cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Leader Same-sex Sexual Orientation Matter to Leadership Effectiveness? A Four-study Model-testing Investigation.

Despite the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States (U.S.) and an increasing number of out gay and lesbian business leaders, we have little knowledge of the role played by leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation in the leadership process. To fill this important research void, we drew from a recent theoretical model on leaders’ sexual orientation and conducted four experimental studies designed to test and retest whether leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation affects followers’ leadership perceptions and conformity to influence attempts, and how the intersectionality of leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation with leaders’ gender orientation and follower characteristics may modify the influences of leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation on the follower outcomes. Based on over 2,100 working adults in the U.S., the results of the four studies, where leaders were depicted as charismatic, indicate that leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation could have negative impacts on the follower outcomes. However, same-sex sexual orientation leaders did not suffer double stigma penalization by having additional marginalized identities (e.g., also being women). Female followers were more supportive of same-sex sexual orientation leaders than male followers. Our research advances knowledge of and responds to calls for more research attention to leader sexual orientation in the leadership process. Research and practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Structure of Remote Work in Public Education: A Rapid Scoping Review

Remote learning predominates the research literature during the COVID-19 pandemic, while remote work structures and workflow research were unknown. A rapid scoping review was conducted for remote work and workflow for 2020-2021. After locating and screening articles, a qualitative synthesis of the literature explored trends and themes using thematic analysis. A discussion of the perplexities of remote work and workflow, issues which impact every student and teacher, examined the problems of the new normal. Recommendations were to use Fayol’s principles as a guide within the context of using a holistic schooling experience focus, a formalized policy, and making leadership and management standardized and present within a remote environment. Limitations were discussed, and future directions for research gave a plan to improve remote work and learning.
Explicit Inversion of the Helmholtz Equation for Ultra-Sound Insonification and Spherical Detection

In this paper we wish to describe a method by which scattering data measured on a closed surface can be used to reconstruct the sound speed as a function of position in the enclosed volume. When the variation of the sound speed from its average value is small, the ray paths become straight lines, and the inversion can then be easily performed. For largervariations of the sound velocity, the paths become curved, and the three dimensional nature of the problem becomes essential. In our analysis we will employ the Rytov approximation, which has the following desirable properties: 1 When variations are small, it reduces to the straight line case. 2 It reduces to the Born approximation when the scatterer is small compared to the wavelength of the sound. 3 It is a three dimensional treatment and includes contributions from none-straight line paths.
Capturing the Stratosphere's Influence on Seasonal and Intraseasonal Predictability in a State-of-the-Art Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM)

Abstract : Recent research has revealed that the stratosphere influences medium- and long-range weather prediction, sometimes strongly (NAS 2010). The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) one of the most prominent modes of intraseasonal tropospheric variability extending from the subtropical Atlantic to the Arctic (Hurrell et al. 2003) has been recognized only within the past decade as one regional manifestation of a larger hemispheric phenomenon, known synonymously as the Arctic Oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode (NAM). The NAM extends continuously into the stratosphere and mesosphere, and an analogous deep Southern Annular Mode (SAM) occurs in the southern hemisphere. NAM/SAM anomalies often appear first in the upper stratosphere or mesosphere, then descend gradually over a period of weeks, sometimes reaching the surface where they change weather patterns throughout the polar region (Baldwin and Dunkerton 2001; Coy et al. 2011). Descending stratospheric NAM/SAM anomalies also play a pivotal role in controlling the response of high-latitude weather to the El-Ni o/Southern Oscillation in the tropics (Bell et al. 2009; Ineson and Scaife 2009), while the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere may also impact tropical seasonal prediction through an improved Madden-Julian Oscillation (Weare et al. 2012). These examples, and others like them, point to the important role that the overlying stratosphere-mesosphere system can play in presaging and regulating large-scale global surface weather changes over periods of weeks to months (e.g., Baldwin et al. 2003), prompting recent reports from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP 2008) and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS 2010) that note (quote) the stratosphere s potential to improve seasonal forecasts is largely untapped. Thus the long-term goals of this project are to tap the potential of an improved stratosphere and mesosphere for seasonal prediction by developing and testing new stratospheric and mesospheric modelin
The job satisfaction and performance of contingent and regular customer service representatives

Although research on customer service representatives (CSRs) in call centers has increased in recent years, little attention has been paid to the growing use of contingent (temporary) CSRs in this setting. This study investigated the role that human capital plays in explaining the job satisfaction and performance of contingent and regular CSRs. Consistent with our expectations, contingent CSRs had less human capital but higher job satisfaction than regular workers. In addition, we found that human capital mediated the relationship between work status and job satisfaction. Contrary to expectations, no performance differences were found between contingent and regular CSRs. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Agarwal-Cooley Convolution Algorithm

