cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biobased Organic Chemistry Laboratories as Sustainable Experiment Alternatives

As nonrenewable resources deplete and educators seek relevant interdisciplinary content for organic chemistry instruction, biobased laboratory experiments present themselves as potential alternatives to petroleum-based transformations, which offer themselves as sustainable variations on important themes. Following the principles of green chemistry and the powerful biorefinery model it is possible to create pedagogically sound and modern laboratory experiments employing readily available renewable reactants and reagents to convey important organic chemistry principles. In a reverse approach compared to total synthesis, these experiments should serve to not only make the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory more green and sustainable but also educate the next generation with both historically important developments and cutting-edge research.
Comment on "Killer Ig-like receptor 2DL4 does not mediate NK Cell IFN-γ responses to soluble HLA-G preparations".

Previous studies on the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR)2DL4 (KIR2DL4, CD158d) have shown that this unusual receptor is not detectable at the cell surface, and resides in endosomes of resting NK cells ([1][1]). Although direct in vitro binding of HLA-G to KIR2DL4 has not been demonstrated, soluble
Citizens: Backwardness and Legitimacy in Agronomy and Economics, 1900–14

In the disillusionment that followed the Revolution of 1905–7, a new generation of professional agronomists and economists rejected the neat dichotomies of liberty and oppression, freedom and coercion, democracy and dictatorship, and left and right, and turned to the certainty of ‘objective science’.1 In this they joined a host of professional and public activists who disavowed the partisan movements that had unleashed a violent peasant bunt that lacked, in the corporeal language of the literature, ‘a brain’. Agronomists employed a different set of binary oppositions structured by notions of linear time and bracketed by backwardness and progress, darkness and light, body and mind, masses and intelligentsiia, and spontaneity and consciousness.2 Professionals placed themselves firmly at the one end and peasants at the other, and presumed that peasants — victimized by their own ignorance as much as the oppression of the socio-economic system — were unable to articulate their interests or profoundly misunderstood them.
Adaptive Optics Applied to 2-Photon Microscopy

I will describe some effects of scattering tissue on pulsed illumination, and show how temporal pulse broadening can be measured with a camera. Results will be compared to theory. Implications for AO will be discussed. Article not available.
Predictive factors for malignancy in incidental pulmonary nodules detected in breast cancer patients at baseline CT

Pulmonary nodules are commonly encountered at staging CTs in patients with extrathoracic malignancies, but their significance on a per-patient basis remains uncertain. We undertook a retrospective analysis of pulmonary nodules identified in patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer from 2010 – 2015, evaluating nodules present at a baseline CT (i.e. prevalent nodules). We reviewed 211 patients with 248 individual nodules. The rate of malignancy in prevalent nodules is low, approximately 13 %. Variables associated with metastasis include pleural studding, hilar lymphadenopathy and the presence of extrapulmonary metastasis, as well as number of nodules, nodule size and nodule shape. Using a combination of these factors, we have developed an evidence-based multivariate decision tree to predict which nodules are malignant in these patients, which is 91 % accurate and 100 % sensitive for metastasis. We propose a simplified clinical prediction algorithm to guide radiologists and oncologists in managing patients with breast cancer and incidental pulmonary nodules. • Incidental pulmonary nodules are common on computed tomography in breast cancer patients. • Nodules present at baseline have a lower malignancy risk than incident nodules. • We present an evidence-based decision algorithm predicting which nodules are likely malignant. • This algorithm can help direct patient management.
Knock-Down of CCAAT Displacement Protein (CDP) Restores Specific Granule Protein (SGP) Gene Expression in NB4 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells.

