cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Archive Spotlight: Water Resources Collections and Archives

This article discusses the history and collections of the Water Resources Collections and Archives (WRCA), formerly known as the Water Resources Center Archive (WRCA), currently located on the campus of the University of California Riverside (U.C. Riverside) and California State University, San Bernadino (Cal. State. San Bernadino) libraries. This unique archive is of special importance to researchers interested in water rights, dams, floods, as well as other water related issues in environmental legal history.
Role of extrusion of the Rand and Sierra de Salinas schists in Late Cretaceous extension and rotation of the southern Sierra Nevada and vicinity

The Rand and Sierra de Salinas schists of southern California were underplated beneath the southern Sierra Nevada batholith and adjacent Mojave-Salinia region along a shallow segment of the subducting Farallon plate in Late Cretaceous time. Various mechanisms, including return flow, isostatically driven uplift, upper plate normal faulting, erosion, or some combination thereof, have been proposed for the exhumation of the schist. We supplement existing kinematic data with new vorticity and strain analysis to characterize deformation in the Rand and Sierra de Salinas schists. These data indicate that the schist was transported to the SSW from deep to shallow crustal levels along a mylonitic contact (the Rand fault and Salinas shear zone) with upper plate assemblages. Crystallographic preferred orientation patterns in deformed quartzites reveal a decreasing simple shear component with increasing structural depth, suggesting a pure shear dominated westward flow within the subduction channel and localized simple shear along the upper channel boundary. The resulting flow type within the channel is that of general shear extrusion. Integration of these observations with published geochronologic, thermochronometric, thermobarometric, and paleomagnetic studies reveals a temporal relationship between schist unroofing and upper crustal extension and rotation. We present a model whereby trench-directed channelized extrusion of the underplated schist triggered gravitational collapse and clockwise rotation of the upper plate.
Meiotic Gene Conversion and Crossing Over Between Dispersed Homologous Sequences Occurs Frequently in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We have examined meiotic recombination between two defined leu2 heteroalleles present at the normal LEU2 locus and in leu2-containing plasmids inserted at four other genomic locations. In diploids where the two leu2 markers were present at allelic locations on parental homologs, the frequency of Leu2+ spores varied 38-fold, in a location-dependent manner. These results indicate that recombination in a genetic interval can be modulated by sequences at least 2.7 kb outside that interval. Leu2+ meiotic segregants were also recovered from diploids where LEU2 was marked with one heteroallele, and the other leu2 heteroallele was inserted at another genomic location. These products of ectopic interactions, between dispersed copies of leu2 sharing only 2.2 kb of homology, were recovered at a frequency comparable to that observed in corresponding allelic crosses. This high frequency of ectopic meiotic recombination was observed in crosses where both recombining partners could potentially pair with sequences at an allelic position. In addition, a significant fraction (22–50%) of these ectopic recombinants were associated with crossing over of flanking sequences.
Iron: Models of Proteins with Dinuclear Active Sites

The nonheme diiron enzymes are a class of metalloproteins that share a common function in the binding and activation of dioxygen. In recent years, interest in these enzymes has grown at a steady rate. The focus is both of a fundamental and applied nature. Understanding how these enzymes have evolved to perform synthetically challenging organic transformations under moderate conditions will provide insights into evolutionary processes and possibly help to develop techniques for engineering such active sites into proteins. These studies have led to the development of synthetic catalysts for these transformations through the ‘biomimetic’ approach. Through structural studies it has become clear that many of the metal binding sites in nonheme diiron enzymes possess carboxylate-rich ligation, which is believed to be important in facilitating redox processes and structural rearrangements during catalysis. The use of model compounds to study these enzymes has many advantages that are not offered with other approaches. For example, a model for a proposed reactive intermediate may be stabilized at low temperature and studied. Synthetic compounds can also be selectively modified to examine the influence of a certain geometry, ligand set, or chemical environment on the properties and reactivity of the compound. In this article, several approaches are discussed toward the development of diiron model compounds. In one approach, multidentate ligands possessing two metal binding sites are examined. This approach has led to metal complexes with closely spaced iron centers, a key structural feature in these enzymes. In a second approach, mononuclear metal complexes supported by multidentate ligands are bridged by oxygen groups to generate the diiron core structure. A third approach focuses on dicarboxylate ligands that bridge the two iron centers. This approach allows for variation of the remaining terminal ligands. The fourth approach relies on steric interactions. Intramolecular ligand interactions are used to control the geometry of the diiron complex. To date, these four approaches have been very successful in generating many of the intermediates seen in the diiron enzyme catalytic cycles and a few have been shown to reproduce the catalytic activity to some extent. It is anticipated that many more insights will be garnered from model studies and that new chemistries will be discovered. Keywords: nonhem diiron site; dioxygen activation; oxidation; methane monooxygenase; ribonucleotide reductase; delta 9 desaturase; peroxo intermediate; intermediate Q; intermdiate X; iron oxo species; hydrophobic active site; high-valent iron species
Rodent posterior parietal cortex as a component of a cortical network mediating directed spatial attention

