cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonics of Wasatch Plateau and Near-by Areas: ABSTRACT

The Wasatch Plateau of south-central Utah is a large table-like remnant of high ground not yet destroyed by the general erosion of the Colorado River system. The basic structure is monoclinal with a regional westward dip that is gentle on the east and steep on the west. Superimposed on the basic structure is a broad anticline, the Monument Peak uplift, consisting of two folds that plunge slightly east of north into the Uinta basin. These folds, in turn, are modified by a north-trending system of fault zones which fall into the North Gordon, Pleasant Valley, and Joes Valley zones. The Joes Valley zone is largest, having a total length of about 75 miles and an average width of 2 miles. It and the other zones are splintered by numerous small faults and the downward displacem nt reaches a maximum of 3,000 feet. The regional westward dip of the Plateau is related to the origin of the San Rafael Swell. The greatest folding of the Swell must have been post-Cretaceous pre-Eocene by analogy with the Water-pocket fold on the south. Since the Monument Peak uplift shows structural alignment with the Swell, it probably originated at the same time. The complex fault zones are obviously of later origin. They are tensional features and cut all surface rocks including Pleistocene moraines. They are related to the deep-seated Wasatch monocline and probably to subsidence and solution effects in the salt-bearing Jurassic rocks below. The western flank of the Wasatch Plateau is complex with numerous faults, unconformities, and landslides. This complexity may be due to growth and collapse of salt structures. End_of_Article - Last_Page 790------------
Optimum error-diffusion kernel design

ABSTRACT The quality of typical error diffused images can be improved by designing an error diffusion filter that minimizes a frequency weighted mean squared error between the continuous tone input and the halftone output . Previous approaches to this design are typically based on an assumption that the binary quantizer error (between thequantizer input and output) is a white noise source. We propose in this paper an iterative method for designingan optimum error diffusion kernel without such an assumption on the spectral characteristics of the binaryquantizer error. In particular, we use a set of training images, and iterate the two steps of designing the errordiffusion filter and evaluating the spectrum of the quantizer error. Experimental results are shown for errordiffusion filters designed using this iterative method.Keywords: error diffusion, optimum error diffusion kernel, quantization error, frequency weighted mean squarederror 1. INTRODUCTION Error diffusion' is known to be an excellent method for generating halftones from continuous tone images. Itis also known, however, that error diffusion tends to generate halftones with certain objectionable artifacts.2 Asa result, there have been much work reported in the literature aimed at improving the quality of error diffused
Protective effect of moisture on denaturation of human serum albumin by heat.

SummaryDried dialyzed albumin is denatured by heat. One tenth M NaCl or 4 to 7% moisture prevented coagulation under the conditions of the experiment.
Dual roles of Nrf2 in cancer

In response to oxidative stress, the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the fate of cells through transcriptional upregulation of antioxidant response element (ARE)-bearing genes, including those encoding endogenous antioxidants, phase II detoxifying enzymes, and transporters. Expression of the Nrf2-dependent proteins is critical for ameliorating or eliminating toxicants/carcinogens to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. As a result, activation of the Nrf2 pathway, by naturally-occurring compounds or synthetic chemicals at sub-toxic doses, confers protection against subsequent toxic/carcinogenic exposure. Thus, the use of dietary compounds or synthetic chemicals to boost the Nrf2-dependent adaptive response to counteract environmental insults has emerged to be a promising strategy for cancer prevention. Interestingly, recent emerging data has revealed the “dark” side of Nrf2. Nrf2 and its downstream genes are overexpressed in many cancer cell lines and human cancer tissues, giving cancer cells an advantage for survival and growth. Furthermore, Nrf2 is upregulated in resistant cancer cells and is thought to be responsible for acquired chemoresistance. Therefore, it may be necessary to inhibit the Nrf2 pathway during chemotherapy. This review is primarily focused on the role of Nrf2 in cancer, with emphasis on the recent findings indicating the cancer promoting function of Nrf2 and its role in acquired chemoresistance.
Hemangiopericytoma of the Optic Nerve Sheath

Purpose To report the clinicopathologic findings in patient with optic nerve sheath hemangiopericytoma. Design Clinicopathologic report. Methods The clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings of a patient with optic nerve sheath hemangiopericytoma were reviewed. Results An excisional biopsy of an optic nerve sheath tumor from a 35-year-old woman showed a staghorn vascular pattern consisting of CD34-positive tumor cells. Conclusions Hemangiopericytoma may occur rarely in the optic nerve sheath.
Two views on light sheets

A dual-view light-sheet microscope combines isotropic spatial resolution with high speed and minimal phototoxicity.
A Conceptual Model of Manufacturing Focus

Despite the importance given to manufacturing focus in the literature, the subject area continues to suffer from three interrelated problems: lack of agreement with regard to the meaning of “focus” the absence of a conceptual framework for integrating the existing body of research; and uncertainty with regard to the appropriate direction of future research. These problems should be addressed if the focus literature is to continue to mature, and if the true role of focus is to be understood in the light of the “newer” strategic imperatives, such as time‐based competition and flexible manufacturing. Introduces a conceptual model of focus specifically designed in response to these problems. The conceptual model identifies three distinct dimensions of focus, and relates these to the competitive factors facing manufacturing organizations. It is designed specifically to serve as a tool with which researchers and managers can discuss the impact of focus at the firm level. A review of key works in manufacturing f...
Histochemical demonstration of acetylphosphate phosphatase in normal and dystrophic human muscle.

