cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cross-Cohort Distribution of Government Non-Retirement Transfers and its Impact on Working and Earning

Gokhale examines whether federal non-retirement transfers in the US, such as unemployment insurance, education and training subsidies and child-care benefits, exert mainly “defensive”, “offensive”, or “regressive” economic effects on recipients; that is, whether they aim at supporting the needy and those experiencing bad economic outcomes (“defensive”), at improving the functioning of the economy and markets (“offensive”), or rather end up worsening future economic outcomes for recipients (“regressive”). For this purpose Gokhale constructs a dataset of cohort averages of earnings, labour-force participation, demographic characteristics and receipts of federal non-retirement transfers, spanning the years 1988-2001. The analysis bears on the ongoing debate on Social Security: if such transfers, which have more than doubled since the early Sixties from 1.9 to 4.2 per cent of GDP, fulfilled a significant offensive role, then Social Security surpluses could constitute an effective storage technology, expanding economic output and the future tax base to meet the government’s future Social Security obligations. However, the results provide little support to the idea that federal non retirement transfers improve the functioning of labour markets and of the economy. The transfers appear to play a predominantly defensives role.
Fabrication of compliant, copper-based chip-to-substrate connections

A fabrication process for compliant, copper chip-to-substrate interconnections is described in this paper. Copper interconnect structures were produced through a copper electroplating step filling cavities inside photo-patterned hollow polymer molds. These polymer structures were fabricated on both the chip and the substrate. Copper pillar interconnects are useful as chip-to-substrate power distribution I/O and have been successfully fabricated and assembled. Finite element modeling by ANSYS was used to simulate the mechanics of the copper pillars connection from chip-to-board at elevated temperature conditions. The shear stress distribution was used to analyze the weak points along the pillar. The maximum allowed shear stress was then use to determine the required pillar dimensions (e.g. height and aspect ratio).
Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Up-Regulates Molecular Effectors of Tumor Invasion

The gene most commonly altered in human glioblastomas is the epidermalgrowth factor receptor (EGFR). We profiled transcripts induced by mutantEGFR to better understand its role in tumor progression. The pattern found suggested enhanced tumor invasion. The highly induced genes included extracellular matrix components, metalloproteases, and a serine protease. We confirmed that mutant EGFR did make glioblastoma cells both more motile and invasive using in vitro assays. Furthermore, inhibitors of EGFR (OSI-774 and Tyrphostin AG1478) selectively down-regulated these molecular effectors in glioblastoma cells, eliminating enhanced invasion.
The GABAB receptor positive modulator BHF177 attenuated anxiety, but not conditioned fear, in rats

GABAB (γ-aminobutyric acid B) receptors may be a therapeutic target for anxiety disorders. Here we characterized the effects of the GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) BHF177 on conditioned and unconditioned physiological responses to threat in the light-enhanced startle (LES), stress-induced hyperthermia, and fear-potentiated startle (FPS) procedures in rats. The effects of BHF177 on LES were compared with those of the GABAB receptor agonists baclofen and CGP44532, and the positive control buspirone, a 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist with anxiolytic activity in humans. Baclofen (0.4, 0.9 and 1.25 mg/kg) and CGP44532 (0.065, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg) administration had significant sedative, but not anxiolytic, activity reflected in overall decrease in the startle response in the LES tests. BHF177 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) had no effect on LES, nor did it produce an overall sedative effect. Interesting, however, when rats were grouped by high and low LES responses, BHF177 had anxiolytic-like effects only on LES in high, but not low, LES responding rats. BHF177 also blocked stress-induced hyperthermia, but had no effect on conditioned fear responses in the FPS test. Buspirone (1 and 3 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic-like profile in both LES and FPS tests. These results indicate that BHF177 may specifically attenuate unconditioned anxiety in individuals that exhibit a high anxiety state, and has fewer sedative effects than direct agonists. Thus, BHF177 or other GABAB receptor PAMs may be promising compounds for alleviating increased anxiety seen in various psychiatric disorders with a superior side-effect profile compared to GABAB receptor agonists.
Specific heat and optical birefringence of Fe 0.25 Zn 0.75 F 2

The specific heat (C{sub m}) and optical birefringence ({delta}n) for the magnetic percolation threshold system Fe{sub 0.25}Zn{sub 0.75}F{sub 2} are analyzed with the aid of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Both {delta}n and the magnetic energy (U{sub m}) are governed by a linear combination of near-neighbor spin-spin correlations, which we have determined for {delta}n using MC simulations modeled closely after the real system. Near a phase transition or when only one interaction dominates, the temperature derivative of the birefringence [d({delta}n)/dT] is expected to be proportional to C{sub m} since all relevant correlations necessarily have the same temperature dependence. Such a proportionality does not hold for Fe{sub 0.25}Zn{sub 0.75}F{sub 2} at low temperatures, however, indicating that neither condition above holds. MC results for this percolation system demonstrate that the shape of the temperature derivative of correlations associated with the frustrating third-nearest-neighbor interaction differs from that of the dominant second-nearest-neighbor interaction, accurately explaining the experimentally observed behavior quantitatively. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
PCR in Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis: a Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Performance

