cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
We must see the possibilities.

“That moment changed my life. It was then up to me to define whether that change would be positive or negative. I was not sure if I would survive, let alone did I think I had much of a future.” Around 20 years ago, an icon of mine, a patient, was burned in an industrial explosion, and these were some of the thoughts he commonly expressed to me. His survival of a mainly full-thickness, 68% body surface area burn was remarkable. For months, we worked hard together to help him overcome the several physical impairments he faced. Acute and ongoing mobility and strength deficits were paramount. Loss of distal digits on both hands and changes in his cosmetic appearance added both physical and psychological challenges to his recovery. Along the course of our work together, he declared something very simple and very consequential to me that shaped the work I have done since then as a physical therapist. He said, “Thanks for helping me see my possibilities!” Now, I was humbled by his comment, that he would assume it was me that was showing what was possible for him. I had worked with this patient and watched as he fought to recover when others might have fought against being revived. I had worked with him while he fought his fears with his own powerful doses of ever-increasing determination. And, we had worked together to achieve milestones in his performance, from the simplest of routine activities of daily living, progressing to directed tasks of some level for his goal of returning to work. I was grateful that after returning to his home and some light-duty work, he continued to share with me his ongoing progress as he navigated his way through additional schooling and later to a more substantial return to …
Development of a Rapid Method for Simultaneous Recovery of Diverse Microbes in Drinking Water by Ultrafiltration with Sodium Polyphosphate and Surfactants

The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-microm microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to approximately 250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93%. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49%) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique.
A Review of Paying Research Participants: It's Time to Move Beyond the ethical Debate.

Current regulatory guidelines require the ethical review committee to consider one question when evaluating payment: Is the payment to the participant undue or coercive? Although this is a seemingly simple question, determining appropriate payment involves a series of complex issues. There is limited empirical knowledge to assist with this determination and little consensus on which elements of a study should be considered in making these decisions. For example, should the culture of the study population or the potential risks and benefits of the research be considered in the selection of appropriate payment? Following a review of national and international guidelines, the concerns and benefits of paying research participants are presented, and prior ethical debate is outlined. The current research literature on the practice of paying participants and the impact of payment on participants and study integrity are reviewed. Finally, given continued debate with limited data to help determine best practices, ...
Productivity approaches for MIL-STD-1553 military avionics

It is pointed out that the data structures and protocols of MIL-STD-1553 and its related dialects are straightforward. However, implementing 1553 requires extensive software production and usage; therefore, human-computer interface (HCI) needs are great. This situation creates an engineering environment prone to software errors, HCI confusion, incorrectly initialized data, and misinterpreted results. For example, the Data Word formats often tend to be cryptic, intricate, and system peculiar. To reduce the 1553-engineer's workload with respect to exhaustive details, conversions, etc., several approaches to optimizing an HCI are presented. Design critiques, interactive prototypes, and user experiments are discussed. The prototype work was done on Apple Computer's HyperCard, although there are many other products that could be used in its place. >
Women and Interracial Cooperation in Establishing the Good Samaritan Hospital

This article focuses on the strategic importance of the roles of African American and White women in establishing the Good Samaritan Hospital in 1891 and on the groups' interracial cooperation in maintaining the hospital. Given the social and physical segregation of the South at that time, the two groups worked on parallel planes without acknowledging each other's efforts.
Effect of upright exercise on left ventricular diastolic filling in normal subjects.

Abstract The pattern of left ventricular (LV) filling has been recently studied using Doppler echocardiographic flow parameters. Abnormalities have been found in association with LV hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, aging and systemic hypertension.1 The effect of exercise and the attendant increase in stroke volume and heart rate on parameters of diastolic filling have not been studied, however, but may have importance as the application of exercise echocardiography increases. This study was performed to describe the normal changes that occur during upright exercise.
Pedogenesis and mineralogy of a Halaquept in Niger (West Africa)

Bui, E.N. and Wilding, L.P., 1988. Pedogenesis and mineralogy of a Halaquept in Niger (West Africa ). Geoderma. 43: 49-64. In a fossil river valley of Niger known ae the Dallol Bosso, an aquic soil environment has Feoxide segregation coupled with biological SO,-reduction and Na,CO, formation by evaporative pull. Depth to the water table, pH and water-soluble salts fluctuate seasonally but, most of the year, the water table is within 1 m of the surface. The presence of Na2C03 is inferred from salt efflorescences and a pH of 9 at the soil surface in the dry season. The zone of Fe-oxide accumulation occurs between 30 and 54 cm and a soil layer with greyish green color and reduced Fe is present at the top of the water table. On the basis of field and laboratory characteristics, the soil is classified as an Aeric Halaquept. Mineralogical analyses (XRD, IR and SEM) show that goethite is the dominant iron oxide mineral and suggest that silica translocation in an iron-rich soil environment is promoting neoformation of iron-rich beidellite.
Dose-response effects of gramicidin-D, EDTA, and nonoxynol-9 on sperm motion parameters and acrosome status

