cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION: THE “TROJAN HORSE” OF TRADITION

at first glance, this theme Issue looks very much like many of our previous ones wherein we have grouped a series of essays around a specific idea or topic. but the context surrounding this particular issue makes it unique. In october 2011, in beijing, History and Theory, Wesleyan University, Social Sciences in china Press, and the chinese academy of Social Sciences held a scholarly exchange forum on the topic of “tradition.” the event was designed to foster interaction and discussion between “Western” and chinese scholars on the chosen topic and to encourage greater international cooperation among all of the participants.1 to this extent, the event was a great success; the second iteration of the scholarly exchange will take place this coming May at Wesleyan University on the topic of “comparative enlightenments.” but something interesting occurred during the time between the initial planning of the conference and the actual event. the exchange was first conceived at a time when there was much talk of the “great opening” of china, and the chinese delegates who came to Middletown, connecticut spoke frankly about their desire to increase and improve the instruction and production of works on historical theory. to this end, it was decided that a focus on “tradition” might allow the scholars invited by the Social Sciences in china Press and those invited by History and Theory to each reflect upon the role and place of “tradition” as a theme but also in terms of their respective methods and approaches. for many of us, certainly for me, the exchange was an invitation to introduce historical interpretations and methodologies explicitly critical of orthodox Marxist theories of history into an educational discourse that is explicitly governed by that theory (at least officially). by the time of the event, however, the intellectual climate in china had changed. the rise of the micro-blog (such as Weibo) and other social media led to a growing concern at the Party level that the general public, the “netizens,” were now shaping and forming a competing, or perhaps simply independent, understanding of what “chinese culture” is. the communist Party central committee Plenum, held one week before our scholar exchange, officially concluded that there was a greater need to assert top-down control in the realm of cultural production to combat this cultural drift.2 thus the final planning and organization
Influence of twinning on the grain refinement during high-temperature deformation in a magnesium alloy

A relationship was established between the recrystallized grain size (drec) and the Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z) for a wrought Mg alloy using hot compression tests. Above a critical Z value, twinning influences the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process, resulting in a more effective grain refinement, which is manifested in a significant change in the slope of the Z–drec relationship. The compression tests were performed along the through-thickness and rolling directions of the plate to study the orientation dependency of the DRX process.
Microporous conducting polymers on neural microelectrode arrays: II. Physical characterization

Abstract The electrochemical properties of microporous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy) films deposited on microfabricated neural electrodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Microporous conducting polymer films were electrochemically deposited on neural microelectrodes in galvanostatic mode from aqueous solutions containing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and pyrrole (Py) monomer with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as the counter ion. Impedance spectroscopy was obtained for microporous conducting polymer coated microelectrodes over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. Impedance spectroscopy of neural microelectrodes with microporous films of different thickness and different pore sizes was investigated in buffer solution (pH 7.0). The EIS results show that the microporous coatings decrease the impedance modulus by almost two-orders of magnitude at a frequency of 1 kHz. The EIS data were fitted to an equivalent electric circuit model. The results show that the diffusion capacitance and resistance of the films both increase with deposition charge. The significant drop in impedance magnitude and phase angle is consistent with an increase of the surface area due to the open, roughened morphology. In comparison with microporous PPy/LiClO4, microporous PEDOT/LiClO4 demonstrated much better electrochemical stability, losing only 5% of its original charge capacity after 120 cycles of CV measurement, while microporous PPy/PSS lost 30% under the same conditions.
Exercise Testing in Young Asymptomatic Diabetic Patients

The cardiovascular response to submaximal bicycle exercise was studied in a group of 19 asymptomatic diabetic patients aged 18 to 39, including 11 males and 8 females and 18 control subjects (9 males and 9 females, aged 20 to 34 years). The maximum heart rate achieved by the control subjects (group I), 175.9 ± 8.9 beats/min, was greater than that achieved by the diabetic patients (group II), 159.4 ± 17.8 beats/min, (P < 0.01 ). The work load at which the maximum heart rate was reached was lower in diabetic males, 681 ± 155.4 kg m/min, than in healthy males, 866.7 ± 139.9 kg m/min, (P < 0.02). Although systolic blood pressure elevations were comparable during exercise and the postexercise period, the increase in diastolic blood pressure during exercise in the diabetic patients was greater than in control subjects (P < 0.001). This difference, however, was only observed in the males and not in the females. The difference in diastolic blood pressure was again noted between the groups in the postexercise peri...
Combined Ultrahigh Vacuum Electrochemistry Studies of Copper and Sulfur-Modified Copper Electrodes in Mildly Acidic Phosphate Electrolyte