Invasive aspergillosis is a difficult-to-diagnose infection with a high mortality rate that affects high-risk groups such as patients with neutropenia and hematologic malignancies. We performed a bivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic data for an Aspergillus sp. PCR assay with blood specimens from high-risk hematology patients. We included all studies involving human subjects that assessed the performance of any PCR assay for invasive aspergillosis in whole blood or serum and that used the European Organization for the treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria as a reference standard. Three investigators independently searched the literature for eligible studies and extracted the data. Out of a total of 37 studies, 25 met strict quality criteria and were included in our evidence synthesis. Twenty-five studies with 2,595 patients were analyzed. The pooled diagnostic performance of whole-blood and serum PCR assays was moderate, with a sensitivity and specificity of 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75 to 91%) and 76% (95% CI, 65 to 84%), respectively, suggesting that a positive or negative result is unable, on its own, to confirm or exclude a suspected infection. The performance of a PCR assay of serum was not significantly different from that of whole blood. Notably, at least two positive PCR test results were found to have a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 64% for invasive infection, achieving a high positive likelihood ratio of 12.8. Importantly, the European Aspergillus PCR Initiative (EAPCRI) recommendations improved the performance of the PCR even further when at least two positive specimens were used to define PCR positivity. In conclusion, two positive PCR results should be considered highly indicative of an active Aspergillus sp. infection. Use of the EAPCRI recommendations by clinical laboratories can further enhance PCR performance.
Pentoxifylline fails to improve organ dysfunction and survival when used in the resuscitation of a porcine model of haemorrhage and abdominal sepsis

Pentoxifylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, known to suppress tumour necrosis factor-alpha production and improve cardiopulmonary parameters and survival in animal models of sepsis. Using a porcine model of abdominal trauma resulting from the combined insults of haemorrhage and infection, a randomised placebo-controlled trial was conducted of pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg bolus followed by 20 mg/kg infusion over 1 h) administered in addition to a colloid resuscitation regimen. Female Large White pigs (45-60 kg) were bled 40% of their blood volume and peritonitis was induced using E. coli (O18: K1: H7) in an autoclaved faecal suspension. Animals were resuscitated with either colloid alone (n=5) or colloid plus pentoxifylline (n=5). Pentoxifylline attenuated increases in mean arterial and pulmonary artery pressures and reduced both systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. It worsened the lactic acidosis associated with 'septic shock' and failed to reduce serum TNF-alpha levels. Pentoxifylline, in the high doses used in this study, does not have a role as an adjunct to resuscitation in this clinically relevant model of trauma.
Subsequent Publication of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Meeting Abstracts

Purpose Previous studies in various medical specialties have shown that fewer than 50% of abstracts presented at meetings are subsequently published. The purpose of the present study was to determine the publication rate of abstracts presented at the annual meetings of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Materials and Methods The titles and authors of the abstracts from all oral abstract session presentations and posters by American contributors were collected from the Final Programs of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons annual meetings for 2006 to 2009. A PubMed search for published articles through December 2010 was then performed using the authors' names, abstract titles, and key words. Results A total of 311 abstract presentations were done at the 4 annual meetings. Of these, only 85 (24%) were subsequently published. No difference was found between abstracts from oral or poster presentations. Most of the articles were published in the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Conclusion Because of deficiencies that can occur in abstracts and the need to disseminate the information they contain, it is important to take the appropriate measures to ensure that full articles are subsequently published.
Induction of pathogen resistance and pathogenesis‐related genes in tobacco by a heat‐stable Trichoderma mycelial extract and plant signal messengers

Heat-stable mycelial extracts of the nonpathogenic fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum induced resistance in tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38) to the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (race 0), which did not involve a hypersensitive response. Resistance could not be induced with mycelial extract prepared in the same manner from P. parasitica. The nonpathogenic mycelial extract induced expression of PR-1b and osmotin (PR-5) genes to a higher level than did mycelial extract from the pathogenic fungus. The tissue-specific pattern of PR gene induction by the nonpathogenic mycelial extract was different from that of the pathogenic mycelial extract and was consistent with the ability of the former to cause disease resistance. The expression patterns of these two PR genes and the accumulations of their encoded proteins also were affected by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethylene (E) and combinations of these plant signal messengers. However, only combined SA and MeJA treatment mimicked the pattern of PR gene mRNA and protein accumulation induced by the nonpathogenic mycelial extract. E inhibitors blocked both mycelial extract-induced and SA/MeJA-induced PR gene expression, and the cis pattern of responsiveness on the osmotin promoter was the same for the mycelial extract, SA, E, or E/MeJA. Seedlings treated with P. parasitica spores in the presence of SA/MeJA were protected from pathogen colonization. However, these seedlings exhibited symptoms of cell death (disease symptoms) both in the absence and presence of P. parasitica spores, in contrast to seedlings treated with nonpathogenic mycelial extract, which remained healthy. These results suggest that the signal transduction pathways for elicitation of defense responses by exogenously applied heat-stable nonpathogenic mycelial extract and SA/MeJA overlap at the point of PR protein induction but are not identical.
The in vitro crystalline formations of turnip rosette virus I. Electron microscopy of two- and three-dimensional arrays

