cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial and neural indicators of resilience among youth with a family history of substance use disorder.

Abstract Background Little is known regarding the combined influence of psychosocial and neural protective mechanisms against substance use. The present study examined the extent to which neuroimaging measures of disinhibition predicted resilience against binge drinking and marijuana use among youth with a family history of substance use disorder (SUD; FH+), accounting for psychosocial measures of behavioral control. Methods Participants were 57 FH+ youth from the Michigan Longitudinal Study categorized into resilient and high-risk groups based on patterns of weekly binge drinking and monthly marijuana use during early adulthood. Psychosocial measures of behavioral control (reactive control and externalizing behavior during early and late adolescence) and neural measures of disinhibition (Go/No-Go task and Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT) measured through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)) were entered sequentially in hierarchical logistic regression models to predict resilient versus high-risk groups. Results Greater activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during correctly inhibited trials on the Go/No-Go task was a significant predictor of resilience (OR = 2.46, p Conclusions Brain function in the right DLPFC associated with inhibitory control may be a neural indicator of resilience against elevated substance use among FH+ youth, even after accounting for psychosocial measures of behavioral control.
Neural precursors of future liking and affective reciprocity

Why do certain group members end up liking each other more than others? How does affective reciprocity arise in human groups? The prediction of interpersonal sentiment has been a long-standing pursuit in the social sciences. We combined fMRI and longitudinal social network data to test whether newly acquainted group members' reward-related neural responses to images of one another's faces predict their future interpersonal sentiment, even many months later. Specifically, we analyze associations between relationship-specific valuation activity and relationship-specific future liking. We found that one's own future (T2) liking of a particular group member is predicted jointly by actor's initial (T1) neural valuation of partner and by that partner's initial (T1) neural valuation of actor. These actor and partner effects exhibited equivalent predictive strength and were robust when statistically controlling for each other, both individuals' initial liking, and other potential drivers of liking. Behavioral findings indicated that liking was initially unreciprocated at T1 yet became strongly reciprocated by T2. The emergence of affective reciprocity was partly explained by the reciprocal pathways linking dyad members' T1 neural data both to their own and to each other's T2 liking outcomes. These findings elucidate interpersonal brain mechanisms that define how we ultimately end up liking particular interaction partners, how group members' initially idiosyncratic sentiments become reciprocated, and more broadly, how dyads evolve. This study advances a flexible framework for researching the neural foundations of interpersonal sentiments and social relations that-conceptually, methodologically, and statistically-emphasizes group members' neural interdependence.
Environmental gradients structure gorgonian assemblages on coral reefs in SE Sulawesi, Indonesia

Indonesian coral reefs are the epicenter of marine biodiversity, yet are under rapid anthropogenically induced decline. Therefore, ecological monitoring of high diversity taxa is paramount to facilitate effective management and conservation. This study presents an initial report from a comprehensive survey of shallow-water (0–15 m) gorgonian assemblage composition and structure across sites with varying habitat quality within the Wakatobi Marine National Park (WMNP), SE Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current estimates of over 90 morphospecies from 38 genera and 12 families within the calcaxonian, holaxonian and scleraxonian groups are reported. This extensive survey confirms high local gorgonian abundance, diversity and species richness in the absence of anthropogenic influence and increasing with depth. Notably, morphological variants of the zooxanthellate species Isis hippuris Linnaeus, 1758, and Briareum Blainville, 1830, drive site and habitat assemblage differences across environmental gradients. Azooxanthellate taxa, particularly within the Plexauridae, drive species richness and diversity with depth. Of the 14 predictor variables measured, benthic characteristics, water flow and natural light explained just 30% of gorgonian assemblage structure. Furthermore, zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate taxa partitioned distinct gorgonian communities into two trophic groups—autotrophs and heterotrophs, respectively—with contrasting diversity and abundance patterns within and between study sites. This study strongly supports the WMNP as an area of high regional gorgonian abundance and diversity. Varying ecological patterns across environmental clines can provide the foundation for future research and conservation management strategies in some of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems in the world.
Intercultural Theorizing for a Global Communication Curriculum: A Short-term Study Abroad Pedagogical Template

In a world where nationalism has surged as a response to advanced commitments to multiculturalism, educators have an opportunity – and responsibility – to broaden the cultural perspectives of their...
Parents as Change Agents: A Psychodynamic Model

A treatment model is described by which psychodynamic clinicians can guide parents to become the primary change agents when their child is the identified patient. Three cases are presented where br...
Subdividing Prismatic Meshes by Cutting Flow

