cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speed and rotor position estimation of PMSM by sequential sliding mode observers

The paper presents a speed and EMF estimator for the non-salient permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The method uses only the measured motor voltages and currents of the motor; estimation is done with two sliding mode (SM) observers that run sequentially. A first SM observer estimates the EMFs of the motor in the stationary reference frame. These are passed as inputs to a second SM observer that estimates the speed and reestimates the EMFs. The method is applicable in a sensorless speed controlled PMSM drive where the EMFs are used to provide field orientation and the estimated speed is used for speed feedback. The paper proves the convergence of the observers and discusses the design of the gains. The theoretical development is supported with simulation results and experimental tests. The advantages of the proposed method compared to the state of the art are discussed.
Multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type: Clinical state of the art

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a late-onset, sporadic neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by autonomic failure and either poorly levodopa-responsive parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia. It is neuropathologically defined by widespread and abundant central nervous system α-synuclein-positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions and striatonigral and/or olivopontocerebellar neurodegeneration. There are two clinical subtypes of MSA distinguished by the predominant motor features: the parkinsonian variant (MSA-P) and the cerebellar variant (MSA-C). Despite recent progress in understanding the pathobiology of MSA, investigations into the symptomatology and natural history of the cerebellar variant of the disease have been limited. MSA-C presents a unique challenge to both clinicians and researchers alike. A key question is how to distinguish early in the disease course between MSA-C and other causes of adult-onset cerebellar ataxia. This is a particularly difficult question, because the clinical framework for conceptualizing and studying sporadic adult-onset ataxias continues to undergo flux. To date, several investigations have attempted to identify clinical features, imaging, and other biomarkers that may be predictive of MSA-C. This review presents a clinically oriented overview of our current understanding of MSA-C with a focus on evidence for distinguishing MSA-C from other sporadic, adult-onset ataxias.
Ion beam sputter deposited Permalloy thin films

Ni/sub 80/Fe/sub 20/ thin films were deposited using a wide range of process parameters in a dual source ion beam sputter deposition system. The films were characterized structurally, chemically, and magnetically. Two modes of deposition were investigated; the first permitted concurrent second source bombardment during film deposition but was limited in net deposition rate to about 300 AA/m; the second provided deposition rates in excess of 1000 AA/m, but did not allow for concurrent ion bombardment from the second ion source. Depending on specific conditions film stress varied from slightly tensile to highly compressive in both deposition modes. This, combined with small variations in magnetostriction, resulted in films with vertical anisotropy and stripe domain patterns as well as conditions where well-formed closure domain patterns were observed in yoke shaped structures. For monolithic films, easy axis coercivities >
Vision for action in toddlers: the posting task.

Three experiments examine 18- to 24-month-old (N = 78) toddlers’ ability to spatially orient objects by their major axes for insertion into a slot. This is a simplified version of the posting task that is commonly used to measure dorsal stream functioning. The experiments identify marked developmental changes in children’s ability to preorient objects for insertion, with 18-month-olds failing completely and 24-month-olds succeeding easily. In marked contrast, 18-month-olds preorient their empty hands for insertion into the same slots. This developmental dissociation between aligning hands and aligning objects to slots suggests that the key developmental change is in action with the goal of object-to-object alignment versus action on an object.
Planetary Boundary-Layer Modelling and Tall Building Design.

Characteristics of flow in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) strongly affect the design of tall structures. PBL modelling in building codes, based as it is on empirical data from the 1960s and 1970s, differs significantly from contemporary PBL models, which account for both “neutral” flows, and “conventionally neutral” flows. PBL heights estimated in these relatively sophisticated models are typically approximately half as large as those obtained using the classical asymptotic similarity approach, and are one order of magnitude larger than those specified in North American and Japanese building codes. A simple method is proposed for estimating the friction velocity and PBL height as functions of specified surface roughness and geostrophic wind speed. Based on published results, it is tentatively determined that, even at elevations as high as 800 m above the surface, the contribution to the resultant mean flow velocity of the component V normal to the surface stress is negligible and the veering angle is of the order of only 5\(^{\circ }\). This note aims to encourage dialogue between boundary-layer meteorologists and structural engineers.
Watching the watchman.

