cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REGIONAL INFORMATION DESIGN FOR PUBLIC DECISIONS

Regional information designs are tools for decision makers at subnational levels; their principal purpose is to improve the dialogue between the decision maker and the analyst as a means of improving the quality of policy decisions. This paper first examines key characteristics of regional accounts and regional information systems of relevance primarily at the state or province level. Then the nature and scope of regional decisions are reviewed with a view of delineating the problems encountered in developing systematic regional information to help make those decisions. Both policy and program decisions are considered in terms of scanning the horizon for potential opportunities and problems and of identifying preferred solutions to the problems. Finally, one regional information design is sketched out which classifies in an orderly fashion the environmental and program information useful in regional decision making.
Theoretical calculations of dielectronic recombination in crossed electric and magnetic fields

Recently, Robicheaux and Pindzola [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2237 (1997)] reported on model calculations of dielectronic recombination (DR) in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. They showed that the enhancement of the DR by an electric field may be increased further when a magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field is present in the collision region. In this paper, we describe the results of distorted-wave calculations of dielectronic recombination in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields for Li-like C${}^{3+}$ and Si${}^{11+}$. Two sets of calculations are performed and compared. The first is based on a full intermediate-coupling (IC) calculation, while the second is based on a much simpler configuration-average (CA) approximation. Both sets of calculations predict substantial added enhancement of DR due to the magnetic field. However, the CA approximation overestimates the field-enhanced DR as compared to both the IC calculations and previous measurements of total recombination. Comparisons of our IC results with total recombination measurements are not possible because the IC Hamiltonian matrices are too large for the high values of $n$ included in these experiments; however, in anticipation of possible high-resolution experimental studies of partial DR in fields, we report on an IC calculation of the crossed-fields enhancement of DR as a function of electric-field strength for $n$=24 in Si${}^{11+}$.
Outcomes of surgery in the treatment of isolated nonnative mitral valve infective endocarditis.

Objective We reviewed our experience with the operative management of patients with isolated nonnative mitral valve infective endocarditis to better understand the outcome. Methods We reviewed the records of 39 patients operated on for isolated nonnative mitral valve infective endocarditis from January 1974 to June 2009. Median age of the group was 68 years. There were 23 (59%) women. Prostheses were mechanical in 18 (46%) patients, biological in 18 (46%), and annuloplasty rings in 3 (8%). Staphylococcus was present in 22 (56%) patients. Operative indications included valve dysfunction in 26 (67%) patients and heart failure in 22 (56%). Results Perivalvular abscess was present in 12 (31%) patients. Replacement valves were mechanical in 23 (59%) patients and biological in 16 (41%). Twenty (51%) patients received additional operative procedures. Treatment-related mortality occurred in 8 (21%) patients, with age being the only factor predictive of mortality (hazard ratio, 5.37). Follow-up of the survivors was 5.7 years. Six (18%) patients underwent repeat mitral valve replacement including 3 who had an annulus abscess at the initial operation and 2 who had the prosthesis sutured to the left atrial wall. There was 1 (4%) case of recurrent endocarditis in the group of 28 patients who survived more than 1 year after the incident operation. Survival at 5 years was 48% (95% confidence interval, 35%-67%). Conclusions Surgery for isolated nonnative mitral valve infective endocarditis carries increased operative risk. Aggressive debridement and reconstruction of the annulus are paramount to achieving a good outcome. Surviving patients obtain high rates of cure and freedom from recurrent infective endocarditis.
Biomaterials in the repair of sports injuries.

The optimal stimulation of tissue regeneration in bone, cartilage and spinal cord injuries involves a judicious selection of biomaterials with tailored chemical compositions, micro- and nanostructures, porosities and kinetic release properties for the delivery of relevant biologically active molecules.
Convolutions for special classes of harmonic univalent functions

Abstract Ruscheweyh and Sheil-Small proved the PolyarSchoenberg conjecture that the class of convex analytic functions is closed under convolution or Hadamard product. They also showed that close-to-convexity is preserved under convolution with convex analytic functions. In this note, we investigate harmonic analogs. Beginning with convex analytic functions, we form certain harmonic functions which preserve close-to-convexity under convolution. An auxiliary function enables us to obtain necessary and sufficient convolution conditions for convex and starlike harmonic functions, which lead to sufficient coefficient bounds for inclusion in these classes.
Studies of Human Diploid Fibroblast Growth. I. Responses of Normal and Hypopituitary Cells to Fibroblast Growth Factor, Insulin, and Serum

