cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the RuS2(100) Surface by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Measurements and Electronic Band Structure Calculations

The (100) surface of single-crystal RuS2 was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), near-ddge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and electronic band structure calculations. High-resolution STM and AFM images show that the as-cleaved RuS2(100) surface has a square lattice with the same cell parameters as does bulk RuS2, but the unit cell features are distinctly differently from those expected for the unreconstructed surface. Tunneling spectra reveal that significant surface states are present within the band gap of bulk RuS2. Comparison of the electron and fluorescence yield NEXAFS analysis of the RuS2(100) surface indicates that the surface Ru atoms are bonded only to S atoms and exist in a bulklike valence state. Some of the surface S atoms are passivated with bound oxygen atoms. On the basis of electronic band structure calculations, we propose a model for the reconstructed RuS2(100) surface consistent with the experimental observations.
Multiple-group structural modelling with non-normal continuous variables.

An estimator is considered for mean and covariance structure analysis of non-normal continuous variables. This estimator extends the ADF estimator of Browne (1982, 1984) to include structured means. The behaviour of the estimator is compared to that of normal-theory generalized least-squares in simulated data.
Neutral sphingomyelinase: past, present and future.

Abstract Sphingomyelin and its metabolic products are now known to have second messenger functions in a variety of cellular signaling pathways. At the epicenter of the sphingomyelin — cell signaling pathway is a family of phospholipases called sphingomyelinases. These enzymes cleave sphingomyelin to produce ceramide and phosphocholine. Ceramide in turn serves as a lipid second messenger that induces a variety of cell regulatory phenomenon such as programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and sterol homeostasis. Neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) is a Mg2+ sensitive enzyme that can be activated by a host of physiologically relevant and structurally diverse molecules like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), oxidized human low density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL), and several growth factors. Large amounts of ceramide accumulate in human fatty streaks and plaques along with Ox-LDL, growth factors, and proinflammatory cytokines in human atherosclerosis. A further role of ceramide and N-SMase in atherosclerosis was uncovered by the finding that Ox-LDL and TNF-α stimulated N-SMase activity. In turn, ceramide and/or a homolog serves as an important stress signaling molecule in signal transduction, which leads to apoptosis. Interestingly, an antibody against N-SMase can abrogate Ox-LDL and TNF-α induced apoptosis, and therefore may be useful for additional studies of apoptosis in experimental animals. Overexpression of recombinant human N-SMase in human aortic smooth muscle cells markedly stimulate apoptosis, presumably via the multioligomerization of the ‘death domain’. Since plaque stability is an integral aspect of atherosclerosis management, activation of N-SMase and subsequent apoptosis may be vital events in the onset of plaque rupture, stroke and heart failure. In contrast to these observations in human hepatocytes, TNF-α mediated N-SMase activation did not induce apoptosis. Rather it stimulated the maturation of sterol regulatory element (SRE) binding protein (SREBP-1). Moreover, a cell permeable ceramide was found to reconstitute the phenomenon above in a sterol-independent fashion. These findings provide alternate avenues for therapy of patients with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The findings reported here suggests that N-SMase plays important cell regulatory roles and provide an exciting opportunity to further these findings to understand the pathophysiology of human disease states.
Comparison of vibrational circular dichroism instruments: development of a new dispersive VCD.

A dispersive vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) instrument has been designed and optimized for the measurement of mid-infrared (MIR) bands such as the amide I and amide II vibrational modes of peptides and proteins. The major design considerations were to construct a compact VCD instrument for biological molecules, to increase signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, to simultaneously collect and digitize the sample transmission and polarization modulation signals, and to digitally ratio them to yield a VCD spectrum. These were realized by assembling new components using design factors adapted from previous VCD instruments. A collection of spectra for peptides and proteins having different dominant secondary structures (alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and random coil) measured for identical samples under the same conditions showed that the new instrument had substantially improved S/N as compared with our previous dispersive VCD instrument. These instruments both provide protein VCD for the amide I that are comparable to or somewhat better than those measurable with commercial Fourier transform (FT) VCD instruments if just the amide I band in the spectra is obtained at modest resolution (8 cm−1) with the same total data collection time on each type of instrument.
Treating nightmares and insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of current evidence

Emerging evidence supports the notion of disrupted sleep as a core component of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Effective treatments for nighttime PTSD symptoms are critical because sleep disruption may be mechanistically linked to development and maintenance of PTSD and is associated with significant distress, functional impairment, and poor health. This review aimed to describe the state of science with respect to the impact of the latest behavioral and pharmacological interventions on posttraumatic nightmares and insomnia. Published studies that examined evidence for therapeutic effects upon sleep were included. Some behavioral and pharmacological interventions show promise, especially for nightmares, but there is a need for controlled trials that include valid sleep measures and are designed to identify treatment mechanisms. Our ability to treat PTSD-related sleep disturbances may be improved by moving away from considering sleep symptoms in isolation and instead conducting integrative studies that examine sequential or combined behavioral and/or pharmacological treatments targeting both the daytime and nighttime aspects of PTSD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
Heating and acceleration of the solar wind in coronal holes: cyclotron resonances

