cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial Evidence on the Association between Nonaudit Fees and Restated Financial Statements

An increasing number of firms have restated previously issued financial statements in recent years. Legislators, regulators, and others speculate that restatements are associated with fees received by auditors for nonaudit services (nonaudit fees). The current study provides empirical evidence on the association between firms that restate financial statements and the nonaudit service fees received by incumbent auditors during reporting periods that required restatement. We identify a sample of 110 firms that restated financial statements previously filed with the SEC for fiscal years 2000 or 2001, and provided relevant audit and nonaudit fee data. The SEC requires firms to disclose these fee data beginning in proxy statements filed on or after February 5, 2001. We compare the fees paid by the restatement sample with fee data for 3,481 firms that filed proxies with the SEC from February 5, 2001 to August 31, 2001 and develop benchmarks for expected nonaudit fees, fee ratio, and total fees. Using these benc...
Impact of treatments for depression on comorbid anxiety, attentional, and behavioral symptoms in adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant depression

Objective To assess the relative efficacy of antidepressant medication, alone and in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), on comorbid symptoms of anxiety, attention, and disruptive behavior disorders in participants in the Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) trial. Method Adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)–resistant depression (N = 334) were randomly assigned to a medication switch alone (to another SSRI or to venlafaxine) or to a medication switch plus CBT. Anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) symptoms were assessed by psychiatric interview and self-report at regular intervals between baseline and 24 weeks. The differential effects of medication and of CBT, and the impact of remission on the course of comorbid symptoms and diagnoses, were assessed using generalized linear mixed models. Results Remission was associated with a greater reduction in scalar measures of anxiety, ADHD, and DBDs, and a greater decrease in the rate of diagnosed anxiety disorders. The correlations between the changes in symptoms of depression on the CDRS-R and anxiety, ADHD, and oppositional symptoms were modest, ranging from r = 0.12 to r = 0.28. There were no significant differential treatment effects on diagnoses, or corresponding symptoms. Conclusion The achievement of remission had a beneficial effect on anxiety, ADHD, and DBD symptoms, regardless of the type of treatment received. There were no differential effects of medication or CBT on outcome, except for a nonsignificant trend that those adolescents treated with SSRIs showed a greater decrease in rates of comorbid DBDs relative to those treated with venlafaxine. Clinical trial registration information—Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression In Adolescents (TORDIA); http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00018902.
Novel Growth and Death Related Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) in Melanoma: Greater Potency of IFN-β Compared with IFN-α2

Interferon (IFN)-dependent cellular effects are mediated by transcriptional induction of responsive genes, collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Which ISGs regulate the potent antiviral, antiproliferative, apoptosis-inducing, antiangiogenic, and immunologic effects of IFNs remains largely undetermined. To identify genes that might be useful for predicting or targeting apoptosis induction in response to IFNs, WM9 melanoma cells were assessed. WM9 cells had equivalent antiviral activity in response to IFN-beta and IFN-alpha2 but underwent apoptosis only in response to IFN-beta. RNA samples from WM9 cells and WM35 cells, a second melanoma cell line, treated with IFN-alpha2 or IFN-beta were assessed on oligonucleotide arrays. For 95% of genes assessed, IFN-beta was more potent than IFN-alpha2 in inducing ISG expression. Using a 22,000-gene oligonucleotide array, the largest yet reported for assessing ISG induction, approximately 910 genes were identified as induced by IFN-beta at 500 U/ml, and 260 ISGs were identified as significantly induced by IFN-beta at both 50 and 500 U/ml. Of these 260, 209 were defined as new ISGs based on the array analysis. Confirmation by Northern blot or semiquantitative or quantitative PCR was undertaken for 28, and all were confirmed. Nearly half of the 260 genes were functionally categorized as encoding growth-regulatory proteins. Of the 104 with described growth-regulatory function, 71 were induced more than three times by 500 U/ml and twice by 50 U/ml IFN-beta, and 48 of these were new ISGs. Included in this latter category were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1), galectin 9, a cyclin E binding protein, amphiphysin 1, MyD88, and several ubiquitin pathway genes. The diversity of stimulated genes suggests the full therapeutic potential of IFN regulation of gene expression has yet to be realized.
A feasibility study to evaluate pelvic peritoneal anatomy with a saline intraperitoneal sonogram (SIPS).