The effect of -0.1 monolayer of adsorbed S on the electrochemical response of polycrystalline Cu in a phosphate buffer electrolyte at pH 6.4 has been studied using combined ultrahigh vacuum electrochemistry methodology. This study shows that the anodic dissolution current is higher for both S-free Cu and S-modified Cu electrodes at pH 6.4, when compared to dissolution currents observed in a previous study in a borate buffer at pH 8.4. The absence of CuO in the surface oxide-hydroxide layer for electrodes subjected to anodic dissolution in the phosphate buffer is proposed to he the main reason for enhanced dissolution currents observed at this pH. The presence of adsorbed S does not have a significant effect on anodic dissolution contrary to the behavior observed in the previous study in borate buffer. Adsorbed S is found to inhibit oxide-hydroxide formation at the peak dissolution potential.
Trichophyton rubrum is Inhibited by Free and Nanoparticle Encapsulated Curcumin by Induction of Nitrosative Stress after Photodynamic Activation

Antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition (aPI) utilizes radical stress generated from the excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light to destroy pathogens. Its use against Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophytic fungus with increasing incidence and resistance, has not been well characterized. Our aim was to evaluate the mechanism of action of aPI against T. rubrum using curcumin as the PS in both free and nanoparticle (curc-np) form. Nanocarriers stabilize curcumin and allow for enhanced solubility and PS delivery. Curcumin aPI, at optimal conditions of 10 μg/mL of PS with 10 J/cm2 of blue light (417 ± 5 nm), completely inhibited fungal growth (p<0.0001) via induction of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which was associated with fungal death by apoptosis. Interestingly, only scavengers of RNS impeded aPI efficacy, suggesting that curcumin acts potently via a nitrosative pathway. The curc-np induced greater NO• expression and enhanced apoptosis of fungal cells, highlighting curc-np aPI as a potential treatment for T. rubrum skin infections.
Inosinate pyrophosphorylase activity in immature blood cells in X-linked congenital hyperuricosuria.

Radioautographic examination of the bone marrow of three patients with X-linked congenital hyperuricosuria (Lesch-Nyhan's disease), after incubation with radioactive hypoxanthine, revealed no labeling even in extremely immature blood cells. An adequacy of the cosubstrate, phosphoribosepyrophosphate, in these cells was demonstrated by the appearance of labeling following incubation with tritiated adenine. It is concluded that the enzyme IMP pyrophosphorylase (inosinate: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase E.C.2.4.2.8) is deficient in young blood cells as well as in peripheral blood elements. The possibility that the enzyme deficiency in the peripheral blood results from the rapid degradation of an unstable enzyme is thereby excluded. Absence of radioactive labeling of terminal cells—erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets—is attributed to an insufficiency of the cosubstrate, phosphoribosepyrophosphate.
Granulated blast furnace slag used to reduce grounding resistance

Granulated blast furnace slag is the residue produced from steel-making plants. Waste utilisation is an attractive alternative to disposal in that disposal cost and potential pollution problems are reduced. Nowadays the use of slag in concrete, either as a constituent of cement or as a mineral admixture, is widespread. The granulated blast furnace slag has low resistivity, and so can be used as an agent for reducing resistance to grounding. The grounding resistance reduction agent was determined by considering various proportions of water, cement and salt. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively reduce the grounding resistance.
SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) applied to the analysis of single cells makes possible the study of the composition of the building block of life, the cell. CE is uniquely suited for the analysis of single cells because ultrasmall samples can be injected, separated, and detected. For instance, CE is capable of detecting femtomole (10−15 mole) to attomole (10−18 mole) quantities from nanoliter (10−9 liter) sample sizes.[1] Model systems of relatively large invertebrate neural cells were initially studied by CE;1-12 however, CE has recently been used to study small cells found in mammals such as erythrocytes,13-22 lymphocytes,23-25 adrenomedullary cells,26-27 pancreatic cells,28-29 and various other mammalian cells.30-33 It has also been used to analyze single plant cells.34-35 Individual differences are discernible by studying the contents of single cells. Because variations in both the types and amounts of compounds present in single cells taken from the same sample demonstrate cellular uniqueness and comp...
Do medical students understand brain death? A survey study.

Background A lack of understanding of brain death has been demonstrated among physicians, and may stem from knowledge deficits at the medical school level. The authors sought to evaluate current understanding of brain death and knowledge gaps among U.S. medical students at a single center. Methods Using a validated "Understanding Brain Death" survey tool, the authors surveyed the student body at an accredited four year medical school. A score of 5/5 on this scale indicated an expert level of understanding. The investigators identified areas of knowledge gaps, and compared brain death expertise throughout the curriculum progression. Results The overall response rate was 69% (212 of 306 students). Mean scores were 3.1, 3.9, 4.1, and 4.0 (out of 5) among first through fourth year classes respectively. Understanding of brain death differed across the medical school classes (p Conclusions The level of understanding of brain death is low among the student body in a four year accredited U.S. medical school. This knowledge gap persists among graduating students as most do not attain an expert understanding of brain death. A more comprehensive brain death curriculum should be implemented in order to adequately equip physicians with this fundamental knowledge.
Caught in the Global Maelstrom