We have assayed the growth stimulating activity of bovine insulin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) in diploid human fibroblasts from normal and idiopathichypopituitary donors. All three factors stimulated DNA synthesis in cells arrested by serum starvation. FGF was active at concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml with maximum effect at 100 ng/ml. FGF stimualted DNA synthesis at lower concentrations than did insulin and also produced a greater maximum response. Only serum was capable of supporting cell division and growth, but FGF accellerated this growth rate when it was added to serum-containing medium. Hydrocortisone, actinomycin D, and cycloheximide inhibit FGF stimulation. There was no significant difference between fibroblasts from normal and hypopituitary donors.
An approach for treating the hepatobiliary disease of cystic fibrosis by somatic gene transfer.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of epithelial cell ion transport that is associated with pathology in multiple organ systems, including lung, pancreas, and liver. As treatment of the pulmonary manifestations of CF has improved, management of CF liver disease has become increasingly important in adult patients. This report describes an approach for treating CF liver disease by somatic gene transfer. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry analysis of rat liver sections indicated that the endogenous CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene is primarily expressed in the intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. To specifically target recombinant genes to the biliary epithelium in vivo, recombinant adenoviruses expressing lacZ or human CFTR were infused retrograde into the biliary tract through the common bile duct. Conditions were established for achieving recombinant gene expression in virtually all cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts in vivo. Expression persisted in the smaller bile ducts for the duration of the experiment, which was 21 days. These studies suggest that it may be feasible to prevent CF liver disease by genetically reconstituting CFTR expression in the biliary tract, using an approach that is clinically feasible.
Wear maps for low temperature carburised 316L austenitic stainless steel sliding against alumina

AbstractWear maps illustrating the tribological benefits imparted to interstitially hardened austenitic stainless steels carburised at low temperatures and sliding against alumina were developed using pin-on-disk wear tests. Low temperature carburisation enables the use of austenitic stainless steel grade 316L under applied loads and sliding speeds that would usually be considered far too severe for this alloy. Comparisons of wear volume, wear debris and wear scars produced by sliding under various speeds and applied loads showed that low temperature carburisation of 316L stainless steel extends the mild wear regime and prevents the severe wear under harsh test conditions observed in non-treated grades of this steel.
An anelastic study of quenched gold

Abstract An internal friction peak which was associated with stress induced divacancy reorientation was observed in high purity gold after quenching from high temperatures. From the frequency dependence of the damping the enthalpy of motion of the divacancy was estimated to be 0.65± 0.08 eV. The magnitude of the damping peak suggests that the divacancies are tightly bound and have a dipole anisotropy of δλ ~ 0.65. Annealing after a quench resulted in an initial increase in divacancy concentration followed by a decrease. This behavior is shown to be consistent with a kinetic annealing model and leads to an estimate of the divacancy binding energy of about 0.3 eV. The annealing was also observed to decrease the dislocation contribution to the background damping. This decrease obeyed the expected strain aging kinetics and analysis of the data gave a divacancy motion enthalpy of 0.68 ± 0.15 in agreement with the value obtained from the frequency dependence.
Numerical Simulation of Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Copper: Comparison Between Molecular Dynamics and Finite Difference Calculations

Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Finite Difference (FD) methods are applied to investigate femtosecond laser ablation of copper. Laser induced heat transfer, melting, vaporization, and material ablation are studied. Phase change relevant parameters, such as the velocity of solid-liquid and liquid-vapor interfaces are reported. It is shown that results of MD and FD are in good agreement before strong material removal occurs. However, only MD is capable of capturing the ablation phenomena accurately.© 2003 ASME
The methodological status of Popper's rationality principle

Popper's account of situational explanations is contrasted with the models of Dray and Hempel. Popper's Rationality Principle has the unusual feature of positing causal connections between objective ideas (world 3) and human behaviour (world 1).
Dissociative states with abnormal temporal lobe EEG. Multiple personality and the illusion of possession.

• Twelve patients with clinical and EEG manifestations reminiscent of temporal lobe epilepsy reported symptoms of dissociative states. In seven of these patients, the clinical picture was consistent with multiple personality, whereas the other five had the illusion of supernatural possession. These cases suggest that in selected instances dissociative states may constitute complex behavioral manifestations of chronic limbic epilepsy.
On the nature of relaxation among degenerate electronic states of square molecules

Abstract D4h-symmetric molecules, typified by metalloporphyrins and their symmetric derivatives, generally have allowed optical transitions to a pair of degenerate electronic states. Should emission from these states display little or no splitting, one may postulate that static Jahn–Teller effects are unimportant and that the states remain essentially degenerate during relaxation. We show that the quantum mechanics and stochastic kinetics of such `rigorously square' systems require degeneracy between two relaxation rates that have previously been assumed distinct from one another. We discuss the need for reinterpretation of certain time-resolved anisotropy data and explore the resolution of some dilemmas arising.
Immunocytochemical localization of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in porcine ciliary epithelium.

