cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Altitude Control of an Integrated Airborne Wind Energy System with Globalized Lyapunov-based Switched Extremum Seeking

Airborne wind energy (AWE) systems replace the tower and foundation of contemporary wind turbines with tethers and a lifting body. This enables AWE systems to adjust their operating altitudes to deliver the greatest amount of net energy possible. However, determining the optimal operating altitude requires knowledge of the wind speed vs. altitude (wind shear) profile, leading to a tradeoff between exploration and exploitation. In this work, we consider an integrated AWEbattery-generator system in which it is possible to explore the domain of admissible altitudes during periods of low load demand and exploit the best altitude at other times. Specifically, we propose and evaluate four candidate hierarchical structures, based on a globalized Lyapunov-based switched extremum seeking (G-LSES) control structure, for control of the integrated system. We present simulation-based results that are based on actual wind speed and load demand data.
Conclusion: Who Was President Barack Obama?

I will reevaluate the issues and observations made in the prior chapters and revisited the overall issues of the Obama presidential legacy. I returned to the point made in the introduction regarding the two types of legacy, preferential and referential. I emphasized how different historians may make different assessments of whether Obama met the demands of hope and change. I will discuss why some writers were prepared to dismiss his claims of a transformational president two years into his presidency. And how he dealt with the contradictions and paradoxes implicit in the presidency itself. I also cite Professor Scacco and Coe’s notion of an “ubiquitous presidency” as a way to explain Obama’s challenges. The modern presidency communicates with an increasing number of groups and is involved with a variety of issues. Finally, I discuss how institutionalizing presidential libraries and the pressure for former presidents to write quick memoirs about their tenure changed how scholars look at their legacy.
Provider Readiness and Adaptations of Competency Drivers During Scale-Up of the Family Check-Up

We used provider (n = 112) data that staff at the agency disseminating the Family Check-Up (FCU; REACH Institute) collected to profile provider diversity in community settings and to examine whether provider profiles are related to implementation fidelity. Prior to FCU training, REACH Institute staff administered the FCU Provider Readiness Assessment (PRA), a provider self-report measure that assesses provider characteristics previously linked with provider uptake of evidence-based interventions. We conducted a latent class analysis using PRA subscale scores as latent class indicators. Results supported four profiles: experienced high readiness (ExHR), experienced low readiness (ExLR), moderate experience (ME), and novice. The ExHR class was higher than all other classes on: (1) personality variables (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, extraversion); (2) evidence-based practice attitudes; (3) work-related enthusiasm and engagement; and (4) their own well-being. The ExHR class was also higher than ExLR and ME classes on clinical flexibility. The ME class was lowest of all classes on conscientiousness, supervision, clinical flexibility, work-related enthusiasm and engagement, and well-being. During the FCU certification process, FCU Consultants rated providers’ fidelity to the model. Twenty-three of the 112 providers that completed the PRA also participated in certification. We conducted follow-up regression analyses using fidelity data for these 23 providers to explore associations between probability of class membership and fidelity. The likelihood of being in the ExHR class was related to higher FCU fidelity, whereas the likelihood of being in the ExLR class was related to lower fidelity. We discuss how provider readiness assessment data can be used to guide the adaptation of provider selection, training, and consultation in community settings.
The effect of musical training on ecological cocktail party listening

A multitude of studies have investigated the phenomenon that experience, such as musical training, has an impact on listener performance in challenging auditory environments. Many studies examining speech-in-speech listening (i.e., the cocktail party problem) simulate an unnatural scenario where the target talker and maskers are all facing the listener. We analyzed participants’ performance in a more realistic situation with a target talker facing the listener and co-located maskers with head orientations facing away from the listener (45 or 60 deg relative to the listener). We aimed to determine if musical training provided an advantage to our participants under these ecological conditions. Stimuli were presented over a loudspeaker to listeners in a sound treated booth. Preliminary data indicate that highly trained musicians (N = 6) perform better than nonmusicians (N = 25) in our task. Musical training may improve auditory functioning in challenging ecological listening situations. Data collection for listeners with extensive musical training is ongoing.
Penalizing Lies and Optimal Monitoring

It has been established that monitoring schemes that allow self-reports of behavior can achieve superior results when the scheme induces truthful reporting (Kaplow and Shavell 1994). Often in reality, however, monitoring schemes do not enjoy the flexibility necessary to achieve truthful reports. In this paper we show how and why allowing self-reports can nevertheless improve on the monitor’s problem by way of penalizing lies when detected. Results show that, for any monitoring probability and sanction function, we can achieve actions closer to the first- best solution as well as higher levels of social welfare.
Ideal Laws, Counterfactual Preservation, and the Analyses of Lawhood

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a unified argument against three widely held contemporary analyses of lawhood—Humean reductionism about laws, the dispositionalist view of laws, and the view of laws as ...
State of the Art in Lesser Metatarsophalangeal Instability

