cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Claudin 7 expression and localization in the normal murine mammary gland and murine mammary tumors.

Claudins, membrane-associated tetraspanin proteins, are normally associated with the tight junctions of epithelial cells where they confer a variety of permeability properties to the transepithelial barrier. One member of this family, claudin 7, has been shown to be expressed in the human mammary epithelium and some breast tumors. To set the stage for functional experiments on this molecule, we examined the developmental expression and localization of claudin 7 in the murine mammary epithelium and in a selection of murine mammary tumors. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ mRNA localization, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine the expression and localization of claudin 7. Frozen sections were examined by digital confocal microscopy for colocalization with the tight-junction protein ZO1. Claudin 7 was expressed constitutively in the mammary epithelium at all developmental stages, and the ratio of its mRNA to that of keratin 19 was nearly constant through development. By IHC, claudin 7 was located in the basolateral part of the cell where it seemed to be localized to discrete vesicles. Scant colocalization with the tight-junction scaffolding protein ZO1 was observed. Similar results were obtained from IHC of the airway epithelium and some renal tubules; however, claudin 7 did partly colocalize with ZO1 in EPH4 cells, a normal murine mammary cell line, and in the epididymis. The molecule was localized in the cytoplasm of MMTV-neu and the transplantable murine tumor cell lines TM4, TM10, and TM40A, in which its ratio to cytokeratin was higher than in the normal mammary epithelium. Claudin 7 is expressed constitutively in the mammary epithelium at approximately equal levels throughout development as well as in the murine tumors examined. Although it is capable of localizing to tight junctions, in the epithelia of mammary gland, airway, and kidney it is mostly or entirely confined to punctate cytoplasmic structures, often near the basolateral surfaces of the cells and possibly associated with basolateral membranes. These observations suggest that claudin 7 might be involved in vesicle trafficking to the basolateral membrane, possibly stabilizing cytoplasmic vesicles or participating in cell–matrix interactions.
Laboratory Measurements of Fe XXIV L-Shell Line Emission

Recent ASCA spectra exhibit discrepancies with the relative line intensities of various Fe XXIII and XXIV L-shell emission lines predicted by standard plasma emission codes. To address this issue, we have carried out a series of high-resolution, broadband measurements of Fe XXIV line emission using an electron beam ion trap facility. X-ray lines produced in the trap are detected and resolved using Bragg crystal spectrometers. We report measurements of 3 → 2 and 4 → 2 transitions, which result primarily from electron impact excitation. Overall, good agreement is found with distorted wave calculations.
Art, Ethics, and Critical Pluralism

Those who have views about the relation between aesthetic and ethical value often also have views about the nature of art criticism. Yet no one has paid much attention to the compatibility of views in one debate with views in the other. This is worrying in light of a tension between two popular kinds of view: namely, between critical pluralism and any view in the art and ethics debate that presupposes an invariant relation between aesthetic value and ethical value. Specifically, the tension with invariance arises insofar as critical pluralism accommodates the aesthetic value of interpretive richness, including the aesthetic value of ethically conflicted interpretive richness. Given this tension, a shift of focus is needed in the art and ethics debate; from specifying the criteria for the aesthetic relevance of a work's ethical qualities to defending the fundamental nature of the aesthetic-ethical value relation.
Polarization state evolution in recirculating loops

The experimental and theoretical results show that polarisation dependent loss (PDL) plays a major role in the loop performance. In recirculating loop systems, the PDL will unrealistically improve the performance when the polarization evolution is optimized by using a polarization controller. The noise tends to polarize in the polarization state of the signal, and the noise orthogonal to the signal is reduced. We have characterized the behavior of the polarization state as a spiral evolution on the Poincare sphere and have associated different types of spirals with different system performance.
Self-exchange reactions of radical anions in n-hexane.

Abstract The formation and reactions of radical anions in n-hexane at 190 K were investigated by pulse radiolysis and time-resolved fluorescence-detected magnetic resonance (FDMR). Electron attachment was found to occur for compounds with gas-phase electron affinities (EA) more positive than −1.1 ± 0.1 eV. The FDMR concentration and time dependence are interpreted as evidence for self-exchange electron-transfer reactions, indicating that formation of dimer radical anions is not prevalent for the range of molecules studied. FDMR detection of radical anions is mainly restricted to electron acceptors with EA less than approximately 0.5 eV.
Bi-Level Integrated System Synthesis

BLISS is a method for optimization of engineering systems by decomposition. It separates the system level optimization, having a relatively small number of design variables, from the potentially numerous subsystem optimizations that may each have a large number of local design variables. The subsystem optimizations are autonomous and may be conducted concurrently. Subsystem and system optimizations alternate, linked by sensitivity data, producing a design improvement in each iteration. Starting from a best guess initial design, the method improves that design in iterative cycles, each cycle comprised of two steps. In step one, the system level variables are frozen and the improvement is achieved by separate, concurrent, and autonomous optimizations in the local variable subdomains. In step two, further improvement is sought in the space of the system level variables. Optimum sensitivity data link the second step to the first. The method prototype was implemented using MATLAB and iSIGHT programming software and tested on a simplified, conceptural level supersonic business jet design, and a detailed design of an electronic device. Satisfactory convergence and favorable agreement with the benchmark results were observed. Modularity of the method is intended to fit the human organization and map well on the computing technology of concurrent processing.
Cholesterol reduction by methyl-β-cyclodextrin attenuates the delta opioid receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal cells but enhances it in non-neuronal cells

