cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural network application in support of software reliability engineering

This paper presents a novel application of neural networks to the problem of classifying software modules into different risk classes based upon source code measures. Neural network models that classify program modules as either high-risk or low-risk are developed. Inputs to these networks include a selection of source code measure data and fault data that were collected from two large commercial systems. The criterion variable for class determination was a quality measure of program faults or changes. Discriminant models using the same data sets provide for a comparative analysis. The neural network technique displayed better classification error rates on both data sets. These successes demonstrate the utility of neural networks in isolating high-risk modules.
Continuous Adjoint Sensitivities for Optimization with General Cost Functionals on Unstructured Meshes

A continuous adjoint approach is developed to obtain the sensitivity derivatives for the Euler equations. The completederivationofthecostateequations andtheirtransversality (boundary)conditionsarepresented. Both the state and the costate equations are second-order e nite volume discretized for unstructured meshes, and they are coupled with a constrained optimization algorithm. Also integrated into the overall methodology are a geometry parameterization method for the shape optimization, and a dynamic unstructured mesh method for the shape evolution and the consequent volume mesh adaptations. For the proof of concept, three transonic airfoil optimization problems are presented. This method accepts general cost functionals, which are not necessarily functions of pressure only. It is also shown that a switch to the natural coordinate system in conjunction with the reduction of the governing state equation to the control surface results in sensitivity integrals that are only a function of the tangential derivativesof the state variables. Thisapproach eliminates the need fornormal derivativecomputations that can be erroneous.
Examination of P−OR Bridging Bond Orders in Phosphate Monoesters using 18O Isotope Shifts in 31P NMR

Evidence indicates that phosphate monoesters undergo hydrolysis by a loose transition state with extensive bond fission to the leaving group. It has been proposed that part of the high dependence of the rate on the leaving group pKa (betalg = -1.23) arises from weaker ester bonds in the reactants as the pKa of the leaving group decreases, on the basis of X-ray structures and calculations. In contrast, IR and Raman studies suggest that the leaving group has little effect on the length of the P-OR bridging bond in solution. To gather additional data on this issue, we have used (18)O isotopic shifts in 31P NMR to monitor the bond order of P-O bonds in a range of phosphate esters with different leaving groups. Using this technique, we have been able to evaluate whether significant changes are observed in the P-O bond orders for the bridging and nonbridging positions of methyl, ethyl, phenethyl, propargyl, phenyl, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate using [(16)O(18)O] labeled species in deuterium oxide. The results indicate that the bridging and nonbridging bond orders to phosphorus in phosphate monoesters are not significantly altered by differences in the pKa of the leaving group or by the counterion of the phosphate ester dianion.
Hypothalamic somatostatin-14 and -28 biosynthesis: effects of anesthetics and hypophysectomy.

Abstract Somatostatin-14 and -28 biosynthesis in rat hypothalami was assessed following intracerebroventricular injection of [35S]cysteine, and subsequent reversed-phase HPLC separation of the labeled peptides. Identities of somatostatin-14 and -28 were verified using 3 HPLC buffer systems. The anesthetic employed during label administration itself influenced [35S]cysteine incorporation into both somatostatins. Hypophysectomy diminished label incorporation into both peptides, suggesting that somatostatin has an inhibitory role in the control of growth hormone secretion.
How Does Plant Population Density Affect the Forage Yield of Eastern Gamagrass

Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] is a perennial, warm-season bunchgrass native to the Americas. Although much is known about the effects of fertilization and harvest frequency on the yield of eastern gamagrass, information on the effects of plant density on yield is lacking. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of plant population density on annual dry matter (DM) yield, vegetative shoot density, and basal area of plant crowns of irrigated eastern gamagrass. Cumulative forage DM yield varied significantly with year × density interactions (P < 0.01). Higher plant densities produced greater DM yields with the highest sustained forage yields obtained at a density of 4.8 plants m -2 . Variation in number of vegetative shoots per square meter was attributed to year (P < 0.05) and density (P < 0.01). Higher plant densities also had a greater number of vegetative shoots; however, plots with higher initial stand densities reached equilibrium much faster than plots with lower stand densities. Variation in crown area was associated to year × density interactions (P < 0.01). Mature shoots near the edge of the crown probably produce a greater number of tillers until an equilibrium is reached. This is suggested by our data where the number of vegetative shoots per plant increased with decreasing plant density. Most planting recommendations for eastern gamagrass call for seeding into wide rows. These recommendations were developed to enhance seed production stands and facilitate the use of field equipment. Narrower row spacings may facilitate stand establishment while increasing forage production early in the life of the stand.
Time-varying models for extreme values

