cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A behavioral model of simultaneous borrowing and saving

Why do individuals borrow and save money at the same time? I present a model in which sophisticated time-inconsistent agents, when faced with a future investment opportunity, rationally choose to save their wealth and then borrow to fund the investment. The combination of savings and a loan generates incentives for future selves to invest optimally by punishing over-consumption. This paper contains two main results. First, I show that agents who simultaneously save and borrow can have higher lifetime welfare than those who don’t. Second, I show that agents who have access to a non-secure savings technology can be better off than those who only have access to secure savings.
Random access for a multibeam satellite with dynamic transponder switching

A multibeam satellite communications network serving multiple zones with S-ALOHA random access uplinks and dynamically switched transponders in the downlinks is studied. The overhead of switching transponders between zones may degrade the performance of the system significantly. Two different strategies are introduced and studied. In the guard time strategy, each slot time is equal to the packet transmission time plus the transponder switching time, allowing the transponder to be pointed to a new zone at the beginning of each slot. In the idle waiting strategy, each slot time is equal to the packet transmission time. If a transponder is switched to a new zone, it will take k slot time where k is the smallest integer greater than the switching time divided by the slot time. The throughputs of these two strategies are analyzed and compared. >
Absolute Orbit and Gravity Determination using Relative Position Measurements Between Two Satellites

A method has been developed to use a time series of relative position measurements to estimate the orbits of two satellites along with corrections to the gravity model of the celestial body about which they orbit. This system provides autonomy or near autonomy and could be used for gravity recovery at the Moon or a planet. This system eliminates the need for a third spacecraft that maintains a constant link with Earth-based tracking stations when the two probe spacecraft pass to the far side of the body whose gravity model is being estimated. The system uses a radio cross link to measure the relative range between the two satellites. It uses an optical imaging device on one of the satellites, such as a star camera, and a light beacon on the other satellite in order to measure the relative bearing between the satellites referenced to inertial coordinates. The two satellites’ orbits and corrections to the gravity field model are shown to be absolutely observable in cases where the two orbital altitude time histories are not identical. An extended Kalman filter for this system is developed, and it is tested using data from a truth-model simulation. The resulting system can achieve absolute RMS position accuracies of 3.5 m, absolute RMS velocity accuracies of 0.003 m/s, and RMS gravity accuracies of 3x10 -7 m/s 2 when operating on a month’s worth of data from a pair of Lunar orbiting spacecraft.
A time series forest for classification and feature extraction

A tree-ensemble method, referred to as time series forest (TSF), is proposed for time series classification. TSF employs a combination of entropy gain and a distance measure, referred to as the Entrance (entropy and distance) gain, for evaluating the splits. Experimental studies show that the Entrance gain improves the accuracy of TSF. TSF randomly samples features at each tree node and has computational complexity linear in the length of time series, and can be built using parallel computing techniques. The temporal importance curve is proposed to capture the temporal characteristics useful for classification. Experimental studies show that TSF using simple features such as mean, standard deviation and slope is computationally efficient and outperforms strong competitors such as one-nearest-neighbor classifiers with dynamic time warping.
Grain size-dependent viscosity convection and the thermal evolution of the Earth

Abstract Scaling relationships for grain size-dependent viscosity convection are derived assuming that eutectoid-like transformations at 660 km depth produce very small grains and that the grain size is mainly controlled by a coupled Ostwald ripening of Mg-perovskite, Ca-perovskite and magnesiowustite. Parameterized convection calculations based on these relationships show that the thermal evolution of the Earth strongly depends on the grain growth parameters. The Earth can either quickly forget the initial conditions with temperature and heat loss following the decaying radiogenic heat production (Tozer-type evolution) or the initial conditions can essentially determine the temperature and heat loss (Christensen-type evolution). Christensen-type models can easily satisfy both the present-day heat flux and geochemical constraints on abundances of radiogenic isotopes. For example, this happens if the rate-controlling process for both grain growth and viscous creep is volume diffusion and the activation enthalpy for grain growth is about 50% higher than that for viscous creep.
Modeling residual-geometric flow sampling

Traffic monitoring and estimation of flow parameters in high-speed routers have recently become challenging as the Internet grew in both scale and complexity. In this paper, we focus on a family of flow-size estimation algorithms we call Residual-Geometric Sampling (RGS), which generates a random point within each flow according to a geometric random variable and records all remaining packets in a flow counter. Our analytical investigation shows that previous estimation algorithms based on this method exhibit bias in recovering flow statistics from the sampled measurements. To address this problem, we derive a novel set of unbiased estimators for RGS, validate them using real Internet traces, and show that they provide an accurate and scalable solution to Internet traffic monitoring.
Gender, Metaphor, and the Definition of Economics

