cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature and genotype interactions in the expression of host resistance in lettuce downy mildew

Abstract The influence of temperature and genotype on infection types determined by 13 gene-for-gene interactions between lettuce and the downy mildew fungus, Bremia lactucae , was evaluated. Lettuce seedlings containing each of 13 resistance ( Dm ) genes were inoculated with isolates of B. lactucae expressing various combinations of the matching avirulence genes, and incubated at 5, 10, 15, or 22 °C. Resistance, assessed by the absence of sporulation, became less effective at lower temperatures for Dm 6, Dm 7, Dm 11, Dm 15, and Dm 16. No change was observed for resistance conditioned by eight other gene-for-gene interactions. Histological examination indicated that the extent of fungal development in host tissue was dependent on the interacting genotypes and on temperature. Manipulation of interactions involving Dm 7 and Dm 11, using temperature-shift incubation regimes, indicated that continued and cumulative exposure to permissive temperatures was required for effective resistance and suggested that the determinants of specificity are present in most host cells and are expressed throughout fungal development.
COMBINING SELF-MONITORING AND AN INTERDEPENDENT GROUP CONTINGENCY TO IMPROVE THE BEHAVIOR OF SIXTH GRADERS WITH EBD

A withdrawal design was used to examine the influence of a self-monitoring procedure on the overall effectiveness of an interdependent group contingency intervention implemented in a sixth-grade classroom in an alternative school serving students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Dependent variables included student on-task, off-task, and disruptive behaviors exhibited during language arts. Following baseline, the classroom teacher implemented an interdependent group contingency using randomized criteria for reinforcement and randomized reinforcers. Next, a self-monitoring intervention procedure was added to the existing interdependent group contingency intervention. The self-monitoring procedure was then withdrawn and reinstated. Results indicated that though there were improvements in behavior from baseline upon intervention implementation, the self-monitoring procedure did not increase the effectiveness of the interdependent group contingency intervention. Limitations and suggestions for future research investigating the influence of self-monitoring on group contingency interventions are discussed.
Nittrouer Receives 2013 Luna B. Leopold Young Scientist Award: Response

I am grateful for receiving the Luna B. Leopold Award from the Earth and Planetary Surface Processes (EPSP) focus group at AGU. I am thankful to the mentors and colleagues who played important roles in shaping my science over the past 10 years. Significant credit goes to three people in particular: David Mohrig, Gary Parker, and Mead Allison. These gentlemen patiently developed and honed my skills for observing, modeling, and theorizing about the physical processes that produce fluvial-deltaic morphology and stratigraphy. It was an incredible opportunity to have worked with such a diverse set of thinkers, who regularly pushed me to consider and pursue new ideas, preventing too much comfort with the scientific status quo. Their mentoring fostered an independent and creative focus that produced the science for which this award has been generously given.
Pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi's sarcoma.

A 30-year-old man presented to the primary care clinic in June, 2015, with a 3 month history of a painful, foul-smelling mass between the second and third toes of his right foot that had been slowly increasing in size. The mass had begun as a small nodule and had originally been treated with antibiotics for presumed infection without success. On examination he had a red, fi rm mass about 3 cm diameter growing from the lateral aspect of the second toe (fi gure), which was tender to palpation and had a small amount of seropurulent discharge. Its appearance was suggestive of pyogenic granuloma with secondary infection. On questioning, the patient denied any medical or surgic al history, or tingling or numbness in the toes. A radiograph showed a soft tissue mass without extension into the bone. The patient was referred for surgical resection of the mass, at which time he admitted to a 5 year history of HIV. He had been off highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for 2 years because of non-compliance and insurance issues. Histological examination of the resected mass showed nodules of spindle cells mixed with red blood cells; tumour cell immunohistochemistry was positive for CD34 and human herpesvirus (HHV-8), consistent with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Microscopy also showed colonies of Gram-positive cocci suggesting secondary infection. Further history and examination showed no other skin changes suggestive of Kaposi’s sarcoma. We diagnosed pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi’s sarcoma. The patient was restarted on HAART and has needed no further treatment. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular tumour caused by HHV-8. Although it is the most common neoplasm in patients with HIV/AIDs, it is quite rare (prevalence about 2% in patients with HIV/AIDS in USA). Pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare variant of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lesions are superfi cial and protrude from the skin. Superimposed ulceration and secondary infection can give the appearance of pyogenic granuloma, and diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi’s sarcoma can be challenging because it has histological features of both pyogenic granuloma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Diagnosis is made by positive immunohistochemistry staining for CD34 and HHV-8. Kaposi’s sarcoma can present in diff erent forms, from classic purple rash to lesions that mimic diff erent skin disorders, such as pyogenic granuloma. Clinicians should maintain a high level of suspicion and seek early tissue diagnosis so as not to miss Kaposi’s sarcoma, especially in HIV-positive patients.
The surgical treatment of internal snapping hip.