The cyclic convolution algorithms of chapter 6 are efficient for special small block lengths, but as the size of the block length increases, other methods are required. First as discussed in chapter 6, these algorithms keep the number of required multiplications small, but can require many additions. Also, each size requires a different algorithm. There is no uniform structure that can be repeatedly called upon. In this chapter, a technique similar to the Good-Thomas PFA will be developed to decompose a large size cyclic convolution into several small size cyclic convolutions which in turn can be evaluated using the Winograd cyclic convolution algorithm. These ideas were introduced by Agarwal and Cooley [1] in 1977. As in the Good-Thomas PFA, the CRT is used to define an indexing of data. This indexing changes a one-dimensional cyclic convolution into a two-dimensional cyclic convolution. We will see how to compute a two-dimensional cyclic convolution by ‘nesting’ a fast algorithm for one-dimensional cyclic convolution inside another fast algorithm for one-dimensional cyclic convolution. There are several two-dimensional cyclic convolution algorithms which although important will not be discussed. These can be found in [2].
Survey Practice Book List 2012: Recent Books and Journals in Public Opinion, Survey Methods, and Survey Statistics

Survey Practice Book List 2012: Recent Books and Journals in Public Opinion, Survey Methods, and Survey Statistics
Examining the Effectiveness of Team-Based Learning (TBL) in Different Classroom Settings.

ABSTRACT The problem of effective learning in college classrooms, especially in a large lecture setting, has been a topic of discussion for a considerable span of time. Most efforts to improve learning incorporate various forms of student-active learning, such as in-class investigations or problems, group discussions, collaborative examinations and interactive technology such as i-clicker. Team-Based Learning (TBL) is a classroom paradigm that all but eliminates the standard lecture and shifts exams from an end-of-unit exercise to a preparatory role. Adapting TBL to an introductory oceanography course has yielded mixed results. Student satisfaction as measured by course evaluations has increased in several important indicators, but not in summative questions. Final grades have also continued at high levels, and discussions around in-class investigations have become increasingly sophisticated, but performance on certain exam components associated with higher-order learning has declined. The classroom envir...
Using lecture demonstrations to visualize biological concepts.

Teaching complex biology concepts successfully can be challenging. The use of visual demonstrations has been shown to aid in this process, so we describe here two lecture demonstrations that instructors can use in introductory biology and genetics classes, and that students can easily remember and repeat on their own. The demonstrations do not require expensive equipment and use either props, which the instructor can borrow from the students, or participation of volunteer students. These demonstrations facilitate learning by allowing the student to more actively engage in the process, as we have formally documented in a separate study. They are described in detail here with the hope that other instructors and their students will also find them helpful. Three other props demonstrations for DNA replication, protein structure and linkage can be found using the url: https://sites.google.com/site/tamarif26/home . The effectiveness of the five props demonstrations was assessed. The results from an IRB approved study, which complements the descriptions provided here, also appear in this issue.
Principles of Visual Anthropology, 2nd Edition

Principles of Visual Anthropology, 2nd Edition. Paul Hockings. ed. Berlin.Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODEL FOR THE ORIGIN OF MATING PREFERENCES.

The origin and maintenance of mating preferences is a central problem in the development of the theory of sexual selection. Female mating preferences ("female choice") seem to be prerequisites for the evolution of many sexually dimorphic traits, and hence they play an important role in theories about the origin of sex-limited morphologies and behaviors (Darwin, 1872; Fisher, 1915, 1958; Maynard Smith, 1958). The evolution of female choice itself is problematic, however. This is especially true in cases where female mating preferences are directed toward traits in males that are not known to be correlated with any direct contribution males may make to the survival of a female or her offspring. This situation characterizes many polygynouslyand promiscuously-mating species, which often exhibit sexual dimorphism and evidence of female choice as well. A variety of theories have been proposed for the evolution of female mating preferences when paternal genes are the only contribution males make to their offspring (Fisher, 1958; Zahavi, 1975; Trivers, 1976). Most of these theories propose some model for natural selection on females through paternally inherited differences in offspring fitness. These "good genes" models require that the fitness of a female's offspring somehow be predictable from the phenotype of a prospective mate. Generally, they propose, first, that females can estimate male fitness using phenotypic clues, and, second, that offspring can inherit some fraction
Decay of Shear Layers and Vortex Sheets

