cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child-centred, cross-sectoral mental health and psychosocial support interventions in the Rohingya response: a field report by Save the Children

Rohingya refugee children make up 55% of the refugee population living in camp-like settlements in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh (Rohingya Humanitarian Joint Response Plan, 2019). The ongoing humanitarian and protection crisis are a result of the displacement of over 700,000 Rohingya during and after a brutal crackdown by the Myanmar military after attacks on border police posts in August 2017. The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission has since concluded that the widespread and systematic attacks amount to crimes against humanity and genocide perpetrated against the Rohingya (United Nations, 2018). With the aim to highlight the impact of the humanitarian situation on Rohingya children’s wellbeing, this field report presents insights on child-centred, cross-sectoral mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions in the Rohingya response. Save the Children’s (SC) MHPSS programming framework is discussed, as it reflects the global consensus to push for an integrated approach to MHPSS service provision. Approaches within the child protection, health, nutrition and education sectors are outlined. This report then presents several lessons learned, delving into resources needed and challenges encountered in implementing cross-sectoral MHPSS programming. Gaps in resourcing, technical capacity of personnel and adaptation of tools used in programming figure prominently. This report proposes some recommendations including linking the gains made in the Rohingya response with sustainable prospects such as supporting the Government of Bangladesh in integrating MHPSS into primary health care service delivery in keeping with the recently passed National Mental Health Act of 2018.
Optimal switching policy between driving entities in semi-autonomous vehicles

Abstract In the future, autonomous vehicles are expected to safely move people and cargo around. However, as of now, automated entities do not necessarily outperform human drivers under all circumstances, particularly under certain road and environmental factors such as bright light, heavy rain, poor quality of road and traffic signs, etc. Therefore, in certain conditions it is safer for the driver to take over the control of the vehicle. However, switching control back and forth between the human driver and the automated driving entity may itself pose a short-term, elevated risk, particularly because of the out of the loop (OOTL) issue for humans. In this study, we develop a mathematical framework to determine the optimal driving-entity switching policy between the automated driving entity and the human driver. Specifically, we develop a Markov decision process (MDP) model to prescribe the entity in charge to minimize the expected safety cost of a trip, considering the dynamic changes of the road/environment during the trip. In addition, we develop a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model to accommodate the fact that the risk posed by the immediate road/environment may only be partially observed. We conduct extensive numerical experiments and thorough sensitivity and robustness analyses, where we also compare the expected safety cost of trips under the optimal and single driving entity policies. In addition, we quantify the risks associated with the policies, as well as the impact of miss-estimating road/environment condition risk level by the driving entities, and provide insights. The proposed frameworks can be used as a policy tool to identify factors that can render a region suitable for level four autonomy.
Exploring Modes of Photokilling by Hypericin

Effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the anthraquinone hypericin were explored with OVCAR-5 cells in vitro. Irradiation resulted in ER > lysosomal photodamage. Paraptosis was identified as a primary death pathway resulting from ER perturbation. This is characterized by an extensive pattern of cytoplasmic vacuole formation. As the PDT dose increased, apoptotic death was also detected. The cytoprotective effect of autophagy, observed when certain other subcellular sites are PDT targets, appears to be absent. These results, together with prior evidence that paraptosis can be lethal to cells with an impaired apoptotic pathway, suggest a role for agents with this targeting profile in photodynamic therapy. A limitation to be overcome for hypericin is a suboptimal absorbance profile.
A comparative study of calcium–magnesium–aluminum–silicon oxide mitigation in selected self-healing thermal barrier coating ceramics

The mitigation of CMAS (calcium–magnesium–aluminum–silicon oxide) infiltration is a major requirement for the stability of thermal barrier coatings. In this study, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)–Al2O3–SiC, YSZ–Al2O3–Ta2O5, and YSZ–Al2O3–Nb2O5 self-healing composites produced by uniaxially pressing powders were investigated as an alternative to YSZ. CMAS infiltration in these materials was tested at 1250 °C for 10 h. Comparing the depth of CMAS infiltration using scanning electron microscope (SEM) in tandem with electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), all self-healing materials were found to perform better than the reference materials. While standard YSZ shows massive CMAS infiltration, SEM micrographs and EDS maps revealed a 33-fold improvement in CMAS resistance for the YSZ–Al2O3–Nb2O5 system, which exhibited the best performance among the selected self-repairing materials. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution SEM micrographs taken 10 μm below the surface revealed that CMAS only infiltrated pores in the topmost region of the samples. Both YSZ–Al2O3–Ta2O5 and YSZ–Al2O3–Nb2O5 systems showed no signs of chemical reaction with CMAS.
SU(3)-guided realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions for large-scale calculations

