cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rejection Sensitivity and the Defensive Motivational System: Insights From the Startle Response to Rejection Cues

Rejection sensitivity (RS) is the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. This study used the startle probe paradigm to test whether the affect-based defensive motivational system is automatically activated by rejection cues in people who are high in RS. Stimuli were representational paintings depicting rejection (by Hopper) and acceptance (by Renoir), as well as nonrepresentational paintings of either negative or positive valence (by Rothko and Miro, respectively). Eyeblink startle magnitude was potentiated in people high in RS when they viewed rejection themes, compared with when they viewed nonrepresentational negative themes. Startle magnitude was not attenuated during viewing of acceptance themes in comparison with nonrepresentational positive themes. Overall, the results provide evidence that for people high in RS, rejection cues automatically activate the defensive motivational system, but acceptance cues do not automatically activate the appetitive motivational system.
Cutaneous metallosis in patient with knee prosthesis composed of cobalt-chromium molybdenum alloy and titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy

Metallosis is a complication occurring in the joint space as a result of corrosion of metallic prostheses. The corrosion of metallic prostheses leads to deposition of metallic debris and inflammation in the joint space. Metallosis has been reported with stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt chromium alloy femoral prostheses articulating either with a similar metal or a polymer component. Commonly, metallosis is associated with pain and eventually requires replacement of the prosthesis. Cutaneous metallosis is characterized by dyspigmentation of the skin overlying the joint space affected by metallosis. The blue-black skin dyspigmentation, which may occur secondary to joint space metallosis, may be misdiagnosed as an acquired dermal melanocytosis. We report a case of initially asymptomatic joint space and cutaneous metallosis in a patient with a cobalt-chromium molybdenum alloy and titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy knee prosthesis.
Non-Linear Neural Spike Train Decoding via Polynomial Kernel Regression

Neural spike train decoding is an important task for understanding how the biological nervous system performs computation and communication. Interest in this field has grown due to recent advances in neural prosthetics, as well as the need to explore non-traditional computational architectures. Current methods deal poorly with or ignore altogether the non-linearities inherent in neural computation. In this paper, we explore polynomial kernel regression as a method for for dealing with neural non-linearities. Two experiments, based on sensory perception and motor control, demonstrate the ability of the approach to decode the neural spike code using synthetic data.
Computerized toroidal transformer design

A computer program has been written in FORTRAN 11 that will design toroidal transformers. The program selects the core, the primary and secondary wire sizes, and the primary and secondary turns. The program has a library of 97 cores and 37 wire sizes from which to choose. The input requirements are engineering data normally required for transformer design. The program will handle up to 9999 transformers at a time. The computer will select a core that will have a window area approximately 40-percent filled. The computer run time is about one minute for each transformer.
Substance Abuse, Violent Behavior, and Police Encounters among Persons with Severe Mental Disorder:

In this sample of 331 people with severe mental disorders, 20% reported being arrested or picked up by police for a crime at some time in the 4-month period before their hospital admission, most commonly for alcohol or drug offenses or crimes of public disorder (e.g., loitering or trespassing). Risk of a police encounter was significantly related to (a) recent use of alcohol or drugs and (b) recent violent behavior. However, substance use appeared to be related to police encounters only when medication noncompliance was also involved. Thus, violent behavior and the combination of medication noncompliance and substance use significantly increased the odds of a police encounter.
A neural model of foveal light adaptation and afterimage formation

Psychophysical research has documented the existence of three processes in light adaptation: a fast subtractive process, a divisive process that is fast at light onset and slower at light offset, and a very slow subtractive process (Hayhoe et al., 1987). In the neural model developed here, the fast subtractive process is identified with horizontal cell feedback onto cones and the divisive process with amacrine cell feedback onto bipolar cells. The very slow subtractive process is identified with the modulatory feedback circuit from amacrines via interplexiform cells to horizontal cells. A nonlinear dynamical model is developed incorporating these aspects of retinal circuitry along with both ON- and OFF-center M and P pathways. This model is shown to account for many aspects of foveal light adaptation, including negative afterimage formation, and to explain a number of the physiological differences between M and P ganglion cells, including their differing contrast-response functions.
Experience with efficient array data flow analysis for array privatization

Array data flow analysis is known to be crucial to the success of array privatization, one of the most important techniques for program parallelization. It is clear that array data flow analysis should be performed interprocedurally and symbolically, and that it often needs to handle the predicates represented by IF conditions. Unfortunately, such a powerful program analysis can be extremely time-consuming if not carefully designed. How to enhance the efficiency of thk analysis to a practical level remains an issue largely untouched to date. This paper documents our experience with building a highly efficient array data flow analyzer which is based on guarded array regions and which runs faster, by one or two orders of magnitude, than other similarly powerful tools.
The ${\Cal K}(\pi ,1)$-conjecture for the affine braid groups

