cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting

This book presents a simple geometric model of voting as a tool to analyze parliamentary roll call data. Each legislator is represented by one point and each roll call is represented by two points that correspond to the policy consequences of voting Yea or Nay. On every roll call each legislator votes for the closer outcome point, at least probabilistically. These points form a spatial map that summarizes the roll calls. In this sense a spatial map is much like a road map because it visually depicts the political world of a legislature. The closeness of two legislators on the map shows how similar their voting records are, and the distribution of legislators shows what the dimensions are. These maps can be used to study a wide variety of topics including how political parties evolve over time, the existence of sophisticated voting and how an executive influences legislative outcomes.
Improving local control with breast-conserving therapy: a 27-year single-institution experience.

BACKGROUND The risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is associated with treatment and tumor-related variables, such as surgical margin status and the use of systemic therapy, and these variables have changed over time. Correspondingly, the authors of the current study hypothesized that the contemporary multidisciplinary management of breast carcinoma would lead to an improvement in IBTR rates after BCT. METHODS Between 1970 and 1996, 1355 patients with pathologic Stage I-II invasive breast carcinoma underwent BCT (breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy) at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Contemporary methods of analyzing surgical margins were in routine use by 1994. To analyze the effect of this variable and others, patient and tumor characteristics and IBTR rates in patients treated during 1994–1996 were compared with those in patients treated from 1970 to 1993. RESULTS Characteristics were similar in patients treated during 1994–1996 (n = 381) and those treated before 1994 (n = 974) except for patients aged >50 years (63.3% vs. 51.7%, P 50 (hazards ratio [HR] = 0.401; P = 0.0001), presence of negative surgical margins (HR = 0.574; P = 0.017), and use of adjuvant hormonal therapy (HR = 0.402; P = 0.05) were independent predictors of improved 5-year IBTR-free survival. On subgroup analysis, use of chemotherapy was associated with increased IBTR-free survival among women aged ≤ 50 years (HR = 0.383; P = 0.001). Although 5-year cumulative IBTR rates were lower among women aged > 50 years than among younger women before 1994 (2.6 % vs. 9.1%, P 50 yrs vs. 1.4 % for ≤ 50 yrs, P = 0.999). CONCLUSIONS The IBTR rate after BCT appears to be declining, especially among patients < 50 years of age. However, long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm this finding. This finding may reflect changes in surgical approaches and pathologic evaluation as well as an increased use of systemic therapy. The current low incidence of IBTR with multidisciplinary management of breast carcinoma may result in more patients choosing BCT over mastectomy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Adaptive Parameter Estimation

This chapter addresses adaptive parameter estimation for a general linear model illustrated by a parametrized linear time-invariant system in either continuous or discrete time. Detailed design and analysis of a normalized gradient algorithm and a normalized least-squares algorithm in either continuous or discrete time are given, including structure, stability, robustness, and convergence of the algorithms. A collection of commonly used robust adaptive laws are presented which ensure robust stability of the adaptive schemes in the presence of modeling errors.
Heavy ion folding potentials

The calculation and application of folding-model potentials for heavy-ion scattering are discussed for bombarding energies of the order of 10 MeV/nucleon. Both single- and double-folding methods are considered with an emphasis on using realistic internucleon interactions based on G-matrices in a double-folding model. The desirability of a consistent folding-model description of both light-ion and heavy-ion scattering is stressed and progress in this direction and some residual problems are discussed. An empirical assessment of the G-matrix folding model is made by applying the model to a number of cases of heavy-ion elastic and inelastic scattering.
Improved trinary associative memory for character recognition

Character recognition by a trinary associative memory (TAM) neural network model is investigated. Three different inner product thresholding schemes, namely, zero plus average thresholding, arithmetic mean thresholding, and a novel adaptive thresholding are examined. It was shown by a simulation that the novel threshold prescription scheme with the permanent inhibition scheme enhanced the convergence as well as storage capacity of the inner product associative memory. >
Algebraic Semantics for Functional Logic Programming with Polymorphic Order-Sorted Types

In this paper we present the semantics of a functional logic language with parametric and order-sorted polymorphism. Typed programs consist of a polymorphic signature and a set of constructor-based conditional rewriting rules for which we define a semantic calculus. The denotational semantics of the language is based on Scott domains interpreting constructors and functions by monotonic and continuous mappings, respectively, in every instance of the declared type. We prove initiality results for the free ground term algebra. We also prove that the free term algebra with variables is freely generated in the category of models. The semantic calculus is proved to be sound and complete w.r.t. the denotational semantics. As in logic programming, we define the immediate consequence operator, proving that the Hebrand model is the least model of a program.
Which Way Is Forward in Communication Theorizing? An Interview With Robert T. Craig

