cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the dominant diffusing species in silicide formation

Implanted noble gas atoms of Xe have been used as diffusion markers in the growth study of three silicides: Ni2Si, VSi2, and TiSi2. Backscattering of MeV He has been used to determine the displacement of the markers. We found that while Si atoms predominate the diffusion in VSi2 and TiSi2, Ni atoms are the faster moving species in Ni2Si.
Indirect reciprocity: song sparrows distrust aggressive neighbours based on eavesdropping

The evolution of cooperation between unrelated individuals has been a central issue in evolutionary biology. The main problem in most theories of cooperation is how a cooperative player selects individuals to ‘trust’ so that he does not get exploited by noncooperators. While early models emphasized the role of direct experience with individuals in deciding who to trust, more recent work has shown that individuals can eavesdrop on interactions between other individuals to identify cooperators and noncooperators. This second route to cooperation is called indirect reciprocity. In spatially structured populations with repeated interactions between players, both sources of information (direct experience and observed reputation) are readily available. Most models and empirical studies to date, however, have considered indirect reciprocity only in one-shot interactions when direct experience is not available. We examined the role of indirect reciprocity in the maintenance of mutual restraint in aggression (Dear Enemy cooperation) between territorial male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia. We found that territory owners eavesdropped on simulated defections by a neighbour (intrusions onto a third bird’s territory) and subsequently retaliated against these defecting neighbours. Taken together with our previous results, these results suggest that both direct and indirect reciprocity can be at work in repeated-interaction scenarios, and together lead to emergence of cooperation.
Investors' attitudes toward source credibility

Purpose – To inform research on source credibility by providing insight into investors' perception and use of common information sources.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 235 individuals with investing experience or intent ranked the perceived credibility of nine common sources that report unaudited corporate earnings estimates and nine sources of non‐financial performance measures. Respondents also assessed the relative value of source credibility to their investment decisions and indicated which common sources of information they use when investing.Findings – Results indicate no significant differences in the rankings between more and less experienced investors. Respondents seemed to impute accountability or independence to certain sources without warrant. Source credibility was less valued in the non‐financial performance measurement context than in the earnings estimate setting. A surprisingly low proportion of investors reported using the auditor's report and financial statement notes in combin...
Enfold: clothing for people with cerebral palsy

A jacket, "Enfold" was comprised of transformable clothing that folds and envelops the wearer using origami folding with shape memory alloy (SMA) to assist those who have trouble dressing by allowing the garment to wrap around and fit the wearer without outside help. These types of clothes are expected to be beneficial for people with CP and also for populations with other body movement disorders and elderly people.
Uridine rescue from the lethal toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in mice

To determine the relationship between 5-fluorouracil (FUra) toxicity and its RNA- and DNA-directed actions we examined the ability of continuous SC infusion with uridine (Urd), thymidine (dThd), or deoxyuridine (dUrd) to rescue mice from the lethal toxicity of FUra. Male B6D2F1 mice were treated with a single IP injection of FUra (800 mg/kg) followed in 24 h by a 5-day infusion with either 0.9% NaCl or Urd (0.1, 1, 5, or 10 g/kg/day). Survivors were then followed up for 30 days after FUra treatment. Urd (1, 5, or 10 g/kg/day) rescued mice from the lethal toxicity of FUra, whereas Urd (0.1 g/kg/day) was as ineffective as 0.9% NaCl as a rescue agent. With variable doses of FUra followed in 24 h by a Urd infusion (5 g/kg/day) for 5 days, Urd rescued mice treated with FUra (400, 600, or 800 mg/kg) but was ineffective against higher doses of FUra (1,000 or 1,200 mg/kg). Mice treated with FUra (800 mg/kg) followed in 24 h by a 5-day infusion with either dThd (1, 5, or 10 g/kg/day) or dUrd (1 or 5 g/kg/day) could not be rescued from the lethal toxicity of FUra. In all experiments deaths occurred between 6 and 12 days after FUra. These results, which demonstrate a specificity for Urd, but not for either dThd or dUrd, for rescuing mice from the lethal toxicity of FUra, suggest the importance of the RNA- rather than the DNA-directed actions of FUra as a determinant of its toxicity in mice.
Influence of alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) on iodine metabolism.

