cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperelliptic translation surfaces and folded tori

Abstract Following constructions of McMullen [11] and Vasilyev [15] we list strict quadratic differentials on (marked) tori defined by twists of one-forms on hyperelliptic surfaces. We count the total number of twists in each genus and show that the quadratic differentials on (marked) tori are strict. Taking universal covers we obtain a variety of (non-arithmetic) lattice Panov planes [14] from genus two lattice surfaces.
A numerical model for areal migration of water and light hydrocarbon in unconfined aquifers

Abstract A finite element model has been developed to simulate simultaneous flow of water and light hydrocarbon in an areal flow region of an unconfined aquifer for analyses of hydrocarbon spreading from subsurface leaks or spills and for use in design of free product recovery systems. Vertically integrated governing equations for water and oil flow are employed which assume local vertical equilibrium and negligible gas pressure gradients. Multiple water and free product recovery wells are handled as internal type-I boundary conditions by stipulating air-oil table elevation and free product height with corrections to convert grid averaged nodal heads to actual well bore fluid levels. An automatic updating scheme for well bore correction factors is introduced which ensures consistency of well flux calculations with the global mass balance. Areal model predictions are compared with two dimensional vertical cartesian and radial simulations with multiphase seepage faces for hypothetical trench and well free product recovery systems, respectively. The results indicate that the assumption of vertical equilibrium and lack of explicit treatment of seepage faces in the areal model produce minor loss in accuracy while conferring major reductions in computational effort. Simulations of various spill spreading and free product recovery scenarios with multiple pumping wells are investigated to demonstrate the model capabilities.
Aggregation and Lack of Secretion of Most Newly Synthesized Proinsulin in Non-β-Cell Lines

Myoblasts transfected with HB10D insulin secrete more hormone than those transfected with wild-type insulin, as published previously, indicating that production of wild-type insulin is not efficient in these cells. The ability of non-β-cells to produce insulin was examined in several cell lines. In clones of neuroendocrine GH4C1 cells stably transfected with proinsulin, two thirds of 35S-proinsulin was degraded within 3 h of synthesis, whereas 35S-prolactin was stable. In transiently transfected neuroendocrine AtT20 cells, half of 35S-proinsulin was degraded within 3 h after synthesis, whereas 35S-GH was stable. In transiently transfected fibroblast COS cells, 35S-proinsulin was stable for longer, but less than 10% was secreted 8 h after synthesis. Proinsulin formed a concentrated patch detected by immunofluorescence in transfected cells that did not colocalize with calreticulin or BiP, markers for the endoplasmic reticulum, but did colocalize with membrin, a marker for the cis-medial Golgi complex. Proin...
Suppression of uptake of l-arginine-U-14C into chromatographically separated cationic nuclear proteins of tissues of tumour-bearing rats by 5-bis (2-chloroethyl) aminouracil

Abstract At varying time periods ranging from 2 to 24 hr after pre-treatment with 4 mg of 5-bis (2-chloroethyl) aminouracil per kg, rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma were injected intraperitoneally with 10 μc of l -arginine-U- 14 C. One hour after injection of the tracer, the acid-soluble nuclear proteins of tumor, liver and spleen were isolated and chromatographed on carboxymethylcellulose columns. Comparison of the control values with the results obtained 4 hr following administration of the drug indicates that, in the spleen, the specific activities of the proteins of those radioactive protein peaks which have been termed RP1-A, RP2-A, RP3-A, RP4-A and RP5-A, were reduced to 14, 28, 22, 0 and 36 per cent, respectively, of the control values. In the tumor, 24 hr after administration of the drug, the specific activities of the proteins of radioactive protein peaks RP3-A and RP4-A were reduced to 24 and 38 per cent of the control values, respectively. The specific activities of the proteins of the liver were not significantly changed at any of the times they were examined. These data provide evidence that the effects of aminouracil mustard on the incorporation of this amino acid into nuclear proteins are, in part, specific. The data also provide an indication of the marked sensitivity of metabolism of nuclear proteins of the spleen to the effects of this drug.
MobiCom poster: emulating large-scale wireless networks using ModelNet

Distributed services for mobile and ad hoc networks are difficult to evaluate due to their scale and the current infrastructure available. Unfortunately, it is difficult to deploy development software at a large number of mobile nodes or to evaluate it under controlled conditions. Simulation is a useful approach, but it abstracts key details of real implementations. It also typically requires rewriting of the application for the simulator. Nod
Clinical correlations of diffusion and perfusion lesion volumes in acute ischemic stroke.

