cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Valuation Effects of Foreign Company Listings on U.S. Exchanges

This study examines post-listing equity price performance of foreign firms which cross-listed sponsored American Depository Receipts (ADRs) on the New York and the American Stock Exchanges during the period 1982-1992. We use three valuation metrics – price-to-book, price-to-cash-earnings, and price-to-earnings – which are adjusted for the home country and world industry indices to which the listing firm's stock belongs. We find positive valuation effects associated with cross-listing for both country-benchmarked and industry-benchmarked price ratios. Variables that proxy for home country characteristics such as governance styles, disclosure quality, market liquidity, and so forth are unable to explain the cross-sectional variation in the data. Our results thus suggest that cross-listing in the U.S. enhances valuations for listing firms by simply reducing the overall effect of segmentation among different national securities markets.
It Is Permitted to Marry a Kushite

A strange statement appears in Maimonides' (d. 1204) code of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah. When dealing with prohibited marriages, Maimonides writes that a convert from among the gentiles, including the seven Canaanite nations (Deuteronomy 7:3), may marry within the Jewish community. Originally there were some exceptions to this in regard to four nations: Ammon, Moab, Egypt, and Edom. However, Sennacherib, King of Assyria, commingled all the nations, and since then these four nations have been mixed up with all the other permitted nations, and they have all become permitted. “Thus a convert these days, whether he be an Edomite, an Egyptian, an Ammonite, a Moabite, a Kushite, or any other nation, whether male or female, is permitted to enter the community [of Israel, i.e. to marry within the community] immediately.”
Pharmacologic inhibition of epigenetic modifications, coupled with gene expression profiling, reveals novel targets of aberrant DNA methylation and histone deacetylation in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States due, in large part, to the lack of early detection methods. Lung cancer arises from a complex series of genetic and epigenetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, are reversible with currently available pharmaceuticals and are early events in lung tumorigenesis detectable by non-invasive methods. In order to better understand how epigenetic changes contribute to lung cancer, and to identify new disease biomarkers, we combined pharmacologic inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, with genome-wide expression profiling. Of the more than 200 genes upregulated by these treatments, three of these, neuronatin, metallothionein 3 and cystatin E/M, were frequently hypermethylated and transcriptionally downregulated in NSCLC cell lines and tumors. Interestingly, four other genes, cylindromatosis, CD9, activating transcription factor 3 and oxytocin receptor, were dominantly regulated by histone deacetylation and were also frequently downregulated in lung tumors. The majority of these genes also suppressed NSCLC growth in culture when ectopically expressed. This study therefore reveals new putative NSCLC growth regulatory genes and epigenetic disease biomarkers that may enhance early detection strategies and serve as therapeutic targets.
Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain

Perspective-taking is a stepping stone to human empathy. When empathizing with another individual, one can imagine how the other perceives the situation and feels as a result. To what extent does imagining the other differs from imagining oneself in similar painful situations? In this functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, participants were shown pictures of people with their hands or feet in painful or non-painful situations and instructed to imagine and rate the level of pain perceived from different perspectives. Both the Self's and the Other's perspectives were associated with activation in the neural network involved in pain processing, including the parietal operculum, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; BA32) and anterior insula. However, the Self-perspective yielded higher pain ratings and involved the pain matrix more extensively in the secondary somatosensory cortex, the ACC (BA 24a'/24b'), and the insula proper. Adopting the perspective of the Other was associated with specific increase in the posterior cingulate/precuneus and the right temporo-parietal junction. These results show the similarities between Self- and Other-pain representation, but most interestingly they also highlight some distinctiveness between these two representations, which is a crucial aspect of human empathy. It may be what allows us to distinguish empathic responses to others versus our own personal distress. These findings are consistent with the view that empathy does not involve a complete Self-Other merging.
Beyond HTML : Developing and re‐imagining library web guides in a content management system

Category: Case Study Purpose: To report on the content management system designed to manage the 30 web-based research guides developed by the subject liaison librarians at the Georgia State University Library. Methodology/Approach: The web development librarian, with assistance from the web programmer, designed a system using MySQL and ASP. A liaison team gave input on the system through rigorous testing and assisted with the design of the templates that control the layout of the content on the guides. A usability study and two surveys were also completed. Findings: The new system met and exceeded the baseline expectations for content collection and management, offering a greater control over appearance and navigation while still offering customization features for liaisons. Improvements are planned for the templates in addition to better promotion of the guides on the library website. Initial and ongoing training for the liaisons should have been more effectively addressed. Despite their observed and future potential advantages, the CMS model has not been universally adopted by academic libraries. Practical Implications: Regardless of the technology involved, libraries preparing for a CMS transition must give at least as much attention to user issues as they do to technical issues, from the organizational buy-in and comprehensive training to internal/external usability. Originality/Value of Paper: This paper contributes to a small but growing collection of CMS case studies. It covers the technical, functional, and managerial developments of a CMS, while also addressing the practical user factors that sometimes get lost in the process. Keywords: content management systems, web-based guides, database-driven websites liaisons, academic libraries
Effects of different management practices on preweaning and early postweaning growth of Alpine kids.