SummaryTotal, inorganic, and organic iodine of the tissues of normal and ANTU-poisoned rats was measured. ANTU decreased the thyroid iodine of rats and guinea pigs and caused a small increase in the total iodine of blood and lung when acutely toxic doses of the rodenticide were administered. Feeding a high iodine diet for 5 days caused a marked increase in the total iodine of tissues from normal and thyroidectomized rats. Since pre-treatment of thyroidectomized rats with iodine does not afford protection against ANTU the increase in thyroid iodine of normal iodine-fed rats appears to be involved directly in the prophylactic effect of iodide against ANTU poisoning.
Cu−Cr−O and Cu−Ce−O Regenerable Oxide Sorbents for Hot Gas Desulfurization

Binary Cu−Cr−O and Cu−Ce−O oxides were studied in this work as regenerable sorbents for high-temperature fuel gas desulfurization. CuO−Cr2O3 and CuO−CeO2 sorbents can remove H2S from simulated coal-derived fuel gas to less than 5−10 ppmv in the temperature range of 650−850 °C. The presence of stable CuCr2O4 in CuO−Cr2O3 solids retains some copper in the Cu2+ or Cu1+ oxidation state, which can account for the high H2S removal efficiency. In CuO−CeO2 sorbents, however, CuO is easily reduced to copper metal. Participation of reduced cerium oxide in sulfidation can explain the observed high desulfurization efficiency. TGA tests and XRD analysis indicate that sulfidation proceeds through partial initial reduction of the CuO−Cr2O3 sorbents: CuO → Cu/Cu2O → CuxS (x < 2). Reduction kinetics were studied in the TGA over temperature ranges of 550−850 and 350−850 °C, respectively, for the CuO−Cr2O3 and CuO−CeO2 materials. The sulfidation kinetic parameters were measured in the temperature range of 450−850 °C after ...
Evidence of Interaction between Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Phthalates in Relation to Human Sperm Motility

Previously, we reported evidence of inverse associations between exposure to some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some phthalate monoesters in relation to semen parameters, specifically sperm motility. Because humans are exposed to both phthalates and PCBs and because experimental studies suggest that PCBs may interact with glucuronidative enzymes that are responsible for phthalate metabolism, we explored the potential interaction between phthalates and PCBs in relation to human semen quality. We studied 303 men who were partners in subfertile couples seeking infertility diagnosis from the andrology laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital. Semen parameters were dichotomized based on World Health Organization reference values, and phthalate and PCB levels were dichotomized at their respective medians. After adjusting for age and abstinence time, for below reference sperm motility there was a greater than additive interaction between monobenzyl phthalate and PCB-153 [relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) = 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41–3.22], sum of PCBs (RERI = 1.24; 95% CI, 0.15–2.94), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-inducing PCBs (RERI = 1.30; 95% CI, 0.21–3.06). For below-reference sperm motility, there was also a greater than additive interaction between monobutyl phthalate (MBP) and PCB-153 (RERI = 1.42; 95% CI, 0.09–3.76) and CYP450-inducing PCBs (RERI = 1.87; 95% CI, 0.56–4.52) and a suggestive interaction between MBP and sum of PCBs (RERI = 1.35; 95% CI, −0.11 to 3.48). In conclusion, because there are important risk assessment and public health implications of interactions between these two ubiquitous classes of compounds, further studies need to be conducted to confirm these results and identify potential mechanisms of interactions.
Square Peg, Round Hole, Good Engineering

Today’s challenges require new ways of thinking about STEM education that go beyond standard disciplinary learning, to include creativity, flexibility, and an openness to the new. One way to better understand this involves considering successful engineers and inventors to identify approaches that worked for them. We profile two innovators, Nikola Tesla and Steve Jobs, to better understand their thinking and creative processes. Their stories highlight the fact that creativity in these domains cannot happen without deep knowledge of key technical domains. That said, this knowledge, though necessary, is not sufficient to engender creativity. Creative solutions emerge from a wider matrix of imagination, abilities, skills, curiosities, and interests across disciplines. The science and engineering demands of our world require that learners need varied experiences that enable them to think richly and broadly, both within, outside of, and across the disciplines.
Is getting older all that rewarding

The increasing public health impact of addictive disorders and obesity has led to an emphasis on studying the neurobiology of reward. Studies of reward integrate basic and cognitive neuroscience with in vivo approaches in humans. In this issue of PNAS, Dreher et al. (1) use neuroimaging to visualize the in vivo neurochemistry and neural circuitry of reward in older and younger adults. They show different relationships (1) between estimated dopa decarboxylase activity (DDC), assessed through PET measurement of the presynaptic dopamine (DA) system with [18F]flurodopa (FDopa), a radiolabeled derivative of dopa (measure of DA), and reward measured by fMRI networks. They found that midbrain measures of FDopa correlated positively with the BOLD signal after tasks eliciting a reward mechanism in youth but negatively in aged subjects. There were also regional differences in brain activation between the two age groups.
Speed and accuracy in decision responses of men and women pilots.

