cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Block copolymer lithography: Periodic arrays of ~1011 holes in 1 square centimeter

Dense periodic arrays of holes and dots have been fabricated in a silicon nitride–coated silicon wafer. The holes are 20 nanometers across, 40 nanometers apart, and hexagonally ordered with a polygrain structure that has an average grain size of 10 by 10. Spin-coated diblock copolymer thin films with well-ordered spherical or cylindrical microdomains were used as the templates. The microdomain patterns were transferred directly to the underlying silicon nitride layer by two complementary techniques that resulted in opposite tones of the patterns. This process opens a route for nanometer-scale surface patterning by means of spontaneous self-assembly in synthetic materials on length scales that are difficult to obtain by standard semiconductor lithography techniques.
Dynamic regulation of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) activity and extracellular spatial distribution by matriptase-mediated proteolysis.

The oncogenic roles of PDGF-D and its proteolytic activator, matriptase, have been strongly implicated in human prostate cancer. Latent full-length PDGF-D (FL-D) consists of a CUB domain, a growth factor domain (GFD), and the hinge region in between. Matriptase processes the FL-D dimer into a GFD dimer (GFD-D) in a stepwise manner, involving generation of a hemidimer (HD), an intermediate product containing one FL-D subunit and one GFD subunit. Although the HD is a pro-growth factor that can be processed into the GFD-D by matriptase, the HD can also act as a dominant-negative ligand that prevents PDGF-B-mediated β-PDGF receptor activation in fibroblasts. The active GFD-D can be further cleaved into a smaller and yet inactive form if matriptase-mediated proteolysis persists. Through mutagenesis and functional analyses, we found that the R340R341GR343A (P4–P1/P1′) motif within the GFD is the matriptase cleavage site through which matriptase can deactivate PDGF-D. Comparative sequence analysis based on the published crystal structure of PDGF-B predicted that the matriptase cleavage site R340R341GR343A is within loop III of the GFD, a critical structural element for its binding with the β-PDGF receptor. Interestingly, we also found that matriptase processing regulates the deposition of PDGF-D dimer species into the extracellular matrix (ECM) with increased binding from the FL-D dimer, to the HD, and to the GFD-D. Furthermore, we provide evidence that R340R341GR343A within the GFD is critical for PDGF-D deposition and binding to the ECM. In this study, we report a structural element crucial for the biological function and ECM deposition of PDGF-D and provide molecular insight into the dynamic functional interplay between the serine protease matriptase and PDGF-D.
New Directions for Chemotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Individual chemotherapeutic agents currently available for patients with NSCLC have modest activity at best. Combinations probably produce increased response rates compared with single agents, although no phase III data have demonstrated improved survival for combination vs single-agent chemotherapy. The recent recognition of several new agents with at least initially encouraging levels of phase II activity suggests the possibility of improved efficacy for chemotherapy of NSCLC over the next several years.
Pulmonary atelectasis associated with relative hyperperfusion

Perfusion is usually diminished to areas of the lung that are poorly ventilated. A case is presented which demonstrates not only preservation of perfusion, but also an apparent increase in relative perfusion to an atelectatic lobe.
Synthesis and multidimensional NMR characterization of PDMS-b-PS prepared by combined anionic ring-opening and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization

The synthesis of PDMS-b-PS copolymers by anionic and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) is discussed. Hydride end-capped PDMS is hydrosilylated with an allylic alkoxyamine to form a TEMPO functional macroinitiator. The macroinitiator is reacted with styrene to form diblock copolymer. NMRP of styrene initiated by the PDMS macroinitiator (Mw/Mn = 1.22) gave diblocks with Mw/Mn between 1.28 and 1.35. Microstructure characterization by one (1D) and two (2D) dimensional solution NMR verified the composition of the copolymer end groups and block junction. LC-NMR analysis shows that nearly homopolymer free diblocks were obtained by this method. Solid-state NMR analysis verified a phase-separated morphology.
Comparison of Modeling Approaches for Imputation of Video Detection Data in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Gaps in real-time and archived traffic data are common and can be attributed to several factors, such as sensor failures and data communications interruptions. Regardless of the cause of the missing data, these gaps often must be filled with reliable and accurate estimates before the data can be used for planning, operations, or congestion-mitigation purposes. This research compared different methods for imputing missing values in video detection system data, including historical averages, simple linear regression, multiple linear regression, spatial averages, and Newell's simplified kinematic wave model. The study used the fundamental relationship between speed and flow in filtering the data for quality control. A sensitivity analysis tested the response of different methods to factors such as the size of training data set and time-of-day adjustments to the algorithms. The results indicated that the time of day and volume adjustment factors had a nontrivial impact on the accuracy of the outputs. Despite ...
Equity at the Intersection: Public Administration and the Study of Gender

While gender has emerged as an important research subject, the development of a feminist theory has been slow. This paper calls for a commitment to the development of a feminist theory of public administration. As part of this development, the author argues that the field also must embrace research focused on the intersection of multiple identity categories such as race and class.
Recent Technical Advances In Coaxial Flashlamp-Pumped High Energy Dye Lasers