In this interview, we celebrate the founding editor of Communication Theory, Prof. Robert T. Craig, on the occasion of his retirement from teaching at the University of Colorado Boulder. The interview took place in Craig's office on May 28, 2013, under a framed and enlarged copy of Communication Theory's original cover design. The first part of the interview focused on the creation of Communication Theory. Next, Craig used the conversation metaphor to capture the character of communication theorizing. He then discussed recent responses to his theoretical work and elaborated his rationale for moving toward empirical work at the intersection between communication theory and practical metadiscourse. Finally, he reflected on the challenges of teaching communication theory to undergraduate and graduate students.
Soviet industrial espionage against American military technology and the US response, 1930–1945

Between 1930 and 1945, the Soviet Union played a significant role in American domestic affairs. Although its agents’ infiltration of social movements and government agencies is well known, their parallel and highly successful practice of espionage against American industrial and military technology is less familiar. Washington officials were aware of Soviet spying, but mired in the Depression and then preoccupied with war, they mounted only a limited response, reflecting a political culture that did not emphasize active counterintelligence efforts. As a result, early Cold War revelations of unmistakable Soviet espionage shocked Americans, polarizing the Soviet‐American relationship and introducing a zealous domestic security apparatus.
Incentives and behaviour in the ethnic politics of Sri Lanka and Malaysia

(1989). Incentives and behaviour in the ethnic politics of Sri Lanka and Malaysia. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 18-35.
Enhanced bioremediation of soil containing 2,4-dinitrotoluene by a genetically modified Sinorhizobium meliloti

Abstract The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti , is well known for its ability to interact with the leguminous plant Medicago sativa L. It has, however, not been reported that this species possesses the capability to degrade toxic nitroaromatic compounds, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) which is commonly associated with the degradation of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this study, the pJS1 DNT-biodegradative plasmid was genetically transferred to S. meliloti strain USDA 1936, which was confirmed by plasmid profile analysis. Several standard analytical and chemical tests including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nitrite (NO 2 ) release assays, rhizosphere population and plant greenhouse studies were conducted to test the ability of S. meliloti to degrade 2,4-DNT. The possible presence of 2,4-DNT remaining in the treated soil was tested, and no 2,4-DNT had been absorbed by the soil. The pJS1-carrying recombinant strain DHK1 produced ‘ARC’ alfalfa plants that were almost 2-fold higher in shoot dry weight than that produced by the parent strain on soil containing 0.14 mM 2,4-DNT. The transconjugant strain DHK1 reduced significantly one-third more 2,4-DNT in both 0.14 and 0.28 mM contaminated soil, and in 0.55 mM contaminated soil it degraded 94% of the 2,4-DNT present. In liquid cultures, however, only about 4% reduction in 2,4-DNT concentrations was obtained in 10 days. We interpret the results as clearly establishing that genetic modification was successfully used, for the first time, to improve the capability of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium S. meliloti DHK1 to bioremediate in situ 2,4-DNT-contaminated soil in the presence of alfalfa plants.
Static Friction Coefficient Model for Metallic Rough Surfaces

Modele de calcul du coefficient de frottement statique dans le cas de surfaces rugueuses metalliques
Low cycle fatigue of Ti-Mn alloys: Microstructural aspects of fatigue crack growth

Fatigue crack path behavior of a series of Ti-Mn alloys heat treated to produce volume fractions of the alpha phase ranging from 0 to 97.5 pct was investigated. Both Widmanstatten and equiaxed morphologies of the α phase were used in this study. Interior and surface crack paths are discussed in terms of slip behavior and microstructural details.
Coherent anti-Stokes vibrational Raman spectra of artificial rhodopsin pigments containing ring structures blocking 11-cis isomerization

Abstract The structural changes in the retinal chromophore that underlie the initial picosecond processes in the room temperature rhodopsin (Rh RT ) photo-reaction (i.e., photo RT and batho RT intermediates) are examined through the vibrational spectra of four artificial Rh pigments (new vibrational spectra from three artificial Rh pigments are presented here). Each of these Rh pigments contains a retinal in which isomerization around the C 11 C 12 bond, thought to be the primary reaction coordinate in the Rh RT photo-reaction, is blocked. Specifically, vibrational spectra from the ground electronic states of Rh7.10 (containing a 7-membered carbon ring spanning the C 10 –C 11 C 12 –C 13 bonds in the retinal), Rh7.10/8D (Rh7.10 containing a deuterium at C 8 ), Rh7.10/ND (Rh7.10 containing a deuterium at the Schiff-base nitrogen) and Rh8.10 (containing an 8-membered carbon ring spanning the C 10 –C 11 C 12 –C 13 bonds in the retinal) are recorded by picosecond resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (PR/CARS). These PR/CARS data are analyzed with the aid of vibrational mode, assignments originating with native Rh used to identify the structural motions that can be associated with specific vibrational features. These PR/CARS assignments provide the spectroscopic information required to interpret the structural changes in the retinal chromophore, observed via picosecond time-resolved CARS measurements (reported elsewhere), following optical excitation of these same artificial Rh pigments. The relationships between structural changes in these artificial Rh pigments and those occurring in native Rh are also discussed.
1,4-Dihydropyridine binding sites in moss plasma membranes: Properties of receptors for a calcium channel antagonist

