cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled dynamics of behaviour and disease contagion among antagonistic groups

Disease transmission and behaviour change are both fundamentally social phenomena. Behaviour change can have profound consequences for disease transmission, and epidemic conditions can favour the more rapid adoption of behavioural innovations. We analyse a simple model of coupled behaviour change and infection in a structured population characterised by homophily and outgroup aversion. Outgroup aversion slows the rate of adoption and can lead to lower rates of adoption in the later-adopting group or even behavioural divergence between groups when outgroup aversion exceeds positive ingroup influence. When disease dynamics are coupled to the behaviour-adoption model, a wide variety of outcomes are possible. Homophily can either increase or decrease the final size of the epidemic depending on its relative strength in the two groups and on R0 for the infection. For example, if the first group is homophilous and the second is not, the second group will have a larger epidemic. Homophily and outgroup aversion can also produce dynamics suggestive of a ‘second wave’ in the first group that follows the peak of the epidemic in the second group. Our simple model reveals dynamics that are suggestive of the processes currently observed under pandemic conditions in culturally and/or politically polarised populations such as the USA.
Acute Effects of Vasopressin Arginine Infusion in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: Higher Blood Pressure Does Not Equal Improved Systemic Oxygen Delivery.

The use of vasopressin has been increased in recent years in children after congenital heart surgery. However, there is limited information regarding its effects on cardiac output, systemic oxygen delivery, and myocardial energetics. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of vasopressin infusions on hemodynamics and systemic oxygen delivery in children with congenital heart disease. A retrospective, single-center study of patients with congenital heart disease who received vasopressin infusions in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit between January 2019 and May 2020. The measured values collected for study were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry, arterial pH, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, serum lactate, serum sodium, and renal and cerebral oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy. The calculated values for this study were the difference between arterial and NIRS oximetry, the reno-cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy gradient and the vasoinotrope score. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to compare values of paired continuous variables before and after initiation of the vasopressin infusion. Correlations were assessed using Spearman correlation analyses and stepwise regressions were completed. A total of 26 vasopressin infusions among 20 unique patients were included in the final analyses. Of these 26 vasopressin infusions, 18 were in patients with biventricular circulation and 8 were in patients with functionally univentricular circulation. The median vasopressin infusion dose at initiation was 0.4 (0.1–1) milliunits/kg/min. For the entire cohort 2 h after the initiation of vasopressin, systolic blood pressure increased to 8.4 mmHg, p < 0.01, but no significant correlation was found to markers of systemic oxygen delivery. Similar results were obtained when only those with biventricular circulation were considered. Those with functionally univentricular circulation were not found to have any statistically significant rise in blood pressure. Vasopressin infusions appear to statistically significantly increase systolic blood pressure in children with congenital heart disease who have a biventricular but not functionally univentricular circulation. Even when an increase in systolic blood pressure is present, systemic oxygen delivery did not improve.
Improving Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms and Cognitive Status of Participants With Dementia Through the Use of Therapeutic Interactive Pets.

In the US, one in three older adults die with Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia. Currently, there is no cure for the rapidly growing burden, but there are pharmacological treatments to mana...
Fast Rates for Nonparametric Online Learning: From Realizability to Learning in Games.

We study fast rates of convergence in the setting of nonparametric online regression, namely where regret is defined with respect to an arbitrary function class which has bounded complexity. Our contributions are two-fold: - In the realizable setting of nonparametric online regression with the absolute loss, we propose a randomized proper learning algorithm which gets a near-optimal mistake bound in terms of the sequential fat-shattering dimension of the hypothesis class. In the setting of online classification with a class of Littlestone dimension $d$, our bound reduces to $d \cdot {\rm poly} \log T$. This result answers a question as to whether proper learners could achieve near-optimal mistake bounds; previously, even for online classification, the best known mistake bound was $\tilde O( \sqrt{dT})$. Further, for the real-valued (regression) setting, the optimal mistake bound was not even known for improper learners, prior to this work. - Using the above result, we exhibit an independent learning algorithm for general-sum binary games of Littlestone dimension $d$, for which each player achieves regret $\tilde O(d^{3/4} \cdot T^{1/4})$. This result generalizes analogous results of Syrgkanis et al. (2015) who showed that in finite games the optimal regret can be accelerated from $O(\sqrt{T})$ in the adversarial setting to $O(T^{1/4})$ in the game setting. To establish the above results, we introduce several new techniques, including: a hierarchical aggregation rule to achieve the optimal mistake bound for real-valued classes, a multi-scale extension of the proper online realizable learner of Hanneke et al. (2021), an approach to show that the output of such nonparametric learning algorithms is stable, and a proof that the minimax theorem holds in all online learnable games.
Towards trustworthy collaboration in spectrum sensing for ad hoc cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRN) make use of dynamic spectrum access to communicate opportunistically in frequency bands otherwise licensed to incumbent primary users such as TV broadcast. To prevent interference to primary users it is vital for secondary users in CRNs to conduct accurate spectrum sensing, which is especially challenging when the transmission range of primary users is shorter compared to the size of the CRN. This task becomes even more challenging in the presence of malicious secondary users that launch spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks by providing false spectrum reports. Existing solutions to detect such malicious behaviors cannot be utilized in scenarios where the transmission range of primary users is limited within a small sub-region of the CRN. In this paper, we present a framework for trustworthy collaboration in spectrum sensing for ad hoc CRNs. This framework incorporates a semi-supervised spatio-spectral anomaly/outlier detection system and a reputation system, both designed to detect byzantine attacks in the form of SSDF from malicious nodes within the CRN. The framework guarantees protection of incumbent primary users' communication rights while at the same time making optimal use of the spectrum when it is not used by primary users. Simulation carried out under typical network conditions and attack scenarios shows that our proposed framework can achieve spectrum decision accuracy up to 99.3 % and detect malicious nodes up to 98 % of the time.
The Control of Pollution from River Discharges in the Mediterranean