Abstract A phosphatase hydrolyzing acetylphosphate which is magnesium-sensitive and which has the optimum activity at pH 7.0 has been demonstrated histochemically in human muscle. It is concluded that this enzyme is localized in the sarcoplasmic part of the muscle fiber. It is present in the connective tissue as well as in muscular elements. The activity of the enzyme is increased in both sites in progressive muscular dystrophy. Muscle and connective tissue nuclei show acetylphosphatase activity, and although this reaches its optimum at pH 7.0 it is not as sensitive to the absence of Mg as the sarcoplasmic enzyme.
The mouse Forkhead Box m1 transcription factor is essential for hepatoblast mitosis and development of intrahepatic bile ducts and vessels during liver morphogenesis.

Abstract Conditional deletion of the mouse Forkhead Box (Fox) m1b targeted allele in adult hepatocytes (Foxm1, previously called HFH-11B, Trident, Win, or MPP2) demonstrated that the Foxm1b transcription factor is essential for hepatocyte mitosis during liver regeneration. To determine the role of Foxm1b in liver development, we have generated Foxm1b −/− mice that deleted the Foxm1b exons encoding the winged helix DNA binding and transcriptional activation domains. Here, we show that all of the Foxm1b −/− embryos died in utero by 18.5 days postcoitum (dpc). Embryonic Foxm1b −/− livers displayed a 75% reduction in the number of hepatoblasts, resulting from diminished DNA replication and a failure to enter mitosis causing a polyploid phenotype. Reduced hepatoblast mitosis was associated with decreased protein levels of the Polo-like kinase 1 and Aurora B kinase, which phosphorylate regulatory proteins essential for orchestrating mitosis and cytokinesis. Diminished proliferation of Foxm1b −/− hepatoblasts contributed to abnormal liver development with significant reduction in the number of large hepatic veins compared to embryonic wild-type (WT) liver. Furthermore, embryonic Foxm1b −/− livers did not develop intrahepatic bile ducts, and these presumptive biliary hepatoblasts failed to express either biliary cytokeratins or nuclear levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β. These results suggest that Foxm1b is critical for hepatoblast precursor cells to differentiate toward biliary epithelial cell lineage. Finally, we used a hepatoblast-specific Cre recombinase transgene to mediate deletion of the Foxm1b fl/fl allele in the developing liver, and these embryos died in utero and exhibited diminished hepatoblast proliferation with similar abnormalities in liver morphogenesis, suggesting that the defect in liver development contributed to embryonic lethality.
Self-assembled phenylethynylene bis-urea macrocycles facilitate the selective photodimerization of coumarin.

There is much interest in designing molecular sized containers that influence and facilitate chemical reactions within their nanocavities. On top of the advantages of improved yield and selectivity, the studies of reactions in confinement also give important clues that extend our basic understanding of chemical processes. We report here, the synthesis and self-assembly of an expanded bis-urea macrocycle to give crystals with columnar channels. Constructed from two C-shaped phenylethynylene units and two urea groups, the macrocycle affords a large pore with a diameter of ∼9 A. Despite its increased size, the macrocycles assemble into columns with high fidelity to afford porous crystals. The porosity and accessibility of these channels have been demonstrated by gas adsorption studies and by the uptake of coumarin to afford solid inclusion complexes. Upon UV-irradiation, these inclusion complexes facilitate the conversion of coumarin to its anti-head-to-head (HH) photodimer with high selectivity. This is con...
Influence of Configuration on Materials Selection for Actively Cooled Combustors

The influence of combustor size and shape on material feasibility is explored using (structural and fuel) weight, as well as fuel economy as metrics. A materials selection methodology developed for actively cooled rectangular panels has been embellished to include cylindrical/annular configurations. The procedure incorporates an analytical model for temperature and stress distributions subject to thermomechanical loads representative of hypersonic flight conditions. The model has been numerically verified using finite element simulations. By combining the model with optimization routines, materials robustness maps have been produced, depicting the range of thermal loads and fuel flow rates that satisfy all design constraints. A wide selection of high-temperature materials has been investigated. Comparisons of cylindrical and rectangular combustors are made for the leading candidates. It is established that the cylindrical designs allow both lighter optimal structures as well as greater robustness and fuel economy.
From pixels to physics: Probabilistic color de-rendering

