cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caring for Children Who Have Special Health-care Needs: A Practical Guide for the Primary Care Practitioner

1. Matthew D. Sadof, MD* 2. Beverly L. Nazarian, MD† 1. *Assistant Professor, Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine; Director, Medical Home Program, Baystate Children's Hospital, Springfield, Mass 2. †Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass Advances in the care of children who have chronic illness have allowed many more children to survive and live longer. Although there are many definitions of chronic illness, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has endorsed the broad definition proposed by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), which defines children who have special health care needs (CSHCN) as “those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally.” (1) For the purposes of this article, we define CSHCN broadly by adopting this MCHB definition. CSHCN does not encompass just those children who have complex disorders or who require technology; children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, emotional disorders, and autism also can be included in this broad definition. CSHCN are estimated to comprise 13% of the pediatric population and account for 70% of pediatric health-care expenditures. Based on the MCHB definition and the prevalence of CSHCN, all child health clinicians will care for children who have special health-care needs at some time during their practice experiences. Good evidence shows that care for CSHCN delivered in specialized centers can improve clinical outcomes, as measured by hospitalizations, emergency department use, and detection of rare complications. Unfortunately, such speciality centers frequently are confined to academic centers that may be far from the community in which CSHCN and their families reside. The specialized care may be inaccessible to many families because of such barriers as language, culture, distance, cost, and transportation. There also is evidence that some of the basic primary care needs of CSHCN and families may not be well addressed in these subspecialty settings. (2) Primary care physicians and families who find themselves caring …
Comparison of 5 intravenous lipid emulsions and their effects on hepatic steatosis in a murine model

Abstract Background Plant-based intravenous lipid emulsions have been shown to contribute to parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD). There is mounting evidence that fish oil–based emulsions may prevent this liver injury. This study compares 5 emulsions with different fat compositions and their effect on hepatic steatosis, one of the first hits in PNALD. Methods C57BL/6J mice were placed on a fat-free diet and randomized into 5 equal groups. Each group received one of the commercially available intravenous lipid emulsions (Intralipid [Baxter/Fresenius Kabi, Deerfield, Ill], Liposyn II [Hospira Inc, Lake Forest, Ill], ClinOleic [Baxter/Clintec Parenteral SA, Cedex, France], SMOFlipid [Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany], or Omegaven [Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH]) or normal saline. Liver enzymes, degree of steatosis, and fatty acid compositions were analyzed after 19 days. Results Intralipid, Liposyn II, ClinOleic, and SMOFlipid groups all demonstrated moderate steatosis with hepatic fat contents of 17.4%, 21.9%, 22.5%, and 12.6%, respectively. Omegaven mice, however, had normal livers. Saline control mice developed biochemical evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Lipid supplementation with Intralipid, Liposyn II, and Omegaven prevented the onset of biochemical EFAD, whereas administration of ClinOleic and SMOFlipid did not. Conclusion The fish oil–based lipid emulsion Omegaven prevented hepatic steatosis and EFAD in this murine model. ω -3 fatty acids may be efficacious in preventing PNALD and should be explored in the development of novel lipid emulsions.
Foxa2 (HNF3β) Controls Multiple Genes Implicated in Metabolism-Secretion Coupling of Glucose-induced Insulin Release

The transcription factor Foxa2 is implicated in blood glucose homeostasis. Conditional expression of Foxa2 or its dominant-negative mutant DN-Foxa2 in INS-1 cells reveals that Foxa2 regulates the expression of genes important for glucose sensing in pancreatic beta-cells. Overexpression of Foxa2 results in blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas induction of DN-Foxa2 causes a left shift of glucose-induced insulin release. The mRNA levels of GLUT2 and glucokinase are drastically decreased after induction of Foxa2. In contrast, loss of Foxa2 function leads to up-regulation of hexokinase (HK) I and II and glucokinase (HK-IV) mRNA expression. The glucokinase and the low K(m) hexokinase activities as well as glycolysis are increased proportionally. In addition, induction of DN-Foxa2 also reduces the expression of beta-cell K(ATP) channel subunits Sur1 and Kir6.2 by 70%. Furthermore, in contrast to previous reports, induction of Foxa2 causes pronounced decreases in the HNF4alpha and HNF1alpha mRNA levels. Foxa2 fails to regulate the expression of Pdx1 transcripts. The expression of insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide is markedly suppressed after induction of Foxa2, while the glucagon mRNA levels are significantly increased. Conversely, Foxa2 is required for glucagon expression in these INS-1-derived cells. These results suggest that Foxa2 is a vital transcription factor evolved to control the expression of genes essential for maintaining beta-cell glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis.
A fast implementation of polynomial factorization

A new package for factoring polynomials with integer coefficients is described which yields significant improvements over previous implementations in both time and space requirements. For multivariate problems, the package features an inexpensive method for early detection and correction of spurious factors. This essentially solves the multivariate extraneous factor problem and eliminates the need to factor more than one univariate image, except in rare cases. Also included is an improved technique for coefficient prediction which is successful more frequently than prior versions at short-circuiting the expensive multivariate Hensel lifting stage. In addition some new approaches are discussed for the univariate case as well as for the problem of finding good integer substitution values. The package has been implemented both in Scratchpad II and in an experimental version of muMATH.
The yield of DNA double-strand breaks produced intracellularly by ionizing radiation: a review.