The pollution burden of river discharges in the Mediterranean far exceeds all other sources, e.g. land based sources. The main contributors are the Rhone, Po and Ebro. Contributions from the River Nile are expected to be much less than those from rivers in the European continent. Recent Nile management schemes and irrigation projects in Egypt are posing direct impacts on the Mediterranean. This includes the erosion of the Nile Delta and off-shore pollution due to wastewater discharges. In view of the prevailing circulation patterns in the Mediterranean, these impacts are dominant in the South Levantin region. Cutrent practices of river management do not necessarily include the protection of marine resources. Similarly, sea protection programs do not include pollution from sources in the river basin. Marine management programs are largely concerned with pollution loads at the points of river discharge. In the case of a land-locked sea, such as the Mediterranean, it is particularly important to integrate river basin management schemes in the sea protection program. Under a suitable management plan, it could be possible to determine main sources of sea pollution within the river basin. This should serve as the basis for the implementation of control measures, since the problem is not exclusively within the river basin.
X-ray characterization of directed self-assembly block copolymers

Abstract In this chapter, we present an overview on the use of X-rays for the characterization of block copolymer (BCP) systems with a focus on the application to directed self-assembly. The use of small-angle X-ray scattering to characterize both the morphology and thermodynamics of BCP systems is presented. This is accompanied by the development of a newer technique—resonant critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering. This technique uses soft X-rays to characterize the internal morphology of thin polymer films patterned by a chemical or topographical template. Reflection geometries are also discussed, including the application of grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering to determine the orientation of thin film BCPs and specular reflectivity for depth profiling.
Practical Issues with Commercial Use of Federated Databases

Virtually all large enterprises have data stored in many databases. Often these databases are heterogeneous in terms of vendor, version, architecture, and capability. Federated databases, such as IBM’s Da&Joiner, are being used to provide rapid, cost effective access to this data across a variety of business types.
Analysis of three phase PWM buck rectifier under modulation magnitude and angle control

The analysis of the steady-state, dynamic, and small-signal performance of a three-phase AC/DC buck rectifier using pulse width modulation (PWM) with modulation magnitude and angle control is presented. General equations of the converter including switching discontinuities are derived and used for transient and dynamic simulations. From these nonlinear equations, using the concept of existence function and synchronous reference frame d-q-o transformation, simplified steady-state and small-signal models are derived. Unity power factor operation of the converter is extensively studied. Dominant eigenvalue variation and various transfer functions are determined. The various input-output transfer functions are highly coupled. >
Beam Element Stiffness Matrix for X-Braced Truss

The techniques of discrete field analysis are utilized to investigate the response of X-braced trusses to various static loading conditions. Deflection formulas for arbitrary static loads are presented in finite Fourier series form. These formulas are used to derive stiffness coefficients which comprise the equivalent beam element stiffness matrix for a given X-braced truss. Fixed end moments for arbitrary static loads are also derived from the deflection formulas. All stiffness formulas are exact in the context of linear, elastic truss analysis and are valid for an arbitrary number of panels. These stiffness coefficients when compared to approximate estimates are found to vary by as much as 100% within a given range of span lengths. The formulas can be used to analyze a variety of structural systems which have X-braced trusses as the basic component. Examples include two-way truss systems, trussed frames, and planar trusses continuous over several supports. The analysis of such systems would be identical to that in which the individual components were beams except that here modified stiffness coefficients would be used.
The 2014 American College of Cardiology ACC/American Heart Association guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: ten contemporary recommendations to aid clinicians in optimizing patient outcomes.