Consumer digital cameras use tone-mapping to produce compact, narrow-gamut images that are nonetheless visually pleasing. In doing so, they discard or distort substantial radiometric signal that could otherwise be used for computer vision. Existing methods attempt to undo these effects through deterministic maps that de-render the reported narrow-gamut colors back to their original wide-gamut sensor measurements. Deterministic approaches are unreliable, however, because the reverse narrow-to-wide mapping is one-to-many and has inherent uncertainty. Our solution is to use probabilistic maps, providing uncertainty estimates useful to many applications. We use a non-parametric Bayesian regression technique — local Gaussian process regression — to learn for each pixel's narrow-gamut color a probability distribution over the scene colors that could have created it. Using a variety of consumer cameras we show that these distributions, once learned from training data, are effective in simple probabilistic adaptations of two popular applications: multi-exposure imaging and photometric stereo. Our results on these applications are better than those of corresponding deterministic approaches, especially for saturated and out-of-gamut colors.
The effect of a couple-based treatment for OCD on intimate partners

Abstract Background and objectives This study investigated the effect of a couple-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on the intimate partners of patients. Previous research has shown this intervention to be efficacious in reducing OCD symptoms and comorbidities in patients. Method In an open-treatment trial, 16 couples completed the 16-session manualized treatment, and were followed up 6- and 12-months post-treatment. Results Multilevel modeling analyses were conducted to examine change over time, and results indicated that relative to baseline, partners showed improvements in relationship functioning, communication, and criticalness in the short-term, and maintained their gains in communication skills over the long-term. Limitations The non-controlled design and small sample size limit the certainty of the study's findings. Conclusions Overall, this investigation offers preliminary evidence that including intimate partners in couple-based CBT for OCD has no negative effects on partners, and in fact, can provide them with residual positive effects.
Characterization of a rhesus monkey calicivirus representing a new genus of Caliciviridae.

In this study, we report the characterization of a novel calicivirus (CV), the Tulane virus (TV), which was isolated from stool samples of captive juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of the Tulane National Primate Research Center. The complete genome of TV contains 6,714 nucleotides plus a poly(A) tail and is organized into three open reading frames (ORFs) that encode the nonstructural (NS) polyprotein (ORF1); the capsid protein (ORF2), with an estimated molecular mass of 57.9 kDa; and a possible minor structural protein (ORF3), with an isoelectric point (pI) of 10.0 and a calculated molecular mass of 22.8 kDa. The NS polyprotein revealed all typical CV amino acid motifs, including GXXGXGKT (NTPase), EYXEX (Vpg), GDCG (protease), and GLPSG and YGDD (polymerase). Phylogenetic trees constructed for the NS polyprotein, NTPase, protease, polymerase, and capsid protein sequences consistently placed the TV on a branch rooted with Norovirus, but with distances equal to those between other genera. The TV can be cultured in a monkey kidney cell line (LLC-MK2) with the appearance of typical cytopathic effect. TV exhibits a typical CV morphology, with a diameter of 36 nm, and has a buoyant density of 1.37 g/ml. According to these physicochemical and genetic characteristics, TV represents a new CV genus for which we propose the name “Recovirus” (rhesus enteric CV). Although the pathogenicity of TV in rhesus macaques remains to be elucidated, the likelihood of TV causing intestinal infection and the availability of a tissue culture system make this virus a valuable surrogate for human CVs.
Disability Rates For Working-Age Adults And For The Elderly Have Stabilized, But Trends For Each Mean Different Results For Costs

The aging of the baby-boom generation, as well as predicted growth in the number of people with disabilities, is expected to increase the demand for long-term services and supports dramatically. This study analyzed data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1984 to 2010 to discern trends among noninstitutionalized working-age adults and the elderly who had some level of disability or need for help with activities of daily living. Some impairments among the elderly, such as in mobility and mental health, decreased. Meanwhile, some impairments among working-age adults, such as in cognitive ability, increased substantially. Of particular importance, the overall prevalence of disability for both age groups has largely stabilized since 2000. Among working-age adults, that stabilization is good news because it eases concern, fueled by prior research, that this population was becoming increasingly disabled and costly to public benefit programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance. Howe...
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with laser irradiation on mid-infrared hydride stretch transitions: polystyrene

An investigation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of a polymer (polystyrene) with laser irradiation in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region is presented. A particular goal of this study is to determine whether the LIBS signals are enhanced when the laser wavelength is tuned to that of a vibrational transition of the polymer. Significant enhancements were indeed observed upon irradiation on the C–H stretch fundamental vibrational transitions. In addition, mode-specific effects were observed; the signals were stronger, compared to the relative intensities in the one-photon absorption spectrum, for irradiation on the aromatic (phenyl) C–H stretch transitions, rather than those involving aliphatic (backbone) C–H modes. The applicability of mid-IR resonance enhanced LIBS for detection of residues on surfaces is discussed.
The response to splenectomy in pediatric patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who fail high-dose intravenous immune globulin.

