cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The marginally ready child

For some time now I have been interested in the period in the child's life that marks the transition from kindergarten to first grade. I have been concerned with two predictive investigations which intensively studied the kindergarten and second grade performance of some five to six hundred children. In addition, I am currently engaged in the diagnostic testing of many children in this age range, and also have sought out children at this particular stage among those we take on for interventional work. These contacts are sometimes protracted though occasionally they last for only a few months. In any case, we come to know the child and his academic course very well. All of us have become more aware of the sub-group of five year olds who are clearly, dramatically unready for school, and our tools for identifying them early have become more refined. Here I would like to focus on a somewhat different subgroup of five year olds—those in the gray area, the marginally ready children. I would especially like to consider critically the point of view which proposes that these children be moved ahead because doing so will stimulate them, challenge them, stretch them. I would suggest, on the contrary, that while moving ahead may challenge them and stretch them, it may very well extinguish their enthusiasm for learning. In our diagnostic and remedial practice we also meet children for the first time during their middle school years, when they are eleven, twelve, and thirteen years of age. They come with the complaint that they are close to failing in a number of school subjects. Although they had learned to read at the expected time, they did not read easily, they did not enjoy it, and their very mediocre academic performance never rose to the expectation raised by their often superior level of intelligence. The characteristic this older group has in common with the younger one
Packaging for a wireless intraocular pressure sensor with a solder-filled microchannel antenna

A novel packaging method for an intraocular pressure (IOP) sensor is presented. The device, which will be implanted during cataract surgery, is 5.75 mm in radius and has to be folded to pass through an incision of 2–3 mm. A solder-filled microchannel approach is used for the antenna fabrication and packaging. A prototype of the device is tested at 1.5 GHz. A plot comparing the transmitted and received power is presented. It is shown that an ultra-low power radio frequency (RF) chip can be powered above its minimal requirement. Heat-assisted repair of fractured antennas is also studied in the presented fabrication method.
Studies on the permeability of living cells, VII. The effects of light of different wave lengths on the penetration of 2,-6,- dibromo phenol indophenol into Valonia

1. WhenValonia is placed under screens which transmit light of wave lengths from 300 to 700μ, the amount of 2,-6,- dibromo phenol indophenol penetrating the sap increases as the wave length decreases. 2. In these experiments the penetration of the dye follows the course of a unimolecular reaction.
Embryology of the sheep. I. Extraembryonic membranes and the development of body form

The developmental anatomy of the sheep in the early prenatal period (14 to 34 days) was studied using embryos of known coital age, and embryos of known size with estimated coital age. Characteristics of the embryos were studied by gross observation under the dissecting microscope, and by means of serial sections. The period of the ovum (from conception to 10 days) and the early embryonic period (from 11 to 14 days) are summarized from the literature. This work provides a detailed, systematic account of embryonic development in the sheep and establishes size-age standards. Anatomical features encountered in the normal development of the sheep embryo are documented day-by-day because they are essential for studies of teratogenesis and early prenatal mortality.
Intensity and Interpretation of Competitive State Anxiety: Relationship to Performance and Repressive Coping

Abstract This study examined (a) the predictions of multidimensional anxiety theory, (b) the effect of interpreting anxiety responses as having a debilitative or facilitative effect on performance, and (c) the influence of a repressive coping style on the relationship of anxiety to performance in recreational and semi-professional bowlers (N = 158). Regression analyses indicated cognitive intensity had an inverted-U relationship to performance that explained 4.1% of the variance (p < .05). The somatic direction subscale had a positive linear relationship to performance that explained 3.0% of the variance (p < .05). Removing bowlers with a repressive coping style resulted in a stronger and different anxiety-performance relationship. Cognitive intensity kept an inverted-U relationship, but increased the performance variance explained to 12.6%. Somatic intensity became significant, but with a negative linear relationship that explained 6.1% of performance variance. The findings did not support multi-dimensio...
Video-based assessment of operative competency in endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that residency programs have an effective plan for assessing their residents' competence. Current evaluation tools used for the assessment of operative competency are subjective, recall based, and do not allow providing formative feedback to the resident. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and validity of video-based assessment of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) skills. METHODS Five junior (postgraduate year levels 1-3[PGY-1 to -3]) and three senior (PGY-4 and -5) residents were videotaped as they performed ESS on cadavers in the laboratory. Five faculty members watched the recorded videotapes and rated performance using global and checklist assessment tools for ESS. Evaluators were blinded to the identity of the performers. Rating was made feasible by allowing the raters to fast-forward through the tapes when appropriate. Construct validity was calculated by comparing total scores and score on each item of the instrument across the training levels. For all statistical purposes p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Results showed construct validity with senior residents performing better than junior residents. It took an average of 20 minutes (range, 7- 39 minutes) to watch and evaluate a video. Interrater reliability, as measured by interclass correlation coefficient across evaluators, was 0.62. CONCLUSION The use of videotapes combined with the objective assessment tool is a feasible and valid method for evaluating surgical skills. It has implications for residency programs, because it will increase faculty buy-in and reduce the potential for biased assessment.
Semi-empirical traction prediction equations based on relevant soil parameters