BackgroundInternal snapping hip is an underdiagnosed cause of hip pain that sidelines many recreational and competitive athletes. It originates from a taut iliopsoas tendon that snaps across bony p...
Sensitivity of electricity and natural gas consumption to climate in the U.S.A.—Methodology and results for eight states

Abstract A methodology has been developed for assessing the sensitivity of electricity and natural gas consumption to climate at regional scales. The approach involves a multiple-regression analysis of historical energy and climate data, and has been applied to eight of the most energy-intensive states, representing 42% of the total annual energy consumption in the United States. Statistical models were developed using two sets of independent variables—primitive variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, and derived variables including cooling degree days, heating degree days, and enthalpy latent days. The advantages and disadvantages of both modeling approaches are discussed in this paper, along with sample results for a combined analysis of residential and commercial consumption in eight states.
Retinoblastoma: A review

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary ocular malignancy in childhood, usually occurring below the age of five. Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled understanding of retinoblastoma tumorigenesis as well as detecting carriers of the mutant retinoblastoma allele. It is possible now to predict prenatally whether a child carries the retinoblastoma genome. This has enabled early detection of retinoblastoma and improved outcome. Also these children are at risk for mesenchymal tumors in early adult life necessitating life long vigilance. Great strides have been made in the management of retinoblastoma. Introduction of a new pathological staging system and addition of combination chemotherapy for extraocular disease has led to more than 80% long term disease free survivors in this group of patients, who earlier had a very poor outcome. For localized intraocular disease, local treatment seems to be all that is necessary. Newer radiation techniques have helped preserve useful vision and reduced radiation related side effects.
Impacts of data length on optimal parameter and uncertainty estimation of a land surface model

[1] The optimal parameters and uncertainty estimation of land surface models require that appropriate length of forcing and calibration data be selected for computing error functions. Most of the previous studies used less than two years of data to optimize land surface models. In this study, 18-year hydrometeorological data at Valdai, Russia, were used to run the Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM). The optimal parameters were obtained by employing a global optimization technique called very fast simulated annealing. The uncertainties of model parameters were estimated by the Bayesian stochastic inversion technique. Forty-four experiments were conducted by using different lengths of data from the 18-year record, and a total of about 3 million parameter sets were produced. This study found that different calibration variables require different lengths of data to obtain optimal parameters and uncertainty estimates which are insensitive to the period selected. In the case of optimal parameters, monthly root-zone soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration require 8, 3, and 1 years of data, respectively. In the case of uncertainty estimates, monthly root-zone soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration require 8, 8, and 3 years of data, respectively. Spin-up has little impact on the selection of optimal parameters and uncertainty estimates when evapotranspiration and runoff were calibrated. However, spin-up affects the selection of optimal parameters when soil moisture was calibrated.
Apparent allosterism by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and E coli DNA polymerase I

A recent report (1) presented evidence for allosterism in reverse transcription by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus reverse transcriptase and by E. coli DNA polymerase I. Our experiments also demonstrate these apparent cooperative effects when synthesis is catalyzed by either avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, feline sarcoma virus DNA polymerase, or E. coli DNA polymerase I (large fragment). We show that the apparent cooperativity depends on the use of oligo(dT)12-18 as primer. However, if the polymerase reaction products are isolated chromatographically, then the polymerases obey classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to substrate and enzyme concentrations. These results suggest that the cooperative effects are an acid precipitation artifact. The results are also consistent with the enzyme operating by a distributive mechanism with the oligo(dT)12-18 primer.
A 100 ka record of water tables and paleoclimates from salt cores, Death Valley, California

Abstract Sedimentary and petrographic features of evaporites and associated sediments from a 185 m deep core taken in Death Valley, CA, together with uranium-series dating have been used to reconstruct the history of water table fluctuations and climate changes in Death Valley for the past 100 ka. Death Valley has been arid during the Holocene (0–10 ka), with predominantly mudflat and saline pan subenvironments. A perennial lake, up to 90 m deep, existed in Death Valley from 10 to 35 ka. Saline pan and mudflat subenvironments dominated Death Valley from 35 to 100 ka. The chronology of changing subenvironments and water table fluctuations in Death Valley generally correlates with other climate records in the western US (Owens Lake and Searles Lake, CA, Browns Room cave calcite, NV), the marine oxygen isotope record, and the Vostok ice core record. Core intervals through saline pan sediments are composed of interbedded halite, chaotic muddy halite, and mud. The halite contains abundant vertical dissolution pipes, cemented with clear halite. These sediments record repeated flooding by dilute waters, dissolution of subaerially exposed surface salt crusts, deposition of mud from suspension, precipitation of halite during the saline lake phase, and cementation by diagenetic halite. Mudflat sediments consist of clayey silt, with sand patches and mud cracks, which document long periods of desiccation and the formation of efflorescent salt crusts from the evaporation of groundwater brines. Saline pan and mudflat deposits formed during periods when Death Valley was relatively arid, similar to the modern climate. Lacustrine deposits consist of mudhalite cycles, accumulated during the early lake stage, bedded thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) and mud above, and a cap of massive halite formed during the latest lake stage, all of which record fluctuating salinities and lake levels in a perennial system. Such deposits document a relatively wet climate with a high ratio of water inflow to evaporation. Ostracodes in mud layers represent the least saline, deepest lake phases. Halite layers are made of fine grained cumulates and clear, vertically-oriented crystals precipitated during shallower, perennial lake stages. Of significance is the nearly complete absence of syndepositional dissolution of saline minerals in the lacustrine interval, indicating that accumulated salts were permanently protected from dissolution by saline lake waters. Such evidence strongly suggests that lakes existed continually, without desiccating, for 25 ka between 10 and 35 ka B.P.
A Psychometric Assessment of a Scale to Measure Organizational Fairness

