cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrogoniometry and modeling of martian and lunar analog samples and Apollo soils

Abstract We present new visible/near-infrared multispectral reflectance measurements of seven lunar soil simulants, two Apollo soils, and eight martian analog samples as functions of illumination and emission angles using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer. By modeling these data with Hapke theory, we provide constraints on photometric parameters (single scattering albedo, phase function parameters, macroscopic roughness, and opposition effect parameters) to provide additional “ground truth” photometric properties to assist analyses of spacecraft data. A wide range of modeled photometric properties were variably related to albedo, color, grain size, and surface texture. Finer-grained samples here have high single-scattering albedo values compared to their coarser-grained counterparts, as well as lower macroscopic roughness values. The Mars analog samples and Apollo soils exhibit slightly lower opposition effect width parameter values than the lunar analogs, whereas the opposition effect magnitude is not well constrained by the models. The Mars analog soils are typically relatively backscattering and consistent with fairly rough particles with a moderate density of internal scatterers, similar to the in situ observations of some soils by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit. Some lunar analog soil models result in moderately-forward scattering behaviors, as do the two Apollo soils. Other fine-grained and/or glass-rich lunar analog samples populate a narrowly forward-scattering regime similar to model results from observations of some rover tracks observed by the MER Opportunity rover and some dust-poor “gray” rocks by the Spirit rover. An experiment to mimic the spherule-rich soils observed by Opportunity demonstrated a large decrease in single-scattering albedo compared to spherule-free soil surfaces, as well as increased surface roughness, narrow opposition effects, and a significant increase in backscattering, similar to some of the Opportunity soils. Phase reddening effects are documented in many soils as an increase in near-infrared/visible ratios with phase angle. Some samples exhibit falloffs in these ratio phase curves at phase angles beyond 50–80° that are likely related to an increased importance of surface scattering at high phase angles. None of the lunar analog soils perfectly match the modeled photometric parameters of the two Apollo soils. The phase reddening nature of the mare soil included an upturn in ratio values at phase angles
Does the proteome encode organellar pH

Inherent to the proteome itself, may be information that enables proteins to buffer pH at a level that promotes their own function within a specialized compartment. We observe that the distribution of computed isoelectric points in the yeast proteome matches experimentally derived organellar pH estimates across distinct subcellular compartments. This raises an interesting evolutionary question: did the pI of proteins and the pH of organelles co-evolve to optimize function?
Expressing and Enforcing Distributed Resource Sharing Agreements

Advances in computing and networking technology, and an explosion in information sources has resulted in a growing number of distributed systems getting constructed out of resources contributed by multiple sources. Use of such resources is typically governed by sharing agreements between owning principals, which limit both who can access a resource and in what quantity. Despite their increasing importance, existing resource management infrastructures offer only limited support for the expression and enforcement of sharing agreements, typically restricting themselves to identifying compatible resources. In this paper, we present a novel approach building on the concepts of tickets and currencies to express resource sharing agreements in an abstract, dynamic, and uniform fashion. We also formulate the allocation problem of enforcing these agreements as a linear-programming model, automatically factoring the transitive availability of resources via chained agreements. A case study modeling resource sharing among ISP-level web proxies shows the benefits of enforcing transitive agreements: worst-case waiting times of clients accessing these proxies improves by up to two orders of magnitude.
Structural inference with long-run recursive empirical models

This paper investigates conditions under which a long-run recursive model can be used to identify a structure. Economists frequently employ this type of empirical model. I define the class of long-run partially recursive structures. If an economic system is a member of this class, then certain long-run recursive empirical models will obtain some of the structural impulse response functions. This sufficient condition for a structure is first shown in a vector autoregression. A well-known example from the literature is used to illustrate this particular class of structures and to present some useful applications of the result. Then the result is shown in models of cointegrated time series. Necessary conditions for a long-run recursive model to identify structure are addressed in the conclusion.
Crop Coefficients for Microsprinkler-Irrigated, Clean-Cultivated, Mature Citrus in an Arid Climate

Crop evapotranspiration ( ETc ) was measured over a clean-cultivated, mature navel orange orchard with microsprinkler irrigation located near Lindsay, California. Hourly mean latent heat flux density was determined as the residual of the energy balance equation with measured net radiation, soil heat flux density and sensible heat flux density estimated using the surface renewal method. The ETc was compared with ETo calculated using hourly weather data and the ASCE-EWRI Penman-Monteith equation. Following pruning and topping of the trees in the spring of 2001, the Kco values slowly increased as the canopy developed in the following season. An average Kco =0.82 was observed. In the following year, the mean summertime value increased to about Kco =0.95 , and in 2003 and 2004, the summertime value averaged near Kco =1.00 , which is somewhat higher than observed for drip irrigated trees in southwestern Arizona and considerably higher than reported in the widely used Food and Agricultural Organization of the Un...
Two-stage direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump for high temperature applications