An incompressible fluid is contained in the domain between two stationary infinite parallel rigid plates. It is assumed that for shear flows, the shear stress in an element of the fluid depends linearly on the history of the velocity gradient in that element. It is supposed that initially two steady shear layers exist in the fluid and are symmetrically disposed with respect to the mid-plane. The time-dependent velocity field which results from the removal of the forces maintaining this steady flow is calculated in the cases when the fluid is Newtonian and when it is Maxwellian. The limiting cases when the shear layers reside in an unbounded space of the fluid and when they further become vortex sheets are discussed.
A brief review of the scientific history of several lesser-known snake venom proteins: l-amino acid oxidases, hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases

Abstract When considering the proteins and toxins in snake venom one's thoughts generally migrate to the proteinases, neurotoxins and phospholipases since these families of proteins are comprised by many of the toxins found in venom. However as modern proteomic and transcriptomic venom research has abundantly shown snake venoms are complex and containing numerous families of protein beyond the “big three”. In this brief review we will discuss three of the lesser discussed proteins typically found in snake venoms: l -amino acid oxidases (LAAO); hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. These proteins have long been known to be part of many venoms' proteomes with reports appearing in the literature as early as 1944 for LAAO, 1947 for hyaluronidase (spreading factor), and 1932 for venom phosphodiesterase. These are more or less contemporary with the first reports (circa 1950) on snake venom proteases. Thus, the relatively modest literature on these snake venom proteins stems not from lack of early discovery but rather more likely to their ostensibly minor role in snake venom pathophysiology. In this review we will provide an overview of the experimental history of these venom proteins, their biochemical and structural features and their role in snake venom toxinology with the aim of bringing a fuller, more comprehensive, understanding of the history of laboratory research on snake venoms. In addition, there are some comments on these proteins from investigators who were actively engaged in their investigation.
Electrospun poly(ethylene oxide)/hydrated iron oxide/sodium alginate composite nanofibers with multi-functional properties

Electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/hydrated iron oxide (HIO)/sodium alginate (SA) composite nanofibers with high ultimate tensile strength of ∼31.6 ± 0.4 MPa and good morphologies, such as smooth surface appearance and average diameter of 159 ± 55 to 475 ± 55 nm, were produced in the range of 50% HIO, with significant bacteria decontamination property (92.5% removal of Vibrio vulnificus) from high specific surface area and absorption property, and 10% SA, with anti-bacterial property, based on PEO polymer content. This approach, using HIO and SA, is an effective method to possess the multi-functional properties such as anti-bacterial/bacterial decontamination properties and good mechanical property for various applications in clinical, food, environmental, biomedical, protective clothing, and other areas. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Usefulness of the White Blood Cell Count as a Predictor of Angiographic Findings in an Unselected Population Referred for Coronary Angiography

There are limited data about the relative importance of the many different but inter-related inflammatory markers with respect to their ability to independently predict the presence and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). In addition, studies demonstrating such associations have often been conducted in well-defined populations and have excluded patients with or not adjusted for co-morbidities associated with CAD. In a cohort of 389 men who underwent coronary angiography for a variety of clinical indications and across a spectrum of risk, the following inflammatory markers were measured at baseline to determine their relative abilities to predict angiographic outcomes: C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell (WBC) count. This analysis was done in the context of traditional CAD risk factors and other co-morbidities associated with CAD (such as morbid obesity, renal dysfunction, heart failure, and so forth). WBC count was the only marker that was independently associated with angiographically documented CAD (p = 0.0184). Further, WBC count (odds ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.64, p = 0.0157) and plasma myeloperoxidase (odds ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.69, p = 0.0090) were the only inflammatory markers that were independently predictive of the presence of multivessel disease on coronary angiography. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that a simple baseline WBC count is independently associated with angiographic CAD, and that it can predict the presence of multivessel disease, even in the context of clinical CAD risk factors and other established inflammatory markers.
Satellite-derived global sea surface temperature fields: 1982–1989

Abstract Satellite observation of ocean temperature using infrared radiometers on polar-orbiting satellites started in the 1960's and has continued to the present. This paper gives an historical overview, discusses current technology and reviews new activities. Three themes are explored in this discussion: (1) current capabilities, (2) documenting global change, and (3) EOSDIS AVHRR Pathfinder activities.
Universal solutions in the hydrostatics of nematic liquid crystals

Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 1. Background Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 2. The Case when ~ Does not Vanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 3. The Case Q~=0, when the s-Lines are Rectilinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 4. The Case Ms=O, when the s-Lines are Plane Curves with K ~ 0 and curl b=O . 263 5. The Case ~ s =0 , when the s-Lines are Plane Curves and • and curl b are Different from Zero, Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 6. The Case s when the s-Lines are Plane Curves and • and curl b are Different from Zero, Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 7. The Case ~ = 0 , when the s-Lines are neither Rectilinear nor Plane Curves. Preliminary Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 8. Preliminary Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Estimating the image spectrum signal-to-noise ratio for imaging through scattering media

The image spectrum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) provides a means of estimating the noise effective spatial resolution of an imaging system and a means of estimating the highest spatial frequency which can be reconstructed with a postdetection image reconstruction algorithm. Previous work has addressed the effects of aerosol scattering on the overall point spread function (PSF). Here, we seek to extend these results to also account for the effects of measurement noise and to then estimate the noise effective resolution of the system, which accounts for scattering effects on the PSF and measurement noise in the detector. We use a previously published approach to estimating the effective PSF and radiometric calculations to estimate the mean numbers of direct and scattered photons detected by an imaging system due to reflected radiation in the visible and near-infrared, and emitted radiation in mid-infrared (MIR) band, for a horizontal near-ground imaging scenario. The analysis of the image spectrum SNR presented here shows a reduction in the value of noise effective cutoff spatial frequency for images taken through fog aerosol media, and hence emphasizes the degrading effect of fog aerosol models on the spatial resolution of imaging systems.
Follitropin receptors in rat testis. Characterization with enzymatically 125I-labeled human follitropin.

The interaction between enzymatically radioiodinated human follitropin and the follitropin receptors in testis homogenate was investigated in immature and adult rats. The 125I-labeled human follitropin exhibited high binding activity with specific binding of up to 17% in the presence of an excess of testis homogenate. Approx. 50% of the bound hormone could be eluted at pH 5, and the receptor purified tracer exhibited a 3.6-fold increase in binding activity when compared with the original tracer preparation. Quantitative analysis of equilibrium binding data was performed with corrections for the measured specific activity and maximum binding activity of the tracer hormone. The equilibrium association constants (Ka) determined 24 degrees C were not significantly different in immature and adult rat testis, and the mean value for Ka was 3.9 . 10(9) M-1. At 37 degrees C, the Ka value obtained using immature rat testis was 1.3 . 10(10) M-1. The association of 125I-labeled human follitropin with immature rat testis homogenate was time and temperature dependent. In the presence of an excess of unlabeled hormone, 30--60% of the preformed hormone . receptor complex was dissociated after 24 h incubation. A specific and sensitive radioligand-receptor assay for follitropin was developed using immature rat testis homogenate. The minimum detectable dose of purified human follitropin was 0.6 ng, and human urinary and pituitary follitropin, ovine follitropin and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin reacted in the assay with equivalent slopes. The potencies of highly purified pregnent mare serum gonadotropin and highly purified human follitropin were similar in the radioligand-receptor assay, consistent with the follitropin bioactivity of the equine gonadotropin.
Techniques of analysis for nonlinear transient flow in a pipe

Abstract Analytical solutions to the time-dependent, nonlinear equation governing incompressible, one dimensional flow in a pipe are presented. The flow is pressure-driven, and a valve on the pipe controls the flow rate. Power-law losses and an exponential closing action of a valve are assumed. Four different approximation methods are used. Of these, perturbation and Adomian's decomposition are seen to be valid only for small time. The WKB approximation works only for a quadratic loss term. Homotopy analysis is broadly applicable but needs parameter tuning, optimal values of which have been determined.
Sequential learning using temporal context

Abstract The temporal context model (TCM) has been extensively applied to recall phenomena from episodic memory. Here we use the same formulation of temporal context to construct a sequential learning model called the predictive temporal context model (pTCM) to extract the generating function of a language from sequentially-presented words. In pTCM, temporal context is used to generate a prediction vector at each step of learning and these prediction vectors are in turn used to construct semantic representations of words on the fly. The semantic representation of a word is defined as the superposition of prediction vectors that occur prior to the presentation of the word in the sequence. Here we create a formal framework for pTCM and prove several useful results. We explore the effect of manipulating the parameters of the model on learning a sequence of words generated by a bi-gram generating function. In this simple case, we demonstrate that feeding back the constructed semantic representation into the temporal context during learning improves the performance of the model when trained with a finite training sequence from a language with equivalence classes among some words. We also describe pTCM A , a variant of the model that is identical to pTCM at steady state. pTCM A has significant computational advantages over pTCM and can improve the quality of its prediction for some training sequences.
Correction to "Multiuser Switched Diversity Scheduling Systems with Per-User Threshold" [May 10 1321-1326]

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1321-1326), Fig. 1 was incorrectly duplicated in the place of Fig. 2. The correct Fig. 2 is presented here.
Guanethidine and bethanidine in the management of hypertension.

