cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lateral Disk Flexibility on the Dynamics of Squeeze Film Damper Supported Rotors

This paper investigates the influence of disk flexibility on the dynamical behavior of a flexible disk/shaft rotor system supported with squeeze film dampers. A simplified nonlinear rotor model incorporating disk/shaft coupling dynamics is developed for lateral vibration of a rotor system. The steady state performance of the system is explored over a wide range of operating conditions using numerical integration and harmonic balance analysis. It is shown that disk flexibility may significantly affect the dynamical behavior of the system at high operating speed by creating an additional critical speed. It is observed that both the SFD journal motion and the disk motion associated with the additional critical speed are aperiodic and of large amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the influence of disk flexibility can be shifted out of the operating speed range by increasing the retainer spring stiffness.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Alkyne reactions with arylpalladium compounds

La reaction d'un complexe de dimethylaminomethyl-2 phenyl palladium avec le diphenylacetylene donne un dimethylammoniomethyl-2' benzhydrylidene-1 diphenyl-2,3 indene. La reaction de diphenylacetylene avec des iodo benzoate de methyle, catalysee par l'acetate de palladium donne des derives d'isocoumarine, de [hexaethyl diphenyl] hexatriene-1,3,5, de pentaalkylcyclopentadiene...
Vacancy clusters as entry ports for cesium intercalation in graphite

Abstract Graphite has been subjected to surface damage by Ar+ ion bombardment. It has been found by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that deposited Cs atoms preferentially cluster at the artificially-produced vacancy clusters in the basal plane at 300 K. Density functional theory calculations show that Cs is more strongly bound at these defect sites than at basal plane step edges, providing a plausible explanation for the experimental observation. STM reveals that Cs intercalation into graphite occurs by diffusion through these vacancy clusters, acting as entry ports to the interior, at 700 K. DFT calculations show that these defects must consist of more than four contiguous atoms in order for Cs intercalation to be energetically easy. Experimentally, Cs atom nucleation at defect sites seems to culminate at Cs cluster heights near 1 nm and cluster diameters near 5 nm. Intercalated Cs produces coherent single Cs islands in the galleries as well as layered structures caused by superposition of overlapping individual islands. Oxygen exposure to graphite containing Ar+-produced defects does not influence Cs clustering at the defects or Cs entry into galleries beneath the defect. However, large oxygen exposures these clusters results in diminution of Cs intercalation, probably due to surface oxidation of Cs clusters.
Validity of marijuana and opiate use self‐report among adult drug users in Novosibirsk, Russia

The following study compared marijuana and opiate self‐report at time intervals of 24 h, 3–7 days, and past month to urinalysis. Participants were 109 adult drug‐users who participated in a study o...
Presbycusis: a human temporal bone study of individuals with downward sloping audiometric patterns of hearing loss and review of the literature.

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective case review was to identify patterns of cochlear element degeneration in individuals with presbycusis exhibiting downward sloping audiometric patterns of hearing loss and to correlate these findings with those reported in the literature to clarify conflicting concepts regarding the association between hearing loss and morphologic abnormalities. Methods: Archival human temporal bones from individuals with presbycusis were selected on the basis of strict audiometric criteria for downward-sloping audiometric thresholds. Twenty-one temporal bones that met these criteria were identified and compared with 10 temporal bones from individuals with normal hearing. The stria vascularis volumes, spiral ganglion cell populations, inner hair cells, and outer hair cells were quantitatively evaluated. The relationship between the severity of hearing loss and the degeneration of cochlear elements was analyzed using univariate linear regression models. Results: Outer hair cell loss and ganglion cell loss was observed in all individuals with presbycusis. Inner hair cell loss was observed in 18 of the 21 individuals with presbycusis and stria vascularis loss was observed in 10 of the 21 individuals with presbycusis. The extent of degeneration of all four of the cochlear elements evaluated was highly associated with the severity of hearing loss based on audiometric thresholds at 8,000 Hz and the pure-tone average at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz. The extent of ganglion cell degeneration was associated with the slope of the audiogram. Conclusions: Individuals with downward-sloping audiometric patterns of presbycusis exhibit degeneration of the stria vascularis, spiral ganglion cells, inner hair cells, and outer hair cells that is associated with the severity of hearing loss. This association has not been previously reported in studies that did not use quantitative methodologies for evaluating the cochlear elements and strict audiometric criteria for selecting cases.
Vaginal brachytherapy alone is sufficient adjuvant treatment of surgical stage I endometrial cancer.

