cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology matters: doing research in the behavioral and social sciences

Publisher Summary Doing research simply means the systematic use of some set of theoretical and empirical tools to try to increase understanding of some set of phenomena or events. In the social and behavioral sciences, the phenomena of interest involve states and actions of human systems—of individuals, groups, organizations, and larger social entities—and the by-products of those actions. The meaning of research evidence, in any area of science, is inherently tied to the means or methods by which that evidence was obtained. Hence, to understand empirical evidence, its meaning, and its limitations, requires having an understanding of the concepts and techniques on which that evidence is based. This chapter focuses on the tools with which researchers in the social and behavioral sciences go about doing research. It discusses issues about strategy, tactics, and operations and presents some of the inherent limits, as well as the potential strengths, of various features of the research process by which behavioral and social scientists do research.
Clinical practice. Postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Key Clinical Points Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Fractures and osteoporosis are common, particularly among older women, and hip fractures can be devastating. Treatment is generally recommended in postmenopausal women who have a bone mineral density T score of -2.5 or less, a history of spine or hip fracture, or a Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) score indicating increased fracture risk. Bisphosphonates (generic) and denosumab reduce the risk of hip, nonvertebral, and vertebral fractures; bisphosphonates are commonly used as first-line treatment in women who do not have contraindications. Teriparatide reduces the risk of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femur fractures have been reported with treatment but are rare. The benefit-to-risk ratio for osteoporosis treatment is strongly positive for most women with osteoporosis. Because benefits are retained after discontinuation of alendronate or zoledronic acid, drug holidays after 5 years of alendronate therapy or 3 years of zoledronic acid therapy may be considered for patients at lower risk for fracture.
Can big data help us close an epilepsy care gap

Epilepsy has been termed an “ambulatory care sensitive condition,” meaning that high-quality outpatient epilepsy care can reduce unnecessary emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Using this framework, high ED use is a marker of poor disease control or limited access to care.1 Do all people with epilepsy (PWE) with poorly controlled disease or limited access frequent the ED? Are other factors at play? In this changing health care landscape, with accountable care organizations and a need to reduce costs, can we predict PWE who are at high risk of frequent ED use?
No Dig No Fly No Go: How Maps Restrict and Control. By Mark Monmonier

Mark Monmonier's latest monograph concerns the broad class of imperative maps, those akin to sentences ending with exclamation points. These maps insist on what we do or do not do spatially, and ge...
Magnetic Resonance Image Sequence Influences the Relationship between Bone Marrow Lesions Volume and Pain: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are related to structural and symptomatic osteoarthritis progression. However, it is unclear how sequence selection influences a quantitative BML measurement and its construct validity. We compared quantitative assessment of BMLs on intermediate-weighted fat suppressed (IW FS) turbo spin echo and 3-dimensional dual echo steady state (3D DESS) sequences. We used a customized software to measure 30 knees' (24- and 48-month MR images) BMLs on both sequences. The results showed that the IW FS sequences have much larger BML volumes (median: IW FS = 1840 mm(3); DESS = 191 mm(3)) and BML volume change (between 24 and 48 months) than DESS sequence and demonstrate more BML volume change. The 24-month BML volume on IW FS is correlated with BML volume on DESS (r s = 0.83). BML volume change on IW FS is not significantly correlated with change on DESS. The 24-month WOMAC pain is correlated with the 24-month BMLs on IW FS (r s = 0.39) but not DESS. The change in WOMAC pain is correlated with BML volume change on IW FS (r s = 0.37) but not DESS. Overall, BML quantification on IW FS offers better validity and statistical power than BML quantification on a 3D DESS sequence.
POB3 is required for both transcription and replication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Spt16 and Pob3 form stable heterodimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and homologous proteins have also been purified as complexes from diverse eukaryotes. This conserved factor has been implicated in both transcription and replication and may affect both by altering the characteristics of chromatin. Here we describe the isolation and properties of a set of pob3 mutants and confirm that they have defects in both replication and transcription. Mutation of POB3 caused the Spt − phenotype, spt16 and pob3 alleles displayed severe synthetic defects, and elevated levels of Pob3 suppressed some spt16 phenotypes. These results are consistent with previous reports that Spt16 and Pob3 act in a complex that modulates transcription. Additional genetic interactions were observed between pob3 mutations and the genes encoding several DNA replication factors, including POL1, CTF4, DNA2 , and CHL12. pob3 alleles caused sensitivity to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea, indicating a defect in a process requiring rapid dNTP synthesis. Mutation of the S phase checkpoint gene MEC1 caused pob3 mutants to lose viability rapidly under restrictive conditions, revealing defects in a process monitored by Mec1. Direct examination of DNA contents by flow cytometry showed that S phase onset and progression were delayed when POB3 was mutated. We conclude that Pob3 is required for normal replication as well as for transcription.
Influence of chromium content on carburization of chromium-nickel-iron alloys in carbon dioxide

