cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stray Light Control, Evaluation, And Suppression

During the past 15 years, the importance of stray light control and its evaluation as an integral part of the design process for imaging systems has emerged. There has been substantial progress in the development of both analytical tools and experimental facilities. The problem has become easier and more difficult depending on the scenario. Some scenarios such as detecting point objects within a small field of view have made the problem easier as the background stray light is proportional to the field of view. Extended objects and large fields of view make the problem more difficult as does near field thermal sources. It is for these reasons that a review is in order-to assess our present technology and suggest how we might develop that technology.
Monomeric and Oligomeric Amine−Borane σ-Complexes of Rhodium. Intermediates in the Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Amine−Boranes

A combined experimental/quantum chemical investigation of the transition metal-mediated dehydrocoupling reaction of H(3)B center dot NMe(2)H to ultimately give the cyclic dimer [H(2)BNMe(2)](2) is reported. Intermediates and model complexes have been isolated, including examples of amine-borane sigma-complexes of Rh(I) and Rh(III). These come from addition of a suitable amine-borane to the crystallographically characterized precursor [Rh(eta(6)-1,2-F(2)C(6)H(4))(P(i)Bu(3))(2)][BAr(4)(F)] [Ar(F)= 3,5-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)]. The complexes [Rh(eta(2)-H(3)B center dot NMe(3))(P(i)Bu(3))(2)][BAr(F)4] and [Rh(H)(2)(eta(2)-H(3)B center dot NHMe(2))(P(i)Bu(3))(2)][BAr(4)(F)] have also been crystallographically characterized. Other intermediates that stem from either H(2) loss or gain have been characterized in solution by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. These complexes are competent in the catalytic dehydrocoupling (5 mol %) of H(3)B center dot NMe(2)H. During catalysis the linear dimer amine-borane H(3)B center dot NMe(2)BH(2)center dot NHMe(2) is observed which follows a characteristic intermediate time/concentration profile. The corresponding amine-borane sigma-complex, [Rh(P(i)Bu(3))(2)(eta(2)-H(3)B center dot NMe(2)BH(2)center dot NHMe(2))][BAr(4)(F)], has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. A Rh(I) complex of the final product, [Rh(P(i)Bu(3))(2){eta(2)-(H(2)BNMe(2))(2)}][BAr(4)(F)], is also reported, although this complex lies outside the proposed catalytic cycle. DFT calculations show that the first proposed dehydrogenation step, to give H(2)B=NMe(2), proceeds via two possible routes of essentially the same energy barrier: BH or NH activation followed by NH or BH activation, respectively. Subsequent to this, two possible low energy routes that invoke either H(2)/H(2)B=NMe(2) loss or H(2)B=NMe(2)/H(2) loss are suggested. For the second dehydrogenation step, which ultimately affords [H(2)BNMe(2)](2), a number of experimental observations suggest that a simple intramolecular route is not operating: (i) the isolated complex [Rh(P(i)Bu(3))(2)(eta(2)- H(3)B center dot NMe(2)BH(2)center dot NHMe(2))][BAr(4)(F)] is stable in the absence of amine-boranes; (ii) addition of H(3)B center dot NMe(2)BH(2)center dot NHMe(2) to [Rh(P(i)Bu(3))(2)(eta(2)-H(3)B center dot NMe(2)BH(2 center dot)NHMe(2))][BAr(4)(F)] initiates dehydrocoupling; and (iii) H(2)B=NMe(2) is also observed during this process.
Cervical plain films should be eliminated in the high risk patient: Results from decision analysis using an institutional cost perspective

Abstract Introduction: In the evaluation of the cervical spine, Helical CT scan has higher sensitivity and specificity than plain radiographs in the high-risk trauma population but is more costly. We hypothesized that institutional indemnity payments associated with missed injuries make helical CT scan the least-costly approach. Methods: A decision analytic model was created for helical CT scan vs. radiographic evaluation of the c-spine. Model variables obtained from the literature: probability of c-spine fracture (11–11.5%), probability of paralysis after missed injury (1.0–10.5%), sensitivity of plain films (44–84%), specificity of plain films (72–89%), sensitivity of CT scan (95–97%), specificity of CT scan (93–100%). Costs from Level 1 trauma center: helical CT scan ($329), plain radiography ($120), missed injuries resulting in paralysis ($500k-$1M). Sensitivity analysis tested model strength, accounted for parameter variability, and determined threshold values for individual parameters. Results: Evaluation of c-spine with helical CT scan has expected cost of $444 compared to $1155 for plain films. CT scan is the least costly alternative if threshold values exceed: $113,616 for indemnity payments, 2.6 % for probability of c-spine fracture, and 1.1% for probability of paralysis. Plain films are a cost-effective alternative if institutional costs of CT scan exceed $1040 or the sensitivity of plain films is greater than 90%. Conclusions: Decision analysis from an institutional perspective shows an economic advantage for helical CT scan. This combined with CT scan’s enhanced sensitivity and specificity suggests that plain film evaluation of the c-spine should be eliminated in the high risk trauma patient.
To Agree or Not to Agree: Leadership, Bargaining, and Arms Control. By Lisa A. Baglione. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 215p. $49.50. The Politics of Verification. By Nancy W. Gallagher. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 311p. $45.00.

