple resolution enhancement algorithms, and the spatial response functions for each are presented.
Using pre- and post-survey instruments in interventions: determining the random response benchmark and its implications for measuring effectiveness

Objective The present communication demonstrates that even if individuals are answering a pre/post survey at random, the percentage of individuals showing improvement from the pre- to the post-survey can be surprisingly high. Some simple formulas and tables are presented that will allow analysts to quickly determine the expected percentage of individuals showing improvement if participants just answered the survey at random. This benchmark percentage, in turn, defines the appropriate null hypothesis for testing if the actual percentage observed is greater than the expected random answering percentage. Design The analysis is demonstrated by testing if actual improvement in a component of the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program is significantly different from random answering improvement. Setting USA. Subjects From 2011 to 2014, 364320 adults completed a standardized pre- and post-survey administered by the USDA. Results For each year, the statement that the actual number of improvements is less than the expected number if the questions were just answered at random cannot be rejected. This does not mean that the pre-/post-test survey instrument is flawed, only that the data are being inappropriately evaluated. Conclusions Knowing the percentage of individuals showing improvement on a pre/post survey instrument when questions are randomly answered is an important benchmark number to determine in order to draw valid inferences about nutrition interventions. The results presented here should help analysts in determining this benchmark number for some common survey structures and avoid drawing faulty inferences about the effectiveness of an intervention.
Pathophysiologic Basis of Movement Disorders

Movement disorders are common and functionally disabling neurologic diseases. Studies over the last decades have investigated the pathophysiology of these diseases in considerable detail, leading to significant insights into their generation of motor disability. While genetically and clinically heterogeneous, most of them are accompanied by prominent and characteristic changes in firing rates and patterns in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex. In recent years, researchers have placed increasing emphasis on the importance of oscillatory changes in firing in these structures, and have discovered that brain areas that were previously considered to be remote from the basal ganglia (such as the cerebellum and the pedunculopontine nucleus) are also highly significant in these disorders. The evolving pathophysiologic concepts have important implications for improving our understanding of the biology of these disorders, and for the development of more effective pharmacologic and surgical therapies with fewer side effects than seen with the currently available treatments. In this chapter, the known pathophysiology of three common movement disorders, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and essential tremor, is reviewed.
Full Mask Ventilation

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has become an integral part of ventilator support in patients with either acute or chronic respiratory failure. NPPV has been shown to avoid the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, it’s associated complications and facilitate successful extubation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who have marginal weaning parameters. In addition, some studies [1–3] have shown that NPPV improves survival compared with invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Moreover, NPPV has been shown to be an effective modality for the treatment of chronic respiratory failure in patients with restrictive ventilatory disorders [4–6] and in selected patients with COPD [7, 8]. Compared with invasive ventilation, NPPV decreased the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and optimized comfort. Because of its design, success depends largely on patient cooperation and acceptance. Some factors that may limit the use of NPPV are mask- (or interface-) related problems such as air leaks, mask intolerance due to claustrophobia and anxiety, and poorly fitting mask. Approximately 10–15% of patients fail to tolerate NPPV due to problems associated with the mask interface despite adjustments in strap tension, repositioning, and trial of different types of masks. Other mask-related problems include facial skin breakdown, aerophagia, inability to handle copious secretions, and mask placement instability. The most commonly used interfaces in both acute and long-term settings are nasal and nasal-oral (NO) masks. The following reviews the applications of full-face mask in patients who are unable to tolerate a conventional mask during NPPV.
Assumptions in Regression Modeling

Effective use of regression requires a thorough understanding of the assumptions behind regression models. Most of these assumptions resemble those that are needed for tests of means and confidence intervals (as discussed in the preceding volume of cases Basic Business Statistics). For example, regression analysis assumes that the observations are independent with equal variance.
Fibrous congenital iris membranes with pupillary distortion.