Abstract The use of carbon dioxide or other gases that contain carbon dioxide as nuclear reactor coolants presents certain compatibility problems in the reactor system. One of the more important of these concerns reactions of the gas with stainless steel fuel element cladding that may introduce carbon into the steel. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the carburization of Fe-9 % Ni, varying Cr alloys in pure carbon dioxide at 600 to 800° C. It is shown that the rate of carburization increases as the chromium content increases from 7 to 11 % Or and decreases sharply on further increase in chromium content to about 20 % Cr. The mechanism causing carburization in these alloys depends on the composition and nature of the oxide film. The existence of large amounts of Cr 2 O 3 in the film reduces the tendency for carburization in the higher chromium content alloys.
The effect of copolymers of 4(5)-vinylimidazole and quaternary imidazolium salts on the hydrolysis rates of charged and neutral esters. I

Cooperative and electrostatic effects were investigated for the hydrolysis of charged and neutral substrates catalyzed by a copolymer containing pendant nucleophiles (imidazole groups) and permanent positive charges (quaternary imidazolium halides). Limited evidence was also presented for apolar bonding in the hydrolysis of long chain anionic substrates catalyzed by a copolymer of 4 (5)-vinylimidazole and 2, 3-dimethyl-1-vinylimidazolium iodide (plm + C1+I−).
The effect of dietary protein quality on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds

We tested the competing hypotheses that (1) nitrogen discrimination in mammals and birds increases with dietary nitrogen concentration or decreasing C:N ratios and, therefore, discrimination will increase with trophic level as carnivores ingest more protein than herbivores and omnivores or (2) nitrogen discrimination increases as dietary protein quality decreases and, therefore, discrimination will decrease with trophic level as carnivores ingest higher quality protein than do herbivores. Discrimination factors were summarized for five major diet groupings and 21 different species of birds and mammals. Discrimination did not differ between mammals and birds and decreased as protein quality (expressed as biological value) increased with trophic level (i.e., herbivores to carnivores). Relationships between discrimination factors and dietary nitrogen concentration or C:N ratios were either the opposite of what was hypothesized or non-significant. Dietary protein quality accounted for 72% of the variation in discrimination factors across diet groupings. We concluded that protein quality established the baseline for discrimination between dietary groupings, while other variables, such as dietary protein intake relative to animal requirements, created within-group variation. We caution about the care needed in developing studies to understand variation in discrimination and subsequently applying those discrimination factors to estimate assimilated diets of wild animals.
Null mutation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-interacting protein in mammary glands causes defective mammopoiesis

To investigate the role of nuclear receptor coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-interacting protein (PRIP) in mammary gland development, we generated a conditional null mutation of PRIP in mammary glands. In PRIP-deficient mammary glands, the elongation of ducts during puberty was not affected, but the numbers of ductal branches were decreased, a condition that persisted long after puberty, indicating that the potential of ductal branching was impaired. During pregnancy, PRIP-deficient mammary glands exhibited decreased alveolar density. The lactating PRIP-deficient glands contained scant lobuloalveoli with many adipocytes, whereas the wild type glands were composed of virtually no adipocytes but mostly lobuloalveoli. As a result, PRIP mammary-deficient glands could not produce enough milk to nurse all the pups during lactation. The ductal branching of mammary glands in response to estrogen treatment was attenuated in PRIP mutant glands. Whereas the proliferation index was similar between wild type and PRIP-deficient glands, increased apoptosis was observed in PRIP-deficient glands. PRIP-deficient glands expressed increased amphiregulin, transforming growth factor-alpha, and betacellulin mRNA as compared with wild type glands. The differentiated function of PRIP-deficient mammary epithelial cells was largely intact, as evidenced by the expression of abundant beta-casein, whey acidic protein (WAP), and WDNM1 mRNA. We conclude that PRIP is important for normal mammary gland development.
Real-time 3-D volume rendering technique on a massively parallel supercomputer

We present a simple 3-D true color volume rendering technique which we have implemented on a 32,768 processor Connection Machine 2 (CM2). This technique weights the data along the line of sight to produce depth cuing information and control the opacity of the volume. We then perform an orthographic projection where the maximum value or sum is taken along each ray to create the image. Rendering identical sight angles with different opacity settings for the red, green, and blue planes of a true color display device creates a unique color image that is easy to interpret. Rotating the volume for each rendered frame enables the scientist to comprehend the 3-D spatial structure of the data. Our implementation on a 32 k CM2 can rotate, render, and display a 643 volume at the rate of five frames per second. This frame rate can be maintained while the rendering parameters and rotation angles vary. Rendering at high frame rates allows the scientist to draw substantial structural information from large data sets. Our rendering technique has been applied to data volumes from 3-D NMR microscopy, CT scans, electron microscope serial sections, confocal microscopy, and 3- D astrophysical simulations. It has also been used to visualize 3-D data sets that evolve over time.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of irrigation rate on yield of drip-irrigated seedless watermelon in a humid region