Let me make it clear from the outset that my main point is not either of the following: one, that there should be more women economists and research on “women's issues” (though I think there should be), or two, that women as a class do, or should do, economics in a manner different from men (a position with which I disagree). My argument is different and has to do with trying to gain an understanding of how a certain way of thinking about gender and a certain way of thinking about economics have become intertwined through metaphor – with detrimental results – and how a richer conception of human understanding and human identity could broaden and improve the field of economics for both female and male practitioners.
A Theory of Strategic Voting in Runoff Elections

Abstract This paper analyzes the properties of runoff electoral systems when voters are strategic. A model of three-candidate runoff elections is presented, and two new features are included: the risk of upset victory in the second round is endogenous, and many types of runoff systems are considered. Three main results emerge. First, runoff elections produce equilibria in which only two candidates receive a positive fraction of the votes. Second, a sincere voting equilibrium does not always exist. Finally, runoff systems with a threshold below 50 percent produce an Ortega effect that may lead to the systematic victory of the Condorcet loser. (JEL C72, D72)
The Boltzmann-Hamel equations for optimal control

We introduce a fourth order version of the Boltzmann-Hamel equations, which yields a reduced set of equations for the kinematic and dynamic optimal control problems for mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints. In particular, we will show the dynamic optimal control problem can be written as a minimal set of 4n - 2m first order differential equations of motion.
MORE ABOUT ALL CURRENT-ALGEBRAIC ORBIFOLDS

Recently a construction was given for the stress tensors of all sectors of the general current-algebraic orbifold A(H)/H, where A(H) is any current-algebraic conformal field theory with a finite symmetry group H. Here we extend and further analyze this construction to obtain the mode formulation of each sector of each orbifold A(H)/H, including the twisted current algebra, the Virasoro generators, the orbifold adjoint operation and the commutator of the Virasoro generators with the modes of the twisted currents. As applications, general expressions are obtained for the twisted current–current correlator and ground state conformal weight of each twisted sector of any permutation orbifold A(H)/H, H⊂SN. Systematics are also outlined for the orbifolds A(Lie h(H))/H of the (H and Lie h)-invariant conformal field theories, which include the general WZW orbifold and the general coset orbifold. Finally, two new large examples are worked out in further detail: the general SN permutation orbifold A(SN)/SN and the general inner-automorphic orbifold A(H(d))/H(d).
Maximum likelihood time-of-arrival estimation of optical pulses via photon-counting photodetectors

Many optical imaging, ranging, and communications systems rely on the estimation of the arrival time of an optical pulse. In systems utilizing photon-counting photodetectors, which are finding increased use, the detected process is well modeled as a Poisson point process. In this paper, we analyze the performance of maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of the arrival time of an optical pulse, based on observations of a Poisson process. We develop an analytic model for the mean-square error of the ML estimator, illustrating two phenomena that cause deviations from the Cramer-Rao bound at low signal photon flux. The model accurately predicts the ML performance over all regimes considered. We also derive an approximation to the threshold at which the ML estimator essentially fails to provide better than a random guess of the pulse arrival time.
Politics versus Risk in Allocations of Federal Security Grants

Distributive political theory is applied to whether politics versus risk determines government spending across four grant programs purposed for homeland security. A model of security funding is tested with data from U.S. states from 2004 to 2006. Findings support politics over risk when programs are designed to award universal benefits to elected officials, such as with fair-sharing policies. However, risk explains funding when programs award narrow, particularistic benefits, such as with urban security initiatives. A key conclusion is that fair-share strategies in grant politics can actually produce unfair allocation outcomes in the area of security. Also, protecting status quo formulas is in the interest of political actors, especially if they might otherwise lose opportunities to secure resources for constituents (state and local governments) in a distressed economy.
RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF M DWARF/L DWARF BINARIES. IV. DISCOVERY OF AN M9 + L6 BINARY SEPARATED BY OVER 100 AU

We report the discovery of a faint L6 ± 1 companion to the previously known M9 dwarf, 2MASS J01303563−4445411, based on our near-infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations with the 3 m Infrared Telescope Facility SpeX imager/spectrometer. The visual binary is separated by 3. �� 28 ± 0. �� 05 on the sky at a spectrophotometric distance of 40 ± 14 pc. The projected physical separation is 130 ± 50 AU, making it one of the widest very low mass (VLM) field multiples containing a brown dwarf companion. 2MASS J0130−4445 is only one of ten wide VLM pairs and only one of six in the field. The secondary is considerably fainter (ΔK ≈ 2.35 mag) and redder (Δ (J − Ks) ≈ 0.81 dex), consistent with component near-infrared types of M9.0 ± 0.5 and L6 ± 1 based on our resolved spectroscopy. The component types suggest a secondary mass well below the hydrogen-burning limit and an age-dependent mass ratio of 0.6‐0.9. The system’s space motion and spectroscopic indicators suggest an age of 2‐4 Gyr while the model-dependent masses and binding energies suggest that this system is unlikely to have formed via dynamical ejection. The age, composition, and separation of the 2MASS J01303563−4445411 system make it useful for tests of VLM formation theories and of condensate cloud formation in L dwarfs.
Demand Estimation with Social Interactions and the Implications for Targeted Marketing