When the Soviet Union disappeared, so did much of aca- demic political science's interest in nuclear arms control. This is unfortunate. First, the risk of nuclear war has not gone away and may be increasing because of nuclear proliferation. Second, U.S.-Soviet cooperation on arms control was in many ways unexpected, and it remains a useful laboratory for testing international relations theory.
Effect of Hypoxia on Nitric Oxide Free Radical Generation in the Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Guinea Pigs

Effect of Hypoxia on Nitric Oxide Free Radical Generation in the Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Guinea Pigs
EFNEP: A nutrition education program that demonstrates cost-benefit

Abstract Objective Data on the economic value of nutrition education programs, such as the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), can help decision makers choose among alternative programs based on costs and benefits. A cost-benefit analysis of EFNEP was conducted to determine if participants' savings in food expenditures exceeded program implementation costs. Design/subjects Costs were collected over 6 months using expenditure reports and other records. Benefits were determined using prospective data from 371 women enrolled in EFNEP who completed a 24-hour food recall and behavior survey, and recorded the amount of money spent monthly on food at program entry and exit. Two treatment groups received nutrition education and one group did not receive education. One treatment group estimated food expenditures from recall and the other collected register receipts or recorded expenditures. Control group subjects reported expenditures from recall. Net present value (NPV) was calculated using mean EFNEP cost per participant subtracted from the mean change in family food expenditures per participant over a 5-year period at three discount rates. Statistical analyses Analysis was designed to compare food expenditures among the two experimental groups and control group and food and nutrient intakes and survey scores between the combined experimental group and control group. Results The average EFNEP program cost per participant was $388, and graduating participants reported that family food expenditures decreased on average by $10 to $20 per month or $124 to $234 over a year. When benefits were projected to last 5 years, the NPV was $147 to $696 depending on the method of food expenditure estimation and the discount rate. At the same time individuals reduced food expenditures, they increased intakes of iron, vitamin C, vitamin B-6, and fiber. They added less salt when cooking and read nutrition labels more often. They also reported not running out of food at the end of the month as often. Applications/conclusions Findings from this research showed that EFNEP is cost-beneficial. The magnitude of the savings in food expenditures is sensitive to the method of food expenditure reporting and assumptions about how long participants will retain the behaviors they learn. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:39–45 .
Reconstruction of field theory from excitation spectra of defects

We show how to reconstruct a field theory from the spectrum of bound states on a topological defect. We apply our recipe to the case of kinks in 1+1 dimensions with one or two bound states. Our recipe successfully yields the sine-Gordon and $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field theories when suitable bound state spectra are assumed. The recipe can also be used to globally reconstruct the inflaton potential of inflationary cosmology if the inflaton produces a topological defect. We discuss how defects can provide ``smoking gun'' evidence for inflationary models with flat potentials.
Allometry of resource capture in colonial cnidarians and constraints on modular growth

1. Indeterminacy in growth of colonial organisms, such as corals, is commonly attributed to their modular construction which frees the colony from the allometric constraints that limit the size of single modules. However, as a colony grows, there may be a decrease in resource availability to interior modules because of active depletion and/or passive deflection by modules on the exterior. The effects of ‘self-shading’ on resource capture in modular animals are modelled using a simple allometric growth function. 2. The model assumes that resource capture by a module scales as an exponent (γ) of colony size (i.e. number of modules). Data taken from the literature indicate that model values of γ for light and prey capture range from – 0·80 to – 1·16 for branching and encrusting corals. Module-specific rates of resource use (i.e. metabolism) are less affected by colony size. Therefore, as a colony grows, net resource state eventually reaches zero, making further growth unsustainable or determinate. 3. The model also predicts an inverse relationship between module size and colony size such as that observed in Caribbean corals. This negative correlation results from the additive effects of module size and colony size on the degree of self-shading. 4. Resource capture is affected by growth form and flow regime, and the interaction between them can account for some of the morphological variation in corals and other colonial suspension feeders.
Coalescent theory for a completely random mating monoecious population.

