cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian studies of phytoplankton growth and grazing relationships in a coastal upwelling ecosystem off Southern California

Abstract Experimental studies of phytoplankton growth and grazing processes were conducted in the coastal upwelling system off Point Conception, California to test the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth and grazing losses determine, to first order, the local dynamics of phytoplankton in the upwelling circulation. Eight experiments of 3–5 days each were conducted over the course of two cruises in May–June 2006 and April 2007 following the trajectories of satellite-tracked drifters. Rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing were determined by daily in situ dilution incubations at 8 depths spanning the euphotic zone. Mesozooplankton grazing was assessed by gut fluorescence analysis of animals collected from net tows through the euphotic zone. We compared directly the net rates of change observed for the ambient phytoplankton community to the net growth rates predicted from experimental determinations of each process rate. The resulting relationship accounted for 91% of the variability observed, providing strong support for the growth-grazing hypothesis. In addition, grazing by mesozooplankton was unexpectedly high and variable, driving a substantial positive to negative shift in phytoplankton net rate of change between years despite comparable environmental conditions and similar high growth rates and suggesting strong top-down control potential. The demonstrated agreement between net ambient and experimental community changes is an important point of validation for using field data to parameterize models. Data sets of this type may provide an important source of new information and rate constraints for developing better coupled biological–physical models of upwelling system dynamics.
Composing Mappings Between Schemas Using a Reference Ontology

Large-scale database integration requires a significant cost in developing a global schema and finding mappings between the global and local schemas. Developing the global schema requires matching and merging the concepts in the data sources and is a bottleneck in the process. In this paper we propose a strategy for computing the mapping between schemas by performing a composition of the mappings between individual schemas and a reference ontology. Our premise is that many organizations have standard ontologies that, although they may not be suitable as a global schema, are useful in providing standard terminology and naming conventions for concepts and relationships. It is valuable to leverage these existing ontological resources to help automate the construction of a global schema and mappings between schemas. Our system semi-automates the matching between local schemas and a reference ontology then automatically composes the matchings to build mappings between schemas. Using these mappings, we use model management techniques to compute a global schema. A major advantage of this approach is that human intervention in validating matchings mostly occurs during the matching between schema and ontology. A problem is that matching schemas to ontologies is challenging because the ontology may only contain a subset of the concepts in the schema or may be more general than the schema. Further, the more complicated ontological graph structure limits the effectiveness of some matchers. Our contribution is showing how schema-to-ontology matchings can be used to compose mappings between schemas with high accuracy by adapting the COMA schema matching system to work with ontologies.
A batch-mode micromachining process for spherical structures

This paper reports a self-aligned three-dimensional process (3D-SOULE) that incorporates batch-mode micro ultrasonic machining (µUSM), lapping and micro electro-discharge machining (µEDM) for fabrication of concave and mushroom-shaped spherical structures from hard and brittle materials. To demonstrate the process, 1 mm structures are fabricated from glass and ruby spheres. The µEDM technique is used to create the tool for μUSM from stainless steel spheres. Stainless steel 440, which provides a tool wear ratio <5%, is chosen as the tool material. A 2 × 2 array is used for batch processing. For an ultrasound generator frequency of 20 kHz and a vibration amplitude of 15 µm, machining rates of 24 and 12 µm min−1 are obtained for glass and ruby spheres, respectively. An approximate linear relationship is observed between the measured roughness (Ra) of the machined surface and the product of the fracture toughness (KIC) and the hardness (H) of the workpiece material (KIC3/2H1/2).
How Older Persons Are Portrayed in Television Advertising: Implications for Educators.

Abstract This article describes an examination of recent television ads, primarily in respect to the treatment of older persons. The purpose was to analyze the ads to determine if older people and images of aging are portrayed in negative or stereotypical ways. A total of 136 commercials were selected for content analyses. The sample of older persons and people of other age groups were viewed and coded by a minimum of two judges. The most significant finding was the absence of the elderly in television commercials. Only 11 of 358 human characters were judged to be 60 or older, only 41 were 50 or older. Of the 130 human characters judged to be central figures, only 6 were thought to be 60 or older. This article provides several implications for educators. They center around the notion that the educator must become assertive in helping both the older person and the Madison Avenue executive take steps to portray the older person more positively and realistically.
PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROMUSCULAR SYNDROMES

Abstract Although paraneoplastic syndromes are rare, a number of well- defined, neuromuscular paraneoplastic syndromes have been described and their pathophysiology listed. Many different malignancies have been associated with these syndromes, but small-cell lung cancer is the most common. Features shared by these conditions include onset of the underlying malignancy, rapid progression, severe disability, and the potential for some improvement, owing to treatment of the cancer. This article discusses Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, motor neuron disorders, peripheral neuropathies, and disorders of continuous muscle fiber activity, such as Stiffman syndrome.
A chilling‐sensitive mutant of Arabidopsis is deficient in chloroplast protein accumulation at low temperature