The new title, ‘‘Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE-ACS),’’ for this full revision of the 2007 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guideline titled ‘‘Unstable Angina/Non–STElevation Myocardial Infarction,’’ more concisely emphasizes the continuum between unstable angina (UA) and non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). They can be indistinguishable at presentation and therefore are considered together using the terminology non–STelevation acute coronary syndromes. Approximately 70% of patients with an acute coronary syndrome have an NSTEACS, comprising more than 625 000 patients annually.1 In the appropriate clinical context, if cardiac biomarkers are normal, the patient is deemed to have UA; if troponins are elevated, the patient is considered to have an NSTEMI.2 Additional new terminology relates to the initial strategy for management of patients with NSTE-ACS. The initial treatment pathways have been recategorized into, as previously, an early invasive strategy, seeking to rapidly risk stratify patients by angiographic assessment of their coronary anatomy with intent to perform revascularization when appropriate. The new designation, an ischemia-guided strategy, has replaced the previous term, initial conservative therapy, to more clearly convey the physiologic rationale of this approach. Ischemia-guided strategy involves guideline-directed medical therapy, with coronary angiography only if the patient experiences refractory or recurrent ischemic symptoms or develops hemodynamic instability. Finally, this guideline highlights the third universal definition of myocardial infarction,3 which differentiates myocardial infarction caused by a primary coronary artery process, such as spontaneous plaque rupture, from a myocardial infarction related to reduced myocardial oxygen supply and/or increased demand in the absence of a direct coronary artery process.
Work in progress - spiral curriculum approach to reformulate engineering curriculum

A theme-based spiral curriculum approach is being adopted to initiate the department-level reform (DLR) of the freshman engineering and the bioprocess engineering curricula at Virginia Tech. A large number of engineering faculty members are collaborating with experts in educational psychology and academic assessment to accomplish the objectives of this 3-year NSF supported project that began in September 2004. Successful implementation of the spiral approach will be used as a model for incorporating similar reforms in other engineering departments and elsewhere
Continuous chromatography apparatus. II. Operation.

Abstract Operating techniques for a continuous chromatography apparatus are given, as well as some general observations on the operation of such columns using molecular sieve gels.
Positron emission tomographic measurements of pulvinar activity during an attention task

Positron emission tomographic scans were recorded from human subjects following an object-identification task, one version of which required attentional selection and the other version of which did not. In one experimental session, the attention-demanding displays were presented in the left visual field and the nonattention displays were presented in the right visual field. In a second session, the sides of the displays were reversed. Analysis of the scans indicated that, averaged across the 2 sessions, the pulvinar showed greater glucose uptake when it was contralateral to the display of the selective attention task than when it was contralateral to the display of the nonattention task. The pattern of the data indicated that the degree of the attention task effect on pulvinar glucose uptake may differ between the hemispheres. In view of known connections between the pulvinar and cortical areas that mediate object identification, the present finding suggests that the pulvinar operates interactively with these cortical structures when an identification process demands selective attention.
Still Bound for Disappointment? Another Look at Faculty and Library Journal Collections

Objective – To examine why faculty members at Columbia University are dissatisfied with the library’s journal collections and to follow up on a previous study that found negative perceptions of journal collections among faculty at Association of Research Libraries (ARL) member institutions in general. Methods – In 2006, Jim Self of the University of Virginia published the results of an analysis of LibQUAL+® survey data for ARL member libraries, focusing on faculty perceptions of journal collections as measured by LibQUAL+® item IC-8: “print and/or electronic journal collections I require for my work.” The current analysis includes data from 21 ARL libraries participating in the LibQUAL+® survey from 2006 through 2009. Notebooks for each library were accessed and reviewed for the Information Control and overall satisfaction scores. At Columbia, the results were used to identify departments with negative adequacy gaps for the IC-8 item. Follow-up phone interviews were conducted with 24 faculty members in these departments, focusing on their minimum expectation for journal collections, their desired expectations, and preferences for print or electronic journals. Results – Analysis of the 2009 LibQUAL+® scores shows that faculty across ARL libraries remain dissatisfied with journal collections. None of the libraries achieved a positive adequacy gap, in which the perceived level of service exceeded minimum expectations. There was no significant change in the adequacy gap for the IC-8 item since 2006, and satisfaction relative to expectations remained consistent, showing neither improvement nor decline. While most of the faculty members interviewed at Columbia stated that the journal collections met their minimum expectations, 15 of 24 reported that the library did not meet their desired level of service in this area. Key issues identified in the interviews included insufficient support from library staff and systems regarding journal acquisition and use, the need for work-arounds for accessing needed journals, problems with search and online access, collection gaps, insufficient backfile coverage, and the desire for a discipline-specific “quick list” to provide access to important journals. Conclusion – The issue of satisfaction with journal collections is complex, and faculty members have little tolerance for faulty systems. The evolution of the electronic journal collections and the inherent access challenges will continue to play a critical role in faculty satisfaction as libraries strive to provide ever-better service.
New approximation for steady-state response of general damped systems