This paper is motivated by the problem of subdividing a prismatic mesh to a tetrahedral mesh with prescribed boundary conditions and without inserting Steiner points. We show that this 3D subdivision problem can be modeled as a 2D cutting flow problem. Then we propose a complete solution to the cutting flow problem, covering all possible combinations of base domain topology and boundary condition. We not only provide provable sufficient and necessary conditions for existence of solutions, but also provide linear algorithms to compute a solution whenever there is one.
Mathematical Classroom Discussion as an Equitable Practice: Effects on Elementary English Learners’ Performance

This mixed-method study examines the relationship between classroom discussion and student performance in twenty 3rd and 4th grade classrooms in northern California with 50% English language learne...
Salmonella recovery from chicken bone marrow and cecal counts differ by pathogen challenge method.

ABSTRACT Mechanically separated chicken (MSC) may be incorporated into other further processed foods, and has been identified as a transmission vehicle in human foodborne disease outbreaks involving the pathogen Salmonella enterica. Chickens possess pneumatic bones producing marrow, which may become infected with Salmonella and present a mechanism for Salmonella contamination of MSC. The primary objective of the current study was to ascertain whether chicken bone marrow was susceptible to Salmonella infection as a function of pathogen challenge method. Additionally, this study sought to determine the impact of Salmonella challenge site and inoculation on subsequent numbers of the microorganism in the cecum at 3, 6 and 9 d post-challenge. In this study, 30-day-old birds (Gallus domesticus) were separately challenged with S. enterica by one of the 6 experimental treatment methods: oral or endo-tracheal gavage, and transdermal scratch challenge on the breast or back muscles, with or without feathers (N = 150). Differing Salmonella recovery rates were detected in bone marrow from euthanized birds (P = 0.0015); oral and endo-tracheal gavage produced Salmonella recovery frequencies of 10% and 20%, respectively. Counts of Salmonella from chicken cecal samples statistically differed as a function of challenge method (P = 0.032); the highest numbers of Salmonella in cecal samples were obtained from orally gavaged birds (3.0 log10 cfu/g). Study results demonstrate the potential for chickens to contract short-term systemic infection following Salmonella challenge using methods of pathogen challenge simulating aerosol inhalation, ingestion, or wounding. Salmonella entry into chicken bone marrow may result in decreased likelihood of Salmonella performance standard compliance and increased pathogen transmission risk to consumers.
The Capitalist Diet: Energy-dense and Profitable

First paragraphs: The Neoliberal Diet: Healthy Profits, Unhealthy People analyzes how global diets have changed in recent decades, what caused these changes, and who loses and gains by the transformation. Author Gerardo Otero is a professor of international studies at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and the author of several previous books on the global food system. In the book, Otero describes how the global diet that emerged at the turn of the 21st century has contributed to world­wide increases in overweight and obesity and how neoliberalism, the variant of capitalism that evolved in this period, promotes obesogenic diets. Neoliberalism posits that markets are best equipped to solve all problems and that by deregulating, privatizing, and emphasizing individual responsibility, governments can unleash capitalist economies for growth (Harvey, 2007). Harvey describes neoliberalism as the corporate capitalist class’s political response to the threats to their control that emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s. . . .
Use and costs of inhaled nitric oxide and inhaled epoprostenol in adult critically ill patients: A quality improvement project.

PURPOSE Inhaled epoprostenol and inhaled nitric oxide are pulmonary vasodilators commonly used in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome and right ventricular failure; however, they have vastly different cost profiles. The purpose of the project was to transition from nitric oxide to epoprostenol as the inhaled pulmonary vasodilator (IPV) of choice in adult critically ill patients and evaluate the effect of the transition on associated usage and costs. METHODS A single-center, prospective, before and after quality improvement project including adult patients receiving inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled epoprostenol, or both was conducted in 7 adult intensive care units, operating rooms, and postanesthesia care units of a tertiary care academic medical center. The total number of patients, hours of therapy, and costs for each agent were compared between stages of protocol implementation and annually. RESULTS Seven hundred twenty-nine patients received inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled epoprostenol, or both during the study period. The monthly inhaled nitric oxide use in number of patients, hours, and cost decreased during all stages of the project (p < 0.01). The monthly inhaled epoprostenol use in number of patients, hours, and cost increased during all stages (p < 0.01). Overall, total IPV use increased during the study. However, despite this increase in usage, there was a 47% reduction in total IPV cost. CONCLUSION Implementation of a staged protocol to introduce and expand inhaled epoprostenol use in adult critically ill patients resulted in decreased use and cost of inhaled nitric oxide. The total cost of all IPV was decreased by 47% despite increased IPV use.
Teaching and learning the sciences in Islamicate societies (800-1700), by Sonja Brentjes