This paper develops a model for the estimation and analysis of demand in the context of social interactions. Decisions made by a group of customers are modeled to be an equilibrium outcome of an empirical discrete game, such that all group members must be satisfied with chosen outcomes. The game-theoretic approach assists estimation by allowing us to account for the endogeneity of group members' decisions while also serving as a managerial tool that can simulate equilibrium outcomes for the group when the firm alters the marketing mix to the group. The model builds upon the existing literature on empirical models of discrete games by introducing a random coefficients heterogeneity distribution. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that including the heterogeneity resolves the endogenous group formation bias commonly noted in the social interactions literature. By estimating the heterogeneous equilibrium model using Bayesian hierarchical Markov chain Monte Carlo, we can also recover some parameters at the individual level to evaluate group-specific characteristics and targeted marketing strategies. To validate the model and illustrate its implications, we apply it to a data set of groups of golfers. We find significant social interaction effects, such that 65% of the median customer value is attributable to the customer and the other 35% is attributable to the customer's affect on members of his group. We also consider targeted marketing strategies and show that group-level targeting increases profit by 1%, whereas targeting within groups can increase profitability by 20%. We recognize that customer backlashes to targeting could be greater when group members receive different offers, so we suggest some alternatives that could retain some of the profitability of within group targeting while avoiding customer backlashes.
A Review of Taxes and Corporate Finance

This paper reviews domestic and multinational corporate tax research. For each topic, the theoretical arguments explaining how taxes can affect corporate decision-making and firm value are reviewed, followed by a summary of the related empirical evidence and a discussion of unresolved issues. Tax research generally supports the hypothesis that high-tax rate firms pursue policies that provide tax benefits. Many issues remain unresolved, however, including understanding whether tax effects are of first-order importance, why firms do not pursue tax benefits more aggressively, and whether corporate actions are affected by investor-level taxes.
The stability of the demand for money and M1 velocity: Evidence from the sectoral data

Abstract Sectoral money demand functions are estimated using flow of funds data. Cointegrating relationships are found for household and (non financial) business sectors. Estimated error-correction models for both sectors, however, exhibit parameter nonconstancy for time periods which roughly correspond with important financial innovations and deregulations. Thus, sectoral estimates of money demand relationships are consistent with the view that innovations and deregulation contribute to the nonstationarity of M1 velocity.
Do Auditor-Provided Tax Services Enhance or Impair the Value Relevance of Earnings?

ABSTRACT: Recently, some firms have decoupled their audit and tax service providers in an effort to improve the perceived credibility of their financial statements. Many firms, however, continue to rely on their current auditor for tax services. Therefore, we examine whether investors assign a lower valuation to firms that continue to use their auditor for tax services. We find that the value-relevance of earnings is increasing in the ratio of tax fees over total fees paid to the auditor. Further, for a sample of firms that switched to other providers of tax services, we find that the value-relevance of earnings is lower in the year of the switch. These findings support the notion that on average, investors perceive the benefits of auditor-provided tax services; i.e., enhanced financial reporting quality due to knowledge spillover to be greater than the costs of auditor-provided tax services; i.e., threat to auditor independence. Our findings have important implications for audit committee chairs, manager...
Approximate Inclusion-Exclusion for Arbitrary Symmetric Functions

Let $$A_{1}, \ldots, A_{n}$$ be events in a probability space. The approximate inclusion-exclusion problem, due to Linial and Nisan (1990), is to estimate $${\bf P} [A_{1} \cup \ldots \cup A_{n}]$$ given $${\bf P} [\bigcap_{i\in S} A_{i}]$$ for |S| ≤ k. Kahn et al. (1996) solved this problem optimally for each k. We study the following more general question: estimate $${\bf P} [f(A_{1}, \ldots, A_{n})]$$ given $${\bf P} [\bigcap_{i\in S} A_{i}]$$ for |S| ≤ k, where f : {0, 1} n → {0, 1} is a given symmetric function. We solve this general problem for every f and k, giving an algorithm that runs in polynomial time and achieves an approximation error that is essentially optimal. We prove this optimal error to be $$2^{-\tilde\Theta(k^{2}/n)}$$ for k above a certain threshold, and $$\Theta(1)$$ otherwise. As part of our solution, we analyze, for every nonconstant symmetric f : {0, 1} n → {0, 1} and every $$\epsilon \in [2^{-n}, 1/3]$$ , the least degree $${\rm deg}_{\epsilon}(f)$$ of a polynomial that approximates f pointwise within $$\epsilon$$ . We show that $${\rm deg}_{\epsilon}(f) = \tilde\Theta({\rm deg}_{1/3}(f) + \sqrt{n {\rm log}(1/\epsilon))}$$ , where deg1/3(f) is well-known for each f. Previously, the answer for vanishing $$\epsilon$$ was known only for f = OR. We construct the approximating polynomial explicitly for all f and $$\epsilon$$ .
Robust output feedback control of quasi-linear parabolic PDE systems