BACKGROUND: In 1986 Cibis and associates described 2 children with a new type of congenital pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis that was unilateral, sporadic, and progressive. These membranes were different from the common congenital pupillary strands that extend from 1 portion of the iris collarette to another or from the iris collarette to a focal opacity on the anterior lens surface. They also differed from the stationary congenital hypertrophic pupillary membranes that partially occlude the pupil, originating from multiple sites on the iris collarette, but not attaching directly to the lens. CASE MATERIAL: The present report is an account of 7 additional infants with congenital iris membranes, similar to those reported by Cibis and associates, which caused pupillary distortion and were variably associated with adhesions to the lens, goniodysgenesis, and progressive occlusion or seclusion of the pupil. Six of the 7 patients required surgery to open their pupils for visual purposes or to abort angle closure glaucoma. A remarkable finding was that the lenses in the area of the newly created pupils were clear, allowing an unobstructed view of normal fundi. CONCLUSION: This type of fibrous congenital iris membrane is important to recognize because of its impact on vision and its tendency to progress toward pupillary occlusion. Timely surgical intervention can abort this progressive course and allow vision to be preserved.
Collecting Voices from the Cloud

The collection and transcription of speech data is typically an expensive and time-consuming task. Voice over IP and cloud computing are poised to greatly reduce this impediment to research on spoken language interfaces in many domains. This paper documents our efforts to deploy speech-enabled web interfaces to large audiences over the Internet via Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online marketplace for work. Using the open source WAMI Toolkit, we collected corpora in two different domains which collectively constitute over 113 hours of speech. The first corpus contains 100,000 utterances of read speech, and was collected by asking workers to record street addresses in the United States. For the second task, we collected conversations with FlightBrowser, a multimodal spoken dialogue system. The FlightBrowser corpus obtained contains 10,651 utterances composing 1,113 individual dialogue sessions from 101 distinct users. The aggregate time spent collecting the data for both corpora was just under two weeks. At times, our servers were logging audio from workers at rates faster than real-time. We describe the process of collection and transcription of these corpora while providing an analysis of the advantages and limitations to this data collection method.
Post-Grant Opposition: A Proposal and a Comparison to the America Invents Act

The patent system is designed to promote innovation. But the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) cannot devote the resources necessary to grant only valid patents. This Article explores one mechanism to address this challenge: a post-grant opposition procedure that would allow any party to challenge a patent after it is issued. It explains why such a system is superior to other alternatives, such as improved PTO review, litigation, or reexamination. An opposition system offers numerous benefits. It targets the most valuable patents, increases access to competitors’ information, reduces the number of invalid patents, and provides a quicker and cheaper determination of validity than litigation. In the deluge of patent applications confronting the PTO in the 21st century, an effective post-grant opposition system promises to promote innovation. Shortly before this Article went to press, Congress had passed the America Invents Act, patent reform legislation that included a post-grant opposition procedure. This Article offers a preferred opposition regime that serves as a counterpoint to the system the legislature enacted. The elements of the opposition process determine whether it will be fair to patentees and challengers. As a result, this Article sets forth numerous details of my proposed opposition system, including (1) the threshold a challenger must clear to commence an opposition, (2) the timing of the process, (3) the grounds on which a patent can be challenged, (4) the nature of the required evidentiary showing, (5) the procedure’s judges and appeals, (6) the materials that can be introduced in the proceeding, (7) the disclosure of the requester’s identity, and (8) the preclusive effect of an opposition. In particular, this Article critiques the provisions of the America Invents Act that address the threshold showing a challenger must make, the timing within which a challenger must file, the disclosure of the real party in interest, and estoppel.
South Africa and the New Scramble: The Demise of Sub-imperialism and the Rise of the East

This chapter argues that South Africa today cannot be considered a sub-imperialist state, despite its economic weight in Africa and Southern Africa, in particular. The question is how South Africa’s relationship with Northern states and its African neighbours is changing in its reorientation to the East. The chapter discusses the different theoretical conceptions applied to South Africa, before assessing South Africa’s historical and current power across the region and continent, empirically and historically. It is argued that South Africa has undergone transformations that are distinct from other semi-peripheral states. Furthermore, it is argued that the declining importance of the North and the creation of new networks of accumulation orienting the region and South Africa towards the East present new tendencies and conceptual anomalies.
Shared patient and provider values in end-stage renal disease decision making: Identifying the tensions.

