cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal Chemistry of Hydrous Calcium Silicates: II, Characterization of Interlayer Water

Examination of tobermorite, 4–SCaO.5SiO2.-5H2O, and xonotlite, 5CaO.5SiO2.H2O, by infrared absorption revealed striking structural similarities and differences in the two phases. In the 8- to 15-μ region, the absorption was the same for both; the differences arose from the manner in which water and hydroxyl ions were bonded. Tobermorite exhibited strong absorption at 6.2μ, a band which is generally associated with interlayer water, and at 2.9μ, a band generally attributed to bonded (OH). The mineral xonotlite did not show these two bands but contained the band at 2.75μ generally associated with free (OH). Synthetic xonotlite prepared at 300°C. was essentially the same as the mineral, but samples prepared at progressively lower temperatures exhibited the 2.9-μ band in increasing intensity. The fibrous form of tobermorite showed a band at 6.5 to 7.0μ which increased in intensity with increasing amount of CaO in the solid; this band was also found in the 14-a.u. 1.0 CaO: SiO2 hydrate, but not in xonotlite. The great volume stability of xonotlite during drying and wetting is readily explained on the basis of the present results. Shrinkage of tobermorite during drying at temperatures up to 650°C. may be due to removal of both interlayer water and bonded (OH). The changes in absorption during drying at room temperature were too small, however, to permit drawing any conclusions. Similarities and differences between tobermorite and certain clays are discussed.
Demonstration of 2D/3D p-MoS 2 /n-SiC junction

In this work, we demonstrate 2D/3D heterojunction using large-area crystalline p-MoS 2 epitaxially grown on n-doped 4H-SiC. The diode exhibited excellent rectification with an ideality factor of 1.5, as well as C-V characteristics typical of an anisotype p-n junction. Besides being promising for enabling novel device topologies, this realization of a p-type 2D/n-type 3D heterostructure holds potential for circumventing challenges associated with p-doping in wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors which has otherwise held back the successful development of bipolar devices in WBG systems.
Channel and Energy Modeling for Self-Contained Wireless Sensor Networks in Oil Reservoirs

The real-time and in-situ monitoring capability in oil reservoirs is highly desired to increase the current recovery factor of crude oil and natural gas. To this end, the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are envisioned to be deployed deep inside oil reservoirs to collect and report the physical and chemical information in real time. However, none of the existing wireless communication and networking technologies can support WSNs in oil reservoirs due to the very challenging environment and the extremely small device size. To address the problem, this paper proposes a new self-contained micro wireless sensor network framework based on the Magnetic Induction (MI) technique, which can enable the real-time and in-situ monitoring in oil reservoirs. Rigorous analytical models are developed to characterize the oil reservoir channel for both MI communication and energy transfer, which confirm the feasibility of the proposed self-contained sensor network framework. To enhance the system efficiency and reliability, high-permeability proppants are injected in the hydraulic fracture to increase mutual induction; while the tri-directional MI coil antenna is designed to achieve omnidirectional coverage. The theoretical models and numerical results are validated by the widely used finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.
Lineage specification in neural crest cell pathfinding

There are two principal models to explain neural crest patterning. One assumes that neural crest cells are multipotent precursors that migrate throughout the embryo and differentiate according to cues present in the local environment. A second proposes that the neural crest is a population of cells that becomes restricted to particular fates early in its existence and migrates along particular pathways dependent on unique cell-autonomous properties. Although it is now evident that the neural crest cell population, as a whole, is actually heterogenous (composed of both multipotent and restricted progenitors), evidence supporting the model of prespecification has increased over the past few years. This review will begin by telling the story of melanoblasts: a neural crest subpopulation that is biased toward a single fate and subsequently acquires intrinsic properties that guide cells of this lineage to their final destination. The remainder of this review will explore whether this model is exclusive to melanoblasts or if it can also be used to explain the patterning of other neural crest cells like those of the sensory, sympathoadrenal, and enteric lineages. Developmental Dynamics 236:1–19, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Continuous Seismic Profiles of the Continental Terrace off Southeast Florida

Six continuous seismic reflection profiles traverse the Florida continental terrace (shelf plus slope), and four additional profiles extend nearly across the Florida Straits between 26° N. lat. and 25° N. lat. The terrace at 26° N. comprises a shelf of high-reflectivity material with scarplike relief, probably limestone, and a dip slope of low-reflectivity sediment. At 25° N, the terrace is formed by a prograded tongue of low-reflectivity sediment of problematic origin. A replacement series exists between the two end members in which the sedimentary tongue progrades the limestone shelf, last tentatively identified beneath about 270 m of sediment (about 470 m below sea level). The mean shelf depth is maintained at 300 ± 75 m throughout the change in terrace composition and structure. The gradient along the limestone-shelf surface at about 2.5 m/km to the south appears fairly consistent with regional subsidence combined with local isostatic response to sediment load.
An improved mathematical model for electromagnetic casters and testing by a physical model