We propose a new approach for modeling extreme values that are measured in time and space. First we assume that the observations follow a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution for which the location, scale or shape parameters define the space–time structure. The temporal component is defined through a Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) or state space representation that allows to estimate the trend or seasonality of the data in time. The spatial element is imposed through the evolution matrix of the DLM where we adopt a process convolution form. We show how to produce temporal and spatial estimates of our model via customized Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. We illustrate our methodology with extreme values of ozone levels produced daily in the metropolitan area of Mexico City and with rainfall extremes measured at the Caribbean coast of Venezuela.
New inhomogeneous Einstein metrics on sphere bundles over Einstein-Kahler manifolds

Abstract We construct new complete, compact, inhomogeneous Einstein metrics on S m +2 sphere bundles over 2 n -dimensional Einstein–Kahler spaces K 2 n , for all n ⩾1 and all m ⩾1. We also obtain complete, compact, inhomogeneous Einstein metrics on warped products of S m with S 2 bundles over K 2 n , for m >1. Additionally, we construct new complete, non-compact Ricci-flat metrics with topologies S m times R 2 bundles over K 2 n that generalise the higher-dimensional Taub-BOLT metrics, and with topologies S m × R 2n+2 that generalise the higher-dimensional Taub-NUT metrics, again for m >1.
Understanding the Mechanism of Autoregulation of FGF Signaling

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are heparin binding proteins that help regulate key cellular processes such as wound healing and differentiation, cell proliferation, cell migration, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. The FGF signaling is generated by the binding of the ligand (FGF) to the extracellular domain of the FGFR, this binding induces dimerization of FGFR, which is an essential step in FGF signaling. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) extracellular domain consists of three Ig domains D1, D2, and D3. Between the Domains D1 and D2 is a short span of acidic residues called the “acid box”. The D1-D2 linker is thought to play a role in regulation of FGF interaction with FGFR. Many of the FGF binding sites can be found on the extracellular D2 domain of the receptor. It is believed that “acid box” can regulate FGF binding to FGFR. The “acid box” can mimic heparin like compounds and bind at the heparin binding sites located on the surface of the D2 region of FGFR. In the present study, we synthesized a twenty-eight amino acid box region peptide and studied its interaction with D2 domain of FGFR using various biophysical techniques including multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Equilibrium unfolding experiment monitored steady state fluorescence, far-UV circular dichrosim and proteolytic digestion experiments reveal that acid box binds to D2 domain very weakly. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-15N HSQC experiments show that the acid box binds to the FGF-1 and heparin binding sites in the N-terminal end of the D2 domain of FGFR. Our results clearly show that the acid box peptide binds to the ligand binding domain of the fibroblast growth factor receptor.
Blood anesthetic levels during surface-induced deep hypothermia under halothane-diethyl ether azeotrope anesthesia.

ITOH, T., THOMAS, R., FOLTZ, B.D. and DILLARD, D.H. Blood Anesthetic Levels during Surface-Induced Deep Hypothermia under Halothane-Diethyl Ether Azeotrope Anesthesia. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1986, 148 (1), 103-111 - Blood anesthetic concentration and clinical indicators related to anesthetic management during surface-induced deep hypothermia were determined in seven adult mongrel dogs. The azeotrope of halothane and diethyl ether was assayed by gas chromatography. Blood concentration of halothane ranged from a pre-cooling control of 0.74 vol% to 0.11 vol% at 20°C rewarming; ether ranged from 0.06 vol% at 20°C rewarming to 0.22 vol% at 35°C rewarming. Administration of anesthetic was reduced during cooling because of the spontaneous decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. After elective circulatory arrest was induced, anesthetic was not required until after cardiac resuscitation at about 22°C rewarming. Initial clinical signs indicating a need to increase administration of anesthetic included spontaneous respiration and an increase in mean arterial pressure. Blood azeotrope concentration was significantly lower during rewarming than at comparable temperatures during cooling. We conclude that blood concentration of halothane and ether changes as a function of body temperature and that anesthetic demand may be diminished following total circulatory arrest.
Scale-breaking effects in semi-inclusive pion production in inelastic neutrino scattering

In the analysis of ..nu..N ..-->.. ..nu pi..X Gargamelle data, scale breaking is taken into account. Agreement is found to good accuracy with previous calculations employing the naive parton model for the sigma/sub pi+//sigma/sub pi-/ ratio.
The use of intraoperative Ct guidance systems for endoscopic sinus surgery

Due to the complexity and vital nature of the anatomy involved, endoscopic sinus surgery is subject to complications. In recent years, computer-based guidance systems have been developed to incorporate preoperative computed tomography during a procedure. A pointer can be placed at a tissue surface under endoscopic visualization. The location of the tip of that pointer is simultaneously displayed on sagittal, axial, and coronal CT images. This localization provides information as to the surrounding anatomy not visible from the direct view of the surface. It is hoped that such a technique could reduce the duration and improve the safety of endoscopic sinus surgery. The number of systems currently under development testify to the interest in the technology, and the literature presents evidence on behalf of the technique's usefulness and potential.
A daily time series analysis of stream water phosphorus concentrations along an urban to forest gradient.