The decision response time and accuracy of 54 civilian pilots were measured to determine if there were any differences in the performance of male and female pilots. A series of 30 transparencies required each subject to make a decision regarding aircraft attitude on the basis of information provided by pictures of three flight instruments. No differences of statistical significance were found between the performance of men and women under any of the experimental conditions. Performance data do suggest, howover, that in a task requiring both speed and accuracy, women are more accurate than men initially and gain in speed with experience, while men respond more quickly than women dining early trials and improve in accuracy as the trials continue.
Color-based computer analysis of aerial photographs

This paper describes a three-dimensional normalized color space and presents some examples which indicate the usefulness of this space for segmenting color scenes. The normalized color space is based on the standard trichromatic coefficients so that both color (independent of intensity) and total intensity information can be accessed. The segmentation is accomplished by rather simple decision surfaces in the color space. The example scenes have been taken from aerial color photographs in the form of 35 mm transparencies.
Age- and gender-specific modulation of serum osteopontin and interferon-α by osteopontin genotype in systemic lupus erythematosus

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in long bone remodeling and immune system signaling. Additionally, OPN is critical for interferon-α (IFN-α) production in murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells. We have previously shown that IFN-α is a heritable risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Genetic variants of OPN have been associated with SLE susceptibility, and one study suggests that this association is particular to men. In this study, the 3′ UTR SLE-risk variant of OPN (rs9138C) was associated with higher serum OPN and IFN-α in men (P=0.0062 and P=0.0087, respectively). In women, the association between rs9138 C and higher serum OPN and IFN-α was restricted to younger subjects, and risk allele carriers showed a strong age-related genetic effect of rs9138 genotype on both serum OPN and IFN-α (P<0.0001). In African-American subjects, the 5′ region single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs11730582 and rs28357094, were associated with anti-RNP antibodies (odds ratio (OR)=2.9, P=0.0038 and OR=3.9, P=0.021, respectively). Thus, we demonstrate two distinct genetic influences of OPN on serum protein traits in SLE patients, which correspond to previously reported SLE-risk variants. This study provides a biologic relevance for OPN variants at the protein level, and suggests an influence of this gene on the IFN-α pathway in SLE.
Reactions of methyl radicals of importance in combustion systems

Abstract Methyl radicals have been shown not to undergo a rapid bimolecular reaction with oxygen or nitric oxide at temperatures up to 1220 K.
GABAergic and Asymmetrical Synapses on Somata of GABAergic Neurons in CA1 and CA3 Regions of Rat Hippocampus A Quantitative Electron Microscopic Analysis

Background and Purpose CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampus die while CA3 neurons survive after transient ischemia. The imbalance of excitation and inhibition may contribute to this selective vulnerability. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological basis of the above hypothesis. Methods Male Wistar rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde in 0.15 mol/L phosphate buffer. Coronal sections (50 μm) cut on a microtome were processed for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. Sections for electron microscopy were postfixed in 0.5% osmium tetroxide and embedded in high-viscosity epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were cut and observed with an electron microscope. Results GABA-positive neurons in the stratum pyramidale received more GABAergic synapses than asymmetrical synapses. The percentage of somatic membrane of GABA-positive neurons covered by asymmetrical synapses in the CA1 region (3.17±1.13%) was higher than that in the CA3 region (2.15±0.18%, P <.05). The ratio of asymmetrical to GABAergic synapses per 10 μm somatic membrane in the CA1 region (0.71±0.22) was higher than that in the CA3 region (0.53±0.14, P <.05). The ratio of the percentage of somatic membrane covered by asymmetrical/GABAergic synapses in the CA1 region (0.33±0.14) was also significantly higher than that in the CA3 region (0.20±0.07, P <.05). Conclusions The GABAergic neurons in the CA1 region receive stronger excitatory inputs than those in the CA3 region, which provides a morphological basis for differences in excitability that may contribute to selective vulnerability after transient ischemia.
Parallel and Sequential Job Scheduling in Heterogeneous Clusters: A Simulation Study Using Software in the Loop:

The task of designing and optimizing job scheduling algorithms for heterogeneous computing environments requires the ability to predict scheduling performance. The complexity of heterogeneous scheduling issues requires that the experiments devised to test a scheduling paradigm be both flexible and extensive. Experimentally determined models for the prediction of job execution times on both sequential and parallel computing resources are combined with the implementation of a novel scheduling algorithm and a software-in-the-loop (SWIL) simulation. The result is a potent design and analysis approach for job scheduling algorithms and implementations intended for heterogeneous environments. This paper develops the concepts, mechanisms, and results of a SWIL design and analysis approach. The merits of this approach are shown in four case studies, which determine overhead, scheduling performance, and the impact of preemption and priority policies. These case studies illustrate the contributions of this research in the form of a new parallel job scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous computing and in the novel application of SWIL simulation to the analysis of job scheduling systems.
Aqueous coating of efficient flexible TiO2 dye solar cell photoanodes

Abstract We describe the preparation and characterization of flexible TiO2 photoanodes coated on indium tin oxide–polyethylene naphthalate (ITO–PEN) substrates from aqueous solutions. We find that the use of hexafluorosalisilic acid promotes low-temperature connection of the TiO2 nanoparticles, considerably increasing the solar conversion efficiency. In addition, we report that highly dispersed TiO2 nanocrystals improve adhesion to the substrate, while micron-size aggregates improve the porosity of the photoanode. Hence, optimal results of 5% conversion efficiency at 0.5 sun are obtained by the combination of these two particle sizes.
The effects of delay of feedback on a delayed concept formation transfer task