We know that the risk of stroke is increased in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), presumably because stagnant blood flow within the left atrium leads to thrombus formation. Importantly, 90% of thrombi, when seen by echocardiography in patients with nonrheumatic AF, are located in the left
Comment on David Roediger's seizing freedom: slave emancipation and liberty for all

ABSTRACTDavid Roediger's important new book, Seizing Freedom, invites us to reconsider the possibilities of social change inspired by ‘slave self-emancipation’. Employing the concept of ‘revolutionary times’, the book makes the case for inspirational activism catalyzing broad social reform.
Factors Controlling Stability and Reactivity of Dimeric Pd(II) Complexes in C–H Functionalization Catalysis

We have systematically explored the factors impacting the stability and reactivity of the [Pd(O2CR)2]2 and [Pd(OAc)(DG-Ar)]2 dimers in Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed and directing group (DG)-assisted C–H functionalization using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It was shown that the palladium acetate dimer stability (vs the monomer) predominantly arises from interactions between the paddlewheel ligands and the Pd centers. R-substitution in Pd(O2CR)2 leading to an increase (or decrease) in the electron density of the ligand orbitals polarizes the Pd–ligand interaction and weakens (or strengthens) the stability of the [Pd(O2CR)2]2 dimer relative to the monomer. The nature of the substrate/ligand-Pd interaction is shown to be another factor contributing to the nuclearity and reactivity of the Pd-acetates in directing group-assisted C–H functionalization. For the [Pd(OAc)(DG-Ar)]2 dimer, we have found that the major interactions contributing to the stability of the dimer are the bridging acetate interactions ...
Evidence-Based Approach to Treating Lateral Epicondylitis Using the Occupational Adaptation Model

The occupational therapy Centennial Vision reinforces the importance of informing consumers about the benefit of occupational therapy and continuing to advocate for the unique client-centered role of occupational therapy. Occupational therapy practitioners working in hand therapy have traditionally found it difficult to combine the biomechanical foundations of hand therapy with the fundamental client-centered tenets of occupational therapy. Embracing our historical roots will become more important as health care evolves and third-party payers continue to scrutinize the need for the profession of occupational therapy. This article outlines a client-centered approach for hand therapists for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis using the Occupational Adaptation Model.
The Mayekawa Lecture: Wall of Worries: Reflections on the Secular Stagnation Debate

This paper offers some reflections on the debate over secular stagnation. It expresses doubts about explanations for the secular decline in real interest rates and economic growth rates that emphasize the possibility of a global savings glut attributable to the rapid growth of emerging markets and increases in income inequality in the advanced economies. It invokes historical evidence to question whether the commercial potential of new advances in technology have been exhausted. The most convincing explanation for the observed excess of desired saving over desired investment and corresponding low level of real interest rates, it concludes, is probably a sharp, ongoing fall in the relative price of investment goods since the middle of the 20th century. Whether this decline will continue is uncertain. The bottom line is that the case for secular stagnation is at best unproven.
Nonthermal Electron Energization from Magnetic Reconnection in Laser-Driven Plasmas

The possibility of studying nonthermal electron energization in laser-driven plasma experiments of magnetic reconnection is studied using two- and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is demonstrated that nonthermal electrons with energies more than an order of magnitude larger than the initial thermal energy can be produced in plasma conditions currently accessible in the laboratory. Electrons are accelerated by the reconnection electric field, being injected at varied distances from the $X$ points, and in some cases trapped in plasmoids, before escaping the finite-sized system. Trapped electrons can be further energized by the electric field arising from the motion of the plasmoid. This acceleration gives rise to a nonthermal electron component that resembles a power-law spectrum, containing up to $\ensuremath{\sim}8%$ of the initial energy of the interacting electrons and $\ensuremath{\sim}24%$ of the initial magnetic energy. Estimates of the maximum electron energy and of the plasma conditions required to observe suprathermal electron acceleration are provided, paving the way for a new platform for the experimental study of particle acceleration induced by reconnection.
An Integrated Procedure to Pretest and Select Advertising Campaigns for TV

Current practice of TV advertising campaign generation usually starts with a small number of concepts and ends up with a final copy on TV, a funneling process that narrows down quickly without reliably testing the ad concepts’ effectiveness in market. Is this practice optimal? Should more ad copies be generated for testing? We propose a model and evaluation procedure to improve the ad copy generation and evaluation process. We conceptualize the process as first generating a number of alternative advertising campaigns from advertising creative and production sources, screening those campaigns with some advertising pretest methodologies which have specified validity and reliability, and then picking the best campaign based upon the screening. Our method involves variability and distribution of campaign profits, which makes it possible for ad executives to take the risk of investment into consideration. As an empirical illustration, based on estimates of the variability of profitability of alternative TV campaigns by a small sample of senior marketing executives for consumer products, we show a large sum of incremental profit could potentially be obtained if TV advertisers would screen alternative TV campaigns with pretests of modest reliability and validity. We also show how the pretesting community can estimate the validity and reliability of their tests.
Classic Studies on the Interaction of Cocaine and the Dopamine Transporter