Abstract Two-dimensional and three-dimensional crystalline arrays of turnip rosette virus (TRosV) have been formed using the negative-staining carbon-film technique for electron microscopy. Three types of packing arrangements of the virus within the lattice arrays have been observed, hexagonal, square, and skewed. Analysis of the electron micrographs, by optical diffraction, showed considerable differences in the packing of the particles compared with other viruses prepared by the same technique. It was found that there was a predominant close hexagonal packing over a wide range of pH values for the first negative stain in which the crystalline arrays were formed on different surface materials. The individual particles seen in the arrays were observed to have a central area of varying contrast. Flotation of the crystalline arrays at the liquid/air surface of a second negative stain at high pH resulted in the gradual disruption of the individual capsids within the lattice.
A Simple Method for Estimating Dose Delivered to Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Yttrium-90 Glass-Based Radioembolization Therapy: Preliminary Results of a Proof of Concept Study

Abstract Purpose To investigate a simple semiquantitative method to estimate yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) dose delivered with radioembolization to infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods In a prospective study, patients with infiltrative HCC and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) underwent glass-based 90 Y radioembolization including technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin ( 99m Tc-MAA) hepatopulmonary shunt study before therapy and bremsstrahlung single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) after 90 Y radioembolization. Baseline magnetic resonance imaging was coregistered with 99m Tc-MAA and bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT imaging separately. Unit tumor activity ( 90 Y radioactivity delivered to each cubic centimeter of tumor) was estimated based on a lobar infusion approach. Correlation between proportions of 99m Tc-MAA and 90 Y delivered to the tumor was investigated. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier estimations. Results 90 Y therapy was administered in 18 consecutive patients (median age, 55.3 y; mean tumor volume, 588 cm 3 ). Higher intratumoral 90 Y dose predicted prolonged survival, with 13.2-month median survival in patients with HCC and mean 90 Y dose of ≥ 100 Gy versus 4.6-month median survival for other patients ( P 90 Y dose, 51.9% was delivered to the targeted tumors compared with 74.1% of 99m Tc-MAA with linear correlation between biodistribution of 99m Tc-MAA and 90 Y observed (Pearson r = 0.774, P Conclusions The findings in this study suggest that approximately 50% of administered 90 Y dose is taken up by targeted infiltrative HCC with PVT. Intratumoral 90 Y dose ≥ 100 Gy in unresectable infiltrative HCC via a lobar intraarterial approach is a positive prognostic factor for survival.
Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climatic History of the Long Valley Area, West-Central Idaho, U.S.A.

Paleoenvironmental data, including pollen and sediment analyses, radiocarbon ages, and tephra identifications of a core recovered from a fen, provide a ca. 16,500 14C yr B.P. record of late Quaternary vegetation and climate change in the Long Valley area of west-central Idaho. The fen was deglaciated prior to ca. 16,500 14C yr B.P., after which the pollen rain was dominated by Artemisia, suggesting that a cold, dry climate prevailed until ca. 12,200 14C yr B.P. From ca. 12,200 to 9750 14C yr B.P. temperatures gradually increased and a cool, moist climate similar to the present prevailed. During this period a closed spruce–pine forest surrounded the fen. This cool, moist climate was briefly interrupted by a dry and/or cold interval between ca. 10,800 and 10,400 14C yr B.P. that may be related to the Younger Dryas climatic oscillation. From ca. 9750 to 3200 14C yr B.P. the regional climate was significantly warmer and drier than at present and an open pine forest dominated the area around the fen. Maximum aridity occurred after the deposition of the Mazama tephra (ca. 6730 14C yr B.P.). After 3200 14C yr B.P. regional cooling brought cool, moist conditions to the area; the establishment of the modern montane forest around the fen and present-day cool and moist climate began at ca. 2000 14C yr B.P.
High-performance liquid chromatography assay for the quantification of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human plasma

