cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does omental pedicle flap reduce anastomotic leak and septic complications after rectal cancer surgery

Abstract Introduction Whether creation of omental pedicle flap (OPF) to reinforce bowel anastomosis can reduce septic outcomes remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of this technique on anastomotic leak and septic complications after rectal cancer surgery. Methods Patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery from 01/2008 to 12/2013 were identified and categorized into two groups based on OPF creation versus no-OPF creation. Clinical, operative characteristics and postoperative anastomotic leak and surgical site infections within 30 days after surgery were compared between the groups. Results There were 65 (14%) and 403 (86%) patients in OPF and no-OPF group, respectively. In multivariate analysis, OPF was not found to be associated with anastomotic leak ( p = 0.35), organ/space infections ( p = 0.99) and overall surgical site infections ( p = 0.65). Three hundred and sixty eight (78.6%) patients underwent diversion. OPF did not reduce septic complications irrespective of the stoma status ( p > 0.05). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of operative ( p = 0.46) and non-operative management ( p = 0.14). Conclusion OPF neither reduced the incidence of anastomotic leak and surgical site infections nor had any impact on the management of anastomotic leak.
History and Ecology of the Boreal Zone in Ontario

This chapter analyzes the climate, landscape, flora, and fauna of the boreal forest in northern Ontario. It emphasizes facets of this ecosystem known to be of importance to humans. Its goal is to establish the context—the mix of physical and biotic factors, some patterned and some irregular in occurrence—in which human adaptation occurs. The boreal forest on first acquaintance can be deceptive. To the passing outsider it is nearly flat, without the vistas that give a landscape an immediate character. Its streams are mostly sluggish, its vegetation diminutive. It feigns monotony over space and time. Yet ecologically it is a habitat vibrant with activity. Although without strong relief, the landscape is strongly differentiated. The populations of plants and animals of the forest interact in a highly dynamic fashion. This chapter describes the forest in ways that illuminate that differentiation and activity, and attempts to capture its meaning as the context of the adaptation studies which make up the remainder of this volume (see also Kryuchkov, 1976; Pruitt, 1978; Winterhalder, 1977).
UR-SolarCap: An Open Source Intelligent Auto-Wakeup Solar Energy Harvesting System for Supercapacitor-Based Energy Buffering

Energy harvesting systems that couple solar panels with supercapacitor buffers offer an attractive option for powering computational systems deployed in field settings, where power infrastructure is inaccessible. Supercapacitors offer a particularly compelling advantage over electrochemical batteries for such settings because of their ability to survive many more charge–discharge cycles. We share UR-SolarCap—a versatile open source design for such a harvesting system that targets embedded system applications requiring power in the 1–10 W range. Our system is designed for high efficiency and controllability and, importantly, supports auto-wakeup from a state of complete energy depletion. This paper summarizes our design methodology, and the rationale behind our design and configuration decisions. Results from the operation and testing of a system realized with our design demonstrate: 1) an achievable harvester efficiency of 85%; 2) the ability to maintain sustained operation over a two week period when the solar panel and buffer are sized appropriately; and 3) a robust auto-wakeup functionality that resumes system operation upon the availability of harvestable energy after a period in which the system has been forced into a dormant state because of a lack of usable energy. To facilitate the use of the system by researchers exploring embedded system applications in environments that lack a power infrastructure, our designs are available for download as an archive containing design schematics, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) files, firmware code, and a component list for assembly of the system. In addition, a limited number of pre-assembled kits are available upon request.
The cost-effectiveness of routine histologic examination.

Although the histologic examination of routine tissues, such as hernia sacs and intervertebral disks, has shown a low incidence of detecting clinically significant unsuspected disease, the cost-effectiveness of histologic examination has not been determined. By using a theoretical model that assumed variable costs and gains in life expectancy secondary to detecting clinically significant disease, a threshold incidence of disease detection at which histologic examination is cost-effective was determined. By using the University of Iowa (Iowa City) cost of examination (approximately $25), at least I of every 2,000 examinations would have to show clinically significant disease for histologic examination to be cost-effective. This threshold incidence decreases as production costs decrease or life-year values increase. Before definitive policy conclusions can be made, additional studies are needed to better define the trade-off between cost and the value of information and the incidence of detecting clinically significant disease.
Optical properties of solvent-dispersed and polymer-embedded germanium nanowires

The room temperature optical absorbance spectra of polymer-embedded and solvent-dispersed germanium (Ge) nanowires are reported. Homogeneous blends of Ge nanowires in a polymer (Kraton) were enable...
On the Evolution of Chinese Fiction from the Mirror Image

The history of a mimor is the history of mankind's development.The mirror image is written in the ancient novels,along with the evolution of the novels until today;The functions of a mirror have keen changing with the developmert and evolution of novels.Novels are in fact a mirror to reflect the continual development and progress of mankind itself.Through mirror image in the novels,human beings observe themselves and the society from an opposite angle,which is the true meaning of the mirror in the novels.
An office systems approach to cancer prevention in primary care.

