cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physician Estimation of FEV1 in Acute Exacerbation of COPD

There have been recent recommendations to include objective measurements of airway obstruction in the treatment of patients with acute asthma. These recommendations are based in part on the inaccuracy of physicians in estimating airways obstruction in asthmatic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of physicians to estimate the degree of airways obstruction in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. We studied 90 patients. The physicians were able to estimate the percent of predicted normal FEV1 to within 10 points only 38 percent of the time prior to treatment and 46 percent of the time posttreatment. Forty-nine percent of the patients whom the physicians believed had an improvement in pulmonary function with treatment actually did not improve, while 31 percent of the patients who the physicians believed did not improve their pulmonary function with treatment actually did improve. We conclude that physicians' estimates of the degree of airway obstruction in acute exacerbation of COPD are inaccurate. Assessment of patients in the emergency department presenting with COPD should be based on objective measurements of pulmonary function.
Killing of cultured hepatocytes by conjugates of asialofetuin and EGF linked to the A chains of ricin or diphtheria toxin

A disulfide-linked conjugate between asialofetuin (ASF) and the toxic A chain (RTA) of ricin is as potent a toxin for cultured rat hepatocytes as our previously described conjugate between ASF and fragment A of diphtheria toxin (DTA). An RTA conjugate of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was a potent toxin for 3T3 cells. In contrast, EGF-DTA was essentially nontoxic for 3T3 cells. We have now examined the toxicity of EGF-RTA and EGF-DTA on cultured hepatocytes. The EGF-DTA conjugate, nontoxic to 3T3 cells, is also a potent toxin for hepatocytes. We also observed a decrease with time of culture in the sensitivity of hepatocytes to the ASF and EGF conjugates. This decrease is not a result of a decrease in EGF or asialoglycoprotein receptors.
Astrophysics: The supernova has two faces

The variety of stellar deaths is less than we thought. A compilation of new and archival data shows that two previously distinct subtypes of supernova are actually two sides of the same lopsided coin.
Hepatic microsomal short-chain β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase distinct from the fatty acid elongation component: Substrate specificity of the membrane-extracted enzyme

Abstract The ability of 0.4 m KCl to extract over 80% of a short-chain β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase from rat hepatic endoplasmic reticulum, while more than 80% of the long-chain β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase component of the fatty acid chain elongation system remains intact, confirms the existence of more than one hepatic microsomal dehydrase. Following extraction from the microsomal membrane, the short-chain dehydrase undergoes, at least, a two-fold activation. Employing even-numbered trans-2-enoyl-CoA substrates ranging in carbon chain length from 4 to 16, the highest dehydrase specific activity of 16 μmol min−1 mg protein−1 was obtained with trans-2-hexenoyl-CoA; crotonyl-CoA was the second most active substrate, followed by 8 > 10 > 12 > 14 > 16. The specific activity of the short-chain dehydrase with trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA (C-16) was only 3% of that observed with the trans-2-hexenoyl-CoA. With crotonyl-CoA or β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA as substrates, HPLC was employed to identify the products, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, of the hydration reaction, or crotonyl-CoA, of the reverse dehydration reaction. It was also observed that the short-chain dehydrase catalyzed the formation of both d (−) and l (+) stereoisomers of β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. The equilibrium constant for the dehydrase-catalyzed reaction determined at pH 7.4 and 35 °C, was calculated to be 6.38 × 10−2 m −1, while the standard free energy change was −775 cal/mol, results similar to those obtained with crystalline crotonase. Finally, based on membrane fraction marker enzymes, substrate specificity, and heat lability of the dehydrase, it was concluded that the microsomal membrane contains a short-chain β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase which is separate from the mitochondrial crotonase.
Legal Responsibilities of Students: Study Shows School Officials Also Win Court Decisions.

After reading much in the past several years about the increasing rights of students, school administrators will find this article about their own rights and the legal responsibilities of students very interesting. The editors have included an extensive list of references—a practice normally avoided—for readers wishing to study the issues in more detail.
A nanotube-based field-emission flat panel display

A matrix addressable diode flat panel display has been fabricated using a carbon nanotube–epoxy composite as the electron emission source. Field-emission uniformity has been confirmed by measuring the I–V curves of pixels across the panel. This prototype display demonstrates well-lit pixels under ±150 V biasing signals. The “on” and “off” of the pixels are well controlled by the half voltage “off-pixel” method. Further improvement of this technology may lead to easy-to-make and inexpensive flat panel displays.
Estimating the Contribution of Impurities to the Uncertainty of Metal Fixed-Point Temperatures