Abstract CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed homeodomain protein with extensive homology to the Drosophila cut protein. CDP contains three highly conserved DNA-binding repeats called cut repeats, as well as a conserved homeodomain sequence. CDP is a transcriptional repressor of several developmentally regulated genes involved in neutrophil maturation, including the phagocyte-specific cytochrome heavy chain gene, gp91-phox, and CCAAT enhancer binding protein epsilon (C/EBPe ). It also represses expression of neutrophil secondary granule proteins (SGPs), including LF, which are downstream targets of C/EBPe . We have previously shown that CDP binds to and represses both the C/EBPe and lactoferrin (LF) gene promoters thereby preventing expression of secondary granule proteins (SGPs) both directly and indirectly. Additionally, we have demonstrated that overexpression of CDP represses expression of SGPs in 32Dcl3 cells, an IL-3 dependent murine myeloid cell line that undergoes differentiation in response to IL-3 withdrawal and G-CSF stimulation. Conversely, knocking down CDP expression by RNA interference in 32D cells upregulates levels of LF mRNA in uninduced cells. NB4 cells are an acute promyelocytic cell line that contains the t(15;17) PML-RARα translocation and can be induced toward neutrophil maturation with all-trans-retinoic Acid (ATRA). We have previously demonstrated that NB4 cells uniformly fail to express LF and all the SGP genes upon ATRA induction. In further studies, we showed that this failure of expression occurs despite appropriate binding of C/EBP factors known to upregulate SGP expression. We further demonstrated persistent binding of CDP to the LF promoter in NB4 cells upon ATRA induction, suggesting that failure of LF expression was due to persistent binding of CDP rather than a failure of C/EBP transactivation. In order to test this hypothesis, we knocked down CDP expression in NB4 cells using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs and examined the effect of reduced CDP levels on SGP expression. ShRNA CDP constructs were introduced into NB4 cells by nucleofection using an Amaxa® nucleofector. Half the transfected cells were induced with ATRA, while the other half remained uninduced. After 24-hours of induction, total RNA was extracted from the cells and RTqPCR performed to assess the levels of SGP mRNA. We demonstrate that decreased CDP expression in ATRA- induced NB4 cells is sufficient to restore LF, collagenase, and gelatinase expression in the leukemic cell line. SGP expression remains absent in uninduced CDP-shRNA NB4 cells, as well as in both uninduced and induced cells transfected with an empty vector. Our observations reaffirm the critical role played by CDP in regulating the expression of LF and other SGP proteins during neutrophil development. How the PML-RARα gene product functions to alter CDP activity in NB4 cells at the molecular level, thereby restricting SGP expression, is currently being addressed.
Assessing power system state estimation accuracy with GPS-spoofed PMU Measurements

Power grids have evolved into cyber-networks equipped with high speed communications and advanced sensors. While this evolution has been monumental, the risk of cyber-attacks is growing. In grids, phasor measurement units (PMU)—equipped with GPS receivers—are now ubiquitously installed in widespread locations, while providing real time grid-visibility. Cooperatively, limited number of PMUs can enable state estimation (SE) routines. However, PMU measurements can be notably altered via a GPS spoofing attack and consequently causing a misleading depiction of the physical status of the system. Here, we evaluate the impact of a GPS time-synchronization attack on the grid's SE routines. Statistical information regarding the attacked estimates are derived with relevance to the actual state of the system. We also investigate bounds on the estimation bias introduced by the aforementioned attacks. Numerical examples are included to support the developed methods.
Propaganda vs. Education

This chapter discusses whether education limits or exacerbates the effects of statesponsored propaganda on political violence. It provides evidence for the hypothesis that basic education can limit the effectiveness of propaganda by increasing access to alternative media sources. It builds on the case study of the Rwandan genocide in work done by Yanagizawa-Drott (2011), and shows that the propaganda disseminated by the “hate radio” station RTLM did not affect participation in violence in villages where education levels, as measured by literacy rates, were relatively high. A discussion of the potential underlying mechanisms driving the results is presented. The methodological challenges of identifying causal effects of mass media and propaganda are also described, including recent innovations using statistical methods that may be used to overcome those challenges.
Deciphering Functional Redundancy in the Human Microbiome

The taxonomic composition of the human microbiome varies tremendously across individuals, while its gene composition or functional capacity is highly conserved across individuals. Such a strikingly conserved functional capacity implies an ecological property known as functional redundancy. Although this redundancy is thought to underlie the stability and resilience of the human microbiome, its origin is elusive. Here, we decipher the functional redundancy in the human microbiome by depicting its genomic content network --- a bipartite graph that links microbes to the genes in their genomes. We find that this network exhibits several topological features, such as highly-nested structure and very heterogeneous gene degree distribution, which favor high functional redundancy. Furthermore, we find that the human gut microbiota displays a unique assembly pattern --- a functional core-periphery structure, which enables it to reach a higher functional redundancy than other body sites. This unique assembly pattern and the associated high functional redundancy of the gut microbiota are gradually established during the first year of life in healthy infants. Acute disturbances (such as in Clostridium difficile infection) abolish the assembly pattern and the functional redundancy weakens, but several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, obesity, autism, and Parkinson9s disease, do not markedly alter the assembly pattern and the functional redundancy of the gut microbiota. This result suggests that the functional redundancy can serve as a resilience indicator of diseased microbiota against compositional interventions and hence predict the efficacy of microbiome-based therapies such as fecal microbiota transplantation. Our framework, based on the genomic content network of the human microbiome, paves the way for a mechanistic understanding of species-function relationships, which is critical for developing functional-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
Rapid changes in serum cytokines and chemokines in response to inactivated influenza vaccination.