Two sets of 40 dairy goat Alpine kids (3–9 days of age) were used to determine effects of group versus individual pens, preweaning access to forage and different milk feeding restriction regimens on preweaning and early postweaning growth. Treatments in the first experiment were: C1: individual pens; C2: two kids per pen; P: group pen; and PF: P plus free access to alfalfa hay. Treatment did not affect ADG gain in the 8-week preweaning phase (167, 173, 167 and 168 g per day; S.E.=4.5) or in week 1–12 (137, 134, 149 and 128 g per day for C1, C2, P and PF, respectively; S.E.=6.7). Treatments in the second experiment were: AL: ad libitum milk intake with two meals in week 3–8, then 50% of intake on the preceding few days with one meal in week 9–10; R-1X and R-2X: 75% of intake on the last few days of week 2 with one or two meals, respectively, in week 3–8, then, 50% intake with one meal in week 9–10; and R-2X-1X: 75% intake with two meals in week 3–6, then 37.5% intake with one meal in week 7–10. Milk DM intake in week 1–10 was greatest (P<0.05) among treatments for AL (174, 115, 128 and 113 g per day for AL, R-2X, R-1X and R-2X-1X, respectively). Starter diet DM intake (g per day) was 51, 78, 72 and 143 in week 7–8 (S.E.=16); 138, 194, 165 and 249 in week 9–10 (S.E.=15); 343, 396, 388 and 417 in week 11–12 (S.E.=47); and 508, 530, 489 and 539 in week 13–14 (S.E.=38) for AL, R-2X, R-1X and R-2X-1X, respectively. ADG (g per day) was 139, 120, 119 and 131 in week 1–10 (S.E.=7) and 105, 109, 123 and 117 in week 11–14 (S.E.=16) for AL, R-2X, R-1X and R-2X-1X, respectively. In conclusion, although group pens and forage access may not enhance ADG of artificially reared dairy goat kids by promoting early dry feed consumption restricted feeding regimens can yield preweaning and early postweaning ADG comparable to ad libitum milk intake. Also, feeding milk in restricted amounts once daily appears feasible, and a second reduction in milk intake in the latter part of the suckling phase may further stimulate dry feed intake.
Modulation of Ca2+‐dependent and Ca2+‐independent miniature endplate potentials by phorbol ester and adenosine in frog

Phorbol esters and adenosine modulate transmitter release from frog motor nerves through actions at separate sites downstream of calcium entry. However, it is not known whether these agents have calcium-independent sites of action. We therefore characterised calcium independent miniature endplate potentials (mepps) generated in response to 4-aminoquinaldine (4-AQ(A)) and then compared the modulation of these mepps by phorbol esters and adenosine with that of normal calcium dependent mepps. Application of 30 microM 4-AQ(A) resulted in the appearance of a population of mepps with amplitudes greater than twice the total population mode (mepp(>2M)). In the presence of 4-AQ(A), K(+) depolarisation or hypertonicity increased the numbers of normal amplitude mepps (mepp(N)) but had no effect on the frequency of mepp(>2M) events, suggesting that mepp(>2M) are not dependent on calcium. Treatment with the botulinum toxin (Botx) fractions C, D, or E (which selectively cleave syntaxin, synaptobrevin and SNAP-25, respectively) produced equivalent reductions in both normal and 4-AQ(A) induced mepps, suggesting that both mepp populations have equal dependence on the intact SNARE proteins. Phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu, 100 nM) increased the frequencies of both populations of mepps recorded in the presence of 4-AQ(A). Adenosine (25 microM) selectively reduced the numbers of mepp(N) with no effect on the frequency of mepp(>2M) events. These results suggest that mepp(>2M) events released in response to 4-AQ(A) are dependent on intact forms of syntaxin, synaptobrevin and SNAP-25, but unlike mepp(N) are independent of a functional calcium sensor. The selective action of adenosine, to reduce the numbers of normal amplitude mepps without effecting the frequency of mepp(>2M) events, suggests that adenosine normally inhibits transmitter release through a mechanism that is dependent on the presence of a functional calcium sensor.
Developing an intelligence analysis process through social network analysis