The rat posterior parietal cortex has been found to be a multimodal convergence area identifiable by its pattern of neuroanatomical connections with the cortex and thalamus. The rat posterior parietal cortex is part of a cortical network that also includes the medial agranular and ventrolateral orbital areas. Each of these three cortical areas is a region of multimodal convergence. Bilateral destruction of any of these areas produces deficits in spatial learning, whereas unilateral lesions induce deficits in directed attention. These findings suggest that together these cortical regions form an integrated network for spatial processing and orientation. In a recent test of this hypothesis, the posterior parietal area was selectively disconnected from the medial agranular cortex without direct damage to either area. This resulted in severe neglect which was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that produced by unilateral destruction of wither cortical area, thereby supporting the network hypothesis. Some earlier conflicting reports bearing on the functional role of rat posterior parietal cortex may be explained in light of these disconnection data. The anatomical and behavioral findings suggest that in rats, as in primates, a parieto-frontal network mediates the integrated, dynamic spatial representations essential for normal directed attention and spatial orientation.
Small-molecule inhibitors of the cell cycle.

Abstract The cell cycle remains an attractive target for the development of small-molecule inhibitors for use as both novel chemotherapeutics and research probes. Given the importance of cytoskeletal dynamics and cyclin-dependent kinases for cell-cycle progression, much interest has focused on the identification of anti-mitotic agents and kinase inhibitors. However, recent advances in cell-based screening technologies and an increased interest in inhibitors with greater specificity are beginning to influence the search for novel cell-cycle inhibitors.
Do Those with More Formal Education Have Better Health Insurance Opportunities

Abstract Inequalities in the availability of employer-based health insurance due to differences in formal educational attainment are examined. 7762 fully employed adult respondents are sampled from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey. Respondents are classed as covered by employer, sponsored or individually purchased insurance or uninsured. Probit regression is used to predict the likelihood of employer sponsored health insurance. Fully employed persons with higher levels of formal education are more likely to have insurance. The likelihood of employer sponsored coverage is determined more strongly by industrial classes rather than the result of educational attainment alone. Based on the impact of employment and premium share on insurance type, incentives for the development of employee insurance purchasing cooperatives and premium subsidies may be feasible in increasing access to affordable health insurance. These policies may help alleviate detrimental effects to health status by reducing the negative fringe benefit effects of occupational selection. [ JEL I1; J31; J33]
Concurrent VLSI architectures for image and signal processing: Applications in image and signal processing

From the introduction of the ENIAC computer in 1946 until the beginning of this decade, the electronic organization or “architecture” of the computer has consisted of four basic components: a processor, a control unit, memory storage, and input/output units (Fig. 1). The memory holds data and lists of instructions that the processor and control unit use to solve a problem. The input/output units could be conventional devices such as magnetic tapes or hard disks, or external devices such as antennas or a video camera. Continually improving integrated circuit technology, which now allows transistor densities as high as 500,000 devices per integrated circuit, has provided this basic single-processor or “uni-processor” computer architecture the computing horsepower needed to keep up with the increasing information processing demands experienced during the past three decades.
African-American Women in the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965: Gender, Leadership, and Micromobilization

Through an analysis of gender in the civil rights movement, this article illustrates that the conceptualization of social movement leadership requires expansion. This study concludes that an intermediate layer of leadership is critical to the micromobilization of a social movement. This intermediate layer provides a bridge (1) between the social movement organization(s) and potential adherents and constituents, (2) between prefigurative and strategic politics, and (3) between potential leaders and those already predisposed to movement activity. The latter illustrates that mobilization does not always occur in a linear fashion (i.e., formal leaders mobilize and recruit participants). In the case of the civil rights movement, this intermediate layer of leadership was the primary area for women's leadership.
The Effects of Idealized Advertising Imagery on Social Comparisons, Psychological and Emotional Outcomes, and Consumer Vulnerability: A Conceptual Model

This article integrates marketing and social psychology theories and findings into a conceptual model that describes the conditions for which idealized advertising images induce positive (or negative) consumer outcomes. Extending Bessenoff's moderated mediation model, the authors propose that: (1) effect of social comparison on the relationship between exposure to idealized advertising images and psychological/emotional outcomes will be moderated by internalization of ideals and self-discrepancy; (2) effect of psychological/emotional outcomes on the relationship between social comparison and consumer vulnerability will be moderated by attainability of ideals; and (3) product claims should moderate the relationship between psychological and emotional outcomes and consumer vulnerability.
Characterizing and modeling the apparent anomalous behavior of resistivity in Cr-Si-O thin films