Organic dye molecules have fluorescent decay time constants of 4 to 5 nanoseconds. Fluorescence quenching (triplet state) also exists with a time constant of about 50 nano-seconds. The efficiency obtained in lasing dye is then very dependent on the rate in which it is excited. In order to obtain an advantage over laser pumping of dye cells, lamps that operate at high energy with fast rise times are very necessary. This is difficult to do with linear flashlamps because of the relatively high discharge circuit inductance.
Localization of HTLV-I tax proviral DNA in mononuclear cells

The tax sequence of HTLV-I is demonstrable in the skin and blood mononuclear cells of patients with mycosis fungoides, as well as in the mononuclear leukocytes of some healthy blood donors, but was not demonstrable when PCR/Southern analyses were carried out on preparations of high-molecular-weight genomic DNA. Therefore, it was postulated that tax DNA may not be integrated. To investigate this possibility fluorescence in situ hybridization was carried out on cells arrested in metaphase, using a probe containing the HTLV-I tax proviral DNA full-length open reading frame coding sequence. While metaphases prepared from C91PL cells, a cell line infected with HTLV-I, showed an abundance of chromosome-associated as well as extra-chromosomal signals, metaphases prepared with blood mononuclear cells from healthy tax sequence positive donors did not reveal any tax DNA associated with chromosomes. Such signals were readily detected extra-chromosomally. Although it has been demonstrated that transactivation of genes by gene products encoded by extra-chromosomal DNA may have nosocomial implications, whether transactivation by p40 tax generated from extra-chromosomal tax sequences is responsible for the development of neoplasia remains to be investigated.
Discrete energy transfer in collisions of Xe(nf) Rydberg atoms with NH/sub 3/ molecules

In collisions with N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ molecules it is observed that $\mathrm{Xe}(\mathrm{nf})$ Rydberg atoms are selectively excited to discrete, more highly excited states. These states are identified by the technique of field ionization and are found to be displaced in energy from the initial Rydberg states by amounts equal to the rotational spacings of the N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ molecule. These measurements demonstrate, for the first time, the conversion of rotational energy to electronic energy in collisions.
Selected Comments on the Use of the Divergence Equation to Obtain Temperature and Geopotentials from an Observed Wind

Abstract Recent suggestions to use the full divergence equation and nearly continuous (in time) wind observations to retrieve the geopotential and temperature of large-scale and mesoscale (but still hydrostatic) phenomena are examined. By extrapolating from results obtained in small-scale meteorology the following is suggested: 1) boundary conditions for the normal derivative of temperature (or the geopotential) can be obtained from the wind data itself and 2) objective criteria can be devised to indirectly test the quality of the results and also to decide whether Neumann (i.e., a case in which the normal derivative is specified) or Dirichlet (i.e., the function itself is specified) type boundary conditions should be enforced.
Multi-slice CT angiography for arterial evaluation in the injured lower extremity.

Background: With the evolution of multi-slice helical computed tomographic angiography (MCTA), the optimal imaging modality for arterial injury in the traumatized lower extremity has been challenged. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of MCTA to detect arterial injury in the traumatized lower extremity. Our hypothesis was that MCTA is a sensitive and specific test for the non-invasive evaluation of lower extremity arterial injury. Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, we reviewed all patients at our Level I trauma center who sustained lower extremity trauma and underwent initial evaluation by MCTA over a 3-year period ending in February 2005. MCTA accuracy was tested against a gold standard of operative intervention, duplex ultrasonography, catheter-based angiography, or clinical follow-up. Results: Sixty-three MCTAs were performed in 59 patients. MCTA was diagnostic in 62 of the 63 scans (98.4%). The mechanism was penetrating in 45.8%. Lower extremity fractures were present in 38.7% of patients studied. There were 22 positive studies. Out of this group, 19 were confirmed at operation and 3 were managed non-operatively. In the 19 injuries confirmed in the operating theater, there were 5 superficial femoral, 2 profunda, 10 popliteal, 1 posterior tibial, and 1 injury to all 3 mid-calf arteries. There were two injuries below the trifurcation managed non-operatively and there was one popliteal occlusion with distal reconstitution that was confirmed by duplex and managed non-operatively because of patient refusal of surgery. Forty studies were negative for arterial injury, with clinical follow up available in 89.5%, for a mean of 48.2 days (range, 5-287 days). No missed injuries were identified during the follow-up period. MCTA was non-diagnostic in 1 patient (1.6%), secondary to artifact from retained missile fragments. MCTA achieved 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in detecting clinically significant arterial injury. Conclusion: MCTA is a sensitive and specific non-invasive imaging modality for arterial evaluation in the injured lower extremity that may replace catheter-based angiography in most patients.
Nogo puts the brake on vascular lesions

Migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells after vascular injury can lead to dangerous vessel narrowing. A splice variant of Nogo, implicated in the inhibition of axonal regeneration, now appears to limit this smooth muscle accumulation ( pages 382–388 ).
Results of a factorial survey investigating the health information seeking behaviors of older adults

This paper presents the results of research of an experimental research method, the factorial survey, investigating the health information seeking preferences of older adults (60 years and older). Volunteer subjects from rural, urban, and suburban areas in Ohio participated in this study; 450 subjects responded to health information seeking vignettes (the key feature of factorial surveys) and provided demographic data. Using regression analysis and ANOVA, findings from this study address preferences for the format of materials, information on particular health topics, and, preferences for receiving assistance from information providers such as librarians, nurses, pharmacists, and, doctors.
Effects of gas particle partitioning and aging of primary emissions on urban and regional organic aerosol concentrations

[1] Organic aerosols (OA) are a highly dynamic system dominated by both variable gas particle partitioning and chemical evolution; however, these phenomena are poorly represented in current air quality models. The chemical transport model Comprehensive Air-Quality Model with extensions dealing with particulate matter (PMCAMx) was extended to investigate the effects of partitioning and photochemical aging of primary emissions on OA concentrations in the eastern United States during July 2001 and January 2002. In both the summer and the winter, much of the traditionally defined primary OA (POA) emissions evaporate, creating a large pool of low-volatility organic vapors. During the summertime, photochemical aging of these vapors creates substantial oxygenated OA that is regionally distributed. Little production of oxygenated OA is predicted in the winter because oxidant levels are low. OA formed from the oxidation of low-volatility vapors is most important in and around urban areas located in the northeast and midwest. In rural locations and throughout the southeast, traditional secondary OA (SOA) formed from biogenic precursors is predicted to be the dominant class of oxidized OA. PMCAMx can only reproduce the large fractional contributions of oxidized OA observed in the atmosphere if some of the POA in the model evaporates. Sensitivity analysis illustrates that the volatility distribution of the existing POA emissions and the amount of intermediate volatility compounds not accounted for in current inventories are key uncertainties. At an upper bound, better accounting for emissions of low-volatility organics has the potential to increase summertime OA concentrations in northeastern and midwestern cities by as much as 50%.
Representations of teaching and standards-based reform: are we closing the debate about teacher education?

Abstract Since the mid-eighties, national organizations have been working together in an effort to reform schools and, more specifically, to reform teaching. Paralleling the movement toward developing curriculum standards for students, professional standards for teachers have also been developed for the purpose of teacher education program accreditation. The objective of this national coalition is to strengthen the teaching profession and raise its standards—eventually enhancing the quality of student learning—by redesigning teacher licensing and accountability requirements for teacher education programs, and engaging teachers in on-going professional development. In this study we address three specific questions: (1) what representations of teaching and teachers are portrayed in the professional teaching standards, their related policies and assessment? (2) how are standards-based reform policies affecting teacher education programs? (3) what representations or conceptions of teaching and teachers are currently reflected in teacher education programs in the context of this reform? To address these questions two states were selected as test cases. Reform documents, policies and practices, as well as interviews with key participants in the reform (e.g., teacher educators, state-level administrators) are described and analyzed, and constitute the evidential basis for this study. The patterns emerging from the data indicate that teacher educators’ degrees of resistance or cooperation with externally imposed frameworks is influenced by their conception of teaching, education and its purpose. Further, as teacher educators uncritically participate in the standards-based movement it becomes impossible for them to entertain alternative perspectives on teaching and education outside of the framework provided to them by the standards.
Basal forebrain and frontal cortex neuron responses during visual discrimination in the rat

Using a classical conditioning procedure in urethane-anesthetized rats, a light applied to one eye (CS+) was paired with medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation, whereas a light applied to the other eye (CS-) was not paired. Basal forebrain neurons in the substantia innominata, medial globus pallidus, and nucleus basalis magnocellularis responded differentially to CS+ and CS-, with larger responses to CS+. Some neurons were excited by CS+, and others were inhibited. Fifty percent of these neurons responded in the same direction to CS+ and MFB stimulation, and 38% responded in opposite directions. Frontal cortex neurons exhibited similar differential responses; 47% of the differential responses to CS+ were in the same direction as the response to MFB stimulation, and 29% were in the opposite direction. When light to either eye was paired with MFB stimulation, conditioning-related basal forebrain neuron responses of comparable magnitude to left and right eye illumination were observed, providing evidence that association of CS and UCS rather than the eye to which light was applied determined the differential response to CS+. Also, two different intensities of light induced comparable basal forebrain responses when both were paired with the UCS. These experiments provide support for a role of the basal forebrain in conditioning-related neural activity. Furthermore, this preparation can be utilized to investigate transmitter systems that mediate conditioning-related responses of basal forebrain neurons.
Infant Obesity: Are We Ready to Make this Diagnosis?

