cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-685: Impact of Lesion Morphology and Separation On One-Versus Two-Isocenter Frameless Radiosurgery

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric and localization effects of one‐versus two‐isocenter SRS. Methods: A library of 50 retrospective patient plans was compiled for cases of two brain lesions. One‐and two‐isocenter plans were generated. One‐isocenter plans consisted of four non‐coplanar‐VMAT arcs; isocenter was positioned midway between two lesions. In the two‐isocenter approach, each lesion was planned separately using four non‐coplanar DCA. DCA plans were summed. All plans were normalized so that 21 Gy covers 100% of the PTVs. Dosimetry and localization errors were studied for one‐and two‐isocenter plans. Normal tissue dose, V12, was evaluated as a function of lesion morphology and separation distance. Plans were exported to Velocity, where localization errors were simulated using rotations of 0°, 0.5°, 1°, and 2° about each isocenter. The effect of rotational misalignments on PTV coverage was compared for D95 and minimum dose. Results: Findings from 10 cases are reported. Analysis of one‐versus two‐isocenter plans shows that the V12 is comparable at lesion separations of 8 cm or less, while V12 is higher for one‐isocenter plans at greater separations. As lesion volume increases, V12 increases more for one‐isocenter plans. The effects of localization errors on target coverage were investigated. For 2° rotational errors on one‐isocenter plans, D95 decreases on average by 7%, whereas the decrease for two‐isocenter plans is 0.5%. Minimum PTV dose decreases more substantially: 12% versus 1% respectively for the one‐and two‐isocenter plans. The above values are averaged over all lesion separations. For the largest separation of 15 cm, minimum PTV dose decreases by 37% for the one‐isocenter plan. Conclusions: Localization becomes more important as separation increases for one‐isocenter SRS. Findings suggest that lesion morphology and separation should be considered when deciding between one‐and two‐isocenter SRS because of the effects on normal tissue dose and target coverage.
The infrared spectra of the salts of nitro compounds. Characteristic frequencies of the carbonitronate group, CNO2−

Abstract The infrared spectra of salts of nitro compounds have been studied and the N-O asymmetric and symmetric stretchings of the carbonitronate ion have been assigned to the regions 1316–1205 and 1175–1040 cm−1. The CN frequency of sodium alkanenitronates appears in the region 1605–1587 cm−1. The carbonyl and the nitrile stretching frequencies in α-nitroketones and α-nitronitriles are considerably reduced due to conjugation with the carbonitronate group.
Quantitative laser-saturated fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in a heptane-fueled lean direct-injection spray flame at varying global equivalence ratios

We report the influence of equivalence ratio on nitric oxide (NO) concentration profiles in an unconfined heptane spray flame at atmospheric pressure. The associated burner is based on the lean direct-injection design and incorporates a pressure-atomized, hollow-cone spray nozzle. Helical vanes in the air passage coupled with a divergent exit and preheated air produce a strongly swirling, clean, blue flame. NO concentration profiles are measured using laser-saturated fluorescence (LSF) at four axial heights above the burner. Because of the liquid droplet environment, an extension of LSF utilizing a Mie-scattering back-ground subtraction technique is required to make quantitative measurements of NO concentration. The NO profiles are measured in three flames with global equivalence ratios of 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8. Probe measurements of CO2 and O2 mole fractions are used to determine representative effective equivalence ratios, which are lower than the global equivalence ratios because of significant entrainment of ambient air Through an analysis of area-averaged NO concentrations at various axial heights, the downstream [NO] is found to be mainly redistributed as the flame spreads owing to the intense recirculation of combustion products. Moreover, comparisons of [NO] profiles as a function of equivalence ratio demonstrate that dilution air is a large influence in the reduction of NO concentration at equivalence ratios leaner than stoichiometric.
The effect of polybrominated biphenyl on infants and young children.

The effects of PBB on 33 children born between September 1, 1973, and December 31, 1975, were evaluated in September, 1977. These childrne, born to families who lived on quarantined farms, were compared to 20 children who were not exposed to PBB. The birthdate interval was selected to obtain children who were exposed in utero or in early infancy or both, the two time periods when damage to developing tissues and organ systems should have been maximal. The results of these studies failed too identify any effects on physical growth, physical examination, or neurologic assessment, although the parents indicated by historical review that the exposed children had had more illnesses, especially respiratory, than had the control children. There were some indications of an inverse relationship between PBB fat level and performance on selected developmental tests.
Traveling Preferences, Experience, and Airplane Drawings

Summary A sample of 128 Ss differing in flying experience were compared in their travel preferences and in their drawings of airplanes. Significant sex differences were found, with males drawing more “realistic” airplanes; and females, larger airplanes. Those males who had flown and who indicated motion in their drawings tended to report some experience of motion sickness. Those females who had flown and who indicated motion in their drawings tended to report fear of high places.
Paradoxes in integration theory

This paper presents a formal analysis of how global welfare is affected by changing tariff and subsidy rates. The discussion stresses three types of reform whereby, surprisingly, trade liberalization has the potential to reduce world welfare: a multilateral equi-proportionate reduction of tariffs and subsidies; a reduction of a tariff or subsidy rate which is not extreme; and the formation of a customs union.
Targeting of anti-tumor responses with bispecific antibodies.

