cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carboniferous Cherts, Turbidites, and Volcanic Rocks in Northern Independence Range, Nevada

Rocks of eugeosynclinal origin in the northern Independence Range, Elko County, Nevada (Wildhorse and Bull Run quadrangles) compose the Schoonover Formation which includes eight named and two unnamed members. The formation is, in part, Mississippian, and about 9000 feet in maximum thickness. The rocks, allochthonous with respect to a Carboniferous and Cambrian terrane of miogeosynclinal facies, have been folded and thrust from the northwest during the late Mississippian or post-Mississippian but prior to the Miocene. Principal rock types include (1) argillaceous lutites, (2) bedded cherts, (3) arenites and conglomerates, and (4) andesite lavas. The bedded cherts appear to have been pelagic accumulations of siliceous organic debris, mostly radiolarian fragments, on the sea floor. Bedded cherts grade from those clearly composed of solid organic debris to those in which the finer radiolarian fragments have merged into a featureless silica continuum. Partial solution and interstitial crystallization during diagenesis and accompanying compaction are considered the essential mechanisms of lithification. The arenites show graded bedding and flute casts and consist mainly of poorly sorted, poorly rounded quartz grains and once-argillaceous finer material. They are turbidites intermittently deposited by currents from the west. The cherts are products of brief flourishings and settlings of siliceous plankton. Layers of pebbly mudstone (tilloid) record chaotic submarine slides into the relatively deep-water site of sedimentation. The source of the turbidites and slide deposits was a tectonic land not far to the west, composed of rocks formed in the eugeosyncline.
Geostatistical Crustal Abundance Resource Models

Geostatistical crustal abundance models of metal resources rest upon the description of metal concentration by a probability relationship. Initially, probability relations were univariate, primarily lognormal and binomial. More recently, probability relations have been bivariate (deposit tonnage and grade) and multivariate (deposit tonnage, grade, depth, and intradeposit grade variance). Recently, developments have been at two very different levels: one is the use of more specific measures of crustal abundance in simple univariate models to estimate mineral endowment at the local or regional level; the other is the use of multivariate crustal abundance models in larger systems to estimate the potential supply of the metal for specified economic circumstances.
Binding clients to replicated servers: initial and Continuous Binding

Much effort has been dedicated to the development of application-layer and network-layer mechanisms for selecting the "best" server among a set of replicated servers. In this work, we highlight a different problem that arises in the replicated server context; namely, when to to invoke and use a server selection mechanism. We use the term "binding" to refer to the function that queries a server selection mechanism and makes decisions about how to use the results. We consider two extreme cases of binding frequency, Initial Binding at the start of a connection, and Continuous Binding for each packet. We propose and evaluate a Continuous Binding scheme, and then compare these two extremes to one another. Our results indicate that a single client can improve performance by using Continuous Binding for a long-lived connection. However, when multiple clients use Continuous Binding, performance degrades. These results imply that network-layer server selection mechanisms may not be useful in the data plane for connection-based applications, which are the dominant form of communication in the current Internet.
On constant modulus multidimensional harmonic retrieval

In a recent paper, it has been shown that up to ⌊K over 2⌋ ⌈L over 2⌉two-dimensional (2-D) exponentials are almost surely identifiable from a K × L mixture, assuming regular sampling at or above Nyquist in both dimensions. This holds for damped or undamped exponentials. In this paper, we show that up to ⌊K over 2⌋ ⌈L over 2⌉ undamped exponentials can be uniquely recovered almost surely. Multidimensional conjugate folding is used to achieve this improvement. The main result is then generalized to N > 2 dimensions. The gain is interesting from a theoretical standpoint, but also for small 2-D sensor arrays or higher dimensions and odd sample sizes. Also important is that the proof implies an algebraic retrieval algorithm, called the MDF algorithm, which outperforms some of the best known algebraic 2-D harmonic retrieval algorithms. We illustrate this by comparing to MEMP, JAFE, and also our own earlier multidimensional embedding (MDE) algorithm.
The CYP P450 arachidonate monooxygenases: enzymatic relays for the control of kidney function and blood pressure.