Abstract 1. 1. Guanethidine is a potent, orally effective sympathetic-blocking drug which also blocks the cardioaccelerator fibers. It has no direct effect upon parasympathetic nerve transmission. 2. 2. The major effect of guanethidine is produced by: (A) blocking the release of norepinephrine at the sympathetic nerve endings; and (B) partial depletion of norepinephrine stores in the heart and periphery. 3. 3. The clinical effects of the drug in hypertensive patients are arteriolar and venous dilatation, resulting in a fall in cardiac output and blood pressure, especially in the upright position. 4. 4. Side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms and failure of ejaculation. Orthostatic hypotension, weakness, and bradycardia are indications of excessive drug effect. 5. 5. Guanethidine, in combination with diuretics and Rauwolfia drugs, is effective in the treatment of the moderately severe and severely hypertensive patient. The drug should not be used in patients with mild hypertension, or as the sole therapy, because of its potency and occasional difficulty in dosage regulation. Dosage must be adjusted carefully until a blood pressure response or side effects occur.
THE CATTAILS (TYPHA): INTERSPECIFIC ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AND PROBLEMS OF IDENTIFICATION

ABSTRACT Accurately identifying the North American cattails (Typha) is important in lake management because Typha is ecologically important and the species differ in ecologically significant ways. Known ecological differences in geographical and ecological range, competitiveness, water-level tolerance, structure and density of shoots, sexual reproduction, and damage by insect parasites are reviewed. Narrow-leaved cattail (T. angustifolia) and hybrid cattail (T. X glauca = T. angustifolia X latifolia) are apparently spreading, often replacing T. latifolia in many disturbed, eutrophic sites in northeastern and north central regions. T. angustifolia and southern cattail (T. domingensis) indicate unstable habitat and nutrient-rich or brackish soil and have more vegetative and flowering shoots per unit area; hybrids suggest habitat disturbance; mixtures of species or seedlings from hybrids may improve success of stands in temporally or spacially variable environments. Ecotypic variation should be considered in...
Prophylaxis of German Measles with Immune Serum Globulin

ers during the first trimester of pregnancy, concern has been expressed about the means for avoiding this eventuality. Actually, the exact risk involved, in terms of the percentage of such pregnancies which end in the birth of a defective child, is not known. However, based on the reported evidence,2-4 there is no doubt that a relationship exists between the appearance of certain congenital defects and the occurrence of German measles in the mother early in pregnancy. This association has appeared so striking to some authors that they have advised therapeutic abortion in instances where pregnant women have acquired the disease early in pregnancy. Others have urged that young girls be exposed deliberately to the disease early in life for the purpose of acquiring persistent immunity.5 Finally,
Intensity modulated radiotherapy in gynecologic cancers: Hope, hype or hyperbole?

Significant advances have occurred within the field of radiation oncology within the past few decades. Treatment with external beam radiotherapy has progressed from treatment fields planned from bony anatomy seen on planar X-rays, to 3-dimensional planning utilizing fused MRI's and PET images. Recently, intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has been integrated into many areas within radiation oncology, and its role in the treatment of gynecologic cancers is evolving. Potentials exist for improvements in both treatment toxicity, as well as improved efficacy through advances in treatment delivery. Unique challenges are also raised, however. With increased accuracy of treatment delivery comes the need for greater accuracy in target delineation and incorporation of motion to prevent marginal misses. The goal of this review is to evaluate the use of IMRT in cervical and endometrial cancers, including the results of dosimetric and clinical studies to date. In addition, potential disadvantages and challenges of IMRT integration are discussed.
Light scattering by Raman-inactive Flu-type longitudinal optical phonons in Mg2Ge

Abstract We have observed resonant first and second order Raman scattering by the normally Raman-inactive Flu (LO) phonons in centrosymmetric Mg2 Ge. Second-order resonant scattering by the normally forbidden combination F2g + Flu (LO) was also observed. The present apparent violation of the complementary principle is attributed to the breakdown of the conventional parity selection rules arising from finite wave-vector effects.
Swine Influenza (H1N1) Pneumonia: Clinical Considerations