The dopamine transporter is responsible for recycling dopamine after release. Inhibitors of the dopamine transporter, such as cocaine, will stop the reuptake of dopamine and allow it to stay extracellularly, causing prominent changes at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. There is much left to be known about the mechanism and site(s) of binding, as well as the effect that cocaine administration does to dopamine transporter-cocaine binding sites and gene expression which also plays a strong role in cocaine abusers and their behavioral characteristics. Thus, if more light is shed on the dopamine transporter-cocaine interaction, treatments for addiction and even other diseases of the dopaminergic system may not be too far ahead. As today's ongoing research expands on the shoulders of classic research done in the 1990s and 2000s, the foundation of core research done in that time period will be reviewed, which forms the basis of today's work and tomorrow's therapies.
The significance of the technological factors in the production and service of silicon carbide brick bonded with silicon nitride

Firing SiC-Si compositions in nitrogen at pressure significantly accelerates reactive sintering as a result of the more vigorous reaction of the silicon and silicon carbide with the nitrogen giving silicon nitride and carbon respectively. Among the materials investigated bricks of porosity 18% containing about 30% silicon nitride were found to possess optimum corrosion resistance to aluminum and cryolite-alumina melts. An increase in the percent Si3N4 and corresponding decrease in SiC results in lower corrosion resistance.
Resource format preferences across the medical curriculum

Objective: This research study sought to determine the formats (print or electronic) of articles and book chapters most-preferred by first-year medical students, third-year medical students entering clinical clerkships, and incoming residents and to determine if these preferences change during the course of the medical curriculum. These trends will enable academic health sciences libraries to make appropriate collection development decisions to best cater to their user populations. Methods: First-year medical students, third-year medical students, and incoming medical residents were asked to complete a paper survey from September 2014 to June 2015. The survey consisted of five multiple-choice questions, with two questions given space for optional short answers. Quantitative and qualitative responses were collected and calculated using Microsoft Excel. Results: First-year students, third-year students, and incoming residents all preferred to read journal articles and book chapters in print, except in cases where the article or book chapter is under ten pages in length. Although print is preferred, demand for electronic articles and book chapters increases as students progress from undergraduate medical education into residency. The only category where a majority of incoming residents chose an electronic resource was which format they would give to a colleague, if the article or book chapter was critical to the care of an individual patient. Conclusions: The preference for print resources is strong across the medical curriculum, although residents show an increased preference for electronic materials when compared to first- and third-year students. Academic health sciences libraries should take these preferences into account when making decisions regarding collection development.
System efficiency for two-step metal oxide solar thermochemical hydrogen production – Part 3: Various methods for achieving low oxygen partial pressures in the reduction reaction

Abstract The solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency is calculated for various operating conditions for a two-step metal oxide solar thermochemical hydrogen production redox cycle to compare the effects of three methods for achieving low oxygen partial pressures for reduction. The calculations examine the effect on system efficiency of vacuum pump efficiency and inert gas/oxygen separation efficiency for a variety of reduction partial pressures using ceria as the active metal oxide. Currently available vacuum pump technologies have very low efficiencies at low pressures, and are unlikely to provide efficient hydrogen production relative to other oxygen partial pressure lowering technologies. Using currently available pumps arranged in a cascade pressure reduction configuration increases the effective pump efficiency significantly, but by less than an order of magnitude and, therefore, still results in low STH efficiencies for the system. If vacuum pumps could operate at a low pressure with an efficiency of ∼10% or better, vacuum pumping (including cascade pressure reduction) has the potential to operate very efficiently for solar thermochemical hydrogen production. A novel recycled inert gas sweep with high temperature separation is suggested, and STH efficiency values vary significantly depending on the inert gas flowrate required, and will be reactor and reaction rate dependent. However, the use of an inert gas is likely able to take advantage of greater extents of reduction at very low oxygen partial pressures and produce high STH values if the inert gas/oxygen separation is ∼10% efficient.
Praying for Salvation: A Map of Relatedness

This article attempts to push Mauss’ work on the sociality of prayer (1909) to its fullest conclusion by arguing that prayer can be viewed anthropologically as providing a map for social and emotional relatedness. Based on fieldwork among deep-sea fisher families living in Gamrie, North-East Scotland (home to 700 people and six Protestant churches), the author takes as his primary ethnographic departure the ritual of the ‘mid-week prayer meeting’. Among the self-proclaimed ‘fundamentalists’ of Gamrie’s Brethren and Presbyterian churches, attending the prayer meeting means praying for salvation. Yet, contrary to the stereotype of Protestant soteriology as highly individualist, in the context of Gamrie, salvation is not principally focused upon the self, but is instead sought on behalf of the ‘unconverted’ other. Locally, this ‘other’ is made sense of with reference to three different categories of relatedness: the family, the village and the nation. The author’s argument is that each category of relatednes...
Lidar instruments and applications