During P450-dependent metabolism, arachidonic acid (AA) is: a) hydroxylated at its ω or ω-1 carbons to 19- and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs)(AA ω/ω-1 hydroxylase), or b) epoxidized at any one of its four olefins to 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, or 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)(AA epoxygenase). The demonstration that many of these P450- derived eicosanoids, were formed endogenously by several rat, rabbit, and human tissues, and that they were present in human and rat plasma and/or urine, established the P450 AA monooxygenase as a formal metabolic pathway, and stimulated an extensive functional characterization of its metabolites [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. During the last 15 years, the list of biological activities attributed to the P450-eicosanoids has increased at a rapid pace, and led to an extensive in vitro characterization of their vasoactive properties, roles in cell and organ ion transport, and of their participation in hormone signaling cascades [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, AA ω/ω-1 hydroxylation and epoxidation account for 70–80, and 20–30% of the total kidney microsomal monooxygenase activity, respectively, and 20-HETE and 11(R), 12(S)-EET (88% optical purity) are recovered as the major ω-hydroxylase and epoxygenase metabolites, respectively [[3]]. The high degree of structural homology displayed by the members of a P450 gene family [8] has complicated the identification of the P450 isoforms responsible for the metabolism of endogenous AA pools [[3],[5],[9]–[11]]. Nevertheless, extensive enzymatic, biochemical, immunological, and functional evidence indicates that CYPs of the 2 and 4 gene families are responsible for AA metabolism, and that, in rat kidney, CYPs 2C and 4A are the predominant and functionally significant AA epoxygenases and ω/ω-1 hydroxylases, respectively [[3],[9]–[19]]. For example, CYPs, 2C23, 2C24, and 2C11 are expressed in the rat kidney in decreasing order of abundance [[17]] but, of these, only CYP 2C23 metabolizes AA with a regio- and enantioselectivity that matches that of the microsomal enzymes [[16],[17]]. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 1,antibodies raised against CYP 2C23 inhibited better than 95% of the microsomal epoxygenase activity present in rat kidney microsomes, and had no effect on microsomal AA ω/ω-1 hydroxylation. The recognition of CYPs 2C and 4A as endogenous AA epoxygenases and ω/ hydroxylases, as well the early proposal of a role for these isoforms in the pathophysiology of experimental hypertension [1,[4]–[7]], open the way to the introduction of molecular approaches for the study of the functional roles of the AA monooxygenases, and the characterization of P450-isoform/gene-dependent phenotypes of renal dysfunction.
Effects of chemical subendocardial ablation on activation rate gradient during ventricular fibrillation

The mechanism by which an endocardial-epicardial activation rate gradient develops after 1 or 2 min of sustained ventricular fibrillation is unknown. We recorded from electrodes on the epicardium and from hook electrodes in the endocardium in three open-chest control dogs during prolonged ventricular fibrillation. The same recordings were also made in seven dogs after right ventricular subendocardial ablation with Lugol solution and in three dogs after substitution of air for the cavitary blood. The effects of these interventions, i.e., Lugol ablation (n = 2) and the exposure to air (n = 2), on the subendocardial Purkinje fiber transmembrane action potential properties were also evaluated in vitro using microelectrode recording techniques. The in vivo studies showed a significant endocardial-epicardial rate gradient in the control dogs and in dogs that had air substituted for the cavitary blood. In comparison, in dogs that underwent chemical subendocardial ablation, the activation cycle lengths for the endocardium and epicardium were not significantly different. The in vitro studies showed that subendocardial Purkinje fiber action potentials could still be recorded for up to 10 min of exposure to air. In comparison, in the tissues subjected to chemical ablation, no transmembrane action potentials could be recorded from either the Purkinje fibers or superficial ventricular muscle cells. We conclude that the development of an endocardial-epicardial activation rate gradient during prolonged ventricular fibrillation depends on the presence of intact subendocardial Purkinje fibers and ventricular myocytes. The retained cavitary blood is not responsible for the development of the rate gradient.
Application of chemical looping process for continuous high purity hydrogen production by methane thermocatalytic decomposition

Methane thermocatalytic decomposition has been recognized as an advanced process for hydrogen (H2) production or natural gas decarbonization in the carbon constrained world due to its low CO2 emission. As an alternative to costly transition metal catalysts, it is believed that carbon materials are promising catalysts for this process, of which activated carbon (AC) provides reasonable reaction kinetics. The application of a chemical looping process to methane thermocatalytic decomposition is investigated for continuous high purity H2 production using AC as a catalyst. To be suitable for a fluidized bed-based chemical looping process, the AC catalyst should meet certain requirements besides its contribution to reaction kinetics. Accordingly, it was evaluated by durability, crushing strength, and resistance to agglomeration. The evolution of textural properties and surface chemistry is examined as well to understand the catalytic activity performance. The results show that, under proper regeneration, the AC catalyst demonstrates no deactivation during cyclic study and prove that high purity CO2-free H2 can be continuously produced. The crushing strength of AC catalyst is suitable for a chemical looping process and no agglomeration is observed under parameters tested. In addition, the experimental data also indicated that surface area plays an important role in the cyclic catalytic activity of the AC catalyst.
Decay of mass-separated /sup 156/Yb