Influenza is a viral zoonosis of birds and mammals that has probably existed since antiquity. Attack rates of influenza are relatively high but mortality is relatively low. Influenza mortality is highest in the very young, the very old, and the immunosuppressed. Influenza has the potential for rapid spread and may involve large populations. This article examines the swine influenza (H1N1) strain of recent origin, and compares the microbiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis, therapy, complications, and prognosis with previous recorded outbreaks of avian and human seasonal influenza pneumonias.
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist Rosiglitazone Increases Bone Resorption in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

In previous studies, with up to 16 weeks of exposure to rosiglitazone or pioglitazone, circulating markers of bone formation [procollagen I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), osteocalcin, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase] decreased but no change in bone resorption markers was found. We examined the effect of rosiglitazone on bone resorption and formation markers when used for 24 weeks. This post-hoc analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial evaluated the effects of 6 months of rosiglitazone use versus placebo on circulating markers of bone turnover in 111 patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease or additional cardiac risk factors. The principal end points for analysis were changes in bone formation and resorption markers, measured by P1NP and carboxy-terminal cross-links (CTX), respectively. There were 111 subjects who completed the study and had baseline and 6-month data; mean age was 56, including 41% women and 67% nonwhite (50 black, 18 Hispanic, and six other), and subjects were evenly distributed between placebo and rosiglitazone groups. Women treated with rosiglitazone had higher CTX levels (0.43 ng/mL) than those who received placebo (0.23 ng/mL) (P = 0.007), with no significant differences in P1NP or OPG. Overall, in stratified analyses of men and in stratified analyses among different ethnicities, there were no statistically significant differences observed in CTX, P1NP, OPG, PTH, or 25-OHD between the treatment groups. Women taking rosiglitazone had higher circulating markers of bone resorption, which is contrary to prior studies of shorter duration, where the principal observation was a decrease in markers of bone formation.
Simple and sensitive assay for quantification of oseltamivir and its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: improved applicability to pharmacokinetic study

Although liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry-based assays have been reported for the measurement of the antiviral oseltamivir (OS) in human samples, these assays either involve complicated sample pretreatment or lack sensitivity. Here we introduce a straightforward approach to improve the assay performance for OS and its metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OSC) in human plasma. A very low concentration of mobile phase modifier can improve the ionization efficiency of both analytes, thus enabling a high sensitivity without any matrix effect. The fast LC gradient further increases the sensitivity by narrowing the peak width (6-9s) and eluting the analytes at higher organic content. The increased ionization efficiency and minimized matrix effects enabled us to introduce a one-step protein precipitation for sample clean-up without compromising the sensitivity. The lower limit of quantification was 0.34 ng/mL for both analytes, which was at least 3 times more sensitive than published assays that involve complicated sample pretreatment. The assay involves measurement of analytes and their stable-isotope internal standards in small-volume (30-μL) plasma. Sodium fluoride was utilized to prevent the hydrolysis of OS during and after sampling. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.34-1000 ng/mL. Accuracy was 95-110% and the precision was 2.2-11.0%. This method was applied successfully to the human pharmacokinetic study of OS, and can estimate the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters of OS with more accuracy. The approach utilized in the optimization of assay performance can be extended to the measurement of other drugs in biomatrices.
Synthesis of ribosomal proteins during sea urchin early embryonic development

A low level of general ribosomal protein synthesis occurs during embryonic cleavage of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Wide differences in specific activities indicate that the synthesis or turnover of individual ribosomal proteins occurs at different rates and is not coordinated with respect to each other. In general, proteins with the greatest specific radioactivities are those in the higher molecular weight range. Experiments with actinomycin D indicate that the production of most of the ribosomal proteins is not coordinated with that of rRNA, and probably occurs on maternal mRNAs.
Hepatic enzyme systems as biochemical indicators of the effects of contaminants on reproduction of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)

Abstract 1. The reproductive success of 30 female Lake Michigan chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tschawytscha ) was evaluated and compared to the status of two hepatic enzyme systems proposed as sensitive biochemical indicators of exposure to planar polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, including certain polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. 2. Fertilizability, hatchability and egg and fry mortality varied significantly among the fish. 3. Hepatic monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferase activities and cytochrome P-450E concentration also varied markedly among the fish. 4. There was, however, little correlation between reproductive success and the three biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure.
Analysis of the Long‐term Dynamics of Stem and Leaf Rusts of Wheat in North America Using a Time‐series Approach

