cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sediment yield, spatial characteristics, and the long-term evolution of active earthflows determined from airborne LiDAR and historical aerial photographs, Eel River, California

In mountainous landscapes with weak, fine-grained rocks, earthflows can dominate erosion and landscape evolution by supplying sediment to channels and controlling hillslope morphology. To estimate the contribution of earthflows to regional sediment budgets and identify patterns of landslide activity, earthflow movement needs to be quantified over significant spatial and temporal scales. Presently, there is a paucity of data that can be used to predict earthflow behavior beyond the seasonal scale or over spatially extensive study areas. Across 226 km^2 of rapidly eroding Franciscan Complex rocks of the Eel River catchment, northern California, we used a combination of LiDAR (light detection and ranging) and orthorectified historical aerial photographs to objectively map earthflow movement between 1944 and 2006. By tracking the displacement of trees growing on earthflow surfaces, we find that 7.3% of the study area experienced movement over this 62 yr interval, preferentially in sheared argillaceous lithology. This movement is distributed across 122 earthflow features that have intricate, elongate planform shapes, a preferred south-southwesterly aspect, and a mean longitudinal slope of 31%. The distribution of mapped earthflow areas is well-approximated by a lognormal distribution with a median size of 36,500 m^2. Approximately 6% of the study area is composed of earthflows that connect to major channels; these flows generated an average sediment yield of 19,000 t km^(−2) yr^(−1) (rock erosion rate of ∼7.6 mm/yr) over the 62 yr study period, equating to a regional yield of 1100 t km^(−2) yr^(−1) (∼0.45 mm/yr) if distributed across the study area. As such, a small fraction of the landscape can account for half of the regional denudation rate estimated from suspended sediment records (2200 t km^(−2) yr^(−1) or ∼0.9 mm/yr). We propose a conceptual model for long-term earthflow evolution wherein earthflows experience intermittent activity and long periods of dormancy when limited by the availability of readily mobilized sediment on upper slopes. Ultimately, high-order river channels and ephemeral gully networks may serve to destabilize hillslopes, controlling the evolution of earthflow-prone terrain.
Hollow-channel paper analytical devices.

We present a microfluidic paper analytical device (μPAD) that relies on flow in hollow channels, rather than through a cellulose network, to transport fluids. The flow rate in hollow channels is 7 times higher than in regular paper channels and can be conveniently controlled from 0 to several mm/s by balancing capillary and pressure forces. More importantly, the pressure of a single drop of liquid (∼0.2 mbar) is sufficient to induce fast pressure-driven flow, making hollow channels suitable for point of care diagnostics. We demonstrate their utility for simple colorimetric glucose and BSA assays in which the time for liquid transport is reduced by a factor of 4 compared to normal cellulose channels.
Sheath-flow microfluidic approach for combined surface enhanced Raman scattering and electrochemical detection.

The combination of hydrodynamic focusing with embedded capillaries in a microfluidic device is shown to enable both surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and electrochemical characterization of analytes at nanomolar concentrations in flow. The approach utilizes a versatile polystyrene device that contains an encapsulated microelectrode and fluidic tubing, which is shown to enable straightforward hydrodynamic focusing onto the electrode surface to improve detection. A polydimethyslsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel positioned over both the embedded tubing and SERS active electrode (aligned ∼200 μm from each other) generates a sheath flow that confines the analyte molecules eluting from the embedded tubing over the SERS electrode, increasing the interaction between the Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and the SERS active electrode. The microfluidic device was characterized using finite element simulations, amperometry, and Raman experiments. This device shows a SERS and amperometric detection limit near 1 and 100 nM, r...
catena-Poly[[bis­{2-[3-(carb­oxy­meth­yl)adamantan-1-yl]acetato-κ2O,O′}cadmium(II)]-μ-N,N′-bis­(pyridine-4-carbox­amido)­piperazine-κ2N:N′]

