cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing fuels reduction and patch mosaic fire regimes for reducing fire spread potential: a spatial modeling approach.

Abstract Reduction of fire hazard is becoming increasingly important in managed landscapes globally. Fuels reduction prescribed burn treatments are the most common form of reducing fire hazard on landscapes around the world but often result in homogenized fuel age structures and habitats. Alternatively, the size of unplanned fires, and hence fire hazard, can be reduced by controlling the size and patterning of fuels treatments in a patch mosaic arrangement on landscapes. Patch mosaic burning is being implemented globally as a means to increase heterogeneity to mimic natural fire regime results. Funding for prescribed fire programs is often justified primarily on hazardous fuels reduction with secondary consideration given for ecological effectiveness, which can be increased by particular fire mosaic patterns in some systems. The question we address is: Which of two prescribed fire treatment regimes, fuels reduction or patch mosaic burning, reduces fire hazard most effectively? We address the question using computer simulation modeling on synthetic landscapes representing both fire regime treatments. Treatment scale was important. Among fuel reduction treatments, large blocks burned less area than small blocks. For the mosaic treatments, small blocks reduced fire size the most (out of all treatments) and had the least variance in area burned. It is possible to reduce fire hazard and to provide heterogeneous age fuels structure on the landscape, simultaneously benefiting humans and many native fire-dependent species requiring mosaic habitat patterns.
Contemporary Model‐Free Methods for Linkage Analysis

Model-free linkage methods are based on identifying regions of the genome in which patterns of allele sharing among family members correspond to patterns of phenotype correlation among family members. Two general classes of model-free linkage methods are discussed in this chapter, relative pair methods designed primarily for analysis of discrete traits and variance component methods designed primarily for analysis of quantitative traits. These methods have been used to identify numerous genes influencing complex human phenotypes and remain viable approaches to gene localization in the twenty-first century.
Vehicle Engine Aftertreatment System Simulation (VEASS) Model: Application to a Controls Design Strategy for Active Regeneration of a Catalyzed Particulate Filter

Heavy-duty diesel engine particulate matter (PM) emissions must be reduced from 0.1 to 0.01 grams per brake horsepower-hour by 2007 due to EPA regulations [1]. A catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) is used to capture PM in the exhaust stream, but as PM accumulates in the CPF, exhaust flow is restricted resulting in reduced horsepower and increased fuel consumption. PM must therefore be burned off, referred to as CPF regeneration. Unfortunately, nominal exhaust temperatures are not always high enough to cause stable self-regeneration when needed. One promising method for active CPF regeneration is to inject fuel into the exhaust stream upstream of an oxidation catalytic converter (OCC). The chemical energy released during the oxidation of the fuel in the OCC raises the exhaust temperature and allows regeneration. This approach facilitates active control of the regeneration process so that the CPF can be operated in a sufficiently clean state to maintain engine performance and fuel economy. Development of active regeneration control strategies is challenging since a balance must be struck between fuel consumption for the regeneration process, keeping backpressure low by burning off PM, and maintaining regeneration stability. This paper describes the development of a lumped parameter heavy-duty vehicle engine aftertreatment system simulation (VEASS) suitable for designing and evaluating the performance of CPF active regeneration control strategies. A candidate control strategy is also proposed and evaluated using this model calibrated to load cycle data for an International 9700 heavy-duty truck with a Cummins ISM 2002 diesel engine. The PM collected in the CPF is estimated from the pressure drop across the CPF. It was found that fuel injection for active regeneration should not be allowed to respond to high frequency components in the CPF pressure drop and the CPF exhaust inlet temperature. A filter-based approach is described for avoiding the negative effects of responding to the high frequency measurements. For the sample case study considered, the fuel penalty associated with CPF usage was reduced with higher PM loadings of the CPF, higher target temperatures at the inlet to the CPF and higher time constant of the low pass filter to the OCC inlet temperature. Also, different sized exhaust systems can be evaluated for active regeneration strategies using the VEASS model and a different sized CPF is simulated for illustration.
Metabolites of meperidine in the fetal and maternal serum

Abstract Although meperidine † †Other names used for this compound are pethidine and Demerol (Winthrop Labs., Division of Sterling Drug, Inc., New York, New York). appears to be the safest obstetric analgesic agent, it has been associated with infant respiratory depression in certain situations. It would appear that the incidence of fetal depression related to meperidine is dependent on the time of injection prior to delivery, the quantity of drug administered, and the rate of maternal metabolism of the analgesic. Previous work showed that meperidine is metabolized in the maternal system by one of three patterns. The present study demonstrates that the particular maternal serum pattern is characteristic for the individual, regardless of whether the patient is pregnant or not, and that the fetal depression, although usually mild, can be correlated with fetal pH data as well as Apgar scores. In addition, this study supports indirectly the contention that metabolites of meperidine rather than the parent compound cause fetal depression. It would appear, therefore, that in certain obstetric cases with a higher probability for infant depression, other analgesic agents might be considered, especially if the serum pattern indicates meperidine is being metabolized rapidly in the maternal system.
Long-Term Survival of Chondrocytes in an Osteochondral Articular Cartilage Allograft. A Case Report*