Objective To prove the safety and feasibility of evaluating pelvic anatomy with a new imaging technique called saline intraperitoneal sonogram (SIPS). Design Prospective clinical case series. Setting Outpatient fertility clinic. Patient(s) Ten women with unexplained infertility and normal hysterosalpingograms (HSG). Five women with no known risk factors and five women with known risk factors for adhesive disease were enrolled. Intervention(s) Step 1 required performing a sonohysterogram. Step 2 involved directing a 17-g oocyte retrieval needle into a pocket of peritoneal fluid under ultrasound guidance and infusing normal saline. The pelvic anatomy was evaluated with the three-dimensional and four-dimensional mode on pelvic ultrasound. Main Outcome Measure(s) Technical feasibility, safety, time, fluid infusion, and deficit volumes. Result(s) All 10 patients successfully completed the protocol. One of the five women with no risk factors for adhesive disease and a normal HSG was discovered to have a unilateral hydrosalpinx and filmy adhesive disease on SIPS. Both findings were confirmed on laparoscopy. Three out of the five women with known risk factors had abnormal SIPS imaging and were confirmed on laparoscopy to have significant adhesive disease. The average procedure time was 45 minutes (±15 minutes). Conclusion(s) This study demonstrates that SIPS is a safe, quick, and potentially cost-effective method for evaluating pelvic adhesive disease in an outpatient facility in women with unexplained infertility and a normal HSG.
Expanding stability regions of explicit advective‐diffusive finite difference methods by Jacobi preconditioning

Explicit time differencing methods for solving differential equations are advantageous in that they are easy to implement on a computer and are intrinsically very parallel. The disadvantage of explicit methods is the severe restrictions that are placed on stable time-step intervals. Stability bounds for explicit time differencing methods on advective–diffusive problems are generally determined by the diffusive part of the problem. These bounds are very small and implicit methods are used instead. The linear systems arising from these implicit methods are generally solved by iterative methods. In this article we develop a methodology for increasing the stability bounds of standard explicit finite differencing methods by combining explicit methods, implicit methods, and iterative methods in a novel way to generate new time-difference schemes, called preconditioned time-difference methods. A Jacobi preconditioned time differencing method is defined and analyzed for both diffusion and advection–diffusion equations. Several computational examples of both linear and nonlinear advective-diffusive problems are solved to demonstrate the accuracy and improved stability limits. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Achieving Full Diversity by Selection in Arbitrary Multi-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks

Although several cooperative diversity strategies have been proposed for simple 2-hop multiple-relay networks, practical and efficient strategies that guarantee maximum diversity order for arbitrary, multi-hop amplify-and-forward relay networks are not yet available. In this paper, the maximum achievable diversity order for a given connectivity is shown to be determined by the number of links on the minimum cut set, and achieved by a selection strategy which maximizes end-to-end SNR. The optimal selection requires the channel information of all the links and serves as a performance bound. A sub-optimal selection method is then proposed to achieve full diversity in a distributed and low-complexity manner. The performance loss of the sub-optimal selection is shown to be small by both theoretic analysis and simulations.
Simulation and experimental characterization of the point spread function, pixel saturation, and blooming of a mercury cadmium telluride focal plane array

A custom IR spot scanning experiment was constructed to project subpixel spots on a mercury cadmium telluride focal plane array (FPA). The hardware consists of an FPA in a liquid nitrogen cooled Dewar, high precision motorized stages, a custom aspheric lens, and a 1.55 and 3.39 μm laser source. By controlling the position and intensity of the spot, characterizations of cross talk, saturation, blooming, and (indirectly) the minority carrier lifetime were performed. In addition, a Monte-Carlo-based charge diffusion model was developed to validate experimental data and make predictions. Results show very good agreement between the model and experimental data. Parameters such as wavelength, reverse bias, and operating temperature were found to have little effect on pixel crosstalk in the absorber layer of the detector. Saturation characterizations show that these FPAs, which do not have antiblooming circuitry, exhibit an increase in cross talk due to blooming at ∼39% beyond the flux required for analog saturation.
Who is she? Changes in the person context affect categorization

Changes between the learning and testing contexts affect learning, memory, and generalization. We examined whether a change (between learning and testing) in the person children were interacting with affects generalization. Three-, four-, and five-year-old children were trained on eight novel noun categories by one experimenter. Children were tested for their ability to generalize the label to a new category member by either the same experimenter who trained them or by a novel experimenter. Three-year-old children's performance was not affected by who they were tested by. Four- and five-year-old children's performance was lower when tested by the novel experimenter. The results are discussed in terms of source monitoring and the effect of perceptual context change on category generalization.
The Sustainability of FAR Part 117 Flight and Duty Limitation and Rest Requirements for Flight Crewmembers

The Federal Aviation Administration addressed fatigue risk for Part 121 pilots in 14 C.F.R. Part 117, which came into effect in January 2014. Fatigue jeopardizes safety in the sense that it increases the likelihood for pilot error which could potentially lead to an accident. The new regulations recognize for the first time risks to safety such as changes to natural circadian rhythms and “jetlag”. A sustainability analysis was conducted for the new rest requirements which required a systematic approach to address the four key components of sustainability: economic, social, environmental, and organizational. This analysis primarily focuses on organizational aspects of 14 C.F.R. Part 117 sustainability. This study analyzed responses from 53 self-identified non-pilots (i.e. management, maintenance, safety personnel) to determine their perceptions of the new rest requirements for pilots in the industry. The responses indicate that there is a slight increase in perceived overall safety; however, the respondents...
Trading reversals for alternation