In the title compound, [Cd(C14H19O4)2(C16H16N4O2)]n, the CdII cation is coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral fashion by trans pyridyl N-atom donors from two N,N′-bis­(pyridine-4-carboxamido)­piperazine (bpcp) ligands, and chelating carboxyl­ate groups from two 2-[3-(carb­oxy­meth­yl)adamantan-1-yl]acetate ligands. [Cd(adaH)(bpcp)]n coordination polymer chains are oriented along [-111] and aggregate into supra­molecular layers parallel to (122) by O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. The supra­molecular three-dimensional crystal structure is then constructed by inter­layer C—H⋯O non-classical inter­actions. The O atoms of one of the carboxyl­ate groups were refined as disordered over two sets of sites, with occupancies 0.553 (7) and 0.447 (7).
Dopamine-dependent effects on basal and glutamate stimulated network dynamics in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Oscillatory activity occurs in cortical and hippocampal networks with specific frequency ranges thought to be critical to working memory, attention, differentiation of neuronal precursors, and memory trace replay. Synchronized activity within relatively large neuronal populations is influenced by firing and bursting frequency within individual cells, and the latter is modulated by changes in intrinsic membrane excitability and synaptic transmission. Published work suggests that dopamine, a potent modulator of learning and memory, acts on dopamine receptor 1-like dopamine receptors to influence the phosphorylation and trafficking of glutamate receptor subunits, along with long-term potentiation of excitatory synaptic transmission in striatum and prefrontal cortex. Prior studies also suggest that dopamine can influence voltage gated ion channel function and membrane excitability in these regions. Fewer studies have examined dopamine's effect on related endpoints in hippocampus, or potential consequences in terms of network burst dynamics. In this study, we record action potential activity using a microelectrode array system to examine the ability of dopamine to modulate baseline and glutamate-stimulated bursting activity in an in vitro network of cultured murine hippocampal neurons. We show that dopamine stimulates a dopamine type-1 receptor-dependent increase in number of overall bursts within minutes of its application. Notably, however, at the concentration used herein, dopamine did not increase the overall synchrony of bursts between electrodes. Although the number of bursts normalizes by 40 min, bursting in response to a subsequent glutamate challenge is enhanced by dopamine pretreatment. Dopamine-dependent potentiation of glutamate-stimulated bursting was not observed when the two modulators were administered concurrently. In parallel, pretreatment of murine hippocampal cultures with dopamine stimulated lasting increases in the phosphorylation of the glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 at serine 845. This effect is consistent with the possibility that enhanced membrane insertion of GluAs may contribute to a more slowly evolving dopamine-dependent potentiation of glutamate-stimulated bursting. Together, these results are consistent with the possibility that dopamine can influence hippocampal bursting by at least two temporally distinct mechanisms, contributing to an emerging appreciation of dopamine-dependent effects on network activity in the hippocampus.
Deflecting the light and deceiving the gods

Tales of invisible people and magical invisibility-bestowing objects have thrilled us for millennia.
Genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin receptor 7 (HTR7) gene are associated with cortisol levels in African American young adults

Introduction: Serotonin is a neurohormone involved in biological processes, such as behavior and immune function. Chronic psychosocial stressors may cause serotonin release resulting in immune system dysregulation, as evidenced by increased or far decreased levels of cortisol, a blood biomarker of stress and immune function. We hypothesize that genetic polymorphisms in the HTR7 gene are associated with both hypo- and hyper-cortisolism. Methods: The study population included 602 African American subjects between 18-34 years of age, living in Washington, D.C. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HTR7 , rs2420367, rs12412496, rs2185706, rs7089533, and rs7093602 were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism or the TaqMan assay. Statistical analysis, using the program SNPstat, was performed to determine their associations with cortisol measured in the study population. Results: While an increased risk of hypocortisolism was found to be associated with rs2420367, rs2185706, and rs7093602 in a gender specific manner, no genotypes could be associated with hypercortisolism. Inversely, a decreased risk of hypocortisolism was found with the haplotype CGGCC (p=0.033), which remained significant in males. When adjusting for gender, females associated with the haplotype AGACC. Hypercortisolism was also associated with a decreased risk for the haplotypes AAACC (p=0.042) and AAGTT (p=0.001). Discussion: Based on these results, genetic variation in the HTR7 gene may contribute to both stress and inflammation, and will provide a new glimpse into stress-related inflammation psychophysiology.
From Gene Annotation to Function Prediction for Metagenomics

Microbes play important roles in almost every aspect of life, including human health and diseases. Facilitated by the rapid development of sequencing technologies, metagenomics research has accelerated the accumulation of genomic sequences of microbial species that had been inaccessible before. Analysis of the metagenomic sequencing data can reveal not only the species but also the functional composition of microbial communities. Here, we report a pipeline for functional annotation of metagenomic datasets. The pipeline is built from several programs that we have developed for metagenomic sequence analysis including a protein-coding gene predictor for short reads (or contigs) and a fast similarity search tool. Given a metagenomic dataset, the pipeline reports putative protein-coding genes (or gene fragments) and functional annotations of the genes in Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers, and potential metabolic pathways that are likely encoded by the metagenome. Fun4Me is available for download at https://sourceforge.net/projects/fun4me .
Epsilon substitution for \(\textit{ID}_1\) via cut-elimination

The $$\epsilon $$ -substitution method is a technique for giving consistency proofs for theories of arithmetic. We use this technique to give a proof of the consistency of the impredicative theory $$\textit{ID}_1$$ using a variant of the cut-elimination formalism introduced by Mints.
C/C++ Based System Design Flow using SpecC, VCC and SystemC