Abstract T cells can be induced to specifically lyse tumor cells with bispecific antibodies containing anti-T cell receptor mAbs crosslinked to anti-tumor mAbs. Such «targeted cytolysis» requires that the target cell be bound directly to the cytotoxic cell. In addition, targeted T cells mediate a second activity, the secretion of factors that can block the growth of both tumor target cells and bystander tumor cells. When given to nude mice bearing intraperitoneal human ovarian carcinoma, targeted human T cells cause the rapid removal of most tumor cells from the peritoneum, and markedly prolong the times of survival of treated mice. The efficacy of targeted T cells for treating human cancer is currently being tested in clinical trials.
HIV neuropathogenesis and therapeutic strategies

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-l neuropathogenesis can be divided into three important components: (i) virus entry into the nervous system; (ii) the role of viral proteins and/or cellular products in neural tissue damage; and (iii) the mechanisms of neuronal injury/death. Both blood derived macrophages or trafficking HIV-1 infected T-lymphocytes have been implicated in viral entry to the central nervous system (CNS). The major cell type harboring productive HIV-1 infection in the nervous system is the perivascular macrophage/ microglia. The HIV-1 infection of brain astrocytes, restricted to the expression of regulatory gene products, may cause astrocyte dysfunction and contribute to neuronal injury or to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Studies of cerebrospinal fluid and postmortem tissues reveal chronic inflammation/immune activation in the nervous system during the later stages of HIV-1 infection associated with disruption of BBB integrity. Blood-brain barrier damage may underlie the white matter pallor described in HIV-1 infection and could result in further entry into the CNS of toxic viral or cellular products, or additional HIV-1 infected cells. The HIV infected and activated macrophages/microglia produce excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, and platelet activating factor. These products are directly toxic to human neurons in vitro. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp 120 may stimulate the release of toxic factors from brain macrophages. Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; or AMPA) glutamate receptors can antagonize candidate toxins of both viral and cellular origin. It has been postulated that (weak) excitotoxicity leads to oxidative stress in neurons and ultimately to apoptosis. Neuronal apoptosis occurs in the brains of both children and adults with HIV-1 infection. This understanding of HIV neuropathogenesis implies that therapeutic strategies should include: (i) anti-retroviral medications to decrease systemic and CNS virus load, and possibly to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV; (ii) anti-inflammatory compounds to decrease the chronic immune activation in microglia and allow the restoration of BBB integrity; and (iii) neuroprotective compounds to reduce neuronal injury and apoptotic death.
Simulating the Impact of Price Regulation on Pharmaceutical Innovation

Background: Because pharmaceutical price controls fall outside the domain of historical experience in the US, standard retrospective statistical analyses of firm- and/or industry-level data are not appropriate for studying the long-run impact of price controls on pharmaceutical innovation. Simulation modeling, however, can be used to address this issue.
Technical Note-The One-Dimensional Generalized Lagrange Multiplier Problem

We develop a unified approach for a generalized Lagrange multiplier problem with one multiplier. The major result is a convergence theorem for interval reduction. Comparative analysis of bisection, linear interpolation, and tangential approximation reveals the relative advantages of tangenital approximation.
Activated carbon load equalization of transient concentration spikes of gas-phase toluene

Biofilters used for air pollution control often experience diminished treatment performance when subjected to transient periods of elevated contaminant concentrations. In research reported here, the potential for using granular activated carbon (GAC) columns to attenuate peak loading of highly variable toluene concentrations was investigated through a combination of experimental testing and numerical modeling. The experimental regime included testing of GAC columns subjected to isolated spikes in toluene concentration as well as complex loading patterns involving multiple spikes in series, intended to simulate the highly dynamic, complex loading conditions commonly encountered in industrial applications. A MATLAB code was used to implement a pore and surface diffusion model to allow simulation of transient loadings of varying intensity and short duration. Collectively, experimental and modeling results demonstrate that passively operated GAC columns with short contact times can accumulate toluene present in waste gases when influent concentrations are temporarily high and later desorb and redistribute the toluene at comparatively lower concentrations over a longer time period when influent concentrations are lower. Such processes have the potential to dampen shock loading to a downstream biofilter or other air pollution control device, and thereby improve treatment performance.
Escape from isoantiserum inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.