Both the history of education and the history of science in Islam have received sustained attention from modern historians. But there has been very little work on the intersection of these fields –...
String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction

String theory is one of the most exciting and challenging areas of modern theoretical physics. This book guides the reader from the basics of string theory to recent developments. It introduces the basics of perturbative string theory, world-sheet supersymmetry, space-time supersymmetry, conformal field theory and the heterotic string, before describing modern developments, including D-branes, string dualities and M-theory. It then covers string geometry and flux compactifications, applications to cosmology and particle physics, black holes in string theory and M-theory, and the microscopic origin of black-hole entropy. It concludes with Matrix theory, the AdS/CFT duality and its generalizations. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in modern string theory, and will make an excellent textbook for a one-year course on string theory. It contains over 120 exercises with solutions, and over 200 homework problems with solutions available on a password protected website for lecturers at www.cambridge.org/9780521860697.
Making the Most of Student Teaching: The Importance of Mentors and Scope for Change.

A growing literature documents the importance of student teaching placements for teacher development. Emerging evidence from this literature highlights the importance of the mentor teacher who supe...
International Publication Patterns on Operative Management of Wilms Tumor: A Review by Surgeon Specialty and Surgical Modality.

Abstract Objective To review the temporal trends in the published literature of the surgical management of Wilms tumor (WT) relative to surgical modality and authorship by surgeon specialty (pediatric urology [PU] vs pediatric surgery [PS]). Methods The MEDLINE/PubMed database was queried for manuscripts published by PU or PS including operative management of WT from 1993-2017. After manuscript review, 187 of 2420 studies were included. Studies were compared by author specialty, country of origin, and represented patients. Results PU published 32% of included publications. The proportion of first author publications by PU increased over time (25% from 1993-2005 to 39% from 2006-2017, P = .029). While PU were first author on 44% of studies in North America, they were relatively underrepresented internationally. PU and PS were equally likely to be first author on cooperative group studies, which accounted for 19% of the overall publications. 14,958 patients underwent extirpative surgery for WT. There was a small increase in publications reporting the use of minimally-invasive surgery (MIS) and nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) over time ( Conclusion Publications by PU on the surgical management of WT are increasing over time, but are still fewer than PS. PU appeared to be the drivers of the temporal trend towards the increasing use of MIS and NSS in the published literature.
Infectious Implications of Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, and T Helper Type 2 Inhibition

Targeting interleukins that drive innate inflammation has expanded treatments of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition has proven useful for monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes, and IL-6 inhibition for autoimmune arthritides. Biological therapies impeding these pathways impair detection and containment of pathogens, particularly invasive bacteria, reflecting the importance of IL-1 and IL-6 in communicating danger throughout the immune system. Biologics targeting T helper type 2 inflammation are used to treat specific allergic, atopic, and eosinophilic diseases. They may impair protections against local herpesvirus reactivations while augmenting antiviral responses to respiratory viruses. Their risks with helminth exposures have yet to be defined.
Compliance With FDA Nicotine Warning Statement Provisions in E-liquid Promotion Posts on Instagram

INTRODUCTION Effective August 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required that nicotine addiction warnings be placed on ads for nicotine containing e-liquids. As per FDA comments, this provision pertains to visual ads communicated via social media, raising questions about compliance within the large e-liquid promotion community on Instagram. AIMS AND METHODS This study examines use of warnings on promotional Instagram posts before and after provisions took effect on August 10, 2018. Netlytic was used to gather a sample of 500 promotional #eliquid and #ejuice posts from: May 2017, October 2017, March 2018, August 2018, and September 2018. The 1500 prewarning and 1000 postwarning posts were coded using content analysis. Changes in products and marketing strategies were also considered. Post volume was tracked monthly between May 2017 and February 2020. RESULTS In the prewarning period, nicotine warning statements were absent on all posts. Following August 10, 2018, FDA compliant warnings were present on 13.6% of posts. Among US-based posts, 36.4% used the warnings, with warnings more common on posts made by e-liquid brands (52.3%) and posts promoting e-liquids with nicotine (40.0%). Promotional strategies and products did not significantly change. The share of posts made by US Instagram users decreased by 11%, although total post volume continued to grow. CONCLUSIONS Many e-liquid promotion posts on Instagram remained noncompliant with nicotine warnings after FDA provisions took effect. The large volume of international users also limited the impact of FDA-mandated warnings on the social media environment. IMPLICATIONS Further guidance and enforcement are needed to ensure that US e-liquid marketers on visual social media platforms adhere to current provisions, particularly for individual social media users who are sponsored by industry. The inherently global span of social media also indicates the importance of a shared approach to marketing regulations. Further work is needed to assess enforcement strategies viable for the social media environment.
Automatic Discovery of Novel Intents & Domains from Text Utterances