Abstract Cyclotron resonances were first studied to explain observations showing that solar wind heavy ions flow faster and are hotter than the protons. About ten years ago the resonances were applied to the corona. Those models predicted high proton temperatures, and were discounted. The SOHO/UVCS data now indicate that coronal protons are in fact hot, and that heavy ions are more than mass-proportionally hotter; protons and ions are hotter than the electrons. The ions, and probably the protons, are heated primarily perpendicularly to the magnetic field. These are all indications that the corona is heated by ion-cyclotron resonances, and that the wind is largely driven by the proton pressure. We will discuss the basic physics of the cyclotron interaction, and show in simple terms how it can qualitatively explain the observations. Illustrative models will be used to show that the idea works quantitatively, though there may be problems with simultaneously reproducing the UVCS proton and oxygen data. We will emphasize that there are basic questions concerning the wave source: does the Sun directly launch high-frequency (kHz) waves, or does the Sun launch lower frequency waves which subsequently undergo a turbulent cascade to the resonant frequencies? We will further emphasize that a full description must be in terms of the particle distribution functions, which will evolve in such a way as to become unstable to the generation of sunward-propagating waves, which may lead to novel effects.
BION, THE PARIAH OF‘O’

ABSTRACT Bion's elaboration of transformations and evolutions in‘0’represents one of the profoundest paradigm changes within psychoanalysis to date. The sweep of its epistemological embrace is so radical that it understandably dismayed many of his analytic cohorts, who thereupon marginalized him in the British Psycho-Analytical Society. The concept of‘0′, I am arguing, unites all the existing branches of culture and epistemology from the religious to the scientific and allows us to begin to conceptualize a boundless horizon of containment for our boundless anxieties about our being-in-the-world.
Studies of heat pain sensation in man: perception thresholds, rate of stimulus rise and reaction time

Afferent impulse frequency, one of the determinants of subjective magnitude of sensation, varies with the rate of rise of stimulus intensity: the faster the increase in stimulus energy, the higher the frequency of firing for a given amount of energy. This predicts that the steeper the stimulus ramp the lower will be the threshold for perception. While such inverse relation holds for myelinated fibre mediated cold sensation and mechanical pressure sensation, the opposite has been reported for unmyelinated fibre mediated heat pain and cold pain sensations. These paradoxical results intuitively suggest possible reaction time artefact. Indeed, a fixed time interval that includes conduction of the impulses to the brain, central processing and efferent conduction, intervenes between sufficient peripheral stimulus and the voluntary signal in reaction to subjective experience. As stimulus temperature continues to rise along this time, an artefactually high threshold reading results: the steeper the temperature rise, the larger will be the artefact, particularly for submodalities with longer reaction time. The present study compared heat pain threshold, obtained through a method that involves reaction time participation, with heat pain thresholds obtained bypassing reaction time. It was found in 16 volunteers that: (a) Heat pain thresholds decreased as the rate of temperature rise increased when reaction time was not a factor (P less than 0.001). (b) Heat pain thresholds determined through the method involving reaction time participation were significantly higher than those obtained bypassing reaction time (P less than 0.01). Such difference increased with increasing rates of temperature rise. (c) Peripheral conduction velocity calculated from average reaction time was found to be approximately 0.6 m/sec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Attitudes among the Finnish population towards the Nordic welfare state in 2009

There have been increasing signs of the weakening of universalism in the Nordic welfare system. While earlier research has mainly concentrated on general attitudes towards the welfare state, we aim to examine whether general attitudes and attitudes specific to the organization and funding of services form separate dimensions, as well as to explore the background factors connected to these attitudes. The data comes from a population-based survey ‘Welfare and services in Finland’ in 2009. The survey had 1824 respondents (response rate: 59%). Welfare state attitudes were examined using structural equation modelling, while linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations between background variables and attitudes. In addition to general welfare attitudes, three dimensions of specific attitudes were found. Attitudes concerning the public organization of services and those concerning the tax-based funding of services formed separate dimensions. Both were strongly related to general welfare attit...
Factor VIII (Willebrand) antigen and ristocetin-Willebrand factor in pigs with von Willebrand's disease.

