cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benefits, risks, costs, and patient satisfaction associated with insulin pump therapy for the pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objective: Glycemic control, perinatal outcome, and health care costs were evaluated among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus who began insulin pump therapy during pregnancy (group 1, n=24), were treated with multiple insulin injections (group 2, n=24), or were already using an insulin pump before pregnancy (group 3, n=12). Patient satisfaction and continuation of pump therapy post partum were assessed. Study Design: A retrospective review of maternal and neonatal medical records was performed, and a questionnaire was sent to patients after delivery. Patients in groups 1 and 2 were matched for age, age at onset and duration of diabetes mellitus, White class, and date of delivery. Results: No differences in glycosylated hemoglobin A levels were observed among groups 1, 2 or 3 in the first, second, or third trimester. Patients in group 1 started pump therapy at a mean of 16.8 weeks' gestation, and 17 (70.8%) began therapy as outpatients. No deterioration in glycemic control was noted during the 2- to 4-week period after the start of pump treatment. Among the women in group 1 eight had at least one episode of severe hypoglycemia before starting pump therapy, but only one had such an episode after this treatment was begun. Two episodes of ketoacidosis occurred in group 1, and no episodes occurred in groups 2 and 3. No significant differences in perinatal outcomes or health care costs were observed among groups 1, 2, and 3. After delivery 94.7% of the women in group 1 continued to use the pump because it provided better glycemic control and a more flexible lifestyle. Postpartum glycosylated hemoglobin A values were 7.2% in group 1 and 9.1% in group 2, a significant difference. Conclusions: Insulin pump therapy was initiated during pregnancy without a deterioration of glycemic control and was associated with maternal and perinatal outcomes and health care costs comparable to those among women who were already using the pump before pregnancy or who received multiple-dose insulin therapy. Women who began pump therapy in pregnancy were highly likely to continue pump use after delivery and preferred the flexible lifestyle that this treatment allowed. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1283-91.)
Bingrsquo; Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L) Quality as Influenced by Wax Coatings and Storage Temperature

The use of wax coatings on cherry fruit reduced moisture loss during ambient storage, enhanced cuticular diffusive resistance and retarded v the incidence of decay. After ambient storage, cherry fruit treated s with wax coatings were firmer than the other treatments, but the use of wax did not reduce the incidence of surface pitting, stem discoloration or stem moisture loss. Fruit packed in a poly liner were similar in quality to fruit with wax coatings, but stems on fruit in poly liners had better color and moisture. Storage temperature control was the best method to maintain high quality fruit. Cherry fruit and stems c stored at 0°C were superior to fruit and stems stored at 4.5°C or 10°C in most quality attributes.
Colpocephaly: pitfalls in the diagnosis of a pathologic entity utilizing neuroimaging techniques.

Colpocephaly has been described as the persistence of the fetal configuration of the lateral ventricles. The pathologic picture is characterized by multiple features of disturbed or arrested develo...
The Effects of Asymmetry, Load Level, Start Position and Load Velocity on Lumbar Motion

In order to completely understand and model the dynamic lumbar spine one must understand not only the forces acting about the spine but also the motions of the lumbar region as well. This study was an investigation in to the effects of certain lifting parameters on the motions of the lumbar spine. The effects of asymmetry, load velocity, start position and load weight on the range of motion, angular velocity and angular acceleration of the lumbar spine were investigated in three planes: coronal, sagittal and transverse. The results indicate trade offs between the coronal and sagittal planes as a result of changes in asymmetry and changes in the lifting style as a result of increasing lift velocity. The results also indicate that the location in time of the peak accelerations are varied as a result of different lifting conditions.
Charge Density Wave Satellites in Potassium

Recent neutron diffraction experiments have shown structure at the intensity level 10-5 very close to the 110 b.c.c. Bragg point in metallic potassium. Three possible explanations of these data have been proposed: (1) Charge Density Waves. (2) Martensitic Embyros. (3) Spectrometer resolution/double-scattering events. These alternative interpretations are discussed.
Emerging Antiplatelet Therapies in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Focus on Prasugrel