The complement of the hyperplane arrangement associated to the (complexified) action of a finite, real reflection group on C^n is known to be a ${\Cal K}(\pi ,1)$ space for the corresponding Artin group $\Cal A$. A long-standing conjecture states that an analogous statement should hold for infinite reflection groups. In this paper we consider the case of a Euclidean reflection group of type $\tilde{\Cal A}_n$ and its associated Artin group, the affine braid group $\tilde{\Cal A}$. Using the fact that $\tilde{\Cal A}$ can be embedded as a subgroup of a finite type Artin group, we prove a number of conjectures about this group. In particular, we construct a finite, $n$-dimensional ${\Cal K}(\pi ,1)$-space for $\tilde{\Cal A}$, and use it to prove the ${\Cal K}(\pi ,1)$-conjecture for the associated hyperlane complement. In addition, we show that the affine braid groups are biautomatic and give an explicit biautomatic structure.
Racial Disparities in Post-Transplant Survival Among Renal Transplant Recipients with Pre-Transplant Hepatitis C Seropositivity

Background & Aims: Substantial epidemiological evidence exists for a relationship between hepatitis c virus (hcV) seropositivity and adverse outcomes among renal transplant (RT) recipients. however, data on whether gender or ethnicity modulates this association is relatively scarce. Methods: We did a post-hoc analysis of the limited access dataset of United Network for Organ Sharing/ Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. All adult RT recipients with complete details on the hcV serostatus and follow-up (n=169,261) were included in the analysis. All simultaneous transplants were excluded. Univariate analysis was done to determine the significant predictors of survival. cox proportional hazards model was used to adjust for significant risk predictors. Results: A total of 169,261 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 48±13 years. There were 10,238 hcV seropositive recipients, of which 2192 (21.5%) died over a mean follow up of 4 yrs. In the multivariate analysis, hcV seropositivity was independently associated with post-transplant survival in the overall cohort. Among hcV patients, when compared to African-Americans, caucasians were at increased risk of all-cause mortality (hR: 1.18, 95% cI: 1.06 to 1.31; p=0.002). however, there were no statistically significant differences in overall survival in hcV positive patients among other races. Conclusions: Our study identifies a possible racial difference in all-cause mortality among hcV seropositive renal transplant recipients. This could possibly be explained by the difference in immunologic response among different races. The impact of viral eradication in this population has to be quantified by further research. Immunogastroenterology 2013; 2:173-176
Electrochemical performance of electrodeposited Zn4Sb3 films for sodium-ion secondary battery anodes.

We report the electrodeposition of zinc–antimony composite films from aqueous solution. We show that it is possible to produce Zn4Sb3 films on zinc substrates by low-temperature annealing and we evaluate their performance as sodium-ion battery anodes. Near complete utilization of the antimony (>90%) during cycling, good cycle life (>250 cycles), and high rate performance is demonstrated for Zn4Sb3 thin films. Interestingly, when Zn4Sb3 transforms in situ to an amorphous zinc–antimony composite, it shows superior performance to zinc–antimony composites that are initially amorphous. This demonstrates the importance of the initial electrode structure on promoting the sodium alloying reaction.
Nutritional Studies of Pycnoporus Cinnabarinus

Nutritional studies with Pycnoporus cinnabarinus were performed utilizing 26 different media containing various carbohydrate sources. Growth was measured by dry weight. A statistically significant ...
CS-22MIXED LINEAGE KINASE SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR GLIOBLASTOMA CELL MIGRATION AND INVASION

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors are the most deadly of brain tumors due to their diffuse infiltrative nature and tremendous heterogeneity. EGFR signaling is aberrantly activated in most GBM tumors, and clearly contributes to malignancy. However, targeting EGFR directly has been largely unsuccessful, for multiple reasons, including compensatory upregulation of other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Identifying and targeting key common signaling nodes downstream of multiple RTKs that drive invasion may be an effective therapeutic strategy. The Mixed Lineage Kinases (MLKs) are a family of MAP3Ks that activate multiple MAPK pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Binding of GTP-bound Rac/Cdc42 activates MLK3. We investigated the role of MLK signaling on GBM cell migration and 3D spheroid invasion using an ATP-competitive pan-MLK inhibitor, as well as siRNA-mediated silencing of MLK3. Our data demonstrate that both MLK inhibition and MLK3 silencing dramatically reduce GBM migration and 3D invasion. EGF-induced GBM cell migration, as well as JNK activation, is blocked by a pan-MLK inhibitor and by MLK3 silencing. The Rac GEF, Dock180, is critical for GBM invasion. Based upon Drosophila genetics, the Dock180 homolog (MBC), a Rac GEF, acts upstream of Rac, the MLK homolog (slipper) and JNK. Therefore we hypothesized that Dock180 might be an upstream activator of MLKs. Our data show that Dock180 complexes with MLK3; and that ectopic expression of Dock180 activates both MLK3 and JNK in a Rac-dependent manner. Furthermore, silencing of either Dock180 or MLK3 leads to a similar reduction in EGF-induced JNK activation. Finally, ectopic expression of MLK3 (which leads to its auto-activation) is sufficient to rescue the defect in migration due to Dock180 silencing. Based upon these data, we propose that an EGFR-Dock180-Rac-MLK-JNK signaling axis drives GBM migration and 3D invasion, and that targeting MLKs may be a useful therapeutic approach for treating patients with GBM.
Interaction of Hyperthermia and Pentamidine in HeLa S-3 Cells