The aim of this study was to describe the clinico-radiological correlations of magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) abnormalities in ischemic stroke. Eighteen patients had undergone MR imaging and clinical evaluation within 24 h of symptom onset and at or after 7 days. During the first 24 h the volume of perfusion abnormality (measured on the relative mean transit time map) was larger than the DWI lesion in 12/18 patients. In 6/18 patients the DWI lesion volume was larger. Acutely (<24 h) all lesion volumes showed a significant correlation with acute clinical severity measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. The correlations of the hypoperfusion volume (rho = 0.86, p = 0.0001) and the volume 'tissue at risk' (larger than the DWI and perfusion lesion volumes, rho = 0.86, p = 0. 0001) with acute clinical severity were slightly higher than for the DWI lesion volume (rho = 0.76, p = 0.0001). The difference between the volume of tissue at risk (acutely) and the infarct on follow-up T(2)-weighted imaging correlated significantly with change in clinical severity from acute to chronic time points (rho = 0.72, p = 0.001). Such clinico-radiological relationships may support the use of DWI and perfusion MR in decisions concerning the administration and evaluation of stroke therapies.
Determining the undetermined

Comment on Rajkumar et al, page [812][1] Although a limited proportion of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progress to multiple myeloma and related disorders, inability to distinguish those who progress has required life-long follow-up of all patients. In
Postembryonic production and aging of inner ear hair cells in sharks

In many animals the sensory hair cells of the inner ear are ultrastructurally variable within individual epithelia. This variation has been hypothetically related to both the function and the age of the individual cells. In this study, growth-related changes in hair cell populations were examined in the macula neglecta sensory epithelia of juvenile and adult sharks. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that more than 80% of the 200,000 hair cells in the adult's macula neglecta are produced postembryonically. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography and histological descriptions of the hair cells in this sound detector indicate that new sensory cells are produced in growth zones at the edges of the epithelia. The hair cells in those zones have small cell bodies, small and heterogeneous cilia complexes, and associations with small numbers of particularly thin nerve terminals. Their cytological features and their sparse innervation contrast with the features of the more numerous central cells in each epithelium, but appear to resemble the published descriptions of embryonically developing hair cells. Thus, a germinal zone at the leading edge of sensory epithelium growth appears to persist into adult life in sharks. Published reports reinterpreted in light of this evidence suggest that such hair cell population growth may be expected in other anamniotes and that latent growth zones might persist in the ears of amniotes.
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in the rat brain: immunocytochemical localization in neurons of the brain stem.

Abstract Neurons containing the enzyme aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase were immunocytochemically localized in the brain stem of the rat. The enzyme occured as expected in previously well characterized monoaminergic cell groups, and in addition in some nuclei with unknown neurotransmitters. Major aggregates of neurons that were immunoreactive for aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase but contained neither tyrosine hydroxylase nor serotonin, were found in the pretectal nuclei, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, and the dorsolateral subdivision of the nucleus tractus solitarius. Aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase was also present in serotonin neurons and the majority of catecholamine cell groups. Dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline cells exhibited characteristic staining intensities to anti-aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase reflective of relative enzyme levels in the different groups. Some cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus that were previously classified as dopaminergic lacked immunoreactivity to aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase.
Final mission design for IRAS

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was operated on orbit from 26 January to 22 November 1983 (GMT). Its primary purpose, successfully accomplished, was to conduct an all-sky survey in the infrared from 8 to 120 microns. The mission design for this project featured orbit selection; numerous exercises in the geometry of the sphere; computer simulation of mission, sky, and telescope; and an active interface with the IRAS Science Team. In addition to mission design, the subject of mission planning after launch is addressed. The paper makes extensive use of reference to other works on the topic and seeks to derive some general conclusions on the subject based upon the IRAS experience.
Bautin bifurcation for the Lengyel–Epstein system

In this paper, complete analysis is presented to study Bautin bifurcation for the Lengyel–Epstein System $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \frac{du}{dt}=a-u-\frac{4uv}{1+u^2},\\ \frac{dv}{dt}=\sigma b\left( u-\frac{uv}{1+u^2}\right) . \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$ Sufficient conditions for $$a$$ and $$b$$ are given for the system to demonstrate Bautin bifurcation. By using $$b$$ and $$\alpha =a/5$$ as bifurcation parameters and computing the first and second Lyapunov coefficients and performing nonlinear transformation, the normal form with unfolding parameters is derived to obtain the bifurcation diagrams such as Hopf and double limit cycle bifurcations. An example is given to confirm that the system has two limit cycles.
Driver Performance Results from the Travtek IVHS Camera Car Evaluation Study

The TravTek system constitutes a major Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS) Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) demonstration project. The system provided in-vehicle information via color touchscreen CRT, steering wheel buttons, and synthesized voice. The TravTek driver interface was developed with the intent of providing navigation, service and attractions, and roadway incident and traffic information to the driver. The design of the TravTek interface had as its primary objectives: (1) more effective driver navigation providing the benefit of saving time, (2) easy access to valuable and convenient location information to alleviate stress and increase driving enjoyment, (3) maintenance of safe driving performance during system use and safety improvement facilitated by information for avoiding hazards and for emergency response, and (4) improvement of roadway efficiency to alleviate congestion.This paper provides detailed data regarding driver performance and behavioral interactions with four ...
The role of gene-environment interaction in predicting adverse pregnancy outcome.