During a 1-year period, we sampled stream water total phosphorus (TP) concentrations daily and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations weekly in four Seattle area streams spanning a gradient of forested to urban-dominated land cover. The objective of this study was to develop time series models describing stream water phosphorus concentration dependence on seasonal variation in stream base flows, short-term flow fluctuations, antecedent flow conditions, and rainfall. Stream water SRP concentrations varied on average by ±18% or ±5.7 μg/L from one week to another, whereas TP varied ±48% or ±32.5 μg/L from one week to another. On average, SRP constituted about 47% of TP. Stream water SRP concentrations followed a simple sine-wave annual cycle with high concentrations during the low-flow summer period and low concentrations during the high-flow winter period in three of the four study sites. These trends are probably due to seasonal variation in the relative contributions of groundwater and subsurface flows to stream flow. In forested Issaquah Creek, SRP concentrations were relatively constant throughout the year except during the fall, when a major salmon spawning run occurred in the stream and SRP concentrations increased markedly. Stream water SRP concentrations were statistically unrelated to short-term flow fluctuations, antecedent flow conditions, or rainfall in each of the study streams. Stream water TP concentrations are highly variable and strongly influenced by short-term flow fluctuations. Each of the processes assessed had statistically significant correlations with TP concentrations, with seasonal base flow being the strongest, followed by antecedent flow conditions, short-term flow fluctuations, and rainfall. Times series models for each individual stream were able to predict ∼70% of the variability in the SRP annual cycle in three of the four streams (r2 = 0.57–0.81), whereas individual TP models explained ∼50% of the annual cycle in all streams (r2 = 0.39–0.59). Overall, time series models for SRP and TP dynamics explained 82% and 76% of the variability for these variables, respectively. Our results indicate that SRP, the most biologically available and therefore most important phosphorus fraction, has simpler and easier-to-predict seasonal and weekly dynamics.
Green’s Functions from Real-Time Bold-Line Monte Carlo Calculations: Spectral Properties of the Nonequilibrium Anderson Impurity Model

The nonequilibrium spectral properties of the Anderson impurity model with a chemical potential bias are investigated within a numerically exact real-time quantum Monte Carlo formalism. The two-time correlation function is computed in a form suitable for nonequilibrium dynamical mean field calculations. Additionally, the evolution of the model's spectral properties are simulated in an alternative representation, defined by a hypothetical but experimentally realizable weakly coupled auxiliary lead. The voltage splitting of the Kondo peak is confirmed and the dynamics of its formation after a coupling or gate quench are studied. This representation is shown to contain additional information about the dot's population dynamics. Further, we show that the voltage-dependent differential conductance gives a reasonable qualitative estimate of the equilibrium spectral function, but significant qualitative differences are found including incorrect trends and spurious temperature dependent effects.
Ontogenetic development of isoproterenol subsensitivity of myocardial adenylate cyclase and β-adrenergic receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats

[3H]Dihydroalprenolol binding and adenylate cyclase activity in the myocardial membranes of Kyoto Wistar normotensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats were compared at various stages of postnatal development ranging from 2 to 36 weeks. Basal as well as agonist-stimulated myocardial adenylate cyclase activity was consistently decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared to normotensive rats as early as 2 weeks of age with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed after 6 weeks of age. When results were expressed as percent stimulation over the basal activity, only isoproterenol plus GTP-stimulated enzyme activity was reduced by 25–30% in spontaneously hypertensive rats, suggesting a specific loss of stimulation by isoproterenol in hypertensive animals. The number of [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites and KD for dihydroalprenolol binding were comparable between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. The competition of isoproterenol with [3H]dihydroalprenolol for the specific binding sites showed that the affinity of isoproterenol binding was decreased 3–4-fold in spontaneously hypertensive compared with normotensive rats. With postnatal development in age, basal as well as agonist-stimulated activities decreased progressively in both spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Similarly, the number of [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites decreased with the development in age, whereas affinity of dihydroalprenolol binding increased up to 12 weeks of age. These results therefore suggest that adenylate cyclase activity and the number of β-adrenergic receptors in rat heart, decrease with age and that in hypertension, specific decrease in isoproterenol stimulation of cyclase appears at all stages of development.
Criterion for and the physical interpretation of minimal and nonminimal interactions