Abstract Background/Purpose: A recent article by Law et al concluded that patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who have a poor response to intravenous immune globulin (IgG) are unlikely to have a good or excellent response to surgical splenectomy. Methods: The authors studied retrospectively 23 pediatric patients age 11.7 ± 1.0 years with ITP who had been treated with IgG before undergoing splenectomy. As in the aforementioned article, the responses to the 2 treatments were classified on the basis of the platelet count as poor ( 3 ), good (50,000 to 150,000/mm 3 ), or excellent (>150,000/mm 3 ). For patients who received multiple IgG treatments, both initial and final treatment responses were analyzed. Results: Sixteen patients had an excellent or good initial response to IgG. Of these 16 patients, 14 had an excellent or good response to splenectomy. Among the 7 patients who had a poor response to IgG there were 3 who had an excellent or good response to splenectomy (43%), and 4 patients who had a poor response to splenectomy. A good or excellent response to initial treatment with IgG was associated with a significant probability of a good or excellent response to splenectomy ( P =.045). Conclusions: A good or excellent response to IgG may be predictive of a favorable response to splenectomy. However, a poor response to IgG does not preclude a satisfactory response to splenectomy in pediatric patients with ITP. J Pediatr Surg 35:967-972. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Food Allergy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

Background Gastrointestinal complaints and pruritic skin conditions are common in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because atopic disorders such as drug allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis are apparently increased, we hypothesized that food allergy may also be more common in patients with HIV. Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of food allergy in patients infected with HIV. Methods Consecutive patients visiting our outpatient adult HIV clinic were screened for possible food allergy by use of a questionnaire. One hundred seventy-six patients responded. Sixty-two of these patients reported symptoms compatible with a possible food allergy. Followup of the 62 subjects was possible in 40. Thirty-one patients were skin tested for foods thought to produce reactions. Results Three patients (1.7%) described previous anaphylactic responses to specific foods and were therefore not skin tested or challenged orally. Six patients (3.4%) described very strong histories of food allergy but either refused or were too ill for testing. Twentynine of the 31 Patients had negative skin tests. One of the two patients with a positive skin test to a suspected food also had a positive double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). There was no correlation between CD4 cell count and likelihood of food allergy. Based on a strong history alone, the maximal estimated prevalence of food allergy in this group was 5.7% (10 of 176). By using the more strict criterion of positive DBPCFC, the prevalence of food allergy in this patient population was 0.57% (1 of 176). Conclusion These results suggest that food allergy is an uncommon disease in patients with HIV infection with an estimated prevalence similar to that found in the general adult population. Our data do not suggest an obvious direct correlation between HIV infection and food allergy.
Quality improvement in heart rhythm care: the path forward

The drastic changes in the American health-care environment have brought forward several major quality improvement initiatives including performance measurement, the demand for transparency to be implemented, at least in part, through public reporting, and the need to demonstrate appropriate use of interventions. Despite the great potential of these initiatives to improve the quality of health care and patient outcomes, the average clinician has not been engaged in or educated about these initiatives. This is particularly true of specialists like electrophysiologists. Given that participation in these initiatives will become mandatory in the next few years, it is critically important to prepare our community for these programs. To that end, electrophysiologists should be educated about the potential strengths and pitfalls of these quality improvement programs, and they should be engaged more effectively in the development and testing of such programs. Indeed, electrophysiologists face unique challenges that deserve attention. Some of these challenges relate to the scarcity of performance measures that are specific to heart rhythm care and the scarcity of registries that could be used for performance measures and public reporting. This article provides an overview of performance measures and public reporting, the role of registries in quality improvement, and appropriate use criteria. It then concludes with recommendations regarding the proper implementation of these quality improvement initiatives to ensure a high likelihood of success.
Paclitaxel analogues from Taxus x media cv. Hicksii.

The roots of T. × media Rehd. cv. Hicksii gave three novel analogues of paclitaxel modified at the N-acyl residue (N-debenzoyl-N-α-methylbutyryl paclitaxel and N-debenzoyl-N-cinnamoyl paclitaxel, 1b and 1c, respectively) or at the ester group at C-2 (2-debenzoyl-2-tigloyl paclitaxel, 1d). Compounds 1b and 1d showed reduced cytotoxicity and tubulin binding compared to paclitaxel, while 1c retained substantial activity in these assays.
In vitro and in vivo effects of West Nile virus propagated in cells of different passage.