The relation between reversals and alternation is studied in two simple models of computation: the two-counter machine with a one-way input tape whose counters make only one reversal (1-reversal 2CM) and the one-way pushdown automation whose pushdown store makes only one reversal (1-reversal PDA). It is known that nondeterministic 1-reversal 2CMs (and, more generally, 1-reversal mCMs when there are m counters, m>0) can be simulated by a log n space-bounded nondeterministic TMs, and nondeterministic 1-reversal PDAs accept exactly the linear context-free languages. When nondeterministic is generalized to alternating, it is shown that alternating 1-reversal 2CMs accept all recursively enumerable languages and that alternating 1-reversal PDAs accept exactly the languages accepted by exponential time-bonded deterministic TMs. Since deterministic 2CMs with unrestricted counters accept all recursively enumerable languages, the first results show that reversals can be traded for alternation. >
Criteria and Contingencies of Success in a Radical Political Movement1

Using data collected in 1965 on white student civil rights workers in the South affiliated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, this paper seeks to probe the factors that underlie the subjective sense of success and failure in an episode of political activism. Focusing on some fifty local projects scattered from Virginia to Alabama, we find that success was only partially a function of gains in voter registration, the summer's principal objective. It was related as well to the degree to which projects had been able to penetrate barriers into the black community to build black organizations, the degree of project cohesiveness, and the extent of personal fulfillment of the volunteers as individuals. One last correlate involved the amount of time spent protesting, and the paper explores this in particular detail, focusing on the sense in which the summer might be described as a romantic venture. Finally, the paper offers a comparison between the white student New Left and some of its older predecessors, stressing a distinction between “sympathetic” and “self-interested” activism.
General Aleksei Brusilov and the Great Retreat, May–November 1915

General Aleksei Brusilov's fame rests on his successful offensive in 1916, yet he had many other career triumphs. One was his auspicious leadership of the VIII Russian Army during the ‘Great Retreat’ of 1915, when his skillful generalship was a major factor in preventing the total rout of the Southwestern Russian front. Although he retreated with other armies, he took thousands of Austrian and German prisoners in doing so and eventually launched at the end of his own offensive, which gave the enemy quite a bloody nose. The successes he had in 1915, which have generally gone unnoticed by historians, displayed the leadership qualities he so well demonstrated in his great victory of 1916.
The Effect on Flavor of Holding Frozen Chicken for Selected Periods

Abstract THE PRODUCTION of frozen poultry has increased from 15 million pounds in 1939 to an estimated 350 million in 1957 and the number of frozen food packers freezing poultry from 87 in 1951 to 165 in 1957. Despite this large increase in production, Branson and Mountney (1958), in a survey of 745 poultry buyers in selected supermarkets, found that only 30 percent of the families had ever purchased frozen whole chicken and 26 percent frozen chicken parts. Of the group which had purchased frozen chickens, 57 percent had unfavorable comments. Twenty-nine percent of those purchasing whole chickens and 16 percent of those who purchased the cut-up ones stated that frozen chicken was tasteless. Only 1 percent of the families buying indicated that they thought frozen chicken was too expensive. Stewart, Hanson, Lowe and Austin (1945) demonstrated that frozen chicken loses flavor during storage. In their work a trained taste panel …
Further Evidence for a Humoral Natriuretic Factor

This chapter provides biochemical evidences for a humoral natriuretic factor. The regulation of salt excretion is among the most important determinants that modifies the concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid and, hence, its osmolality and that of the intracellular fluid; modifies the distribution of fluid between the major compartments; modifies the volume of the extracellular phase; and perhaps most significant of all, in turn, plays a vital role in the circulation of the blood and all the conditions attendant on this remarkable phenomenon. It is possible that the increased sodium excretion in the donor dogs might have been due to factors other than a humoral natriuretic substance. Thus, it seems quite clear that a highly significant natriuresis obtains in a nonexpanded dog when this particular cross circulation technique is employed. It is also possible that a natriuretic factor is elaborated but its effect on the kidney might not be seen in the absence of dilution of the extravascular fluid.
Infiltrative intramuscular myxoma of the cervical spine: a case report.

