cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical approach to pollen sculpture terminology

We present a key synthesizing pollen-sculpture terminology for grains having perforations or lumina of any size and spatial distribution. The key uses quantitative criteria to distinguish five non-overlapping qualitative terms (reticulate, microreticulate, foveolate, scrobiculate, and punctate). In addition, the range of quantitative variation encompassed by these qualitative terms is highlighted, including ways to express and compare that variation using computerized image analysis of SEM micrographs. Finally, a mathematical analysis combined with image-analysis measurements is used to explore the relationships between the terms outlined above and two closely related terms, tectate and semitectate.
Testability and Candor

On analogy with testimony, I define a notion of a scientific theory’s lacking or having candor, in a testing situation, according to whether the theory under test is probabilistically relevant to the processes in the test procedures, and thereby to the reliability of test outcomes. I argue that this property identifies what is distinctive about those theories that Karl Popper denounced as exhibiting “reinforced dogmatism” through their self-protective behavior (e.g., psychoanalysis, Hegelianism, Marxism). I explore whether lack of candor interferes with the testing of theories, and conclude that (1) our default attitude toward theories that lack candor in a given test should be suspicion, but (2) the circumstance that a theory lacks candor in a testing situation does not preclude obtaining independent evidence for the auxiliary assumptions to which the theory is probabilistically relevant, and thereby eliminating the problem that lack of candor creates. Thus, Popper was right to think that lack of candor is a bad thing, but wrong to conclude that candor is a criterion of the scientificity of a theory. Seeing this requires recognition of some differences between intuitive relevance and probabilistic relevance, and proper appreciation of the notion of screening off and of the fact that probabilistic relevance is not transitive.
Laparoscopic options in the treatment of splenic artery aneurysms.

Background: The retrogastric and often intrapancreatic position of splenic artery aneurysms (SAA) has discouraged many surgeons from attempting the laparoscopic resection of SAA. Only two reports of successful laparoscopically resected SAA have appeared in the surgical literature. Methods/Results: The successful laparoscopic resection of a large expanding SAA was accomplished using a modification of currently described techniques. Conclusions: The semilateral decubitus position affords excellent access to the lesser sac, allowing excision of SAA with good visualization of the splenic artery and splenic hilar vessels should splenic hypoperfusion demand splenic resection. Excision of SAA is preferred to ligation except when dense adhesions or intrapancreatic arterial course preclude safe dissection. Psuedoaneurysms from trauma or pancreatitis are likely best treated with intraarterial embolization but significant complications should be expected in this high-risk subset of patients.
Exchange, correlation, and the effective mass m* of electrons in two‐dimensional layers calculated via a DFT‐based classical map

Density functional theory uses the electron density n(r), instead of the electronic wavefunction. We side-step the kinetic energy functional by constructing a thermodynamically equivalent classical map (CM). A classical Coulomb fluid whose zeroth-order pair-distribution function (PDF) g0(r) that agrees with the quantum g0, and interacting via a “Pauli exclusion potential” reproduces the thermodynamics of the electron fluid, when the classical-fluid temperature Tcf is chosen optimally. This Tcf is chosen so that the correlation energy of the classical fluid is the Kohn–Sham correlation energy. Then, the PDFs of the classical fluid closely agree with the PDFs of the two-dimensional (2D) and 3D uniform electron systems. Can we calculate sensitive Fermi-liquid properties (e.g., quasiparticle mass m*, Lande g-factor) of interacting electrons via this CM? Given the wide interest in the effective mass m* of electrons in 2D layers, we chose the 2D system for this study. Analytical and numerical results are used to define a partially regularized m* valid to logarithmic accuracy in the sense of Landau for the Hartree–Fock (H–F) approximation. The resulting H–F m* decreases linearly with the electron-disk radius rs. The m* including correlation is calculated via a physically transparent formula. This uses the CM of the 2D PDF and its finite-T exchange-correlation free energy Fxc(T). Our results for m* fall well within the results from recent quantum Monte-Carlo simulations at T = 0, and other theoretical and experimental results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perceived Family Conflict Moderates the Relations of Adolescent Narcissism and CU Traits with Aggression

Narcissism and CU traits are two of the personality features of psychopathy. These personality features have each shown independent relations with aggression in adolescents, suggesting a tendency for youth characterized by such traits to engage in aggressive or violent interpersonal behaviors. Furthermore, family conflict has demonstrated its own relation with youth aggression. The current study sought to examine the potential additive effect of these constructs on aggression in a sample of 153 adolescents (130 males, 23 females) ages 16–18 enrolled in a voluntary military-style residential program. Results indicated that perceived marital discord heightened the risk of aggression for youth characterized by narcissism or CU traits. Adolescent reports of parent–child conflict exhibited a similar moderational effect. Thus, family harmony, or at least youth perceptions thereof, may be a worthy target of future intervention for youth with psychopathy-linked personality features, with more research needed on younger samples.
Acute Cellular and Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection

Survival post-lung transplantation remains limited to ∼ 50% at 5 years, far below survival after other solid organ transplants. Allograft rejection is a major cause of this limited survival. At least a third of lung transplant recipients experience acute rejection within 1 year posttransplantation. Acute rejection, though rarely a direct cause of death, represents the principal risk factor for chronic rejection, which is the greatest obstacle to long-term post-lung transplant survival. This article reviews in detail the two major subtypes of acute rejection: acute cellular rejection (ACR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). ACR is diagnosed primarily by bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsies and is defined as perivascular or peribronchiolar lymphocytic infiltrates in the absence of infection. AMR remains poorly defined but is thought to involve anti-donor antibodies, allograft dysfunction, and pathological evidence of lung tissue injury or deposition of complement. Pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentation, clinical significance, known risk factors, and treatment strategies are discussed. Additionally, the limitations of current diagnostic modalities for both ACR and AMR are explained. Emerging data on the importance of donor-specific and non-donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen (anti-HLA) antibodies as well as non-HLA antibodies are presented. Larger cohorts have improved statistical analyses in recent years, leading to a clearer understanding of important topics related to ACR and AMR. Further collaborative studies and multicenter trials will be key in further advancing lung transplantation knowledge and improving outcomes in years to come.
Special Issue on Innovative Interface Technologies: Guest Editor»s Introduction

Abstract The six papers included in this special issue of JVLC are derived from some of the best work presented at ASSETSO94 and UISTO94, two ACM conferences which were held back-to-back in Marina del Rey (Los Angeles), California, in the fall of 1994.
Planning Science Instruction for Critical Thinking: Two Urban Elementary Teachers’ Responses to a State Science Assessment

Science education reform standards have shifted focus from exploration and experimentation to evidence-based explanation and argumentation to prepare students with knowledge for a changing workforce and critical thinking skills to evaluate issues requiring increasing scientific literacy. However, in urban schools serving poor, diverse populations, where the priority is on students’ assessment results in reading and math, students may not receive reform-based science. The rationale for this qualitative study was to examine how two elementary teachers from high-poverty urban schools planned for reform-based science in response to a quality state science assessment in conjunction with their training and resources. Their state assessment included an inquiry task requiring students to construct responses to questions based on their investigation data. From evaluating evidence using Zembal-Saul’s continuum for teaching science as argument, the findings indicated that both teachers adopted an investigation-based and evidence-based approach to science teaching to prepare students for the inquiry task. However, one teacher provided argument-based science teaching from her explicit training in that approach. The results suggested that the teachers’ training and resources informed their interpretation of the focus areas on the science assessment inquiry task and influenced the extent to which they offered students an equitable opportunity to develop higher-order thinking from reform-based science.
A neuro-fuzzy approach for the diagnosis of depression

Abstract Depression is considered to be a chronic mood disorder. This paper attempts to mathematically model how psychiatrists clinically perceive the symptoms and then diagnose depression states. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV-TR, fourteen symptoms of adult depression have been considered. The load of each symptom and the corresponding severity of depression are measured by the psychiatrists (i.e. the domain experts). Using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) out of fourteen symptoms (as features) seven has been extracted as latent factors. Using these features as inputs, a hybrid system consisting of Mamdani’s Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) on a Feed Forward Multilayer Neural Net (FFMNN) has been developed. The output of the hybrid system was tuned by a back propagation (BPNN) algorithm. Finally, the model is validated using 302 real-world adult depression cases and 50 controls (i.e. normal population). The study concludes that the hybrid controller can diagnose and grade depression with an average accuracy of 95.50%. Finally, it is compared with the accuracies obtained by other techniques.
Use of organoboron halides in organic synthesis

Several new organic transformations have been achieved utilizing boron halide reagents. Aryl aldehydes are conveniently converted to gem-dichloromethylbenzenes using boron trichloride. Aryl aldehydes are alkylated by alkylboron chlorides in a Grignard-like fashion to generate the corresponding arylalkanols or alkylboron chlorides. Aryl aldehydes react with divinylboron halides (generated via the haloboration of alkynes) to produce 1,5-di- halo-1,4-dienes in excellent yields.
Connecting Mathematics and Science in Undergraduate Teacher Education Programs: Faculty Voices from the Maryland Collaborative for Teacher Preparation