We examine nucleon-nucleon realistic interactions, based on their SU(3) decomposition to SU(3)-symmetric components. We find that many of these interaction components are negligible, which, in turn, allows us to identify a subset of physically relevant components that are sufficient to describe the structure of low-lying states in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and related observables, such as excitation energies, electric quadrupole transitions, and rms radii. We find that paring down the interaction by half or more yields results that practically coincide with the corresponding ab initio calculations with the full interaction. In addition, we show that while various realistic interactions differ in their SU(3) decomposition, their renormalized effective counterparts exhibit a striking similarity and composition that can be linked to dominant nuclear features such as deformation, pairing, clustering, and spin-orbit effect.
Improved Negative Stain Electron Microscopy Procedure for Detecting Surface Detail on High Density Lipoproteins

While conventional negative stain electron microscopy (NSEM) has been used extensively for imaging and characterizing high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, traditional methods have not provided high-level particle surface detail. To obtain greater detail of HDL particles, we developed a modified negative staining procedure using a uranyl formate staining solution that maintains particle morphology and provides improved surface detail. The additional surface detail has allowed us to perform single-particle analysis on whole HDL particle preparations. It has also allowed us to explore interactions between HDL particle surface proteins such as Apo A with proteins that interact with Apo A such as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).
Correlative nano-spectroscopic imaging of heterogeneity in migrated petroleum in unconventional reservoir pores

Abstract Low permeability unconventional oil and gas resources may experience formation damage due to the emplacement of viscous petroleum in narrow pore throats during petroleum migration and production. The composition of such pore-clogging molecules remains under-characterized, as standard analytical techniques in organic geochemistry either lack the desired nano-scale spatial resolution with simultaneous chemical specificity, or require extraction and therefore averaging of the suite of compounds that make up bulk crude oil. A new correlative imaging technique with high spatial resolution is demonstrated for migrated residual petroleum in nanopores of Niobrara chalk samples. Imaging combines Infrared scattering-Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (IR s-SNOM) with nano-mechanical atomic force microscopy to map both chemical and mechanical properties at ~30 nm spatial resolution. These correlative images demonstrate that heterogeneity exists within emplaced petroleum in situ on the scale of hundreds of nanometers, visualized as clusters of petroleum having distinct adhesive forces. The chemical composition of these clusters remains ambiguous, but their geometry and mechanical properties may imply that they are phase-separated asphaltene preferentially associated with petroleum-attractive nano-domains on calcite pore walls. Despite outstanding challenges, correlative IR s-SNOM and nano-mechanical imaging offer a promising and novel analytical approach to understanding fluid behavior in nanoporous reservoir rocks.
Neonatal hydrocephalus: an atypical presentation of malignant infantile osteopetrosis

Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis has a variable presentation, most commonly including failure to thrive, hypocalcemia, seizures, hepatosplenomegaly, hydrocephalus, vision or hearing loss, and cytopenias. Multiple symptoms are usually seen at presentation. The variability of presentation often delays diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Here, we present a case of an infant with this condition who initially presented with triventricular hydrocephalus with Chiari I malformation. This alone is not a common presentation of this disease, and we present this case to highlight autosomal recessive osteopetrosis as a potential diagnosis in infants presenting with hydrocephalus and discuss the other associated symptoms, management, and prognosis of this condition. The patient was a full-term infant with a routine newborn period. At 6 months, the infant had macrocephaly and frontal bossing with a bulging fontanelle. She was found to have hydrocephalus with moderate ventriculomegaly involving the third and lateral ventricles with an associated Chiari 1 malformation. The infant was asymptomatic at the time. The infant was promptly referred to neurosurgery and underwent an uncomplicated ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Post-operative X-rays showed increased density of the skull with other bone changes suggestive of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Subsequent lab work and imaging studies were consistent with this condition. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic testing, and the patient has undergone treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Hydrocephalus is a common feature of this condition, typically seen in conjunction with other systemic symptoms and laboratory findings. Our patient had a limited initial presentation of triventricular hydrocephalus with Chiari I malformation and was otherwise clinically asymptomatic. There is limited literature of such a presentation, and we highlight this case to increase awareness, as timely diagnosis of these patients is critical for treatment and future outcomes.
Systematic review of studies examining contribution of oral health variables to risk prediction models for undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.