An accurate, sensitive, and specific reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for the simultaneous quantitative determination of HIV-protease inhibitors (PIs) (indinavir, IDV; amprenavir, APV; saquinavir, SQV; nelfinavir, NFV; ritonavir, RTV; and lopinavir, LPV) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (nevirapine, NVP; delavirdine, DLV; and efavirenz, EFV) in human blood plasma is described. The method provides excellent resolution and peak shape for nine analytes through a linear gradient (36-86%) of 25% phosphate buffer (pH 4.5), 60% acetonitrile, 15% methanol, and 0.75 ml TFA, with a gradient mobile phase flow rate (0.9-1.1 ml) over 30 min run time. The optimized solid phase extraction (SPE) extraction method using (1.0 ml, 100mg BOND ELUT-C18 Varian) column provides a clean base line and high extraction efficiency using a 550 microl plasma sample. The method was validated over the range of 10-10,000 ng/ml for NVP, IDV, and SQV; 10-5000 ng/ml for EFV; 25-10000 ng/ml for APV; and 25-5000 ng/ml for DLV, NFV, RTV, and LPV. This method is accurate (average accuracies of three different concentrations ranged from 91 to 112%), and precise (within- and between-day precision measures ranged from 0.2 to 5.7% and 0.1 to 5.4%, respectively). This method is suitable for use in clinical pharmacokinetic studies as well as in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
The stability of viscous flow between rotating concentric cylinders with an axial flow

The stability of viscous flow between concentric cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating and with an axial flow due to an axial pressure gradient is considered. The analysis is motivated, in part, by recent papers by Hasoon & Martin (1977) and Chung & Astill (1977). Results are given for radius ratios $\eta =R\_{1}/R\_{2}=1$ (the small-gap limit), 0.95, and 0.9, and for values of the axial Reynolds number R up to 100. Here $R\_{1}$ and $R\_{2}$ are the radii of the inner and outer cylinders, respectively. For the small-gap problem, the results are compared with those obtained by approximating the angular velocity and/or the axial velocity by average values. Two of the conclusions of the paper are that the small-gap problem is a valid approximation to the $\eta \neq 1$ problem for $\eta $ near 1, and that the approximation of the axial velocity by its average value leads to qualitatively and quantitatively incorrect results. In addition, we find that for axial Reynolds numbers of about ninety a second mode of instability arises and there is a discontinuity in the axial wavenumber of the critical disturbance as a function of the Reynolds number.
Virtual reality-based therapy for the treatment of balance deficits in patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of utilizing a commercially available virtual reality gaming system as a treatment intervention for balance training.Design: A randomized controlled trial in which assessment and analysis were blinded.Setting: An inpatient rehabilitation facility.Intervention: Interventions included balance-based physical therapy using a Nintendo Wii, as monitored by a physical therapist, and receipt of one-on-one balance-based physical therapy using standard physical therapy modalities available for use in the therapy gym.Results: Participants in the standard physical therapy group were found to have slightly higher enjoyment at mid-intervention, while those receiving the virtual reality-based balance intervention were found to have higher enjoyment at study completion. Both groups demonstrated improved static and dynamic balance over the course of the study, with no significant differences between groups. Correlational analyses suggest a relationship exists betwe...
Spin-wave scattering in the effective Lagrangian perspective

Nonrelativistic systems exhibiting collective magnetic behavior are analyzed in the framework of effective Lagrangians. The method, formulating the dynamics in terms of Goldstone bosons, allows us to investigate the consequences of spontaneous symmetry breaking from a unified point of view. Low-energy theorems concerning spin-wave scattering in ferromagnets and antiferromagnets are established, emphasizing the simplicity of actual calculations. The present work includes approximate symmetries and discusses the modification of the low-energy structure imposed by an external magnetic and an anisotropy field, respectively. Throughout the paper, analogies between condensed matter physics and Lorentz-invariant theories are pointed out, demonstrating the universal feature of the effective Lagrangian technique.
The impact of a hospice consultation team on the care of veterans with advanced cancer

To address the needs of patients with advanced cancer, all Veterans' Affairs hospitals were asked to establish teams of clinicians whose focus was to deliver expert palliative care. At the Philadelphia Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, our Hospice Consultation Team brought together professionals who had worked together informally in some of the outpatient oncology clinics. We conducted a prospective study of all consults received during the first year of the team's operation to determine whether or not the team approach would duplicate already available services or provide improved care. We identified 164 new medical/ nursing problems in 75 patients, 85% of which we were able to resolve. There were 152 new psychosocial/spiritual problems, but only 40%-61% were resolved. Of 22 patients followed in oncology clinics, new problems were identified and resolved in 21. We conclude that the expertise of the Hospice Consultation Team members along with the team process provided improved care to these patients.
Theoretical studies of loss compensation in active planar plasmonic structures

We develop an analytical description of mode excitation in active planar plasmonic systems, analyze the effect of material gain on mode structure and lifetime and solve the controversy regarding the refractive index of active media.
Robotic Systems for Aircraft Servicing/Maintenance