This paper presents a C/C++ based system design flow that uses SpecC, VCC and SystemC tools. The design starts with a pure C model that is then converted into a SpecC model. A so-called behavior exploration task then takes place to analyze and optimize the system behavior. We then perform architectural exploration using VCC. Once this is complete, the behavior model is refined to an architecture model utilizing the SpecC methodology and the SpecC refinement tool. Finally, the design is linked to implementation using SystemC. We utilize this design flow to achieve the design from C to silicon in an efficient manner. An example of the JPEG encoder is utilized to prove this methodology.
Infectious Diseases Consultation Is Associated With Decreased Mortality in Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections

Background Enterococcus species frequently cause health care-associated bacteremia, with high attributable mortality. The benefit of consultation with infectious disease (ID) specialists has been previously illustrated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Whether ID consultation (IDC) improves mortality in enterococcal bacteremia is unknown. Methods This is a retrospective cohort single-center study from January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2016, that included all patients >18 years of age admitted with a first episode of Enterococcus bacteremia. Patients were excluded if death or transfer to palliative care occurred within 2 days of positive blood culture. Results Two hundred five patients were included in the study, of whom 64% received IDC. Participants who received IDC were more likely to undergo repeat cultures to ensure clearance (99% vs 74%; P < .001), echocardiography (79% vs 45%; P < .001), surgical intervention (20% vs 7%; P = 0.01), and have appropriate antibiotic duration (90% vs 46%; P < .001). Thirty-day mortality was significantly higher in the no-IDC group (27 % vs 12 %; P < .007). In multivariate analysis, 30-day in-hospital mortality was associated with both E. faecium bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-5.23) and IDC (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16-0.76). Conclusions Patients who received IDC for Enterococcus bacteremia had significantly lower 30-day mortality. Further prospective studies are necessary to determine if these outcomes can be validated in other institutions for patients who receive IDC with Enterococcus bacteremia.
A Dynamical Approach to Conflict Management in Teams

In this chapter, we argue for the relevance and application of the dynamical systems framework in the study of conflict management processes in work teams and present some preliminary research that explores three key questions: First, can meaningful, distinct patterns of conflict management approaches – cooperation, competition, and avoidance – emerge within and across intact work teams and in ways that distinguish higher-performing teams from lower-performing ones? Can some fundamental dynamical properties, such as time evolution, self-organization, and attractor states, be observed in the phenomenon of team conflict management? And finally, how do temporal patterns of team conflict management dynamics change and vary in relation to external influences or critical junctures over the course of team interaction? Based on our preliminary research, we observed that a critical difference between high- and low-performing teams may lie in the consistent yet flexible (or attractor-like) reliance of both highly cooperative and avoidant strategies relative to competitive strategies over time; further, an adaptive use of competitive strategies around critical junctures in the team’s life span also appeared particularly crucial to team success. We also discuss implications of our tentative findings, limitations of the current study, and possible directions in future research in the chapter.
Differential expression of alternatively spliced fibronectin in normal and wounded rat corneal stroma versus epithelium.

Purpose. The polymerase chain reaction was used to examine fibronectin (FN) expression during corneal scrape wounding with specific attention to the presence, absence, or gross changes of alternatively spliced FN as differentially expressed in the corneal stroma versus the epithelium in normal and wounded tissue. Methods. Specific FN cDNA sequences were synthesized from rat cornea with total RNA and were amplified using various sets of synthetic oligonucleotide primers. Results. The authors observed the presence and sustained the expression of total FN, EIIIA, EIIIB, and V-region FN mRNA in normal and injured corneal stroma for up to 3 weeks after scrape wounding. In contrast, complementary overlying epithelial samples were virtually devoid of FN message. Conclusions. These data suggest that functionally different, alternatively spliced FN isoforms may be involved both in the maintenance of the normal cornea and in wound healing, and that their synthesis occurs in situ principally by the stroma rather than by the epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:3664-3672.
Keynote Address: Organizational Learning in Dynamic Domains

Enabling organizational learning involves more than repositories and search engines. At its core, it involves the design of work practices that balance the desire for innovation with knowledge of past experiences and best practices. This tension is particularly acute in the software industry, which involves the development of a highly variable product that dictates the need for continuous process adjustments.
Developmental Enzyme Changes

Numerous studies have been devoted to the biochemical development of the central nervous system (CNS) and have been extensively reviewed. In this chapter only one aspect of cellular function is discussed: changes in the activities of some neural enzymes. The central nervous system contains numerous types of neuronal cells as well as glial cells, which play an important role in the integration of neural activity. It has been demonstrated that various CNS areas attain maturity at different times and that aging is characterized by variable patterns in individual CNS areas. It might be inferred, therefore, that such regional differences reflect changes in the proportions of specific cell types constituting individual brain regions. In this chapter we focus on the maturational profile of enzymes characteristic of neurotransmission processes. However, we also consider studies using neural culture systems which have shown that the changes in neurotransmission enzymes may be partially attributed to cell-cell interactions during development both in the central and peripheral nervous system. Finally, enzymes involved in the general growth and differentiation of neural cells are briefly discussed.
Preparing health professions students to lead change

