cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenothiazine-mediated rescue of cognition in tau transgenic mice requires neuroprotection and reduced soluble tau burden.

Background: It has traditionally been thought that the pathological accumulation of tau in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies facilitates neurodegeneration, which in turn leads to cognitive impairment. However, recent evidence suggests that tau tangles are not the entity responsible for memory loss, rather it is an intermediate tau species that disrupts neuronal function. Thus, efforts to discover therapeutics for tauopathies emphasize soluble tau reductions as well as neuroprotection. Results: Here, we found that neuroprotection alone caused by methylene blue (MB), the parent compound of the anti-tau phenothiaziazine drug, Rember™, was insufficient to rescue cognition in a mouse model of the human tauopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and fronto-temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP17): Only when levels of soluble tau protein were concomitantly reduced by a very high concentration of MB, was cognitive improvement observed. Thus, neurodegeneration can be decoupled from tau accumulation, but phenotypic improvement is only possible when soluble tau levels are also reduced. Conclusions: Neuroprotection alone is not sufficient to rescue tau-induced memory loss in a transgenic mouse model. Development of neuroprotective agents is an area of intense investigation in the tauopathy drug discovery field. This may ultimately be an unsuccessful approach if soluble toxic tau intermediates are not also reduced. Thus, MB and related compounds, despite their pleiotropic nature, may be the proverbial “magic bullet” because they not only are neuroprotective, but are also able to facilitate soluble tau clearance. Moreover, this shows that neuroprotection is possible without reducing tau levels. This indicates that there is a definitive molecular link between tau and cell death cascades that can be disrupted.
Resistance of native, oligomeric envelope on simian immunodeficiency virus to digestion by glycosidases.

Stocks of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the supernatants of infected cell cultures were used to examine the sensitivity of envelope glycoprotein gp120 to enzymatic deglycosylation and the effects of enzyme treatment on infectivity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis revealed little or no change in the mobility of virion-associated gp120 after digestion with high concentrations of N-glycosidase F, endoglycosidase F, endoglycosidase H, and endo-β-galactosidase. Soluble gp120, which was not pelletable after the enzymatic reaction, was sensitive to digestion by the same enzymes within the same reaction mix and was only slightly less sensitive than gp120 that had been completely denatured by boiling in the presence of SDS and β-mercaptoethanol. Digestion by three of the seven glycosidases tested significantly changed the infectivity titer compared to that of mock-treated virus. Digestion by endo-β-galactosidase increased infectivity titers by about 2.5-fold, and neuraminidase from Newcastle disease virus typically increased infectivity titers by 8-fold. Most or all of the increase in infectivity titer resulting from treatment with neuraminidase could be accounted for by effects on the virus, not the cells; SIV produced in the presence of the sialic acid analog 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid also exhibited increased infectivity, and the effects could not be duplicated by neuraminidase treatment of cells. Digestion with mannosidase reduced infectivity by fivefold. Our results indicate that carbohydrates on native oligomeric gp120 as it exists on the surface of virus particles are largely occluded and are refractory to digestion by glycosidases. Furthermore, the sialic acid residues at the ends of carbohydrate side chains significantly reduce the inherent infectivity of SIV.
The validity and reliability of a total hip arthroplasty outcome evaluation questionnaire

The Societe Internationale de Chirurgie Orthopedique et de Traumatologie (SICOT), the Task Force on Outcome Studies of The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, and The Hip Society reached a consensus on the nomenclature to be used for the evaluation of the results of total hip arthroplasty. The Task Force of The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, to assess the results of total hip arthroplasty from the perspective of the patient, subsequently developed a questionnaire that incorporated this nomenclature. The validity and reliability data regarding this questionnaire are reported in this study. Twenty-five patients participated in the reliability test. The non-response rate was five (0.5 per cent) of 941 possible responses. Test-retest reliability was determined by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficients for each question. The coefficients ranged from 0.41 to 1.0 over a mean test-retest interval of sixteen days. Most items had Spearman coefficients that were greater than 0.50, indicating good or excellent reliability. Validity was assessed, for the fifty-four patients who participated, by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficients for the items regarding pain in the affected hip, limitation of usual activities, capacity for walking without support, and the Sickness Impact Profile. The coefficients ranged from 0.11 (pain and limitation of activity) to 0.56 (Sickness Impact Profile and limitation of activity). These coefficients reflected modest associations, as anticipated, indicating that pain, function, and health status are related yet distinct concepts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Beam-shaping by diel-core plural mode multi-flare conical horn