Abstract The present experiment investigated the effects of delay of feedback and type of verbal feedback on transfer with conjunctive concept formation tasks. The four conditions of delay of feedback were 0, 10, 30, and 30 s, respectively. The verbal feedback conditions were right-wrong, right-nothing, and nothing-wrong. All subjects were tested 7 days later, following initial learning, to test for transfer effects. Among the major findings was that although delay of feedback slows down the rate of initial learning it facilitates transfer after a long delay. In addition, while right-wrong feedback resulted in the fastest learning of the first task, as expected, no differences were found between the types of feedback and their effects on the transfer task following a long delay.
Contamination Of Remote Plasma Processes Upon Addition Of Hydrogen As A Downstream Reagent Gas

The flexibility of the remote plasma process qualifies it as a tool for multiple step processing. Cross-contamination of remote plasma processes via interactions of reactant gasses with the chamber wall deposits has been observed when hydrogen has been introduced as a downstream reagent gas. This has been observed for both substrate cleaning prior to epitaxy and during epitaxy. With proper precautions and chamber wall conditioning, the contamination problem can he eliminated. Thus, integration of multiple remote plasma processing steps into a single chamber is possible.
Robustness in cooperative coevolution

Though recent analysis of traditional cooperative coevolutionary algorithms (CCEAs) casts doubt on their suitability for static optimization tasks, our experience is that the algorithms perform quite well in multiagent learning settings. This is due in part because many CCEAs may be quite suitable to finding behaviors for team members that result in good (though not necessarily optimal) performance but which are also robust to changes in other team members. Given this, there are two main goals of this paper. First, we describe a general framework for clearly defining robustness, offering a specific definition for our studies. Second, we examine the hypothesis that CCEAs exploit this robustness property during their search. We use an existing theoretical model to gain intuition about the kind of problem properties that attract populations in the system, then provide a simple empirical study justifying this intuition in a practical setting. The results are the first steps toward a constructive view of CCEAs as optimizers of robustness.
Functional gains for control of a Timoshenko beam using piezoceramic actuator

Piezoceramic actuators are used in tandem with conventional actuator to design control laws for a Timoshenko slewing beam. The equations are presented in an abstract first order form. Feedback laws are obtained in the context of LQR theory. Convergent functional gains are obtained and time responses of the closed loop system are presented. It is shown that the piezoceramic actuators can significantly enhance the closed-loop response of the system.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of 21st century satellite remote sensing technology in natural hazard analysis

Floods and landslides are among the most widespread natural hazards on Earth. The impact of these disasters is often felt most acutely in parts of the world without ground observation networks. Today, satellite remote sensing information, acquired and processed in real-time, can provide a global view of four-dimensional geophysical variables needed to monitor/ predict severe hazards, which is particularly significant for developing countries and inaccessible regions. For these reasons, a special session on the ‘‘Use of Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Flood and Landslide Analysis’’ was convened at the 2006 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Maryland. This special session served as a venue for discussion of satellite remote sensing research related to case studies, conceptual frameworks, and modeling of natural hazards, in particular floods and landslides, on local, regional, and global scales. Jointly sponsored by AGU and the NASA Public Affairs Office, a press briefing for highlights of this special session was held on May 24 at Baltimore (http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/springagu_2006.html). Through an agreement with Springer, the session organizers also acted as guest editors for a Special Issue (SI) of the Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation Natural Hazards. The SI aims to improve the communication between data producers and application groups and further foster the development of cost-effective frameworks for incorporating operational satellite observations into research and applications related to floods, landslides, and other natural disasters triggered by heavy rainfall, including those triggered by tropical cyclones. The nine papers in this SI summarize a range of satellite remote sensing
'Discovery' as a site for the collective construction of scientific knowledge

ABSTRACT: Hans Christian OOrsted and Thomas Johann Seebeck are recognized as the discoverers of electromagnetism and thermoelectricity. Yet what each man believed he had discovered differed markedly from what many contemporaries saw in those discoveries and from subsequent canonized representations of them. The central historical concern of this paper is to track the details of how scientists9 understanding of what was discovered in these two cases, as embodied in their preferred language, evolved over time in response to different interests, conceptual preferences, and ontological beliefs. The very concept of discovery, in accordance with which scientists bestow recognition only on someone who has discovered something held to be true of the world, plays an important role in the process of consensus formation by the interacting collectivity of scientists. In its historiographical assessment of such episodes, this study builds upon Thomas Kuhn9s recognition that ““discovering a new sort of phenomena is necessarily a complex process which includes recognizing both that something is and what it is””; upon augustine Brannigan9s analysis of the social construction of discovery accounts, whereby ““the attribution of discovery is structured……by the perception that the achievement is coherent with existing knowledge in the field””; and upon Ludwik Fleck9s analysis of the creative role of an interacting ““thought collective”” in the ““genesis and development of a scientific fact.””
Evidence for meteoric recharge in the San Joaquin basin, California provided by isotope and trace element chemistry of calcite