Advancements in lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP) instability have involved the use of minimally invasive surgery techniques, synthetic augmentation of existing transfers, and use of arthroscopy for both diagnosing and addressing MTP disorder. Advances in imaging modalities, particularly MRI, have aided in diagnosing subtle instability. Clinical outcomes seem to be similar to traditional approaches as the indications and applicability continue to evolve.
Constellations in the Cloud: Virtualizing Remote Sensing Systems

This work presents the Virtual Constellation Engine (VCE), a software framework and run-time system designed to facilitate exploration of different remote sensing constellation and sensor web configurations from an on-board processing perspective, using the cloud. Users can launch heterogeneous constellations, describe different on-board processing configurations, and simulate and verify autonomous operations. VCE eases development for applications leveraging complex compute resources and has been demonstrated on Amazon Web Services to provide speedups over 20,000× of state of practice systems.
Cariprazine in Youth with Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review

Objective: To examine the potential effectiveness and tolerability of cariprazine in pediatric bipolar and psychotic disorders. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic health records of...
Whitelash: Unmasking White Grievance at the Ballot Box

If postmortems of the 2016 US presidential election tell us anything, it's that many voters discriminate on the basis of race, which raises an important question: in a society that outlaws racial discrimination in employment, housing, and jury selections, should voters be permitted to racially discriminate in selecting a candidate for public office? In Whitelash, Terry Smith argues that such racialized decision-making is unlawful and that remedies exist to deter this reactionary behavior. Using evidence of race-based voting in the 2016 presidential election, Smith deploys legal analogies to demonstrate how courts can decipher when groups of voters have been impermissibly influenced by race, and impose appropriate remedies. This groundbreaking work should be read by anyone interested in how the legal system can re-direct American democracy away from the ongoing electoral scourge that many feared 2016 portended.
Help or hindrance: Exploring nurse practitioners' perceptions of transition to practice legislation

Background Fourteen states have adopted transition to practice (TP) legislation, which requires newly certified nurse practitioners (NPs) to practice under a senior clinician. States have adopted such legislation despite vast evidence indicating NPs provide safe care. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore NPs' perceptions of the effects of this legislation and to describe communication between NPs and senior clinicians working in TP states. Methods Using a cross-sectional, descriptive design, we surveyed a convenience sample of NPs working in TP states. Descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative content analysis were conducted. Results Most respondents believed TP legislation posed unnecessary regulatory barriers but also believed it promoted professional development. No statistically significant relationships between professional characteristics, regulatory variations, and these perceptions were identified. Implications for practice Given the increasing number of states considering TP legislation, and the vast variability in TP models, additional research into the effects of this regulation is needed.
What Does the Evolution From Informed Consent to Shared Decision Making Teach Us About Authority in Health Care

This article examines the legal doctrine and ethical norm of informed consent and its deficiencies, particularly its concentration on physician disclosure of information rather than on patient understanding, which led to the development of shared decision making as a way to enhance informed consent. As a vague and imprecise rubric, shared decision making encompasses several different approaches. Narrower approaches presuppose an individualistic account of autonomy, while broader approaches view autonomy as relational and hold that clinician-patient relationships grounded in good communication can assist decision making and foster autonomous choices. Shared decision making faces conceptual, normative, and practical challenges, but, with its goal of respecting, protecting, and promoting patients' autonomous choices, it represents an important cultural change in medicine.
Vitamin D supplements and marine omega-3 fatty acids and development of advanced cancer.

1510Background: Epidemiologic data suggest that vitamin D supplementation may reduce cancer mortality. We tested whether vitamin D and/or omega-3 supplementation reduces the incidence of advanced s...
Are Nonsynonymous Transversions Generally More Deleterious than Nonsynonymous Transitions

It has been suggested that, due to the structure of the genetic code, nonsynonymous transitions are less likely than transversions to cause radical changes in amino acid physicochemical properties so are on average less deleterious. This view was supported by some but not all mutagenesis experiments. Because laboratory measures of fitness effects have limited sensitivities and relative frequencies of different mutations in mutagenesis studies may not match those in nature, we here revisit this issue using comparative genomics. We extend the standard codon model of sequence evolution by adding the parameter η that quantifies the ratio of the fixation probability of transitional nonsynonymous mutations to that of transversional nonsynonymous mutations. We then estimate η from the concatenated alignment of all protein-coding DNA sequences of two closely related genomes. Surprisingly, η ranges from 0.13 to 2.0 across 90 species pairs sampled from the tree of life, with 51 incidences of η 1 that are statistically significant. Hence, whether nonsynonymous transversions are overall more deleterious than nonsynonymous transitions is species-dependent. Because the corresponding groups of amino acid replacements differ between nonsynonymous transitions and transversions, η is influenced by the relative exchangeabilities of amino acid pairs. Indeed, an extensive search reveals that the large variation in η is primarily explainable by the recently reported among-species disparity in amino acid exchangeabilities. These findings demonstrate that genome-wide nucleotide substitution patterns in coding sequences have species-specific features and are more variable among evolutionary lineages than are currently thought.
Simultaneous auctions with budgets: Equilibrium existence and characterization