Abstract Our previous work on cultured bovine ciliary epithelial cells indicated that γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) activity is primarily associated with the non-pigmented epithelial cells and is virtually absent in the pigmented epithelial cells [Ng and Shichi, (1987) J. Ocular Pharmacol , 3 , 341–348]. We have now investigated the localization of GGTP in porcine ciliary processes by immunocytochemical methods using goat anti-rat GGTP serum detected by rabbit anti-goat IgG secondary antibodies conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate or horseradish peroxidase, or biotin-conjugated secondary antibodies and streptavidin (Auroprobe). The non-pigmented cells were labeled uniformly and intensely by fluorescent antibodies, while only the plasma membrane (on the stroma side) was labeled in the pigmented cells. Immunoperoxidase reactions demonstrated that only the plasma membrane was labeled also in non-pigmented cells. The apparent uniform labeling of the cytoplasm of non-pigmented cells by fluorescent antibodies was attributed to the extensively infolded plasma membrane. The peroxidase reaction product was not found in the mitochondria, nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum of non-pigmented or pigmented cells. Immunogold labeling indicated that antigenic sites are associated with the plasma membrane infoldings (vitreous side) of non-pigmented cells, and the plasma membrane (stroma side) of pigmented cells. For enzymatic localization of GGTP activity in ciliary epithelial cells, non-pigmented and pigmented epithelial cells were carefully separated from fresh porcine ciliary body and homogenized to isolate microsomal fractions containing vesicles of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. The specific activity of microsomes from non-pigmented cells was 23 times higher than that of microsomes from pigmented cells. We conclude that GGTP is localized to the plasma membrane of both non-pigmented and pigmented cells and that the markedly high GGTP activity of non-pigmented cells is due to massive plasma membrane infoldings.
X-ray mirror assessment with optical light

The imaging capability of a thin foil x-ray mirror has been examined with optical light, using a laser beam and a wide optical parallel beam. These measurements reveal that (1) image broadening due to millimeter scale waviness (orange peel) of the aluminum substrate, partly intrinsic to the foil and partly caused during the foil treatment, is 1.2-min of arc half-power diameter (HPD) in two reflections; (2) slope errors due to foil shaping and misalignment cause broadening of 1.6-2.0-min of arc HPD; (3) total broadening is ~3-min of arc HPD, which is consistent with the broadening of 2.6-min of arc HPD measured with x rays.
Iconic Destiny and “The Lady of Shalott”: Living in a World of Images

This essay argues that “The Lady of Shalott” mirrors a moment in Britain’s age of industrialization when two machines in particular--the steam-press and the power-loom--had transformed ideas about intellectual and physical labor. Taking as a point of departure the poem’s well-documented visual canonization, I contend that non-verbal illustration is also a crucial historical category for understanding how the poem initially came to be. In this context, the many visual interpretations of “The Lady of Shalott” reflect Tennyson’s concerns about writing at a time when an illustrated print media had harnessed new powers of representation and replication.
Impacts of meat product recalls on consumer demand in the USA

The impact of meat product recall events on consumer demand (beef, pork, poultry, and other consumption goods) in the USA is tested empirically. Beef, pork, and poultry recall indices are constructed from both the Food Safety Inspection Service's meat recall events and from newspaper reports over the period 1982–1998. Following previous product recall studies, recall indices are incorporated as shift variables in consumers’ demand functions. Estimating an absolute price version of the Rotterdam demand model, findings indicate that Food Safety Inspection Service's meat recall events significantly impact demand, and newspaper reports do not. Moreover, although elasticities related to recall events are significant they are small in magnitude relative to price and income effects. Any favourable effects on the demands of meat substitutes for a recall are offset by a more general negative effect on meat demand. The general negative effect indicates a shift out of meat to non-meat consumption goods.
Comparison of Bmi From the Nutrition Screening Initiattve and Proposed Bmi From the Usda and Department of Health and Human Services

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify,from a pilot study, the number of elderly who are at risk for high or low BMI using the proposed standards from the USDA and Health and Human Services (HHS) as cormpared to those of the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI)Although gaining weight with aging seems to be a "normal" trend from many Americans recommending weight guidelines that are lower than previous standards. This corresponds to lower BMIs also. NSI standards for BMI risk in the elderly are 27. The BMIs, based on the recommended weight guidelines from USDA and HHS are 24.9. The participants were 30 elderly participants 12 men and 18 women, ages 60-99; mean age 70.57 We identified and compared those at risk for high or low BMI based on the two standards.
Global Distribution of the Net Energy Balance of the Atmosphere from Tiros Radiation Data