Mutations at the chs1 locus in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) confer a chilling-sensitive phenotype in which plants become chlorotic and die after more than 3 d of exposure to temperatures in the range of 18 to 10 °C. Within 8 h after transfer of mutant plants from growth at 23 to 13 °C, accumulation of the newly synthesized chloroplast-localized polypeptides stearoyl-ACP desaturase, glutamine synthetase and OEC 23 was severely impaired. By contrast, there was no apparent deleterious effect on the accumulation of two extrachloroplastic proteins examined: the elongation factor 1α and the phloem-specific, extrachloroplastic isoform of glutamine synthetase. In one instance examined in detail, chilling did not decrease the accumulation of mRNA for stearoyl-ACP desaturase, indicating that the effect was post-transcriptional. Chloroplasts isolated from chilled wild-type and chs1 plants were equally able to process and protect from protease digestion in vitro synthesized pre-plastocyanin. The results suggest that the chs1 mutant may be defective in some aspect of chloroplast protein accumulation at low temperature
Designing microprocessor-based protection hardware for ultra-critical applications

The protection of power system infrastructure in general is a mission-critical application, and when applied in the context of shipboard systems, it faces even more demanding requirements in terms of both application security and availability, as well the harsher environment of shipboard applications. This paper reports on a new generation of protection and control system designed for enhanced security, dependability and availability. The principle is based on distributed I/O devices that transmit data and commands digitally over fiber optics, in place of individual discrete copper wires, to traditionally defined relays.
Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders

The astrocyte represents the most abundant yet least understood cell type of the CNS. Here, we use a stringent experimental strategy to molecularly define the astrocyte lineage by integrating microarray datasets across several in vitro model systems of astrocyte differentiation, primary astrocyte cultures, and various astrocyterich CNS structures. The intersection of astrocyte data sets, coupled with the application of nonastrocytic exclusion filters, yielded many astrocyte-specific genes possessing strikingly varied patterns of regional CNS expression. Annotation of these astrocyte-specific genes provides direct molecular documentation of the diverse physiological roles of the astrocyte lineage. This global perspective in the normal brain also provides a framework for how astrocytes may participate in the pathogenesis of common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, and primary brain tumors.
Wildcats in banking fields: the politics of financial inclusion

Rightwing theorists argue that we owe the current financial crisis to the democratization of credit, or financial inclusion: politics interfered with the market to benefit marginalized actors, only to cause instability and risk. Leftwing theorists focus instead on financialization: namely, the shift of profit-making activities from industry to finance. These views implicitly draw on Schumpeter and Marx. Much like their intellectual progenitors, they emphasize exogenous processes to explain financial change. Here I claim that the connection between financial innovation and financial inclusion is endogenous. I suggest two main typologies of financial innovators: Market Utopians (MUs) and Populist Innovators (PIs). Financial inclusion, I submit, is the byproduct of the quest for power of the latter.
Madrasa Reform as a Secularizing Process: A View from the Late Russian Empire

What is Islamic about reform among Muslims and what is not? How can we differentiate reform within an Islamic paradigm and a paradigmatic shift from the Islamic tradition to something else in a Muslim community? How do we establish the connection between reform as an intellectual or scholarly project and the translation of that project into social reality (or, in some cases, the absence of such a translation)? This article addresses these questions in the context of the Volga-Ural region in the late Russian Empire, where reformist Muslims attempted to reform existing Islamic educational institutions, particularly the religious seminaries called “madrasas,” as a means to modernize the region's Muslim communities. Educational reform initiatives among Volga-Ural Muslims originated within the framework of Muslim networks and institutions. Yet, especially after Russia's Revolution of 1905, reform in a number of prominent madrasas came to be characterized by various non-religious and at times even anti-religious influences emerging from the globalization of Western European modernity. Consequently, in these madrasas, education and the overall student experience turned into a secularizing process, and Islam as a religious system lost its weight and appeal for many students, who then engaged in a reform movement that evolved beyond an Islamic paradigm.
Species-specific responses to creatine supplementation.

creatine is a naturally occurring guanidino compound that is synthesized in the liver and kidney or obtained in small quantities from the diet primarily from meat and fish. Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation (e.g., 20 g/day × 5 days) has been reported to increase muscle creatine and
Trade sanctions in international environmental policy: Deterring or encouraging free riding?:

Could trade sanctions improve environmental cooperation by reducing countries’ incentives to free ride? While carbon tariffs are a widely debated environmental policy, their ability to facilitate climate cooperation remains unclear. We examine game-theoretic models of environmental cooperation with and without trade sanctions. While trade sanctions prevent free riders from obtaining unfair competitive advantages, we show that they can also impede environmental cooperation. Most importantly, since trade sanctions reduce the cost of unilateral policy, they prevent environmentally inclined countries from credibly threatening to suspend cooperation if other countries defect. We use these findings to illuminate outcomes in normatively important cases such as ozone depletion and overfishing, and discuss how they cast a shadow of doubt on the use of carbon tariffs to enforce climate cooperation.
Immigrant Family Strengths Meeting Communication Challenges

The literature on immigrants punctuates their difficulties with language acculturation and communication. Minimal attention has been given to the diversity of immigrant family communication issues in relation to the receiving communities in which they have lived, and research has not assessed immigrant families' strategies for minimizing communication breakdown. Based on in-depth interviews with 20 immigrant mothers and their adult daughters, we examine language acculturation and communication experience within the context of characteristics of the receiving community. The findings demonstrate the previously hidden complexity of language acculturation and communication experiences within mother-daughter dyads and highlight the variety of problem-solving strategies they employ to maintain strong ties despite language difficulties.
Salient Periodontal Issues for the Modern Biologic Orthodontist

The term synergy refers to the interaction between many agents acting in concert to create an effect greater than the sum of the separate parts; in other words the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. This definition helps one understand the biologic basis of periodontal orthodontic relationships in either therapy or disease. Synergistic collaborative treatment between the specialists also helps develop the harmony that results in less damage to both components of the periodontium, the soft tissue "gingival unit" around the crown, and the "attachment apparatus" that connects the root to bone. Orthodontists should recognize possible periodontal risks to patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and any "damage" to the periodontium or enlargement of the gingiva is often an inevitable and reversible side effect. The goal is to minimize any harmful effects as any good surgeon seeks to minimize an inevitable scar. This is best done by interdisciplinary collaboration in controlling infection with chemicals, erupting teeth through keratinized gingiva, empowering patients with modern regenerative surgery, and using orthodontic therapy to minimize the amount of bone that is removed during periodontal osseous surgery. Thus, with synergistic collaboration, orthodontic therapy can enhance periodontal health and periodontal therapy can enhance the orthodontic outcome.
The Potential Impact of Bystander Effects on Radiation Risks in a Mars Mission

Densely ionizing (high-LET) galactic cosmic rays (GCR) contribute a significant component of the radiation risk in free space. Over a period of a few months-sufficient for the early stages of radiation carcinogenesis to occur-a significant proportion of cell nuclei will not be traversed. There is convincing evidence, at least in vitro, that irradiated cells can send out signals that can result in damage to nearby unirradiated cells. This observation can hold even when the unirradiated cells have been exposed to low doses of low-LET radiation. We discuss here a quantitative model based on the a formalism, an approach that incorporates radiobiological damage both from a bystander response to signals emitted by irradiated cells, and also from direct traversal of high-LET radiations through cell nuclei. The model produces results that are consistent with those of a series of studies of the bystander phenomenon using a high-LET microbeam, with the end point of in vitro oncogenic transformation. According to this picture, for exposure to high-LET particles such as galactic cosmic rays other than protons, the bystander effect is significant primarily at low fluences, i.e., exposures where there are significant numbers of untraversed cells. If the mechanisms postulated here were applicable in vivo, using a linear extrapolation of risks derived from studies using intermediate doses of high-LET radiation (where the contribution of the bystander effect may be negligible) to estimate risks at very low doses (where the bystander effect may be dominant) could underestimate the true risk from low doses of high-LET radiation. It would be highly premature simply to abandon current risk projections for high-LET, low-dose radiation; however, these considerations would suggest caution in applying results derived from experiments using high-LET radiation at fluences above approximately 1 particle per nucleus to risk estimation for a Mars mission.
The Mean Square Error (MSE) Performance Criteria

Adaptive signal processing algorithms generally attempt to optimize a performance measure that is a function of the unknown parameters to be identified. The most pervasive of these performance measures are based upon squared prediction errors, although the specific prediction error used in adaptation often depends upon the particular algorithm. Two broad categories of adaptive signal processing methods are: (1) stochastic and (2) exact. The latter category refers to adaptive filters based upon the actual or exact data signals acquired. The recursive least squares techniques comprising Chapters 8–11 are examples of these exact techniques, and investigation of those techniques will be deferred until the later chapters.
Towards Creating Precision Grammars from Interlinear Glossed Text: Inferring Large-Scale Typological Properties