Background The timing of host cytokine responses to influenza vaccination is poorly understood. Objectives We examined serum cytokine kinetics following inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) to better understand potential relationships between markers of inflammation and TIV-related side effects. Patients/Methods Twenty healthy adult subjects received TIV. Cytokines/chemokines were assessed in intervals from 3 hours - 14 days. Antibody titers were measured at baseline and day 14. Results Serum cytokine responses to TIV were evident as early as 3 hours post-immunization. Compared to baseline, IFN-γ and IP-10 were significantly elevated 7 hours after TIV administration. Both remained elevated and peaked between 16 and 24 hours before returning to baseline by 44 hours post-vaccination. Although IL-8 levels were variable between subjects during the first 24 hours after TIV, by 44 hours, IL-8 was significantly lower compared to baseline. Interestingly, IL-8 levels remained significantly lower for up to 2 weeks after receiving TIV. Fifteen of 20 subjects reported mild adverse events. The one subject who reported moderate myalgias and injection site pain after vaccination displayed a distinctive, early cytokine response profile which included IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, TARC and MCP-4. Conclusions Serum cytokines changed rapidly following TIV and generally peaked at 24 hours. TIV-induced reductions in IL-8 occurred later (44h) and were sustained for 2 weeks. An outlier response coincided with the only moderate side effects to the vaccine. These data suggest that early cytokine/chemokine responses may provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of adverse events and immune reactivity to vaccination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of colorimetric assays for determination of H2O2 in planta during fungal wood decomposition

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a critical role in generating oxygen radicals as fungi attack and deconstruct plant cell walls. Its concentrations in planta, however, are often low during decomposition and evade detection by traditional methods. Here, we compared relevant methods and selected the best based on detection limits and selectivity.
Shades of Basic Income

The basic income concept, at a high level of generality, has generated increasing interest among scholars, policymakers, and members of the public around the world and across the political spectrum. In practice, however, the basic income label encompasses a variety of different proposals, with different underlying policy motivations, design features, and anticipated effects. The varied motivations reflect different political ideologies and policy priorities, as well as different expectations for the future of the economy and labor market demand. While many agree that basic income could be a useful solution, there is no consensus as to the problems basic income solves. In order to systematize the policy analysis of basic income, this Essay describes the different motivations underlying different proposals. We begin this inquiry with the starkly different possibilities for the future of labor presented at this conference.
Characterization of Tetrahydrolipstatin and Stereoderivatives on the Inhibition of Essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipid Esterases.

Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) is a covalent inhibitor of many serine esterases. In mycobacteria, THL has been found to covalently react with 261 lipid esterases upon treatment of Mycobacterium bovis cell lysate. However, the covalent adduct is considered unstable in some cases because of the hydrolysis of the enzyme-linked THL adduct resulting in catalytic turnover. In this study, a library of THL stereoderivatives was tested against three essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipid esterases of interest for drug development to assess how the stereochemistry of THL affects respective enzyme inhibition and allows for cross enzyme inhibition. The mycolyltransferase Antigen 85C (Ag85C) was found to be stereospecific with regard to THL; covalent inhibition occurs within minutes and was previously shown to be irreversible. Conversely, the Rv3802 phospholipase A/thioesterase was more accepting of a variety of THL configurations and uses these compounds as alternative substrates. The reaction of the THL stereoderivat...
Characterizing oral microbial communities across dentition states and colonization niches

The present study aimed to identify patterns and processes in acquisition of oral bacteria and to characterize the microbiota of different dentition states and habitats. Mucosal, salivary, supragingival, and subgingival biofilm samples were collected from orally and systemically healthy children and mother-child dyads in predentate, primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions. 16S rRNA gene sequences were compared to the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). Functional potential was inferred using PICRUSt. Unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances were significantly smaller between each mother-predentate dyad than infant-unrelated female dyads. Predentate children shared a median of 85% of species-level operational taxonomic units (s-OTUs) and 100% of core s-OTUs with their mothers. Maternal smoking, but not gender, mode of delivery, feeding habits, or type of food discriminated between predentate microbial profiles. The primary dentition demonstrated expanded community membership, structure, and function when compared to the predentate stage, as well as significantly lower similarity between mother-child dyads. The primary dentition also included 85% of predentate core s-OTUs. Subsequent dentitions exhibited over 90% similarity to the primary dentition in phylogenetic and functional structure. Species from the predentate mucosa as well as new microbial assemblages were identified in the primary supragingival and subgingival microbiomes. All individuals shared 65% of species between supragingival and subgingival habitats; however, the salivary microbiome exhibited less than 35% similarity to either habitat. Within the limitations of a cross-sectional study design, we identified two definitive stages in oral bacterial colonization: an early predentate imprinting and a second wave with the eruption of primary teeth. Bacterial acquisition in the oral microbiome is influenced by the maternal microbiome. Personalization begins with the eruption of primary teeth; however, this is limited to phylogeny; functionally, individuals exhibit few differences, suggesting that microbial assembly may follow a defined schematic that is driven by the functional requirements of the ecosystem. This early microbiome forms the foundation upon which newer communities develop as more colonization niches emerge, and expansion of biodiversity is attributable to both introduction of new species and increase in abundance of predentate organisms.
Multi-scale spectrum sensing in millimeter wave cognitive networks