The performance of a multi-flare conical horn with dielectric-core loading is investigated and is seen to have a shaped beam. The multi-flare plural mode conical horn considered here was designed for operation at K/sub u/-band frequencies and was experimentally tested with polyethylene diel-core inserted. The diel-core loading together with plural mode operation is shown to contribute to low cross-polar and sidelobe levels. The gain of the plural mode horn is enhanced by the diel-core loading. It is noted that these types of horns can be designed to have the desired aperture field illumination to contribute to higher aperture efficiency antennas for various communication applications. >
Complete correction of hyperphenylalaninemia following liver-directed, recombinant AAV2/8 vector-mediated gene therapy in murine phenylketonuria

Novel recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors pseudotyped with serotype 8 capsid (rAAV2/8) have recently shown exciting promise as effective liver-directed gene transfer reagents. We have produced a novel liver-specific rAAV2/8 vector expressing the mouse phenylalanine hydroxylase (Pah) cDNA and have administered this vector to hyperphenylalaninemic PAH-deficient Pah(enu2) mice, a model of human phenylketonuria (PKU). Our hypothesis was that this vector would produce sufficient hepatocyte transduction frequency and PAH activity to correct blood phenylalanine levels in murine PKU. Portal vein injection of recombinant AAV2/8 vector into five adult Pah(enu2) mice yielded complete and stable (up to 17 weeks) correction of serum phenylalanine levels. Liver PAH activity was corrected to 11.5+/-2.4% of wild type liver activity and was associated with a significant increase in phenylalanine clearance following parenteral phenylalanine challenge. Although questions of long-term safety and stability of expression remain, recombinant AAV2/8-mediated, liver-directed gene therapy is a promising novel treatment approach for PKU and allied inborn errors of metabolism.
Is Preoperative Axillary Imaging Beneficial in Identifying Clinically Node-Negative Patients Requiring Axillary Lymph Node Dissection?

Background American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 results support the omission of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in women with less than 3 positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy. We sought to determine if abnormal axillary imaging is predictive of the need for ALND in this population. Study design Patients with cT1-2N0 breast cancer by physical examination undergoing BCS were managed according to Z0011 criteria independent of axillary imaging. Patient characteristics and rates of ALND were compared among those with and without abnormal lymph nodes (LNs) detected by mammogram, ultrasound (US), or MRI. All available axillary imaging was reviewed by 1 breast radiologist. Results Between August 2010 and December 2013, 3,253 breast cancer patients were treated with BCS and SLN biopsy; 425 patients met Z0011 criteria (cT1-2N0) and had nodal metastasis on SLN biopsy. Clinicopathologic features were median patient age, 58 years; median tumor size, 1.8 cm; 85% ductal histology; and 89% estrogen receptor positive. All women had a mammogram, 242 had axillary US, 172 had MRI. Abnormal LNs were seen on 7%, 25%, and 30% of mammograms, US, and MRIs, respectively. Although abnormal LNs on mammogram or US were associated with a significant increase in ALND and a non-significant trend was seen with MRI, 68% to 73% of women with abnormal axillary imaging did not require ALND. Conclusions Among clinically node-negative patients with abnormal axillary imaging, 71% did not meet criteria for ALND and were spared further surgical morbidity. Abnormal nodes on US, MRI, or mammogram in clinically node-negative patients are not reliable indicators of the need for ALND.
Nash Bargaining in Beamforming Games with Quantized CSI in Two-User Interference Channels

In this paper, we consider a beamforming game of the transmitters in a two-user multiple-input single- output interference channel using limited feedback and investigate how each transmitter should find a strategy from the quantized channel state information (CSI). In the beamforming game, each transmitter (a player) tries to maximize the achievable rate (a payoff function) via a proper beamforming strategy. In our case, each transmitter's beamforming strategy is represented by a linear combining factor between the maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) and the zero-forcing (ZF) beamforming vectors, which is shown to be a Pareto optimal achieving strategy. With the perfect CSI, each transmitter can know the exact achievable rate region, and hence can find the beamforming strategy corresponding to any point in the achievable rate region. With limited feedback, however, the transmitters can only conjecture the achievable rate region from the quantized CSI, so their optimal strategies may not be optimal anymore. Considering the quantized CSI at the transmitter, we first find the Nash equilibrium in a non-cooperative game. Then, in a cooperative (Nash bargaining) game, we find a Nash bargaining solution and test its validity. Finally, we propose three bargaining solutions that improve the validity of the cooperation or the average Nash product. Our proposed bargaining solutions utilize the codebook structure; instead of each quantized channel itself, its Voronoi region is considered.
Graduate education

Prof. Forsythe felt that graduate education was intimately bound up with the research and development of a discipline, and with supplying manpower for national needs as perceived by a few different groups of people. He summarized the history of graduate education in computer science.
Linear Optical Models for NASA’s WFIRST Mission

Linear Optical Models are wavefront based sensitivity models that are used for Monte-Carlo studies for boresight and structural-thermal-optical analyses, as well as wavefront sensing simulations. Applications to NASA’s WFIRST mission are described.
ON A METHOD FOR DIVIDING AN AREA INTO AGRICULTURAL REGIONS