The estimation of the uncertainty component attributable to impurities remains a central and important topic of fixed-point research. Various methods are available for this estimation, depending on the extent of the available information. The sum of individual estimates method has considerable appeal where there is adequate knowledge of the sensitivity coefficients for each of the impurity elements and sufficiently low uncertainty regarding their concentrations. The overall maximum estimate (OME) forsakes the behavior of the individual elements by assuming that the cryoscopic constant adequately represents (or is an upper bound for) the sensitivity coefficients of the individual impurities. Validation of these methods using melting and/or freezing curves is recommended to provide confidence. Recent investigations of indium, tin, and zinc fixed points are reported. Glow discharge mass spectrometry was used to determine the impurity concentrations of the metals used to fill the cells. Melting curves were analyzed to derive an experimental overall impurity concentration (assuming that all impurities have a sensitivity coefficient equivalent to that of the cryoscopic constant). The two values (chemical and experimental) for the overall impurity concentrations were then compared. Based on the data obtained, the pragmatic approach of choosing the larger of the chemical and experimentally derived quantities as the best estimate of the influence of impurities on the temperature of the freezing point is suggested rather than relying solely on the chemical analysis and the OME method to derive the uncertainty component attributable to impurities.
Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy Using a Tuneable Solid-State Laser and a Semiconductor Bandgap Filter

The feasibility of using the optical absorption properties of a semiconductor crystal as a long wavelength pass filter for Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy applications has been demonstrated. Near-infrared excitation from a titanium: sapphire solid-state laser was selectively tuned to the edge of the bandgap absorption of an indium-doped cadmium telluride semiconductor filter. Raman spectra to within 30 cm−1 of the exciting line could be measured. Narrowing of the optical absorption of the semiconductor filter at low temperatures did not improve the
Hypervelocity Impact Experiments on Epoxy/Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Composites Reinforced with Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes☆

Nanocomposites of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabrics with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in epoxy matrix were prepared in order to study their hypervelocity impact (HVI) characteristics. These nanocomposites were assessed for their use as bumper shields and as rear walls in Whipple shield configurations at impact velocities in the 6.5-7 km/s range. The HVI performances of the nanocomposites were compared against that of the epoxy/UHMWPE composites without nanotubes (or simply, neat composites) and aluminum (Al) sheets having areal density similar to both the composites. The results show that the nanocomposites and the neat composites perform better as rear walls than the Al sheets, but are lesser effective bumper shields. Comparatively, the two composites perform similarly to one another as rear walls and as bumper shields. For these epoxy/UHMWPE composite samples, the reinforcement with 0.5 wt% of SWCNT has no noticeable effect on their HVI response.
The Need for Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance

Currently, collection of bacterial susceptibility data is very incomplete; national or international susceptibility data simply do not exist. The large volume of scientific publications on this subject contributes to the perception that bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is extensive and growing. However, only a very few papers address the epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Those papers that do report quantitatively on this topic are from hospitals that are systematically different from hospitals that do not publish. No one can deny the existence and the importance of drug resistance, but the sensational reports from the media are grossly untrue. Multidrug-resistant bacteria affect an extremely small proportion of patients. Most antibiotics still are highly effective and cure the majority of infections. It is proposed that medical microbiology laboratories report their susceptibility data on eight common species that constitute 68.5% of all isolates. Such reports could be analyzed and published yearly.
Concerning ‘another indicated phase transformation in ytterbium’

Abstract Experimental data are presented which show the ‘new phase transformation in ytterbium’ reported by Hurd and Alderson is probably due to hydrogen contamination in their ‘high purity’ ytterbium.
Stability of metabolic and neuropsychological asymmetries in dementia of the Alzheimer type

We examined right/left asymmetries in cerebral glucose utilization and neuropsychological performance in 16 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) who were studied twice over a mean interval of 15 months. Neuropsychological asymmetry was expressed as the difference between performance on a visuoconstructive task and a language task. Test/retest comparisons showed significant declines on the neuropsychological measures, but no significant changes in the neuropsychological and metabolic asymmetry indices. At both evaluations, significant correlations were found between neuropsychological asymmetry and metabolic asymmetry in frontal and parietal cortex. Individual patterns of metabolic and neuropsychological asymmetry in these patients with DAT seem to be stable.
Sexual boundary violations in residential drug‐free therapeutic community treatment

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of sexual boundary violations in residential therapeutic community (TC) programs for substance abusers using secondary data analysis methods. One hundred and ninety-seven participants who had been treated in TCs in New York City were interviewed 30 days post-discharge. Sexual boundary violations were reported by approximately one-quarter of the sample. Possible psychodynamic causes (e.g. enactments, group dynamics) of sexual boundary violations are discussed. Implications for research, theory, and for prevention of sexual boundary violations in TC programs are addressed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating error detection capabilities of UPC run-time systems

The ability of system software to detect run-time errors and issue messages that help programmers quickly fix these errors is an important productivity criterion for developing and maintaining application programs. To evaluate this capability for Unified Parallel C (UPC), over two thousand run-time error tests and a run-time error detection (RTED) evaluation tool have been developed. For each error message issued, the RTED evaluation tool assigns a score from 0 to 5 based on the usefulness of the information in the message to help a programmer quickly fix the error. The RTED evaluation tool calculates averages over each error category and then prints the results. All tests and the RTED evaluation tool are freely available at the RTED web site http://rted.public.iastate.edu/UPC. The Cray, Berkeley, HP and GNU UPC compilers have been evaluated and results posted on this same web site.
Tap water and the Malone antegrade continence enema: a safe combination?