Repair of a localized defect in the articular cartilage with a fresh osteochondral shell allograft is an alternative in a young adult for whom non-operative treatment has failed and prosthetic arthroplasty or arthrodesis of the affected joint is not appropriate. At our institution, the lesions most commonly treated with this technique are traumatic osteochondral defects. Osteochondral allografts have not gained widespread acceptance, as the good results reported with their use have been based on small series with short-term follow-up from only a few centers2,6,9,12,17. This may be related to the lack of a sophisticated system for procuring donors, the lack of proved storage technology, the fear of transmitted disease, and uncertainty regarding a possible immune response to the allograft14,15. In addition, some tissue banks are reluctant to accept the liability for the dissemination of fresh tissue for a procedure that is not widely used. Yet another factor is the paucity of information on the survival and function of the allograft chondrocytes in humans. Despite the lack of substantive studies, a large number of younger patients in whom more accepted procedures have failed or who are not enthusiastic about the expected results of arthroscopic shaving or drilling of cartilaginous defects are being referred for osteochondral allografting. The present report describes the histological characteristics, viability of the chondrocytes, and biochemical changes in an osteochondral allograft specimen that had been in situ for ten years. It should be noted that the conclusion of this case report cannot be generalized. A twenty-eight-year-old man, who worked as a mail carrier, sustained an injury of the left knee while playing baseball. Shortly after the injury, an arthroscopic debridement was performed because of pain and swelling, and the patient was told that he …
Strategies toward improving the performance of fluorescence-based sensors for inorganic anions.

Two methods for improving signal transduction in simple fluorescence-based anion sensors utilizing resonance energy transfer or exciton delocalization method are described and their use in amplified anion sensing is demonstrated.
Evaluation of the Electrical Behavior of Polydisperse and Monodisperse Carbon Nanotube Networks

In order to fully realize the potential of single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks in organic electronic devices, it may be necessary to utilize monodisperse networks that leverage the homogeneity of the film to achieve optimal device performance. Therefore, the optoelectronic characteristics of SWNTs in homogeneous and heterogeneous electronic type compositions are evaluated in this report. In particular, sources of film to film conductivity variation and the effect of moderate and heavy charge carrier doping are elucidated. The electrical conductivity analysis is supported by corroborative optical absorption spectra and SWNT electronic band structure theory.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Extensions And Electro-Optical Implementation Of The Hogg And Huberman Neural Network Model

The neural net model introduced by Hogg and Huberman1/2 is examined and extended to include 2-dimensional inputs. Computer simulations of this model exhibit fault tolerant behavior in pattern recognition applications despite the local nature of the neural interconnectivity. This local interconnectivity, however, lends itself to VLSI and/or optical implementations. In this paper, previous work is reviewed and a mathematical characterization of the model is considered along with generalizations of the model to include the effects of changing the neuron computation functions. An electro-optical implementation of the 2-dimensional extension of the model will also be presented.
Experimental study of recompression reaction for low-load operation in direct-injection homogeneous charge compression ignition engines with n-heptane and i-octane fuels:

AbstractExperiments have been reported in the literature in which the low-load limit of a retention-mode HCCI engine operating on gasoline has been significantly extended by pre-processing of the fuel during negative valve overlap. This paper presents experimental studies in which this low-load-limit extension is demonstrated and characterized using simple, single-component hydrocarbon fuels with relatively well-known chemical kinetics. The model fuels were n-heptane and i-octane and this choice was made both because of the extensive work that has been undertaken to develop their chemical kinetic mechanisms and because these fuels span the range of ignitability that is likely to be of interest for HCCI engines.The experimental results reported here show that both fuels exhibit load extension to as low as 1 bar net indicated mean effective pressure when operated at high residual mass fractions, low equivalence ratios, and an appropriate choice of compression ratio (13 for n-heptane, 18 for i-octane). Near ...
Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient

I examined the distribution and abundance of bird species across an urban gradient, and concomitant changes in community structure, by censusing summer resident bird populations at six sites in Santa Clara County, California (all former oak woodlands). These sites represented a gradient of urban land use that ranged from relatively undisturbed to highly developed, and included a biological preserve, recreational area, golf course, residential neighborhood, office park, and business district. The composition of the bird community shifted from predominantly native species in the undisturbed area to invasive and exotic species in the business district. Species richness, Shannon diversity, and bird biomass peaked at moderately disturbed sites. One or more species reached maximal densities in each of the sites, and some species were restricted to a given site. The predevelopment bird species (assumed to be those found at the most undisturbed site) dropped out gradually as the sites became more urban. These patterns were significantly related to shifts in habitat structure that occurred along the gradient, as determined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using the environmental variables of percent land covered by pavement, buildings, lawn, grasslands, and trees or shrubs. I compared each formal site to four additional sites with similar levels of development within a two-county area to verify that the bird communities at the formal study sites were rep- resentative of their land use category.
Androgens, aging, and Alzheimer's disease.

