cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional unit choice in space conditioning life cycle assessment: Review and recommendations

Abstract Space cooling through air conditioners and electric fans, which already accounts for 10% of global energy consumption, is expected to increase as temperatures rise under climate change and as air conditioning becomes more accessible. The life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of this energy-intensive activity are concerning in their potential to create a positive feedback loop for climate change. There is thus a growing need for life cycle assessments (LCAs) on space conditioning systems to be designed to facilitate comparison for climate change mitigation efforts, with similar standardization as has developed in the electricity LCA field, in which the vast majority of LCAs conform to a specific system boundary and functional unit. We present the first study that assesses the uniformity and identifies discrepancies in methodology between space conditioning LCAs. We analyzed the goals, system boundaries, and chosen functional units of 33 peer-reviewed LCAs on single-structure space conditioning systems published between 2000 and 2020. The findings indicate that the stated goals of these studies were mostly aligned, but there was a lack of consensus on functional unit definition, with multiple different types of units used across studies. This lack of consistency in functional units complicates and may even prevent the comparison of life cycle environmental impacts of technologies and methods of space conditioning, which is necessary to make decisions towards increased sustainability in space conditioning. Consequently, we recommend that a standard functional unit for space conditioning systems be defined as 1 MJ of heat added to or removed from conditioned space to ensure future studies are comparable.
ELECTIONS Ethics in Government: Campaign Contribution and Disclosure Provisions

HB 1312 revises the provisions for transfer of excess campaign funds after a state-wide election. HB 1336 prohibits any government agency from contributing to political organizations or campaigns and revises requirements for financial disclosure by political candidates for state-wide public offices. HB 1385 requires that candidates disclose the business, occupation, or place of employment for each donor contributing over $1,000; that members of the General Assembly, state-wide elected officials, and their respective campaign committees not accept campaign contributions during a legislative session; and that the maximum permissible contribution by any donor to a candidate is $3,500 per election. HB 1465 exempts elected soil and water district supervisors from filing campaign contribution disclosure reports.
Dependence of Radar Backscatter on Environmental Parameters

Radar backscatter has been measured from instruments on SKYLAB and SEASAT with the goal of determining the winds from the backscatter data. New scatterometers such as NSCAT, proposed for ADEOS, have the same goal. Radar backscatter comes from the wavy ocean surface. It is thus assumed that there is some form of direct connection between the local wind speed and direction and the waves in the same local area. It is necessary to understand both the waves and the characteristics of radar backscatter so as to be able to obtain the winds. Any environmental feature of the waves that causes backscatter to change other than those due to some well defined property of the local wind can cause the backscatter to vary in a way not directly related to the local wind.
COMPARISON OF THE BEHAVIOR OF ARTICULATED RECREATIONAL VEHICLES WITH EITHER FIXED OR POSITION CONTROL OF STEERING

The use of a subset of the complete equations of motion to determine the lateral stability of an articulated vehicle is considered. It is shown that, with fixed steering, the path of the vehicle diverges from the nominal path even when each eigenvalue associated with the subset of equations has a negative real part. A linear steering law is introduced which is shown to be effective in controlling the path of the vehicle. Critical speed is significantly affected by the addition of steering control. With control, speed can be higher, lower, or about the same as it is without control. Four different articulated vehicles are treated; the powered vehicle in each case represents a mid-size American car, and the towed vehicles represent utility, boat, travel, and horse trailers. Trailer swing oscillations for the controlled system can be more pronounced, less pronounced, or about the same as those for the system with fixed steering.
Novel macromodeling for on-chip RC/RLC interconnects

The improved T and improved /spl Pi/ models are proposed for on-chip interconnect macromodeling. Using global approximations, simple approximation frames are derived and applied to modeling of on-chip distributed RC/RLC interconnects. The applications lead to equivalent circuits, which are represented by the improved T and improved /spl Pi/ models. The new models for distributed RC/RLC interconnects are independent of CMOS gates, and therefore can be directly incorporated into SPICE frames. Numerical experiments show that for current feature sizes, the improved T and improved /spl Pi/ modeling methods can be used to accurately evaluate onchip interconnect effects, while the computational costs are comparable to the original T and /spl Pi/ modeling. The presented macromodeling approaches are useful for quick simulation and layout optimization.
The association between secondhand smoke and sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review.