Abstract Opioid receptors have been shown to be located in and regulated by lipid rafts/caveolae in caveolin-rich non-neuronal cells. Here, we found that caveolin-1 level was very low in rat brain and undetectable in NG108-15 cells, which endogenously express delta opioid receptors (DOR). Rat caudate putamen (CPu) membranes, NG108-15 cells and CHO cells stably transfected with FLAG-mouse-DOR (CHO-FLAG-mDOR) were homogenized, sonicated in a detergent-free 0.5 M Na2CO3 buffer and fractionated through discontinuous or continuous sucrose density gradients. About 70% of opioid receptors in CPu and DOR in both cell lines were present in low-density (5–20% sucrose) membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and ganglioside M1 (GM1), characteristics of lipid rafts in plasma membranes. In both cells, stimulation with permeable or non-permeable full agonists, but not with partial or inverse agonists, for 30 min shifted ∼25% of DORs out of rafts, by a naloxone-reversible and pertussis toxin-insensitive mechanism, which may undergo internalization. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) treatment greatly reduced cholesterol and shifted DOR to higher density fractions and decreased DPDPE affinities. MCD treatment attenuated DPDPE-induced [35S]GTPγS binding in CPu and NG108-15 cells, but enhanced it in CHO-FLAG-mDOR cells. In CHO-FLAG-mDOR cells, Gαi co-immunoprecipitated with caveolin-1, which was shown to inhibit Gαi/o, and MCD treatment dramatically reduced the association leading to disinhibition. Thus, although localization in rafts and agonist-induced shift of DOR are independent of caveolin-1, lipid rafts sustain DOR-mediated signaling in caveolin-deficient neuronal cells, but appear to inhibit it in caveolin-enriched non-neuronal cells. Cholesterol-dependent association of caveolin-1 with and the resulting inhibition of G proteins may be a contributing factor.
The ‘Not to be Opened’ Letter: Family Secrets, Hidden Knowledge and Violate Prohibitions

This paper presents a view of family secrets that is informed by their broader biological and cultural context. Two particular perspectives are employed. First, Bateson's biologically-based concept of 'sacred knowledge' is extended to apply to human cultural practices, such as the ban on certain forms of intergenerational instruction. Second, the anthropological concept of 'taboo', as expressed in cultural practices, myth and folklore, is used to provide insight into the mixture of awe and disgust which surrounds secrets, and into the possibilities for both positive and negative outcomes when prohibitions are violated. From these complementary viewpoints, the author explores why family secrets arouse such intensely polarised feelings in helping professionals as well as in family members, and suggests more morally neutral frames within which therapists might view secretkeeping behaviour. A case illustration is used to illustrate potential problems with the assumption that secret knowledge should always be shared across generational boundaries. Finally, the 'not to be opened' letter is introduced as a therapeutic option in cases where the clients and/or the therapist are unclear about the wisdom of revealing a particular secret. (author abstract)
On weakly bounded noise in ill-posed problems

We study compact operator equations with noisy data in Hilbert space. Instead of assuming that the error in the data converges strongly to zero, we only assume a type of weak convergence. Under the source conditions that are usually assumed in the presence of convex constraints, we derive optimal convergence rates for convexly constrained Phillips–Tikhonov regularization. We also discuss a version of the Lepskii method for selecting the regularization parameter.
Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of NiAl and FeAl alloys

Abstract Local density total energy and electronic structure calculations for NiAl, Ni 3 Al, FeAl and Fe 3 Al yield lattice constants which agree well with experiment. We find for Ni 3 Al the Cu 3 Au structure, and for Fe 3 Al the DO 3 structure as their ground states, NiAl is paramagnetic, Fe 3 Al ferromagnetic, and Ni 3 Al and FeAl show weak itinerant magnetic phases.
North-South Lending and Endogenous Domestic Capital Market Inefficiencies

Abstract We develop an open-economy model of intertemporal trade under asymmetric information. Capital market imperfections are endogenous and depend on a country's stage of economic development. Relative to the perfect-information benchmark, North-South capital flows are dampened (and possibly reversed) and world interest rates are lower. Whereas riskless rates are equalized across borders, the domestic loan rate is higher in poorer countries. The model can be applied to a number of policy issues including the debt-overhang problem, the indexation of foreign public debts, and the effect of income distribution on growth.
An Examination of the Cytology of Uninflamed and Inflamed Gingiva Using a Filter Imprint Technique