Equity theory posits that an individual perceives equity or inequity in a work situation on the basis of organizational fairness. The concept of organizational fairness is a multidimensional construct that has evolved from research directed at developing measures and identifying dimensions of perceived equity. This paper presents the results of an empirical assessment of the psychometric properties of a scale designed to measure organizational fairness.
Demand Characteristics and Self-Report Measures of Imaginary Audience Sensitivity: Implications for Interpreting Age Differences in Adolescent Egocentrism

Self-consciousness during early adolescence has been explained as an outcome of adolescent egocentrism, in which adolescents create an imaginary audience (IA) of attentive, critical peers. The possibility that such self-consciousness might result from contact with peers who are more attentive and critical than those encountered during childhood or adulthood has not been considered. Study 1 tested whether young adults, who are not theoretically susceptible to IA, could be made to receive high scores on IA and self-consciousness measures by having them complete a procedure in 1 of 3 laboratory conditions-a critical audience, a noncritical audience, or no audience. However, participants in the critical-audience condition received significantly lower IA and self-consciousness scores than participants in the no-audience condition did. Study 2 tested whether the directions given to Study 1 participants might have been responsible for the unexpected findings. Results indicated that participants instructed to give mature-sounding responses received lower IA/self-consciousness scores than did those asked to report their honest opinions. Together, the results of Studies 1 and 2 indicated that survey measures of IA are subject to demand characteristics and highlighted the need to interpret with caution age differences in IA as traditionally assessed.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the new antitumor agent cyclopentenyl cytosine in biological fluids.

Abstract Cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPE-C) is a synthetic carbocyclic nucleoside that possesses diverse antitumor and antiviral activity. CPE-C has been studied extensively at the preclinical level and has been evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial involving patients with solid tumors. A narrow-bore, reversed-phase HPLC method that has been developed for the sensitive measurement of CPE-C in plasma and urine in order to carry out these studies is described. Covalent solid-phase extraction based on an immobilized phenylboronic acid ligand is employed to isolate both CPE-C and endogenous ribonucleosides from the biological matrix selectively and efficiently. This is followed by isocratic elution of the extract with pH 5.0, 0.1 M ammonium formate buffer at 0.150 ml/min on a tandem, switchable, C 18 narrow-bore (2.1 mm I.D.) column system in which the precolumn is automatically backflushed to eliminate late-eluting components. UV detection at 278 nm provides a limit of quantitation of 0.1 μ M for CPE-C in rat and human plasma with a precision better than 4% for the range 1–20 μ M in rat plasma. Application of this assay to the determination of the bolus dose plasma kinetics and disposition of 2 mg/kg CPE-C in rats is illustrated. This method is amenable to partial automation and is well-suited for the analysis of clinical samples.
Effects of ventral tegmental microinjections of the GABAA agonist muscimol on self-administration of ethanol and sucrose.

Abstract Two groups of Long-Evans rats were trained to lever press on a fixed-ratio 4 (FR4) schedule of reinforcement with ethanol (10% v/v) or sucrose (75% w/v) presented as the reinforcer. After implantation of guide cannulae aimed at the ventral tegmental area (VTA), weekly bilateral injections of muscimol (10, 30, and 100 ng) were tested. During control conditions, response patterns for both groups were characterized by high rates that began shortly after the start of the session and terminated after approximately 10 min. Muscimol (10 ng) administration in the VTA increased the number of sucrose- but had no effect on the total number of ethanol-reinforced responses. Muscimol (30 ng) shifted the response patterns of both groups from high initial rates with early termination to slow initial rates with delayed termination, suggesting the possibility of nonspecific locomotor effects. These data suggest that ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced response totals are differentially sensitive to changes in GABAergic transmission in the VTA. The similar muscimol-induced changes in response patterns with the two reinforcers supports the hypothesis that GABA A receptors in the VTA are involved similarly in the maintenance of ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced responding. However, the failure of muscimol to increase ethanolreinforced responding suggests that GABAergic systems in other brain regions may also be involved in the changes in ethanol intake seen following peripheral administration of GABAmimetic drugs.
BODY MASS INDEX AND REGULAR SMOKING IN YOUNG ADULT WOMEN