The study reported in this paper investigated perceptions concerning connections between mathematics and science held by university/college instructors who participated in the Maryland Collaborative for Teacher Preparation (MCTP), an NSF-funded program aimed at developing special middle-level mathematics and science teachers. Specifically, we asked (a) “What are the perceptions of MCTP instructors about the ‘other’ discipline?” (b) “What are the perceptions of MCTP instructors about the connections between mathematics and science?” and (c) “What are some barriers perceived by MCTP instructors in implementing mathematics and science courses that emphasize connections?” The findings suggest that the benefits of emphasizing mathematics and science connections perceived by MCTP instructors were similar to the benefits reported by school teachers. The barriers reported were also similar. The participation in the project appeared to have encouraged MCTP instructors to grapple with some fundamental questions, like “What should be the nature of mathematics and science connections?” and “What is the nature of mathematics/science in relationship to the other discipline?”
Correlation between mean lethal dose and organ weight

The assessment of mean lethal dose (D o ) with organ weight in human organs yields a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Results indicate that as the organ weight increases, the D o decreases.
A study of turbulence at a wall using an electrochemical wall shear-stress meter

A technique has been developed to measure the instantaneous shear stress at the boundary over which a liquid is flowing. It is being used to study turbulence in the immediate vicinity of a pipe wall. A reaction is conducted on an electrode mounted flush with a solid wall at high enough voltages to reduce the concentration of the reacting species to zero at the surface. Under these conditions, the rate of reaction is controlled by the rate of mass transfer. The electrode is analogous to a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer in that the surface concentration is kept constant and the current flowing in the circuit is related to the surface shear stress. For fully developed turbulence the limiting velocity intensity, based on the local average velocity, is 0·32. Some of the velocity fluctuations are as large as the local average velocity and their distribution is nearly symmetric about the average. The ratio of the longitudinal to circumferential scale is about 30 : 1, because the circumferential scale is very small. There is some indication that close to a wall the velocity fluctuations in the circumferential direction are much smaller than the longitudinal fluctuations.
Parental Hypertension and Cardiovascular Response to Cognitive and Isometric Challenge

The purposes of this investigation were to contrast the cardiovascular responses of sons of hypertensive and normotensive parents to tasks involving cognitive and isometric challenge, and lo examine the relationship of individual differences in heart rate (HR) reactivity to baseline blood pressure (BP) measurements. Thirty-six male, undergraduate volunteers (18 with and 18 without a parental history of hypertension) were scheduled for two, 1-hr experimental sessions (Days I and II). On Day 1, HR and BP measurements were obtained while subjects performed each of three laboratory tasks: a difficult test in concept formation, serial subtraction, and a sustained handgrip at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. Each task lasted 3 min and was preceded by a 3-min baseline interval. On Day II, subjects were instructed to relax quietly while baseline measures of HR and BP were recorded. Relative to sons of normotensive parents, offspring of hypertensives exhibited higher mean Systolic BPs during all task periods; no corresponding group differences were observed on either Day I or Day II baseline recordings. Unlike SBP, Diastolic BP measurements did not vary reliably by parental hypertensive/normotensive status. Although the mean HRs of sons of hypertensives were significantly higher than in offspring of normotensives, these differences obtained uniformly across both the baseline and task intervals. Among subjects identified as High HR reactors during the two cognitive tasks, sons of hypertensive parents exhibited Day II baseline SBPs about 9 mmHg higher than did subjects without a parental history of hypertension. Among subjects identified as Low HR reactors, baseline SBPs did not differ reliably between sons of hypertensive and normotensive parents.
Distributed control of large segmented telescopes

In this paper we conduct a preliminary study of controlling the primary mirror of a large segmented telescope. This work is motivated by the need of astronomers to study the development of structure in the Universe. First, we present some background about large segmented telescopes and our collaborative research program on large telescopes. Second, we formulate a model of the primary mirror system in state space. Third, we design a centralized controller using H/sub 2/ methods for a seven-segment system which establishes the best possible performance characteristics for a laboratory-type of unit that we plan to build. Simulation results are displayed. Finally, we apply spatially-invariant distributed control techniques to an infinite segmented system that approximates a large mirror. Through the H/sub 2/ norm, we calculate upper bounds for the relative displacements between adjacent segments with either a spatially-invariant infinite controller or a truncated local controller. Simulation results are also presented with a truncated local controller applied to a 19-segment system. In all cases, the results indicate that the required accuracy of 10/sup -8/ m can be achieved.
Strategies for the management of haemorrhage following pelvic fractures and associated trauma-induced coagulopathy