1) Because social phenomena are the synthetic expressions of man and his environment, they may be said to be expressions of regional characteristics. In. classifying regions, we should try to find out what sort of social pheno-mena are essential to the given area. 2) In dividing Mie Prefecture into agricultural regions, I attempted to find. the essential features of correlations existing among different agricultural phenomena. I believe these to be the percentage of arable land to the total aria, that of dry fields to the arable land., and that of paddy fields to the arable land. These features indicate most directry the relationships between agriculture and environment. It can be, seen in. each administrative unit that the percentage of dry fields and that of paddy fields are correlated respectively with the area of dry fields and that of paddy fields cultivated by the average farm household in each administrative unit. 3) Population density, an indicator showing man's degree of adaptation to his given environment, is closely related to the percentage of arable land to the total. area; however where population density is over 700 persons per km2, correlation appears to become lost. Therefore I have regarded areas, in w -hich density of population is less than 700 per Km2 as agriculturall regions. 4) The total. area, both dry and paddy field, cultivated by a single farmst household is closely related to the percentage of pure farmers, merchandised rice, tax-income as well as with that of farm households cultivating more than 10 tan, less than 3 tar, and the amount of rice crop per tam. Therefore, the area cultivated. by an. average farm household, taking the distinction between dry and paddy fields into consideration, is the most essential criterion in dividing an area into agricultural regions. (Cf. Fig. 2) 5) The “urban” area is characterised by a population density of over 700 and by the cultivation of vegetables and fruits. 6) Fishing regions are found along the coast of Kumano Nada and arty restricted to those administrative units in which the average f arm household cultivates less than 4 tan. Thus from the agricultural point of view, Mie Prefecture is divided as Fig. 5 shows; what each region includes is shown in Plate 1.
Expression of the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene: regulation by dietary phosphate

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] plays a key role in phosphate (Pi) homeostasis through its phosphatemic actions on intestine and bone. In turn, dietary Pi restriction increases serum 1,25(OH...
Influence of high renin substrate levels on renin-angiotensin system in pregnancy.

A marked elevation of renin substrate was found in plasma of 22 women in normal pregnancy as well as in 8 patients with toxemia. This elevation is most likely due to the increased secretion of estrogens reported in pregnancy. Seven nonPregnant women treated with estrogens or contraceptive preparations containing estrogens and progestational agents had renin substrate levels in the range found in pregnancy. Since the amount of angiotensin farmed during incubation of plasma per unit of renin increased progressively with the elevation of renin substrate, the renin-angiotensin system would be more efficient in retaining sodium in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. In the later stages of gestation many of the renin levels were in the normal nonpregnant range. The lowest renin levels were found in toxemia where a strong positive sodium balance occurs. Renin levels in peripheral plasma furnish an indirect means of assessing the state of sodium balance in pregnancy.
A coming boom in commercial shipping? The potential for rapid growth of noise from commercial ships by 2030

Abstract Ocean noise levels are thought to be increasing as a result of major growth in global shipping activity, but data quantifying those changes are limited in space and time. As an alternative approach, this study examines the current and future maximum noise capacity of three segments of the global commercial shipping fleet: container ships, oil tankers, and bulk carriers. It shows that continued growth in the number of ships, the quantity of goods carried and the distances traveled could increase the maximum noise capacity of the global shipping fleet by up to a factor of 1.9 by 2030, with major growth in particular in the container and bulk carrier segments. Thus, in the absence of operational or manufacturing changes to such ships, the contribution of commercial shipping to ambient ocean noise levels can be expected to dramatically increase.
Holding the Accountability Problem Accountable: Response Mechanisms to Counter-Majoritarian Decisions

If the Supreme Court rules against the wishes of the majority, how can that majority respond? I argue that while federal judges will never stand for election, majorities can employ various response mechanisms to counter-majoritarian decisions. I draw out observable expectations for inter-branch, local, and electoral responses. I then test these expectations in cases from the “mature” New Deal—communism, school prayer, busing, and abortion—showing the range of effective results achieved by anti-Court majorities. Given these results, I conclude that there is no “accountability problem”; there is just a narrow definition of accountability.
On Local Computation of Wavelet Coefficients in the Dual-tree CWT

The dual-tree complex wavelet (DT CWT) was introduced to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional fully decimated discrete wavelet transform (DWT), namely the shift-variance and the poor directional selectivity. Because of its desirable properties, the dual-tree has been successful in many image processing applications. However, its use in data compression has been hindered because of its redundancy. Our goal is to be able to predict the wavelet coefficients of one tree knowing those of the other tree. The proposed method is based on exploiting the orthogonality properties of one of the nicest dual-tree designs, the Q-shift complex wavelets.
Educators' perceptions of youth mental health: Implications for training and the promotion of mental health services in schools

