cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distortions in the Content of Temporal Memory

Distortions in timing and time perception are presented by a number of different neurological disorders (e.g., Bunning, 1973; Corkin, 1984; Fraisse, 1984; Gloning & Hoff, 1969; Goody, 1969; Malapani, Pillon, Lo Russo, DuBois, Munari, & Agid, 1992; Malapani, Rakitin, Meek, Deweer, Dubois, & Gibbon, 1998; Meek & Benson, 2001; Nichelli, Venneri, Molinari, Tavani, & Grafman, 1993; Penney, Meek, Roberts, Gibbon, & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, 2001; Richards, 1973; Williams, 1969) as well as normal aging (e.g., Lustig & Meek, 1998, Lustig & Meek, 2001; Meek, Church, & Wenk, 1986), pharmacological manipulations (e.g., Levin, Conners, Sparrow, Hinton, Erhardt, Meek, Rose, & March, 1996; Levin, Conners, Silva, Hinton, Meek, March, & Rose, 1998; Meek, 1983, Meek, 1986; Meek & Williams, 1997a; Paule, Meek, McMillan, Bateson, Popke, Chelonis, & Hinton, 1999) and stimulus modality effects (e.g., Meek, 1991; Penney, Gibbon, & Meek, 2000) in both animals and humans. Normal subject populations often show large and consistent individual differences in the remembered times of events that are not a direct consequence of the time of feedback or signal duration (Church & Meek, 1988; Lejeune, Ferrara, Soffie, Bronchait, & Wearden, 1997). The primary focus of this chapter is on factors that define or produce such systematic changes (discrepancies) in the content of temporal memory.
Vehicle health monitoring of the STS Reaction Control System via robust estimation

A general two-tier framework for Vehicle Health Monitoring of Guidance Navigation and Control (GN&C) system actuators, effectors, and propulsion devices is presented. In this context, a top-level monitor that estimates jet thrust is designed for the Space Shuttle Reaction Control System (RCS) during the reentry phase of flight. Issues of importance for the use of estimation technologies in vehicle health monitoring are investigated and quantified for the Shuttle RCS demonstration application. These issues include rate of convergence, robustness to unmodeled dynamics, sensor quality, sensor data rates, and information recording objectives. Closed-loop simulations indicate that a Kalman filter design is sensitive to modeling error, and robust estimators reduce this sensitivity. (Author)
The Ethics of Teaching: Critical Thinking and Reflection to Promote Professionalism by Mitigating Biases Including those against other Healthcare Professions

In the USA I see bumper stickers and t-shirts that declare “Critical thinking: the other national deficit.” Unfortunately here, and elsewhere in the world, these words are often true. Not only does the internet give us ample opportunity to express ourselves without much reflection or thought, but college and university courses do not always expect and foster critical thinking and reflection on the part of students, particularly when the courses have lecture formats and large enrollments. In my view, this is especially true of the basic and even the clinical sciences in healthcare professional education. Many of the latter educators do not heed well the admonition in McKeachie's Teaching Tips (McKeachie and Svinicki, 2014) “Teach your students to reflect both in and out of class. That reflection should never stop, because conscious reflection on values is perhaps the cornerstone of the ethics of teaching.”
Flight of North American Female Gypsy Moths

Although Eurasian gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), females are known to fly (Mikkola 1971) the premise that the females of the European form are flightless has been widely accepted. Since the European form was introduced into North America in 1869, many studies have been made of various aspects of its life history. The descriptions usually state that the adult female does not fly (e.g., Beroza and Knipling 1972, Campbe11 1967, Friend 1945). This statement may be a perpetuation of the report that “The female has never been seen to fly in this country, except on one occasion, and that was after the laying of the eggs.” A female “that had finished or nearly finished laying her eggs, upon being disturbed by males, drop[ped] to the ground and … [flew] about twenty feet, striking the ground and rising again at distances of about two feet” (Forbush and Fernald 1896). Most entomologists either ignore or discount the single report of flight, and state categorically that females do not fly.
Low Temperature Ignition Performance of High Pressure Gas Generator

The effect of gas generating agent performance,ignition hole area and vent area on low temperature ignition performance of the high pressure gas generator was investigated.Results show that,both gas generating agent and ignition hole are the key factors to affect the high pressure gas generator;And using gas generating agent with fast burning rate and bigger ignition hole area are effective to control the stability of low temperature ignition performance of the high pressure gas generator.
FURTHER DISCUSSION ON THE EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTIONS FOR THE BOUND STATES OF MESONS