SummaryThe mechanisms of radiation damage production are used to examine the following premises: (1) the number of DNA double-strand breaks per unit dose increases with dose; (2) cell type to cell type variations in yield of DNA dsb per dose occur. Two stages of damage production are identified as possible sources of damage yield modulation; numbers of OH· free radicals reacting with the target, and amount of chemical repair occurring on the target radicals. These factors are discussed in the light of the structures within which cellular DNA is packaged and the known rate constants for the reactions involved. It is concluded from our current knowledge that, in the presence of oxygen: (a) the number of DNA dsb is linearly related to dose, and (b) the yields of DNA damage per dose among cell types are constant. There is a caveat to the latter conclusion: the chromatin structure may be different in radiosensitive cell lines. In the absence of such a difference, variations in radiosensitivity with dose or wit...
The toxicological evaluation of the mycotoxins T-2 and T-2 tetraol using normal human fibroblasts in vitro.

Abstract Normal human fibroblasts in vitro were used as a system to examine the cellular effects of potentially toxic compounds. In addition to tests for viability, indices of toxicity were included which would demonstrate functional and structural alterations associated with specific subcellular components. Fibroblast cultures derived from human neonatal foreskin were treated with various doses of the mycotoxins T-2 and T-2 tetraol. Methods for demonstrating viability showed T-2 to be 10-fold more toxic than its hydroxylated derivative, T-2 tetraol. Both compounds induced a dose-dependent reduction in protein and scheduled DNA synthesis, as well as an induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (DNA repair). However, no qualitative alterations in the activity of cytoplasmic, lysosomal or membrane-associated enzymes were observed with T-2 or T-2 tetraol-treated cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed structural alterations predominantly associated with the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum with associated ribosomes. Multiple biochemical parameters with ultrastructural and cytotoxicity studies were therefore effective in demonstrating the mechanisms as well as the degree of toxicity induced by these chemical compounds.
Earthquake Swarms and the Semidiurnal Solid Earth Tide

Summary Several correlations between peak earthquake activity during swarms and the phase and stress orientation of the calculated solid earth tide are described. The events correlating with the tide are clusters of swarm earthquakes. Swarm clusters from many sequences recorded over several years are used. Significant tidal correlations (which have less than a 5 per cent chance of being observed if earthquakes were random) are are found in the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Imperial Valley and northern Gulf of California, and larger (mb≥2 5.0) aftershocks of the 1965 Rat Islands earthquake. In addition, sets of larger single earthquakes on Atlantic and north-east Pacific fracture zones are significantly correlated with the calculated solid tide. No tidal correlation, however, could be found for the Matsushiro Japan swarm of 1965–1967. The earthquake-tide correlations other than the Reykjanes Peninsula and Mid-Atlantic Ridge can be interpreted as triggering caused by enhancement of the tectonic stress by tidal stress, i.e. the alignment of fault and tidal principal stresses. All tidal correlations except in the Aleutians are associated with oceanic rifts or their landward extensions. If lithospheric plates are decoupled at active rifts, then tidal stresses channelled along the lithospheric stress guide may be concentrated at ridge type plate boundaries. Tidal triggering of earthquakes at rifts may reflect this possible amplification of tidal strains in the weakened lithosphere at ridges.
The efficient expression of intravascularly delivered DNA in rat muscle

Previous studies have demonstrated that muscle can take up and express naked DNA or RNA. This study demonstrates that the pDNA can be delivered to and expressed within skeletal muscle when injected rapidly, in a large volume and when all blood vessels leading into and out of the hindlimb are occluded. The additional use of collagenase, papaverine and ischemia raised expression moderately but was not critical. These results demonstrate that a nonviral method can lead to high levels of expression in the muscles of adult animals larger than mice.
The etiology, evaluation and treatment of head and facial pain in the elderly

Abstract Complaints of head and facial pain are prevalent among the elderly. It is imperative that clinicians be familiar with the large number of clinical entities that can cause such pain. The dioaculties associated with the assessment and treatment of geriatric patients, including alterations in pharmacokinetics, indicate the need for a systematic and logical approach to the evaluation and therapy of diseases which cause orofacial pain in the elderly. A concise overview of the major etiologies of orofacial pain, together with a description of some current methods for its evaluation and treatment, are presented.
Ventilation-Perfusion Matching during Exercise

