cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Journalism Interested in Resolution, or Only in Conflict?

One of the things we say about journalism, most often and routinely, is that its thirst for conflict is unquenchable. Critics have cited the profession’s habit of framing issues between opposing views, portraying elections as horse races, attending more closely to strong, extreme minority opinions than to the moderate majority, and returning again and again to familiar stories of violence and human depravity. 1 Many of these observations seem true, although they do not explain why journalists turn so often to tales of conflict as a way of organizing their news work. Organizational structures, bureaucratic work routines, economic constraints, and professional norms all contribute to journalism’s preference for conflict. 2 News organizations recognize conflict and revolution more easily than they do slower, more subtle forms of social change. They know it when they see it, believe the audience will find it interesting, and know how to mobilize their resources in order to cover it. As storytellers, journalists constantly seek and exploit narrative tension. The time constraints of newsgathering make reliance on opposing sources a quick and simple way to tell stories across many content areas. The institutions journalism most regularly survey are, by their nature, sites of deep social and political conflict, including battlefields, city streets, courts, and legislatures. Conflict, then, is not merely one of the types of stories that journalists cover; in many respects, it is the very mode through which journalists normally understand and interpret the world. 3
Japan: Sociocultural Aspects

With a primary emphasis on the nonlocalized nature of Japanese culture, this article introduces how almost all features of what we call Japanese culture, including shifting self-identities, were born at the interface of local and global forces. It highlights the internal complexities, comprised of the ‘Agrarian Japanese’ vs the minorities, those along the lines of gender and age, and overseas Japanese and returnees. The Japanese educational system, religions, health care, youth culture, and sports have all undergone transformations at the confluence of the local and global, showing the dynamic nature of Japanese culture and society.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ION SOURCE FOR LONG-PULSE (30-s) NEUTRAL BEAM INJECTION*

This paper describes the development of a long-pulse positive ion source that has been designed to provide high brightness deuterium beams (divergence ≈ 0.25° rms, current density ≈ 0.15 A cm-2) of 40-45 A, at a beam energy of 80 keV, for pulse lengths up to 30 s. The design and construction of the ion source components are described with particular emphasis placed on the long-pulse cathode assembly and ion accelerator.
Sequential screening in semiconductor manufacturing: exploiting lot-to-lot variability and spatial dependence

Summary form only given. Screening at the wafer level to exploit lot-to-lot variability is considered. The yield is modeled using an empirical Bayes framework: the number of bad chips on each wafer in a given lot is a gamma random variable, and the scale parameter is unknown and varies from lot to lot according to another gamma distribution. The resulting problem is an optimal stopping problem embedded within a mathematical program, and the optimal solution is determined numerically. Screening at the chip level to exploit various dependencies is discussed, and a variety of chip screening policies are identified. A predictive performance analysis is undertaken to estimate the appropriate start rate of wafers for some of these policies. Both yield models are fitted to industrial data from several different facilities, and the proposed and derived policies are tested on the actual data. It is found that significant increases in throughput, can be obtained. Chip screening policies that effectively exploit the various yield dependencies to distinguish between good and bad chips are identified. >
CO2 dynamics in the Amargosa Desert: Fluxes and isotopic speciation in a deep unsaturated zone

[1] Natural unsaturated-zone gas profiles at the U.S. Geological Survey's Amargosa Desert Research Site, near Beatty, Nevada, reveal the presence of two physically and isotopically distinct CO2 sources, one shallow and one deep. The shallow source derives from seasonally variable autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in the root zone. Scanning electron micrograph results indicate that at least part of the deep CO2 source is associated with calcite precipitation at the 110-m-deep water table. We use a geochemical gas-diffusion model to explore processes of CO2 production and behavior in the unsaturated zone. The individual isotopic species 12CO2, 13CO2, and 14CO2 are treated as separate chemical components that diffuse and react independently. Steady state model solutions, constrained by the measured δ13C (in CO2), and δ14C (in CO2) profiles, indicate that the shallow CO2 source from root and microbial respiration composes ∼97% of the annual average total CO2 production at this arid site. Despite the small contribution from deep CO2 production amounting to ∼0.1 mol m−2 yr−1, upward diffusion from depth strongly influences the distribution of CO2 and carbon isotopes in the deep unsaturated zone. In addition to diffusion from deep CO2 production, 14C exchange with a sorbed CO2 phase is indicated by the modeled δ14C profiles, confirming previous work. The new model of carbon-isotopic profiles provides a quantitative approach for evaluating fluxes of carbon under natural conditions in deep unsaturated zones.
Lattice dynamics of Ce Sn 3