Abstract Objective To examine concordance and tensions in values among stakeholder groups across the shared decision making process for end-stage renal disease patients treated with hemodialysis. Methods A thematic analysis of transcripts from three stakeholder groups: hemodialysis patients (2 groups, n = 17), nephrologists (1 group, n = 9), and non-physician providers (dietitians, social workers, and registered nurses) (1 group, n = 8). A framework of decision-making components (communication, information, decision, behavior, and outcome) guided analysis of values within and across groups. Results Shared values included communication that informed patients and involved family; information about function, trajectory, life context, and patient experience; behavior to manage diet; and outcomes of function, safety, and survival. Identified thematic tensions in patient-provider values were: personalized vs. routinized communication; shared vs. separate information; managed vs. adherent behavior; and participating vs. protected outcome. Patient behavior emerged as a contested area of control. Conclusion Emphasizing shared values and bridging values conflicts may ease tensions surrounding self-care behavior by facilitating discussions about diet, medications, and consistent dialyzing. Practice implications More individualized information needs to be delivered to patients in a personalized communication approach that can still be achieved within a busy dialysis clinic setting.
Student Learning and Instructor Investment in Online and Face‐to‐Face Natural Resources Courses

Substantial growth in online education in the United States has prompted questions on the levels of student learning and satisfaction achieved and the amount of instructor time investment required in the online environment compared to the face-to-face (F2F) environment. To date, very few have studied these measurements in science courses, and none of these studies has involved applied natural resources courses. A pseudoexperiment was conducted to determine whether ifferences in student learning outcomes and satisfaction and instructor investment existed for two introductory undergraduate wildlife and fisheries sciences courses (WL 220 and WL 230) taught online and F2F by the same instructor and determined what potential factors may explain those differences. Results of this study were mixed. The overall grade distributions were similar between the two environments of the same course. However, significant differences were noted in performance among Bloom’s taxonomic groups between the online and F2F sections of WL 220 but not in the WL 230 course. Further, there were no differences in course satisfaction between the two environments in the WL 230 course, but the online WL 220 section students reported lower levels of satisfaction than the F2F students in the same course. Finally, the instructor spent significantly more time per student in the online WL 230 section compared to the F2F section, but no such differences were noted for the WL 220 course. Some inherent differences in the student populations of each course and section and the characteristics of the courses themselves may explain the differences observed above.
Evidence for induced allelopathy in an isolate of Coelastrella following co-culture with Chlorella sorokiniana

Abstract Despite the potential of microalgae to meet growing societal demands for food, fuel, and nutraceuticals, the industrial economics of production systems are limited by low crop productivity and stability driven, in part, by invading pests such as competing algae. Effective management strategies to mitigate this challenge rely on a clear understanding of the interactions between microalgal production strains and invaders. Here, we take advantage of the invasion of Chlorella sorokiniana culture in the field by a wildtype organism later isolated and identified as a Coelastrella species to better understand the dynamics between these strains. In a set of experiments focused on invasibility, we found that coexistence of strains was possible, but that Coelastrella was the competitive dominant. To determine if this advantage was due to allelopathic interactions, we grew both strains in media that contained cell-free exudates from monocultures of Coelastrella, monocultures of Chlorella, or co-cultures of both strains. Coelastrella exudates did not inhibit the growth of Chlorella, but exudates from the co-culture of both strains did. Chlorella also exhibited some self-inhibition to its own exudate at high concentrations. This work demonstrates the potential for inducible allelopathic interactions between two phytoplankton strains. Future work focused on this phenomenon, through metabolomic and metagenomic lenses, would greatly contribute to our understanding of allelopathy in aquatic systems.
Chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of ground and comminuted pork with various fat levels and corn milling secondary products

Eight treatment combinations for the formulation and heating of fresh ground pork were investigated: four raw fat levels (4, 9, 18, 23%) and two internal end point temperatures (71° and 77°C). In the raw state, ground pork containing 4 or 9% fat contained less cholesterol, more moisture and was judged to be more red than samples containing 18 or 23% fat. Tenderness, juiciness and amount of mouthcoating in­ creased as fat level in the cooked patties increased. Internal end point temperature (71° or 77°C) did not affect sensory scores of cooked pork patties. Cooked patty cholesterol content (wet weight) did not differ among the four fat levels. High-fat ground pork re­ tained less cholesterol than low-fat ground pork.
Flight Controls, High-Lift Systems, and Their Actuation