Abstract Direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) systems have been proposed as viable alternatives to conventional solar-assisted heat pump systems. This study proposes the use of two-stage DX-SAHP systems for high temperature applications in the range of 60–90 °C. The study investigates the capability of these systems of meeting loads with high temperature requirements. The thermal performance of the systems is analyzed for refrigerant R-134a, using a one-cover solar collector. Comparisons between the two-stage DX-SAHP and the single-stage DX-SAHP systems are performed and presented. A graphical procedure is illustrated and used for sizing the solar collector area and the heat pump compressor displacement capacity for the two DX-SAHP systems.
Green fluorescent protein variants as ratiometric dual emission pH sensors. 3. Temperature dependence of proton transfer.

In parts 1 and 2 of this series [Hanson, G. T., McAnaney, T. B., Park, E. S., Rendell, M. E. P., Yarbrough, D. K., Chu, S. Y., Xi, L. X., Boxer, S. G., Montrose, M. H., and Remington, S. J. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 15477−15488; McAnaney, T. B., Park, E. S., Hanson, G. T., Remington, S. J., and Boxer, S. G. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 15489−15494], we described the structure, excited-state dynamics, and applications of pH-sensitive, ratiometric dual emission green fluorescent protein (deGFP) variants with fluorescence emission that is modulated between blue (λmax ≅ 465 nm) and green (λmax ≅ 515 nm) depending on the pH of the bulk solvent. In this paper, we consider the energetic origin of the dual emission properties of these GFP variants by examining the temperature dependence of the steady-state absorption and fluorescence emission. In most cases, the quantum yield of the green emission decreased as the temperature was lowered, indicating that the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) which produces the green ...
Dynamics of a Compliant Membrane as Related to Mammalian Flight

Bats and other mammalian gliders exhibit extraordinary ∞ight capabilities some of which are attributable to their unique wing structure which is quite distinct from birds and insects. In mammalian ∞ight, the wing is composed of a thin compliant membrane of skin which has the ability to adapt to ∞ow conditions. In an efiort to characterize the distinctive aerodynamics of compliant membrane wings, results from wind tunnel tests of the static deformation and unsteady vibrations of a low aspect ratio wing are presented. The unsteady de∞ection of a latex membrane model was measured via high-speed, stereo photogrammetry. The tested wing has a half-span aspect ratio of 0.69 and experiments were performed with two pretensioned conflgurations: (1) 0 % prestrain and (2) 5 % prestrain. Testing was performed at angles of attack ranging from 4 i 34 ‐ and Rec = 60;000i140;000. The static normalized camber versus angle of attack, or camber slope, was found to decrease with increasing Reynolds number. In addition, high order vibrational modes were observed to occur in a range of angles of attack (fi = 16 i 28 ‐ ) above a critical value of the Reynolds number (Rec > 80;000). Fourier analysis of these membrane vibrations show that the dominant frequencies fall along distinct bands of slightly decreasing reduced frequency.
Overlap Between Whites and Blacks in Response to Antihypertensive Drugs

On average, whites and blacks differ in their response to specific antihypertensive drugs. These differences are often highlighted in reviews and practice guidelines. However, there is wide variation in drug-associated changes in blood pressure within each race. The goal of this meta-analysis is to quantitate how often whites and blacks have similar responses to specific antihypertensive drugs. Computerized searches of MEDLINE (1983 to March 2003) and manual searches of references listed in identified articles were performed. Studies were included if they provided race-specific changes in blood pressure. Fifteen studies with a total of 9307 white subjects and 2902 black subjects were analyzed. For drug-associated changes in diastolic blood pressure, the mean difference between whites and blacks ranged from 0.6 to 3.0 mm Hg while the standard deviation within each race ranged from 5.0 to 10.1 mm Hg. The percentage of whites and blacks with similar drug-associated changes in diastolic blood pressure was 90% (95% confidence interval: 81 to 99) for diuretics, 90% (95% CI: 83 to 97) for β-blockers, 95% (95% CI: 92 to 98) for calcium channel blockers, and 81% (95% CI: 76 to 86) for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The percentage of whites and blacks with similar drug-associated changes in systolic blood pressure ranged from 83% to 93%. In conclusion, the majority of whites and blacks have similar responses to commonly used antihypertensive drugs. Clinical decisions to use a specific drug should be based on other considerations such as efficacy in individual patients, compelling indications, and cost.
Hepatitis C Virus NS2 Coordinates Virus Particle Assembly through Physical Interactions with the E1-E2 Glycoprotein and NS3-NS4A Enzyme Complexes