PURPOSE The provision of preventive services holds a central place in primary care. Achievement of prevention standards offers a challenge. The authors address the efficacy of an office systems approach to improving cancer prevention and early detection services, provide a guide to assessing the appropriateness of office systems dissemination in practices targeted for improvement, and describe the range of dissemination strategies available. OVERVIEW Preventive service office systems depend on establishing practice routines, using tools such as flow sheets, and sharing responsibilities among practice clinicians, staff, and patients. Systems have been shown to be efficacious in a variety of settings. Computers provide a significant enhancement to paper-based tools. Some practices develop office systems themselves, whereas others require external support. Before attempting to disseminate preventive services offices systems, disseminators should ensure that adequate assistance can be provided, that assistance follows a format that is acceptable to target practices, and that target practices are receptive to assistance and able to cooperate. Dissemination strategies include journal articles, continuing education programs, manuals and tool kits, facilitation, and academic detailing. The relative expense and efficacy of these approaches require further assessment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Office systems hold promise in enhancing provision of cancer prevention services in primary care. The practice should be approached as a team, and should include practice clinicians as well as nonclinical staff members. Current research should provide answers over the next few years about the cost-effectiveness of various approaches and the most feasible ways to promote dissemination to practices that need it.
The Impact of Non-formal and Informal Learning on Adult Environmental Behaviors

Multiple factors are likely to influence adult literacy regarding the natural environment and environmental issues, but very little research has been carried out in this area. The research presented in this article is intended to help address this information gap, by investigating influences on adult environmental literacy using data from The Third Minnesota Report Card on Environmental Literacy: A Survey of Adult Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior (Murphy & Olson, 2008). The article presents the research findings regarding the influence of demographic factors and of non-formal and informal learning on environmental behavior, one of the key dimensions of environmental literacy.
POSTER: Firestorm: Operating Systems for Power-Constrained Architectures

Hardware Trends. Moore's law paved the way for doubling the transistors in the same chip area with every generation. However, with the end of Dennard's scaling, voltage and hence the power draw of transistors is no longer dropping proportionally to size. As a result, modern processors cannot use all parts of the processor simultaneously without exceeding the power limit. This manifests as an increasing proportion of dark silicon [4]. In other words, the compute capacity of current and future processors is and will be over-provisioned with respect to the available power.
Impact of delaying initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

1022 Background: The survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer is well established. However, the optimal timing to initiation of chemotherapy after definitive surgery is unknown. W...
Implantable Medical Device Website Efficacy in Informing Consumers Weighing Benefits/Risks of Health Care Options.

As more individuals turn to the Internet for health-related information and technology increases the availability and use of implantable medical devices (IMDs), the websites marketing these devices will increase. Healthy People 2020 mandates increased understandability and usability of health-related websites. This project used social cognitive theory (SCT) and health literacy constructs from the Institute of Medicine and National Institutes of Health to analyze eight IMD websites. Despite current recommendations, none of the websites considered for this study offered content of an appropriate reading level in conjunction with the United States average of eighth grade, and 75% of the sites failed to satisfy more than one health literacy construct. Most of the websites lacked many of the SCT constructs. More attention is needed to improve the usability of these and future IMD websites to simultaneously meet the goal of marketing IMDs and the Healthy People 2020 goals to educate patients and promote public ...
Independent Power Generation in a Modern Electrical Substation Based on Thermoelectric Technology

Because of many types of electrical equipment with high power in substations, the potentiality of energy conservation is quite large. From this viewpoint, thermoelectric materials may be chosen to produce electrical energy using the waste heat produced in substations. Hence, a thermoelectric generation system which can recycle the waste heat from electric transformers was proposed to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the burden of the oil cooling system. An experimental prototype was fabricated to perform the experiment and to verify the feasibility. The experimental results showed that the output power could achieve 16 W from waste heat of 900 W, and that the power conversion efficiency was approximately 1.8%. Therefore, power generation is feasible by using the waste heat from the transformers based on thermoelectric technology.
Discerning the Role of the Hydroxyproline Residue in the Structure of Conantokin Rl-B and Its Role in GluN2B Subunit-Selective Antagonistic Activity toward N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors.