This article focuses on the influence of gene–environment interaction on pregnancy outcome. In particular, we focus on those adverse outcomes related to subclinical infection and the resultant inflammation of gestational tissues. We identify genetic association studies on pregnancy-related disorders with an infectious/inflammatory etiology. All studies in this field have focused on spontaneous preterm delivery and/or preterm and premature rupture of membranes. We discuss those articles where an environmental (infectious) exposure was studied in relation to genetic variability. In these studies, infectious exposure was defined as altered vaginal flora or bacterial vaginosis (BV). Maternal genomic variations influence both tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β response to BV-related organisms (anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria and Gardnerella vaginalis in particular) in the vagina and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Further studies are warranted to confirm these associations, stratify disease risk, and delineate interventions for achieving population health benefits.
Unused protein synthetic capacity of Escherichia coli grown in phosphate-limited chemostats.

Escherichia coli was grown in phosphate-limited chemostat cultures at dilution rates corresponding to 8 to 12-hour doubling times. The RNA content expected in such cultures based on the “constant efficiency” hypothesis was six to eight-fold lower than that actually found. Measurement of the growth kinetics, pulse incorporation of guanine and tryptophan following nutritional shift-up, and the determination of delay time for the completion of the first polypeptide of β -galactosidase after addition of inducer lead to the following conclusions. (1) The “extra” RNA corresponds to unused protein synthetic capacity that is not in use in phosphate-limited growth. (2) However, those ribosomes actually engaged in protein synthesis do operate as efficiently as in faster growing cells. (3) Immediately (less than five minutes) on being shifted-up, the previously unused protein synthetic capacity does function. (4) The rate of RNA accumulation after a nutritional shift-up from phosphate-limited growth accelerates quickly, then decelerates, and then accelerates more slowly to the steady-state rate.
Social Cues Accelerate Reentrainment of Circadian Rhythms in Diurnal Female Octodon Degus (Rodentia-Octodontidae)

Previous studies paired diurnal Octodon degus undergoing/phase advances (phase-shifters) with those entrained to a light-dark (LD) cycle (donors). Results included opposite outcomes of male and female social cues on resynchronization following 6-h advances in females, but no effect of social cues on male resynchronization. The first experiment determined if social cues could influence resynchronization rates of circadian rhythms in male and female degus following a 6-h phase delay of the LD cycle. Female phase-shifters resynchronized temperature and activity rhythms 20–35% faster when housed with either entrained (donor) females or males compared with females housed alone. No significant differences in resynchronization rate for phase-shifting males existed between test conditions. This experiment extends the previous finding that females, but not males, respond strongly to donor cues to increase resynchronization rates in the presence of light. A second experiment determined that accelerated resynchroniz...
Effect of buffered solutions and sulfate on vegetative and sexual development in gametophytes of Pteridium aquilinum

Experiments were performed to determine effects of buffered solutions (0.01 M) on vegetative development and fertilization of gametophytes of Pteridium aquilinum. Buffered solutions were used to simulate exposures to acidic precipitation up to 3.5 h. Flagellar movement of sperm was reduced at buffer pH levels below 5.8. Specifically, longevity of motility was reduced so that no movements were observed 8 to 10 and 5 to 7 min after exposure to pH 5.6 and 5.2, respectively. Addition of sulfate (86 ..mu..M) depressed the percent motile sperm by 50 percent, 2 to 4 min after exposure at all pH values tested. Longevity of flagellar movement was most affected by pH and additions of sulfate. The effect on fertilization was assayed directly by determinations of sporophyte production. Although gametophyte survival and development were not affected by solutions of pH 5.8 to 2.2, fertilization was reduced after exposure to buffers below pH 4.2. Sporophyte production was not altered at pH 5.2 but was reduced 50 percent at pH levels of 4.2 and 3.2 compared with exposures to pH 5.8. Addition of sulfate (86 ..mu..M) decreased fertilization at least 50 percent at all pH levels observed. The results suggest that only limited fertilization, and thereforemore » limited genetic recombinations could occur in Pteridium aquilinum under conditions of acidic precipitation (pH and sulfate levels) that prevail in the northeastern United States.« less
Mining in a data-flow environment: experience in network intrusion detection

