cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Usable Information on Environmental Stressors: Opportunities for the Research and Policy Communities

This paper addresses constraints on and opportunities for the use of social science knowledge about environmental stressors in the making of public policy. It first identifies groups for which knowledge about stressors can be useful, including various levels of government and the branches within those levels. Then a spectrum of types of use of knowledge is set out. Constraints on use noted include the differences in the agendas of the social science research and policy communities, the legal and philosophical limitations on a research directed public policy and the differences in the two communities relating to the nature of inquiry. In the final sections, conditions that point to the increased usefulness of stressor research are identified and opportunities for increasing the links between the policy and research enterprises are described.
Facebook as a toolkit: A uses and gratification approach to unbundling feature use

Research on social network sites (SNSs) typically employ measures that treat SNS use as homogenous although the user-base, user practices, and feature sets of these tools are increasingly diverse. Using a uses and gratifications approach, we address this problem by reconceptualizing SNSs as collections of features. Survey data collected from undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university (n=267) revealed that users' motivations for using Facebook predict their use of different features, such as status updates and Wall posts, but features that share similar capabilities do not necessarily share underlying motivations for use. When these results are contrasted against models employing a more unidimensional measure of Facebook use, we find differences between motivations for both general Facebook use and use of specific features of the site. This suggests that unidimensional measures of SNS use obfuscate motivations for using specific features. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings and this approach are discussed.
Credentialing of Research Surgeons: Can Computers Help in the Process?

There has been recurring debate regarding the need for a process of ensuring that individuals who propose research using live animals will be competent in the research and compassionate in their care of animals. The mechanism by which this goal can be accomplished is presently under consideration and acceptance by investigators is of concern. As a first step, the authors propose utilization of an interactive computer program that not only would evaluate cognitive knowledge but also would instruct in areas found to be deficient. Immediate feedback with educational reinforcement is possible. The authors' interest in such a program began with a pediatric surgical postgraduate course presented in 1994 at the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons. The computer program utilized was IRIS (Instantaneous Response Interactive System; IRIS, Denver, CO, USA). This system was well suited to evaluation and instantaneous feedback. That program, or one like it, would be suited to initial evaluation and ed...
Pregnancy Complicated by Insulinoma

Gestational hypoglycemia may result from either reactive hypoglycemia or complications related to the pregnancy. We report a 19-year-old pregnant patient with insulinoma who was treated successfully by distal pancreatectomy during the first trimester. A high index of suspicion was required for the diagnosis since abnormal immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucose (G) ratios (I/G) greater than 0.3 can be found in non-insulinoma normal pregnancy. The incidence of insulinoma complicating pregnancy is unknown, but it is important since gestational hypoglycemia can be associated with an increased perinatal mortality and morbidity similar to that of gestational hyperglycemia.
Toward a community‐oriented action research framework for spirituality: Community psychological and theological perspectives

Spirituality, once an old and honorable religious term for the “exploration into what is involved in becoming human” (McFague, 1997, p. 10), is ubiquitous in contemporary culture, albeit highly diverse and ambiguous in its usage. In our active interchange involving two community psychologists and a theologian—carried on in the spirit of Lewinian action research and pastoral theology's method of congregational studies— we have returned to that earlier tradition. We are developing a framework for spirituality encompassing human development and community development as two sides of the same coin. The framework provides a community-oriented theoretical account of the dynamics of spirituality and a foundation for action research on the interrelationship of spirituality and community. We begin by describing the context for the development of the framework—the St. Robert project, a participant–observer action research and consultation project ongoing for more than ten years in a Roman Catholic parish. We then present the framework's elements and conclude by outlining an ongoing empirical inquiry at St. Robert into the nature of spirituality, which has implications for the field's address to the spiritual dimensions of personal and community experience, especially psychological sense of community. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Natural history of moderate aortic stenosis

The natural history of severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis has been well documented. However, the natural history of moderate aortic stenosis remains poorly understood. Therefore, a group of 66 patients was identified who had a diagnosis of moderate aortic stenosis at the time of cardiac catheterization (aortic valve area 0.7 to 1.2 cm2) and who did not have surgical therapy during the 1st 180 days after cardiac catheterization. During a mean follow-up period of 35 months, 14 patients died of causes attributed to aortic stenosis and 21 underwent aortic valve replacement. The estimated probability for remaining free of any complication of aortic stenosis at the end of the first 4 years was 59%. Symptomatic patients with decreased ejection fraction or hemodynamic evidence of left ventricular decompensation were at greater risk for these complications. It is concluded that patients with moderate aortic stenosis are at significant risk for the development of complications.
Managing the distinctiveness of phonemic nasal vowels: Articulatory evidence from Hindi