The paper describes a physical model aimed at studying two important phenomena in electromagnetic (EM) casting of aluminum: the support of the molten metal pool and stirring caused by EM forces. The physical model is used both to test an improved mathematical model for EM casting and to provide insight into the effect of design changes on the two EM phenomena. Examples of design changes are changes in inductor current and position and screen position. The improved mathematical model, a two-dimensional (2-D) (axisymmetric) one, constrains the melt surface at the solidification line and neglects (with justification) buoyancy, surface tension, and the impact of flow on meniscus shape. The physical model was a cylindrical one where the solidified metal was simulated by a 248-mm-diameter aluminum bronze cylinder and the molten metal by Wood’s alloy. Measurements were made of electric field, magnetic field, meniscus deformation, and velocities for the two types of caster in commercial use. Generally, good agreement was obtained between the mathematical model and the experimental measurements.
The two yeast histone H2A genes encode similar protein subtypes

Abstract The sequences of the two histones H2A genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined. These genes encode two histone H2A subtypes which are 131 amino acids in length but differ at 2 amino acid positions: an Ala leads to Thr and a Thr leads to Ala change at positions 124 and 125. Thus, the two histone H2A subtypes have identical amino acid compositions. The coding regions of the two H2A genes are homologous at 369 of 393 bases (94%), with all but 2 of the 24 changes being silent. There is only 30% homology in the 5' flanking sequences of the two H2A genes. Like other eukaryotic histone genes, the yeast H2A genes are not interrupted by intervening sequences. When the yeast H2A histones are compared to those from other eukaryotes, there is at least 80% homology in amino acid sequence.
Legislative Confrontation of Groupthink in US Natural Resource Agencies

Within the apparent strength of proud, successful, cohesive agencies are often found characteristics that inhibit their ability to adapt successfully in an environment of change. Organizations can be so successful that they feel invulnerable to public petition. They can stereotype, and dismiss as uninformed ‘outsiders’ or biased trouble-makers, any others who criticize them. Janis (1967) has described such organizational tendencies as groupthink behaviour—where proud and successful, professional organizations such as the USDA-Forest Service (USFS), consider themselves superior to the public, and where any external criticism is filtered, rationalized, and stereotyped to minimize the need for organizational introspection and change. This article looks at how groupthink tendencies were a normal, understandable part of USFS behaviour in the 1950–60s—and how these tendencies inhibited its adaptation to a post-industrial American society that was increasingly concerned with forest recreational and amenity values. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, 1970) was the first of several laws that directly confronted the utilitarian, developmental values and the groupthink tendencies in federal natural resource agencies. Responding to NEPA (1970) and other legislative and policy changes of that era, the USFS has latterly become a much more sexually and professionally diverse agency, that is more open to public input than formerly. This volte-face has reduced the probability of groupthink operating in the agency, and consequently improved the latter's prospects of a useful and equitable future.
Seismic-guided Waves For Reservoir Continuity At the Gypsy Test Site, Oklahoma

The gas and oil industry is continuing to emphasize research and development efforts on advanced technology to improve reservoir description through the producing life and development history of heterogeneous hydrocarbon reservoirs. Existing methods for reducing uncertainty in heterogeneous reservoir compartments, such as VSP and multiple offsets crosswell techniques may enhance resolution, but these methods are not economically justifiable in oil and gas fields. Continuity logging using guided waves is an alternative approach to analyzing interwell seismic data to confirm the continuity of heterogeneous hydrocarbon reservoir compartments; in particular, the continuity of sand and shale stratigraphy in reservoirs. The present work includes a study of rock physical properties and seismic data for hydrocarbon reservoir continuity using interwell logging techniques. Processing methods are used to delineate the reservoir structure and to relate seismic wave dispersion with rock physical parameters. The principal application of this study is to identify and analyze the propagation characteristics of guided waves in the Gypsy-fluvial sandstone formation at the Gypsy test site in Oklahoma. The integration of well logs and interwell seismic data using guided waves indicated the presence of two low-velocity clean sands to be continuous in the Gypsy sandstone interval. In addition, the results of this work confirmed the presence of a continuous shale above the sandstone. The correlation of sand and shale stratigraphy with well logs and leaky modes is consistent with crosswell and pulse test data acquired by BP Exploration. These pulse tests indicated that the sands are in pressure communication between the wells as well as the existence of an impermeable barrier between the top and the bottom of the sand units in the Gypsy sandstone reservoir.
Mycobacterial toxin MazF-mt6 inhibits translation through cleavage of 23S rRNA at the ribosomal A site

