cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generalized projection-slice theorem for the divergent beam projections

The general goal of this paper is to extend the parallel-beam projection-slice theorem to the divergent fan-beam and cone-beam projections without rebinning the divergent fan-beam and cone-beam projections into parallel-beam projections directly. The basic idea is to establish a novel link between the local Fourier transform of the projection data and the Fourier transform of the image object. Analogous to the two- and three-dimensional parallel-beam cases, the measured projection data are backprojected along the projection direction and then a local Fourier transform is taken for the backprojected data array. However, due to the loss of the shift-invariance of the image object in a single view of the divergent-beam projections, the measured projection data is weighted by a distance dependent weight w ( r ) before the local Fourier transform is performed. The variable r in the weighting function w ( r ) is the distance from the backprojected point to the X-ray source position. It is shown that a special choice of the weighting function, w ( r ) = 1/ r , will facilitate the calculations and a simple relation can be established between the Fourier transform of the image function and the local Fourier transform of the l/ r -- weighted backprojection data array. Unlike the parallel-beam cases, a one-to-one correspondence does not exist for a local Fourier transform of the backprojected data array and a single line in the 2D case or a single slice in the 3D case of the Fourier transform of the image function. However, the Fourier space of the image object can be built up after the local Fourier transforms of the l/ r -- weighted backprojection data arrays are shifted and added up in a laboratory frame. Thus the established relations Eq. (19) and Eq. (21) between the Fourier space of the image object and the Fourier transforms of the backprojected data arrays can be viewed as a generalized projection-slice theorem for divergent fan-beam and cone-beam projections. Once the Fourier space of the image function is built up, an inverse Fourier transform could be performed to reconstruct tomographic images from the divergent beam projections.
A Replication and an Honor-Based Extension of Hirschi's Reconceptualization of Self-Control Theory and Crime and Analogous Behaviors

In 2004 Hirschi reconceptualized self-control in an effort to clarify prior theoretical definitions and measurement. Recognizing this reconceptualization, the current study seeks to contribute to the literature by comparing various operationalizations of Hirschi's revised self-control. Multivariate results derived from an analysis of a large sample of college students reveal that several alternative measures of self-control (decisional self-control, social bonds/self-control, and honor-based decisional self-control) are associated with crime and analogous behavior, yet social bonds/self-control remains the best predictor. Theoretical implications and study limitations are also discussed.
Fault detection in combinational networks by Reed-Muller transforms

A new approach for fault detection in combinational networks based on Reed-Muller (RM) transforms is presented. An upper bound on the number of RM spectral coefficients required to be verified for detection of multiple stuck-at-faults and single bridging faults at the input lines of an n-input network is shown to be n. The time complexity (time required to test a network) for detection of multiple terminal faults and the storage required for storing the test are determined. An upper bound is found for the minimum number of test patterns required to detect a fault. The authors present standard tests based on this result, with a simple test generation procedure and upper bounds on minimal numbers of test patterns. >
Achieving legitimacy: visual discourses in engineering design and green building code development

This paper examines the processes by which early alternative, green-oriented building codes – namely those for straw bale building – were created. It compares these with the visual processes in industrial design work. The comparison reveals clear parallels in the ways in which tacit and experiential knowledge is conveyed through visual representation. The study examines how straw bale building innovators in Arizona and New Mexico, US, used visual discourse to convey technical knowledge within their own building community, and how they used visual discourse in the form of historical documentation, illustrative sketches, and video footage to make a convincing case for their technique as a viable one for code officials, even though visual representations were not allowed in building standards, per se, at the time. The research methods used are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and discourse analysis. Cet article explique comment ont ete crees les premiers codes de construction de bâtiments ecolog...
Building Web‐Based Spatial Information Solutions around Open Specifications and Open Source Software

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are moving from isolated, standalone, monolithic, proprietary systems working in a client-server architecture to smaller web-based applications and components offering specific geo-processing functionality and transparently exchanging data among them. Interoperability is at the core of this new web services model. Compliance with Open Specifications (OS) enables interoperability. Web-GIS software's high costs, complexity and special requirements have prevented many organizations from deploying their data and geo-processing capabilities over the World Wide Web. There are no-cost Open Source Software (OSS) alternatives to proprietary software for operating systems, web servers, and Relational Database Management Systems. We tested the potential of the combined use of OS and OSS to create web-based spatial information solutions. We present in detail the steps taken in creating a prototype system to support land use planning in Mexico with web-based geo-processing capabilities currently not present in commercial web-GIS products. We show that the process is straightforward and accessible to a broad audience of geographic information scientists and developers. We conclude that OS and OSS allow the development of web-based spatial information solutions that are low-cost, simple to implement, compatible with existing information technology infrastructure, and have the potential of interoperating with other systems and applications in the future.
Sequence and evolution of rhesus monkey alphoid DNA.

