cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job Satisfaction and the Implementation of Program Change in Community Agencies

The following report presents the results of an investigation of the relationship between aspects of executive director job satisfaction and the implementation of program change in community welfare agencies. A number of studies have identified various sources of job satisfaction Wherry (1958) identified working conditions, financial rewards, supervision, management, and personal development reward factors. Among the factors of job satisfactions derived in a study by Roach (1958) were pride in company, attitudes toward supervision,satisfaction with development and progress, and satisfaction with workload and pressure.
Towards a better understanding of software evolution: an empirical study on open-source software

Software evolution is a fact of life. Over the past 30years, researchers have proposed hypotheses on how software changes and provided evidence that both supports and refutes these hypotheses. To paint a clearer image of the software evolution process, we performed an empirical study on long spans in the lifetime of nine open-source projects. Our analysis covers 705 official releases and a combined 108years of evolution. We first tried to confirm Lehman's eight laws of software evolution on these projects using statistical hypothesis testing. Our findings indicate that only the laws of continuing change and continuing growth are confirmed for all programs, whereas the other six laws are violated by some programs, or can be both confirmed and invalidated, depending on the laws' operational definitions. Second, we analyze the growth rate for projects' development and maintenance branches, and the distribution of software changes. We find similarities in the evolution patterns of the programs we studied, which brings us closer to constructing rigorous models for software evolution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precursor-product relationship between rabbit type II cell lamellar bodies and alveolar surface-active material: Surfactant turnover time☆

Abstract To estimate the turnover time of alveolar surfactant in New Zealand white rabbits, we injected [9,10- 3 H]palmitic acid and [2- 14 C]glycerol intravenously. From 1–48 h after injection, we killed the animals, lavaged the lungs for alveolar surfactant with saline, and isolated the lamellar bodies by homogenization and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Lamellar bodies and alveolar surfactant had comparable phospholipid composition and surface activity. Lamellar bodies contained little DNA, no mitochondrial enzyme activity and less than 5% contaminating phospholipids from microsomal and Golgi-enriched fractions. We measured radioactivity of phosphatidylcholine, saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol for each isotope in lamellar bodies and surfactant at each time point. The plot of the integral with respect to time of the difference between lamellar body and surfactant specific activity against surfactant specific activity has a slope determined by the turnover time, and a shape which tests the precision of the precursor-product relationship. This analysis does not assume a pulse label and allows for possible recycling of tracer from surfactant to lamellar bodies. We obtained turnover times of 4–11 h. We detected an imprecise precursor-product relationship between lamellar bodies and alveolar surfactant, which is not due to experimental variability or to contamination of lamellar bodies by other subcellular fractions but may reflect imperfect mixing within surfactant compartments.
Dynamics and Structure of the Adolescent’s Personality

We are approaching the end of our study. We began with a review of the changes that occur in the structure of the organism and its most important functions during the period of sexual maturation. We were able to trace the complete restructuring of the whole internal and external system of activity of the organism, the radical change in its structure and the new structure of organic activity that is connected with sexual maturation. Tracing many stages, passing from drives to interests, from interests to mental functions, and from these to the content of thinking and to creative imagination, we have seen how the new structure of the adolescent’s personality, which differs from the structure of the child’s personality, is formed.
The GENESYS model of OPEC, 1974–1980: Structural insights from a non-forecasting model

Abstract The GENESYS model of OPEC seeks to gauge the strenght and direction of the implications of short-term pricing motivation in the organization. As it does not include all of the complex motivations of realistic OPEC pricing - notably the Saudi Arabian long-term interest in keeping prices below levels at which energy good substitution would occur - the model is not capable of forecasting actual prices. It is used, rather, to derive structural insights into the cartel and implied stresses under the assumption that most rivals are driven by short-run factors.
Experimental Measurements of Energy Augmentation for Mechanical Circulatory Assistance in a Patient-Specific Fontan Model

A mechanical blood pump specifically designed to increase pressure in the great veins would improve hemodynamic stability in adolescent and adult Fontan patients having dysfunctional cavopulmonary circulation. This study investigates the impact of axial-flow blood pumps on pressure, flow rate, and energy augmentation in the total cavopulmonary circulation (TCPC) using a patient-specific Fontan model. The experiments were conducted for three mechanical support configurations, which included an axial-flow impeller alone in the inferior vena cava (IVC) and an impeller with one of two different protective stent designs. All of the pump configurations led to an increase in pressure generation and flow in the Fontan circuit. The increase in IVC flow was found to augment pulmonary arterial flow, having only a small impact on the pressure and flow in the superior vena cava (SVC). Retrograde flow was neither observed nor measured from the TCPC junction into the SVC. All of the pump configurations enhanced the rate of power gain of the cavopulmonary circulation by adding energy and rotational force to the fluid flow. We measured an enhancement of forward flow into the TCPC junction, reduction in IVC pressure, and only minimally increased pulmonary arterial pressure under conditions of pump support.
The effect of glucocorticoids on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in mouse fibroblasts growing in vitro.