Objective To systematically review existing literature on the association between secondhand smoke and sleep-disordered breathing in children. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus. Review Methods Inclusion criteria included English-language papers containing original human data, with seven or more subjects and age <18 years. Data were systematically collected on study design, patient demographics, clinical characteristics/outcomes, and level of evidence. Two investigators independently reviewed all manuscripts. Results The initial search yielded 72 abstracts; 18 articles were ultimately included with a total study population of 47,462 patients. Fifteen (83%) articles found a statistically significant association between secondhand smoke and sleep-disordered breathing. All were case-control studies. Quality of articles based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale averaged 5.8/9 stars. Secondhand smoke was characterized by serum cotinine testing in only two (11%) studies. Sleep-disordered breathing was quantified by polysomnography in only four (22%) of the studies and only one (6%) classified subject using polysomnography exclusively. Habitual snoring was the most common form of sleep-disordered breathing studied in 14/18 (78%) studies, whereas obstructive sleep apnea was reported in one (6%) study and sleep-related hypoxia in another (6%) study. Conclusions Although the majority of studies included in this review found a significant association between secondhand smoke and sleep-disordered breathing, all of them were evidence level 3b, for an overall grade of B (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine). Further higher-quality studies should be performed in the future to better evaluate the relationship between second- smoke and sleep-disordered breathing in children. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:241–247, 2015
The Effect of Turbulence: An Investigation of Maximum Lift Coefficient and Turbulence in Wind Tunnels and in Flight

THE extensive series of investigations to be discussed in the present paper has its origin in an attempt to clarify the reason for certain discrepancies, which have long plagued aerodynamicists, between the results of tests on similar aerofoils carried out in different wind tunnels. It has been well known for many years that the Reynolds number has an important influence on aerofoil characteristics. It is therefore highly desirable that aerofoil tests, to be useful for full‐scale predictions, be made at as large a value of the Reynolds number as possible. For several years the variable density wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has been able to employ Reynolds numbers considerably higher than were attainable in any other wind tunnel. Its results have, therefore, very properly been generally accepted as furnishing the standard aerofoil data for aeroplane designers in the United States, and to some extent also in Europe. It appears from the present investigation that another factor, turbulence, may be of the same order of importance as the Reynolds number in determining certain aerofoil characteristics. In discussing the possible effects of this factor, it is desirable that as wide variations in its magnitude as can be obtained should be considered. The turbulence characteristics of the N.A.C.A. variable density tunnel and of the wind tunnel at the Guggenheim Aeronautics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (referred to in the figures as Galcit) are as different as those of any two large contemporary wind tunnels. It is for this reason that in the following discussion results obtained in these two tunnels are compared.
Infrared Array Detectors: Performance and Prospects

Infrared array detectors, like silicon CCDs a decade before, have revolutionized infrared astronomy. The quality and performance of the current generation of devices has already allowed astronomers to obtain infrared images at wavelengths out to 2.2 microns which are as deep as the best CCD images. High resolution infrared spectroscopy is now a reality and ground-based imaging to 35 microns has been achieved. Several classes of low-noise infrared array detectors with formats of 256 x 256 pixels are now in routine use, and developments are under way which will produce detectors of 1024 x 1024 pixels (for the near IR) within the next year. This paper will briefly review the state-of-the-art and compare and contrast the properties of available arrays. Progress in the field is illustrated with recent near infrared photometry obtained with a new two-channel imaging system developed at UCLA.
Is the magnitude of the carbonate ion decrease in the abyssal ocean over the last 8 kyr consistent with the 20 ppm rise in atmospheric CO2 content

[1] Changes in the extent of shell fragmentation, the wall thicknesses of foraminifera shells, and the bulk CaCO3 content of deep Pacific sediments demonstrate that the extent of dissolution has steadily increased during the past 8 kyr. On the basis of measurements on sediment core top material from a range of water depths on the Ontong-Java Plateau, these dissolution proxies have been calibrated, allowing the extent of the decrease in carbonate ion concentration to be quantified. The results suggest that the decrease was larger than that of 6 μmol/km expected to accompany the 20 μatm rise in atmospheric CO2 content that occurred during this time interval. However, the inconsistency between the magnitude of the change based on the decrease in shell weight on one hand and that based on the increase in fragmentation on the other hand is problematic. If indeed the drop in carbonate ion concentration has been larger than expected, then 8 kyr ago either a change in the pattern of thermohaline circulation or in the strength of the biological pump must have kicked in and become ever stronger as the millennia passed. If thermohaline circulation is the villain, then a possible explanation is that the strength of deepwater formation in the northern Atlantic has weakened relative to that in the Southern Ocean.
STEROID MEDIATED CHANGES OF LEUCOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN DOWN'S SYNDROME

A study of the increase of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity following oral anhydroxyprogesterone or intramuscular prednisolone was carried out in a group of Down9s syndrome subjects and paired controls. The increase in LAP activity was greater in the Down9s syndrome patients at p
"A Modified Delta-Sigxa Quantizer To Obtain High Resolution A/D Conversion With Small Excess Sample Rates"