In normal subjects, exercise widens the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (P[A-a]O2) despite a more uniform topographic distribution of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios. While part of the increase in P(A-a)O2 (especially during heavy exercise) is due to diffusion limitation, a considerable amount is caused by an increase in VA/Q mismatch as detected by the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Why this occurs is unknown, but circumstantial evidence suggests it may be related to interstitial pulmonary edema rather than to factors dependent on ventilation, airway gas mixing, airway muscle tone, or pulmonary vascular tone. In patients with lung disease, the gas exchange consequences of exercise are variable. Thus, arterial PO2 may increase, remain the same, or fall. In general, patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial fibrosis who exercise show a fall in PO2. This is usually not due to worsening VA/Q relationships but mostly to the well-known fall in mixed venous PO2, which itself results from a relatively smaller increase in cardiac output than VO2. However, in interstitial fibrosis (but not COPD), there is good evidence that a part of the fall in PO2 on exercise is caused by alveolar-capillary diffusion limitation of O2 transport; in COPD (but not interstitial fibrosis), a frequent additional contributing factor to the hypoxemia of exercise is an inadequate ventilatory response, such that minute ventilation does not rise as much as does CO2 production or O2 uptake, causing arterial PCO2 to increase and PO2 to fall.
Reduced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels in patients with reversible obstructive airways disease.

Summary 1. Patients were grouped into categories of ‘no airways disease’, ‘obstructive airways disease without response to bronchodilator’ and ‘obstructive airways disease with bronchodilator responsiveness’. 2. Cyclic nucleotides were assayed in specimens of lung tissue that were excised during surgery. 3. Reduced levels of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) were found in pulmonary tissue obtained from patients with reversible obstructive airways disease, lending support to the β-adrenergic theory of asthma.
Geobiology of a microbial endolithic community in the Yellowstone geothermal environment

The endolithic environment, the pore space of rocks, is a ubiquitous habitat for microorganisms on the Earth and is an important target of the search for life elsewhere in the Solar System. Photosynthetic, endolithic microbial communities commonly inhabit the outer millimetres to centimetres of all rocks exposed to the Earth's surface. In the most extreme terrestrial climates, such as hot and cold deserts, endolithic microorganisms are often the main form of life. The endolithic microhabitat gives protection from intense solar radiation and desiccation, and it provides mineral nutrients, rock moisture and growth surfaces. Here we describe the discovery and identification of the constituents of an extremely acidic (pH 1) endolithic microbial community inhabiting the pore space of rocks in the geothermal environment of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Subjected to silica mineralization, such endolithic communities constitute biomarkers that can become fossilized and potentially preserved in the geological record. Remnants of these communities could serve as biosignatures and provide important clues about ancient life associated with geothermal environments on the Earth or elsewhere in the Solar System.
A Comparison of Volunteers and Dummy Upper Torso Kinematics with and Without Shoulder Belt Slack in a Low Speed Side/Pre-Roll Environment

Objective. The objective of this study was to compare the occupant and dummy kinematics in a low-speed lateral environment with and without shoulder belt slack. Methods. A buck of a small European car was mounted on a side impact sled. The parameters evaluated were pulses, sitting location, and belt slack. A total of 24 tests were carried out. Three 50th-percentile male volunteers and one Hybrid III 50th-percentile male were tested. The pulses consisted of Pulse 1:+/- 0.7 g's pulse and Pulse 2: a -0.9 g pulse to simulate low-speed pre-roll/side events. Both pulses had a duration of 500 msec. Results. The peak lateral head excursion was higher in the far-side occupants than in the near-side occupants. Furthermore, for the far-side volunteers, lateral head displacements were lower in the no-slack condition than in the slack condition, at 388 ± 64 mm and 455 ± 84 mm respectively for Pulse 1 and at 138 ± 2 mm and 207 ± 70 mm for Pulse 2. The timing required to reach peak lateral displacement was higher in Pul...
The Principles of Scientific Management by Frederick W. Taylor: the private printing

The Principles of Scientific Management by Frederick W. Taylor began as the text of a fireside lecture and evolved into a classic work of the Scientific Management Era. Taylor failed to convince his colleagues in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers to publish his “Principles” in the ASME Transactions, in spite of an extensive letter writing campaign directed toward the effort. He resorted to a “private printing” of the material that had been rejected by the ASME. Taylor personally distributed copies of the private printing to his friends in the Society before the publication of each of the forthcoming magazine articles and the “trade edition” of essentially the same material. Personal correspondence preserved in the Taylor Collection at Stevens Institute of Technology provides clues to the events of 1910‐1911, wherein Taylor labored over the manner of publication of his “Principles of Scientific Management.” This paper tracks the details of these events through the publication of the private printing. Articles in subsequent issues of Journal of Management History will track the publishing events following the private printing.
Effects of relations between words on short-term storage and long-term storage