Historical data on wheat stem rust in the US and wheat leaf rust in Canada were analysed using a time-series approach to detect patterns in their long-term dynamics. Three sets of historical data were analysed, the first of which described the annual appearance of wheat-stem rust in six regions of the western Mississippi Basin from 1921 to 1961. Models developed from these data had significant autocorrelation components of AR(1) or AR(2), indicating that the date of disease appearance in 1 year was statistically related to the dates of appearance in the previous 1-2 years. The series of six regions were spatially significantly correlated with each other. Values of the cross-correlation coefficient increased from 0.20 to 0.83 as the distance between two regions decreased. The second data set represented relative diversity of physiological races of wheat stem rust from 1918 to 1982. Analysis suggested that a change in race diversity may occur in the US every 5-6 years, based on AR(5) and AR(6) patterns. The third data set had two series on the phenotypes of leaf rust in the eastern and prairie regions of Canada. Analysis indicated that there was a 2-year autoregressive component AR(2) in each of these two time series. Analysis further suggested that the prairie population differed from the eastern population in having a 4-year moving average component, MA(4), in the majority of individual races.
Technetium measurements by accelerator mass spectrometry at LLNL

Technetium-99 is a long-lived, high-abundance fission product which has been widely distributed in the environment through atmospheric testing, the nuclear fuel cycle, and nuclear medicine. It has a high potential for migration in the environment as the pertechnetate anion. At the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, methods are being developed for the detection of this radionuclide by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), including extraction from environmental samples, concentration and purification of the 99Tc, conversion to a form appropriate for AMS analysis, and quantification by AMS. Besides interference from the stable (though relatively rare) atomic isobar 99Ru, the detection of 99Tc by AMS presents some technical challenges which are not present for the other radionuclides typically measured by AMS. These challenges are related to the lack of a stable Tc isotope. Here we present the status of our 99Tc methods including discussion of interferences and sensitivity, and recent results for environmental samples and the IAEA reference material IAEA-381, Irish Sea Water. Sensitivity is presently ∼10 μBq (∼1×108 atoms) per sample, limited primarily by 99Ru introduced from process chemicals, and precision/reproducibility is ∼15–25%.
An Experimental Investigation of the Use of Computer-Based Graphics in Decision Making

This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to investigate the impact of computer-based graphics on decision making. The experimental task consisted of selecting quarterly reorder quantities for an importer under condition of uncertain demand. Subjects in the experiment were participants in an executive program for middle and upper level managers. Each subject received information on the cumulative probability distribution of demand and had an opportunity to run up to eight trial simulations with past demand data using his or her order quantities. After completing the trial simulations, the subjects made quarterly ordering decisions for one year in which the quantities demanded were drawn from the demand distribution. Treatments included the use of a hard copy terminal and five different types of displays on a CRT. The results of the experiment provide limited support for the use of graphics presentation in an information system. Decision or cognitive style also appears to be an important variable influencing the performance of an individual and the reaction to an information system. The implications of the findings for the design of information systems are discussed.
How changes in price and salary affect economic satisfaction: Information integration models and inference processes

Abstract Preliminary studies demonstrated the interactive effects of changes in salary and inflation rate on feelings of personal satisfaction, and showed that the effects of price increases in different cost categories could he described by a weighted average model. Participants in the main study were presented with varying hypothetical economic situations which included salary changes (raises) as well as specific price changes. A ratio model was found to describe how raise levels and price increases were combined. The rationality of this model was discussed in terms of how variations in price and income would affect the amount of a given commodity that could he purchased. On some trials only partial information was presented. Low ratings of personal satisfaction were produced when information about raises was missing, and high ratings were produced when information about price increases was missing. These results were discussed in terms of inferences people make when a key source of information is missing.
Symmetric two-stage contests with budget constraints

The impact of a budget constraint on individual expenditures is examined in two models of two-stage contests with homogenous and risk-neutral players competing to win a single, indivisible, commonly valued rent. The set of players is partitioned into equally sized groups. In the first model, one contestant from each group survives to compete on the second stage against the other survivors. In the second model, one group survives the first stage and its members compete against each other on the second stage. We derive and discuss the symmetric subgame perfect equilibrium solution for each model.
Acromion-splitting approach through an os acromiale for repair of a massive rotator cuff tear

Os acromiale, failure of fusion of the secondary centers of ossification of the acromion process, has been noted as a contributing factor in shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears. Treatments for symptomatic os acromiale with or without rotator cuff tears have been reported in the literature and range from excision of small fragments to fusion of larger fragments with internal fixation and bone grafting. Generally, rotator cuff repairs have been performed when possible. We report an acromion splitting approach through an existing os acromiale to gain exposure for the repair of a massive rotator cuff tear. Subsequent to this repair, the acromion was repaired with internal fixation. Good functional use of the patient's upper extremity was obtained and the patient expressed satisfaction with the surgical outcome. The acromion splitting approach is a viable approach in patients with an os acromiale and a coexistent rotator cuff tear.
Unimolecular and collision induced decompositions of gas-phase group IV a enium ions (CH3)3M+