We discuss the KDD process in “data-flow” environments, where unstructured and time dependent data can be processed into various levels of structured and semanticallyrich forms for analysis tasks. Using network intrusion detection as a concrete application example, we describe how to construct models that are both acczLrate in describing the underlying concepts, and efficient when used to analyze data in real-time. We present procedures for analyzing frequent patterns from lower level data and constructing appropriate features to formulate higher level data. The features generated from various levels of data have different computational costs (in time and space). We show that in order to minimize the time required in using the classification models in a real-time environment, we can exploit the “necessary conditions” associated with the lowcost features to determine whether some high-cost features need to be computed and the corresponding classification rules need to be checked. We have applied our tools to the problem of building network intrusion detection models. We report our experiments using the network data provided as part of the 1998 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation program. We also discuss our experience in using the mined models in NFR, a real-time network intrusion detection system.
Safety and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ceftriaxone administered with or without recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) versus intravenous ceftriaxone administration in adult volunteers.

AbstractObjective:To compare pharmacokinetics and safety of recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20)-facilitated subcutaneous (SC) ceftriaxone administration versus SC ceftriaxone preceded by SC saline placebo or intravenous (IV) ceftriaxone administration.Research design and methods:This Phase I, two-part, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted in 54 healthy volunteers. In Part 1 (N = 24), subjects received 1 mL rHuPH20 (150 USP units) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride) SC, followed by 1 or 2 g ceftriaxone (10–350 mg/mL). In Part 2 (N = 30), subjects received 1 g ceftriaxone at the Part 1 maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) administered either SC – preceded by SC rHuPH20 or placebo – or IV. Subjects were monitored for adverse events (AEs); blood samples were obtained (Part 2 only) during 48 hours post-dosing for ceftriaxone bioanalysis.Main outcome measures:Part 1 primary endpoint was the SC ceftriaxone (with or without rHuPH20) MTC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in Part 2. Bioe...
In vivo MRI volumetric measurement of prostate regression and growth in mice

Background Mouse models for treatment of late-stage prostate cancer are valuable tools, but assessing the extent of growth of the prostate and particularly its regression due to therapeutic intervention or castration is difficult due to the location, small size and interdigitated anatomy of the prostate gland in situ. Temporal monitoring of mouse prostate regression requires multiple animals and examination of histological sections. Initially, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on normal year-old C57/BL6 mice. Individual mice were repeatedly imaged using inhalation anesthesia to establish the reproducibility of the method and to follow hormone manipulation of the prostate volume. Subsequently, MRI fat signal was suppressed using a chemical shift-selective (CHESS) pulse to avoid signal contamination and enhance discrimination of the prostate. High field (7T) MRI provides high resolution (117 × 117 μm in plane), highly reproducible images of the normal mouse prostate. Despite long imaging times, animals can be imaged repeatedly to establish reliability of volume measurements. Prostate volume declines following castration and subsequently returns to normal with androgen administration in the same animal. CHESS imaging allowed discrimination of both the margins of the prostate and the dorsal-lateral lobes of the prostate (DLP) from the ventral lobes (VP). Castration results in a 40% reduction in the volume of the DLP and a 75% reduction in the volume of the VP. MRI assessment of the volume of the mouse prostate is precise and reproducible. MRI improves volumetric determination of the extent of regression and monitoring of the same mouse over time during the course of treatment is possible. Since assessing groups of animals at each time point is avoided, this improves the accuracy of the measurement of any manipulation effect and reduces the number of animals required.
Interplay of non-Markov and internal friction effects in the barrier crossing kinetics of biopolymers: insights from an analytically solvable model.

Conformational rearrangements in biomolecules (such as protein folding or enzyme-ligand binding) are often interpreted in terms of low-dimensional models of barrier crossing such as Kramers’ theory. Dimensionality reduction, however, entails memory effects; as a result, the effective frictional drag force along the reaction coordinate nontrivially depends on the time scale of the transition. Moreover, when both solvent and “internal” friction effects are important, their interplay results in a highly nonlinear dependence of the effective friction on solvent viscosity that is not captured by common phenomenological models of barrier crossing. Here, these effects are illustrated using an analytically solvable toy model of an unstructured polymer chain involved in an inter- or intramolecular transition. The transition rate is calculated using the Grote-Hynes and Langer theories, which—unlike Kramers’ theory—account for memory. The resulting effective frictional force exerted by the polymer along the reaction coordinate can be rationalized in terms of the effective number of monomers engaged in the transition. Faster transitions (relative to the polymer reconfiguration time scale) involve fewer monomers and, correspondingly, lower friction forces, because the polymer chain does not have enough time to reconfigure in response to the transition.
Management of acute complex instability of the elbow with hinged external fixation