This chapter describes how aircraft flight control is achieved. It includes information on the evolution of flight control actuation and how hydraulic systems operating at up to 5000 psi were required to move flight control surfaces due to the aerodynamic loads that arose as aircraft size and speed increased. This chapter also described the high-lift systems (flaps and slats) that have been used to increase lift during both takeoff and landing. These high-lift systems became a necessity as aircraft and wing designs were optimized for the cruise phase of commercial flight.
Process Evaluations for a Multisite Nutrition Education Program

Process evaluations are an often-overlooked component of evaluating health promotion interventions, but can be essential for interpreting program outcomes. The purpose of this study was to report the results of two types of process evaluations conducted for Food Fit, a nutrition education program implemented to 58 3rd through 5th grade children (67% Caucasian) in 5 YMCA after school programs. To evaluate program fidelity, a trained observer watched each lesson and recorded program adherence using a standardized checklist, outlining essential components of the intervention. Attendance was recorded by asking each child to complete a small task before and after each lesson. Results showed that program adherence was perfect in most cases and attendance rates varied, but were generally high. Attendance rates were not associated with improvement in nutrition behaviors. Implications and recommendations for future use of process evaluations are discussed.
Galvanizing-Induced Distortion in Steel Plate Girders. I: Effects of Girder Geometry

AbstractThis study investigates the distortion behavior of steel plate girders under the cumulative influence of welding and hot-dip galvanizing processes and is presented in two papers. This paper...
Dysregulation of different classes of tRNA fragments in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common human leukemia, and dysregulation of tRNA-derived short noncoding RNA (tsRNA) (tRF-1) expression is an accompanying event in the development of this disease. tsRNAs are fragments originating from the 3′ end of tRNA precursors and do not contain mature tRNA sequences. In contrast to tsRNAs, mature tRFs (tRF-3s, tRF-5s, and internal tRFs) are produced from mature tRNA sequences and are redundant fragments. We investigated tsRNA expression in CLL and determined tsRNA signatures in indolent CLL and aggressive CLL vs. normal B cells. We noticed that both ts-43 and ts-44 are derived from distinct genes of pre-tRNAHis, and are down-regulated in CLL 3- to 5-fold vs. normal B cells. Thus, we investigated expression levels of tRF-5 fragments from tRNAHis in CLL samples and healthy controls, and determined that such fragments are down-regulated by 5-fold in CLLs vs. normal controls. Given these results, we investigated the expression of all mature tRFs in CLLs vs. normal controls. We found a drastic dysregulation of the expression of mature tRFs in CLL. In aggressive CLL, for the top 15 up-regulated fragments, linear fold change varied from 2,053- to 622-fold. For the top 15 down-regulated fragments in CLL, linear fold change varied from 314- to 52-fold. In addition, 964 mature tRFs were up-regulated at least 2-fold in CLL, while 701 fragments were down-regulated at least 2-fold. Similar results were obtained for indolent CLL. Our results suggest that mature tRFs may have oncogenic and/or tumor suppressor function in CLL.
Automated Discovery for Emulytics

Sandia has an extensive background in cybersecurity research and is currently extending its state-of-the-art modeling via emulation capability. However, a key part of Sandia's modeling methodology is the discovery and specification of the information-system under study, and the ability to recreate that specification with the highest fidelity possible in order to extrapolate meaningful results. This work details a method to conduct information system discovery and develop tools to enable the creation of high-fidelity emulation models that can be used to enable assessment of our infrastructure information system security posture and potential system impacts that could result from cyber threats. The outcome are a set of tools and techniques to go from network discovery of operational systems to emulating complex systems. As a concrete usecase, we have applied these tools and techniques at Supercomputing 2016 to model SCinet, the world's largest research network. This model includes five routers and nearly 10,000 endpoints which we have launched in our emulation platform.
Mother Tongues—the Disruptive Possibilities of Feminist Vernaculars

This essay considers the methodological intervention of understanding a ‘mother tongue’ (matribhasha) as a gendered vernacular. It seeks to illustrate the subversive potential of the vernacular as ...
A closer look at first-time pass rates as the primary measure of program quality.