Abstract Background Prasugrel is the most recent addition to the available thienopyridine antiplatelet agents used to prevent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Objective The aim of this article was to review published data on the efficacy and safety profile of prasugrel, cost considerations with its use, and its place in clinical care. Methods We searched PubMed and Ovid databases for English language clinical trial articles, published through December 2010, involving the use of prasugrel in human subjects. The key word prasugrel was used. The review focused on clinical trials, but other articles and Food and Drug Administration documents were also reviewed for relevant information. Results Phase II studies showed that prasugrel had a more powerful antiplatelet effect and was more effective in its inhibition of platelet activation than clopidogrel. In the only Phase III trial completed before its Food and Drug Administration approval, prasugrel demonstrated a decrease in the primary composite efficacy end point of the rate of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke relative to clopidogrel (643 [9.9%] vs 781 [12.1%], respectively; P = 0.001). Prasugrel was associated with a significantly higher risk of bleeding compared with clopidogrel. Non–coronary artery bypass graft-related thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) major bleeding occurred in 146 (2.4%) patients in the prasugrel group versus 111 (1.8%) patients in the clopidogrel group ( P = 0.03). For every 1000 patients treated with prasugrel instead of clopidogrel, a total of 23 myocardial infarctions could be prevented at the cost of 6 additional TIMI major bleeding events. However, this benefit was diminished with longer-term therapy. Adverse outcomes of prasugrel use outweighed its benefits in certain subgroups, including patients >75 years old, those weighing Conclusions Prasugrel's clinical benefits were counterbalanced by an increase in bleeding risk compared with conventional thienopyridine treatment with clopidogrel. Current practice guidelines incorporated prasugrel as a treatment option, but at this time do not recommend that prasugrel be selected over clopidogrel in any patient subgroup. Further study is required to determine optimal dosing and proper patient selection with prasugrel treatment.
Model of molecular bonding based on the Bohr–Sommerfeld picture of atoms

Abstract We develop a model of molecular binding based on the Bohr–Sommerfeld description of atoms together with a constraint taken from conventional quantum mechanics. The model can describe the binding energy curves of H 2 , H 3 and other molecules with striking accuracy. Our approach treats electrons as point particles with positions determined by extrema of an algebraic energy function. Our constrained model provides a physically appealing, accurate description of multi-electron chemical bonds.
Corneal and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

To introduce a high-speed corneal and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) system and its ophthalmologic applications in refractive surgery planning, intraocular lens implant sizing, anterior chamber cell grading in uveitis, angle-closure glaucoma screening.
Einstein complete intersections in complex projective space

In this paper we exclusively deal with a connected closed complex submanifold V of dimension n > 1 in a complex projective s p a c e / ~ of dimension m which is a complete intersection. Namely, V is assumed to admit r = m n homogeneous polynomials P1 . . . . . P, on C "+ 1, which not only define V as their zero locus but also generate the ideal associated to V. The purpose is to prove the following
Longevity in mice: is stress resistance a common factor?

A positive relationship between stress resistance and longevity has been reported in a multitude of studies in organisms ranging from yeast to mice. Several mouse lines have been discovered or developed that exhibit extended longevities when compared with normal, wild-type mice of the same genetic background. These long-living lines include the Ames dwarf, Snell dwarf, growth hormone receptor knockout (Laron dwarf), IGF-1 receptor heterozygote, Little, α-MUPA knockout, p66shc knockout, FIRKO, mClk-1 heterozygote, thioredoxin transgenic, and most recently the Klotho transgenic mouse. These mice are described in terms of the reported extended lifespans and studies involving resistance to stress. In addition, caloric restriction (CR) and stress resistance are briefly addressed for comparison with genetically altered mice. Although many of the long-living mice have GH/IGF-1/insulin signaling-related alterations and enhanced stress resistance, there are some that exhibit life extension without an obvious link to this hormone pathway. Resistance to oxidative stress is by far the most common system studied in long-living mice, but there is evidence of enhancement of resistance in other systems as well. The differences in stress resistance between long-living mutant and normal mice result from complex interrelationships among pathways that appear to coordinate signals of growth and metabolism, and subsequently result in differences in lifespan.
Fracture Toughness Assessment of Patterned Cu-Interconnect Stacks by Dual-Cantilever-Beam (DCB) Technique

Dual cantilever beam (DCB) mechanical testing is applied to two kinds of chips, manufactured in the 45 nm technology node. Both chips consist of different numbers of ultra low-k (ULK) dielectric layers, however, they have similarly designed crack-stop structures. It is shown that in all cases, cohesive cracking occurred in the upper ULK layers. The crack-stops hamper the crack propagation, and cracks are deflected outside the interconnect stack. The paths of the deflected crack fronts are FIB-sectioned and imaged in SEM. The increasing number of ULK layers leads to decrease in effective Gc of the stack.
11β-Hydroxylase inhibitors protect against seizures in mice by increasing endogenous neurosteroid synthesis.