This tutorial will review the basic design of LIDAR systems for elastic and inelastic scattering in remote sensing applications ranging from airborne mapping of fish in lakes to differential-absorption measurements of gas concentration in the atmosphere.
Life-in-Death: Raising Dead Sons in New Orleans

ABSTRACTThe social and religious work of African-American women in New Orleans who mourn and memorialise the dead attends primarily to sons and grandsons, the young black men who are most frequently the victims of homicide. Based on ethnographic and historical research in two Christian congregations, this article examines the forms of relatedness that women have developed to support and advocate for each other, the displaced, and the deceased. Tracing more broadly the development of vulnerability and violence at the urban margins, I argue that this work unfolds in a continued context of social death, predicated on dominant and still racist determinations of human value. I thus examine the transformative potential of African-American religious women’s relational practices, highlighting in particular their assertion of black social and spiritual value, in the kingdom of God if not yet in the inclusive, just, and sustainable city and world they envision.
Cardiac Death, Reversibility, and Evidence for Death

Intuitively, patients who suffer the permanent cessation of circulatory functioning—the cardiac criterion—are considered dead. As such, the cardiac criterion tells us what evidence counts as reliable evidence for determining death. The cardiac criterion is challenged by two principal arguments. The reversibility objection says that, for all we know, patients who suffer arrests could be resuscitated. Even so, for some donors who are declared dead by the cardiac criterion, they have their hearts transplanted and re-started. This challenges the idea that the donor’s circulatory functioning ceased permanently. The second argument is that donation-after-cardiac-death [DCD] donors undergo ante-mortem procedures that are only done to benefit the recipient of the organ. This looks like one is using the donor merely as a means and therefore is disrespecting the donor. This chapter argues that permanent cessation of circulatory functioning is a reliable indicator for death and that DCD protocols can be consistent with a fundamental respect for the donor.
Cell Encoding for Histopathology Image Classification

Although many image analysis algorithms can achieve good performance with sufficient number of labeled images, manually labeling images by pathologists is time consuming and expensive. Meanwhile, with the development of cell detection and segmentation techniques, it is possible to classify pathology images by using cell-level information, which is crucial to grade different diseases; however, it is still very challenging to efficiently conduct cell analysis on large-scale image databases since one image often contains a large number of cells. To address these issues, in this paper, we present a novel cell-based framework that requires only a few labeled images to classify large-scale pathology ones. Specifically, we encode each cell into a set of binary codes to generate image representation using a semi-supervised hashing model, which can take advantage of both labeled and unlabeled cells. Thereafter, we map all the binary codes in one whole image into a single histogram vector and then learn a support vector machine for image classification. The proposed framework is validated on one large-scale lung cancer image dataset with two types of diseases, and it can achieve 87.88% classification accuracy on 800 test images using only 5 labeled images of each disease.
What Are Physicians' Responsibilities to Patients Whose Health Conditions Can Influence Their Legal Proceedings?

When acting as a surrogate for incarcerated patients who lack decision-making capacity, a physician may disclose protected health information to legal counsel.
Contemporary outcomes of elective iliocaval and infrainguinal venous intervention for post-thrombotic chronic venous occlusive disease