The World is Fat by Barry Popkin provides an insightful overview of the ways business interests, government policies and modern progress have unleashed a perfect storm of obesity on the human race – a crisis of global proportions brought on by our genomic legacy and an implacable instinct to eat more and move less. An economist by training, Popkin has spent more than 30 years studying the forces behind global changes in nutrition, obesity and the diseases that accompany too little of the right foods and too much of the wrong foods.
Numerical approximation of non-convex variational problems

We present some numerical results for the solution of non-convex variational problems. In general, the problems of interest do not attain a minimum energy. Functions that generate a minimizing sequence of energies develop infinitely fine oscillations, and it is believed that these oscillations model the fine scale structures that are ubiquitously observed in metallurgy, ferromagnetism, etc. Direct simulation of these variational problems on discrete meshes is plagued with practical problems. We present a simple 1-D example that exhibits problems typical of those encountered with such an approach. Many of these problems can be traced to the fundamental problem that the variational problem doesn't have a solution. An alternative is to consider the generalized solutions of L. C. Young. We present some numerical experiments using this algorithm for variational problems that involve vector valued functions.
Comparison of Methods for Amylose Screening Among Amylose-Extender (ae) Maize Starches from Exotic Backgrounds

ABSTRACT Breeding for high-amylose corn requires a rapid analytical method for determining starch amylose so that generating wet chemistry values does not pose a major limitation in the volume of materials that can be screened. Two methods for determining apparent amylose content (AAC) were examined and compared with an iodine-binding method involving the solubilization of isolated starch in a sodium hydroxide solution (method 1). These methods included one based on near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NIRT) (method 2) and another iodine-binding method involving the solubilizing of starch from ground whole corn with a DMSO-iodine solution (method 3). These methods were chosen because, aside from initial set up costs, they are relatively rapid and inexpensive to perform. The materials evaluated consisted of various exotic corn populations including plant introductions and experimental materials generated from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project. Crosses were made between these materials a...
Video Demo: An Egocentric Vision Based Assistive Co-robot

We present the video demo of the prototype of an egocentric vision based assistive co-robot system. In this co-robot system, the user is wearing a pair of glasses with a forward looking camera, and is actively engaged in the control loop of the robot in navigational tasks. The egocentric vision glasses serve for two purposes. First, it serves as a source of visual input to request the robot to find a certain object in the environment. Second, the motion patterns computed from the egocentric video associated with a specific set of head movements are exploited to guide the robot to find the object. These are especially helpful for quadriplegic individuals who do not have the needed hand functionality for control with other modalities (e.g., joystick). In our co-robot system, when the robot does not fulfill the object finding task in a pre-specified time window, it would actively solicit user controls for guidance. Then the users can use the egocentric vision based gesture interface to orient the robot towards the direction of the object. After that the robot will automatically navigate towards the object until it finds it. Our experiments validated the efficacy of the closed-loop design to engage the human in the loop.
A revisit to the student learning problem

A forgetful student wishes to accomplish a high knowledge level (ambitious) with a small effort (lazy). Two learning patterns are addressed. First, at low or intermediate knowledge level, the student improves faster as more knowledge is absorbed. Secondly, at high knowledge level, the more the student learns, the harder it is for an equal amount of improvement to be made. The study problem is cast into an optimal control setting. Study strategies are explored. One interesting finding in the second case is that the student may need to reduce the work intensity as the examination is approaching.
Differentiating customer service on the basis of delivery lead-times

This paper studies distribution systems that provide two classes of service: emergency service and non-emergency service. The two service classes are differentiated by a demand-lead-time, which is the time elapsed from a demand arrival to its fulfillment. An emergency service demand is to be filled immediately upon its arrival, while a non-emergency demand is not filled until >T days later. We first analyze a single location model with the two service classes. We then extend the analysis to a two-echelon system. We study steady-state characteristics of the systems to derive various performance metrics. We then discuss managerial issues related to system design and control.
Experiments on Pulse Propagation in an Obliquely Laminated Composite

Abstract : Experimental results are presented for the linear elastic dynamic response of periodically laminated composites. A shock tube-capacitive transducer technique is used to determine the rear surface velocity history of three laminated samples that have different lamination angles and are subjected to a step pressure loading. Viscosity effects are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions based on previous theoretical work. (Author-PL)
ANALYSIS OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR WITH LARGE OVERHANG OF ROTOR CAGE AND HIGH PERMEABILITY ENDRING

ABSTRACT An induction motor is described that has a novel cage design which includes large bar overhang and endring of high permeability material. Expressions are derived for calculation of components of the equivalent circuit constants that are affected by the uncommon features of the cage, and further, it is shown that a deep bar effect is exhibited by the frequency dependent components of endring impedance. Using these equations, analyses of two example motors are presented and results compared with test data. Correlation of calculated and experimental performance verifies the theory
Suicide risk screening in an emergency department: engaging staff nurses in continued testing of a brief instrument.