Abstract Seedless watermelon can be a profitable crop in humid regions such as the Delmarva Peninsula in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Production using drip irrigation under plastic mulch is increasingly common but, although this is potentially an efficient production system, it is also complex in terms of irrigation scheduling. Experiments were conducted in 2004, 2005 and 2006 in Georgetown, Delaware to measure the effect of irrigation rate on yield of seedless watermelon grown with drip irrigation under plastic mulch. Relative irrigation rates were used to provide water amounts that ranged from low to high. The irrigation rates in all years included 50%, 100% and 150% of nominal crop water use, with additional rates of 0% and 250% in 2005 and 2006. Data from a nearby weather station were used to estimate reference evapotranspiration. Volumetric soil water content in the 50%, 100% and 150% treatments was measured in the center of each mulched bed using multi-sensor capacitance probes with sensors at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm and 70 cm. Yield of seedless melons per unit area of land ranged from about 55–95 tonnes/ha, depending on the year and the irrigation rate, but within each year the yield differences due to the irrigation rate were not significant ( p = 0.10) despite the large range in rate. Differences in quality, as measured by sugar content and the incidence of hollow heart, was also not significant. This lack of response to irrigation may be due to the ability of the root system to use infiltrated rainwater from outside the mulched bed. Growers in the region tend to apply more water than may be required as a form of risk avoidance. This study indicates that irrigation amounts could likely be reduced without having an adverse effect on yield.
Managerial process improvement: a lean approach to eliminating medication delivery.

Purpose – Statistical evidence shows that medication errors are a major cause of injuries that concerns all health care oganizations. Despite all the efforts to improve the quality of care, the lack of understanding and inability of management to design a robust system that will strategically target those factors is a major cause of distress. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Achieving optimum organizational performance requires two key variables; work process factors and human performance factors. The approach is that healthcare administrators must take in account both variables in designing a strategy to reduce medication errors. However, strategies that will combat such phenomena require that managers and administrators understand the key factors that are causing medication delivery errors. Findings – The authors recommend that healthcare organizations implement the Toyota Production System (TPS) combined with human performance improvement (HPI) methodologies to elim...
Larval adipose tissue of homoeotic bithorax mutants of Drosophila.

Abstract In the homoeotic bithorax mutant combination bx3 pbx Ubx 105 of Drosophila melanogaster, the metathoracic segment is transformed to a mesothoracic segment and the adult flies have an extra pair of wings in place of the paired halteres [Lewis, E. B. (1963). Amer. Zool.3, 33–56]. The morphology of the larval fat body, the number of cells in the fat body, and the distribution pattern of kynurenine autofluorescent materials (KAF+) in this tissue were compared in the homoeotic mutant and a wild-type strain. The mutant has an additional mass of adipose cells anterior to the posterior margin of the ventral commissure of the fat body. However, the total number of adipose cells in the two strains as well as the limits of the KAF+ cell population do not differ. Therefore, the bithorax transformation in the larval fat body involves rearrangement of the same cell population as that in the normal strain. This study suggests (1) that the bithorax mutant genes affect the pattern of cell segregation and/or migration of preblastoderm nuclei during embryogenesis and (2) that the larval fat body of Drosophila has a segmental origin.
Severe idiopathic scoliosis with respiratory insufficiency treated with preoperative traction and staged anteroposterior spinal fusion with a 2-level apical vertebrectomy.

Abstract Background context Severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with respiratory insufficiency is infrequently seen in North America currently. Purpose To present the case of a teenager from Moscow, Russia who was referred to our center with a severe scoliosis and respiratory compromise. Study design/setting A case report on the evaluation and surgical treatment of a severely deformed teenager. Methods A 14+10-year-old was referred to our center for treatment of a 149° thoracic scoliosis. Preoperative pulmonary function tests (PFTs) revealed severe restrictive disease with a forced vital capacity (FVC) of 1.3L (34% predicted) and a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) of 0.99L (31% predicted). She underwent a 2-stage anterior and posterior 2-level vertebral column resection (VCR) with preoperative and in between anterior and posterior stage perioperative halo-gravity traction. Results Her thoracic scoliosis was corrected to 48° over 3 years postoperative. Her 3-year follow-up PFT revealed an FVC of 1.85L (52% predicted) and an FEV 1 of 1.6L (50% predicted). Conclusions A staged anterior and posterior VCR with intervening halo-gravity traction is a viable option to treat severe scoliosis in patients with restrictive pulmonary function.
Evaluating importance of facial expression in american sign language and pidgin signed english animations