There are a number of techniques [1] which use a combination of excess sample rate and signal processing to obtain enhanced resolution analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) from a reduced resolution quantizer. The common thread in these techniques is the formation of correlated data by sampling and quantizing a bandlinited signal at a rate considerably above its Nyquist rate. Coherent signal processing of these correlated samples improves the signal to quantizing noise ratio by the processing gain (ie., the ratio of coherent gain to incoherent gain) of the processing. This improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) is viewed as the conversion of excess sample rate to additional bits of quantization. Feedback and spectral noise shaping improves the rate at which we can exchange the excess sample ratio for improved resolution. One system which successfully ap- plies both techniques is the delta-sigma modulator. This paper presents a number of modifications to the standard delta-sigma configuration which permits high resolution conversion while operating at small excess sample ratios.
A Light Fog

AT Blowing Rock, Watauga Co., N.C., a part of the main chain of the Blue Ridge Mountains, at this point possessing an elevation of about 4000 feet above the sea, on the night of the 6th inst., while the writer was crossing a causeway through a mill-pond a light fog, obscuring objects at a hundred yards, covered the water. The moon, a little past the full, produced upon the bank of fog a very distinct bow. The bow was luminous white, without any trace of colour, about 2° in breadth. The ends apparently rested on the water, the entire arc being reflected in the water. The segment of fog within the bow was faintly lit up, the lighting up being distinctly seen by contrast with the fog outside the bow. At the same time on turning and looking at the moon it was seen surrounded by a corona about 2° in diameter (four times the moon's diameter), the colours—fairly bright—being in order, going from the moon's limb, yellow, orange, red. A little later, the same night, on the brow of the ridge, in the faint mist which rose in masses, the bow was again seen vividly, against a background of trees; the bow being within 40 paces of the observer.
Stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis by fatty acids in fetal rabbit type II pneumocytes.

Abstract After 24 h exposure to 0.1 mM oleate or 0.1 mM palmitate there was a 2- and 1.7-fold increase, respectively, in the incorporation of choline into the lipids of type II pneumocytes. Palmitate increased the labeling of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) from 23.0% of total labeled PC in control cultures to 56.6% and oleate decreased labeling of disaturated PC to 9.4%. The percentage of total cellular radioactivity found in the lipid fraction was also markedly higher in the fatty acid-treated cells (83.3% for oleate and 78.7% for palmitate) than in control cultures (64.0%). Radioactivity in water-soluble choline metabolites was correspondingly lower, with phosphocholine representing more than 95% of the label in both control and experimental cultures. After a 3 h pulse-chase period, oleate and palmitate significantly increased the percentage of total cellular radioactivity in PC and decreased the percentage in phosphocholine. Similar results were obtained by adding melittin (1–2 μg/ml) or phospholipase C (0.05 U/ml) to the culture medium. The stimulation of PC synthesis by fatty acids was demonstrated as early as 1 h after exposure to oleate or palmitate and at all concentrations from 0.025 to 0.25 mM. Cytidylyltransferase activity in total cell homogenates was also enhanced by long-term exposure to fatty acids and short-term addition of fatty acids or phospholipase C and melittin to the culture medium. A similar increase in Cytidylyltransferase activity was found in the 100 000 × g particulate fraction of type II cells exposed to fatty acids, whereas no differences were found between the cytosolic fractions of control and treated cells. These results support the concept that an increase in intracellular level of fatty acids either from an exogenous source or following the activation of endogenous phospholipases regulates PC synthesis in fetal type II pneumocytes.
MEDIUM-SIZED ORGANOGERMANIUM HETEROCYCLES CONTAINING A TRANSANNULAR SULFUR ATOM: FIRST SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A STERICALLY HINDERED EIGHT-MEMBERED 1 2H-DIBENZO[d, g] [13,6,2]DIOXATHIAGERMOCIN

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a sterically hindered eight-membered 12H-dibenzo[d, g][1,3,6,2]dioxathiagemocin is described. The δG$273 for ring inversion (12.8 kcal.mol−1) was determined by variable temperature lH NMR spectroscopy.
Effects of active movement on body-part size estimates.

Body-part size estimates of 20 male Ss were obtained under normal room illumination and under three basic conditions: active movement of a joint-bounded body part prior to making an estimate of that part, active movement of a different body part prior to making an estimate of joint-bounded and non-joint-bounded body parts as well as familiar non-body objects, and no movement prior to making an estimate of joint-bounded and non-joint-bounded body parts as well as non-body objects. The results did not support the hypotheses that induced muscular tension or increased attention to the estimating task creates an enhancing effect upon size judgments from pictorial memory of body or non-body stimuli. Other findings, such as overestimation of the head width and variability in estimation of the waist, were consistent with previous studies.
Photosystem I reaction center polypeptides of spinach are synthesized on thylakoid-bound ribosomes