Exsanguination is the second most common cause of death in patients who suffer severe trauma. The management of haemodynamically unstable high-energy pelvic injuries remains controversial, as there are no universally accepted guidelines to direct surgeons on the ideal use of pelvic packing or early angio-embolisation. Additionally, the optimal resuscitation strategy, which prevents or halts the progression of the trauma-induced coagulopathy, remains unknown. Although early and aggressive use of blood products in these patients appears to improve survival, over-enthusiastic resuscitative measures may not be the safest strategy. This paper provides an overview of the classification of pelvic injuries and the current evidence on best-practice management of high-energy pelvic fractures, including resuscitation, transfusion of blood components, monitoring of coagulopathy, and procedural interventions including pre-peritoneal pelvic packing, external fixation and angiographic embolisation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1143–54.
Directional Output from GaAs micro-stadium lasers

We observed the directional output from GaAs micro-stadium lasers at low temperature, by the scatted emission on a ring enclosure structure. Our numerical simulation shows the directionality of the laser emission fit classical ray dynamics.
Applications of fractured continuum model to enhanced geothermal system heat extraction problems

This paper describes the applications of the fractured continuum model to the different enhanced geothermal systems reservoir conditions. The capability of the fractured continuum model to generate fracture characteristics expected in enhanced geothermal systems reservoir environments are demonstrated for single and multiple sets of fractures. Fracture characteristics are defined by fracture strike, dip, spacing, and aperture. The paper demonstrates how the fractured continuum model can be extended to represent continuous fractured features, such as long fractures, and the conditions in which the fracture density varies within the different depth intervals. Simulations of heat transport using different fracture settings were compared with regard to their heat extraction effectiveness. The best heat extraction was obtained in the case when fractures were horizontal. A conventional heat extraction scheme with vertical wells was compared to an alternative scheme with horizontal wells. The heat extraction with the horizontal wells was significantly better than with the vertical wells when the injector was at the bottom.
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in the Standard Management of Head and Neck Cancer: Promises and Pitfalls

The purpose of this article is to review the role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the standard management of patients with head and neck cancer through a critical review of the pertinent literature. IMRT may result in a dose distribution that is more conformal than that achieved with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT), allowing dose reduction to normal structures and thus decreasing toxicity and possibly enhancing locoregional control through dose escalation. Disadvantages associated with IMRT include increased risk of a marginal miss, decreased dose homogeneity, increased total body dose, and increased labor and expense. Outcomes data after IMRT are limited, and follow-up is relatively short. Locoregional control rates appear to be comparable to those achieved with 3D CRT and, depending on the location and extent of the tumor, late toxicity may be lower. Despite limited data on clinical outcomes, IMRT has been widely adopted as a standard technique in routine practice and cli...
Estimating Equations for Glomerular Filtration Rate in Children: Laboratory Considerations

A recent report by Schwartz and coworkers has described improved equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)1 in children (1). The equations were developed with data collected from 349 children 1–16 years of age with GFRs of approximately 20–90 mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 who were enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. The new equations were developed to meet the specific need for estimating GFR in this study group, but they have broader applicability for clinical practice. Estimated GFR (eGFR) is useful to classify chronic kidney disease and to make adjustments in drug dosage. Changes in creatinine measurement procedures and calibration since the 1970s, when the original Schwartz equation to estimate GFR in children was published, have caused this equation to overestimate GFR compared with the measured GFR. The report by Schwartz and coworkers (1) presents a revision of the original Schwartz equation. Like the original equation, the revised equation is based on height and creatinine measurements, but the new equation uses creatinine as measured by an enzymatic method with calibration traceable to an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) reference measurement procedure. This updated Schwartz equation should be suitable for use with clinical laboratory methods for measuring creatinine that have similar performance and calibration traceability. The updated equation now appears on the National …
The Importance of Emergent Vegetation in Reducing Sediment Resuspension in Wetlands

ABSTRACT Wind-induced resuspension of bottom sediment was measured with sediment traps in Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota. Resuspension was significantly greater in open water areas than in areas protected from wind by emergent vegetation. Resuspended sediment was apparently uniformly distributed through the water column.
Exopedagogy: On pirates, shorelines, and the educational commonwealth