Purpose Health care systems increasingly demand health professionals who can lead interdisciplinary teams. While physicians recognize the importance of leadership skills, few receive formal instruction in this area. This paper aims to describe how the Student Leadership Committee (SLC) at the Harvard Medical School Center for Primary Care responded to this need by creating a leadership curriculum for health professions students. Design/methodology/approach The SLC designed an applied longitudinal leadership curriculum and taught it to medical, dentistry, nursing, public health and business students during monthly meetings over two academic years. The perceptions of the curriculum were assessed via a retrospective survey and an assessment of team functioning. Findings Most teams met their project goals and students felt that their teams were effective. The participants reported increased confidence that they could create change in healthcare and an enhanced desire to hold leadership positions. The sessions that focused on operational skills were especially valued by the students. Practical implications This case study presents an effective approach to delivering leadership training to health professions students, which can be replicated by other institutions. Social implications Applied leadership training empowers health professions students to improve the health-care system and prepares them to be more effective leaders of the future health-care teams. The potential benefits of improved health-care leadership are numerous, including better patient care and improved job satisfaction among health-care workers. Originality/value Leadership skills are often taught as abstract didactics. In contrast, the approach described here is applied to ongoing projects in an interdisciplinary setting, thereby preparing students for real-world leadership positions.
Tracheostomy Care Education for the Nonsurgical First Responder: A Needs-Based Assessment and Quality Improvement Initiative

ObjectivesTo perform a needs-based assessment for tracheostomy care education for nonsurgical first responders in the hospital setting and to implement and assess the efficacy of a targeted tracheo...
Interference-Aware Offloading of Deadline-Constrained Traffic in High Density Cellular Systems

We consider one non-real-time (NRT) and N realtime (RT) cellular users interested in downloading delay-tolerant and delay-sensitive packets from the base station (BS), respectively. Each RT packet is a multicast packet and RT user i is satisfied if more than q i % of the data is received before the deadline. At each slot, one of the RT users is allowed to retransmit the data it has received from the BS to its RT neighbors. This reduces the load on the BS but causes interference to the NRT user. The problem is formulated as a joint scheduling and rate-allocation problem. We present a throughput-optimal algorithm that maximizes the NRT rate in this system under interference. Our simulations show that, in high density networks, increasing the number of RT users N in the system improves the NRT user’s throughput due to the multi-user diversity effect. We also show that, in low density networks, the throughput is maximized at an optimal value of N.
Long-term trends of Lake Michigan benthos with emphasis on the southern basin

Abstract Lake Michigan benthic macrofauna have been studied for almost a century, allowing for a unique analysis of long-term changes in community structure. We examined changes in abundances of three major taxonomic groups of benthic macroinvertebrates (Diporeia, Oligochaeta, and Sphaeriidae) in southern Lake Michigan from 1931 to 2015 and identified the most likely causes for these changes. Abundances of all three groups increased during 1931–1980 with the bulk of these increases occurring in nearshore (≤50 m) waters and coincident with increased loading of phosphorus (P) and subsequent increased primary production. Abundances of all three taxa declined during 1980–2000 again mostly in nearshore waters and coincident with decreased P loading. The quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) invasion was associated with a further decline in phytoplankton primary production during 2000–2015. Both Diporeia and Sphaeriidae declined in abundance during that time, with Diporeia exhibiting the more pronounced decrease of the two groups. In contrast, Oligochaeta increased in abundance during 2000–2015. The quagga mussel has become, by far, the most abundant benthic macroinvertebrate species in terms of density and biomass. Overall, the primary driver of changes in the abundances of the three major taxa during this 85-year period appeared to be changes in phytoplankton primary production due to changing P loadings and, later in the time series, Dreissena filtering. The dreissenid mussels invasions coincided with a rapid decline of Diporeia abundance, but the mechanism of this negative effect remains unidentified. In contrast, Oligochaeta likely benefited from the quagga mussel invasion, perhaps via quagga-generated food supply.
China’s Strategic Narratives in Global Governance Reform under Xi Jinping

Beijing has long sought to shape global narratives about China. The Xi Jinping administration not only continued that effort but also added an entirely new dimension: it now seeks to use discourse ...
Efficient orthogonal functional magnetic resonance imaging designs in the presence of drift

To study brain activity, by measuring changes associated with the blood flow in the brain, functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques are employed. The design problem in event-related functio...
Wilson and Kierkegaard: Understanding Cognitive Authority