Abstract Background School-based mental health practice holds promise in meeting unmet mental health needs of American children by expanding access to quality mental health care for hard-to-reach populations such as those in rural regions. The purpose of the present study was to address four specific aims: 1) To replicate findings from prior studies regarding educators' perspectives of mental health promotion in school; 2) To extend prior research by examining specific needs for mental health training; 3) To compare the responses between the educators in rural schools and urban schools within the same geographic and political context of a large Midwestern state; and 4) To explore similarities and differences of the educators' perspectives based on participants' roles including administrators, teachers and school mental health providers. Methods A total of 786 educators including 127 administrators in a large Midwestern state completed a one-time, anonymous online survey. Descriptive analyses were employed to explore the perspectives of educators regarding the current status of mental health promotion in school. Additionally, independent samples t-tests were run to examine the differences in the educators' perspectives based on region (rural vs. urban). Finally, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences in the educators' perspectives based on participants' roles. Results Results replicated previous findings, indicating a large percentage of educators reporting a high level of concerns for student mental health needs (93%) and the need for further training in mental health (85%). Mental health disorders, behavior management, and specialized skills such as social skills were identified as the top three areas of need for further training. While no differences were found between educators in urban and rural schools in other topics, significantly more respondents in rural schools (27%) reported that their schools hire mental health professionals as compared to urban schools (13%). The ANOVA results indicated that school-based mental health professionals and administrators are significantly more concerned about students' mental health needs than teachers (p = 0.000). Conclusion A majority of participants take students' mental health issues seriously and many feel that current resources and training opportunities could be expanded. An area of future research could be exploring current mental health trainings provided to educators and examine how their specific training needs are addressed. An important strategy to decrease mental health care disparity by geographic region may be statewide initiatives to increase the number of mental health professionals in rural areas. The discrepancy in the level of mental health concerns expressed by teachers and administrators may suggest a need for school-wide initiatives to foster shared commitments to promoting students' mental health across various staff roles.
The need for separate operational and engineering user interfaces for command and control of airborne synthetic aperture radar systems

In this paper, we address the needed components to create usable engineering and operational user interfaces (UIs) for airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems. As airborne SAR technology gains wider acceptance in the remote sensing and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) communities, the need for effective and appropriate UIs to command and control these sensors has also increased. However, despite the growing demand for SAR in operational environments, the technology still faces an adoption roadblock, in large part due to the lack of effective UIs. It is common to find operational interfaces that have barely grown beyond the disparate tools engineers and technologists developed to demonstrate an initial concept or system. While sensor usability and utility are common requirements to engineers and operators, their objectives for interacting with the sensor are different. As such, the amount and type of information presented ought to be tailored to the specific application.
Lymphocytic Thrombophilic Arteritis: A Possible Association with Minocycline

We describe a case of lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis in a 15-year-old girl who had previously taken minocycline for a year. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis share many features and may both be triggered by minocycline. There may be a long latency between drug exposure to minocycline and development of disease.
An Environment for Knowledge Parallel Processing Used in Process Control * *Projects supported by the Chinese Science Fund Committee.

Abstract Knowledge parallel processing is an important technique in the development of computer science and knowledge engineering, especially in the case of real time process control and oth e r critical time fields. Recently the programming languages employed over the world such as PRO LOG and ADA were developed separately. The former is characterized by declarative description and sequential processing, the later is used for object oriented task parallel processing. This paper attempt to present an programming approach to implement parallel execution of logical programs in the environment of SUN ADA. It involves data structure, programming strategy, AND/OR processing, literal pattern matching, argument unification on the basis of comparison and contracts of logical programs and SUN ADA. Examples show the effectiveness of such an approach.
From Concepts and Codes to Healthcare Quality Measurement: Understanding Variations in Value Set Vocabularies for a Statin Therapy Clinical Quality Measure

Objective: To understand the impact of distinct concept to value set mapping on the measurement of quality of care. Background: Clinical quality measures (CQMs) intend to measure the quality of healthcare services provided, and to help promote evidence-based therapies. Most CQMs consist of grouped codes from vocabularies - or ‘value sets’ - that represent the unique identifiers (i.e., object identifiers), concepts (i.e., value set names), and concept definitions (i.e., code groups) that define a measure’s specifications. In the development of a statin therapy CQM, two unique value sets were created by independent measure developers for the same global concepts. Methods: We first identified differences between the two value set specifications of the same CQM. We then implemented the various versions in a quality measure calculation registry to understand how the differences affected calculated prevalence of risk and measure performance. Results: Global performance rates only differed by 0.8%, but there were up to 2.3 times as many patients included with key conditions, and differing performance rates of 7.5% for patients with ‘myocardial infarction’ and 3.5% for those with ‘ischemic vascular disease’. Conclusion: The decisions CQM developers make about which concepts and code groups to include or exclude in value set vocabularies can lead to inaccuracies in the measurement of quality of care. One solution is that developers could provide rationale for these decisions. Endorsements are needed to encourage system vendors, payers, informaticians, and clinicians to collaborate in the creation of more integrated terminology sets.
Review: Building Modern Turkey: State, Space, and Ideology in the Early Republic, by Zeynep Kezer, and Mid-Century Modernism in Turkey: Architecture across Cultures in the 1950s and 1960s, edited by Meltem Ö. Gürel