An increase in cytoplasmic calcium is an early event in hormone (cytokinin)-induced vegetative bud formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Whole cell and calcium transport studies have implicated 1,4-dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in this increase in cellular calcium. To understand the molecular nature of the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel, we have established conditions for the binding of the arylazide 1,4-dihydropyridine, [3H]azidopine, to its receptor in moss plasma membranes. [3H]Azidopine bound specifically in a saturable and reversible manner. The KD for [3H]azidopine binding was 5.2 nM and the Bmax was 35.6 pmol/mg of protein. Association and dissociation of the receptor and [3H]azidopine were temperature-dependent, and association varied as a function of pH. Binding was inhibited by dihydropyridine, phenylalkylamine, and benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers, bepridil, lanthanum, and N-ethylmaleimide. [3H]Azidopine binding was stimulated by cations including calcium, strontium, manganese, and barium. [3H]Azidopine binding was also stimulated by cytokinin with a Km value for kinetin of 0.13 nM. These studies utilize a simple plant system to provide a biochemical framework for understanding calcium regulation during development and have implications for understanding mechanisms of signal transduction in plants.
The pursuit of the whole NChilada: Virtual petaflops using multi-adaptive algorithms for gravitational systems

Â Â Â Â "The orbit of any one planet depends on the combined motion of all the other planets, not to mention the actions of all these on each other. To consider simultaneously all these causes of motion and to define these motions by exact laws allowing of convenient calculation exceeds, unless I am mistaken, the forces of the entire human intellect." -Isaac Newton, 1687 We describe the keys to meeting the challenges of N-body simulation: adaptive potential solvers, adaptive integration, and volume renormalization. With these techniques and a dedicated teraflop facility, simulation can keep pace with observations of the universe. We also describe some problems in simulating the formation and stability of planetary systems.
Evidence of An Archaic Dam In A Carolina Bay: The Sewee Shell Ring, South Carolina

Abstract The Sewee shell ring is part of a complex water gathering system built in a Carolina bay designated as Oak Bay. The seaward boundary of the shell ring, the sand rim of Oak Bay, and a surface exposed aquiclude/aquitard stratum are concordant. A Slough, adjacent to the Sewee shell ring structure, is characterized by a perennial freshwater stream flowing into it. A Slough shell structure is located near the seaward end of the Slough. This shell structure is perpendicular to the long axis of the Slough. It was built on the aquiclude/aquitard stratum of Oak Bay. Measurement of unconfined sub-surface water heights, seaward of the Slough shell structure, indicated no trends in retention of freshwater at low or high tide during sequential drought and rainy periods, Water heights, in contrast, landward of the Slough shell structure at low and high tide were higher during the rainy, compared to the drought period. Salinities of unconfined sub-surface water samples also indicated retention of freshwater lan...
Clinical Characteristics and Outpatient Mental Health Service Use of Transition-Age Youth in the USA

This study examines diagnostic and service utilization patterns of transition-age youth in outpatient care derived from the 2007 nationally representative Client/Patient Sample Survey. Comparisons between 16–17, 18–21, and 22–25 year olds are highlighted. Among transition-age outpatients, the oldest youth had the highest rates of depression and bipolar disorder and co-occurring medical and substance use problems. Controlling for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, 18–21 year olds were less likely to receive individual therapy than 16–17 year olds, but there were no age group differences in receipt of specialized therapy or psychotropic medication. Female gender and Hispanic ethnicity were positively associated with the number of services received and specialized service use, respectively; youth with private insurance were more likely than those with public insurance to receive psychotropic medication. Implications are discussed regarding access to and adequacy of services provided for young people in the critical transition to adulthood, especially with the implementation of the 2010 Affordable Care Act.
Lamb waves time-reversal method using frequency tuning technique for structural health monitoring

Lamb wave time reversal method is a new and tempting baseline-free damage detection technique for structural health monitoring. With this method, certain types of damage can be detected without baseline data. However, the application of this method to thin-wall structures is complicated by the existence of at least two Lamb wave modes at any given frequency, and by the dispersion nature of the Lamb wave modes existing in thin-wall structures. The theory of Lamb wave time reversal has not yet been fully studied. This paper addresses this problem by developing a theoretical model for the analysis of Lamb wave time reversal in thin-wall structures based on the exact solutions of the Rayleigh-Lamb wave equation. The theoretical model first used to predict the existence of single-mode Lamb waves. Then the time reversal behavior of single-mode and two-mode Lamb waves is studied numerically. The advantages of single-mode tuning in the application of time reversal damage detection are highlighted. The validity of the proposed theoretical model is verified through experimental studies. In addition, a similarity metric for judging time invariance of Lamb wave time reversal is presented. It is shown that, under certain condition, the use of PWAS-tuned single-mode Lamb waves can greatly improve the effectiveness of the time-reversal damage detection procedure.
Response uncertainty and perceptual difficulty of auditory temporal patterns