Objectives To assess the prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of infant obesity (weight-for-length) in a pediatric practice. Study design This was a retrospective nested case-control design. The investigators reviewed and abstracted data from the records of the mothers (while pregnant) and their offspring. Results The prevalence of infant obesity was 16%. Children who were obese at age 24 months were highly likely to have been obese at age 6 months (odds ratio=13.3, 95% CI=4.50-39.53). Mothers of obese infants gained more weight during pregnancy (+6.9 kg, P Conclusion Infant obesity was common in our practice. Infant obesity strongly predicted obesity at age 24 months. Risk factors included excessive intrapartum weight gain or being born large for gestational age. Clinicians diagnosed obesity in only a minority of children. Primary care providers need to diagnose obesity in infants and work to develop effective interventions.
Failure of 6-thioGMP to inhibit guanylate kinase in intact cells.

Abstract Experiments have been performed that make necessary a modification of the hypothesis that 6-thioguanine produces cytotoxicity by a sequential blockade of the enzymes, ribosylamine-5-phos-phate: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (PRPP-amidotransferase), inosinate dehydrogenase and guanylate kinase. L5178Y murine leukemia cells (in vivo and in vitro) were pretreated with 6-thio-guanine under conditions known to produce significant accumulations of the analog nucleoside 5'-monophosphate, 6-thioGMP, inhibition of purine de novo biosynthesis, and marked cytotoxicity. When these cells were incubated with [8-14C]guanine, no inhibition in the formation of guanine nucleotides was observed in comparison with control cells not treated with 6-thioguanine. Furthermore, measurement of changes in the intracellular concentrations of GMP, GDP and GTP did not provide evidence for the occurrence of a ‘cross-over’' between GMP and GDP in the presence of 6-thioGMP. Thus, the predicted accumulation of GMP resulting from the postulated blockade of guanylate kinase by 6-thioGMP did not occur. L5178Y cells incubated with guanine for periods of 1 hr or less accumulated concentrations of GDP and GTP that approximated the intracellular levels of ADP and ATP. Time studies were performed with human erythrocytes in which the rate of formation of nucleotides was compared in cells incubated with guanosine or 6-thioguanosine. With guanosine, the rapid formation of guanine nucleotides was observed with the ratio of GTP:GDP:GMP approximating the ratios of the adenine nucleotides of the erythrocytes, i.e. no accumulation of GMP was observed at any time period up to 6 hr. In contrast, with 6-thioguanosine, a rapid initial formation of 6-thioGMP was observed with a gradually accelerating formation of 6-thioGTP. After 2 hr, the concentration of 6-thioGMP decreased whereas the formation of 6-thioGTP achieved a velocity of about 0.007 μmole/ min/ml of erythrocytes. This velocity is about 2 per cent of that expected with saturating levels of GMP, if one assumes the intraerythrocytic activity of guanylate kinase to be 0.3 enzyme unit/ml of cells (enzyme unit: 1 unit catalyzes the conversion of 1 μmole substrate into product/min). These findings are in general agreement with the results of studies with purified guanylate kinase preparations described in the accompanying publication [R.L. Miller, D.L. Adamczyk, T. Spector, K.C. Agarwal, R.P. Miech and R.E. Parks Jr., Biochem. Pharmac. 26, 1573 (1977)], which indicate that the Km value and Vmax value of 6-thioGMP are approximately 2.0 mM and about 3 per cent of the Vmax with GMP respectively. Therefore, it may be concluded that administration of 6-thioguanine does not cause significant inhibition of guanylate kinase. However, the poor reactivity of 6-thioGMP with guanylate kinase probably causes the marked intracellular accumulation of this analog nucleotide after administration of 6-thioguanine or its derivatives.
Formation of several specific nucleoprotein complexes on the human cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer

The major immediate early enhancer of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is composed of unique and repeated sequence motifs, which interact with different nuclear proteins, thus forming a large nucleoprotein complex. Using DNAase I protection analysis, we determined at the nucleotide level the interactions of B cell and HeLa cell nuclear proteins with transcription factor binding sites in the enhancer/promoter. In agreement with in vivo activity, protein binding to the 18 bp repeats (kappa B element) was found predominantly with B cell extract. Competition for proteins with individual transcription factor binding sites allowed us to define boundaries of closely spaced and overlapping binding sites, and to group binding proteins into several classes. Using gel mobility shift assays, we could show that proteins, which bind to the 17 bp repeat, also bind to a classical NF1 site. In addition, several novel binding sites were identified. The presence of overlapping binding sites, together with differences in the occupation of the 18 bp repeats in the two cell types, suggest that the HCMV major IE enhancer has several possibilities of forming nucleoprotein complexes.
Polynomial approximation of optimal event triggers for state estimation problems using SOSTOOLS

This paper uses polynomials to approximate the optimal event triggers in state estimation problems, and efficiently computes the polynomial approximation with SOSTOOLS. From the examples under study, the polynomial approximation provides a tight lower bound on the optimal cost, and a tight upper bound on the suboptimal cost. The cost generated by the polynomial suboptimal event trigger is very close to the lower bound on the optimal cost. We also apply this polynomial suboptimal event trigger to an 8 dimensional 3DOF helicopter to demonstrate that one can efficiently compute the polynomial suboptimal event triggers for highly nonlinear high dimensional systems. To our best knowledge, this is the first time the suboptimal trigger has been applied to a system whose dimension is greater than 2.
Ciao 1 is a novel WD40 protein that interacts with the tumor suppressor protein WT1.