Purpose: The Malone antegrade continence enema provides independence and improved quality of life in patients with fecal incontinence or intractable constipation. However, isolated reports of fatal hypernatremia after irrigation with normal saline have raised safety concerns about frequent colonic irrigation in children. Significant electrolyte abnormalities have also been reported with hypertonic phosphate and high colonic tap water enemas. Because our patients routinely use tap water for Malone antegrade continence enema irrigations, we examined the safety profile of this practiceMaterials and Methods: In the last 3.5 years 71 patients at our institution have used antegrade tap water enemas for managing fecal incontinence or intractable constipation. Standard serum electrolytes were measuredResults: We obtained 101 sets of serum electrolyte measurements in 71 patients at a mean of 8.4 months postoperatively (range 1 to 33). A girl who presented with severe hyponatremia and hypochloremia had not used the...
The Genetics and Biochemistry of Paranoid Schizophrenia and Other Paranoid Psychoses

Genetic and biochemical findings in paranoid schizophrenia and other paranoid psychoses are reviewed. Although the data suggesting a lower genetic loading for schizophrenia in paranoid versus nonparanoid schizophrenia are unclear, paranoid schizophrenia does, to a limited extent, breed true within families. Monozygotic twins concordant for schizophrenia tend to be either both paranoid or both nonparanoid schizophrenics. In all studies, the risk for schizophrenia in the relatives of patients with paranoid psychosis is close to that found in the normal population. Genetic studies provide no evidence for a link between affective illness and either paranoid schizophrenia or paranoid psychosis. Although reports of low platelet monoamine oxidase activity in paranoid schizophrenia have not been confirmed, recent results suggest that brain norepinephrine levels may be higher in paranoid than in nonparanoid schizophrenics. Genetic and biochemical findings suggest some differences between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia, but definitive clarification of the relationship between these two syndromes must await future research. From a genetic perspective, paranoid psychosis appears to bear little relationship to schizophrenia.
Seeking What's Best During the Transition to Adult Day Health Services

Family caregivers provide more than 80% of the long-term care for elders in the United States and experience a variety of transitions that are intertwined with those of their elders. Previous research on health care transitions documents problems elders and family caregivers encountered following hospitalization, following nursing home admission, and in adjusting to home health care. Little is known about the transition to adult day health services (ADHS). The purpose of this study was (a) to examine family caregivers' perspectives on the transition to ADHS and (b) to develop a situation-specific theory to guide interventions for elders and their family caregivers during the transition. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 16 family caregivers 1 month and 3 months following the elder's enrollment in ADHS. The constant comparative method was used in analyzing the data. The findings indicate that family caregivers consistently sought what was best for elders throughout the transition.
Lung cancer in chrysotile asbestos workers: Analyses based on the two-stage clonal expansion model

To evaluate the magnitude and temporal pattern of lung cancer risk following exposure to chrysotile asbestos. I analyzed data on lung cancer mortality in a cohort of asbestos textile workers who were exposed to almost pure chrysotile. Employment history and industrial hygiene data were used to derive asbestos exposure estimates. These data were analyzed within the framework of the two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model and the Cox proportional hazards model. Under the TSCE model, the association between chrysotile asbestos and lung cancer mortality was primarily due to an exposure-induced increase in the proliferation of initiated cells. In a setting of protracted exposure to chrysotile asbestos, this model implies that the estimated hazard ratio was at its maximum between ages 40 and 65 years. Cox regression analyses support these conclusions; the estimated excess relative risk per fiber-year/ml was 0.053 (95% CI: 0.023, 0.124) at ages <65 years, while there was minimal evidence of association at older attained ages. The TSCE model fits these data well, accommodating the observed departure from the proportional hazards assumption. These analyses suggest that the effect of chrysotile asbestos exposure on lung cancer risk varies with attained age.
Skeletal Muscles of Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Validation of Multicenter Study of Evaluation with MR Imaging and MR Spectroscopy

The MR measures of maximal cross-sectional area, contractile area, T2, and lipid fraction were highly reproducible in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and control subjects and therefore show the feasibility of using multiple vendor systems and radiofrequency coil configurations in a multicenter study to examine involvement of the skeletal muscles of boys with DMD.
Sedation-assisted Orthopedic Reduction in Emergency Medicine: The Safety and Success of a One Physician/One Nurse Model.