In this paper, a multi-scale approach to spectrum sensing and information exchange in millimeter wave cognitive cellular networks is proposed. In order to overcome the huge energy cost of acquiring full network state information on the occupancy of each cell over the network, secondary users acquire local state estimates, which are aggregated up the hierarchy to produce multi-scale estimates of spectrum occupancy. The proposed design accounts for local estimation errors and the irregular interference patterns arising due to sensitivity to blockages, high attenuation, and high directionality at millimeter wave. A greedy algorithm based on agglomerative clustering is proposed to design an interference-based tree (IBT), matched to the interference pattern of the network. The proposed aggregation algorithm over IBT is shown to be much more cost efficient than acquiring full network state information from the neighboring cells, requiring as little as 1/5th of the energy cost.
Comparison of an immunoprecipitation method for direct measurement of LDL-cholesterol with beta-quantification (ultracentrifugation).

A direct LDL cholesterol assay was evaluated using immunoprecipitation (Sigma Diagnostics, St. Louis, MO) with beta-quantification obtained by ultracentrifugation. Excellent intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were obtained ( or = 400 mg/dL (r = 0.89, n = 75). However, using the Friedewald equation, there was a good correlation only in samples with triglyceride levels or = 400 mg/dL) and to monitor LDL cholesterol levels in patients with Type III dyslipidemia, because it is less time consuming, more cost-effective and can be adapted to the clinical laboratory.
Hepatitis B vaccination using a dissolvable microneedle patch is immunogenic in mice and rhesus macaques

Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection remains a major global public health problem, accounting for about 887,000 deaths in 2015. Perinatal and early childhood infections are strongly associated with developing chronic hepatitis B. Adding a birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine (HepB BD) to routine childhood vaccination can prevent over 85% of these infections. However, HepB BD coverage remains low in many global regions, with shortages of birth attendants trained to vaccinate and limited HepB BD supply at birth. To address the challenges, we developed coated metal microneedle patches (cMNPs) and dissolvable microneedle patches (dMNPs) that deliver adjuvant-free hepatitis B vaccine to the skin in a simple-to-administer manner. The dMNP contains micron-scale, solid needles encapsulating vaccine antigen and dissolve in the skin, generating no sharps waste. We delivered HepB BD via cMNP to BALB/c mice and via dMNP to both mice and rhesus macaques. Both cMNP and dMNP were immunogenic, generating hepatitis B surface antibody levels similar to human seroprotection. Biomechanical analysis showed that at high forces the microneedles failed mechanically by yielding but microneedles partially blunted by axial compression were still able to penetrate skin. Overall, this study indicates that with further development, dMNPs could offer a method of vaccination to increase HepB BD access and reduce needle waste in developing countries.
An Environmental Perspective on Utopia

At this point, it may be useful to recapitulate briefly what has been presented thus far. We have discussed two modes of thought—environmental theory and utopian speculation—in light of their historical development, the issues they focus on, and the problems they encounter. We have critically examined four utopias, providing a detailed data base for subsequent analysis. We now wish to direct each mode of thought toward the other. In this chapter, we consider how environmental thought can inform the utopian imagination, how it can contribute to the utopian project, and how it can assist in resolving, or at least clarifying, the problems that have arisen within utopian thinking, particularly the problems suggested by antiutopians.
FavGene 2.0: Perl and MYSQL system for exploring a set of favorite genes

Genomics is an emerging interdisciplinary field comprised of researchers in biology and computer science. The computer-assisted applications to biology enable the analysis of billions of base pairs of DNA sequences from all of the various genome sequencing projects. This work presents our current software and system design efforts to allow researchers to study their "favorite genes."
Combination of WEE1 and AURKA inhibition in HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

e14105Background: Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) is overexpressed in HNSCC, and correlates with poor prognosis. It has been identified as a potential therapeutic target, yet the response rate for the AURK...
Unbiased offline recommender evaluation for missing-not-at-random implicit feedback

Implicit-feedback Recommenders (ImplicitRec) leverage positive only user-item interactions, such as clicks, to learn personalized user preferences. Recommenders are often evaluated and compared offline using datasets collected from online platforms. These platforms are subject to popularity bias (i.e., popular items are more likely to be presented and interacted with), and therefore logged ground truth data are Missing-Not-At-Random (MNAR). As a result, the widely used Average-Over-All (AOA) evaluator is biased toward accurately recommending trendy items. In this paper, we (a) investigate evaluation bias of AOA and (b) develop an unbiased and practical offline evaluator for implicit MNAR datasets using the Inverse-Propensity-Scoring (IPS) technique. Through extensive experiments using four real-world datasets and four widely used algorithms, we show that (a) popularity bias is widely manifested in item presentation and interaction; (b) evaluation bias due to MNAR data pervasively exists in most cases where AOA is used to evaluate ImplicitRec; and (c) the unbiased estimator significantly reduces the AOA evaluation bias by more than 30% in the Yahoo! music dataset in terms of the Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
Thromboelastography-Directed Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: Impact on Postoperative Outcomes