Testoterone depletion is a normal consequence of aging in men that is associated with senescent effects in androgen-responsive tissues. We discuss new evidence that one consequence of testosterone depletion in men is an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we discuss two candidate mechanisms by which test osterone may affect AD pathogenesis. First, testosterone has been identified as an endogenous regulator of β-amyloid, a protein that abnormally accumulates in AD brain and is implicated as a causal factor in the disease. Second, findings from several different paradigms indicate that testosterone has both neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. These new findings support the clinical evaluation of androgen-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN AN IPD ENVIRONMENT

Integrated Product Development is a creative new way to produce quality products in a predetermined time within a set cost. The focus is on multifunctional teams working together and total integration of all products and processes (people, tools, and techniques). Within the team structure several potential pitfalls exist that can threaten the process. This paper suggests that two of the critical pitfalls involve (1) the project manager effectively executing new responsibilities that fall to him or her in the process and (2) the organization overcoming the difficulties of applying the systems engineering methodology to the products being developed by these concurrent teams.
Misalignment Effect Function for Oblique Rotation of a Teleoperations Viewpoint: Counterintuitive Predictions and Implications for Fitts' Law

The Misalignment Effect Function (MEF) describes the decrement in manual performance due to rotation between the users' visual display frame of reference and that of their manual control. A targeting process, called the Secant Rule is proposed to explain this function for rotation angles less than 65°. This rule describes data from three previous experiments without a need for hypothetical user mental rotation. Analysis of its three-dimensional generalization leads to an unexpected conclusion that difficulties due to rotational misalignment should get harder as the required movement is shorter. This prediction is confirmed, an approach for generalizing the analysis to larger rotations is considered, and a connection with Crossman and Goodeve's explanation of Fitts's Law is examined.
Strength of the antineutrino-proton neutral-current interaction

Using the Fermilab 15-foot hydrogen bubble chamber exposed to a broad-band $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}$ beam, we have studied the neutral-to-charged-current cross-section ratio $R$ for interactions on protons. The ratio ${R}^{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p}$ is found assuming various forms of the neutral-current couplings. The data are consistent with the predictions of the Weinberg-Salam model and, assuming this model, we obtain ${R}^{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}p}=0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$.
Are You in Tune? Are You Singing Your Song?

In this issue of General Music Today, several authors present ideas for finding and/or maintaining one’s voice as a music educator. Christine Hayes, in “Get Up, Stand Up,” shares her experiences of how she “stood up” for the children in her classrooms and her teaching career. Matthew Thibeault cautions readers to maintain the personal and communal aspect of making music in a world consumed with technology. Audrey Cardany reminds readers that music can serve as a “catalyst for success” and prompts us to “Just Sing. Sing a Song.” Sometimes within our classrooms we become so engrossed in the technical aspects of “making music” that the enjoyment of the music may become secondary or even lost. The same problem can occur with teaching and the accompanying bureaucracy of education—we become so consumed with “bureaucratic details” that we do not remember to enjoy teaching the students in our classrooms.
3-D or not 3-D

When developing mathematical models of physical phenomena, physical scientists have been limited to two-dimensional solutions. In some cases, those solutions may be qualitatively correct, but in many others, the solutions are far from reality. This paper presents three examples of the limitations of two-dimensional modeling :diffusion-limited electrolytic reduction of a liquidproduct from a liquid electrolyte, morphological development of a solid dendrite, and behavior of a two-phase fluid under shear.
Fabrication of micromechanically-modulated MgO magnetic tunnel junction sensors

We have developed a hybrid magnetoresistive (MR)-MEMS sensor based on the monolithic integration of magnetic thin films and SOI MEMS fabrication techniques. MgO magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) on bulk micromachined silicon structures form a hybrid sensing platform in which the MEMS structure is used to mechanically modulate the magnetic field signal detected by the MTJ. We demonstrate the modulation of DC magnetic field through the mechanical motion of the cantilever at resonance. This allows for the improved detection of small DC or low frequency magnetic signals modulated into the high frequency region where the 1/f noise is lower.
Moving from data to information