Abstract Purified chloroplasts were prepared from developing spinach leaves. The chloroplasts were separated into thylakoid and stroma fractions, and nucleic acids were prepared from them. Photosystem I reaction center polypeptide(s) (PS I RC) mRNA was associated with the thylakoid fraction when measured by hybridization using a probe for PS I RC polypeptide ps1A1, or when measured by translation assay. The ps1A1 polypeptide was coded for by a 5.5-kbp mRNA which others have shown also codes for PS I RC polypeptide ps1A2. This mRNA was in functional thylakoid-bound ribosomes because when thylakoids with bound ribosomes were translated in the absence of protein synthesis initiation, polypeptides that reacted with anti-PS I RC were formed. The results indicate that PS I RC polypeptides are synthesized exclusively by thylakoid-bound ribosomes.
Modeling of chemical vapor infiltration of carbon composites with pyrolytic carbon

Abstract An analysis of the reaction and diffusion of gases occurring simultaneously with deposition of carbon in a porous material is presented. The model incorporates a scheme for the formation of carbon during the pyrolysis of a gaseous hydrocarbon to yield predictions for concentration and porosity profiles and mass deposition within a porous substrate. The effects of the initial Thiele modulus for the deposition reaction were examined and it was found that as the initial. Thiele modulus increased, the uniformity of deposition and the maximum level of infiltration decreased.
Fgf3 is required for dorsal patterning and morphogenesis of the inner ear epithelium

The inner ear, which contains sensory organs specialized for hearing and balance, develops from an ectodermal placode that invaginates lateral to hindbrain rhombomeres (r) 5-6 to form the otic vesicle. Under the influence of signals from intra- and extraotic sources, the vesicle is molecularly patterned and undergoes morphogenesis and cell-type differentiation to acquire its distinct functional compartments. We show in mouse that Fgf3 , which is expressed in the hindbrain from otic induction through endolymphatic duct outgrowth, and in the prospective neurosensory domain of the otic epithelium as morphogenesis initiates, is required for both auditory and vestibular function. We provide new morphologic data on otic dysmorphogenesis in Fgf3 mutants, which show a range of malformations similar to those of Mafb ( Kreisler ), Hoxa1 and Gbx2 mutants, the most common phenotype being failure of endolymphatic duct and common crus formation, accompanied by epithelial dilatation and reduced cochlear coiling. The malformations have close parallels with those seen in hearing-impaired patients. The morphologic data, together with an analysis of changes in the molecular patterning of Fgf3 mutant otic vesicles, and comparisons with other mutations affecting otic morphogenesis, allow placement of Fgf3 between hindbrain-expressed Hoxa1 and Mafb , and otic vesicle-expressed Gbx2 , in the genetic cascade initiated by WNT signaling that leads to dorsal otic patterning and endolymphatic duct formation. Finally, we show that Fgf3 prevents ventral expansion of r5-6 neurectodermal Wnt3a , serving to focus inductive WNT signals on the dorsal otic vesicle and highlighting a new example of cross-talk between the two signaling systems.
Adding teeth to wave action: the destructive effects of wave-borne rocks on intertidal organisms.

Observations in rocky intertidal areas demonstrate that breaking waves ‘throw’ rocks and cobbles and that these missiles can damage and kill organisms. Targets in the intertidal were dented by impacts from wave-borne rocks. New dents/day in these targets was positively correlated with the daily maximum significant wave height and with new patches/day in aggregations of the barnacle Chthamalus fissus. Impact frequency was highest in the upper intertidal and varied dramatically between microhabitats on individual boulders (edges, tops and faces). These patterns were reflected in the microhabitat abundances of ‘old’ and ‘young’ barnacles. Comparisons were made of the survivorship and the frequency of shell damage in two populations of the limpet Lottia gigantea living in habitats which differed primarily in the number of moveable rocks (i.e. potential projectiles). The mortality rate and frequency of shell damage were significantly higher in the projectilerich habitat. In addition only in this habitat did the frequency of shell damage covary significantly with seasonal periods of high surf. Investigation of the response of limpet shells to impacts suggests that shell strength varies between species and increases with shell size. Species-specific patterns of non-fatal shell breakage may have evolved to absorb the energy of impacts. In two of the intertidal habitats studied, wave-borne rock damage was chronic and, at least in part, may have governed the faunal makeup of the community by contributing to the physical ‘boundaries” of the environment within which the inhabitants must survive.
Original article: Numerical implementation of the asymptotic boundary conditions for steadily propagating 2D solitons of Boussinesq type equations

In the present paper, a difference scheme on a non-uniform grid is constructed for the stationary propagating localized waves of the 2D Boussinesq equation in an infinite region. Using an argument stemming form a perturbation expansion for small wave phase speeds, the asymptotic decay of the wave profile is identified as second-order algebraic. For algebraically decaying solution a new kind of nonlocal boundary condition is derived, which allows to rigorously project the asymptotic boundary condition at the boundary of a finite-size computational box. The difference approximation of this condition together with the bifurcation condition complete the algorithm. Numerous numerical validations are performed and it is shown that the results comply with the second-order estimate for the truncation error even at the boundary lines of the grid. Results are obtained for different values of the so-called 'rotational inertia' and for different subcritical phase speeds. It is found that the limits of existence of the 2D solution roughly correspond to the similar limits on the phase speed that ensure the existence of subcritical 1D stationary propagating waves of the Boussinesq equation.
On Errors in Matrix Inversion

(1953). On Errors in Matrix Inversion. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 48, No. 262, pp. 289-319.
Carrier-dependent and carrier-independent transport of anti-cancer alkylating agents.