There is increasing evidence that fine articulatory adjustments are made by speakers to reinforce and sometimes counteract the acoustic consequences of nasality. However, it is difficult to attribute the acoustic changes in nasal vowel spectra to either oral cavity configuration or to velopharyngeal opening (VPO). This paper takes the position that it is possible to disambiguate the effects of VPO and oropharyngeal configuration on the acoustic output of the vocal tract by studying the position and movement of the tongue and lips during the production of oral and nasal vowels. This paper uses simultaneously collected articulatory, acoustic, and nasal airflow data during the production of all oral and phonemically nasal vowels in Hindi (four speakers) to understand the consequences of the movements of oral articulators on the spectra of nasal vowels. For Hindi nasal vowels, the tongue body is generally lowered for back vowels, fronted for low vowels, and raised for front vowels (with respect to their oral congeners). These movements are generally supported by accompanying changes in the vowel spectra. In Hindi, the lowering of back nasal vowels may have originally served to enhance the acoustic salience of nasality, but has since engendered a nasal vowel chain shift.
Photocluster control system implementation at the IBM Advanced Semiconductor Technology Center

Photocluster control is a key problem in advanced microelectronic manufacturing. As ground rules shrink, sustaining optimum overlay and critical dimension performance requires the frequent updating of tool settings dependent on product, product level, and statistically significant tool/process variation. The system we describe here relies on bi-directional SECS-II interfaces to both exposure and metrology tools for upload/download of tool settings, measurement and logistics data. Exposure tool and process specific models are employed to predict dose, focus and overlay settings for each lot in queue at the exposure tool, based on prior lot or send-ahead wafer metrology data. The alignment and exposure of each lot is then executed under host control, following the automated download of the appropriate settings.
Fourier transform receiver processing of hopped frequency sequences for synthetic range profile generation

This article addresses the use of the Fourier transform receiver as a radar system for high-resolution range-profile generation. A significant point of reference is the equivalence of this receiver to the standard matched filter. Henceforth, it is demonstrated that range information can be extracted from beat-frequency measurements by processing a selected set of waveforms. Attention is given to the step and hop-frequency modulation waveforms, which are shown to be easily compressed into an optimum range profile via coherent, narrowband processing. For these waveforms, the effects of velocity are also discussed in the context of profile distortion due to Doppler mismatch.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mobilization strategies for the collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells: Results from a pilot study of delayed addition G-CSF following chemotherapy and review of the literature.

Objective Given the potential to limit cost, we conducted a pilot study evaluating delayed, low-dose granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) following chemotherapy for the procurement of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) for autologous transplantation and reviewed the relevant literature. Patients and methods Twenty-eight patients with various malignancies received cyclophosphamide 4 gm/m 2 and paclitaxel 170 mg/m 2 followed by G-CSF 300 μg/d or 480 μg/d starting day +5 until two to four daily large volume leukapheresis yielded ≥5.0 × 10 6 CD34 + cells. We searched MEDLINE, Pubmed, and EMBASE databases from 1990 to the present to identify papers on PBPC procurement using delayed G-CSF (starting day +4 or later) following chemotherapy. Results G-CSF was administered for a median of 9 days at an average cost of $1260 USD per 70-kg patient. Collection was initiated at a median of 12 days after chemotherapy. A median 2.5 (range 2–4) apheresis were performed yielding an average daily CD34 + collection of 6.9 × 10 6 /kg (range 0.35–56.7). After one apheresis, 82% and 57% of patients collected ≥2.5 × 10 6 /kg and ≥5.0 × 10 6 /kg, respectively. Ultimately, 89% collected ≥5.0 × 10 6 /kg. Febrile neutropenia and catheter-related infection developed in five and two patients, respectively. All patients proceeded to transplantation and engrafted successfully with a median of 14.9 × 10 6 /kg (range 1.05–113) cells infused. Eleven published reports were identified involving 590 patients of whom 498 received G-CSF at a dose range of 250 μg/d to 10 μg/kg/d starting day +4 to 15 for a period of 4 to 9 days for PBPC procurement. Among these reports, 62 to 100% and 33 to 96% of patients collected ≥2 to 2.5 × 10 6 and ≥5.0 × 10 6 CD34 + cells, respectively. Conclusion The use of delayed, low-dose G-CSF plus chemotherapy for stem cell mobilization was feasible and provides further evidence supporting this potentially cost-effective strategy. A review of the literature supports our findings and emphasizes the need for larger studies to address this issue.
Low-temperature rotational relaxation in gaseous H2 and D2

Various potentials have been used for generating scattering cross sections for rotational transitions in hydrogen isotope systems. Low‐temperature rates were calculated and the relaxation times compared with the results of sound absorption experiments. It is seen that the existing potentials could still be improved since they do not exactly reproduce the experimental results.
Glycogen storage in multiple muscles of old GSD-II mice can be rapidly cleared after a single intravenous injection with a modified adenoviral vector expressing hGAA.