Pentamidine is similar to rhodamine- 123 in chemical structure and state of electron charge, and rhodamine- 123 was previously shown to be a hyperthermic sensitizer under appropriate cell culture conditions. The present experiments were carried out to determine whether pentamidine would potentiate hyperthermic cell killing and, if so, under what cultural conditions. Exposure of HeLa cells to pentamidine (80 uM) up to 4 h was not cytotoxic in culture medium in the presence or absence of glucose at 37"C and pH 7.4. Cells in the glucose-deprived medium became progressively sensitive to killing as temperature and drug concentration were increased. On the other hand, there was a moderate level of enhanced cell killing in the glucose-fed medium at 42*C. The enhanced effects of heat by the drug were most pronounced under alkaline pH of the culture medium. The cell kill under acidic pH was far less than that observed at neutral or alkaline pH; these effects may be a result of decreased cellular uptake of pentamidine. Together with our previous results on rhodamine-123 and glycolytic inhibitors, the present data with pentamidine are consistent with the concept that deprivation of cellular energy increases sensi
Scientific Peer Review and Administrative Legitimacy

The alleged misuse of scientific information to support public policy decisions has become one of the most prominent and controversial topics in American politics. Perceived government misuse of scientific data in highly controversial areas such as global warming, environmental protection, stem cell research, and contraception threatens to lead us not only toward policy positions that are inconsistent with scientific reality, but perhaps more importantly into a political environment where science-based policy decisions are no longer viewed as legitimate within our constitutional democracy. Due in part to these concerns about scientific integrity in administrative decisions, there is also a significant amount of attention being paid to scientific peer review in the administrative process ("administrative peer review"), a movement highlighted by a 2005 OMB bulletin mandating that administrative agencies obtain peer review of all important scientific information that they disseminate to the public.This article addresses the cross-section of these two issues through a normative analysis of peer review's impact on administrative legitimacy. To date, commentary on peer review in the administrative context has been limited to treating peer review either descriptively or as a largely monolithic enterprise. This article departs from that approach by asking the next logical questions - what model(s) of peer review are available to administrative agencies, and which of these is best suited to promote legitimacy in administrative decisions - and by creating a framework for answering them, first through the development of four distinct models of administrative peer review, and then by establishing a series of normative approaches, including a cost-benefit analysis, through which to evaluate each of the models. In addition to providing a new theoretical context in which to consider peer review, the results of the analyses are interesting in that they overwhelmingly support the multifaceted treatment of peer review developed here and raise serious questions about the most commonly used model of administrative peer review.
Understanding the Affordable Care Act bit by bit: will transparency and sunshine shrink costs?

As of August 1, 2013, the Sunshine Act mandates that any transaction between a physician (or teaching hospital) and the pharmaceutical or device industries more than $10 in value must be publicly disclosed. Physician and industry leaders have sounded alarms about the impact of this extreme level of transparency; physicians are nervous, for they fear information published online will tarnish their reputations, and industry representatives are arguing that these financial arrangements with doctors have created "significant clinical innovations,"1 so they should not be jeopardized. Furthermore, industry representatives say disclosures may result in the unfair revelation of trade secrets.2 Despite the level of surprise expressed on both sides of this initiative, the Sunshine Act is consistent with decades of documented scrutiny as well as concern about ties between the medical and manufacturing communities. Also — as is frequently true with the ACA — most physicians are not yet aware of the details of this component of the law.
Tourette Syndrome, Motor Cortex Excitability and Comorbidity

Motor cortex excitability in 29 untreated adult Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) patients was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation in a study at the Institute of Neurology, London, UK, and University of Ulm, Germany.
The Effect of Enucleation on Flagellar Regeneration in the Protozoon Peranema Trichophorum

A rotocompressor was used to enucleate the flagellate protozoon Peranema trichophorum at known stages in the mitotic cycle. This new enucleation technique, combined with recently devised methods for amputating the flagellum and recording its regeneration in single living cells, permitted the investigation of the role of the nucleus in flagellar regeneration at different cell ages. The flagellar regeneration capacity of an enucleate Peranema depended on the stage in the cell cycle when the nucleus was removed. Post-division enucleate cells regenerated about half the length reached by sham-operated controls, and at slower rates, while predivision enucleate cells regenerated flagella equally as well as the controls. Therefore, the nucleus is making an immediate contribution to flagellar regeneration early in the cell cycle, but not late in the cell cycle.
PTU-164 Factors associated with morbidity following sacral neurostimulation for faecal incontinence: beware of the high risk groups