Two qualitatively different sounds were used to generate256 different sequences of length8, and these sequences were presented to Ss at a rate of two stimuli per second. These sequences, when repeatedcontinuously,canbe grouped into20 fundame ntally different patterns, each having either2, 4, or8 distinguishably different starting points. Ss were required to listen and to be gin responding (with telegraph keys) in synchrony to the patterns when they were able. The point at which they began responding, the delay before responding, and errors after beginning responding were measured. The response uncertainty (variability of point of response for a given pattern), average delay, and average errors are all highly correlated, indicating that patterns which are easily organized are those which have few alternative modes of organization, and thus can be considered as simple, or good in the Gestalt sense.
Enhanced water removal in a fuel cell stack by droplet atomization using structural and acoustic excitation

Abstract This work examines new methods for enhancing product water removal in fuel cell stacks. Vibration and acoustic based methods are proposed to atomize condensed water droplets in the channels of a bipolar plate or on a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The vibration levels required to atomize water droplets of different sizes are first examined using two different approaches: (1) exciting the droplet at the same energy level required to form that droplet; and (2) by using a method called ‘vibration induced droplet atomization’, or VIDA. It is shown analytically that a 2 mm radius droplet resting on a bipolar-like plate can be atomized by inducing acceleration levels as low as 250 g at a certain frequency. By modeling the direct structural excitation of a simplified bipolar plate using a realistic source, the response levels that can be achieved are then compared with those required levels. Furthermore, a two-cell fuel cell finite element model and a boundary element model of the MEA were developed to demonstrate that the acceleration levels required for droplet atomization may be achieved in both the bipolar plate as well as the MEA through proper choice of excitation frequency and source strength.
Analysis of rat calvaria defects implanted with a platelet-rich plasma preparation: radiographic observations.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) harbors growth factors identified in bone. It has been suggested that these factors enhance osteogenesis. The objective of this study was to conduct a radiographic evaluation on local bone formation following surgical implantation of a PRP preparation using a critical-size rat calvaria defect model. Methods: Thirty 22-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The PRP preparation was obtained from 10 ml of whole blood drawn from one age-matched donor rat. The preparation was processed by gradient density centrifugation and stored at –80°C until use. Using aseptic techniques, the PRP preparation soak-loaded onto an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier or ACS alone was surgically implanted into contralateral critical-size 6 mm rat calvaria osteotomies in 18 animals. Twelve animals received ACS alone versus sham surgery in contralateral defects. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks when biopsies were collected and radiographs were obtained using a standardized...
Case report: Refractory esophageal candidiasis associated with a low molecular weight plasma inhibitor of T-lymphocyte function

In a patient with chronic esophageal candidiasis due to C.tropicalis that was refractory to mycostatin and ketoconazole, a generalized cell-mediated immunodeficiency state was detected. Samples of plasma from this patient inhibited T-lymphocyte function, suppressing both rosette formation and mitogen responsiveness of T-cells derived from the patient and from normal individuals. Following plasma exchange, the patient’s immune defect resolved and her candida infection disappeared. On further analysis, the plasma inhibitory factor was found to be of low molecular weight ( < 10, 000) and heat labile. Preliminary studies suggested that this inhibitor was candida-derived, since it was removed from plasma by anti-candida antibodies in solid phase. Immunodeficiency in chronic candidiasis may be improved by removal of circulating inhibitory factors through plasma exchange.
Phosphorylation of Neuronal Kinesin Heavy and Light Chains In Vivo

The microtubule-based motor protein kinesin is thought to drive anterograde organelle transport in axons, but nothing is known about how its force-generating activity or organelle-binding properties are regulated. Studies in other motility systems suggest that protein phosphorylation is a reasonable candidate for this function. I report here that the kinesin heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC), as well as the 160-kDa kinesin-associated protein kinectin, are phosphorylated in vivo in cultures of chick sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells labeled metabolically with 32P. In neurons, both kinesin chains are phosphorylated exclusively on serine residues, and limiting tryptic digestion demonstrated that the phosphorylation sites are clustered in a region of < or = 5 kDa for the HC and < or = 14 kDa for the LC. Partial tryptic digestion of 32P-labeled HC followed by immunoblotting with SUK4 monoclonal anti-HC and fluorography showed that the sites of HC phosphorylation are outside the globular N-terminal head region where kinesin's microtubule-binding and mechanochemical activities reside. Treatment of metabolically labeled neurons with forskolin, phorbol esters, or calcium ionophore did not alter the extent of phosphorylation, the phosphoamino acid composition, or the V8 protease phosphopeptide maps of the HC, LC, and 160-kDa protein, with one exception: treatment with calcium ionophore reduced the specific activity of the LC. In addition, when kinesin from PC12 cells was compared with that from PC12-derived cell lines lacking protein kinase A activity, neither the extent of phosphorylation nor the phosphopeptide maps were altered for either chain. Phosphopeptide mapping experiments also showed that postlysis kinase activity can phosphorylate both the neuronal HC and LC at sites not phosphorylated in vivo.
Lipid- and temperature-dependent structural changes in Acholeplasma laidlawii cell membranes.