Little is known about the relationship between relative body weight and transition from experimentation to regular smoking in young adult women. In the current study, data from 2494 participants in wave 4 of the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study (aged 18-29years) who reported ever smoking a cigarette were analyzed using logistic regression. Body mass index (BMI) at time of interview was categorized according to CDC adult guidelines, and regular smoking was defined as having ever smoked 100 or more cigarettes and having smoked at least once a week for two months in a row. Since the OR's for the overweight and obese groups did not differ significantly from one another in any model tested, these groups were combined. Forty-five percent of women who had ever smoked had become regular smokers. Testing of interactions between potential covariates and levels of the categorical BMI variable revealed a significant interaction between overweight/obesity and childhood sexual abuse (CSA; p<0.001) associated with regular smoking. Among women reporting CSA, the association between overweight/obesity and having become a regular smoker was negative (n=374; OR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.28-0.81). Both underweight and overweight/obesity were positively associated with transition to regular smoking among women who did not report CSA (n=2076; OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.05-2.35 and OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.35-2.20, respectively). These results suggest that experiencing CSA alters the association between BMI and regular smoking in women who have experimented with cigarettes.
Evaluation of Radiation Interference in the Voyager Sun Sensor's Cadmium Sulfide Detector

The simulation of radiation interference effects and the results of a radiation interference test on two Voyager Sun Sensor prototype detector assemblies are reported. The derivation of test levels and requirements are discussed and show that cobalt 60 gamma radiation is an effective and practical simulator of the ionization dose rate effects induced by high-energy electron flux incident on the spacecraft at a rate of 3.7 × 108 e/cm2 s (10 rad(Si)/s) during closest approach to Jupiter. The test results provide information that is used to confirm an analytic correlation, and to predict satisfactory performance of a spacecraft Sun sensing device having stringent angular resolution requirements. The measured detector response shows that at dose rates incident on the detector elements of 2 rad(Si)/s, which is four times that expected during Jupiter encounter, the radiation-induced angle error is almost an order of magnitude less than that allowed by the acceptance criteria.
Predicting the performance of matched filter image detectors for non-stationary scenes and noise

The performance of matched filter scene detectors has been widely studied and methods for predicting its performance are available under assumptions of scene and noise stationarity. In this paper correlator performance is investigated for the more common situation when stationarity cannot be assumed. Sensor noise models are derived and combined with two binary and gray scale correlator implementations to yield an expression for the expected performance of a given system for a specific scene. This expression is implemented in an algorithm that is demonstrated on real-world imagery using fairly simple image processor hardware.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Do jumbo cups cause hip center elevation in revision THA? A computer simulation

Background Acetabular revision THA with use of a large (jumbo) cup is an effective treatment for many cavitary and segmental peripheral bone defects. However, the jumbo cup may result in elevation of the hip center and protrusion through the anterior acetabular wall as a result of the oversized geometry of the jumbo cup compared with the physiologic acetabulum.
On the Predication of Pipeline As-Laid Embedment Using a Cycle-by-Cycle Approach for Deepwater Application

In deep water, pipelines are generally laid directly on the sea bed and a pipeline’s as-laid embedment is a major source of uncertainty influencing the assessment of pipe-soil resistances, pipeline lateral buckling formation as well as lateral buckling response, end expansion and walking behavior. In order to have good control of the uncertainties in pipeline as-laid embedment, pipe laying effects, including static and dynamic pipe-soil vertical contact loads and the likely degree of soil softening due to pipeline oscillation at touch down zone should be reliably predicted.In this paper a new procedure is introduced that uses OrcaFlex [1] to determine pipe laying effects and a cycle-by-cycle approach to predict pipeline as-laid embedment. Validation of the procedure is also presented in this paper by comparing pipeline as-laid embedment results calculated from the procedure with upper and lower bound values developed from field observation data. Very good agreement is obtained. In the study, it is found that pipe-soil vertical contact load amplitude, pipe horizontal oscillation, and duration of the oscillation at touchdown zone are important to soil softening as well as pipeline as-laid embedment.In addition, results calculated from the procedure were also compared with those evaluated from the SAFEBUCK guideline [2]. It was found that results from the SAFEBUCK guideline, in general, underestimates the pipeline as-laid embedment.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Modulated Hawking radiation and a nonviolent channel for information release