OBJECTIVE To conduct systematic review applying "preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement" and "prediction model risk of assessment bias tool" to studies examining the performance of predictive models incorporating oral health-related variables as candidate predictors for projecting undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (Type 2)/prediabetes risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature searches undertaken in PubMed, Web of Science, and Gray literature identified eligible studies published between January 1, 1980 and July 31, 2018. Systematically reviewed studies met inclusion criteria if studies applied multivariable regression modeling or informatics approaches to risk prediction for undiagnosed diabetes/prediabetes, and included dental/oral health-related variables modeled either independently, or in combination with other risk variables. RESULTS Eligibility for systematic review was determined for seven of the 71 studies screened. Nineteen dental/oral health-related variables were examined across studies. "Periodontal pocket depth" and/or "missing teeth" were oral health variables consistently retained as predictive variables in models across all systematically reviewed studies. Strong performance metrics were reported for derived models by all systematically reviewed studies. The predictive power of independently modeled oral health variables was marginally amplified when modeled with point-of-care biological glycemic measures in dental settings. Meta-analysis was precluded due to high inter-study variability in study design and population diversity. CONCLUSIONS Predictive modeling consistently supported "periodontal measures" and "missing teeth" as candidate variables for predicting undiagnosed diabetes/prediabetes. Validation of predictive risk modeling for undiagnosed diabetes/prediabetes across diverse populations will test the feasibility of translating such models into clinical practice settings as noninvasive screening tools for identifying at-risk individuals following demonstration of model validity within the defined population.
Flood Control Release Optimization using Methods from Calculus

The operation of a flood control reservoir, or network of reservoirs, involves establishing a balance between the risk of immediate flooding and the risk of future flooding attributable to a loss of flood control capacity due to storage. A model describing this operation was developed using a bounded cost function which relates the magnitude of reservoir releases in a given time period, with both direct flood damage costs, and with those costs associated with foregone flood control capability due to storage. Incorporated in the cost function are storage and flow functions which described the reservoir network as a single reservoir, parallel network, series network or combination. Methods from calculus are used to determine the reservoir release schedule which minimizes the cost function and establishes an optimum reservoir operation.
Vascular Ultrasound in the Critically Ill

Over the past two decades, the use of ultrasound has become more ubiquitous in intensive care units (ICUs) around the world. One of its most beneficial contributions to the bedside care of these patients comes from its ability to visualize vascular anatomy. As technology has become more operator-friendly and economical, tissue resolution has also improved, allowing vascular structures of all sizes to be clearly evaluated and interrogated in real-time. Two indications that have been studied extensively in the ultrasound-focused literature include the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the placement of vascular access. Once the observation of unilateral lower-extremity swelling is made, confirming the diagnosis of DVT by means of invasive venogram has since been replaced by ultrasound examination. In regards to access-based procedures, reliance on superficial landmarks and direct visualization of vessels remains important to the process of cannulating vessels, however, ultrasound guidance has improved cannulation success rates among all levels of practitioners and trainees. This chapter analyzes the data surrounding these common practices and makes recommendations on how best to incorporate ultrasound into daily practice.
A 3-Transistor DRAM Cell with Gated Diode for Enhanced Speed and Retention Time

3T1D is a non-destructive read DRAM cell with three transistors (T) and a gated diode (D). The gated diode acts as a storage device and an amplifier, leading to low voltage, high speed and high tolerance to variability, and comparing favorably to conventional 3T gain cell and 6T SRAM cell. Hardware measurements in 90 nm SOI showed the 3T1D achieved longer retention than the 3T. Retention, speed and scaling perspectives for future technology are presented
Correlated MIMO channel capacity

In this paper, the correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel capacity is studied by using the eigenvalue densities of complex central Wishart matrices. These densities are represented by complex hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments, which can be expressed in terms of complex zonal polynomials. We derive a close form ergodic capacity formula for correlated MIMO channels. It is shown how the channel correlation degrades the capacity of the communication system.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

To the Editor.— The review article by Risk et al ( Arch Neurol 35:494-502, 1978) seems to have overlooked substantial data regarding subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) as it occurs in several Latin American countries. It is likely that they are unfamiliar with, or have no access to, the Latin American medical literature. In fact, we 1 have recently emphasized the high incidence of SSPE in South America based on the series from Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2 and the large number of cases from Colombia. 3 At the Fourth Pan-American Congress of Neurology, 4 a total of 110 cases of SSPE were collected from the joint Venezuelan, Peruvian, Mexican, and Colombian series. To our knowledge, this entity was first recognized in Colombia in 1966 by one of us (G.T.), and shortly thereafter, other cases were diagnosed in different areas of the country. A group of 22 patients was reported in 1970 to
Generalized orbital angular momentum and the n-fold degenerate quantum-mechanical oscillator . Part III. Radial integrals

Abstract The hydrogen-atom radial equation is solved by transforming it to a twofold degenerate oscillator radial equation, and the explicit relation between the hydrogen-atom and oscillator radial functions is written out. This relation can be used to evaluate various two-dimensional oscillator radial integrals from known hydrogen-atom radial integrals or vice versa. Also, an identity is derived between two types of radial integrals involving the hydrogen-atom radial functions or the n -fold degenerate oscillator radial functions.
High power microwave emission from cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) interactions in microsecond, intense electron beams