Different conceptions of cognitive authority in library and information science (LIS) obscure best practice for functions of the profession, such as information literacy instruction, that derive from how authority is understood. Some of these conceptions, such as a normative conception of authority, are prominent but not grounded in theory. Accordingly, this paper examines the work of Wilson (1983) and Kierkegaard (1813-1855) in hopes of reminding the profession of its most rigorously articulated formulations of authority. A more critical understanding of this concept is necessary for practice that speaks to the reality of a context bifurcated by adherence to competing authorities. Differentes conceptions de l'autorite cognitive en bibliotheconomie et sciences de l'information (LIS) obscurcissent la pratique des differentes fonctions de la profession, comme l'enseignement de la maitrise de l'information, qui decoulent de la facon dont l'autorite est comprise. Certaines de ces conceptions, comme la conception normative de l'autorite, sont importantes sans etre fondees sur la theorie. En consequence, cet article examine les travaux de Wilson (1983) et Kierkegaard (1813-1855) dans l'espoir de rappeler a la profession les conceptions de l'autorite les plus rigoureusement articulees. Une comprehension plus critique de ce concept est necessaire pour une pratique tenant compte de la realite des contextes tout en considerant les autorites concurrentes.
DropPNA-GO: A Single-cell Uropathogen Sensor Based on PNA Probes and Graphene Oxide in Picoliter Droplets

Rapid, sensitive, and specific methods for pathogen detection and phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing (ID/AST) are essential for combating the rise and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Towards this end, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes have been used for hybridization-based detection with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. At the same time, graphene oxide (GO) has been shown as a robust quencher for PNA probes with improved sensitivity and minimal cost. Here we report a novel PNA-GO biosensor, which uses GO as a universal quencher for PNA probe-based amplification-free pathogen ID and quantification in 32 min by means of a droplet microfluidic platform (dropPNA-GO). We have optimized GO concentration to maximize sensitivity. We show the dropPNA-GO biosensor enables specific pathogen ID and quantification across 4 orders of magnitude in picoliter droplets. With apparent advantages in simplicity and cost, we foresee further expansion of our dropPNA-GO biosensor for rapid and multiplexed ID/AST applications.
Preface: special issue on resilient energy systems

Energy systems are critical infrastructures in modern society, supplying continuous energy services to end-users. With growing connectivity and interdependency within these critical infrastructures...
Pulmonary Health Effects of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds-A Meta-Analysis.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are commonly found in consumer products, including furniture, sealants and paints. Thus, indoor VOCs have become a public health concern, especially in high-income countries (HICs), where people spend most of their time indoors, and indoor and outdoor air exchange is minimal due to a lack of ventilation. VOCs produce high levels of reaction with the airway epithelium and mucosa membrane and is linked with pulmonary diseases. This paper takes a stock of the literature to assess the strength of association (measured by effect size) between VOCs and pulmonary diseases with the focus on asthma and its related symptoms by conducting a meta-analysis. The literature was searched using the PubMed database. A total of 49 studies that measured VOCs or VOC types and pulmonary health outcomes were included in the analysis. The results of these studies were tabulated, and standard effect size of each study was computed. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries, including France (n = 7), Japan (n = 7) and the United States (n = 6). Our analysis suggests that VOCs have a medium-sized effect on pulmonary diseases, including the onset of asthma (effect size (or Cohen’s d) ~0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25–0.49; n = 23) and wheezing (effective size ~0.26; 95% CI = 0.10–0.42; n = 10). The effect size also varied by country, age and disease type. Multiple stakeholders must be engaged in strategies to mitigate and manage VOC exposure and its associated pulmonary disease burden.
Secured Lenders and Sloppy Title Insurers: Hovannisian v First Am. Title Ins. Co.

Hovannisian v First Am. Title Ins. Co. (2017) 14 CA5th 420, reported at 40 CEB RPLR 122 (Sept. 2017), concerned the liability of a title company under a lender’s title insurance policy that had failed to mention an existing mortgage on the property securing the loan — an omission apparently not discovered until after the property had been sold to third parties (the Hovannisians, whom I sometimes refer to as the Buyers) at the lender’s trustee sale. The Buyers had been forced to pay off that lien, apparently not having acquired title insurance themselves; had previously sued Wells Fargo Bank (WFB), the foreclosing successor to the original lender, claiming fraud and breach of warranty; and had settled that litigation by taking an assignment of any claims that WFB might have against First American under that policy. (Their claims looked doubtful, at best, because WFB apparently had not known of the mortgage, and its foreclosure notices and its trustee’s deed upon sale to them disclaimed any warranties of title.) Thereafter, the Buyers brought this action against First American as WFB’s assignee.
Room Temperature Planar Absolute Radiometer for High-Accuracy Optical Power Measurements

We introduce a planar absolute radiometer for room temperature (PARRoT) that will replace NIST’s 50-year-old detector standard for free-space CW laser power measurements and lower the measurement uncertainty (k = 2) from 0.86% to 0.12%.
Expectations and job search behavior among graduating university seniors