Abstract Tissue cultures are used to propagate viruses for use in mosquito infection studies and to detect live virus in field-collected specimens. Microscopic evaluation of cytopathic effects is used to visualize virus presence. In this study, both low-passage (LP; n = 35) and high-passage (HP; n = 218) lines of African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells were infected with West Nile virus, and virus growth kinetics were quantitated over different incubation periods (IPs) (2, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postinfection). Virus titers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the HP compared with LP line 24, 48, and 96 h postinfection. No differences were observed in plaque morphology between the LP and HP lines. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were fed infectious blood meals created using supernatant from the 2 lines and maintained at 28°C for a 12-day IP. Although the virus dose was higher (P < 0.05) in the HP compared with the LP line, there were no significant differences in mosquito infection or dissemin...
Organization of the Indonesian Elections.

Last September 29th, with over forty million voters eligible,' Indonesia initiated its first parliamentary election since independence. Although the election of the 260-member, unicameral Parliament concluded November 29th, December 15th sees the voters again casting their ballots-this time for a 520member constituent assembly charged with drafting Indonesia's first permanent constitution.2 The struggle to carry out elections has been a difficult and protracted one. It has required a decade of strenuous effort characterized by armed struggle, domestic insecurity, shortages of trained personnel and equipment, problems of communication between the nation's hundreds of islands scattered over 3,000 miles from east to west, an overwhelmingly illiterate electorate and, recently at least, reluctance on the part of certain influential groups to hasten matters. Whatever may be the outcome, the intent to hold elections has been present ever since the Indonesian Republic proclaimed its independence from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. In a decree issued on November 3, 1945, for example, the Government of the Indonesian Republic avowed its intent to execute "the elections for members of the peoples' representative bodies in the month of January, 1946." The decree in question was issued for the unique purpose of urging the formation of political parties.3 While by any ordinary standards this might seem singularly like urging an increase in locust swarms, there was valid justification. During the Japanese period (1942-45) political parties had been prohibited so that the Proclamation of Independence found no organized means of political expression available. A short-lived attempt to establish a unified one-party system was officially ended by the decree of November 3, 1945.4 In the decree the Government, announcing its acceptance of the suggestion made by the provisional legislature for the formation of political parties, stated: "The Government approves the
Persistence of topographic controls on the spatial distribution of snow in rugged mountain terrain, Colorado, United States

conducted at maximum accumulation from 1997 through 2003 in the 2.3 km 2 Green Lakes Valley watershed in Colorado. We model snow depth as a random function that can be decomposed into a deterministic trend and a stochastic residual. Three snow depth trends were considered, differing in how they model the effect of terrain parameters on snow depth. The terrain parameters considered were elevation, slope, potential radiation, an index of wind sheltering, and an index of wind drifting. When nonlinear interactions between the terrain parameters were included and a multiyear data set was analyzed, all five terrain parameters were found to be statistically significant in predicting snow depth, yet only potential radiation and the index of wind sheltering were found to be statistically significant for all individual years. Of the five terrain parameters considered, the index of wind sheltering was found to have the greatest effect on predicted snow depth. The methodology presented in this paper allows for the characterization of the spatial correlation of model residuals for a variable mean model, incorporates the spatial correlation into the optimization of the deterministic trend, and produces smooth estimate maps that may extrapolate above and below measured values.
Parallel implementation of the treecode Ewald method

Summary form only given. Here, we discuss an efficient parallel implementation of the treecode Ewald method for fast evaluation of long-range Coulomb interactions in a periodic system for molecular dynamics simulations. The parallelization is based on an adaptive decomposition scheme using the Morton order of the particles. This decomposition scheme takes advantage of the data locality and involves minimum changes to the original sequential code. The message passing interface (MPI) is used for interprocessor communications, making the code portable to a variety of parallel computing platforms. We also discuss communication and performance models for our parallel algorithm. The predicted communication time and parallel performance from these models match the measured results well. Timing results obtained using a system of water molecules on the IA32 Cluster at the Ohio Supercomputer Center demonstrate high speedup and efficiency of the parallel treecode Ewald method.
Scale economies in new software development

Abslmet-ln this paper we reconcile two opposing views regarding the presence of economies or diseconomies of scale In new software development. Our general approach hypothesizes a production function model of software development thot &lows for both increasing and drsmsing returns to sede, and argues that local scale economies or diseconomies depend upon the size of projects. Using eight different data sets, including several reported In previous rese8rch on the subject, we provide tmpirkd evidence in support of our hypothesis. Through the use of the nonparametric DEA technique we also show how to identify the mmt productive scale size that may vary across organizations. Index Tcftns-Dat. envelopment analysis, function points, productivity measurement, sepk economies. software development, source lines of code.
Population structure of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . radicis-lycopersici in Florida inferred from vegetative compatibility groups and microsatellites