The isotope /sup 156/Yb was produced via the /sup 147/Sm(/sup 16/O,7n) reaction and was mass separated with an on-line isotope separator. Its decay properties were studied by using ..gamma..-ray, x-ray, and ..cap alpha..-particle detectors. The half-life and ..cap alpha.. decay energy extracted were found to agree with values from earlier ..cap alpha..-decay investigations. In addition, the (EC+..beta../sup +/) decay of /sup 156/Yb was identified for the first time. This decay to /sup 156/Tm is accompanied by only one strong ..gamma.. ray, an E1 transition of 115.2 +- 0.2 keV. It is proposed that, as in the case of the /sup 148,150,152/Dy decays to odd-odd terbium nuclei, essentially all of the /sup 156/Yb ..beta.. decay proceeds to a 1/sup +/ level in /sup 156/Tm at approx.115 keV by an allowed transition, logftapprox.3.9. This 1/sup +/ level then depopulates to a 2/sup -/ at or near the ground state. Alpha-decay branching ratios were deduced for /sup 156/Yb, /sup 156/Tm, /sup 152/Er, and /sup 152/Ho.
Incidence of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and the secondary screwworm, C. macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico.

In a 12-month survey in the central highlands of Chiapas (470 to 2,270 m elev.), 100 adult screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (0.058 adults/trap-wk), and 1,155 adult C. macellaria (0.671 adults/trap-wk) were captured in wind-oriented traps baited with swormlure-2. Trap captures of these 2 species were not correlated with elevation; instead, adults appeared to occur in “pockets” along the altitudinal gradient. More adults of both species were captured during the wet season than in the dry season, and seasonal differences in captures were greater at elevations from 1,470 to 2,270 m than from 470 to 1,270 m. Adult capture rates (ACR) for screwworms were not correlated with average monthly temperature or rainfall at the low elevations but showed a positive correlation with average monthly temperature and rainfall at the high elevations. These differences in ACR between the high and low elevations were believed to be due to the greater annual changes in weather at the high elevations. ACRs for C. macellaria were not correlated with average monthly temperature or rainfall at either the high or low elevations. Screwworm oviposition showed a negative correlation with elevation ( P < 0.05), a possibly significant negative correlation with average daily rainfall ( P < 0.10), and a positive correlation with temperature ( P < 0.05); however, oviposition was observed at the highest (2,060 m) and coldest (16.1 °C average daily temperature) sampling site.
Verification of recursive probabilistic integration (RPI) method for fatigue life management using non-destructive inspections

This paper verified a generic and efficient assessment concept for probabilistic fatigue life management. The concept is developed based on an integration of damage tolerance methodology, simulations methods 1, 2 , and a probabilistic algorithm RPI (recursive probability integration) 3-9 considering maintenance for damage tolerance and risk-based fatigue life management. RPI is an efficient semi-analytical probabilistic method for risk assessment subjected to various uncertainties such as the variability in material properties including crack growth rate, initial flaw size, repair quality, random process modeling of flight loads for failure analysis, and inspection reliability represented by probability of detection (POD). In addition, unlike traditional Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) which requires a rerun of MCS when maintenance plan is changed, RPI can repeatedly use a small set of baseline random crack growth histories excluding maintenance related parameters from a single MCS for various maintenance plans. In order to fully appreciate the RPI method, a verification procedure was performed. In this study, MC simulations in the orders of several hundred billions were conducted for various flight conditions, material properties, and inspection scheduling, POD and repair/replacement strategies. Since the MC simulations are time-consuming methods, the simulations were conducted parallelly on DoD High Performance Computers (HPC) using a specialized random number generator for parallel computing. The study has shown that RPI method is several orders of magnitude more efficient than traditional Monte Carlo simulations.
The Chemistry of Graphene Oxide

In this chapter, we discuss a variety of chemical reactions introduced for GO. Among all studies on the chemistry of GO, the largest portion focused on the reduction of GO back to graphene, mainly due to its high relevance to graphene and the gold rush of graphene research over the last decade. However, doping, functionalization and cross-linking of GO are equally, if not more, interesting to chemists, since GO is a giant model compound of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) oxides. Here, we start with a thorough comparison between various reducing recipes for GO, and follow with some theoretical simulations and predictions on its convertibility toward graphene. In addition to that, we elaborate on extended chemical modifications (covalent and non-covalent), cross-linking, and doping recipes for this macromolecule shown in literature. After all, we intend to show you that GO became a relatively hot research topic, not only due to its relevance to graphene, but also for its high chemical activity and tunability, which enabled the prosperity of its research in various fields led by chemists, materials scientists, biologists, physicists, as well as engineers. It is a perfect paradigm for young researchers as an important subject thrived in interdisciplinary research. After all, when real-life problems come, potential solutions do not impose boundaries between disciplines. All relevant disciplines can offer their input, and contribute together to the final solutions, in which cases communications and collaborations between different researchers need to be encouraged and appreciated.
Microstructure and property study of Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy

Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy has been smelted with protecting flux,and the ingot has been hot-extruded.The effect of additive Sc on microstructure and properties of Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy extrusions has been investigated.The results show that the grains have been refined and new Al3Sc phases have been occurred in the Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy while the rare earth Sc being added.Partial dynamic re-crystallization has been formed in the extruded Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy.The yield strength and tensile strength of Mg-3Al-2Sc alloy have been greatly improved compared AZ31 magnesium alloy.The tensile fracture micro-mechanism is mainly quasi-cleavage fracture and inter-granular fracture.
Advance on Spatial Variability of Soil Nutrients

This paper gave a brief analysis in sampling strategy and research methods on spatial variability of soil nutrients; the advance on spatial variability of soil nutrients under different scale was reviewed; the problems and prospect about spatial variability of soil nutrients research were discussed.
Heterogeneity of breakpoints of 11q23 rearrangements in hematologic malignancies identified with fluorescence in situ hybridization

Twenty-four patients whose cells contained a variety of 11q23 rearrangements, including translocations, insertions, and an inversion, were studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization with cosmid, phage, and plasmid probes mapped to 11q22-24. In 17 patients, the breakpoints of the common 11q23 translocations involving chromosomes 4, 6, 9, and 19 as well as some uncommon translocations involving 3q23, 17q25, 10p11, and an insertion 10;11 were all located in the breakpoint cluster region of the MLL gene, regardless of age, phenotype of disease, or involvement of a third chromosome. The breakpoints in 11q23 in the other 7 patients with a t(7;11)(p15;q23), inv(11)(p11q23), t(4;11)(q23;q23), der(5)t(5;11)(q13;q23), ins(10;11)(p11;q23q24), t(11;14)(q23;q11), or t(11;18;11) (p15;q21;q23) were located either centromeric to CD3D or telomeric to THY1. Thus, although most 11q23 rearrangements, involve the same breakpoint cluster region of MLL, there is heterogeneity in the breakpoint in some of the rare rearrangements.
Meniscus process optimization for smooth surface fabrication in Stereolithography

Abstract In the layer-based additive manufacturing processes, it is well known that the surface finish is usually poor due to the stair-stepping effect. In our previous study, it was shown that the meniscus approach can be used in the Stereolithography process to achieve much better surface finish. A related challenge is how to optimize parameters such that the formed meniscuses can lead to high surface finish and accurate shape. In this paper, a systematic process planning method is presented for the Stereolithography process that is integrated with the meniscus approach. Process planning, parameters characterization and meniscus parameters optimization are presented with experimental verifications. To demonstrate the systematic process, surface profile simulation, meniscus database construction, meniscus forming parameter optimization, and shape accuracy prediction have been performed using a test case based on convex surfaces. A comparison between the experimental results with and without the process planning method is presented, illustrating the effectiveness of the developed meniscus optimization method in simultaneously controlling the shape and surface finish of fabricated objects. Subsequently the simulation results are also verified with experimental results.
Archaelogy and Cultural Tourism on the North Coast of Peru: Images from a Region in Transition

This photo essay explores cultural tourism on Peru’s North Coast, a region primarily known for its impressive archaeological sites, such as the Royal Tombs of Sipan, Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, and Chan Chan. Focusing specifically on the impact of heritage tourism on local communities, the photo essay illustrates how archaeological discoveries have contributed to new opportunities for community empowerment and improved quality of life as well as to a changing understanding of the history and cultural heritage of the region.
“We Would Still Find Things to Talk About”: Assessment of Mentor Perspectives in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Intervention to Improve Disease Self-Management, Empowering SLE Patients

Abstract Background Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder with significant disparate impact on African American women. The current study sought to highlight how the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-management (PALS) intervention worked bi-directionally wherein both women with SLE leading the disease self-management program (mentors), and those participants who served as mentees, were empowered toward greater disease self-efficacy. Methods Data was captured for this study in two formats from the seven mentors participating in the pilot study: 1) mentor logs and 2) mentor interviews with the principle investigator. This information was then analyzed for themes relating to their experience within the study. Results We found that empowerment was facilitated by mentors taking their mentorship responsibilities seriously and seeking several avenues for collaboratively developing success with their mentees. Mentors reported that although challenges arose, their desire for success resulted in multiple approaches to be flexible and responsive to the needs of their mentees. Additionally, reciprocity was found to be a vital element of the program. Conclusions Key thematic areas supported our ability to demonstrate the usefulness of a peer mentoring program for SLE disease self-management on evoking empowerment through reciprocal relationships among mentors and mentees within our study population. Furthermore the feedback from PALS participants yielded very rich and contextual information that can be used as a thematic guide for developing and refining evidence-based interventions that seek to incorporate empowerment into disease self-management efforts for women suffering from SLE.
Size Effects in Inertial Measurement Systems