Introduction Sacral Neurostimulation (SNS) has become a preferred treatment for faecal incontinence (FI). The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with morbidity following SNS for FI. Method An IRB approved retrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients treated for FI with SNS was performed. Demographic variables, causes of FI and surgical details were correlated with the incidence of morbidity. Morbidity included pain, infection, noninfectious wound concerns, lead-related issues, loss and lack of efficacy. Categorical variables were analysed with Chi-squared analysis, whereas non-parametric variables were compared with the Mann Whitney U test. Significance was defined as a p-value less than 0.05. Results 115 patients (mean age 58.5 ± 15 years, 85% females) underwent implantation of the device from 2010 to 2014 in one institution. The median follow-up was 8 (range 0.3–37) months. The most common morbidity was stimulation related pain (21.7%) whereas pain at the site of implantation occurred in 11.3% of patients. Furthermore a history of pain syndromes (p = 0.03) was found to be significantly associated with higher rates of stimulation-related pain whereas the only factor associated with pain at the site of implantation was male gender (p = 0.01). A loss of efficacy was observed in 16.5% of patients while other 7% of patients never derived significant benefit. A loss of efficacy was found to be significantly associated with a prior spinal surgery (p = 0.03). 15% (17/115) underwent explantation after first surgery, and 8% (9/115) had surgical revision, with 33% (3/9) requiring further explantation. 13% (15/115) underwent reimplantation with 20% (3/15) requiring explantation. Conclusion There is minimal information on the rates of morbidity in patients with SNS procedures performed for FI. This study suggests that male gender, prior spinal surgery, and a history of pain syndromes were correlated with postoperative morbidity. Disclosure of interest None Declared.
A Simple Method to Visualize and Assess the Integrity of Lysosomal Membrane in Mammalian Cells Using a Fluorescent Dye

Fluorescent dyes have been used as "nanosensors" for visualization and determination of various processes occurring inside a cell, or intracellular events, such as cell cycle progression and intracellular trafficking. Here, we describe a novel use of acridine orange to visualize lysosomes and discriminate cells with healthy lysosomes from cells with damaged lysosomes in two different types of mammalian cells: fibroblasts and macrophages. This method allows assessment of lysosomal membrane integrity upon exposure to various foreign particles, i.e., engineered nanoparticles. The uniqueness of this method enables investigators to acquire fluorescent images with a dye that is susceptible to photo-bleaching under UV light. These acquired images bolster the quantitative data, providing a visual representation of the cell morphology as well as assess its nucleus and lysosomes.
Which Numbers are Real?: The Constructive Reals

God made the integers, everything else is the work of man. —Leopold Kronecker Building on the positive integers, weaving a web of ever more sets and more functions, we get the basic structures of mathematics: the rational number system, the real number system, the Euclidean spaces, the complex number system, the algebraic number fields, Hilbert space, the classical groups, and so forth. Within the framework of these structures most mathematics is done. Everything attaches itself to number, and every mathematical statement ultimately expresses the fact that if we perform certain computations within the set of positive integers, we shall get certain results. —Errett Bishop Constructivist Criticism of Classical Mathematics The constructive reals are the product of a radically conservative approach to mathematics. The constructivists take the integers as intuitively given, god given as Kronecker said, and the one and only source of truth in mathematics. To preserve this truth, they insist that all mathematical statements should be verifiable by computations within integers. The key idea here is that of a computation , by which is meant an operation or sequence of operations that can be performed by a finite intelligence (you or me, for example, or a digital computer) in a finite number of steps. By insisting that mathematics be computationally verifiable or reducible to finite computations with integers, the constructivists aim to guarantee truth in mathematics.
Integrating Marketing Communications: New Findings, New Lessons, and New Ideas

AbstractWith the challenges presented by new media, shifting media patterns, and divided consumer attention, the optimal integration of marketing communications takes on increasing importance. Drawing on a review of relevant academic research and guided by managerial priorities, the authors offer insights and advice as to how traditional and new media such as search, display, mobile, TV, and social media interact to affect consumer decision making. With an enhanced understanding of the consumer decision journey and how consumers process communications, the authors outline a comprehensive framework featuring two models designed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of integrated marketing communication programs: a “bottom-up” communications matching model and a “top-down” communications optimization model. The authors conclude by suggesting important future research priorities.
Statistical Analyses in Clinical PPK/PD Studies