The Cr-Si-O material system is of interest for use as a thin film resistor. The films are sputter deposited onto conducting substrates from metal oxide compacts using a reactive gas mixture. the cermet films composition range from 50 to 100 vol.% SiO{sub 2} as determined from elemental measurements of the Cr, Si and O content. In a wide range of resistivities from 10{sup 1} to 10 {sup 14} {omega}-cm measured through the film thickness, an apparent anomalous behavior is found with the Cr, Si and O composition. The anomaly can be deducted to a discontinuous variation of resistivity with film composition near 80 vol.% SiO{sub 2}. The film microstructure is characterized as a distribution of conducting metal-silicide particles within an insulating matrix. The effective medium theory is used to predict the variation of conductivity and successfully models the anomalous resistivity behavior.
Monte Carlo study of three-dimensional QCD

Abstract Three-dimensional QCD is examined using Monte Carlo calculations with particular emphasis on the comparison with the four-dimensional theory. It is found that strong coupling expansions and weak coupling limits determine the essence of the physics, since they both extend to the critical coupling in perfect agreement with the numerical results. The junction between the two limits at the critical coupling is remarkably smooth.
A compilation of recent surveys and company-specific descriptions of management accounting practices

Abstract Knowledge of practice can significantly benefit both accounting teaching and research This article aims to enhance such understanding by providing an inventory of recent surveys and company-specific descriptions of management accounting practices. The inventory was constructed from an exhaustive search of 12 accounting and business periodicals covering the period January 1980 to June 1987. Survey results are summarized for five major topic areas: cost accounting system design, decision making, planning, control, and the use of quantitative methods. These results are presented in tables to facilitate classroom presentation. An additional 55 articles describing company-specific practices are also classified under these headings.
The Molecular Biography of the Cell

Neuroendocrine Unit subjects’ motivation and to adopt a more critical andBulfinch 457 less accepting tone.Massachusetts General Hospital The interrogative approach to the study of develop-55 Fruit Street ment took hold throughout the world, including theBoston, Massachusetts 02114 United States, where biologist Edwin Conklin’s detailed
Of Orchids, insects, and natural theology: Timing, tactics, and cultural critique in darwin's post-“Origin” strategy

This essay examines the relation of Darwin's orchids book to a central persuasive flaw in theOrigin: Its inability to give variation sufficient “presence” to break the hold of “design” in the mind of the reader. Darwin characterized the orchids book as “a flank movement on the enemy”; this essay identifies the “enemy” as Paley's natural theology and the “flank” as thetopoi, maxims, and habits of perception that led Darwin's colleagues and contemporaries to see design in nature. Moreover, this essay examines three aspects of rhetorical timing pertinent toOrchids - time askairos, time as adequate duration, and time as transformation - and then relates those features to Robert Cox's Heideggerian logic of repetition, disavowal, and transcendence. The essay concludes with implications of the tactical and temporal aspects of Darwin's reasoning for understanding both the logic of science and of Darwin as a rhetorical artist.
Profoundly Gifted Girls and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychometric Case Study Comparison

A case study of the psychometric characteristics of two profoundly gifted girls, one with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the other without ASD, is used to describe the nuances and subtleties most relevant in understanding the relationship between extreme giftedness and social difficulties. Through the presentation of the results from psychoeducational and psychosocial assessments, we demonstrate how data from a comprehensive evaluation can distinguish between the manifestation of extreme giftedness and concomitant social impairment indicative of ASD. Comparison of the assessment results highlights the relevance of cognitive and achievement information as well as the need for specific measures to diagnosis ASD. The girls demonstrated virtually identically superior cognitive and achievement performances. However, an in-depth analysis of additional measures, especially those specific to ASD, indicates that information about adaptive behavior and executive functioning can reveal important distinctions that are helpful in understanding the need for unique interventions specific to ASD
Electrical contacts to nitrogen incorporated nanocrystalline diamond films

Abstract The effect of surface plasma treatment on the nature of the electrical contact to the nitrogen incorporated nanocrystalline diamond (n-NCD) films is reported. Nitrogen incorporated NCD films were grown in a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) reactor using CH 4 (1%)/N 2 (20%)/Ar (79%) gas chemistry. Raman spectra of the films showed features at ∼ 1140 cm − 1 , 1350 cm − 1 (D-band) and 1560 cm − 1 (G-band) respectively with changes in the bonding configuration of G-band after the plasma treatment. Electrical contacts to both untreated and surface plasma treated films are formed by sputtering and patterning Ti/Au metal electrodes. Ohmic nature of these contacts on the untreated films has changed to non-ohmic type after the hydrogen plasma treatment. The linear current–voltage characteristics could not be obtained even after annealing the contacts. The nature of the electrical contacts to these films depends on the surface conditions and the presence of defects and sp 2 carbon.
Self-Harm and Suicidal Behavior in Women with Comorbid PTSD and Substance Dependence

This study examined the frequency, methods, and correlates of self-harm and suicidal behavior in 65 outpatient women with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance dependence (SD). Results showed high rates of suicide attempts, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and self-harm ideation for the prior three months. The most common methods were overdosing and cutting/scratching. Both PTSD and SD were perceived as contributing to self-harm and suicidal behavior. Women who had and had not engaged in such behavior differed in SD diagnoses and reasons for staying safe, but not in the number or type of traumatic experiences, age at first trauma, or substance abuse diagnoses.
Mu opioid receptor and orexin/hypocretin mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamus and striatum are enhanced by morphine withdrawal