Abstract Background The NCLEX pass rate is considered the premier indicator of program quality. Nursing programs utilize first-time pass rates (F-TPR) as a basis for making program decisions - especially when confronted with a falling rate. Purpose This survey was conducted to identify the array of strategies implemented to improve or maintain F-TPRs. Additionally, we sought to ascertain whether responding programs had experienced a problematic F-TPR and their experience in the aftermath. Methods This study utilized a descriptive survey of nursing programs. Data analysis included thematic analysis of an open-ended item and descriptive analysis of forced-choice items. Results Nursing programs report F-TPRs heavily influence decisions and policy making especially regarding admission/progression policies, use of standardized exams, and most consider it one of the most influential factors in program decision-making. Conclusion A recommendation is made for changing the requirement to the percentage of students passing within two attempts.
Quantification of toxic metals using machine learning techniques and spark emission spectroscopy

Abstract. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) list of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) includes toxic metal suspected or associated with development of cancer. Traditional techniques for detecting and quantifying toxic metals in the atmosphere are either not real time, hindering identification of sources, or limited by instrument costs. Spark emission spectroscopy is a promising and cost-effective technique that can be used for analyzing toxic metals in real time. Here, we have developed a cost-effective spark emission spectroscopy system to quantify the concentration of toxic metals targeted by the US EPA. Specifically, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb solutions were diluted and deposited on the ground electrode of the spark emission system. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was optimized and employed to detect useful features from the spark-generated plasma emissions. The optimized model was able to detect atomic emission lines along with other features to build a regression model that predicts the concentration of toxic metals from the observed spectra. The limits of detections (LODs) were estimated using the detected features and compared to the traditional single-feature approach. LASSO is capable of detecting highly sensitive features in the input spectrum; however, for some toxic metals the single-feature LOD marginally outperforms LASSO LOD. The combination of low-cost instruments with advanced machine learning techniques for data analysis could pave the path forward for data-driven solutions to costly measurements.
Chronic cold exposure enhances glucose oxidation in brown adipose tissue.

The cultured brown adipocytes can oxidize glucose in vitro, but it is still not fully clear whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) could completely oxidize glucose in vivo. Although positron emission tomography (PET) with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) showed a high level of glucose uptake in the activated BAT, the non-metabolizable 18 F-FDG cannot fully demonstrate intracellular glucose metabolism. Through in vivo [U-13 C]glucose tracing, here we show that chronic cold exposure dramatically activates glucose oxidation in BAT and the browning/beiging subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). Specifically, chronic cold exposure enhances glucose flux into the mitochondrial TCA cycle. Metabolic flux analysis models that β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist significantly enhances the flux of mitochondrial pyruvate uptake through mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) in the differentiated primary brown adipocytes. Furthermore, in vivo MPC inhibition blocks cold-induced glucose oxidation and impairs body temperature maintenance in mice. Together, mitochondrial pyruvate uptake and oxidation serve an important energy source in the chronic cold exposure activated BAT and beige adipose tissue, which supports a role for glucose oxidation in brown fat thermogenesis.
Intensive Care Versus Nonintensive Care Ward for Postoperative Management of Head and Neck Free Flaps: A Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Although advances in surgical technique and medical management have drastically improved outcomes of free flap reconstructive surgery in head and neck patients, there is no clear cons...
Opioid Use Disorder Stigma, Discrimination, and Policy Attitudes in a National Sample of U.S. Young Adults.