Abstract The Willebrand antigen and the ristocetin-Willebrand factor were virtually undetectable in pigs with a severe form of von Willebrand's disease. These findings establish that porcine von Willebrand's disease is essentially the same as the human counterpart. The Willebrand antigen and ristocetin-Willebrand factor were reduced approximately 60% in pigs which are heterozygous. Furthermore these two new tests can be done on capillary blood, permitting earlier identification of the disease.
Tracking the Mechanism of Fibril Assembly by Simulated Two-Dimensional Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of plaque deposits in the human brain. The main component of these plaques consists of highly ordered structures called amyloid fibrils, formed by the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). The mechanism connecting Aβ and AD is yet undetermined. In a previous study, a coarse-grained united-residue model and molecular dynamics simulations were used to model the growth mechanism of Aβ amyloid fibrils. On the basis of these simulations, a dock/lock mechanism was proposed, in which Aβ fibrils grow by adding monomers at either end of an amyloid fibril template. To examine the structures in the early time-scale formation and growth of amyloid fibrils, simulated two-dimensional ultraviolet spectroscopy is used. These early structures are monitored in the far ultraviolet regime (λ = 190–250 nm) in which the computed signals originate from the backbone nπ* and ππ* transitions. These signals show distinct cross-peak patterns that can be use...
The effect of uncertainty of item parameter estimation on ability estimates

The conventional method of measuring ability, which is based on items with assumed true parameter values obtained from a pretest, is compared to a Bayesian method that deals with the uncertainties of such items. Computational expressions are presented for approximating the posterior mean and variance of ability under the three-parameter logistic (3PL) model. A 1987 American College Testing Program (ACT) math test is used to demonstrate that the standard practice of using maximum likelihood or empirical Bayes techniques may seriously underestimate the uncertainty in estimated ability when the pretest sample is only moderately large.
Changes in severity of symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis due to air pollutants.

Abstract A total of 314 patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, or both were observed from August 1 to November 1, 1963. Of these, 225 were sensitive to ragweed as well as other inhalants. The mean severity of symptoms was related to 10 measurements of air pollution, weather data, and mold and pollen counts. Of these, ragweed pollen was the only variable that was significantly related to severity of symptoms. Those patients who were allergic to ragweed had increased symptoms with the rise in pollen count. There also was a significant rise in symptoms in those patients who were not believed to have ragweed allergy. Chemical air pollution and mold counts showed inconsistent relationships, as did measures of humidity. Temperature changes showed a negative correlation, which is interpreted as a fortuitous happening.
Connecting the Dots: How Connectedness to Multiple Contexts Influences the Psychological and Academic Adjustment of Urban Youth.

Cluster analyses and hierarchical linear modeling were used to investigate the impact of perceptions of connectedness to family, school, and neighborhood contexts on academic and psycho-social outcomes for 437 urban ethnically diverse adolescents. Five profiles of connectedness to family, school, and neighborhood were identified. Two profiles were characterized by reports of either strong or weak connectedness to all contexts. The other three profiles were anchored by reports of low family connectedness, low neighborhood connectedness, or average connectedness. Race/ethnic differences were found in profiles and outcomes. Hierarchical linear models showed that each profile of connectedness was significantly associated with adolescents' self-report of grades, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms after adjusting for correlates, suggesting that the domain and number of contexts matter for positive youth development. These analyses underscore the importance of considering the independent and joint effects of f...
Membrane and synaptic properties of pyramidal neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus.

The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is positioned to coordinate activity between the piriform cortex and olfactory bulbs, yet the physiology of AON principal neurons has been little explored. Here...
Motoric, Ideational and Sensory Expressive Styles: Further Validation of the Stein and Lenrow Types:

The study sought to reproduce the Stein and Lenrow 8 expressive styles on a new sample and to extend their definitional characteristics through additional validity studies. Computer programs for empirical type derivation and prediction were used to analyze data from 24 college male and 24 female Ss (self-report, behavioral and experimental tests). Five styles were reproduced closely, 3 were divergent on 1 or 2 dimensional scores and were not studied. Results (based on small ns) generally confirmed and elaborated original five styles, tentatively characterized as Inhibited Type, He Man, Sensuous Female, Emotionally Distant Type, and Independent Sensory Type.
Regional Change in Middle Class Earnings and Standards of Living

This research examines key components of the broad national debate over the decline of the middle economic class of the United States at the regional level. Full-time and part-time workers’distributions of earnings among the low-, middle- and upper-earner groups are examined for the four major Census regions from 1967 to 1987. The premise is that the postwar boom era was a period in which the earnings of one full-time worker could purchase a middle standard of living (using home ownership as a proxy) for a household. Thus, change in the purchasing power of full-time earnings for home ownership is tracked between 1967 and 1987 at the regional level. In addition, regional changes in levels of fringe-benefit recipiency are examined. Full-time workers have seen a dramatic upwards shift in their earnings disiributions in all regions, accompanied by substantial erosion in their purchasing power. Earnings distributions across regions have converged, but the costs of home ownership have diverged. As a result, certain regions offer locational advantages for consuming the middle standard of living. Arising from these findings, this paper concludes with a set of questions for policymakers.
High glass transition temperature syndioregic second-order non-linear optical polymer in Langmuir–Blodgett–Kuhn films