Filter imprint cytologic specimens were obtained from the gingiva of 41 male dental students following clinical assessment of gingival health using a modification of the Loe gingival index. Nineteen of the specimens were from inflamed, and 22 from uninflamed gingiva. The imprints were fixed and stained by a modification of the Papanicolaou method and macroscopic and microscopic examinations showed that: 1. With increasing severity of clinically detectable gingival inflammation,, there appears to be an increase in the width of the bands of inflammatory cells and epithelial cells adjacent to the gingival margin. 2. An inverse relationship is found between keratinization and inflammation in that the percentages of anucleated epithelial cells was reduced at the gingival margin and significantly reduced midway in the attached gingiva of the inflamed groups. 3. No changes associated with inflammation were noted in cell cytology at the mucogingival junction.
Fourier analysis on the Heisenberg group. I. Schwartz space

Abstract We derive a usable characterization of the group FT (Fourier Transform) of Schwartz space on the Heisenberg group H n, in terms of certain asymptotic series. To accomplish this we study in detail the FT of multiplication and differentiation operators on H n, the relation of multiple Fourier series to the FT, and the process of group contraction on H n. We use our characterization to solve a form of the division problem for convolution of H n, which has application to Hardy space theory.
Measures of organizational effectiveness: private and public sector performance

This study provides a platform for the comparison of measures of internal structures and processes associated with organizational effectiveness in the private and public sectors. The study is based on a sample of 11,352 cases from 28 private and 41 public sector organizations. Nine measures associated with organizational effectiveness are identified and then empirically derived for each sector. These measures are then compared across the two sectors. Following the application of rigorous statistical procedures, the authors conclude that the effectiveness measures applied in both the private and public sectors are significantly different. The ramifications of these results are discussed.
THE INTERGENERATIONAL CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDREN'S ADULT EARNINGS AND THEIR PARENTS' INCOME: RESULTS FROM THE MICHIGAN PANEL SURVEY OF INCOME DYNAMICS

Intergenerational correlations between parental income and child earnings reflect the extent of intergenerational economic mobility and equality of opportunity. Previous estimates are about 0.2, but these estimates suffer from a number of problems, including the use of but one year of observations and of nonrandom samples. We present new estimates based on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. These estimates suggest correlations over 0.5 with longer-run income and earning measures, as well as some gender and race differences and some impact of liquidity constraints. They also suggest that the intergenerational elasticity is greater as parental income increases, the opposite of the Becker-Tomes conjecture.
Preparation and Surface Science Characterization of Model Ziegler−Natta Catalysts. Role of Undercoordinated Surface Magnesium Atoms in the Chemisorption of TiCl4 on MgCl2 Thin Films

Two new synthetic routes for the preparation of model Ziegler−Natta catalysts under UHV conditions are described. The exposure of metallic magnesium to TiCl4 produced titanium chloride films with T...
Finite element modeling of flow in a coal seam with underground coal gasification cavities

Abstract A two-dimensional, finite element groundwater flow model was developed to study the movement of water in a coal seam in which large cavities were created by underground coal gasification (UCG) burns. The burns extract natural gas from the coal without any environmental disturbance at the ground level. On completion of the burn, groundwater mixes with the products of combustion in the cavity and the pollutants move into the coal seam. Mathematical modeling is used to study the movement and fate of these pollutants with time. Water quality modeling has to be preceded by flow modeling to determine velocities as a function of time. This paper studies the flow aspects of the problem. A new code was developed because of the unique requirements of the model. The model utilizes linear triangles to discretize the coal seam in plan and takes into account unsteady flow, anisotropic media, internal boundary conditions imposed by the cavities and a time-varying domain of flow in plan. The model was applied to a series of UCG burns in Hanna, Wyoming. Estimates of the time of filling of the five cavities were obtained. Comparisons of measured and computed potential head are presented at different points in the coal seam. Flow modeling can thus be used to predict the movement of water into and out of UCG cavities while the output of velocities is necessary for water quality modeling.
Central projection of the sensory component of the rat recurrent laryngeal nerve

The central projection from the sensory components in the rat recurrent laryngeal nerve was studied using WGA-HRP. Sensory terminals were found bilaterally in the nuclei of the tractus solitarius, although they were very sparse contralaterally. In the ipsilateral nucleus, most of these terminals were located in the interstitial subnucleus extending, from the most rostral area, near the obex, caudally for a distance of 1.5 mm.
Na/K-ATPase--an integral player in the adrenergic fight-or-flight response.