We continue the investigation of the equation and its solutions for the bound states of mesons discussed previously, emphasizing on large values of v, a parameter characterizing the shape of the potential. The results show that the dependence of the eigenvalues λ and some related physical quantities upon the potential parameters v and E is approximately the same as in our previous work. But the average radii of the bound mesons cease increasing as v increases. For each value of v, there exists a maximum average radius, and all these are approximately equal to 12.6 M~-1 (M being the mass of the straton), which is much smaller than the experimental value of the radius of the π meson. However, if we assume, in addition to the attractive potential, there exists, for the straton-anti-straton superstrong interactions, also a repulsive potential, and, in particular, if we introduce a differencetype potential V_D(r) corresponding to the potential V_v(r) in our previous work, the calculated radii of the bound mesons do approach the experimental value.
Kant, Terror and Aporethics in Gravity's Rainbow

An Ethics? In Gravity's Rainbow? What would it look like? Where would one begin? Here, for example: on the knotted questions of comparison (which X is this?). occurrence (how does X arise?) and reference (what does X stand for?) with which the novel opens. "A screaming comes across the sky. It has happened before, but there is nothing to compare it to now. It is too late" (3).
Coalescence of Water Drops in Water-ULSD Dispersions via Electrowetting

Coalescence of water droplets is an important phenomenon in many industrial applications. One approach for coalescing water droplets is by applying an external voltage across the drops. Coalescence occurs when spreading and motion of the drops due to the electrical field brings the drops into contact. Electrowettable surfaces were prepared with poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) as the dielectric film and Fluropelâ„¢ as the hydrophobic surface layer. The surface of a stainless steel disk was coated in a way that the dielectric coating layer thickness varied with radial position with minimum thicknesses at the center and at the outer edge of the disk and a maximum at an intermediate radial position of the disk surface. The thickness gradient influenced the droplet movement and contributed to the coalescence. Two disks were assembled with a thin slit between the disks. Emulsions of water droplets in ultra low sulfur diesel fuel were pumped through the thin slit. Experiments showed significant increase in drop sizes when the disks were electrified compared to non-electrified disks.
RMA-MT: a benchmark suite for assessing MPI multi-threaded RMA performance

Reaching Exascale will require leveraging massive parallelism while potentially leveraging asynchronous communication to help achieve scalability at such large levels of concurrency. MPI is a good candidate for providing the mechanisms to support communication at such large scales. Two existing MPI mechanisms are particularly relevant to Exascale: multi-threading, to support massive concurrency, and Remote Memory Access (RMA), to support asynchronous communication. Unfor-tunately, multi-threaded MPI RMA code has not been extensively studied. Part of the reason for this is that no public benchmarks or proxy applications exist to assess its performance. The contributions of this paper are the design and demonstration of the first available proxy applications and micro-benchmark suite for multi-threaded RMA in MPI, a study of multi-threaded RMA performance of different MPI implementations, and an evaluation of how these benchmarks can be used to test development for both performance and correctness.
The dimensions of magnitude

Highlights the ethos of Ranganathan's five laws of library science. Points out the analogy between a library and living organism. Shows that growth in size and volume adds to problems for library service and usage. Suggests rejection and weeding of documents should be a concurrent operation with that of the selection and acquisition of documents. Bibliographic co-ordination of documents collections and subject Wise stratification of collection has been highlighted. Subject orientation and specialisation in the education of librarians are also discussed.
Setting the Stage: Three Dimensions of Surfacing for 2016

In this chapter, Smith explores how our four-year national conversation rhetorically reconstituted the electoral landscape and shaped the subsequent nomination campaigns. In describing the surfacing phase of the 2016 campaign, Smith identifies three kinds of surfacing. It was a national conversation that concerned not only aspiring candidates but evolving structures such as laws, rules, and calendars as well as evolving issue priorities and their publics. Smith argues that the 2016 presidential campaign occurred in a rhetorical political landscape quite different from that of 2012 that greatly influenced the nomination campaigns of both parties. It is equally unlikely that the 2016 landscape will frame the 2020 campaign.
Similar Outcomes in Diabetes Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With Single Internal Thoracic Artery Plus Radial Artery Grafting and Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Grafting

Background The purpose of this study was to determine in patients with diabetes mellitus whether single internal thoracic artery (SITA) plus radial artery (RA) grafting yields outcomes similar to those of bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting. Methods From January 1994 to January 2011, 1,325 diabetic patients underwent primary isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery with either (1) SITA plus RA with or without saphenous vein (SV) grafts (n = 965) or (2) BITA with or without SV grafts (n = 360); an internal thoracic artery was used in all patients to graft the left anterior descending coronary artery. Endpoints were in-hospital outcomes and time-related mortality. Median follow-up was 7.4 years, with a total follow-up of 9,162 patient-years. Propensity score matching was performed to identify 282 well-matched pairs for adjusted comparisons. Results Unadjusted in-hospital mortality was 0.52% for SITA plus RA with or without SV grafts and 0.28% for BITA with or without SV grafts, and prevalence of deep sternal wound infection was 3.2% and 1.7%, respectively. Unadjusted survival at 1, 5, 10, and 14 years was 97%, 88%, 68%, and 51% for SITA plus RA with or without SV grafts, and 97%, 95%, 80%, and 66% for BITA with or without SV grafts, respectively. Among propensity-matched patients, in-hospital mortality (0.35% versus 0.35%) and prevalence of deep sternal wound infection (1.4% versus 1.4%) were similar ( p > 0 . 9) in the two groups, as was 1-, 5-, 10-, and 14-year survival: 97%, 90%, 70%, and 58% for SITA plus RA with or without SV grafting versus 97%, 93%, 79%, and 64% for BITA with or without SV grafting, respectively (early p = 0.8, late p = 0.2). Conclusions For diabetic patients, SITA plus RA with or without SV grafting and BITA with or without SV grafting yield similar in-hospital outcomes and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Therefore, both SITA plus RA and BITA plus SV grafting should be considered for these patients.
Single‐chamber microbial electrochemical cell for CH4 production from CO2 utilizing a microbial consortium