Previous reports showed that gramicidin-D (G-D), a polypeptide with antiviral and antimicrobial properties, nonoxynol-9 (N9), a common spermicidal detergent, and EDTA, a Ca-Mg chelating agent, inhibited sperm motility and cervical mucus penetration. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-response effects of G-D, N9, EDTA and G-D + EDTA on sperm motion parameters and acrosome status. Semen specimens from known fertile donors were subjected to computer-assisted semen analysis of motility, path velocity, progressive velocity, and hyperactivation prior to and after incubation with varying concentrations of gramicidin-D, EDTA and nonoxynol-9. Each specimen was also prepared for acrosome status using rhodamine isothiocyanate conjugated pisum sativum agglutinin (RITC-PSA). There was a significant decrease in motility by G-D, EDTA, G-D + EDTA, and N9 at all doses as compared to the fresh specimen. N9 completely immobilized all sperm at each dose. Progressive velocity and path velocity also decreased in a dose-response manner. Sperm hyperactive motility also significantly decreased in all groups. The majority of sperm remained acrosome intact following exposure to all doses tested, whereas N9 resulted in complete breakdown/release of the acrosomal contents. This study confirms previous reports that G-D, EDTA, and N9 significantly impair sperm motility and motion parameters. The effective 100% inhibitory concentration was seen only with N9, whereas G-D, EDTA, and G-D + EDTA resulted in incomplete impairment of sperm motion parameters. At the concentrations used, N9 demonstrated potent spermostatic activity. Gramicidin-D and EDTA should be further studied for their potential contraceptive spermostatic activity.
NGOESS and the Future of Earth Science Observation Systems

A team at JPL has been investigating and designing a medium Earth orbit (MEO) system architecture for NOAA; National Global Operational Environmental Satellite System (NGOESS). Constellation design and the resulting capabilities have been explored. The scope of likely Earth observational needs of the global community that are likely to be met by this architecture was also explored. Curent and projected observational needs (e.g. weather, and climate records and models) have been matched to projected instrument capabilities. Concurrently, several concepts for microwave and visual/infrared instruments are being developed and quantified in terms of observational requirements that are expected to be met. A review of the major results of these efforts, and conclusions are presented here.
Low-Temperature Sintering and Properties of 0.98PZT–0.02SKN Ceramics with LiBiO2 and CuO Addition

The low-temperature sintering behavior of Pb(Zr0.53, Ti0.47)O3–Sr(K0.25, Nb0.75)O3 (PZT–SKN) piezoelectric ceramics with LiBiO2 and CuO addition has been investigated. The addition of 6 wt% LiBiO2 or 1 wt% LiBiO2+1 wt% CuO promotes the sinterability of 0.98PZT–0.02SKN ceramics owing to the generation of a liquid phase, resulting in a reduction of sintering temperature by about 300°–350°C. The microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of flux-sintered ceramics were examined and compared with materials conventionally sintered at 1250°C. PZT–SKN ceramics with 1 wt% LiBiO2+1 wt% CuO addition were sintered to high density at 900°C for 1 h. The resulting samples exhibited a high-field d33 piezoelectric coefficient of 415 pm/V with a Curie temperature Tc of around 351°C, dielectric constant ɛr of 1235, and planar coupling factor kp of 0.54. The reduced sintering temperature and short soaking time, together with the favorable dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the fluxed PZT–SKN ceramics, demonstrate the potential opportunity of integration with low-temperature cofired ceramic materials and low-fire electrode materials for the multilayer piezoelectric transducer application.
Progeny sex ratios in a short-lived lizard: seasonal invariance despite sex-specific effects of hatching date on fitness