Inelastic neutron scattering techniques have been used to measure the phonon dispersion curves of Ce${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ at room temperature and the frequencies of a selected number of phonons at 10 K. We find that in the [111] symmetry direction the measured frequencies in the vicinity of the first ${R}_{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ zone-boundary point are considerably lower than those of the isostructural compound La${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$. Examination of the relative motion of the nuclei of Ce${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ in this mode of vibration shows that this pronounced anomaly may be attributed to mixed-valence effects on the phonon frequencies. We did not observe, on the other hand, any significant anomalies in the widths of the measured neutron groups, and we estimated that any lifetime effects due to the electron-phonon coupling in Ce${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ are certainly smaller than approximately 0.15 THz. Also we find that the temperature dependence of the phonon frequencies is normal and can be accounted for by the effect of the thermal expansion of the lattice on the vibrational frequencies. The force constants obtained by fitting the experimental data to a three-nearest-neighbor Born-von K\'arm\'an model were used to evaluate the phonon density of states, the lattice specific heat, and the atomic temperature factors of Ce and Sn in this compound.
Performance comparison between PR1 and PR4 signaling on high-density magnetic recording channels

We present a technique based on a result of Agazzi and Seshadri for comparing the performance of various partial response schemes on a magnetic recording channel. The technique includes the effect of imperfect equalization and, in the PR4 case, the effect of employing two interleaved Viterbi detectors. Assuming the Lorentzian channel model and superposition, we use this technique to compare PR1 and PR4 signaling at medium and high recording densities. It is observed that PR1 provides the superior performance at a user density of S/sub u/=2.5. Our analytical results are supported by computer simulations.
Characterization of the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Translocase Complex: the Tim23p Hydrophobic Domain Interacts with Tim17p but Not with Other Tim23p Molecules

Tim23p is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein essential for the import of proteins from the cytosol. Tim23p contains an amino-terminal hydrophilic segment and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain (Tim23Cp). To study the functions and interactions of the two parts of Tim23p separately, we constructed tim23N, encoding only the hydrophilic region of Tim23p, and tim23C, encoding only the hydrophobic domain of Tim23p. Only the Tim23C protein is imported into mitochondria, indicating that the mitochondrial targeting information in Tim23p resides in its membrane spans or intervening loops. Tim23Cp, however, cannot substitute for full-length Tim23p, suggesting that the hydrophilic portion of Tim23p also performs an essential function in mitochondrial protein import. We found that overexpression of Tim23Cp is toxic to yeast cells that carry the tim23-1 mutation. Excess Tim23Cp causes Tim23-1p to disappear, leaving tim23-1 cells without a full-length version of the Tim23 protein. If Tim17p, another inner membrane import component, is overexpressed along with Tim23Cp, the toxicity of Tim23Cp is largely reversed and the Tim23-1 protein no longer disappears. In coimmunoprecipitations from solubilized mitochondria, Tim17p associates with the Tim23C protein. In addition, we show that Tim23p and Tim17p can be chemically cross-linked to each other in intact mitochondria. We conclude that the hydrophobic domain encoded by tim23C targets Tim23p to the mitochondria and mediates the direct interaction between Tim23p and Tim17p. In contrast, Tim23Cp cannot be coimmunoprecipitated with Tim23p, raising the possibility that the hydrophobic domain of Tim23p does not interact with other Tim23 molecules.
Catecholestrogens inhibit proliferation and DNA synthesis of porcine granulosa cells in vitro: comparison with estradiol, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, gonadotropins and catecholamines

Abstract Studies were conducted to assess the role of Catecholestrogens on ovarian follicular growth using cultured porcine granulosa cells. Effects of the Catecholestrogens, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OH-E2) and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeO-E2) were compared to those of estradiol (E2). Treatment with saturating concentrations of 2-OH-E2 caused a significantly greater decrease in cell numbers measured after 2 days of treatment than E2 treatment. The inhibitory effect of 2-OH-E2 was time and concentration dependent, not associated with a change in the viability of cells, and was partially reversible. The potency of 2-MeO-E2 to inhibit cell numbers was similar to or greater than that of 2-OH-E2. 2-MeO-E2 had a greater inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable macromolecules, than 2-OH-E2 or E2 in the absence or presence of insulin, epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor. Concurrent treatment with epinephrine significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of 2-OH-E2 on granulosa cell DNA synthesis. Collectively, these studies indicate that Catecholestrogens are more potent inhibitors of granulosa cell replication than E2 and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and that catecholamines may modulate the antimitotic activity of 2-OH-E2. These results support the hypothesis that Catecholestrogens play a role in proliferation of granulosa cells during growth of ovarian follicles.
Comparative Structural Characterization of Naturally- and Synthetically-Spun Fibers of Bombyx mori Fibroin

This investigation describes the comparative structural characterization of naturally- and synthetically-spun fibers of Bombyx mori fibroin. Wet spinning from 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) solutions was used to spin fibroin fibers with varying degrees of postspinning draw. Quantitative Raman spectroscopy showed that the secondary structure of fibroin changed dramatically from predominantly α-helical in HFIP solution to principally β-sheet in the undrawn synthetically-spun fiber. X-ray fiber diffraction showed that the undrawn fibers were highly crystalline (>50%) with little or no preferential crystalline alignment. The addition of a postspinning draw caused the polypeptide backbone and β-sheet crystals, which were formed largely by a methanol coagulation bath, to align with the fiber axis. The molecular and crystalline structures most similar to those of naturally-spun fibers were reproduced in synthetically-spun fibers with a minimum draw ratio of 2.5.
Aesthetic Appreciation in the Artworld and in the Natural World