In this study, we investigated the effects of acute morphine administration, chronic intermittent escalating-dose morphine administration and spontaneous withdrawal from chronic morphine on mRNA levels of mu opioid receptor (MOP-r), and the opioid peptides pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and preprodynorphin (ppDyn) in several key brain regions of the rat, associated with drug reward and motivated behaviors: lateral hypothalamus (lat.hyp), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, amygdala, and caudate-putamen (CPu). There was no effect on MOP-r mRNA levels in these brain regions 30 min after either a single injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or chronic intermittent escalating-dose morphine (from 7.5 mg/kg per day on day 1 up to 120 mg/kg per day on day 10). Activation of the stress-responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by 12 h withdrawal from chronic morphine was confirmed; both POMC mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were significantly elevated. Under this withdrawal-related stress condition, there was an increase in MOP-r mRNA levels in the lat.hyp, NAc core, and CPu. Recent studies have demonstrated a novel role for the lat.hyp orexin (or hypocretin) activation in both drug-related positive rewarding, and withdrawal effects. Around 50% of lat.hyp orexin neurons express MOP-r. Therefore, we also examined the levels of lat.hyp orexin mRNA, and found them increased in morphine withdrawal, whereas there was no change in levels of the lat.hyp ppDyn mRNA, a gene coexpressed with the lat.hyp orexin. Our results show that there is an increase in MOP-r gene expression in a region-specific manner during morphine withdrawal, and support the hypothesis that increased lat.hyp orexin activity plays a role in morphine-withdrawal-related behaviors.
Advancing Frontiers of Nylon and Dacron Polyester Fibers

Several examples of what is believed to be typical of the principal direction of evolution of thermoplastic fibers are given—i.e., the development of special nylon and polyester fibers that, while ...
Quantum chemical calculation on clay-water interface

Abstract We use a molecular description of the solvent and clay sheet to model the clay-water interactions. Quantum chemical calculations both semiempirical (MNDO — modified neglect of differential overlap) and first principle (DFT — density functional theory) were performed on localized cluster models of montmorillonite to study the interaction of one water molecule near the vicinity of the clay surface. The minimized orientation of water molecules with respect to the clay surface is determined. It is observed that lower energy is obtained when the two hydrogens of the water molecule point towards the clay surface i.e. the oxygen of water molecules is going away from the clay surface. The effect of tetrahedral substitution in the clay matrix on the water interaction has also been studied to show that tetrahedral substitution in clays has a distinct effect on the clay-water interaction with respect to stabilization energy.
Evaluation of neurotoxic potential by use of in vitro systems.

In vitro systems have been proposed, but not yet demonstrated, as a method to assess the neurotoxicity of compounds in an efficient and rapid manner. Although such tests are desired both for pharmaceuticals and environmental agents, such a battery has yet to be developed that is based on known processes of nervous system dysfunction. In this review article, characteristics and potential limitations associated with in vitro methods are discussed. Many of these features have been identified from a larger body of work examining the neurotoxicity of environmental agents and the mechanisms underlying activity of known neurotoxicants. These issues include relevant drug concentrations, factors that limit or alter drug accessibility to the nervous system, and the need for assays to reflect biologically meaningful end points. This commentary briefly surveys in vitro systems of increasing biological complexity currently available for toxicity testing, from single cell types to systems that preserve some aspects of ...
Plasmid Profiles in Epidemiologic Studies of Infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis

Plasmid profiles of cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis obtained by agarose gel electrophoresis were used, in conjunction with phage typing, biotyping, and antibiograms, in epidemiologic studies of infections in neonates and patients with cancer. In some cases, patients had cultures that were lysed by a single phage, belonged to the same biotype, and had identical antibiograms, but had distinctly different plasmid profiles. In other instances, almost identical plasmid profiles were observed in cultures lysed by a single phage, belonging to the same biotype, and with markedly different antibiograms. The plasmid profile technique was valuable in detecting distinct strains of S. epidermidis, and its use could be helpful in epidemiologic studies of infections by other organisms.
On the dimension of trees

We consider isometric embedding of trees into the infinite graph Z"m whose vertices are the m-dimensional lattice points where two vertices a=(a"1,a"2,...,a"m) and b=(b"1,b"2,...,b"m) are adjacent if and only if |a"i-b"i|=<1 for 1=
An investigation of grain rotation and grain elongation in a superplastic alloy

Abstract Measurements were taken to determine the extent of grain rotation and grain elongation in the Pb-62%Sn eutectic alloy tested to a maximum elongation of 800% at a temperature of 423 K and at a strain rate near the center of the superplastic region II. The results show that individual grains of the Sn and Pb phases rotate during superplastic flow, up to a maximum rotation angle of the order of ±30°. The grains remain essentially equiaxed during superplastic deformation, although there is a slight change in the average shape of the grains at the higher elongations. This change arises not from an increase in the average longitudinal dimensions of the grains but from a decrease in the average transverse dimensions due to a rounding of the grain edges.
EFFECTS OF AN ADENINE ANALOG ON YEAST METABOLISM.