Abstract We report here recent progress toward the goal of processing polymers near room temperature to produce all-polymeric non-linear optical films which may ultimately find application as active waveguides. Polymers designed for spin-casting were found to be processable by the Langmuir–Blodgett–Kuhn (LBK) technique. The T g of the bulk polymer is about 240°C. The temporal stability of non-centrosymmetric order in LBK films at elevated temperatures was followed by measurement of the second harmonic generated (SHG) light intensity. The SHG signal was found to be constant in LBK films heated at 95°C for 10 h.
Bayesian adaptive designs for clinical trials

SUMMARY A Bayesian adaptive design is proposed for a comparative two-armed clinical trial using decision-theoretic approaches. A loss function is specified, based on the cost for each patient and the costs of making incorrect decisions at the end of a trial. At each interim analysis, the decision to terminate or to continue the trial is based on the expected loss function while concurrently incorporating efficacy, futility and cost. The maximum number of interim analyses is determined adaptively by the observed data. We derive explicit connections between the loss function and the frequentist error rates, so that the desired frequentist properties can be maintained for regulatory settings. The operating character istics of the design can be evaluated on frequentist grounds. Extensive simulations are carried out to compare the proposed design with existing ones. The design is general enough to accommodate both continuous and discrete types of data. We illustrate the methods with an animal study evaluating a medical treatment for cardiac arrest.
Biosynthesis and Composition of Histones in Novikoff Hepatoma Nuclei and Nucleoli

Histones were prepared from isolated nuclei and nucleoli of the Novikoff ascitic hepatoma at several time points after the injection of L-lysine uniformly labeled with C14 into tumor-bearing rats. Amino acid analysis and starch-gel electrophoresis failed to reveal any differences between the nuclear and nucleolar histones, although both fractions were more acidic in composition than calf thymus histones. However, the nucleolar histones were a metabolically distinct fraction, and their rate of synthesis was approximately twice that of the total nuclear histones.
The effects of temperature on the web-building behaviour of the common house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum

IntroductionBody temperature affects the physiological perfor-mance of ectothermic animals. Many studies havedemonstrated both behavioural thermoregulation andthe thermal consequences of habitat selection inectotherms (Henwood 1975; Bartlett & Gates 1967;Huey et al.1989). To understand the physiologicalconsequences of habitat selection for a given species,both natural temperature regimes and the effect oftemperature on important performance traits of theanimal must be determined (Huey 1991).Spiders are ectothermic organisms; both theirmetabolic rate and their activity levels vary with tem-perature. In web-building spiders, webs can be con-sidered records of the behaviour or activity of the ani-mal during the spinning process. The web providesthe spider with prey and transmits information aboutthe surrounding environment, such as the presence ofmates or predators. Thus, differences in web qualitydue to the ambient temperature could affect the forag-ing and reproductive success of a spider.Thermoregulation and the importance of favourablebody temperatures have been studied in spiders.Riechert & Tracy (1975) demonstrated the importanceof a favourable thermal environment to the reproduc-tive success of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta(Gertsch). Biere & Uetz (1981) concluded that theorb-weavers, Micrathena gracilis(Walckenaer), ori-ent their webs to create exposures to the sun that resultin favourable body temperatures. Lubin et al.(Lubin,Kotzman & Ellner 1991; Lubin, Ellner & Kotzman1993) found evidence that web-site changes may berelated to thermal regime when they documented sea-sonal changes in webs and web sites of Latrodectusrevivensis(Shulov). The studies of Riechert & Tracy(1975), Biere & Uetz (1981), and Lubin et al.(1991,1993) suggest that favourable body temperatures areFunctionalEcology 199711,4–10
Organizational complexity: The athletics department and the university

Institutions can manage the conflicts inherent in their academic and athletic identities through seeking synergies.
A Model of the Relative Income Hypothesis

James Duesenberry's (1949) relative income hypothesis holds substantial empirical credibility, as well as a rich set of implications. Although present in the pages of leading economics journals, the hypothesis has become all but foreign to the blackboards of economics classrooms. To help reintegrate the concept into the undergraduate economics curriculum, the author constructs a model of the relative income hypothesis to present a few of its important properties and implications. Negative spending externalities, the effect of public provision taxes on wasteful spending races, and the Pareto implications of universal income growth are illustrated within a two-good consumption space as a method of introducing this rich literature to a greater number of introductory and intermediate economics students.
Language and Communication