Abstract Consider a large random mating monoecious diploid population that has N individuals in each generation. Let us assume that at time 0 a random sample of n ≪ N copies of a gene are taken from this population. It is also assumed that G 1 , … , G N , the numbers of successful gametes produced by parents 1, … , N , are exchangeable random variables. It is shown that if time is measured backward in units of 8 N / E [ G 1 ( G 1 − 1)] = 2 N e generations, where N e is the effective population size, the separate copies of a gene ancestral to those observed at time 0 are almost certain to come from separate individuals as N e → ∞. It is then possible to obtain a generalization of coalescent theory for haploid populations if the distribution of G 1 has a finite second moment and E [ G 1 3 ] / N → 0 as N → ∞.
The Einhorn Effect in Saul Bellow's ADVENTURES OF AUGIE MARCH

Saul Bellow's Adventures of Augie March (1953) is a picaresque novel about a rambling, handsome young man for whom doors magically open throughout his almost endless peregrinations. Traveling from ...
Collective leadership: Practice, theory, and praxis

An act of leadership is always an act of practical theory. We lead because we hold visions of the world as it ought to be, because of the not yet, because of the potential that we see in ideas and people. Yet, there still exists a perceived binary between leadership theory (in the strong sense) and leadership practice, a binary that divides organizations, classrooms, and the differing bodies of leadership literature. In this Symposium, Duncan Waite and his colleagues discuss the barriers they have faced in bringing theory to the educational leadership classroom, as well as the promise they feel theory holds for more productive, equitable, and humane schooling organizations.
Family and festivals: Social integration and disintegration in morellet's critique of the French revolution

(1993). Family and festivals: Social integration and disintegration in morellet's critique of the French revolution. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 599-614.
Clinical and Diagnostic Features of Delayed Hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy

Delayed hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is an underrecognized syndrome of delayed demyelination, which is important to consider when delayed onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms follows a hypoxic event. The authors describe clinical and diagnostic features of three such cases, review the pathophysiology of delayed hypoxic leukoencephalopathy, and discuss features which may help distinguish it from toxic leukoencephalopathy.
Intimate association of coal particles and inorganic spheres in flyash

Current interest in flyash for use in concrete is at a high level, and the author is engaged in studies aimed at characterizing the types of particles found in flyash and elucidating the details of the reactions of such particles in cement pastes and concretes. He describes ground coal fragments which are intimately associated with inorganic fly ash spheres. These particles have been seen in several fly ashes, but only in small percentages.
In vivo cooperative effects of urea and ethanol for chemical ablation of tissue

Purpose To test the effects of urea, a naturally occurring benign component of serum, with ethanol when combined in order to potentially reduce the amount of ethanol needed in chemical ablation of liver tissue. Materials and Methods A 27G needle was used to inject 1 ml aliquots of urea (1-4 M) or ethanol (3-25%) solutions either alone or in combination into both in vivo and fresh ex vivo porcine liver using 100% for control. Lesions were sectioned and digital images were obtained of the fresh and formalin fixed specimens. Histology was performed on in vivo lesions. Results The appearance of the zone of coagulation ranged from dark red to pale white in both fresh and formalin fixed specimens. The lesions in the formalin fixed specimens were generally easier to visualize. Higher concentrations were noted to produce more clearly delineated coagulum. The addition of urea to low concentrations of ethanol appeared to cause an increase in coagulation. Histology of the acute in vivo specimens demonstrated cell dissociation with homogenous staining of nuclei and loss of nuclear detail. Margins of lesions showed extensive congestion and hemorrhage. Lesions with 10 and 25% ethanol alone were difficult to visualize in the fresh specimens. The lesions with 10% ethanol and 4M urea were clearly identifiable with some improvement in the visibility as the ethanol was increased to 25%. The addition of 4 molar urea made these lesions much more conspicuous, with an appearance similar to that seen with 100% ethanol. Conclusion The combination of urea and ethanol shows promise for chemical ablation with less resulting systemic toxicity and/or larger treatment volumes. Such a strategy may enable treatment of larger tumors more safely in a single session.
Synchrotron infrared spectromicroscopy as a novel bioanalytical microprobe for individual living cells: Cytotoxicity considerations

Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy is a newly emerging analytical tool capable of monitoring the biochemistry within an individual living mammalian cell in real time. This unique technique provides infrared (IR)spectra, hence chemical information, with high signal-to-noise at spatial resolutions as fine as 3 to 10 microns. Mid-IR photons are too low in energy (0.05-0.5 eV) to either break bonds or to cause ionization, and the synchrotron IR beam has been shown to produce minimal sample heating. However, an important question remains, ''Does the intense synchrotron beam induce any cytotoxic effects in living cells?'' In this work, we present the results from a series of standard biological assays to evaluate any short-and/or long-term effects on cells exposed to the synchrotron radiation-based infrared (SR-IR) beam. Cell viability was tested using alcian blue dye-exclusion and colony formation assays. Cell-cycle progression was tested with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake during DNA synthesis. Cell metabolism was tested using an 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. All control, 5-, 10-, and 20-minute SR-IR exposure tests (267 total and over 1000 controls) show no evidence of cytotoxic effects. Concurrent infrared spectra obtained with each experiment confirm no detectable chemistry changes between control and exposed cells.
Numerical simulation of porous latent heat thermal energy storage for thermoelectric cooling