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome contains an unusually high number of toxin-antitoxin modules, some of which have been suggested to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of latent tuberculosis. Nine of these toxin-antitoxin loci belong to the mazEF family, encoding the intracellular toxin MazF and its antitoxin inhibitor MazE. Nearly every MazF ortholog recognizes a unique three- or five-base RNA sequence and cleaves mRNA. As a result, these toxins selectively target a subset of the transcriptome for degradation and are known as "mRNA interferases." Here we demonstrate that a MazF family member from M. tuberculosis, MazF-mt6, has an additional role--inhibiting translation through targeted cleavage of 23S rRNA in the evolutionarily conserved helix/loop 70. We first determined that MazF-mt6 cleaves mRNA at (5')UU↓CCU(3') sequences. We then discovered that MazF-mt6 also cleaves M. tuberculosis 23S rRNA at a single UUCCU in the ribosomal A site that contacts tRNA and ribosome recycling factor. To gain further mechanistic insight, we demonstrated that MazF-mt6-mediated cleavage of rRNA can inhibit protein synthesis in the absence of mRNA cleavage. Finally, consistent with the position of 23S rRNA cleavage, MazF-mt6 destabilized 50S-30S ribosomal subunit association. Collectively, these results show that MazF toxins do not universally act as mRNA interferases, because MazF-mt6 inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving 23S rRNA in the ribosome active center.
Methodology for Analyzing and Developing Information Management Infrastructure to Support Telerehabilitation

The proliferation of advanced technologies led researchers within the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Telerehabilitation (RERC-TR) to devise an integrated infrastructure for clinical services using the University of Pittsburgh (PITT) model. This model describes five required characteristics for a telerehabilitation (TR) infrastructure: openness, extensibility, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and security. The infrastructure is to deliver clinical services over distance to improve access to health services for people living in underserved or remote areas. The methodological approach to design, develop, and employ this infrastructure is explained and detailed for the remote wheelchair prescription project, a research task within the RERC-TR. The availability of this specific clinical service and personnel outside of metropolitan areas is limited due to the lack of specialty expertise and access to resources. The infrastructure is used to deliver expertise in wheeled mobility and seating through teleconsultation to remote clinics, and has been successfully deployed to five rural clinics in Western Pennsylvania.
Nonhomogeneous products and the law of one price

Law of One Price ~LOP! is important in the theory of international trade+ It is important in LOP studies to have data that accurately represents homogeneous products ~i+e+, the product in one country has the same product characteristics as the product in another country!+ We present a theoretical model that determines fresh grapefruit prices Free on Board ~FOB! at the packinghouse+ The first order conditions show that the FOB packinghouse prices are equal for products with the same product characteristics+ The theoretical conditions show a difference in FOB prices when the product characteristics are different+ The product characteristics that are varied include packing costs and pack-out rates+ The results from a nonlinear programming optimization routine demonstrates the importance of using data that accurately represents homogeneous products for LOP studies+ Different packing costs and pack-out percentages are shown to cause different FOB packinghouse prices for fresh grapefruit destined for domestic and export markets+ @JELClassification: Q11, Q13, F14#+ © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc+
Performance of Commercial Laying Hens When Fed Diets with Various Sources of Energy

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of adding various fat sources to the diet of the aged (76 to 84 wk) commercial laying hen. In experiment 1, corn-soybean meal diets were fed with 0, 2 and 4% corn oil. A diet containing 13.85% wheat bran was fed with and without 4% corn oil. A sixth diet contained 2% corn oil and 26.21% sugar. No difference in egg production among the 6 treatments was observed. The addition of 4% corn oil produced a nonsignificant increase in egg weight. The corn-soybean meal diet containing no corn oil also was used as the control in experiment 2. Seven treatment diets were fed with 4% fat from various sources. No difference in egg production among the 8 treatments was observed. Egg weight was higher when the diet contained added fat except when tallow was added.
Hydraulic Religion: 'Great King' Cults in the Ming and Qing

In the middle years of the Ming (1368-1644) dynasty, temples dedicated to the Fourth Son Golden Dragon Great King (in long si da wang) began to appear on dikes and in administrative centers along the Yellow River and the Grand Canal.' The Golden Dragon cult originated as an ancestral cult dedicated to an apotheosized Southern Song (1127-1280) patriot from the Hangzhou area. It later became popular with boatmen and merchants who travelled on the Grand Canal. Beginning in the sixteenth century, hydraulic officials promoted the cult as an adjunct to their administration of the Canal and the Yellow River. The title 'great king' had its origins in pre-Qin (221-202 BCE) feudal ranks, but by the Song had been incorporated into folk culture as an appellation for certain gods.2 By the nineteenth century the term had come to be understood more narrowly: 'Where did the term "great king" arise? It comes from the people (xiaomin). The great king is a river god (heshen). What the state calls a river god, among the people is called a great king'.3 This distinction between state and popular terminology is misleading, however. The Golden Dragon god's early transition from ancestral spirit to folk deity may have had little to do with the imperial state, but the same cannot be said of the cult's later development. Long before the Fourth Son Golden Dragon Great King became a state-sanctioned river god, his cult was being fostered and shaped
Non-Connectivity example in subRiemannian geometry