Fusarium crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) is a serious soilborne disease reducing tomato yields in Florida, a leading state in fresh market tomato production in the United States. One hundred and twenty five isolates of FORL were collected from the three main tomato-growing counties in Florida between 2006 and 2008. Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) and 10 microsatellite loci were used to infer the population structure of FORL. Up to 69.8 % of the isolates could be assigned to one of three VCGs, 0094, 0098 or 0099, with frequencies of 38.6, 24.4, and 6.8 % respectively. A medium level of population differentiation (Φst = 0.159) was detected among the three counties, and three optimal clusters (populations) were supported by discriminant analysis of principal components. In addition, each population had some individuals that likely migrated from other populations. Migration probably played an important role in shaping the population structure of FORL since repeated VCGs and multilocus genotypes were observed in the three counties. Considerable migrants (> 1.33 migrants per generation) were also detected between the three counties, resulting in an increase in the effective population size and genetic diversity of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Although migration is an important evolutionary force, mutation and parasexual recombination could not be completely ruled out as contributing causes to the genetic diversity of FORL. Management strategies that limit the movement of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici are necessary to reduce the evolutionary potential of the pathogen.
Blood Metabolites in Cows Abomasally Infused with Casein or Glucose

Abstract In four trials lactating cows were infused abomasally with glucose, saline, or varying casein (with added methionine). Plasma glucose was increased by infusions of glucose and of casein in all but one trial where infusion depressed feed intakes. Glucose and casein infusions lowered milk fat content. Casein infusions increased blood urea nitrogen suggesting greater deamination and less efficient dietary protein conversion to milk protein as nitrogen intakes were raised whereas glucose infusions lowered blood urea nitrogen compared to controls. Alpha amino nitrogen in plasma also was raised by casein infusion and lowered by glucose, a pattern similar to that for plasma amino acids. Casein infusions consistently increased the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids in plasma and were associated with significant increases in milk protein production. Mammary transfer efficiencies calculated from the data and corrected for published arteriovenous differences suggested that phenylalanine and lysine were the essential amino acids in most critical supply for milk production regardless of treatment. Without supplementation, methionine appeared deficient relative to need, but infusion of 15 to 30g per day made it plentiful. Threonine, leucine, and histidine frequently ranked among the four least abundant essential amino acids.
Quantification of Microbial Biomass

During the last two decades, there has been a rapid development of new techniques for in situ detection of microorganisms. Our increased ability to detect and identify these organisms has led to a new understanding of the vital role they play in the biosphere. This discussion focuses on evaluating the appropriateness of current detection methods for determining the quantitative importance of microorganisms in the environment. Several of the techniques described here may be useful for detecting organisms that are of quantitative significance. Keywords: microorganisms; biosphere; quantification; microbial biomass; nucleic acid–based techniques; photysynthetic pigments; fungal biomass; archaeal biomass; phospholipid analysis
Complete Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Laser Ablation in Deionized Water Containing Chitosan and Starch

Introduction In this paper we report our results on the green synthesis of nontoxic, stable, and small size gold nanoparticle suspensions. We used the single and two-beam laser to ablate a gold target submerged in deionized water containing chitosan or starch as the stabilizing agent. Since both chitosan and starch are biodegradable and biocompatible, use of these natural polymers for gold nanoparticle protection and stabilization does not introduce any environmental toxicity or biological hazards. Our results show that ablating in neat deionized water, the ablated particles were not stable, they agglomerated and connected together in random structures. When gold was ablated in dw containing either chitosan or starch, the resulting suspension became stable with smaller, isolated, and well dispersed particles. The particles ablated by the single-beam ablation approach were much larger in size and side distribution compared with those produced using the two-beam ablation approach. ISSN: 2348-9812
Addressing the Citizenship and Democratic Deficits: The Potential of Deliberative Democracy for Public Administration:

This article reviews and synthesizes diverse streams of literature to assess the potential of deliberative democracy for American public administration. It asserts that the field should refocus its attention on the role of citizens in the work of government to help address the pervasive citizenship and democratic deficits in the United States. American public administration has an obligation to address these deficits because (a) it is required to do so by democratic ethos, (b) it has contributed to the deficits with its widespread embrace of bureaucratic ethos, and (c) it must find ways to effectively engage citizens within modern network and collaborative governance structures. This article identifies deliberative democracy as one potential method to help fulfill these obligations and explains how deliberative processes may help address the deficit problems. The article concludes by identifying a preliminary research agenda for exploring the potential of deliberative democracy for public administration.
Estimating the redshift distribution of photometric galaxy samples

We present an empirical method for estimating the underlying redshift distribution N(z) of galaxy photometric samples from photometric observables. The method does not rely on photometric redshift (photo-z) estimates for individual galaxies, which typically suffer from biases. Instead, it assigns weights to galaxies in a spectroscopic subsample such that the weighted distributions of photometric observables (e.g., multiband magnitudes) match the corresponding distributions for the photometric sample. The weights are estimated using a nearest-neighbor technique that ensures stability in sparsely populated regions of color-magnitude space. The derived weights are then summed in redshift bins to create the redshift distribution. We apply this weighting technique to data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey as well as to mock catalogs for the Dark Energy Survey, and compare the results to those from the estimation of photo-z’s derived by a neural network algorithm. We find that the weighting method accurately recovers the underlying redshift distribution, typically better than the photo-z reconstruction, provided the spectroscopic subsample spans the range of photometric observables covered by the photometric sample.
Design examples using µ-synthesis: Space shuttle lateral axis FCS during reentry