The Wilms tumor suppressor protein, WT1, is a transcription factor capable of activating or repressing transcription of various cellular genes. The mechanisms involved in regulating the transcriptional activities of WT1 are beginning to be unraveled. It appears that physical interactions of other cellular proteins (p53 and par-4) with WT1 can modulate the function of WT1. Here, we report the identification and cloning of a novel WT1-interacting protein termed Ciao 1, a member of the WD40 family of proteins. Ciao 1 specifically interacts with WT1 both in vitro and in vivo. This interaction alters the mobility of a WT1.DNA complex in gel shift assays, and results in a decrease in transcriptional activation mediated by WT1. Ciao 1 does not inhibit binding of WT1 to its consensus nucleotide sequence and does not affect the repression activity of WT1. Thus, Ciao 1 appears to specifically modulate the transactivation activity of WT1 and may function to regulate the physiological functions of WT1 in cell growth and differentiation.
Optical study of electron back-donation in tetrahydrofuran potassium graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract We report the results of optical reflectance studies of charge transfer in the stage-one tetrahydrofuran (THF) graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) K(THF) x C 24 ( x = 1 and 2). For both x = 1 and 2, intercalation of THF into KC 24 was observed to lower the free-carrier plasma frequency, consistent with a lowering of graphitic carbon π electron concentration from one electron per K atom ( e /K) in KC 24 to a value of ∼0.51 ± 0.07 ( e /K) for the x = 1, 2 K(THF) x C 24 compounds. This amount of electron back-donation to the intercalate layers (∼49%) is significantly larger than reported recently in the K(NH 3 ) x GICs, where values of 20% (stage one) and 38% (stage two) are obtained upon NH 3 uptake. In contrast to previous studies in the stage-one K(NH 3 ) 4.1 C 24 compound, no optical evidence was found for localized (or solvated) electrons in the intercalate layers of K(THF) x C 24 .
Recent Interpretations of Anabaptism

When in the process of historical research the step is taken from a mere collecting of facts to a meaningful interpretation of these facts, we may speak of the maturity of this historical research. If that is true in general history, it is even more significant in the field of church history where ideas and spiritual principles dominate the scene. But the difficulties in this area are even more conspicuous than elsewhere. A perfectly objective church historiography is almost impossible due to the inevitable bias of the writer, his sympathies and his restricted ability to appreciate phenomena in widely different fields. In fact, no historiography can do without a set of categories and concepts of a specific nature, and the choice of these is definitely the work of the particular research person and his preferences.
Choosing Battlegrounds: Interest Group Lobbying Across Multiple Venues

Most research on the lobbying strategies of organized interests is venue specific. Yet organized interests frequently lobby in many different kinds of institutional venues, often on a single issue. I develop and test a model of the decision to lobby in one venue over another on a specific issue. Included in the model is the impact of oppositions from opposing interests in a particular venue, a factor that has not been considered in past research. I test the model with data from interviews with lobbyists for groups that were active on the issue of financial modernization between 1997 and 1999. I find significant variation in the amount of lobbying performed by different organizations on this issue in different venues; expectations of opposition from other interests are a significant factor in the decision to lobby in a given venue.
Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and proposed classification

Pain is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but estimates of its prevalence have varied widely. The literature describing pain in MS patients spans four decades and has employed a range of different methodologies. We undertook a systematic review in order to summarize current understanding of the association between MS and pain and provide a basis for the design and interpretation of future studies. The point prevalence of pain in patients with MS is nearly 50%, and approximately 75% of patients report having had pain within one month of assessment. Pain adversely affects most aspects of health-related quality of life, including functional domains such as the ability to work. The presence of pain in patients with MS is associated with increased age, duration of illness, depression, degree of functional impairment, and fatigue. Several different types of pain are found in patients with MS, including extremity pain, trigeminal neuralgia, Lhermitte's sign, painful tonic spasms, back pain, and headache. Putative mechanisms of pain in patients with MS are discussed, and a classification of pain in MS is proposed. Few randomized clinical trials of treatments for MS pain have been conducted, and the limitations of current knowledge regarding approaches for treating MS pain are discussed. Suggestions for future studies that would increase understanding of the natural history, mechanisms, and treatment of pain in patients with MS are presented.
Glutamine prevents apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and induces differential protective pathways in heat and oxidant injury models.