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology for the synthesis of nonlinear robust output feedback controllers for systems of quasi-linear parabolic partial differential equations with time-varying uncertain variables. The method is successfully applied to a typical diffusion–reaction process with uncertainty.
Products of weighted logic programs

Weighted logic programming, a generalization of bottom-up logic programming, is a well-suited framework for specifying dynamic programming algorithms. In this setting, proofs correspond to the algorithm's output space, such as a path through a graph or a grammatical derivation, and are given a real-valued score (often interpreted as a probability) that depends on the real weights of the base axioms used in the proof. The desired output is a function over all possible proofs, such as a sum of scores or an optimal score. We describe the product transformation, which can merge two weighted logic programs into a new one. The resulting program optimizes a product of proof scores from the original programs, constituting a scoring function known in machine learning as a “product of experts.” Through the addition of intuitive constraining side conditions, we show that several important dynamic programming algorithms can be derived by applying product to weighted logic programs corresponding to simpler weighted logic programs. In addition, we show how the computation of Kullback–Leibler divergence, an information-theoretic measure, can be interpreted using product.
Synthesis of the C1–C27 portion of the aplyronines

Abstract This manuscript describes the use of the anti,anti-diastereoselective aldol reaction of an efficiently generated dipropionate equivalent to construct the C5–C14-portion of the aplyronines. This portion was then coupled with a compound corresponding to C15–C20 of the targets. Further elaboration and an additional coupling led to an intermediate containing C1–C27 with appropriate stereochemistry and functionalization for eventual conversion into the aplyronines.
Impact of manufacturing response time on retailer inventory

Retailers receiving items from a manufacturer carry inventory to meet customer demand. As items are sold, a retailer orders new items to replenish the inventory. Once an order is placed, there is a time taken for the items to be delivered to the retailer. This time is the manufacturing response time. It includes processing, production, and delivery times. These different components of time can result in response times that are long and uncertain. This paper develops a queueing model for analysing how manufacturing response time affects the inventory needed at retailers to meet demand. The model accounts for variability in response times and allows for products to be delivered to a retailer in a different sequence than they were ordered. Simple equations are derived for the average inventory in terms of demand and response time parameters. The equations show how shortening average response time can substantially reduce retailer inventory.
Two-term disjunctions on the second-order cone

Balas introduced disjunctive cuts in the 1970s for mixed-integer linear programs. Several recent papers have attempted to extend this work to mixed-integer conic programs. In this paper we study the structure of the convex hull of a two-term disjunction applied to the second-order cone and develop a methodology to derive closed-form expressions for convex inequalities describing the resulting convex hull. Our approach is based on first characterizing the structure of undominated valid linear inequalities for the disjunction and then using conic duality to derive a family of convex, possibly nonlinear, valid inequalities that correspond to these linear inequalities. We identify and study the cases where these valid inequalities can equivalently be expressed in conic quadratic form and where a single inequality from this family is sufficient to describe the convex hull. In particular, our results on two-term disjunctions on the second-order cone generalize related results on split cuts by Modaresi, Kilinc, and Vielma, and by Andersen and Jensen.
How Non-traded Goods May Generate Quasi-quadratic Costs for Capital Adjustment

Abstract This paper shows that a two-tiered production structure with both traded and non-traded intermediate goods and non-traded final goods can generate a cost of capital adjustment that is very similar to the quadratic adjustment cost often assumed in single good macroeconomic models. This implies that while a quadratic loss function may seem like an ad hoc adjustment, it can be rationalized by sound theory from a more detailed model.
Paths to Valuation, Asset Pricing, and Practical Investing: Can Accounting and Finance Approaches Be Reconciled?

AbstractThis paper compares accounting and finance approaches to equity valuation, with a focus on practical investing. It shows how the two endeavors tie to the same theoretical foundation so they have the potential of being unified. Finance has largely focused on the "denominator" aspect of valuation — the discount rate — under the mantra of "asset pricing," while accounting has largely focused on the numerator — specifying the expected accounting outcomes to be discounted. The paper shows how both accounting and finance can be unified to resolve both the numerator and denominator issues in valuation. Important to this is an understanding of the book-to-price ratio, which finance sees as a denominator attribute indicating risk and expected return, while accountants see it as a numerator attribute. The paper shows how book-to-price features in both cases, in particular, how an appreciation of the accounting for book value provides an understanding of why book-to-price is related to risk and return.
Coefficients and Roots of Peak Polynomials