Extensive single-wheel traction tests were conducted in the vicinity of UC Davis campus using four different radial ply tires, two soil types, four soil conditions, three levels of inflation pressures, and three axle loads. Soil sinkage and shear characteristics were also obtained using an instrumented soil test device in every test condition. These field data were analyzed to obtain semi-empirical traction prediction equations for radial ply tires. In general, these prediction equations were able to predict traction equation parameters with less than 25% error.
A comparison of the modernistic Toyota model of greenfield start‐ups with a pre‐modern Chinese family business transplanted to the USA

The Chinese family business (CFB) is one of the most enduring and prolific organizational forms in human history. The CFB is an alternative to a modernistic organization and has been understudied in the post‐modern organizational theory literature. Compares a pre‐modern CFB transplanted to the USA with the modernistic Toyota model of greenfield start‐ups.
Macroeconomic determinants of growth: Cross-country evidence

Abstract Using post-war data from forty-seven countries, we examine the cross-sectional relation between the mean growth rate of real product (growth) and variables suggested by the theoretical literature. Barro's hypothesis that the variability of monetary shocks adversely affects growth receives strong support, as do several other hypotheses. We also show that our variables influence growth by affecting both the fraction of product devoted to investment and the return to capital. Finally, while an index of civil liberty explains growth only marginally, it dominates the other variables in explaining investment.
Automation and utility system security

An electric utility system is predicated to be in one of four possible states: normal, alert, emergency, or restorative. Examination of these states and the structure of the system's operating problems has led to a multilevel, multicomputer approach involving computers at various action centers interconnected by data links. Within the hierarchical computer arrangement, a four-step approach of monitor and display, contingency evaluation, corrective strategy, and automatic control is suggested. Major attention is directed toward minimizing the probability of leaving the normal state as well as the time required to return to this state. The computer functions to be undertaken at each level are described.
Frequentist accuracy of Bayesian estimates

In the absence of relevant prior experience, popular Bayesian estimation techniques usually begin with some form of “uninformative” prior distribution intended to have minimal inferential influence. Bayes rule will still produce nice-looking estimates and credible intervals, but these lack the logical force attached to experience-based priors and require further justification. This paper concerns the frequentist assessment of Bayes estimates. A simple formula is shown to give the frequentist standard deviation of a Bayesian point estimate. The same simulations required for the point estimate also produce the standard deviation. Exponential family models make the calculations particularly simple, and bring in a connection to the parametric bootstrap.
The invasive predator Bythotrephes induces changes in the vertical distribution of native copepods in Lake Michigan

Invasive predators can have large negative effects on native prey populations. The susceptibility of native prey to invasive predators may depend on their ability to respond behaviorally to the presence of these non-native predators. In a field survey conducted in Lake Michigan over several years, we found that high densities of the invasive predatory cladoceran Bythotrephes were correlated with lower vertical distributions of some species and age classes of native copepods; moving from inhabiting primarily the epiliminion at low Bythotrephes density to primarily the hypolimnion at high Bythotrephes density. Five groups showed this pattern; diaptomid copepodites, adult cyclopoids, Diacyclops thomasi, and the adult diaptomids Leptodiaptomus ashlandi and L. minutus. In contrast, Bythotrephes density was not correlated with the vertical distribution of copepod nauplii and adult L. sicilis. Laboratory experiments suggest that the changes in the vertical distribution in the field at high Bythothrephes are due to an inducible, plastic response to predation threat from Bythotrephes signaled by water-borne cues. Species that were lower in the field at high Bythotrephes densities responded behaviorally to water-borne cues from Bythotrephes by moving to lower levels of experimental water columns. These species included D. thomasi and L. minutus, with L. ashlandi displaying a non-significant trend in the same direction. In contrast, L. sicilis, which was not correlated with Bythotrephes density in the field, was unaffected by the water-borne cues. Differences in vertical distribution shifts among these native copepod species and life-history stages are likely due to species-specific differences in spatial overlap with Bythotrephes and their relative ability to migrate large distances or employ alternative avoidance strategies. The varied responses exhibited among the copepod groups likely alter their interactions with each other, their resources and other predators, thus revealing the complex effects Bythotrephes can have on invaded communities.
Purification of a type V collagen degrading metalloproteinase from rabbit alveolar macrophages.