Conantokins (con) are short γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)-containing polypeptides expressed by marine snails that function as antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) ion channels. The Gla residues govern structural conformations and antagonistic activities of the conantokins. In addition to Gla, some conantokins, e.g., conRl-B, also contain a hydroxyproline (HyP or O) residue, which in this case is centrally located in the peptide at position 10. Because conRl-B specifically inhibits ion channels of GluN2B subunit-containing heterotetrameric NMDARs, we evaluated the unusual role of HyP10 in this effect. To accomplish this goal, we examined synthetic variants of conRl-B in which HyP10 was either deleted (conRl-B[ΔO10]) or replaced with alanine (conRl-B[O10A]) or proline (conRl-B[O10P]). The solution structures of these variants were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Deletion of HyP10, or replacement of HyP10 with Ala10, attenuated the distortion in the central region of the apo...
Introduction: Bad Girls in Popular Culture

Western literature, legend, and culture are replete with representations of the “Bad Girl.” Perhaps not surprisingly, the initial introduction of women into western cultural narrative coincides with the introduction of transgressive women: those who challenge, ignore, or cross over the patriarchal limits intended to circumscribe them. The essays included in this volume focus on the representation of transgressive girls and women in television, popular fiction, and mainstream film from the mid-twentieth to the early twenty-first century. The assessments of the writers vary as much as the actions, and ultimate fates, of the protagonists. What remains a constant among all of these bad girls, however, is the will to cross the boundaries of behavior deemed, by prevailing authorities, to be acceptable.
Using a Snare to Extract Misplaced Coil

Occassionally, an embolization coil can end up in the wrong place. In this instances retieval may be necessary. This chapter discusses such a case.
Nanolaminated CoNiFe Cores with Dip-Coated Fluoroacrylic Polymer Interlamination Insulation: Fabrication, Electrical Characterization, and Performance Reliability

We present fabrication, electrical characterization, and performance reliability of electrodeposited, nanolaminated soft magnetic metallic cores with dip-coated flouroacrylic polymer interlamination insulations. The nanolaminated cores are comprised of hundreds of submicron-thick CoNiFe layers that are electrically-insulated from the neighboring layers by ~100 nm-thick fluoroacrylic polymer layers. A fluoropolymer coating solution is utilized to achieve electrical insulation between the individual magnetic layers while the layers are being assembled into a single core. Superior magnetic energy densities, surpassing that of conventional ferrite materials, are achieved even at high operating frequencies up to 10 MHz while the eddy current losses within the individual magnetic layers are suppressed. For the ultimate miniaturization of an inductor, the microfabrication of coil is achieved "on" the surface of the core. Reliability tests, i.e., temperature cycling test and corrosion test, are performed to study potential performance degradation of the nanolaminated cores in actual operation environments.
Antigen specific tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune type 1 diabetes occurs through indirect antigen presentation and requires programmed death ligand 1 (THER5P.918)

Antigen-coupled ethylene carbodiimide-fixed cells is an attractive therapeutic platform for treating human patients with type 1 diabetes since these cells can prevent and reverse diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of diabetes. However, the mechanisms contributing to the induction of T cell tolerance in vivo following treatment are unclear. Therefore, we used the BDC2.5 T cell transfer model to study how p31-coupled cells inhibit T cell function in vivo. Our results demonstrate that indirect antigen presentation was critical for tolerance induction in vivo. We further demonstrate that PD-L1 on the host antigen presenting cells is required for tolerance induction. Importantly, using two-photon microscopy we show that BDC2.5 T cells arrest on CD11c+ dendritic cells during the induction of tolerance, suggesting that these cells are responsible for presenting coupled cell antigen and tolerance induction. To increase the feasibility of translating antigen coupled cells to the clinic, we demonstrate that whole blood preparations and frozen cells are sufficient for tolerance induction, a significant concern for donor coupled cell sources when considering translation to human patients. These data further our understanding of how antigen-coupled cells induce tolerance and how this tolerance protocol could be altered to increase clinical feasibility.
Los apóstoles del desarrollo y la modernización de la industria azucarera guatemalteca

El presente estudio desarrolla un marco teorico que combina dos esquemas. Primero, se sugiere que, a partir de 1970 y hasta principios de 1980, la industria enfrento la amenaza existencial de una serie de condiciones de vulnerabilidad, incluidas la movilizacion de sus trabajadores y el colapso de sus principales mercados. Segundo, de acuerdo con el esquema de “logicas institucionales” se arguye que en esta busqueda un pequeno grupo de profesionales o “apostoles del desarrollo”, inspirado en la logica institucional religiosa, desarrollo un conjunto de novedosas practicas y estrategias en un ingenio de la industria. Seguidamente, estos mismos apostoles del desarrollo divulgaron las practicas y estrategias, promoviendo su adopcion en otros ingenios y transformando la industria. El articulo concluye con una discusion de las implicaciones teoricas y practicas del caso.
An adaptable FEA simulation of material extrusion additive manufacturing heat transfer in 3D