One of the primary tasks in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is to recognize the intents as well as domains of users' spoken and written language utterances. Most existing research formulates this as a supervised classification problem with a closed-world assumption, i.e. the domains or intents to be identified are pre-defined or known beforehand. Real-world applications however increasingly encounter dynamic, rapidly evolving environments with newly emerging intents and domains, about which no information is known during model training. We propose a novel framework, ADVIN, to automatically discover novel domains and intents from large volumes of unlabeled data. We first employ an open classification model to identify all utterances potentially consisting of a novel intent. Next, we build a knowledge transfer component with a pairwise margin loss function. It learns discriminative deep features to group together utterances and discover multiple latent intent categories within them in an unsupervised manner. We finally hierarchically link mutually related intents into domains, forming an intent-domain taxonomy. ADVIN significantly outperforms baselines on three benchmark datasets, and real user utterances from a commercial voice-powered agent.
The Emergence of Contemporary Bestiality Law: Applying the Integrative Conflict Model to the Enumclaw Case

This article examines the social construction of bestiality law in the United States using the Integrative Conflict Model of law formation. With qualitative findings from a media content study including newspaper articles, a documentary transcript, and a variety of online data sources, it explores the dynamics behind the formation of bestiality law in the state of Washington. The research specifically uses the circumstances surrounding the death of Kenneth Pinyan, and the subsequent Enumclaw horse sex scandal that took place in the summer of 2005, to support the idea that bestiality law can emerge due to specific factors: structural foundations, perceptions of crime and public demands for punishment, and triggering events. The article concludes with recommendations for future research on law formation processes, such as including technological advancements as an essential structural foundation. It also considers the possibility of adding structural ritualization perspectives to the integrative model.
Predicting the Optical and Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

Nanoparticles are frequently combined with polymers to create polymer nanocomposite materials with enhanced electrical, optical, or transport properties. In addition to the robust suite of theoretical techniques—including molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo simulations, and polymer field theory—that exists to predict structural information of such polymer nanocomposites, there is also a sizeable selection of techniques available to predict physical properties such as optical scattering/absorption and electrical/ionic conductivity of these materials. In many instances, techniques for predicting structural information may be coupled to those used to predict physical properties. This chapter presents a survey of common approaches to modeling both the optical and electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites, explaining the foundations of each technique, limitations, and highlighting select examples from the literature using each technique.
Sex-specific transcript diversity is regulated by a maternal pioneer factor in early Drosophila embryos

Maternally deposited RNAs and proteins play a crucial role in initiating zygotic transcription during early embryonic development. However, the mechanisms by which maternal factors regulate zygotic transcript diversity early in development remain poorly understood. Furthermore, how early in development sex-specific transcript diversity occurs is not known genome-wide in any organism. Here, we determine that sex-specific transcript diversity occurs much earlier in development than previously thought in Drosophila, concurrent with Zygotic genome activation (ZGA). We use genetic, biochemical, and genomic approaches to demonstrate that the essential maternally-deposited pioneer factor CLAMP (Chromatin linked adapter for MSL proteins) is a key regulator of sex-specific transcript diversity in the early embryo via the following mechanisms: 1) In both sexes, CLAMP directly binds to the gene bodies of female and male sex-specifically spliced genes. 2) In females, CLAMP modulates chromatin accessibility of an alternatively-spliced exon within Sex-lethal, the master regulator of sex determination, to promote protein production. 3) In males, CLAMP regulates Maleless (MLE) distribution, a spliceosome component to prevent aberrant sex-specific splicing. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time how a maternal factor regulates early zygotic transcriptome diversity sex-specifically. We also developed a new tool to measure how splicing changes over time called time2splice.
Microwave Acoustic Devices: Recent Advances and Outlook

This paper presents a short review of the microwave acoustics area, where exciting material innovations and performance advancements have been made in the past decade. The ever-growing demand for more sophisticated passive signal processing functions on-chip has fueled these developments. As a result, microwave acoustic devices have maintained performance leadership in mobile applications. By evaluating three fundamental parameters, namely electromechanical coupling ( k 2), quality factors, and frequency scalability, of microwave acoustics, this paper aims to, extensively but not exhaustively, capture the rationales behind approaches achieving higher performance microsystems. Outlooks for different material systems and addressing their underlying challenges are also offered in hopes of establishing a balanced roadmap for future microwave acoustics development.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Michigan (1975-March 2010):