Abstract A proteinase capable of degrading the helical region of native human type V collagen was identified in serum-free culture medium from “in vivo-activated” rabbit alveolar macrophages. This enzyme was purified to homogeneity using a combination of gelfiltration, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. Analysis of the purified material by gel electrophoresis revealed a single broad band with relative molecular mass of 82,000 daltons Enzyme activity was eluted from the gel in a region corresponding to the stained band. The protein band was also found to stain positively using the periodic acid-Schiff technique indicating that it was glycosylated. Amino acid analysis revealed a composition rich in acidic residues. The enzyme cleaved type V collagen into three large molecular weight doublets consistent with two cleavage sites within the helix but was inactive against native type I collagen. However, when type I or type V collagen was heat-denatured, the enzyme degraded the alpha chains to small molecular weight peptides.
What are the physiological and immunological responses of coral to climate warming and disease

Coral mortality due to climate-associated stress is likely to increase as the oceans get warmer and more acidic. Coral bleaching and an increase in infectious disease are linked to above average sea surface temperatures. Despite the uncertain future for corals, recent studies have revealed physiological mechanisms that improve coral resilience to the effects of climate change. Some taxa of bleached corals can increase heterotrophic food intake and exchange symbionts for more thermally tolerant clades; this plasticity can increase the probability of surviving lethal thermal stress. Corals can fight invading pathogens with a suite of innate immune responses that slow and even arrest pathogen growth and reduce further tissue damage. Several of these responses, such as the melanin cascade, circulating amoebocytes and antioxidants, are induced in coral hosts during pathogen invasion or disease. Some components of immunity show thermal resilience and are enhanced during temperature stress and even in bleached corals. These examples suggest some plasticity and resilience to cope with environmental change and even the potential for evolution of resistance to disease. However, there is huge variability in responses among coral species, and the rate of climate change is projected to be so rapid that only extremely hardy taxa are likely to survive the projected changes in climate stressors.
Genetic algorithms in truss topological optimization

The present paper describes the use of a stochastic search procedure that is the basis of genetic algorithms, in developing near-optimal topologies of load-bearing truss structures. The problem addressed is one wherein the structural geometry is created from a specification of load conditions and available support points in the design space. The development of this geometry must satisfy kinematic stability requirements in addition to the usual requirements of structural strength and stiffness. The approach is an adaptation of the ground structure method of topology optimization, and is implemented in a two-level genetic algorithm-based search. In this process, the kinematic stability constraints are imposed at one level, followed by the treatment of response constraints at a second level of optimization. Singular value decomposition is used to assess the kinematic stability constraints at the first level of design, and results in the creation of a finite number of increasing weight, stable topologies. Member sizing is then introduced at a second level of design, where minimal weight and response constraints on stresses, displacements and buckling are simultaneously considered. At this level, the only admissible topologies are those identified during the first stage and any stable combination thereof. The design variable representation scheme allows for both the removal and addition of structural members during optimization.
Variations in Viscosity of Clay-Water Suspensions of Georgia Kaolins

The viscosity of clay-water suspensions is an important factor in determining commercial uses of Georgia Kaolins. Impurities, such as montmorillonite type minerals, in these basically kaolinite clays play a part in causing variations in viscosity. However, seemingly pure kaolinite clays also show variations which seem to be related to morphology and degree of crystallinity. Studies are underway to determine the various factors involved.
Electronics, the Cost Disease, and the Operation of Libraries.

This article analyzes the prospects for costs of computerized operation of libraries relative to costs of more conventional operation. Conventional library operation is labor intensive and not readily amenable to cumulative increases in labor productivity. This helps to explain the rapid and cumulative rise in cost per volume and/or student served relative to the rise in the economy's price level during the earlier postwar period. Because the price of computer hardware has been falling at a spectacular rate, it has been expected that computerized operation of libraries would become increasingly inexpensive relative to conventional procedures. Yet the evidence indicates that such a differential has not materialized. It is shown why the costs of computerized operation should in fact not be expected to fall along with the price of computer hardware. The reason is that the very decline in computer hardware prices has increased the share of software and other labor-intensive activities in the total budget of computer operation. The implications of this relationship for library operations are analyzed.
Cellular factors may enable squamous carcinoma cells to overcome TGFβ-mediated repression of CDK2 activity

Abstract Cell lines developed from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas exhibit variable responses to the negative regulatory effects of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) on cell growth. To analyse the effects of TGFβ on regulators of cell cycle progression, we characterised cell lines derived from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) for their biological sensitivities to TGFβ, growth inhibition, then examined the effects of TGFβ treatment on the expression and activity of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and inhibitors of these kinases. Western blot analysis of cell lysates from untreated or TGFβ-treated cultures showed no alterations in expression of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 or cyclin E in cell lines which were either sensitive (HaCaT, HN6) or refractory (HN12, HN30) to the growth-inhibitory effects of TGFβ. However, treatment of cells with TGFβ resulted in a several fold increase in cellular levels of p21 (WAF1/Cip1), irrespective of biological response. Immune complex in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that the activity of CDK2 was inhibited by exposure to ligand in each case, confirming that a TGFβ signalling pathway which regulates kinase activity was intact in these cell lines. The data suggest that cellular factors expressed in HN12 and HN30 enable these cells to override TGFβ-mediated inhibition of CDK2 activity and allow cell cycle progression. This may represent an important mechanism which allows cells to evade growth arrest during malignant progression.
Why Au and Cu Are More Selective Than Pt for Preferential Oxidation of CO at Low Temperature