In this paper, I explore some parallels and dissimilarities between aesthetic appreciation that takes as its focus art objects and that which focuses on natural objects. I cover three areas. The first deals with general approach, whether a paradigm of engagement is more appropriate to environmental aesthetics than one of detachment and disinterest. The second theme is about preservation and whether the appropriate model is static or dynamic. The final theme is about environmental criticism and the application of aesthetic theory to arguments for preservation.
Early Prehistoric Archaeology of the Middle Susitna Valley, Alaska

The early prehistory of the Susitna River region, near the place where three major rivers, the Susitna, Talkeetna, and the Chulitna, converge, provides important regional information about the movement of small-scale foraging societies in southcentral Alaska as well as specific data concerning lithic use. Since 2004, ongoing research at the Trapper Creek Overlook (TCO) and Susitna River Overlook (SRO) sites has revealed three primarily lithic artifact assemblages from stratigraphically sealed cultural occupations spanning the early to middle Holocene (ca. 10,000–5000 cal B.P.). Radiocarbon, tephrochronology, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques provide context for interpreting these sites with a focus on geomorphic and stratigraphic contexts, geochronology, and lithic analyses. Results suggest an initial migration from the north and similarities between early and middle Holocene lithic industries in the period prior to the development of riverine salmon economies.
The osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand system in cartilage.

Objective The receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. It is activated by the secreted or cell surface–bound RANK ligand (RANKL). Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble nonsignaling receptor for RANKL and interferes with RANK activation. This receptor–ligand system regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts and dendritic cells. The present study examined human articular cartilage for the expression of these molecules and the role of RANKL in the regulation of chondrocyte function. Methods Normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human articular cartilage was used for explant tissue culture or for isolation of chondrocytes and cell culture. Expression of RANK, RANKL, and OPG was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, or reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Recombinant RANKL was added to cartilage or chondrocyte cultures, and gene expression, collagenase and nitric oxide production, and NF-κB activation were determined. Results RANK, RANKL, and OPG messenger RNA (mRNA) were expressed in normal cartilage. By immunohistochemistry, RANK, RANKL, and OPG were detected in the superficial zone of normal cartilage. OA cartilage contained increased levels of OPG mRNA, and expression of the 3 proteins extended into the midzone of OA cartilage. OPG was detected by Western blotting, and was increased in response to interleukin-1β stimulation. OPG, RANK, and RANKL protein were also detected in cultured chondrocytes. Addition of exogenous RANKL did not activate NF-κB, induce expression of genes encoding proinflammatory mediators in chondrocytes, or stimulate the production of collagenase and nitric oxide. Conclusion These results demonstrate the expression of OPG, RANK, and RANKL in cartilage. However, RANKL does not activate human articular chondrocytes.
Origin of kinematic subsystems in elliptical galaxies

The formation of a counterrotating central gas disk in a merger of two gas-rich disk galaxies of equal mass is demonstrated. Such a structure may well account for the unusual gas kinematics found in the merger remnant NGC7252. Continued star formation in such gaseous disks may produce central components with decoupled kinematics resembling the cores of some elliptical galaxies.
Pharmacogenetics: implications for therapy in rheumatic diseases

DMARDs not only improve the joint pain and swelling associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but also slow down the joint damage associated with the disease. The efficacy of biologic therapies, introduced in the past decade for the treatment of RA, has been unequivocally established. Similarly, in addition to traditional drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, new biologic agents such as rituximab have been introduced for systemic lupus erythematosus in recent years. However, considerable variability occurs in the responses of patients to these therapies. Pharmacogenetics, the study of variations in genes encoding drug transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets, and their translation to differential responses to drugs, is a rapidly progressing field in rheumatology. Pharmacogenetic applications, particularly to the old vanguard DMARD, methotrexate, and the newer, more expensive biologic agents, might make personalized therapy in rheumatic diseases possible. The pharmacogenetics of commonly used DMARDs and of biologic therapies are described in this Review.
Multiparameter Radar Modeling and Observations of Melting Ice

Abstract This paper uses a microphysically detailed graupel and hail melting model, described by Rasmussen and Heymsfield, which is coupled to a radar model that computes multiparameter variables such as differential reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio, the specific propagation differential phase shift and X-band specific attenuation. The microphysical model is initialized with two different summer-time sounding profiles (Colorado and Alabama). Sensitivity studies are performed with respect to particle shape and orientation distributions. The hail melting model is also initialized with a summertime sounding from the Munich, FRG area, and C-band differential reflectivity is computed for application to radar data from the DFVLR radar. A simple spherical hail melting model is also used to study the effects of absorption and scattering on the X-band attenuation. NCAR CP-2 radar measurements from the MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm) project and from CINDE (Convective Initiation and Downburst Exp...
Gough's Cave 1 (Somerset, England): a study of the axial skeleton