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by the zoonotic agent Mycobacterium bovis, is a significant threat to Michigan livestock and wildlife. After the state was declared free of bTB in 1979, the disease re-emerged in wild white-tailed deer in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. The Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Project was established in 1995. Partners in the project are the Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA), Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (MDNRE), USDA APHIS Veterinary Service, Michigan Department of Community Health, and Michigan State University. Tens of millions of dollars have been spent on the project. In cattle alone, $5.2 million is spent on herd testing annually. After 15 years of the project's eradication efforts, bTB remains a challenge. The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive epidemiological review of bTB in Michigan and to identify any information that may be useful in moving the project forward.
Understanding Democratic Education Policy Queerly: Toward a Queer Democratic Framework

The aim of this paper is to bring together concepts and commitments from both liberal and queer theories with the purpose of designing an integrated framework for equity-focused education policy analysis and implementation. In essence, we aim to build a conceptual bridge between queer and liberal democratic theories and to develop what we call a “queer democratic framework” for policy analysis and implementation. We use the case of the Fair Accurate Inclusive and Respectful Education Act (FAIR) throughout this paper as an exemplar of how queer policy analysis and implementation change the terms of the policy discussion. We argue that as an example of a policy that comes out of liberal democratic theory, FAIR can only go so far. It is symbolic and positive, but cannot reach emancipatory aims in practice without queer analysis and implementation.
Re-convolving the compositional landscape of primary and recurrent glioblastoma using single nucleus RNA sequencing

Abstract Glioblastoma is an aggressive diffusely infiltrating neoplasm that spreads beyond surgical resection margins, where it intermingles with non-neoplastic brain cells. This complex tissue harboring infiltrating glioma and non-neoplastic brain cells is the origin of tumor recurrence. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular features of the glioma margin is therapeutically and prognostically important. Here, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) of primary and recurrent glioma to define compositional ‘tissue-states’ that correlate with radiographic and histopathologic features. We found that glioma cells can be clustered into proliferative, astrocyte-like/mesenchymal, and progenitor-like/proneural states in both the primary and post-treatment recurrence settings. We focused on non-neoplastic microenvironment cells including oligodendrocytes, myeloid cells, neurons, and astrocytes - the latter two are under-represented in single-cell RNAseq studies. Cell type-specific signatures of the astrocyte-like/mesenchymal glioma, and a subpopulation of non-neoplastic astrocytes correlated with poor prognosis, the latter correlated with glioma recurrence. Notably, astrocytes were enriched for metabolic and neurodegenerative gene signatures. Leveraging snRNAseq-derived compositional information, we define three tissue-states that correlate with radiographic localization of primary and recurrent glioma. Our findings define a compositional approach to the glioma microenvironment and reveal prognostically and anatomically relevant features paving the way to new mechanistic and therapeutic discoveries.
Abstract 4153: Global African ancestry is not associated with lung cancer survival

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men and women in the United States, accounting for 27% of all cancer-related deaths. Blacks experience poorer 5-year survival compared to whites. We hypothesized that individuals with higher global African ancestry have poorer survival compared to individuals with lower global African ancestry. We identified incident non-small cell lung cancer cases in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), a prospective study of low-income adults recruited from across the Southeast region of the United States. Individuals who donated a biospecimen were genotyped using the Illumina Human Exome BeadChip, which contains a panel of ancestry informative markers (AIMs). After standard quality control, 398 individuals (262 self-reported black and 134 self-reported white) remained for analysis. Global ancestry was estimated from 2,604 AIMs using the software program ADMIXTURE. Self-reported blacks had a median global African ancestry of 88.12%, while the median global African ancestry in self-reported whites was less than 0.01%. We estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cigarettes per day, disease stage, treatment, insurance coverage, family history of lung cancer and recruitment site. BMI, age, cigarettes per day and global African ancestry were modeled using restricted cubic splines. We estimated time dependent area under the curve (AUC) for our main effects model and a main effects model with interactions, both with and without genetic ancestry. We found that the main effects model had an average AUC of 0.81. When global African ancestry was excluded, the AUC was minimally reduced to 0.80. When interactions were added to the main effects model, the AUC increased to 0.88. Removal of global ancestry from the interactions model reduced the AUC to 0.84. In the main effects model, the two most predictive variables were stage and treatment with X 2 values of 36.13 (degrees of freedom, df=2) and 15.47 (df=4), respectively. While we conclude that global African ancestry has little effect on overall survival, a relationship between global African ancestry and stage or treatment remains to be investigated. Citation Format: Carissa C. Iverson, Sarah Fletcher, Jeffery Blume, Holli Dilks, Heidi Chen, Stephen A. Deppen, William S. Bush, Dana C. Crawford, William J. Blot, Eric L. Grogan, Melinda C. Aldrich. Global African ancestry is not associated with lung cancer survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4153. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4153
Standardization of an intermediate duration HF channel variation model