Intelligence analysts are tasked with making sense of enormous amounts of data and gaining an awareness of a situation that can be acted upon. This process can be extremely difficult and time consuming. Trying to differentiate between important pieces of information and extraneous data only complicates the problem. When dealing with data containing entities and relationships, social network analysis (SNA) techniques can be employed to make this job easier. Applying network measures to social network graphs can identify the most significant nodes (entities) and edges (relationships) and help the analyst further focus on key areas of concern. Strange developed a model that identifies high value targets such as centers of gravity and critical vulnerabilities 1 . SNA lends itself to the discovery of these high value targets and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has investigated several network measures such as centrality, betweenness, and grouping to identify centers of gravity and critical vulnerabilities. Using these network measures, a process for the intelligence analyst has been developed to aid analysts in identifying points of tactical emphasis. Organizational Risk Analyzer (ORA) and Terrorist Modus Operandi Discovery System (TMODS) are the two applications used to compute the network measures and identify the points to be acted upon. Therefore, the result of leveraging social network analysis techniques and applications will provide the analyst and the intelligence community with more focused and concentrated analysis results allowing them to more easily exploit key attributes of a network, thus saving time, money, and manpower.
Ubiquity of linear resistivity at intermediate temperature in bad metals

Bad metals display transport behavior that differs from what is commonly seen in ordinary metals. One of the most significant differences is a resistivity that is linear in temperature and rises to well above the Ioffe-Regel limit (where the mean-free path is equal to the lattice spacing). Using an exact Kubo formula, we show that a linear resistivity naturally occurs for many systems when they are in an incoherent intermediate-temperature state. First, we provide a simple analytic model to give intuition for this phenomenology. Then, we verify the analytic arguments with numerical calculations for a simplified version of the Hubbard model which is solved with dynamical mean-field theory. Similar features have also been seen in Hubbard models, where they can begin at even lower temperatures due to the formation of resilient quasiparticles.
Technology evaluation: a critical step in the clinical utilization of novel diagnostic tests for liver fibrosis.

vigorous scientific validation of the performance characteristics of novel tests and procedures. The first issue in the evaluation of a novel diagnostic test is the validation of the test against the current clinical gold standard to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the new test. The standard expression of the effectiveness of a test is to look at the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC), which plots the sensitivity over 1 – specificity, and a perfect test will score 1.0. This is usually performed in large-scale clinical trials and has been done for both serological fibrosis markers and for the measurement of liver stiffness with FibroScan. The results for the majority of these tests all fall within the same range, with an AUC for the ROC, which varies from 0.75 to 0.88 with the majority of tests all clustering at around 0.85. The very comparable clustering for the AUC is hard to explain when many of the tests measure different biomarkers or different physical properties [7]. The explanation for this diagnostic equivalency of many tests may lie in the inaccuracy of liver biopsy. There are extensive clinical data suggesting that liver biopsy is only accurate for staging fibrosis in 80–90% of patients and that in the remainder there may be up to a 1 stage difference in accuracy [13–16]. Optimal biopsies are 25–40 mm in length and non-fragmented, characteristics that are difficult to achieve routinely in practice [13]. Recent mathematical modeling by our group has suggested that assuming either 80% or 90% diagnostic accuracy of liver biopsy, that non-invasive markers cannot achieve an AUC better than 0.9 and are likely to perform between 0.75 and 0.9, exactly where they are today. We may already have a perfect non-invasive surrogate for liver biopsy but we may never be able to prove it secondary to the limitations of percutaneous liver biopsy.
Comparison of DNA and RNA extraction methods for mummified tissues.

Nucleic acids extracted from mummified tissues are valuable materials for the study of ancient human beings. Significant difficulty in extracting nucleic acids from mummified tissues has been reported due to chemical modification and degradation. The goal of this study was to determine a method that is more efficient for DNA and RNA extraction from mummified tissues. Twelve mummy specimens were analyzed with 9 different nucleic acid extraction methods, including guanidium thiocyanate (GTC) and proteinase K/detergent based methods prepared in our laboratory or purchased. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase DNA and beta-actin RNA were used as markers for the presence of adequate DNA and RNA, respectively, for PCR and RT-PCR amplification. Our results show that 5 M GTC is more efficient of releasing nucleic acids from mummified tissue than proteinase K/detergent, and phenol/chloroform extraction with an additional chloroform step is more efficient than phenol/chloroform along. We were able to isolate DNAs from all 12 specimens and RNAs from 8 of 12 specimens, and the nucleic acids were sufficient for PCR and RT-PCR analysis. We further tested hepatitis viruses including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis G virus, and TT virus DNA, and fail to detect these viruses in all 12 specimens.
Caffeine enhancement of the initiation of DNA replication in benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide damaged cells