Background Glycogen storage disease II (GSD-II) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, due to acid-alpha-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency. The disease is characterized by massive glycogen accumulation in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. There is early onset (infantile, also known as Pompe disease) as well as late onset (juvenile and adult) forms of GSD-II. Few studies have been published to date that have explored the consequences of delivering a potential therapy to either late onset GSD-II subjects, and/or early onset patients with long-established muscle pathology. One recent report utilizing GAA-KO mice transgenically expressing human GAA (hGAA) suggested that long-established disease in both cardiac and skeletal muscle is likely to prove resistant to therapies. To investigate the potential for disease reversibility in old GSD-II mice, we studied their responsiveness to exogenous hGAA exposure via a gene therapy approach that we have previously shown to be efficacious in young GAA-KO mice. Methods An [E1-, polymerase-] adenoviral vector encoding hGAA was intravenously injected into two groups of aged GAA-KO mice; GAA expression and tissue glycogen reduction were evaluated. Results After vector injection, we found that extremely high amounts of hepatically secreted hGAA could be produced, and subsequently taken up by multiple muscle tissues in the old GAA-KO mice by 17 days post-injection (dpi). As a result, all muscle groups tested in the old GAA-KO mice showed significant glycogen reductions by 17 dpi, relative to that of age-matched, but mock-injected GAA-KO mice. For example, glycogen reduction in heart was 84%, in quadriceps 46%, and in diaphragm 73%. Our data also showed that the uptake and the subsequent intracellular processing of virally expressed hGAA were not impaired in older muscles. Conclusions Overall, the previously reported ‘resistance’ of old GAA-KO muscles to exogenous hGAA replacement approaches can be rapidly overcome after a single intravenous injection with a modified adenoviral vector expressing hGAA. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudocyst of pancreas simulating a renal neoplasm.

Abstract A case of pancreatic pseudocyst simulating a renal neoplasm is presented. The paucity of symptoms and signs occasioned by the mass, its simulation of a neoplasm including its angiographic and gross appearance, and the advisability of total extirpation of the process, including the involved tail of the pancreas, are noted.
Cellular toxicology data analysis using a programmable calculator

Abstract Cellular toxicity of environmental pollutants can be evaluated utilizing a battery of standardized cellular/biochemical assays (e.g. cell growth and division; viability; cellular adenosine triphosphate; protein synthesis). Analysis of the data obtained from such assays has been accomplished via use of four programs written for the TI-59 programmable calculator. These programs can be used separately or in combination. One program assimilates raw data from three separate assays and calculates both intermediate values and final output. The intermediate data, stored on magnetic cards, can be used by two additional programs to calculate the mean and standard deviation, and probability values. The fourth program can be used to calculate confidence limits for the concentration of the test substance required to produce a 50% response. The applicability of these programs to toxicological experimentation is illustrated by analysis of data obtained after exposure of mammalian cells (human neonatal fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells) to polychlorobiphenyl (PCB).
Comparative Ultrastructure and the Evolution of Nemertines

Nemertines are traditionally viewed as acoelomates with blood vascular systems and a specialized cavity housing an eversible proboscis, or, as coelomates with modified coelomic cavities forming the rhynchocoel, lateral vessels and gonadal sacs. Comparative ultrastructural data such as cell polarity, the occurrence of podocytes and mesodermal cells with rudimentary cilia for proboscis, rhynchocoel, lateral and dorsal vessels, and gonadal linings are consistent with their interpretation as modified coelomic cavities as found, analogously, in the higher leeches. These and additional data regarding musculature, connective tissue, glia-like cells and gametes for 13 species affirm that nemertines are intermediate between full-blown coelomate and acoelomate grades of organization. A comparison of ultrastructural details, however, indicates that their acoelomate attributes evolved secondarily from a more typical coelomate condition.
Vegetative morphology and meristem dependence — The foundation of productivity in seagrasses

Abstract Shoot organization in seagrasses varies from the unspecialized condition of Enhalus and Posidonia to the highly differentiated shoot systems of plants like Halophila, Thalassodendron and Thalassia . In the former type proliferation of vegetative meristems seems to be an unordered process, whereas in the latter type proliferation can be very ordered. In some examples, e.g. Syringodium , proliferation of rhizomes is not regularized in shoot organization but is largely a consequence of perturbation by the environment. Since production of new organs and proliferation of indeterminate shoot systems is dependent entirely on continually active meristems, with either a limited tendency to form resting meristems or often no such ability at all, seagrasses show a high degree of meristem dependency.
Pulmonary surfactant proteins insert cation-permeable channels in planar bilayers.