Background Transfusion of allogenic blood products is associated with substantial morbidity and increased risk of mortality. Thromboelastography (TEG) to direct transfusion management during and immediately after cardiothoracic surgery reduced blood product usage in our institution. The goal of this study was to quantify the impact of TEG on postoperative outcomes. Methods All patients who underwent cardiac surgical procedures before and after implementation of TEG were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics, blood product administration, and length of stay (LOS) were compared. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the impact of TEG on the odds of reoperation, LOS, and 6-month mortality. Results Included in analysis were 367 patients in the pre-TEG period and 310 patients in the post-TEG period. Baseline characteristics did not vary between periods. Exposure to blood products was significantly reduced after implementation of TEG (p Conclusions The use of TEG to guide blood product administration substantially affected patient outcomes, including LOS, odds of reoperation, and short-term mortality. The impacts appreciated may be due to the reduced use of allogenic blood products and the ability to distinguish between postoperative coagulopathy and surgical bleeding with the use of this point-of-care test.
Diel variation of formaldehyde levels and other VOCs in homes driven by temperature dependent infiltration and emission rates

Abstract High time resolution monitoring of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds in the air of four homes in winter and summer revealed diel variation of VOC levels driven by infiltration and temperature dependent whole house emission rates. In unoccupied homes, these pollutants displayed a large diel concentration variation, with an afternoon maxima and early morning minima. VOC abundance lagged about 2 h behind changes in infiltration rates measured by a tracer release method, resulting in poor correlations between VOC concentration and air change rate. The data demonstrate that VOC abundance was not in steady state with respect to whole house emission rates. Formaldehyde and other VOCs displayed a positive correlation with indoor temperature in both winter and summer. Formaldehyde sensitivity to temperature ranged from 3.0 to 4.5 ppbv per °C, a useful metric for predicting the impact of heat waves and changing regional climate on indoor air quality. Gypsum wallboard used as radiant ceiling heating product in one home was identified as source of formaldehyde and potentially mercury.
The Obesity Paradox in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Results from a Retrospective Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Mild obesity is associated with a survival benefit in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Only a few studies have analyzed the effect of obesity on outcomes after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and none have used a national US database. We sought to determine whether or not obesity was associated with outcomes and in-hospital complications following ICH. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients with ICH in the USA who were discharged between 2002 and 2011. The presence of obesity (body mass index [BMI] 30–39.9) or morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40) was noted. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes included non-routine discharge disposition, tracheostomy or gastrostomy placement, length of stay (LOS), inflation-adjusted hospital charges, and in-hospital complications. A total of 123,415 patients with ICH met the inclusion criteria, and the 10-year overall incidence of obesity was 4.5%. Between 2002 and 2011, the incidence of obesity increased from 1.9 to 4.4% and the incidence of morbid obesity increased from 0.7 to 3.2%. Both obese (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.56–0.69) and morbidly obese (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66–0.88) patients had lower odds of inpatient mortality. Obese (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.78–0.93) but not morbidly obese patients had lower odds of non-routine discharge. Morbidly obese patients were twice as likely to require a tracheostomy than non-obese patients (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.62–2.66). Both obese and morbidly obese patients had higher total hospital charges and rates of pulmonary, renal, and venous thromboembolic complications. There was no difference in LOS according to body habitus. In patients with spontaneous ICH, obesity is associated with decreased in-hospital mortality but higher rates of in-hospital complications and greater total hospital charges. Non-morbid obesity carries lower odds of non-routine hospital discharge.
Multiple Subpial Transections in Eloquent Cortex for Refractory Epilepsy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Although the epilepsy refractory to medical therapy can potentially be cured by the resection of epileptogenic tissue, many patients do not qualify for surgery, because epileptogenic tissue can arise from eloquent areas of the brain, where surgical resection would result in severe neurological deficits. Palliative surgical treatments currently used in these situations include deep brain stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, and vagal nerve stimulation.1 A previously developed technique, multiple subpial transections (MSTs), although used infrequently, is another effective tool.2 Our patient, a 34-yr-old man, had epilepsy that was refractory to medical management. His preoperative work-up demonstrated a potential seizure focus in the left pars opercularis and left superior temporal gyrus, which was verified using invasive stereoelectroencephalography. Functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a significant verbal and motor function in this region. After informed consent was obtained, the patient underwent a left-sided craniotomy. The central portion of the seizure focus was resected using the subpial technique. The surrounding presumed epileptogenic cortex, which was considered functionally eloquent, was then horizontally disconnected with MSTs. For each transection, a small puncture incision was made in the pia, and a vertical cut was completed using Morrell dissectors.2 MSTs were performed circumferentially around the entire resection cavity in 5-mm increments. All hemostasis was achieved with irrigation instead of electrocautery, although noncauterizing hemostatic agents are also acceptable. The patient was neurologically intact after the operation and was discharged home on postoperative day 2. He was free of seizures at 11-month follow-up. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
A case report of ovarian torsion following ovarian transposition for cervical cancer