Three experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various forms of phonemic similarity and semantic relatedness on free recall. In particular the differential effects of these variables on long-term storage (LTS) and short-term storage (STS) were evaluated. The findings show that (a) both phonemic and semantic relatedness are responded to while words are in STS, (b) both factors increase the amount recalled from LTS, but (c) neither factor has any effect on the amount held in STS. The data give no support to the idea that STS is peculiarly phonemic or that LTS is peculiarly semantic or that similarity has an interference effect on either. Processing on the basis of both phonemic and semantic factors takes place in both STS and LTS.
La place de la culture dans les études sur le traumatisme : une perspective américaine

Resume La place de la culture dans la psychiatrie et dans les etudes sur le traumatisme psychique a eu une importance croissante au cours des dernieres annees. Qu’il s’agisse des aspects theoriques, cliniques, therapeutiques, ou de recherche, il est essentiel d’integrer des concepts venant de divers domaines, dont la medecine, la psychiatrie et la psychologie, mais aussi les sciences sociales. Les traumatismes de guerre et la migration ont largement influence l’orientation des recherches et des pratiques clinique et ont souligne l’importance et l’interet de la perspective anthropologique. L’experience traumatique individuelle, familiale ou collective est a la fois invariante et pourtant specifique de chaque contexte culturel. Pour les soignants travaillant aupres de personnes traumatisees, il est essentiel de procurer un environnement securisant et stable tout au long du processus therapeutique. Cet environnement doit de plus faciliter le passage d’un univers culturel symbolique a l’autre, afin de construire un systeme de signification commun au groupe culturel specifique et a la societe d’accueil. Ces problematiques ont egalement une importance cruciale pour la formation des professionnels appeles a travailler aupres de populations d’origines culturelles variees.
Southeastern Chukchi Sea (Alaska) epibenthos

Epibenthos of the southeastern Chukchi Sea, inclusive of Kotzebue Sound, was sampled in 1976. Crustaceans dominated abundance while echinoderms, mainly sea stars, dominated biomass. Spatial distribution of fauna was determined by cluster analysis. Scavenger-predators were dominant trophic groups, although suspension feeders dominated some regions. Unexpected high abundance and biomass under Alaska Coastal Water and factors related to presence and distribution of fauna are discussed. Dissimilarities between the benthic systems of the southeastern and northeastern Chukchi Seas are attributed to more complex water mass and flow patterns in the southern system. Entrained particulate organic carbon disperses through the area to support an abundant and apparently highly productive benthic fauna, which sustains resident and transient populations of demersal fishes and marine mammals. Epibenthos was sampled again in 1998 and, although little change was apparent in community composition, many taxa had higher abundance and biomass than 22 years earlier, a trend similar to findings observed in the northeastern Bering Sea.
Characteristics of divertor heat and particle deposition with intrinsic and applied 3-D fields in NSTX H-mode plasmas

Abstract Divertor heat and particle flux profiles are modified by externally imposed non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. The applied 3-D field causes strike point splitting that is represented as local peaks and valleys in the divertor profiles. The plasma response in an ideal perturbed equilibrium approach was included in the field line tracing by taking account of the B-field generated by the plasma current up to a certain fraction of normalized flux inside the separatrix and being superposed to the vacuum field. The inclusion of this type of plasma response does not significantly affect the location and spacing of the split strike points at the divertor surface. A modest level of divertor profile modification is found to occur even without the application of 3-D fields in certain high triangularity (δ = 0.65–0.8) discharges, with the location of local peaks and valleys same before and after the application. The intrinsic error field from the non-circularity of PF5 coil is known to have primarily n = 3 component in NSTX and was modeled to be included in the vacuum field line tracing. The produced puncture plot of the field line along with the connection length profile shows that the radial location of local peaks agrees well with the measurement, identifying intrinsic error field as a possible source of intrinsic strike point splitting. The radial location of local peaks in the profiles during the triggered ELM by the applied n = 3 field is the same before and after the 3-D field application. This shows that the heat flux from the triggered ELMs appears to follow the imposed n = 3 field structure.
Assembling the Human IFN-β Enhanceosome in Solution

Assembly of interferon-beta enhanceosome from its individual protein components and of enhancer DNA has been studied in solution using a combination of fluorescence anisotropy, microcalorimetry, and CD titration. It was shown that the enhancer binds only one full-length phosphomimetic IRF-3 dimer at the PRDIII-PRDI sites, and this binding does not exhibit cooperativity with binding of the ATF-2/c-Jun bZIP (leucine zipper dimer with basic DNA recognition segments) heterodimer at the PRDIV site. The orientation of the bZIP pair is, therefore, not determined by the presence of the IRF-3 dimer, but is predetermined by the asymmetry of the PRDIV site. In contrast, bound IRF-3 dimer interacts strongly with the NF-kappaB (p50/p65) heterodimer bound at the neighboring PRDII site. The orientation of bound NF-kappaB is also predetermined by the asymmetry of the PRDII site and is the opposite of that found in the crystal structure. The HMG-I/Y protein, proposed as orchestrating enhanceosome assembly, interacts specifically with the PRDII site of the interferon-beta enhancer by inserting its DNA-binding segments (AT hooks) into the minor groove, resulting in a significant increase in NF-kappaB binding affinity for the major groove of this site.
Glucose levels in the normal range predict incident diabetes in families with premature coronary heart disease.