We propose to bring together two kinds of linguistic resources—interlinear glossed text (IGT) and a language-independent precision grammar resource—to automatically create precision grammars in the context of language documentation. This paper takes the first steps in that direction by extracting major-constituent word order and case system properties from IGT for a diverse sample of languages.
Prospects of efficient neural computing with arrays of magneto-metallic neurons and synapses

Non-von Neumann computing models, like Artificial and Spiking Neural Networks, inspired from the functionalities of the human brain, would require devices that can offer a direct mapping to the underlying neuroscience mechanisms for energy-efficient and compact hardware implementation. To that effect, spin-transfer torque phenomena in devices based on lateral spin valves, domain wall motion in magnets and magnetic tunnel junctions can potentially pave the way for spintronic neural computing systems, where spintronic neurons interfaced with spintronic synapses, can directly mimic biological neural and synaptic functionalities. We explore various device structures suitable for such non-Boolean functionalities and demonstrate the potential benefits of such neural computing based on arrays of magneto-metallic neurons and synapses.
Mechanized System for Preparing Trays of Medicated Diet Used in the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Sterilizing Operation

A system was developed to mechanize the preparation of trays of chemosterilant-medicated diet fed to Anthonomus grandis Boheman adults. The system consists of a diet sterilizer, conveyor, tray dispenser, diet dispenser, diet cooler, and corn cob grits-antibiotic mixture feeder. The conveyor moves trays along the processing line where sterile diet is metered, dispensed and spread in the tray, cooled, and covered with a thin layer of the grits-antibiotic mixture. Weevils to be irradiated feed on the diet for 24 h. Time and labor for preparing the trays of diet by this system are ca. 20% of that required by manual labor and the system is more aseptic.
HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF APPARENTLY COMPATIBLE BLOOD.

During the last 25 years there has been a vast increase in the understanding of re­ actions between red cell antigens and anti­ bodies, and this increased knowledge has lessened the hazards of transfusion by im­ provement of pre-transfusion tests. These include tests in saline solution and high protein media, as well as enzyme and anti­ globulin methods. Despite such refinements, experiences have been reported in which transfusion of seemingly compatible blood has resulted in hemolysis of the donor cells. Lou tit and associates 8 observed incompati­ bility without demonstrable antibodies in 1943. Severe hemolytic transfusion reaction after the administration of apparently compatible blood was observed in 2 cases presented by Fudenberg and Allen. 2 Osborn and Bailey 10 described a case of hemolytic transfusion reaction without demonstrable incompatibility with saline solution, al­ bumin, or antiglobulin technics. Sensitiza­ tion in this case was believed to have oc­ curred 46 years previously. Other examples may be cited. 3 - 6 ' 7 - 9 - "• 12
Multi-Level Analysis of Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles in Road Network

Real-world fuel consumption,emission,and driving activity data from heavy-duty diesel vehicles(HDDVs) were collected using the portable emission measurement system(PEMS) in the road network of Beijing.Then,the fuel consumption and emission characteristics were analyzed at microscopic,mesoscopic as well as macroscopic levels.The analysis results on driving behaviors showed that the driving time was mainly distributed in low and middle-speed bins,the driving mileage was mainly located in middle-speed bins,and the driving time and mileage under cruise mode accounted for the highest proportion.The analysis results on fuel consumption and emission characteristics showed that the average level of fuel consumption was 18.6 L/100 km,the average emission factors of NOx and PM were 4.63 g/km and 0.087 g/km for HDDVs that met the Euro III standard.At the microscopic level,driving at high-speed and acceleration is associated with the instantaneous high fuel consumption and emission rates.At the mesoscopic level,idling or driving at low-speed was the main reason of high fuel consumption and emission factors.At the macroscopic level,driving mileage was a significant influencing factor for total fuel consumption and emissions.
Identity of prostate specific antigen and the semen protein P30 purified by a rapid chromatography technique.

Abstract Previous investigators have reported the identity of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and the semen protein p30, but data to support these claims have not been published. We report here the rapid and continuous purification of PSA using a simple two column chromatography technique originally developed for purification of p30. Using commercial antisera to PSA and original antisera to p30 for detection, we show that the two glycoproteins have identical purification profiles by this technique which uses cation exchange chromatography and sizing chromatography. The antigens also have identical molecular weights by gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. Furthermore, both antigens correspond to the same prominent protein band in seminal plasma by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On commercial immunoassay for PSA, purified p30 gives a calibration curve identical to the commercial PSA kit calibrator (Pros-check™ PSA Radioimmunoassay, Yang Laboratories). We conclude that PSA and the semen protein p30 are identical and can be easily purified by a rapid continuous technique.
MRI Findings of Injury to the Longus Colli Muscle in Patients With Neck Trauma.