Abstract Background Patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis are at risk for development of post-thrombotic syndrome. Iliac vein stenting has been shown to significantly improve clinical outcomes in patients with venous outflow obstruction, although many studies include a heterogeneous population with several different venous pathologic processes. Our objective was to evaluate the results of iliocaval and infrainguinal venous intervention for venous outflow obstruction due to post-thrombotic chronic venous occlusive disease. Methods All patients treated at a single institution for symptomatic iliocaval venous occlusive lesions with and without infrainguinal extension between 2008 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions were excluded from analysis. All patients with symptomatic post-thrombotic occlusion of the iliac vein or inferior vena cava (IVC) and a Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology (CEAP) score of 3 or greater were included. Demographics of the patients, presence of IVC filters at presentation, presenting CEAP score, postintervention CEAP score, primary and secondary patency, wound healing and subjective clinical improvement outcomes, and procedural details were recorded in a database. Results There were 105 patients with symptomatic iliocaval venous occlusive lesions identified, of which 31 patients (42 limbs) met inclusion criteria. Presenting symptoms included pain or swelling (100%); venous claudication (81%); and CEAP class 3 (76%), 4 or 5 (14%), or 6 (10%). All patients presented with either subacute (>30 days [35%]) or chronic (>90 days [65%]) iliocaval venous thrombosis. Procedural technical success with venous recanalization was achieved in 100% of cases and in 46% of IVC filter retrieval attempts. Overall clinical improvement was achieved in 84% of patients; complete clinical resolution was obtained in 42% and a decrease in CEAP score in 65%. At a mean follow-up of 14.7 months (range, 2-49 months), primary and secondary 1-year patency was 66% and 75% overall, and primary patency was equivalent between patients requiring isolated iliac venous stenting and those requiring infrainguinal stent extension (68% vs 65%, respectively; P = .74, not significant). Patients who presented with IVC filters had a higher rate of complete clinical resolution if the filter could be removed (100%) compared with those patients in whom the filter could not be removed (17%; P Conclusions Treatment of chronic venous occlusive disease with iliocaval and infrainguinal venous stenting is associated with acceptable 1-year patency rates, healing of venous ulcers, and a significant reduction in symptoms and CEAP score. Patients who underwent successful removal of indwelling IVC filters showed improved clinical outcomes compared with those in whom the IVC filter could not be removed.
Genetic Resources and their Use in Oat Breeding

The USA World Oat Collection contains nearly 20,000 accessions, and 45% of these belong to wild and weedy species. However, more than 95% of the accessions of the collection are hexaploid.
Toward a Smart City of Interdependent Critical Infrastructure Networks

A smart city requires synergistic interaction between several functionally interdependent networks like energy, transportation, water, oil, gas, and emergency services to provide on-demand, reliable services to prosumers. The sustainability of smart city can be guaranteed only through ubiquitous communication and decentralized information exchange between optimization and computational models for the operation, visibility, and control of each constituent network. With the city spanning different societies and jurisdictions, the models must also account for challenges like interoperability, security, latency, resiliency, policymaking, and social behavior. Solutions in the current literature address these challenges in each network exclusively, but the interdependency between them is not properly emphasized. The chapter addresses this gap in research by considering smart city networks with special emphasis on energy, communication, data analytics, and transportation. It introduces each of these networks, identifies state of the art in them and explores open challenges for future research. As its key contribution to the literature, the chapter brings out the interdependencies between these networks through realistic examples and scenarios, identifying the critical need to design, develop, and implement solutions that value such dependencies. Thus, the chapter aims to serve as a starting point for researchers entering the domain of smart city and is interested in conducting cross-functional research across its different interdependent networks.
A Large Inclusive Study of Human Listening Rates

As conversational agents and digital assistants become increasingly pervasive, understanding their synthetic speech becomes increasingly important. Simultaneously, speech synthesis is becoming more sophisticated and manipulable, providing the opportunity to optimize speech rate to save users time. However, little is known about people's abilities to understand fast speech. In this work, we provide the first large-scale study on human listening rates. Run on LabintheWild, it used volunteer participants, was screen reader accessible, and measured listening rate by accuracy at answering questions spoken by a screen reader at various rates. Our results show that blind and low-vision people, who often rely on audio cues and access text aurally, generally have higher listening rates than sighted people. The findings also suggest a need to expand the range of rates available on personal devices. These results demonstrate the potential for users to learn to listen to faster rates, expanding the possibilities for human-conversational agent interaction.
Brush cleaning effect on tugnsten voids defect in chemical mechanical polishing: CFM: Contamination free manufacturing

Tungsten currently drives middle of line (MOL) metal interconnection for semiconductor manufacturing and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has become the process standard for controlling tungsten metal interconnection. Although tungsten CMP has brought a lot of advantages in metal interconnection over decades, tungsten void defect propagated by CMP is still an unsolved issue and its impact is further emphasized as device shrinks to sub 14nm nodes. Corrosion, chemically induced, is the leading mechanism of tungsten void associated with polishing slurry chemistry. Slurry induced corrosion has been further interpreted as oxidation and/or chemical dissolution. However, recent defect analysis reveals tungsten voids are strongly correlated with the CMP in-situ cleaning process. This paper provides a new mechanism for the tungsten void defect focused on the brush cleaning module. Experimental data supports that mechanically assisted tribo-corrosion is a dominant mechanism for the formation of tungsten void defect.
Controversies on the Use of Radioiodine in Thyroid Cancer: We Need More and Better Data

> See the associated articles on pages [1187][1] and [1195][2]. Differentiated thyroid cancer is a fascinating disease—it is both frustrating and heartening to treat. As eloquently pointed out by Tuttle in this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ([1][3]), “[M]ost patients with low-risk
Causes of tropical deforestation and institutional constraints to conservation