Isoantiserum (IS) inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) was studied using an in vitro 51Cr release assay system. In the early phase of incubation, LMC was competitively inhibited by IS. However, as the incubation continued, LMC irreversibly overcame IS inhibition (the "escape" phenomenon). Addition of fresh antiserum did not alter the course of the escape. Low-temperature incubation of isoantibody-coated target cells delayed the onset of the escape. We have excluded the possibility that the escape phenomenon is induced by complement or by LMC mediated by antigen-antibody complex. It is hypothesized that antibody directed toward an actively metabolizing target cell induces an alteration in the cell membrane that alters further interaction with the antibody. However, sensitivity to lymphocyte cytotoxicity is maintained.
Self-assembly of organic acid molecules on the metal oxide surface of a cupronickel alloy

Abstract Corrosion of the metal oxide surface of cupronickel (CuNi) alloys is a problem in applications such as household water pipes, industrial pipelines, and marine vessels. On other substrates, thin films have been used as barriers to corrosion. Here, the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the CuNi metal oxide surface has been investigated. Stable, well-ordered SAMs of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) and 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid (COOH-PA) were formed on the metal oxide surface of CuNi foils (55% Cu/45% Ni) using a solution deposition method. The ODPA modified surfaces could be used to provide a non-reactive barrier that inhibits corrosion of the CuNi metal oxide surface. Meanwhile, COOH-PA films could be used for further surface reactions such as surface initiated polymerization, in which polymer coatings are grown directly from a well-ordered film. Film-modified surfaces were characterized using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The ability of the films to inhibit corrosion by limiting oxidation of the CuNi surface was assessed using cyclic voltammetry.
Computation and the single neuron

Neurons and their networks underlie our perceptions, actions and memories. The latest work on information processing and storage at the single-cell level reveals previously unimagined complexity and dynamism.
Relations between physical activity and behavioral and perceptual correlates among midwestern college students.

Objective Given ‘the inconsistent findings in the literature, the authors’ purpose in this study was to examine the associations between physical activity and behavioral and perceptional correlates, such as binge drinking, cigarette smoking, fruit or vegetable consumption, and weight perceptions, among midwestern college students. Participants and Methods The authors invited a convenience sample of 1,200 undergraduate college students enrolled in the 2004-2005 academic year in 4 different midwestern universities to participate in a survey. Of the 1,163 students who participated in the survey, a total of 1,134 usable surveys were received (response rate of 94.5%). Results Hierarchical multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that smoking, perceived weight, and consumption of fruit were independent predictors of physical activity when controlling for other variables. Conclusions Physical activity promotion requires tailored approaches that are dependent on the target segment of the college student po...
Energy Transformations in the East Asia-West Pacific Jet Stream

Abstract Kinetic energy budgets were prepared for the East Asia-West Pacific region to obtain a quantitative description of the sources and sinks of kinetic energy for the jet stream of that region. Budgets were prepared for locations of jet stream acceleration and deceleration for the period 12–16 January 1979, during the Global Weather Experiment. The region of generation of kinetic energy in East Asia was characterized by a large-scale direct solenoidal circulation, with a five-day average generation rate of 95 × 1010 kW or 34 W m−2. Orographic forcing over the east edge of the Himalayan plateau is suggested as a process partly responsible for the geographic reliability of the generation region over China. In the west Pacific region kinetic energy was destroyed by pressure forces at a rate of 61 × 1010 kW or 57 W m−2. This region was characterized by a vigorous indirect solenoidal circulation. The kinetic energy generation and destruction took place mainly at jet stream levels and are seen as successiv...
Methodological Issues in Curriculum-Based Reading Assessment

A series of three studies examined methodological issues in curriculum-based reading assessment. First, 30- and 60-second word reading measures and reading comprehension tests were administered to 45 elemeentary grade students to explore the influence of sample duration on the measures' concurrent validity. Second, a multiple baseline/reversal design was employed with two second-graders to access the effect of sample duration on the level, slope, and instability of performance. Finally, 20 elementary grade pupils were measured repeatedly from domains of three sizes to explore the effect of domain size on characteristics of measurement. Results indicated that (a) whereas sample duration did not affect concurrent validity, increasing duration reduced performance instability and increased performance slopes and (b) domain size was related inversely to performance slope but did not affect performance stability. Implications for accessing student progress in special education are discussed
Effect of 2, 4-dinitrophenol on thyroid function in man.

Diniteophenol has long been recognized as an agent capable of inducing hypermetabolism in various animal species by virtue of its uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation within the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle (1, 2, 3). Thompson and associates (4) demonstrated a calorigenic effect of dinitrophenol in man, even when the subject was hypothyroid. In 1950 Wolff first described lowering of the serum proteinbound iodine (PBI) level in rats made hypermetabolic with 2,4-dinitrophenol (5). Radioactive iodine (I131) studies failed to show inhibition of thyroidal iodine uptake or organification. Histologically, the pituitary and thyroid were also found to be normal following administration of 2,4-dinitrophenol (6). Goldberg et at. recently reported studies in rats which were interpreted as showing: a) decreased 24-hour thyroidal uptake of I131, b) decreased rate of iodine organification, and c) increased disappearancerate of serum protein-bound iodine131 (PBI131) from the circulation following administrati...
Pollution magnet: nano-magnetite for arsenic removal from drinking water