Abstract Glucocorticoids which depress the rate of growth of mouse fibroblasts in vitro decrease the rate of thymidine and uridine incorporation into macromolecular material. The effect is seen as early as 6 hours after addition of the steroid to the culture medium, and concentrations of steroids as low as 10-9 m (6α,9α-difluoro-11β, 16α, 17α, 21-tetrahydroxy-1, 4-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione 16,17-acetonide) to 10-7 m (cortisol) are effective. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis is depressed earlier and to a greater degree than ribonucleic acid synthesis. Protein synthesis is not depressed within the first 24 hours after steroid addition. The locus of the biochemical effect of the steroid seems to be at the stage of the DNA-dependent polymerization of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates into DNA.
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is common in many conditions in the intensive care unit. These clinical conditions include myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemia, stroke, solid organ transplantation, soft tissue flaps, extremity reimplantation, trauma, shock, or any other condition associated with low cardiac output or scarce oxygen utilization. While ischemia itself causes tissue damage, reperfusion may exacerbate this damage by inducing an inflammatory response and further contributing to tissue injury. Protection of tissues against injury by ischemia and reperfusion is, therefore, an issue of utmost clinical interest. This chapter provides a critical and comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to ischemia and reperfusion injury.
Doctrine and Deep Questions

This brief essay responds to Brannon P. Denning & Michael B. Kent, Anti-Evasion Doctrines in Constitutional Law, 2012 UTAH L. REV. 1773. I assess Denning and Kent’s contribution to the growing metadoctrinal strand of constitutional theory and their contention that Anti-Evasion Doctrines—doctrinal rules, tests, and standards that help courts implement constitutional norms in concrete cases by patching up gaps in previously announced implementing doctrines—are a conceptually distinct category of constitutional decision rule. While I conclude that this claim is questionable, I also argue that Denning and Kent’s contribution to metadoctrinal theory is nevertheless significant: They identify a previously understudied set of reasons that bear on the process of doctrinal formulation. These anticircumvention considerations—considerations of the extent to which existing constitutional doctrines fail to capture some set of constitutional violations—are relevant in a broad array of doctrinal contexts and understanding them adds to our general account of how courts formulate constitutional doctrine.
XMRV, Q fever and other emerging infections: impact on management of blood safety

As a result of continuous improvement efforts, the blood supply is now extremely safe. However, emerging infections offer a real or potential challenge to such safety. Since 2003, two new tests have been implemented in the United States in order to reduce the risk of transfusion transmission of West Nile virus and Trypanosoma cruzi. In addition, Babesia microti and dengue viruses are considered to be high-priority threats. Q fever outbreaks in the Netherlands illustrate a localized threat that has been assessed and managed through human and agricultural public health measures and by selective testing of blood donors. The recently recognized gammaretrovirus XMRV has generated scientific and social controversy and illustrates a number of problems in managing blood safety policy.
Snapshot: painters and photography, Bonnard to Vuillard

This lavishly illustrated catalog accompanied a traveling exhibit (2011–2012) hosted by the Van Gogh Museum (Amsterdam); the Phillips Collection (Washington DC), and the Indianapolis Museum of Art....
Introduction: Using Data to Drive Change and Improvement: The Legacy of Florence Nightingale

This introduction summarizes the legacy of Florence Nightingale’s important work as a leader of nursing on modern day nursing, evidence-based practice, and health care administration. The relevance of Florence Nightingale’s teachings to the care of children and adults with pediatric heart disease is highlighted.
Anomalous Mitral Arcade: Echocardiographic and Angiographic Recognition

A patient with sudden onset of hemiplegia was noted to have an anomalous mitral arcade at cardiac surgery. Echocardiographic and angiographic data are correlated with the anatomic findings. The clinical significance of this anomaly is discussed.
Exploring sources of magnetospheric plasma using multispecies MHD

[1] A persistent, unresolved problem in terrestrial magnetospheric physics is determining the dominant source and associated entry mechanism for plasma in the Earth's magnetosphere. This study uses the multispecies MHD code, Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind Roe-Type Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US), to investigate this issue. Two proton species, ionospheric origin and solar wind origin, are defined in the system and the evolution of each population is followed under different idealized solar wind conditions. It is found that during southward oriented interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the dominant source is ionospheric plasma entering deep down tail through reconnecting field lines. During northward IMF, the dominant source is solar wind plasma entering through the flanks of the magnetosphere. This two-mode behavior is tested through data-model comparisons of real world simulations. Comparisons of model results against Los Alamos National Laboratory Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer density, pressure, and inferred oxygen content support the conclusions of the idealized results.
Analysis of CD36 binding domains: ligand specificity controlled by dephosphorylation of an ectodomain