Abstract Pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of lipids and proteins, promotes lung ventilation by reduction of surface tension at air–fluid interfaces. Exogenous surfactants containing hydrophobic proteins induce biological effects in lungs that are not fully explained by reduction of surface tension and are not induced by surfactants lacking proteins. We hypothesized that hydrophobic proteins from surfactant insert in membranes to induce channel activities that contribute to the observed biological effects of surfactant. To test for channel insertion by surfactant, planar lipid bilayers were monitored electrophysiologically in the presence of either intact pulmonary surfactant or extracted surfactant proteins reconstituted with phospholipids or directly added to bilayer lipids prior to membrane casting. In this in vitro model, both intact surfactant and extracted surfactant proteins initiated gated channel activities with slope conductances averaging 40 pS. Observed reversal potentials confirmed monovalent cation conductance, and conductance of smaller monovalent cations was selective. Voltage dependence of channel openings and rectification of channel current were not observed. These results confirm that hydrophobic surfactant proteins induce channel-mediated transport in artificial membranes. We speculate that pulmonary surfactants, in addition to reducing surface tension at air–fluid interfaces, initiate physiological and therapeutic effects in lung by cation channel insertion at exposed epithelial membranes.
Enacting responsibility assignment in software development environments

In this paper we present the concept of responsibility assignment and its use as a governance mechanism in a software development environment. We review common representations of responsibility assignments, their relationship to the operational model of software engineering and the semantics required to automate their enactment in development tools. We also present a vision for enactment scenarios in tools and compare with the process extensibility mechanisms currently implemented in the Jazz Team Platform.
Suppression of natural killer cell activity by FG 7142, a benzodiazepine receptor “inverse agonist”

Abstract A dose-dependent (5–50 mg/kg) suppression natural killer (NK) cell activity was observed 2 h after administration of the benzodiazepine receptor “inverse agonist” FG 7142 ( N -methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide), and was still manifest 24 h later. Addition of FG 7142 (1–1000 n M ) to the 4 h 51 Cr release assay did not affect NK cell activity. Pretreatment of mice with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15–1788 (10 mg/kg) blocked FG 7142-induced suppression of NK cell activity, but had no effect when administered alone. The suppression of NK cell activity by FG 7142, a compound which produces a syndrome resembling stress or anxiety in both animals and man, provides further evidence that the central nervous system pathways subserved by the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor chloride channel complex (“supramolecular complex”) may play a role in the modulation of immune function.
Intracranial dissecting aneurysm causing subarachnoid hemorrhage : the role of computerized tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography

BACKGROUND With increasing frequency, dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial arteries are recognized as a possible cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the presence of a dissecting aneurysm, angiographic changes may be subtle at presentation and correct diagnosis often requires serial angiograms. We report a patient with a dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) causing SAH, in whom less invasive diagnostic tools, such as high-resolution computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), were helpful in confirming the diagnosis and in following the evolution of the dissection. CASE PRESENTATION We present this 51-year old woman who experienced the sudden onset of severe headache without associated neurological deficits. Head CT showed SAH with blood in the interhemispheric fissure, suggesting a ruptured ACA aneurysm. Serial cerebral angiograms failed to demonstrate an aneurysmal sac, but showed evolving irregularities of the ACA consistent with a dissecting aneurysm. These findings were confirmed by CTA and MRA. The patient was treated conservatively and made an excellent recovery. A MRA obtained 2 months later showed slight improvement of the previously visualized ACA dilatation. CONCLUSION Serial angiograms are often required to confirm the diagnosis and to follow the evolution of an intracranial dissection. With recent advances in neuroradiological techniques, however, critical information can be obtained by less invasive imaging studies, such as CTA and MRA.
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase mRNA expression in colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases are recently described proteolytic enzymes belonging to the matrix metalloproteinase family. Initial studies have indicated that membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases are involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase is the first membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase to be described. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase mRNA in colorectal cancer. METHODS: Samples were collected from surgical specimens of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until processed. Both normal and cancer tissue was taken from each patient. TNM stage, tumor differentiation, mucin production, and vascular invasion were assessed. Northern blotting was used to quantify membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase mRNA levels in the samples using a membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase cDNA clone. X-ray film images were digitized and densitometry was used to quantify bands. All samples were normalized against 18S rRNA levels. Results are expressed as the ratio of cancer to normal tissue levels. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance, withP<0.05 accepted as the level of significance. RESULTS: A total of 32 samples were prospectively analyzed. The correlation between TNM stage and increased expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase mRNA in cancer tissue over normal tissue is expressed in the mean ratio of cancer to normal tissue expression for Stages I through IV, respectively: 1.4 ± 0.2 (12 patients); 4.1 ± 2.6 (8 patients); 3.4 ± 3 (7 patients); and 4.5 ± 5 (5 patients). Stage I is significantly different from Stages II and IV (P<0.05). These preliminary results show an overall increasing trend in membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase expression with increasing tumor stage. However, there was no correlation between membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase expression and mucin production, degree of tumor differentiation, or vascular invasion. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results indicate that membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase levels correlate with increasing tumor stage.
Reorganization of casein submicelles in Mozzarella cheese during storage