Abstract Unitarization of black hole evaporation requires that quantum information escapes a black hole; an important question is to identify the mechanism or channel by which it does so. Accurate counting of black hole states via the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy would indicate this information should be encoded in radiation with average energy flux matching Hawking's. Information can be encoded with no change in net flux via fine-grained modulation of the Hawking radiation. In an approximate effective field theory description, couplings to the stress tensor of the black hole atmosphere that depend on the internal state of the black hole are a promising alternative for inducing such modulation. These can be picturesquely thought of as due to state-dependent metric fluctuations in the vicinity of the horizon. Such couplings offer the prospect of emitting information without extra energy flux, and can be shown to do so at linear order in the couplings, with motivation given for possible extension of this result to higher orders. The potential advantages of such couplings to the stress tensor thus extend beyond their universality, which is helpful in addressing constraints from black hole mining.
Determination of charged state density at the interface between amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon by lateral conductance

The charged state density at the a-Si/c-Si interface is an important parameter in a heterojunction a cell. The extraction of the charged state density at the interface from measurements of lateral conductance is demonstrated by simulations. In a-Si/c-Si heterojunction an inversion layer is formed at the interface between a and c-Si (heterointerface). The lateral conductance of the inversion layer is much higher than the doped or intrinsic a-Si layer conductance and the current primarily flows through this path. The increase of the charged state density at the heterointerface weakens the invers hence lowers the lateral conductance of these devices This effect is studied in this work by applying a theoretical model developed in the commercial simulator Sentaurus. The simulation results based on this model have shown that in an optimized device structure the sensitivity of the measurement technique in determining the charged state density can be on the order of 1 × 1010/cm2.
Dispersion in a bent-solenoid channel

Abstract Longitudinal ionization cooling of a muon beam is essential for muon colliders and will be useful for neutrino factories. Bent-solenoid channels with symmetric focusing has been considered for beam focusing and for generating the required dispersion in the “emittance exchange” scheme of longitudinal cooling. In this paper, we derive the Hamiltonian that governs the linear beam dynamics of a bent-solenoid channel, solve the single-particle dynamics, and give equations for determining the lattice functions, in particular, the dispersion functions.
Cell autonomous specification of temporal identity by Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA lin-4

MicroRNAs provide developing systems with substantial flexibility in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Despite advances made in understanding microRNA structure and function, the relationships between their site-of-synthesis and site-of-action ("autonomy" versus "non-autonomy") remain an open question. Given the well-defined role of microRNA lin-4 in a reproducible series of time-specific developmental switches, lin-4 is an excellent candidate for understanding whether microRNAs and the resulting heterochronic regulatory pathway have the potential to act cell autonomously. By monitoring temporal development and reporter activity in animals where lin-4 is modulated, we have demonstrated that lin-4 acts cell autonomously to specify temporal identity. This work (i) provides an example of cell autonomy in microRNA functions, and (ii) reveals a cell autonomous component of temporal regulation in C. elegans.
PTEN Blocks Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced NF-κB-dependent Transcription by Inhibiting the Transactivation Potential of the p65 Subunit

PTEN is a lipid phosphatase responsible for down-regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase product phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate is involved in the activation of the anti-apoptotic effector target, Akt. Although the Akt pathway has been implicated in regulating NF-κB activity, it is controversial as to whether Akt activates NF-κB predominantly through mechanisms that regulate nuclear translocation or transactivation potential. In this report, we utilized PTEN as a natural biological inhibitor of Akt activity to study the effects on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-κB. We found that the reintroduction of PTEN into prostate cells inhibited TNF-stimulated NF-κB transcriptional activity. PTEN failed to block TNF-induced IKK activation, IκBα degradation, p105 processing, p65 (RelA) nuclear translocation, and DNA binding of NF-κB. However, PTEN inhibited NF-κB-dependent transcription by blocking the ability of TNF to stimulate the transactivation domain of the p65 subunit. PTEN also inhibited the transactivation potential of the cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein, but this was not observed for c-Jun. The transactivation potential of p65 following TNF stimulation could be rescued from PTEN-dependent repression by re-introducing expression constructs encoding activated forms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, or Akt and IKK. The ability of PTEN to inhibit the TNF-induced transactivation function of p65 is important, because expression of PTEN blocked TNF-stimulated NF-κB-dependent gene expression, thus sensitizing cells to TNF-induced apoptosis. Maintenance of the PTEN tumor suppressor protein is therefore required to modulate Akt activity and to concomitantly control the transcriptional activity of the anti-apoptotic transcription factor NF-κB.
Probability Predictions of Geostrophic Winds.

Abstract A network sampling theory developed previously is used to obtain limiting probabilities of geostrophic wind components predicted at 500 mb in several synoptic cases. Analogous probabilities are calculated for the kinetic energies of these components. Data are from an earlier study described in this Journal. An example of wind-probability forecasts is presented. Theoretical and empirical probabilities are found to agree satisfactorily. These results and others are discussed.
Phonemic awareness skill of speech-language pathologists and other educators.