Abstract Background context Myxomas are benign tumors of mesenchymal cell origin that usually present as solitary lesions. They are infrequently associated with fibrous dysplasia, as in McCune-Albright or Mazabraud syndrome. Myxomas can develop in a variety of locations, although the most frequent sites are the thigh, buttocks, shoulder, and upper arm. Intramuscular myxomas (IMs) refer to lesions that occur within muscle compartments. They have been infrequently reported in the neck musculature. Purpose To date, only five cases have been reported within the posterior neck muscles without associated intraspinal extension. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an IM presenting with extension into the spinal canal. Study design We report a case of posterior cervical IM with intraspinal extension presenting in a 63-year-old woman as a palpable mass. Methods Complete intralesional resection of the tumor was achieved by standard midline posterior approach. Meticulous resection of the entire capsule was achieved and all margins were confirmed to be free of neoplasm. Results A diagnosis of myxoma was provided on pathologic evaluation. Follow-up at 1.5 years confirmed maintained complete resolution of the preoperative symptoms, with no evidence of local recurrence on imaging. Conclusions Intramuscular myxomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of cervical paraspinal tumors. Furthermore, we suggest that masses involving the axial muscles should be closely monitored and the patient counseled regarding potential neurologic sequelae.
Molecular dynamics studies of thin-films of Sn on Cu

Using Molecular Dynamics, the evolution dynamics of Sn on the (111) and (100) surfaces of Cu have been investigated as a function of coverage and temperature. The interaction potentials are described by modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potentials. The calculated diffusion activation energies of Cu in Sn and Sn in Cu agree reasonably well with experimental values. The authors find that the structure of the overlayer depends on the morphology of the substrate and remains stable up to temperatures of the order of 75% of the melting temperature of the substrate at which diffusion of Sn into the substrate and Cu atoms onto the overlayer is observed.
Assessing Systemic Stress in Otolaryngology: Methodology and Feasibility of Hair and Salivary Cortisol Testing.

Objective : Elevated systemic stress is a predictor of adverse health outcomes, and stress can be objectively quantified by cortisol concentration. Despite its utility, such testing is rarely performed in otolaryngology. This manuscript provides details on the principles, methodology, and feasibility of performing laboratory assessments of hair and salivary cortisol to inform researchers wishing to incorporate these novel tests in future otolaryngologic studies. Methods : Participants were older adults with hearing impairment. One hair sample and eight saliva samples were collected. Feasibility of study design was assessed through rates of participation in hair and saliva sampling and protocol adherence for saliva collection. Area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate overall secretion, and cortisol awakening response (CAR) was used to evaluate the dynamic secretion response. Results : From 9/1/2013 to 12/31/2013, 26/30 (86.7%) eligible participants agreed to hair sampling. All 30 subjects agreed to collect saliva, with 29 (96.7%) adhering to the collection protocol. Mean AUC was 401.2 nmol/L per hour, and CAR was 4.5 nmol/L. Conclusions : Evaluating systemic stress in an otolaryngologic population using hair and saliva is feasible with acceptable participation and adherence. Repeat measurements over time will allow for evaluation of changes in systemic stress in relation to treatment. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(8):e152, 2015
An extensible approach to imagery of gridded data

A program offering a variety of cartographic techniques for mapping gridded data is described. Dot-distribution maps, several forms of contour maps and screen-toned maps are currently implemented for plotter and vector CRT. The structure and logic of the program is discussed and illustrated. The approach requires only local access to a data grid in a paging environment, allowing large data sets to be manipulated. Maps output may be plotted at any scale, irrespective of the size of the plotting device. Additional graphic techniques and output devices are readily accommodated, and will become even more so when full virtual memory is implemented. Possibilities for image overlay are discussed and illustrated, and plans for data overlay are outlined.
2-Methylcitrate-dependent activation of the propionate catabolic operon (prpBCDE) of Salmonella enterica by the PrpR protein.

The function of the PrpR protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 was studied in vitro and in vivo. The PrpR protein is a sensor of 2-methylcitrate (2-MC), an intermediate of the 2-methylcitric acid cycle used by this bacterium to convert propionate to pyruvate. PrpR was unresponsive to citrate (a close structural analogue of 2-MC) and to propionate, suggesting that 2-MC, not propionate, is the metabolite that signals the presence of propionate in the environment to S. enterica. prpR alleles encoding mutant proteins with various levels of 2-MC-independent activity were isolated. All lesions causing constitutive PrpR activity were mapped to the N-terminal domain of the protein. Removal of the entire sensing domain resulted in a protein (PrpRc) with the highest 2-MC-independent activity. Residue A162 is critical to 2-MC sensing, since the mutant PrpR protein PrpRA162T was as active as the PrpRc protein in the absence of 2-MC. DNA footprinting studies identified the site in the region between prpR and the prpBCDE operon to which the PrpR protein binds. Analysis of the binding-site sequence revealed two sites with dyad symmetry. Results from DNase I footprinting assays suggested that the PrpR protein may have higher affinity for the site proximal to the PprpBCDE promoter.
Honeypot-Aware Advanced Botnet Construction and Maintenance