Experiments have been performed in which multimegawatt, frequency-tunable, microwave radiation has been generated in the K-band and X band by means of cyclotron maser mechanisms on intense electron beams with microsecond pulse lengths. Two long-pulse, intense electron beam accelerators were used. Initial experiments have been performed using a generator with parameters: voltage=0.4 Mv, current=1 kA, and pulse length=0.3-0.4 mu s. Over 3 MW of K-band microwave radiation, magnetically tunable from 14 through 15.5 GHz, have been generated. The frequency of this radiation corresponds to the CARM forward wave interaction. In the same experiments, megawatt-level X-band radiation, magnetically tunable from 10 to 12 GHz, was observed. The frequency of this emission indicates that it originates from the cyclotron maser backward wave interaction or absolute instability. Microwave pulse lengths of 0.1 to 0.2 mu s were generated in these initial experiments. >
Rearrangements of organometallic compounds : XVII. Synthesis of lactones via the titanium-catalyzed hydromagnesiation of alkenols

Abstract An efficient, two-step synthesis is presented for preparing γ- and δ-lactones from aldehydes or ketones. (1) the addition of vinyl- or allyl-Grignard reagents to the appropriate carbonyl substrate; and (2) the titanium-catalyzed hydromagnesiation of the resulting alkenols with ethyl Grignard reagent and (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 TiCl 2 , followed by carbonation. The selectivity of hydrometallation observed with 3-butenyl(methyl)vinylcarbinol indicates the importance of alkoxytitanium hydrides in determining the course of reaction.
Role of TAR RNA splicing in translational regulation of simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques

Abstract The untranslated leader sequences of rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus mRNAs form a stable secondary structure, TAR. This structure can be modified by RNA splicing. In this study, the role of TAR splicing in virus replication was investigated. The proportion of viral RNAs containing a spliced TAR structure is high early after infection and decreases at later times. Moreover, proviruses containing mutations which prevent TAR splicing are significantly delayed in replication. These mutant viruses require approximately 20 days to achieve half-maximal virus production, in contrast to wild-type viruses, which require approximately 8 days. We attribute this delay to the inefficient translation of unspliced-TAR-containing mRNAs. The molecular basis for this translational effect was examined in in vitro assays. We found that spliced-TAR-containing mRNAs were translated up to 8.5 times more efficiently than were similar mRNAs containing an unspliced TAR leader. Furthermore, these spliced-TAR-containing mRNAs were more efficiently associated with ribosomes. We postulate that the level of TAR splicing provides a balance for the optimal expression of both viral proteins and genomic RNA and therefore ultimately controls the production of infectious virions.
Heterogeneous Tryptophan Environments in the Cyclic Peptides Tyrocidines B and C: PHOSPHORESCENCE STUDIES

Phosphorescence spectroscopy has been used to probe the microenvironments of the tryptophan residues of the cyclic antibiotic decapeptides tyrocidine B (which contains a single tryptophan residue) and tyrocidine C (which contains 2 tryptophan residues). Both peptides exhibited two distinct, overlapping tryptophan phosphorescence emission spectra under appropriate solvent conditions. The two emissions had characteristically different wavelength positions, phosphorescence lifetimes, and excitation spectra, and their relative intensities were strongly solvent-dependent. In contrast, an open chain derivative of tyrocidine B, which has no biological activity, showed only a single phosphorescence emission from tryptophan. This indicated that the environmental heterogeneity of tryptophan residues in the intact peptides arose not from their primary structures but from higher structural features. Factors which are known to increase the self-association of the tyrocidines, such as higher peptide concentrations or greater amounts of water in alcohol-water solvent mixtures, generally led to enhanced emission of the lower energy phosphorescence component relative to the higher energy one. We conclude that the higher energy component of the phosphorescence emission comes from solvent-exposed tryptophan residues of monomeric peptide molecules, and the lower energy component from tryptophan residues buried in the hydrophobic interior of peptide aggregates. These cyclic peptides reveal many of the phosphorescence complexities observed with native proteins and thus are useful as model compounds in correlating tryptophan microenvironments with emission characteristics.
Impact of Hands-On Research Experience on Students' Learning in an Introductory Management Information System Course.

Although students in Introductory Information Systems courses are taught new technology concepts, the complexity and constantly changing nature of these technologies makes it challenging to deliver the concepts effectively. Aiming to improve students’ learning experiences, this research utilized the five phases of design science methodology to develop an experiment to solve a real-world problem, and then implemented it in an undergraduate classroom. As part of their classwork, students participated as subjects testing new information technologies to solve a real-world problem. They were asked to complete a questionnaire and answer questions in a focus group to assess the effectiveness of the technologies tested and determine whether the experience had added to the learning they gained from the course. The results revealed that the students were able to use the new technologies effectively and provide useful feedback to the company sponsoring the study, contributing to the release of a new commercial product line. Students also reported that participating in this research project improved their satisfaction with the introductory MIS course. These results encourage educators to conduct hands-on experience involving real-world research projects since they provide valuable additional learning opportunities in introductory MIS courses.
Computer-vision-enabled augmented reality fundus biomicroscopy.