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a severe global problem, most notably in Southeast Asia where millions suffer from acute and chronic arsenic poisoning. Removing arsenic from groundwater in impoverished rural or urban areas without electricity and with no manufacturing infrastructure remains a significant challenge. Magnetite nanocrystals have proven to be useful in arsenic remediation and could feasibly be synthesized by a thermal decomposition method that employs refluxing of FeOOH and oleic acid in 1-octadecene in a laboratory setup. To reduce the initial cost of production, $US 2600/kg, and make this nanomaterial widely available, we suggest that inexpensive and accessible “everyday” chemicals be used. Here we show that it is possible to create functional and high-quality nanocrystals using methods appropriate for manufacturing in diverse and minimal infrastructure, even those without electricity. We suggest that the transfer of this knowledge is best achieved using an open source concept.
Relationship Between Interphase Composition, Material Properties, and Residual Thermal Stresses in Composite Materials

Abstract A methodology for predicting the formation and influence of interphase regions in composite materials is illustrated through an investigation of the relationship of sizing-induced interphase regions to the development of residual thermal stresses in a carbon fiber epoxy-amine composite. Fiber surface and sizing induced concentration gradients in the epoxy-amine system were predicted. Material property data was measured for bulk epoxy-amine systems corresponding to the predicted interphase concentrations and the properties mapped into property profiles in the vicinity of the fiber surface. Micromechanical models were used to predict residual thermal stresses for carbon fiber epoxy-amine composites with these interphase properties. The analyses predict that the thermal stress state is significantly affected by modulus variations in the interphase region. The variations in the properties of the interphase material can be affected through processing conditions and/or material selections.
The treatment of hyperthyroidism with iodine-131

Uncertainty about the use of radioiodine in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis has been raised by recent publicity on "irradiation thyroid carcinogenesis." Data are reviewed from the publications of the Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Follow-up Study of 22,000 patients treated with 131 I and 14,000 patients treated surgically or solely with antithyroid drugs or surgery. No increased incidence of leukemia has occurred in 30 years of therapy. Although large tracer doses of 131 I may prove to be carcinogenic, the therapeutic doses used to treat hyperthyroidism appear to decrease the incidence of carcinoma by preventing thyroid cell replication. These is considerable evidence from the Atom Bomb Casualty Commission and from recent data on the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer with 131 I in children that treatment doses of 131 I have not produced abnormal fertility or birth histories. The yearly cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism after the first year of treatment with 131 I of 2.7%, as compared to 1.8% after surgery, is not decisive in affecting the choice of treatment. The published considerably higher morbidity and mortality from surgical thyroidectomy in children as compared to adults has not been generally recognized or discussed with parents. There is growing belief, therefore, that 131 I is the current treatment of choice for thyrotoxicosis in children and adolescents. The persistence of goiter after "cure" usually signals the presence of coexisting Hashimoto's struma. Radioiodine uptakes tests are being performed more commonly after the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis and are confirmed with in vitro tests because of the more common presence of self-limited thyrotoxicosis and thyrotoxicosis with normal or subnormal 131 I uptake.
Hydrolytic properties of phenylalanyl- and N-acetylphenylalanyl adenylate anhydrides.

The hydrolysis of phenylalynyl- and N-acetylephenylalanyl adenylate anhydrides (AcPhe-AMP) is studied experimentally using a new spectrophotometric method. The hydrolysis process was analyzed at low concentrations (0.0001 M), constant temperature of 25 C, constant buffer concentration (0.05 M), and as a function of pH. It is found that while Phe-AMP is susceptible to attack by OH(-), AcPhe-AMP is susceptible to acid decomposition as well. At a pH of 4 to 8, Phe-AMP hydolyzes faster than AcPhe-AMP, but at pH less than four or greater than eight, the blocked form hydrolyzes faster. Both forms are attacked by H2O at the same rate. The rate laws for the various hydrolytic mechanisms and the activation energies for the hydrolyses at pH 7.1 are given in a table, and the possible relevance of the findings to the origin and evolution of the process of protein synthesis is discussed.
A deae-cellulose filter disk assay for aminoacyl-tRNA.

Abstract A filtration assay is described for quantitation of aminoacylated tRNA. [ 3 H]Aminoacyl-tRNA is adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose filter disks under conditions in which unreacted amino acid is removed by a 100-m m glycine-HCl (pH 2.3) wash. The assay is rapid, simple to perform, and linear over the range of 0.005–20 A 260 units/50-μl filtered aliquot. The assay is nondestructive to aa-tRNA, does not use strongly acidic solutions for removal of amino acid, and does not require carrier nucleic acid for accurate measurement of low aa-tRNA concentrations. It is a useful alternative to methods involving acid precipitation and ideally suited for measurement of low levels of highly purified aa-tRNA.
Connectivity and bottlenecks in a migratory wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus population