In order to make competent decisions, maintain excellent collections and provide patron‐centered services, digital libraries must pay attention to how they store, manipulate and reuse data. This paper examines three critical notions that address this need: data persistence, data warehousing, and data repurposing. Each of these topics is defined and examined, and examples are provided which correspond to those notions. These topics are harmonious in that they each exemplify a facet of data utilization that is central to digital content preservation, strategic planning and decision making as well as the provision of digital services, all of which are central to the mission of digital libraries and traditional libraries that increasingly deal with digital content.
Potential flows in general relativity: Some exact solutions

We present analytic solutions for the steady-state, subsonic flow of gas around various relativistic obstacles. The gas obeys a /ital P/=/rho/ adiabatic equation of state and the flow velocity can be arbitrarily close to the speed of light. The obstacles include spheres, shells, cylinders, wedges, and black holes. Some time-dependent solutions in curved spacetime are also described. The solutions may provide physical insight into more general flows and serve as benchmarks for testing multidimensional hydrodynamic codes in general relativity. They also have astrophysical applications to fluid flow past compact objects, star clusters, and cosmic strings.
Control of silicate nanocomposite morphology in binary fluids: Coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations

In situ polymerization is the most successful technique for thermoplastics and thermosets for the preparation of well-dispersed polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites with desirable mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The efficiency of this approach depends significantly on the polarity of the monomer and curing agent and the intermolecular interactions at the silicate surface. To explore the intermolecular interactions that influence morphology development on the mesoscale, large-scale coarse-grained models comprising a coherent stack of platelets immersed in a sea of binary fluids (representing the monomer and curing agent) have been used under isothermal isobaric conditions. The beads in the mixtures differ in their relative affinity for the silicate sheets. The simulation results indicate that completely intercalated structures can be obtained by the simple adjustment of the relative concentration of the binary fluid mixture and the pressure experienced by the nanocomposite. The generation of internal pressures associated with intercalation within a microcanonical (constant particle-volume-temperature, NVT) simulation has an impact on the observed processes. The isobaric (constant particle-pressure-temperature, NPT) ensemble is believed to more effectively represent the actual nonequilibrium intercalation process. Partial intercalation occurs at low concentrations of the component most strongly attracted to the sheets. Under select conditions, a steady increase of intercalated fluid beads indicates the initial stages of the formation of an exfoliated structure. Indeed, exfoliated structures have been observed in simulations of sheets with lower aspect ratios. A strong partitioning effect can be seen even for low concentrations of the attractive fluid.
Structural System Identification of Buildings by a Wave Method Based on a Nonuniform Timoshenko Beam Model

AbstractA nonuniform Timoshenko beam model of a building, with piecewise constant properties along the height, is presented, along with an algorithm for structural system identification from earthquake records. The model accounts for shear and flexural deformation, rotatory inertia, and variation of building properties with height. The model stiffness parameters are identified by matching (in the least-squares sense) propagating pulses in impulse response functions. To minimize the effects of soil–structure interaction, the fit is performed on a band excluding the fundamental mode of vibration. This algorithm is a new development in a wave method for structural health monitoring of buildings, intended for use in seismic alert systems to facilitate decision making on evacuation immediately after the earthquake, and for general condition monitoring. The model can also be used with an earthquake early warning system for quick linear response prediction to decide on safe shutdown of sensitive equipment in adv...
Theoretical and experimental study of bi-enzyme electrodes with substrate recycling

Abstract The range of analytes for which biosensors can be developed can be increased substantially by coupling multiple enzyme activities into reaction pathways. The sensitivity of the biosensors can also be increased (or amplified) dramatically by incorporating a substrate-recycling scheme. For low concentrations of substrate, this paper presents a theoretical model for a bi-enzyme biosensor that achieves signal amplification via substrate recycling. The bi-enzyme electrode was fabricated by co-immobilizing two enzymes: tyrosinase and NEST (neuropathy target esterase domain). The model was validated by assembling the bi-enzyme interface on a rotating disk electrode and measuring the biosensor’s response to phenyl valerate substrate under varying rotating speeds. The model can help quantify the influences of mass transport, partition coefficients, enzymes, and electron-transfer kinetics on the metrological characteristics of the bi-enzyme electrode. This information can help optimize the performance of biosensors that use substrate recycling.
Organic components in bulk and wet‐only precipitation

Data on the organic fraction of precipitation has been surveyed with respect to chemical speciation, bulk organic constituent determinations, sampling and storage techniques, and analytical methodologies. Investigations of the organic fraction have been carried out since the 1850s and were conducted for the purposes of monitoring ambient air pollution, geochemical nutrient cycling, and for the investigation of atmospheric processes of nucleation and washout. Despite the sustained interest in the organic chemistry of precipitation, no reports have presented a systematic evaluation of the concentration data, nor of the methods which have been utilized in the collection and identification of the organic components. This survey has been conducted in order to meet this need and also to provide recommendations based upon the assimilated data which will promote the comparability of subsequent research efforts.
Safe pulmonary resection after chemotherapy and high-dose thoracic radiation.

