cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A statistical method for 3D object detection applied to faces and cars

In this paper, we describe a statistical method for 3D object detection. We represent the statistics of both object appearance and "non-object" appearance using a product of histograms. Each histogram represents the joint statistics of a subset of wavelet coefficients and their position on the object. Our approach is to use many such histograms representing a wide variety of visual attributes. Using this method, we have developed the first algorithm that can reliably detect human faces with out-of-plane rotation and the first algorithm that can reliably detect passenger cars over a wide range of viewpoints.
Vascularized auricular perichondrium in airway reconstruction: The effects of stenting with and without a mucosal graft

This study quantitatively examines the effects of laryngotracheal stenting with and without mucosal grafting on chondrogenesis in a rabbit model. Vascularized auricular perichondrium was transferred to a cricothyroid membrane (CTM) defect in three groups of New Zealand white rabbits : group A, CTM defect alone ; group B, CTM defect with endotracheal tube stent ; and group C, CTM defect with a buccal mucosa graft (BMG) interposed between the stent and perichondrium. The rabbits were sacrificed at 7 weeks for histologic examination and determination of cartilage thickness by digitometry. Chondrogenesis was not significantly affected by stenting (n = 11 ; 0.719 mm ± 0.203 mm) or by BMG (n = 12 ; 0.775 mm ± 0.203 mm) as compared with controls (n = 14 ; 0.695 mm ± 0.216 mm) (P value = not significant). Laryngotracheal stenting and BMG do not adversely influence chondrogenesis in airway reconstruction with vascularized perichondrium in the rabbit model. The application of these principles in human airway reconstruction is discussed.
Atypical antipsychotics and tardive dyskinesia.

he approval and release of multiple atypical antipsychotics in the 1990s was met with much optimism and fanfare in the mental health community. Designed to exert unique pharmacological effects in the central nervous system (CNS) that resulted in superior efficacy and safety, the atypical agents have been widely embraced as first-line agents for the psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and dementia. In the United States, nearly $4 billion was spent on atypical agents during 2001. 1 The atypical antipsychotics account for more than three-quarters of prescriptions for all antipsychotics and nearly 85% of total spending for antipsychotic agents in the U.S. 2 To add perspective, the market leader, olanzapine, surpassed fluoxetine sales in the first quarter of 2001, with sales of $637.1 million versus $622.9 million. 3 While the popularity of atypical antipsychotics in North America can hardly be disputed, questions about therapeutic superiority persist. For example, in a large meta-analysis published in the British Medical Journal, researchers concluded that the purported benefits of atypical agents over conventional compounds could be attributed to the inappropriately high doses of comparator drug (i.e., haloperidol) used in the randomized controlled trials. 4
Variación lingüística en la expresión del pretérito en el español del siglo XIX de España y México: Rasgos deícticos y aspectuales

This article examines and analyzes the linguistic variation of two verbtenses - present perfect (PP) and preterit (PRET) - in the 19th CenturyPeninsular and Mexican Spanish. Scholars have been interestedin the dialectal differences of the time values in the European andAmerican Spanish, from a synchronic angle in the contemporarystages of language. Synchronically it has been pointed out that theprocess of grammaticalization results in the loss of lexical sense ofhave in the construction of complex tenses. However, there has beenno examination of the phase between the formation of PP and thegeneralization on the Peninsular Spanish. Given the need to describethis transformation, we are seeking to establish whether there areparallel differences in the usage frequency of both tenses in Spainand Mexico, and to examine the time function in the Spanish of bothcontinents in this time. Our data comes from two works representingthe 19th Century Spanish of Spain and Mexico, which we analyzedusing GoldVarb. In addition to the dependent variables (PRETand PP), we take into account six linguistic factors as independentvariables. Our analysis shows that there is a significant differencebetween 19th Century Mexican and Peninsular Spanish in the use ofPRET and PP. The preference for the complex form in the European Spanish, distinct to that of the American Spanish, indicates anexisting dialectal variation. Our study reveals that the time systemdistinguishing the Peninsular Spanish in the preterit contour is anolder phenomenon than it was believed to be.
Evidence-Based Scholarly Communication: Information Professionals Unlocking Translational Research