Presents eight specially written chapters which provide a coherent survey of major issues in the study of language and communication, and which show how these are related to questions of practical concern in the learning and teaching of second and foreign languages. The issues discussed have been selected primarily for their relevance to applied linguistics, and there is a unifying interest in how language reflects the communicative functions it performs as well as in the process involved in using language for communication. Each chapter presents a self-contained survey of a central issue, is prefaced by an introduction linking the different perspectives, and is followed by discussion questions to aid effective use of the text in applied linguistics courses.
Photo-sensor Methodology for Determining Residence Time Distributions of Particles in Continuous Flow Thermal Processing Systems

A method applying photo-sensors was developed to determine particle residence time distributions in the holding tube of aseptic processing systems. Multiple sensor pairs installed around a transparent glass tube (50.8 mm, i.d.) created a two-dimensional “optical-grid” for detecting particle movement. Detection of spherical particles (polystyrene, 19.1 mm diameter) could be achieved at particle velocities below 2.67 m/s to comply with sensor response time. A normal distribution of particle residence times was obtained from 75 replicated runs. The laminar flow assumption for the fastest fluid element was found to be conservative for public safety concerns in solid-liquid two-phase systems using the single particle basis for sizing holding sections.
A subgrid-scale model for the scalar dissipation rate in nonpremixed combustion

A subgrid-scale model is discussed for the scalar dissipation rate in nonpremixed turbulent reacting flows. The model contains a coefficient which is determined by assuming a form for the scalar energy spectrum. The model is tested a priori using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) results for a temporal reacting mixing layer. The estimated dissipation rates are in good agreement with dissipation rates computed directly from the DNS data. Furthermore, the assumed spectrum methodology is found to accurately predict the model coefficient, including its spatial and temporal variations.
AcrySof acrylic intraocular lens implantation in children: clinical indications of biocompatibility.

Abstract Purpose: To assess the clinical biocompatibility of AcrySof (Alcon, Ft Worth, Tex) acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) in the highly reactive eyes of infants and children. Methods: A database of 230 pediatric IOL implantations was queried to allow retrospective review of all eyes implanted with an AcrySof IOL. Eyes implanted with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) IOLs were also reviewed and were used as a historical comparison group. Follow-up examinations were conducted by the surgeon on postoperative day 1, day 7, week 4, and week 8 and every 3 months during the first year and every 6 months thereafter. The presence of synechiae, lens deposits, and posterior capsule opacification were noted in the record at each visit. Examination notes were photocopied, and data were extracted from each visit note and entered into a computerized database. Results: One hundred and ten eyes had an AcrySof IOL at an average age of 60.4 months and had an average postoperative follow-up of 64.6 weeks. In comparison, 120 eyes had PMMA IOLs inserted at an average age of 71.9 months with an average postoperative follow-up of 136.9 weeks. IOL cell deposits were seen at the slit lamp in 7 of 110 (6.4%) AcrySof lenses as compared with 26 of 120 (21.75%) PMMA lenses ( P =.002). Posterior synechiae were seen in 5 of 110 (4.5%) AcrySof lenses as compared with 23 of 120 (19.2%) PMMA lenses ( P =.001). Twenty-two AcrySof-implanted eyes had an intact posterior capsule. Twenty-eight PMMA-implanted eyes had an intact posterior capsule. The YAG laser capsulotomy rate was similar in the 2 groups at 45.4% for AcrySof and 50% for PMMA ( P =.973). The average time from surgery to YAG posterior capsulotomy was 18.6 months with an AcrySof lens and 18.3 months with a PMMA lens ( P =.951; t test). A total of 60 patients (68%) implanted with AcrySof IOLs were able to cooperate for Snellen visual acuities. Of their 67 eyes, 48 (72%) had a 20/40 or better visual acuity at the last follow-up examination, and 63 eyes (94%) had a 20/100 or better visual acuity. Thirty-five eyes (52%) required amblyopia therapy, and patching continues as needed. Conclusions: The AcrySof IOL is representative of a new group of foldable IOLs made from flexible hydrophobic acrylic material. The AcrySof IOL appears clinically to be biocompatible when placed in the eyes of children despite the increased tissue reactivity known to occur in young patients. (J AAPOS 2001;5:377-80)
Size and structure of a South Carolina salt marsh avian community

Although birds are a conspicuous element in estuarine ecosystems, annual fluctuations in the size and structure of avian salt marsh communities have not been studied extensively. From October 1978 through October 1980, we censused an avian community inhabiting a 3000-hectare estuary in SC using 4 censusing techniques: bi-monthly aerial surveys, airboat surveys, ground counts at communal roosts, and almost daily spot checks through the marsh for transient species. Avian density averaged 2.6 birds/hectare and avian biomass averaged .7 Kg/hectare annually. Ninety-five species of birds from 12 avian orders fed on the marsh during the 2-year period. Over one-third of the species were members of the order Charadriiformes. Species counts were greatest in spring and fall during migration and lowest in winter and summer. Similar peaks and troughs occurred in biomass and in number of birds sighted. Migrating passerines, mostly swallows, comprised a significant portion of the population in early fall and wading birds comprised a significant portion of the avian biomass in the early part of the breeding season as well as during the late summer when large number of White Ibis fed on the marsh. Clapper Rails and shorebirds, especially dowitchers, dominated the avian community throughout most of the year.
Necessary and sufficient condition for uniqueness of solution to the first boundary value problem for the diffusion equation in unbounded domains