Abstract Bonding in additive manufacturing (AM) remains a key challenge in improving part properties. For thermally driven AM methods, such as material extrusion AM (MatEx), temperature governs bonding. Experimental measurements of temperature are limited in their ability to probe many points in space and time during a process without disturbing the temperature profiles being measured. These limitations may be overcome with computational methods; however, computing power considerations confined simulations to one or two dimensions until recently. Additionally, most existing models have had only limited ability to modify geometry or process parameters. In this work, an adaptable FEA model capable of simulating heat transfer in 3D and at sufficiently small time scales to capture the rapid cooling in AM is presented. Cooling trends from simulation are shown to be in agreement with experimental data. Temperature profiles are collapsed to equivalent time at a reference temperature and predict little variation in bonding along the z-axis of a part or with changes in print speed. A previously unreported peak in cooling rates for print speeds between 10 and 30 mm/s is shown. Uniformity in equivalent time at Tg suggests weld strength will not vary with print speed; however, high cooling rates for common print speeds may lead to greater residual stresses and reduced mechanical properties.
Monolithic Optical Interconnects in Zero-Change CMOS

Here, I present recent device and system results on monolithic electronic-photonic platforms developed in partially-depleted SOI CMOS, in which photonic functions are implemented with 'zero change' to the fabrication process, and solely by way of design. This platform enables the integration of photonic components, analog and digital circuits, all on a single chip, to achieve the performance and scalability needed for optical interconnects with Terabits per second data rates for high performance computing and data center applications. The resonance-based transmitters and receivers enabled by on-chip mixed-signal resonance stabilization circuits, along with very small electrical parasitics offer high bandwidth densities and sub-pJ/bit on-chip link energy consumptions to achieve Tb/s-scale optical interconnects through WDM systems.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of nonchilled, chilled, and late-pink bud reveals flowering pathway genes involved in chilling-mediated flowering in blueberry

Blueberry cultivars require a fixed quantity of chilling hours during winter endo-dormancy for vernalization. In this study, transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing data from nonchilled, chilled, and late pink buds of southern highbush blueberry ‘Legacy’ was performed to reveal genes associated with chilling accumulation and bud break. Fully chilled ‘Legacy’ plants flowered normally whereas nonchilled plants could not flower. Compared to nonchilled flower buds, chilled flower buds showed differential expression of 89% of flowering pathway genes, 86% of MADS-box genes, and 84% of cold-regulated genes. Blueberry orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) did not show a differential expression in chilled flower buds (compared to nonchilled flower bud) but were up-regulated in late-pink buds (compared to chilled flower bud). Orthologoues of major MADS-box genes were significantly up-regulated in chilled flower buds and down-regulated in late-pink buds. Functional orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) were not found in blueberry. Orthologues of Protein FD (FD), TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), and LEAFY (LFY) were down-regulated in chilled flower buds and in late-pink buds compared to nonchilled flower bud. The changes from nonchilled to chilled and chilled to late-pink buds are associated with transcriptional changes in a large number of differentially expressed (DE) phytohormone-related genes and DE flowering pathway genes. The profile of DE genes suggests that orthologues of FT, FD, TFL1, LFY, and MADS-box genes are the major genes involved in chilling-mediated blueberry bud-break. The results contribute to the comprehensive investigation of the vernalization-mediated flowering mechanism in woody plants.
Improving Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun with crossover on clustered instances of the TSP

Multi-trial Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun 2 (LKH-2) is widely considered to be the best Interated Local Search heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and has found the best-known solutions to a large number of benchmark problems. Although LKH-2 performs exceptionally well on most instances, it is known to have difficulty on clustered instances of the TSP. Generalized Partition Crossover (GPX) is a crossover operator for the TSP that efficiently constructs new solutions by partitioning a graph constructed from the union of two solutions. We show that GPX is especially well-suited for clustered instances and evaluate its ability to improve solutions found by LKH-2. We present two methods of combining GPX with multi-trial LKH-2. We find that combining GPX with LKH-2 dramatically improves the evaluation of solutions found by LKH-2 alone on clustered instances with sizes ranging from 3,000 to 30,000 cities.
Calorimetrie Studies of the Superconducting Transition and the Mixed State