Abstract The fragmentation characteristics of the trimethyl-Group IV cations have been studied using mass analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE), V 1 2 / E (linked) metastable and consecutive reaction monitoring techniques. Both unimolecular (low energy) and collision induced (high energy) decompositions were studied. These methods give information on the ion of interest without interfering contributions from the precursor ion of the trimethyl cation. The results have been interpreted in terms of the decreasing metal—carbon bond strength and the increasing preference for the +2 oxidation state going down Group IV from carbon to lead.
Play in health care settings: a challenge for the 1990s.

Play, particularly unstructured and nondirective has been believed to lessen the negative impact of hospitalization through expression of feelings, reversal of roles, and control of materials, concepts, and actions Over time, however, changes in perspectives on play, hospital policies and practices, and the nature of illnesses of children have combined to influence the context for this form of play Challenges to child-focused play and possible implications are derived from past events.
Parallel processing of spatial statistics

The computational intensity of spatial statistics, including measures of spatial association, has hindered their application to large empirical data sets. Computing environments using parallel processing have the potential to eliminate this problem. In this paper, we develop a method for processing a computationally intensive measure of spatial association (G) in parallel and present the performance enhancements obtained. Timing results are presented for a single processor and for 2–14 parallel processors operating on data sets containing 256–1600 point observations. The results indicate that significant improvements in processing time can be achieved using parallel architectures.
A Functional Approach to Testing Bit-Sliced Microprocessors

Bit-sliced microprocessors are representative of an important class of LSI components that can be interconnected in a regular way to construct many useful types of digital systems. This paper develops an analytic test generation methodology for bit-sliced systems. A formal model C for a 1-bit bit-sliced microprocessor is defined which has the main features of many commercially available microprocessors. Using a functional fault model instead of the usual stuck-line fault model, a technique is presented for deriving a complete and near-minimal sequence of tests for C. The basic cell C is extended to form two more general cells Ck and Ck. n. Ck is a k-bit version of C, while Ck, n is Ck with an n × k-bit scratchpad RAM. The internal structure of C4,16 closely resembles that of the AMD 2901 processor slice. Test sequences for these cells are derived in much the same way as for C. It is shown that the test sequence for a single cell (C, Ck, or Ck, n) can easily be extended to a test sequence for an array of N identical cells with no increase in the number of tests required. It is observed that for test generation purposes, bit-sliced microprocessors can be viewed as C-testable iterative logic arrays, which require a constant number of test patterns independent of array size. Some new results on test generation for C-testable systems are presented, as well as a method for modifying iterative logic arrays to make them C-testable.
Against the majoritarian story of school reform: The Comer schools evaluation as a critical race counternarrative

Critical race theory (CRT) is a relatively new theory that has been little used in evaluation practice. The authors explore an example of critical race evaluation working with James Comer's School Development Program. In this evaluation common tropes associated with CRT were used to construct a counternarrative of school reform. The authors conclude that CRT has a place in evaluation, but that it also makes some demands on evaluators and those being evaluated that may make it less likely to be used than other theories. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Stimulation single‐fiber EMG in infant botulism

The principal electrodiagnostic feature of infant botulism, an incremental response on high rates of repetitive nerve stimulation, has variable sensitivity and may not always be useful as a diagnostic test given the vagaries of test timing and severity of illness. We report the use of stimulation single fiber EMG (S-SFEMG) in making this clinical diagnosis. Four infants between 1 and 5 months of age presented with rapidly progressive bulbar and limb weakness, internal and external ophthalmoplegia, areflexia, and compromised ventilation. Incremental response with high-rate repetitive nerve stimulation and a typical clinical course for infant botulism confirmed the diagnosis in all; stool toxin studies were positive for type B botulinum in 2 of the 3 cases in which they were obtained. S-SFEMG was performed by surface stimulation of median and ulnar nerves and recording with a single fiber needle in the thenar, hypothenar, or first dorsal interosseous muscles. A total of eight single fiber recordings were studied at rates of 2, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. All single fibers studies showed an improvement with higher rates of stimulation, beginning at 10 Hz and peaking at 20 Hz. Compared to baseline study at 2 Hz (100%), the mean percent changes in jitter at 5, 10, and 20 Hz were 109, 60, and 47, respectively. This is the first report of the usefulness of S-SFEMG in the diagnosis of infant botulism.