Introduction: Much of the emergency medical research on sedation-assisted orthopedic reductions has been undertaken with two physicians—one dedicated to the sedation and one to the procedure. Clinical practice in community emergency departments (EDs), however, often involves only one physician, who both performs the procedure and simultaneously oversees the crendentialed registered nurse who administers the sedation medication and monitors the patient. Although the dual-physician model is advocated by some, evidence in support of its superiority is lacking. Methods: In this electronic health records review we describe sedation-assisted closed reductions of major joints and forearm fractures in three suburban community EDs. The type of procedure and sedation medication, need for specialty assistance, success rates, and intervention-requiring adverse events are reported. Results: During the 18-month study period, procedural sedation was performed 457 times on 442 patients undergoing closed reduction for shoulder dislocations (n=111), elbow dislocations (n=29), hip dislocations (n=101), and forearm fractures (n=201). In the vast majority of this cohort (98.4% [435/442]), a single emergency physician simultaneously managed both the procedural sedation and the initial orthopedic reduction without the assistance of a second physician. The reduction was successful or satisfactory in 96.6% (425/435; 95% confidence interval [CI], 95.8-98.8%) of these cases, with a low incidence of intervention-requiring adverse events (2.8% [12/435]; 95% CI, 1.5-4.8%).Conclusion: Sedation-assisted closed reduction of major joint dislocations and forearm fractures can be performed effectively and safely in the ED using a one physician/one nurse model. A policy that requires a separate physician (or nurse anesthetist) to administer medications for all sedation-assisted ED procedures appears unwarranted. Further research is needed to determine which specific clinical scenarios might benefit from a dual-physician approach. [West J Emerg Med.2013;14(1):47-54.]
Molecular Structure and Performance of High Explosives

Empirical methods have been developed to predict density and heat of formation of proposed high explosives. These methods are parameterized in terms of molecular constituents consisting of atoms in particular bonding environments. These methods, along with the atomic composition of the molecule, are then used in an empirically based method to predict the performance of the explosive. Together, these methods form a unified mechanism of relating molecular structure to explosive performance. Indeed, this effort, along with the synthesis effort at Los Alamos, have led to the identification of a new class of high-nitrogen molecules that may prove to be high performance explosives.
“I’m Not Going to Become No Rapper”: Stereotypes as a Context of Ethnic and Racial Identity Development

Few studies examine how the macro context shapes ethnic or racial identity development during early adolescence. This analysis draws on interview data from 40 African American, Chinese American, Dominican American, and European American middle school students (6th through 8th grade) to explore how stereotypes inform adolescents’ ethnic and racial identities. Findings revealed that stereotypes about race and ethnicity intersected with those about gender, sexuality, social class, and/or nationality and these intersecting stereotypes shaped adolescents’ ethnic and racial identities. In addition, adolescents used stereotypes about other ethnic and racial groups as contrasts upon which their own ethnic or racial identities were constructed. Finally, adolescents’ narratives were dominated, particularly for the ethnic minority youth during their 8th-grade interviews, by the desire to avoid or resist becoming an ethnic or racial stereotype. Findings underscore the importance of examining stereotypes as a context ...
The Most Popular News Recommender: Count Amplification and Manipulation Resistance

A broad motivation for our research is to build manipulation resistant news recommender systems. There are several algorithms that can be used to generate news recommendations, and the strategies for manipulation resistance are likely specific to the algorithm or class of algorithm used. In this paper, we will focus on a common method used on the front page by many media sites of recommending the N most popular articles e.g., New York Times, BBC, CNN, Wall Street Journal all prominently use this. We show that whereas recommendation of the N most read articles is easily susceptible to manipulation, a probabilistic variant is more robust to common manipulation strategies. Furthermore, for the "N most popular" recommender, probabilistic selection has other desirable properties. Specifically, the N + 1 th article, which may have just missed making the cut-off, is unduly penalized under common user models. Small differences are easily amplified initially, an observation that can be used by manipulators. Probabilistic selection, on the other hand, creates no such artificial penalty. We use classical results from urn models to derive theoretical results for special cases and study specific properties of the probabilistic recommender.
Spatial variability in radar backscatter from the ocean surface imaged by satellite-based SAR caused by multiscale atmospheric turbulence

The authors consider the source of km streaks in SAR images of the ocean surface. These streaks may occur due to cold air outbreaks and the roll vortex phenomena and are associated with cloud streets. The present work offers direct and definitive confirmation that multiscale SAR streaks can be caused by multiscale atmospheric roll vortices.
Attitudes and Orientations of Environmentally-concerned Citizens