Abstract The lipids in cell membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii were enriched with different fatty acids selected to produce membranes showing molecular motion discontinuities at temperatures between 10 and 35 °C. Molecular motion in these membranes was probed by ESR after labelling with 12-nitroxide stearate, and structure in these membranes was examined by electron microscopy after freeze-etching. Freeze-etching and electron microscopy showed that under certain conditions the particles in the A. laidlawii membranes aggregated, resulting in particle-rich and particle-depleted regions in the cell membrane. Depending upon the lipid content of the membrane, this aggregation could begin at temperatures well above the ESR-determined discontinuity. Aggregation increased with decreasing temperature but was completed at or near the discontinuity. However, cell membranes grown and maintained well below their ESR-determined discontinuity did not show maximum particle aggregation until after they had been exposed to temperatures at or above the discontinuity. The results show that temperatures at or near a phase transition temperature can induce aggregation of the membrane particles. This suggests that temperature-induced changes in the lipid phase of a biological membrane can induce phase separations which affect the topography of associated proteins.
The Effect of Age On the Performance of an Innate Behaviour Pattern in Mormoniella Vitripennis Walk. (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae)

The behaviour of male Mormoniella vitripennis Walk., in their first performance of an innate behaviour pattern (Courtship), is analysed by dual quantification. Quantitative changes in this pattern are noted as the insect becomes older. There is a slowing up in the performance of the pattern. Also, older males spend more time on the female and perform more courtship movements. These changes are discussed and shown to be separable from "Improvement" due to learning. It is concluded that animals used in quantitative behaviour studies should be standardised with regard to age.
Novel, developmentally specific control of Ds transposition in maize.

Plants form their gametes late in somatic development and, as a result, often pass somatic mutations on to their progeny. Classic examples of this process are the germinal revertants of unstable, Ac/Ds transposon-induced kernel mutations in maize: frequent and early reversion events during somatic development are generally correlated with a high frequency of revertant gametes. We have characterized a Ds allele of the maize waxy(wx) gene, wx-m5:CS7, for which the correlation between somatic and germinal reversion frequencies no longer holds. The ability of wx-m5:CS7 (CS7) to produce revertant gametes is suppressed ∼100-fold in comparison with a second Ds allele, wx-m5:CS8 (CS8), which has an identical insertion at Wx and the same frequent and early somatic reversion pattern in endosperm. The excision of Ds from wx is not reduced 100-fold in the somatic tissues of CS7 plants as compared with CS8 plants. Suppressed formation of CS7 revertant gametes is independent of the Ac transposase source and is heritably passed to the embryos of progeny kernels; however, frequent and early somatic reversion is observed again in endosperms of these progeny kernels. This suppression appears to be caused by a dominant mutation in a trans-acting product that can suppress the germinal reversion of other Ds-induced alleles as well; the mutation is tightly linked to Wx but is not in the CS7 Ds itself. Taken together, the data suggest a novel mode of developmental control of Ac/Ds elements by the host plant, suppressing element excision in the shoot meristem.
Chemicals from alternative feedstocks in the United States

Growing industrial interest in products from renewable alternative feedstocks has resulted in the creation of more industry-led federal research and development programs. The basis of this interest is introduced, followed by an overview of the various federal programs that support basic through applied research relevant to chemical products from renewable resources, and evidence of the increased coordination efforts between programs. The majority of the paper outlines a new program within the U.S. Department of Energy, the Alternative Feedstocks Program, which specifically targets chemicals from renewables which have the potential to become part of the next generation of high-volume chemical feedstocks for the manufacturing industries. The first product of the program, an iterative process technology decision analysis tool, is broadly presented using the first process development project: succinic acid from fermentable sugars.
Perturbed states of the bacterial chromosome: a thymineless death case study.