Abstract An adenine analog, 6-methylpurine, has been found to inhibit growth and synthesis in the yeast Candida utilis. The analog inhibits the synthesis of guanylic acid from adenylic acid, depresses the incorporation of adenine in ribonucleic acid, inhibits ribosomal synthesis, and leads to an altered distribution of amino acids in the cellular metabolic pool. 6-Methylpurine appears to act in this organism in a similar manner to 5-fluorouracil.
Constructing integrable high-pressure full-current free-boundary stellarator magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium solutions

For the (non-axisymmetric) stellarator class of plasma confinement devices to be feasible candidates for fusion power stations it is essential that, to a good approximation, the magnetic field lines lie on nested flux surfaces; however, the inherent lack of a continuous symmetry implies that magnetic islands responsible for breaking the smooth topology of the flux surfaces are guaranteed to exist. Thus, the suppression of magnetic islands is a critical issue for stellarator design, particularly for small aspect ratio devices. Pfirsch–Schluter currents, diamagnetic currents and resonant coil fields contribute to the formation of magnetic islands, and the challenge is to design the plasma and coils such that these effects cancel.Magnetic islands in free-boundary high-pressure full-current stellarator magnetohydrodynamic equilibria are suppressed using a procedure based on the Princeton Iterative Equilibrium Solver (Reiman and Greenside 1986 Comput. Phys. Commun. 43 157) which iterates the equilibrium equations to obtain the plasma equilibrium. At each iteration, changes to a Fourier representation of the coil geometry are made to cancel resonant fields produced by the plasma. The changes are constrained to preserve certain measures of engineering acceptability and to preserve the stability of ideal kink modes. As the iterations continue, the coil geometry and the plasma simultaneously converge to an equilibrium in which the island content is negligible, the plasma is stable to ideal kink modes, and the coils satisfy engineering constraints. The method is applied to a candidate plasma and coil design for the National Compact Stellarator eXperiment (Reiman et al 2001 Phys. Plasma 8 2083).
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in mortality among women diagnosed with cervical cancer in New York City, 1995-2006.

Background Though cervical cancer rates have declined due to Pap screening, racial and socioeconomic disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality persist. This study assesses the relative impact of race/ethnicity and neighborhood poverty on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in New York City (NYC).
Delayed puberty in males with chronic renal failure.

The effects of chronic renal failure on the pituitary-testicular axis of 31 males, aged 11.7 to 20.0 yr (mean, 16.0 yr) were studied. Nine patients not on hemodialysis (group I) had serum creatinines between 2.5 and 8.0 mg/dl, 10 patients were on hemodialysis (group II) and 12 patients had received a renal transplant (group III). The Tanner stage of pubertal development was delayed relative to chronologic age. Testosterone (T), delta 4-androstenedione (delta 4), and urinary 17-keto steroids were normal when related to pubertal stage in groups I and II; and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DS) were in the low normal range. In group III, adrenal androgens (delta 4, DHEA, DS) were decreased as a consequence of prednisone therapy whereas T was normal. Luteinizing hormone levels were normal in all. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were normal in all. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly increased in groups I and II. In group III, FSH was normal in 6 of 9 patients with serum creatinine concentrations 2 mg/dl. The data shows that FSH is elevated in patients with chronic renal failure even in prepuberty and early adolescence. This may reflect damage to germinal epithelium prior to the advent of spermatogenesis, whereas Leydig cell function appears to remain intact.
The Myths and Realities of SFX in Academic Libraries

Abstract On the surface, SFX, utilizing the concept of context-sensitive linking among library resources, promises the ability to obtain full text effortlessly. This paper reports on the results of a three-fold study—online survey, focus group interviews, and sample testing analysis—to examine library end-user and librarian expectations and experiences using SFX.
Prediction of ionic copolymerization reactivity ratios

It is shown that it is possible to predict the reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of a given monomer pair if each monomer has been separately copolymerized with a third monomer, and the product of the reactivity ratios of one of these separate copolymerizations is equal to unity. This latter condition is frequently met in ionic copolymerizations and is sometimes true in free radical copolymerizations. Literature data for five trios of monomer are examined to show the validity of the predictions.
Using an education oriented digital library to organize and present classes in computing and information

This demonstration allows conference attendees to gain experience in using the facilities of the NSF National Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Education Digital Library (NSDL) to prepare and present College or university level classes.
Spatial remapping in the primate visual system.