Abstract Purpose A small fraction of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) receives appropriate care. Public opinion about addiction contributes to the availability and accessibility of effective treatment services. Little is known about such attitudes toward OUD among young adults, a population at heightened risk for OUD onset. The current study examined endorsement of social stigma, discrimination, and policy attitudes about OUD and hypothesized correlates of such attitudes (familiarity with OUD, criminal justice involvement, respondent demographic characteristics). Methods A national sample of 190 young adults (weighted n = 408; 69% female, 42% White, non-Hispanic) aged 19–29 years completed web and telephone surveys covering opioid social stigma, discrimination, policy attitudes, personal experience with opioids, and criminal justice, and participant characteristics (age, sex, race, education, employment, income). Linear regressions were performed to examine associations between respondent characteristics and attitudes. Results Young adults, on average, endorsed moderate levels of stigma and discrimination toward people with OUD and support for treatment-oriented policies. Stigma was positively associated with discrimination and negatively associated with support for policies favorable to people with OUD. Regression results revealed that more negative attitudes toward OUD were endorsed as a function of older age and less personal experience or familiarity with OUD. Conclusions Heterogeneity in young adults’ attitudes about OUD may be explained, in part, by personal characteristics and familiarity with OUD. Adolescence may be an opportune developmental period to prevent or reduce public stigma related to OUD and MOUD and increase public attitudes in support of expanded access to effective OUD treatments.
Landfarming as a sustainable management strategy for fresh and phytoremediated sediment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a landfarming process (LP) in recovering sediments at different biodegradation phases: phytoremediated dredged sediments (PDS) and fresh dredged sediments (FDS). The PDS landfarming was applied to (1) reduce residual contamination and (2) improve the biological activities in order to obtain a decontaminated matrix rich in organic matter and enzymatic activity to be reused as agronomic substrate. In 3 months of LP, a microbial activity stimulation (from 7 to 48%) and a decrease in organic contamination (about 15%) were recorded. In addition, no phytotoxicity and the content in total organic carbon and nitrogen make the sediments suitable to be reused in agriculture. The FDS landfarming was carried out to (1) reduce water content, (2) transform the organic matter into a more stable form, and (3) decrease organic contaminant level. Five months of LP led to a considerable reduction in water content (40%) and to the activation of microbial biomass metabolism (from 4 to 50 times higher), which achieved proper mineralization of organic matter and contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near to zero and a total petroleum hydrocarbon reduction of about 60%). The LP also enhanced the stoichiometric ratios of nutrients and enzymes. In conclusion, the LP was a promising and economical methodology to improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of polluted sediments at different biodegradation phases, creating a substrate ready for several environmental applications. Notably, the PDS resulted appropriate for agricultural use and FDS for civil applications.
Improving Vaccination for Young Children (IVY): A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial.

Abstract Background High childhood vaccination rates are critical for public health. We hypothesized that implementation of a vaccine education and quality improvement (QI) program, Improving Vaccinations for Young Children (IVY), would improve childhood vaccine rates. Methods Eight pediatric practices (3 academic-based, 5 community-based) were randomized to implement IVY within a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial (SWCRT) in middle Tennessee. Two educational modules on vaccines were developed using best practices in instructional design. Modules were provided electronically and were tailored to providers or office staff. Practices completed in-person QI coaching sessions and selected at least 2 vaccination-related QI changes. Data were collected monthly. The primary analysis examined intervention effect on the primary outcome of Combination 10 vaccination status for children who turned 2 in the previous month. Combination 10 status without influenza vaccine was a secondary outcome, and exploratory analyses assessed intervention effects after adjusting for time and practice type. Results Data from 4041 patients (1788 control; 2253 intervention) were collected. The intervention effect was not significant on the primary outcome (OR = 1.01; 95% CI [0.76, 1.34]; P > .9), however there were positive intervention effects in secondary and exploratory models analyzing Combination10 rates without flu, including models adjusting for variation over time (0.20; 95% CI [0.04,0.35]; P = .01) and practice type (higher vaccination rate in academic practices, 0.23; 95% CI [0.03,0.42]; P = .03). Conclusions Combination 10 rates were not significantly improved with IVY, yet evidence of beneficial effect on rates without flu vaccine was found. Future studies could evaluate effects over a longer time period and within a larger practice sample.
Effect of Nutritional Plane on Health and Performance in Dairy Calves after Experimental Infection with Cryptosporidium parvum

Neonatal dairy calf maintenance energy requirements are approximately 1.6 Meal metabolizable energy (ME)/d at thermoneutral temperatures. Historically used milk replacer feeding regimens (e.g. 2 quarts ofreconstituted solids twice per day) provide approximately 2.2 Meal ME/d. Considering the abundance of environmental and pathogenic challenges faced by neonatal calves, these conventional feeding programs provide little energy reserves for maintaining body temperature, mounting immune responses, and growing at expected rates of 1.1 to 2.0 lb/d (0.5 to 0.9 kg/d). Cryptosporidium parvum, an enteric protozoan, is an almost ubiquitous infectious stressor of neonatal dairy calves. Infection by this organism is difficult to prevent and treat. As it is a zoonotic parasite, a few oocysts may infect and cause disease in naive people, and infections are a severe health risk in the immunocompromised. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of conventional nutritional plane versus a higher nutritional plane on the health and performance of dairy calves after experimental infection with C. parvum.
Food insecurity associated with higher COVID-19 infection in households with older adults.