During activation of the sympathetic nervous system, cardiac performance is increased as part of the fight-or-flight stress response. The increase in contractility with sympathetic stimulation is an orchestrated combination of intrinsic inotropic, lusitropic, and chronotropic effects, mediated in part by activation of β -adrenergic receptors and protein kinase A. This causes phosphorylation of several Ca cycling proteins in cardiac myocytes (increasing Ca entry via L-type Ca channels, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca pumping, and the dissociation rate of Ca from the myofilaments). Here, we discuss how stimulation of the Na/K-ATPase, mediated by phosphorylation of phospholemman (a small sarcolemmal protein that associates with and modulates Na/K-ATPase), is an additional important player in the sympathetic fight-or-flight response. Enhancement of Na/K- ATPase activity limits the rise in [Na] i caused by the higher level of Na influx and by doing so limits the rise in cellular and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca load by favoring Ca extrusion via the Na/Ca exchanger. Thus, phospholemman-mediated activation of the Na/K-ATPase may prevent Ca overload and triggered arrhythmias during stress.
A SEDIMENT TESTING INTERMITTENT RENEWAL SYSTEM FOR THE AUTOMATED RENEWAL OF OVERLYING WATER IN TOXICITY TESTS WITH CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS

A sediment testing intermittent renewal (STIR) system (stationary or portable) for invertebrate toxicity testing with contaminated sediments has been successfully developed and thoroughly tested at ERL-Duluth. Both the stationary and portable systems enable the maintenance of acceptable water quality (e.g. DO) through the capability of automatically renewing overlying water in sediment tests at rates ranging from 1 to 21 volume renewals/day. The STIR system not only significantly reduces the labor associated with renewal of overlying water but also affords a gentle exchange of water that results in virtually no sediment resuspension. Both systems can also be installed in a compact vented enclosure to permit safe testing of hazardous contaminated sediments. To date the STIR system has been used extensively for conducting 10-day bulk sediment tests with Chironomus tentans, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus.
Self-esteem and threats to self: Implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions

In 4 studies, the authors examined interpersonal perceptions as a function of self-construals and ego threats for those with high and low self-esteem. Previous research (T. F. Heatherton & K. D. Vohs, 2000a) found that after threat, high self-esteem people were rated as less likable by an unacquainted dyad partner, whereas low self-esteem people were rated as more likable. Study I showed that after threat, high self-esteem people seek competency feedback, whereas low self-esteem people seek interpersonal feedback. Study 2 showed that high self-esteem people become more independent after threat, whereas low self-esteem people become more interdependent. Study 3 linked differences in independence versus interdependence to interpersonal evaluations. Study 4 found that differences in independent and interdependent self-construals statistically accounted for differences in likability and personality perceptions of high and low self-esteem people after threat. Thus, the combination of threat and self-esteem alters people's focus on different self-aspects, which consequently leads to different interpersonal appraisals.
N-Substituted Aminoethanethiols and N-Substituted Aminoethanethiol S-Sulfonic Acids as Radioprotective Agents

Several N-substituted aminoethanethiols and N-sub-stituted aminoethanethiol S-sulfonic acids were tested as potential radioprotective agents.2-(2′-Carbamidoethylamino)-ethanethiol (Ia), 2-(2′-carboxyethylamino)-ethanethiol (Ib), 2-(2′-cyanoethyl-amino)-ethanethiol (Ic), and 2-(2′-carbamidoethylamino)-ethane-thiol S-sulfonic acid (IIa) exhibited significant protective effects against ionizing radiation.Compound Ia showed the highest activity and was selected for further radiation-protection test studies.The structure-activity relationships of this class of compounds are discussed.
Putting the Younger Dryas cold event into context

Abstract The Younger Dryas event is by far the best studied of the millennial-scale cold snaps of glacial time. Yet its origin remains a subject of debate. The long-held scenario that the Younger Dryas was a one-time outlier triggered by a flood of water stored in proglacial Lake Agassiz has fallen from favor due to lack of a clear geomorphic signature at the correct time and place on the landscape. The recent suggestion that the Younger Dryas was triggered by the impact of a comet has not gained traction. Instead, evidence from Chinese stalagmites suggests that, rather than being a freak occurrence, the Younger Dryas is an integral part of the deglacial sequence of events that produced the last termination on a global scale.
Utilization of the median arcuate ligament in the repair of hiatal hernia

Summary o 1. Twelve patients are presented who were operated on by the senior author and in whom the sliding esophageal hernia was repaired by use of the median arcuate ligament repair of Hill. 2. All patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively with analysis of symptoms and contrast roentgenographic studies. The length of follow-up varied between three months and three and a half years. 3. No patient had recurrence of preoperative symptoms; there were three small recurrences. 4. The rationale for this mode of repair is discussed in light of current understanding of the involved anatomy and pathophysiology.
Enhancing effects of co-transduction of both human erythropoietin receptor and c-kit cDNAs into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from cord blood on proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors.

Steel factor (SLF) and erythropoietin (Epo) play critical roles in erythropoiesis. To evaluate interactive effects of Epo and SLF receptors (R) in erythropoiesis, CD34+ and CD34+++ cord blood cells were transduced with human EpoR and c-kit cDNAs by retroviral mediated gene transfer. Erythroid (BFU-E) colonies derived from CD34+ or CD34+++ cells transduced with either the EpoR or c-kit gene were significantly increased in the presence of interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Epo, and different concentrations of SLF compared with that from mock transduced cells. This number was further enhanced by co-transduction of both genes. Enhancement was more apparent in the absence of SLF. Cell numbers in individual erythroid colonies were also significantly increased in cells transduced with both genes compared with cells transduced with a single gene. Short-term liquid culture showed that ex vivo expansion for five days and numbers of CD34+CD71+ cells in expanded cells from ...
Nucleophilic metal complexes as acylation catalysts: solvent-dependent "switch" mechanisms leading to the first catalyzed Staudinger reaction.