A study was conducted to detect suicide risk in adolescents and adults seeking treatment in an emergency department (ED) in the Midwest as well as to continue testing reliability and validity of th...
RECONFIGURABLE FLIGHT CONTROL USING NONLINEAR DYNAMIC INVERSION WITH A SPECIAL ACCELEROMETER IMPLEMENTATION

This paper presents an approach to on-line control design for aircraft that have suffered either actuator failure, missing effector surfaces, surface damage, or any combination. The approach is based on a modified version of nonlinear dynamic inversion. The approach does not require a model of the baseline vehicle (effectors at zero deflection), but does require feedback of accelerations and effector positions. Implementation issues are addressed and the method is demonstrated on an advanced tailless aircraft. An experimental simulation analysis tool is used to directly evaluate the nonlinear system's stability robustness.
Duplication of the stomach.

Summary A case of duplication of the stomach is reported. The presenting findings were those of high intestinal obstruction with vomiting, marked dehydration, and a palpable epigastric mass. Resection of the distal one-third of the stomach including the duplication was carried out. The recovery was uneventful.
Integration of communicational cues by very young children

In order to assess the impact of verbal and nonverbal information on pragmatic response, 16 children aged 1∶5 to 2∶4 were asked questions that could take either informational or action responses. Conventionalization of linguistic form, gestural accompaniments, and preceding discourse were systematically varied. Children responded in pragmatically appropriate manner to conventionalized forms. The pragmatic function of the discourse preceding nonconventionalized questions had no effect on children's responses, but gestures affected all categories of response except simple action responses. Older children gave more simultaneous integrative responses than did younger children. Results indicate an increasing ability to coordinate linguistic and nonlinguistic sources of information, but little tendency to integrate across successively presented information.
The perceived role of ethics and social responsibility: A scale development

Marketers must first perceive ethics and social responsibility to be important before their behaviors are likely to become more ethical and reflect greater social responsibility. However, little research has been conducted concerning marketers' perceptions regarding the importance of ethics and social responsibility as components of business decisions. The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale for measuring marketers' perceptions regarding the importance of ethics and social responsibility. The authors develop an instrument for the measurement of the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility (PRESOR). Evidence that the scale is valid is presented through the assessment of scale reliability, as well as content and predictive validity. Finally, future research needs and the value of this construct to marketing are discussed.
Breast cancer and aneusomy 17: implications for carcinogenesis and therapeutic response

Summary Abnormalities of chromosome 17, recognised over two decades ago to be important in tumorigenesis, often occur in breast cancer. Changes of specific loci on chromosome 17 including ERBB2 amplification, P53 loss, BRCA1 loss, and TOP2A amplification or deletion are known to have important roles in breast-cancer pathophysiology. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 are linked to breast-cancer initiation and progression, and possibly to treatment response. However, the clinical importance of chromosome 17 anomalies, in particular the effect on ERBB2 protein expression, is unknown. Reports are conflicting regarding the association of copy gain of chromosome 17 (polysomy 17) with strong ERBB2 protein expression in the absence of true ERBB2 gene amplification. Copy-number anomalies in chromosome 17 seem to be common in tumours that show discrepant ERBB2 expression and in tumours with discordant ERBB2-protein and ERBB2 gene copy number measurements. The mechanisms of ERBB2 dosage changes—gene amplification versus chromosome gain and loss—probably differ in primary and metastatic disease; however, a correction for chromosome 17 copy-number is necessary to completely distinguish between these mechanisms. A better understanding of how polysomy 17 affects gene-copy number and protein expression will help to select patients who will respond to therapies targeting ERBB2 and other protein products of chromosome 17 loci.
Bottom scour observed under Hurricane Ivan

[1] Observations that extensive bottom scour along the outer continental shelf under Hurricane Ivan resulted in the displacement of more than 100 million cubic meters of sediment from a 35 × 15 km region directly under the storm's path are presented. Sediment resuspension was accomplished by the extreme waves generated by Ivan and transported by strong near-bottom wind-driven currents. The sediment transport was primarily westward along the shelf, but also contained a significant offshore component, suggesting sediment was transported toward the Mississippi Delta and that it may have accumulated near the shelf break and on the upper continental slope. The maximum observed scour of about 32 and 36 cm took place at two locations approximately 17 km apart along the 60 m isobath over which the maximum wind stress occurred.
Antidepressant treatment history as a predictor of response to scopolamine: clinical implications.