The article deals with a step 2 example of subRiemannian geometry which locally resembles the Grusin example. We show that while locally the connectivity by geodesics holds and it behaves very similar to the Grusin case, globally the connectivity does not hold.
Renal Artery Aneurysm Rupture: An Unusual Cause of Postpartum Hemorrhage

An 18-year-old primigravida with neurofibromatosis presents with abdominal pain 5 days after a cesarean section. Repeated laparotomies are done before a ruptured renal artery aneurysm is diagnosed. Awareness of the rupture of these aneurysms during either pregnancy or the postpartum state and the association of this entity with neurofibromatosis could avert a fatal outcome.
Neural Specialization for Letter Recognition

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to estimate neural activity while subjects viewed strings of consonants, digits, and shapes. An area on or near the left fusiform gyrus was found that responded significantly more to letters than digits. Similar results were obtained when consonants were used whose visual features were matched with the digits and when an active matching task was used, suggesting that the results cannot be easily attributed to artifacts of the stimuli or task. These results demonstrate that neural specialization in the human brain can extend to a category of stimuli that is culturally defined and that is acquired many years postnatally.
Cytochrome c and dATP-Dependent Formation of Apaf-1/Caspase-9 Complex Initiates an Apoptotic Protease Cascade

We report here the purification of the third protein factor, Apaf-3, that participates in caspase-3 activation in vitro. Apaf-3 was identified as a member of the caspase family, caspase-9. Caspase-9 and Apaf-1 bind to each other via their respective NH2-terminal CED-3 homologous domains in the presence of cytochrome c and dATP, an event that leads to caspase-9 activation. Activated caspase-9 in turn cleaves and activates caspase-3. Depletion of caspase-9 from S-100 extracts diminished caspase-3 activation. Mutation of the active site of caspase-9 attenuated the activation of caspase-3 and cellular apoptotic response in vivo, indicating that caspase-9 is the most upstream member of the apoptotic protease cascade that is triggered by cytochrome c and dATP.
An efficient formulation to determine the scattering characteristics of a conducting body with thin magnetic coatings

Two new and efficient surface integral equations, derived from corresponding volume integral equations, are developed to calculate the scattering of electromagnetic (EM) waveform from an arbitrarily shaped conducting body coated with thin lossy magnetic film. Their numerical solutions by the method of moments (MM) for two-dimensional structures with full or partial coatings are presented. It is shown that the radar cross-section of a conducting body can be significantly reduced by coating it with a lossy magnetic film. To verify the validity and accuracy of the proposed formulation, another method based on the expansion of cylindrical harmonic functions with real arguments is also developed to calculate the scattering of a plane EM wave from an electrically large coated circular cylinder. The same problem was also solved by the proposed formulation, and excellent agreement between the two approaches was achieved. In addition, numerical results of the scattering from a rectangular coated cylinder is shown to be consistent with that obtained by a modified finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. >
Iterative seismic inversion

SUMMARY Two well-known iterative algorithms, steepest descent and conjugate-gradient descent, are used to solve the non-linear seismic inversion problem from reflection data by minimizing the mean-square error between the measured data and data generated by the estimated model. This approach offers great flexibility, both in incorporating a priori information and in its ability to weight the measurements in an optimal fashion based on error statistics, which serves to regularize an otherwise ill-conditioned inversion. In minimizing the mean-square error, many authors have proposed Newton-like methods, but the above descent algorithms are generally more stable and avoid the need to invert a large matrix containing second-derivative information. The problem can be formulated so that the first iterate gives the Born inversion. In most iterative approaches the gradient of the measurements with respect to the model plays a fundamental role in minimizing the mean-square error. The gradient is usually derived by linearizing the measurement-model relationship (the Lippmann-Schwinger equation) and then ‘differentiating’ with respect to the model. This procedure gives the correct gradient only when the Green's function is updated after each iteration on the basis of the latest model estimate. A new approach is used here for deriving the gradient based on a generalization of a formula due to Weston (1979) which results in explicit expressions for the updated Green's function in both the time and frequency domains for arbitrary illumination and near-field detection. A formula is also derived for the finite (i.e. non-infinitesimal) change in the measured field due to a finite change in the model. This formula could be useful in formulating descent algorithms using exact finite differences without derivatives.
Novel multimodality endoscopic closure of postoperative esophageal fistula