Abstract Background . Pulmonary resection after high-dose thoracic irradiation is reported to be associated with a high morbidity and mortality, and has been considered to be prohibitive. Methods . We report safe pulmonary resection in 19 consecutive patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy that included greater than 59 Gy thoracic radiation. The mean thoracic radiation dose was 61.8 Gy (range 59.5–66.5) and mean age was 52 years (range 36–72 years). Cell type was adenocarcinoma (6), squamous (7), and other non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (6). Sixteen of 19 patients received concurrent chemotherapy. Median time from end of treatment to surgical resection was 89 days (range 22–258 days). Surgical resection included 13 lobectomies and six pneumonectomies (four right, two left). Results . A complete pathologic response was seen in 8 of 19 (42%) patients. Three patients required intraoperative transfusion of blood. Mean intensive care unit stay was 2.0 days (range 1–8 days), and mean length of stay (LOS) was 8.0 days (range 3–18 days). There were four postoperative complications; one bronchopulmonary fistula, one subarachnoid-pleural fistula, and 2 patients with prolonged atelectasis. There was no incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or operative mortality. Conclusions . Pulmonary resection, including pneumonectomy, after chemotherapy and high-dose thoracic radiation may be performed safely with a low rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications.
Deletion mapping analyses indicate that epitopes for monoclonal antibodies to the NS phosphoprotein of VSV are linear and clustered

Abstract Thirteen distinct monoclonal antibodies to the 30-kDa NS phosphoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus were isolated and assayed by Western blot analysis and immune precipitation reactions. Epitopes recognized by the antibodies were mapped by immune precipitation of NS deletion proteins synthesized in vitro from five cloned NS gene constructs. None of the epitopes recognized by the 13 antibodies could be mapped to the phosphorylated amino-terminal half of the NS protein. Twelve of the antibodies recognized epitopes located within the carboxy-terminal 142 amino acids of the protein. The great majority of epitopes appeared to consist of a linear array of amino acids.
Once-daily radiotherapy to ≥59.4 Gy versus twice-daily radiotherapy to ≥45.0 Gy with concurrent chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a comparative analysis of toxicities and outcomes

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare toxicities, disease control, survival outcomes, and patterns of failure between groups of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer patients treated with once-daily versus twice-daily radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy.
Parametric study of variable slope design for a multiple layered open pit

ABSTRACT A quantitative assessment of the stability of an open pit slope is clearly important when a judgment is needed about whether the slope is stable or not, and decisions are to be made as a consequence. This study describes a deterministic stability analysis together with a sensitivity analysis of variable slopes of an open pit with different layers subjected to planar failure. This approach is a combination of circular failure method and planar failure method, in which the strength parameters are based on Mohr - Coulomb criterion or derived from the rock mass classification (RMR) system and applied to the Hoek and Brown rock failure criterion. A computer program has been developed to analyze the stability of slopes. The results of the analysis are presented as plots of factor of safety (FS) with potential failure angle ai, in which the stability of the slopes can be determined. It is expected that the optimum parameters FS = f(αi βi, γi, Hi Hwi, Ciand φirpar; could be used in the design of a multip...
Questioning the age of the Moorhead Phase in the glacial Lake Agassiz basin

Abstract The stratigraphy of sites within the Lake Agassiz basin that constrain the timing of the onset of the Moorhead low-water Phase is reexamined. Stratigraphic interpretation of the oldest date (10,960 14 C yr BP) from cross-bedded sand of the Ojata Beach is questioned, particularly in light of demonstrated long-distance transport and reworking of older organic material from elsewhere in the basin. A maximum onset age for the Moorhead Phase is suggested from a 10,675±60 14 C yr BP age from wood in gravel from the base of the southern outlet, whereas radiocarbon dates from in situ peat indicate a later minimum onset age of 10,340±100 14 C BP.
Ontogeny of feeding behavior and cranial morphology in the whitespotted bambooshark Chiloscyllium plagiosum