Deforestation rates in the tropics remain high despite global concern for loss of forests and wildlands. The amount of deforestation increased from 75 000 km2 annually in 1979 to 132 000 km2 in 1991 (Myers, 1994). Deforestation in the tropics has severe biological and economic consequences. Tropical forests harbour a disproportionate amount of biodiversity relative to their area. For example, more than one half of all species are estimated to occur in the tropics, which occupy only 7% of the earth’s land area (Myers, 1984). Approximately 34 000 endemic species of plants, which represent 13% of the world’s plant species, occur in 3.5% of the area of the tropics (Myers, 1988). Because of the magnitude and the irreversibility of the losses, the actual and potential loss of these species and the ecosystems in which they occur constitutes one of the greatest environmental disasters of our time.
In vivo expression technology for selection of bacterial genes specifically induced in host tissues.

Abstract We have developed a genetic system, termed IVET ( in vivo expression technology), designed to identify bacterial genes that are induced when a pathogen infects its host. A subset of these induced genes should include those that encode virulence factors, products specifically required for the infection process. The system is based on complementation of an attenuating auxotrophic mutation by gene fusion, and it is designed to be of use in a wide variety of pathogenic organisms. In Salmonella typhimurium , we have successfully used the system to identify a number of genes that are induced in BALB/c mice, and that, when mutated, confer a virulence defect. The IVET system has several applications in the area of vaccine and antimicrobial drug development. The technique was designed for the identification of virulence factors and thus may lead to the discovery of new antigens useful as vaccine components. The IVET system facilitates the isolation of mutations in genes involved in virulence and, therefore, should aid in the construction of live attenuated vaccines. In addition, the identification of promoters that are optimally expressed in animal tissues provides a means of establishing in vivo regulated expression of heterologous antigens in live vaccines, an area that has been previously problematic. Finally, we expect that our methodology will be used to uncover many biosynthetic, catabolic, and regulatory genes that are required for growth of microbes in animal tissues. The elucidation of these gene products should provide new targets for antimicrobial drug development.
Rotor-Tied Configuration of DFIG Wind Turbines for Improving Reactive Power Support Capability

An alternative type III wind turbine configuration is proposed to extend the reactive power generation range of double-fed induction generators (DFIGs). Inverse to convention, a grid-connected rotor and converter-connected stator is proposed to shift the generator operating regions. It takes advantage of generator nameplate ratings to use the reactive power range more effectively. Improvement of reactive power generation is theoretically derived using a steady-state per-phase equivalent circuit. It is analytically evaluated for a range of surveyed machines with enhanced capability observed. The proposed configuration adds value to the renewable energy resource, showing potential for improved ancillary service of reactive power support. Added reactive power generation from DFIGs improves grid resiliency and supports higher penetration integration of renewable energy resources.
Designing with type, part 1

Cet article, a destination des bibliothecaires, propose une presentation des differents types de regles typographiques a respecter pour utiliser les fonts de programmes informatiques pour mettre en valeur un texte. Cet article donne donc des conseils pour mettre en forme des textes importants comme des rapports mais aussi du texte dans du courrier electronique ou sur des pages Web
Science lost, science found in the post WWII Austrian economics movement: The case of Emil Kauder

In studies of the Austrian School of Economics, Emil Kauder frequently gets lost in the shuffle. This article reconstructs his intellectual biography. His biographical trajectory diverged sharply from his Austrian brethren. Born and trained in Germany, his educational background little resembled his peers’. Beginning as an economic historian trained by Werner Sombart, he became a devotee of marginalism in his thirties. A lack of academic recognition limited his research opportunities and theoretical work, yet he shaped the later Austrian movement by tutoring a young Ludwig Lachmann on marginal utility theory. After the rise of Nazism, he suffered intense persecution as a Jew and a conservative liberal. His emigration was arduous and disorienting, leading him to have an eclectic and peripatetic postwar career. Despite these encumbrances, Kauder made signal contributions to the recovery and advancement of Austrian ideas in the United States, particularly in his painstaking, nearly obsessive, cataloging of Carl Menger’s library in Japan and his articles on Austrian marginalism, which culminated in the 1965 History of Marginal Utility Theory. Friendly with Austrians as different as Karl Menger, Morgenstern and Mises, and cited approvingly (and consistently) by Murray Rothbard, Kauder offered a historical understanding of the Austrian School that appealed to the disparate strands of the tradition, yet left him at a remove from his more theoretically inclined comperes. Unraveling the tangled skeins of Kauder’s intellectual biography reveals a great deal about the state of Austrianism and its place in the US intellectual landscape of the mid-twentieth century.
Leadership Reflections: Organizational Language