Analysis of rhesus monkey alphoid DNA suggests that it arose by tandem duplication of an ancestral monomer unit followed by independent variation within two adjacent monomers (one becoming more divergent than the other) before their amplification as a dimer unit to produce tandem arrays. The rhesus monkey alphoid DNA is a tandemly repeated, 343-bp dimer; the consensus dimer is over 98% homologous to the alphoid dimers reported for baboon and bonnet monkey, 81% homologous to the African green monkey alpha monomer, and less than 70% homologous to the more divergent human alphoid DNAs. The consensus dimer consists of two wings (I and II, 172 and 171 bp, respectively) that are only 70% homologous to each other, but share seven regions of exact homology. These same regions are highly conserved among the consensus sequences of the other cercopithecid alphoid DNAs. The three alpha-protein binding sites reported for African green monkey alpha DNA by F. Strauss and A. Varshavsky (Cell 37: 889–901, 1984) occur in wings I and II, but with one site altered in wing I. Two cloned dimer segments are 98% homologous to the consensus, each containing 8 single-base-pair differences within the 343-bp segment. Surprisingly, 37% of these differences occur in regions that are evolutionarily conserved in the alphoid consensus sequences, including the alpha-protein binding sites. Sequence variation in this highly repetitive DNA family may produce unique nucleosomal architectures for different members of an alphoid array. These unique architectures may modulate the evolution of these repetitive DNAs and may produce unique centromeric characteristics in primate chromosomes.
Zoned Out Courts

Abstract A unique American judiciary for the Panama Canal Zone existed in various forms from 1904 to 1982. The following is a bibliographic essay concentrating on the courts as they existed prior to 1914.
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach

The application of maximum likelihood techniques to the estimation of evolutionary trees from nucleic acid sequence data is discussed. A computationally feasible method for finding such maximum likelihood estimates is developed, and a computer program is available. This method has advantages over the traditional parsimony algorithms, which can give misleading results if rates of evolution differ in different lineages. It also allows the testing of hypotheses about the constancy of evolutionary rates by likelihood ratio tests, and gives rough indication of the error of the estimate of the tree.
Comparative Study on the Implication of Three Nanoparticles on the Removal of Trichloroethylene by Adsorption–Pilot and Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests

The impact of three commercially available nanoparticles (NPs) on trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated. TCE adsorption isotherm and column breakthrough experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide nanoparticles. A rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) was assessed for its ability to predict TCE adsorption in pilot-scale GAC in the presence and absence of NPs. Zeta potential of the three NPs and the GAC were measured. Particle size distribution of the NP dispersions was analyzed as a function of time. The surface area and the pore size distribution of the virgin and the exhausted GAC were obtained along with transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The effect of NPs was found to be a function of their zeta potential, concentration, and particle size distribution. Due to their electrical charge, NPs attached to the GAC and blocked the pores and thus reduced the access to the internal pore structure. However, due to the fast adsorption kinetics of TCE, no effect from the three NPs was observed in the isotherm and kinetic studies. The RSSCT, on the other hand, accurately predicted the pilot-column TCE breakthrough in the presence of NPs.
Effects of a high-protein, low-energy diet in finishing lambs: 2. Weight change, organ mass, body composition, carcass traits, fatty acid composition of lean and adipose tissue, and taste panel evaluation

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a high protein – low energy diet on body composition of feedlot lambs The objective was to assess the capability of such a diet to reduce body fat while preserving lean body mass. Three dietary regimens were compared: a typical feedlot diet (CON), barley straw at libitum (STR), and barley straw supplemented with fish meal (SFM). The latter two diets caused an energy deficit in the experimental animals. Significant treatment effects on mass of metabolic organs, body composition, and carcass data were observed. Conventional analysis of sensory data and fatty acid profiles of adipose and muscle tissue identified few significant dietary effects, yet discriminant analysis clearly separated all treatment groups. It was concluded that protein supplementation of ruminants in the catabolic state does not conserve protein mass. Given the high cost of protein supplementation, the post hoc modification of body composition of feedlot lambs is not a viable option. It is suggested that the production of feedlot lambs with a desirable degree of fatness should employ a feeding strategy dynamically adapted to the changes in protein – energy balance required by the growing ruminant. D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A novel transition fault ATPG that reduces yield loss