Spatial patterns of transcriptional activity in the living genome of Escherichia coli represent one of the more peculiar aspects of the E. coli chromosome biology. Spatial transcriptional correlations can be observed throughout the chromosome, and their formation depends on the state of replication in the cell. The condition of thymine starvation leading to thymineless death (TLD) is at the “cross-roads” of replication and transcription. According to a current view, e.g., (Cagliero et al., 2014), one of the cellular objectives is to segregate the processes of transcription and replication in time and space. An ultimate segregation would take place when one process is inhibited and another is not, as it happens during thymine starvation, which results in numerous molecular and physiological abnormalities associated with TLD. One of such abnormalities is the loss of spatial correlations in the vicinity of the origin of replication. We review the transcriptional consequences of replication inhibition by thymine starvation in a context of the state of DNA template in the starved cells and opine about a possible significance of normal physiological coupling between the processes of replication and transcription.
Relative viscosity and viscosity coefficients of aqueous azoniaspiroalkane bromides at 25°C

The relative viscosities ηr of dilute aqueous solutions of azoniaspiroalkane bromides, (CH2) n N+ (CH2) n Br− (wheren=4, 5, and 6), have been measured at 25°C. The viscosityB η andD η coefficients were determined using the extended Jones-Dole equation $$\eta _r = 1 + A_\eta c^{1/2} + B_\eta c + D_\eta c^2$$ TheB η coefficients obtained for the bicyclic azoniaspiroalkane bromides were compared with those of the corresponding homologous tetra-n-alkylammonium bromides. Based on the obtained sign and magnitude of (B n −0.0025o v ∘ ) for the salts and for the bicyclic ions, the structural effects of cation geometry and alkyl group flexibility on water are discussed. The results indicate that the hydrophobic (clathrate hydrate-like) character of the larger tetra-n-alkylammonium ions is reduced significantly when cyclic groups are formed from the alkyl chains in symmetrical quaternary ammonium ions.
Predictors for Locoregional Recurrence for Clinical Stage III-N2 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Nodal Downstaging After Induction Chemotherapy and Surgery

Purpose Pathologic downstaging following chemotherapy for stage III-N2 NSCLC is a well-known positive prognostic indicator. However, the predictive factors for locoregional recurrence (LRR) in these patients are largely unknown.
Inverse eigenvalue problems associated with spring-mass systems

It is well known that given Ai unless the spectral data satisfy some additional conditions. We give a related theorem where instead of prescribing o(T) and u(T 1, we prescribe u(T) and c+(T + E) with E a certain rank one matrix. Interest in t h e construction of Jacobi matrices from spectral data is motivated partly by discrete spring-mass systems. Given the principal frequencies of vibration of such a system and the frequencies of a modification of the same system, then constructing a Jacobi matrix from those spectral data may lead to determining the masses and spring constants of the system. We provide general tools for converting Jacobi matrix results into spring-mass system results, illustrate these techniques with examples, among them are new spring-mass reconstruction results which follow from our Jacobi matrix theorem. 0 Elsevier Science Inc., 1997
Soybean Cultivar and Planting Date Response to Soil Fumigation

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield will be maximized by planting the last week ofApril or the first week of May in Iowa. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe; SCN) is present in the majority of Iowa fields and may influence cultivar responses to planting date. This study was conducted to determine whether specific cultivars need to be selected based on planting date. The effects of soil fumigation, planting date, and cultivar selection were evaluated at three sites in Iowa near De Witt, Nevada, and Whiting during 2005 and 2006. These sites varied in rainfall, soil type, and SCN population densities. Yields of the first two planting dates were increased an average of 10% by fumigation and yields of the SCN-susceptible cultivar NK-S32-G5 and the SCN-resistant cultivar P91M90 increased 11%. Cultivars with the PI88788 source of SCN resistance produced greater yields than other sources of SCN resistance in the nonfumigated treatment but yields were equal among all sources of SCN resistance in the fumigated treatment. Cultivars responded similarly to planting date, with maximum yields at early dates followed by a consistent decline as planting was delayed. The combination of SCN-resistant cultivars and early planting resulted in the greatest and most consistent yields across diverse production environments. Cultivar selection should focus on high-yielding, adapted cultivars with resistance to SCN when SCN is present in a field, and these cultivars should be selected for both early and late planting dates.
VISIBLE AND RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTRA OF LOW VALENT IRON PORPHYRINS

The resonance Raman spectrum of Fe(TPP)2− was obtained after the three-electron electrochemical reduction of Fe(TPP)(Cl). The coulometric reduction was carried out in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphoanylidine)ammonium chloride in DMF in order to avoid the formation of iron–σ-alkyl complexes. The resonance Raman spectrum of the intermediate oxidation states (Fe(TPP) and Fe(TPP)−) were consistent with previous work. The spectrum of the three-electron product, Fe(TPP)2−, obtained at 442 nm, was qualitatively similar to the two-electron reduced product, Fe(TPP)−, with an intense ν2 band at 1537 cm−1. The high frequency bands generally decreased in energy, contrary to the expectations based on the X-ray crystallographic core size. In particular, the ν2 and ν10 bands decreased by 18 and 22 cm−1. A small increase was observed for the ν4 band (+4 cm−1). While these changes were not consistent with the measured core size, they were in agreement with other porphyrin π-anion radicals such as Zn(TPP)− and VO(OEP)−. Based on the resonance Raman spectra, Fe(TPP)2− can be formulated as an iron(I) π-radical anion. Significant backbonding between the dπ-orbitals of the iron to the eg* orbital of the porphyrin, though, is probably occurring. As a result, the complex is probably not a pure π-anion radicals.
Like herding cats