Purpose Educators rely on sufficient knowledge and skill to provide effective phonemic awareness instruction, an important component of early literacy instruction, particularly for children who exp...
Potential energy principles in networked systems and their connections to optimization problems on graphs

We introduce the concepts of “gravitational” and “elastic” potential energy in the context of networks and investigate their implications on interpreting certain well-known graph-theoretic parameters and optimization problems. In the case of gravitational potential energy, we treat the nodes of a graph as “particles” with masses and consider the potential energy of gravitational interactions between them. We prove that the maximum clique in a graph represents the minimum gravitational potential energy structure. This result yields a natural physics-based interpretation of the well-known Motzkin-Strauss formulation for the maximum clique problem. In the case of elastic potential energy, we assume that graph nodes are located on an elastic surface, the graph edges represent “springs” connecting the nodes on the surface, and consider the potential energy corresponding to elastic deformations of springs. We show that under certain reasonable assumptions on surface deformation, the second-smallest and the largest eigenvalues of the graph Laplacian matrix correspond to the minimum and the maximum elastic potential energies of a graph, respectively. Moreover, the associated eigenvectors correspond to the node heights in the minimum and maximum energy configurations. Note that the second-smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian is widely known as algebraic connectivity, and it turns out that this concept also has a simple and intuitive physics-based interpretation.
Cyclic GMP levels during regeneration in Hydra oligactis and its distribution in steady-state animals

To assess the involvement of cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′-monophos-phate (cGMP) in regulating cell division versus cell differentiation in regenerating systems, a radioimmunoassay study of the distribution and concentration of cGMP in steady-state and regenerating Hydra oligactis was undertaken. In steady-state animals, uniformly low cGMP levels were observed in the hypos-tome-tentacle, and upper-, mid-, and lower-gastric regions. The peduncle/basal disc region, however, evidenced markedly higher levels of this cyclic nucleotide. Removal of the animal's interstitial cell population, using nitrogen mustard, did not alter this distribution. Animals lacking interstitial cells, however, exhibited greater concentrations of cGMP/cell than did untreated controls. During distal, whole animal regeneration increased cGMP concentrations were noted during wound healing and 3 hr antecedent to tentacle elaboration. A similar pattern was observed in the distal 1 mm of regenerating tissue. Basal disc regeneration was accompanied by only a single elevation in cGMP levels, concomitant with basal disc reformation. Wounded, but nonregenerating, animals likewise showed only a single rise in cGMP levels; this increase occurred during wound healing. The data, therefore, are consistent with changes in cGMP concentrations occurring in association with periods of DNA synthesis (e.g., tentacle elaboration and restructuring of the wounded surface). The distribution data and nitrogen mustard studies allow the further conclusion that the changes in cGMP recorded reflect activities of the epithelial cell population.
Examining plant-parasitoid interactions in tritrophic systems.

The demonstration that parasitoids are attracted to volatile compounds released by plants in response to herbivore feeding has generated a great deal of interest over the past ten years. The release of volatile signals by plants occurs not only in response to tissue damage but is also specifically initiated by exposure to herbivore salivary secretions. Although some volatile compounds are stored in plant tissues and immediately released when damage occurs, others are induced by herbivore feeding and released not only from damaged tissue but also from undamaged leaves. Thus, damage localized to only a few leaves results in a systemic response and the release of volatiles from the entire plant. New evidence suggests that, in addition to being highly detectable and reliable indicators of herbivore presence, herbivore-induced plant volatiles may convey herbivore-specific information that allows parasitoids to discriminate even closely-related herbivore species at long range. Here we give an overview of the recent developments in the investigation of plant-parasitoid interactions.
The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME suppresses androgen-induced male-like pseudocopulatory behavior in whiptail lizards

The synthesis of nitric oxide by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in the androgen-dependent gating of male-typical copulatory behavior, both centrally, particularly in the preoptic area, and peripherally, notably through its role in penile erection. In the all-female whiptail lizard species Cnemidophorus uniparens, individuals display copulatory behaviors indistinguishable from males of similar species if gonadectomized and treated with testosterone. In this experiment, androgenized individuals were treated with a NOS inhibitor, which eliminated male-like behavior in half the individuals, suggesting that the central role of nitric oxide synthesis is conserved in this species. The deficit was principally in mounting, suggesting that sexual motivational systems were affected, rather than consummatory mechanisms.
Partners in crime: deregulation of AR activity and androgen synthesis in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death, as there are no durable means to treat advanced disease. Treatment of non-organ-confined prostate cancer hinges on its androgen dependence. First-line therapeutic strategies suppress androgen receptor (AR) activity, via androgen ablation and direct AR antagonists, whereas initially effective, incurable, 'castration-resistant' tumors arise as a result of resurgent AR activity. Alterations of AR and/or associated regulatory networks are known to restore receptor activity and support resultant therapy-resistant tumor progression. However, recent evidence also reveals an unexpected contribution of the AR ligand, indicating that alterations in pathways controlling androgen synthesis support castration-resistant AR activity. In this report, the mechanisms underlying the lethal pairing of AR deregulation and aberrant androgen synthesis in prostate cancer progression will be discussed.
Seasonal variation in the F 2 region