When fitness returns are sex-specific, selection should favor the facultative adjustment of offspring sex ratios. Seasonal shifts in offspring sex ratios are predicted to be particularly beneficial in short-lived, sexually dimorphic species in which hatching date is linked to adult size, which is related to fitness in a sex-specific fashion. We used four time series of hatching dates and progeny sex ratios in the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), a short-lived lizard with male-biased sexual size dimorphism, to test for such a seasonal shift in progeny sex ratio. In 2 of the 4 years, we also released hatchlings to their natural environment to test for sex-specific effects of hatching date on juvenile survival and adult size. We found that the relationship between hatching date and size the following year was significantly steeper in males than in females, and previous work has shown that adult size is more strongly tied to fitness in males than in females. Based on those results and on further evidence linking hatching date and body size to sex-specific survival and reproductive success, we predicted that sex ratios should shift from male- to female-biased as the breeding season progressed. Contrary to our prediction, we detected no clear seasonal shift in progeny sex ratio. Furthermore, although juvenile survival was correlated with hatching date, this relationship did not consistently differ between the sexes. The observation that progeny sex ratios are seasonally invariant despite several apparent links to adult fitness suggests that the evolution of a seasonal sex-ratio bias is either inherently constrained or requires a stronger selective advantage with respect to juvenile survival.
The responsive amygdala: Treatment-induced alterations in functional connectivity in pediatric complex regional pain syndrome

The amygdala is a key brain region with efferent and afferent neural connections that involve complex behaviors such as pain, reward, fear, and anxiety. This study evaluated resting state functional connectivity of the amygdala with cortical and subcortical regions in a group of chronic pain patients (pediatric complex regional pain syndrome) with age-sex matched control subjects before and after intensive physical-biobehavioral pain treatment. Our main findings include (1) enhanced functional connectivity from the amygdala to multiple cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar regions in patients compared with control subjects, with differences predominantly in the left amygdala in the pretreated condition (disease state); (2) dampened hyperconnectivity from the left amygdala to the motor cortex, parietal lobe, and cingulate cortex after intensive pain rehabilitation treatment within patients with nominal differences observed among healthy control subjects from time 1 to time 2 (treatment effects); (3) functional connectivity to several regions key to fear circuitry (prefrontal cortex, bilateral middle temporal lobe, bilateral cingulate, hippocampus) correlated with higher pain-related fear scores; and (4) decreases in pain-related fear associated with decreased connectivity between the amygdala and the motor and somatosensory cortex, cingulate, and frontal areas. Our data suggest that there are rapid changes in amygdala connectivity after an aggressive treatment program in children with chronic pain and intrinsic amygdala functional connectivity activity serving as a potential indicator of treatment response.
A fuzzy expert system for deterioration modeling of buried metallic pipes

This paper presents the framework of a proposed expert system that is used to predict the deterioration rate of buried metallic pipes, based on surrounding soil properties. The knowledge base of the expert system is developed using two sources of information available for evaluating the deterioration of pipes: expert knowledge and field data. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the modeling process and the framework of the expert system, complying with the nature of the information available. The knowledge base is composed of a subjective and an objective model. The former is based upon fuzzy IF-THEN rules representing the expert knowledge obtained from published work and an expert survey. It determines the soil corrosivity potential (CoP). The objective model is a single-input-single-output (SISO) model that relates the deterioration rate (DR) to CoP. The objective model may be developed using either fuzzy modeling or a regression analysis of field data. The result of the latter is based on a set of available field data, used in a previous study, is presented.
The management of pneumothorax in patients with anorexia nervosa: A case report and review of the literature

Of the many body systems adversely affected by severe anorexia nervosa (AN), the pulmonary system is relatively spared. However, in the face of severe malnutrition of AN, the lung may undergo architectural changes that adversely affect its integrity and healing capacity. We report herein a case of a pneumothorax in a patient with severe AN, in which standard approaches to manage the pneumothorax were unsuccessful. Despite prolonged tube thoracostomy drainage, and subsequent thoracoscopic pleuredesis, the patient continued to have an air leak and non-resolution of her pneumothorax. We review the literature and discuss alternative approaches in this patient population.
The equatorial photospheric rotation rate

The equatorial photospheric rotation rate has been observed on 14 days in 1978–1980. The resulting rotation rate, ω = 14.14±0.04°/day, is 2% slower than the rate as observed for long-lived sunspots.
Efficient calculation of electrically based intermolecular potentials of weakly bonded clusters

Electrical interactions between molecules are important effects in weak and long-range attractions. With quantum mechanical techniques now capable of yielding values of all multipole polarizabilities, hyperpolariabilities, and beyond, exhaustive treatment of electrical interaction is no longer out of the question. An efficient computational strategy is presented for the evaluation of electrical interaction energies to any desired level for small, medium, and large (ca. 100 molecules) clusters. With incorporation of repulsive, hard-wall potentials, global surfaces may be examined. Example calculations are presented.
Experience-induced neural circuits that achieve high capacity