Summary We report the first single-chamber microbial electrochemical cell for conversion of CO2 to CH4, with an average CH4 production rate of 0.47 ± 0.05 mL day−1 cm−2 at an applied potential of 600 mV, utilizing a methanogenic microbial community collected from the formation water in the San Juan coal basin (Colorado, USA). CH4 production was only observed at the graphite rod cathode after an electrochemical pre-treatment that facilitates biofilm formation. The carbon contained within the CH4 arose predominantly from the CO2 source, as verified by experiments during which the CO2 source was repeatedly turned off and on. Modest quantities of acetic acid and ethanol were also produced. DNA extraction and sequencing from the microbial community showed that from the Archaea kingdom, only 2 species survived prolonged exposure to CO2 and CH4 production, methanobacterium sp. (81.4%), and methanoculleus sp. (18.6%), while in the bacterial kingdom, anaerobaculum thermoterrnum (67.1%) was the predominant surviving species.
Lines, roamers, and squares: Oh my! using floor robots to enhance Hispanic students’ understanding of programming

Teaching programming and coding skills in K-12 classrooms is becoming a part of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) programs across the United States. Often, these opportunities are available through extra-curricular activities such as Robotics club, math club, STEM club, etc. Increasing STEM opportunities for students who are English language learners, culturally and linguistically diverse learners, and/or students from underserved backgrounds is vital. In a pilot study prior to a larger, grant-funded study on the effects of metacognitive strategy instruction on elementary students’ academic performance, the principal investigator (PI) developed an activity with a corresponding assessment instrument. The PI initially incorporated floor-robots into an activity in two fifth grade science classrooms. Pre/post survey analysis provided encouraging results. To follow up on the initial results, the PI and co-principal investigators (co-PIs) introduced floor-robots into eight additional fourth and fifth grade science classrooms over an additional school year, as well as in an after-school setting, to determine how floor-robots might be used effectively to engage elementary students in STEM learning. The investigators introduced over 257 elementary students to three types of floor-robots, and this provided students with opportunities to have hands-on access to programming and coding robots for specific purposes. Of the 257 students who interacted with the floor-robots, approximately 103 were provided with pre/post surveys on Roamer®, one of the floor-robots. Additional data analysis provided surprising and encouraging results.
Skin Tone and Assimilation

Objective We test one untested influence on whether Hispanics will assimilate into American society in a “straight line” or remain “segmented.” The type of assimilation hinges on both how non‐Hispanics treat Hispanics and whether Hispanics desire assimilation. We argue that these behaviors depend on the social construction of Hispanics’ identity, which in turn may depend in part on their skin tone. Methods We compare these two theoretical competing models in two ways. First, to a nationally representative sample, we randomly assign four images of Hispanic males who are two standard deviations apart in skin tone and gauge respondents’ social acceptance of them. Second, using objective skin‐tone measures from the 2012 ANES oversample of Hispanics, we determine if skin tone correlates with beliefs over assimilation. Results For the experimental evidence, we discover that whites and blacks do not discriminate across this range of skin tone for Hispanics. For the ANES data, we find no evidence that skin tone affects Hispanics willingness to assimilate into America. Conclusion Thus, the typical skin tones of Hispanics do not affect the assimilation ideas of either non‐Hispanics or Hispanics.
Surface Reconstruction of Polycrystalline Cu Electrodes in Aqueous KHCO_3 Electrolyte at Potentials in the Early Stages of CO_2 Reduction