Abstract INTRODUCTION Esophageal fistula following esophagectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. PRESENTATION OF CASE We present the case of a 71-year-old man who underwent salvage Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy, following definitive chemoradiotherapy 1 year previously. On postoperative day 9 the patient complained of chest pain, and a CT scan demonstrated extravasation of oral contrast from the gastric conduit into the right chest. A right chest drain and fully covered esophageal stent were placed at this time. Despite these measures, after 8 weeks, the esophageal fistula persisted. Ultimately, fistula closure was achieved using an interventional radiology-guided, endoscopically placed over-the-scope clip (OTSC). The patient had no further complications and was well at 3 months follow-up. DISCUSSION The case reported herein describes this novel, combined-modality approach to esophageal fistula closure. CONCLUSION This case report demonstrates a novel, minimally invasive, multidisciplinary approach to the closure of a post-esophagectomy anastamotic leak.
Automobility: Global Warming as Symptomatology

The argument of this paper is that sustainability requires a new worldview-paradigm. It critically evaluates Gore’s liberal-based environmentalism in order to show how “shallow ecologies” are called into question by deeper ecologies. This analysis leads to the notion that global warming is better understood as a symptom indicative of the worldview that is the source for environmental crises. Heidegger’s ontological hermeneutics and its critique of modern technology show that the modern worldview involves an enframing (a totalizing technological ordering) of the natural. Enframing reveals entities as standing reserve (on demand energy suppliers). My thesis maintains that enframing is geographically expressed as automobility. Because of the energy needs used to maintain automobility, reaching the goal of sustainability requires rethinking the spatial organization of life as a function of stored energy technologies.
A coalescent perspective on delimiting and naming species: a reply to Bauer et al.

‘Our classifications will come to be, as far as they can be so made, genealogies … The rules for classifying will no doubt become simpler when we have a definite object in view.’ (Darwin [[1][1]], p. 486). Our paper about species delimitation in African forest geckos ( Hemidactylus fasciatus
Sibling-Implemented Intervention for Skill Development with Children with Disabilities.

The research synthesis presented here reviewed the currently available evidence on the effectiveness of sibling-implemented interventions for their siblings with disabilities. The search for appropriate research literature spanned from 1975 to 2008 and resulted in a total of eight studies that met the inclusion criteria. All eight studies in this synthesis employed single-case design as the primary research methodology. The analysis of the eight studies is summarized into (a) experimental design and participants, (b) intervention features, (c) measurement procedures, and (d) findings. Taken together, the outcomes of this research synthesis provide support for the effectiveness of sibling-implemented intervention for children with disabilities. Furthermore, implications for further research are discussed including taking into account specific siblings’ characteristics (e.g., socialization, intellectual ability) and ensuring that future studies sufficiently address generalization and maintenance of interven...
Group Size and Societal Conflict

A number of studies dealing with subunits and total organizations have confirmed the relationship between large group size and increase in conflict and disputes together with decrease in morale, cohesiveness, and consensus. The question arises: Are the theoretical implications, empirical findings, and hypotheses for subgroups and total organizations generalizable to larger social systems? The size-conflict hypothesis is examined in relationship to the population size of nations and the magnitude of intranation and internation conflict. The results of the study show that the propositions formed at one level of analysis can be employed successfully at another level.
Estimates of performance in the rate of decline of under-five mortality for 113 low- and middle-income countries, 1970–2010

Background Measuring country performance in health has focused on assessing predicted vs observed levels of outcomes, an indicator that varies slowly over time. An alternative is to measure performance in terms of the rate of change in how a selected outcome compares to what would be expected given contextual determinants. Rates of change in health indicators can prove more sensitive than levels to changes in social, intersectoral or health policy context. It is thus similar to the growth rate of gross domestic product in the economic context. We assess performance in the rate of change (decline) of under-five mortality for 113 low- and middle-income countries. Methods For 1970–2010, we study the evolution in rates of decline of under-five
The importance of high horizontal resolution and accurate coastline geometry in modeling South China Sea Inflow

As resolution is increased from 1/2° to 1/32° in Pacific Ocean simulations using the NRL Layered Ocean Model, marked changes are found in the Kuroshio's mean pathway as it intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) via the Luzon Strait. With increased horizontal resolution comes a more accurate representation of the coastline geometry associated with the Batan/Babuyan Islands within the strait, and a reduction in the modeled westward intrusion of the Kuroshio into the SCS. The 1/16° model is extremely sensitive to two very small scale shoals (Calayan Bank and a shoal north of Calayan Island) that are resolvable at this grid spacing. The exclusion of these three model gridpoints significantly alters the mean Kuroshio pathway to resemble the pathway from the 1/8° model. In addition, excluding all islands within the Luzon Strait in the 1/16° model gives a deep intrusion mean pathway as found in the 1/2° model.
Optimal buffer allocation in a multi-query environment