Animations of American Sign Language (ASL) and Pidgin Signed English (PSE) have accessibility benefits for many signers with lower levels of written language literacy. In prior experimental studies we conducted evaluating animations of ASL, native signers gave informal feedback in which they critiqued the insufficient and inaccurate facial expressions of the virtual human character. While face movements are important for conveying grammatical and prosodic information in human ASL signing, no empirical evaluation of their impact on the understandability and perceived quality of ASL animations had previously been conducted. To quantify the suggestions of deaf participants in our prior studies, we experimentally evaluated ASL and PSE animations with and without various types of facial expressions, and we found that their inclusion does lead to measurable benefits for the understandability and perceived quality of the animations. This finding provides motivation for our future work on facial expressions in ASL and PSE animations, and it lays a novel methodological groundwork for evaluating the quality of facial expressions for conveying prosodic or grammatical information.
Effects of Oxygen and Light Intensity on Transcriptome Expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 REDOX ACTIVE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE

The roles of oxygen and light on the regulation of photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 have been well studied over the past 50 years. More recently, the effects of oxygen and light on gene regulation have been shown to involve the interacting redox chains present in R. sphaeroides under diverse growth conditions, and many of the redox carriers comprising these chains have been well studied. However, the expression patterns of those genes encoding these redox carriers, under aerobic and anaerobic photosynthetic growth, have been less well studied. Here, we provide a transcriptional analysis of many of the genes comprising the photosynthesis lifestyle, including genes corresponding to many of the known regulatory elements controlling the response of this organism to oxygen and light. The observed patterns of gene expression are evaluated and discussed in light of our knowledge of the physiology of R. sphaeroides under aerobic and photosynthetic growth conditions. Finally, this analysis has enabled to us go beyond the traditional patterns of gene expression associated with the photosynthesis lifestyle and to consider, for the first time, the full complement of genes responding to oxygen, and variations in light intensity when growing photosynthetically. The data provided here should be considered as a first step in enabling one to model electron flow in R. sphaeroides 2.4.1.
When were Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters formed

Conklin and Bracewell1 have presented upper limits on the root mean square temperature fluctuation σ of the 3° K microwave background radiation over angular scales of up to 2°. Their results can be summarized by the formulae where σ is in millidegrees K and the angular scale θ of the temperature anisotropy is in minutes of arc. A recent theoretical treatment2,3 of the dissipative effects resulting from radiative diffusion on inhomogeneities during the expansion from the primordial fireball phase of the universe has yielded a critical size for the fluctuations, below which radiative smoothing is dominant over a time short compared with the cosmic expansion time. This enables the anisotropy measurements to be used to make quantitative statements about the possible epochs of galaxy formation, when the fluctuations first become gravitationally bound.
Secretion and Function of Gastrointestinal Hormones after Bariatric Surgery: Their Role in Type 2 Diabetes

Bariatric surgical procedures were designed primarily to promote weight loss in morbidly obese individuals. There is increasing evidence that, apart from producing durable weight loss, bariatric surgery powerfully ameliorates type 2 diabetes in the majority of morbidly obese individuals. Its role is also being investigated in less obese patients, with generally favourable short-term results. While massive weight loss undoubtedly plays an important role in consolidating the long-term anti-diabetic impact of bariatric surgery, the role of the altered hormonal gut milieu is now known to be integral to improved glucose homeostasis. Changes in levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide, peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin have been described following metabolic surgery. The various surgical procedures differ in their respective abilities to modulate gut hormones, depending on whether they involve intestinal diversion or are purely restrictive. The postprandial GLP-1 response to an oral glucose tolerance test or mixed test meal is augmented following gastric bypass surgery or biliopancreatic diversion, while no change is observed after gastric banding. Increased PYY levels have been reported following gastric bypass. Levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, do not rise following weight loss due to gastric bypass, although this is not reported consistently in all studies. In this paper, the authors review the current evidence regarding the use of metabolic surgery to treat type 2 diabetes, focusing on published data from animal and human studies regarding gut hormone secretion and function following bariatric surgery.
Further studies of the ultrastructure of D2O grown winter rye.

An electron microscopic study of H2O- and D2O-cultured winterrye (Secale cereale L.cv. Winter) seedlings demonstrated that when compared to cells of H2O-cultured plants, cells of D2O-cultured plants contained many ribosomes (both in the cytoplasm and in the plastids), little smooth endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes with compressed cisternae and fewer cisternae per dictyosome. Chloroplasts from cells of D2O-cultured plants contained elongate grana with few lamellae per stack and electron dense partitions. Little stroma lamellae was present. However, numerous ribosomes were present in the stroma. Growth in D2O did not appear to affect microtubule morphology or occurrence.
Functional genomics and its implications for molecular medicine.