In this article, we have presented a novel constrained broadside transition ATPG algorithm to avoid overtesting functionally (sequentially) untestable transition faults. In some circuits, significantly more functionally untestable transition faults were identified. At the same time, more faults could be detected without incidental detection of functionally untestable transition faults. With a test set that reduces launching of transitions that are functionally impossible, we believe our method offers a practical solution to avoid overtesting these functionally impossible transitions, thus reducing yield loss. However, the runtime for our constrained ATPG is much longer than the conventional ATPG as a result of the constraint learning and construction process. Our future work concentrates on more-efficient constraint learning algorithms to reduce the over all ATPG runtime.
The effects of widowhood on social support from significant others

The effects of widowhood on social support from significant others are variously predicted by the decremental model, the continuity model, and the compensatory model. This study distinctly tested for these possible effects to discern whether they vary with specific types and sources of support. We examined possible changes over 22 months by comparing two recently widowed groups with matched controls of married and unmarried persons, each from a community sample. Findings were consistent with the continuity model: Widowhood was not associated with decrements or increases in expressive, instrumental, or confidant support, or direct or telephone interactions. Independent of widowhood, the stability of support varied by type and source. Methodological strategies are suggested to further distinguish possible changes prior to and during widowhood.
Estimation of Usual Intake Distributions of Nutrients and Foods

The issue of estimating usual intake distributions using daily intake data as collected by nationwide food consumption surveys is discussed. Of interest are not only the usual nutrient intake distributions based on food intake alone, but also the total nutrient intake distributions that must be based on information on food and supplement consumption. The problems of estimating usual food intake distributions and distinguishing between frequently consumed and infrequently consumed food items are considered. Data needs as well as statistical methodologies available to carry out each of the tasks outlined above are discussed, with particular reference to the integrated National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey that is now in the field. The replicated 24-h recalls should be augmented with a propensity questionnaire to improve on the estimation of intake distributions for infrequently consumed nutrients, supplements and food items.
Ignition of RDX-based solid propellant subjected to crossflow convective heating

Crossflow convective ignition tests of RDX-based XM-39 LOVA solid-propellant grains were carried out in air and nitrogen using a shock tunnel facility. Test conditions were in the range of pressure: 1.38-3.45 MPa (200-500 psia); temperature: 1100-1500 K (1980-2700°R); and flow velocity: 60-70 m/s (197-230 ft/s). In the tests carried out in air, ignition was observed at or very near the sample surface in the region just beyond the gaseous boundary-layer separation point. No ignition was observed for the tests carried out in nitrogen. Ignition delay time was correlated to a dimensionless convective heat flux calculated from flow parameters. Post-test microscopic analysis of samples indicated the formation of an apparent liquid layer on the exposed surface which grows in thickness in the vicinity of the flow separation location. The existence of numerous near-circular, craterlike holes was detected using scanning electron microscopy. The rims of these holes exhibit evidence of surface reactions and phase changes. The physical interactions between the flow and test sample are discussed to provide insight into the complex ignition process, the ignition mechanism is believed to be gas-phase in nature rather than a surface reaction mechanism.
The Universal Design Home

Changes in who we are and what we can do require a world that is more accommodating to variances in mobility, vision, hearing, cognition, and manual dexterity. Universal design is an approach to creating everyday environments and products that are usable by all people to the greatest extent possible, regardless of age or ability. “The Next Generation Universal Home” is a concept design of ideal and desired universal design features in single-family housing. This paper illustrates ways to make our homes more universally usable, as well as providing rationale for a more universal approach to the design of our built environment.
A methodology for quantitative performance evaluation of detection algorithms

We present a methodology for the quantitative performance evaluation of detection algorithms in computer vision. A common method is to generate a variety of input images by varying the image parameters and evaluate the performance of the algorithm, as algorithm parameters vary. Operating curves that relate the probability of misdetection and false alarm are generated for each parameter setting. Such an analysis does not integrate the performance of the numerous operating curves. In this paper, we outline a methodology for summarizing many operating curves into a few performance curves. This methodology is adapted from the human psychophysics literature and is general to any detection algorithm. The central concept is to measure the effect of variables in terms of the equivalent effect of a critical signal variable, which in turn facilitates the determination of the breakdown point of the algorithm. We demonstrate the methodology by comparing the performance of two-line detection algorithms.
The tortoise and the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis

Chloroplast DNA sequences are a primary source of data for plant molecular systematic studies. A few key papers have provided the molecular systematics community with universal primer pairs for noncoding regions that have dominated the field, namely trnL-trnF and trnK/matK. These two regions have provided adequate information to resolve species relationships in some taxa, but often provide little resolution at low taxonomic levels. To obtain better phylogenetic resolution, sequence data from these regions are often coupled with other sequence data. Choosing an appropriate cpDNA region for phylogenetic investigation is difficult because of the scarcity of information about the tempo of evolutionary rates among different noncoding cpDNA regions. The focus of this investigation was to determine whether there is any predictable rate heterogeneity among 21 noncoding cpDNA regions identified as phylogenetically useful at low levels. To test for rate heterogeneity among the different cpDNA regions, we used three species from each of 10 groups representing eight major phylogenetic lineages of phanerogams. The results of this study clearly show that a survey using as few as three representative taxa can be predictive of the amount of phylogenetic information offered by a cpDNA region and that rate heterogeneity exists among noncoding cpDNA regions.
Dopamine and Saralasin Antagonism of Renal Vasoconstriction and Oliguria Caused by Amphotericin B in Dogs

Amphotericin B (2.5 mg/kg, administered intravenously) increased vascular resistance (renal more than pulmonary more than systemic) and decreased glomerular filtration and urine flow 94% in 16 anesthetized female mongrel dogs. Dopamine decreased renal vascular resistance 31% in 14 dogs; when amphotericin B was given with dopamine, there was partial antagonism of amphotericin B-induced renal vasoconstriction. Saralasin partially antagonized amphotericin B-induced renal vasoconstriction in seven dogs. When amphotericin B was given during combined infusion of dopamine and saralasin in eight dogs, renal blood flow remained at initial control levels, urine flow increased above initial levels, and glomerular filtration decreased only 21% from initial values. Amphotericin B increased renal vascular resistance 296% when given alone but only 41% in dogs during injection of both dopamine and saralasin (P = 0.002). The antagonism of amphotericin B-induced renal effects by the combination of dopamine and saralasin was significant and specific for the renal vascular bed.
FlgM is secreted by the flagellar export apparatus in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT The bacterial flagellum is assembled from over 20 structural components, and flagellar gene regulation is morphogenetically coupled to the assembly state by control of the anti-sigma factor FlgM. In the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica, FlgM inhibits late-class flagellar gene expression until the hook-basal body structural intermediate is completed and FlgM is inhibited by secretion from the cytoplasm. Here we demonstrate that FlgM is also secreted in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis and is degraded extracellularly by the proteases Epr and WprA. We further demonstrate that, like in S. enterica, the structural genes required for the flagellar hook-basal body are required for robust activation of σ D -dependent gene expression and efficient secretion of FlgM. Finally, we determine that FlgM secretion is strongly enhanced by, but does not strictly require, hook-basal body completion and instead demands a minimal subset of flagellar proteins that includes the FliF/FliG basal body proteins, the flagellar type III export apparatus components FliO, FliP, FliQ, FliR, FlhA, and FlhB, and the substrate specificity switch regulator FliK.
A Drum Speaks: A Partnership to Create a Digital Archive Based on Traditional Ojibwe Systems of Knowledge

I want to take back, as an ambassador to my people [the Ojibwe], that new lesson I learned [at the Penn Museum (UPM)], we no longer have to be afraid of having pictures taken because they don’t steal the spirit of what’s being taken. They can invigorate and enliven and inspire knowledge and wisdom and learning … Digital imaging is a new thing … that can [bring to life these Ojibwe artifacts] for our kids and our generation … We’re going to digitally image some of the things and take them back to our people … All of these things . . .
Current concepts in the management of lagophthalmos and other ophthalmic complications of 7th nerve palsies

A seven-stage approach to the management of lagophthalmos and other ophthalmic complications of 7th nerve palsies has been used to aid the physician in logically organizing therapy and to provide the patients with reassuring goals. The seven stages include supportive care, planning for general facial reanimation, lower lid and canthal resuspension, passive upper lid animation, dynamic lid animation, and soft tissue repositioning. The final stage, termed the Epilogue, addresses the use of Botulinum A toxin in the management of the synkinetic movements and hypertonicity which frequently develop with resolution of a facial paralysis. This staged approach has been useful in achieving corneal compensation, maintaining vision, and improving the quality of life in these patients.
Structural and Functional Studies of Archaeal Viruses

Viruses populate virtually every ecosystem on the planet, including the extreme acidic, thermal, and saline environments where archaeal organisms can dominate. For example, recent studies have identified crenarchaeal viruses in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park and other high temperature environments worldwide. These viruses are often morphologically and genetically unique, with genomes that show little similarity to genes of known function, complicating efforts to understand their viral life cycles. Here, we review progress in understanding these fascinating viruses at the molecular level and the evolutionary insights coming from these studies.
Interspecific social dominance mimicry in birds