For many years, the standard model of an ionospheric channel used for analysis and performance evaluation of HF communications techniques has been the model of Watterson, as embodied in the ITU-R Recommendation Rec. F.1487. However, for the modern adaptive techniques used for HF communications, including automatic link establishment and data link protocols employing data rate adaptation and/or type II hybrid-ARQ techniques, this model is importantly incomplete. While it simulates quite adequately the signal perturbations (Doppler and multipath spread) observable over periods of up to a few seconds, this model fails to represent the variations in channel quality (specifically, signal to noise ratio - SNR) that occur over time periods of a few seconds to tens of minutes, and which can have a crucial impact on the performance of systems using such techniques. In recent work, Harris Corporation has recorded and analyzed extensive time series of SNR measurements on a sample of ionospheric channels, both long-haul and Near Vertically Incident Skywave (NVIS); developed a model framework capable of modelling the longer-term channel quality variation observed in these time series; incorporated the model framework into a Watterson-model channel simulator; and used this enhanced channel simulator to measure and analyze the impact of this longer-term channel variation on the performance of two widely-used HF data link protocols. This paper begins with an overview of the developed model and provides a synopsis of the work completed so far to validate the model. The paper continues with a brief discussion of the implementation of this model in a DSP or PC based real time HF channel simulator. Finally the paper proposes how best to incorporate this additional model in to an international standard such as ITU ITU-R Recommendation Rec. F.1487.
The Philosophy of Hegel: The Logic and Hegel's system

As we saw in Chapter 2, the Phenomenology of Spirit is concerned with the ascent, through the various finite modes of consciousness, to the standpoint of Science – a standpoint which, says Hegel, “exists solely in the self-movement of the Concept” (PhS: §71). Hegel's prefatory and introductory remarks to the Science of Logic stress the purity and pre-suppositionlessness of this standpoint. “Pure Science presupposes liberation from the opposition of consciousness” – i.e. the very sort of opposition we have seen to be characteristic of the various moments of the Phenomenology; “it contains thought in so far as this is just as much the object in its own self, or the object in its own self in so far as it is equally pure thought” (SL: 49). The point of departure for such a science must be “an absolute … it may not presuppose anything , must not be mediated by anything nor have a ground; rather it is to be itself the ground of the entire science” ( ibid .: 70). These claims about the standpoint of the Logic raise many questions about the sort of philosophical undertaking in which it is engaged. What exactly does Hegel mean by a “presuppositionless” beginning? Can he really be justified in assuming that the Logic has one? What does Hegel mean when he says that “thought” and “object” are one and the same in the Logic? Do these claims concern a metaphysical or transcendental project, or both?
Radioactive Tracer Studies of Monolayers

Abstract The composition of built-up calcium stearate stearic acid layers has been studied with Ca45. The results diverge from those obtained by conventional chemical analysis of the floating layers (“H-layers”), from which the built-up layers were formed. Similar discrepancies have been observed when building layers of fatty acids on a hypophase containing bivalent organic cations. In all these instances the cations seem to form an integral part of the H-film, but are eliminated, probably by exchange against protons, during the building-up operation.
Further observations on the effect of topical progesterone on vulvar disease

Abstract Follow-up studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of topical progesterone in the treatment of vulvar dystrophy, whether of the atrophic, hypertrophic, or mixed variety, in both postmenopausal and premenarchal women. If pruritus is a major symptom, topical corticosteroids should be alternated with the progesterone preparation in order to obtain maximum results. Topical progesterone was also found to be useful in the treatment of labial agglutination in children.
Scientific discovery: a view from the trenches

One of the primary goals in discovery science is to understand the human scientific reasoning processes. Despite sporadic success of automated discovery systems, few studies have systematically explored the socio-technical environments in which a discovery tool will ultimately be embedded. Modeling day-to-day activities of experienced scientists as they develop and verify hypotheses provides both a glimpse into the human cognitive processes surrounding discovery and a deeper understanding of the characteristics that are required for a discovery system to be successful. In this paper, we describe a study of experienced faculty in chemistry and chemical engineering as they engage in what Kuhn would call “normal” science, focusing in particular on how these scientists characterize discovery, how they arrive at their research question, and the processes they use to transform an initial idea into a subsequent publication. We discuss gaps between current definitions used in discovery science, and examples of system design improvements that would better support the information environment and activities in normal science.
Modeling shell-on-cylinder implosions on the Z and ZR pulsed-power generators