Self-consistent, periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations and micro-kinetic modeling are used to compare selectivity for the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) with respect to H2 based on studies of elementary reaction steps on the (111) facet of Au, Cu and Pt. The first step of H oxidation (OH formation) has a higher activation barrier than the second step (H2O formation) on all three metal surfaces, indicating that OH formation competes with CO oxidation for the removal of trace amounts of CO from a typical reformate gas. The activation energy barrier for CO oxidation is found to be 0.18eV on Au(111), 0.82eV on Cu(111) and 0.96eV on Pt(111), whereas the barrier for OH formation is 0.90, 1.28 and 0.83eV respectively. A micro-kinetic model based on the DFT results shows that trends in the selectivity of these metals at different temperatures is due to (i) differences in the rate constants of the competitive CO and H oxidation reactions, and (ii) differences in the CO and H surface coverages. Our results explain why Au and Cu are more selective PROX catalysts compared to Pt at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, Pt and Cu lose some of their selectivity to CO oxidation, whereas the selectivity on Au decreases substantially primarily because of the significantly weaker CO adsorption.
Intermodal Stimulus Generalization and Retention of Habituation in Earthworms

Summary.-50 mature earthworms (L. terrestris) were assigned randomly to one of five stimulus conditions in an experiment with three phases. In Phase I Group Light-Vibration-Light received 2-sec. presentations of white light (with an 18-sec. intertrial interval) to an habituation criterion; in Phase I1 vibration was presented on the same schedule; and in Phase 111, which began 2 hr. after the end of Phase I, presentations of light were given. Group Vibmtion-LightVibration received vibration in Phases I and 111 and light in Phase 11; Groups Vibration-Rest-Vibration and Light-Rest-Light received no stimulation in Phase 11. A control group was obxrved on the same schedule but received no stimuli. Results indicated that previous habimation to one stimulus reduced responses to the other stimulus, regardless of the type of stimulation (stimulus generalization). Retention of habituation from Phase I to Phase 111 was reduced in Group Light-Vibration-Light but not Group Vibration-Light-Vibration, relative, to their counterparts receiving rest in Phase 11. Thus results indicated that the effects of habituation in this organism depend on the presence of stimuli from other modalities.
Microfluidics, Lung Surfactant, and Respiratory Disorders

The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system and contain a branching network of airway tubes that become shorter, narrower, and more numerous as they penetrate deeper into the lung. The tracheobronchial tree comprises 3 major types of airways: cartilaginous bronchi, membranous bronchioles, and gas exchange alveolar ducts. Upper airways and terminal bronchioles act merely as conduits for the passage of gas, whereas respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts carry out both conducting and gas exchange functions. Airways less than 1 to 2 mm in diameter that include membranous, terminal, and respiratory bronchioles as well as alveolar ducts are known as distal airways.1 These airways have a very large total cross-sectional area and relatively low resistance to the flow of gas (~10% to 20% of the total lung resistance).2 Due to their small size and high compliance, distal airways are prone to instabilities and closure at low lung volumes (eg, at the end of expiration). To prevent these fine structures from collapse (atelectasis), secretory cells of alveolar and neighboring airway epithelium produce pulmonary surfactant that distributes at the surface of the liquid lining layer of distal lung epithelium.3,4 Functional surfactant reduces surface tension at the luminal air-liquid interface and, thus, maintains the patency of airways and alveoli at low lung volumes. The presence of hysteresis in the pressure-volume curve of the lung indeed reflects this point ( Figure 1 ): the pressure required to support a certain volume (V) of the lung units during deflation (P2) is smaller than that when lungs are inflated (P1)5. During deflation, the surfactant film is compressed and presumably a more compact layer of surfactant lipid molecules is present at the air-liquid interface, which results in a lower surface tension. Active surfactant at the luminal air-liquid …
Brain kinetics of paroxetine and fluoxetine on the third day of placebo substitution: a fluorine MRS study

OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether a relationship exists between concentration and response following discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. METHOD: Eight patients with remitted major depression who were taking 20 mg/day of either fluoxetine or paroxetine underwent placebo substitution for 3 days. Serum drug and brain fluorine levels were obtained before and after placebo substitution. RESULTS: With placebo substitution, a mean of 88% (SD=13%) of brain fluorine signal from fluoxetine (plus fluorinated metabolites) remained, compared with a mean of 38% (SD=17%) of the brain fluorine signal from paroxetine (plus fluorinated metabolites). Among patients taking paroxetine, adverse events during placebo substitution correlated highly with steady-state brain drug levels. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation of clinical effects with brain drug levels in the paroxetine group suggests that relationships between drug response and brain drug concentrations merit further investigation.
Beer-induced angina pectoris