The radiation data from Tiros II and Tiros III have been analyzed to obtain the monthly averages of the global distribution of the total outgoing radiation from the earth. These data have been combined with climatological estimates of the incoming radiation for the same periods to obtain monthly averages of the regional distribution of the net energy balance. The results show that these data could be useful in studies of the meridional circulation and the evolution of large-scale weather systems.
Influence of Analysis Methods on Interpretation of Hazard Maps

Exposure or hazard mapping is becoming increasingly popular among industrial hygienists. Direct-reading instruments used for hazard mapping of data collection are steadily increasing in reliability and portability while decreasing in cost. Exposure measurements made with these instruments generally require no laboratory analysis although hazard mapping can be a time-consuming process. To inform decision making by industrial hygienists and management, it is crucial that the maps generated from mapping data are as accurate and representative as possible. Currently, it is unclear how many sampling locations are necessary to produce a representative hazard map. As such, researchers typically collect as many points as can be sampled in several hours and interpolation methods are used to produce higher resolution maps. We have reanalyzed hazard-mapping data sets from three industrial settings to determine which interpolation methods yield the most accurate results. The goal is to provide practicing industrial hygienists with some practical guidelines to generate accurate hazard maps with ‘off-the-shelf’ mapping software. Visually verifying the fit of the variogram model is crucial for accurate interpolation. Exponential and spherical variogram models performed better than Gaussian models. It was also necessary to diverge from some of the default interpolation parameters such as the number of bins used for the experimental variogram and whether or not to allow for a nugget effect to achieve reasonable accuracy of the interpolation for some data sets.
Agents in development for prostate cancer prevention

Accumulated epidemiological evidence indicates that prostate cancer mortality should be preventable. As androgenic hormones have long been recognised to be required for normal prostatic development, and because androgen deprivation is an established treatment for advanced prostate cancer, androgen signalling has been an attractive target for prostate cancer prevention. Inhibitors of 5α-reductase, an enzyme necessary for the conversion of testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone, have reached pivotal clinical trials for prostate cancer prevention. In addition, new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer hint that chronic or recurrent prostate inflammation may contribute to the development of the disease. A variety of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs, which are likely to be capable of attenuating pro-carcinogenic genome damage from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, are also under current development for prostate cancer prevention. This review will consider...
Assessing the Compactability of Recycled Concrete Aggregate

With a rise in virgin aggregate consumption, the use of recycled materials has become an attractive solution in earthwork and pavement construction. An understanding of the behavior and characteristics of recycled materials is necessary before they are used in practice. In this study, the behavior of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) during compaction in a 3-ft-diameter cross-linked polyethylene bin was examined. The main objectives of this experiment were to (a) determine the applicability of the nuclear gauge and time domain reflectometry for measuring the dry density and moisture content of RCA, (b) measure the stiffness of the RCA with a portable falling weight deflectometer and GeoGauge, (c) estimate the compaction-induced lateral pressures of the RCA, and (d) assess the variation in moisture content, dry density, and stiffness of the RCA over a 2-month postcompaction period. Measurements were taken immediately after each lift was compacted and again over the postcompaction period. Highlights of the ...
Experimental Infection of NOD/SCID Mice Reconstituted with Human CD34+ Cells with Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced lymphoproliferative disease is an important complication in the context of immune deficiency. Impaired T-cell immunity allows the outgrowth of transformed cells with the subsequent production of predominantly B-cell lymphomas. Currently there is no in vivo model that can adequately recapitulate EBV infection and its association with B-cell lymphomas. NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human CD34 + cells and reconstituted mainly with human B lymphocytes may serve as a useful xenograft model to study EBV infection and pathogenesis. We therefore infected reconstituted mice with EBV. High levels of viral DNA were detected in the peripheral blood of all infected mice. All infected mice lost weight and showed decreased activity levels. Infected mice presented large visible tumors in multiple organs, most prominently in the spleen. These tumors stained positive for human CD79a, CD20, CD30, and EBV-encoded RNAs and were light chain restricted. Their characterization is consistent with that of large cell immunoblastic lymphoma. In addition, tumor cells expressed EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2a mRNAs, which is consistent with a type II latency program. EBV + lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human CD45, CD19, CD21, CD23, CD5, and CD30 were readily established from the bone marrow and spleens of infected animals. Finally, we also demonstrate that infection with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged virus can be monitored by the detection of infected EGFP + cells and EGFP + tumors. These data demonstrate that NOD/SCID mice that are reconstituted with human CD34 + cells are susceptible to infection by EBV and accurately recapitulate important aspects of EBV pathogenesis.
EMDR as a Treatment for Test Anxiety