Technological development in genetics and genomics provides unprecedented possibilities to identify the underlying molecular basis of many common diseases. With the availability of the human genome sequence and growing information on the most frequent DNA variations combined with the molecular analysis on the RNA expression and protein level, diseases might be characterized in the future at the molecular level. Describing gene function and the specific role of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the disease process provides novel diagnostic tools and treatment. Ultimately, the goal is to provide optimal therapy for each patient. Understanding how the unique genetic signature of an individual influences the risk and prognosis of disease will be the basis for individualized medicine in the years to come.
Splitting and Emotional Regulation in Partner Violence

Interventions with victims of partner violence can become stymied until the clinician recognizes and accepts client vacillations as integral to the work. Appraisals and decisions that are reached in a therapy session may appear to be reversed or forgotten once the client returns home. Treatment strategies that focus on emotional regulation and splitting can help strengthen client awareness of contradicting beliefs, thereby strengthening self-efficacy and problem-solving.
Studies of Spin-Orbit Scattering in Noble-Metal Nanoparticles Using Energy-Level Tunneling Spectroscopy

The effects of spin-orbit scattering on discrete electronic energy levels are studied in copper, silver, and gold nanoparticles. Level-to-level fluctuations of the effective $g$-factor for Zeeman splitting are characterized, and the statistics are found to be well described by random matrix theory predictions. The strength of spin-orbit scattering increases with atomic number and also varies between nanoparticles made of the same metal. We compare the spin-orbit scattering rates in the nanoparticles to weak-localization measurements on larger samples.
Chemistry of fluorinated quinones I. The Diels-Alder reactions of fluoranil

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction of fluoranil with cyclopentadiene, 1,3-butadiene, and 1-acetoxy-1,3-butadiene gave 1,4, 5, 8-bis(methylene)-4a, 8a, 9a, 10a-tetrafluoro-1, 4, 4a, 5, 8, 8a, 9a, 10a-octahydroanthraquinone (I), 2, 3, 4a, 8a-tetrafluoro-4a, 5, 8, 8a-tetrahydro-1,4-naphthoquinone (III), and 5-acetoxy-2, 3, 4a, 8a-tetrafluoro-4a, 5, 8, 8a-tetrahydro-1,4- naphthoquinone (VI), respectively. Hydrogenation of I gave the expected saturated diketone(II). Hydrogenation of III afforded, with elimination of the two tertiary fluorines, 2,3-difluoro-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1, 4- dihydroxynaphthalene (IV). In hydrogenation of VI, acetic acid and two moles of hydrogen fluoride were eliminated to give 2,3-difluoro-1, 4-dihydroxynaphthalene(VII). Both dihydroxy compounds IV and VII yielded on oxidation with ferric chloride the corresponding quinones, 2, 3- difluoro-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1, 4-naphthoquinone (V) and 2, 3-difluoro-1, 4-naphthoquinone (VIII), respectively. Equivalent amounts of compounds IV and V gave a red-brown semiquinone IX, and a mixture of VI and VIII gave a dark-violet semiquinone X.
Bayesian Inference and the Analytic Continuation of Imaginary-Time Quantum Monte Carlo Data

We present brief description of how methods of Bayesian inference are used to obtain real frequency information by the analytic continuation of imaginary-time quantum Monte Carlo data. We present the procedure we used, which is due to R. K. Bryan, and summarize several bottleneck issues.
Culture and Stress: A Quantitative Analysis1

Although anthropologists often employ the concept of stress to account for behavior, they have seldom studied differences in the way stressful situations are appraised. Some situations may be stressors in every society, others may be culturally relative. A method for quantifying the perceived magnitudes of events leading to culture shock is described and the results from a study of three sample populations are analyzed. This method has other applications which may increase the rigor of comparative studies.
Reflexive nominal compounds

This paper presents a detailed analysis of reflexive nominal compounds like self-assessment in English and their counterparts in nine other languages, whose number and use has strongly increased in these languages over the last several decades. The first component of these compounds is shown to be related to intensifiers like selbst in German and its cognate form self- in English, whose multiple uses also underlie different semantic types of reflexive compounds (self-help vs. self-control), whereas the second component typically derives from transitive verbs. Among the central problems discussed in this paper are the question of the productivity of these compounds and the possibility of deriving their meaning in a compositional fashion. The parameters of variation manifested by the sample of languages under comparison in this pilot study concern inter alia the form of the intensifier (native or borrowed, one or two), the semantic type, and the lexical category of the resultant compound.
One-dimensional mapping of gamma emitting radionuclides in support of forensic examination

The development of two generations of a one-dimensional gamma mapping system is described. These systems use high-Z shielding, linear stage, and a high-purity germanium detector. Application to items of forensic interest is described and results for such items are presented. The presented results show the fission product (137Cs) and activation product (60Co) distributions along one-dimension of an archival item.
Exercise Training in Aging: Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stress Evaluations

The effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and metabolic parameters as well as on responses to oxidative stress in aged individuals are controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in heart hate, mean arterial pressure, vasoreactivity, and plasma levels of insulin and glucose in male aged Wistar rats submitted to exercise training for 11 weeks (1 h/d; 5 d/wk) in a treadmill. The isolated heart was perfused by H2O2, and oxidative stress was evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Cardiovascular functions were recorded with a data acquisition system (CODAS, 1 kHz). Trained aged rats were bradycardic as compared with sedentary aged rats (298+/-7 versus 336+/-16 bpm) but presented similar mean arterial pressure and vasoreactivity and plasma levels of insulin and of glucose, which were quantified by radioimmunoassay and colorimetric enzymatic test. Plasma levels of insulin and of glucose ratio were increased in trained aged rats (6.9+/-0.7 versus 3.5+/-0.4 in sedentary aged rats), and the response to oxidative stress was decreased (0.4+/-0.1 versus 0.7+/-0.1 nmol/mg protein in sedentary aged rats). These results showed that exercise training produced a lower resting heart rate as well as changes in metabolic and oxidative responses. This suggests a higher myocardium protection of trained than sedentary aged rats.
The Match between CEO and Firm

We investigate the role of job‐match heterogeneity in the CEO labor market. We document a high percentage of CEO turnovers in the early years of tenure as illustrated by the hazard that increases until the fifth year of CEO tenure and then decreases. Evidence suggests that a good match is more likely if the new CEO performs better than the previous CEO. The best matches tend to occur when inside (outside) CEOs follow previous CEOs who quit (are dismissed). Evidence consistent with match theory in the CEO labor market suggests factors that influence the likelihood of observing a good match.
In vivo cytogenetic studies on mice exposed to ethylene dibromide.

Abstract The pesticide, ethylene dibromide (EDB), was evaluated with in vivo cytogenetic assays to determine its genotoxicity. CD1 male mice were exposed to EDB through intraperitoneal injections. Bone marrow cells isolated from femora were analyzed for sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberration and micronucleus formation. The results showed that only certain concentrations of EDB tested caused a slight but significant increase in SCEs and chromosome aberrations. However, these increases were not dose-related. No increase in the polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei was observed following EDB exposure. Aslo, EDB did not cause cell-cycle delay in comparison with controls. Thus, it appears that EDB is not an effective genotoxic agent in vivo in mice.
Periodontal Repair in Dogs: Analysis of Histometric Assessments in the Supraalveolar Periodontal Defect Model

Background: Traditionally, the mean value from histometric assessments of several histologic sections from the same site has been, used for the histometric characterization of the site. The histometric analysis of the supraalveolar periodontal defect model uses observations from buccal and lingual sites in three stepserial sections representing the central aspect of the mesial and distal root for the third and fourth mandibular premolar teeth. The objectives of this study were to investigate the correlations and determine whether there are significant differences in the measurement values of various histometric parameters between the three step-serial sections and to test the hypothesis that, in this animal model, histometric assessments using the most central section of each root are comparable to the mathematical means of corresponding assessments of the site using the three step-serial sections. Methods: Histometric analysis using light microscopy, an attached digital camera system, and a personal computer-based image analysis system including a custom program for the supraalveolar periodontal defect model was performed on histologic sections acquired from one jaw quadrant in each of 12 dogs. The animals had received a protocol including placement of a coral biomaterial and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes, and were evaluated following a 4-week healing interval. Twelve parameters were assessed using three central step-serial sections from each root. For each parameter, pair-wise comparisons were performed using the mixed models analysis of variance, and the correlations between measurements were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: For all parameters assessed, there were no significant differences (P >0.05) among the three sections. The differences between the central section and the means of the three step-serial sections were small and not statistically significant. Parameters that could be assessed on most or all specimens, such as defect height and area, membrane height, and bone regeneration area, showed high correlations among the three step-serial sections (intraclass coefficient [ICC] ∼ 0.91 to 0.98), and between each of the three sections and the mean for the three step-serial sections (ICC ≥0.95). The most central section had somewhat higher correlation with the mean than measurements made on the lateral sections. Conclusion: The results suggest that using the supraalveolar periodontal defect model representative histometric data can be obtained evaluating only the central section from each defect site. J Periodontol 2004;75:1688-1693.
Residential segregation and preference misalignment

Abstract This paper studies the role of disparities in neighborhood composition preferences in perpetuating residential segregation. Evidence from the Multi-city study of urban inequality (MCSUI) suggests that it would be impossible to simultaneously sort White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic households into neighborhoods that match their stated ideal. Simulations suggest that rearranging blocks in US metropolitan areas to match preferences stated by Black MCSUI respondents would involve moving 36% of the Black population to a block with a lower concentration of Black neighbors and 6% of the Black population to a block with a higher concentration of Black neighbors.
Endothelin receptors and endothelin-1 in developing rat teeth