The protein CD36 is a membrane receptor for thrombospondin (TSP), malaria-infected erythrocytes, and collagen. Three functional sequences were identified within a single disulfide loop of CD36: one that mediates TSP binding (amino acids 87 to 99) and two that support malarial cytoadhesion (amino acids 8 to 21 and 97 to 110). One of these peptides (p87-99) is a consensus protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site. Dephosphorylation of constitutively phosphorylated CD36 in resting platelets and a megakaryocytic cell line led to the loss of collagen adhesion and platelet reactivity to collagen, with a reciprocal increase in TSP binding. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of this ectodomain resulted in a loss of TSP binding and the reciprocal acquisition of collagen binding. In site-directed mutagenesis studies, when the threonine phosphorylation site was changed to alanine, CD36 was expressed in a dephosphorylated state and bound to TSP constitutively.
An interface crack between an orthotropic thin film and substrate

This work is concerned with a semi-infinite interface crack between a thin film and a substrate. The two materials are assumed to be linearly elastic and orthotropic. A solution is presented for the stress field due to an edge dislocation on the interface which is valid for any combinations of material parameters. It is found that the behavior of such a bi-material system is governed by 6 independent material parameters. The stress intensity factor is computed for general edge loadings by solving integral equations numerically, and the size of the K-dominant zone is also studied for a residually stressed thin film. The situations in which the K-field zone of dominance is very small are identified and discussed.
Mach's phenomenalism and the British reception of Mendelism.

Abstract The assimilation of Mendel’s paper into Britain took place in an Edwardian social context. This paper concentrates on the interplay of empirical and philosophical issues in this reception. A feature of the British reception of mendelism, not duplicated elsewhere, was the role of phenomenalist philosophies of science as developed by the physicist–mathematician and scientific methodologist Karl Pearson from the philosophical positions of Austrian physicist Ernst Mach and British mathematician William Clifford. Pearson’s philosophy of science forms the background to his subsequent collaboration with the zoologist W.F.R. Weldon. In this collaborative work, Pearson developed powerful statistical techniques for analyzing Weldon’s empirical data on organic variation. Pearson’s statistical analysis of causation and his rejection of hidden entities and causes in the explanation of evolutionary change formed the philosophical component of this program. The arguments of Pearson and Weldon were first brought to bear against the pre-Mendel ‘discontinuist’ analyses of variation of William Bateson. The introduction of Mendel’s paper into these empirical and methodological debates consequently resulted in mathematically sophisticated attacks on Mendel’s claims by Pearson and Weldon. This paper summarizes this history and argues for the creative importance of this biometrical resistance to Mendelism.
Odd-Parity Topological Superconductors: Theory and Application to CuxBi2Se3

Topological superconductors have a full pairing gap in the bulk and gapless surface Andreev bound states. In this Letter, we provide a sufficient criterion for realizing time-reversal-invariant topological superconductors in centrosymmetric superconductors with odd-parity pairing. We next study the pairing symmetry of the newly discovered superconductor ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ within a two-orbital model, and find that a novel spin-triplet pairing with odd parity is favored by strong spin-orbit coupling. Based on our criterion, we propose that ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ is a good candidate for a topological superconductor. We close by discussing experimental signatures of this new topological phase.
The Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Local-Regional Treatment of Breast Cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) is the standard of care for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and a reasonable alternative to adjuvant chemotherapy for those with large operable disease. Potential clinical advantages with neoadjuvant chemotherapy include the conversion of some patients requiring mastectomy to candidates for breast conserving surgery, the potential for down-staging axillary nodes, and thus, reducing the extent of axillary surgery and the ability to correlate clinical and pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with improved long-term outcomes. Several unique local-regional therapy issues have emerged in patients who are candidates for NC. These relate to the appropriate surgical management of primary breast tumors and axillary lymph nodes as well as the optimal use of radiotherapy in this setting. Additional important issues include the accurate assessment of the location and extent of the primary breast tumor and axillary nodes before, during and after NC since this affects the execution and outcomes of local-regional therapy. In the years to come, the development of more active neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens and novel molecular and imaging techniques, will undoubtedly lead to further individualization of breast cancer local-regional management.
8-Aminoquinolines as anticoccidials — II

During a chemistry program aimed at finding a novel analogue of pentaquine with improved in vivo activity, a number of hypotheses concerning the way this drug acts in the chicken were investigated. Consideration of the products of monoamine oxidase metabolism of pentaquine suggested that pentaquine aldehyde is the likely active metabolite. Although isolation of this unstable compound was not possible, oxime and cyclic acetal and ketal derivatives were obtained and shown to possess in vitro anticoccidial activity.
MUMPS: second decade design considerations.