Abstract We have used a newly developed pH stepwise alkaline elution method to show that caffeine enhances DNA initiation (DNA replication in sub-replicon size nascent strands) in (±)-7 β ,8 α -dihydroxy-9 α ,10 α -epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (BPDEI) damaged mouse primary epidermal cells. Caffeine alone caused a dose-dependent increase in DNA initiation without an effect on DNA elongation (joining of replicon-sized nascent DNA). BPDEI alone inhibited DNA elongation as shown by a relative increase in sub-replicon size nascent DNA. When BPDEI treated cells were incubated with caffeine, there was a dose-dependent increase in sub-replicon size nascent DNA without a significant effect on the proportion of joined replicons. Therefore, caffeine can enhance DNA initiation in mammalian cells damaged with a reactive form of the carcinogen benzo[ a ]pyrene and this may account for the biological interaction between caffeine and the ultimate carcinogenic form of benzo[ a ]pyrene.
Pattern Recognition Using A CMAC Based Learning System

This paper presents a new approach to image feature vector classification based on the Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer (CMAC) neural network proposed by Albus. This approach promises advantages both over traditional methods for feature vector classification and over other neural network based classifiers. One advantage is that the generalization properties inherent in the network allow the formation of highly nonlinear decision boundaries, and allow multiple disjoint regions of feature space to be defined in the same class. A second advantage is that the computation time required for network training and for vector classification is greatly reduced relative to other nonlinear classification techniques. Results from several classification experiments are presented, including the investigation of the effects of noise on classifier performance, and the learning of rotational classification invariance using feature vectors deliberately chosen to be highly sensitive to object rotation. Capabilities and limitations of this method of feature vector classification are discussed.
Prevalence of and risk factors for hydrocele in survivors of Wilms tumor.

Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of hydrocele as a complication of Wilms tumor (WT) therapy and nephrectomy and to determine whether radiation therapy to the flank increases the risk. We hypothesize that radiation increases the risk of hydrocele formation in patients treated for WT. Methods A retrospective, medical review of the chart was completed on 57 male patients with WT diagnosed between 1985 and 2000. Results There is an increased prevalence of hydrocele in males that had a nephrectomy as part of their WT therapy. Conclusions Male survivors of WT are at risk for development of a subsequent hydrocele that appears to be related to their prior surgery. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the biliary tree in patients with atypical chest pain.

We studied the use of gallbladder ultrasonography in the evaluation of atypical chest pain (ACP). During an 8-month period, 52 patients were referred for biliary ultrasonography with a chief complaint of chest pain. Twelve (32.1%) had cholelithiasis discovered by ultrasonography. Four of these 12 (33.3%) underwent subsequent cholecystectomy with complete relief of symptoms. None of the patients with normal ultrasonography for whom follow-up was available (32) underwent subsequent cholecystectomy. We found no statistical difference in the prevalence of cholelithiasis between the ACP group and 85 asymptomatic controls. Clinical evidence confirms the concept that ultrasonography may play an important role in the evaluation of ACP. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption by Soils

High-resolution nitrogen (77 K) and carbon dioxide (273 K) adsorption at subatmospheric pressures has been studied for a range of model soils of various origins with different organic matter (OM) contents. It is demonstrated that N2 and CO2 molecules probe different regions of soil particles. Nitrogen is adsorbed primarily on the outer surface of soil particles, while CO2 has a higher affinity to OM domains. Low-pressure nitrogen adsorption reveals that soil particle surfaces consist of clay/mineral domains with discrete patches of OM. A linear correlation has been found between the CO2 uptake and the amount of organic carbon reduced per unit of the external surface area. A new method for discriminating the microporosity of soil particles and accessibility of OM has been proposed.
Identification of Two Novel hrp-Associated Genes in the hrp Gene Cluster of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The hrp (“harp”) genes encode type III secretory pathways and are required by many phytopathogenic bacteria to elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) on nonhost or resistant host plants and for pathogenesis on susceptible hosts. The HR is a rapid localized death of the host cells that occurs upon pathogen infection and, together with the expression of a complex array of defense-related genes, is a component of plant resistance. The hrp genes were first identified in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, a bean pathogen (38). Since then, hrp genes from a variety of plant pathogenic bacteria, including Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Xanthomonas, have been characterized (for reviews, see references 2, 9, and 11). The specific functions of the hrp pathway in pathogenesis are not known. However, type III secretion pathways of animal and plant pathogens have been demonstrated to mediate the secretion of virulence factors into the extracellular melieu. Some of the proteins ultimately end up in the host cell cytoplasm (reviewed in references 11, 25, and 37). In mediating the interaction of the bacterium and the host plant, the hrp pathway presumably acts to prevent or inhibit a general resistance response or otherwise enhance the colonization of the plant by the bacteria. Given the importance of the type III systems to pathogenicity, it can be expected that analysis of the systems in different species will provide insight into the adaptation of the species to their respective host plants. The hrp gene clusters appear to group into two types on the basis of sequence relatedness and operon organization (reviewed in reference 9). The hrp genes of Pseudomonas and Erwinia comprise one group, and the hrp genes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Ralstonia solanacearum comprise the second group. Our present understanding of the group 2 hrp genes is based almost entirely on the characterization of two strains representing R. solanacearum and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. The genus Xanthomonas itself is comprised of a large number of different species and pathovars that colonize over 392 species of plants (36). Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal pathogen of bacterial leaf blight on rice (54). We report here the cloning of a hrp cluster from X. oryzae pv. oryzae and sequence analysis of the left end of the region. In the process of characterization, we identified two novel loci that are associated with the hrp cluster and an insertion sequence (IS) element not previously characterized in X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
The negative systemic effect of BCGcw inoculated intraperitoneally