The postcranial axial skeleton of Cheddar Man (Gough's Cave 1) is represented by seventeen presacral vertebrae, the sacrum, and nineteen ribs, all of which are relatively well-preserved. Cheddar Man derives from early Holocene deposits in Gough's Cave, and the remains of his axial postcranial skeleton are described here. Comparative evaluation of the Gough's Cave 1 remains reveals an axial skeleton that falls within the range of variation in size and shape of males of the same time period, albeit towards the small end of that range (reflecting relatively short stature in Cheddar Man).
Universal velocity correlations in disordered and chaotic systems.

The response of weakly disordered metallic grains to Aharonov-Bohm flux suggests a rescaling in which statistical correlators become universal. We derive an exact expression for a correlator of level ``velocities,'' and provide numerical evidence which suggests that the universality extends to a wider class of systems and generalizes to arbitrary perturbations providing a new characterization of quantum chaos. These results are applied to Fermi velocities of complex lattices.
Surface diffusion of tetramethylsilane and neopentane on Ru(001)

Abstract The surface diffusion coefficients for tetramethylsilane and neopentane on Ru(001) were measured using laser induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. The surface diffusion coefficient for tetramethylsilane at 125 K was constant at D ≈ 6.5 × 10 −8 cm 2 s for all coverages. In contrast, the surface diffusion of neopentane displayed a strong dependence on surface coverage. The neopentane surface mobility at 130 K decreased from D = 5.5 × 10 −7 cm 2 s at θ = 0.10 θ s to D = 8.0 × 10 −9 cm 2 s at θ = θ s . The surface diffusion coefficients for both tetramethylsilane and neopentane displayed Arrhenius behavior. For tetramethylsilane, a diffusion activation energy of E dif = 3.3 ± 0.1 kcal mol and preexponential of D 0 = 5.0 × 10 −2 ± 0.1 cm 2 s were measured at θ = 0.40 θ s . For neopentane at θ = 0.10 θ s , the Arrhenius parameters were E dif = 3.0 ± 0.3 kcal mol and D 0 = 3. cm 2 s At θ = 0.50 θ s , the neopentane surface diffusion activation energy and preexponential decreased to E dif = 2.5 ± 0.2 kcal mol and D 0 = 9.5 × −4 ± 0.3 cm 2 s . The kinetics for tetramethylsilane and neopentane desorption from Ru(001) were also measured using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. The parameters for tetramethylsilane desorption from Ru(001) were E des = 12.3 ± 0.5 kcal mol and v des = 3 × 10 15 ± 0.1 s −1 . Likewise, the parameters for neopentane desorption f E des = 10.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol and v des = 4 × 10 13 ± 0.1 s −1 . The surface corrugation ratio, Ω, was defined as t diffusion and desorption activation energies, Ω = E dif E des . The surface corrugation ratios for tetramethylsilane and neopent low coverage on Ru(001) were Ω = 0.27 and Ω = 0.28 , respectively. The coverage dependent surface diffusion of neopentane was analyzed assuming either attractive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions, neopentane decomposition or isomerization, or multiple site-hopping. The various experimental results suggested that the multiple site-hopping mechanism was the most likely explanation. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the multiple site-hopping model provided an excellent fit to the coverage dependence of the neopentane surface diffusion coefficient when the jump length was ten sites.
The Structure of Character

In this paper, I defend a local account of character traits that posits traits like close-friend-honesty and good-mood-compassion. John Doris also defends local character traits, but his local character traits are indistinguishable from mere behavioral dispositions, they are not necessary for the purpose which allegedly justifies them, and their justification is only contingent, depending upon the prevailing empirical situation. The account of local traits I defend posits local traits that are traits of character rather than behavioral dispositions, local traits that are necessary to satisfy one of their central purposes, and local traits whose justification is dependent upon theoretical rather than empirical considerations.
Molecular pathogenesis of equine coital exanthema (ECE): Temperature sensitivity (TS) and restriction endonuclease (RE) fragment profiles of several field isolates

Examination of six field isolates of equine herpesvirus 3, the causative agent of equine coital exanthema, indicates that all were temperature sensitive (ts) at the body temperature, 39° C, of their host (Equine asinus andcallabus) when grown in cell culture. The isolates were characterized by finger-print analysis with the restriction endonucleases XbaI, EcoRI, BamHI and Hind III to establish possible epidemiologic relatedness. Three of the six isolates may be considered related. Variation in the mobility of the BamHI-A and Hind III-K fragments indicates that a small plaque isolate may contain a 5.7 kb insert of DNA in the unique short region of the genome.
Additional Radiative-Recoil Corrections to Muonium and Positronium Hyperfine Splitting