Surprisingly little is known about the spatial dimensions of most tropical ungulate migrations, including that of wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, a species famous for long-distance movements. Using non-invasive photographic identification of 834 adult wildebeest from 8,530 images collected over 4 years we characterize patterns of migratory connectivity throughout the northern Tarangire–Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. We document movements between Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks and northwards to the shore of Lake Natron, a straight-line distance of > 130 km. Fifty-six percent of observed movements occur outside the ecosystem's three main protected areas. We supplement photographic data with fine-scale movement data from two individuals with global positioning system collars, and identify three narrow bottlenecks, each vulnerable to human development. We discuss the possible consequences for the wildebeest population if these bottlenecks become impeded. Persistence of this migration alongside a growing human population and proposed road improvement will require additional measures to ensure that pathways remain open to wildlife movement and protected from illegal hunting.
Reproducibility of multiple T1 Mapping techniques and to ECV quantification

Background T1 Mapping has emerged as a new marker to quantify myocardial extracellular volume (ECV), which is typically increased in the setting of diffuse fibrosis or infiltrative heart diseases. However the reproducibility of the technique is largely unknown. We sought to identify the interobserver, intraobserver variability of different T1 mapping techniques as well as validation of one technique against the standard technique for ECV quantification. Methods We selected 10 patients with the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy (5 with delayed contrast enhancement and 5 without). The Look-Locker (LL) and Modified Look-Locker both precontrast (MOLLI_Pre) and postcontrast (MOLLI_Post) T1 time were measured by 3 investigators blinded to clinical data at 2 different time points. Interobserver and Intraobserver reproducibility were assessed using 2-way ANOVA approach. The ECV was calculated using pre and post contrast T1 and hematocrit. Results There was a strong correlation between LL T1 and Postcontrast MOLLI(MOLLI_Post) (R2 0.82, p < 0.001) and a modest correlation between MOLLI_post and ECV (R2 = 0.42, p < 0.001). The interobserver and intraobserver variability of the measurements were expressed as standard errors of measurements (SEM) and 95% CI and were summarized in table 1. MOLLI_Post had the lowest intraobserver and intraobserver variability with minimal detectable change in T1 of 13.8 and 26.1 respectively. ECV showed minimal both interobserver and intraobserver variability. Conclusions Both LL and MOLLI are highly reproducible technique. LL was strongly correlated with post-contrast MOLLI which is moderately correlated to ECV. Funding None.
Why and how to mystery shop your reference desk

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to document how two university libraries determined whether mystery shopping is an effective and statistically feasible instrument for evaluating customer service at public service desks.Design/methodology/approach – Mystery shopping exercises were conducted at both libraries during the 2008 spring and fall semesters. Trained mystery shoppers recorded staff behaviors and the answers given to their reference questions and open‐ended comments about their reference experience. Using ClinTools, Excel, and Atlas.ti, the authors conducted a meta‐analysis of the data.Findings – Mystery shopping is an effective method for evaluating customer service in libraries. The shoppers observed staff behaviors that were generally in line with the libraries' guidelines, but their comments revealed suggestions for improvement. When the behavior rubric results were combined with the comments, the authors learned that shoppers were somewhat unsatisfied.Research limitations/implications – The ...
Two RNA polymerase sigma factors from Bacillus subtilis discriminate between overlapping promoters for a developmentally regulated gene

A developmentally regulated gene (spoVG) from the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis is expressed from two overlapping promoters, which direct transcription initiating from sites separated by 10 base pairs. Utilization of the upstream promoter is determined by an RNA polymerase sigma factor of molecular weight 37,000 (σ37). We report the isolation of a 32,000-molecular weight species of sigma factor (σ32), which exclusively dictates transcription initiation from the downstream promoter, and suggest a model for the way in which sigma-specific recognition sequences are intermeshed within the spoVG transcription initiation region.
Determinants of nasal CPAP compliance.

Abstract Background : Obstructive sleep apnea is a prevalent condition with potentially serious medical and psychosocial consequences. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment-of-choice and has been shown to reduce the frequency of nocturnal respiratory events, improve sleep architecture and decrease daytime sleepiness. Patient compliance with CPAP is disappointingly low. Previous studies examining determinants of CPAP compliance have limited the variables studied to patient (sociodemographic), disease status, and treatment variables, with few reliable determinants found. Methods : The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between objectively measured CPAP compliance and variables from social cognitive theory (SCT) and the transtheoretical model (TM). Scales that measure variables from each model were developed and reliability evaluated. The relationship between the SCT and TM variables and compliance at 1-month post-CPAP-fitting was prospectively evaluated on 51 first-time CPAP users. SCT and TM variables were measured on the day of CPAP-fitting, at 1-week post-CPAP-fitting, and at 1-month post-CPAP-fitting. Results : SCT variables measured 1-week post-CPAP-fitting ( R 2 =0.261, P =0.001) and TM variables measured 1-week post-CPAP-fitting ( R 2 =0.17, P =0.002) accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance in objective CPAP compliance measured at 1 month. The decisional balance index (from TM) individually accounted for a significant amount of variance in objective CPAP compliance in the above analyses. Conclusions : The ability of these new behavior change scales to predict CPAP compliance provides us with a new direction of research to better understand factors associated with compliance. The principal advantage of these theory-driven and empirically validated scales are that they measure modifiable factors that can provide the basis for sound interventions to improve CPAP compliance.
Valuing the flexibility of investing in security process innovations