We report the experience of a single surgeon who treated 20 patients, over a 9-year period, with acute complex instability of the elbow with hinged external fixation. Patients who presented greater than 6 months after the original injury were excluded. The mechanism of injury was typically a fall or a motor vehicle accident. Fixators were placed at a mean of 26 days (range, 0-66 days) after injury and initial management. Reconstruction of the collateral ligaments was not performed, but soft tissues were repaired en bloc to the humerus. All patients were available for follow-up at a mean of 2.1 years. Flexion-extension arcs averaged 93°, whereas pronation-supination arcs averaged 96°. Posttraumatic arthrosis was commonly seen at follow-up, with moderate or severe changes developing in 55% of patients. Arthrosis did not correlate with functional outcomes, however. Outcomes were measured by use of the Mayo Elbow Performance Index and the Hospital for Special Surgery Total Elbow Scoring System, with mean scores of 75 and 71 points, respectively. Although the severity of injury often precludes obtaining a high percentage of good and excellent results, the outcomes after treatment of acute complex elbow instability with hinged external fixation by use of the technique detailed in this series are comparable to those of similar series.
Ischemic colitis complicating aortic dissection.

VOLUME 55, NO. 3, 2002 From the Departments of Medicine (Gastroenterology) and Radiology, Montefiore and Jacobi Medical Centers, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Reprint requests: Hazar Michael, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Montefiore Medical Center, Rosenthal A, 111 East 210 St., Bronx, NY 10467. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2002/$35.00 + 0 37/54/121192 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.121192 H Michael, L Brandt, J Hochsztein Brief Reports
A natural language understander based on a freely associated learned memory net

A central problem of many branches of artificial intelligence (AI) research is that ofunderstanding natural language (NL). Many attempts have been made to model understanding with computer systems that demonstrate competence at such tasks as question answering, paraphrasing, and following commands. The system to be described in this paper combines some of these language functions in a single, general process based on the creation of an associative memory net as a result of experience. The author has written a large, interactive computer program that accepts unsegmented input strings of natural language from a human trainer and, after processing each string, outputs a natural language response. The processing of the string may involve transforming it to some other form in the same or another language, or answering an input question based on information previously learned by the program.
Wiener-Hermite functional representation of nonlinear stochastic systems

Abstract In this paper functionals of the vector Wiener process W(t) are defined, from the perspective of representing the response of nonlinear stochastic systems described by Ito stochastic differential equations. Wiener kernels are found in closed form for the class of bilinear systems. The general case of nonlinear, analytic systems is studied through the use of Carleman linearization process, whereby the original system is converted into a bilinear one of infinite dimension. Wiener kernels and transfer functions are found by the application of a perturbation method. The case of the Duffing oscillator is studied, and the results obtained by the present analytical technique are compared with those obtained by Gaussian closure and digital simulations.
Murine Genetically Engineered and Human Xenograft Models of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a genetically complex disease, with multiple factors having an impact on onset, progression, and response to therapy. Genetic differences/abnormalities have been found in hematopoietic stem cells from patients, as well as in B lymphocytes of individuals with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis who may develop the disease. Furthermore, after the onset of CLL, additional genetic alterations occur over time, often causing disease worsening and altering patient outcomes. Therefore, being able to genetically engineer mouse models that mimic CLL or at least certain aspects of the disease will help us understand disease mechanisms and improve treatments. This notwithstanding, because neither the genetic aberrations responsible for leukemogenesis and progression nor the promoting factors that support these are likely identical in character or influences for all patients, genetically engineered mouse models will only completely mimic CLL when all of these factors are precisely defined. In addition, multiple genetically engineered models may be required because of the heterogeneity in susceptibility genes among patients that can have an effect on genetic and environmental characteristics influencing disease development and outcome. For these reasons, we review the major murine genetically engineered and human xenograft models in use at the present time, aiming to report the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Grid polarizers for infrared fourier spectrometers

Infrared grid polarizers consisting of copper lines with a 3.6-micron grid constant on a 4-micron-thick Mylar polyester substrate have been prepared by the techniques of photolithography and sputter-etching. Their polarization properties have been measured and found to be suitable for use at infrared frequencies below 700/cm. The polarizers have been used to extend the useful frequency range of a Martin-Puplett polarizing interferometer designed for Fourier transform spectroscopy. The efficiency of the interferometer has been measured over a frequency range from 50 to 700/cm and compared to that of a conventional Michelson interferometer. The results are shown to be consistent with the measured properties of the polarizers. Methods are suggested for improving the efficiency of a Martin-Puplett interferometer which employs these polarizers.
Structural features of Plasmodium cytochrome b that may underlie susceptibility to 8-aminoquinolines and hydroxynaphthoquinones