Abstract A classification of currents for finite- and infinite-component wave equations is proposed depending on their algebraic and convective nature. Algebraic terms with a consistent one-particle interpretation constitute the minimal interactions. The nonminimal interactions are interpreted as effective c -number currents describing many particle effects and/or composite structures. A number of applications are treated.
Liquid Crystals in Biological Systems

Abstract There are several good theoretical reasons why matter in the liquid crystalline state should play a part in the structure of living tissue. Many naturally-occurring substances exhibit paracrystalline behavior. The most complex and some of the most reactive forms, the so-called cholesteric, are mainly or exclusively of natural origin. No other formation of organic molecules possesses a comparable pattern of ordered structure in a state of flow. This is not to say that liquid crystals must, therefore, be involved in living processes. It simply means that theory would fit fact, if facts were available.
Spectral probing of impact-generated vapor in laboratory experiments

Abstract High-speed spectra of hypervelocity impacts at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range (AVGR) captured the rapidly evolving conditions of impact-generated vapor as a function of impact angle, viewpoint, and time (within the first 50 μs). Impact speeds possible at the AVGR (
Philosophy of Deep-Well Disposal: ABSTRACT

In recent years, deep-well disposal has been the subject of much discussion and criticism. Of the latter, some has been justified as a result of misapplication, but most has been unwarranted. Nevertheless, a fear factor has been aroused concerning deep-well disposal which is unjustified if the technique is properly applied and operated. Unfortunately, the public has confused the misapplication of the technique with the technique itself. Deep-well disposal is not advanced as a cure-all for problems related to waste-liquid disposal. Its use is relatively limited considering the wide divergence in chemical composition of wastes. However, if installations are properly conceived, constructed, and operated, and are installed in a suitable geologic setting, they can fulfill a need without creating other problems such as can occur with waste-retention basins, incineration, or possibly even with sludge disposal. At the least, the deep-well method removes the waste from the biosphere. Because the capacity of potential receiving formations is enormous, but finite, unrestricted deep-well disposal should not be allowed. The use of a formation for this purpose in any specific area should be controlled. Control in this context includes the awarding of permits and the delineation of factors such as acceptable injection rates and pressures, materials of construction, and such tests and monitoring facilities as can be justified to insure the utility and safety of the installation. If expertise on these matters does not exist in the state, then it should be empowered to employ such experts on a consulting basis or to use the services of experienced government agencies, such as the U.S. Geological Survey or others. In any case, the equitable application of reasonable regulations can operate only to the benefit of all. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1591------------
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) sounding evaluation and analysis of the pre‐convective environment

[1] The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a hyperspectral instrument onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite. This study investigates the performance of AIRS soundings in characterizing the stability in the pre-convective environment of the southeastern United States. AIRS soundings are collocated with radiosonde observations within ±1 degree and 2 h of the Aqua overpass. For each case, the AIRS sounding with maximum PBest quality indicator (signifying the pressure level above which the sounding is of best quality) is chosen for analysis. Rapid Update Cycle soundings from 1800 UTC analyses are used to evaluate the results from AIRS. Precipitable water and stability indices including convective available potential energy, convective inhibition, Lifted Index, K-Index, and Total Totals are derived from all soundings. Results indicate that AIRS underestimates instability due to a dry bias at the surface and roughly 900 hPa. A simple method is presented for reconstructing a RAOB-like inversion (in terms of magnitude and altitude) within AIRS soundings, hence developing more representative RAOB-like soundings that can benefit the operational forecaster.
Consequences of increasing off-premise wine outlets in Iowa

Summary Before/after survey data and beverage alcohol sales records were used to investigate the effect that increasing the number of off-premise wine outlets in Iowa might have had on the consumption and purchase of wine, beer and distilled spirits, and also the effect on heavy drinker and problem drinker rates. Monthly wine sales surged immediately following the increase in outlets, and the prevalence of self-reported wine purchasers was significantly higher when measured some 9 months later. However, the number of self-reported wine drinkers, per capita consumption and per capita purchases were virtually unchanged. Consistent with this evidence of stable consumption, monthly wine sales soon declined again to levels commensurate with those prevailing prior to the increase in outlet numbers. The self-reported consumption and the sale of both spirits and beer were unaffected by the wine outlet increase. Also the self-reported total alcohol consumption was unchanged as were heavy drinker and problem drinker rates. Neither the sales nor survey data supported the Distribution of Consumption Prevention Model prediction that the increased wine availability would produce a significant and lasting increase in wine consumption, and in the prevalence of heavy drinkers and problem drinkers.
Metabolite pharmacokinetics: The area under the curve of metabolite and the fractional rate of metabolism of a drug after different routes of administration for renally and hepatically cleared drugs and metabolites