We describe a case report of ovarian torsion after ovarian transposition in a young woman with cervical cancer. Ovarian transposition is a well-established surgical procedure in young women undergoing hysterectomy for pelvic malignancies who may go on to receive radiation therapy. Transposing the ovaries further from the targeted field lowers the radiation dose to the exquisitely radiosensitive ovaries. Torsion is not a commonly acknowledged complication following ovarian transplantation; however, we feel that clinicians and radiologists should include torsion in their differential for women with flank or abdominal pain and a history of ovarian transposition.
Chapter 10 – Plant Germplasm

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to highlight several methods for maintenance and storage of plant germplasm, with particular emphasis on those techniques most applicable to the preservation of elite cultures used in biotechnology and the plants derived from them. A wide array of industrial chemicals is derived from plants, including flavors, pigements, gums, resins, waxes, dyes, essential oils, edible oils, agrochemicals, enzymes, anesthetics, analgesics, stimulants, sedatives, narcotics, and anticancer agents. Secondary metabolites have been produced from a number of plant species in vitro, and many of them have biochemical importance. The combination of plant tissue culture and fermentation technology for the production of biochemicals has been reviewed. Plant preservation initiatives have, by necessity, focused on the conservation of species and land races of international agricultural importance and—to a lesser extent—endangered and threatened species. Conversely, little effort has been made to collect and preserve systematically the increasing number of genotypes being developed with biotechnological applications. The advantages of in vitro preservation include maintenance of disease-free lines, rapid clonal multiplication rates, smaller storage space requirements, continuous availability, and ease of shipment.
Developing Emotional Intelligence Through a Longitudinal Leadership Curriculum in UME: Combating the Decline in Medical Student Empathy

We report on a novel curriculum (Scholarly Excellence, Leadership Experiences, Collaborative Training [SELECT]) in an allopathic medical school designed to prepare students to be physician leaders while remaining empathetic by combating burnout. SELECT students were surveyed annually. The survey contained the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). In this cohort, empathy did not decrease, as measured by the JSE, and SELECT students' MBI Depersonalization burnout scores decreased after year 3. In summary, in this allopathic US medical school utilizing a novel curriculum, there was no significant decline in empathy after the third year of medical school. The SELECT program appears to mitigate the decline in empathy and increased Depersonalization burnout levels often seen at the end of the third year of medical school.
How does the World Bank shape global environmental governance agendas for coasts? 50 years of small-scale fisheries aid reveals paradigm shifts over time

Abstract Small-scale fisheries are becoming a global social and environmental concern. The contribution of marine small-scale fisheries to global food security and coastal livelihoods, coupled with the significant challenges they face, has attracted increasing attention and aid from environmental organizations, philanthropies, and multilateral agencies over recent decades. Our study attends to the understudied role of the World Bank, the largest individual funder shaping present and future sustainability of coastal marine regions, as a key actor shaping global environmental governance paradigms. We asked how funding to the sector has changed over the last 50 years and why, outlining distinct patterns in the flow of small-scale fisheries aid and the underlying intervention models. We contextualize our quantitative analysis of aid patterns over time with qualitative interview data with bank staff, identifying underlying paradigm shifts driven by internal and external factors. More than $2.48 billion was allocated by the World Bank to marine fisheries over the last 50 years, approximately 47% (~$1.17 billion) of which was targeted to marine small-scale fisheries. Three distinct funding periods are identified: rising support to SSF from the 1970s to mid-1980s; a sharp decline in funding in the mid-to-late 1980s and low levels of funding throughout the 1990s; and a steady return to funding SSF in the mid-2000s up to the present. Over time, Bank-funded interventions shifted from pure economic development in the earlier era, to an emphasis on governance and multi-dimensional environmental goals in the recent period. To understand why, we used key-informant interviews to unpack major internal drivers: internal staff changes and presence of key individuals, the decentralization and recentralization of decision-making, and the organization’s shifting emphasis from traditional economic growth to multi-dimensional objectives of poverty reduction, among others. External drivers behind funding and paradigm shifts included pressure from the environmental movement, the rise of sustainable development discourses, key global environmental summits in the 1990s, and rising levels of interest in the fisheries sector by the governments of both donor and recipient countries. Processes of ‘paradigm shifts’ were not swift or singular, rather they were affected by multiple, convergent factors over time. Our findings contribute to the literature on multi-lateral institutions as key actors in environmental governance shaping global development thinking, illustrating the arc of the last half-century of fisheries aid at the Bank while highlighting present dilemmas and future challenges that actors interested in working towards sustainable marine small-scale fisheries face.
Sharing COMFORT Communication Training With Healthcare Professionals in Nairobi, Kenya: A Pilot Webinar Series.