Abstract Introduction The endothelins are a family of small peptides with multiple roles in a variety of tissues. Signaling is mediated through two receptor subtypes, the endothelin A receptor (ET A ) specific for Et-1 and the non-specific endothelin B receptor (ET B ). Objective Our goal was to determine the location of immunoreactivity (IR) for ET A and ET B in developing and mature rat teeth as indicators of endothelin (Et) regulatory sites and to compare this to the Et-1 (ligand)-IR expression patterns. Design We used immunohistochemistry to study developing and mature rat molars and continuously developing incisors. Results We demonstrate ET A , ET B , and Et-1 expression patterns in teeth, for the first time. ET A was found in developing molar root pulp, pulpal vasculature, and preodontoblasts, and then persisted in odontoblasts or cellular cementocytes at the root apices of mature teeth. ET B was found at the molar (Hertwig's) root sheath during root formation and in molar ameloblasts, nerve fibers and odontoblasts of immature and mature teeth. In incisors, ET B -IR was associated with ameloblasts and the stem cell niche of the cervical loop while ET A was located in the substratum layer. Et-1 was found throughout the dental and periodontal tissues with higher concentrations associated with odontoblasts, nerves and incisor layers that expressed ET B . Conclusion The patterns of ET A and ET B in teeth differ from each other and from those of adjacent tissues suggesting multiple tooth-specific functions for endothelin during development and mature dental function.
The Fiscal Autonomy of Deciders: Creditworthiness and Conflict Initiation†

Liberal theory claims that the constraint taxpayers impose on military expenditure is an important mechanism through which democracy and international commerce help prevent conflict. However, leaders with affordable access to sovereign credit have often overcome this constraint by raising revenue on credit markets. By minimizing or deferring the economic burden imposed on taxpayers and the macroeconomic stress associated with alternative financing strategies, I argue that these leaders have greater autonomy to pursue an aggressive foreign policy if they so desire. Leaders that lack creditor confidence risk increased political opposition and removal from office if hostilities generate macroeconomic stress or disturb the domestic fiscal balance. They also face a higher likelihood of defeat or retreat, and the subsequent political consequences, if they pursue conflict without sufficient resources. Estimates of a heteroskedastic probit model support this hypothesis and indicate that creditworthy states initiate conflict with a greater mean probability and greater variance than their noncreditworthy counterparts.
Hedonic prices, demands for urban housing amenities, and benefit estimates

Abstract This paper uses a Rosen, two-step, hedonic price-trait demand approach to estimate demand functions for a vector of urban amenities. To ascertain whether this theoretically preferred approach yields benefit estimates which differ from the oft-used Ridker-Henning, one-step, hedonic approach we conduct a sensitivity analysis. We find that the two-step approach does yield different benefit estimates and that the differences are large for some amenities. The estimates are sensitive to the functional form of the hedonic equation when the forms are significantly different according to modified Box-Cox results, but are not particularly sensitive to specification of the amenity demand equation.
Anisotropic transport of two-dimensional holes in high Landau levels

Abstract Magnetoresistance data taken along [ 2 3 3] and [0 1 1 ] directions in a GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional hole sample with van der Pauw geometry exhibit significant anisotropy at half-integer filling factors. The anisotropy appears to depend on both the density and symmetry of the hole charge distribution.
Automatic analysis of one-parameter planar ordinary differential equations by intelligent numeric simulation

Abstract This paper describes research on automating the analysis of physical systems modeled by ordinary differential equations. It describes a program called POINCARE that analyzes one-parameter autonomous planar systems at the level of experts through a combination of theoretical dynamics, numerical simulation, and geometric reasoning. The input is the system, a bounding box for the system state, a bounding interval for the parameter, and error tolerances. POINCARE partitions the parameter interval into open subintervals of equivalent behavior bounded by bifurcation points, classifies the bifurcation points, and constructs representative phase diagrams for the subintervals. It detects local and global generic one-parameter bifurcations. It constructs the phase diagrams by identifying fixed points, saddle manifolds, and limit cycles and partitioning the remaining trajectories into open regions of uniform asymptotic behavior. It obtains the region boundaries by numeric simulation, guided by theoretical knowledge. It determines the behavior near fixed points from the Jacobian of the system, scans outward to find basins of attractors and limit cycles, and stops at the bounding box.
Modeling and optimization of a segmented reflector telescope

An optomechanical model of a segmented reflector telescope is developed. An image quality metric is used to optimize the placement of damping elements in the telescope backup truss. Comparisons with an alternative placement criteria are made.
Epoxychrysahthemic acid as an intermediate in metabolic decarboxylation of chrysanthemate insecticides