This paper explores concepts which apply emerging ground support technology (GST) to the rapid turnaround of tactical aircraft. This technology has the potential to reduce manpower requirements for ground servicing, increase sortie generation rates and expose fewer ground personnel to the lethal agents anticipated during biochemical warfare. The near term approach examines automated systems for refueling and rearming tactical aircraft assuming the returning aircraft suffer no disabling malfunctions or battle damage. In the far term, it is proposed that additional maintenance and servicing functions be performed by GST systems. Consideration is given to linking diagnostic computers on tactical aircraft with future robotic systems for direct repair and maintenance. It is concluded that GST systems, including robotics, provide the opportunity for revolutionary changes in aircraft servicing and maintenance and provide a viable option for generating sorties during and immediately following biochemical attack.
Discrete Second Order Inclusions

New existence results are presented for the second order discrete inclusion ( 2 y ( i -1) ] F ( i , y ( i )), i ] {1,…, T }, with y (0)= y ( T +1)=0. Our technique involves using fixed point theory for multivalued upper semicontinuous maps from the literature.
Development of Conventional and Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays to Detect Tembusu Virus in Culex tarsalis Mosquitoes

Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an important emerging arthropod-borne virus that may cause encephalitis in humans and has been isolated in regions of southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, and China. Currently, detection and identification of TMUV are limited to research laboratories, because quantitative rapid diagnostic assays for the virus do not exist. We describe the development of sensitive and specific conventional and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting TMUV RNA in infected cell culture supernatant and Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. We used this assay to document the replication of TMUV in Cx. tarsalis, where titers increased 1,000-fold 5 days after inoculation. These assays resulted in the detection of virus-specific RNA in the presence of copurified mosquito nucleic acids. The use of these rapid diagnostic assays may have future applications for field pathogen surveillance and may assist in early detection, diagnosis, and control of the associated arthropod-borne pathogens.
Dynamics of finite populations : II. A time-homogeneous stochastic process describing the ultimate probability of and the expected time to fixation or loss of an allele or type in a population of variable size.

A time-homogeneous stochastic process was used to derive exact expressions for the ultimate probability of fixation or loss and the expected time to fixation or loss of an allele in a haploid population whose size is a Poisson random variable. The treatment included selection and multiple alleles.
Adaptive cross-layer protocol design for opportunistic WLANs over TVWS

The proliferation of bandwidth-hungry multimedia traffic over IEEE 802.11-based WLANs has over-crowded the ISM bands. The opening of the UHF TV bands by the FCC for unlicensed opportunistic operation promises to relieve the demand on these bands. However, supporting bandwidth-intensive media streaming applications over TV white spaces can be quite challenging. This is due to the unpredictable nature of spectrum availability combined with the fluctuations of channel quality. The realization of this herculean feat through unlicensed usage, whilst providing protection to licensed primary users, requires intelligent and adaptive protocol design. In this paper, we propose a QoS-aware parallel sensing/probing architecture, called QASPA, which exploits inherent channel and user diversities exhibited by the wireless system. Aiming at maximizing sensing efficiency while achieving a high detection accuracy, QASPA incorporates an adaptive double-threshold-based sensing mechanism. It also embodies a cross-layer protocol, which uses an adaptive framing structure to minimize the control overhead, and a novel spectrum assignment strategy targeted at improving the spatial reuse of the network. The proposed spectrum assignment strategy supports both channel bonding and aggregation. Our simulations validate the ability of QASPA in guaranteeing the demands of high-bandwidth opportunistic media streams while supporting low-bandwidth streams. They also show the superior performance of QASPA compared to the scheme used in the ECMA-392 standard (for opportunistic indoor streaming).
Research Initiatives for Plug-and-Play Scientific Computing

This paper introduces three component technology initiatives within the SciDAC Center for Technology for Advanced Scientific Component Software (TASCS) that address ever- increasing productivity challenges in creating, managing, and applying simulation software to scientific discovery. By leveraging the Common Component Architecture (CCA), a new component standard for high-performance scientific computing, these initiatives tackle diculties at dierent but related levels in the development of component-based scientific software: (1) deploying applications on massively parallel and heterogeneous architectures, (2) investigating new approaches to the runtime enforcement of behavioral semantics, and (3) developing tools to facilitate dynamic composition, substitution, and reconfiguration of component implementations and parameters, so that application scientists can explore tradeos among factors such as accuracy, reliability, and performance.
Points on a Continuum: ESL Teachers Reporting on Collaboration.

Today's K–12 English as a second language (ESL) teachers are encouraged to coplan or coteach with content teachers in order to support English language learners, thus moving English language support into the content area classroom, through push-in or coteaching rather than the pull-out model. However, results from a questionnaire of 72 K–12 ESL teachers across a wide range of settings suggest that collaboration may or may not take place within any of these models and can best be understood in terms of the intersection of the variables of frequency (limited to extensive) as well as type of practice (formal to informal). Results of this study have implications for administrator professional learning, teacher education, and teacher leadership.
Obamacare: why should we care?