Abstract In this paper, we develop a decision model of a firm’s optimal strategy for investment in security process innovations (SPIs) when confronted with a sequence of malicious attacks. The model incorporates real options as a methodology to capture the flexibility embedded in such investment decisions. SPIs, when seamlessly integrated with the organization’s overall business dynamics, induce organizational learning and provide the flexibility of switching to more suitable technologies as the environment of malicious attacks changes. The theoretical contribution of this paper is a mathematical model of the invest-to-learn and switching options generated upon early investment in flexible SPIs. The practical significance of the paper is the application of a binomial lattice model to approximate the continuous-time model, resulting in an easy to use decision aid for managers.
ÉMIGRÉS AS TRANSMITTERS OF AMERICAN PROTEST CULTURE

This essay challenges scholarly claims that the German student movement represented the emergence of latent fascist and anti-Semitic tendencies, especially when its target was the US war in Vietnam. Instead, the author argues that Jewish voices were prominent in the German Sixties through the writings of emigre intellectuals such as Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse, as well as the poet Erich Fried, who inspired student activists even as they took disparate positions on the war. Moreover, Jewish Americans who were strongly represented in the American New Left groups served as a model for German student activists. Rather than anti-Semitism, we see cosmopolitanism at work in 1968.
QUANTUM THEORY OF ATOMIC FOUR-WAVE MIXING IN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES

We present an exact quantum-mechanical analysis of collinear four-wave mixing in a multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensate consisting of sodium atoms in the $F=1$ ground state. Technically, this is achieved by taking advantage of the conservation laws of the system to cast its Hamiltonian in terms of angular momentum operators. We discuss explicitly the build-up of matter-wave side modes from quantum fluctuations, as well as the correlations between these modes. We show the appearance of a strong quantum entanglement between hyperfine states. We also demonstrate that for finite atomic numbers, the system exhibits periodic collapses and revivals in the exchange of atoms between different spin states.
Bursting Bubbles: What the Internet Could Have Meant to Strategic Management Academia

This article explains that the Internet bubble was a unique and unfortunately missed opportunity for strategic management academia to vastly increase the field's perceived legitimacy. This author challenges strategic management scholars to acknowledge this failure, understand it, and reconsider their responsibilitiesto the public and to the field.
Problems of Abstraction: Defining an American Standard for Mathematics Education at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Throughout the nineteenth century, the sciences in the United States went through many professional and disciplinary shifts. While the impact of these changes on university education has been well established, their consequences at the level of high school education have been often overlooked. In mathematics, debates at the level of university officials found clear outlets in the reform movement concerning secondary school offerings and college entrance requirements. This article therefore focuses on these debates and also the attempts to achieve compromises through standardized curricula in the recommendations of the Committee of Ten. In discussing the interplay between university and secondary education, it exposes a feature of the history of science education that has been neglected.
Chromatin organization re-viewed

The predominant view of chromatin structure is that the beaded chain of nucleosomes is folded into a symmetrical helical fibre. Recently, however, direct evidence from cryoelectron microscopy and other imaging techniques confirms a non-symmetrical organization, consistent with modelling based on the heterogeneity of linker DNA lengths. This mode of chromatin folding is more compatible with the range of functional states in the living nucleus.
The microtubule as a breast cancer target

Manifestations of non-equilibrium polarity, random transgressions, and catastrophes are not conditions usually associated with a sense of normalcy. Yet these disquieting features distinguish a utilitarian behavior known as dynamic instability, the signature characteristic of the microtubule. Long known to be a tumor target, disruption of this fragile attribute is associated with some of the most effective agents used to treat breast cancer today. Although the biology of the microtubule is under intense investigation much still remains unknown. As such, our understanding of regulatory molecules and resistance mechanisms are still rudimentary, further compromising our ability to develop novel therapeutic strategies to improve microtubule inhibitors. This review focuses on several classes of anti-microtubule agents and their effects on the functional dynamics of the targeted polymer. The primary objective is to critically examine the molecular mechanisms that contribute to tumor cell death, tumor-resistance, and incident neurotoxicity.
Stimulation of Cl secretion by neurokinin A and neurokinin B in canine tracheal epithelium.