OBJECTIVE. The longus colli muscle (LCM) forms the bulk of the deep flexor muscles of the neck. To our knowledge, very little information on the effects of trauma on this muscle group has been published. We describe MRI findings related to injury of the LCM in patients with a history of neck trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A radiology department database was searched to identify patient medical records from 2008 to 2013 that included the keywords “longus colli” and “deep flexors.” Patients with fractures and ligament injuries were excluded. Patients with other obvious large soft-tissue injuries and nontraumatic conditions were also omitted. A total of 12 patients met the inclusion criterion of having an isolated or predominant injury to the LCM. Five patients had been involved in a motor vehicle accident, and seven patients had fallen. Eleven patients had undergone a CT examination before MRI was performed. RESULTS. No fractures were noted on CT. MRI examinations of the cervical spine were obtained for the...
TALKING OF MONEY

This chapter discusses the organizations created to control money. The representatives of 44 nations met in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in the United States to create an international monetary system and a body to oversee its operation, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They also created the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, more commonly known as the World Bank. The IMF was meant to promote international cooperation on monetary problems by facilitating the balanced growth of world trade, promoting exchange stability, and giving confidence to members by making its resources available to them under adequate safeguards. For three decades, the system created at Bretton Woods worked. The first change in the amended articles is the flexibility provided to member countries in their exchange rate arrangement. One of the major purposes of the amended articles is to diminish the role of gold as a means of financial settlements between nations.
Introducing Evolutionary Thinking For Medicine

the origins of the current epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, and answering patients’ questions about aging. Evolution is not an alternative to existing medical training and research. It is a useful basic science that poses new medical questions, contributing to research while also improving practice. We now present some significant evolutionary insights into medical issues. The first is that our evolved state is often mismatched to our modern environment because that environment is changing more rapidly than we can adapt to it.
Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Laryngeal Cancer

Historically, treatment of laryngeal cancer has been in the form of open transcervical surgery, endoscopic transoral surgery using cold steel instrumentation, and external beam radiation therapy. The advances of direct laryngoscopy, microscopic instrumentation, and lasers in the twentieth century have paved the way for transoral laser microsurgery (TLM), which now competes with, and often replaces, the traditional modalities to treat laryngeal cancer. Currently, TLM is a proven, minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for T1, T2, and selected T3 tumors of the glottis and supraglottis. The results of TLM are comparable to open partial laryngectomy procedures and RT in terms of local control and survival rates. With its low postoperative morbidity, TLM represents an attractive means to surgically remove cancer while preserving the laryngeal framework.
Abstract 20218: Comparative Effectiveness of Dabigatran and Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Patients With Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background: In randomized trials, the new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) dabigatran and rivaroxaban have been at least as efficacious as warfarin in the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Information on the effectiveness of NOACs versus warfarin in real-world populations in the US is more limited. Methods: We used data from the US MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental databases in the period 2010-12. We selected patients initiating oral anticoagulants after NVAF diagnosis, and with at least 6 months of enrollment before first anticoagulant use. Patients initiating dabigatran or rivaroxaban were matched with up to 5 warfarin users by age, sex, and time in the database. Outcomes of interest (ischemic stroke, intracranial bleeding, and gastrointestinal [GI] bleeding) were defined according to validated algorithms. Information on other comorbidities and medication use was obtained from inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy claims. High-dimensional propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association of NOACs vs warfarin with each outcome of interest. Results: The analysis included 32,918 dabigatran, 3,301 rivaroxaban and 92,633 warfarin users with NVAF. During an average 13-month follow-up (6 for rivaroxaban, 15 for dabigatran), 1035 ischemic strokes, 225 intracranial bleeds, and 1842 GI bleeds were identified. Rate of ischemic stroke was similar in patients initiating NOACs compared to those on warfarin. However, rate of intracranial bleeding was lower in patients using NOACs compared to warfarin users, while GI bleeding rate was higher in dabigatran users than warfarin users (Table). Conclusion: In this large real-world patient population, effectiveness of NOACs (compared to warfarin) for diverse outcomes was comparable to efficacy reported in the RE-LY and ROCKET-AF trials. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Alcohol and Marijuana Use and Intentions Among Adolescents The Role of the Reasoned Action Approach and Positive Future Orientation

Perceptions of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use are associated with adolescent substance use behavior, yet research on the role of contextual factors and positive assets in this relationship is sca...
Reshaping Your Data with tidyr

Jenny Bryan stated that “classroom data are like teddy bears and real data are like a grizzley bear with salmon blood dripping out its mouth.” In essence, she was getting to the point that often when we learn how to perform a modeling approach in the classroom, the data used is provided in a format that appropriately feeds into the modeling tool of choice. In reality, datasets are messy and “every messy dataset is messy in its own way.” The concept of “tidy data” was established by Hadley Wickham and represents “standardized way to link the structure of a dataset (its physical layout) with its semantics (its meaning).” The objective should always to be to get a dataset into a tidy form which consists of:
Dynamic Sheaths, in the Nick of Time or Past Their Prime?