This study was designed to examine the effects of expectations on the job search activity of university seniors. Participants included 370 graduating seniors (194 male, 171 female) at Iowa State University. The questionnaire was designed to measure attitudes toward job searching, expectation about the job market, and job search activity. Attitudes toward job searching was measured using the Career Locus of Control Scale (Trice, Haire & Elliott, 1989); the Job Search Self-Efficacy portion of the Outplacement Needs Inventory (Kanfer & Hulin, 1985); and the Job Seeking Confidence scale developed by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan (van Ryn & Vinokur, 1992). Expectations about the job market were measured with the Employment Outlook segment of the Career Exploration Survey (Stumpf, Colarelli & Hartman, 1983); and the Business Conditions portion of the Survey of Consumers. Job search activity was measured by asking students to indicate the onset of job search activity, the number of job search activities undertaken, the frequency of job search and the amount of time spent looking for a job. Cluster analysis was used to divide students into 6 groups based upon attitudes toward the job search and expectations about the job market. Comparisons were made among the 6 resulting clusters on job search activities and GPA. Manova was performed to determining whether the clusters differed in job search activity or
Chapter 28 – Personalized Epigenetic Therapy—Chemosensitivity Testing

Decreased expression of tumor suppressor genes and checkpoints by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA hypermethylation, is used by malignant cells to alter the expression of specific pathways that will allow them to sustain the oncogenic state and survive extrinsic changes such as those imposed by chemotherapy agents. Reactivation of such pathways by epigenetic agents can reprogram malignant cells to a more benign phenotype while making them more susceptible to chemotherapy agents. Here, using aggressive lymphomas as model, we discuss the concept on how hypomethylating drugs and histone deacetylase inhibitors can be used to sensitize refractory tumors to chemotherapy agents in the clinical setting.
Chapter 10 Determinants and consequences of the mortality and health of infants and children

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the literature pertaining to two central issues in population studies related to infant and child mortality; the first issue concerns the extent to which human fertility is affected by the existence of (and changes in) infant and child mortality, while the second issue is concerned with the determinants of infant and child mortality. The assumption that infant and child mortality is uncontrollable at the individual level may have a considerable impact on the way the response of fertility to mortality is estimated. To the extent that behavior can affect infant and child mortality, correlations between fertility and mortality may reflect underlying household preferences. Thus, disentangling the reasons that lie behind the correlation between fertility and offspring mortality requires that the mortality technology is understood. Some researchers, therefore, have attempted to recover exogenous components of mortality by estimating the technology of infant and child survival.
Development time and resistance to Bt crops

Crop plants genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are being grown on millions of hectares, but their success will be short-lived if pests adapt to them quickly1,2. The primary strategy for delaying insect resistance to transgenic Bt plants is to provide refuges of host plants that do not produce Bt toxins. This potentially delays the development of insect resistance to Bt crops by providing susceptible insects for mating with resistant insects. But our laboratory results with a worldwide pest of cotton, pink bollworm moths (Pectinophora gossypiella)3, contradict an important assumption of the refuge strategy. We find that a resistant strain of larvae on Bt cotton takes longer to develop than susceptible larvae on non-Bt cotton. This developmental asynchrony favours non-random mating that could reduce the expected benefits of the refuge strategy.
Formation of Platinum‐DNA Adducts in Pediatric Patients Receiving Carboplatin

Study Objective. To determine the extent of platinum-DNA (Pt-DNA) adduct formation in peripheral white blood cells of children with cancer. Design. Prospective study. Setting. Pediatric research hospital. Patients. Twenty-seven children receiving carboplatin as part of therapy as defined by clinical research protocols. Interventions. Patients received various dosages of carboplatin over 1, 3, or 24 hours as a primary component of combination chemotherapy for pediatric solid tumors, brain tumors, or large cell lymphoma. Measurements and Main Results. The Pt-DNA adducts were detectable in 10 (37%) of 27 patients. The median value was 3.4 fmol Pt/μg DNA (range 1.7–31.2 fmol) in patients with measurable values. Conclusion. The Pt-DNA adducts were detected less frequently in pediatric patients than reported in adults. Variables that influenced their detection were higher carboplatin dosages or systemic exposure and short (1–3 hrs) versus prolonged (24 hrs) infusions.
Adoptive Transfer of Renal Allograft Tolerance in a Large Animal Model.