Abstract To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in textural changes in Mozzarella cheese during storage, electron microscopic imaging was used to compare the ultrastructure of the protein matrix on the day of stretching (0 weeks) and after 6 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Low-fat and full-fat cheeses were prepared from nonhomogenized milk and from milk homogenized at 10.3 and 17.2 MPa. Analysis of the stained electron density distribution in image transforms of the protein matrix revealed that spacing patterns of regular structures with the dimensions of casein submicelles changed during storage, in most cases forming larger aggregates at longer average spacings, but there were no significant changes in total electron density between fresh and stored cheeses. These effects were related to proteolysis. Submicelles in low-fat cheeses homogenized at 17.2 MPa reorganized differently, a likely result of decreased proteolysis. Submicelles formed part of a new membrane around fat globules in cheeses made from homogenized milk, as previously observed. Changes in submicelle size and distribution could explain some of the differences in texture properties between fresh and stored Mozzarella cheeses, and between products made from homogenized and nonhomogenized milk.
Prevalence of graft versus host disease and cytomegalovirus infection in patients post-haematopoietic cell transplantation presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Summary Background There is lack of consensus regarding whether both upper and lower endoscopic examinations are required for diagnosis of gastrointestinal acute graft versus host disease (GI-AGVHD). Aim To evaluate the impact of endoscopic procedures on the diagnosis of GI-AGVHD. Methods We performed a retrospective case–control study of recipients of allogeneic haematopoetic cell transplant (HCT) from 2000 to 2011, who presented with GI symptoms between 20 and 125 days post-HCT. GI-AGVHD status was based on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical grading system. Results One hundred and twenty-nine clinical GI-AGVHD cases and 184 controls underwent endoscopic examinations. Diarrhoea was present in 73% of cases and 38% of controls (P < 0.0001); 99% of patients with nausea ± vomiting and diarrhoea underwent bidirectional endoscopy. Histology had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 91% compared to the clinical criteria. The sensitivity for GI-AGVHD was 80% or greater when upper endoscopy (EGD) was performed with either sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, or if lower endoscopic examinations were performed alone. The sensitivity of EGD alone was only 48% (P = 0.003). Sensitivity was highest with biopsy of the terminal ileum (79%), followed by the ascending (74%), transverse/descending (73%) and sigmoid colons (69%). Diagnostic yield for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was equivalent for biopsies from both upper and lower GI tracts. Patients found to have concurrent GI-AGVHD and CMV infection (N = 18) had a poorer overall prognosis. Conclusion In patients post-HCT with GI symptoms, sigmoidoscopy alone had equivalent diagnostic yield for GI-AGVHD and CMV infection, compared with the addition of EGD or performance of full colonoscopy.
Dynamic simulation of a magnetohydrodynamic liquid-metal direct-current generator

Abstract A mathematical model for a proposed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) liquid-metal experimental loop was developed. The purpose of the experiment was to demonstrate the capability of an MHD, DC generator to produce 20 kW of electric power by directly converting thermal to electrical energy. Basic principles and semiempirical formulae were used in the development of the mathematical model. A computer simulation program was written for the above model using the CSMP-III simulation language. A dynamic analysis of the MHD liquid metal loop was then performed. The proposed experimental loop was found unstable. By adding a high-gain proportional controller to regulate the primary flow, the system response characteristics was changed, and it was found to be stable over a wide range of operating conditions.
Effects of Streptomycin Resistance Mutations on Posttranslational Modification of Ribosomal Protein S12

Ribosomal protein S12 contains a highly conserved aspartic acid residue that is posttranslationally β-methylthiolated. Using mass spectrometry, we have determined the modification states of several S12 mutants of Thermus thermophilus and conclude that β-methylthiolation is not a determinant of the streptomycin phenotype.
ON DEATH AND DEATH SYMBOLISM: THE HIROSHIMA DISASTER.

(1964). On Death and Death Symbolism: The Hiroshima Disaster. Psychiatry: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 191-210.
On local and global universal relations in elasticity

Calcul, a l'aide de la methode de Hayes et Knops (1966), d'une relation universelle pour la deformation homogene consistant en un cisaillement simple superpose a une traction triaxiale. Calcul de la relation universelle de globale de Riolin a partir de la relation precedente. Application a un cylindre circulaire soumis a un cisaillement axial ou circonferenciel auquel se superpose une traction et un gonflement
The effect of hypoxia on the electrical slow wave of the canine small intestine.