This paper studies the application of Structured Singular Values (SSV or µ) for analysis and synthesis of the Space Shuttle lateral axis flight control system (FCS) during reentry. While this is a fairly standard FCS problem in most respects, the aircraft model is highly uncertain due to the poorly known aerodynamic characteristics (e.g. aero coefficients). Comparisons are made of the conventional FCS with alternatives based on H? optimal control and µ-synthesis. The problem as formulated is particularly interesting and challenging because the uncertainty is large and highly structured.
Ammonium-Acetate Is Sensed by Gustatory and Olfactory Neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Background Caenorhabditis elegans chemosensation has been successfully studied using behavioral assays that treat detection of volatile and water soluble chemicals as separate senses, analogous to smell and taste. However, considerable ambiguity has been associated with the attractive properties of the compound ammonium-acetate (NH(4)Ac). NH(4)Ac has been used in behavioral assays both as a chemosensory neutral compound and as an attractant. Methodology/main findings Here we show that over a range of concentrations NH(4)Ac can be detected both as a water soluble attractant and as an odorant, and that ammonia and acetic acid individually act as olfactory attractants. We use genetic analysis to show that NaCl and NH(4)Ac sensation are mediated by separate pathways and that ammonium sensation depends on the cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel TAX-2/TAX-4, but acetate sensation does not. Furthermore we show that sodium-acetate (NaAc) and ammonium-chloride (NH(4)Cl) are not detected as Na(+) and Cl(-) specific stimuli, respectively. Conclusions/significance These findings clarify the behavioral response of C. elegans to NH(4)Ac. The results should have an impact on the design and interpretation of chemosensory experiments studying detection and adaptation to soluble compounds in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Integrated FDG-PET/CT for initial staging of breast cancer

558 Background: Integrated FDG-PET/CT improves the diagnostic accuracy of staging of some cancers. The value of FDG-PET/CT in initial staging of breast cancer for detection of distant metastases has not been defined. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 83 consecutive women at the University of Kansas Medical Center who had a FDG-PET/CT from Jan 2005 to July 2006, at the time of initial diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Women with symptoms suspicious for metastatic disease were excluded. Radiographic reports and patient charts were reviewed. All suspicious CT scans were re-read by a single radiologist who was blinded to the PET results. All suspicious scans were confirmed either by a biopsy or follow-up scans according to the discretion of the treating physician. Results: Median age was 52. 23 (28%) cancers were stage I, 44 (53%) stage II and 16 (19%) were stage III. 15/83 (18%) women had a suspicious FDG-PET/CT. Only 2 of these 15 women were confirmed to have metastatic disease, while 13 (16 %) had a fa...
Phimosis, Meatal Stenosis, and BXO

The primary aim in diagnosis and treatment of phimosis and meatal stenosis is relief of symptoms.
More Support for Student Research

To the Editor: Dr Rothstein begins his May 1992 Editor's Note referring to the “diversity” within physical therapy curricula. Not only are curricula diverse, but opinions even more so. Dr Rothstein has expressed his opinion concerning entry-level student research, and we now welcome this opportunity to express ours. Obviously, the airing of diverse opinions in open forum is good for a field, and we commend Dr Rothstein for beginning this dialogue, even though we disagree with much of what he states. First, Dr Rothstein paints the situation with a very wide brush and therefore overlooks some of the very diversity that he alludes to. He writes, for example, about “entry-level research projects” as if all entry-level curricula are the same (which they are not). Is it proper to “lump,” for example, a 2-year entry-level baccalaureate curriculum with a 3-year entry-level master's degree curriculum?… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/72/332?iss=5
Wage Gap Analysis in Context of Aggregate Labor Market Influences

The aim of this paper is to find underlying labor market trends and structures in the black/white wage gap in U.S. metropolitan areas (MSA). Contrary to the predictions of the traditional human capital model, this paper hypothesizes that the unexplained racial wage gap can be attributed in part to structural traits of the individual labor market, rather than discrimination per say. This study finds that access to social networks and in particular faith-based associations can improve the black/white wage differential. The effects of racial segregation in the MSA's labor market are two-fold: Generally speaking, racial segregation will increase earnings disparities. Secondly, the existence of a secondary, minority-dominated labor market within an ethnic enclave may act as a buffer, decreasing the racial wage gap through minority-owned businesses paying non-discriminatory wages. The study also found that differences in the quality of education and disparities in racial unemployment seemed to contribute little to the racial wage gap.
Effect of goldthioglucose injections on survival, organ damage and obesity in the rat.