Steroid 11b-hydroxylase (CYP11B1; EC 1.14.15.4) is a mitochondrial enzyme located in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex and also in the brain that mediates the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) to corticosterone. Inhibitors of CYP11B1, such as metyrapone and etomidate, reduce glucocorticoid synthesis and raise levels of DOC providing greater availability for metabolic conversion to the GABAA receptor modulating neurosteroid allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC). Because THDOC is a potent anticonvulsant, it is plausible that CYP11B1 inhibitors could protect against seizures. Here we demonstrate that metyrapone affords dose-dependent protection against 6-Hz seizures 30 min after injection (ED50, 191 mg/kg), but is markedly more potent at 6 h (ED50, 30 mg/kg). Similarly, etomidate is also protective at 30 min and 6 h (ED50 values, 4.5 and 1.7 mg/kg). Finasteride, an inhibitor of neurosteroid synthesis, attenuated the anticonvulsant effects of both CYP11B1 inhibitors at 6 h, but not 30 min following their injection. Plasma THDOC levels measured by liquid chromatographyemass spectrometry were markedly increased 6 h after injection of both CYP11B1 inhibitors and this increase was attenuated by finasteride pretreatment. We conclude that inhibition of CYP11B1 causes delayed seizure protection due to slow build-up of neurosteroids. Earlyseizure protection is independent of neurosteroids. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Self-assembling electrical networks: an application of micromachining technology

It is noted that the recent applications of silicon processing technology to the manufacture of micro-mechanical devices may allow engineering of self-assembling systems. Preliminary experiments show that regular two-dimensional lattices of at least 1000 millimeter-sized elements can be mechanically self-assembled using a method analogous to crystal annealing. Physical considerations suggest that conditions become more favorable to the process as size decreases, and give rise to guidelines for optimal design. Applications to IC manufacturing are discussed. The method requires large numbers of identical, freely moving discrete elements fabricated with a controlled three-dimensional geometry, and thus may be an area in which micromachining technology can be used to advantage. >
Fostering Cultural Competency, Clinical Reasoning, and Leadership Through International Outreach

The Centennial Vision of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) has called for occupational therapy to be globally connected. Students can gain cultural competency, clinical reasoning...
Comparison and Polar Opposition

My goal in this paper is to use cross-polar anomaly as an empirical basis for motivating and developing a particular approach to the semantics of gradable adjectives and the representation of adjectival polarity. Specifically, I will argue that gradable adjectives denote relations between individuals and extents, or intervals on a scale, as in the work of Seuren 1978, 1984, von Stechow 1984b, and Lobner 1990, rather than relations between individuals and degrees, or points on a scale, as traditionally assumed. I will further claim that adjectival polarity should be characterized as a sortal distinction between positive and negative adjectives, I show that this approach supports an explanation of cross-polar anomaly as a type of sortal anomaly.
[Lung cancer staging by endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration].

Abstract Endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasound are complementary techniques. When combined, they allow for nearly complete mediastinal staging in lung cancer. Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses, but when used simultaneously they become far more powerful, to the extent that mediastinoscopy–a more expensive and invasive procedure-is expected to decline in use as the application of endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasound becomes more widespread. The incorporation of these ultrasound techniques has been shown to lead to fewer thoracotomies, benefiting patients and also society, given that costs are thereby reduced. We reflect on recent developments in the field, discuss current debates, and propose a view of what the future holds in store.
Biological control of Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Florida.

Three species of Scapteriscus, accidentally introduced into the southern United States about 1900 from southern South America, are now important pests especially of turf and pasture grasses. Research at the University of Florida investigates control of these pests by natural enemies imported from South America, and also by some native natural enemies. Brazilian isolates of the fungal pathogens Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) show virulence against Scapteriscus spp. in the laboratory. An undescribed neoaplectanid nematode from Uruguay has been released in Florida and has persisted in the field in small plots where numbers of Scapteriscus have declined over three years. Asphecid wasp, Larra bicolor E, originally from Brazil, now has an established population in southern Florida. A tachinid fly, Euphasiopteryx depleta (Wiedemann), from Brazil, and a bombardier beetle, Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (L.), from Uruguay, Brazil, and Bolivia, are under evaluation. A complex of native predators appears to contribute to mortality of immature Scapteriscus in the field.
A Framework for Evaluation of University Human Factors Curricula

Curriculum reviews are performed to provide grounds for adjustments necessary due to changes in student enrollment, teaching faculty, and goals and objectives of programs that have a substantial human factors component. This task is arguably quite difficult due to the very broad spectrum of the human factors discipline and lack of widely accepted standards or criteria for education in human factors. This paper describes a framework for review of undergraduate human factors curricula using the program at the University of Illinois as an example. The framework was implemented as a hierarchical relational database with a web interface. Populated with either existing curriculum or desired courses to be developed it allows for rapid analysis of overlap between individual courses, missing important human factors topics, and determination prerequisite knowledge for these, and a rigorous and formal way of keeping human factors curricula aligned with explicitly stated goals for the programs.
Demonstration and analysis of a high power radiation balanced laser

Detrimental heating in a high power Yb:YAG laser was eliminated by incorporating anti-Stokes optical cooling.
Synchrotron Radiation And Its Application To Digital Subtraction Angiography