Over a lifetime, cortex performs a vast number of different cognitive actions, mostly dependent on experience. Previously it has not been known how such capabilities can be reconciled, even in principle, with the known resource constraints on cortex, such as low connectivity and low average synaptic strength. Here we describe neural circuits and associated algorithms that respect the brain's most basic resource constraints and support the execution of high numbers of cognitive actions when presented with natural inputs. Our circuits simultaneously support a suite of four basic kinds of task, each requiring some circuit modification: hierarchical memory formation, pairwise association, supervised memorization, and inductive learning of threshold functions. The capacity of our circuits is established by experiments in which sequences of several thousand such actions are simulated by computer and the circuits created tested for subsequent efficacy. Our underlying theory is apparently the only biologically plausible systems-level theory of learning and memory in cortex for which such a demonstration has been performed, and we argue that no general theory of information processing in the brain can be considered viable without such a demonstration.
The Testing Practices of Mainstream Secondary Classroom Teachers

Three procedures were utilized to select 60 seventh-grade and 60 tenth-grade teachers in Kansas, Florida, and Indiana to participate in a comprehensive study to identify the setting demands of mainstream secondary classrooms. As part of the study, these teachers were interviewed regarding their overall testing practices and those associated with the testing cycle (i.e., testing practices before, during, and after test administration) in four major content subject areas (English, science, social studies, and mathematics). Data indicate that special education teachers need to teach adolescents with mild handicaps effective test-taking strategies and skills to enable them to cope effectively in general education classrooms. Test-taking strategies developed at the University of Kansas Institute for Research in Learning Disabilities as part of the Strategies Intervention Model are discussed, as are basic test-taking skills and instructional procedures for special and general educators to implement to enhance s...
An Analytical Method of Determining Damage Initiation for Potential Use in Establishing Strain-Based Failure Criteria

This paper proposes a methodology for analytically determining the initiation of ductile fracture due to the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids. Since structural damages in the shipping packages of radioactive materials are judged to be mainly caused by ductile fracture rather than shear fracture due to shear band localization, the proposed methodology has potential use in establishing strain-based failure criteria. The proposed methodology is based on the concept that, to ensure its structural integrity, a package should be designed within the maximum load-carrying capability. The load-carrying capabilities for various states of stress can be determined from the load-displacement relationships obtained from the numerical simulations of various specimen tests. As a result, the maximum equivalent plastic strain corresponding to the maximum load-carrying capability can be expressed in terms of stress triaxiality. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to analytically determine the effective plastic strains at the damage initiation in the state of multiple stresses where the load-carrying capacity is at maximum. By considering both material and geometrical nonlinearity in the mathematical representations of structures, the maximum load-carrying capabilities can be calculated as long as the stress-strain data is given.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
BMS-354825 multiple oncogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells

674 BMS-354825 is an ATP-competitive, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that suppresses Src family kinases, EphA2, Abl, c-kit, and PDGFR activity at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Src activation in malignant cells induces pleiotropic effects that include transformation, increased proliferation, enhanced survival, stimulation of angiogenesis, and changes in motility. Src is overexpressed and activated in epithelial tumors, including HNSCC and NSCLC. Levels of expression or activation correlate with disease progression, suggesting that Src inhibition may have therapeutic activity in these diseases. HNSCC and NSCLC incubation with clinically relevant BMS-354825 concentrations has multiple biological effects that appear to be mediated through Src and/or EphA2 inhibition. BMS-354825 inhibited migration in all cell lines and induced cell cycle arrest (block in the G1 to S transition) and subsequent apoptosis in highly sensitive cell lines. The effects on migration correlate with inhibition of Src and downstream mediators of adhesion (FAK, p130, paxillin), while cell cycle effects and apoptosis correlate with inhibition of AKT, induction of p27, and de-phosphorylation of Rb. BMS-354825 also induced morphology changes that were integrin-dependent, consistent with an upstream role for Src in regulation of focal adhesion complexes. Additional studies are focused on the effects Src inhibition on angiogenesis and metastasis in animal models of aerodigestive tract tumors. BMS-354825 may have therapeutic activity against HNSCC and NSCLC.
Pretargeted Immuno-PET: Overcoming Limitations of Space and Time

Although the development of radiolabeled antibodies for preclinical and clinical use in PET imaging continues to mature into a widespread technique ([1][1]–[4][2]), limitations still remain: namely space, in which the antigens to which our antibody is targeting are located (intracellularly or cell
Characterization of the HEVC Coding Efficiency Advance Using 20 Scenes, ITU-T Rec. P.913 Compliant Subjective Methods, VQM, and PSNR