ABSTRACTGiven a permutation , we say an index i is a peak if πi − 1 πi + 1. Let P(π) denote the set of peaks of π. Given any set S of positive integers, define . Billey–Burdzy–Sagan showed that for all fixed subsets of positive integers S and sufficiently large n, for some polynomial pS(x) depending on S. They conjectured that the coefficients of pS(x) expanded in a binomial coefficient basis centered at max (S) are all positive. We show that this is a consequence of a stronger conjecture that bounds the modulus of the roots of pS(x). Furthermore, we give an efficient explicit formula for peak polynomials in the binomial basis centered at 0, which we use to identify many integer roots of peak polynomials along with certain inequalities and identities.
Is there a best TKI for chronic phase CML

The development of BCR/ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) over the past 20 years has dramatically improved the outcomes for patients with every stage of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Clinicians now have access to 5 oral, generally well-tolerated, and highly effective TKIs. How should these agents be used for an individual patient to ensure the best possible duration and quality-of-life, to avoid treatment-related complications, and potentially to achieve a cure at an affordable cost? Because CML patients may need to continue TKI therapy indefinitely, the long-term safety of each treatment option must be considered. Evidence-based care requires an understanding of the optimal use of these drugs, their specific early and late toxicities, the prognostic significance of achieving treatment milestones, and the critical importance of molecular monitoring. Efficacy is important, but treatment choice does not depend only on efficacy. Choosing among various treatment options is informed by understanding the distinct benefits and risks of each agent, along with careful consideration of patient-specific factors, such as risk status, age, and comorbidities.
Enantioselective dearomative [3 + 2] cycloadditions of indoles with azomethine ylides derived from alanine imino esters

Catalytic, enantioselective [3 + 2] cycloadditions of azomethine ylides derived from alanine imino esters with 3-nitroindoles are reported. The dearomative cycloaddition reactions occur in the presence of a catalyst generated in situ from Cu(OTf)2 and (R)-Difluorphos to form exo′-pyrroloindoline cycloadducts and establish four contiguous stereogenic centers, two of which are fully substituted. The exo′-pyrroloindoline products are formed in moderate-to-good yields (39–85%) with high diastereoselectivities (up to 98 : 1 : 1 dr) and enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee).
A Quantitative Comparison of Communication Paradigms for MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) present a challenging area for application development. The combination of mobile nodes and wireless communication can create highly dynamic networks with frequent disconnections and unpredictable availability. Several language paradigms have been applied to MANETs, but there has been no quantitative comparison of alternative approaches. This paper presents the first quantitative evaluation of three common communication paradigms (publish/subscribe, RPC, and tuple spaces) compared within realistic MANET environments using real applications. We investigate the application-level performance of the paradigms and present a summary of their relative strengths and weaknesses. We also demonstrate the impact of wireless and mobility on application-level metrics, the most dramatic being delivery rates dropping to nearly 25% and round trip times increasing up to 2000% in a mobile scenario.
Platinum-Catalyzed, Terminal-Selective C(sp3)–H Oxidation of Aliphatic Amines

This Communication describes the terminal-selective, Pt-catalyzed C(sp3)–H oxidation of aliphatic amines without the requirement for directing groups. CuCl2 is employed as a stoichiometric oxidant, and the reactions proceed in high yield at Pt loadings as low as 1 mol%. These transformations are conducted in the presence of sulfuric acid, which reacts with the amine substrates in situ to form ammonium salts. We propose that protonation of the amine serves at least three important roles: (i) it renders the substrates soluble in the aqueous reaction medium; (ii) it limits binding of the amine nitrogen to Pt or Cu; and (iii) it electronically deactivates the C–H bonds proximal to the nitrogen center. We demonstrate that this strategy is effective for the terminal-selective C(sp3)–H oxidation of a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.
Toward a Redefinition of Yes/No Questions

While both theoretical and empirical studies of question-answering have revealed the inadequacy of traditional definitions of yes-no questions (YNQs), little progress has been made toward a more satisfactory redefinition. This paper reviews the limitations of several proposed revisions. It proposes a new definition of YNQs based upon research on a type of conversational implicature, termed here scalar implicature, that helps define appropriate responses to YNQs. By representing YNQs as scalar queries it is possible to support a wider variety of system and user responses in a principled way.
Incremental Least Squares Methods and the Extended Kalman Filter

In this paper we propose and analyze nonlinear least squares methods which process the data incrementally, one data block at a time. Such methods are well suited for large data sets and real time operation and have received much attention in the context of neural network training problems. We focus on the extended Kalman filter, which may be viewed as an incremental version of the Gauss--Newton method. We provide a nonstochastic analysis of its convergence properties, and we discuss variants aimed at accelerating its convergence.
Coherent and incoherent states of the radiation field