Abstract Calcite cements were analysed petrographically and geochemically to document patterns of meteoric recharge into marine sandstones in the San Joaquin basin, California. Calcite cements in shallow marine sandstones in the eastern basin are pure (>96 mol.% Ca, 32% and δ18OPDB
RATE OF PHOTOCHLORINATION OF LIQUID n-HEPTANE

Abstract The rates of photochlorination of liquid solutions of Cl2 and n-heptane were measured at 25°C in a tubular-flow reactor. By using educed light intensities and short illuminated reactor lengths it was possible to obtain low conversions of chlorine (approach differential-reactor operation) for this fast reaction. The rate of morochloride production was first order in chlorine concentration and first order in light intensity. An overall quantum yield of 0.8 × 108 g mole/Einstein was obtained At the low chlorine concentrations (> 1.5 mole 7percnt;) employed no dichlorides were found in the product. The monochlorides contained a little more of the primary isomer than has been observed in other photochemical studies.
Determination of pantothenic acid in normal blood and urine by microbiological technic.

SummaryA microbiological technic, employing Proteus morganii as the test organism for the assay of pantothenic acid, has been applied to evaluating the level of this vitamin in blood and urine.It was found that the pantothenate content of blood from 17 normal persons ranged between 0.030 and 0.099 μg per ml of blood and averaged 0.059 μg per ml. The pantothenate content of 24-hour urine specimens from 9 persons ranged from 1.46 mg to 6.79 mg and averaged 3.81 mg.
Differential expression of the cell-adhesion molecule Nr-CAM in hyperplastic and neoplastic human pancreatic tissue

Nr-CAM is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of neural cell-adhesion molecules initially thought to be expressed mainly in the brain. Here we show the presence of Nr-CAM protein in normal human pancreas and characterize its expression in hyperplastic and neoplastic human pancreatic tissue. Nr-CAM is expressed on the cell surface in normal pancreatic acini with enhanced staining at cell-cell junctions, and weak or no surface staining is seen on normal ductal cells. Nr-CAM expression is markedly up-regulated in intraductal hyperplasia. Expression was well maintained in well or moderately differentiated carcinoma but was reduced or absent from most poorly differentiated tumors. In addition, 4 of 4 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines tested demonstrated little or no Nr-CAM expression. This differential regulation of Nr-CAM expression suggests that it may be involved in the pathogenesis and invasive/metastatic behavior of pancreatic cancers. HUM PATHOL 32:396-400.
Impact of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Radiologic Pathology Course on radiology resident performance on the ACR In-Training and ABR written Examinations

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess resident scores on the American College of Radiology (ACR) In-Training Examination and on the written American Board of Radiology (ABR) Examination relative to attendance at and timing of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) Radiologic Pathology Course. Materials and Methods. A survey of 200 radiology residency program directors requested the type of residency program, whether the program sent residents to the AFIP course, dates of AFIP attendance for individual residents, percentile scores of residents on the ACR examination from 1995 through 1998, and ABR examination scores for 1997. Scores were analyzed before and after AFIP attendance and also temporally for examinations during or after AFIP attendance. Improvement in percentile scores for residents undergoing the ACR examination while attending the AFIP were compared with scores of matched residents from their programs who had not attended. Results. Thirty-six (18%) program directors responded, providing data on 619 residents who underwent the ACR examination, ABR examination, or both. No significant improvement was found between pre- and post-AFIP ACR Examination scores for residents at university or military programs. There were statistically significantly improved scores for residents at community programs (mean percentile improvement, 8.1 points; P = .0064). Residents who underwent the ACR examination during the AFIP course improved their scores by 10.7 percentile points compared with matched residents who had not attended the AFIP course (P = .041). Conclusion. Residents undergoing the ACR examination while attending the AFIP improve their percentile scores more than residents who have not attended the AFIP.
Neonatal septic arthritis

Neonatal septic arthritis of the knee was encountered in nine infants during a two-year period, representing an incidence of 16.5 per 1,000 admissions to a neonatal intensive care unit. The etiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (3), Klebsiella (1), Streptococcus , group B(2), and Candida albicans (3). Two infants with systemic fungal infection died. Arthritis was the presenting feature of neonatal septicemia in three of six infants with bacterial infection and was accompanied by osteomyelitis in two. In eight of the infants, the same organism was cultured from the skin of the umbilicus as was cultured from the joint. Umbilical catheters had been placed in all of these infants. Full recovery of joint function has been noted in the seven surviving infants.
Fast chain contraction during protein folding: "foldability" and collapse dynamics.