We assigned sixty-two test-anxious undergraduates to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), rational emotive therapy (RET), and information only, which were administered in a single ...
Advances in coastal wetland remote sensing

To plan for wetland protection and sensible coastal development, scientists and managers need to monitor the changes in coastal wetlands as the sea level continues to rise and the coastal population keeps expanding. Advances in remote sensor design and data analysis techniques are providing significant improvements for studying and mapping natural and man-induced changes of coastal wetlands. New techniques include fusion of multi-sensor, multi-resolution and multitemporal images; object-based and knowledge-based classification algorithms; wetland biomass/health mapping with radar, LiDAR, and imagery; high-resolution satellite data; hyperspectral sensors; and quadcopters with digital cameras. Results of case studies show that analysis of new satellite and aircraft data, combined with a minimum of field observations, allows researchers to effectively determine longterm trends and short-term changes of wetland vegetation and hydrology. The objective of this paper is to review recent developments in wetland remote sensing and to evaluate the performance of the new techniques.
Regulation of SpeB in Streptococcus pyogenes by pH and NaCl: a Model for In Vivo Gene Expression

For a pathogen such as Streptococcus pyogenes, ecological success is determined by its ability to sense the environment and mount an appropriate adaptive transcriptional response. Thus, determining conditions for analyses of gene expression in vitro that are representative of the in vivo environment is critical for understanding the contributions of transcriptional response pathways to pathogenesis. In this study, we determined that the gene encoding the SpeB cysteine protease is up-regulated over the course of infection in a murine soft-tissue model. Conditions were identified, including growth phase, acidic pH, and an NaCl concentration of <0.1 M, that were required for expression of speB in vitro. Analysis of global expression profiles in response to these conditions in vitro identified a set of coregulated genes whose expression patterns showed a significant correlation with that of speB when examined during infection of murine soft tissues. This analysis revealed that a culture medium that promotes high levels of SpeB expression in vitro produced an expression profile that showed significant correlation to the profile observed in vivo. Taken together, these studies establish culture conditions that mimic in vivo expression patterns; that growth phase, pH, and NaCl may mimic relevant cues sensed by S. pyogenes during infection; and that identification of other environmental cues that alter expression of speB in vitro may provide insight into the signals that direct global patterns of gene expression in vivo.
NETWORKLIKE PATTERN FORMATION IN PHASE SEPARATING POLYMER SOLUTIONS : A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY

The dynamics of phase separation of a quenched polymer solution is studied using a stochastic molecular dynamics simulation. At early times, the elastic nature of the polymer chains generates a networklike domain morphology for sufficiently dense polymer solutions. However, at late times, this network structure breaks up into disconnected polymer-rich domains to minimize the interfacial energy. Our simulations explain why different experiments carried out to different time regimes seem to produce contradictory results, and strongly indicate that the true late-time growth kinetics of quenched polymer solutions belong to the same universality class of small molecular mixtures.
Graphical representation and execution animation for Prolog programs

GRASP (graphical analysis system for Prolog) is a graphical environment for analyzing Prolog programs. A description is given of the ideas that enable GRASP to visualize the structure and control flow of Prolog programs. Two types of graphical representation for a Prolog program are proposed. They visualize program structure and the logical relations of predicates, and help the user to analyze a program statically. Execution animation on the graphical representations in proposed. It dynamically visualizes the control flow during execution of a program, and assists the user finding any unintended portions in the execution. >
Immunolocalization of myosin in intact and wounded cells of the green alga Ernodesmis verticillata (Kützing) Borgesen

Myosin localization was examined in the coenocytic green alga E. verticillata using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. A polyclonal antibody affinity-purified against the heavy chain of slime-mold myosin recognizes a 220000 to 230000 Mr protein that electrophoretically migrates slightly behind rabbit myosin. A second polypeptide of 85000 Mr is also consistently detected in immunoblots, indicating that two forms of myosin-like proteins may be present in these cells. In intact cells, myosin immunofluorescence is present on the chloroplast surfaces, in nuclei and in cytoplasmic strands between plastids. Myosin labeling also occurs in association with pyrenoids primarily in apical chloroplasts. During wound-induced cytoplasmic contractions, myosin is localized near the plasma membrane in longitudinal arrays superimposed over a reticulate pattern of fluorescence; both these patterns become apparent upon wounding. Double-label immunofluorescence of actin and myosin demonstrates that these arrays represent the longitudinal bundles of actin microfilaments and the actin-containing reticulum, the former being directly associated with contraction in these cells. These results indicate that both actin and myosin are associated with contractility in Ernodesmis, probably representing the apparatus and “molecular motor”, respectively, which effect motility.
The Relationships Among Girls’ Prosocial Video Gaming, Perspective-Taking, Sympathy, and Thoughts About Violence:

This study, which was based on the General Learning Model, examined the effects of prosocial gaming on girls’ thoughts about perceived justified and unjustified aggressive attitudes as operationalized by 4 scenarios. The process was mediated by participants’ general perspective-taking and sympathy abilities, which relate to the cognitive and affective routes to learning. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the process. One hundred and forty-five girls between the ages of 7 and 15 completed the self-report online survey. Findings suggest that prosocial gaming is associated with greater perspective-taking and sympathizing abilities. These abilities positively correlated with thoughts about all types of violence as wrong whether or not “justified” and independent of severity. Error correlations suggest that younger girls’ processing comprises an affective component that bypasses the cognitive or perspective-taking route. Findings also intimate that in the case of justified violence assessments, ...
EFFECTS OF BINDING SUBSTRATE, TYPE OF NONMEAT ADDITIVE AND METHOD OF TENDERIZING ON CURED CHICKEN ROLLS

Chicken rolls were manufactured using ground dark fowl meat or mechanically deboned poultry meat as a binding substrate, sodium caseinate or soya isolate and a meat block that was mechanically tenderized or chunked. Effects of these treatments on yield, chemical composition, sensory and texture profile attributes were evaluated in this study. Inclusion of soya isolate increased the cook yield and improved color over sodium caseinate (P < 0.05). Likewise, rolls containing ground-dark fowl meat were lighter in color than those made with mechanically deboned poultry meat. Rolls made with mechanically deboned poultry meat had greater chewiness, while those made with sodium caseinate had greater cohesiveness. Texture profile analysis indicated that mechanical tenderization was the predominant factor in producing a softer and more springy chicken roll. Sensory evaluation revealed that mechanical tenderization decreased chewiness as compared to cubing (P < 0.05).
Endoscopic cold incision, balloon dilation, mitomycin C application, and steroid injection for adult laryngotracheal stenosis

Objectives/Hypothesis: To describe the presentation, stenosis characteristics, etiological differences, and outcomes of adult laryngotracheal stenosis treated with endoscopic cold incision, balloon dilation, topical mitomycin C application, and steroid injection. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Demographic and clinical data were extracted for patients treated between March 2000 and December 2010. Prolonged intubation and idiopathic patient data were utilized for comparative analysis. Results: Eighty patients (65 females; 15 males; 220 procedures; 2.9 years mean follow-up) presented with dyspnea (81%) and/or exercise intolerance (40%). Most commonly, etiologies were idiopathic (53 of 80; 66%) or prolonged intubation (14 of 80; 18%). Mean procedures per patient and interval between procedures were 2.8 procedures and 405 days, respectively. Mean stenosis length and distance from the caudal phonating edge of the true vocal folds were 9 mm and 19 mm. Complication, tracheotomy, and open-procedure rates were 1.8%, 1.4%, and 10.0%, respectively. Patients with more than two procedures demonstrated a mean 4-mm reduction in stenosis length and a 2-mm cephalad progression of stenosis over time. More caudal stenoses required more frequent procedures. Procedures were less frequent as more procedures were performed. Stenosis characteristics, interval between procedures, and total procedures were similar between idiopathic patients with or without intubation histories, but different between idiopathic and prolonged intubation patients. Conclusions: This procedure was shown to be a viable option in adult laryngotracheal stenosis. Repeat dilation was likely, but was performed without adversely affecting stenosis characteristics. Stenoses farther from the vocal folds required procedures more frequently. Idiopathic patients with a history of brief, elective intubation had stenosis characteristics and responses to therapy similar to idiopathic patients without an intubation history. Both idiopathic groups together demonstrated stenosis characteristics and responses to therapy dissimilar to patients with a history of prolonged intubation. Laryngoscope, 2013
Development of a liquid scintillator neutron multiplicity counter (LSMC)

Abstract A new neutron multiplicity counter is being developed that utilizes the fast response of liquid scintillator detectors. The ability to detect fast (vs. moderated) fission neutrons makes possible a coincidence gate of the order of tens of nanoseconds (vs. tens of microseconds). A neutron counter with such a narrow gate will be virtually insensitive to accidental coincidences, making it possible to measure items with a high single neutron background to greater accuracy in less time. This includes impure Pu items with high (α, n) rates as well as items of low-mass HEU where a strong active interrogation source is needed. Liquid scintillator detectors also allow for energy discrimination between interrogation source neutrons and fission neutrons, allowing for even greater assay sensitivity. Designing and building a liquid scintillator multiplicity counter (LSMC) requires a symbiotic effort of simulation and experiment to optimize performance and mitigate hardware costs in the final product. We present preliminary Monte-Carlo studies using the GEANT toolkit.
Risk factors for three phases of 12-month mortality in a defined population after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

A neurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is an important neurosurgical disease entity that afflicts approximately 8 to 10 persons/100,000 annually. This equates to pproximately 30,000 patients in the United States per year (on he basis of an estimated population of 300 million). In the past hree decades, considerable advances have occurred worldwide n the treatment of this disease, including the widespread doption of microsurgical clipping for many aneurysms, the evelopment of skull base techniques to facilitate aneurysm xposures, the use of bypass techniques to treat complex neurysms, the development and widespread adoption of endoascular coiling and balloon-assisted coiling for ruptured aneuysms, the use of specialized neuroanesthetic techniques and europhysiological monitoring during surgery, and specialized ntensive care for these patients to include the use of hypertenive and hypervolemic therapy during the vasospasm period as ell as and endovascular angioplasty or nicardipine for the reatment of refractory vasospasm. Critical to all of these adances is centralizing aSAH care to specialty-care centers that are ble to pool the experience and expertise of many physicians and ealth care professionals.
EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Difference in Efficacy and Resistance

Lung cancer will be diagnosed in 230,000 patients in the U.S. in 2013. Adenocarcinoma will be the most common histology, and 10 % of lung cancers will be diagnosed in never or former light smokers. These patients will be those most likely to harbor targetable mutations, in particular, mutations in epidermal growth factor (EGFR). Preclinical work beginning in the 1980s led to the development of EGFR-targeted therapy in lung cancer patients. Analysis of the responders to gefitinib and erlotinib led to the discovery of activating mutations underlying sensitivity to EGFR-directed treatment. Although EGFR-mutant patients have higher response rates, better quality of life, and longer progression free survival, all patients eventually develop resistance. Mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain that render tumors resistant to erlotinib and gefitinib are the most common mechanism of resistance. A second generation of EGFR inhibitors are now making their way to the clinic, with hopes of thwarting these resistance mechanisms or providing more durable responses via irreversible inhibition, as well as targeting of additional HER receptors. Here we review the evolution of EGFR as a target in lung cancer, and the second generation of EGFR inhibitors in development.
Personalized Biobehavioral HIV Prevention for Women and Adolescent Girls

Background: Women and adolescent girls bear a significant burden of the global HIV pandemic. Both behavioral and biomedical prevention approaches have been shown to be effective. In order to foster the most effective combination HIV-prevention approaches for women and girls, it is imperative to understand the unique biological, social, and structural considerations that increase vulnerability to acquiring HIV within this population. Primary Study Objective: The purpose of this article is to propose novel ideas for personalized biobehavioral HIV prevention for women and adolescent girls. The central argument is that we must transcend unilevel solutions for HIV prevention toward comprehensive, multilevel combination HIV prevention packages to actualize personalized biobehavioral HIV prevention. Our hope is to foster transnational dialogue among researchers, practitioners, educators, and policy makers toward the actualization of the proposed recommendations. Methods: We present a commentary organized to revi...
Hairpin Nanoprobes for Gene Detection

First hypothesized by Crick in 1958 [1], the central of dogma of biology states that DNA begets messengerRNA, which is then translated into protein. The ability to monitor this gene expression process and measure quantitatively the expression levels of mRNA can provide tremendous insight into normal and diseased states of living cells, tissues and animals, and clues to maintaining health and curing diseases. The first demonstration of mRNA being complementary to a gene and responsible for protein translation [2] was made by Hall and Spiegelman using a nucleic acid hybridization assay in which the reconstitution of the double-strandedDNAstructure occurs only between perfect, or near-perfect complementary DNA strands, leading to a method of detecting complementary nucleotide sequences. In many ways this method is the precursor to both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other modern hybridization assays.
Communication: Real time observation of unimolecular decay of Criegee intermediates to OH radical products

In the atmosphere, a dominant loss process for carbonyl oxide intermediates produced from alkene ozonolysis is also an important source of hydroxyl radicals. The rate of appearance of OH radicals is revealed through direct time-domain measurements following vibrational activation of prototypical methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates under collision-free conditions. Complementary theoretical calculations predict the unimolecular decay rate for the Criegee intermediates in the vicinity of the barrier for 1,4 hydrogen transfer that leads to OH products. Both experiment and theory yield unimolecular decay rates of ca. 10(8) and 10(7) s(-1) for syn-CH3CHOO and (CH3)2COO, respectively, at energies near the barrier. Tunneling through the barrier, computed from high level electronic structure theory and experimentally validated, makes a significant contribution to the decay rate. Extension to thermally averaged unimolecular decay of stabilized Criegee intermediates under atmospheric conditions yields rates that are six orders of magnitude slower than those evaluated directly in the barrier region.
Critical food systems education (CFSE): educating for food sovereignty