Interspecific social dominance mimicry (ISDM) is a proposed form of social parasitism in which a subordinate species evolves to mimic and deceive a dominant ecological competitor in order to avoid attack by the dominant, model species. The evolutionary plausibility of ISDM has been established previously by the Hairy-Downy game (Prum & Samuelson). Psychophysical models of avian visual acuity support the plausibility of visual ISDM at distances ∼>2–3 m for non-raptorial birds, and ∼>20 m for raptors. Fifty phylogenetically independent examples of avian ISDM involving 60 model and 93 mimic species, subspecies, and morphs from 30 families are proposed and reviewed. Patterns of size differences, phylogeny, and coevolutionary radiation generally support the predictions of ISDM. Mimics average 56–58% of the body mass of the proposed model species. Mimics may achieve a large potential deceptive social advantage with <20% reduction in linear body size, which is well within the range of plausible, visual size confusion. Several, multispecies mimicry complexes are proposed (e.g. kiskadee-type flycatchers) which may coevolve through hierarchical variation in the deceptive benefits, similar to Mullerian mimicry. ISDM in birds should be tested further with phylogenetic, ecological, and experimental investigations of convergent similarity in appearance, ecological competition, and aggressive social interactions between sympatric species. Evolutionary explanations of mimicry must consider the possibility that mimics evolve to deceive model species themselves. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London
Effective and Ineffective Supervision

Although supervision is recognized as a significant tenant of professional growth for counseling and psychotherapy students, the variability of the effectiveness, or ineffectiveness, of supervision has come under scrutiny in recent times. Our sample of 128 participants shed light on the most effective (e.g., encouraged autonomy, strengthened the supervisory relationship, and facilitated open discussion) and most ineffective (e.g., depreciated supervision, performed ineffective client conceptualization and treatment, and weakened the supervisory relationship) supervisor skills, techniques, and behaviors. Moreover, effective and ineffective behaviors, along with best and worst supervisors, were significantly differentiated based on the supervisory working alliance, supervisor style, supervisor self-disclosure, supervisee nondisclosure, and supervisee evaluation. Implications for supervision competencies and supervisor accountability are discussed.
Failed spine surgery syndrome in the life and career of John Fitzgerald Kennedy.

John F. Kennedy suffered the effects of multiple illnesses throughout his adult life. His diagnoses included chronic colitis, Addison disease, and degenerative disease of the lumbar spine1-11. The lumbar spine problems began in his early twenties and resulted in four surgical interventions over the course of his life. Despite these interventions, severe low-back pain plagued him more or less continually until his death. The nature of his diagnosis and treatment has remained unclear despite the large volume of written material dedicated to his life. In this article, the available medical and radiographic records are analyzed in an effort to clarify his diagnosis and treatment course, as well as to examine the effects of the lumbar spine disease on his life and political career. Kennedy's earliest complaints of low-back pain occurred during his undergraduate years at Harvard, which dates its onset to 1939 or 1940, when he was twenty-one or twenty-two years old. A frequently cited account of a football-related injury stems from the recollections of his mother, Rose Kennedy3,6-8. Contrary to that account, a clinical note from the Charleston Naval Hospital, dated April 13, 194212, records Kennedy's description to his physician of the onset of back and buttock pain following a tennis match in the latter part of 1940. Whatever their initial cause, his low-back symptoms appear to date to this period. Kennedy was initially declined as a volunteer to both the United States Army and Navy because of his low-back issues6,7,13,14. He apparently undertook a personal rehabilitation and exercise program and was judged to be physically qualified for duty on the basis of a medical examination performed on August 5, 1941, gaining entrance to the Navy as an intelligence …
Artificial vs Breast Feeding Relation to Infant Health in a Middle Class American Community

In a comparative study of 113 infants of affluent and well-educated par ents in the same environment, 52 were breast fed and 61 artificially fed. No significant differences could be found between the two groups with respect to a variety of standard clinical measures of health and wellbeing. Where poor hygiene is not a factor, mother's milk per se appears to offer no advantage over present-day artificial infant foods.
A security capstone course: An innovative practical approach to distance education

Information assurance is a growing field in the information technology world. While many individuals seek further education in this field, it is currently difficult to complete an entire program of study remotely. A capstone course at Iowa State University will enable distance education students to complete the requirements for a Master's of Engineering in Information Assurance from an accredited university without ever setting foot on a campus. This course will encompass all focal points of the degree and demonstrate a level of mastery sufficient for awarding of the degree (in accordance with other degree requirements). This course will consist of three parts: the planning & implementing phase, the defending & attacking phase, and the infrastructure assessing phase.
A control method in dq synchronous frame for PWM boost rectifier under generalized unbalanced operating conditions