Theory indicates that at least some proteins will undergo a rapid and unimpeded collapse, like a disorganized hydrophobic chain, prior to folding. Yet experiments continue to find signs of an organized, or barrier-limited, collapse in even the fastest ($\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$) folding proteins. Does the kinetic barrier represent a signature of the equilibrium ``foldability'' of these molecules? We have measured the rate of chain contraction in two nonfolding analogs of a very fast-collapsing protein. We find that these chains contract on the same time scale ($\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\mathrm{s}$) as the natural protein, and both pass over an energetic barrier at least as large as that encountered by the protein. The equilibrium foldability of the native structure therefore does not alone determine the dynamics of collapse; even the disordered chains contract $\ensuremath{\sim}1000\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ slower than expected for an ideal chain.
Survival of resident and translocated greater sage-grouse in Strawberry Valley, Utah: A 13-year study†

Survival of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) has been well described in large populations across the species range. Very little published information exists, however, on survival rates of translocated sage-grouse or grouse from a long-term (>10 yr) study. Our objectives were to estimate seasonal and annual survival rates; assess differences in survival between resident and translocated, adult and yearling, and male and female sage-grouse; identify environmental and behavioral factors associated with survival; and assess the influence of mammalian predator control on survival rates of radio-marked sage-grouse in Strawberry Valley, Utah from 1998 to 2010. We used a 2-stage model selection approach using Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for sample size (AICc) with known-fate models in Program MARK to evaluate the influences of seasonal, annual, demographic, and behavioral effects on survival rates of sage-grouse. We captured and fitted 535 individual sage-grouse (male and female, resident and translocated) with radio transmitters over a 13-year period and monitored them weekly. The top model of survival, which accounted for 22% of the AICc weight, included 3 seasons that varied by year where rates were influenced by residency, sex, and whether a female initiated a nest. A group-level covariate for the number of canids killed each year received some support as this variable improved model fit compared to identical models without it, although confidence intervals around β estimates overlapped zero slightly. All other demographic or environmental variables showed little or no support. Annual estimates of survival for females ranged between 28% and 84% depending on year and translocation source. Survival was consistently highest during the fall–winter months with a mean monthly survival rate of 0.97 (95% CI = 0.96–0.98). The lack of a control site and other potential confounding factors limit the extent of our inference with respect to predator control. Nonetheless, we suggest managers consider enhancing nesting habitat, translocating sage-grouse, and possibly controlling predators to improve survival rates of sage-grouse. © The Wildlife Society, 2013
Wheat Grain Hardness Among Chromosome 5D Homozygous Recombinant Substitution Lines Using Different Methods of Measurement

ABSTRACT The level of grain hardness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars profoundly affects milling properties and end-use. We examined grain hardness among a genetically defined set of 83 chromosome 5D homozygous recombinant substitution lines derived from soft wheat cv. Chinese Spring and hard wheat cv. Cheyenne and compared four common methods of measuring wheat grain hardness. Measures of grain hardness included a modified particle size index, Brabender Quadrumat flour milling, near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy, and the single-kernel characterization system (SKCS). Duncan's multiple range test was used to group recombinant lines according to parental classes. Quadrumat milling fractions, percent bran and middlings, were well correlated to NIR and SKCS grain hardness, whereas break flour, a traditional measure of grain hardness, was poorly correlated to other hardness measures. NIR and SKCS grain hardness measures provided the greatest and similar mean separations. Both methods identified...
Neuroimaging in neuro-oncology

Neuroimaging of brain tumors has evolved from a strictly morphology-based discipline to one that encompasses function, physiology, and anatomy. This review outlines the current imaging standard for patients with brain tumor and summarizes the latest advances in physiology-based imaging methods that complement traditional brain tumor imaging protocols. Emphasis is on the strength and limitations of the current imaging standards and on an overview of several advanced imaging methods including diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), perfusion MRI, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging. Basic physical principles behind each imaging method are briefly presented, along with a more in-depth discussion of clinical application and potential pitfalls of each technique.
A Multivariate Test for Sequential Moderation

An analytic procedure is presented which casts sequential moderator analysis in the role of a multivariate test of parallelism of regressions. The procedure addresses a test for comparing predictor-criterion relationships for one set of measurements on multiple predictors and repeated measurements on a criterion. The application of the sequential moderation test to issues associated with dynamic criteria is discussed.
The influence of cyanide on the carbonylation of iron(II): synthesis of Fe-Sr-Cn-Co centers related to the hydrogenase active sites.

Thomas B. Rauchfuss,* Stephen M. Contakes,Sodio C. N. Hsu, Michael A. Reynolds, and Scott R. WilsonDepartment of ChemistryUniVersity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, Illinois 61801ReceiVed April 4, 2001ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed May 30, 2001Recently iron sulfides have been proposed as being central tothe emergence of life.
Structural variation during pyrolysis of furfuryl alcohol and furfural-furfuryl alcohol resins