Opinions regarding the Affordable Care Act are divided along partisan lines: Democrats mostly approve of the ACA; Republicans mostly reject the ACA. As physicians, the authors believe the premises of ACA are good overall.
Importance of sampling frame in physician surveys

We read with interest the article by Kraus et al1regarding the hepatitis B immunization practices of Illinois pediatricians. There is significant interest nationwide in the degree to which pediatricians and family physicians have adopted universal hepatitis B immunization of infants. However, we are concerned that the sampling frame used by the authors of this study may overestimate agreement with and adoption of this recommendation. The authors included only members of the Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in their sampling frame. Although our initial studies in this area found no differences in recommendation adoption between members and nonmembers of the AAP,2our subsequent work that assessed these elements over time demonstrated lower rates of agreement and adoption among nonmember pediatricians.3It is likely that the increased awareness among AAP members found in our earlier studies influenced eventual rates of adoption. Although the majority of pediatricians in the United
Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in Sprague-Dawley rats.

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (α-chlorohydrin, 3-MCPD) is a well-known contaminant, which has been detected in a wide range of foods and ingredients, and is also a suspected cause of cancer. In this study, the carcinogenicity of 3-MCPD in SD rats was investigated. Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were exposed for two years to drinking water containing 0, 25, 100 or 400 ppm 3-MCPD. The body weights and water consumptions of the male and female rats given 400 ppm 3-MCPD were significantly lower than those of the controls. The incidences of renal tubule adenomas or carcinomas and Leydig cell tumors occurred with dose-related positive trends in male rats. The incidences of renal tubule carcinomas and Leydig cell tumors were significantly increased in male rats given 400 ppm 3-MCPD. The incidence of renal tubule adenomas showed a positive trend in female rats, which was significant in 400 ppm 3-MCPD group. In conclusion, there was clear evidence of the carcinogenic activity of 3-MCPD in male SD rats, based on the increased incidences of renal tubule carcinomas and Leydig cell tumors. There was some evidence of the carcinogenic activity of 3-MCPD in female SD rats, based on the increased incidence of renal tubule adenomas.
A comparison of the effects of oral inoculation with Rotashield and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine (WC3-PV) on suckling CB17scid mice.

The effects of oral inoculation into infant CB17scid mice of two reassortant rotavirus vaccines were compared. The vaccines were Rotashield and WC3-PV, a mixture of five reassortants (G1, G2, G3, G4 and P1; pentavalent reassortant vaccine). Control mice were inoculated with a placebo. At 6 days post-inoculation (p.i.), 8 of 13 (62 %; P<0·005) Rotashield-inoculated mice developed hepatitis and/or bile-duct obstruction compared with none of 11 mice given WC3-PV and none of 14 given placebo. In the Rotashield-inoculated mice, only serotype G3 rhesus rotavirus (RRV) was isolated from multiple sites, including intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, blood and mesenteric lymph nodes. Recovery of RRV from Rotashield-inoculated mice followed a biphasic pattern. The two peaks of RRV recovery appeared to coincide firstly with replication in the intestine during days 1–3 p.i., and secondly with virus infection of the liver from days 10 to 15 p.i. WC3 reassortants of four different serotypes were detected only at day 1 p.i. in the intestine, liver, pancreas and blood cells from three WC3-PV-inoculated mouse pups. However, WC3-PV did not produce any hepatopathology. Rotashield and WC3-PV appeared to exhibit different biological activity in infant CB17scid mouse pups.
Predictors of Self-Reported Adherence in Persons Living with HIV Disease

This study examined the relationships between the five dimensions of the Wilson and Cleary model of health-related quality of life and three self-reported adherence measures in persons living with HIV using a descriptive survey design. Data collection occurred in seven cities across the United States, including university-based AIDS clinics, private practices, public and for-profit hospitals, residential and day-care facilities, community-based organizations, and home care. The three dependent adherence measures studied were "medication nonadherence," "follows provider advice," and "missed appointments." The sample included 420 persons living with HIV disease with a mean age of 39 years of which 20% were women and 51% were white; subjects had a mean CD4 count of 321 mm3. HIV-positive clients with higher symptom scores, particularly depression, were more likely to be nonadherent to medication, not to follow provider advice, and to miss appointments. Participants who reported having a meaningful life, feeli...
The effectiveness of competitive male inseminations in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, depends on an interaction of mating order, time delay between males, and the time of mating relative to ovulation

Abstract The effectiveness of male inseminations in a two-male mating situation was shown to depend on an interaction between mating order, the time delay for introduction of competing spermatozoa, and the time of mating relative to ovulation. A second male mating advantage was observed in matings begun at the onset of oestrus and was not diminished by delays of up to 3 h before the introduction of competing spermatozoa. In contrast, a first male mating advantage was observed in matings later during oestrus which was enhanced by increasing delays before matings by a rival male. These findings are consistent with observations of mating behaviour of golden hamsters under semi-natural conditions and suggest that males attempt to time matings to have their spermatozoa capacitated at the time the female is most likely to ovulate.
Introduction to the Discussion on: How to Mitigate the Ground-Layer Seeing Effects at Dome C?