The concepts of memory consumption and return on consumption (ROC) are used as the basis of memory allocations. A global optimization strategy using simulated annealing is developed which minimizes the average response time over all queries under the constraint that the total memory consumption rate has to be less than the buffer size. It selects the optimal join method and memory allocation for all queries simultaneously. By analyzing the way that the optimal strategy makes memory allocations, a heuristic threshold strategy is proposed. The threshold strategy is based on the concept of ROC. As the memory consumption rate by all queries is limited by the buffer size, the strategy tries to allocate the memory so as to make sure that a certain level of ROC is achieved. A simulation model is developed to demonstrate that the heuristic strategy yields performance that is very close to the optimal strategy and is far superior to the conventional allocation strategy. >
Transparent microstrip antennas for CubeSat applications

Simple antennas such as wire whips are commonly used on CubeSats because they do not obstruct the solar panels. These are mechanically deployed and prone to failure. This paper offers several antenna solutions that address the challenges associated with launching standards and the need for solar panels. Each design aims to fit onto a face of a 3-unit (3U) CubeSat. The design frequencies are 2.4 GHz and 434 MHz for ground communication, 1.616 GHz for communication with the Iridium satellite constellation, and 900 MHz for communication between CubeSats. Based on the simulation results, three types of patch antennas were fabricated: silver mesh antennas on quartz substrates, solid patch antennas of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) on glass substrates, and a copper slatted ring resonator antenna on RO4533 substrate.
The clinically relevant pharmacogenomic changes in acute myelogenous leukemia

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is an extremely heterogeneous neoplasm with several clinical, pathological, genetic and molecular subtypes. Combinations of various doses and schedules of cytarabine and different anthracyclines have been the mainstay of treatment for all forms of AMLs in adult patients. Although this combination, with the addition of an occasional third agent, remains effective for treatment of some young-adult patients with de novo AML, the prognosis of AML secondary to myelodysplastic syndromes or myeloproliferative neoplasms, treatment-related AML, relapsed or refractory AML, and AML that occurs in older populations remains grim. Taken into account the heterogeneity of AML, one size does not and should not be tried to fit all. In this article, the authors review currently understood, applicable and relevant findings related to cytarabine and anthracycline drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in adult patients with AML. To provide a prime-time example of clinical applicabilit...
CONSEQUENCES OF PATCH REEF SPACING FOR DENSITY-DEPENDENT MORTALITY OF CORAL-REEF FISHES

The spatial configuration of habitat patches can profoundly affect a number of ecological interactions, including those between predators and prey. I examined the effects of reef spacing on predator–prey interactions within coral-reef fish assemblages in the Bahamas. Using manipulative field experiments, I determined that reef spacing influences whether and how density-dependent predation occurs. Mortality rates of juveniles of two ecologically dissimilar species (beaugregory damselfish and yellowhead wrasse) were similarly affected by reef spacing; for both species, mortality was density dependent on reef patches that were spatially isolated (separated by 50 m), and density independent on reef patches that were aggregated (separated by 5 m). A subsequent experiment with the damselfish demonstrated that a common resident predator (coney) caused a substantial proportion of the observed mortality, independent of reef spacing. Compared to isolated reefs, aggregated reefs were much more likely to be visited b...
NADPH oxidase and lipid raft-associated redox signaling are required for PCB153-induced upregulation of cell adhesion molecules in human brain endothelial cells

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can lead to chronic inflammation and the development of vascular diseases. Because cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the cerebrovascular endothelium regulate infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain, we have explored the molecular mechanisms by which ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), such as PCB153, can upregulate CAMs in brain endothelial cells. Exposure to PCB153 increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as well as elevated adhesion of leukocytes to brain endothelial cells. These effects were impeded by inhibitors of EGFR, JAKs, or Src activity. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase or disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depleting agents blocked PCB153-induced phosphorylation of JAK and Src kinases and upregulation of CAMs. In contrast, silencing of caveolin-1 by siRNA interference did not affect upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in brain endothelial cells stimulated by PCB153. Results of the present study indicate that lipid raft-dependent NADPH oxidase/JAK/EGFR signaling mechanisms regulate the expression of CAMs in brain endothelial cells and adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial monolayers. Due to its role in leukocyte infiltration, induction of CAMs may contribute to PCB-induced cerebrovascular disorders and neurotoxic effects in the CNS.
Differentiated Macrophages Synthesize a Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan and an Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan That Bind Lipoprotein Lipase