The new video coding standard, MPEG-H Part 2 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or H.265, was developed to be roughly twice as efficient as H.264/AVC -- meaning H.265/HEVC could deliver the same quality as H.264/AVC using roughly half the bitrate. In this paper we describe a subjective experiment designed to test this claim. We present an experiment using 20 different 1080p 29.97 fps scenes and 12 impairment levels spanning MPEG-2, H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC. Additionally we compare the results obtained from the subjective assessment to quality estimates from two objective metrics: VQM and PSNR. Our subjective results show that H.265/HEVC can deliver the same quality at half the bitrate compared to H.264/AVC and can perform better at one quarter the bitrate compared to MPEG-2 in many, but not all, situations. For all 20 scenes coded with H.265/HEVC at 4 Mbps mean opinion scores span 38% of the subjective scale, which indicates the importance of scene selection. Objective quality estimations of HEVC have a low correlation with subjective results (0.60 for VQM, 0.64 for PSNR).
Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement

The sociological literature on social movement organizations (SMOs) has come to recognize that under neoliberal globalization many SMOs have moved from an emphasis on the state as the locus of change toward a focus on corporations as targets. This shift has led some SMOs to turn to forms of market-based private regulatory action. The use of one such tactic—voluntary, third-party product certification—has grown substantially, as SMOs seek ways to hold stateless firms accountable. This article explores the case of the international fair trade movement, which aims to change the inequitable terms of global trade in commodities for small farmers, artisans, and waged laborers. Drawing from interviews with a range of fair trade participants, document analysis, and media coverage, the article describes fair trade's growing relationship with multinational coffee firms, particularly Starbucks and Nestle. It explores intra-movement conflicts over the terms for and the effects of corporate participation in fair trade, and illuminates tensions between conceptualizations of fair trade as movement, market, and system. The article makes two arguments. First, while fair trade has succeeded partially in reembedding market exchange within systems of social and moral relations, it has also proved susceptible to the power of corporate actors to disembed the alternative through a process of movement co-optation. Second, it argues that co-optation takes a unique form in the context of social movements whose principal tools to achieve social change are certification and labeling: it occurs primarily on the terrain of standards, in the form of weakening or dilution.
Complete Genome Sequence of Fish Pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila AL06-06.

Aeromonas hydrophila occurs in freshwater environments and infects fish and mammals. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Aeromonas hydrophila AL06-06, which was isolated from diseased goldfish and is being used for comparative genomic studies with A. hydrophila strains that cause bacterial septicemia in channel catfish aquaculture.
Construction of Dynamical Theories for Elastic Anisotropic Beams

A general framework for constructing a refined beam theory is presented. Such refined theory is capable of describing end-effects and high-frequency vibrations. This is achieved by the introduction of new 1-D variables in addition to four classical ones associated with extension, torsion and bending in two orthogonal directions. These additional 1-D variables represent high-frequency modes of vibration with corresponding cross-sectional displacement field calculated by solving appropriate 2-D problems over the cross section. Next, the asymptotic analysis is conducted to ensure correct description of long wavelength vibrations. The need of the correct short-wave extrapolation is illustrated for various modes of vibrations. Timoshenko and Vlasov theories are cast in terms of this general framework. The numerical results of the applications of this theory will be reported later.
Music Preferences and the Adolescent Brain: A Review of Literature

Music plays an important part in the transitional period of life for adolescents as they define their personal and social identities and build their preferences for music. Recent neuroscientific research into the adolescent brain has produced developmental models that work to explain the neural reasons behind teenage behavior and development. These neural responses and developments of the brain provide some understanding for many of the social, as well as musical, choices that teenagers make during this period. By examining processes in the adolescent brain, we can begin to understand some reasons behind choices for music preference, which can aid music educators in determining the best ways to present music to teenagers in the music classroom. The purpose of this article is to present a review of previous research in adolescent brain development, music preference, and the application of such research in the musical education of adolescent students.
Electrical Conductivity and Gamma-Ray Response to Clay, Water, and Chloride Content in Fissured Sediments, Trans-Pecos Texas

Several important hydrogeological parameters affect electrical conductivity of soils. To assess the utility of geophysical techniques in distinguishing the effects of these parameters, we compare conductivity measured using electromagnetic induction instruments with clay, water, and chloride contents of borehole samples. Electromagnetic soundings and induction and gamma-ray logs were acquired at boreholes drilled in fissured sediments in the arid Trans-Pecos region of West Texas. Conductivity correlates with water and clay content at these sites; chloride has little influence on conductivity, particularly at low water content. Conductivity increases with water content above threshold values of 0.03 to 0.07 g/g at the Eagle Flat, Red Light Bolson, and Hueco Bolson sites. Little correlation exists between water content and conductivity at Ryan Flat, perhaps because of the presence of clays having low cation-exchange capacities. Gamma logs reveal more stratigraphic detail than borehole samples provide. At Red Light Bolson and Hueco Bolson, gamma counts increase with clay content. At Eagle Flat, because gamma counts are only a little higher in the clay fraction, the gamma log underestimates clay content range. At Ryan Flat, gamma counts are higher in the coarse fraction than in the clay fraction. Nonintrusive electromagnetic soundings produce simple conductivity models, detect abrupt conductivity changes, and provide data from below the boreholes. Soundings detect subtle conductivity changes poorly and are best used to map major features over large areas or provide information between boreholes. Conversely, gamma and induction logs provide detailed information about texture and conductivity, guide sample selection, and place samples in context, although they have limited lateral applicability. The site dependency of gamma response to clay content and of conductivity to water, clay, and chloride content reaffirms the importance of subsurface sampling.
The household structure of second-generation children: an exploratory study of extended family arrangements.