The intense synchrotron radiation produced at electron storage rings provides a new source of X-rays highly suited to iodine K-edge digital subtraction angiography. The high intensity and small angular divergence permit the radiation to be monochromatized by Bragg diffraction and made available in beams of small vertical size, of arbitrary horizontal width, and of tunable energy. The use of such beams provides maximum sensitivity to intra-arterial iodine and virtually eliminates image contrast due to non-vascular body structures. The sensitivity of this method to iodine offers the prospect of visualizing arteries by peripheral venous injection.
ER/sup 2/: an intuitive similarity measure for on-line signature verification

ER/sup 2/ (extended r-squared) is proposed as a similarity measure for on-line signature verification. SLR (simple linear regression) defines R/sup 2/ as a measure of goodness-of-fit. We observed that R/sup 2/is a good similarity measure for 1-dimensional sequences. However, many kinds of sequences are multidimensional, such as on-line signature sequences, 2D curves, etc. Therefore, we extend R/sup 2/ to ER/sup 2/ for multidimensional sequence matching. Coupled with optimal alignment, ER/sup 2/ outperforms DTW-based curve matching on on-line signature verification.
Introducing preemptive scheduling in abstract RTOS models using result oriented modeling

With the increasing SW content of modern SoC designs, modeling and development of Hardware Dependent Software (HDS) become critical. Previous work addressed this by introducing abstract RTOS modeling [6], which exposes dynamic scheduling effects early in the system design flow. However, such models insufficiently capture preemption. In particular, the accuracy of preemption depends on the granularity of the timing annotation. For an accurately modeled interrupt response time, very fine-grained timing annotation is necessary, which contradicts the RTOS abstraction idea and is detrimental to simulation performance.In this paper, we eliminate the granularity dependency by applying the Result Oriented Modeling (ROM) technique previously used only for communication modeling. Our ROM approach allows precise preemptive scheduling, while retaining all the benefits of abstract RTOS modeling. Our experimental results demonstrate tremendous improvements. While the traditional model simulated an interrupt response time with a severe inaccuracy (12x longer in average and 40x longer for 96th percentile), our ROM-based model was accurate within 8% (average and 50th percentile) using identical timing annotations.
Modulation of CTCF Insulator Function by Transcription of a Noncoding RNA

CTCF plays diverse roles in the regulation of eukaryotic genes. A new study by Lefevre et al. in a recent issue of Molecular Cell reveals a novel mechanism in which noncoding RNA transcription and nucleosome repositioning evicts CTCF from a regulatory element to facilitate induction of a nearby gene.
EFFECT OF NEUROTOMY ON THE INORGANIC CATION CONTENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

1. A study of the effect of denervation on the inorganic cation content of muscle has been carried out. In this study 69 rats were employed. 2. By using the flame photometer for the estimation of sodium and potassium and increasing the sensitivity of previous methods for the estimation of calcium and magnesium, it has been possible to carry out analyses for all these ions on as little as 0.5 gm. of tissue. 3. It was observed that following neurotomy the concentration of sodium and calcium in the whole muscle increased significantly while at the same time the potassium content decreased. The magnesium content remained unchanged during the period studied. 4. The significance of these results has been discussed.
Brahui etymologies and phonetic developments : new items

Recently published material has provided some new Brahui lexical items for which Dravidian etymologies can be found. Two statements of phonetic development which were incompletely stated are now completed satisfactorily, viz. *e>e is added to *e>i, a (parallel to *o>u, a, o), and loss of 1 as first member of consonant clusters (parallel to loss of r). Several new items lead to examination of Brahui sibilants. A few miscellaneous etymologies are suggested.
Sex Differences in Children's Task-Group Performance: Status/Norm or Ability?.

It is widely believed that males are more competent at task-group activity. This article critically examines the bases for asserting a sex difference in task-group ability. The argument focuses on the need to separate the effects of ability from the effects of opportunity to perform. A study is then presented that controls for the hypothesized contaminating effects of status and sex-biased activity. Children ages 3 to 8 were randomly assigned to sex, age, and race homogeneous three-person groups and asked to engage in a complex, sex-neutral task. On 13 task performance dimensions there was only one significant difference. The remaining 12 dimensions showed mixed but insignificant differences. The conclusion is that both males and females can manage complex task-group activity.
New class of (2p)B(2p+1)B DC balanced line codes

A block code of the form (2p)B(2p+1)B cannot provide both DC balance and redundant codewords for control signals. A new set of additional rules is described that may be applied to groups of consecutive codewords in order to provide both DC balance and a large control space, and to show how 256 10 bit control symbols may be achieved with a DC balanced 4B5B code.
Investigation of microcin 24 for applications in food safety, mechanism of resistance and effec t on activity aft er site-directed mutagenesis