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS2 protein is essential for particle assembly, but its function in this process is unknown. We previously identified critical genetic interactions between NS2 and the viral E1-E2 glycoprotein and NS3-NS4A enzyme complexes. Based on these data, we hypothesized that interactions between these viral proteins are essential for HCV particle assembly. To identify interaction partners of NS2, we developed methods to site-specifically biotinylate NS2 in vivo and affinity capture NS2-containing protein complexes from virus-producing cells with streptavidin magnetic beads. By using these methods, we confirmed that NS2 physically interacts with E1, E2, and NS3 but did not stably interact with viral core or NS5A proteins. We further characterized these protein complexes by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified ≈ 520-kDa and ≈ 680-kDa complexes containing E2, NS2, and NS3. The formation of NS2 protein complexes was dependent on coexpression of the viral p7 protein and enhanced by cotranslation of viral proteins as a polyprotein. Further characterization indicated that the glycoprotein complex interacts with NS2 via E2, and the pattern of N-linked glycosylation on E1 and E2 suggested that these interactions occur in the early secretory pathway. Importantly, several mutations that inhibited virus assembly were shown to inhibit NS2 protein complex formation, and NS2 was essential for mediating the interaction between E2 and NS3. These studies demonstrate that NS2 plays a central organizing role in HCV particle assembly by bringing together viral structural and nonstructural proteins.
Quality Initiatives: Strategies for Anticipating and Reducing Complications and Treatment Failures in Hepatic Radiofrequency Ablation

Imaging appearances of complications of hepatic RF ablation related to electrode placement or thermal injury, as well as other complications and treatment failures, are discussed, with emphasis on strategies for their reduction or minimization.
Sudden Cardiac Death Caused by Coronary Heart Disease

An association between the anatomic pathology and pathophysiology of coronary atherosclerosis and sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been long recognized. At the end of the 15th century, Da Vinci described a personally witnessed SCD that he attributed to a “parched and shrunk and withered … artery that feeds the heart” at autopsy,1 and in 1812, Warren, commenting on the significance of Heberden's description of angina pectoris, reported a patient who died suddenly a short time after presenting with an anginal pattern of chest pain.2 However, insights into the magnitude and mechanisms of SCD as a consequence of the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis, its underlying vascular pathophysiology, the myocardial electrophysiology, and the role of ischemic cardiomyopathy began to unravel only during the past 50 years. Despite a rapidly developing base of knowledge about the tachyarrhythmic manifestations of acute coronary syndromes and chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy, especially during the past 25 years, that resulted from extensive clinical, investigative, and interventional advances, important challenges remain for the prediction and prevention of SCD caused by coronary heart disease (CHD).3 The total population burden of SCD resulting from CHD remains incompletely defined and debated.4 Estimates of the total number of SCDs annually in the United States are based largely on retrospective death certificate analyses,5,6 the American Heart Association statistical updates based on data from the National Center for Health Statistics,7 and nationwide extrapolations from well-studied community experiences.8,9 The most widely cited estimates have remained in the range of 300 000 to 350 000 SCDs annually since the early 1980s,10 suggesting an overall incidence between 1 and 2 deaths per 1000 person-years among the general population. However, estimates from the same death certificate sources range from 460 000 SCDs …
Preservice Teachers' Metaphors of Teaching in Relation to Literacy Beliefs

Metaphors are the constructs under which people organize their thinking and from which they plan their actions, including their teaching and work with students. One area of study that has not been investigated is the relationship between preservice teachers' metaphors of teaching across differing academic majors and their content area beliefs. The purpose of this study was to examine preservice elementary and secondary English and foreign language teachers' metaphors and relate their metaphorical images to conceptions of literacy. Specifically, 66 participants completed a questionnaire that solicited their sense of teaching. We employed a type‐case model to analyze the metaphors. Results indicated that the preservice teachers' beliefs could be categorized into nine themes including nurturing and guiding. An association was found between four metaphors and literacy beliefs. We believe the metaphor will continue to be a powerful conceptual means and future research should solicit preservice teachers' metaph...
VCSEL/MSM detector smart pixel arrays