Purpose To determine the efficacy and complications of adjuvant vaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone for patients with Stage I endometrial cancer in whom complete surgical staging had been performed. Methods and Materials Between April 1998 and March 2004, 100 patients with Stage I endometrial cancer underwent surgical staging (total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with pelvic ± paraaortic nodal sampling) and postoperative vaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy at our institution. The total dose was 2100 cGy in three fractions. Results With a median follow-up of 23 months (range 2–62), no pelvic or vaginal recurrences developed. All patients underwent pelvic dissection, and 42% underwent paraaortic nodal dissection. A median of 29.5 pelvic nodes (range 1–67) was removed (84% had >10 pelvic nodes removed). Most patients (73%) had endometrioid (or unspecified) adenocarcinoma, 16% had papillary serous carcinoma, and 11% had other histologic types. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and grade was Stage IA, grade III in 5; Stage IB, grade I, II, or III in 6, 27, or 20, respectively; and Stage IC, grade I, II, or III in 13, 17, or 10, respectively. The Common Toxicity Criteria (version 2.0) complications were mild (Grade 1–2) and consisted primarily of vaginal mucosal changes, temporary urinary irritation, and temporary diarrhea. Conclusion Adjuvant vaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone may be a safe and effective alternative to pelvic external beam radiotherapy for surgical Stage I endometrial cancer.
AC Electrospray Biomaterials Synthesis

A rapid, viable and safe fabrication method for biomaterials synthesis is reported using high-frequency AC electrospraying. We demonstrate its potential for polymeric nanoparticle fabrication, drug encapsulation in mono-dispersed micron-sized biodegradable polymer shells and the synthesis of 1 μm biodegradable fibers with adjustable pore sizes as bioscaffolds for tissue/orthopaedic engineering and wound care therapy. The absence of charge in the ejected drops and fibers facilitates pulmonary drug delivery, polymer encapsulation and minimizes protein/DNA denaturing or compound ionization.
A performance model for parallel simulation

The authors develop a model to study the behavior of a system synchronized by a windowing protocol when conditional events are allowed into the computation stream. The model accurately predicts the probability that a typical LP in the system will make it to a given step without faulting. Using this probability an extrapolating system performance gives what is expected to be an upper bound on system performance. The model gives the probability of a causality error at a given step. Results from simulation studies which validate the model are given. >
Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Structural Heart Disease

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered by clinicians. The prevalence of AF increases with age, and the elderly are the fastest growing subset of the population. It has been estimated that there will be >12 million patients with AF in the United States within the next several decades.1,2 AF may present in a wide variety of clinical conditions. The optimal management strategy for an individual patient with AF depends on the patient's underlying condition. In some patients, AF occurs in the absence of structural heart disease. Clinical trials involving only or predominantly this type of AF may not be completely applicable to those with concomitant heart disorders. Structural heart disease may influence both the approach to management (ie, rate versus rhythm control) and the treatment options available. For instance, fewer antiarrhythmic drugs are available for use in patients with heart failure (HF) as opposed to AF patients who have structurally normal hearts. In addition, some patients with structural heart disease tolerate AF poorly, and the approach to these patients will differ from those with well-tolerated, minimally symptomatic AF. In this article, we will focus on the management of AF in patients with cardiac conditions commonly associated with the dysrhythmia. Several basic principles should be considered when management approaches are planned for any patient with AF (Table 1). First, we should acknowledge that no patient wants to be in AF or does better in AF than in native (ie, untreated), stable sinus rhythm. Therefore, restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm should be considered for every patient. In addition, a stable rhythm, even if that rhythm is persistent AF, is often better than an unstable rhythm with frequent and abrupt changes that may be highly symptomatic. An argument in favor of stability is suggested by …
Single Molecule Imaging In Live Cells Reveals Selection Of Microtubule Tracks By Kinesin Motors

Long-distance transport of vesicular and protein cargoes in cells requires microtubules and their associated molecular motors. The basic mechanistic principles of tubulin polymerization and motor motility have been discovered from in vitro studies. The challenge is to translate the mechanics of these individual parts into the workings of ensembles of molecules inside cells. By imaging single kinesin motors in live cells, we reveal new properties about the interactions of motors and microtubules. We show that single Kinesin-1 motors move preferentially on a subset of microtubules available in COS cells. Preferential motility does not occur on dynamic microtubules marked by end binding protein 3 (EB3), which decorates the plus tips of growing microtubules. Rather, retrospective immunofluorescence staining demonstrates that single Kinesin-1 motors utilize stable microtubules marked by specific post-translational modifications. Preferential motility on stable microtubules is not a general property of kinesin motors as neither the kinesin-2 family member KIF17 nor the kinesin-3 family member KIF1A moved on a subset of microtubules. Selective transport enables Kinesin-1 to carry vesicles containing the marker protein vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G along stable microtubules in COS cells whereas KIF17 transport of vesicles containing the voltage-activated potassium channel Kv1.5 occurs along both stable and dynamic microtubules in HL-1 atrial myocytes. These results support the hypothesis that a tubulin code of post-translational modifications can direct kinesin transport events in cells.
Transition from Conventional to Organic Farming Systems: II. Summary of Discussion Session and Recommendations for Future Research