Catalytic acylation using complex transition metal salts MCo(CO)4 is demonstrated. Surprisingly, a solvent-dependent mechanistic “switch” results in a Lewis acid-based acylation mechanism in nonpolar media and a nucleophilic mechanism in polar organic media. These observations lead to the first example of a catalyzed Staudinger reaction to form β-lactams.
Decreasing Inappropriate Unable-to-Assess Ratings for the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit

Background The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is a validated tool for diagnosing delirium in the ICU and yields 1 of 3 ratings: positive, negative, and unable to assess (UTA). It was hypothesized that an educational campaign focused on establishing patients' arousal as comatose versus noncomatose before initiating the CAM-ICU would decrease the incidence of inappropriate UTA ratings. Objectives To compare the incidence of inappropriate UTA ratings before and after an educational campaign. Methods An interventional, quasi-experimental study was conducted in a surgical ICU at a tertiary academic medical center. A nursing educational campaign was conducted from March 1 to March 7, 2012. Patients admitted to the surgical ICU from December 25, 2011 through January 25, 2012 were included in the baseline cohort, and patients admitted from March 9 through April 9, 2012 were included in the posteducation cohort. Inclusion criteria were admission to the surgical ICU for at least 24 hours and at least 1 CAM-ICU assessment. Results The baseline cohort included 93 patients and the posteducation cohort included 96 patients. Patients were 41% less likely to receive an inappropriate UTA rating after the educational campaign (32% [30 of 93] baseline vs 19% [18 of 96], P = .03). Patients with concurrent mechanical ventilation were more likely to receive an inappropriate UTA rating in the baseline cohort (odds ratio, 30.7; 95% CI, 8.9-105.9; P Conclusion The educational campaign decreased the incidence of inappropriate UTA ratings.
CLINICAL AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PALLISTER-HALL SYNDROME. • 470

Typical Pallister-Hall syndrome consists of hypothalamic hamartoma with or without pituitary dysplasia or dysfunction, polydactyly, imperforate anus, and other anomalies of the respiratory, renal and cardiac systems. It was originally described in 6 sporadic cases, all of whom died in the neonatal period. Subsequently, we and others have evaluated several cases of families affected with a milder variation of this disorder, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The three families (families A, B & C) summarized in this report include families with 4, 12, and 22 affected members, respectively. All of the affecteds in the pedigrees have polydactyly, which is variable in the number of limbs affected (2-4) and in the type of polydactyly (postaxial or central). MRI scans of the brain have been performed on 14 patients and 12 of those showed hypothalamic hamartoma +/- pituitary dysplasia. One subject had an autopsy performed for forensic reasons and this examination revealed a hypothalamic hamartoma. Pituitary dysfunction is not seen in these mildly affected families. Among these three families, there are 1, 4, and 10 obligate heterozygotes, respectively. Among these 15 obligate heterozygotes, all 15 show some signs of the disorder and all of them have polydactyly. All but one of the obligate heterozygotes have a hypothalamic hamartoma on MRI examination. In addition to these clinical studies, we have performed a genetic analysis to test for linkage to regions or candidate genes that have been suggested on the basis of clinical findings (overlap with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (Donnai AJMG 38:741, 1987), a family history of proximal symphalangism (family B), and a patient with PHS-like findings and an unbalanced translocation (Kuller et al 43:746, 1992)). Linkage analysis demonstrates that all of these regions are excluded by LOD scores of <-2.0. We conclude that familial PHS is an autosomal dominant disorder with high penetrance and variable expressivity. Genome-wide linkage studies are under way.
Germ line and soma cooperate during oogenesis to establish the dorsoventral pattern of egg shell and embryo in Drosophila melanogaster

Mutations in gurken and torpedo cause a ventralization in the follicle cell epithelium during Drosophila oogenesis and in the pattern of the embryo that develops in the resultant egg. Both genes lie midway in an epistatic series between fs(1)K10 and dorsal; the mutations block the dorsalization normally observed in K10 eggs but have no effect on the phenotype of embryos derived from dorsal mothers. Analysis of germ-line mosaics demonstrates that both ovarian and embryonic phenotypes will be produced when either the gurken+ gene is removed from the germ line or torpedo+ is removed from the soma. This shows that the dorsoventral pattern of the Drosophila egg chamber depends on the transfer of spatial information from the germ line to the somatic follicle cells, and from somatic cells to the oocyte.
Importance measures for nuclear waste repositories