Using data from the Children of Immigrants Survey, the antecedents of extended family arrangements among immigrant households with children are examined. The incidence and form of such arrangements...
Effects of Personalization and Invitation Email Length on Web-Based Survey Response Rates

Individual strategies to increase response rate and survey completion have been extensively researched. Recently, efforts have been made to investigate a combination of interventions to yield better response rates for web-based surveys. This study examined the effects of four different survey invitation conditions on response rate. From a large metropolitan university in the West, a group of 1,598 selected students were randomly assigned to four groups, each of which received a different version of the invitation email to participate in a survey of campus technology needs. Findings show that neither the degree of personalization nor the length of the invitation email impacted survey response or completion. Additionally, the outcomes demonstrated the impact of research-based “best practices” and their impact on overall response rate.
Machlup on Knowledge: Science, Subjectivism and the Social Nature of Knowledge

Throughout his long and distinguished career, Fritz Machlup was continually concerned with the epistemological foundations and credentials of economics. He was one of very few economists to consider methodology as more than prefatory importance, as a subject of intrinsic and continuous significance to economists. His many writings in this area necessarily were concerned with various questions ultimately pointing to the truth-status of economic analysis (1978). But Machlup also was concerned — as one of an even smaller subset of the discipline — with economics as a system of discourse using language. His many writings in this regard dealt with the rhetoric of economics or, as he phrased it, economic semantics and pointed to qualities of knowledge other than truth value (1963). In his later years, having already produced a major study on the production and distribution of knowledge in the United States (1962), Machlup embarked, with a small army of associates, on an eight-, eventually ten-, volume series on ‘knowledge, its creation, distribution and economic significance’. Prior to his death in 1983 two volumes had been published, on knowledge and knowledge production (1980) and on the branches of learning (1982).
Methylnaltrexone methobromide: the first peripherally active, centrally inactive opioid receptor-antagonist.

OBJECTIVE To review the chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, indications, and dosing and administration of methylnaltrexone methobromide, the first approved peripherally selective opioid receptor-antagonist. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE/PUBMED and EMBASE searches (January 1966-February 2009) were conducted to identify pertinent English-language studies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All studies evaluating any aspect of methylnaltrexone methobromide. DATA SYNTHESIS Subcutaneous methylnaltrexone methobromide is the first opioid receptor-antagonist to be approved for the treatment of opioid receptor-agonist-induced constipation (subset with advanced disease, receiving palliative care, with an inadequate response to laxative therapy). This agent lacks meaningful activity in the central nervous system and, hence, will not compromise centrally mediated analgesia or precipitate centrally mediated signs/symptoms of opioid receptor-agonist withdrawal. There are no published comparative trials with traditional pharmacologic/nonpharmacologic laxation regimens. CONCLUSION Methylnaltrexone methobromide is administered into the upper arm, abdomen, or thigh once every other day, with the frequency of dosing being increased, if needed, to a maximum of once daily. Recommended doses are 8 mg, 12 mg, or 0.15 mg/kg, depending on patient weight. For creatinine clearances less than 30 mL/min, the dose should be reduced by 50%. The average wholesale price is $83.33 for a 12 mg single-use vial (Medispan, accessed December 4, 2008). Clearly, parenteral agents are not as useful as oral agents and results of ongoing studies with new oral formulations of this product are eagerly awaited.
Brief announcement: a randomized algorithm for label assignment in dynamic networks

In large-scale networking environments, such as data centers, a key difficulty is the assignment of labels to network elements. Labels can be assigned statically, e.g. MAC-addresses in traditional Layer 2 networks, or by a central authority as in DHCP in Layer 3 networks. On the other hand, networks requiring a dynamic solution often use a Consensus-based state machine approach. While designing Alias [2], a protocol for automatically assigning hierarchically meaningful addresses in data center networks, we encountered an instance of label assignment with entirely different requirements. In this case, the rules for labels depend on connectivity, and connectivity (and hence, labels) changes over time. Thus, neither static assignment nor a state machine approach is ideal.
Characteristic energy range of electron scattering due to plasmaspheric hiss