Background The intravenous administration of scopolamine produces rapid antidepressant effects. Generally, failing multiple previous antidepressant trials is associated with a poor prognosis for response to future medications. This study evaluated whether treatment history predicts antidepressant response to scopolamine.
The Evolution of Life Histories under Pleiotropic Constraints and K-Selection

Caswell (1978) formulated a generalized sensitivity measure of population growth rate to changes in life history parameters. His measure is based upon certain inner products involving v, the reproductive value vector (the dominant row eigenvector of the Leslie matrix), and s, the stable age distribution vector (the dominant column eigenvector). Let L be a Leslie matrix and dL be a matrix whose elements are differential perturbations of the elements of L.
The metabolism of 6,7-dihydroisodrin by microsomes and southern armyworm larvae

Abstract Dihydroisodrin is hydroxylated to 6- exo -hydroxy-6,7-dihydroisodrin in southern armyworm gut and vertebrate liver microsomal preparations. The sedimentation characteristics of the hydroxylase, its requirement for NADPH and oxygen, and its inhibition by carbon monoxide and 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-1,3-benzodioxole indicate that the enzyme system may be classed as a typical microsomal oxidase. The enzyme system is susceptible to substrate inhibition, but in other respects it is similar to microsomal aldrin epoxidase and p -chloro- N -methylaniline demethylase.
The dissolution of micelles in relaxation kinetics

Abstract For a slow steady-state process involving sequential stepwise micelle dissolution to exist at all, the distribution of micelles must be somewhat skew, and the dissolution process, although very slow, must actually begin at the time of perturbation, together with the fast relaxation process. Thus, during the fast process, the total number of micelles is changing with time, and, in all likelihood, the rate of this dissolution process itself, although always small, is a maximum at zero time. This brings the picture into better accord with the general thesis of relaxation kinetics, that all coupled processes start together at zero time and occur in parallel. A recent extension of theory (9) has considered more general micellar distributions. The present type of symmetry argument is not at all limited to the case where each forward rate constant and reverse rate constant is independent of micelle size; it has also been developed for a more general micelle distribution (10, 11).
Reading practices, reading skills, and cognitive growth in adulthood

Reading is assumed to play an important role in the development of literate persons in that it is consciousness-altering activity. The manner by which reading contributes to development is unclear, however, and has been debated by social scientists for some years. Despite the importance of reading in adult life, only recently have researchers devoted significant attention to what and how well adults read. Less scrutiny has been directed toward understanding what sorts of benefits may be gained from reading in adult life and how reading contributes to adult development. This paper describes adults' reading practices across a variety of social contexts, the types of skills employed in these practices, and how reading may contribute to adult cognitive development. Implications deriving from a better understanding of adult reading practices and skills across the life span are discussed.
Blood Type, Homicide, and Suicide

In samples of organ donors, homicide victims had significantly more individuals with type O and type B than organ donors in general, while suicides did not differ.
Fatty acid composition of parasitized and nonparasitized tissue of the mud-flat snail, Nassarius obsolete (Say)

Abstract Fatty acid composition was analyzed in nonparasitized digestive gland tissue of Nassarius obsoleta and in digestive gland tissue of this host parasitized with one of four species of larval trematodes: Zoogonus lasius, Lepocreadium setiferoides, Austrobilharzia variglandis , and Himasthla quissetensis . The larval trematodes differentially affected the fatty acid composition of the tissue of their molluscan host.
Carrier-Current and Supervisory Control on Alabama Power Company System

The experience of the Alabama Power Company with carrier-current telephony over power lines and supervisory control is outlined in the paper. A sketch is included of the early development of these systems, and this is followed by descriptions of the systems later installed throughout the Company's territory. In an Appendix extracts are given from the general specifications for the equipment employed in the systems.
Submonthly Polar Vortex Variability and Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in the Arctic

Abstract A principal component analysis is performed to characterize intraseasonal variability in the boreal stratospheric polar vortex. In contrast to previous studies, the current analysis examines daily zonal-mean variability within a limited spatial domain encompassing the stratospheric polar vortex. The leading EOFs are vertically coherent north–south dipoles in the zonal-mean zonal wind extending through the lower stratosphere. The first mode represents variability in polar vortex strength and is highly correlated with the stratospheric northern annular mode (SNAM). The second mode, the polar annular mode (PAM), represents variability in the latitudinal position of the polar vortex and possesses a poleward-retracted dipole anomaly structure. Composite analyses indicate that large-amplitude PAM events are relatively short lived (1–2 weeks) compared to SNAM events (1 month or longer). Trend analyses further reveal that recent decadal trends in the boreal polar vortex project more strongly onto PAM tha...
Template role of double-stranded RNA in tombusvirus replication.