The changing fortunes of ecological issues in American society suggest the importance of citizen attention and attitudes to environmental problems. Only a few studies since Earth Day, 1970, have focused on a key group of political actors in natural resource politics—environmental activists. The great variety of issues that are of interest to environmentally-concerned individuals suggest that important differences exist among environmentalists regarding the nature of ecological problems.The present paper examines the attitudes of these people and how they have defined the extent and character of the ecological crisis. By adopting an analytical framework that described levels of environmental understanding, this analysis has attempted to explore belief-structures within the environmental movement and the implications of these beliefs for future change. The evidence revealed that, while environmentalism is not a monolithic social movement, a substantial majority of the respondents to sets of questions about key issues were in the ‘reformist’ mode of environmental activity—that is, environmental problems are reasonably well understood by these activists, the origins of environmental problems are seen by them in terms of consumption and production activities in society, and these attitudes demand political action that is compatible with existing institutions.
Multiple Ports Remote Embedded Debugger Server

This paper describes a study related to multiple ports remote debugger server. Multiple ports remote debugger server supports one parallel port and multiple serial ports. User could connect to target serial port and parallel port from one local workstation or multiple work-stations at the same time with serial cables or a parallel cable. All debugger communication ports could receive debug commands from hosts. When a remote debugger server returns data to host machine, it selects a port as a receiver to send out data automatically. If command comes from parallel port host, the parallel debug port will raise an interrupt to a remote debugger server. If a command comes from a serial port, the serial port will raise an interrupt to a remote debugger server. Multiple ports remote debug server is reliable, low cost, portable and efficient.
Coupling between Na+, Sugar, and Water Transport across the Intestine

Water is absorbed across the small intestine in the absence of external driving forces. However, it has been established that water transport is secondary to active sodium transport. In the upper intestine both sodium and water absorption are largely dependent on the presence of D-glucose. The link between active sodium transport and glucose is the coupled transport of sodium and glucose across the brush border membrane of enterocytes by the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). Na+ that enters the cells with glucose is pumped out towards the blood by 3Na+/2K+ pumps on the basolateral membrane, and glucose passes out across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion, the net result being that glucose and sodium are transported across the epithelium. The coupling between Na+, glucose, and water transport is less well understood. It is commonly thought that Na+ transport increases the local osmotic pressure in the lateral intercellular spaces, and that this in turn generates osmotic water flow across the epithelium. Recent work suggests a more direct link between Na+, glucose, and water transport; that is, water is cotransported along with Na+ and sugar through SGLT1. Here we review the evidence for Na+/glucose/water cotransport.
Eosinophils Regulate Dendritic Cells and Th2 Pulmonary Immune Responses following Allergen Provocation

Reports have recently suggested that eosinophils have the potential to modulate allergen-dependent pulmonary immune responses. The studies presented expand these reports demonstrating in the mouse that eosinophils are required for the allergen-dependent Th2 pulmonary immune responses mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes. Specifically, the recruitment of peripheral eosinophils to the pulmonary lymphatic compartment(s) was required for the accumulation of myeloid DCs in draining lymph nodes and, in turn, Ag-specific T effector cell production. These effects on DCs and Ag-specific T cells did not require MHC class II expression on eosinophils, suggesting that these granulocytes have an accessory role as opposed to direct T cell stimulation. The data also showed that eosinophils uniquely suppress the DC-mediated production of Th17 and, to smaller degree, Th1 responses. The cumulative effect of these eosinophil-dependent immune mechanisms is to promote the Th2 polarization characteristic of the pulmonary microenvironment after allergen challenge.
Gene–Environment Interaction Designs

Gene–environment interaction models test for genetic effects that depend upon an aspect of an individual's environment. That is, for certain outcomes, some researchers believe that genetic effects will only be revealed (or will be significantly larger) in the presence of environmental conditions that enhance the likelihood of that outcome. For example, the most common form this research has taken is examining whether a particular polymorphism (a common difference between people in their genetic code) in the serotonin system increases the likelihood of experiencing either depressive symptoms or a major depressive episode in the context of elevated life stress. This entry provides an introduction to gene–environment interaction models and considers their utility, the types of dependent variables examined, the statistical models employed, and the current state of the gene–environment interaction literature in clinical psychology. Future directions, including genome-wide gene–environment interaction approaches, are discussed. Although a fair amount of behavioral genetic research (e.g., twin studies) has examined gene–environment effects using nonspecific genetic contributions, this entry will focus on molecular genetic approaches examining specific genetic variants. Keywords: biological psychology; genetics; individual differences; mental health; psychopathology; life stress; polymorphism
Plica: Pathologic or Not?