We investigate the characteristic energy range of electron flux decay due to the interaction with plasmaspheric hiss in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. The Van Allen Probes have measured the energetic electron flux decay profiles in the Earth's outer radiation belt during a quiet period following the geomagnetic storm that occurred on 07 November 2015. The observed energy of significant electron decay increases with decreasing L shell, and is well correlated with the energy band corresponding to the first adiabatic invariant μ = 4 – 200 MeV/G. The electron diffusion coefficients due to hiss scattering are calculated at L = 2 – 6, and the modeled energy band of effective pitch angle scattering is also well correlated with the constant μ lines and is consistent with the observed energy range of electron decay. Using the previously developed statistical plasmaspheric hiss model during modestly disturbed periods, we perform a 2D Fokker-Planck simulation of the electron phase space density evolution at L = 3.5, and demonstrate that plasmaspheric hiss causes the significant decay of 100 keV – 1 MeV electrons with the largest decay rate occurring at around 340 keV, forming anisotropic pitch angle distributions at lower energies and more flattened distributions at higher energies. Our study provides reasonable estimates of the electron populations that can be most significantly affected by plasmaspheric hiss and the consequent electron decay profiles.
Cellular and molecular profiling of graft injury post renal transplantation

Purpose of review Continues advancements in assessing methods for biomolecules that have assisted to identify surrogate candidate biomarkers that can be used to monitor the transplanted organ. These high-throughput methods can help researchers to significantly speed up the identification and the validation steps, which are crucial factors for biomarker discovery efforts. However, this task in transplantation confronts multiple limitations. The review summarizes main findings using 'omics approaches in the evaluation of different types of allograft injury with the overarching aim of evaluating the next steps for transferring the available data to the clinical setting. Recent findings Significant discoveries have been made about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that associate with graft injury that may lead to early biomarkers of graft injury (prediction and diagnosis) with the goal of improving long-term outcomes by extending the lifespan of the graft and/or identifying new therapeutic targets. Summary Common efforts among researchers are needed for transferring biomarkers to the clinical setting and, moreover, elucidate pathways that may allow for early interventions to avoid fibrosis progression and graft loss. Large and prospective studies for validation of current available data under strict analytical evaluation are needed to move biomarkers from the discovery phase to validation and clinical implementation.
Small Fluorescent Probes Show iGluRs are in the Synapses of Transfected Neurons under Basal Conditions

We imaged transiently transfected live glutamate receptors (iGluRs), namely AMPAR and NMDAR, with super-resolution in three-dimension, labeled with differently sized fluorophores. We used small organic fluorescent dyes (∼ 4 nm), small quantum dots (sQD, ∼10 nm in diameter), or big (commercial) quantum dots (bQD, ∼ 20 nm in diameter). The iGluRs were imaged along with a synaptic protein, Homer1c, using fiducial markers that eliminate stage drift, and under conditions where the receptor cross-linking is monitored or eliminated. With small probes under basal conditions, we find that both AMPAR and NMDAR are predominantly within the synapse (∼84-95%), in contrast to bQDs, which show only 5-10% within the synapse. The results can likely be explained by cross-linking and inhibited mobility of the iGluRs labeled with bQDs, but not with sQDs or organic fluorophores. Hence, this data indicates that there is not a highly diffusible pool of extrasynaptic iGluRs in the plasma membrane, as has been widely reported. In addition, within a synapse, the distribution is non-homogeneous, perhaps due to the non-homogeneous distribution of glutamate.
Why We Should Care About Universal Biology

Our understanding of the universe has grown rapidly in recent decades. We’ve discovered evidence of water in nearby planets, discovered planets outside our solar system, mapped the genomes of thousands of organisms, and probed the very origins and limits of life. The scientific perspective of life-as-it-could-be has expanded in part by research in astrobiology, synthetic biology, and artificial life. In the face of such scientific developments, we argue there is an ever-growing need for universal biology, life-as-it-must-be, the multidisciplinary study of non-contingent aspects of life as guided by biological theory and constrained by the universe. We present three distinct but connected ways of universalizing biology—with respect to characterizing aspects of life everywhere, with respect to the explanatory scope of biological theory, and with respect to extending biological insights to the structure of nonbiological entities. For each of these, we sketch the theoretical goals and challenges, as well as give examples of current research that might be labeled universal biology.
What’s in a Brand Name?