The effect of 4 hr. of localized hypoxia on the electrical activity of intact intestinal segments of unanesthetized dogs was investigated through the use of indwelling platinum electrodes. Slow-wave activity from normal intestinal segments orad and caudad to the perfused segments was conducted only for short distances into the perfused segment. The frequency of the slow waves in the center of the perfused segment was less than the frequency in segments orad or caudad to it. When the influence of the upper duodenal pacemaker was removed from lower duodenal and upper jejunal segments by hypoxic perfusion, the direction of conduction of the slow waves in these lower, non-perfused segments was orad, caudad, or both.
Theory of spectroscopy and energy transfer of oligomeric pigments in chlorosome antennas of green photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract Evidence strongly suggests that the bacteriochlorophyll c, d, or e pigments in the chlorosome of green photosynthetic bacteria exist in a highly aggregated state, where pigment—pigment interactions are thought to dominate in determining the structural arrangement of the pigments. We have calculated the absorption spectra and fluorescence quantum yields based upon a number of proposed geometrical configurations of the in vivo and in vitro BChl aggregates as a function of aggregate size. In addition, the time-resolved fluorescence measurements are discussed and rationalized in terms of sequential energy transfer with average rate constant resulting in eventual energy flow from chlorosome to reaction center. We suggest that the observed absorption and fluorescence data result from the formation of a two-dimensional zig-zag and/or one-dimensional aggregate in vitro depending upon the solvent conditions, and a predominantly two-dimensional zig-zag structure in vivo.
Effects of Fetal Alcohol Exposure on Infant Reaction Time

Fetal alcohol exposure is associated with slower reaction times (RTs) in children, suggesting an alcohol-related deficit in "speed of central processing." This study examined effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on a new paradigm which, for the first time, directly assesses RT in infancy. RT was assessed in 103 Black, inner-city, 6.5-month-olds born to women recruited prenatally based on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Maternal drinking was related to longer RTs and to fewer fast responses, after controlling for potential confounders. The incidence of fast performance was reduced in infants whose mothers averaged at least 0.5 oz absolute alcohol/day, indicating an impact at lower levels than those associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. The RT deficits were dose-dependent and not attributable to maternal depression, intellectual stimulation, prenatal drug exposure, or postpartum maternal drinking. This study provides the first evidence of an alcohol-related RT deficit in infancy.
Redefining institutional identity: the YWCA challenge to extraterritoriality in China, 1925–30

Abstract This article explores how the May 30th, 1925 Incident forced American Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) Secretaries in China to rethink their relationship with imperialism and governmental power and to redefine, in collaboration with Chinese YWCA Secretaries, the Chinese National YWCA's institutional mission. It examines the American YWCA Secretaries’ efforts to challenge extraterritorial privileges granting foreign nationals immunity from Chinese laws, among a host of other ‘unequal,’ that is, non-reciprocal rights and prerogatives, claimed by the foreign governments and based on treaties signed with the Chinese Government. It restores the American YWCA Secretaries' voices to the historical narrative of the Western response to the May 30th Incident and reveals their agency and subjectivity. Although American YWCA Secretaries failed to achieve the goal that they defined for themselves when the May 30th Incident occurred – to reorder state-to-state relations between the USA and China on a...
Morality, religion and metaphysics: diverse visions in bioethics.

La bioethique est analysee a travers differents articles en demontrant que des analyses philosophiques contribuent a comprendre la politique ethique, en examinant le developpement des techniques genetiques, en etudiant la relation entre la bioethique et la communaute juive et en examinant le dualisme entre le corps et l'esprit a partir de l'exemple sur la douleur
Some new findings on the zeros of band-limited functions

We investigate relationships between the structure of a real object of compact support and the realness of the zeros of its Fourier transform. We introduce a necessary condition, and some sufficient conditions are presented for one-dimensional functions. A very useful property of the sinc function is also presented.
Porous tubing for use in monitoring soil CO2 concentrations

Abstract The composition of the soil atmosphere is an indicator of biological processes, and soil CO2 gradients have been used to estimate CO2 efflux from the surface. Soil atmosphere samplers, constructed with gas-permeable materials, have been used to quantify soil CO2 concentrations. The type of material used can influence the perceived real-time concentrations of CO2 in the soil. Previous works have not directly compared different types of materials under the same conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) and time of 95% equilibrium (teq) of CO2 through several materials, and to evaluate the effect of long-term soil burial (183 days) on diffusion characteristics. Materials tested included silicone, expanded Teflon (ePTFE), and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) tubing. The D of each material was determined using a closed-loop system consisting of a CO2-enriched (7800 ppm) chamber, a CO2 analyzer and an inner tube (experimental tubing) placed inside the chamber. Air was re-circulated through the inner tube, and as CO2 diffused from the chamber into the tubing, the analyzer recorded the increase in concentration. The silicone tubes had values of D ranging from 8.64 to 5.80×10−6 cm2 s−1 with corresponding teq between 3.9 and 9.7 h. Diffusion coefficients of the ePTFE (1.25×10−4 cm2 s−1) and PE (7.70×10−4 cm2 s−1) materials were 2 orders of magnitude greater, with teq
High-efficiency ferrite meander antenna (HEMA) for LTE applications