SummaryPreliminary studies showed that weanling Long-Evans rats are less susceptible to goldthioglucose than are adults; the LD50 for 50 g animals was 0.25 mg/g. Some adult Sprague-Dawley rats were found to withstand doses of GTG that were lethal to adult Long-Evans rats, and to demonstrate a developing obesity. More severe VMH lesions were seen in female than in male rats following GTG injection. Glial damage without neuronal destruction appeared in several GTG-injected rats. Treatment with phlorhizin and BAL reduced renal damage produced by GTG injection. GTG injection, in adult rats, produced a triphasic blood-glucose pattern.
Scopolamine effects on conditioned suppression: Influence of diurnal cycle and transitions between normal and drugged states

Rats were exposed to either a drug-induced state (1.0 mg/kg scopolamine) or an undrugged state (saline) at each stage of a three-stage procedure. They were first trained to lick a tube, then were exposed to classical fear conditioning in the absence of the tube, and finally were tested for conditioned suppression of licking. Animals tested at the midst of the dark period of the daily light/dark cycle displayed a failure of conditioned suppression if conditioning had occurred under the novel state; suppression was less consistently impaired in animals tested at the midst of the photoperiod. All animals exposed to a consistent drugged (or undrugged) state displayed conditioned suppression. Results suggest that experimental procedures frequently employed in studying drug manipulations of learning and memory may be biased against the transfer of training to the test situation. Scopolamine effects, often attributed to changes in learning or memory, may often represent a weakening in stimulus control of behavior resulting from transitions between drugged and undrugged states. Several factors are suggested as contributing to the diurnal difference in drug effects.
The Powers That Be

(1976). The Powers That Be. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 10, pp. 801-805.
A phase 2 clinical trial of everolimus plus bicalutamide for castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is up-regulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Nevertheless, inhibition of mTOR is ineffective in inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, likely because of the compensatory up-regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. METHODS Patients who were eligible for this study had to have progressive CRPC with serum testosterone levels <50 ng/dL. No prior bicalutamide (except to prevent flare) or everolimus was allowed. Treatment included oral bicalutamide 50 mg and oral everolimus 10 mg, both once daily, with a cycle defined as 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (≥30% reduction) from baseline. A sample size of 23 patients would have power of 0.8 and an α error of .05 (1-sided) if the combination had a PSA response rate of 50% versus a historic rate of 25% with bicalutamide alone. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were enrolled. The mean age was 71.1 years (range, 53.0-87.0 years), the mean PSA level at study entry was 43.4 ng/dL (range, 2.5-556.9 ng/dL), and the mean length of treatment was 8 cycles (range, 1.0-23.0 cycles). Of 24 patients, 18 had a PSA response (75%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.90), whereas 15 (62.5%; 95% CI, 0.41-0.81) had a PSA decrease ≥50%. The median overall survival was 28 months (95% CI, 14.1-42.7 months). Fourteen patients (54%; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78) developed grade 3 (13 patients) or grade 4 (1 patient with sepsis) adverse events that were attributable to treatment. CONCLUSIONS The combination of bicalutamide and everolimus has encouraging efficacy in men with bicalutamide-naive CRPC, thus warranting further investigation. A substantial number of patients experienced everolimus-related toxicity. Cancer 2016;122:1897–904. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Mechanism of increased susceptibility to ergot gangrene in thyrotoxicosis.

SummaryThyrotoxicosis increases the incidence of ergotamine-induced gangrene of the tail of the rat. Reduction in oxygen consumption by propylthiouracil does not alter the incidence of ergot gangrene. Bleeding from the amputated tail of the rat is markedly reduced for prolonged periods by ergotamine and pre-treatment with thyroxin further prolongs the vasospasm so induced. It is assumed that thyroxin acts, not by altering the resistance of the tissues to vascular occlusion, nor by sensitizing the vascular musculature to ergotamine, but by prolonging the action of the alkaloids, possibly by interfering with their elimination or destruction.
Controversies in venous thromboembolism: the unique case of isolated distal deep vein thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents the third leading cause of cardiovascular mortality, and it is the main cause of preventable mortality in hospitalized patients. Among VTE, there is the unique case of isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT), which still lacks an agreement in terms of optimal therapeutic strategy. Although most IDDVTs are self-limiting and associated with a very low risk of embolic complications, still not all IDDVTs can be safely identified as stable. Lack of strong scientific evidence, fear of thromboembolic complications, and risk of bleeding upon initiation of anticoagulant treatment result in very heterogeneous therapeutic strategies among physicians. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature, highlight the many controversial issues regarding IDDVTs, and call for a consensus of experts aimed to shed new light on the gray areas of IDDVT management and therapy.