The preceding general discussion of low-temperature specific heat (Chapter 8) naturally leads into a consideration of its use in experimental investigations of the superconducting transition. Calorimetry, a particularly powerful tool in this regard, possesses numerous advantages: (i) as a bulk-property measurement technique it is superior to electrical resistivity for the study of multiphase or otherwise inhomogeneous samples; (ii) the specific heat result yields not only T c but also two other important solid-state parameters, γ and θ D ; (iii) if the transition for one reason or another is sharp but incomplete, the relative magnitude of the specific heat jump at T c , viz., ΔC/γT c (see Sections 8.4 and 8.6), in comparison to some expected value (such as the BCS value, 1.43, or perhaps some more appropriate experimentally calibrated ratio) yields a measure of the fraction of the specimen that participates in the observed transition; (iv) if on the other hand the transition is broad, a knowledge of the form of the unrounded specific heat temperature dependence below T c enables one to derive a transition temperature distribution function related to the metallurgical condition of the sample.
Learning in Prediction Markets

This paper builds on the ideas of Manski (2006) and Wolfers and Zitzewitz (2005) to show when learning is allowed, an electronic market (a prediction market) may aggregate information. In particular, adding learning to the model used in Manski (2006) causes the market price to converge to the mean of the distribution of beliefs. The paper also presents a similar result under less restrictive assumptions on the preferences of individual traders. The paper ends with a discussion of various assumptions about how traders update their beliefs. The paper presents results which suggest that prices from prediction markets may be used to make inferences about mean beliefs and the true state of the world. However, the results presented here and in previous work suggest caution.
QE-III: a formal approach to natural language querying

In this paper we present an overview of QE-III, a language designed for natural-language querying of historical databases. QE-III is defined formally with a Montague Grammar, extended to provide an interpretation for questions and temporal reference. Moreover, in addition to the traditional syntactic and semantic components, a formal pragmatic interpretation for the sentences of QE-III is also defined.
Why Knowledge Management Systems Fail: Enablers and Constraints of Knowledge Management in Human Enterprises

Drawing upon lessons learned from the biggest failure of knowledge management in recent world history and the debacle of the ‘new economy’ enterprises, this chapter explains why knowledge management systems (KMS) fail and how risk of such failures may be minimized. The key thesis is that enablers of KMS designed for the ‘knowledge factory’ engineering paradigm often unravel and become constraints in adapting and evolving such systems for business environments characterized by high uncertainty. Design of KMS should ensure that adaptation and innovation of business performance outcomes occurs in alignment with changing dynamics of the business environment. Simultaneously, conceiving multiple future trajectories of the information technology and human inputs embedded in the KMS can diminish the risk of rapid obsolescence of such systems. Envisioning business models not only in terms of knowledge harvesting processes for seeking optimization and efficiencies, but in combination with ongoing knowledge creation processes would ensure that organizations not only succeed in doing the thing right in the short term but also in doing the right thing in the long term? Integrating both these aspects in enterprise business models as simultaneous and parallel sets of knowledge processes instead of treating them in isolation would facilitate ongoing innovation of business value propositions and customer value propositions.
Introductory Remarks: Some Partially Solved Problems in Anion Analysis

While instrumental methods of analysis occupy our attention to an increasing degree these days, we find the traditional wet chemical methods solidly entrenched in the area of water analysis.
Chemical Reactivity in Constrained Systems

The reactions of complexes containing macrocyclic ligands are at least as varied as those of simpler transition-metal complexes. The binding of a metal to a macrocyclic ligand does introduce constraints on the kind of reaction that can occur. The steric constraints imposed by such binding can affect the electronic structure of the metal, the number and lability of binding sites, the affinity of the metal for other ligands, etc. In many instances the ligand plays a very active role in the reactions observed. Thus the macrocyclic ligand not only modulates the metal-ion reactivity by means of steric constraints, but the ligand may also provide complementary sites for reaction.
Design of Large-Scale Genetic Association Studies, Sample Size, and Power

The subject of this chapter is sample size and power calculations for studies of genetic associations for both case–control studies and prospective studies of a quantitative phenotype or trait. This chapter starts with a comparison of three different methods for calculating power for the simplest single marker studies and then goes on to consider the general statistical approach to power calculations that are embodied in the very widely used QUANTO (Gauderman, W., & Morrison, J. (2006). QUANTO 1.1: A computer program for power and sample size calculations for genetic-epidemiology studies. http://hydra.usc.edu/gxe) program for a variety of study designs, including those which are impervious to population stratification, specifically sibling-matched and parent-affected-offspring studies. The chapter then discusses additional considerations affecting sample size and power including (1) control for multiple comparisons, (2) control for population stratification by the principal components methods discussed in Chap. 4, (3) multi-staged genotyping designs, (4) fine-mapping of associations using multi-marker analyses, (5) power calculations for haplotype analysis and imputed marker analysis, and (7) reuse of existing data for new studies.
Living chronic: Agency and expertise in the rhetoric of diabetes, by Arduser, L.