The brand acts as a lens for viewing product offerings with a favorable bias. The point of branding a college or university is to provide an advantage in attracting resources to benefit the organization. Branding denies access and restricts equality of opportunity and is antithetical to diversity. Administrators who follow a branding strategy are institutionally antagonistic to diversity. Branding a college is a deliberate signaling of superiority that runs along the fault lines of ethnic, cultural, and economic division. Brands are a retroactive investment in the name fixed by unconscious desire and self-interested relevance. By a process of naming through desire and self-interested relevance, names can become organizing quilting points, point de capiton, empty signifiers, or brand nodes that structure discourse. A set of mathemes/discourse functions and examples are used to illustrate the naming process.
Hydrogen/formic acid production from natural gas with zero carbon dioxide emissions

Abstract Presented in this work is a novel process flowsheet that co-produces hydrogen and formic acid from natural gas, without emitting any carbon dioxide. This is achieved by employing a reaction cluster that involves commercially available technologies, such as combustion, dry reforming, water-gas shift reaction, pressure-swing adsorption, and formic acid production via methyl formate hydrolysis. Thermodynamic and energetic self-sufficiency analysis imposes operating limits on the proposed process, within which a feasible flowsheet is developed. Heat and power integration analysis reveals that heat engine and heat pump subnetworks are sufficient to meet the flowsheet's energy requirements without violating energetic self-sufficiency constraints. Operating cost analysis reveals a revenue to cost ratio of 8.8, when the system's operating point is chosen to maximize hydrogen production.
On the Path from Proteomics to Function: GABAAR Trafficking Takes a Turn

There are significant challenges in identifying receptor-specific functional interactors in vivo. In this issue of Neuron, Ge et al. (2018) identify a novel GABAA receptor (GABAAR)-interacting protein, Clptm1, that regulates forward trafficking of GABAARs and inhibitory transmission.
What Makes a Pancreatic Cancer Resectable

The majority of patients with localized pancreatic cancer who undergo surgery with or without adjuvant therapy will develop metastatic disease, suggesting that surgery alone is not sufficient for cure and micrometastases are present at the time of diagnosis even when not clinically apparent. As such, the field is rapidly moving to consensus on treatment sequencing, which emphasizes the early delivery of systemic therapy and the application of surgery to the population of patients most likely to receive clinical benefit from such large operations—namely, those with stable or responding disease following systemic therapy and often chemoradiation. There remains incomplete consensus about the definition of what is operable (both tumor anatomy and patient age/comorbidities) and whether the operation should be performed in a high-volume center by more experienced surgeons. In this article, we try to provide a comprehensive description of when surgery should be performed and what constitutes an operable tumor. S...
The Practical Use of X-ray Techniques

In this chapter, we consider the various ways to make measurements of residual stresses on real parts, either in an ordinary x-ray laboratory (Sect. 7.2) to which such samples may be brought occasionally, in a factory where frequent inspection is required, or in the field, for example at large construction sites, on oil-rigs or pipelines or power stations, or for parts which are too large for a commercial diffractometer. There are several units now available for such situations, but this equipment is new and can be expected to change frequently. Therefore we prefer here to provide a list of ideal requirements for the software and hardware (Sect. 7.3), against which the reader can examine what is available commercially, emphasizing his own priorities in these lists. (Also, it is always advisable to contact several users of such equipment, as well as the supplier.) We will then briefly describe the available equipment at this writing (Sect. 7.4), and conclude with a detailed examination of several examples of the use of stress measurements in such situations (Sect. 7.5).
PROTEINS OF A MINIPLASMID DERIVATIVE OF THE BROAD HOST RANGE PLASMID RK2

Publisher Summary The plasmid RK2 belongs to the P-l incompatability group and confers resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline. This chapter describes a procedure in which a miniplasmid derivative of RK2 that contains only trf A and trf β regions was used in order to determine the types of proteins synthesized. However, as the plasmid was stringently controlled, it was necessary to develop a system in which plasmid-specific proteins could be enriched over the background of bacterial protein synthesis. For this purpose, the maxicell system of Sancar was chosen. This involves the use of a mutant E. coli strain extremely sensitive to ultraviolet light that is unable to be photoreactivated. When this mutant is transformed with the RK2 miniplasmid or other plasmids containing the essential regions, it is possible to enrich for plasmid-specific radioactive proteins because extensive degradation of bacterial DNA occurs concurrently with the amplification of plasmid DNA. Using this procedure, a number of proteins specifically synthesized by the miniplasmid derivative of RK2 was identified from this low-copy-number plasmid. Some of these proteins are encoded by the trf-A- and trf-B-controlling regions.