A new approximation for steady-state dynamic displacements, which captures the nonlinearities associated with resonance, is presented. This approximation is based on modal analysis and is valid for general damped structures, which include the case of actively controlled structures. Intermediate design variable and intermediate response quantity concepts are used to enhance the accuracy of the approximations. When these high-quality approximations are used within the context of the approximation concepts approach, the overall efficiency of the design synthesis process is improved by reducing the number of complete analyses required for convergence. Numerical results that illustrate the effectiveness of the method are presented.
Tuning oxide activity through modification of the crystal and electronic structure: from strain to potential polymorphs

Discovering new materials with tailored chemical properties is vital for advancing key technologies in catalysis and energy conversion. One strategy is the modification of a material's crystal structure, and new methods allow for the synthesis and stabilization of potential materials in a range of crystal polymorph structures. We assess the potential reactivity of four metastable oxide polymorphs of MO2 (M = Ru, Rh, Pt, Ir) transition metal oxides. In spite of the similar local geometry and coordination between atoms in the metastable polymorphic and stable rutile structure, we find that polymorph reactivities cannot be explained by strain alone and offer tunable reactivity and increased stability. Atom-projected density of states reveals that the unique reactivity of polymorphs are caused by a redistribution of energy levels of the t2g-states. This structure–activity relationship is induced by slight distortions to the M–O bonds in polymorphic structures and is unattainable by strain. We predict columbite IrO2 to be more active than rutile IrO2 for oxygen evolution.
Long-term efavirenz use is associated with worse neurocognitive functioning in HIV-infected patients

Neurocognitive (NC) complications continue to afflict a substantial proportion of HIV-infected people taking effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). One contributing mechanism for this is antiretroviral neurotoxicity. Efavirenz (EFV) is associated with short-term central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, but less is known about its long-term effects. Our objective was to compare NC functioning with long-term use of EFV to that of a comparator, lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), in a cohort of well-characterized adults. Four hundred forty-five patients were selected from the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) cohort based on their use of either EFV (n = 272, mean duration 17.9 months) or LPV/r (n = 173, mean duration 16.4 months) and the lack of severe NC comorbidities. All patients had undergone standardized comprehensive NC testing. Univariable and multivariable analyses to predict NC outcomes were performed. Compared with LPV/r users, EFV users were more likely to be taking their first ART regimen (p < 0.001), were less likely to have AIDS (p < 0.001) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection (p < 0.05), had higher CD4+ T cell nadirs (p < 0.001), had lower peak (p < 0.001) and current (p < 0.001) plasma HIV RNA levels, and were less likely to have detectable HIV RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (p < 0.001). Overall, EFV users had worse speed of information processing (p = 0.04), verbal fluency (p = 0.03), and working memory (p = 0.03). An interaction with HCV serostatus was present: Overall among HCV seronegatives (n = 329), EFV users performed poorly, whereas among HCV seropositives (n = 116), LPV/r users had overall worse performance. In the subgroup with undetectable plasma HIV RNA (n = 269), EFV users had worse speed of information processing (p = 0.02) and executive functioning (p = 0.03). Substantial differences exist between EFV and LPV/r users in this observational cohort, possibly because of channeling by clinicians who may have prescribed LPV/r to more severely ill patients or as second-line therapy. Despite these differences, EFV users had worse functioning in several cognitive abilities. A potentially important interaction was identified that could indicate that the NC consequences of specific antiretroviral drugs may differ based on HCV coinfection. The complexity of these data is substantial, and findings would best be confirmed in a randomized clinical trial.
Presidential Signing Statements: How to Find Them, How to Use Them, and What They Might Mean