In an effort to be a good manager, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that knowledge workers require a unique approach from their manager. Because nurses are independent and capable individuals that prosper in an environment that recognizes them as knowledge workers, nurse managers often find that traditional management techniques are not sufficient. Trying to manage all of the nurses on a unit as a single group is much like trying to herd cats. It might be less frustrating for the nurse manager to lead gently rather than manage with a firm hand. Warren Bennis suggests that this approach may provide a valuable key to successfully managing in a world of constant change.
Functional Morphology of Mammalian Mastication

SYNOPSIS. While chewing is not unique to mammals, it is one of their most distinctive characteristics. Historically, studies of food processing in mammals were intended to provide evolutionary insights, but more progress has been made in understanding mechanistic aspects. Mastication is considered under five headings. (1) Interaction of teeth with food .Knowledge of comparative dental anatomy and function is advanced in comparison to understanding of foods and how they are broken down. (2) Chewing force and its resistance by the skull . The traditional assumption that occlusal force is maximized is not always justified, and experimental results suggest that skull loading is far more dynamic and variable than had been envisioned from theoretical analyses. (3) How the jaw moves . The most important masticatory movement is that of the power stroke, and in most but not all species this is influenced more by the inclined planes of the teeth and jaw joints than by the musculature. (4) The role of muscles in producing both force and movement . The most fundamental distinction among jaw muscles is whether they have a rostral or caudal direction of pull, as this determines their role in transverse jaw movements. Reliance on anatomical names tends to obscure functional similarities and differences among species. (5) Intraoral structures . Because they are difficult to study, the actions of the tongue and pharynx are still debated. Even the fundamental question of whether mammals can breathe and swallow at the same time has not been definitively answered.
747-6 Myocardial Blood Flow in Aortic Regurgitation: Comparison of Global and Regional Blood Flow to Regional Wall Stresses

The impact of regional wall stress (WS) abnormalities on regional coronary flow (CBF) in aortic regurgitation (AR) is not known. However, the existence of such a relation is of potential importance since it might account in part for LV dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis seen in AR, and could suggest therapeutic strategies. We have previously developed and validated a method for calculating regional WS in the radial, circumferential and meridional directions from mid wall (MW) to apex (AP) and endocardium (ENDO) to epicardium (EPI) using a 4000 element model of the LV To define the relation of regional WS and CSF in AR, we applied our LV model in 5 normal (NL) and 4 AR rabbits in which regional CBF was measured using fluorescent microspheres. CBF and radial WS were as follows: CBF (ml/min/gm) Radial WS (× 103dynes/cm2) MW AP MW AP NL EPI 2.49 1.30 83 29* ENDO 2.09 0.74 133 133* AR EPI 1.82 1.82* 86 38* ENDO 1.41 0.77* 133 133* *= p l 0.001 (EPI vs ENDO for CSF, EPI to ENDO gradient in AR vs NL for radial WS) Thus, in AR, transmural CBF distribution varies significantly at the apex, while this tendency is less marked and less consistent in NL. No discernable transmural variation was apparent elsewhere in either group. These differences paralleled inversely the transmural variations in radial WS in AR vs NL. In contrast, meridional WS and circumferential WS were uniformly and significantly higher in AR than NL at apex and base (all p l 0.001), a pattern which bore no relation to regional CSF pattern. Thus, regional radial WS influences regional transmural CBF pattern in AR. The importance of this relation to regional LV function and regional myocardial fibrosis in AR now must be assessed.
TOXICITY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN TOBACCO SMOKE

The potential to cause cellular damage by metal ions in conjunction with other constituents of tobacco smoke is enormous. Various studies have demonstrated the role of reactive oxygen species in the toxicity of transition metals, and the presence of many highly reactive metal ions in high concentrations in tobacco smoke indicates a role for metal ions in the subsequent toxicity and carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke. This review summarizes current information pertaining to the role of metal ions in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and describes the mechanisms that may be involved. Evidence indicates that multiple mechanisms may be involved in the production of reactive oxygen species involving metal ions in tobacco smoke. Similar mechanisms involving redox cycling with the production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical appear to be involved for iron, copper, and chromium. However, some metal ions, such as nickel, lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and antimony, deple...
Design, synthesis, and application of a hydrazide-functionalized isotope-coded affinity tag for the quantification of oxylipid-protein conjugates.