Methods are developed for discussing the photon statistics of arbitrary fields in fully quantum-mechanical terms. In order to keep the classical limit of quantum electrodynamics plainly in view, extensive use is made of the coherent states of the field. These states, which reduce the field correlation functions to factorized forms, are shown to offer a convenient basis for the description of fields of all types. Although they are not orthogonal to one another, the coherent states form a complete set. It is shown that any quantum state of the field may be expanded in terms of them in a unique way. Expansions are also developed for arbitrary operators in terms of products of the coherent state vectors. These expansions are discussed as a general method of representing the density operator for the field. A particular form is exhibited for the density operator which makes it possible to carry out many quantum-mechanical calculations by methods resembling those of classical theory. This representation permits clear insights into the essential distinction between the quantum and classical descriptions of the field. It leads, in addition, to a simple formulation of a superposition law for photon fields. Detailed discussions are given of the incoherent fields which are generated by superposing the outputs of many stationary sources. These fields are all shown to have intimately related properties, some of which have been known for the particular case of blackbody radiation.
Using Model-Based Design to Accelerate FPGA Development for Automotive Applications

A recent Gartner Dataquest study predicts that the total worldwide automotive semiconductor market will grow from $20.1 billion in 2007 to $25.9 billion by 2010. The study also predicts that revenue from automotive usage of FPGAs will triple to approximately $312 million during that same period
Accountability Pressure, Academic Standards, and Educational Triage:

Despite common conceptions, evidence on whether No Child Left Behind (NCLB) has had adverse effects for low achieving students is mixed. We hypothesize that the incentive to shift attention away fr...
Disruptive Policy Impacts on Biodiesel Investment: The Third Leg in 3-T Policy

The effect of Poisson type policy jumps on biodiesel investment is investigated through the theory of investment under uncertainty. The analysis considers the probability of a policy being implemented if it is not in effect and the probability of it being withdrawn if it is in effect. As an application, the policy switching regime of the discontinuous federal tax credit of $1.00 per gallon on biodiesel is modeled as a Poisson jump process. Results support that time inconsistent government policies do lead to market uncertainty. The analysis reveals a pronounced negative impact on the decisions to invest in a biodiesel refinery. However, results indicate a consistent policy switching regime may not be that disruptive. It is policy uncertainty that drives the option pricing thresholds and a consistent policy switching does not increase the uncertainty.
Sausage instabilities on top of kinking lengthening current-carrying magnetic flux tubes

We theoretically explore the possibility of sausage instabilities developing on top of a kink instability in lengthening current-carrying magnetic flux tubes. Observations indicate that the dynamics of magnetic flux tubes in our cosmos and terrestrial experiments can involve topological changes faster than time scales predicted by resistive magnetohydrodynamics. Recent laboratory experiments suggest that hierarchies of instabilities, such as kink and Rayleigh-Taylor, could be responsible for initiating fast topological changes by locally accessing two-fluid and kinetic regimes. Sausage instabilities can also provide this coupling mechanism between disparate scales. Flux tube experiments can be classified by the flux tube's evolution in a configuration space described by a normalized inverse aspect-ratio k¯ and current-to-magnetic flux ratio λ¯. A lengthening current-carrying magnetic flux tube traverses this k¯– λ¯ space and crosses stability boundaries. We derive a single general criterion for the onset ...
Grignard Reactions Involving Halogenated Pyrimidines

Generally, there are two pathways that involve Grignard reagents and halogenated pyrimidines. The more common approach shows cross-coupling reactions that utilize a Grignard reagent, either alkyl or aryl, with a variety of halogenated pyrimidines. Typically, these reactions are catalyzed by Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Mn, or Zn species. Alternatively, but to a lesser degree, halogenated pyrimidines form pyrimidyl Grignard reagents, which then further react either in a cross-coupling manner or via a standard addition process. Finally, there are a few examples in which Grignard reagents react with pyrimidines via an addition process that does not involve a halogen.
A successful percutaneous mechanical vegetation debulking used as a bridge to surgery in acute tricuspid valve endocarditis

Timing of surgical management of acute infective endocarditis is a major challenge, with respect to surgical complications, risks of recurrences and optimal valve repair or replacement. We present a case of a 24-year-old male with a history of intravenous drug abuse, who was referred to our center after 10 days of medical management of acute infective endocarditis. Upon arrival he was in septic shock, multi-organ failure, and mobile vegetations on the tricuspid valve with severe tricuspid regurgitation. He also had bilateral pulmonary infarcts and an ischemic stroke in the right parietal lobe. A successful percutaneous transcatheter mechanical vegetation debulking was performed followed by surgical valve replacement seven days later. This case introduces a new option in the management of right-sided endocarditis in critically ill patient, and demonstrates the technical feasibility of a debulking procedure in this setting, which led subsequently to a significant improvement in patient’s condition, and he was ultimately able to undergo definitive surgery.
Quality and competition between public and private firms