Abstract Size effects exists in each physical inertial measurement system (IMS) because of the fact that not all accelerometers of the IMS are situated at the point defined to be the position of the attendant vehicle. In general, two kinds of size effects are associated with an IMS. They are the "mounting offset size effect" and the "cluster size effect". This paper presents the result of an investigation of the size effects in IMS, both strap-down and gimbaled. Among the topics are equations for navigation error due to size effects, laboratory test results, numerical examples, results from a simulated flight, preferred orientation of accelerometer cluster, size effect compensation, and the size effect induced computation error.
A Comparison of Pharmacy Dispensing Channel Use and Adherence to Specialty Drugs Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to specialty drugs has been associated with poor clinical and economic outcomes. Studies conducted using commercial health plans suggest that patients who use specialty pha...
A comprehensive taxonomy of human motives: a principled basis for the motives of intelligent agents

We present a hierarchical taxonomy of human motives, based on similarity judgments of 161 motives gleaned from an extensive review of the motivation literature from McDougall to the present. This taxonomy provides a theoretically and empirically principled basis for the motive structures of Intelligent Agents. 220 participants sorted the motives into groups, using a Flash interface in a standard web browser. The co-occurrence matrix was cluster analyzed. At the broadest level were five large clusters concerned with Relatedness, Competence, Morality and Religion, Self-enhancement / Self-knowledge, and Avoidance. Each of the broad clusters divided into more specific motives. We discuss using this taxonomy as the basis for motives in Intelligent Agents, as well as its relationship to other motive organizations.
Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Associated With Gray Matter Predominant Transverse Myelitis Mimicking Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Presentation of Two Cases.

Abstract Background Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disorders frequently manifest as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. While their clinical phenotypes overlap with relapsing inflammatory Central nervous system (CNS) conditions such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, MOG-related syndromes frequently occur in a younger age group. In children, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is less specific for anti-aquaporin-4 associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and has also been reported in pediatric multiple sclerosis, idiopathic transverse myelitis, and acute flaccid myelitis. Methods We summarize two patients with positive MOG antibodies and myelitis. Results We identified two individuals with anti-MOG associated LETM that demonstrate primarily gray matter involvement. Clinically these patients exhibited hyperreflexia and had rapid improvement with immunotherapies. Conclusions Anti-MOG diseases can cause LETM with gray matter predominance mimicking acute flaccid myelitis, but clinically these patients can have retained reflexes and respond favorably to immunotherapies.
Formation and Announcement ot the Reform and Opening Policy (1978–1979)

In October 1978 the People’s Republic of China entered its 30th year of existence. As is clear from the preceding brief historical review, these 30 years abounded in both successes and failures. Although in these three decades Chinese society made significant progress in modernization, civilization, and economic and cultural development, the political leadership was by no means able to rest on its laurels, whether their achievements were compared with the socioeconomic development of other East-Asian and Southeast-Asian countries in the vicinity or with China’s own potential development possibilities. It was no mere coincidence that some of the Chinese leaders had even earlier spoken about a “lost decade” and estimated that China’s lag in technology behind the pioneering countries was about 50 years, adding that the abyss separating China from them had not narrowed in the decade from 1967 to 1976, but rather deepened and widened.1
Weighing a Magnet as it Falls with Terminal Velocity Through an Aluminum Pipe

With the wide availability of strong neodymium magnets, the slow and stately fall of a magnet through a conducting pipe has become a favorite classroom demo for teaching electromagnetic induction, Newton’s third law, and Lenz’s law. Since Lenz’s law is conceptually difficult for some students, several authors have used this demo to explore in greater detail the role of eddy currents in braking the fall of the magnet through the conducting pipe. The demo also serves as an excellent application of Newton’s third law in a clear case of action-at-a-distance interaction. Other authors have focused attention on various aspects of this demo, from methods for measuring the terminal velocity to detailed analysis of electromagnetic damping. In this paper we explore the equilibrium condition of the magnet as it falls with constant velocity through a conducting pipe and present two simple methods for measuring the electromagnetic braking force directly during the magnet’s fall.
Supersymmetry-guided method for mode selection and optimization in coupled systems: publisher's note.

This publisher’s note corrects an error in the funding section of Opt. Lett.43, 3758 (2018)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.43.003758.
Selection and Simulation of Black-start Diesel Generating Set in Regional Power Grid

For micro-grids formed by multiple distributed sources of energy and the industrial park area grid, The selection of the black start power supply is a key factor in the rapid and reliable recovery of power supply after blackout. In this paper, the actual black start of regional power grid is taken as an example, two indicators were applied to the selection of a black start diesel generator set, and the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation model is established, The adaptability of the selected diesel unit is verified, and the feasibility of using the emergency diesel generator as a black start power source in the thermal power plant is discussed.
Development and Characterization of a Pilot-Scale Model Cocoa Fermentation System Suitable for Studying the Impact of Fermentation on Putative Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Cocoa.