A compact expression for one-loop radiative corrections to lepton lines in positronium and muonium hyperfine splitting is presented. It is valid for hyperfine-splitting contributions of order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{E}_{\mathrm{F}}$, including the effects of recoil to all orders. For muonium, known nonrecoil parts of this contribution are easily evaluated analytically, as is a previously calculated radiative-recoil contribution of order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{E}_{\mathrm{F}}(\frac{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}})\mathrm{ln}(\frac{{m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}{{m}_{e}})$. Nonlogarithmic radiative-recoil corrections obtained by numerical evaluation of this expression yield new contributions of 2.64 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.07 kHz for muonium and -11.12 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 MHz positronium.
A simple mathematical model of signaling resulting from the binding of lipopolysaccharide with Toll-like receptor 4 demonstrates inherent preconditioning behavior

The complex biology of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is central to the acute inflammatory response in sepsis and related diseases. Repeated treatment with LPS can lead to desensitization or enhancement of subsequent responses both in vitro and in vivo (a phenomenon known as preconditioning). Previous computational studies have demonstrated a role for anti-inflammatory influences in this process (J. Day, J. Rubin, Y. Vodovotz, C.C. Chow, A. Reynolds, G. Clermont, A reduced mathematical model of the acute inflammatory response: II. Capturing scenarios of repeated endotoxin administration. J. Theor. Biol. 242 (2006) 237). Since LPS signals via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), we created a simple mathematical model in order to address the role of this receptor in both the normal and preconditioned response to LPS. We created a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations, consisting of free LPS, free TLR4, bound complex LPS–TLR4, and an intracellular signaling cascade (lumped into a single variable). We simulate the effects of preconditioning by small and large repeated doses of LPS on the system, varying the timing of the doses as well as the rate of expression of TLR4. Our simulations suggest that a simplified model of LPS/TLR4 signaling can account for complex preconditioning phenomena without invoking a specific signaling inhibition mechanism, but rather based on the dynamics of the signaling response itself, as well as the timing and magnitude of the LPS stimuli.
Adsorption of halocarbons on a carbon molecular sieve

Abstract The adsorption isotherms of 16 halocarbons have been obtained in the mid to high range of pressures and at room temperature on a zeolite-like nanoporous carbon molecular sieve Carbosieve G (CSG). All the isotherms display Type I structure in the range investigated. The agreement between the pore volume of the adsorbent calculated based upon the liquid densities of the one-carbon, C 1 , halocarbons at room temperature and that determined from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm obtained at 77 K is good. The capacity of CSG for these C 1 molecules ranges between 4.7 and 7.5 mmol/g. For the larger two-carbon species, C 2 , the adsorption is lower, in the range from 3.1 to 4.7 mmol/g. A plot of these equilibrium capacities versus the molecule size shows how the extent of adsorption varies with molecule size. The pores with sizes in the near vicinity of 5 A are found to predominate, a result which agrees well with pore size determinations made earlier by other means.
Local response of reinforced concrete to missile impacts

Abstract An experimental and computational study was undertaken to determine the response of reinforced concrete walls to impacts from postulated tornado and other missiles. The study included laboratory-scale missile impacts, experiments to characterize concrete, computational model development, and two-dimensional simulations of missile impacts. Impact experiments with rods and pipes on small reinforced concrete walls showed crushing, cratering, spalling, radial cracking, and plug formation. The mechanisms governing this material response appear to be crushing, shearing, and tensile fracture. Static triaxial and dynamic plate impact experiments were used to determine the material properties. Dynamic strengths were higher than static; tensile strengths were ten times as high. A CAP constitutive model developed for concrete described compaction, Mohr-Coulomb yielding, and tensile separation following tensile strain accumulation. Model parameters were derived separately from the dynamic and the static data. Two-dimensional computational simulations were made of a rod impact experiment with threshold cracking using both static and dynamic parameters. The correct locations of fractures were predicted with the static parameters, but penetration and severity of failure were overpredicted. Penetration distance was correctly given with the dynamic parameters, but fracture was underpredicted. A model combining dynamic shaer and compaction properties with intermediate-rate tensile properties may be appropriate.
Epidermal growth factor receptor activation protects gastric epithelial cells from Helicobacter pylori-induced apoptosis.