At Dome C most of the seeing is located in the lower atmosphere, below 50 meters height. In this introduction we describe ways in which one might mitigate those ground layer seeing effects and thus be limited solely by the ~0.25 arcsec seeing of the so-called “free atmosphere”.
Biomedical resistance to ethnomedicine in Botswana

The issue of whether and how ethnomedical practitioners can be incorporated into existing biomedical systems in developing countries continues to be debated. Although a number of reasons have been advanced as to the barriers to incorporation, none of these take into account the views of nurses on incorporating ethnomedical practitioners into the biomedical system. Data from Botswana, where the largest group of biomedical personnel are nurses are presented to show the reasons why nurses are opposed to collaboration with the two groups of ethnomedical practitioners, spiritual healers and traditional healers. Because they are socialized to two belief systems about health and healing, and because of their position in the biomedical health system, the nurses are caught in a dialectical tension between their traditional beliefs and their acquired beliefs. They refuse to collaborate with traditional healers because they believe that traditional healers practice sorcery. They refuse to collaborate with spiritual healers because they do not view them as health care providers.
SIMULATION MODEL OF A MULTI-SHUTTLE SYSTEM

This paper reports on a study of modelling a shuttle transportation system. There were three objectives, the first was to consider alternative ways of modelling traffic streams approaching the shuttle system, the second to develop a simulation model using various parameters to help explain the behaviour of shuttle systems and the third was to conduct sensitivity studies to observe how such a system responds to changes in model parameters. A ferry system in operation was chosen as an example and a simulation model was developed using GPSS. Transient and stationary behaviour patterns of the system were examined under various inputs and constraints. The effect of imbalance in the incoming traffic streams of both sides of the channel was investigated using various combinations of intensity parameters. Service contour lines were derived to determine the efficiency of the system. Non-stationary Weibull and stationary exponential models were used to simulate the incoming traffic streams and the results compared against actual data. It was found that, in general, when the comparisons were based on cumulative statistics, the stationary exponential model performed better. However, in the short run, the nonstationary Weibull model gave the better fit.
Gender Differences in the Influence of Early Perceived Parental Support on Student Mathematics and Science Achievement and STEM Career Attainment.

The lack of females entering STEM careers is well documented. Reasons for the gender gaps at all stages of the educational pipeline include both internal factors such as self-concept and external factors such as the influence of parents, media, and educators. Using latent growth curve analysis and nationally representative longitudinal survey data, this study compares differences in the relationship between a critical external factor (perceived early parental support), student mathematics and science achievement trajectories, and persistence in STEM career by gender. Mathematics and science trajectories were positively related to STEM career persistence for males and females. Perceived early parental support was related to growth in mathematics achievement for males but not females. There was no relationship between early perceived parental support and growth in science achievement for either males or females. These findings indicate differences in the relationship between parental support, achievement, and career persistence depending on content area and gender.
Modulation by thyroid status of the actions of glucagon and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on metabolism of free fatty acids by the isolated perfused rat liver.

The interactions among effects of thyroid status, glucagon, and dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) on the regulation of hepatic metabolism of FFA were studied in perfused livers isolated from euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid male rats. The animals were made hypothyroid by treatment with propylthiouracil or hyperthyroid by treatment with T3. Uptake of oleic acid by perfused livers was not altered by treatment of the animal with T3 or propylthiouracil, or by addition to the medium of glucagon (10-9 M), DBCAMP (2 × 10-5 M), or methylisobutylxanthine (MIX; 2 HIM). In agreement with previous data, hepatic formation and secretion of triglyceride were diminished and ketogenesis was stimulated by hyperthyroidism, glucagon, and DBcAMP. These effects of diminished triglyceride output and enhanced ketogenesis observed in hyperthyroidism were exacerbated by glucagon, while livers from hypothyroid rats were insensitive to the effects of glucagon. MIX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, reversed the insensitivity of the liver...
Attenuation differences in layer 2A in intermediate- and slow-spreading oceanic crust