Cocoa is a concentrated source of dietary flavanols—putative bioactive compounds associated with health benefits. It is known that fermentation and roasting reduce levels of native flavonoids in cocoa, and it is generally thought that this loss translates to reduced bioactivity. However, the mechanisms of these losses are poorly understood, and little data exist to support this paradigm that flavonoid loss results in reduced health benefits. To further facilitate large-scale studies of the impact of fermentation on cocoa flavanols, a controlled laboratory fermentation model system was increased in scale to a large (pilot) scale system. Raw cocoa beans (15 kg) were fermented in 16 L of a simulated pulp media in duplicate for 168 h. The temperature of the fermentation was increased from 25–55 °C at a rate of 5 °C/24 h. As expected, total polyphenols and flavanol levels decreased as fermentation progressed (a loss of 18.3% total polyphenols and 14.4% loss of total flavanols during fermentation) but some increases were observed in the final timepoints (120–168 h). Fermentation substrates, metabolites and putative cocoa bioactive compounds were monitored and found to follow typical trends for on-farm cocoa heap fermentations. For example, sucrose levels in pulp declined from >40 mg/mL to undetectable at 96 h. This model system provides a controlled environment for further investigation into the potential for optimizing fermentation parameters to enhance the flavanol composition and the potential health benefits of the resultant cocoa beans.
Distributed Optimization-Based Hourly Coordination for V2G and G2V

Network-constrained economic dispatch (NCED) problem, which takes into account the random mobility of electric vehicles (EV) and additional variables corresponding to each EV’s charge/discharge cycles, is large scale, complex and computationally expensive. To reduce the computational burden associated with this optimization problem, distributed optimization is introduced. Since EVs randomly move from one bus to another bus, this paper proposes a temporal, rather than a geographical, decomposition approach to divide a ramp-constrained NCED. Thousands of EVs are considered over the scheduling horizon in order to take advantage of parallel computing and achieve reduced solution time. A ramp-constrained NCED is formulated for each sub-horizon while the connections between subproblems are modeled as shared variables/constraints. In order to coordinate the subproblems and find the optimal solution for the entire operation horizon, distributed auxiliary problem principle (APP) is proposed. Further, an efficient initialization strategy is presented to enhance the convergence time of the solution algorithm. The proposed method is employed to solve a week-ahead NCED on a 6-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems. The results are compared with those of a centralized approach and effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the solution time is verified.
Structure-Guided In Vitro to In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Propargyl-Linked Antifolates

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties are strongly correlated with the in vivo efficacy of antibiotics. Propargyl-linked antifolates, a novel class of antibiotics, demonstrate potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Here, we report our efforts to optimize the pharmacokinetic profile of this class to best match the established pharmacodynamic properties. High-resolution crystal structures were used in combination with in vitro pharmacokinetic models to design compounds that not only are metabolically stable in vivo but also retain potent antibacterial activity. The initial lead compound was prone to both N-oxidation and demethylation, which resulted in an abbreviated in vivo half-life (∼20 minutes) in mice. Stability of leads toward mouse liver microsomes was primarily used to guide medicinal chemistry efforts so robust efficacy could be demonstrated in a mouse disease model. Structure-based drug design guided mitigation of N-oxide formation through substitutions of sterically demanding groups adjacent to the pyridyl nitrogen. Additionally, deuterium and fluorine substitutions were evaluated for their effect on the rate of oxidative demethylation. The resulting compound was characterized and demonstrated to have a low projected clearance in humans with limited potential for drug-drug interactions as predicted by cytochrome P450 inhibition as well as an in vivo exposure profile that optimizes the potential for bactericidal activity, highlighting how structural data, merged with substitutions to introduce metabolic stability, are a powerful approach to drug design.
Critical Appraisal of Mathematics Education Systematic Review Search Methods: Implications for Social Sciences Librarians

Social sciences librarians have an interest in supporting systematic reviews, but the available guidance is focused on health sciences settings. This study contributes guidance specifically for social sciences librarians using the Campbell Collaboration’s standards to evaluate the search methods reported in systematic reviews on K–12 mathematics education. After searching ERIC (EBSCO), Education Source (EBSCO), Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), and Compendex (Engineering Village) in April 2018, we included 40 systematic reviews. The reviews were evaluated on the transparency of the reporting and the comprehensiveness of the search as required by the standards. The findings revealed deficiencies in search processes and reporting of search methods. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for librarians collaborating with social sciences researchers.
Berry phase in quantum field theory: Diabolical points and boundary phenomena