Abstract We study the sale of two units of a good through simultaneous sealed bid first-price auctions to bidders who have private types and multi-unit demand. Bidders are differentiated based on their valuations and budgets. Under a parametric restriction, we show that this auction game is better-reply secure and thus possesses a Nash equilibrium. In equilibrium, bidders expend their budgets. The equilibrium strategies are essentially pure in the sense that each bidder-type has a unique split (up to a permutation) of her budget between the two auctions. In equilibrium, there always exist bidder-types who submit unequal bids in equilibrium even though they have the same valuations for the units. In addition, the equilibrium is monotone in valuations and budgets: bidders with higher valuations (lower budgets) prefer more unequal splits of their budgets than bidders with lower valuations (higher budgets) and the same budget (valuation).
Computational Assessment of Valvular Dysfunction in Discrete Subaortic Stenosis: A Parametric Study

Discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) is a left-ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction caused by a membranous lesion. DSS is associated with steep aortoseptal angles (AoSAs) and is a risk factor for aortic regurgitation (AR). However, the etiology of AR secondary to DSS remains unknown. This study aimed at quantifying computationally the impact of AoSA steepening and DSS on aortic valve (AV) hemodynamics and AR. An LV geometry reconstructed from cine-MRI data was connected to an AV geometry to generate a unified 2D LV-AV model. Six geometrical variants were considered: unobstructed (CTRL) and DSS-obstructed LVOT (DSS), each reflecting three AoSA variations (110°, 120°, 130°). Fluid-structure interaction simulations were run to compute LVOT flow, AV leaflet dynamics, and regurgitant fraction (RF). AoSA steepening and DSS generated vortex dynamics alterations and stenotic flow conditions. While the CTRL-110° model generated the highest degree of leaflet opening asymmetry, DSS preferentially altered superior leaflet kinematics, and caused leaflet-dependent alterations in systolic fluttering. LVOT steepening and DSS subjected the leaflets to increasing WSS overloads (up to 94% increase in temporal shear magnitude), while DSS also increased WSS bidirectionality on the inferior leaflet belly (+ 0.30-point in oscillatory shear index). Although AoSA steepening and DSS increased diastolic transvalvular backflow, regurgitant fractions (RF < 7%) remained below the threshold defining clinical mild AR. The mechanical interactions between AV leaflets and LVOT steepening/DSS hemodynamic derangements do not cause AR. However, the leaflet WSS abnormalities predicted in those anatomies provide new support to a mechanobiological etiology of AR secondary to DSS.
Aging Effect on Impact Properties of NF709R and HR3C

ABSTRACT It is significant to study the properties of NF709R and HR3C during aging, which are the alternative materials for superheater and reheater in ultra-supercritical unit. After different predetermined aging period at 700 C, impact test of NF709R and HR3C were carried out at room temperature, and it was found that the impact toughness of NF709R was better than that of HR3C. Impact fracture surfaces and microstructure of both steels showed intergranular fracture characteristics and M23C6 precipitatedongrainboundaries.Itcanbeinferredthatthetransformation from ductile rupture to brittle after aging connected with the precipitation of M23C6. Applying of first-principles method to study the bond strength between the matrix and M23C6 in both steels found that the interface strength in NF709R was higher than that in HR3C. Through experiments and theoretical calculations, this paper explains the causes of different impact properties of NF709R and HR3C after aging, and proposes a reasonable way to increase the bond strength in austenitic heat-resistant steel.
Cement use in total knee arthroplasty: 40 versus 80 grams.

Abstract Background Studies of cement use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have historically addressed mechanical properties and application strategies. Recently, cement technique has been studied as a means to reduce cost. We transitioned from opening two bags (80 grams) of cement to one bag (40 grams) of cement for primary TKA to improve cost efficacy. This study investigates the radiographic outcome and cost of TKAs performed with 40 versus 80 grams of cement. Methods TKAs from January 2017 to January 2019 were evaluated. Cement mantle and implant alignment were assessed per the Modern Knee Society Radiographic Evaluation System at four months by three blinded reviewers. Data was analyzed according to quantity of cement used. Cement mantle quality at 16 implant zones was compared. Cost was evaluated. Results 163 patients (age 66.8 yrs. +/− 8.9, 51.5% female) underwent TKA with 80 grams of cement, while 142 patients (age 67.1 yrs. +/− 9.3, 56.3% female) underwent TKA utilizing 40 grams of cement. There was no significant difference in cement mantle quality. The most common zone of cement deficiency was the femoral posterior flange (9% in 40 gram group versus 4% in 80 gram group, p value = 0.08). There was no difference in implant size. Cost saving was calculated at $7,810 for the 40 gram group. Conclusion There was no difference in radiographic cement mantle appearance between primary knees performed with 40 or 80 grams of cement. Cement usage represents a target for cost saving and opportunity to increase the value of primary TKA. Based on the current incidence of TKA in the United States, cost savings could exceed 33 million dollars annually.
Matter waves, single-mode excitations of the matter-wave field, and the atomtronic transistor oscillator