Lawyers should be cautious when seeking guidance in statutory interpretation from presidential signing statements. Reliance on signing statements as a source of statutory interpretation is controversial, as deference to the president’s interpretation, rather than interpretations of the legislature or judiciary, can lead to unlimited executive power. Signing statements can be retrieved from government resources or private vendors, and they are useful for advising clients how to interact with government agencies. In effect, signing statements act as orders from the president, which agencies under the executive chain of command follow.Signing statements are also useful as sources of statutory interpretation when the president actively participated in the legislation’s drafting. However, when the president’s signing statement interprets a statute contrary to the legislature’s intent or presents conclusory statements mandating statutory construction, an evaluation of the merits must include the constitutional limits of the legislative and executive branches. Lawyers for instance, may look to the difficulties of drafting, application, or enforcement of the statute. While signing statements may be useful guides for statutory interpretation, it is worth remembering the legislature’s role is to make law, and the role of the executive is to enforce the law. To allow an analysis otherwise would risk encouraging the creation of a unitary executive.
End-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide does not accurately reflect Paco2 in rabbits treated with acetazolamide during anaesthesia

Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, may cause significant disturbances in carbon dioxide transport and elimination. In this study, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring has been used to study the correlation between arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2 and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PE′co2) in rabbits treated with acetazolamide. A significant difference in (Paco2- PE′co2) developed immediately after administration of acetazolamide and persisted for more than 2 h. It is concluded that PE′co2 did not reflect accurately Paco2 and the ventilatory status of the rabbit which received acetazolamide within 2h.
Cancelled Requests: A Study of Interlibrary Lending

Interlibrary lending is often overlooked when resource-sharing operations are evaluated. The relevant literature shows a lack of current lending studies. It can be difficult to convince administrators that lending should be considered to be as important as borrowing in spite of the fact that one cannot operate without the other. 26,800 cancelled lending transactions were studied in order to determine the fill rate. Of these, 7068 cancelled transactions were further examined to determine the reasons for cancellation. Twelve percent of cancellations were actually on campus but had not been found. Many factors affect whether or not an item is found at a given time, including consortial obligations, staffing levels, and staff training. By changing or re-emphasizing retrieval methods and verification techniques, lending fill rates can be improved.
Interaction between insulin and thyroid hormones on the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rat adipose tissue.

Abstract Adipose tissue segments excised from normal rats and from rats rendered experimentally hypothyroid and hyperthyroid retained insulin responsiveness when studied in vitro. Basal rates of glucose oxidation to CO2, conversion into glyceride-glycerol, fatty acids, and total lipids, and the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase were enhanced in fat pads from hyperthyroid rats when compared with values seen with tissue from euthyroid animals. The response of each of these parameters was further enhanced by treating tissue from hyperthyroid rats in vitro with insulin. Basal rates of glucose oxidation and the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase were depressed as a result of hypothyroidism. However, all of these values could be restored to levels approaching the values seen in the basal state for euthyroid rats when tissue segments from hypothyroid rats were incubated in vitro with insulin. The basal rates for glucose conversion into glyceride-glycerol, fatty acids, and total lipids were not changed by hypothyroidism but retained insulin responsiveness. These data suggest that the insulin-effector system in adipose tissue is not altered by thyroid status and that thyroid hormones may act independently with insulin to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in this tissue at multiple intracellular metabolic sites.
Discrimination and reversal in capuchin monkeys as a function of irrelevant cue salience

Eight capuchin monkeys were trained on a simultaneous shape discrimination and a subsequent reversal with size, brightness, and position cues irrelevant. One group (HS) was trained with highly salient size and brightness cues, and the other group (LS) was trained with less salient size and brightness cues. The two groups did not differ significantly in learning either the original discrimination or its reversal. However, during reversal, Group HS responded more to its preferred size than did Group LS. This result indicates that the emergence of previously absent preferences along an irrelevant dimension is a function of the salience of the dimension. Responding to irrelevant dimensions was also found to increase from acquisition to reversal for the HS group, but not for the LS group. This increase is not consistent with Mackintosh’s recent theory of discrimination learning.
Types of Mathematics-Language Reading Interactions that Unnecessarily Hinder Algebra Learning and Assessment

English language learners (ELLs)—one of the lowest-achieving and fastest growing middle-school subpopulations—are challenged in the classroom by language components which could potentially jumpstart real mathematical growth for these and, eventually, all other students as well. Going beyond traditional word problems, this study documented and distinguished types of reading challenges that hinder middle-school ELLs (and some non-ELLs) when responding to a set of related, written algebra items about a linear pattern. Because just one reading misunderstanding or non-understanding can lead a student to create a logical, yet incorrect solution path to one item and apply that misconstruction when responding to other related items, the mathematics register should be expanded and explicitly integrated into daily classroom mathematics instruction.
Understanding the 12-lead ECG, part I.