Abstract We study a multistage, quality-then-price game between a public firm and a private firm. The market consists of a set of consumers who have different quality valuations. The public firm aims to maximize social surplus, whereas the private firm maximizes profit. In the first stage, both firms simultaneously choose qualities. In the second stage, both firms simultaneously choose prices. Consumers’ quality valuations are drawn from a general distribution. Each firm's unit production cost is an increasing and convex function of quality. There are multiple equilibria. In some, the public firm chooses a low quality, and the private firm chooses a high quality. In others, the opposite is true. We characterize subgame-perfect equilibria. Equilibrium qualities are often inefficient, but under some conditions on consumer valuation distribution, equilibrium qualities are first best. Various policy implications are drawn.
Visco-elastic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Relation to Damping

In this presentation, we discuss semi-analytical approaches to the visco-elastic properties of the Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and continuum models. The viscoelastic properties of the CNTs defined in both the time and frequency domains have been obtained in terms of the creep compliance and the relaxation and complex modulus. The equilibrium visco-elastic properties were found to be strongly dependent on tube radius for both single-walled and multi-walled CNTs, while the chirality had no appreciable effect. For multi-walled CNTs, the interlayer interaction contributes significantly to the overall viscoelastic response. The time scale associated with the visco-elastic properties were found to be on the order of nanosecond. This time scale is reflected in the associated energy loss and damping mechanisms in CNT oscillators. From the computed visco-elastic properties, we further derived the quality factor Q for different tube geometries and load frequencies. We found that the Q factor is strongly influenced by the load frequency, in addition to the dependence on the tube radius. The predicted trends in terms of the dependence on the load frequency were further validated through comparison with experiments. The underlying mechanism for such trends was discussed in the context of thermoelastic theory.
Modeling of technological performance trends using design theory

Functional technical performance usually follows an exponential dependence on time but the rate of change (the exponent) varies greatly among technological domains. This paper presents a simple model that provides an explanatory foundation for these phenomena based upon the inventive design process. The model assumes that invention – novel and useful design – arises through probabilistic analogical transfers that combine existing knowledge by combining existing individual operational ideas to arrive at new individual operating ideas. The continuing production of individual operating ideas relies upon injection of new basic individual operating ideas that occurs through coupling of science and technology simulations. The individual operational ideas that result from this process are then modeled as being assimilated in components of artifacts characteristic of a technological domain. According to the model, two effects (differences in interactions among components for different domains and differences in scaling laws for different domains) account for the differences found in improvement rates among domains whereas the analogical transfer process is the source of the exponential behavior. The model is supported by a number of known empirical facts: further empirical research is suggested to independently assess further predictions made by the model.
Regulation of CNGA1 Channel Gating by Interactions with the Membrane

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are expressed in rod photoreceptors and open in response to direct binding of cyclic nucleotides. We have previously shown that potentiation of CNGA1 channels by transition metals requires a histidine in the A' helix following the S6 transmembrane segment. Here, we used transition metal ion FRET and patch clamp fluorometry with a fluorescent, noncanonical amino acid (3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropanoic acid (Anap)) to show that the potentiating transition metal Co(2+) binds in or near the A' helix. Adding high-affinity metal-binding sites to the membrane (stearoyl-nitrilotriacetic acid (C18-NTA)) increased potentiation for low Co(2+) concentrations, indicating that the membrane can coordinate metal ions with the A' helix. These results suggest that restraining the A' helix to the plasma membrane potentiates CNGA1 channel opening. Similar interactions between the A' helix and the plasma membrane may underlie regulation of structurally related hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and voltage-gated potassium subfamily H (KCNH) channels by plasma membrane components.
Cerium-free Luche reduction directed by rehydrated alumina

Abstract A 1,2-regioselective reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones to their corresponding allylic alcohols is accomplished with NaBH4 in the presence of acidic activated alumina rehydrated to the Brockmann II grade by adding 3 % w/w water. The substrate scope includes eight ketones reduced in high regio- and diastereoselectivity to their corresponding allylic alcohols. This is the first example of the strategy of systematically tuning the surface chemistry of alumina via partial rehydration in order to modulate selectivity in a reaction. Alumina is an appealing alternative to the common Luche reduction additive, CeCl3, from the perspective of cost and procedural simplicity.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Stability, Energetics, and Structures of H2PO4-, H2P2O72-, and H3P3O102- in the Gas Phase

The stability, energetics, and structures of three common inorganic phosphate species, H2PO4-, H2P2O72-, H3P3O102-, and their corresponding neutral radical and monoanions, were investigated in the gas phase using photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. We found that H2P2O72- and H3P3O102- are stable in the gas phase with adiabatic electron binding energies of 1.16 and 2.45 eV, respectively. A very high adiabatic electron binding energy of 4.57 eV was measured for H2PO4-. The intramolecular Coulomb repulsion energies in H2P2O72- (∼2.7 eV) and H3P3O102- (∼2.3 eV) were estimated from photon-energy-dependent photoelectron spectra. Density-functional theory calculations were used to search the optimal geometries for both the doubly and singly charged species. We found only one minimum energy conformation for H2P2O72- with two intramolecular H-bonds and C2 symmetry and three minimum energy structures for H3P3O102-. The lowest energy structure of H3P3O102- has three intramolecula...
Individual-based integral projection models: the role of size-structure on extinction risk and establishment success