Because "botnets" can be used for illicit financial gain, they have become quite popular in recent Internet attacks. "Honeypots" have been successfully deployed in many defense systems. Thus, attackers constructing and maintaining botnets will be forced to find ways to avoid honeypot traps. In this paper, we present a hardware and software independent honeypot detection methodology based on the following assumption: security professionals deploying honeypots have liability constraints such that they cannot allow their honeypots to participate in real (or too many real) attacks. Based on this assumption, attackers can detect honeypots in their botnet by checking whether the compromised machines in the botnet can successfully send out unmodified malicious traffic to attackers sensors or whether the bot controller in their botnet can successfully relay potential attack commands. In addition, we present a novel "two-stage reconnaissance" worm that can automatically construct a peer-to-peer structured botnet and detect and remove infected honeypots during its propagation stage. Finally, we discuss some guidelines for defending against the general honeypot-aware attacks.
ApoA-I deficiency causes both hypertriglyceridemia and increased atherosclerosis in human apoB transgenic mice

To study the role of low levels of high density lipo- protein (HDL) and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I in atherosclero- sis risk, human apoB transgenic mice (HuBTg) were crossed with apoA-I-deficient (apoA-I 2 / 2 ) mice. After a high fat chal- lenge, total cholesterol levels increased drastically due to an increase in the non-HDL cholesterol as confirmed by FPLC analysis. In addition, total cholesterol levels in A-I 2 / 2 HuBTg mice were lower than the control HuBTg mice, due mainly to decreased HDL-C in A-I 2 / 2 HuBTg mice. Analysis of athero- sclerosis in the proximal aorta in mice fed a high-fat Western- type diet for 27 weeks revealed a 200% greater lesion area in female apoA-I 2 / 2 HuBTg mice (49740 6 9751 m m 2 ) com- pared to control HuBTg mice (23320 6 4981 m m 2 , P 5 0.03). Lesion size (12380 6 3281 m m 2 ) in male A-I 2 / 2 HuBTg mice was also about 200% greater than that in the control HuBTg mice (5849 6 1543 m m 2 ), although not statistically signifi- cant. Very few and small lesions were observed in both apoA- I 2 / 2 HuBTg and control HuBTg animals fed a chow diet. Therefore, the adverse effect of low HDL on atherosclerosis in mice was only evident when LDL-cholesterol was markedly elevated by high-fat challenge. Male apoA-I 2 / 2 HuBTg mice exhibited hypertriglyceridemia when challenged with a high- fat diet. This correlated with both a reduction in lipoprotein lipase activity and a decrease in lipoprotein lipase activation by HDL. In summary, low high density lipoprotein levels due to apolipoprotein A-I deficiency exacerbated the develop- ment of atherosclerotic lesions in mice with elevated athero- genic lipoproteins. This mouse model mimics human condi- tions associated with low HDL levels and provides additional evidence for the anti-atherogenic role of apoA-I. —Voyiaziakis, E., I. J. Goldberg, A. S. Plump, E. M. Rubin, J. L. Breslow, and L-S. Huang. ApoA-I deficiency causes both hypertriglyceri- demia and increased atherosclerosis in human apoB trans- genic mice. J. Lipid Res. 1998. 39: 313-321.
"Sweetheart, I wish you Could Text without Help": Mediating Emotional Communication within the Context of Close Personal Relationships

This article explores the emotional challenges of mediated communication from the point of view of mediators who have close personal relationships with the people for whom they perform the mediating role. The article is based on the personal experiences of the three authors and on qualitative analysis of interviews with mothers and fathers of seven young adults who rely on mediated communication in their everyday lives. Our narrative highlights six key themes related to mediation within the context of close personal relationships: 1.The importance of parent/child communication; 2.The development of idiosyncratic communication systems – sometimes in defiance of professional constructions of what constitutes "real communication;" 3. The continued need for mediation after independent communication techniques have been mastered; 4. Parental concern about who will mediate in their absence; 5. Complications involved in parental mediation during the transition to adulthood; and 6.The problem of "blended voices" when both the mediator and communicator have an emotional stake in the communication. Keywords: Disability, Mediated Communication, Caregiving, Emotion, Close Relationships
Extended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for implant reconstruction in the previously irradiated chest wall.

Background Patients who have undergone prior chest wall irradiation can present as challenging candidates for implant reconstruction because of troublesome rates of infectious complications. The issue of antibiotic prophylaxis remains controversial, and evidence-based postoperative strategies to reduce implant infections have not been well described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of extended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy in preventing implant infections in the irradiated chest wall. Methods A retrospective chart review of hospital and office records was performed on all patients undergoing implant reconstruction performed by a single surgeon (J.M.S.) from August of 2005 to March of 2008. Before 2007, the senior author used 5 to 7 days of cephalosporin prophylaxis. Subsequent to this period, the prophylactic regimen was amended to provide patients with previous chest wall irradiation prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for 30 days after implant insertion. Results Fifty-one implant reconstructions, in the setting of prior ipsilateral chest wall irradiation, were performed. The mean follow-up time was 39 months. The infection rate for the routine cephalosporin group was 35 percent as compared with 8 percent for the extended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group (p = 0.038). After multivariate analysis, extended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole remained the only significant factor that influenced the rate of infection (p = 0.05). The mean time to infection was 13 weeks for the routine cephalosporin group and 1.5 weeks for the extended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group (p = 0.044). Conclusion Extended trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy demonstrates preliminary evidence as an effective adjunctive measure for reducing the rate of implant infections in breast reconstruction. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Doping SrTiO 3 supported FeSe by excess atoms and oxygen vacancies