Abstract MUMPS was designed more than a decade ago to provide interactive data management capabilities on small-scale computers. As a result of developments and trends in system architecture, hardware costs and software capabilities since that time, a re-evaluation of the initial design criteria is now warranted. Language enrichment, compilation and/or preprocessing, and functional integration into general purpose environments are the major characteristics to be expected in the evolution of MUMPS systems.
The Breakdown of Atoms at High Pressures

Thermodynamic evidence supports the experimental suggestion of a previous paper that at ordinary temperatures sufficiently high pressures are capable of breaking down the quantum structure of atoms, reducing matter to an electrical gas of electrons and protons. We may, therefore look for atomic dissociation under two sorts of conditions: high temperatures and comparatively low pressures, such as we have in the stellar atmospheres, and high pressures and comparatively low temperatures, which we may surmize we have in the interiors of stars, possibly in stars like the sun, and almost certainly in stars of the enormous density of the dark Sirius type. The possibility of two sorts of dissociation, together with the more rapid increase of pressure than density when the diameter of a star is reduced, offers the possibility of a critical condition determining whether a star is of the dark Sirius type or not.
Flying under the radar: the new wave of BCR–ABL inhibitors

The introduction of the BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec; Novartis) revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). However, most patients with CML receiving imatinib still harbour molecular residual disease and some develop resistance associated with ABL kinase domain mutations. The second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors nilotinib (Tasigna; Novartis) and dasatinib (Sprycel; Bristol-Myers Squibb) have shown significant activity after imatinib failure in clinical trials, but still face similar obstacles to imatinib, including negligible activity against the frequent BCR-ABL T315I mutation and modest effects in advanced phases of CML. Various medicinal chemistry efforts, in part aided by structural studies of the ABL kinase-imatinib complex have resulted in the synthesis of a new generation of BCR-ABL inhibitors, some of which have shown encouraging preliminary activity in clinical trials, including against T315I mutants. Here, we discuss these emerging therapies, which have the potential to improve the outcome of patients with CML.
Scholarly contributions of required senior research projects in a doctor of pharmacy curriculum.

Objective. To determine dissemination outcomes and faculty perceptions of senior research projects conducted from 2008 to 2011 by PharmD students in a curricular pathway focused on direct patient care.Methods. Preceptors’ reported dissemination outcomes of research projects were surveyed and their perceptions of the precepting experience were rated using a web-based survey. Results were compared to those from an earlier pharmaceutical care cohort (2002-2007) and a combined cohort of 2, more research-intensive curricular pathways at the school.Results. The overall response rate was 90.2%. Project dissemination included 61.3% at an institutional forum, 42.3% as a submitted publication, 37.8% as a poster, and 4.5% as an oral presentation. Projects completed from 2008-2011 were significantly more likely than those from 2002-2007 to be submitted for publication (42.3% vs 10.7%, p<0.001) and published (28.8% vs 5.3%, p<0.001). Most preceptors found their research projects valuable to them professionally (88.3%)...
Detailed Deposystem Analysis of Reservoir Sandstones of Catskill Delta, North-Central West Virginia: ABSTRACT

Upper Devonian Hampshire and Lower Mississippian Pocono sandstones were correlated over a 370-mi2 area in north-central West Virginia using 400 gamma-ray logs. Isolith maps show the geometry, position, trend, and distribution pattern of the sandstones. Sandstone belts occur in north-south (strike) trends particularly in the western part (Lewis County), whereas east-west (dip) trending sandstone belts and dendroids generally occur in the eastern part (Upshur County) of the study area. The north-south-trending sandstone belts are interpreted as barrier islands, and their adjacent eastward facies consisting of some plant-rich black shales and thin sandstones are interpreted as lagoonal. Tidal inlets are associated with barrier islands along the strike trend. Sands probably were supplied to the ancient barrier islands by east-trending distributary channels that were affected by both tidal and fluvial processes. East-west cyclic shifting of the barrier islands and the north-south shifting of the feeder systems were strongly influenced by the paleotopography of the next lower sandstone unit. The nearly 5-mi (8-km) shoreline shift east-west within sand intervals (Fourth, Thirty-foot, Fifty-foot) of these shoreline sandstones probably resulted from combinations of changes in sea level, sediment supply, and differential compaction. The interpreted "feeder systems" of tidal and fluvial channels trending east-west indicate a history of distributaries shifting with time also. The Hampshire Formation and Pocono Group of north-central West Virginia are inter reted facies of coastal plain-nearshore environments in which marine-dominant deltas characterize the shoreline. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1443------------
Anatomy and physiology of the mineralized tissues: Role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis

Abstract Synovial joints are composed of several different kinds of tissue that interact to protect normal joint function. Three subchondral mineralized tissues can be identified–calcified cartilage, subchondral cortical bone, and subchondral trabecular bone–which are distinguished morphologically, physiologically, and mechanically. Each responds to mechanical and pharmaceutical stimuli in different ways through processes of growth, modeling, and remodeling, and changes in each may have a distinct effect on the health of the joint. It is important to distinguish between the structural properties of these tissues and their material properties as these change differently in osteoarthrosis (OA). It is likely that changes in the mineral content and thickness of the calcified cartilage play a greater role in the pathogenesis of OA than has been realized, whereas changes in trabecular bone are probably not causative. Changes in the subchondral cortical bone may accelerate progression of pre-existing disease, but the combined effects of increased subchondral bone turnover and greater subchondral bone volume are not at all clear. Ultimately, the efficacy of bone anti-resorptive therapies for OA will depend upon whether the increased structural stiffness of the subchondral mineralized tissues predisposes the cartilage to deteriorate, whether the increased bone turnover that occurs in OA is itself a causative factor, or whether the lower tissue elastic modulus offsets the increased structural stiffness of the subchondral plate in an attempt to protect the cartilage from damage.
Experimental collagen disease from hypersensitization to streptococcus toxin

Abstract 1.1. The work of previous investigators has suggested that sensitization to bacterial products may play an etiological role in the development of clinical collagenous diseases. Many factors, such as drugs, physical agents, and foreign proteins have been linked in the clinical and experimental production of collagenous disease. 2.2. The work of Rich and Gregory, in which sensitization to large doses of horse serum has produced the resulting widespread lesions of periarteritis nodosa and rheumatic carditis, is confirmed by us. 3.3. Our experiments with streptococcus toxin sensitization confirm the work of Robinson, but in addition, they show that this material may also produce the widespread lesions of collagenous disease in the rabbit.
Class Conflict, Slavery and the United States Constitution

Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Class Conflict: 2. Who should rule at home? Dutchess County, New York, in the American Revolution 3. The tenant rising at Livingston Manor, May 1777 4. The mechanics in New York politics, 1774-1785 5. A governing class on the defensive: the case of New York Part II. Slavery: 6. On Turner, Beard, and slavery 7. The abolitionist critique of the United States Constitution 8. The compromise of 1787 Part III. The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Historiography: 9. Abraham Yates's history of the movement for the United States Constitution 10. Beard, Jefferson, and the tree of Liberty Afterword Robin Einhorn.
Occurrence of a non-cellular suprazonary layer in embryos collected from prepuberal calves

Abstract Twenty Angus calves between 4 and 7 months of age were randomly assigned to one of two superovulation treatment groups. Group I consisted of ten calves which were injected intramuscularly with 50 mg of progesterone 4 and 2 days before injection with 1200 I.U. of PMSG followed 72 hrs later by 50 mg of LH given intravenously. Group II consisted of ten calves which were not injected with progesterone before receiving PMSG and LH as in Group I. Both groups of calves were inseminated by the rectal fixation method with two straws of frozen semen 72 hrs after PMSG injection and at subsequent 12 hr intervals for a total of four inseminations. All semen was extended from a single ejaculate from one bull. Embryos were recovered by surgery or slaughter 48 to 72 hrs following the last insemination. A total of 80 and 70 ovulations were recorded from treatment Group I and II, respectively. Recovery and fertilization rates were 66 and 57% following progesterone treatment and 67 and 51% in calves without progesterone pretreatment. Seventy-seven percent ( 23 30 ) of the fertilized embryos recovered in treatment Group I exhibited a suprazonary layer. This suprazonary layer appeared to be non-cellular on the basis of eosin-hematoxylin staining and ranged in thickness from 3 to 24 μm. All fertilized embryos in treatment Group II and unfertilized eggs in treatment Groups I and II, possessed completely smooth zonae pellucidae with no evidence of a suprazonary layer. These observations suggest that the conditions of the progesterone treated prepuberal tract, coupled with the process of sperm penetration of the oocyte, result in the formation of a non-cellular layer which surrounds the zona pellucida to varying degrees of thickness. The influence of this suprazonary layer on embryo viability in prepuberal calves remains to be determined.
The use of the cumulative rehearsal strategy: A developmental study