In this paper, Tyson E. Lewis challenges the dominant theoretical and practical educational responses to globalization. On the level of public policy, Lewis demonstrates the limitations of both neoliberal privatization and liberal calls for rehabilitating public schooling. On the level of pedagogy, Lewis breaks with the dominant liberal democratic tradition which focuses on the cultivation of democratic dispositions for cosmopolitan citizenship. Shifting focus, Lewis posits a new location for education out of bounds of the common sense of public versus private, nationalism versus cosmopolitanism, inclusion versus exclusion, human versus civil rights. This is the space of the commonwealth whose actors cannot be identified as ‘citizens’ but are rather the anonymous multitude. In conclusion, Lewis finds a model for organizing this commonwealth in the work of Ivan Illich, whose learning networks speak to the urgent political and pedagogical need for exodus from the conceptual vocabulary that defines much of t...
“What Is the FDA Going to Think?” Negotiating Values through Reflective and Strategic Category Work in Microbiome Science

The US National Institute of Health’s Human Microbiome Project aims to use genomic techniques to understand the microbial communities that live on the human body. The emergent field of microbiome s...
Improving Intergroup Relations: Lessons Learned From Cooperative Learning Programs

This article discusses the need for cooperative learning groups in integrated schools in order to promote more cross-race relationships than might otherwise be the case. We review research on 8 cooperative learning procedures. Evidence for the effectiveness of these programs in facilitating cross-race peer interaction is presented.
Implementation of a parallel 3-D vacuum electronics simulation code

A three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation code has been implemented on the NRL Connection Machine-2. Internally, standard algorithms are used as much as possible, but in a parallel formulation. To use advantageously the parallel machine architecture, which includes a large local memory at each processor, optimized nearest-neighbor communication, and flexible hypercube communication, new algorithms have been applied. A fully parallel particle push uses local storage of the fields predetermined at the particle positions. The field calculations use a nearest-neighbor communication constraint overlaid on an interpolating matrix method solver with an irregular spatial mesh. The gather/scatter uses the hypercube communication network and limits the effect of nonuniform computational loading. External to the core calculation is real-time video output of diagnostic graphics, providing rapid feedback to the simulator, with a goal of the implementation being an interactive simulation environment. An interactive mesh creation front end is also under development. >
Can decision analysis adequately represent clinical problems

Abstract A major weakness of medical decision analysis has been the inability of the commonly used single attribute utility models to adequately represent clinical decision making situations. To illustrate this problem, I reanalyzed a well known decision analysis that is widely interpreted as proof that two decision alternatives are equivalent in all clinically meaningful respects. The reanalysis was based on a more representative decision model made possible by the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a multiobjective decision making technique. The use of this model resulted in the identification of a clearly preferred alternative, indicating that the results of the original analysis have been widely misinterpreted. The degree to which a decision model represents clinical reality influences the correct interpretation of a decision analysis. Limited decision models can yield only limited conclusions. The use of more representative multiobjective decision models would improve the clinical usefulness of medical decision analyses.
Guidelines for Developing and Testing Clinical Decision Rules

Clinical decision rules (CDRs) are decision support tools that synthesize evidence for use in bedside practice. They differ from other decision support tools in the methodological rigor with which they are developed. This article describes the important considerations in developing a CDR, including identifying the need for the rule, carefully defining the outcome variable, identifying and selecting the possible predictor variables, and guidelines for initial testing of the CDR. The process of developing and testing CDRs is best undertaken by teams of researchers, with clinical nurses providing important input in both the development and testing. It's important that clinical nurses understand both the contributions of CDRs and their inherent limitations, as appropriate use of well-developed, well-validated CDRs will become more and more a necessity in evidence-based nursing.
Comparative Effectiveness Research to Inform Medical Decisions: The Need for Common Language

On a daily basis, oncologists and their patients must make choices regarding the approach to treatment. Although treatment selection is often straightforward, decision making in oncology is increasingly complexbecauseofexpandingtreatmentoptions,thetoxicityoftreatment, uncertain outcomes, out-of-pocket cost of therapy, and a highly charged clinical setting in which mortality is a central element. A key consideration in these decisions is the value of available therapeutic options. The ability to integrate considerations of clinical benefits, toxicities, and costs and compare alternative approaches has become essential for physicians and patients. Reliable information and the skillstoclearlycommunicatethisinformationtopatientsaretoolsthat are needed to assist clinical decision making, but unfortunately, these tools are currently inadequate. Although the importance of integrating patient preferences into the decision-making process has been longrecognized,dataarenotroutinelyavailabletopredictthepatient experience of care and hence inform the application of these preferences.Clearly,oursuccessingrowingtheclinicalarmamentariumhas
Prenatal Drug Exposure: Neurodevelopmental Outcome and Parenting Environment