While it is understandable that proliferating cells should be more sensitive than resting cells to antimetabolites—drugs that derange DNA synthesis—it is not so obvious that other anti-cancer drugs, in particular the alkylating agents, should act in the same way1–3. The greater sensitivity of proliferating cells to such agents is not confined to malignant tissues: normal haematopoietic cells show increased susceptibility after recruitment into cell division4. Moreover, the various alkylating agents have different effects on proliferating nonmalignant cells; in normal bone marrow, recovery is more rapid5 and greater6 after treatment with some drugs (for example, cyclophosphamide and nitrogen mustard) than others (such as nitrosoureas and mitomycin C). We now provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that there are two distinct groups of alkylating agent: those whose uptake into the cell depends on a membrane transport mechanism (that is, carrier-dependent) and those whose uptake is not so dependent (carrier-independent).
Resistance of active monovalent cation transport to pronase digestion of intact human erythrocytes

Abstract Human erythrocytes were treated with pronase under conditions which gave complete cleavage of the pronase-sensitive major protein and glycoprotein components of the membrane. 86 Rb + influx of these modified cells did not differ significantly from that of untreated cells, and showed identical sensitivity to inhibition by ouabain. Pronase treatment of porous erythrocyte ghost membranes resulted in complete loss of (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity. These results indicate that the cation-transport complex is not readily accessible from the outer surface of native intact membranes.
Rootstock influence on leaf and fruit mineral status of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ pear

Abstract In a test with ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ pear on 8 Pyrus (P.) rootstocks, leaves of ‘Bartlett’ were high in S and Fe on ‘Bartlett’ seedlings (BS), in Zn on P. ussuriensis Maxim. seedlings (USS), and in B on seedlings of P. calleryana Decne (Cal). Leaves of ‘d'Anjou’ were high in P, Zn and B on BS, in N on USS, and in S on Cal. Both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ were high in K and Ca on P. betulaefolia Bunge seedlings (Bet). Fruit of both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ were high in N, K and Mg on Bet and Cal and high in Ca on Cal and USS. With both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’, moderately high correlations were found between leaf and fruit concentrations of K and Mg; positive correlations were high for Ca and S with ‘Bartlett’ and for Zn and B with ‘d'Anjou’. There was a very high negative correlation between leaf and fruit Ca with ‘d'Anjou’.
Mobility planning for omni-directional vehicles in natural terrains

ABSTRACT Planning paths for onmi-directional vehicles (ODVs) can be computationally unfeasible because of the large space of possiblepaths. This paper presents an approach that avoids this problem through the use of abstraction in characterizing the possiblemaneuvers of the ODV as a grammar of parameterized mobility behaviors and describing the terrain as a covering of object-oriented functional terrain features. The terrain features contain knowledge on how best to create mobility pathssequencesof mobility behaviorsthrough the object and around obstacles. Given an approximate map of the environment, the approachconstructs a graph of mobility paths that link the location of the vehicle with the goals. Which of these paths are actuallyfollowed by the vehicle are determined by an A* search through the graph. The effectiveness of the strategy is demonstratedin actual tests with a real robotic vehicle.Keywords: Mobile Robots, path planning, Omni-Directional Vehicles, knowledge-based systems.
Ripple-type time-delay networks using elliptic functions

One method for simulating the approximate effect of transport delay or time delay is through the use of active networks containing electronic operational amplifiers. It is necessary that such networks be used in the field of analog computers so that adequate simulation of problems involving time-delay phenomena can be solved. The thermal and hydraulic problems involved in the design of nuclear reactor power plants form an important class of present-day problems which require such networks.
A "SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE" DERIVED FROM GUM ARABIC.

1. By partial acid hydrolysis a specific carbohydrate may be isolated from gum arabic (gum acacia). This carbohydrate is comparable in its precipitating activity for Type II (and Type III) antipneumococcus serum with the bacterial soluble specific substances themselves. 2. On hydrolysis this fraction yields galactose and two or more complex sugar acids, one of which appears to be a disaccharide add comparable with those isolated from the specific polysaccharides of the Type III pneumococcus and the Type A Friedlander bacillus. 3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
A Fourth-order Nonlinear Difference Equation

Dedicated to Allan Peterson on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday. We are concerned with solutions of the fourth-order nonlinear difference equation Δ2 (p n Δ2 y n ) − Δ(q n Δy n + 1) = f(n, y n + 2), where p n > 0, q n ≥ 0. We define F + and F − solutions for a certain functional operator F, prove the existence of these solutions, and verify asymptotic properties of these solutions under the assumption that f satisfies yf(n, y) < 0.
POSSIBLE ROLE OF INTERFERON IN DETERMINING THE ONCOGENIC EFFECT OF POLYOMA VIRUS VARIANTS