Appropriate functioning of mitochondria is critical for survival and growth of erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites, making it an attractive target for antimalarial drugs which may take advantage of unique features of parasite mitochondrial metabolism. We have sequenced the presumptive mitochondrial DNA, the 6-kb element, of Plasmodium falciparum, permitting an analysis of the predicted structure of parasite electron transport proteins. Although the overall structures of the 3 polypeptides, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3, and cytochrome b (cyt b), were similar to those from other species, some striking differences were observed, especially for the cyt b. Analysis of the cyt b structure showed that the critical quinone binding sites of the protein are quite divergent from those of other species. Comparative analysis suggests that these changes are the likely cause for the resistance of parasite cytochrome bc1 complex to antimycin and related inhibitors. We suggest that the same features are responsible for increased affinity of the parasite cyt b for antimalarial compounds of class 8-aminoquinolines and hydroxynaphthoquinones, explaining the therapeutic value of these drugs.
Electron-heated flare models - Alive and well

Recent results of quantitative tests of the thick-target electron-heated model (Brown, 1973) are reviewed. The spatial structure of the hard X-ray emission in the 3.5-30 keV range was examined, and it is shown that initially the emission is dominated by footpoint emission caused by the impact of the electron beam on the dense chromospheric layers of the loop, while later the emission comes primarily from the upper coronal parts of the loop. Another diagnostic examined was the shape of the Ca XIX soft X-ray line spectrum.
Richard Huffine: An Interview with the Eleventh Chief Librarian of the U.S. Geological Survey

Richard Huffine has devoted the past fifteen years to working in a variety of roles in the federal government, often with cartographic resources and geospatial information. His federal service includes serving first as National Library Coordinator and later as Library Director for the U.S. Geological Survey. Hallie Pritchett, head of the Map and Government Information Library at the University of Georgia, recently asked Richard to discuss his work with the U.S. Geological Survey Libraries Program, the impact and implications of last fall's government shutdown, and his thoughts on emerging trends in libraries or librarianship.
PARAMETER DESIGN FOR A WAVE SOLDER PROCESS

Taguchi's experimental approach to "off-line quality control" was used to determine a set of optimum parameter settings for soldering a sparsely populated, single-sided, power supply board. Four main factors (preheat temperature, conveyor spee..
Solutions Within Reach

two most likely to be in a history book 250 years from now. The first is the growing integration between what had been called the industrialized world and what had been called the developing world, with all that that would mean for the nature of the global system. And the second is the revolutions that are underway in the life sciences and what they contributed to our understanding of life itself and to the development of operational approaches to combating disease. At the intersection of these two great developments of our age is the set of challenges around global health. More people will live or die based on our success in addressing AIDS, malaria, and other diseases than will live or die based on our success in creating prosperity, based on our success in advancing freedom, or based on our success in keeping the world at peace. There is no other issue of comparable significance for humanity. Fortunately, there is also no public challenge more amenable to effort, through increased resources and human commitment. There are literally millions of lives a year that could be saved with today’s knowledge, today’s resources, if we simply were able to make the requisite commitments. And there are yet millions of people whose lives could be saved each year with advances in knowledge that are within our reach, that do not involve miracle cures but involve the steady and sustained application of research protocols that we know. That is not true with respect to many of the world’s other great problems. Someone may have an inspiration for how to promote peace. Someone may have an inspiration as to how to promote economic growth everywhere that hasn’t been found yet. In public health, we have the knowledge of today and we have the pathways to the knowledge of tomorrow. And when there is a situation in which the greatest problem and challenge facing humanity is also one of the more tractable challenges facing humanity, it behooves us to be seriously engaged.
The neem dream

Imagine an environment in which computerized agents assist in human to human interaction via voice, video, and other multi-media/multi-modal mechanisms. The Project Neem work introduces virtual participants Kwaku, Kwabena, and Kwesi - virtual participants who endeavor to make distributed meetings more effective, more efficient, and more pleasant.This document provides an overview of project Neem; its goals and directions, and its motivation. Neem is a research project at the University of Colorado concerned with understanding, enhancing and augmenting highly interactive distributed collaborations through advanced technology. A major novel aspect of this research is the use of intelligent artificial agents as full-fledged meeting participants. Goals of this interdisciplinary project include the enhancement of distributed group interaction understanding, and the creation and testing of prototype distributed meeting environments. With the encouragement and partnership of iAAEC (the Institute for African American Electronic Community), we have built and are testing a prototype distributed meeting system.Research methods include theoretical modeling, meetings analyses, prototype implementation and testing in real world environments, and meeting metrics development and application. Tools for understanding the social and organizational context of these meetings include the SYMLOG methodology applied by social agents, and the IBIS methodology applied by organizational agents. A new model enabling these agent analyses is the GraspIce model, explained in this document. The work described herein is part of a larger ongoing effort within the Collaboration Technology Research Group at the University of Colorado to understand human collaboration, and to assist and enhance that collaboration via technology.
Theory Development: A Bridge between Practice and Research.