Examined neurodevelopmental patterns and caregiving environment among 20 infants prenatally exposed to cocaine and 20 drug-free infants. The Brazelton Scale was administered 4 times. Drug-exposed infants had less optimal neurodevelopment than comparison infants at birth, but by 6 weeks only differences in autonomic stability were apparent. Neurodevelopmental performance was related positively to the child-centered quality of the environment. Though support buffered stress in both groups, the effect was more robust among drug-free mothers. Findings support the need to consider neurodevelopmental recovery and the caregiving environment in evaluations of developmental outcome among drug-exposed infants.
Comparative in vitro oxygen radical scavenging ability of zinc methionine and selected zinc salts and antioxidants

1. The concentration-dependent scavenging abilities of zinc DL-methionine, zinc sulfate, zinc gluconate, zinc picolinate and selected free radical scavengers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, mannitol, allopurinol and DL-methionine, were examined against biochemically generated superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hypochlorite radical plus hypochlorous acid, by chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction. 2. Zinc methionine was the most effective of the zinc compounds that were tested. Following incubations with superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorite radical-generating systems, in the presence of 50 microM zinc DL-methionine approximately 38%, 47% and 28% inhibition in reactive oxygen species generation was observed, respectively, compared to control groups. 3. The protective abilities of various zinc salts, as well as selected free radical scavengers and antioxidants were also assessed on phorbol ester (TPA)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cultured PC-12 cells. Preincubation showed better protection than coincubation. Approximately 45% and 50% inhibition in TPA-induced LDH leakage was observed following preincubation with 50 microM zinc DL-methionine and 50 microM vitamin E succinate, respectively. Zinc DL-methionine exhibited better protection against LDH leakage than any other zinc salt tested. 4. The results indicate that zinc DL-methionine can attenuate the biochemical consequences of oxygen free radicals, and is comparable to other well-known antioxidants and free radical scavengers in the in vitro system that was employed.
Faculty Use of Established and Emerging Technologies in Higher Education: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Perspective

Our effectiveness as instructors lies ultimately in how well our students can understand and apply the concepts we teach. In response to the growing importance of accountability in the educational process and the abundance of social networking technology and communication tools available for possible classroom use, this paper will use The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to examine the adoption of established and emerging information technology in higher education classrooms. Hence, the goal of this paper is to test theoretical explanations from UTAUT in the context of higher education through the development of a set of hypotheses predicting the conditions under which classroom technology use is likely to emerge. Data collection occurred via an online survey. The instrument was sent to business faculty members teaching face-to-face classes at a southeastern university. Our findings suggest that in the context of instructors’ use of technology for classroom purposes, the most important antecedents are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and habit with more complex effects when gender is added as an interaction term. Results from this study will provide useful information on the frequency of use of technology, along with significant factors affecting its adoption in the classroom. Departmental leaders interested in the variations in individual faculty’s level of inclination toward technological changes would find them particularly useful.
Residual analysis and outliers in loglinear models based on phi-divergence statistics

Abstract In this paper we consider new families of residuals and influential measures, under the assumption of multinomial sampling, for loglinear models. These new families are based on φ -divergence test statistic. The asymptotic normality of the standardized residuals is obtained as well as the relation of the new family of influential measures with the appropriate Cook's distance in this context. The expression of the new family of residuals is obtained in two important problems: independence and symmetry in two-dimensional contingence tables. A numerical example illustrates the results obtained.
Cents or Percent? The Effects of Promotion Framing on Price Expectations and Choice

Abstract Previous research has shown that the monetary value of a promotion (promotion depth) affects choice during the promotion period. However, as promotion depth increases, consumers might lower their expectations of future price, which in turn may threaten future choice when prices return to normal levels. This research examines how promotion frame (percentage off versus cents off) moderates the effect of promotion depth on postpromotion price expectations and choice. The findings indicate that compared with cents-off promotions, high-depth percentage-off promotions lead to higher postpromotion price expectations. Likewise, postpromotion choice is higher when high-depth promotions are framed in percentage-off than cents-off terms. The authors examine the process underlying the effect of promotion frame on price expectations and find that frame affects (1) consumers' perceptions of the promoted price and (2) the weight they place on the promoted price.
ENCODE data at the ENCODE portal

The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project is in its third phase of creating a comprehensive catalog of functional elements in the human genome. This phase of the project includes an expansion of assays that measure diverse RNA populations, identify proteins that interact with RNA and DNA, probe regions of DNA hypersensitivity, and measure levels of DNA methylation in a wide range of cell and tissue types to identify putative regulatory elements. To date, results for almost 5000 experiments have been released for use by the scientific community. These data are available for searching, visualization and download at the new ENCODE Portal (www.encodeproject.org). The revamped ENCODE Portal provides new ways to browse and search the ENCODE data based on the metadata that describe the assays as well as summaries of the assays that focus on data provenance. In addition, it is a flexible platform that allows integration of genomic data from multiple projects. The portal experience was designed to improve access to ENCODE data by relying on metadata that allow reusability and reproducibility of the experiments.
Expediting cost-effective solutions through government technology transfer and commercialization