1. Matrix models or integral projection models (IPMs) are commonly used to study the dynamics of structured populations, where discrete or continuous traits influence survival, growth, or reproduction. When a population's size is small, as is often the case for threatened species or potentially invasive species arriving in novel habitats, extinction risk may be substantial due to demographic stochasticity. 2. Branching processes, which are individual-based counterparts to matrix models and IPMs, allow one to quantify these risks of extinction. For discretely structured populations, the theory of multi-type branching processes provides analytic methods to compute how extinction risk changes over time and how it depends on the size and composition of the population. Building on prior work on continuous-state branching processes, we extend these analytic methods to individual-based models accounting for any mixture of discrete and continuous population structure. 3. The individual-based IPMs are defined by probabilistic update rules at the level of the individual which determine how each individual with a given trait value dies, changes trait value (e.g. grows in size), or produces individuals with the same or other trait values. Probabilities of extinction are shown to be analytically determined by probability generating functionals associated with the individual-based IPMs. In particular, we present analytical expressions for how extinction probabilities change over time and depend on the initial abundance and trait distribution of the population. We illustrate how to numerically implement these methods using data from the short-lived desert shrub species \emph{Cryptantha flava}, and provide a more general discussion of how to implement these methods to other data sets including those involving fluctuating environmental conditions. 4. As most IPM studies have the necessary data to parameterize individual-based IPMs, these methods provide a computationally efficient means to explore how continuously structured populations differing in their evolutionary history and environmental context may differ in their vulnerability to extinction or ability to colonize new habitats.
Multimodality 3D tumor segmentation in HCC patients treated with TACE

Rationale and Objectives To validate the concordance of a semiautomated multimodality lesion segmentation technique between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and multidetector CT (MDCT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Materials and Methods This retrospective analysis included 45 patients with unresectable HCC who underwent baseline CE-MRI within 1 month before the treatment, intraprocedural CBCT during conventional TACE, and MDCT within 24 hours after TACE. Fourteen patients were excluded because of atypical lesion morphology, portal vein invasion, or small lesion size which precluded sufficient lesion visualization. Thirty-one patients with a total of 40 target lesions were included into the analysis. A tumor segmentation software, based on non-Euclidean geometry and theory of radial basis functions, was used to allow for the segmentation of target lesions in 3D on all three modalities. The algorithm created image-based masks located in a 3D region whose center and size were defined by the user, yielding the nomenclature “semiautomatic”. On the basis of that, tumor volumes on all three modalities were calculated and compared using a linear regression model ( R 2 values). Residual plots were used to analyze drift and variance of the values. Results The mean value of tumor volumes was 18.72 ± 19.13 cm 3 (range, 0.41–59.16 cm 3 ) on CE-MRI, 21.26 ± 21.99 cm 3 (range, 0.62–86.82 cm 3 ) on CBCT, and 19.88 ± 20.88 cm 3 (range, 0.45–75.24 cm 3 ) on MDCT. The average volumes of the tumor were not significantly different between CE-MRI and DP-CBCT, DP-CBCT and MDCT, MDCT and CE-MRI ( P = .577, .770, and .794, respectively). A strong correlation between volumes on CE-MRI and CBCT, CBCT and MDCT, MDCT and CE-MRI was observed ( R 2 = 0.974, 0.992 and 0.983, respectively). When plotting the residuals, no drift was observed for all methods showing deviations of no >10% of absolute volumes (in cm 3 ). Conclusions A semiautomated 3D segmentation of HCC lesions treated with TACE provides high volumetric concordance across all tested imaging modalities.
Surface Structure - Catalytic Function in Nanophase Gold Catalysts

Catalysts consisting of ultra-fine gold particles supported on iron oxide have been synthesized by the coprecipitation method. Subsequent to preparation, each sample was heat treated in air at four different temperatures, ranging from 473 K to 773 K. Steady state carbon monoxide oxidation was carried out over each sample. Upon extended reaction, catalyst deactivation took place over three of the catalysts whose respective surface compositions (e.g., gold to iron atomic ratio) were altered appreciably from their initial state. Surface structure analyses performed on all the unreacted catalysts have revealed variations in physical properties (e.g., degree of crystallinity and particle size). In addition, lattice parameters of gold were observed to increase up to 20 % from the bulk value. In contrast, XPS showed both gold and iron to be in essentially the same chemical states for all catalysts, irrespective of heat treatment temperatures. The importance of surface sensitive parameters to catalytic function are discussed.