The present paper reports a new approach to building a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model (PPK/PD) and interpreting clinical data. In design of PK studies for the bridging strategy, a simple formula which gives the 90 per cent confidence interval to prove no ethnic PK difference is proposed, which derives the approximate estimation method for calculation of power and sample size for the parallel group design. In clinical studies, it is important to apply a technique to analyze the linking model with the drug concentration (pharmacokinetics, PK) and the efficacy (pharmacodynamics, PD) which are related closely. Effect compartment model and Jusko-type indirect PD model examples are shown using PPK/PD model analyzed with NONMEM. Recently the validation method of NONMEM is concerned. The bootstrap approach has been to use to assess the stability and predictive performance of a pharmacokinetic model developed using NONMEM. ‘Guidance for Industry: Population Pharmacokinetics’ suggested the use of the bootstrap procedure as a satisfactory method for the validation and checking of population models in the drug approval process. Although validation methods are still being evaluated and may require further testing. The PPK/PD approaches are hopeful about the future in the field of drug development and drug evaluation.
Effect of Three Biocides on Latin American and Gulf Coast Strains of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1.

The survivability of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 aboard cargo ships in ballast water taken from cholera-contaminated waterways may be enhanced by its attachment to particles. This study examined the effects of three biocides on attached and suspended cells of toxigenic V. cholerae isolate "J" (ballast water isolate) recovered from ballast water; strain C6707 (Latin American epidemic strain) involved in the Latin American epidemic and strain VRL 1984 (the toxigenic strain endemic to the Gulf Coast). Chitin was the substrate used for attachment. Attached cells of isolate "J" were reduced by 4 logs and those of strains C6707 and VRL 1984 were reduced by 3 logs after exposure to 100 ppm Povidone-iodine for 20 min. Attached isolate "J" cells were reduced by 5 logs, and attached C6707 cells were reduced to <1 CFU/ml (6 log decrease) after exposure to 800 ppm chlorine after 20 min. Although numbers of VRL 1984 were reduced to < 1 CFU/ml after exposure to 800 ppm chlorine for 5 min, counts rose to 101 CFU/ml in 20 min. Numbers of isolate "J" were reduced to <1 CFU/ml and those of C6707 were reduced by 6 logs after exposure to 200 ppm Roccal II (QAC) for 10 min. No VRL 1984 cells were recovered after 5 min exposure to 400 ppm and 20 min exposure to 200 ppm QAC. Suspended cells were reduced to <1 CFU/ml after exposure to 25 ppm iodine, 100 ppm chlorine or 50 ppm QAC for 2 min; however, intact nonculturable cells were detected by polymerase chain reaction in iodine-treated suspensions. Latin American and Gulf Coast strains were equally susceptible to disinfection.
Studying lower crustal flow beneath Mead basin: Implications for the thermal history and rheology of Venus

Abstract Mead, the largest crater on Venus, has low topographic relief at the surface and at the crust-mantle boundary. Due to high surface temperatures, viscous deformation could play an important role in crustal structure. Using the finite element method, we simulate the long-term viscoelastic deformation of Mead crater and investigate the role of lower crustal flow in the evolution of the surface and subsurface topography. We examine the thermal states that allow this evolution to occur and determine the background heat flux. Our study constrains the background heat flux in the vicinity of Mead basin to 55–90 mW m −2 . This surface heat flow is generally higher than the average Venusian global values suggested by recent thermal models. In addition by applying hydrous and anhydrous creep rheological parameters, we demonstrate that the Venus's interior is rheologically dry and that the crust near Mead could be relatively high in plagioclase.
Detecting Mutations In Vivo

Genetic integrity is important for the health of living beings. Changes in genomic DNA can alter gene expression patterns and modify the function of the encoded proteins. This may result in a permanent disruption of endogenous metabolic pathways and cause disease. Screening for compounds and conditions that can affect genetic integrity is an intrinsic part of hazard identification in safety assessments mandated by regulatory authorities. This chapter presents an analysis of the use of mutation data in the current paradigm for safety evaluation of drugs intended for consumption by humans. We also critically examine the various models capable of detecting mutation in mammalian species. Some of the models have been extensively validated in multilaboratory trials and currently are employed in regulatory research.
Rapamycin Exacerbates Cardiovascular Dysfunction after Complete High-Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening syndrome in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) above the T6 spinal level that is characterized by episodic hypertension in response to noxious stimuli below the lesion. Maladaptive intraspinal plasticity is thought to contribute to the temporal development of AD, and experimental approaches that reduce such plasticity mitigate the severity of AD. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has gained interest as a mediator of plasticity, regeneration, and nociceptor hypersensitivity in the injured spinal cord. Based on our preliminary data that prolonged rapamycin (RAP) treatment markedly reduces mTOR activity in the cord weeks after high-thoracic (T4) spinal transection, we sought to determine whether RAP could modulate AD development by impeding intraspinal plasticity. Naive and injured rats were administered RAP or vehicle every other day, beginning immediately after injury for four weeks, and hemodynamic monitoring was conducted...
A complex culturally targeted intervention to reduce Hispanic disparities in living kidney donor transplantation: an effectiveness-implementation hybrid study protocol.