This paper proposes a new control scheme for regulating the instantaneous power for PWM boost type rectifiers under generalized unbalanced operating conditions. By nullifying the oscillating components of instantaneous power at the poles of the converter instead of the front-end through solving a set of nonlinear control equations in real time, the harmonics in the output DC voltage can be eliminated more effectively under generalized unbalanced operating conditions in the ac input side. The control scheme allows the pwm rectifier to generate a DC output without substantial even-order harmonics and to maintain nearly unity power factor under generalized unbalanced operating conditions, which makes it possible to reduce the size of the DC-link capacitor and AC inductors leading to reduced total cost. Simulation results along with experimental results for the open-loop control using a laboratory prototype converter confirm the feasibility of the new control method.
The non-native turf-forming alga Caulacanthus ustulatus displaces space-occupants but increases diversity

Non-indigenous seaweeds can be found in coastal habitats worldwide yet the ecological effects of only ~6 % of macroalgal introductions have been studied. The turf-forming red alga Caulacanthus ustulatus, a putative introduction from Asia, was discovered in southern California in 1999, yet has received very little attention despite being common in rocky intertidal habitats in the region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of Caulacanthus on native invertebrate and seaweed community composition. Macrofaunal, meiofaunal, and macroalgal community structure and diversity were compared between patches with (non-native) and without Caulacanthus (native) in the upper intertidal zone at 5 locations in southern California. Caulacanthus appears to displace macro invertebrates, such as barnacles, limpets, and periwinkles, while facilitating a more diverse array of meiofauna and macroalgae. This is likely due to the formation of a novel turf habitat in the upper zone where turfs are uncommon in this region naturally; algal turfs can increase habitat complexity, trap sediment, and maintain moisture during low tide which likely benefits meiofauna and seaweeds by providing food, habitat, or refuge from desiccation stress. Subsequent comparisons of invertebrate and seaweed assemblages were conducted in native and non-native patches at one site in the upper intertidal zone as well as in the middle intertidal zone where a native turf zone exists. Despite differences in community composition in the upper intertidal zone, no differences were observed in the middle zone, providing support that the novel turf created by Caulacanthus in the upper zone drives community differences.
Fabrication of ideal geometric-phase holograms with arbitrary wavefronts

Throughout optics and photonics, phase is normally controlled via an optical path difference. Although much less common, an alternative means for phase control exists: a geometric phase (GP) shift occurring when a light wave is transformed through one parameter space, e.g., polarization, in such a way as to create a change in a second parameter, e.g., phase. In thin films and surfaces where only the GP varies spatially—which may be called GP holograms (GPHs)—the phase profile of nearly any (physical or virtual) object can in principle be embodied as an inhomogeneous anisotropy manifesting exceptional diffraction and polarization behavior. Pure GP elements have had poor efficiency and utility up to now, except in isolated cases, due to the lack of fabrication techniques producing elements with an arbitrary spatially varying GP shift at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Here, we describe two methods to create high-fidelity GPHs, one interferometric and another direct-write, capable of recording the wavefront of nearly any physical or virtual object. We employ photoaligned liquid crystals to record the patterns as an inhomogeneous optical axis profile in thin films with a few μm thickness. We report on eight representative examples, including a GP lens with F/2.3 (at 633 nm) and 99% diffraction efficiency across visible wavelengths, and several GP vortex phase plates with excellent modal purity and remarkably small central defect size (e.g., 0.7 and 7 μm for topological charges of 1 and 8, respectively). We also report on a GP Fourier hologram, a fan-out grid with dozens of far-field spots, and an elaborate phase profile, which showed excellent fidelity and very low leakage wave transmittance and haze. Together, these techniques are the first practical bases for arbitrary GPHs with essentially no loss, high phase gradients (∼rad/μm), novel polarization functionality, and broadband behavior.
Dynamic theme tracking in Twitter

Twitter has become a popular social sensor. It is socially significant to surveil the tweet content under crucial themes such as "disease" and "civil unrest". However, this creates two challenges: 1) how to characterize the theme pattern, given Twitter's heterogeneity, dynamics, and unstructured language; and 2) how to model the theme consistently across multiple Twitter functions such as hashtags, replying, and friendships. In this paper, we propose a dynamic query expansion (DQE) model for theme tracking in Twitter. Specifically, DQE characterizes the theme consistency among heterogeneous entities (e.g., terms, tweets, and users) through semantic and social relationships, including co-occurrence, replying, authorship, and friendship. The proposed new optimization algorithm estimates the weight of each relationship by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence. To demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of DQE, we conducted extensive experiments to track the theme "civil unrest" across 8 Latin American countries.
Why Trade Unions Seek to Coordinate Wages and Collective Bargaining in the Eurozone: Past Developments and Future Prospects