Abstract Purpose Little is known about excess risk of incident diabetes conferred by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) within the normal range ( Methods Healthy 30–59 year old non-diabetic siblings ( N = 542) of index cases with documented premature coronary disease were followed prospectively for type 2 diabetes. Results During 8.7 ± 3 years of follow-up, incident diabetes was identified in 7.8%. Rates were incremental with baseline non-diabetes FPG thresholds of 5.0, 5.6, 6.1, and 6.7 mmol/l ( p for trend 0.74. The overall area under the ROC curve predicting incident diabetes for normal and prediabetes ranges of FPG was 0.867. Conclusion Higher FPG levels within the designated “normal” range in high risk families are a potent independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes and may serve as a sentinel to trigger primary preventive interventions.
Validity of an Honesty Test in Predicting Theft Among Convenience Store Employees

A 1990 review of the research on the validity of integrity-honesty tests performed by the U.S. Congress's Office of Technology Assessment found no studies conducted by independent researchers in wh...
Which radiology application drives your workflow? Which should?

Since their introduction in 1982, PACS have gradually gained the center stage of radiology operations [1]. PACS automated the storage, distribution, and display of digital medical images (thus eliminating the need for film) and helped optimize radiology workflow, particularly for practices that also eliminated paper from their workflows [2]. Initially, PACS only provided components required for the storage, distribution, and display of digital medical images, with very little flexibility to adjust to workflow idiosyncrasies. Gradually, by tighter integration with radiology information systems (RIS), PACS became more adaptable to radiology’s workflow. With time, other important electronic components have been integrated with PACS and RIS to facilitate advanced visualization needs (eg, virtual colonoscopy), to expedite report generation (eg, speech recognition and structured reporting applications), to optimize critical result communication, to enable electronic medical record (EMR) integration (eg, receive clinical indications for an imaging study from computerized provider order entry), and so on. At most academic institutions and radiology private practices, PACS and RIS have survived as the core modules to which all other systems relate. Indeed, “PACS-driven” or “RISdriven” workflow is the terminology most often used in radiology practices to refer to the automation of workflow and the creation of “work lists” used by radiologists to get through their daily work. More specifically, PACS-driven workflow involves radiologists’ work lists being created by the PACS (from orders received from the RIS and matched with digital imaging studies arriving in the PACS). Alternatively, RIS-driven workflow is created primarily by the RIS, which is presumably the source of truth for “examination status” in your practice. In this column, we describe the fundamental challenges for the traditional PACS and RIS model of workflow and identify automation opportunities to enhance a radiology practice’s performance.
Drugs, Alcohol and the Law*

While other aspects of the relationship between the law and intoxicants are mentioned briefly, this paper focuses upon doctrinal aspects of the criminal law relevant to the grossly intoxicated offender. It is generally true to say that the criminal law requires proof of individual fault before an accused can be convicted of a serious criminal offence. The accused must be judged on the facts, not as they are, but as he or she actually believes them to be. This causes difficulty where the accused is grossly intoxicated. The fair and correct doctrinal response to this problem has been the subject of controversy for over fifty years. The common law jurisdictions have come to different conclusions. In 1979, the High Court of Australia decided that if an accused was found to have lacked the intention to commit the crime required by law, then the fact that the lack of intention arose by reason of his or her voluntary ingestion of an intoxicant was irrelevant. If the accused is found to have lacked the intention,...
Determining and evaluating nutrient losses following whole-tree harvesting of aspen

Nutrient loss following whole-tree harvesting of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) was assessed on coarse-loamy Typic Fragiochrepts in northeastern Minnesota. We used a methodology that could be applied to other systems to roughly estimate the impact of harvesting on nutrient capital. Ceramic cups collected soil solution through the frost-free season at 130 cm on sites harvested 1, 2, and 5 years before and on undisturbed sites (total = 24). Nutrients in vegetation, soil, and forest floor were also determined. An evapotranspiration model predicted the flux of water moving through the soil. Soil solution concentrations peaked in midsummer. Nitrogen concentrations in solution were below detection limits, and P concentrations were not related to harvesting. Potassium in soil solution decreased, and Ca and Mg increased on harvested sites compared to undisturbed sites. After adjusting for leaching flux, only Ca showed a statistically significant loss associated with harvest in the first 5 years after the harvest (60 kg/ha). Over a 60-year rotation, precipitation and normal weathering will replace N, P, and K lost by product removal and deep leaching, will replace about one-half the Mg, but will not replace Ca. Because of their initial abundance in the soil, Ca and Mg will probably not become nutritionally deficient, but their loss may lead to accelerated soil acidification and associated secondary effects.
Dual effects of antidiuretic hormone on urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion in man.