Abstract Films of furfuryl alcohol resin and a furan resin prepared from a mixture of furfural and furfuryl alcohol were heated to several stages of different temperatures up to 600°C in Ar gas and in HCl gas. Weight loss and shrinkage, elemental composition and IR spectra were measured on the resin films, and heated films obtained. Absorbance, per the same area and thickness of the resin films, of several characteristic bands in the spectra was estimated for those films. The absorbance showed that furan rings in the films continued to break up to a temperature between 300°C and 450°C with increasing heating temperature and aromatic rings began to form between 300°C and 400°C. The HCl heating atmosphere increased the amounts of carbon element remaining in the 400–600°C films and the carbon yields of 900°C films. The variation of the absorbance with increasing heating temperature suggested the occurrence of some reactions during the pyrolysis of the resins.
Experimental and theoretical studies on the gamma-ray scattering technique for measuring atmospheric density

Abstract The gamma-ray scattering technique shows promise for use in the continuous measurement of atmospheric density from space vehicles. Mathematical models have been previously derived to predict the performance, identify problem areas, and explain the data taken on two flight tests of prototype devices. Design parameters such as gamma-ray source energy, source-to-detector separation, detector discriminator settings, and shield effectiveness were studied in an attempt to understand and optimize this technique. Experimental studies described here were made to verify and improve (determine constants for) these mathematical models. The experimental results agreed quite well with the model predictions and indicate the effectiveness of this method for optimizing the design of the gamma-ray atmospheric density sensor.
Once-Daily Ceftriaxone in the Outpatient Treatment of Paediatric Infections

Parenteral ceftriaxone was administered as a once-daily outpatient treatment to a selected low-risk population of neonates, infants, and children with moderate to severe bacterial infections. No incid
Is gastrin releasing peptide mammalian bombesin

Abstract Mammalian gastrin releasing peptide, similar to frog skin bombesin lowers body temperature and increases plasma levels of epinephrine and glucose. Both peptides produce stereotypic scratching behavior in rats. Similarity of biological responses to these peptides and their common C-terminal decapeptide homology supports the concept that gastrin releasing peptide is a mammalian bombesin.
Forms of Spanking and Children's Externalizing Behaviors

Research suggests that corporal punishment is related to higher levels of child externalizing behavior, but there has been controversy regarding whether infrequent, mild spanking predicts child externalizing or whether more severe and frequent forms of corporal punishment account for the link. Mothers rated the frequency with which they spanked and whether they spanked with a hand or object when their child was 6, 7, and 8 years old. Mothers and teachers rated children's externalizing behaviors at each age. Analyses of covariance revealed higher levels of mother-reported externalizing behavior for children who experienced harsh spanking. Structural equation models for children who experienced no spanking or mild spanking only revealed that spanking was related to concurrent and prior, but not subsequent, externalizing. Mild spanking in one year was a risk factor for harsh spanking in the next year. Findings are discussed in the context of efforts to promote children's rights to protection.
Aerosol Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: I.—Effect of Solvent on Ion Signal

The effects of methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and acetonitrile on the aerosol matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ion signal of bradykinin, bovine insulin and myoglobin were examined. The effect of these solvents mixed with water was also studied. The aerosol MALDI ion signal for each analyte depends on the solvent, but the solvent dependence is different for the matrices 4-nitroaniline and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The data suggest that matrix-analyte-solvent interactions are an important consideration for the aerosol MALDI ion signal. It appears that the ion signal is the result of a competition between solvent polarity and volatility. The solvent polarity affects matrix-analyte interactions whereas solvent volatility affects the aerosol drying process.
Teaching NeuroImages: Eosinophilic infiltration and necrotizing vasculitis on nerve biopsy in Churg-Strauss syndrome

A 57-year-old woman with asthma, nasal polyps, and allergies presented with acute lancinating pain and patchy weakness in the distribution of multiple upper and lower limb peripheral nerves. She had peripheral eosinophilia (2 × 109/L). Sural nerve biopsy demonstrated nerve large arteriolar necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophils (figure), consistent with Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), renamed eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The authors thank JaNean Engelstad and Peggy Chihak for assistance with obtaining and preparing the images.
John R. Winckler (1916–2001)

John R. (Jack) Winckler, a professor emeritus of physics at the University of Minnesota, died of natural causes in February 2001. He was 84 years old and had been an AGU member since 1958. Winckler, who belonged to the SPA section, was a true pioneer in space and upper atmospheric physics. Many of his discoveries were instrumental in starting areas of research that are thriving today.
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in small for gestational age infants.

Objective To identify small for gestational age (SGA) as an independent risk factor for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC). Study design In a case-control study, records of infants treated in the neonatal intensive care unit from 1994 through 2003 with gestational ages (GA) t test, logistic regression, and χ 2 analysis. Results Cases (n = 79) and control subjects (n = 152) had similar birth weights and GA (963 ± 465 g versus 1090 ± 463 g; 27 ± 2 weeks versus 27 ± 2 weeks; [mean ± SD]). Of the infants who were SGA, 58% developed cholestasis (OR = 3.3, P P P = .024). Conclusion Being SGA is an independent risk factor for PNAC. Infants who are SGA require less PN for cholestasis to develop.
P. falciparum invasion of human red cells and cytoadherence to endothelial cells is dependent upon a parasite produced glycosidase

Abstract This report describes biochemical and immunolgical evidence that P. falciparum produces an neuraminidase-like activity on invasion into the human red cell. The enzyme-like activity modifies the surface of glycophorin A on the infected red cell membrane to prevent further invasion of other merozoites, as well as to enhance the binding capabilities of the red cell to the host's endothelial cells (EC).
Isoelectric focusing analysis of antibody clonotype changes occurring during immune responses using immobilized pH gradients.