A fold that occurs within a joint is referred to as a plica synovialis. Three such plicae are seen with regularity within the human knee joint. These folds are normal structures that represent remnants of mesenchymal tissue and/or septa formed during embryonic development of the knee joint, and can be seen during arthroscopic inspection of the knee joint. Controversy exists within the orthopaedic community as to whether a plica can develop pathologic changes sufficient to cause disabling knee symptoms. The author defines the clinical syndrome, describes the arthroscopic appearance of pathologic plica, and outlines nonsurgical and surgical methods of management of this uncommon condition. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1993;1:117-121
A new hypogeal species of Oregmopyga Hoy (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from southern California, U.S.A., and a key to species of the genus

A new species of hypogeal eriococcid, Oregmopyga viscosa Kondo sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on the adult female and the second-instar male and female. This species is known from Inyo, Kern, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties in southern California, where it lives just below the soil surface on the crown of its host, probably always Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & A. Gray (Asteraceae). A revised key to the adult females of all nine species of Oregmopyga is included.Una nueva especie de erioc ccido subterraneo, Oregmopyga viscosa Kondo sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), se describe e ilustra basandose en la hembra adulta y el segundo estadio de la hembra y el macho. Esta especie ha sido encontrada en los condados Inyo, Kern, Riverside, San Bernardino y San Diego en el sur de California. La especie vive cerca de la superficie en el tallo de su hospedero, siempre siendo probablemente Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & A. Gray (Asteraceae). Se incluye una clave revisada para las hembras adultas de todas las nueve especies de Oregmopyga.
An ECL gate with improved speed and low power in BiCMOS process

An ECL gate exhibiting an improved speed-power product over the circuits presented in the past is described. The improvement is due to a combination of a push-pull output stage driven by a controlled current source. This circuit has better driving capabilities and improved speed, yet it uses an order of magnitude less power than regular ECL gate. Fully bipolar realization of this circuit is also possible.
Bradycardia: sinus and AV node dysfunction

The surface electrocardiogram (ECG) holds many clues with regard to the etiology of bradycardia and site of atrioventricular (AV) block. Bedside maneuvers may prove helpful in cases of 2:1 AV block or situations where the data is not all concordant. Wenckebach conduction may occur in any region of the heart, and there are nonpathologic mimickers of Mobitz II AV block as well. The surface ECG may aid in the inference of etiology for better than expected or slowed rather than blocked AV conduction. Sinus node dysfunction may present in several forms and often accompanies other conduction system disease. On occasion invasive studies may be required to help elucidate the mechanism of bradycardia.
Hazardous materials accidents: initial scene assessment and patient care

Hazardous materials, i.e., chemicals that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive, are a ubiquitous aspect of modern life. They are manufactured throughout the United States, shipped by truck, train, barge, and pipeline, and stored at a wide variety of locations, including factories, military bases, and warehouses. Accidents involving hazardous materials present an added dimension of danger to emergency personnel arriving first at the scene, and have the potential to produce chemically contaminated patients who require special medical treatment. Personnel arriving first at the scene must understand how to evaluate the scene for fast and safe mitigation without endangering themselves. Chemically contaminated patients require prompt treatment, which, for optimal outcome, must begin at the scene. Although frequently the identification of the hazardous materials involved is not known initially, emergency personnel may safely provide medical care to the victims by understanding and following the principles of hazardous materials accidents and the pathophysiology of chemical injuries as presented in this paper.
The Argentine Silent Majority: Middle Classes, Politics, Violence, and Memory in the Seventies. By Sebastian Carassai.

Docile, indifferent, and without ideology—this is how Sebastian Carassai describes the Argentinian middle class of the 1970s in his work, The Argentine Silent Majority: Middle Classes, Politics, Vi...
On the Ratios of Integer-Valued Polynomials Over Any Algebraic Number Field

(1974). On the Ratios of Integer-Valued Polynomials Over Any Algebraic Number Field. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 997-999.
The Physical Origins of Cell Transit through Microfluidic Constrictions

Altered cell mechanical properties are implemented in a range of physiological processes, such as stem cell differentiation and cancer. Methods to measure the mechanical properties of single cells are integral to advancing our understanding of these processes. One such technique tracks the deformation and speed of cells as they flow through micron-scale constrictions of a microfluidic device; however, the physical origins of the timescale for cells to deform through narrow pores remain poorly understood. By fabricating soft microparticles with distinct mechanical properties, we show that deformation times strongly depend on elastic modulus and viscosity, and weakly depend on surface tension and size. Higher resolution tracking of gel particle and oil droplet deformations reveals power-law behavior; we also observe this behavior in the deformation of HL-60 cells. While various physical models have been used to interpret results from similar microfluidic assays, our results indicate that the viscous and elastic properties of materials modulate deformation timescales through micron-scale constrictions, and that power law rheology may provide valuable insight into cell deformability studies using this technique.
Study on the mycelia growth factors of Pleurotus ferulae