A model comprised of four compartments, a central and liver compartment for a drug, and a central and liver compartment for a metabolite, is presented to describe the interrelationships between the area under the curve of the metabolite and physiological parameters after intravenous and intraportal administration of the drug. The model includes renal and hepatic eliminatory mechanisms for both drug and metabolite as long as the metabolite is formed only by the liver. It is found that when competing renal eliminatory pathways exist for a drug, the area under the curve for the metabolite will change according to the route of drug administration. Also, the fractional rate of metabolism of a drug to form the metabolite will be underestimated by the normal use of the ratio areas under the curve of the metabolite. Other properties of the model are also discussed.
A Sevice-Oriented Architecture for remote management of Airborne Network transmission systems

The platforms and gateways that compose the Airborne Network (AN) exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity, with a variety of IP and non-IP data links hosted on various terminals produced by multiple manufacturers. The lack of an accepted, mature network management architecture for the AN contributes to the risk that there will be a proliferation of separate, stovepiped tools deployed to monitor and configure each component. This level of management complexity, when applied to a complex underlying network environment, will be unacceptable for the operators that must control the AN enterprise.
Obstructive jaundice from open vessel clip

Obstructive jaundice occurred 3 years after cholecystectomy in a 49-year-old man. At surgery a large stone was discovered in the common bile duct. Pathologic examination showed that the stone had formed around an open vessel clip. Migration of an open vessel clip to the biliary system with subsequent stone formation has not been reported previously.
The role of the light-dark cycle and melatonin in stroke outcome.

Recent work in experimental animals led us to formulate the hypothesis that the outcome of stroke is worse if it occurs during the day than during the night. This article describes the evidence in support of our proposal and explains that, although testing our concept in experimental animals is feasible because the characteristics of experimental strokes are uniform, the ultimate test will be in a clinical setting. The confirmation of this hypothesis may have far-reaching consequences for the treatment of stroke patients
A critical test for models of the nitric oxide formation process in spark-ignition engines

An entirely satisfactory model for the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in spark-ignition engineshas not yet been developed. To further elucidate the NO-formation process, various quantities of pure NO were added to the intake air of a single-cylinder engine at five different air-fuel ratios. The experimental results contradict the predictions of the equilibrium-at-peak-cycle-temperature model and also the predictions of the formation-rate-controlling model. Models in which formation and decomposition processes are both important may explain the results of these experiments. The formation and decomposition processes seem to be of equal kinetic importance at theair-fuel ratio corresponding approximately to peak exhaust NO concentration (93% of stoichiometric fuel). The formation process becomes more important at leaner mixtures, and the decomposition process becomes more important at richer mixtures. In addition, a change in chemical mechanism is suggested at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.
Observations of Tidally Induced Currents over the Continental Slope of the Laptev Sea, Arctic Ocean

AbstractTwo year-long (2004–05 and 2005–06) records of currents from two moorings deployed at the continental slope of the Laptev Sea (78°26′N, 125°40′E) are used in order to define the properties of tidal currents in the upper ~200-m ocean layer. Harmonic and spectral analyses of currents showed that the semidiurnal tidal constituent S2 dominates over the semidiurnal M2 and diurnal constituents. This dominance of the S2 constituent in the tidal currents is due to resonant interaction of the superinertial wave with sloping bottom topography. In contrast to the tidal currents, sea level changes are dominated by the M2 constituent, as seen from a tidal model by L. Padman and S. Erofeeva, using assimilation of observational data. Strong anticorrelation (−0.73 ± 0.05) was found between the upper 50-m S2 current amplitudes and local sea ice concentration, with fourfold (from ~2.0 to 8.5 cm s−1) amplification of tidal currents under ice-free conditions. This is probably due to a change of local resonance condit...
Social contact networks for the spread of pandemic influenza in children and teenagers.

Influenza is a viral infection that primarily spreads via fluid droplets from an infected person's coughs and sneezes to others nearby. Social contact networks and the way people interact within them are thus important to its spread. We developed a method to characterize the social contact network for the potential transmission of influenza and then applied the method to school aged children and teenagers. Surveys were administered to students in an elementary, middle and high-school in the United States. The social contact network of a person was conceptualized as a set of groups to which they belong (e.g., households, classes, clubs) each composed of a sub-network of primary links representing the individuals within each group that they contact. The size of the group, number of primary links, time spent in the group, and level of contact along each primary link (near, talking, touching, or kissing) were characterized. Public activities done by groups venturing into the community where random contacts occur (e.g., friends viewing a movie) also were characterized. Students, groups and public activities were highly heterogeneous. Groups with high potential for the transmission of influenza were households, school classes, friends, and sports; households decreased and friends and sports increased in importance with grade level. Individual public activity events (such as dances) were also important but lost their importance when averaged over time. Random contacts, primarily in school passing periods, were numerous but had much lower transmission potential compared to those with primary links within groups. Students are highly assortative, interacting mainly within age class. A small number of individual students are identified as likely "super-spreaders". High-school students may form the local transmission backbone of the next pandemic. Closing schools and keeping students at home during a pandemic would remove the transmission potential within these ages and could be effective at thwarting its spread within a community. Social contact networks characterized as groups and public activities with the time, level of contact and primary links within each, yields a comprehensive view, which if extended to all ages, would allow design of effective community containment for pandemic influenza.
Design of a CW quasioptical gyrotron for materials processing