The lateral geniculate body performs a spatial remapping operation. This remapping may help to preserve the apparent distance of objects under symmetrical eye movements, thereby stabilizing the appearance of visual space. In addition, a related, and perhaps more basic function of the geniculate remapping may be to increase the efficiency of the neural matrix which encodes depth information. For distant fixation, the majority of cells in this cortical matrix would be responsive to crossed disparities, but for near fixation, many of these same cells might be converted into “uncrossed disparity detectors”. Two types of models for the geniculate are presented, together with supporting evidence: (1) a quantitative psychophysical model describing its steady-state properties, and (2) a qualitative neurophysiological model describing the function of the geniculate laminae.
Effect of method of applying fibrolytic enzymes or ammonia to Bermudagrass hay on feed intake, digestion, and growth of beef steers

This study examined how different methods of applying a fibrolytic enzyme or ammonia affect the nutritive value of Bermudagrass hay and the performance of beef cattle. Fifty Angus x Brangus crossbred steers (mean initial BW 244 +/- 26 kg) were individually fed for ad libitum intake of a 5-wk regrowth of a mixture of Florakirk and Tifton 44 Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers] hay for 84 d with a concentrate supplement (77% soybean hull pellets, 23% cottonseed meal (DM basis) fed at 1% of BW daily. The Bermudagrass was conserved as hay without treatment (control), with NH(3) (30 g/kg of DM), or with a fibrolytic enzyme (16.5 g/t, air-dry basis) that was applied immediately after cutting (Ec), at baling (Eb), or at feeding. Chromic oxide was dosed to steers for 10 consecutive days, and fecal Cr concentrations from the last 5 d were used to estimate apparent total tract digestibility. In situ ruminal DM degradability was measured by incubating ground (4-mm) hay samples in duplicate in each of 2 ruminally cannulated cows having ad libitum access to Bermudagrass hay and 500 g/d of soybean meal. Unlike the enzyme treatment, ammoniation increased (P 0.05) by treatment. The wash loss fractions in hays treated with Ec and Eb were lower than that in the control hay, but the potentially degradable fraction, total degradable fraction, and the effective degradability were increased (P < 0.01) by NH(3) treatment. Application at cutting was the most promising method of enzyme treatment, and this treatment was almost as effective as ammonia for enhancing forage quality.
Picolitre acoustic droplet ejection by femtosecond laser micromachined multiple- orifice membrane-based 2D ejector arrays

Described is a new method of generating droplets by using the higher-order resonance mode shape displacement of a two-dimensional (2D) silicon nitride membrane array with multiple orifices, fabricated by a femtosecond laser. This higher-order resonance ejection method increases the flow rate per membrane on a 2D ejector array and introduces the capability to eject from various locations on a membrane. Combined with the simplicity and the functionality of femtosecond laser micromachining, the novel devices are especially well suited for continuously generating picolitre droplets for various applications in biotechnology and the semiconductor industry.
Laser scleral buckling: a new method to treat retinal detachment

ABSTRACT Scleral indentation was induced in cadaver eyes by shrinkage of scleral collagen fibers using a pulsed solid stateHo:YAG (2.1 pm) laser with fiber optic delivery. Applying Ho:YAG laser radiation permits control of the amount of laserinduced buckling effect by selecting laser treatment parameters such as beam spot, radiant exposure, and number of pulses.With trealment using 1 1.3±1.2 J/cm2 laser radiant exposure and 5 pulses, laser induced scleral shrinkage affected only theexternal two-thirds of scleral tissue. No thermal damage or disruption was observed in subjacent retinal pigment epithelium,choroid, or retina. Coupling of two appropriately selected lasers may allow laser induced scleral buckling and transscleralretinal photocoagulation using the same laser probe for retinal reattachment surgery. 2. INTRODUCTION Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is a leading cause of blindness, affecting approximately one in 10,000 people inthe general population per year, or an estimated 0.3% over a life-time [1-3]. Standard treatment is a scleral buckling procedure.Its component parts include: 1). induction of a chorioretinal adhesion by cryopexy to seal the edges of the retinal break, and2). creation of an indentation effect by episcleral suturing a plastic exoplant to neulralize vilreoretinaJ traction forces[4]. Theside effects and complications of such surgery may include induced ocular motility abnonnalities [5-81, induced refractiveerrors [9-1 1], perforation of the globe during suturing of the scleral buckle, and postoperative exoplant infection or extrusion.Scleral buckling procedures require a moderate amount of surgical incisions, dissections and suturing and causemoderate, but acceptable, morbidity. Furthermore, these techniques have limitations in conditions such as high myopia,staphyloma or in re-operations, where thin sciera may not support dissections and sutures.The purpose of scleral buckling is to create enougL scieral indentation for the choroid to allow closure of the retinalbreak by directly reapproximating the detached retina after ubretiial fluid drainage, neutralizing vitreous traction, and alteringfluid currents. The ideal technique for treatment of retinal detachment would induce a scleral indentation without epislceralsuturing techniques and placement of bulky episcieral exoplants. The possibility of achieving these goals with laser inducedcollagen shrinkage on scleral tissue was investigated in this study using human cadaver eyes.
Der Einfluß experimenteller Mitralinsuffizienz auf den Stoffwechsel