Seasonal variations in F 2 region, using critical frequencies during descending solar activity phase
Energetics of formation of alkali and ammonium cobalt and zinc phosphate frameworks

Alkali and ammonium cobalt and zinc phosphates show extensive polymorphism. Thermal behavior, relative stabilities, and enthalpies of formation of KCoPO{sub 4}, RbCoPO{sub 4}, NH{sub 4}CoPO{sub 4}, and NH{sub 4}ZnPO{sub 4} polymorphs are studied by differential scanning calorimetry, high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, and acid solution calorimetry. {alpha}-KCoPO{sub 4} and {gamma}-KCoPO{sub 4} are very similar in enthalpy. {gamma}-KCoPO{sub 4} slowly transforms to {alpha}-KCoPO{sub 4} near 673 K. The high-temperature phase, {beta}-KCoPO{sub 4}, is 5-7 kJ mol{sup -1} higher in enthalpy than {alpha}-KCoPO{sub 4} and {gamma}-KCoPO{sub 4}. HEX phases of NH{sub 4}CoPO{sub 4} and NH{sub 4}ZnPO{sub 4} are about 3 kJ mol{sup -1} lower in enthalpy than the corresponding ABW phases. There is a strong relationship between enthalpy of formation from oxides and acid-base interaction for cobalt and zinc phosphates and also for aluminosilicates with related frameworks. Cobalt and zinc phosphates exhibit similar trends in enthalpies of formation from oxides as aluminosilicates, but their enthalpies of formation from oxides are more exothermic because of their stronger acid-base interactions. Enthalpies of formation from ammonia and oxides of NH{sub 4}CoPO{sub 4} and NH{sub 4}ZnPO{sub 4} are similar, reflecting the similar basicity of CoO and ZnO. - Graphical abstract: Relationship between enthalpy of formation frommore » oxides and acid-base interaction for cobalt phosphates, zinc phosphates, and aluminosilicates with related frameworks. They exhibit similar trends, but the enthalpies of formation of phosphates are more exothermic than those of aluminosilicates because of stronger acid-base interactions.« less
Keeping secrets: marketing decision making in America after Redmond

Looks at the recent US court decision in the case of Pepsico v. Redmond. The case centred on the circumstances of Quaker’s hiring of William Redmond, a former Pepsico marketing executive, to co‐ordinate the company’s distribution strategy for its newly‐acquired Snapple product line. At issue in the Redmond case was the unique question of whether or not knowledge of corporate strategy could be considered protectable proprietary information under the American incarnation of trade secret law. To understand the setting for the Redmond case, presents a brief overview of trade secret law in the USA. Then, after an examination of the facts and judicial decision in the Redmond case, concludes with a discussion of the implications of this case for marketing strategic decision making and executive recruitment in the post‐Redmond environment.
Dissociation of mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation from translational activation by structural modification of the 5′-UTR

During early metazoan development, certain maternal mRNAs are translationally activated by elongation of their poly(A) tails. Bicoid ( bcd ) mRNA is a Drosophila maternal mRNA that is translationally activated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation during the first hour after egg deposition. The sequences necessary and sufficient to promote its poly(A) elongation, and hence translation, are contained within its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). The mechanism by which poly(A) elongation at the 3'-end affects translational initiation at the 5'-end remains unknown. To investigate this question, we have analyzed a bicoid mRNA whose 5'-UTR contains a short antisense sequence directed against a portion of the coding region. This mutated RNA is efficiently translated in vitro. After injection into Drosophila embryos, this RNA is stable and polyadenylated, but inefficiently translated. These experiments show that structural modification of the 5'-end of an mRNA can perturb the translational activation normally conferred by polyadenylation in vivo.
On long cycles in a 2-connected bipartite graph

Letk be an integer withk ? 2. LetG = (A, B; E) be a 2-connected bipartite graph. Supposed(x) + d(y) ? k + 1 for every pair of non-adjacent verticesx andy. ThenG contains a cycle of length at leastmin(2a, 2k) wherea = min(|A|,|B|), unlessG is one of some known exceptions. We conjecture that if|A| = |B| andd(x) + d(y) ? k + 1 for every pair of non-adjacent verticesx andy withx ? A andy ? B, thenG contains a cycle of length at leastmin(2a, 2k).
Communicating science to the public through targeted messages