The present studies describe a systemic effect of BCGcw inoculated intraperitoneally by observing its influence on the development of Morris hepatomas inoculated intramuscularly. In none of our studies did we observe an inhibition of tumor growth. Instead, an enhancement of tumor growth was seen with four antigenically distinct Morris hepatomas (3924a, 9098, 7777, and 5123tc) in two strains of inbred rats (Buffalo and ACI). Extensive studies with Morris hepatoma 3924a showed consistent enhancement of intramuscular tumor growth in eight of eight experiments with a tumor cell dose of 1×105 and a BCGcw dose of 900 μg. In BCGcw-inoculated animals, palpable tumors (1–2 g) were detected approximately 1 week earlier than in controls, and significantly larger tumor masses were noted on the day of sacrifice. With the threshold dose of cells, 1×104, an increase in tumor incidence was observed. It was not necessary for the host to be immunized with BCGcw prior to tumor inoculation as enhancement of tumor growth occurred when the BCGcw were inoculated the same day or 7 days after tumor inoculation. Splenectomized animals also demonstrated BCGcw-mediated enhancement of tumor growth. BCGcw immunization blocks the induction of tumor-specific immunity. When 3924a ascites tumor cells were inoculated intradermally into normal animals, no tumor growth was observed and tumor-specific immunity resulted. When 3924a ascites tumor cells were inoculated intradermally into BCGcw-immunized animals, progressive intradermal tumors grew in all the animals, implying that tumor-specific immunity was not induced. The administration of BCGcw did not effect established tumor-specific immunity to line 3924a as assessed by tumor-specific rechallenge resistance. Studies with an allograft system showed that the ACI tumor 3924a would not grow in normal Buffalo rats, but transient tumor growth was observed when the Buffalo rats were immunized with BCGcw.
Rent control with reputation: theory and evidence

Abstract Rent-control policy is modeled as an implicit contract between voters of a community and suppliers of rental housing. It is shown that if residents can make an ex ante commitment to never adopt rent controls they will do so. When precommitment is not possible there are conditions under which a policy of never adopting rent controls is not self-enforcing. Under such circumstances a state-invariant ceiling price is shown to be a subgame-perfect equilibrium rent-control policy. The model is tested using data for New Jersey where local option regarding the choice of rent control policy was declared constitutional in the early 1970s. Probit analysis is used to determine whether predictions of the model are supported by an investigation of factors leading to imposition of rent controls by 64 of the 245 communities in the sample.
The prevalence, clinical relevance, and public health significance of subthreshold depressions ☆

Scientific evidence has accumulated during the last 15 years establishing that SD symptoms have a high prevalence in the general population and in clinically depressed patient cohorts studied cross-sectionally or followed longitudinally. The clinical relevance and public health importance of SD symptoms were confirmed when various investigators, including the authors' group at University of California, San Diego, found that SD symptoms are associated with a significant and pervasive impairment of psychosocial function when compared to no depressive symptoms. There is strong evidence that all levels of depressive symptom severity of unipolar MDD are associated with significant psychosocial impairment, which increases significantly and linearly with each increment in level of symptom severity. It is only when MDD patients are completely symptom free that psychosocial function returns to good or very good levels. The disability associated with depression is state dependent, and disability returns to good or normal levels only when all of the depressed patients' symptoms abate, because disability is present when even a few symptoms (i.e., SD symptoms) are detected. There is strong evidence during the long-term course of illness that major, minor, dysthymic, and subsyndromal symptoms wax and wane within the same patient and that these symptomatic periods are interspersed in the overall course with times when patients are remitted and symptom free. The modal longitudinal symptom status of MDD patients involves primarily subthreshold depressive symptoms, which are much more common than symptoms at the syndromal MDE level. The longitudinal systematic examination of the clinical relevance and high prevalence of SD symptoms helped establish the fact that the long-term symptomatic expression of MDD is dimensional, not categorical, in nature. Abatement of SD symptoms is of fundamental importance in defining full remission or recovery of MDEs. Ongoing residual SD symptoms during the recovery periods after an MDE are associated with psychosocial disability, more rapid MDE relapse, and a more severe chronic future course of illness, all of which indicate that when residual SD symptoms are present the MDE has not fully remitted and the disease is still active. When all depressive symptoms of an MDE abate for a minimum of 8 weeks, then full remission has been achieved. MDE remission defined in this way is associated with significant delay or even prevention of future episode relapse and a less severe, relapsing, and chronic future course. The authors submit that the research reviewed in this article heralds a new paradigm in understanding the progression of clinical depression through various overlapping stages of severity, which begin at the seemingly "subclinical" level of depressive symptoms. This conceptualization in turn dictates a public health approach, which emphasizes that treatment of MDD even at the deceptively mild levels of symptoms should be initiated or maintained.
CDC Childhood Injury Report: Patterns of Unintentional Injuries Among 0- to 19-Year Olds in the United States, 2000-2006

Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the United States. This report uses data from the National Vital Statistics System and the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System - All Injury Program to provide an overview of unintentional injuries related to drowning, falls, fires or burns, transportation-related injuries, poisoning, and suffocation, among others during the period 2000 - 2006. Results are presented by age group and sex, as well as the geographic distribution of injury death rates by state.
Global geometric, sound, and color controls for iconographic displays of scientific data

The authors introduce the Exvis exploratory data visualization system. This system uses a display technique based on visual texture perception to reveal structure in multidimensional data and includes a sound output facility for simultaneous sonification of data. The elementary unit of the display is a glyph, or 'icon,' whose attributes are data-driven. Global display controls for icon geometry, sound, and color have been added to the original system. A global control is a transformation that applies to the entire icon completely independently of the mapping of specific data parameters to specific icon attributes. These controls allow the user to maximize both the visual contrast and the auditory contrast available for a given choice of icon and a given mapping of data parameters to icon attributes, and they allow the user to selectively enhance different features in an iconographic display. Using these controls to manipulate displays of computer-generated multidimensional data, the authors have been able to obtain pictures that exhibit well-differentiated texture regions even though the data that produce these regions have no differences in their first-order statistics. The global display controls are most interactive when Exvis is implemented on a computing platform such as the Connection Machine, which can redraw an iconographic picture as rapidly as the user can manipulate the controls.
Modeling of geothermal reservoirs : fundamental processes, computer simulation and field applications

Abstract This article attempts to critically evaluate the present state of the art of geothermal reservoir simulation. Methodological aspects of geothermal reservoir modeling are briefly reviewed, with special emphasis on flow in fractured media. We then examine some applications of numerical simulation to studies of reservoir dynamics, well test design and analysis, and modeling of specific fields. Tangible impacts of reservoir simulation technology on geothermal energy development are pointed out. We conclude with considerations on possible future developments in the mathematical modeling of geothermal fields.
Ion temperature from tangential charge exchange neutral analysis on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Fokker-Planck simulations of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) energetic ion mode discharges were performed to evaluate the utility of deriving the central ion temperature Ti from deuterium neutral beam charge exchange spectra above the neutral beam injection energy. The Ti values obtained from fitting the calculated spectra obtained from sightlines nearly tangent to the neutral beam injection radius reproduce the central ion temperature within ±10% over the full range of TFTR energetic ion mode parameters. The code simulations demonstrate that the ion temperature obtained from the high energy tangential deuterium charge exchange spectrum is insensitive to variations in plasma density, Zeff, plasma current, loop voltage, and injected neutral beam power and energy. The use of this method to reduce charge exchange data from TFTR energetic ion mode plasmas is demonstrated.
A logspace algorithm for tree canonization (extended abstract)

We present a solution to the problem of assigning to each directed tree T of size n a unique isomorphism invariant name for T, using only work space O(log n). Hence, tree isomorphism is computable in logspace. As another consequence, we obtain the corollary that the set of logspace computable queries (Lspace) on trees is recursively enumerable. Our results extend easily to undirected trees and even forests.
IAVCEI Meeting: Continental magmatism

Eight hundred volcanologists from 34 countries gathered in late June in Santa Fe, N.Mex., for the week-long 1989 General Assembly of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). Although such international volcanological meetings have taken place every 4 years since the 1950s, this was the first IAVCEI Assembly ever held in North America, as noted by the president of IAVCEI, Shigeo Aramaki of the Earthquake Research Institute of the University of Tokyo, during the opening ceremony in Santa Fe. The Santa Fe assembly also was about 50% larger than any previous IAVCEI meeting, attesting to the healthy scientific status of volcanology.
Sensitive search for resonances in low-energy e+e- scattering.