Morphological and behavioral development of the feeding apparatus over early ontogeny can profoundly affect the ability of an organism to obtain nourishment, ultimately impacting survival. The interplay between morphology and behavior over the first year of life was studied in the whitespotted bambooshark Chiloscyllium plagiosum (Bennett 1830) beginning in March of 2002 using high-speed videography and dissection. Externally measured variables describing cranial growth, and jaw weight, scaled at or near isometry while jaw and hyoid musculature, especially the coracohyoideus, demonstrated considerable hypertrophication. The difference between the volume of the buccal cavity when open and closed scaled with substantial positive allometry while the time to reach maximum jaw and hyoid abduction exhibited weak allometry, resulting in the capacity for more rapid and greater volumetric intake during feeding. In addition, the relative forward motion of the predator during a strike decreased over ontogeny and the feeding modality became more suction-dominated. Kinematic variables exhibited little variability and the primary aspect of food capture that was modulated in response to food type was the forward motion of the predator. An increase in capture success was noted for live, elusive shrimp over ontogeny indicating that morphological and behavioral changes have direct consequences for prey acquisition. Conservation of head shape coupled with a narrow behavioral repertoire is hypothesized to increase prey capture success in the wild over ontogeny as individuals become more proficient in the execution of a single, low-variability, suction-dominated capture behavior.
Hemophilia in negroes

Summary 1. Three cases of hemophilia in negroes are reported, and in two of them the genealogic charts are fairly typical. 2. Blood coagulant extract from the placenta was tried in two cases, with apparent good results in one case. 3. Theelin therapy was followed by improvement in one case.
National security challenges and competition for India: Defence and space R&D in a strategic context

Abstract Over the past decade, India has emerged as a major power in the evolving international power matrix of the twenty-first century. India's sustained techno-economic progress, combined with its performance in the areas of strategic technology and information-communication technology, have catapulted the country to the status of a global technology player and a strong candidate for inclusion among the top world powers, in the near future. The role of technology in India's transformation has been significant. Sustaining this momentum and achieving numerous national objectives in an atmosphere of changing security dynamics, will be the real challenge. This paper presents a technology perspective of the security concerns and challenges for India, in the complex international environment of simultaneous competition and cooperation.
Enhancement of cartilage protease activity during age and growth hormone-dependent growth.

Abstract We wish to report an intriguing relationship between cartilage protease activity and rat growth rate. This was demonstrated by comparing protease activities of rats having different growth rates, i.e., normal rats of different ages, hypophysectomized and growth hormone-treated hypophysectomized rats. Protease activity, assessed by hydrolysis of a gelatin film by cartilage microtome slices, at pH 4.0, was time and temperature dependent. Preincubation of cartilage tissue at various temperatures resulted in an increase of protease activity from 4°C to 37°C and a decrease in activity from 37°C to 100°C. The activity of younger (4 week old) more rapidly growing rats, was greater than that of older, less rapidly growing animals. Hypophysectomy reduced protease activity to approximately one-third normal levels. However, injection of bovine growth hormone into hypophysectomized rats restored the activity. These results suggest that a positive correlation exists between cartilage protease activity and growth rate. Our results support the novel hypothesis that cartilage growth could be mediated, at least in part, via growth hormone-dependent proteolytic activity.
Dispersion behavior in physisorbed Xe on KCl

Abstract Inelastic He atom scattering has shown, that for monolayer Xe physisorbed on various metal surfaces no dispersion was observed. Unlike Xe on metals, dispersion behavior has been detected for the first time for Xe adsorbed on KCl. The difference is thought to arise from the much larger latteral variation of potential energy, i.e. the corrugation, for Xe on KCl.
Modulation by mu opioid antagonism of sleep and respiration in neonatal swine.

Abstract Young (3–13 days) and older (26–34 days) piglets were instrumented aseptically for chronic recording of sleep/wake states (biparietal electrocorticogram, horizontal and vertical electrooculogram, submental muscle electromyogram (EMG)), heart rate, arterial pressure, pH and gas tensions, posterior cricoarytenoid and diaphragmatic EMG (EMGpea, EMGdi). After recovery from surgery, piglets underwent 1 h daily recordings for 5 consecutive days. Experimental sessions comprised control periods followed by study periods with CTOP (10–40 μg/kg i.v.), a somatostatin analogue with mu opioid antagonistic activity. In the young group, CTOP decreased percent time spent in active sleep (AS), increased heart rate during wakefulness, increased breathing frequency during transitional and quiet sleep (TS, QS) and decreased the duration of EMGdi activity during TS, QS and AS. In the older group, CTOP decreased the duration of EMGdi activity during QS. Changes in cardiorespiratory functions with age simulated those reported previously (Scott et al. (1990) Respir. Physiol. 80: 83–102). We conclude that, in early neonatal life, the mu opioid system influences both sleep pattern and respiratory timing, and that this influence diminishes with postnatal age.
Calculation of dispersion coefficients by means of moments

The problem of evaluating the coefficient of dispersion in a general linear two-component chromatographic system is equivalent to a steady state source problem in multidimensional Euclidean space. The equivalence of the two physical problems provides an intuitive insight into the contributions of different transport processes to dispersion. For a wide class of systems the dispersion coefficient can be expressed as the maximum of a functional. This can be utilized in the numerical evaluation of dispersion coefficients and in the application of perturbation techniques.
Immunologic predictors of HIV-related survival among Texas prison inmates.