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. cover crops, mulches, noxious weeds, nutrient minerals, pest management tactics, pretransition period, site-specific, weed dormancy, weed seed banks SUMMARY. A question/answer discussion session was conducted at the conclusion of the workshop “Pest Management During Transition to Organic Farming Systems”. The following categories were used to summarize the discussion: 1) questions and answers related to cultural and biological practices and their effects under various climatic conditions, 2) recommendations for pest management, and 3) future research needs. While many tactics are available, selecting and adopting the most suitable approach depends on soil conditions of the land, location, and the availability of the resources at affordable prices. Definitely, more research studies are needed on 1) weed seed banks under various cultural practices at different regions, 2) relationships between soil nutrients, and pest control, and 3) approaches to increase profitability of organic production during the transition period.
Influence of respiratory muscle work on VO(2) and leg blood flow during submaximal exercise.

The work of breathing (Wb) normally incurred during maximal exercise not only requires substantial cardiac output and O2 consumption (V˙o 2) but also causes vasoconstriction in locomotor muscles an...
Predictors of surgical site infection in laparoscopic and open ventral incisional herniorrhaphy.

Background Surgical site infection (SSI) after ventral incisional hernia repair (VIH) can result in serious consequences. We sought to identify patient, procedure, and/or hernia characteristics that are associated with SSI in VIH. Methods Between 2004 and 2006, patients were randomized in four Veteran Affairs (VA) hospitals to undergo laparoscopic or open VIH. Patients who developed SSI within eight weeks postoperatively were compared to those who did not. A bivariate analysis for each factor and a multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with SSI. The variables studied included patient characteristics and co-morbidities (e.g., age, gender, race, ethnicity, body mass index, ASA classification, diabetes, steroid use), hernia characteristics (e.g., size, duration, number of previous incisions), procedure characteristics (e.g., open versus laparoscopic, blood loss, use of postoperative drains, operating room temperature) and surgeons' experience (resident training level, number of open VIH previously performed by the attending surgeon). Antibiotic prophylaxis, anticoagulation protocols, preparation of the skin, draping of the wound, body temperature control, and closure of the surgical site were all standardized and monitored throughout the study period. Results Out of 145 patients who underwent VIH, 21 developed a SSI (14.5%). Patients who underwent open VIH had significantly more SSIs than those who underwent laparoscopic VIH (22.1% versus 3.4%; P = 0.002). Among patients who underwent open VIH, those who developed SSI had a recorded intraoperative blood loss greater than 25 mL (68.4% versus 40.3%; P = 0.030), were more likely to have a drain placed (79.0% versus 49.3%; P = 0.021) and were more likey to be operated on by surgeons with less than 75 open VIH case experience (52.6% versus 28.4%; P = 0.048). Patient and hernia characteristics were similar between the two groups. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the open surgical technique was associated with SSI (OR 8.03, 95% CI 2.03, 31.72; P = 0.003) while controlling for the VA medical center where the procedure was performed ( P = 0.041). Conclusion Open surgical technique and the medical center rather than patient co-morbidities or hernia characteristics are associated with the formation of postoperative SSI in VIH.
Aging, Theories of

A discussion of theory building in aging includes the historical development of theories of aging, the distinction between models and explanation, and the relation between theory development and research design in aging. The description of theories of aging covers biological theories (including stress theories), psychological theories (including theories of cognition, theories of everyday competence, and social–psychological theories), and sociological theories (including anthropological theories, life course theories, and social theories of aging).
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes

The sections in this article are: 1 Insulin Secretion in T2DM 1.1 Fasting Insulin Concentration 1.2 Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion 1.3 Other Abnormalities in Insulin Secretion in T2DM 2 Mechanisms of Impaired Insulin Secretion 2.1 Glucose Toxicity 2.2 Lipotoxicity 2.3 Other Mechanisms of Impaired Insulin Secretion in T2DM 3 Impaired Insulin Secretion: Primary Genetic Defect Responsible for Type 2 Diabetes 3.1 Prospective Studies 3.2 Studies in First-Degree Relatives 3.3 Studies in Twins 3.4 Subjects with History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 4 Hypersecretion of Insulin as the Cause of Type 2 Diabetes: A New Hypothesis 5 Summary: Insulin Secretion in T2DM 6 Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes 6.1 Site of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes 6.2 Fasting Hyperglycemia: Role of Pancreas, Muscle and Liver 6.3 Postprandial Hyperglycemia: Lessons from the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 7 Dynamic Interaction Between Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 8 Cellular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes 8.1 Overview of Insulin Action 8.2 Insulin Receptor/Insulin Receptor Signal Transduction Defects 8.3 Glucose Transport 8.4 Glucose Phosphorylation 8.5 Glycogen Synthesis 8.6 Glycolysis/Glucose Oxidation 9 Metabolic, Hemodynamic, Endocrine, and Cytokine Abnormalities in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 9.1 Glucose Toxicity 9.2 Lipid Oxidation and Insulin Resistance 9.3 Skeletal Muscle Capillary Density, Fiber Type and Endothelial Transport 9.4 Blood Flow 9.5 Amylin and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide 9.6 Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha 9.7 Acquired Determinants of Insulin Resistance 10 Summary of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 11 Genetic Defects 12 Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Summary and Synthesis 12.1 Primary Defect in Insulin Sensitivity 12.2 Primary Defect in Insulin Secretion? 12.3 Combined Defects in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion 13 Conclusion
Controlled nanoparticle assembly through protein conformational changes