We studied the effects of neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB), the mammalian-derived tachykinins, on the electrical and ion transport properties of canine tracheal epithelium. Both tachykinins dose-dependently increased short-circuit current (Isc) when added to the mucosal (NKA: = 24.2 ± 2.4 µA/cm2, KD = 9 nM; NKB: = 14.2 ± 2.2 µA/cm2, KD = 32 nM) or submucosal (NKA: = 10.5 ± 1.2 µA/cm2, KD = 45 nM; NKB: = 2.2 ± 1.4 µA/cm2, KD = 80 nM) bath. Isc responses to mucosal addition of tachykinins consisted of transient and subsequent steady-state components, whereas submucosal addition elicited only steady-state responses. Inhibition of Cl transport with bumetanide or substitution of Cl reduced the maximal changes in Isc. In paired tissues, NKA increased net 36Cl flux toward the mucosa from 1.83 ± 0.49 to 2.71 ± 0.46 µeq·cm−2h·−1 (p < 0.05), without affecting net 22Na flux toward the submucosa. The increases in Isc induced by tachykinins were not modified by prior tissue incubation with phentolamine, propr...
Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China—A Study and Translation . Volume One, Chapters I, I-XI, 34, and XX, 64-XXI, 65–66. By W. Allyn Rickett. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. x, 484 pp. $50.00.

The Description for this book, Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China--A Study and Translation, will be forthcoming.
The complexity of low-distortion embeddings between point sets

We prove that it is NP-hard to approximate by a ratio better than 3 the minimum distortion of a bijection between two given finite three-dimensional sets of points.
Can Liberalism Still Tell Powerful Stories?1

The need of reason is not inspired by the quest for truth but by the quest for meaning. And truth and meaning are not the same. The basic fallacy, taking precedence over all specific metaphysical fallacies, is to interpret meaning on the model of truth. (Hanna Arendt, The Life of the Mind: Thinking)2 The problem of agency in liberal political thought begins when dictates of reason grounded in philosophical truth become separated from motivations premised on desires and appetites articulated in moral psychology. In the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill, political agency requires both reason and motive, and motive, in turn, requires narratives of meaning that enable and motivate us to act. These narratives incorporate elements of the sacred and these religious elements, in turn, become parts of their moral psychologies. Part I is a summary of the role of sacred narrative for human agency in Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill. In America, a sacred/national narrative bec...
Chloride transport in human proximal colonic apical membrane vesicles.

Abstract The mechanism(s) of Cl − transport across the human colonic apical membranes are not well understood. Apical membrane vesicles (AMV) purified from organ donor proximal colonic mucosa and a rapid millipore filtration technique were utilized to study 36 Cl − uptake into these vesicles. Outwardly directed OH − and HCO 3 − gradient stimulated 36 Cl − uptake into these vesicles demonstrating a transient accumulation over equilibrium uptake. Voltage clamping the membrane potential of the vesicles or making them inside positive with K + /valinomycin failed to influence chloride uptake, indicating that the conductive Cl − uptake pathway is minimal in proximal colonic AMV. Anion exchange inhibitors, DIDS and SITS (1 mM) inhibited OH − and HCO 3 − stimulated 36 Cl − uptake by ≈60%. Furosemide also demonstrated a small but significant inhibition of chloride uptake. Amiloride, bumetanide and acetazolamide (1 mM) failed to inhibit 36 Cl uptake. HCO 3 − and pH gradient stimulated 36 Cl − uptake exhibited saturation kinetics with an apparent K m for chloride of 4.0 ± 0.7 mM and a V max of 17.8 ± 3.9 /mg per min. Bromide, chloride, nitrate and acetate (50 mM each) inhibited 5 mM 36 Cl uptake. Inwardly directed gradients of Na + , K + , or Na + and K + did not stimulate 36 Cl − uptake into these vesicles, indicating that uptake of Na + and Cl − in human proximal colonic AMV does not involve NaCl or NaK-2Cl cotransport. The above findings indicate that chloride transport in human proximal colonic AMV involves an electroneutral Cl − HCO 3 − (OH − ) exchange process. In view of the previous demonstration of a Na + H + antiporter in these vesicles, dual ion exchange mechanism of Na + H + and Cl − HCO 3 − in apical membrane domain of human colonocytes is postulated to be the primary mechanism for NaCl absorption in the human proximal colon.
Quantitative Hemodynamic Effects of Heart Rate in Aortic Regurgitation

The hemodynamic effect of varying heart rate was studied in eight patients with aortic regurgitation. At the subjects' resting sinus rhythm and at a higher heart rate induced with right atrial pacing, left ventricular and aortic pressures and Fick cardiac outputs (FCO) were measured, and left ventricular biplane angiocardiograms were performed. Left ventricular volumes and left ventricular minute flow (LVMF) were determined from the angiograms. Regurgitant flow was quantitated by subtracting the FCO from LVMF. Increased heart rate produced highly significant reductions in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume. End-diastolic circumferential stress (EDCS) and end-diastolic load (EDL) were abnormally high at resting sinus rhythm and were markedly decreased with increased heart rate. FCO increased, but no significant changes were observed in either the LVMF or the regurgitant flow per minute. Bradycardia in aortic regurgitation may cause ...
Origins of Proton Transport Behavior from Selectivity Domain Mutations of the Aquaporin-1 Channel