BACKGROUND Glutamine (GLN) can decrease mortality and length of hospital stay in the critically ill. GLN protects via enhancing protective heat shock proteins (HSPs) in heat stress (HS). GLN's effect on HSPs in oxidant injury and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine if GLN protects via decreasing apoptosis during both heat and oxidative stress. METHODS IEC-18 cells were treated (15 minutes) with 0 mM GLN (control cells [CTs]) or 8 mM GLN and exposed to either lethal injury (44°C for 50 minutes or 4 mM H(2)O(2) for 30 minutes) or nonlethal injury (43°C for 45 minutes or 600 µM H(2)O(2) for 30 minutes). Survival was determined via MTS assay. Injured groups were normalized to noninjured controls. HSPs and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3), a key mediator for apoptosis, were evaluated via Western blot following a 3-hour recovery. RESULTS MTS assays showed GLN increased survival 4- to 5-fold (P < .001 vs HS CT or H(2)O(2)). Western blot showed GLN increased all 3 HSPs in HS (P < .001 vs HS CTs) but only HSP32 during oxidant injury (P < .02 vs H(2)O(2) only). GLN decreased CC3 in both injuries (P < .03 vs non-GLN-treated cells). CONCLUSIONS GLN protects intestinal cells from both heat and oxidant injury. HSP25, 32, and 70 levels increased with GLN during HS, but in oxidant injury, only HSP32 increased, suggesting GLN's mechanism of protection may vary in different models of injury. In both injuries, GLN lowered the expression of CC3, indicating prevention of apoptosis may be a key mechanism by which GLN protects.
Foreign subsidiaries' government affairs activities: The influence of managers and resources

This article examines the government affairs activities of foreign subsidiaries of multinational enterprises. The article develops hypotheses founded on resource dependence theory that examine organizational and environmental factors that might influence subsidiary government affairs activities. Primary data were gathered from 91 foreign subsidiaries of U.S.-based companies. Results from the empirical tests suggest that subsidiary top managers have a strong influence on the administration of their subsidiaries' government affairs activities.
Integral hydro-bulge forming of single and multi-layered spherical pressure vessels

The recently developed integral hydro-bulge forming (IHBF) process was utilized in the manufacturing of single and multi-layered spherical pressure and storage vessels. Single-layered spherical vessels of 1.6-mm thickness and diameters of 316.5, 634.1, and 953.2 mm were manufactured. As an alternative means of manufacturing thick-walled spherical pressure vessels, the IHBF procedure was modified and used in forming double-layered composite pressure vessels with an effective thickness of 15 mm. The results showed that the modified IHBF process may successfully be applied in the manufacturing of multi-layered spherical vessels of various thicknesses and diameters. In this paper, the conventional and modified IHBF procedure will be outlined and the experimental results and analysis will be presented. Finally, areas where further work is needed are identified.
Isolation and characterization of a peroxo manganese (III) dioxygen reaction intermediate using cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation spectroscopy

Abstract We apply cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation (CIVP) spectroscopy to characterize the O 2 attachment motif in a prototypical peroxo manganese (III) reaction intermediate. In this approach, species are extracted from solution using electrospray ionization and cooled in a 30 K ion trap. The infrared spectrum is then obtained by monitoring the photoinduced evaporation of a single, weakly bound N 2 molecule as a function of laser wavelength. Because the resulting CIVP action spectrum is linear in laser fluence, the pattern of well-resolved transitions can be directly compared with harmonic spectra calculated for predicted local minima using density functional theory (DFT). The assignment of the O O stretching band derived from the activated O 2 ligand is established by following the evolution of the bands with 18 O 2 substitution, and the energy of this transition indicates that O 2 is bound side-on to the Mn center. The successful application of CIVP to this class of compounds opens the way for sensitive spectroscopic characterization of weakly abundant species in complex solution environments.
A measure of metabolism in fish otoliths

Abstract 1. 1. A statistic related to the isothermal metabolic work history of the sagittal otolith is developed from a theoretical basis. 2. 2. It is argued that the isothermal metabolic work history statistic of the otolith is a reasonable analogue of the somatic metabolic work history of the fish over most of its life. 3. 3. Isothermal metabolic work history statistics are calculated for five otoliths each from the hoki ( Macruronus novaezelandiae ) and the orange roughy ( Hoplostethus atlanticus ). 4. 4. The reliability and usefulness of isothermal metabolic work history data is discussed in the context of the metabolic costs associated with different life history strategies.
An expert system for security trend analysis of a stability-limited power system

An expert system for dynamic security assessment (DSA) is described in which artificial intelligence techniques are applied to the transient energy function (TEF) method. The effect of contingencies on the security level and its rate of change with changing system conditions and parameters are computed using the results of the TEF sensitivity analysis program. The expert system determines the loading trend and analyzes the data obtained from TEF to compute the trend of the security index. The trend of the control parameters can then be adjusted to maintain the security index within a range of safe values. An example is given using data collected from the Northern States Power Company (NSP) where the expert system correctly computed the security index and suggested adjustments to system parameters. >
Sexualized Torture and Abuse at Abu Ghraib Prison: Feminist Psychological Analyses