The Evidence-Based Scholarly Communication Conference (EBSCC) was held March 11-12, 2010 in Albuquerque, NM. The conference addressed the perceived gap in knowledge and training for scholarly communication principles in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Program. The EBSCC brought together librarians and information specialists to share evidence -based strategies for developing effective local scholarly communication support and training and, it is hoped, to form new coalitions to address this topic at the local and national levels. This brief communication summarizes the need for the conference, highlights the general sessions in order of presentation, and introduces the EBSCC research papers appearing in this issue of Evidence Based Library and Information Practice (EBLIP). It also includes a description of a unique peer-review process methodology pioneered at EBSCC.
Thoracic Involvement in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is known to involve multiple intra- and extrathoracic sites. Radiologic evidence of thoracic disease occurs in 45–48% of patients with NHL (Castellino et al. 1996; Romano and Libshitz 1998); the frequency at autopsy is 73% (Vieta and Craver 1941). Although the most common manifestation of thoracic lymphoma is intrathoracic nodal involvement, it can occur at multiple extranodal sites, including the thymus, thyroid, pulmonary parenchyma, pleura, pericardium, heart, chest wall, and breast. This chapter will review the various extranodal sites of thoracic involvement by NHL; the patterns of disease presentation; and the imaging evaluation at presentation, and in follow-up; as well as some points about recurrence.
Electron probe microanalysis of the chemical elemental content of human follicular fluid

Follicular fluid samples were obtained by puncturing follicles of ovaries in situ from patients undergoing laparotomy. Sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur concentrations measured by electron probe microanalysis were similar to those of blood, with minimal differences. This suggested that culture media in which these electrolytes are added in concentrations similar to those of serum are appropriate for culture of the human oocyte.
Corporate Venture Capital, Technology Spillovers, and Capital Gains: Evidence from the Biopharmaceutical Industry

We investigate technology spillovers and capital gains created by corporate venture capital (CVC) investments for corporate investors. We document that technological advances attributable to CVC investments enhance a corporate investor’s value; the capital gains have a negligible effect. These technology spillovers are enhanced when corporate investors make their investments in pre-IPO and technologically related start-ups without co-investors.
Random Dynamical Systems with Inputs

This work introduces a notion of random dynamical systems with inputs, providing several basic definitions and results on equilibria and convergence. It also presents a “converging input to converging state” (“CICS”) result, a concept that plays a key role in the analysis of stability of feedback interconnections, for monotone systems.
Emissions Trading Across China: Incorporating Hong Kong and Macau into an Urgently Needed Air Pollution Control Regime Under 'One Country, Two Systems'

China’s status as the world’s largest overall emitter of sulfur dioxide pollution carries with it serious hazards to human and ecosystem health. The National People’s Congress began to address this in 2000 when it promulgated national SO2 emissions caps. By 2010, SO2 emissions across the Mainland were supposed to stabilize at preset baselines. Rather than decreasing, however, emissions are reaching alarmingly new levels. China needs a more powerful mechanism for achieving the desired results, such as an emissions trading scheme (ETS). The United States’ Acid Rain Program provides an almost ideal model, but a unique variable is added when Hong Kong and Macau, the two Special Administrative Regions, are considered. Each maintains exclusive jurisdiction over its own environmental policy under the constitutional matrix of “one country, two systems.” Thus, a Chinese ETS incorporating the SARs would essentially operate in an international context. Hong Kong and neighboring Guangdong Province are negotiating a regional, transboundary ETS which could provide solutions, but the present conceptualization is lacking in several critical regards and will prove ineffective. This article is novel in considering how to meaningfully encompass the SARs in an effective ETS framework. After an introduction of the issues, Part II establishes why ETS is necessary for China. Part III introduces the framework for environmental legislation in mainland China and the SARs, including upon the constitutional relationship between the SARs and other local governments in mainland China. Part IV will discuss the history of Chinese ETS pilot programs with focus upon the experience in Jiangsu Province. Part V analyzes the practical difficulties and shortcomings which have hampered other leading ETS regimes, proving the need for centralized authority. Part VI evaluates current prospects for regional and national ETS based upon an analysis of existing regulatory frameworks. Finally, Part VII concludes by recapping the recommendations, especially the need for a powerful supranational compliance and enforcement mechanism to manage long-term, transboundary environmental policy.
A Two-Stage Adaptive Targeted Clinical Trial Design for Biomarker Performance-Based Sample Size Re-Estimation

Biomarker-directed targeted clinical trial is aimed at developing pharmaceutical agents for a targeted patient subpopulation sharing a specific disease etiology. Biomarker plays a key role in patient enrichment for targeted trials. Biomarker performance substantially impacts heterogeneity of a targeted study population and consequently trial efficiency, statistical power, information accumulation, and early stopping decision-making (Simon and Maitournam in Clinical Cancer Res 10:6759-6763, 2004; Maitournam and Simon in Stat Med 24:329-339, 2005; Gao et al. in Contemp Clin Trials 42:119-131, 2015). Hence, accurate assessment of biomarker performance is crucial to sample size calculation in planning of targeted trials. However, prior knowledge of biomarker performance is often limited at the planning stage due to inadequacy of biomarker validation, differences between study populations in demographic characteristics and trial settings, etc. Under this circumstance, adaptive design would be useful in updating biomarker performance and re-estimating sample sizes when a targeted trial is ongoing. In this paper, we propose a two-stage adaptive design that provides flexibility in biomarker performance-based sample size adaption for targeted trials. The design can facilitate a targeted trial to achieve planned statistical power by re-assessment of actual biomarker performance and subsequent sample size adaption while preserving desired type-1 error.
Crystal Structure of the Zorbamycin-Binding Protein ZbmA, the Primary Self-Resistance Element in Streptomyces flavoviridis ATCC21892