Risk factors for vascular complications include a sheath to femoral artery ratio (SFAR) > 1.05, use of sheaths >19 Fr, peripheral artery disease, female gender, and a learning curve. High rates of technical and procedural success were achieved with low rates of major vascular and bleeding complications. However, SFAR > 1.05, gender, diabetes, renal insufficiency, calcification, tortuosity, or aneurysm were not independent risk factors in this study. Despite an SFAR > 1.05 in 23 patients, increased rates of vascular complications were not seen using the SoloPath sheath. These findings may increase the pool of transfemoral TAVI patients.
Association between iq’mik smokeless tobacco use and cardiometabolic risk profile among Yup’ik Alaska Native people

ABSTRACTObjective: The traditional lifestyle of Yup’ik Alaska Native people, including a diet abundant in marine-based foods and physical activity, may be cardio-protective. However, iq’mik, a traditional form of smokeless tobacco used by >50% of Yup’ik adults, could increase cardiometabolic (CM) risk. Our objective was to characterize the associations between iq’mik use and biomarkers of CM status (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides [TG], systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure [DBP], glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], fasting blood glucose [FBG], waist circumference [WC], and body mass index [BMI]).Design: We assessed these associations using data from a cross-sectional sample of Yup’ik adults (n = 874). Current iq’mik use, demographic, and lifestyle data were collected through interviews. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, HbA1c, and FBG. SBP, DBP, WC, and BMI were obtained by physical exam...
Research on segment adjustment permanent magnet motor operating mechanism in motion process of high voltage circuit breaker

In order to improve the controllable of high voltage circuit breaker and enhance the reliability of motor operating mechanism control system, the segment adjustment permanent magnet motor operating mechanism is studied to realize the different speed requirements in the opening and closing motion process for high voltage circuit breaker. The segment voltage starting motor and variable air-gap structure motor are presented from the operating voltage and air-gap length combined with the variable range in the opening and closing operation. The angle features of motor are gained by analyzed the operating voltage and air-gap length, and the calculation result is validated by the measured data. Based on the established finite element model, the angle characteristics of motor are given out in different schemes and it provide the basis for high voltage circuit breaker to using motor operating mechanism.
Hamstring graft for ACL reconstruction: does size matter?

This letter is in response to the commentary entitled, “Advances in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques” recently published in the Annals of Translational Medicine . The authors of this editorial comment on our article published in the March 2016 issue of The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery which examined how the diameter of soft-tissue hamstring ACL grafts significantly changes after applying circumferential compression to the grafts. We thank the authors for highlighting our article as an important contribution in the field of ACL reconstruction. The use of hamstring grafts for ACL reconstruction has been increasing worldwide and while there is ample literature supporting the use of these grafts (1-3), we sought to highlight further the nuances associated with this surgical technique.
Quantum-Mechanical Study of the Reaction Mechanism for 2π-2π Cycloaddition of Fluorinated Methylene Groups.

Perfluorocyclobutyl polymers are thermally and chemically stable, may be produced without a catalyst via thermal 2π–2π cycloaddition, and can form block structures, making them suitable for commercialization of specialty polymers. Thermal 2π–2π cycloaddition is a rare reaction that begins in the singlet state and proceeds through a triplet intermediate to form an energetically stable four-membered ring in the singlet state. This reaction involves two changes in spin state and, thus, two spin-crossover transitions. Presented here are density functional theory calculations that evaluate the energetics and reaction mechanisms for the dimerizations of two different polyfluorinated precursors, 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethane and hexafluoropropylene. The spin-crossover transition states are thoroughly investigated, revealing important kinetics steps and an activation energy for the gas-phase cycloaddition of two hexafluoropropene molecules of 36.9 kcal/mol, which is in good agreement with the experim...
The Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards for Developers on Information Systems Project Success