Abstract Several importance measures are identified for possible use in the performance assessment of a high-level nuclear waste repository. These importance measures are based on concepts of importance used in system reliability analysis, but the concepts are modified and adapted to the special characteristics of the repository and similar passive systems. In particular, the importance measures proposed here are based on risk (in comparison to traditional importance measures which are based on frequency of failure) and are intended to be more suitable to systems comprised of components whose behavior is most easily and naturally represented as continuous, rather than binary. These importance measures appear to be able to evaluate systems comprised of both continuous-behavior and binary-behavior components. Three separate examples are provided to illustrate the concepts and behavior of these importance measures. The first example demonstrates various formulations for the importance measures and their implementation for a simple radiation safety system comprised of a radiation source and three shields. The second example demonstrates use of these importance measures for a system comprised of components modeled with binary behavior and components modeled with continuous behavior. The third example investigates the use of these importance measures for a proposed repository system, using a total system model and code currently under development. Currently, these concepts and formulations of importance are undergoing further evaluation for a repository system to determine to what degree they provide useful insights and to determine which formulations are most useful.
On-demand beam pulsing for an accelerator

Abstract This paper describes a method for effectively pulsing the cyclotron beam impinging on an external target by sweeping it out of a a slit collimator system in less than 0.5 μs.
A discrete optimal control problem for descriptor systems

A class of discrete optimization problems described by nonlinear descriptor systems is considered on the basis of nonlinear programming. A discrete maximum principle is derived for a very general structural form of descriptor systems. The necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are given for a subclass of optimization problems which is represented by linear descriptor dynamics with quasiconvex inequality constraints and pseudoconvex cost functional. For illustration, an example of a county macroeconomic system is presented. >
The use of dihydrostreptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Dihydrostreptomycin, a derivative of streptomycin, has been reported to be as effective as the parent drug against the tubercle bacillus in vitro and against experimental tuberculosis in various animals. The neurotoxicity of the two drugs has also been studied experimentally and dihydrostreptomycin has been reported to be less toxic than streptomycin. The present report summarizes our experience with the first 35 patients whom we treated with the new drug. Dihydrostreptomycin was found to be less neurotoxic than streptomycin, only four of 26 patients showing any sign or symptom of vestibular damage when a daily dose of 2 gm. was given for long periods. Two patients noted slight deafness after treatment was completed and audiograms revealed the development of deafness for the high frequencies in one of them. No allergic reactions occurred, although nine of these 35 patients had 7.5 per cent or more of eosinophils. No other changes in the blood were noted. Studies of function of liver and kidneys did not reveal damage to these organs. Dihydrostreptomycin seemed to be as effective as streptomycin in the treatment of various types of tuberculosis, but much more work must be done to determine if the same doses of the two drugs are equally effective. The frequency of dihydrostreptomycin-resistant strains of tubercle bacilli is not yet known, but three of these patients discharged resistant organisms during treatment, one of them after only 18 days of therapy.
Metal capture by sorbents in combustion processes

Abstract The use of sorbents to control trace metal emissions from combustion processes was investigated, and the underlying mechanisms governing the interactions between trace metals and sorbents, were explored. Emphasis was on mechanisms in which the metal vapor was reactively scavenged by simple commercial sorbents, to form water unleachable products, which are easy to collect and isolate from the environment. Results are presented from two different scales of experimentation, involving a bench scale thermo-gravimetric reactor and a 17 kW down-fired laboratory combustor, respectively. Results from the bench scale tests showed that lead and cadmium, vaporized from the chloride salt, could be reactively captured at temperatures above the dew point. Both kaolinite and bauxite were effective sorbents for lead, while bauxite but not kaolinite was effective for cadmium. The primary reaction products, as identified by X-ray diffraction analyses, consisted of lead and cadmium aluminosilicates. Laboratory combustor tests, completed in the absence of coal char or coal ash particles, showed that lead could be effectively reactively scavenged in situ, in a combustor, downstream of the primary flame. Here, the high temperatures of the combustion process were being exploited to promote the reactions between the metal vapor and kaolinite sorbent, that were identified in the bench scale tests.
Time optimization for routine separations, using high-speed microbore HPLC

Algorithms for the time optimization of an HPLC separation are presented. Resolution, column performance, extra-column variance, capacity factor, and column length are incorporated into these algorithms. Extracolumn variance for a high-speed microbore system (1 mm i. d. column) was assessed using 2nd moment variance and a non-linear extrapolation of tubing length to zero. Extra-column variance, as a function of flowrate, was incorporated into the reduced operating curve of column performance. The use of empirical correction factors for column reproducibility and homogeneity are suggested. Cutting to an optimum length did not degrade column performance. These algorithms were applied to the optimization of a microbore assay for theophylline, in a simple xanthine mixture. Resulting total analysis times were reduced to 10seconds per sample, at a flowrate of 700μl/min.
The Kurdish question in the aftermath of the Gulf War: Geopolitical and geostrategic changes in the Middle East