Replication of plus-strand RNA [(+)RNA] viruses of plants is a relatively simple process that involves complementary minus-strand RNA [(−)RNA] synthesis and subsequent (+)RNA synthesis. However, the actual replicative form of the (−)RNA template in the case of plant (+)RNA viruses is not yet established unambiguously. In this paper, using a cell-free replication assay supporting a full cycle of viral replication, we show that replication of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) leads to the formation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Using RNase digestion, DNAzyme, and RNA mobility shift assays, we demonstrate the absence of naked (−)RNA templates during replication. Time course experiments showed the rapid appearance of dsRNA earlier than the bulk production of new (+)RNAs, suggesting an active role for dsRNA in replication. Radioactive nucleotide chase experiments showed that the mechanism of TBSV replication involves the use of dsRNA templates in strand displacement reactions, where the newly synthesized plus strand replaces the original (+)RNA in the dsRNA. We propose that the use of dsRNA as a template for (+)RNA synthesis by the viral replicase is facilitated by recruited host DEAD box helicases and the viral p33 RNA chaperone protein. Altogether, this replication strategy allows TBSV to separate minus- and plus-strand syntheses in time and regulate asymmetrical RNA replication that leads to abundant (+)RNA progeny. IMPORTANCE Positive-stranded RNA viruses of plants use their RNAs as the templates for replication. First, the minus strand is synthesized by the viral replicase complex (VRC), which then serves as a template for new plus-strand synthesis. To characterize the nature of the (−)RNA in the membrane-bound viral replicase, we performed complete RNA replication of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in yeast cell-free extracts and in plant extracts. The experiments demonstrated that the TBSV (−)RNA is present as a double-stranded RNA that serves as the template for TBSV replication. During the production of new plus strands, the viral replicase displaces the old plus strand in the dsRNA template, leading to asymmetrical RNA synthesis. The presented data are in agreement with the model that the dsRNA is present in nuclease-resistant membranous VRCs. This strategy likely allows TBSV to protect the replicating viral RNA from degradation as well as to evade the early detection of viral dsRNAs by the host surveillance system.
ARE NEUTRINOS STABLE PARTICLES.

It is pointed out that neutrinos with a finite mass could be unstable. We discuss the consequences of this possibility for solar-neutrino experiments.
Cloning of cDNAs encoding human caldesmons.

Abstract Caldesmon (CDM) is a potential actomyosin regulatory protein found in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells. Domain mapping and physical studies suggest that CDM is an elongated molecule with an N-terminal myosin/calmodulin-binding domain and a C-terminal tropomyosin/actin/calmodulin-binding domain separated by a 40-nm-long central helix. An 1100-nucleotide (nt) cDNA probe encoding the C terminus of avian caldesmon (aCDM) was used to screen a human aorta library and clone smooth-muscle and non-muscle CDM-encoding cDNAs (CDM). The human (h) smooth-muscle hCDM is 3050–3630 nt long, having variation in length in the 3′-untranslated region. The predicted hCDM protein has a high degree of identity, >90% , to a CDM in the N- and C-terminal-binding domains. The central helical domain is more variable, but retains characteristic repeated peptides and an ‘i, i+4’ acidic/basic amino acid (aa) motif found in aCDM which can form intra-helical salt bridges to stabilize the central helix. The predicted smooth-muscle protein is 793 aa long (93 262 Da) with a calculated pI of 5.75. As is the case for the chicken, nonmuscle hCDM is missing the central helical domain, 256 aa overall. Our nonmuscle clone is not full length, but the C-terminal end is identical to the smooth-muscle form. If the N-terminal domain is identical, as it is in the chicken, the predicted protein is 537 aa (62 558 Da). Examination of the ‘junctions’ at either end of the deleted central domain gives a clear indication of the splice sites and suggest that the nonmuscle form is generated by exon skipping. The results suggest the CDMs are a small family of highly conserved proteins probably derived from a single gene.
Correlation of Tc with structure in the density of states in the new high-Tc superconductors

Abstract The variation of Tc with hole concentration in the new copper oxide superconductors can readily be understood in terms of a peak in the density of states associated with the CuO2 planes. The data are consistent with either simple phonon-mediated pairing or an indirect excitonic pairing. Effects due to interlayer coupling are considered. The sharp decrease of Tc near half-filling is probable due to strong spin fluctuations.
Housing Adjustments among Older Home Owners

Older home owners who have more housing than they need yet also have difficulty meeting other basic needs-who are housing rich and income poor-may have the most incentive to adjust their housing conditions to augment their postretirement income. A test of a revised model of housing adjustment is presented that indicates that, indeed, such households are more likely to undertake both moving and nonmoving adjustments than are other households. The findings are used to assess the likely effects of two types of public programs on the choice of housing-adjustment mechanisms by older home owners.
Stochastic models for virus and immune system dynamics.