Background:Communication training for healthcare providers is evident in the context of the COVID-19 global pandemic, however training opportunities are not available in countries with limited reso...
The Scapular/Parascapular Flap: The Chimeric Flap Based on the Subscapular Arterial System

The scapular and parascapular flaps are cutaneous flaps that have been extensively used in the treatment of soft tissue reconstruction and are a favored flap for the treatment of severe hemifacial microsomia. The scapular and parascapular flaps are based off of branches of the extensive subscapular arterial system. The subscapular artery provides a number of branches, each of which separately can serve as a pedicle for a flap (the latissimus dorsi muscle, the anterior serratus muscle, the tip of the scapula, the lateral edge of the scapula, and the cutaneous portions of the scapular and parascapular flaps). As a result, it is an ideal choice for chimeric flaps. The harvest of the scapular or parascapular flap has minimal donor site morbidity. The dissection of the flap is relatively easy and the anatomy is constant since this is an axial cutaneous flap. The dissection becomes more tedious if a chimeric flap is to be utilized. The skin of the back is usually thin and pliable; however, it can be very thick in obese patients. This is taken into account when choosing a flap for a defect requiring a thin pliable flap. The flap is harvested with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and changes in the patient’s position intraoperatively may be needed. Finally, the scar does tend to widen and may be cosmetically unacceptable for some patients.
A Corporate Form Of Freedom: The Emergence Of The Modern Nonprofit Sector

* Acknowledgments * 1. Introduction * 2. The Development of the Discretionary Model * Advantages to Nonprofit Status * The Divergence of Commercial and Nonprofit Corporate Chartering Practices * 3. Historic Excuses and Uses for Judicial Subjectivity in the Incorporation Process * The Emergence of Doctrinal Justifications for Special Treatment * Applications of the Discretionary Conception by Judicial Progressives * Interwar Characterizations of Permissible Nonprofit Activity * Wartime Applications * Protecting Consensus Values in the Postwar World * 4. The Corrosion of the Discretionary Conception * Student Impudence and the Legitimacy of Judicial Authority * Broadening Corporate Expression in an Interest Group State * Governmental Largesse As an Entitlement * A Roadblock in the Struggle for African-American Civil Rights * The End of Judicial Oversight As a Significant Means for Supervising Nonprofit Corporations * 5. Transition to a New Regime * The Judges Adjust to Their Subordinated Status * The Emergence of Administrative Surrogates for Judges * 6. The New World of Nonprofit Activity * Explosive Growth After the Change * Anemic Disclosure and Administrative Remedies * Misreliance on the Tax Scheme * In Search of a New Direction * Scholarly Assessments * Coda
Radiative Excitation, Ionization, Recombination, and Fluorescence

Before we can calculate rate processes for atomic events in gaseous nebulae, we must derive certain basic equations. Our first concern is with radiative processes involving hydrogen.
Afferent Inputs to Breathing: Respiratory Sensation

The sections in this article are: 1 Methods used to Quantify Respiratory Sensations 1.1 Threshold Measurements 1.2 Scaling Methods 1.3 Apparatus for Adding Resistive and Elastic Loads 2 Perception of Volume, Ventilation, Frequency, and Pressure 2.1 Thresholds for Detection 2.2 Scaling Performance 2.3 Volume-Matching Studies 3 Perception of Added Resistive and Elastic Loads 3.1 Load-Detection Thresholds 3.2 Scaling of Added Loads to Breathing 4 Ability to Discriminate Between Added Resistive and Elastic Loads 5 Effects of Aging on Respiratory Sensation 5.1 Perception of Volume and Pressure 5.2 Perception of Added Loads 6 Perception in Patients with Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 6.1 Load Detection (Difference-Threshold Measurements) 6.2 Scaling of Added Loads 7 Potential Sites for Receptors Subserving Load and Volume Perception 7.1 Upper (Extrathoracic) Airways 7.2 Lungs 7.3 Chest Wall 7.4 Diaphragm 8 Proposed Mechanisms of Perception 8.1 Evidence Supporting Primary Role of Muscle Afferents 8.2 Apparent Contributions of Motor Command 9 Interplay Between Perceptual Performance and Ventilatory Control 10 Summary
Rehabilitation in Justice: The Prisoner's Perspective.