Abstract Porous latent heat thermal energy storage for thermoelectric cooling is simulated via a matrix-based enthalpy formulation, having the temperature as unknown, in a three-dimensional domain. The system is made up of two aluminum containers; the inner one contains the cooling objective in water suspension and the outer one the phase change material (PCM) in a porous aluminum matrix. The system’s charging and discharging processes are simulated for constant thermoelectric module cold side temperature under different porosities of the aluminum matrix. The mathematical modeling approach simplifies the analysis while the metal matrix in the PCM greatly improves performance. A direct application of the studied system is vaccine conservation in solar powered thermoelectric cooling systems.
DC reactive magnetron sputtering, annealing, and characterization of CuAlO2 thin films

CuAlOx thin films were prepared at three substrate temperatures (TS=60, 300, and 600 °C) and two oxygen partial pressures (PO2=0.5 and 2 mTorr) via dc reactive magnetron sputtering from Cu–Al 50–50 at. % alloy targets and subsequent annealing. As-deposited films with PO2=0.5 mTorr were oxygen deficient; although the delafossite structure formed upon annealing, electrical properties were poor. Films deposited with PO2=2 mTorr transformed into the delafossite structure and exhibited p-type conductivity after annealing under N2 at temperatures TA≥750 °C. Conductivity generally increased with increasing TS and decreasing TA. A special case of PO2=2 mTorr and low TS (60 °C) resulted in a partially crystalline oxide phase that transformed into the delafossite structure at TA=700 °C and yielded the highest conductivity of 1.8 S cm−1. In general, a TA near the phase formation boundary led to an increase in conductivity. Low-temperature hydrothermal annealing was also investigated and shown to produce mixed phase ...
A Divergent Mechanistic Course of Pd(0)-Catalyzed Aza-Claisen Rearrangement and Aza-Rautenstrauch-Type Cyclization of N-Allyl Ynamides

A fascinating mechanistic study of ynamido-palladium-pi-allyl complexes is described that features isolation of a unique silyl ketenimine via aza-Claisen rearrangement, which can be accompanied by an unusual thermal N-to-C 1,3-Ts shift in the formation of tertiary nitriles and a novel cyclopentenimine formation via a palladium-catalyzed aza-Rautenstrauch-type cyclization pathway.
Analbuminemia in an American Indian girl

Analbuminemia was fortuitously detected in a nonedematous 12-year-old American Indian girl with atopic dermatitis, mild bronchial asthma, a mild seizure disorder, and hyperlipoproteinemia with a corneal arcus. Immunologic methods revealed trace amounts (17 mg/100 ml) of apparently normal serum albumin. The patient's parents were remotely related. The pedigree and clinical findings were compatible with autosomal recessive transmission of analbuminemia. Heterozygotes had subnormal levels of serum albumin. The Gc-locus is closely linked to the structural albumin locus. Gc-protein levels were normal in the patient and together with normal chromosomal banding studies make it unlikely that a chromosomal deletion caused analbuminemia. Gc-types in the family were compatible with, but did not prove, linkage of analbuminemia to the Gc-locus. These findings suggest a “thalassemia”-like mutation for this disorder.
Simple optical theory for light dosimetry during PDT (Invited Paper)

Photons are one of the three major reactants in the photodynamic reaction that yields toxic photoproduct for cell killing. Dosimetry of light is a major concern when planning a photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol. This paper presents a very simple approach toward the tissue optics with a practical conclusion about how tissue optics affects planning of day-to-day PDT dosimetry. The paper does not address all the complexities of real tissue dosimetry, such as heterogeneous tissues, variable absorption due to changing tissue blood content, and variable tissue oxygen levels. The paper outlines the optical behavior in a homogeneous tissue, which is a starting point for understanding light dosimetry.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of the Effector-specifying Domain of Rac Involved in NADPH Oxidase Activation

Production of microbicidal oxidants by phagocytic leukocytes requires activation of a latent NADPH oxidase by the coordinated assembly of a membrane-associated flavocytochrome b558, with three cytosolic components, p47phox, p67phox, and the low molecular weight GTP-binding protein Rac. Rac1 and Rac2 have 92% sequence identity and are both active in supporting the oxidase, while CDC42Hs, the closest relative to Rac with 70% sequence identity, only weakly supports oxidase activation in vitro. We have used CDC42Hs as a foil to identify residues in Rac that are critical for oxidase activation. Most of the divergent sequences of CDC42Hs could be incorporated into Rac-CDC42Hs chimeric proteins without affecting cell-free NADPH oxidase activity. However, incorporation of the amino-terminal segment of CDC42Hs (residues 1-40), which differs from Rac1 by only four residues (positions 3, 27, 30, and 33), resulted in a marked loss of oxidase activation capacity. Point mutagenesis studies showed that this was due to changes at residues 27 and 30, but not residues 3 and 33. Conversely, incorporation of the amino terminus of Rac1 (residues 1-40) into CDC42Hs increased its activity to that of Rac1, indicating that this terminus contains the effector-specifying domain of Rac. Taken together, these studies show that the difference in the activity between CDC42Hs and Rac1 is due entirely to differences in amino acids at position 27 and 30.
The hidden health menace of elder abuse. Physicians can help patients surmount intimate partner violence.