Abstract This study was designed to address two issues: (1) At what age do children spontaneously use a cumulative rehearsal strategy; and (2) What effect does the use of the strategy have on their performance? Twenty-eight children at each of five grade levels (nursery, kindergarten, 1, 3, and 5) were tested in a serial-position recall task. Stimuli were pictures of common objects and animals whose labels were one or two syllables in length. Following testing, the children were asked to report the memory strategy they had used. The assumption was made that children who were using a cumulative rehearsal strategy would perform better on series of one-syllable items than on series of two-syllable items. As predicted, nursery, kindergarten, and first-grade subjects correctly recalled as many two-syllable as one-syllable items: Both third- and fifth-graders recalled significantly more one-syllable than two-syllable items. Results indicated that (1) young children do not spontaneously use a cumulative rehearsal strategy until after first grade, and (2) the use of rehearsal did not facilitate overall performance of the rehearsers relative to the nonrehearsers at any grade level. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for the study of memory development.
Near-nadir microwave specular returns from the sea surface - Altimeter algorithms for wind and wind stress

Two approaches have been adopted to construct altimeter wind algorithms: one is based on the mean-square sea surface slope, and the other is based on the Seasat scatterometer wind. Both types of algorithms are critically reviewed with respect to the mechanism governing near-nadir sea returns and the comparison between altimeter and buoy winds. A new algorithm is proposed; it is deduced on the basis of microwave specular reflection and is finely tuned with buoy-measured winds. On the basis of this algorithm and the formula of the wind-stress coefficient, a simple wind-stress algorithm is also proposed.
Fall Initiation Criteria for Three-Dimensional Multi-Segmental Model of Biped Robot

A biped mechanism can maintain its balance by redirecting the ground reaction force direction and changing the center of pressure location. In this paper, how the variable inertia in a multibody dynamic model is related to those efforts is investigated and fall initiation criteria in three dimensional space, a balanced state manifold is constructed by using a 3D multi-segmental model. The balanced state domain is constructed by iteratively solving nonlinear constrained optimization problems and finding the velocity extrema at given center of mass positions subjected to certain balancing conditions. The constructed balanced state domain of a multi-segmental model can be used as fall initiation criteria in 3D space and it demonstrates the better balancing maintenance capability of 3D multi-segmental model than the 3D linear inverted pendulum mode.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Using Simulations to Enhance Interprofessional Competencies for Social Work and Nursing Students

There is an increased emphasis on interprofessional education in the healthcare field, including social work. This paper discusses the design and implementation of an innovative idea in teaching that brings social work and nursing students together for skill development to do interprofessional work. Computer generated mannequin simulations have been used extensively in teaching medical, nursing, pharmacy, and other healthcare professions, but are a relatively new pedagogical tool in social work. Using the four interprofessional competencies put forward by the interprofessional collaborative, the authors describe the objectives, the cases utilized, the process of simulations, the technique of debriefing, and the themes that emerged from these reflective observations.
2.1. Econometric techniques: Theory versus practice

Abstract This paper introduces the basic concepts used in econometric modeling, and describes five prescriptions to avoid common real-world pitfalls in that style of modeling. The paper begins by comparing econometric modeling with other forms of modeling used in energy modeling and engineering. It describes what an econometric model is, and how to build one. It then gives a detailed explanation of many facets of the five prescriptions: pay attention to uncertainty; don't expect a free lunch when devising specifications; pay attention to prior information; don't expect to draw conclusions without adequate data; and check the historical track record of your model. The issues of generalization and robustness over time receive special attention; they are important in practice, and subtle in theory. Finally, the paper discusses model development in practice, building upon experience with PURHAPS, a model I developed for the Energy Information Administration (EIA).
A5 cells are silenced when REM sleep-like signs are elicited by pontine carbachol

The A5 noradrenergic neurons are considered important for cardiorespiratory regulation. We hypothesized that A5 cells are silenced during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, thereby contributing to cardiorespiratory changes and suppression of hypoglossal (XII) motoneuronal activity. We used an anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rat in which pontine microinjections of carbachol trigger signs of REM sleep, including hippocampal theta rhythm, motor suppression, and silencing of locus coeruleus neurons. All 16 putative noradrenergic A5 cells recorded were strongly suppressed when the REM sleep-like episodes were elicited and also after intravenous clonidine. Antidromic mapping showed that none of six neurons tested projected to the XII nucleus, whereas three of five projected to the nucleus of the solitary tract and two of four to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Bilateral microinjections of clonidine into the A5 regions did not alter XII nerve activity. These data suggest that A5 neurons are silenced during natural REM sleep. This will lead to decreased norepinephrine release and may alter synaptic transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract and rostral ventrolateral medulla without, however, a detectable impact on XII motoneurons.
Computational Hydrodynamics for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle With Moving Control Surfaces