The reconstruction of the Cu(pc) polycrystalline surface at potentials that correspond to the early stages of CO_2 reduction in 0.1 M KHCO_3 was investigated by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) at −0.90 V (SHE). A kinetically hindered surface reconstruction of the topmost layers of Cu(pc) into the (100) face was observed, reminiscent of the transformation previously reported at the same electrode potential in 0.1 M KOH. Evidently, the same reconstructed surface, Cu(pc)-[Cu(100)], can be generated in either 0.1 M KHCO_3 (pH 8) or 0.1 M KOH (pH 13). In addition, only minimal structural disruption was observed when the reconstructed surface was transferred from KHCO_3 to KOH electrolyte, and vice versa, provided the solution exchange was executed potentiostatically at −0.90 V. The structural convergence toward the same (100) facet regardless of pH or supporting electrolyte strongly suggests that the Cu(pc) → Cu(pc)-[Cu(100)] surface reorganization is a general phenomenon driven primarily by the rather negative potential applied on the electrode.
"Knocking out the Cholera": Cholera, Class, and Quarantines in New York City, 1892

De nombreux Juifs russes ont fui la famine et le cholera dans leur pays, pour immigrer aux Etats-Unis ou un important service de sante publique fut mis en place pour eviter les contaminations
Comparative gene array analyses of severe elastic fiber defects in late embryonic and newborn mouse aorta.

Elastic fibers provide reversible elasticity to the large arteries and are assembled during development when hemodynamic forces are increasing. Mutations in elastic fiber genes are associated with ...
Operative Techniques: Closed Intramedullary Pinning (Metaizeau technique) for Displaced Radial Neck Fractures in Children

Radial neck fractures are among the most common pediatric elbow fractures and they account for a disproportionate amount of bad outcomes. Thus displaced radial neck fractures present unique treatment challenges to the orthopaedic surgeons caring for these children. High complication rates associated with closed reduction alone as well as formal open reduction treatment strategies have made indirect reduction and internal fixation the treatment of choice. This article will focus on the dominant operative technique used to treat these injuries: closed intramedullary pinning, otherwise known as the Metaizeau technique.
An Exploratory Study of the Utility of the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Parent-child interactions are critically important for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a number of the core symptoms of ASD are specifically impacted by parental behaviors and many efficacious treatment options for children with ASD rely on altering parental behaviors. Research has reported on the use and effectiveness of Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in addressing behavioral difficulties in children with ASD. A core feature of PCIT is observations of parent-child interactions using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS) for assessment, treatment planning, and outcome monitoring. As the clinical usage and evidence base for PCIT with children with ASD grows, the question of the utility of the DPICS in children with ASD remains. The current study explores the reliability, validity, and utility of the DPICS in 88 parent-child dyads of children with (n = 46) and without (n = 42) autism symptomology. Results indicate fair to strong inter-correlations for all DPICS behavioral categories but do not support convergent validity with the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory or the Parent Stress Index for dyads of a child with ASD. Significant differences were found between parents of children with ASD and those without on the DPICS. Within the context of interactions of children with ASD, inter-rater reliability was broadly obtained, although more research on the convergent validity is needed. The DPICS gathers important information to characterize parent-child interactions in dyads of children with ASD, but may not be as tied to parent report of child behaviors as in typically developing samples.
Translating Referential Humour: Lysistrata 1093–4

What strategies do translators use when they are attempting to translate a joke that depends on understanding a specific cultural reference? This study takes an example from Aristophanes and works with three categories of translation. ‘Didactic’ translations require the most reader effort: to understand what is going on in the text, the reader must examine a footnote. ‘Hybrid’ translations do not make that demand, but the lemmas they include force readers to make a decision about whether they are going to read the explanatory note. Third, purely entertaining translations do not make any such demands; they are written so that the reader with no background knowledge can enjoy a passage without having to think about the fact that it comes from an alien context.
ALOX12 is required for p53-mediated tumour suppression through a distinct ferroptosis pathway

It is well established that ferroptosis is primarily controlled by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Surprisingly, we observed that p53 activation modulates ferroptotic responses without apparent effects on GPX4 function. Instead, ALOX12 inactivation diminishes p53-mediated ferroptosis induced by reactive oxygen species stress and abrogates p53-dependent inhibition of tumour growth in xenograft models, suggesting that ALOX12 is critical for p53-mediated ferroptosis. The ALOX12 gene resides on human chromosome 17p13.1, a hotspot of monoallelic deletion in human cancers. Loss of one Alox12 allele is sufficient to accelerate tumorigenesis in Eμ-Myc lymphoma models. Moreover, ALOX12 missense mutations from human cancers abrogate its ability to oxygenate polyunsaturated fatty acids and to induce p53-mediated ferroptosis. Notably, ALOX12 is dispensable for ferroptosis induced by erastin or GPX4 inhibitors; conversely, ACSL4 is required for ferroptosis upon GPX4 inhibition but dispensable for p53-mediated ferroptosis. Thus, our study identifies an ALOX12-mediated, ACSL4-independent ferroptosis pathway that is critical for p53-dependent tumour suppression.
Kindergarten Mathematics: Teaching or Controlling?.

was working to identify sets of from six to ten elements on a mathematics worksheet. While he was busily coloring the last of ten apples in a row, his teacher commented, "Ryan, see the 'nine' here? You were supposed to color nine apples in that row, not all the apples." Ryan responded sheepishly, "I forgot." Why did Ryan "forget" to stop at nine apples? Did he lack counting skill? Did the demands of the coloring task steal his concentration away from the counting task? Did Ryan fail to identify the correct quantity because the nature of the worksheet itself distracted him?
Dispersing nanoparticles into single atoms.