Abstract Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. However, alcohol has been reported to provoke myocardial ischemia in some cases. We report a 60-year-old man with beer-induced myocardial ischemia, which was clearly proved by beer-stress electrocardiography and beer-stress thallium-201 scintigraphy. Learning objective: Myocardial ischemia can be induced by alcohol, which was clearly shown by beer-stress electrocardiography and thallium-201 scintigraphy in our case.>
Gabapentin for Hot Flashes in Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of successful treatment of refractory hot flashes with gabapentin in a patient with prostate cancer who was receiving combination antiandrogen and gonadotropin hormone—releasing hormone (GnRH) analog therapy.CASE SUMMARY:A 70-year-old white man with a history of advancing prostate cancer experienced disabling hot flashes from combination therapy with the antiandrogen bicalutamide and the GnRH analog goserelin acetate. He failed to respond to clonidine 0.1 mg twice daily, megestrol acetate 40 mg/d, diethylstilbestrol 1 mg/d, and venlafaxine 25 mg twice daily. The patient was then treated with gabapentin 600 mg once daily, at which time he experienced near-complete resolution of his symptoms.DISCUSSION:This case supports a previous report of the marked improvement in severity and duration of hot flashes associated with antiandrogen or GnRH analog therapy in prostate cancer. The mechanism by which gabapentin reduces hot flashes is unknown.CONCLUSIONS:Hot flashes resulting from anti...
Promoter Activity and Regulation of the CYP4F2 Leukotriene B4 ω-Hydroxylase Gene by Peroxisomal Proliferators and Retinoic Acid in HepG2 Cells

Abstract The human liver CYP4F2 gene (Accession No. AF221943) encodes a leukotriene B 4 ω-hydroxylase that metabolizes leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) to a less potent proinflammatory eicosanoid, 20-OH-LTB 4 . We sequenced a 6.7-kb genomic fragment of the human CYP4F2 gene that has the first five exons and 500 bp of the 5′-flanking region. The major transcription start site was found to be 49 bp upstream of the 3′ end of exon 1 and the ATG translation initiation codon was located in exon 2. Besides the TATA box at −39 bp and basal transcription factor binding sites, the promoter region and 412-bp intron 1 have several putative binding sites for nuclear factors that may mediate the inflammatory response and lipid homeostasis. We found two DR1 elements in the 5′ promoter, a DR2 element in intron 1, and RXR/RAR binding sites in both intron 1 and the 5′ promoter. DNase I footprinting revealed three protected sequences, with the region containing two CAATT boxes at −71 and −111 bp important in CYP4F2 gene expression. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the 500-bp upstream sequence has strong promoter activity. Transient transfection experiments identified two sites in the 5′ promoter and intron 1 that cooperate in gene transcription while exon 1 and a GC-rich region flanking exon 1 inhibit transcription. trans -Retinoic acid and 9- cis -retinoic acid stimulate promoter activity 3- and 6-fold, respectively, while cotransfection with RXRα or RAR/RXRα further enhanced activity. Peroxisome proliferators inhibit CYP4F2 gene promoter activity and cotransfection with PPARα or PPARα/RXRα can slightly attenuate this inhibition. Both saturated fatty acids and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-OH-C 12 ) can stimulate CYP4F2 gene promoter activity. Therefore, the CYP4F2 gene is repressed by peroxisomal proliferators and induced by retinoic acid, with RAR/RXRα mediating the induction while PPARα/RXR functions neither in the repression nor in the induction by peroxisomal proliferators or retinoic acid.
Potential Group IV olefin polymerization catalysts that contain a diamido ligand substituted with hexaisopropylterphenyl groups

Abstract The diamine rac-H2[HIPTN2] (HIPTN2 = (N-hexa-iso-propyl-3,5-terphenyl)diaminobinaphthalene) has been prepared through palladium-catalyzed N-aryl coupling of diaminobinaphthalene and 3,5-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)bromobenzene. The reaction between H2[HIPTN2] and M(NMe2)4 (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf) yields [HIPTN2] M(NMe2)2 complexes. Other complexes of [HIPTN2]2− that have been prepared include [HIPTN2]ZrCl2, [HIPTN2]ZrMe2, [HIPTN2]Zr(CH2CMe3)2, [HIPTN2]HfCl2, [HIPTN2]HfMe2, and [HIPTN2]Hf(CH2CHMe2)2. Activation of [HIPTN2]ZrMe2 with a variety of Lewis acids gives rise to different species depending on the nature of the activator employed. For example, [HIPTN2]ZrMe2 reacts with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] to give a cationic complex that is active toward oligomerization of 1-hexene, while activation with B(C6F5)3 leads to formation of [HIPTN2]Zr(C6F5)2. No polymerization of 1-hexene by activated complexes was observed.
Some recharge‐phenomena of a wasatch plateau watershed