New stochastic models are developed for the dynamics of a viral infection and an immune response during the early stages of infection. The stochastic models are derived based on the dynamics of deterministic models. The simplest deterministic model is a well-known system of ordinary differential equations which consists of three populations: uninfected cells, actively infected cells, and virus particles. This basic model is extended to include some factors of the immune response related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. For the deterministic models, the basic reproduction number, R0, is calculated and it is shown that if R0 1, the deterministic models predict the viral infection persists in the host. But for the stochastic models, there is a positive probability of viral extinction. It is shown that the probability of a successful invasion depends on the initial viral dose, whether the immune system is activated, and whether the release strategy is bursting or budding.
Is there a common mechanism of serotonin dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder

Numerous studies have documented increased rates of comorbidity in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The interaction of many possible factors influences this comorbidity, but one possible explanation involves the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is widely distributed in the brain and has been implicated in a number of psychological behaviours. Although low serotonin levels have been found in patients with impulsive and aggressive behaviour, high levels have been correlated with obsessive and compulsive behaviour. In an attempt to further our understanding of this relationship, a large number of studies have measured serotonin levels throughout different stages of illness in both AN and OCD; furthermore, serotonin challenge studies and drug treatment trials have provided further support for this theory. This paper discusses the evidence supporting the view that the obsessive behaviour characteristic of AN and OCD may be partially due to a dysregulation in the serotonergic system.
Computing stair-case visibility polygon

Given a point q in the presence of polygonal obstacles, the set of points visible from q is the visibility polygon from q. We consider the problem of computing visibility polygon under stair-case visibility (s-visibility, in short). We show that the s-visibility polygon from a point inside a simple orthogonal polygon of n sides can be computed in O(n) time. When the polygon contains holes the algorithm runs in O(n log n) time, which we prove to be optimal by linear time reduction from sorting. We also consider the problem of recognizing stair-case star polygons (s-star, in short) and present an algorithm which recognizes simple s-star polygons in O(n) time.
Age and Growth of the Tautog, Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus), from Rhode Island

Abstract The validity of age determinations from the opercular bone of the tautog (Tautoga onitis) is established. An examination of the opercular bone margin over a 1-year period demonstrated that the sharp transition from translucent to opaque bone represents a year mark. A logarithmic transformation of both fish length and length of the opercular bone was linear. Lengths at annuli were calculated by this relationship. Males grow faster than females in length (548 mm at age 22 compared with 501), but slower in weight (1,716 grams at age 20 compared with 2,094 grams for females). The eviscerated weight of male and female tautog captured in May and June increased as the 2.78 and 3.02 powers of the length. The greatest age of tautog examined was about 34 years. Growth differences among discrete spawning groups from Narragansett Bay were not significant.
Multiple unconfirmed‐reactive screening tests for viral antibodies among blood donors

BACKGROUND: In December 1991, the United States Food and Drug Administration received reports of blood donations with unconfirmed reactivity on screening tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphotropic virus type I, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Of 91 donors with these test results, 57 (63%) reported a recent influenza vaccination. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To determine the extent of unconfirmed reactivity, the time at which it began, and its association or nonassociation with specific manufacturers' tests, a nationwide survey of blood centers was conducted. A case-donation was defined as a blood donation that was repeatedly reactive, but not confirmed positive, on at least two of the three tests from May 1990 through December 1991. RESULTS: Among 14 million donations screened by 110 centers, 582 case-donations were identified. An increase in case- donations was evident in the fall of 1990 (2.8/100,000 donations). In 1991, rates increased from 0.9 per 100,000 donations in the first quarter to 1.3, 3.2, and 19.7 in subsequent quarters. A significantly higher rate of case-donations was observed among donations tested with one of the two available anti-HCV screening tests (8.0 vs. 1.2/100,000 donations; risk ratio = 6.8; 95% CI = 5.4–8.5). CONCLUSION: Although unconfirmed reactivity on multiple screening tests appeared to be seasonal, its documentation prior to the availability of influenza vaccine in 1991 and higher rates among donations tested with one manufacturer's anti-HCV test indicated that test-specific factors were also involved.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of

We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the positive solutions of the equation where and the initial conditions x - 1 and x 0 are arbitary positive numbers.
On Derandomizing Probabilistic Sublinear-Time Algorithms

There exists a positive constant alpha < 1 such that for any function T(n) les n alpha and for any problem L isin BPTIME(T(n)), there exists a deterministic algorithm running in poly(T(n)) time which decides L, except for at most a 2-Omega (T(n) log T(n)) fraction of inputs of length n.
DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IDEAL PROFESSOR: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

In a recently conducted study it was found that an effective college teacher could be characterized chiefly in terms of “research,”“teaching,” and “service to the university.” The present experiment corroborated these findings using a relatively unknown approach to data collection, analysis, and interpretation. A free-response method of data collection, in conjunction with nonmetric multidimensional scaling, produced results highly similar to those of the previous study. In addition, the solution permitted a straight-forward means of assessing the performance of individual faculty members.
Effect of built up litter on coccidia and other parasites.