(1987). Rehabilitation in Justice. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 5-19.
Balancing forward and feedback error correction for erasure channels with unreliable feedback

The traditional information theoretic approach to studyin g feedback is to consider ideal instantaneous high-rate feedback of the channel outputs to the encoder. This was acceptable in classical work because the results were negative: Shannon pointed out that even perfect feedback often does not improve capacity and in the context of symmetric DMCs, Dobrushin showed that it does not improve the fixed block-coding error exponents in the interesting high rate regime. However, it has recently been shown that perfect feedback does allow great improvements in the asymptotic tradeoff between end-to-end delay and probability of error, even for symmetric channels at high rate. Since gains are claimed with ideal instantaneous feed back, it is natural to wonder whether these improvements remain if the feedback is unreliable or otherwise limited. Here, packet-erasure channels are considered on both the forward and feedback links. First, the feedback channel is considered as a given and a strategy is given to balance forward and feedback error correction in the suitable information-theoretic limit of long end-to-end d elays. At high enough rates, perfect-feedback performance is asymptotically attainable despite having only unreliab le feedback! Second, the results are interpreted in the zero sum case of “half-duplex” nodes where the allocation of bandwidth or time to the feedback channel comes at the direct expense of the forward channel. It turns out that even here, feedback is worthwhile since dramatically lower asymptotic delays are possible by appropriately balancing forward and feedback error correction. The results easily generalize to channels with strictly pos itive zero-undeclared-error capacities.
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene Expression in Condensed Tannin-Accumulating and Lignifying Cells of Quaking Aspen

Allelochemical pools of condensed tannins and salicylate-derived phenolic glycoside, along with lignins constitute large phenylpropanoid carbon sinks in tissues of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Their synthesis depends on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), which deaminates L-phenylalanine to initiate phenylpropanoid metabolism. Despite its apparently generic role in providing trans-cinnamic acid for secondary metabolism, PAL often occurs as multiple genes and protein isoforms. In Populus,expression of different PAL genes in developing stems and leaves has been most specifically associated with lignification in the past. Here we report identification of two differentially expressed PAL cDNAs from quaking aspen that exhibit distinct metabolic associations in developing tissues. PtPAL1 was expressed in non-lignifying tissues of shoots and roots, whereas PtPAL2 was most abundant in heavily lignified structural cells of aspen shoots. We suggest specific metabolic roles for the proteins encoded by these PAL genes based on spatiotemporal correlation of their transcript abundance with cellular condensed tannin distribution and lignification. Leaf wounding specifically increased PtPAL1 expression as well as allocation of carbon to condensed tannins (CT), but did not increase PtPAL2 expression. Our data provides in vivo support for the idea that, although PAL isoforms catalyze only one enzymatic reaction, they are structurally tailored to function in specific metabolic environments. This data may apply to the manipulation of PAL isoforms in species like aspen with allelochemical and lignin sink commitments that can be large enough to affect growth.
A mouse model of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes infection.

Listeria monocytogenes cause foodborne disease in humans that ranges in severity from mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infections of the blood, brain, or placenta. The most commonly used animal model of listeriosis is intravenous infection of mice. This systemic model is highly reproducible, and thus, useful for studying cell-mediated immune responses against an intracellular bacterial pathogen, but it completely bypasses the gastrointestinal phase of L. monocytogenes infection. Intragastric inoculation of L. monocytogenes produces more variable results and may cause direct bloodstream invasion in some animals. The food borne transmission model described here does not require specialized skills to perform and results in infections that more closely mimic human disease. This natural feeding model can be used to study both the host and pathogen-derived factors that govern susceptibility or resistance to orally acquired L. monocytogenes.
The impact of the law on consultation practices and purpose: A case study of Aboriginal cultural heritage consultations in NSW

Consultation research to date has largely concentrated on how consultation practices generally serve only the purpose of procedural compliance. This article identifies and explores the gap in existing research on the impact of law on consultation practices and purposes. To explore current practices and the potential contribution of law to the nature of consultation practices, the article focuses on the NSW duty to consult Aboriginal people before permitting harm to Aboriginal cultural heritage. Conventional regulatory approaches to consultation assume that Aboriginal interests are accommodated by the same consultation strategies applied to other stakeholders in rural law and policy. This article uses an administrative law doctrinal research approach to identify the specific issues and requirements for Aboriginal consultation relating to cultural heritage. Consideration is given to the effectiveness of the case study consultation requirements, the duty design, and the recent Land and Environment Court judgment of Ashton Coal Operations Pty Limited v Director-General, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water. The article argues that statutory consultation requirements and purposes can, and should, be taken more seriously. The law reform discussion highlighted in the paper considers how identified consultation requirements can be incorporated into Australian Cultural Heritage legislation, and the possible impact of such incorporation on the purpose of the consultation. More broadly, the law reform discussion indicates that when consultation requirements are tailored to suit the purpose of the consultation and the consultation parties, the law can play a positive role in consultation, engagement and capacity building.
Thermodynamics of the Acidic (NH4)2SO4-H2SO4-H2O System at ∼ 25°C

(1995). Thermodynamics of the Acidic (NH4)2SO4-H2SO4-H2O System at ∼ 25°C. Aerosol Science and Technology: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 392-400.