The shortage of organs for kidney transplantation for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is magnified in Hispanics/Latin Americans in the United States. Living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is the treatment of choice for ESRD. However, compared to their representation on the transplant waitlist, fewer Hispanics receive a LDKT than non-Hispanic whites. Barriers to LDKT for Hispanics include: lack of knowledge, cultural concerns, and language barriers. Few interventions have been designed to reduce LDKT disparities. This study aims to reduce Hispanic disparities in LDKT through a culturally targeted intervention. Using a prospective effectiveness-implementation hybrid design involving pre-post intervention evaluation with matched controls, we will implement a complex culturally targeted intervention at two transplant centers in Dallas, TX and Phoenix, AZ. The goal of the study is to evaluate the effect of Northwestern Medicine’s® Hispanic Kidney Transplant Program’s (HKTP) key culturally targeted components (outreach, communication, education) on Hispanic LDKT rates over five years. The main hypothesis is that exposure to the HKTP will reduce disparities by increasing the ratio of Hispanic to non-Hispanic white LDKTs and the number of Hispanic LDKTs. We will also examine other process and outcome measures including: dialysis patient outreach, education session attendance, marketing efforts, Hispanic patients added to the waitlist, Hispanic potential donors per potential recipient, and satisfaction with culturally competent care. We will use mixed methods based on the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (revised PARIHS) and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) frameworks to formatively evaluate the fidelity and innovative adaptations to HKTP’s components at both study sites, to identify moderating factors that most affect implementation fidelity, and to identify adaptations that positively and negatively affect outcomes for patients. Our study will provide new knowledge about implementing culturally targeted interventions and their impact on reducing health disparities. Moreover, the study of a complex organizational-level intervention’s implementation over five years is rare in implementation science; as such, this study is poised to contribute new knowledge to the factors influencing how organizational-level interventions are sustained over time. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration # NCT03276390 , date of registration: 9–7-17, retrospectively registered)
Thymosin in the Staging and Treatment of HLTV-III Positive Homosexuals and Hemophiliacs with AIDS-Related Immune Dysfunction

The paralysis and destruction of the thymic dependent immune system has become the hallmark of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (1). Clinical symptoms of the disease usually include a progressive decline in essentially all thymus mediated immune functions, an increase in susceptibility to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and other opportunistic infections, and an increase in the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma and a number of lymphoid tumors (2–4). The current prognosis for patients with AIDS is dismal. Over 7,000 cases of AIDS have now been reported to the Center for Disease Control and over 70% of the patients have died. Immunological abnormalities which accompany the disease include a decline in helper T-cell number and function, a decline in lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens and antigens, decreased production of lymphokines (such as T-cell growth factor, IL-2, and interferon), and an increase in thymosin α1 like cross-reacting material in serum. The presence of antibodies to a number of viruses has been documented and a recently described retrovirus designated as HTLV-III has been implicated as the cause of AIDS (1,5,6). To date AIDS has been confined primarily to individuals who fall into a relatively small number of risk groups. They include homosexuals (78 %), IV drug addicts (14 %), Haitians (3 %), and hemophiliacs (1 %) (1). The remaining small number of individuals (4 %) are generally found to be associated in some way with the defined risk groups.
Behavior analysis, mentalism, and the path to social justice

Traditional psychology is mentalistic in the sense that it appeals to inner causes in the explanation of behavior. Two examples of mentalism in traditional psychology are (a) dispositional attributions and (b) conventional treatments of intelligence. These examples may be linked to such pernicious social -isms as racism and sexism by noting that some individuals justify engaging in discriminatory conduct toward others by appealing to some deficient inner quality of those being discriminated against. This sort of mentalistic appeal ultimately prevents some members of our society from being integrated into society and from progressing down the path of social justice. Behavior analysis offers a constructional alternative to the mentalistic views of traditional psychology and allows our society as a whole to move down the path.
Guaranteed Coverage with a Blind Unreliable Robot

We consider the problem of coverage planning for a particular type of very simple mobile robot. The robot must be able to translate in a commanded direction (specified in a global reference frame), with bounded error on the motion direction, until reaching the environment boundary. The objective, for a given environment map, is to generate a sequence of motions that is guaranteed to cover as large a portion of that environment as possible, in spite of the severe limits on the robot's sensing and actuation abilities. We show how to model the knowledge available to this kind of robot about its own position within the environment, show how to compute the region whose coverage can be guaranteed for a given plan, and characterize regions whose coverage cannot be guaranteed by any plan. We also describe a heuristic algorithm that generates coverage plans for this robot, based on a search across a specially-constructed graph. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Comparing Secondary English Teachers' Ideal and Actual Writing Practices for Diverse Learners: Constrained Professionalism in Figured Worlds of High-Stakes Testing.