Zeynep Kezer Building Modern Turkey: State, Space, and Ideology in the Early Republic Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015, 344 pp., 88 b/w illus. $29.95 (paper), ISBN 9780822963905 Meltem O. Gurel, ed. Mid-Century Modernism in Turkey: Architecture across Cultures in the 1950s and 1960s New York: Routledge, 2016, 192 pp., 32 b/w illus. $163 (cloth), ISBN 9781138806092; $49.95 (paper), ISBN 9781138104341 Two fascinating new books on early Republican and midcentury modernism in Turkey may help international audiences make sense of the recent turmoil featured prominently in the news about Turkey. Zeynep Kezer's long-awaited book Building Modern Turkey synthesizes some of the critical scholarship on how the Kemalist program shaped the nation-state in the years immediately following the establishment of the Republic in 1923. Kezer particularly emphasizes the destructive forces in this process, in addition to the constructive ones, by putting special emphasis on the transformation of the multiethnic and multireligious Ottoman Empire into the unitary and homogenized nation-state of Turkey. The first part of the book, which focuses on the construction of the new capital, Ankara, recapitulates previous scholarship without acknowledging recent important contributions; nevertheless, this section sets the stage for the second part, “Erasures in the Land,” which effectively demonstrates the authoritarian dismantling of unwanted formations. In this part of the book, readers find out that much of what they have learned in the first part about the new nation-state's creative construction was made possible by the destruction and replacement of previous landowners, institutions, and populations. In a chapter titled “Dismantling the Landscapes of Islam,” for instance, Kezer shows that the closing down of the vakiflar (the pious foundations that were central institutions in the Ottoman Empire's religious, commercial, and social activities) not only put an end to their functioning but also channeled their property and liquid assets to the new state's treasury. Most of the land on which Ankara's governmental buildings arose, and with them state-sponsored modernism, was seized through this process. This was partially how the Turkish state could offer enticing tax and land incentives to foreign countries to tempt them to transfer their embassies to Ankara, after the state realized that “Turkey's new stature in international politics …
Eddy Current Sensing of Oxygen Content in High-Tc Superconductors

The superconducting properties of Ba2YCu3O7-x are strongly dependent on the amount of oxygen contained in the material. Although the physical mechanisms of oxidation have not yet been fully characterized, the reaction rates appear to be influenced by surface adsorption, in addition to bulk diffusion [1,2]. The task of constructing an optimal high-temperature processing schedule is, therefore, complicated by the fact that porosity and surface conditions strongly influence oxidation. An additional complication arises from the fact that, while the diffusion and adsorption rates increase with increasing temperature, the equilibrium oxygen concentration in the material decreases with increasing temperature, so that, after the final annealing, cooling must proceed slowly enough to allow adequate absorption to occur.
MicroProteins as the First Step toward a Master Key for Posttranslational Regulation

Determining the function of a gene often relies on transgenic plants with altered transcriptional or translational levels. This is usually achieved through overexpression, knockout, or knockdown. However, each of these approaches has specific advantages and drawbacks. For instance, knockouts, which
Physician alert: the legal risks associated with 'on-call' duties in the USA

On-call physicians encounter a diverse aggregate of interfaces with sundry persons concerning patient care that may surface potential legal peril. The duties and obligations of an on-call physician, who must act as a fiduciary to all patients, create a myriad of circumstances where there is a risk of falling prey to legal ambiguities. The understanding of the doctor–patient relationship, the obligations of physicians under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, the meaning of medical informed consent and the elements of negligence will help physicians avoid the legal risk associated with the various encounters of being on call. After introducing the legal concepts, we will explore the interactions that may put physicians at legal risk and outline how to mitigate that risk. Being on call is time consuming and arduous. While on call, physicians have a duty to act morally and ethically in the best interest of the patients.
COMPUTERIZATION AND RISING UNEMPLOYMENT DURATION