Abstract Purpose To guide treatment for macular diseases and to facilitate real-time image measurement and comparison, investigations were initiated to permit overlay of previously stored photographic and angiographic images directly onto the real-time slit-lamp biomicroscopic fundus image. Design Experimental study in model eyes, and preliminary observations in human subjects. Methods A modified, binocular video slit lamp interfaced to a personal computer and framegrabber allows for image acquisition and rendering of stored images overlaid onto the real-time slit-lamp biomicroscopic fundus image. Development proceeds with rendering on a computer monitor, while construction is completed on a miniature display interfaced directly with one of the slit-lamp oculars. Registration and tracking are performed with in-house-developed software. Main outcome measures Tracking speed and accuracy, ergonomic acceptability. Results Computer-vision algorithms permit robust montaging, tracking, registration, and rendering of previously stored photographic and angiographic images onto the real-time slit-lamp fundus biomicroscopic image. In model eyes and in preliminary studies in a human eye, optimized registration permits near-video-rate image overlay with updates at 3 to 10 Hz and misregistration errors on the order of 1 to 5 pixels. Conclusions A prototype for ophthalmic augmented reality (image overlay) is presented. The current hardware/software implementation allows for robust performance.
Do adult men with untreated ventral penile curvature have adverse outcomes

Summary Introduction Congenital ventral penile curvature without hypospadias is often treated surgically in childhood. The history of untreated ventral curvature is unknown. Objective This study's aim was to examine the association of untreated ventral penile curvature with various sexual and psychosexual outcomes. Study design An electronic survey was advertised to men older than 18 years on Facebook. Men with possible ventral penile curvature identified themselves by choosing sketches that most closely represented their anatomy. Outcomes assessed included: Sexual Health Inventory for Men, difficulty of intercourse because of curvature, International Prostate Symptom Score, Penile Perception Score, psychosexual milestones, paternity, infertility, sitting to urinate, and the CDC HRQOL-4 module. Results Among participants, 81 out of 684 men (11.8%) reported untreated ventral penile curvature. Participants with self-reported curvature noted more difficulty with intercourse because of curvature (4.5 vs 4.9, p Discussion Men with possible untreated ventral curvature reported worse penile perception scores, more mentally unhealthy days, and increased difficulty with intercourse secondary to curvature compared with men without curvature. A limitation to this study is selection bias; responses collected were self-reported from survey volunteers. Additionally, the question identifying ventral penile curvature is not validated but performed well in pretesting. Most questions were from validated surveys, but some were modeled after validated surveys and/or contained high face validity types of questions. Conclusion Men with possible untreated ventral penile curvature reported more dissatisfaction with penile appearance, increased difficulty with intercourse, and more unhealthy mental days. Given high success rates, low complications, and improved outcomes after surgical correction of penile curvature reported in the literature, our results support correction of congenital penile curvature in childhood.
Monsoonal loading in Ethiopia and Eritrea from vertical GPS displacement time series

Vertical GPS displacement time series from 16 continuous sites over a period from 2007 to 2014 are compared to time series of monthly averages of liquid water equivalent thickness from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and precipitation from the Climate Research Unit to investigate hydrologic loading in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The GPS vertical time series record the presence of one or two rainy seasons, the amplitude surface displacements in response to monsoon water load, and phases consistent with a purely elastic response to a water load that accumulates throughout the rainy period. Comparison of observed amplitudes to those calculated for an average Earth model shows no systematic weakness related to the rift.
Experiments in real-time decoding of layered video

Adelson and Wang have proposed a video compression algorithm in which moving images are decomposed into layers whose motion can be represented by a six-parameter affine transformation. Such a representation not only adds compression efficiency but also enables modification and automated scene understanding. We have previously proposed a data-flow computational framework for a flexible video decoder capable of handling both `traditional' transform-based algorithms and model-based descriptions of scenes. In this paper, we explain how such an architecture can decode Adelson and Wang's algorithm, and present the performance results for several variations of the algorithm on a data-flow video processing system.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clay swelling mechanism in clay-bearing sandstones