Summary form only given, as follows. The quasioptical gyrotron (QOG) is under development at the Naval Research Laboratory as a high power source of millimeter-wave radiation. Recent experimental results include the production of up to 150 kW output power with 20% efficiency in 13 /spl mu/sec pulses. A new application of the QOG is in the rapid sintering of high-strength ceramic materials and other heating processes. Millimeter-wave radiation is expected to heat samples much more uniformly and rapidly than conventional furnaces, resulting in improved material properties. The new experiment is designed to produce 5 kW average power from 75-95 GHz using a 20 kV, 1.5 A dc electron beam. The design of the gyrotron will be presented, including the 70 cm quasioptical resonator with asymmetric output coupling, electron trajectory simulations, single and multimode gyrotron simulations, and microwave optics.
Lifestyle Physical Activity of Older Rural Women

The purpose of this study was to describe and examine the lifestyle physical activity behaviors (household, leisure, occupational) of older rural women. Background characteristics included demographics, environment, social support, and health. Intrapersonal characteristics included motivation and self-efficacy. The majority of the women's energy expenditure was in the household dimension. Social support was positively associated with household activities. A higher level of leisure physical activity was associated with living within the two small cities and reporting lower levels of health and lower motivation. This research highlights the importance of household physical activity and the contribution of social support for household physical activity, both of which may be important in developing interventions to promote physical activity in older rural women.
Origin of cerebellar climbing fibers in the rhesus monkey

The inferior olivary nuclear complex is generally considered to be the major source of climbing fibers to the cerebellum (Bell and Dow, '67). To test the validity of this statement, experiments using monkeys were designed in which the olivocerebellar fibers were transected in their course through the medulla to the contralateral hemicerebellum. After allowing for anterograde degeneration of these transected fibers, the cerebellum of each monkey was stained and examined for the presence and condition of climbing fibers. In each monkey olivocerebellar fibers were transected at one of three sites: (1) within the right inferior olivary nucleus in one rhesus monkey, (2) at the decussation of the olivocerebellar fibers, within the region of the raphe, in five monkeys and (3) in the left parasagittal plane, just lateral to the inferior olivary nucleus, in one monkey. No noticeable reduction was found in the number of silver stained climbing fibers associated with the Purkinje cells of each hemicerebellum after these lesions. None of the monkeys exhibited durable, specific cerebellar signs. On the basis of the histological evidence obtained from the above experiments, it is concluded that the inferior olivary complex is not the major source of climbing fibers to the cerebellum. Climbing fibers were readily identified in each of the sections examined. However, silver-stained climbing fibers were not associated with many Purkinje cells in every one of these sections. There were 1.7 times more Purkinje cells without climbing fibers than those with climbing fibers. This ratio of 1.7 to 1 characterized normal cerebella as well as both hemispheres of the cerebella of the cerebella of the experimental monkeys.
Discriminators of Internal and External Locus of Control Orientation in the Elderly

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of internal and external locus of control in the elderly to health and ability to function. Interviews were conducted with 258 men and women age 65 and over. Self-assessed health was found to be more favorable in the internal control group, and more restraints such as poor eyesight, loss of hearing, problems in recent memory, inability to do shopping, and need for assistance with finances were associated with the elderly who were controlled more by external factors. Internally controlled elderly were also more active in organizations and volunteer work. The findings suggest that internal and external locus of control orientation may be influenced in the elderly by environmental and physical restraints.
PM2.5 co-benefits of climate change legislation part 1: California’s AB 32