(1952). Effect of Built up Litter on Coccidia and Other Parasites. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 293-293.
Spectrin functions upstream of ankyrin in a spectrin cytoskeleton assembly pathway

Prevailing models place spectrin downstream of ankyrin in a pathway of assembly and function in polarized cells. We used a transgene rescue strategy in Drosophila melanogaster to test contributions of four specific functional sites in β spectrin to its assembly and function. (1) Removal of the pleckstrin homology domain blocked polarized spectrin assembly in midgut epithelial cells and was usually lethal. (2) A point mutation in the tetramer formation site, modeled after a hereditary elliptocytosis mutation in human erythrocyte spectrin, had no detectable effect on function. (3) Replacement of repetitive segments 4–11 of β spectrin with repeats 2–9 of α spectrin abolished function but did not prevent polarized assembly. (4) Removal of the putative ankyrin-binding site had an unexpectedly mild phenotype with no detectable effect on spectrin targeting to the plasma membrane. The results suggest an alternate pathway in which spectrin directs ankyrin assembly and in which some important functions of spectrin are independent of ankyrin.
Molecular Detection, Quantification, and Toxigenicity Profiling of Aeromonas spp. in Source- and Drinking-Water

Aeromonas is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and has been associated with a number of extra- gastrointestinal and gastrointestinal illnesses. This warrants monitoring of raw and processed water sources for pathogenic and toxigenic species of this human pathogen. In this study, a total of 17 different water samples (9 raw and 8 treated samples including 4 basin water (partial sand filtration) and 4 finished water samples) were screened for Aeromonas using selective culturing and a genus-specific real-time quantitative PCR assay. The selective culturing yielded Aeromonas counts ranging 0 - 2 x 10 3 CFU/ml and 15 Aeromonas isolates from both raw and treated water samples. The qPCR analysis indicated presence of a considerable nonculturable population (3.4 x 10 1 - 2.4 x 10 4 cells/ml) of Aeromonas in drinking water samples. Virulence potential of the Aeromonas isolates was assessed by multiplex/singleplex PCR-based profiling of the hemolysin and enterotoxin genes viz cytotoxic heat-labile enterotoxin (act), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin (ast), and aerolysin (aerA) genes. The water isolates yielded five distinct toxigenicity profiles, viz. act, alt, act+alt, aerA+alt, and aerA+alt+act. The alt gene showed the highest frequency of occurrence (40%), followed by the aerA (20%), act (13%), and ast (0%) genes. Taken together, the study demonstrated the occurrence of a considerable population of nonculturable Aeromonads in water and prevalence of toxigenic Aeromonas spp. potentially pathogenic to humans. This emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of both source and drinking water for this human pathogen and role of the developed molecular approaches in improving the Aeromonas monitoring scheme for water.
Microelectrode study of the genesis of the monophasic action potential by contact electrode technique.

Monophasic Action Potential Genesis.Introduction: Despite widespread use of the contact electrode for recording monophasic action potentials (MAPs) in both clinical and experimental research, the mechanism underlying the genesis of the contact MAP remains unproven. The “Franz hypothesis” assumes that the MAP is driven by a current source originating at the boundary between cells depolarized by the MAP electrode pressure and normal cells immediately adjacent to it. To date, no direct experimental data exist to support this hypothesis. Methods and Results: In 10 Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts, a miniaturized MAP probe was inserted into the right ventricle (RV) and gently pressed against the endocardium of the upward-facing RV free wall. During stable contact and stable MAP recording, KCl-filled glass microelectrodes were lowered from above the RV to record transmembrane action potentials (TAPs) at the center of and 0.05 and 0.2 mm outside the perimeter of the MAP electrode contact site. TAPs at the center had normal resting potentials (RP) in epicardial layers (−78 ± 4 mV) but showed gradual decrease toward deeper layers, reaching a minimum RP of −23 ± 0.8 mV directly above the MAP electrode surface. RPs at 0.05 mm outside the MAP perimeter were normal at the epicardial surface and with increasing transmural depth showed significantly less decrease than central recordings (min RP −41 ± 0.8 mV, n = 11, P < 0.00001). TAPs at 0.2 mm from the MAP electrode perimeter had normal RPs across the entire RV wall. Conclusion: These direct data are the first to support the hypothesis that the MAP is generated locally through pressure depolarization of a circumscript volume of cells that (1) has sharp voltage gradients toward normal cells, (2) provides a strong local current source, and (3) when simulated with a circuit model creates the field potential recorded by the contact MAP electrode.
Psychologic Aspects of Acne

Psychologic factors may play a significant role in acne in at least three ways. First, as many patients readily report, emotional stress can exacerbate acne. Second, it is common for patients to develop psychiatric problems as a consequence of the conditions, such as those related to low self-esteem, social phobias, or depression. Finally, primary psychiatric illnesses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and psychosis may be based on a complaint that is focused on acne. In this review we hope to facilitate an understanding of how emotional factors and acne connect, and aid the dermatologist in identifying the possible presence of psychiatric problems stemming from or contributing to the disorder.