To evaluate the relationship of renal prostaglandin synthesis to urine-concentrating mechanisms, 14 healthy subjects received antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the nonpressor ADH analog desamino-d-arginine vasopressin (dD′AVP). Endogenous ADH was increased by water deprivation. Urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured by RIA and by bioassay. ADH, dD′AVP, and dehydration each reduced urinary volume by a similar amount (from 582 ± 66 to an average of 141 ± 13 ml/4 h) and similarly increased osmolality (from 231 ± 13 to 721 ± 31 mosmol/kg). Dehydration and dD′AVP reduced PGE2 from 44 ± 4 to 25 ± 5 and 30 ± 5 ng/4 h, respectively (P < 0.01), suggesting an inverse correlation of PGE2 with urine osmolality (r =−0.48; P < 0.005). In contrast, ADH increased urinary PGE2 to 102 ± 23 ng/4 h (P < 0.02). Infusions of another vasoconstrictor peptide, angiotensin II, to six of the subjects doubled urine osmolality and also increased urinary PGE2 excretion. These data do not support the theory that the antidiuretic eff...
A tabu search heuristic for the dynamic space allocation problem

The dynamic space allocation problem (DSAP) presented here is a relatively new problem in the literature. It looks at the optimization of space/resource assignments during the implementation of project activities. More specifically, the DSAP assigns project activities and their required resources to workspaces and idle resources to storage spaces with respect to minimizing the sum of the distances the resources travel. In this paper, construction algorithms and a tabu search heuristic are presented for the DSAP, and a set of test problems taken from the literature is used to test the performances of the heuristics. The results show that the proposed tabu search heuristic clearly outperforms the techniques (i.e., simulated annealing heuristics) presented in the literature with respect to solution quality and computation time.
The effects of a macrophage-derived cytotoxin on the growth and metabolism of target cells.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages obtained from Sarcoma I (SaI)-immune CS7BL/6 mice release a heat-labile cytotoxin, specific macrophage cytotoxin (SMC), following a two hour interaction with appropriate target cells. Specific macrophage cytotoxin specifically inhibits A/Jax spleen cells from mitogenically responding to concanavalin A, whereas syngeneic CS7BL/6 spleen cells are unaffected. Treatment of target cells with SMC results in early alterations in RNA and DNA metabolism. The uptake and incorporation of 3 H-uridine was found to be initially elevated while intracellular levels of 3 H-thymidine became markedly reduced. Furthermore, the cytotoxic action of SMC was found to be rapidly accelerated and amplified by low levels of actinomycin-D.
Weaving through Islam in Senegal, by Laura L. Cochrane

Laura Cochrane's study of tapestry weavers in contemporary Senegal presents weaving within a fully-integrated world-view, wherein belief and practice constantly inform and reframe each other in the...
Prolonged pH Monitoring: Bravo Capsule

The Bravo pH monitoring system is a safe and well-tolerated reliable method for measuring esophageal acid exposure. Key potential advantages of this system are related to its ability to be unobtrusive, comfortable, and provide study periods of longer duration. These advantages make it an excellent option for subjects who are unwilling or unable to tolerate conventional catheter pH monitoring. Whether the Bravo capsule improves diagnostic accuracy is still unclear; however, initial results are promising and further validation studies are expected. Whether this method is preferred over conventional monitoring for diagnostic evaluation depends on multiple considerations ranging from cost to possible contraindications for both systems. Further refinements in methodology and recording protocol are likely to be made, which will improve diagnostic accuracy and lower cost.
Growth of color centres and hardening of CaF2 by heavy dose of γ-irradiation†

The growth of color centers and the accompanying changes in the mechanical properties (flow stress, Vicker's microhardness, and dislocation mobilities) of CaF/sub 2/ single crystals due to x-ray irradiation were studied in the dosage range of 10/sup 4/ to 5 x 10/sup 8/ R at room temperature. Of the four absorption band spectra with peaks at 225, 335, 400, and 580 nm observed, the 225, 400. and 580 nm bands were seen to saturate at about 10/sup 5/ R and remain saturated in the entire dosage range studied. On the other hand the 335- nm band, after initial saturation at approximately 10/sup 5/ R, was observed to start giowing again at about 2 x 10/sup 7/ R. The observed changes in the mechanical properties are seen to correlate well with the growth of the 335-nm band. A tentative model is suggested for the color center responsible for the 335-nm band and the mechanical-property changes. (auth)
Integrated rapid isothermal processing

Rapid isothermal processing (RIP) based on incoherent sources of light is emerging as a reduced thermal budget (product of processing time and temperature) processing technique. As compared to a stand alone annealing unit the integration of RIP with other processing units leading to integrated RIP systems is very attractive for the next generation of devices and circuits. From cost and performance point of view the integrated rapid isothermal processing of these devices offers several advantages compared to their exsitu rapid isothermal annealed and furnace annealed counterparts. We have used an integrated RIP system for the insitu rapid isothermal surface cleaning of InP and GaAs substrates and insitu metallization of InP and GaAs Schottky diodes. As compared to exsitu annealing insitu rapid isothermal cleaning of InP and GaAs surfaces prior to metallization followed by insitu annealing results in improved electrical characteristics. We have also integrated a plasma source with a RIP system and studied the thermal oxidation of Si at 300C followed by an insitu rapid isothermal anneal. In this paper we also show that photo effects play a significant part in RIP. I.
Norepinephrine-sensitive Na+-K+ ATPase activity in brown adipose tissue.