The bleomycins (BLMs), tallysomycins (TLMs), phleomycin, and zorbamycin (ZBM) are members of the BLM family of glycopeptide-derived antitumor antibiotics. The BLM-producing Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003 and the TLM-producing Streptoalloteichus hindustanus E465-94 ATCC31158 both possess at least two self-resistance elements, an N-acetyltransferase and a binding protein. The N-acetyltransferase provides resistance by disrupting the metal-binding domain of the antibiotic that is required for activity, while the binding protein confers resistance by sequestering the metal-bound antibiotic and preventing drug activation via molecular oxygen. We recently established that the ZBM producer, Streptomyces flavoviridis ATCC21892, lacks the N-acetyltransferase resistance gene and that the ZBM-binding protein, ZbmA, is sufficient to confer resistance in the producing strain. To investigate the resistance mechanism attributed to ZbmA, we determined the crystal structures of apo and Cu(II)-ZBM-bound ZbmA at high re...
Increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with reduced odds of long menstrual cycles in a cross-sectional study of African American women

Objective To examine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and menstrual cycle length and regularity. Design Community-based, cross-sectional study of serum 25(OH)D (adjusted for seasonal differences in timing of blood draw) and menstrual cycle length. Women aged 23–34 years reported their gynecologic history. Menstrual cycles were described with four independent categories (normal, short, long, irregular). We used polytomous logistic regression to estimate the association between a doubling of seasonally adjusted 25(OH)D and the odds of each cycle category. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 1,102 African American women. Intervention(s) Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) Self-reported menstrual cycle length over the previous 12 months, excluding women who were using cycle-regulating medications over the entire year. Women who reported that their cycles were "too irregular to estimate" were classified as having irregular cycles. A typical cycle length of 34 days was "long," and 27–34 days was "normal." Result(s) The median 25(OH)D level was 14.7 ng/mL (interquartile range, 10.9–19.6 ng/mL). A doubling of 25(OH)D was associated with half the odds of having long menstrual cycles: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.89. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was not associated with the occurrence of short (aOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.82–1.29) or irregular (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 0.88–2.41) menstrual cycles. Results were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Conclusion(s) These findings suggest that vitamin D status may influence the menstrual cycle and play a role in ovarian function. Further investigation of 25(OH)D and ovarian hormones, and prospective studies of 25(OH)D and cycle length, are needed.
The Rise of the “Gig Economy” and Implications for Understanding Work and Workers

Bergman and Jean (2016) include freelancers as one of the categories of workers who are understudied in the industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology literature. This neglect is particularly striking given the attention paid by the popular media and by politicians to the rise of the “gig economy,” comprising primarily short-term independent freelance workers (e.g., Cook, 2015; Kessler, 2014; Scheiber, 2014; Warner, 2015). This may be due in part to challenges involved in accessing and researching this population, as discussed by Bergman and Jean, but it may also arise from complexities in defining and conceptualizing freelance work, as well as from misunderstandings about the nature of the work now performed by many people who are considered freelancers. Major topics of interest to I-O psychologists such as organizational attraction, job satisfaction, and turnover may seem at first glance to lack relevance to the study of workers who are officially classified as self-employed. But there is substantial opportunity for I-O psychologists and other behaviorally oriented organizational researchers to contribute to our understanding of the growing number of people who earn all or some of their income by freelancing.
Competition of Anthraquinones for the QB Binding Domain

Many photosynthetic herbicides inhibit Photosystem II electron transport at the step where electrons are transferred to the secondary plastoquinone acceptor QB. The susceptibility of this site arises from the nature of the QB interaction with the thylakoid membrane. Orientation of QB in its binding niche on the D-l protein [1] is proposed to involve two hydrogen bonds to histidine-215 and to the peptide linkage near serine-264 [2]. Reduction of QB upon two electron transfer reactions breaks the hydrogen bonds, displacing QB from its binding site [1]. As an oxidized plastoquinone molecule from a pool of such molecules diffuses to the QB site, exogenous compounds may compete for a common binding domain and thus act as inhibitors of photosynthetic electron transport.
To trust or not to trust: social decision‐making in post‐institutionalized, internationally adopted youth