Our recent studies in an inbred swine model demonstrated that both peripheral and intra-graft regulatory cells were required for the adoptive transfer of tolerance to a second, naive donor-matched kidney. Here, we have asked whether both peripheral and intra-graft regulatory elements are required for adoptive transfer of tolerance when only a long-term tolerant (LTT) kidney is transplanted. Nine highly-inbred swine underwent a tolerance-inducing regimen to prepare LTT kidney grafts which were then transplanted to histocompatible recipients, with or without the peripheral cell populations required for adoptive transfer of tolerance to a naive kidney. In contrast to our previous studies, tolerance of the LTT kidney transplants alone was achieved without transfer of additional peripheral cells and without strategies to increase the number/potency of regulatory T cells in the donor. This tolerance was systemic, since most subsequent, donor-matched challenge kidney grafts were accepted. These results confirm the presence of a potent tolerance-inducing and/or tolerance-maintaining cell population within LTT renal allografts. They suggest further that additional peripheral tolerance mechanisms, required for adoptive transfer of tolerance to a naive donor-matched kidney, depend on peripheral cells that, if not transferred with the LTT kidney, require time to develop in the adoptive host.
Cascade kernels for models of the turbulent fluid cascade

This paper presents calculations of the Castaing (Physica D, 46, 177, 1990) cascade kernels for five well-known models of the turbulent cascade and demonstrates that these kernels provide conceptually simple and direct descriptions of turbulence models equivalent to their multifractal spectra. The problem with a log-normal model seems to be that its Castaing kernel predicts a small but non-zero probability that finite-amplitude turbulence will decay to arbitrarily large turbulent amplitudes at smaller scales. Kernels for log-Poisson models do not have this pathology. It is shown how kernels evolve when the cascade model itself varies with scale. Future studies of other kernels compatible with and even dictated by detailed fluid physics may assist understanding of the turbulent cascade.
Gallbladder volvulus: report of two original cases and review of the literature

Gallbladder volvulus is defined as the rotation of the gallbladder on its mesentery along the axis of the cystic duct and cystic artery. It is an unusual and rare occurrence with a predilection for women in their seventh or eight decades of life. Only about 300 cases have been reported in the literature ranging from ages 2 to 100 years old. The etiology of gallbladder volvulus remains speculative; however, the presence of a redundant mesentery is a prerequisite for torsion. Gall-bladder volvulus leads to occlusive obstruction of biliary drainage and blood flow. With early diagnosis and surgical intervention, the disease maintains a low mortality of approximately 5 per cent. We present two original cases of acute gallbladder volvulus successfully treated with cholecystectomy, as well as a review of the literature.
Effect of pipe diameter on flow patterns for air-water flow in horizontal pipes

Abstract New results are presented on interfacial patterns observed for air and water flowing in horizontal 2.54 and 9.53 cm pipelines close to atmospheric conditions. This work differs from previous studies in that measurements of pressure fluctuations at two locations separated in the streamwise direction are used to detect slugs. The liquid flow needed to initiate slugs at low gas velocities is strongly affected by pipe diameter and appears to depend on a linear instability. At high gas velocities the transition is approximately independent of pipe diameter and is explained by a nonlinear mechanism associated with the coalescence of roll waves. The initiation of slugs in the annular flow regime is determined to occur at much lower liquid flows than had been reported by previous investigators. The transition from stratified to annular flow is different in smaller-diameter pipes than in larger pipes because wave wetting plays a more important role.
Alliance Formation and War

This article provides a game-theoretic model of alliance formation and war. The model examines how alliances affect the behavior of states. Several aspects of the alliance literature are simultaneously incorporated into the model. The model endogenizes alliance reliability, the effect of alliance on the occurrence of war, and alliance formation. The results explain several empirical phenomena. Although alliance formation has predictable effects on the behavior of nations, the aggregate effect of alliances on the occurrence of war is ambiguous. Under some circumstances alliances increase the probability of war; in others, alliances reduce the likelihood of war. Alliance reliability affects the behavior of nations. Nations with unreliable alliances are more likely to be attacked than those with reliable alliances. I discuss how this sampling affects empirical estimates of alliance reliability.
Building a Feminist Trajectory

Following is Angharad N. Valdivia's acceptance speech on receipt of the Teresa Award for Feminist Scholarship, presented by the Feminist Scholarship Division, International Communication Association, in Boston, May 29, 2011. The annual award recognizes work that has opened new theoretical ground, used academic activism to advance feminist principles, or to otherwise extend the reach of feminist scholarship. Valdivia is the head of the Department of Media and Cinema Studies and interim director of the Institute of Communications Research, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana.
Designing a User-Centric Web Site for Handheld Devices: Incorporating Data-Driven Decision-Making Techniques with Surveys and Usability Testing

Cal Poly Pomona University Library launched its first mobile Web site in 2007. The continuous development of the library's mobile Web sites has mostly been informed by feedback from library staff rather than from student users. As mobile devices and tablets become more prevalent among college students, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of students’ mobile and tablet usage patterns so that more decisions are data-driven and based on user expectations. This article details the findings from a study assessing the usability of the library's Web site for tablets and mobile devices, which includes survey feedback and three rounds of usability testing.
The MCMC and SML estimation of a self-selection model with two outcomes

A self-selection model with discrete and continuous outcomes and a treatment variable is considered. The treatment variable is endogenous to the two outcome variables. Two estimation procedures are proposed and compared. The first estimation approach is Bayesian and uses the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. It constructs stationary Markov chains that converge to the posterior distribution of the parameters of the mode. The second one is a full information maximum likelihood approach, using the simulated maximum likelihood (SML). estimator. Both methods are tested on a numerical example.
The dynamic distribution of CARD11 at the immunological synapse is regulated by the inhibitory kinesin GAKIN.