Background & Aims Helicobacter pylori infection disrupts the balance between gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, which is likely to lower the threshold for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. H pylori infection is associated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) activation through metalloproteinase-dependent release of EGFR ligands in gastric epithelial cells. Because EGFR signaling regulates cell survival, we investigated whether activation of EGFR following H pylori infection promotes gastric epithelial survival. Methods Mouse conditionally immortalized stomach epithelial cells (ImSt) and a human gastric epithelial cell line, AGS cells, as well as wild-type and kinase-defective EGFR (EGFR wa2 ) mice, were infected with the H pylori cag + strain 7.13. Apoptosis, caspase activity, EGFR activation (phosphorylation), and EGFR downstream targets were analyzed. Results Inhibiting EGFR kinase activity or decreasing EGFR expression significantly increased H pylori -induced apoptosis in ImSt. Blocking H pylori -induced EGFR activation with a heparin-binding (HB)-EGF neutralizing antibody or abrogating a disintegrin and matrix metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM-17) expression increased apoptosis of H pylori -infected AGS and ImSt, respectively. Conversely, pretreatment of ImSt with HB-EGF completely blocked H pylori -induced apoptosis. H pylori infection stimulated gastric epithelial cell apoptosis in EGFR wa2 but not in wild-type mice. Furthermore, H pylori -induced EGFR phosphorylation stimulated phosphotidylinositol-3′-kinase-dependent activation of the antiapoptotic factor Akt, increased expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2, and decreased expression of the proapoptotic factor Bax. Conclusions EGFR activation by H pylori infection has an antiapoptotic effect in gastric epithelial cells that appears to involve Akt signaling and Bcl family members. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms of H pylori -associated tumorigenesis.
Patterns of affectivity in the transition to adolescence.

The present paper reports the findings of a factor analytic investigation of adolescent affect in a cross-sectional sample of 483 male and female fifth through ninth graders. Following the ESM method, adolescents carried electronic pagers and self-report booklets for one week. Students were paged seven times daily and completed self-report forms after each signal describing their moods and feelings. Principal components analysis yielded two internally consistent factors which were virtually identical to the positive and negative affect dimensions described in the literature on adult emotion. Contrary to findings reported in the developmental literature, arousal did not emerge as a dimension of adolescent affect. Further, the bipolar structure obtained for the entire sample, positive and negative affect, consistently emerged in separate analyses of adolescent gender and school groups. MANOVA analysis of estimated positive and negative affect scores indicated that while the underlying dimensions of adolescent affect were comparable to those observed for adults, variation along those dimensions may have been related to the social transitions (e.g., schooling) which punctuate adolescence.
Aerodynamic characteristics of Magellan spacecraft in Venus upper atmosphere

The aerodynamic flight characteristics of the Magellan spacecraft in the Venus atmosphere are computed at a nominal altitude of 140 km over a wide range of incidence angles and roll angles. Computational methods are described which can be used to simulate flowfields in the transition and free molecular domains over vehicles of arbitrarily complex geometry. Values of the drag, lift, and transverse forces and of the pitch, yaw, and roll moments are given for incidence angles of -60 to 60 deg and roll angles of 0 to 360 deg. Transitional flow effects are quantified and shown to be small, but not negligible and should be accounted for if high accuracy is required.
Tethering of the Bacillus subtilis σE Proprotein to the Cell Membrane Is Necessary for Its Processing but Insufficient for Its Stabilization

sigma(E), a sporulation-specific transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis, is synthesized as an inactive proprotein with a 27-amino acid extension at its amino terminus. This "pro" sequence is removed by a developmentally regulated protease, but when present, it blocks sigma(E) activity, tethers sigma(E) to the bacterium's cytoplasmic membrane, and promotes sigma(E) stability. To investigate whether pro-sigma(E) processing and/or stabilization are tied to membrane sequestration, we used fluorescent protein fusions to examine the membrane binding of SigE variants. The results are consistent with membrane association as a prerequisite for pro-sigma(E) processing but not as a sufficient cause for the proprotein's stability.
Studies of Store-Induced Limit-Cycle Oscillations Using a Model with Full System Nonlinearities

The authors investigate limit-cycle oscillations of a wing/store configuration. Unlike typical aeroelastic studies that are based upon a linearized form of the governing equations, herein full system nonlinearities are retained, and include transonic flow effects, coupled responses from the structure, and store-related kinematics and dynamics. Unsteady aerodynamic loads are modeled with the equations from transonic small disturbance theory. The structural dynamics for the cantilevered wing are modeled by the nonlinear equations of motion for a beam. The effects of general store-placement are modeled by the nonlinear equations of motion related to the position-induced nonlinear kinematics. Chordwise deformations of the wing surface, as well as pylon and store flexibility, are assumed negligible. Nonlinear responses are studied by examining bifurcation and related response characteristics using direct simulation. Particular attention is given to cases for which large-time, time-dependent behavior is dependent on initial conditions, as observed for some configurations in flight test. Comparisons of results in which selective nonlinearities are excluded indicate that the accurate prediction of nonlinear responses such as limit cycle oscillations (LCOs) may depend upon consideration of all nonlinearities related to the full system.
Wavelet-based automated river network generalization