One of the biggest gaps in our knowledge of the hydrology of high watersheds of the Intermountain Region is the lack of understanding of the phenomena which occur from the time a deposit of snow begins to melt and the time that part of the melted snow-water appears as stream-flow. The part played by snow in watershed-recharge, snow-melting rates and the factors that influence them, movement of melted-snow water through the snow, overland flow beneath snow and on bare soil-surfaces, infiltration-capacities of snow-covered surface and subsurface-soils, and duration arrangement of gravitational water in the watershed-mantle, are some of the processes about will have only meager knowledge, or none at all.
Role of catecholate siderophores in gram-negative bacterial colonization of the mouse gut.

We investigated the importance of the production of catecholate siderophores, and the utilization of their iron (III) complexes, to colonization of the mouse intestinal tract by Escherichia coli. First, a ΔtonB strain was completely unable to colonize mice. Next, we compared wild type E. coli MG1655 to its derivatives carrying site-directed mutations of genes for enterobactin synthesis (ΔentA::Cm; strain CAT0), ferric catecholate transport (Δfiu, ΔfepA, Δcir, ΔfecA::Cm; CAT4), or both (Δfiu, ΔfepA, ΔfecA, Δcir, ΔentA::Cm; CAT40) during colonization of the mouse gut. Competitions between wild type and mutant strains over a 2-week period in vivo showed impairment of all the genetically engineered bacteria relative to MG1655. CAT0, CAT4 and CAT40 colonized mice 101-, 105-, and 102-fold less efficiently, respectively, than MG1655. Unexpectedly, the additional inability of CAT40 to synthesize enterobactin resulted in a 1000-fold better colonization efficiency relative to CAT4. Analyses of gut mucus showed that CAT4 hyperexcreted enterobactin in vivo, effectively rendering the catecholate transport-deficient strain iron-starved. The results demonstrate that, contrary to prior reports, iron acquisition via catecholate siderophores plays a fundamental role in bacterial colonization of the murine intestinal tract.
Actions of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin on isolated rat and dog vessels

Abstract The objectives of these studies were to investigate the responses of isolated blood vessels from rats and dogs to the administration of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) and to determine the mechanisms of these responses. Isolated vascular rings (3 to 5 mm) were suspended at optimal passive tension in Krebs-filled (37° C) tissue baths and bubbled with 95% O 2 -5% CO 2 , and isometric tension was recorded. With the vessels under basal conditions increasing concentrations of DCLHb (10 -8 -3 × 10 -6 mol/L) were added. DCLHb addition was repeated during a submaximal contraction with norepinephrine and again during acetylcholine relaxation. The effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-nitro arginine (10 -5 mol/L) on the responses to DCLHb were also determined. Dog vessels developed very little tension (1% to 5% of norepinephrine maximum), whereas rat arteries contracted between 9% and 15% when exposed to DCLHb under basal conditions. However, both the dog and rat vessels developed significant tension to DCLHb when they were precontracted (5% to 54%) and also when they were relaxed with acetylcholine (21% to 93%). L-nitro arginine eliminated the contractile responses to DCLHb but did not cause contraction of any of the vessels under basal conditions. We conclude that in this model the mechanism of DCLHb-induced contractions of in vitro dog and rat vessels is dependent on interference with nitric oxide. This is similar to the mechanism of DCLHb action in isolated pig vessels reported previously. Differences in responses of dog, rat, and pig vessels under basal conditions in vitro are the result of active generation of nitric oxide by pig but not by dog or rat vessels.
A New Theory of Mammalian Rump Patch Evolution

Evidence from a number of sources indicates that the rump patch has evolved as an organ that supports subordination behavior. It originated as an expansion of the colors of the ano-genital region to remotivate the aggressor into a sexual mood. By this evolutionary route, it takes on appeasement qualities and is used by males to males and females to females as well as between sexes. Like the specialized organs of aggression concentrated at the anterior end, it has evolved similar forms independently in a number of different lines, and sometimes varies in expression throughout the year. The evolution of rump patches has been a comprise between its value to the individual in communicating submission and the other behavioral aspects within the species and also with the selection pressures originating outside the species that affect survival (such as protective coloration). The rump patch has been selected for because it gives a more positive signal of submission than a behavioral gesture used alone. As a secondary development it may also function as a warning signal or in reproductive isolation of sympatric species but these and the other uses that are made of it do not appear to be the major selection pressure responsible for its origin.
Prospect Theory and Risk Preferences of Oregon Seed Producers

Prospect theory relates risk preference classifications to gains and losses from a reference income level. This study applies prospect theory to reinterpret historical studies of risk preferences of Oregon grass seed growers. A significant relationship between changes in classifications of preferences and changes in income was found. Results indicated that those who lost income were concentrated in the category of changing to risk preferrers. Income changes calculated from crop combinations were also found to be correlated in a theoretically correct pattern with positive measures of risk from crop enterprises. The research therefore is consistent with further applications of prospect theory to farm management.
Motion into mass: how does tension stimulate muscle growth?