Swelling clays in stone can generate damaging stresses during a wetting or a drying cycle, which lead to deterioration of building stones such as Portland Brownstone. There are two primary types of swelling identified for clays: short-range, ordered intracrystalline swelling, and long-range, continuous osmotic swelling. Identification of the swelling mode is important for understanding and ultimately preventing swelling damage. Through comparison of XRD and swelling experiments with cationic pretreatments and organic solvents, we demonstrate that intracrystalline swelling is the primary mode of swelling present in three different stones, including Portland Brownstone. The results highlight the importance of the counterbalancing cation to the swelling process, and a method for characterizing the intracrystalline swelling in sandstones is developed. Finally, the implications of long-term swelling behavior for stones are discussed.
Development of sex biases in children: 40 years later

Children in grades 2–10 (200 of each sex) assigned desirable and undesirable traits to girls or boys. Half the subjects had an additional option of both sexes. Children in all grades assigned more desirable traits to their own sex and more undesirable traits to the opposite sex, in line with Smith (1939). Both sexes became less positive toward their own sex and more positive toward the opposite sex with increasing age. This pattern also had characterized girls in Smith's study, whereas, boys had shown the opposite pattern. Beginning in the sixth grade, girls were more apt than boys to assign desirable traits to their own sex. Availability of the “both sexes” option decreased stereotyping, especially in girls.
Creating Access to Oral Histories in Academic Libraries

Oral histories, a common form of documenting the past, are found in the collections of many academic libraries. As evidenced by a study of Georgia academic libraries conducted in 2007, no standard procedure exists to coordinate access to these materials. Establishing policies and procedures for collecting, acquiring, managing, and providing access to oral histories can greatly enhance their value and usability. Drawing on examples from the program instituted at Columbus State University (CSU), this article outlines a practical strategy that academic libraries, particularly small or medium-sized libraries, can follow as a guideline to ensure that oral histories are made available to the public. This article also raises awareness of the problems inherent in managing access to oral histories and presents some solutions to these problems in an effort to increase standardization among libraries.
Relativistic Oscillation of Charged Particles in Laser Fields and Pair Production

ELECTRON-POSITRON pairs may be produced by plasma electrons in extremely high intensity laser fields (ref. 2 and N. G. Basov and O. N. Krokhin, personal communication). At these high intensities, the electron follows the relativistic equations of motion.
Perturbation theory and spin coupling constants in substituted compounds. III. Octahedral fluorides

Abstract The Pople-Santry (P-S) theory of reduced spin coupling constants 1K(E-F) for unsubstituted fluorides EFm (E is a transition metal M or main group element atom A) has been modified in a perturbation manner to treat the Fermi-contact term in 1K(E-F) in monosubstituted octahedral fluorides EF5L′. The differences in diagonal matrix elements, δα′s = 〈sL′|H|sL′〉 − 〈sF|H|sF〉 and δα′p = 〈σL′|H|σL′ − 〈σF|H|σF〉, were taken as perturbations and first-order corrections to the P-S terms, linear in δα′s and δα′p, have been obtained in explicit form. It was shown that for main group compounds AF5L′ the regularities of 1K(A-Fcis) and 1K(A-Ftr) may be different depending on relative energies of the sA and pF orbitals. Namely, for more electronegative atoms A the typical relationship will be 1 K( A-F ) 1 K( A-F cis ) 1 K( A-F tr ) , but for more electropositive atoms A, typically, 1 K( A-F cis ) 1 K( A-f tr ) , where changes in 1K(A-F) in AF6 will increase as the donor ability of L′ increases. It was shown that the strongest donors L′ (H, CH3, Ph, etc.) having no lone ns2 pair, “one-pronged” donors, should cause rather small changes in both 1K(A-Fcis) and 1K(A-Ftr) for electropositive but not for electronegative atoms A. It was found that for transition metal compounds MF5L′ the typical relationship will be 1 K( M-F ) ≅ 1 K( M-K cis )> 1 K( M-F tr ) > 0 , where changes in 1K(M-F) will increase as the donor ability of L′ increases but one-pronged substituents such as H or CH3 may again occupy unusual positions in the L′ series. Some modifications of the above regularities depending on fine details of the structures of the EF5L′ compounds were discussed. The results agree with experiment and permit a number of predictions to be made.
Reaction norm functions and QTL-environment interactions for flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Many plant traits are phenotypically plastic in response to resource levels that vary continuously among environments. To be able to predict phenotypes in new environments, it is useful to model reaction norms as functions, rather than as a collection of discrete character states. Flowering date and rosette leaf number were measured in 100 recombinant inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, grown on a gradient of light intensity. The results show that there is genetic variation among the recombinant inbred lines for parameters of the reaction norm functions. Genetic variances for leaf number and flowering date are highest under low light conditions. Underlying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the shape of the reaction norm functions were mapped by modifying Haley & Knott (1992) regressions to include polynomial effects of the environment. Quantitative trait loci of large effect were generally insensitive to the resource gradient. Seven QTLs affecting flowering date and eight QTLs for rosette leaf number were identified, of which only two had significant effects on the linear and quadratic components of the reaction norm function. These results suggest that the genotype–environment interactions for flowering time are controlled by many minor genes, whose effects are below the detection limit in most mapping experiments.
Interpreting animal wall-following behavior