A self-consistent theoretical treatment of a triple-well atomtronic transistor circuit reveals the mechanism of gain, conditions of oscillation, and properties of the subsequent coherent matter waves emitted by the circuit. A Bose-condensed reservoir of atoms in a large source well provides a chemical potential that drives circuit dynamics. The theory is based on the ansatz that a condensate arises in the transistor gate well as a displaced ground state, that is, one that undergoes dipole oscillation in the well. That gate atoms remain condensed and oscillating is shown to be a consequence of the cooling induced by the emission of a matter wave into the vacuum. Key circuit parameters such as the transistor transconductance and output current are derived by transitioning to a classical equivalent circuit model. Voltage-like and current-like matter-wave circuit wave fields are introduced in analogy with microwave circuits, as well as an impedance relationship between the two. This leads to a notion of a classically coherent matter wave that is the dual of a coherent electromagnetic wave and which is distinct from a de Broglie matter wave associated with cold atoms. Subjecting the emitted atom flux to an atomic potential that will reduce the de Broglie wavelength, for example, will increase the classical matter-wave wavelength. Quantization of the classical matter-wave fields leads to the dual of the photon that is identified not as an atom but as something else, which is here dubbed a ``matteron.''
Exploration of silicon phthalocyanines as viable photocatalysts for organic transformations

Abstract Silicon phthalocyanines have been largely ignored as photocatalysts, despite their low energy excitation, long triplet lifetimes, and their ability to form singlet oxygen. By incorporating alkyl and silicon protecting groups as axial ligands on the silicon center, two silicon phthalocyanines have been generated with the goal of developing photocatalysts for organic synthesis. Using cyclic voltammetry and Stern Volmer quenching studies, we have shown silicon phthalocyanines are capable of electron transfer with appropriate substrates, including Hunig’s base. We have also successfully used these catalysts in a reductive quenching reaction where Hunig’s base served as a sacrificial electron donor in the reaction. In addition to being redox-active, our preliminary data also shows these compounds are capable of performing energy transfer reactions, by performing a reaction that utilizes singlet oxygen as a reactant under visible light conditions. This reaction, in combination with cyclic voltammetry studies, has also served as a model to understand how axial substitution on the silicon center seems to influence the photostability of these species.
It's all in your head: new insights into craniofacial development and deformation

‘Our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound. Not in one case out of a hundred can we pretend to assign any reason why this or that part has varied. But whenever we have the means of instituting a comparison, the same laws appear to have acted in producing the lesser differences between varieties of the same species, and the greater differences between species of the same genus.’ (Darwin, 1859). Charles Darwin did not gild the truth when he candidly pointed out just how imperfect is our knowledge of how morphological diversity is generated. Over the intervening decades we have scrutinized the process of embryonic development and, in doing so, gained a deeper appreciation for the tissue interactions that lie at the basis of morphogenesis. More recently, some of the molecules involved in mediating these tissue interactions have been identified and, in a few rare cases, we even have gleaned insights into how species-specific development is controlled. These instances, however, are few and far between and much remains to be accomplished. In this review we will present some of the most recent advances that lie at the heart of understanding the mechanisms controlling normal craniofacial development, the consequences of when these normal pathways are disrupted and how this information sheds light on the basis for evolutionary diversity among the species. We choose to focus on morphogenesis of the craniofacial complex for two reasons. First, faces show tremendous phenotypic variation, first evident during the later stages of fetal development. Yet despite these differences in the facial appearance of embryos, they all look remarkably similar during earlier stages of embryogenesis. This suggests that whatever factors influence craniofacial diversity primarily act during a discrete period of embryonic development; and knowing when diversity first arises is an important first step towards understanding how diversity is generated. The second reason we use craniofacial development as a model is that variations in the craniofacial complex are tightly associated with adaptive radiations into ecological niches. If the relationship between craniofacial morphology and speciation is causal (and not merely correlative) then perhaps we can understand how modifying the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression create diversity within a species. One final justification for using craniofacial morphology as a model system is the prodigious amount of documentation that has accrued on head and neck anomalies. As the noted embryologist William Harvey so eloquently wrote, ‘Nature is nowhere more accustomed openly to display her secret mysteries than in cases where she shows traces of her working apart from the beaten path; nor is there any better way to advance the proper practice of medicine than to give our minds to the discovery of the usual law of Nature by careful investigation of cases of rarer forms of disease’ (Harvey, 1657). Thus, thoughtful inspection of the malformed face may offer valuable clues into the mechanisms governing normal craniofacial morphogenesis.
Examining My Window and Mirror: A Pedagogical Reflection from a White Mathematics Teacher Educator about Her Experiences with Immigrant Latina Pre-Service Teachers.