Serum was collected from rabbits at 2-day intervals following a single injection with tetanus toxoid or at weekly intervals following multiple injections with Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls. These sera were analyzed for the presence of individual clonotypes of specific antitetanus or antimicrococcal antibodies by isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients with added carrier ampholytes followed by affinity immunoblotting. The affinity immunoblots obtained clearly defined both the rapid disappearance and late appearance of distinct subsets of antibody clonotypes during the response. These data demonstrate the application of affinity immunoblotting combined with immobilized pH gradients for detecting the subtle changes in specific antibody clonotype patterns which occur during an immune response.
Colorimetric assay of catalase.

A simple colorimetric assay for catalase activity has been described using K2Cr2O7/acetic acid reagent. Kat. f values of different enzyme sources were determined by the colorimetric method and compared with the values obtained by titrimetric methods.
Commentary on "Ethical issues of informed consent".

i nformed consent is the cornerstone of the decision-making process in contemporary health care. In an era of major medical technological advances, patients and physicians rely on the informed consent process 1 as a means for participating in and sharing the responsibilities of decision-making within the doctor-patient relationship. Further, both the process and outcome of informed consent reflect the notion that medicine at times is an uncertain endeavor, one that warrants an exploration into what a particular procedure may mean in the life of the person who will undergo it. This is especially true in OB/GYN care, where some practices and procedures have questionable track records in meeting the ethical demands of informed consent. Examples of these include some of the new reproductive technologies, electronic fetal heart rate monitoring, and some contraceptives such as intrauterine devices. Two subjects mentioned in the ACOG Committee Opinion on informed consent warrant further explication in light of the paradigm shift in the moral foundations of the doctor-patient relationship. The area of gender issues, particularly in OB/GYN care, and the nature of the physician-patient relationship are essential and inextricably interrelated to understanding and obtaining informed consent.
Endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization in guinea-pig coronary artery: role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

Acetylcholine (ACh) elicits an endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization in the absence of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin synthesis in the guinea-pig coronary artery (GPCA). This response has been attributed to a factor termed endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Recently it has been suggested that EDHF may be a cytochrome P450 product of arachidonic acid (AA) i.e., an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). The present study investigated whether this pathway could account for the response to ACh observed in the GPCA in the presence of 100 μM Nω-nitro-L-arginine and 10 μM indomethacin. ACh, AA and 11,12-EET each produced concentration-dependent relaxations in arteries contracted with the H1-receptor agonist AEP (2,2-aminoethylpyridine). The AA-induced relaxation was significantly enhanced in the presence of the cyclo-oxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, eicosatetranynoic acid (30 μM). The cytochrome P450 inhibitors proadifen (10 μM) and clotrimazole (10 μM) inhibited ACh, lemakalim (LEM) and AA-induced relaxation, whereas 17-octadecynoic acid (100 μM) and 7-ethoxyresorufin (10 μM) were without effect on all three vasodilators. Proadifen and clotrimazole also inhibited ACh (1 μM) and LEM (1 μM)-induced hyperpolarization. The ability of various potassium channel blockers to inhibit relaxation responses elicited with ACh, AA and 11,12-EET was also determined. Iberiotoxin (IBTX; 100 nM) was without effect on responses to ACh but significantly reduced responses to both AA and 11,12-EET. In contrast, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 5 mM) significantly reduced response to ACh but not responses to AA and 11,12-EET. Combined IBTX plus (4-AP) inhibited the ACh-induced relaxation to a greater extent than 4-AP alone. Apamin (1 μM), glibenclamide (10 μM) and BaCl2 (50 μM) had no significant effect on responses to ACh, AA and 11,12-EET. IBTX (100 nM) significantly reduced both 11,12-EET (33 μM) and AA (30 μM) hyperpolarization without affecting the ACh (1 μM)-induced hyperpolarization. In contrast, 4-AP significantly reduced the ACh-induced hyperpolarization without affecting either AA or 11,12-EET-induced hyperpolarizations. In summary, our results suggest that the coronary endothelium releases a factor upon application of AA which hyperpolarizes the smooth muscle. The similarity of pharmacology between AA and 11,12-EET suggests that this factor is an EET. However, the disparity of pharmacology between responses to ACh versus responses to 11,12-EET do not support the hypothesis that EETs represent the predominant factor which ACh releases from the endothelium that leads to NO- and prostaglandin-independent hyperpolarization and relaxation in the GPCA.