Abstract This paper introduces a notion of regularity of t = - ∞ for the diffusion (or heat) equation and establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique bounded solution to the first boundary value problem for the diffusion equation in a general domain Ω ⊂ R N + 1 which extends up to t = - ∞ .
Substance P (SP) N-terminal metabolites modulate withdrawal behavior in morphine-dependent mice

In view of previous reports that SP may play a role in opioid withdrawal, we examined the effects SP(1-7), the most common SP N-terminal metabolite, on morphine withdrawal behavior using a model of acute morphine dependence., was injected i.p. either prior to the morphine injection or prior to naloxone. When injected prior to morphine, SP(1-7) significantly increased the incidence of withdrawal jumping behaviors. Conversely, injection prior to naloxone significantly decreased withdrawal jumping behaviors. The SP(1-7) antagonist, D-Pro 2 -D-Phe 7 SP(1-7) caused effects opposite that of SP(1-7). Coadministration of both SP(1-7) and D-SP(1-7) at these times did not alter withdrawal jumping
Attenuation of heart rate control and neural degeneration in nucleus ambiguus following chronic intermittent hypoxia in young adult Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) attenuates baroreflex control of heart rate (HR). In this study, we assessed whether CIH exposure reduced nucleus ambiguus (NA) control of HR and induced neural degeneration in the NA. Fischer 344 (age: 3–4 months) rats were exposed to either room air (RA: normoxia) or intermittent hypoxia for 35–50 days. At the end of these exposures, animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital. HR responses to arterial blood pressure (AP) changes induced by phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured. In another set of rats, HR and AP responses to l -glutamate ( l -Glu) microinjections (10 mM, 20 nl) into the left NA and electrical stimulation of the left cervical vagus nerve at 1–30 Hz (0.5 mA, 1 ms) for 20 s were measured. Brainstem slices at the level of −800, −400, 0, +400, +800 μm relative to the obex were processed in additional rats using Nissl staining. The NA was identified by retrogradely labeling vagal motoneurons using the tracer tetramethylrhodamine dextran (TMR-D) which was injected into the ipsilateral nodose ganglion. We found that CIH significantly 1) reduced the baroreflex control of HR (slope RA: −1.2±0.2 bpm/mmHg; CIH −0.5±0.1 bpm/mmHg; P l -Glu injections into the NA [HR: −280±15 (RA) vs. −235±16 (CIH) beats/min; P P P
High-accuracy and fast new-format optical Hough transform

The accuracy of digital and optical Hough transform (HT) processors is analyzed. New correction techniques to achieve improved accuracy are addressed. A new output format optical HT system using computer generated holograms (CGHs) is described and analyzed and its accuracy is found to be superior to that of digital HT processors. Its speed is much faster; the CGH space bandwidth product (SBWP) requirements are much less than for other methods; CGH error sources are addressed; and simple multiple binary exposure CGH fabrication is found to be sufficient.
Domestic politics and the strategy of international trade

The policymaking problem in international trade is fundamentally strategic, since optimal national policy depends on what other nations choose to do. The game is not between unitary rational actors, however, but rather between players with considerable internal divisions about what policy should be. There is a rich domestic politics to international trade policymaking. Conventional wisdom holds that internal division is a liability in international interactions. This article demonstrates that if countries are divided internally between divergent interests, this will alter the outcome of strategic games between countries in, for example, setting tariffs. In particular, internal division can actually be helpful to a country, since a protectionist faction helps to make a protectionist threat more credible.
Frequency dependent breakdown of the dissipationless state in the quantum Hall effect

Abstract We report the results of a study of the frequency and power dependence of the surface acoustic wave attenuation produced by the 2DEG on the interface of a GaAs-Al x Ga 1−x As heterojunction. The minimum attenuation, seen at integer number of filled Landau levels, increased with increasing power in the surface wave, first at higher numbers of filled levels and at higher frequencies, even though ω ⪡ ω c . This is interpreted as due to heating, resulting from absorption of energy from the surface wave by the electronic states with localization lengths of the order of the acoustic wavelength.
Cryobiological preservation of Drosophila embryos