A smart pixel module consisting of two-dimensional arrays of electronic logic elements, drive and receive electronics, optical sources, optical detectors, and lenses for conditioning the optical beams, provides the building block for 3D optically interconnected systems. In order to justify the development of a new technology such as smart pixels, one needs to provide a capability significantly beyond that projected for shop scale packages, for instance, which implies optical device array sizes of thousands of devices. In addition, the integration of optoelectronic devices and optical components must be done very cost effectively, which implies monolithic or heterogeneous integration techniques.
Motion Planning of Uncertain Ordinary Differential Equation Systems

This work presents a novel motion planning framework, rooted in nonlinear programming theory, that treats uncertain fully and underactuated dynamical systems described by o rdinary differential equations. Uncertainty in multibody dynamical systems comes from various sources, such as: system parameters, initial conditions, sensor and actuator noise, and external forcing. Treatment of uncertainty in design is of paramount practical importance because all reallife systems are affected by it, and poor robustness and suboptimal performance result if it's not accounted for in a given design. In this work uncertainties are modeled using Generalized Polynomial Chaos and are solved quantitatively using a leastsquare collocation meth od. The computational efficiency of this approach enables the inclusion of uncertainty statistics in the nonlinear programming optimization process. As such, the proposed framework allows the user to pose, and answer, new design questions related to uncertain dynamical systems. Specifically, the new framework is explained in the context of forward, inverse, and hybrid dynamics formulations. The forward dynamics formulation, applicable to both fully and underactuated systems, prescribes determin istic actuator inputs which yield uncertain state trajectories. The inverse dynamics formulation is the dual to the forward dynamic, and is only applicable to fullyactuated systems; deterministi c state trajectories are prescribed and yield uncertain actuator inputs. The inverse dynamics formulation is more computationally efficient as it requires only algebraic evaluations and completely avoids numerical integration. Finally, the hybrid dynamics formulation is applicable to underactuated system s where it leverages the benefits of inverse dynamics for actuated joints and forward dynamics for unactuated joints; it prescribes actuated state and unactuated input trajectories which yield uncertain unactuated states and actuated inputs. The benefits of the ability to quantify uncertainty when planning the motion of multibody dynamic systems are illustrated through several casestudies. The resulting designs determine optimal motion plans—subject to deterministic and statistical constraints—for all possible systems within the probability space.
Public policy aside: Everyone can't teach

Abstract The 25th anniversary of the National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators (NAECTE) is a time to celebrate the many successes of an organization dedicated to the preparation of high‐quality teachers of young children. Members share a concern for the importance of early childhood education and a belief that quality teachers of young children are not born but are the result of preparation programs that reflect both historical precedent and current research. Current policy related to fast‐track routes for licensing and high‐stakes testing threaten to undermine accepted practices, values and beliefs that have been the foundation of early childhood teacher preparation. The article which follows is a call to employ the collective strength of NAECTE to advocate for programs that will result in the best teachers for young children.
Glioblastoma Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy: Has the Challenge Been MET?

In glioblastoma cells the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is upregulated in response to bevacizumab and plays an important role in promoting invasion and tumor recurrence. These data support novel links between VEGF-A and hepatocyte growth factor and suggest that c-Met and its signaling effectors may be effective targets for anti-invasive therapies.
Arsenic trioxide/ascorbic acid therapy in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal carcinoma : A clinical experience

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has demonstrated effectiveness in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Therefore the FDA has approved it to treat APL. In patients with refractory metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC), we assessed the efficacy and toxicity of As2O3/AA (ascorbic acid) as the outcome of this trial. Five patients with refractory metastatic CRC who failed all previous standard chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. They were treated with 0.25 mg/kg body weight/day As2O3 and 1000 mg/day of ascorbic acid for 5 days a week for 5 weeks. Each treatment cycle extended for 7 weeks with 5 weeks of treatment and 2 weeks of rest. All the patients developed moderate to severe toxic side effects to arsenic trioxide/AA therapy and therefore the study was discontinued. No CR (complete remission) or PR (partial remission) was observed. CT scans demonstrated stable or progressive disease. Three of the five patients died within 2 to 5 months after cessation of the therapy. None of the deaths could be related to this clinical trial. Two years of follow-up study showed that two patients were alive with stable disease. Under the current treatment regimen all patients developed moderate to severe side effects with no clinically measurable activity. As an alternate, efforts may be made to reduce the dose and arsenic trioxide may be combined with other standard regimen in reversing the chemo resistance.
Update in large cell lymphoma: understanding the pathology report

The diffuse aggressive large B-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of B-cell malignancies. Although many are readily recognized due to characteristic clinical and pathologic features, several problematic areas still exist in diagnosis of these lymphomas due to a variety of reasons that include imprecise or difficult-to-apply diagnostic criteria, gaps in our understanding of lymphoma biology, and limitations in technologies available in the clinical laboratory compared to the research laboratory. This may result in some degree of confusion in the pathology report, particularly if the issues are not clearly explained, leading to frustration or misinterpretation on the part of the reader. In this review, I will discuss the pathologic features of a subset of the WHO 2008 classification diffuse aggressive large B-cell lymphomas, focusing on areas in which difficulties exist in diagnosis and/or biomarker marker assessment. A deeper understanding of the issues and areas of uncertainty due to limitations in our knowledge about the biology of these diseases should lead to better communication between pathologists and clinicians.
One Hundred Challenge Problems for Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Psychology.