An isotopically coded affinity probe was developed and evaluated for the characterization and quantification of proteins adducted by 2-alkenals derived from lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes. Lipid-derived 2-alkenals, such as acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), have the ability to react with cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues in proteins, thus causing protein damage and loss of protein function. Such modifications of proteins are difficult to characterize in biological samples by mass spectrometry due to the complexity of protein extracts and the low abundance of adducted proteins. The novel aldehyde-reactive, hydrazide-functionalized, isotope-coded affinity tag (HICAT) described in this study was found effective for the selective isolation, detection, and quantification of Michael-type adducts of 2-alkenals with proteins using a combination of affinity isolation, nanoLC, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS). The chemical and mass spectrometric ...
Inflation, Agricultural Output, and Productivity

Why should inflation have an adverse effect upon agricultural output and productivity? Since most economists accept the view that inflation is bad and should be avoided-if doing so does not cost too much-our kneejerk reaction is that inflation has significant adverse effects upon output and productivity. True, inflation redistributes wealth and income, as most of us who work for universities and, in addition, have annuities derived from defined contributions realize. And when inflation rates reach some levels, the breakdown of confidence in money and financial institutions can have serious economic, social, and political consequences. But have the inflation rates of 10% to 15% to which we have been subjected during the past year had significant resource and productivity effects in agriculture? When I started to write this paper I was not sure how I would answer this question. Was I more sure when I finished? I leave it to you to judge. The first issue that I address is what has happened to productivity in the economy and in agriculture during the 1970s. In considering what may have happened to the growth of productivity in agriculture, we should consider that change in the context of the national picture. The available data on changes in national productivity, whether as measured by total factor productivity or by labor productivity (average labor product) show clearly that national productivity growth has been significantly slower since 1973 than in the years before. What is much less clear is why the slowdown has occurred. What do the data show? Table 1 gives data on total factor productivity for the private domestic economy and selected segments. There can be little doubt that productivity growth after 1973 was at a lower rate than in any other period since 1948. Table 2 provides similar data on labor productivity, and the general picture is the same as for total factor productivity. There are those who argue that the productivity slowdown started before 1973. Tables 1 and 2 give some support for that view, though the pre-1973 slowdown seems to have been concentrated in areas other than manufactur-
Efficient Construction of Compact Shedding Filters for Data Stream Processing

High-volume source streams, coupled with fluctuating rates, necessitate adaptive load shedding in data stream processing. When ignored, a continual query (CQ) server may randomly drop items, when its capacity is inadequate to handle the arriving data, and degrade the quality of the query results. To alleviate this problem, filters can be used at the source nodes. However, regular source filtering in itself is not sufficient to prevent random dropping, because the amount of data passing through the filters can still surpass the server's capacity. In this case, intelligent load shedding can be applied by the source filters to minimize the degradation in result quality. In this paper, we introduce a novel type of load-shedding source filters, called non- uniformly regulated (NR) sifters. An NR sifter judiciously applies varying amounts of load shedding to different regions of the data space within the sifter. We formulate the problem of constructing NR sifters as an optimization one. NR sifters are compact and quickly configurable, allowing frequent adaptations, and provide fast lookup f.or deciding if a data item should be dropped. We structure NR sifters as a set of (sifter region, drop threshold) pairs to achieve compactness, develop query consolidation techniques to enable quick construction, and introduce flexible space partitioning mechanisms to realize fast lookup.
Kuhn's Intensity Hypothesis Revisited

This paper considers the well-known problem of finding a vector of factor prices w to satisfy p = C(w) where p is a fixed vector of output prices and C a vector of unit-cost functions. There are two traditional approaches. (1) Following Kuhn (1959), boundary conditions on C yield existence, (2) Following Gale and Nikaido (1965), conditions on the Jacobian matrix of C and its principal minors yield uniqueness. In the first approach Kuhn (1959) proposed the Intensity Hypothesis to guarantee the existence of a factor price for which complete diversification of production is compatible with competitive equilibrium. Later this condition was examined through the Section 3.3 of the survey paper of international trade theory by Chipman (1966),2 and modified into a more general form. In the second approach the condition on the interior of the domain by Gale and Nikaido has been significantly weakened by Mas-Colell (1979). This paper combines a weaker boundary condition with a weaker Jacobian condition to obtain both. In the following sections we clarify the implication of the Intensity Hypothesis, and show that under the non-reversal condition of factor intensities it guarantees not only the existence, but also the uniqueness of a factor price vector. This rather striking result will prove true as a consequence of a uniqueness result under more general boundary conditions.
Study Periods and Energy Price Escalation Rates—Important Factors in the Economic Evaluation of Insulation Systems

The study period length and energy price escalation rate are two basic assumptions that must be established prior to the application of an economic evaluation technique. The study period length (the time period over which the costs of an investment are analyzed) may reflect the useful life of the investment or the time horizon of the investor. The energy price escalation rate (the rate of cost increase assumed for a given type of energy) will reflect the investor's expected inflation rate for energy costs. Presented here are a number of graphically illustrated examples that give detailed sensitivity analyses for varied study period lengths and energy price escalation rates. It is shown that the calculated cost-effectiveness of an investment in insulation can be extremely dependent upon the study period length and energy price escalation rate selected for the economic evaluation.