As many as 2 million elderly persons in the United States experience physical, psychologic, or sexual abuse each year. Nationally spouses or intimate partners commit between 13% and 50% of elder abuse.1 Physicians can be instrumental in preventing and intervening in intimate partner violence in their elderly patients. Language: en
Role of multimodality imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), or the presence of unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, has a diverse phenotypic expression, making diagnosis often challenging. By using a variety of cardiac noninvasive imaging modalities, our diagnostic capabilities have been amplified. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of disease, characterization of phenotype, classification of disease severity, risk stratification, family screening, and selection of appropriate therapy. This is achieved through assessment of cardiac structure and function as well as the presence of myocardial ischemia, fibrosis and metabolism, the presence of dynamic obstruction, mitral valve abnormalities, and the severity of mitral regurgitation. This review focuses on the variety of imaging modalities, with special attention to cardiac computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) in detection, characterization, and risk stratification of this phenotypically diverse disease.
A geostatistical method for Texas NexRad data calibration

In this paper, we construct a homogeneous spatio-temporal model to describe the variability of significant wave height over small regions of the sea and over short periods of time. Then, the model is extended to a non-homogeneous one that is valid for larger areas of the sea and for time periods up to ten hours. To validate the proposed model, we reconstruct the significant wave height surface under different scenarios and then compare it to satellite measurements and the C-ERA-40 field.
Constructing Self-Explanations and Scaffolded Explanations in Tutoring

SUMMARY One-on-one tutoring is a form of instruction that requires interaction between a tutor and a tutee. The effectiveness of tutoring is examined from the perspectives of the tutor's actions, the tutee's actions, and successive interactions. A tutor's actions that may not lead to successive interactions consist of asking an initiating question, providing feedback, and asking a comprehension-gauging question. It is suggested that these types of actions can lead to the learning of an ideal template of solution procedures for solving problems, but may not lead to deep understanding. A tutee's actions are postulated as self-explaini ng, in response to either tutors' questioning, tutors' prompting, or tutors' scaffolding. Finally, an interaction is defined as a sequence of tutor actions, such as scaffolding, which elicits a successive series of exchanges between the tutor and tutee, so that they collaboratively construct a response. An exercise in a detailed protocol analysis of a case study of a student being tutored in solving a mechanics problem is presented. It shows what misconceptions the student exhibited, whether these misconceptions were removed, and what actions triggered the learning. The results of this case study support the suggestion that tutor actions that prompt for co-construction (which includes self-explanation) may be the most beneficial in producing deep learning, in the sense of removing misconceptions. Human tutoring is a more effective means of instruction than classroom teaching, mastery learning,
SU‐E‐T‐81: Demonstration of PET/CT Used to Detect Neutron‐Induced Activation of Solid Phantoms after Irradiation by Proton Therapy Beams

Purpose: Demonstrate feasibility of PET/CT to detect three‐dimensional neutron‐induced activation patterns in solid phantoms distal to regions of dose delivery from clinical proton beams. Methods: Slabs of polystyrene phantom material of 10 cm total thickness were placed behind a stack of solid water. The stack was irradiated with 10 Gy of protons such that the distal edge of the proton dose stopped within the first two cm of the material behind the solid water. The proton beam was collimated by a circular 10‐cm diameter brass aperture of thickness 6.5 cm located 5 cm upstream of the stack. After irradiation, the slabs beyond the solid water were imaged with PET/CT to look for carbon‐11 beta+ decays coming from beyond the proton dose region due to forward‐scattered breakup neutrons produced by proton‐nucleus collisions and then later undergoing the reaction C12(n,2n)C1 1. The proton dose region appears strongly in PET due to the reaction C12(p,X)C11. A PET signal above background was observed distal to the proton region and associated in shape with the round aperture. To prove that the signal was not due to protons getting beyond the proton Bragg peak, the test was repeated with a 2 cm thick slab of aluminum covering half the circular field at a depth deeper than where the protons stopped. For the subsequent PET/CT scan, the aluminum slab was replaced with a 2‐cm thick dummy slab of polystyrene that had not been irradiated. Results: The PET signal in the slab behind the aluminum behaves like neutron activation. It is above the background level from the dummy slab and shows no evident lateral asymmetry. Conclusions: The feasibility of PET to three‐dimensionally reconstruct residual activation patterns from neutrons produced by proton dose delivery was demonstrated. This novel technique promises numerous future applications.
Graduate Students’ Perspectives on Effective Teaching

This study employed data collected over an 8-year period in which graduate students’ perspectives on effective teaching were collected during a class exercise. The data were organized into three categories: (a) teaching competence (knowledge of content and teaching), (b) relationships with students (having the best interests of students at heart), and (c) teacher attitudes (with respect to teaching and learning). Students appear to concur with the literature in adult and higher education that effective teaching involves far more than presenting content and the methods used to convey that content to students. Equally important are the affective or emotional processes involved in learning, forming a relationship with students, and caring about students’ learning and ability to integrate and apply new information. Therefore, adult and higher education courses that address teaching need to go further than merely addressing course design and techniques. Unless students have direct instruction in teaching and a...
Partial purification and characterization of a folatebinding protein from human choroid plexus