With a given unemployment rate, duration of joblessness can vary substantially. The unemployment rate will be the same if four million workers are unemployed for three months on average, as when one million workers loose their jobs for a full year. Yet the consequences for the mental state of the people without jobs, for their behavior, and for the functioning of society are probably far more severe when the average period between jobs is much longer. The authors turn next to their main empirical study, the multivariate regression analysis, to sort out the effects of technological, institutional, and demographic variables on changes in unemployment duration. The analysis is based on aggregate time-series data for the US, covering the period from 1948 to 1997. The duration of unemployment has risen rather dramatically over the last half century. The percentage of unemployed workers out of work 15 or more weeks more than doubled over the same period, while the percentage of the unemployed out of work 27 or more weeks tripled.
A New Approach to Global Trade Imbalances

Traditionally there have been two main approaches to the balance of payment disequilibrium by a country--the absorption approach and the monetary approach. This paper develops an alternative framework focusing on a country’s domestic price level. The orthodox analysis fails to explain the persistence of trade deficits in the United States despite large and regular depreciation of the dollar, whereas a similar exchange depreciation in Mexico resulted in a quick turn around in its trade short fall. The paper shows that a trade imbalance can arise only if the general price level is not the same as the one consistent with balanced trade commercial policies--competitiveness and the production structure may be responsible for such price divergence.
Fuzzy Sets, Information Clouding and Database Security

Database security is a novel and relatively unexplored area for applying fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy sets provide a powerful and appealing vehicle for clouding or “fuzzifying” sensitive information in databases. Their ability to incorporate natural semantics in clouded information helps balance user convenience and database security. In addition to controlling access to sensitive information, fuzzy sets can also cloud data dependencies. Such clouding helps enforce inference-control by eliminating precise reasoning involving sensitive information. Since snoopers can only reason approximately with clouded dependencies they can never infer exact confidential information.
Keeping Track of “Socrates”

As these traits are part of a composite Socrates handed down by the pythagorizing or platonist tradition of Plato-interpretation, and as Nietzsche accepts some of them as constitutive of his Socrates, we need to complete our survey of the conventional composite before discussing Nietzsche’s Socrates any further. The traditional composite is, of course, not the historical Socrates, since the latter seems to have become a kind of public or literary property in his own lifetime. And the most valiant and scholarly efforts to recover the historical Socrates1 succeed only in clarifying further just how literary or mythical a product everything is that we think we know about Socrates. But this fact itself is a measure of how great the impact was of his personality (and what he represented) on Classical culture. It was, precisely, what he represented that came at once into dispute. This would seem to mean that he was the charismatic embodiment of an archetype that was controversial. It would also seem to mean, for the controversy to be so heated and so enduring, that not transient but fundamental human, and politicizable, values were being projected or challenged by the original Socrates.
A journey toward converging 3 passions: research, patient care, and education.

![Figure][1] “La ventura va guiando nuestras cosas mejor de lo que acertaramos a desear.” —Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra [(1)][2]. Many people ask how I came to commit my professional life to 3 very different areas of cardiovascular medicine: research, patient care, and education. The
Signal Processing in Ocean Tomography

This paper addresses acoustic signal processing issues that have arisen in designing systems to measure the sound speed and current fields of the ocean using time-of-flight acoustic tomography. The systems are based on a scheme first proposed by W. Munk and C. Wunsch in 1979, who suggested that dynamic ocean processes could be observed by measuring the change in travel time of acoustic signals transmitted over a number of ocean paths. The travel time is subject to alteration in proportion to the magnitude of the sound speed and current inhomogeneities along each path. An estimate of these quantities can be obtained using inverse techniques.
Abstract 550: TFEB Expression, Turnover, and Nuclear Localization are Altered in DBA/2 Mouse Macrophages Associated With Impaired Autolysosome Formation and Lipid Droplet Clearance

In a previous study, we identified autolysosome formation as the limiting step for turnover of cholesterol esters in lipid droplets of macrophage foam cells from the atherosclerosis sensitive DBA/2 strain compared to the atherosclerosis resistant AKR mouse strain. As autophagosome formation was similar in these two strains, we wanted to evaluate the role of lysosomes in autolysosome formation in AKR and DBA/2 cells. For all our studies, we cultured AKR and DBA/2 bone marrow-derived macrophages with or without acetylated LDL (AcLDL) for 24h. Lysosome function and number, assessed by flow cytometry on Lysotracker red DND-99 (LyT) labeled cells, was not affected by AcLDL loading in AKR and DBA/2 cells. However, in both unloaded and loaded conditions, DBA/2 cells exhibited a 30 to 50% lower LyT intensity suggesting that they have intrinsically decreased lysosome number/function. Lysosomal degradation capacity was assayed by incubation with DQ-ovalbumin and we observed a 27% decrease in lysosome function in DB...
The Power of Place: Contentious Politics in Twentieth-Century Shanghai and Bombay