While heating a catalyst causes growth of nanoparticles through Ostwald ripening, repeated on/off high-temperature shockwaves can reverse the process, converting the nanoparticles into stable single-atom catalysts.
Prognostic Factors for Post-Transplant Outcomes in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Abstract Abstract 2015 Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AlloSCT) remains the only curative option for MDS. Several retrospective studies evaluated the impact of various prognostic factors (i.e. cytogenetic risk group, WHO classification, ferritin level etc.) on post-transplant outcomes of pts with MDS, however comprehensive analyses including a cytogenetic abnormalities detected by SNP array (SNP-A) karyotyping method have not been performed. We have analyzed prognostic factors of post-AlloSCT outcomes among 74 pts with MDS (2000–2010) including the predictive value of SNP-A abnormalities. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify univariable prognostic factors for acute GVHD (aGVHD), chronic GVHD (cGVHD), disease relapse, relapse free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariable prognostic factors were identified by stepwise Cox proportional hazards analysis. The median time from MDS diagnosis to transplant for all pts was 6 mos (range, 0.2– 141 mos). The median age at transplant was 51 yrs; 32% of the pts had a hematopoietic cell transplant co-morbidity index (HCT-CI) score ≥ 3; 69% had ≥1 prior chemotherapies; and only 30% were in remission prior to their transplant. 27 pts (37%) had RAEB-2, 11 (15%) had RAEB-1, and 9 (12%) had treatment-related MDS. 42 pts (58%) belonged to an intermediate-2 or higher IPSS risk category. 23 pts (31%) had adverse karyotype (complex or monosomy 7) detected by metaphase cytogenetics (MC). SNP abnormalities were identified in 58% of patients; 79% of all patients with SNP abnormalities had lesions not previously detected by traditional cytogenetic techniques. Median pre-transplant ferritin level was 1127 (range, 9–5201). 73% of the pts received myeloablative conditioning. In 61% of cases stem cells were harvested from the bone marrow. Matched related donors accounted for half of the cases. Twelve pts (16%) died within 100 days of transplant and 39 pts (53%) within the median follow up of 36 mos (range, 5–114). MDS relapse occurred in 22 pts (30%). The rates of grade II-IV aGVHD and extensive cGVHD were 49% and 24% respectively. Disease relapse was the most common cause of death (31%) followed by aGVHD (18%) and cGVHD (13%). In univariate analysis, aGVHD was associated with myeloablative (p Disclosures: Sekeres: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.
Maternal Depression: Relationship to Food Insecurity and Preschooler Fruit/Vegetable Consumption

Background: Maternal Depression (MD) has been implicated in the etiology of obesity. The present study investigated MD and both child fruit/vegetable consumption (FVC) and household food insecurity (FI) in an early childhood population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Arkansas, United States, in 26 Head Start centers. Teachers obtained the Family Map (FM), an interview assessment tool used by Head Start staff to identify potential risk factors that affect child learning and development. The FM contains a two-item screener of parent depression—the Patient Health Questionaire-2, two questions about family FI, and two questions about FVC. The FM was completed in 693 households. Chi square analyses and logistic regressions utilizing adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios were utilized to compare differences in risk for children of mothers with no symptoms compared to mothers with low- or high-level depressive symptoms. Results: Children whose mothers had high MD were 2.90 (CI: 1.21–7.00) and 7.81 (CI: 3.71–16.45) times more likely to be at risk for low FVC and FI, respectively, compared to children of mothers with no MD. Similar findings but at lower magnitude were found for mothers with low symptoms of MD in comparison with mothers with no MD—both for Low FVC (1.57 times more likely; CI: 1.01–2.45) and FI (2.14 times more likely; CI: 1.28–3.58). The results presented are Odds Ratios from the multivariable adjusted models. Conclusions: Implications for the etiology of obesity, prevention/intervention efforts, and future research are offered, including recommended addition of maternal depression and household FI screening in early childhood programs.
A Manifold Learning Approach to Array Self Calibration

When a dense set of array response measurements without angle of arrival labels are available, self calibration is shown to be possible using an unsupervised manifold learning step and a supervised step that uses measurements associated to a single source. For a gain and phase unknown calibration model, such an approach is considered and justification is provided for arccosine of dot products of array response vectors as the local manifold distance metric for the unsupervised step. For the supervised step, known array movement and associated measurements from a single stationary source determine the affine mapping from the relative direction of arrivals obtained in the unsupervised step to absolute direction of arrivals. Keywords: phased array, calibration, direction of arrival.
Co-constructing Frames of Peer Help during Writers Workshop in a Second-grade Bilingual Class