In this pedagogical reflection, a White mathematics teacher educator describes what she learned from three Latina pre-service teachers who were recent immigrants from Mexico while they completed an elementary mathematics methods course. Using Rochelle Gutierrez’s (2012) metaphor of a window and mirror, the author interrogates her own identity and experiences as a mathematics student and teacher in order to learn more about her students who came from a different background than herself. The reflection concludes with implications for teacher education.
Structural Analysis of Antibody Specificity: Detailed Comparison of Five Fab′-Steroid Complexes

Structures of the Fab' fragment of the anti-progesterone antibody DB3 in complex with five cross-reactive steroids (aetiocholanolone, 5 beta-androstane-3,17-dione, 5 alpha-pregnane-20-one-3 beta-ol-hemisuccinate, progesterone-11 alpha-ol-hemisuccinate and progesterone) have been determined by X-ray crystallography to a maximum resolution of 2.7 A. These different steroids compete with progesterone binding with affinities in the nanomolar range despite substantial differences in their three-dimensional structures. Comparison of the unliganded DB3 Fab' and these five steroid-Fab' complexes reveals that all the steroid ligands bind to an "open" conformation of the Fab' as defined by the orientation of the indole side-chain of TrpH100, whereas in the unliganded or "closed" form the binding site is occluded by TrpH100. Small but significant conformational changes take place in the antibody to maximize the physical and chemical complementarity with each ligand. The various cross-reactive ligands are accommodated in the binding site in two distinct orientations. We term these binding modes syn and anti, as they are defined by the orientation of the steroid beta face relative to TrpH50. In all cases, the steroid D ring is inserted into a hydrophobic cavity formed mainly by TrpH50, TyrH97, TrpH100 and PheH100b; a hydrogen bond interaction with AsnH35 to the keto group at position C17 or C20 orients the steroid in the pocket. The AsnH35 hydrogen bond and the interaction with TrpH50 account for the restricted heavy chain response to immunization with progesterone-like steroids derivatized at the 11 alpha position. Cross-reactivity of the antibody with different steroids is explained by alternative binding pockets for the A ring, which generates different ligand orientations in the binding site. This study suggests which factors are most likely to contribute to the observed antibody specificity, such as linker position and the paucity of functional groups on the immunogenic hapten.
A queuing theoretic model of ad hoc wireless LANs

In this paper, two Markov chain queuing models have been developed to obtain closed-form solutions for packet delay and packet throughput distributions in a real-time wireless communication environment using IEEE 802.11 DCF. An M/G/1/K queuing model is incorporated in both models. In the first model results are based on arbitrary contention conditions, namely, collision probabilities, transmission probabilities and contention window sizes vary arbitrarily among nodes contending for channel access. In the second model, however, the contention condition is limited by the assumption that collision probabilities remain constant among contending nodes. Results are presented for the fully-connected case. Two models are compared and validated via simulation with statistical analysis. The main contributions are the analysis of DCF and the foundation for the sensitivity analysis.
Learning fuzzy-valued fuzzy measures for the fuzzy-valued Sugeno fuzzy integral

Fuzzy integrals are very useful for fusing confidence or opinions from a variety of sources. These integrals are non-linear combinations of the support functions with the (possibly subjective) worth of subsets of the sources, realized by a fuzzy measure. There have been many applications and extensions of fuzzy integrals and this paper deals with a Sugeno integral where both the integrand and the measure take on fuzzy number values. A crucial aspect of using fuzzy integrals for fusion is determining or learning the measures. Here, we propose a genetic algorithm with novel cross-over and mutation operators to learn fuzzy-valued fuzzy measures for a fuzzy-valued Sugeno integral.
Abruptio placentae and hypofibrinogenemia.

Abstract From the many published reports dealing with abruptio placentae in the past several years it is apparent that there is considerable difference of opinion concerning many aspects of this syndrome. The precise mechanism by which placental separation is produced is not clear; the pathway by which hypofibrinogenemia develops remains to be proved; the proposed methods of management of a patient with abruptio placentae very considerably. This report deals with the problem of alterations in the hemostatic mechanism in abruptio placentae. Analyses of clinical observations coupled with laboratory studies will be utilized in an attempt to answer the following questions: (1) At what rate does hypofibrinogenemia usually develop as the result of abruptio placentae? (2) Does uncorrected hypofibrinogenemia always result in excessive blood loss following delivery of the products of conception? (3) At what rates are the alterations in the hemostatic mechanism spontaneously corrected? (4) What is the role of blood transfusions in the treatment of hypofibrinogenemia? (5) When should specific fibrinogen replacement therapy be instituted?
Synthesis of aminobenzyltriethylenetetraaminohexaacetic acid: conjugation of the chelator to protein by an alkylamine linkage.