Leadership language communicates more than words. Leaders are able to use the power of language to not only articulate an organizational vision but to create excitement and support around that visi...
Enthalpies of formation and phase stability relations of USi, U3Si5 and U3Si2

Abstract U–Si intermetallic compounds have drawn great attention due to their potential application as nuclear fuels. However, the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of this binary system from ambient to high temperature conditions are not fully understood. Via high temperature oxidative drop calorimetry and detailed characterization of the initial and final phases, we have experimentally determined the standard enthalpies of formation of USi and U3Si5.07 at 298 K to be −43.2 ± 6.2 and −43.8 ± 9.0 kJ/mol·atom, respectively. The energetics of the tetragonal USi (t-USi, space group I4/mmm) phase has also been calculated with Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the first time. Combining the obtained formation enthalpies with the heat capacities measured previously, we assessed the thermodynamic stability of t-USi relative to a phase assemblage of two other U–Si phases, U3Si5.07 and U3Si2, from ambient temperature to 1200 K. The tetragonal USi is thermodynamically more stable than U3Si5.07 + U3Si2, which supports previously published phase diagram (H. Okamoto and T. Massalski, 1990 [1]): specifically, at least one stable USi phase exists when the U content is 50 at.%. Further thermodynamic and phase equilibrium studies are needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the U–Si system across broader compositional and temperature ranges.
Maternal Antibody and ASD: Clinical Data and Animal Models

Over the past several decades there has been an increasing interest in the role of environmental factors in the etiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Epidemiologic studies have shifted from an exclusive focus on the identification of genetic risk alleles for such disorders to recognizing and understanding the contribution of xenobiotic exposures, infections, and the maternal immune system during the prenatal and early post-natal periods. In this review we discuss the growing literature regarding the effects of maternal brain-reactive antibodies on fetal brain development and their contribution to the development of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Autoimmune diseases primarily affect women and are more prevalent in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are significantly more likely to have an autoimmune disease than women of neurotypically developing children. Moreover, they are four to five times more likely to harbor brain-reactive antibodies than unselected women of childbearing age. Many of these women exhibit no apparent clinical consequence of harboring these antibodies, presumably because the antibodies never access brain tissue. Nevertheless, these maternal brain-reactive antibodies can access the fetal brain, and some may be capable of altering brain development when present during pregnancy. Several animal models have provided evidence that in utero exposure to maternal brain-reactive antibodies can permanently alter brain anatomy and cause persistent behavioral or cognitive phenotypes. Although this evidence supports a contribution of maternal brain-reactive antibodies to neurodevelopmental disorders, an interplay between antibodies, genetics, and other environmental factors is likely to determine the specific neurodevelopmental phenotypes and their severity. Additional modulating factors likely also include the microbiome, sex chromosomes, and gonadal hormones. These interactions may help to explain the sex-bias observed in neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies on this topic provide a unique opportunity to learn how to identify and protect at risk pregnancies while also deciphering critical pathways in neurodevelopment.
Gender equality in global health leadership: Cross-sectional survey of global health graduates

Women comprise two-thirds of the global-health (GH) workforce but are underrepresented in leadership. GH departments are platforms to advance gender equality in GH leadership. Using a survey of gra...
Adult Development and Aging

This chapter continues the discussion of developmental aspects of neuropsychological assessment, examining age-related changes in the last half of the life span. Old age, like early development, is a time of rapid change within all levels of the organism. Many late-life changes are poorly understood, but there are enough descriptive data to indicate that advanced age is a critical individual difference parameter.
A Space of Our Own: Examining a Womxn of Color Retreat as a Counterspace

This qualitative study investigated a Womxn of Color retreat at a predominantly White institution in the Midwest. The research question is: How and, in what ways does the Womxn of Color retreat ali...
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles results in altered lung microbial profiles, associated with increased reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species and inflammation, in C57Bl/6 wildtype mice on a high-fat diet