Lipoprotein lipase (LpL), which facilitates lipoprotein uptake by macrophages, associates with the cell surface by binding to proteoglycans (PGs). Studies were designed to identify and characterize specific PGs that serve as receptors for LpL and to examine effects of cell differentiation on LpL binding. PG synthesis was examined by radiolabeling THP-1 monocytes and macrophages (a cell line originally derived from a patient with acute monocytic leukemia) with [35S]sodium sulfate and [3H]serine or [3H]glucosamine. Radiolabeled PGs isolated from the cell surface were purified by chromatography and identified as chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS) PG and heparan sulfate (HS) PG. A sixfold increase in CSPG and an 11-fold increase in HSPG accompanied cell differentiation. Whereas HS glycosaminoglycan chains from both monocytes and macrophages were 7.5 kD in size, CS chains increased in size from 17 kD to 36 kD with cell differentiation, and contained hexuronyl N-acetylgalactosamine-4,6-di-O sulfate disaccharides. LpL binding was sevenfold higher to differentiated cells, and affinity chromatography demonstrated that two cell surface PGs bound to LpL: HSPG and the oversulfated CSPG produced only by differentiated cells. We conclude that differentiation-associated changes in cell surface PG of human macrophages have functional consequences that could increase the atherogenic potential of the cells.
Coupling of Organic and Inorganic Vibrational States and Their Thermal Transport in Nanocrystal Arrays

Through atomistic computational analysis of thermal transport in nanocrystal arrays (NCAs), we find that vibrational states couple elastically across the organic–inorganic interfaces with a resulting flux that depends on the ligand grafting density and the overlap between the core and ligand vibrational spectra. The modeling was performed using molecular dynamics simulations and lattice dynamics calculations on a gold-dodecanethiol NCA built using a robust self-assembly methodology. Our approach is validated by comparing the predicted NCA thermal conductivities against experimental measurements [Ong et al. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 410], with agreement found in both magnitude and trends. The self-assembly methodology enables prediction of general NCA behavior and detailed probing of experimentally inaccessible nanoscale phenomena.
Energy Expenditure and Restriction of Energy Intake: Could Energy Restriction Alter Energy Expenditure in Companion Animals?

The treatment of obesity in companion animals frequently focuses on restriction of energy intake. One important question with this treatment is whether dietary energy restriction (ER) produces a sustained decrease in mass-adjusted energy expenditure (EE), which prevents further weight loss and promotes rapid regain of body weight during lapses in dietary ER. This review summarizes studies that investigated the effects of dietary ER on EE at the whole-animal, organ, and cellular level. Whole-animal studies indicate that long-term dietary ER either decreases or does not affect mass-adjusted EE. The reason for this discrepancy between studies is not entirely clear, although analysis of data pooled from multiple studies suggests that a reduction in mass-adjusted EE with long-term ER would be observed if the sample size were sufficiently large and appropriate methods were used to adjust EE for body size. At the organ level, attempts were made to determine whether alterations in organ mass can entirely explain changes in EE with dietary ER. However, these studies were not conclusive, and it remains to be determined whether changes in EE exceed those that would be predicted from ER-induced alterations in organ mass. At the cellular level, there is evidence that dietary ER may induce sustained decreases in substrate oxidation, mitochondrial proton, and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in at least some tissues. These results are consistent with the idea that dietary ER may induce decreases in cellular EE. However, future studies integrating measurements at the whole-animal, organ, and cellular level will be required to determine definitively whether dietary ER produces sustained decreases in tissue or cellular EE.
Field epidemiological study on news reports that related to public health emergencies

OBJECTIVE: All news reports (NR) that were related to public health emergency (PHE) were collected from the Southern Metropolis Daily (SMD) to explore the characteristics of epidemiology in the fields. METHODS: Based on the theory of communication that including both case and text analysis, qualitative analysis on all the NR regarding PHE published in SMD from the years of 2008 to 2012, was carried out and input to database using the EpiData. Numbers of articles as indicators were compared to show the yearly change of different types of events. Various features of the NR including coverage, source of information, location of the incident, style and size of news, with or without editorials etc. were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 18.0. RESULTS: Among all the 998 reports related to PHE, higher proportion was found in the events of Infectious diseases (35.3%) and food safety (34.1%)respectively. Events on vaccines and drugs used for disease prevention and control (8.9%), environmental pollution caused incidents (8.0%)appeared to be less frequent. Events related to occupational disease, poisoning, bioterrorism and biochemical events were rare. Looking at the monthly distribution of reports, we noticed that the peaks occurred in 2008 and in 2009, which were caused by the Melamine-contamination events and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Between 2010 and 2012, figures of monthly reports were smooth, including some critical events from the interests of the media. Most events took place in Guangdong province (34.3%) and other provinces (50.9%), with some were from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions (9.5%). However, international events (5.2%)were less seen. Extensive coverage accounted for 17.6% of all of reports, and 11.5% allotted the editorials or other forms of in-depth reports. Most of the source of reports on infectious diseases and food safety were from the official release, however. The main sources of occupational diseases and poisoning, vaccines and drug incidents, environmental pollution related incidents were reported by active journalists through interview. Reports on hand, foot and mouth disease, influenza, milk safety, AIDS and lead pollution showed continued concern in the past five years by SMD. CONCLUSION: NR on public health emergencies by SM had encompassed all 10 categories-related events formulated by the Ministry of Health. Sustained and in-depth coverage were more commonly seen. Field-epidemiologists should learn interdisciplinary sciences on the theory and methodology of communication. They also need to interact with media people during the whole processes of public health emergency preparedness and responses. Language: zh
Approaches to enhancing the gastrointestinal health of calves.