Chronic parental maltreatment has been associated with lower levels of interpersonal trust, and depriving environments have been shown to predict short-sighted, risk-averse decision-making. The present study examined whether a circumscribed period of adverse care occurring only early in life was associated with biases in trust behavior. Fifty-three post-institutionalized (PI) youth, adopted internationally on average by 1 year of age, and 33 never-institutionalized, non-adopted youth (Mage = 12.9 years) played a trust game. Participants decided whether or not to share coins with a different anonymous peer in each trial with the potential to receive a larger number of coins in return. Trials were presented in blocks that varied in the degree to which the peers behaved in a trustworthy (reciprocal) or untrustworthy (non-reciprocal) manner. A comparison condition consisted of a computerized lottery with the same choices and probabilistic risk as the peer trials. Non-adopted comparison youth showed a tendency to share more with peers than to invest in the lottery and tended to maintain their level of sharing across trials despite experiencing trials in which peers failed to reciprocate. In contrast, PI children, particularly those who were adopted over 1 year of age, shared less with peers than they invested in the lottery and quickly adapted their sharing behavior to peers’ responses. These results suggest that PI youth were more mistrusting, more sensitive to both defection and reciprocation, and potentially more accurate in their trusting decisions than comparison youth. Results support the presence of a sensitive period for the development of trust in others, whereby conditions early in life may set long-term biases in decision-making.
Testing spread foundation with concrete slab

Spread foundation with concrete slab is a new kind of foundation.At present,it is frequently used for engineering,but the circs about the proportion of groundwork reaction isn’t still nailed down,designing the foundation is therefore difficult.After testing,we have mastered a lot of first-hand dynamic data,so the proportion of groundwork reaction,the spatial characteristic and orderliness of the new foundation can be confirmed.As a result,concrete slab can take on about 30% load of upper structure,but we must integrate it with the worst combination principle at the same time.After the proportion of groundwork reaction is confirmed,we can find the pertinence between upper load and internal force of the foundation,which can offer direct reference basis for the design of this kind of new spread foundation with concrete slab.
Progress of the prenatal system ultrasound diagnosis of fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a diaphragmatic developmental disorder disease. That the abdominal contents herniated into the chest cavity lead to the development of lung obstacles, and prenatal or postnatal death. Prenatal system fetal ultrasound can diagnose congenital diaphragmatic hernia in addition to other combined malformation, which help to assess the fetal prognosis. This paper reviews the progress of prenatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosis.
Chronobiology and chronotherapy of asthma

SUMMARY There is no doubt that many pathophysiologic conditions change over a 24-hour period and thus therapy needs to be directed at these changes. In particular, asthma has been one of the better-studied disease processes in regard to circadian changes in pathophysiology. As we continue to learn more about circadian changes, better approaches to treating the disease with the same medications will emerge. It should be remembered that many asthmatics do not perceive their degree of bronchoconstriction. This was brought forth in Turner-Warwick's62 epidemiologic study in that less than one half of the asthmatic individuals who had problems with their asthma every night describe their asthma as being severe. The majority stated they either had mild or moderate asthma. Therefore, it is important that we use objective criteria such as peak flow meters in determining an individual patient's day-to-night changes in lung function. Then, any therapeutic intervention can be objectively determined at home with both the patient and physician gaining knowledge about the ongoing asthmatic process.
The Role of the C-Clamp in Wnt-Related Colorectal Cancers

T-cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factors are major regulators of Wnt targets, and the products of the TCF7 and TCF7L2 genes have both been implicated in the progression of colorectal cancer in animal models and humans. TCFs recognize specific DNA sequences through their high mobility group (HMG) domains, but invertebrate TCFs and some isoforms of vertebrate TCF7 and TCF7L2 contain a second DNA binding domain known as the C-clamp. This review will cover the basic properties of C-clamps and their importance in Wnt signaling, using data from Drosophila, C. elegans, and mammalian cell culture. The connection between C-clamp containing TCFs and colorectal cancer will also be discussed.
Dynamic Factor Models, Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressions, and Structural Vector Autoregressions in Macroeconomics

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of and user's guide to dynamic factor models (DFMs), their estimation, and their uses in empirical macroeconomics. It also surveys recent developments in methods for identifying and estimating SVARs, an area that has seen important developments over the past 15 years. The chapter begins by introducing DFMs and the associated statistical tools, both parametric (state-space forms) and nonparametric (principal components and related methods). After reviewing two mature applications of DFMs, forecasting and macroeconomic monitoring, the chapter lays out the use of DFMs for analysis of structural shocks, a special case of which is factor-augmented vector autoregressions (FAVARs). A main focus of the chapter is how to extend methods for identifying shocks in structural vector autoregression (SVAR) to structural DFMs. The chapter provides a unification of SVARs, FAVARs, and structural DFMs and shows both in theory and through an empirical application to oil shocks how the same identification strategies can be applied to each type of model.
2-Weierstrass points of genus 3 hyperelliptic curves with extra involutions

ABSTRACTWe consider families of curves with extra automorphisms in ℋ3, the moduli space of smooth hyperelliptic curves of genus g = 3. Such families of curves are explicitly determined in terms of the absolute invariants of binary octavics. For each family of positive dimension where |Aut (C)|>4, we determine the possible distributions of weights of 2-Weierstrass points.
Practical Discourse Revisited: Hermeneutics at the Intersection of Philosophy and Nursing.