The Scoping Plan for compliance with California Assembly Bill 32 (Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006; AB 32) proposes a substantial reduction in 2020 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all economic sectors through energy efficiency, renewable energy, and other technological measures. Most of the AB 32 Scoping Plan measures will simultaneously reduce emissions of traditional criteria pollutants along with GHGs leading to a co-benefit of improved air quality in California. The present study quantifies the airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) co-benefits of AB 32 by comparing future air quality under a Business as Usual (BAU) scenario (without AB 32) to AB 32 implementation by sector. AB 32 measures were divided into five levels defined by sector as follows: 1) industrial sources, 2) electric utility and natural gas sources, 3) agricultural sources, 4) on-road mobile sources and 5) other mobile sources. Air quality throughout California was simulated using the UCD source-oriented air quality model during 12 days of severe air pollution and over 108 days of typical meteorology representing an annual average period in the year 2030 (10 years after the AB 32 adoption deadline). The net effect of all AB 32 measures reduced statewide primary PM and NOx emissions by ~1 % and ~15 %, respectively. Air quality simulations predict that these emissions reductions lower population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations by ~6 % for California. The South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) experienced the greatest reductions in PM2.5 concentrations due to the AB 32 transportation measures while the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) experiences the smallest reductions or even slight increases in PM2.5 concentrations due to the AB 32 measures that called for increased use of dairy biogas for electricity generation. The ~6 % reduction in PM2.5 exposure associated with AB 32 predicted in the current study reduced air pollution mortality in California by 6.2 %, avoiding 880 (560–1100) premature deaths per year for the conditions in 2030. The monetary benefit from this avoided mortality was estimated at $5.4B/yr with a weighted average benefit per tonne of $35 k/tonne ($23 k/tonne–$45 k/tonne) of PM, NOx, SOx, and NH3 emissions reduction.
Changes in Milk Glycogen During Mastitis

Abstract Milk from 16 cows exhibiting clinical symptoms in at least one quarter was compared with that from nine normal cows with no clinical signs of mastitis. In the infected quarters, glycogen concentration (determined by the anthrone reaction) had increased nine times, being 125 μ g/milliliter as compared to 15 μ g/milliliter in the normal quarters. Normal quarters from the normal group had a similar glycogen concentration of 13 μ g/milliliter. Direct microscopic cell counts indicated a mean level of 25×10 6 cells per milliliter mastitic milk. These results suggest that the marked increase in glycogen which occurs in mastitis is associated with the influx of leukocytes. Protein, pH, lactose, chloride, and histamine also were studied. Large changes were observed in lactose (−41%), chloride (+150%), and histamine (+42%) of the mastitic milk, when compared with milk of normal cows.
Peak power reduction using a unitary rotation in multiple transmit antennas

This paper proposes a new peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme in multiple transmit antenna environments. By applying a unitary rotation, overall PAPR of the multiple transmits antenna system is reduced. This scheme doesn't require any side information to decode the signal in the receiver, enabling throughput-lossless PAPR reduction. Furthermore, there is no increase in the complexity of the receiver.
Edification: towards a philosophy for change management

This paper proposes an 'edification' philosophy for change management. In place of the traditional concept of 'going from here to there' for change management, the edification philosophy recognises that states are transient and that the process of change is just a series of redescriptions. The edification philosophy is to enhance our awareness through a continuing conversation which is nothing but a series of redescriptions generated by the participating parties. The edification philosophy thus facilitates the organisation's redescription process and therefore, the tasks of change management.
Human Neurons Express the Polyspecific Cation Transporter hOCT2, Which Translocates Monoamine Neurotransmitters, Amantadine, and Memantine

Recently, we cloned the human cation transporter hOCT2, a member of a new family of polyspecific transporters from kidney, and demonstrated electrogenic uptake of tetraethylammonium, choline, N1-methylnicotinamide, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Using polymerase chain reaction amplification, cDNA sequencing,in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we now show that hOCT2 message and protein are expressed in neurons of the cerebral cortex and in various subcortical nuclei. In Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing hOCT2, electrogenic transport of norepinephrine, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and the antiparkinsonian drugs memantine and amantadine was demonstrated by tracer influx, tracer efflux, electrical measurements, or a combination. Apparent Km values of 1.9 ± 0.6 mm (norepinephrine), 1.3 ± 0.3 mm (histamine), 0.39 ± 0.16 mm (dopamine), 80 ± 20 μm(serotonin), 34 ± 5 μm (memantine), and 27 ± 3 μm (amantadine) were estimated. Measurement of trans-effects in depolarized oocytes and human embryonic kidney cells expressing hOCT2 suggests that there were different rates and specificities for cation influx and efflux. The hypothesis is raised that hOCT2 plays a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters that have evaded high affinity uptake mechanisms. We show that amantadine does not interact with the expressed human Na+/Cl− dopamine cotransporter. However, concentrations of amantadine that are effective for the treatment of Parkinson′s disease may increase the interstitial concentrations of dopamine and other aminergic neurotransmitters by competitive inhibition of hOCT2.
Practical Implications of Design-Based Sampling Inference for Thematic Map Accuracy Assessment

Sampling inference is the process of generalizing from sample data to make statements or draw conclusions about a population. Design-based inference is the inferential framework commonly invoked when sampling techniques are used in thematic map accuracy assessment. The conceptual basis of design-based inference is described, followed by discussion of practical implications of design-based inference, including (1) the population to which the inferences apply, (2) estimation formulas and their justification, (3) interpretation of accuracy measures, (4) representation of variability, (5) effect of spatial correlation, and (6) role of probability sampling. Design-based inference is contrasted with model-based inference, another inferential framework frequently invoked in statistics.
Exacerbation of Migraines Following Robotic Surgery for Endometrial Carcinoma