A folate-binding protein (binder) from human choroid plexus was solubilized with Triton X-100 and partially purified in three steps: (1) affinity chromatography, (2) Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, and (3) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the partially purified binder was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the binding activity was located in the region of the gel with a molecular weight between 45,000 and 60,000. The specific activity of the binder after the three purification steps was 1.2 μg folic acid/mg protein, a 316-fold purification. Binding activity of the partially purified binder decreased below pH 6.0 and above pH 8.0 was unaffected by treatment with ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease, but was abolished with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or protease (Streptomyces griesus). The binding of folic acid to the human binder was inhibited by folate > H4-folate > methyl-H4-folate ≃dihydrofolate ≃ pteroic acid ≫ methotrexate ≃ aminopterin.
Induction of specific humoral immunity to soluble proteins in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). I. Nature of the primary response

Abstract Adult male American cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana ) generated a specific protective response when injected with soluble protein toxins. This response developed over a period of time, peaking within 2 weeks and then gradually subsiding by the fifth week. Specificity of this reactivity was demonstrated by the fact that immunized animals were only protected against the original immunizing toxin, and not to a heterologous toxin. Passive transfer studies revealed that protection could be transferred to virgin animals with cell-free immune hemolymph. Thus, this advanced invertebrate is capable of generating a specific adaptive humoral immune response to these soluble proteins.
Source Apportionment: Findings from the U.S. Supersites Program

Receptor models are used to identify and quantify source contributions to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds based on measurements of many chemical components at receptor sites. These components are selected based on their consistent appearance in some source types and their absence in others. UNMIX, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and effective variance are different solutions to the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model equations and are implemented on available software. In their more general form, the CMB equations allow spatial, temporal, transport, and particle size profiles to be combined with chemical source profiles for improved source resolution. Although UNMIX and PMF do not use source profiles explicitly as input data, they still require measured profiles to justify their derived source factors. The U.S. Supersites Program provided advanced datasets to apply these CMB solutions in different urban areas. Still lacking are better characterization of source emissions, new methods to estimate profile changes between source and receptor, and systematic sensitivity tests of deviations from receptor model assumptions.
Energy dependence of fusion cross section for /sup 28/Si+/sup 12/C by evaporation residue measurements

The excitation function for production of evaporation residues from the fusion of /sup 28/Si+/sup 12/C has been studied in two experiments. In the first experiment the ..gamma..-ray yields of transitions populating final state evaporation residues were measured, thereby allowing a detailed study of the bombarding energy dependence of the production of specific isotopes. More accurate absolute cross sections for evaporation residue production were measured at several energies with a gas proportional ..delta..E solid state E telescope. In this manner absolute cross sections were determined against which the ..gamma..-ray data could be normalized. The fusion cross section is found to vary smoothly with bombarding energy. Further, absolute cross sections agree well with model predictions currently in vogue.
Generic two-qubit photonic gates implemented by number-resolving photodetection

We combine numerical optimization techniques [Uskov et al., Phys. Rev. A 79, 042326 (2009)] with symmetries of the Weyl chamber to obtain optimal implementations of generic linear-optical Knill-Laflamme-Milburn-type two-qubit entangling gates. We find that while any two-qubit controlled-U gate, including controlled-NOT (CNOT) and controlled-sign gates, can be implemented using only two ancilla resources with a success probability S>0.05, a generic SU(4) operation requires three unentangled ancilla photons, with success S>0.0063. Specifically, we obtain a maximal success probability close to 0.0072 for the B gate. We show that single-shot implementation of a generic SU(4) gate offers more than an order of magnitude increase in the success probability and a two-fold reduction in overhead ancilla resources compared to standard triple-CNOT and double-B gate decompositions.
Force Characteristics of Tire Tread Delamination

Abstract Belt‐leaving‐belt tread separations in radial tires have been pointed out as a cause of vehicle accidents. This paper presents the results of measurements on the level of forces generated during a tread delamination. This study showed that tires that had been cut to generate a belt‐leaving‐belt separation always generated a leading edge flap and that the interaction of this flap with the vehicle body is responsible for the tractive force generation. The research also showed that the total impulse generated by a belt‐leaving‐belt separation represents a small fraction of the total vehicle momentum at highway speed.
Dose calibrator response to brachytherapy sources: A Monte Carlo and analytic evaluation

It is well known that the dose calibrator response/unit exposure rate depends significantly upon source energy. However, investigation of /sup 137/Cs, /sup 192/Ir, and /sup 226/Ra brachytherapy sources by empirical, analytical, and Monte Carlo techniques shows that source filtration significantly affects the calibrator reading to exposure rate conversion factor. The results demonstrate that for each clinically used filtration thickness an exposure calibrated standard source is required to establish the response of the well chamber. An interesting consequence of this analysis is that the Sievert point dose algorithm for clinical sources overestimates the dose on the order of 3% at distances of approximately 3.5 cm from the source.
DEFICIENCY OF HEPATIC ORGANIC ANION-BINDING PROTEIN AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF NON-HÆMOLYTIC UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINÆMIA IN THE NEWBORN