Three early papers by Janice Thompson—Practical Discourse, Critical Scholarship, and Hermeneutic Inquiry—are examined in reference to the historical context of the time (1985-1990), and implications for current scholarship. Hermeneutic philosophy has been neglected in recent years, overshadowed by its weaker cousin phenomenology. I argue that renewed attention to hermeneutics would help us focus on the “situatedness” of nursing scholars, the class politics of academia, and a better balance in interpretative work between faith and suspicion. Critical hermeneutics also offers a more robust understanding of praxis and phronesis, and links to pragmatism and social studies of science.
On some null subject parameter-related properties in the L3 acquisition of brazilian portuguese ( Sobre algumas propriedades relacionadas ao parâmetro do sujeito nulo na aquisição do português brasileiro como L3 )

ABSTRACT As language undergoing language change, Brazilian Portuguese presents characteristics of both pro-drop and non-pro drop systems. This study investigates the acquisition of two properties assumed to be related to the null subject parameter—clitic-climbing and the that-t effect—by adult learners of Brazilian Portuguese who speak a pro-drop language (Spanish) (n = 11) and a non pro-drop language (English) (n =19) as either L1 or L2. Results of an acceptability judgment task showed that the non-native speakers overall converged on the grammars of the Brazilian Portuguese control group (n =19), but there were transfer effects from Spanish for the L1-Spanish speaking learners and from both Spanish and English in the L1-English speaking learners. We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of transfer in L3 acquisition. KEYWORDS Null subject parameter. L3 acquisition. Brazilian Portuguese. RESUMO O portugues brasileiro, por estar em processo de mudancas, apresenta caracteristicas tanto de sistemas pro-drop quanto de sistemas nao pro-drop. Este estudo investiga a aquisicao de duas propriedades que se assume que estao relacionadas ao parâmetro do sujeito nulo – a subida de clitico e o efeito that-t– por adultos aprendizes do portugues brasileiro, falantes de uma lingua pro-drop (espanhol) (n = 11) e de uma lingua nao pro-drop (ingles) (n = 19), seja como L1 ou como L2. Os resultados de um teste de julgamento de aceitabilidade mostraram que, em geral, os falantes nao nativos tenderam a/se aproximaram da gramatica do grupo de controle formado por falantes de portugues brasileiro (n = 19). Porem, observaram-se efeitos de transferencia do espanhol para os aprendizes falantes nativos de espanhol e transferencias de ambas as linguas, espanhol e ingles, para os aprendizes falantes nativos de ingles. Discutimos as implicacoes destes resultados para o papel da transferencia na aquisicao de L3. PALAVRAS-CHAVES Parâmetro do sujeito nulo. Aquisicao de L3. Portugues brasileiro.
Effects of optical dopants and laser wavelength on atom probe tomography analyses of borosilicate glasses

Atom probe tomography (APT) is a novel analytical microscopy method that provides three dimensional elemental mapping with sub-nanometer spatial resolution and has only recently been applied to insulating glass and ceramic samples. In this paper, we have studied the influence of the optical absorption in glass samples on APT characterization by introducing different transition metal optical dopants to a model borosilicate nuclear waste glass. A systematic comparison is presented of the glass optical properties and the resulting APT data quality in terms of compositional accuracy and the mass spectra quality for two APT systems: one with a green laser (532 nm, LEAP 3000X HR) and one with a UV laser (355 nm, LEAP 4000X HR). These data were also compared to the study of a more complex borosilicate glass (SON68). The results show that the analysis data quality, particularly the compositional accuracy and sample yield, was clearly linked to optical absorption when using a green laser, while for the UV laser optical doping aided in improving data yield but did not have a significant effect on compositional accuracy. Comparisons of data between the LEAP systems suggest that the smaller laser spot size of the LEAP 4000X HR played a more critical role for optimum performance than the optical dopants themselves. The smaller spot size resulted in more accurate composition measurements due to a reduced background level independent of the material's optical properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Solution Chemistry Engineering towards Large-Scale Perovskite Photovoltaics

Organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites have recently emerged as a new class of light absorbers with a rapid progress and impressive efficiencies (>22%) for solar conversion applications. Despite the rapid progress demonstrated by these light absorbers, there is still a lack of understanding of some fundamental material/physical/chemical properties of these materials. There is also a significant processing gap between the lab-scale spin coating and scalable deposition methods toward future roll-to-roll manufacturing. In this presentation, I will show the challenges associated scaling up perovskite solar cells with respect to the sensitivity of perovskite crystallization/formation using different process conditions. I will present our recent studies toward a better understanding and control of perovskite nucleation, grain growth, and microstructure evolution using solution processing [1,2]. The precursor chemistry and growth conditions are found to affect significantly the structural and electro-optical properties of perovskite thin films. We find that the solution chemistry of the perovskite precursor ink is critical for scalable deposition perovskite thin films [3]. But this has largely been underexplored. To address this issue, we present a rational design of perovskite precursor film formation to achieve uniform and compact thin films using scalable deposition methods. Using these high-quality perovskite films, we have obtained device efficiencies approaching the values achieved by using lab-scale spin coating deposition. High efficiency perovskite PV mini-modules have also been demonstrated with scalable depositions. These findings make a significant advance towards commercialization of the perovskite PV technology. These results and others will be discussed.
Heterogeneity in a lymphoid tumor: coexpression of T and B surface markers

Heterogeneity of leukemic cells was defined in a case of lymphoma. Four phenotypically distinct subpopulations of leukemic cells were identified. One subpopulation was observed to simultaneously express B- and T-cell characteristics. B-cell characteristics included monoclonal IgM (lambda) surface immunoglobulin, HLA-DR antigens, and expression of the B-cell antigen identified by the BA-1 monoclonal antibody. T-cell characteristics included E-rosette formation, expression of the pan-T- associated antigens recognized by the Leu-1 and OKT-11 monoclonal antibodies, and expression of the suppressor cytotoxic T-cell- associated antigen recognized by the Leu-2 and OKT-8 monoclonal antibodies. In addition to this subpopulation, three other phenotypically distinct subpopulations were identified, two of which expressed monoclonal IgM (lambda) surface immunoglobulin. The results of this investigation indicates that three phenotypically distinct lymphoid subpopulations bearing B-cell characteristics, and probably a fourth T-cell subgroup, were derived from a common lineage. These findings suggest that the malignancy involved a lymphoid progenitor cell that may possess diverse maturational capacity.
Leaders Growing Leaders: Designing a Tier-Based Leadership Program for Surgeons.

BACKGROUND Leadership has emerged as a crucial component of professional development for physicians in academic medicine. Most leadership skills can be learned and therefore best practices of delivering leadership development are in high demand. For practicing surgeons, specific strategies to teach leadership have been lacking. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure of a tier-based leadership development program called Leaders Growing Leaders, to identify the major curricular components to each tier including measures and outcomes, and to share lessons learned for those who may want to begin a similar leadership development program.
An Indirect Method of Investigating Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow in a Tube

This paper describes a method of determining the correlation for heat transfer in turbulent flow in a tube, by measuring the heat transfer between water flowing through two similar tubes soldered together. This technique eliminates the need to measure surface temperature and minimizes thermocouple errors. Excellent consistency is obtained and it is argued that this implies accuracy of the same order. An analysis is given which describes the conduction of heat between the two tube surface/liquid interfaces.
Tuning the photocurrent generations from photosystem I assembled in tailored biotic-abiotic interfaces

Rational design of bio-hybrid photovoltaic and/or optoelectronic devices requires systematic electrochemical characterizations of photosystem I (PSI), the photosynthetic membrane protein, assembled onto tailored biotic-abiotic interfaces. This work communicates our research findings on the role of PSI microenvironment alterations at organic/inorganic interfaces, via biomimetic lipid membrane confinements and plasmonic coupling with Ag nano-pyramid structures, in tuning the photoactivated charge separation and photocurrent generations from surface-assembled PSI. The observed photocurrent enhancements and the associated mechanistic insights from this study will facilitate the future design of tailored interfaces that can optimally tune the photoactivity and photostability of PSI in solid-state bioelectronics.
Uncovering the nucleus of a massive reciprocal network

Google+ is a directed online social network where nodes have either reciprocal (bidirectional) edges or parasocial (one-way) edges. As reciprocal edges play an important role in the structural properties, formation and evolution of online social networks, we study the core structure of the subgraph formed by them, referred to as the reciprocal network of Google+ — in a sense, a reciprocal network can be viewed as the stable “skeleton” network of a directed online social network that holds it together. We develop an effective three-step procedure to hierarchically extract and unfold the core structure of a network by building up and generalizing ideas from the existing k-shell decomposition and clique percolation approaches. Our scheme produces higher-level representations of the core structure of the Google+ reciprocal network and it reveals that there are ten subgraphs (“communities”) comprising of dense clusters of cliques lying at the center of the core structure of the Google+ reciprocal network. Together they form the core to which “peripheral” sparse subgraphs are attached. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the core structure of the Google+ reciprocal network is very stable as the network evolves. Our results have implications in the design of algorithms for information flow, and in development of techniques for analyzing the vulnerability or robustness of online social networks.
Efficient mutagenesis, expression and purification of procathepsin D.