The permeation free-energy profile and maximum ion conductance of proton transport along the channel of three aquaporin-1 (AQP1) mutants (H180A/R195V, H180A, and R195V) are calculated via molecular dynamics simulations and Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory. The proton dynamics was described by the multistate empirical valence bond (MS-EVB) model. The results reveal three major contributions to the overall free-energy barrier for proton transport in AQP1: 1), the bipolar field, 2), the electrostatic repulsion due to the Arg-195 residue, and 3), the dehydration penalty due to the narrow channel pore. The double mutation (H180A/R195V) drastically drops the overall free-energy barrier by roughly 20 kcal/mol via simultaneously relaxing the direct electrostatic interaction (by R195V) and dehydration effect (by H180A).
APPRENTICESHIPS LINK COMMUNITY‐TECHNICAL COLLEGES AND BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY FOR WORKFORCE TRAINING

Cooperative apprenticeships are a form of structured workplace training in which (a) employers, government agencies, labor unions, or other community or groups join with community‐technical colleges to provide formal educational programs in which structured work‐based experiences are integral credit‐earning parts of instruction; (b) apprentices agree to work for employers for specified periods of time; and (c) employers agree to provide structured and formal training in specific fields or trades over these defined periods of time. These findings are the result of a 2‐year study. We used a case study method for this study, systematically identifying and reviewing factors influencing successful cooperative apprenticeship linkages. The article describes what has been found to work and why, and how these results can be replicated elsewhere by employers in partnership with community‐technical colleges. Dual enrollment of apprentices in associate degree programs is a practice worthy of promotion. Apprenticeship...
Radiation characterization of a 28C256 EEPROM

Total-dose, dose-rate, and high-dose-rate memory retention results are presented for the SEEQ 28C256 floating-gate electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). Total-dose failure levels are mode dependent, i.e., approximately 33 krad(Si) for reading and approximately 9.5 krad(Si) for writing. The write-mode failure level is dose-rate dependent, increasing from approximately 10 krad(Si) at approximately 11 rad(Si)/s to approximately 28 krad(Si) at approximately 0.1 rad(Si)/s. Average upset and latchup thresholds are 3.8*10/sup 8/ rad(Si)/s and 7.7*10/sup 8/ rad(Si)/s, respectively. No latchup windows were observed. Memory contents were retained following exposure up to 108 krad(Si) and following 1*10/sup 12/ rad(Si)/s. >
William James and the Unconscious: Redressing a Century-Old Misunderstanding:

Contrary to received wisdom in psychology, William James did not oppose postulating unconscious processes. This mistaken belief stems from a misreading of a passage in his Principles concerned with disproving the metaphysical notion that mental states are composed of elementary mental units. The term unconscious had been co-opted by individuals who supported this position. Unconscious did not mean then what it means now. Analysis of the rest of the Principles, his later works, and his reactions to the works of others reveals that James actually supported what we would now term unconscious processes. He even contributed to their study with his notions of the “fringe,” “habit,” and “subconscious incubation.” Causes and effects of this misunderstanding are discussed.
Evolving drugs in gastroesophageal reflux disease: pharmacologic treatment beyond proton pump inhibitors.

Importance of the field: Despite the clinical success of proton pump inhibitors to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), for the majority of patients in both gastroenterology and primary care clinics there is still a substantial group of patients (up to 40% in some studies) who do not completely respond symptomatically to a standard dose of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Specific explanations for these PPI noncomplete responders included transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs), sensitivity to weakly acidic and/or alkaline reflux, large volume of reflux and esophageal hypersensitivity. There is a clear need for GERD therapies beyond the PPIs.Areas covered in this review: These drug classes include the GABAB receptor agonists (including lesogaberan and arbaclofen placarbil), mGluR5 receptor antagonists, P-CABs, cholecystokinin2 antagonists and add-on therapies to PPIs including mosapride and rikkunshito.What the reader will gain: Both physicians and patients are eagerly awaiting th...
Internal cooling augmentation in rectangular channel using two inclined baffles

Abstract This experimental study investigates the local heat transfer characteristics and the associated frictional head loss in a rectangular channel with inclined solid and perforated baffles. A combination of two baffles of same overall size is used in this experiment. The upstream baffle is attached to the top heated surface, while the position, orientation, and the shape of the other baffle is varied to identify the optimum configuration for enhanced heat transfer. A constant surface heat flux is applied from the top surface, but the bottom and the side surfaces are maintained at an adiabatic condition. The flow Reynolds number for this experimental study is varied between 12,000 and 41,000. The inline placement of baffles augments the overall heat transfer significantly by combining both jet impingement and the boundary layer separation. Experimental results show that the local Nusselt number distribution is strongly depended on the position, orientation, and geometry of the second baffle plate. The friction factor ratio goes up with an increase in the Reynolds number, but its value depends on the arrangement of baffles. Like single inclined baffle and rib-mounted channels, the frictional head loss is much higher for two inclined baffles.