We have searched for resonances in {ital e}{sup +}{ital e{minus}} scattering in a range of positron kinetic energies from 1.9 to 2.5 MeV (1.75--1.88 MeV invariant energy). Such resonances would exist if the anomalous electron-positron pairs observed in heavy-ion collisions were due to two-body decay of a neutral object. Our 97% confidence limit excludes resonances with an energy-integrated cross section greater than 0.3 to 2.4 b eV/sr, depending upon the incident positron energy. For scalar resonances, this corresponds to a lower limit of the lifetime that varies from 8{times}10{sup {minus}14} to 5{times}10{sup {minus}13} sec. These are the most sensitive limits to date.
The Lambert W function and solutions to Kepler's equation

This paper presents a method for the truncation of infinite Fourier–Bessel representations for functions requiring a solution to Kepler’s equation. Use is made of the Lambert W function to solve for the desired index that bounds the remainder terms of the series, within the prescribed tolerance. The enforcement of a maximum on the number of Bessel functions is also useful in truncating the Bessel functions themselves, resulting in an analytical representation of the solution to a desired tolerance, without the use of infinite series.
New-onset atrial fibrillation was associated with increased risk for mortality in initially healthy, middle-aged women

Source Citation Conen D, Chae CU, Glynn RJ, et al. Risk of death and cardiovascular events in initially healthy women with new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2011;305:2080-7. 21610240
Dynamic Fluorescence Evidence For Conformational Change In The Bacterial Luciferase Intermediates

Three fluorescent species produced by the reaction of bacterial luciferase from Vibrio harveyi with its substrates, have the same dynamic fluorescence properties, namely a dominant fluorescence decay of lifetime of 10 ns and a rotational correlation time of 100 ns at 2°C. These three species are, the metastable intermediate formed with the two substrates FMNH2 and 02, both in its low fluorescence form and high fluorescence form following light irradiation, and the fluorescent transient formed on including the final substrate tetradecanal. For native luciferase the rotational correlation time is 62 or 74 ns (2°C) derived from the decay of the anisotropy of the intrinsic fluorescence at 340 nm or the fluorescence of bound 8-anilino-l-naphthalene sulfonic acid (470 nm), respectively. This correlation time is in the range calculated for luciferase, with Mr = 77000 and assuming a spherical shape. The much larger value found for the fluorescent intermediate states would be explained if they were highly anisotropic rotators. This would imply a considerable axial ratio change for the luciferase when it forms these intermediate states.
Fully integrated 1-Gbit/s GaAs MESFET fiber-optic receiver chip

It has been demonstrated that high-performance IMSM photodetectors can be fabricated on the same wafer with high-performance LSI GaAs MESFET circuitry.1 Recently we extended this work to include the integration of a complete optical receiver and clock recovery circuit on a single chip with no external components. We present some results on the 1-Gbit/s fiber-optic receiver portion of this chip. The receiver includes a transimpedance preamplifier, four stages of gain, a decision circuit, and an automatic level control circuit to set auomatically the decision level at the receiver input (Fig. 1).
Oxidation of cerium(III) to cerium(IV) using a mixture of hot concentrated perchloric and sulfuric acids

Abstract The oxidation of cerium(III) to cerium(IV) using a hot concentrated mixture of perchloric and sulfuric acids is shown to be quantitative Optimum conditions for the oxidation are described Complete removal of chlorine, an interfering decomposition product of boiling perchloric acid, is achieved by purging the concentrated acid solution with nitrogen before dilution with water The presence of sulfuric acid is essentral, the chief role of sulfuric acid apparently being to stabihze the cerium(IV) as a sulfatocerate complex.
Time-lapse seismic repeatability—How much is enough?

Acquisition and processing of time-lapse seismic surveys are usually directed toward maximizing the repeatability of the final image. Given the amount of effort devoted to realizing this goal, it is reasonable to ask if we ever reach the point where we have all the repeatability we need. More precisely, does repeatability ever become sufficiently good that further improvement is not worth the additional effort? This article addresses this question using model-based value of information analysis (VOI).
Numerical modeling of NITM-2 flow field

An axisymmetric flowfield inside the NASA NITM-2 nozzle has been analyzed by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The PARC code has been modified for the present work and the objective of this research work is to provide some database and some instructive information for the further experimental test on this subject. The presented work includes both the flowfield prediction for the pretest case and the impact of the erosion from any ring of the insulation materials in the flowfield inside the test section and the result is very preliminary.
Cholesterol Depletion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus with β-Cyclodextrin Inactivates and Permeabilizes the Virions: Evidence for Virion-Associated Lipid Rafts

Recent evidence suggests that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles assemble and bud selectively through areas in the plasma membrane of cells that are highly enriched with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and cholesterol, called lipid rafts. Since cholesterol is required to maintain lipid raft structure and function, we proposed that virion-associated cholesterol removal with the compound 2-hydroxy-propyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) might be disruptive to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We examined the effect of β-CD on the structure and infectivity of cell-free virions. We found that β-CD inactivated HIV-1 and SIV in a dose-dependent manner and permeabilized the viral membranes, resulting in the loss of mature Gag proteins (capsid, matrix, nucleocapsid, p1, and p6) without loss of the envelope glycoproteins. SIV also lost reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and viral RNA. IN appeared to be only slightly diminished in HIV-1, and viral RNA, RT, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins were retained in HIV-1 but to a much lesser degree. Host proteins located internally in the virus (actin, moesin, and ezrin) and membrane-associated host proteins (major histocompatibility complex classes I and II) remained associated with the treated virions. Electron microscopy revealed that under conditions that permeabilized the viruses, holes were present in the viral membranes and the viral core structure was perturbed. These data provide evidence that an intact viral membrane is required to maintain mature virion core integrity. Since the viruses were not fixed before β-CD treatment and intact virion particles were recovered, the data suggest that virions may possess a protein scaffold that can maintain overall structure despite disruptions in membrane integrity.
The Impact of the Rhode Island Catastrophic Health Insurance Plan