High level expression of proteins in mammalian cells and the ability to distinguish an expressed protein from its endogenous counterpart are necessary when examining the structure/function relationships of many ubiquitously expressed proteins, such as the lysosomal aspartyl protease procathepsin D. We have achieved a high level of protein expression by transient transfection into 293 cells (a human embryonal kidney cell line transformed with adenovirus). Distinction between endogenous and introduced protein has been accomplished by fusing a 13 amino acid segment derived from the c-myc sequence to the C-terminus of procathepsin D. This fusion was devised by H.R.B. Pelham (1988). The myc extension permits the isolation and purification of the expressed protein by immunoaffinity chromatography with an available monoclonal antibody, 9E10, directed against 11 amino acids of the peptide. Investigation of structure/function relationships requires repeated rounds of mutagenesis in vitro followed by expression and assay in mammalian cells. We have facilitated this process by constructing a vector that can be shuttled between bacterial and mammalian hosts without any intermediate subclonings.
Environmental fate and toxicology of methomyl.

The insecticide methomyl (S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate; CAS 16752-77-5; Fig. 1) was first introduced by E.I. du Pont de Nemours in 1968 (US EPA, 1998b). In 1978, the US Environmental Protection Agency classified methomyl as a restricted-use pesticide (RUP; US EPA 1998a); currently 15 registered products are categorized as such (US EPA 1998b). Further restrictions were implemented in 1995, limiting use to certain agricultural production areas, requiring addition of an embittering agent during formulation and requiring the use of bait stations (US EPA 1998a). Within the USA, approx. 262,000 kg of methomyl (a.i.) was applied on agricultural crops annually from 1999 to 2004 (US EPA 2010). However, estimates for the period between 2001 and 2007 show annual average usage of approx. 363,000 kg (a.i.); major crop uses included sweet corn, lettuce, onions, and tomatoes (US EPA 2010). In 2007, some 227,711 kg of active ingredient was applied in California alone (CDPR 2007).
Vagus nerve stimulation as a tool for enhancing extinction in exposure-based therapies.

Emotionally traumatic experiences can lead to maladaptive memories that are enduring and intrusive. The goal of exposure-based therapies is to extinguish conditioned fears through repeated, unreinforced exposures to reminders of traumatic events. The extinction of conditioned fear depends upon the consolidation of new memories made during exposure to reminders. An impairment in extinction recall, observed in certain patient populations, can interfere with progress in exposure-based therapies, and the drive to avoid thoughts and reminders of the trauma can undermine compliance and increase dropout rate. Effective adjuncts to exposure-based therapies should improve the consolidation and maintenance of the extinction memory or improve the tolerability of the therapy. Under stressful conditions, the vagus nerve responds to elevations in epinephrine and signals the brain to facilitate the storage of new memories while, as part of the parasympathetic nervous system, it slows the sympathetic response. Here, we review studies relevant to fear extinction, describing the anatomical and functional characteristics of the vagus nerve and mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)-induced memory enhancement and plasticity. We propose that stimulation of the left cervical vagus nerve during exposure to conditioned cues signals the brain to store new memories just as epinephrine or emotional arousal would do, but bypasses the peripheral sympathetic “fight-or-flight” response. In support of this hypothesis, we have found that VNS accelerates extinction and prevents reinstatement of conditioned fear in rats. Finally, we propose future studies targeting the optimization of stimulation parameters and the search for biomarkers of VNS effectiveness that may improve exposure therapy outcomes.
Detection of Pilot Spoofing Attack Over Frequency Selective Channels

In a time-division duplex (TDD) multiple antenna system, the channel state information (CSI) can be estimated using reverse training. A pilot contamination (spoofing) attack occurs when during the training phase, an adversary also sends identical training (pilot) signal as that of the legitimate receiver. This contaminates channel estimation and alters the legitimate precoder/beamformimg design, facilitating eavesdropping. Past approaches to pilot spoofing detection are limited to flat fading channels. In this paper we propose a novel approach for detection of pilot spoofing attack over frequency selective channels, with unknown channels and channel lengths, except that an upperbound on the number of channel taps is assumed to be known. The proposed approach is illustrated by numerical examples and they show the efficacy of the proposed approach. A method to estimate Bob’s channel regardless of the spoofing attack, is also presented and illustrated via simulations.
Politics of desecularization: law and the minority question in Pakistan, by Sadia Saeed