Abstract Objectives As a well-documented social determinant of health, food insecurity may be associated with COVID-19 infection in households with older adults. We examined whether older adults were vulnerable to COVID-19 infection during the early pandemic if they were food insecure versus food secure. Study design A cross-sectional study using a nationally representative population-based survey of US older adults. Methods We used a random subsample of Health and Retirement Study (HRS) drawn in June 2020 (N = 3212). We compared the odds of reporting COVID-19 infection in a household, COVID-19 infection and mortality among acquaintances, and respondent's perceived fair or poor health across household food insecurity status resulted from financial or non-financial barriers. Baseline health and socioeconomic circumstances were adjusted in the models. Results Results showed a higher COVID-19 infection rate among food-insecure households than among their food-secure counterparts during the pandemic. Food insecurity due to non-financial obstacles was associated with greater likelihood of COVID-19 infection both within respondents’ households (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–2.90) and among their acquaintances (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05–1.65). Food insecurity caused by both non-financial and financial constraints was associated with twice the likelihood of knowing someone who died from COVID-19 than their food-secure counterparts (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.27–3.61). Conclusions Food insecurity driven by non-financial constraints played an important role in the ongoing pandemic among US older adults. Policies addressing COVID-19 need to recognize the vulnerability of food-insecure older adults beyond lack of monetary resources.
Experiments in Strategy Research: A Critical Review and Future Research Opportunities:

We review extant experimental work in strategic management and argue that experiments constitute an underused methodology that has significant potential. We examine and categorize 179 experiments f...
Petro-Nostalgia and the Politics of Yellow Vests Canada

Background: This article presents a critical discourse analysis of the conservative political organization Yellow Vests Canada and its 100,000-plus member Facebook group (now deplatformed) to theorize far-right groups that harness pro-fossil-fuel/anti-environmental discourses to ideologically cultivate a broader assemblage of traditionally ultra-conservative political positions. Analysis: Yellow Vests Canada commonly utilized “petro-nostalgic” discourses, highly ideological beliefs that tie fossil fuels to a mythological nostalgia for an era of unbridled extraction and consumption, but also to this era’s hegemonic white supremacy, heteronormativity, masculinity, and settler-colonial nationalism. Conclusions and implications: Understanding far-right petro-political groups is imperative for environmental humanities researchers. The recent growth of these groups presents an alarming threat to progressive and equitable sociocultural politics, but especially to more environmentally sustainable government policies and a post-fossil-fuel future. Contexte : Cet article presente une analyse critique du discours portant sur l’organisme politique conservateur les Gilets jaunes du Canada et les plus de 100 000 membres de son groupe Facebook (lequel a ete retire du site). L’objectif de cette approche est de theoriser les groupes d’extreme droite qui appuient des discours pro-petrole et anti-environnement dont le but ideologique serait de cultiver un assortiment plus vaste de positions politiques traditionnellement ultra-conservatrices. Analyse : Les Gilets jaunes du Canada employaient communement des discours « petro-nostalgiques » qui refletaient des croyances hautement ideologiques consistant a associer les combustibles fossiles a une nostalgie mythifiee pour une epoque d’extraction et de consommation dechainee, ainsi qu’a, de nos jours, un supremacisme blanc hegemonique, l’heteronormativite, la masculinite et un nationalisme favorisant la colonie de peuplement. Conclusion et implications : Il est imperatif pour les chercheurs en environnement de comprendre les groupes petro-politiques d’extreme droite. La croissance recente de ces groupes represente une menace alarmante pour une politique socioculturelle qui soit progressive et equitable et surtout pour des politiques gouvernementales axees sur la durabilite environnementale et sur un avenir au-dela des combustibles fossiles. Mots cles : Combustibles fossiles; Petro-nostalgique; Alt-right; Medias sociaux; Etudes culturelles
Isolation and characterization of an NTP-dependent 3'-exoribonuclease from mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract RNA turnover in eukaryotes is thought to require 3'-exonuclease activity but so far no RNase with that specificity has been isolated from a eukaryote. We report here on the purification and characterization of a 3'-exoribonuclease isolated from the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vitro the purified enzyme displayed an absolute requirement of NTPs for activity. Each of the eight standard ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides supported activity with Km values ranging from 20 to 90 microM. The enzyme also displayed RNA-stimulated NTPase activity. The NTP-dependent enzyme cofractionated with three polypeptides of molecular masses 75,000, 90,000, and 110,000 daltons, although the native enzyme appears to have a molecular mass of 160,000 daltons predicted from the Stokes radius. The possible functions of this enzyme in vivo in the regulated decay of mitochondrial RNAs are discussed.
Sea-urchin roe cuisine