Summary form only given. Rapid heating is required to ionize moderate atomic number plasmas into the K-shell. When a plasma shell is imploded, this heating occurs when the implosion kinetic energy is thermalized. However, if a plasma shell is imploded onto a plasma cylinder, rapid heating of the cylinder occurs by strong shock wave generation and compressive heating. In this talk, we investigate two kinds of shell-on-cylinder implosions. In one case, an Al plasma is imploded onto an Fe plasma. In a second case, Fe-on-Fe implosions are investigated to benchmark the calculations to some stainless steel data that was obtained in nested wire array experiments conducted on the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories. The replacement of iron by an equal mass of Al plasma in the imploding shell should have a small impact on the heating of and X-ray emissions from the inner Fe core plasma, but it adds the possibility of generating kilovolt emissions from the imploding Al. In the Al-on-Fe calculations, we first determine the implosion kinetic energies that are needed to maximize the production of Fe K-shell emission, and then evaluate the capability of the Z and ZR generators to meet these requirements. How L-shell emissions impact the ionization dynamics of Fe is investigated along with the problem of optimizing the collateral production of super-kilovolt X-rays from the K-shell of Al.
An Occupational Therapist's Guide to Home Modification PracticeAn Occupational Therapist's Guide to Home Modification Practice.

This book is appropriately titled a therapist's GUIDE for home modification. The authors provide a wealth of information concerning how a therapist might evaluate the need for modifications as well...
Personal and wireless communications and the BSEE curriculum

The personal and wireless communication industry is expected to be a major employer of electrical engineers in the future. One only has to look at the current array of cellular telephones to envision the technologies necessary for their design. These include communication theory, digital signal processing, RF design, monolithic IC design, VLSI, battery technology, and antenna design. Coupled with these technologies are the manufacturing needs of flexible PC board design, EMC compatibility issues, electromagnetic safety issues, and the human factors needs of mechanical design and human interfaces. We compare these industrial needs to the standard BSEE curriculum. We discuss modifications to current courses and possible new courses. We conclude with a projection of a personal and wireless communications curriculum.
Daily power system fuel optimization using a network flow algorithm

The problem of minimizing the cost of producing electric power has become more important and more difficult with the fluctuations in fuel prices and increasing complexity of the fuel market. The authors describe the development of a computational tool to aid operations planners in scheduling fuel contracts. A network flow algorithm called the out-of-kilter algorithm has been implemented to find the optimal schedule of fuel acquisition and usage from available fuel contracts in a daily time-frame. This algorithm is coupled to an economic dispatch routine via a rescheduling algorithm which develops the fuel prices to be used in the economic dispatch. Together, these blocks can be used to simulate power system operations for planning studies, develop the fuel prices to be used in the online economic dispatch, and recreate operations for postoperational evaluation. This fuel scheduling program has been tested using several fuel networks and also for a 20-generator, 12-contract system previously obtained from a utility. >
Different environments lead to a reversal in the expression of weapons and testes in the heliconia bug, Leptoscelis tricolor (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

In many species, males invest both in weapons used in competitions for access to mates and testes size to increase competitive chances for fertilizations. The expression of weapons and testes can be sensitive to environmental factors experienced during development. However, relatively few studies have examined the effects of discrete, natural developmental environments on the expression of these traits in wild populations. In the present study, we examined the development of these primary and secondary sexual traits for the Heliconia bug, Leptoscelis tricolor (Hemiptera: Coreidae) across two different natural host plants, Heliconia mariae and Heliconia platystachys. Development on H. platystachys resulted in increased investment in weapons and reduced investment in testes, whereas development on H. mariae resulted in the opposite pattern. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, , –. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: juvenile development – phenotypic plasticity – post-copulatory traits – precopulatory traits – sexual selection.
The importance of thermodynamics to the modeling of nitrogen combustion chemistry