Microcin 24 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Escherichia coli with activity against Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, microcin 24 was investigated for its potential use in food safety, resistance development, and structure-activity relationship following sitedirected mutagenesis. An attempt was made to produce microcin 24 from lactic acid bacteria by substituting the natural, dedicated leader peptide in the microcin-producing gene with a signal leader from divergicin A which accesses the general secretion pathway. RNA sequences could be recovered from Carnobacterium divergens harboring an expression vector with the fusion construct, but no microcin activity could be detected. Concurrently, development of and mechanism of resistance to microcin 24 was investigated by repeatedly exposing susceptible S. typhimurium to the microcin. The exposed S. typhimurium harbored an inducible regulator, marR, of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) regulon. These experiments showed that S. typhimurium could become resistant to microcin 24 through activation of the mar system leading to concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, and tetracycline. Subsequently, an experiment was performed to demonstrate if microcin 24-producing E. coli could reduce S. typhimurium shedding in pigs and to demonstrate that this exposure could lead to microcin 24 resistance and mar activation in vivo. The results did not provide evidence of an effect on Salmonella shedding or mar activation under the conditions of the experiment. Site-directed mutagenesis performed in a conserved region of microcin 24 indicated that lysine substitutions introduced into a proposed hydrophobic face of a predicted amphipathic a-helix eliminated or severely reduced microcin activity. Other mutations in the microcin 24 gene were shown to affect microcin activity as well. Additional experiments provided evidence that microcin 24 is a bifunctional molecule with membrane and endonuclease activity.
Unfortunately the introduction of our new product will be delayed: An exploratory Examination of factors that influence a firm to announce changes in its new product plans

New product preannouncement research investigates formal and deliberate communications by a firm regarding its future new product introductions (e.g., types of new products, new product attributes, plans for distribution, planned launch date). However, previous studies have primarily focused on communication related to the firm’s intent to introduce a new product and largely ignored communications regarding changes in their status, such as launch delays as well as cancellation of the new product introduction. The goal of this study is to address this shortfall by examining antecedents factors influencing a preannouncing firm (i.e., one that preannounces its new products) to also announce changes in to its new product introduction plans (NPCs); specifically, delays in the introduction of a new product or its cancellation. This topic is particularly relevant given the importance that recent studies have placed on the investigation of false new product preannouncements or bluffs, especially in the software industry where they are termed vaporware. Furthermore, in the wake of the many recent high-profile corporate scandals (e.g., Enron and Tyco), a growing emphasis on corporate disclosure, particularly regarding performance shortfalls (e.g., new product delays and cancellations), also highlights the need for further research on corporate communication regarding changes to new product introduction plans. Additionally, unlike most extant preannouncement research that attempts to examine differences between preannouncers and non-preannouncers, our study only examines firms that preannounce their new product introductions and then, goes further, by examining post-preannouncement behavior. In developing our framework, we propose five antecedents that motivate a preannouncing firm’s propensity, when the situation arises, to issue announcements regarding delays in a new product introduction or its cancellation. Additionally, we highlight the use of NPCs as strategic marketing communication tools that can continually inform and influence a wide range of target audiences (e.g., buyers, employees, supply chain participants, investors, and business media). The hypotheses are tested via factor score regression with a sample of 221 U.S. – based manufacturers. Our findings indicate that it is not the firm’s desire to communicate in a general sense through information sharing nor its concerns regarding competitors that motivates preannouncing firms to issue NPCs. Instead, the preannouncing firm’s desire to build its reputation, the innovativeness of its industry, and the degree to which buyers must make substantial pre-purchase investments are the main drivers of communication regarding changes to its new product introduction plans. As a set, these findings are particularly interesting as they indicate that the preannouncing firm’s desire to reduce uncertainty, often in its own favor, underlies its decision to issue NPCs.
Archives and Manuscript Control with Bibliographic Utilities: Challenges and Opportunities

The MARC Format for Archives and Manuscript Control (MARC-AMC) was designed with the potential for recording a broad range of information and contains structures for a variety of implementations. These hidden potentials are being explored in its implementation within national bibliographic networks, especially within the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) by the Seven States Project. The AMC format has the potential both to support successful automation of archival control and to transform the bibliographic utilities as we know them today. Specifically, AMC overthrows the bibliocentricism, the political hegemony, and the existing financial/functional underpinnings of the bibliographic networks. It opens the ways to multimedia cultural information systems and new local/national systems architectures. As a consequence, archivists are likely to play a critical role in redesigning library information networks in the decades to come.
Overview of Accelerator Applications in Energy