Tension is an important regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in vivo. When increased constant tension is applied to embryonic skeletal muscle fibers differentiated in a tissue culture environment, many of the same biochemical processes associated with muscle hypertrophy in vivo are also stimulated in vitro, e.g., sodium-dependent amino acid transport, Na+,K+-ATPase (sodium pump) activity, protein synthesis, total protein, and myosin heavy chain accumulation. The molecular mechanisms by which tension induces these growth-related changes are unknown, but several models have been tested using whole animal, organ-cultured muscle, and tissue culture model systems. In tissue culture, activation of the plasma membrane sodium pump is closely coupled to, and essential for, stretch and serum-induced skeletal muscle growth. Long-term membrane hyperpolarization is not associated with this sodium pump activation, and muscle growth in vitro is unrelated to the myotube's resting membrane potential, since growth can occur under de-polarizating conditions. Medium growth factors are essential for stretch-induced muscle growth in tissue culture. In medium without growth factor supplements, stretch is able to reduce the rate of atrophy of the cultured muscle cells which are in negative nitrogen balance, but the muscle cells are unable to grow in response to stretch without the presence of some as yet undefined growth factor or factors present in serum. As newer tissue culture environments are designed for growing embryonic skeletal muscle under more in vivo-like conditions, a more complete analysis of the mechanisms by which a physical stimulus (tension) is translated into the biochemical alterations leading to muscle growth will be possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Islands, Coastlines, and Stable Isotopes: Advances in Archaeology and Geochemistry

Stable isotope geochemistry is an increasingly important part of archaeological research and has become integral to examining questions about human behavior in island and coastal environments. In c...
Thermal stability of alcohols

3,3-Dimethylbutanol-2 (3,3-DMB-ol-2) and 2,3-dimethylbutanol-2 (2,3-DMB-ol-2) have been decomposed in comparative-rate single-pulse shock-tube experiments. The mechanisms of the decompositions are The rate expressions are They lead to D(iC3H7H) – D((CH3)2(OH) CH) = 8.3 kJ and D(C2H5H) – D(CH3(OH) CHH) = 24.2 kJ. These data, in conjunction with reasonable assumptions, give and The rate expressions for the decomposition of 2,3-DMB-1 and 3,3-DMB-1 are and
A complete asymptotic expansion of the Sommerfeld integral with a sharp error bound

The familiar Sommerfeld integral can be expanded in an asymptotic series whose first term is related to the complementary error function. The remaining terms can be calculated efficiently through a recurrence relation. A bound for the error term of the asymptotic series is also established which shows that the present method is superior to the standard steepest descent method.
A New Class of Error-Pattern-Correcting Codes Capable of Handling Multiple Error Occurrences

A new class of high-rate error-pattern-correcting cyclic codes that correct most single occurrences of target error patterns and a significant portion of their multiple occurrences is proposed. This code is based on first designing a generator polynomial of the lowest possible degree that is tailored to any single occurrence of target error patterns. The generator polynomial is then multiplied by a primitive polynomial so that a cyclic code based on a higher degree generator polynomial can handle all single occurrences of the target error patterns, as well as some highly probable multiple occurrences, using the captured syndrome and reliability measure. A performance comparison is provided for a jitter-dominant perpendicular recording channel
The time course of functional coupling between human cortical motor areas during internally driven vs. externally cued movements

The functional coupling between the primary motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the generation of internally paced versus externally cued rhythmic movements was explored using electroencephalography (EEG). This has important implications for the study of Parkinsonian patients who demonstrate decreased ability to perform internally paced rhythmic movement tasks. In particular, the temporal evolution of the coherence between M1 and SMA was studied using a recently developed time-frequency wavelet coherence algorithm. As this approach is not reliant upon pooling data from multiple trials to form a single estimate of the coherence for each subject, a subject by subject comparison is possible to determine subject specific frequencies of interest. It was found that at certain frequencies, the coupling between M1 and SMA was increased in the internally paced versus the externally triggered movement task. At only these specific frequencies did the peak of the coherence in the internal task precede that of the peak in the external task, which was time locked with the movement onset. This suggests a dual role of the M1-SMA coupling for both movement preparation and movement execution.
Contemporary Developments in World Culture

World culture in the post-war era of rapid globalization is increasingly organized, rationalized, and ubiquitous. The core of world culture - rationalized science, technology, organization, profess...
Convergence analysis of a discontinuous finite element formulation based on second order derivatives