Theory development is an intentional process by which marriage and family counselors may bridge the gap between research and practice. The theory building process includes inductive and deductive forms of reasoning, qualitative and quantitative approaches to knowledge development, and diffusion of innovations. Grounded theory provides an accessible method for bridging the gap. Theoretical orientation development is a lifelong process involving the interaction of personal and professional influences in theory selection and elaboration. Examination of personal values and values implicit in theories afford opportunities for ongoing professional development.
Knowledge-based manufacturing quality management: a qualitative reasoning approach

Abstract Manufacturing fault diagnosis is the problem of determining the manufacturing fault(s) responsible for any critical dimensions or performance tests of the final assembly that fall outside their tolerance limits, as measured by on-line probes inserted at several chosen points of the assembly. An effective means for manufacturing fault diagnosis is crucial for controlling the quality of products rolling out of the manufacturing system. The current practice of this fault diagnosis process is to employ a computer-based information system to monitor the in-line testing results and have a diagnostic expert interpret the data when problematic measurements or performances are observed, so that any aberrations of the manufacturing system can be corrected. However, such an approach usually creates information overload and production-line disruptions, making the diagnostic task burdensome and prone to judgmental errors. The objective of this research is to automate the diagnostic process by an artificial intelligence (AI) approach. The approach is characterized as qualitative reasoning; it makes diagnostic decisions by “explaining” the undesirable test measurements and building causal links based on the qualitative model of the product assembly. We illustrate the fault-diagnosis approach by studying the quality management decision process of a torque-converter manufacturing system. Empirical manufacturing data is used to illustrate the procedure for validating the model.
A redesigned DCAL controller without velocity measurements: theory and demonstration

A link position tracking controller is formulated for an n-link, rigid, revolute, serially-connected robot. The controller generates torque commands to the individual robot links based on adaptive estimates of the system parameters and measurements of only link positions. A filtering technique, based on the link position signal, is used to alleviate the need for velocity measurements. A complete development of the controller is presented along with a proof of semiglobal asymptotic link position-velocity tracking performance. Experimental validation of the proposed controller on the Integrated Motion Inc. (IMI) two-link direct drive robot is also presented. Several extensions to the basic controller are described that consider the use of fixed parameter estimates.
Effect of Removal of Sigmodon hispidus on Microhabitat Utilization by Baiomys taylori and Reithrodontomys fulvescens

The role of competition among cotton rats ( Sigmodon hispidus ), pigmy mice ( Baiomys taylori ), and fulvous harvest mice ( Reithrodontomys fulvescens ) in determining microhabitat utilization was examined in a species removal field experiment conducted in the postoak savanna habitat of east-central Texas. Presence of cotton rats did not affect microhabitat utilization or population size of fulvous harvest mice during winter or spring, or of pigmy mice during spring. Presence of cotton rats may have reduced pigmy mouse population size during winter. Neither pigmy mice or fulvous harvest mice used a broader range of microhabitats in the absence of cotton rats than in their presence.
Classification of the Core Modes of Hollow-Core Photonic-Bandgap Fibers

Using a new full-vectorial finite-difference mode solver utilizing a hexagonal Yee's cell, we calculated the dispersion diagram of a slightly multimode (16 modes) air-core photonic-bandgap fiber (PBF) and the electric-field profiles of all of its core modes. Careful comparison shows striking similarities between these properties and those of the hybrid modes of a conventional step-index fiber, in terms of the modes' field profiles, the modes' degeneracy, the order in which the modes mode cut off in the wavelength space, and the maximum number of modes. Based on these similarities, we propose for the first time a systematic nomenclature for the modes of a PBF, namely hybrid HE and EH modes and of quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes. Other small but relevant similarities and differences between the modes of these two types of fibers are also discussed.
Presidential address: The doctors' dilemmas

One of the most humbling experiences I can remember was to read the list of distinguished past presidents in your program booklet and to realize that my name will soon be added. No words I can use are adequate to express appreciation, gratitude, and pleasure for the privilege of membership and the honor of being President. I have borrowed inspiration and a title from George Bernard Shaw. He is variously remembered as a satirist, a curmudgeon, an iconoclast, a sociafist, a critic, and sometimes a witty playwright. His comedic satires almost invariably incorporated social commentary reflecting his decided views. The Doctor's Dilemma 1 describes the limited availability of a curative medication that was given to one patient and not another, the choice being mandated by the physician's self-interest in allowing one patient to die while the other lived. Nowadays we use some eloquent euphemism such as "defined allocation of scarce resources" to obscure the dilemmas inherent in rationed medical care. Inequalities of supplies such as donor organs for potential recipients, inequalities of access and payment resources, and externally imposed limitations on the type and quality of care are an existing reality and constitute de facto rationing.
The interaction of mammalian mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3 with ribosomes: evolution of terminal extensions in IF3mt.