An overview of the application of accelerators and accelerator technology in energy is presented. Applications span a broad range of cost, size, and complexity and include large-scale systems requiring high-power or high-energy accelerators to drive subcritical reactors for energy production or waste transmutation, as well as small-scale industrial systems used to improve oil and gas exploration and production. The enabling accelerator technologies will also be reviewed and future directions discussed.
Crystal Structures and Hirshfeld Surface Analyses of 6-Substituted Chromones

Here, we compare structures determined by X-ray diffraction and subsequent Hirshfeld surface analysis to identify and understand the non-covalent interactions within the lattices of chromone, 6-methylchromone, 6-methoxychromone, 6-fluorochromone, and 6-chlorochromone with reported 6-bromochromone. In chromone, H-bonds and CH–л interactions predominate. H-bonds and aryl-stacking interactions are distinct in 6-methylchromone and 6-methoxychromone. The 6-fluorochromone, showed two types of H-bonds with O···H bonds having a greater contribution than F···H. In contrast, 6-chlorochromone and 6-bromochromone, the halogen contributes the larger percentage of stabilizing H-bonding with Cl···H and Br···H predominating over the O···H bonds. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 /n with a = 8.1546(8) A, b = 7.8364(7) A, c = 11.1424(11) A, β = 108.506(2)° and Z = 4. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 7.0461(3) A, b = 10.2108(5) A, c = 10.7083(5) A, α = 89.884(2)°, β = 77.679(2)°, γ = 87.367(2)° and Z = 4. Compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.1923(4) A, b = 7.0431(3) A, c = 15.3943(8) A, β = 92.819(2)° and Z = 4. Compound 4 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 3.7059(2) A, b = 6.1265(4) A, c = 7.6161(5) A, α = 84.085(3)°, β = 87.070(3)°, γ = 83.390(3)° and Z = 1. Compound 5 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 with a = 3.8220(2) A, b = 5.6985(2) A, c = 16.9107(7) A, β = 95.8256(18)° and Z = 2. The effect of substituents at the 6-position on chromone on their crystal structures using Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint analysis.
An overview of NASA’s latest efforts in optical communications

This paper provides an overview of NASA’s latest efforts in developing and deploying optical communications. It focuses on NASA’s flagship Near Earth effort, the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Project (LCRD), a joint project among NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL). LCRD will provide at least two years of bi-directional optical communications at user data rates of up to 1.244 Gbps in an operational environment. This paper will provide an update on the project. This paper will also touch on NASA’s efforts for a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space optical terminal, developments for future deep space optical systems, and address NASA’s latest effort in international standardization.
Factors that impact agricultural extension training programs for smallholder women farmers in Njombe District, Tanzania

Agriculture is and will remain a very important component of social and economic development of a country, particularly the developing countries. Agricultural training to the right people at the right time and in a right way will remain essential for the development of the agricultural sector. However, women have a large contribution in agricultural development at the household level, and the country at large. The need for women involvement in agricultural training programs is crucial to make sure that their full potential is utilized in agriculture. The purpose of this study was to identify major factors that impact smallholder women farmers training programs in Njombe district in Tanzania. This study was made possible by identifying the current training programs for smallholder women farmers and identifying aspects that influence women participation in agricultural training programs. Also, for describing strategies that could enhance food security training of women farmers. The target population of the study was all women smallholder farmers, particularly rural women from Njombe Rural District. The descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from 100 smallholder women farmers. The results indicated that very few women farmers participated in agricultural extension training. Results showed that the following factors interfered their participation in agricultural training: women farmers have less access and possession of land, very few have membership in farmer groups / associations. Also, most farmers use hand held hoes to work on their farms, and most women grow food crops. Furthermore, results indicated that women farmers use agro inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides. Very few use improved seeds because they don’t have enough information, it is very expensive to handle and also the seeds are incompatible to their environment. Based on the findings
Modeling multiturn stripping injection and foil heating for high intensity proton drivers

${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ stripping injection into the Fermilab recycler ring, combined with a beam phase painting technique, has been considered. The multiparticle three-dimensional beam dynamics with space charge has been studied numerically, using STRUCT and ORBIT codes, for different painting scenarios. In order to achieve a uniform (quasi-KV) phase-space distribution and to reduce the foil heating, the following parameters were investigated: the number of turns, strengths and temporal forms of kicker magnets, and foil geometry. Performance of the stripping foil is a crucial parameter of the whole injection scheme, so that the latter has been designed to minimize the hit number on the foil. The temperature regime has been evaluated both semianalytically and numerically using Monte Carlo codes MARS and MCNPX, with radiation cooling and transport of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ electrons taken into account. That all results agreed well proves the consistency of the models. It has been shown that the stripping foil can survive during injection with the parameters chosen for Project X at Fermilab.
Migratory inhibition of sensitized peritoneal macrophages by tumor-specific transplantation antigen in Morris hepatoma 5123.