Selective surface recognition by proteins provides programmed bottom-up assembly of synthetic nanomaterials. We have investigated the controlled self-assembly of functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au-TAsp) with cytochrome c (Cyt c) and apoCyt c through complementary electrostatic interactions. Au-TAsp formed discrete, water-soluble adducts with native Cyt c, whereas unfolded apoCyt c induced nanocomposite formation at high Cyt c : Au-TAsp ratios. The binding of random-coil apoCyt c to Au-TAsp at low ratios induced α-helix formation in soluble nanocomposites, but at elevated ratios insoluble micron-scale aggregates were formed. The local structure of the assemblies was critically dependent on the Cyt c : Au-TAsp ratio. The dispersibility of apoCyt c-Au-TAsp was pH dependent, providing rapid and reversible control over nanocomposite assembly. The apoCyt c-Au-TAsp aggregates could likewise be disassembled through proteolytic cleavage of apoCyt c, demonstrating the ability to selectively remodel these hybrid materials.
Alkylphenol Disulfide Polymer Accelerators and the Vulcanization of Isobutylene Based Elastomers

Abstract Vulcanization of isobutylene/isoprene copolymer (butyl rubber) using sulfur and organic accelerators is facilitated by the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond in the copolymer isoprenyl unit. The low number of unsaturated monomer units, usually in the order of 2%, has traditionally necessitated use of ultra-fast accelerators such as tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) or zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZMDC). Use of such accelerators can result in formation of nitrosamines which may be undesirable. There are a number of alternatives to thiuram and dithiocarbamate cure systems such as use of xanthates and phosphate based accelerators. Alkylphenol disulfide based accelerators also enable attainment of favorable properties when used in butyl and halobutyl compounds. Use of alkylphenol disulfide accelerators in butyl rubber compounds can allow improvement in reversion resistance, adhesion to natural rubber tire casing compounds, and aged property retention. In bromobutyl compounds containing alk...
Structure and complete nucleotide sequence of the Marek's disease herpesvirus gp57-65 gene.

Abstract The gene encoding the precursor polypeptide of the Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDHV) secretory glycoprotein gp57-65 (formerly identified as A antigen) has been sequenced. Previous results had localized the gene to a 4.6-kilobase (kb) segment of the BamHI B fragment in the unique long region of the MDHV genome. S1 nuclease protection experiments were used to more precisely locate the 5' initiation and approximate 3' termination points of the approximately 1.8-kb MDHV gp57-65 mRNA within this segment. These results indicated that the entire MDHV gp57-65 coding sequence is contained within a 2.35-kb PvuII-EcoRI fragment, with the direction of transcription from PvuII to EcoRI (5' to 3'). Nucleotide sequence analysis of this region revealed a single open reading frame of 1,515 base pairs. The MDHV gp57-65 coding sequence has an overall guanosine-plus-cytosine content of 41%. Translation of the single open reading frame would produce a polypeptide of 505 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 56,805. The putative gp57-65 precursor polypeptide contains features common to many glycoproteins. These include a hydrophobic amino-terminal region (amino acids 1 to 27) that may function as a signal peptide and nine potential N-linked glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr). These two features, predicted from nucleotide sequence data, are consistent with the published data showing that gp57-65 has a signal peptide and N-linked glycosylation (R. J. Isfort, R. A. Stringer, H.-J. Kung, and L. F. Velicer, J. Virol. 57:464-474, 1986). The predicted sequence indicates that overall the polypeptide is relatively hydrophobic, with a possible 18-residue carboxyl-terminal membrane anchor sequence. This sequence appears to be less prominent than those commonly found in integral membrane glycoproteins. The lack of a strong hydrophobic anchor sequence may help to explain the predominantly secretory nature of MDHV gp57-65.
Complication Rates Associated With The Introduction Of New Technology Into The Clinical Health Care Setting Correlate With Operator Experience And Training