Research indicates that being incarcerated adversely affects overall health status. Because HIV-infection is a growing problem among the U.S. prison population, understanding how incarceration affects HIV-related survival holds particular clinical and public health relevance. Moreover, while the prognostic roles of CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte count have been well documented in noninstitutionalized populations, little is known about how these factors operate to predict survival among prison populations. The present study examined immunologic determinants of HIV-related survival in a cohort of 752 Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) inmates who were treated for HIV/AIDS between 1993 and 1996 at a large southwestern medical center. Survival analysis using proportional hazards modeling showed that: (1) the prognostic role of CD4 count among inmates was similar to previous findings among nonincarcerated populations; (2) the prognostic role of CD8 count was slightly weaker than that previously reported for n...
Effect of residual water in silica glass on static fatigue

Abstract Static fatigue of water-soaked silica glasses was investigated in formamide after various heat treatments. It was found that the fatigue resistance increased with increasing heat treatment temperature. Water concentration profile near the surface of the similarly treated silica glass was obtained from infrared spectra of successively etched sample. The increasing fatigue resistance of specimens heat treated at higher temperature was attributed to the reduced amount of residual water in the glass surface and the consequent increase in crack initiation stress.
“Locas,” Respect, and Masculinity Gender Conformity in Migrant Puerto Rican Gay Masculinities

In this article, I explore how masculinity and gender nonconformity are viewed by 37 migrant Puerto Rican gay men who had been raised in Puerto Rico and migrated Stateside as adults. Most of these migrant men note the importance of masculinity in their development and interactions with others, particularly other men. They resist identification of themselves as effeminate and distance themselves from locas (effeminate gay men). They associate locas with overt homosexuality, disrespect, and marginality. I argue that migrant Puerto Rican gay masculinities are maintained within the precept of hegemonic masculinity through various social mechanisms, including a gendered construction of male homosexuality; the connection of social and interpersonal respect with masculinity; the socially allowable and pervasive ridicule and punishment of male femininity; and marginalization based on multiple social statuses. Through these interconnected social mechanisms, heteronormative perspectives on gender, gender binaries, ...
Tricuspid Annular Motion

Triscupid annular motion is related to right ventricular systolic function in the same way mitral annulus motion is related to left ventricular function. Tricuspid annular excursion reflects the longitudinal motion of the right ventricle, and the systolic descent of the anulus correlates with systolic venous inflow to the right atrium. However, it has not been shown clearly how to reproducibly quantify this motion. Therefore we describe a method to measure triscuspid annular motion using two-dimensional oriented M-mode echocardiography from the apical view. We studied a group of 10 normal subjects (mean age, 28.7 years; range, 25 to 38 years) and a group of 29 patients (mean age, 57.2 years; range, 20 to 84 years) with disease of the left side of the heart but no evidence of involvement of the right side of the heart. In each subject, tricuspid and mitral annular motion were measured respectively at their lateral, septal or medial, anterior, and posterior margin points. The total tricuspid annular motion for normal subjects was, as follows; lateral, 24.9 ± 3.5 mm; medial, 20.1 ± 2.5 mm; anterior, 21.6 ± 3.8 mm; and posterior, 22.3 ± 2.3 mm. Interobserver and intraobserver variability was low, with a coefficient of variance for the different annular points ranging from 6.19% to 11.56% between observers and from 4.10% to 7.26% within observer. We conclude that it is possible to measure tricuspid annular motion with this method in a reproducible way and to use it as a diagnostic tool in evaluating function of the right side of the heart.
Resolution and legibility: A comparison of TFT-LCDs and CRTs

— The visual performance of TFT-LCDs and CRT displays with different pixel densities were measured using task-oriented tests and subjective measures of visual comfort and preferences. The effect of resolution on displayed letter legibility was measured. The legibility of letters increases with increasing pixel resolution. At a viewing distance of 50 cm, no significant differences were obtained in letter-counting rates of capital letters 24 arcmin high, or reading rates of mixed-case letters with 16 arcmin x-height. In a second study for small letters, differences in letter-counting and reading speeds were obtained for the different display conditions. For capital letters about 1.5 mm high, the letter-counting speed was about 6% faster for a 157-ppi TFT-LCD than for a CRT. On 83-ppi TFT-LCD, letters this small could not be adequately rendered and were unrecognized. At a 50-cm viewing distance, some subject preference and improved visual comfort was obtained for the high-resolution TFTLCD.
Transverse instability of a backward waves and relevant control parameters for self-pumped cat phase-conjugate mirrors