We present a new set of challenge problems for the logical formalization of commonsense knowledge, called TriangleCOPA. This set of one hundred problems is smaller than other recent commonsense reasoning question sets, but is unique in that it is specifically designed to support the development of logic-based commonsense theories, via two means. First, questions and potential answers are encoded in logical form using a fixed vocabulary of predicates, eliminating the need for sophisticated natural language processing pipelines. Second, the domain of the questions is tightly constrained so as to focus formalization efforts on one area of inference, namely the commonsense reasoning that people do about human psychology. We describe the authoring methodology used to create this problem set, and our analysis of the scope of requisite commonsense knowledge. We then show an example of how problems can be solved using an implementation of weighted abduction.
Impact of Clinical Pharmacists on Initiation of Postintubation Analgesia in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Pain and anxiety are common in mechanically ventilated patients, and frequently undertreated in the emergency department (ED) setting. Objective We sought to compare the rate of initiation of postintubation analgesia in the ED before and after intervention by pharmacists specialized in emergency medicine. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in the ED. The primary endpoint was overall frequency of analgesia initiation, with subset analysis of RSI during the ED pharmacist (EDP) duty hours. Secondary endpoints included frequency of sedative or anxiolytic use without analgesia, time to initiation of postintubation analgesia, and adverse drug events (ADEs) resulting in analgesia discontinuation. Results Forty-one patients were included in each group. The overall rate of postintubation analgesia increased after pharmacist intervention, from 20% to 49% ( p = 0.005). Analgesia initiation during EDP hours was 50% and 85% in the pre- and postintervention groups, respectively. In the preintervention group, more patients received sedation without analgesia (73% vs. 51%; p = 0.04), and a small percentage (7%) received neither sedation nor analgesia. Time to initiation of postintubation analgesia decreased from 98 min to 45 min. ADEs were rare: there were no discontinuations of analgesic therapy in the preintervention group and one temporary discontinuation because of hypotension in the postintervention group. Conclusion Analgesic use after RSI in the ED significantly increased after the implementation of ED pharmacy services. The large proportion of patients receiving analgesia during the EDP duty hours suggest the increase may be related to direct pharmacist involvement in postintubation management.
Final Report for DE-FG02-00ER41145

Research in high energy physics has been conducted under this research contract. The research includes the discovery of CP violation in the decays of B mesons and the determination of the CKM mechanism as the source of all CP violation in hadrons. Searches for physics beyond the standard model has resulted in limits from the B to S gamma transition and the discovery of the intermediate range oscillations of electron neutrinos. This last discovery will enable the discovery of all properties of neutrino mixing in the next round of neutrino experiments.
Mechanism of Cohesive Forces of Cyclopentane Hydrates with and without Thermodynamic Inhibitors

Gas hydrates are commonly formed in oil and gas pipelines. One approach in their prevention is the injection of thermodynamic inhibitors (e.g., methanol, ethanol, monoethylene glycol (MEG)), so that the hydrate stability phase equilibrium can be moved into the fluid stable region. In this study, we directly measure cohesive forces of cyclopentane hydrates with thermodynamic inhibitors (2 wt % MEG, methanol, ethanol, and 1 and 3.5 wt % sodium chloride) to understand the effects of thermodynamic inhibitors (THIs) on the cohesive forces of hydrates. The cohesive forces are measured as a function of annealing time and temperature and determined from pull-off measurements based on the principle of Hooke’s law (F = Kspring × ΔD, where Kspring is the spring constant of the cantilever fiber, and ΔD is the displacement of the cantilever). A mechanism for the cohesive force of partially and fully converted hydrate particles is inferred and partially demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measuremen...
Large-Scale Simulations of High Speed Turbulent Flows