In the run-up to European Monetary Union (EMU) trade unions across Europe began to coordinate their bargaining policies transnationally. This paper provides an overview of the efforts made by European and national trade unions to coordinate collective bargaining and wage formation at the sectoral and intersectoral levels to date, embedding them in the broader framework of a European industrial relations system. It concludes with a brief discussion of the likely implications for the trade unions’ transnational bargaining coordination policies of the plans to further centralise economic policies in the Eurozone.
Ion irradiation of the native oxide/silicon surface increases the thermal boundary conductance across aluminum/silicon interfaces

The thermal boundary conductance across solid-solid interfaces can be affected by the physical properties of the solid boundary. Atomic composition, disorder, and bonding between materials can result in large deviations in the phonon scattering mechanisms contributing to thermal boundary conductance. Theoretical and computational studies have suggested that the mixing of atoms around an interface can lead to an increase in thermal boundary conductance by creating a region with an average vibrational spectra of the two materials forming the interface. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate that ion irradiation and subsequent modification of atoms at solid surfaces can increase the thermal boundary conductance across solid interfaces due to a change in the acoustic impedance of the surface. We measure the thermal boundary conductance between thin aluminum films and silicon substrates with native silicon dioxide layers that have been subjected to proton irradiation and post-irradiation surface cleaning procedures. The thermal boundary conductance across the Al/native oxide/Si interfacial region increases with an increase in proton dose. Supported with statistical simulations, we hypothesize that ion beam mixing of the native oxide and silicon substrate within $\ensuremath{\sim}2.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ of the silicon surface results in the observed increase in thermal boundary conductance. This ion mixing leads to the spatial gradation of the silicon native oxide into the silicon substrate, which alters the acoustic impedance and vibrational characteristics at the interface of the aluminum film and native oxide/silicon substrate. We confirm this assertion with picosecond acoustic analyses. Our results demonstrate that under specific conditions, a ``more disordered and defected'' interfacial region can have a lower resistance than a more ``perfect'' interface.
Effect of cortisone administration on intracellular composition of rat liver.

Summary and Conclusions(1) PNA was not demonstrated in the mitochondria or microsomes obtained by differential centrifugation from liver cells of cortisone-treated rats. (2) The characteristic hepatic parenchymal basophilia usually demonstrated by staining with toluidine blue and by gallocyanin-chromalum at pH 2.5 was also lacking. (3) Eight days after cessation of cortisone administration, liver composition had returned to normal.
Achalasia of the Cardia in Children* Manometric, Cinematographic and Pharmacoradiographic Studies**

Achalasia of the cardia is rare in children, who account for between 2% and 4% of all patients with the disorder. Manometric, radiocinematographic and combined pharmacological and radiological investigations are reported in 7 children. Manometry of the oesophagus revealed pathognomonic curves without spasm present in the cardia. This method is useful for early diagnosis and also for differentiating for other pathological conditions of the cardia. It may replace routine Xray examinations. The most important radiological features are described. Cinematography provided a valuable functional diagnostic aid to demonstrate movement at the cardia. Combined pharmacological and radiological studies utilizing β-receptor stimulants in conjunction with β-blockers demonstrated β-receptors in the cardia; an obser vationpreviously noted at in vitro studies.
The production of “illegal” subjects in Massachusetts and high school enrollment for undocumented youth

Thirty years after the landmark constitutional decision Plyler v. Doe gave undocumented youth conditional belonging to the United States by guaranteeing access to K-12 institutions, low enrollment and a high drop-out rate still threaten their participation in society. Analysis of data from a 4-year ethnography of undocumented immigrant youths’ navigation of high school enrollment sheds light on the laws and policies that construct young “illegal” subjects in the state of Massachusetts, revealing how (i) fear of deportation, (ii) lack of information about educational rights and (iii) a de facto economic policy that places them in low-wage manual labor create their “illegal” condition, delay or keep these youth from enrolling in high school, contradict the spirit of Plyler v. Doe, and create a subject that is driven toward labor and discouraged from educational pursuits.
Import Data to Excel Based on Text Formatting

A method that write data to Excel with text formatting was introduced,the development software is Visual c#.Before,Excel COM is adopt and used cell property to write data,but because of the different versions of components,there will be not compatible.If directly write with text formatting,it would not involve the issue of versions.This method is used in a natural gas production decision system,results show that this method has good compatibility.
Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a mouse brain orphanin FQ/nociceptin precursor