The present study was undertaken to provide information for both design improvement and control system development during various stages of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) development project. The need to establish a predictive capability for the hydrodynamic (control) coefficients for an AUV presented an opportunity to apply a multiblock incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver which has evolved over many years. The solver utilizes a state-of-the-art implicit, upwind numerical scheme to solve the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations in a generalized time-dependent curvilinear coordinate system. Domain decomposition is accomplished via a general unstructured multiblock approach. In addition, an efficient grid movement capability is incorporated in the code that will handle the relative motion of a multi-component configuration (e.g. oscillating control surfaces). Numerous simulations were conducted during the course of this work. The computations for vehicle and propulsor design consisted mainly of steady state axisymmetric computations, while for control system development both steady and unsteady (prescribed motion) simulations were conducted. The latter cases focus on the forces and moments on the vehicle that are needed for extraction of control information. A brief overview will be presented on the flow solver. This will be followed by a presentation of the numerical results.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Chemical basis for a selectivity threshold to the oxygen delignification of kraft softwood fiber as supported by the use of chemical selectivity agents

Softwood kraft pulps having different lignin contents (κ numbers) were subjected to alkali oxygen under the application of selectivity enhancing agents, namely, MgSO4, phenol, MgSO4/phenol, and 3-methoxyl hydroxyl quinone, to examine the effect on delignification selectivity. The results demonstrated that there is a synergistic effect between MgSO4 and phenol during oxygen delignification. This effect is more obvious for high lignin content pulp than that for low lignin content pulp. Remarkably, examination of the carboxyl groups on pulp fibers and the carbonate content in the effluent liquors demonstrated that the κ number of softwood kraft pulp cannot drop below 7 without incurring cellulose degradation during oxygen delignification despite the application of selectivity enhancement agents.
Differential polarization-phase-shift keying without using polarization control

We propose a novel modulation format whereby the polarization and phase of lightwaves can be differentially detected without using polarization control at the receiver. 20 Gbit/s transmission through 25 spans of 100 km SMF is possible.
Model of quark and lepton masses: The neutrino sector

If neutrinos have masses, why are they so tiny? Are these masses of the Dirac type or of the Majorana type? We are already familiar with the mechanism of how to obtain a tiny Majorana neutrino mass by the famous seesaw mechanism. The question is: Can one build a model in which a tiny Dirac neutrino mass arises in a more or less ''natural'' way? What would be the phenomenological consequences of such a scenario, other than just merely reproducing the neutrino mass patterns for the oscillation data? In this article, a systematic and detailed analysis of a model is presented, with, as key components, the introduction of a family symmetry as well as a new SU(2) symmetry for the right-handed neutrinos. In particular, in addition to the calculations of light neutrino Dirac masses, interesting phenomenological implications of the model will be presented. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Organizing the nation: Revolution and the modern state

Abstract During the nineteenth century historians and philosophers frequently interpreted social developments in terms of scientific theories. Since the science on which they depended was essentially Newtonian, the results were often dehumanizing. Consequently, twentieth century social theorists seeking new syntheses have been reluctant to introduce models developed in the physical sciences. Theorists like Spengler have turned to unsubstantiated metaphysical interpretations, while more conventional approaches have settled for empirical descriptions of vast bodies of uncontrolled data. Either alternative left social developments alienated from accepted understandings of natural processes. It is possible that more sophisticated twentieth century scientific models, such as those derived from irreversible thermodynamics, could re-integrate data from the social realm with fundamental natural processes. The following paper is a highly abbreviated version of a preliminary attempt to understand the emergence of modern nation states through revolutions using the dissipative structures model.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating vertebrate neurogenesis

Recent studies of the factors regulating neurogenesis in vertebrates reveal three emerging themes. First, the number of cellular stages involved in this process may be greater than has previously been appreciated. Second, homologues of genes that regulate neurogenesis in invertebrates appear to play analogous roles in development of vertebrate nervous systems. Third, extrinsic factors can act to regulate neuron number during neurogenesis by controlling survival and differentiation, and not simply proliferation, of neural progenitor cells.
A four-dimensional compound-model morphed potential for the OC:HBr complex

A parameterized compound-model morphed intermolecular potential energy surface has been generated for the dimer OC:HBr. This morphed potential is determined by fitting experimentally available gas phase spectroscopic data and found to have a global minimum with a well depth of 564(5) cm−1 and linear 16O12C–H79Br geometry having center of mass to center of mass distance R = 4.525(7) A. The linear isomers 12C16O–H79Br and 16O12C–79BrH are determined with a corresponding well depth of 273(7) and 269(2) cm−1 having R = 4.35(4) and 4.24(3) A, respectively. This results in a ΔE of 293(9) cm−1 between the global potential energy minimum and the minima in the two higher energy isomers. The generated potential is compared with the corresponding OC:HCl morphed potential. Differences in the morphing parameters are attributed to different contributions to the interaction energy. It is found that the counterpoise method successfully corrected the basis set superposition error in OC:HCl, but was under corrected by 16(7)% in OC:HBr.
Thiols in hydrothermal solution: standard partial molal properties and their role in the organic geochemistry of hydrothermal environments