Norepinephrin fordert in vitro die Tatigkeit einer Ouabain empfindlichen Na+/K+ ATPase. Diese Wirkung, durch eine geringe Dosis einesβ-adrenergischen Antagonisten eingeschrankt, scheint offenbar von einer 3′,5′-zyklischen AMP unabhangig zu sein. Die Tatigkeit der Brenzkatechin-induzierten ATPase stimmt mit der Auffassung uberein, dass im aktivierten braunen Fettgewebe der Energieumsatz zusammen mit dem vermehrten Sauerstoffverbrauch ansteigt.
Abigail C. Saguy. What’s Wrong With Fat?

As I was reading Abigail Saguy’s book What’s Wrong With Fat?, the New York Times ran a front page article exclaiming that “Poor Children Show a Decline in Obesity Rate.” On the same day (August 7, ...
Effects of chronic stimulation on long-term isolated cerebellar folia.

Abstract Extracellular studies on units in all three cortical layers have been done on folia isolated surgically from the rest of cerebellum for as long as 13 months. In one series, the folia were electrically stimulated at daily intervals (6 days each week) for the duration of survival. The data obtained were compared with similar data taken from a series of animals with folia which were not chronically stimulated. In a third series, chronic electrical stimulation was given to folia which were not undercut, and these data were compared with the above data. 1. 1. Chronic electrical stimulation as used in these experiments had no harmful effects either on intact or chronically undercut folia. Neither did it enhance nor prolong the survival period of spontaneous or evoked activity of units in the three cortical layers. 2. 2. There was a gradual decline of spontaneous activity in all cortical layers with increasing age of the slab. However, this never reached the stage of electrical silence even in 13-month-old preparations. Evoked activity as evidenced by electrical stimulation of the same folium (as recorded from) or adjacent folium showed well developed suppression and/or enhancement of activity in the older slabs. 3. 3. Enhancement of frequency and amplitude of units usually resulted activity same folia stimulation while decreased activity usually resulted from adjacent folium stimulation. So-called seizure activity is not a characterization feature of chronically isolated folia whether or not they be chronically stimulated. Stimulation frequencies between 100 and 300/sec showed the lowest thresholds for inducing cerebellar activity in the slab either by the same folium or adjacent folium stimulation.
Changes in Eating, Physical Activity, and Related Behaviors in a Primary-Care-Based Weight Loss Intervention

Changes in eating, physical activity and related behaviors in a primary care-based weight loss intervention
CXC chemokine receptor-1 is expressed by hepatocytes and regulates liver recovery after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the liver often occurs as a result of liver resection surgery, transplantation, and trauma and is a primary cause of subsequent liver dysfunction (1-3). The recovery and regeneration of the liver after I/R is associated with the temporal expression of cell cycle control proteins (4). Recent data from our laboratory has demonstrated that this process is regulated by signaling through CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) (5). These studies demonstrated that deletion or pharmacological blockade of CXCR2 increased hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in association with increased activation of the transcription factors, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). Furthermore, we showed that ligands of CXCR2 have direct, dose-dependent effects on hepatocytes to regulate cell death or proliferation (5). The ligands for CXCR2 are comprised of a subclass of CXC chemokines which possess the amino acid sequence Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR motif) in the amino terminus (6, 7). However, CXCR2 is not the only receptor for ELR+ CXC chemokines. In humans, CXC chemokine receptor-1 (CXCR1) also binds many of these ligands and has both overlapping and independent functions to CXCR2 (8-13). The murine homolog of human CXCR1 remained elusive for many years, but the gene for murine CXCR1 was recently cloned and characterized (14, 15). Murine CXCR1 shares 64% and 89% homology at the amino acid level with human CXCR1 and murine CXCR2, respectively (15). Murine CXCR1 has been shown to bind to multiple CXC chemokines (16), but it is unknown if the receptor is expressed in the liver during injury. In the present study, we sought to determine if CXCR1 plays a functional role in the injury and recovery from hepatic I/R.
Development of free-electron lasers for XUV projection lithography