A new discontinuous Galerkin formulation is introduced for the elliptic reaction–diffusion problem that incorporates local second order distributional derivatives. The corresponding bilinear form satisfies both coercivity and continuity properties on the broken Hilbert space of H 2 functions. For piecewise polynomial approximations of degree p P 2, optimal uniform h and p convergence rates are obtained in the broken H 1 and H 2 norms. Convergence in L 2 is optimal for p P 3, if the computational mesh is strictly rectangular. If the mesh consists of skewed elements, then optimal convergence is only obtained if the corner angles satisfy a given regularity condition. For p = 2, only suboptimal h convergence rates in L 2 are obtained and for linear polynomial approximations the method does not converge. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Endovascular treatment of ruptured dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

Background Dissecting aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are rare, with optimal treatment strategies not well established according to the location of the aneurysm on the PICA. We present our single-center experience of endovascular treatment of ruptured dissecting aneurysms of the PICA. Methods Nine patients with ruptured dissecting aneurysms of the PICA were treated with endovascular embolization at our facility from August 1997 to December 2011. A retrospective chart review study was conducted to examine the efficacy of endovascular treatment and clinical outcome. Results The shape of the aneurysms was saccular in five cases, fusiform in three cases and an abrupt cut-off of the PICA in one case. Aneurysmal sac embolization was feasible in five cases and parent artery (PICA) occlusion was performed in four cases. Eight cases (89%) achieved good recovery (modified Rankin Score ≤2). There were no clinical/technical complications in this small series. Conclusions Endovascular treatment of ruptured dissecting aneurysms of the PICA is safe and efficient.
Teaching nursing students about chronic pain: The lived experience perspective of nurse educators

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the meanings and interpret as closely as possible the “lived experiences” of nurse educators who have personally experienced chronic pain in an attempt to better understand how these educators articulate and shape how they teach about chronic pain. Understanding the “lived experiences” of nurse educators can assist in determining how the “lived experience” links and gives voice to the way they teach about chronic pain assessment and management and determine if implications exist for reform in undergraduate nursing curriculum. The findings from this study support the need to challenge educational epistemologies that suggest there is a consistently corresponding relationship between pain scales, objective pain assessment, and preconceived judgments regarding chronic pain assessment and management. Subject matter presented in the classroom needs to focus on understanding the problem, which may not resemble the clinical situation in which nurses function. Instruction should be based on context and experience.
Stabilization of Parotid Flow Rate in the Dog

An intravenous infusion procedure using pilocarpine hydrochloride maintains a steady state of parotid saliva flow for at least 30 minutes in the anesthetized dog. The performance of the method is independent of age, sex, body weight, and breed of dogs.
Estrogen regulation of testicular function

Evidence supporting a role for estrogen in male reproductive tract development and function has been collected from rodents and humans. These studies fall into three categories: i) localization of aromatase and the target protein for estrogen (ER-alpha and ER-beta) in tissues of the reproductive tract; ii) analysis of testicular phenotypes in transgenic mice deficient in aromatase, ER-alpha and/or ER-beta gene; and, iii) investigation of the effects of environmental chemicals on male reproduction. Estrogen is thought to have a regulatory role in the testis because estrogen biosynthesis occurs in testicular cells and the absence of ERs caused adverse effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Moreover, several chemicals that are present in the environment, designated xenoestrogens because they have the ability to bind and activate ERs, are known to affect testicular gene expression. However, studies of estrogen action are confounded by a number of factors, including the inability to dissociate estrogen-induced activity in the hypothalamus and pituitary from action occurring directly in the testis and expression of more than one ER subtype in estrogen-sensitive tissues. Use of tissue-specific knockout animals and administration of antiestrogens and/or aromatase inhibitors in vivo may generate additional data to advance our understanding of estrogen and estrogen receptor biology in the developing and mature testis.
Empirical examination of a collaborative web application

Online instructional applications, social networking sites, Wiki-based Web sites, and other emerging Web applications that rely on end users for the generation of web content are increasingly popular. However, these collaborative Web applications are still absent from the benchmark suites commonly used in the evaluation of online systems. This paper argues that collaborative Web applications are unlike traditional online benchmarks, and therefore warrant a new class of benchmarks. Specifically, request behaviors in collaborative Web applications are determined by contributions from end users, which leads to qualitatively more diverse server-side resource requirements and execution patterns compared to traditional online benchmarks. Our arguments stem from an empirical examination of WeBWorK-a widely-used collaborative Web application that allows teachers to post math or physics problems for their students to solve online. Compared to traditional online benchmarks (like TPC-C, SPECweb, and RUBiS), WeBWorK requests are harder to cluster according to their resource consumption, and they follow less regular patterns. Further, we demonstrate that the use of a WeBWorK-style benchmark would probably have led to different results in some recent research studies concerning request classification from event chains and type-based resource usage prediction.