Zur Prufung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Herzinsuffizenz und den aus der Klinik bekannten Stoffwechselstorungen wurde an Hunden operativ eine Mitralinsuffizienz gesetzt. Das geschadigte Herz dekompensierte entweder durch die Schwere des Klappenschlusdefektes oder infolge langerer Beanspruchung durch Muskelarbeit. Die Schwierigkeiten der Operation und eine begrenzte Zeit ermoglichten die Durchfuhrung der Experimente nur an vier Versuchshunden. In den wesentlichen Punkten ergab sich jedoch eine gute Ubereinstimmung der Resultate, so das mit der durch die kleine Zahl der Versuchshunde gebotenen Zunicht beeinfluste, beteiligte sich in der Dekompensation die Hauptmenge des zirkulierenden Blutes an der Versorgung der Muskulatur und der Leber und bestimmte dadurch den Gehalt des venosen Mischblutes im Herzen an Sauerstoff. Erst die allgemeine Umstellung der Zirkulation scheint die Vorbedingungen fur eine Steigerung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs zu geben.
MOPP regimen as primary chemotherapy for brain tumors in infants

Seventeen infants with central nervous system malignancies, all with tissue diagnosis, were treated with the combination chemotherapy nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and a steroid (MOPP) as primary therapy following surgery. Diagnoses include: 7 astrocytomas (grade: 3-I, 3-II, 1-III), 6 medulloblastomas, 2 ependymoma/astrocytoma mixed, 1 ependymoma and 1 primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Fourteen were under 2 years of age, 2 between 2 and 3 years of age, and 1 between 3 and 4 years of age. Fifteen responded and 2 failed. Of the responders, 6 are in continuous complete remission (median duration 28.9+ months) and 9 are in relapse (median duration of remission 10.3 months). Of the 2 patients who failed and 9 who relapsed, 4 expired and 6 are living in partial or complete remission. We conclude that MOPP therapy is well tolerated, has effectiveness, and allows postponement of potentially debilitating radiotherapy in infants with brain tumors.
Laminar origin of ipsilateral tectopontine pathways.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to identify the cells of origin of the ipsilateral tectopontine pathways in the grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ). Following injections of tritiated amino acids into individual collicular laminae, labelled fibers could be traced to the dorsolateral pontine nuclei and overlying lateral pontine tegmentum. Fibers originating in stratum griseum superficiale terminated most heavily within the pontine nuclei whereas those arising from stratum griseum profundum terminated most heavily within the tegmentum. After horseradish peroxidase was injected into the dorsolateral pontine nuclei, cells labelled with reaction product were found in all 3 grey laminae of the superior colliculus, but the majority were located in stratum griseum superficiale. In contrast, when horseradish peroxidase was injected into the tectorecipient pontine tegmentum, most of the labelled cells were located in stratum griseum profundum. These results indicate that each of the 3 grey laminae of the superior colliculus projects to both the dorsolateral pontine nuclei and the lateral pontine tegmentum. However, the pathway to the pontine nuclei arises chiefly in stratum griseum superficiale while the tectotegmental pathway arises chiefly in stratum griseum profundum.
Ammonium 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate as a reagent for bismuth

Abstract A spectrophotometric method and an atomic absorption procedure have been developed for the determination of bismuth in the presence of a large number of foreign ions, and in lead- and tin-containing alloys. The ammonium salt of 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid (APDC) and organic extractants were used. Masking agents and separation methods were employed to improve the selectivity; APDC reactions, extraction conditions, and distribution coefficients are described.
Interaction of oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen with (001) and (110) faces of molybdenum☆

Abstract A combination of low-energy electron diffraction and retarding potential measurements was employed to study gaseous adsorption on atomically clean (001) and (110) Mo single crystal surfaces. Adsorption of oxygen on the (001) surface at room temperature occurred with a sticking coefficient close to unity and produced a large increase in work function and appreciable changes in the intensity distributions of the integral order diffraction beams, without the appearance of any new diffraction beams. These results indicate that a surface monolayer of oxygen was formed with a unit mesh having the same dimensions as that of the underlying molybdenum surface. Exposures above 6 × 10−3 Torr-sec produced a uniform decrease in intensities, thus indicating a second monolayer with amorphous structure. On heating, two additional surface structures were observed, characterized by one-half and one-third order beams, respectively. A clean surface was obtained by heating above 1100 °C. An exposure of 1 to 7 × 10−7 Torr-sec of oxygen for the (110) face resulted in two types of patterns characteristic of lattices with one-quarter and one-half the surface density of the (110) Mo face, with an increased work function accompanying the latter pattern. Exposure of the clean surface at 400 to 800 °C produced similar patterns of enhanced intensities with no increase in work function. Possible models are discussed. It is concluded that place exchange models account for these results, as well as the one-half and one-third order structures on the (001) face, in a more satisfactory manner than adsorption above the surface. An exposure to 10−5 Torr-sec produced a monolayer coverage with a unit mesh similar to that of the molybdenum substrate. Additional exposure resulted in further amorphous adsorption. Adsorption of CO produced changes in the intensity distributions, with the appearance of no new maxima, for both (001) and (110) Mo surfaces. Nitrogen, at an exposure of 3 × 10−3 Torr-min did not adsorb on either the (001) or (110) Mo surface, but when dissociated by electron impact it adsorbed on both Mo surfaces with the same dimensions of unit mesh as those of the Mo substrates and with an increase in work function of 1.05 eV for the (001) and 0.05 eV for the (110) surface.
Relative Measurement of the Photodetachment Cross Section for H