A feminist analysis of the torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib illuminates aspects of the abuses that have not been previously considered. Social psychological studies that emphasize the importance of a (degendered) 'power of the situation' in determining behaviour have not adequately considered the effects of masculine socialization. The sexualized nature of the abuses at Abu Ghraib was centred on feminization of the prisoners and was an enactment of misogyny and homophobia. Rather than minimizing the harmfulness of the Abu Ghraib abuses, comparisons of them with fraternity hazings and pornography suggest that hazing and pornography are harmful. Finally, prevention of future abuses will be difficult because of the fundamental contradiction in socializing soldiers to kill, yet expecting them to feel empathy for the enemy.
Antiepileptic drugs: are women aware of interactions with oral contraceptives and potential teratogenicity?

Abstract Women with epilepsy (WWE)’s knowledge of the interaction between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and oral contraceptives (OCs) and the potential teratogenicity of AEDs has received limited study. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study (English or Spanish) among young WWE (18–44 years) to assess demographic characteristics, current AED use, and knowledge of AED interactions with OCs and teratogenicity. We used the Food and Drug Administration’s classification system to categorize each AED’s teratogenic potential. Participants ( n = 148) had a mean age of 32 years (SD 8); 32% spoke Spanish and described themselves as Hispanic. Among women prescribed a cytochrome p450-inducing AED, 65% were unaware of decreased OC efficacy. Forty percent of those prescribed Category D AEDs were unaware of potential teratogenic effects. WWE have limited knowledge of the potential interaction between AEDs and OCs and the teratogenic effects of AEDs. Educational efforts should highlight the reproductive health effects of AEDs in WWE.
Best ethical practices for clinicians and laboratories in the provision of noninvasive prenatal testing.

Objective The goal of this study is to provide an ethical framework for clinicians and companies providing noninvasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA or whole fetal cells. Method In collaboration with a National Institutes of Health-supported research ethics consultation committee together with feedback from an interdisciplinary group of clinicians, members of industry, legal experts, and genetic counselors, we developed a set of best practices for the provision of noninvasive prenatal genetic testing. Results Principal recommendations include the amendment of current informed consent procedures to include attention to the noninvasive nature of new testing and the potential for a broader range of results earlier in the pregnancy. We strongly recommend that tests should only be provided through licensed medical providers and not directly to consumers. Conclusion Prenatal tests, including new methods using cell-free fetal DNA, are not currently regulated by government agencies, and limited professional guidance is available. In the absence of regulation, companies and clinicians should cooperate to adopt responsible best ethical practices in the provision of these tests. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technologies for Intentional Learning: Beyond a Cognitive Perspective.

The concept of intentional learning is well established in the educational community. Intentional learning implies that there is a recognized learning goal and that those involved are rational agents who can make choices with regard to achieving that goal. There are typically two different kinds of people involved in a learning situation—learners and those supporting learners (teachers, tutors, trainers, intelligent pedagogical agents, etc.). It is important to recognize that the goals of learners and those who are designated to support them may differ. Optimal learning occurs when such differences are minimized. A second well-established concept in education is that of engagement. Educational research has established time-on-task as a significant predictor of learning—the more time that a student spends on a learning task, the more likely that student is to master that task. More recently, this concept has been expanded to include initiating and sustaining engagement along with motivation and volition. According to the widely accepted constructivist epistemology, a person creates internal representations (a cognitive activity) to make sense of things that the person experiences, especially things that are new or puzzling in some way. In this paper, we review the logical landscape of the cognitive perspective of intentional learning and argue that it is incomplete without also taking into consideration a more holistic account of human learning that includes noncognitive aspects involved in human experience, somewhat akin to embodied cognition. Our review provides reminders of research-based principles that can inform technology-enhanced efforts to support intentional learning and promote engagement. We conclude with a framework for integrating technologies that are likely to engage learners taking into account a variety of learning goals, situations, and learners. This review is preliminary and intended to suggest areas worth investigating to elaborate a more complete picture of how best to promote and support intentional learning and active learner engagement using available technologies.
Metaplastic LTP inhibition after LTD induction in CA1 hippocampal slices involves NMDA Receptor-mediated Neurosteroidogenesis.