We study aspects of Berry phase in gapped many-body quantum systems by means of effective field theory. Once the parameters are promoted to spacetime-dependent background fields, such adiabatic phases are described by Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) and similar terms. In the presence of symmetries, there are also quantized invariants capturing generalized Thouless pumps. Consideration of these terms provides constraints on the phase diagram of many-body systems, implying the existence of gapless points in the phase diagram which are stable for topological reasons. We describe such diabolical points, realized by free fermions and gauge theories in various dimensions, which act as sources of "higher Berry curvature" and are protected by the quantization of the corresponding WZW terms or Thouless pump terms. These are analogous to Weyl nodes in a semimetal band structure. We argue that in the presence of a boundary, there are boundary diabolical points---parameter values where the boundary gap closes---which occupy arcs ending at the bulk diabolical points. Thus the boundary has an "anomaly in the space of couplings" in the sense of Cordova et al. Consideration of the topological effective action for the parameters also provides some new checks on conjectured infrared dualities and deconfined quantum criticality in 2+1d.
Implicit Discourse Relation Classification: We Need to Talk about Evaluation

Implicit relation classification on Penn Discourse TreeBank (PDTB) 2.0 is a common benchmark task for evaluating the understanding of discourse relations. However, the lack of consistency in preprocessing and evaluation poses challenges to fair comparison of results in the literature. In this work, we highlight these inconsistencies and propose an improved evaluation protocol. Paired with this protocol, we report strong baseline results from pretrained sentence encoders, which set the new state-of-the-art for PDTB 2.0. Furthermore, this work is the first to explore fine-grained relation classification on PDTB 3.0. We expect our work to serve as a point of comparison for future work, and also as an initiative to discuss models of larger context and possible data augmentations for downstream transferability.
Housing, Relationships, and Substance Use among Formerly Incarcerated Females.

The need for housing is an important concern for most women about to be released from prison, especially by those that need substance use treatment. This study explored the association between hous...
Teaching Virtual Job Interview Skills to College Students With IDD Using Literacy-Based Behavioral Interventions

College students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) face challenges searching for jobs, often lacking communication and social skills needed during formal interviews. The COVID-...
Parameter space exploration of short-pulse laser-driven ion acceleration via ensemble simulations and neural networks

Application of deep learning to shaped, short-pulse laser-driven ion acceleration. Using a neural network as a universal approximator function, i.e., a surrogate model, we can map out large areas of parameter space. The neural network is informed by a large dataset of about 1,000, mid-fidelity particle-in-cell simulations modeling instances of Target-Normal Sheath Acceleration. The neural-network-based function allows us to rapidly explore regions of interest in search of optimal input parameters and features of interest.
Vibration Analysis of Timoshenko Beams using Isogeometric Analysis.

In this paper, the finite free-form beam element is formulated by the isogeometric approach based on the Timoshenko beam theory to investigate the free vibration behavior of the beams. The non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) functions which define the geometry of the beam are used as the basis functions for the finite element analysis. In order to enrich the basis functions and to increase the accuracy of the solution fields, the h-, p-, and k-refinement techniques are implemented. The geometry and curvature of the beams are modelled in a unique way based on NURBS. All the effects of the the shear deformation, and the rotary inertia are taken into consideration by the present isogeometric model. Results of the beams for non-dimensional frequencies are compared with other available results in order to show the accuracy and efficiency of the present isogeometric approach. From numerical results, the present element can produce very accurate values of natural frequencies and the mode shapes due to exact definition of the geometry. With higher order basis functions, there is no shear locking phenomenon in very thin beam situations. Finally, the benchmark tests described in this study are provided as future reference solutions for Timoshenko beam vibration problem.
Detection of Clouds in Multiple Wind Velocity Fields using Ground-based Infrared Sky Images

Horizontal atmospheric wind shear causes wind velocity fields to have different directions and speeds. In images of clouds acquired using ground-based sky imagers, clouds may be moving in different wind layers. To increase the performance of an intra-hour global solar irradiance forecasting algorithm, it is important to detect multiple layers of clouds. The information provided by a solar forecasting algorithm is necessary to optimize and schedule the solar generation resources and storage devices in a smart grid. This investigation studies the performance of unsupervised learning techniques when detecting the number of cloud layers in infrared sky images. The images are acquired using an innovative infrared sky imager mounted on a solar tracker. Different mixture models are used to infer the distribution of the cloud features. The optimal decision criterion to find the number of clusters in the mixture models is analyzed and compared between different Bayesian metrics and a sequential hidden Markov model. The motion vectors are computed using a weighted implementation of the Lucas-Kanade algorithm. The correlations between the cloud velocity vectors and temperatures are analyzed to find the method that leads to the most accurate results. We have found that the sequential hidden Markov model outperformed the detection accuracy of the Bayesian metrics.
Re-examining the role of family relationships in structuring perceived helping obligations, and their impact on moral evaluation