At three months and at one year following completion of a formal training course in laparoscopic urologic surgery, course participants were surveyed as to their interim laparoscopic experience. Data regarding practice setting, subspecialization, course attendance (alone or with a partner), nature and training of surgical assistant, and additional training subsequent to the course was collected. These variables were then correlated with information on the number and nature of surgical complications encountered subsequent to the course. In the three months following course completion, surgeons who performed clinical procedures without additional training were 3.39 times more likely to have at least one complication compared to surgeons who sought additional training (p = 0.030). One year following course completion surgeons who had attended the training course alone, were in solo practice, or performed laparoscopic surgery with a variable assistant, were, respectively, 4.85, 7.74, and 4.80 times more likely to have had a complication than their counterparts who attend the course with a partner, were in group practice, or who operated with the same assistant (p = 0.004, p = 0.001, and p = 0.002). At both three months and one year following training, laparoscopic complication rates of individual surgeons (number of complications/number of cases) demonstrated a highly significant inverse correlation with the number of laparoscopic procedures performed. These data suggest that the rate of complications associated with the clinical "learning" curve can be decreased by additional education following an initial course in laparoscopy. An ongoing clinical association with surgeons performing similar procedures appears to decrease long-term complication rates. Findings from this study argue for the regulation of the clinical application of new surgical skills acquired in the post-residency setting, and maintenance of the new skills through continuing medical education.
Airway basal cells. The "smoking gun" of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The earliest abnormality in the lung associated with smoking is hyperplasia of airway basal cells, the stem/progenitor cells of the ciliated and secretory cells that are central to pulmonary host defense. Using cell biology and ’omics technologies to assess basal cells isolated from bronchoscopic brushings of nonsmokers, smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), compelling evidence has been provided in support of the concept that airway basal cells are central to the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases. When confronted by the chronic stress of smoking, airway basal cells become disorderly, regress to a more primitive state, behave as dictated by their inheritance, are susceptible to acquired changes in their genome, lose the capacity to regenerate the epithelium, are responsible for the major changes in the airway that characterize COPD, and, with persistent stress, can undergo malignant transformation. Together, these observations led to the conclusion that acce...
Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection associated with contamination of a flexible bronchoscope.

Background. A cluster of patients with respiratory cultures positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a unique antibiogram was observed during June and July 2007 at a 1,000‐bed urban teaching hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. These P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from bronchoscopically obtained specimens. Methods. A cross‐sectional study was performed to assess whether the cluster was associated with exposure to a particular bronchoscope (B1); cultures from specimens from the bronchoscopes and the environment were obtained, and the P. aeruginosa isolate type was determined using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Records of patients exposed to B1 during the cluster period were reviewed. Results. Twelve patients with a culture positive for P. aeruginosa with the unique susceptibility pattern were identified in June–July 2007. No cases were documented from March 1 through May 31, 2007. Culture specimens obtained from B1 after high‐level disinfection revealed P. aeruginosa, prompting removal of B1 fro...
Comparative structural and functional analysis of the larval and adult dorsal vessel and its role in hemolymph circulation in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Hemolymph circulation in insects is driven primarily by the contractile action of a dorsal vessel, which is divided into an abdominal heart and a thoracic aorta. As holometabolous insects, mosquitoes undergo striking morphological and physiological changes during metamorphosis. This study presents a comprehensive structural and functional analysis of the larval and adult dorsal vessel in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Using intravital video imaging we show that, unlike the adult heart, the larval heart contracts exclusively in the anterograde direction and does not undergo heartbeat directional reversals. The larval heart contracts 24% slower than the adult heart, and hemolymph travels across the larval dorsal vessel at a velocity that is 68% slower than what is seen in adults. By fluorescently labeling muscle tissue we show that although the general structure of the heart and its ostia are similar across life stages, the heart-associated alary muscles are significantly less robust in larvae. Furthermore, unlike the adult ostia, which are the entry points for hemolymph into the heart, the larval ostia are almost entirely lacking in incurrent function. Instead, hemolymph enters the larval heart through incurrent openings located at the posterior terminus of the heart. These posterior openings are structurally similar across life stages, but in adults have an opposite, excurrent function. Finally, the larval aorta and heart differ significantly in the arrangement of their cardiomyocytes. In summary, this study provides an in-depth developmental comparison of the circulatory system of larval and adult mosquitoes.
A Qualitative Exploration of the STEM Career-Related Outcome Expectations of Young Adolescents