1. Infection of newborn C3Hf/Bi mice with both the highly oncogenic S variant and the poorly oncogenic M variant of polyoma virus caused significantly fewer tumors than infection with the S variant alone 2. Infection of newborn C3Hf/Bi mice at birth with either M or S variant caused resistance to infection with a heterologous agent, encephalomyocarditis virus, but the M variant caused a somewhat greater degree of resistance. 3. Extracts of tissues of animals infected at birth with the M variant had measurable levels of interferon, reaching a peak on the 5th day after infection with the virus. Extracts of animals infected with the S variant showed no such activity. 4. The growth curves of the two variants in newborn C3Hf/Bi mice showed that the S variant grew to a 1000-fold greater titer than did the M variant at 5 days after infection. Samples tested at 10 days showed a 10-fold difference. 5. These findings suggested that the difference between the variants in oncogenic potential might have been due to the greater interferon production induced by infection with the M variant than by infection with the S variant.
A technique for the delivery of complete dentures

This article describes a technique for the delivery of complete dentures which allows the patient to adapt to a mandibular prosthesis and, at the same time, to functionally make a final refitted mandibular impression.
A feedback-driven proportion allocator for real-rate scheduling

In this paper we propose changing the decades-old practice of allocating CPU to threads based on priority to a scheme based on proportion and period. Our scheme allocates to each thread a percentage of CPU cycles over a period of time, and uses a feedback-based adaptive scheduler to assign automatically both proportion and period. Applications with known require-ments, such as isochronous software devices, can bypass the adaptive scheduler by specifying their desired proportion and/or period. As a result, our scheme provides reservations to applica-tions that need them, and the benefits of proportion and period to applications that do not need reservations. Adaptive scheduling using proportion and period has several distinct benefits over either fixed or adaptive priority based schemes: finer grain control of allocation, lower variance in the amount of cycles allocated to a thread, and avoidance of accidental priority inversion and starvation, including defense against denial-of-service attacks. This paper describes our design of an adaptive controller and proportion-period scheduler, its implementation in Linux, and presents experimental validation of our approach.
Combining global and local approximations

A method based on a linear approximation to a scaling factor, designated the 'global-local approximation' (GLA) method, is presented and shown capable of extending the range of usefulness of derivative-based approximations to a more refined model. The GLA approach refines the conventional scaling factor by means of a linearly varying, rather than constant, scaling factor. The capabilities of the method are demonstrated for a simple beam example with a crude and more refined FEM model.
A study of the reactions K−n → π−π−K0, K−n → π−π−pK0π0, and rmKt-n ar π−π−π+K0nat 4.91 GeV/c

Abstract Resonance production in the above reactions containing a proton in the final state is characterized primarily by the production of K ∗− (890). The events with a final state neutron are characterized by the production of either K ∗− (890) or Δ − (1236), but very little double resonance production. Cross sections are presented. Exponential slopes for the momentum-transfer distributions of the K ∗− (890) and Δ − (1236) were determined and found to be much smaller than for elastic scattering. For the π − π − p K 0 events the spin density matrix elements for the decay of the K ∗− (890) in the Jackson frame imply alignment. Single particle longitudinal momentum distributions and average values of transverse momentum are presented. The single particle production angular distributions of all three reactions were compared with the results of the Reggeized multiperipheral model of Chan, Loskiewicz, and Allison (CLA) modified to include resonance production. Good qualitative agreement was found. The data from the π − π − p K 0 events were also compared with a multiperipheral model of Plahte and Roberts that is based on the CLA and Veneziano models.
Analysis of filter candle performance

Abstract An analysis was done of the performance of filter candles for gas cleaning. The analysis considers the relationship between the extent of deposition throughout the filter medium and its effect on subsequent gas-flow distribution and particle collection. It is shown that flow distribution does not always regulate itself. Filter performance was found, in fact, to vary considerably depending upon the nature of deposition and its effect on the flow rate-pressure gradient relationship.
Optimal Control of Complex Air-Path Systems for Advanced Diesel Engines

This paper describes a linear optimal control approach for advanced diesel engines equipped with complex air-path systems including a dual-loop exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and a two-stage turbocharger. Such complex air-path systems are instrumental to achieve smooth and stable transient operation of diesel engines running advanced multiple combustion modes such as low temperature diffusion combustion (LTDC) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). A mean-value engine model was developed to capture the main dynamics of the advanced air-path system. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimal controller was designed based on a linearized model at a fixed operating point. Simulation results using a high-fidelity detailed GT-Power engine model show the effectiveness of the controller.© 2009 ASME
Behavioral and physiological responses of mother and infant squirrel monkeys to fearful stimuli.