Summary T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to NF-κB is required for antigen-induced T cell activation. We conducted an expression-cloning screen for modifiers of CARD11, a critical adaptor in antigen receptor signaling, and identified the kinesin-3 family member GAKIN as a CARD11 inhibitor. GAKIN negatively regulates TCR signaling to NF-κB, associates with CARD11 in a signal-dependent manner and can compete with the required signaling protein, Bcl10, for association. In addition, GAKIN dynamically localizes to the immunological synapse and regulates the redistribution of CARD11 from the central region of the synapse to a distal region. We propose that CARD11 scaffold function and occupancy at the center of the synapse are negatively regulated by GAKIN to tune the output of antigen-receptor signaling.
In-situ Rb-Sr geochronology

This paper reports on the first rubidium-strontium (Rb-Sr) radiometric dates using a Laser Desorption Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDRIMS) instrument capable of being miniaturized for flight to another planet. The LDRIMS instrument produces dates in under 24 hours, requires minimal sample preparation, and avoids the interference and mass resolution issues associated with other geochronology measurements. We have begun testing the bench-top prototype on the Boulder Creek Granite (BCG), from Colorado, comprised primarily of a gneissic quartz monzonite and granodiorite; whole rock Rb-Sr TIMS measurements result in dates of 1700±40 Ma [1]. Data reduction of the LDRIMS Rb-Sr measurements on calibrated repeat runs result in a date for the BCG of 1.727±0.087 Ga (n=288, MSWD=1). Most geochronology applications are willing to accept an MSWD up to ∼2.7; at MSWD=2, the precision improves to ±0.062 Ga. This technology is moving from lab prototype to field deployable instrument, and provides an opportunity to directly address the science goals of Mars Sample Return (MSR) within the bounds posed by current scientific, fiscal, and political pressures on the Mars program. Additionally, LDRIMS could potentially be flown to the Moon under the Discovery or New Frontiers program. We posit that in-situ geochronology missions to Mars to triage and validate samples for Mars Sample Return (MSR) are technically feasible in the 2018–2022 time frame.
Young Children's Understanding of Forgetting over Time

2 studies investigated young children's understanding that as the retention interval increases, so do the chances that one will forget. In Study 1 (24 3-year-olds and 24 4-year-olds), 4-year-olds but not 3-year-olds understood that of 2 characters who simultaneously saw an object, the character who waited longer before attempting to find it would not remember where it was. In study 2 (24 3-year-olds and 24 4-year-olds), 4-year-olds but not 3-year-olds understood that of 2 objects seen by a character, the object that was seen a "long long time ago" would be forgotten and the object seen "a little while ago" would be remembered. The findings are discussed in relation to research on young children's understanding of the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of knowledge over time.
Specific transfer of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in rabbit lung

Abstract Liposomes were used as a tool to probe the specific transfer of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in rabbit lung. After incubation of liposomes with lung slices, lamellar bodies took up 30–50% more radioactively labeled dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes than the labeled dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, whereas mitochondria and microsomes took up both species at relatively equal rates. Furthermore, when 50% egg yolk phosphatidylcholine was replaced by dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, the uptake of [1- 14 C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine by lamellar bodies was greatly reduced due to the isotope-dilution effect of the unlabeled dipalmitoyl species. This competitive uptake was not observed in mitochondria and microsomes. Similar results were also observed when liposomes were incubated with the cell-free homogenate. On the other hand, distearoyl or dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine did not compete with the uptake of [1- 14 C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. These results suggest an intracellular specific transfer of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine from liposomes to lamellar bodies, presumably by a specific transfer protein. When liposomes were labeled with [1- 14 C]dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, the addition of unlabeled dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine up to 50% of total phosphatidylcholine concentration did not compete with the uptake of [1- 14 C]dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine in all fractions including lamellar bodies. This indicates that the intracellular uptake of liposomal dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine by lamellar bodies and other subcellular organelles was probably dominated by the fusion mechanism.
CD4 T cell responses to influenza infection

Abstract Immune responses to viral infections involve a complex orchestration between innate signals and adaptive responses of specific T and B cells. Anti-viral CD4 cells can direct CD8 responses by secreting a Type 1 panel of cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α and can drive B cell production of IgG2a to neutralize infective viral particles. This review will focus specifically on the role of CD4 cells in the immune response to influenza, an acute, localized respiratory viral infection. We suggest that CD4 cells act as direct effectors in protection against influenza, may contribute to immunopathology and generate functionally distinct memory subsets.