This chapter discusses the sea urchin roe cuisine that is mostly eaten raw with bread, perhaps with some lemon added. Earlier, the ancient Greeks ate them mixing the roe with vinegar, sweet cooked wine, parsley and mint while the Romans had a recipe for “sluggish” appetites that involved stuffing sea urchins with a cooked mixture of oil, ganun, sweet wine, and pepper and then cooking them with a slow fire. Today it is usually eaten in the Japanese manner as sushi. The chapter also highlights the recipes of other species such as Uni no Kanten, Echizen Uni, Shimonoseki Uni, Strongylocentrotus nudus, Paracentrotus lividus, Tripneustes ventricosus, Tripneustes gratilla, kina, Evechinus chloroticus, and Loxechinus albus.
Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications, 3rd ed.

Bernard M.Bass has incorporated a decade of new findings on the newest theories and models of leadership; intellectual and interpersonal competence; motivation; the nature of power and Machiavellianism; charismatic and transformational leadership; leadership and women, Hispanics, and Orientals; leadership succession; substitutes; culture; and the role of leadership and organizations in dealing with stress, crisis, and disaster.
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies

Founded in 1966, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) is an interdisciplinary organization comprised of researchers, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, social workers, nurses, and other mental health practitioners and students (located nationally and internationally) who adhere to, develop, evaluate, and disseminate behavioral and cognitive approaches to the assessment and treatment of behavioral and mental health problems.
Lineages of the Iranian Welfare State: Dual Institutionalism and Social Policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran

This article examines the relationship between welfare and state governance in Iran since the 1979 Revolution. It argues that the contemporary set of social welfare organizations in Iran arose as a corollary to post-revolutionary state formation, particularly during the 1980–8 war with Iraq. The Revolution itself resulted in a process of ‘dual institutionalization’ where new revolutionary organizations appeared in tandem with the inherited bureaucracies of the Pahlavi Monarchy, and both sets of institutions were directed by the new regime towards social welfare in areas relatively untouched by the ancien regime. These institutions were locked in place by the exigencies of the long war that followed, and most have continued to the present. This is followed by a discussion of the main developmental outcomes of the past three decades in Iran in literacy, health and poverty. The article concludes by discussing how the successes and shortcomings of the Islamic Republic's welfare system are consequential for understanding broader developments in Iran today.
Laboratory simulation of dry band arcing on all-dielectric self-supporting fiber optic cable near high voltage power lines

Electric utilities have experienced failure of all-dielectric self-supporting optical fiber cable in the high electric field environment of power transmission lines. Corona and/or arcing can degrade the cable jacket and cause it to fail. The paper describes a laboratory experiment to property simulate the arcing phenomenon so that it can be better understood.
Effects of thermal stressing on CdTe/CdS solar cells

The effects of thermal stressing on CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells have been investigated. Cadmium telluride solar cells fabricated by close-spaced sublimation, and contacted with Cu-based back contacts have been subjected to temperatures ranging from 70 to 120/spl deg/C in inert ambient for over 3500 hours. The average starting V/sub oc/ and ff for all stressed devices were 840 mV and 72% respectively. The devices were periodically removed from the stress environment and their light and dark J-V characteristics were measured. It has been found that all cells exhibited some degree of degradation, which was accelerated with temperature. Changes in device characteristics appeared to be gradual for temperatures in the range of 70-90/spl deg/C. In all cases a significant portion of the observed degradation took place within the first 500-600 hours. SIMS analysis indicated that the stress process resulted in Cu-accumulation near the CdTe/CdS junction, suggesting that Cu is at least partially responsible for the observed junction degradation.