Long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus is a form of synaptic plasticity thought to contribute to learning and memory and to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. In naive hippocampal slices from juvenile rats, we previously found that LTD induction can impair subsequent induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) via a form of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent metaplasticity, and have recently observed that pharmacologically induced NMDAR-dependent LTP inhibition involves 5α-reduced neurosteroids that augment the actions of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this study, we found that both LFS-induced LTD and subsequent inhibition of LTP induction involve neurosteroid synthesis via NMDAR activation. Furthermore, the timing of 5α-reductase inhibition relative to LFS can dissociate effects on LTD and metaplastic LTP inhibition. These findings indicate that 5α-reduced neurosteroids play an important role in synaptic plasticity and synaptic modulation in the hippocampus.
Phugoid Approximation for Conventional Airplanes

An improved closed-form approximation for phugoid motion in conventional airplanes is presented. Although several closed-form approximations for phugoid motion are currently available and widely used, none of these approximations accurately predict all of the fundamental characteristics of phugoid motion. The new approximation accounts for changes in angle of attack as well as the effects of pitch stability and pitch damping. The total phugoid damping is shown to depend on pitch damping aswell as aircraftdrag. In addition, thissolution pointsout another important contribution to phugoid damping called phase damping. It is shown that the phase-damping contribution to the real component of the phugoid eigenvalue is always positive and tends to reduce the total phugoid damping. Under certain conditions this phase damping can cause the phugoid mode to become divergent. Nomenclature Aw = planform area of the wing CD = total drag coefe cient CDp = parasitic drag coefe cient CD,a = change in drag coefe cient with angle of attack CL = lift coefe cient CL,a = change in lift coefe cient with angle of attack CM = pitching moment coefe cient CM,a = change in pitching moment coefe cient with angle of attack CM,$ = change in pitching moment coefe cient with dimensionless pitching rate ¯ c = mean chord length e = Oswald efe ciency factor FT = thrust force g = acceleration of gravity Iyy = pitching moment of inertia in body-e xed coordinates m = aircraft mass RA = aspect ratio Rd = phugoid pitch-damping ratio Rg = dimensionless gravitational acceleration RM = dimensionless change in pitching moment with axial velocity RM,a = dimensionless change in pitching moment with angle of attack RM,$ = dimensionless change in pitching moment with pitching rate Rp = phugoid phase-divergence ratio Rs = phugoid stability ratio Rx = dimensionless change in axial force with axial velocity Rxa = complex amplitude Rxc = complex coefe cient Rxp = complex phase Rx,a = dimensionless change in axial force with angle of attack Rz = dimensionless change in normal force with axial velocity Rza = complex amplitude Rzc = complex coefe cient Rzp = complex phase Rz,a = dimensionless change in normal force with angle of attack
Receipt of sexual health information from parents, teachers, and healthcare providers by sexually experienced U.S. adolescents.

Objective To describe the extent to which sexually experienced adolescents in the United States receive sexual health information (SHI) from multiple of three sources: parents, teachers, and healthcare providers.
Let Sleeping Files Lie

The current explosion of stored information necessitates a new model of pattern matching, that ofcompressed matching. In this model one tries to find all occurrences of a pattern in a compressed text in time proportional to the compressed text size,i.e., without decompressing the text. The most effective general purpose compression algorithms areadaptive, in that the text represented by each compression symbol is determined dynamically by the data. As a result, the encoding of a substring depends on its location. Thus the same substring may “look different” every time it appears in the compressed text. In this paper we consider pattern matching without decompression in the UNIX Z-compression. This is a variant of the Lempel?Ziv adaptive compression scheme. Ifnis the length of thecompressedtext andmis the length of the pattern, our algorithms find the first pattern occurrence in timeO(n+m2) orO(nlogm+m). We also introduce a new criterion to measure compressed matching algorithms, that ofextra space. We show how to modify our algorithms to achieve a trade-off between the amount of extra space used and the algorithm's time complexity.
Managing anemia in HIV-positive women.

Anemia is a clinically significant complication of infection with HIV, especially in patients who develop clinical AIDS. Several large studies have demonstrated that HIV-infected women, particularly African–American women, are disproportionately affected by anemia. These studies also reveal an association between anemia and statistically significant decreases in survival. In this review, the impact of anemia, the demographic characteristics of affected patients and the known risk factors for development of anemia in HIV-infected women are discussed. In addition, the diverse etiologies of anemia in the setting of HIV infection are reviewed, as are current treatment recommendations.
Pre-operative assessment and patient education in breast reconstruction.

Breast reconstruction can be one of the most rewarding aspects of health care, not only for the patient, but for the surgeon as well. The diagnosis of breast cancer and its associated anxiety can be devastating to anyone. The plastic surgeon, presenting the possibilities of regaining at least a semblance of the original body form, can have an uplifting and profound impact on the patient’s attitude toward their diagnosis, treatment, and general well-being during this difficult time. The surgeon’s responsibility is to present reconstructive options in a clear, concise, and manageable fashion, while simultaneously determining both the viable and most favorable clinical pathways to optimize the patient’s outcome. In many areas of medicine, especially surgery, a given diagnosis leads to a specific therapy, which hopefully leads to a predictable clinical outcome. If Mary’s gallbladder is inflamed and full of stones, it needs to come out. The treatment is driven by the diagnosis. In the area of breast reconstruction, however, the treatment is instead directed by the patient as a whole. Body habitus; activity regimen; medical, surgical, and social history all play significant roles in the decision of which type of reconstruction is best for any particular person, and no single operation is appropriate for every woman.