There is limited research of observed writing instruction in inclusive, secondary diverse urban contexts. This study contributes to the field by investigating four urban secondary English teachers’...
Co-Designing a Real-Time Classroom Orchestration Tool to Support Teacher-AI Complementarity.

Involving stakeholders throughout the creation of new educational technologies can help ensure their usefulness and usability in real-world contexts. However, given the complexity of learning analytics (LA) systems, it can be challenging to meaningfully involve non-technical stakeholders throughout their design and development. This article reports on the iterative co-design, development, and classroom evaluation of Konscia, a wearable, real-time awareness tool for teachers working in AI-enhanced K-12 classrooms. In the process, we argue that the co-design of LA systems requires new kinds of prototyping methods. We introduce one of our own prototyping methods, REs, to address unique challenges of co-prototyping LA tools. This work presents the first end-to-end demonstration of how non-technical stakeholders can participate throughout the whole design process for a complex LA system—from early generative phases to the selection and tuning of analytics to evaluation in real-world contexts. We conclude by providing methodological recommendations for future LA co-design efforts.
Should we stop aspirin before noncardiac surgery

In patients with cardiac stents, do not stop aspirin. If the risk of bleeding outweighs the benefit (eg, with intracranial procedures), an informed discussion involving the surgeon, cardiologist, and patient is critical to ascertain risks vs benefits. In patients using aspirin for secondary
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market

I develop a new method to predict the impacts of a technology on occupations. I use the overlap between the text of job task descriptions and the text of patents to construct a measure of the exposure of tasks to automation. I first apply the method to historical cases such as software and industrial robots. I establish that occupations I measure as highly exposed to previous automation technologies saw declines in employment and wages over the relevant periods. I use the fitted parameters from the case studies to predict the impacts of artificial intelligence. I find that, in contrast to software and robots, AI is directed at high-skilled tasks. Under the assumption that the historical pattern of long-run substitution will continue, I estimate that AI will reduce 90:10 wage inequality, but will not affect the top 1%.
Don't just watch, join in: Exploring information behavior and copresence on Twitch

Abstract This mixed-methods study examined users' information behavior and their perceptions of copresence on Twitch.tv, where millions of people come together live every day to stream, interact, and make their own entertainment. Human information theory model and social identity theory constituted the theoretical framework for this research. Studying topic specific live streaming services is an emerging and exciting field in communication. Topic specific live streaming sites such as Twitch.tv are evolving constantly into important sources of information that complement the traditional information systems such as libraries and online search engine sites like Google. Chat logs of three live streams on Twitch.tv were analyzed using Linguistic Query and Word Count (LIWC) and SPSS statistical tools. Qualitative thematic analysis was carried out using Nvivo 12. Information reaction and production were the most frequent information behaviors across three streams. Qualitative analysis indicated that users within the three live streams showed a great deal of copresence. This study is an important first step to provide theoretical insights into understanding human information behavior on Twitch, topic specific live streaming sites, and social live streaming sites in general.
Reliability of Frontal Eye Fields Activation and Very Low-Frequency Oscillations Observed during Vergence Eye Movements: an fNIRS Study

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), an imaging tool that utilizes infrared light to measure changes within the concentration of oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin, holds promise to study functional activity from motor, visual, and memory cortical regions using stimulus-induced tasks. This study investigated the reliability for fNIRS to examine cortical activations within the frontal eye fields (FEF) while initiating vergence eye movements, the inward and outward rotation of the eyes. FNIRS data were collected from twenty participants with normal binocular vision while performing vergence eye movements compared to sustained gaze fixation within a block design during two different sessions. Reliability of the experimental protocol was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The ICC values ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 for measuring the HbO activation within the vicinity of the FEF. A frequency power spectrum analysis revealed two predominant frequencies within the functional activation signals from the FEF. One high-intensity signal was present at 0.029 Hz, centering around the block design frequency. The peak-intensity signal was observed between 0.012 and 0.018 Hz where this very low-frequency oscillation (VLFO) was hypothesized to be generated by the macrovasculature present near the FEF and should be avoided as a block design frequency in future fNIRS studies to avoid false positive results.
The Reducing Side of Photosystem I1