The rhetorical framing of a diabetic patient is more complex and fraught than we have been led to believe according to a new book by Lora Arduser. Living Chronic: Agency and Expertise in the Rhetor...
Light-actuated electrothermal microfluidic motion: experimental investigation and physical interpretation

This paper experimentally investigates a light-actuated electrothermal (ET) flow generated by the simultaneous application of a uniform AC electric field and a focused laser and provides a detailed physical interpretation of the results based on electrokinetic theory. The ET flow is driven in deionized (DI) water in a microfluidic chip consisting of two parallel-plate electrodes and analyzed using flow visualization, particle image velocimetry and single dye-based laser-induced fluorescence thermometry. Our experimental observation and measurement find that the electrothermally induced fluid motion takes the form of a rotationally symmetric toroidal vortex. The toroidal ET vortex shows a source pattern over the electrode surface where the focused laser is located, when the applied AC electric signal is less than the charge relaxation frequency of the DI water. Focusing a laser alternately to each of the two parallel-plate electrodes reveals the forced convection nature of an ET flow. The gradual increase of temperature and applied electric potential in the DI water causes a linear and parabolic increase of the ET velocity, respectively. The increase of AC frequency leads to a rapid decrease of the flow strength. The relative size of natural convection in the ET flows is less than 10 % for most of the applied experimental conditions, but increases up to about 35 % in the AC frequency region above the liquid charge relaxation frequency. From this investigation, it is found that the transition between the two flows occurs for system characteristic lengths around 1.2 mm.
Structure and Properties of Mechanochemically Synthesized Aluminum Hydroxide Fluoride Phases AlFx(OH)3-x·nH2O.

The title phases (x ≈ 1.5) with pyrochlore structure are mechanochemically synthesized for the first time using γ-Al(OH)3 and β-AlF3·3H2O with an Al:F ratio of 1:1.5.
Context-Aware Intent Identification in Email Conversations

Email continues to be one of the most important means of online communication. People spend a significant amount of time sending, reading, searching and responding to email in order to manage tasks, exchange information, etc. In this paper, we study intent identification in workplace email. We use a large scale publicly available email dataset to characterize intents in enterprise email and propose methods for improving intent identification in email conversations. Previous work focused on classifying email messages into broad topical categories or detecting sentences that contain action items or follow certain speech acts. In this work, we focus on sentence-level intent identification and study how incorporating more context (such as the full message body and other metadata) could improve the performance of the intent identification models. We experiment with several models for leveraging context including both classical machine learning and deep learning approaches. We show that modeling the interaction between sentence and context can significantly improve the performance.
Some Aspects of Non-Linear Differential Equations

In the following lectures we shall discuss a number of problems connected with nonlinear differential equations, and the construction of their solutions. There are several methods available to cope with the difficulties encountered in the theory of nonlinear functional analysis, we mention iteration methods, on the contraction principle which can be viewed as a generalization of the “regula falsi” to Banach spaces, and fixed point methods, as they were initiated by Leray and Schauder and their fixed point theorems. Schauder applied his method to the study of quasi linear hyperbolic differential equations and established the existence of the solutions “in the small”. [1]
Using Machine Learning to Predict Core Sizes of High-Efficiency Turbofan Engines

With the rise in big data and analytics, machine learning is transforming many industries. It is being increasingly employed to solve a wide range of complex problems, producing autonomous systems that support human decision-making. For the aircraft engine industry, machine learning of historical and existing engine data could provide insights that help drive for better engine design. This work explored the application of machine learning to engine preliminary design. Engine core-size prediction was chosen for the first study because of its relative simplicity in terms of number of input variables required (only three). Specifically, machine-learning predictive tools were developed for turbofan engine core-size prediction, using publicly available data of two hundred manufactured engines and engines that were studied previously in NASA aeronautics projects. The prediction results of these models show that, by bringing together big data, robust machine-learning algorithms and data science, a machine learning-based predictive model can be an effective tool for turbofan engine core-size prediction. The promising results of this first study paves the way for further exploration of the use of machine learning for aircraft engine preliminary design.
Repetitive behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Associations with depression and anxiety symptoms

Abstract Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience depression and anxiety at higher rates than typically developing (TD) youth. The current study examined how restricted and repetitive behaviors or interests (RRBs) may be related to symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants included 35 children with ASD (29 male, 6 female) between 3 and 14 years. Youth who met clinical cut-off for depression and anxiety demonstrated increased self-injurious behavior compared to peers with ASD who did not meet clinical cut-off. These findings might suggest that self-injurious behaviors may serve as behavioral indicators of heightened negative affect. This could have important implications for assessment of symptoms of anxiety and depression in this population, which is especially critical given that children with ASD often experience language delays and difficulties.
Designing Tools for Semi-Automated Detection of Machine Learning Biases: An Interview Study.