This paper presents a high-efficiency ferrite meander antenna (HEMA), which can be used to realize a 2 × 2 multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication system when it is used both at the transmitter and the receiver end. This antenna is designed to operate at 2.45 GHz center frequency (f c ). It consists of two spatially separated half-cycle microstrip meander structures. Instead of using ferrite material for the entire substrate, it is used only beneath each meander structure. A standard FR-4 substrate is used as a system board. Impedance bandwidth and the radiation patterns of the fabricated antenna are measured and compared with those of the simulation results. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the fabricated antenna is 262 MHz, whereas the simulated bandwidth is 235 MHz. According to the simulations, the gain and the efficiency of the antenna are 2.2 dB and 81%, respectively. The efficiency of the antenna is confirmed by measurements. By using the simulated radiation patterns, correlation between the radiation patterns is calculated and used in generating the channel matrix. Mutual impedance of the antennas and the antenna efficiency are also included in the channel matrix, which in turn is used in bit error rate (BER) and ergodic capacity simulations. BER and ergodic capacity are used as performance metrics. The effect of antenna efficiency, mutual impedance of the antennas, and correlation between radiation patterns on system performance are presented.
EXPOSURE TO MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY IN MEDICAL SCHOOL: A STUDENT PERSPECTIVE

Most marital and family therapists, both medically and nonmedically trained, regularly interact with physicians on a professional basis. Though some physicians receive specific training in marital and family therapy in their postgraduate residency programs, (notably those in psychiatry and family medicine), for many, the only academic exposure they receive to this field comes during a 6- to 10-week clinical clerkship in psychiatry during their third or fourth year of medical school. No study could be located which examined marital and family therapy training in undergraduate medical education. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the level of marital and family therapy training in medical school and to provide information concerning physicians who are not family therapists, and how much knowledge about the field they can be expected to have.
Comparison Of Imaging Infrared Detection Algorithms

This paper compares the performance of four candidate target detection algorithms. The best known of these, "Superslice," was developed at the University of Maryland in 1977-78.' The other three algorithms are the "Spoke Filter" developed by the Army Missile Command in Huntsville;2,3 the "contrast box" (CB), a new concept under development at Texas Instruments; and the Ford-Aerospace double-gated contrast filter.' As part of Texas Instruments development activity, CB algorithm performance was compared with the others. To do this meaningfully, all four concepts were tested using a common data base. The measure of detection performance was the total number of candidate targets handed off to the feature extractor and classifier to achieve a specified probability of including the actual target in the total. An ideal detection algorithm in terms of this measure would only need to hand off one target (assuming only one target in the FOV) to achieve a probability of 1. Other performance measures were input and output signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and algorithm gain. The data base used in this investigation consisted of 256 independent IR images containing targets nominally varying between 5 and 500 pixels in size. The results presented not only illustrate how the algorithm performance depends on range to the target, but show that no one algorithm is best for all values of pixels on target. Of the four, however, the contrast box appears to provide the best overall performance.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interhemispheric influences on sensorimotor neurons

Abstract The forepaw focus of sensitivity in the pericruciate region of cat cerebrum contains functional cell groups with various differences. Previous studies with intact chloralose-anesthetized cats showed that about one-half of the neurons both in front of and behind the cruciate sulcus have large, bilateral receptive fields ( m cells). Of the remaining one-half, all of the postcruciate and about one-half of the precruciate cells have small, contralateral receptive fields ( s cells). The remaining precruciate neurons have medium-sized, bilateral receptive fields ( s b cells), including both forelimbs. In the present study, 600 neurons were isolated and studied in cats with the symmetrically identical tissue of the opposite hemishere ablated. Interhemispheric influences were assessed; the results were compared with those obtained from intact cats. The s cells were unaffected by the ablation, whereas the s b cells were no longer identifiable. Analysis of the data revealed that the s b cells had been converted into s cells by the ablation. The m cells, while still present and identifiable, showed an altered responsiveness to ipsilatral inputs and behaved as though the ablation had deprived them of a tonic facilitatory input. Thus, the bilateral nature of the m cells' receptive fields does not depend on the conjugate or homotopic cortex for its existence, nor does the ablation affect the coadunate behavior observable among m cells. Neither the pathways of the tonic facilitation nor the origin of the bilaterality of the m cells' receptive fields has yet been determined.
Selective inhibition of rat and human cardiac guanylate cyclase in vitro by doxorubicin (adriamycin): possible link to anthracycline cardiotoxicity.