Photoemission studies of FeSe monolayer films on ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrate have shown electronic structures that deviate from pristine FeSe, consistent with heavy electron doping. With the help of first-principles calculations we studied the effect of excess Fe and Se atoms on the monolayer and oxygen vacancies in the substrate in order to understand the reported Fermi surface in this system. We find that both excess Fe and Se atoms prefer the same adsorption site above the bottom Se atoms on the monolayer. The adsorbed Fe is strongly magnetic and contributes electrons to the monolayer, while excess Se hybridizes with the monolayer $\text{Fe-}d$ states and partially opens a gap just above the Fermi energy. We also find that the two-dimensional electron gas generated by the oxygen vacancies is partly transferred to the monolayer and can potentially suppress the hole pockets around the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point. Thus, both O vacancies in the ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrate and excess Fe over the monolayer can provide high levels of electron doping.
Kinetic Analysis of Haloacetonitrile Stability in Drinking Waters

Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are an important class of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are reactive and can undergo considerable transformation on time scales relevant to system distribution (i.e., from a few hours to a week or more). The stability of seven mono-, di-, and trihaloacetonitriles was examined under a variety of conditions including different pH levels and disinfectant doses that are typical of drinking water distribution systems. Results indicated that hydroxide, hypochlorite, and their protonated forms could react with HANs via nucleophilic attack on the nitrile carbon, forming the corresponding haloacetamides (HAMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) as major reaction intermediates and end products. Other stable intermediate products, such as the N-chloro-haloacetamides (N-chloro-HAMs), may form during the course of HAN chlorination. A scheme of pathways for the HAN reactions was proposed, and the rate constants for individual reactions were estimated. Under slightly basic conditio...
Passive removal materials for indoor ozone control

Abstract The indoor environment can contribute significantly to population exposure to ozone. This paper reviews the state of knowledge on building materials and coatings that are intended to passively remove ozone from indoor air. These passive removal materials, or PRMs, should have high ozone removal potential without significant and harmful reaction product formation. Ozone interactions with indoor environments, including surface and gas-phase reactions, known byproducts of these reactions, and health impacts of ozone and its byproducts are described. Research that has targeted PRMs for ozone removal is then summarized, and the materials in question are assessed in terms of their ability to reduce indoor ozone concentrations; ozone deposition velocities, reaction probabilities, as well as byproduct molar yields are presented and compared. This evaluation of the literature suggests that the most promising PRMs for ozone control are inorganic materials, including clay-based bricks and plasters, calcareous stone, and ceiling tile made of mineral fibers or volcanic perlite. Simple model equations are presented and used to highlight the potential for PRMs as a means for reducing indoor ozone concentrations. The removal effectiveness for ozone and reaction-derived formaldehyde is predicted for a commercially-available wall coating (clay paint) applied in a residential building. Removal effectiveness is also discussed in the context of required surface area and application costs for clay paint. A list of conclusions, limitations and research needs based on the existing knowledge base is also presented.
Shear Strength Behavior of Bentonite Modified by Tetramethylammonium Cations

Over the past decades, bentonite exchanged with quaternary ammonium cations to form organobentonite has gained increasing attention. Due to its high sorption capacity for organic contaminants and low friction angles, organobentonite has many applications, including in the areas of contaminant site remediation, landfill clay liners, and as a pipe jacking lubricant and drilling mud. Although many properties of organobentonites have been studied in detail, such as sorption capacity, swelling, and hydraulic conductivity, little data are available on the strength of this engineered clay. This study presents the results of the shear strength behavior of tetramethylammonium cations exchanged bentonite (TMA-bentonite) as a function of organic loading. TMA-bentonites had higher shear strength and higher hydraulic conductivity than the unmodified bentonites. The initial shear modulus increased with the amount of TMA loaded on the bentonite surfaces, i.e. as the organic loading was increased. The tested samples were normally to lightly overconsolidated, but always exhibited peak behavior and positive pore pressures in the stress strain curve. This study sets the stage for further investigation of more complicated organic cations, such as tetramethylammonium (TEA) and hexdecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA).
Addressing Health and Education Disparities in Low-income Families with Young Children: Lessons Learned as a Community Engaged Scholar

Health and education disparities persist in low-income communities. This project, part of University of Minnesota Extension’s Community-engaged Scholars Program, aimed to identify common root causes of health and education disparities as part of a school readiness intervention for low-income, multiethnic children. In this paper, I describe my growth as a community engaged scholar attempting to understand the role of community voice in documenting the complex, interrelated nature of early childhood and lifelong well-being.
Security beyond resilience