We have created an interactive map that can smoothly zoom to any region. The core of our system utilizes wavelets to achieve this effect. The system is implemented to view hydrographic flowline data, such as in the USGS National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The map demonstrates that a wavelet-based approach is well suited for basic generalization operations. It provides smoothing and pruning that is continuously dependent on map scale.The method is applied to the Vermont river network, with the goal of creating an interactive map visualization. The process involves removing cycles from the network, prioritizing the segments according to their Strahler numbers, and extracting tributaries. Then each tributary is decomposed into wavelet details.When the user requests a map of a region B, the window size infers the scale s. Functions e(s) and σ(s) determine the accuracy and the pruning level. The tributaries that are visible in B are synthesized to the required accuracy e(s) and displayed according to the pruning function σ(s). In our system, the pruning is designed to be continuous with respect to the scale.Our implementation shows that the interactive map renders views in subsecond time. We have determined experimentally that the FBI (9--7) biorthogonal wavelet family provides the best compromise between quality of approximation and computation time.
Imaging Brain Injury Using Time-Resolved Near Infrared Light Scanning

Conventional brain imaging modalities are limited in that they image only secondary physical manifestations of brain injury, which may occur well after the actual insult to the brain and represent irreversible structural changes. A real-time continuous bedside monitor that images functional changes in cerebral blood flow or oxygenation might allow for recognition of brain tissue ischemia or hypoxia before the development of irreversible injury. Visible and near infrared light pass through human bone and tissue in small amounts, and the emerging light can be used to form images of the interior structure of the tissue and measure tissue blood flow and oxygen utilization based on light absorbance and scattering. We developed a portable time-of-flight and absorbance system which emits pulses of near infrared light into tissue and measures the transit time of photons through the tissue. Images can then be reconstructed mathematically using either absorbance or scattering information. Pathologic brain specimens from adult sheep and human newborns were studied with this device using rotational optical tomography. Images generated from these optical scans show that neonatal brain injuries such as subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhages can be successfully identified and localized. Resolution of this system appears to be better than 1 cm at a tissue depth of 5 cm, which should be sufficient for imaging some brain lesions as well as for detection of regional changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. We conclude that light-based imaging of cerebral structure and function is feasible and may permit identification of patients with impending brain injury as well as monitoring of the efficacy of intervention. Construction of real-time images of brain structure and function is now underway using a fiber optic headband and nonmechanical rotational scanner allowing comfortable, unintrusive monitoring over extended periods of time.
Magnetic characteristics of NdTbFe14-xCoxB and Nd2-xTbxCo14 alloys

Abstract Measurements of lattice parameters, bulk magnetization, magnetic ordering temperature, spin-reorientation temperature and anisotropy field were determined for NdTbFe14-xCoxB and Nd2-xTbxCo14B alloys systems. The anisotropy field in Nd2Fe14B is increased by almost two-fold upon 50% substitution of Tb for Nd at room temperature. Progressive partial substitution of Nd of Tb in the latter series results in a remarkable increase in the TSR. This behavior is ascribed to the stronger magnetic anisotropy of Tb ion in the lattice. The addition of Co in NdTbFe14B alloys has a beneficial effect in improving the Curie temperature, but with a substantial reduction in the anisotropy field at room temperature. A magnetic phase diagram for Nd2-xTbxCo14B is proposed. The results are discussed in terms of the competing anisotropies of the 4f and 3d ion in the studied systems.
Distribution of catecholamines in immature Fasciola hepatica: a histochemical and biochemical study

Abstract A fluorescence histochemical method was used to identify those structures in immature Fasciola hepatica which contain catecholamines. These amines were associated with the nervous system of the parasite. Catecholamine containing neuronal structures were distributed throughout the parasite. Catecholamine containing cells (possibly neurons) and fibers were most prominent in the head region. Bulb-like structures on the surface (possibly sensory papilla) containing catecholamines were connected to major Catecholamine nerves of the parasite. Dopamine was the only catecholamine that could be identified in extracts of immature flukes. Sixty-five percent of this amine was located in the anterior half of the parasite.
Analysis of rdx vapors in pre- and postdetonations using the ion mobility spectrometer under field conditions

Abstract The purpose of this work was threefold: To determine if the presence of RDX vapors could be detected both before and after an explosion in an enclosed area; to determine if this could be done with an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) in the field; and to test the concept of using a 6–in. quartz tube (0.25-in. od) as a preconcentrator in the field. All three purposes were fulfilled.
IL-4–induced activation of the Stat6 pathway contributes to the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and death in sepsis * **

Abstract Background: Although studies have shown that there is a marked depression in cell-mediated (T H 1 ) immunity after the onset of sepsis, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. In this regard, the T H2 cytokine IL-4 is known to regulate T H1 and T H2 cell responsiveness primarily through the activation of the signal transducer and activation of transcription factor-6 (Stat6) pathway. Methods: We hypothesized that IL-4 may contribute to the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and to death seen in sepsis and that IL-4 may be acting through the Stat6 pathway. To determine this, we induced cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham-CLP in male BALB/c mice. Mice received 2 mg of monoclonal antibody against IL-4 or IgG control at 12 hours after CLP (ie, at the onset of immune suppression). Splenic T cells were then isolated 24 hours after CLP and stimulated with monoclonal antibody to CD3. Cytokine release and Stat6 phosphorylation (activation) were determined. In a separate group of animals, survival was assessed over 10 days. Results: The results indicate that after CLP, T cells are suppressed in their ability to release the T H1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-γ. Alternatively, the release of T H2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 is markedly increased after CLP. This was associated with an increase in phosphorylated Stat6 protein. In vivo treatment of mice with monoclonal antibody to IL-4 at 12 hours after CLP restores T H1 responsiveness while preventing the increase in T H2 cytokine release and Stat6 phosphorylation. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-4 markedly increased the survival rates in septic animals. Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that the T H2 cytokine IL-4 contributes to the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and death associated with polymicrobial sepsis and suggest that IL-4 may be acting through the Stat6 pathway in septic animals. (Surgery 2000;128:133-8.)
Archiving Digital Materials: An Overview of the Issues