The U.S. and other nations fund basic and applied research at government owned facilities to develop technologies that satisfy security, economic, social and other national needs. Multiple mechanisms exist for private sector firms and academia to work with government laboratories to transition investments to commercial products. However, the number of companies aware of and taking advantage of these opportunities to leverage these avenues remains relatively small. In addition, recently proposed U.S. legislation will expand the authority to create public-private partnerships at Department of Defense laboratories within their core competencies. This paper will explore the value of partnering with nationally funded entities and the return on investment for both the public and private sectors.
Clustering analysis to identify distinct spectral components of encephalogram burst suppression in critically ill patients

Millions of patients are admitted each year to intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States. A significant fraction of ICU survivors develop life-long cognitive impairment, incurring tremendous financial and societal costs. Delirium, a state of impaired awareness, attention and cognition that frequently develops during ICU care, is a major risk factor for post-ICU cognitive impairment. Recent studies suggest that patients experiencing electroencephalogram (EEG) burst suppression have higher rates of mortality and are more likely to develop delirium than patients who do not experience burst suppression. Burst suppression is typically associated with coma and deep levels of anesthesia or hypothermia, and is defined clinically as an alternating pattern of high-amplitude “burst” periods interrupted by sustained low-amplitude “suppression” periods. Here we describe a clustering method to analyze EEG spectra during burst and suppression periods. We used this method to identify a set of distinct spectral patterns in the EEG during burst and suppression periods in critically ill patients. These patterns correlate with level of patient sedation, quantified in terms of sedative infusion rates and clinical sedation scores. This analysis suggests that EEG burst suppression in critically ill patients may not be a single state, but instead may reflect a plurality of states whose specific dynamics relate to a patient's underlying brain function.
Investigation on main risk factors for common NCD among adults in Nantong city

Objective The aim of this research was to study the prevalence of risk factors of common non-communicable diseases(NCD) in adults in Nantong city, in order to provide the basis for prevention and control. Methods With stratified cluster sampling method, random samples of 57388 adults were chosen as the object of questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory tests. Then the prevalence of risk factors was analyzed. Results The overweight rate of adults in Nantong was 35.0%, while the obesity ratio was11.2%. For men and women, the overweight rates were 37.8% and 32.3% respectively(χ2=190.512, P0.05), while the obesity rates were 9.7% and 12.7% respectively(χ2=129.348, P0.05). The overweight rates were 32.2% in urban and 35.7% in rural(χ2=53.145, P0.05), while the obesity rates were 9.9% and 11.6% for urban and rural areas(χ2=28.822, P0.05). Current smoking rate was 20.1%(11613), and 15.3%(1839) and 21.6%(9792) in urban and rural areas(χ2=236.669, P0.05).The rate of having the habit of drinking was 27.2%(15593), higher in male than female(χ2=20625.71, P0.05), and higher in rural than urban(χ2=17487.136, P0.05). The percentages of excessive alcohol consumption were 25.7%, and 11.5% over drunk every month. There were 74.3%(42639) adults who never took physical activity. The rates of excess consumption of sodium and oil were 54.3% and71.9%. And the insufficient intake of milk, vegetables and fruits were 64.4%, 57.1%, and 87.2%. Conclusion The risk factors of common CND were highly prevalent in Nantong city, and measures should be taken to control the prevalence.
Testicular histology after prolonged treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue.

AbstractBilateral orchiectomy was performed as secondary endocrine treatment in 12 patients with prostatic cancer who were treated initially with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Compared to a control group of prostatic cancer patients undergoing orchiectomy as primary therapy, the testes in the hormonally treated group showed marked spermatogenic suppression, peritubular membrane thickening and decreased numbers of Leydig cells. The degree of fibrosis and the damage seen in these testes imply that the spermatogenic suppression seen after prolonged gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue administration may not be as reversible as previously suggested.
Ethical Complexities in Systems Healthcare: What Care and for Whom?