Abstract The biochemical defect responsible for neonatal non-haemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia ("physiological" jaundice) in man is believed to be immaturity of uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase. An alternate hypothesis is that neonatal jaundice results from defective hepatic uptake of bilirubin due to deficiency of an intracellular organic anion-binding protein. The development of two hepatic cytoplasmic organic anion acceptor proteins, Y and Z, was investigated in guineapigs of various ages. Relative deficiency of Y, the major binding protein, was seen in fetal and newborn animals.
Forecasting conditional climate-change using a hybrid approach

A novel approach is proposed to forecast the likelihood of climate-change across spatial landscape gradients. This hybrid approach involves reconstructing past precipitation and temperature using the self-organizing map technique; determining quantile trends in the climate-change variables by quantile regression modeling; and computing conditional forecasts of climate-change variables based on self-similarity in quantile trends using the fractionally differenced auto-regressive integrated moving average technique. The proposed modeling approach is applied to states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) in the southwestern U.S., where conditional forecasts of climate-change variables are evaluated against recent (2012) observations, evaluated at a future time period (2030), and evaluated as future trends (2009-2059). These results have broad economic, political, and social implications because they quantify uncertainty in climate-change forecasts affecting various sectors of society. Another benefit of the proposed hybrid approach is that it can be extended to any spatiotemporal scale providing self-similarity exists.
LPA and PLG sequence variation and kringle IV-2 copy number in two populations

Background/Aims: Lp(a) levels have long been recognized as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease that is almost completely under genetic control. Much of the genetics i
The Effect of Prolonged Heat Stress on Adrenal Weight, Cholesterol, and Corticosterone in White Pekin Ducks

Abstract The adrenals of heat stressed ducks exposed to a constant temperature of 29.4 C for 45 to 46 days showed an increase in relative weight and cholesterol concentration, but the corticosterone concentration remained at control levels.
Preferential Diffusion Effects on the Surface Structure of Turbulent Premixed Hydrogen/Air Flames

Abstract An experimental study of the surface structure of high Reynolds number turbulent premixed hydrogen/air jet flames is reported. Test conditions involved various values of turbulence intensities relative to the laminar flame speed, and stable/neutral/unstable conditions for preferential diffusion, within the wrinkled and mixing-limited thin flamelet regimes. Measurements included laser light sheet imaging to characterize flame surface properties and condilional laser velocimetry to characterize the turbulence properties of the unburned gas. It was found that flame surface area (and thus the local turbulent burning velocity), flame brush thickness and the fractal dimension of the flame surface progressively increased with distance from the flameholder, with maximum values eventually limited by approach to the flame tip. Additionally, the rate of development of these properties with distance from the flameholder increased as turbulence intensities relative to the laminar flame speed increased. Finall...
Enhanced production of Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) for co-culture with abalone in a land-based system: nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metal nutrition

Abstract Pacific dulse ( Palmaria mollis ) is a high-quality algal feed for both red abalone ( Haliotis rufescens ) and Japanese abalone ( Haliotis discus hannai ); however, culture techniques capable of producing commercial quantities of P. mollis are still in development. This study was undertaken to improve our understanding of nutrient requirements and management strategies for P. mollis production in intensive, land-based systems. All experiments were conducted under moderate to high artificial light of 24–52 mol photons m −2 day −1 and low seawater exchange (1 vol day −1 ), in order to minimize seawater pumping costs. Application of nutrients every 5–7 days resulted in no significant difference in P. mollis growth compared with daily applications. Nutrient additions during the dark cycle compared with the light cycle were found to be effective in controlling epiphytes. The addition of f medium trace metals (Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8 (1962) 229) significantly increased growth rates compared with those of cultures supplied with just nitrate and phosphate alone. The concentration of Zn was increased to equal that of Mn (1.37 μM day −1 ), with resulting improvement in yields. NaNO 3 as a source of nitrogen was found to be superior for long-term growth (9 weeks) compared with NH 4 NO 3 , although NH 4 NO 3 was superior on a short-term basis (first 2–5 weeks). This was likely due to NH 4 + –N toxicity resulting from the experimental design. While P. mollis growth was not significantly different between additions of 1176–2942 μM day −1 NO 3 − –N (average daily N load), an increasing trend in growth was observed with increasing N loads up to 2942 μM day −1 NO 3 − –N. P. mollis showed a sharp decline in growth with P additions above 83.3 μM day −1 (average daily P load). Tissue nutrient concentrations and molar ratios (N, P, trace metals, N/P and C/N) can be used in the development of optimal nutrient management strategies to ensure maximum dulse growth rates.
Acquiring Resources from Intimates When Obligation Substitutes for Persuasion