(1992). The Kurdish question in the aftermath of the Gulf War: Geopolitical and geostrategic changes in the Middle East. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 475-499.
Preliminary results of the establishment of a marine geodetic point in the Pacific Ocean

In November 1968, a marine geodetic control point was established in the Pacific Ocean at a water depth of6,200 feet. The control point (reference point) consists of three underwater acoustic transponders, two of which are powered with lead-acid batteries and the third with an underwater radioisotope power source “URIPS” with a10- to20- year life expectancy. Four independent measuring techniques (LORAC airborne line-crossing, satellite, ship inertial, and acoustic techniques) were used to measure and determine the coordinates of the control point. Preliminary analysis of the acoustic and airborne data indicates that high accuracies can be achieved in the establishment of geodetic reference points at sea. Geodetic adjustment by the method of variation of coordinates yielded a standard point error of±50 to±66 feet in determining the unknown ship station. The original location of the ship station as determined by shipboard navigation equipment was off by about1,600 feet.
The alkaline isomerization of lysine-modified ferricytochrome c.

Abstract Both totally guanidinated and totally trifluoroacetylated ferricytochromes c exhibit a pH-dependent displacement of the methionine ligand having an apparent p K within 0.5 pH units of that of the native protein. We propose that the pH dependence of this reaction reflects the concentration of hydroxide anion required to displace the methionine ligand.
TRANSABDOMINAL SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CANINE PROSTATE

The present study sought to determine the accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of the prostate; to observe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal prostate; and to compare these observations with those in prostates affected by cystic hyperplasia, benign hyperplasia, land neoplasia. Trassabdominal ultrasonography of the canine prostate was performed in eight normal dogs to establish criteria for evaluating enlarged prostates. Marginal boundries, size, and ultrasonographic architecture were compared with dissection findings to assess the accuracy of ultrasonography. Four enlarged prostates were evaluated ultrasonographically, and the findings were correlated with results of needle aspiration and urethral wash and with surgical and histopathologic findings. Differentiation between cystic and solid prostatic enlargement by ultrasonography proved efective. Transducer frequency and gain manipulation were important factors in describing the nature of the fluid within a cyst. Assenssment of the nature of solid prostatic enlargement and accurate size determination proved to be areas in which ultrasonography should by used in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques.
Quiescence, growth and senescence of Egeria densa in Lake Marion

Abstract Seasonal changes in biomass production and morphology of the submersed vascular plant Egeria densa Planchon (Brazilian elodea) were followed in Lake Marion, South Carolina, from march 1980 to May 1981. Biomass maxima occurred in late summer and late fall; these were followed by periods of senescence denoted by biomass loss through sloughing and decay of tips and branches. A period of quiescence was observed in the winter. Rootcrowns and stems containing double nodes were verified as the overwintering and propagative structures.
Absorption properties and graphitic carbon emission factors of forest fire aerosols

Data on the optical absorption properties (expressed as a specific absorption, Ba) of the smoke emissions from fires with forest fuels have been determined for a series of low-intensity field fires and a series of laboratory scale fires. The Ba data have been used to estimate the emission factors for graphitic carbon [EF(Ce)] for these test fires to provide data needed for regional visibility studies, tropospheric air chemistry studies, and studies evaluating nuclear winter scenarios.
Asymmetry and modulation of spike timing in electrically coupled neurons.

Electrical coupling mediates interactions between neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which play a critical role in regulating thalamocortical and corticothalamic communication by inhi...
Prevalence of preoperative alcohol abuse among patients seeking weight-loss surgery

Background It has been hypothesized that alcohol metabolism is altered after weight-loss surgery (WLS), with a few studies suggesting a high prevalence of postoperative problem drinking. However, many of these studies were methodologically limited by lack of preoperative alcohol use data, high loss to follow-up, and/or nonsystematic ascertainment of alcohol (ETOH) intake. We sought to systematically characterize ETOH use among WLS patients before surgery.
Pronuclear relationship and association of maternal and paternal chromosomes in flushed rabbit ova

Fertilized ova were flushed from the Fallopian tubes of New Zealand White rabbits at 15 to 30 hours after mating and examined with the electron microscope. Between 21 and 22 hours intact pronuclei with extensive interdigitation of apposing surfaces were found in most ova. In some, an appearance suggesting internuclear communication was observed. In other ova disrupted pronuclear membranes surrounded centrally placed chromosome aggregates. In still others an advanced cleavage furrow was already present. By 23 hours all ova were in the two-cell stage.
Freezing in yeast cells.