This paper briefly describes a new class of high-order Monotonicity-Preserving (MP) finite difference methods recently developed for direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) of high-speed turbulent flows. The MP method has been implemented together with high-order compact (COMP) and weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) methods in a generalized three-dimensional (3D) code and has been applied to various 1D, 2D and 3D problems. For the LES, compressible versions of the gradient-based subgrid-scale closures are employed. Detailed and extensive analysis of various flows indicates that MP schemes have less numerical dissipation and faster grid convergence than WENO schemes. Simulations conducted with high-order MP schemes preserve sharp changes in flow variables without spurious oscillations and capture the turbulence at the smallest simulated scales. The non-conservative form of the scalar equation solved with MP schemes are shown to generate the same results as COMP schemes for supersonic mixing problems involving shock waves.
The delayed emergence of penal modernism in Florida

Recently, punishment scholars have challenged the dominant historiography of a relatively uncontested period of penal modernism or penal welfarism across the USA between the Second World War and th...
Synthesis, characterization, guest inclusion, and photophysical studies of gold nanoparticles stabilized with carboxylic acid groups of organic cavitands.

Water-soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNP) stabilized with cavitands having carboxylic acid groups have been synthesized and characterized by a variety of techniques. Apparently, the COOH groups similar to thiol are able to prevent aggregation of AuNP. These AuNP were stable either as solids or in aqueous solution. Most importantly, these cavitand functionalized AuNP were able to include organic guest molecules in their cavities in aqueous solution. Just like free cavitands (e.g., octa acid), cavitand functionalized AuNP includes guests such as 4,4′-dimethylbenzil and coumarin-1 through capsule formation. The exact structure of the capsular assembly is not known at this stage. Upon excitation there is communication between the excited guest present in the capsule and gold atoms and this results in quenching of phosphorescence from 4,4′-dimethylbenzil and fluorescence from coumarin-1.
Chapter 4: Flexible Conservation in Uncertain Times

This book chapter written in response to an examination of the IPCC’s 5th Assessment explores mechanisms that should find a place in our adaptation/mitigation toolbox. While some climate change efforts fall squarely into either the mitigation or adaptation camp, some — like land conservation — help mitigate the impacts of climate change and also help human and nonhuman communities adapt to climate change. This chapter presents ideas, programs, and property tools that incorporate changing landscapes while still providing environmental benefits. Specifically we explore using the Public Trust Doctrine, payments for ecosystem services, conservation easements, REDD , biodiversity offsets, debt for nature swaps, and community based resource management. Some of the programs are well established and we embrace them; some have been in use but we suggest changes; and some ideas are not fully developed but hopefully will serve as inspiration or conversation starters. Because of the complexity of climate change, along with the political and social landscape, these tools will not all be equally attractive in all areas. Additionally, the tools could be misused and lead to maladaptation or unanticipated, unintended consequences. Therefore, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of concerns related to these tools — an offering that could also serve as a checklist of considerations when forming implementation plans. Thus, we conclude not with a magic pill but with a variety of vitamins that haven’t yet received FDA approval. We think they will be good for you, but as with all such medications taken in the wrong quantities or in ill-advised combinations, they may be harmful to your health. Be sure to consult with your local climate scientists, biologists, policymakers, and neighbors before taking them.
The Complexity of Modern War: Study on Synergistic Effectiveness in Joint Operations

The paper briefly introduces the complex system and compound system theories. Joint operations capabilities quantification is analyzed by the compound system theories. The paper presents that striking capabilities, mobility capabilities, protection capabilities, information capabilities and supply capabilities are regarded as the order parameters of compound system. Finally, "synergistic effectiveness" in joint operations is quantified by calculating ordering degree of order parameters and coordinating degree of compound system. And integrated operational capabilities are obtained by further calculation.
Research approaches and methods

Chapter 5 is intended to lay the groundwork for what follows in Part III by reviewing the types of research methods and approaches employed in LPP and some of the key terms and concepts that inform this work. The term approaches is used because not all of the areas covered in this chapter include specific methodological guidance; however they do suggest a way to approach LPP. Along the way, I propose some new methodological concepts that may help engender ideas for research projects. For alternative accounts of the methods and approaches covered in this chapter, as well as guidelines for other LPP research methods, consult the edited volume on LPP research methods by Hult and Johnson (2013).
Intelligent transportation as the key enabler of smart cities

Smart Cities include the concept of large, intelligent systems coming together cooperatively to enable better living conditions in future urban areas. Reduction in fuel/electricity usage, crime, improved economies, less waste, and overall better living conditions are primary goals. A key enabling technology is the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), in which various transportation mechanisms cooperate to improve quality of life by reducing fuel/electricity usage, decreasing congestion, and decreasing travel time. Studies have shown that enormous resources are wasted by congestion alone in transportation systems. In this position paper, we present the ITS as a major factor in facilitating the smart city of the future.
Conversation Analysis in Computer-Assisted Language Learning.