Perceptions developed and choices made during the preadolescent and early adolescent years may restrict or enrich youth’s future career aspirations. These years are critical for acquiring and exploring academic and career-related interests. In addition, outcome expectations – what youth believe will happen if they pursue certain interests, tasks, or goals – are important predictors of eventual career choice. With national, state, and local initiatives advocating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge and career goals, there is a need to understand youth’s outcome expectations regarding these fields. We present a qualitative study examining the outcome expectations of 95 youth aged 10–14, using focus group data. Several of the identified outcome expectations had negative connotations. Results supported the outcome expectations identified by Bandura (i.e., physical, social, and self), and two additional types of outcome expectations (generativity and relational). These two outcome expectations have special relevance for the underrepresentation of girls, women, and minorities in STEM occupations.
Interest and preferences for contingency management design among addiction treatment clientele

ABSTRACTBackground: Despite strong support for its efficacy, debates persist about how dissemination of contingency management is most effectively undertaken. Currently-promoted contingency management methods are empirically-validated, yet their congruence with interests and preferences of addiction treatment clientele is unknown. Such client input is a foundational support for evidence-based clinical practice. Objective: This study documented interest in incentives and preferences for fixed-ratio vs. variable-ratio and immediate vs. distal distribution of earned incentives among clients enrolled at three community programs affiliated with the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Methods: This multi-site study included anonymous survey completion by an aggregate sample of 358 treatment enrollees. Analyses first ruled out site differences in survey responses, and then tested age and gender as influences on client interest in financial incentives, and preferences for fixed-ratio vs. var...
Stronger than Kryptonite? Inalienable Profit-Sharing Schemes in Copyright Law

Starting in 2013, authors of copyrighted work and their successors will be able to terminate every assignment and license 35 years after execution. These termination rights are inalienable and are expected to have a substantial impact on some industries, and in particular, the music industry. This Article provides an in-depth economic analysis of these inalienable rights. It explores the traditional justifications for the inalienability of termination rights and finds them unconvincing and lacking. Indeed, termination rights seem to be rooted in a romantic perception of a starving, unsophisticated artist, a description that is neither accurate nor justifies inalienability. The effects of termination rights on the incentives to create are analyzed in-depth. It is shown that when competition among buyers of copyrighted work is limited, inalienable termination rights might promote economic efficiency. Those rights allow the creator to sell her work in two steps. Initially, the pre-termination rights are sold when the seller lacks market power, but later, when the value of the work is known, the author can sell her post-termination rights as a monopolist. This can increase the incentives to create. The main costs of this system include the misallocation of risk among the author and her buyers, an end-game problem — the need to control the externalities between the parties as termination approaches, and the problem in reassembling the various rights after termination. The Article makes several suggestions for improving this system including allowing the parties to contract around the rules of termination when it approaches, and forcing the author to grant the transferees compulsory licenses. The analysis suggests that while termination rights might have been economically desirable in the past, nowadays their costs probably outweigh their benefits in major copyright industries. The Article further shows that adopting a similar mandatory resale royalties system in the fine art industry, which is common in foreign jurisdictions and is currently being considered by the U.S. Copyright Office, is undesirable.
Time of onset of action of cholera toxin in dog and rabbit.

During perfusion of cholera exotoxin through intestinal segments of the rabbit and dog, it was shown that the exotoxin altered the direction of net fluid movement as early as 10 min after its contact with the intestinal mucosa. Gross fluid production did not become obvious until secretion exceeded absorption. Hence, the previously reported delay in the onset of fluid production in response to cholera exotoxin is more apparent than real.
Women and Work

An understanding of what work means to women is provided with an overview of history; a review of unpaid work, including child care, parental care, and volunteerism; and the current status of women and work. Women's leadership style emphasizing team building, empowerment, and a consensus model is described. The need for validation of the multiple roles women play in society and for espousing balance in their lives is encouraged. Finally, strategies for eliminating bias are offered.
State Constitutionalism in New York: A Non-Reactive Tradition

This article traces the independent state-law based protection of individual rights and liberties by the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, since its earliest years in the mid-nineteenth century. The practice of developing a body of state law and relying on it to decide issues concerning the rights of the accused, civil rights and civil liberties is as old as the court itself. This practice is not simply a modern mode of decision-making adopted by New York's high court in reaction to the conservative retrenchment of the Supreme Court in the Burger and Rehnquist eras. The New York court has been erratic in the development and reliance on non-federal, independent state-law grounds for its decisions in recent years. But such independent state-based decision-making in the protection of rights and liberties is, nonetheless, a longstanding tradition of the court.
Characteristics of the pupillary light reflex in the macaque monkey: discharge patterns of pretectal neurons.