Machine learning models often make predictions that bias against certain subgroups of input data. When undetected, machine learning biases can constitute significant financial and ethical implications. Semi-automated tools that involve humans in the loop could facilitate bias detection. Yet, little is known about the considerations involved in their design. In this paper, we report on an interview study with 11 machine learning practitioners for investigating the needs surrounding semi-automated bias detection tools. Based on the findings, we highlight four considerations in designing to guide system designers who aim to create future tools for bias detection.
Eyes on the Bike Lane: Crowdsourced Traffic Violations and Bicycle Infrastructure in San Francisco, CA

Bicycle lanes blocked by automobiles provide little benefit to cyclists. Given inadequate enforcement of these illegal maneuvers in San Francisco, CA, an online platform was created to enable citizens to log blocked bike lanes and submit them to the municipality. The platform’s popularity has led to roughly 9,500 reports in its first nine months of operation. Spatial analysis of these reports (compared to municipal citations) indicates that the city’s bike-lane network is heavily disrupted by automobiles, enforcement of blocked bike lanes does not reflect the geographic distribution of the problem, and that passenger/goods delivery vehicles are the most common perpetrators.
Chapter 12 – Tension-Type Headache

Primary headaches involve biological disorders of the brain which present with headache without evidence of underlying structural lesions. Tension-type headache is the most common primary headache, with a lifetime prevalence of between 30% and 78%. Socioeconomic impact is substantial. Tension-type headache is characterized by recurrent episodes of relatively non-disabling headache with few, if any, associated features. Diagnosis requires exclusion of secondary headache disorders and migraine, both of which can present with tension-type headache phenotypes. Three subtypes are distinguished by headache frequency: infrequent episodic, frequent episodic, and chronic. Pericranial nerve and muscle abnormalities appear to contribute to the physiology of episodic tension-type headache, while central nervous system underpinnings appear responsible for the chronic subtype. Acute treatment with simple analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and caffeine-containing compounds is typically effective. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies may be helpful in reducing attack frequency. These headaches may recur over many years or even decades, but overall prognosis is generally favorable.
Females Have Earlier Muscle Strength and Functional Recovery After Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair.

Background: While a sex effect on outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has been previously documented, less is known following bridge-enhanced ACL repair (BEAR...
Minimizing the Cost of Union: Fiscal Autonomy and the Case of Scotland

Propositions from the theory of fiscal federalism are used to argue for closer matching of taxes raised in Scotland and spending by the Holyrood government. Incentives would then be enhanced for Holyrood to provide public goods and services in quantities Scottish taxpayers are willing to pay for. Empirical evidence shows that this increase in vertical balance improves rates of regional and national economic growth. Two sequential games are used to show that whether Scotland chooses first or second in the public spending game with Westminster it still ends up with overly-generous funding. The argument is made that in fairness to taxpayers in the rest of the UK (increased horizontal balance) Scottish fiscal autonomy should be moved to.
Exercising the 'Governance Option': Labor's New Push to Reshape Financial Capitalism

New forms of stockholder activism call into question longstanding assumptions underpinning our system of corporate governance. Scholarship has largely failed to explain the basis for these new forms and, in particular, the differences among activists. Activists are not one undifferentiated mass. Small activist hedge funds, as well as large union sponsored or influenced pension funds, both use governance mechanisms to influence corporate behavior. Pension funds, however, have a different set of incentives than hedge funds. The beneficiaries of these funds cannot easily switch between consumption and investment by buying or selling their holdings in firms. Thus, instead, institutional investors exercise an embedded “governance option” found within shares of common stock to engage with firms. Organized labor, in particular, now uses its influence in pension funds to motivate progressive change by corporations. This form of activism has the potential to alter the balance of power between workers and capitalists in the era of financial capitalism.
Identification and evolution analysis of the JAZ gene family in maize

Jasmonates (JAs) are important for plants to coordinate growth, reproduction, and defense responses. In JA signaling, jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins serve as master regulators at the initial stage of herbivores attacks. Although discovered in many plant species, little in-depth characterization of JAZ gene expression has been reported in the agronomically important crop, maize (Zea mays L.). In this study 16 JAZ genes from the maize genome were identified and classified. Phylogenetic analyses were performed from maize, rice, sorghum, Brachypodium, and Arabidopsis using deduced protein sequences, total six clades were proposed and conservation was observed in each group, such as similar gene exon/intron structures. Synteny analysis across four monocots indicated these JAZ gene families had a common ancestor, and duplication events in maize genome may drive the expansion of JAZ gene family, including genome-wide duplication (GWD), transposon, and/or tandem duplication. Strong purifying selection acted on all JAZ genes except those in group 4, which were under neutral selection. Further, we cloned three paralogous JAZ gene pairs from two maize inbreds differing in JA levels and insect resistance, and gene polymorphisms were observed between two inbreds. Here we analyzed the composition and evolution of JAZ genes in maize with three other monocot plants. Extensive phylogenetic and synteny analysis revealed the expansion and selection fate of maize JAZ. This is the first study comparing the difference between two inbreds, and we propose genotype-specific JAZ gene expression might be present in maize plants. Since genetic redundancy in JAZ gene family hampers our understanding of their role in response to specific elicitors, we hope this research could be pertinent to elucidating the defensive responses in plants.
Impurity incorporation and diffusion from regrowth interfaces in N-polar GaN photocathodes and the impact on quantum efficiency