The use of Conversation Analysis (CA) in the study of technology-mediated interactions is a recent methodological addition to qualitative research in the field of Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL). The expansion of CA in Second Language Acquisition research, coupled with the need of qualitative techniques to explore how people interact in technology-mediated environments, has stimulated a small but growing body of research. This article reviews CALL research that employed a CA approach to the collection, microanalysis, and understanding of the data in a variety of technology-mediated fields (text, audio and video SCMC, email, forums and bulletin boards, social networks, and games), with participants from different contexts and languages, interacting in an L2 either among themselves or with native/more expert speakers of the language. Most research up to now has been descriptive in nature, illustrating the sequential organization of interaction, interactional and linguistic resources employed by the participants, and affordances and challenges of the media to promote language learning. In addition, a few studies have directly explored “learning” through the microanalysis of longitudinal data for any changes in the learners’ linguistic and interactional patterns of engagement. The review of studies is followed by those challenges that affect the implementation of CA in CALL research and a vision of the future of CA for CALL in the larger field of Applied Linguistics.
Long term persistence in a rocky intertidal fish assemblage

A rocky intertidal fish assemblage at Dillon Beach, CA was persistent over 42 months. This time period represents greater than one mean generation time for residents. This result confirms an earlier conclusion of deterministic regulation based on 29 months of study. Additional work suggests that food resource partitioning is the organizational mechanism present in this assemblage. A correlation analysis of mean species ranks from collections where specimens were removed from the site, with those from collections where specimens were returned alive, exhibited a highly significant positive correlation (rs = 0.883. p<0.005). Thus assemblage structure apparently was unaffected by collecting; validating previous conclusions based on control site-study site comparisons.
Individual in Essence, Social in Orientation

This chapter addresses the popular false dichotomy that casts the individual in opposition to society, painting the individual as a narrowly self-interested, isolated, and antisocial individual who rejects any cooperation or social interactions. Instead, this chapter presents a more nuanced and elaborate picture of the person as “individual in essence, social in orientation.” Drawing from the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as John Stuart Mill and the existentialists, we see how individuals are properly understood to interact with the world around them, in terms of determining who they are as autonomous and authentic individuals; how they incorporate social influences, roles, and group affiliations; and how they should realize their ethical obligations toward others.
Dynamics of Reversibility of Pressure Induced Changes in Cell Morphology, Cell Division, and Gene Expression of Escherichia Coli

The changes in environment such as temperature, nutrients, pH, salinity around bacterial cells occur at varying spatiotemporal scales. Long and short term fluctuations of environmental conditions play very important role in shaping up the evolutionary pathways of adaptation of the cells to these condition. We will discuss cellular response of a mesophilic bacteria to continuous and oscillating high pressure in terms of morphology and gene expression. High pressure conditions provides a novel stress for bacteria as the pressure around bacterial cells do not change that dramatically and hence our results may elucidate how cells respond to stresses that they may not encounter so frequently. Moreover, the talk will address the bottleneck cellular processes relevant for adaptation of bacterial cells to extremes of pressure and temperature.
Recent insights into the function of autophagy in cancer

Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is induced by starvation to capture and degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes, which recycles intracellular components to sustain metabolism and survival. Autophagy also plays a major homeostatic role in controlling protein and organelle quality and quantity. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to many diseases. In cancer, autophagy can be neutral, tumor-suppressive, or tumor-promoting in different contexts. Large-scale genomic analysis of human cancers indicates that the loss or mutation of core autophagy genes is uncommon, whereas oncogenic events that activate autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis have been identified. Autophagic flux, however, is difficult to measure in human tumor samples, making functional assessment of autophagy problematic in a clinical setting. Autophagy impacts cellular metabolism, the proteome, and organelle numbers and quality, which alter cell functions in diverse ways. Moreover, autophagy influences the interaction between the tumor and the host by promoting stress adaptation and suppressing activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, autophagy can promote a cross-talk between the tumor and the stroma, which can support tumor growth, particularly in a nutrient-limited microenvironment. Thus, the role of autophagy in cancer is determined by nutrient availability, microenvironment stress, and the presence of an immune system. Here we discuss recent developments in the role of autophagy in cancer, in particular how autophagy can promote cancer through suppressing p53 and preventing energy crisis, cell death, senescence, and an anti-tumor immune response.
A temperature sensitive mitochondrial mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract A mitochondrially inherited temperature sensitive respiratory deficient mutant of yeast has been isolated. Detection of nuclear suppressor mutations indicates an interaction between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. A preliminary biochemical characterization is presented.
Acquisition of T-shaped expertise: an exploratory study