Anatomical and physiological data have implicated the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON) as the midbrain relay for the pupillary light reflex in a variety of species. To determine the nature of the di...
Partial volume correction of PET/CT derived SUV values in lung nodules

328 Objectives: Partial volume effects significantly underestimate FDG activity in solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN), potentially resulting in falsely negative evaluations of malignancy in patients with SPNs. We investigated two methods for partial volume correction (PVC) of standard uptake values (SUVs) employable in the clinical setting. Methods: The emission point spread function (PSF) was obtained from a 0.5 mm diameter Na-22 source using clinical whole body settings (2D mode with iterative OS-EM image reconstruction) and sampled at CT resolution (0.977 mm/pixel with 4.25 mm slices). The "quick-and-dirty" conventional method of partial volume correction utilizes activity recovery plots computed from the PSF based on idealized spheroid geometry of the nodule and its transaxial dimensions measured by CT. The proposed "convolution" method involves 3D convolution of the PSF with a binary threshold representation of the CT-imaged lung nodules of patients. The correction factor of SUV above background was obtained as the inverse of the maximum voxel intensity value of the convoluted image. Results: The conventional method significantly overestimates correction factors for eccentrically shaped spheroids based on a single short axis measurement. The errors in recovered activity for spheroidal nodules of eccentricity 0.87 are predicted to be 33% and 13% for short axis diameters 9.4 and 13.2 mm, respectively. Measurement of a second transaxial dimension in eccentric nodules reduces the error, and inaccuracies in measurements and deviations from idealized geometries increase the error. The convolution method overcomes these difficulties as it is geometry independent, though it requires more processing. The error in activity recovery from a 12.7 mm phantom sphere using the convolution method was found to be 7%. Both methods suffer additional inaccuracies if the distribution of FDG is nonuniform at the level of CT image resolution. Conclusions: Partial volume correction of lung nodule FDG activity is achievable in the clinical setting provided information on the size and shape of the nodule is available from the CT scan. Errors in technique can be reduced to acceptable levels by applying varying levels of sophistication to the analysis.
False Data Attacks Against AC State Estimation With Incomplete Network Information

Power systems are being exposed to cyber-attacks due to the high integration of information technology and the vulnerability of communication networks. Existing false data attacks research focus on dc state estimation. In this paper, we show that an attacker can construct an undetectable attack vector against ac state estimation based on a few measurements in the attacking region associated with boundary buses without knowing the full topology and parameter information of the entire power network. An iteration approach is adopted to obtain the attack vector. The simulations on the IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus systems are used to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed attack scheme. This paper provides a basis to study the attack behaviors under the ac case, and a theoretical guide to develop protection strategies and detection methods.
Protection against the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in Mice by Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

MPTP is a commercially available compound that is often utilized as a chemical intermediate. The self-administration of small amounts of MPTP mixed with several other agents has been reported to cause symptoms of parkinsonism in several young adults (Langston et al, 1983). MPTP administration has been shown to cause a destruction of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in certain animal species including monkeys (Burns et al, 1983) and mice (Heikkila et al, 1984). Changes observed after MPTP administration to male Swiss-Webster or male C57-black mice include marked and long-lasting decrements in the neostriatal content of dopamine and its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic ic acid and 3-0-methyl-dopamine. Other changes observed in MPTP-treated mice include a greatly diminished capacity of neostriatal synaptosomal preparations to take up 3H-dopamine compared to control, as well as a marked loss of nerve cells in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra. These changes are similar to those seen in monkeys given MPTP and in humans self-administering MPTP. Moreover, these changes are nearly identical to those observed in humans with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.
SPF 30: From the Top

In early 2011, automobile maker Renault was at the center of a highly publicized economic espionage allegation. Three Renault executives originally implicated were eventually cleared of any wrongdoing as the allegation turned out to be a hoax. Aside from the certainty about the innocence of the executives, everything else about the case remains murky (including who was behind the original anonymous allegation). But the case is illustrative of a number of characteristics of knowledge use in the automotive industry and in SPF 30.
An Adventure to New York: the Export Trade in the Colonies

In November of 1750, William Westley, a clothier from Shepton Mallet in Somerset, received a letter from the correspondent in Bristol who supplied him with shalloons which had been dyed to match particular cloths that he made. In the letter, however, Samuel Hainsworth proposed a new arrangement, telling Westley that he intended to go to New York or Boston to set up as a merchant and asking if Westley wanted to send a commission with him. Hainsworth cited as his reasons for going his age, his lack of a wife, and the encouragement of the ‘principal gentlemen in the manufacture of Norwich and this place [Bristol]’, and he proposed departing at the end of February after the Bristol fair. He concluded: Let me know whether you intend to [word missing] in this undertaking by sending any thing by me and the quantity (with the patterns in order to h[ave?] shalloons dyed in readiness) and I doubt not of making you satisfaction [word missing] return in a short time, knowing quick returns to be my interest in and the [word missing] pleasure and life of trade.1
Students' Views of the Importance of Techncal and Non-Technical Skills for Successful it Professionals