Project failure in information sytems development continues to plague organizations. A lack of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards for developers may be a cause of such failure. A survey instrument was...
THE COMPARISON OF A FOUR-COMPARTMENT AND A FIVE-COMPARTMENT MODEL OF ROSE BENGAL TRANSPORT THROUGH THE HEPATIC SYSTEM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison of a four-compartment and a five-compartment model of Rose Bengal transport through the hepatic system. It is often very difficult to differentiate the various factors contributing to liver disease. Because the liver performs a multitude of critical tasks involving metabolic functions, vascular functions and secretory functions, an abnormality within the liver could manifest itself as perhaps another physiological dysfunction or vice versa. In search for techniques that will enable a more conclusive differentiation among physiological abnormalities of the hepatic system, a previously studied four-compartment model of Rose Bengal transport has been expanded to a five-compartmental model. The chapter describes this model as a system of coupled difference equations, the solution of which involves nonlinear programming techniques.
Multi-Agent Simulation of Financial Markets

This paper discusses the principal reasons for, and prospective opportunities of, simulating financial markets using an architecture based on artificial agents. The paper then discusses in detail the design and architecture of a simulator for financial markets. The Gaia methodology was employed in the development of MAFiMSi (Multi-Agent Finanacial Market Simulator), a general-purpose finacial market simulator of a dealer-type market. MAFiMSi is implemented as a library of C++ classes that currently support a stand-alone market simulation.
Darwins Floh im Ohr ist das Verderben

Es gibt Momente der Sonne. Lander werden durch eine Olkrise steinreich. Ein Unscheinbarer gewinnt Lottomillionen. A star is born. Der Abschlag beim Golf landet im Loch. Eine Erfindung revolutioniert einen Industriezweig. Reichtum, Geld, Muse, Macht, Ansehen, Ehre, Fortschritt: Plotzlich geht es ganz schnell stark bergan.
Free Extensions of Group Actions, Induced Representations, and the Foundations of Physics

Given a group G and a subgroup H of G, any action of H on a set S admits a canonical free extension to an action of the larger group G on a larger set X = G × H S. In this expository article (supplementary to the individual contributions of the authors), we outline the theory of such free extensions, and the parallel notion of the unitary representation of G induced by a unitary representation of H. To keep matters simple, we restrict our attention almost wholly to actions of finite groups on finite sets and finite-dimensional unitary spaces.
Poverty and Gender in Developing Nations

Contemporary measures of poverty are based on income or consumption. Despite world prosperity, poverty continues to increase as income disparity between rich and poor widens. Critiques of using income poverty to identify the poor are followed by a discussion of current studies of nonincome social aspects of poverty. Such indicators underscore the gendered nature of poverty. Women are disadvantaged in the labor market by their household responsibilities, especially in the growing number of women-headed households. Within the family, women seldom have control over the use of income or food. Poverty alleviation programs respond to these social issues by empowering women. Income from microcredit projects and home-based work enhance women's status. Membership in women's groups expand their knowledge base. Security of housing tenure supports women's income and care-giving duties, further empowering them.
Oxidative Stress and Drug Resistance in Cancer

Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is observed in many types of cancer cells. Besides the well-recognized effect of ROS in causing mutations and promoting cancer cell growth, recent evidence further suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in anticancer drug resistance. Consistent with the tumor-promoting effect of ROS, many in vitro studies have reported tumor-suppressing properties of ROS-scavenging enzymes. However, enhancement of those enzymes in tumor cells in vivo has been implicated in chemoresistance and seems to be associated with poor prognosis. In this chapter, we summarized the relevant observations in the field and discuss evidences that may explain these seemingly paradoxical findings. Malignant transformation is often associated with a moderate increase in cellular ROS content as a result of evelvated ROS production and/or decreased ROS-scavenging capacity. Because the increase in ROS stress may induce oxidative damage of cellular components leading to cell death, cancer cells that are able to survive the intrinsic stress and develop tumor must be equipped with sufficient adaptive mechanisms to tolerate the ROS stress. The adaptation processes involve activation of certain redox-sensitive transcription factors, which consequently lead to increased expression of the downstream genes encoding various ROS-scavenging enzymes, and redox-sensitive survival machineries. These adaptation mechanisms lead to increase in cell survival capacity in response to stress and alteration in drug metabolism and transport, which together confer drug resistance. Therefore, strategies to modulate cellular adaptation to oxidative stress may be used as an effective approach to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells under intrinsic stress.
The Information Politics of Journalism in a Post-Truth Age

In the so-called post-truth age, criticism challenging the representational accuracy and political orientation of journalists has become an indelible part of the realm of political contestation. Al...
Chondrichthyes: The Immune System of Cartilaginous Fishes

The cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras) hold a key evolutionary position, being the most distant group to mammals that possesses a “mammalian-like” adaptive immune system based on immunoglobulins (Ig) and T cell receptors (TCRs), which are somatically rearranged by recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins, as well as polymorphic/polygenic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Cartilaginous fishes are therefore an important research model to investigate the evolution of adaptive immunity and its interplay with the innate system. Despite this, cartilaginous fishes have historically been understudied; while early functional studies revealed sharks were able to produce a humoral response following immune stimulation, subsequent progress was hampered by bottlenecks in immune gene sequencing and a paucity of research tools (such as cell lines and monoclonal antibodies) for use in functional studies.
Dietary Macronutrients and Cardiovascular Risk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States accounting for more deaths than all other causes combined. Numerous risk factors for CVD are identified, many of which are modifiable by diet and lifestyle practices. Major modifiable risk factors include cigarette smoking, elevated total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, overweight and obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a sedentary lifestyle. Other important risk factors that are modifiable by diet are a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated levels of triglycerides, lipoprotein, insulin, hypertension, altered hemostatic factors, and small, dense LDL particles. This chapter reviews the understanding of how changes in the macronutrient profile of the diet affect CVD risk status. It describes various low saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol diets that differ in macronutrient content and present the plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses that are reported for these diets. This, chapter highlights the effect of various low SFA , low-cholesterol diet options with differentmacronutrient profiles on newly defined CVD risk factors.
Non-trophic impacts from white sharks complicate population recovery for sea otters.

Complex interactions between protected populations may challenge the recovery of whole ecosystems. In California, white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) mistargeting southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) are an emergent impact to sea otter recovery, inhibiting the broader ecosystem restoration sea otters might provide. Here, we integrate and analyze tracking and stranding data to compare the phenology of interactions between white sharks and their targeted prey (elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris) with those of mistargeted prey (sea otters, humans). Pronounced seasonal peaks in shark bites to otters and humans overlap in the late boreal summer, immediately before the annual adult white shark migration to elephant seal rookeries. From 1997 to 2017, the seasonal period when sharks bite otters expanded from 2 to 8 months of the year and occurred primarily in regions where kelp cover declined. Immature and male otters, demographics most associated with range expansion, were disproportionately impacted. While sea otters are understood to play a keystone role in kelp forests, recent ecosystem shifts are revealing unprecedented bottom-up and top-down interactions. Such shifts challenge ecosystem management programs that rely on static models of species interactions.
Pregnancy in a Kidney Transplant Patient.

In 1958, Edith Helm, who received a kidney from her identical twin sister, became the first woman to successfully give birth after transplantation. Many women have since followed in her footsteps. In this “How I Treat” article, we review our approach to treating a patient from preconception
Summing the Powers of the Positive Integers: Opportunities for Discovery.

Many mathematics teachers must have said to themselves at one time or another that they would like to present a lesson that would give their students a good taste of discovery in the manner experienced by a mathematician who is hot on the trail of the solution of a problem. But where do we find this type of problem? Sometimes we discover such a problem as we are teaching a topic. One such example fol lows. I was teaching mathematical induction in one of our precalculus courses. The students were fairly capable regarding the methods and steps that go into a proof using mathematical induction. In other words, most students could prove that 1 + 2 + 3 + ??? + ? = n(n + 1)
The Planting of Seeds: Preparing a Community for Two-Way Immersion

The examination of TWI programs is a burgeoning field and there is minimal work that specifically focuses on the foundational processes that contribute to implementation of TWI programs in a given ...
Region-specific Effects of Maternal Separation on Perineuronal Net and Parvalbumin-expressing Interneuron Formation in Male and Female Rats

Abstract Early life experiences play a vital role in contributing to healthy brain development. Adverse experiences have a lasting impact on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), brain regions associated with emotion regulation. Early life adversity via maternal separation (MS) has sex-specific effects on expression of parvalbumin (PV), which is expressed in fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons that are preferentially enwrapped by perineuronal nets (PNNs). Importantly, PNN formation coincides with the closure of developmental critical periods and regulates PV-expressing interneuron activity. Since aberrant PNN organization has been reported following adverse experiences in adolescent and adult rats, we investigated the impact of adversity early in life in the form of MS on the developing brain. Rat pups were separated from their dams for 4 h per day from postnatal day (P) 2–20. Tissue sections from juvenile (P20), adolescent (P40), and early adult (P70) animals containing the PFC and BLA were fluorescently stained to visualize Wisteria floribunda agglutinin+ PNNs and PV-expressing interneurons, and density and intensity was quantified. Our results confirm past reports that PFC PNNs form gradually throughout development; however, PNN density plateaus in adolescence, while intensity continues to increase into adulthood. Importantly, MS delays PNN formation in the prelimbic PFC and results in sex-specific aberrations in PNN structural integrity that do not appear until adulthood. The present findings reveal sex-, age-, and region-specific effects of early life adversity on PNN and PV maturation, implicating neuroplastic alterations following early life adversity that may be associated with sex differences in psychopathology and resilience.