While research has shown that young children draw upon language ideologies to manage the language choices of peers, little is known about how they use language to negotiate academic identities duri...
A Framework to Evaluate Ethical Considerations with ML-HCA Applications—Valuable, Even Necessary, but Never Comprehensive

Machine learning (ML) is fundamental to multiple visions of health care’s future, from precision medicine (Frohlich et al. 2018; Petrie Flom (PMAIL) 2020) to a model of health delivery and research...
In-situ x-ray computed tomography analysis of fracture mechanisms in ultrasonic additively manufactured Al-6061 alloy

Abstract The deformation and failure mechanisms in an ultrasonic additively manufactured Al-6061 alloy are studied using in-situ x-ray computed tomography during tensile deformation as well as ex-situ characterization with scanning electron microscopy. The role of pre-existing voids between the build layers on the failure mechanism is discussed with a focus on individual foil failures and void coalescence.
Measuring the Effect of Place, Socioeconomic Status, and Racism on Coronary Heart Disease: Recent Trends and Missed Opportunities

This review builds on prior work by Chaix (2009) documenting evidence for coronary heart disease (CHD) and its relationship to both individual and neighborhood attributes, particularly socioeconomic status (SES). Recent findings continue to affirm prior observations that individuals living in high poverty places experience higher rates of CHD after accounting for individual-level factors. These findings are based largely on results from the US, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Both SES and geography remain important factors for understanding CHD risk, though there is a need for research to account for racial and ethnic residential segregation. There is also a need to expand this research outside of the few countries where it is routinely conducted.
Deutron-Deuteron Elastic Scattering at Six Laboratory Momenta from 680 to 2100 MeV/c

Glauber multiple scattering theory has been applied recently with success to the σ-d, p-d, and Þ-d scattering (1). In an experiment of d-d scattering, such as the one described below, one can explore certain features of the multiple scattering theory which exist only when both colliding particles are composite. The study of such composite nuclear systems of familiar particles may help in formulating theoretical models which treat hadron-hadron scattering as collisions between composite systems of unknown subparticles (2).
TEM transceiver head array coils for ultra high magnetic fields

Transceiver arrays allow for increased B1 control, which is important at ultra high frequencies. A number of practical considerations for the design and built of transceiver head arrays consisting of up to 32 individual elements based on striplines are discussed. For improved B1+ control and reduced SAR in all spatial dimensions, it is important to realize stripline arrays not only circumscribing but also with multiple splits along the longitudinal direction. Keywords: RF head coil; RF transmit arrays; transceiver coils; UHF; TEM; stripline transmission lines; TEM arrays
Overview of perinatal HIV infection.

The global HIV epidemic is having a profound impact on the health and survival of children. As of 1994, it is estimated that about 2 million children worldwide (WHO, 1994) and 12 thousand children in the United States are HIV infected (Davis et al. 1995). Almost all HIV infection among infants and young children are from mother-to-infant transmission. By the year 2000, HIV is projected to infect 40 million men, women, and children unless effective prevention strategies are developed. Perinatal HIV transmission rates currently vary from 14-40% with the lowest rates being seen in Europe and highest rates in Africa. Known risk factors for perinatal transmission include advanced maternal HIV disease, lower CD4+ counts, and increased viral burden during pregnancy. Observational cohort data suggest that prenatal vitamin A levels, maternal drug use, and duration of membrane rupture during labor also are related to risk of transmission. The United States clinical trial utilizing an antiretroviral (zidovudine [AZT)) prenatally, intrapartum, and for 6 weeks to the infant demonstrated that perinatal HIV transmission was reduced by two-thirds. This dramatic result gives strong encouragement that simpler perinatal prevention strategies applicable to developing countries may also be successful. A number of international studies are underway or planned including perinatal vitamin A and micronutrient trials in Africa.
An optimal strategy against voltage collapse

An optimal strategy is presented to offer a preliminary solution to the growing concern of voltage collapse. The optimal strategy will maximize the power transfer within a given system while minimizing the necessary amount of shunt reactive power (VAr) support before voltage collapse is encountered. The strategy is based on the coordination of a locally parameterized continuation technique with an optimization scheme to the power flow problem. A continuation power flow program is first developed to overcome the singularity condition at the critical point. By taking advantage of the sensitivity information obtained from the continuation technique at each load level, weak load buses that have large differential change in voltage magnitude for a given differential change in load parameter are selected as the shunt VAr injection sites. An optimization scheme then follows to achieve the minimum amount of VAr based on specified system constraints. A simple 2-bus system which involves one generator and one load bus is first chosen to demonstrate the characteristics of the strategy. A 16-bus system is used to test its capability for a multibus system. >
Biodefense: A Legal Framework Rework - When Peacetime is the Only Time