The behavioral and adrenocortical responses of feral squirrel monkey mothers and their laboratory-born infants were measured following exposure to a live snake and to a flying predator model (hawk). The dyads were either socially or individually housed. The different stimuli were presented above the home cage for 1 hr; behaviors were observed during this period. Blood samples were obtained at the end of the test session and assayed for cortisol. The results indicated that individually housed dyads markedly increased their time spent in contact and their avoidance of the stimuli, and showed increased levels of cortisol when exposed to the snake or hawk model. Socially reared monkeys responded only to the snake. Thus, the presence of social partners ameliorated the response to the hawk model. The marked increase in contact during the presentation of the fear-eliciting stimuli may be partly responsible for the infants' response. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850–1990*

Rates of land-use change, including clearing for agriculture and harvest of wood, were reconstructed from statistical and historic documents for 9 world regions and used, along with the per ha changes in vegetation and soil that result from land management, to calculate the annual flux of carbon between land and atmosphere. Between 1850 and 1990, changes in land use are calculated to have added 124 PgC to the atmosphere, about half as much as released from combustion of fossil fuels over this period. About 108 PgC are estimated to have been transferred from forests to the atmosphere as a result of human activity, 2/3 from tropical forests and 1/3 from temperate zone and boreal forests. Another 16 PgC were lost from non-forests, largely as a result of cultivation of mid-latitude grassland soils. About 800 × 10 6 ha of forest were cleared for agricultural purposes, and approximately 2000 × 10 6 ha were harvested. Conversion of forests to agricultural lands released 105 PgC; harvest of wood released about 20 PgC. These estimates of release include the accumulations of carbon in wood products (17 PgC) and woody debris (4 PgC), the losses of carbon from oxidation of wood products, woody debris, and soil organic matter (373 PgC in total), and the accumulations of carbon in forests recovering from harvest and in the fallows of shifting cultivation (249 PgC). Over the decade of the 1980s the annual net flux of carbon from changes in land use averaged about 2.0 PgC yr −1 , higher than the 1.6 PgC yr −1 estimated previously. Almost all of this flux was from tropical regions, where rates of deforestation averaged approximately 15 × 10 6 ha yr −1 . Outside the tropics, regrowth of forests logged in earlier years largely balanced the losses of carbon from oxidation of wood products. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00013.x
Host genetic determinants in hepatitis C virus infection.

In addition to viral and environmental/behavioural factors, host genetic diversity is believed to contribute to the spectrum of clinical outcomes in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This paper reviews the literature with respect to studies of host genetic determinants of HCV outcome and attempts to highlight trends and synthesise findings. With respect to the susceptibility to HCV infection, several studies have replicated associations of the HLA class II alleles DQB1*0301 and DRB1*11 with self-limiting infection predominantly in Caucasian populations. Meta-analyses yielded summary estimates of 3.0 (95% CI: 1.8–4.8) and 2.5 (95% CI: 1.7–3.7) for the effects of DQB1*0301 and DRB1*11 on self-limiting HCV, respectively. Studies of genetics and the response to interferon-based therapies have largely concerned single-nucleotide polymorphisms and have been inconsistent. Regarding studies of genetics and the progression of HCV-related disease, there is a trend with DRB1*11 alleles and less severe disease. Studies of extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV have shown an association between DQB1*11 and DR3 with the formation of cryoglobulins. Some important initial observations have been made with respect to genetic determinants of HCV outcome. Replication studies are needed for many of these associations, as well as biological data on the function of many of these polymorphisms.
Characterization of ouabain resistant, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase deficient human cells and their usefulness as a general method for the production of human cell hybrids

Ouabain resistant mutants of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase deficient HeLa cells and euploid human fibroblasts were isolated and extensively characterized. These double mutants were used to t
A computer-assisted data collection system for use in a multicenter study of American Indians and Alaska Natives: SCAPES

We describe a computer-assisted data collection system developed for a multicenter cohort study of American Indian and Alaska Native people. The study computer-assisted participant evaluation system or SCAPES is built around a central database server that controls a small private network with touch screen workstations. SCAPES encompasses the self-administered questionnaires, the keyboard-based stations for interviewer-administered questionnaires, a system for inputting medical measurements, and administrative tasks such as data exporting, backup and management. Elements of SCAPES hardware/network design, data storage, programming language, software choices, questionnaire programming including the programming of questionnaires administered using audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI), and participant identification/data security system are presented. Unique features of SCAPES are that data are promptly made available to participants in the form of health feedback; data can be quickly summarized for tribes for health monitoring and planning at the community level; and data are available to study investigators for analyses and scientific evaluation.
COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE VALUE OF HOUSEHOLD WORK IN THE UNITED STATES FOR 1976