Exposure to traffic-generated emissions is associated with the development and exacerbation of inflammatory lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although many lung diseases show an expansion of Proteobacteria, the role of traffic-generated particulate matter pollutants on the lung microbiota has not been well-characterized. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) can alter commensal lung microbiota, thereby promoting alterations in the lung’s immune and inflammatory responses. We aimed to understand whether diet might also contribute to the alteration of the commensal lung microbiome, either alone or related to exposure. To do this, we used male C57Bl/6 mice (4–6-week-old) on either regular chow (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet (45% kcal fat), randomly assigned to be exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 μg DEP, suspended in 35 μl 0.9% sterile saline or sterile saline only (control) twice a week for 30 days. A separate group of study animals on the HF diet was concurrently treated with 0.3 g/day of Winclove Ecologic® Barrier probiotics in their drinking water throughout the study. Our results show that DEP-exposure increases lung tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-10, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) histologically and by RT-qPCR, as well as Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), as quantified by ELISA. We also observed an increase in macrophage infiltration and peroxynitrite, a marker of reactive oxygen species (ROS) + reactive nitrogen species (RNS), immunofluorescence staining in the lungs of DEP-exposed and HF-diet animals, which was further exacerbated by concurrent DEP-exposure and HF-diet consumption. Histological examinations revealed enhanced inflammation and collagen deposition in the lungs DEP-exposed mice, regardless of diet. We observed an expansion of Proteobacteria, by qPCR of bacterial 16S rRNA, in the BALF of DEP-exposed mice on the HF diet, which was diminished with probiotic-treatment. Our findings suggest that exposure to DEP causes persistent and sustained inflammation and bacterial alterations in a ROS-RNS mediated fashion, which is exacerbated by concurrent consumption of an HF diet.
Solar Banking: Constructing New Solutions to the Urban Energy Crisis

A host of detailed evaluations from various private institutions concludes that the nation's best and most cost-effective energy investments are in conservation and renewable energy resources. This article demonstrates that many of the households in the country are left wholly without access to these incentives, and that urban regions are threatened with effective exclusion from this energy incentive market. This article will highlight the innovative provisions of the enacted Solar Energy and Energy Conservation Bank during a prior Presidential administration. This article showcases why innovative provisions in U.S. energy policy are required because both the private-market and traditional federal programs have fostered the use of renewable energy and related conservation technologies in a manner blind to the barriers which exist across geographic areas, income levels, and types of buildings, which are not effective for: · urban as well as suburban buildings · rental as well as owner-occupied dwellings (rented dwellings constitute more than one third of the total housing stock) · poor as well as affluent-occupied dwellings · master-metered as well as individually-metered building units All of these factors render conventional federal incentive programs highly regressive. The Solar Energy and Energy Conservation Bank included innovative market incentives to reach through existing institutional barriers to every market segment. This importance in terms of equity of this transition to renewable energy cannot be overstated. It is likely the final transition in energy technology which this society will undertake. This article illustrates how renewable energy resources are not merely another new appendage to be grafted onto the conventional way of life. Rather, like many of the energy technologies in use today, solar energy is a pivotal technology which will fundamentally mold the structure and environment of societies where it is employed. Renewable technologies will dramatically affect urban planning and demography, industrial location and specialization, architectural design densities, environmental amenities, and the quality of life itself.
Including the patient's oral health perspective in evidence-based decision-making.

How to approach the assessment of patient-perceived oral health is of fundamental importance for the evaluation of clinical and public health interventions because the patient’s assessment should be used as an adjunct to objective dental findings in order to decide which interventions work. This review article aims to provide an overview of the principles, current status, and future outlook for how a patient’s oral health perception can and should be assessed. The hierarchical position of dental patient–reported outcomes, oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL), and dental patient–reported outcome measures within the hierarchical concepts of quality of life and its component, health-related quality of life, is presented. The Mapping Oral Disease Impact with a Common Metric project is outlined as an international effort to describe current approaches to standardize the measurement of oral impact using the four OHRQoL dimensions of oral function, orofacial pain, orofacial appearance, and psychosocial impact. Ultimately, these four dimensions of OHRQoL provide a practical and psychometrically solid way to collect and analyze OHRQoL data for all oral diseases in all settings, and eventually for all treatments through the use of a standardized, universal measurement tool. This universal impact metric capturing the patient’s oral health perspective is the key to moving evidence-based dentistry and value-based oral health care forward.
Toxoplasma myocarditis: An atypical case in an immunocompetent patient.

Abstract Myocarditis occurs with a variety of infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasites. We present a rare case of myocarditis secondary to Toxoplasma gondii in a 23-year-old immunocompetent male presenting with acute chest pain. Workup revealed evidence of biventricular myocarditis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, elevated Toxoplasma serologies with rising titers over time. The patient was treated with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine for eighteen days with resolution of symptoms. This case highlights alternative diagnostic and treatment modalities for Toxoplasma myocarditis in immunocompetent hosts.
Women's Collegiate Golf Tournament

Abstract Serving the special needs of college girls is this rapidly-growing competition for golfers, whose purposes and development are outlined here