Mammalian mitochondrial initiation factor 3 (IF3mt) has a central region with homology to bacterial IF3. This homology region is preceded by an N-terminal extension and followed by a C-terminal extension. The role of these extensions on the binding of IF3mt to mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits (28S) was studied using derivatives in which the extensions had been deleted. The Kd for the binding of IF3mt to 28S subunits is ~30nM. Removal of either the N- or C-terminal extension has almost no effect on this value. IF3mt has very weak interactions with the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome (39S) (Kd=1.5kM). However, deletion of the extensions results in derivatives with significant affinity for 39S subunits (Kd=0.1220.25kM). IF3mt does not bind 55S monosomes, while the deletion derivative binds slightly to these particles. IF3mt is very effective in dissociating 55S ribosomes. Removal of the Nterminal extension has little effect on this activity. However, removal of the C-terminal extension leads to a complex dissociation pattern due to the high affinity of this derivative for 39S subunits. These data suggest that the extensions have evolved to ensure the proper dissociation of IF3mt from the 28S subunits upon 39S subunit joining.
Advancing beyond the "heart-healthy diet" for peripheral arterial disease.

Objective Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a burdensome cardiovascular condition that results from chronic inflammatory insults to the arterial vasculature. Key risk factors include age, gender, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, smoking, lack of physical fitness, and poor diet, the latter three being modifiable in the development and progression of PAD. A growing body of evidence indicates that imbalanced nutrient intake may contribute to the development and progression of PAD. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about nutritional patterns among patients with PAD and to ascertain whether certain health-promoting foods and nutrients could benefit patients with this condition. Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature review to examine primary source evidence for or against the nutrients that are commonly associated with PAD and their potential utility as therapies. Results We summarized nine categories of nutrients, as well as four diets endorsed by the American Heart Association that may be prescribed to patients with or at risk for PAD. The nutrients reviewed included omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n -3 PUFAs), folate and B-series vitamins, and antioxidants. The diet plans described include the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Mediterranean diet, low-fat diet, low carbohydrate diet, Dr Dean Ornish's Spectrum Diet and Dr Andrew Weil's Anti-Inflammatory Diet. Conclusions PAD is a chronic inflammatory condition that is associated with longstanding poor nutrition habits. We advocate for an intensified use of diet in PAD therapy, and we specifically recommend following eating patterns that are rich in nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Comparative Effects of Chronic Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Exposure on Myocardial Function in Rats

This study was conducted to compare separately the chronic effects of high blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the metabolism of the heart. Levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde were altered by administration of either 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), a potent alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, or pargyline (PAR), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that markedly increases acetaldehyde levels in the blood following ethanol administration. Measurements were made in rats consuming ethanol for three to four weeks. Mitochondrial respiration, in vitro contractility of glycerinated heart muscle fibers, and myocardial protein synthesis were determined. As compared to animals receiving only ethanol, administration of either-4-methyl-pyrazole or pargyline plus ethanol resulted in more severe damage to mitochondrial respiration and myocardial protein synthesis. The data illustrate that both acetaldehyde and ethanol in high concentrations can cause severe damage to myocardial metabolism.
Observations on the Digestion of the Shells of the Eggs of Taenia Taeniaeformis

From time to time reports (1, 2, 3, 4) have been published from this laboratory on the experimental production of Cysticercus tumors of the liver of rats by feeding these animals cat feces containing the eggs of Taenia taeniaeformis ( crassicollis ). Following the ingestion of the eggs by the rats, the shells of the eggs are digested away and the freed oncospheres gain access to the blood vessels of the intestinal wall and are carried to the liver. In their passage from the intestine of the cat to the liver of the rat the larvae may carry with them bacteria which may survive and multiply in the liver tissues. What role, if any, these bacteria play in the reactions of the rat9s liver has not been determined. The presence of the oncosphere in the liver stimulates a proliferative tissue reaction of the host which terminates in the formation of a fibrous-walled cyst about the larva. In other publications (5, 6) it has been shown that Taenia larvae of an early stage of development, when transplanted from the livers of rats to the groins of other rats, may grow and induce the formation of fibrous cyst walls in the subcutaneous tissues. Eight to 27 months after the rats were infested the walls of some of the parasitic cysts, both in the liver and in the groin, showed early sarcomatous changes or were partially or completely transformed into tumors, usually sarcomata.