The dynamic environment of technology and changing business needs require today's IT professional to possess a wide range of technical and non-technical abilities. Profit seeking and non-profit organizations expect their IT employees to combine business skills, analytical thinking and the ability to exhibit expertise in an array of technology areas. In this paper an empirical investigation is conducted to determine students views of the importance of various skills that would be required for a successful IT professional. The skill set was developed by reviewing certain skills identified by companies as necessary in the IT profession. The survey was conducted in upper level required information technology courses at the undergraduate level. The results indicate that according to students, non-technical skills including communication skills, analytical, and managerial skills are at least as important as technical ability.
Evaluation of Whole-Blood Platelet Analyzers

The performances of five instruments for counting platelets were evaluated: the Coulter S-Plus and S-Plus II; the Ultra-Flo 100 and Series 810, electronic impedance instruments that count platelets in the presence of intact erythrocytes; and the ELT-8, a laser-optical instrument utilizing hydrodynamic focusing to count platelets in the presence of intact erythrocytes. Their performances were compared with that of a reference instrument, the AutoCounter, an optical instrument that counts platelets in the presence of lysed erythrocytes. Excellent within-run precision was obtained for all instruments and, most importantly, all were more precise than manual methods. All the instruments were linear in the ranges tested (5 to 650 × 109/L or greater), and sample carry-over was minimal. Excellent patient correlation was obtained from results with the five instruments evaluated when compared to those of the AutoCounter.
Gastrointestinal Angiodysplasia: Diagnosis and Management

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia (GIAD) are red flat arborized lesions that are found throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. GIAD can vary in size and have a range of presentation from occult to life-threatening bleeding. The typical presentation is intermittent bleeding in the setting of iron deficiency anemia. Endoscopy is the primary means of diagnosis and endoscopic therapy is noted to be initially effective. However, rebleeding can be as high as 40% to 50% in patients with small bowel GIAD. This review describes the pathophysiology for the development of GIAD and the current roles of endoscopic, medical, and surgical therapy in its treatment.
Debating Chichen Itza

Teams from the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH) and the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) have put forth a new chronology for Chichen Itza that challenges recent scholarly opinion favoring a date of roughly a.d. 800/850–1000/1050 for the so-called “Toltec” or Modified Florescent occupation. The new chronology instead argues for the placement of this occupation between a.d. 950–1150, a span favored by scholars prior to the 1970s. This paper presents a critique of the ceramic, radiocarbon, and stratigraphic foundations of these arguments, arguing that, on present evidence, Chichen Itza experienced a tenth-century florescence. Although the site may very well have been occupied into the next century, at present we have no absolute dates after a.d. 1000 and no evidence for later monumental construction. Furthermore, arguments for a proposed hiatus or discontinuity at the onset of the Modified Florescent period are rejected in favor of a model of continued development of Toltec ideas from the late ninth century onward.
The Challenge of Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals in Agriculture Adaptation in Cameroon

In today’s modern evolving business environment, climate change has become an issue of concern. Because of the extreme climatic manifestations in many parts of the world, climate change has been drawn to the centre of most discussions not only in business circles, but also in academic settings. In the case of Cameroon, unfortunately awareness of climate change, both inside and outside the government, is largely limited to an understanding of environmental and climate related impacts at the local levels. Daily news worldwide highlight limited level of political commitment for climate change, and the recent decision of the US president to pull out his country out of the Paris agreement on climate change mitigation is an illustration. In the case of Cameroon, there is currently no capacity within ministries to mainstream climate change across sector programmes. A National Observatory for Climate Change (ONACC) is expected to address some of these issues. This paper aims at assisting the Cameroonian government in meeting the challenge on sustainable development goals through adaptation in agriculture. The first part of the paper highlights the crucial problem of climate change development in Cameroon. The second part sheds light on the literature review by revisiting some concepts around climate change mitigation in the agriculture sector. The third part develops the roadmap in dealing with climate challenges in Cameroon, and the last part come up with recommendations regarding adaptation in agriculture in Cameroon.
Spirituality Matters in Social Work: Connecting Spirituality, Religion, and Practice, by J. R. Dudley: New York, NY, Routledge, 2016, 358 pp., $69.95 (paperback), $170.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-41-574703-5

Spirituality Matters in Social Work demonstrates the importance of spiritual sensitivity in social work practice. The book is based on teaching and research conducted by the author bolstered by the...
A capital allocation decision rule for knowledge-intensive organizations

We formulate a mathematical programming problem for allocating capital budget between the organizational and physical capitals of the firm and solve it to obtain an analytically tractable and easy to implement decision rule for the optimal allocation of the capital budget. The model we develop depicts interconnections of these capitals and their constituent variables in the context of the firm's valuation through the growth of its operating income. Finally, we illustrate our findings through the optimal capital allocations by the largest software companies using data from their financial statements over the period 1991– 2015. We find that managers of software companies that allocate more of their capital budget to organizational capital on a steady basis enjoy superior financial performance.