Abstract 1. 1. A model is formulated which allows a calculation to be made from calorimetric data of the fraction of the yeast cell that is frozen as a function of sub-freezing temperatures. This model is independent of the position of the frozen water, whether intracellular of extracellular. 2. 2. Our normal yeast cell contains 69% total water. As the temperature is lowered below 0° C a progressive amount of this is frozen unti at − 22° approximately 87% of this total water is frozen. In the region from −22° to −72° the total frozen decreases to 74%. These calculations are based on the assumption that the specific heat of the non-freezable water (bound water) is the same as that of normal water. 3. 3. It is possible to adjust the computed curve so that the frozen fraction of cellular water does not decrease with temperature below −22° C by the assumption that the specific heat of the bound water component is not 1. With this assumption, the fraction of the cellular water that is frozen over the range from −22° to −72° is 0.91. Thus 9% of the total water is considered bound. The specific heat of bound water that emerges from these calculations is 0.26 ± 0.18 cal/gram C°. 4. 4. Data on the survival of yeast under these freezing conditions show that cells can survive even though as much as 90% of their cellular water is frozen. 5. 5. Certain radiobiological data indicate that at least a portion of this frozen water is located within the cell.
Recurrent Supratentorial Malignant Gliomas in Children: Long-term Salvage Therapy With Oral Etoposide

Background: A long-term regimen of oral etoposide, a type of chemotherapy, is used in oncology and is effective in treating germ-cell tumors, lymphomas, Kaposi sarcoma, and primary brain tumors. Objective: To examine the toxic effects and efficacy of long-term salvage chemotherapy using oral etoposide. Patients and Methods: Fourteen children (8 boys and 6 girls) with recurrent supratentorial gliomas, ranging in age from 4 to 18 years (median age, 9 years), were treated with etoposide. Tumor histologic grades included Daumas-Duport grade 3 (10 children) and grade 4 astrocytomas (4 children). All children had been treated previously with radiotherapy (median dose, 60 Gy) and nitrosourea-based chemotherapy. Each cycle of therapy consisted of 21 days of etoposide (50 mg/m 2 daily) followed by a 14-day period of rest and an additional 21 days of etoposide (50 mg/m 2 daily). Measurements of complete blood cell counts were taken biweekly. A neurological examination and a magnetic resonance image of the brain with contrast medium were performed before each cycle of therapy. Results: Treatment-related complications included the following: partial alopecia (8 children); diarrhea (6 children) ; weight loss (4 children); anemia (4 children); neutropenia (4 children); and thrombocytopenia (4 children). Four children required transfusion (4 with packed red blood cells and 3 with platelets) and 2 children received antibiotic therapy for neutropenic fever. There were no treatment-related deaths. All children were examined for response. In 7 children (50%), the results of magnetic resonance imaging indicated either a partial response (3 children) or stable disease (4 children), with a median duration of response of 8 months. Conclusion: Oral etoposide is a well tolerated and relatively nontoxic chemotherapeutic agent with demonstrated activity in children with recurrent supratentorial gliomas.
Sphericity, cubicity, and edge clique covers of graphs

The sphericity sph(G) of a graph G is the minimum dimension d for which G is the intersection graph of a family of congruent spheres in Rd. The edge clique cover number θ(G) is the minimum cardinality of a set of cliques (complete subgraphs) that covers all edges of G. We prove that if G has at least one edge, then sph(G) ≤θ(G). Our upper bound remains valid for intersection graphs defined by balls in the Lp-norm for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞
Tryptic peptide mapping of picomolar quantities of protein labeled with the Bolton--Hunter reagent.

Abstract Characterization of 5 to 25 pmol of purified proteins by tryptic peptide mapping has been accomplished using the Bolton-Hunter reagent (125I-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester). Radioacylation is followed by reaction with unlabeled ester and reductive methylation to ensure resistance of lysyl residues to trypsinization. Reduced and alkylated proteins are analzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, trypsinized from individual gel slices, and mapped two-dimensionally on thin layers. The method permits peptide mapping of proteins with specific activities of 1 to 2 × 104 cpm/ng, results in more spots (and often more structural information) than direct iodination procedures, and can be used for characterization of proteins that could not be biosynthetically labeled.
Neuropsychological profile of adult dyslexics

One hundred and fifteen adults with well-documented childhood reading status underwent a series of neuropsychological tests including tests of memory, attention, phonological processing, and visual perceptual skills in an attempt to define the neuropsychological profile of dyslexia in adulthood. Compared to a normal nonreading disabled sample, subjects with a history of reading disability performed consistently poorer on most neuropsychological tests. However, after covarying for intelligence and socioeconomic status, only tests of rapid naming, phonological awareness, and nonword reading were significant discriminating measures. The hypothesis that deficits in phonological processing comprise the core cognitive deficits in adults with a history of reading disability was supported. Independent of current adult reading ability, measures of nonword reading, phonological awareness, and rapid naming serve as indicators of a childhood history of reading disability.
Engineering aspects of a new process for producing dry larval feed

Abstract This paper summarizes the progress being made in the study of a specific biological process for digesting fish proteins to produce the highly functional pepsin fish protein hydrolysate (PFPH). The composition and approximate analysis of the fish protein are presented, together with the nutritional values. A detailed amino acid analysis of PFPH prepared from deboned flesh is compared against other standards. Finally, the paper comments on the unit operations which, by necessity, are being investigated to produce PFPH and the final product, dry larval feed.