The Ahmadi religious sect in Pakistan are neither substantial in number nor particularly active in their politics beyond issues relevant to the workings of their own communities. And yet they have ...
Association between submerged aquatic vegetation and elevated levels of Escherichia coli and potential bacterial pathogens in freshwater lakes

Fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli have been reported to persist and potentially grow in a wide variety of secondary habitats, such as water, beach sand, sediment, periphyton and some algae. However, little is known about their association with submerged macrophytes and how this may influence water quality. In this study, we examined the association of E. coli and potential bacterial pathogens with Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), an invasive, submerged, macrophyte that has spread across thousands of lakes in North America. EWM samples were collected from 10 lakes in Minnesota, once a month, for six consecutive months from early summer to late fall. Microbiota associated with EWM were examined using membrane filtration, quantitative PCR targeting various bacterial pathogens and host-associated marker genes, and high-throughput DNA sequencing. E. coli densities were generally elevated on EWM samples, and peaked during warmer months. Moreover, our results showed that EWM could serve as a temporal source for transmission of microbiota to the water column. Several potential pathogenic groups, including Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridium were present in significantly greater relative abundance on EWM than in water, and waterfowl was predicted to be the major source of fecal contamination. These findings have water quality implications with respect to the potential for submerged macrophytes to harbor and disperse E. coli and other bacterial pathogens in a large number of waterbodies.
Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Disagree on Perceptions of Moral Character:

To the extent that moral character is grounded in stable and observable truths, there should exist agreement between people in their judgments of others’ character. In Western populations, this agr...
Developing Future Reading and Literacy Specialists in a Fully Online Masters of Reading Education Program

As online education becomes increasingly common in higher education, university instructors are challenged by the shift from traditional face-to-face instruction to interactions mediated by computer technology. Instructors with an educational philosophy grounded in socio-constructivist theory face tensions between a seemingly impersonal online environment, and the social nature that embodies how learning occurs. The problem addressed here is, ‘how do universities develop effective educational professionals through a fully online masters of reading program?’ This chapter addresses how one university met students’ needs through a fully-online masters of reading education program. This chapter discusses the challenges associated with a fully-online program, as well as how this graduate program addressed these challenges through the use of online tools.
Construction of a mathematical model and a method for arranging hazardous cargoes on a containership

Compiling a load plan for a containership, which takes into account the maximum number of factors, requires consideration of the structural constraints for containers and a vessel, restrictions on placement, as well as segregation rules for cases of dangerous cargoes. Accounting for restrictions on placing containers with hazardous cargoes, the so-called IMO containers (IMO – International Maritime Organization), appears important given the current tendency towards the increased volumes of hazardous cargo transportation. The proposed approach for solving the task on automating the compilation of a load plan aboard a containership implies dividing the task into two stages. At the first stage, one calculates the permissible arrangement of containers taking into consideration the structural limitations and compatibility of dangerous cargoes, at the second stage – one calculates safety parameters (stability, durability, etc.). This paper proposes a Boolean mathematical model of integer linear programming, which takes into consideration the structural features of containers, of a vessel, as well as rules for placing hazardous cargoes according to the IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Cargoes Code), as well as a modified additive algorithm for solving a problem on compiling a load plan for a containership. To validate the mathematical model, we have chosen a classic algorithm that relies on the ideas from the general method of branches and boundaries. Given that the derived mathematical model for a problem on loading a containership by dangerous cargoes has a specific form, this algorithm was complemented with tests, which make it possible to reject some solutions without direct check. The paper gives an example of solving the problem on placing cargoes in the hold taking into consideration the structural constraints for containers and the rules for placing dangerous cargoes in accordance with the IMDG Code, which was obtained through the modified additive algorithm
The Impacts of Education on the Sustainable Development in United Arab Emirates: A Simultaneous Equations Approach

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is an Asian country that consists of seven emirates. UAE is the eighth largest oil producer in the world which is the main source used for development. UAE is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) council. UAE is one of the world’s most open and successful economies. UAE maintains a free-market economy and is one of the most politically stable and secure in the region. All together ensures that UAE has a robust competitive edge since it is the region’s premier commercial hub and the second largest economy. In addition, this economic environment encourages the establishment of private universities and branches of well-known foreign universities in UAE. In this study, the impact of education on the sustainable economic development is measured by human development index (HDI) using simultaneous equations approach of two equations. The results show that there are more than one million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools and more than 60 thousand enrolled in territory education in more than 561 programs distributed over 70 institutions, around 40% of them are noncitizens. The regression results show that there are impacts of education on the sustainable economic development at UAE. These results emphasize the role of education in creating sustainable development in UAE, in particular, as well as the rational policy of the UAE and confirm the results of other studies.