It is the claim of this book that a move towards Systems and Complexity Sciences in Healthcare will provide a more precise and reliable foundation for patient care. While the extent to which this claim is true may continue to be discussed for years, another consequence of this move is much more certain: that research in complexity and systems biology will bring surprises and challenges to our understanding of health and disease that will in turn raise significant ethical issues for everyone. It is the intent of this chapter to (1) indicate what these surprising ethical challenges will look like, and (2) offer an approach to engaging these ethical challenges in a way that can provide the best opportunity for achieving the desired outcome of improved healthcare for all.
Lipid signaling and lipotoxicity in metaflammation: indications for metabolic disease pathogenesis and treatment

Lipids encompass a wide variety of molecules such as fatty acids, sterols, phospholipids, and triglycerides. These molecules represent a highly efficient energy resource and can act as structural elements of membranes or as signaling molecules that regulate metabolic homeostasis through many mechanisms. Cells possess an integrated set of response systems to adapt to stresses such as those imposed by nutrient fluctuations during feeding-fasting cycles. While lipids are pivotal for these homeostatic processes, they can also contribute to detrimental metabolic outcomes. When metabolic stress becomes chronic and adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed, as occurs during prolonged nutrient excess or obesity, lipid influx can exceed the adipose tissue storage capacity and result in accumulation of harmful lipid species at ectopic sites such as liver and muscle. As lipid metabolism and immune responses are highly integrated, accumulation of harmful lipids or generation of signaling intermediates can interfere with immune regulation in multiple tissues, causing a vicious cycle of immune-metabolic dysregulation. In this review, we summarize the role of lipotoxicity in metaflammation at the molecular and tissue level, describe the significance of anti-inflammatory lipids in metabolic homeostasis, and discuss the potential of therapeutic approaches targeting pathways at the intersection of lipid metabolism and immune function.
Leadership and Purpose

Leadership starts with leading oneself before leading others. Purpose is a foundational aspect thereby. This chapter defines a perspective on leadership that may not be the most common one, but is highly identifiable for people of any age group and in any stage of life. It discusses five interrelated qualities in finding our purpose: (1) awareness, which enhances the quality of decisions we make; (2) respect, which is an outflow of awareness and ensures proper treatment of others; (3) morality, which enables us to consider and deal with the consequences of our decisions; (4) vision, which guides our path and attracts others to it; and (5) understanding, which can help us adjust our direction if we find it to become unfulfilling. Cases are presented for each quality, discussing global and business leaders such as Muhammad Yunus; Princess Diana; Ray Anderson, CEO of Interface; Sir Richard Branson; and Nelson Mandela. The chapter ends with a brief narrative on finding our purpose, inviting the reader to engage in self-reflective questions, responding to them, and defining his or her own life’s purpose.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Relationship Between Media Use and Self-Competence During Adolescence

The primary goal of this longitudinal study was to examine whether media use predicts adolescent self-competence and/or whether adolescent self-competence predicts media use. The sample included 1,031 10th and 11th grade boys and girls from the United States. The adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire in 2007 and 2008 to assess their media use (talking and texting on the phone, listening to music, e-mailing/IMing, playing video games, and working on the computer) and self-competence (social competence, scholastic competence, athletic competence, and perceived physical appearance). Path analysis results revealed that media use had a minimal effect on adolescent self-competence. In contrast, adolescent self-competence consistently predicted media use. Results from this study highlight the need to examine both directions of influence between adolescent media use and adjustment.
Coaching in Parent-Implemented Early Communication Interventions: Understanding and Overcoming Individual-Level Implementation Barriers

Providing family-centered intervention for infants and toddlers with communication delays and disorders is paramount to early intervention services. Increasing empirical evidence supports transacti...
Introduction: Creating a Context for Landscape-Scale Conservation Planning

Over the last 130 years, conservation practitioners have increasingly enlarged their view of the important spatial scales on which to base the development and implementation of conservation plans. For example, even though national parks have been an essential tool in the global conservation toolbox since the late 1800s, it is now well understood that critical conservation goals can only be achieved if parks are viewed as being connected to each other ecologically and embedded within a larger landscape that includes a diverse mixture of ownerships, histories, and uses. The tools for planning at these greater spatial scales, from both the natural and social sciences, are only slowly being developed, tested, and refined. This book represents a step in that process, bringing together lessons on a variety of perspectives – including history, economics, wildlife biology, computer modeling, and climate change science – on how to achieve landscape-scale conservation planning. Although the authors represented in this book primarily describe their work on conservation planning in Eastern North America, these chapters serve as case studies on how conservation planning can be successfully approached in landscapes anywhere in the world.
The U.S. Labor Market During and After the Great Recession: Continuities and Transformations.

The Great Recession of 2007–2009 created the largest economic upheaval in the United States since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although economic downturns are a recurring phenomenon, the most recent recession was exceptional in its duration and depth. It was the longest recession since the