The conjugation of a chelating agent to an antibody as an anchoring site for a radionuclide is the first step in the successful preparation of a radiolabeled antibody for a diagnostic and therapeutic application. The high affinity of the protein bound chelator towards radionuclide ensures a higher selectivity in the delivery of the radionuclide to the targeted tissue. 4-Aminobenzylderivativetriethlenetetraaminohexaacetic acid (TTHA), a hexadentate chelating agent has been now prepared for conjugation with proteins in view of the higher affinity of TTHA metal ions as compared to DTPA. The latent crosslinking potential of α-hydroxy aldehydes has been used to conjugate the new chelating agent to proteins through an alkylamine linkage. On incubation of amino benzyl TTHA with glycoladehyde at neutral pH and room temperature, the reagent is converted to oxoethyl amino benzyl TTHA. On addition of albumin to this reaction mixture, the oxo ethylamino benzyl TTHA generates reversible schiff base adducts with the amino groups of albumin. The reduction of the Schiff base adducts of the chelator with the protein by sodium cyanoborohydride stabilizes the schiff base adducts as stable alkylamine linkages. 4-Thiocyanatobenzyl TTHA has also been prepared and conjugated to albumin through a thiocarbamoyl linkage. Both preparations of TTHA conjugated albumin complexed with 99mTc and 111In, with high affinity and no decomposition of the complex was noticed for at least up to 6 hrs after the preparation. The radiolabels complexed with these TTHA -albumin conjugates could not be ‘chased’ out by free DTPA. A comparison of the biodistribution of 111In, bound to the TTHA conjugated through an alkylamine and a thiocarbamoyl linkage showed that 111In complexed with alkylamine linked TTHA was retained in blood to a level nearly 17% higher compared to that seen with thicarbamoyl linked TTHA, one hr after the injection into mice. Thus, the alkylamine linkage appears to be more stable under the in vivo conditions. The glycolaldehyde mediated alkylation procedure offers a mild, simple and rapid method for preparation of drug-protein (antibody) conjugates.
Patterns of Pulsatile Pituitary Glycoprotein Secretion in Central Hypothyroidism and Hypogonadism

Five patients with central hypothyroidism and hypogonadism due to mass or infiltrative lesions of the pituitary and hypothalamus were studied to determine pulsatile pituitary glycoprotein secretion patterns. Blood samples were obtained every 15 min over 24 h, and TSH, LH, and FSH were measured by immunoradiometric assays. Hormone pulses were located by cluster analysis, and pulse patterns were compared to those in normal subjects. Three patients had unmeasurable LH levels, while two had a normal number of low amplitude pulses. In contrast, all patients had normal FSH pulse frequency, and only one had low pulse amplitude. Three patients had normal 24-h TSH pulse frequency and amplitude, while two had slightly decreased pulse parameters. However, all failed to show normal nocturnal increases in TSH pulse amplitude. Thus, anatomical hypothalamic-pituitary lesions disrupt pulsatile glycoprotein secretion in a discordant fashion. LH is most severely affected, with abnormal pulse patterns similar to those in id...
SU-E-T-579: Dosimetric Benefits of Online Adaptive Replanning for Post-Operative Radiation Therapy of Prostate Bed

Purpose: To demonstrate the dosimetric benefits of using an online adaptive replanning scheme to address interfractional variations in radiotherapy of prostate bed. Methods: We have previously developed an online adaptive replanning tool (RealART, Prowess Inc.) aiming to address interfractional variations including organ deformation and rotation. Using this tool, we analyzed a total of 102 daily pre‐treatment CTs acquired using an in‐room CT (CTVision, Siemens) for 10 patients treated with post‐operative IMRT of prostate bed. The PTV was assumed to be the volume enclosed by the 95% prescription isodose surface generated for the conventional four field box. On each daily CT set, contours of the PTV, rectum and bladder were generated by populating the planning contours using an auto‐segmentation tool based on deformable registration (ABAS, Elekta) with manual editing. Four plans were generated and compared: (1) IGRT (repositioning) plan by copying the original plan with aligning the anterior rectal wall from the daily CT to that of the planning CT, (2) IGRT plan by copying the original plan with aligning the surgical clips, (3) online adaptive plan by tailoring the original plan to conform to the anatomy of the day, and (4) a new plan re‐ optimized based on the daily anatomy.Results: The adaptive and re‐ optimization plans are in general superior than the two repositioning plans in terms of both target coverage and critical structure sparing. For example, the averages of dose volume quantities for all daily CTs are: rectum V45Gy 55.7±18.0% (one standard deviation), 57.3±17.5%, 48.2±11.8%, 42.5±9.6%; rectum V60Gy 31.8±20.3%, 34.0±16.6%, 22.6±9.7%, 16.5±7.4%; bladder V45Gy 30.0±11.9%, 39.5±24.2%, 37.6±16.8%, 36.5±16.2%; bladder V60Gy 17.4±9.2%, 25.4±18.1%, 24.7±12.7%, 23.9±12.0%; PTV V100 81.9±16.6%, 88.7±7.9%, 92.9±4.6%, and 94.6±2.4% for the above (1)‐(4) plans, respectively. Conclusions: The online adaptive replanning scheme is effective to account for interfractional variations in post‐operative radiotherapy of prostate bed. This work is supported partially by MCW Cancer Center Fotsch Foundation.
Object Identification Errors Can be Predicted from Attention Biases Acquired During Training