Find how the ECG translates the heart's electrical activity into a waveform and what it tells you about your patients condition.
Shannon Meets Shortz: A Probabilistic Model of Crossword Puzzle Difficulty

This article is concerned with the difficulty of crossword puzzles. A model is proposed that quantifies the difficulty of a Puzzle P with respect to its clues. Given a clue–answer pair (c,a), we model the difficulty of guessing a based on c using the conditional probability P(a|c); easier mappings should enjoy a higher conditional probability. The model is tested by two experiments, each of which involves estimating the difficulty of puzzles taken from The New York Times. Additionally, we discuss how the notion of information implicit in our model relates to more easily quantifiable types of information that figure into crossword puzzles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biotemplated Nanostructured Materials

Biological materials naturally display an astonishing variety of sophisticated nanostructures that are difficult to obtain even with the most technologically advanced synthetic methodologies. As the needs for nanoengineered materials with improved performance characteristics are becoming increasingly important, the potential of biological scaffolds for the fabrication of novel types of nanostructures is being actively explored. This review presents an overview of “biotemplating” as an emerging, unique approach for the synthesis and organization of inorganic nanostructures into well-defined architectures. The technological significance of these architectures is emphasized. We review examples of biological templates explored to date (in terms of their origin and structure) and the success of a variety of methodologies in providing control over the size, crystallinity, and surface chemistry of the nanomaterials.
Cyclotron motion in a microwave cavity: Possible shifts of the measured electron g factor.

The interaction of a bound electron with the radiation field produced by the image charges that represent a surrounding cavity produces a shift in its orbital frequency and in its radiative decay time. We calculate the frequency shift and the change in the damping constant for a cyclotron motion at the midpoint of a lossy, cylindrical cavity. The frequency shift can easily be so large as to have important consequences for the University of Washington g-2 measurements.
Effects of downsampling on statistics of discrete-time semi-Markov processes

In this paper, we first present a novel approach to finding the statistics of the downsampled sequence of a discrete time semi-Markov process in terms of the sojourn time distributions and states transition matrix of the resulting process. Moreover, we further show that the statistics of the original semi-Markov process cannot be uniquely determined given the downsampled sequence. This suggests a singularity issue resulting from the downsampling regardless of the bandwidth of the original process. Numerical results based on derived theoretical investigation have been further verified using simulations.
The theory of functional and template dependencies

Abstract Template dependencies were introduced by Sadri and Ullman [17] to generalize existing forms of data dependencies. It was hoped that by studying a large and natural class of dependencies, we could solve the inference problem for these dependencies, while that problem was elusive for restricted subsets of the template dependencies, such as embedded multivalued dependencies. At about the same time, other generalizations of known dependency forms were developed, such as the implicational dependencies of Fagin [11] and the algebraic dependencies of Yannakakis and Papadimitriou [20]. Unlike the template dependencies, the latter forms include the functional dependencies as special cases. In this paper we show that no nontrivial functional dependency follows from template dependencies, and we characterize those template dependencies that follow from functional dependencies. We then give a complete set of axioms for reasoning about combinations of functional and template dependencies. As a result, template dependencies augmented by functional dependencies can serve as a substitute for the more general implicational or algebraic dependencies, providing the same ability to represent those dependencies that appear ‘in nature’, while providing a somewhat simpler notation and set of axioms than the more general classes.
Self-consistent calculation of the frequency-dependent conductivity near the Anderson transition

The dynamic conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ of a disordered electronic system is calculated, both above and below the Anderson transition, for dimensions $2ldl4$. The calculation is based on the self-consistent diagrammatic theory developed by Vollhardt and W\"olfle. It is shown that near the transition, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, as determined from this theory, obeys a scaling equation in agreement with recent scaling theories. The corresponding scaling function is calculated explicitly in the limit of low and high frequencies.
Survey of physician knowledge regarding antiretroviral medications in hospitalized HIV-infected patients

Antiretroviral prescribing errors are common among hospitalized patients. Inadequate medical knowledge is likely one of the factors leading to these errors. Our objective was to determine the proportion of hospital physicians with knowledge gaps about prescribing antiretroviral medications for hospitalized HIV-infected patients and to correlate knowledge with length and type of medical training and experience.
Is Our Current Paradigm for Evaluation and Management of the Bunion Deformity Flawed? A Discussion of Procedure Philosophy Relative to Anatomy