Future ti-linac-driven FELs, operating in the range from 4 nm to 100 nm, could be excellent exposure tools for extending the resolution limit of projection optical lithography to sO.1 m and with adequate total depth of focus (1 to 2 Rm). When operated at a moderate duty rate of s1%, XUV EELs should be able to supply sufficient average power to support high-volume chip production. Recent developments of the electron beam, magnetic undulator, and resonator mirrors are described which raise our expectation that FEL operation below 1 00 nm is almost ready for demonstration. Included as a supplement is a review of initial design studies of the reflecting XUV projection optics, fabrication of reflection masks, characterization of photoresists, and the first experimental demonstrations of the capability of projection lithography with 14-nm radiation to produce lines and spaces as small as 0.05 m.
Accounting for complexity in costing high technology manufacturing

Abstract A new type of ‘costing unit’ is proposed in the form of an adjusted measure of plant output that takes into account the increases in complexity of operations with rapid and continuous changes in products and process technologies. Use of this costing unit makes it possible to conduct meaningful analyses of past and present plant performance using historical costs, and to project future cost behavior even in the presence of ongoing technological changes. Employing a simple power function, tests conducted in a wafer fabrication plant of a semiconductor manufacturing company show that this costing unit yields better statistical fits and predictions than are obtainable from output data that are not similarly adjusted. The power functions used for the different cost components are extended to include Cobb-Douglas forms in a simple recursive regression system that makes it possible to relate overall cost behavior to these underlying components.
A six-step model of potential victims' decisions to change location

This paper presents a model of how concern about personal security (a shorthand term designed to include assessments of both fear of crime and perception of risk) influences potential victims' decisions to change location. The model examines the decision-making process from the perspective of the potential victim and provides a framework for understanding how the large amount of research on fear of crime and related topics fits together. Movement decisions are particularly appropriate given the opportunities for crime provided by the presence of possible victims in locations in which potential offenders are present. The model is designed to be used by policy makers – particularly problem-solvers, planners and security professionals who may be approaching issues related to fear of crime for the first time. Researchers may also be interested in the model's focus on looking at the situational cues of locations and the responses that potential victims may use.
Resolution of phospholipid conformational heterogeneity in model membranes by spin-label EPR and frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy.

We have utilized both fluorescent and nitroxide derivatives of stearic acid as probes of membrane structural heterogeneity in phospholipid vesicles under physiological conditions, as well as conditions of varying ionic strengths and temperatures where spectral heterogeneity has been previously observed and attributed to multiple ionization states of the probes. To identify the source of this spectral heterogeneity, we have utilized complimentary measurements of the relaxation properties (lifetimes) and motion of both (a) spin labeled and anthroyloxy derivatives of stearic acid (i.e., SASL and AS) and (b) a diphenylhexatriene derivative of phosphatidylcholine (DPH-PC) in single component membranes containing dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). We use an 15N stearic-acid spin label for optimal sensitivity to membrane heterogeneity. The lifetime and dynamics of the fluorescent phospholipid analogue DPH-PC (with no ionizable groups over this pH range) were compared with those of AS, allowing us to discriminate between changes in membrane structure and the ionization of the label. The quantum yield and rotational dynamics of DPH-PC are independent of pH, indicating that changes in pH do not affect the conformation of the host phospholipids. However, both EPR spectra of SASL and the lifetime or dynamics of AS are affected profoundly by changes in solution pH. The apparent pKa's of these two probes in DMPC membranes were determined to be near pH 6.3, implying that at physiological pH and ionic strength these stearic-acid labels exist predominantly as a single ionized population in membranes. Therefore, the observed temperature- and ionic-strength-dependent alterations in the spectra of SASL as well as the lifetime or dynamics of AS in DMPC membranes at neutral pH are due to changes in membrane structure rather than the ionization of the probes. The possibility that ionic gradients across biological membranes induce alterations in phospholipid structures, thereby modulating lipid-protein interactions is discussed.
Modeling pore growth in semi-solid alloy foams

Abstract The hydrodynamically controlled growth of closely spaced bubbles in a semi-solid alloy matrix is investigated. Specific attention is given to controlled pore growth during the formation of porous intermetallics for use as structural implant materials. Growth models are derived using three distinct relationships for the rheology of semi-solid alloys at various solid fractions. A cell model is used to represent the effect of spacing on bubble growth. The resulting models are solved numerically and compared for a variety of cases.
Iron chelators as therapeutic iron depletion agents

The great promise of iron depletion as a therapeutic strategy for various diseases, including iron overload, cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, tuberculosis, HIV, and fungal and malaria infection, has stimulated research on the development of iron chelators as iron depletion agents. In November 2005, the FDA approved deferasirox (ICL670A; Exjade®), the first once-daily oral drug for treatment of chronic iron overload. So far, five iron chelators, deferoxamine, deferiprone, deferasirox, dexrazorane and ciclopirox, have been approved for use in iron overload, anticancer or antifungal therapy. Triapine® is in Phase I and II clinical trials for the treatment of various metastatic and solid cancers. A desferrithiocin analogue, deferitrin, is presently in a Phase I trial for the treatment of iron overload diseases. Among the iron chelators being evaluated in preclinical settings are the analogues of deferiprone, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, desferrithiocin, deferoxamine, thiosemicarbazone,...