The goal of the present research was to understand the relationship between object similarity and incidentally-inferred category structure. Participants completed one of two possible training tasks in which they learned to identify line-drawings of main battle tanks. In the “observation” group, participants observed a series of tank images and tank-model names. In the “response” group, participants saw the same tank images but had to guess the label on each trial (corrective feedback followed each response). All participants then completed an identification test, followed by a card-sorting task using the same tank images to determine how participants mentally organized the vehicles after repeated exposure. The response training condition resulted in significantly fewer identification errors than the observation training condition. The card sorts enabled us to predict a substantial proportion of the identification confusions, particularly after response training (50% of identification errors predicted). Th...
Diffusion-mediated control of myoblast fusion☆

Abstract Previous observations suggest that myoblast fusion in cultures of embryonic avian muscle cells occurs when a threshold level of cell density is attained. Our results implicate some diffusion-mediated, cell density-dependent control over the time of initiation of fusion. Microcultures of uniform diameter, prepared from embryonic avian breast muscle cells were positioned on collagen-treated petri plates. Varying inoculum sizes as well as the volume of medium demonstrates that the onset of fusion is delayed by either decreasing the inoculum size or by increasing the volume of medium. Furthermore, initiation of fusion is also delayed by continuous circulation of the medium. This delay can be circumvented by increasing the initial cell density or by using media withdrawn from cultures of fusing myoblasts. These results suggest a transmission of the effect of cell density via the medium. Whenever fusion is experimentally delayed proliferation continues, at an undiminished rate, for a longer period of time generating a larger cell population. Thus, although close proximity is a necessary condition for fusion it is not a sufficient condition. It is not presently known whether fusion is promoted by the accumulation of cell products or by the depletion of media constituents. Activity is associated, however, with the high molecular weight fraction (> 300,000) of the medium and is not generated by any of three other cell types assayed.
The Influence of Photoacid Structure on the Design and Performance of 193-nm Resists

The impact of photoacid generator (PAG) structure has been largely ignored for 193nm single layer resists. Most published work to date has involved the use of triflic or metallic (antimonate or arsenate) photoacids. The importance of the PAG structure on the performance of 193nm resists is magnified in comparison to 248nm positve resists in use today, due to the absence of the electron-transfer sensitization pathway in the non-phenolic polymers in use in 193nm resists. Additionally, with the realtively low reactivity (high-bake) protecting groups that we (and others) employ in our resist design, greater control of photoacid evaporation and diffusion ar required. In this paper, we document the negative consequences of triflic acid on 193nm resist performance, including data on acid volatility and the impact of apparent diffusion. Model resists based on relatively hydrophobic polymers amplify the impact of triflic acid volatility on the degredation of performance in 193nm resists. Acid generators which combine high reactivity, low photoacid volatility, and improved resolution will be described. The basic chemical skeleton of these improved 193nm photoacid generators is shown in Figure 1. These iodonium sulfonates combine excellent thermal stability, dissolution inhibition, clean synthesis and readily tailorable photoacid size and strength. Most importantly, iodonium sulfonates based on haloalkyl and activated aromatic sulfonic acids efficiently deprotect t-butyl esters and other high activation protecting groups when formulated in 193nm resist materials and exposed to 193nm light.
Foil reflection grating mount for diffuse x-ray spectroscopy

A new sounding rocket payload is being built at the University of Colorado for purposes of resolving spectral features in the diffuse x-ray background. Multiple grating mounts are required; each consisting of over sixty closely packed grazing incidence gratings to meet throughput goals. The rocket skin limits the payload envelope and volume for mounting the gratings. Packing geometries require the gratings be very thin. The gratings are mounted in an off-plane configuration much like a proposed scenario for the Constellation X reflection grating assembly. In this paper we discuss innovative fabrication, replication, and mount techniques used to support a spectral resolution goal of about 100 (λ/δλ).
Mass spectrometric analysis of sulfur in microgram quantities of biological macromolecules using a reaction interface

Submicrogram to microgram samples of a variety of proteins have been analyzed using a reaction interface and a mass spectrometer. The interface atomizes the macromolecule in a microwave discharge and produces simple polyatomic molecules from the elements contained in the analyte by reaction with a scavenger gas. The measurement of m/z 64 for SO2 in a CO2-scavenged discharge can be used to determine the amount of sulfur originally introduced into the interface; carbon is quantified as HCN (m/z 27) in a nitrogen-scavenged discharge. Because of the highly energetic, destructive nature of the reaction interface, the character of the original molecule, i.e. size, polarity, etc., does not affect the analysis, only its elemental content. Samples (1 microgram) of a series of 12 amino acid polymers ranging in size from mol. wt 470 (des-TYR-MET-enkephalin) to mol. wt 65,400 (bovine serum albumin) and with a sulfur content of 1 S per amino acid (poly-1-methionine) to 2 S per 153 amino acids (myoglobin) were subjected to elemental analyses of sulfur and carbon. The observed S/C ratio was linear with elemental formula calculation, and produced a log-log regression coefficient of 0.80. With poly-1-methionine (mol. wt 30 000) as a model compound, the detection of sulfur was linear for sample sizes between 20 and 10 000 ng. We conclude that the reaction interface is a promising addition to a mass spectrometer for detection of certain elements from small samples of biological macromolecules.
Coupled-mode theory for stimulated Raman scattering in high-Q/Vm silicon photonic band gap nanocavity lasers