Under Rhode Island's statewide Catastrophic Health Insurance Plan (CHIP) in effect since January, 1975, and similar to the Long-Ribicoff National Health Insurance Proposal, Rhode Island pays catastrophic medical expenses over and above a “personal resource payment” (out-of-pocket expenses) that varies with income and amount and type of health insurance coverage. Those with qualified plans (plans providing more services) pay less out-of-pocket. Benefits accrue mainly to some middle income households. CHIP has increased demand for and prices for health insurance with qualifying coverage, and utilization of medical care. Similar impacts on a larger scale may be expected from any national health insurance program.
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight hexafluoroisopropylidene‐containing polybenzimidazole for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

A high molecular weight, thermally and chemical stable hexafluoroisopro- pylidene containing polybenzimidazole (6F-PBI) was synthesized from 3,3 0 -diamino- benzidine (TAB) and 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (6F-diacid) using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as both the polycondensation agent and the polymeriza- tion solvent. Investigation of polymerization conditions to achieve high molecular weight polymers was explored via stepwise temperature control, monomer concentra- tion in PPA, and final polymerization temperature. The polymer characterization included inherent viscosity (I.V.) measurement and GPC as a determination of poly- mer molecular weight, thermal and chemical stability assessment via thermo gravi- metric analysis and Fenton test, respectively. The resulting high molecular weight polymer showed excellent thermal and chemical stability. Phosphoric acid doped 6F- PBI membranes were prepared using the PPA process. The physiochemical proper- ties of phosphoric acid doped membranes were characterized by measuring the phos- phoric acid doping level, mechanical properties, and proton conductivity. These mem- branes showed higher phosphoric acid doping levels and higher proton conductivities than the membranes prepared by the conventional membrane fabrication processes. These membranes had sufficient mechanical properties to be easily fabricated into membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) and the prepared MEAs were tested in single cell fuel cells under various conditions, with a focus on the high temperature per- formance and fuel impurity tolerance. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4064-4073, 2009
Analysis for creep behavior and collapse of thick-section composite structures

Abstract A nonlinear viscoelastic and multi-scale modeling framework is used for the analysis of creep behavior and collapse of thick-section and layered composite structures. Previously developed nonlinear viscoelastic micromodels by the authors [Haj-Ali RM, Muliana AH. Micromechanical constitutive framework for the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of pultruded composite materials. Int J Solids Struct 2003;40(5):1037–57; Haj-Ali RM, Muliana AH. A multi-scale constitutive formulation for the nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of laminated composite materials and structures. Int J Solids Struct 2004;41(13):3461–90], are used in order to generate the effective viscoelastic response of both unidirectional and random layered media. These micromodels are integrated with a displacement-based finite element (FE) model to perform structural analysis. In this study, we investigate the nonlinear creep behavior and critical time for structural collapse of composite structures. To that end, long-term behavior of composite materials is calibrated for the proposed material models. Both 3D and shell based structural models are employed in this study. Numerical applications of the proposed multi-scale viscoelastic analysis are presented for creep analyses of axially compressed I-shaped thick-section composite columns and a laminated cylinder under surface pressure. It is shown that the compressive loading ratio, along with the residual stiffness of the structure after buckling, can affect the creep behavior and the magnitude of the critical time for initiation of unstable response. The proposed models are general and can be used to examine the serviceability life of these structures.
An intelligent coordinated design for excitation and speed control of synchronous generators based on supervisory loops

This paper presents a co-ordinated scheme for excitation control of synchronous generator in a multi-machine environment based on intelligent supervisory loops. The main proposition is to provide optimal control of power with stable voltage profile at the generator terminals using two controllers. To this end, an implicit model adaptive controller (IMAC) in parallel with a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) neuro-controller is designed to work in a hybrid coordinated control architecture. RBFNN based neuro-controller constantly monitors systems dynamics when the adaptive controller centrally controls the voltage while the system undergoes various trajectories. This is the basic idea of system supervision. The advantage of the proposed approach is that, the architecture is system centric in nature. This means, the hybrid controller constantly monitor system variations and augment the central controller at each time instant. Simulation results performed on multi-machine power system shows that the proposed architecture provides better performance as opposed to adaptive control counterpart acting alone.