Riots, strikes, and protests broke out in the streets of Shanghai and Bombay (renamed Mumbai in 1995), with impressive frequency during the twentieth century. Many of the landmark protests and social movements had close connections with the neighborhoods, workplaces, and civic space of each city. By the late twentieth century, as the political geography of each city changed rapidly with the commodification of urban land, so too did the patterns of political contention. Using a comparative historical lens, Frazier chronicles the political biographies of these two metropolises and leading centers of manufacturing and finance. Debates over ideology, citizenship, and political representation took material form through clashes over housing, jobs, police violence, public space, among much else, in the lived experience of urban residents. Frazier puts contemporary debates over informal housing, eviction of inner-city residents, scarcities of manufacturing jobs, and questions of unequal citizenship in an illuminating historical context.
A Simulator Study on Drivers’ Response and Perception Towards Vehicle Cyberattacks:

The introduction of advanced technologies has made driving a more automated activity. However, most vehicles are not designed with cybersecurity considerations and hence, they are susceptible to cy...
Intra-device repeatability of the NIOX-MINO handheld fractional exhaled nitric oxide monitor

Background: The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide has increasingly been used as a non-invasive biomarker of airway inflammation. Current European Respiratory Society recommendations from 1999 state that repeated exhalations are performed until two nitric oxide values agree at the 5% level. In the preceding years, there has been marked advancements in exhaled nitric oxide measurement devices using electrochemical sensors. However, while the intra-repeatability of the NIOX-MINO has been investigated, such data have been largely obtained with subjects without a respiratory condition. Objective: The objective of the current study was to determine the feasibility of only obtaining a single fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurement by assessing the intra-repeatability of the NIOX-MINO, with a sample representative of the population referred for respiratory assessment by the paediatric respiratory medicine service at the Evelina London Children’s Hospital; due to the relatively high cost to number of sensor uses ratio. Methods: Four-hundred and twenty-one datasets were included (aged 4–17 years) of patients who had paired fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurements using the NIOX-MINO. The intra-repeatability of the paired fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurements were analysed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance test. Results: No significant difference was observed between the first and second paired fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurements (p = 0.153). Conclusions: The findings of the current study go further to support the use of a single fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurement within clinical practice.
Palliative Operations for Congenital Heart Disease

Palliations for congenital heart anomalies are surgical procedures meant to offset major hemodynamic derangements, usually in preparation for staged repair. They treat symptoms but cannot stop the progression of the disease. Palliative operations for congenital heart anomalies are classified into procedures aimed at: (1) reducing pulmonary blood flow (pulmonary artery banding); (2) increasing pulmonary blood flow (several methods of systemic-pulmonary shunt); (3) enhancing mixing at atrial level (atrial septectomy or septostomy); and (4) other (hybrid procedure). Hybrid procedure is an alternative to stage I Norwood operation for high-risk cases of hypoplastic left heart syndrome or similar left-sided obstructive lesions. This chapter provides an overview of commonly performed palliative operations for congenital heart disease.
IL-33, diet-induced obesity, and pulmonary responses to ozone

Obesity augments pulmonary responses to ozone. We have reported that IL-33 contributes to these effects of obesity in db/db mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IL-33 also contributes to obesity-related changes in the response to ozone in mice with diet-induced obesity. Male wildtype C57BL/6 mice and mice deficient in ST2, the IL-33 receptor, were placed on chow or high fat diets for 12 weeks from weaning. Because the microbiome has been implicated in obesity-related changes in the pulmonary response to ozone, mice were either housed with other mice of the same genotype (same housed) or with mice of the opposite genotype (cohoused). Cohousing transfers the gut microbiome from one mouse to its cagemates. Diet-induced increases in body mass were not affected by ST2 deficiency or cohousing. In same housed mice, ST2 deficiency reduced ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophil recruitment in chow-fed but not HFD-fed mice even though ST2 deficiency reduced bronchoalveolar lavage IL-5 in both diet groups. In chow-fed mice, cohousing abolished ST2-related reductions in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophil recruitment, but in HFD-fed mice, no effect of cohousing on these responses to ozone was observed. In chow-fed mice, ST2 deficiency and cohousing caused changes in the gut microbiome. High fat diet-feeding caused marked changes in the gut microbiome and overrode both ST2-related and cohousing-related differences in the gut microbiome observed in chow-fed mice. Our data indicate a role for IL-33 in pulmonary responses to ozone in chow-fed but not high fat diet-fed mice and are consistent with the hypothesis that these diet-related differences in the role of IL-33 are the result of changes in the gut microbiome.
Unraveling the complexity of zircons from the 4.0–2.9 Ga Acasta Gneiss Complex