SummaryThe inhibition of the migration of sensitized peritoneal macrophages has been used in studying a specific tumor transplantation antigen in Morris hepatoma 5123 and its absence in normal liver tissue from which the tumor originated.Migration of peritoneal macrophages sensitive to the tumor was greatly inhibited by the addition into the incubation medium of a fraction of the solubilized tumor cell membranes. Use of solubilized membranes from normal liver cells were much less effective in inhibiting the migration of sensitized peritoneal macrophages.The specificity of the inhibition was demonstrated by using decreasing concentrations of the tested antigens. By this method it was possible to reach a point where the test was reflecting only the tumor-specific activity.
The Single Ectopic Ureter: 3 Case Reports

Abstract We report 2 cases of bilateral single ectopic ureters and 1 case of double ectopic ureters draining a solitary dysplastic kidney. These anomalies pose unusual management problems in girls since involvement of the sphincter produces incontinence. The embryology, diagnosis and management of these cases are presented.
Successful long-term preservation of the neonatal heart with a modified intracellular solution.

Current methods of myocardial preservation for transplantation are suboptimal. A newly developed intracellular cardioplegic and storage solution (modified University of Wisconsin solution, group 1) was compared in a randomized, blinded fashion with our present clinical protocol, Stanford cardioplegic solution and saline storage (group 2) in an isolated neonatal pig model. After arrest and storage for 12 hours at 4° C, biopsy specimens were taken from six group 1 hearts and five group 2 hearts for examination under an electron microscope and assessment of high-energy phosphate levels and water content. The remainder (group 1, n = 7; group 2, n = 6) were reperfused with blood for 50 minutes, after which function curves were obtained at left ventricular end-diastolic pressures of 3 to 12 mm Hg and biopsy tissue was taken. Eight control hearts (group 3) were cannulated in situ and perfused on the circuit without arrest or intervening ischemia. Stroke and minute work index curves were approximately threefold and fivefold higher for group 1 (modified University of Wisconsin solution) than for group 2 (Stanford), respectively (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:139–50)
Violence, silence, and health service provision in Mexico: An arrangement in parts

This article explores the journey of a doctoral student conducting field research in Mexico on how violence affects the provision of health care services and health. Mexico has seen a dramatic increase in violence caused by the Drug Wars in the last decade that has spread to many states throughout the country. Using translations, metaphors, and examples from my field research that refer to violence, I explore the complexity of inhabiting different cultures and languages simultaneously as well as my role as a researcher, translator, and interpreter of what remains hidden or silent. In the process, I am pulled in different directions as I learn to adapt in a reflexive process. I explore whether what I have learned in my academic journey is enough to study the relationship between violence and health care service provision. The journey is a reflection on what I have learned about breaking some of the silences around the topic. I discuss the tension of writing this article on a sensitive topic and my responsi...
Medical laboratory science and nursing students’ perception of the academic learning environment at a Philippine university using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure

Purpose This study aimed to compare the perception of the academic learning environment between medical laboratory science students and nursing students at Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Philippines. Methods A cross-sectional survey research design was used to measure the perceptions of the participants. A total of 341 students from the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Natural Sciences, and the School of Nursing answered the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) instrument from April to May 2016. Responses were compared according to course of study, gender, and year level. Results The total mean DREEM scores of the medical laboratory science students and nursing students did not differ significantly when grouped according to course of study, gender, or year level. Medical laboratory science students had significantly lower mean scores in the sub-domains 'perception of learning' and 'perception of teaching.' Male medical laboratory science students had significantly lower mean scores in the sub-domain 'perception of learning' among second year students. Medical laboratory science students had significantly lower mean scores in the sub-domain 'perception of learning.' Nursing students identified 7 problem areas, most of which were related to their instructors. Conclusion Medical laboratory science and nursing students viewed their academic learning environment as 'more positive than negative.' However, the relationship of the nursing instructors to their students needs improvement.
Acute Rehabilitation after Trauma: Does it Really Matter?

Background The impact of post-discharge rehabilitation care for the trauma patient remains poorly investigated. Here we describe the functional outcomes of trauma patients discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), and compare the likelihood of discharge home, 1-year rehospitalization, and 1-year mortality between patients discharged to an IRF and a propensity score-matched cohort of patients not discharged to an IRF. Study Design The Washington State Rehabilitation Registry was used to collect data for all trauma patients discharged to an IRF between 2011 and 2012. These charts were linked to the Washington State Trauma Registry and the Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System database to obtain detailed patient, injury, and mortality data. Propensity score matching was used to identify a control group of patients who were not discharged to an IRF. Primary outcomes measures were improvement in Functional Independence Measure score with inpatient rehabilitation and the likelihood of discharge home, 1-year rehospitalization, and 1-year mortality. Results Nine hundred and thirty-three trauma patients were discharged to an IRF between 2011 and 2012. Total functional independence measure scores improved from 63.7 (SD 20.3) to 92.2 (SD 20.9) (p Conclusions Acute trauma patients should be recognized as an underserved population that would benefit considerably from inpatient rehabilitation services after discharge from the hospital.
Tiempo, espacio y el futuro del pasado: los horizontes de la Historia