Digitization of content generated by those in academia—be they professors, lecturers, or administrative staff—has had a significant impact on the amount of space needed for storage on college and university campuses. What this paper attempts to address is some of the emerging technologies used for the storage of digital content and how these technologies have evolved since their origin with the American Memory Project in 1989, which is widely credited with starting the digital revolution in storage that is commonplace in offices and centers of higher education throughout the United States. The library's role in developing electronic storage for their own archival materials has had an ancillary effect in the field of digitization. The advances made by some libraries in creating more expansive storage devices that hold content other than text has benefited those in other fields as well.
Some Concepts and Axioms about Communication: Proximate and at a Distance.

An important element of written and other technological forms of communication is that they accommodate “distance” between sender and receiver in a way proximate communication does not. Despite its importance, the notion of distance has remained pretty much undeveloped in theories of written communication, and the reference points for developing it have remained scattered across various, often noninteractive, literatures such as social theory, network theory, knowledge representation, and postmodernism. Synthesizing across these diverse literatures, we formulate a set of concepts and axioms that lays down some baselines for the general communication context, proximate or at a distance. Our baseline concepts include, among others, relative similarity, signature, reach, and concurrency. We then move beyond these baselines to concepts and axioms that accommodate the specialized distance characteristics of written (also print and electronic) communication. These concepts include asynchronicity, durability, an...
Algebraic microscopic approach to drift-diffusion

Abstract A recently proposed approach [1] to describe rigorously diffusion and diffusion-related reactions on arbitrary networks in terms of elementary jumps has been extended to include drift-diffusion capability. The method is based on a combined density function approach to diffusion and on an adjacency matrix concept used in graph theory. The new method allows flexible and selective mixing of drift and diffusion on any two-dimensional domain of arbitrary outer and inner geometry. In particular, identity rank four tensors operating on subdomains are introduced to allow preservation of results of previous operations not affected by the subsequent mechanisms. As an application, it is shown that switching-off behavior of currents depends sensitively on the geometry of the domain. At present, numeric implementation and computational limitations restrict the use of the method to rather small macroscopic domains.
Verification and characterization of an autotracking solar radiometer

A spectral polarimeter with an autotracking mount to obtain atmospheric parameters required for the vicarious calibration of satellite sensors has been modified to work with anew computer and electronic components. The instrument has 12 bands covering the visible through the short-wave IR. There are 9 bands from 400 nm to 1100 nm which use a silicon detector, and 3 bands from 1100 nm to 2500 nm which use a temperature-stabilized, lead-sulfide detector. The instrument's operation was verified by using it as a solar radiometer and collecting Langley plot data. These were compared to data taken concurrently by a well-characterized, manually-pointed radiometer with 10 visible and near-IR channels. In addition, the effect of the gaseous transmittance on the retrieved optical depths of the short- wave IR bands are presented. The data are obtained by finding the band-averaged transmittance for each filter under several atmospheric and view conditions using the output from MODTRAN3.
Is the ontological proof for God’s existence an ontological proof for God’s existence?

Two questions concerning Anselm of Canterbury’s theistic argument provided in Proslogion Ch. 2 are asked and answered: is the argument valid? under what conditions could it be sound? In order to answer the questions the argument is formalized as a first-order theory called AP2. The argument turns out to be valid, although it contains a hidden premise. The argument is also claimed not to be ontological one, but rather an a posteriori argument. One of the premises is found to be false, so the argument is claimed not to be sound and to fail to prove its conclusion.
The synthesis, characterization, and alkylation of nacnac chromium triflate derivatives

Abstract A Cr(III) triflate coordinated by the bulky β-diketiminate MeLiPr (MeLiPr = 2,4-pentane N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)diketiminate) was synthesized from the corresponding bridging iodide complex [MeLiPrCr(μ-I)]2 by ligand substitution and subsequent oxidation with silver triflate (AgOTf). MeLiPr CrIII(OTf)2 exhibits rare trigonal bipyramidal geometry about Cr(III). Attempts to alkylate this triflate synthon with 1,4-dilithiobutane (Li(CH2)4Li) led to reduction, while reaction with dimethylzinc (ZnMe2) led to a mono-alkylated product; only the reaction with methyl lithium (MeLi) was successful in generating a dialkyl.