This paper uses five valuation methods to derive aggregate and per person estimates of the value of household work in the United States. Two general questions are posed: (1) what is the relationship between the aggregate estimates and the valuation method used, and (2) how do per person estimates vary by sex and earnings? The main observations of the paper are as follows: First, the aggregate value of household work is sizable regardless of the valuation method used. Second, aggregate estimates are extremely sensitive to the method of valuation. For example, the highest estimate is $475 billion greater than the lowest estimate. Third, contrary to earlier findings, opportunity cost valuation methods generally produce significantly higher estimates than market cost valuation methods. Fourth, per person estimates vary significantly by sex and level of earnings across valuation methods. Generally, market cost estimates.
Two New β3 Integrin Mutations in Indian Patients with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia: Localization of Mutations Affecting Cysteine Residues in Integrin β3

New mutations in the β3 integrin subunit have been identified in two unrelated Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients originating from India and Bangladesh. Both patients had histories of excessive bleeding and were found to have Glanzmann thrombasthenia based on absent ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Immunoblotting of platelet lysates of Patient 1 demonstrated reduced levels of αIIb and an unexpected high Mr β3 band of ~260,000, with little or no normal-sized β3. Upon reduction, a weak β3 band of normal Mr was observed. Platelet lysates of Patient 2 demonstrated undetectable levels of β3. Sequence analyses identified homozygous mutations in the β3 genes of both patients. Patient 1 had a C506Y missense mutation resulting in the expression of an unpaired cysteine; we propose that the Mr ~260,000 band is a disulfide-bonded β3 dimer. Patient 2 had an insertion mutation resulting in a frameshift and premature termination. Both mutations affect biogenesis of platelet αIIbβ3 receptors.
A State-Time Formulation for Multibody Systems Dynamics Simulation: Part I — Extension to Systems With General Topology

This paper presents an extension of a newly developed multibody system dynamics formulation to systems with general topology. The State-Time dynamic formulation, which has been recently developed by the authors, provides the means to yield significantly reduced simulation turnaround time through its ability to better exploit massively parallel computing resources. The rules provided in this article are useful in automating the generation of system’s equations of motion and in determining the final form of the system tangent matrix arising in this formulation. A priori knowledge of this structure assists one to find a proper ordering for the rows and columns of this matrix such that the final structure is optimized from data storage and solution expense perspectives. Also, the extended formulation enables one to eliminate the constraint forces or to bring only the desirable ones into evidence and as such results in a reduced set of equations and unknowns. Examples are provided to demonstrate application of the given rules.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Novel power electronics three-dimensional heat exchanger

Electric-drive systems, which include electric machines and power electronics, are a key enabling technology to meet increasing automotive fuel economy standards, improve energy security, address environmental concerns, and support economic development. Enabling cost-effective electric-drive systems requires reductions in inverter power semiconductor area, which increases challenges associated with heat removal. In this paper, we demonstrate an integrated approach to the design of thermal management systems for power semiconductors that matches the passive thermal resistance of the packaging with the active convective cooling performance of the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger concept builds on existing semiconductor thermal management improvements described in literature and patents, which include improved bonded interface materials, direct cooling of the semiconductor packages, and double-sided cooling. The key difference in the described concept is the achievement of high heat transfer performance with less aggressive cooling techniques by optimizing the passive and active heat transfer paths. An extruded aluminum design was selected because of its lower tooling cost, higher performance, and scalability in comparison to cast aluminum. Results demonstrated a 102% heat flux improvement and a package heat density improvement over 30%, which achieved the thermal performance targets.
Nature of the non-haem iron in ferredoxin and rubredoxin

RECENTLY, Gillard, McKenzie, Mason, Mayhew, Peel and Stangroom1 presented optical rotatory dispersion data on non-haem iron proteins from several sources. They found that whereas the bacterial ferredoxins from Clostridium acidi-urici, C. pasteurianum and Peptostreptococcus elsdenii and the rubredoxin from P. elsdenii have very similar optical rotatory dispersion spectra in both the oxidized and reduced forms, these spectra differ qualitatively from that obtained with oxidized plant (parsley and spinach) ferredoxin. No data were presented on reduced plant ferredoxin, and indeed it has been reported2 that reduced plant ferredoxin has no optical activity in the visible region of the spectrum. Gillard et al. consequently suggested “that the bonding of iron in plant ferredoxin is entirely different from that in bacterial ferredoxin and rubredoxin”.
Warp and Weft: Weaving the Discussion Threads of an Online Community

The Pew Internet & American Life Project reports that 86% of Internet users living with a disability or chronic illness have looked for health information online (Fox, 2007). And while so-called e-patients often start this search for information, many find themselves led to communities that provide this and more, such as Tu Diabetes, an online social network site. This pause in what can seem like an endless search for answers may be one that health professionals can gain insight from. Such extended pauses may give insight into the values of this particular community. This article provides the results and analysis of a study using ethnographic methods and rhetorical analysis to examine the texts posted by members of the social networking site Tu Diabetes in order to discern the values held by this community.