Using computer simulations and behavioral experiments with the American cockroach, we found that active vs passive (barrier-directed) wall-following can be readily distinguished and quantified by incorporating a range of convex curves into test arenas. Although previously considered strongly thigmotactic, more than 50% of running American cockroaches depart convex curves with diameters, less than 1 m. A new framework for evaluating wall-following behaviors is presented.
Hall effect in the mixed state of Y 1 − x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ single crystals

The magnetic field and the temperature dependence of the mixed-state Hall effect have been measured on single crystals in the system Y[sub 1[minus][ital x]]Pr[sub [ital x]]Ba[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][delta]] (0.0[le][ital x][le]0.3) with the magnetic field perpendicular to the [ital ab] plane and the current flowing in the [ital ab] plane. A sign change of the Hall resistivity is observed at low Pr concentrations, with the negative Hall resistivity disappearing between the concentrations of [ital x]=0.1 and [ital x]=0.2. The field dependence of the Hall resistivity for various Pr concentrations can be qualitatively explained by incorporating a finite pinning force [bold F][sub [ital p]] in the Nozieres and Vinen (NV) model.
Association of constipation with neurologic diseases.

To investigate possible etiologic inluences on the development of constipation, the present study examines the concordant occurrence of constipation with other diseases. Using 8.8 million Medicare patients hospitalized in the United States during 1987, the frequency distribution of all three-digit International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes was compared in constipated patients and patients without constipation. Most associations and the closest associations were observed between constipation and neurologic diseases, the majority of which resulted from damage to the central nervous system. Associations between constipation and disorders of the spine also involved neuronal damage. The influence of potential confounding factors such as immobility or pain on the development of constipation was assessed and found to be minimal. The frequent association of constipation with disorders involving neuronal malfunction suggests that disruption of the neural modulation of colonic motility may play an important role in the development of constipation.
Effects of cyclosporine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male rat: mechanism of action.

In the intact adult male rat, cyclosporine (CsA) induces a significant decrease in serum testosterone (T), serum LH, and intratesticular T. To elucidate the mechanism of action of this CsA-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, castrated male rats were treated with oral CsA (30 mg/kg-day) or vehicle alone, and serum LH was measured after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of treatment. Surprisingly, serum LH was higher in these CsAtreated castrated rats at 1, 2, and 4 weeks than in castrated controls. To provide insight into the cause of this increase in serum LH, a T implant (8 mm) was inserted (at week 5 of treatment) in both CsA-treated and control castrated animals, and serum LH was measured 1 week after insertion of the T implant. Serum LH levels decreased to control values after insertion of the T implant. Subsequently, two other groups of rats received 8-mm T implant at the time of castration and were then treated up to 4 weeks with either CsA or vehicle alone. Serum LH showed a significant decrease in these CsA- p...
The conformation of dynorphin A-(1–13) in aqueous solution as studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Infrared spectra of commercial preparations of the opioid agonist dynorphin A-(1–13) contain an absorption band at 1673 cm−1. While this band can be, and previously has been, interpreted as indicative of a β-sheet structure in dynorphin A-(1–13), we have now established that the band does not originate from the peptide per se, but that it arises from the antisymmetric COO− stretching vibration of the counterion trifluoroacetate. After repurification, the IR spectrum of dynorphin A-(1–13) is devoid of the 1673 cm−1 band and is highly characteristic of an unordered conformation of this peptide in aqueous solution. Trifluoroacetate and other organic counterions are likely to be present in commercial preparations of other synthetic peptides, and one should be careful with the interpretation of their IR spectra in the region of the conformation-sensitive amide bands.
Improving the Effectiveness of Fisheries Agencies in Developing Hydropower Mitigation

Abstract New legislation and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulations increase the responsibilities of state and federal fisheries management agencies for developing mitigation for hydropower projects. Having participated in some of the first major licensing cases since these changes, we offer observations on how agencies can be more effective in recommending mitigation measures that protect fisheries. Fisheries agencies need access to expertise in fields outside traditional fisheries management to address diverse hydropower impacts. Agencies need effective policies that can be applied to the specific conditions at each project. Coordination and communication between regulatory and resource agencies and with project applicants are important to establish agreement on mitigation recommendations and to share expertise. Agencies will often need to make recommendations on issues for which complete information is not available; if carefully designed, such recommendations can be defensible and con...
How We Got Here: An Inquiry-Based Activity About Human Evolution