The inability to cryobiologically preserve the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has required that fly stocks be maintained by frequent transfer of adults. This method is costly in terms of time and can lead to loss of stocks. Traditional slow freezing methods do not succeed because the embryos are highly sensitive to chilling. With the procedures described here, 68 percent of precisely staged 15-hour Oregon R (wild-type) embryos hatch after vitrification at -205 degrees C, and 40 percent of the resulting larvae develop into normal adult flies. These embryos are among the most complex organisms successfully preserved by cryobiology.
1002-85 Utility of Unique Projections in Dynamic Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in the Pre- and Post-Operative Delineation of Lesions Associated with Tetralogy of Fallot in Neonates and Infants

Management of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is influenced by the size and position of the ventricular septal defects (VSD) and the size and magnitude of infundibular, and pulmonary annular and arterial obwtruction. Three dimensional (3D) visualization may provide valuable information on these complex lesions and relations to guide gatheter and surgical interventions in TOF. To assess this, we performed 3D Echo (3DE) in 33 neonates and infants with TOF. In 8 pts additional post-operative studies were acquired. Using 5 or 7.5 MHz transducers placed within a rotational or fan-like scanning device positioned on the chest wall or subcostal position, 2DE images were obtained every two degrees over a span of 180 or 90 degrees with ECG and respiration gating. These data then underwent reformatting, and segmentation, and dynamic 3DE reconstructions derived. Optimal 3DE studies were obtained in all. Based on the experience in these 36 pts, we were able to define specific 3D projections that yielded more detailed or additional information compared to 2DE. These new 3D cuts-ections allowed us to delineate the relative size and degree of malalignment of the VSD, their spatial orientations and relations, morphology of the infundi-bulum, the internal caliber and continuity with the proximal pulmonary arteries, and pulmonic valve morphology and annular size in a reliable manner. Besides defining these abnormalities, 3DE yielded unique en face views of the VSD, and coronal and cylindrical display of the infundi-bulum and pulmonary arteries, not available in 2DE. In the 8 post-op studies, 3DE depicted the geometry and relative size of the reconstructed outflow tract, and continuity to the pulmonary arteries and the integrity of VSD patches. Overall, 3DE was superior in portraying the functional morphology of lesions associated with TOF both pre- and post-operatively. We conclude that dynamic 3DE, easily performed by the transthoracic approach, provides important spatial information that could be valuable in planning catheter and surgical interventions in TOF.
Presidential address: investigative dermatology; remarks on sources of ideas, design of experiments, and communication of results.

The desire to investigate should perhaps be ranked among the deep-seated and natural human urges. But even the most natural urges will occasionally benefit from instruction and guidance. Thus texts and treatises on such indubitably natural matters as, for example, eating and mating, usually enjoy a sure popularity-and may indeed have a certain usefulness, even when they are not authored by the greatest eaters or the best mates. It is considerations such as the foregoing which embolden me to hope that there may be members of this audience who will derive some benefit from my account of certain lessons I have learned, both from my teachers and from my own experiences and mistakes as an investigator.
APOε4 is associated with enhanced in vivo innate immune responses in human subjects

Background The genetic determinants of the human innate immune response are poorly understood. Apolipoprotein (Apo) E, a lipid-trafficking protein that affects inflammation, has well-described wild-type (e3) and disease-associated (e2 and e4) alleles, but its connection to human innate immunity is undefined. Objective We sought to define the relationship of APOe4 to the human innate immune response. Methods We evaluated APOe4 in several functional models of the human innate immune response, including intravenous LPS challenge in human subjects, and assessed APOe4 association to organ injury in patients with severe sepsis, a disease driven by dysregulated innate immunity. Results Whole blood from healthy APOe3 / APOe4 volunteers induced higher cytokine levels on ex vivo stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, or TLR5 ligands than blood from APOe3 / APOe3 patients, whereas TLR7/8 responses were similar. This was associated with increased lipid rafts in APOe3/APOe4 monocytes. By contrast, APOe3 / APOe3 and APOe3 / APOe4 serum neutralized LPS equivalently and supported similar LPS responses in Apoe -deficient macrophages, arguing against a differential role for secretory APOE4 protein. After intravenous LPS, APOe3/APOe4 patients had higher hyperthermia and plasma TNF-α levels and earlier plasma IL-6 than APOe3/APOe3 patients. APOE4-targeted replacement mice displayed enhanced hypothermia, plasma cytokines, and hepatic injury and altered splenic lymphocyte apoptosis after systemic LPS compared with APOE3 counterparts. In a cohort of 828 patients with severe sepsis, APOe4 was associated with increased coagulation system failure among European American patients. Conclusions APOe4 is a determinant of the human innate immune response to multiple TLR ligands and associates with altered patterns of organ injury in human sepsis.
Class and Classification at the U.S.-Mexico Border