By using a reverse transcription-PCR approach we have cloned a peptide precursor from mouse brain which contains the sequence of orphanin FQ/nociceptin. The mouse sequence of orphanin FQ/nociceptin is identical at the amino acid level with that isolated from rat and porcine brain. Northern analysis of the mRNA encoding the precursor reveals a single band of approx. 1 kb, with the highest levels in the brain and much lower levels in kidney and spleen. Southern analysis is consistent with a single gene. The precursor peptide from mouse contains two putative peptides. Upstream from the orphanin FQ/nociceptin is a 41-amino-acid peptide which is almost identical, except for a six-amino-acid insertion, with the corresponding 35-amino-acid peptide predicted from the rat sequence. Interestingly, the mouse contains a triple AEPGAD repeat within this peptide that is not seen in the rat sequence. Downstream from the orphanin FQ/nociceptin sequence is another 17-amino-acid peptide which is identical with that found in the rat.
Preoperative assessment of the risk for multiple complications after surgery.

Background The association between preoperative patient characteristics and the number of major postoperative complications after a major operation is not well defined. Methods In a retrospective, single-center cohort of 50,314 adult surgical patients, we used readily available preoperative clinical data to model the number of major postoperative complications from none to ≥3. We included acute kidney injury; prolonged stay (>48 hours) in an intensive care unit; need for prolonged (>48 hours) mechanical ventilation; severe sepsis; and cardiovascular, wound, and neurologic complications. Risk probability scores generated from the multinomial logistic models were used to develop an online calculator. We stratified patients based on their risk of having ≥3 postoperative complications. Results Patients older than 65 years (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval, 1.4–1.6), males (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.3), patients with a greater Charlson comorbidity index (odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval, 3.6–4.2), patients requiring emergency operation (odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval, 3.3.–3.7), and patients admitted on a weekend (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval, 1.3–1.5) were more likely to have ≥3 postoperative complications than they were to have none. Patients in the medium- and high-risk categories were 3.7 and 6.3 times more likely to have ≥3 postoperative complications, respectively. High-risk patients were 5.8 and 4.4 times more likely to die within 30 and 90 days of admission, respectively. Conclusion Readily available, preoperative clinical and sociodemographic factors are associated with a greater number of postoperative complications and adverse surgical outcomes. We developed an online calculator that predicts probability of developing each number of complications after a major operation.
Treatment options for myelodysplastic syndromes.

Current approaches and novel therapeutics on the horizon for myelodysplastic syndromes are discussed.
Entailments, pragmatic assertion and mood in Spanish complements

This paper examines a frequently overlooked class of expressions in Spanish that license the subjunctive mood in a complement clause. This class contains expressions such as poco/a/s “few”, menos de “less than” and solo “only”. The goal of the paper is to offer an account of the use of mood with these expressions that incorporates the data under discussion into previous pragmatic accounts of mood based on notions of assertion and informative value. The paper first offers a semantic characterization of this class of expressions that is based on their monotonic properties (Ladusaw 1980, Ladusaw 1983). Next, it explores the pragmatic effects of their semantic properties. Following Stalnaker (1978), I assume that the effect of a pragmatic assertion is to reduce the set of possible worlds that represents the presuppositions held by a speaker and their audience (referred to as the context set ). It is argued that propositions under the scope of an upward entailing expression are more informative, and they are thus more relevant and higher in a scale of assertability (Lunn 1989), in that they allow for inferences that further reduce the context set. Propositions under the scope of expressions that are not upward entailing lose some of their informative value, and thus they are lower in the scale of assertability, which correlates with the possibility of using subjunctive mood in a complement under their scope.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Pediatric Elimination Disorders

Pediatric elimination disorders are common in childhood, yet psychosocial correlates are generally unclear. Given the physiological concomitants of both enuresis and encopresis, and the fact that many children with elimination disorders are initially brought to their primary care physician for treatment, medical evaluation and management are crucial and may serve as the first-line treatment approach. Scientific investigation on psychological and behavioral interventions has progressed over the past couple of decades, resulting in the identification of effective treatments for enuresis and encopresis. However, the body of literature has inherent challenges, particularly given the multicomponent nature of many of the treatment packages. This review identified 25 intervention studies-18 for nocturnal enuresis and 7 for encopresis-over the past 15 years and classified them according to the guidelines set forth by the Task Force on the Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. For nocturnal enuresis, the urine alarm and dry-bed training were identified as well-established treatments, Full Spectrum Home Therapy was probably efficacious, lifting was possibly efficacious, and hypnotherapy and retention control training were classified as treatments of questionable efficacy. For encopresis, only two probably efficacious treatments were identified: biofeedback and enhanced toilet training (ETT). Best practice recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided to address existing limitations, including heterogeneity and the multicomponent nature of many of the interventions for pediatric elimination disorders.