ABSTRACTFood systems education can help individuals and communities transition to more sustainable food systems. Despite the growing scholarship on food systems education, there is a paucity of critical perspectives on its pedagogical methods, learning outcomes, and overarching objectives. This article addresses this gap by integrating insights from critical pedagogy, food justice, food sovereignty, and agroecology, developing a new synthetic area of study and research entitled critical food systems education (CFSE). CFSE is composed of a tripartite perspective, consisting of praxis, policy, and pedagogy. This framework is guided by the following overarching question: How can food systems education prepare individuals and teachers to transform the food system, and help communities attain food sovereignty? Following a review of the food systems education literature, we highlight the constraints of the depoliticized approach by drawing attention to its race and class-based assumptions. We then construct a d...
Two New Species of the Genus Idona Delong from Mexico (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae; Typhlocybinae)

ABSTRACT: Two new species of the genus Idona are described from Mexico. Both species were collected from avocado trees. A list of all the other 14 known species in the genus Idona is given along with the present distribution of each species.
Determinants of aponeurosis shape change during muscle contraction

Aponeuroses are sheet-like elastic tendon structures that cover a portion of the muscle belly and act as insertion sites for muscle fibers while free tendons connect muscles to bones. During shortening contractions, free tendons are loaded in tension and lengthen due to the force acting longitudinally along the muscle׳s line of action. In contrast, aponeuroses increase in length and width, suggesting that aponeuroses are loaded in directions along and orthogonal to the muscle׳s line of action. Because muscle fibers are isovolumetric, they must expand radially as they shorten, potentially generating a force that increases aponeurosis width. We hypothesized that increases in aponeurosis width result from radial expansion of shortening muscle fibers. We tested this hypothesis by combining in situ muscle-tendon measurements with high-speed biplanar fluoroscopy measurements of the turkey׳s lateral gastrocnemius (n=6) at varying levels of isotonic muscle contractions. The change in aponeurosis width during periods of constant force depended on both the amount of muscle shortening and the magnitude of force production. At low to intermediate forces, aponeurosis width increased in direct proportion to fiber shortening. At high forces, aponeurosis width increased to a lesser extent or in some cases, decreased slightly during fiber shortening. Our results demonstrate that forces generated from radial expansion of shortening muscle fibers tend to drive increases in aponeurosis width, whereas longitudinal forces tend to decrease aponeurosis width. Ultimately, it is these two opposing forces that drive changes in aponeurosis width and alter series elastic stiffness during a muscle contraction.
Application of micro-blog and other new media information monitoring in prevention and control of major infectious diseases

[Objective]To study how to carry out public health information surveillance using micro-blog and other new media which is based on the internet platform under the new management consciousness,information channel and information communication mode,explore the application of new media monitoring in prevention and control of major infectious diseases.[Methods]Taking the recent work of prevention and control of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza as an example,the information surveillance system that is suitable for prevention and control of major infectious diseases was set up through the monitoring,analysis and evaluation of micro-blog and other new media,to standardize the acquisition,processing,analysis and use of information.[Results]A major public health monitoring system based on new media was established,to analyze the dynamic information of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza,rapidly and totally provide the information support and analysis to leaders and professionals.[Conclusion]In the period of new media,an appropriate information monitoring mode plays an important role in decision-making information support and analysis in prevention and control of major infectious diseases,and has a significant effect on response to public health emergencies and important public health issues which public concern. The results can provide further theoretical support for administrative departments to rapidly establish the public opinion monitoring for the major infectious disease outbreak.
Electron microscopy and EM immunocytochemistry.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a procedures required to obtain the best possible ultrastructure and electron microscope immunolocalization in Drososphila . The main difficulty facing the users of these methods is the lack of access to the specialized equipment needed to obtain the best results. It is necessary to use a machine that freezes samples while under pressures of up to 30,000 lb per square inch. Freeze-substitution (FS) is the process whereby the cell water is replaced, or “substituted,” with an organic solvent. It serves the same function as dehydration at room temperature—that is, replacing the cell water with a substance that is miscible with resins. However, FS must be done below a temperature of –70°C so the frozen water in the cell doesn't “recrystallize” into ice. There are a number of different solvents that can be used for FS; however, acetone and methanol are the most popular. The chapter focuses on embryos. However, the method can also be applied to dissected adult tissues, such as ovaries and testes.