Bioterrorism is a threat of catastrophic proportions. In this article, Professor Sutton posits that the anthrax attacks of 2001 demonstrated that America was sadly unprepared for the unique threats presented by bioterrorism. The leitmotif of this article is that developing an effective national defense requires our nation’s legal community to reevaluate America’s legal framework. Sutton hopes that by providing an overview of the areas that she contends should be addressed, the article will assist in developing a dialogue among the nation’s legal community. This dialogue, Sutton hopes, will lead to reform in these challenging areas. The article discusses separation of powers issues, federalism, federal and state governments’ roles, private sector effects, criminal and civil implications, as well as technological and scientific issues related to bioterrorism. Professor Sutton contends that our nation’s legal community must address these legal challenges to allow the Department of Homeland Defense to successfully combat the unique challenges of bioterrorism.
Defending Preventive Detention

Death penalty determinations, non-capital sentencing, detention of enemy combatants, sexual predator commitment, civil commitment, pretrial detention, and investigative stops by the police often or always depend upon assessments of dangerousness. This paper, an entry in the Criminal Law Conversations project, argues that liberty deprivation based on dangerousness is permissible under five conditions: The state must show: (1) that the individual has engaged in obviously risky conduct, either a crime or behavior that indicates harm is imminent; (2) that the liberty deprivation contemplated is proportionate to the likelihood and magnitude of the predicted harm; (3) that the predicted harm is a crime; and (4) when the preventive intervention is in lieu of conviction or appended to the end of a criminal sentence, that the individual is undeterrable, either due to serious mental illness or to a preference for serious crime over freedom. If preventive intervention occurs, the government must also show periodically: (5) that the nature of the liberty deprivation is no more restrictive than necessary to prevent the harm contemplated and that its duration is proportionately justified by the likelihood and magnitude of the predicted harm. Comments to this short paper may be submitted at: www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/phrobins/conversations/status/index.cfm
HEALTH PROMOTION AND AGING: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS (4th ed.) By David Haber

In the fourth edition of Health Promotion and Aging: Practical Applications for Health Professionals, David Haber examines a broad range of topics related to enhancing the health and quality of lif...
The anatomical basis of pulmonary vein reconnection after ablation for atrial fibrillation: wounds that never felt a scar?

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, is a major cause of strokes, hospitalizations, and mortality in the United States. The toll of AF is expected to worsen in coming decades as the number of elderly Americans increases ([1][1]). This harsh demographic reality has provided
Reliability and concurrent validity of instrumented balance error scoring system using a portable force plate system.

AbstractObjectives: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a commonly used test in adolescents and young adults. Affordability and portability of newer force plates has led to instrumentation of many clinical balance tests including the BESS. Despite the higher precision of force plate measures compared with clinical scoring, it is unclear if the instrumented BESS demonstrate concurrent validity and reliability when compared with the original BESS. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and concurrent validity of instrumented BESS testing using a commercially available force plate system. Methods: Thirty-six participants participated in the initial testing day (17 male/19 female, M = 15.9 years, SD = 1.5 years). The test–retest sample consisted of 26 participants who completed the same testing procedure after 1 week. For all testing sessions, participants performed the BESS while standing on a portable force plate system. Number of errors and sway velocity were obtained. Concurrent v...
New dispersion-flattened hybrid optical fiber link composed of medium-dispersion large-effective-area fiber and negative dispersion fiber

A new dispersion-flattened hybrid optical fiber link composed of a medium-dispersion large-effective-area fiber and a negative dispersion fiber is presented. The hybrid fiber link showed a very low and flat dispersion in the C-band. We present a new enlarged-effective-area positive dispersion fiber (EE-PDF) with a medium-dispersion to reduce the dispersion accumulation and a NDF with a negative dispersion slope optimized for dispersion compensation for the EE-PDF. In addition we report on the dispersion and attenuation characteristics of a hybrid optical fiber link composed of these fibers.
What Is the Role of Cytokeratins in Barrett/Cardia Differentiation?

Abstract The importance of distinguishing between Barrett metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia is now accepted, and the management of each entity is quite different. Patients with Barrett metaplasia are enrolled in surveillance programs, consisting of periodic endoscopy and biopsy, because of the known risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Patients with intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia, however, are not currently enrolled in such programs, because this condition carries a low risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. The distinction between both conditions by morphologic examination of routine histologic sections of endoscopic biopsies is extremely difficult if at all possible. A group of investigators proposed the use of immunostains for cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK20 to overcome such difficulty. They concluded that the Barrett CK7/CK20 pattern was a highly sensitive and specific marker for Barrett metaplasia. Their observations, however, were no...
Mild cognitive impairment: searching for the prodrome of Alzheimer's disease

The concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) identifies persons who are neither cognitively normal nor demented. There is increasing evidence that MCI defines a group of persons who are at near-term risk of developing dementia and particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). MCI thus constitutes an attractive target population for preventive treatments of AD. MCI is associated with aging and is more prevalent than dementia. There are several clinical and biological markers that are predictive of MCI prognosis, including depressive symptoms, cognitive deficits, brain imaging and neurochemical findings. The clinician needs to be especially alert to depressive and other mood symptoms which are common in MCI and potentially treatable. Trials of current medications for prevention of MCI progression to dementia have been largely negative. There are observational data suggesting that lifestyle modifications including exercise, leisure activities, cognitive stimulation, and social activities may be effective for prevention of MCI progression. There are many novel therapies currently in trials for early AD, and if effective they may prove to be helpful in prevention of MCI progression as well.
Response of wheat and oat seedlings to root-applied diclofop-methyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid☆

Abstract Roots of wheat and oat seedlings were treated with diclofop-methyl (methyl 2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate) in a specially designed Plexiglas treatment apparatus. Diclofopmethyl severely inhibited the root growth of susceptible oat seedlings but roots of resistant wheat seedlings were unaffected. Diclofop-methyl at 0.3 μ M reduced the growth of oat roots to 50% of the control. Direct contact between diclofop-methyl and the inhibited root zone was necessary for growth inhibition since other parts of the seedling (roots and shoots) isolated from contact with diclofop-methyl solution by a physical barrier were unaffected. Diclofop (2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionic acid), the free acid metabolite of diclofop-methyl, was somewhat more phytotoxic than the parent compound. The herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), which engenders auxin responses, slightly enhanced the inhibition of oat root growth by diclofop-methyl. The primary wheat metabolite, ring-hydroxylated diclofop, was nonphytotoxic to oat root growth, whereas the acetylated derivative of the primary water-soluble oat metabolite (neutral glucose ester of diclofop) inhibited oat root growth to the same extent as diclofop-methyl. These results support the hypothesis that the basis for selectivity between resistant wheat and susceptible oat is the metabolism of diclofop-methyl by aryl hydroxylation and conjugation but not glucose ester conjugation. Translocation is also not an important factor in the phytotoxic activity of diclofop-methyl.
Synthesis of E- and Z-alkene dipeptide isosteres

Abstract The synthesis of MeLeu and MeLeu-D-Leu alkene dipeptide isosteres are described. Isosteres with an E-alkene bond were synthesized stereoselectively by employing the [2, 3] Wittig rearrangement to control double bond geometry and C-2 configuration. Z-alkene isosters were obtained as an easily separable mixture of diastereomers via alkylation of a Z-alkene MeLeu-Gly isostere that was obtained using a Z-selective Wittig reaction as the key step. All isosteres are isolated with high stereochemical purity.
Orbitofrontal and hippocampal contributions to memory for face–name associations: The rewarding power of a smile

Memory processes can be enhanced by reward, and social signals such a smiling face can be rewarding to humans. Using event-related functional MRI (fMRI), we investigated the rewarding effect of a simple smile during the encoding and retrieval of face–name associations. During encoding, participants viewed smiling or neutral faces, each paired with a name, and during retrieval, only names were presented, and participants retrieved the associated facial expressions. Successful memory activity of face–name associations was identified by comparing remembered vs. forgotten trials during both encoding and retrieval, and the effect of a smile was identified by comparing successful memory trials for smiling vs. neutral faces. The study yielded three main findings. First, behavioral results showed that the retrieval of face–name associations was more accurate and faster for smiling than neutral faces. Second, the orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus showed successful encoding and retrieval activations, which were greater for smiling than neutral faces. Third, functional connectivity between the orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus during successful encoding and retrieval was stronger for smiling than neutral faces. As a part of the reward system, the orbitofrontal cortex may modulate memory processes of face–name associations mediated by the hippocampus. Interestingly, the effect of a smile during retrieval was found even though only names were presented as retrieval cues, suggesting that the effect was mediated by face imagery. Taken together, the results demonstrate how rewarding social signals from a smiling face can enhance relational memory for face–name associations.
A New Dawn in R&D

The design of power distribution networks in modern highspeed electronic systems has become an ever-growing challenge. From boards with literally no bypass capacitors in the old days, through the one-capacitor-per-pin rule twenty years ago, the power distribution design has reached a state when it is equally as important as the signal-integrity design. The challenges stem from the simultaneous functions that the power distribution network must provide: 1) clean power, 2) return path for high-speed signals, and 3) a resonance free power-distribution network.
Modelling change in cognitive understanding with finite mixtures

Psychological theories often posit the existence of several different states. Individuals are viewed as belonging to one of the states at a given age, but with development pass to another state. A main problem in evaluating such theories is representing the transition from one state to another over age. A stochastic transition framework is proposed which should be useful in many different settings. The model is illustrated with data from a cognitive development task.