Show your students the face of a baby chimpanzee, and they will be startled and amazed by how human she is (see the photo). The image intrigues and primes students for a scientific inquiry cycle in which they will engage with, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate data [the 5e inquiry cycle ( 1 )]. Through inquiry, they will reconsider one of the most common misunderstandings about evolution ( 2 ), that humans evolved from chimpanzees. The class is ready for a conceptual change ( 3 ) based on evidence the students will gather.
Priming Cue Encoding by Manipulating Transition Frequency in Explicitly Cued Task Switching

Explicitly cued task switching with multiple cues per task permits three types of transitions: cue repetitions (cue and task repeat), task repetitions (cue changes but task repeats), and task alternations (cue and task change). The difference between task alternations and task repetitions can be interpreted as a switch cost, but its magnitude varies substantially across experiments. We investigated how switch cost is affected by transition frequency (how often subjects repeat and switch tasks) with an experiment in which each transition had a frequency of .70 in separate sessions. Switch cost was smallest when task alternations were frequent and largest when task repetitions were frequent. Mathematical modeling of the data indicated that the different “switch costs” reflected priming of cue encoding for frequent transitions. Interpretations of our findings based on automatic priming from memory retrieval of past transitions and strategic priming from transition expectancies are discussed.
Following Natures Lead: On the Construction of Membrane-Inserted Toxins in Lipid Bilayer Nanodiscs

Bacterial toxin or viral entry into the cell often requires cell surface binding and endocytosis. The endosomal acidification induces a limited unfolding/refolding and membrane insertion reaction of the soluble toxins or viral proteins into their translocation competent or membrane inserted states. At the molecular level, the specific orientation and immobilization of the pre-transitioned toxin on the cell surface is often an important prerequisite prior to cell entry. We propose that structures of some toxin membrane insertion complexes may be observed through procedures where one rationally immobilizes the soluble toxin so that potential unfolding ↔ refolding transitions that occur prior to membrane insertion orientate away from the immobilization surface in the presence of lipid micelle pre-nanodisc structures. As a specific example, the immobilized prepore form of the anthrax toxin pore translocon or protective antigen can be transitioned, inserted into a model lipid membrane (nanodiscs), and released from the immobilized support in its membrane solubilized form. This particular strategy, although unconventional, is a useful procedure for generating pure membrane-inserted toxins in nanodiscs for electron microscopy structural analysis. In addition, generating a similar immobilized platform on label-free biosensor surfaces allows one to observe the kinetics of these acid-induced membrane insertion transitions. These platforms can facilitate the rational design of inhibitors that specifically target the toxin membrane insertion transitions that occur during endosomal acidification. This approach may lead to a new class of direct anti-toxin inhibitors.
Electronic Band Structure of SiC Polytypes: A Discussion of Theory and Experiment

After a brief discussion of the origin of polytypes and a few general remarks on the relationship between polytypism and properties of SiC, we focus on a comparative study of their electronic band structures. We first explain how the different band structures can be put on the same footing by examining Brillouin zone folding effects. Then we discuss the dependency of some of the important eigenvalues on hexagonality. Next, we discuss some of the available spectroscopic information on the band structures. Finally, we examine some of the details near the gaps in further detail such as the location of the conduction-band minima, the effective masses and the crystal field splittings and masses of the upper valence bands. Open questions and areas where experimental verification is needed are pointed out.
Bisexual Monogamy: Twice the Temptation but Half the Fun?

L'A. souleve la question de la monogamie bisexuelle et souligne son importance theorique du point de vue de la relation entre sexualite, identite et expression libre. Refutant l'idee d'une incompatibilite logique entre bisexualite et monogamie, et examinant l'idee de satisfaction des desirs, l'A. montre que les constructions sociales profondes concernant les genres et la sexualite imposent un cout sexuel plus important aux bisexuels qu'aux heterosexuels et homosexuels, d'une part, et qu'un modele non-dualiste de la bisexualite pourrait promouvoir une plus grande harmonie entre l'epanouissement et l'exclusivite sexuels
Does State Political Ideology Change over Time

Students of politics in the American states agree that political ideology varies significantly between the states. Due to the path-breaking work of Wright, Erikson and McIver (1985) and their subsequent research, there is consensus that interstate differences in public ideology are important in accounting for notable differences among the states in the policies they adopt. Despite this consensus, however, there remains a fundamental debate among state politics researchers regarding whether public ideology changes within the states in the post-WW II era. Erikson, Wright, and McIver (1993) contend that state-level ideology is mostly stable, with over-time variations representing “noise.” Alternatively, Berry, Ringquist, Fording, and Hanson (1998) argue that meaningful ideological change occurs within states over time. We test the hypothesis that ideology is stable at the state level. In addition to using the data developed by these teams of researchers, we construct an alternative data set to provide an out...