AbstractDisciplinary boundaries become increasingly unclear when grappling with “wicked problems,” which present a complex set of policy, cultural, technological, and scientific dimensions. “T-shaped” professionals, i.e. individuals with a depth and breadth of expertise, are being called upon to play a critical role in complex problem-solving. This paper unpacks the notion of the “T-shaped expert” and seeks to situate it within the broader academic literature on expertise, integration, and developmental learning. A component of this project includes an exploratory study, which is aimed at evaluating the emergent attributes of T-shaped expertise in two different educational programs completed between January and May in 2015. The two programs build disciplinary knowledge in science, technology engineering, and mathematics fields at the core (vertical dimension), while expanding the students’ awareness and comprehension of other expertise (horizontal dimension). The courses introduced science and engineering...
Inequalities involving a logarithmically convex function and their applications to special functions.

It has been shown that if f is a differentiable, logarithmically convex function on nonnegative semi-axis, then the function (f(x)) a /f(ax), (a 1) is decreasing on its domain. Applications to inequalities involving gamma function, Riemann's zeta function, and the com- plete elliptic integrals of the first kind are included.
Relative mortality analysis: A new tool to evaluate clinical performance in trauma centers

ABSTRACTImproving trauma performance relies on outcome measures to target groups of patients with suboptimal outcomes. However, this is difficult when examining trauma data sets dominated by patients with high probability of survival (POS). The W-Score, a standard metric for evaluating trauma performance, disproportionately weights these populations and inaccurately represents effectiveness across the entire patient spectrum. We introduce the Relative Mortality Performance Trend (RMPT) and the Relative Mortality Metric (RMM), which provide valuable insight into trauma center performance at all levels of acuity and establish a more reliable metric for evaluating performance. We validate this method using data from a Level 1 trauma center over a 20-year period, where 89.39% of the patient population has a POS > .90. The RMPT groups patient populations by acuity levels, which allows us to identify changes in performance and isolate areas for improvement. We significantly outperformed the anticipated mortalit...
Estimating Evapotranspiration Using the Complementary Relationship and the Budyko Framework

Several models have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration. Among those, the complementary relationship has been the subject of many recent studies because it relies on meteorological data only. Recently, the modified Granger and Gray (GG) model showed its applicability across 34 diverse global sites. While the modified GG model showed better performances compared to the recently published studies, it can be improved for dry conditions and the relative evaporation parameter in the original GG model needs to be further investigated. This parameter was empirically derived from limited data from wet environments in Canada – a possible reason for decreasing performance with dry conditions. This study proposed a refined GG model to overcome the limitation using the Budyko framework and vegetation cover to describe relative evaporation. This study used 75 eddy covariance sites in the US from AmeriFlux, representing 36 dry and 39 wet sites. The proposed model produced better results with decreasing monthly mean root mean square error of about 30% for dry sites and 15% for wet sites compared to the modified GG model. The proposed model in this study maintains the characteristics of the Budyko framework and the complementary relationship and produced improved evapotranspiration estimates under dry conditions.
Change and Social Organization

Organizations continually adapt to external organizational imperatives such as technology, population, knowledge and values. The increasing rate and intensity of these imperatives necessitates fhanges in services irrespective of the organization's formal intentions to change. It is suggested that organizational characteristics amenable to handling change do not occur randomly. Six organizational characteristics are discussed. It is emphasized however, that these six organizational characteristics are not in themselves, sufficient to insure the successful implementation of change. A changing relationship between individuals, as well as a process of routinization must also be dealt with if the imperative for organizational change is to be effectively met. Three stages in this process of routinization are suggested. These are: (1) the provision of a functional input information base; (2) relating changing programs to explicitly defined goals; and (3) the implementation of management by objectives as a tool for providing the organizational characteristics discussed in this paper. It is suggested that these three stages should provide an appropriate environment for working towards a more sustained and effective implementation of organizational change. What is often overlooked in the pursuit of detailing the multitude of problems facing social organizations is that underlying forces affect these organizations irrespective of any particular set of problems. I propose to examine one of these fundamental underlying forces, review some pertinant literature on organization characteristics that are related to this underlying force, and then suggest a procedure that could be undertaken by these social organizations to improve their effectiveness in adapting to this imperative. CHANGE: AN ORGANIZATION IMPERATIVE The particular force or imperative I am referring to is CHANGE 2 itself. Changes in technology, changes in expectations, in value, in knowledge, in population, in clients demanding service, indicate a few of the changes in the external environment affecting social organizations. In other words continued adaptations to external forces such as these, necessitates changes in services irrespective of the organizations formal intentions to change as expressed by its staff