Abstract The Acasta Gneiss Complex (AGC) of the Northwest Territories, Canada, contains some of the oldest evolved terrestrial crust and has a sustained record of more than a billion years of magmatism (>4.0–2.9 Ga). These rocks provide an opportunity to investigate the nature of continental crust formation on the early Earth. Because complexities in zircons and bulk rocks are characteristic of the early Earth record—including the AGC—strategies are needed to extract accurate and meaningful age and isotopic information. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the early Earth Hf isotope record, we examined AGC zircons from a range of lithologies using paired chemical abrasion isotope dilution U-Pb age and solution Lu-Hf isotope analysis and compared these with previous results obtained using laser ablation split-stream (LASS) analysis. We describe an approach whereby LASS is used to identify rocks with the least complex zircons, and, when appropriate, solution methods are then used to refine the age and Hf isotopic composition to the highest precision. This two-pronged analytical approach results in a more robust determination of the age and Hf isotopic record of complex rocks and zircons and allows identification of complexity in the Hf isotopic record that would not be apparent by solution analysis alone, thereby refining the record of magmatic evolution on the early Earth. Despite the better precision, solution techniques are unsuitable for rocks with complexly zoned zircons. In particular, zircons from the two oldest AGC rocks in this study have positive initial eHf values when determined by solution analysis (+2.8 and +4.9 at 4.0 and 3.9 Ga, respectively) but have negative eHf values when determined by LASS (−3.4 and −4.7, respectively). This is attributable to the presence of later radiogenic overgrowths on the zircon grains which are incorporated in solution analyses but can be avoided using LASS. This provides important clarity to the AGC Hf isotope record. In total, all but one of the AGC rocks we analyzed, including the oldest samples, have negative eHf values and indicate derivation from an enriched reservoir; none of these samples—in contrast to whole rock Nd isotope compositions—have sufficiently positive eHf values to indicate their derivation from a depleted mantle reservoir. Despite the presence of ancient AGC crust, there is no record of corresponding mantle depletion. This implies that extraction of Hadean crust in this region did not happen in sufficient volume to result in widespread mantle depletion in the AGC source by the Eoarchean. Our results underscore the importance of identifying different components in ancient zircons—and the rocks that contain them—and accurately determining the age and isotopic composition of those components. This is critically important for clarifying the record of the formation of enriched crust and development of the depleted mantle in Earth’s early history.
The solubility of indium hydroxide in acidic and basic media at 25°C

Abstract The solubility of In(OH) 3 was measured in NaOH and HClO 4 solutions. Possible reactions of In(OH) 3 in dilute NaOH and HClO 4 are indicated along with the calculated constants. The result indicated conclusively that In(OH) 3 is only slightly amphoteric, being much more basic than acidic.
On a charge conserving alternative to Maxwell’s displacement current

Though sufficient for local conservation of charge, we show that Maxwell's displacement current is not necessary. An alternative to the Ampere–Maxwell equation is exhibited and the alternative's electric and magnetic fields and scalar and vector potentials are expressed in terms of the charge and current densities. The alternative describes a theory in which action is instantaneous and so may provide a good approximation to Maxwell's equations where and when the finite speed of light can be neglected. The result is reminiscent of the Darwin approximation which arose from the study classical charged point particles to order (v/c)2 in the Lagrangian. Unlike Darwin's, this approach does not depend on the constitution of the electric current. Instead, this approach grows from a straightforward revision of the Ampere equation that enforces the local conservation of charge.
Multifractal roots of suprapostural dexterity

Visually guided postural control emerges in response to task constraints. Task constraints generate physiological fluctuations that foster the exploration of available sensory information at many scales. Temporally correlated fluctuations quantified using fractal and multifractal metrics have been shown to carry perceptual information across the body. The risk of temporally correlated fluctuations is that stable sway appears to depend on a healthy balance of standard deviation (SD): too much or too little SD entails destabilization of posture. This study presses on the visual guidance of posture by prompting participants to quietly stand and fixate at distances within, less than, and beyond comfortable viewing distance. Manipulations of the visual precision demands associated with fixating nearer and farther than comfortable viewing distance reveals an adaptive relationship between SD and temporal correlations in postural fluctuations. Changing the viewing distance of the fixation target shows that increases in temporal correlations and SD predict subsequent reductions in each other. These findings indicate that the balance of SD within stable bounds may depend on a tendency for temporal correlations to self-correct across time. Notably, these relationships became stronger with greater distance from the most comfortable viewing and reaching distance, suggesting that this self-correcting relationship allows the visual layout to press the postural system into a poise for engaging with objects and events. Incorporating multifractal analysis showed that all effects attributable to monofractal evidence were better attributed to multifractal evidence of nonlinear interactions across scales. These results offer a glimpse of how current nonlinear dynamical models of self-correction may play out in biological goal-oriented behavior. We interpret these findings as part of the growing evidence that multifractal nonlinearity is a modeling strategy that resonates strongly with ecological-psychological approaches to perception and action.