This review article reads across David Chandler’s Resilience, Brad Evans and Julian Reid’s Resilient Life and Elizabeth Povinelli’s Economies of Abandonment to explore the possibilities for critical thought on security beyond resilience. Read together, these works suggest that resilience approaches offer a topological form of security that interiorizes the outside’s de-territorializing potential – a movement that might be countered by a radical atmospherics of security that enables socio-ecological difference to persist as difference. At stake is the relation between critique and potentiality: while topological security turns critique into a stabilizing force, atmospheric security refuses the demands for socio-ecological difference to make itself legible as either proper adaptation or improper maladaptation. An atmospherics of security orients politics and ethics around both the durative and anticipatory temporal registers of potentiality.
Comparative Biology of the α2-Macroglobulin-Based Immune System

Most multicellular organisms are subject during their lives to a nearly continual challenge by pathogenic microorganisms and multicellular parasites. In response, a variety of immune processes have evolved to suppress pathogens that have invaded the body. Some of these immune processes are phylogenetically unique. Perhaps the best-known example is the induced antibody response based on VDJ gene rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, which apparently is present only in the vertebrates (Marchalonis and Schluter 1990). Other immune systems, such as the prophenoloxidase system (Soderhall and Smith 1986), lysozyme (Engstrom et al. 1985), the pentraxins (Tennent et al. 1993), and α2-macroglobulin (Armstrong and Quigley 1995), are of more ancient origin, because they are present in modern representatives of diverse animal phyla. This chapter reviews the role of the α2-macroglobulin system in immunity.
A Rediscovered Test for Divisibility by Eleven.

AN INTERESTING and simple test for divisibility by eleven was recently rediscov ered by two undergraduates working inde pendently. Both were enrolled in a liberal arts mathematics course in which the stu dents were encouraged to experiment, con jecture, and test their conjectures. The class had used the standard tests for divisibility by three and nine and was then asked a question something like the following on orte of their twice-a-week problem sets:
Accommodation in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic

Though the accommodation debate occurred among eighteenth-century German Lutherans, Socinian accommodation was popularized by the seventeenth-century Dutch Reformed. At first, Socinian accommodation was just one component of Cartesio-Cocceian thought, found in scholars such as Christoph Wittichius. However, Cartesio-Cocceians rallied around Socinian accommodation in order to solidify the party against the Voetians. Similarly, a unifying movement around Augustinian accommodation congealed against the Cartesio-Cocceians. Finally, though Lodewijk Meyer and Balthasaar Bekker demonstrated the culmination of the Cartesio-Cocceian approach, I argue that Spinoza’s understanding of Socinian accommodation became the more significant strand in the accommodation debate.
Influence of health on feed efficiency

The concept of improved health leading to better feed efficiency is a concept that makes intuitive biologic sense but in reality is difficult to quantify. This is due to the complex interaction between the pig’s immune response, pathogens that cause disease, and the external environment where the pig is raised. Mortality causes a direct effect on feed efficiency, since pigs that die consume feed but do not contribute weight gain in the calculation of feed efficiency. Further influence of health on feed efficiency arises from chronic immune system stimulation that affects composition of gain. Since lean tissue gain requires less feed per unit of gain in comparison to fat tissue, healthier pigs that increase lean tissue gain at a greater rate than fat tissue gain will be more feed efficient. Evidence indicates that in multi-site pig production systems, chronic immune stimulation is reduced due to age segregation, leading to less pathogen transmission across age groups and via the environment from batch to batch. Unfortunately, multi-site pig production systems have not eliminated all pathogens and clinical disease in pig populations. The predominant pathogen specific effect of health on feed efficiency in these systems is produced by mortality. A lower magnitude of health influence on feed efficiency is mediated through metabolic alterations of survivors. This appears to be the result of the dynamic nature of the pig’s immune system mitigating the influence in the survivors. Furthermore, it appears that non-specific healthenhancing factors such as biosecurity and sanitation protocols to prevent lateral transmission of infectious pathogens and reduced environmental contamination and result in considerable improvements in feed efficiency.
Translating a Plan into Action: A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke

A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke charts a course for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and collaborating public health agencies, with all interested partners and the public at large, to help in promoting achievement of national goals for preventing heart disease and stroke over the next 2 decades--through 2020 and beyond. The Action Plan was released in April 2003 and includes 24 recommendations and 69 proposed action steps to be implemented now and in the years ahead. To set priorities for action and to define a limited set of concrete tasks for immediate implementation, a process was undertaken that included CDC and lead partners, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, as well as the Action Plan Working Group and other members of the National Forum for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. This report presents details of the methods used and discussion of this process and its outcome. The process was facilitated by Concept Systems, Inc. and began with refinement of proposed action steps to yield a final list of 75 items. Next, the Action Plan Working Group and the full National Forum membership were invited to rate each proposed action step as to its relation to the mission and capacity of the organization represented by each respondent. This process, with review and discussion of results by the Working Group in January 2004, identified a subset of 22 priority action steps. The National Forum then met in April 2004 to discuss these priorities and ultimately adopted eight concrete tasks for immediate implementation.
Production of Previtamin D3 by a Mercury Arc Lamp and a Hybrid Incandescent/Mercury Arc Lamp