Abstract Although recent research has highlighted that social relationships influence moral judgment, many questions remain. Across two pre-registered experiments (total N = 1310), we investigated one social relationship and its link to morality: kinship and its obligations. Experiment 1 varied genetic relatedness between helpers and beneficiaries (i.e., strangers, cousins, siblings), investigating differences in perceived obligations to help and downstream moral evaluations of helpers. Experiment 2 investigated whether these patterns varied via agents being estranged versus friendly, and whether relatedness impacts obligation judgments through other social interaction inferences (e.g., social closeness, frequency of prior help). Before helping occurred, agents were judged as having stronger obligations toward relatives than strangers, and closer relatives (i.e., siblings) than distant relatives (i.e., cousins). After helping occurred, agents who helped strangers were judged as more morally good than agents who helped relatives, but agents who helped strangers instead of relatives (or cousins instead of siblings) were judged as less morally good than agents who did the opposite. Perceived obligation differences shaped moral evaluation differences at the individual level only in contexts where agents helped one beneficiary over another. Importantly, social interaction inference differences were always more strongly correlated with obligation judgment differences than relatedness judgment differences were. Additionally, endorsement of family values and ingroup-loyalty correlated positively with obligations toward family, whereas endorsement of impartial beneficence correlated positively with obligations toward strangers. By broadening the theoretical and methodological scope of prior work, this research offers a richer characterization of some of the determinants and consequences of perceiving obligations to help.
Structural and Functional Default Mode Network Connectivity and Antipsychotic Treatment Response in Medication-Naïve First Episode Psychosis Patients.

Introduction Only a few studies have comprehensively characterized default mode network (DMN) pathology on a structural and functional level, and definite conclusions cannot be drawn due to antipsychotic medication exposure and illness chronicity. The objective of this study was to characterize DMN pathology in medication-naive first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, and determine if DMN structural and functional connectivity (FC) have potential utility as a predictor for subsequent antipsychotic treatment response. Methods Diffusion imaging and resting state FC data from 42 controls and 52 FEP were analyzed. Patients then received 16 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Using region of interest analyses, we quantified FC of the DMN and structural integrity of the white matter tracts supporting DMN function. We then did linear regressions between DMN structural and FC indices and antipsychotic treatment response. Results We detected reduced DMN fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity in FEP compared to controls. No DMN FC abnormalities nor correlations between DMN structural and FC were found. Finally, DMN fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity were associated with response to treatment. Conclusion Our study highlights the critical role of the DMN in the pathophysiology suggesting that axonal damage may already be present in FEP patients. We also demonstrated that DMN pathology is clinically relevant, as greater structural DMN alterations were associated with a less favorable clinical response to antipsychotic medications.
Beyond fans: The relational labor and communication practices of creators on Patreon

The digital patronage model provides content creators the opportunity to receive sustained financial support directly from their fans. Patreon is a popular digital patronage platform that represent...
Exposures in pregnant patients reported to United States Poison Centers.

BACKGROUND Limited data describe poisoning exposures in pregnant women. Previous studies are limited to inpatient populations, those seen only by toxicologists, or single poison centers. This study aimed to describe poison exposures reported to U.S. poison control centers in pregnant patients compared to non-pregnant controls. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study of exposures reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Poison Data System from 2000 through 2019. Pregnant patients were included from 15-44 years along with a random sampling of 5:1 age and year matched control group of non-pregnant exposures. Demographics, primary substance, and known medical outcomes were described. Chi square analysis was performed for comparisons. RESULTS From 2000 to 2019, a total of 131,619 pregnant cases and 658,095 non-pregnant controls were identified. The median age was 27 years (IQR: 22, 31) for the matched groups. For known trimester of pregnancy: 29.8, 37.0, and 28.2% were in the first, second, and third trimester, respectively. Most common exposures were analgesics and cleaning products. Intentional exposures were more common in non-pregnant compared to pregnant cases (41.2 vs 21.9%; OR 2.71, 95% CI 2.67-2.75), mostly self-harm attempts (31.5 vs. 15.8%). Notably, there was a large discrepancy in the proportion of environmental exposures, with fewer in non-pregnant controls compared with pregnant cases (3.8 vs. 12.1%; OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.28-0.29). More non-pregnant cases had multiple substance exposures compared with pregnant cases (22.2 vs. 10.9%; OR 2.34, 95% CI 2.29-2.38). There were more moderate effect outcomes in non-pregnant compared with pregnant cases (13.2 vs. 6.3%; OR 2.25, 95% CI 2.20-2.30). CONCLUSIONS Outcomes of poisoning exposures in pregnant patients reported to U.S. poison centers are less serious compared to non-pregnant controls, likely due to the lower rates of intentional abuse and self-harm exposures and greater number of minimally toxic environmental exposures.