Pattern instability and dynamics of a backward wave are studied in two BaTiO3 cat phase conjugators. Unstable patterns are obtained for small incident angles, positions, or both of an input beam. The corresponding fanning loops make angles with the input beam greater than 20 deg. The transverse dynamics is affected by both the incident angle and the position but is not sensitive to the power of the input beam or the number density of charge carriers. Constraints on the fanning loops set by control parameters are discussed, and a phenomenological explanation for transverse dynamics is presented, which is in agreement with experimental data.
MERLIN: semi-order-independent hierarchical buffered routing tree generation using local neighborhood search

This paper presents a solution to the problem of performance-driven buffered routing tree generation in electronic circuits. Using a novel bottom-up construction algorithm and a local neighborhood search strategy, this method finds the best solution of the problem in an exponential size solution subspace in polynomial time. The output is a hierarchical buffered rectilinear Steiner routing tree that connects the driver of a net to its sink nodes. The two variants of the problem, i.e. maximizing the driver required time subject to a total buffer area constraint and minimizing the total buffer area subject to a minimum driver required time constraint, are handled by propagating three-dimensional solution curves during the construction phase. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of this technique compared to the other solutions for this problem.
TU‐E‐BRD‐01: Fluoroscopic Lung Tumor Tracking Without Implanted Fiducial Markers

Accurate lungtumor tracking in real time is a crucial for image‐guidedradiotherapy of lungcancers. Existing lungtumor tracking approaches can be roughly grouped into three categories: (1) deriving tumor position from external surrogates; (2) tracking implanted fiducial markers fluoroscopically or electromagnetically; (3) fluoroscopically tracking lungtumor without implanted fiducial markers. The first approach suffers from insufficient accuracy, while the second may not be widely accepted due to the risk of pneumothorax. We have been developing various algorithms that facilitate the fluoroscopic lungtumor tracking without implanted fiducial markers. The talk will summarize what we have done and then discuss what we plan to do. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the significance of and difficulty for real‐time localization of lungtumor 2. Understand various methods developed for markerless lungtumor tracking Conflict of Interest: The research presented here is partially supported by Varian Medical Systems.
Molecular biology and electrophysiology of calcium-activated potassium channels from lens epithelium.

PURPOSE. We structurally and functionally characterized the a and s subunits of the human lens epithelium Ca ++ -activated potassium channel (BK). METHODS. The two subunits were sequenced following RT-PCR with multiple primer pairs. The subunits were cloned using a PCR approach and were expressed in tsA-201 cells for patch clamp recording. Green fluorescence protein-channel subunit fusion proteins were characterized by patch clamping and were imaged by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS. Alpha subunits alone make a large single-channel conductance, potassium-selective channel with modest Ca ++ sensitivity. Beta subunits alone make no channel but, when coexpressed with the a subunit, make a channel with increased Ca ++ sensitivity, although still less than for natural channels of this type. GFP-BK subunit fusion proteins continue to function and result in a fluorescing channel, which can be localized by fluorescence microscopy. The a subunit codes for a "minimal" BK channel in that none of its potential alte...
Contrast In Time-Integration Optical Processing

The problem of bias buildup in time-integration image processing is assessed. Numerical studies are presented that compare the results of the usual approach to interferometric time-integration processing with a proposed minimum-bias approach. It is concluded that the latter approach yields outputs of dynamic range adequate for many practical image processing situations.
Synthesis of tris(pyrazolyl)methanes of unprecedented complexity and functionality

Abstract In this paper we show that simple tris(pyrazolyl)methane (Tpm) ligands can be equilibrated with substituted pyrazoles to form new ‘mixed’ tris(pyrazolyl)methanes. The product ratio depends on the nature of the starting tris(pyrazolyl)methane, the nature of the substituted pyrazole, and the relative amounts of these two reagents. The method has been used to easily synthesize several new asymmetric and functionalized Tpm ligands.
On the distinction between peptidase activity and peptide transport

Abstract 1. 1. Mutants of a glycine-requiring strain of Escherichia coli have been isolated and used to show that active transport of peptides, and peptidase activity, are separable functions of the bacterial cell. 2. 2. One mutant, lacking the transport system for glycylglycine but processing the peptidase, grew well in media containing high levels of glycylglycine but failed to grow at low levels. 3. 3. Another mutant, lacking the peptidase but possessing the transport system, was unable to grow on glycylglycine supplied at high or low levels. In this mutant, intracellular glycylglycine reached as much as one hundred times the extracellular level. 4. 4. Studies of competition between peptides show that glycylglycine is carried by a transport system with broad specificity.