Abstract The cardiotoxicity of anthracycline antibiotic anti-tumor agents is well-described but the molecular basis of the cardiotoxicity is not understood. We examined the effect of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) on the activity of guanylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.2), the enzyme catalyzing the production of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, from rat heart, liver, lung, kidney, and spleen. Doxorubicin produced a decrease in cardiac guanylate cyclase activity over the concentration range 0.4 to 2 m m but was without effect, or slightly stimulated, guanylate cyclase from the other tissues. Daunorubicin (Daunomycin), a related, cardiotoxic anthracycline antibiotic also decreased cardiac guanylate cyclase activity over the concentration range 0.8 to 4 m m . Other antibiotic anti-tumor agents which are not cardiotoxic, including streptonigrin, porfiromycin, and mitomycin C did not decrease cardiac guanylate cyclase activity. Doxorubicin, 1 m m and 2 m m , and daunorubicin, 4 m m decreased cardiac guanylate cyclase approximately 50% in experiments utilizing guanylate cyclase prepared from human heart. The data suggests that some aspects of anthracycline cardiotoxicity may be related to altered cardiac guanylate cyclase activity.
A genetic screen to identify latent transforming growth factor β activators

The mechanisms by which latent transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is converted to the active cytokine are largely unknown. Here we present a genetic screen that combines retroviral mutagenesis and cDNA expression cloning to reveal proteins involved in the extracellular regulation of latent TGFβ activation. The screen employs a cell line engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in response to TGFβ. The cells produce their own latent TGFβ. Therefore, after transduction with a retroviral cDNA library that contains an insert for an activator of latent TGFβ, cells expressing the activator are GFP-bright. These cells are enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and grown as individual clones. The isolated clones are cocultured with a second TGFβ reporter cell line that produces luciferase in response to TGFβ. Cells that have acquired the ability to activate latent TGFβ induce luciferase expression in the absence but not in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to TGFβ. The activator expressed by the positive clones can be identified by retrieval of the retrovirus cDNA insert.
Adaptive Information Coding for Secure and Reliable Wireless Telesurgery Communications

Telesurgical Robot Systems (TRSs) have been the focus of research in academic, military, and commercial domains for many years. Contemporary TRSs address mission critical operations emerging in extreme fields such as battlefields, underwater, and disaster territories. The lack of wirelined communication infrastructure in such fields makes the use of wireless technologies including satellite and ad-hoc networks inevitable. TRSs over wireless environments pose unique challenges such as preserving a certain reliability threshold, adhering some maximum tolerable delay, and providing various security measures depending on the nature of the operation and communication environment. In this study, we present a novel approach that uses information coding to integrate both light-weight privacy and adaptive reliability in a single protocol called Secure and Statistically Reliable UDP (SSR-UDP). We prove that the offered security is equivalent to the existing AES-based long key crypto systems, yet, with significantly less computational overhead. Additionally, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme can meet high reliability and delay requirements of TRS applications in highly lossy environments while optimizing the bandwidth use. Our proposed SSR-UDP protocol can also be utilized in similar cyber-physical wireless application domains.
A simplified model for two-dimensional overland flows

Abstract Numerical models of two-dimensional overland flow equations are often prohibitively expensive due to the highly nonlinear nature of the flow equations and the dense mesh required for accurate solutions. These models are frequently under-utilized due to lack of sufficiently detailed data at the grid scale. Observed results of the outflow hydrographs show fluctuations due to variability in the surface topography and precision limitations in the measuring instruments. A new solution methodology is presented in this paper using an eigenfunction expansion which is then combined with the kinematic wave approximation. The computational effort required by this new method is negligible when compared to the usual numerical methods. The results from this method are compared with the more expensive numerical results and experimentally observed results. These comparisons suggested that the semi-analytical solution methodology is an attractive modeling tool for practical two-dimensional overland flow computations.
The comparative efficiency of western coal-fired steam-electric generating plants: 1977–1979

Abstract In this paper we apply some recently developed techniques of efficiency measuring to a sample of western coal-fired steam-electric generating plants. The sample, covering 1977–1979, consists of generating plants from the western states of Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. Using linear programming techniques, we determine whether individual plants are efficient by comparing them to the best practice frontier technology. This technology is determined by the observed data of the plants in the sample. Not only do we identify which plants are efficient and which are not, but we also identify the sources of inefficiency by decomposing the overall measure of technical efficiency into scale, congestion and purely technical efficiency.