Modern seafloor hydrothermal systems are locations where great varieties of geochemistry occur due to the enormous disequilibrium between vent fluids and seawater. The disequilibrium geochemistry has been hypothesized to include reactions to synthesize organic compounds. Despite the incomplete understanding of the carbon budget in hydrothermal systems, the organic geochemistry of these sites has received little attention. Experimental simulations of these environments, however, indicate that organic compounds may have difficulty forming in a purely aqueous environment. On the other hand, thiols, thioesters and disulfides have been implicated as reaction intermediates between CO or CO2 in experiments of carbon reduction in hydrothermal environments, as well as in a variety of biological processes and other abiotic reactions. The reduction of CO2 to thesis, for example, is observed using the FeS-H2S/FeS2 couple to provide the reducing power. We have used recent advances in theoretical geochemistry to estimate the standard partial moral thermodynamic properties and parameters for the revised Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers equation of state for aqueous straight-chain alkyl thesis. With these data and parameters we have evaluated the role that organic sulfur compounds may play as reaction intermediates during organic compound synthesis. We conclude that organic sulfur compounds may hold the key to the organic chemistry leading to the origin of life in hydrothermal settings. These results may also explain the presence of sulfur in a number of biomolecules present in ancient thermophilic microorganisms.
The Information Behavior of Clergy Members Engaged in the Sermon Preparation Task: Wicks Revisited

In this article the author revisits an earlier study on the information seeking behavior of clergy members. Wicks found that clergy members tend to operate within closed information systems when their work role is highly dependent upon their work world. The Wicks study differentiated between the work roles of preaching, care giving, and administration and between theological, denominational, and congregational work worlds. In the current article the author reports on a qualitative research project that focuses on sermon preparation as a regular task of the preaching role. Through the current study the author confirms the findings from the Wicks study regarding the influence of clergy member theological and denominational worlds on their preaching role. The findings also suggest that the congregational world significantly affects the information behavior of clergy members engaged in the sermon preparation task, which does not contradict, but expands upon the findings of the Wicks study.
The Biomechanical and Histologic Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Rat Rotator Cuff Repairs

Background:Rotator cuff tears are common injuries that are often treated with surgical repair. Because of the high concentration of growth factors within platelets, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has the potential to enhance healing in rotator cuff repairs.Hypothesis:Platelet-rich plasma would alter the biomechanical and histologic properties of rotator cuff repair during an acute injury response.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Platelet-rich plasma was produced from inbred donor rats. A tendon-from-bone supraspinatus tear was created surgically and an immediate transosseous repair performed. The control group underwent repair only. The PRP group underwent a repair with PRP augmentation. Rats in each group were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 21 days. The surgically repaired tendons underwent biomechanical testing, including failure load, stiffness, failure strain, and stress relaxation characteristics. Histological analysis evaluated the cellular characteristics of the repair tissue.Results:At 7- an...
Effects of mitral stenosis on pulmonary venous flow as measured by Doppler transesophageal echocardiography

Pulmonary venous flow as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is influenced by changes in left atrial pressure and function. In mitral stenosis (MS), normal left atrial hemodynamics are altered because there is a prolonged decay in diastolic pressure from the left atrium to the left ventricle and atrial function may be altered because of atrial fibrillation. To assess the effect of the prolonged atrial diastolic pressure decay caused by MS on pulmonary venous flow, we studied 27 patients with MS (mitral valve range 0.7 to 2.4 cm2) by pulsed-wave Doppler TEE of the left or right upper pulmonary vein, and compared results with those of 13 normal subjects. Of the 27 subjects with MS, 61% showed a blunted systolic flow pattern and 39% showed a normal flow pattern with greater systolic to diastolic flow ratio. Patients with atrial fibrillation had a predominantly blunted pattern, whereas patients with normal sinus rhythm exhibited both blunted and normal flow patterns. Patients with MS had a lower pulmonary venous peak systolic flow velocity and a longer diastolic pressure halftime than control subjects. Pulmonary venous peak systolic flow velocity was significantly decreased in the presence of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.004). The mitral valve pressure halftime significantly correlated with pulmonary venous diastolic pressure halftime (r = 0.54; p = 0.004) mitral valve area (r = -0.46; p = 0.02). In conclusion, it was found that MS alters pulmonary venous flow patterns, showing a decreased pulmonary venous systolic flow and a prolonged diastolic flow, which may be useful in assessing the hemodynamics of MS.