The main effect factors of mycelia growth of Pleurotus ferulae were study and the mycelia growth status of different strains in different water content in the media,pH value and temperature was study in this paper.The results showed that the optimal water content in the medium for the mycelia growth of Pleurotus ferulae was 65%～75%;the mycelia growth was different between Pl.n 0028 and the other strains in the media with the optimal water content,and Pl.n 0028 grew fastest;the optimal pH value in the medium was 6～8;the mycelia growth was different between Pl.n 0029 and the other strains in the media with the optimal pH value,and Pl.n 0029 grew fastest;the optimal temperature in the medium was 25～30℃;the mycelia growth was different between Pl.n 0029 and the other strains in the media with the optimal temperature,and Pl.n 0029 grew fastest.
Immediate antecedents of caretakers' methods of discipline

The interactions of children's behaviors and caretakers' disciplinary practices were studied. Mothers of one- to two-year-old children were trained to report parent-child interactions involving negative emotions. Mothers' observations thus provided data on sequences of child behaviors and parental discipline methods in affective encounters. Mothers' most frequent initial responses to children's misbehaviors were verbal prohibitions. Discipline methods less commonly used were explanations, restraint, instruction, physical punishment, and love withdrawal. Mothers made greater use of this range of control methods following children's noncompliance to discipline. Types of discipline were used differentially following noncompliance, depending upon the form of misbehavior. Children's harms against persons were associated with psychological discipline methods, such as reasoning and dramatization of distress. Destruction of property and lapses in self-control in children were associated with parental power assertive techniques, such as physical punishment and love withdrawal. These associations between child behaviors and parental discipline methods illustrate the interactive roles of child and parent in mediating parental attempts to control, teach, and punish their children.
Medical Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in US Adolescents

Understanding patterns of medical comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may lead to better treatment of affected individuals as well as aid in etiologic study of disease. This article provides the first systematic evaluation on the medical comorbidity of ADHD in a nationally representative sample (National Comorbidity Replication Survey-Adolescent Supplement; N = 6483) using formal diagnostic criteria. Survey-weighted odds ratios adjusted for demographics, additional medical, and mental disorders were calculated for associations between ADHD and medical conditions. Models adjusted for demographics revealed significantly increased odds of allergy, asthma, enuresis, headache/migraine, and serious stomach or bowel problems. After adjusting for comorbidity, across the medical conditions, enuresis and serious stomach problems were the strongest correlates of ADHD. These findings confirm the pervasive medical comorbidity of ADHD reported in previous clinical and community-based studies. The intriguing salience of enuresis and serious stomach or bowel conditions may also provide an important clue to multisystem involvement in ADHD.
Toward the realization of erbium-doped GaN bulk crystals as a gain medium for high energy lasers

Er-doped GaN (Er:GaN) is a promising candidate as a gain medium for solid-state high energy lasers (HELs) at the technologically important and eye-safe 1.54 μm wavelength window, as GaN has superior thermal properties over traditional laser gain materials such as Nd:YAG. However, the attainment of wafer-scale Er:GaN bulk or quasi-bulk crystals is a prerequisite to realize the full potential of Er:GaN as a gain medium for HELs. We report the realization of freestanding Er:GaN wafers of 2-in. in diameter with a thickness on the millimeter scale. These freestanding wafers were obtained via growth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy in conjunction with a laser-lift-off process. An Er doping level of 1.4 × 1020 atoms/cm3 has been confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. The freestanding Er:GaN wafers exhibit strong photoluminescent emission at 1.54 μm with its emission intensity increasing dramatically with wafer thickness under 980 nm resonant excitation. A low thermal quenching of 10% was measur...
Sulfur- and Selenium-Containing Compounds Derived from Natural and Synthetic Sources in Angiogenesis Modulation.

Abstract Increases in serum sulfate may explain some of the therapeutic effects of methylsulfonyl methane (MSM), dimethyl sulfoxide, and glucosamine sulfate. Organic sulfur, as sulfur-containing amino acids, can be used to increase synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione, taurine, and N-acetylcysteine. MSM may be effective for the treatment of allergy, pain syndromes, athletic injuries, and bladder disorders. Epidemiological studies have suggested that brassica vegetables are protective against cancers of the lungs and alimentary tract. Cruciferous vegetables are the dietary source of glucosinolates, a large group of sulfur-containing glycosides. However, dosages, mechanisms of action, and rationales for the use of various sulfur-containing compounds from natural or food products need to be better defined. The low toxicological profiles of these sulfur compounds, combined with promising therapeutic effects, warrant continued preclinical and clinical investigations. In this current study the angiostatic (antiangiogenesis) efficacy for individual sulfur-containing compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources was determined using in vitro (endothelial cell [EC] tube formation assay) and in vivo (chick chorioallantoic membrane [CAM] model). In vitro EC tube formation studies demonstrated significant inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) stimulated EC tube formation by the different sulfur- and selenium-containing compounds, with different potency depending on the oxidation state of the sulfur or selenium. Furthermore, utilizing the CAM model, similar inhibitory efficacy of FGF-2 induced angiogenesis. These data suggest that sulfur and selenium compounds derived from natural sources might be a useful therapy for the inhibition of angiogenesis associated with human tumor growth and other pathological angiogenesis-mediated disorders, such as ocular and inflammatory diseases. Antiangiogenesis Efficacy of Sulfone/Sulfoxide and Selenone/Selenoxide in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model Treatment Branch Points ± SEM % Inhibition ± SEM PBS control 64.67 ± 3.00 ----- FGF-2 (1.5 ug/ml) 178.20 ± 5.32 ----- FGF-2 + diphenyl sulfoxide (100 uM) 145.65 ± 11.10 34.12 ± 4.8 FGF-2 + diphenyl sulfone (3 uM) 82.56 ± 4.4 84.25 ± 3.6 FGF-2 + dimethyl selenoxide (30 uM) 120.86 ± 3.1 50.74 ± 2.7 FGF-2 + dimethyl selenone (3 uM) 71.63 ± 3.8 93.87 ± 3.3 FGF = fibroblast growth factor; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline.
Chiral pool based synthesis of pyrrolidinium ionic liquids