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the reducing side of photosystem I. Yocum and San Pietro found that vigorous sonication of osmotically shocked chloroplasts produced chloroplast fragments with low rates of NADP reduction. These fragments, fractionated by density-gradient centrifugation or gel filtration, showed higher rates of NADP reduction when supplemented with a factor termed “ferredoxin reducing substance” (FRS). A rate vs. concentration plot of FRS gave rise to saturation kinetics, suggesting that FRS was acting catalytically in the assay system. Under anaerobic conditions, substrate amounts of photo-reduced FRS were capable of reducing ferredoxin added in a succeeding dark step. Photoreduction of methyl viologen was not observed with FRS-depleted subchloroplast fragments, but this activity was restored by adding FRS to the fragments. The principal difficulty encountered in studies of FRS has been the method of extraction, namely sonication. While chloroplast fragments prepared by this procedure retain normal physiological properties, that is, requirements for plastocyanin, ferredoxin, and ferredoxin-NADP reductase, basal rates of NADP reduction from an ascorbate-DPIP donor system have been extremely variable. Sonication is not a reproducible method for extraction of FRS
Evaluating teen driving knowledge and behaviors following educational outreach.

Teen driving educational events are an effective strategy to increase adolescent drivers’ awareness of safe driving practices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate changing rates of self-reported driving practices and knowledge of the state Graduated Driver Licensing laws (GDL) by teens over a nine-year period in a single state. This was a prospective observational study of high school students ages 14 to 19 years old. Paper surveys were sent to the high schools participating in teen driving educational events (9 schools in 2009 and 4 schools in 2018). Students in those schools completed surveys prior to the events. Students completing the anonymous survey were invited to the event. Questions evaluated awareness of state GDL and safe and risky driving behaviors. Statistical comparisons of survey answers from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed using the z test of proportions (2 tailed, alpha 0.05). A total of 397 students participated in 2018 with ages ranging from 14 to 19 years. Racial distribution was 81% white, 14% black, and there were 57% female participants. Only 69% (n = 273) reported “always” wearing their seatbelt. When asked about high risk behaviors, 78% (n = 309) of adolescents reported they personally “never” text while driving; 97% (385); never drive after drinking, and 87% (n = 344) never ride with someone who has been drinking. Compared to 2009 participants (1304 students, 9 schools from central part of state), the students in 2018 (4 schools scattered across state) reported wearing seatbelts “always” (n = 69% vs 39%; p < 0.001); “never texting while driving” (78% vs 33%; p < 0.001); and “never drinking and driving” (97% vs 88%; p < 0.001). No significant difference in rates of students having taken a driving education class nor driving over speed limit were reported. Results are encouraging that participants in 2018 report more use of seatbelts, less texting while driving, less drinking while driving and lower numbers of being in MVC than in 2009. However, rates of high-risk driving behaviors are still concerning.
Examining Ecuadorian Teachers' Perspectives on Their Students' Multiculturalism.

This study investigated Ecuadorian teachers’ attitudes towards multilingual students. This work was informed by findings from two previous studies consisting of observations and interviews with sec...
An Examination of How People Appraise and Manage Health-Related Financial Uncertainty.

While health care is one of the largest stressors across all incomes and political affiliations, it is unclear how people with health-related financial uncertainty appraise and manage this ambiguit...
Anion Exchange and Water Dynamics in a Phosphonium-Based Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Material for Fuel Cells: An Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study.

The anion exchange and water dynamics of a phosphonium-based alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM) during the methanol oxidation process have been studied with the electrochemical quartz crystal ...
Impact of the New UNOS Heart Transplant Allocation System on Waitlist and Early Post-Transplant Mortality among Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Purpose Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are more likely to die or be delisted while awaiting heart transplant, less likely to receive a heart transplant and more likely to die in the early (30-day) post-transplant period compared to non-ACHD patients. On October 18, 2018; the UNOS heart allocation system was redesigned providing unique listing status for ACHD patients. The impact of this change on outcomes is unstudied. Methods Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients we compared ACHD patients listed for the first-time for heart transplant from 2 eras of equal duration (new era: October 18, 2018 to June 2, 2020 and prior era: March 3, 2017 to October 17, 2020). Patients with transplants occurring in the new era who were initially listed in the prior era were excluded. We compared baseline characteristics, Kaplan Meier curves and log-rank tests to assess differences in early post-transplant mortality and the composite of waitlist mortality or delisting due to clinical worsening among those with CHD between both eras. Results Out of 535 ACHD patients listed, 293 were in the new era (4.7% of total listings) and 242 were in the prior era (3.7%). Age, sex, racial distribution, renal function, hemodynamics and need for ECMO were identical between the two groups. 163 (56%) ACHD patients in the new era versus 150 (62%) in the prior era were transplanted; 11 (3.8%) versus 15 (6.2%) died on the waitlist; 32 (11%) versus 35 (14%) were delisted and 15 (9.2%) versus 19 (12.7%) died within 30 days of transplant respectively. In the new era, ACHD patients were significantly less likely to experience waitlist mortality or delisting due to clinical worsening but had similar early post-transplant mortality compared to the prior era. Conclusion The new UNOS heart transplant allocation system improved waitlist outcomes among ACHD patients listed for heart transplant.