The spectral dependence of the photodetachnnent cross section for the negative ion of atomic hydrogen was measured in the range from 4.000 to 13.000 A with approximately 300-A resolution. Measurements were made with twenty-five band pass filters, each measurment taken relative to the value obtained with a control filter at 5280 A. A probable error of about 2% is attached to the relative value obtained for each filter. The results are in significant disagreement with available calculated cross sections. (auth)
Chronic hypoxia abolishes expiratory prolongation following carotid sinus nerve stimulation in the anesthetized rat.

In anesthetized rats, increases in phrenic nerve (PN) amplitude and frequency during brief periods of hypoxia or electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) are followed by an increase in expiratory duration. We investigated the effects of chronic exposure to hypoxia on PN responses to CSN stimulation. In Inactin anesthetized (100 mg/kg) Sprague–Dawley rats PN discharge and arterial pressure responses to 10–120 s of CSN stimulation (20 Hz, 0.2 ms duration pulses) were recorded after 7–10 days exposure to hypoxia (10 ± .5% O2). In normoxic rats, the degree of CSN-evoked expiratory prolongation was dependent upon the duration of CSN stimulation. CSN-evoked increases in PN burst amplitude were not different comparing chronic hypoxic rats to rats maintained at normoxia while CSN-evoked increases in PN burst frequency were greater in chronic hypoxic rats (p < .05). CSN-evoked expiratory prolongation was abolished in chronic hypoxic rats. Following chronic hypoxia, changes occur within the central processing of arterial chemoreceptor inputs so that CSN stimulation evokes an enhanced PN frequency response and no expiratory prolongation.
Gross Sedimentary Facies in Uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Sediments, West-Central Alberta: ABSTRACT

Uppermost Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks in central Alberta include a sequence of largely non-marine sediments which crop out between the eastern provincial boundary and the Foothills belt. On the basis of subtle to obvious differences in lithology, stratigraphic relations, inferred environments of origin, economically important mineral deposits, and the order in which areas were mapped, the rocks were long ago subdivided into several formations, but relationships among units and between areas never were determined satisfactorily. Problems associated with the sequence are of stratigraphic, historical, structural, tectonic, and economic importance. The marine Bearpaw Formation separates the Belly River Formation (below) from the Edmonton Formation (above) along and east of the Red Deer River and on the North Saskatchewan River. Westward, the Bearpaw thins, tonguing out in the subsurface a short distance west of Red Deer and Leduc. Where the Bearpaw is absent, the Edmonton lies directly upon the Belly River; the entire section, Belly River, Edmonton, and Paskapoo, is non-marine. Following the lead of Ower (1958) and Elliot (1958), the authors have attempted to trace the Belly River-Edmonton and Edmonton-Paskapoo contacts into the subsurface by means of electric and sample logs. No usefully persistent stratigraphic units that might mark the contacts have been identified. Gross electrical characteristics that have been used for this purpose are not atisfactory. Portions of the sequence (Brazeau and Paskapoo) that crop out in the Foothills belt include much more sandstone than units that crop out along and east of the Red Deer River. The sandier character of the western sequence is also evident in well logs. The change from more sandy in the west to less so in the east occurs through reduction in number of sandstone bodies, reduction in thickness of sandstone units, and reduction in sandiness of the total section. However, in the eastern part of the subsurface section, distinctly more sandy intervals alternate with distinctly more shaly intervals; the change in character of the sequence is not uniform throughout. At this stage, it is not possible to establish satisfactory criteria which would enable precise correlation of the subsurface units with the eastern outcrop belt; but it is probable that sandier units crop out and shalier units occupy covered intervals along major river systems. End_of_Article - Last_Page 350------------
Friction Stir Processed AA5182-O and AA6111-T4 Aluminum Alloys. Part 2: Tensile Properties and Strain Field Evolution

In this second part, a state-of-the-art digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to compute true stress-true strain curves beyond diffuse necking for friction stir processed AA5182-O and AA6111-T4 aluminum alloys. Of particular interest were differences in key tensile properties, such as initial yield point, and ultimate tensile strength, between the base and friction stir processed materials. Tensile coupons cut from the same material used to investigate crystallographic texture via the electron backscatter diffraction technique in Part 1, were strained to failure in a miniature tensile stage. The evolution of two-dimensional strain fields in both the base and friction stir processed materials was explored with incremental and cumulative strain maps computed from digital grids superimposed on each image after testing was completed. The impact of friction stir processing on strain localization just prior to fracture was revealed through changes in incremental strain map contour profiles. It is suggested that grain size refinement due to friction stir processing has a prominent effect on strength, while texture plays a secondary role.