Big is back across a wide range of historical fields. Many historians are stretching space, to create international, transnational and global histories. Others are expanding time, to pursue Big History, Deep History and the history of the Anthropocene. What explains this broadening of horizons? And what does it mean for the future of history? This article makes a case for history as a discipline of social and political transformation amid crises of global governance, rising inequality, and anthropogenic climate change.
The Use and Interpretation of Sodium Concentrations in Casual (Spot) Urine Collections for Population Surveillance and Partitioning of Dietary Iodine Intake Sources

In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) called for joint surveillance of population salt and iodine intakes using urinary analysis. 24-h urine collection is considered the gold standard for salt intake assessment, but there is an emerging consensus that casual urine sampling can provide comparable information for population-level surveillance. Our review covers the use of the urinary sodium concentration (UNaC) and the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) from casual urine samples to estimate salt intakes and to partition the sources of iodine intakes. We reviewed literature on 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UNaE) and UNaC and documented the use of UNaC for national salt intake monitoring. We combined information from our review of urinary sodium with evidence on urinary iodine to assess the appropriateness of partitioning methods currently being adapted for cross-sectional survey analyses. At least nine countries are using casual urine collection for surveillance of population salt intakes; all these countries used single samples. Time trend analyses indicate that single UNaC can be used for monitoring changes in mean salt intakes. However; single UNaC suffers the same limitation as single UNaE; i.e., an estimate of the proportion excess salt intake can be biased due to high individual variability. There is evidence, albeit limited, that repeat UNaC sampling has good agreement at the population level with repeat UNaE collections; thus permitting an unbiased estimate of the proportion of excess salt intake. High variability of UIC and UNaC in single urine samples may also bias the estimates of dietary iodine intake sources. Our review concludes that repeated collection, in a sub-sample of individuals, of casual UNaC data would provide an immediate practical approach for routine monitoring of salt intake, because it overcomes the bias in estimates of excess salt intake. Thus we recommend more survey research to expand the evidence-base on predicted-UNaE from repeat casual UNaC sampling. We also conclude that the methodology for partitioning the sources of iodine intake based on the combination of UIC and UNaC measurements in casual urine samples can be improved by repeat collections of casual data; which helps to reduce regression dilution bias. We recommend more survey research to determine the effect of regression dilution bias and circadian rhythms on the partitioning of dietary iodine intake sources.
Environmental Impact of Landslides

Landslides affect the following elements of the environment: (1) the topography of the earth’s surface; (2) the character and quality of rivers and streams and groundwater flow; (3) the forests that cover much of the earth’s surface; and (4) the habitats of natural wildlife that exist on the earth’s surface, including its rivers, lakes, and oceans. Large amounts of earth and organic materials enter streams as sediment as a result of this landslide and erosion activity, thus reducing the potability of the water and quality of habitat for fish and wildlife. Biotic destruction by landslides is also common; widespread stripping of forest cover by mass movements has been noted in many parts of the world. Removal of forest cover impacts wildlife habitat.
Material Strategies for Modulating Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transitions

Epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) involve the phenotypic change of epithelial cells into fibroblast-like cells. This process is accompanied by the loss of cell–cell contacts, increased extracellular matrix (ECM) production, stress fiber alignment, and an increase in cell mobility. While essential for development and wound repair, EMT has also been recognized as a contributing factor to fibrotic diseases and cancer. Both chemical and mechanical cues, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, NF-κB, Wnt, Notch, interleukin-8, metalloproteinase-3, ECM proteins, and ECM stiffness can determine the degree and duration of EMT events. Additionally, transforming growth factor beta is a primary driver of EMT and, interestingly, can be activated through cell-mediated mechanoactivation. In this review, we highlight recent findings demonstrating the contribution of mechanical stimuli, such as tissue and material stiffness, in driving EMT. We then highlight material strategies for controlling EMT events. Finally,...
Sensor Selection Under Correlated Shadowing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this letter, we study optimal sensor selection for cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks using a linear soft fusion approach. Our goal is to find a set of K sensors and its optimal linear combination rule that maximizes the expected system capacity of secondary users while meeting the requirement on the protection of primary transmission. We formulate the problem as a cardinality-constrained convex optimization problem and propose approximation algorithms that account for the effect of pathloss and correlated shadowing. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms achieve comparable performance to the optimal solution.