Of the >100 procedures that have been proposed to treat hallux valgus or the “bunion” deformity, most have focused on correction through metatarsal osteotomies at various levels combined with soft tissue balancing procedures at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This paradigm of metatarsal osteotomy and soft tissue balancing has been so commonplace, any argument for a fundamental change to the approach becomes uncomfortable and seems unwarranted to most foot and ankle surgeons. However, the simple fact that so many procedures exist, with so many modifications of these procedures, can be interpreted as a failure of our basic paradigm of metatarsal osteotomy and soft tissue balancing. We have observed that failure to recognize frontal plane rotation of the first metatarsal and our willingness to ignore deformity correction principles and create osteotomies outside the center of rotation of angulation are factors that can result in inconsistent outcomes. Our current multiprocedural mindset drives the search for yet more procedures and modifications in an attempt to reduce the incidence of complications. We present an anatomic analysis of hallux abducto valgus and metatarsus primus adducto valgus and critically analyze some of the shortcomings of currently popular corrective procedures. We also review the available data regarding frontal plane rotation of the first metatarsal and propose a new paradigm that considers frontal plane rotation of the first metatarsal as a priority in choosing the most appropriate procedure for bunion correction.
Mediators, airway responsiveness, and asthma.

Abstract There appears to be a close interrelationship among airway responsiveness to mediators and to natural stimuli, the presence and severity of asthma, and endogenous mediator release in the airways. Histamine and methacholine have been most commonly used to measure airway responsiveness. Airway responsiveness to the two drugs is increased in patients with current symptoms of asthma, and the degree of increase relates closely to the degree of variable airflow obstruction and the therapy to control symptoms. The degree of airway responsiveness to histamine also correlates closely with the degree of responsiveness to methacholine and less closely with responsiveness to PGF 2α and to natural stimuli such as exercise and allergens. The less close correlations with responsiveness to exercise and allergens is probably because of variations in the ease and type of endogenous mediator release in the airways by these stimuli. Endogenous mediator release from a number of stimuli including allergens and ozone causes inflammation in the airways, asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness. These various interrelationships indicate that the treatment of asthma should be directed to reduce airway responsiveness, prevent mediator release, and prevent or reverse inflammation.
CONCEPTS FOR AUTOMATED PATTERN RECOGNITION RESEARCH WITH HYBRID OPTICAL/DIGITAL SYSTEMS

Concepts for automated pattern recognition research with hybrid optical/digital systems are discussed for application to present and future mapping and terrain intelligence tasks. Optical and digital pattern recognition approaches which may contribute to hybrid techniques are outlined and a generalized hybrid system model introduces system components, their roles and their interfaces. The automated pattern recognition research program at USAETL, which mainly involves optical power spectral analysis, is sketched for applications research, new approaches, and integration of pattern recognition systems. The paper concludes with estimates of the present state of automated hybrid optical/digital pattern recognition that point to research areas for developing viable systems of the future.
Treatment of a dental phobic with pronounced aversion to rubber gloves by swallowing relaxation in two appointments.

This case illustrates where excessive dental stress on the swallowing reflex caused retching then nausea and eventually dental phobia. Swallowing relaxation enabled normal variable function to be quickly restored, which rapidly cured the phobia
Magnetism of rare-earth-transition-metal nanoscale multilayers

Systematic studies have been performed on the layer-thickness dependence of magnetization and anisotropy for amorphous rare-earth--transition-metal compositionally modulated films with characteristic bilayer thicknesses (\ensuremath{\lambda}) in the 0.6--3-nm (6--30 A\r{}) range. The results permit for the first time the development of a detailed model for the magnetization and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy as a function of \ensuremath{\lambda}. Single-ion anisotropy is shown to be the major contributor to the perpendicular anisotropy for Dy/Co and similar systems.
Electron transport and optical properties of carbon nanostructures from first principles

Abstract Recent developments in ab initio studies of the nonlinear electron transport and optical properties of nanostructures are discussed. As examples of applications, results are presented for carbon atomic wires and single-walled carbon nanotubes. For the carbon atomic wires, strong nonlinearities in the I – V characteristics and conductance are obtained, and the role of interface chemistry and lead composition is demonstrated to be extremely important in determining its transport properties. For single-walled carbon nanotubes, explicit treatment of many-electron interactions shows that excitonic effects are dominant in these quasi-one dimensional systems and thus essential to explain the observed optical absorption spectra.
Physical Map and Genome Sequencing Survey of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Haemobartonella felis)

Mycoplasma haemofelis is an uncultivable red-cell pathogen of cats. Isolated M. haemofelis DNA was used to create a bacterial artificial chromosome library and physical map. Random sequencing of this material revealed 75 genes that had not been previously reported for M. haemofelis or any other hemotrophic mycoplasma.
Cognitive resource theory and the utilization of the leader's and group members' technical competence