Abstract Modeling calculations have been performed to illustrate the effect of using five commonly accepted data bases of thermochemical properties on predictions of temporal species profiles. The thermochemical properties are those used for the determination of equilibrium constants employed in the calculation of reverse rate coefficients for a chemical mechanism where forward rate coefficients are specified. The modeling study was performed for hydrogen/oxygen/argon/nitrogen-comoound mixtures where the nitrogen compound was either NO or NH 3 . The mixtures reacted isothermally at 1600 K and isobarically at 1 atmosphere, and a single kinetic mechanism for which forward rate coefficients were specified was used throughout. Mixtures of equivalence ratios of 0.625, 1.0, and 1.6 were considered. Modifications in sources of thermodynamic data have been substantial since 1971 for some species. Among the data bases, thermochemical properties varied greatly for the species NH, NH 2 , NNH, and HO 2 , and those for other species important in the mechanism had variations of less than 10%. The thermochemical property variations among the data bases in NH, NH 2 , and NNH have substantial effects upon the temporal species profiles for nitrogenous species. Although this result is not surprising, unfortunately, it is often overlooked when modeling results are compared. This effect is most pronounced for rich combustion, and varies directly with equivalence ratio. Use of different data bases had little effect on the H/O species profiles. Radical species profiles (with the exception of HO 2 ) tend to be influenced strongly by their own thermochemical properties. Computed profiles also were shown to be independent of algorithm (HCT or CHEMKIN) and thermodynamic property fitting procedure between 1000 and 2000 K.
Urban infrastructure security

Abstract This article addresses the challenges to Port and maritime security in the post September 11th environment and how the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is addressing them with respect to initiatives that enhance both physical and cargo security. The article suggests that cargo security stands as the most daunting challenge to the marine transportation system. It argues the need for total in transit visibility of cargo throughout the container supply chain and discusses Operation Safe Commerce as one initiative to enhance supply chain security from point of origin to point of delivery. The article concludes that there remains a gap between where we stand now and where we need to be with respect to physical and cargo security and that the solution requires proactive federal involvement combined with international cooperation and coordination.
Validity of Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) general test scores for admissions to colleges of veterinary medicine.

From the standpoint of test validation, veterinary medicine provides both a unique context in which to study the validity of Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) test scores and a singular opportunity to address the shortcomings typical of many GRE validity studies. This article documents a study of the validity of the GRE General Test for predicting 1st-year grade averages in a comprehensive sample of veterinary medical colleges. For each of 16 veterinary medical colleges, statistical corrections were applied to correct for the effects of range restriction in the predictors and unreliability of the criterion. When fully corrected for both range restriction and unreliability, the resulting validity coefficients were, on average, 53 for the combination of all 3 GRE General Test scores, .59 for undergraduate grade point average, and .71 for GRE scores and undergraduate grade point average together.
Study of Putative Glycosylation Sites in Bovine β-Casein Introduced by PCR-Based Site-Directed Mutagenesis

The bovine β-casein gene, A 2 genetic variant, has been mutated at positions 70 and 71 for the introduction of a glycosylation signal (Asn-X-Ser). These mutants have been constructed to study the functionality of β-casein glycosylated exclusively at Asn 68 . The mutation was generated using PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis, and it was derived from bovine β-casein cDNA. The mutant cDNAs including the wild-type β-casein gene have been subcloned into the yeast Pichia pastoris expression vector pHIL-D2, which contains the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter. Three expression vectors were constructed and designated pCJ-βWT (wild-type bovine β-casein gene), pCJ-β68 (substitution of Ser 70 for Leu 70 ), and pCJ-β6873 (Ser 70 -Ser 71 for Leu 70 -Pro 71 ). Bovine β-casein produced in yeast was found to contain a sugar moiety on Asn 68 (N-linked glycosylated) when produced from a strain containing the pCJ-β6873 construct in its chromosome. N-Glycosylation of bovine β-casein at position 68 was completely inhibited in transformants carrying vector pCJ-β68 with the single substitution of Ser 70 for Leu 70 . The concentration of bovine β-casein in this expression system was in the range of 0.7-1.0 g/L.
The binding characteristics of the nuclear annuli.

Abstract The binding of negatively charged colloidal gold particles, coated with bovine serum albumin, to the nuclear pore complex of frog oocytes was investigated under conditions which would alter the electrical charge of the annular material. Extensive binding was observed at pH 7.2, and could be reduced by (1) increasing the pH to 9.1, (2) pretreating the nuclei with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, or (3) prior digestion of the nuclei with trypsin. It was concluded that the binding of negative particles to the pore complex at physiological pH is due to fixed positive charges associated with protein components of the annuli.
Attempts to Train Novices for Beer Flavor Discrimination: A Matter of Taste

Abstract Inexperienced beer-drinkers who could not pass a beer-flavor discrimination test were divided into a taste group, which received additional perceptual experience with beer flavors; a verbal group, which received instruction in beer flavor terminology; a taste/verbal group, which received both additional experience and instruction; and a control group. Before and after training, all subjects participated in a similarity rating task involving beer flavors and flavor-related adjectives. Additional taste experience—but not increased experience with beer-flavor terminology—improved novices' ability to detect identical beer flavors. Results are discussed in terms of the trainability of flavor discrimination and the role of cognitive factors (both flavor-related and flavor-independent) in marketing beverages.