The acquisition of needed resources is a necessary part of human activity. Persuasion is a tool that can be used to acquire commodities. However, because of obligations inherent in intimate relationships, the necessity of elaborated persuasive messages is lessened Furthermore, when an intimate's request is rejected, negative responses and counterpersuasion are likely. This article presents the results of a study in which three measures of intimacy are related to the obligation to grant requests for resources, the obligation to offer resources in a time of need, characteristics of requests for resources, and characteristics of responses to rejection. Although not all three measures yielded identical results, increasing intimacy with a potential helper increased obligations to grant requests for resources, and obligation to offer resources in a time of need. Moreover, increasing intimacy was negatively associated with request elaboration, frequency of explanations, and inducements. When responding to rejection, increasing intimacy was negatively related to forgiving statements and positively related to counterpersuasion. Finally, after rejection, intimates composed messages, judged to be less polite than those that contained their initial request. The politeness of postrejection messages created by nonintimates was not perceived to differ from that of their initial requests.
The Current Debate on Teacher Preparation

Howey and Zimpher discuss the major arguments for and against teacher prep aration at the baccalaureate and post- baccalaureate levels. Further, they pro pose the implementation of graduate leadership training for experienced teachers, with selected higher education institutions having responsibility for leadership training rather than for initial preparation. The authors conclude the paper by weighing the arguments and outlining the assumptions undergirding existing and proposed teacher prepara tion models, and they assess the poten tial impact of the reform agenda on cur rent teacher education practices and policies.
Effects of cadmium and simulated acid rain on ammonification and nitrification in soil

A perfusion technique was used to study the effects of 1) simulated acid rain on the mineralization and nitrification of glycine (NH2-N) or ammonium sulfate (NH4-N) by adjusting the pH of the perfusates to 3.0, 2.5, or 2.0 with H2SO4; and 2) 0, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000μg Cd/g dry weight of soil on the mineralization and nitrification of NH2-N, both in soil adjusted with H2SO4 to pH 3.0 and in soil not exposed to acidity. Ammonification was relatively insensitive to both Cd and acidity, occurring even in soil exposed to pH 2.0 or 1,000 ppm Cd. Nitrification was more sensitive, being retarded in NH2-N-supplemented soils exposed to pH 2.5 and inhibited in soil exposed to pH 2.O. In NH4-N-supplemented soils, nitrification was retarded at pH 3.0 and inhibited at pH 2.5. This retardation and inhibition occurred despite the increase in the pH of the perfusates to a noninhibitory level. Nitrification was retarded at 500 ppm Cd and to a greater extent at 1,000 ppm Cd, where nitrite accumulated. The combined effect of exposure to Cd and H2SO4 at pH 3.0 was additive rather than synergistic, and even with 1,000 ppm Cd at pH 3.0 some nitrification eventually occurred.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers for the flagfish Jordanella floridae

The flagfish (Jordanella floridae) is commonly used in studies of wetlands ecology. Here we describe the isolation of ten microsatellite loci, six of which were polymorphic. The observed number of alleles ranged from 4 to 24 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.59 to 0.81 for the polymorphic loci. The isolation of these markers will enable estimations of genetic diversity in natural populations.
Transequatorial Flow of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Western Atlantic Ocean: Abyssal Geostrophy at the Equator

Abstract In its general northward flow along the western trough of the Atlantic, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) must pass over several sills separating the various abyssal basins. At the equator, the western trough is deformed by major east-west offsets of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the continental margin of Brazil, forming a newly zonal abyssal channel about 250 km wide, centered at the equator, and extending approximately 1000 km along its axis, in which the AABW is confined. Thus, the general northward flow of AABW is topographically constrained to be westward as it crosses the equator. A hydrographic section across this channel at 37°W shows the AABW isopycnals to be “bowl” shaped within and beneath the level of the channel walls. The equatorial geostrophic relation permits us to compute a zonal velocity from the well-defined parabolic distribution of dynamic height, relative to a reference level at the transition between AARW and the overlying deep water. Here 4.3 × 106 m3 s−1 is estimated for the wes...
Disjuncture, Continental philosophy's new “political Paul,” and the question of progressive Christianity in a Southern California Third Wave church

Drawing on recent anthropological debates on temporality, hope, and the relationship between Christian eschatology and political action, I use Alain Badiou's reading of St. Paul's epistles to trace out the internal logic of a left-leaning Southern California church in the Vineyard, a strongly charismatic Christian denomination. I argue that members of this church see progressive politics as a function of the incomplete eschatological event of Jesus's redemption of the world. This view of progressive politics as demarcating an ontological divide serves to foreclose certain forms of political organizing and alliances because such political activity, being recognizable, does not fit the condition of radical alterity associated with the divine in church members’ religious practice. [anthropology of Christianity, anthropology of temporality, Pentecostal/charismatic Christianity, Southern California, progressive Christianity, Badiou, critical anthropology]