Abstract The belief that technical competence leads to improved job performance is often left unquestioned. For various reasons, however, research has failed to demonstrate a consistent relationship. Two related experiments investigated the conditions under which technical training for leaders and group members contributes to group performance. The first study compared the effectiveness of decisions in groups in which the leader was (a) instructed to be either directive or nondirective and (b) given or not given a brief training period to provide task-relevant knowledge for making the required group decisions. A second study compared the performance of trained group members under directive and nondirective leaders. As hypothesized, the leader's technical knowledge or expertise contributed to group performance only if the leader was both trained and directive; group members' task-relevant knowledge contributed to group performance only if the leader was nondirective. The results are discussed in the context of Cognitive Resource Theory.
The rhetoric and reality of community empowerment in coastal conservation: a case study from Menai Bay Conservation Area, Tanzania

Coastal areas across the globe are experiencing alarming levels of degradation, including in East Africa. In response, marine conservation efforts in the region are on the rise, many of which claim community empowerment as an essential goal. At the same time, research from geography and cognate disciplines has been working to detail the ways in which conservation practices in Africa can negatively impact communities living in and around protected areas. However, due in part to the much more recent history of coastal conservation, much of this important research is focused on land-based ecosystems. This paper adds to the burgeoning literature on coastal conservation efforts in the region by presenting findings from a case study of a World Bank-funded project in the Menai Bay Conservation Area (MBCA), in Zanzibar, Tanzania. This study combines interview-based fieldwork and a review of policy literature to conclude that while the project in MBCA maintains a strong rhetoric of community involvement, the goal ...
Axillofemoral bypass with externally supported, knitted Dacron grafts: a follow-up through twelve years.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review our experience with externally supported, knitted Dacron grafts used for axillofemoral bypass. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on records of 79 consecutive axillofemoral bypass graft operations performed on 77 patients from January 1978 to April 1990. Results: The mortality rate within 30 days of operation was 5% (four of 79); 36 patients died in the follow-up period; none died of graft causes. During this 12-year period (mean follow-up 42 months) three patients were unavailable for follow-up. The primary patency rate was 78% at 5 years and 73% at 7 years, with no change thereafter. Neither the graft configuration (i.e., axillounifemoral [ n = 50] vs axillobifemoral [ n = 29]) nor patency of the superficial femoral artery had an impact on the primary patency rate. Patients who underwent surgery for disabling claudication ( n = 30 grafts) had a primary patency rate of 80% at 6 years compared with 65% at 6 years for those who required surgery for limb salvage ( n = 49 grafts); the difference was not significant ( p = 0.37). Actuarial survival of patients with axillofemoral grafts was 23% at 10 years compared with 72% in a concurrent population of patients with aortofemoral bypass ( p Conclusions: These findings indicate that axillofemoral bypass grafts may be appropriate for high-risk patients with severe aortoiliac disease who require revascularization for either limb salvage or incapacitating claudication. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:107-15.)
Source Coding and Preemphasis for Double-Edged Pulsewidth Modulation Serial Communication

Double-edged pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) is less sensitive to frequency-dependent losses in electrical chip-to-chip interconnects. However, the DPWM scheme instantaneously transmits information at a different rate than a synchronous source. This paper presents an 8-/9-bit line-coding scheme to compensate for the timing skew between the DPWM and synchronous clock domains while limiting the size of buffering required in the transmitter and receiver. Furthermore, preemphasis is introduced and analyzed as a means to improve the signal integrity of a DPWM signal. A multiphase-based, time interleaving receiver architecture using a sense amplifier is presented for high-speed data recovery. The DPWM transceiver is implemented in a 45-nm CMOS Silicon on insulator and operates at 10 Gbit/s with $10^{-12}$ bit error rate and consumes 96 mW. The power consumption of the 8-/9-bit coding hardware is 1.5 mW at 10 Gbit/s demonstrating low-power overhead.
Jews, non-jews, and attitudes toward reproductive technologies

A survey of attitudes toward newer methods for conceiving and controlling the quality of children replicates a comparable survey carried out in 1984. Comparing the two samples of college students, we hypothesized continued differences by religion and religiosity as found in the earlier survey, but we also expected that these differences would have diminished over time with a convergence of attitudes on methods which have become increasingly widely practiced. Findings confirmed that, as in 1984, Jews were more approving of most methods than were Protestants and Catholics, and the more religious subjects were the least approving. This was true of methods included in the prior survey (e.g. artificial insemination by husband and donor,in vitro fertilization, and surrogacy) as well as of newer methods developed since then (e.g. ovum donation, cloning). The comparison revealed no evidence of convergence, despite declining religiosity; religious identification persists as a powerful influence on attitudes. Yet the majority of students claimed that their religious background and upbringing had no effect on their opinions.