Abstract The process of communicating science-based information through the mass media is often not the most effective way to meet the information needs of audiences. In many instances these needs can be met more effectively and efficiently through targeted messages. These are communication products that fill, in as direct a manner as possible, the information needs of specialized audiences. Although targeted messages occasionally are prepared for the mass media, more often they are communicated via booklets, brochures, audiovisual materials and other media that best reach the intended audience, allowing for limitations of budget and time. A model for producing and disseminating targeted science messages in the area of youth and family development is presented, and several case histories are described. The principal benefit of this model is that it permits scientists a measure of responsibility for the accuracy and validity of what is being communicated, and at the same time, assures that the product meets the needs of its audience.
Pushing the CZMA Envelope: California: The First State to Litigate the New Federal Law

As noted often by the former California Coastal Commission Executive Director Peter Douglas, the history of how the California coast was saved is a great repository of untold stories. Although the Commission has had a dramatic and tangible impact on California's coastal geography, the public is largely unaware of many of its early accomplishments. This article begins to chronicle the rich stories of California's coastal legacy by telling the story of how the Commission utilized the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) to prevent Southern Pacific Railroad from developing a seven-mile stretch of the Monterey Bay shoreline. In so doing, the Commission helped make possible the creation of the Monterey Peninsula Recreational Trail, a public bicycle and pedestrian path that has grown to sixteen miles in length and runs through the heart of John Steinbeck's world-famous Cannery Row. The controversy also was the subject of the first judicial challenge of a state's federal authority under the CZMA and precluded priv...
Bases for the Future: U.S. Military Interests in the Post-Cold War Third World

Earlier versions of this article were presented at the US Naval Postgraduate School's Conference on “Conventional Deterrence and Cruise Missiles” in August 1992, and at the American Political Science Association's Annual Convention in Chicago, September 1992. For their very helpful comments, I would like especially to thank John Hopkins, Max Neiman, Ronald O'Rourke, Jay Parker, John Setear, and James Wirtz. Research for this article was made possible by a grant from the Ford Foundation to the Consensus Project of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University.
Pulse-Detonation-Engine Simulations with Alternative Geometries and Reaction Kinetics

This paper describes numerical simulations, with simplified as well as full reaction kinetics, used to study a single-cycle pulse detonation engine (PDE) with alternative features. The focus of the present studies was on the influence of several characteristics of the PDE on performance and noise generation, including the presence of a nozzle extension at the end of the PDE tube, the influence of the complexity of the combustion reaction, and use of a quasi-one-dimensional simulation vs a full two-dimensional/axisymmetric simulation. Simplified reaction kinetics and quasi-one-dimensional simulations were in fact able to sufficiently capture important gasdynamic processes in the PDE as compared with complex reaction kinetics and two-dimensional/axisymmetric simulations; hence, reasonable estimates of engine performance could be made using simplified modeling. The presence of a divergent nozzle is seen to contribute to an overall increase in impulse for the PDE as compared with that for a straight nozzle, despite a resulting reduction in the differential pressure at the thrust wall. The presence of a convergent nozzle is seen to have the opposite effect, with a reduced overall impulse. There is also evidence that PDE tubes with a divergent nozzle can generate lower near-field sound pressure levels than the baseline configuration with a straight nozzle, suggesting the potential for optimization of PDE performance based on nozzle geometry.
Conflict Resolution Training in the Middle East: Lessons to be Learned

Based on several recent conflict resolution training workshops conducted in the Middle East, the article examines some of the obstacles and challenges which face trainers in terms of: (a) utilization of certain training approaches; and (b) transferability of certain Western conflict resolution concepts and tools, to other contexts. While not claiming to provide comprehensive answers to these challenges, the article presents some guidelines on how to integrate local and traditional experiences of dispute resolution in the training, thereby increasing its effectiveness.
Aligning for impact: The influence of the funder–fundee relationship on evaluation utilization

Partnerships between nonprofit organizations, as well as between public and private entities, are commonly seen as a preferred method to address complex societal problems. Within these partnerships evaluation is often mandated and considered essential, but questions remain as to the efficacy of the evaluation process. This article incorporates theories on interorganizational relationships and evaluation utilization to investigate the role of the funder–fundee relationship on evaluation use. To accomplish this task, data were collected on a statewide early childhood initiative, Smart Start. Findings indicate that a more coordinated and collaborated relationship has a positive impact on the factors associated with evaluation use and on utilization itself. Findings also suggest the importance of strategic thinking on the part of both funders and fundees when it comes to investing resources in mandated evaluations.
Zero velocity hypersurfaces for the general three-dimensional three-body problem

In a recent paper by Sergysels with the same title, he describes a problem concerning these surfaces. In this brief commentary, we resolve this problem.