Objective: Robotic hysterectomies are becoming increasingly common in the United States. Although benefits exist, risks are also present. The purpose of this study was to see what percentage of women with migraine headaches had a post-operative exacerbation. Study design: Records were examined for the diagnosis of migraine headaches as well as post-operative diagnosis of a headache. Records were also examined for age, estimated blood loss, total skin to skin operative time and body mass index. Results: Surgeries and records for 100 women were examined. Only 6% of women complained of post-operative headaches. However, 45% of women with history of migraines complained of post-operative headaches (p <0.001). Age was the only significant factor with women having post-operative headaches being significantly younger (p = 0.009). Conclusion: Post-operative headaches were more common in women with a pre-operative history of migraine headaches than in those without a history. Patients with a history of migraines should be warned of this risk.
Evaluating performance tradeoffs between fine-grained and coarse-grained alternatives

Recent simulation based studies suggest that while superpipelines and superscalars are equally capable of exploiting fine grained concurrency, multiprocessors are better at exploiting coarse grained parallelism. An analytical model that is more flexible and less costly in terms of run time than simulation, is proposed as a tool for analyzing the tradeoff between superpipelined processors, superscalar processors, and multiprocessors. The duality of superpipelines and superscalars is examined in detail. The performance limit for these systems has been derived and it supports the fetch bottleneck observation of previous researchers. Common characteristics of utilization curves for such systems are examined. Combined systems, such as superpipelined multiprocessors and superscalar multiprocessors, are also analyzed. The model shows that the number of pipelines (or processors) at which the maximum throughput is obtained is, as memory access time increases, increasingly sensitive to the ratio of memory access time to network access delay. Further, as a function of interiteration dependence distance, optimum throughput is shown to vary nonlinearly, whereas the corresponding optimum number of processors varies linearly. The predictions from the analytical model agree with similar results published using simulation based techniques. >
Pilocytic astrocytoma of the spinal cord in an adult

Case presentationA 42-year-old man presented with a 9-month history ofprogressive numbness and paresthesias involving theupper limbs. His symptoms started at the fourth and ﬁfthdigits of both arms, and ascended to involve the elbows.Within several weeks, the lower limbs became involvedwith the numbness and pain starting at the toes andprogressing up to mid thorax. He had no bowel or bladderinvolvement. His examination showed no stigmata ofsystemic disease. He had minimal weakness at hip ﬂex-ion, upper motor neuron signs in all limbs, decreasedsensation in C8 distribution bilaterally, and a sensorylevel at T4 sparing proprioception. Magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) of the spinal cord 6 and 9 months(September 2006, December 2006) after symptom onsetrevealed T2 prolongation and cord edema (Fig. 1a, c)with an 8 mm enhancing intramedullary lesion at the C5-6 (Fig. 1b, d). The possibility of demyelinating diseasewas considered. Thoracic and brain MRI where unre-markable. Further workup included cerebrospinal ﬂuid(CSF) which revealed leukocytosis of 13 with 88% lym-phocytic predominance, protein of 310 mg/dl, normalglucose and two oligoclonal bands not present in a cor-responding serum sample. The patient continued todevelop progressive neurological deﬁcits that did notrespond to treatment with 5 days of 1 g intravenousMethylprednisolone. Repeated CSF exam showed persis-tence of protein elevation (289 mg/dl), normalization ofleukocytosis and absence of oligoclonal bands. Bothexaminations showed normal cytology. Anti nuclearantibodies (ANA), Lyme serology, angiotensin convertingenzyme (ACE), HTLV-1 serology, B12 level, anti-neutr-ophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were all normal.CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis excludedoccult malignancy and lymphadenopathy. Magnetic reso-nance angiography (MRA) and spinal angiogram showednormal cerebral and spinal vasculature. Repeated spineMRI (February 2007, July 2007) showed mildly increas-ing edema at the site of cervical spinal cord lesion, butstable lesion size and unchanged enhancement pattern.Differential diagnosis included a neoplastic process due tothe persistent duration of enhancement, the elevated pro-tein in the CSF, and absence of clinical or radiographicimprovement after treatment with intravenous steroids.As the etiology of the lesion was not clear preopera-tively, i.e. intramedullary neoplasm or ischemia fromstenosis, the patient underwent C4-T1 decompression,posterior spinal fusion, posterior laminectomy, and intra-dural subtotal mass resection. Intraoperatively the surfaceof the cord and the vasculature looked normal. The cord