The coupled-mode equations are derived to describe the dynamics of coupling between the pump mode and Stokes mode for stimulated Raman scattering in designed high- Q/V m silicon photonic band gap nanocavities. The interplay of other Χ (3) effects such as two-photon absorption and optical Kerr, related free-carrier dynamics, thermal effects, as well as linear losses such as cavity radiation and linear material absorption are also included. The numerical results demonstrate both the lasing thresholds and the pulsed Raman frequency conversion in monolithic silicon high- Q/V m photonic band gap nanocavity lasers.
An ultrastructural study of the determined site of rhizoid formation in Fucus zygotes.

Abstract By treatment with unilateral light, a known, stable polar axis can be imposed upon an apolar zygote of Fucus before any visible manifestation of the polarity (i.e. rhizoid formation). It appears that in the presumptive area of rhizoid formation, only at a time when the polar axis is fixed (determined), the perinuclear region is highly polarized with a dense cytoplasmic accumulation of inclusions radiating toward the site of rhizoid formation. This localized accumulation arises only from the rhizoid side of the nucleus and is primarily in the median plane of the cell. The dense cytoplasm is heavily concentrated with ribosomes, osmiophilic and fibrillar vesicles, and mitochondria. Numerous membrane extensions from the nuclear envelope arise on the rhizoid side of the nucleus. Although the ribosomes localized in this area appear to be synthesizing protein as determined by autoradiography, other areas of the zygote were equally active. The role of this localized accumulation of cytoplasmic organelles in determination, rhizoid formation, and rhizoid cell differentiation is discussed.
Groundwater-surfacewater interactions at the transition of an aquifer from unconfined to confined

A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to identify systematic changes in the interactions between the groundwater flow systems and streams that cross the transition zone where unconfined aquifers become confined. A generalized model is designed that represents hydrologic conditions where gently dipping aquifer-confining unit sedimentary sequences subcrop beneath a thin surficial aquifer and are transected by gaining streams flowing parallel to dip. A series of simulations are performed to investigate the effect of different hydrogeologic characteristics of the edge of the confining unit, where potential for facies changes or fluvial reworking, results in variations in the material properties of the confining unit. The results show an abrupt increase in groundwater discharge to the stream immediately upstream of the transition to confined conditions, and a corresponding, but not equal, decrease in groundwater discharge along stream reaches downstream of the edge of the confining unit. Model results were compared to measured stream discharges at a location where the Loosahatchie River of eastern Tennessee, USA, crosses an unconfined-confined transition in the upper Mississippi Embayment.
Simple Circuit for a Phoswich Scintillation Counter

A simple, transistorized circuit is described which analyzes the frequency composition of the photomultiplier current pulse from a phoswich scintillation counter. The circuit generates a gate waveform from the fast current pulse of an organic scintillator, but not from the slower pulse from an inorganic crystal. Such a circuit finds application when the phoswich is used to provide an anticoincidence particle shield around a γ‐ray spectrometer.
Resource‐sharing and genealogical research on Islamic Chinese names in Guilin

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide the historical background of genealogical records and analyze the value of Chinese genealogical research through the study of names and genealogical resources.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the historical evolution and value of Chinese genealogical records, with the focus on researching the Islamic Chinese names used by the people living in Guilin. The highlight of this paper includes the analysis and evolution of the Islamic Chinese names commonly adopted by the local people in Guilin. It concludes with the recommendations on emphasizing and making the best use of genealogical records to enhance the research value of Chinese overseas studies.Findings – The paper covers the history of Islam and describes how the religion was introduced into China, as well as Muslims' ethnicity and identity. It also places focus on the importance of building a research collection in Asian history and Chinese genealogy.Research limitations/implications – Th...
Reliability and failure analysis of capacitive substrate

In this study, the high dielectric constant of the polymer/ceramic composites is used to fabricate capacitive substrates. The reliability and failure analysis of the capacitive substrate under temperature and voltage stress have been studied. The mean time to failure (MTTF) of the capacitive substrate shows a voltage exponent value dependence on applied voltage with a constant of ≃3.3 as the measurement temperature at 175 °C. The lifetime also indicates a temperature dependence of the MTTF with an activation energy of 1.2 eV in the temperature range of 125°C to 175°C under dc bias of 300 VDC. The failed samples exhibited a rapid increase leakage current indicating avalanche breakdown. Moreover, it is also shown that the failed samples have a decrease in the insulation resistance and capacitance value and an increase in dissipation factor, equivalent series resistance, reactance and impedance value.