Abstract Chiral ionic liquids show promising applications in various different fields. A series of pyrrolidinium-based chiral ionic liquids bearing a chiral cation, a chiral anion or both was prepared in good yields using an efficient, economic and simple pathway. The chirality was introduced using ( l )-lactate and ( l )-menthol derivatives. The resultant chiral compounds were characterized by both spectroscopy and polarimetry. We envision that these new chiral compounds can serve as effective reaction media and chiral catalysts for asymmetric reactions, which are presently being investigated in our lab.
Improved Survival of Lymphoma Patients after Introduction of Rituximab.

Abstract In a previous intramural study using tumor registry data, we found no difference in survival for all 222 patients diagnosed with low-grade (LG) or intermediate-grade (IG) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) during 1980–1989 compared to all 404 such patients who were diagnosed during 1990–1999 (ASH 2002). However, the anti CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, which was introduced in 1998, has been associated with improved survival in randomized trials of patients with intermediate grade B cell lymphomas. In this study we carried out two analyses. The first compared relative survival for 368 Hoag lymphoma patients diagnosed during 1995–2000 (median age 65 years) to national data from the Surveillance Epidemiologic and End Result (SEER) program. The 5-year relative survival rate for Hoag patients compared to SEER was 72% vs. 59% for 1995–2000, in sharp contrast to the relative 5-year survival rates observed during 1989–1994 which were only 46% for Hoag lymphoma patients vs. 51% for SEER. The second comparison was for observed survival for all 362 Hoag patients with LG or intermediate-grade IG B cell NHL, who were diagnosed during 1998–2003 (median age 65, 105 deaths), compared to 352 Hoag patients with LG or IG B-cell NHL, who were diagnosed during 1990–1997 (median age 63, 175 deaths). The respective 5-year survival rates were 58% vs. 51% (p=.032, 2-tailed log-rank test). We conclude that survival has improved for Hoag patients with lymphoma both by intramural historical comparisons and extramural contemporary comparisons. Improvement took place during the time that rituximab was adopted as standard therapy at Hoag, and suggests that the survival benefits that have been observed in randomized trials are also taking place in the general population of B cell lymphoma patients.
Valorization of tomato pomace by sequential lycopene extraction and anaerobic digestion

Abstract Tomato pomace, a major byproduct of tomato paste production, is an abundant solid waste stream from food processing in California. Tomato pomace is a rich source of lycopene, a red carotenoid and antioxidant, and lignocellulose, the recalcitrant but energy-rich polysaccharide matrix that comprises plant cell walls. Harvesting both of these co-products could add substantial value to the pomace and potentially reduce waste. In this study, lycopene was extracted from tomato pomace using a mixed organic solvent approach. Yields of lycopene from the tomato pomace tended to be higher than most literature values reported for raw tomatoes, and consistent with many reported values for lycopene in tomato pomace and other products. However, review of the current literature indicates that reported lycopene content of tomatoes products varies by roughly two orders of magnitude, which suggests a need for investigation of the factors responsible for this unusually wide range. After lycopene extraction, direct bioconversion to methane via anaerobic digestion and pretreatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ahead of anaerobic digestion were explored. Under certain conditions, especially 100 °C for 1 h, pretreatment was beneficial to enzymatic digestion of cellulose. Extraction resulted in a statistically significant reduction in methane yield compared to raw pomace after 90 days of anaerobic digestion. However, supplementation of extracted pomace with the non-lycopene-containing aqueous fraction from the extraction is expected to restore the methane yield to that of raw pomace based on measured values for chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. Ionic liquid pretreatment decreased methane production of extracted pomace.
Do mandates matter for plan quality? Jurisdictional aggregation for a watershed level comparison

Despite the prominent ecological and economic roles played by local water bodies, jurisdictions routinely fail to take action to protect water resources. To combat this failure to act, mandates can...