Abstract Epoxychrysanthemic acid undergoes rapid decarboxylatlon in aqueous medium at physiological pH to form a ring-opened dienol. Epoxychrysanthemates degrade in dilute acid to cyclopropane ring-opened diols. Metabolic decarboxylation of tetramethrin ( 1 ) and related chrysanthemate insecticides involves sequential enzymatic isobutenyl epoxidation, hydrolysis of the epoxychrysanthemate, and a nonenzymatic concerted decarboxylation and oxirane-ring opening reaction.
Nonlinear Analysis of a 2-DOF Piecewise Linear Aeroelastic System

Aerodynamic forces for a 2-DOF aeroelastic system oscillating in pitch and plunge are modeled as a piecewise linear function. Equilibria of the piecewise linear model are obtained and their stability/bifurcations analyzed. Two of the main bifurcations are border collision and rapid/Hopf bifurcations. Continuation is used to generate the bifurcation diagrams of the system. Chaotic behavior following the intermittent route is also observed. To better understand the grazing phenomenon sets of initial conditions associated with the system behavior are defined and analyzed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Undergraduate education in legal psychology.

The purpose of this article is to describe ways that legal psychology can be introduced into the undergraduate curriculum. The extent to which undergraduate “psychology and law” courses are currently a part of the curriculum is described, and a model is proposed for coursework in a Psychology Department that might adequately reflect coverage of the legal area. The role of legal psychology in interdisciplinary programs and Criminal Justice departments is discussed. Sources for teaching aids and curricular materials are described.
Innovation in Consumer Markets: French and American Bicycles, 1860s–1920s

Most scholars specialize in specific aspects of innovation: in industry, among users, between producers and consumers and within market trajectories. I synthesize many such approaches into a conceptual framework to study innovation in consumer markets. I argue that consumers can work with producers to foster product innovation, subject to market conditions. These conditions include product and technological life cycles, social landscapes and market regimes and segment structure. I illustrate this framework by analyzing the French and American bicycle markets from the 1860s to the 1920s. In eras of ferment, consumers in specific segments constructed technological innovation systems with producers to shape product innovation. In other periods, markets turned to normal business and process innovation. Inter-segment relations also influenced innovation systems and national market trajectories. I conclude by developing further propositions for research.
Enzymological and inhibitory properties of acetylcholinesterase purified from Lygus hesperus knight (Hemiptera:Miridae)

We studied the enzymological and inhibitory properties of a 600-fold purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) from Lygus hesperus Knight. The optimal pH and temperature were 7.5–8.0 and 35–40°C, respectively, for hydrolyzing selected substrates. Km and Vmax were 6.9 × 10−5 M and 42.9 units/mg for acetylthiocholine (ATC), 6.5 × 10−5 M and 32.8 units/mg for acetyl-(β-methyl) thiocholine (AβMTC), 7.2 × 10−5 M and 21.9 units/mg for propionylthiocholine (PTC), and 3.3 × 10−3 M and 4.2 units/mg for S-butyrylthiocholine (BTC), at 37°C and pH 7.7. The efficiency for hydrolyzing different substrates was ATC > AβMTC > PTC > BTC. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 10−7 M eserine or BW284C51, but not by ethopropazine. The enzyme's inhibitor and substrate specificities, and substrate (ATC) inhibition confirmed that it was an AChE. Bimolecular reaction constants were 9.44 × 105 M−1 min−1 for paraoxon, 2.21 × 105 M−1 min−1 for dichlorvos, 8.28 × 106 M−1 min−1 for naled, 2.15 × 104 M−1 min−1 for oxydemeton-methyl, 4.18 × 104 M−1 min− for demeton-S-methyl, for 2.98 × 105 M−1 min−1 for mevinphos, at 25°C. The inhibitory potency for all six organophosphorus compounds was mainly determined by the affinity between the organophosphates and AChE. Eserine and carbofuran were competitive inhibitors for the active sites of AChE. The competitive inhibition constant was 1.20 × 10−8 M for eserine and 1.24 × 10−8 M for carbofuran.
Recording of one-dimensionally dispersed holograms in white light

A conventional lens system is incorporated into a three-grating interferometer, producing a system for making 1-D dispersed holograms in white light. A hologram of a 2-D transparency was made so that in 1-D the object was imaged onto the hologram, whereas in the orthogonal dimension, the image formed some distance from the hologram plane.
Can We Be Funny? The Social Responsibility of Political Humor

Probing the vague boundaries and constraints commonly placed on humor, this exploratory essay considers the responsibilities and duties that can guide political humor. Working within a deontological paradigm, the essay establishes the relevance of ethics within society's political humor and considers the importance of ethical political humor. Moreover, this study points to Christians and Nordenstreng's model of global social responsibility theory as providing a parsimonious and flexible framework for orienting ethical political humor.