We investigate the mechanisms of growth interruption mediated interfacial impurity diffusion in N-polar GaN, and through this understanding, we offer an approach toward achieving high quantum efficiency III-nitride photocathode devices. N-polar photocathode structures consisting of a p-GaN active layer and a thin unintentionally doped GaN (u-GaN) cap layer were grown on an N-polar u-GaN template with varied growth interruptions at interfaces. Unintentionally incorporated oxygen and silicon impurity spikes at regrowth interfaces were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Pipe and bulk diffusion of the oxygen impurity is observed from the regrowth interfaces when the overgrown layer required higher temperature growth, whereas only bulk diffusion is seen otherwise. Furthermore, the proximity of regrowth interfaces to the surface is observed to impact the diffusivity of oxygen. Growth interruption between the p-GaN active layer and cap layer resulted in a low quantum efficiency of 0.27%, while uninterrupted growth of the p-GaN/u-GaN cap photocathode achieved a quantum efficiency of 10.79%. We attribute the low quantum efficiency of the interrupted cap photocathode to the high density of oxygen within the active region of the device. Understanding of impurity incorporation at regrowth interfaces, dominating driving mechanisms behind diffusion of these species, and their impact on material properties are critical elements in designing high performing devices.
Motivational Differences Between Salesmen and Saleswomen: Actual or Percpetual?

Using expectancy theory as a framework, salesmen and saleswomen were investigated at the item-level of analysis for differences in intrinsic valence, extrinsic valence, intrinsic instrumentality, extrinsic instrumentality, and expectancy. Findings reveal that salesmen, in general, are more highly motivated than saleswomen. The components of motivation were also regressed on salesmen's and saleswomen's job satisfaction and job performance to further our understanding of gender differences. Information revealed that this micro-level of analysis may account for the inconsistent findings in previous research. Suggestions for future areas of research and managerial implications are offered.
Survey of the Child Neurology Program Coordinator Association Workforce Issues and Readiness for the Next Accreditation System

In preparation for the implementation of the Next Accreditation System in Child Neurology, the authors organized the first meeting of child neurology program coordinators in October 2014. A workforce and program-readiness survey was conducted initially. Coordinator job titles varied widely. Most respondents (65%) managed 1 or more fellowships plus child neurology residency. Most had worked in graduate medical education less than 5 years (53%), with no career path (88%), supervised by someone without graduate medical education experience (85%), in divisions where faculty knowledge was judged inadequate (72%). A small proportion of programs had established clinical competency committee policies (28%) and was ready to implement milestone-based evaluations (56%). A post-conference survey demonstrated substantial improvements in relevant skills. The complexity of residency program management in the Next Accreditation System era supports substantive modifications to the program coordinator role. Such changes should include defined career pathway, managerial classification, administrative support, and continuing education.
Zooarchaeology, Localization, and Chinese Railroad Workers in North America

Analysis of zooarchaeological data from sites related to 19thcentury Chinese railroad workers in the United States illustrates the variety of food choices made by these individuals and the effects of “localization” on their food practices. Due to the mobility inherent in the lives of railroad workers, data from railroad line camps and urban and rural Chinatown communities provide a fuller picture of the suite of contexts in which railroad workers made food choices. The resulting data demonstrate that, as Chinese railroad workers moved from context to context, they were able to act upon their culinary beliefs in different ways; they typically enjoyed a wide array of food options and possibilities in larger urban Chinatown communities while creatively managing local conditions to maintain some semblance of Chinese foodways, even in rural environments.
Minimal cooling rate dependence of ice nuclei activity in the immersion mode

[1] We present new measurements of the time dependence of the ice-nucleating ability of a wide range of materials including the minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite, the biological proxy ice nuclei Icemax, and flame soot generated from the incomplete combustion of ethylene gas. We also present time dependence for ambient ice nuclei collected from rainwater samples. Our data show that the time dependence for all materials studied here is weak, suggesting that the modified singular approximation is valid over the range of times and temperatures encountered for mixed phase clouds.