U.S. immigration and nationality law is viewed as a set of classifications that contribute to the transfer of value between classes. An anthropological approach to the symbolic classificatory process is outlined, emphasizing its performance in situations of state power. Ethnographic observations document the actual practice of Immigration and Naturalization Service classification and reveal covert symbolic categories and plausible constructs about migrants. However, migrants are accorded an active role in struggling with and responding to dominant classifications. Three important results of immigration classification are the increased exploitation of undocumented immigrants, categorized as outlaws and obliged to undertake the risk of crossing a heavily enforced boundary; the complex maneuvering and segmentation within immigrant communities induced by the rewards of legal visa categories; and the confirmation of stereotypes about migrants in the dominant society that underwrite their employment as inexpens...
Detecting Climate Signals in the Surface Temperature Record

Optimal signal detection theory has been applied in a search through 100 yr of surface temperature data for the climate response to four specific radiative forcings. The data used comes from 36 boxes on the earth and was restricted to the frequency band 0.06‐0.13 cycles yr21 (16.67‐7.69 yr) in the analysis. Estimates were sought of the strengths of the climate response to solar variability, volcanic aerosols, greenhouse gases, and anthropogenic aerosols. The optimal filter was constructed with a signal waveform computed from a two-dimensional energy balance model (EBM). The optimal weights were computed from a 10 000-yr control run of a noise-forced EBM and from 1000-yr control runs from coupled ocean‐atmosphere models at Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and Max-Planck Institute; the authors also used a 1000-yr run using the GFDL mixed layer model. Results are reasonably consistent across these four separate model formulations. It was found that the component of the volcanic response perpendicular to the other signals was very robust and highly significant. Similarly, the component of the greenhouse gas response perpendicular to the others was very robust and highly significant. When the sum of all four climate forcings was used, the climate response was more than three standard deviations above the noise level. These findings are considered to be powerful evidence of anthropogenically induced climate change.
Accelerating LDPC decoding using multiple-cycle eigenmessages

The eigenmessage decoder O. Chauhan et al. (2003) expresses a degree of nonlocality in a message passing decoder by representing an entire cycle in a single linear equation. The eigenvector for the linear message passing matrix represents a fixed point of the message passing algorithm around a cycle and has been shown to significantly decrease the number of iterations required for low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding using message passing. In this paper, we extend the eigenmessage idea to simultaneously solving for a fixed point of multiple cycles. The representation is thus nonlocal over a broader section of the graph. This multiple-cycle eigenmessage algorithm shows improvement over traditional belief propagation (BP) methods. We present and compare results for the new algorithm and consider possible variations.
An Electronic Filing Cabinet for “Classic” Articles and Other Teaching Materials: Something Old, Something New

Objective: “Classic” articles remain an important resource in teaching psychiatry. But, such materials are often buried in a faculty member’s filing cabinet, effectively lost in today’s world of instant access. We attempt to recover these materials through a marriage of traditional reading lists and contemporary technology. Method: The authors created a sharable electronic filing cabinet to store frequently used teaching materials. Conclusion: An electronic filing cabinet can organize teaching materials and increase efficiency in teaching.
Low cost test point insertion without using extra registers for high performance design

This paper presents a new approach to improve random test coverage during physical synthesis for high performance design. This new approach performs test point insertion (TPI) to improve testability of random resistant nets. Conventional test point insertion approaches add extra registers either as control points or observation points to improve controllability or observability. However, adding extra registers has many disadvantages in high performance design. It might degrade the design performance in term of power and timing. It might also end up with even worse testability. The new approach does not add any registers; instead it only uses existing signals as test points. The test points are selected from logic paths with the most timing slack and physical placement proximity. This saves silicon area, reduces power consumption, and minimizes the design changes. The new approach also automates the test insertion process by integrating it in the physical synthesis flow. The integration helps reduce design closure turn around time significantly. Production results show nearly zero performance degradation from this approach and better testability improvement as compared to a manual test point insertion approach. Furthermore, this paper proposes a novel idea of exploiting unreachable states for test point insertion. Preliminary results on this idea are also given.
Getting your money's worth: Samuelson's general equilibrium model applied to participation in cooperative virtual reference services

How can agencies participating in a cooperative reference network determine that the value they receive from participation is greater then the effort and resources they contribute? Do private organizations or companies benefit from joining cooperatives largely composed of public institutions? Can this information be used to support decisions about the level of participation and resource-sharing an institution is willing to provide, or provide models of cooperation that maximize benefit to multiple user populations? Samuelson's general equilibrium model on the provision of public goods attempts to identify the balance at which optimal utility of a public good or service is achieved for a given population where the environment is composed of both public and private services and different consumers place a different value of utility for a given good or service. His model is particularly appropriate to the analysis of general reference services where public agencies hope to leverage the expertise of private resources in the most economical method, private agencies want to avoid duplication of publicly available resources, and user populations widely differ in their ability to pay for such services.