Most vertebrates including reptiles and amphibians need a source of ultraviolet B radiation in order to promote an adequate production of vitamin D to satisfy their body’s requirement (1). Reptiles routinely sun themselves, not only to warm their bodies, but also to produce vitamin D3 in their skin. Amphibians exposed to sunlight also have the ability to produce vitamin D3 in their skin (1). It is estimated that there are over ten million households in the United States that have a reptile or amphibian as a pet. Often these animals are housed in a glass enclosure, and are exposed to incandescent lighting. Since incandescent lighting does not emit any ultraviolet B radiation, these animals depend solely on their diet for their vitamin D requirement. Frequently, diets including vegetable matter or live or dead animals do not contain an adequate amount of vitamin D to satisfy their requirements resulting in these animals developing severe vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia that can lead to fractures, muscle weakness and ultimately, death. Many zoos also house reptiles and amphibians indoors, in glass enclosures and often experience vitamin D deficiency in these prized animals. The appreciation that these animals require a source of ultraviolet B radiation has prompted the lamp manufactures and distributors to produce florescent lamps that emit ultraviolet B radiation that is similar to lamps used in tanning salons.
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED TOXICOKINETIC MODELS FOR FISH

Existing physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models for fish accurately predict the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals of low to intermediate hydrophobicity. These models have been used to evaluate factors that control chemical kinetics in fish and to extrapolate data among fish species. The utility of these models is limited, however, by a lack of understanding of the factors that control chemical uptake from dietary sources and an inability to measure, describe, and predict metabolic biotransformation. In this chapter, critical questions related to dietary uptake and metabolic biotransformation are identified and discussed. Research with fish that addresses some of these questions is presented. Guidance is also provided from modeling efforts with mammalian species. It is recommended that future research be directed towards developing a relatively simple gut sub-model description. In vitro methods for characterizing chemical biotransformation must be complemented by new techniques for measuring metabolism in the intact animal.
Brief Rating Scales for the Assessment of Cognitive and Neuropsychological Status

The use of brief rating scales to assess cognitive/neuropsychological status has been studied in the field of psychology for several decades. While some scales like the Mini-Mental Status Exam (Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12: 189–198, 1975) (MMSE) have been used and even accepted as the gold standard in medical and mental health areas, advances in knowledge and scale design have allowed for the introduction of a more sensitive and abbreviated measure. In the current environment of shorter hospital stays and circumscribed treatments, the need to quickly and accurately assess a patient’s mental status has become paramount. Additionally, the comorbidity of cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric populations is being increasingly recognized and studied. Brief rating scales can allow clinicians to assess and make recommendations for follow-up treatment in populations that may have increased difficulty tolerating a full neuropsychological battery. This chapter is designed to provide both empirical and clinical information to assist the reader make informed decisions about the scales to choose and how that data might be applied in a variety of clinical settings.
Optimal Utilization of Cryopreserved Human Semen for Assisted Reproduction: Recovery and Maintenance of Sperm Motility and Viability

Purpose:Our purpose was to evaluate sperm motility and viability and the maintenance of these parameters in already cryopreserved semen samples following repeated freezing/thawing cycles. Methods:Human spermatozoa were subjected to five cycles of cryopreservation/thawing. Recovery of sperm motility and viability and the proportion of viable nonmotile sperm were determined up to 6 hr after thaw. Results:Sperm motilities (prefreeze motility, 70.1%; n = 9 samples) after each of five freeze/thaw cycles were 24.4, 8.0, 3.5, 1.5, and 1.8%. The recovery of sperm viability was higher than that of motility after each cycle: 39.1, 25.3, 22.6, 17.8, and 16.5%. Recoveries of motility and viability were improved if the thawed samples were left in the original cryopreservation medium prior to refreezing vs. if a washing/resuspension step was included. The recovery of sperm motility in the first thawing cycle was indicative of the expected motile sperm recovery in the second thawing cycle. Conclusions:Cryopreserved semen that is intended to be reused in future assisted reproduction treatments should be thawed only once and aliquoted in the original freezing medium before refreezing. The recovery of sperm motility and viability in the second thawing cycle, thus the applicability of the sample in conventional in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection may be anticipated in >90% of the samples. In view of intracytoplasmic sperm injection it is important that sperm viability is maintained better than motility; after the first, second, and third thawing cycles the ratios of motile:nonmotile viable sperm were 1:1, 1:4, and 1:7, respectively.