In situ seismic attenuationQ−1logs are derived from borehole velocity profiles and reveal sharp boundaries between morphologies of the extrusive volcanic layers in intermediate- and slow-spreading oceanic crust.Q−1logs are calculated from the scattering attenuation associated with vertical velocity heterogeneity in Ocean Drilling Program Holes 504B and 896A and in Hole 395A, located in 5.9–7.3 Ma crust on the Pacific and Atlantic plates, respectively. Our results strongly tie crustal properties to seismic measurables and observed geological structures: we find that the scattering attenuation can be used to identify the extrusive volcanic sequence because it is closely related to changes in the degree of vertical heterogeneity. We interpret a distinct decrease in the Q−1log at the transition below the extrusive volcanic layer to correspond with the seismic layer 2A/2B boundary. The boundary is located at 465 m depth below the sea floor in both Hole 395A and 504B, although this is likely to be a coincidence of the sediment thickness at these sites. Layer 2A is estimated to be approximately 150 m thick in Hole 504B and > 300 m thick in Hole 395A. Cyclic sequences of high-porosity pillows and low-porosity massive units in the uppermost 100 m of volcanics in Hole 395A result in large velocity heterogeneities which cause > 5 times more attenuation in this layer than in Hole 504B. In Hole 896A, by contrast, fewer pillows, more massive flows, and a greater volume of carbonate veins decrease the velocity heterogeneity and attenuation significantly over only 1 km distance from Hole 504B. We conclude that the attenuation in the extrusive volcanics of the ocean crust is largely controlled by variation in local heterogeneity and morphology as well as by subsequent hydrothermal alteration. The observed differences inQ−1profiles and layer 2A thickness at these sites may be attributed to variations in the volume and duration of volcanic activity at mid-ocean spreading centers for these Pacific and Atlantic ridge segments.
Development and Evaluation of GIS-Based Chlamydia Trachomatis Intervention Policy in Illinois

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the United States. Complications include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. The cost of PID in 1998 was estimated at greater than $1.9 billion. Screening intervention strategies are often consumed by those at low risk. The objective of this study is the development of a more cost-effective intervention strategy by employing Geographic Information Systems and Census Bureau demographic data in selected Local Health Departments in Illinois.
Soybean Yield and Nutrient Composition as Affected by Early Season Foliar Fertilization

The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar fertilization during early growth stages has received little attention. Recent Iowa research showed a 15% probability of positive yield response to a 3-15-8 (N-P-K) fertilizer applied at the V5 growth stage. This study evaluated the effects of fertilizers varying in N-P-K ratio on soybean grain yield and tissue nutrient composition. Twenty-seven field trials were conducted in soils that tested at or above optimum soil P and K levels for soybean. Six treatments included a control and nonfactorial combinations of rates and application frequency of 28 to 56 L ha -1 of 3-8-15, 10-4-8, and 8-0-7 fertilizers sprayed at the V5 stage. Differences between treatments were inconsistent across sites. Some or all treatments increased or decreased yields significantly at six sites. The mean yield, increase or decrease for responsive sites was 400 kg ha -1 . The 3-8-15 fertilizer caused no leaf damage and other fertilizers caused little or no damage, although the damage was not clearly related with yield decreases. Analyses by site showed that fertilization seldom increased tissue N-P-K composition, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, or plant weight measured at the R2 growth stage. Multivariate analyses across sites showed that 27% of the variation in yield response was explained by a combination of N, P, and K availability, vegetative growth, and rainfall. Positive yield responses tended to occur when soil or weather conditions reduced plant growth and nutrient availability. Foliar fertilization across all conditions will not offset the application costs.
Studies on the solvent extraction of some cadmium chelates

Abstract Eighteen different chelating agents have been investigated as possible extractants for radiolabelled 10-5.1M cadmium from aqueous solutions into chloroform. The experimentally-determined extraction data have been analyzed theoretically by measurement of metal chelate and chelating agent association constants and distribution constants.
Synthesis of phenylated phthalimides. The diels-alder reaction of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone with maleimides

A series of phenylated dihydrophthalimides has been synthesized by the Diels-Alder reaction of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone with maleimide, N-phenylmaleimide, and N,N'-o-, -m-, and -p-phenylenedimaleimide. Subsequent dehydrogenation of these compounds yielded the corresponding phenylated phthalimides. These phthalimides were also obtained in one step when the initial reactions were carried out in refluxing nitrobenzene.
Health literacy predicts change in physical activity self-efficacy among sedentary Latinas.

Health literacy (HL) is associated with preventive health behaviors. Self-efficacy is a predictor of health behavior, including physical activity (PA); however, causal pathways between HL and self-efficacy for PA are unknown, especially among Latinas who are at risk for chronic disease. To explore this potential relationship, secondary analyses were conducted on data [Shortened Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (STOFHLA), PA self-efficacy, and socio-demographics] from a 6-month, randomized controlled trial of a print-based PA intervention (n = 89 Spanish-speaking Latinas). Linear regression models revealed associations between HL and baseline self-efficacy in addition to changes in self-efficacy at 6-months. After controlling for significant covariates, higher HL scores were associated with lower baseline PA self-efficacy. Regardless of treatment assignment, higher HL scores at baseline predicted greater changes in PA self-efficacy at 6-months. HL may contribute to Latinas’ improved PA self-efficacy, though further research is warranted.