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT), as the largest immunological organ of the body, plays a pivotal role in calf health, growth, and long-term productivity. Important contributors to optimal gastrointestinal function of calves include colostrum status, a balanced intestinal flora, nutrition, intestinal immune factors, motility, and transport of nutrients. The promotion of GIT health of young calves through dietary manipulations, nutritional supplements, addition of immune components, oral antibiotics, and vaccinations are discussed. Antibiotic alternatives to improve growth and reduce enteric disease are plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, probiotic bacteria, yeast cultures, and oligosaccharides. To ascertain health, growth, and profitability from measures taken to improve intestinal immune function, outcome measurements, intestinal health parameters, and dietary composition should be monitored closely.
Creating Ribo-T: (Design, Build, Test)n

Engineering biology is especially challenging given our relatively poor ability to rationally design within life’s complex design landscape. Thus, moving through the engineering “design, build, test” cycle multiple times accumulates system knowledge and hopefully yields a successful design. Here I discuss the engineering process behind our recently published work creating a ribosome with tethered subunits, Ribo-T.
Effects of castrating lambs on growth and body composition.

Effects of castration on growth, wool production, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in sheep were investigated. The experiment included two flocks (similar in their effect on pre-weaning performance, but representing high and low planes of nutrition after weaning), two years, and two slaughter ages. Rams weighed approximately 5 % more thanwethers at weaning, and 15 % and 23 % more as yearlings on the low- and high planes of nutrition respectively. Differences in favour of rams in terms of skeletal and muscle size and wool production were also greater on the higher plane of nutrition. Carcass weight was approximately 4%, 8% and 19% higher for rams among lambs, low plane and high plane yearlings, respectively. Proportion of carcass weight in the forequarters was 0·5 %, 1·1 % and 2·3 % higher for rams in these three groups. Rams had less kidney fat and the same percentage of the carcass weight in loin and trimmed leg as wethers in all groups. Carcass grade and eating quality as evaluated by a taste panel did not differ between ram and wether lambs. Among the lighter yearling group, meat from the loin of ram carcasses was less tender. Quality was appreciably lower for rams in the heavier yearling group. Meat from ram carcasses had 1 to 2% higher cooking loss than that from wethers.
Some Comments on Arthur Barber's Paper, “The Citizen, the Scholar and the Policymaker”

Artnur Barber has gained an estimable following in certain quarters in the academic community in recent years as one of the ablest thinkers? and one of those officials most vitally concerned with humanitarian values ?in the Pentagon. It is widely said of him that he typically thinks untypical thoughts and then boldly introduces his iconclastic ideas to highlevel conformists in the Washington area. Last December, however, he journeyed to California and undertook to train his weapons on some of the icons of that very academic community which has viewed him with so much admiration. Such a confrontation between a wise man and his learned admirers should certainly have been a useful experience for all concerned, but, unfortunately, the paper that Mr. Barber delivered on that occasion did not wholly support its author's credentials and advance billing. The paper did support another version of his reputation?a maverick gadfly in the Pentagon stable?but it left something to be desired in terms of wisdom and knowledge of subject.
Evaluation on the key assay of qualitative test for salmonella detection

Objective To evaluate two kinds of different enrichment broth in the national standard assay method on salmonella.Methods According to GB /T4789. 4,the samples from"Food and Drug Identification System of Proficiency Testing Schemes"were detected. The original specimens were cultured preliminary in preenrichment broth( BPW),then with secondary enrichment TTB and SC for respectively and then were isolated and cultured identification on three kinds of selective isolation medium;Meanwhile the enrichment effect of pre- enrichment and post- secondary enrichment were compared and analyzed using real-time PCR method. Results 15 samples among 18 samples were detected out salmonella using conventional culture method.However,17 samples founded positive for salmonella nucleic acids with real- time PCR method,two of whose samples can not be detected by culture methodsdue to low bacteria levels. Compared with BPW,after SC enrichment,bacterial concentration did not significantly improve( P 0. 05),but after TTB enrichment,bacteria concentrations decreased( P 0. 05). Conclusion Salmonella testing program are required for reasonable optimization,especially for large- scale sample screening or surveillance. when using direct detection after pre- enrichment or the identification of SC secondary enrichment can reduce the workload,avoid waste of resources.